{"id": "PMID:274726", "title": "Indirect induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells by lipid A.", "content": "Normal myeloid and MGI(+)D(+) clones of myeloid leukemic cells can be induced for Fc and complement component 3 rosettes, lysozme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes by a protein with macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing (MGI) activity, whereas MGI(+)D(-) clones can be induced by this protein for rosettes and lysozme but not mature cells. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from different bacteria induced the appearance of rosettes, lysozyme, and macrophages in some MGI(+)D(+) clones but did not induce any of these changes in MGI(+)D(-) clones. Lipid A gave the same results as LPS. Incubation of MGI(+)D(+) cells with LPS also induced an MGI activity detectable in the culture medium. This activity behaved like MGI in inducing (i) rosettes, lysozyme, and mature cells in MGI(+)D(+) leukemic cells including a clone resistant to LPS, (ii) rosettes and lysozyme in MGI(+)D(-) leukemic cells, and (iii) differentiation of normal myeloid cells to mature macrophages and granulocytes. This activity was induced in MGI(+)D(+) cells by LPS before the induction of rosettes or lysozyme. The results indicate that the lipid A portion of LPS indirectly induces differentiation of MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells by inducing MGI protein. It is suggested that induction of specific regulatory proteins may be a more general mechanism for the induction of differentiation by surface-acting compounds.", "contents": "Indirect induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells by lipid A. Normal myeloid and MGI(+)D(+) clones of myeloid leukemic cells can be induced for Fc and complement component 3 rosettes, lysozme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes by a protein with macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing (MGI) activity, whereas MGI(+)D(-) clones can be induced by this protein for rosettes and lysozme but not mature cells. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from different bacteria induced the appearance of rosettes, lysozyme, and macrophages in some MGI(+)D(+) clones but did not induce any of these changes in MGI(+)D(-) clones. Lipid A gave the same results as LPS. Incubation of MGI(+)D(+) cells with LPS also induced an MGI activity detectable in the culture medium. This activity behaved like MGI in inducing (i) rosettes, lysozyme, and mature cells in MGI(+)D(+) leukemic cells including a clone resistant to LPS, (ii) rosettes and lysozyme in MGI(+)D(-) leukemic cells, and (iii) differentiation of normal myeloid cells to mature macrophages and granulocytes. This activity was induced in MGI(+)D(+) cells by LPS before the induction of rosettes or lysozyme. The results indicate that the lipid A portion of LPS indirectly induces differentiation of MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells by inducing MGI protein. It is suggested that induction of specific regulatory proteins may be a more general mechanism for the induction of differentiation by surface-acting compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:274727", "title": "Localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 on native small ribosomal subunits.", "content": "The localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3(eIF-3) on native small ribosomal subunits has been established by electron microscopy through a comparison of native small ribosomal subunits with derived subunits and with native subunits stripped of eIF-3. Small subunits derived from reticulocyte ribosomes by the puromycin/KCl method are seen in electron micrographs as elongated particles, divided by a heavily stained partition into approximately one-third and two-third domains. Most particles (60-70%) observed in electron micrographs of native small subunit preparations resemble derived small subunits, but have an additional mass attached to one side, thus producing profiles with a three-lobed appearance. The mass measures approximately 160 x 100 x 60 A, and its particle weight is estimated to be about one-third to one-half that of a 40S subunit. The site of attachment of the additional mass is located on a prominence extending from the central part of the small subunit and is separated by a cleft from the smaller third of the subunit. The remaining particles in preparations of native subunits resemble the profiles seen in electron micrographs of derived subunits. After removal of eIF-3 by treatment with high concentrations of salt, profiles observed in electron micrographs of washed, native subunits were indistinguishable from those of derived subunits. Since removal of eIF-3 coincided with removal of a mass of the correct molecular weight, subunits with the three-lobed appearance are identified as native small subunits carrying eIF-3.", "contents": "Localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 on native small ribosomal subunits. The localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3(eIF-3) on native small ribosomal subunits has been established by electron microscopy through a comparison of native small ribosomal subunits with derived subunits and with native subunits stripped of eIF-3. Small subunits derived from reticulocyte ribosomes by the puromycin/KCl method are seen in electron micrographs as elongated particles, divided by a heavily stained partition into approximately one-third and two-third domains. Most particles (60-70%) observed in electron micrographs of native small subunit preparations resemble derived small subunits, but have an additional mass attached to one side, thus producing profiles with a three-lobed appearance. The mass measures approximately 160 x 100 x 60 A, and its particle weight is estimated to be about one-third to one-half that of a 40S subunit. The site of attachment of the additional mass is located on a prominence extending from the central part of the small subunit and is separated by a cleft from the smaller third of the subunit. The remaining particles in preparations of native subunits resemble the profiles seen in electron micrographs of derived subunits. After removal of eIF-3 by treatment with high concentrations of salt, profiles observed in electron micrographs of washed, native subunits were indistinguishable from those of derived subunits. Since removal of eIF-3 coincided with removal of a mass of the correct molecular weight, subunits with the three-lobed appearance are identified as native small subunits carrying eIF-3."}
{"id": "PMID:274728", "title": "Inhibition by colchicine of changes in amino acid transport and initiation of DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The uptake of amino acids (measured with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) by hepatocytes stimulated to proliferate by partial hepatectomy followed a biphasic pattern, with an initial peak 8-10 hr after surgery followed by a release of amino acids between 10 and 16 hr and a further increase between 16 and 20 hr after the operation. The second period of increased uptake coincided with the increase in DNA synthesis by the hepatocytes. Colchicine, and other microtubule disrupters administered at the time of partial hepatectomy, abolished the first period of increased amino acid uptake and prevented the cells from initiating DNA synthesis. Pulse-labeling experiments with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid revealed that colchicine did not inhibit amino acid transport per se, but prevented the increased capacity for amino acid transport induced by partial hepatectomy. An injection of colchicine 14 hr after hepatectomy prevented the release of amino acids by the liver and also substantially reduced the initiation of DNA synthesis. The data suggest that the microtubules may play a role in proliferative activation and also in the initiation of DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in vivo and that changes in amino acid transport are linked to these microtubule-requiring processes.", "contents": "Inhibition by colchicine of changes in amino acid transport and initiation of DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver. The uptake of amino acids (measured with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) by hepatocytes stimulated to proliferate by partial hepatectomy followed a biphasic pattern, with an initial peak 8-10 hr after surgery followed by a release of amino acids between 10 and 16 hr and a further increase between 16 and 20 hr after the operation. The second period of increased uptake coincided with the increase in DNA synthesis by the hepatocytes. Colchicine, and other microtubule disrupters administered at the time of partial hepatectomy, abolished the first period of increased amino acid uptake and prevented the cells from initiating DNA synthesis. Pulse-labeling experiments with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid revealed that colchicine did not inhibit amino acid transport per se, but prevented the increased capacity for amino acid transport induced by partial hepatectomy. An injection of colchicine 14 hr after hepatectomy prevented the release of amino acids by the liver and also substantially reduced the initiation of DNA synthesis. The data suggest that the microtubules may play a role in proliferative activation and also in the initiation of DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in vivo and that changes in amino acid transport are linked to these microtubule-requiring processes."}
{"id": "PMID:274729", "title": "Evidence for receptor-mediated binding of glycoproteins, glycoconjugates, and lysosomal glycosidases by alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages have been shown to bind glycoproteins and synthetic glycoconjugates (neoglycorpoteins) that have mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, or glucose in the exposed, nonreducing position. Galactose-terminal glycoproteins are not bound. Binding of radiolabeled ligands to cells is nearly completely impaired by the presence of an excess of yeast mannan. Binding is temperature sensitive and proceeds optimally at pH 7.0. Prior treatment of the cells with trypsin severely decreases their capacity to bind ligands. An inhibition assay has been developed, using radioiodinated glucose-albumin conjugate, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, and RNase B as ligands. Various glycoproteins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of ligand binding including horseradish peroxidase, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, ovalbumin, agalacto-fetuin, and RNase B. RNase A and asialo-fetuin are ineffective as antagonists. The results suggest the presence of a cell surface receptor on alveolar macrophages that binds glycoproteins having terminal sugars with the mannose or glucose configuration.", "contents": "Evidence for receptor-mediated binding of glycoproteins, glycoconjugates, and lysosomal glycosidases by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages have been shown to bind glycoproteins and synthetic glycoconjugates (neoglycorpoteins) that have mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, or glucose in the exposed, nonreducing position. Galactose-terminal glycoproteins are not bound. Binding of radiolabeled ligands to cells is nearly completely impaired by the presence of an excess of yeast mannan. Binding is temperature sensitive and proceeds optimally at pH 7.0. Prior treatment of the cells with trypsin severely decreases their capacity to bind ligands. An inhibition assay has been developed, using radioiodinated glucose-albumin conjugate, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, and RNase B as ligands. Various glycoproteins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of ligand binding including horseradish peroxidase, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, ovalbumin, agalacto-fetuin, and RNase B. RNase A and asialo-fetuin are ineffective as antagonists. The results suggest the presence of a cell surface receptor on alveolar macrophages that binds glycoproteins having terminal sugars with the mannose or glucose configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:274730", "title": "Probability of founder effect in a tribal population.", "content": "When an unusually high frequency of an allele is encountered in a population, \"founder effect\" is often invoked as an explanation. As usually used, the term implies the disproportionate increase through chance (rather than selection) of an allele contributed to the population by a particular ancestor. While genetic theory leaves no doubt this is a possible explanation, problems arise when we try to determine how likely this explanation is for any specific finding in any specific, finite population, i.e., just how rare is this rare event? In this communication we consider the question in the context of Amerindian tribal populations, deriving specific probabilities under defined conditions. Our interest in the question has been whetted by the finding to date of some eight possible examples of a founder effect in studies of twelve different tribes.", "contents": "Probability of founder effect in a tribal population. When an unusually high frequency of an allele is encountered in a population, \"founder effect\" is often invoked as an explanation. As usually used, the term implies the disproportionate increase through chance (rather than selection) of an allele contributed to the population by a particular ancestor. While genetic theory leaves no doubt this is a possible explanation, problems arise when we try to determine how likely this explanation is for any specific finding in any specific, finite population, i.e., just how rare is this rare event? In this communication we consider the question in the context of Amerindian tribal populations, deriving specific probabilities under defined conditions. Our interest in the question has been whetted by the finding to date of some eight possible examples of a founder effect in studies of twelve different tribes."}
{"id": "PMID:274731", "title": "Influence of homoeologous chromosomes on gene-dosage effects in allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).", "content": "Gene-dosage responses for a group of six wheat endosperm proteins have been investigated by using compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines of cv. Chinese Spring. Practically linear dosage responses have been observed for all the proteins. However, for two of the proteins (and probably for a third one), the net output of protein, at each dosage of its structural gene, was 30-80% higher when the chromosome carrying an active homoeogene was absent. The possible significance of this effect in connection with the loss of gene redundancy undergone by polyploids is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of homoeologous chromosomes on gene-dosage effects in allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene-dosage responses for a group of six wheat endosperm proteins have been investigated by using compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines of cv. Chinese Spring. Practically linear dosage responses have been observed for all the proteins. However, for two of the proteins (and probably for a third one), the net output of protein, at each dosage of its structural gene, was 30-80% higher when the chromosome carrying an active homoeogene was absent. The possible significance of this effect in connection with the loss of gene redundancy undergone by polyploids is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274732", "title": "Chromosomal localization of human beta globin gene on human chromosome 11 in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. The content of human chromosomes in each hybrid clone was characterized by Giemsa 11 staining, Giemsa trypsin-Hoechst 33258 staining, and by the use of 22 independent isozyme markers for 17 different human chromosomes. All human chromosomes were present in one or more cell lines devoid of the human beta globin gene except for 6, 8, 9, 11, and 13. Among these latter chromosomes, only chromosome 11 was present in the six hybrid clones that contained the human beta globin gene. In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. Two sister clones, 157-BNPT-1 and 157-BNPT-4, had similar subsets of human chromosomes except that 11 was present only in 157-BNPT-4. 157-BNPT-4 contained the human beta globin gene while 157-BNPT-1 did not. DNA from three hybrid lines was also annealed to purified human gamma globin cDNA; two lines positive for human beta globin gene sequences also contained human gamma globin gene sequences while one line was negative for both beta and gamma gene sequences. On the basis of these results, the human beta and gamma globin genes have been assigned to human chromosome 11.", "contents": "Chromosomal localization of human beta globin gene on human chromosome 11 in somatic cell hybrids. We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. The content of human chromosomes in each hybrid clone was characterized by Giemsa 11 staining, Giemsa trypsin-Hoechst 33258 staining, and by the use of 22 independent isozyme markers for 17 different human chromosomes. All human chromosomes were present in one or more cell lines devoid of the human beta globin gene except for 6, 8, 9, 11, and 13. Among these latter chromosomes, only chromosome 11 was present in the six hybrid clones that contained the human beta globin gene. In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. Two sister clones, 157-BNPT-1 and 157-BNPT-4, had similar subsets of human chromosomes except that 11 was present only in 157-BNPT-4. 157-BNPT-4 contained the human beta globin gene while 157-BNPT-1 did not. DNA from three hybrid lines was also annealed to purified human gamma globin cDNA; two lines positive for human beta globin gene sequences also contained human gamma globin gene sequences while one line was negative for both beta and gamma gene sequences. On the basis of these results, the human beta and gamma globin genes have been assigned to human chromosome 11."}
{"id": "PMID:274733", "title": "Analysis of malignancy in human cells: malignant and transformed phenotypes are under separate genetic control.", "content": "Human cell hybrids derived from malignant HeLa and normal fibroblast parental cells expressed many of the transformed properties of the HeLa parent but their tumor-producing capability was suppressed. Hybrids derived from HeLa/HeLa fusions retained both their transformed and malignant phenotypes. Thus, an apparent separation of the control of the transformed versus malignant phenotype is indicated. Furthermore, several transformed properties--including lack of density-dependent inhibition of growth, lectin agglutination, lowered requirement for serum growth factors, and anchorage independence--are expressed coordinately in the nontumorigenic hybrids. This finding suggests that none of these properties by themselves, or in concert, endows a cell with tumorigenic potential.", "contents": "Analysis of malignancy in human cells: malignant and transformed phenotypes are under separate genetic control. Human cell hybrids derived from malignant HeLa and normal fibroblast parental cells expressed many of the transformed properties of the HeLa parent but their tumor-producing capability was suppressed. Hybrids derived from HeLa/HeLa fusions retained both their transformed and malignant phenotypes. Thus, an apparent separation of the control of the transformed versus malignant phenotype is indicated. Furthermore, several transformed properties--including lack of density-dependent inhibition of growth, lectin agglutination, lowered requirement for serum growth factors, and anchorage independence--are expressed coordinately in the nontumorigenic hybrids. This finding suggests that none of these properties by themselves, or in concert, endows a cell with tumorigenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:274734", "title": "Altered pattern of replication of human chromosomes in a human fibroblast-mouse cell hybrid.", "content": "The pattern of terminal replication of the human chromosomes in a clone of hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and mouse cells was analyzed by autoradiography. An average of 10 human chromosomes was present in the hybrid cells. Several of these chromosomes were found to terminate replication in a different order from the same chromosomes in the parental human fibroblasts. Chromosomes 4 and 5 completed replication later in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts (relative to the other human chromosomes). In contrast, chromosomes 7, 12, and 15 completed replication earlier in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts. These results suggest that the sequence of terminal chromosome replication in human fibroblasts is not irreversibly programmed into each chromosome.", "contents": "Altered pattern of replication of human chromosomes in a human fibroblast-mouse cell hybrid. The pattern of terminal replication of the human chromosomes in a clone of hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and mouse cells was analyzed by autoradiography. An average of 10 human chromosomes was present in the hybrid cells. Several of these chromosomes were found to terminate replication in a different order from the same chromosomes in the parental human fibroblasts. Chromosomes 4 and 5 completed replication later in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts (relative to the other human chromosomes). In contrast, chromosomes 7, 12, and 15 completed replication earlier in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts. These results suggest that the sequence of terminal chromosome replication in human fibroblasts is not irreversibly programmed into each chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:274735", "title": "Hemoglobin Lincoln Park: a betadelta fusion (anti-Lepore) variant with an amino acid deletion in the delta chain-derived segment.", "content": "An electrophoretically slow-moving hemoglobin variant was identified in three members of a family originating from Southern Mexico. The variant, Hb Lincoln Park, made up approximately 14% of the total hemoglobin and appeared to have normal stability and functional properties. None of the individuals in whom the abnormal hemoglobin was present was anemic, but each had a mildly elevated reticulocyte count. Structural data suggest that the non-alpha chain of Hb Lincoln Park represents a betadelta gene-fusion product, with normal beta chain structure of the amino-terminal portion of the chain and delta sequences subsequently, the crossover point occurring between animo acid residues 22 and 50. An additional abnormality is the deletion of valine-137, a component of the delta gene-derived segment of the betadelta chain. To account for the development of this abnormal globin chain, a series of intergenic crossovers is proposed; the first, a nonhomologous crossover between the beta and delta genes, presumably gave rise to the betadelta fusion gene; two additional crossovers, one of them unequal, may then have occurred between the same beta and delta genes to produce the amino acid deletion.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Lincoln Park: a betadelta fusion (anti-Lepore) variant with an amino acid deletion in the delta chain-derived segment. An electrophoretically slow-moving hemoglobin variant was identified in three members of a family originating from Southern Mexico. The variant, Hb Lincoln Park, made up approximately 14% of the total hemoglobin and appeared to have normal stability and functional properties. None of the individuals in whom the abnormal hemoglobin was present was anemic, but each had a mildly elevated reticulocyte count. Structural data suggest that the non-alpha chain of Hb Lincoln Park represents a betadelta gene-fusion product, with normal beta chain structure of the amino-terminal portion of the chain and delta sequences subsequently, the crossover point occurring between animo acid residues 22 and 50. An additional abnormality is the deletion of valine-137, a component of the delta gene-derived segment of the betadelta chain. To account for the development of this abnormal globin chain, a series of intergenic crossovers is proposed; the first, a nonhomologous crossover between the beta and delta genes, presumably gave rise to the betadelta fusion gene; two additional crossovers, one of them unequal, may then have occurred between the same beta and delta genes to produce the amino acid deletion."}
{"id": "PMID:274736", "title": "Chromosomal integration of phage lambda by means of a DNA insertion element.", "content": "Phage lambdacam112, which contains the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9 and has a deletion of attP and the int gene, will lysogenize Escherichia coli K-12. Prophage integration occurs at different chromosomal sites, including lacY and malB, but not at attB. All lambdacam112 prophages are excised from the chromosome after induction but with various efficiencies for different locations. Heteroduplex analysis of lambdaplacZ transducing phages isolated from a lacY::lambdacam112 prophage reveals an insertion sequence 1 (IS1) element at the joint of viral and chromosomal DNA. Two lines of evidence indicate that lambdacam112 encodes an excision activity that recognizes the IS1 element: (i) prophage derepression increases the frequency of excision from lacY to yield lac+ revertants, and (ii) lambdacam112 infection increases reversion of a galT::IS1 mutation about 50-fold. Our results indicate that the IS1 termini of TN9 can replace attP as a site for lambda insertion in the bacterial chromosome and that excision events are catalyzed by an IS1-encoded protein under lambda repressor and N gene control.", "contents": "Chromosomal integration of phage lambda by means of a DNA insertion element. Phage lambdacam112, which contains the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9 and has a deletion of attP and the int gene, will lysogenize Escherichia coli K-12. Prophage integration occurs at different chromosomal sites, including lacY and malB, but not at attB. All lambdacam112 prophages are excised from the chromosome after induction but with various efficiencies for different locations. Heteroduplex analysis of lambdaplacZ transducing phages isolated from a lacY::lambdacam112 prophage reveals an insertion sequence 1 (IS1) element at the joint of viral and chromosomal DNA. Two lines of evidence indicate that lambdacam112 encodes an excision activity that recognizes the IS1 element: (i) prophage derepression increases the frequency of excision from lacY to yield lac+ revertants, and (ii) lambdacam112 infection increases reversion of a galT::IS1 mutation about 50-fold. Our results indicate that the IS1 termini of TN9 can replace attP as a site for lambda insertion in the bacterial chromosome and that excision events are catalyzed by an IS1-encoded protein under lambda repressor and N gene control."}
{"id": "PMID:274737", "title": "Specific antibody-dependent binding of complement component C1q to hapten-sensitized lipid vesicles.", "content": "The binding of a component of human complement (C1q) to membrane-bound specific anti-nitroxide antibodies was studied as a function of the physical properties (fluid vs. solid) of vesicle lipids. The antibodies were bound to spin-label lipid haptens in the vesicle membrane. The binding of C1q to the sensitized vesicles shows a maximum as a function of specific IgG concentration. The binding of antibodies and of C1q to the vesicle membrane does not depend strongly on the physical state of the membrane lipids. even at low hapten (0.05 mol%) concentrations. These results are of significance for the understanding of the previously reported effect of lipid physical states on complement depletion.", "contents": "Specific antibody-dependent binding of complement component C1q to hapten-sensitized lipid vesicles. The binding of a component of human complement (C1q) to membrane-bound specific anti-nitroxide antibodies was studied as a function of the physical properties (fluid vs. solid) of vesicle lipids. The antibodies were bound to spin-label lipid haptens in the vesicle membrane. The binding of C1q to the sensitized vesicles shows a maximum as a function of specific IgG concentration. The binding of antibodies and of C1q to the vesicle membrane does not depend strongly on the physical state of the membrane lipids. even at low hapten (0.05 mol%) concentrations. These results are of significance for the understanding of the previously reported effect of lipid physical states on complement depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:274738", "title": "Teratocarcinoma cell variants rejected by syngeneic mice: protection of mice immunized with these variants against other variants and against the original malignant cell line.", "content": "We reported previously that, by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line, it is possible to obtain a number of variant clones that are incapable of forming progressive tumors. Each of these \"tum-\" variants is rejected in syngeneic mice and stimulates the production of immune memory cells (self-protection). We show here that four different tum- clones confer an immune protection against each other although this cross-protection is invariably weaker than the self-protection. Moreover, mice immunized with living tum- cells are partially protected against the original malignant teratocarcinoma cells, even though the latter cells are incapable of conferring any immune protection when injected after being killed by irradiation. These results indicate that each tum- variant carries at least one specific transplantation antigen that is absent from the original tumor cell line and from most other tum- variants. Other tumor-specific transplantation antigens are probably present on all the tum- variants and also on the malignant teratocarcinoma cell line.", "contents": "Teratocarcinoma cell variants rejected by syngeneic mice: protection of mice immunized with these variants against other variants and against the original malignant cell line. We reported previously that, by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line, it is possible to obtain a number of variant clones that are incapable of forming progressive tumors. Each of these \"tum-\" variants is rejected in syngeneic mice and stimulates the production of immune memory cells (self-protection). We show here that four different tum- clones confer an immune protection against each other although this cross-protection is invariably weaker than the self-protection. Moreover, mice immunized with living tum- cells are partially protected against the original malignant teratocarcinoma cells, even though the latter cells are incapable of conferring any immune protection when injected after being killed by irradiation. These results indicate that each tum- variant carries at least one specific transplantation antigen that is absent from the original tumor cell line and from most other tum- variants. Other tumor-specific transplantation antigens are probably present on all the tum- variants and also on the malignant teratocarcinoma cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:274739", "title": "Alteration in suppressor cell activity in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "We have studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 24 patients with acute or chronic active hepatitis to determine if there was an abnormality in concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity compared to control subjects. Suppressor cells were generated by preincubation of the mononuclear cells with a mitogenic concentration of concanavalin A (6 mug/ml) for 48 hr followed by treatment with mitomycin C and alpha-methyl mannoside. Suppressor cell activity was assessed in second cultures by inhibition of concanavalin A-stimulated blast transformation of fresh allogeneic lymphocytes. Concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor activity was not elicited in mononuclear cells from the majority of patients with chronic active hepatitis in contrast to patients with acute hepatitis or acute inflammatory diseases and controls (P < 0.001). This finding was demonstrable in chronic active hepatitis patients in remission and relapse, both on and off prednisone therapy, and varied considerably during the course of the disease. The extent of liver injury was not related to the measured suppressor cell activity. These studies suggest that in chronic active hepatitis, a disease in which the host immune response may be involved, there appears to be a defect in concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor cells.", "contents": "Alteration in suppressor cell activity in chronic active hepatitis. We have studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 24 patients with acute or chronic active hepatitis to determine if there was an abnormality in concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity compared to control subjects. Suppressor cells were generated by preincubation of the mononuclear cells with a mitogenic concentration of concanavalin A (6 mug/ml) for 48 hr followed by treatment with mitomycin C and alpha-methyl mannoside. Suppressor cell activity was assessed in second cultures by inhibition of concanavalin A-stimulated blast transformation of fresh allogeneic lymphocytes. Concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor activity was not elicited in mononuclear cells from the majority of patients with chronic active hepatitis in contrast to patients with acute hepatitis or acute inflammatory diseases and controls (P < 0.001). This finding was demonstrable in chronic active hepatitis patients in remission and relapse, both on and off prednisone therapy, and varied considerably during the course of the disease. The extent of liver injury was not related to the measured suppressor cell activity. These studies suggest that in chronic active hepatitis, a disease in which the host immune response may be involved, there appears to be a defect in concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274740", "title": "Plasma radioiron kinetics in man: explanation for the effect of plasma iron concentration.", "content": "The plasma iron turnover was measured in 19 normal subjects. A correlation was found between plasma iron concentration and plasma iron turnover. In addition to the turnover of 55Fe at normal plasma iron concentration (predominantly monoferric transferrin), a second turnover in which the labeled plasma was saturated with iron (to produce predominantly diferric transferrin) was studied with 50Fe. It was demonstrated that diferric transferrin had a greater rate of iron turnover but that the distribution between erythroid and non-erythroid tissues was unchanged. It was concluded that plasma iron turnover is dependent on the monoferric/diferric transferrin ratio in the plasma but that the internal distribution of iron is unaffected.", "contents": "Plasma radioiron kinetics in man: explanation for the effect of plasma iron concentration. The plasma iron turnover was measured in 19 normal subjects. A correlation was found between plasma iron concentration and plasma iron turnover. In addition to the turnover of 55Fe at normal plasma iron concentration (predominantly monoferric transferrin), a second turnover in which the labeled plasma was saturated with iron (to produce predominantly diferric transferrin) was studied with 50Fe. It was demonstrated that diferric transferrin had a greater rate of iron turnover but that the distribution between erythroid and non-erythroid tissues was unchanged. It was concluded that plasma iron turnover is dependent on the monoferric/diferric transferrin ratio in the plasma but that the internal distribution of iron is unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:274741", "title": "Diet, genetics, and mental retardation interaction between phenylketonuric heterozygous mother and fetus to produce nonspecific diminution of IQ: evidence in support of the justification hypothesis.", "content": "The justification hypothesis postulates that an individual genetically deficient in the synthesis of any of the 12 nonessential amino acids requires that amino acid in the diet just as a normal individual requires any essential amino acid. The deficiency of that single amino acid causes diminished protein synthesis. The hypothesis proposes that mental retardation develops during the late stage of fetal development, when the brain is growing most rapidly, as a result of the inability of the mother to deliver an appropriate amount of that nonessential amino acid to her fetus who, in turn, is unable to correct for this deficiency due to his genetic constitution. A paradigm is provided by the disease phenylketonuria in which the homozygote lacks the enzyme for synthesis of the nonessential amino acid tyrosine. By measuring the appearance of tyrosine in the plasma after an oral dose of phenylalanine, it is possible to show differential capability among siblings of known phenylketonuric children, in the expected Mendelian ratio. The mean IQ of the two-thirds of the siblings who were least able to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine (presumably heterozygotes) was 10 points lower than the mean IQ of the \"normals,\" who were most able to synthesize tyrosine. The difference is statistically significant (P <0.01). The mean maternal IQ was halfway between that of the heterozygote group and that of the normal group, confirming the prediction of maternal-fetal interaction.", "contents": "Diet, genetics, and mental retardation interaction between phenylketonuric heterozygous mother and fetus to produce nonspecific diminution of IQ: evidence in support of the justification hypothesis. The justification hypothesis postulates that an individual genetically deficient in the synthesis of any of the 12 nonessential amino acids requires that amino acid in the diet just as a normal individual requires any essential amino acid. The deficiency of that single amino acid causes diminished protein synthesis. The hypothesis proposes that mental retardation develops during the late stage of fetal development, when the brain is growing most rapidly, as a result of the inability of the mother to deliver an appropriate amount of that nonessential amino acid to her fetus who, in turn, is unable to correct for this deficiency due to his genetic constitution. A paradigm is provided by the disease phenylketonuria in which the homozygote lacks the enzyme for synthesis of the nonessential amino acid tyrosine. By measuring the appearance of tyrosine in the plasma after an oral dose of phenylalanine, it is possible to show differential capability among siblings of known phenylketonuric children, in the expected Mendelian ratio. The mean IQ of the two-thirds of the siblings who were least able to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine (presumably heterozygotes) was 10 points lower than the mean IQ of the \"normals,\" who were most able to synthesize tyrosine. The difference is statistically significant (P <0.01). The mean maternal IQ was halfway between that of the heterozygote group and that of the normal group, confirming the prediction of maternal-fetal interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:274742", "title": "Identification of pyramidal cells as the critical elements in hippocampal neuronal plasticity during learning.", "content": "The activity of single neurons recorded from rabbit hippocampus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane reflex was studied. All cells were first categorized according to their responses after fornix stimulation--i.i., antidromic activation, orthodromic activation, or no activation. The majority of cells that were antidromically activated--pyramidal cells--showed a highly positive correlation between the pattern of unit discharge and the topography of the nicititating membrane response within trial periods. Units that were orthodromically driven by fornix stimulation tended to inhibit during the presentation of trial stimuli, whereas most non-activated cells maintained low spontaneous levels of activity at all times. Thus, the major output neurons of the hippocampus appear to be the neuroanatomical substrate for the large and rapidly developing neuronal plasticity induced by this classical conditioning paradigm.", "contents": "Identification of pyramidal cells as the critical elements in hippocampal neuronal plasticity during learning. The activity of single neurons recorded from rabbit hippocampus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane reflex was studied. All cells were first categorized according to their responses after fornix stimulation--i.i., antidromic activation, orthodromic activation, or no activation. The majority of cells that were antidromically activated--pyramidal cells--showed a highly positive correlation between the pattern of unit discharge and the topography of the nicititating membrane response within trial periods. Units that were orthodromically driven by fornix stimulation tended to inhibit during the presentation of trial stimuli, whereas most non-activated cells maintained low spontaneous levels of activity at all times. Thus, the major output neurons of the hippocampus appear to be the neuroanatomical substrate for the large and rapidly developing neuronal plasticity induced by this classical conditioning paradigm."}
{"id": "PMID:274743", "title": "Comparison of synchronization of circadian corticosteroid rhythms by photoperiod and food.", "content": "Under conditions of feeding at will and normal light-dark alternation, rats consume the major portion of their daily food intake during the dark period and the circadian peak of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and of body temperature levels occurs just prior to or subsequent to the time of light-dark transition. Both light-dark transition and time of food presentation have been implicated as \"Zeitgebers\" in determining the phase of these two circadian rhythms. THE PRESENT DATA INDICATE THE FOLLOWING: (i) The time of food presentation appears to be a more potent synchronizer of the phase of plasma corticosteroid levels than is the light-dark cycle. This has been demonstrated in rats under conditions in which light-dark phase shift has been dissociated from a concomitant shift of time of eating. In contrast, under such conditions, the rhythm of body temperature appears to be more tightly coupled to the light-dark cycle. This illustrates that the time of food ingestion and the peak of body temperature rhythms can be uncoupled and that the phasing effects of restricted food ingestion on corticosteroid rhythms does not extend to body temperature rhythms. It also suggests the presence of different control mechanisms and/or pathways for corticosteroid and body temperature rhythms as well as the use of different pathways by different Zeitgebers. (ii) Rats maintained in constant dim light with free access to food exhibit aperiodic feeding behavior; plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels are also aperiodic. Imposition of a restricted period of food access under such constant light conditions is associated with the appearance of a circadian periodicity of both plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels, with peaks, respectively, just before and after the time of food presentation. This represents an additional example of food entrainment of previously aperiodic functions, similar to the food entrainment we have described in animals rendered aperiodic by lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "contents": "Comparison of synchronization of circadian corticosteroid rhythms by photoperiod and food. Under conditions of feeding at will and normal light-dark alternation, rats consume the major portion of their daily food intake during the dark period and the circadian peak of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and of body temperature levels occurs just prior to or subsequent to the time of light-dark transition. Both light-dark transition and time of food presentation have been implicated as \"Zeitgebers\" in determining the phase of these two circadian rhythms. THE PRESENT DATA INDICATE THE FOLLOWING: (i) The time of food presentation appears to be a more potent synchronizer of the phase of plasma corticosteroid levels than is the light-dark cycle. This has been demonstrated in rats under conditions in which light-dark phase shift has been dissociated from a concomitant shift of time of eating. In contrast, under such conditions, the rhythm of body temperature appears to be more tightly coupled to the light-dark cycle. This illustrates that the time of food ingestion and the peak of body temperature rhythms can be uncoupled and that the phasing effects of restricted food ingestion on corticosteroid rhythms does not extend to body temperature rhythms. It also suggests the presence of different control mechanisms and/or pathways for corticosteroid and body temperature rhythms as well as the use of different pathways by different Zeitgebers. (ii) Rats maintained in constant dim light with free access to food exhibit aperiodic feeding behavior; plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels are also aperiodic. Imposition of a restricted period of food access under such constant light conditions is associated with the appearance of a circadian periodicity of both plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels, with peaks, respectively, just before and after the time of food presentation. This represents an additional example of food entrainment of previously aperiodic functions, similar to the food entrainment we have described in animals rendered aperiodic by lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:274744", "title": "Serotonin and substance P coexist i, neurons of the rat's central nervous system.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-containing neurons in the rat's medullary raphe and interfascicularis hypoglossi cell groups were identified by means of autoradiography following prolonged intraventricular administration of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine, fluorescence histochemistry for the demonstration of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine, and microspectrofluorimetric analysis of excitation and emission spectra. Immunocytochemical methods (the unlabeled primary antibody-peroxidase antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence methods) were applied with antisera to substance P in order to localize immunoreactivity in these medullary neurons. It was demonstrated that the raphe nuclei and the interfascicularis hypoglossi nucleus are heterogeneous cell groups that contain: (i) Neurons that display both an uptake-storage capacity for 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine and a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence with spectral characteristics identical to those of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophor. These cells exhibit high to low fluorescence intensities without detectable substance P-like immunoreactivity. (ii) Neurons with various 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence intensities and intense to low degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity. (iii) Neurons with various degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity without detectable 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence or 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine uptake and storage capacity. These results indicate that some neurons contain high or low levels of only 5-hydroxytryptamine or substance P, whereas other neurons contain both 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in various proportions. The present findings demonstrate the presence of two putative transmitters, a biogenic amine and a polypeptide, within the same neuron in the mammalian central nervous system.", "contents": "Serotonin and substance P coexist i, neurons of the rat's central nervous system. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-containing neurons in the rat's medullary raphe and interfascicularis hypoglossi cell groups were identified by means of autoradiography following prolonged intraventricular administration of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine, fluorescence histochemistry for the demonstration of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine, and microspectrofluorimetric analysis of excitation and emission spectra. Immunocytochemical methods (the unlabeled primary antibody-peroxidase antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence methods) were applied with antisera to substance P in order to localize immunoreactivity in these medullary neurons. It was demonstrated that the raphe nuclei and the interfascicularis hypoglossi nucleus are heterogeneous cell groups that contain: (i) Neurons that display both an uptake-storage capacity for 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine and a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence with spectral characteristics identical to those of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophor. These cells exhibit high to low fluorescence intensities without detectable substance P-like immunoreactivity. (ii) Neurons with various 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence intensities and intense to low degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity. (iii) Neurons with various degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity without detectable 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence or 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine uptake and storage capacity. These results indicate that some neurons contain high or low levels of only 5-hydroxytryptamine or substance P, whereas other neurons contain both 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in various proportions. The present findings demonstrate the presence of two putative transmitters, a biogenic amine and a polypeptide, within the same neuron in the mammalian central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:274745", "title": "Calcium leakage as a cause of the high resting tension in vascular smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Aortic strips from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relax in calcium-free physiological medium and contract to approximately 60% of maximum when calcium is again restored to the medium. In vivid contrast, the resting tension of aortic strips from normal rats is unaffected by manipulation of the calcium concentration of the bathing medium. These findings, as well as the reduced sensitivity of aortic strips from SH rats to norepinephrine and the observation that aortic strips from SH rats relax at a faster rate in calcium-free medium in comparison with aortic strips from normal rats, are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle membranes from SH rats leak calcium at a rate that is only partially compensated by the calcium pump.", "contents": "Calcium leakage as a cause of the high resting tension in vascular smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Aortic strips from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relax in calcium-free physiological medium and contract to approximately 60% of maximum when calcium is again restored to the medium. In vivid contrast, the resting tension of aortic strips from normal rats is unaffected by manipulation of the calcium concentration of the bathing medium. These findings, as well as the reduced sensitivity of aortic strips from SH rats to norepinephrine and the observation that aortic strips from SH rats relax at a faster rate in calcium-free medium in comparison with aortic strips from normal rats, are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle membranes from SH rats leak calcium at a rate that is only partially compensated by the calcium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:274792", "title": "[Current flora of mandibular osteomyelitis].", "content": "1) Blood-borne osteomyelitis may have a dental portal of entry. This results in a bacteraemia or septicaemia due to organisms other than staphylococci. In such cases, osseous lesions occur at a distance from the initial dental site. 2) As far as antibiotic treatment is concerned:--It must be begun early but not prematurely, i.e. bacteriological studies should be undertaken before antibotic therapy is started, possibly to be later changed in the light of laboratory results.--It should be combined, with a preference for two antibiotics which result in a bactericidal combination, as soon as the responsible organism is identified.--It should be given in high dosage, in view of the problem of diffusion of the antibiotic to the centre of the necrotic bone lesion.--It should be prolonged, based upon clinical, laboratory and radiological findings.", "contents": "[Current flora of mandibular osteomyelitis]. 1) Blood-borne osteomyelitis may have a dental portal of entry. This results in a bacteraemia or septicaemia due to organisms other than staphylococci. In such cases, osseous lesions occur at a distance from the initial dental site. 2) As far as antibiotic treatment is concerned:--It must be begun early but not prematurely, i.e. bacteriological studies should be undertaken before antibotic therapy is started, possibly to be later changed in the light of laboratory results.--It should be combined, with a preference for two antibiotics which result in a bactericidal combination, as soon as the responsible organism is identified.--It should be given in high dosage, in view of the problem of diffusion of the antibiotic to the centre of the necrotic bone lesion.--It should be prolonged, based upon clinical, laboratory and radiological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:274793", "title": "[Bacteria endocarditis of dental origin with neurological complications].", "content": "A 49 years old man suffered from transient hemiplegic episodes following bacterial endocarditis, cultures being negative and with a fever resistant to antibiotics. Complete stomatological evaluation revealed multiple dental infective sites constituting \"portals of entry\". Radical treatment of these sites contributed to the complete cure of the infective syndrome.", "contents": "[Bacteria endocarditis of dental origin with neurological complications]. A 49 years old man suffered from transient hemiplegic episodes following bacterial endocarditis, cultures being negative and with a fever resistant to antibiotics. Complete stomatological evaluation revealed multiple dental infective sites constituting \"portals of entry\". Radical treatment of these sites contributed to the complete cure of the infective syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:274794", "title": "[Technique of retrograde obturation of the root canal following apical resection].", "content": "This technique may be used, for the upper canines and incisors, to provide mechanical treatment and complete obturation of the root canal by shortened Kerr wires. It is not necessary to shorten the length of the root nor to interfere with fixed dentures.", "contents": "[Technique of retrograde obturation of the root canal following apical resection]. This technique may be used, for the upper canines and incisors, to provide mechanical treatment and complete obturation of the root canal by shortened Kerr wires. It is not necessary to shorten the length of the root nor to interfere with fixed dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:274795", "title": "[Inter-radicular osteotomies. Apropos of 1 observation].", "content": "Although more common in recent years, inter-radicular osteotomies remain operations which pose the problem of the prognosis of the displaced teeth. In the light of one special case, the authors sought to assess these risks, in relation to the functional and aesthetic benefits of the surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Inter-radicular osteotomies. Apropos of 1 observation]. Although more common in recent years, inter-radicular osteotomies remain operations which pose the problem of the prognosis of the displaced teeth. In the light of one special case, the authors sought to assess these risks, in relation to the functional and aesthetic benefits of the surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:274799", "title": "Effect of some polyvalent cations on plaque formation in vivo.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyvalent cations on plaque formation in a test panel of students. Heavy plaque formers were selected and plaque formation was enhanced by frequent sucrose rinses. Mouthrinses were performed twice daily with 20 mmol/l SnF2, SnCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2 and MgCl2, and 40 mmol/l NaF and NaCl. It was found that SnF2 AND SnCl2 exhibited a marked plaque-inhibiting capacity compared with NaF or NaCl. The aluminum, zinc and magnesium salts also reduced plaque formation, although not to the same degree. Polyvalent cations may prevent plque formattion by interaction with negatively charged plaque components essential in the adsorption mechanism, or by inhibiting some enzyme activity essential in plaque formation.", "contents": "Effect of some polyvalent cations on plaque formation in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyvalent cations on plaque formation in a test panel of students. Heavy plaque formers were selected and plaque formation was enhanced by frequent sucrose rinses. Mouthrinses were performed twice daily with 20 mmol/l SnF2, SnCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2 and MgCl2, and 40 mmol/l NaF and NaCl. It was found that SnF2 AND SnCl2 exhibited a marked plaque-inhibiting capacity compared with NaF or NaCl. The aluminum, zinc and magnesium salts also reduced plaque formation, although not to the same degree. Polyvalent cations may prevent plque formattion by interaction with negatively charged plaque components essential in the adsorption mechanism, or by inhibiting some enzyme activity essential in plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:274800", "title": "Autoclaving of lubricated dental instruments.", "content": "Test organisms forced mechanically into lubricated, rotating dental instruments (handpieces) were all killed during autoclaving at 134 degrees C for 8 min, even when protected by serum and oil. The test organisms were: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Also when testing the sterility of autoclaved simulated instrument surfaces (brass cylinders and pieces of a cotton fabric) which had been inoculated with bacteria and dried before they were sprayed with oil, there was no growth of the test organisms. In addition to the other test organisms, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria isolated from used handpieces that had been exposed to several autoclavings were used. Some of the handpieces that had been left to dry after use in the dentist's office before they were autoclaved, were shown not to be sterile. Therefore, the authors suggest that autoclaving of the instruments should take place shortly after use and prescribed cleaning.", "contents": "Autoclaving of lubricated dental instruments. Test organisms forced mechanically into lubricated, rotating dental instruments (handpieces) were all killed during autoclaving at 134 degrees C for 8 min, even when protected by serum and oil. The test organisms were: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Also when testing the sterility of autoclaved simulated instrument surfaces (brass cylinders and pieces of a cotton fabric) which had been inoculated with bacteria and dried before they were sprayed with oil, there was no growth of the test organisms. In addition to the other test organisms, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria isolated from used handpieces that had been exposed to several autoclavings were used. Some of the handpieces that had been left to dry after use in the dentist's office before they were autoclaved, were shown not to be sterile. Therefore, the authors suggest that autoclaving of the instruments should take place shortly after use and prescribed cleaning."}
{"id": "PMID:274801", "title": "Potential and polarization measurements in vivo of oral galvanism.", "content": "Galvanic currents within the oral cavity may have harmful effects on biological tissues. In the present work 16 patients with different kinds of oral and other discomfort and pain which they attributed to oral galvanism were investigated. The potential and polarization of each metal restoration within reach of a platinum probe were measured versus a reference electrode. A recording of these measured values permits a calculation of the currents which may pass between the teeth. A control group of patients with no subjective symptoms of galvanism in the oral cavity was also investigated. The results of the electrochemical measurements showed that conditions for oral galvanism existed within the individuals of the patient group as well as within the control group. One remarkable observation was that the metallic restorations often consisted of different electrically isolated areas with different electrochemical properties. This and other factors influencing oral galvanism are discussed.", "contents": "Potential and polarization measurements in vivo of oral galvanism. Galvanic currents within the oral cavity may have harmful effects on biological tissues. In the present work 16 patients with different kinds of oral and other discomfort and pain which they attributed to oral galvanism were investigated. The potential and polarization of each metal restoration within reach of a platinum probe were measured versus a reference electrode. A recording of these measured values permits a calculation of the currents which may pass between the teeth. A control group of patients with no subjective symptoms of galvanism in the oral cavity was also investigated. The results of the electrochemical measurements showed that conditions for oral galvanism existed within the individuals of the patient group as well as within the control group. One remarkable observation was that the metallic restorations often consisted of different electrically isolated areas with different electrochemical properties. This and other factors influencing oral galvanism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274802", "title": "Fine structure of the human secretory ameloblast.", "content": "The fine structure of secretory ameloblasts in primary tooth germs from a human fetus was investigated. Various aldehyde fixatives produced varying qualities of preservation. The morphology of the best preserved ameloblasts differed from that earlier described, mainly in the following respects: the rough endoplasmic cisternae were lamellated and regularly arranged, the mitochondria were of regular shape and size, and the ground substance was dense and homogenous. The extensive Golgi complexes, the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic cisternae in the apical (distal) part of the ameloblast were longitudinally arranged.", "contents": "Fine structure of the human secretory ameloblast. The fine structure of secretory ameloblasts in primary tooth germs from a human fetus was investigated. Various aldehyde fixatives produced varying qualities of preservation. The morphology of the best preserved ameloblasts differed from that earlier described, mainly in the following respects: the rough endoplasmic cisternae were lamellated and regularly arranged, the mitochondria were of regular shape and size, and the ground substance was dense and homogenous. The extensive Golgi complexes, the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic cisternae in the apical (distal) part of the ameloblast were longitudinally arranged."}
{"id": "PMID:274804", "title": "Effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat.", "content": "The effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in normal and hypophysectomized rats was investigated. Bovine growth hormone was found to increase the dentin production slightly in normal rats and significantly in hypophysectomized rats. Other pituitary hormones showed no effects on dentin apposition in the doses and periods tested. The effects of the pituitary hormones on the longitudinal growth of the tooth were small or insignificant. The effects of growth hormone on the dentin apposition and the longitudinal growth of the tooth after hypophysectomy were smaller than the effects on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodeling, indicating different sensitivity to hormones between different mineralized tissues.", "contents": "Effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat. The effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in normal and hypophysectomized rats was investigated. Bovine growth hormone was found to increase the dentin production slightly in normal rats and significantly in hypophysectomized rats. Other pituitary hormones showed no effects on dentin apposition in the doses and periods tested. The effects of the pituitary hormones on the longitudinal growth of the tooth were small or insignificant. The effects of growth hormone on the dentin apposition and the longitudinal growth of the tooth after hypophysectomy were smaller than the effects on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodeling, indicating different sensitivity to hormones between different mineralized tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:274805", "title": "Binding of dyes to hydroxyapatite treated with cetylpyridinium chloride or cetrimonium bromide.", "content": "The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) on the adsorption of some acidic food dyes to hydroxyapatite was studied. The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6) and amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2). The apatite had adsorbed 9.2 mumol CPC per g dry weight. The adsorbed CPC was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 20 microgram/ml (58 micrometer). The adsorption of CPC and CTAB to the apatite was followed by an increased ability of the crystals to bind the dyes. The dyes were very firmly adsorbed and were not released during a series of washings. Untreated apatite showed only a minor affinity for the dyes. The adsorbed dyes were easily washed out. CPC and CTAB showed the smae specific ability to increase the binding capacity of the apatite. The results are discussed and related to the formation of stains on the teeth in persons using quaternary ammonium compounds for mouthrinsing. A mechanism explaining the production of stains is proposed.", "contents": "Binding of dyes to hydroxyapatite treated with cetylpyridinium chloride or cetrimonium bromide. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) on the adsorption of some acidic food dyes to hydroxyapatite was studied. The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6) and amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2). The apatite had adsorbed 9.2 mumol CPC per g dry weight. The adsorbed CPC was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 20 microgram/ml (58 micrometer). The adsorption of CPC and CTAB to the apatite was followed by an increased ability of the crystals to bind the dyes. The dyes were very firmly adsorbed and were not released during a series of washings. Untreated apatite showed only a minor affinity for the dyes. The adsorbed dyes were easily washed out. CPC and CTAB showed the smae specific ability to increase the binding capacity of the apatite. The results are discussed and related to the formation of stains on the teeth in persons using quaternary ammonium compounds for mouthrinsing. A mechanism explaining the production of stains is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:274806", "title": "Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs in patients with acute leukaemia.", "content": "Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid (Ommaya) reservoirs were inserted in 23 patients wich acute leukaemia and 2 patients with malignant lymphoma. In 9 leukaemia patients reservoirs were used for the prophylaxis of central nervous system leukaemia: only 1 patient developed meningeal leukaemia but less invasive therapy has now been shown to achieve effective prophylaxis and prophylactic use of Ommaya reservoirs has been discontinued. In 16 patients, reservoirs were inserted as aids to the treatment of meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma. Intracranial disease was successfully controlled and recurrences were prevented but patients eventually died from relapse of their systemic disease. The principal complications of the subcutaneous reservoirs were obstruction, misplacement, and one case of infection. Leucoencephalopathy in several patients was attributable to irradiation and cytotoxic drugs and not to the reservoirs. Problems due to misplacement of the reservoir occurred in 3 out of 13 reservoirs inserted by the occipital route and in only 1 of 12 reservoirs inserted by a frontal approach. With adequate supervision, the reservoirs are valuable aids to intrathecal therapy in patients with established meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma.", "contents": "Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs in patients with acute leukaemia. Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid (Ommaya) reservoirs were inserted in 23 patients wich acute leukaemia and 2 patients with malignant lymphoma. In 9 leukaemia patients reservoirs were used for the prophylaxis of central nervous system leukaemia: only 1 patient developed meningeal leukaemia but less invasive therapy has now been shown to achieve effective prophylaxis and prophylactic use of Ommaya reservoirs has been discontinued. In 16 patients, reservoirs were inserted as aids to the treatment of meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma. Intracranial disease was successfully controlled and recurrences were prevented but patients eventually died from relapse of their systemic disease. The principal complications of the subcutaneous reservoirs were obstruction, misplacement, and one case of infection. Leucoencephalopathy in several patients was attributable to irradiation and cytotoxic drugs and not to the reservoirs. Problems due to misplacement of the reservoir occurred in 3 out of 13 reservoirs inserted by the occipital route and in only 1 of 12 reservoirs inserted by a frontal approach. With adequate supervision, the reservoirs are valuable aids to intrathecal therapy in patients with established meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:274807", "title": "Familial erythroleukaemia: a cytogenetic and haematological study.", "content": "Clinical and haematological details of 2 siblings with a familial myeloproliferative disorder (erythroleukaemia) are presented. Their father is presumed to have died from a similar disease. The 2 siblings showed similar but not identical chromosomal abnormalities detected initially in marrow and later in peripheral blood. Serial studies revealed the emergence of an increasingly diverse pattern of chromosomal changes coincident with the haematological and clinical progression of the disease. Other members of the family were screened for cytogenetic and haematological changes. The paternal sibship displayed an increased incidence of cancer.", "contents": "Familial erythroleukaemia: a cytogenetic and haematological study. Clinical and haematological details of 2 siblings with a familial myeloproliferative disorder (erythroleukaemia) are presented. Their father is presumed to have died from a similar disease. The 2 siblings showed similar but not identical chromosomal abnormalities detected initially in marrow and later in peripheral blood. Serial studies revealed the emergence of an increasingly diverse pattern of chromosomal changes coincident with the haematological and clinical progression of the disease. Other members of the family were screened for cytogenetic and haematological changes. The paternal sibship displayed an increased incidence of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:274808", "title": "[Fissure sealing combined with enamel fluoridation. Follow-up study 2 year after sealing].", "content": "In a two-year study the adhesion of diluted composite material as fissure sealant was tested upon etched and etched-fluoridated (aminofluoride) occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars. After 24 months the sealant was found to be intact in 89.3% of the only etched and in 85.6% of the etched-fluoridated fissures. 3.9% of all sealed fissures showed either an increase in the degree of caries or a filling, while the control teeth showed a percentage of 49.7 DF. Fissure sealing therefore appears to be an adequate method for reducing occlusal caries.", "contents": "[Fissure sealing combined with enamel fluoridation. Follow-up study 2 year after sealing]. In a two-year study the adhesion of diluted composite material as fissure sealant was tested upon etched and etched-fluoridated (aminofluoride) occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars. After 24 months the sealant was found to be intact in 89.3% of the only etched and in 85.6% of the etched-fluoridated fissures. 3.9% of all sealed fissures showed either an increase in the degree of caries or a filling, while the control teeth showed a percentage of 49.7 DF. Fissure sealing therefore appears to be an adequate method for reducing occlusal caries."}
{"id": "PMID:274809", "title": "[Testing of the marginal closure of so-called carvable composites].", "content": "66 composite filings of the brands Classecond, Epoxydent and Compocap were examined for marginal fit. The two first brands can be carved, the latter cannot. The fillings were examined by vacuum color diffusion tests, and replicas of the fillings were viewed with the EM. 91% of the Compocap fillings were found to be color impermeable, while 64% of the Epoxydent and 55% of the Classecond fillings proved to be leaking at the margins. The EM examination showed that carving the fillings causes considerably more leakage and short margins. For this reasons, it is unadvisable to carve even the carvable composits. The use of such materials then of course becomes questionable.", "contents": "[Testing of the marginal closure of so-called carvable composites]. 66 composite filings of the brands Classecond, Epoxydent and Compocap were examined for marginal fit. The two first brands can be carved, the latter cannot. The fillings were examined by vacuum color diffusion tests, and replicas of the fillings were viewed with the EM. 91% of the Compocap fillings were found to be color impermeable, while 64% of the Epoxydent and 55% of the Classecond fillings proved to be leaking at the margins. The EM examination showed that carving the fillings causes considerably more leakage and short margins. For this reasons, it is unadvisable to carve even the carvable composits. The use of such materials then of course becomes questionable."}
{"id": "PMID:274810", "title": "[Biocermics in rat experiments (preliminary report)].", "content": "Bioactive ceramics in the shape of small plates was implanted into the femoral diaphysis of rats. The specimens were examined 2 months later by optical and mechanical methods for their behaviour of incorporation into the tissues. The composition of materials, the technique of implantation, the methods of histological preparation and the examination of adhesive resistance are described. The inadequacy of current methods of examination and their replacement by better ones is pointed out.", "contents": "[Biocermics in rat experiments (preliminary report)]. Bioactive ceramics in the shape of small plates was implanted into the femoral diaphysis of rats. The specimens were examined 2 months later by optical and mechanical methods for their behaviour of incorporation into the tissues. The composition of materials, the technique of implantation, the methods of histological preparation and the examination of adhesive resistance are described. The inadequacy of current methods of examination and their replacement by better ones is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:274811", "title": "[Description of an early medieval skull from Biel-Mett with peculiar dental findings].", "content": "During the excavation of a church in Biel a medieval cranium was found (600-700 a.c.) which showed a large radicular cyst in the middle facial area, located on tooth 16 which caused considerable facial deformation. Furthermore carious lesions and evidence of chronic periodontal disease were discovered, which gave some indications on the way of life the individual had conducted. The examinations proved that a combination of methods of examination was able to increase the yield of information on the given object. Such studies should be conducted more often on an interdisciplinary way.", "contents": "[Description of an early medieval skull from Biel-Mett with peculiar dental findings]. During the excavation of a church in Biel a medieval cranium was found (600-700 a.c.) which showed a large radicular cyst in the middle facial area, located on tooth 16 which caused considerable facial deformation. Furthermore carious lesions and evidence of chronic periodontal disease were discovered, which gave some indications on the way of life the individual had conducted. The examinations proved that a combination of methods of examination was able to increase the yield of information on the given object. Such studies should be conducted more often on an interdisciplinary way."}
{"id": "PMID:274812", "title": "[Gamma-2-free amalgams: effect of technic (trituration) on physical properties].", "content": "The goal of investigation was to find the physical data, viz. changes of volume, pressure resistance after 1 and 24 hours, creep value of gamma-2-free amalgams (dispersion type), to compare the values to each other and to those of conventional amalgams. On the whole, gamma-2-free amalgams are superior to the conventional products. The pressure resistance after 1 hour is considerably higher, and the creep values are significantly lower. Furthermore, it could be proven that a mixing unit of high RPM was able to improve the quality still more. The best results were found with Amalcap non-gamma 2 and Dispersalloy evenly, both premeasured in capsules and triturated in the Silamat unit. Similar data were found with Dispersalloy tablets, mixed in the Diomat II unit at 3000 RPM. Before clinical long-range examinations can be obtained, judgment of quality cannot be passed.", "contents": "[Gamma-2-free amalgams: effect of technic (trituration) on physical properties]. The goal of investigation was to find the physical data, viz. changes of volume, pressure resistance after 1 and 24 hours, creep value of gamma-2-free amalgams (dispersion type), to compare the values to each other and to those of conventional amalgams. On the whole, gamma-2-free amalgams are superior to the conventional products. The pressure resistance after 1 hour is considerably higher, and the creep values are significantly lower. Furthermore, it could be proven that a mixing unit of high RPM was able to improve the quality still more. The best results were found with Amalcap non-gamma 2 and Dispersalloy evenly, both premeasured in capsules and triturated in the Silamat unit. Similar data were found with Dispersalloy tablets, mixed in the Diomat II unit at 3000 RPM. Before clinical long-range examinations can be obtained, judgment of quality cannot be passed."}
{"id": "PMID:274813", "title": "[Multiple \"granulomas\" of unknown origin; a clinical case].", "content": "A case of multiple mandibular periapical radiolucencies (granuloma) with unknown etiology is presented. A connection with herpes zoster, which formerly had occurred in the same area could not be found. Several theories are discussed, however none of them seem to fit the case inspite of thorough examination.", "contents": "[Multiple \"granulomas\" of unknown origin; a clinical case]. A case of multiple mandibular periapical radiolucencies (granuloma) with unknown etiology is presented. A connection with herpes zoster, which formerly had occurred in the same area could not be found. Several theories are discussed, however none of them seem to fit the case inspite of thorough examination."}
{"id": "PMID:274815", "title": "[Clinical symptoms of precancerosis].", "content": "Clinically, praecancerosis of the oral mucosa may be classified into the following groups: Whitish, flat changes, reddish changes, papillary changes and ulcers. Combination of the various groups and flowing transition between them is often observed. It can be shown that praecancerosis can be neither clearly distinguished from benign tumors or changes, nor can it be differentiated from already existing malignomas. The same picture of a disease can occur in various clinical aspects. On the other hand, histologically very different changes may often hardly be distinguished clinically. A change in the oral mucosa must therefore be regarded as possibly malignous as long as not proven to the contrary. Also, it is important to check, at regular intervals, changes diagnosed benign, since the possibility of malignous change cannot be ignored.", "contents": "[Clinical symptoms of precancerosis]. Clinically, praecancerosis of the oral mucosa may be classified into the following groups: Whitish, flat changes, reddish changes, papillary changes and ulcers. Combination of the various groups and flowing transition between them is often observed. It can be shown that praecancerosis can be neither clearly distinguished from benign tumors or changes, nor can it be differentiated from already existing malignomas. The same picture of a disease can occur in various clinical aspects. On the other hand, histologically very different changes may often hardly be distinguished clinically. A change in the oral mucosa must therefore be regarded as possibly malignous as long as not proven to the contrary. Also, it is important to check, at regular intervals, changes diagnosed benign, since the possibility of malignous change cannot be ignored."}
{"id": "PMID:274816", "title": "[Erosion and abrasion of the dental enamel. Experimental study].", "content": "The clinical aspects, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of dental erosions in man and experimental animals are reviewed. Abrasion of enamel, softened in orange juice for 3 minutes and brushed with various dentifrices, was studied with Knoop hardness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Knoop indentations made on softened enamel surfaces were almost totally removed by 2-minute brushings with highly abrasive tooth pastes. Brushing without dentifrices only slightly changed the distinctness of the indentation outlines. Recommendations for primary and secondary prevention of erosions are given.", "contents": "[Erosion and abrasion of the dental enamel. Experimental study]. The clinical aspects, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of dental erosions in man and experimental animals are reviewed. Abrasion of enamel, softened in orange juice for 3 minutes and brushed with various dentifrices, was studied with Knoop hardness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Knoop indentations made on softened enamel surfaces were almost totally removed by 2-minute brushings with highly abrasive tooth pastes. Brushing without dentifrices only slightly changed the distinctness of the indentation outlines. Recommendations for primary and secondary prevention of erosions are given."}
{"id": "PMID:274818", "title": "Marginal adaptation and microleakage of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites, an in vitro study.", "content": "The marginal integrity of MOD adhesive restorations of a thixotropic test composite (ZKP-A-5) and of two injection-capsule composites (Concise -capsule composite and Compocap-S) was examined. Dy penetration tests measured microleakage and scanning electron microscope evaluated marginal adaptation. The test restorations showed no improved micromorphological marginal adaptation when compared to those of a standard paste-paste composite (Concise). Compocap-S demonstrated better prevention of microleakage than did the other test preparations. The marginal quality of these thixotropic and injection-capsule composite restorations was improved from 34% to 52% with utilization of a sealer application (ZKP-A-2), (Concise-Enamel Bond). The application of a sealer prior to insertion of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites is, therefore, definitely indicated when these materials are used. The resultant restorations obtained with these test materials plus sealer correspond qualitatively to those of standard composites Concise or Adaptic [6,7]. The newly developed, complete composite systems (Nimetic, GC's Epolite 100/Epobond) demonstrated in comparison to Concise and Adaptic [6,7] inferior results.", "contents": "Marginal adaptation and microleakage of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites, an in vitro study. The marginal integrity of MOD adhesive restorations of a thixotropic test composite (ZKP-A-5) and of two injection-capsule composites (Concise -capsule composite and Compocap-S) was examined. Dy penetration tests measured microleakage and scanning electron microscope evaluated marginal adaptation. The test restorations showed no improved micromorphological marginal adaptation when compared to those of a standard paste-paste composite (Concise). Compocap-S demonstrated better prevention of microleakage than did the other test preparations. The marginal quality of these thixotropic and injection-capsule composite restorations was improved from 34% to 52% with utilization of a sealer application (ZKP-A-2), (Concise-Enamel Bond). The application of a sealer prior to insertion of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites is, therefore, definitely indicated when these materials are used. The resultant restorations obtained with these test materials plus sealer correspond qualitatively to those of standard composites Concise or Adaptic [6,7]. The newly developed, complete composite systems (Nimetic, GC's Epolite 100/Epobond) demonstrated in comparison to Concise and Adaptic [6,7] inferior results."}
{"id": "PMID:274819", "title": "Evaluation of a gingival inflammation test: gindex.", "content": "The Gindex test was compared with two gingival inflammation indices (GI and PBI) and with three plaque indices (SPI, thickness and extension index). There was no statistically significant correlation between the results of the Gindex test and the results of the other indices. When duplicate determinations of the same saliva sample were made with the Gindex test the results differed considerably. The Gindex test is considered to be inaccurate and of no value in the objective assessment of clinical inflammation of the gingiva.", "contents": "Evaluation of a gingival inflammation test: gindex. The Gindex test was compared with two gingival inflammation indices (GI and PBI) and with three plaque indices (SPI, thickness and extension index). There was no statistically significant correlation between the results of the Gindex test and the results of the other indices. When duplicate determinations of the same saliva sample were made with the Gindex test the results differed considerably. The Gindex test is considered to be inaccurate and of no value in the objective assessment of clinical inflammation of the gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:274820", "title": "The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels.", "content": "The oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%.", "contents": "The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels. The oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%."}
{"id": "PMID:274832", "title": "[Assessment of the success of orthodontic treatment from the viewpoint of general dentistry].", "content": "Using internationally accepted indices, the authors studied the caries and gingivities frequency as well as the oral hygiene in 112 successfully treated orthodontic patients 35 months or thereabout after termination of the treatment and retention. The results obtaines are compared with those from an adequate control group and statistically evaluated. The general dental condition and the degree of oral rehabilitation of the orthodontic patients was better than those of the subjects in the control group.", "contents": "[Assessment of the success of orthodontic treatment from the viewpoint of general dentistry]. Using internationally accepted indices, the authors studied the caries and gingivities frequency as well as the oral hygiene in 112 successfully treated orthodontic patients 35 months or thereabout after termination of the treatment and retention. The results obtaines are compared with those from an adequate control group and statistically evaluated. The general dental condition and the degree of oral rehabilitation of the orthodontic patients was better than those of the subjects in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:274833", "title": "[Osteitis deformans].", "content": "Osteitis deformans is a bone disease of still unknown aetiology which shows characteristic symptoms in the maxillofacial region. An increase in size of the entire calvarium and also of single bones of the facial skeleton belongs to these symptoms. A triad may be seen in the jawbone: osteoporosis, foci of densification and cementum hyperplasia. No possibility of treatment was known in the past. Nowadays, the use of cytostatics, calcitonin and diphosphonates seems to be promising.", "contents": "[Osteitis deformans]. Osteitis deformans is a bone disease of still unknown aetiology which shows characteristic symptoms in the maxillofacial region. An increase in size of the entire calvarium and also of single bones of the facial skeleton belongs to these symptoms. A triad may be seen in the jawbone: osteoporosis, foci of densification and cementum hyperplasia. No possibility of treatment was known in the past. Nowadays, the use of cytostatics, calcitonin and diphosphonates seems to be promising."}
{"id": "PMID:274834", "title": "[The origin and treatment of accidents after the injection of penicillin].", "content": "In case of unintentional intravascular uptake, the injection of repository penicillin may produce severe embolic obturations. Several batches of respository penicillin were tested for their crystal size in ready-for-injection suspensions. The greatest crystals were found in preparations with a high proportion of benzylpenicillin-procaine. To avoid untoward reactions (Hoign\u00e9 syndrome, Nicolau syndrome), the recommendations of the Central Expert Committe on Drugs must be considered. Furthermore, the measures required in case of anaphylactic shock are dealt with.", "contents": "[The origin and treatment of accidents after the injection of penicillin]. In case of unintentional intravascular uptake, the injection of repository penicillin may produce severe embolic obturations. Several batches of respository penicillin were tested for their crystal size in ready-for-injection suspensions. The greatest crystals were found in preparations with a high proportion of benzylpenicillin-procaine. To avoid untoward reactions (Hoign\u00e9 syndrome, Nicolau syndrome), the recommendations of the Central Expert Committe on Drugs must be considered. Furthermore, the measures required in case of anaphylactic shock are dealt with."}
{"id": "PMID:274835", "title": "[Biomechanical studies on various methods of osteosynthesis on a photoelastic model of the mandible].", "content": "Biomechanical studies on a model of the mandible served to verify the stability of a fracture treated with the techniques of pressure-plate osteosynthesis, traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis, respectively. Stress distribution in the model were determined photoelastically. In this way, it has been possible to obtain informations about stresses caused by different loads (biting-off, stress on the left or right lateral region). Of the methods of osteosynthesis under investigation, plate osteosynthesis yielded the most stable union of the fragments. Satisfactory values were also achieved by means of traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis. Consequently, these methods may be regarded as function-stable. Conclusions as to the optimal location of the osteosynthesis material can be drawn from an exact analysis of the stress curves. Maximum stress on the mandible, especially in the anterior region, should be avoided for a least 3 weeks.", "contents": "[Biomechanical studies on various methods of osteosynthesis on a photoelastic model of the mandible]. Biomechanical studies on a model of the mandible served to verify the stability of a fracture treated with the techniques of pressure-plate osteosynthesis, traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis, respectively. Stress distribution in the model were determined photoelastically. In this way, it has been possible to obtain informations about stresses caused by different loads (biting-off, stress on the left or right lateral region). Of the methods of osteosynthesis under investigation, plate osteosynthesis yielded the most stable union of the fragments. Satisfactory values were also achieved by means of traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis. Consequently, these methods may be regarded as function-stable. Conclusions as to the optimal location of the osteosynthesis material can be drawn from an exact analysis of the stress curves. Maximum stress on the mandible, especially in the anterior region, should be avoided for a least 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:274836", "title": "[Comparative histological studies of mouth mucosa, gingiva and desmodont in normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs fed a vitamin C deficient diet].", "content": "The changes occurring in the oral mucosa, gingivae and periodontium of guinea pigs fed a vitamin C-deficient diet were determined by means of histological comparison with animals on a normal diet. The following results were obtained from the scorbutic guinea pigs: --detachment of the horny layer from the underlying epithelium, --bullous cells in the spinose and the granular layer, --formation of periodontal pockets, --reduction in number and disorientation of collagenous fibres of the periodontium associated with loosening of the molars.", "contents": "[Comparative histological studies of mouth mucosa, gingiva and desmodont in normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs fed a vitamin C deficient diet]. The changes occurring in the oral mucosa, gingivae and periodontium of guinea pigs fed a vitamin C-deficient diet were determined by means of histological comparison with animals on a normal diet. The following results were obtained from the scorbutic guinea pigs: --detachment of the horny layer from the underlying epithelium, --bullous cells in the spinose and the granular layer, --formation of periodontal pockets, --reduction in number and disorientation of collagenous fibres of the periodontium associated with loosening of the molars."}
{"id": "PMID:274837", "title": "[Pulp diseases in the deciduous teeth. I. Histopathological changes (correlation between microscopic picture and clinical diagnosis)].", "content": "Clinical and histopathological examinations of 85 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years show considerable disagreement between the microscopical picture and the clinical diagnosis according to the classification of WILGA. This calls in question the appropriateness of the histopathological classification for clinical diagnosis. For this reason, the present study was undertaken to elaborate a new classification of pulpal affections in the deciduous dentition with special regard to the various clinical pictures.", "contents": "[Pulp diseases in the deciduous teeth. I. Histopathological changes (correlation between microscopic picture and clinical diagnosis)]. Clinical and histopathological examinations of 85 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years show considerable disagreement between the microscopical picture and the clinical diagnosis according to the classification of WILGA. This calls in question the appropriateness of the histopathological classification for clinical diagnosis. For this reason, the present study was undertaken to elaborate a new classification of pulpal affections in the deciduous dentition with special regard to the various clinical pictures."}
{"id": "PMID:274838", "title": "[Oral hygiene in Erfurt school children].", "content": "The oral hygiene behavior of Erfurt school children was investigated by interviewing and substantiated by means of the OHI. Though 91% of the children had pretended to clean their teeth daily, the OHI values testified to unsatisfactory dental and oral hygiene.", "contents": "[Oral hygiene in Erfurt school children]. The oral hygiene behavior of Erfurt school children was investigated by interviewing and substantiated by means of the OHI. Though 91% of the children had pretended to clean their teeth daily, the OHI values testified to unsatisfactory dental and oral hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:274839", "title": "[A ranking scale of the susceptibility to loss of various types of teeth as an additional aid to the decision for the extraction of permanent teeth in orthodontic treatments].", "content": "A statistically established rank scale of the predisposition to decay of the different types of teeth permits to evaluate more exactly the sacrifice of masticatory units in orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Thus, in case of doubt, it gives additional advice on the choice of the teeth to be removed.", "contents": "[A ranking scale of the susceptibility to loss of various types of teeth as an additional aid to the decision for the extraction of permanent teeth in orthodontic treatments]. A statistically established rank scale of the predisposition to decay of the different types of teeth permits to evaluate more exactly the sacrifice of masticatory units in orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Thus, in case of doubt, it gives additional advice on the choice of the teeth to be removed."}
{"id": "PMID:274840", "title": "[The extraction of the 6-year molars in orthodontic practice].", "content": "There is no orthodontic indication for the extraction of sixth-year molars. Nevertheless, one-third of all permanent teeth extracted by us in orthodontic cases terminated within one year were first molars. The indication for the extraction of these permanent first molars was based exclusively on caries incidence. The resultant disadvantages to the course of treatment are discussed from medical and economic aspects.", "contents": "[The extraction of the 6-year molars in orthodontic practice]. There is no orthodontic indication for the extraction of sixth-year molars. Nevertheless, one-third of all permanent teeth extracted by us in orthodontic cases terminated within one year were first molars. The indication for the extraction of these permanent first molars was based exclusively on caries incidence. The resultant disadvantages to the course of treatment are discussed from medical and economic aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:274841", "title": "[Frequency, extent and severity of malocclusions in 401 dental students (Berlin )974)].", "content": "In the framework of the complex stomatological examination of 401 dental students from the Humboldt University in Berlin, the author determined, in 1974, on study casts the extent and intensity of tooth malalignment and malocclusion, using the method as indicated by Eismann. The results obtained were analysed for differences according to sex, age and former orthodontic treatment. With regard to their importance, the orthodontic symptoms are evaluated from the aspect of need for orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Frequency, extent and severity of malocclusions in 401 dental students (Berlin )974)]. In the framework of the complex stomatological examination of 401 dental students from the Humboldt University in Berlin, the author determined, in 1974, on study casts the extent and intensity of tooth malalignment and malocclusion, using the method as indicated by Eismann. The results obtained were analysed for differences according to sex, age and former orthodontic treatment. With regard to their importance, the orthodontic symptoms are evaluated from the aspect of need for orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:274842", "title": "[Results of the application of fluoride varnish within the framework of a public health program for collective caries prevention in the republic of Cuba after a 4 1/2 years course].", "content": "Cross-sectional studies, each involving 350 children aged between 6 and 12 years, showed a caries control of 39%. The application of fluoride varnish is recommended as an efficient and simple measure for collective caries prevention.", "contents": "[Results of the application of fluoride varnish within the framework of a public health program for collective caries prevention in the republic of Cuba after a 4 1/2 years course]. Cross-sectional studies, each involving 350 children aged between 6 and 12 years, showed a caries control of 39%. The application of fluoride varnish is recommended as an efficient and simple measure for collective caries prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:274843", "title": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 2. Development, design and mode of action of a mixing machine for dental materials measured out in capsules].", "content": "The author presents a mixing apparatus for dental materials predosed in capsules. It is characterized by a novel principle of motion and great efficiency, which permits to triturate, in a short time and the best possible manner, all luting and filling materials suited for mechanical mixing, including amalgam alloys. Redrawings of quick-motion pictures illustrate the mixing process in the capsule.", "contents": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 2. Development, design and mode of action of a mixing machine for dental materials measured out in capsules]. The author presents a mixing apparatus for dental materials predosed in capsules. It is characterized by a novel principle of motion and great efficiency, which permits to triturate, in a short time and the best possible manner, all luting and filling materials suited for mechanical mixing, including amalgam alloys. Redrawings of quick-motion pictures illustrate the mixing process in the capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:274844", "title": "[The resistance to abrasion of dental materials].", "content": "Using a new method, the authors investigated the abrasion resistance of Kallocryl-A with regard to the kind of stress (abrasive or intermittent), the temperature, the depth of the layer of plastic and the number of abrasive movements. The results were analysed for significance by means of the t-test.", "contents": "[The resistance to abrasion of dental materials]. Using a new method, the authors investigated the abrasion resistance of Kallocryl-A with regard to the kind of stress (abrasive or intermittent), the temperature, the depth of the layer of plastic and the number of abrasive movements. The results were analysed for significance by means of the t-test."}
{"id": "PMID:274846", "title": "[Relationships between occlusal anomalies and caries, periodontal diseases, oral hygiene and temporomandibular joint disorders in 401 dental students (Berlin 1974)].", "content": "In 1974, 401 dental students of the Humboldt University in Berlin were examined for caries incidence, periodontal condition, oral hygiene and temporamandibular joint pain. The findings were brought in relation to the extent of extant tooth malalignment and malocclusion (model analysis according to Eismann). Statistical methods were employed to test existing relationship for significance, allowing for age, sex and former orthodontic treatment. The results were evaluated in view of the need for orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Relationships between occlusal anomalies and caries, periodontal diseases, oral hygiene and temporomandibular joint disorders in 401 dental students (Berlin 1974)]. In 1974, 401 dental students of the Humboldt University in Berlin were examined for caries incidence, periodontal condition, oral hygiene and temporamandibular joint pain. The findings were brought in relation to the extent of extant tooth malalignment and malocclusion (model analysis according to Eismann). Statistical methods were employed to test existing relationship for significance, allowing for age, sex and former orthodontic treatment. The results were evaluated in view of the need for orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:274847", "title": "[Orthodontic studies in children with stunted growth].", "content": "Biometrical studies on a group of 43 children with stunted growth showed that stunted growth is associated with smaller dimensions of the upper dental arch. The lower dental arch is not involved. The relationship between the variations in the characteristics under examination are explained with the aid of three basic factors of growth which had been established mathematically. The crown diameters of the permanent teeth are not smaller as in children with normal growth.", "contents": "[Orthodontic studies in children with stunted growth]. Biometrical studies on a group of 43 children with stunted growth showed that stunted growth is associated with smaller dimensions of the upper dental arch. The lower dental arch is not involved. The relationship between the variations in the characteristics under examination are explained with the aid of three basic factors of growth which had been established mathematically. The crown diameters of the permanent teeth are not smaller as in children with normal growth."}
{"id": "PMID:274850", "title": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 3. Suitability testing from a technological and clinical point of view].", "content": "The results from experiments with composite filling materials, silicate cements, stone cements, polyacrylate cements, EBA cements and amalgam testify to the suitability of a mixing apparatus already presented (cf. Par II). Apart from industrial predosed products, well known multicomponent materials prepared until now manually, among which Evicrol, were mixed mechanically.", "contents": "[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 3. Suitability testing from a technological and clinical point of view]. The results from experiments with composite filling materials, silicate cements, stone cements, polyacrylate cements, EBA cements and amalgam testify to the suitability of a mixing apparatus already presented (cf. Par II). Apart from industrial predosed products, well known multicomponent materials prepared until now manually, among which Evicrol, were mixed mechanically."}
{"id": "PMID:274851", "title": "[Dental pulp diseases of the deciduous teeth. II. Clinical classification].", "content": "Clinical and pathomorphological studies of various pulpal affections in 55 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years call in question the clinical appropriateness of the current classification of pulpal affections that makes use of the pathohistological nomenclautre. In this paper, a classification is suggested that is based on clinical symptoms and allows for current methods of therapy.", "contents": "[Dental pulp diseases of the deciduous teeth. II. Clinical classification]. Clinical and pathomorphological studies of various pulpal affections in 55 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years call in question the clinical appropriateness of the current classification of pulpal affections that makes use of the pathohistological nomenclautre. In this paper, a classification is suggested that is based on clinical symptoms and allows for current methods of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:274852", "title": "[Relationship between the retromolar space and the mandibular measurements in Bulgarians].", "content": "We examined 412 mandibles from adult males. Using the classic anthropometric methods according to Martin-Saller, we took 17 measurements: length, width, height and angle of the mandible. The data obtained were subjected to variance and correlation analyses. We observed poor correlations for the length of the dental arch, the height of the ascending ramus, the condylar width and the width of the chin; there were medium correlations for the following measurements: mental plane, median plane and angular width in the region of 46, 47, 36, 37 and the thickness of the alveolar portion. The correlations for all the other measurements were high; in some cases, they approximated the normal value.", "contents": "[Relationship between the retromolar space and the mandibular measurements in Bulgarians]. We examined 412 mandibles from adult males. Using the classic anthropometric methods according to Martin-Saller, we took 17 measurements: length, width, height and angle of the mandible. The data obtained were subjected to variance and correlation analyses. We observed poor correlations for the length of the dental arch, the height of the ascending ramus, the condylar width and the width of the chin; there were medium correlations for the following measurements: mental plane, median plane and angular width in the region of 46, 47, 36, 37 and the thickness of the alveolar portion. The correlations for all the other measurements were high; in some cases, they approximated the normal value."}
{"id": "PMID:274853", "title": "[The treatment of mandibular fractures, complicated by inflammations in the fracture area, by means of xenogenic cartilage].", "content": "The authors used a personal technique for the management of infected jaw fractures. If the fracture cleft was not wider than 1 cm, they performed a surgical revision (having made an incision through the mucoperiosteum of the oral vestibule) and replaced the excochleated gra-ulation tissue (including sequestrums) by lyophilized cartilage. The bone fragments were immoblized by bone sutures previously applied and also by additional plastic splints. The substitution of the cartilage by bone begun 6-8 weeks after the surgical intervention (as evidenced by radiographs); the process had terminated in about 6-10 months, the implanted cartilage being completely replaced by newly formed bone. The observation involved 16 cases. The method is also recommended for treatment on an out-patient basis.", "contents": "[The treatment of mandibular fractures, complicated by inflammations in the fracture area, by means of xenogenic cartilage]. The authors used a personal technique for the management of infected jaw fractures. If the fracture cleft was not wider than 1 cm, they performed a surgical revision (having made an incision through the mucoperiosteum of the oral vestibule) and replaced the excochleated gra-ulation tissue (including sequestrums) by lyophilized cartilage. The bone fragments were immoblized by bone sutures previously applied and also by additional plastic splints. The substitution of the cartilage by bone begun 6-8 weeks after the surgical intervention (as evidenced by radiographs); the process had terminated in about 6-10 months, the implanted cartilage being completely replaced by newly formed bone. The observation involved 16 cases. The method is also recommended for treatment on an out-patient basis."}
{"id": "PMID:274854", "title": "[Maxillofacial tumors subject to registration in the district of Frankfurt (Oder) during the years 1963-1973].", "content": "Prior to the opening of the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery of the District Hospital at Franfort-on-the-Oder, important groups of diseases belonging to this speciality were studied epidemiologically on the district level to obtain a maximum of information of the future tasks. From the viewpoints of detection, prevention, diagnosis and therapy, the epidemiology of notifiable tumours in the maxillofacial region was of paramount interest in a district without university and clinic specialized in maxillofacial surgery. The results obtained were used in various ways in preparing the opening of our special clinic.", "contents": "[Maxillofacial tumors subject to registration in the district of Frankfurt (Oder) during the years 1963-1973]. Prior to the opening of the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery of the District Hospital at Franfort-on-the-Oder, important groups of diseases belonging to this speciality were studied epidemiologically on the district level to obtain a maximum of information of the future tasks. From the viewpoints of detection, prevention, diagnosis and therapy, the epidemiology of notifiable tumours in the maxillofacial region was of paramount interest in a district without university and clinic specialized in maxillofacial surgery. The results obtained were used in various ways in preparing the opening of our special clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:274855", "title": "[Psychological guidance of children during dental care].", "content": "Due to the high incidence of caries, affections of the marginal periodontium and occlusal anomalies, the regular preventive and therapeutical care of the children is imperative. For this reason, the motivation of the children toward treatment is of paramount importance. Suggestions are given for long-term and short-term psychopreventive influencing and the management of children of poor co-operativeness.", "contents": "[Psychological guidance of children during dental care]. Due to the high incidence of caries, affections of the marginal periodontium and occlusal anomalies, the regular preventive and therapeutical care of the children is imperative. For this reason, the motivation of the children toward treatment is of paramount importance. Suggestions are given for long-term and short-term psychopreventive influencing and the management of children of poor co-operativeness."}
{"id": "PMID:274863", "title": "[Clinical and experimental investigations of the effect of dopamine on haemodynamics and function of kidney and liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Increased incidence of renal insufficiency is observed in severe damage of liver parenchyma such as fulminant hepatitis, decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, septic cholangitis and the different forms of obstructive jaundice. Functional circulatory disturbances of the kidney, especially of the renal cortex, are of importance in the aetiology of this condition. Dopamine, at a dosage as low as 3 gamma/kg/min leads to an improvement in renal blood flow and also to an increase in hepatic blood flow. These observations are of therapeutic importance. Some important circulatory and functional parameters of both these organs, which influence each other under normal and pathological conditions, were studied in the presence of dopamine and the following results were obtained: 1. An investigation of the intrarenal haemodynamics with 133 Xenon in patients with severe cirrhosis of the liver and in patients with obstructive jaundice resulted in an increase of 91% in the mean renal blood flow. The blood flow in the renal cortex increased by 36.2% and in the renal medulla 18.5%, whereas the renal fat tissue showed no change. Compartment I, which was diminished as compared with the control value, also increased. The percentage contribution of the mean renal blood flow and the blood flow of the renal cortex towards the cardiac output was greater under the influence of dopamine; hence a greater part of the cardiac output flows into the kidney under dopamine. 2. The glomerular filtrate and the renal plasma flow increased under dopamine (13.5% and 43.1%, respectively). The increase was greater in compensated than in decompensated cirrhosis. In patients with obstructive jaundice there was a smaller increase in both these parameters than in patients with cirrhosis in the presence of dopamine. No connection was found between the increase in renal plasma flow with dopamine and the blood levels of bilirubin, cholinesterase, GOT and the Normotest. 3. The urinary output of sodium increased by 191.4% with dopamine. Patients with an initial renal plasma flow value of over 300 ml/min had a higher sodium output. These patients also eliminated more sodium under the influence of dopamine than those with an initial renal plasma flow value of under 300 ml/min. 4. Blood flow determinations in the portal vein and the hepatic artery in man, obtained during operation, showed an increase in portal flow of 28.5% and hepatic artery flow of 6.3% in response to dopamine. The percentage contribution of portal blood flow towards the cardiac output increase on dopamine administration. The functional hepatic blood flow, analyzed with 131-J-BSP, did not change. The wedged hepatic vein pressure, which is a good measure of portal pressure, increased on average by only 7% with dopamine at a dosage of 3 gamma/kg/min, but by 20.3% with twice the dosage. Dopamine did not cause a change in hepatic blood volume; hence, blood sequestration in the liver can be excluded in response to the dopamine-evoked increase in portal blood flow. 5...", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental investigations of the effect of dopamine on haemodynamics and function of kidney and liver (author's transl)]. Increased incidence of renal insufficiency is observed in severe damage of liver parenchyma such as fulminant hepatitis, decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, septic cholangitis and the different forms of obstructive jaundice. Functional circulatory disturbances of the kidney, especially of the renal cortex, are of importance in the aetiology of this condition. Dopamine, at a dosage as low as 3 gamma/kg/min leads to an improvement in renal blood flow and also to an increase in hepatic blood flow. These observations are of therapeutic importance. Some important circulatory and functional parameters of both these organs, which influence each other under normal and pathological conditions, were studied in the presence of dopamine and the following results were obtained: 1. An investigation of the intrarenal haemodynamics with 133 Xenon in patients with severe cirrhosis of the liver and in patients with obstructive jaundice resulted in an increase of 91% in the mean renal blood flow. The blood flow in the renal cortex increased by 36.2% and in the renal medulla 18.5%, whereas the renal fat tissue showed no change. Compartment I, which was diminished as compared with the control value, also increased. The percentage contribution of the mean renal blood flow and the blood flow of the renal cortex towards the cardiac output was greater under the influence of dopamine; hence a greater part of the cardiac output flows into the kidney under dopamine. 2. The glomerular filtrate and the renal plasma flow increased under dopamine (13.5% and 43.1%, respectively). The increase was greater in compensated than in decompensated cirrhosis. In patients with obstructive jaundice there was a smaller increase in both these parameters than in patients with cirrhosis in the presence of dopamine. No connection was found between the increase in renal plasma flow with dopamine and the blood levels of bilirubin, cholinesterase, GOT and the Normotest. 3. The urinary output of sodium increased by 191.4% with dopamine. Patients with an initial renal plasma flow value of over 300 ml/min had a higher sodium output. These patients also eliminated more sodium under the influence of dopamine than those with an initial renal plasma flow value of under 300 ml/min. 4. Blood flow determinations in the portal vein and the hepatic artery in man, obtained during operation, showed an increase in portal flow of 28.5% and hepatic artery flow of 6.3% in response to dopamine. The percentage contribution of portal blood flow towards the cardiac output increase on dopamine administration. The functional hepatic blood flow, analyzed with 131-J-BSP, did not change. The wedged hepatic vein pressure, which is a good measure of portal pressure, increased on average by only 7% with dopamine at a dosage of 3 gamma/kg/min, but by 20.3% with twice the dosage. Dopamine did not cause a change in hepatic blood volume; hence, blood sequestration in the liver can be excluded in response to the dopamine-evoked increase in portal blood flow. 5..."}
{"id": "PMID:274877", "title": "The limitation of screening effect. A review of cervical disorders in previously screened women.", "content": "In the Frederiksberg screening program from 1962 to 1972 invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia of the cervix were found in 155 previously unscreened women. In previously screened women 137 lesions were later elucidated, 53 of these at rescreening. If a failure of method of 10 per cent is anticipated, 21 cases were probably missed due to the method chosen. Patient failure was noted in six cases and two cases were missed by insufficient follow-up by the doctor. The importance of a high participation rate is emphasized. The cytologist's error was 19 per cent. Sixty-four cases were estimated to represent new cases developed between screenings. A reduction of cytologist's error is assumed to be the most accessible way of improving screening results.", "contents": "The limitation of screening effect. A review of cervical disorders in previously screened women. In the Frederiksberg screening program from 1962 to 1972 invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia of the cervix were found in 155 previously unscreened women. In previously screened women 137 lesions were later elucidated, 53 of these at rescreening. If a failure of method of 10 per cent is anticipated, 21 cases were probably missed due to the method chosen. Patient failure was noted in six cases and two cases were missed by insufficient follow-up by the doctor. The importance of a high participation rate is emphasized. The cytologist's error was 19 per cent. Sixty-four cases were estimated to represent new cases developed between screenings. A reduction of cytologist's error is assumed to be the most accessible way of improving screening results."}
{"id": "PMID:274878", "title": "The cytologic appearance of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma.", "content": "Seven cases with cytologic material from metastatic transitional cell carcinoma are presented. Three cellular patterns were seen: 1) papillary fragments, 2) cells with a moderate amount of dense cytoplasm and 3) undifferentiated malignant cells.", "contents": "The cytologic appearance of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Seven cases with cytologic material from metastatic transitional cell carcinoma are presented. Three cellular patterns were seen: 1) papillary fragments, 2) cells with a moderate amount of dense cytoplasm and 3) undifferentiated malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274879", "title": "Cytologic findings in vaginal smears from patients under treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "content": "A report is given on the vaginal smears of 55 patients with ovarian carcinomas who were treated with cyclophosphamide either alone or in combination with other therapies. The changes occurring under the treatment are demonstrated and compared with the findings before therapy. A shift to lesser maturation depending upon drug dose and the appearance of the so-called \"polychromatic and polymorphous near type\" are described. This smear type was found in about 60 per cent of all cases and was reversible after cessation of the therapy. The characteristics of the \"polychromatic and polymorphous smear type\" are presented.", "contents": "Cytologic findings in vaginal smears from patients under treatment with cyclophosphamide. A report is given on the vaginal smears of 55 patients with ovarian carcinomas who were treated with cyclophosphamide either alone or in combination with other therapies. The changes occurring under the treatment are demonstrated and compared with the findings before therapy. A shift to lesser maturation depending upon drug dose and the appearance of the so-called \"polychromatic and polymorphous near type\" are described. This smear type was found in about 60 per cent of all cases and was reversible after cessation of the therapy. The characteristics of the \"polychromatic and polymorphous smear type\" are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:274880", "title": "Pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, diagnosed by peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of fine needle aspiration biopsies from the pancreas with histologic control are reviewed. The different cell types are described and illustrated. The cytologic/histologic correlation was very high. Only cells from very highly differentiated cancers were difficult to distinguish from atypical ductal cells. The clinical implications of the cytologic findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, diagnosed by peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thirty-seven cases of fine needle aspiration biopsies from the pancreas with histologic control are reviewed. The different cell types are described and illustrated. The cytologic/histologic correlation was very high. Only cells from very highly differentiated cancers were difficult to distinguish from atypical ductal cells. The clinical implications of the cytologic findings are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274881", "title": "The value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the early diagnosis of metasttatic retinoblastoma.", "content": "The cytomorphologic features of exfoliated retinoblastoma cells in CSF processed by a simple micropore filter technique has been described. The role of CSF cytology in the early identification of metastatic retinoblastoma cells, with its influence on treatment and prognosis, is stressed. Retinoblastoma cells in CSF are characteristically small with scanty or absent cytoplasm and hyperchromatic irregular nuclei which tend to be moulded. These cells generally occur singly or aggregated into clusters of various sizes but are seldom seen in typical rosette formation.", "contents": "The value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the early diagnosis of metasttatic retinoblastoma. The cytomorphologic features of exfoliated retinoblastoma cells in CSF processed by a simple micropore filter technique has been described. The role of CSF cytology in the early identification of metastatic retinoblastoma cells, with its influence on treatment and prognosis, is stressed. Retinoblastoma cells in CSF are characteristically small with scanty or absent cytoplasm and hyperchromatic irregular nuclei which tend to be moulded. These cells generally occur singly or aggregated into clusters of various sizes but are seldom seen in typical rosette formation."}
{"id": "PMID:274882", "title": "Cytologic features of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. Report of a case diagnosed by bronchial brushing procedure.", "content": "This is a case report of a 19-year old woman with primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. The tumor was successfully diagnosed by the bronchial brushing method under fluoroscopic guidance. Cellular features of the leiomyosarcoma are described in detail.", "contents": "Cytologic features of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. Report of a case diagnosed by bronchial brushing procedure. This is a case report of a 19-year old woman with primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. The tumor was successfully diagnosed by the bronchial brushing method under fluoroscopic guidance. Cellular features of the leiomyosarcoma are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:274883", "title": "A benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis.", "content": "In a benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis, a diploid mode was found in cells from the cystic wall. The cells from the cystic fluid, however, showed both a diploid and a triploid population. The latter may represent a fist step into malignant transformation.", "contents": "A benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis. In a benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis, a diploid mode was found in cells from the cystic wall. The cells from the cystic fluid, however, showed both a diploid and a triploid population. The latter may represent a fist step into malignant transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:274884", "title": "The proliferative behavior of the human Fallopian tube epithelium.", "content": "Using autoradiography after in vitro administration of tritiated thymidine a low grade of DNA synthesis had been found to take place in the epithelium of the human Fallopian tube in reproductive and postmenopausal age. No synchronization was found to take place in the menstrual cycle. There seems to be no relationship between tubal renewal and the endogenous hormones of the reproductive system in the human.", "contents": "The proliferative behavior of the human Fallopian tube epithelium. Using autoradiography after in vitro administration of tritiated thymidine a low grade of DNA synthesis had been found to take place in the epithelium of the human Fallopian tube in reproductive and postmenopausal age. No synchronization was found to take place in the menstrual cycle. There seems to be no relationship between tubal renewal and the endogenous hormones of the reproductive system in the human."}
{"id": "PMID:274886", "title": "The cytologic diagnosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri.", "content": "Four cases are presented of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri. Two are early cases of limited histologic extent and two are more advanced examples. The cytologic features are presented with particular reference to differences between the earlier and the more advanced cases. When the early cases are separated in this manner, a source of diagnostic difficulty, which does not arise in the advanced lesions, is identified and discussed.", "contents": "The cytologic diagnosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri. Four cases are presented of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri. Two are early cases of limited histologic extent and two are more advanced examples. The cytologic features are presented with particular reference to differences between the earlier and the more advanced cases. When the early cases are separated in this manner, a source of diagnostic difficulty, which does not arise in the advanced lesions, is identified and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274887", "title": "Intracellular starch granules in cytologic material.", "content": "Starch glove powder may contaminate the environment and material removed from patients. When such material is not fixed immediately, starch granules may be ingested by viable phagocytes, possibly giving rise to the mistaken impression that phagocytosis took place in the body of the patient. The presence of phagocytosed material in cytologic preparations should not automatically lead to the conclusion that intravital phagocytosis has taken place.", "contents": "Intracellular starch granules in cytologic material. Starch glove powder may contaminate the environment and material removed from patients. When such material is not fixed immediately, starch granules may be ingested by viable phagocytes, possibly giving rise to the mistaken impression that phagocytosis took place in the body of the patient. The presence of phagocytosed material in cytologic preparations should not automatically lead to the conclusion that intravital phagocytosis has taken place."}
{"id": "PMID:274888", "title": "Cystic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Diagnosis by needle aspiration with transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland identified by needle aspiration cytology is presented, and correlation between the ultrastructure of the cytologic material and the neoplastic tissue is emphasized. Needle aspiration is recommended for diagnosis of thyroid gland lesions and may allow, without significant risk to the patient, establishment of a specific preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "Cystic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Diagnosis by needle aspiration with transmission electron microscopy. A case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland identified by needle aspiration cytology is presented, and correlation between the ultrastructure of the cytologic material and the neoplastic tissue is emphasized. Needle aspiration is recommended for diagnosis of thyroid gland lesions and may allow, without significant risk to the patient, establishment of a specific preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:274893", "title": "The circulatory effects of intravenously administered ephedrine during epidural blockade.", "content": "The changes in central circulation following a small dose of intravenously administered ephedrine were studied in middle-aged and elderly patients during high epidural blockade with bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline, etidocaine 1% with adrenaline, and etidocaine 1% plain. Itravenously injected ephedrine restored the mean, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures to the preanalgesic value independent of the degree of hypotension, and was not followed by marked hypertension in any case. Although the heart rate did not change, the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than after subcutaneous premedication, resulting in increased stroke volume and cardiac output in all groups. Peripheral vascular resistance increased to the preanalgesic value in the groups receiving bupivacaine adrenaline and etidocaine plain. In the etidocaine adrenaline group, peripheral vascular resistance was little changed, as the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than in the other groups.", "contents": "The circulatory effects of intravenously administered ephedrine during epidural blockade. The changes in central circulation following a small dose of intravenously administered ephedrine were studied in middle-aged and elderly patients during high epidural blockade with bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline, etidocaine 1% with adrenaline, and etidocaine 1% plain. Itravenously injected ephedrine restored the mean, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures to the preanalgesic value independent of the degree of hypotension, and was not followed by marked hypertension in any case. Although the heart rate did not change, the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than after subcutaneous premedication, resulting in increased stroke volume and cardiac output in all groups. Peripheral vascular resistance increased to the preanalgesic value in the groups receiving bupivacaine adrenaline and etidocaine plain. In the etidocaine adrenaline group, peripheral vascular resistance was little changed, as the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than in the other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:274889", "title": "Malignant plasma cells in cervical smear.", "content": "This is a case report of a patient with diffuse multiple myeloma where atypical plasma cells were first discovered on routine blood and cervico-vaginal smears. Subsequent examination of a small endocervical mass and of the bone marrow revealed invasion by malignant plasma cells. Lytic bone lesions and extensive multiple organ system involvement developed despite chemotherapy and the patient expired five months after diagnosis. This case demonstrates that cervical smears, like other cytologic preparations, may contain malignant plasma cells and illustrates the importance of recognizing these cells.", "contents": "Malignant plasma cells in cervical smear. This is a case report of a patient with diffuse multiple myeloma where atypical plasma cells were first discovered on routine blood and cervico-vaginal smears. Subsequent examination of a small endocervical mass and of the bone marrow revealed invasion by malignant plasma cells. Lytic bone lesions and extensive multiple organ system involvement developed despite chemotherapy and the patient expired five months after diagnosis. This case demonstrates that cervical smears, like other cytologic preparations, may contain malignant plasma cells and illustrates the importance of recognizing these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274890", "title": "The cytology of chordoma.", "content": "A case is presented in which touch imprints of a neoplasm revealed cells with fine bubbly cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic vacuoles with indentation and displacement of cell nuclei. The cytology of these bubbly or physaliferous cells was useful in establishing the diagnosis of chordoma and in the differential diagnosis of similar soft tissue lesions.", "contents": "The cytology of chordoma. A case is presented in which touch imprints of a neoplasm revealed cells with fine bubbly cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic vacuoles with indentation and displacement of cell nuclei. The cytology of these bubbly or physaliferous cells was useful in establishing the diagnosis of chordoma and in the differential diagnosis of similar soft tissue lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:274891", "title": "Fluorescamine in cytodiagnosis of thyroid carcinomas.", "content": "Fluorescamine, which reacts with primary amino groups yielding intensely fluorescent products, was found to induce intense fluorescence in cells from medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma. No fluorescence was detected in cells from follicular or undifferentiated carcinoma or from benign thyroid lesions, except H\u00fcrthle cell adenomas, the cells of which exhibited moderate fluorescamine-induced fluorescence. This was demonstrated on fine needle aspiration biopsy smears pretreated with formaldehyde gas. Since the fluorescamine technique is simple and rapid, it may be of value as an aid in the cytodiagnosis of thyroid neoplasms.", "contents": "Fluorescamine in cytodiagnosis of thyroid carcinomas. Fluorescamine, which reacts with primary amino groups yielding intensely fluorescent products, was found to induce intense fluorescence in cells from medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma. No fluorescence was detected in cells from follicular or undifferentiated carcinoma or from benign thyroid lesions, except H\u00fcrthle cell adenomas, the cells of which exhibited moderate fluorescamine-induced fluorescence. This was demonstrated on fine needle aspiration biopsy smears pretreated with formaldehyde gas. Since the fluorescamine technique is simple and rapid, it may be of value as an aid in the cytodiagnosis of thyroid neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:274896", "title": "Spontaneous regression of a malignant primary bone tumour.", "content": "A histologically confirmed malignant, primary bone tumour in the pelvis, presumably an osteosarcoma, underwent spontaneous regression. The large tumour was inoperable and gave rise to severe pain as well as difficulty in walking. After 2 years of progression, with increasing desition improved spontaneously, and at present the patient is alive, almost symptom-free, after 6 years follow-up.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of a malignant primary bone tumour. A histologically confirmed malignant, primary bone tumour in the pelvis, presumably an osteosarcoma, underwent spontaneous regression. The large tumour was inoperable and gave rise to severe pain as well as difficulty in walking. After 2 years of progression, with increasing desition improved spontaneously, and at present the patient is alive, almost symptom-free, after 6 years follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:274898", "title": "Blood volume of children with leukemia.", "content": "Blood volume was measured using 125iodinated human serum albumin in 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in 7 children with various types of leukemia. Total blood volume was normal in patients without marked enlargement of spleen and liver, and increased progressively as spleen and liver size increased. The hypervolemia was entirely due to expansion of plasma volume. In the children with marked hepatosplenomegaly, only hematocrit (but not red cell mass) was below the normal range in most cases. Both hematocrit and red cell mass were subnormal in the majority of patients without considerably enlarged spleen and liver. Therefore, anemia in children with marked hepatosplenomegaly may be partly caused by hemodilution of red blood cells in expanded plasma volume.", "contents": "Blood volume of children with leukemia. Blood volume was measured using 125iodinated human serum albumin in 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in 7 children with various types of leukemia. Total blood volume was normal in patients without marked enlargement of spleen and liver, and increased progressively as spleen and liver size increased. The hypervolemia was entirely due to expansion of plasma volume. In the children with marked hepatosplenomegaly, only hematocrit (but not red cell mass) was below the normal range in most cases. Both hematocrit and red cell mass were subnormal in the majority of patients without considerably enlarged spleen and liver. Therefore, anemia in children with marked hepatosplenomegaly may be partly caused by hemodilution of red blood cells in expanded plasma volume."}
{"id": "PMID:274905", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror cell variant: a detailed cytological and ultrastructural study with an analysis of the immunologic surface markers.", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was observed in a 22-year-old white female patient and was manifested by normal palelet counts, 50--60% hand mirror cells (HMC) in the bone marrow, and prolonged survival without treatment. The characteristic neoplastic cell had a nucleus within the \"mirror\" portion and a cytoplasmic uropod forming the \"handle\" portion. The presence of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity suggested that the cell was a T cell lymphoblast. However, extensive immunologic surface marker studies indicated the cells were non-T, non-B. Terminal transferase activity further supported the lymphoid nature of the cell. The hand mirrow cells were considered a real phenomenon since they were demonstrated on phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cells did not grow in tissue culture and cytogenetics revealed a normal female karyotype. From the above observations, the HMC is a lymphoblast with morphological, cytochemical, and immunological features which may differentiate it from the usual cell in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, cases involving increased numbers of hand mirror cells in the bone marrow and acute lymphoblastic leukemia require further investigation to elucidate the full importance of this cell. This study represents the first attempt to investigate this cell in detail.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror cell variant: a detailed cytological and ultrastructural study with an analysis of the immunologic surface markers. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was observed in a 22-year-old white female patient and was manifested by normal palelet counts, 50--60% hand mirror cells (HMC) in the bone marrow, and prolonged survival without treatment. The characteristic neoplastic cell had a nucleus within the \"mirror\" portion and a cytoplasmic uropod forming the \"handle\" portion. The presence of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity suggested that the cell was a T cell lymphoblast. However, extensive immunologic surface marker studies indicated the cells were non-T, non-B. Terminal transferase activity further supported the lymphoid nature of the cell. The hand mirrow cells were considered a real phenomenon since they were demonstrated on phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cells did not grow in tissue culture and cytogenetics revealed a normal female karyotype. From the above observations, the HMC is a lymphoblast with morphological, cytochemical, and immunological features which may differentiate it from the usual cell in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, cases involving increased numbers of hand mirror cells in the bone marrow and acute lymphoblastic leukemia require further investigation to elucidate the full importance of this cell. This study represents the first attempt to investigate this cell in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:274906", "title": "The distinctive features of acute monocytic leukemia.", "content": "Acute monocytic leukemia is an uncommon form of acute leukemia. Distinctive clinical features include gingival hypertrophy, lymphoadenopathy, coagulation disorders, and lysozymuria. Blast cell morphology and cytochemistry are diagnostic. Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG have been demonstrated on the basis of a few cases. The drug VP 16-213 has been shown to be very effective in treatment of untreated and previously treated patients.", "contents": "The distinctive features of acute monocytic leukemia. Acute monocytic leukemia is an uncommon form of acute leukemia. Distinctive clinical features include gingival hypertrophy, lymphoadenopathy, coagulation disorders, and lysozymuria. Blast cell morphology and cytochemistry are diagnostic. Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG have been demonstrated on the basis of a few cases. The drug VP 16-213 has been shown to be very effective in treatment of untreated and previously treated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:274908", "title": "Vascular complications of thorium dioxide.", "content": "Vascular complications occurring late after exposure to thorium dioxide (thorotrast) are described in two patients. One patient had both cerebral andmyocardial infarcts and died at age 25 years. Necropsy disclosed both adventitial and intimal fibrosis of the left carotid artery and greater than 75 per cent cross-sectional area luminal narrowing of both the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The other patient, a 33 year old man, had no cerebral symptoms in life but total obstruction of the right carotid artery secondary to a thorotrastoma was found at necropsy. Vascular complications due to thorotrast appear to represent consequences of chronic alpha irradiation.", "contents": "Vascular complications of thorium dioxide. Vascular complications occurring late after exposure to thorium dioxide (thorotrast) are described in two patients. One patient had both cerebral andmyocardial infarcts and died at age 25 years. Necropsy disclosed both adventitial and intimal fibrosis of the left carotid artery and greater than 75 per cent cross-sectional area luminal narrowing of both the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The other patient, a 33 year old man, had no cerebral symptoms in life but total obstruction of the right carotid artery secondary to a thorotrastoma was found at necropsy. Vascular complications due to thorotrast appear to represent consequences of chronic alpha irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:274911", "title": "The use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery.", "content": "We have tried to discuss briefly the pertinent theory, mechanics, and clinical use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery. Many of the concepts and clinical uses of the articulator may be applicable to the full range of orthognathic surgical procedures. Many of the ideas presented here may seem needlessly detailed or irrelevant to the uninitiated. It is this attention to details and thoroughness that ultimately determine how closely our treatment will achieve the \"ideal\" functional and esthetic goals. We must measure the effectiveness of an anatomic articulator by the three original goals of maxillary segmental surgery: 1. Improvement of the patient's esthetic and facial harmony. 2. Improvement of the centric and functional occlusal relationships. 3. Maintenance of the long-term health and function of the teeth, periodontium, temporomandibular joints, and associated structures. I believe that these three criteria will be more closely achieved by the use of an anatomic articulator in segmental maxillary surgery. If the orthognathic surgeon is to be more than a technician performing prescription surgery, a thorough knowledge of the functional stomatognathic system is essential.", "contents": "The use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery. We have tried to discuss briefly the pertinent theory, mechanics, and clinical use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery. Many of the concepts and clinical uses of the articulator may be applicable to the full range of orthognathic surgical procedures. Many of the ideas presented here may seem needlessly detailed or irrelevant to the uninitiated. It is this attention to details and thoroughness that ultimately determine how closely our treatment will achieve the \"ideal\" functional and esthetic goals. We must measure the effectiveness of an anatomic articulator by the three original goals of maxillary segmental surgery: 1. Improvement of the patient's esthetic and facial harmony. 2. Improvement of the centric and functional occlusal relationships. 3. Maintenance of the long-term health and function of the teeth, periodontium, temporomandibular joints, and associated structures. I believe that these three criteria will be more closely achieved by the use of an anatomic articulator in segmental maxillary surgery. If the orthognathic surgeon is to be more than a technician performing prescription surgery, a thorough knowledge of the functional stomatognathic system is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:274919", "title": "Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii brain abscess in a child with leukemia.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed a right frontal lobe abscess from which Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii was cultured. The mycotic infection complicating his underlying disease appeared to be confined to the brain. Surgical drainage and therapy with amphotericin B were followed by eventual recovery with no neurologic deficits.", "contents": "Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii brain abscess in a child with leukemia. A 3-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed a right frontal lobe abscess from which Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii was cultured. The mycotic infection complicating his underlying disease appeared to be confined to the brain. Surgical drainage and therapy with amphotericin B were followed by eventual recovery with no neurologic deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:274925", "title": "Pyogenic dental infections: a ten year review.", "content": "A review is presented of 140 cases of acute dental pyogenic infections. The type of bacteria associated with these infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns are discussed and related to earlier reports. The incidence of antibiotic allergy, the principal contraindication to the use of certain antibiotics, has been assessed and appropriate alternative antibiotics are considered.", "contents": "Pyogenic dental infections: a ten year review. A review is presented of 140 cases of acute dental pyogenic infections. The type of bacteria associated with these infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns are discussed and related to earlier reports. The incidence of antibiotic allergy, the principal contraindication to the use of certain antibiotics, has been assessed and appropriate alternative antibiotics are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:274927", "title": "An approach to the management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "Temporomandibular joint dysfunction may result from a number of causes. Perhaps the commonest is muscular hyperactivity of central origin. Consequently, the dentist has to widen his investigations to take into account the life style of the patient and to deal with the expression of mental stress as muscular tension.", "contents": "An approach to the management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction may result from a number of causes. Perhaps the commonest is muscular hyperactivity of central origin. Consequently, the dentist has to widen his investigations to take into account the life style of the patient and to deal with the expression of mental stress as muscular tension."}
{"id": "PMID:274928", "title": "Occlusion and facial pain.", "content": "The role of the occlusion in the aetiology of reflex jaw muscle hyperactivity and myofacial pain is analysed. Neurological mechanisms are proposed to explain how variations in occlusal morphology of sufficient magnitude (segmental influences), and the presence of anxiety states (suprasegmental influences) affect jaw muscle activity and contribute to myofascial pain. Controlled occlusal therapy may alter the segmental neurological control of jaw muscle activity to facilitate resolution of muscle hyperactivity in acute myofascial pain. Chronic myofascial pain dysfunction is not primarily related to occlusal factors and a complex psychophysiological mechanism is involved in this type of pain problem.", "contents": "Occlusion and facial pain. The role of the occlusion in the aetiology of reflex jaw muscle hyperactivity and myofacial pain is analysed. Neurological mechanisms are proposed to explain how variations in occlusal morphology of sufficient magnitude (segmental influences), and the presence of anxiety states (suprasegmental influences) affect jaw muscle activity and contribute to myofascial pain. Controlled occlusal therapy may alter the segmental neurological control of jaw muscle activity to facilitate resolution of muscle hyperactivity in acute myofascial pain. Chronic myofascial pain dysfunction is not primarily related to occlusal factors and a complex psychophysiological mechanism is involved in this type of pain problem."}
{"id": "PMID:274929", "title": "Examination, diagnosis and treatment of occlusal pain-dysfunction.", "content": "The complaint of chronic oro-facial pain is common, and this often presents as a frsutrating diagnostic problem. Conventional efforts at dental management of chronic pain-dysfunction in the occlusal components, tend to be unrewarding when the tissue degeneration is advanced. However, early treatment and prevention of the signs and symptoms are in the realm of every-day general practice.", "contents": "Examination, diagnosis and treatment of occlusal pain-dysfunction. The complaint of chronic oro-facial pain is common, and this often presents as a frsutrating diagnostic problem. Conventional efforts at dental management of chronic pain-dysfunction in the occlusal components, tend to be unrewarding when the tissue degeneration is advanced. However, early treatment and prevention of the signs and symptoms are in the realm of every-day general practice."}
{"id": "PMID:274933", "title": "Attitudes and preventive dental health behaviour in children with congenital cardiac disease.", "content": "A study of 114 children with congenital cardiac disease (C.C.D.) and healthy control children was carried out at the Royal Children's Hospital--Melbourne and at the Department of Conservative Dentistry--Melbourne. The C.C.D. group  was divied into Cyanotic and Acyanotic subgroups to assess the influence of the severity of chronic illness on the issues under study. Questionnaires were designed to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviour relating to dental health for eight to ten year old children and their mothers. Detailed clinical examinations were carried out. Findings are summarized in this article.", "contents": "Attitudes and preventive dental health behaviour in children with congenital cardiac disease. A study of 114 children with congenital cardiac disease (C.C.D.) and healthy control children was carried out at the Royal Children's Hospital--Melbourne and at the Department of Conservative Dentistry--Melbourne. The C.C.D. group  was divied into Cyanotic and Acyanotic subgroups to assess the influence of the severity of chronic illness on the issues under study. Questionnaires were designed to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviour relating to dental health for eight to ten year old children and their mothers. Detailed clinical examinations were carried out. Findings are summarized in this article."}
{"id": "PMID:274934", "title": "Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth.", "content": "Periodontally involved multirooted teeth constitute a particular problem in periodontal therapy because of the difficulty of eliminating pocketting and producing a post-operative result which allows effective plaque control to be exercised within the involved furcation area. Various methods of treating involved furcations are described together with thier limitations.", "contents": "Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Periodontally involved multirooted teeth constitute a particular problem in periodontal therapy because of the difficulty of eliminating pocketting and producing a post-operative result which allows effective plaque control to be exercised within the involved furcation area. Various methods of treating involved furcations are described together with thier limitations."}
{"id": "PMID:274936", "title": "Bile salt metabolism. I. The physiology of bile salts.", "content": "Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, conjugated with glycine or taurine and secreted in bile with cholesterol and lecithin. The molar concentrations of these three lipids determine solubility of cholesterol in bile. Within the gastrointestinal lumen bile salts play an essential role in lipid absorption and faty transport. An efficienct entero-hepatic circulation maintains hepatic bile salt secretion and provides a \"feed-back\" control of the bile salt and cholesterol metabolism. Potentially hepatotoxic lithocholic acid formed in the intestinal lumen by bacterial action on chenodeoxycholic acid is sulphated in the liver thus decreasing intestinal reabsorption. The total faecal excretion of bile salts balances hepatic synthesis and represents a major catabolic path in cholesterol metabolism.", "contents": "Bile salt metabolism. I. The physiology of bile salts. Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, conjugated with glycine or taurine and secreted in bile with cholesterol and lecithin. The molar concentrations of these three lipids determine solubility of cholesterol in bile. Within the gastrointestinal lumen bile salts play an essential role in lipid absorption and faty transport. An efficienct entero-hepatic circulation maintains hepatic bile salt secretion and provides a \"feed-back\" control of the bile salt and cholesterol metabolism. Potentially hepatotoxic lithocholic acid formed in the intestinal lumen by bacterial action on chenodeoxycholic acid is sulphated in the liver thus decreasing intestinal reabsorption. The total faecal excretion of bile salts balances hepatic synthesis and represents a major catabolic path in cholesterol metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:274937", "title": "Bile salt metabolism. II. Bile salts and disease.", "content": "Alterations of bile salt metabolism have been shown in numerous diseases. Liver damage results in elevated serum bile salt concentrations which may be useful as a sensitive index of hepatocellular disease. Changes in the relative proportions of the individual bile salts in serum occur with cholestasis. Urinary excretion of bile salts, largely in the form of sulphates, increases as a compensatory mechanism. Ileal disease or resection causes bile salt melabsorption. The increase in colonic bile salts produces a watery diarrhoea while the decrease in duodenal levels may cause steatorrhoea. Cholelithiasis may result from alteration in the relative proportions of cholesterol, lecithin and bile salts in bile. The mechanism apparently differs in various conditions predisposing to gallstone formation. A primary alteration of bile salt metabolism has been postulated in several other conditions. Considerable interest centres on the importance of metabolites of bile salts in the pathogenesis of colonic carcinoma. Chenodeoxycholic acid is a successful though costly treatment for selected patients with cholesterol gallstones. Bile salt binding agents, such as cholestyramine, are extremely useful especially in the control of pruritus in patients with cholestasis.", "contents": "Bile salt metabolism. II. Bile salts and disease. Alterations of bile salt metabolism have been shown in numerous diseases. Liver damage results in elevated serum bile salt concentrations which may be useful as a sensitive index of hepatocellular disease. Changes in the relative proportions of the individual bile salts in serum occur with cholestasis. Urinary excretion of bile salts, largely in the form of sulphates, increases as a compensatory mechanism. Ileal disease or resection causes bile salt melabsorption. The increase in colonic bile salts produces a watery diarrhoea while the decrease in duodenal levels may cause steatorrhoea. Cholelithiasis may result from alteration in the relative proportions of cholesterol, lecithin and bile salts in bile. The mechanism apparently differs in various conditions predisposing to gallstone formation. A primary alteration of bile salt metabolism has been postulated in several other conditions. Considerable interest centres on the importance of metabolites of bile salts in the pathogenesis of colonic carcinoma. Chenodeoxycholic acid is a successful though costly treatment for selected patients with cholesterol gallstones. Bile salt binding agents, such as cholestyramine, are extremely useful especially in the control of pruritus in patients with cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:274938", "title": "Immunological abnormalities associated with liver disease: cause or effect?", "content": "Immunological abnormalities are demonstrable in patients with various types of liver damage. These may be (a) non-specific and unrelated to pathogenesis, e.g. auto-antibodies such as anti-nuclear factor; (b) specifically directed against liver antigens but not pathogenetic, e.g. cell mediated immune (CMI) reactions to liver antigen as seen in experimental carbon tetrachloride poisoning; (c) of such a nature as to modify the pathology produced by hepatotoxic agents, e.g. hepatitis B virus or alcohol; (d) primarily responsible for hepatic pathology, e.g. in idiopathic chronic active hepatitis. The latter two possibilities remain unproven although there is growing evidence that immune responses do play some role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis B and possibly also in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. It seems much less likely that primary abnormalities of the immune systems are responsible for any type of liver disease. In summary, therefore, the available evidence suggests that immune reactions could develop as a consequence of liver damage and only in certain circumstances do these reactions play a role in the development and continuation of hepatic pathology.", "contents": "Immunological abnormalities associated with liver disease: cause or effect? Immunological abnormalities are demonstrable in patients with various types of liver damage. These may be (a) non-specific and unrelated to pathogenesis, e.g. auto-antibodies such as anti-nuclear factor; (b) specifically directed against liver antigens but not pathogenetic, e.g. cell mediated immune (CMI) reactions to liver antigen as seen in experimental carbon tetrachloride poisoning; (c) of such a nature as to modify the pathology produced by hepatotoxic agents, e.g. hepatitis B virus or alcohol; (d) primarily responsible for hepatic pathology, e.g. in idiopathic chronic active hepatitis. The latter two possibilities remain unproven although there is growing evidence that immune responses do play some role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis B and possibly also in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. It seems much less likely that primary abnormalities of the immune systems are responsible for any type of liver disease. In summary, therefore, the available evidence suggests that immune reactions could develop as a consequence of liver damage and only in certain circumstances do these reactions play a role in the development and continuation of hepatic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:274939", "title": "Effects of triiodothyronine administration in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Clinically euthyroid patients with severe, chronic, non-thyroidal illnesses usually have decreased serum total and absolute free T3 concentrations. Since T3 is the metabolically more active of the two thyroid hormones, it has been suggested that these patients may be hypothyroid and thus may benefit from T3 therapy. To test this hypothesis, five patients with chronic renal failure requiring maintenance haemodialysis were treated with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly, increasing at three weekly intervals to 10 microgram eight hourly, 20 microgram eight hourly and finally 30 microgram eight hourly. The mean +/- SD serum T3 level did not change over the 12 week period (1.42 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.26 nmoll-1 whilst the mean serum T4 and TSH levels fell from 87.0 +/- 15.2 to 47.5 +/- 18.8 nmoll-1 and 1.9 +/- 0.9 to 1.3 +/- 1.6 mUl-1 respectively. Only the change in T4 levels was significant (P less than 0.005). A significant decrease in mean serum T4 levels was apparent even after the treatment period with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly (87.0 +/- 15.2 vs. 51.2 +/- 15.7; P less than 0.005). The mean fasting serum triglyceride level fell from 1.16 +/- 0.74 to 0.94 +/- 0.74 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05) and the mean fasting serum cholesterol level fell from 6.06 +/- 1.13 to 4.69 +/- 1.10 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05). There were no subjective improvements in any of the patients. From the marked changes in serum T4 levels during the administration of T3, it is concluded that, prior to treatment, the patients were biochemically euthyroid and not hypothyroid and thus did not require T3 therapy.", "contents": "Effects of triiodothyronine administration in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinically euthyroid patients with severe, chronic, non-thyroidal illnesses usually have decreased serum total and absolute free T3 concentrations. Since T3 is the metabolically more active of the two thyroid hormones, it has been suggested that these patients may be hypothyroid and thus may benefit from T3 therapy. To test this hypothesis, five patients with chronic renal failure requiring maintenance haemodialysis were treated with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly, increasing at three weekly intervals to 10 microgram eight hourly, 20 microgram eight hourly and finally 30 microgram eight hourly. The mean +/- SD serum T3 level did not change over the 12 week period (1.42 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.26 nmoll-1 whilst the mean serum T4 and TSH levels fell from 87.0 +/- 15.2 to 47.5 +/- 18.8 nmoll-1 and 1.9 +/- 0.9 to 1.3 +/- 1.6 mUl-1 respectively. Only the change in T4 levels was significant (P less than 0.005). A significant decrease in mean serum T4 levels was apparent even after the treatment period with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly (87.0 +/- 15.2 vs. 51.2 +/- 15.7; P less than 0.005). The mean fasting serum triglyceride level fell from 1.16 +/- 0.74 to 0.94 +/- 0.74 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05) and the mean fasting serum cholesterol level fell from 6.06 +/- 1.13 to 4.69 +/- 1.10 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05). There were no subjective improvements in any of the patients. From the marked changes in serum T4 levels during the administration of T3, it is concluded that, prior to treatment, the patients were biochemically euthyroid and not hypothyroid and thus did not require T3 therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:274940", "title": "Hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumour localised by segmental renal vein sampling.", "content": "An 18-year-old female was found to be hypertensive on routine medical examination. Further investigation disclosed persistent hypokalaemia and elevated plasma renin activity in peripheral venous blood. Segmental renal vein sampling with assay of blood samples located the source of excess renin secretion in the lower mid-zone of the left kidney. This localization was not confirmed by either angiography or by palpation of the exposed kidney before nephrectomy but macroscopic examination of the freshly sectioned kidney revealed a small tumour in the region suggested by renal vein sampling. The tumour had the morphologic pattern fo an haemangiopericytoma with abundant ultrastructural specific granules and very high renin activity by tissue assay. Plasma renin activity fell precipitously after nephrectomy and remained very low for the first week. Although the immediate post-operative blood pressure fell to normal, hypertension recurred temporarily and was associated with elevated plasma aldosteron, producing a syndrome similar to primary aldosteronism. All variables returned to normal without specific therapy and hypertension has not subsequently recurred.", "contents": "Hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumour localised by segmental renal vein sampling. An 18-year-old female was found to be hypertensive on routine medical examination. Further investigation disclosed persistent hypokalaemia and elevated plasma renin activity in peripheral venous blood. Segmental renal vein sampling with assay of blood samples located the source of excess renin secretion in the lower mid-zone of the left kidney. This localization was not confirmed by either angiography or by palpation of the exposed kidney before nephrectomy but macroscopic examination of the freshly sectioned kidney revealed a small tumour in the region suggested by renal vein sampling. The tumour had the morphologic pattern fo an haemangiopericytoma with abundant ultrastructural specific granules and very high renin activity by tissue assay. Plasma renin activity fell precipitously after nephrectomy and remained very low for the first week. Although the immediate post-operative blood pressure fell to normal, hypertension recurred temporarily and was associated with elevated plasma aldosteron, producing a syndrome similar to primary aldosteronism. All variables returned to normal without specific therapy and hypertension has not subsequently recurred."}
{"id": "PMID:274941", "title": "A case of hepatitis B with pleural effusion.", "content": "A case of viral hepatitis type B with associated large pleural effusion is repoted. Increased awareness of the association seems of clinical importance and may contribute to knowledge of auto-immune phenomena and the part they play in the inner-relationship of certain diseases.", "contents": "A case of hepatitis B with pleural effusion. A case of viral hepatitis type B with associated large pleural effusion is repoted. Increased awareness of the association seems of clinical importance and may contribute to knowledge of auto-immune phenomena and the part they play in the inner-relationship of certain diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:274942", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis (malignant myelosclerosis): acute leukaemia or malignant myelosclerosis?", "content": "Malignant myelosclerosis has been described as a rare form of acute myeloproliferative disorder characterised by minimal or absent splenomegaly, cytopenias, circulating myeloblasts and diffuse marrow fibrosis, but distinction between this entity and acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis is difficult. This report describes a 50-year-old man who presented with features similar to those of malignant myelosclerosis but ther terminal stage was characterised by generalised lymphadenopathy, bone tenderness, marked leucocytosis and myeloblastaemia. Post mortem examination showed multiple chloromata consisting of myeloblasts. These findings suggest that malignant myelosclerosis may be but a variant of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and probably should be treated similarly. A possible association between diagnostic medical irradiation and this acute myeloproliferative disorder is discussed.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis (malignant myelosclerosis): acute leukaemia or malignant myelosclerosis? Malignant myelosclerosis has been described as a rare form of acute myeloproliferative disorder characterised by minimal or absent splenomegaly, cytopenias, circulating myeloblasts and diffuse marrow fibrosis, but distinction between this entity and acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis is difficult. This report describes a 50-year-old man who presented with features similar to those of malignant myelosclerosis but ther terminal stage was characterised by generalised lymphadenopathy, bone tenderness, marked leucocytosis and myeloblastaemia. Post mortem examination showed multiple chloromata consisting of myeloblasts. These findings suggest that malignant myelosclerosis may be but a variant of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and probably should be treated similarly. A possible association between diagnostic medical irradiation and this acute myeloproliferative disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274943", "title": "The effects of smoking on the lungs.", "content": "The literature relating to tobacco smoking has been reviewed and is discussed under a number of headings. The smoking habits of Australians and people of other countries, the constituents of tobacco smoke and the different types of tobacco are discussed. The effects of tobacco smoke on lung defences and and function are outlined and the evidence relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer in Australia, the UK and the USA is reviewed. The relationship between cigarette smoking and diseases which chronic air flow obstruction is outlined. Differences in smoking-related diseases in males and females and the effects of stopping smoking are included in the discussion.", "contents": "The effects of smoking on the lungs. The literature relating to tobacco smoking has been reviewed and is discussed under a number of headings. The smoking habits of Australians and people of other countries, the constituents of tobacco smoke and the different types of tobacco are discussed. The effects of tobacco smoke on lung defences and and function are outlined and the evidence relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer in Australia, the UK and the USA is reviewed. The relationship between cigarette smoking and diseases which chronic air flow obstruction is outlined. Differences in smoking-related diseases in males and females and the effects of stopping smoking are included in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:274965", "title": "Inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation derived from a human leukemic cell line.", "content": "A continuously growing human myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) produced a potent high-molecular-weight inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation. It was most active against myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and proliferating T lymphocytes; it was less active against erythroid precursors (CFU-E) and did not inhibit fibroblasts or established lines of epithelioid cells or B lymphocytes. Inhibition of CFU-C was by direct interaction rather than by modulation of production of colony-stimulating activity and probably occurred at restricted points in the cell cycle. Inhibition could, within limits, be reversed by washing the target cells. Production of inhibitors of hematopoiesis is not a general property of established cell lines, and only two have thus far been identified in screening of 30 such lines.", "contents": "Inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation derived from a human leukemic cell line. A continuously growing human myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) produced a potent high-molecular-weight inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation. It was most active against myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and proliferating T lymphocytes; it was less active against erythroid precursors (CFU-E) and did not inhibit fibroblasts or established lines of epithelioid cells or B lymphocytes. Inhibition of CFU-C was by direct interaction rather than by modulation of production of colony-stimulating activity and probably occurred at restricted points in the cell cycle. Inhibition could, within limits, be reversed by washing the target cells. Production of inhibitors of hematopoiesis is not a general property of established cell lines, and only two have thus far been identified in screening of 30 such lines."}
{"id": "PMID:274966", "title": "[ALL-Associated antigen: occurrence on normal blood cells, cell-lines and leukaemic cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The specificity of an antiserum against ALL-cells lacking B- and T-cell markers was characterized. The antiserum was used in several indicator systems to investigate the expression of leukaemia-associated antigens on normal lymphocytes, lymphoid cell lines and various leukaemia cells. The relevance of such antisera for the detection and classification of leukaemic cell populations is discussed.", "contents": "[ALL-Associated antigen: occurrence on normal blood cells, cell-lines and leukaemic cells (author's transl)]. The specificity of an antiserum against ALL-cells lacking B- and T-cell markers was characterized. The antiserum was used in several indicator systems to investigate the expression of leukaemia-associated antigens on normal lymphocytes, lymphoid cell lines and various leukaemia cells. The relevance of such antisera for the detection and classification of leukaemic cell populations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:274967", "title": "[PHA- and PWM-stimulation in acute leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral blood cells from patients with acute leukaemia were stimulated in RPMI-medium with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and/or Pokeweed-Mitogen (PWM). Samples of the cultures were taken at 3, 5 and 7 day intervals for cytological characterization. From 119 cultures from 65 patients 76 cultures from 47 patients could be analysed. Cultures stimulated with PHA and/or PWM showed in 43,4% a higher stimulation rate in comparison with cultures from normal persons. These findings are discussed in relation to the increased agar-colony growth growth of leukaemic cells after in vitro PHA-stimulation and transformation of blast cells.", "contents": "[PHA- and PWM-stimulation in acute leukaemia (author's transl)]. Peripheral blood cells from patients with acute leukaemia were stimulated in RPMI-medium with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and/or Pokeweed-Mitogen (PWM). Samples of the cultures were taken at 3, 5 and 7 day intervals for cytological characterization. From 119 cultures from 65 patients 76 cultures from 47 patients could be analysed. Cultures stimulated with PHA and/or PWM showed in 43,4% a higher stimulation rate in comparison with cultures from normal persons. These findings are discussed in relation to the increased agar-colony growth growth of leukaemic cells after in vitro PHA-stimulation and transformation of blast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:274968", "title": "[Clinical and cell kinetic data on the combination of cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin, isosfamide, thioguanine, and vincristine for remission induction and maintenance in patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "31 adult patients (study A) with acute myelocytic leukaemia were treated for remission induction with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C, 100 mg/m2/day) by a 7 (5) day continuous infusion. 3 (2) doses of daunorubicin (DNR, 45 mg/m2 i.v.) were added at daily intervals. For maintenance 5 day ARA-C was given monthly in sequential combination with DNR, thioguanine (TG), or ifosfamide (IFOS). 16 (52%) patients achieved complete remission (C.R.) after 1.8 (1-3) courses and 6.7 (3-10) weeks from treatment start. The median survival for responders and non-responders was 11.5 months, early death rate within 6 weeks was 3 (10%). Median remission duration was 13.5 months. Among 11 patients surving for 7-22 months 7 patients are in first remission for 5.5-20.5 months. DNR, IFOS and TG were given before the 3rd day of ARA-C infusion. In a previous group of 34 leukaemic patients and in 44 therapy courses DNA histograms of bone marrow cells using pulse cytophotometry showed marked accumulation in S-phase for 75% of courses. Also (G2 + M)-cells in the DNA distribution and thymidine pulse labelling indices were markedly increased in most cases, whereas thymidine uptake by scintillation counter was diminished and mitotic indices had not changed significantly. In now 15 patients (study B) the induction regimen was intensified by adding vincristine (VCR, 2 mg i.v.) and 3 doses of IFOS (600 mg/m2 i.v.). Preliminary results are 50% C.R. after 1,7 (1-2) courses and 6.8 (5-10) weeks from initiation of therapy. 2 patients died in the first 6 weeks.", "contents": "[Clinical and cell kinetic data on the combination of cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin, isosfamide, thioguanine, and vincristine for remission induction and maintenance in patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. 31 adult patients (study A) with acute myelocytic leukaemia were treated for remission induction with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C, 100 mg/m2/day) by a 7 (5) day continuous infusion. 3 (2) doses of daunorubicin (DNR, 45 mg/m2 i.v.) were added at daily intervals. For maintenance 5 day ARA-C was given monthly in sequential combination with DNR, thioguanine (TG), or ifosfamide (IFOS). 16 (52%) patients achieved complete remission (C.R.) after 1.8 (1-3) courses and 6.7 (3-10) weeks from treatment start. The median survival for responders and non-responders was 11.5 months, early death rate within 6 weeks was 3 (10%). Median remission duration was 13.5 months. Among 11 patients surving for 7-22 months 7 patients are in first remission for 5.5-20.5 months. DNR, IFOS and TG were given before the 3rd day of ARA-C infusion. In a previous group of 34 leukaemic patients and in 44 therapy courses DNA histograms of bone marrow cells using pulse cytophotometry showed marked accumulation in S-phase for 75% of courses. Also (G2 + M)-cells in the DNA distribution and thymidine pulse labelling indices were markedly increased in most cases, whereas thymidine uptake by scintillation counter was diminished and mitotic indices had not changed significantly. In now 15 patients (study B) the induction regimen was intensified by adding vincristine (VCR, 2 mg i.v.) and 3 doses of IFOS (600 mg/m2 i.v.). Preliminary results are 50% C.R. after 1,7 (1-2) courses and 6.8 (5-10) weeks from initiation of therapy. 2 patients died in the first 6 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:274992", "title": "Pulmonary granulomas induced by BCG.", "content": "BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique has been used in a prospective, randomized study of the adjuvant treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Pulmonary granulomas were found in the lungs of four of five patients receiving BCG, that underwent thoracotomy for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules within three weeks of the last BCG injection. Except for a single, foreign-body granuloma no pulmonary granulomas were seen in seven randomized patients who did not receive BCG. In addition, two patients receiving BCG had evidence of granulomas in bone marrow and in a mediastinal lymph node. BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique is capable of causing granulomas at sites distant from that of the BCG application. BCG can cause pulmonary granulomas and these granulomas may be confused with pulmonary metastatic disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary granulomas induced by BCG. BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique has been used in a prospective, randomized study of the adjuvant treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Pulmonary granulomas were found in the lungs of four of five patients receiving BCG, that underwent thoracotomy for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules within three weeks of the last BCG injection. Except for a single, foreign-body granuloma no pulmonary granulomas were seen in seven randomized patients who did not receive BCG. In addition, two patients receiving BCG had evidence of granulomas in bone marrow and in a mediastinal lymph node. BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique is capable of causing granulomas at sites distant from that of the BCG application. BCG can cause pulmonary granulomas and these granulomas may be confused with pulmonary metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:274993", "title": "The Ommaya reservoir: newly recognized complications and recommendations for insertion and use.", "content": "Two of 27 patients treated with intraventricular chemotherapy via an Ommaya reservoir developed unusual life-threatening complications attributable to the reservoir. In one patient treated for meningeal Burkitt's lymphoma, the cause of death was a large mass of tumor cells growing around the cannula. Also the tip of the cannula was found in the contralateral cerebral peduncle. In the other patient, the tip of the cannula apparently perforated the ventricular wall postoperatively and migrated into the contralateral thalamus. In both cases evidence for methotrexate-associated leukoencephalopathy was present at autopsy. Based on the experience with these two patients, we offer specific recommendations for reservoir insertion and use.", "contents": "The Ommaya reservoir: newly recognized complications and recommendations for insertion and use. Two of 27 patients treated with intraventricular chemotherapy via an Ommaya reservoir developed unusual life-threatening complications attributable to the reservoir. In one patient treated for meningeal Burkitt's lymphoma, the cause of death was a large mass of tumor cells growing around the cannula. Also the tip of the cannula was found in the contralateral cerebral peduncle. In the other patient, the tip of the cannula apparently perforated the ventricular wall postoperatively and migrated into the contralateral thalamus. In both cases evidence for methotrexate-associated leukoencephalopathy was present at autopsy. Based on the experience with these two patients, we offer specific recommendations for reservoir insertion and use."}
{"id": "PMID:274994", "title": "Osteosarcoma: improved survival with anticoagulation and amputation.", "content": "A study of warfarin anticoagulation as an adjunct to amputation of osteosarcomas was undertaken after finding dramatic results in experimental systems. Anticoagulation was started 7 days preoperatively, continued during the operation, and for up to six months postoperatively. Three of 21 (14%) non-anticoagulated control patients are alive at 5-11 years. Five of 9 (56%) of the anticoagulated patients remain alive 5-8 years. The presumed mechanism of increased survival is an inhibition of fibrin deposition around circulating tumor cells, thereby preventing their adherence to capillary endothelium to initiate metastasis formation.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma: improved survival with anticoagulation and amputation. A study of warfarin anticoagulation as an adjunct to amputation of osteosarcomas was undertaken after finding dramatic results in experimental systems. Anticoagulation was started 7 days preoperatively, continued during the operation, and for up to six months postoperatively. Three of 21 (14%) non-anticoagulated control patients are alive at 5-11 years. Five of 9 (56%) of the anticoagulated patients remain alive 5-8 years. The presumed mechanism of increased survival is an inhibition of fibrin deposition around circulating tumor cells, thereby preventing their adherence to capillary endothelium to initiate metastasis formation."}
{"id": "PMID:274995", "title": "Prophylactic heparin therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were reviewed. Group I, treated between July 1970 and September 1973, received arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and there was one complete remission, with 4/7 dying during induction with intracerebral hemorrhages, and 2/7 dying within one month. Group II, treated between May 1974 and March 1975, received daunomycin and arabinosylcytosine without heparin and 2/8 went into remission, with 6/8 dying during induction, 5 with intracerebral hemorrhages. Group III, treated between March 1975 and November 1976, received the identical chemotherapy as group II but with the addition of prophylactic heparin and there were 7/9 complete remissions, with 2/9 dying with intracerebral hemorrhages. In Group III there was an increased incidence of remission induction when compared to Group II (p less than .05) or when compared to Groups I and II combined (p less than .05). There was also a decreased incidence of fatal hemorrhage in Group III. This suggests that prophylactic heparin is useful during remission induction in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Prophylactic heparin therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were reviewed. Group I, treated between July 1970 and September 1973, received arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and there was one complete remission, with 4/7 dying during induction with intracerebral hemorrhages, and 2/7 dying within one month. Group II, treated between May 1974 and March 1975, received daunomycin and arabinosylcytosine without heparin and 2/8 went into remission, with 6/8 dying during induction, 5 with intracerebral hemorrhages. Group III, treated between March 1975 and November 1976, received the identical chemotherapy as group II but with the addition of prophylactic heparin and there were 7/9 complete remissions, with 2/9 dying with intracerebral hemorrhages. In Group III there was an increased incidence of remission induction when compared to Group II (p less than .05) or when compared to Groups I and II combined (p less than .05). There was also a decreased incidence of fatal hemorrhage in Group III. This suggests that prophylactic heparin is useful during remission induction in acute promyelocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:274996", "title": "Phase II clinical trial with vindesine for remission induction in acute leukemia, blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, lymphosarcoma, and hodgkin's disease: absence of cross-resistance with vincristine.", "content": "Vindesine, an analog of vinblastine and vincristine, has been submitted to a phase II trial, the results of which are judged in terms of remission induction. A high proportion of remissions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukemia and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, and a few responses have been registered in lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. A continuous 48-hour iv infusion may induce a remission where an iv push of the same dose has failed. The most remarkable characteristic of vindesine is the absence of cross-resistance with vincristine as documented in acute lymphoid leukemia.", "contents": "Phase II clinical trial with vindesine for remission induction in acute leukemia, blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, lymphosarcoma, and hodgkin's disease: absence of cross-resistance with vincristine. Vindesine, an analog of vinblastine and vincristine, has been submitted to a phase II trial, the results of which are judged in terms of remission induction. A high proportion of remissions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukemia and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, and a few responses have been registered in lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. A continuous 48-hour iv infusion may induce a remission where an iv push of the same dose has failed. The most remarkable characteristic of vindesine is the absence of cross-resistance with vincristine as documented in acute lymphoid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:274997", "title": "Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Eighteen evaluable children who relapsed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent, high-dose actinomycin D. Objective responses occurred in four of 11 children who had relapsed with chemotherapy which did not contain an anthracycline. The major toxic effects included thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. Minor toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and stomatitis. The onset of the maculopapular skin rash coincided with the platelet count nadir. These data suggested that actinomycin D is active in ALL.", "contents": "Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Eighteen evaluable children who relapsed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent, high-dose actinomycin D. Objective responses occurred in four of 11 children who had relapsed with chemotherapy which did not contain an anthracycline. The major toxic effects included thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. Minor toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and stomatitis. The onset of the maculopapular skin rash coincided with the platelet count nadir. These data suggested that actinomycin D is active in ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:275008", "title": "Anodal electrotonus using a separate electrode to suppress pain during cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities.", "content": "A method to apply anodal electrotonus during the cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities was presented. The amount of the electrotonus through a separate different electrode was determined to the maximum allowable current which ranged between 0.1 and 1.5 mA. In 35 teeth from 22 patients, analgesia, starting from the introduction of anodal tonus to the end of the cavity preparation, was observed in 22 (63%) teeth.", "contents": "Anodal electrotonus using a separate electrode to suppress pain during cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities. A method to apply anodal electrotonus during the cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities was presented. The amount of the electrotonus through a separate different electrode was determined to the maximum allowable current which ranged between 0.1 and 1.5 mA. In 35 teeth from 22 patients, analgesia, starting from the introduction of anodal tonus to the end of the cavity preparation, was observed in 22 (63%) teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:275009", "title": "Measurement of integral absorbed dose by chemical dosimeter in panoramic tomography.", "content": "As an aqueous chemical dosimeter for measuring ionizing radiation, the chemical 4,4' (5-chloro-2-thenilidene) bis [N,N-dimethylaniline], a derivative of the leuco triarylmethane compounds was used. This chemical dosimeter is an aqueous solution composed of 10(-4) M leuco compounds, 10(-4) M ferrous ammonium sulfate, 10(-4) M sodium chloride and 7 X 10(-3) M of hydrochloric acid. This solution is colourless but it becomes blue-green or bright blue after irradiation. The optical density of this solution at the main absorption peak of 635 millimicron increases linearly with the increasing x-ray dose of from 50R to 2,000 R and no dose-rate dependence is found from 13.5 R/min to 270 R/min of 60Co gamma-ray, 896 gram rads was the measured value of the integral absorbed dose per exposure in panoramic tomography (Orthopantomograph type OP-2).", "contents": "Measurement of integral absorbed dose by chemical dosimeter in panoramic tomography. As an aqueous chemical dosimeter for measuring ionizing radiation, the chemical 4,4' (5-chloro-2-thenilidene) bis [N,N-dimethylaniline], a derivative of the leuco triarylmethane compounds was used. This chemical dosimeter is an aqueous solution composed of 10(-4) M leuco compounds, 10(-4) M ferrous ammonium sulfate, 10(-4) M sodium chloride and 7 X 10(-3) M of hydrochloric acid. This solution is colourless but it becomes blue-green or bright blue after irradiation. The optical density of this solution at the main absorption peak of 635 millimicron increases linearly with the increasing x-ray dose of from 50R to 2,000 R and no dose-rate dependence is found from 13.5 R/min to 270 R/min of 60Co gamma-ray, 896 gram rads was the measured value of the integral absorbed dose per exposure in panoramic tomography (Orthopantomograph type OP-2)."}
{"id": "PMID:275010", "title": "Hydroxyapatite-reactive salivary protein revealed by iso-electrofocusing electrophoresis.", "content": "Salivary protein involvement in the formation of acquired enamel pellicle, so far, has been discussed in terms of hydroxyapatite (HA)-reactive salivary proteins only from the parotid gland. This study was undertaken to seek this type of protein in the human whole (mixed) saliva and to investigate its normal and pathological variations. Several kinds of hydroxyapatite, either biogenous or synthesized by solid phase reaction, were used as a powder (250 mesh). HA was incubated with concentrated whole saliva at 25 degrees for 30 min. After centrifugation and filtration salivary proteins were analysed on a Multiphor isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis. The control salivary proteins were separated into three major groups; acidic (A1-A8), neutral neutral (N1-N4), and basic (B1-B3) isoelectric point (pI). In the HA incubated sample, one of the major neutral bands (NI) preferentially disappeared at about pI 7.5. This NI band was missing or scarce in the parotid saliva and had an amino acid composition rich in glycine, lysine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and histidine. This protein was considered to be one of the major HA-reactive proteins in human whole saliva.", "contents": "Hydroxyapatite-reactive salivary protein revealed by iso-electrofocusing electrophoresis. Salivary protein involvement in the formation of acquired enamel pellicle, so far, has been discussed in terms of hydroxyapatite (HA)-reactive salivary proteins only from the parotid gland. This study was undertaken to seek this type of protein in the human whole (mixed) saliva and to investigate its normal and pathological variations. Several kinds of hydroxyapatite, either biogenous or synthesized by solid phase reaction, were used as a powder (250 mesh). HA was incubated with concentrated whole saliva at 25 degrees for 30 min. After centrifugation and filtration salivary proteins were analysed on a Multiphor isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis. The control salivary proteins were separated into three major groups; acidic (A1-A8), neutral neutral (N1-N4), and basic (B1-B3) isoelectric point (pI). In the HA incubated sample, one of the major neutral bands (NI) preferentially disappeared at about pI 7.5. This NI band was missing or scarce in the parotid saliva and had an amino acid composition rich in glycine, lysine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and histidine. This protein was considered to be one of the major HA-reactive proteins in human whole saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:275011", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. IV. Altitudinal distribution of flies belonging to Muscidae and Calliphoridae in Doi Indhanondh Mountain, Chiengmai, in early summer season.", "content": "The study on the altitudinal distribution of muscid and caliphorid flies was firstly carried out in the Doi Indhanondh mountain in March 1976. Twenty-eight species of muscid and calliphorid flies, belonging to 10 genera, were collected in this study. The calliphorid flies were classified into 7 genera and 19 species (2,442 individuals) and the muscid flies were classified into 3 genera and 9 species (1,061 individuals). The data and figures are shown in this paper.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. IV. Altitudinal distribution of flies belonging to Muscidae and Calliphoridae in Doi Indhanondh Mountain, Chiengmai, in early summer season. The study on the altitudinal distribution of muscid and caliphorid flies was firstly carried out in the Doi Indhanondh mountain in March 1976. Twenty-eight species of muscid and calliphorid flies, belonging to 10 genera, were collected in this study. The calliphorid flies were classified into 7 genera and 19 species (2,442 individuals) and the muscid flies were classified into 3 genera and 9 species (1,061 individuals). The data and figures are shown in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:275012", "title": "Resistant level of houseflies to six kinds of synthetic insecticides in Malaysia.", "content": "The resistant level of the houseflies to six kinds of insecticides, DDT, Resmethrin, DDVP, Baytex, Sumithion and Diazinon, was examined on the seven strains collected in Malaysia. It was found that their susceptibility is rather higher than that of the Takatsuki strain which is a standard strain in Japan. However, their susceptibility to Sumithion was the same or slightly lower than that of the Takatsuki strain. The resistant level to five of six kinds of insecticides was the highest in the strain of Cameron Highland. The values were close to Singh's data in 1973, and this means that the resistance of the houseflies to the insecticides is increasing in Malaysia.", "contents": "Resistant level of houseflies to six kinds of synthetic insecticides in Malaysia. The resistant level of the houseflies to six kinds of insecticides, DDT, Resmethrin, DDVP, Baytex, Sumithion and Diazinon, was examined on the seven strains collected in Malaysia. It was found that their susceptibility is rather higher than that of the Takatsuki strain which is a standard strain in Japan. However, their susceptibility to Sumithion was the same or slightly lower than that of the Takatsuki strain. The resistant level to five of six kinds of insecticides was the highest in the strain of Cameron Highland. The values were close to Singh's data in 1973, and this means that the resistance of the houseflies to the insecticides is increasing in Malaysia."}
{"id": "PMID:275013", "title": "Numerical identification of teeth in Japanese shrew-moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris.", "content": "Numerical determination of the teeth of two species of Japanese shrew moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris (Talpidae, Insectivora), was based on the position of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, comparison of the dentitions of the two species with those of their relatives and the supernumerary tooth. The premaxillo-maxillary suture is situated between the fifth and sixth tooth anterior to the M1, and the fifth tooth anterior to the M1 was determined to be C both in the two species. The supernumerary tooth which appears in the gap between the third and fourth anterior to the M1 of the lower jaw of Urotrichus talpoides was considered as a relic of pdl which seems to have been lost relatively recently in the evolution of this species. It was also shown that the first premolar of the upper jaw of the Urotrichus talpoides and the first premolars of the Dymecodon pilirostris are dihyodont. Retention of the dihyodont first premolars in these species seems to be a primitive character and is significant in determining the phylogenetical positions of these species.", "contents": "Numerical identification of teeth in Japanese shrew-moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris. Numerical determination of the teeth of two species of Japanese shrew moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris (Talpidae, Insectivora), was based on the position of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, comparison of the dentitions of the two species with those of their relatives and the supernumerary tooth. The premaxillo-maxillary suture is situated between the fifth and sixth tooth anterior to the M1, and the fifth tooth anterior to the M1 was determined to be C both in the two species. The supernumerary tooth which appears in the gap between the third and fourth anterior to the M1 of the lower jaw of Urotrichus talpoides was considered as a relic of pdl which seems to have been lost relatively recently in the evolution of this species. It was also shown that the first premolar of the upper jaw of the Urotrichus talpoides and the first premolars of the Dymecodon pilirostris are dihyodont. Retention of the dihyodont first premolars in these species seems to be a primitive character and is significant in determining the phylogenetical positions of these species."}
{"id": "PMID:275015", "title": "Patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy.", "content": "A study is described in which patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy have been investigated in a rural area in Britain. A representative group of 94 mothers of first babies aged 8-11 months answered questions on the introduction of various foods and drinks containing sugar to their babies' diet. A diet sheet was completed in order to estimate the frequency of sugar consumption on the previous day for both the mother and her child. The findings show that babies received sweet items on an average of 4.3 separate occasions and that 77% of the meals and snacks given to babies contained sugar. The study describes some of the specific ways which sugar is first introduced and concludes that the frequency of sugar consumption is high, even in the 1st year of life.", "contents": "Patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy. A study is described in which patterns of sugar consumption in early infancy have been investigated in a rural area in Britain. A representative group of 94 mothers of first babies aged 8-11 months answered questions on the introduction of various foods and drinks containing sugar to their babies' diet. A diet sheet was completed in order to estimate the frequency of sugar consumption on the previous day for both the mother and her child. The findings show that babies received sweet items on an average of 4.3 separate occasions and that 77% of the meals and snacks given to babies contained sugar. The study describes some of the specific ways which sugar is first introduced and concludes that the frequency of sugar consumption is high, even in the 1st year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:275016", "title": "Changes of dental treatment pattern in Norway in the 1970s.", "content": "With the aim of gauging utilization rates of dental services, a series of cross-sectional studies were performed in 1973, 1975 adnd 1977. Cluster samples of 1,600 individuals covering the Norwegian population aged 15 and above were interviewed by trained interviewers using standardized questions. The percentage of respondents who reported having seen a dentist within the last 12 months increased from 58 to 64. The receipt of tooth fillings was the predominant course of treatment and was reported by 55% of the interviewees. The percentage reporting preventive services increased from 15 to 26% at the expense of those reporting \"blood and vulcanite\" denistry. Fifty-two percent, increasing to 53% of the interviewers, claimed to have seen a dentist on a regular basis during the last 5 years. However, this proportion was conceivably overreported. Control questions indicated that 40-45% should be considered regular treatment attenders. Change is apparently taking place in the treatment pattern. The proportion of regular treatment attenders seems to increase by 0.5-1% per year. The treatment profile is also shifting: extractions and denture services are diminishing, preventive services are gaining, while restorative dentistry stands still - for the time being.", "contents": "Changes of dental treatment pattern in Norway in the 1970s. With the aim of gauging utilization rates of dental services, a series of cross-sectional studies were performed in 1973, 1975 adnd 1977. Cluster samples of 1,600 individuals covering the Norwegian population aged 15 and above were interviewed by trained interviewers using standardized questions. The percentage of respondents who reported having seen a dentist within the last 12 months increased from 58 to 64. The receipt of tooth fillings was the predominant course of treatment and was reported by 55% of the interviewees. The percentage reporting preventive services increased from 15 to 26% at the expense of those reporting \"blood and vulcanite\" denistry. Fifty-two percent, increasing to 53% of the interviewers, claimed to have seen a dentist on a regular basis during the last 5 years. However, this proportion was conceivably overreported. Control questions indicated that 40-45% should be considered regular treatment attenders. Change is apparently taking place in the treatment pattern. The proportion of regular treatment attenders seems to increase by 0.5-1% per year. The treatment profile is also shifting: extractions and denture services are diminishing, preventive services are gaining, while restorative dentistry stands still - for the time being."}
{"id": "PMID:275017", "title": "Survey of state funds available for rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip/palate.", "content": "An effort was made to determine the amount of funds budgeted in each of the 50 U.S. states for total rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Questionnaires were sent following a pilot letter to the directors of each state Department of Health. Total funds per patient ranged from $17,442 for Delaware to a low of $426 for Wisconsin. Dental funds per patient ranged from $4,214 dollars for Wyoming to a low of $192 for New York.", "contents": "Survey of state funds available for rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip/palate. An effort was made to determine the amount of funds budgeted in each of the 50 U.S. states for total rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Questionnaires were sent following a pilot letter to the directors of each state Department of Health. Total funds per patient ranged from $17,442 for Delaware to a low of $426 for Wisconsin. Dental funds per patient ranged from $4,214 dollars for Wyoming to a low of $192 for New York."}
{"id": "PMID:275014", "title": "The ultrastructure of human osteosarcoma: a study of nine cases.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of 9 osteosarcomas corroborates the light microscopic observation that cells with osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic features occur in osteosarcomas. Two types of multinucleated giant cells were observed, one was osteoclast-like. The other had anaplastic and degenerative changes. The intercellular matrix is composed of collagen fibers, amorphous ground substance with osteoid and tumor bone. Contrary to many previous electron microscopic reports, osteosarcomas contain more than one cell type.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of human osteosarcoma: a study of nine cases. Electron microscopic study of 9 osteosarcomas corroborates the light microscopic observation that cells with osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic features occur in osteosarcomas. Two types of multinucleated giant cells were observed, one was osteoclast-like. The other had anaplastic and degenerative changes. The intercellular matrix is composed of collagen fibers, amorphous ground substance with osteoid and tumor bone. Contrary to many previous electron microscopic reports, osteosarcomas contain more than one cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:275018", "title": "Evaluation of quandrant dentistry in provision of dental care.", "content": "The chairtime required for a single Class I or Class II amalgam restoration at 163 sittings was compared with the chairtime required for 99 cases in which two restorations in a quandrant were treated at the same sitting. The \"Quadrant Dentistry Efficiency Rate\" was calculated and it was found that quadrant dentistry resulted in a saving of between 30% and 50% of chairtime. The individual speed of the three dentists treating the children did not greatly influence the percentage of chairtime saved.", "contents": "Evaluation of quandrant dentistry in provision of dental care. The chairtime required for a single Class I or Class II amalgam restoration at 163 sittings was compared with the chairtime required for 99 cases in which two restorations in a quandrant were treated at the same sitting. The \"Quadrant Dentistry Efficiency Rate\" was calculated and it was found that quadrant dentistry resulted in a saving of between 30% and 50% of chairtime. The individual speed of the three dentists treating the children did not greatly influence the percentage of chairtime saved."}
{"id": "PMID:275019", "title": "An epidemiologic survey of periodontal disease in Dutch adults.", "content": "An epidemiologic survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in randomly selected samples of employed populations in the Netherlands. Of the 1,337 persons examined by five examiners, 19.8% were edentulous; 61% of dentate persons had intense gingivitis in an average of 2.4 segments of their mouths; 53% had pockets of 3-6 mm and a further 10.1% had pockets of greater than 6 mm. The prevalence of gingivitis and pocketing increased with increasing age and decreasing levels of education. As no measures of predicting compliance were used and because treatment philosophies differ, no reasonable assessment of treatment needs could be made.", "contents": "An epidemiologic survey of periodontal disease in Dutch adults. An epidemiologic survey was carried out to assess the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in randomly selected samples of employed populations in the Netherlands. Of the 1,337 persons examined by five examiners, 19.8% were edentulous; 61% of dentate persons had intense gingivitis in an average of 2.4 segments of their mouths; 53% had pockets of 3-6 mm and a further 10.1% had pockets of greater than 6 mm. The prevalence of gingivitis and pocketing increased with increasing age and decreasing levels of education. As no measures of predicting compliance were used and because treatment philosophies differ, no reasonable assessment of treatment needs could be made."}
{"id": "PMID:275020", "title": "Dental health in a group of Swedish 8-year-olds followed since the age of 3.", "content": "A study was made of the dental health of a group of 8-year-old children studied earlier as 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds, including examination of caries, gingivitis and occlusion, as well as certain data on oral habits and fluoride prophylaxis. Caries was found in 92% of the children. The mean DMFS-value was 3.1 and the mean defs-value 8.8. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between caries indices at 3 and 8 years of age in the group as a whole. Children with a defs-value higher than the mean defs-value at the age of 3, had a higher mean DMFS-value at the age of 8 than the rest of the group. Sagittal relationships remained largely unchanged between 3 and 8 years of age, while the number of children with an anterior open bite decreased from 51% to 4% during the same time, probably due to a decrease in sucking habits.", "contents": "Dental health in a group of Swedish 8-year-olds followed since the age of 3. A study was made of the dental health of a group of 8-year-old children studied earlier as 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds, including examination of caries, gingivitis and occlusion, as well as certain data on oral habits and fluoride prophylaxis. Caries was found in 92% of the children. The mean DMFS-value was 3.1 and the mean defs-value 8.8. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between caries indices at 3 and 8 years of age in the group as a whole. Children with a defs-value higher than the mean defs-value at the age of 3, had a higher mean DMFS-value at the age of 8 than the rest of the group. Sagittal relationships remained largely unchanged between 3 and 8 years of age, while the number of children with an anterior open bite decreased from 51% to 4% during the same time, probably due to a decrease in sucking habits."}
{"id": "PMID:275021", "title": "Dental caries in South African white children aged 1-5 years.", "content": "The dentitions of 499 white preschoolchildren aged 1-5 years from a low fluoride area were examined with mirror and probe. The dmft values ranged from 1.0 +/- 2.0 at 1 year of age to 5.1 +/- 4.5 at 5 years of age while the overall mean for the group was 3.7 +/- 4.1. \"\"Rampant\" caries prevalence varied according to the definition used. It is suggested that for epidemiologic studies rampant caries should be defined as a dmft value of 5 or more and that labial caries should be regarded as a specific entity.", "contents": "Dental caries in South African white children aged 1-5 years. The dentitions of 499 white preschoolchildren aged 1-5 years from a low fluoride area were examined with mirror and probe. The dmft values ranged from 1.0 +/- 2.0 at 1 year of age to 5.1 +/- 4.5 at 5 years of age while the overall mean for the group was 3.7 +/- 4.1. \"\"Rampant\" caries prevalence varied according to the definition used. It is suggested that for epidemiologic studies rampant caries should be defined as a dmft value of 5 or more and that labial caries should be regarded as a specific entity."}
{"id": "PMID:275022", "title": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Israeli youth (14-17 years of age).", "content": "The purpose of the pesent study was to obtain current information regarding periodontal disease and oral hygiene status. The survey was conducted in Israel amon 9th-12th grade students, 14-17 years of age. A total of 1,320 schoolchildren were examined. During the examination only periodontal status and oral hygiene were checked. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). Oral cleanliness was assessed according to GREENE & VERMILLION'S Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). The mean PI found was 0.22. The results indicated an increase in the mean PI with age. No difference was found in average PI values between girls and boys. On the other hand, significantly lower mean OHI-S values were recorded for girls as compared with boys in the total study population and within the different age groups. Mean OHI-S decreased with age, indicating improvement.", "contents": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Israeli youth (14-17 years of age). The purpose of the pesent study was to obtain current information regarding periodontal disease and oral hygiene status. The survey was conducted in Israel amon 9th-12th grade students, 14-17 years of age. A total of 1,320 schoolchildren were examined. During the examination only periodontal status and oral hygiene were checked. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). Oral cleanliness was assessed according to GREENE & VERMILLION'S Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). The mean PI found was 0.22. The results indicated an increase in the mean PI with age. No difference was found in average PI values between girls and boys. On the other hand, significantly lower mean OHI-S values were recorded for girls as compared with boys in the total study population and within the different age groups. Mean OHI-S decreased with age, indicating improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:275023", "title": "Prevalence of dental caries and quality of restorations among new immigrants to Israel.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to gather information on the prevalence of dental caries and the quality of restorations of new immigrants to Israel, and to compare those two categories among immigrants from different regions of origin. New immigrants, residents of four absorption centers in Israel, were included in the study. Altogether, 1,031 immigrants (417 Eastern European, 338 Western European/North American and 276 South American) were examined. The results indicate that new immigrants to Israel from Eastern Europe are affected with more carious teeth (D), are missing more teeth (M), and have received quantitatively less treatment (F) than immigrants from Western Europe/North American and South America. The South America are an intermediate group. A similar distribution was found between the groups by their respective ages. The quality of dental restoration was found to be statistically higher among immigrants from Western European/North American and South American origins with the latter group exhibiting an intermediate level of quality of dental restorations.", "contents": "Prevalence of dental caries and quality of restorations among new immigrants to Israel. The purpose of the present investigation was to gather information on the prevalence of dental caries and the quality of restorations of new immigrants to Israel, and to compare those two categories among immigrants from different regions of origin. New immigrants, residents of four absorption centers in Israel, were included in the study. Altogether, 1,031 immigrants (417 Eastern European, 338 Western European/North American and 276 South American) were examined. The results indicate that new immigrants to Israel from Eastern Europe are affected with more carious teeth (D), are missing more teeth (M), and have received quantitatively less treatment (F) than immigrants from Western Europe/North American and South America. The South America are an intermediate group. A similar distribution was found between the groups by their respective ages. The quality of dental restoration was found to be statistically higher among immigrants from Western European/North American and South American origins with the latter group exhibiting an intermediate level of quality of dental restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:275024", "title": "Epidemiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children in Israel.", "content": "The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the earliest age at which children were organized as a group in the national education system and to find possible associations with variables that may help to identify \"groups at risk\" in this population. A total of 965 children, 5 years old, were examined. They were selected by a method to form a representative sample of all West Jerusalem compulsory kindergarten classes in 1971. Caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene were assessed and demogrphic data were collected. It was found that 84% of the children were affected with mean dif value of 4.7 (+/- 3.6). Association was found between caries and social class. The high morbidity suggests that organized services should be planned for this age group. Since the resources are limited, efforts should be directed mainly towards \"groups at risk\".", "contents": "Epidemiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children in Israel. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the earliest age at which children were organized as a group in the national education system and to find possible associations with variables that may help to identify \"groups at risk\" in this population. A total of 965 children, 5 years old, were examined. They were selected by a method to form a representative sample of all West Jerusalem compulsory kindergarten classes in 1971. Caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene were assessed and demogrphic data were collected. It was found that 84% of the children were affected with mean dif value of 4.7 (+/- 3.6). Association was found between caries and social class. The high morbidity suggests that organized services should be planned for this age group. Since the resources are limited, efforts should be directed mainly towards \"groups at risk\"."}
{"id": "PMID:275025", "title": "Actual caries development compared with expected caries activity.", "content": "In 18 schoolboys, 16 years old, the actual caries development during 1 year was compared with the expected caries activity which was predicted from evaluations of four selected tests: (1) the buffer capacity, (2) the titer of Streptococcus mutans in stimulated whole saliva, (3) clinical evaluation of rate of plaque formation, and (4) a quantitation of a salivary agglutinin reacting with a serotype c strain of S. mutans. According to previous experiences the estimated value for each factor was classified for each individual either as a negative (carries-provoking) or as a non-negative factor. The score of negative factors could thus vary between 0 and 4 for each individual. A good relationship was observed between the caries increment during 1 year and the sum of the scores from the tests representing expected caries activity. This observation indicates the possibility of selecting the most caries susceptible individuals in a population by using the four parameters. A selection can be made from two or three of the tests but then the degree of differentiation becomes lower. No parameter could singly be used as an indication of the potential caries activity in the individual test.", "contents": "Actual caries development compared with expected caries activity. In 18 schoolboys, 16 years old, the actual caries development during 1 year was compared with the expected caries activity which was predicted from evaluations of four selected tests: (1) the buffer capacity, (2) the titer of Streptococcus mutans in stimulated whole saliva, (3) clinical evaluation of rate of plaque formation, and (4) a quantitation of a salivary agglutinin reacting with a serotype c strain of S. mutans. According to previous experiences the estimated value for each factor was classified for each individual either as a negative (carries-provoking) or as a non-negative factor. The score of negative factors could thus vary between 0 and 4 for each individual. A good relationship was observed between the caries increment during 1 year and the sum of the scores from the tests representing expected caries activity. This observation indicates the possibility of selecting the most caries susceptible individuals in a population by using the four parameters. A selection can be made from two or three of the tests but then the degree of differentiation becomes lower. No parameter could singly be used as an indication of the potential caries activity in the individual test."}
{"id": "PMID:275026", "title": "Skin manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas.", "content": "The diseases discussed in this paper include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphosarcoma. Cutaneous manifestations of these disorders are often sufficiently different to indicate a certain leukemia or lymphoma. The cutaneous manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas may help the clinician suspect the diagnosis.", "contents": "Skin manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas. The diseases discussed in this paper include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acute leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphosarcoma. Cutaneous manifestations of these disorders are often sufficiently different to indicate a certain leukemia or lymphoma. The cutaneous manifestations of leukemias and lymphomas may help the clinician suspect the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:275044", "title": "[Suggestions for endosseous implantations from a prosthetic viewpoint].", "content": "It is suggested that intra-osseous implants should not be evaluated on the basis of \"difficult cases\", but by finding out whether there are indications for its preferential use in competition with usual prosthetic materials and methods.", "contents": "[Suggestions for endosseous implantations from a prosthetic viewpoint]. It is suggested that intra-osseous implants should not be evaluated on the basis of \"difficult cases\", but by finding out whether there are indications for its preferential use in competition with usual prosthetic materials and methods."}
{"id": "PMID:275045", "title": "[Comparative light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the human gingiva by means of the filter imprint method].", "content": "The structure of the mucosal surface can be reproduced almost unchanged by the filter imprint method. Scan electronmicroscopic investigations of the tissue surface and the surface cells removed by the imprint technique demonstrate that only the uppermost cell layer is removed and that these cells retain their layer distribution, form and fine surface structure. It is therefore possible to describe the cells in the print morphologically by light microscopy and to characterize them functionally by differential staining.", "contents": "[Comparative light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the human gingiva by means of the filter imprint method]. The structure of the mucosal surface can be reproduced almost unchanged by the filter imprint method. Scan electronmicroscopic investigations of the tissue surface and the surface cells removed by the imprint technique demonstrate that only the uppermost cell layer is removed and that these cells retain their layer distribution, form and fine surface structure. It is therefore possible to describe the cells in the print morphologically by light microscopy and to characterize them functionally by differential staining."}
{"id": "PMID:275046", "title": "[Effect of oxygen and humidity on UV-polymerizable sealing materials].", "content": "The influence of humidity, oxygen and protecting gases on the wetting capacity of UV polymerisable adhesives is examined by means of border-angle measurements. The thickness of the upper layer not polymerisable through the presence of oxygen is determined and its effect on the surface structure of compounds is clarified by scanning electron microsc-investigations. For solution the use of a protecting gas is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of oxygen and humidity on UV-polymerizable sealing materials]. The influence of humidity, oxygen and protecting gases on the wetting capacity of UV polymerisable adhesives is examined by means of border-angle measurements. The thickness of the upper layer not polymerisable through the presence of oxygen is determined and its effect on the surface structure of compounds is clarified by scanning electron microsc-investigations. For solution the use of a protecting gas is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275047", "title": "[The adhesion of sealants to dental enamel].", "content": "The test product VM 4 of the Kulzer company, Bad Homburg v.d.H., was tested and compared with the commercial products Nuva Seal, Enamelite, and Palakav. Extracted and sealed teeth were kept in water at 37 degrees C for 67 days and subsequently the adhesive strength between dental surface and sealant was tested in tensile strength tests.", "contents": "[The adhesion of sealants to dental enamel]. The test product VM 4 of the Kulzer company, Bad Homburg v.d.H., was tested and compared with the commercial products Nuva Seal, Enamelite, and Palakav. Extracted and sealed teeth were kept in water at 37 degrees C for 67 days and subsequently the adhesive strength between dental surface and sealant was tested in tensile strength tests."}
{"id": "PMID:275048", "title": "[The static (latent) bone cavity. A contribution of 3 cases to the unknown etiology].", "content": "During one year 3 patients with static (latent) bone cavities were observed in the Clinic and Policlinic for maxil-lofacial surgery of the University of M\u00fcnich. The findings are compared with reports from the literature and possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[The static (latent) bone cavity. A contribution of 3 cases to the unknown etiology]. During one year 3 patients with static (latent) bone cavities were observed in the Clinic and Policlinic for maxil-lofacial surgery of the University of M\u00fcnich. The findings are compared with reports from the literature and possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275049", "title": "[Appearance and diagnosis of odontomas].", "content": "Odontomata are relatively seldom encountered. The diagnosis is made accidentally or from abnormal findings such as persistance of a milk tooth, disturbances in tooth eruption, diastema and others. Localisation is established by X-ray.", "contents": "[Appearance and diagnosis of odontomas]. Odontomata are relatively seldom encountered. The diagnosis is made accidentally or from abnormal findings such as persistance of a milk tooth, disturbances in tooth eruption, diastema and others. Localisation is established by X-ray."}
{"id": "PMID:275052", "title": "[Parotid and submandibular gland aplasia with atresia of the lacrimal canaliculi].", "content": "A genesis of the large salivary glands is rare. Aetiology and pathogenesis of the non-formation of these glands is uncertain. On account of marked xerostomia this non-formation is of special significance for preventive dental measures.", "contents": "[Parotid and submandibular gland aplasia with atresia of the lacrimal canaliculi]. A genesis of the large salivary glands is rare. Aetiology and pathogenesis of the non-formation of these glands is uncertain. On account of marked xerostomia this non-formation is of special significance for preventive dental measures."}
{"id": "PMID:275053", "title": "[Comparative studies on the plaque forming effect of sorbitol and saccharose containing chocolate].", "content": "Dental plaque values determined immediately after consuming Sorbitol-containing chocolates were significantly lower than those after consuming Saccharose containing chocolate. These data support indirectly the results of clinical experiments concerning the reduced cariogenicity of Sorbitol-containing sweets.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the plaque forming effect of sorbitol and saccharose containing chocolate]. Dental plaque values determined immediately after consuming Sorbitol-containing chocolates were significantly lower than those after consuming Saccharose containing chocolate. These data support indirectly the results of clinical experiments concerning the reduced cariogenicity of Sorbitol-containing sweets."}
{"id": "PMID:275054", "title": "[Spatial variations of the mechanical properties of dental enamel and dentin].", "content": "Cuts with a Vickers diamond were made in five horizontal planes of the upper third of the crown of human lower premolars. At the same time the depth of entry was registered directly during the cutting with adot screen with a distance of about 150 mu between the dots. The depth of the cuts obtained was determined by optical measurement of breadth. Only in the fissure enamel was a slight hardening in the cervical direction observed. With a 5 p loading of the cutter diamond the reversible (elastic) deformation in the dentine is 0,4 +/- 0,1 micrometer greater than in the enamel. The optically determined cutting depth (irreversible deformation) amounted to 1,2 +/- 0,1 micrometer or 2,1 +/- 0,2 micrometer in enamel and dentine.", "contents": "[Spatial variations of the mechanical properties of dental enamel and dentin]. Cuts with a Vickers diamond were made in five horizontal planes of the upper third of the crown of human lower premolars. At the same time the depth of entry was registered directly during the cutting with adot screen with a distance of about 150 mu between the dots. The depth of the cuts obtained was determined by optical measurement of breadth. Only in the fissure enamel was a slight hardening in the cervical direction observed. With a 5 p loading of the cutter diamond the reversible (elastic) deformation in the dentine is 0,4 +/- 0,1 micrometer greater than in the enamel. The optically determined cutting depth (irreversible deformation) amounted to 1,2 +/- 0,1 micrometer or 2,1 +/- 0,2 micrometer in enamel and dentine."}
{"id": "PMID:275055", "title": "[Problems of an infectious jaw cyst in the mixed dentition. Case report].", "content": "The article describes the complicated treatment of a jaw cyst, caused by an infected temporary tooth. The genesis and the clinical characteristics of jaw cysts in young patients, as well as the importance of due time extraction of the strongly ruined temporary teeth is discussed.", "contents": "[Problems of an infectious jaw cyst in the mixed dentition. Case report]. The article describes the complicated treatment of a jaw cyst, caused by an infected temporary tooth. The genesis and the clinical characteristics of jaw cysts in young patients, as well as the importance of due time extraction of the strongly ruined temporary teeth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275060", "title": "[Effect of radioprotectars from various chemical compound classes on dynamic work capacity and carbohydrate metabolism].", "content": "The influence of radioprotectors cystamine, mexamine and gammaphos on the physical performance capacity and carbohydrate metabolism was subjected to a comparative study. Cystamine and mexamine were found to lower the capacity of the animals to endure physical loads, this being attended by falling stocks of glycogen in the liver and muscles and a rising level of the blood lactate and pyruvate in comparison with controls. Gammaphos has no effect on the performance capacity of the animals and carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of radioprotectars from various chemical compound classes on dynamic work capacity and carbohydrate metabolism]. The influence of radioprotectors cystamine, mexamine and gammaphos on the physical performance capacity and carbohydrate metabolism was subjected to a comparative study. Cystamine and mexamine were found to lower the capacity of the animals to endure physical loads, this being attended by falling stocks of glycogen in the liver and muscles and a rising level of the blood lactate and pyruvate in comparison with controls. Gammaphos has no effect on the performance capacity of the animals and carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:275209", "title": "[Physiological and pathophysiological investigations on neuronal mechanisms of locomotion in the cats (author's transl)].", "content": "Electromyographic investigation was carried out on the cats in order to analyse the neuronal mechanisms of locomotive movements. 1. When normal unrestrained cats walked gastrocnemius muscle, an extensor, began the activities 77.4 +/- 12.1 msec prior the stance phase. This evidence shows that locomotive movement is preprogrammed in the central nervous system. 2. When hemisection was applied to the spinal cord, reciprocal activities in the antagonistic muscles disappeared for several days. However, the reciprocity resumed again eventually. 3. When two hemisections on both sides were applied at different levels of the spinal cord at intervals of more than 30 days, the cat could not stand for 20-30 days after the second hemisection, but eventually could stand. The reciprocity between the antagonistic muscles were greatly disturbed in many cases. 4. In several cases placing reaction could not be elicited in the two hemisected cats. The possible roles of descending tracts in locomotion were discussed.", "contents": "[Physiological and pathophysiological investigations on neuronal mechanisms of locomotion in the cats (author's transl)]. Electromyographic investigation was carried out on the cats in order to analyse the neuronal mechanisms of locomotive movements. 1. When normal unrestrained cats walked gastrocnemius muscle, an extensor, began the activities 77.4 +/- 12.1 msec prior the stance phase. This evidence shows that locomotive movement is preprogrammed in the central nervous system. 2. When hemisection was applied to the spinal cord, reciprocal activities in the antagonistic muscles disappeared for several days. However, the reciprocity resumed again eventually. 3. When two hemisections on both sides were applied at different levels of the spinal cord at intervals of more than 30 days, the cat could not stand for 20-30 days after the second hemisection, but eventually could stand. The reciprocity between the antagonistic muscles were greatly disturbed in many cases. 4. In several cases placing reaction could not be elicited in the two hemisected cats. The possible roles of descending tracts in locomotion were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275234", "title": "On estimating number of genes by genotype assay.", "content": "The method of genotype assay, proposed by Jinks and Towey (1976) for estimating the number of effective factors in a polygenic system, assumes independent segregation if applied to number of genes. Their results are extended to include the case of linked genes, and the ratio of expected number of effective factors to number of genes is computed for a range of models. Unless all genes are on different chromosomes or many generations of inbreeding are used, the estimate of gene number is biased downwards.", "contents": "On estimating number of genes by genotype assay. The method of genotype assay, proposed by Jinks and Towey (1976) for estimating the number of effective factors in a polygenic system, assumes independent segregation if applied to number of genes. Their results are extended to include the case of linked genes, and the ratio of expected number of effective factors to number of genes is computed for a range of models. Unless all genes are on different chromosomes or many generations of inbreeding are used, the estimate of gene number is biased downwards."}
{"id": "PMID:275252", "title": "Inducers of erythroleukemic differentiation. Relationship of structure to activity among planar-polar compounds.", "content": "Hexamethylenebisacetamide is a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. A series of chemical compounds structurally related to hexamethylenebisacetamide were tested for inducing activity including polymethylene chains terminally substituted with various combinations of carboxylate, amino, amide, or sulfoxide groups. Effective \"dimerization\" of dimethyl sulfoxide through a linear polymethylene chain increases its inducing activity by a magnitude similar to that observed when N-methylacetamide is effectively dimerized in such a manner. It was found that all potent inducing agents possess both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion of the molecule, as well as a planar portion. All are Lewis bases, possessing a free electron pair available for hydrogen bonding. The polymethylene chain joining functional groups must be flexible and must be 5 to 6 carbon atoms in length to achieve maximal activity. Introduction of triple or double (cis or trans) bonds into the polymethylene chain does not alter activity.", "contents": "Inducers of erythroleukemic differentiation. Relationship of structure to activity among planar-polar compounds. Hexamethylenebisacetamide is a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. A series of chemical compounds structurally related to hexamethylenebisacetamide were tested for inducing activity including polymethylene chains terminally substituted with various combinations of carboxylate, amino, amide, or sulfoxide groups. Effective \"dimerization\" of dimethyl sulfoxide through a linear polymethylene chain increases its inducing activity by a magnitude similar to that observed when N-methylacetamide is effectively dimerized in such a manner. It was found that all potent inducing agents possess both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion of the molecule, as well as a planar portion. All are Lewis bases, possessing a free electron pair available for hydrogen bonding. The polymethylene chain joining functional groups must be flexible and must be 5 to 6 carbon atoms in length to achieve maximal activity. Introduction of triple or double (cis or trans) bonds into the polymethylene chain does not alter activity."}
{"id": "PMID:275275", "title": "Development of bacterial plaque in the oral cavity.", "content": "Dental plaque may be defined as bacterial aggregations upon the teeth and other solid structures inserted in the oral cavity. It is formed by oral microorganisms which attach to the teeth in sheltered areas along the gingival margin, on the approximal surfaces, and in pits and fissures on the masticatory surfaces. The plaque increases in quantity either by multiplication of already attached organisms, or by continuous addition to the deposits of bacteria from the saliva. Structural analyses indicate that the organisms are held together in an exracellular matrix partly produced by the organisms and partly derived from saliva. The microflora of plaque is complex and shows great individual variation. There are also characteristic differences in plaque from different sites on the teeth. Thus dento-gingival plaque is qualitatively different from that of the occlusal fissures. Furthermore, the relative proportion of different types of microorganisms may vary with the age of the deposit. Such information must be taken in consideration when attempts are made to develop chemical agents for the purpose of inhibiting plaque formation in order to prevent periodontal disease and caries.", "contents": "Development of bacterial plaque in the oral cavity. Dental plaque may be defined as bacterial aggregations upon the teeth and other solid structures inserted in the oral cavity. It is formed by oral microorganisms which attach to the teeth in sheltered areas along the gingival margin, on the approximal surfaces, and in pits and fissures on the masticatory surfaces. The plaque increases in quantity either by multiplication of already attached organisms, or by continuous addition to the deposits of bacteria from the saliva. Structural analyses indicate that the organisms are held together in an exracellular matrix partly produced by the organisms and partly derived from saliva. The microflora of plaque is complex and shows great individual variation. There are also characteristic differences in plaque from different sites on the teeth. Thus dento-gingival plaque is qualitatively different from that of the occlusal fissures. Furthermore, the relative proportion of different types of microorganisms may vary with the age of the deposit. Such information must be taken in consideration when attempts are made to develop chemical agents for the purpose of inhibiting plaque formation in order to prevent periodontal disease and caries."}
{"id": "PMID:275276", "title": "Use of Hibitane following periodontal surgery.", "content": "A number of studies have assessed the effect of chlorhexidine on the postoperative healing of periodontal wounds. Available data suggest that rinsing with a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution does not influence healing while a conventional dressing is in place, but once this is removed healing is enhanced by either a chlorhexidine rinse or gel. Dressings incorporating chlorhexidine also hasten wound healing. Studies undertaken in dogs clearly demonstrate that the beneficial effect of this agent is due to its ability to remove existing plaque deposits and prevent new plaque formation.", "contents": "Use of Hibitane following periodontal surgery. A number of studies have assessed the effect of chlorhexidine on the postoperative healing of periodontal wounds. Available data suggest that rinsing with a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution does not influence healing while a conventional dressing is in place, but once this is removed healing is enhanced by either a chlorhexidine rinse or gel. Dressings incorporating chlorhexidine also hasten wound healing. Studies undertaken in dogs clearly demonstrate that the beneficial effect of this agent is due to its ability to remove existing plaque deposits and prevent new plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:275278", "title": "Safety of Hibitane. I. Laboratory experiments.", "content": "The safety evaluation of chlorhexidine (Hibitane) in animal species will be briefly reviewed. The relevance of these studies to human use will be discussed, and species comparisons made where possible. Animal studies with chlorhexidine were begun more than two decades ago and the evaluation of its safety has been under continual review ever since. Chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed after oral administration, well tolerated after parenteral administration and its percutaneous absorption is abolutely minimal. No clinical or histological effects have been obtained in any animal study to cause hesitation in the light of proliferating applications of chlorhexidine in human use. The various toxicological studies in animals will be described and in particular the results of a 2-year study in rats will be outlined. In this, as an in earlier long-term study, there were no effects whatsoever to suggest that chlorhexidine treatment could give rise to any kind of tumourigenic effect or any other toxic sign.", "contents": "Safety of Hibitane. I. Laboratory experiments. The safety evaluation of chlorhexidine (Hibitane) in animal species will be briefly reviewed. The relevance of these studies to human use will be discussed, and species comparisons made where possible. Animal studies with chlorhexidine were begun more than two decades ago and the evaluation of its safety has been under continual review ever since. Chlorhexidine is poorly absorbed after oral administration, well tolerated after parenteral administration and its percutaneous absorption is abolutely minimal. No clinical or histological effects have been obtained in any animal study to cause hesitation in the light of proliferating applications of chlorhexidine in human use. The various toxicological studies in animals will be described and in particular the results of a 2-year study in rats will be outlined. In this, as an in earlier long-term study, there were no effects whatsoever to suggest that chlorhexidine treatment could give rise to any kind of tumourigenic effect or any other toxic sign."}
{"id": "PMID:275279", "title": "Safety of Hibitane. II. Human experience.", "content": "Chlorhexidine has been widely used in medical practice since its introduction on to the marked in the early 1950s. Primarily it has been used for topical antisepsis, e.g. pre-surgery skin preparation, burns prophylaxis, and prior to obstetrical/gynaecological procedures. This extensive experience has demonstrated the virtual absence of sensitization and a low irritancy potential for the compound. Only one significant adverse effect has been identified during medical use, namely, the production of sensorineural deafness after direct instillation into the middle ear, a property shared by several commonly used antiseptics. The encouraging reports of the use of chlorhexidine for plaque control prompted further safety investigations. It has been shown that absorption after oral ingestion is very low, and long-term oral use has not produced changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Occasional oral intolerance of mouthrinse formulations has been reported, although no histological abnormalities were present in gingival biopsies taken after 18 months' daily use. Very occasionally, a reversible swelling of the parotid glands has been reported after use of chlorhexidine in mouthrinse formulations, but not after other methods of administration. Tooth discoloration, which shows wide inter-individual variation is seen after all dental formulations. This undesirable cosmetic effect would appear to represent the only significant argument against everyday prophylactic oral use of chlorhexidine.", "contents": "Safety of Hibitane. II. Human experience. Chlorhexidine has been widely used in medical practice since its introduction on to the marked in the early 1950s. Primarily it has been used for topical antisepsis, e.g. pre-surgery skin preparation, burns prophylaxis, and prior to obstetrical/gynaecological procedures. This extensive experience has demonstrated the virtual absence of sensitization and a low irritancy potential for the compound. Only one significant adverse effect has been identified during medical use, namely, the production of sensorineural deafness after direct instillation into the middle ear, a property shared by several commonly used antiseptics. The encouraging reports of the use of chlorhexidine for plaque control prompted further safety investigations. It has been shown that absorption after oral ingestion is very low, and long-term oral use has not produced changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Occasional oral intolerance of mouthrinse formulations has been reported, although no histological abnormalities were present in gingival biopsies taken after 18 months' daily use. Very occasionally, a reversible swelling of the parotid glands has been reported after use of chlorhexidine in mouthrinse formulations, but not after other methods of administration. Tooth discoloration, which shows wide inter-individual variation is seen after all dental formulations. This undesirable cosmetic effect would appear to represent the only significant argument against everyday prophylactic oral use of chlorhexidine."}
{"id": "PMID:275283", "title": "Autologous tooth transplantation to replace molars lost in patients with juvenile periodontitis.", "content": "A method is described to replace perodontally destroyed first molars in patients with juvenile periodontitis by auto-transplantation of third molars. Fifteen molars which had been extracted due to periodontal destruction were replaced by autologous third molars with incomplete root formation. The patients were then observed for a period up to 7 years. In all cases complete regeneration of the alveolar bone took place and radiographically a normal periodontal membrane was extablished. All of the transplanted teeth continued their root formation and there was no radiographic evidence for root resorption, ankylosis or necrosis of the pulp. None of the transplanted teeth displayed pocket depths over 3 mm and no abnormal mobility was detectable.", "contents": "Autologous tooth transplantation to replace molars lost in patients with juvenile periodontitis. A method is described to replace perodontally destroyed first molars in patients with juvenile periodontitis by auto-transplantation of third molars. Fifteen molars which had been extracted due to periodontal destruction were replaced by autologous third molars with incomplete root formation. The patients were then observed for a period up to 7 years. In all cases complete regeneration of the alveolar bone took place and radiographically a normal periodontal membrane was extablished. All of the transplanted teeth continued their root formation and there was no radiographic evidence for root resorption, ankylosis or necrosis of the pulp. None of the transplanted teeth displayed pocket depths over 3 mm and no abnormal mobility was detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:275331", "title": "A four-year longitudinal study of the impact on learning structure on dental student lifestyle values.", "content": "Acquiring values is an important part in the education of dental students. This study describes how the values of 109 dental students changed over four years in the dental school's learning environment. Data describe the dental school learning environment as highly teacher-centered, in which authority is vested in faculty, in which activities are highly programmed, and in which communication is one-way, teacher-to-student. The data also indicate significant changes in dental students' values after four years in this environment. Learning from and sharing with others, interpersonal communication, and close relationships with others are valued less by students while more value is placed on their own interests and goals.", "contents": "A four-year longitudinal study of the impact on learning structure on dental student lifestyle values. Acquiring values is an important part in the education of dental students. This study describes how the values of 109 dental students changed over four years in the dental school's learning environment. Data describe the dental school learning environment as highly teacher-centered, in which authority is vested in faculty, in which activities are highly programmed, and in which communication is one-way, teacher-to-student. The data also indicate significant changes in dental students' values after four years in this environment. Learning from and sharing with others, interpersonal communication, and close relationships with others are valued less by students while more value is placed on their own interests and goals."}
{"id": "PMID:275332", "title": "A survey of patient and auxiliary problems as they relate to behavioral dentistry curricula.", "content": "The attempt to prepare students to manage problems in their dental practices must be preceded by precise identification of specific problems. The purpose of this study was to identify such problems. A random sample of practicing dentists cited collecting fees, poor patient motivation, patient fear, and broken or cancelled appointments as their most commonly encountered patient problems. The most commonly cited auxiliary problems were retraining auxiliary personnel and poor motivation. The dentists gave support to courses addressing these topics in the third and fourth years of the dental curriculum. The survey supports the increasing emphasis on behavioral dentistry curricula and identifies the most relevant topics for such courses.", "contents": "A survey of patient and auxiliary problems as they relate to behavioral dentistry curricula. The attempt to prepare students to manage problems in their dental practices must be preceded by precise identification of specific problems. The purpose of this study was to identify such problems. A random sample of practicing dentists cited collecting fees, poor patient motivation, patient fear, and broken or cancelled appointments as their most commonly encountered patient problems. The most commonly cited auxiliary problems were retraining auxiliary personnel and poor motivation. The dentists gave support to courses addressing these topics in the third and fourth years of the dental curriculum. The survey supports the increasing emphasis on behavioral dentistry curricula and identifies the most relevant topics for such courses."}
{"id": "PMID:275333", "title": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in american dental schools and requirement for state licensure.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to every American dental school and each state and regional testing agency, requesting information on the teaching of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and its inclusion in the requirements for state dental licensure. The data indicates that 81 percent of the schools teach a course in BCPR and the remaining 19 percent may do so in the future. Presently, 5 states require certification in BCPR for licensure and 17 states indicated they will require BCPR certification shortly.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in american dental schools and requirement for state licensure. A questionnaire was sent to every American dental school and each state and regional testing agency, requesting information on the teaching of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) and its inclusion in the requirements for state dental licensure. The data indicates that 81 percent of the schools teach a course in BCPR and the remaining 19 percent may do so in the future. Presently, 5 states require certification in BCPR for licensure and 17 states indicated they will require BCPR certification shortly."}
{"id": "PMID:275334", "title": "A progress report on six year's experience with a flexible, modular dental curriculum.", "content": "A flexible, modular curriculum, using self-instructional teaching packages, was implemented in 1972 with the first class of students at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. With only minor modifications in design, this program has been utilized continuously since that time. A reaction to the preconceived advantages and disadvantages of this system is presented. In general, the program has been well received, and is considered a feasible and appropriate approach to dental education.", "contents": "A progress report on six year's experience with a flexible, modular dental curriculum. A flexible, modular curriculum, using self-instructional teaching packages, was implemented in 1972 with the first class of students at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. With only minor modifications in design, this program has been utilized continuously since that time. A reaction to the preconceived advantages and disadvantages of this system is presented. In general, the program has been well received, and is considered a feasible and appropriate approach to dental education."}
{"id": "PMID:275336", "title": "Dental clinical evaluation: a review of the research.", "content": "Preclinical and clinical evaluation in dental education needs systematic study. Research on the main variables affecting reliable and valid clinical evaluation is reviewed to identify research findings applicable to clinical evaluation settings. The research reviewed shows that performance criteria should be objectively stated, that measurement scales should contain few points, and that evaluator training may improve reliability. Suggestions for the design of future evaluation studies are provided in an effort to expand the scope and usefulness of this type of research.", "contents": "Dental clinical evaluation: a review of the research. Preclinical and clinical evaluation in dental education needs systematic study. Research on the main variables affecting reliable and valid clinical evaluation is reviewed to identify research findings applicable to clinical evaluation settings. The research reviewed shows that performance criteria should be objectively stated, that measurement scales should contain few points, and that evaluator training may improve reliability. Suggestions for the design of future evaluation studies are provided in an effort to expand the scope and usefulness of this type of research."}
{"id": "PMID:275340", "title": "The University of Rochester predental program: finding and motivating potential dental students.", "content": "While many dental schools have cooperative programs with various undergraduate schools, the University of Rochester has developed a unique program that emphasizes dental career opportunities and demonstrates how dental research relates to other disciplines. Through active participation in research, predental students become more highly motivated and appreciate more fully the relationship of dentistry to other aspects of health care. Dental schools benefit from such a predental program in that they are presented with a more complete picture of the dental school candidate. In addition to his grades and biographical data, they have an indication of his interests, his creativity and how well he functions in a research environment.", "contents": "The University of Rochester predental program: finding and motivating potential dental students. While many dental schools have cooperative programs with various undergraduate schools, the University of Rochester has developed a unique program that emphasizes dental career opportunities and demonstrates how dental research relates to other disciplines. Through active participation in research, predental students become more highly motivated and appreciate more fully the relationship of dentistry to other aspects of health care. Dental schools benefit from such a predental program in that they are presented with a more complete picture of the dental school candidate. In addition to his grades and biographical data, they have an indication of his interests, his creativity and how well he functions in a research environment."}
{"id": "PMID:275346", "title": "Metastatic tumors of the hand: a report of six cases.", "content": "Six metastatic tumors of the hand of mammary, renal, pulmonary, colonic, and humeral origins are described. The areas involved were the distal phalanges, the metacarpal bones, a carpal bone, the nail bed, and the soft tissue of the dorsum of the hand. All six patients died within a few months after the metastatic lesions were diagnosed correctly. Metastases to the bone can cause destruction, pain, and swelling and may be misdiagnosed before operation as osteomyelitis. Metastases to the soft tissues tend to be asymptomatic and can closely mimic benign soft tissue tumors.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors of the hand: a report of six cases. Six metastatic tumors of the hand of mammary, renal, pulmonary, colonic, and humeral origins are described. The areas involved were the distal phalanges, the metacarpal bones, a carpal bone, the nail bed, and the soft tissue of the dorsum of the hand. All six patients died within a few months after the metastatic lesions were diagnosed correctly. Metastases to the bone can cause destruction, pain, and swelling and may be misdiagnosed before operation as osteomyelitis. Metastases to the soft tissues tend to be asymptomatic and can closely mimic benign soft tissue tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:275436", "title": "Membranes from a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma responsive to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins: regulation of adenylate cyclase and of hormone metabolism.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in particulate fractions from a transplantable rat osteogenic sarcoma was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE1 and PGE2) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Prostaglandin F2alpha was active at a high concentration (3 x 10(-4) mol/l). Pretreatment of membranes with collagenase plus hyaluronidase reduced the magnitude of the PTH effect but did not affect the size of the PGE1 effect. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate and its synthetic analogue 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) activated adenylate cyclase in particulate preparations from the osteogenic sarcoma. The latter agent produced much larger effects, although the concentrations required for half-maximal enzyme activation were the same for both agonists (approximately 2 x 10(-6) mol/l). The effects of PTH and Gpp(NH)p were supra-additive at some concentrations of hormone. The effects of PGE1 and Gpp(NH)p were supra-additive at all hormone concentrations tested. Pre-incubation of membrane particles for 6 min with PTH produced an enzyme activation which was not reversed by dilution through washing; pre-incubation with PGE1 did not produce this effect. The response of membrane adenylate cyclase to Gpp(NH)p (10(-4) mol/l) was 75% greater in preparations pre-incubated with PTH than in membranes pre-incubated in buffer alone or in buffer containing PGE1. The basal rate of cyclic AMP production in the  adenylate cyclase assay system decreased over a 35 min incubation period. This decrease was prevented by addition of PTH or PGE1. Addition of NaF or Gpp(NH)p produced a steady increase in the rate of production of cyclic AMP with time. Membrane preparations did not reduce the biological activity of PTH and did not degrade 125I-labelled PTH. The results demonstrate that the PTH- and PGE-responsive adenylate cyclases of the osteogenic sarcoma have distinctly different properties and that particulate preparations of the tumour do not metabolize PTH.", "contents": "Membranes from a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma responsive to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins: regulation of adenylate cyclase and of hormone metabolism. Adenylate cyclase activity in particulate fractions from a transplantable rat osteogenic sarcoma was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by prostaglandins E1 and E2 (PGE1 and PGE2) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Prostaglandin F2alpha was active at a high concentration (3 x 10(-4) mol/l). Pretreatment of membranes with collagenase plus hyaluronidase reduced the magnitude of the PTH effect but did not affect the size of the PGE1 effect. Guanosine 5'-triphosphate and its synthetic analogue 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) activated adenylate cyclase in particulate preparations from the osteogenic sarcoma. The latter agent produced much larger effects, although the concentrations required for half-maximal enzyme activation were the same for both agonists (approximately 2 x 10(-6) mol/l). The effects of PTH and Gpp(NH)p were supra-additive at some concentrations of hormone. The effects of PGE1 and Gpp(NH)p were supra-additive at all hormone concentrations tested. Pre-incubation of membrane particles for 6 min with PTH produced an enzyme activation which was not reversed by dilution through washing; pre-incubation with PGE1 did not produce this effect. The response of membrane adenylate cyclase to Gpp(NH)p (10(-4) mol/l) was 75% greater in preparations pre-incubated with PTH than in membranes pre-incubated in buffer alone or in buffer containing PGE1. The basal rate of cyclic AMP production in the  adenylate cyclase assay system decreased over a 35 min incubation period. This decrease was prevented by addition of PTH or PGE1. Addition of NaF or Gpp(NH)p produced a steady increase in the rate of production of cyclic AMP with time. Membrane preparations did not reduce the biological activity of PTH and did not degrade 125I-labelled PTH. The results demonstrate that the PTH- and PGE-responsive adenylate cyclases of the osteogenic sarcoma have distinctly different properties and that particulate preparations of the tumour do not metabolize PTH."}
{"id": "PMID:275471", "title": "Management of severe cerebral edema in the metabolic encephalopathy of Reye-Johnson syndrome.", "content": "Fifteen critically ill children with the diagnosis of Reye-Johnson syndrome were treated with techniques developed to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure and levels of circulating blood glucose. One child died, three sustained neurological deficit, and nine children (70%) recovered without significant neurological dysfunction. The technique developed during the period these children were treated, the indications for their use, and factors that can interfere with maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion in patients with increased intracranial pressure from metabolic encephalopathy are described. The results suggest that neurological damage in this syndrome results from neuronal injury secondary to inadequate cerebral perfusion and/or hypoglycemia, and that neurological dysfunction like hepatic dysfunction should produce minimal mortality and morbidity if cerebral perfusion and adequate levels of circulating blood glucose are sustained during the period of increased intracranial pressure and liver failure.", "contents": "Management of severe cerebral edema in the metabolic encephalopathy of Reye-Johnson syndrome. Fifteen critically ill children with the diagnosis of Reye-Johnson syndrome were treated with techniques developed to maintain adequate cerebral perfusion pressure and levels of circulating blood glucose. One child died, three sustained neurological deficit, and nine children (70%) recovered without significant neurological dysfunction. The technique developed during the period these children were treated, the indications for their use, and factors that can interfere with maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion in patients with increased intracranial pressure from metabolic encephalopathy are described. The results suggest that neurological damage in this syndrome results from neuronal injury secondary to inadequate cerebral perfusion and/or hypoglycemia, and that neurological dysfunction like hepatic dysfunction should produce minimal mortality and morbidity if cerebral perfusion and adequate levels of circulating blood glucose are sustained during the period of increased intracranial pressure and liver failure."}
{"id": "PMID:275476", "title": "Determination of N,N-dimethylindolealkylamines in plasma, blood and urine extracts by radioimmunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for N,N-dimethylindolealkylamine derivatives has been developed. It is possible to detect 200 to 700 femtomoles of 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or N,N-dimethyltryptamine in a given sample. Antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a conjugate prepared by reacting 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine with a diazotized dl-p-amino-phenylalanine bovine serum albumin conjugate. For identification of immunoreactive material high pressure liquid chromatography was used to separate these compounds from each other and from known cross-reacting compounds found in physiological specimens. After chromatography, individual fractions were analyzed by the radioimmunoassay. This combination of high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay has permitted the identification and quantification of these compounds in extracts of urine, plasma and whole blood from normal individuals.", "contents": "Determination of N,N-dimethylindolealkylamines in plasma, blood and urine extracts by radioimmunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for N,N-dimethylindolealkylamine derivatives has been developed. It is possible to detect 200 to 700 femtomoles of 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or N,N-dimethyltryptamine in a given sample. Antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with a conjugate prepared by reacting 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine with a diazotized dl-p-amino-phenylalanine bovine serum albumin conjugate. For identification of immunoreactive material high pressure liquid chromatography was used to separate these compounds from each other and from known cross-reacting compounds found in physiological specimens. After chromatography, individual fractions were analyzed by the radioimmunoassay. This combination of high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay has permitted the identification and quantification of these compounds in extracts of urine, plasma and whole blood from normal individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:275517", "title": "Acute leukemia following cyclophosphamide therapy for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "A fatal myeloproliferative syndrome diagnosed as subacute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome following treatment with cyclophosphamide. Although patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome have a recognized increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly reticulum cell sarcoma, there is no evidence to support a similar predisposition to leukemia. As immunosuppressive therapy is becoming more common in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, there have been recent reports of patients developing fatal myeloproliferative disorders after receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Review of these cases shows similar duration of therapy, and cyclophosphamide, among others, has been implicated as the leukemogenic agent in other patients. We feel that great caution should be exercised in the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with chronic, nonfatal disorders sich as rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "Acute leukemia following cyclophosphamide therapy for Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A fatal myeloproliferative syndrome diagnosed as subacute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in a patient with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome following treatment with cyclophosphamide. Although patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome have a recognized increased risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly reticulum cell sarcoma, there is no evidence to support a similar predisposition to leukemia. As immunosuppressive therapy is becoming more common in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, there have been recent reports of patients developing fatal myeloproliferative disorders after receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Review of these cases shows similar duration of therapy, and cyclophosphamide, among others, has been implicated as the leukemogenic agent in other patients. We feel that great caution should be exercised in the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with chronic, nonfatal disorders sich as rheumatoid arthritis and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:275528", "title": "Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a five-year experience.", "content": "The case histories of all patients for whom the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) was made over a five-year period at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science were studied. There were 34 patients with a median age of 47.5 years. Adequate follow-up was obtained on 33 patients, and their median survival was 5.4 months. The remission rate was 77% in the under-30 years age group, but only 15% in the over-30 years age group. The median duration of remission was 24 months while the median survival of remitters has not yet been reached. The median survival of non-remitters was two months with 100% being dead at 12-3 months. Of 20 patients without remission, seven died of haemorrhage and/or infection before an adequate trial of therapy had been completed, while nine patients had \"adequate\" intensive therapy but failed to achieve remission.", "contents": "Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a five-year experience. The case histories of all patients for whom the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) was made over a five-year period at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science were studied. There were 34 patients with a median age of 47.5 years. Adequate follow-up was obtained on 33 patients, and their median survival was 5.4 months. The remission rate was 77% in the under-30 years age group, but only 15% in the over-30 years age group. The median duration of remission was 24 months while the median survival of remitters has not yet been reached. The median survival of non-remitters was two months with 100% being dead at 12-3 months. Of 20 patients without remission, seven died of haemorrhage and/or infection before an adequate trial of therapy had been completed, while nine patients had \"adequate\" intensive therapy but failed to achieve remission."}
{"id": "PMID:275531", "title": "Positive monospot tests preceding the diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia in two adolescents.", "content": "The early detection and treatment of two cases of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) was hampered by the presence of positive slide tests for infectious mononucleosis (IM). This assumes great importance with the recent development of specific therapy, effective for certain subtypes of nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Positive monospot tests preceding the diagnosis of acute monocytic leukemia in two adolescents. The early detection and treatment of two cases of acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) was hampered by the presence of positive slide tests for infectious mononucleosis (IM). This assumes great importance with the recent development of specific therapy, effective for certain subtypes of nonlymphocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:275532", "title": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC-119875) in childhood malignancies: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Children with malignancies resistant to conventional therapy were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (PDD), 15 to 20 mg/m2, given daily by rapid intravenous infusion for 5 days at 3-wk intervals. Eleven of 24 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) received two or more courses; among these no remissions occurred. Fifty-four children with solid tumors were treated: 25 neuroblastoma, 9 rhabdomyosarcoma, 4 Ewing sarcoma, 2 testicular embryonal carcinoma, 2 retinoblastoma, and 12 miscellaneous tumors. One complete remission, 3 partial remissions, and 2 improvements were observed in children with neuroblastoma. One girl with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma achieved a partial remission. One child with metastatic testicular embryonal carcinoma showed improvement. The side effects were vomiting controlled by antiemetics in 26 children and transient elevations of serum creatinine and BUN in 14 children. Nineteen of 39 children with solid tumors, who received more than one course of PDD, had moderately severe myelosuppression caused by PDD. In summary, PDD is a promising agent in neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and testicular embryonal carcinoma, and an ineffective agent in ALL. The effect of PDD on other types of solid tumors should be evaluated in the future.", "contents": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (NSC-119875) in childhood malignancies: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Children with malignancies resistant to conventional therapy were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (PDD), 15 to 20 mg/m2, given daily by rapid intravenous infusion for 5 days at 3-wk intervals. Eleven of 24 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) received two or more courses; among these no remissions occurred. Fifty-four children with solid tumors were treated: 25 neuroblastoma, 9 rhabdomyosarcoma, 4 Ewing sarcoma, 2 testicular embryonal carcinoma, 2 retinoblastoma, and 12 miscellaneous tumors. One complete remission, 3 partial remissions, and 2 improvements were observed in children with neuroblastoma. One girl with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma achieved a partial remission. One child with metastatic testicular embryonal carcinoma showed improvement. The side effects were vomiting controlled by antiemetics in 26 children and transient elevations of serum creatinine and BUN in 14 children. Nineteen of 39 children with solid tumors, who received more than one course of PDD, had moderately severe myelosuppression caused by PDD. In summary, PDD is a promising agent in neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and testicular embryonal carcinoma, and an ineffective agent in ALL. The effect of PDD on other types of solid tumors should be evaluated in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:275533", "title": "Blastic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia: experience with 50 patients.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia were evaluated clinically, morphologically, biochemically, and therapeutically. Forty-five patients had a preceding stable phase (38 Ph'+, 7 Ph'-); five patients presented with de novo Ph+ blast crisis. The most frequent clinical signs of impending blast crisis were weakness, fatigue, increasing splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, marrow fibrosis, and a rising neutrophil alkaline phosphatase. Fever (unrelated to infection), skin infiltration, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, thrombocytosis, and basophilia were much less common. The development of aneuploidy occurred in less than one-half of the total group. Myeloblastic morphology at blastic transformation was most frequent with occasional lymphoblastic, promyelocytic, and undifferentiated cases seen. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was present in one-third of the patients, but had no clear-cut relationship to the morphology. Response to treatment was generally disappointing (two complete and 15 partial remissions in 45 treated patients).", "contents": "Blastic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia: experience with 50 patients. Fifty consecutive patients with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia were evaluated clinically, morphologically, biochemically, and therapeutically. Forty-five patients had a preceding stable phase (38 Ph'+, 7 Ph'-); five patients presented with de novo Ph+ blast crisis. The most frequent clinical signs of impending blast crisis were weakness, fatigue, increasing splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, marrow fibrosis, and a rising neutrophil alkaline phosphatase. Fever (unrelated to infection), skin infiltration, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, thrombocytosis, and basophilia were much less common. The development of aneuploidy occurred in less than one-half of the total group. Myeloblastic morphology at blastic transformation was most frequent with occasional lymphoblastic, promyelocytic, and undifferentiated cases seen. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase was present in one-third of the patients, but had no clear-cut relationship to the morphology. Response to treatment was generally disappointing (two complete and 15 partial remissions in 45 treated patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:275534", "title": "Repeated use of L-asparaginase in multi-drug therapy of childhood leukemia.", "content": "The capacity of 1-asparaginase in two separate schedules (consecutive and intermittent), along with vincristine and prednisone to produce multiple responses, was evaluated in previously treated children with acute leukemia in relapse. The response rates varied inversely with previous 1-asparaginase exposure. A history of prior resistance to prednisone and vincristine appeared to reduce the response rate. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 14%.", "contents": "Repeated use of L-asparaginase in multi-drug therapy of childhood leukemia. The capacity of 1-asparaginase in two separate schedules (consecutive and intermittent), along with vincristine and prednisone to produce multiple responses, was evaluated in previously treated children with acute leukemia in relapse. The response rates varied inversely with previous 1-asparaginase exposure. A history of prior resistance to prednisone and vincristine appeared to reduce the response rate. Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 14%."}
{"id": "PMID:275537", "title": "[So-called Pindborg's tumor: calcifying odontogenic epithelial tumor].", "content": "A case of Pindborg's tumour or calcifying odontogenous epithelial tumour in the included +3 of a young girl is presented. The histogenetic explanation given by the first workers to the earliest cases--origin in residues of the enamel organic matrix--is accepted as the most probable, though it is pointed out that the small number of reported cases make doubt and uncertainty inevitable. An interesting point about the case is that its clinical course was followed for several years after surgery.", "contents": "[So-called Pindborg's tumor: calcifying odontogenic epithelial tumor]. A case of Pindborg's tumour or calcifying odontogenous epithelial tumour in the included +3 of a young girl is presented. The histogenetic explanation given by the first workers to the earliest cases--origin in residues of the enamel organic matrix--is accepted as the most probable, though it is pointed out that the small number of reported cases make doubt and uncertainty inevitable. An interesting point about the case is that its clinical course was followed for several years after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:275538", "title": "[Fractures of the orbito-zygomatico-malar complex].", "content": "Reference is made to the increasing number and severity of orbito-zygomatico-malar fractures brought about by the greater number of vehicles on the orads and their higher speeds. Fracture lines in such cases very considerably. An account is given of the therapeutical approaches usually followed at the Parma University Odontostomatological Clinic, based on experience acquired in 275 cases.", "contents": "[Fractures of the orbito-zygomatico-malar complex]. Reference is made to the increasing number and severity of orbito-zygomatico-malar fractures brought about by the greater number of vehicles on the orads and their higher speeds. Fracture lines in such cases very considerably. An account is given of the therapeutical approaches usually followed at the Parma University Odontostomatological Clinic, based on experience acquired in 275 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:275642", "title": "Progress of infants fed Karitane Milk Food compared with those on breast or homogenised milk.", "content": "A study was made of three groups of babies, one breast fed, one having Karitane Milk Food, the third homogenised milk. Blood sodium and urea were measured in the neonatal period. The urea levels were significantly higher in babies having homogenised milk compared with those fed Karitane or breast milk. Haemoglobin was measured in the neonatal period, and at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 18 months. At six months, haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in Karitane milk fed than in homogenised milk fed babies. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in cord blood, and at 6 and 18 months of age. Serum triglyceride levels in babies on Karitane Milk Food were significantly higher than those on homogenised milk. Increments in weight, height and head circumference were compared. Karitane milk fed babies gained significantly more weight than breast fed between three and six months of age.", "contents": "Progress of infants fed Karitane Milk Food compared with those on breast or homogenised milk. A study was made of three groups of babies, one breast fed, one having Karitane Milk Food, the third homogenised milk. Blood sodium and urea were measured in the neonatal period. The urea levels were significantly higher in babies having homogenised milk compared with those fed Karitane or breast milk. Haemoglobin was measured in the neonatal period, and at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 18 months. At six months, haemoglobin levels were significantly higher in Karitane milk fed than in homogenised milk fed babies. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in cord blood, and at 6 and 18 months of age. Serum triglyceride levels in babies on Karitane Milk Food were significantly higher than those on homogenised milk. Increments in weight, height and head circumference were compared. Karitane milk fed babies gained significantly more weight than breast fed between three and six months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:275643", "title": "Cardiac rhythm problems in subarachnoid haemorrhage: report of two patients.", "content": "Two patients were admitted with the provisional diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. Both patients had lumbar punctures and the final diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage with complicating cardiac arrhythmias was made in both cases.", "contents": "Cardiac rhythm problems in subarachnoid haemorrhage: report of two patients. Two patients were admitted with the provisional diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. Both patients had lumbar punctures and the final diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage with complicating cardiac arrhythmias was made in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:275647", "title": "A two year follow-up of a hypertension screening programme Napier 1973-1975.", "content": "Two years after a hypertension screening survey conducted at Napier in 1973 the blood pressure levels of 350 adults were re-examined. The sample comprised 152 persons previously referred for investigation because of high blood pressure detected during the 1973 survey, a matched control group of 146 normotensives and a small supplementary control group. Of the 152 persons in the referred group 31 (20.4%) were under medical supervision at the time of the 1973 survey, 89 (58.5%) attended a doctor within the next 12 months and 32 (21.1%) took no further action. Two years later the 31 cases previously under medical supervision had remained on therapy but only 43 of the 89 new cases were receiving treatment at the time of re-examination. More than 50% of the cases in the referred group showed a decrease in the mean systolic pressure of 10mmHg or greater over the two-year period compared with 20.5% of the normotensive control group. Only 32% of referred cases were regarded as effectively controlled at the time of re-examination ie had mean systolic pressures less than 160mmHg and mean diastolic pressures less than 95mmHg. The low level of effective control resulting from the earlier survey casts further doubt on the value of mass screening procedures for hypertension.", "contents": "A two year follow-up of a hypertension screening programme Napier 1973-1975. Two years after a hypertension screening survey conducted at Napier in 1973 the blood pressure levels of 350 adults were re-examined. The sample comprised 152 persons previously referred for investigation because of high blood pressure detected during the 1973 survey, a matched control group of 146 normotensives and a small supplementary control group. Of the 152 persons in the referred group 31 (20.4%) were under medical supervision at the time of the 1973 survey, 89 (58.5%) attended a doctor within the next 12 months and 32 (21.1%) took no further action. Two years later the 31 cases previously under medical supervision had remained on therapy but only 43 of the 89 new cases were receiving treatment at the time of re-examination. More than 50% of the cases in the referred group showed a decrease in the mean systolic pressure of 10mmHg or greater over the two-year period compared with 20.5% of the normotensive control group. Only 32% of referred cases were regarded as effectively controlled at the time of re-examination ie had mean systolic pressures less than 160mmHg and mean diastolic pressures less than 95mmHg. The low level of effective control resulting from the earlier survey casts further doubt on the value of mass screening procedures for hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:275648", "title": "Cigarette smoking habits, attitudes and associated social factors in adolescents.", "content": "Cigarette smoking habits and attitudes and associated social factors of 997 third and fourth form pupils were studied, using an interviewer administered questionnaire, in two co-educational secondary schools as part of a smoking intervention programme. Overall, 32 percent of the pupils were regular smokers with 15% smoking more than two cigarettes per day. The majority of smokers began smoking before secondary school; boys started earlier than girls,nd heavy smokers earlier than light smokers. The commonest reason for giving up smoking was personal dislike. Heavy smokers were more likely to have respiratory symptoms than other pupils. The smoking habits of the pupils were related to those of their parents, siblings and friends. The majority of pupils thought cigarette smoking bad for their health irrespective of their own smoking habits.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking habits, attitudes and associated social factors in adolescents. Cigarette smoking habits and attitudes and associated social factors of 997 third and fourth form pupils were studied, using an interviewer administered questionnaire, in two co-educational secondary schools as part of a smoking intervention programme. Overall, 32 percent of the pupils were regular smokers with 15% smoking more than two cigarettes per day. The majority of smokers began smoking before secondary school; boys started earlier than girls,nd heavy smokers earlier than light smokers. The commonest reason for giving up smoking was personal dislike. Heavy smokers were more likely to have respiratory symptoms than other pupils. The smoking habits of the pupils were related to those of their parents, siblings and friends. The majority of pupils thought cigarette smoking bad for their health irrespective of their own smoking habits."}
{"id": "PMID:275649", "title": "Poisoning, burns, and other accidents experienced by a thousand Dunedin three year olds: a report from the Dunedin multidisciplinary child development study.", "content": "Poisoning, burns, and other accidents experienced by 1037 Dunedin children during their first three years of life are described. 7.8% of the children ingested poison, 4.9% were burned, and 21.4% experienced other accidents for which medical advice was sought. The children who had been poisoned were of significantly lower intelligence than the remainder although those who had had other accidents did not differ significantly in this respect. The mothers of children poisoned or who had had accidents were not significantly different from the remainder in terms of general mental ability or training in child development.", "contents": "Poisoning, burns, and other accidents experienced by a thousand Dunedin three year olds: a report from the Dunedin multidisciplinary child development study. Poisoning, burns, and other accidents experienced by 1037 Dunedin children during their first three years of life are described. 7.8% of the children ingested poison, 4.9% were burned, and 21.4% experienced other accidents for which medical advice was sought. The children who had been poisoned were of significantly lower intelligence than the remainder although those who had had other accidents did not differ significantly in this respect. The mothers of children poisoned or who had had accidents were not significantly different from the remainder in terms of general mental ability or training in child development."}
{"id": "PMID:275650", "title": "Experience with a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol.", "content": "Fifteen hypertensive patients with well controlled blood pressure on antihypertensive regiments consisting of a diuretic (in all but one) and a thrice-daily regimen of oxprenolol, were switched to an equal total daily dose of slow-release oxprenolol given once daily. Other drugs were continued unchanged. Observations on blood pressure and heart rate during half-day tests (lying, standing and post-exercise) indicated a little loss of control of the blood pressure towards the end of the 24-hour period when the next daily dose was due. Ectopic beats associated with exertion were observed more frequently at the end of the 24-hour period. Maximum advantage would seem to be gained by giving slow-release oxprenolol as a twice daily regimen with two-thirds of the daily dose in the morning and one-third at night.", "contents": "Experience with a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol. Fifteen hypertensive patients with well controlled blood pressure on antihypertensive regiments consisting of a diuretic (in all but one) and a thrice-daily regimen of oxprenolol, were switched to an equal total daily dose of slow-release oxprenolol given once daily. Other drugs were continued unchanged. Observations on blood pressure and heart rate during half-day tests (lying, standing and post-exercise) indicated a little loss of control of the blood pressure towards the end of the 24-hour period when the next daily dose was due. Ectopic beats associated with exertion were observed more frequently at the end of the 24-hour period. Maximum advantage would seem to be gained by giving slow-release oxprenolol as a twice daily regimen with two-thirds of the daily dose in the morning and one-third at night."}
{"id": "PMID:275655", "title": "Medical rehabilitation unit--Palmerston North, the first four years.", "content": "The first four years of the Palmerston NORTH Medical Rehabilitation Unit are described. Reference is given to buildings, patients and staff considerations and organisation of the Unit. The outcome of the Unit's activities are discussed. Evaluation is attempted. Attention is drawn to the value of work assessment in a hospital setting.", "contents": "Medical rehabilitation unit--Palmerston North, the first four years. The first four years of the Palmerston NORTH Medical Rehabilitation Unit are described. Reference is given to buildings, patients and staff considerations and organisation of the Unit. The outcome of the Unit's activities are discussed. Evaluation is attempted. Attention is drawn to the value of work assessment in a hospital setting."}
{"id": "PMID:275656", "title": "A controlled smoking intervention programme in secondary schools.", "content": "This paper reports the result of an attempt to modify the cigarette smoking habits and attitudes of third and fourth form secondary school pupils. Baseline data was collected in two schools using an interviewer administered questionnaire. In one school a new intervention programme based on curriculum development was introduced. The other school had routine anti-smoking education only. The smoking habits and attitudes of the pupils were remeasured after seven months. In neither school was there a change in either smoking habits or attitudes. The implications of these results for future health education programmes are discussed.", "contents": "A controlled smoking intervention programme in secondary schools. This paper reports the result of an attempt to modify the cigarette smoking habits and attitudes of third and fourth form secondary school pupils. Baseline data was collected in two schools using an interviewer administered questionnaire. In one school a new intervention programme based on curriculum development was introduced. The other school had routine anti-smoking education only. The smoking habits and attitudes of the pupils were remeasured after seven months. In neither school was there a change in either smoking habits or attitudes. The implications of these results for future health education programmes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275657", "title": "A family with a high incidence of cancer.", "content": "Five generations of a family have been studied. A high number have been found to have had cancer. Although the cancers have been mainly colon and rectum they have not been confined to the large bowel. Nineteen members of the family are under the age of 20. The management of these members is discussed.", "contents": "A family with a high incidence of cancer. Five generations of a family have been studied. A high number have been found to have had cancer. Although the cancers have been mainly colon and rectum they have not been confined to the large bowel. Nineteen members of the family are under the age of 20. The management of these members is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275786", "title": "The activity of methyl benzoquate and clopidol against Eimeria maxima: synergy and drug resistance.", "content": "Synergy between clopidol and methyl benzoquate against Eimeria maxima was shown to be supra-additive. Collateral sensitivity to these drugs could not be demonstrated in resistant lines of this parasite. Resistance to methyl benzoquate and clopidol was not transferred when lines of E. maxima, resistant to the respective drugs, were propagated together. The failure to demonstrate this phenomenon was judged not to be due to synergy between the drugs. Attempts to induce simultaneous was readily acquired by a line of E. maxima resistant to clopidol. Induced resistance to clopidol in a methyl benzoquate-resistant line required numerous passages.", "contents": "The activity of methyl benzoquate and clopidol against Eimeria maxima: synergy and drug resistance. Synergy between clopidol and methyl benzoquate against Eimeria maxima was shown to be supra-additive. Collateral sensitivity to these drugs could not be demonstrated in resistant lines of this parasite. Resistance to methyl benzoquate and clopidol was not transferred when lines of E. maxima, resistant to the respective drugs, were propagated together. The failure to demonstrate this phenomenon was judged not to be due to synergy between the drugs. Attempts to induce simultaneous was readily acquired by a line of E. maxima resistant to clopidol. Induced resistance to clopidol in a methyl benzoquate-resistant line required numerous passages."}
{"id": "PMID:275794", "title": "[Anaemia induced by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency: diagnostic value of the \"dU suppression\" test (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"dU suppression\" test, studying thymine-DNA synthesis from deoxyuridine is abnormal in folate and vitamin B12 deficiency, these two vitamins being involved in this reaction. We have done it in 7 cases of anaemia by folate deficiency, 12 cases of anaemia by vitamin B12 deficiency, in 3 cases of combined deficiency, in 3 cases of acute myelo\u00efd leukaemia, 2 cases of sideroblastic anaemia and 2 cases of intoxication by antifolate. This test is very sensitive: it is abnormal even when there is an anaemia related to a vitamin deficiency with only very light morphologic abnormalities and can discriminate the cases, mainly in myelodysplastic syndromes, where folate deficiency is only an epiphenomen in the genesis of anaemia. The abnormalities of the \"dU suppression\" are quite corrected by added folate derivatives in folate deficiency. However, cobalamin derivatives did not correct completely the test in vitamin B12 deficiency except when a folate compound is also added. The \"dU suppression\" test becomes normal about one week after starting vitaminotherapy in vitamin B12 deficiency.", "contents": "[Anaemia induced by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency: diagnostic value of the \"dU suppression\" test (author's transl)]. The \"dU suppression\" test, studying thymine-DNA synthesis from deoxyuridine is abnormal in folate and vitamin B12 deficiency, these two vitamins being involved in this reaction. We have done it in 7 cases of anaemia by folate deficiency, 12 cases of anaemia by vitamin B12 deficiency, in 3 cases of combined deficiency, in 3 cases of acute myelo\u00efd leukaemia, 2 cases of sideroblastic anaemia and 2 cases of intoxication by antifolate. This test is very sensitive: it is abnormal even when there is an anaemia related to a vitamin deficiency with only very light morphologic abnormalities and can discriminate the cases, mainly in myelodysplastic syndromes, where folate deficiency is only an epiphenomen in the genesis of anaemia. The abnormalities of the \"dU suppression\" are quite corrected by added folate derivatives in folate deficiency. However, cobalamin derivatives did not correct completely the test in vitamin B12 deficiency except when a folate compound is also added. The \"dU suppression\" test becomes normal about one week after starting vitaminotherapy in vitamin B12 deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:275825", "title": "Sugar pucker geometries at the intercalation site of propidium diiodide into miniature RNA and DNA duplexes in solution.", "content": "We have evaluated the sugar pucker geometry at the intercalation site of propidium diiodide into the self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphate duplexes cytidylylguanosine and deoxycytidylyldeoxyguanosine as a function of the nucleotide/drug ratio in aqueous solution. Our solution results support the observation by Sobell and coworkers [Sobell, H.M., Tsai, C.C., Jain, S.C. & Gilbert, S.G. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 114, 333--365] of a C3' endo (3'-5')C2' endo sugar pucker geometry in the 2:2 intercalation complex of ethidium bromide into the iodocytidylylguanosine duplex in the crystalline state. We demonstrate further that the mixed sugar pucker observed for the intercalation of propidium diiodide into the miniature RNA duplex in solution persists in the intercalative complex of this trypanocidal drug into the corresponding miniature DNA duplex in solution.", "contents": "Sugar pucker geometries at the intercalation site of propidium diiodide into miniature RNA and DNA duplexes in solution. We have evaluated the sugar pucker geometry at the intercalation site of propidium diiodide into the self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphate duplexes cytidylylguanosine and deoxycytidylyldeoxyguanosine as a function of the nucleotide/drug ratio in aqueous solution. Our solution results support the observation by Sobell and coworkers [Sobell, H.M., Tsai, C.C., Jain, S.C. & Gilbert, S.G. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 114, 333--365] of a C3' endo (3'-5')C2' endo sugar pucker geometry in the 2:2 intercalation complex of ethidium bromide into the iodocytidylylguanosine duplex in the crystalline state. We demonstrate further that the mixed sugar pucker observed for the intercalation of propidium diiodide into the miniature RNA duplex in solution persists in the intercalative complex of this trypanocidal drug into the corresponding miniature DNA duplex in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:275826", "title": "Charge stabilization mechanism in the visual and purple membrane pigments.", "content": "The effects of charged groups of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin on the potential energy surface of their chromophore are examined, taking into account the protein dielectric effect. It is found that the barriers for twisting double bonds of an isolated chromophore can be drastically reduced when the chromophore interacts with the protein charges. New types of local minima are found in the ground-state potential surface of the protein-chromophore complex. These minima correspond to \"charge-stabilized intermediates\" which are formed when a shift of the chromophore positive charge to the ring is stabilized by the ionization of a properly placed acidic group of the protein and by partial alternation of the bond lengths of the chromophore. It is suggested that the absorption of light by rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin may be used not only for isomerization about double bonds, but also for trapping such charge-stabilized intermediates. Thus, for example, it is concluded that prelumirhodopsin might be still in the cis configuration. Both the mechanism of the proton pump system of the purple membrane and the dark reaction of the visual and purple membrane pigments are considered. The connection between the finding of the present work and the mechanism of storage of light energy in photobiology is indicated.", "contents": "Charge stabilization mechanism in the visual and purple membrane pigments. The effects of charged groups of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin on the potential energy surface of their chromophore are examined, taking into account the protein dielectric effect. It is found that the barriers for twisting double bonds of an isolated chromophore can be drastically reduced when the chromophore interacts with the protein charges. New types of local minima are found in the ground-state potential surface of the protein-chromophore complex. These minima correspond to \"charge-stabilized intermediates\" which are formed when a shift of the chromophore positive charge to the ring is stabilized by the ionization of a properly placed acidic group of the protein and by partial alternation of the bond lengths of the chromophore. It is suggested that the absorption of light by rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin may be used not only for isomerization about double bonds, but also for trapping such charge-stabilized intermediates. Thus, for example, it is concluded that prelumirhodopsin might be still in the cis configuration. Both the mechanism of the proton pump system of the purple membrane and the dark reaction of the visual and purple membrane pigments are considered. The connection between the finding of the present work and the mechanism of storage of light energy in photobiology is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:275827", "title": "The beta bulge: a common small unit of nonrepetitive protein structure.", "content": "A beta bulge is a region between two consecutive beta-type hydrogen bonds which includes two residues (positions 1 and 2) on one strand opposite a single residue (position x) on the other strand. Compared to regular beta structure, a beta bulge puts the usual alternation of side-chain direction out of register on one of the strands, introduces a slight bend in the beta sheet, and locally accentuates the usual right-handed strand twist. Almost all beta bulges are between antiparallel strands, usually between a narrow rather than a wide pair of hydrogen bonds. Ninety-one examples are listed. The two commonest types are the \"classic\" beta bulge, with position 1 in approximately alpha-helical conformation, and the \"G1\" beta bulge, with a required glycine at position 1 in approximately left-handed alpha-helical conformation, G1 bulges almost always occur in combination with a type II tight turn. The functional roles of beta bulges probably include compensating for the effects of a single-residue insertion or deletion within beta structure and providing the strong local twist required for form closed beta barrel structures.", "contents": "The beta bulge: a common small unit of nonrepetitive protein structure. A beta bulge is a region between two consecutive beta-type hydrogen bonds which includes two residues (positions 1 and 2) on one strand opposite a single residue (position x) on the other strand. Compared to regular beta structure, a beta bulge puts the usual alternation of side-chain direction out of register on one of the strands, introduces a slight bend in the beta sheet, and locally accentuates the usual right-handed strand twist. Almost all beta bulges are between antiparallel strands, usually between a narrow rather than a wide pair of hydrogen bonds. Ninety-one examples are listed. The two commonest types are the \"classic\" beta bulge, with position 1 in approximately alpha-helical conformation, and the \"G1\" beta bulge, with a required glycine at position 1 in approximately left-handed alpha-helical conformation, G1 bulges almost always occur in combination with a type II tight turn. The functional roles of beta bulges probably include compensating for the effects of a single-residue insertion or deletion within beta structure and providing the strong local twist required for form closed beta barrel structures."}
{"id": "PMID:275828", "title": "Insulin binding to solubilized material from fat cell membranes: evidence for two binding species.", "content": "The components of fat cell membranes responsible for the binding of insulin were solubilized by treatment with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. By using a polyethylene glycol precipitation method to assay specific insulin binding, the soluble preparation was shown to have insulin-binding characteristics similar to those of intact fat cells. Further studies of this preparation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of (125)I-labeled insulin demonstrated two distinct insulin binding activities, designated species I and II. The two species were separated by electrophoresis in the absence of iodo-labeled hormone and eluted from the gel. Scatchard analysis of the insulin binding data for species I showed a curvilinear plot with the initial portion having a K(d) of 1.3 x 10(-10) M. The Scatchard plot for species II was linear with a K(d) of 6.0 x 10(-9) M. Desoctapeptide insulin and glucagon failed to compete for the insulin-binding sites in both species whereas desalanine insulin was an effective competitor. High concentrations of proinsulin competed with the iodo-labeled hormone for binding to species I but not to species II. In the presence of a low concentration of (125)I-labeled insulin (0.3 nM) some species I activity appeared to be converted to species II activity; there was no evidence of interconversion between the two species in the absence of insulin. Neither species degraded insulin as measured by trichloroacetic acid precipitation or rebinding to intact fat cells. These findings indicate the existence in the adipocyte plasma membrane of two insulin-binding species that have distinct physicochemical properties.", "contents": "Insulin binding to solubilized material from fat cell membranes: evidence for two binding species. The components of fat cell membranes responsible for the binding of insulin were solubilized by treatment with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. By using a polyethylene glycol precipitation method to assay specific insulin binding, the soluble preparation was shown to have insulin-binding characteristics similar to those of intact fat cells. Further studies of this preparation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of (125)I-labeled insulin demonstrated two distinct insulin binding activities, designated species I and II. The two species were separated by electrophoresis in the absence of iodo-labeled hormone and eluted from the gel. Scatchard analysis of the insulin binding data for species I showed a curvilinear plot with the initial portion having a K(d) of 1.3 x 10(-10) M. The Scatchard plot for species II was linear with a K(d) of 6.0 x 10(-9) M. Desoctapeptide insulin and glucagon failed to compete for the insulin-binding sites in both species whereas desalanine insulin was an effective competitor. High concentrations of proinsulin competed with the iodo-labeled hormone for binding to species I but not to species II. In the presence of a low concentration of (125)I-labeled insulin (0.3 nM) some species I activity appeared to be converted to species II activity; there was no evidence of interconversion between the two species in the absence of insulin. Neither species degraded insulin as measured by trichloroacetic acid precipitation or rebinding to intact fat cells. These findings indicate the existence in the adipocyte plasma membrane of two insulin-binding species that have distinct physicochemical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:275829", "title": "Phage T4 endonuclease V stimulates DNA repair replication in isolated nuclei from ultraviolet-irradiated human cells, including xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.", "content": "The repair mode of DNA replication has been demonstrated in isolated nuclei from UV-irradiated human cells. Nuclei are incubated in a mixture containing [(3)H]thymidine triphosphate and bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate in a 1:5 ratio. The (3)H at the density of parental DNA in alkaline CsCl density gradients is then a measure of repair. In nuclei prepared from WI38 cells 30 min after irradiation, repair replication is UV dependent and proceeds at approximately the in vivo rate for 5 min. Repair replication is reduced in irradiated nuclei or in nuclei prepared immediately after irradiation. It is Mg(2+)-dependent and stimulated by added ATP and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. No repair replication is observed in nuclei from xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group A) cells. However, upon addition of coliphage T4 endonuclease V, which specifically nicks DNA containing pyrimidine dimers, repair replication is observed in nuclei from irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum cells and is stimulated in WI38 nuclei. The reaction then persists for an hour and is dependent upon added ATP and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The repair label is in stretches of roughly 35 nucleotides, as it is in intact cells. Added pancreatic DNase does not promote UV-dependent repair synthesis. Our results support the view that xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells are defective in the incision step of the DNA excision repair pathway, and demonstrate the utility of this system for probing DNA repair mechanisms.", "contents": "Phage T4 endonuclease V stimulates DNA repair replication in isolated nuclei from ultraviolet-irradiated human cells, including xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. The repair mode of DNA replication has been demonstrated in isolated nuclei from UV-irradiated human cells. Nuclei are incubated in a mixture containing [(3)H]thymidine triphosphate and bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate in a 1:5 ratio. The (3)H at the density of parental DNA in alkaline CsCl density gradients is then a measure of repair. In nuclei prepared from WI38 cells 30 min after irradiation, repair replication is UV dependent and proceeds at approximately the in vivo rate for 5 min. Repair replication is reduced in irradiated nuclei or in nuclei prepared immediately after irradiation. It is Mg(2+)-dependent and stimulated by added ATP and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. No repair replication is observed in nuclei from xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group A) cells. However, upon addition of coliphage T4 endonuclease V, which specifically nicks DNA containing pyrimidine dimers, repair replication is observed in nuclei from irradiated xeroderma pigmentosum cells and is stimulated in WI38 nuclei. The reaction then persists for an hour and is dependent upon added ATP and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The repair label is in stretches of roughly 35 nucleotides, as it is in intact cells. Added pancreatic DNase does not promote UV-dependent repair synthesis. Our results support the view that xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells are defective in the incision step of the DNA excision repair pathway, and demonstrate the utility of this system for probing DNA repair mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:275830", "title": "Identification of 5,8-oxyretinoic acid isolated from small intestine of vitamin A-deficient rats dosed with retinoic acid.", "content": "A retinoid was isolated by a multistep procedure from the small intestines of vitamin A-deficient rats given a single dose of retinoic acid. The compound, designated 8II, was pure, as demonstrated by four high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures. It was positively identified as 5,8-oxyretinoic acid by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and spectral and chromatographic comparison to known compounds. It is probable that 5,8-oxyretinoic acid was produced from 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid under the acidic conditions used in the isolation. It is highly probable, therefore, that the natural product is 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid.", "contents": "Identification of 5,8-oxyretinoic acid isolated from small intestine of vitamin A-deficient rats dosed with retinoic acid. A retinoid was isolated by a multistep procedure from the small intestines of vitamin A-deficient rats given a single dose of retinoic acid. The compound, designated 8II, was pure, as demonstrated by four high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedures. It was positively identified as 5,8-oxyretinoic acid by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and spectral and chromatographic comparison to known compounds. It is probable that 5,8-oxyretinoic acid was produced from 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid under the acidic conditions used in the isolation. It is highly probable, therefore, that the natural product is 5,6-epoxyretinoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:275831", "title": "Purification of the tetrodotoxin-binding component associated with the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from Electrophorus electricus electroplax membranes.", "content": "The tetrodotoxin-binding component associated with the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from electroplax  membranes of Electrophorus electricus has been purified. The toxin-binding site could be efficiently solubilized with Lubrol-PX, resulting in an extract of high initial specific activity. Purification was facilitated by the development of a rapid, quantitative binding assay. The binding component was stabilized during purification by the use of mixed lipid/detergent micelles of defined composition, and by the saturation of the site with tetrodotoxin. The purification was achieved by means of a highly selective adsorption of the toxin-binding component to DEASE-Sephadex A-25, followed by desorption at high ionic strength and chromatography over Sepharose 6B. Final peak specific activities were at least 50% of the specific activity expected for a pure, undenatured toxin-binding componenet of 230,000 molecular weight. The purified material exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 8 S and an unusual Stokes radius of 95 A. Purified material showed a relatively simple pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being comprised of only three polypeptides.", "contents": "Purification of the tetrodotoxin-binding component associated with the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from Electrophorus electricus electroplax membranes. The tetrodotoxin-binding component associated with the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from electroplax  membranes of Electrophorus electricus has been purified. The toxin-binding site could be efficiently solubilized with Lubrol-PX, resulting in an extract of high initial specific activity. Purification was facilitated by the development of a rapid, quantitative binding assay. The binding component was stabilized during purification by the use of mixed lipid/detergent micelles of defined composition, and by the saturation of the site with tetrodotoxin. The purification was achieved by means of a highly selective adsorption of the toxin-binding component to DEASE-Sephadex A-25, followed by desorption at high ionic strength and chromatography over Sepharose 6B. Final peak specific activities were at least 50% of the specific activity expected for a pure, undenatured toxin-binding componenet of 230,000 molecular weight. The purified material exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 8 S and an unusual Stokes radius of 95 A. Purified material showed a relatively simple pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being comprised of only three polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:275832", "title": "Peroxidized coelenterazine, the active group in the photoprotein aequorin.", "content": "The photoprotein aequorin emits light by an intramolecular reaction when Ca2+ is added under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Previously reported evidence has indicated two possibilities: (i) the functional group of aequorin is coelenterazine itself, a compond that plays key roles in the bioluminescence of various other types of organisms, or (ii) it is the enolized form of this compound. Present data rule out both of these possibilities, through elucidation of the structure of the yellow compound that is split off aequorin by treatment with NaHSO3. The yellow compound is now shown to be a tertiary alcohol of coelenterazine on the basis of chemical reactions, mass spectral data, and relationships to known derivatives of coelenterazine. From this structure and the method of forming the yellow compound from aequorin, aequorin evidently contains a peroxide of coelenterazine as the active group. The presence of such a peroxide is consistent with the fact that aequorin yields free coelenterazine upon treatment with Na2S2O4. Although there is no applicable technique at present to determine with assurance the specific state of the peroxide in the protein, a study with 18O tracer indicates that a linear peroxide structure is more likely than the alternative possibility of a dioxetane structure.", "contents": "Peroxidized coelenterazine, the active group in the photoprotein aequorin. The photoprotein aequorin emits light by an intramolecular reaction when Ca2+ is added under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Previously reported evidence has indicated two possibilities: (i) the functional group of aequorin is coelenterazine itself, a compond that plays key roles in the bioluminescence of various other types of organisms, or (ii) it is the enolized form of this compound. Present data rule out both of these possibilities, through elucidation of the structure of the yellow compound that is split off aequorin by treatment with NaHSO3. The yellow compound is now shown to be a tertiary alcohol of coelenterazine on the basis of chemical reactions, mass spectral data, and relationships to known derivatives of coelenterazine. From this structure and the method of forming the yellow compound from aequorin, aequorin evidently contains a peroxide of coelenterazine as the active group. The presence of such a peroxide is consistent with the fact that aequorin yields free coelenterazine upon treatment with Na2S2O4. Although there is no applicable technique at present to determine with assurance the specific state of the peroxide in the protein, a study with 18O tracer indicates that a linear peroxide structure is more likely than the alternative possibility of a dioxetane structure."}
{"id": "PMID:275833", "title": "Conformation of dopamine at the dopamine receptor.", "content": "Tritiated dopamine was used to label the dopamine receptor in membranes isolated from the rat corpus striatum. Scatchard analysis of displacement of [3H]dopamine by nonradioactive dopamine indicated the presence of two binding sites. The similarities in affinity, capacity, and drug specificity of the high-affinity site in the striatal membranes from rat and the binding site in the membranes from the calf caudate nucleus suggest that [3H]dopamine labels the same site in both species. In order to determine what conformation of dopamine is preferred at the dopamine receptor site, conformationally restricted analogs of dopamine--namely, the cis and trans 2-amino-1(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclobutane hydrochlorides--were tested for their affinity to the receptor. Compared to the cis conformation, the trans-restricted analogs had more affinity for the receptor site, indicating that dopamine probably interacts with the receptor in the trans conformation.", "contents": "Conformation of dopamine at the dopamine receptor. Tritiated dopamine was used to label the dopamine receptor in membranes isolated from the rat corpus striatum. Scatchard analysis of displacement of [3H]dopamine by nonradioactive dopamine indicated the presence of two binding sites. The similarities in affinity, capacity, and drug specificity of the high-affinity site in the striatal membranes from rat and the binding site in the membranes from the calf caudate nucleus suggest that [3H]dopamine labels the same site in both species. In order to determine what conformation of dopamine is preferred at the dopamine receptor site, conformationally restricted analogs of dopamine--namely, the cis and trans 2-amino-1(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclobutane hydrochlorides--were tested for their affinity to the receptor. Compared to the cis conformation, the trans-restricted analogs had more affinity for the receptor site, indicating that dopamine probably interacts with the receptor in the trans conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:275834", "title": "Selective complexing of the \"nuclear\" 5S estradiol receptor by a serum component, 5S-CA.", "content": "A component present in several sera interacts selectively with the 5S \"nuclear\" form of estradiol receptor but not with the 4S \"cytosol\" form. This component is therefore referred to as \"5S-complexing activity (5S-CA).\" This selective interaction occurs with 5S receptor from mouse, calf, or rat. In addition, 5S-CA recognizes the nuclear form of the receptor from hypothalamic as well as uterine tissue Thus, 5S-CA indicates a general similarity in the chemical nature of 5S nuclear receptors prepared from several sources. Using 5S-CA as a chemical probe for the nuclear form of the estradiol receptor, I have shown the chemical as well as physical similarity of 5S receptors prepared in vivo (by injection of [3H]estradiol and subsequent isolation from nuclear/myofibrillar extracts) and in vitro (by labeling of cytoplasmic extracts and subsequent chromatography on columns of DNA-cellulose). These results indicate a distinctive chemical property of nuclear 5S forms of estradiol receptor. The data are interpreted with regard to models for 5S receptor formation. 5S-CA was found in sera from animals immunized against various antigens. The importance of testing for 5S-CA in antisera directed against steroid derivatives, steroid receptors, and other steroid-binding proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Selective complexing of the \"nuclear\" 5S estradiol receptor by a serum component, 5S-CA. A component present in several sera interacts selectively with the 5S \"nuclear\" form of estradiol receptor but not with the 4S \"cytosol\" form. This component is therefore referred to as \"5S-complexing activity (5S-CA).\" This selective interaction occurs with 5S receptor from mouse, calf, or rat. In addition, 5S-CA recognizes the nuclear form of the receptor from hypothalamic as well as uterine tissue Thus, 5S-CA indicates a general similarity in the chemical nature of 5S nuclear receptors prepared from several sources. Using 5S-CA as a chemical probe for the nuclear form of the estradiol receptor, I have shown the chemical as well as physical similarity of 5S receptors prepared in vivo (by injection of [3H]estradiol and subsequent isolation from nuclear/myofibrillar extracts) and in vitro (by labeling of cytoplasmic extracts and subsequent chromatography on columns of DNA-cellulose). These results indicate a distinctive chemical property of nuclear 5S forms of estradiol receptor. The data are interpreted with regard to models for 5S receptor formation. 5S-CA was found in sera from animals immunized against various antigens. The importance of testing for 5S-CA in antisera directed against steroid derivatives, steroid receptors, and other steroid-binding proteins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275835", "title": "Inverted repeated DNA from Chinese hamster ovary cells studied with cloned DNA fragments.", "content": "Fragments from the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells produced by restriction endonuclease EcoRI were cloned in Charon 16A lambda bacteriophage and examined for the ability to hybridize in situ with 32P-labeled double-stranded regions from heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). Of 235 clones tested, 87 (37%) contained sequences that hybridized with the double-stranded hnRNA. Nine of these were examined for the presence of inverted repeat DNA structures (ir-DNA) by electron microscopy. All nine contained at least two elements of ir-DNA. Analysis of heteroduplexes formed from the DNAs of the different clones as well as T1 fingerprint analysis of the double-stranded hnRNA hybridized to each of the nine clones suggest that there is detectable nucleotide sequence homology in the various ir-DNAs. There are ca 3 X 10(5) ir-DNA pairs in the haploid Chinese hamster ovary cell genome.", "contents": "Inverted repeated DNA from Chinese hamster ovary cells studied with cloned DNA fragments. Fragments from the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells produced by restriction endonuclease EcoRI were cloned in Charon 16A lambda bacteriophage and examined for the ability to hybridize in situ with 32P-labeled double-stranded regions from heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). Of 235 clones tested, 87 (37%) contained sequences that hybridized with the double-stranded hnRNA. Nine of these were examined for the presence of inverted repeat DNA structures (ir-DNA) by electron microscopy. All nine contained at least two elements of ir-DNA. Analysis of heteroduplexes formed from the DNAs of the different clones as well as T1 fingerprint analysis of the double-stranded hnRNA hybridized to each of the nine clones suggest that there is detectable nucleotide sequence homology in the various ir-DNAs. There are ca 3 X 10(5) ir-DNA pairs in the haploid Chinese hamster ovary cell genome."}
{"id": "PMID:275836", "title": "Hapten mimic elicits antibodies recognizing prostaglandin E2.", "content": "Antibodies that recognized the prostaglandin (PG) E structure were elicited from rabbits. 9-Deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha, a stable isosteric mimic of PGE2, was conjugated to two different protein immunogens and the immune response system was duped into producing antibodies with poor recognition for prostaglandins other than the hapten mimic (9-deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha) and its isosteric counterparts (PGE1 and PGE2). With this procedure, crossreaction that would ordinarily arise from the chemical or metabolic instability of an authentic PGE2 immunogen was avoided. Antibodies raised against a keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate of 9-deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha had an average intrinsic association constant, Ko = 2.6 X 10(9) liters.mole-1, for PGE2. Crossreaction was low for a number of related prostaglandins, and a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure with a detection limit of 6 pg was developed.", "contents": "Hapten mimic elicits antibodies recognizing prostaglandin E2. Antibodies that recognized the prostaglandin (PG) E structure were elicited from rabbits. 9-Deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha, a stable isosteric mimic of PGE2, was conjugated to two different protein immunogens and the immune response system was duped into producing antibodies with poor recognition for prostaglandins other than the hapten mimic (9-deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha) and its isosteric counterparts (PGE1 and PGE2). With this procedure, crossreaction that would ordinarily arise from the chemical or metabolic instability of an authentic PGE2 immunogen was avoided. Antibodies raised against a keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate of 9-deoxy-9-methylene-PGF2alpha had an average intrinsic association constant, Ko = 2.6 X 10(9) liters.mole-1, for PGE2. Crossreaction was low for a number of related prostaglandins, and a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure with a detection limit of 6 pg was developed."}
{"id": "PMID:275837", "title": "Nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase associate and dissociate with each catalytic cycle.", "content": "Nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase dissociate after each electron is transferred between them, as shown by the occurrence of a lag phase approximately as long as the average turnover time of nitrogenase before hydrogen evolution occurs. Because nitrogenase was present in the reaction mixture in large excess over nitrogenase reductase, the electrons donated by nitrogenase reductase must have been distributed randomly over all of the nitrogenase present. This is accomplished by nitrogenase reductase molecules associating randomly with nitrogenase molecules for each cycle of electrons transferred. The fact that ATP is hydrolyzed without a lag indicates both that electron transfer occurs during the lag and the ATP hydrolysis is coupled to electron transfer from nitrogenase reductase to nitrogenase and not to substrate reduction. The observations support the suggestion that it now is desirable to alter nomenclature to designate the MoFe protein as nitrogenase and the Fe protein as nitrogenase reductase.", "contents": "Nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase associate and dissociate with each catalytic cycle. Nitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase dissociate after each electron is transferred between them, as shown by the occurrence of a lag phase approximately as long as the average turnover time of nitrogenase before hydrogen evolution occurs. Because nitrogenase was present in the reaction mixture in large excess over nitrogenase reductase, the electrons donated by nitrogenase reductase must have been distributed randomly over all of the nitrogenase present. This is accomplished by nitrogenase reductase molecules associating randomly with nitrogenase molecules for each cycle of electrons transferred. The fact that ATP is hydrolyzed without a lag indicates both that electron transfer occurs during the lag and the ATP hydrolysis is coupled to electron transfer from nitrogenase reductase to nitrogenase and not to substrate reduction. The observations support the suggestion that it now is desirable to alter nomenclature to designate the MoFe protein as nitrogenase and the Fe protein as nitrogenase reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:275838", "title": "DNA unwinding induced by photoaddition of psoralen derivatives and determination of dark-binding equilibrium constants by gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Derivatives of furo[3,2-g]coumarin (psoralen) can bind to the DNA double helix and, in the presence of long-wavelength UV light, the bound psoralen may react covalently with pyrimidine residues on one or both strands of the helix. By using agarose gel electrophoresis, we have determined the unwinding angle associated with each of four different psoralen derivatives to be 28 degrees +/- 4 degrees . For 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) the unwinding angle was found to be independent of the initial DNA superhelix density in the range that is accessible to agarose gel electrophoresis. Also by using agarose gel electrophoresis, we have determined the unwinding angle for ethidium intercalation. This was done by the total relaxation of supercoiled DNA in the presence of a series of ethidium concentrations. By using published values for the association constant for ethidium binding to DNA and evaluating the final superhelix density (after removal of ethidium) of the DNA on gels, we calculated an unwinding angle of 29 degrees +/- 3 degrees . Assuming an unwinding angle of 28 degrees for the noncovalent intercalation of psoralen derivatives, we used the same procedure to determine intercalation binding constants. The association constants for 4'-aminomethyltrioxsalen were 300-1400 M(-1) in NaCl at 0.2-0.05 M and 300-2500 M(-1) in Mg(2+) at 4-0.5 mM. The association constant for 4'-hydroxymethyltrioxsalen in 0.5 mM Mg(2+) was determined to be 70 M(-1).", "contents": "DNA unwinding induced by photoaddition of psoralen derivatives and determination of dark-binding equilibrium constants by gel electrophoresis. Derivatives of furo[3,2-g]coumarin (psoralen) can bind to the DNA double helix and, in the presence of long-wavelength UV light, the bound psoralen may react covalently with pyrimidine residues on one or both strands of the helix. By using agarose gel electrophoresis, we have determined the unwinding angle associated with each of four different psoralen derivatives to be 28 degrees +/- 4 degrees . For 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) the unwinding angle was found to be independent of the initial DNA superhelix density in the range that is accessible to agarose gel electrophoresis. Also by using agarose gel electrophoresis, we have determined the unwinding angle for ethidium intercalation. This was done by the total relaxation of supercoiled DNA in the presence of a series of ethidium concentrations. By using published values for the association constant for ethidium binding to DNA and evaluating the final superhelix density (after removal of ethidium) of the DNA on gels, we calculated an unwinding angle of 29 degrees +/- 3 degrees . Assuming an unwinding angle of 28 degrees for the noncovalent intercalation of psoralen derivatives, we used the same procedure to determine intercalation binding constants. The association constants for 4'-aminomethyltrioxsalen were 300-1400 M(-1) in NaCl at 0.2-0.05 M and 300-2500 M(-1) in Mg(2+) at 4-0.5 mM. The association constant for 4'-hydroxymethyltrioxsalen in 0.5 mM Mg(2+) was determined to be 70 M(-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:275839", "title": "Mode of action of the hemin-controlled inhibitor of protein synthesis: studies with factors from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Previously [de Haro, C., Datta, A & Ochoa, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 243--247] it was shown with initiation factors from Artemia salina embryos that the activity of the initiator methionyl-tRNA binding factor eIF-2 is stimulated by another factor (ESP, for eIF-2 stimulating protein) present, like eIF-2, in ribosomal salt washes. Incubation of eIF-2 with translational inhibitor from rabit reticulocytes, in the presence of ATP, abolished the ESP effect. At physiological concentrations eIF-2 was virtually inactive without ESP. These observations indicated that the translational inhibitor acts by converting eIF-2 to a form that is not stimulated by ESP. The same observations have now been made with eIF-2 and ESP from rabbit reticulocytes but, in this case, the dependence of eIF-2 activity on ESP is much more pronounced than with the A. salina factors. eIF-2 from reticulocytes interacts with ESP from A. salina and conversely.", "contents": "Mode of action of the hemin-controlled inhibitor of protein synthesis: studies with factors from rabbit reticulocytes. Previously [de Haro, C., Datta, A & Ochoa, S. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 243--247] it was shown with initiation factors from Artemia salina embryos that the activity of the initiator methionyl-tRNA binding factor eIF-2 is stimulated by another factor (ESP, for eIF-2 stimulating protein) present, like eIF-2, in ribosomal salt washes. Incubation of eIF-2 with translational inhibitor from rabit reticulocytes, in the presence of ATP, abolished the ESP effect. At physiological concentrations eIF-2 was virtually inactive without ESP. These observations indicated that the translational inhibitor acts by converting eIF-2 to a form that is not stimulated by ESP. The same observations have now been made with eIF-2 and ESP from rabbit reticulocytes but, in this case, the dependence of eIF-2 activity on ESP is much more pronounced than with the A. salina factors. eIF-2 from reticulocytes interacts with ESP from A. salina and conversely."}
{"id": "PMID:275840", "title": "Nucleosomes associated with newly replicated DNA have an altered conformation.", "content": "In vitro DNA synthesis was studied in HeLa cell nuclei, with emphasis on the question of whether newly replicated DNA is associated with nucleosomes. The newly replicated DNA was twice as sensitive to digestion by micrococcal nuclease as mature chromatin DNA, reaching a limit digest at 20-25% acid-insoluble product. Examination of the intermediates of digestion by micrococcal nuclease showed the nuclease-resistant, new DNA to be complexed in nucleosomes. However, structural differences were evident at both the polynucleosomal and the core particle level. The nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA were arranged with a repeat size of 165-170 base pairs-i.e., smaller than the 185-base-pair repeat of mature chromatin. The heterogeneity of polynucleosomal multimers, evident in digests of whole chromatin, was reduced in newly replicated chromatin such that the multimers resolved as sharply defined bands. Nucleosomal core particles associated with newly replicated DNA had a different conformation from particles in mature chromatin based on the following lines of evidence: (i) during micrococcal nuclease digestion, the monomer nucleosomes did not accumulate but were rapidly degraded under certain conditions; (ii) micrococcal nuclease limit digest patterns and DNase I digestion patterns, both of which reflect internal nucleosomal protein DNA associations, differed significantly from control patterns. These findings bear directly on models postulated for nucleosome-DNA interactions during chromation replication. A possible mechanism to account for the conformational change and its role in replication are discussed.", "contents": "Nucleosomes associated with newly replicated DNA have an altered conformation. In vitro DNA synthesis was studied in HeLa cell nuclei, with emphasis on the question of whether newly replicated DNA is associated with nucleosomes. The newly replicated DNA was twice as sensitive to digestion by micrococcal nuclease as mature chromatin DNA, reaching a limit digest at 20-25% acid-insoluble product. Examination of the intermediates of digestion by micrococcal nuclease showed the nuclease-resistant, new DNA to be complexed in nucleosomes. However, structural differences were evident at both the polynucleosomal and the core particle level. The nucleosomes on newly replicated DNA were arranged with a repeat size of 165-170 base pairs-i.e., smaller than the 185-base-pair repeat of mature chromatin. The heterogeneity of polynucleosomal multimers, evident in digests of whole chromatin, was reduced in newly replicated chromatin such that the multimers resolved as sharply defined bands. Nucleosomal core particles associated with newly replicated DNA had a different conformation from particles in mature chromatin based on the following lines of evidence: (i) during micrococcal nuclease digestion, the monomer nucleosomes did not accumulate but were rapidly degraded under certain conditions; (ii) micrococcal nuclease limit digest patterns and DNase I digestion patterns, both of which reflect internal nucleosomal protein DNA associations, differed significantly from control patterns. These findings bear directly on models postulated for nucleosome-DNA interactions during chromation replication. A possible mechanism to account for the conformational change and its role in replication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:275841", "title": "Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the structural proteins of Sindbis virus.", "content": "The structural proteins of Sindbis virus, an enveloped virus which belongs to the Togavirus family, have been subjected to automated Edman degradation using improved techniques. Extensive NH2-terminal sequences of about 50 residues were determined for each of the two membrane glycoproteins. In both cases the NH2 terminus of the molecule was found to be similar in composition to typical water-soluble proteins. The viral capsid protein was found to have a blocked alpha-amino group. This is consistent with other observations that viral proteins derived from the NH2 terminus of precursor molecules are often blocked.", "contents": "Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the structural proteins of Sindbis virus. The structural proteins of Sindbis virus, an enveloped virus which belongs to the Togavirus family, have been subjected to automated Edman degradation using improved techniques. Extensive NH2-terminal sequences of about 50 residues were determined for each of the two membrane glycoproteins. In both cases the NH2 terminus of the molecule was found to be similar in composition to typical water-soluble proteins. The viral capsid protein was found to have a blocked alpha-amino group. This is consistent with other observations that viral proteins derived from the NH2 terminus of precursor molecules are often blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:275842", "title": "Structural polymorphism within the amino-terminal region of MM, NN, and MN glycoproteins (glycophorins) of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "MM, NN, and MN glycoproteins of human erythrocytes from single donors were cleaved by cyanogen bromide into three fragments-A, B, and C-which, upon gel electrophoresis, appeared to be common to the three antigens. Phenol/aqueous urea partitioning and gel filtration were used to separate the peptides quantitatively. Peptide C lacked carbohydrate and homoserine and represented the carboxyl-terminal portion of the glycoproteins. Peptides A and B contained one homoserine each and accounted for all the carbohydrate of the glycoproteins. The peptide portion of glycopeptide A from MM, NN, or MN antigens consisted of eight amino acid residues, of which six were homologous and two varied according to blood type. The variants were serine and glycine in glycopeptide A(MM), leucine and glutamic acid in A(NN), and half-residues of serine, glycine, leucine, and glutamic acid in A(MN). Serine was the amino-terminal residue in A(MM), leucine in A(NN), and one half residue of serine and leucine in A(MN). Each glycopeptide carried two tetrasaccharides (2 NANA, 1 Gal, 1 GalNAc) and one trisaccharide (NANA, Gal, GalNAc) linked O-glycosidically to one serine and two threonines as determined by beta-elimination and sulfite addition. The carbohydrate units were attached to serine and threonine located in the invariant region, because the amino-terminal serine residue could be oxidized by periodate. The M-N antigens are believed to be products of allelic genes which are expressed exclusively in homozygotes and equimolarly in heterozygotes.", "contents": "Structural polymorphism within the amino-terminal region of MM, NN, and MN glycoproteins (glycophorins) of the human erythrocyte membrane. MM, NN, and MN glycoproteins of human erythrocytes from single donors were cleaved by cyanogen bromide into three fragments-A, B, and C-which, upon gel electrophoresis, appeared to be common to the three antigens. Phenol/aqueous urea partitioning and gel filtration were used to separate the peptides quantitatively. Peptide C lacked carbohydrate and homoserine and represented the carboxyl-terminal portion of the glycoproteins. Peptides A and B contained one homoserine each and accounted for all the carbohydrate of the glycoproteins. The peptide portion of glycopeptide A from MM, NN, or MN antigens consisted of eight amino acid residues, of which six were homologous and two varied according to blood type. The variants were serine and glycine in glycopeptide A(MM), leucine and glutamic acid in A(NN), and half-residues of serine, glycine, leucine, and glutamic acid in A(MN). Serine was the amino-terminal residue in A(MM), leucine in A(NN), and one half residue of serine and leucine in A(MN). Each glycopeptide carried two tetrasaccharides (2 NANA, 1 Gal, 1 GalNAc) and one trisaccharide (NANA, Gal, GalNAc) linked O-glycosidically to one serine and two threonines as determined by beta-elimination and sulfite addition. The carbohydrate units were attached to serine and threonine located in the invariant region, because the amino-terminal serine residue could be oxidized by periodate. The M-N antigens are believed to be products of allelic genes which are expressed exclusively in homozygotes and equimolarly in heterozygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:275843", "title": "Mutations of bacteriophage T7 that affect initiation of synthesis of the gene 0.3 protein.", "content": "Two different mutations that greatly diminish the rate of synthesis of the gene 0.3 protein of bacteriophage T7 have been characterized. One is in the initiator triplet for the 0.3 protein, changing it from AUG to ACG. This mutation was found to have little effect on binding of ribosomes to the 0.3 mRNA in vitro, although 0.3 protein synthesis was greatly depressed in vitro as well as in vivo. A suppressor mutation that partially restores the wild-type rate of synthesis was found to lie within the 0.3 RNA but not close to the mutant ACG (more than 64 nucleotides away). The second mutation is a G-to-A transition located 11 bases to the 5' side of the initiator AUG. This change eliminates a possible five-base pairing with a sequence near the 3' end of 16S ribosomal RNA, an interaction previous workers have proposed to be important for initiation of protein synthesis. This mutation causes the site of ribosome binding to shift about 15 bases to the 3' side, centering on an internal AUG, but this new site has only a poor potential interaction with 16S RNA. A suppressor mutation that restores the rate of 0.3 protein synthesis to essentially wild-type levels and also restores wild-type ribosome-binding behavior was found to lie adjacent to the original mutation, creating a new four-base complementarity with 16S RNA. These results provide strong support for the idea that a pairing interaction between mRNA and 16S RNA is involved in specific initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and indicate that this interaction may be important in selecting the site in mRNA at which the ribosomes bind.", "contents": "Mutations of bacteriophage T7 that affect initiation of synthesis of the gene 0.3 protein. Two different mutations that greatly diminish the rate of synthesis of the gene 0.3 protein of bacteriophage T7 have been characterized. One is in the initiator triplet for the 0.3 protein, changing it from AUG to ACG. This mutation was found to have little effect on binding of ribosomes to the 0.3 mRNA in vitro, although 0.3 protein synthesis was greatly depressed in vitro as well as in vivo. A suppressor mutation that partially restores the wild-type rate of synthesis was found to lie within the 0.3 RNA but not close to the mutant ACG (more than 64 nucleotides away). The second mutation is a G-to-A transition located 11 bases to the 5' side of the initiator AUG. This change eliminates a possible five-base pairing with a sequence near the 3' end of 16S ribosomal RNA, an interaction previous workers have proposed to be important for initiation of protein synthesis. This mutation causes the site of ribosome binding to shift about 15 bases to the 3' side, centering on an internal AUG, but this new site has only a poor potential interaction with 16S RNA. A suppressor mutation that restores the rate of 0.3 protein synthesis to essentially wild-type levels and also restores wild-type ribosome-binding behavior was found to lie adjacent to the original mutation, creating a new four-base complementarity with 16S RNA. These results provide strong support for the idea that a pairing interaction between mRNA and 16S RNA is involved in specific initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and indicate that this interaction may be important in selecting the site in mRNA at which the ribosomes bind."}
{"id": "PMID:275844", "title": "Moleuclar field theory of reversible unfolding of biopolymers.", "content": "A simple and general model of reversible conformational changes in biopolymers that lends itself to accounting for cooperativity without resort to a detailed description of the elementary steps is presented. It is suggested that the model permits the description of transitions in specific instances in which long-range effects are present and no simplifying feature allows for a more detailed theory in a straightforward way. The proposed phenomenological approach is based on the concept of molecular field which led to the first theory of ferromagnetism. Equations are given for the temperature dependence of optical properties and of the specific heat, from which the cooperativity parameter introduced by the theory can be obtained when the reaction enthalpy of the elementary step or the number of concerted elements is known. In the limit of a strong molecular field, heterogeneity in composition of a melting sequence does not affect the sharpness of the corresponding transition. Accounting for long-range effects allows for all-or-none transitions that are sharper than those derived from the two-state model. The feasibility of applying the molecular field concept is illustrated by comparing the results for poly(A).2 poly(U) triple helices (which exhibit hysteresis) and those for poly(A).poly(U) double helices (which separate reversibly).Tertiary structure is considered, among the sources of cooperativity that possibly may be represented in terms of a molecular field. On the basis of recent results for tRNA(1) (val), it is suggested that the proposed approach may be applicable, in particular, to transfer ribonucleic acids.", "contents": "Moleuclar field theory of reversible unfolding of biopolymers. A simple and general model of reversible conformational changes in biopolymers that lends itself to accounting for cooperativity without resort to a detailed description of the elementary steps is presented. It is suggested that the model permits the description of transitions in specific instances in which long-range effects are present and no simplifying feature allows for a more detailed theory in a straightforward way. The proposed phenomenological approach is based on the concept of molecular field which led to the first theory of ferromagnetism. Equations are given for the temperature dependence of optical properties and of the specific heat, from which the cooperativity parameter introduced by the theory can be obtained when the reaction enthalpy of the elementary step or the number of concerted elements is known. In the limit of a strong molecular field, heterogeneity in composition of a melting sequence does not affect the sharpness of the corresponding transition. Accounting for long-range effects allows for all-or-none transitions that are sharper than those derived from the two-state model. The feasibility of applying the molecular field concept is illustrated by comparing the results for poly(A).2 poly(U) triple helices (which exhibit hysteresis) and those for poly(A).poly(U) double helices (which separate reversibly).Tertiary structure is considered, among the sources of cooperativity that possibly may be represented in terms of a molecular field. On the basis of recent results for tRNA(1) (val), it is suggested that the proposed approach may be applicable, in particular, to transfer ribonucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:275845", "title": "Determination of molecular motion in membranes using periodic pattern photobleaching.", "content": "The lateral diffusion of a fluorescent phospholipid probe in oriented multibilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine has been measured by observing the redistribution of fluorescence after photobleaching of the membranes in a periodic pattern of parallel stripes. The diffusion constant D of the fluorescent lipid was found to vary between 1.5 X 10(-11) cm2/sec at 9.6 degrees and 2.0 X 10(-10) at 22.5 degrees in the monoclinic phase. Preliminary studies of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes in the Lbeta' and Pbeta' phases yielded diffusion constants of the order of 10(-11) cm2/sec. These data are relevant to earlier discussions of the rate of complement activation by hapten-sensitized liposomal membranes [Br\u00fblet, P. and McConnell, H. M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73,2977--2981; Parce, J. W., Henry, N. and McConnell, H.M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1515--1518)]. We have also used this method to study the motion of fluorescent antibodies bound to murine EL-4 tumor cells. Pattern photobleaching techniques have the advantages that cellular or liposomal translation has no major adverse effect on the measurements, that certain nondiffusive motions can be detected and characterized, and that diffusive or other motions can be recorded photographically.", "contents": "Determination of molecular motion in membranes using periodic pattern photobleaching. The lateral diffusion of a fluorescent phospholipid probe in oriented multibilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine has been measured by observing the redistribution of fluorescence after photobleaching of the membranes in a periodic pattern of parallel stripes. The diffusion constant D of the fluorescent lipid was found to vary between 1.5 X 10(-11) cm2/sec at 9.6 degrees and 2.0 X 10(-10) at 22.5 degrees in the monoclinic phase. Preliminary studies of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes in the Lbeta' and Pbeta' phases yielded diffusion constants of the order of 10(-11) cm2/sec. These data are relevant to earlier discussions of the rate of complement activation by hapten-sensitized liposomal membranes [Br\u00fblet, P. and McConnell, H. M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73,2977--2981; Parce, J. W., Henry, N. and McConnell, H.M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1515--1518)]. We have also used this method to study the motion of fluorescent antibodies bound to murine EL-4 tumor cells. Pattern photobleaching techniques have the advantages that cellular or liposomal translation has no major adverse effect on the measurements, that certain nondiffusive motions can be detected and characterized, and that diffusive or other motions can be recorded photographically."}
{"id": "PMID:275846", "title": "In vitro differentiation of a fast Na+ conductance in embryonic heart cell aggregates.", "content": "Aggregates of 3-day chick cardiac myocytes, after 2 days of gyration culture, lack a tetrodotoxin-sensitive, fast Na+ conductance. After 2--3 additional days in vitro these aggregates were shown by three different criteria to have developed such a conductance mechanism: (a) action potential upstroke velocities greater than 90 V/sec; (b) suppression of spontaneous activity by tetrodotoxin; and (c) presence of a fast component of inward current recorded during voltage clamp. These membrane properties were similar to those of aggregates derived from 7-day hearts that had developed in ovo. The differentiation of fast Na+ conductance channels was a dependent upon active protein synthesis but not upon the presence of exogenous macromolecules.", "contents": "In vitro differentiation of a fast Na+ conductance in embryonic heart cell aggregates. Aggregates of 3-day chick cardiac myocytes, after 2 days of gyration culture, lack a tetrodotoxin-sensitive, fast Na+ conductance. After 2--3 additional days in vitro these aggregates were shown by three different criteria to have developed such a conductance mechanism: (a) action potential upstroke velocities greater than 90 V/sec; (b) suppression of spontaneous activity by tetrodotoxin; and (c) presence of a fast component of inward current recorded during voltage clamp. These membrane properties were similar to those of aggregates derived from 7-day hearts that had developed in ovo. The differentiation of fast Na+ conductance channels was a dependent upon active protein synthesis but not upon the presence of exogenous macromolecules."}
{"id": "PMID:275847", "title": "Role of estrogen receptor binding and transcriptional activity in the stimulation of hyperestrogenism and nuclear bodies.", "content": "The effects of estradiol and nafoxidine on nuclear estrogen receptor binding, RNA polymerase activities, and uterine ultrastructure were studied. Animals were either injected with estradiol, implanted with estradiol/paraffin pellets, or injected with nafoxidine. Animals treated with nafoxidine or estradiol implants showed sustained long-term nuclear retention of estrogen receptor and increased nuclear RNA polymerase activities for up to 72 hr. A single injection of estradiol caused initial increases in these variables which returned to control levels by 24 hr after hormone treatment. Uterine tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy 72 hr after hormone treatments. Uteri from eith estradiol-implanted or nafoxidine-treated animals showed markedly increased hypertrophy of the luminal epithelial cells. Nuclei in sections of the uteri of these hyperestrogenized animals displayed a large number and wide array of nuclear bodies composed of a filamentous capsule and granular cores. We conclude that hyperestrogenization, a condition that eventually results in abnormal cell growth, is correlated with increased and sustained nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor, increased and sustained RNA polymerase activity, and the appearance of nuclear bodies.", "contents": "Role of estrogen receptor binding and transcriptional activity in the stimulation of hyperestrogenism and nuclear bodies. The effects of estradiol and nafoxidine on nuclear estrogen receptor binding, RNA polymerase activities, and uterine ultrastructure were studied. Animals were either injected with estradiol, implanted with estradiol/paraffin pellets, or injected with nafoxidine. Animals treated with nafoxidine or estradiol implants showed sustained long-term nuclear retention of estrogen receptor and increased nuclear RNA polymerase activities for up to 72 hr. A single injection of estradiol caused initial increases in these variables which returned to control levels by 24 hr after hormone treatment. Uterine tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy 72 hr after hormone treatments. Uteri from eith estradiol-implanted or nafoxidine-treated animals showed markedly increased hypertrophy of the luminal epithelial cells. Nuclei in sections of the uteri of these hyperestrogenized animals displayed a large number and wide array of nuclear bodies composed of a filamentous capsule and granular cores. We conclude that hyperestrogenization, a condition that eventually results in abnormal cell growth, is correlated with increased and sustained nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor, increased and sustained RNA polymerase activity, and the appearance of nuclear bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:275848", "title": "De novo induction of a gene product during heterologous epithelial--mesenchymal interactions in vitro.", "content": "Mesenchymal specification of epithelial cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis has been considered to be a general feature of various epithelial-mesenchymal interacting systems (e.g., salivary gland, mammary gland, feather, hair, and tooth morphogenesis). In contrast, we have demonstrated that a mesenchyme can be induced by a heterologous epithelium to synthesize in quantity a specific gene product(s) unorthodox to the organ from which the mesenchyme was taken. Stage 22-23 avian limb bud epithelium induced 17-day embryonic mouse tooth mesenchyme to differentiate into cartilage. Peptide analysis (cyanogen bromide cleavage after purification of extracted collagen chains) demonstrated that heterologous tissue recombinations produced type II collagen [alpha(II)](3) (i.e., cartilage-type) in addition to type I collagen [alpha(I)](2)alpha(2). Intact or reconstituted mouse molar tooth organs synthesized type I collagen and type I trimer [alpha(I)](3) collagen. Immunohistochemical criteria using anti-type II collagen antibodies identified type II collagen in cartilage-like matrix within the mesenchymal component of heterologous tissue recombinants. Cartilage has never been described during in vivo or in vitro tooth tissue differentiation or associated with the pathology of dental papilla mesenchyme. These results support the hypothesis that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development can selectively induce de novo synthesis of unique gene products.", "contents": "De novo induction of a gene product during heterologous epithelial--mesenchymal interactions in vitro. Mesenchymal specification of epithelial cytodifferentiation and morphogenesis has been considered to be a general feature of various epithelial-mesenchymal interacting systems (e.g., salivary gland, mammary gland, feather, hair, and tooth morphogenesis). In contrast, we have demonstrated that a mesenchyme can be induced by a heterologous epithelium to synthesize in quantity a specific gene product(s) unorthodox to the organ from which the mesenchyme was taken. Stage 22-23 avian limb bud epithelium induced 17-day embryonic mouse tooth mesenchyme to differentiate into cartilage. Peptide analysis (cyanogen bromide cleavage after purification of extracted collagen chains) demonstrated that heterologous tissue recombinations produced type II collagen [alpha(II)](3) (i.e., cartilage-type) in addition to type I collagen [alpha(I)](2)alpha(2). Intact or reconstituted mouse molar tooth organs synthesized type I collagen and type I trimer [alpha(I)](3) collagen. Immunohistochemical criteria using anti-type II collagen antibodies identified type II collagen in cartilage-like matrix within the mesenchymal component of heterologous tissue recombinants. Cartilage has never been described during in vivo or in vitro tooth tissue differentiation or associated with the pathology of dental papilla mesenchyme. These results support the hypothesis that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development can selectively induce de novo synthesis of unique gene products."}
{"id": "PMID:275849", "title": "Induction of murine erythroleukemia differentiation by actinomycin D.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells are induced to differentiate by 0.5-5 ng of actinomycin D per ml. Murine erythroleukemia cells cultured with actinomycin D prolong cell doubling time but achieve the same density after 5 days as cells without inducer. Actinomycin D causes over 95% of the cells to become benzidine-reactive. [(3)H]Actinomycin D uptake into DNA can be detected within 2 hr and reaches a maximum (approximately 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells) by 10-12 hr. It is estimated that about one out of 10(5) dG.dC pairs is bound to actinomycin D. Commitment to differentiation, assayed by transfer of cells to culture without inducer, was detected as early as 5 hr. Unlike Me(2)SO, which causes a transient prolongation in G(1) at about 15-20 hr, cells cultured with actinomycin D show a more sustained increase in the proportion of the cells in G(1). Globin mRNA accumulation was detectable by 19 hr in culture. Alteration in DNA stability in alkaline sucrose gradients was detected by 19 hr. Actinomycin D induces synthesis of Hb(maj) and Hb(min) in approximately equal amounts. A decrease in rates of synthesis of RNA, DNA, and total protein occurs in cells cultured with actinomycin D, as well as in cells cultured with Me(2)SO. No evidence for an early action of actinomycin D at the plasma membrane was obtained by measurement of changes in cell volume or (86)RbCl uptake. Taken together, the present results indicate that actinomycin D is a potent inducer of differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells and suggest that the target of its effect may be at the level of DNA.", "contents": "Induction of murine erythroleukemia differentiation by actinomycin D. Murine erythroleukemia cells are induced to differentiate by 0.5-5 ng of actinomycin D per ml. Murine erythroleukemia cells cultured with actinomycin D prolong cell doubling time but achieve the same density after 5 days as cells without inducer. Actinomycin D causes over 95% of the cells to become benzidine-reactive. [(3)H]Actinomycin D uptake into DNA can be detected within 2 hr and reaches a maximum (approximately 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells) by 10-12 hr. It is estimated that about one out of 10(5) dG.dC pairs is bound to actinomycin D. Commitment to differentiation, assayed by transfer of cells to culture without inducer, was detected as early as 5 hr. Unlike Me(2)SO, which causes a transient prolongation in G(1) at about 15-20 hr, cells cultured with actinomycin D show a more sustained increase in the proportion of the cells in G(1). Globin mRNA accumulation was detectable by 19 hr in culture. Alteration in DNA stability in alkaline sucrose gradients was detected by 19 hr. Actinomycin D induces synthesis of Hb(maj) and Hb(min) in approximately equal amounts. A decrease in rates of synthesis of RNA, DNA, and total protein occurs in cells cultured with actinomycin D, as well as in cells cultured with Me(2)SO. No evidence for an early action of actinomycin D at the plasma membrane was obtained by measurement of changes in cell volume or (86)RbCl uptake. Taken together, the present results indicate that actinomycin D is a potent inducer of differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells and suggest that the target of its effect may be at the level of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:275850", "title": "Steroid hormones mediate reversible phenotypic transition between transformed and untransformed states in mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Hydrocortisone at physiological concentrations reversibly inhibits DNA synthesis in ST1 cells (a line of mouse fibroblasts possessing 40 chromosomes and derived from Swiss 3T3 cells). This inhibitory activity is a property of glucocorticoids, but the beta-OH of C-11 of glucocorticoids is not essential for the inhibition. The steroid hormone restores to ST1 cells dependency on serum, density, and anchorage for growth. When injected into nude mice, ST1 cells generated malignant invasive fibrosarcoma. Injections of dexamethasone into tumor-bearing animals blocked tumor growth. The steroid hormone seems to induce a reversible transition between a transformed and a \"normal\" phenotype. ST1 cells treated or untreated with hydrocotisone are not responsive to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or prostaglandin F2alpha whereas they are responsive to a factor that is a contaminant in bovine serum albumin.", "contents": "Steroid hormones mediate reversible phenotypic transition between transformed and untransformed states in mouse fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone at physiological concentrations reversibly inhibits DNA synthesis in ST1 cells (a line of mouse fibroblasts possessing 40 chromosomes and derived from Swiss 3T3 cells). This inhibitory activity is a property of glucocorticoids, but the beta-OH of C-11 of glucocorticoids is not essential for the inhibition. The steroid hormone restores to ST1 cells dependency on serum, density, and anchorage for growth. When injected into nude mice, ST1 cells generated malignant invasive fibrosarcoma. Injections of dexamethasone into tumor-bearing animals blocked tumor growth. The steroid hormone seems to induce a reversible transition between a transformed and a \"normal\" phenotype. ST1 cells treated or untreated with hydrocotisone are not responsive to fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, or prostaglandin F2alpha whereas they are responsive to a factor that is a contaminant in bovine serum albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:275851", "title": "Coordinate control of 3T3 cell proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor and plasma components.", "content": "DNA synthesis and cell division were measured in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells cultured in different concentrations of cell-free plasma-derived serum and increasing amounts of a platelet-derived growth factor. In plasma-derived serum alone, the cells were quiescent and they were arrested in the Go/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Addition of a platelet-derived growth factor to quiescent cells maintained in plasma-derived serum stimulated both DNA synthesis and cell division. When plasma components were present at high concentration (5%, vol/vol), the amount of platelet factor added to the cultures determined the number of cell doublings. Plasma-derived molecules were required for the platelet factor to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in the maximal number of cells. In addition, plasma components had to be present for recently divided cells to respond to the platelet factor. When 3T3 cells were cultured in excess platelet factor and limiting amounts of plasma-derived serum (0.5%, vol/vol), the cells underwent one doubling and then ceased to proliferate. Addition of fresh plasma-derived serum to these cells induced a second round of cell division. Plasma components and the platelet-derived growth factor acted in a coordinate fashion to regulate the proliferation of Swiss 3T3 cells.", "contents": "Coordinate control of 3T3 cell proliferation by platelet-derived growth factor and plasma components. DNA synthesis and cell division were measured in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells cultured in different concentrations of cell-free plasma-derived serum and increasing amounts of a platelet-derived growth factor. In plasma-derived serum alone, the cells were quiescent and they were arrested in the Go/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Addition of a platelet-derived growth factor to quiescent cells maintained in plasma-derived serum stimulated both DNA synthesis and cell division. When plasma components were present at high concentration (5%, vol/vol), the amount of platelet factor added to the cultures determined the number of cell doublings. Plasma-derived molecules were required for the platelet factor to stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in the maximal number of cells. In addition, plasma components had to be present for recently divided cells to respond to the platelet factor. When 3T3 cells were cultured in excess platelet factor and limiting amounts of plasma-derived serum (0.5%, vol/vol), the cells underwent one doubling and then ceased to proliferate. Addition of fresh plasma-derived serum to these cells induced a second round of cell division. Plasma components and the platelet-derived growth factor acted in a coordinate fashion to regulate the proliferation of Swiss 3T3 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:275852", "title": "Endocytosis of cholera toxin into neuronal GERL.", "content": "Cholera toxin linked covalently by glutaraldehyde to horseradish peroxidase was incubated with cultured chicken sympathetic neurons at 4 degrees. Cells were washed and brought to 37 degrees to permit endocytosis of bound toxin on plasma membranes. Massive internalization of the ligand into vesicles and cisterns of the Golgi--endoplasmic reticulum--lysosome (GERL) system was demonstrated by the cytochemical reaction for the enzyme. Surface binding and subsequent endocytosis of the cholera toxin--enzyme conjugate was inhibited when conjugate and monosialoganglioside (GM1) were simultaneously applied to cells at 4 degrees. Cholera toxin is not toxic to neurons at the levels used. These results indicate that GERL is the primary site of endocytosis of presumed complexes of cholera toxin with its plasma membrane receptor (GM1 ganglioside-containing moieties). It is suggested that, in neurons, plasma-membrane bound ligands are taken up primarily into GERL.", "contents": "Endocytosis of cholera toxin into neuronal GERL. Cholera toxin linked covalently by glutaraldehyde to horseradish peroxidase was incubated with cultured chicken sympathetic neurons at 4 degrees. Cells were washed and brought to 37 degrees to permit endocytosis of bound toxin on plasma membranes. Massive internalization of the ligand into vesicles and cisterns of the Golgi--endoplasmic reticulum--lysosome (GERL) system was demonstrated by the cytochemical reaction for the enzyme. Surface binding and subsequent endocytosis of the cholera toxin--enzyme conjugate was inhibited when conjugate and monosialoganglioside (GM1) were simultaneously applied to cells at 4 degrees. Cholera toxin is not toxic to neurons at the levels used. These results indicate that GERL is the primary site of endocytosis of presumed complexes of cholera toxin with its plasma membrane receptor (GM1 ganglioside-containing moieties). It is suggested that, in neurons, plasma-membrane bound ligands are taken up primarily into GERL."}
{"id": "PMID:275853", "title": "Existence of only a single functional pool of adenosine triphosphate in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The question of whether separate \"membrane\" and \"soluble\" pools of ATP exist in erythrocytes has been examined. Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3)-derived (\"membrane\") ATP was labeled by short-term incubation with inorganic [32P]phosphate. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40)-derived (\"soluble\")ATP is not labeled under these circumstances. The specific activity of the gamma-phosphate of \"soluble\" ATP was then evaluated by the addition of 2-deoxyglucose and measurement of the specific activity of 2-deoxyglucose-6-[32P]phosphate formed. This specific activity was essentially the same as the overall specific activity of erythrocyte ATP gama-phosphate, indicating that no functional pools of phosphoglycerate kinase-derived and pyruvate kinase-derived ATP exist in erythrocytes.", "contents": "Existence of only a single functional pool of adenosine triphosphate in human erythrocytes. The question of whether separate \"membrane\" and \"soluble\" pools of ATP exist in erythrocytes has been examined. Phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3)-derived (\"membrane\") ATP was labeled by short-term incubation with inorganic [32P]phosphate. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40)-derived (\"soluble\")ATP is not labeled under these circumstances. The specific activity of the gamma-phosphate of \"soluble\" ATP was then evaluated by the addition of 2-deoxyglucose and measurement of the specific activity of 2-deoxyglucose-6-[32P]phosphate formed. This specific activity was essentially the same as the overall specific activity of erythrocyte ATP gama-phosphate, indicating that no functional pools of phosphoglycerate kinase-derived and pyruvate kinase-derived ATP exist in erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:275854", "title": "Somatic cell origin of teratocarcinomas.", "content": "Malignant teratocarcinomas arise from developmentally totipotent normal stem cells. Whether the targets are embryonal somatic cells or germinal cells has long been a matter of controversy. Past experiments on teratocarcinoma induction by ectopic grafting of early rodent embryos or fetal germinal ridges have remained ambiguous because embryos ordinarily soon form germ cells, and parthenogenetic germ cells form \"embryos.\" In order to interrupt the developmental cycle at its most telling point, day 6 (egg-cylinder stage) mouse embryos of genetically sterile types were grafted; in such grafts, only a terminal residue of totipotent embryonal somatic (\"ectoderm\") cells is available, and subsequent germ cell development is severely impaired. One graft series, from S1(J)/+ matings, comprised 25% S1(J)/S1(J) presumptive sterile embryos; these grafts formed tumors containing embryonal carcinoma cells as often (47%) as did control +/+ grafts (41%) on the same genetic background. In another series, from W/+ matings, tumors of the sterile W/W genotype were individually identified by means of a closely linked marker, phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1; Pgm-1 locus), coding for electrophoretic enzyme variants and incorporated into the stock. Four tumors were obtained (out of 16) that had the PGM-1D phenotype diagnostic for W/W, and that also contained embryonal carcinoma cells. Therefore, the malignancy arises here in susceptible somatic embryonal stem cells at the terminal stage of their capacity for totipotency. Other teratocarcinomas-whether induced or spontaneous-of ostensible germ-cell origin by parthenogenesis may also depend upon development of the same somatic target cells before neoplastic conversion can occur. A general model based on these experiments is proposed for all malignancies: Malignant transformation of a particular kind of normal stem cell may be possible only when that stem cell has progressed to the threshold of further differentiation.", "contents": "Somatic cell origin of teratocarcinomas. Malignant teratocarcinomas arise from developmentally totipotent normal stem cells. Whether the targets are embryonal somatic cells or germinal cells has long been a matter of controversy. Past experiments on teratocarcinoma induction by ectopic grafting of early rodent embryos or fetal germinal ridges have remained ambiguous because embryos ordinarily soon form germ cells, and parthenogenetic germ cells form \"embryos.\" In order to interrupt the developmental cycle at its most telling point, day 6 (egg-cylinder stage) mouse embryos of genetically sterile types were grafted; in such grafts, only a terminal residue of totipotent embryonal somatic (\"ectoderm\") cells is available, and subsequent germ cell development is severely impaired. One graft series, from S1(J)/+ matings, comprised 25% S1(J)/S1(J) presumptive sterile embryos; these grafts formed tumors containing embryonal carcinoma cells as often (47%) as did control +/+ grafts (41%) on the same genetic background. In another series, from W/+ matings, tumors of the sterile W/W genotype were individually identified by means of a closely linked marker, phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1; Pgm-1 locus), coding for electrophoretic enzyme variants and incorporated into the stock. Four tumors were obtained (out of 16) that had the PGM-1D phenotype diagnostic for W/W, and that also contained embryonal carcinoma cells. Therefore, the malignancy arises here in susceptible somatic embryonal stem cells at the terminal stage of their capacity for totipotency. Other teratocarcinomas-whether induced or spontaneous-of ostensible germ-cell origin by parthenogenesis may also depend upon development of the same somatic target cells before neoplastic conversion can occur. A general model based on these experiments is proposed for all malignancies: Malignant transformation of a particular kind of normal stem cell may be possible only when that stem cell has progressed to the threshold of further differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:275855", "title": "An ordered sequence of events is required before BALB/c-3T3 cells become committed to DNA synthesis.", "content": "An ordered sequence of events must be completed before cells become committed to synthesize DNA. A platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), present in heated (100 degrees ) extracts of human platelets, induces density-inhibited BALB/c-3T3 cells to become competent to proliferate. Platelet-poor plasma induces these competent cells to leave the competence point, progress through G(0)/G(1), and enter the S phase. Treatment of G(0)-arrested, incompetent cells with plasma, before the addition of PDGF, did not shorten the latent period for DNA synthesis or increase the rate of entry into the S phase. Growth arrest points in the plasma-dependent progression sequence were detected in G(0)/G(1). PDGF-treated competent cells were exposed to an optimal concentration of plasma (5%) for various lengths of time and were then transferred to medium lacking plasma; the subsequent readdition of plasma stimulated the cells to enter the S phase. The lag period until DNA synthesis, in such experiments, was dictated by the length of the initial exposure to plasma. PDGF-treated competent cells that were incubated with plasma for 5 hr during the initial exposure did not leave the competence point; they began DNA synthesis 12 hr after the readdition of plasma. However, a population of cells treated with plasma for 10 hr became arrested at a point 6 hr before DNA synthesis, whereas a population treated with plasma for 12-15 hr became arrested at a point immediately before DNA synthesis. Cells remained arrested at this latter point for as long as 24 hr, and these arrested cells were not committed to DNA synthesis. The addition of plasma induced immediate entry into the S phase with an apparent first-order rate of entry being determined by the plasma concentration. This plasma-dependent commitment (transition) to DNA synthesis was blocked by cycloheximide but not by hydroxyurea. Removal of the hydroxyurea allowed cells to enter the S phase synchronously in the absence of plasma.", "contents": "An ordered sequence of events is required before BALB/c-3T3 cells become committed to DNA synthesis. An ordered sequence of events must be completed before cells become committed to synthesize DNA. A platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), present in heated (100 degrees ) extracts of human platelets, induces density-inhibited BALB/c-3T3 cells to become competent to proliferate. Platelet-poor plasma induces these competent cells to leave the competence point, progress through G(0)/G(1), and enter the S phase. Treatment of G(0)-arrested, incompetent cells with plasma, before the addition of PDGF, did not shorten the latent period for DNA synthesis or increase the rate of entry into the S phase. Growth arrest points in the plasma-dependent progression sequence were detected in G(0)/G(1). PDGF-treated competent cells were exposed to an optimal concentration of plasma (5%) for various lengths of time and were then transferred to medium lacking plasma; the subsequent readdition of plasma stimulated the cells to enter the S phase. The lag period until DNA synthesis, in such experiments, was dictated by the length of the initial exposure to plasma. PDGF-treated competent cells that were incubated with plasma for 5 hr during the initial exposure did not leave the competence point; they began DNA synthesis 12 hr after the readdition of plasma. However, a population of cells treated with plasma for 10 hr became arrested at a point 6 hr before DNA synthesis, whereas a population treated with plasma for 12-15 hr became arrested at a point immediately before DNA synthesis. Cells remained arrested at this latter point for as long as 24 hr, and these arrested cells were not committed to DNA synthesis. The addition of plasma induced immediate entry into the S phase with an apparent first-order rate of entry being determined by the plasma concentration. This plasma-dependent commitment (transition) to DNA synthesis was blocked by cycloheximide but not by hydroxyurea. Removal of the hydroxyurea allowed cells to enter the S phase synchronously in the absence of plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:275856", "title": "Cloned single repeating units of 5S DNA direct accurate transcription of 5S RNA when injected into Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Single and multiple repeating units of three types of Xenopus 5S DNA recombined with the plasmid pMB9 serve as templates for the accurate synthesis of 5S RNA after their injection into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. All 15 cloned single repeating units of X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA that were tested supported 5S RNA synthesis. Three cloned fragments of X. borealis oocyte 5S DNA and one cloned single repeating unit of X. borealis somatic 5S DNA were templates for 5S RNA synthesis. We conclude that the majority of repeating units of 5S DNA in these multigene families contain the information for accurate initiation and termination of 5S RNA synthesis. The ability of this system to detect sequence changes that affect transcription is demonstrated.", "contents": "Cloned single repeating units of 5S DNA direct accurate transcription of 5S RNA when injected into Xenopus oocytes. Single and multiple repeating units of three types of Xenopus 5S DNA recombined with the plasmid pMB9 serve as templates for the accurate synthesis of 5S RNA after their injection into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. All 15 cloned single repeating units of X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA that were tested supported 5S RNA synthesis. Three cloned fragments of X. borealis oocyte 5S DNA and one cloned single repeating unit of X. borealis somatic 5S DNA were templates for 5S RNA synthesis. We conclude that the majority of repeating units of 5S DNA in these multigene families contain the information for accurate initiation and termination of 5S RNA synthesis. The ability of this system to detect sequence changes that affect transcription is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:275857", "title": "Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population.", "content": "A mathematical theory is developed that enables us to derive a formula for the equilibrium distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population when selectively neutral alleles are produced in stepwise fashion (stepwise mutation model). It is shown that the stepwise mutation model has a remarkable property that distinguishes it from the conventional infinite allele model (Kimura-Crow model): as the population size increases indefinitely while the product of the effective population size and the mutation rate is kept at a fixed value, the mean number of different alleles contained in the population rapidly reaches a plateau which is not much larger than the effective number of alleles (reciprocal of homozygosity).", "contents": "Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population. A mathematical theory is developed that enables us to derive a formula for the equilibrium distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population when selectively neutral alleles are produced in stepwise fashion (stepwise mutation model). It is shown that the stepwise mutation model has a remarkable property that distinguishes it from the conventional infinite allele model (Kimura-Crow model): as the population size increases indefinitely while the product of the effective population size and the mutation rate is kept at a fixed value, the mean number of different alleles contained in the population rapidly reaches a plateau which is not much larger than the effective number of alleles (reciprocal of homozygosity)."}
{"id": "PMID:275858", "title": "Genetic analysis of the G1 period: isolation of mutants (or variants) with a G1 perior from a Chinese hamster cell line lacking G1.", "content": "Cells of the Chinese hamster line V79-8 multiply without a G1 period (i.e., they are G1(-)) and have an average generation time of 9.5 hr. After mutagenesis and selection we have derived five stable mutants (or variants) of this line that have longer generation times. In each case the increase in generation time is due solely to the introduction of a G1 period into the cell cycle, with no measurable effect on S, G2, or M. Fusions among these five G1(+) mutant lines and another presumably nonmutant G1(+) line (V79-743) produce hybrid cells lacking a G1 period in all but one case. These complementation tests define five complementation groups among these six G1(+) cell lines. The six G1(+) lines represent five different causes or bases for the presence of a G1 period. The two G1(+) mutants belonging to complementation group V are temperature sensitive for expression of the G1(+) phenotype (G1 congruent with 0, 4, and 6 hr at 33 degrees , 37 degrees , and 39 degrees , respectively). In all cases the G1(-) state is dominant over the G1(+) state, suggesting that the presence of G1 represents a \"deficient\" condition. Mutants of this type may be useful in the analysis of the switch from G1(-) to G1(+) that occurs normally in cleaving embryos and in elucidation of the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for the presence of a measurable G1 in most cells.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the G1 period: isolation of mutants (or variants) with a G1 perior from a Chinese hamster cell line lacking G1. Cells of the Chinese hamster line V79-8 multiply without a G1 period (i.e., they are G1(-)) and have an average generation time of 9.5 hr. After mutagenesis and selection we have derived five stable mutants (or variants) of this line that have longer generation times. In each case the increase in generation time is due solely to the introduction of a G1 period into the cell cycle, with no measurable effect on S, G2, or M. Fusions among these five G1(+) mutant lines and another presumably nonmutant G1(+) line (V79-743) produce hybrid cells lacking a G1 period in all but one case. These complementation tests define five complementation groups among these six G1(+) cell lines. The six G1(+) lines represent five different causes or bases for the presence of a G1 period. The two G1(+) mutants belonging to complementation group V are temperature sensitive for expression of the G1(+) phenotype (G1 congruent with 0, 4, and 6 hr at 33 degrees , 37 degrees , and 39 degrees , respectively). In all cases the G1(-) state is dominant over the G1(+) state, suggesting that the presence of G1 represents a \"deficient\" condition. Mutants of this type may be useful in the analysis of the switch from G1(-) to G1(+) that occurs normally in cleaving embryos and in elucidation of the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for the presence of a measurable G1 in most cells."}
{"id": "PMID:275859", "title": "Nutritional inhibition of genetically determined renal disease and autoimmunity with prolongation of life in kdkd mice.", "content": "Striking inhibition of development of renal disease and prolongation of lifespan have been achieved in kdkd mice by restricting their daily food intake. Restricting protein intake alone did not prolong life nor did it inhibit development of kidney disease. The kdkd nephronophthisis, although very different histologically from the renal disease of B/W mice, may also have immunological components. Like the immunologically based renal disease of B/W mice, renal disease in kdkd mice is decreased or eliminated histologically by dietary restriction, which inhibits development of autoimmunity directed toward the erythrocytes of these mice. Further analysis will be needed to elucidate the cause of progressive renal disease in both the kdkd and B/W models and to permit understanding of the profound influence of restriction of food intake on development and progression of these very different renal diseases.", "contents": "Nutritional inhibition of genetically determined renal disease and autoimmunity with prolongation of life in kdkd mice. Striking inhibition of development of renal disease and prolongation of lifespan have been achieved in kdkd mice by restricting their daily food intake. Restricting protein intake alone did not prolong life nor did it inhibit development of kidney disease. The kdkd nephronophthisis, although very different histologically from the renal disease of B/W mice, may also have immunological components. Like the immunologically based renal disease of B/W mice, renal disease in kdkd mice is decreased or eliminated histologically by dietary restriction, which inhibits development of autoimmunity directed toward the erythrocytes of these mice. Further analysis will be needed to elucidate the cause of progressive renal disease in both the kdkd and B/W models and to permit understanding of the profound influence of restriction of food intake on development and progression of these very different renal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:275860", "title": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in murine lymphocytes: demonstration by direct binding.", "content": "Using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate as a specific cholinergic muscarinic ligand, it has been demonstrated that lymphocytes have muscarinic binding sites. There are approximately 200 sites per cell and the dissociation constant for quinuclidinyl benzilate is approximately 1 X 10(-9) M. Quinuclidinyl benzilate receptor binding is blocked by atropine and oxotremorine.", "contents": "Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in murine lymphocytes: demonstration by direct binding. Using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate as a specific cholinergic muscarinic ligand, it has been demonstrated that lymphocytes have muscarinic binding sites. There are approximately 200 sites per cell and the dissociation constant for quinuclidinyl benzilate is approximately 1 X 10(-9) M. Quinuclidinyl benzilate receptor binding is blocked by atropine and oxotremorine."}
{"id": "PMID:275861", "title": "Primary structure of murine major histocompatibility complex alloantigens: isolation, biochemical characterization, and preliminary alignment of CNBr fragments from the H-2Ib glycoprotein.", "content": "Radiochemical methodology has been applied in studies directed toward the determination of the amino acid sequence of the murine H-2Kb gene product. Five major CNBr fragments, which comprise the NH2-terminal 80% of the intact glycoprotein and include the H-2Kb fragment isolated by papain cleavage, were isolated and characterized. By means of amino-terminal sequence analysis, homology to other products of the major histocompatibility complex, identification of partial CNBr cleavage products, and localization of the site of papain cleavage, it was possible to align the fragments obtained from the molecule in the following order: the NH2-terminal fragment, designated IIIn, contains 23 residues and is followed by fragment IIIa, which contains 29 residues. Two peptides Ib (Mr 11,500) and Ia (Mr 12,000), each of which contains a carbohydrate moiety, are followed by fragment Ic (Mr 5800), which includes the site of papain cleavage. The data indicate the presence of disulfide bonds between fragments Ib and Ia and between Ia and Ic.", "contents": "Primary structure of murine major histocompatibility complex alloantigens: isolation, biochemical characterization, and preliminary alignment of CNBr fragments from the H-2Ib glycoprotein. Radiochemical methodology has been applied in studies directed toward the determination of the amino acid sequence of the murine H-2Kb gene product. Five major CNBr fragments, which comprise the NH2-terminal 80% of the intact glycoprotein and include the H-2Kb fragment isolated by papain cleavage, were isolated and characterized. By means of amino-terminal sequence analysis, homology to other products of the major histocompatibility complex, identification of partial CNBr cleavage products, and localization of the site of papain cleavage, it was possible to align the fragments obtained from the molecule in the following order: the NH2-terminal fragment, designated IIIn, contains 23 residues and is followed by fragment IIIa, which contains 29 residues. Two peptides Ib (Mr 11,500) and Ia (Mr 12,000), each of which contains a carbohydrate moiety, are followed by fragment Ic (Mr 5800), which includes the site of papain cleavage. The data indicate the presence of disulfide bonds between fragments Ib and Ia and between Ia and Ic."}
{"id": "PMID:275862", "title": "Diabetic cataract formation: potential role of glycosylation of lens crystallins.", "content": "A high glucose concentration in vivo or an increased glucose of glucose 6-phosphate concentration in vitro has been found to lead to the glycosylation of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in bovine and rat lens crystallins. In vitro, this glycosylation imparts an increased susceptibility of the crystallins to sulfhydryl oxidation. Disulfide crosslinks result in the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and an opalescence in the crystallin solutions. The addition of reducing agents prevents as well as reverses the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and the opalescence of the crystallins. These phenomena suggest a new interpretation of previous results on cataract formation and a new approach for development of drugs to prevent cataracts.", "contents": "Diabetic cataract formation: potential role of glycosylation of lens crystallins. A high glucose concentration in vivo or an increased glucose of glucose 6-phosphate concentration in vitro has been found to lead to the glycosylation of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in bovine and rat lens crystallins. In vitro, this glycosylation imparts an increased susceptibility of the crystallins to sulfhydryl oxidation. Disulfide crosslinks result in the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and an opalescence in the crystallin solutions. The addition of reducing agents prevents as well as reverses the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and the opalescence of the crystallins. These phenomena suggest a new interpretation of previous results on cataract formation and a new approach for development of drugs to prevent cataracts."}
{"id": "PMID:275863", "title": "Endorphins may function in heat adaptation.", "content": "Administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone to rats after acute or chronic heat exposure precipitates an increase in colonic temperature, an increase in escape attempts, and a decrease in body weight. These changes are accompanied by signs associated with hyperthermia such as salivation, diarrhea, and an abnormal extended posture. Although brain endorphin involvement is possible, hypophysectomy diminishes the intensity and magnitude of these naloxone effects, indicating that the naloxone effect in intact animals may be due to a functional antagonism of pituitary endorphins. These observations suggest that endorphins attenuate physiological responses to thermal and noxious stimuli triggered in common neuroanatomical pathways by heat.", "contents": "Endorphins may function in heat adaptation. Administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone to rats after acute or chronic heat exposure precipitates an increase in colonic temperature, an increase in escape attempts, and a decrease in body weight. These changes are accompanied by signs associated with hyperthermia such as salivation, diarrhea, and an abnormal extended posture. Although brain endorphin involvement is possible, hypophysectomy diminishes the intensity and magnitude of these naloxone effects, indicating that the naloxone effect in intact animals may be due to a functional antagonism of pituitary endorphins. These observations suggest that endorphins attenuate physiological responses to thermal and noxious stimuli triggered in common neuroanatomical pathways by heat."}
{"id": "PMID:275864", "title": "Hormonal induction of the secretory immune system in the mammary gland.", "content": "The secretory immune system of the mammary gland is undeveloped in virgin mice but becomes active at term and during lactation. This change appears to depend on migration to the mammary gland of precursors of IgA-secreting cells derived from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, an origin which explains the specificity of milk IgA antibodies for enteric organisms. Because development of the epithelial components of the mammary gland is clearly under hormonal control, we examined the effect of mammotropic hormones on differentiation of the immune elements. Under a combined regimen of progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin, development of the glandular epithelium occurs with concomitant increments in the number of IgA-secreting plasma cells and amount of intraepithelial IgA. These increases appear to be due to enhanced capacity of the gland to attract or retain precursors of IgA plasma cells derived from gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Testosterone, which antagonizes lactation, also antagonizes development of the secretory immune system and decreases cellular trapping in the lactating gland. The ability of the gland to trap IgA immunoblasts is probably contingent upon a hormone-induced increase in receptors.", "contents": "Hormonal induction of the secretory immune system in the mammary gland. The secretory immune system of the mammary gland is undeveloped in virgin mice but becomes active at term and during lactation. This change appears to depend on migration to the mammary gland of precursors of IgA-secreting cells derived from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, an origin which explains the specificity of milk IgA antibodies for enteric organisms. Because development of the epithelial components of the mammary gland is clearly under hormonal control, we examined the effect of mammotropic hormones on differentiation of the immune elements. Under a combined regimen of progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin, development of the glandular epithelium occurs with concomitant increments in the number of IgA-secreting plasma cells and amount of intraepithelial IgA. These increases appear to be due to enhanced capacity of the gland to attract or retain precursors of IgA plasma cells derived from gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Testosterone, which antagonizes lactation, also antagonizes development of the secretory immune system and decreases cellular trapping in the lactating gland. The ability of the gland to trap IgA immunoblasts is probably contingent upon a hormone-induced increase in receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:275865", "title": "Low concentrations of indomethacin inhibit phospholipase A2 of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, a drug with anti-inflammatory properties, has been attributed to its action on fatty acid cyclooxygenase. However, prostaglandin synthesis would also be inhibited if precursor fatty acids were not supplied. We find that indomethacin inhibits phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition is immediate and readily detected at 1 micrometer. The extent of inhibition is the same over a 10-fold range of substrate concentration and over a 500-fold range of enzyme purification. Inhibition is of the noncompetitive type, with an apparent Ki of 12 micrometer. Four other phospholipases A2--from venoms of Russell viper, Crotalus adamanteus, and bee, and from pig pancreas--are unaffected by 50 micrometer indomethacin, which inhibits leukocyte phospholipase A2 by 70%. This inhibition at low concentrations may well be important in the effects of the drug on protaglandin synthesis and inflammatory responses.", "contents": "Low concentrations of indomethacin inhibit phospholipase A2 of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin, a drug with anti-inflammatory properties, has been attributed to its action on fatty acid cyclooxygenase. However, prostaglandin synthesis would also be inhibited if precursor fatty acids were not supplied. We find that indomethacin inhibits phospholipase A2 (phosphatide 2-acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dose-dependent fashion. Inhibition is immediate and readily detected at 1 micrometer. The extent of inhibition is the same over a 10-fold range of substrate concentration and over a 500-fold range of enzyme purification. Inhibition is of the noncompetitive type, with an apparent Ki of 12 micrometer. Four other phospholipases A2--from venoms of Russell viper, Crotalus adamanteus, and bee, and from pig pancreas--are unaffected by 50 micrometer indomethacin, which inhibits leukocyte phospholipase A2 by 70%. This inhibition at low concentrations may well be important in the effects of the drug on protaglandin synthesis and inflammatory responses."}
{"id": "PMID:275866", "title": "[Met5]Enkephalin content in brain regions of rats treated with lithium.", "content": "In rats, chronic treatment with lithium elicits a dose-dependent increase in the [Met5]enkephalin content of nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus. A single injection of lithium fails to change the striatal [Met5]enkephalin content. The increase in [Met5]enkephalin caused by chronic lithium is proportional to the serum lithium level. The extent of the increase in striatal [Met5]enkephalin content levels off at a value of about 250% that of untreated rats. This increase has a time latency of 2--3 days and reaches a plateau at 5 days. The increase that was present at 5 days was no longer evident if the treatment was continued for 2 weeks. Lithium also increases striatal [Leu5]enkephalin content by an extent equal to the increase of [Met 5]enkephalin. Based on the characteristics of the lithium-induced increase in [Met6]enkephalin content, it is proposed that lithium may reduce the rate of release of [Met5]enkephalin from the small enkephalinergic neurons that are intrinsic to the striatum; this action may be related to a change in the regulation of striatal neurons.", "contents": "[Met5]Enkephalin content in brain regions of rats treated with lithium. In rats, chronic treatment with lithium elicits a dose-dependent increase in the [Met5]enkephalin content of nucleus caudatus and globus pallidus. A single injection of lithium fails to change the striatal [Met5]enkephalin content. The increase in [Met5]enkephalin caused by chronic lithium is proportional to the serum lithium level. The extent of the increase in striatal [Met5]enkephalin content levels off at a value of about 250% that of untreated rats. This increase has a time latency of 2--3 days and reaches a plateau at 5 days. The increase that was present at 5 days was no longer evident if the treatment was continued for 2 weeks. Lithium also increases striatal [Leu5]enkephalin content by an extent equal to the increase of [Met 5]enkephalin. Based on the characteristics of the lithium-induced increase in [Met6]enkephalin content, it is proposed that lithium may reduce the rate of release of [Met5]enkephalin from the small enkephalinergic neurons that are intrinsic to the striatum; this action may be related to a change in the regulation of striatal neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:275868", "title": "Antineoplaston A in cancer therapy. (I).", "content": "Twenty-one patients with advanced cancer or leukemia were treated with antineoplaston A and followed for up to nine months. Dosage by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, intrapleural, intravesical and/or topical administration ranged from 0.6 to 33 U/m2/24 h. Treatment was well tolerated, although side effects included fever of short duration and elevation of platelet and white blood count. In 18 cases some degree of clinical improvement was observed. Complete remission occurred in 4 cases. More than 50% remission occurred in 4 other cases which, along with another 6 cases, are continuing the treatment with high doses of antineoplaston A and show a continuing regression of the tumors although not yet achieving the criteria for complete remission; 2 of these 6 cases seem unlikely to achieve remission. Two patients temporarily discontinued treatment. During treatment, 5 patients expired; in 2 of them, however, was seen significant regression of the neoplastic process. The deaths were not due to cancer or to any toxicity incurred by the treatment.", "contents": "Antineoplaston A in cancer therapy. (I). Twenty-one patients with advanced cancer or leukemia were treated with antineoplaston A and followed for up to nine months. Dosage by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, intrapleural, intravesical and/or topical administration ranged from 0.6 to 33 U/m2/24 h. Treatment was well tolerated, although side effects included fever of short duration and elevation of platelet and white blood count. In 18 cases some degree of clinical improvement was observed. Complete remission occurred in 4 cases. More than 50% remission occurred in 4 other cases which, along with another 6 cases, are continuing the treatment with high doses of antineoplaston A and show a continuing regression of the tumors although not yet achieving the criteria for complete remission; 2 of these 6 cases seem unlikely to achieve remission. Two patients temporarily discontinued treatment. During treatment, 5 patients expired; in 2 of them, however, was seen significant regression of the neoplastic process. The deaths were not due to cancer or to any toxicity incurred by the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:276042", "title": "[Ultrastructure of achromic malignant melanoma of the gingiva. value in differential diagnosis].", "content": "The authors report a case of a large oral tumour. On the basis of classical histological and histochemical techniques, the diagnosis was oriented towards an angiosarcoma though it was not possibile to eliminate an achromic melanoma. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated the presence of premelanosomes and established the diagnosis of an achromic malignant melanoma. The clinical interest of this approach isthus emphasised.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of achromic malignant melanoma of the gingiva. value in differential diagnosis]. The authors report a case of a large oral tumour. On the basis of classical histological and histochemical techniques, the diagnosis was oriented towards an angiosarcoma though it was not possibile to eliminate an achromic melanoma. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated the presence of premelanosomes and established the diagnosis of an achromic malignant melanoma. The clinical interest of this approach isthus emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:276043", "title": "[Study of stresses in the fractured mandible in man. Theoretical measurement and verification by extensometric gauges in situ].", "content": "The authors study the various possibilities for measuring the stresses which develop within the mandible under the effect of masticatory forces. Several methods are proposed:--calculation with the aid of mathematical models,---the use of extensometric gauges in vitro with the aid of traction machines,--the use of extensometric gauges in vivo. The results obtained with all three methods are in agreement and, in the opinion of the authors, provide experimental evidence of the well-founded nature of Michelet's technique of osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Study of stresses in the fractured mandible in man. Theoretical measurement and verification by extensometric gauges in situ]. The authors study the various possibilities for measuring the stresses which develop within the mandible under the effect of masticatory forces. Several methods are proposed:--calculation with the aid of mathematical models,---the use of extensometric gauges in vitro with the aid of traction machines,--the use of extensometric gauges in vivo. The results obtained with all three methods are in agreement and, in the opinion of the authors, provide experimental evidence of the well-founded nature of Michelet's technique of osteosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:276044", "title": "[A poorly reduced fracture with spontaneous consolidation in good position].", "content": "The authors present a case of double mandibular fracture in a partially edentulous patient, which was poorly reduced but nevertheless evolved spontaneously to consolidation in a satisfactory position. They feel that only the influence of muscular forces can explain this fortunate outcome. The technique involving the use of plate and screws is felt to be preferable to osteosynthesis using steel wires in such cases.", "contents": "[A poorly reduced fracture with spontaneous consolidation in good position]. The authors present a case of double mandibular fracture in a partially edentulous patient, which was poorly reduced but nevertheless evolved spontaneously to consolidation in a satisfactory position. They feel that only the influence of muscular forces can explain this fortunate outcome. The technique involving the use of plate and screws is felt to be preferable to osteosynthesis using steel wires in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:276041", "title": "[Hyperkinetic syndromes. Therapeutic trials].", "content": "The Authors report their therapeutic experiences with RO 5/4023 begun in 1969, on some hyperkinetic syndromes. The casuistry includes six cases of facial spasm, three cases of Huntington disease, three cases of benign essential tremor, one case of Gilles de La Tourette disease. The favourable results of the drug are estimated in percentage that in somecases has reached 70%.", "contents": "[Hyperkinetic syndromes. Therapeutic trials]. The Authors report their therapeutic experiences with RO 5/4023 begun in 1969, on some hyperkinetic syndromes. The casuistry includes six cases of facial spasm, three cases of Huntington disease, three cases of benign essential tremor, one case of Gilles de La Tourette disease. The favourable results of the drug are estimated in percentage that in somecases has reached 70%."}
{"id": "PMID:276046", "title": "Myelomatosis terminating in acute myelogenic leukaemia.", "content": "A case of acute myelogenic leukaemia developing after 7 months treatment with alkylating agents for multiple myeloma is reported. The patients was also given irradiation for an expansive process in the thoracic column. By immunofluorescence staining of the bone marrow cells there was no evidence for production of pathological globulins in the blast cells, while the plasma cells contained IgA, kappa.", "contents": "Myelomatosis terminating in acute myelogenic leukaemia. A case of acute myelogenic leukaemia developing after 7 months treatment with alkylating agents for multiple myeloma is reported. The patients was also given irradiation for an expansive process in the thoracic column. By immunofluorescence staining of the bone marrow cells there was no evidence for production of pathological globulins in the blast cells, while the plasma cells contained IgA, kappa."}
{"id": "PMID:276085", "title": "Metastatic tumors of the foot.", "content": "Four metastatic tumors of the foot, of colonic, renal and humeral origin, are described. They involved three calcanei and two tali. All four patients died within a few months after the appearance of metastasis to the foot. Bony destruction, pain, and swelling can closely resemble the clinical signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis. Diagnostic roentgenograms must be obtained to rule out the possibility of metastatic disease, and biopsies are usually required for accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors of the foot. Four metastatic tumors of the foot, of colonic, renal and humeral origin, are described. They involved three calcanei and two tali. All four patients died within a few months after the appearance of metastasis to the foot. Bony destruction, pain, and swelling can closely resemble the clinical signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis. Diagnostic roentgenograms must be obtained to rule out the possibility of metastatic disease, and biopsies are usually required for accurate diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:276093", "title": "Maintenance of hemoglobin inducibility in somatic cell hybrids of tetraploid (2S) mouse erythroleukemia cells with mouse or human fibroblasts.", "content": "It has previously been reported that Friend mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells synthesize hemoglobin when exposed to 2% dimethylsulfoxide, and that hybrids between MEL cells and fibroblasts (or other nonerythroid cells) do not synthesize hemoglobin. We have been successful in obtaining hybrids (3/15) between MEL cells and mouse L-cell fibroblasts that maintain hemoglobin inducibility by preserving nonadherent cells after fusion. The proportion of hemoglobin inducible hybrids can be increased (8/11) by using a stable 2S (pseudotetraploid) MEL parent in addition to preserving nonadherent cells after fusion. All hybrids which were nonadherent were hemoglobin inducible, and all hybrids which were adherent were not. Five nonadherent hybrid clones were analyzed from fusions between a stable 2S MEL parent and a human fibroblast (WI-38, VA-2). All these clones were inducible for hemoglobin. It is concluded that gene dosage is effective in increasing the proportion of hemoglobin inducible hybrids, but hybrid morphology is the phenotype characteristic that correlates most closely with expression of hemoglobin inducibility.", "contents": "Maintenance of hemoglobin inducibility in somatic cell hybrids of tetraploid (2S) mouse erythroleukemia cells with mouse or human fibroblasts. It has previously been reported that Friend mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells synthesize hemoglobin when exposed to 2% dimethylsulfoxide, and that hybrids between MEL cells and fibroblasts (or other nonerythroid cells) do not synthesize hemoglobin. We have been successful in obtaining hybrids (3/15) between MEL cells and mouse L-cell fibroblasts that maintain hemoglobin inducibility by preserving nonadherent cells after fusion. The proportion of hemoglobin inducible hybrids can be increased (8/11) by using a stable 2S (pseudotetraploid) MEL parent in addition to preserving nonadherent cells after fusion. All hybrids which were nonadherent were hemoglobin inducible, and all hybrids which were adherent were not. Five nonadherent hybrid clones were analyzed from fusions between a stable 2S MEL parent and a human fibroblast (WI-38, VA-2). All these clones were inducible for hemoglobin. It is concluded that gene dosage is effective in increasing the proportion of hemoglobin inducible hybrids, but hybrid morphology is the phenotype characteristic that correlates most closely with expression of hemoglobin inducibility."}
{"id": "PMID:276205", "title": "[Percutaneous cervical anterolateral cordotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A brief history of percutaneous high cervical anterolateral cordotomy is followed by a review of the anatomy and neurophysiology of the spinothalamic tract. Then a report is presented of the results of 40 percutaneous cordotomies carried out on 32 patients at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Graz. Operative procedure, indications and advantages of this functional operation are discussed.", "contents": "[Percutaneous cervical anterolateral cordotomy (author's transl)]. A brief history of percutaneous high cervical anterolateral cordotomy is followed by a review of the anatomy and neurophysiology of the spinothalamic tract. Then a report is presented of the results of 40 percutaneous cordotomies carried out on 32 patients at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Graz. Operative procedure, indications and advantages of this functional operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276201", "title": "[Adenyl cyclase activity of human blood platelets in various blood diseases].", "content": "Adenyl cyclase activity was estimated in blood platelets of healthy persons and of patients with myeloleukosis, osteomyelofibrosis and with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Six-fold decrease in the adenyl cyclase activity from the platelets was observed in chronic myeloleukosis. The enzymatic activity in platelets was similar to normal level in osteomyelofibrosis and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.", "contents": "[Adenyl cyclase activity of human blood platelets in various blood diseases]. Adenyl cyclase activity was estimated in blood platelets of healthy persons and of patients with myeloleukosis, osteomyelofibrosis and with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Six-fold decrease in the adenyl cyclase activity from the platelets was observed in chronic myeloleukosis. The enzymatic activity in platelets was similar to normal level in osteomyelofibrosis and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia."}
{"id": "PMID:276210", "title": "[Fatal accidents with compressed air diving equipment (author's transl)].", "content": "The post-mortem findings of 4 sport divers involved in accidents showed air embolism of the heart as well as 2 subcutaneous emphysemas of shoulder and neck. The lungs were distended and the viscera were hyperaemic. The pleura showed petechiae and small patchy hemorrhages. In microscopic examination foci of alveolar hemorrhages of the lungs and, occasionally, muscosal rupture of small branches of the bronchial tree and of the bronchioli could be determined. The most likely causes for the accidents are discussed and special attention is given to panicking under water.", "contents": "[Fatal accidents with compressed air diving equipment (author's transl)]. The post-mortem findings of 4 sport divers involved in accidents showed air embolism of the heart as well as 2 subcutaneous emphysemas of shoulder and neck. The lungs were distended and the viscera were hyperaemic. The pleura showed petechiae and small patchy hemorrhages. In microscopic examination foci of alveolar hemorrhages of the lungs and, occasionally, muscosal rupture of small branches of the bronchial tree and of the bronchioli could be determined. The most likely causes for the accidents are discussed and special attention is given to panicking under water."}
{"id": "PMID:276234", "title": "The cytology of malignant mesothelioma in Western Australia.", "content": "The cytology of malignant mesothelioma seen in 12 patients associated with the mining of crocidolite asbestos in Western Australia is described. Two main patterns of mesothelioma were observed: the spindle cell and epithelial varieties. In the more common epithelial variety, five features were found to be of particular value in making a cytologic diagnosis. These include the finding of cell aggregates, multinucleation, the presence of brush-like borders, the close apposition of cell borders, and a characteristic cytoplasm. A diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma may be established by cytologic examination of effusions. The awareness of the possible occurrence of such a primary malignant neoplasm with the features outlined may be helpful in this regard.", "contents": "The cytology of malignant mesothelioma in Western Australia. The cytology of malignant mesothelioma seen in 12 patients associated with the mining of crocidolite asbestos in Western Australia is described. Two main patterns of mesothelioma were observed: the spindle cell and epithelial varieties. In the more common epithelial variety, five features were found to be of particular value in making a cytologic diagnosis. These include the finding of cell aggregates, multinucleation, the presence of brush-like borders, the close apposition of cell borders, and a characteristic cytoplasm. A diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma may be established by cytologic examination of effusions. The awareness of the possible occurrence of such a primary malignant neoplasm with the features outlined may be helpful in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:276236", "title": "An evaluation of cytologic sampling techniques. A comparative study.", "content": "False negative cervical cytology is primarily due to errors in sampling. It has been demonstrated that combined ectocervical and endocervical sampling techniques will improve the yield. A prospective study was done to compare ectocervical and combined sampling with a selective technique in which the examiner determines the location of the squamocolumnar junction and chooses the appropriate method. The results demonstrate that combined ectocervical and endocervical sampling significantly increases the number of positive Papanicolaou smears. Selecting which cervices should be samples ectocervically and which need combined sampling does not significantly improve the yield over ectocervical sampling alone. It is the conclusion of this study that both ectocervical and endocervical sampling should routinely be used.", "contents": "An evaluation of cytologic sampling techniques. A comparative study. False negative cervical cytology is primarily due to errors in sampling. It has been demonstrated that combined ectocervical and endocervical sampling techniques will improve the yield. A prospective study was done to compare ectocervical and combined sampling with a selective technique in which the examiner determines the location of the squamocolumnar junction and chooses the appropriate method. The results demonstrate that combined ectocervical and endocervical sampling significantly increases the number of positive Papanicolaou smears. Selecting which cervices should be samples ectocervically and which need combined sampling does not significantly improve the yield over ectocervical sampling alone. It is the conclusion of this study that both ectocervical and endocervical sampling should routinely be used."}
{"id": "PMID:276235", "title": "Cytology of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas involving the stomach.", "content": "An attempt was made to diagnose cytologically non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (ML) of the stomach on gastric smears in terms of the Kiel classification. This classification represents a more advanced approach for the identification of ML with regard to the cell type specificity, with some functional connotations as compared with previous classifications. The endoscopic brushing cell film studies, when compared with histology of endoscopic biopsies and/or surgical specimens, indicated a high accuracy of cell type identification. Sampling may represent problems in relation to the type of gross lesion. Specific cell types could be recognized in 20 of 25 cases of gastric involvement of ML. Six of nine cases of lymphoplasmacytoid ML revealed diagnostic cells, such as lymphoplasmacytoid cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and occasional immunoblasts. Six of seven cases of centrocytic ML had a large number of small cells with indented nuclei, and seven of eight centroblastic-centrocytic ML yielded a mixture of large centroblasts and small centrocytes. In addition to these 24 low-grade ML, one case of unclassifiable high-grade ML was diagnosed. Differential diagnostic problems within ML subtypes and with benign lesions, such as pseudolymphoma of the stomach, as well as malignant tumors and especially diffuse type gastric carcinoma, are taken into consideration.", "contents": "Cytology of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas involving the stomach. An attempt was made to diagnose cytologically non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas (ML) of the stomach on gastric smears in terms of the Kiel classification. This classification represents a more advanced approach for the identification of ML with regard to the cell type specificity, with some functional connotations as compared with previous classifications. The endoscopic brushing cell film studies, when compared with histology of endoscopic biopsies and/or surgical specimens, indicated a high accuracy of cell type identification. Sampling may represent problems in relation to the type of gross lesion. Specific cell types could be recognized in 20 of 25 cases of gastric involvement of ML. Six of nine cases of lymphoplasmacytoid ML revealed diagnostic cells, such as lymphoplasmacytoid cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and occasional immunoblasts. Six of seven cases of centrocytic ML had a large number of small cells with indented nuclei, and seven of eight centroblastic-centrocytic ML yielded a mixture of large centroblasts and small centrocytes. In addition to these 24 low-grade ML, one case of unclassifiable high-grade ML was diagnosed. Differential diagnostic problems within ML subtypes and with benign lesions, such as pseudolymphoma of the stomach, as well as malignant tumors and especially diffuse type gastric carcinoma, are taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:276237", "title": "Syringing as a method of cell dispersal. I. Effect on intermediate and superficial squamous cells.", "content": "Mechanical shear in the form of syringing was applied to human gynecologic cytology specimens in an effort to disperse cell clumps. The percentage of single squamous cells achieved with the optimum conditions is generally 70 to 100 per cent. Syringing with a constant pressure device produces a high yield of single squamous cells without the concurrent high cell loss as often observed using enzymatic or chemical procedures. Data presented demonstrate that the slide preparation and clump evaluation procedures used for this study yield reliable and reproducible data. Studies varying stroke number and plunger pressure were completed and conditions for maximum dispersal were established.", "contents": "Syringing as a method of cell dispersal. I. Effect on intermediate and superficial squamous cells. Mechanical shear in the form of syringing was applied to human gynecologic cytology specimens in an effort to disperse cell clumps. The percentage of single squamous cells achieved with the optimum conditions is generally 70 to 100 per cent. Syringing with a constant pressure device produces a high yield of single squamous cells without the concurrent high cell loss as often observed using enzymatic or chemical procedures. Data presented demonstrate that the slide preparation and clump evaluation procedures used for this study yield reliable and reproducible data. Studies varying stroke number and plunger pressure were completed and conditions for maximum dispersal were established."}
{"id": "PMID:276244", "title": "Pompe's disease: ultrastructural alterations of muscle tissue in parents.", "content": "A histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of muscle tissue was performed in the parents of a patient affected by a infantile form of acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease). In both parents the clinical examination was normal, but serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase were high. Histological and histochemical examination of muscle did not reveal any abnormality. Ultrastructural study showed an excess of glycogen granules below the sarcolemmal sheat and between myofibrils, often associated with clusters of mitochondria. There was no glycogen trapped in lysosomal vesicles. The mechanism of glycogen storage in Pompe's disease seems to involve an enzymatic deficiency other than acid maltase.", "contents": "Pompe's disease: ultrastructural alterations of muscle tissue in parents. A histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of muscle tissue was performed in the parents of a patient affected by a infantile form of acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease). In both parents the clinical examination was normal, but serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and aldolase were high. Histological and histochemical examination of muscle did not reveal any abnormality. Ultrastructural study showed an excess of glycogen granules below the sarcolemmal sheat and between myofibrils, often associated with clusters of mitochondria. There was no glycogen trapped in lysosomal vesicles. The mechanism of glycogen storage in Pompe's disease seems to involve an enzymatic deficiency other than acid maltase."}
{"id": "PMID:276240", "title": "Koilocytosis in dysplastic and reactive cervical squamous epithelium. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Koilocytosis was studied in eight cases of dysplasia and reactive atypia with conventional transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features were compared to the process of maturation of normal cervical epithelium. Koilocytosis was observed as abnormal karyopyknosis as represented by irregular nuclei, coarse chromatin clumping, the less dense ellipsoid perinuclear zone, and the increased tonofilament bundles in the outer zone of the cytoplasm accentuating the margin of the perinuclear zone of the cells.", "contents": "Koilocytosis in dysplastic and reactive cervical squamous epithelium. An ultrastructural study. Koilocytosis was studied in eight cases of dysplasia and reactive atypia with conventional transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features were compared to the process of maturation of normal cervical epithelium. Koilocytosis was observed as abnormal karyopyknosis as represented by irregular nuclei, coarse chromatin clumping, the less dense ellipsoid perinuclear zone, and the increased tonofilament bundles in the outer zone of the cytoplasm accentuating the margin of the perinuclear zone of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:276241", "title": "Sequential cytologic study of the development of squamous cell carcinoma induced in subcutaneously implanted bronchial autograft of dog.", "content": "Squamous cell metaplasias and the development of squamous cell carcinomas caused by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon exposure of the lumen of grafted dog bronchi were followed by cytology, and were correlated to histologically and ultrastructurally observed changes seen in the biopsy specimens at the same time periods. Cytologic specimens showed a progression from mild atypia of squamous metaplastic cells, to moderate atypia, and to marked atypia before the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Histology obtained by the biopsy specimens revealed findings corresponding to these cytologic changes. In the premalignant phase, squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ-like changes were also seen. Ultrastructural findings of the epithelium, such as widened intercellular space, increasing tonofilaments, enlarged nuclei with deep indentations, and prominent nucleoli with microsegregation were characteristic changes in the preneoplastic stages. It was concluded that this method of cytology, reflecting histologic and ultrastructural changes, is a useful experimental tool for the comparative study of premalignant lesions in the human bronchus and their early neoplastic stages.", "contents": "Sequential cytologic study of the development of squamous cell carcinoma induced in subcutaneously implanted bronchial autograft of dog. Squamous cell metaplasias and the development of squamous cell carcinomas caused by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon exposure of the lumen of grafted dog bronchi were followed by cytology, and were correlated to histologically and ultrastructurally observed changes seen in the biopsy specimens at the same time periods. Cytologic specimens showed a progression from mild atypia of squamous metaplastic cells, to moderate atypia, and to marked atypia before the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Histology obtained by the biopsy specimens revealed findings corresponding to these cytologic changes. In the premalignant phase, squamous dysplasia and carcinoma in situ-like changes were also seen. Ultrastructural findings of the epithelium, such as widened intercellular space, increasing tonofilaments, enlarged nuclei with deep indentations, and prominent nucleoli with microsegregation were characteristic changes in the preneoplastic stages. It was concluded that this method of cytology, reflecting histologic and ultrastructural changes, is a useful experimental tool for the comparative study of premalignant lesions in the human bronchus and their early neoplastic stages."}
{"id": "PMID:276242", "title": "[Preliminary analysis of intensive treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children].", "content": "The analysis was carried out on 31 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. In 29 of them remissions were obtained conducting later during 3 years intensive maintenance therapy associated with radiotherapy to the central nervous system (according to the method of the Memphis group). Superiority of intensive treatment in relation to more sparing treatment has been demonstrated. Therapeutic failures were observed in children with primarily poor prognosis of leukaemia, especially with blastic hyperleucocytosis. The behavior of serum immunoglobulins and especially infections occurring in children during treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Preliminary analysis of intensive treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children]. The analysis was carried out on 31 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. In 29 of them remissions were obtained conducting later during 3 years intensive maintenance therapy associated with radiotherapy to the central nervous system (according to the method of the Memphis group). Superiority of intensive treatment in relation to more sparing treatment has been demonstrated. Therapeutic failures were observed in children with primarily poor prognosis of leukaemia, especially with blastic hyperleucocytosis. The behavior of serum immunoglobulins and especially infections occurring in children during treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276243", "title": "[Usefulness of beta-glucuronidase activity determination in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemia].", "content": "In 95 cases of acute leukemias the cytochemical type was determined according to L\u00f6ffler's classification and the activity of beta-glucuronidase was determined in blast cells. In the light of these investigations it was demonstrated that determination of the activity of this enzyme may be useful only in the differential diagnosis and classification of certain cases of acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated-cell leukaemias.", "contents": "[Usefulness of beta-glucuronidase activity determination in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemia]. In 95 cases of acute leukemias the cytochemical type was determined according to L\u00f6ffler's classification and the activity of beta-glucuronidase was determined in blast cells. In the light of these investigations it was demonstrated that determination of the activity of this enzyme may be useful only in the differential diagnosis and classification of certain cases of acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated-cell leukaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:276264", "title": "Familial non-Hodgkin lymphoma: histologic diversity and relation to other cancers.", "content": "Familial non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases were classified according to the histologic criteria (modified) of Rappaport, to determine the extent of morphologic similarities of the tumors. In four families affected members had different tumor histologies that may be observed in an individual patient as the lymphoma progresses. In two families, the affected relatives had tumors of seemingly discordant histology. These tumors may nonetheless be etiologically related as indicated by the pattern of laboratory abnormalities, especially immunologic, in affected as well as unaffected members. The 20 cases had a reversal of the sex ratio (M/F) usually seen in NHL: 0.5 instead of 1.3. Other tumors observed in these families included primary hepatocellular carcinoma, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, Hodgkin disease, and acute lymphocytic leukemia - all of which have been associated with inborn or acquired immunodeficiency states.", "contents": "Familial non-Hodgkin lymphoma: histologic diversity and relation to other cancers. Familial non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases were classified according to the histologic criteria (modified) of Rappaport, to determine the extent of morphologic similarities of the tumors. In four families affected members had different tumor histologies that may be observed in an individual patient as the lymphoma progresses. In two families, the affected relatives had tumors of seemingly discordant histology. These tumors may nonetheless be etiologically related as indicated by the pattern of laboratory abnormalities, especially immunologic, in affected as well as unaffected members. The 20 cases had a reversal of the sex ratio (M/F) usually seen in NHL: 0.5 instead of 1.3. Other tumors observed in these families included primary hepatocellular carcinoma, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, Hodgkin disease, and acute lymphocytic leukemia - all of which have been associated with inborn or acquired immunodeficiency states."}
{"id": "PMID:276266", "title": "Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis.", "content": "1. Cephalograms of 102 children with normal occlusion (Group 1) and 874 children with various malocclusions were analyzed to determine which measurements would produce the highest correlation against the displacement of the molar relationships. 2. Molar displacement was measured directly on the study casts, and an average of the measurements of the right and the left sides was obtained. 3. The malocclusion sample was divided into groups according to molar displacement: 214 neutroclusion cases (Group 2), 624 distoclusion cases (Group 3), and 36 mesioclusion cases (Group 4). 4. The mean value of the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the normal group was 81.4 degrees, with a standard deviation of 3.79. 5. The APDI reading was obtained by tabulating the facial angle plus or minus the A-B plane angle and plus or minus the palatal plane angle. 6. Among the measurements tested, the APDI was found to show the highest correlation against the molar displacement, with a correlation value of 0.643. 7. The four variable that produced the highest correlation coefficient value--that is, the ANB angle (-0.495), the A-B pland angle (0.566), the \"Wits\" appraisal (-0.639), and the APDI (0.643)--were subjected to a study of their frequency distribution patterns. High percentage of overlapping of the two extreme groups (distoclusion and mesioclusion groups) were found in the above variables, with the exception of the APDI. 8. A discussion of the differential diagnostic value of the APDI was presented, together with illustrations and various clinical examples.", "contents": "Anteroposterior dysplasia indicator: an adjunct to cephalometric differential diagnosis. 1. Cephalograms of 102 children with normal occlusion (Group 1) and 874 children with various malocclusions were analyzed to determine which measurements would produce the highest correlation against the displacement of the molar relationships. 2. Molar displacement was measured directly on the study casts, and an average of the measurements of the right and the left sides was obtained. 3. The malocclusion sample was divided into groups according to molar displacement: 214 neutroclusion cases (Group 2), 624 distoclusion cases (Group 3), and 36 mesioclusion cases (Group 4). 4. The mean value of the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI) in the normal group was 81.4 degrees, with a standard deviation of 3.79. 5. The APDI reading was obtained by tabulating the facial angle plus or minus the A-B plane angle and plus or minus the palatal plane angle. 6. Among the measurements tested, the APDI was found to show the highest correlation against the molar displacement, with a correlation value of 0.643. 7. The four variable that produced the highest correlation coefficient value--that is, the ANB angle (-0.495), the A-B pland angle (0.566), the \"Wits\" appraisal (-0.639), and the APDI (0.643)--were subjected to a study of their frequency distribution patterns. High percentage of overlapping of the two extreme groups (distoclusion and mesioclusion groups) were found in the above variables, with the exception of the APDI. 8. A discussion of the differential diagnostic value of the APDI was presented, together with illustrations and various clinical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:276263", "title": "Localized mucormycosis following intramuscular corticosteroid. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of subcutaneous localized mucormycosis infection which developed following intramuscular (IM) injection of corticosteroid in a patient with leukemia is presented. Aggressive treatment, which included wide local excision, systemic amphotericin-B, and chemotherapy for the leukemia, resulted in eradication of the infection and complete healing of the wound. A review of the literature revealed nine other patients with the localized subcutaneous form of mucormycosis (excluding patients with burns and rhinocerebral types) and six of those nine patients also survived the infection. It is possibly the mildness of the underlying predisposing factors that allows some of these patients to contain the infection at a single site. It is apparent from review of the literature that in subcutaneous localized forms of mucormycosis, the outcome has been generally good. This contrasts sharply with other clinical forms of mucormycosis infections where the underlying predisposing factors are usually severe and any kind of therapeutic approach has been almost always futile. Subcutaneous mucormycosis infection differs clinically and histopathologically from subcutaneous localized entomophthoromycosis which is seen predominantly in tropical countries. An attempt is made to clarify the terminology of these interesting fungi in language that is taxonomically up-to-date and still useful to clinicians.", "contents": "Localized mucormycosis following intramuscular corticosteroid. Case report and review of the literature. A case of subcutaneous localized mucormycosis infection which developed following intramuscular (IM) injection of corticosteroid in a patient with leukemia is presented. Aggressive treatment, which included wide local excision, systemic amphotericin-B, and chemotherapy for the leukemia, resulted in eradication of the infection and complete healing of the wound. A review of the literature revealed nine other patients with the localized subcutaneous form of mucormycosis (excluding patients with burns and rhinocerebral types) and six of those nine patients also survived the infection. It is possibly the mildness of the underlying predisposing factors that allows some of these patients to contain the infection at a single site. It is apparent from review of the literature that in subcutaneous localized forms of mucormycosis, the outcome has been generally good. This contrasts sharply with other clinical forms of mucormycosis infections where the underlying predisposing factors are usually severe and any kind of therapeutic approach has been almost always futile. Subcutaneous mucormycosis infection differs clinically and histopathologically from subcutaneous localized entomophthoromycosis which is seen predominantly in tropical countries. An attempt is made to clarify the terminology of these interesting fungi in language that is taxonomically up-to-date and still useful to clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:276271", "title": "Soft-tissue changes related to the surgical management of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "A series of fifty patients treated surgically for mandibular prognathism has been analyzed statistically to study relative soft- and hard-tissue changes. Changes in the soft tissue of the chin and in the lower lip position relative to the underlying mandibular structures are well related in a nearly 1:1 ratio. Upper lip modifications have been shown to be less well related to mandibular repositioning. The ratio of change of mandibular landmarks to soft-tissue points and their over-all positional change can be helpful in presurgical treatment planning of patients with mandibular prognathism.", "contents": "Soft-tissue changes related to the surgical management of mandibular prognathism. A series of fifty patients treated surgically for mandibular prognathism has been analyzed statistically to study relative soft- and hard-tissue changes. Changes in the soft tissue of the chin and in the lower lip position relative to the underlying mandibular structures are well related in a nearly 1:1 ratio. Upper lip modifications have been shown to be less well related to mandibular repositioning. The ratio of change of mandibular landmarks to soft-tissue points and their over-all positional change can be helpful in presurgical treatment planning of patients with mandibular prognathism."}
{"id": "PMID:276272", "title": "The craniofacial skeletal pattern of the South African Negro.", "content": "Lateral cephalometric head film measurements on twenty-seven male and twenty-eight female adult craniums and mandibles with excellent occlusions were compared with similar measurements on Caucasoids with excellent occlusions. Among the differences between the two groups is the forward position of the short maxilla relative to the anterior cranial base in the South African Negro. The forward location of point A has the effect of increasing the ANB angle, since the relative position of point B in both groups is much the same. Unlike the American Negro, the labial inclination of the upper incisors in the South African Negro is not pronounced but is similar to the inclination observed in Caucasoids. Because of the large ANB angle, the lower incisors in the S.A. Negro (as in the American Negro) are severely labially inclined. Ramus height in the S.A. Negro is shorter than that of Caucasoids and appears to be related to the steep mandibular plane observed in the former population group.", "contents": "The craniofacial skeletal pattern of the South African Negro. Lateral cephalometric head film measurements on twenty-seven male and twenty-eight female adult craniums and mandibles with excellent occlusions were compared with similar measurements on Caucasoids with excellent occlusions. Among the differences between the two groups is the forward position of the short maxilla relative to the anterior cranial base in the South African Negro. The forward location of point A has the effect of increasing the ANB angle, since the relative position of point B in both groups is much the same. Unlike the American Negro, the labial inclination of the upper incisors in the South African Negro is not pronounced but is similar to the inclination observed in Caucasoids. Because of the large ANB angle, the lower incisors in the S.A. Negro (as in the American Negro) are severely labially inclined. Ramus height in the S.A. Negro is shorter than that of Caucasoids and appears to be related to the steep mandibular plane observed in the former population group."}
{"id": "PMID:276276", "title": "[Servoventilator and kuhn-system. A device for intermittent manual ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "A modification of the Servo-Ventilator is described: With the help of \"Kuhn's System\" it is possible to manualy ventilate a patient while for instance searching for a defect in the ventilator or in certain operative situations. The adaptation is simple and cheap and should be easy to implement in every clinic.", "contents": "[Servoventilator and kuhn-system. A device for intermittent manual ventilation (author's transl)]. A modification of the Servo-Ventilator is described: With the help of \"Kuhn's System\" it is possible to manualy ventilate a patient while for instance searching for a defect in the ventilator or in certain operative situations. The adaptation is simple and cheap and should be easy to implement in every clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:276282", "title": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: continuing education courses in pain control.", "content": "Pain and anxiety control is taught at the continuing education level in a large number of diverse courses. This paper reports the results of a survey of those courses held in 1976. The majority of courses centered on the use of inhalation or intravenous sedation. Relatively few courses were offered on the other aspects of pain and anxiety control. Very little attempt is being made at formally evaluating the competence of participants in these courses. Few courses appear to adequately cover the prevention and management of complications. Suggestions for changes in the teaching of pain and anxiety control at the continuing education level are made based on these findings.Pain and anxiety control encompasses the application of various physical, chemical and psychological modalities in the prevention and treatment of peri-operative patient apprehension and pain. Patient apprehension about dental procedures is felt to influence the seeking of remedial and preventive dental care by a significant portion of the population. Efforts to improve the training of dentists in pain and anxiety control modalities have included several workshops sponsored by the American Dental Society of Anesthesia, the formulation of guidelines for courses at the predoctoral, postdoctoral and continuing education levels, and the establishment of postdoctoral pain control training programs at several dental schools.Recent graduates have been trained in pain control in predoctoral programs which vary widely in content and length. A large number of practitioners seek training in pain control through continuing education courses offered by dental schools, hospitals and a variety of other institutions. This paper reports the results of a survey of these courses and suggests several recommendations based on the findings.", "contents": "Survey of curriculum and instruction: continuing education courses in pain control. Pain and anxiety control is taught at the continuing education level in a large number of diverse courses. This paper reports the results of a survey of those courses held in 1976. The majority of courses centered on the use of inhalation or intravenous sedation. Relatively few courses were offered on the other aspects of pain and anxiety control. Very little attempt is being made at formally evaluating the competence of participants in these courses. Few courses appear to adequately cover the prevention and management of complications. Suggestions for changes in the teaching of pain and anxiety control at the continuing education level are made based on these findings.Pain and anxiety control encompasses the application of various physical, chemical and psychological modalities in the prevention and treatment of peri-operative patient apprehension and pain. Patient apprehension about dental procedures is felt to influence the seeking of remedial and preventive dental care by a significant portion of the population. Efforts to improve the training of dentists in pain and anxiety control modalities have included several workshops sponsored by the American Dental Society of Anesthesia, the formulation of guidelines for courses at the predoctoral, postdoctoral and continuing education levels, and the establishment of postdoctoral pain control training programs at several dental schools.Recent graduates have been trained in pain control in predoctoral programs which vary widely in content and length. A large number of practitioners seek training in pain control through continuing education courses offered by dental schools, hospitals and a variety of other institutions. This paper reports the results of a survey of these courses and suggests several recommendations based on the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:276311", "title": "Mycosis fungoides evolving to myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia, a type of leukemic conversion that may be a manifestation of mycosis fungoides, developed in two patients with fairly typical courses of mycosis fungoides. The cases of five other patients with myelogenous leukemia as the terminal event of mycosis fungoides have been reported in the literature. A relationship to therapy could not be established, although all patients had had irradiation or chemotherapy or both.", "contents": "Mycosis fungoides evolving to myelomonocytic leukemia. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia, a type of leukemic conversion that may be a manifestation of mycosis fungoides, developed in two patients with fairly typical courses of mycosis fungoides. The cases of five other patients with myelogenous leukemia as the terminal event of mycosis fungoides have been reported in the literature. A relationship to therapy could not be established, although all patients had had irradiation or chemotherapy or both."}
{"id": "PMID:276312", "title": "Intellectual abilities among survivors of childhood leukaemia as a function of CNS irradiation.", "content": "Twenty-eight children in remission at least 2 years after completing chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were assessed on standardised psychological tests. It was found that 7 who never had central nervous system (CNS) irradiation and 9 having prophylactic CNS irradiation at least 6 months after diagnosis tended to perform at average or above levels, while those 10 each having prophylactic CNS irradiation (within 2 months of diagnosis) were generally of lower ability. Within the latter group, 3 children showed serious intellectual impairments, while the group as a whole functioned especially poorly on quantitative tasks and those involving speeded performance with abstract material. General language ability was not affected. Practical and theoretical implantation are discussed.", "contents": "Intellectual abilities among survivors of childhood leukaemia as a function of CNS irradiation. Twenty-eight children in remission at least 2 years after completing chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were assessed on standardised psychological tests. It was found that 7 who never had central nervous system (CNS) irradiation and 9 having prophylactic CNS irradiation at least 6 months after diagnosis tended to perform at average or above levels, while those 10 each having prophylactic CNS irradiation (within 2 months of diagnosis) were generally of lower ability. Within the latter group, 3 children showed serious intellectual impairments, while the group as a whole functioned especially poorly on quantitative tasks and those involving speeded performance with abstract material. General language ability was not affected. Practical and theoretical implantation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276313", "title": "Personnel safety and foliage residue in an orchard spray program using azinphosmethyl and captan.", "content": "Residue levels of azinphosmethyl and captan were determined from blotter paper patches attached to the clothing of personnel participating in an orchard spray program. Average exposure of 1.74 mg/man/hr for azinphosmethyl and 1.94 mg/man/hr for captan were extrapolated from mean residue values obtained from analyzing the patches. Azinphosmethyl residue found on apple and peach foliage had been reached by 69% by the tenth day post-application, while captan residue had been reduced 50% for the same period. There was no evidence of a buildup of either azinphosmethyl or captan on treated foliage as the season progressed.", "contents": "Personnel safety and foliage residue in an orchard spray program using azinphosmethyl and captan. Residue levels of azinphosmethyl and captan were determined from blotter paper patches attached to the clothing of personnel participating in an orchard spray program. Average exposure of 1.74 mg/man/hr for azinphosmethyl and 1.94 mg/man/hr for captan were extrapolated from mean residue values obtained from analyzing the patches. Azinphosmethyl residue found on apple and peach foliage had been reached by 69% by the tenth day post-application, while captan residue had been reduced 50% for the same period. There was no evidence of a buildup of either azinphosmethyl or captan on treated foliage as the season progressed."}
{"id": "PMID:276338", "title": "A recent development in the treatment of severe compound fractures.", "content": "The Wagner leg lengthening device has recently been used successfully as an external fixation device in the stabilization of severe compound fractures. Fixation is rigid, yet adjustable, it does not interfere with the fracture site, and it allows clear access to wounds.", "contents": "A recent development in the treatment of severe compound fractures. The Wagner leg lengthening device has recently been used successfully as an external fixation device in the stabilization of severe compound fractures. Fixation is rigid, yet adjustable, it does not interfere with the fracture site, and it allows clear access to wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:276339", "title": "Arthroscopy of the knee.", "content": "Arthroscopy of the knee is an essential diagnostic aid for difficult knee problems. It is safe and is indicated especially in the problem knee of adolescents, where it is most undesirable to remove a normal cartilage; in litigation cases; in the post-surgery knee problem; in planning surgical procedures; and in surgery on professional sportsmen.", "contents": "Arthroscopy of the knee. Arthroscopy of the knee is an essential diagnostic aid for difficult knee problems. It is safe and is indicated especially in the problem knee of adolescents, where it is most undesirable to remove a normal cartilage; in litigation cases; in the post-surgery knee problem; in planning surgical procedures; and in surgery on professional sportsmen."}
{"id": "PMID:276340", "title": "Chronic pain and the psychiatrist.", "content": "The contribution of psychiatry to the evaluation and treatment of chronic pain is described. Psychological profiles may predict the outcome of surgery, while the psychiatric interview enhances understanding and may disclose formal psychiatric disorder. The measurement of pain is dependent on factors affecting pain complaint, and the psychiatrist can only accept the patient's experience. The reaction inhibition test and Chapman's Somatic, Anxiety, Depression (SAD) index provide ways of elucidating the functional versus organic dilemma. This is further understood by attention to the concepts of operant pain, the sick role, and illness behaviour. Psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, biofeedback, and distractional methods are the tools available to the psychiatrist. The patient's attitude and a combined physical and psychiatric approach are important for successful therapy.", "contents": "Chronic pain and the psychiatrist. The contribution of psychiatry to the evaluation and treatment of chronic pain is described. Psychological profiles may predict the outcome of surgery, while the psychiatric interview enhances understanding and may disclose formal psychiatric disorder. The measurement of pain is dependent on factors affecting pain complaint, and the psychiatrist can only accept the patient's experience. The reaction inhibition test and Chapman's Somatic, Anxiety, Depression (SAD) index provide ways of elucidating the functional versus organic dilemma. This is further understood by attention to the concepts of operant pain, the sick role, and illness behaviour. Psychotropic medications, psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, biofeedback, and distractional methods are the tools available to the psychiatrist. The patient's attitude and a combined physical and psychiatric approach are important for successful therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276341", "title": "Melanoma of the central nervous system.", "content": "The neurological manifestations of melanoma are analysed in this review of 1,500 patients in the Queensland Melanoma Project from 1963 to 1969. Three hundred and fifty patients have died, and 113 were recognized as having central nervous system metastases. The natural history of these metastases was examined, together with the results of a limited number of autopsies. The results of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Melanoma of the central nervous system. The neurological manifestations of melanoma are analysed in this review of 1,500 patients in the Queensland Melanoma Project from 1963 to 1969. Three hundred and fifty patients have died, and 113 were recognized as having central nervous system metastases. The natural history of these metastases was examined, together with the results of a limited number of autopsies. The results of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276342", "title": "The urinary melanogen cysteinyldopa in melanoma and in suntanning: Australian experience.", "content": "Determination of urine cysteinyldopa excretion is the most sensitive chemical test for the detection of melanoma metastases and has been successfully applied during the Scandinavian winter, when sun irradiation is low. The value of this determination, under Australian conditions of greater sun irradiation, has been assessed by comparing the cysteinyldopa excretion of patients with that of normal subjects exposed to sunlight. Cysteinyldopa is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the red-brown phaeomelanin. Of 20 patients without known secondary melanoma, the cysteinyldopa concentration of \"spot\" urines ranged from 0 to 190 (mean 48) microgram/ml; of six known to have local metastases, 0 to 80 (mean 19) microgram/ml; and of four known to have extensive metastases 80 to 1350 (mean 330) microgram/ml. The effect of sun irradiation alone was assessed in nine healthy subjects followed one to 11 weeks before and after recorded periods of sun exposure. The cysteinyldopa concentrations of 24-hour urines ranged from 40 to 3100 microgram/ml. Increases occurred three to 10 days following sun exposure and were greatest following multiple small exposures in an individual with \"Celtic\" complexion. It is concluded that measurement of cysteinyldopa concentration would be of value in the follow-up of melanoma patients in Australia only if patients could be persuaded to live under conditions free of all direct sun-irradiation.", "contents": "The urinary melanogen cysteinyldopa in melanoma and in suntanning: Australian experience. Determination of urine cysteinyldopa excretion is the most sensitive chemical test for the detection of melanoma metastases and has been successfully applied during the Scandinavian winter, when sun irradiation is low. The value of this determination, under Australian conditions of greater sun irradiation, has been assessed by comparing the cysteinyldopa excretion of patients with that of normal subjects exposed to sunlight. Cysteinyldopa is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the red-brown phaeomelanin. Of 20 patients without known secondary melanoma, the cysteinyldopa concentration of \"spot\" urines ranged from 0 to 190 (mean 48) microgram/ml; of six known to have local metastases, 0 to 80 (mean 19) microgram/ml; and of four known to have extensive metastases 80 to 1350 (mean 330) microgram/ml. The effect of sun irradiation alone was assessed in nine healthy subjects followed one to 11 weeks before and after recorded periods of sun exposure. The cysteinyldopa concentrations of 24-hour urines ranged from 40 to 3100 microgram/ml. Increases occurred three to 10 days following sun exposure and were greatest following multiple small exposures in an individual with \"Celtic\" complexion. It is concluded that measurement of cysteinyldopa concentration would be of value in the follow-up of melanoma patients in Australia only if patients could be persuaded to live under conditions free of all direct sun-irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:276345", "title": "Actual doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma.", "content": "The growth rate of pulmonary metastases was determined in 18 patients with pulmonary metastases from histologically proven malignant melanoma. From chest radiograms 81 metastases were measured 51 consecutive times, and 120 values for doubling time were obtained. metastases with diameters of 15.0 mm or less grew significantly faster (arithmetic mean=24.9 days) than metastases with diameters over 15.0 mm (arithmetic mean=51.0 days). The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.050). In about one-tenth (9.2%) of all measurements the values for doubling time are considerably lengthened (arithmetic mean=182.2 days). The determination of doubling time values may be considered as a useful parameter in the selection of patients for treatment of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma.", "contents": "Actual doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma. The growth rate of pulmonary metastases was determined in 18 patients with pulmonary metastases from histologically proven malignant melanoma. From chest radiograms 81 metastases were measured 51 consecutive times, and 120 values for doubling time were obtained. metastases with diameters of 15.0 mm or less grew significantly faster (arithmetic mean=24.9 days) than metastases with diameters over 15.0 mm (arithmetic mean=51.0 days). The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.050). In about one-tenth (9.2%) of all measurements the values for doubling time are considerably lengthened (arithmetic mean=182.2 days). The determination of doubling time values may be considered as a useful parameter in the selection of patients for treatment of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:276346", "title": "Blocking factors against melanoma leucocyte-dependent antibody: relationship to disease activity in melanoma patients.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that many melanoma patients have cytotoxic leucocyte-dependent antibody (LDA) which is inhibited by factors in their sera. These factors were shown to be small molecular weight glycoproteins which could also be identified in the supernatants of melanoma cultures, and which were therefore most likely to be melanoma cell surface antigens. The present studies have shown that these blocking factors against melanoma LDA can be detected in patients with primary melanoma, and that the levels of this activity show an inverse correlation with the levels of LDA in the sera of melanoma patients. The appearance of melanoma LDA after surgery for localized melanoma was shown in approximately a third of the patients, and this pattern was shown to result from the disappearance of the LDA blocking activity after surgical removal of the melanoma. Assays were designed specifically to measure the melanoma LDA blocking factors by plasmapheresis. It is not yet known whether the melanoma LDA blocking activity has correlation with tumour growth in melanoma patients. The potential value of measuring this activity to assess response to therapy was shown by studies designed to remove the blocking factors by plasmapheresis. It is not yet known whether the melanoma LDA blocking activity has biological significance in regard to tumour growth, but these studies appear to indicate that measurement of these factors in the sera of melanoma patients may provide a useful in vitro monitor of tumour growth in melanoma patients.", "contents": "Blocking factors against melanoma leucocyte-dependent antibody: relationship to disease activity in melanoma patients. Previous studies have shown that many melanoma patients have cytotoxic leucocyte-dependent antibody (LDA) which is inhibited by factors in their sera. These factors were shown to be small molecular weight glycoproteins which could also be identified in the supernatants of melanoma cultures, and which were therefore most likely to be melanoma cell surface antigens. The present studies have shown that these blocking factors against melanoma LDA can be detected in patients with primary melanoma, and that the levels of this activity show an inverse correlation with the levels of LDA in the sera of melanoma patients. The appearance of melanoma LDA after surgery for localized melanoma was shown in approximately a third of the patients, and this pattern was shown to result from the disappearance of the LDA blocking activity after surgical removal of the melanoma. Assays were designed specifically to measure the melanoma LDA blocking factors by plasmapheresis. It is not yet known whether the melanoma LDA blocking activity has correlation with tumour growth in melanoma patients. The potential value of measuring this activity to assess response to therapy was shown by studies designed to remove the blocking factors by plasmapheresis. It is not yet known whether the melanoma LDA blocking activity has biological significance in regard to tumour growth, but these studies appear to indicate that measurement of these factors in the sera of melanoma patients may provide a useful in vitro monitor of tumour growth in melanoma patients."}
{"id": "PMID:276347", "title": "Endolymphatic isotope and BCG in the management of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Endolymphatic isotope therapy had such promising early clinical results that the M.R.C. (Medical Research Council) U.K. set up a clinical trial in 1966. This was to compare the effect of endolymphatic isotope therapy with the results of standard methods in the treatment of lower limb malignant melanoma. The interim report had three groups for analysis: Standard Methods (S); Endolymphatic Satisfactory (ES); and Endolymphatic Unsatisfactory (EU). This third group was a subdivision, as a significant number of patients did not have the correct endolymphatic treatment. The five-year survival figures expressed as actuarial percentages were ES=78.8%; S=82.3%; and EU=57.3%. Lymph node recurrence showed a significant difference: ES=2.3%; EU=12%; and S=19%. The conclusions were that endolymphatic isotope therapy was justified in specialized centres where good results could be obtained. Further animal experiments using the VX2 tumour in rabbits indicated that BCG given intracutaneously or intravenously had no therapeutic effect, whereas when applied by intralymphatic injection BCG was successful in treating lymph node metastases. Nineteen patients with poor-prognosis malignant melanoma have received endolymphatic BCG. The clinical results are recorded in this paper and are sufficiently encouraging to warrant its continued use.", "contents": "Endolymphatic isotope and BCG in the management of malignant melanoma. Endolymphatic isotope therapy had such promising early clinical results that the M.R.C. (Medical Research Council) U.K. set up a clinical trial in 1966. This was to compare the effect of endolymphatic isotope therapy with the results of standard methods in the treatment of lower limb malignant melanoma. The interim report had three groups for analysis: Standard Methods (S); Endolymphatic Satisfactory (ES); and Endolymphatic Unsatisfactory (EU). This third group was a subdivision, as a significant number of patients did not have the correct endolymphatic treatment. The five-year survival figures expressed as actuarial percentages were ES=78.8%; S=82.3%; and EU=57.3%. Lymph node recurrence showed a significant difference: ES=2.3%; EU=12%; and S=19%. The conclusions were that endolymphatic isotope therapy was justified in specialized centres where good results could be obtained. Further animal experiments using the VX2 tumour in rabbits indicated that BCG given intracutaneously or intravenously had no therapeutic effect, whereas when applied by intralymphatic injection BCG was successful in treating lymph node metastases. Nineteen patients with poor-prognosis malignant melanoma have received endolymphatic BCG. The clinical results are recorded in this paper and are sufficiently encouraging to warrant its continued use."}
{"id": "PMID:276348", "title": "Preliminary results of a randomized trial of adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma who have lymph node metastases.", "content": "This study evaluates the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG alone, or combined with melanoma cell vaccine, on the recurrence and survival rates of patients with metastatic melanoma in the regional lymph nodes who were treated by lymphadenectomy. Patients were prospectively randomized and stratified on the basis of age, sex, site of primary tumour, and clinical estimate of the regional nodes. During the past four years, 134 patients were entered into this trial, and to date, the incidence of recurrence among the two arms mentioned and the control arm is not significantly different; however, patients receiving BCG alone had longer survival than those in either the tumour cell vaccine or control groups. The improved survival in the BCG-only group was found to be due to the fact that patients survived longer with their recurrent disease than the patients in the other two groups. At the present time, these differences do not appear to be significant enough to justify routine adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Longer follow-up will be necessary to evaluate the role of adjuvant immunotherapy of Stage II melanoma.", "contents": "Preliminary results of a randomized trial of adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with malignant melanoma who have lymph node metastases. This study evaluates the effect of adjuvant immunotherapy with BCG alone, or combined with melanoma cell vaccine, on the recurrence and survival rates of patients with metastatic melanoma in the regional lymph nodes who were treated by lymphadenectomy. Patients were prospectively randomized and stratified on the basis of age, sex, site of primary tumour, and clinical estimate of the regional nodes. During the past four years, 134 patients were entered into this trial, and to date, the incidence of recurrence among the two arms mentioned and the control arm is not significantly different; however, patients receiving BCG alone had longer survival than those in either the tumour cell vaccine or control groups. The improved survival in the BCG-only group was found to be due to the fact that patients survived longer with their recurrent disease than the patients in the other two groups. At the present time, these differences do not appear to be significant enough to justify routine adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Longer follow-up will be necessary to evaluate the role of adjuvant immunotherapy of Stage II melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:276349", "title": "Experience with the Melbourne knee prosthesis, based on the first 35 operations over a three-year period.", "content": "The Melbourne knee prosthesis is an improved hinge prosthesis. Its component parts are constructed of a chrome cobalt alloy and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The hinge has a range of flexion of 120 degrees, and while flexed, can rotate 15 degrees in either direction. Over the past three years a total of 45 prostheses have been inserted in patients with chronic degenerative arthritis of the knee joints. This survey covers the first 35 operations. The most gratifying result has been a dramatic relief of pain in 87.5% of patients. There have been few complications, and no prosthesis has had to be removed. There have been no mechanical failures of the prosthesis itself.", "contents": "Experience with the Melbourne knee prosthesis, based on the first 35 operations over a three-year period. The Melbourne knee prosthesis is an improved hinge prosthesis. Its component parts are constructed of a chrome cobalt alloy and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. The hinge has a range of flexion of 120 degrees, and while flexed, can rotate 15 degrees in either direction. Over the past three years a total of 45 prostheses have been inserted in patients with chronic degenerative arthritis of the knee joints. This survey covers the first 35 operations. The most gratifying result has been a dramatic relief of pain in 87.5% of patients. There have been few complications, and no prosthesis has had to be removed. There have been no mechanical failures of the prosthesis itself."}
{"id": "PMID:276350", "title": "Antibiotics in the management of inflammatory lesions of the intervertebral discs in young children.", "content": "A review of 35 cases of inflammatory lesions of the intervertebral discs in young children has failed to establish a role for antibiotics in management. There is a tendency to overinvestigate and overtreat this benign, self-limiting malady, for which a period of six weeks of immobilization in a double hip spica is recommended.", "contents": "Antibiotics in the management of inflammatory lesions of the intervertebral discs in young children. A review of 35 cases of inflammatory lesions of the intervertebral discs in young children has failed to establish a role for antibiotics in management. There is a tendency to overinvestigate and overtreat this benign, self-limiting malady, for which a period of six weeks of immobilization in a double hip spica is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:276351", "title": "Antibiotics in the management of postoperative disc space infections.", "content": "The place of antibiotics in the management of postoperative disc space infections is examined on the basis of a review of 14 cases. Whereas the role of antibiotics is clear in acute infections which manifest themselves in the early postoperative period, this is not so for cases which present late with a chronic process. Here, immobilization in a double hip spica is the single therapeutic measure recommended.", "contents": "Antibiotics in the management of postoperative disc space infections. The place of antibiotics in the management of postoperative disc space infections is examined on the basis of a review of 14 cases. Whereas the role of antibiotics is clear in acute infections which manifest themselves in the early postoperative period, this is not so for cases which present late with a chronic process. Here, immobilization in a double hip spica is the single therapeutic measure recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:276352", "title": "Antibiotics in the management of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and acute spetic arthritis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The introduction of antibiotic therapy has changed the natural history of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and early effective treatment are the means of preventing the devastating sequelae which can occur. Although several different organisms can cause these conditions, the most appropriate antibiotics to exhibit before bacteriological proof of diagnosis is established can be deduced from a study of their historical microbiology. This paper reports such a study and makes recommendations regarding antibiotic treatment.", "contents": "Antibiotics in the management of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and acute spetic arthritis in infancy and childhood. The introduction of antibiotic therapy has changed the natural history of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and early effective treatment are the means of preventing the devastating sequelae which can occur. Although several different organisms can cause these conditions, the most appropriate antibiotics to exhibit before bacteriological proof of diagnosis is established can be deduced from a study of their historical microbiology. This paper reports such a study and makes recommendations regarding antibiotic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:276353", "title": "The bacteriological diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis in adults.", "content": "A review of 49 cases of haematogenous osteomyelitis of the spine has indicated the need for planned investigations to establish a bacteriological diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The data suggest that antibiotics may not influence the outcome in patients presenting with a chronic infective process, particularly when this is located in the lumbar region.", "contents": "The bacteriological diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. A review of 49 cases of haematogenous osteomyelitis of the spine has indicated the need for planned investigations to establish a bacteriological diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy. The data suggest that antibiotics may not influence the outcome in patients presenting with a chronic infective process, particularly when this is located in the lumbar region."}
{"id": "PMID:276354", "title": "Forearm fractures in children.", "content": "A prospective survey of over 1,000 forearm fractures in children is presented. Individual fracture patterns are considered and specific complications and methods of treatment are discussed. Conservative treatment produces satisfactory results in the majority of fractures, provided that it is done with care and the patients are adequately followed up.", "contents": "Forearm fractures in children. A prospective survey of over 1,000 forearm fractures in children is presented. Individual fracture patterns are considered and specific complications and methods of treatment are discussed. Conservative treatment produces satisfactory results in the majority of fractures, provided that it is done with care and the patients are adequately followed up."}
{"id": "PMID:276355", "title": "Secondary malignant melanoma in lymph nodes: incidence, time of occurrence, and mortality.", "content": "During a follow-up period of six to 12 years, 15.4% of patients in the Queensland Melanoma Project (Q.M.P.) developed histologically proven secondary deposits in lymph nodes. The incidence rate in males (21%) was twice that in females (11%), but the mortality rate was similar (M., 67%; F., 61%). Thirty-two patients (2%) had positive nodes with no known primary lesion. Metastases developed in males with lesions on the foot (50%), on the thigh (29%), and on the back (22%); and in females with lesions on the lower leg (9%) and thigh (20%). About one-half of the nodes were removed at the time of treatment of the primary growth or within two months. Three-quarters were removed in the first year. However, it was found that tumour could remain dormant for more than eight years. Dormant tumours behaved in a similar aggressive fashion on regrowth as non-dormant secondaries. Nodal metastases were present in 5% of patients at the time of their first presentation with primary melanoma. Elective node dissections were done in 6% of males and 11% of females.", "contents": "Secondary malignant melanoma in lymph nodes: incidence, time of occurrence, and mortality. During a follow-up period of six to 12 years, 15.4% of patients in the Queensland Melanoma Project (Q.M.P.) developed histologically proven secondary deposits in lymph nodes. The incidence rate in males (21%) was twice that in females (11%), but the mortality rate was similar (M., 67%; F., 61%). Thirty-two patients (2%) had positive nodes with no known primary lesion. Metastases developed in males with lesions on the foot (50%), on the thigh (29%), and on the back (22%); and in females with lesions on the lower leg (9%) and thigh (20%). About one-half of the nodes were removed at the time of treatment of the primary growth or within two months. Three-quarters were removed in the first year. However, it was found that tumour could remain dormant for more than eight years. Dormant tumours behaved in a similar aggressive fashion on regrowth as non-dormant secondaries. Nodal metastases were present in 5% of patients at the time of their first presentation with primary melanoma. Elective node dissections were done in 6% of males and 11% of females."}
{"id": "PMID:276357", "title": "Fracture and retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle.", "content": "A case of posterior fracture-dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is described. This injury was successfully treated by open reduction and internal fixation. This rare injury is discussed and an alternative method of treatment is described.", "contents": "Fracture and retrosternal dislocation of the clavicle. A case of posterior fracture-dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is described. This injury was successfully treated by open reduction and internal fixation. This rare injury is discussed and an alternative method of treatment is described."}
{"id": "PMID:276358", "title": "A ganglion causing the tarsal tunnel syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "The tarsal tunnel syndrome is a complex of symptoms affecting the foot produced by compression neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve on the medial aspect of the ankle, within the fibrous osseous \"tunnel\" that has the posteromedial aspect of the tibia as its floor and the flexor retinaculum as its roof. Keck first drew attention to this entity in 1962, and was followed by Lam in the same year. Despite sporadic reports following these documentations, the clinical recognition of the syndrome is often delayed. It is still frequently misdiagnosed as acute foot strain or plantar fasciitis at its initial presentation (Kopell and Thompson, 1963; Lam, 1962, 1967). In this paper we report a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve by a ganglion at the ankle.", "contents": "A ganglion causing the tarsal tunnel syndrome: report of a case. The tarsal tunnel syndrome is a complex of symptoms affecting the foot produced by compression neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve on the medial aspect of the ankle, within the fibrous osseous \"tunnel\" that has the posteromedial aspect of the tibia as its floor and the flexor retinaculum as its roof. Keck first drew attention to this entity in 1962, and was followed by Lam in the same year. Despite sporadic reports following these documentations, the clinical recognition of the syndrome is often delayed. It is still frequently misdiagnosed as acute foot strain or plantar fasciitis at its initial presentation (Kopell and Thompson, 1963; Lam, 1962, 1967). In this paper we report a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve by a ganglion at the ankle."}
{"id": "PMID:276359", "title": "Repair of the quadriceps apparatus following patellectomy in recent fractures of the patella: a new technique, with results.", "content": "The importance of \"double tourniquet\" technique in repair of the quadriceps mechanism after total patellectomy in recent fractures of the patella is described and its advantages are discussed. The results following this method of repair in 17 total patellectomies have been studied and discussed.", "contents": "Repair of the quadriceps apparatus following patellectomy in recent fractures of the patella: a new technique, with results. The importance of \"double tourniquet\" technique in repair of the quadriceps mechanism after total patellectomy in recent fractures of the patella is described and its advantages are discussed. The results following this method of repair in 17 total patellectomies have been studied and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276380", "title": "Arginine methyltransferase activity in chronic erythremic myelosis (Diguglielmo syndrome).", "content": "Activity of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent arginine methyltransferase was substantially higher in sonicated bone marrow samples from 6 patients with chronic erythremic myelosis than in bone marrow from 3 patients with untreated pernicious anemia, 2 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and 4 normal persons. Increased activity of this enzyme may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis fo methylated arginines in histones of erythroblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis.", "contents": "Arginine methyltransferase activity in chronic erythremic myelosis (Diguglielmo syndrome). Activity of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent arginine methyltransferase was substantially higher in sonicated bone marrow samples from 6 patients with chronic erythremic myelosis than in bone marrow from 3 patients with untreated pernicious anemia, 2 patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and 4 normal persons. Increased activity of this enzyme may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis fo methylated arginines in histones of erythroblasts from patients with chronic erythremic myelosis."}
{"id": "PMID:276382", "title": "BCG as active immunotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in longstanding remission: positive effects on remission duration and immunologic parameters.", "content": "Currently at the University of Florida, 22/45 children and adolescents are long-term survivors in complete sustained remission of standard chemotherapy regimens and central nervous system prophylaxis. All such therapy was discontinued in these survivors at 36 months after diagnosis and they were given monthly inoculations of BCG of the Tice strain by tine technique. 19/22 of BCG-treated patients remain in remission for 12 to 44 + months after cessation of chemotherapy. 1/22 has suffered relapse. Immunological function tests have shown statistically significant increased lymphocyte responses to PPD in contrast to age-matched controls and normal siblings. A trend to earlier than expected return to normal in other immunological parameters, including absolute lymphocyte counts, intradermal skin tests, phagocytosis indices, PHA transformation, and E-rosette forming cells was also observed, coincident with the BCG treatment. Further study of the role of BCG in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients after cessation of chemotherapy is encouraged.", "contents": "BCG as active immunotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in longstanding remission: positive effects on remission duration and immunologic parameters. Currently at the University of Florida, 22/45 children and adolescents are long-term survivors in complete sustained remission of standard chemotherapy regimens and central nervous system prophylaxis. All such therapy was discontinued in these survivors at 36 months after diagnosis and they were given monthly inoculations of BCG of the Tice strain by tine technique. 19/22 of BCG-treated patients remain in remission for 12 to 44 + months after cessation of chemotherapy. 1/22 has suffered relapse. Immunological function tests have shown statistically significant increased lymphocyte responses to PPD in contrast to age-matched controls and normal siblings. A trend to earlier than expected return to normal in other immunological parameters, including absolute lymphocyte counts, intradermal skin tests, phagocytosis indices, PHA transformation, and E-rosette forming cells was also observed, coincident with the BCG treatment. Further study of the role of BCG in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients after cessation of chemotherapy is encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:276383", "title": "Immunological rebound following cessation of chemotherapy in 15 acute lymphoid leukemia patients in complete remission.", "content": "The number of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes, the E-rosette forming cells, the Ig-bearing lymphocytes, the serum immunoglobulin levels were evaluated after discontinuation of 36 months of chemotherapy in 15 acute lymphocytic leukemia patients in complete remission. The study provides further information on the immunological rebound during the \"off-therapy\" period.", "contents": "Immunological rebound following cessation of chemotherapy in 15 acute lymphoid leukemia patients in complete remission. The number of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes, the E-rosette forming cells, the Ig-bearing lymphocytes, the serum immunoglobulin levels were evaluated after discontinuation of 36 months of chemotherapy in 15 acute lymphocytic leukemia patients in complete remission. The study provides further information on the immunological rebound during the \"off-therapy\" period."}
{"id": "PMID:276384", "title": "Modifications of lectin binding on human leukemic cells after neuraminidase treatment.", "content": "Cell surface modifications after vibrio cholerae neuraminidase treatment were investigated using three different tritiated lectins: Concanavalin A, Ricinus sanguineus agglutinin (R.S.A.) and Robinia pseudoacacia lectin. Lectin binding measurements were performed on untreated and enzyme treated cells. The cells used were from chronic and acute leukemic donors. After neuraminidase treatment, a significant increase in the number of receptor sites, from 1 to 3 times, was found in all cases tested and for all three lectins utilized with only one exception. The affinity constant was generally decreased after neuraminidase treatment. The increase in number lectin binding sites, indicating extensive modification of the cell surface, is completely consistant with the known importance of sialic acid in determining immunogenicity.", "contents": "Modifications of lectin binding on human leukemic cells after neuraminidase treatment. Cell surface modifications after vibrio cholerae neuraminidase treatment were investigated using three different tritiated lectins: Concanavalin A, Ricinus sanguineus agglutinin (R.S.A.) and Robinia pseudoacacia lectin. Lectin binding measurements were performed on untreated and enzyme treated cells. The cells used were from chronic and acute leukemic donors. After neuraminidase treatment, a significant increase in the number of receptor sites, from 1 to 3 times, was found in all cases tested and for all three lectins utilized with only one exception. The affinity constant was generally decreased after neuraminidase treatment. The increase in number lectin binding sites, indicating extensive modification of the cell surface, is completely consistant with the known importance of sialic acid in determining immunogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:276385", "title": "[Selective treatment of leukemia L1210 with combination of deoxycytidine and lethal doses of cytosine arabinoside].", "content": "Oral administration of deoxycytidine simultaneously with intraperitoneal injections of toxic doses of cytosine arabinosidetomice with advanced L1210 leukemia diminished the toxic effects preventing drug death of these mice. They developed a marked antitumor effect. The mean survival time of these mice was considerably extended as compared to that of untreated animals or those given one of these drugs alone. At the optimum schedule of treatment about 23% of the mice survived over 60 days. Deoxycytidine protection reduced the antileukemic effect of cytosine arabinoside administered in nontoxic doses. The deoxycytidine plus cytosine arabinose combination was ineffective in the treatment of transplantable myeloid leukemia in mice.", "contents": "[Selective treatment of leukemia L1210 with combination of deoxycytidine and lethal doses of cytosine arabinoside]. Oral administration of deoxycytidine simultaneously with intraperitoneal injections of toxic doses of cytosine arabinosidetomice with advanced L1210 leukemia diminished the toxic effects preventing drug death of these mice. They developed a marked antitumor effect. The mean survival time of these mice was considerably extended as compared to that of untreated animals or those given one of these drugs alone. At the optimum schedule of treatment about 23% of the mice survived over 60 days. Deoxycytidine protection reduced the antileukemic effect of cytosine arabinoside administered in nontoxic doses. The deoxycytidine plus cytosine arabinose combination was ineffective in the treatment of transplantable myeloid leukemia in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:276386", "title": "Hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (APL): cytogenetic and ultrastructural specificity.", "content": "Cytogenetic and ultrastructural findings were important diagnostic indicators of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in a patient whose bone marrow morphology appeared, by light microscopy, to be similar to that in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) with maturation. Peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens examined by light microscopy showed few cells with the numerous coarse, azurophilic granules typical of APL. Cytogenetic analyses, with several banding techniques, of cells from bone marrow and unstimulated peripheral blood revealed the 15;17 translocation, which has been observed only in APL. A reinterpretation of the reciprocal translocation, based on R banding, suggests that the breakpoints are distal to q24 in No. 15 and at or near the junction of q21 and q22 in No. 17. In addition, the patient had disseminated intravascular coagulation. The characteristic morphology of granules seen in APL was observed in this case only when transmission electron microscopy was used, since the granules were quite small. Since treatment for AML differs from that for APL, identification of the 15;17 translocation and ultrastructural evidence of granules represent valuable diagnostic aids for APL.", "contents": "Hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (APL): cytogenetic and ultrastructural specificity. Cytogenetic and ultrastructural findings were important diagnostic indicators of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in a patient whose bone marrow morphology appeared, by light microscopy, to be similar to that in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) with maturation. Peripheral blood smears and bone marrow specimens examined by light microscopy showed few cells with the numerous coarse, azurophilic granules typical of APL. Cytogenetic analyses, with several banding techniques, of cells from bone marrow and unstimulated peripheral blood revealed the 15;17 translocation, which has been observed only in APL. A reinterpretation of the reciprocal translocation, based on R banding, suggests that the breakpoints are distal to q24 in No. 15 and at or near the junction of q21 and q22 in No. 17. In addition, the patient had disseminated intravascular coagulation. The characteristic morphology of granules seen in APL was observed in this case only when transmission electron microscopy was used, since the granules were quite small. Since treatment for AML differs from that for APL, identification of the 15;17 translocation and ultrastructural evidence of granules represent valuable diagnostic aids for APL."}
{"id": "PMID:276387", "title": "Cellular maturation in human preleukemia.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from three preleukemic patients with prominent marrow karyotypic abnormalities were studied in liquid culture to determine if the neoplastic clones were capable of maturation. Parallel cytogenetic and cytologic studies were performed in sequentially harvested bone marrow cultures. Maturation, albeit delayed, occurred in cultures from all three patients. By 14 days of culture in vitro, morphologic, cytochemical, and functional evidence of maturation was observed in about 70% of the cells. By day 21, 85% of the cells were mature by these criteria. All but 2 of 249 metaphases from the cultured cells contained the cytogenetic abnormality of the neoplastic clone. We conclude that some preleukemic cells identified by a chromosomal abnormality can mature in vitro. Preleukemia may be viewed as a syndrome of \"early leukemia\" in which the neoplastic clone is established and manifested functionally as ineffective hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic cell differentiation becomes progressively abnormal with termination in the nearly complete maturational block characteristic of acute myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Cellular maturation in human preleukemia. Bone marrow cells from three preleukemic patients with prominent marrow karyotypic abnormalities were studied in liquid culture to determine if the neoplastic clones were capable of maturation. Parallel cytogenetic and cytologic studies were performed in sequentially harvested bone marrow cultures. Maturation, albeit delayed, occurred in cultures from all three patients. By 14 days of culture in vitro, morphologic, cytochemical, and functional evidence of maturation was observed in about 70% of the cells. By day 21, 85% of the cells were mature by these criteria. All but 2 of 249 metaphases from the cultured cells contained the cytogenetic abnormality of the neoplastic clone. We conclude that some preleukemic cells identified by a chromosomal abnormality can mature in vitro. Preleukemia may be viewed as a syndrome of \"early leukemia\" in which the neoplastic clone is established and manifested functionally as ineffective hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic cell differentiation becomes progressively abnormal with termination in the nearly complete maturational block characteristic of acute myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:276409", "title": "Subpulmonary pneumothorax.", "content": "Seven cases of subpulmonary pneumothorax are presented: four due to penetrating injury, two to blunt trauma and one to osteosarcoma metastasis. The typical and diagnostic appearance is a basal band of radiolucency bounded above by the thin hair-line of visceral pleura paralleling the dome of the hemi-diaphragm. When partially clotted blood is also present, the appearance becomes less typical and has to be differentiated from traumatic diaphragmatic herniation of bowel and from traumatic pneumatocoele by barium studies and by decubitus radiographs respectively. It is the bridge-like disposition of the pleural cavity between the dome of the hemi-diaphragm and the hollowed concavity of the lung base which allows pneumothorax to collect in it. It is rarely seen because blebs and bullae which are the commonest causes of pneumothorax are most often located in the upper zones.", "contents": "Subpulmonary pneumothorax. Seven cases of subpulmonary pneumothorax are presented: four due to penetrating injury, two to blunt trauma and one to osteosarcoma metastasis. The typical and diagnostic appearance is a basal band of radiolucency bounded above by the thin hair-line of visceral pleura paralleling the dome of the hemi-diaphragm. When partially clotted blood is also present, the appearance becomes less typical and has to be differentiated from traumatic diaphragmatic herniation of bowel and from traumatic pneumatocoele by barium studies and by decubitus radiographs respectively. It is the bridge-like disposition of the pleural cavity between the dome of the hemi-diaphragm and the hollowed concavity of the lung base which allows pneumothorax to collect in it. It is rarely seen because blebs and bullae which are the commonest causes of pneumothorax are most often located in the upper zones."}
{"id": "PMID:276410", "title": "Bone-marrow relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood.", "content": "The outcome after bone-marrow relapse was assessed in 53 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Twenty-five out of 37 children (67%) whose first remission ended in relapse during treatment (group A) achieved a second remission, as did 15 out of 16 (94%) who relapsed after treatment had been stopped (group B). Nevertheless, the median duration of second remission was only 12 weeks in group A and 35 weeks in group B. The median survival from time of relapse was 32 weeks in group A and 75 weeks in group B. It is concluded that marrow relapse is equally serious whether it occurs during treatment or after treatment has been stopped, and that most children with ALL have a single chance of cure at the time of diagnosis.", "contents": "Bone-marrow relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. The outcome after bone-marrow relapse was assessed in 53 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Twenty-five out of 37 children (67%) whose first remission ended in relapse during treatment (group A) achieved a second remission, as did 15 out of 16 (94%) who relapsed after treatment had been stopped (group B). Nevertheless, the median duration of second remission was only 12 weeks in group A and 35 weeks in group B. The median survival from time of relapse was 32 weeks in group A and 75 weeks in group B. It is concluded that marrow relapse is equally serious whether it occurs during treatment or after treatment has been stopped, and that most children with ALL have a single chance of cure at the time of diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:276411", "title": "I and i antigens on normal and leukemic leukocytes.", "content": "Human leukocyte I and i antigens were quantitated using 125I labelled purified antibodies. Binding of these antibodies to leukocytes was dependent on reduced temperature. No significant difference in antigen content was observed between normal and leukemic myeloid leukocytes. B lymphocytes bound much greater amounts of both I and i antibodies than did T lymphocytes. Neoplastic lymphoid cells bound widely divergent amounts of both antibodies with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells binding much decreased amounts compared to normal lymphocytes. Cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia bound very large quantities of these antibodies in a cold dependent fashion. These elevated levels of binding were not due to nonspecific binding of IgM.", "contents": "I and i antigens on normal and leukemic leukocytes. Human leukocyte I and i antigens were quantitated using 125I labelled purified antibodies. Binding of these antibodies to leukocytes was dependent on reduced temperature. No significant difference in antigen content was observed between normal and leukemic myeloid leukocytes. B lymphocytes bound much greater amounts of both I and i antibodies than did T lymphocytes. Neoplastic lymphoid cells bound widely divergent amounts of both antibodies with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma cell leukemia cells binding much decreased amounts compared to normal lymphocytes. Cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia bound very large quantities of these antibodies in a cold dependent fashion. These elevated levels of binding were not due to nonspecific binding of IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:276412", "title": "Immunologic dysfunction in the myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Forty patients with various types of myeloproliferative disorders were evaluated immunologically. Serum immunoglobulin levels were within the normal range in most patients and no monoclonal gammopathies were detected. Serum C'3 levels were decreased in 19 of 40 (48%) patients. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was decreased in 26 of 40 (65%) and to pokeweed mitogen in 18 of 28 (64%) patients studied. Lymphocytes from patients with polycythemia vera were least affected. Unstimulated lymphocytes from some patients demonstrated markedly increased thymidine uptake activity. Despite the diminished mitogenic response, only 2 of 33 patients (6%) were anergic by intradermal skin testing. There was no association between depressed lymphocyte response and recent chemotherapy except in chronic myelogenous leukemia where 6 of 8 patients were receiving cytotoxic therapy when studied. These observations suggest that most of our patients with myeloproliferative disorders have abnormal cellular responses in vitro, but that delayed hypersensitivity and humoral responses are minimally affected.", "contents": "Immunologic dysfunction in the myeloproliferative disorders. Forty patients with various types of myeloproliferative disorders were evaluated immunologically. Serum immunoglobulin levels were within the normal range in most patients and no monoclonal gammopathies were detected. Serum C'3 levels were decreased in 19 of 40 (48%) patients. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was decreased in 26 of 40 (65%) and to pokeweed mitogen in 18 of 28 (64%) patients studied. Lymphocytes from patients with polycythemia vera were least affected. Unstimulated lymphocytes from some patients demonstrated markedly increased thymidine uptake activity. Despite the diminished mitogenic response, only 2 of 33 patients (6%) were anergic by intradermal skin testing. There was no association between depressed lymphocyte response and recent chemotherapy except in chronic myelogenous leukemia where 6 of 8 patients were receiving cytotoxic therapy when studied. These observations suggest that most of our patients with myeloproliferative disorders have abnormal cellular responses in vitro, but that delayed hypersensitivity and humoral responses are minimally affected."}
{"id": "PMID:276413", "title": "Disseminated BCG disease associated with immunotherapy by scarification in acute leukemia.", "content": "Disseminated BCG infection developed in a patient with acute leukemia receiving BCG immunotherapy by scarification. Predisposing factors included the underlying malignancy, intensive chemotherapy, and continuous high-dose corticosteroids. The scarification technique is safe; however, physicians should be alert to this syndrome as a cause of fever of unknown origin in cancer patients receiving BCG immunotherapy.", "contents": "Disseminated BCG disease associated with immunotherapy by scarification in acute leukemia. Disseminated BCG infection developed in a patient with acute leukemia receiving BCG immunotherapy by scarification. Predisposing factors included the underlying malignancy, intensive chemotherapy, and continuous high-dose corticosteroids. The scarification technique is safe; however, physicians should be alert to this syndrome as a cause of fever of unknown origin in cancer patients receiving BCG immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276414", "title": "Effects of ultraviolet light on nude mice: cutaneous carcinogenesis and possible leukemogenesis.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinomas were induced by ultraviolet irradiation in the skin of all T-cell deficient nude mice rendered sufficiently long-lived by reconstitution with syngeneic splenic or thymic cells. All homozygous hairless mice similarly exposed developed squamous cell carcinomas. Striking granulocytic proliferation was provoked in one hairless and in five reconstituted nude mice; two of the latter were interpreted as having true granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Effects of ultraviolet light on nude mice: cutaneous carcinogenesis and possible leukemogenesis. Squamous cell carcinomas were induced by ultraviolet irradiation in the skin of all T-cell deficient nude mice rendered sufficiently long-lived by reconstitution with syngeneic splenic or thymic cells. All homozygous hairless mice similarly exposed developed squamous cell carcinomas. Striking granulocytic proliferation was provoked in one hairless and in five reconstituted nude mice; two of the latter were interpreted as having true granulocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:276416", "title": "Central nervous system involvement at presentation in the chronic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in childhood.", "content": "With the advent of more effective chemotherapy an increasing incidence of central nervous system involvement in acute lymphocyte (ALL) and myelocytic leukemias (AML) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blast crisis has become evident. Meningeal involvement in the chronic phase of CML is rare. We report two children whose initial presentation of Ph1 CML was in the central nervous system as documented by cytocentrifugation. Aggressive combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation has resulted in prolonged survival without blastic transformation or further meningeal disease. An approach to children with CML is suggested.", "contents": "Central nervous system involvement at presentation in the chronic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in childhood. With the advent of more effective chemotherapy an increasing incidence of central nervous system involvement in acute lymphocyte (ALL) and myelocytic leukemias (AML) and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blast crisis has become evident. Meningeal involvement in the chronic phase of CML is rare. We report two children whose initial presentation of Ph1 CML was in the central nervous system as documented by cytocentrifugation. Aggressive combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation has resulted in prolonged survival without blastic transformation or further meningeal disease. An approach to children with CML is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:276417", "title": "Seizures following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Two young children (3 1/2 years and 19 months) developed seizures within 24 hours of receiving intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Both had previously received intrathecal cytosine and methotrexate as well as cranial irradiation without untoward effect. Possible mechanisms of causation are discussed and caution is stressed for use of intrathecal cytosine arabinoside in young children.", "contents": "Seizures following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside in young children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Two young children (3 1/2 years and 19 months) developed seizures within 24 hours of receiving intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Both had previously received intrathecal cytosine and methotrexate as well as cranial irradiation without untoward effect. Possible mechanisms of causation are discussed and caution is stressed for use of intrathecal cytosine arabinoside in young children."}
{"id": "PMID:276418", "title": "The changing survivorship of white and black children with leukemia.", "content": "A study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore to examine changes in survival of white and black children with acute leukemia from 1960 through 1975. Two-hundred eighty-seven cases were identified, of which 77% were acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Eighty-three percent of all cases occurred in white children. In white children with ALL, two-year survival rates increased from 32% in 1960--64 to 47% in 1965--69, and to 79% in 1970--75 (p less than .005). In the small sample of black children with ALL, two-year survival rates increased from 25% in 1960--64 to 59% in 1965--69 (p less than .01), with no further increase in 1970--75. For acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), survivorship was analyzed in white children, among whom one-year survival rates increased from 42% in 1965--69 to 71% in 1970--75 (p less than .005). The increasingly better survival over time of white children with acute leukemia probably reflects the increasing efficacy of new therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "The changing survivorship of white and black children with leukemia. A study was conducted in metropolitan Baltimore to examine changes in survival of white and black children with acute leukemia from 1960 through 1975. Two-hundred eighty-seven cases were identified, of which 77% were acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Eighty-three percent of all cases occurred in white children. In white children with ALL, two-year survival rates increased from 32% in 1960--64 to 47% in 1965--69, and to 79% in 1970--75 (p less than .005). In the small sample of black children with ALL, two-year survival rates increased from 25% in 1960--64 to 59% in 1965--69 (p less than .01), with no further increase in 1970--75. For acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), survivorship was analyzed in white children, among whom one-year survival rates increased from 42% in 1965--69 to 71% in 1970--75 (p less than .005). The increasingly better survival over time of white children with acute leukemia probably reflects the increasing efficacy of new therapeutic approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:276419", "title": "Actual volume doubling time values for pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas.", "content": "Doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas were measured. Sixty metastases from 24 patients were measured 79 consecutive times, and, the values for 116 doubling times were calculated. Small volume metastases grew significantly faster (arithmetic mean 29.7 days) than large metastases (arithmetic mean 43.4 days). An assessment with comparative data obtained previously by measuring the doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma revealed similar growth characteristics. The possible involvment of identical control mechanisms operating in the growth process of pulmonary metastases in both soft tissues and osteogenic sarcomas are discussed.", "contents": "Actual volume doubling time values for pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas. Doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas were measured. Sixty metastases from 24 patients were measured 79 consecutive times, and, the values for 116 doubling times were calculated. Small volume metastases grew significantly faster (arithmetic mean 29.7 days) than large metastases (arithmetic mean 43.4 days). An assessment with comparative data obtained previously by measuring the doubling time values of pulmonary metastases from osteogenic sarcoma revealed similar growth characteristics. The possible involvment of identical control mechanisms operating in the growth process of pulmonary metastases in both soft tissues and osteogenic sarcomas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276420", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids on the interaction of lymphoblastoid cells with human endothelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The adhesive characteristics of cultured acute lymphocytic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM), lymphoma cells (Raji), and freshly isolated acute lymphocytic leukemia cells to human cultured endothelial cells were studied. An assay system was used whereby these neoplastic cells were allowed to interact with endothelial cells while being continuously agitated on a rocking platform. All cell lines adhered significantly to the endothelium monolayers. This process appeared not to be dependent upon intact microtubular or microfilament function. Likewise, removing surface sialic acid from either cell type did not alter this process. In contrast incubating the endothelial cells for 24 or 48 hr with dexamethasone decreased adhesiveness of either CCRF-CEM or Raji cells to the endothelial cells by approximately 40%. Incubating these cells with hydrocortisone instead of dexamethasone for 48 hr was equally as effective in altering the endothelial cell adhesiveness. The decreased adhesiveness could be blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that this altered adhesiveness of the endothelial cells involves protein synthesis, presumably of a surface protein. We suggest that this assay system may provide a means to evaluate other agents that can alter the surface characteristics of endothelial cells, which may have important implications in various disease states such as inflammation, thrombogenesis, and metastatic disease.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids on the interaction of lymphoblastoid cells with human endothelial cells in vitro. The adhesive characteristics of cultured acute lymphocytic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM), lymphoma cells (Raji), and freshly isolated acute lymphocytic leukemia cells to human cultured endothelial cells were studied. An assay system was used whereby these neoplastic cells were allowed to interact with endothelial cells while being continuously agitated on a rocking platform. All cell lines adhered significantly to the endothelium monolayers. This process appeared not to be dependent upon intact microtubular or microfilament function. Likewise, removing surface sialic acid from either cell type did not alter this process. In contrast incubating the endothelial cells for 24 or 48 hr with dexamethasone decreased adhesiveness of either CCRF-CEM or Raji cells to the endothelial cells by approximately 40%. Incubating these cells with hydrocortisone instead of dexamethasone for 48 hr was equally as effective in altering the endothelial cell adhesiveness. The decreased adhesiveness could be blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that this altered adhesiveness of the endothelial cells involves protein synthesis, presumably of a surface protein. We suggest that this assay system may provide a means to evaluate other agents that can alter the surface characteristics of endothelial cells, which may have important implications in various disease states such as inflammation, thrombogenesis, and metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:276430", "title": "Two cases of unusual Type I glycogenosis.", "content": "Two patients with  apparent clinical manifestations of glycogen storage disease were described. The curves obtained upon glucose and adrenalin tolerance tests were indicative of glycogen storage disease Type I. Liver biopsies showed the increased glycogen concentration; however, the activities of the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, including glucose-6-phosphatase activity, were within normal limits or even slightly enhanced. On the basis of the biochemical data, Type Ib glycogenosis was diagnosed. The analytical ultracentrifugation studies of serum lipoproteins of those patients showed that concentration of very low density lipoproteins was considerably increased.", "contents": "Two cases of unusual Type I glycogenosis. Two patients with  apparent clinical manifestations of glycogen storage disease were described. The curves obtained upon glucose and adrenalin tolerance tests were indicative of glycogen storage disease Type I. Liver biopsies showed the increased glycogen concentration; however, the activities of the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, including glucose-6-phosphatase activity, were within normal limits or even slightly enhanced. On the basis of the biochemical data, Type Ib glycogenosis was diagnosed. The analytical ultracentrifugation studies of serum lipoproteins of those patients showed that concentration of very low density lipoproteins was considerably increased."}
{"id": "PMID:276431", "title": "Inability to demonstrate lytic antibodies to autologous leukaemia cells in the sera from remission patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia treated with active specific immunotherapy.", "content": "The sera from seven patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) who had achieved a clinical remission and who were being maintained by weekly immunotherapy using irradiated allogeneic AML cells and BCG, were examined for the presence of antibodies which were lytic to autologous AML cells using either a complement- or cell-dependent assay. The AML cells had been stored at --179 degrees C and put into a short-term tissue culture prior to testing. At no time during the period of remission or relapse could cytotoxic activity to the autologous cells be detected, although all of the sera had lytic antibodies for some allogenic leukaemia cells. We concluded that the patients were capable of raising lytic antibodies to histocompatibility antigens but did not raise comparable lytic antibodies directed against a leukaemia-specific membrane antigen.", "contents": "Inability to demonstrate lytic antibodies to autologous leukaemia cells in the sera from remission patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia treated with active specific immunotherapy. The sera from seven patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) who had achieved a clinical remission and who were being maintained by weekly immunotherapy using irradiated allogeneic AML cells and BCG, were examined for the presence of antibodies which were lytic to autologous AML cells using either a complement- or cell-dependent assay. The AML cells had been stored at --179 degrees C and put into a short-term tissue culture prior to testing. At no time during the period of remission or relapse could cytotoxic activity to the autologous cells be detected, although all of the sera had lytic antibodies for some allogenic leukaemia cells. We concluded that the patients were capable of raising lytic antibodies to histocompatibility antigens but did not raise comparable lytic antibodies directed against a leukaemia-specific membrane antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:276447", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia cutis treated with hydroxyurea. Report of a case.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia cutis associated with myeloid metaplasia is described. Cutaneous manifestations of leukemia appeared only at the sites of bone marrow aspiration and vena puncture. Radiotherapy to both spleen and skin and chemotherapy with busulfan failed to control spreading cutaneous lesions. Treatment with hydroxyurea was followed by a marked reduction in spleen size, a decrease in white cell count and healing of the skin lesions.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia cutis treated with hydroxyurea. Report of a case. The clinical course of a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia cutis associated with myeloid metaplasia is described. Cutaneous manifestations of leukemia appeared only at the sites of bone marrow aspiration and vena puncture. Radiotherapy to both spleen and skin and chemotherapy with busulfan failed to control spreading cutaneous lesions. Treatment with hydroxyurea was followed by a marked reduction in spleen size, a decrease in white cell count and healing of the skin lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:276461", "title": "[Clinical pantographic studies on \"immediate side shift\"].", "content": "The immediate side shift was pantographically recorded, photographed and measured in 32 volunteers with mostly complete dentures. 28 showed initial Bennett movement up to 0.4 mm under tooth contact. Values of between 0.4 and 1.5 mm were demonstrable in only 4 cases. Comparing these investigations in 10 volunteers with and without central supporting peg a clear decrease in measurements could usually be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Clinical pantographic studies on \"immediate side shift\"]. The immediate side shift was pantographically recorded, photographed and measured in 32 volunteers with mostly complete dentures. 28 showed initial Bennett movement up to 0.4 mm under tooth contact. Values of between 0.4 and 1.5 mm were demonstrable in only 4 cases. Comparing these investigations in 10 volunteers with and without central supporting peg a clear decrease in measurements could usually be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:276462", "title": "[Thermic behavior of dental enamel, dentin and selected dental materials].", "content": "The linear coefficient of expansion of enamel, dentin as well as selected dental working materials is estimated by means of holographic-interferometric measurements. A good correlation was found between hard dental texture and a phosphate glass envisaged for use with lasers. The possible effects of the greatly increased coefficient of expansion of tested composites is discussed.", "contents": "[Thermic behavior of dental enamel, dentin and selected dental materials]. The linear coefficient of expansion of enamel, dentin as well as selected dental working materials is estimated by means of holographic-interferometric measurements. A good correlation was found between hard dental texture and a phosphate glass envisaged for use with lasers. The possible effects of the greatly increased coefficient of expansion of tested composites is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276463", "title": "[Bending resistance of composites after storage in water from 1 day to 3 months].", "content": "The resistance to bending of paste-paste composites decreases with one exception after prolonged storage in water. The UV-hardened artificial filling materials show no uniform picture in this respect. The bending module of three paste-paste composites is at its peak after 24 hours with values of 40 to 50 kN/mm2, and then drops to 1/3 of this value. The value of the bending module of photopolymerising composites lies considerably lower-between 4 and 13 kN/mm2.", "contents": "[Bending resistance of composites after storage in water from 1 day to 3 months]. The resistance to bending of paste-paste composites decreases with one exception after prolonged storage in water. The UV-hardened artificial filling materials show no uniform picture in this respect. The bending module of three paste-paste composites is at its peak after 24 hours with values of 40 to 50 kN/mm2, and then drops to 1/3 of this value. The value of the bending module of photopolymerising composites lies considerably lower-between 4 and 13 kN/mm2."}
{"id": "PMID:276464", "title": "[Resistance to pressure of amalgam relative to the pressure of plugging and the alloy-mercury ratio].", "content": "The resistance to pressure was tested in 320 Amalgam samples of alloy-mercury in relations of 4:3, 5:5, 5:6 and 5:7 under packing pressures of 2, 5, 10 and 15 N/mm2. These tests were made with a commonly-used and a copper-rich alloy. Very dry mixtures, which condense under low packing pressures, show low pressure resistance.", "contents": "[Resistance to pressure of amalgam relative to the pressure of plugging and the alloy-mercury ratio]. The resistance to pressure was tested in 320 Amalgam samples of alloy-mercury in relations of 4:3, 5:5, 5:6 and 5:7 under packing pressures of 2, 5, 10 and 15 N/mm2. These tests were made with a commonly-used and a copper-rich alloy. Very dry mixtures, which condense under low packing pressures, show low pressure resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:276466", "title": "[Individual differences in the marginal periodontium of crowned and non-crowned topographically identical teeth].", "content": "A comparison was made on 191 crowned teeth in 125 patients altogether with removable partial replacements after average wear of 4.8 years with the corresponding number of contralateral uncrowned teeth. It could be shown that there was no significant difference between crowned and uncrowned teeth in respect of periodontal changes (loosening and deepening of pockets of pockets, periodontal diagnosis). Findings in crowned teeth had a frequent tendency to worsen.", "contents": "[Individual differences in the marginal periodontium of crowned and non-crowned topographically identical teeth]. A comparison was made on 191 crowned teeth in 125 patients altogether with removable partial replacements after average wear of 4.8 years with the corresponding number of contralateral uncrowned teeth. It could be shown that there was no significant difference between crowned and uncrowned teeth in respect of periodontal changes (loosening and deepening of pockets of pockets, periodontal diagnosis). Findings in crowned teeth had a frequent tendency to worsen."}
{"id": "PMID:276467", "title": "[Comparative studies on 4 methods for the measurement of the sagittal position of the mandible in the edentulous patient with special reference to \"functional relation\"].", "content": "Four known registration procedures (Gerber, Schreinemakers, Fehr and adduction point) were used to determine repeatedly the mandibular positions on 24 edentulous patients. The sagittal positions of the mandible obtained as well as the reproducibility of the method was tested. The sagittal difference was of the order of +/- 0.5 mm. The reproducibility of relationship determinations depends on several factors, which are described. The closely approximating results of 384 relationship determinations with 768 measurements point to the fact that a slight scatter depends mainly on the experience of the attendant, who is responsible for a suitable of relationship determination.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on 4 methods for the measurement of the sagittal position of the mandible in the edentulous patient with special reference to \"functional relation\"]. Four known registration procedures (Gerber, Schreinemakers, Fehr and adduction point) were used to determine repeatedly the mandibular positions on 24 edentulous patients. The sagittal positions of the mandible obtained as well as the reproducibility of the method was tested. The sagittal difference was of the order of +/- 0.5 mm. The reproducibility of relationship determinations depends on several factors, which are described. The closely approximating results of 384 relationship determinations with 768 measurements point to the fact that a slight scatter depends mainly on the experience of the attendant, who is responsible for a suitable of relationship determination."}
{"id": "PMID:276469", "title": "Cranial computerized tomography in children with lymphoid malignancy and seizures.", "content": "Focal and generalized seizures occurred in 4 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. The etiology of the neurological complications could be established by cranial computerized tomography (CT): i.e., 1. localized metastasis with calcification and 2. acute intracerebral hemorrhage during induction therapy in two patients with malignant lymphomas; 3. diffuse cerebral infiltration with blast cells and 4. cerebral atrophy in two children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were in relapse. Accurate diagnosis of cerebral complications in hemoblastoses is essential for appropriate therapy and CT may lead to more effective treatment in patients with lymphoid malignancy and seizures.", "contents": "Cranial computerized tomography in children with lymphoid malignancy and seizures. Focal and generalized seizures occurred in 4 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. The etiology of the neurological complications could be established by cranial computerized tomography (CT): i.e., 1. localized metastasis with calcification and 2. acute intracerebral hemorrhage during induction therapy in two patients with malignant lymphomas; 3. diffuse cerebral infiltration with blast cells and 4. cerebral atrophy in two children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were in relapse. Accurate diagnosis of cerebral complications in hemoblastoses is essential for appropriate therapy and CT may lead to more effective treatment in patients with lymphoid malignancy and seizures."}
{"id": "PMID:276470", "title": "Serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia.", "content": "Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from children with acute leukemia, malignant tumours, and in normal children. All children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) had significantly reduced levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the children fell within the normal range. Children with ALL in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal chidren, while children with ALL in relapse also had pathological low levels. Children with ALL in remission and off therapy also had normal levels of lysozyme. Children with acute myelogenous leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while children with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. Determination of serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia is of value both for diagnosis and for evaluating the effect of therapy.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia. Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from children with acute leukemia, malignant tumours, and in normal children. All children with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) had significantly reduced levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the children fell within the normal range. Children with ALL in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal chidren, while children with ALL in relapse also had pathological low levels. Children with ALL in remission and off therapy also had normal levels of lysozyme. Children with acute myelogenous leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while children with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. Determination of serum lysozyme activity in children with acute leukemia is of value both for diagnosis and for evaluating the effect of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276471", "title": "Intramembranous particles in erythrocyte, reticulocyte and erythroblastic leukemic cells of the rat: a model system for erythrocyte maturation.", "content": "The density and size distribution of intramembranous particles (IMP) were determined for cells of the erythroid series. The number and size of IMP were measured on both fracture faces of erythroblastic leukemia cells, phenylhydrazine-induced reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes. We found that the number of IMP adhering to the protoplasmic fracture face of the plasma membrane increased with increasing maturation, while the number of particles adhering to the external fracture face did not correlate with maturational stage. In general, the mean size of particles adhering to both fracture faces decreased with increasing maturation after the erythroblastic stage. We interpret these results to mean that the IMP seen are derived from more than one macromolecular species and that they are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Intramembranous particles in erythrocyte, reticulocyte and erythroblastic leukemic cells of the rat: a model system for erythrocyte maturation. The density and size distribution of intramembranous particles (IMP) were determined for cells of the erythroid series. The number and size of IMP were measured on both fracture faces of erythroblastic leukemia cells, phenylhydrazine-induced reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes. We found that the number of IMP adhering to the protoplasmic fracture face of the plasma membrane increased with increasing maturation, while the number of particles adhering to the external fracture face did not correlate with maturational stage. In general, the mean size of particles adhering to both fracture faces decreased with increasing maturation after the erythroblastic stage. We interpret these results to mean that the IMP seen are derived from more than one macromolecular species and that they are distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:276472", "title": "Production of mesenchymal tumors in nude mice by Ph1 negative fibroblasts obtained from a Ph 1 positive CML patient: a preliminary report.", "content": "An experimental model system is presented for the investigation in humans of the role of hematopoietic stromal elements in the regulation of hematopoiesis as well as in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis in myeloproliferative disorders. The model is based on the simultaneous application of three experimental techniques: (1) growth of bone-marrow derived fibroblastic colonies in vitro, (2) cytogenetic demonstration of marker chromosomes associated with hematopoietic malignancies, and (3) the transplantation of isolated stromal elements into athymic (nude) mice. Using this model, we describe the induction of mesenchymal tumors in nude mice by Ph1 negative fibroblasts obtained from the bone marrow of a patient with a Ph1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mesenchymal tumors also were induced in nude mice with bone marrow-derived fibroblasts from a patient with aplastic anemia, who was successfully treated with bone marrow transplantation, and from a normal human volunteer. Morphologic, cytogenetic and electron microscopic studies of bone marrow mesenchymal elements in culture and of tumors induced in nude mice from the CML patient indicate the cells composing the tumor are of human origin and are negative for the Ph1 chromosome. The results provide the first in vivo morphological and cytogenetic support using human materials, of the hypothesized relationship of progenitors of in vitro fibroblastic colonies to marrow stromal elements.", "contents": "Production of mesenchymal tumors in nude mice by Ph1 negative fibroblasts obtained from a Ph 1 positive CML patient: a preliminary report. An experimental model system is presented for the investigation in humans of the role of hematopoietic stromal elements in the regulation of hematopoiesis as well as in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis in myeloproliferative disorders. The model is based on the simultaneous application of three experimental techniques: (1) growth of bone-marrow derived fibroblastic colonies in vitro, (2) cytogenetic demonstration of marker chromosomes associated with hematopoietic malignancies, and (3) the transplantation of isolated stromal elements into athymic (nude) mice. Using this model, we describe the induction of mesenchymal tumors in nude mice by Ph1 negative fibroblasts obtained from the bone marrow of a patient with a Ph1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mesenchymal tumors also were induced in nude mice with bone marrow-derived fibroblasts from a patient with aplastic anemia, who was successfully treated with bone marrow transplantation, and from a normal human volunteer. Morphologic, cytogenetic and electron microscopic studies of bone marrow mesenchymal elements in culture and of tumors induced in nude mice from the CML patient indicate the cells composing the tumor are of human origin and are negative for the Ph1 chromosome. The results provide the first in vivo morphological and cytogenetic support using human materials, of the hypothesized relationship of progenitors of in vitro fibroblastic colonies to marrow stromal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:276503", "title": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy on tumor growth in rats.", "content": "To indicate the influence of operative stress on tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hr after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation of Sato lung cancer into Donryu rats. Survival period, number of metastatic nodules on the surface of the lungs, and the percentage-area of metastases in the frontal section through pulmonary hilus were examined. By thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy the survival period of the tumor-inoculated rats was reduced significantly compared with that of the control but difference between these two test groups was not significant. Also there was no significant difference between the laparotomy group and the control. The results obtained in the number and percentage-area of metastatic nodules were quite similar to that observed in the survival period. Correlation between the number and the percentage-area of metastatic nodules was highly significant. The meaning of the stress of thoracotomy in cancer treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of thoracotomy on tumor growth in rats. To indicate the influence of operative stress on tumor growth, thoracotomy and/or laparotomy were performed 48 hr after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation of Sato lung cancer into Donryu rats. Survival period, number of metastatic nodules on the surface of the lungs, and the percentage-area of metastases in the frontal section through pulmonary hilus were examined. By thoracotomy and laparothoracotomy the survival period of the tumor-inoculated rats was reduced significantly compared with that of the control but difference between these two test groups was not significant. Also there was no significant difference between the laparotomy group and the control. The results obtained in the number and percentage-area of metastatic nodules were quite similar to that observed in the survival period. Correlation between the number and the percentage-area of metastatic nodules was highly significant. The meaning of the stress of thoracotomy in cancer treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276504", "title": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in acute leukemia: radiographic findings.", "content": "Acute gangrenous appendicitis or right lower quadrant necrotizing enterocolitis occurs with a high incidence in patients undergoing treatment for acute leukemia. In a series of 81 fully documented cases with complete charts and follow-up we identified seven surgically or pathologically proved cases of this syndrome. Plain radiographs of the abdomen were available in five of the seven cases, and a barium enema was performed on one. In three of the five cases the radiographic examination suggested or confirmed the nature of the right lower quadrant syndrome. Two of the seven patients were sucessfully treated by appropriate surgery. The radiographic findings in this series are reviewed and re-emphasized since an accurate diagnosis becomes important in appropriate management of this formerly uniformly fatal complication of acute leukemia and/or its therapy.", "contents": "Necrotizing enterocolitis in acute leukemia: radiographic findings. Acute gangrenous appendicitis or right lower quadrant necrotizing enterocolitis occurs with a high incidence in patients undergoing treatment for acute leukemia. In a series of 81 fully documented cases with complete charts and follow-up we identified seven surgically or pathologically proved cases of this syndrome. Plain radiographs of the abdomen were available in five of the seven cases, and a barium enema was performed on one. In three of the five cases the radiographic examination suggested or confirmed the nature of the right lower quadrant syndrome. Two of the seven patients were sucessfully treated by appropriate surgery. The radiographic findings in this series are reviewed and re-emphasized since an accurate diagnosis becomes important in appropriate management of this formerly uniformly fatal complication of acute leukemia and/or its therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276510", "title": "Serum lysozyme activity in some myeloproliferative diseases.", "content": "Serum lysozyme activity has been determined in patients suffering from myeloproliferative diseases, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and pancytopenia (P). Lysozyme activity was tested in undiluted and tenfold diluted sera. Increased lysozyme activity was found in patients with CML and CLI, whereas there was no change in patients with AML and P. Dilution of sera enhanced lysozyme activity. These data may indicate the presence of inhibitor in the sera tested. The diagnostic significance of the presented findings is discussed.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme activity in some myeloproliferative diseases. Serum lysozyme activity has been determined in patients suffering from myeloproliferative diseases, chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) and pancytopenia (P). Lysozyme activity was tested in undiluted and tenfold diluted sera. Increased lysozyme activity was found in patients with CML and CLI, whereas there was no change in patients with AML and P. Dilution of sera enhanced lysozyme activity. These data may indicate the presence of inhibitor in the sera tested. The diagnostic significance of the presented findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276512", "title": "[Perthes disease after successfully treated acute juvenile lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "The manifestation of Perthes disease after succesfully treated lymphoblastic leukemia is extremely rare. At the first signs of a femoral head necrosis--sonsidering the basic disease--and after cortisone treatment one has to think of a possible femoral head necrosis. It has been observed by several authors after long-term cortison therapy. The case of a 7 year old boy with Perthes disease after acute lymphatic leukemia is demonstrated. After treatment with chemotherapy, cortisone and radiation of the head he was free of pain for 2 years, then the Perthes disease became manifest with a deformed femural head. It could be cured but operation is necessary now or at the latest after termination of growth. In the case there seems to be no connexion between cortisone treatment and the manifestation of Perthes disease. It is more probable that this developed independently of the basic disease and its successful treatment because of the unilateral affection of the hip joint and the interval between treatment of leukemia and manifestion of the first symptoms of Perthes disease.", "contents": "[Perthes disease after successfully treated acute juvenile lymphoblastic leukemia]. The manifestation of Perthes disease after succesfully treated lymphoblastic leukemia is extremely rare. At the first signs of a femoral head necrosis--sonsidering the basic disease--and after cortisone treatment one has to think of a possible femoral head necrosis. It has been observed by several authors after long-term cortison therapy. The case of a 7 year old boy with Perthes disease after acute lymphatic leukemia is demonstrated. After treatment with chemotherapy, cortisone and radiation of the head he was free of pain for 2 years, then the Perthes disease became manifest with a deformed femural head. It could be cured but operation is necessary now or at the latest after termination of growth. In the case there seems to be no connexion between cortisone treatment and the manifestation of Perthes disease. It is more probable that this developed independently of the basic disease and its successful treatment because of the unilateral affection of the hip joint and the interval between treatment of leukemia and manifestion of the first symptoms of Perthes disease."}
{"id": "PMID:276513", "title": "[McArdle's disease--description based on three own observations (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on three observations made by the authors of McArdle's Disease. Characteristic symptoms are a premature tiring of the musculature and painful muscle contractions; in the late stage of the disease, mild muscle atrophy can also occur. The ischemia test is is pathologic. Myoglobinuria often occurs after major strain. Studies by light microscope and the electron-microscope result in an increased glycogen deposit in the muscle fiber. The diagnosis is verfied by the histochemical and biochemical proof of muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Routine histologic investigation of muscle biopsy is not sufficient to identify the disease. Despite the established enzyme defect and the resulting impairment of anerobic energy availability, the genesis of the disease or syndrome has not yet been fully clarified.", "contents": "[McArdle's disease--description based on three own observations (author's transl)]. The paper reports on three observations made by the authors of McArdle's Disease. Characteristic symptoms are a premature tiring of the musculature and painful muscle contractions; in the late stage of the disease, mild muscle atrophy can also occur. The ischemia test is is pathologic. Myoglobinuria often occurs after major strain. Studies by light microscope and the electron-microscope result in an increased glycogen deposit in the muscle fiber. The diagnosis is verfied by the histochemical and biochemical proof of muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Routine histologic investigation of muscle biopsy is not sufficient to identify the disease. Despite the established enzyme defect and the resulting impairment of anerobic energy availability, the genesis of the disease or syndrome has not yet been fully clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:276514", "title": "Reciprocal translocation and the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "We examined metaphases from three patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and a typical Philadelphia chromosome with one chromosome 9 as the recipient to determine whether the 9q+22q- translocation is reciprocal. Good quality G-banded photographs of the chromosomes concerned were subjected to light absorption density analysis. This provided enlarged tracings corresponding to the relevant chromosome regions and so facilitated accurate measurement. This technique has unambiguously shown that the typical Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal translocation and that probably no material is gained or lost in the exchange. Furthermorein a total of six patients for whom sequential G and C banding was performed, the chromosome 9 with the largest block of centromeric heterochromatin received the translocated material. We offer tentative explanations for this curious observation.", "contents": "Reciprocal translocation and the Philadelphia chromosome. We examined metaphases from three patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and a typical Philadelphia chromosome with one chromosome 9 as the recipient to determine whether the 9q+22q- translocation is reciprocal. Good quality G-banded photographs of the chromosomes concerned were subjected to light absorption density analysis. This provided enlarged tracings corresponding to the relevant chromosome regions and so facilitated accurate measurement. This technique has unambiguously shown that the typical Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal translocation and that probably no material is gained or lost in the exchange. Furthermorein a total of six patients for whom sequential G and C banding was performed, the chromosome 9 with the largest block of centromeric heterochromatin received the translocated material. We offer tentative explanations for this curious observation."}
{"id": "PMID:276515", "title": "15/17 translocation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A translocation between a chromosome 15 and a chromosome 17 was found in the bone marrow of a 14-year-old boy who had clinical and laboratory symptoms of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). As far as we know, this is the sixth case of APL with 15/17 translocation to be reported in the literature. This observation gives further support to the hypothesis that there is an association between this chromosomal rearrangement and APL.", "contents": "15/17 translocation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. A translocation between a chromosome 15 and a chromosome 17 was found in the bone marrow of a 14-year-old boy who had clinical and laboratory symptoms of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). As far as we know, this is the sixth case of APL with 15/17 translocation to be reported in the literature. This observation gives further support to the hypothesis that there is an association between this chromosomal rearrangement and APL."}
{"id": "PMID:276522", "title": "Servo control of end-tidal CO2 in paralyzed animals.", "content": "We are reporting an electronic circuit which uses the peak end-tidal CO2 signal from a rapid infrared CO2 analyzer to vary the motor rate of a fixed volume respirator. It contains variable gain and a lag compensation network which permits critical damping to prevent oscillation. The CO2 analyzer, circuitry, and respirator are connected in a closed-loop servo system that allows automatic control of the CO2 level. The system's gain and performance are such that it can accommodate large changes of CO2 return to the lungs with no more than +/- 0.5 Torr carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) error signal. It has proved useful in experiments on neural respiratory control in paralyzed animals where it is desired to keep PCO2 constant despite changes in cardiac output and venous and CO2 return to the lungs, and to monitor the approximate magnitude of these changes.", "contents": "Servo control of end-tidal CO2 in paralyzed animals. We are reporting an electronic circuit which uses the peak end-tidal CO2 signal from a rapid infrared CO2 analyzer to vary the motor rate of a fixed volume respirator. It contains variable gain and a lag compensation network which permits critical damping to prevent oscillation. The CO2 analyzer, circuitry, and respirator are connected in a closed-loop servo system that allows automatic control of the CO2 level. The system's gain and performance are such that it can accommodate large changes of CO2 return to the lungs with no more than +/- 0.5 Torr carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) error signal. It has proved useful in experiments on neural respiratory control in paralyzed animals where it is desired to keep PCO2 constant despite changes in cardiac output and venous and CO2 return to the lungs, and to monitor the approximate magnitude of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:276523", "title": "The microscopic pattern of tetracycline fluorescence in the cementum of human teeth.", "content": "Ultraviolet microscopy of longitudinal non-decalcified sections revealed fluorescence characteristic of in vivo tetracycline deposition in the cementum of 55 out of 378 human permanent teeth. Patterns of fluorescence could be related to various stages in root development and to pathological events, as well as to the approximate duration of drug intake. Cementum lines formed during apposition of primary root dentin were associated with dentin bands and met the latter at the cemento-dentinal junction: other lines corresponded to incremental cementum apposition after completion of the root. Label was also visualized in localized areas of cementum hyperplasia and in repaired resorption lacunae. Discontinuities in broad fluorescent lines at or near the cementum surface were related to lack of connective tissue attachment when drug exposure occurred, or with subsequent root caries. Observations suggest that typical short, single periods of antibiotic therapy are recorded in the cementum, although marginally or close to the limit of resolution in some cases. Longer, chronic administration or multiple short regimens closely spaced in time are clearly registered. Study of these patterns may be useful in clinical periodontal research.", "contents": "The microscopic pattern of tetracycline fluorescence in the cementum of human teeth. Ultraviolet microscopy of longitudinal non-decalcified sections revealed fluorescence characteristic of in vivo tetracycline deposition in the cementum of 55 out of 378 human permanent teeth. Patterns of fluorescence could be related to various stages in root development and to pathological events, as well as to the approximate duration of drug intake. Cementum lines formed during apposition of primary root dentin were associated with dentin bands and met the latter at the cemento-dentinal junction: other lines corresponded to incremental cementum apposition after completion of the root. Label was also visualized in localized areas of cementum hyperplasia and in repaired resorption lacunae. Discontinuities in broad fluorescent lines at or near the cementum surface were related to lack of connective tissue attachment when drug exposure occurred, or with subsequent root caries. Observations suggest that typical short, single periods of antibiotic therapy are recorded in the cementum, although marginally or close to the limit of resolution in some cases. Longer, chronic administration or multiple short regimens closely spaced in time are clearly registered. Study of these patterns may be useful in clinical periodontal research."}
{"id": "PMID:276524", "title": "[Parameters of the cellular cyle during odontogenesis in mice].", "content": "Autoradiographic methods were used to analyze cell kinetics of mouse tooth germs during days 11, 14 and 16 of gestation. Cell cycle determination estimated from the labeled metaphases curves showed a lengthening of the cell cycle time during development, resulting from lengthening of G1 and S phases. These changes were also function of the histological localization of the analyzed cells.", "contents": "[Parameters of the cellular cyle during odontogenesis in mice]. Autoradiographic methods were used to analyze cell kinetics of mouse tooth germs during days 11, 14 and 16 of gestation. Cell cycle determination estimated from the labeled metaphases curves showed a lengthening of the cell cycle time during development, resulting from lengthening of G1 and S phases. These changes were also function of the histological localization of the analyzed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:276525", "title": "An investigation of the effects of mellitic acid on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The effects produced on the solubility and crystal growth of hydroxyapatite by the condensed phosphates and the diphosphonates are essentially physicochemical in nature. Other poly-anions, may, on this same basis, produce similar effects. Mellitic acid (benzene hexacarboxylic acid), in dilute solution, was taken up by hydroxyapatite in the presence of excess phosphate and was not significantly displaced by it. Mellitic acid treatment of hydroxyapatite inhibited its ability to \"seed\" metastable solutions of calcium phosphate. Mellitic acid, which has already been shown to be an effective inhibitor of dental calculus in experimental animals may also have some other properties that could be of advantage to its use in humans.", "contents": "An investigation of the effects of mellitic acid on hydroxyapatite. The effects produced on the solubility and crystal growth of hydroxyapatite by the condensed phosphates and the diphosphonates are essentially physicochemical in nature. Other poly-anions, may, on this same basis, produce similar effects. Mellitic acid (benzene hexacarboxylic acid), in dilute solution, was taken up by hydroxyapatite in the presence of excess phosphate and was not significantly displaced by it. Mellitic acid treatment of hydroxyapatite inhibited its ability to \"seed\" metastable solutions of calcium phosphate. Mellitic acid, which has already been shown to be an effective inhibitor of dental calculus in experimental animals may also have some other properties that could be of advantage to its use in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:276526", "title": "Human salivary protein interaction with fluoridated synthetic hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Adsorption of human salivary protein on synthetic hydroxyapatite after fluoridation of the mineral phase was tested using an experimental system previously described. The salivary protein adsorption on fluoridated apatite was considerably decreased compared to the adsorption obtained with untreated hydroxyapatite. The calcium-precipitable human salivary glycoprotein still seemed to be selectively adsorbed. Liberation of fluoride under the effect of the salivary proteins was also observed. Fluoridation of enamel may decrease pellicle formation with competitive adsorption effect between salivary proteins and fluoride.", "contents": "Human salivary protein interaction with fluoridated synthetic hydroxyapatite. Adsorption of human salivary protein on synthetic hydroxyapatite after fluoridation of the mineral phase was tested using an experimental system previously described. The salivary protein adsorption on fluoridated apatite was considerably decreased compared to the adsorption obtained with untreated hydroxyapatite. The calcium-precipitable human salivary glycoprotein still seemed to be selectively adsorbed. Liberation of fluoride under the effect of the salivary proteins was also observed. Fluoridation of enamel may decrease pellicle formation with competitive adsorption effect between salivary proteins and fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:276527", "title": "[Glycoproteins and proteoglycans in the predentin and dentin matrix in the rat: an ultrastructural study].", "content": "The ultrastructural distribution of the protein-polysaccharides was studied in the predentinal and dentinal matrices of the rat. Used for the indentification of the glycoproteins, the chromic-phosphotungstic acid mixture (Rambourt, 1967) weakly contrasted the predentine, underlined the mineralization front and impregnated the dentinal matrix. Alcian blue (Goldberg et al., 1977) as well as bismuth nitrate (Serafini-Fracassini and Smith, 1966), cationic stains for the proteoglycans, produced a strong contrast in the predentine, whereas in the dentine, which appeared clear, only 100 to 150 A granules associated with the periodic collagen striations were stained. This inverse variation between non collagenous proteoglycans and glycoproteins is discussed in relation to the mineralization process.", "contents": "[Glycoproteins and proteoglycans in the predentin and dentin matrix in the rat: an ultrastructural study]. The ultrastructural distribution of the protein-polysaccharides was studied in the predentinal and dentinal matrices of the rat. Used for the indentification of the glycoproteins, the chromic-phosphotungstic acid mixture (Rambourt, 1967) weakly contrasted the predentine, underlined the mineralization front and impregnated the dentinal matrix. Alcian blue (Goldberg et al., 1977) as well as bismuth nitrate (Serafini-Fracassini and Smith, 1966), cationic stains for the proteoglycans, produced a strong contrast in the predentine, whereas in the dentine, which appeared clear, only 100 to 150 A granules associated with the periodic collagen striations were stained. This inverse variation between non collagenous proteoglycans and glycoproteins is discussed in relation to the mineralization process."}
{"id": "PMID:276528", "title": "Hemin control of heme biosynthesis in mouse Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells in culture.", "content": "Hemin treatment of mouse Friend virus-transformed cells in cultured caused a dose-dependent increase in hemoglobin synthesis. By the addition of radioactively labeled hemin and by the analysis of the radioactive heme in hemoglobin, only 60 to 70% of heme in the newly synthesized hemoglobin was accounted for by the exogenously added hemin. In keeping with this finding, hemin treatment increased the activity of two enzymes in the heme biosynthetic activity, i.e. delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I (URO) synthase in these cells. Incorporation of [2(-14C)]glycine, [14C]ALA, and 59Fe into heme was also significantly increased in the cells treated with hemin, suggesting that essentially all enzyme activities in the heme biosynethetic pathway were increased after hemin treatment. These results indicate that heme in the newly synthesized hemoglobin in hemin-treated Friend cells derives both from hemin added to the culture and from heme synthesized intracellularly. In addition, these results suggest that the stimulation of heme biosynthesis by hemin in Friend virus-transformed cells is in contrast to the hemin repression of heme biosynthesis in liver cells.", "contents": "Hemin control of heme biosynthesis in mouse Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells in culture. Hemin treatment of mouse Friend virus-transformed cells in cultured caused a dose-dependent increase in hemoglobin synthesis. By the addition of radioactively labeled hemin and by the analysis of the radioactive heme in hemoglobin, only 60 to 70% of heme in the newly synthesized hemoglobin was accounted for by the exogenously added hemin. In keeping with this finding, hemin treatment increased the activity of two enzymes in the heme biosynthetic activity, i.e. delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I (URO) synthase in these cells. Incorporation of [2(-14C)]glycine, [14C]ALA, and 59Fe into heme was also significantly increased in the cells treated with hemin, suggesting that essentially all enzyme activities in the heme biosynethetic pathway were increased after hemin treatment. These results indicate that heme in the newly synthesized hemoglobin in hemin-treated Friend cells derives both from hemin added to the culture and from heme synthesized intracellularly. In addition, these results suggest that the stimulation of heme biosynthesis by hemin in Friend virus-transformed cells is in contrast to the hemin repression of heme biosynthesis in liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:276529", "title": "ATP depletion, a possible role in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in glycogen storage disease type I.", "content": "Other investigators have shown that fructose infusion in normal man and rats acutely depletes hepatic ATP and P(i) and increases the rate of uric acid formation by the degradation of preformed nucleotides. We postulated that a similar mechanism of ATP depletion might be present in patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (GSD-I) as a result of ATP consumption during glycogenolysis and resulting excess glycolysis. The postulate was tested by measurement of: (a) hepatic content of ATP, glycogen, phosphorylated sugars, and phosphorylase activities before and after increasing glycolysis by glucagon infusion and (b) plasma urate levels and urate excretion before and after therapy designed to maintain blood glucose levels above 70 mg/dl and thus prevent excess glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Glucagon infusion in seven patients with GSD-I caused a decrease in hepatic ATP from 2.25 +/- 0.09 to 0.73 +/- 0.06 mumol/g liver (P <0.01), within 5 min, persisting in one patient to 20 min (1.3 mumol/g). Three patients with GSD other than GSD-I (controls), and 10 normal rats, showed no change in ATP levels after glucagon infusion. Glucagon caused an increase in hepatic phosphorylase activity from 163 +/- 21 to 311 +/- 17 mumol/min per g protein (P <0.01), and a decrease in glycogen content from 8.96 +/- 0.51 to 6.68 +/- 0.38% weight (P <0.01). Hepatic content of phosphorylated hexoses measured in two patients, showed the following mean increases in response to glucagon; glucose-6-phosphate (from 0.25 to 0.98 mumol/g liver), fructose-6-phosphate (from 0.17 to 0.45 mumol/g liver), and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (from 0.09 to 1.28 mumol/g) within 5 min. These changes, except for glucose-6-phosphate, returned toward preinfusion levels within 20 min. Treatment consisted of continuous intragastric feedings of a high glucose dietary mixture. Such treatment increased blood glucose from a mean level of 62 (range 28-96) to 86 (range 71-143) mg/dl (P <0.02), decreased plasma glucagon from a mean of 190 (range 171-208) to 56 (range 30-70) pg/ml (P <0.01), but caused no significant change in insulin levels. Urate output measured in three patients showed an initial increase, coinciding with a decrease in plasma lactate and triglyceride levels, then decreased to normal within 3 days after treatment. Normalization of urate excretion was associated with normalization of serum uric acid. We suggest that the maintenance of blood glucose levels above 70 mg/dl is effective in reducing serum urate levels and that transient and recurrent depletion of hepatic ATP due to glycogenolysis is contributory in the genesis of hyperuricemia in untreated patients with GSD-I.", "contents": "ATP depletion, a possible role in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia in glycogen storage disease type I. Other investigators have shown that fructose infusion in normal man and rats acutely depletes hepatic ATP and P(i) and increases the rate of uric acid formation by the degradation of preformed nucleotides. We postulated that a similar mechanism of ATP depletion might be present in patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (GSD-I) as a result of ATP consumption during glycogenolysis and resulting excess glycolysis. The postulate was tested by measurement of: (a) hepatic content of ATP, glycogen, phosphorylated sugars, and phosphorylase activities before and after increasing glycolysis by glucagon infusion and (b) plasma urate levels and urate excretion before and after therapy designed to maintain blood glucose levels above 70 mg/dl and thus prevent excess glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Glucagon infusion in seven patients with GSD-I caused a decrease in hepatic ATP from 2.25 +/- 0.09 to 0.73 +/- 0.06 mumol/g liver (P <0.01), within 5 min, persisting in one patient to 20 min (1.3 mumol/g). Three patients with GSD other than GSD-I (controls), and 10 normal rats, showed no change in ATP levels after glucagon infusion. Glucagon caused an increase in hepatic phosphorylase activity from 163 +/- 21 to 311 +/- 17 mumol/min per g protein (P <0.01), and a decrease in glycogen content from 8.96 +/- 0.51 to 6.68 +/- 0.38% weight (P <0.01). Hepatic content of phosphorylated hexoses measured in two patients, showed the following mean increases in response to glucagon; glucose-6-phosphate (from 0.25 to 0.98 mumol/g liver), fructose-6-phosphate (from 0.17 to 0.45 mumol/g liver), and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (from 0.09 to 1.28 mumol/g) within 5 min. These changes, except for glucose-6-phosphate, returned toward preinfusion levels within 20 min. Treatment consisted of continuous intragastric feedings of a high glucose dietary mixture. Such treatment increased blood glucose from a mean level of 62 (range 28-96) to 86 (range 71-143) mg/dl (P <0.02), decreased plasma glucagon from a mean of 190 (range 171-208) to 56 (range 30-70) pg/ml (P <0.01), but caused no significant change in insulin levels. Urate output measured in three patients showed an initial increase, coinciding with a decrease in plasma lactate and triglyceride levels, then decreased to normal within 3 days after treatment. Normalization of urate excretion was associated with normalization of serum uric acid. We suggest that the maintenance of blood glucose levels above 70 mg/dl is effective in reducing serum urate levels and that transient and recurrent depletion of hepatic ATP due to glycogenolysis is contributory in the genesis of hyperuricemia in untreated patients with GSD-I."}
{"id": "PMID:276530", "title": "Gingivo-periodontal manifestations in chronic benign neutropenia.", "content": "A case of chronic benign neutropenia in a 7-year-old Caucasian male is reported. The predominant clinical symptoms were persistent gingivitis and periodontitis. The clinical, hematological, oral radiographical, histological, and therapeutical features of this uncommon disease are discussed.", "contents": "Gingivo-periodontal manifestations in chronic benign neutropenia. A case of chronic benign neutropenia in a 7-year-old Caucasian male is reported. The predominant clinical symptoms were persistent gingivitis and periodontitis. The clinical, hematological, oral radiographical, histological, and therapeutical features of this uncommon disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276532", "title": "Open-field and avoidance behavior after neostriatal lesions in male and female rats.", "content": "The behavioral effects of lesions of the anterodorsal or posteroventral parts of the caudate-putamen were studied in adult male and femle rats that were gonadectomized or left untreated prior to brain surgery. Anterodorsal (ADC) lesions consistently impaired acquistion of one-way avoidance behavior and tended to interfere with the development of a two-way avoidance response; comparable effects were observed in gonadectomized and intact animals of both sexes. By contrast, ADC lesions increased activity in the open field only in intact females and increased rearing only in ovariectomized females. Posteroventral caudate (PVC) lesions caused transient aphagia and adipsia in both sexes but did not consistently affect open-field activity or the acquistion of one-way avoidance responses by either sex. These lesions profoundly impaired acquistion of shuttle box avoidance responses by intact males. By contrast, castrated males and intact and ovariectomized females with PVC lesions avoided normally in the shuttle box. The present results suggest that localization of behavioral functions within the striatum differs with the sex of the subject, in part because of activational effects of gonadal hormones.", "contents": "Open-field and avoidance behavior after neostriatal lesions in male and female rats. The behavioral effects of lesions of the anterodorsal or posteroventral parts of the caudate-putamen were studied in adult male and femle rats that were gonadectomized or left untreated prior to brain surgery. Anterodorsal (ADC) lesions consistently impaired acquistion of one-way avoidance behavior and tended to interfere with the development of a two-way avoidance response; comparable effects were observed in gonadectomized and intact animals of both sexes. By contrast, ADC lesions increased activity in the open field only in intact females and increased rearing only in ovariectomized females. Posteroventral caudate (PVC) lesions caused transient aphagia and adipsia in both sexes but did not consistently affect open-field activity or the acquistion of one-way avoidance responses by either sex. These lesions profoundly impaired acquistion of shuttle box avoidance responses by intact males. By contrast, castrated males and intact and ovariectomized females with PVC lesions avoided normally in the shuttle box. The present results suggest that localization of behavioral functions within the striatum differs with the sex of the subject, in part because of activational effects of gonadal hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:276538", "title": "Quality assurance in a neighborhood health center: dental services.", "content": "A method for assessing the quality of dental care in neighborhood health centers has been presented. The audit uses implicit review for the evaluation of the overall process of dental care and explicit review for the technical component of the clinical audit and the evaluation of the dental record. This combined approach is favored over a totally explicit audit because it is more flexible and efficient and less threatening to the dentist. Although the \"soft\" structure of this audit could be criticized, the major issue is that a useable, simple quality assurance mechanism has been successfully used to improved the quality of dental care. Modifications of criteria will certainly evolve as quality assurance mechanisms improve.", "contents": "Quality assurance in a neighborhood health center: dental services. A method for assessing the quality of dental care in neighborhood health centers has been presented. The audit uses implicit review for the evaluation of the overall process of dental care and explicit review for the technical component of the clinical audit and the evaluation of the dental record. This combined approach is favored over a totally explicit audit because it is more flexible and efficient and less threatening to the dentist. Although the \"soft\" structure of this audit could be criticized, the major issue is that a useable, simple quality assurance mechanism has been successfully used to improved the quality of dental care. Modifications of criteria will certainly evolve as quality assurance mechanisms improve."}
{"id": "PMID:276539", "title": "Mutual expectations in the process of joining a dental health group.", "content": "Productivity can be seriously affected when new persons join an existing group and little or no attention is given to the process by which that person becomes a member of the group practice. Parallels can be drawn between organizational management and the functioning of the dental team. Observations were made of three clinicians who attempted to join an existing dental delivery group. There are some predictable phases through which the joiner passes to acceptance or lack of acceptance in an existing group. Recommendations for groups to consider before either hiring or training members of a dental health group are given.", "contents": "Mutual expectations in the process of joining a dental health group. Productivity can be seriously affected when new persons join an existing group and little or no attention is given to the process by which that person becomes a member of the group practice. Parallels can be drawn between organizational management and the functioning of the dental team. Observations were made of three clinicians who attempted to join an existing dental delivery group. There are some predictable phases through which the joiner passes to acceptance or lack of acceptance in an existing group. Recommendations for groups to consider before either hiring or training members of a dental health group are given."}
{"id": "PMID:276541", "title": "Asymmetrical dental caries and Streptococcus mutans infection.", "content": "A 27-year-old woman chewed unilaterally and had restorations and caries only on the right side of the dentition. The left side had a greater amount of soft and hard deposits and more severe periodontal disease. Plaque samples from occlusal and interproximal tooth surfaces were collected and cultured. The proportion of Streptococcus mutans of the total anaerobic count in the plaque samples from the right side was 1,000 to 10,000 times as high as from the left side. The proportion of S mutans of the total streptococcus was 6% to 20% on the right and less than 1% on the left side.", "contents": "Asymmetrical dental caries and Streptococcus mutans infection. A 27-year-old woman chewed unilaterally and had restorations and caries only on the right side of the dentition. The left side had a greater amount of soft and hard deposits and more severe periodontal disease. Plaque samples from occlusal and interproximal tooth surfaces were collected and cultured. The proportion of Streptococcus mutans of the total anaerobic count in the plaque samples from the right side was 1,000 to 10,000 times as high as from the left side. The proportion of S mutans of the total streptococcus was 6% to 20% on the right and less than 1% on the left side."}
{"id": "PMID:276542", "title": "Preoperative and operative considerations in malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Malignant hyperpyrexia is a condition characterized by fever and often by skeletal muscle rigidity usually triggered by the administration of general anesthetic agents. A review of the current literature is given to emphasize preoperative and operative considerations. An uncomplicated case is presented to illustrate the special care that these individuals require.", "contents": "Preoperative and operative considerations in malignant hyperpyrexia. Malignant hyperpyrexia is a condition characterized by fever and often by skeletal muscle rigidity usually triggered by the administration of general anesthetic agents. A review of the current literature is given to emphasize preoperative and operative considerations. An uncomplicated case is presented to illustrate the special care that these individuals require."}
{"id": "PMID:276543", "title": "The radicular lingual groove: an overlooked differential diagnosis.", "content": "A periodontal abscess with symptoms simulating an endodontic problem is discussed. The diffculty of diagnosis, compounded by the apparent failure of endodontic treatment on an adjacent tooth, is described. This case history illustrates the importance of awareness of developmental defects in teeth and the potential problems that they pose.", "contents": "The radicular lingual groove: an overlooked differential diagnosis. A periodontal abscess with symptoms simulating an endodontic problem is discussed. The diffculty of diagnosis, compounded by the apparent failure of endodontic treatment on an adjacent tooth, is described. This case history illustrates the importance of awareness of developmental defects in teeth and the potential problems that they pose."}
{"id": "PMID:276546", "title": "Dental professional liability prevention: part one. Council on Insurance.", "content": "The purpose of the claims monitoring program of the Council on Insurance is to determine whether preventive measures can be implemented by dentists to eliminate, reduce, or better defend professional liability claims. This article outlined some of the findings and recommendations of the Council in the areas of informed consent and assisting in the defense of a professional liability claim. The remainder of the Council's findings and recommendations will be presented in the second part of the article. The Council believes that if its recommendations are followed dentists can improve the loss statistics for dental professional liability significantly.", "contents": "Dental professional liability prevention: part one. Council on Insurance. The purpose of the claims monitoring program of the Council on Insurance is to determine whether preventive measures can be implemented by dentists to eliminate, reduce, or better defend professional liability claims. This article outlined some of the findings and recommendations of the Council in the areas of informed consent and assisting in the defense of a professional liability claim. The remainder of the Council's findings and recommendations will be presented in the second part of the article. The Council believes that if its recommendations are followed dentists can improve the loss statistics for dental professional liability significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:276551", "title": "Theoretical principles and technique of functional closure of the lip and nasal aperture.", "content": "Since many approaches to the closure of the cleft lip have not satisfied the hopes placed into them, the author has gone back to the principles stated by Veau (1938). His anatomical findings are presented. They form the basis of his technique of functional closure of the lip and nasal aperture: Careful dissection of all muscles involved, anatomical repositioning of all structures of the lip and the nasal entrance, and wide subperiosteal dissection. Careful reconstruction of a normal anatomical situation leads not only to better appearance and good mobility of the area concerned, but also to an enhanced growth of the underlying bony structures. Primary osteoplasty has been used, but does not seem to be necessary. The early results of this technique are very satisfying, however, later re-evaluation has to be made.", "contents": "Theoretical principles and technique of functional closure of the lip and nasal aperture. Since many approaches to the closure of the cleft lip have not satisfied the hopes placed into them, the author has gone back to the principles stated by Veau (1938). His anatomical findings are presented. They form the basis of his technique of functional closure of the lip and nasal aperture: Careful dissection of all muscles involved, anatomical repositioning of all structures of the lip and the nasal entrance, and wide subperiosteal dissection. Careful reconstruction of a normal anatomical situation leads not only to better appearance and good mobility of the area concerned, but also to an enhanced growth of the underlying bony structures. Primary osteoplasty has been used, but does not seem to be necessary. The early results of this technique are very satisfying, however, later re-evaluation has to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:276552", "title": "Long term follow-up of the sagittal splitting technique for correction of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "In a study of 67 cases the authors have investigated clinically and radiologically the long term results (5 years and over) of the sagittal split technique (Obwegeser 1955, 1957). Although 95% of the patients are satisfied, 60% have some impairment of sensation in the lower lip. This however goes unnoticed in 40% of these cases. The temporo-mandibular joint does not appear to be affected. 73% of the patients have excellent or good occlusion, while 18% have an unsatisfactory anterior occlusion due to some degree of relapse. The remaining 9% have poor occlusion without sign of relapse. A statistical analysis of the teleradiographs reveals that relapse is due to a rotation of the body of the mandible. Since several changes in technique have meanwhile been adopted, this paper will be followed by an analysis of the more recent cases.", "contents": "Long term follow-up of the sagittal splitting technique for correction of mandibular prognathism. In a study of 67 cases the authors have investigated clinically and radiologically the long term results (5 years and over) of the sagittal split technique (Obwegeser 1955, 1957). Although 95% of the patients are satisfied, 60% have some impairment of sensation in the lower lip. This however goes unnoticed in 40% of these cases. The temporo-mandibular joint does not appear to be affected. 73% of the patients have excellent or good occlusion, while 18% have an unsatisfactory anterior occlusion due to some degree of relapse. The remaining 9% have poor occlusion without sign of relapse. A statistical analysis of the teleradiographs reveals that relapse is due to a rotation of the body of the mandible. Since several changes in technique have meanwhile been adopted, this paper will be followed by an analysis of the more recent cases."}
{"id": "PMID:276553", "title": "Cutaneous necrosis of the chin following mandibular advancement and genioplasty. (Case report).", "content": "A case of necrosis of the soft tissue over the chin following mandibular advancement and genioplasty is presented. The aetiology, pathology, and clinical management of pressure sores is discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous necrosis of the chin following mandibular advancement and genioplasty. (Case report). A case of necrosis of the soft tissue over the chin following mandibular advancement and genioplasty is presented. The aetiology, pathology, and clinical management of pressure sores is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276554", "title": "Midface deviation due to mandibular fractures. (An experimental study with clinical comparison).", "content": "An experimental study was undertaken into the effect of fractures produced in the body of the mandible, the base of the condylar process and the mandibular condyles, on the bones of the middle third of the face using rabbit sucklings. The rabbits were sacrificed when fully grown, when it was found that in all cases the bones of the middle face had deviated to the traumatized side in comparison with the neurocranium. The greatest asymmetry occurred after injuries to the condyles and least following injuries to the body of the mandible. A comparative study on patients past growing age who had had an injury to the condyle before the age of 10 years suggested a similar disturbance of development. The present material, however, was so limited that reliable conclusions could not be drawn.", "contents": "Midface deviation due to mandibular fractures. (An experimental study with clinical comparison). An experimental study was undertaken into the effect of fractures produced in the body of the mandible, the base of the condylar process and the mandibular condyles, on the bones of the middle third of the face using rabbit sucklings. The rabbits were sacrificed when fully grown, when it was found that in all cases the bones of the middle face had deviated to the traumatized side in comparison with the neurocranium. The greatest asymmetry occurred after injuries to the condyles and least following injuries to the body of the mandible. A comparative study on patients past growing age who had had an injury to the condyle before the age of 10 years suggested a similar disturbance of development. The present material, however, was so limited that reliable conclusions could not be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:276555", "title": "Radiological features of mandibular primordial cysts. (Keratocysts).", "content": "Primordial cysts (keratocysts) have been shown to have a greater tendency to recurrence than other jaw cysts. Some radiological features may assist in establishing the diagnosis. Thirteen mandibular primordial cysts have been studied radiologically in detail. Characteristic features are extension along the medulla with minimal expansion except in young children. Margins are generally sharply demaracated and either smooth or scalloped. Cortical resorption occurs before expansion. The cysts may displace adjacent teeth, particularly when unerupted, but generally do not produce root resorption. They may displace the neurovascular bundle. Antero-posterior dimensions in this series ranged from 28 to 77 mm, with a mean of 50 mm.", "contents": "Radiological features of mandibular primordial cysts. (Keratocysts). Primordial cysts (keratocysts) have been shown to have a greater tendency to recurrence than other jaw cysts. Some radiological features may assist in establishing the diagnosis. Thirteen mandibular primordial cysts have been studied radiologically in detail. Characteristic features are extension along the medulla with minimal expansion except in young children. Margins are generally sharply demaracated and either smooth or scalloped. Cortical resorption occurs before expansion. The cysts may displace adjacent teeth, particularly when unerupted, but generally do not produce root resorption. They may displace the neurovascular bundle. Antero-posterior dimensions in this series ranged from 28 to 77 mm, with a mean of 50 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:276556", "title": "Synovial cyst of temporo-mandibular joint imitating a parotid tumour. (A case report).", "content": "A previously unreported case of a synovial cyst of a temporo-mandibular joint imitating a parotid tumour is described. A surgical approach involving a total mobilization of the facial nerve is outlined.", "contents": "Synovial cyst of temporo-mandibular joint imitating a parotid tumour. (A case report). A previously unreported case of a synovial cyst of a temporo-mandibular joint imitating a parotid tumour is described. A surgical approach involving a total mobilization of the facial nerve is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:276557", "title": "Experiences with 197HgCl2 in the diagnosis of head and neck malignancies.", "content": "197 Hg Cl2 (mercuric dichloride) was used in the diagnosis of 30 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and the neck, and in 5 cases of benign tumours and non-neoplastic lesions. The results show that radioisotope scanning is not a certain method of diagnosis but that it affords supplementary information essential to correct therapy.", "contents": "Experiences with 197HgCl2 in the diagnosis of head and neck malignancies. 197 Hg Cl2 (mercuric dichloride) was used in the diagnosis of 30 cases of epidermoid carcinoma of the head and the neck, and in 5 cases of benign tumours and non-neoplastic lesions. The results show that radioisotope scanning is not a certain method of diagnosis but that it affords supplementary information essential to correct therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276559", "title": "Preliminary report on radiation and heart disease.", "content": "Using data from the Tri-State and a mathematical model, the hypothesis that low levels of diagnostic radiation can produce both leukemia and heart disease has been tested. The range of radiation considered is within a factor of 10 of 5 rads (0.5-50 rads). Even at the lowest levels, an estimated 5% of the persons exposed suffer damage to the DNA which is subsequently expressed as heart disease or leukemia. The risk of heart disease in an affected group is roughly tripled and there is a 10-fold increase in the risk of leukemia according to preliminary estimates.", "contents": "Preliminary report on radiation and heart disease. Using data from the Tri-State and a mathematical model, the hypothesis that low levels of diagnostic radiation can produce both leukemia and heart disease has been tested. The range of radiation considered is within a factor of 10 of 5 rads (0.5-50 rads). Even at the lowest levels, an estimated 5% of the persons exposed suffer damage to the DNA which is subsequently expressed as heart disease or leukemia. The risk of heart disease in an affected group is roughly tripled and there is a 10-fold increase in the risk of leukemia according to preliminary estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:276560", "title": "Computerization of three-channel thrombelastograph.", "content": "A small-size and low-cost microcomputer using an Intel 8080 micro-processer is employed to provide real-time data collection and reduction of a three-channel electronic-readout thrombelastograph (TEG). Computed values of significant clotting parameters are obtained instantly allowing for rapid analysis and monitoring of many patients. Computer hardware was designed to optimize signal sampling rates, processing time and storage.", "contents": "Computerization of three-channel thrombelastograph. A small-size and low-cost microcomputer using an Intel 8080 micro-processer is employed to provide real-time data collection and reduction of a three-channel electronic-readout thrombelastograph (TEG). Computed values of significant clotting parameters are obtained instantly allowing for rapid analysis and monitoring of many patients. Computer hardware was designed to optimize signal sampling rates, processing time and storage."}
{"id": "PMID:276561", "title": "Kinetics of methotrexate uptake by human tumor cells from routine pathological samples.", "content": "The kinetics of cell uptake of methotrexate were measured in vitro using primary human tumor cells from malignant pleural effusions, leukemic cells from leukopheresis samples, and normal tonsillar lymphocytes. The results were consistent with either passive diffusion or carrier mediated uptake kinetics, with the latter applicable only under conditions where the extracellular concentration of methotrexate was smaller than the drug-transport receptor binding constant. The intial rates of uptake for the same cell type differed signicantly between patients; however no differences in uptake rates were noted between cell types. All three sources of cells proved suitable for uptake studies. The results suggest that the variation in response in normally methotrexate responsive neoplasms, such as leukemia or lymphoma, may be due to between-patient differences in the cellular rates of methotrexate uptake.", "contents": "Kinetics of methotrexate uptake by human tumor cells from routine pathological samples. The kinetics of cell uptake of methotrexate were measured in vitro using primary human tumor cells from malignant pleural effusions, leukemic cells from leukopheresis samples, and normal tonsillar lymphocytes. The results were consistent with either passive diffusion or carrier mediated uptake kinetics, with the latter applicable only under conditions where the extracellular concentration of methotrexate was smaller than the drug-transport receptor binding constant. The intial rates of uptake for the same cell type differed signicantly between patients; however no differences in uptake rates were noted between cell types. All three sources of cells proved suitable for uptake studies. The results suggest that the variation in response in normally methotrexate responsive neoplasms, such as leukemia or lymphoma, may be due to between-patient differences in the cellular rates of methotrexate uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:276562", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine XIV. Studies on an apparent deficiency of coenzyme Q-10 in patients with cardiovascular and related diseases.", "content": "Blood samples from 406 cardiac patients were analyzed by a differential assay of the specific activities (s.a.) of the succinate dhydrogenase-coenzyme Q-10 reductase to detect and quantitate existing deficiencies of coenzyme Q-10. 87/406, or ca. 20%, showed a mean lower basal S.A. and a mean higher per cent deficiency than a control group; both differences were significant (p is less than 0.001). The remaining 319 patients (80%) showed a negligible deficiency, but a mean low basal S.A., significant by p is less than 0.001. Cardiac patients may show low S.A.'s (sub-normal) of this CoQ-10-enzyme with or without a deficiency of CoQ-10. The desirable state for the patient is a normal level of the enzyme for bioenergetics and no deficiency of CoQ-10. Previously, a deficiency of CoQ-10 was found for cardiac biopsies from surgery; now, blood samples reveal the same deficiency. Frequent correlation between deficiencies in the blood and cardiac tissue is expected. This CoQ-10-enzyme in blood can aid patient selection for the clinical administration of CoQ-10 to cardiac patients.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine XIV. Studies on an apparent deficiency of coenzyme Q-10 in patients with cardiovascular and related diseases. Blood samples from 406 cardiac patients were analyzed by a differential assay of the specific activities (s.a.) of the succinate dhydrogenase-coenzyme Q-10 reductase to detect and quantitate existing deficiencies of coenzyme Q-10. 87/406, or ca. 20%, showed a mean lower basal S.A. and a mean higher per cent deficiency than a control group; both differences were significant (p is less than 0.001). The remaining 319 patients (80%) showed a negligible deficiency, but a mean low basal S.A., significant by p is less than 0.001. Cardiac patients may show low S.A.'s (sub-normal) of this CoQ-10-enzyme with or without a deficiency of CoQ-10. The desirable state for the patient is a normal level of the enzyme for bioenergetics and no deficiency of CoQ-10. Previously, a deficiency of CoQ-10 was found for cardiac biopsies from surgery; now, blood samples reveal the same deficiency. Frequent correlation between deficiencies in the blood and cardiac tissue is expected. This CoQ-10-enzyme in blood can aid patient selection for the clinical administration of CoQ-10 to cardiac patients."}
{"id": "PMID:276563", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in acute asthma.", "content": "Serum theophylline concentrations were measured in 17 children and adolescents with acute asthma who received an aminophylline loading dose of 7 mg/kg and a constant infusion of 15 mg/kg/24 hours. The mean total theophylline clearance rate was 1.32 +/- S.D. 0.66 ml/min/kg. Hypoxia, and in two patients, acidosis, did not appear to significantly influence theophylline clearance rates. Inter-individual differences in clearance rates were great. No child experienced symptoms or signs of theophylline toxicity during the study. If serum theophylline concentrations cannot be monitored readily, an aminophylline infusion rate of 15 mg/kg/24 hours can be used safely in patients with acute asthma, but in most patients this infusion rate will not provide serum theophylline concentrations in the desired therapeutic range of 10-20 microgram/ml. Monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations during aminophylline infusion is desirable in order to individualize infusion rates, and achieve optimal bronchodilation without toxicity.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in acute asthma. Serum theophylline concentrations were measured in 17 children and adolescents with acute asthma who received an aminophylline loading dose of 7 mg/kg and a constant infusion of 15 mg/kg/24 hours. The mean total theophylline clearance rate was 1.32 +/- S.D. 0.66 ml/min/kg. Hypoxia, and in two patients, acidosis, did not appear to significantly influence theophylline clearance rates. Inter-individual differences in clearance rates were great. No child experienced symptoms or signs of theophylline toxicity during the study. If serum theophylline concentrations cannot be monitored readily, an aminophylline infusion rate of 15 mg/kg/24 hours can be used safely in patients with acute asthma, but in most patients this infusion rate will not provide serum theophylline concentrations in the desired therapeutic range of 10-20 microgram/ml. Monitoring of serum theophylline concentrations during aminophylline infusion is desirable in order to individualize infusion rates, and achieve optimal bronchodilation without toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:276564", "title": "Effects of medroxyprogesterone on the liver function and drug metabolism of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on the clinical course of six patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were investigated. The response in all subjects was good; the subjective symptoms decreased, the liver function tests showed a tendency towards normal values. Furthermore, the levels of serum antibodies declined and the hepatic metabolic ability, as tested by serum albumin levels and indices of drug metabolism, improved. The beneficial influence of progesterone on the patients may be due to the immunosuppressive effect and enhancement of protein synthesis. The results suggest that medroxyprogesterone may be a valuable alternative for patients with autoimmune liver disease, particularly in cases developing resistance or undesirable reactions to the previous therapy.", "contents": "Effects of medroxyprogesterone on the liver function and drug metabolism of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis. Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on the clinical course of six patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were investigated. The response in all subjects was good; the subjective symptoms decreased, the liver function tests showed a tendency towards normal values. Furthermore, the levels of serum antibodies declined and the hepatic metabolic ability, as tested by serum albumin levels and indices of drug metabolism, improved. The beneficial influence of progesterone on the patients may be due to the immunosuppressive effect and enhancement of protein synthesis. The results suggest that medroxyprogesterone may be a valuable alternative for patients with autoimmune liver disease, particularly in cases developing resistance or undesirable reactions to the previous therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276565", "title": "Levels of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of erythrocytes of pregnant women and of cord bloods of newborn infants.", "content": "The mean basal specific activity (S.A.) of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of erythrocytes (EGOT) for a group of 64 pregnant women was lower (p less than 0.001) than the value for the cord bloods of newborn infants, and lower (p less than 0.001) than the value for adults who had a top limit of S.A. of EGOT. In establishing the top limit of the S.A., it is important that the mean basal S.A. of the cord bloods from 49 newborn infants was identical to the mean basal S.A. of adults who had an adequate supplement of pyridoxine. There were no differences in the mean basal S.A.'s of the cord bloods between asymptomatic mothers and mothers who had anemia, edema, hypertension, proteinuria and glucosuria. An infant may be born with a top limit of S.A. which is non-deficient in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, but a mother can have a low level of the transaminase, and which is deficient in the coenzyme.", "contents": "Levels of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of erythrocytes of pregnant women and of cord bloods of newborn infants. The mean basal specific activity (S.A.) of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase of erythrocytes (EGOT) for a group of 64 pregnant women was lower (p less than 0.001) than the value for the cord bloods of newborn infants, and lower (p less than 0.001) than the value for adults who had a top limit of S.A. of EGOT. In establishing the top limit of the S.A., it is important that the mean basal S.A. of the cord bloods from 49 newborn infants was identical to the mean basal S.A. of adults who had an adequate supplement of pyridoxine. There were no differences in the mean basal S.A.'s of the cord bloods between asymptomatic mothers and mothers who had anemia, edema, hypertension, proteinuria and glucosuria. An infant may be born with a top limit of S.A. which is non-deficient in pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, but a mother can have a low level of the transaminase, and which is deficient in the coenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:276566", "title": "Hyperlipidemia in a Lebanese community: difficulties in definition, diagnosis and decision on when to treat.", "content": "Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in 131 randomly selected adult members of a Lebanese Community of Western New York. Mean cholesterol levels (males, 217 mg%; females 234 mg%) were higher than those reported from the Lebanon but similar to those reported in most other populations. Mean triglyceride levels (males, 153 mg%; females, 115 mg%) were higher than those reported in most other populations. Twenty-three subjects were hyperlipidemic on the basis of age and frequency distribution adjusted serum lipid levels above the 90th percentile. Clinical and family studies carried out on 13 of these 23 hyperlipidemic subjects suggested that 77% had monogenic hyperlipidemia and 23% primary non-monogenic hyperlipidemia. A high frequency of familial hypercholesterolemia (minimum estimate 0.7%) was found, in keeping with the high frequency of the disorder in Lebanon. The study serves to emphasize the difficulties in defining hyperlipidemia, in establishing a specific diagnosis in the individual patient, and in distinguishing between optimum and normal serum lipid levels.", "contents": "Hyperlipidemia in a Lebanese community: difficulties in definition, diagnosis and decision on when to treat. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in 131 randomly selected adult members of a Lebanese Community of Western New York. Mean cholesterol levels (males, 217 mg%; females 234 mg%) were higher than those reported from the Lebanon but similar to those reported in most other populations. Mean triglyceride levels (males, 153 mg%; females, 115 mg%) were higher than those reported in most other populations. Twenty-three subjects were hyperlipidemic on the basis of age and frequency distribution adjusted serum lipid levels above the 90th percentile. Clinical and family studies carried out on 13 of these 23 hyperlipidemic subjects suggested that 77% had monogenic hyperlipidemia and 23% primary non-monogenic hyperlipidemia. A high frequency of familial hypercholesterolemia (minimum estimate 0.7%) was found, in keeping with the high frequency of the disorder in Lebanon. The study serves to emphasize the difficulties in defining hyperlipidemia, in establishing a specific diagnosis in the individual patient, and in distinguishing between optimum and normal serum lipid levels."}
{"id": "PMID:276567", "title": "Studies on platelet aggregation in vivo. VI. Effect of a pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative [RA233] on tumor cell metastasis.", "content": "The pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative RA 233 was found to increase circulation time and decrease metastatic settling of intravenously injected, radioisotope labeled ascites tumor cells in mice.", "contents": "Studies on platelet aggregation in vivo. VI. Effect of a pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative [RA233] on tumor cell metastasis. The pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative RA 233 was found to increase circulation time and decrease metastatic settling of intravenously injected, radioisotope labeled ascites tumor cells in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:276592", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the mitochondria in the skeletal muscle fibers in the diabetic Chinese hamster.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle fiber biopsies from the tongue and soleus muscle of diabetic Chinese hamsters revealed the presence of lipid droplets within the muscle fibers. These droplets often were found in the cyptoplasm near mitochondira, sometimes inside or surrounded by one or more mitochondria. Glycogen granules were found in great quantities in the cytoplasm of the tongue and soleus muscle. Granules which appeared to be glycogen were also found within the mitochondria of the tongue muscle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the mitochondria in the skeletal muscle fibers in the diabetic Chinese hamster. An ultrastructural study of skeletal muscle fiber biopsies from the tongue and soleus muscle of diabetic Chinese hamsters revealed the presence of lipid droplets within the muscle fibers. These droplets often were found in the cyptoplasm near mitochondira, sometimes inside or surrounded by one or more mitochondria. Glycogen granules were found in great quantities in the cytoplasm of the tongue and soleus muscle. Granules which appeared to be glycogen were also found within the mitochondria of the tongue muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:276593", "title": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. II. Biochemical nature of the rat plaque.", "content": "The characterization of the dental plaque from ODU plaque-susceptible rats is reported. The comparison between the rat dental plaque and a human dental plaque indicates that content of extractable hexose and inorganic salts and amino acid composition are different from each other. Electron microscopic study indicates that bacterial flora of the rat dental plaque seems to be little different from a human dental plaque. In spite spite of obvious differences in biochemical nature between the rat dental plaque and the human dental plaque, there are enough similarities to warrant intensive investigation regarding the relationship between the dental plaque and gingivitis.", "contents": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. II. Biochemical nature of the rat plaque. The characterization of the dental plaque from ODU plaque-susceptible rats is reported. The comparison between the rat dental plaque and a human dental plaque indicates that content of extractable hexose and inorganic salts and amino acid composition are different from each other. Electron microscopic study indicates that bacterial flora of the rat dental plaque seems to be little different from a human dental plaque. In spite spite of obvious differences in biochemical nature between the rat dental plaque and the human dental plaque, there are enough similarities to warrant intensive investigation regarding the relationship between the dental plaque and gingivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:276595", "title": "The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva.", "content": "One hundred and twenty individuals in good oral health were divided into six groups according to age. Measurements were made on the depth of the gingival sulcus, and the distance from the margin of the free gingiva to the mucogingival junction on the lingual mandibular teeth. The mean, extreme, standard deviation and analysis of variance were computed. A distinct pattern of the width of healthy lingual attached gingiva was found. The largest width was found lingual to the first and second molars with a mean height of 4.7 mm. This was followed by the third molar [3mm] second bicuspid [2.5 mm] first bicuspid [2 mm], and cuspid, lateral and central [1.9mm]. Lingual attached gingiva showed that there was a variation in width with each tooth and between individuals. There was no variation in width of lingual attached  gingiva between sexes. The extreme measuremtns ranged from  less than 1 mm to 8 mm. The data from the study gives the dentist some indication of the mean and extreme ranges of lingual attached gingiva. This data can serve as a guide in diagnoiss and treatment planning and in selecting procedures to reestablish these zones of attached gingiva.", "contents": "The width of lingual mandibular attached gingiva. One hundred and twenty individuals in good oral health were divided into six groups according to age. Measurements were made on the depth of the gingival sulcus, and the distance from the margin of the free gingiva to the mucogingival junction on the lingual mandibular teeth. The mean, extreme, standard deviation and analysis of variance were computed. A distinct pattern of the width of healthy lingual attached gingiva was found. The largest width was found lingual to the first and second molars with a mean height of 4.7 mm. This was followed by the third molar [3mm] second bicuspid [2.5 mm] first bicuspid [2 mm], and cuspid, lateral and central [1.9mm]. Lingual attached gingiva showed that there was a variation in width with each tooth and between individuals. There was no variation in width of lingual attached  gingiva between sexes. The extreme measuremtns ranged from  less than 1 mm to 8 mm. The data from the study gives the dentist some indication of the mean and extreme ranges of lingual attached gingiva. This data can serve as a guide in diagnoiss and treatment planning and in selecting procedures to reestablish these zones of attached gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:276596", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease.", "content": "A sample of 54 patients with diabetes mellitus were subjects to detailed assessment of periodontal disease levels using standard indices. In order to determine whether the severity of periodontal disease was related to the severity of diabets mellitus, a series of parameters of the diabetes mellitus population was simultaneously studied. There were no significant relationships between the levels of periodontal disease and the duration of diabetes, the type of treatment and the frequency of systemic complications. Periodontal disease in the diabetic appeared to the affected by the same etiologic factors [plaque, calculus, neglect] as would be expected in nondiabetic patients. Further studies with larger population samples would be appropriate.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. A sample of 54 patients with diabetes mellitus were subjects to detailed assessment of periodontal disease levels using standard indices. In order to determine whether the severity of periodontal disease was related to the severity of diabets mellitus, a series of parameters of the diabetes mellitus population was simultaneously studied. There were no significant relationships between the levels of periodontal disease and the duration of diabetes, the type of treatment and the frequency of systemic complications. Periodontal disease in the diabetic appeared to the affected by the same etiologic factors [plaque, calculus, neglect] as would be expected in nondiabetic patients. Further studies with larger population samples would be appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:276598", "title": "The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the formation of experimental granulation tissue.", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the connective tissue formation. Granulation tissue was produced with a method in which sponges were inserted beneath the back skin of rats. Dry sterilized sponges were impregnated either with 0.45% NaCl solution (control) or or 0.2% chlorhexidine solution [test]. The sponges were removed after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19 and 23 days. The content of hydroxyproline, hexosamines, DNA and RNA was estimated from the sponges. The acid glycosaminoglycans were further purified and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that chlorhexidine had a clear delaying effect on the formation of granulation tissue.", "contents": "The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the formation of experimental granulation tissue. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the connective tissue formation. Granulation tissue was produced with a method in which sponges were inserted beneath the back skin of rats. Dry sterilized sponges were impregnated either with 0.45% NaCl solution (control) or or 0.2% chlorhexidine solution [test]. The sponges were removed after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 19 and 23 days. The content of hydroxyproline, hexosamines, DNA and RNA was estimated from the sponges. The acid glycosaminoglycans were further purified and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that chlorhexidine had a clear delaying effect on the formation of granulation tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:276599", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on acute nonmicrobial inflammation reaction.", "content": "The effects of chlorhexidine on the appearance of leukocytes and some hydrolytic enzymes were studied in an experimental acute nonmicrobial inflammation reaction caused by implanation of viscose sponge beneath the backskin. The results showed that chlorhexidine gluconate decreased the number of leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate. The drug used had no measurable effect on the distribution of different types of leukocytes. Chlorhexidine has a clear inhibitory effect on the appearance of phosphatases, glycosidases and peptidases. On the other hand the effect on proteinases was small.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on acute nonmicrobial inflammation reaction. The effects of chlorhexidine on the appearance of leukocytes and some hydrolytic enzymes were studied in an experimental acute nonmicrobial inflammation reaction caused by implanation of viscose sponge beneath the backskin. The results showed that chlorhexidine gluconate decreased the number of leukocytes in the inflammatory exudate. The drug used had no measurable effect on the distribution of different types of leukocytes. Chlorhexidine has a clear inhibitory effect on the appearance of phosphatases, glycosidases and peptidases. On the other hand the effect on proteinases was small."}
{"id": "PMID:276600", "title": "Histologic evaluation of the effects of intrasulcular toothbrushing on human sulcular epithelium.", "content": "Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Index Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing: thirteen used the scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Control gingival tissue specimens were taken from the mandibular left first bicuspid or first molar regions, and the area was allowed to heal for 40 days. Following complete healing, intrasulcular brushing was used in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for a period of 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index Score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.25. A gingival specimen was taken from the experimental area of the mandibular left second bicuspid region. Histological findings in control specimens from 13 subjects showed parakeratinization for varying distances in the sulcus epithelium apical to the gingival crest. In six specimens a complete absence of sulcus keratinization was observed. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.21. Following intrasculcular brushing, 18 specimens showed a parakeratin layer apical to the gingival crest; in 14, it extended the entire length of the coronal sulcular epithelium or apparent clinical sulcus, whereas in four more it extended well beyond the gingival crest into the sulcus. In the six subjects whose control specimens showed an absence of keratin apical to the gingival crest, parakeratinization of part or all of the clinical sulcus was found following intrasulcular brushing. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.015. A moderately intense acute inflammatory reaction was observed within the attachment epithelium in three subjects. Possible therapeutic benefits and hazards of intrasulcular brushing are discussed.", "contents": "Histologic evaluation of the effects of intrasulcular toothbrushing on human sulcular epithelium. Nineteen young adult Caucasian males had an average Gingival Index Score of 0.47. Each was asked to demonstrate his present method of toothbrushing: thirteen used the scrub method, and six combined the scrub and roll methods. Control gingival tissue specimens were taken from the mandibular left first bicuspid or first molar regions, and the area was allowed to heal for 40 days. Following complete healing, intrasulcular brushing was used in the mandibular left posterior segment, for 30 seconds daily for a period of 40 days. The brushing was done by the investigator on 28 days and by the subjects on 12 days. The average Gingival Index Score following intrasulcular brushing was 0.25. A gingival specimen was taken from the experimental area of the mandibular left second bicuspid region. Histological findings in control specimens from 13 subjects showed parakeratinization for varying distances in the sulcus epithelium apical to the gingival crest. In six specimens a complete absence of sulcus keratinization was observed. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.21. Following intrasculcular brushing, 18 specimens showed a parakeratin layer apical to the gingival crest; in 14, it extended the entire length of the coronal sulcular epithelium or apparent clinical sulcus, whereas in four more it extended well beyond the gingival crest into the sulcus. In the six subjects whose control specimens showed an absence of keratin apical to the gingival crest, parakeratinization of part or all of the clinical sulcus was found following intrasulcular brushing. The average Inflammatory Index Score was 1.015. A moderately intense acute inflammatory reaction was observed within the attachment epithelium in three subjects. Possible therapeutic benefits and hazards of intrasulcular brushing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276603", "title": "A histologic study of age changes in the adult human periodontal joint (ligament).", "content": "This study evaluated the histological age changes in 80 periodontal joints from 24 human cadavers ranging in age from 20 to 90 years. The limitations of such a descriptive study were reviewed to prevent overextrapolation of the findings to whole populations. In the young speciments, the bone surface of the tooth socket was smooth and regular with the insertion of Sharpey's fibers evenly distributed in the woven bone. Interstitial lamellae were found between secondary osteons in the alveolar bone. Copious periodontal fibers passed around small vascularized interstitial spaces to insert evenly into the cementum as Sharpey's fibers. Numerous cells, probably fibroblasts, were present within and between the fiber bundles. Like the bone surface, the cemental surface was smooth and regular. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present. Cemental splits were found both intracementally and at the cemento-dentinal junction. In the older specimens, the periodontal surface of the alveolar bone was jagged and uneven with Sharpey's fibers inserting irregularly into the woven bone. Subjectively an increased amount of internal remodeling was seen in the periodontal bone. A relative decrease in both suspensory fibers and cellular content was noted in the periodontal ligaments of the older specimens. Large vascularized interstitial spaces encroached upon areas formerly occupied by periodontal fibers and bone. Fat cells also were observed replacing the suspensory fibers. The cementum showed an irregular surface into which Sharpey's fibers were unevenly inserted. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present, and cemental splits were seen with the same frequency as in the young specimens. There was a tendency for greater cemental apposition, particularly in the apical region of the tooth. In many respects the aging periodontal joint showed atrophic and degenerative changes similar to those in cranio-facial sutures. However, these changes did not include either bony ankylosis or osteoporosis related to increasing age. In summary, the periodontal joints of the younger specimens were well organized while those of the older specimens showed a more irregular structure and a decrease in fiber and cellular content. Intermediate changes were seen in the intermediate age groups.", "contents": "A histologic study of age changes in the adult human periodontal joint (ligament). This study evaluated the histological age changes in 80 periodontal joints from 24 human cadavers ranging in age from 20 to 90 years. The limitations of such a descriptive study were reviewed to prevent overextrapolation of the findings to whole populations. In the young speciments, the bone surface of the tooth socket was smooth and regular with the insertion of Sharpey's fibers evenly distributed in the woven bone. Interstitial lamellae were found between secondary osteons in the alveolar bone. Copious periodontal fibers passed around small vascularized interstitial spaces to insert evenly into the cementum as Sharpey's fibers. Numerous cells, probably fibroblasts, were present within and between the fiber bundles. Like the bone surface, the cemental surface was smooth and regular. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present. Cemental splits were found both intracementally and at the cemento-dentinal junction. In the older specimens, the periodontal surface of the alveolar bone was jagged and uneven with Sharpey's fibers inserting irregularly into the woven bone. Subjectively an increased amount of internal remodeling was seen in the periodontal bone. A relative decrease in both suspensory fibers and cellular content was noted in the periodontal ligaments of the older specimens. Large vascularized interstitial spaces encroached upon areas formerly occupied by periodontal fibers and bone. Fat cells also were observed replacing the suspensory fibers. The cementum showed an irregular surface into which Sharpey's fibers were unevenly inserted. Both cellular and acellular cementum were present, and cemental splits were seen with the same frequency as in the young specimens. There was a tendency for greater cemental apposition, particularly in the apical region of the tooth. In many respects the aging periodontal joint showed atrophic and degenerative changes similar to those in cranio-facial sutures. However, these changes did not include either bony ankylosis or osteoporosis related to increasing age. In summary, the periodontal joints of the younger specimens were well organized while those of the older specimens showed a more irregular structure and a decrease in fiber and cellular content. Intermediate changes were seen in the intermediate age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:276604", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism detected by gingival biopsy.", "content": "This case of primary hyperparathyroidism presented several unusual features: (1) The only presenting symptoms were two gingival giant cell lesions (brown tumors), (2) Bone changes occurred early in the disease, but apparently affected only the mandible and maxilla, (3) No renal disease could be detected. The diagnosis, treatment and postoperative course of this unusual case has been described.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism detected by gingival biopsy. This case of primary hyperparathyroidism presented several unusual features: (1) The only presenting symptoms were two gingival giant cell lesions (brown tumors), (2) Bone changes occurred early in the disease, but apparently affected only the mandible and maxilla, (3) No renal disease could be detected. The diagnosis, treatment and postoperative course of this unusual case has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:276605", "title": "Fractured genial tubercles.", "content": "It is apparent from these reports that fractures of genial tubercles occur periodically and that surgical treatment for most fractures is not necessary. This type of patient is quite likely to seek dental care because a denture may seem to be the obvious source of irritation. Review of all available information indicates that conservative management is the treatment of choice for fractures of genial tubercles.", "contents": "Fractured genial tubercles. It is apparent from these reports that fractures of genial tubercles occur periodically and that surgical treatment for most fractures is not necessary. This type of patient is quite likely to seek dental care because a denture may seem to be the obvious source of irritation. Review of all available information indicates that conservative management is the treatment of choice for fractures of genial tubercles."}
{"id": "PMID:276607", "title": "Treatment prostheses in TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome.", "content": "Various types of acrylic resin therapeutic prostheses commonly used in the treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome were described. Each design was related to recent data concerning optimum condylar positions in the fossae, the physiologic condylar suspension system, and individual treatment objectives for repositioning the mandibular condyles. For example, alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion is a popular treatment procedure that is empirical in nature and is usually used without TMJ radiographs or a differential diagnosis. It can violate the physiologic requirements of the interocclusal distance or the speaking space and does not necessarily move the condyles forward as has been commonly thought. The dangers of empirical treatment procedures for a multicausal dysfunction syndrome have been pointed out. An example was cited where the mandible was moved forward for a long period of time with a repositioning prosthesis; this produced pathologic TMJ remodeling and continued pain. It was recommended that specific mandibular repositioning be based on the type of condylar displacement observed on the radiographs. Sometimes the condyles should be retruded, and other times they should be repositioned anteriorly or occasionally inferiorly on one side. Long-standing use of any acrylic resin repositioning prosthesis is contraindicated, particularly without close supervision. Acrylic resin anterior bite plates (with a minimum opening of 1 mm) were recommended for the relief of acute trismus or intractable pain. Usually the prosthesis is used in conjunction with heat and drug therapy. This type of prothesis can also be utilized to deprogram the muscles when a strong habit of eccentric occlusion develops as a result of missing teeth. (This should be confirmed by TMJ radiographs.) Occasionally atypical pain is present and a differential diagnosis can be established between TMJ dysfunction or neurologic etiology by the physiologic response to bite plate therapy. When it is necessary to reposition the mandibular condyles anteriorly the occlusion is adjusted to provide the planned anterior movement without increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion. A temporary acrylic resin prosthesis is used to retrain the muscle programming to the anterior therapeutic mandibular position. When the symptoms are relieved and the corrective condylar position is confirmed with TMJ radiographs, a more permanent repositioning prosthesis is made. The treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome should be based on documented data including the pain history, TMJ radiographs, condylar position in the fossae, electromyographic evidence, and occlusal analysis. This information will help determine if the patient's centric relation is functional or dysfunctional and will indicate the recommended treatment procedures.", "contents": "Treatment prostheses in TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome. Various types of acrylic resin therapeutic prostheses commonly used in the treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome were described. Each design was related to recent data concerning optimum condylar positions in the fossae, the physiologic condylar suspension system, and individual treatment objectives for repositioning the mandibular condyles. For example, alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion is a popular treatment procedure that is empirical in nature and is usually used without TMJ radiographs or a differential diagnosis. It can violate the physiologic requirements of the interocclusal distance or the speaking space and does not necessarily move the condyles forward as has been commonly thought. The dangers of empirical treatment procedures for a multicausal dysfunction syndrome have been pointed out. An example was cited where the mandible was moved forward for a long period of time with a repositioning prosthesis; this produced pathologic TMJ remodeling and continued pain. It was recommended that specific mandibular repositioning be based on the type of condylar displacement observed on the radiographs. Sometimes the condyles should be retruded, and other times they should be repositioned anteriorly or occasionally inferiorly on one side. Long-standing use of any acrylic resin repositioning prosthesis is contraindicated, particularly without close supervision. Acrylic resin anterior bite plates (with a minimum opening of 1 mm) were recommended for the relief of acute trismus or intractable pain. Usually the prosthesis is used in conjunction with heat and drug therapy. This type of prothesis can also be utilized to deprogram the muscles when a strong habit of eccentric occlusion develops as a result of missing teeth. (This should be confirmed by TMJ radiographs.) Occasionally atypical pain is present and a differential diagnosis can be established between TMJ dysfunction or neurologic etiology by the physiologic response to bite plate therapy. When it is necessary to reposition the mandibular condyles anteriorly the occlusion is adjusted to provide the planned anterior movement without increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion. A temporary acrylic resin prosthesis is used to retrain the muscle programming to the anterior therapeutic mandibular position. When the symptoms are relieved and the corrective condylar position is confirmed with TMJ radiographs, a more permanent repositioning prosthesis is made. The treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome should be based on documented data including the pain history, TMJ radiographs, condylar position in the fossae, electromyographic evidence, and occlusal analysis. This information will help determine if the patient's centric relation is functional or dysfunctional and will indicate the recommended treatment procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:276609", "title": "Creep and hardness testing of some denture base polymers.", "content": "A method of measuring creep, recovery, hardness, and the effect of cyclic loading on denture base polymers using a modified Wallace hardness tester is described. This apparatus is particularly sensitive and is capable of detecting very small variations in these properties of the materials. A representative group of denture base polymers that include heat-cured, pour-type, and other modified materials was tested. The results obtained are in good agreement with those shown by other workers.", "contents": "Creep and hardness testing of some denture base polymers. A method of measuring creep, recovery, hardness, and the effect of cyclic loading on denture base polymers using a modified Wallace hardness tester is described. This apparatus is particularly sensitive and is capable of detecting very small variations in these properties of the materials. A representative group of denture base polymers that include heat-cured, pour-type, and other modified materials was tested. The results obtained are in good agreement with those shown by other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:276619", "title": "Dehydroretronecine-induced skin tumors in mice.", "content": "Female Swiss mice susceptible to skin tumors received 6 sc injections and/or topical applications of dehydroretronecine, a metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, and were observed for 15 months for tumor development. Of 92 animals examined, 63 had tumors at the site of application or injection; 47 of these had skin tumors, mainly basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. These data indicate that dehydroretronecine is a proximate carcinogen capable of causing a high incidence of skin tumours in mice at the site of sc injection or topical application.", "contents": "Dehydroretronecine-induced skin tumors in mice. Female Swiss mice susceptible to skin tumors received 6 sc injections and/or topical applications of dehydroretronecine, a metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline, and were observed for 15 months for tumor development. Of 92 animals examined, 63 had tumors at the site of application or injection; 47 of these had skin tumors, mainly basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. These data indicate that dehydroretronecine is a proximate carcinogen capable of causing a high incidence of skin tumours in mice at the site of sc injection or topical application."}
{"id": "PMID:276620", "title": "Immune reactivity of RBL-3, a nonproducer leukemia induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus in C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "A cultured line of RBL-3 leukemia, induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) in C57BL/6 mice, was found to be a virus nonproducer. An NB tropic virus indistinguishable from R-MuLV, however, was recovered after treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (optimal concentration, 200 microgram/ml). Dexamethasone treatment slightly boosted the production of the activated virus but did not by itself activate the virus. RBL-3 cells were found to have Fc receptors but no surface immunoglobulin or Thy 1.2 antigen. RBL-3 cells exhibited the Friend-Moloney-Rauscher virus-specific transplantation antigen as shown by its immunosensitivity and immunogenicity in tumor rejection experiments. Crude membrane and crude soluble antigen preparations obtained from RBL-3 cell membranes retained the capacity to induce tumor rejection.", "contents": "Immune reactivity of RBL-3, a nonproducer leukemia induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus in C57BL/6 mice. A cultured line of RBL-3 leukemia, induced by Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) in C57BL/6 mice, was found to be a virus nonproducer. An NB tropic virus indistinguishable from R-MuLV, however, was recovered after treatment with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (optimal concentration, 200 microgram/ml). Dexamethasone treatment slightly boosted the production of the activated virus but did not by itself activate the virus. RBL-3 cells were found to have Fc receptors but no surface immunoglobulin or Thy 1.2 antigen. RBL-3 cells exhibited the Friend-Moloney-Rauscher virus-specific transplantation antigen as shown by its immunosensitivity and immunogenicity in tumor rejection experiments. Crude membrane and crude soluble antigen preparations obtained from RBL-3 cell membranes retained the capacity to induce tumor rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:276621", "title": "Quantitative kinetics of development of N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced, altered (hyperplastic) hepatocellular foci resistant to iron accumulation and of their reversion or persistence following removal of carcinogen.", "content": "For study of the behavior of previously described carcinogen-induced foci of hepatocytes refractory to iron accumulation, iron deposition was induced in all hepatocytes of rat livers by feeding 8-hydroxyquinoline and ferrous gluconate to the animals for 3 months. The kinetics of development of the altered foci of hepatocytes free of stainable iron was then quantified for each lobe of liver for as long as 13 weeks of feeding of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide and for 6 months following cessation of carcinogen exposure. The foci increased slowly in number and size for the first 12 weeks of carcinogen administration and then grew rapidly between weeks 12 and 13. At week 13, they corresponded to altered foci that have been observed in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and they also displayed abnormal glycogen storage. After the carcinogen was discontinued, the foci disappeared by a reversion back to iron storage while temporarily retaining the nuclear abnormalities of altered cells. Over 95% of altered foci at this stage underwent reversion by 6 months following removal of the carcinogen. More advanced lesions developed in the lobes that displayed the greatest incidence and persistence of foci.", "contents": "Quantitative kinetics of development of N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced, altered (hyperplastic) hepatocellular foci resistant to iron accumulation and of their reversion or persistence following removal of carcinogen. For study of the behavior of previously described carcinogen-induced foci of hepatocytes refractory to iron accumulation, iron deposition was induced in all hepatocytes of rat livers by feeding 8-hydroxyquinoline and ferrous gluconate to the animals for 3 months. The kinetics of development of the altered foci of hepatocytes free of stainable iron was then quantified for each lobe of liver for as long as 13 weeks of feeding of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide and for 6 months following cessation of carcinogen exposure. The foci increased slowly in number and size for the first 12 weeks of carcinogen administration and then grew rapidly between weeks 12 and 13. At week 13, they corresponded to altered foci that have been observed in sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and they also displayed abnormal glycogen storage. After the carcinogen was discontinued, the foci disappeared by a reversion back to iron storage while temporarily retaining the nuclear abnormalities of altered cells. Over 95% of altered foci at this stage underwent reversion by 6 months following removal of the carcinogen. More advanced lesions developed in the lobes that displayed the greatest incidence and persistence of foci."}
{"id": "PMID:276622", "title": "Induction of intestinal metaplasia in the stomachs of rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was administered orally to male Wistar rats at a concentration of 83 microgram/ml in the drinking water for 2, 4, 5, and 7 months; the rats were killed at about month 15. Intestinal metaplasia was found in the stomachs of 80-100% of the rats treated with MNNG for 4 or more months, of 37.5% treated with MNNG for 2 months, and of 10% of the controls. Metaplastic glands, composed of goblet cells and columnar cells with striated borders, were found in the pyloric region. Paneth's cells were found at the bottom of metaplastic glands in a rat treated with MNNG for 4 months. The incidence of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of the stomach was 63-90% in rats treated with MNNG for 4 or more months and 25% in those treated with MNNG for 2 months.", "contents": "Induction of intestinal metaplasia in the stomachs of rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was administered orally to male Wistar rats at a concentration of 83 microgram/ml in the drinking water for 2, 4, 5, and 7 months; the rats were killed at about month 15. Intestinal metaplasia was found in the stomachs of 80-100% of the rats treated with MNNG for 4 or more months, of 37.5% treated with MNNG for 2 months, and of 10% of the controls. Metaplastic glands, composed of goblet cells and columnar cells with striated borders, were found in the pyloric region. Paneth's cells were found at the bottom of metaplastic glands in a rat treated with MNNG for 4 months. The incidence of well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of the stomach was 63-90% in rats treated with MNNG for 4 or more months and 25% in those treated with MNNG for 2 months."}
{"id": "PMID:276623", "title": "Zinc deficiency and methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats.", "content": "Dietary zinc deficiency increases the incidence of and shortens the lag time for induction of esophageal tumors in rats by methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN). Groups of control and zinc-deficient outbred Charles River CD rats were given 24, 17, 8, or 4 doses of MBN, administered twice weekly by intragastric intubation at doses of 2 mg/kg body weight. Between 58 and 93 days after the beginning of treatment, all rats were killed and examined. The frequency of esophageal tumors in the zinc-deficient groups was significantly higher than in the corresponding control groups. Following ip injection of [methyl-14C]MBN, DNA and RNA of esophagus and liver were more noticeably labeled than kidney, lung, and small intestine, which exhibited only modest labeling. In vitro incubation with [14C]MBN of tissue slices from esophagus, liver, kidney, and small intestine produced similar results. This pattern correlates well with the results of our studies of MBN-induced esophageal tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency and methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats. Dietary zinc deficiency increases the incidence of and shortens the lag time for induction of esophageal tumors in rats by methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN). Groups of control and zinc-deficient outbred Charles River CD rats were given 24, 17, 8, or 4 doses of MBN, administered twice weekly by intragastric intubation at doses of 2 mg/kg body weight. Between 58 and 93 days after the beginning of treatment, all rats were killed and examined. The frequency of esophageal tumors in the zinc-deficient groups was significantly higher than in the corresponding control groups. Following ip injection of [methyl-14C]MBN, DNA and RNA of esophagus and liver were more noticeably labeled than kidney, lung, and small intestine, which exhibited only modest labeling. In vitro incubation with [14C]MBN of tissue slices from esophagus, liver, kidney, and small intestine produced similar results. This pattern correlates well with the results of our studies of MBN-induced esophageal tumorigenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:276624", "title": "Selective sex-related modification of diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice by concomitant administration of butylated hydroxytoluene.", "content": "Tumor induction in BALB/c mice by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) was shown to be sex related. Female mice killed 13.5 months after DENA exposure generally had higher incidences of forestomach and lung tumors than did males and also had higher numbers of lung tumors per tumor-bearing mouse. Although neither sex developed stomach tumors spontaneously, males had higher incidences of spontaneous lung tumors than did females (45 vs. 26%). When butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was given concomitantly with DENA treatment, females had an increased survival (68 vs. 43%) and a reduced incidence of forestomach squamous cell carcinomas (77 vs. 100%) compared with females given DENA alone. No such protective effect on survival or on the occurrence of stomach tumors was seen in males given BHT and DENA or on lung tumorigenesis in either sex. In males, BHT given alone increased survival of treated mice over that of untreated controls, but it had no such effect on the females. The results of this study suggested an as yet unexplained hormonal influence and/or dependence for this BHT modification of DENA tumorigenesis.", "contents": "Selective sex-related modification of diethylnitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis in BALB/c mice by concomitant administration of butylated hydroxytoluene. Tumor induction in BALB/c mice by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) was shown to be sex related. Female mice killed 13.5 months after DENA exposure generally had higher incidences of forestomach and lung tumors than did males and also had higher numbers of lung tumors per tumor-bearing mouse. Although neither sex developed stomach tumors spontaneously, males had higher incidences of spontaneous lung tumors than did females (45 vs. 26%). When butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was given concomitantly with DENA treatment, females had an increased survival (68 vs. 43%) and a reduced incidence of forestomach squamous cell carcinomas (77 vs. 100%) compared with females given DENA alone. No such protective effect on survival or on the occurrence of stomach tumors was seen in males given BHT and DENA or on lung tumorigenesis in either sex. In males, BHT given alone increased survival of treated mice over that of untreated controls, but it had no such effect on the females. The results of this study suggested an as yet unexplained hormonal influence and/or dependence for this BHT modification of DENA tumorigenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:276625", "title": "Effect of embryonic tissue immunization on chemically induced gastrointestinal tumors in rats. I. Can embryonic antigens act as rejection antigens?", "content": "Inbred WF rats were inoculated with crude suspensions prepared from liver and gut tissue of 12- to 15-day fetuses of the same strain. Rats previously unsensitized to syngeneic embryonic tissue were inoculated with fetal material sc three times during exposure to 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH), a gastrointestinal (GI) carcinogen in rodents. Properly timed immunization inhibited the development, growth, and metastasis of primary GI tumors. This effects was observed in both sexes; however, it was more prounced in male rats. Nine WF rats with DMH-induced carcinoma of the GI tract were inoculated sc with syngeneic fetal tissue. Of 9 rats, 7 rejected the embryonal tissue implants, which thus demonstrated the presence of a concomitant immune response to embryonic antigen(s). Two rats in which fetal tissue grew out to palpable nodules had multiple GI tumors with metastasis and extra-GI tumors, i.e., a massive tumor load. Ten other rats with DMH-induced GI tumors were treated with unblocking serum. The unblocking serum was inoculated to counteract serum-blocking factors in vivo. These rats were inoculated intradermally with syngeneic fetal tissue. In all 10 rats, inflammation and necrosis were noted at the inoculation site after 24-72 hours, which thus demonstrated a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to embryonic antigens. Our experiments suggest that embryonic antigens common to fetal and tumor cells can induce immunity in an autochthonous host and can act as rejection antigens.", "contents": "Effect of embryonic tissue immunization on chemically induced gastrointestinal tumors in rats. I. Can embryonic antigens act as rejection antigens? Inbred WF rats were inoculated with crude suspensions prepared from liver and gut tissue of 12- to 15-day fetuses of the same strain. Rats previously unsensitized to syngeneic embryonic tissue were inoculated with fetal material sc three times during exposure to 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH), a gastrointestinal (GI) carcinogen in rodents. Properly timed immunization inhibited the development, growth, and metastasis of primary GI tumors. This effects was observed in both sexes; however, it was more prounced in male rats. Nine WF rats with DMH-induced carcinoma of the GI tract were inoculated sc with syngeneic fetal tissue. Of 9 rats, 7 rejected the embryonal tissue implants, which thus demonstrated the presence of a concomitant immune response to embryonic antigen(s). Two rats in which fetal tissue grew out to palpable nodules had multiple GI tumors with metastasis and extra-GI tumors, i.e., a massive tumor load. Ten other rats with DMH-induced GI tumors were treated with unblocking serum. The unblocking serum was inoculated to counteract serum-blocking factors in vivo. These rats were inoculated intradermally with syngeneic fetal tissue. In all 10 rats, inflammation and necrosis were noted at the inoculation site after 24-72 hours, which thus demonstrated a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to embryonic antigens. Our experiments suggest that embryonic antigens common to fetal and tumor cells can induce immunity in an autochthonous host and can act as rejection antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:276629", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for benzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "A benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-bovine serum albumin conjugate was synthesized and used to immunize 2.5- to 3.0-kg New Zealand White rabbits. The resulting antisera to BP bound trace amounts of [3H] (55 pg; 6,000 counts/min). A radioimmunoassay (RIA) to BP was developed by the antiserum first being titered with the [3H]BP and then a standard curve being constructed from the addition of unlabeled BP (0.4-15.8 pmoles; 0.1-4.0 ng/assay tube). The RIA could reliably detect 0.4 pmoles (0.1 ng) BP. The specificity with respect to structurally related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was examined by means of competitive binding. Here concentrations of 4.0-400 pmoles of the compound were used, and the resulting competitive curves were compared for relative cross-reactivity at 50% B/B0 (counts per minute labeled BP bound to antiserum in the presence of corresponding concentrations of unlabeled BP/counts per minute labeled BP bound to antiserum in the absence of unlabeled BP). The antiserum B4-3 was specific to BP with the closest cross-reacting substance being 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (20% relative cross-reactivity). BP added to pooled human serum was measurable by the RIA at 1 ng/ml. A BP RIA may have potential use for the quantification of the absorbed dose of this carcinogen in man.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for benzo[a]pyrene. A benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-bovine serum albumin conjugate was synthesized and used to immunize 2.5- to 3.0-kg New Zealand White rabbits. The resulting antisera to BP bound trace amounts of [3H] (55 pg; 6,000 counts/min). A radioimmunoassay (RIA) to BP was developed by the antiserum first being titered with the [3H]BP and then a standard curve being constructed from the addition of unlabeled BP (0.4-15.8 pmoles; 0.1-4.0 ng/assay tube). The RIA could reliably detect 0.4 pmoles (0.1 ng) BP. The specificity with respect to structurally related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was examined by means of competitive binding. Here concentrations of 4.0-400 pmoles of the compound were used, and the resulting competitive curves were compared for relative cross-reactivity at 50% B/B0 (counts per minute labeled BP bound to antiserum in the presence of corresponding concentrations of unlabeled BP/counts per minute labeled BP bound to antiserum in the absence of unlabeled BP). The antiserum B4-3 was specific to BP with the closest cross-reacting substance being 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (20% relative cross-reactivity). BP added to pooled human serum was measurable by the RIA at 1 ng/ml. A BP RIA may have potential use for the quantification of the absorbed dose of this carcinogen in man."}
{"id": "PMID:276630", "title": "Carcinogenicity of subcutaneously injected N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in European hamsters.", "content": "Male and female European hamsters (45 of each sex) recieved sc injections once weekly for life of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) at one-fifth the median lethal dose (LD50) (females: 44 mg/kg body wt; males: 66 mg/kg body wt), one-tenth the LD50 (females: 22 mg/kg body wt; males: 33 mg/kg body wt), or one-twentieth the LD50 (females: 11 mg/kg body wt; males: 16.5 mg/kg body wt). Survival times for both males and females were dependent on the dose of NHMI. Pulmonary neoplasms were induced in almost all the treated animals. They were histologically diagnosed as adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and mixed cell carcinomas. In addition, nasal cavity tumors developed in all hamsters of all treatment groups; these were papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and a few adenocarcinomas. Only 1 tumor of the larynx and 1 tumor of the trachea were observed. Several papillomas and a few carcinomas were also detected in the forestomach. The results were discussed with reference to previous findings in rats and Syrian golden hamsters.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of subcutaneously injected N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine in European hamsters. Male and female European hamsters (45 of each sex) recieved sc injections once weekly for life of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) at one-fifth the median lethal dose (LD50) (females: 44 mg/kg body wt; males: 66 mg/kg body wt), one-tenth the LD50 (females: 22 mg/kg body wt; males: 33 mg/kg body wt), or one-twentieth the LD50 (females: 11 mg/kg body wt; males: 16.5 mg/kg body wt). Survival times for both males and females were dependent on the dose of NHMI. Pulmonary neoplasms were induced in almost all the treated animals. They were histologically diagnosed as adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and mixed cell carcinomas. In addition, nasal cavity tumors developed in all hamsters of all treatment groups; these were papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and a few adenocarcinomas. Only 1 tumor of the larynx and 1 tumor of the trachea were observed. Several papillomas and a few carcinomas were also detected in the forestomach. The results were discussed with reference to previous findings in rats and Syrian golden hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:276631", "title": "Enhancement of heterotransplanted human tumor graft survival in nude mice treated with antilymphocyte serum and in congenitally athymic-asplenic (Lasat) mice.", "content": "The latency period, success rate, and minimal cell inoculum size required for transplantation of continuously passaged human tumor lines into congenitally athymic (nude) mice, antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated congenitally athymic (nude) mice, and congenitally athymic-asplenic (lasat) mice were compared. The 11 tumor lines studied included examples of breast adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, malignant melanoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Of these 11 tumor lines, 3 were successfully transplanted into nude mice, compared to 5 of 10 tumor lines in ALS-treated nude mice and 9 of 11 lines in lasat mice. Moreover, the latency period was shorter and the minimal cell inoculum size was lower for lasat mice than for either nude or ALS-treated nude mice. Despite this enhancement of heterotransplantation into lasat mice and despite the growth of large local masses, no evidence of distant metastases was found.", "contents": "Enhancement of heterotransplanted human tumor graft survival in nude mice treated with antilymphocyte serum and in congenitally athymic-asplenic (Lasat) mice. The latency period, success rate, and minimal cell inoculum size required for transplantation of continuously passaged human tumor lines into congenitally athymic (nude) mice, antilymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated congenitally athymic (nude) mice, and congenitally athymic-asplenic (lasat) mice were compared. The 11 tumor lines studied included examples of breast adenocarcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, malignant melanoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. Of these 11 tumor lines, 3 were successfully transplanted into nude mice, compared to 5 of 10 tumor lines in ALS-treated nude mice and 9 of 11 lines in lasat mice. Moreover, the latency period was shorter and the minimal cell inoculum size was lower for lasat mice than for either nude or ALS-treated nude mice. Despite this enhancement of heterotransplantation into lasat mice and despite the growth of large local masses, no evidence of distant metastases was found."}
{"id": "PMID:276632", "title": "A specific chromosome breakpoint associated with mouse plasmacytomas.", "content": "The chromosomes of uncultured cells of the near-diploid mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-31C were studied. The modal number of chromosomes was 44. The tumor lacked two marker chromosomes, reciprocal translocation [rcp t(12; 15)], that in previous studies were found to be common to 3 other uncultured myelomas and 1 cultured mouse myeloma. Through the formation of two markers, rcp t(6; 15), unique to this tumor, however, the tumor shared with other tumors and their specific markers a common breakpoint in chromosome \"15 at band D3/E. This breakpoint has been found in all mouse plasmacytomas examined with banding thus far and is considered of possible importance in the development of this tumor.", "contents": "A specific chromosome breakpoint associated with mouse plasmacytomas. The chromosomes of uncultured cells of the near-diploid mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-31C were studied. The modal number of chromosomes was 44. The tumor lacked two marker chromosomes, reciprocal translocation [rcp t(12; 15)], that in previous studies were found to be common to 3 other uncultured myelomas and 1 cultured mouse myeloma. Through the formation of two markers, rcp t(6; 15), unique to this tumor, however, the tumor shared with other tumors and their specific markers a common breakpoint in chromosome \"15 at band D3/E. This breakpoint has been found in all mouse plasmacytomas examined with banding thus far and is considered of possible importance in the development of this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:276633", "title": "Rate of cell division in atypias and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix of the mouse.", "content": "The rate of cell division during a 6-hour period was determined in cervical epithelia from 64 normal mice, 26 mice with cervical atypias, and 8 mice with invasive carcinomas. Cervical atypias and carcinomas were induced by local application of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and mitosis was arrested with colchicine. Values for the ratio of dividing basal cells to total dividing cells and for the rates of basal cell division for the 6-hour period were both significantly greater in normal epithelia than in atypias, and these values for atypias were greater than those for invasive carcinomas. The differences were not estrous cycle-dependent. There was no evidence that the mechanism of host invasion by squamous tumor cells was due to an increased number of cells in mitoses. The occurrence of areas with mitotic activity suggested the existence of focally distributed and probably alternating, synchronous cell production in normal cervical epithelium. This property was apparently not altered by topical BP application or by carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Rate of cell division in atypias and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix of the mouse. The rate of cell division during a 6-hour period was determined in cervical epithelia from 64 normal mice, 26 mice with cervical atypias, and 8 mice with invasive carcinomas. Cervical atypias and carcinomas were induced by local application of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), and mitosis was arrested with colchicine. Values for the ratio of dividing basal cells to total dividing cells and for the rates of basal cell division for the 6-hour period were both significantly greater in normal epithelia than in atypias, and these values for atypias were greater than those for invasive carcinomas. The differences were not estrous cycle-dependent. There was no evidence that the mechanism of host invasion by squamous tumor cells was due to an increased number of cells in mitoses. The occurrence of areas with mitotic activity suggested the existence of focally distributed and probably alternating, synchronous cell production in normal cervical epithelium. This property was apparently not altered by topical BP application or by carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:276634", "title": "Decline of natural killer cell activity in sublethally irradiated mice.", "content": "Spleen cells of (C57BL/6 X C3H/He)F1 mice were assayed for natural killer (NK) cell activity against YAC-1 and FBL-3 lymphoma targets at several intervals after total-body exposure to a high sublethal dose of 137Cs or 60Co gamma-rays. NK cell activity did not decline for the first 12 days but decreased sharply thereafter and remained low until day 24. The recovery of splenic NK cell activity was delayed. Beginning on day 28, the activity was slowly increased, reaching near-normal levels (80% of controls) 41-59 days after irradiation. Suppressor cells detectable during the period of lowest NK cell activity, i.e., on days 17 and 19, may have been responsible for the delayed and slow recovery. These studies indicated that a) mature effectors of natural cytotoxicity are relatively radioresistant renewable cells with a lifespan of about 2 weeks whose progenitors are radiosensitive cells b) the kinetics of decline and especially of recovery of NK cell activity may be influenced by suppressor cells. Should NK cell activity confer resistance to autochthonous lymphomas in vivo, it may be a significant consideration for strategies of tumor therapy by cytotoxic agents that reconstitution of the NK cell pool is a slow process and that suppressor cell function must be overcome for full recovery.", "contents": "Decline of natural killer cell activity in sublethally irradiated mice. Spleen cells of (C57BL/6 X C3H/He)F1 mice were assayed for natural killer (NK) cell activity against YAC-1 and FBL-3 lymphoma targets at several intervals after total-body exposure to a high sublethal dose of 137Cs or 60Co gamma-rays. NK cell activity did not decline for the first 12 days but decreased sharply thereafter and remained low until day 24. The recovery of splenic NK cell activity was delayed. Beginning on day 28, the activity was slowly increased, reaching near-normal levels (80% of controls) 41-59 days after irradiation. Suppressor cells detectable during the period of lowest NK cell activity, i.e., on days 17 and 19, may have been responsible for the delayed and slow recovery. These studies indicated that a) mature effectors of natural cytotoxicity are relatively radioresistant renewable cells with a lifespan of about 2 weeks whose progenitors are radiosensitive cells b) the kinetics of decline and especially of recovery of NK cell activity may be influenced by suppressor cells. Should NK cell activity confer resistance to autochthonous lymphomas in vivo, it may be a significant consideration for strategies of tumor therapy by cytotoxic agents that reconstitution of the NK cell pool is a slow process and that suppressor cell function must be overcome for full recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:276635", "title": "Physicochemical properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase from normal and malignant human tissues.", "content": "The activity of hexokinase was studied in several normal and malignant human tissues. The enzyme activity in tumors was significantly higher. Isoenzyme studies on normal gastric mucosa and stomach cancer extracts showed that malignancy is accompanied by a \"simplification\" of the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern due to \"deletion\" of the slowest isoenzyme. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoreis was used to isolate hexokinase isoenzymes from normal and malignant tissues. Tumor hexokinase isoenzymes displayed an increased affinity to glucose when compared to the corresponding normal prototypes (Km/glucose, 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M, respectively; Km = Michaelis constant). The molecular weights, subunit composition, and peptide patterns were identical for corresponding isoenzyme pairs from normal and tumor tissues.", "contents": "Physicochemical properties and isoenzyme composition of hexokinase from normal and malignant human tissues. The activity of hexokinase was studied in several normal and malignant human tissues. The enzyme activity in tumors was significantly higher. Isoenzyme studies on normal gastric mucosa and stomach cancer extracts showed that malignancy is accompanied by a \"simplification\" of the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern due to \"deletion\" of the slowest isoenzyme. Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoreis was used to isolate hexokinase isoenzymes from normal and malignant tissues. Tumor hexokinase isoenzymes displayed an increased affinity to glucose when compared to the corresponding normal prototypes (Km/glucose, 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M, respectively; Km = Michaelis constant). The molecular weights, subunit composition, and peptide patterns were identical for corresponding isoenzyme pairs from normal and tumor tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:276636", "title": "Relationship between epidemiologic and endocrinologic aspects of cervical cancer.", "content": "In search of etiologic relevancy of the steroid deviations in urine, we compared the reproductive activities of patients having cervical cancer with those of normal controls. A premenopausal patient experienced the birth of her first child significantly earlier than did the urban control of corresponding age, despite their similarity of age at menarche. However, when the same patient was compared with the premenopausal rural control, this differences was not found. The same parameter also failed to differentiate a postmenopausal patient from the corresponding control of urban origin. The premenopausal patient who was indistinguishable from the rural control by age at first delivery was distinguished from the rural control by reduced excretions of adrenal steroids including 11-deoxy-17 ketosteroids and some corticosteroid metabolites. The spectrum and the degree of deviation of urinary steroids for a patient coincided with the spectrum and the degree of age dependency of the urinary steroids for a normal woman during and after adolescence. These findings indicated that the inability of the reproductive parameter to discriminate a patient was associated with growth retardation in a population, and a maturation deficiency of the adrenal gland (arrest of adrenarche) was implicated in the genesis of cervical cancer.", "contents": "Relationship between epidemiologic and endocrinologic aspects of cervical cancer. In search of etiologic relevancy of the steroid deviations in urine, we compared the reproductive activities of patients having cervical cancer with those of normal controls. A premenopausal patient experienced the birth of her first child significantly earlier than did the urban control of corresponding age, despite their similarity of age at menarche. However, when the same patient was compared with the premenopausal rural control, this differences was not found. The same parameter also failed to differentiate a postmenopausal patient from the corresponding control of urban origin. The premenopausal patient who was indistinguishable from the rural control by age at first delivery was distinguished from the rural control by reduced excretions of adrenal steroids including 11-deoxy-17 ketosteroids and some corticosteroid metabolites. The spectrum and the degree of deviation of urinary steroids for a patient coincided with the spectrum and the degree of age dependency of the urinary steroids for a normal woman during and after adolescence. These findings indicated that the inability of the reproductive parameter to discriminate a patient was associated with growth retardation in a population, and a maturation deficiency of the adrenal gland (arrest of adrenarche) was implicated in the genesis of cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:276637", "title": "The multistage theory of carcinogenesis and the age distribution of cancer in man.", "content": "The multistage theory of carcinogenesis is briefly reviewed, and the incidence function predicted by the theory is expressed as an \"infinite sum\" (convergent power series). This expression for the incidence function has the Armitage-Doll approximation as the first non-zero term and explicitly exhibits the dependence of the incidence function on the transition rates. It is then clear that if the transition rates are not small enough (approximately 10(-4/cell/yr), the Armitage-Doll approximation is inappropriate. Retention of one more term (in the series) leads to a better approximation in these cases. This is illustrated by a hypothetical example. Other assumptions implicit in the theory are discussed.", "contents": "The multistage theory of carcinogenesis and the age distribution of cancer in man. The multistage theory of carcinogenesis is briefly reviewed, and the incidence function predicted by the theory is expressed as an \"infinite sum\" (convergent power series). This expression for the incidence function has the Armitage-Doll approximation as the first non-zero term and explicitly exhibits the dependence of the incidence function on the transition rates. It is then clear that if the transition rates are not small enough (approximately 10(-4/cell/yr), the Armitage-Doll approximation is inappropriate. Retention of one more term (in the series) leads to a better approximation in these cases. This is illustrated by a hypothetical example. Other assumptions implicit in the theory are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276638", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and detection of human breast tumor.", "content": "Malignant, benign, and normal breast tissues corrected for fat appeared to have similar nuclear magnetic proton spin-lattice relaxation times, contrary to previously published reports. However, due to a lower fat content, benign and malignant tumors relaxed more slowly than the surrounding normal tissue. This provides a possibility for locating them (but not for discriminating between them) in a breast by the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique zeugmatography.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance and detection of human breast tumor. Malignant, benign, and normal breast tissues corrected for fat appeared to have similar nuclear magnetic proton spin-lattice relaxation times, contrary to previously published reports. However, due to a lower fat content, benign and malignant tumors relaxed more slowly than the surrounding normal tissue. This provides a possibility for locating them (but not for discriminating between them) in a breast by the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique zeugmatography."}
{"id": "PMID:276639", "title": "Solubilization and partial isolation of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Human melanoma cell membrane tumor-associated antigens (TAA's) were solubilized in an active form by pronase digestion of either a fresh melanoma or cells from a melanoma cell line maintained in tissue culture. Upon elution from Sephadex G-200 column, TAA's solubilized from the melanoma cell line were found in four distinct peaks that had apparent molecular weights of approximately 48,000 (partition coefficient Kd, 0.426), 25,000 (Kd, 0.567)8 17,000 (Kd, 0.699), and 13,000 (Kd, 0.831) daltons, respectively. Fetal antigen activity was found in all but the 13,000-dalton peak. HLA antigen activity was detected in the 17,000-dalton material. TAA's prepared from the fresh tumor source eluted from Sephadex G-200 column with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000-25,000 (Kd, 0.786-0.572) daltons, as did HLA antigens. A partial resolution of the TAA's from the HLA antigens was achieved with the use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Results of antigenic stability assays suggested that the TAA structure is stable to prolonged exposure to low pH. Recovery of TAA activity from the strong denaturing agents 5 m urea, 0.5% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 4 m guanidine hydrochloride was partially successful. These properties of the TAA's may be useful for further isolation of the TAA's.", "contents": "Solubilization and partial isolation of human melanoma tumor-associated antigens. Human melanoma cell membrane tumor-associated antigens (TAA's) were solubilized in an active form by pronase digestion of either a fresh melanoma or cells from a melanoma cell line maintained in tissue culture. Upon elution from Sephadex G-200 column, TAA's solubilized from the melanoma cell line were found in four distinct peaks that had apparent molecular weights of approximately 48,000 (partition coefficient Kd, 0.426), 25,000 (Kd, 0.567)8 17,000 (Kd, 0.699), and 13,000 (Kd, 0.831) daltons, respectively. Fetal antigen activity was found in all but the 13,000-dalton peak. HLA antigen activity was detected in the 17,000-dalton material. TAA's prepared from the fresh tumor source eluted from Sephadex G-200 column with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000-25,000 (Kd, 0.786-0.572) daltons, as did HLA antigens. A partial resolution of the TAA's from the HLA antigens was achieved with the use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Results of antigenic stability assays suggested that the TAA structure is stable to prolonged exposure to low pH. Recovery of TAA activity from the strong denaturing agents 5 m urea, 0.5% (wt/vol) sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 4 m guanidine hydrochloride was partially successful. These properties of the TAA's may be useful for further isolation of the TAA's."}
{"id": "PMID:276640", "title": "Selective killing of oncogenic human cells cocultivated with normal human fibroblasts.", "content": "Histidinol and theophylline reversibly arrested the growth of low-passage human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and protected these cells from an otherwise lethal combination of the S-phase drugs beta-cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea. In contrast, HeLa cells continued cell cycle transit in the presence of histidinol and theophylline. Consequently, these reagents did not after the vulnerability of HeLa cells to combined S-phase drugs. The differential S-phase drug sensitivity mediated by histidinol and theophylline persisted under cocultivation conditions, thereby allowing the selective and total eradiction of colonies of HeLa cells in the presence of subconfluent HFF cells. The HFF cells, spared S-phase drug toxicity by their unique response to histidinol and theophylline, showed total survival and viability.", "contents": "Selective killing of oncogenic human cells cocultivated with normal human fibroblasts. Histidinol and theophylline reversibly arrested the growth of low-passage human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) and protected these cells from an otherwise lethal combination of the S-phase drugs beta-cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea. In contrast, HeLa cells continued cell cycle transit in the presence of histidinol and theophylline. Consequently, these reagents did not after the vulnerability of HeLa cells to combined S-phase drugs. The differential S-phase drug sensitivity mediated by histidinol and theophylline persisted under cocultivation conditions, thereby allowing the selective and total eradiction of colonies of HeLa cells in the presence of subconfluent HFF cells. The HFF cells, spared S-phase drug toxicity by their unique response to histidinol and theophylline, showed total survival and viability."}
{"id": "PMID:276657", "title": "Central nervous system lesions in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Central nervous system (CNS) lesions were found in 85 of 91 children with acute leukemia. Cerebral atrophy was the most common lesion, occurring in 65 percent. Atrophy was most severe in children treated with intrathecal methotrexate alone or in combination with radiation therapy, in children youngest at time of onset of leukemia, and in children in whom duration of leukemia was shortest. Longer duration was the determining factor among children who were older at onset. Lesions previously reported by other investigators, such as leptomeningeal infiltration of leukemic cells, infection, hemorrhage, degenerative grey and white matter disease and leukoencephalopathy were also seen. Central pontine myelinolysis occurred in four children.", "contents": "Central nervous system lesions in childhood leukemia. Central nervous system (CNS) lesions were found in 85 of 91 children with acute leukemia. Cerebral atrophy was the most common lesion, occurring in 65 percent. Atrophy was most severe in children treated with intrathecal methotrexate alone or in combination with radiation therapy, in children youngest at time of onset of leukemia, and in children in whom duration of leukemia was shortest. Longer duration was the determining factor among children who were older at onset. Lesions previously reported by other investigators, such as leptomeningeal infiltration of leukemic cells, infection, hemorrhage, degenerative grey and white matter disease and leukoencephalopathy were also seen. Central pontine myelinolysis occurred in four children."}
{"id": "PMID:276700", "title": "Psychiatric care in a general practice.", "content": "The morbidity and patient management in a small general practice in a suburb of Auckland was analysed over a period of three months, comparing medical and psychiatric cases. Psychiatric patients tend to be more often frmale, older (though not in the geriatric age group), make slightly greater demands on practice time and have somewhat more chronic illnesses, but these differences from medical patients are small and psychiatric patients do not form a major problem in practice in the community. The findings, while showing a slightly higher frequency of psychiatric patients, are otherwise comparable with those from other New Zealand studies.", "contents": "Psychiatric care in a general practice. The morbidity and patient management in a small general practice in a suburb of Auckland was analysed over a period of three months, comparing medical and psychiatric cases. Psychiatric patients tend to be more often frmale, older (though not in the geriatric age group), make slightly greater demands on practice time and have somewhat more chronic illnesses, but these differences from medical patients are small and psychiatric patients do not form a major problem in practice in the community. The findings, while showing a slightly higher frequency of psychiatric patients, are otherwise comparable with those from other New Zealand studies."}
{"id": "PMID:276701", "title": "Flucloxacillin (floxapen) in the treatment of skin and upper respiratory tract infections.", "content": "An appraisal of flucloxacillin (floxapen) for the treatment of infection of the skin and upper respiratiory tract was carried out in general practice by 34 doctors. The success rate in the treatment of skin infections was assessed as 92 percent and in upper respiratory tract infections as 84 percent. The incidence of side effects overall was 9.5 percent and their nature and severity are described. Also the results of the present study are compared with previous appraisals of flucloxacillin in general practic and the difference in dose regimes used in these studies is discussed.", "contents": "Flucloxacillin (floxapen) in the treatment of skin and upper respiratory tract infections. An appraisal of flucloxacillin (floxapen) for the treatment of infection of the skin and upper respiratiory tract was carried out in general practice by 34 doctors. The success rate in the treatment of skin infections was assessed as 92 percent and in upper respiratory tract infections as 84 percent. The incidence of side effects overall was 9.5 percent and their nature and severity are described. Also the results of the present study are compared with previous appraisals of flucloxacillin in general practic and the difference in dose regimes used in these studies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276702", "title": "The functioning of a short-stay emergency gynaecological unit.", "content": "Admissions to a small constantly staffed emergency gynaecological unit over a two month period are reported. Of 408 patients seen, 230 were in hospital for less than 36 hours and of these 128 were not admitted to a hospital ward. Of a yearly total of 2000 emergency admissions about 1000 did not need admission to a hospital ward. Full staffing of such a unit for 24 hours each day would thus allow a considerable number of beds to be released for elective work. The referring diagnosis of incomplete abortion proved to be incorrect in 100 of 203 patients. Clinical features and management in these patients are discussed. Pain is an unreliable guide, but opening of the cervix is not often seen unassociated with incomplete abortion.", "contents": "The functioning of a short-stay emergency gynaecological unit. Admissions to a small constantly staffed emergency gynaecological unit over a two month period are reported. Of 408 patients seen, 230 were in hospital for less than 36 hours and of these 128 were not admitted to a hospital ward. Of a yearly total of 2000 emergency admissions about 1000 did not need admission to a hospital ward. Full staffing of such a unit for 24 hours each day would thus allow a considerable number of beds to be released for elective work. The referring diagnosis of incomplete abortion proved to be incorrect in 100 of 203 patients. Clinical features and management in these patients are discussed. Pain is an unreliable guide, but opening of the cervix is not often seen unassociated with incomplete abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:276703", "title": "MCQ assessment of introductory clinical course for fourth year medical students.", "content": "A 60-item MCQ as administered to 46 fourth year medical students at the beginning, half-way, and at the end of a five week introductory clinical course. The stated goals were achieved: (1) a baseline measure was provided, indicating abilities brought by newly-arriving students; (2) data gave opportunity for \"mid-course\" corrections by students in their study and by tutors in their teaching; (3) overall student change was assessed, offering a measure of the educational effectiveness of the course, and (4) tutors were made aware of individual students requiring particular attention. Such assessment techniques provide an effective monitoring and motivating instrument at this level  of medical education.", "contents": "MCQ assessment of introductory clinical course for fourth year medical students. A 60-item MCQ as administered to 46 fourth year medical students at the beginning, half-way, and at the end of a five week introductory clinical course. The stated goals were achieved: (1) a baseline measure was provided, indicating abilities brought by newly-arriving students; (2) data gave opportunity for \"mid-course\" corrections by students in their study and by tutors in their teaching; (3) overall student change was assessed, offering a measure of the educational effectiveness of the course, and (4) tutors were made aware of individual students requiring particular attention. Such assessment techniques provide an effective monitoring and motivating instrument at this level  of medical education."}
{"id": "PMID:276704", "title": "The measurement of complement as an aid in diagnosis: 1. Nephritis and collagen disease.", "content": "A selection of patients with nephritis and collagen diseases were studied for complement abnormalities. This communication briefly reviews the current comcepts of complement physiology, details standard assay used in this laboratory and describes clinical examples where these tests have provided  significant clinical information. Quantitative measurements of individual components, the presence of circulating immune complexes, and the demonstration of in vivo C3 cleavage products were assessed simultaneously. The importance of measuring cleavage products and immune complexes is stressed. Clinical examples are given where misleading or erroneous interpretation of results might have occurred if these tests had not been performed.", "contents": "The measurement of complement as an aid in diagnosis: 1. Nephritis and collagen disease. A selection of patients with nephritis and collagen diseases were studied for complement abnormalities. This communication briefly reviews the current comcepts of complement physiology, details standard assay used in this laboratory and describes clinical examples where these tests have provided  significant clinical information. Quantitative measurements of individual components, the presence of circulating immune complexes, and the demonstration of in vivo C3 cleavage products were assessed simultaneously. The importance of measuring cleavage products and immune complexes is stressed. Clinical examples are given where misleading or erroneous interpretation of results might have occurred if these tests had not been performed."}
{"id": "PMID:276707", "title": "Establishing a health planning and research unit: the first two years of operation.", "content": "The Christchurch Health Planning and Research Unit was established in April 1975 to develop an approach to regional health services planning based upon researched community need, making the best use of available resources and involving agencies, health professionals and the community. This paper reports on the background to its establishment, the development of a planning strategy and progress and problems to date, especially in the fields of geriatrics, mental health and primary care.", "contents": "Establishing a health planning and research unit: the first two years of operation. The Christchurch Health Planning and Research Unit was established in April 1975 to develop an approach to regional health services planning based upon researched community need, making the best use of available resources and involving agencies, health professionals and the community. This paper reports on the background to its establishment, the development of a planning strategy and progress and problems to date, especially in the fields of geriatrics, mental health and primary care."}
{"id": "PMID:276710", "title": "Child health of Great Barrier Island.", "content": "The health of 69 children on Great Barrier Island was studied. This is an isolated community without a permanent doctor, and most children were healthy. Ear disease was the commonest problem, especially in Maori children. Problems of impetigo, scabies, rheumatic fever and dental caries were not present. Comparisons are made with the results of a recent Auckland study.", "contents": "Child health of Great Barrier Island. The health of 69 children on Great Barrier Island was studied. This is an isolated community without a permanent doctor, and most children were healthy. Ear disease was the commonest problem, especially in Maori children. Problems of impetigo, scabies, rheumatic fever and dental caries were not present. Comparisons are made with the results of a recent Auckland study."}
{"id": "PMID:276711", "title": "The state of school health: a Bay of Plenty study.", "content": "A health survey was carried out on 131 primary school children in the Bay of Plenty. Ninety children had no health defect. Inadequate hearing was the commonest defect and was more prevalent in Maoris. In all 55 health defects were found of which 18 were newly detected. There was a total absence of iron deficiency anaemia.", "contents": "The state of school health: a Bay of Plenty study. A health survey was carried out on 131 primary school children in the Bay of Plenty. Ninety children had no health defect. Inadequate hearing was the commonest defect and was more prevalent in Maoris. In all 55 health defects were found of which 18 were newly detected. There was a total absence of iron deficiency anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:276712", "title": "Social patterns of adolescent cigarette smoking in a rural community.", "content": "A survey of a secondary school serving a small town and rural district in New Zealand revealed that 46 percent of the students, aged 12 to 18, were current cigarette smokers. The smoking habits of elder siblings and peers were closely related to subjects' smoking. Parental opposition to smoking, beliefs that smoking was bad for health and a degree of self-esteem appeared to have protective value. The key to prevention of cigarette smoking may lie in parent and early childhood education aimed at increasing awareness of the dangers of smoking, fostering a soical climate of opposition to smoking, and increasing the child's self-confidence.", "contents": "Social patterns of adolescent cigarette smoking in a rural community. A survey of a secondary school serving a small town and rural district in New Zealand revealed that 46 percent of the students, aged 12 to 18, were current cigarette smokers. The smoking habits of elder siblings and peers were closely related to subjects' smoking. Parental opposition to smoking, beliefs that smoking was bad for health and a degree of self-esteem appeared to have protective value. The key to prevention of cigarette smoking may lie in parent and early childhood education aimed at increasing awareness of the dangers of smoking, fostering a soical climate of opposition to smoking, and increasing the child's self-confidence."}
{"id": "PMID:276713", "title": "Pathology medical manpower planning in New Zealand results of 1977 survey.", "content": "As part of Medical Manpower Planning in New Zealand, a survey conducted by the New Zealand Society of Pathologists in association with the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia shows that at present there are 116 pathologists practising in New Zealand, a ratio of one to 27 000 population. This is far short of the requirement of 1:20 000, for which an additional 40 pathologists is required now, with an average annual requirement of 11 additional pathologists over the next nine years.", "contents": "Pathology medical manpower planning in New Zealand results of 1977 survey. As part of Medical Manpower Planning in New Zealand, a survey conducted by the New Zealand Society of Pathologists in association with the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia shows that at present there are 116 pathologists practising in New Zealand, a ratio of one to 27 000 population. This is far short of the requirement of 1:20 000, for which an additional 40 pathologists is required now, with an average annual requirement of 11 additional pathologists over the next nine years."}
{"id": "PMID:276714", "title": "Acute selenium poisoning: case report.", "content": "A case of self-poisoning with sodium selenate sheep drench, along with blood and urine levels of selenium, is reported. Treatment included gastric lavage, diuresis, vitamin C, and dimercaprol, and the patient recovered without sequelae.", "contents": "Acute selenium poisoning: case report. A case of self-poisoning with sodium selenate sheep drench, along with blood and urine levels of selenium, is reported. Treatment included gastric lavage, diuresis, vitamin C, and dimercaprol, and the patient recovered without sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:276783", "title": "Oral scleral heterografts. A pilot study.", "content": "This study showed that scleral heterografts in the oral cavity work. Such grafts demonstrate the following characteristics: (1) attach firmly to submucosal, periosteal, and bony tissues; (2) remain firm and fibrotic in nature, indicating the possibility of a stressbearing tissue; (3) show little or no scarring or contracture; (4) show minimal, or no- host antigenic response based on clinical acceptance; (5) appear to become vascularized and cellular, blending with adjacent collagen. As projected by this study, scleral heterografts might well be used to obliterate bony undercuts and perhaps to obtund cystic cavities and other major bony defects. Further studies of layering of the sclera are essential before any definitive result can be determined in large bony defects. In those areas in which no bone regeneration would be feasible, such as in the mylohyoid region of the mandible, this application does present a possibility for removing undercuts as opposed to removing overlying bone. The tenacity of adherence  to submucosal tissues, periosteum, and bone makes scleral heterografting even more intriguing in the possible obliteration of oroantral fistulas. We might theorize that the sclera would not only attach to the buccal and palatal flaps but also show a rather firm and tenacious adherence to the bony walls of the antral defect. The availability of human bank sclera for use as presently made by periodontists and as pioneered by Klingsberg is somewhat limited. From our study, an extrapolation would indicate that, because of the comparably low and antigenicity of bovine sclera and human sclera, an investigation in this area should be completed in order to determine whether scleral heterografts can replace scleral homografts in human periodontal surgery. Sclera is easily preserved in anhydrous glycerine (as preserved by King and associates19) and can certainly be stored in banks. In our opinion, the final application of scleral heterografts, human or bovine, the role of antigenicity, and the ability of osteoblasts to invade either a single piece or layers of sclera warrant further study.", "contents": "Oral scleral heterografts. A pilot study. This study showed that scleral heterografts in the oral cavity work. Such grafts demonstrate the following characteristics: (1) attach firmly to submucosal, periosteal, and bony tissues; (2) remain firm and fibrotic in nature, indicating the possibility of a stressbearing tissue; (3) show little or no scarring or contracture; (4) show minimal, or no- host antigenic response based on clinical acceptance; (5) appear to become vascularized and cellular, blending with adjacent collagen. As projected by this study, scleral heterografts might well be used to obliterate bony undercuts and perhaps to obtund cystic cavities and other major bony defects. Further studies of layering of the sclera are essential before any definitive result can be determined in large bony defects. In those areas in which no bone regeneration would be feasible, such as in the mylohyoid region of the mandible, this application does present a possibility for removing undercuts as opposed to removing overlying bone. The tenacity of adherence  to submucosal tissues, periosteum, and bone makes scleral heterografting even more intriguing in the possible obliteration of oroantral fistulas. We might theorize that the sclera would not only attach to the buccal and palatal flaps but also show a rather firm and tenacious adherence to the bony walls of the antral defect. The availability of human bank sclera for use as presently made by periodontists and as pioneered by Klingsberg is somewhat limited. From our study, an extrapolation would indicate that, because of the comparably low and antigenicity of bovine sclera and human sclera, an investigation in this area should be completed in order to determine whether scleral heterografts can replace scleral homografts in human periodontal surgery. Sclera is easily preserved in anhydrous glycerine (as preserved by King and associates19) and can certainly be stored in banks. In our opinion, the final application of scleral heterografts, human or bovine, the role of antigenicity, and the ability of osteoblasts to invade either a single piece or layers of sclera warrant further study."}
{"id": "PMID:276784", "title": "Osteosarcoma of the mandible. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of osteosarcoma of the mandible with recurrence is presented, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. There was dramatic response to chemotherapy and return of full sensation to the left inferior alveolar nerve distribution.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma of the mandible. Report of a case. A case of osteosarcoma of the mandible with recurrence is presented, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. There was dramatic response to chemotherapy and return of full sensation to the left inferior alveolar nerve distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:276785", "title": "Effects of systemic cortisone on the healing of tooth sockets in rats. A histologic study.", "content": "Young male rats were divided randomly into experimental and control groups of twenty-seven each. Animals in the experimental group received daily subcutaneous injections of cortisone, in dosages sufficient to allow only slight gains in weight during the 38--day study period, whereas animals in the control group received a similar volume of saline solution. All injections were started 3 days before the upper right first molars were extracted. Histologic evaluation of the sockets of animals killed at intervals during healing showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups.", "contents": "Effects of systemic cortisone on the healing of tooth sockets in rats. A histologic study. Young male rats were divided randomly into experimental and control groups of twenty-seven each. Animals in the experimental group received daily subcutaneous injections of cortisone, in dosages sufficient to allow only slight gains in weight during the 38--day study period, whereas animals in the control group received a similar volume of saline solution. All injections were started 3 days before the upper right first molars were extracted. Histologic evaluation of the sockets of animals killed at intervals during healing showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups."}
{"id": "PMID:276786", "title": "Osteoradionecrosis of maxillae.", "content": "A case of osteoradionecrosis of the maxilla has been presented. It is hoped that this review and discussion of osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis will point out the need for proper management of the dentition of cancer patients who are subjected to radiotherapy.", "contents": "Osteoradionecrosis of maxillae. A case of osteoradionecrosis of the maxilla has been presented. It is hoped that this review and discussion of osteomyelitis and osteoradionecrosis will point out the need for proper management of the dentition of cancer patients who are subjected to radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:276787", "title": "Persistent sialadenitis in an accessory parotid gland.", "content": "The patient who was followed had a persistent painful condition of the side of her face. Following a total parotidectomy, the symptoms presevered and this was ultimately diagnosed as being due to sialadenitis in the accessory parotide gland as well.", "contents": "Persistent sialadenitis in an accessory parotid gland. The patient who was followed had a persistent painful condition of the side of her face. Following a total parotidectomy, the symptoms presevered and this was ultimately diagnosed as being due to sialadenitis in the accessory parotide gland as well."}
{"id": "PMID:276788", "title": "Diphenylhydantoinate-induced hyperplasia of the masticatory mucosa in an edentulous epileptic patient.", "content": "Gingival hyperplasia caused by phenytoin sodium is rarely encountered in edentulous persons. A case of generalized palatal hyperplasia is reported in which retained roots and teeth were suspected of having perpetuated a preextraction lesion, whereas a subsequently placed complete denture initiated a midpalatal hyperplasia. The lesion remained in spite of nonuse of the denture for several years.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoinate-induced hyperplasia of the masticatory mucosa in an edentulous epileptic patient. Gingival hyperplasia caused by phenytoin sodium is rarely encountered in edentulous persons. A case of generalized palatal hyperplasia is reported in which retained roots and teeth were suspected of having perpetuated a preextraction lesion, whereas a subsequently placed complete denture initiated a midpalatal hyperplasia. The lesion remained in spite of nonuse of the denture for several years."}
{"id": "PMID:276789", "title": "Epidemiologic study of potential adverse drug reactions in dentistry.", "content": "In an effort to prevent and document adverse drug reactions, the University of Southern California Dental School conducted a 2--year study in providing clinical pharmacy services to its patients. The study comprised prescription screening of 2,653 drugs dispensed to 2,418 patients, with 110 reactions being uncovered. These consisted of fifty reports of drug interaction, twenty-nine reports of contraindication, and thirty-one actual cases of side effects. All but the latter group of reactions were avoided by careful review of patients' medical data. The study also discussed the relationship of drug reactions to specific medication prescribed by determining epidemiologic categories of risk.", "contents": "Epidemiologic study of potential adverse drug reactions in dentistry. In an effort to prevent and document adverse drug reactions, the University of Southern California Dental School conducted a 2--year study in providing clinical pharmacy services to its patients. The study comprised prescription screening of 2,653 drugs dispensed to 2,418 patients, with 110 reactions being uncovered. These consisted of fifty reports of drug interaction, twenty-nine reports of contraindication, and thirty-one actual cases of side effects. All but the latter group of reactions were avoided by careful review of patients' medical data. The study also discussed the relationship of drug reactions to specific medication prescribed by determining epidemiologic categories of risk."}
{"id": "PMID:276790", "title": "Dental management of mild hemophilia with polycythemia vera.", "content": "Classic hemophilia (hemophilia A. Factor VIII deficiency, antihemophilic factor deficiency) and polycythemia vera were diagnosed in a patient who presented for management of his dental disease. This case report summarizes the history, laboratory findings, and clinical course and discusses the various diagnostic considerations in the management of two rare disorders. A review of current concepts of hemophilia and polycythemia vera is presented.", "contents": "Dental management of mild hemophilia with polycythemia vera. Classic hemophilia (hemophilia A. Factor VIII deficiency, antihemophilic factor deficiency) and polycythemia vera were diagnosed in a patient who presented for management of his dental disease. This case report summarizes the history, laboratory findings, and clinical course and discusses the various diagnostic considerations in the management of two rare disorders. A review of current concepts of hemophilia and polycythemia vera is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:276791", "title": "Oral findings in the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis syndrome (APECS) and other forms of hypoparathyroidism.", "content": "Of twenty-eight patients aged 4 to 28 years with the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis syndrome (APECS), twenty-seven had chronic oral candidosis, twenty-five had HPT, twenty-three had enamel hypoplasia, and nineteen had hypoadrenocorticism. Of three patients with other forms of hypoparathyroidism, none had any associated disease or oral abnormality. In nineteen cases candidosis was the first manifestation of APECS. Its occurrence was independent of the other components of the syndrome. The occurrence of enamel hypoplasia also was independent of HPT. Possibly, the enamel organ was affected by an autoimmune episode. No delayed maturation, resorption, or root hypoplasia was observed. Tooth impaction occurred in three patients.", "contents": "Oral findings in the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis syndrome (APECS) and other forms of hypoparathyroidism. Of twenty-eight patients aged 4 to 28 years with the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis syndrome (APECS), twenty-seven had chronic oral candidosis, twenty-five had HPT, twenty-three had enamel hypoplasia, and nineteen had hypoadrenocorticism. Of three patients with other forms of hypoparathyroidism, none had any associated disease or oral abnormality. In nineteen cases candidosis was the first manifestation of APECS. Its occurrence was independent of the other components of the syndrome. The occurrence of enamel hypoplasia also was independent of HPT. Possibly, the enamel organ was affected by an autoimmune episode. No delayed maturation, resorption, or root hypoplasia was observed. Tooth impaction occurred in three patients."}
{"id": "PMID:276792", "title": "Superficial melanomas of oral mucous membranes.", "content": "In accordance with microscopic and clinical criteria established for superficial melanomas of the skin (superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma), three oral lesions have been evaluated. The literature on oral melanomas has also been reviewed, with special attention given to those cases that had pre-existing melanosis. One patient with a diagnosis of superficial spreading melanoma eventually died of his untreated lesion 11 years after its first appearance. Two patients had lesions diagnosed as acral-lentiginous melanoma (a group which also includes volar and subungual melanomas) that exhibited aggressive, recurrent behavior. These lesions had microsocpic features similar to lentigo maligna melanoma but did not behave in a manner consistent with that diagnosis. Electron microscopic study of one acral-lentiginous melanoma demonstrated malenosomes and premelanosomes that were like those seen in normal melanocytes and nevus cells. The superficial or radial growth phase of many oral melanomas has apparently gone unrecognized. Melanosis has been reported to be a common feature of invasive oral melanomas but has not generally been related to the natural history of these lesions. Oral lesions with a prolonged intra-epithelial or radial growth phase would be expected to have a better prognosis than nodular melanomas, but meaningful survival data are not available because of the infrequency with which oral melanomas have been subclassified.", "contents": "Superficial melanomas of oral mucous membranes. In accordance with microscopic and clinical criteria established for superficial melanomas of the skin (superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma), three oral lesions have been evaluated. The literature on oral melanomas has also been reviewed, with special attention given to those cases that had pre-existing melanosis. One patient with a diagnosis of superficial spreading melanoma eventually died of his untreated lesion 11 years after its first appearance. Two patients had lesions diagnosed as acral-lentiginous melanoma (a group which also includes volar and subungual melanomas) that exhibited aggressive, recurrent behavior. These lesions had microsocpic features similar to lentigo maligna melanoma but did not behave in a manner consistent with that diagnosis. Electron microscopic study of one acral-lentiginous melanoma demonstrated malenosomes and premelanosomes that were like those seen in normal melanocytes and nevus cells. The superficial or radial growth phase of many oral melanomas has apparently gone unrecognized. Melanosis has been reported to be a common feature of invasive oral melanomas but has not generally been related to the natural history of these lesions. Oral lesions with a prolonged intra-epithelial or radial growth phase would be expected to have a better prognosis than nodular melanomas, but meaningful survival data are not available because of the infrequency with which oral melanomas have been subclassified."}
{"id": "PMID:276793", "title": "Metastatic retinoblastoma of the mandible.", "content": "Two cases of oral metastasis of retinoblastoma are reported. The first case was seen in Iraq and the second case in England. Review of the literautre revealed that when oral metastasis occurs, the prognosis must be considered to be grave; this was confirmed by Case 2. In each case there was metastasis in the symphyseal region, which followed enucleation of the affected orbit. Although the prognosis is poor, recent studies indicate that immunologic techniques may be useful to monitor the response to treatment of the primary lesion.", "contents": "Metastatic retinoblastoma of the mandible. Two cases of oral metastasis of retinoblastoma are reported. The first case was seen in Iraq and the second case in England. Review of the literautre revealed that when oral metastasis occurs, the prognosis must be considered to be grave; this was confirmed by Case 2. In each case there was metastasis in the symphyseal region, which followed enucleation of the affected orbit. Although the prognosis is poor, recent studies indicate that immunologic techniques may be useful to monitor the response to treatment of the primary lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:276794", "title": "Intraoral blue (Jadassohn-Tieche) nevus.", "content": "Blue nevus of the oral mucosa is a distinctly uncommon clincial entity. Careful review of the literature yielded thirty-one previously reported cases. The present article reports the occurrence of a blue nevus of the hard palate in a 58-year-old man. It is of interest since it is the smallest (1 by 1 mm.) intraoral blue nevus to be reported. A clinicopathologic study of the previous thirty-one cases and of our case suggests that this lesion has no age or sex predilection. The most common site of occurrence was the hard palate. There appears to be no tendency toward recurrence. A brief review of the historical background, clinical features, theories of possible origin, and differential diagnosis is presented. Excisional biopsy of localized areas of oral pibmentation, together with histopathologic study, is indicated to rule out melanoma.", "contents": "Intraoral blue (Jadassohn-Tieche) nevus. Blue nevus of the oral mucosa is a distinctly uncommon clincial entity. Careful review of the literature yielded thirty-one previously reported cases. The present article reports the occurrence of a blue nevus of the hard palate in a 58-year-old man. It is of interest since it is the smallest (1 by 1 mm.) intraoral blue nevus to be reported. A clinicopathologic study of the previous thirty-one cases and of our case suggests that this lesion has no age or sex predilection. The most common site of occurrence was the hard palate. There appears to be no tendency toward recurrence. A brief review of the historical background, clinical features, theories of possible origin, and differential diagnosis is presented. Excisional biopsy of localized areas of oral pibmentation, together with histopathologic study, is indicated to rule out melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:276795", "title": "Verruciform xanthoma. First case reported in a black person.", "content": "The twenty-sixth case of verruciform xanthoma is reported. The clinical and light microscopic findings in this case are similar to those previously described of a shaggy, parakeratin-covered, pebbly, or verrucous surface and elongated rete pegs which extend a uniform depth into the underlying conncetive tissue. Large \"foam cells\" or xanthoma cells filled only the connective tissue papillae between the epithelial pegs. The 1.5 by 4 cm. lesion in our patient is the largest verruciform xanthoma reported to date and is the first to be reported in a black person.", "contents": "Verruciform xanthoma. First case reported in a black person. The twenty-sixth case of verruciform xanthoma is reported. The clinical and light microscopic findings in this case are similar to those previously described of a shaggy, parakeratin-covered, pebbly, or verrucous surface and elongated rete pegs which extend a uniform depth into the underlying conncetive tissue. Large \"foam cells\" or xanthoma cells filled only the connective tissue papillae between the epithelial pegs. The 1.5 by 4 cm. lesion in our patient is the largest verruciform xanthoma reported to date and is the first to be reported in a black person."}
{"id": "PMID:276796", "title": "Induced reattachment in periodontic-endodontic lesions by root demineralization in situ.", "content": "A new method of root preparation to enhance reattachment of gingival tissues to root dentin has been developed through extensive animal research. The improved technique may aid periodontists and endodontists in the management of deep combined lesions. This article reviews essentials of experimental animal data and presents case reports of three different clinical approaches to combined lesion closure attempts utilizing surgical and chemical root preparation.", "contents": "Induced reattachment in periodontic-endodontic lesions by root demineralization in situ. A new method of root preparation to enhance reattachment of gingival tissues to root dentin has been developed through extensive animal research. The improved technique may aid periodontists and endodontists in the management of deep combined lesions. This article reviews essentials of experimental animal data and presents case reports of three different clinical approaches to combined lesion closure attempts utilizing surgical and chemical root preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:276797", "title": "Blood flow and oxygen consumption in steroid-treated dental pulps.", "content": "This study examined pulpal blood flow and oxygen consumption by the dental pulps of dogs. Blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere method and oxygen uptake was determined by the indirect Warburg approach. These variables were assessed 2 days after the canine teeth had been exposed and treated with either a cotton pellet impregnated with 1 per cent prednisolone or normal saline. The analysis indicated that the pulpal blood flow as well as the oxygen consumption did not differ between the steriod-treated tooth and the corresponding saline-treated tooth in the same jaw.", "contents": "Blood flow and oxygen consumption in steroid-treated dental pulps. This study examined pulpal blood flow and oxygen consumption by the dental pulps of dogs. Blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere method and oxygen uptake was determined by the indirect Warburg approach. These variables were assessed 2 days after the canine teeth had been exposed and treated with either a cotton pellet impregnated with 1 per cent prednisolone or normal saline. The analysis indicated that the pulpal blood flow as well as the oxygen consumption did not differ between the steriod-treated tooth and the corresponding saline-treated tooth in the same jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:276798", "title": "Submergence of roots for alveolar bone preservation. I. Endodontically treated roots.", "content": "Mandibular premolars in four dogs were endodontically treated and then totally submerged. Histologic and radiographic findings showed that this procedure should be considered as an alternative to extraction of key teeth in an effort to preserve alveolar bone. 1. Periodic follow-up on this procedure should be done to rule out cystic formation. 2. Beveling the coronal portion to the buccal is advocated to compensate for the thin buccal plate. 3. The procedure should be done in two steps to allow the root canal sealer to set, or an amalgam should be placed over the pulp canal. 4. New cementum and connective tissue will form over the coronal surface separating the dentin from new bone.", "contents": "Submergence of roots for alveolar bone preservation. I. Endodontically treated roots. Mandibular premolars in four dogs were endodontically treated and then totally submerged. Histologic and radiographic findings showed that this procedure should be considered as an alternative to extraction of key teeth in an effort to preserve alveolar bone. 1. Periodic follow-up on this procedure should be done to rule out cystic formation. 2. Beveling the coronal portion to the buccal is advocated to compensate for the thin buccal plate. 3. The procedure should be done in two steps to allow the root canal sealer to set, or an amalgam should be placed over the pulp canal. 4. New cementum and connective tissue will form over the coronal surface separating the dentin from new bone."}
{"id": "PMID:276837", "title": "Granulopoiesis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders in children.", "content": "Four children with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (three with Philadelphia [Ph1] chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML] were studied with soft agar culture at diagnosis (before therapy) in an attempt to define abnormalities in granulopoiesis. The three patients with CML had elevated peripheral blood golony-forming cells (CFCs) and/or normal or decreased bone marrow CFCs (in those studied). Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was markedly decreased or absent at diagnosis in all three. Maturation of myeloid cells eithin the colonies in agar was normal, indicating that no block in myeloid maturation was present. These findings are in general agreement with results previously reported in untreated adults with Ph1 chromosome-positive CML and further define the similarity with the adult form of the disease. One Ph1 chromosome-negative patient with a clinically similar chronic myeloproliferative disorder was studied and had similarly elevated peripheral blood CFCs. She had normal CSA with a similarly high WBC count. This finding was unexpected and suggests that, unlike the patients with CML, her monocytes were capable of elaboration CSA. This difference might prove helpful in the classification of this type of disorder in cases where the Ph1 chromosome abnormality is not present.", "contents": "Granulopoiesis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders in children. Four children with chronic myeloproliferative disorders (three with Philadelphia [Ph1] chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia [CML] were studied with soft agar culture at diagnosis (before therapy) in an attempt to define abnormalities in granulopoiesis. The three patients with CML had elevated peripheral blood golony-forming cells (CFCs) and/or normal or decreased bone marrow CFCs (in those studied). Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was markedly decreased or absent at diagnosis in all three. Maturation of myeloid cells eithin the colonies in agar was normal, indicating that no block in myeloid maturation was present. These findings are in general agreement with results previously reported in untreated adults with Ph1 chromosome-positive CML and further define the similarity with the adult form of the disease. One Ph1 chromosome-negative patient with a clinically similar chronic myeloproliferative disorder was studied and had similarly elevated peripheral blood CFCs. She had normal CSA with a similarly high WBC count. This finding was unexpected and suggests that, unlike the patients with CML, her monocytes were capable of elaboration CSA. This difference might prove helpful in the classification of this type of disorder in cases where the Ph1 chromosome abnormality is not present."}
{"id": "PMID:276838", "title": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia terminating in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia developed in a patient with congenital hypoplastic anemia (CHA). The patient had Turner's phenotype, but no chromosomal abnormality. The literature on CHA is briefly reviewed, and the relationship between leukemia and cytotoxic therapy is considered.", "contents": "Congenital hypoplastic anemia terminating in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Acute promyelocytic leukemia developed in a patient with congenital hypoplastic anemia (CHA). The patient had Turner's phenotype, but no chromosomal abnormality. The literature on CHA is briefly reviewed, and the relationship between leukemia and cytotoxic therapy is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:276843", "title": "[Induction of jaw bone formation by tooth autotransplantation].", "content": "A case-report of segmental underdevelopment of the alveolar process in the upper jaw of an eleven-year old girl is presented. At the site where the alveolar ridge was underdeveloped, two impacted malformed incisors were found. The malformed teeth had almost normal crowns, but the root-development had terminated 1-2 mm beyond the cementoenamel junction. The patient was treated by removal of the two malformed impacted teeth, followed by autotransplantation of the developing second premolar with the intention of inducing bone formation. The result was promising. After 3 years the alveolar process had developed to almost normal vertical hight. Some considerations are made regarding the possible origin of the bone induction factors in tooth buds. The fact that this patient demonstrated an underdevelopment of the alveolar process in spite of the formation of almost normal crowns, is taken as evidence that the bone stimulating principle in tooth buds are not to be found in the enamel organ proper, but must be related to Hertwig's epithelial sheath, root development and tooth eruption.", "contents": "[Induction of jaw bone formation by tooth autotransplantation]. A case-report of segmental underdevelopment of the alveolar process in the upper jaw of an eleven-year old girl is presented. At the site where the alveolar ridge was underdeveloped, two impacted malformed incisors were found. The malformed teeth had almost normal crowns, but the root-development had terminated 1-2 mm beyond the cementoenamel junction. The patient was treated by removal of the two malformed impacted teeth, followed by autotransplantation of the developing second premolar with the intention of inducing bone formation. The result was promising. After 3 years the alveolar process had developed to almost normal vertical hight. Some considerations are made regarding the possible origin of the bone induction factors in tooth buds. The fact that this patient demonstrated an underdevelopment of the alveolar process in spite of the formation of almost normal crowns, is taken as evidence that the bone stimulating principle in tooth buds are not to be found in the enamel organ proper, but must be related to Hertwig's epithelial sheath, root development and tooth eruption."}
{"id": "PMID:276848", "title": "[Ocular localization appearing in a child with acute lymphoblastosis after hematological remission for 18 months].", "content": "Case report of a 4-year-old girl in whom a unilateral ocular localization appeared after 1 1/2 year of maintained remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The evolution of this localization can be divided in three phases: 1. During the first 17 months, an apparent simple relapsing conjunctivitis of the left eye. 2. During the following 5 months, repeated episodes of the left iritis with mydriasis and discolouration of the iris. 3. Finally, left uveitis involving the anterior chamber, with hypopion, hyphaema and glaucoma; the clinical presentation at this stage was suggestive of ocular lymphoblastosis. Radiotherapy to the lesion (total dose, 1 200 rads) was quickly followed by resolution without sequelae. No relapse was observed during the following 30 months, till death. The ocular disease remained the only manifestation of leukaemia during its evolution. A haematological relapse occurred 11 months after cure of the iritis, followed 1 year later by a second, treatment-sensitive relapse, and finally by a third, fatal relapse. The patient survived 5 years 9 months.", "contents": "[Ocular localization appearing in a child with acute lymphoblastosis after hematological remission for 18 months]. Case report of a 4-year-old girl in whom a unilateral ocular localization appeared after 1 1/2 year of maintained remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The evolution of this localization can be divided in three phases: 1. During the first 17 months, an apparent simple relapsing conjunctivitis of the left eye. 2. During the following 5 months, repeated episodes of the left iritis with mydriasis and discolouration of the iris. 3. Finally, left uveitis involving the anterior chamber, with hypopion, hyphaema and glaucoma; the clinical presentation at this stage was suggestive of ocular lymphoblastosis. Radiotherapy to the lesion (total dose, 1 200 rads) was quickly followed by resolution without sequelae. No relapse was observed during the following 30 months, till death. The ocular disease remained the only manifestation of leukaemia during its evolution. A haematological relapse occurred 11 months after cure of the iritis, followed 1 year later by a second, treatment-sensitive relapse, and finally by a third, fatal relapse. The patient survived 5 years 9 months."}
{"id": "PMID:276849", "title": "Morphology of osteosarcoma: new qualitative and quantitative investigations.", "content": "Results on seven cases of osteosarcoma are reported, based on new morphologic methods and quantitative procedures. Tumor tissue was embedded without prior decalcification in plastic and sectioned. Imprint cytology preparations were produced from fresh tumor tissue, and cell nuclei were measured with an electronic image analysing computer system. The loss of differentiation seen in osteosarcomas differs among osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The differentiation of osteoclasts, namely their resorptive characteristics, disappears relatively early. Tumor osteocytes show loss of differentiation in their osteocyte processes. The new formation of tumor bone tissue remains in the near normal range of volume density when nuclear polymorphy is limited. The formation of ground substance and mineralization are apparently closely couplet to one another, since in our cases mostly ordered osteoid seams were observed. The capacity for mineralization of bone tissue is lost with marked polymorphy. The significance of these results for diagnostic statements and therapeutic consequences will be further discussed in long term studies.", "contents": "Morphology of osteosarcoma: new qualitative and quantitative investigations. Results on seven cases of osteosarcoma are reported, based on new morphologic methods and quantitative procedures. Tumor tissue was embedded without prior decalcification in plastic and sectioned. Imprint cytology preparations were produced from fresh tumor tissue, and cell nuclei were measured with an electronic image analysing computer system. The loss of differentiation seen in osteosarcomas differs among osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The differentiation of osteoclasts, namely their resorptive characteristics, disappears relatively early. Tumor osteocytes show loss of differentiation in their osteocyte processes. The new formation of tumor bone tissue remains in the near normal range of volume density when nuclear polymorphy is limited. The formation of ground substance and mineralization are apparently closely couplet to one another, since in our cases mostly ordered osteoid seams were observed. The capacity for mineralization of bone tissue is lost with marked polymorphy. The significance of these results for diagnostic statements and therapeutic consequences will be further discussed in long term studies."}
{"id": "PMID:276852", "title": "Ion flow through a membrane: effect of chemical reaction on time dependence.", "content": "The membrane model previously described [Hays, T.R., Buckwalter, C.Q., Lin S.H. & Eyring, H. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1612-1615] for ion flow through a membrane is expanded to include the effect of binding of the mobile ion at the occupiable sites in the membrane. Two different effects were investigated: alteration of the association-dissociation rates at constant equilibrium constant and alteration of the equilibrium constant at constant dissociation constant. Increasing the rates of association and dissociation initially causes an increased slowing of the relaxation to the final steady state, though ultimately the curves for the faster rates cross those for the slower states. Increasing the equilibrium constant causes a greater delay in the relaxation curve, with the curves for different equilibrium constants not crossing. Overall, the effect of binding is not very great unless the equilibrium constant for binding is quite large.", "contents": "Ion flow through a membrane: effect of chemical reaction on time dependence. The membrane model previously described [Hays, T.R., Buckwalter, C.Q., Lin S.H. & Eyring, H. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1612-1615] for ion flow through a membrane is expanded to include the effect of binding of the mobile ion at the occupiable sites in the membrane. Two different effects were investigated: alteration of the association-dissociation rates at constant equilibrium constant and alteration of the equilibrium constant at constant dissociation constant. Increasing the rates of association and dissociation initially causes an increased slowing of the relaxation to the final steady state, though ultimately the curves for the faster rates cross those for the slower states. Increasing the equilibrium constant causes a greater delay in the relaxation curve, with the curves for different equilibrium constants not crossing. Overall, the effect of binding is not very great unless the equilibrium constant for binding is quite large."}
{"id": "PMID:276853", "title": "Energies of polypeptides: theoretical conformational study of polyglycine using quantum mechanical partitioning.", "content": "A method is developed for evaluating the total energy of polypeptides based on a combination of quantum mechanical and empirical potentials. Adjacent and nonadjacent peptide units are allowed to interact through these respective means. Our hybrid procedure is applied to a study of polyglycine and compared to the results obtained by the method of Scheraga and coworkers. We find the alpha helical conformation of a single strand of polyglycine to be most stable in vacuo. Other less-stable configurations include the 3(10) helix, the 2(7) ribbon structure, and the fully extended conformation.", "contents": "Energies of polypeptides: theoretical conformational study of polyglycine using quantum mechanical partitioning. A method is developed for evaluating the total energy of polypeptides based on a combination of quantum mechanical and empirical potentials. Adjacent and nonadjacent peptide units are allowed to interact through these respective means. Our hybrid procedure is applied to a study of polyglycine and compared to the results obtained by the method of Scheraga and coworkers. We find the alpha helical conformation of a single strand of polyglycine to be most stable in vacuo. Other less-stable configurations include the 3(10) helix, the 2(7) ribbon structure, and the fully extended conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:276854", "title": "General characteristics of protein degradation in diabetes and starvation.", "content": "The enhanced protein degradation associated with diabetes and starvation is fundamentally different from normal protein catabolism. In normal eukaryotic cells large molecular weight proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than small proteins, acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins, and glycoproteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than nonglycoproteins. All three of these general correlations are absent or markedly reduced in liver and muscle of diabetic and starved rats. In contrast, the correlations between proteins size and half-life, between protein net charge and half-life, and between protein carbohydrate content and half-life are not affected in brain of diabetic or starved animals. These results suggest that diabetes and starvation alter the general characteristics of intracellular protein degradation in target tissues of insulin. Degradation of serum proteins is also affected in diabetes and starvation. In normal animals a general correlation exists between isoelectric points of serum proteins and their degradative rates. This relationship is abolished in diabetes and starvation, as it is among liver and muscle proteins. The implications of our findings are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms of the enhanced protein breakdown.", "contents": "General characteristics of protein degradation in diabetes and starvation. The enhanced protein degradation associated with diabetes and starvation is fundamentally different from normal protein catabolism. In normal eukaryotic cells large molecular weight proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than small proteins, acidic proteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than neutral or basic proteins, and glycoproteins tend to be degraded more rapidly than nonglycoproteins. All three of these general correlations are absent or markedly reduced in liver and muscle of diabetic and starved rats. In contrast, the correlations between proteins size and half-life, between protein net charge and half-life, and between protein carbohydrate content and half-life are not affected in brain of diabetic or starved animals. These results suggest that diabetes and starvation alter the general characteristics of intracellular protein degradation in target tissues of insulin. Degradation of serum proteins is also affected in diabetes and starvation. In normal animals a general correlation exists between isoelectric points of serum proteins and their degradative rates. This relationship is abolished in diabetes and starvation, as it is among liver and muscle proteins. The implications of our findings are discussed with regard to possible mechanisms of the enhanced protein breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:276855", "title": "Micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase: active components and a model for its supercoiling of DNA.", "content": "Two active components alpha and beta of micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase, of peptide weights of 115,000 and 97,000, respectively, have been purified. Each individual component exhibits little DNA gyrase activity; the ATP-dependent negative supercoiling of a covalently closed circular DNA duplex is catalyzed by a combination of the two. Covalent closure by Escherichia coli ligase of a circular DNA containing single-chain scissions, when carried out in the presence of a combination of the DNA gyrase components alpha and beta, gives a positively supercoiled DNA upon removal of the bound protein molecules. ATP was not present during the ligase treatment; therefore the positive supercoiling of DNA observed is a result of the binding of gyrase molecules, presumably as multi-subunit oligomers, during the ligation step. This is in contrast to the negative supercoiling of DNA catalyzed by gyrase in the presence of ATP. A model in which negative supercoiling of DNA is achieved by ATP-modulated repetitive wrapping of the DNA around gyrase is described. The model also suggests a plausible mode of action by which translocation of a DNA along its helix axis can be actively driven by an ATPase.", "contents": "Micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase: active components and a model for its supercoiling of DNA. Two active components alpha and beta of micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase, of peptide weights of 115,000 and 97,000, respectively, have been purified. Each individual component exhibits little DNA gyrase activity; the ATP-dependent negative supercoiling of a covalently closed circular DNA duplex is catalyzed by a combination of the two. Covalent closure by Escherichia coli ligase of a circular DNA containing single-chain scissions, when carried out in the presence of a combination of the DNA gyrase components alpha and beta, gives a positively supercoiled DNA upon removal of the bound protein molecules. ATP was not present during the ligase treatment; therefore the positive supercoiling of DNA observed is a result of the binding of gyrase molecules, presumably as multi-subunit oligomers, during the ligation step. This is in contrast to the negative supercoiling of DNA catalyzed by gyrase in the presence of ATP. A model in which negative supercoiling of DNA is achieved by ATP-modulated repetitive wrapping of the DNA around gyrase is described. The model also suggests a plausible mode of action by which translocation of a DNA along its helix axis can be actively driven by an ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:276856", "title": "Kinetics of hemoglobin and transition state theory.", "content": "Experimental evidence indicates that the way cooperativity in hemoglobin is manifested kinetically depends on the nature of the ligand. It is shown that the qualitative differences in the kinetics of NO, O2, CO, and bulky isocyanides can be understood in structural terms in a framework based on transition state theory.", "contents": "Kinetics of hemoglobin and transition state theory. Experimental evidence indicates that the way cooperativity in hemoglobin is manifested kinetically depends on the nature of the ligand. It is shown that the qualitative differences in the kinetics of NO, O2, CO, and bulky isocyanides can be understood in structural terms in a framework based on transition state theory."}
{"id": "PMID:276857", "title": "Assembly of new nucleosomal histones and new DNA into chromatin.", "content": "The assembly of chromatin from newly synthesized nucleosomal histones (labeled with [3H]arginine) and new DNA (density-labeled with [125I]iododeoxyuridine)was studied in growing cultured mouse cells. The nucleosomal histones were specifically examined by dissociating histone H1 and nonhistone proteins from unsheared chromatin either by incubation in 0.6 M NaCl or by digestion with micrococcal nuclease to release nucleosomes. In both cases, the four nucleosomal histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) are essentially the only proteins that remain bound to DNA and that are labeled by [3H]arginine. After formaldehyde fixation, H1-depleted chromatin containing dense DNA can be completely resolved in CsCl buoyant density gradients from that containing unreplicated DNA; separation of nucleosomes is satisfactory although less complete. New DNA and new histones are already assembled into chromatin possessing characteristic nucleosomal structure after 3 min of synthesis (the shortest time studied), as shown by the kinetics of digestion of new DNA by micrococcal nuclease, by the distribution of new DNA and new histones in nucleosomes. However, after 3-30 min of synthesis most new nucleosomal histones are associated with unreplicated DNA rather than with new DNA. It is concluded that new nucleosomes are assembled on DNA at some distance from DNA replication sites, with concomitant migration of preexisting nucleosomes onto new DNA.", "contents": "Assembly of new nucleosomal histones and new DNA into chromatin. The assembly of chromatin from newly synthesized nucleosomal histones (labeled with [3H]arginine) and new DNA (density-labeled with [125I]iododeoxyuridine)was studied in growing cultured mouse cells. The nucleosomal histones were specifically examined by dissociating histone H1 and nonhistone proteins from unsheared chromatin either by incubation in 0.6 M NaCl or by digestion with micrococcal nuclease to release nucleosomes. In both cases, the four nucleosomal histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) are essentially the only proteins that remain bound to DNA and that are labeled by [3H]arginine. After formaldehyde fixation, H1-depleted chromatin containing dense DNA can be completely resolved in CsCl buoyant density gradients from that containing unreplicated DNA; separation of nucleosomes is satisfactory although less complete. New DNA and new histones are already assembled into chromatin possessing characteristic nucleosomal structure after 3 min of synthesis (the shortest time studied), as shown by the kinetics of digestion of new DNA by micrococcal nuclease, by the distribution of new DNA and new histones in nucleosomes. However, after 3-30 min of synthesis most new nucleosomal histones are associated with unreplicated DNA rather than with new DNA. It is concluded that new nucleosomes are assembled on DNA at some distance from DNA replication sites, with concomitant migration of preexisting nucleosomes onto new DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:276858", "title": "Adenovirus DNA-directed transcription of 5.5S RNA in vitro.", "content": "A cell-free system developed from human KB cells was used to transcribe 5.5S RNA from deproteinized adenovirus DNA in vitro. The cell-free RNA synthesis is dependent upon exogenous templates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and cell-free postmitochondrial supernatant of human KB cells. The synthesis of 5.5S RNA is inhibited only by high levels of alpha-amanitin; therefore it is carried out by RNA polymerase III. The rate of synthesis was linear for at least 2 hr, indicating reinitiation. The 5.5S RNA synthesized in vitro is similar to the corresponding in vivo RNA in size, sequence, and coding region on adenovirus type 2 DNA. In this report is demonstrated in vitro synthesis of a facsimile of an in vivo transcript directed by deproteinized DNA in a mammalian cell-free postmitochondrial supernatant system.", "contents": "Adenovirus DNA-directed transcription of 5.5S RNA in vitro. A cell-free system developed from human KB cells was used to transcribe 5.5S RNA from deproteinized adenovirus DNA in vitro. The cell-free RNA synthesis is dependent upon exogenous templates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, and cell-free postmitochondrial supernatant of human KB cells. The synthesis of 5.5S RNA is inhibited only by high levels of alpha-amanitin; therefore it is carried out by RNA polymerase III. The rate of synthesis was linear for at least 2 hr, indicating reinitiation. The 5.5S RNA synthesized in vitro is similar to the corresponding in vivo RNA in size, sequence, and coding region on adenovirus type 2 DNA. In this report is demonstrated in vitro synthesis of a facsimile of an in vivo transcript directed by deproteinized DNA in a mammalian cell-free postmitochondrial supernatant system."}
{"id": "PMID:276859", "title": "A general method to assess similarity of protein structures, with applications to T4 bacteriophage lysozyme.", "content": "A method is proposed that permits the structural similarity between any pair of proteins to be analyzed in a completely general manner. In the proposed procedure, all possible structural segments of a given length from one protein are compared with all possible segments from the other protein. This set of comparisons reveals any structural similarities between the two proteins being compared, and also provides a basis for estimating the probability that a particular degree of structural homology could have occurred by chance. Application of the method to the comparison of T4 bacteriophage lysozyme and carp calcium-binding protein suggests that the previously reported structural similarity between parts of these two proteins [Tufty, R. M.& Kretsinger, R. H. (1975) Science 187, 167-169] is no better than would be expected by chance. On the other hand, the structural correspondence between phage lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme [Rossman, M.G. & Argos, P. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 105, 75-96] does appear to be significant.", "contents": "A general method to assess similarity of protein structures, with applications to T4 bacteriophage lysozyme. A method is proposed that permits the structural similarity between any pair of proteins to be analyzed in a completely general manner. In the proposed procedure, all possible structural segments of a given length from one protein are compared with all possible segments from the other protein. This set of comparisons reveals any structural similarities between the two proteins being compared, and also provides a basis for estimating the probability that a particular degree of structural homology could have occurred by chance. Application of the method to the comparison of T4 bacteriophage lysozyme and carp calcium-binding protein suggests that the previously reported structural similarity between parts of these two proteins [Tufty, R. M.& Kretsinger, R. H. (1975) Science 187, 167-169] is no better than would be expected by chance. On the other hand, the structural correspondence between phage lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme [Rossman, M.G. & Argos, P. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 105, 75-96] does appear to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:276860", "title": "Construction of a novel plasmid-phage hybrid: use of the hybrid to demonstrate ColE1 DNA replication in vivo in the absence of a ColE1-specified protein.", "content": "A hybrid bacteriophage, P420, was constructed in vitro; it contains part of bacteriophage P4 and a 3.6-kilobase derivative of plasmid ColE1. In Escherichia coli, the plasmid-phage hybrid can exist as a stable plasmid or can be packaged into infective bacteriophage particles. Replication of P420, directed by the ColE1 replicon, was found to occur after P420 phage infection of E. coli cells that had been incubated in the presence of chloramphenicol. Replication began without a lag period and resulted in the synthesis of covalently closed circles of P420 DNA. Like ColE1 DNA replication but unlike that of P4, replication was dependent on DNA polymerase I and was sensitive to rifampicin. The presence of a resident ColE1 plasmid in the infected cells resulted in an inhibition of the replication of the incoming P420 DNA. These results indicate that ColE1 does not require a plasmid-coded protein to replicate its DNA in vivo and demonstrate the utility of P4 bacteriophage for coupling bacteriophage properties to a plasmid replicon.", "contents": "Construction of a novel plasmid-phage hybrid: use of the hybrid to demonstrate ColE1 DNA replication in vivo in the absence of a ColE1-specified protein. A hybrid bacteriophage, P420, was constructed in vitro; it contains part of bacteriophage P4 and a 3.6-kilobase derivative of plasmid ColE1. In Escherichia coli, the plasmid-phage hybrid can exist as a stable plasmid or can be packaged into infective bacteriophage particles. Replication of P420, directed by the ColE1 replicon, was found to occur after P420 phage infection of E. coli cells that had been incubated in the presence of chloramphenicol. Replication began without a lag period and resulted in the synthesis of covalently closed circles of P420 DNA. Like ColE1 DNA replication but unlike that of P4, replication was dependent on DNA polymerase I and was sensitive to rifampicin. The presence of a resident ColE1 plasmid in the infected cells resulted in an inhibition of the replication of the incoming P420 DNA. These results indicate that ColE1 does not require a plasmid-coded protein to replicate its DNA in vivo and demonstrate the utility of P4 bacteriophage for coupling bacteriophage properties to a plasmid replicon."}
{"id": "PMID:276861", "title": "The ovalbumin gene: structural sequences in native chicken DNA are not contiguous.", "content": "The sequence organization of the structural ovalbumin gene and flanking sequences in native chicken DNA was studied by restriction mapping and filter hybridization using a nick-translated probe generated from pOV230, a recombinant plasmid that contains a full-length ovalbumin DNA synthesized from ovalbumin mRNA. The structural sequences of the ovalbumin gene in native chicken DNA were found to be noncontiguous because at least two restriction endonucleases that do not cut the structural sequence do cleave the natural gene into multiple fragments by cleaving within nonstructural sequences interspersed between the structural sequences. The observation that all ovalbumin DNA-containing sequences were contained within a single DNA fragment generated by BamHI digestion of total chicken DNA has allowed us to construct an inclusive restriction map of the natural ovalbumin gene which contains at least two \"insert regions.\" These regions may be further subdivided into alternating structural and insert sequences. Both insert regions were located within the peptide-coding regions of the gene and the sizes of these insert regions were estimated to be approximately 1.0 and 1.5 kilobase pairs, respectively.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene: structural sequences in native chicken DNA are not contiguous. The sequence organization of the structural ovalbumin gene and flanking sequences in native chicken DNA was studied by restriction mapping and filter hybridization using a nick-translated probe generated from pOV230, a recombinant plasmid that contains a full-length ovalbumin DNA synthesized from ovalbumin mRNA. The structural sequences of the ovalbumin gene in native chicken DNA were found to be noncontiguous because at least two restriction endonucleases that do not cut the structural sequence do cleave the natural gene into multiple fragments by cleaving within nonstructural sequences interspersed between the structural sequences. The observation that all ovalbumin DNA-containing sequences were contained within a single DNA fragment generated by BamHI digestion of total chicken DNA has allowed us to construct an inclusive restriction map of the natural ovalbumin gene which contains at least two \"insert regions.\" These regions may be further subdivided into alternating structural and insert sequences. Both insert regions were located within the peptide-coding regions of the gene and the sizes of these insert regions were estimated to be approximately 1.0 and 1.5 kilobase pairs, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:276862", "title": "Hepatic receptor that specifically binds oligosaccharides containing fucosyl alpha1 leads to 3 N-acetylglucosamine linkages.", "content": "Evidence is presented suggesting that hepatocytes contain a receptor that binds glycoproteins specifically through fucose in alpha1-->3 linkage to N-acetylglucosamine. Human lactoferrin, which contains this type of linkage, is rapidly cleared from the circulation of mice after intravenous injection, and greater than 90% of the injected material is found in hepatocytes. Binding of lactoferrin is mediated through its carbohydrate groups, since its clearance is prolonged after periodate oxidation or after its oligosaccharide groups are extensively degraded with glycosidases. In addition, glycopeptides from lactoferrin inhibit lactoferrin clearance. That lactoferrin clearance is mediated through binding to its fucosyl groups is suggested for several reasons. First, transferrin and asialotransferrin, whose oligosaccharide groups are essentially structurally identical to those of lactoferrin but devoid of fucose, are not cleared on intravenous injection. Second, when fucose is incorporated into asialotransferrin by alpha1-->3 N-acetylglucosamine fucosyl transferase, the resulting fucosylated derivative is cleared rapidly. Neither mannan nor derivatives of orosomucoid that are cleared by binding to receptors for galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, or mannose, inhibit clearance of lactoferrin although clearance is inhibited by fucoidin. Finally, glycoproteins containing fucose in alpha1 --> 2 linkage to galactose or alpha1 --> 6 linkage to N-acetylglucosamine do not inhibit lactoferrin clerance by the liver. Since clearance of other glycoproteins, such as human lactoperoxidase, also appears to be mediated through binding to the same hepatocyte receptor as lactoferrin, it is concluded that the fucose-specific receptor studied here may fulfill other functions than binding lactoferrin. Preliminary studies with liver homogenates and detergent extracts of liver show binding in vitro.", "contents": "Hepatic receptor that specifically binds oligosaccharides containing fucosyl alpha1 leads to 3 N-acetylglucosamine linkages. Evidence is presented suggesting that hepatocytes contain a receptor that binds glycoproteins specifically through fucose in alpha1-->3 linkage to N-acetylglucosamine. Human lactoferrin, which contains this type of linkage, is rapidly cleared from the circulation of mice after intravenous injection, and greater than 90% of the injected material is found in hepatocytes. Binding of lactoferrin is mediated through its carbohydrate groups, since its clearance is prolonged after periodate oxidation or after its oligosaccharide groups are extensively degraded with glycosidases. In addition, glycopeptides from lactoferrin inhibit lactoferrin clearance. That lactoferrin clearance is mediated through binding to its fucosyl groups is suggested for several reasons. First, transferrin and asialotransferrin, whose oligosaccharide groups are essentially structurally identical to those of lactoferrin but devoid of fucose, are not cleared on intravenous injection. Second, when fucose is incorporated into asialotransferrin by alpha1-->3 N-acetylglucosamine fucosyl transferase, the resulting fucosylated derivative is cleared rapidly. Neither mannan nor derivatives of orosomucoid that are cleared by binding to receptors for galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, or mannose, inhibit clearance of lactoferrin although clearance is inhibited by fucoidin. Finally, glycoproteins containing fucose in alpha1 --> 2 linkage to galactose or alpha1 --> 6 linkage to N-acetylglucosamine do not inhibit lactoferrin clerance by the liver. Since clearance of other glycoproteins, such as human lactoperoxidase, also appears to be mediated through binding to the same hepatocyte receptor as lactoferrin, it is concluded that the fucose-specific receptor studied here may fulfill other functions than binding lactoferrin. Preliminary studies with liver homogenates and detergent extracts of liver show binding in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:276863", "title": "Identification of the N gene protein of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "The N gene protein, pN, of bacteriophage lambda stimulates early gene transcription by allowing mRNA chain elongation to proceed into genes distal to transcription termination sites normally recognized by the Escherichia coli transcription termination protein rho. pN has previously eluded detection on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels because of its small size, its instability, and the difficulty of distinguishing pN itself both from host proteins and from other early lambda proteins whose synthesis depends on pN action. These problems have now been overcome and we find that the major form of pN present in crude cell extracts of infected cells has an apparent molecular weight of 13,500. lambdabio256, a deletion-substitution mutant terminating in N, codes for a shorter pN of molecular weight 12,500. A nonsense fragment of 10,500 molecular weight coded by lambdaN(am7) has also been identified. These conclusions are based on examination of the electrophoretic profiles of the proteins synthesized after infection of UV-irradiated E. coli by various lambdaN(-) temperature-sensitive, nonsense, and deletion-substitution mutants. It has also been possible to distinguish pN itself from other early lambda polypeptides by infecting ron(-) cells with either lambdaN(mar) phage allowing pN synthesis but not pN action or lambdaN(am) phage defective in pN synthesis and pN action. Our results together with previous data are discussed with respect to the possible existence of multiple molecular weight forms of pN and the location of the coding sequences in the N gene region.", "contents": "Identification of the N gene protein of bacteriophage lambda. The N gene protein, pN, of bacteriophage lambda stimulates early gene transcription by allowing mRNA chain elongation to proceed into genes distal to transcription termination sites normally recognized by the Escherichia coli transcription termination protein rho. pN has previously eluded detection on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels because of its small size, its instability, and the difficulty of distinguishing pN itself both from host proteins and from other early lambda proteins whose synthesis depends on pN action. These problems have now been overcome and we find that the major form of pN present in crude cell extracts of infected cells has an apparent molecular weight of 13,500. lambdabio256, a deletion-substitution mutant terminating in N, codes for a shorter pN of molecular weight 12,500. A nonsense fragment of 10,500 molecular weight coded by lambdaN(am7) has also been identified. These conclusions are based on examination of the electrophoretic profiles of the proteins synthesized after infection of UV-irradiated E. coli by various lambdaN(-) temperature-sensitive, nonsense, and deletion-substitution mutants. It has also been possible to distinguish pN itself from other early lambda polypeptides by infecting ron(-) cells with either lambdaN(mar) phage allowing pN synthesis but not pN action or lambdaN(am) phage defective in pN synthesis and pN action. Our results together with previous data are discussed with respect to the possible existence of multiple molecular weight forms of pN and the location of the coding sequences in the N gene region."}
{"id": "PMID:276864", "title": "Butyrate suppression of histone deacetylation leads to accumulation of multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4 and increased DNase I sensitivity of the associated DNA sequences.", "content": "Exposure of HeLa cells to Na butyrate leads to an accumulation of multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4. Our studies of histone acetylation in HeLa S-3 cells show that 7 mM butyrate suppresses the deacetylation of histones without influencing the rate of radioactive acetate incorporation. An alteration in nucleosome structure in highly acetylated chromatin is indicated by an increased rate of DNA degradation by DNase I. A close association of acetylated histones with the DNase I-sensitive sequences is confirmed by the finding that histones remaining after limited DNase I digestion are depleted in the multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4. DNase I treatment has also been found to selectively release [3H]acetyl-labeled H3 and H4 from avian erythrocyte nuclei under conditions previously shown to preferentially degrade the globlin genes in erthyrocyte chromatin. Our results are consistent with the view that histone acetylation provides a key to the mechanism for altering chromatin structure at the nucleosomal level, and that this may explain the selective DNase I sensitivity of transcriptionally active DNA sequences in different cell types.", "contents": "Butyrate suppression of histone deacetylation leads to accumulation of multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4 and increased DNase I sensitivity of the associated DNA sequences. Exposure of HeLa cells to Na butyrate leads to an accumulation of multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4. Our studies of histone acetylation in HeLa S-3 cells show that 7 mM butyrate suppresses the deacetylation of histones without influencing the rate of radioactive acetate incorporation. An alteration in nucleosome structure in highly acetylated chromatin is indicated by an increased rate of DNA degradation by DNase I. A close association of acetylated histones with the DNase I-sensitive sequences is confirmed by the finding that histones remaining after limited DNase I digestion are depleted in the multiacetylated forms of histones H3 and H4. DNase I treatment has also been found to selectively release [3H]acetyl-labeled H3 and H4 from avian erythrocyte nuclei under conditions previously shown to preferentially degrade the globlin genes in erthyrocyte chromatin. Our results are consistent with the view that histone acetylation provides a key to the mechanism for altering chromatin structure at the nucleosomal level, and that this may explain the selective DNase I sensitivity of transcriptionally active DNA sequences in different cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:276865", "title": "Novel enzyme from rat liver that cleaves an ADP-ribosyl histone linkage.", "content": "A novel enzyme that splits a bond between ADP-ribose and histone was discovered and partially purified from rat liver cytosol. The 105,000 X g supernatant of rat liver homogenate was precipitated by 45% saturated ammonium sulfate and then chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column. The enzyme activity was eluted in a single peak at about 0.2 M NaCl and clearly separated from poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase which came out at 0.13 M NaCl. In contrast to the latter enzyme, this new enzyme catalyzed the spliting of a linkage between ADP-ribose and a protein portion in mono ADP-ribosylated histone H2B but little, if any, of the glycosidic ribosyl(1\"-2') ribose bonds within poly(ADP-ribose). Analysis of the reaction product by paper chromatography and Dowex 1 column chromatography indicated that the split product contained the ADP-ribose moiety but was not exactly identical with ADP-ribose. Available evidence suggested that it was either an altered ADP-ribose molecule produced by a structural rearrangement or ADP-ribose itself linked to an unidentified compound. The enzyme had a pH optimum of about 6.0 and was inhibited by 80-90% in the presence of 5 mM ADP-ribose.", "contents": "Novel enzyme from rat liver that cleaves an ADP-ribosyl histone linkage. A novel enzyme that splits a bond between ADP-ribose and histone was discovered and partially purified from rat liver cytosol. The 105,000 X g supernatant of rat liver homogenate was precipitated by 45% saturated ammonium sulfate and then chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column. The enzyme activity was eluted in a single peak at about 0.2 M NaCl and clearly separated from poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase which came out at 0.13 M NaCl. In contrast to the latter enzyme, this new enzyme catalyzed the spliting of a linkage between ADP-ribose and a protein portion in mono ADP-ribosylated histone H2B but little, if any, of the glycosidic ribosyl(1\"-2') ribose bonds within poly(ADP-ribose). Analysis of the reaction product by paper chromatography and Dowex 1 column chromatography indicated that the split product contained the ADP-ribose moiety but was not exactly identical with ADP-ribose. Available evidence suggested that it was either an altered ADP-ribose molecule produced by a structural rearrangement or ADP-ribose itself linked to an unidentified compound. The enzyme had a pH optimum of about 6.0 and was inhibited by 80-90% in the presence of 5 mM ADP-ribose."}
{"id": "PMID:276866", "title": "Nature of the gel to liquid crystal transition of synthetic phosphatidylcholines.", "content": "High sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry is employed in the study of the gel to liquid crystal phase transition of a highly purified sample of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in multilamellar bilayer suspension. It is concluded from the calorimetric data that the purity of the sample is better than 99.94 mol % and that the transition closely approximates an isothermal first-order transition.", "contents": "Nature of the gel to liquid crystal transition of synthetic phosphatidylcholines. High sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry is employed in the study of the gel to liquid crystal phase transition of a highly purified sample of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in multilamellar bilayer suspension. It is concluded from the calorimetric data that the purity of the sample is better than 99.94 mol % and that the transition closely approximates an isothermal first-order transition."}
{"id": "PMID:276867", "title": "Effect of calcium on structure and function of a hyaluronic acid matrix: carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and the diffusional behavior of small solutes.", "content": "Natural-abundance (13)C NMR at 25.16 MHz has been used to study a 2.5% matrix of hyaluronic acid at various degrees of polymerization and at various ionic strengths. Peak assignment is facilitated by comparing proton-decoupled and off-resonance-decoupled spectra of a hyaluronidase-depolymerized matrix with spectra from relevant monosaccharides. In contrast to the spectrum following depolymerization, the spectrum for intact matrix has considerable broadening, particularly for peaks assigned to the N-acetylglucosamine moiety. This is most dramatic for the hydroxymethylene carbon. With the addition of Ca(2+) above 5 mM these broadened peaks narrow and approach the sharpness observed for the hyaluronidase digest. There is no shift in resonance peak positions. These changes are quantitatively less impressive if Na(+) is substituted for Ca(2+). The data suggest the existence of a considerable degree of order in regions of the matrix at physiological concentrations of Ca(2+). Within such a matrix the translational movement of lysine and glucose is enhanced relative to that in a matrix of agarose. Further addition of Ca(2+) abrogates not only matrix order, but the enhanced diffusivity as well.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on structure and function of a hyaluronic acid matrix: carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and the diffusional behavior of small solutes. Natural-abundance (13)C NMR at 25.16 MHz has been used to study a 2.5% matrix of hyaluronic acid at various degrees of polymerization and at various ionic strengths. Peak assignment is facilitated by comparing proton-decoupled and off-resonance-decoupled spectra of a hyaluronidase-depolymerized matrix with spectra from relevant monosaccharides. In contrast to the spectrum following depolymerization, the spectrum for intact matrix has considerable broadening, particularly for peaks assigned to the N-acetylglucosamine moiety. This is most dramatic for the hydroxymethylene carbon. With the addition of Ca(2+) above 5 mM these broadened peaks narrow and approach the sharpness observed for the hyaluronidase digest. There is no shift in resonance peak positions. These changes are quantitatively less impressive if Na(+) is substituted for Ca(2+). The data suggest the existence of a considerable degree of order in regions of the matrix at physiological concentrations of Ca(2+). Within such a matrix the translational movement of lysine and glucose is enhanced relative to that in a matrix of agarose. Further addition of Ca(2+) abrogates not only matrix order, but the enhanced diffusivity as well."}
{"id": "PMID:276868", "title": "Genetic recombination and complementation between bacteriophage T7 and cloned fragments of T7 DNA.", "content": "Frafments of phage T7 DNA have been cloned in Escherichia coli by using the plasmid pMB9. Such cloned fragments are able to recombine with infecting phages, thus providing a means to integrate the physical and genetic maps of T7 DNA. Approximately 65% of the T7 DNA molecule has been found in clones so far, and analysis of these clones has mapped genes 12-17 with an accuracy of about 1% the total length of T7 DNA. At least some cloned segments can supply T7 functions to infecting phages.", "contents": "Genetic recombination and complementation between bacteriophage T7 and cloned fragments of T7 DNA. Frafments of phage T7 DNA have been cloned in Escherichia coli by using the plasmid pMB9. Such cloned fragments are able to recombine with infecting phages, thus providing a means to integrate the physical and genetic maps of T7 DNA. Approximately 65% of the T7 DNA molecule has been found in clones so far, and analysis of these clones has mapped genes 12-17 with an accuracy of about 1% the total length of T7 DNA. At least some cloned segments can supply T7 functions to infecting phages."}
{"id": "PMID:276869", "title": "Synapse turnover: a mechanism for acquiring synaptic specificity.", "content": "Neurons are generated in chick retina that are able to form synapses with striated muscle cells for only a brief period during embryonic development. The ability to form synapses is lost with a half-life of 21 hr. Retina neuron-myotube synapses form rapidly but soon are terminated. Chick embryo spinal cord neurons also form synapses with muscle cells for only a limited time during development, but these synapses are long lived. These results show that different classes of synapses turn over at different rates and suggest that part of the specificity of synaptic circuits may be acquired during development by a process of selection based on synapse termination rates.", "contents": "Synapse turnover: a mechanism for acquiring synaptic specificity. Neurons are generated in chick retina that are able to form synapses with striated muscle cells for only a brief period during embryonic development. The ability to form synapses is lost with a half-life of 21 hr. Retina neuron-myotube synapses form rapidly but soon are terminated. Chick embryo spinal cord neurons also form synapses with muscle cells for only a limited time during development, but these synapses are long lived. These results show that different classes of synapses turn over at different rates and suggest that part of the specificity of synaptic circuits may be acquired during development by a process of selection based on synapse termination rates."}
{"id": "PMID:276870", "title": "Changes in the three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A upon demetallization.", "content": "When the Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions normally present in concanavalin A are removed, the protein becomes incapable of binding saccharides. To explore the structural differences between the native and demetallized forms and their effects on the saccharide-binding properties of the protein, we have refined and compared the crystal structures of both forms. Refinement, carried out by automated difference Fourier methods, has revealed a number of differences between the two structures as well as minor differences between the two crystallographically independent monomers in the demetallized structure. Significant differences between the holo- and apoproteins are confined to the region where the metals are bound. These differences include a reorganization and disordering of the loop, consisting of residues 7-25, that contains all of the direct metal ligands of the protein. In some molecules, the side chain of arginine-228 appears to move into the metal-binding region, possibly compensating in part for the absence of the metal's positive charge. The cis peptide observed in the native protein at alanine-207 is apparently not present in the demetallized protein. The conformational differences affect many of the residues currently thought to be involved in the specific binding of saccharides.", "contents": "Changes in the three-dimensional structure of concanavalin A upon demetallization. When the Mn(2+) and Ca(2+) ions normally present in concanavalin A are removed, the protein becomes incapable of binding saccharides. To explore the structural differences between the native and demetallized forms and their effects on the saccharide-binding properties of the protein, we have refined and compared the crystal structures of both forms. Refinement, carried out by automated difference Fourier methods, has revealed a number of differences between the two structures as well as minor differences between the two crystallographically independent monomers in the demetallized structure. Significant differences between the holo- and apoproteins are confined to the region where the metals are bound. These differences include a reorganization and disordering of the loop, consisting of residues 7-25, that contains all of the direct metal ligands of the protein. In some molecules, the side chain of arginine-228 appears to move into the metal-binding region, possibly compensating in part for the absence of the metal's positive charge. The cis peptide observed in the native protein at alanine-207 is apparently not present in the demetallized protein. The conformational differences affect many of the residues currently thought to be involved in the specific binding of saccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:276871", "title": "Fe-O2 bonding and oxyheme structure in myoglobin.", "content": "In the polarized electronic absorption spectrum of oxymyoglobin in single crystals, charge-transfer states involving orbitals of the iron and dioxygen ligand are defined as probes of oxyheme orbital structure and coordination geometry. The spectrum of sperm whale oxymyoglobin is diagnostic of a bent (formula: see text) oxheme coordination geometry with totally spin-paired, ground-state electronic configurations of the iron and of the dioxygen ligand. In contrast, Aplysia myoglobin is distinguishably different in oxyheme structure, indicating that the geometry of Fe-O2 bonding in heme proteins can be altered by the protein environment.", "contents": "Fe-O2 bonding and oxyheme structure in myoglobin. In the polarized electronic absorption spectrum of oxymyoglobin in single crystals, charge-transfer states involving orbitals of the iron and dioxygen ligand are defined as probes of oxyheme orbital structure and coordination geometry. The spectrum of sperm whale oxymyoglobin is diagnostic of a bent (formula: see text) oxheme coordination geometry with totally spin-paired, ground-state electronic configurations of the iron and of the dioxygen ligand. In contrast, Aplysia myoglobin is distinguishably different in oxyheme structure, indicating that the geometry of Fe-O2 bonding in heme proteins can be altered by the protein environment."}
{"id": "PMID:276872", "title": "Decreased microviscosity of membrane lipids in leukemic cells: two possible mechanisms.", "content": "Steady-state fluorescence polarization studies with the fluorescent lipid probe 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene were done to determine the degree of microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids and serum lipoproteins in human normal donors and leukemic patients. The results show a marked decrease in microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids in both intact lymphocytes and isolated cellular plasma membranes obtained from leukemic patients in clinical relapse as compared to intact lymphocytes and isolated cellular plasma membranes obtained from normal donors and leukemic patients in complete clinical remission. Concomitant to these dynamic changes in cellular membrane lipids, the degree of microviscosity of lipids in the blood serum of leukemic patients in clinical relapse is markedly reduced as compared to serum obtained from normal donors and leukemic patients in complete clinical remission. Moreover, an in vitro incubation of leukemic lymphocytes with normal low density lipoproteins results in an increased microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids. In addition to the interrelation between cellular membrane lipids and serum lipoproteins, plasma membrane vesicles with a high degree of lipid microviscosity were isolated from the blood serum and pleural effusion of leukemic patients in clinical relapse. Such membrane vesicles could not be detected in normal serum. Therefore, we suggest that the two major mechanisms associated with the decreased microviscosity of membrane lipids in human leukemic cells are an abnormal exchange in lipids between the leukemic cell surface membrane and leukemic serum lipoproteins and an exfoliation of plasma membrane vesicles with a high degree of microviscosity from the cell surface of leukemic cells.", "contents": "Decreased microviscosity of membrane lipids in leukemic cells: two possible mechanisms. Steady-state fluorescence polarization studies with the fluorescent lipid probe 1,6-diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene were done to determine the degree of microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids and serum lipoproteins in human normal donors and leukemic patients. The results show a marked decrease in microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids in both intact lymphocytes and isolated cellular plasma membranes obtained from leukemic patients in clinical relapse as compared to intact lymphocytes and isolated cellular plasma membranes obtained from normal donors and leukemic patients in complete clinical remission. Concomitant to these dynamic changes in cellular membrane lipids, the degree of microviscosity of lipids in the blood serum of leukemic patients in clinical relapse is markedly reduced as compared to serum obtained from normal donors and leukemic patients in complete clinical remission. Moreover, an in vitro incubation of leukemic lymphocytes with normal low density lipoproteins results in an increased microviscosity of cellular membrane lipids. In addition to the interrelation between cellular membrane lipids and serum lipoproteins, plasma membrane vesicles with a high degree of lipid microviscosity were isolated from the blood serum and pleural effusion of leukemic patients in clinical relapse. Such membrane vesicles could not be detected in normal serum. Therefore, we suggest that the two major mechanisms associated with the decreased microviscosity of membrane lipids in human leukemic cells are an abnormal exchange in lipids between the leukemic cell surface membrane and leukemic serum lipoproteins and an exfoliation of plasma membrane vesicles with a high degree of microviscosity from the cell surface of leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:276873", "title": "Interactions between adenovirus, a tumor promoter, and chemical carcinogens in transformation of rat embryo cell cultures.", "content": "The tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) caused a 2- to 3-fold enhancement of transformation of secondary rat embryo cells that had been injected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 5(H5ts 125). In addition, transformed foci appeared earlier and were larger in cultures grown in the presence of TPA. The addition of TPA could be delayed until up to 7 days after viral injection and still enhancement was observed. Exposure of the cells to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]pyrene prior to H5ts125 infection also resulted in a 2- to 4-fold enhancement of transformation, and this enhancement was further augmented 2- to 3-fold when cells were grown in TPA after virus infection. Whereas TPA did not enhance the cloning efficiency of normal rat embryo cells, it did enhance the cloning efficiency of isolated colonies of adenovirus-transformed cells when these were grown alone or cocultured with a 100-fold excess of normal rat embryo cells. The enhancement of adenovirus transformation by TPA appears to be due to its ability to facilitate expression of the transformed state rather than an effect on virus uptake or integration.", "contents": "Interactions between adenovirus, a tumor promoter, and chemical carcinogens in transformation of rat embryo cell cultures. The tumor-promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) caused a 2- to 3-fold enhancement of transformation of secondary rat embryo cells that had been injected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 5(H5ts 125). In addition, transformed foci appeared earlier and were larger in cultures grown in the presence of TPA. The addition of TPA could be delayed until up to 7 days after viral injection and still enhancement was observed. Exposure of the cells to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]pyrene prior to H5ts125 infection also resulted in a 2- to 4-fold enhancement of transformation, and this enhancement was further augmented 2- to 3-fold when cells were grown in TPA after virus infection. Whereas TPA did not enhance the cloning efficiency of normal rat embryo cells, it did enhance the cloning efficiency of isolated colonies of adenovirus-transformed cells when these were grown alone or cocultured with a 100-fold excess of normal rat embryo cells. The enhancement of adenovirus transformation by TPA appears to be due to its ability to facilitate expression of the transformed state rather than an effect on virus uptake or integration."}
{"id": "PMID:276874", "title": "Carbohydrate structure and cell differentitation: unique properties of fucosyl-glycopeptides isolated from embryonal carcinoma cells.", "content": "From embryonal carcinoma cells labeled with fucose, two main classes of glycopeptide products of Pronase digestion can be distinguished by Sephadex G-50 column chromatography: one eluted near the excluded volume and a smaller one. The large fucosyl-glycopeptides are scarcely present in differentiated cells derived from embryonal carcinoma cells (i.e., fibroblastlike cells, myoblasts, and parietal yolk-sac carcinoma). During in vitro differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells, these large glycopeptides disappear almost completely. The small glycopeptides were analyzed by paper electrophoresis, concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and digestion with an endoglycosidase. The major components of these glycopeptides from embryonal carcinoma cells appear to be different from complex glycopeptides known to occur in adult cells. The glycopeptide pattern of mouse preimplantation embryos resembles that of embryonal carcinoma cells. These results suggest that the carbohydrate profile changes fundamentally during early stages of mammalian development.", "contents": "Carbohydrate structure and cell differentitation: unique properties of fucosyl-glycopeptides isolated from embryonal carcinoma cells. From embryonal carcinoma cells labeled with fucose, two main classes of glycopeptide products of Pronase digestion can be distinguished by Sephadex G-50 column chromatography: one eluted near the excluded volume and a smaller one. The large fucosyl-glycopeptides are scarcely present in differentiated cells derived from embryonal carcinoma cells (i.e., fibroblastlike cells, myoblasts, and parietal yolk-sac carcinoma). During in vitro differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells, these large glycopeptides disappear almost completely. The small glycopeptides were analyzed by paper electrophoresis, concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and digestion with an endoglycosidase. The major components of these glycopeptides from embryonal carcinoma cells appear to be different from complex glycopeptides known to occur in adult cells. The glycopeptide pattern of mouse preimplantation embryos resembles that of embryonal carcinoma cells. These results suggest that the carbohydrate profile changes fundamentally during early stages of mammalian development."}
{"id": "PMID:276875", "title": "Expression of a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS protein) by preimplantation mouse embryos and teratocarcinoma stem cells.", "content": "The expression of a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS, fibronectin) by preimplantation mouse embryos as well as cultured teratocarcinoma stem cells was detected by using indirect immunofluorescent staining. When each stage of preimplantation embryonic development was tested for the presence of LETS protein, none was observed on two-cell, four-cell, or eight-cell embryos, or on the morula or the outer cell layer (trophectoderm) of the early or late blastocyst. However, when the inner cell mass was isolated by immunosurgery, positive staining was observed. The intensity of the staining was significantly greater on the inner cell mass isolated from the expanded (day 4) blastocyst than on that from the early (day 3) blastocyst. Certain established cell lines of teratocarcinoma stem cells (embryonal carcinoma cells) also express cell surface LETS protein. \"Nullipotent\" (Nulli-SCC-1) as well as pluripotent (PSA 1) embryonal carcinoma cell lines have deposits of LETS protein concentrated in areas of cell-cell contact. In addition, a teratocarcinoma-derived endodermal cell line (PYS) was found to be capable of depositing LETS onto the substratum in a fibrillar network.Taken together, our results indicate that LETS protein is synthesized at a specific stage of preimplantation mouse embryonic development. In particular, they suggest that LETS protein is a product of the embryonic ectoderm, and that some types of embryonic endoderm are also capable of synthesizing this protein.", "contents": "Expression of a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS protein) by preimplantation mouse embryos and teratocarcinoma stem cells. The expression of a high molecular weight cell surface glycoprotein (LETS, fibronectin) by preimplantation mouse embryos as well as cultured teratocarcinoma stem cells was detected by using indirect immunofluorescent staining. When each stage of preimplantation embryonic development was tested for the presence of LETS protein, none was observed on two-cell, four-cell, or eight-cell embryos, or on the morula or the outer cell layer (trophectoderm) of the early or late blastocyst. However, when the inner cell mass was isolated by immunosurgery, positive staining was observed. The intensity of the staining was significantly greater on the inner cell mass isolated from the expanded (day 4) blastocyst than on that from the early (day 3) blastocyst. Certain established cell lines of teratocarcinoma stem cells (embryonal carcinoma cells) also express cell surface LETS protein. \"Nullipotent\" (Nulli-SCC-1) as well as pluripotent (PSA 1) embryonal carcinoma cell lines have deposits of LETS protein concentrated in areas of cell-cell contact. In addition, a teratocarcinoma-derived endodermal cell line (PYS) was found to be capable of depositing LETS onto the substratum in a fibrillar network.Taken together, our results indicate that LETS protein is synthesized at a specific stage of preimplantation mouse embryonic development. In particular, they suggest that LETS protein is a product of the embryonic ectoderm, and that some types of embryonic endoderm are also capable of synthesizing this protein."}
{"id": "PMID:276876", "title": "Isolation, preliminary characterization, and interferon antagonistic effect of a mammalian lectin-like substance.", "content": "We have isolated from mouse costal cartilage a tissue antagonist of interferon (TAI) which accelerates the decay of an established antiviral state. The effect is reminiscent of substances previously isolated from the basement membrane of human amnion. Since we have recently shown that phytohemagglutinin can mimic the biological effect of TAI, we have explored the possibility that TAI could be an animal lectin-like material. First, TAI agglutinates mouse cells; second, this cell agglutination is inhibited by some sugars. Preliminary characterization indicates that the active molecule is a protein. After Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, TAI is found in a peak of 150,000 molecular weight. When purified by isoelectric focusing, this peak shows maximal activities corresponding to an isoelectric point of pH 8.8 TAI binds to polysaccharide residues of the cell membrane which could be its primary site of action, comparable to phytohemagglutinin.", "contents": "Isolation, preliminary characterization, and interferon antagonistic effect of a mammalian lectin-like substance. We have isolated from mouse costal cartilage a tissue antagonist of interferon (TAI) which accelerates the decay of an established antiviral state. The effect is reminiscent of substances previously isolated from the basement membrane of human amnion. Since we have recently shown that phytohemagglutinin can mimic the biological effect of TAI, we have explored the possibility that TAI could be an animal lectin-like material. First, TAI agglutinates mouse cells; second, this cell agglutination is inhibited by some sugars. Preliminary characterization indicates that the active molecule is a protein. After Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, TAI is found in a peak of 150,000 molecular weight. When purified by isoelectric focusing, this peak shows maximal activities corresponding to an isoelectric point of pH 8.8 TAI binds to polysaccharide residues of the cell membrane which could be its primary site of action, comparable to phytohemagglutinin."}
{"id": "PMID:276877", "title": "Coupled cell-free synthesis, segregation, and core glycosylation of a secretory protein.", "content": "mRNA from rat mammary glands 13-15 days post partum was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system either in the absence or in the presence of ribosome-denuded membranes prepared from isolated rough microsomes of dog pancreas. Newly synthesized alpha-lactalbumin was identified by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific rabbit antiserum against rat alpha-lactalbumin and was characterized by partial amino-terminal sequence determination and by lectin affinity chromatography. In the absence of membranes a presumably unglycosylated form of alpha-lactalbumin was synthesized that bound neither to concanavalin A-Sepharose nor to Ricinus communis lectin-agarose and that contained an amino-terminal signal peptide region comprising 19 amino acid residues. In the presence of membranes a processed form was synthesized that lacked the signal peptide portion and that had an amino-terminal sequence identical to that of mature alpha-lactalbumin. Furthermore, this processed form was found to be segregated, presumably within the microsomal vesicles, because it was resistant to post-translational proteolysis. It was also found to be glycosylated, and because it bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose, from which it could be eluted specifically by alpha-methyl mannoside, but not to R. communis lectin-agarose, it was presumably core-glycosylated. Processing, segregation, and core glycosylation were observed to proceed only when membranes were present during translation and not when they were added after translation.", "contents": "Coupled cell-free synthesis, segregation, and core glycosylation of a secretory protein. mRNA from rat mammary glands 13-15 days post partum was translated in a wheat germ cell-free system either in the absence or in the presence of ribosome-denuded membranes prepared from isolated rough microsomes of dog pancreas. Newly synthesized alpha-lactalbumin was identified by immunoprecipitation with a monospecific rabbit antiserum against rat alpha-lactalbumin and was characterized by partial amino-terminal sequence determination and by lectin affinity chromatography. In the absence of membranes a presumably unglycosylated form of alpha-lactalbumin was synthesized that bound neither to concanavalin A-Sepharose nor to Ricinus communis lectin-agarose and that contained an amino-terminal signal peptide region comprising 19 amino acid residues. In the presence of membranes a processed form was synthesized that lacked the signal peptide portion and that had an amino-terminal sequence identical to that of mature alpha-lactalbumin. Furthermore, this processed form was found to be segregated, presumably within the microsomal vesicles, because it was resistant to post-translational proteolysis. It was also found to be glycosylated, and because it bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose, from which it could be eluted specifically by alpha-methyl mannoside, but not to R. communis lectin-agarose, it was presumably core-glycosylated. Processing, segregation, and core glycosylation were observed to proceed only when membranes were present during translation and not when they were added after translation."}
{"id": "PMID:276878", "title": "Enzymatic synthesis and rapid translocation of phosphatidylcholine by two methyltransferases in erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine is carried out by two methyltransferases in erythrocyte membranes. The first enzyme uses phosphatidylethanolamine as a substrate, requires Mg2+, and has a high affinity for methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The second enzyme methylates phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine and has a low affinity for S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The first enzyme is localized on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and the second enzyme faces the external surface. This asymmetric arrangement of the two enzymes across the membrane makes possible the stepwide methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine localized on the cytoplasmic side and facilitates the rapid transmembrane transfer of the final product, phosphatidylcholine, to the external surface of the membrane. A mechanism for an enzyme-mediated flip-flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the outer surface of erythrocyte membranes is described.", "contents": "Enzymatic synthesis and rapid translocation of phosphatidylcholine by two methyltransferases in erythrocyte membranes. The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine is carried out by two methyltransferases in erythrocyte membranes. The first enzyme uses phosphatidylethanolamine as a substrate, requires Mg2+, and has a high affinity for methyl donor, S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The second enzyme methylates phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine and has a low affinity for S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The first enzyme is localized on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and the second enzyme faces the external surface. This asymmetric arrangement of the two enzymes across the membrane makes possible the stepwide methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine localized on the cytoplasmic side and facilitates the rapid transmembrane transfer of the final product, phosphatidylcholine, to the external surface of the membrane. A mechanism for an enzyme-mediated flip-flop of phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the outer surface of erythrocyte membranes is described."}
{"id": "PMID:276879", "title": "Induction of maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes by a steroid linked to a polymer.", "content": "A progesterone analog has been covalently linked via an amide bond to polyethylene oxide (molecular weight, 20,000). This macromolecular steroid molecule displays the biological activity of progesterone in inducing meiotic maturation when incubated with Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage VI) in vitro. Its efficiency (half-maximum effective concentration, 30 muM) is approximately 10 times lower than that of its low molecular weight homolog (3 muM). Control experiments with polyethylene oxide and an estradiol derivative (up to 1 mM) assessed the specificity of the progesterone macromolecular analog. Uptake experiments using radioactive derivatives revealed a small (if not negligible) intake of the macromolecular progesterone analog by the oocytes compared to that of free steroids, and no parallelism was found between radioactivity incorporation and effect. The possibility of cleavage of the macromolecular derivative during the incubation was ruled out. Furthermore, injection of the polymer-linked progesterone into the oocytes did not induce maturation. These observations suggest that the macromolecular progesterone analog itself is responsible for the biological effect and that the presence of this compound inside the cell is neither necessary nor sufficient for triggering reinitiation of meiosis. These conclusions are in agreement with the proposal that interaction with the plasma membrane of the oocyte is necessary for progesterone action in this particular system, in contrast to the case of somatic cells which have intracellular steroid receptors.", "contents": "Induction of maturation in Xenopus laevis oocytes by a steroid linked to a polymer. A progesterone analog has been covalently linked via an amide bond to polyethylene oxide (molecular weight, 20,000). This macromolecular steroid molecule displays the biological activity of progesterone in inducing meiotic maturation when incubated with Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage VI) in vitro. Its efficiency (half-maximum effective concentration, 30 muM) is approximately 10 times lower than that of its low molecular weight homolog (3 muM). Control experiments with polyethylene oxide and an estradiol derivative (up to 1 mM) assessed the specificity of the progesterone macromolecular analog. Uptake experiments using radioactive derivatives revealed a small (if not negligible) intake of the macromolecular progesterone analog by the oocytes compared to that of free steroids, and no parallelism was found between radioactivity incorporation and effect. The possibility of cleavage of the macromolecular derivative during the incubation was ruled out. Furthermore, injection of the polymer-linked progesterone into the oocytes did not induce maturation. These observations suggest that the macromolecular progesterone analog itself is responsible for the biological effect and that the presence of this compound inside the cell is neither necessary nor sufficient for triggering reinitiation of meiosis. These conclusions are in agreement with the proposal that interaction with the plasma membrane of the oocyte is necessary for progesterone action in this particular system, in contrast to the case of somatic cells which have intracellular steroid receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:276880", "title": "Tumorigenicity and its suppression in cybrids of mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines.", "content": "The effect of cytoplasm upon the expression of tumorigenicity was examined with a pair of mouse and a pair of Chinese hamster cell lines, in intraspecies cybrids formed by reciprocal fusions between either tumorigenic or nontumorigenic cells and cytoplasms derived from them. With the mouse cells, 3T3 and the simian virus 40-transformed line SVT2, the cybrid clones were tumorigenic when SVT2 cells were fused with 3T3 cytoplasts, but not in the reciprocal fusion. With the hamster cells, CHEF/18 and the spontaneous transformant CHEF/16, however, tumorigenicity was partially suppressed in cybrid clones formed by fusion of tumorigenic CHEF/16 cells with CHEF/18 cytoplasts; cybrids were nontumorigenic in the reciprocal fusion. Thus, cybrid analysis has shown that tumorigenicity is not cytoplasmically transmitted in these two cell pairs, but suppression of tumor-forming ability may be cytoplasmically transmitted in the hamster cybrids.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity and its suppression in cybrids of mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines. The effect of cytoplasm upon the expression of tumorigenicity was examined with a pair of mouse and a pair of Chinese hamster cell lines, in intraspecies cybrids formed by reciprocal fusions between either tumorigenic or nontumorigenic cells and cytoplasms derived from them. With the mouse cells, 3T3 and the simian virus 40-transformed line SVT2, the cybrid clones were tumorigenic when SVT2 cells were fused with 3T3 cytoplasts, but not in the reciprocal fusion. With the hamster cells, CHEF/18 and the spontaneous transformant CHEF/16, however, tumorigenicity was partially suppressed in cybrid clones formed by fusion of tumorigenic CHEF/16 cells with CHEF/18 cytoplasts; cybrids were nontumorigenic in the reciprocal fusion. Thus, cybrid analysis has shown that tumorigenicity is not cytoplasmically transmitted in these two cell pairs, but suppression of tumor-forming ability may be cytoplasmically transmitted in the hamster cybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:276881", "title": "Complement C3 convertase: cell surface restriction of beta1H control and generation of restriction on neuraminidase-treated cells.", "content": "The alternative or properdin pathway of complement is primarily controlled by the endopeptidase C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and the nonproteolytic glycoprotein beta1H. The molecular mechanisms of control were investigated by performing binding studies of radiolabeled complement proteins to C3b bearing sheep erythrocytes (E(S)C3b). C3b was found to have distinct binding sites for beta1H, C3bINA, Factor B, and properdin. beta1H binding increased C3bINA binding 30-fold, while Factor B binding prevented C3bINA action on C3b and was competitive with beta1H binding. Properdin binding, which facilitates Factor B interaction with C3b, had no effect on the beta1H and C3bINA sites. Activators such as rabbit erythrocytes (E(R)) have previously been shown to interfere with the effectiveness of the control by C3bINA and beta1H, thereby allowing unrestricted formation of C3 convertase. Such restriction of control does not occur on the surface of E(S), a nonactivator of the alternative pathway. On the basis of comparative binding studies, restriction of control is explained entirely by reduced binding of beta1H to E(R)C3b relative to E(S)C3b. Access of properdin, Factor B, C3bINA, and the Fab fragment of anti-C3 to the two cell types was unrestricted. Restriction of beta1H control could be generated on the surface of E(S) by removal of cell-surface sialic acid with neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18). This enzymatic treatment converted E(S) from a nonactivator to an activator of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Complement C3 convertase: cell surface restriction of beta1H control and generation of restriction on neuraminidase-treated cells. The alternative or properdin pathway of complement is primarily controlled by the endopeptidase C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and the nonproteolytic glycoprotein beta1H. The molecular mechanisms of control were investigated by performing binding studies of radiolabeled complement proteins to C3b bearing sheep erythrocytes (E(S)C3b). C3b was found to have distinct binding sites for beta1H, C3bINA, Factor B, and properdin. beta1H binding increased C3bINA binding 30-fold, while Factor B binding prevented C3bINA action on C3b and was competitive with beta1H binding. Properdin binding, which facilitates Factor B interaction with C3b, had no effect on the beta1H and C3bINA sites. Activators such as rabbit erythrocytes (E(R)) have previously been shown to interfere with the effectiveness of the control by C3bINA and beta1H, thereby allowing unrestricted formation of C3 convertase. Such restriction of control does not occur on the surface of E(S), a nonactivator of the alternative pathway. On the basis of comparative binding studies, restriction of control is explained entirely by reduced binding of beta1H to E(R)C3b relative to E(S)C3b. Access of properdin, Factor B, C3bINA, and the Fab fragment of anti-C3 to the two cell types was unrestricted. Restriction of beta1H control could be generated on the surface of E(S) by removal of cell-surface sialic acid with neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase; EC 3.2.1.18). This enzymatic treatment converted E(S) from a nonactivator to an activator of the alternative pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:276882", "title": "Studies on the murine Ss protein: demonstration that the Ss protein is functionally the fourth component of complement.", "content": "This report describes a simple and reproducible assay for the fourth component of murine complement (C4). Utilizing this assay, experiments are described which conclusively demonstrate that the murine Ss protein (serum substance) is functional C4 and that ascitic fluid may be used as a source for isolating Ss. The evidence that Ss is functional C4 is: (i) pretreatment of mouse plasma with F(ab')2 anti-Ss completely abrogated the C4 hemolytic titer; and (ii) in the isolation of the Ss protein from ascitic fluid, Ss immunochemical activity and C4 functional activity coeluted in each step of a four-step purification procedure.", "contents": "Studies on the murine Ss protein: demonstration that the Ss protein is functionally the fourth component of complement. This report describes a simple and reproducible assay for the fourth component of murine complement (C4). Utilizing this assay, experiments are described which conclusively demonstrate that the murine Ss protein (serum substance) is functional C4 and that ascitic fluid may be used as a source for isolating Ss. The evidence that Ss is functional C4 is: (i) pretreatment of mouse plasma with F(ab')2 anti-Ss completely abrogated the C4 hemolytic titer; and (ii) in the isolation of the Ss protein from ascitic fluid, Ss immunochemical activity and C4 functional activity coeluted in each step of a four-step purification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:276883", "title": "Model for the incidence of embryonal cancers: application to retinoblastoma.", "content": "The two-mutation theory of cancer initiation hypothesizes that some cancers originate after two successive mutations, of which the second mutation is always somatic and the first mutation may be germinal (hereditary cases) or somatic (nonhereditary cases). A quantitative model using the Poisson distribution is developed for ages at diagnosis for hereditary and nonhereditary cases. This model relates age-specific incidence data explicitly to the number of divisions of embryonal cells and to rates of somatic mutations per cell division. A good fit is obtained when the model is applied to data on ages at diagnosis for one such embryonal tumor, retinoblastoma.", "contents": "Model for the incidence of embryonal cancers: application to retinoblastoma. The two-mutation theory of cancer initiation hypothesizes that some cancers originate after two successive mutations, of which the second mutation is always somatic and the first mutation may be germinal (hereditary cases) or somatic (nonhereditary cases). A quantitative model using the Poisson distribution is developed for ages at diagnosis for hereditary and nonhereditary cases. This model relates age-specific incidence data explicitly to the number of divisions of embryonal cells and to rates of somatic mutations per cell division. A good fit is obtained when the model is applied to data on ages at diagnosis for one such embryonal tumor, retinoblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:276884", "title": "Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide and other polar compounds.", "content": "A human leukemic cell line (designated HL-60) has recently been established from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. This cell line displays distinct morphological and histochemical commitment towards myeloid differentiation. The cultured cells are predominantly promyelocytes, but the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to the culture induces them to differentiate into myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and banded and segmented neutrophils. All 150 clones developed from the HL-60 culture show similar morphological differentiation in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Unlike the morphologically immature promyelocytes, the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced mature cells exhibit functional maturity as exemplified by phagocytic activity. A number of other compounds previously shown to induce erythroid differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia (Friend) cells can induce analogous maturation of the myeloid HL-60 cells. The marked similarity in behavior of HL-60 cells and Friend cells in the presence of these inducing agents suggests that similar molecular mechanisms are involved in the induction of differentiation of these human myeloid and murine erythroid leukemic cells.", "contents": "Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide and other polar compounds. A human leukemic cell line (designated HL-60) has recently been established from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. This cell line displays distinct morphological and histochemical commitment towards myeloid differentiation. The cultured cells are predominantly promyelocytes, but the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide to the culture induces them to differentiate into myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and banded and segmented neutrophils. All 150 clones developed from the HL-60 culture show similar morphological differentiation in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. Unlike the morphologically immature promyelocytes, the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced mature cells exhibit functional maturity as exemplified by phagocytic activity. A number of other compounds previously shown to induce erythroid differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia (Friend) cells can induce analogous maturation of the myeloid HL-60 cells. The marked similarity in behavior of HL-60 cells and Friend cells in the presence of these inducing agents suggests that similar molecular mechanisms are involved in the induction of differentiation of these human myeloid and murine erythroid leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:276885", "title": "Modification of conditioned behavior of rats by neurohypophyseal hormones and analogues.", "content": "Vasopressin and other neurohypophyseal peptides affect various processes related to memory and/or learning. A single subcutaneous injection of vasopressin increases resistance to extinction of a pole-jumping avoidance response in rat. This test system has been applied in an attempt to relate structural aspects of neurohypophyseal peptides, analogues, and derivatives with truncated sequences to their effects on conditioned behavior. Thus far it can be concluded that there are more stringent requirements on certain residues in the 20-member covalent ring than in positions 8 and 9 of the linear peptide portion for neurohypophyseal hormones to be active. Critical are the contributions of residues in positions 2, 3, and 5; these results are reminiscent of those from conformation-activity correlations of the endocrine effects of neurohypophyseal hormones, in which the side chain of the residue in position 3 is critical for receptor binding and the side chains of residues in positions 2 and 5 are key for the activation of the receptor. Chemical modifications in position 4 yield analogues that are active and inactive in increasing the resistance to extinction of the avoidance response, depending on the particular structural substitution, similar to results from structure-activity studies of the endocrine activities of neurohypophyseal hormones. Because behavioral activities of vasopressin are more tolerant than endocrine activities to modifications of the hormone in positions 8 and 9, analogues with the most striking dissociation of potencies in learned behavior and endocrine responses are expected to be those with sequence alterations in the linear peptide portion. Peptides with linear part sequences of neurohypophyseal hormones showed little or no activity. The results obtained in this structure-activity study are compared with those of an earlier study in which the ability of various neurohypophyseal peptides to attenuate puromycin-induced amnesia in mice was evaluated.", "contents": "Modification of conditioned behavior of rats by neurohypophyseal hormones and analogues. Vasopressin and other neurohypophyseal peptides affect various processes related to memory and/or learning. A single subcutaneous injection of vasopressin increases resistance to extinction of a pole-jumping avoidance response in rat. This test system has been applied in an attempt to relate structural aspects of neurohypophyseal peptides, analogues, and derivatives with truncated sequences to their effects on conditioned behavior. Thus far it can be concluded that there are more stringent requirements on certain residues in the 20-member covalent ring than in positions 8 and 9 of the linear peptide portion for neurohypophyseal hormones to be active. Critical are the contributions of residues in positions 2, 3, and 5; these results are reminiscent of those from conformation-activity correlations of the endocrine effects of neurohypophyseal hormones, in which the side chain of the residue in position 3 is critical for receptor binding and the side chains of residues in positions 2 and 5 are key for the activation of the receptor. Chemical modifications in position 4 yield analogues that are active and inactive in increasing the resistance to extinction of the avoidance response, depending on the particular structural substitution, similar to results from structure-activity studies of the endocrine activities of neurohypophyseal hormones. Because behavioral activities of vasopressin are more tolerant than endocrine activities to modifications of the hormone in positions 8 and 9, analogues with the most striking dissociation of potencies in learned behavior and endocrine responses are expected to be those with sequence alterations in the linear peptide portion. Peptides with linear part sequences of neurohypophyseal hormones showed little or no activity. The results obtained in this structure-activity study are compared with those of an earlier study in which the ability of various neurohypophyseal peptides to attenuate puromycin-induced amnesia in mice was evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:276886", "title": "Localization of acetylcholine receptor in excitable membrane from the electric organ of Torpedo: Evidence for exposure of receptor antigenic sites on both sides of the membrane.", "content": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was localized in a receptor-rich membrane preparation from the electric organ of Torpedo californica by applying an immunoferritin technique. The membrane preparation was incubated with (Fab')2 fragments derived from specific rabbit antibodies against the purified acetylcholine receptor and subsequently with ferritin-conjugated goat antiserum to rabbit immunoglobulin. More than 50% of the vesicles were found to be labeled with ferritin while the rest remained unlabeled. Ferritin labeling on both sides of the membrane was evident in open membrane vesicles, whereas in closed vescles the labeling was confined to the outer surface due to the inability of the tracer to penetrate the membrane. These data suggest that antigenic sites of the receptor molecule are exposed on both sides of the excitable membrane, and that acetylcholine receptor may be a transmembrane protein.", "contents": "Localization of acetylcholine receptor in excitable membrane from the electric organ of Torpedo: Evidence for exposure of receptor antigenic sites on both sides of the membrane. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was localized in a receptor-rich membrane preparation from the electric organ of Torpedo californica by applying an immunoferritin technique. The membrane preparation was incubated with (Fab')2 fragments derived from specific rabbit antibodies against the purified acetylcholine receptor and subsequently with ferritin-conjugated goat antiserum to rabbit immunoglobulin. More than 50% of the vesicles were found to be labeled with ferritin while the rest remained unlabeled. Ferritin labeling on both sides of the membrane was evident in open membrane vesicles, whereas in closed vescles the labeling was confined to the outer surface due to the inability of the tracer to penetrate the membrane. These data suggest that antigenic sites of the receptor molecule are exposed on both sides of the excitable membrane, and that acetylcholine receptor may be a transmembrane protein."}
{"id": "PMID:276887", "title": "Intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor induces ornithine decarboxylase in peripheral tissues of the rat.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor causes an increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) in liver, kidney, and adrenal as well as in brain itself. An increase in the concentration of corticosterone in the blood was also observed. Adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, or pituitary stalk section inhibits the increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the peripheral tissues. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the brain, however, responds to nerve growth factor in these animals. The data indicate that nerve growth factor causes an acitivation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal endocrine system.", "contents": "Intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor induces ornithine decarboxylase in peripheral tissues of the rat. Intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor causes an increase in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) in liver, kidney, and adrenal as well as in brain itself. An increase in the concentration of corticosterone in the blood was also observed. Adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy, or pituitary stalk section inhibits the increase of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the peripheral tissues. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the brain, however, responds to nerve growth factor in these animals. The data indicate that nerve growth factor causes an acitivation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal endocrine system."}
{"id": "PMID:276888", "title": "Different time course of development for high-affinity choline uptake and choline acetyltransferase in the chick retina.", "content": "Synthesis and storage of [3H]acetylcholine in isolated pieces of chick retina increased in two stages during embryogenesis. The first increase coincided with a 100-fold rise in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6), but during the second increase the activity of this enzyme remained essentially constant. The second increase instead was linked to an approximately 6-fold increase in the Vmax for high-affinity uptake of choline.", "contents": "Different time course of development for high-affinity choline uptake and choline acetyltransferase in the chick retina. Synthesis and storage of [3H]acetylcholine in isolated pieces of chick retina increased in two stages during embryogenesis. The first increase coincided with a 100-fold rise in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6), but during the second increase the activity of this enzyme remained essentially constant. The second increase instead was linked to an approximately 6-fold increase in the Vmax for high-affinity uptake of choline."}
{"id": "PMID:276889", "title": "Ovarian ornithine decarboxylase regulation in the immature, the pubescent, and the pseudopregnant rat.", "content": "Ovarian ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) regulation was investigated in immature, pubescent, and pseudopregnant rats. After initial induction of the enzyme by injection of lutropin in the immature rat, continued daily injections resulted in a graded decrease in the activity of the enzyme. In the 32-day-old rat, the induction and subsequent decline in enzymic activity after a single injection of lutropin could only be partially reversed by injections of the hormone at 4-hr intervals. This decrease could not be attributed to a decrease in ovarian in vivo uptake of the hormone. In the pseudopregnant rat, ovarian ornithine decarboxylase is highly refractory to induction by either a single injection or repeated injections of lutropin. This refractoriness occurs despite a 2- to 3-fold increase in ovarian in vivo uptake of the hormone compared to that in the 32-day-old rat. It is suggested that the refractoriness observed with all three tissues is a function of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Ovarian ornithine decarboxylase regulation in the immature, the pubescent, and the pseudopregnant rat. Ovarian ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) regulation was investigated in immature, pubescent, and pseudopregnant rats. After initial induction of the enzyme by injection of lutropin in the immature rat, continued daily injections resulted in a graded decrease in the activity of the enzyme. In the 32-day-old rat, the induction and subsequent decline in enzymic activity after a single injection of lutropin could only be partially reversed by injections of the hormone at 4-hr intervals. This decrease could not be attributed to a decrease in ovarian in vivo uptake of the hormone. In the pseudopregnant rat, ovarian ornithine decarboxylase is highly refractory to induction by either a single injection or repeated injections of lutropin. This refractoriness occurs despite a 2- to 3-fold increase in ovarian in vivo uptake of the hormone compared to that in the 32-day-old rat. It is suggested that the refractoriness observed with all three tissues is a function of cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:276890", "title": "The law of perceptual stability: well-definedness and validity.", "content": "Axiomatic foundations for a theory of perception have been given in a prior communication [Shiman, L. G. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2049-2053]. The theory is based on mathematically characterized stable images. Stable images model subjective (psychological) states of observers. We showed there is a universal procedure by which such stable images can be assigned to objects of perception (icons), employing observer-dependent perceptual judgements. We construct an abstract model for an icon from the mathematical structure of a stable image that has been assigned to it. We identify the model with the icon. By identifying the model with the object of perception, we can analyze perception of the icon in terms of the mathematical properties of its associated stable images. Thus subjective phenomena, in this mathematical form, can be used to analyze the mechanisms of sensory processes. Grounds for validity of the stability law are given. The procedures are demonstrably universal. A stable image, although subjectively derived from an icon, is a mathematical entity, and has therefore objective status. Stable images give a natural and potentially complete (mathematical) classification of icons, along nontraditional lines, which includes a classification and account of many well-known \"visual illusions.\"Extension of this (static) theory to include time-dependent (kinetic) cases is outlined. We consider grammar for vision, semantics, and the role of stability theory in constructing a unified theory of vision and natural languages.", "contents": "The law of perceptual stability: well-definedness and validity. Axiomatic foundations for a theory of perception have been given in a prior communication [Shiman, L. G. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 2049-2053]. The theory is based on mathematically characterized stable images. Stable images model subjective (psychological) states of observers. We showed there is a universal procedure by which such stable images can be assigned to objects of perception (icons), employing observer-dependent perceptual judgements. We construct an abstract model for an icon from the mathematical structure of a stable image that has been assigned to it. We identify the model with the icon. By identifying the model with the object of perception, we can analyze perception of the icon in terms of the mathematical properties of its associated stable images. Thus subjective phenomena, in this mathematical form, can be used to analyze the mechanisms of sensory processes. Grounds for validity of the stability law are given. The procedures are demonstrably universal. A stable image, although subjectively derived from an icon, is a mathematical entity, and has therefore objective status. Stable images give a natural and potentially complete (mathematical) classification of icons, along nontraditional lines, which includes a classification and account of many well-known \"visual illusions.\"Extension of this (static) theory to include time-dependent (kinetic) cases is outlined. We consider grammar for vision, semantics, and the role of stability theory in constructing a unified theory of vision and natural languages."}
{"id": "PMID:276891", "title": "Behavioral effects and metabolic fate of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice pretreated with beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), improniazid and chlorpromazine.", "content": "Behavioral aspects and metabolic fate of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were studied in mice pretreated with beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), iproniazid or chlorpromazine (CPZ). DMT at doses of 2.5, 10.0, and 25.0 mg/kg produced several behavioral changes in a dose-related manner: inhibition of spontaneous locomotor movement, enhanced fright responses to sound stimuli, trembling, head twitching, inco-ordinated movements of hind-legs, flat or extended tail and abnormal posture with the extension of hind-legs. Pretreatment with ipromazid (153 mg/kg; 4 hr) but not SKF 525-A (50 mg/kg; 1 hr) prolonged the behavioral effects produced by 2.5 mg/kg DMT while CPZ (15 mg/kg; 0.5 hr) completely abolished the responses induced by 25 mg/kg DMT. Earlier behavioral effects generally coincided with the brain concentrations of DMT. Dose-dependent increases with rapid uptake and disappearance in the brain, plasma and hepatic levels of DMT were measured with doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg DMT. Iproniazid but not SKF 525-A markedly enhanced tissue levels of DMT. it is concluded that DMT is metabolized chiefly by monoamine oxidase rather than by drug-metabolizing hepatic microsomal enzymes and that DMT-induced behavioral effects are due to the parent compound rather than its metabolite.", "contents": "Behavioral effects and metabolic fate of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in mice pretreated with beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), improniazid and chlorpromazine. Behavioral aspects and metabolic fate of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were studied in mice pretreated with beta-diethylaminoethyl-diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525-A), iproniazid or chlorpromazine (CPZ). DMT at doses of 2.5, 10.0, and 25.0 mg/kg produced several behavioral changes in a dose-related manner: inhibition of spontaneous locomotor movement, enhanced fright responses to sound stimuli, trembling, head twitching, inco-ordinated movements of hind-legs, flat or extended tail and abnormal posture with the extension of hind-legs. Pretreatment with ipromazid (153 mg/kg; 4 hr) but not SKF 525-A (50 mg/kg; 1 hr) prolonged the behavioral effects produced by 2.5 mg/kg DMT while CPZ (15 mg/kg; 0.5 hr) completely abolished the responses induced by 25 mg/kg DMT. Earlier behavioral effects generally coincided with the brain concentrations of DMT. Dose-dependent increases with rapid uptake and disappearance in the brain, plasma and hepatic levels of DMT were measured with doses of 10 and 25 mg/kg DMT. Iproniazid but not SKF 525-A markedly enhanced tissue levels of DMT. it is concluded that DMT is metabolized chiefly by monoamine oxidase rather than by drug-metabolizing hepatic microsomal enzymes and that DMT-induced behavioral effects are due to the parent compound rather than its metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:276904", "title": "[Architectural and structural craniofacial analysis (lateral view). Theoretical principles. Some example of its use in maxillofacial surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon the study of mutual equilibrium of the various bony structures of the skull and face, cranio facial architectural and structural analysis studies successively the skull (vault and base), then the face in relation to the skull and to the cranio-spinal joint. Its value lies in avoiding statistical averages rather relying upon individual measurements, influenced by the special features of each skeleton. It places the dentition within its cephalic context, thereby making it possible to demonstrate certain pathogenic factors of dento-facial dysmorphoses, not demonstrated by traditional types of orthodontic analysis. It is particularly useful to the maxillofacial surgeon in clearly demonstrating all maxillfacial amlformations and the pathological equilibria which it must transform. In the most severe types of craniofacial dysmorphosis it offers better possibilities than other methods of analysis of detecting the various cranial and facial abnormalities which characterise these conditions.", "contents": "[Architectural and structural craniofacial analysis (lateral view). Theoretical principles. Some example of its use in maxillofacial surgery (author's transl)]. Based upon the study of mutual equilibrium of the various bony structures of the skull and face, cranio facial architectural and structural analysis studies successively the skull (vault and base), then the face in relation to the skull and to the cranio-spinal joint. Its value lies in avoiding statistical averages rather relying upon individual measurements, influenced by the special features of each skeleton. It places the dentition within its cephalic context, thereby making it possible to demonstrate certain pathogenic factors of dento-facial dysmorphoses, not demonstrated by traditional types of orthodontic analysis. It is particularly useful to the maxillofacial surgeon in clearly demonstrating all maxillfacial amlformations and the pathological equilibria which it must transform. In the most severe types of craniofacial dysmorphosis it offers better possibilities than other methods of analysis of detecting the various cranial and facial abnormalities which characterise these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:276905", "title": "[Cleido-cranial dysplasia. Contribution to study of this disease on the basis of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "First described in 1898 under the name of cleido-cranial dysostosis by Pierre Marie and Sainton, this hereditary disease is highly polymorphous and progressive, hence the multiplicity of its manifestations. These involve not only the skull and clavicle, but also the hands, the spine and the teeth. In fact, it is disturbance of growth rather than a dysostosis in the strict sense of the term. Its mode of transmission is dominant. Its pathogenesis is totally unknown.", "contents": "[Cleido-cranial dysplasia. Contribution to study of this disease on the basis of four cases (author's transl)]. First described in 1898 under the name of cleido-cranial dysostosis by Pierre Marie and Sainton, this hereditary disease is highly polymorphous and progressive, hence the multiplicity of its manifestations. These involve not only the skull and clavicle, but also the hands, the spine and the teeth. In fact, it is disturbance of growth rather than a dysostosis in the strict sense of the term. Its mode of transmission is dominant. Its pathogenesis is totally unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:276906", "title": "[The association cleido-cranial dysplasia and a Capdepont dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a rare association: that of two hereditary dysplasias transmitted in a dominant manner. Cleido-cranial dysplasia or Pierre Marie and Saniton syndrome, a congenital polymorphous disease, affecting the bones during their growth with a Capadepont dysplasia or hereditary opalescent dentine, a condition affecting both dentitons.", "contents": "[The association cleido-cranial dysplasia and a Capdepont dysplasia (author's transl)]. The authors report a rare association: that of two hereditary dysplasias transmitted in a dominant manner. Cleido-cranial dysplasia or Pierre Marie and Saniton syndrome, a congenital polymorphous disease, affecting the bones during their growth with a Capadepont dysplasia or hereditary opalescent dentine, a condition affecting both dentitons."}
{"id": "PMID:276907", "title": "[Primary malignant melanoma of the parotid. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of malignant melanoma of the parotid occurring in a 22-year-old man, followed by two local recurrences after surgical excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The primary parotid nature of the tumour was confirmed by the absence of tumour in other sites and by the histological characteristics.", "contents": "[Primary malignant melanoma of the parotid. One case (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of malignant melanoma of the parotid occurring in a 22-year-old man, followed by two local recurrences after surgical excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The primary parotid nature of the tumour was confirmed by the absence of tumour in other sites and by the histological characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:276908", "title": "[Pulmonary-mediastinal sarcoidosis presenting as parotiditis. A report on two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on two cases in which parotid localization enabled diagnosis of an unsuspected sarcoidosis io be made. They feel that, apart from Sjogren-Goygerot's syndrome, all patients with parotiditis, even non-specific, should be examined systematically to exclude the possibility of a latent sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary-mediastinal sarcoidosis presenting as parotiditis. A report on two cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on two cases in which parotid localization enabled diagnosis of an unsuspected sarcoidosis io be made. They feel that, apart from Sjogren-Goygerot's syndrome, all patients with parotiditis, even non-specific, should be examined systematically to exclude the possibility of a latent sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:276909", "title": "[Radiocrystallographic study of 46 salivary calculi. Physiopathogenic hypotheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiocrystallographic study of 46 salivary calculi using the Debye and Scherrer powder methods showed that such stones, whether submaxillary, parotid or \"accessory\" consist essentially of hydroxyapatite with the frequent presence of tricalcium and octocalcium phosphates, Whitlockite and rarely Brushite and Calcite. In order for a stone to form, the following conditions would seem to be necessary; transient supersaturation of the saliva in Ca++ and PO4--, a pH greater than normal, intracellular precepitation of amorphous tricalcium phosphate which is transformed into crystalline hydroxyapatite and, then, the fixation of crystals on a \"matrix\" such as desquamated cells, fibrils and collagens.", "contents": "[Radiocrystallographic study of 46 salivary calculi. Physiopathogenic hypotheses (author's transl)]. The radiocrystallographic study of 46 salivary calculi using the Debye and Scherrer powder methods showed that such stones, whether submaxillary, parotid or \"accessory\" consist essentially of hydroxyapatite with the frequent presence of tricalcium and octocalcium phosphates, Whitlockite and rarely Brushite and Calcite. In order for a stone to form, the following conditions would seem to be necessary; transient supersaturation of the saliva in Ca++ and PO4--, a pH greater than normal, intracellular precepitation of amorphous tricalcium phosphate which is transformed into crystalline hydroxyapatite and, then, the fixation of crystals on a \"matrix\" such as desquamated cells, fibrils and collagens."}
{"id": "PMID:276910", "title": "[Mandibular localization of thesaurismosis (polyvinyl-pyrrolidine) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a case of isolated mandibular localization of polyvinyl-pyrrolidine thesaurismosis. The patient, a man of 38, had been treated with injections of posterior pituitary extract, for a period of eighteen months, 10 year ago. Localization in the mandible is extremely rare, making diagnosis difficult unless a detailed anamnesis is available.", "contents": "[Mandibular localization of thesaurismosis (polyvinyl-pyrrolidine) (author's transl)]. The authors report on a case of isolated mandibular localization of polyvinyl-pyrrolidine thesaurismosis. The patient, a man of 38, had been treated with injections of posterior pituitary extract, for a period of eighteen months, 10 year ago. Localization in the mandible is extremely rare, making diagnosis difficult unless a detailed anamnesis is available."}
{"id": "PMID:276911", "title": "Extratympanic manometry in man. Clinical and experimental investigations of the acoustic stapedius and tensor tympani contractions in normal subjects and in patients.", "content": "New ideas and inspirations for future human investigations have emerged from the experience obtained in this study. These investigations ought to be performed for both scientific and clinical reasons. It is the author's opinion that the ETM method is extremely useful and valuable. The author intends to continue the human investigations if proper conditions are available. The ETM equipment can also be further improved for scientific and special clinical investigations. For normal clinical practice a more \"simplified\" ETM equipment should be developed. Clinical investigations concerning the diagnosis of brain stem disorders and the selection of noise susceptible persons will be two of the primary clinical tasks.", "contents": "Extratympanic manometry in man. Clinical and experimental investigations of the acoustic stapedius and tensor tympani contractions in normal subjects and in patients. New ideas and inspirations for future human investigations have emerged from the experience obtained in this study. These investigations ought to be performed for both scientific and clinical reasons. It is the author's opinion that the ETM method is extremely useful and valuable. The author intends to continue the human investigations if proper conditions are available. The ETM equipment can also be further improved for scientific and special clinical investigations. For normal clinical practice a more \"simplified\" ETM equipment should be developed. Clinical investigations concerning the diagnosis of brain stem disorders and the selection of noise susceptible persons will be two of the primary clinical tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:276912", "title": "Discoloration of permanent front teeth in 3,157 Norwegian children due to tetracyclines and other factors.", "content": "During routine orthodontic screening in Oslo, Norway, of 3,157 children, aged 1--11 years and born in 1963/64, 36 cases (1.14%) with cosmetically marring discoloration of permanent front teeth were registered. Thirty-four of them arrived for a more exhaustive examination, which in 24 of the children revealed positive tetracycline fluorescence on exposure to ultraviolet light. In 13 (0.4%) of the children, the discolorations were diagnosed to be tetracycline-induced. Enamel hypoplasia was frequently found in teeth with positive fluorescence. Multiple exposures to various tetracyclines were reported in all children who exhibited positive fluorescence.", "contents": "Discoloration of permanent front teeth in 3,157 Norwegian children due to tetracyclines and other factors. During routine orthodontic screening in Oslo, Norway, of 3,157 children, aged 1--11 years and born in 1963/64, 36 cases (1.14%) with cosmetically marring discoloration of permanent front teeth were registered. Thirty-four of them arrived for a more exhaustive examination, which in 24 of the children revealed positive tetracycline fluorescence on exposure to ultraviolet light. In 13 (0.4%) of the children, the discolorations were diagnosed to be tetracycline-induced. Enamel hypoplasia was frequently found in teeth with positive fluorescence. Multiple exposures to various tetracyclines were reported in all children who exhibited positive fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:276913", "title": "Caries reduction over 5 years from a single application of a fissure sealant.", "content": "This paper is a continuation of three previously published papers giving a long-term clinical evaluation of an ultraviolet light polymerizable fissure sealant method. The present findings revealed that of the 156 permanent teeth available for study 5 years after initiation, 59.6% retained the sealants in good condition, while 25.6% of the sealants were missing or partly missing. During the test period, 37 (32.2%) of the 115 sealed permanent first molars had become carious, while 92 (80.0%) of the respective paired controls had decayed. An analysis of the efficacy of the treatment on the test-control tooth pairs showed a net gain of 55 and a percentage effectiveness of 59.8%. The sealed teeth were found to be highly significantly less decayed than the respective contols (P less than 0.001). Of the individual subjects, 73.4% were found to have benefited from the treatment.", "contents": "Caries reduction over 5 years from a single application of a fissure sealant. This paper is a continuation of three previously published papers giving a long-term clinical evaluation of an ultraviolet light polymerizable fissure sealant method. The present findings revealed that of the 156 permanent teeth available for study 5 years after initiation, 59.6% retained the sealants in good condition, while 25.6% of the sealants were missing or partly missing. During the test period, 37 (32.2%) of the 115 sealed permanent first molars had become carious, while 92 (80.0%) of the respective paired controls had decayed. An analysis of the efficacy of the treatment on the test-control tooth pairs showed a net gain of 55 and a percentage effectiveness of 59.8%. The sealed teeth were found to be highly significantly less decayed than the respective contols (P less than 0.001). Of the individual subjects, 73.4% were found to have benefited from the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:276914", "title": "A 5-year evaluation of semipermanent composite resin crowns.", "content": "The use of composite resin crowns in the restoration of traumatized and hypoplastic permanent incisors has proved to be of great clinical and aesthetic value for the pedodontic practice. Due to the composite resin materials and the acid etch technique, an easy method of making and retaining the restorations is at hand. The present study deals with long-term observations of composite resin crowns in restoring Ellis Class II and Class III coronal fractures of traumatized permanent incisors. In all, 253 composite resin crowns were controlled every year for a minimum of 5 years. In no case was an intermediate resin layer applied on etched enamel before the restoration material was placed. Surface, marginal and \"body\" discoloration, marginal leakage, marginal caries, abrasion, and fractures were controlled. The study demonstrated that discoloration of the surface of the restorations, and a discoloration of the restorative material not restricted to its surface (\"body\" discoloration) were the most frequent causes for considering the crowns as semipermanent restorations. The other factors seemed to be of minor clinical significance.", "contents": "A 5-year evaluation of semipermanent composite resin crowns. The use of composite resin crowns in the restoration of traumatized and hypoplastic permanent incisors has proved to be of great clinical and aesthetic value for the pedodontic practice. Due to the composite resin materials and the acid etch technique, an easy method of making and retaining the restorations is at hand. The present study deals with long-term observations of composite resin crowns in restoring Ellis Class II and Class III coronal fractures of traumatized permanent incisors. In all, 253 composite resin crowns were controlled every year for a minimum of 5 years. In no case was an intermediate resin layer applied on etched enamel before the restoration material was placed. Surface, marginal and \"body\" discoloration, marginal leakage, marginal caries, abrasion, and fractures were controlled. The study demonstrated that discoloration of the surface of the restorations, and a discoloration of the restorative material not restricted to its surface (\"body\" discoloration) were the most frequent causes for considering the crowns as semipermanent restorations. The other factors seemed to be of minor clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:276915", "title": "Effect of thyroxine and growth hormone on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat.", "content": "Dentin production and longitudinal growth of maxillary incisors in female rats, age 60--95 d, were determined by the tetracycline technique in hypophysectomized rats after administration of growth hormone and thyroxine during age 75--95 d. Hypophysectomy was performed at age 60 d. Administration of thyroxine resulted in a considerable increase in dentin apposition and longitudinal growth of the tooth. The same effect, but somewhat lower, was registered for growth hormone. Growth hormone and thyroxine administered simultaneously had an additive synergistic effect. Compared with the effect of hypophysectomy and of hormone administration on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodleing the effect on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in the same rats is less pronounced and shows a different pattern in reaction, indicating differences in sensitivity for different cell systems and difference in endocrine control.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine and growth hormone on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat. Dentin production and longitudinal growth of maxillary incisors in female rats, age 60--95 d, were determined by the tetracycline technique in hypophysectomized rats after administration of growth hormone and thyroxine during age 75--95 d. Hypophysectomy was performed at age 60 d. Administration of thyroxine resulted in a considerable increase in dentin apposition and longitudinal growth of the tooth. The same effect, but somewhat lower, was registered for growth hormone. Growth hormone and thyroxine administered simultaneously had an additive synergistic effect. Compared with the effect of hypophysectomy and of hormone administration on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodleing the effect on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in the same rats is less pronounced and shows a different pattern in reaction, indicating differences in sensitivity for different cell systems and difference in endocrine control."}
{"id": "PMID:276916", "title": "Microbiota of gingivitis in man.", "content": "A study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms inhabiting gingival crevices affected with a chronic gingivitis was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. Samples were obtained from nine individuals 25--42 years of age. Gram-positive rods make up 29.1% of the isolates and included mainly Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii, and Actinomyces viscosus. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis together made up 26.8% of the cultivable organisms. Peptostreptococcus averaged 3.0% of the organisms recovered. Gram-negative anaerobic rods constituted 25.0% of the total isolates with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss. intermedius. Bacteriodes ochraceus, other Bacteroides species, Selenomonas sputigena, and Campylobacter sputorum as the most predominant isolates. Haemophilus parainfluenzae averaged about 14% and Veillonella species 4.3% of the cultivable microflora. The data presented indicate that the subgingival microflora of a chronic gingivitis differs from those of healthy periodontium and advanced adult and juvenile periodontis. This might suggest that different infectious processes may be operative in various clinical entities of periodontal disease.", "contents": "Microbiota of gingivitis in man. A study on the predominant cultivable microorganisms inhabiting gingival crevices affected with a chronic gingivitis was carried out using the roll tube culture technique. Samples were obtained from nine individuals 25--42 years of age. Gram-positive rods make up 29.1% of the isolates and included mainly Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii, and Actinomyces viscosus. Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis together made up 26.8% of the cultivable organisms. Peptostreptococcus averaged 3.0% of the organisms recovered. Gram-negative anaerobic rods constituted 25.0% of the total isolates with Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss. intermedius. Bacteriodes ochraceus, other Bacteroides species, Selenomonas sputigena, and Campylobacter sputorum as the most predominant isolates. Haemophilus parainfluenzae averaged about 14% and Veillonella species 4.3% of the cultivable microflora. The data presented indicate that the subgingival microflora of a chronic gingivitis differs from those of healthy periodontium and advanced adult and juvenile periodontis. This might suggest that different infectious processes may be operative in various clinical entities of periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:276917", "title": "Ultrastructure of salivary calculi.", "content": "Twenty-one submandibular salivary calculi from 19 patients were examined with the light and electron microscope. Adjacent to the peripheral parts of the calculi metaplastic squamous epithelium or connective tissue was seen in close contact to the mineralized matrix. Disintegrated cellular substances from these tissue components were in some cases found to condense in a peripherally located zone of the salivary calculi. The morphology of the examined salivary calculi varied extensively not only within each calculus but also from one calculus to another. High and low incidence of crystals gave rise to the lamellated pattern. In some cases the crystals were so abundant as to five a dense homogeneous appearance. In the central parts of the calculi spheroid bodies of very low electron density with a size ranging from 1 to 100micrometer were found in an amorphous matrix. The origin of these structures is discussed. In the peripheral parts of some calculi osmiophilic spherical bodies with an electron microscopical appearance similar to lipid granules as well as bacteria of cocci or coliform type were found. Degenerated bacteria might in some cases contribute in forming part of the peripheral organic matrix.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of salivary calculi. Twenty-one submandibular salivary calculi from 19 patients were examined with the light and electron microscope. Adjacent to the peripheral parts of the calculi metaplastic squamous epithelium or connective tissue was seen in close contact to the mineralized matrix. Disintegrated cellular substances from these tissue components were in some cases found to condense in a peripherally located zone of the salivary calculi. The morphology of the examined salivary calculi varied extensively not only within each calculus but also from one calculus to another. High and low incidence of crystals gave rise to the lamellated pattern. In some cases the crystals were so abundant as to five a dense homogeneous appearance. In the central parts of the calculi spheroid bodies of very low electron density with a size ranging from 1 to 100micrometer were found in an amorphous matrix. The origin of these structures is discussed. In the peripheral parts of some calculi osmiophilic spherical bodies with an electron microscopical appearance similar to lipid granules as well as bacteria of cocci or coliform type were found. Degenerated bacteria might in some cases contribute in forming part of the peripheral organic matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:276918", "title": "Histoquantitation on small jaw specimens.", "content": "A study is carried out to evaluate the possibility of obtaining a measure of bone mass and bone activity by histoquantitation on small jaw specimens. The material consisted of bone autopsy specimens from premolar regions of mandibles and regions above maxillary second incisors. Microradiograms of 100-micrometer-thick buccal-lingual ground sections were used. Quantitation of bone mass (bone area in percent), bone coarseness (total bone surface/bone area), and bone activity (resorption surfaces/total bone surface) was done in well-defined areas of cortical and trabecular bone by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that: (1) no further information or accuracy is obtained from measurements of large areas than of small areas of cortical or trabecular bone, (2) the bone mass in the buccal cortex anterior to the mental foramen is independent of side and state of dentition, and (3) maxillary specimens are unsuitable for quantitation of bone mass. A small bone specimen taken anterior to the mental foramen seems to be suitable for histoquantitation, when a reliable and representative measure of bone mass and bone activity in the mandible is desired for analysis of intermandibular differences.", "contents": "Histoquantitation on small jaw specimens. A study is carried out to evaluate the possibility of obtaining a measure of bone mass and bone activity by histoquantitation on small jaw specimens. The material consisted of bone autopsy specimens from premolar regions of mandibles and regions above maxillary second incisors. Microradiograms of 100-micrometer-thick buccal-lingual ground sections were used. Quantitation of bone mass (bone area in percent), bone coarseness (total bone surface/bone area), and bone activity (resorption surfaces/total bone surface) was done in well-defined areas of cortical and trabecular bone by an electronic point-counting system. The analysis indicates that: (1) no further information or accuracy is obtained from measurements of large areas than of small areas of cortical or trabecular bone, (2) the bone mass in the buccal cortex anterior to the mental foramen is independent of side and state of dentition, and (3) maxillary specimens are unsuitable for quantitation of bone mass. A small bone specimen taken anterior to the mental foramen seems to be suitable for histoquantitation, when a reliable and representative measure of bone mass and bone activity in the mandible is desired for analysis of intermandibular differences."}
{"id": "PMID:276919", "title": "Migration of metallic ions from screwposts into dentin and surrounding tissues.", "content": "Previous investigations have shown htat corrosion and other electrochemical processes occure when different alloys or metals are found together in the same mouth. In the present report, when teeth were restored using non-noble metallic posts, the metals diffused out to surrounding hard and soft connective tissues. The material consisted of extracted teeth with screw posts and surrounding discolored connective tissues. The screwposts had been cemented to the teeth 3--10 years earlier. The distribution of metal ions was determined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Copper and zinc were found in both hard and soft tissues. Relatively high concentrations of copper ions were identified in areas of the teeth with blue-green discolorations. Zinc ions were detected in the dentin; they most probably originated from the screwposts and the cement, but zinc is also found in normal human dentin. Copper, zinc, silver and iron were found in the dark discolorations of the gingiva adjacent to the extracted teeth.", "contents": "Migration of metallic ions from screwposts into dentin and surrounding tissues. Previous investigations have shown htat corrosion and other electrochemical processes occure when different alloys or metals are found together in the same mouth. In the present report, when teeth were restored using non-noble metallic posts, the metals diffused out to surrounding hard and soft connective tissues. The material consisted of extracted teeth with screw posts and surrounding discolored connective tissues. The screwposts had been cemented to the teeth 3--10 years earlier. The distribution of metal ions was determined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Copper and zinc were found in both hard and soft tissues. Relatively high concentrations of copper ions were identified in areas of the teeth with blue-green discolorations. Zinc ions were detected in the dentin; they most probably originated from the screwposts and the cement, but zinc is also found in normal human dentin. Copper, zinc, silver and iron were found in the dark discolorations of the gingiva adjacent to the extracted teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:276920", "title": "Levels of airborne particles resulting from handling alginate impression material.", "content": "The levels of airborne particles emanating from handling alginate impression powders have been surveyed. The concentrations of powders, lead and silicious particles in the aerosol have been measured after thoroughly shaking the containers before opening. The decrease of the powder concentration in the ambient air as a function of time has been estimated. The efficiency of face masks to protect against powder exposure has been investigated.", "contents": "Levels of airborne particles resulting from handling alginate impression material. The levels of airborne particles emanating from handling alginate impression powders have been surveyed. The concentrations of powders, lead and silicious particles in the aerosol have been measured after thoroughly shaking the containers before opening. The decrease of the powder concentration in the ambient air as a function of time has been estimated. The efficiency of face masks to protect against powder exposure has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:276922", "title": "[Progress in the treatment of acute leukemias].", "content": "The most important advances achieved during the past 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia are presented. It is now possible to achieve complete remission in about 60% of all patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) using optimal polychemotherapy. This significant advance is in part due to improved supportive measures such as transfusions and isolation etc., which are frequently necessary during the induction phase of treatment. Unfortunately, such remissions are still of relatively short duration and seldom exceed 1 year. The treatment of relapses remains less successful. The first attempts to include immunotherapy in the treatment of AML have also been rather disappointing. Today remissions are obtained in 70% of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) which last, on the average, almost 1 1/2 years. These results, however, do not approach those in childhood ALL. Finally, the therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of blastic crisis in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) are discussed.", "contents": "[Progress in the treatment of acute leukemias]. The most important advances achieved during the past 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia are presented. It is now possible to achieve complete remission in about 60% of all patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) using optimal polychemotherapy. This significant advance is in part due to improved supportive measures such as transfusions and isolation etc., which are frequently necessary during the induction phase of treatment. Unfortunately, such remissions are still of relatively short duration and seldom exceed 1 year. The treatment of relapses remains less successful. The first attempts to include immunotherapy in the treatment of AML have also been rather disappointing. Today remissions are obtained in 70% of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) which last, on the average, almost 1 1/2 years. These results, however, do not approach those in childhood ALL. Finally, the therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of blastic crisis in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:276923", "title": "[When do we have to treat chronic leukemia?].", "content": "The grounds for treating or not treating chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL) and chronic myelocytic leukemias (CML) are discussed in the light of results in recent years. In the case of CLL, objective evaluation of treatment benefits has hitherto been difficult due to the heterogeneity of this group of diseases. A recent classification, based on hematological and clinical parameters and apparently of prognostic value, will undoubtedly help to clarify the therapeutic problem. In the case of CML, routine chemotherapy programs certainly alleviate the symptoms of the disease but have not so far achieved a significant prolongation of survival.", "contents": "[When do we have to treat chronic leukemia?]. The grounds for treating or not treating chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL) and chronic myelocytic leukemias (CML) are discussed in the light of results in recent years. In the case of CLL, objective evaluation of treatment benefits has hitherto been difficult due to the heterogeneity of this group of diseases. A recent classification, based on hematological and clinical parameters and apparently of prognostic value, will undoubtedly help to clarify the therapeutic problem. In the case of CML, routine chemotherapy programs certainly alleviate the symptoms of the disease but have not so far achieved a significant prolongation of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:276924", "title": "[The treatment of injured front teeth].", "content": "Prefabricated steel crowns have been in use up to now as a classical method of preserving of fractured front teeth. They are, however, unsatisfactory for esthetical reasons. With the introduction to the acid etch technique incisal restorations have been made with composites. They are, however, subject to some abrasion and surface staining, as the inorganic filler particles loosen from the organic matrix. The clinical experiences with the new dental filling material Isosit lead to an esthetically and functionally accurate restoration of broken teeth or hypoplasia. After one year of observation 28 traumatically damaged teeth built up with Isocap have shown no marginal discoloration, staining or material loss.", "contents": "[The treatment of injured front teeth]. Prefabricated steel crowns have been in use up to now as a classical method of preserving of fractured front teeth. They are, however, unsatisfactory for esthetical reasons. With the introduction to the acid etch technique incisal restorations have been made with composites. They are, however, subject to some abrasion and surface staining, as the inorganic filler particles loosen from the organic matrix. The clinical experiences with the new dental filling material Isosit lead to an esthetically and functionally accurate restoration of broken teeth or hypoplasia. After one year of observation 28 traumatically damaged teeth built up with Isocap have shown no marginal discoloration, staining or material loss."}
{"id": "PMID:276925", "title": "[Therapeutic considerations in maxillofacial neuralgia].", "content": "In the presence of idiopathic and neuralgiform pain in the trigeminal area, differential diagnosis will have to eliminate sinus disturbances, toothache, TMJ trouble and neuromuscular spasms derived thereof. Neuralgias unconnected to these causes are treated by electrobiological testing of the neurotoxins. Symptomatic immediate treatment was formerly done by enneural injection. Now, a special technique of auriculoacupuncture has been successful for some time.", "contents": "[Therapeutic considerations in maxillofacial neuralgia]. In the presence of idiopathic and neuralgiform pain in the trigeminal area, differential diagnosis will have to eliminate sinus disturbances, toothache, TMJ trouble and neuromuscular spasms derived thereof. Neuralgias unconnected to these causes are treated by electrobiological testing of the neurotoxins. Symptomatic immediate treatment was formerly done by enneural injection. Now, a special technique of auriculoacupuncture has been successful for some time."}
{"id": "PMID:276928", "title": "[Aims and realizations in the manufacture of articulators].", "content": "The various designs of the most familiar articulators are described. Also the different concepts important to comprehending the stomatognathic functions are discussed. Their impact on the designs of various articulators are shown. The purpose of this study is not to given a complete review of the history and development of different articulators, rather, the purpose is to present the application of various stomatognathic philosophies to the design of various articulators.", "contents": "[Aims and realizations in the manufacture of articulators]. The various designs of the most familiar articulators are described. Also the different concepts important to comprehending the stomatognathic functions are discussed. Their impact on the designs of various articulators are shown. The purpose of this study is not to given a complete review of the history and development of different articulators, rather, the purpose is to present the application of various stomatognathic philosophies to the design of various articulators."}
{"id": "PMID:276929", "title": "[Abrasion-resistant MOD composite fillings made by embedding centric ceramic stops--4 year's results].", "content": "The resistance to abrasion of presently available composite restorative materials is unsatisfactory; the utilization of such materials in conventionally prepared occlusal and occluso-proximal stress-bearing restorations has been therefore contraindicated. In a private practice study carried-out between 1972-77, porous triangular-shaped ceramic inserts were polymerized into the centric-stop areas of 528 Class-II composite restorations. Clinical and electron microscopic evaluation have shown a greatly increased resistance to abrasion in the ceramic insert areas as well as no significant attrition of the antagonist cusp. 95% of the restoration were judged functionally and esthetically very satisfactory. Only 1,1% of the inserts demonstrated fracture and partial loss of ceramic material during the test period. The five-year study has shown the procedure to be relatively simple to learn and suitable for private practice application.", "contents": "[Abrasion-resistant MOD composite fillings made by embedding centric ceramic stops--4 year's results]. The resistance to abrasion of presently available composite restorative materials is unsatisfactory; the utilization of such materials in conventionally prepared occlusal and occluso-proximal stress-bearing restorations has been therefore contraindicated. In a private practice study carried-out between 1972-77, porous triangular-shaped ceramic inserts were polymerized into the centric-stop areas of 528 Class-II composite restorations. Clinical and electron microscopic evaluation have shown a greatly increased resistance to abrasion in the ceramic insert areas as well as no significant attrition of the antagonist cusp. 95% of the restoration were judged functionally and esthetically very satisfactory. Only 1,1% of the inserts demonstrated fracture and partial loss of ceramic material during the test period. The five-year study has shown the procedure to be relatively simple to learn and suitable for private practice application."}
{"id": "PMID:276930", "title": "[Histopathology of oral precanceroses].", "content": "The nomenclature used by gynaecopathologists for precancerosis of the cervix mucosa can be used equally for the oral mucosa. Cancer usually does not develop suddenly from a normal epithelium, but through an epithelial dysplasia into a non invasive, intraepithelial carcinoma. This process of cancerization probably lasts several years. Leukoplakia must not be generally regarded as precancerosis. The criterion is the degree of epithelial dysplasia and not the accompanying acanthosis, dyskeratosis, hyper- or parakeratosis. Light and medium severe epithelial dysplasia are regarded as facultative, severe epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ as true precancerosis. The cytological examination should be used more frequently as a screening method.", "contents": "[Histopathology of oral precanceroses]. The nomenclature used by gynaecopathologists for precancerosis of the cervix mucosa can be used equally for the oral mucosa. Cancer usually does not develop suddenly from a normal epithelium, but through an epithelial dysplasia into a non invasive, intraepithelial carcinoma. This process of cancerization probably lasts several years. Leukoplakia must not be generally regarded as precancerosis. The criterion is the degree of epithelial dysplasia and not the accompanying acanthosis, dyskeratosis, hyper- or parakeratosis. Light and medium severe epithelial dysplasia are regarded as facultative, severe epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in situ as true precancerosis. The cytological examination should be used more frequently as a screening method."}
{"id": "PMID:276942", "title": "Histiocytosis and a leukaemoid response. A case report.", "content": "A patient with all the clinical signs of Letterer-Siwe disease is reported. The patient was unusual in that he had a severe leukaemoid reaction. To our knowledge, only 2 similar patients with reticulo-endotheliosis, histiocytic skin infiltration and leukaemoid reaction have been reported. It is possible that the disorder may represent a variant of the histiocytic proliferative disorders, characterized by both histiocytic and myeloid hyperplasia, and is thus similar to myelomonocytic leukaemia. However, it differs from the latter condition in that there is proliferation of monocytes and granulocytes in soft tissues rather than in the blood.", "contents": "Histiocytosis and a leukaemoid response. A case report. A patient with all the clinical signs of Letterer-Siwe disease is reported. The patient was unusual in that he had a severe leukaemoid reaction. To our knowledge, only 2 similar patients with reticulo-endotheliosis, histiocytic skin infiltration and leukaemoid reaction have been reported. It is possible that the disorder may represent a variant of the histiocytic proliferative disorders, characterized by both histiocytic and myeloid hyperplasia, and is thus similar to myelomonocytic leukaemia. However, it differs from the latter condition in that there is proliferation of monocytes and granulocytes in soft tissues rather than in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:276951", "title": "[Growth phenomena of jaw ameloblastomas].", "content": "Jaw ameloblastomas produce most frequently (62%) multilocular translucences. An unilocular translucence was observed in 28% of the cases. In both forms, secondary cysts were present. This radiomorphologic finding is of pathognomonic value. Conchiform or finger-shaped translucences were seen in 10% of the cases. Such radiographic changes were observed in ameloblastomas arising from the oral mucosa. The border of the radiolucent area was always sharply defined and had a lobulate or wreathed form. The ameloblastoma spreads in an expansive or invasive way. The bone destruction is in all probability caused by the acid phosphatase activity of the tumour. Bone transformation occurs simultaneously with bone destruction and might be regarded as a morphologic sign of the defence mechanism.", "contents": "[Growth phenomena of jaw ameloblastomas]. Jaw ameloblastomas produce most frequently (62%) multilocular translucences. An unilocular translucence was observed in 28% of the cases. In both forms, secondary cysts were present. This radiomorphologic finding is of pathognomonic value. Conchiform or finger-shaped translucences were seen in 10% of the cases. Such radiographic changes were observed in ameloblastomas arising from the oral mucosa. The border of the radiolucent area was always sharply defined and had a lobulate or wreathed form. The ameloblastoma spreads in an expansive or invasive way. The bone destruction is in all probability caused by the acid phosphatase activity of the tumour. Bone transformation occurs simultaneously with bone destruction and might be regarded as a morphologic sign of the defence mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:276952", "title": "[Plate osteosynthesis in the mandible].", "content": "The indications for plate osteosynthesis concern above all fractures of the edentulous or partially edentulous mandible. In cases of fractures in the anterior and premolar regions, the intra-oral approach should be given preference. The technique of plate shifting complies with the rules of the Working Group on Osteosynthesis. Arched plates have proved useful.", "contents": "[Plate osteosynthesis in the mandible]. The indications for plate osteosynthesis concern above all fractures of the edentulous or partially edentulous mandible. In cases of fractures in the anterior and premolar regions, the intra-oral approach should be given preference. The technique of plate shifting complies with the rules of the Working Group on Osteosynthesis. Arched plates have proved useful."}
{"id": "PMID:276953", "title": "[Wisdom teeth in the fracture line].", "content": "The evaluation of 139 mandibular fractures with wisdom teeth in the fracture line permits to draw the following conclusions: 1. Partially retained teeth in the fracture line frequently lead to infections. For this reason, they should be removed on principle prior to immobilization. 2. Retained teeth or tooth germs caused in no case an infection; consequently, they must not be removed. 3. Fully erupted teeth produced but occasionally an infection of the fracture line. In such cases, the therapy will depend on the functional value of the respective tooth.", "contents": "[Wisdom teeth in the fracture line]. The evaluation of 139 mandibular fractures with wisdom teeth in the fracture line permits to draw the following conclusions: 1. Partially retained teeth in the fracture line frequently lead to infections. For this reason, they should be removed on principle prior to immobilization. 2. Retained teeth or tooth germs caused in no case an infection; consequently, they must not be removed. 3. Fully erupted teeth produced but occasionally an infection of the fracture line. In such cases, the therapy will depend on the functional value of the respective tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:276954", "title": "[The varied behavior of the nasal sinuses in cleft lip and palate with differing localization of the cleft (a radio-analytical study)].", "content": "Report on 301 radiographs of the paranasal sinuses of cleft patients and on 120 radiographs of the paranasal sinuses of subjects from a control group to illustrate the development of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. In female individuals as well as in male ones, the maxillary sinuses on the left side are greater than those on the right side. Aplasia of the frontal sinuses on the right side was observed in 11.7%; aplasia of those on the left side, in 3.3%. The maxillary sinuses on the side of the cleft are greater than those on the opposite side. In patients with clefts of the secondary palate, the maxillary sinuses are significantly greater than in patients with clefts of the primary palate or with subtotal or total clefts of the secondary palate. Aplasia of the frontal sinuses on the right side was seen in 11%; aplasia of those on the left side, in 6%.", "contents": "[The varied behavior of the nasal sinuses in cleft lip and palate with differing localization of the cleft (a radio-analytical study)]. Report on 301 radiographs of the paranasal sinuses of cleft patients and on 120 radiographs of the paranasal sinuses of subjects from a control group to illustrate the development of the maxillary and frontal sinuses. In female individuals as well as in male ones, the maxillary sinuses on the left side are greater than those on the right side. Aplasia of the frontal sinuses on the right side was observed in 11.7%; aplasia of those on the left side, in 3.3%. The maxillary sinuses on the side of the cleft are greater than those on the opposite side. In patients with clefts of the secondary palate, the maxillary sinuses are significantly greater than in patients with clefts of the primary palate or with subtotal or total clefts of the secondary palate. Aplasia of the frontal sinuses on the right side was seen in 11%; aplasia of those on the left side, in 6%."}
{"id": "PMID:276956", "title": "[Report on the capsule-dosage and mixing system. 4. Correctness and precision in the dosage of multi-component materials; pre-dosage in daily practice as a preliminary solution to the capsule-dosage and mixing system].", "content": "The significance of the factors \"accuracy\" and \"precision\" in the preparation of multicomponent materials is outlined with special regard to problems related to dosage. The present technological development permits to shift the responsibility for accuracy and precision to the manufacturers of dental materials. In view of the applicability of the capsule dosing and mixing system, the author presents an intermediate solution (based on the experimental verification of various dosing methods) that permits to benefit from the main advantages of the capsule system in everyday practice prior to the establishment of centralized dosing facilities.", "contents": "[Report on the capsule-dosage and mixing system. 4. Correctness and precision in the dosage of multi-component materials; pre-dosage in daily practice as a preliminary solution to the capsule-dosage and mixing system]. The significance of the factors \"accuracy\" and \"precision\" in the preparation of multicomponent materials is outlined with special regard to problems related to dosage. The present technological development permits to shift the responsibility for accuracy and precision to the manufacturers of dental materials. In view of the applicability of the capsule dosing and mixing system, the author presents an intermediate solution (based on the experimental verification of various dosing methods) that permits to benefit from the main advantages of the capsule system in everyday practice prior to the establishment of centralized dosing facilities."}
{"id": "PMID:276958", "title": "[The prosthetic treatment of cleft patients. 1. Fixed constructions].", "content": "The difficulties encountered in the prosthetic treatment of cleft patients depend on the kind and the extent of the malformation. Modern oral surgical and orthodontic techniques offer better prerequisites than former methods. All must be done to preserve the endangered teeth as long as possible. The insertion of bridge prostheses is indicated if the defects are corrected by surgical procedures and if there is no marked pseudoprognathism.", "contents": "[The prosthetic treatment of cleft patients. 1. Fixed constructions]. The difficulties encountered in the prosthetic treatment of cleft patients depend on the kind and the extent of the malformation. Modern oral surgical and orthodontic techniques offer better prerequisites than former methods. All must be done to preserve the endangered teeth as long as possible. The insertion of bridge prostheses is indicated if the defects are corrected by surgical procedures and if there is no marked pseudoprognathism."}
{"id": "PMID:276959", "title": "[3 years report on endosseous implantations].", "content": "In the light of three years of experience with intra-ossal implants, the author deals with the indication and the material to be used. The significance of the patient's psychological state in establishing the indication is emphasized. Chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloys are considered to be suited as implants. The author discussed the results from 16 cases where blade implants according to Linkow had been used.", "contents": "[3 years report on endosseous implantations]. In the light of three years of experience with intra-ossal implants, the author deals with the indication and the material to be used. The significance of the patient's psychological state in establishing the indication is emphasized. Chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloys are considered to be suited as implants. The author discussed the results from 16 cases where blade implants according to Linkow had been used."}
{"id": "PMID:276961", "title": "[Orthodontic treatment in cases of mandibulo-facial dysostosis].", "content": "The author describes the clinical picture of mandibulofacial dysostosis and gives reasons for the necessity for early orthodontic treatment. Two examples are presented. The analysis of the case histories of a total of 10 patients with this syndrome showed that the responsiveness to functional orthodontic appliances is greatest in children with bilateral mandibulofacial dysostosis. The need for co-operation with other disciplines involved is pointed to.", "contents": "[Orthodontic treatment in cases of mandibulo-facial dysostosis]. The author describes the clinical picture of mandibulofacial dysostosis and gives reasons for the necessity for early orthodontic treatment. Two examples are presented. The analysis of the case histories of a total of 10 patients with this syndrome showed that the responsiveness to functional orthodontic appliances is greatest in children with bilateral mandibulofacial dysostosis. The need for co-operation with other disciplines involved is pointed to."}
{"id": "PMID:276962", "title": "[Modification of the tongue in the treatment of progenia].", "content": "The size, position and function of the tongue affect the surrounding jaw regions. In class III malocclusions where the tongue is involved, the treatment must be directed toward the correction of the function and the change in the oral volume proportions. These requirements are largely met by the functional prognathism appliance. Growth changes, increases in length of the upper dental arch, decreases in length of the lower dental arch and displacements of the mandible in a posterior direction were observed in the patients treated up to now.", "contents": "[Modification of the tongue in the treatment of progenia]. The size, position and function of the tongue affect the surrounding jaw regions. In class III malocclusions where the tongue is involved, the treatment must be directed toward the correction of the function and the change in the oral volume proportions. These requirements are largely met by the functional prognathism appliance. Growth changes, increases in length of the upper dental arch, decreases in length of the lower dental arch and displacements of the mandible in a posterior direction were observed in the patients treated up to now."}
{"id": "PMID:276963", "title": "[Cardiovascular behavior after local anesthesia in the jaw region with added vasoconstrictor agents].", "content": "The authors studied the cardiovascular behaviour after injection of different amounts of xylocitin added with adrenalin (1:80 000) and noradrenalin (1:20 000), respectively. The evaluation of the blood-pressure values, pulse rates and electrocardiograms leads to the conclusion that noradrenalin produces considerable side effects at the above-mentioned concentration. The well-known headache phenomena caused by the addition of noradrenalin are analysed.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular behavior after local anesthesia in the jaw region with added vasoconstrictor agents]. The authors studied the cardiovascular behaviour after injection of different amounts of xylocitin added with adrenalin (1:80 000) and noradrenalin (1:20 000), respectively. The evaluation of the blood-pressure values, pulse rates and electrocardiograms leads to the conclusion that noradrenalin produces considerable side effects at the above-mentioned concentration. The well-known headache phenomena caused by the addition of noradrenalin are analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:276965", "title": "Osteolysis in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Four patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia who developed osteolytic lesions in the course of the disease are described. According to the literature, the appearance of these alterations seems to signify an unfavorable prognosis, since they occur slightly before or even at the same time as the blastic transformation of the disease. However, in one case bone biopsy showed a metastasis of a solid tumor, emphasizing the importance of this procedure in order to give a more precise clinical evaluation, both diagnostic and therapeutic.", "contents": "Osteolysis in chronic myeloid leukemia. Four patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia who developed osteolytic lesions in the course of the disease are described. According to the literature, the appearance of these alterations seems to signify an unfavorable prognosis, since they occur slightly before or even at the same time as the blastic transformation of the disease. However, in one case bone biopsy showed a metastasis of a solid tumor, emphasizing the importance of this procedure in order to give a more precise clinical evaluation, both diagnostic and therapeutic."}
{"id": "PMID:276995", "title": "Carotid angiography in Port Moresby. A report of a 5 year experience.", "content": "During a 5 year period at Port Moresby General Hospital in Papua New Guinea. 140 patients had carotid angiograms. Three quarters of the patients were male. Average age for all patients was 29 years. 44% of the patients had detectable abnormalities, the commonest being subdural haematoma and neoplasm. Other abnormalities found included aneurysm, brain abscess, tuberculoma and thrombrosed middle cerebral artery. The findings show many similarities to a reported series in Nigeria but differs from a Uganda series in which haemotoma was much more commonly found.", "contents": "Carotid angiography in Port Moresby. A report of a 5 year experience. During a 5 year period at Port Moresby General Hospital in Papua New Guinea. 140 patients had carotid angiograms. Three quarters of the patients were male. Average age for all patients was 29 years. 44% of the patients had detectable abnormalities, the commonest being subdural haematoma and neoplasm. Other abnormalities found included aneurysm, brain abscess, tuberculoma and thrombrosed middle cerebral artery. The findings show many similarities to a reported series in Nigeria but differs from a Uganda series in which haemotoma was much more commonly found."}
{"id": "PMID:276996", "title": "Sago haemolysis: clinical features and microbiological studies.", "content": "Severe, acute and sometimes fatal intravascular haemolysis has occurred on several occasions in Papua New Guinea families after the ingestion of apparently 'stale' sago. Earlier cases had been recorded only from the Maprik area; however, we now report the occurrence of two similar outbreaks, involving a total of 14 persons, in the Western Province. Several bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified in a sample of suspect sago from one of the outbreaks. None of these, however, to our knowledge, has ever been incriminated as a cause of haemolysis, and the aetiological agent(s) and mechanism of haemolysis thus remain to be elucidated. No mycotoxins were detected in one sample available for analysis. It is suggested that the eating of sago stored for a long time be discouraged; and further that, if a meal of sago tastes abnormal, additional mouthfuls should not be eaten and the remaining portion should be sent for analysis or discarded.", "contents": "Sago haemolysis: clinical features and microbiological studies. Severe, acute and sometimes fatal intravascular haemolysis has occurred on several occasions in Papua New Guinea families after the ingestion of apparently 'stale' sago. Earlier cases had been recorded only from the Maprik area; however, we now report the occurrence of two similar outbreaks, involving a total of 14 persons, in the Western Province. Several bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified in a sample of suspect sago from one of the outbreaks. None of these, however, to our knowledge, has ever been incriminated as a cause of haemolysis, and the aetiological agent(s) and mechanism of haemolysis thus remain to be elucidated. No mycotoxins were detected in one sample available for analysis. It is suggested that the eating of sago stored for a long time be discouraged; and further that, if a meal of sago tastes abnormal, additional mouthfuls should not be eaten and the remaining portion should be sent for analysis or discarded."}
{"id": "PMID:276997", "title": "Port Moresby infant feeding survey.", "content": "An infant feeding survey was carried out in Port Moresby covering 136 mothers in order to determine the extent of artificial feeding in an urban area, and the effect of this method of feeding on the nutritional status of the infant. Over one third of the infants seen were artificially fed, out of which 69% were malnourished, compared with 26% of the breast fed infants. It is recommended that steps be taken by the Department of Health to control the free sale of bottles and teats to mothers.", "contents": "Port Moresby infant feeding survey. An infant feeding survey was carried out in Port Moresby covering 136 mothers in order to determine the extent of artificial feeding in an urban area, and the effect of this method of feeding on the nutritional status of the infant. Over one third of the infants seen were artificially fed, out of which 69% were malnourished, compared with 26% of the breast fed infants. It is recommended that steps be taken by the Department of Health to control the free sale of bottles and teats to mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:276999", "title": "A review of the Malaria Eradication Programme in the Solomon Islands 1975-1976.", "content": "The review outlines the developments in the Solomon Islands Malaria Eradication Programme (MEP) during the period 1975 - 1976. In most of the islands of the Solomons group MEP continues to be successful, but overall progress is hindered by persistent foci in areas of high malaria endemicity in north Guadalcanal. Some changes in the operational methodology are described, together with a report on supplementary measures carried out in the 'problem area' of north Guadalcanal.", "contents": "A review of the Malaria Eradication Programme in the Solomon Islands 1975-1976. The review outlines the developments in the Solomon Islands Malaria Eradication Programme (MEP) during the period 1975 - 1976. In most of the islands of the Solomons group MEP continues to be successful, but overall progress is hindered by persistent foci in areas of high malaria endemicity in north Guadalcanal. Some changes in the operational methodology are described, together with a report on supplementary measures carried out in the 'problem area' of north Guadalcanal."}
{"id": "PMID:277000", "title": "Isoniazid-associated hepatitis in a Melanesian.", "content": "A patient with acute hepatitis associated with isoniazid therapy is described. The relevance fo isoniazid hepatotoxicity in Melanesian populations is discussed. Guidelines for recognition and management of INH-induced hepatitis are suggested.", "contents": "Isoniazid-associated hepatitis in a Melanesian. A patient with acute hepatitis associated with isoniazid therapy is described. The relevance fo isoniazid hepatotoxicity in Melanesian populations is discussed. Guidelines for recognition and management of INH-induced hepatitis are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:277001", "title": "Danger of sunburn following vaccination.", "content": "The complications of smallpox vaccination are reviewed. A case of disseminated vaccinia is presented. It is suggested that patients with sunburn may be susceptible to the complications of smallpox vaccination.", "contents": "Danger of sunburn following vaccination. The complications of smallpox vaccination are reviewed. A case of disseminated vaccinia is presented. It is suggested that patients with sunburn may be susceptible to the complications of smallpox vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:277037", "title": "Aspiration biopsy cytology in proliferating benign mammary dysplasia.", "content": "The accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis from needle biopsy in proliferating mammary dysplasia was tested on the basis of 101 histologically proven cases of mild to severe degree. The cytomorphologic presentation in smeared aspirate is described. A reliable cytologic diagnosis of proliferating mammary dysplasia was possible in about half of the cases. This implies that the fine-needle biopsies give new possibilities for detection and intensive surveillance without surgical biopsies of women with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Study of the individual cases showed that the more severe the proliferation of the mammary epithelium, the greater the accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis. In intraductal and intracystic proliferation the accuracy was higher than in pure adenosis.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy cytology in proliferating benign mammary dysplasia. The accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis from needle biopsy in proliferating mammary dysplasia was tested on the basis of 101 histologically proven cases of mild to severe degree. The cytomorphologic presentation in smeared aspirate is described. A reliable cytologic diagnosis of proliferating mammary dysplasia was possible in about half of the cases. This implies that the fine-needle biopsies give new possibilities for detection and intensive surveillance without surgical biopsies of women with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Study of the individual cases showed that the more severe the proliferation of the mammary epithelium, the greater the accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis. In intraductal and intracystic proliferation the accuracy was higher than in pure adenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277038", "title": "Cell clusters in urinary cytology.", "content": "Clusters of cells in cytologic preparations from the urinary tract have been commented on repeatedly. To determine their significance we studied 88 patients with documented papillary carcinomas, Grades I-IV, who had cytologic examination of their urine. We defined two distinct cluster types, \"rounded\", and \"papillary\", which were easily distinguishable from artifactual excoriated cell aggregates. By cytologic techniques 64 per cent of the specimens were positive and 18 per cent suspicious for malignancy, with the lowest sensitivity for Grade I tumors, and the highest for Grade IV tumors. Clusters were observed in 39 per cent of the cases, and also were more common in the most undifferentiated tumors. However, many cases which were cytologically positive had no clusters, and in only one case were clusters present without other cytologic features of malignancy. It appears that the presence of cell clusters is not a more sensitive indicator of papillary lesions than usual cytologic criteria applied to single cells. Clusters may indicate a higher grade tumor.", "contents": "Cell clusters in urinary cytology. Clusters of cells in cytologic preparations from the urinary tract have been commented on repeatedly. To determine their significance we studied 88 patients with documented papillary carcinomas, Grades I-IV, who had cytologic examination of their urine. We defined two distinct cluster types, \"rounded\", and \"papillary\", which were easily distinguishable from artifactual excoriated cell aggregates. By cytologic techniques 64 per cent of the specimens were positive and 18 per cent suspicious for malignancy, with the lowest sensitivity for Grade I tumors, and the highest for Grade IV tumors. Clusters were observed in 39 per cent of the cases, and also were more common in the most undifferentiated tumors. However, many cases which were cytologically positive had no clusters, and in only one case were clusters present without other cytologic features of malignancy. It appears that the presence of cell clusters is not a more sensitive indicator of papillary lesions than usual cytologic criteria applied to single cells. Clusters may indicate a higher grade tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:277039", "title": "Cytologic changes associated with vaginal pessary use. With special reference to the presence of Actinomyces.", "content": "The cytopathology of Papanicolaou smears from 23 postmenopausal women with vaginal pessaries is described. The following alterations, when seen in the smear of an elderly postmenopausal woman, were found to be strongly suggestive of pessary use: cytologic atypia in the form of severe inflammatory changes in squamous cells, atypical metaplasia, and reparative changes with a background pattern of acute inflammation and prominent superficial maturation of the squamous cells. A notable additional finding in 13 of the 23 patients was the presence of filamentous organisms resembling Actinomyces and morphologically similar to organisms recently described and specifically identified as Actinomyces in patients with intrauterine devices.", "contents": "Cytologic changes associated with vaginal pessary use. With special reference to the presence of Actinomyces. The cytopathology of Papanicolaou smears from 23 postmenopausal women with vaginal pessaries is described. The following alterations, when seen in the smear of an elderly postmenopausal woman, were found to be strongly suggestive of pessary use: cytologic atypia in the form of severe inflammatory changes in squamous cells, atypical metaplasia, and reparative changes with a background pattern of acute inflammation and prominent superficial maturation of the squamous cells. A notable additional finding in 13 of the 23 patients was the presence of filamentous organisms resembling Actinomyces and morphologically similar to organisms recently described and specifically identified as Actinomyces in patients with intrauterine devices."}
{"id": "PMID:277040", "title": "Appraisal of self-collected cervical specimens in cytologic screening of uterine cancer.", "content": "Cytologic specimens were collected simultaneously by three methods on 122 patients with cervical neoplastic lesions: self-irrigated collection, self-scraped collection and physician-scraped collection. In invasive epidermoid carcinoma, the accuracy with the self-collected specimens approached the physician-scraped specimens. There was a serious defect in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by the self-irrigation method. In carcinoma in situ and dysplasia, the self-scraping method was considerably better than the self-irrigation method. In mass screening of 89,206 females, the self-scraping positive detection rates were closer to the physican-scraping results than the self-irrigation method.", "contents": "Appraisal of self-collected cervical specimens in cytologic screening of uterine cancer. Cytologic specimens were collected simultaneously by three methods on 122 patients with cervical neoplastic lesions: self-irrigated collection, self-scraped collection and physician-scraped collection. In invasive epidermoid carcinoma, the accuracy with the self-collected specimens approached the physician-scraped specimens. There was a serious defect in the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by the self-irrigation method. In carcinoma in situ and dysplasia, the self-scraping method was considerably better than the self-irrigation method. In mass screening of 89,206 females, the self-scraping positive detection rates were closer to the physican-scraping results than the self-irrigation method."}
{"id": "PMID:277041", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy with brushing cytology and biopsy in upper gastrointestinal lesions.", "content": "Because of the high rate of diagnostic error with routine barium X-ray studies in detection of upper gastroesophageal lesions, a prospective investigation was undertaken to evaluate endoscopy together with brushing cytology and biopsy. Ninety-nine patients with recurrent upper gastrointestinal symptoms were examined during a two year period. Thirty-seven patients had cancer and 62 had benign ulcers as diagnosed by cytology and histopathology. All patients with diagnosis of carcinoma  were correctly diagnosed by a combination of the above studies as proven by subsequent surgical exploration of all 37 patients. In the benign group, 23 patients were confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and 16 patients by following up for at least 2 years with upper GI series and/or endoscopy. The highest degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of cancer was achieved by cytology alone (92% of cases) and lowest by barium study of upper gastrointestinal tract (84% of cases). Although the accuracy of endoscopy in detecting cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract was 86 per cent, 15 per cent of benign ulcers were falsely called neoplastic by this technique. It is concluded that endoscopy with brushing cytology and biopsy is an effective diagnostic tool in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant neoplasms and can be performed with little risk to the patient.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy with brushing cytology and biopsy in upper gastrointestinal lesions. Because of the high rate of diagnostic error with routine barium X-ray studies in detection of upper gastroesophageal lesions, a prospective investigation was undertaken to evaluate endoscopy together with brushing cytology and biopsy. Ninety-nine patients with recurrent upper gastrointestinal symptoms were examined during a two year period. Thirty-seven patients had cancer and 62 had benign ulcers as diagnosed by cytology and histopathology. All patients with diagnosis of carcinoma  were correctly diagnosed by a combination of the above studies as proven by subsequent surgical exploration of all 37 patients. In the benign group, 23 patients were confirmed by exploratory laparotomy and 16 patients by following up for at least 2 years with upper GI series and/or endoscopy. The highest degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of cancer was achieved by cytology alone (92% of cases) and lowest by barium study of upper gastrointestinal tract (84% of cases). Although the accuracy of endoscopy in detecting cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract was 86 per cent, 15 per cent of benign ulcers were falsely called neoplastic by this technique. It is concluded that endoscopy with brushing cytology and biopsy is an effective diagnostic tool in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant neoplasms and can be performed with little risk to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:277042", "title": "Brushing cytology for the diagnosis of gastric cancer involving the cardia or the lower esophagus.", "content": "In 173 patients with gastric cancer involving the cardia or the lower esophagus, endoscopic biopsy and/or brushing cytology were utilized in establishing the diagnosis microscopically. Biopsy was positive in 132 of 170 patients (77.0%) while brushing was positive in 78 of 93 patients (83.8%). However, a combined use of biopsy and brushing yielded a higher diagnostic accuracy of 88.0 per cent. Further, endoscopic findings of the lower esophagus or the cardial orifice and diagnostic yields of the two methods were correlated. In patients with mucosal elevation, thick fold or a tight cardial stenosis as a pattern of esophageal involvement by gastric cancer on esophagoscopy, supplementary application of brushing increased diagnostic accuracy approximately 20 per cent compared to that of biopsy alone. It is concluded that brushing cytology should be utilized more frequently in gastric cancer involving the cardia to the lower esophagus, especially in the three types of esophageal involvement mentioned above.", "contents": "Brushing cytology for the diagnosis of gastric cancer involving the cardia or the lower esophagus. In 173 patients with gastric cancer involving the cardia or the lower esophagus, endoscopic biopsy and/or brushing cytology were utilized in establishing the diagnosis microscopically. Biopsy was positive in 132 of 170 patients (77.0%) while brushing was positive in 78 of 93 patients (83.8%). However, a combined use of biopsy and brushing yielded a higher diagnostic accuracy of 88.0 per cent. Further, endoscopic findings of the lower esophagus or the cardial orifice and diagnostic yields of the two methods were correlated. In patients with mucosal elevation, thick fold or a tight cardial stenosis as a pattern of esophageal involvement by gastric cancer on esophagoscopy, supplementary application of brushing increased diagnostic accuracy approximately 20 per cent compared to that of biopsy alone. It is concluded that brushing cytology should be utilized more frequently in gastric cancer involving the cardia to the lower esophagus, especially in the three types of esophageal involvement mentioned above."}
{"id": "PMID:277043", "title": "From \"exfoliative\" to \"diagnostic\" cytology. A statistical evaluation of pulmonary cytology.", "content": "During the year 1975, a total of 2,877 cytologic examinations in our laboratory included 2,277 examinations on 580 patients related to pulmonary cytology. Statistical evaluation of these studies indicates that the present trend of pulmonary cytology examination is moving from \"exfoliative\" cytology to \"diagnostic\" cytology. As long as one maintains the specificity of the examination high enough by the application of stringent criteria for cytodiagnosis, further radio and/or chemotherapy can be justifiably instituted on the basis of cytologic examination along with clinical evaluation of the patients when histopathologic diagnosis is not obtainable.", "contents": "From \"exfoliative\" to \"diagnostic\" cytology. A statistical evaluation of pulmonary cytology. During the year 1975, a total of 2,877 cytologic examinations in our laboratory included 2,277 examinations on 580 patients related to pulmonary cytology. Statistical evaluation of these studies indicates that the present trend of pulmonary cytology examination is moving from \"exfoliative\" cytology to \"diagnostic\" cytology. As long as one maintains the specificity of the examination high enough by the application of stringent criteria for cytodiagnosis, further radio and/or chemotherapy can be justifiably instituted on the basis of cytologic examination along with clinical evaluation of the patients when histopathologic diagnosis is not obtainable."}
{"id": "PMID:277044", "title": "Cytology of angiosarcoma of the breast. A case report.", "content": "A case of angiosarcoma of the breast nd the cytologic presentation of its unusual morphological characteristics are submitted in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis from other malignant breast tumors. This report emphasizes the necessity of needle biopsy of any breast lesion and the obvious importance of submitting pertinent clinical data to the cytopathologist at the time of cytologic diagnosis.", "contents": "Cytology of angiosarcoma of the breast. A case report. A case of angiosarcoma of the breast nd the cytologic presentation of its unusual morphological characteristics are submitted in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis from other malignant breast tumors. This report emphasizes the necessity of needle biopsy of any breast lesion and the obvious importance of submitting pertinent clinical data to the cytopathologist at the time of cytologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277049", "title": "Characterization of glycogen in selected tissues of turkey poults with spontaneous round heart disease and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults 2--5 weeks after hatching to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. From EKG data obtained at weekly intervals, poults were selected for sacrifice at 5 and 10 weeks of age. Poults were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and appropriate samples of tissue from the left ventricle, liver, pectoralis and tibialis cranialis muscles were removed for glycogen assays. Character of glycogen, as determined by percent of branching and number of glucose units per segment, was not significantly altered in poults with spontaneous round heart disease or FZ-induced cardiomyopathy. This suggests that the glycogen accumulation noted in these conditions most closely resembles type II glycogenosis.", "contents": "Characterization of glycogen in selected tissues of turkey poults with spontaneous round heart disease and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy. Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm was added to feed mixtures fed turkey poults 2--5 weeks after hatching to induce acute experimental cardiomyopathy. Poults in the control pen received the same ration but without FZ. From EKG data obtained at weekly intervals, poults were selected for sacrifice at 5 and 10 weeks of age. Poults were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and appropriate samples of tissue from the left ventricle, liver, pectoralis and tibialis cranialis muscles were removed for glycogen assays. Character of glycogen, as determined by percent of branching and number of glucose units per segment, was not significantly altered in poults with spontaneous round heart disease or FZ-induced cardiomyopathy. This suggests that the glycogen accumulation noted in these conditions most closely resembles type II glycogenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277045", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary lesions and positive sputum cytology.", "content": "A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is presented. The patient's diagnosis was made from his clinical findings and lymph node pathology. Of particular note are long-standing pulmonary lesions of undetermined etiology and the exfoliation in sputum specimens of large numbers of immunoblasts identical to those seen in histologic sections of lymph node. Although other cases of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary findings have been published, 4, 5 only the histomorphology of these lesions has been described. This is the first reported case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with positive pulmonary cytology. Diagnosis of this condition requires histopathologic evaluation of diagnostic lymph nodes. Immunoblasts may be identified cytologically in sputum preparations and in this context are suggestive of but not diagnostic of this entity. The use of methyl green-pyronine stain to better differentiate immunoblasts is recommended.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary lesions and positive sputum cytology. A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is presented. The patient's diagnosis was made from his clinical findings and lymph node pathology. Of particular note are long-standing pulmonary lesions of undetermined etiology and the exfoliation in sputum specimens of large numbers of immunoblasts identical to those seen in histologic sections of lymph node. Although other cases of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with pulmonary findings have been published, 4, 5 only the histomorphology of these lesions has been described. This is the first reported case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with positive pulmonary cytology. Diagnosis of this condition requires histopathologic evaluation of diagnostic lymph nodes. Immunoblasts may be identified cytologically in sputum preparations and in this context are suggestive of but not diagnostic of this entity. The use of methyl green-pyronine stain to better differentiate immunoblasts is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:277046", "title": "Improved apparatus for spinal fluid cytomorphology.", "content": "The design of an apparatus for spinal fluid cytomorphology is described. It represents an improvement over previous devices using the enhanced sedimentation principle and has given reliable clinical results over a three year period.", "contents": "Improved apparatus for spinal fluid cytomorphology. The design of an apparatus for spinal fluid cytomorphology is described. It represents an improvement over previous devices using the enhanced sedimentation principle and has given reliable clinical results over a three year period."}
{"id": "PMID:277050", "title": "Corrosion of base metal alloys in vitro.", "content": "Corrosion of base metal alloys was studied by placing the alloys in artificial saliva for 2 months and then determining the concentration of metal ions in the saliva. The distribution of the attack on the surface was examined. The results indicated that the amount of metal ions in the artificial saliva could be related to the Cr content of the alloy. When the Cr content exceeded 16% very little corrosion was observed. The corrosive attack was located at Cr depleted areas, grain boundaries. The Cr depletion probably resulted from coring during solidification.", "contents": "Corrosion of base metal alloys in vitro. Corrosion of base metal alloys was studied by placing the alloys in artificial saliva for 2 months and then determining the concentration of metal ions in the saliva. The distribution of the attack on the surface was examined. The results indicated that the amount of metal ions in the artificial saliva could be related to the Cr content of the alloy. When the Cr content exceeded 16% very little corrosion was observed. The corrosive attack was located at Cr depleted areas, grain boundaries. The Cr depletion probably resulted from coring during solidification."}
{"id": "PMID:277047", "title": "The cytology of the human peritoneal fluid.", "content": "A series of 19 human peritoneal fluids obtained by aspiration at laparoscopy and cul-de-sac punctures were analysed for their cellular content. Four types of cells were differentiated: macrophages, mesothelial cells, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The macrophages and mesothelial cells represented the two major types of cells, each group constituiting about 36 per cent of the population, while the lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears represented 18 and 7 per cent of the population, respectively. Macrophages were identified by their capacity to engulf alcohol-killed Staphylococcus albus. It appears that by this method of macrophage identification, a more accurate representation of the cellular content of peritoneal fluid can be obtained.", "contents": "The cytology of the human peritoneal fluid. A series of 19 human peritoneal fluids obtained by aspiration at laparoscopy and cul-de-sac punctures were analysed for their cellular content. Four types of cells were differentiated: macrophages, mesothelial cells, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The macrophages and mesothelial cells represented the two major types of cells, each group constituiting about 36 per cent of the population, while the lymphocytes and polymorphonuclears represented 18 and 7 per cent of the population, respectively. Macrophages were identified by their capacity to engulf alcohol-killed Staphylococcus albus. It appears that by this method of macrophage identification, a more accurate representation of the cellular content of peritoneal fluid can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:277051", "title": "Maternal diabetes and changes in the hard tissues of primary teeth. III. A histologic and microradiographic study.", "content": "According to clinical studies, infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) seem to run a higher risk of mineralization disturbances in the enamel than normal healthy infants. In order to evaluate this observation at the histologic level, exfoliated primary incisors were collected from 74 IDM, representing two types of care during gestation and the perinatal period, and from 52 healthy children. The width of the neonatal line was evaluated in the enamel and the dentin by study of bucco-lingual undemineralized sections. Pre- and postnatal enamel was classified according to discolorations, deviations of prisms and hypoplasia. Microradiographic studies included measurements of the neonatal lines and classification of the degree of mineralization in the pre- and postnatal dental hard tissues. Irrespective of treatment, the IDM showed a significantly higher incidence of widened neonatal lines and also an increased frequency of postnatal disturbances compared to the controls. The observations are discussed against the background of the neonatal hypocalcemia reported in IDM.", "contents": "Maternal diabetes and changes in the hard tissues of primary teeth. III. A histologic and microradiographic study. According to clinical studies, infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) seem to run a higher risk of mineralization disturbances in the enamel than normal healthy infants. In order to evaluate this observation at the histologic level, exfoliated primary incisors were collected from 74 IDM, representing two types of care during gestation and the perinatal period, and from 52 healthy children. The width of the neonatal line was evaluated in the enamel and the dentin by study of bucco-lingual undemineralized sections. Pre- and postnatal enamel was classified according to discolorations, deviations of prisms and hypoplasia. Microradiographic studies included measurements of the neonatal lines and classification of the degree of mineralization in the pre- and postnatal dental hard tissues. Irrespective of treatment, the IDM showed a significantly higher incidence of widened neonatal lines and also an increased frequency of postnatal disturbances compared to the controls. The observations are discussed against the background of the neonatal hypocalcemia reported in IDM."}
{"id": "PMID:277052", "title": "Therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with the formocresol technique. A clinical and histological follow-up.", "content": "The results of therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with formocresol technique were studied by systematic follow-up. Of 84 primary lower molars in the clinical study, 56 became available for histological examination. The radiographic follow-up revealed periradicular osteitis in 10 per cent of the teeth treated. Internal root resorption was seen in 37 per cent of the teeth, or one-fifth of the roots treated. The histological examination revealed a very capricious diffusion of the medicament throughout the pulp tissue. Vital pulp remnants in the apical part of the treated roots showed no signs of healing. All pulps presented a varying number of inflammatory cells in the border zone adjacent to the formocresol-fixed region. In 80 per cent of the roots the histological sections revealed signs signs of internal resorption with or without incomplete repair tissue formation.", "contents": "Therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with the formocresol technique. A clinical and histological follow-up. The results of therapeutic pulpotomies in primary molars with formocresol technique were studied by systematic follow-up. Of 84 primary lower molars in the clinical study, 56 became available for histological examination. The radiographic follow-up revealed periradicular osteitis in 10 per cent of the teeth treated. Internal root resorption was seen in 37 per cent of the teeth, or one-fifth of the roots treated. The histological examination revealed a very capricious diffusion of the medicament throughout the pulp tissue. Vital pulp remnants in the apical part of the treated roots showed no signs of healing. All pulps presented a varying number of inflammatory cells in the border zone adjacent to the formocresol-fixed region. In 80 per cent of the roots the histological sections revealed signs signs of internal resorption with or without incomplete repair tissue formation."}
{"id": "PMID:277053", "title": "Recording of the retruded position of the mandible in patients with mandibular dysfunction.", "content": "The precision (reproducibility) of active and passive recordings of the retruded position of the mandible was studied by two examiners on 10 patients with mandibular dysfunction symptoms. The position of the mandible was recorded with an intra-oral graphic method, before and after treatment of the symptoms. The precision of the recording was highest when the retruded position was recorded by passive hinge movement and lowest when it was recorded by active hinge movement and when recording habitual closure. Both systematical and accidental errors tended to be somewhat larger among these patients than that previously found among individuals without signs or symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. The accidental errors in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions were the same fo both examiners and of the same magnitude before and after treatment of the symptoms. Both examiners recorded the retruded position on the average 0.20 mm more posterior after treatment than before. The results showed that because of its good reproducibility the retruded position of the mandible can be recommended as a reference position in functional analysis of occlusion and for jaw recordings also in patients with TMJ muscle-pain dysfunction symptoms. During the recording the conventional technique with passive hinge movement and a posterior pressure should be used.", "contents": "Recording of the retruded position of the mandible in patients with mandibular dysfunction. The precision (reproducibility) of active and passive recordings of the retruded position of the mandible was studied by two examiners on 10 patients with mandibular dysfunction symptoms. The position of the mandible was recorded with an intra-oral graphic method, before and after treatment of the symptoms. The precision of the recording was highest when the retruded position was recorded by passive hinge movement and lowest when it was recorded by active hinge movement and when recording habitual closure. Both systematical and accidental errors tended to be somewhat larger among these patients than that previously found among individuals without signs or symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. The accidental errors in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions were the same fo both examiners and of the same magnitude before and after treatment of the symptoms. Both examiners recorded the retruded position on the average 0.20 mm more posterior after treatment than before. The results showed that because of its good reproducibility the retruded position of the mandible can be recommended as a reference position in functional analysis of occlusion and for jaw recordings also in patients with TMJ muscle-pain dysfunction symptoms. During the recording the conventional technique with passive hinge movement and a posterior pressure should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:277054", "title": "Osteosarcoma of the metatarsal bones. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "A case of osteosarcoma affecting the third metatarsal bone is submitted. Below-knee amputation was performed, but the patient developed pulmonary metastases and died 1 year after the operation. The six cases of osteosarcoma in the metarsal bones published so far are reviewed. The prognosis for cases with this localization does not appear to differ from that for osteosarcoma in general.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma of the metatarsal bones. Review of the literature and report of a case. A case of osteosarcoma affecting the third metatarsal bone is submitted. Below-knee amputation was performed, but the patient developed pulmonary metastases and died 1 year after the operation. The six cases of osteosarcoma in the metarsal bones published so far are reviewed. The prognosis for cases with this localization does not appear to differ from that for osteosarcoma in general."}
{"id": "PMID:277055", "title": "Reliability of the CPRS between the disciplines of psychiatry, general practice, nursing and psychology in depressed patients.", "content": "To test the reliability and robustness of the CPRS in use by different disciplines we obtained 49 pairs of ratings on depressed patients in England and Sweden during treatment. Each rater pair consisted of a psychiatrist trained as a rater plus either a psychologist, a general practitioner, or a nurse, who had not been trained as a rater. The 17 most commonly rated items in depressive illness showed good inter-rater reliability for all groups and demonstrated the robustness of the scale even in training sessions. The implications of this for future interdisciplinary research are discussed along with suggestions for the use of the CPRS for teaching purposes.", "contents": "Reliability of the CPRS between the disciplines of psychiatry, general practice, nursing and psychology in depressed patients. To test the reliability and robustness of the CPRS in use by different disciplines we obtained 49 pairs of ratings on depressed patients in England and Sweden during treatment. Each rater pair consisted of a psychiatrist trained as a rater plus either a psychologist, a general practitioner, or a nurse, who had not been trained as a rater. The 17 most commonly rated items in depressive illness showed good inter-rater reliability for all groups and demonstrated the robustness of the scale even in training sessions. The implications of this for future interdisciplinary research are discussed along with suggestions for the use of the CPRS for teaching purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:277056", "title": "Cross cultural studies on the use of CPRS in English and Swedish depressed patients.", "content": "54 English and 52 Swedish patients suffering from primary depressive illness were rated on the full 65 item CPRS scale to examine cross cultural differences. The correlation of the frequencies of items scored in the different patient samples was highly significant (r = 0.88). Of the most commonly scored items (occurring in more than 70% of any of the patient groups) 17 were common to both samples. The three items not in common for the two centres are compared and discussed. The inter rater reliabilities of the Swedish and English teams are compared alongside the inter rater reliabilities of a Swedish rater and an English rater on English patients and are generally good. The remarkable similarity of the psychopathology of primary depressive illness in both cultures and some of the implications are discussed.", "contents": "Cross cultural studies on the use of CPRS in English and Swedish depressed patients. 54 English and 52 Swedish patients suffering from primary depressive illness were rated on the full 65 item CPRS scale to examine cross cultural differences. The correlation of the frequencies of items scored in the different patient samples was highly significant (r = 0.88). Of the most commonly scored items (occurring in more than 70% of any of the patient groups) 17 were common to both samples. The three items not in common for the two centres are compared and discussed. The inter rater reliabilities of the Swedish and English teams are compared alongside the inter rater reliabilities of a Swedish rater and an English rater on English patients and are generally good. The remarkable similarity of the psychopathology of primary depressive illness in both cultures and some of the implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277057", "title": "The comprehesive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS--in patients with schizophrenic syndromes. Inter-rater reliability and in relation to M\u00e5rtens' S-scale.", "content": "In the course of a multicenter controlled trial of the effects of neuroleptic drugs on patients with schizophrenic or paranoid syndromes a comparison was made between the Swedish symptom rating scale--M\u00e5rtens' S-scale especially designed for patients with schizophrenic syndromes--and a new rating scale--the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the two scales was found to be 0,48 and as the inter-rater reliability for both scales was found to be quite satisfactory the validity of the scales is discussed. The CPRS scale was found to be easy to handle even for untrained doctors and in a separate study of inter-rater reliability where 5 doctors saw 16 patients a quite satisfactory reliability rk = 0,70--0.97, was found for 33 out of 39 items. In some items, espically those concerning different aspects of affective disturbances a lower inter-rater reliability was found but these items have been revised in later versions of the scale.", "contents": "The comprehesive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS--in patients with schizophrenic syndromes. Inter-rater reliability and in relation to M\u00e5rtens' S-scale. In the course of a multicenter controlled trial of the effects of neuroleptic drugs on patients with schizophrenic or paranoid syndromes a comparison was made between the Swedish symptom rating scale--M\u00e5rtens' S-scale especially designed for patients with schizophrenic syndromes--and a new rating scale--the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the two scales was found to be 0,48 and as the inter-rater reliability for both scales was found to be quite satisfactory the validity of the scales is discussed. The CPRS scale was found to be easy to handle even for untrained doctors and in a separate study of inter-rater reliability where 5 doctors saw 16 patients a quite satisfactory reliability rk = 0,70--0.97, was found for 33 out of 39 items. In some items, espically those concerning different aspects of affective disturbances a lower inter-rater reliability was found but these items have been revised in later versions of the scale."}
{"id": "PMID:277058", "title": "A comparison between \"Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale\" and variables concerned with depressive symptomatology in \"the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS\".", "content": "In a study concerning 40 patients with depressive disorders the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale and items concerning symptomatology from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS were compared. The total scores scales showed a rather satisfactory correlation (rs - 0,77). When patients were divided into two groups with depressive syndromes of a psychotic and non-psychotic dimension respectively the total scores of the items from CPRS from CPRS differed significantly for the groups while the total scores for the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale showed a less pronounced, statistically non-significant difference between the groups, probably reflecting a reduced validity for the latter scale.", "contents": "A comparison between \"Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale\" and variables concerned with depressive symptomatology in \"the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS\". In a study concerning 40 patients with depressive disorders the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale and items concerning symptomatology from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS were compared. The total scores scales showed a rather satisfactory correlation (rs - 0,77). When patients were divided into two groups with depressive syndromes of a psychotic and non-psychotic dimension respectively the total scores of the items from CPRS from CPRS differed significantly for the groups while the total scores for the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale showed a less pronounced, statistically non-significant difference between the groups, probably reflecting a reduced validity for the latter scale."}
{"id": "PMID:277060", "title": "A CPRS subscale to assess mental symptoms in workers exposed to jet fuel--some methodological considerations.", "content": "A CPRS subscale was constructed for the assessment of mental symptoms in 30 workers exposed to jet fuel and in 30 matched non-exposed controls. All subjects were interviewed in random order by the same psychiatrist. Interviews were recorded on tapes later used for evaluation of rating-rerating and inter-rater reliability, which were in the range of rs 0.75--0.85. The average score of the exposed group exceeded significantly that of the control group. Items concerned with symptoms referred to as neurasthenic and as neurotic differentiated best between the groups. It appears that the subscale is sensitive enough differentiate between two groups of non-patient individuals and has helped establishing that occupational exposure to jet fuel may induce a psycho-organic reaction.", "contents": "A CPRS subscale to assess mental symptoms in workers exposed to jet fuel--some methodological considerations. A CPRS subscale was constructed for the assessment of mental symptoms in 30 workers exposed to jet fuel and in 30 matched non-exposed controls. All subjects were interviewed in random order by the same psychiatrist. Interviews were recorded on tapes later used for evaluation of rating-rerating and inter-rater reliability, which were in the range of rs 0.75--0.85. The average score of the exposed group exceeded significantly that of the control group. Items concerned with symptoms referred to as neurasthenic and as neurotic differentiated best between the groups. It appears that the subscale is sensitive enough differentiate between two groups of non-patient individuals and has helped establishing that occupational exposure to jet fuel may induce a psycho-organic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:277061", "title": "The comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS): communicability to, and inter-rater reliability among untrained raters.", "content": "Twenty-six, respectively twenty-three untrained Italian doctors participated in the rating of two patients with a preliminary Italian version of the CPRS. Despite an unfavourable setting, and some linguistic inaccuracies in the translation, a quite satisfactory degree of agreement was reached among the doctors. The Italian version of the CPRS has now been rewritten using a terminology more familiar to Italian psychiatrists.", "contents": "The comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS): communicability to, and inter-rater reliability among untrained raters. Twenty-six, respectively twenty-three untrained Italian doctors participated in the rating of two patients with a preliminary Italian version of the CPRS. Despite an unfavourable setting, and some linguistic inaccuracies in the translation, a quite satisfactory degree of agreement was reached among the doctors. The Italian version of the CPRS has now been rewritten using a terminology more familiar to Italian psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:277062", "title": "Histogenesis of beryllium-induced bone tumours.", "content": "In response to beryllium treatment, irregular bone formation starts mainly in the marrow cavity of long bones, preceding neoplastic growth. Irregular medullary bone formation may be connected with the endosteum, but usually it develops in the bone marrow, independently of the endosteum. Osteogenesis in the bone marrow may be preceded by fibrosis but irregular bone may be formed also without any previous histological changes in the bone marrow. The tumour develops directly from the medullary bone. The prolonged irritation causes abnormal osteogenesis, which ultimately turns into neoplastic proliferation. Thus, the beryllium-induced bone sarcoma is, from histogenesis point of view, a hyperplaseogenic tumour. Irregular bone formation is considered a preblastomatous change, because it is closely connected with the development of the tumour and precedes it in time. The multiplicity of the tumour is explained by the \"neoplastic field\" theory of WILLIS.", "contents": "Histogenesis of beryllium-induced bone tumours. In response to beryllium treatment, irregular bone formation starts mainly in the marrow cavity of long bones, preceding neoplastic growth. Irregular medullary bone formation may be connected with the endosteum, but usually it develops in the bone marrow, independently of the endosteum. Osteogenesis in the bone marrow may be preceded by fibrosis but irregular bone may be formed also without any previous histological changes in the bone marrow. The tumour develops directly from the medullary bone. The prolonged irritation causes abnormal osteogenesis, which ultimately turns into neoplastic proliferation. Thus, the beryllium-induced bone sarcoma is, from histogenesis point of view, a hyperplaseogenic tumour. Irregular bone formation is considered a preblastomatous change, because it is closely connected with the development of the tumour and precedes it in time. The multiplicity of the tumour is explained by the \"neoplastic field\" theory of WILLIS."}
{"id": "PMID:277064", "title": "Dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy.", "content": "Interviews of 250 women concerning dietary changes during pregnancy were undertaken immediately after delivery. With regard to beverages, of women who regularly drank coffee or alcoholic items prior to conception, almost 30% reported a significant drop in ingestion during pregnancy. For coffee this change was attributed primarily to \"endogenous\" factors e.g., provocation of nausea or a loss of taste for the beverage. Concern regarding maternal or infant health was the most frequent reason for decrease in alcoholic beverages, although endogenous factors were also mentioned. Soda beverages were also ingested less frequently, predominantly because of dieting. The main increase was in milk consumption, primarily attributed to concern for the infant, but many mothers cited only a craving for the beverage. Other foods for which specific cravings were frequently cited were ice cream, sweets, and candy (particularly chocolate), fruits, and fish. Foods for which aversions outnumbered cravings were meats, poultry, and sauces flavored with oregano. Possible explanations for these changes associated with pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "Dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy. Interviews of 250 women concerning dietary changes during pregnancy were undertaken immediately after delivery. With regard to beverages, of women who regularly drank coffee or alcoholic items prior to conception, almost 30% reported a significant drop in ingestion during pregnancy. For coffee this change was attributed primarily to \"endogenous\" factors e.g., provocation of nausea or a loss of taste for the beverage. Concern regarding maternal or infant health was the most frequent reason for decrease in alcoholic beverages, although endogenous factors were also mentioned. Soda beverages were also ingested less frequently, predominantly because of dieting. The main increase was in milk consumption, primarily attributed to concern for the infant, but many mothers cited only a craving for the beverage. Other foods for which specific cravings were frequently cited were ice cream, sweets, and candy (particularly chocolate), fruits, and fish. Foods for which aversions outnumbered cravings were meats, poultry, and sauces flavored with oregano. Possible explanations for these changes associated with pregnancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277066", "title": "The short face syndrome.", "content": "Cephalograms of twenty-seven untreated adult Caucasians, selected on the basis of a clinical impression of reduced lower facial height, were studied. Various linear and angular measurements were studied and compared to the Bolton standards. The short face syndrome SFS is a clinically recognizable facial type with reduced lower facial height as the common denominator. On the basis of the FPI (facial proportion index), the RH (ramus height), the OP-PP distance (or posterior maxillary height), and the SN:MP angle, two subgroups were distinguished in the SFS group. SFS, was characterized by a long ramus, sharply reduced SN:MP angle, an FPI close to 10, and a slightly reduced posterior maxillary height. In contrast, SFS2 was characterized by a short ramus, a slightly reduced SN:MP angle, an FPI with values around or below zero, and a sharply reduced posterior maxillary height. The latter group was designated as vertical maxillary deficiency.", "contents": "The short face syndrome. Cephalograms of twenty-seven untreated adult Caucasians, selected on the basis of a clinical impression of reduced lower facial height, were studied. Various linear and angular measurements were studied and compared to the Bolton standards. The short face syndrome SFS is a clinically recognizable facial type with reduced lower facial height as the common denominator. On the basis of the FPI (facial proportion index), the RH (ramus height), the OP-PP distance (or posterior maxillary height), and the SN:MP angle, two subgroups were distinguished in the SFS group. SFS, was characterized by a long ramus, sharply reduced SN:MP angle, an FPI close to 10, and a slightly reduced posterior maxillary height. In contrast, SFS2 was characterized by a short ramus, a slightly reduced SN:MP angle, an FPI with values around or below zero, and a sharply reduced posterior maxillary height. The latter group was designated as vertical maxillary deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:277067", "title": "Effects of cervical anchorage during and after treatment: an implant study.", "content": "Two groups of ten patients with postnormal molar relation, identical as regards facial morphology and dental stage, were treated for 8 months with cervical traction of the Kloehn type. The extraoral arch of the headgear was tilted upward in relation to the occlusal plane in one group and downward in the other. The local tooth movements were measured and related to metal implants inserted in the jaws. The movement of the implants in relation to the anterior cranial base expressed the amount and direction of the sutural and condylar growth. It was shown that a normal molar relationship was established in the shortest time with a downward tilt of the extraoral bow. A pronounced distal tipping of the molars was observed in these patients. The growth direction of the maxilla during cervical treatment was downward and backward and the mandible rotated posteriorly. The children were observed again 7 to 8 years after treatment, and it appeared that the influence of the headgear on the growth pattern of the facial skeleton was reversible, as a pronounced anterior direction of growth of the maxilla as well as of the mandible was observed in all but two subjects.", "contents": "Effects of cervical anchorage during and after treatment: an implant study. Two groups of ten patients with postnormal molar relation, identical as regards facial morphology and dental stage, were treated for 8 months with cervical traction of the Kloehn type. The extraoral arch of the headgear was tilted upward in relation to the occlusal plane in one group and downward in the other. The local tooth movements were measured and related to metal implants inserted in the jaws. The movement of the implants in relation to the anterior cranial base expressed the amount and direction of the sutural and condylar growth. It was shown that a normal molar relationship was established in the shortest time with a downward tilt of the extraoral bow. A pronounced distal tipping of the molars was observed in these patients. The growth direction of the maxilla during cervical treatment was downward and backward and the mandible rotated posteriorly. The children were observed again 7 to 8 years after treatment, and it appeared that the influence of the headgear on the growth pattern of the facial skeleton was reversible, as a pronounced anterior direction of growth of the maxilla as well as of the mandible was observed in all but two subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:277069", "title": "Urea peroxide solution in the treatment of gingivitis in orthodontics.", "content": "A 3-month study was conducted to determine the effect  of a 10 per cent urea peroxide solution on gingivitis and oral debris accumulation in orthodontic patients. Sixty fullybanded children (thirty-two girls, twenty-eight boys) 10 to 17 years of age were randomly placed into two groups of thirty members. The treatment group was assigned the use of the test solution and given normal oral hygiene instructions. The control group was given only the normal oral hygiene instructions. The subjects' gingival status was evaluated by means of the gingival index (GI) of O'Leary. The accumulation of oral debris was monitored by means of the oral debris index (ODI) of Greene and Vermillion as modified by Womack. Subjects were scored at the start of the study and approximately 1 and 3 months thereafter. Analysis of variance of the GI and ODI scores revealed significant treatment effects (p = 0.0013 and p = 0.0051, respectively), which substantiated the clinical observations. Rinsing with the test solution in conjunction with toothbrushing appears useful as an oral hygiene measure for orthodontic patients. No adverse reactions were experienced by any of the patients using the test solutions.", "contents": "Urea peroxide solution in the treatment of gingivitis in orthodontics. A 3-month study was conducted to determine the effect  of a 10 per cent urea peroxide solution on gingivitis and oral debris accumulation in orthodontic patients. Sixty fullybanded children (thirty-two girls, twenty-eight boys) 10 to 17 years of age were randomly placed into two groups of thirty members. The treatment group was assigned the use of the test solution and given normal oral hygiene instructions. The control group was given only the normal oral hygiene instructions. The subjects' gingival status was evaluated by means of the gingival index (GI) of O'Leary. The accumulation of oral debris was monitored by means of the oral debris index (ODI) of Greene and Vermillion as modified by Womack. Subjects were scored at the start of the study and approximately 1 and 3 months thereafter. Analysis of variance of the GI and ODI scores revealed significant treatment effects (p = 0.0013 and p = 0.0051, respectively), which substantiated the clinical observations. Rinsing with the test solution in conjunction with toothbrushing appears useful as an oral hygiene measure for orthodontic patients. No adverse reactions were experienced by any of the patients using the test solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:277070", "title": "Landmark identification accuracy in xeroradiographic cephalometry.", "content": "Identification accuracy of fourteen cephalometric landmarks was compared between xeroradiographic cephalograms and conventional cephalograms. Four landmarks--point A, upper incisor tip, infradentale, and menton--were more accurately determined on the xeroradiograph, while two landmarks--point B and condylion--were more accurately determined on the conventional cephalogram. Although not conclusively demonstrated in this study, the xeroradiograph does appear to offer more clarity and detail than the conventional cephalogram. Further investigation of this new diagnostic medium will be necessary before its true significance to dentistry can be evaluated.", "contents": "Landmark identification accuracy in xeroradiographic cephalometry. Identification accuracy of fourteen cephalometric landmarks was compared between xeroradiographic cephalograms and conventional cephalograms. Four landmarks--point A, upper incisor tip, infradentale, and menton--were more accurately determined on the xeroradiograph, while two landmarks--point B and condylion--were more accurately determined on the conventional cephalogram. Although not conclusively demonstrated in this study, the xeroradiograph does appear to offer more clarity and detail than the conventional cephalogram. Further investigation of this new diagnostic medium will be necessary before its true significance to dentistry can be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:277073", "title": "The importance of recognizing malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts.", "content": "Four tumors in the extremities were initially diagnosed as extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma. Recent review of these tumors had led to their reclassification. Three of these are now recognized as malignant giant cell tumors of soft tissue and one as a malignant fibrous histiocytoma. All four patients have been cured. Some special features of malignant giant cell tumors of soft parts are described. The importance of treatment planning is stressed.", "contents": "The importance of recognizing malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts. Four tumors in the extremities were initially diagnosed as extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma. Recent review of these tumors had led to their reclassification. Three of these are now recognized as malignant giant cell tumors of soft tissue and one as a malignant fibrous histiocytoma. All four patients have been cured. Some special features of malignant giant cell tumors of soft parts are described. The importance of treatment planning is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:277084", "title": "Template bleeding time and clinical hemorrhage in myeloproliferative disease.", "content": "In 32 patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), correlations were made among clinical observations of hemorrhagic tendency, template Ivy bleeding time, and platelet aggregation studies. Bleeding time was commonly prolonged, particularly in myelofibrosis. In two cases, this prolongation appeared to reflect a defect in platelet function, which resulted in clinical bleeding. Prolongation of bleeding time did not correlate with degree of thrombocytosis. Two patients with thrombocytosis had serious clinical bleeding at a time when bleeding time was normal. Of the patients, 35% had abnormal findings from aggregation studies, but there was no correlation between aggregation studies and prolongation of bleeding time or clinical hemorrhage. We conclude that bleeding in MPD arises either from a defect in platelet function, which is reflected in a prolonged bleeding time, or from thrombocytosis.", "contents": "Template bleeding time and clinical hemorrhage in myeloproliferative disease. In 32 patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), correlations were made among clinical observations of hemorrhagic tendency, template Ivy bleeding time, and platelet aggregation studies. Bleeding time was commonly prolonged, particularly in myelofibrosis. In two cases, this prolongation appeared to reflect a defect in platelet function, which resulted in clinical bleeding. Prolongation of bleeding time did not correlate with degree of thrombocytosis. Two patients with thrombocytosis had serious clinical bleeding at a time when bleeding time was normal. Of the patients, 35% had abnormal findings from aggregation studies, but there was no correlation between aggregation studies and prolongation of bleeding time or clinical hemorrhage. We conclude that bleeding in MPD arises either from a defect in platelet function, which is reflected in a prolonged bleeding time, or from thrombocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277085", "title": "Long-term hypokalemia in acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "A 48-year-old man suffering from acute myeloid leukemia presented a hypokalemia that persisted almost constantly during 18 months despite total hematological remission. The renal investigation demonstrated a hypokalemic nephropathy with an impairment of urinary concentrating function. Light and electron microscopy showed renal lesions related to potassium depletion. We did not observe specific lesions explaining the renal potassium wasting. Metabolic studies showed persistent hyperkaluresis, which appeared to be the main kaliopenic factor. We also found hypomagnesemia and changes of the renin-aldosterone system. We observed a hyperreninism, probably due to hypokalemia and a slight hyperaldosteronism, which could have been one of the kaluretic agents.", "contents": "Long-term hypokalemia in acute myeloid leukemia. A 48-year-old man suffering from acute myeloid leukemia presented a hypokalemia that persisted almost constantly during 18 months despite total hematological remission. The renal investigation demonstrated a hypokalemic nephropathy with an impairment of urinary concentrating function. Light and electron microscopy showed renal lesions related to potassium depletion. We did not observe specific lesions explaining the renal potassium wasting. Metabolic studies showed persistent hyperkaluresis, which appeared to be the main kaliopenic factor. We also found hypomagnesemia and changes of the renin-aldosterone system. We observed a hyperreninism, probably due to hypokalemia and a slight hyperaldosteronism, which could have been one of the kaluretic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:277087", "title": "Young Scientists Award Lecture 1977: An investigation into the value of some clinical biochemical tests in the detection of minimal changes in liver morphology and function in the rat.", "content": "Minimal liver damage was induced in groups of rats by the administration of three toxicants, viz. carbon tetrachloride, sodium phenobarbitone and orotic acid. Serial blood samples were taken from the animals during the course of the experiment and the plasma levels of a number of enzymes, substrates and metabolites were measured. Liver and kidney samples were also taken at appropriate times after dosing and examined histologically for evidence of drug induced damage. The results of the experiment show that (I) no single test gave unequivocal evidence of liver damage for all three compounds, (II) the conventional liver function tests, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, whose plasma activities are usually reported in toxicity studies, were not the most sensitive indicators of the minimal liver cell damage caused by the drugs used in this experiment, (III) knowledge of the intracellular location of the diagnostic enzyme makes it possible to describe, at least in part, the nature of the changes within the liver, (IV) measurement of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels can provide information about disruption in lipid metabolism, (V) the times at which blood samples are taken are most important if transient drug effects on the liver are to be detected.", "contents": "Young Scientists Award Lecture 1977: An investigation into the value of some clinical biochemical tests in the detection of minimal changes in liver morphology and function in the rat. Minimal liver damage was induced in groups of rats by the administration of three toxicants, viz. carbon tetrachloride, sodium phenobarbitone and orotic acid. Serial blood samples were taken from the animals during the course of the experiment and the plasma levels of a number of enzymes, substrates and metabolites were measured. Liver and kidney samples were also taken at appropriate times after dosing and examined histologically for evidence of drug induced damage. The results of the experiment show that (I) no single test gave unequivocal evidence of liver damage for all three compounds, (II) the conventional liver function tests, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase, whose plasma activities are usually reported in toxicity studies, were not the most sensitive indicators of the minimal liver cell damage caused by the drugs used in this experiment, (III) knowledge of the intracellular location of the diagnostic enzyme makes it possible to describe, at least in part, the nature of the changes within the liver, (IV) measurement of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels can provide information about disruption in lipid metabolism, (V) the times at which blood samples are taken are most important if transient drug effects on the liver are to be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:277088", "title": "Evaluation of food safety. National and international aspects.", "content": "Evaluation of the safety of chemicals in food have created considerable interest within the public, political, administrative, and scientific sectors in many parts o- the world. Political and administrative approaches may vary from country to country depdneing on traditions and cultural pattern. The political aims and goals of our times may be clearly defined, but they are often rather obscure seen from a scientific point of view. Health authorities are supposed to interpret the political intentions and transcribe them into practical administration. The use, by national and international health authorities, of the available scientific and technological knowledge to evaluate the safety of the food in question is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of food safety. National and international aspects. Evaluation of the safety of chemicals in food have created considerable interest within the public, political, administrative, and scientific sectors in many parts o- the world. Political and administrative approaches may vary from country to country depdneing on traditions and cultural pattern. The political aims and goals of our times may be clearly defined, but they are often rather obscure seen from a scientific point of view. Health authorities are supposed to interpret the political intentions and transcribe them into practical administration. The use, by national and international health authorities, of the available scientific and technological knowledge to evaluate the safety of the food in question is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277090", "title": "Clinical aspects of drug-induced hepatitis.", "content": "The drug reactions of the liver may be classified as to (1) reproducibility, (2) severity, (3) localization and (4) duration of the lesion. Ad 1) Few drugs give a reproducible, dose dependent, hepatic reaction (e.g. acetaminophen), a greater problem is the unpredictable, dose independent reactions caused by \"indirect\" hepatotoxic drugs (e.g. imipramin). Ad 2) Drug reactions may be fatal (e.g. halothane), of limited clinical importance (e.g. clorpromazin) or clinically insignificant (e.g. iopanoic acid). Ad 3) Histologically, and to some extent clinically, hepatocellular (e.g. propylthiouracil) may be distinguished from cholestatic (e.g. tolbutamide) reactions, but overlapping (e.g. phenylbutazone) and individual variations are common. Ad 4) Most drug reactions are acute, but an insiduous course, developping to cirrhosis, is increasingly recognized (e.g. oxyphenacetin). Drug reactions are usually not clinically, biochemically and morphologically distinct from other common liver diseases and are only diagnosed if this possibility is constantly kept in mind. Treatment other than withdrawal of suspected or known etiologic agents is virtually lacking. The basis for prophylaxis is careful registration of all drug reactions. Potentially hepatotoxic drugs should only be administered after thorough cost/benefit considerations.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of drug-induced hepatitis. The drug reactions of the liver may be classified as to (1) reproducibility, (2) severity, (3) localization and (4) duration of the lesion. Ad 1) Few drugs give a reproducible, dose dependent, hepatic reaction (e.g. acetaminophen), a greater problem is the unpredictable, dose independent reactions caused by \"indirect\" hepatotoxic drugs (e.g. imipramin). Ad 2) Drug reactions may be fatal (e.g. halothane), of limited clinical importance (e.g. clorpromazin) or clinically insignificant (e.g. iopanoic acid). Ad 3) Histologically, and to some extent clinically, hepatocellular (e.g. propylthiouracil) may be distinguished from cholestatic (e.g. tolbutamide) reactions, but overlapping (e.g. phenylbutazone) and individual variations are common. Ad 4) Most drug reactions are acute, but an insiduous course, developping to cirrhosis, is increasingly recognized (e.g. oxyphenacetin). Drug reactions are usually not clinically, biochemically and morphologically distinct from other common liver diseases and are only diagnosed if this possibility is constantly kept in mind. Treatment other than withdrawal of suspected or known etiologic agents is virtually lacking. The basis for prophylaxis is careful registration of all drug reactions. Potentially hepatotoxic drugs should only be administered after thorough cost/benefit considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:277091", "title": "Hepatotoxicity in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The biochemical and physiological disturbances caused by liver disease may enhance the toxicity of drugs. Besides alterations in liver blood flow and drug binding, a decreased rate of drug metabolism is an important phenomenon. Studies with phenazone, a model drug, demonstrates that the rate of microsomal drug metabolism is related to the degree of metabolic hepatic impairment. Individual dosage adjustments in patients with liver disease are complicated for many drugs, because of the counteracting influences of a decreased hepatic blood clearance and an increased free fraction of drug which may enhance drug metabolism and drug action. Moreover, many drugs owe part of their pharmacological action to active metabolites formed in the liver. Finally, little is known about altered receptor sensitivity in patients with liver disease. Non-predictable hepatotoxic reactions appear not to occur more frequently in patients with liver disease than in other patients. However, hepatotoxicity may be masked by the liver disease or by the intake of ethanol.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity in patients with liver disease. The biochemical and physiological disturbances caused by liver disease may enhance the toxicity of drugs. Besides alterations in liver blood flow and drug binding, a decreased rate of drug metabolism is an important phenomenon. Studies with phenazone, a model drug, demonstrates that the rate of microsomal drug metabolism is related to the degree of metabolic hepatic impairment. Individual dosage adjustments in patients with liver disease are complicated for many drugs, because of the counteracting influences of a decreased hepatic blood clearance and an increased free fraction of drug which may enhance drug metabolism and drug action. Moreover, many drugs owe part of their pharmacological action to active metabolites formed in the liver. Finally, little is known about altered receptor sensitivity in patients with liver disease. Non-predictable hepatotoxic reactions appear not to occur more frequently in patients with liver disease than in other patients. However, hepatotoxicity may be masked by the liver disease or by the intake of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:277092", "title": "Halothane hepatitis.", "content": "Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1:1:1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile, nonflammable anaesthetic agent which has been widely used for the last 20 years. Halothane hepatitis has been a matter of continuing controversy, but now it seems to be generally accepted as a clinical entity. Characteristically the halothane hepatitis occurs after multiple exposures to halothane within short time. The pathogenesis of the liver cell damage is obscure. It is estimated that the incidence of halothane hepatitis is about one per 8000 halothane anaesthesias and the lethality about one per 40000. Prophylaxis consists of avoiding repeated halothane anaesthesias within short time and to avoid re-exposure to halothane if otherwise unexplained liver damage has occurred after halothane.", "contents": "Halothane hepatitis. Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1:1:1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile, nonflammable anaesthetic agent which has been widely used for the last 20 years. Halothane hepatitis has been a matter of continuing controversy, but now it seems to be generally accepted as a clinical entity. Characteristically the halothane hepatitis occurs after multiple exposures to halothane within short time. The pathogenesis of the liver cell damage is obscure. It is estimated that the incidence of halothane hepatitis is about one per 8000 halothane anaesthesias and the lethality about one per 40000. Prophylaxis consists of avoiding repeated halothane anaesthesias within short time and to avoid re-exposure to halothane if otherwise unexplained liver damage has occurred after halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:277093", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse and rat lung following administration and butylated hydroxytoluene.", "content": "Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a widely used antioxidant in food. It has recently been reported that intraperitoneal injection of BHT to female mice produced, within 3-5 days, a hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and general disorganisation of the cellular components of the lung (Marion and Mitchell, 1972). In male mice it was shown that this effect of BHT was associated with a marked stimulation of DNA synthesis in the lung (Witschi and Saheb, 1974). Measuring the incorporation of thymidine-2-14C into DNA in lung confirmed the results reported in mice. 500 mg of BHT per kg, i.p., resulted in a 20-40 fold increase in thymidine incorporation in both male and female mice after 4 days. In similar experiments in the rat, however, a two-fold increase was observed in female rats, no effect could be demonstrated in male rats. In experiments in male and female mice using p.o. administration of BHT similar results have been obtained as following i.p. administration.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse and rat lung following administration and butylated hydroxytoluene. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a widely used antioxidant in food. It has recently been reported that intraperitoneal injection of BHT to female mice produced, within 3-5 days, a hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and general disorganisation of the cellular components of the lung (Marion and Mitchell, 1972). In male mice it was shown that this effect of BHT was associated with a marked stimulation of DNA synthesis in the lung (Witschi and Saheb, 1974). Measuring the incorporation of thymidine-2-14C into DNA in lung confirmed the results reported in mice. 500 mg of BHT per kg, i.p., resulted in a 20-40 fold increase in thymidine incorporation in both male and female mice after 4 days. In similar experiments in the rat, however, a two-fold increase was observed in female rats, no effect could be demonstrated in male rats. In experiments in male and female mice using p.o. administration of BHT similar results have been obtained as following i.p. administration."}
{"id": "PMID:277096", "title": "Evaluation of organ weight differences in toxicological experiments.", "content": "The most frequent measure used to interpret drug effects on organ weights in toxicological experiments is the ratio of the organ weight to the animal's bodyweight. It is shown that in general this measure is not useful and can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding drug effects, specifically for rats. In addition a new approach to the design of organ weight experiments is considered and compared to the use of relative weights using simulated data. It is concluded that this new method may be useful in the evaluation of organ weights.", "contents": "Evaluation of organ weight differences in toxicological experiments. The most frequent measure used to interpret drug effects on organ weights in toxicological experiments is the ratio of the organ weight to the animal's bodyweight. It is shown that in general this measure is not useful and can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding drug effects, specifically for rats. In addition a new approach to the design of organ weight experiments is considered and compared to the use of relative weights using simulated data. It is concluded that this new method may be useful in the evaluation of organ weights."}
{"id": "PMID:277097", "title": "Comparative cardiovascular toxicity of trazodone and imipramine in the rat.", "content": "Several authors have associated the cardiotoxicity of the tricyclic antidepressants with their capacity to potentiate the response to catecholamines. Trazodone is a psychotropic drug with a clinically proven antidepressant activity. It differes from the tricyclic antidepressants under several aspects (chemistry, pharmacology, mode and mechanism of action, etc.), including interactions with catecholamines. Contrary to the tricyclic antidepressants, it does not potentiate the response to catecholamines, but, instead, has an adrenolytic activity. We therefore decided to compare the cardiotoxicity of trazodone and of a tricyclic antidepressant, i.e. imipramine in the rat. The experiments were conducted on anaesthetized Long Evans rats, the drugs being administered by i.v. infusion until cardiac arrest occurred; ECG (lead II) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded at the same time. The primary effect of trazodone was its hypotensive action. ECG changes, consisting of a lengthening of the PR interval, were observed only when there was a marked drop in BP. The primary effect of imipramine, instead, consisted of disturbances in cardiac conduction. It is concluded that trazodone and imipramine produce different cardiovascular effects.", "contents": "Comparative cardiovascular toxicity of trazodone and imipramine in the rat. Several authors have associated the cardiotoxicity of the tricyclic antidepressants with their capacity to potentiate the response to catecholamines. Trazodone is a psychotropic drug with a clinically proven antidepressant activity. It differes from the tricyclic antidepressants under several aspects (chemistry, pharmacology, mode and mechanism of action, etc.), including interactions with catecholamines. Contrary to the tricyclic antidepressants, it does not potentiate the response to catecholamines, but, instead, has an adrenolytic activity. We therefore decided to compare the cardiotoxicity of trazodone and of a tricyclic antidepressant, i.e. imipramine in the rat. The experiments were conducted on anaesthetized Long Evans rats, the drugs being administered by i.v. infusion until cardiac arrest occurred; ECG (lead II) and blood pressure (BP) were recorded at the same time. The primary effect of trazodone was its hypotensive action. ECG changes, consisting of a lengthening of the PR interval, were observed only when there was a marked drop in BP. The primary effect of imipramine, instead, consisted of disturbances in cardiac conduction. It is concluded that trazodone and imipramine produce different cardiovascular effects."}
{"id": "PMID:277098", "title": "Liver injury and multiple drug therapy.", "content": "Analysis of the drugs used at the time of hepatic injury was carried out in a group of patients consecutively admitted to medical wards during a 10 years period (1965-1975). One drug was the possible cause in 26% of the patients and 74% of them were treated with multiple drug therapy. The most common drugs associated with liver damage have been sulphonamides, oral contraceptives, nitrofurantoin, methyldopa and phenothiazine derivatives.", "contents": "Liver injury and multiple drug therapy. Analysis of the drugs used at the time of hepatic injury was carried out in a group of patients consecutively admitted to medical wards during a 10 years period (1965-1975). One drug was the possible cause in 26% of the patients and 74% of them were treated with multiple drug therapy. The most common drugs associated with liver damage have been sulphonamides, oral contraceptives, nitrofurantoin, methyldopa and phenothiazine derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:277099", "title": "Hepatotoxicity of citalopram in rats and first-pass metabolism.", "content": "A chronic oral toxicity study of citalopram in rats revealed dose dependent hepatic fatty infiltrations in male rats while female rats were unaffected. Subsequent studies demonstrated markedly reduced availability due to first-pass hepatic metabolism in male rats and roughly complete availability in females. Pretreatment of male rats with phenobarbital for 2 weeks caused increased metabolism and simultaneous administration of phenobarbital and citalopram gave more pronounced fatty infiltrations than citalopram alone. A connection is suggested between the first-pass metabolism in male rats and the hepatotoxicity, which is possibly mediated through a metabolite or intermediate formed in toxic amount during the first passage of the liver.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity of citalopram in rats and first-pass metabolism. A chronic oral toxicity study of citalopram in rats revealed dose dependent hepatic fatty infiltrations in male rats while female rats were unaffected. Subsequent studies demonstrated markedly reduced availability due to first-pass hepatic metabolism in male rats and roughly complete availability in females. Pretreatment of male rats with phenobarbital for 2 weeks caused increased metabolism and simultaneous administration of phenobarbital and citalopram gave more pronounced fatty infiltrations than citalopram alone. A connection is suggested between the first-pass metabolism in male rats and the hepatotoxicity, which is possibly mediated through a metabolite or intermediate formed in toxic amount during the first passage of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:277103", "title": "A new procedure for estimation of nitrovin and carbadox residues and their metabolites in food of animal origin.", "content": "In order to establishe the length of the protective period for which the animals are given food without chemical growth stimulators before slaughter two methods are proposed permitting wide use in sanitary control: 1/ A highly sensitive method of pulse-polarography has been worked out for the estimation of widely used growth stimulator nitrovin residues/ 1.5-bis/5-nitro2-furyl/1.4-pentadiene-3-on amidinohydrazone / and its metabolites. In the tissues of the experimental animals examined were found residues at a level of about 50 ppb. The limit of sensitivity of the procedure used is 10 ppb. 2/ Based upon double-electron reduction of the quinoxaline circle a simple and sufficiently sensitive polarographic method was worked out for the estimation of carbadox residues / quinoxaline-1.4-N-dioxide-2-methylcarbazate/and its main metabolite / quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid/. With the sensitivity of the method of 0.1 ppm excretion curves were designed and residue levels were determined in tissues of pigs fed up to 56 days of age by feed containing 20 - 50 ppm of carbadox.", "contents": "A new procedure for estimation of nitrovin and carbadox residues and their metabolites in food of animal origin. In order to establishe the length of the protective period for which the animals are given food without chemical growth stimulators before slaughter two methods are proposed permitting wide use in sanitary control: 1/ A highly sensitive method of pulse-polarography has been worked out for the estimation of widely used growth stimulator nitrovin residues/ 1.5-bis/5-nitro2-furyl/1.4-pentadiene-3-on amidinohydrazone / and its metabolites. In the tissues of the experimental animals examined were found residues at a level of about 50 ppb. The limit of sensitivity of the procedure used is 10 ppb. 2/ Based upon double-electron reduction of the quinoxaline circle a simple and sufficiently sensitive polarographic method was worked out for the estimation of carbadox residues / quinoxaline-1.4-N-dioxide-2-methylcarbazate/and its main metabolite / quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid/. With the sensitivity of the method of 0.1 ppm excretion curves were designed and residue levels were determined in tissues of pigs fed up to 56 days of age by feed containing 20 - 50 ppm of carbadox."}
{"id": "PMID:277104", "title": "Covalent binding of 2,4-diaminoanisole and 2,4-diaminotoluene in vivo.", "content": "We have studied the activation of 2,4-diaminoanisole (2,4-DAA), a mutagenic hair-dye component, and 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), a hepatocarcinogen, to products which blind covalently to tissue macromolecules. Four hours after a dose of 100 mg/kg ring-labeled 3H-2,4-DAA, 0.30 nmol is found covalently bound per mg liver protein. This amount is increased by 83% after phenobarbital pretreatment, and by 43% after beta-naphthoflavone-pretreatment. Almost the same degree of binding is seen in kidneys. Subcellular fractionation of livers shows that most of the bound material is in the microsomal fraction. Similar levels of covalent protein binding is seen after administering ring-labeled 3H-2,4-DAT. No significant binding to DNA in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated using 3H-2,4-DAA or 3H-2,4-DAT, whereas 3H-2,4-DAT is found to covalently bind to hepatic RNA.", "contents": "Covalent binding of 2,4-diaminoanisole and 2,4-diaminotoluene in vivo. We have studied the activation of 2,4-diaminoanisole (2,4-DAA), a mutagenic hair-dye component, and 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT), a hepatocarcinogen, to products which blind covalently to tissue macromolecules. Four hours after a dose of 100 mg/kg ring-labeled 3H-2,4-DAA, 0.30 nmol is found covalently bound per mg liver protein. This amount is increased by 83% after phenobarbital pretreatment, and by 43% after beta-naphthoflavone-pretreatment. Almost the same degree of binding is seen in kidneys. Subcellular fractionation of livers shows that most of the bound material is in the microsomal fraction. Similar levels of covalent protein binding is seen after administering ring-labeled 3H-2,4-DAT. No significant binding to DNA in vitro or in vivo could be demonstrated using 3H-2,4-DAA or 3H-2,4-DAT, whereas 3H-2,4-DAT is found to covalently bind to hepatic RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:277105", "title": "Hepato- and thyreotoxicity of tifemoxone.", "content": "The oral toxicity of Tifemoxone, phenoxymethyl-6 tetrahydroxazine-1, 3 thione-2, a new potential antidepressant was studied during 6 months in rats at 30, 85 and 230 mg/kg/d and in beagle dogs at 10, 55 and 300 mg/kg/d. Thyroid hyperplasia and hypoactivity were observed in the rats and dogs plasma triiodothyronine, determined in dogs, was modified. A dose dependent hepatotoxic effect was observed in the rats and dogs. In dogs at low dose, one animal died after B.S.P. test. Water consumption and urinary volume increased, weight loss and anemia appeared at high doses in both rats and dogs. Hair loss was observed in rats and convulsions in dogs. In conclusion, Tifemoxone like tetrahydroxazine thione and some derivatives caused thyreotoxicity, hairlessness and increased in water comsumption and diuresis and in addition it had strong hepatotoxic effect especially in the dog.", "contents": "Hepato- and thyreotoxicity of tifemoxone. The oral toxicity of Tifemoxone, phenoxymethyl-6 tetrahydroxazine-1, 3 thione-2, a new potential antidepressant was studied during 6 months in rats at 30, 85 and 230 mg/kg/d and in beagle dogs at 10, 55 and 300 mg/kg/d. Thyroid hyperplasia and hypoactivity were observed in the rats and dogs plasma triiodothyronine, determined in dogs, was modified. A dose dependent hepatotoxic effect was observed in the rats and dogs. In dogs at low dose, one animal died after B.S.P. test. Water consumption and urinary volume increased, weight loss and anemia appeared at high doses in both rats and dogs. Hair loss was observed in rats and convulsions in dogs. In conclusion, Tifemoxone like tetrahydroxazine thione and some derivatives caused thyreotoxicity, hairlessness and increased in water comsumption and diuresis and in addition it had strong hepatotoxic effect especially in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:277106", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of low-erucic-acid rapeseed oils.", "content": "Detailed morphometric studies performed in heart tissue from Swiss mice and Wistar rats show that, in comparison with other edible oils, long-term feeding of the new rapeseed oils, poor in erucic acid, do not significantly affect the incidence of myocardial background lesions, in contrast to high-erucic-acid rapeseed oil. The strong predisposition of the Sprague-Dawley rat, however, to develop myocardial necrosis is re-emphasized. The factors underlying this particularity need further clarification. The data presented and the available evidence from experiments involving pigs, monkeys and poultry show that a reduction of the content of erucic acid in rapeseed lipids, as has been achieved by selective plant breeding, considerably improves the nutritional status of the cruciferous oils.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of low-erucic-acid rapeseed oils. Detailed morphometric studies performed in heart tissue from Swiss mice and Wistar rats show that, in comparison with other edible oils, long-term feeding of the new rapeseed oils, poor in erucic acid, do not significantly affect the incidence of myocardial background lesions, in contrast to high-erucic-acid rapeseed oil. The strong predisposition of the Sprague-Dawley rat, however, to develop myocardial necrosis is re-emphasized. The factors underlying this particularity need further clarification. The data presented and the available evidence from experiments involving pigs, monkeys and poultry show that a reduction of the content of erucic acid in rapeseed lipids, as has been achieved by selective plant breeding, considerably improves the nutritional status of the cruciferous oils."}
{"id": "PMID:277107", "title": "Toxicological studies on a new veterinary antibiotic turimycin.", "content": "Turimycin is a fermentation product ofStreptomyces hydroscopicus (DDR W-Patent-Nr. 84 450). It is highly active in vitro against a range of mycoplasma species and gram-positive bacteria. The acute toxicity was determined in mice, rats and dogs. In mice and rats LD50 values ranged from 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally to higher than 3000 mg/kg orally. In a chronic study on dogs oral doseas of 50 nad 125 mg/kg Turimycin were given daily in capsules for 12 months. The results showed no functional or morphological differences between treated and control animals.", "contents": "Toxicological studies on a new veterinary antibiotic turimycin. Turimycin is a fermentation product ofStreptomyces hydroscopicus (DDR W-Patent-Nr. 84 450). It is highly active in vitro against a range of mycoplasma species and gram-positive bacteria. The acute toxicity was determined in mice, rats and dogs. In mice and rats LD50 values ranged from 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally to higher than 3000 mg/kg orally. In a chronic study on dogs oral doseas of 50 nad 125 mg/kg Turimycin were given daily in capsules for 12 months. The results showed no functional or morphological differences between treated and control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:277108", "title": "Hepatic clearance and disposition of hydroxyethylrutosides.", "content": "Although salts of rutin on i-v admin. undergo insolubilization giving rise to concretions and suppurative inflammation in the liver this was not observed in respect of the vaso-active hydroxyethylrutosides (Pfeifer et al., 1970). I-v admin. of 3',4',7-tri0-(beta-hydroxy[14C]ethyl)-rutoside (tri-HR) and 7-mono0-(beta-hydroxy[14C]ethyl)rutoside (mono-HR) to mice showed rapid biliary excretion (approx. 71% within 24 h). Approx. 2/3 of the dose was subsequently excreted in faeces and ca. 25% in urine over 72 h. Autoradiography and scintilation counting showed short term concentration in the liver over the initial 4 h period but at 72 h less than 0.22% of tri-HR and 0.59% of mono-HR was detectable in hepatic tissue. Carcasses of mice killed at 72 h contained less than 7% of the initial dose which was mainly present in intestinal contents.", "contents": "Hepatic clearance and disposition of hydroxyethylrutosides. Although salts of rutin on i-v admin. undergo insolubilization giving rise to concretions and suppurative inflammation in the liver this was not observed in respect of the vaso-active hydroxyethylrutosides (Pfeifer et al., 1970). I-v admin. of 3',4',7-tri0-(beta-hydroxy[14C]ethyl)-rutoside (tri-HR) and 7-mono0-(beta-hydroxy[14C]ethyl)rutoside (mono-HR) to mice showed rapid biliary excretion (approx. 71% within 24 h). Approx. 2/3 of the dose was subsequently excreted in faeces and ca. 25% in urine over 72 h. Autoradiography and scintilation counting showed short term concentration in the liver over the initial 4 h period but at 72 h less than 0.22% of tri-HR and 0.59% of mono-HR was detectable in hepatic tissue. Carcasses of mice killed at 72 h contained less than 7% of the initial dose which was mainly present in intestinal contents."}
{"id": "PMID:277109", "title": "Changes in the hepatic copper conent after treatment with foreign compounds.", "content": "The effects of dimercaprol, CaNa2EDTA, D-penicillamine, diethyldithiocarbamate, disulfiram, pyrazole and phenobarbital on the hepatic copper content were studied. Adult male albino rats were given these compounds subcutaneously or intragastrically for 4 or 7 days, and the copper content in the hepatic crude homogenate was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metal chelating compounds dimercaprol, D-penicillamine and diethyldithiocarbamate only slightly decreased the level of copper in the liver. CaNa2 EDTA caused no change in the copper content. A slight decrease was found also after phenobarbital treatment. On the contrary, disulfiram and pyrazole increased the copper content 3- and 2-fold, respectively. It is suggested that the accumulation of copper in the liver is due to the cholestatic action of disulfiram and pyrazole.", "contents": "Changes in the hepatic copper conent after treatment with foreign compounds. The effects of dimercaprol, CaNa2EDTA, D-penicillamine, diethyldithiocarbamate, disulfiram, pyrazole and phenobarbital on the hepatic copper content were studied. Adult male albino rats were given these compounds subcutaneously or intragastrically for 4 or 7 days, and the copper content in the hepatic crude homogenate was measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The metal chelating compounds dimercaprol, D-penicillamine and diethyldithiocarbamate only slightly decreased the level of copper in the liver. CaNa2 EDTA caused no change in the copper content. A slight decrease was found also after phenobarbital treatment. On the contrary, disulfiram and pyrazole increased the copper content 3- and 2-fold, respectively. It is suggested that the accumulation of copper in the liver is due to the cholestatic action of disulfiram and pyrazole."}
{"id": "PMID:277110", "title": "Absorption and excretion of 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid in rats and rabbits.", "content": "1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid (ANSA) and compounds of similar structure are metabolites formed by azo reduction in mammals from several commonly used food colours, e.g. Sunset Yellow FCF and Food Red 17. At our institute it has been shown that ANSA produces bile duct proliferation when given orally to rabbits. Furthermore Orange RN which by azo reduction yields ANSA (and aniline) induce the same effect in pigs (Olsen et al., 1973) but not in rats (Gaunt et al., 1971). Using 35S-labelled ANSA the absorption and excretion as well as the localisation in the liver cell of ANSA was investigated in rats and rabbits. The results after p.o. administration shows that the rabbit absorbs and excretes into the urine a significant larger amount of ANSA (30-40%) than the rat (6-13%). The results after i.v. administration shows that some 60% of the injected dose is excreted in the urine in both species. In the rat 15-20% are recovered from the faeces, while only traces (0.1-0.5%) are found in faeces of rabbits. A significant amount of ANSA was retained in the blood and the liver of both species 24 and 48 hours after administration. After differential centrifugation of liver homogenates the majority of ANSA was found in the 9000 x g supernatant.", "contents": "Absorption and excretion of 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid in rats and rabbits. 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid (ANSA) and compounds of similar structure are metabolites formed by azo reduction in mammals from several commonly used food colours, e.g. Sunset Yellow FCF and Food Red 17. At our institute it has been shown that ANSA produces bile duct proliferation when given orally to rabbits. Furthermore Orange RN which by azo reduction yields ANSA (and aniline) induce the same effect in pigs (Olsen et al., 1973) but not in rats (Gaunt et al., 1971). Using 35S-labelled ANSA the absorption and excretion as well as the localisation in the liver cell of ANSA was investigated in rats and rabbits. The results after p.o. administration shows that the rabbit absorbs and excretes into the urine a significant larger amount of ANSA (30-40%) than the rat (6-13%). The results after i.v. administration shows that some 60% of the injected dose is excreted in the urine in both species. In the rat 15-20% are recovered from the faeces, while only traces (0.1-0.5%) are found in faeces of rabbits. A significant amount of ANSA was retained in the blood and the liver of both species 24 and 48 hours after administration. After differential centrifugation of liver homogenates the majority of ANSA was found in the 9000 x g supernatant."}
{"id": "PMID:277111", "title": "Drug excretion into eggs. An autoradiographic study.", "content": "Ulberg's whole-body autoradiographic technic has been used to illustrate the distribution pattern, the uptake to the oocytes and the excretion into the egg-white of 14C-trimethroprim, 3H-tetracycline and 14C-urea in Japanese quails. Marked differences were found in the uptake by the follicular epithelium between the oocytes of different size. Furthermore it is observed, that the part of the compound which reaches the yolk remains there, while the rest of the compound is excreted from the body. In the oviduct, the compounds showed variations in the distribution pattern between the differen parts, apparently according to the passive diffusion concept. Some of the drugs showed peculiar localisation in high concentrations as in the retina and in the pecten of the quails eye.", "contents": "Drug excretion into eggs. An autoradiographic study. Ulberg's whole-body autoradiographic technic has been used to illustrate the distribution pattern, the uptake to the oocytes and the excretion into the egg-white of 14C-trimethroprim, 3H-tetracycline and 14C-urea in Japanese quails. Marked differences were found in the uptake by the follicular epithelium between the oocytes of different size. Furthermore it is observed, that the part of the compound which reaches the yolk remains there, while the rest of the compound is excreted from the body. In the oviduct, the compounds showed variations in the distribution pattern between the differen parts, apparently according to the passive diffusion concept. Some of the drugs showed peculiar localisation in high concentrations as in the retina and in the pecten of the quails eye."}
{"id": "PMID:277113", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes in hepatic injury induced by bromobenzene.", "content": "In studies with bromobenzene we found increases in the activities of hepatic lysosomal enzymes. The present study was undertaken to determine how these changes are related to the development of hepatic injury after bromobenzene administration. A single intraperitoneal injection of bromobenzene (5 mmoles/kg) caused significant increases in the total activity of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase in rat liver within 8-12 h, whereas it did not alter the free activity of these enzymes. Enhancement of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by the pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital was not associated with further changes in hepatic N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase or beta-glucuronidase activities. Cycloheximide administered prior to bromobenzene inhibited significantly the effect of bromobenzene on the total N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity. The results suggest that lysosomal enzymes are not directly involved in hepatic damage caused by bromobenzene and that the inhibition of protein synthesis may reduce this response to hepatotoxin.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes in hepatic injury induced by bromobenzene. In studies with bromobenzene we found increases in the activities of hepatic lysosomal enzymes. The present study was undertaken to determine how these changes are related to the development of hepatic injury after bromobenzene administration. A single intraperitoneal injection of bromobenzene (5 mmoles/kg) caused significant increases in the total activity of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase in rat liver within 8-12 h, whereas it did not alter the free activity of these enzymes. Enhancement of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by the pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital was not associated with further changes in hepatic N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase or beta-glucuronidase activities. Cycloheximide administered prior to bromobenzene inhibited significantly the effect of bromobenzene on the total N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity. The results suggest that lysosomal enzymes are not directly involved in hepatic damage caused by bromobenzene and that the inhibition of protein synthesis may reduce this response to hepatotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:277114", "title": "Increase of hepatic and serum aldehyde dehydrogenase activity after TCDD treatment.", "content": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a contaminant of some herbicides, is an extremely potent enzyme inducer. Male albino rats of two genetically different substrains developed for the inducibility (RR) and noninducibility (rr) of aldehyde dehydrogenase by phenobarbital were given TCDD 80 microgram/kg as a single dose 6 days before analysis. rr-Animals having no induction of the hepatic soluble high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase by phenobarbital showed an approximate 25-fold increase in activity after TCDD treatment. The increase in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity could be detected only when measured with a millimolar substrate concentration. The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in serum was increased 3-fold after TCDD administration in both substrains.", "contents": "Increase of hepatic and serum aldehyde dehydrogenase activity after TCDD treatment. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a contaminant of some herbicides, is an extremely potent enzyme inducer. Male albino rats of two genetically different substrains developed for the inducibility (RR) and noninducibility (rr) of aldehyde dehydrogenase by phenobarbital were given TCDD 80 microgram/kg as a single dose 6 days before analysis. rr-Animals having no induction of the hepatic soluble high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase by phenobarbital showed an approximate 25-fold increase in activity after TCDD treatment. The increase in aldehyde dehydrogenase activity could be detected only when measured with a millimolar substrate concentration. The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in serum was increased 3-fold after TCDD administration in both substrains."}
{"id": "PMID:277115", "title": "Enhancement of cytosolic carboxylesterase by phenobarbital in the rat.", "content": "Previously suggested identity of soluble hepatic carboxylesterase and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase was studied in the liver of the rr and RR rat substrains after phenobarbital administration. Results showed over 30% increase of carboxylesterase activity in all animals treated with phenobarbital. The total aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was increased only in RR substrain. These animals had no similar enhancement in the activity of carboxylesterase. The results indicate that the two enzymes are not identical.", "contents": "Enhancement of cytosolic carboxylesterase by phenobarbital in the rat. Previously suggested identity of soluble hepatic carboxylesterase and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase was studied in the liver of the rr and RR rat substrains after phenobarbital administration. Results showed over 30% increase of carboxylesterase activity in all animals treated with phenobarbital. The total aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was increased only in RR substrain. These animals had no similar enhancement in the activity of carboxylesterase. The results indicate that the two enzymes are not identical."}
{"id": "PMID:277117", "title": "Specific modification of the properties of the N-hydroxylase. Relationship with carcinogenesis by aromatic amides.", "content": "N-hydroxylation represents the first and limiting step in the metabolic pathway leading to the carcinogenic activity of aromatic amines and amides. Using a method recently developed by the same authors (Analytical Biochemistry, in press), the effects of pretreatment of male adult rats with N-2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF), N-4-acetylaminofluorene (4AAF), N-4-acetyl-aminobiphenyl, (4-AABP), and phenobarbital (PB), on the kinetic parameters of the N-hydroxylase activity have been evaluated and compared. Our resutls clearly demonstrate that both hepatocarcinogenic amides, 2-AAF and 4-AABP very significantly increase the affinity of the activating enzyme towards both substrates; on the other hand, 4-AAF and PB, which are non-carcinogenic compounds slightly decrease the affinity of the enzyme. In conclusion, the carcinogenic aromatic amides seem to specifically modify the catalytic properties of the enzyme responsible for their own metabolic activation.", "contents": "Specific modification of the properties of the N-hydroxylase. Relationship with carcinogenesis by aromatic amides. N-hydroxylation represents the first and limiting step in the metabolic pathway leading to the carcinogenic activity of aromatic amines and amides. Using a method recently developed by the same authors (Analytical Biochemistry, in press), the effects of pretreatment of male adult rats with N-2-acetylaminofluorene (2AAF), N-4-acetylaminofluorene (4AAF), N-4-acetyl-aminobiphenyl, (4-AABP), and phenobarbital (PB), on the kinetic parameters of the N-hydroxylase activity have been evaluated and compared. Our resutls clearly demonstrate that both hepatocarcinogenic amides, 2-AAF and 4-AABP very significantly increase the affinity of the activating enzyme towards both substrates; on the other hand, 4-AAF and PB, which are non-carcinogenic compounds slightly decrease the affinity of the enzyme. In conclusion, the carcinogenic aromatic amides seem to specifically modify the catalytic properties of the enzyme responsible for their own metabolic activation."}
{"id": "PMID:277118", "title": "A very sensitive gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of styrene oxidase and styrene oxide hydratase activities.", "content": "Styrene is a compound widely used in the manufacture of polystyrenic plastics and it has recently been shown to exert mutagenic effects after metabolic activation into styrene oxide by the microsomal mixed function oxidases; this oxide is further converted into inactive styrene glycol. In order to investigate the relative importance of activation and desactivation processes of styrene, we developed a gas chromatographic method which enables us to simultaneously measure styrene oxide and styrene glycol formed after incubation of styrene with microsomal preparations from different tissues. After selective extraction of the two compounds from the incubation mixture, they are derivatized with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and measured by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. The high sensitivity of the method, which allows 0.01 ng of both compounds to be measured, as well as its selectiveity, has permitted us to adequately evaluate the kinetic parameters of styrene oxidase and styrene oxide hydratase activities, as well as their modifications under the influence of various pretreatments of the animals.", "contents": "A very sensitive gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of styrene oxidase and styrene oxide hydratase activities. Styrene is a compound widely used in the manufacture of polystyrenic plastics and it has recently been shown to exert mutagenic effects after metabolic activation into styrene oxide by the microsomal mixed function oxidases; this oxide is further converted into inactive styrene glycol. In order to investigate the relative importance of activation and desactivation processes of styrene, we developed a gas chromatographic method which enables us to simultaneously measure styrene oxide and styrene glycol formed after incubation of styrene with microsomal preparations from different tissues. After selective extraction of the two compounds from the incubation mixture, they are derivatized with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and measured by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. The high sensitivity of the method, which allows 0.01 ng of both compounds to be measured, as well as its selectiveity, has permitted us to adequately evaluate the kinetic parameters of styrene oxidase and styrene oxide hydratase activities, as well as their modifications under the influence of various pretreatments of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:277119", "title": "A gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of the vinyl epoxidase activity.", "content": "Two alternative specific and very sensitive methods for determination of vinyl epoxide synthetase activity in liver microsomes are described. Trichloroethylene, which is used as a substrate, is converted into trichloroethylene oxide by a hepatic epoxide synthetase. Chloral hydrate, the final rearrangement product of trichloroethylene oxide, is evaluated by electron capture gas chromatography, either after derivatization with pentafluorophenyl-hydrazine or after its conversion into chloroform under alcaline conditions. The kinetic parameters of the epoxidative reaction have been determined on rat hepatic microsomal suspensions.", "contents": "A gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of the vinyl epoxidase activity. Two alternative specific and very sensitive methods for determination of vinyl epoxide synthetase activity in liver microsomes are described. Trichloroethylene, which is used as a substrate, is converted into trichloroethylene oxide by a hepatic epoxide synthetase. Chloral hydrate, the final rearrangement product of trichloroethylene oxide, is evaluated by electron capture gas chromatography, either after derivatization with pentafluorophenyl-hydrazine or after its conversion into chloroform under alcaline conditions. The kinetic parameters of the epoxidative reaction have been determined on rat hepatic microsomal suspensions."}
{"id": "PMID:277120", "title": "The use of food additives in Sweden.", "content": "Recently it was demonstrated that the levels of some added colours in food sold in Sweden were such that the recommended daily intake (ADI) could easily be exceeded by the consumer (Ahlborg et al. V\u00e5r F\u00f6da, 26, 1974, 194-217). New regulations concerning the use of food colours in Sweden came into force on July 1st, 1975. The collection of information on the use of food additives in products sold on the Swedish market has not been extended to cover other food additives such as preservatives and antioxidants. This study is based upon details of about 10,000 food products containing food additives. The material is being computerised and work on the evaluation is in progress. The new investigation demonstrates that the use of food colours has decreased and that very few products now contain high levels of food colours. Data will be presented concerning the levels and total amounts of preservatives, antioxidants and other food additives used in different groups of food products.", "contents": "The use of food additives in Sweden. Recently it was demonstrated that the levels of some added colours in food sold in Sweden were such that the recommended daily intake (ADI) could easily be exceeded by the consumer (Ahlborg et al. V\u00e5r F\u00f6da, 26, 1974, 194-217). New regulations concerning the use of food colours in Sweden came into force on July 1st, 1975. The collection of information on the use of food additives in products sold on the Swedish market has not been extended to cover other food additives such as preservatives and antioxidants. This study is based upon details of about 10,000 food products containing food additives. The material is being computerised and work on the evaluation is in progress. The new investigation demonstrates that the use of food colours has decreased and that very few products now contain high levels of food colours. Data will be presented concerning the levels and total amounts of preservatives, antioxidants and other food additives used in different groups of food products."}
{"id": "PMID:277121", "title": "Hemiglobin formation in vitro induced by azo dyes and their metabolites.", "content": "Azo dyes which after reduction by the intestinal flora yield aniline are known as inducers of Heinz bodies after oral intake (J.J.-P. Drake, 1975). The effect of aniline is thought to depend on its metabolic conversion to the known hemiglobin inducers, phenylhydroxylamine and o- and p-aminophenol (A. de Bruin, 1976). The azo dyes used for colouring of foods are reduced in vivo forming sulphonated primary aromatic amines, many of which are of aminonaphthol structure. Such compounds could be potential hemiglobin inducers. This possibility was investigated in vitro by incubating the following azo dyes and their metabolites, with red cells in Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution: Chrysoin S, Scharlach GN, Azorubine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Food Red 17, Orange GGN, Ponceau 4R, Amaranth, Ponceau 6R and Fast Yellow AB. The concentration in the incubate was 0.5 mmol/l and the hemiglobin formation was measured after 1 h. The effect on red cells from pigs was compared with the effect on human red cells. Only the metabolites containing amino and naphthol groups together were active. The activity depended on the number and position of the sulfonic acid groups.", "contents": "Hemiglobin formation in vitro induced by azo dyes and their metabolites. Azo dyes which after reduction by the intestinal flora yield aniline are known as inducers of Heinz bodies after oral intake (J.J.-P. Drake, 1975). The effect of aniline is thought to depend on its metabolic conversion to the known hemiglobin inducers, phenylhydroxylamine and o- and p-aminophenol (A. de Bruin, 1976). The azo dyes used for colouring of foods are reduced in vivo forming sulphonated primary aromatic amines, many of which are of aminonaphthol structure. Such compounds could be potential hemiglobin inducers. This possibility was investigated in vitro by incubating the following azo dyes and their metabolites, with red cells in Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution: Chrysoin S, Scharlach GN, Azorubine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Food Red 17, Orange GGN, Ponceau 4R, Amaranth, Ponceau 6R and Fast Yellow AB. The concentration in the incubate was 0.5 mmol/l and the hemiglobin formation was measured after 1 h. The effect on red cells from pigs was compared with the effect on human red cells. Only the metabolites containing amino and naphthol groups together were active. The activity depended on the number and position of the sulfonic acid groups."}
{"id": "PMID:277122", "title": "Peroral toxicity of Orange RN in pigs. Early haemotological changes.", "content": "Earlier experiments with Orange RN in rats have shown several changes in the blood i.g. induction of Heinz bodies, methaemoglobinaemia and reduction of RBC (J.F. Gaunt et al., Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 1971, 9, 619). Similarly induction of Heinz bodies, reduction of RBC and a rise in reticulocytes were demonstrated at our institute in pigs following a few weeks administration of Orange RN (P. Olsen et al., Toxicology, 1973, 101, 249). The purpose of this study has been to investigate the degree and the induction time of Heinz bodies and changes in the number of reticulocytes and RBC in pigs during the first 18 days. After a few days marked alterations in the blood picture were seen. Heinz bodies increased from a few or none to 65% of the erythrocytes in the highest dose group (320 mg/kg bw/day) and to 30% in the lowest dose group (160 mg/kg bw/day). In addition a marked decrease in RBC and a rise in reticulocytes were seen in the highest dose group.", "contents": "Peroral toxicity of Orange RN in pigs. Early haemotological changes. Earlier experiments with Orange RN in rats have shown several changes in the blood i.g. induction of Heinz bodies, methaemoglobinaemia and reduction of RBC (J.F. Gaunt et al., Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 1971, 9, 619). Similarly induction of Heinz bodies, reduction of RBC and a rise in reticulocytes were demonstrated at our institute in pigs following a few weeks administration of Orange RN (P. Olsen et al., Toxicology, 1973, 101, 249). The purpose of this study has been to investigate the degree and the induction time of Heinz bodies and changes in the number of reticulocytes and RBC in pigs during the first 18 days. After a few days marked alterations in the blood picture were seen. Heinz bodies increased from a few or none to 65% of the erythrocytes in the highest dose group (320 mg/kg bw/day) and to 30% in the lowest dose group (160 mg/kg bw/day). In addition a marked decrease in RBC and a rise in reticulocytes were seen in the highest dose group."}
{"id": "PMID:277123", "title": "Toxicology of triethyllead, methylmercury and cadmium, determined in chick embryo brain cell cultures.", "content": "The toxicology of water soluble chemical compounds may be investigated in tissue culture systems. The toxicology of triethyllead chloride, methylmercury chloride and cadmium acetate was studied in chick embryo brain cell cutlures. Tetraethyllead is added to petrol as an anti-knock agent. When tetraethyllead is absorbed by the organism, it is converted to triethyllead which cause the symptoms of tetraethyllead poisoning. Chick embryo brain cell cultures derived from cerebrum of 11-day-old chick embryos developed both neurons and glial cells. The neurons formed nerve processes and synapsis in the cultures. The effect of triethyllead chloride was investigated by addition of triethyllead chloride to the nutrient medium. The median tissue culture lethal dose, TCLD50 = 1.9 mg/l, was determined as the concentration of triethyllead chloride at which the confluent layer of glial cells was destroyed in 50% of the cultures. The neurons lost their processes at even lower concentration, TCED50 = 0.57 mg/l. Electron microscopy revealed cells with swollen Golgi apparatus and dilated endoplasmic reticulum in chick embryo brain cell cultures which were treated with triethyllead chloride, 1.0 mg/l. Studies with radioactive labelled precursors revealed that triethyllead chloride inhibited the synthesis of DNA, sulfatides and cerebrosides without hydroxyfatty acids.", "contents": "Toxicology of triethyllead, methylmercury and cadmium, determined in chick embryo brain cell cultures. The toxicology of water soluble chemical compounds may be investigated in tissue culture systems. The toxicology of triethyllead chloride, methylmercury chloride and cadmium acetate was studied in chick embryo brain cell cutlures. Tetraethyllead is added to petrol as an anti-knock agent. When tetraethyllead is absorbed by the organism, it is converted to triethyllead which cause the symptoms of tetraethyllead poisoning. Chick embryo brain cell cultures derived from cerebrum of 11-day-old chick embryos developed both neurons and glial cells. The neurons formed nerve processes and synapsis in the cultures. The effect of triethyllead chloride was investigated by addition of triethyllead chloride to the nutrient medium. The median tissue culture lethal dose, TCLD50 = 1.9 mg/l, was determined as the concentration of triethyllead chloride at which the confluent layer of glial cells was destroyed in 50% of the cultures. The neurons lost their processes at even lower concentration, TCED50 = 0.57 mg/l. Electron microscopy revealed cells with swollen Golgi apparatus and dilated endoplasmic reticulum in chick embryo brain cell cultures which were treated with triethyllead chloride, 1.0 mg/l. Studies with radioactive labelled precursors revealed that triethyllead chloride inhibited the synthesis of DNA, sulfatides and cerebrosides without hydroxyfatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:277124", "title": "Reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis with an indenopyridine (20-438).", "content": "30 mg/kg/day 20-438, an Indenopyridine, induced a complete inhibition of spermatogenesis in male dogs within a few days. The dogs did not develop signs of general toxicity. Erection capability and ejaculation were not inhibited, although the sperm number fell to zero. Histologically the seminiferous tubuli were emptied of spermatides and spermatocytes. After drug withdrawal sperm number and histological appearance returned to normal within 8-11 weeks. In rats, single doses of 50 mg/kg or more induced also an arrest of spermatogenesis. The effect was easily detected by the decrease of testes weights. The weight of seminal vesicles remained unchanged. In chronically treated rats, serum-LH and FSH were slightly increased. The compound has similar effects as other substances acting on spermatocytes (AF 1312/TS, Silvestrini et al., 1975; Boris et al., 1974 or WIN 18446, Coulston et al., 1960). The exact mechanism of action (vascular?) has to be elucidated.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis with an indenopyridine (20-438). 30 mg/kg/day 20-438, an Indenopyridine, induced a complete inhibition of spermatogenesis in male dogs within a few days. The dogs did not develop signs of general toxicity. Erection capability and ejaculation were not inhibited, although the sperm number fell to zero. Histologically the seminiferous tubuli were emptied of spermatides and spermatocytes. After drug withdrawal sperm number and histological appearance returned to normal within 8-11 weeks. In rats, single doses of 50 mg/kg or more induced also an arrest of spermatogenesis. The effect was easily detected by the decrease of testes weights. The weight of seminal vesicles remained unchanged. In chronically treated rats, serum-LH and FSH were slightly increased. The compound has similar effects as other substances acting on spermatocytes (AF 1312/TS, Silvestrini et al., 1975; Boris et al., 1974 or WIN 18446, Coulston et al., 1960). The exact mechanism of action (vascular?) has to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:277125", "title": "Effects of rapeseed oil compared to hydrogenated marine oil in rats. Histopathological effects of erucic acid and isomers on the heart.", "content": "In a recent review on the role of fats in human nutrition Vergroesen and Gottenbos (1975) emphasize, that the presence of erucic acid isomers in hydrogenated marine oils (HMO) may constitute a toxicological problem as serious as erucic acid in rapeseed oil (RSO). On the contrary Christophersen et al. (1976) stress, that these fatty acids in HMO represent a minor toxicological problem, and that conclusions drawn from HMO to RSO are questionable. Preliminary studies at our institute indicate lipidosis in the heart both in rats fed RSO and HMO, containing equivalent amounts of erucic acid and erucic acid isomers respectively. Further experiments of longer duration are performed with HMO and RSO in order to compare the effect on the heart, especially in relation to the formation of cell necrosis.", "contents": "Effects of rapeseed oil compared to hydrogenated marine oil in rats. Histopathological effects of erucic acid and isomers on the heart. In a recent review on the role of fats in human nutrition Vergroesen and Gottenbos (1975) emphasize, that the presence of erucic acid isomers in hydrogenated marine oils (HMO) may constitute a toxicological problem as serious as erucic acid in rapeseed oil (RSO). On the contrary Christophersen et al. (1976) stress, that these fatty acids in HMO represent a minor toxicological problem, and that conclusions drawn from HMO to RSO are questionable. Preliminary studies at our institute indicate lipidosis in the heart both in rats fed RSO and HMO, containing equivalent amounts of erucic acid and erucic acid isomers respectively. Further experiments of longer duration are performed with HMO and RSO in order to compare the effect on the heart, especially in relation to the formation of cell necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277126", "title": "Food additives.", "content": "The use of additives to food fulfils many purposes, as shown by the index issued by the Codex Committee on Food Additives: Acids, bases and salts; Preservatives, Antioxidants and antioxidant synergists; Anticaking agents; Colours; Emulfifiers; Thickening agents; Flour-treatment agents; Extraction solvents; Carrier solvents; Flavours (synthetic); Flavour enhancers; Non-nutritive sweeteners; Processing aids; Enzyme preparations. Many additives occur naturally in foods, but this does not exclude toxicity at higher levels. Some food additives are nutrients, or even essential nutritents, e.g. NaCl. Examples are known of food additives causing toxicity in man even when used according to regulations, e.g. cobalt in beer. In other instances, poisoning has been due to carry-over, e.g. by nitrate in cheese whey - when used for artificial feed for infants. Poisonings also occur as the result of the permitted substance being added at too high levels, by accident or carelessness, e.g. nitrite in fish. Finally, there are examples of hypersensitivity to food additives, e.g. to tartrazine and other food colours. The toxicological evaluation, based on animal feeding studies, may be complicated by impurities, e.g. orthotoluene-sulfonamide in saccharin; by transformation or disappearance of the additive in food processing in storage, e.g. bisulfite in raisins; by reaction products with food constituents, e.g. formation of ethylurethane from diethyl pyrocarbonate; by metabolic transformation products, e.g. formation in the gut of cyclohexylamine from cyclamate. Metabolic end products may differ in experimental animals and in man: guanylic acid and inosinic acid are metabolized to allantoin in the rat but to uric acid in man. The magnitude of the safety margin in man of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is not identical to the \"safety factor\" used when calculating the ADI. The symptoms of Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, although not hazardous, furthermore illustrate that the whole ADI cannot always be ingested as a single dose on an empty stomach with impunity.", "contents": "Food additives. The use of additives to food fulfils many purposes, as shown by the index issued by the Codex Committee on Food Additives: Acids, bases and salts; Preservatives, Antioxidants and antioxidant synergists; Anticaking agents; Colours; Emulfifiers; Thickening agents; Flour-treatment agents; Extraction solvents; Carrier solvents; Flavours (synthetic); Flavour enhancers; Non-nutritive sweeteners; Processing aids; Enzyme preparations. Many additives occur naturally in foods, but this does not exclude toxicity at higher levels. Some food additives are nutrients, or even essential nutritents, e.g. NaCl. Examples are known of food additives causing toxicity in man even when used according to regulations, e.g. cobalt in beer. In other instances, poisoning has been due to carry-over, e.g. by nitrate in cheese whey - when used for artificial feed for infants. Poisonings also occur as the result of the permitted substance being added at too high levels, by accident or carelessness, e.g. nitrite in fish. Finally, there are examples of hypersensitivity to food additives, e.g. to tartrazine and other food colours. The toxicological evaluation, based on animal feeding studies, may be complicated by impurities, e.g. orthotoluene-sulfonamide in saccharin; by transformation or disappearance of the additive in food processing in storage, e.g. bisulfite in raisins; by reaction products with food constituents, e.g. formation of ethylurethane from diethyl pyrocarbonate; by metabolic transformation products, e.g. formation in the gut of cyclohexylamine from cyclamate. Metabolic end products may differ in experimental animals and in man: guanylic acid and inosinic acid are metabolized to allantoin in the rat but to uric acid in man. The magnitude of the safety margin in man of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is not identical to the \"safety factor\" used when calculating the ADI. The symptoms of Chinese Restaurant Syndrome, although not hazardous, furthermore illustrate that the whole ADI cannot always be ingested as a single dose on an empty stomach with impunity."}
{"id": "PMID:277127", "title": "Drug metabolism in man: in vivo and in vitro correlations.", "content": "In man the liver drug metabolizing ability may be determined by assaying drug kinetics after its administration or by measuring activity of drug metabolizing enzymes from liver biopsies. Little is known about the relationship between these parameters. We investigated the problem by determining in vivo (antipyrine kinetics) and in vitro (cytochrome P-450) indices of drug metabolism in 150 consecutive patients with diagnostic liver biopsy. In patients with normal liver histology cytochrome P-450 content ranged 10.3 umole/g and the half-life 9.5 hrs. In general, alterations in liver histology were related to the changes in drug metabolism; the patients with severe changes had prolonged half-life and low cytochrome P-450, whereas the changes in those with slight parenchymal alterations were less pronounced. The relationship between in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism was non-linear in the whole material, and linear when comparing severe ill patients with controls or in subjects with closely equal liver histology. The results emphasize the importance of evaluating the liver histology when investigating in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism in man.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in man: in vivo and in vitro correlations. In man the liver drug metabolizing ability may be determined by assaying drug kinetics after its administration or by measuring activity of drug metabolizing enzymes from liver biopsies. Little is known about the relationship between these parameters. We investigated the problem by determining in vivo (antipyrine kinetics) and in vitro (cytochrome P-450) indices of drug metabolism in 150 consecutive patients with diagnostic liver biopsy. In patients with normal liver histology cytochrome P-450 content ranged 10.3 umole/g and the half-life 9.5 hrs. In general, alterations in liver histology were related to the changes in drug metabolism; the patients with severe changes had prolonged half-life and low cytochrome P-450, whereas the changes in those with slight parenchymal alterations were less pronounced. The relationship between in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism was non-linear in the whole material, and linear when comparing severe ill patients with controls or in subjects with closely equal liver histology. The results emphasize the importance of evaluating the liver histology when investigating in vivo and in vitro drug metabolism in man."}
{"id": "PMID:277128", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of dextropropoxyphene in acute poisoning.", "content": "Dextropropoxyphene (DP) is a commonly used medicament for suicide attempts in Denmark. Death may occur from respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. Mechanical hyperventilation which induces hypocapnia seems to reduce the occurrence of cardiac complications. In an attempt to relate the clinical events to the plasma concentrations of DP and the major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) we studied patients with acute poisoning treated either for 48 h with induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation or under a conservative regime. Hypocapnia was found to lead to a significant increase in the plasma half-life of DP. Under conservative treatment the plasma half-life was 17.9 +/- 6.7 (S.D.) h (n = 6), while under induced hypocapnia the mean of values from 5 patients was 30.5 +/- 6.9 (S.D.) h. Maximum serum levels of DP and NP were, however, significantly higher in the intensively treated patients (n = 7) than in those treated conservatively (n = 9), though less marked for NP compared to DP (DP: 4.9 +/- 2.1/2.4 +/- 1.0 mumol/l, NP: 6.3 +/- 2.4/4.1 +/- 1.7 mumol/l). A concentration dependent renal clearance of NP was not demonstrable. Possible explanations are the following: 1) A change in disposition pattern blood/tissue of DP during hypocapnia. 2) A reduced metabolism DP to NP during hypocapnia. 3) A reduction in other routes of elimination.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of dextropropoxyphene in acute poisoning. Dextropropoxyphene (DP) is a commonly used medicament for suicide attempts in Denmark. Death may occur from respiratory depression or cardiac arrest. Mechanical hyperventilation which induces hypocapnia seems to reduce the occurrence of cardiac complications. In an attempt to relate the clinical events to the plasma concentrations of DP and the major metabolite norpropoxyphene (NP) we studied patients with acute poisoning treated either for 48 h with induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation or under a conservative regime. Hypocapnia was found to lead to a significant increase in the plasma half-life of DP. Under conservative treatment the plasma half-life was 17.9 +/- 6.7 (S.D.) h (n = 6), while under induced hypocapnia the mean of values from 5 patients was 30.5 +/- 6.9 (S.D.) h. Maximum serum levels of DP and NP were, however, significantly higher in the intensively treated patients (n = 7) than in those treated conservatively (n = 9), though less marked for NP compared to DP (DP: 4.9 +/- 2.1/2.4 +/- 1.0 mumol/l, NP: 6.3 +/- 2.4/4.1 +/- 1.7 mumol/l). A concentration dependent renal clearance of NP was not demonstrable. Possible explanations are the following: 1) A change in disposition pattern blood/tissue of DP during hypocapnia. 2) A reduced metabolism DP to NP during hypocapnia. 3) A reduction in other routes of elimination."}
{"id": "PMID:277129", "title": "Metabolism of L(+)-and D(-)-tartaric acids in different animal species.", "content": "L(+)-Tartaric acid, which is the naturally occurring form, is used as a food additive in a variety of foodstuffs. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in using synthetic (D,L)-tartaric acid as a substitute. Several toxicological studies have been published on L(+)-tartaric acid, but practically nothing concerning the racemic form. The metabolism of L(+)-tartaric acid has been investigated in a variety of species including man. Species differences have been noted in the ability to excrete the acid in the urine after oral administration. The decomposition of tartaric acid by the intestinal flora has been implicated as an important factor. (Underhill et al., 1931 a,b). In the present study the metabolic fate of L(+)- and D(-)-tartaric acids is compared in different species, in vivo after oral administration and in vitro after incubation with caecal extract.", "contents": "Metabolism of L(+)-and D(-)-tartaric acids in different animal species. L(+)-Tartaric acid, which is the naturally occurring form, is used as a food additive in a variety of foodstuffs. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in using synthetic (D,L)-tartaric acid as a substitute. Several toxicological studies have been published on L(+)-tartaric acid, but practically nothing concerning the racemic form. The metabolism of L(+)-tartaric acid has been investigated in a variety of species including man. Species differences have been noted in the ability to excrete the acid in the urine after oral administration. The decomposition of tartaric acid by the intestinal flora has been implicated as an important factor. (Underhill et al., 1931 a,b). In the present study the metabolic fate of L(+)- and D(-)-tartaric acids is compared in different species, in vivo after oral administration and in vitro after incubation with caecal extract."}
{"id": "PMID:277130", "title": "Influence of diet and strain of rat on kidney damage observed in toxicity studies.", "content": "The laboratory animal is susceptible to biological variation due to a variety of causes. Thus genetic variation and nutrition have become recognized to influence the reaction of the animal to experimental procedures. Severe kidney injury was observed at our institute in preliminary studies with 1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) incorporated in a semisynthetic diet fed to Wistar rats for one month. These lesions together with nephrocalcinosis, a common finding in rats fed a semisynthetic diet might suggest that the animals in our experiment were predisposed to kidney damage. In order to show the influence of the rat strain and the type of diet a study was performed with both Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed a semisynthetic or commercial diet mixed with 1% BHT. It was observed that the semisynthetic diet had a marked effect on the severity of the kidney lesions and that the lesions were independent of the rat strain used. In addition, an apparent sex variation was found.", "contents": "Influence of diet and strain of rat on kidney damage observed in toxicity studies. The laboratory animal is susceptible to biological variation due to a variety of causes. Thus genetic variation and nutrition have become recognized to influence the reaction of the animal to experimental procedures. Severe kidney injury was observed at our institute in preliminary studies with 1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) incorporated in a semisynthetic diet fed to Wistar rats for one month. These lesions together with nephrocalcinosis, a common finding in rats fed a semisynthetic diet might suggest that the animals in our experiment were predisposed to kidney damage. In order to show the influence of the rat strain and the type of diet a study was performed with both Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed a semisynthetic or commercial diet mixed with 1% BHT. It was observed that the semisynthetic diet had a marked effect on the severity of the kidney lesions and that the lesions were independent of the rat strain used. In addition, an apparent sex variation was found."}
{"id": "PMID:277131", "title": "Influence of drugs on bile acid excretion.", "content": "The hydroxylation of bile acids in rat liver microsomes in cyt P-450 dependent (Bj\u00f6rkhem et al., 1975). To find out possible interactions between drugs and bile acid hydroxylation and/or active transport mechanisms we investigated the influence of the microsomal inhibitor metyrapon, the microsomal inducer phenobarbital and the intrahepatic cholestasis producing agents chlorpromazine, phenylbutazone and progesteron on bile flow and bile acid excretion. The excretion in monohydroxy (MBA), dihydroxy (DBA) and trihydroxy (TBA) bile acids were estimated in bile-fistula rats in three one hour periods. MBA, DBA and TBA were separated with thinlayer-chromatography and estimated fluorimetrically. Bile flow, bile acid excretion and relation TBA/DBA were influenced by acute and subchronic administration of the above mentioned drugs in different ways.", "contents": "Influence of drugs on bile acid excretion. The hydroxylation of bile acids in rat liver microsomes in cyt P-450 dependent (Bj\u00f6rkhem et al., 1975). To find out possible interactions between drugs and bile acid hydroxylation and/or active transport mechanisms we investigated the influence of the microsomal inhibitor metyrapon, the microsomal inducer phenobarbital and the intrahepatic cholestasis producing agents chlorpromazine, phenylbutazone and progesteron on bile flow and bile acid excretion. The excretion in monohydroxy (MBA), dihydroxy (DBA) and trihydroxy (TBA) bile acids were estimated in bile-fistula rats in three one hour periods. MBA, DBA and TBA were separated with thinlayer-chromatography and estimated fluorimetrically. Bile flow, bile acid excretion and relation TBA/DBA were influenced by acute and subchronic administration of the above mentioned drugs in different ways."}
{"id": "PMID:277132", "title": "Extrapolation of carcinogenicity data to low doses with a dose-response study of the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA.", "content": "The binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to liver DNA of 25 adult male rats (SIV 50) has been determined 50 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of doses between 40 ug/kg and 4 mg/kg. The dose-response relationship is linear up to 1 mg/kg, shows a sigmoid step towards 2 mg/kg and a shallow linear slope above that value. The observed binding ranges from 1.7 to 180 nmoles BP per mole DNA phosphate. The non-linearity between 1 and 2 mg/kg could be explained on the basis of an induction of metabolizing enzymes. A purely mathematical extrapolation of the tumour incidence from a carcinogenic dose (1 x 40 mg/kg for a 20% hepatoma incidence in newborn mice) to human exposure levels (about 0.1 ug/kg per day) would never have followed a step like the one found in our experiments. Our dose-effect study therefore shows how carcinogenicity data could be extrapolated in a biologically founded way to low doses.", "contents": "Extrapolation of carcinogenicity data to low doses with a dose-response study of the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA. The binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to liver DNA of 25 adult male rats (SIV 50) has been determined 50 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of doses between 40 ug/kg and 4 mg/kg. The dose-response relationship is linear up to 1 mg/kg, shows a sigmoid step towards 2 mg/kg and a shallow linear slope above that value. The observed binding ranges from 1.7 to 180 nmoles BP per mole DNA phosphate. The non-linearity between 1 and 2 mg/kg could be explained on the basis of an induction of metabolizing enzymes. A purely mathematical extrapolation of the tumour incidence from a carcinogenic dose (1 x 40 mg/kg for a 20% hepatoma incidence in newborn mice) to human exposure levels (about 0.1 ug/kg per day) would never have followed a step like the one found in our experiments. Our dose-effect study therefore shows how carcinogenicity data could be extrapolated in a biologically founded way to low doses."}
{"id": "PMID:277133", "title": "A closed inhalation system for pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of volatile compounds with small laboratory animals.", "content": "In the inhalation system described an animal can be kept in the same atmosphere of a 2-liter desiccator for up to 24 h. The expired carbon dioxide is adsorbed with soda lime and the resulting reduced pressure is balanced by a supply of oxygen also used for the inflow of the chemical to be investigated. Urine and faeces can be collected separately and the system allows a periodical control of the concentration of the chemical by sampling the air with needle and syringe.", "contents": "A closed inhalation system for pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of volatile compounds with small laboratory animals. In the inhalation system described an animal can be kept in the same atmosphere of a 2-liter desiccator for up to 24 h. The expired carbon dioxide is adsorbed with soda lime and the resulting reduced pressure is balanced by a supply of oxygen also used for the inflow of the chemical to be investigated. Urine and faeces can be collected separately and the system allows a periodical control of the concentration of the chemical by sampling the air with needle and syringe."}
{"id": "PMID:277134", "title": "Pesticides and heavy metals as food contaminants.", "content": "From the general pollution, contaminants spread along a variety of routes, many of which lead to our food. Pesticides and heavy metals as food contaminants have raised strong public concern and contributed to the general uneasiness associated with the pollution boom of the last two decades. Pesticides in food are predominantly residues from their application on growing crops, less often from post harvest use on stored agriculatural products, whereas heavy metals contaminate the food at various stages along the food production line. Both groups of contaminants exhibit in the number of their members a spectrum of health hazards. A few examples of these will be dealth with, and thought will be given to some features in the philosophies behind the current practices of risk assessment and management in this area. A widespread shortage of toxicological expertice maintain a level of ignorance sufficient to make risk evaluation very often a dilemma. This distressing shortcoming at least partly arises form a common neglect of toxicology as a university discipline. Some international efforts to control food contamination will also be touched upon.", "contents": "Pesticides and heavy metals as food contaminants. From the general pollution, contaminants spread along a variety of routes, many of which lead to our food. Pesticides and heavy metals as food contaminants have raised strong public concern and contributed to the general uneasiness associated with the pollution boom of the last two decades. Pesticides in food are predominantly residues from their application on growing crops, less often from post harvest use on stored agriculatural products, whereas heavy metals contaminate the food at various stages along the food production line. Both groups of contaminants exhibit in the number of their members a spectrum of health hazards. A few examples of these will be dealth with, and thought will be given to some features in the philosophies behind the current practices of risk assessment and management in this area. A widespread shortage of toxicological expertice maintain a level of ignorance sufficient to make risk evaluation very often a dilemma. This distressing shortcoming at least partly arises form a common neglect of toxicology as a university discipline. Some international efforts to control food contamination will also be touched upon."}
{"id": "PMID:277135", "title": "Toxicokinetics.", "content": "The absorption, distribution and elimination of toxic compounds can be described by means of kinetic parameters such as used in pharmacology. Administration of toxic doses may lead to changes in some of the parameters. The toxic effect may further influence the known parameters of some test substances. Toxicokinetic parameters will be described using examples from two groups of compounds 1) naturally occurring toxic compounds and 2) synthetic compounds. Changes in elimination parameters caused by toxic substances will be demonstrated a.o. the effect of long term intake of ochratoxin A and methoxyethyl mercury on the kidney function in swine. In both examples are demonstrated a pronounced reduction in the clearances of inulin and para-amino-hippuric acid. Furthermore, an elucidation of concentration dependent change in enzyme activity and changes in metabolism of pesticides will be given. As examples alkylphosphates and dinitrophenols in domestic animals will be used.", "contents": "Toxicokinetics. The absorption, distribution and elimination of toxic compounds can be described by means of kinetic parameters such as used in pharmacology. Administration of toxic doses may lead to changes in some of the parameters. The toxic effect may further influence the known parameters of some test substances. Toxicokinetic parameters will be described using examples from two groups of compounds 1) naturally occurring toxic compounds and 2) synthetic compounds. Changes in elimination parameters caused by toxic substances will be demonstrated a.o. the effect of long term intake of ochratoxin A and methoxyethyl mercury on the kidney function in swine. In both examples are demonstrated a pronounced reduction in the clearances of inulin and para-amino-hippuric acid. Furthermore, an elucidation of concentration dependent change in enzyme activity and changes in metabolism of pesticides will be given. As examples alkylphosphates and dinitrophenols in domestic animals will be used."}
{"id": "PMID:277136", "title": "Significance of induction phenomena.", "content": "A number of foreign compounds induce the proliferation of the hepatic smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and thereby increase the activity of monooxygenases that metabolize drugs and other foreign compound. With reference to the safety of food additives some antioxidants have been examined by various authors for their inducing capacity, in doses well above those ingested with treated food and above the stipulated accepted daily intake (ADI). Thus feeding of rats with the very high dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of butylated hydroxtoluene (BHT) resulted in an increase in its own oxidative metabolism. Also in monkeys BHT produces an inductive increase of microsomal enzyme activity, cytochrome p 450, and a proliferation of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. The closely related antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) leads to similar effects in mice. Recent studies with ethoxyquin (EQ) have shown that this antioxidant stimulates the formation of a form of cytochrome P 450 which resembles the phenobarbital-inducible type. EQ itself is also an inhibitor of mixed function monooxygenase. The naturally occuring flavouring agents safrole and isosafrole in high doses also induce hepatic monooxygenations. Spectroscopic examination has revealed, however, that another type of cytochrome with characteristic binding of a suspected safrole metabolite is produced. This complex shows absorption maxima at 427 and 455 nm and can be dissociated by adding a number of different lipophilic agents, including safrole itself. In a time dependent displacement reaction the characteristic spectrum decreases and is replaced by a classical binding spectrum of the displacer itself. By these examples it can be shown that food additives exert a number of effects on hepatic drug inactivating systems. However, no risk of hepatic changes can be seen from the small amounts of antioxidants ingested in balanced human nutrition.", "contents": "Significance of induction phenomena. A number of foreign compounds induce the proliferation of the hepatic smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and thereby increase the activity of monooxygenases that metabolize drugs and other foreign compound. With reference to the safety of food additives some antioxidants have been examined by various authors for their inducing capacity, in doses well above those ingested with treated food and above the stipulated accepted daily intake (ADI). Thus feeding of rats with the very high dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of butylated hydroxtoluene (BHT) resulted in an increase in its own oxidative metabolism. Also in monkeys BHT produces an inductive increase of microsomal enzyme activity, cytochrome p 450, and a proliferation of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. The closely related antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) leads to similar effects in mice. Recent studies with ethoxyquin (EQ) have shown that this antioxidant stimulates the formation of a form of cytochrome P 450 which resembles the phenobarbital-inducible type. EQ itself is also an inhibitor of mixed function monooxygenase. The naturally occuring flavouring agents safrole and isosafrole in high doses also induce hepatic monooxygenations. Spectroscopic examination has revealed, however, that another type of cytochrome with characteristic binding of a suspected safrole metabolite is produced. This complex shows absorption maxima at 427 and 455 nm and can be dissociated by adding a number of different lipophilic agents, including safrole itself. In a time dependent displacement reaction the characteristic spectrum decreases and is replaced by a classical binding spectrum of the displacer itself. By these examples it can be shown that food additives exert a number of effects on hepatic drug inactivating systems. However, no risk of hepatic changes can be seen from the small amounts of antioxidants ingested in balanced human nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:277137", "title": "Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the larynx.", "content": "Osteosarcoma of the larynx is a rare lesion. Acceptable cases in the literature are difficult to find. We report a case in which total laryngectomy was carried out for a large, obstructing mass that arose from the cricoid cartilage. We present the histologic criteria for the diagnosis of chondroblastic osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the larynx. Osteosarcoma of the larynx is a rare lesion. Acceptable cases in the literature are difficult to find. We report a case in which total laryngectomy was carried out for a large, obstructing mass that arose from the cricoid cartilage. We present the histologic criteria for the diagnosis of chondroblastic osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:277139", "title": "Properties of a new carvable composite dental filling material.", "content": "The chemical principles and physical properties of a new composite system, which apparently cures in a two-step process to allow time for hand carving to the proper anatomic contours, are described. The new material appears to have better in vitro wear resistance than an older composite filling material.", "contents": "Properties of a new carvable composite dental filling material. The chemical principles and physical properties of a new composite system, which apparently cures in a two-step process to allow time for hand carving to the proper anatomic contours, are described. The new material appears to have better in vitro wear resistance than an older composite filling material."}
{"id": "PMID:277140", "title": "A survey of causes of permanent tooth extractions in South Australia.", "content": "Reasons for permanent tooth extractions were studied in a survey in South Australia conducted over a two week period in which 154 dentists participated, a response rate of 43 per cent. Of 2,387 teeth extracted from 1,104 patients, caries accounted for 52 per cent, periodontal and orthodontic causes 25.6 and 11.1 per cent respectively, impacted teeth 6.5 percent, and prosthetic reasons 2.8 per cent. Caries was the most prevalent cause in the age  groups 20-40 and over 70 years. Between 40 and 70 years more than 50 per cent of the teeth were extracted for periodontal reasons.", "contents": "A survey of causes of permanent tooth extractions in South Australia. Reasons for permanent tooth extractions were studied in a survey in South Australia conducted over a two week period in which 154 dentists participated, a response rate of 43 per cent. Of 2,387 teeth extracted from 1,104 patients, caries accounted for 52 per cent, periodontal and orthodontic causes 25.6 and 11.1 per cent respectively, impacted teeth 6.5 percent, and prosthetic reasons 2.8 per cent. Caries was the most prevalent cause in the age  groups 20-40 and over 70 years. Between 40 and 70 years more than 50 per cent of the teeth were extracted for periodontal reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:277141", "title": "A developmental defect of the mandibular symphysis. Case report.", "content": "A case in reported of coincidental abnormalities of development of both the premaxilla and anterior mandible. The defect in the mandible presented certain radiographic features frequently observed in cystic or neoplastic lesions. Histological examination revealed it to be of a developmental nature. The importance of adequate examination of tissue removed from lesions of the jaws is emphasized.", "contents": "A developmental defect of the mandibular symphysis. Case report. A case in reported of coincidental abnormalities of development of both the premaxilla and anterior mandible. The defect in the mandible presented certain radiographic features frequently observed in cystic or neoplastic lesions. Histological examination revealed it to be of a developmental nature. The importance of adequate examination of tissue removed from lesions of the jaws is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:277142", "title": "Recent developments in dental plaque disclosants.", "content": "The use of erythrosin and fluorescein for disclosing dental plaque in 81 children aged 11-14 years and in 17 young men is reported. Erythrosin stained all plaque. When fluroescein was used, plaque, whether mature or recently exposed to sugars was disclosed under ultra-violet light. In the children, the erythrosin stained approximately twice as extensively as fluorescein.", "contents": "Recent developments in dental plaque disclosants. The use of erythrosin and fluorescein for disclosing dental plaque in 81 children aged 11-14 years and in 17 young men is reported. Erythrosin stained all plaque. When fluroescein was used, plaque, whether mature or recently exposed to sugars was disclosed under ultra-violet light. In the children, the erythrosin stained approximately twice as extensively as fluorescein."}
{"id": "PMID:277143", "title": "Incisal angle adhesive resins: a two-year clinical survey of three materials.", "content": "Three composite resin materials gave reasonable results in the short-term, provided that they were placed and finished correctly. This would be easier to do with the small incisal fractures. Although slightly more defects became apparent with time, most could be corrected without the replacement of the restorations.", "contents": "Incisal angle adhesive resins: a two-year clinical survey of three materials. Three composite resin materials gave reasonable results in the short-term, provided that they were placed and finished correctly. This would be easier to do with the small incisal fractures. Although slightly more defects became apparent with time, most could be corrected without the replacement of the restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:277144", "title": "Pulp testers and pulp testing with particular reference to the use of dry ice.", "content": "Pulp testing is mandatory before any operative procedures, invaluable in the diagnosis of pain and is an essential adjunct in the interpretation of radiolucent areas. Methods of pulp testing are reviewed and the use of dry ice for this purpose is discussed in detail. Limitations of pulp testing are considered. Vitality tests are of only limited use in traumatized teeth. The results are only qualitative and not quantitative.", "contents": "Pulp testers and pulp testing with particular reference to the use of dry ice. Pulp testing is mandatory before any operative procedures, invaluable in the diagnosis of pain and is an essential adjunct in the interpretation of radiolucent areas. Methods of pulp testing are reviewed and the use of dry ice for this purpose is discussed in detail. Limitations of pulp testing are considered. Vitality tests are of only limited use in traumatized teeth. The results are only qualitative and not quantitative."}
{"id": "PMID:277145", "title": "A comparison of two methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology.", "content": "A comparison between conventional and live television methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology was carried out and indicated that they were equally effective as judged by grading of students' work. Students' comments suggested that the television method was received less favourably. Their comments form a basis for discussion regarding the use of material recorded on cassette or cartridge with immediate replay facilities rather than television demonstrations in real time.", "contents": "A comparison of two methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology. A comparison between conventional and live television methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology was carried out and indicated that they were equally effective as judged by grading of students' work. Students' comments suggested that the television method was received less favourably. Their comments form a basis for discussion regarding the use of material recorded on cassette or cartridge with immediate replay facilities rather than television demonstrations in real time."}
{"id": "PMID:277147", "title": "The effects of commercial local anaesthetic solutions on the isolated rabbit ear artery.", "content": "The response of an isolated artery preparation to commercial local anaesthetic solutions containing either prilocaine or lignocaine in the presence of adrenaline or noradrenaline has been examined. In low doses, both local anaesthetics were found to augment the constrictor response to adrenaline, wheras at higher doses the effect of adrenaline was significantly depressed by them. In contrast, noradrenaline's vasoconstrictor response was not potentiated by low doses of lignocaine, although higher dose levels caused a significant reduction in its vasoconstrictor effect.", "contents": "The effects of commercial local anaesthetic solutions on the isolated rabbit ear artery. The response of an isolated artery preparation to commercial local anaesthetic solutions containing either prilocaine or lignocaine in the presence of adrenaline or noradrenaline has been examined. In low doses, both local anaesthetics were found to augment the constrictor response to adrenaline, wheras at higher doses the effect of adrenaline was significantly depressed by them. In contrast, noradrenaline's vasoconstrictor response was not potentiated by low doses of lignocaine, although higher dose levels caused a significant reduction in its vasoconstrictor effect."}
{"id": "PMID:277148", "title": "Dental dilemmas: can psychiatry help?", "content": "An overlap exists between dentsitry and psychiatry. The dentist, whose role is inevitably of considerable psychological significance, should be aware of the common psychiatric \"disease entities\", notably depressive illness, which can present through dental symptoms. Such disorders seldom respond to dental manoeuvers per se but often respond to psychiatric treatment. Some specific psychodental syndromes are described and illustrative case histories are given.", "contents": "Dental dilemmas: can psychiatry help? An overlap exists between dentsitry and psychiatry. The dentist, whose role is inevitably of considerable psychological significance, should be aware of the common psychiatric \"disease entities\", notably depressive illness, which can present through dental symptoms. Such disorders seldom respond to dental manoeuvers per se but often respond to psychiatric treatment. Some specific psychodental syndromes are described and illustrative case histories are given."}
{"id": "PMID:277150", "title": "Provisional splinting in advanced periodontal disease. Case report.", "content": "This case report describes an approach to treatment for a patient with severe bone loss resulting from advanced periodontal diseae. A provisional splint was constructed in conjunction with suitable periodontal therapy. The purpose was to allow time for evaluation prior to deciding whether to commit the patient to permanent stabilization.", "contents": "Provisional splinting in advanced periodontal disease. Case report. This case report describes an approach to treatment for a patient with severe bone loss resulting from advanced periodontal diseae. A provisional splint was constructed in conjunction with suitable periodontal therapy. The purpose was to allow time for evaluation prior to deciding whether to commit the patient to permanent stabilization."}
{"id": "PMID:277151", "title": "Further observations on mandibular anaesthesia.", "content": "Recent studies have emphasized that none of the accepted intraoral landmarks used in the conventional mandibular block technique is completely reliable, nor can they presage those instances in which the lingula presents an obstruction to the needle pathway. An answer to this problem is suggested by the use of extraoral landmarks to assist in estimating the height and expected depth of needle penetration. The importance of palpating for the anterior border of the medial pterygoid muscle deep in the pterygotemporal depression is reaffirmed.", "contents": "Further observations on mandibular anaesthesia. Recent studies have emphasized that none of the accepted intraoral landmarks used in the conventional mandibular block technique is completely reliable, nor can they presage those instances in which the lingula presents an obstruction to the needle pathway. An answer to this problem is suggested by the use of extraoral landmarks to assist in estimating the height and expected depth of needle penetration. The importance of palpating for the anterior border of the medial pterygoid muscle deep in the pterygotemporal depression is reaffirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:277152", "title": "Mid-face osteotomy in the adolescent cleft palate patient.", "content": "Retrognathia or retrusion of the maxilla and mid-face is present in about one-third of treated cleft palate patients. Surgical repositioning of either the dental segments, or the entire mid-face into a forward position, can greatly enhance appearance and at the same time provide for a more functional occlusion. Some surgical aspects of this work are presented together with an evaluation of soft tissue change.", "contents": "Mid-face osteotomy in the adolescent cleft palate patient. Retrognathia or retrusion of the maxilla and mid-face is present in about one-third of treated cleft palate patients. Surgical repositioning of either the dental segments, or the entire mid-face into a forward position, can greatly enhance appearance and at the same time provide for a more functional occlusion. Some surgical aspects of this work are presented together with an evaluation of soft tissue change."}
{"id": "PMID:277153", "title": "The influence of the dentist upon dimensional change and creep of amalgam.", "content": "A laboratory study showed insignificant effect on dimensional change was brought about by the operator's skill, packing technique employed, and alloy. However, creep was significantly affected by the operator's skill and the type of alloy.", "contents": "The influence of the dentist upon dimensional change and creep of amalgam. A laboratory study showed insignificant effect on dimensional change was brought about by the operator's skill, packing technique employed, and alloy. However, creep was significantly affected by the operator's skill and the type of alloy."}
{"id": "PMID:277154", "title": "Histology of external and internal resorption.", "content": "Seven cases of resorption in teeth have been described. Three had large internal cavities penetrating the dentine to or from the exterior. One had internal resorption in two separate locations and another had internal resorption which may have been precipitated by carious involvement of the pulp. Two cases of external resoprtion were quite dissimilar, one possibly a reaction to canal infection, the other idiopathic. Various types of calcified material were found in the areas of resorption and odontoclasts were found in one case.", "contents": "Histology of external and internal resorption. Seven cases of resorption in teeth have been described. Three had large internal cavities penetrating the dentine to or from the exterior. One had internal resorption in two separate locations and another had internal resorption which may have been precipitated by carious involvement of the pulp. Two cases of external resoprtion were quite dissimilar, one possibly a reaction to canal infection, the other idiopathic. Various types of calcified material were found in the areas of resorption and odontoclasts were found in one case."}
{"id": "PMID:277155", "title": "The traumatic bone cyst.", "content": "A case is reported of traumatic cyst lying in the molar region of the mandible. It extended to the inferior border of the mandible and extended the buccal alveolar bone. The cystic cavity contained the inferior neuro-vascular bundle yellow serous fluid, and a small amount of gas. The wall of the cavity was lined with loosely arranged connective tissue with numerous capillaries. Healing was uneventful and clinical and radiographic examinations revealed restoration of bone structure and normal contours.", "contents": "The traumatic bone cyst. A case is reported of traumatic cyst lying in the molar region of the mandible. It extended to the inferior border of the mandible and extended the buccal alveolar bone. The cystic cavity contained the inferior neuro-vascular bundle yellow serous fluid, and a small amount of gas. The wall of the cavity was lined with loosely arranged connective tissue with numerous capillaries. Healing was uneventful and clinical and radiographic examinations revealed restoration of bone structure and normal contours."}
{"id": "PMID:277156", "title": "Educational technology in the teaching of dentistry: the importance of objectives.", "content": "A description of educational technology is given and the importance of establishing clear teaching-learning objectives is related to curriculum, evaluation and teaching methods.", "contents": "Educational technology in the teaching of dentistry: the importance of objectives. A description of educational technology is given and the importance of establishing clear teaching-learning objectives is related to curriculum, evaluation and teaching methods."}
{"id": "PMID:277158", "title": "Characteristics of the Papua New Guinean dentition. I Shovel-shaped incisors and canines associated with lingual tubercles.", "content": "The prevalence of shovel-shaped and lingual tubercles in maxillary incisors and canines in four groups of people in Papua New Guinea is reported. The shovel shape was not common among the people of Highland New Guinea but its presence in Papuans was comparable with that in Mongoloid races.", "contents": "Characteristics of the Papua New Guinean dentition. I Shovel-shaped incisors and canines associated with lingual tubercles. The prevalence of shovel-shaped and lingual tubercles in maxillary incisors and canines in four groups of people in Papua New Guinea is reported. The shovel shape was not common among the people of Highland New Guinea but its presence in Papuans was comparable with that in Mongoloid races."}
{"id": "PMID:277160", "title": "The mucocele - floor of the mouth.", "content": "Three cases are reported to illustrate certain features related to swellings of the salivary glands. With a mucocele of the floor of the mouth difficulites may arise in the correct identification of the gland of origin, in elucidating the aetiological factors, and in obtaining adequate radiographic or sialographic views of the area. Surgical treatment follows the surgical removal of the involved gland.", "contents": "The mucocele - floor of the mouth. Three cases are reported to illustrate certain features related to swellings of the salivary glands. With a mucocele of the floor of the mouth difficulites may arise in the correct identification of the gland of origin, in elucidating the aetiological factors, and in obtaining adequate radiographic or sialographic views of the area. Surgical treatment follows the surgical removal of the involved gland."}
{"id": "PMID:277163", "title": "Raynaud's disease: reduced hand blood flows with normal blood viscosity.", "content": "Hand blood flows and the blood and plasma viscosities were measured in patients with Raynaud's disease in an attempt to identify the mechanism of the episodic vascular insufficiency. Using venous occlusion plethysmography the following observations were made: (1) the hand blood flows were significantly less than in normals at 32 degrees, 27 degrees and 20 degrees C; (2) the percentage decrease in flow with cooling was greater in normals and (3) cooling of one hand from 32 degrees to 27 degrees C caused an abnormal decrease in flow through the contralateral hand. Using a rotational viscometer the blood and plasma viscosities were found to be normal at both high and low shear rates. The percentage increase in the blood viscosity with cooling from 35 degrees to 25 degrees was also normal. These studies demonstrate an increased constrictive response of the cutaneous vasculature of the hand to both local and reflex stimulation, and exclude a rheological abnormality, under conditions similar to those of the present study.", "contents": "Raynaud's disease: reduced hand blood flows with normal blood viscosity. Hand blood flows and the blood and plasma viscosities were measured in patients with Raynaud's disease in an attempt to identify the mechanism of the episodic vascular insufficiency. Using venous occlusion plethysmography the following observations were made: (1) the hand blood flows were significantly less than in normals at 32 degrees, 27 degrees and 20 degrees C; (2) the percentage decrease in flow with cooling was greater in normals and (3) cooling of one hand from 32 degrees to 27 degrees C caused an abnormal decrease in flow through the contralateral hand. Using a rotational viscometer the blood and plasma viscosities were found to be normal at both high and low shear rates. The percentage increase in the blood viscosity with cooling from 35 degrees to 25 degrees was also normal. These studies demonstrate an increased constrictive response of the cutaneous vasculature of the hand to both local and reflex stimulation, and exclude a rheological abnormality, under conditions similar to those of the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:277164", "title": "Brain atrophy and intellectual impairment in heavy drinkers--a clinical, psychometric and computerized tomography study.", "content": "The frequency of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy was assessed by computerized tomography (CT) in 26 heavy drinkers. Findings were correlated with clinical deficits, with the results of psychometric testing using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and with the alcoholic history and nutritional status. Cerebral atrophy was present in 19 cases (73%), 16 of whom also had cerebellar atrophy. There was a good correlation between the degree of cerebral hemisphere atrophy and age and length of drinking history, but a poor correlation between neurological deficits and atrophy. Impairment of visuo-spatial and visuo-motor functions with sparing of other non-dominant hemisphere functions and of verbal skills was the characteristic pattern found with the WAIS in 18 subjects; four showed a more global depression of intellectual function. The degree of cerebral hemisphere atrophy correlated significantly with the impairment of non-dominant hemisphere functions but not with total IQ.", "contents": "Brain atrophy and intellectual impairment in heavy drinkers--a clinical, psychometric and computerized tomography study. The frequency of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy was assessed by computerized tomography (CT) in 26 heavy drinkers. Findings were correlated with clinical deficits, with the results of psychometric testing using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), and with the alcoholic history and nutritional status. Cerebral atrophy was present in 19 cases (73%), 16 of whom also had cerebellar atrophy. There was a good correlation between the degree of cerebral hemisphere atrophy and age and length of drinking history, but a poor correlation between neurological deficits and atrophy. Impairment of visuo-spatial and visuo-motor functions with sparing of other non-dominant hemisphere functions and of verbal skills was the characteristic pattern found with the WAIS in 18 subjects; four showed a more global depression of intellectual function. The degree of cerebral hemisphere atrophy correlated significantly with the impairment of non-dominant hemisphere functions but not with total IQ."}
{"id": "PMID:277165", "title": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with indomethacin and phenylbutazone treated rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported in a 55-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis. He consumed 1.1 kg indomethacin and 5.5 kg phenylbutazone over the seven years prior to presentation.", "contents": "Renal papillary necrosis associated with indomethacin and phenylbutazone treated rheumatoid arthritis. A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported in a 55-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis. He consumed 1.1 kg indomethacin and 5.5 kg phenylbutazone over the seven years prior to presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:277166", "title": "The successful treatment of primary amyloidosis with intermittent chemotherapy.", "content": "A patient with primary amyloidosis is described with extensive vital organ involvement including infiltration of the liver, kidney and myocardium. Treatment with intermittent melphalan and prednisone resulted in improved hepatic and renal function, a reduction in liver size and arrested amyloid deposition in the myocardium. These observations suggest that chemotherapy can halt tissue amyloid deposition, and improve the prognosis of primary amyloidosis.", "contents": "The successful treatment of primary amyloidosis with intermittent chemotherapy. A patient with primary amyloidosis is described with extensive vital organ involvement including infiltration of the liver, kidney and myocardium. Treatment with intermittent melphalan and prednisone resulted in improved hepatic and renal function, a reduction in liver size and arrested amyloid deposition in the myocardium. These observations suggest that chemotherapy can halt tissue amyloid deposition, and improve the prognosis of primary amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277167", "title": "Compartmental shift of potassium--a result of sympathomimetic overdose.", "content": "A 17-year-old youth was admitted with a serum potassium concentration of 1.8 mmol/l after taking an overdose of pseudoephedrine and choline theophyllinate. Apart from tachycardia, tachypnoea and ankle clonus, examination was normal as was the initial electrocardiograph. The hypokalaemia resolved, but there was an overall positive potassium balance of only 13 mmol. This suggests that the sympathomimetics provoked a compartmental shift of potassium perhaps indirectly by inducing hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, as well as directly. Other factors known to affect body potassium distribution were excluded. The fact that features commonly associated with hypokalaemia could not be demonstrated may be explained by a normal body potassium content. Severe hypokalaemia caused by a compartmental shift occurs with large doses of sympathomimetics as well as in periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Compartmental shift of potassium--a result of sympathomimetic overdose. A 17-year-old youth was admitted with a serum potassium concentration of 1.8 mmol/l after taking an overdose of pseudoephedrine and choline theophyllinate. Apart from tachycardia, tachypnoea and ankle clonus, examination was normal as was the initial electrocardiograph. The hypokalaemia resolved, but there was an overall positive potassium balance of only 13 mmol. This suggests that the sympathomimetics provoked a compartmental shift of potassium perhaps indirectly by inducing hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, as well as directly. Other factors known to affect body potassium distribution were excluded. The fact that features commonly associated with hypokalaemia could not be demonstrated may be explained by a normal body potassium content. Severe hypokalaemia caused by a compartmental shift occurs with large doses of sympathomimetics as well as in periodic paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:277168", "title": "Concomitant IgA nephropathy and cyclical neutropaenia.", "content": "A case of concomitant cyclical neutropaenia and IgA nephropathy, a previously undescribed combination is reported. The patient has recurrent aphthous ulceration, and haematuria occurs with these episodes. The diagnosis of cyclical neutropaenia was based on the clinical features and serial peripheral blood studies, and a renal biopsy studied by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy in conjunction with the clinical features established the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy. Elevation of serum immunoglobulin, with a disproportionate elevation of IgA was found. The features of this case emphasise the importance of infection as an initiating event in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, and they provide further evidence for the formation of poorly soluble immune complexes as a likely pathogenetic mechanism.", "contents": "Concomitant IgA nephropathy and cyclical neutropaenia. A case of concomitant cyclical neutropaenia and IgA nephropathy, a previously undescribed combination is reported. The patient has recurrent aphthous ulceration, and haematuria occurs with these episodes. The diagnosis of cyclical neutropaenia was based on the clinical features and serial peripheral blood studies, and a renal biopsy studied by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy in conjunction with the clinical features established the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy. Elevation of serum immunoglobulin, with a disproportionate elevation of IgA was found. The features of this case emphasise the importance of infection as an initiating event in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, and they provide further evidence for the formation of poorly soluble immune complexes as a likely pathogenetic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:277169", "title": "Early diagnosis of Addison's disease; pigmentation as sole symptom.", "content": "A diagnosis of primary adrenocortical insufficiency was made in a shapely, suntanned girl whose sole complaint was increasing pigmentation. Plasma cortisol was low in spite of markedly elevated levels of ACTH. Plasma cortisol, urinary 17-oxogenic steroids and urinary aldosterone did not respond to three days of ACTH stimulation. Addison's disease can be diagnosed and treated before development of anorexia, weight loss, weakness and other classical symptoms.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of Addison's disease; pigmentation as sole symptom. A diagnosis of primary adrenocortical insufficiency was made in a shapely, suntanned girl whose sole complaint was increasing pigmentation. Plasma cortisol was low in spite of markedly elevated levels of ACTH. Plasma cortisol, urinary 17-oxogenic steroids and urinary aldosterone did not respond to three days of ACTH stimulation. Addison's disease can be diagnosed and treated before development of anorexia, weight loss, weakness and other classical symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:277170", "title": "An evaluation of five years experience with a physicians workshop.", "content": "This paper reports five years experience with a new type of continuing education programme for practising physicians. The continued development and the organisation of the programme is described. A high proportion of the hospital's physicians have regularly attended and participated. Annual questionnaire surveys have shown a high degree of satisfaction with the the programme and the majority of physicians give it a high priority in their continuing educational activities. The features which appear to be responsible for the success of the programme include the variety of the format, the quality of the presentations, the active participation by all physicians and the fact that the activities are specifically aimed at the practising physician rather than physician trainees.", "contents": "An evaluation of five years experience with a physicians workshop. This paper reports five years experience with a new type of continuing education programme for practising physicians. The continued development and the organisation of the programme is described. A high proportion of the hospital's physicians have regularly attended and participated. Annual questionnaire surveys have shown a high degree of satisfaction with the the programme and the majority of physicians give it a high priority in their continuing educational activities. The features which appear to be responsible for the success of the programme include the variety of the format, the quality of the presentations, the active participation by all physicians and the fact that the activities are specifically aimed at the practising physician rather than physician trainees."}
{"id": "PMID:277172", "title": "Philosophical aspects of \"mental disease\".", "content": "It is shown that the label \"mental disease\" derives from value judgements made by the labeller, and that science alone cannot determine the ultimate validity of these judgements. Hence, the term must be, in a genuine sense, based on social and moral convention. However, it is argued that this does not necessarily mean that the medical model, as contended by Szasz and his school, has no value. Rather, it is claimed here that only by returning to the medical model can we make best use of our psychiatric knowledge and best serve our patients.", "contents": "Philosophical aspects of \"mental disease\". It is shown that the label \"mental disease\" derives from value judgements made by the labeller, and that science alone cannot determine the ultimate validity of these judgements. Hence, the term must be, in a genuine sense, based on social and moral convention. However, it is argued that this does not necessarily mean that the medical model, as contended by Szasz and his school, has no value. Rather, it is claimed here that only by returning to the medical model can we make best use of our psychiatric knowledge and best serve our patients."}
{"id": "PMID:277174", "title": "Mental health services by and for Aborigines and Islanders: a follow-up report.", "content": "The indigenous behavioural health programme for Aborigine and Islander Community of the Townsville area was belatedly funded and has recently been expanded. An additional group of five behavioural health technicians have been trained to provide broadened services emphasizing alcoholism counselling and community based activities. Evaluation of the programme indicates a considerable increase in the utilization of mental health services by the community as compared to utilization prior to the behavioural health service. Self-referrals account for 40% of the cases. Referrals from the centre's physician and from family account for much of the others. Problems seen are multiple, often both of personal-emotional and of a social service nature. Alcoholism, family-material child-school problems, anxiety and depression were frequent emotional problems. Issues as to whether or not such indigenous programmes should rather deal with social problems or physical health are discussed.", "contents": "Mental health services by and for Aborigines and Islanders: a follow-up report. The indigenous behavioural health programme for Aborigine and Islander Community of the Townsville area was belatedly funded and has recently been expanded. An additional group of five behavioural health technicians have been trained to provide broadened services emphasizing alcoholism counselling and community based activities. Evaluation of the programme indicates a considerable increase in the utilization of mental health services by the community as compared to utilization prior to the behavioural health service. Self-referrals account for 40% of the cases. Referrals from the centre's physician and from family account for much of the others. Problems seen are multiple, often both of personal-emotional and of a social service nature. Alcoholism, family-material child-school problems, anxiety and depression were frequent emotional problems. Issues as to whether or not such indigenous programmes should rather deal with social problems or physical health are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277175", "title": "A behavioural programme for the management of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "A treatment programme, based on the use of behavioural principles, is described. Important components of programme include the active participation of the patient in all phases of treatment planning, the use of contingent reinforcement for weight gain rather than eating behaviour, the provision of frequent feedback regarding progress and the lowering of the \"response cost\" for eating. In addition contracting, and the use of random scheduling of follow-up contacts, along with family therapy, are employed to maintain weight gain following discharge. The results achieved with an initial group of 5 female patients are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A behavioural programme for the management of anorexia nervosa. A treatment programme, based on the use of behavioural principles, is described. Important components of programme include the active participation of the patient in all phases of treatment planning, the use of contingent reinforcement for weight gain rather than eating behaviour, the provision of frequent feedback regarding progress and the lowering of the \"response cost\" for eating. In addition contracting, and the use of random scheduling of follow-up contacts, along with family therapy, are employed to maintain weight gain following discharge. The results achieved with an initial group of 5 female patients are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277176", "title": "Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods.", "content": "Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods are examined. The impact of the floods on health increased in those over 35 years of age probably because they were more likely to be householders. Women under 65 years of age had more psychiatric symptoms than men, but this sex difference disappeared in those over 65 years, perhaps because the working man is not constantly confronted with the damage to his home in the way that others are. The possibility that people over 75 years living in flood-affected suburbs experienced increased morbidity even though not themselves flooded cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods. Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods are examined. The impact of the floods on health increased in those over 35 years of age probably because they were more likely to be householders. Women under 65 years of age had more psychiatric symptoms than men, but this sex difference disappeared in those over 65 years, perhaps because the working man is not constantly confronted with the damage to his home in the way that others are. The possibility that people over 75 years living in flood-affected suburbs experienced increased morbidity even though not themselves flooded cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:277177", "title": "Interpersonal factors in suicide attempts: a pilot study in Christchurch.", "content": "Attempted suicide is a behavioural pattern with complex psychological and sociological determinants, many of which have been extensively studied in recent years. The basic facts of its changing incidence, its demography, and its place within a broader spectrum of self-destructive behaviour are well established but authorities are still divided on many issues related to its aetiology, its function in the individual and the kinds of services required for its clinical management. (Kessel 1965, Anderson 1974, Weissman 1974, Henderson and Williams 1974). The study reported here was designed partly to define the characteristics of a group of patients for whom clinical services were being planned and partly as a pilot study to develop a methodology for a more extensive controlled study which we hope to carry out next year. The preliminary findings are sufficiently interesting to report now.", "contents": "Interpersonal factors in suicide attempts: a pilot study in Christchurch. Attempted suicide is a behavioural pattern with complex psychological and sociological determinants, many of which have been extensively studied in recent years. The basic facts of its changing incidence, its demography, and its place within a broader spectrum of self-destructive behaviour are well established but authorities are still divided on many issues related to its aetiology, its function in the individual and the kinds of services required for its clinical management. (Kessel 1965, Anderson 1974, Weissman 1974, Henderson and Williams 1974). The study reported here was designed partly to define the characteristics of a group of patients for whom clinical services were being planned and partly as a pilot study to develop a methodology for a more extensive controlled study which we hope to carry out next year. The preliminary findings are sufficiently interesting to report now."}
{"id": "PMID:277178", "title": "Schizophrenia and season of birth: further southern hemisphere studies.", "content": "Studies in the northern hemisphere and an equatorial region have suggested that schizophrenics have a greater likelihood of being born in the coldest three months of the year. Two further southern hemisphere studies, performed in New Zealand and Tasmania, are reported in this paper. Results from these and other studies suggest that support for a link between schizophrenia and winter birth in the southern hemisphere is slight and inconsistent.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and season of birth: further southern hemisphere studies. Studies in the northern hemisphere and an equatorial region have suggested that schizophrenics have a greater likelihood of being born in the coldest three months of the year. Two further southern hemisphere studies, performed in New Zealand and Tasmania, are reported in this paper. Results from these and other studies suggest that support for a link between schizophrenia and winter birth in the southern hemisphere is slight and inconsistent."}
{"id": "PMID:277179", "title": "The season of birth of anxiety neurotics.", "content": "An association between spring birth and anxiety neurosis in New South Wales is confirmed. Two possible explanations, that the association might reflect a seasonal variation in conceiving or in giving birth among mothers of those with significant anxiety, or that spring birth selectively disposes to anxiety, were examined. Findings suggest that both effects may be operating.", "contents": "The season of birth of anxiety neurotics. An association between spring birth and anxiety neurosis in New South Wales is confirmed. Two possible explanations, that the association might reflect a seasonal variation in conceiving or in giving birth among mothers of those with significant anxiety, or that spring birth selectively disposes to anxiety, were examined. Findings suggest that both effects may be operating."}
{"id": "PMID:277180", "title": "Schizophrenia following withdrawal from chronic phenothiazine administration: a case report.", "content": "The chronic administration of phenothiazines has come under increasing scrutiny recently, and the uncritical use of this form of treatment has been criticized. A case is presented illustrating the development of schizophrenia in a young adult following withdrawal from phenothiazines. As far as could be ascertained ther was no evidence of schizophrenia prior to withdrawal of phenothiazines. The  possibility that withdrawal of phenothiazines  may have aetiological significance in this case is discussed.", "contents": "Schizophrenia following withdrawal from chronic phenothiazine administration: a case report. The chronic administration of phenothiazines has come under increasing scrutiny recently, and the uncritical use of this form of treatment has been criticized. A case is presented illustrating the development of schizophrenia in a young adult following withdrawal from phenothiazines. As far as could be ascertained ther was no evidence of schizophrenia prior to withdrawal of phenothiazines. The  possibility that withdrawal of phenothiazines  may have aetiological significance in this case is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277182", "title": "[Cytogenetic examination of children with chronic granulocytic leukemia].", "content": "The most important marker chromosome in patients with CDL is small acrocentric chromosome which is due to the deletion one of the chromosome 22. Ph 1 can be found only in adult type of CDL. Dhe authors present their experiences in citogeneticaly examined children with CDL. The examinations were done in six patients in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Ph 1 was negative only in one case. In the other patients philadelphia chromosome was found in bone marrow and in the peripheral blood only when the illness go from bad to worse.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic examination of children with chronic granulocytic leukemia]. The most important marker chromosome in patients with CDL is small acrocentric chromosome which is due to the deletion one of the chromosome 22. Ph 1 can be found only in adult type of CDL. Dhe authors present their experiences in citogeneticaly examined children with CDL. The examinations were done in six patients in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Ph 1 was negative only in one case. In the other patients philadelphia chromosome was found in bone marrow and in the peripheral blood only when the illness go from bad to worse."}
{"id": "PMID:277183", "title": "Brief family therapy for childhood tic syndrome.", "content": "This paper reports the success of brief analytically oriented outpatient family therapy exclusively in treating an eight-year old girl presenting with a short history of multiple tics involving facial, thoracic, and upper limb musculature, with associated hoarse coughing and grunting. Diagnostic features are reviewed. No medicines were used, and the patient remained asymptomatic nine months after ceasing family therapy. Tentative indications for family therapy for tiqueurs are proposed.", "contents": "Brief family therapy for childhood tic syndrome. This paper reports the success of brief analytically oriented outpatient family therapy exclusively in treating an eight-year old girl presenting with a short history of multiple tics involving facial, thoracic, and upper limb musculature, with associated hoarse coughing and grunting. Diagnostic features are reviewed. No medicines were used, and the patient remained asymptomatic nine months after ceasing family therapy. Tentative indications for family therapy for tiqueurs are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:277206", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in childhood leukaemia: a guide to prognosis and aetiology?", "content": "The results of analysis of the dermatoglyphics of 152 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (and the first-degree relatives of 54 of them) contrast with those of 31 children with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) (and the first-degree relatives of 25 of them). In ALL our findings suggest that neither genetic susceptibility nor an environmental factor, effective during the early antenatal period, is of aetiological importance; but the response to treatment, assessed as length of first remission, was found to be related to the amount of fingertip pattern. This may have clinical application. In AML there is evidence of a genetically determined factor carrying a high risk of the development of the disease, in that a member of each of 5 different families of the 25 studied bore a rare hypothenar pattern, compared with none in 75 control families. No dermatoglyphic features were of prognostic significance in AML.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in childhood leukaemia: a guide to prognosis and aetiology? The results of analysis of the dermatoglyphics of 152 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (and the first-degree relatives of 54 of them) contrast with those of 31 children with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) (and the first-degree relatives of 25 of them). In ALL our findings suggest that neither genetic susceptibility nor an environmental factor, effective during the early antenatal period, is of aetiological importance; but the response to treatment, assessed as length of first remission, was found to be related to the amount of fingertip pattern. This may have clinical application. In AML there is evidence of a genetically determined factor carrying a high risk of the development of the disease, in that a member of each of 5 different families of the 25 studied bore a rare hypothenar pattern, compared with none in 75 control families. No dermatoglyphic features were of prognostic significance in AML."}
{"id": "PMID:277207", "title": "The rationale for the development of improved hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.", "content": "This paper outlines the chemical background to the selection of compounds likely to be clinically superior to the nitroimidazoles currently being evaluated in cancer therapy. The most important chemical properties to consider are electron affinity and lipophilicity, and the quantification and prediction of both these properties are considered. Examples are presented of the use of multiple regression analysis to evaluate the relative contribution of individual properties to the overall biological response.", "contents": "The rationale for the development of improved hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. This paper outlines the chemical background to the selection of compounds likely to be clinically superior to the nitroimidazoles currently being evaluated in cancer therapy. The most important chemical properties to consider are electron affinity and lipophilicity, and the quantification and prediction of both these properties are considered. Examples are presented of the use of multiple regression analysis to evaluate the relative contribution of individual properties to the overall biological response."}
{"id": "PMID:277208", "title": "Toxic and radiosensitizing effect of the 2-nitroimidazole misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) on murine CFU in vivo.", "content": "Spleen colony-forming stem cells of the bone marrow of mice (CFU) have been used as an in vivo test system for toxic and radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole. The cells were irradiated in vivo in the donors before they were suspended and injected i.v. into recipients. Hyoxic conditions were achieved by killing the donors 20 min before irradiation. A drug dose in donors of 1.0 mg/g body wt (ca 1200 microgram/ml in serum) was found to be weakly toxic over an exposure time of 50 min under hypoxic conditions. The radiosensitizing effect at this concentration was found to be about the same as the full effect of oxygen.", "contents": "Toxic and radiosensitizing effect of the 2-nitroimidazole misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) on murine CFU in vivo. Spleen colony-forming stem cells of the bone marrow of mice (CFU) have been used as an in vivo test system for toxic and radiosensitizing effects of misonidazole. The cells were irradiated in vivo in the donors before they were suspended and injected i.v. into recipients. Hyoxic conditions were achieved by killing the donors 20 min before irradiation. A drug dose in donors of 1.0 mg/g body wt (ca 1200 microgram/ml in serum) was found to be weakly toxic over an exposure time of 50 min under hypoxic conditions. The radiosensitizing effect at this concentration was found to be about the same as the full effect of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:277209", "title": "Effects of sensitizers on cell respiration: II. The effects of hypoxic cell sensitizers on oxygen utilization in cellular and chemical models.", "content": "The metabolic activity of nitroheterocyclic sensitizers could limit their usefulness in vivo. Biochemical mechanisms of drug metabolism, toxicity and effects on cell respiration have been studied in microsomes, and the kinetics of the simulated redox reactions determined by pulse radiolysis. Stimulated oxidation of coenzyme, glucose, ascorbate or glutathione substrate radicals by nitroheterocyclic sensitizers, with the concomitant appearance of the respective nitro radical anions, is observed. Under hypoxia, the nitro radical anions decay slowly by second order processes, forming reduced metabolites. In air, the nitro radical anions react with oxygen forming superoxide radical anions, peroxide and regenerating the drug. Nitro radical-anions also react with cytochrome-c indicating a possible interference with mitochondrial energy metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of sensitizers on cell respiration: II. The effects of hypoxic cell sensitizers on oxygen utilization in cellular and chemical models. The metabolic activity of nitroheterocyclic sensitizers could limit their usefulness in vivo. Biochemical mechanisms of drug metabolism, toxicity and effects on cell respiration have been studied in microsomes, and the kinetics of the simulated redox reactions determined by pulse radiolysis. Stimulated oxidation of coenzyme, glucose, ascorbate or glutathione substrate radicals by nitroheterocyclic sensitizers, with the concomitant appearance of the respective nitro radical anions, is observed. Under hypoxia, the nitro radical anions decay slowly by second order processes, forming reduced metabolites. In air, the nitro radical anions react with oxygen forming superoxide radical anions, peroxide and regenerating the drug. Nitro radical-anions also react with cytochrome-c indicating a possible interference with mitochondrial energy metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:277211", "title": "The nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers and cytotoxic agents.", "content": "Using hamster cells in culture, the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of 8 electron-affinic drugs have been compared. These include nitrofurans derivatives as well as 2 and 5-nitroimidazoles. Most work has been performed with misonidazole for which it appears that, at 37 degree C, the concentration of drug required to produce a given level of cell killing is inversely proportional to the square of the exposure time. Misonidazole was also compared with X-rays for its ability to produce neoplastic transformations in vitro, using the C3H 10T 1/2 cell line.", "contents": "The nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers and cytotoxic agents. Using hamster cells in culture, the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of 8 electron-affinic drugs have been compared. These include nitrofurans derivatives as well as 2 and 5-nitroimidazoles. Most work has been performed with misonidazole for which it appears that, at 37 degree C, the concentration of drug required to produce a given level of cell killing is inversely proportional to the square of the exposure time. Misonidazole was also compared with X-rays for its ability to produce neoplastic transformations in vitro, using the C3H 10T 1/2 cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:277212", "title": "Some factors affecting the specific toxicity of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells.", "content": "The toxic action of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells has been shown to be a function of serum concentration, with higher serum concentrations enhancing the toxic effect. Added thiols protect cells against misonidazole toxicity. In addition, the action of misonidazole on hypoxic cells labelled with 5-BUdR has been examined. Cells with incroported 5-BUdR are no more sensitive to misonidazole toxicity than are cells without label.", "contents": "Some factors affecting the specific toxicity of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells. The toxic action of misonidazole towards hypoxic mammalian cells has been shown to be a function of serum concentration, with higher serum concentrations enhancing the toxic effect. Added thiols protect cells against misonidazole toxicity. In addition, the action of misonidazole on hypoxic cells labelled with 5-BUdR has been examined. Cells with incroported 5-BUdR are no more sensitive to misonidazole toxicity than are cells without label."}
{"id": "PMID:277213", "title": "Cytotoxic effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on chronically hypoxic cells in multicell spheroids.", "content": "The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on chronically hypoxic cells in the multicell spheroids of Chinese hamster V79 cells was investigated. The radiation survival curves of spheroid cells indicated that most of the chronically hypoxic cells in the spheroids could be eliminated by incubating the spheroids with 5-20 mM of 5-thio-D-glucose or 17 hours. Histological studies also demonstrated that 5-thio-D-glucose preferentially kills the hypoxic cells located in the inner part of the spheroids.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on chronically hypoxic cells in multicell spheroids. The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on chronically hypoxic cells in the multicell spheroids of Chinese hamster V79 cells was investigated. The radiation survival curves of spheroid cells indicated that most of the chronically hypoxic cells in the spheroids could be eliminated by incubating the spheroids with 5-20 mM of 5-thio-D-glucose or 17 hours. Histological studies also demonstrated that 5-thio-D-glucose preferentially kills the hypoxic cells located in the inner part of the spheroids."}
{"id": "PMID:277214", "title": "Cell survival in V79 multicell spheroids treated with dehydroascorbate, 5-thio-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "We found that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), 5-thio-D-glucose (5TG) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) were toxic to monolayers of V79 cells under hypoxic conditions at 37 degree C but not at 0 degree C. Very little toxicity was observed at either temperature under aerobic conditions. When spheroids (600 micrometer diameter) were treated with 7.5 mM of these chemicals for periods up to 3 days, the number of viable cells per spheroid dropped to 70% for DHA, 50% for 5TG and 25% for 2DG relative to controls. These survivals were reduced to much lower values when the experiments were repeated in glucose-free medium.", "contents": "Cell survival in V79 multicell spheroids treated with dehydroascorbate, 5-thio-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. We found that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), 5-thio-D-glucose (5TG) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) were toxic to monolayers of V79 cells under hypoxic conditions at 37 degree C but not at 0 degree C. Very little toxicity was observed at either temperature under aerobic conditions. When spheroids (600 micrometer diameter) were treated with 7.5 mM of these chemicals for periods up to 3 days, the number of viable cells per spheroid dropped to 70% for DHA, 50% for 5TG and 25% for 2DG relative to controls. These survivals were reduced to much lower values when the experiments were repeated in glucose-free medium."}
{"id": "PMID:277215", "title": "Effects of sensitizers on cell respiration: III. The effects of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on oxidative metabolism and the radiation response of an in vitro tumour model.", "content": "Physiological factors are important when considering the effects of radiosensitizers on the radiation response of complex systems such as multicellular spheroids. In this system, under conditions of unlimited nutrient supply, cells are rendered hypoxic by metabolism. Thus, using the spheroid system as an in vitro model of the tumour-cell microenvironment, we have determined the relative contribution of radiosensitization and respiratory effects of a number of electron-affinic sensitizers having potential clinical use. These studies are indicative of physiological responses at the cellular level, and suggest optimal drug administration schemes for obtaining maximal radiation response in vivo hypoxic cell sensitizers.", "contents": "Effects of sensitizers on cell respiration: III. The effects of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers on oxidative metabolism and the radiation response of an in vitro tumour model. Physiological factors are important when considering the effects of radiosensitizers on the radiation response of complex systems such as multicellular spheroids. In this system, under conditions of unlimited nutrient supply, cells are rendered hypoxic by metabolism. Thus, using the spheroid system as an in vitro model of the tumour-cell microenvironment, we have determined the relative contribution of radiosensitization and respiratory effects of a number of electron-affinic sensitizers having potential clinical use. These studies are indicative of physiological responses at the cellular level, and suggest optimal drug administration schemes for obtaining maximal radiation response in vivo hypoxic cell sensitizers."}
{"id": "PMID:277216", "title": "Oxygen cathode measurements and radiation response in tumour-bearing mice treated with misonidazole.", "content": "Direct measurements using 200 micron oxygen cathode electordes have been made in tumour and subcutaneous tissues of anaesthetized C3H mice treated with misonidazole. In air-breathing animals a six-fold increase in tumour oxygen cathode readings was observed by 23 min after i.p. injection of misonidazole at 0.5 mg/g body weight. A similar rise, but of 2.5 times, was observed for the subcutaneous tissues. Comparison of tumour oxygen readings for drug-treated and control mice breathing 100% O2 at different pressures showed markedly increased levels for the drug-treated animals. Tumour response to radiation was measured for 250 kV X-rays and 15 MeV electrons. In each case, when a dose of radiation was combined with pre-treatement with misonidazole an increased radiation response was observed when compared with the same dose of radiation given alone. At the highest dose (40 Gy) there was a suggestion of an increased normal tissue reaction. The significance of the measurements is discussed.", "contents": "Oxygen cathode measurements and radiation response in tumour-bearing mice treated with misonidazole. Direct measurements using 200 micron oxygen cathode electordes have been made in tumour and subcutaneous tissues of anaesthetized C3H mice treated with misonidazole. In air-breathing animals a six-fold increase in tumour oxygen cathode readings was observed by 23 min after i.p. injection of misonidazole at 0.5 mg/g body weight. A similar rise, but of 2.5 times, was observed for the subcutaneous tissues. Comparison of tumour oxygen readings for drug-treated and control mice breathing 100% O2 at different pressures showed markedly increased levels for the drug-treated animals. Tumour response to radiation was measured for 250 kV X-rays and 15 MeV electrons. In each case, when a dose of radiation was combined with pre-treatement with misonidazole an increased radiation response was observed when compared with the same dose of radiation given alone. At the highest dose (40 Gy) there was a suggestion of an increased normal tissue reaction. The significance of the measurements is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277217", "title": "Effect of anoxic radiosensitizers on cellular and mitochondrial oxygen consumption and respiration control ratio.", "content": "Misonidazole increased oxygen consumption of Ehrlich ascites cells and reversed the blockage of oxidative phosphorylation induced by amytal and KCN. It alos increased oxygen consumption of mitochondria in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate substrate, but decreased the respiratory control ratio. Cellular oxygen consumption decreased, but mitochondrial consumption was increased by metronidazole, and the respiratory control ratio was not affected by this substance. It was concluded that misonidazole influences respiration in a similar way to uncouplers, and the interaction site for both substances is at the NADH level. These respiratory effects can be of importance in altering radiation response in multicellular tissues.", "contents": "Effect of anoxic radiosensitizers on cellular and mitochondrial oxygen consumption and respiration control ratio. Misonidazole increased oxygen consumption of Ehrlich ascites cells and reversed the blockage of oxidative phosphorylation induced by amytal and KCN. It alos increased oxygen consumption of mitochondria in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate substrate, but decreased the respiratory control ratio. Cellular oxygen consumption decreased, but mitochondrial consumption was increased by metronidazole, and the respiratory control ratio was not affected by this substance. It was concluded that misonidazole influences respiration in a similar way to uncouplers, and the interaction site for both substances is at the NADH level. These respiratory effects can be of importance in altering radiation response in multicellular tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:277218", "title": "Metronidazole (Flagyl), misonidazole (Ro 07-0582), iron, zinc and sulphur compounds in cancer therapy.", "content": "The nitro radiosensitizers, metronidazole and misonidazole, have been shown to react rapidly with the sulphydryl compounds cysteine and cysteamine in the presence of ferrous ions. Similar reactions occur in the presence of copper ions but these are much slower. The initial interactions of the drugs and of oxygen with an iron-cysteine complex are extremely rapid: in the case of oxygen reaction half-lives of 27 ms have been measured. Misonidazole also reacts rapidly with glutathione in the presence of ferrous ions and is subsequently reduced: metronidazole is reduced only slowly if at all. These reactions, which have been found to be inhibited by high concentrations of zince ions, are discussed in the light of the known radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic efficiencies of the nitro drugs and the side effect of peripheral neuropathy sometimes observed during their clinical use.", "contents": "Metronidazole (Flagyl), misonidazole (Ro 07-0582), iron, zinc and sulphur compounds in cancer therapy. The nitro radiosensitizers, metronidazole and misonidazole, have been shown to react rapidly with the sulphydryl compounds cysteine and cysteamine in the presence of ferrous ions. Similar reactions occur in the presence of copper ions but these are much slower. The initial interactions of the drugs and of oxygen with an iron-cysteine complex are extremely rapid: in the case of oxygen reaction half-lives of 27 ms have been measured. Misonidazole also reacts rapidly with glutathione in the presence of ferrous ions and is subsequently reduced: metronidazole is reduced only slowly if at all. These reactions, which have been found to be inhibited by high concentrations of zince ions, are discussed in the light of the known radiosensitizing and chemotherapeutic efficiencies of the nitro drugs and the side effect of peripheral neuropathy sometimes observed during their clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:277219", "title": "Respiration of mammalian cells at low concentrations of oxygen: I. Effect of hypoxic-cell radiosensitizing drugs.", "content": "Drugs which sensitize hypoxic mammalian cells to radiation damage in vitro can also affect the cellular respiration rate. This phenomenon was studied in detail to determine whether the changes in oxygen consumption occur at low oxygen concentrations and under optimal nutritional conditions. We have found that cells in tissue culture can undergo adaptive changes in respiration (electron flow) which make them insensitive to the effects of radiosensitizing drugs and even respiration uncouplers such as dinitrophenol, and the inhibitors rotenone and cyanide. At low cell densities, where nutrient depletion in the medium would be negligible, the drugs have reduced effects, particularly at low oxygen concentrations (below 40 mmHg oxygen partial pressure). Parallel cytotoxicity and growht inhibition studies indicate that most drugs are unlikely to have substantial effect on respiration at non-cytotoxic levels.", "contents": "Respiration of mammalian cells at low concentrations of oxygen: I. Effect of hypoxic-cell radiosensitizing drugs. Drugs which sensitize hypoxic mammalian cells to radiation damage in vitro can also affect the cellular respiration rate. This phenomenon was studied in detail to determine whether the changes in oxygen consumption occur at low oxygen concentrations and under optimal nutritional conditions. We have found that cells in tissue culture can undergo adaptive changes in respiration (electron flow) which make them insensitive to the effects of radiosensitizing drugs and even respiration uncouplers such as dinitrophenol, and the inhibitors rotenone and cyanide. At low cell densities, where nutrient depletion in the medium would be negligible, the drugs have reduced effects, particularly at low oxygen concentrations (below 40 mmHg oxygen partial pressure). Parallel cytotoxicity and growht inhibition studies indicate that most drugs are unlikely to have substantial effect on respiration at non-cytotoxic levels."}
{"id": "PMID:277220", "title": "Cytotoxicity of radiosensitizers in multicell spheroids: combination treatment with hyperthermia.", "content": "Spheroids of EMT6 tumour cells were grown in spinner culture. As with V79 cell spheroids, the combination of 1.5mM misonidazole and hyperthermia at 42.5 degree C for 1 or 2 h cuased greater cytotoxicity than either heat or drug alone. Radioresistant hypoxic cells at the centre of the spheroids were eliminated but other cells were also killed.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of radiosensitizers in multicell spheroids: combination treatment with hyperthermia. Spheroids of EMT6 tumour cells were grown in spinner culture. As with V79 cell spheroids, the combination of 1.5mM misonidazole and hyperthermia at 42.5 degree C for 1 or 2 h cuased greater cytotoxicity than either heat or drug alone. Radioresistant hypoxic cells at the centre of the spheroids were eliminated but other cells were also killed."}
{"id": "PMID:277221", "title": "The hyperthermic potentiation of the cytotoxic effect of misonidazole on the EMT6 mouse tumour: relevance of in vitro measurement of in vivo effect.", "content": "The effect of local hyperthermia combined with misonidazole and the influence of temperature monitoring on this effect in growth delay studies and in vitro colony assay are described.", "contents": "The hyperthermic potentiation of the cytotoxic effect of misonidazole on the EMT6 mouse tumour: relevance of in vitro measurement of in vivo effect. The effect of local hyperthermia combined with misonidazole and the influence of temperature monitoring on this effect in growth delay studies and in vitro colony assay are described."}
{"id": "PMID:277222", "title": "Enhancement of local tumour control by misonidazole and hyperthermia.", "content": "Combination treatment of a C3H mammary carcinoma with misonidazole, hyperthermia and radiation resulted in greater local tumour control than with any of these agents singly or in pairs. Dose modification factors for the 3-fold combinations were 3.28 when tumours were immersed in a 42.5 degree C waterbath for 1h after irradiation, and 5.03 at 43.0 degrees C. Cytotoxicity of misonidazole alone was slight, as reflected histologically and in tumour growth. Hyperthermia had a marked effect on these two parameters. Foot damage by hyperthermia was greatest when feet were taped.", "contents": "Enhancement of local tumour control by misonidazole and hyperthermia. Combination treatment of a C3H mammary carcinoma with misonidazole, hyperthermia and radiation resulted in greater local tumour control than with any of these agents singly or in pairs. Dose modification factors for the 3-fold combinations were 3.28 when tumours were immersed in a 42.5 degree C waterbath for 1h after irradiation, and 5.03 at 43.0 degrees C. Cytotoxicity of misonidazole alone was slight, as reflected histologically and in tumour growth. Hyperthermia had a marked effect on these two parameters. Foot damage by hyperthermia was greatest when feet were taped."}
{"id": "PMID:277223", "title": "Hypoxic cell sensitizers and heavy charged-particle radiations.", "content": "Stationary-phase populations of Chinese hamster V-79 cells were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays and the Bragg peaks (spread to a width of 4 cm) of energetic He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion beams produced at the 184-inch cyclotron and BEVALAC at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Survival curves were generated with each radiation for cells suspended in air-saturated and nitrogen-saturated medium with and without sensitizer present. The oxygen enhancement ratios (OERs) measured for X-rays with 1mM metronidazole and 0.5 mM misonidazole were 2.0 and 1.6 respectively. The OERs without sensitizer for He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion Bragg peaks were 2.4, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.4 respectively. For each type of radiation tested the presence of hypoxic-cell sensitizers resulted in an additional reduction in the measured OERs, indicating that these drugs should be of benefit in the radiotherapy planned with these and other high LET radiations.", "contents": "Hypoxic cell sensitizers and heavy charged-particle radiations. Stationary-phase populations of Chinese hamster V-79 cells were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays and the Bragg peaks (spread to a width of 4 cm) of energetic He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion beams produced at the 184-inch cyclotron and BEVALAC at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Survival curves were generated with each radiation for cells suspended in air-saturated and nitrogen-saturated medium with and without sensitizer present. The oxygen enhancement ratios (OERs) measured for X-rays with 1mM metronidazole and 0.5 mM misonidazole were 2.0 and 1.6 respectively. The OERs without sensitizer for He-, C-, Ne-, and A-ion Bragg peaks were 2.4, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.4 respectively. For each type of radiation tested the presence of hypoxic-cell sensitizers resulted in an additional reduction in the measured OERs, indicating that these drugs should be of benefit in the radiotherapy planned with these and other high LET radiations."}
{"id": "PMID:277224", "title": "A combination of sensitizers with high LET radiations.", "content": "Preliminary measurements of OER for pion beams in combination with a concentration of Misonidazole (0.4 mM) that is realistic in radiotherapeutic application are reported. These results indicate that 0.4 mM of misonidazole is as effective in reducing OER for negative pions as for X-rays. The application of high LET radiations in combination with hypoxic cell sensitizers is discussed.", "contents": "A combination of sensitizers with high LET radiations. Preliminary measurements of OER for pion beams in combination with a concentration of Misonidazole (0.4 mM) that is realistic in radiotherapeutic application are reported. These results indicate that 0.4 mM of misonidazole is as effective in reducing OER for negative pions as for X-rays. The application of high LET radiations in combination with hypoxic cell sensitizers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277226", "title": "An analysis of synergistic sensitization.", "content": "The molecular theory of cell survival predicts that a synergistic interaction on cell survival may be expected when DNA-damaging agents are used in combination with ionizing radiation. The synergism is expected to result from the interaction of DNA single-strand damage induced by the agent and single-stand breaks induced by the radiation. Mathematically this is expressed by an increase in the alpha coefficienty of the survival equation S = exp - (alpha D + beta D2), the beta coefficient remaining constant. Two examples of synergistic interaction with ionizing radiation are analysed, a chemical used in tumour therapy and ultra-violet light. The implication of this analysis for sensitization in radiation therapy are discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of synergistic sensitization. The molecular theory of cell survival predicts that a synergistic interaction on cell survival may be expected when DNA-damaging agents are used in combination with ionizing radiation. The synergism is expected to result from the interaction of DNA single-strand damage induced by the agent and single-stand breaks induced by the radiation. Mathematically this is expressed by an increase in the alpha coefficienty of the survival equation S = exp - (alpha D + beta D2), the beta coefficient remaining constant. Two examples of synergistic interaction with ionizing radiation are analysed, a chemical used in tumour therapy and ultra-violet light. The implication of this analysis for sensitization in radiation therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277227", "title": "Effect of radiation on cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) and DNA in aqueous solution.", "content": "The radiolysis of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-PDD) was studied in order to better understand the mechanisms by which it acts as a radiation sensitizer. The Pt(I) intermediate formed by e- aq reduction of cis-PDD  loses both chlorides rapidly, interacts with O2 to form a Pt-oxygen adduct, reacts with the hydroxyl radical adduct of thymine and the peroxy radical of t-butanol, and disproportionates to platinum metal and trans-PDD. The Pt (III) intermediate formed by OH oxidation of cis-PDD likely disproportionates to cis-PDD and Pt(IV) complexes. In a biological model, radiation-induced 3H-thymine base residue release from DNA is found to be inhibited by cis-PDD.", "contents": "Effect of radiation on cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) and DNA in aqueous solution. The radiolysis of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-PDD) was studied in order to better understand the mechanisms by which it acts as a radiation sensitizer. The Pt(I) intermediate formed by e- aq reduction of cis-PDD  loses both chlorides rapidly, interacts with O2 to form a Pt-oxygen adduct, reacts with the hydroxyl radical adduct of thymine and the peroxy radical of t-butanol, and disproportionates to platinum metal and trans-PDD. The Pt (III) intermediate formed by OH oxidation of cis-PDD likely disproportionates to cis-PDD and Pt(IV) complexes. In a biological model, radiation-induced 3H-thymine base residue release from DNA is found to be inhibited by cis-PDD."}
{"id": "PMID:277228", "title": "Testing of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vivo.", "content": "Use has been made of the transplantable KHT sarcoma in C3H mice to test the in vivo effectiveness of some 2-, 4-, and 5-nitroimidazoles as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. A comparison of the in vivo versus the in vitro sensitizing ability of misonidazole and metronidazole indicates some differences, probably due to drug delivery problems in vivo. The relative sensitizing abilities of eight 2-nitroimidazoles, two 4-nigroimidazoles and two 5-nitroimidazoles are compared on the basis of the amount of drug injected and the plasma levels obtained.", "contents": "Testing of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vivo. Use has been made of the transplantable KHT sarcoma in C3H mice to test the in vivo effectiveness of some 2-, 4-, and 5-nitroimidazoles as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. A comparison of the in vivo versus the in vitro sensitizing ability of misonidazole and metronidazole indicates some differences, probably due to drug delivery problems in vivo. The relative sensitizing abilities of eight 2-nitroimidazoles, two 4-nigroimidazoles and two 5-nitroimidazoles are compared on the basis of the amount of drug injected and the plasma levels obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:277229", "title": "In vivo evaluation of the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of newly synthesized electron-affinic drugs.", "content": "We are synthesizing and testing various 2-nitroimidazole analogs with different octanol/water partition coefficients for their radiosensitizing and cytototoxic properties. Our hypothesis is that, unlike the situation in vitro, lipophilicity will play a major role in determining the extent of radiosensitization of hypoxic tumour cells in vivo and also the degree of animal toxicity. The radiosensitivity testing involves determination of the surviving fraction of EMT6 tumour cells irradiated in vivo under different conditions following drug injection, and subsequent assay in vitro. Data obtained to date on eight 2-nitroimidazoles do not indicate any compound clearly superior to misonidazole (Ro-07-0582), although one or two are close and may prove better at the completion of testing. Cytotoxicity of the compounds is assayed by cell survival and histologically. Data obtained on the toxicity of misonidazole to the cells of EMT6 tumours suggest that a large proportion of the anoxic cells in these tumours are not near necrotic areas, but rather result from the temporary closure of blood vessels.", "contents": "In vivo evaluation of the radiosensitizing and cytotoxic properties of newly synthesized electron-affinic drugs. We are synthesizing and testing various 2-nitroimidazole analogs with different octanol/water partition coefficients for their radiosensitizing and cytototoxic properties. Our hypothesis is that, unlike the situation in vitro, lipophilicity will play a major role in determining the extent of radiosensitization of hypoxic tumour cells in vivo and also the degree of animal toxicity. The radiosensitivity testing involves determination of the surviving fraction of EMT6 tumour cells irradiated in vivo under different conditions following drug injection, and subsequent assay in vitro. Data obtained to date on eight 2-nitroimidazoles do not indicate any compound clearly superior to misonidazole (Ro-07-0582), although one or two are close and may prove better at the completion of testing. Cytotoxicity of the compounds is assayed by cell survival and histologically. Data obtained on the toxicity of misonidazole to the cells of EMT6 tumours suggest that a large proportion of the anoxic cells in these tumours are not near necrotic areas, but rather result from the temporary closure of blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:277230", "title": "Cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects  of hypoxic cell sensitizers on EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The radiosensitizing activities and toxicities of misonidazole, metronidazole, 2-Methythio-3-nitropyrrole (3NPR), 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole (ANT) and 2,5-dinitroimidazole (KA121) were studied using EMT6 tumour cells and BALB/c KaRw mice. For 10(-4)M concentrations of the drugs, the DMF's for hypoxic cells were: Misonidazole, 1.6; 3NPR, 1.5, ANT, 1.5; KA121, 1.8. The OER was 3.2. In general, the drugs were toxic to hypoxic cells and were not toxic to aerobic cells at 10(-3)M for 24 h. The LD50's in BALB/c KaRw mice were: misonidazole, 1500 mg/kg; 3NPR, 350 mg/kg ANT, 420 mg/kg. In vivo, 1 mg/g misonidazole or metronidazole reduced the terminal slope of the tumour cell survival curve by a factor of 2.2 or 1.6 respectively.", "contents": "Cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects  of hypoxic cell sensitizers on EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cells in vivo and in vitro. The radiosensitizing activities and toxicities of misonidazole, metronidazole, 2-Methythio-3-nitropyrrole (3NPR), 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole (ANT) and 2,5-dinitroimidazole (KA121) were studied using EMT6 tumour cells and BALB/c KaRw mice. For 10(-4)M concentrations of the drugs, the DMF's for hypoxic cells were: Misonidazole, 1.6; 3NPR, 1.5, ANT, 1.5; KA121, 1.8. The OER was 3.2. In general, the drugs were toxic to hypoxic cells and were not toxic to aerobic cells at 10(-3)M for 24 h. The LD50's in BALB/c KaRw mice were: misonidazole, 1500 mg/kg; 3NPR, 350 mg/kg ANT, 420 mg/kg. In vivo, 1 mg/g misonidazole or metronidazole reduced the terminal slope of the tumour cell survival curve by a factor of 2.2 or 1.6 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:277231", "title": "Effect of combined metronidazole and DMSO on tumour control and skin tolerance in the rat.", "content": "A combination of the radiosensitizer, metronidazole, and the radioprotector, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was tested for its effects on the radiation tolerance of rat skin and on the radiosensitivity of the BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma. The simplest interpretation of the effects of the combined treatment is that: metronidazole radiosensitizes BA1112 in one-fraction but not in five-fraction treatments; metronidazole slightly increases the radiosensitivity of skin in one-fraction treatments; metronidazole radiosensitization is independent of the radioprotection produced by DMSO.", "contents": "Effect of combined metronidazole and DMSO on tumour control and skin tolerance in the rat. A combination of the radiosensitizer, metronidazole, and the radioprotector, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was tested for its effects on the radiation tolerance of rat skin and on the radiosensitivity of the BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma. The simplest interpretation of the effects of the combined treatment is that: metronidazole radiosensitizes BA1112 in one-fraction but not in five-fraction treatments; metronidazole slightly increases the radiosensitivity of skin in one-fraction treatments; metronidazole radiosensitization is independent of the radioprotection produced by DMSO."}
{"id": "PMID:277232", "title": "Influence of tumour size on radiosensitization by misonidazole.", "content": "The administration of misonidazole shortly before irradiation increased the radiation response of the Lewis lung tumour growing either as approximately 500mm3 subcutaneous implants or as 15mm3 lung colonies. In the subcutaneous tumours, the dose enhancement ratio was approximately half the oxygen enhancement ratio. In the lung colonies the sensitization of hypoxic cells appeared to be complete. Similar studies on subcutaneous B16 melanoma showed that the drug increased radiosensitivity to a level comparable with that of cells in small pulmonary nodules, whose hypoxic fraction appears to be below 10(-3). The results indicate complete dose modification of hypoxic cells where their natural proportion is small with incomplete enhancement of radiosensitivity where the natural hypoxic fraction is larger.", "contents": "Influence of tumour size on radiosensitization by misonidazole. The administration of misonidazole shortly before irradiation increased the radiation response of the Lewis lung tumour growing either as approximately 500mm3 subcutaneous implants or as 15mm3 lung colonies. In the subcutaneous tumours, the dose enhancement ratio was approximately half the oxygen enhancement ratio. In the lung colonies the sensitization of hypoxic cells appeared to be complete. Similar studies on subcutaneous B16 melanoma showed that the drug increased radiosensitivity to a level comparable with that of cells in small pulmonary nodules, whose hypoxic fraction appears to be below 10(-3). The results indicate complete dose modification of hypoxic cells where their natural proportion is small with incomplete enhancement of radiosensitivity where the natural hypoxic fraction is larger."}
{"id": "PMID:277233", "title": "The effect of misonidazole on the radiation response of clonogenic human pancreatic carcinoma cells.", "content": "An enhancing effect of misonidazole on the in vivo radiation response of clonogenic human tumour cells from a pancreatic carcinoma xenograft has been demonstrated using both a soft agar in vitro assay and an agar in diffusion chamber assay. Enhancement ratios of 1.8 and 1.3 were found when cells were assayed at 0 h and 18 h respectively after irradiation. No enhancement was seen with in vitro irradiation of oxygenated cells. The potential of these assay systems as a perclinical screening test for new radiosensitizers is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of misonidazole on the radiation response of clonogenic human pancreatic carcinoma cells. An enhancing effect of misonidazole on the in vivo radiation response of clonogenic human tumour cells from a pancreatic carcinoma xenograft has been demonstrated using both a soft agar in vitro assay and an agar in diffusion chamber assay. Enhancement ratios of 1.8 and 1.3 were found when cells were assayed at 0 h and 18 h respectively after irradiation. No enhancement was seen with in vitro irradiation of oxygenated cells. The potential of these assay systems as a perclinical screening test for new radiosensitizers is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277234", "title": "The demonstration of in vivo misonidazole tumour toxicity using post radiation hypoxia.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of the radiosensitizer misonidazole on hypoxic tumour cells in vivo has been studied. Using standard procedures of large single doses of X-ray (30 Gy) followed by 1.0 mg/g misonidazole, no significant cytotoxicity (measured by tumour regrowth) could be observed. In contrast, when utilizing post radiation hypoxia (3 h of 7% oxygen breathing) in conjunction with post radiation misonidazole, an increased amount of direct drug toxicity was demonstrated. The use of this acute hypoxia treatment may prove to be a useful tool for measuring various in vivo radiobiological responses.", "contents": "The demonstration of in vivo misonidazole tumour toxicity using post radiation hypoxia. The cytotoxic effect of the radiosensitizer misonidazole on hypoxic tumour cells in vivo has been studied. Using standard procedures of large single doses of X-ray (30 Gy) followed by 1.0 mg/g misonidazole, no significant cytotoxicity (measured by tumour regrowth) could be observed. In contrast, when utilizing post radiation hypoxia (3 h of 7% oxygen breathing) in conjunction with post radiation misonidazole, an increased amount of direct drug toxicity was demonstrated. The use of this acute hypoxia treatment may prove to be a useful tool for measuring various in vivo radiobiological responses."}
{"id": "PMID:277235", "title": "Sensitization of hypoxic normal tissue.", "content": "The radiosensitization by misonidazole of three normal tissues in the unanaeshtetized mouse (femoral marrow, intestinal crypts and the target tissue for tail necrosis) has been studied. At 1 mg/g body weight, no sensitization was observed for the former two tissues, and no cytotoxicity for marrow was demonstrated. Sensitization of fully anoxic marrow or tail shown, by a factor of 1.8--1.9, in comparison with normal tails (factor 1.5). Clamping experiments revealed the homogenous nature of the natural hypoxia in the tissue responsible for tail necrosis, and an effective increase in the oxygenation was seen at Day 7 after a large priming dose.", "contents": "Sensitization of hypoxic normal tissue. The radiosensitization by misonidazole of three normal tissues in the unanaeshtetized mouse (femoral marrow, intestinal crypts and the target tissue for tail necrosis) has been studied. At 1 mg/g body weight, no sensitization was observed for the former two tissues, and no cytotoxicity for marrow was demonstrated. Sensitization of fully anoxic marrow or tail shown, by a factor of 1.8--1.9, in comparison with normal tails (factor 1.5). Clamping experiments revealed the homogenous nature of the natural hypoxia in the tissue responsible for tail necrosis, and an effective increase in the oxygenation was seen at Day 7 after a large priming dose."}
{"id": "PMID:277236", "title": "Dose-modifying effect of misonidazole on the radiation response of growing cartilage in mice.", "content": "Misonidazole administered before a single dose of 15 Gy X-rays enhances the radiation response of growing bone in mice by a factor 1.3. In combination with split-dose irradiation of twice 7.5 Gy the drug did not cause significant enhancement. These results are most likely due to the existence of hypoxic cells in growing cartilage as has been demonstrated already by other authors.", "contents": "Dose-modifying effect of misonidazole on the radiation response of growing cartilage in mice. Misonidazole administered before a single dose of 15 Gy X-rays enhances the radiation response of growing bone in mice by a factor 1.3. In combination with split-dose irradiation of twice 7.5 Gy the drug did not cause significant enhancement. These results are most likely due to the existence of hypoxic cells in growing cartilage as has been demonstrated already by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:277237", "title": "The effect of the radiosensitizer misonidazole on motor nerve conduction velocity in the mouse.", "content": "The clinical use of misonidazole as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer is at present limited by its neurotoxicity at high doses (Urtasun et al., 1977; Dische et al., 1977). An in vivo neurological end point, viz. measurement of nerve conduction velocity, has been developed to examine sensitizer action. Conduction velocity in mice was measured as a function of time after a single dose of misonidazole and as a function of drug dose. Doses greater than 0.33 mg/g produced significant transient reductions in velocity. The time course of the reduction in velocity closely followed the uptake/excretion profile of misonidazole from blood serum.", "contents": "The effect of the radiosensitizer misonidazole on motor nerve conduction velocity in the mouse. The clinical use of misonidazole as a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer is at present limited by its neurotoxicity at high doses (Urtasun et al., 1977; Dische et al., 1977). An in vivo neurological end point, viz. measurement of nerve conduction velocity, has been developed to examine sensitizer action. Conduction velocity in mice was measured as a function of time after a single dose of misonidazole and as a function of drug dose. Doses greater than 0.33 mg/g produced significant transient reductions in velocity. The time course of the reduction in velocity closely followed the uptake/excretion profile of misonidazole from blood serum."}
{"id": "PMID:277238", "title": "Conjecture on the role of dry charges in radiosensitization.", "content": "A model of cellular radiation damage that involves dry electrons and holes is proposed and the implications of this model to hypoxic radiosenstization are discussed. The transport and reaction properties of dry charges in the structured water surrounding polar biomolecules are considered and a solvation time of 600 picoseconds in this medium is derived. Pre-solvation charge migration, attachment and recombination and the relevance of these processes to sensitization are discussed. DNA damage by physico-chemical interactions with dry holes is proposed and is shown to be modified by oxygen and other electron affinic sensitizers.", "contents": "Conjecture on the role of dry charges in radiosensitization. A model of cellular radiation damage that involves dry electrons and holes is proposed and the implications of this model to hypoxic radiosenstization are discussed. The transport and reaction properties of dry charges in the structured water surrounding polar biomolecules are considered and a solvation time of 600 picoseconds in this medium is derived. Pre-solvation charge migration, attachment and recombination and the relevance of these processes to sensitization are discussed. DNA damage by physico-chemical interactions with dry holes is proposed and is shown to be modified by oxygen and other electron affinic sensitizers."}
{"id": "PMID:277240", "title": "Misonidazole with small dose fractions in an experimental osteosarcoma.", "content": "The mouse osteosarcoma C22LR was irradiated with a single X-ray dose of 1000 or 1500 rad (to prevent rapid growth) and then with fractionated doses of 300 or 600 rad each. Half the mice were given 0.8 mg/g of misonidazole 1 h before irradiation. Tumour growth delay was determined. The radiosensitizer did enhance the effect of small (300 rad) doses per fraction, as well as that of 600 rad doses.", "contents": "Misonidazole with small dose fractions in an experimental osteosarcoma. The mouse osteosarcoma C22LR was irradiated with a single X-ray dose of 1000 or 1500 rad (to prevent rapid growth) and then with fractionated doses of 300 or 600 rad each. Half the mice were given 0.8 mg/g of misonidazole 1 h before irradiation. Tumour growth delay was determined. The radiosensitizer did enhance the effect of small (300 rad) doses per fraction, as well as that of 600 rad doses."}
{"id": "PMID:277241", "title": "A comparison of the effects of tumour growth delay of fractionated and single dose irradiation when administered with misonidazole (Ro-07-0582).", "content": "A majority of previous studies have shown the effectiveness of nitroimidazole derivatives, metronidazole and Ro-07-0582, in specifically sensitizing the hypoxic cell componenet of solid tumours to single doses of irradiation. The present study investigated the effects of nitroimadazoel Ro-07-0582 (0.75 mg/g) on the growth of MNU fibrosarcoma when administered with fractionated radiation therapy. Delay of tumour regrowth was recorded and was compared to single dose experiments using the sensitizer. The results show that fractionated radiotherapy with the sensitizer has an advantage over fractionated therapy alone (delay factor 1.58), but not over single dose therapy with the sensitizer (delay factor 2.6). This difference may be due to the sublethal repair from re-oxygenation in fractionated radiotherapy.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of tumour growth delay of fractionated and single dose irradiation when administered with misonidazole (Ro-07-0582). A majority of previous studies have shown the effectiveness of nitroimidazole derivatives, metronidazole and Ro-07-0582, in specifically sensitizing the hypoxic cell componenet of solid tumours to single doses of irradiation. The present study investigated the effects of nitroimadazoel Ro-07-0582 (0.75 mg/g) on the growth of MNU fibrosarcoma when administered with fractionated radiation therapy. Delay of tumour regrowth was recorded and was compared to single dose experiments using the sensitizer. The results show that fractionated radiotherapy with the sensitizer has an advantage over fractionated therapy alone (delay factor 1.58), but not over single dose therapy with the sensitizer (delay factor 2.6). This difference may be due to the sublethal repair from re-oxygenation in fractionated radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:277242", "title": "The effect of misonidazole in combination with radiation dose fractionation.", "content": "Single doses or multiple fractions of 2, 3, 5 or 10 Gy were given daily to KHT Sarcomas, growing in C3H mice, in combination with a misonidazole dose of 0.5 mg/g body weight administered 30--40 min before each radiation dose. Cell survival assays were performed on groups of tumours after different total doses to determine tumour cell survival curves for each fractionation schedule. The results indicate that misonidazole is effective in sensitizing the tumours to single doses and to large dose fractions, but that the degree of sensitization declines with fraction size such that there is no difference between the survival curves obtained for 2 Gy fractions given with or without prior drug treatment. Comparison of iso-effect curves, derived from the data, with those for normal skin suggests that, even though misonidazole increases the effect of the radiation on the tumour when large dose fractions are used, the small dose fractions probably still give a better \"therapeutic ratio\".", "contents": "The effect of misonidazole in combination with radiation dose fractionation. Single doses or multiple fractions of 2, 3, 5 or 10 Gy were given daily to KHT Sarcomas, growing in C3H mice, in combination with a misonidazole dose of 0.5 mg/g body weight administered 30--40 min before each radiation dose. Cell survival assays were performed on groups of tumours after different total doses to determine tumour cell survival curves for each fractionation schedule. The results indicate that misonidazole is effective in sensitizing the tumours to single doses and to large dose fractions, but that the degree of sensitization declines with fraction size such that there is no difference between the survival curves obtained for 2 Gy fractions given with or without prior drug treatment. Comparison of iso-effect curves, derived from the data, with those for normal skin suggests that, even though misonidazole increases the effect of the radiation on the tumour when large dose fractions are used, the small dose fractions probably still give a better \"therapeutic ratio\"."}
{"id": "PMID:277243", "title": "Sensitization of mouse tumours using fractionated X-irradiation.", "content": "The response of 3 different tumours to single doses and fractionated irradiation with and without misonidazole was compared. The osteosarcoma BS2 showed no significant drop in sensitization for 2 fractions compared with a single dose. The rapidly shrinking carcinoma NT and the non-shrinking fibrosarcoma showed a significant drop in the SER as the radiation dose was fractionated. This is consistent with effective reoxygenation occurring in both tumours. No sensitizing effect was observed in the fibrosarcoma for 5 fractions each given with metronidazole. When only 2 out of 5 fractions were given with the drug misonidazole, they were slightly more effective with the first 2 than with the last 2 fractions.", "contents": "Sensitization of mouse tumours using fractionated X-irradiation. The response of 3 different tumours to single doses and fractionated irradiation with and without misonidazole was compared. The osteosarcoma BS2 showed no significant drop in sensitization for 2 fractions compared with a single dose. The rapidly shrinking carcinoma NT and the non-shrinking fibrosarcoma showed a significant drop in the SER as the radiation dose was fractionated. This is consistent with effective reoxygenation occurring in both tumours. No sensitizing effect was observed in the fibrosarcoma for 5 fractions each given with metronidazole. When only 2 out of 5 fractions were given with the drug misonidazole, they were slightly more effective with the first 2 than with the last 2 fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:277244", "title": "Some aspects of the metabolism of misonidazole.", "content": "The metabolism of the 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole, has been studied in patients receiving radiotherapy. Results are presented which show that the compound reaches adequate levels in tumour  tissue and that, in animal systems, reduction products of the nitro group may also be present. Ah h.p.l.c method is described which has been used to quantify unchanged misonidazole and its nitroimidazole metabolites.", "contents": "Some aspects of the metabolism of misonidazole. The metabolism of the 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, misonidazole, has been studied in patients receiving radiotherapy. Results are presented which show that the compound reaches adequate levels in tumour  tissue and that, in animal systems, reduction products of the nitro group may also be present. Ah h.p.l.c method is described which has been used to quantify unchanged misonidazole and its nitroimidazole metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:277245", "title": "The hypoxic cell sensitizer programme in the United States.", "content": "The initial results of a Phase I evaluation of misonidazole in the U.S.A. are described, as well as the U.S. National Cancer Institute programme for radiosensitizer development. A total of 12 patients have been given 1--6 doses of 1--2 g/m2. Serum levels ranged from 25--87 microgram/ml at 4--6 h. One patient has developed mild peripheral neuropathy. Urinary excretion was chiefly of a demethylated metabolite as measured by HPLC assay.", "contents": "The hypoxic cell sensitizer programme in the United States. The initial results of a Phase I evaluation of misonidazole in the U.S.A. are described, as well as the U.S. National Cancer Institute programme for radiosensitizer development. A total of 12 patients have been given 1--6 doses of 1--2 g/m2. Serum levels ranged from 25--87 microgram/ml at 4--6 h. One patient has developed mild peripheral neuropathy. Urinary excretion was chiefly of a demethylated metabolite as measured by HPLC assay."}
{"id": "PMID:277246", "title": "Clinical studies with misonidazole.", "content": "The preliminary details of a randomized clinical trial of misonidazole for the radiotherapy of Grades 3 and 4 cerebral astrocytoma are described. Plasma concentrations of misonidazole and its O-demethylated metabolite, determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, are reported for 8 patients with astrocytoma, 1 with carcinoma of the bronchus and 1 with carcinoma of the breast. In the latter case, tumour concentrations are also presented.", "contents": "Clinical studies with misonidazole. The preliminary details of a randomized clinical trial of misonidazole for the radiotherapy of Grades 3 and 4 cerebral astrocytoma are described. Plasma concentrations of misonidazole and its O-demethylated metabolite, determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, are reported for 8 patients with astrocytoma, 1 with carcinoma of the bronchus and 1 with carcinoma of the breast. In the latter case, tumour concentrations are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:277247", "title": "The response of human tumour metastases to radiation and misonidazole.", "content": "In an attempt to investigate the radiosensitivity effect of the nitroimidazole misonidazole in man, sequential tumour volume measurements have been performed in 4 patients with metastatic malignant disease in order to compare the growth delay induced by radiation given before of 4 hours after the oral administration of the drug. One study was not completed, and there was no evidence of radiation sensitization in 2 patients. The results in the fourth patient were consistent with a small enhancement of radiation effect. Drug blood levels were followed on 9 occasions and tumour drug concentration measured in 1 patient.", "contents": "The response of human tumour metastases to radiation and misonidazole. In an attempt to investigate the radiosensitivity effect of the nitroimidazole misonidazole in man, sequential tumour volume measurements have been performed in 4 patients with metastatic malignant disease in order to compare the growth delay induced by radiation given before of 4 hours after the oral administration of the drug. One study was not completed, and there was no evidence of radiation sensitization in 2 patients. The results in the fourth patient were consistent with a small enhancement of radiation effect. Drug blood levels were followed on 9 occasions and tumour drug concentration measured in 1 patient."}
{"id": "PMID:277248", "title": "Penetration of misonidazole after intravesical administration in cases of carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder.", "content": "The penetration of misonidazole was studied by a semiquantitative T.L.C. method after intravesical administration 2 h before total cystectomy in cases of carcinoma of the Bilharzial bladder. In 5 out of 7 cases misonidazole was found at a concentration of the order of 0.4 mg/g in the superficial and deep parts of the tumour, but not in normal bladder tissues.", "contents": "Penetration of misonidazole after intravesical administration in cases of carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. The penetration of misonidazole was studied by a semiquantitative T.L.C. method after intravesical administration 2 h before total cystectomy in cases of carcinoma of the Bilharzial bladder. In 5 out of 7 cases misonidazole was found at a concentration of the order of 0.4 mg/g in the superficial and deep parts of the tumour, but not in normal bladder tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:277249", "title": "Prolonged metronidazole administration with protracted radiotherapy: a pilot study on response of advanced tumours.", "content": "In a pilot study, 2.5 g of metronidazole was administered in 3 divided daily doses for prolonged periods with protracted fractionated conventional radiotherapy. Total cumulative metronidazole dose was 94 g in 31 patients with head and neck carcinoma. In some others, lower dosage was used. Radiotherapy dose varied form 3000 rad in 5 patients to 7600 rad in 31 patients. Preliminary results with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months suggest enhanced tumour response without evident toxicity. The improved results, if sustained, may be speculatively explained by the combined or individual enhancement of effect due to the hypoxic radiosensitizer or by the high dose precision radiotherapy or by the specific elimination of the hypoxic tumour cells by cytotoxic effect of prolonged metronidazole administration. Controlled trials are now needed.", "contents": "Prolonged metronidazole administration with protracted radiotherapy: a pilot study on response of advanced tumours. In a pilot study, 2.5 g of metronidazole was administered in 3 divided daily doses for prolonged periods with protracted fractionated conventional radiotherapy. Total cumulative metronidazole dose was 94 g in 31 patients with head and neck carcinoma. In some others, lower dosage was used. Radiotherapy dose varied form 3000 rad in 5 patients to 7600 rad in 31 patients. Preliminary results with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months suggest enhanced tumour response without evident toxicity. The improved results, if sustained, may be speculatively explained by the combined or individual enhancement of effect due to the hypoxic radiosensitizer or by the high dose precision radiotherapy or by the specific elimination of the hypoxic tumour cells by cytotoxic effect of prolonged metronidazole administration. Controlled trials are now needed."}
{"id": "PMID:277250", "title": "Definitive evidence for hypoxic cells influencing cure in cancer therapy.", "content": "From an analysis of 2803 patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiation therapy, a 62% cure rate can be shown. In those patients with Stage IIb and III disease, a haemoglobin level during treatment of below 12 g% was associated with a significantly higher pelvic recurrence rate, and also lower  cure rate, than for those with a haemoglobin level 12g% or more. A prospective study shows that the correction of anaemia is associated with a decreased pelvic recurrence rate and an increased cure rate consistent with tumour hypoxia being greater in anaemic patients than in those with a normal haemoglobin level. It is also consistent with the thesis that hypoxia controls the radiation local control rate in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix.", "contents": "Definitive evidence for hypoxic cells influencing cure in cancer therapy. From an analysis of 2803 patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated by radiation therapy, a 62% cure rate can be shown. In those patients with Stage IIb and III disease, a haemoglobin level during treatment of below 12 g% was associated with a significantly higher pelvic recurrence rate, and also lower  cure rate, than for those with a haemoglobin level 12g% or more. A prospective study shows that the correction of anaemia is associated with a decreased pelvic recurrence rate and an increased cure rate consistent with tumour hypoxia being greater in anaemic patients than in those with a normal haemoglobin level. It is also consistent with the thesis that hypoxia controls the radiation local control rate in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix."}
{"id": "PMID:277251", "title": "Unconventional fractionation in clinical radiotherapy.", "content": "Radiotherapy with decreasing individual tumour doses has been used in treatment of lung metastases and carcinomas. Treatment given with this unconventional schedule is more effective than conventional radiotherapy based upon equal doses and equal intervals. Tumours could be classified into 2 groups according to the shrinkage rate. In the group shrinking more rapidly, tumours totally disappeared in most instances; furthermore in most instances, tumours in this more responsive group could be identified because in the week after the first fraction they had already started to shrink.", "contents": "Unconventional fractionation in clinical radiotherapy. Radiotherapy with decreasing individual tumour doses has been used in treatment of lung metastases and carcinomas. Treatment given with this unconventional schedule is more effective than conventional radiotherapy based upon equal doses and equal intervals. Tumours could be classified into 2 groups according to the shrinkage rate. In the group shrinking more rapidly, tumours totally disappeared in most instances; furthermore in most instances, tumours in this more responsive group could be identified because in the week after the first fraction they had already started to shrink."}
{"id": "PMID:277252", "title": "Clinical experience with misonidazole.", "content": "A total of 62 patients with advanced tumours have now been treated by a fractionated course of radiotherapy, with misonidazole. The prime purpose of the administration of the drug to these patients was to determine safe dosage and suitable regimes for use in clinical radiotherapy. The reaction of normal tissues did not seem enhanced but there was an impression of increased tumour response.", "contents": "Clinical experience with misonidazole. A total of 62 patients with advanced tumours have now been treated by a fractionated course of radiotherapy, with misonidazole. The prime purpose of the administration of the drug to these patients was to determine safe dosage and suitable regimes for use in clinical radiotherapy. The reaction of normal tissues did not seem enhanced but there was an impression of increased tumour response."}
{"id": "PMID:277253", "title": "A preliminary clinical study in the use of misonidazole in cancer of the head and neck.", "content": "The value of misonidazole in advanced head and neck cancer was examined in 3 ways and the preliminary results are reported in a randomized study with large fractions of irradiation, when misonidazole appeared to confer no advantage; whereas in previously (partially) treated patients misonidazole was possibly useful. The combination of hyperbaric oxygen and misonidazole did not appear to be toxic.", "contents": "A preliminary clinical study in the use of misonidazole in cancer of the head and neck. The value of misonidazole in advanced head and neck cancer was examined in 3 ways and the preliminary results are reported in a randomized study with large fractions of irradiation, when misonidazole appeared to confer no advantage; whereas in previously (partially) treated patients misonidazole was possibly useful. The combination of hyperbaric oxygen and misonidazole did not appear to be toxic."}
{"id": "PMID:277254", "title": "Rapid-mixing studies of the mechanisms of chemical radiosensitization and protection in mammalial cells.", "content": "A continuous flow, rapid-mixing system has been constructed to measure the degree of radiosensitization or protection observable after incubation of Chinese hamster ovary cells at room temperature for periods from about 5 to 1000 ms with a number of radiation modifiers. In agreement with Adams et al. (1975) full sensitization by oxygen is obtained in only a few tens of milliseconds. Misonidazole (10 mM) sensitizes at very nearly the steady-state level (E.R.  approximately 2.3) in about 300 ms. Similarly near maximum sensitization by 10 mM metronidazole is seen within the same period. For large effects to be observed in such short times makes unlikely the involvement of any biochemical modification of either the drug or cells. Radioprotection by 1 M dimethyl suplhoxide reaches about 80% of the equilibrium control value within 850 ms. However, if its mode of action involves scavenging of hydroxyl radicals in competition with cellular components, the necessity for very high concentrations in the immediate region of the cellular target would be expected to require longer diffusion times. Cysteamine (10 mM) shows no evidence of its substantial protective ability even after 850 ms incubation. This molecule, which alone in this group exists as an ion in neutral solution, may encounter considerable difficulty in entering the cells.", "contents": "Rapid-mixing studies of the mechanisms of chemical radiosensitization and protection in mammalial cells. A continuous flow, rapid-mixing system has been constructed to measure the degree of radiosensitization or protection observable after incubation of Chinese hamster ovary cells at room temperature for periods from about 5 to 1000 ms with a number of radiation modifiers. In agreement with Adams et al. (1975) full sensitization by oxygen is obtained in only a few tens of milliseconds. Misonidazole (10 mM) sensitizes at very nearly the steady-state level (E.R.  approximately 2.3) in about 300 ms. Similarly near maximum sensitization by 10 mM metronidazole is seen within the same period. For large effects to be observed in such short times makes unlikely the involvement of any biochemical modification of either the drug or cells. Radioprotection by 1 M dimethyl suplhoxide reaches about 80% of the equilibrium control value within 850 ms. However, if its mode of action involves scavenging of hydroxyl radicals in competition with cellular components, the necessity for very high concentrations in the immediate region of the cellular target would be expected to require longer diffusion times. Cysteamine (10 mM) shows no evidence of its substantial protective ability even after 850 ms incubation. This molecule, which alone in this group exists as an ion in neutral solution, may encounter considerable difficulty in entering the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:277255", "title": "Radiation damage to DNA in aqueous solution: effects of radiosensitizers.", "content": "Systems are described for examining the molecular mode of action of anoxic radiosensitisers with DNA-OH radicals. Pulse radiolysis showed that NPPN reacts with these radicals even in the presence of 0.5 mM oxygen. Analysis of low molecular weight products  liberated from DNA by irradiation showed that NPPN does not act in an oxygen-like way but that misonidazole does. Thus a molecular rationale exists for the use of combinations of radiosensitizers.", "contents": "Radiation damage to DNA in aqueous solution: effects of radiosensitizers. Systems are described for examining the molecular mode of action of anoxic radiosensitisers with DNA-OH radicals. Pulse radiolysis showed that NPPN reacts with these radicals even in the presence of 0.5 mM oxygen. Analysis of low molecular weight products  liberated from DNA by irradiation showed that NPPN does not act in an oxygen-like way but that misonidazole does. Thus a molecular rationale exists for the use of combinations of radiosensitizers."}
{"id": "PMID:277256", "title": "Chemical aspects of radiosensitization. Reaction of sensitizers with radicals produced in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of nucleic acid components.", "content": "The effects of oxidants (sensitizers) in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of pyrimidine and purine bases have been investigated. Their influence on the nature of the permanent radiolysis products and on the kinetics of disappearance of transient intermediates is reported. Particular attention has been paid to the chemical fates of carbocationic intermediates which can be produced from radical-sensitizer interaction.", "contents": "Chemical aspects of radiosensitization. Reaction of sensitizers with radicals produced in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of nucleic acid components. The effects of oxidants (sensitizers) in the radiolysis of aqueous solutions of pyrimidine and purine bases have been investigated. Their influence on the nature of the permanent radiolysis products and on the kinetics of disappearance of transient intermediates is reported. Particular attention has been paid to the chemical fates of carbocationic intermediates which can be produced from radical-sensitizer interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:277257", "title": "A quantitative determination of free radicals and strand breaks in pure and radiosensitized DNA.", "content": "The yields of free radicals and of single strand breaks were studied quantitatively after gamma-irradiation at 77 K of solid calf thymus DNA without and with incorporated misonidazole. At 77 K the rate of formation of the free radicals (the nature of which had been previously elucidated in oriented DNA samples) was found to be 1.7 x 10 (-12) and 2.4 x 10 (-12) per rad per dalton for DNA without and with misonidazole, respectively. The corresponding yield of single strand breaks in samples thawed and dissolved before alkaline sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was found to be 1.2 x 10(-13)  per rad per dalton, not significantly (within 30%) different for DNA without and with misonidazole. The significant quantitative difference between induction of free radicals and single strand breaks shows that there is no simple relation between the appearance of the two types of lesions.", "contents": "A quantitative determination of free radicals and strand breaks in pure and radiosensitized DNA. The yields of free radicals and of single strand breaks were studied quantitatively after gamma-irradiation at 77 K of solid calf thymus DNA without and with incorporated misonidazole. At 77 K the rate of formation of the free radicals (the nature of which had been previously elucidated in oriented DNA samples) was found to be 1.7 x 10 (-12) and 2.4 x 10 (-12) per rad per dalton for DNA without and with misonidazole, respectively. The corresponding yield of single strand breaks in samples thawed and dissolved before alkaline sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was found to be 1.2 x 10(-13)  per rad per dalton, not significantly (within 30%) different for DNA without and with misonidazole. The significant quantitative difference between induction of free radicals and single strand breaks shows that there is no simple relation between the appearance of the two types of lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:277258", "title": "Cytotoxicity of misonidazole and DNA damage in hypoxic mammalian cells.", "content": "The loss of colony-forming ability and the yield of DNA single strand breaks were studied following exposure of various mammalian cell types to misonidazole. A correlation was observed between cell inactivation and DNA damage. If, after exposure, the cells were washed free of the drug and then incubated at 37 degree C in growth medium, it was observed that surviving cells repaired their DNA to the point that sedimentation profiles were identical to those of unexposed cells. In nonsurviving cells, however, the DNA was found to be further degraded with post-exposure incubation.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of misonidazole and DNA damage in hypoxic mammalian cells. The loss of colony-forming ability and the yield of DNA single strand breaks were studied following exposure of various mammalian cell types to misonidazole. A correlation was observed between cell inactivation and DNA damage. If, after exposure, the cells were washed free of the drug and then incubated at 37 degree C in growth medium, it was observed that surviving cells repaired their DNA to the point that sedimentation profiles were identical to those of unexposed cells. In nonsurviving cells, however, the DNA was found to be further degraded with post-exposure incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:277259", "title": "Nitropyrrole radiosensitizers: structure function relationships.", "content": "Nitropyrrole derivatives have been tested as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo. Radiosensitizing potential generally increases with nitropyrrole electron affinity. N-hydroxyethyl substitution decreases toxicity relative to N--CH3, N--CH2 CH3 and N--CH2 CH2 CH3 substitution. The most effective nitropyrrole tested in vivo is N-hydroxyethyl-2-cyano-5-nitropyrrole (NP-1).", "contents": "Nitropyrrole radiosensitizers: structure function relationships. Nitropyrrole derivatives have been tested as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vitro and in vivo. Radiosensitizing potential generally increases with nitropyrrole electron affinity. N-hydroxyethyl substitution decreases toxicity relative to N--CH3, N--CH2 CH3 and N--CH2 CH2 CH3 substitution. The most effective nitropyrrole tested in vivo is N-hydroxyethyl-2-cyano-5-nitropyrrole (NP-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:277260", "title": "Studies on cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) as a radiosensitizer.", "content": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cisDDP) has been extensively studied as an antitumour agent; its binding to DNA has been proved but the radiosensitizing action has scarcely been tested. We report here that on TC.SV -40 mammalian cells cisDPP acts as a dose-modifying factor for ionizing radiation. The radiosensitizing action can be induced by two different mechanisms: reaction with non protein-SH groups and inhibition of repair processes. The cisDDP-DNA complex was studied against increasing radiation doses by analytical centrifugation and by spectrophotometrical measurements. The native complex seems to be more radiation resistant than the denatured one.", "contents": "Studies on cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) as a radiosensitizer. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cisDDP) has been extensively studied as an antitumour agent; its binding to DNA has been proved but the radiosensitizing action has scarcely been tested. We report here that on TC.SV -40 mammalian cells cisDPP acts as a dose-modifying factor for ionizing radiation. The radiosensitizing action can be induced by two different mechanisms: reaction with non protein-SH groups and inhibition of repair processes. The cisDDP-DNA complex was studied against increasing radiation doses by analytical centrifugation and by spectrophotometrical measurements. The native complex seems to be more radiation resistant than the denatured one."}
{"id": "PMID:277261", "title": "Polyfunctional radiosensitizers IV. The effect of contact time and temperature on sensitization of hypoxic Chinese hamster cells in vitro by bifunctional nitroxyl compounds.", "content": "Three biradical nitroxyl compounds have been shown to modify the slope and shoulder region of the hypoxic cell survival curve of V79 cells to different degrees. The amount of sensitization produced by these compounds is dependent on the cell-drug contact time at both 20 degree and 37 degree C whereas sensitization by the monoradical nitroxyl, NPPN, is independent of these factors. The results suggest that biradicals may modify cellular biochemistry in such a way as to change the repair capacity of the cells. This could be responsible for changes in the shape of survival curves when cell-drug contact times are increased.", "contents": "Polyfunctional radiosensitizers IV. The effect of contact time and temperature on sensitization of hypoxic Chinese hamster cells in vitro by bifunctional nitroxyl compounds. Three biradical nitroxyl compounds have been shown to modify the slope and shoulder region of the hypoxic cell survival curve of V79 cells to different degrees. The amount of sensitization produced by these compounds is dependent on the cell-drug contact time at both 20 degree and 37 degree C whereas sensitization by the monoradical nitroxyl, NPPN, is independent of these factors. The results suggest that biradicals may modify cellular biochemistry in such a way as to change the repair capacity of the cells. This could be responsible for changes in the shape of survival curves when cell-drug contact times are increased."}
{"id": "PMID:277262", "title": "Some examples of anomalous radiosensitizing behaviour of electron-affinic compounds in vitro.", "content": "Studies using V79 379A cells on about 50 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic radisosensitizers have confirmed the relationship between sensitizing efficiency and electron affinity. Almost all the compounds studied behaved similarly by sensitizing hypoxic cells to X-irradiation in a dose-modifying manner whilst having no sensitizing effect on oxygenated cells. However, a small number of the radiosensitizers studied exhibited additional or atypical properties. A 4-nitroimidazole ring substituted with chlorine sensitized hypoxic cells much more efficiently than predicted from its redox potential. A 2-nitroimidazole substituted with a carboxylic acid side chain showed a low but constant level of sensitization over 5 decades of concentration. A 5-nitrofuran, in addition to sensitizing hypoxic cells by dose modification, sensitized oxygenated cells by a reduction in extrapolation number.", "contents": "Some examples of anomalous radiosensitizing behaviour of electron-affinic compounds in vitro. Studies using V79 379A cells on about 50 nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic radisosensitizers have confirmed the relationship between sensitizing efficiency and electron affinity. Almost all the compounds studied behaved similarly by sensitizing hypoxic cells to X-irradiation in a dose-modifying manner whilst having no sensitizing effect on oxygenated cells. However, a small number of the radiosensitizers studied exhibited additional or atypical properties. A 4-nitroimidazole ring substituted with chlorine sensitized hypoxic cells much more efficiently than predicted from its redox potential. A 2-nitroimidazole substituted with a carboxylic acid side chain showed a low but constant level of sensitization over 5 decades of concentration. A 5-nitrofuran, in addition to sensitizing hypoxic cells by dose modification, sensitized oxygenated cells by a reduction in extrapolation number."}
{"id": "PMID:277264", "title": "Interaction between electron-affinic sensitizers.", "content": "Measurements of effect of pairs of the sensitizers PNAP, misonidazole and oxygen have shown that if one sensitizer is giving an enhancement ratio (ER) of about 1.6 or less and the other is giving a larger ER, the combination behaves as if only the latter is present. There is only an additive effect of the two if they both give ERs less than 1.6 or greater than 1.6. These results show that at low concentrations sensitizers only act on damage associated with the \"fast component\" of the oxygen effect. This could result from interaction with two distinct species, or there could be only one critical species formed initially but more than one step by which it could be converted to a lethal form.", "contents": "Interaction between electron-affinic sensitizers. Measurements of effect of pairs of the sensitizers PNAP, misonidazole and oxygen have shown that if one sensitizer is giving an enhancement ratio (ER) of about 1.6 or less and the other is giving a larger ER, the combination behaves as if only the latter is present. There is only an additive effect of the two if they both give ERs less than 1.6 or greater than 1.6. These results show that at low concentrations sensitizers only act on damage associated with the \"fast component\" of the oxygen effect. This could result from interaction with two distinct species, or there could be only one critical species formed initially but more than one step by which it could be converted to a lethal form."}
{"id": "PMID:277265", "title": "Copper as a hypoxic cell sensitizer of mammalian cells.", "content": "The sensitizing effect of copper solutions has been studied on mammalian cells. A non-toxic concentration of cupric chloride was reduced under anoxia by irradiation to cuprous chloride, added to anoxic murine leukaemic L5178Y cells and irradiated either under aerobic or anoxic conditions. Sensitization (dose modification factor 1.54) was  observed when the cells were irradiated in anoxia (oxygen-free nitrogen gassing). Sensitization was not observed when the cells were irradiated under aerobic conditions (air gassing). Electron spin resonance studies indicated that the conversion Cu II vector Cu I could be brought about by cells incubated under anoxic conditions at room temperature without irradiation.", "contents": "Copper as a hypoxic cell sensitizer of mammalian cells. The sensitizing effect of copper solutions has been studied on mammalian cells. A non-toxic concentration of cupric chloride was reduced under anoxia by irradiation to cuprous chloride, added to anoxic murine leukaemic L5178Y cells and irradiated either under aerobic or anoxic conditions. Sensitization (dose modification factor 1.54) was  observed when the cells were irradiated in anoxia (oxygen-free nitrogen gassing). Sensitization was not observed when the cells were irradiated under aerobic conditions (air gassing). Electron spin resonance studies indicated that the conversion Cu II vector Cu I could be brought about by cells incubated under anoxic conditions at room temperature without irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:277266", "title": "Platinum complexes as radiosensitizers of hypoxic mammalian cells.", "content": "Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), or cis-PDD,  has recently been shown to be a potent radiosensitizer of bacteria, particularly under conditions of acute hypoxia. This study extends this observation to include the radiosensitization of mammalian cell (V-79) by low concentrations of cis-PDD, cis-dichlorobis(aziridine) platinum (II), and the trans-isomer of PDD as measured from survival curve analysis. This radiosensitization was obtained at concentrations of 10 micrometer, 60 micrometer, and 100 micrometer for the cis-PDD, aziridine-platinum, and trans-isomer respectively. The corresponding drug toxicity survival levels were 8, 40 and 50%. Dose modification factors of around 1.3 to 1.4 were observed.", "contents": "Platinum complexes as radiosensitizers of hypoxic mammalian cells. Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II), or cis-PDD,  has recently been shown to be a potent radiosensitizer of bacteria, particularly under conditions of acute hypoxia. This study extends this observation to include the radiosensitization of mammalian cell (V-79) by low concentrations of cis-PDD, cis-dichlorobis(aziridine) platinum (II), and the trans-isomer of PDD as measured from survival curve analysis. This radiosensitization was obtained at concentrations of 10 micrometer, 60 micrometer, and 100 micrometer for the cis-PDD, aziridine-platinum, and trans-isomer respectively. The corresponding drug toxicity survival levels were 8, 40 and 50%. Dose modification factors of around 1.3 to 1.4 were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:277269", "title": "Safety and efficacy of jet anesthesia for bone marrow aspirations.", "content": "Aspirations or Jamshidi needle biopsies (n = 287) of bone marrow were performed on children and adolescents with acute leukemia or other malignant disease following the use of a spring-loaded instrument that delivered local anesthetic in a jet spray; 89% of the patients were receiving chemotherapy, 12% were thrombocytopenic, and 23% of the 269 patients who were afebrile at the time of the procedure were severely neutropenic. None of these patients had an infection or a hemorrhage as a complication of the procedure. We conclude that not only is this procedure safe, but it is also much less painful than the traditional method of local anesthetic infiltration using a syringe and needle.", "contents": "Safety and efficacy of jet anesthesia for bone marrow aspirations. Aspirations or Jamshidi needle biopsies (n = 287) of bone marrow were performed on children and adolescents with acute leukemia or other malignant disease following the use of a spring-loaded instrument that delivered local anesthetic in a jet spray; 89% of the patients were receiving chemotherapy, 12% were thrombocytopenic, and 23% of the 269 patients who were afebrile at the time of the procedure were severely neutropenic. None of these patients had an infection or a hemorrhage as a complication of the procedure. We conclude that not only is this procedure safe, but it is also much less painful than the traditional method of local anesthetic infiltration using a syringe and needle."}
{"id": "PMID:277270", "title": "Proliferative state of blast cell progenitors in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).", "content": "Peripheral blood from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) contains cells capable of giving rise to colonies in culture when stimulated by media conditioned by leukocytes (LCM) in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Two types of colonies are recognized with high frequency: The first grows in the presence of low concentrations of PHA LCM, have a blast-like morphology, and are numerically correlated with morphologically identified blast cells. The second requires either high PHA LCM concentrations or PHA alone with or without 2-mercaptoethanol and consists of cells capable of forming rossettes with sheep erythrocytes and resembles. T-lymphocyte colonies from normal blood. Precursors of blast cell colonies from 15 leukemic patients were tested for cycle state, using either the 3H-thymidine or hydroxyurea techniques. All were found to have a high proportion of cells in the S phase of the cycle. In contrast, T lymphocyte precursors from three normal individual were quiescent. The data are consistent with the maintenance of the leukemic blast cell populations by the proliferative activity of a small subpopulation of blasts.", "contents": "Proliferative state of blast cell progenitors in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Peripheral blood from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) contains cells capable of giving rise to colonies in culture when stimulated by media conditioned by leukocytes (LCM) in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Two types of colonies are recognized with high frequency: The first grows in the presence of low concentrations of PHA LCM, have a blast-like morphology, and are numerically correlated with morphologically identified blast cells. The second requires either high PHA LCM concentrations or PHA alone with or without 2-mercaptoethanol and consists of cells capable of forming rossettes with sheep erythrocytes and resembles. T-lymphocyte colonies from normal blood. Precursors of blast cell colonies from 15 leukemic patients were tested for cycle state, using either the 3H-thymidine or hydroxyurea techniques. All were found to have a high proportion of cells in the S phase of the cycle. In contrast, T lymphocyte precursors from three normal individual were quiescent. The data are consistent with the maintenance of the leukemic blast cell populations by the proliferative activity of a small subpopulation of blasts."}
{"id": "PMID:277271", "title": "Lymphoblast cell size and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood.", "content": "The significance of cell size as a prognostic indicator in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is controversial. Accuracy in measurement of cell size can be improved by determination of cell areas instead of single cell diameters. In the present study cell areas of 200 cells were determined in pretreatment bone marrows of 35 children with ALL. For better comparison with other studies which had used cell diameters only, the measured area was expressed as circle area from which the circle diameter was calculated. Cells with a diameter of greater than 12 micron were defined as macrolymphoblasts (MLB). Several clinical characteristics considered to be risk factors in ALL were ascertained for each patient. The duration of first complete remission was used to assess the prognostic significance of cell size and of number of risk factors. In contrast to previous reports patients with more than 25% MLB had longer remissions. However, nearly all patients of this group had no or one risk factor only. When patients with more than one risk factor were excluded from statistical analysis, the group with more than 25% MLB had no longer a better prognosis compared to the group with 25% MLB or less. Thus, in this study the percentage of MLB was not an independent prognostic indicator for risk of relapse in ALL.", "contents": "Lymphoblast cell size and prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. The significance of cell size as a prognostic indicator in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is controversial. Accuracy in measurement of cell size can be improved by determination of cell areas instead of single cell diameters. In the present study cell areas of 200 cells were determined in pretreatment bone marrows of 35 children with ALL. For better comparison with other studies which had used cell diameters only, the measured area was expressed as circle area from which the circle diameter was calculated. Cells with a diameter of greater than 12 micron were defined as macrolymphoblasts (MLB). Several clinical characteristics considered to be risk factors in ALL were ascertained for each patient. The duration of first complete remission was used to assess the prognostic significance of cell size and of number of risk factors. In contrast to previous reports patients with more than 25% MLB had longer remissions. However, nearly all patients of this group had no or one risk factor only. When patients with more than one risk factor were excluded from statistical analysis, the group with more than 25% MLB had no longer a better prognosis compared to the group with 25% MLB or less. Thus, in this study the percentage of MLB was not an independent prognostic indicator for risk of relapse in ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:277283", "title": "Metabolic and endocrine alterations in osteosarcoma patients.", "content": "Eighteen patients with primary osteosarcoma were studied for abnormal endocrinologic functions. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed abnormal glucose, insulin, or growth hormone response curves in 78% of the study population. Elevated somatomedin values were noted in 72% of the patients tested. No significant deviations were observed in serum cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels. Likewise, lipid screening and 24 hour 17-hydroxy and 17-keto steroid excretion levels were normal. Statistically these derangements were unrelated, leading to the hypothesis that some additional factor or factors are present and responsible for the abnormalities noted. These deviations, found in association with primary osteosarcoma, constitute a new \"paraneoplastic syndrome.\"", "contents": "Metabolic and endocrine alterations in osteosarcoma patients. Eighteen patients with primary osteosarcoma were studied for abnormal endocrinologic functions. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed abnormal glucose, insulin, or growth hormone response curves in 78% of the study population. Elevated somatomedin values were noted in 72% of the patients tested. No significant deviations were observed in serum cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels. Likewise, lipid screening and 24 hour 17-hydroxy and 17-keto steroid excretion levels were normal. Statistically these derangements were unrelated, leading to the hypothesis that some additional factor or factors are present and responsible for the abnormalities noted. These deviations, found in association with primary osteosarcoma, constitute a new \"paraneoplastic syndrome.\""}
{"id": "PMID:277284", "title": "The central nervous system in childhood leukemia. III. Mineralizing microangiopathy and dystrophic calcification.", "content": "We determined the prevalence, histopathologic features, and clinical correlations of a distinctive vascular lesion within the central nervous system (CNS) of children who died with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Of 163 brains examined at autopsy, 28 (17%) had a noninflammatory mineralizing microangiopathy, usually accompanied by varying amounts of necrosis and calcification in adjacent neural tissue. The lesion always involved the lenticular nucleus with or without additional involvement of cerebral cortex. It was not the cause of death in any patient. An analysis of clinical features common to patients with microangiopathy indicated that cranial irradiation, in doses as low as 1500 rad, had induced the degenerative process. Survival beyond 10 months from the time of irradiation and multiple postirradiation CNS leukemic relapses, both had significant influences on the development of the lesion. Chemotherapy, particularly systemic or intrathecal methotrexate, might have contributed to the disease process, but apparently was not the instigating factor. Patients at greatest risk for developing microangiopathy are those under 10 years of age at the time of cranial irradiation, who then live more than 10 months and develop multiple CNS leukemic relapses.", "contents": "The central nervous system in childhood leukemia. III. Mineralizing microangiopathy and dystrophic calcification. We determined the prevalence, histopathologic features, and clinical correlations of a distinctive vascular lesion within the central nervous system (CNS) of children who died with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Of 163 brains examined at autopsy, 28 (17%) had a noninflammatory mineralizing microangiopathy, usually accompanied by varying amounts of necrosis and calcification in adjacent neural tissue. The lesion always involved the lenticular nucleus with or without additional involvement of cerebral cortex. It was not the cause of death in any patient. An analysis of clinical features common to patients with microangiopathy indicated that cranial irradiation, in doses as low as 1500 rad, had induced the degenerative process. Survival beyond 10 months from the time of irradiation and multiple postirradiation CNS leukemic relapses, both had significant influences on the development of the lesion. Chemotherapy, particularly systemic or intrathecal methotrexate, might have contributed to the disease process, but apparently was not the instigating factor. Patients at greatest risk for developing microangiopathy are those under 10 years of age at the time of cranial irradiation, who then live more than 10 months and develop multiple CNS leukemic relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:277285", "title": "Early deaths in newly diagnosed cases of pediatric acute leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "A reanalysis of all ten clinical trials conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group from 1958 thorugh 1976 in newly diagnosed pediatric acute leukemia was carried out to quantify the \"early death\" rate (i.e., rate of deaths during the first four weeks of remission induction) and to determine factors related to these deaths. Out of 1,964 patients registered, there were 126 (6.4%) early deaths. For the 1,375 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients only, there were 75 (5.5%) early deaths. During the last eleven years on this study (1965 through 1976), the death rate for ALL patients appears to have remained stable at five deaths per 100 patients, despite the general improvement in overall survival. The most important prognostic factor was the initial platelet count: patients with a platelet count below 25,000 had a death rate over three times higher than that of patients with a platelet count over 75,000. Infants under one year of age also had a very high early death rate (6 of 41, 15%).", "contents": "Early deaths in newly diagnosed cases of pediatric acute leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. A reanalysis of all ten clinical trials conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group from 1958 thorugh 1976 in newly diagnosed pediatric acute leukemia was carried out to quantify the \"early death\" rate (i.e., rate of deaths during the first four weeks of remission induction) and to determine factors related to these deaths. Out of 1,964 patients registered, there were 126 (6.4%) early deaths. For the 1,375 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients only, there were 75 (5.5%) early deaths. During the last eleven years on this study (1965 through 1976), the death rate for ALL patients appears to have remained stable at five deaths per 100 patients, despite the general improvement in overall survival. The most important prognostic factor was the initial platelet count: patients with a platelet count below 25,000 had a death rate over three times higher than that of patients with a platelet count over 75,000. Infants under one year of age also had a very high early death rate (6 of 41, 15%)."}
{"id": "PMID:277286", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia.", "content": "The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was studied in the leukemic cells of 12 patients, 10 with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 1 with Ph1-negative CML, and 1 with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Except for two patients in the blastic phase of CML, the SCE values were within the normal range [3.8 +/- 6.4 (S.D.) SCE/cell; normal is 3.3 +/- 2.2 SCE/cell]. In the two cases with the blastic phase of CML, the values were 7.6 +/- 3.2 and 8.9 +/- 4.7 SCE/cell, a statistically significant difference from the control values. However, in the patient with acute myeoblastic leukemia, the SCE incidence increased from 3.6 to 24.4 SCE per cell when therapy was changed to daunorubicin and vincristine and the disease became progressive. Further studies on SCE and leukemia may prove the usefulness of this determination for therapeutic and clinical purposes.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was studied in the leukemic cells of 12 patients, 10 with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 1 with Ph1-negative CML, and 1 with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Except for two patients in the blastic phase of CML, the SCE values were within the normal range [3.8 +/- 6.4 (S.D.) SCE/cell; normal is 3.3 +/- 2.2 SCE/cell]. In the two cases with the blastic phase of CML, the values were 7.6 +/- 3.2 and 8.9 +/- 4.7 SCE/cell, a statistically significant difference from the control values. However, in the patient with acute myeoblastic leukemia, the SCE incidence increased from 3.6 to 24.4 SCE per cell when therapy was changed to daunorubicin and vincristine and the disease became progressive. Further studies on SCE and leukemia may prove the usefulness of this determination for therapeutic and clinical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:277299", "title": "Site of action of methyldopa in lowering the blood pressure in man.", "content": "1. Methyldopa was administered to hypertensive patients in association with two different inhibitors of dopa decarboxylase, one of which, carbidopa, scarcely penetrates the central nervous system while the other, benserazide, penetrates the central nervous system when given in high doses. 2. The evidence suggests that in man, as in animals, the predominant action of methyldopa is mediated by the formation of methyldopamine and methyl-nor-adrenaline within the brain.", "contents": "Site of action of methyldopa in lowering the blood pressure in man. 1. Methyldopa was administered to hypertensive patients in association with two different inhibitors of dopa decarboxylase, one of which, carbidopa, scarcely penetrates the central nervous system while the other, benserazide, penetrates the central nervous system when given in high doses. 2. The evidence suggests that in man, as in animals, the predominant action of methyldopa is mediated by the formation of methyldopamine and methyl-nor-adrenaline within the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:277360", "title": "The definition of transcription units for mRNA.", "content": "The detailed analysis of TUs with purified Ad2 DNA and the analysis of TU size for the bulk HeLa cell hnRNA compared to the size of mRNA of infected and uninfected cells supports the conclusion that mRNA in mammalian cells is generally derived by the processing of primary transcripts. In the context of this volume, these results indicate that the RNA transcription products of chromatin which are related to mRNA are longer than the mRNA itself. Proper functioning of chromatin in vitro must eventually take these results into account.", "contents": "The definition of transcription units for mRNA. The detailed analysis of TUs with purified Ad2 DNA and the analysis of TU size for the bulk HeLa cell hnRNA compared to the size of mRNA of infected and uninfected cells supports the conclusion that mRNA in mammalian cells is generally derived by the processing of primary transcripts. In the context of this volume, these results indicate that the RNA transcription products of chromatin which are related to mRNA are longer than the mRNA itself. Proper functioning of chromatin in vitro must eventually take these results into account."}
{"id": "PMID:277415", "title": "Reducing interpersonal stress in dental practice.", "content": "Inherent in the dental situation is the potential for a great deal of interpersonal stress. While the particular areas of stressful interaction are as numerous and varied as are the approaches to deal with such situations, what may be of ultimate importance is what an individual tells himself or herself about such situations. Stresses become distressful when we interpret them as terrible, unfair, or catastrophic, rather than an unfortunate or undersirable, perhaps the inevitable result of the general nature of the human condition. We may not have the power or ability to control many external stress-producing events, but we do indeed have the ability to alter how we feel about such events by becoming aware of our self-defeating beliefs and negative self-talk, and subsequently by finding more appropriate and positive messages to tell ourselves about such occurrences. In addition, the quality of the emotional environment established in  the dental office can be altered to reduce the interpersonal stresses resulting from poor communication between dentist, staff, and patient. The end result will hopefully be a longer and happier relationship for all persons involved in dentistry and better realization of everyone's stated goal-improved dental health.", "contents": "Reducing interpersonal stress in dental practice. Inherent in the dental situation is the potential for a great deal of interpersonal stress. While the particular areas of stressful interaction are as numerous and varied as are the approaches to deal with such situations, what may be of ultimate importance is what an individual tells himself or herself about such situations. Stresses become distressful when we interpret them as terrible, unfair, or catastrophic, rather than an unfortunate or undersirable, perhaps the inevitable result of the general nature of the human condition. We may not have the power or ability to control many external stress-producing events, but we do indeed have the ability to alter how we feel about such events by becoming aware of our self-defeating beliefs and negative self-talk, and subsequently by finding more appropriate and positive messages to tell ourselves about such occurrences. In addition, the quality of the emotional environment established in  the dental office can be altered to reduce the interpersonal stresses resulting from poor communication between dentist, staff, and patient. The end result will hopefully be a longer and happier relationship for all persons involved in dentistry and better realization of everyone's stated goal-improved dental health."}
{"id": "PMID:277416", "title": "Stresses and self-destructive behaviors of dentists.", "content": "The practice of dentistry is both a rewarding and a demanding profession, and the dentist's well-being may depend largely on how successfully he learns to keep the rewards and demands of his job in proper prospective. In order to achieve a desirable balance, he needs to identify the causal factors of stress and strain and take measures to eliminate, or at least lessen, their negative impact on his emotional health. This may involve a reevaluation of life style, health habits, and personal goals.", "contents": "Stresses and self-destructive behaviors of dentists. The practice of dentistry is both a rewarding and a demanding profession, and the dentist's well-being may depend largely on how successfully he learns to keep the rewards and demands of his job in proper prospective. In order to achieve a desirable balance, he needs to identify the causal factors of stress and strain and take measures to eliminate, or at least lessen, their negative impact on his emotional health. This may involve a reevaluation of life style, health habits, and personal goals."}
{"id": "PMID:277417", "title": "Dentist, \"heal thyself\": modification of life style.", "content": "In the late 1960's, preventive health care began to gain in popularity in the United States and the movement carried over into the 1970's. During this time, sizable decreases in deaths from heart disease, strokes, and accidents have been noted. As a result, the lowest death rate in the history of this country (8.9 per 1000) occurred in both 1975 and 1976. Since 1970, an increase in longevity has been documented and it can be said that Americans are living longer--not just longer but hopefully better! People are beginning to learn that \"it is not so much that we die, we kill ourselves!\" With proper weight, diet, and exercise, avoiding tobacco, early detection and treatment of high blood pressure, use of seat belts, and control of stimulants and drugs, thousands of lives are being saved annually. In today's busy and demanding society, success in any field requires more than just education and hard work. It requires good health, both mental and physical. Pursue these goals vigorously and remember, \"It is always cheaper and much easier to maintain good health than it is to regain it once it is lost!\"", "contents": "Dentist, \"heal thyself\": modification of life style. In the late 1960's, preventive health care began to gain in popularity in the United States and the movement carried over into the 1970's. During this time, sizable decreases in deaths from heart disease, strokes, and accidents have been noted. As a result, the lowest death rate in the history of this country (8.9 per 1000) occurred in both 1975 and 1976. Since 1970, an increase in longevity has been documented and it can be said that Americans are living longer--not just longer but hopefully better! People are beginning to learn that \"it is not so much that we die, we kill ourselves!\" With proper weight, diet, and exercise, avoiding tobacco, early detection and treatment of high blood pressure, use of seat belts, and control of stimulants and drugs, thousands of lives are being saved annually. In today's busy and demanding society, success in any field requires more than just education and hard work. It requires good health, both mental and physical. Pursue these goals vigorously and remember, \"It is always cheaper and much easier to maintain good health than it is to regain it once it is lost!\""}
{"id": "PMID:277418", "title": "The patient's greatest hazard.", "content": "To reduce the patient's hazard in the dental office, the dentist must take a medical history, perform a limited medical examination, order and interpret laboratory tests when indicated, initiate medical consultation when necessary, and evaluate the data obtained in order to make appropriate treatment modifications for high risk patients. The current status of health which our population enjoys must not be confused with a status of robustness. An apparently well patient may be in great jeopardy while you are delivering the most skillful dental care unless adequate precautions are taken.", "contents": "The patient's greatest hazard. To reduce the patient's hazard in the dental office, the dentist must take a medical history, perform a limited medical examination, order and interpret laboratory tests when indicated, initiate medical consultation when necessary, and evaluate the data obtained in order to make appropriate treatment modifications for high risk patients. The current status of health which our population enjoys must not be confused with a status of robustness. An apparently well patient may be in great jeopardy while you are delivering the most skillful dental care unless adequate precautions are taken."}
{"id": "PMID:277419", "title": "Light and lighting in the dental office.", "content": "For any task, the eye can respond effectively if there is enough light, if that light is properly distributed, if the appropriate color correction is provided, and if visual contrasts are balanced. Dental offices differ in the types of work performed, the number of people engaged in various tasks, and the types of patients treated. Each office and each room can be planned according to the guidelines herein suggested as long as a rational analysis is applied to the result desired and the tasks being accomplished. The authors suggest that all concerned with office design, the architect, the contractors, and even other illuminating engineers be asked to read this article before integrating their efforts, for the dental office presents some variations not frequently encountered by these people. The need for conservation of our energy sources mandates wise use of all our energy expenditures. There is another resource conservation need that is sometimes overlooked--the effective use of talented people such as the dentist and his staff. The employment of adequate illumination design heeds both demands while giving a rewarding pleasantness and enjoyment of the work environment.", "contents": "Light and lighting in the dental office. For any task, the eye can respond effectively if there is enough light, if that light is properly distributed, if the appropriate color correction is provided, and if visual contrasts are balanced. Dental offices differ in the types of work performed, the number of people engaged in various tasks, and the types of patients treated. Each office and each room can be planned according to the guidelines herein suggested as long as a rational analysis is applied to the result desired and the tasks being accomplished. The authors suggest that all concerned with office design, the architect, the contractors, and even other illuminating engineers be asked to read this article before integrating their efforts, for the dental office presents some variations not frequently encountered by these people. The need for conservation of our energy sources mandates wise use of all our energy expenditures. There is another resource conservation need that is sometimes overlooked--the effective use of talented people such as the dentist and his staff. The employment of adequate illumination design heeds both demands while giving a rewarding pleasantness and enjoyment of the work environment."}
{"id": "PMID:277421", "title": "Mercury hygiene.", "content": "Dentists have a moral and legal responsibility to protect themselves and their employees from high amounts of mercury vapor in the dental office. Time should be taken to train both new and existing office personnel on the nature of the problem, improved housekeeping methods, the importance of reporting problems as they occur and proper clean-up procedures.", "contents": "Mercury hygiene. Dentists have a moral and legal responsibility to protect themselves and their employees from high amounts of mercury vapor in the dental office. Time should be taken to train both new and existing office personnel on the nature of the problem, improved housekeeping methods, the importance of reporting problems as they occur and proper clean-up procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:277422", "title": "Biological effects and radiation protection in the dental office.", "content": "In conclusion, it is important to point out that dentistry's contribution to the United States population's radiation exposure is small. Significant improvements have been made, but since dentistry is only one of the contributors to the population's total exposure to radiation, it is important that we make every effort to keep our contribution as low as is practical. Unnecessary exposure should be reduced whenever possible but this should not be used to deter the practitioner from obtaining radiographs when they are clinically indicated. It is very likely that the risk to the United States population resulting from failure to obtain adequate diagnostic information when radiographs are indicated is considerably greater than any risk resulting from their use.", "contents": "Biological effects and radiation protection in the dental office. In conclusion, it is important to point out that dentistry's contribution to the United States population's radiation exposure is small. Significant improvements have been made, but since dentistry is only one of the contributors to the population's total exposure to radiation, it is important that we make every effort to keep our contribution as low as is practical. Unnecessary exposure should be reduced whenever possible but this should not be used to deter the practitioner from obtaining radiographs when they are clinically indicated. It is very likely that the risk to the United States population resulting from failure to obtain adequate diagnostic information when radiographs are indicated is considerably greater than any risk resulting from their use."}
{"id": "PMID:277430", "title": "[Possible vertebrate use of a mechanism of chromatin reduction to fuse the V and C genes of immunoglobulins].", "content": "Diminution of a chromatin fragment separating V- and C-immunoglobulin genes is suggested as possible mechanism of fusion of V- and C-genes into one functionally active cisrtron. During the early stage of immunodifferentiation of lymphocytes, the chromatin fibrills unfold, and V- and C-genes bring together by DNA-DNA and DNA-protein interaction. The endonucleases excise the chromatin fragment interlocated between V- and C-genes, then the repair enzymes restore the intactness of chromating structure by fusion of V- and C-genes. A number of human pathologic syndromes, the elimination of nucleus during erythrocyte differentiation in mammals indicate the possibility of manifestation on diminution mechanism in vertebrates. Fusion of V- and C-genes by chromatin diminution fits the number of immunologic phenomena, and it may display for different paths of V-gene coding and may be experimentally verified.", "contents": "[Possible vertebrate use of a mechanism of chromatin reduction to fuse the V and C genes of immunoglobulins]. Diminution of a chromatin fragment separating V- and C-immunoglobulin genes is suggested as possible mechanism of fusion of V- and C-genes into one functionally active cisrtron. During the early stage of immunodifferentiation of lymphocytes, the chromatin fibrills unfold, and V- and C-genes bring together by DNA-DNA and DNA-protein interaction. The endonucleases excise the chromatin fragment interlocated between V- and C-genes, then the repair enzymes restore the intactness of chromating structure by fusion of V- and C-genes. A number of human pathologic syndromes, the elimination of nucleus during erythrocyte differentiation in mammals indicate the possibility of manifestation on diminution mechanism in vertebrates. Fusion of V- and C-genes by chromatin diminution fits the number of immunologic phenomena, and it may display for different paths of V-gene coding and may be experimentally verified."}
{"id": "PMID:277433", "title": "High terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic and acute myelocytic leukemias.", "content": "Specificity of TdT5 as a marker for ALL was evaluated by determining its activity in cells from normal control subjects and from 35 pediatric patients with ALL, AML, Hodgkin's disease and disseminated Burkitt's lymphoma. We evaluated the DNA polymerase activity, cell surface phenotypes (E rosettes, EAC rosettes, Smlg and la-like, HTLA and cALL antigens), and hematological and cytochemical characteristics in both the normal and patient groups. DNA polymerase alpha + beta and DNA polymerase gamma activity were indiscriminately high in all immature cells as found in ALL, AML, Burkitt's lymphoma and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal lymphocytes, when compared to mature leukocytes found in normal individuals or in patients whose cancer was in remission. High TdT activity was found in 24 of 26 T and non-T/non-B ALL patients in active phase as well as in two of three AML patients one of whom had Auer rods. Thus, TdT, although valuable for monitoring ALL patients, may have limitations in separating AML from ALL.", "contents": "High terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic and acute myelocytic leukemias. Specificity of TdT5 as a marker for ALL was evaluated by determining its activity in cells from normal control subjects and from 35 pediatric patients with ALL, AML, Hodgkin's disease and disseminated Burkitt's lymphoma. We evaluated the DNA polymerase activity, cell surface phenotypes (E rosettes, EAC rosettes, Smlg and la-like, HTLA and cALL antigens), and hematological and cytochemical characteristics in both the normal and patient groups. DNA polymerase alpha + beta and DNA polymerase gamma activity were indiscriminately high in all immature cells as found in ALL, AML, Burkitt's lymphoma and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal lymphocytes, when compared to mature leukocytes found in normal individuals or in patients whose cancer was in remission. High TdT activity was found in 24 of 26 T and non-T/non-B ALL patients in active phase as well as in two of three AML patients one of whom had Auer rods. Thus, TdT, although valuable for monitoring ALL patients, may have limitations in separating AML from ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:277435", "title": "Influence of age and cortisone treatment on two intestinal lysosomal hydrolases in young rats.", "content": "The effects of cortisone acetate injected i.p. on acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the small intestine mucosa of two groups of rats aging 12-14 and 20-22 days are reported. The following results are obtained: a) Total and free activities of the two enzymes show age-dependent differences. b) Cortisone acetate causes a very marked decrease of the enzymic activities only in the younger rats while being ineffective on the older ones. c) The kinetics of the enzyme release at 37 degrees C appear independent either of age or of cortisone injection. d) The \"in vitro\" lysosome labilizing treatments are ineffective.", "contents": "Influence of age and cortisone treatment on two intestinal lysosomal hydrolases in young rats. The effects of cortisone acetate injected i.p. on acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase in the small intestine mucosa of two groups of rats aging 12-14 and 20-22 days are reported. The following results are obtained: a) Total and free activities of the two enzymes show age-dependent differences. b) Cortisone acetate causes a very marked decrease of the enzymic activities only in the younger rats while being ineffective on the older ones. c) The kinetics of the enzyme release at 37 degrees C appear independent either of age or of cortisone injection. d) The \"in vitro\" lysosome labilizing treatments are ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:277441", "title": "Parosteal (juxtacortical) osteogenic sarcoma. A roentgenological study of 30 patients.", "content": "Detailed analysis of the roentgen findings in 30 well-documented cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma (POS) was made. The supposedly characteristic periosteal lucency (cleavage plane) was found in only 30% of the patients. While most tumors were densely ossified, the radiodensity was uniform in only 27%. The surface of the tumor was usually irregular and a truly smooth surface was seen in only 24%. Four patients underwent arteriography; there was vessel displacement by the tumors but all were avascular. No correlation between the histologic grade of tumor and roentgen signs was found.", "contents": "Parosteal (juxtacortical) osteogenic sarcoma. A roentgenological study of 30 patients. Detailed analysis of the roentgen findings in 30 well-documented cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma (POS) was made. The supposedly characteristic periosteal lucency (cleavage plane) was found in only 30% of the patients. While most tumors were densely ossified, the radiodensity was uniform in only 27%. The surface of the tumor was usually irregular and a truly smooth surface was seen in only 24%. Four patients underwent arteriography; there was vessel displacement by the tumors but all were avascular. No correlation between the histologic grade of tumor and roentgen signs was found."}
{"id": "PMID:277438", "title": "Pyridoxal phosphate catalyzed alpha-beta elimination of selenahomolysine.", "content": "In the presence of pyridoxal phosphate selenahomolysine undergoes alpha-beta elimination with production of pyruvate, ammonia and selenohomocysteamine. If the reaction occurs in anaerobic conditions the coupling of pyridoxal phosphate with selenohomocysteamine in a tetrahydro-selenazine ring may be detected by the appearance of an absorption band at 320 nm. In the presence of air the autoxidation rate of selenohomocysteamine is too high to allow the detection of the selenazine derivative. The results obtained add to the previously reported ones indicating that selenium- and sulfur-containing aminoacids react in quite the same way in the non enzymic model studied.", "contents": "Pyridoxal phosphate catalyzed alpha-beta elimination of selenahomolysine. In the presence of pyridoxal phosphate selenahomolysine undergoes alpha-beta elimination with production of pyruvate, ammonia and selenohomocysteamine. If the reaction occurs in anaerobic conditions the coupling of pyridoxal phosphate with selenohomocysteamine in a tetrahydro-selenazine ring may be detected by the appearance of an absorption band at 320 nm. In the presence of air the autoxidation rate of selenohomocysteamine is too high to allow the detection of the selenazine derivative. The results obtained add to the previously reported ones indicating that selenium- and sulfur-containing aminoacids react in quite the same way in the non enzymic model studied."}
{"id": "PMID:277439", "title": "Differential denaturation of a crystalline Bence-Jones type cryoprotein as monitored by fluorescence.", "content": "1) A Bence-Jones type protein (Cryo-Ver) showing the cold precipitation phenomenon has an extremely low intrinsic fluorescence when excited at 280-295 nm. 2) This fluorescence increases considerably upon denaturation of the molecule by heat or guanidine hydrochloride. Guanidine is about twice as effective as heat in terms of fluorescence yield. 3) The heat-denatured protein is still reactive with anti-cryoVer antibodies, at variance with the guanidine-treated samples. 4) Since the protein contains two tryptophans per mole, one in the constant portion of the molecule, the other in the variable region, it is proposed that heat treatment affects only the variable region, which seems involved in the cryoprecipitation phenomenon.", "contents": "Differential denaturation of a crystalline Bence-Jones type cryoprotein as monitored by fluorescence. 1) A Bence-Jones type protein (Cryo-Ver) showing the cold precipitation phenomenon has an extremely low intrinsic fluorescence when excited at 280-295 nm. 2) This fluorescence increases considerably upon denaturation of the molecule by heat or guanidine hydrochloride. Guanidine is about twice as effective as heat in terms of fluorescence yield. 3) The heat-denatured protein is still reactive with anti-cryoVer antibodies, at variance with the guanidine-treated samples. 4) Since the protein contains two tryptophans per mole, one in the constant portion of the molecule, the other in the variable region, it is proposed that heat treatment affects only the variable region, which seems involved in the cryoprecipitation phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:277440", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities in hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck.", "content": "It has been shown that RNA synthesis in isolated hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis is catalyzed by three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (I, II and III) which resemble those identified in nuclei from mammalian cells. RNA polymerase I is active at 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, catalyzes the synthesis of GMP-rich ribosomal-like RNA and is completely resistant to the toadstool toxin alpha-amanitin. RNA polymerase II and III are active at higher (NH4)2SO4 concentrations, catalyze the synthesis of DNA-like RNA and are inhibited by very low (0.5-1 microgram/ml) and high (200 microgram/ml) concentrations of alpha-amanitin, respectively. Hepatopancreas nuclei retain considerable RNAase activity. Nuclear RNA polymerase activity may be underestimated since a part of the synthetized RNA is degraded.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities in hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck. It has been shown that RNA synthesis in isolated hepatopancreas nuclei from Mytilus galloprovincialis is catalyzed by three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (I, II and III) which resemble those identified in nuclei from mammalian cells. RNA polymerase I is active at 50 mM (NH4)2SO4, catalyzes the synthesis of GMP-rich ribosomal-like RNA and is completely resistant to the toadstool toxin alpha-amanitin. RNA polymerase II and III are active at higher (NH4)2SO4 concentrations, catalyze the synthesis of DNA-like RNA and are inhibited by very low (0.5-1 microgram/ml) and high (200 microgram/ml) concentrations of alpha-amanitin, respectively. Hepatopancreas nuclei retain considerable RNAase activity. Nuclear RNA polymerase activity may be underestimated since a part of the synthetized RNA is degraded."}
{"id": "PMID:277445", "title": "Parent's presence and the child's response to dental stress.", "content": "The results of this study indicate that, given the option, most parents and children initially preferred to remain together during the child's dental visits. Although the percentage dropped as the series of dental visits continued, nearly half of the parents and children continued to prefer to remain together through the last visit. Although parents and children were free to choose, parents presence was not associated with a more negative response by the children. Further research in the complicated dynamics of the situation is needed.", "contents": "Parent's presence and the child's response to dental stress. The results of this study indicate that, given the option, most parents and children initially preferred to remain together during the child's dental visits. Although the percentage dropped as the series of dental visits continued, nearly half of the parents and children continued to prefer to remain together through the last visit. Although parents and children were free to choose, parents presence was not associated with a more negative response by the children. Further research in the complicated dynamics of the situation is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:277446", "title": "Association between children's dental behavior and play behavior.", "content": "The results of this study showed that clinical distinctions can be made regarding the behavior of children in the dental setting and that these distinctions are reflected in the behavior of these children in an easily-arranged play situation. The existence of such associations of behavior presents the possibility that play behavior may be a reliable predictor of maladaptive dental behavior. If so, the incorporation of a play dental area into a dental office would be an inexpensive and convenient method of intercepting potential problem dental patients. If the results of this study can be replicated, they would support the initiation of a study to predict the behavior of children in the dental setting by means of easily scorable aspects of their play behavior in a simulated dental environment. Special management considerations could then be made to prevent disruptive behavior at subsequent appointments. The results also point up the tendency of problem patients to avoid certain aspects of the play dental experience. This suggests a possible treatment potential for the dental play area, using it as an instrument to desensitize appropriate patients to those aspects of dental treatment which distress them, and thereby reduce their anxieties, prior to actual dental treatment.", "contents": "Association between children's dental behavior and play behavior. The results of this study showed that clinical distinctions can be made regarding the behavior of children in the dental setting and that these distinctions are reflected in the behavior of these children in an easily-arranged play situation. The existence of such associations of behavior presents the possibility that play behavior may be a reliable predictor of maladaptive dental behavior. If so, the incorporation of a play dental area into a dental office would be an inexpensive and convenient method of intercepting potential problem dental patients. If the results of this study can be replicated, they would support the initiation of a study to predict the behavior of children in the dental setting by means of easily scorable aspects of their play behavior in a simulated dental environment. Special management considerations could then be made to prevent disruptive behavior at subsequent appointments. The results also point up the tendency of problem patients to avoid certain aspects of the play dental experience. This suggests a possible treatment potential for the dental play area, using it as an instrument to desensitize appropriate patients to those aspects of dental treatment which distress them, and thereby reduce their anxieties, prior to actual dental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:277458", "title": "Vapor phase adsorption of water on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Water vapor adsorption isotherms were determined gravimetrically on three hydroxyapatite sampel differing in preparation and with surface areas of 70.4, 22.5, and 3.0 M2/gm, respectively. Heats of adsorption for the first layer of water were found to be 13.3, 13.2, and 13.9 kcal/mole on these hydroxypatites. From repeated thermal desorption and adsorption cycles of water, stepwise adsorption was observed which diminished with each outgassing cycle until it disappeared after the fourth cycle. Cross-sectional area of adsorbed water molecule on hydroxyapatite surface was estimated at 11.5 A2. Standard free energies, isosteric heats, changes in enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption of water on HAP samples outgassed at 300 C were determined.", "contents": "Vapor phase adsorption of water on hydroxyapatite. Water vapor adsorption isotherms were determined gravimetrically on three hydroxyapatite sampel differing in preparation and with surface areas of 70.4, 22.5, and 3.0 M2/gm, respectively. Heats of adsorption for the first layer of water were found to be 13.3, 13.2, and 13.9 kcal/mole on these hydroxypatites. From repeated thermal desorption and adsorption cycles of water, stepwise adsorption was observed which diminished with each outgassing cycle until it disappeared after the fourth cycle. Cross-sectional area of adsorbed water molecule on hydroxyapatite surface was estimated at 11.5 A2. Standard free energies, isosteric heats, changes in enthalpy, and entropy of adsorption of water on HAP samples outgassed at 300 C were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:277459", "title": "Canine transposition as autosomal recessive trait in an inbred kindred.", "content": "Three cases of bilateral transposition of maxillary canines with premolars were observed among eight siblings, Investigation of the sibship revealed consanguinity of the parents (cousins twice removed). Analysis of the extensive pedigree showed an hereditary pattern typical of autosomal recessive traits.", "contents": "Canine transposition as autosomal recessive trait in an inbred kindred. Three cases of bilateral transposition of maxillary canines with premolars were observed among eight siblings, Investigation of the sibship revealed consanguinity of the parents (cousins twice removed). Analysis of the extensive pedigree showed an hereditary pattern typical of autosomal recessive traits."}
{"id": "PMID:277460", "title": "Determination of phase transitions in gutta-percha by differential thermal analysis.", "content": "Pure gutta-percha was heat-treated in a differential thermal analyzer. The high melting form crystallized on cooling when gutta-percha was heated to 70 C or less. Above 74 C, crystallization into the low melting form predominated. Either polymorph can be selectively crystallized by control of the heat-treatment temperature before cooling.", "contents": "Determination of phase transitions in gutta-percha by differential thermal analysis. Pure gutta-percha was heat-treated in a differential thermal analyzer. The high melting form crystallized on cooling when gutta-percha was heated to 70 C or less. Above 74 C, crystallization into the low melting form predominated. Either polymorph can be selectively crystallized by control of the heat-treatment temperature before cooling."}
{"id": "PMID:277462", "title": "Amalgam containing nickel or tungsten dispersions. I.", "content": "Wetting tests were conducted to determine compatability between select dispersion powders and Ag3Sn. Subsequently, a method was perfected for incorporating nickel or tungsten powder into the Ag3 Sn ingot. Initial studies reveal good distributions of the dispersed phase in the ingots and the comminuted alloys, after amalgamation, appear to retain their normal working characteristics.", "contents": "Amalgam containing nickel or tungsten dispersions. I. Wetting tests were conducted to determine compatability between select dispersion powders and Ag3Sn. Subsequently, a method was perfected for incorporating nickel or tungsten powder into the Ag3 Sn ingot. Initial studies reveal good distributions of the dispersed phase in the ingots and the comminuted alloys, after amalgamation, appear to retain their normal working characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:277464", "title": "Amalgam containing nickel or tungsten dispersions. II.", "content": "The technique of injecting dispersed phase particles into an Ag-Sn melt followed by rapid quenching was utilized. Results of this investigation show that a marked improvement of the brittle amalgam alloy occurs.", "contents": "Amalgam containing nickel or tungsten dispersions. II. The technique of injecting dispersed phase particles into an Ag-Sn melt followed by rapid quenching was utilized. Results of this investigation show that a marked improvement of the brittle amalgam alloy occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:277466", "title": "Microstructure of dental amalgams containing high and low copper contents.", "content": "Microstructure of commercial dental alloys and their amalgams were studied primarily by x-ray diffraction, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction revealed more phases than normally reported in these materials. Presence of new phase was discussed and their formation mechanism understood. Some phases having interacting 2 theta degrees values with others were properly identified. Both new and conventional dental alloys and their amalgams, namely Tytin, Sybraloy, Dispersalloy, Kerr Spheraloy, Caulk Spherical, Shofu Spherical, and Caulk 20th Century Microcut were used to complete the investigation.", "contents": "Microstructure of dental amalgams containing high and low copper contents. Microstructure of commercial dental alloys and their amalgams were studied primarily by x-ray diffraction, optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction revealed more phases than normally reported in these materials. Presence of new phase was discussed and their formation mechanism understood. Some phases having interacting 2 theta degrees values with others were properly identified. Both new and conventional dental alloys and their amalgams, namely Tytin, Sybraloy, Dispersalloy, Kerr Spheraloy, Caulk Spherical, Shofu Spherical, and Caulk 20th Century Microcut were used to complete the investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:277468", "title": "A study of oxidation of dental amalgams with age.", "content": "A quantitative test for corrosion due to oxidation has been accomplished. The oxygen concentration of dental amalgams was measured by fast neutron activation which provides a means of detecting oxygen in as small a quantity as 10 to 20 micrograms. An increase in oxygen content with age of spherical blend amalgam implants was observed, comfirming the importance of oxidation processes in in vivo corrosion.", "contents": "A study of oxidation of dental amalgams with age. A quantitative test for corrosion due to oxidation has been accomplished. The oxygen concentration of dental amalgams was measured by fast neutron activation which provides a means of detecting oxygen in as small a quantity as 10 to 20 micrograms. An increase in oxygen content with age of spherical blend amalgam implants was observed, comfirming the importance of oxidation processes in in vivo corrosion."}
{"id": "PMID:277470", "title": "Creep versus microstructure of gamma2-containing amalgams.", "content": "An analysis of the relationship between creep and microstructural characteristics of several gamma2-containing amalgams showed the grain size of the Ag-Hg phase (gamma1) to be a predominant factor influencing creep. When gamma1 grain size is increased, creep is reduced.", "contents": "Creep versus microstructure of gamma2-containing amalgams. An analysis of the relationship between creep and microstructural characteristics of several gamma2-containing amalgams showed the grain size of the Ag-Hg phase (gamma1) to be a predominant factor influencing creep. When gamma1 grain size is increased, creep is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:277471", "title": "Dimensional changes of periodontal dressings.", "content": "The linear dimensional changes of three commercial periodontal dressings were measured during 24 hours. The dressings revealed different degrees of dimensional changes, which may indicate that exhibit variations in adaptation to wound surfaces.", "contents": "Dimensional changes of periodontal dressings. The linear dimensional changes of three commercial periodontal dressings were measured during 24 hours. The dressings revealed different degrees of dimensional changes, which may indicate that exhibit variations in adaptation to wound surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:277472", "title": "Sealant effectiveness for children receiving a combination of preventive methods in a fluoridated community: two-year results.", "content": "A series of preventive methods in combination have been used to reduce dental caries in children including dental health education, prophylaxes, pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxes, sealant, and fluoride procedures are repeated every six months. Two-year results show reductions of occlusal caries increments of 74.3% for first graders and 77.1% for sixth graders. Sealant loss, as defined in this study, varied from 33% to 90% with the highest loss occurring in the newly erupted permanent molars during the first six months of the project. These high sealant loss rates are thought to be related to the age of the population which was designed to include children at the ages of peak eruption of permanent molar teeth (ages six and twelve). These teeth were often only minimally erupted and maintaining the dry field required for sealant retention was extremely difficult. However, in spite of these high rates of sealant loss, caries reduction on occlusal surfaces was highly significant in comparision to that of children who did not receive sealants.", "contents": "Sealant effectiveness for children receiving a combination of preventive methods in a fluoridated community: two-year results. A series of preventive methods in combination have been used to reduce dental caries in children including dental health education, prophylaxes, pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxes, sealant, and fluoride procedures are repeated every six months. Two-year results show reductions of occlusal caries increments of 74.3% for first graders and 77.1% for sixth graders. Sealant loss, as defined in this study, varied from 33% to 90% with the highest loss occurring in the newly erupted permanent molars during the first six months of the project. These high sealant loss rates are thought to be related to the age of the population which was designed to include children at the ages of peak eruption of permanent molar teeth (ages six and twelve). These teeth were often only minimally erupted and maintaining the dry field required for sealant retention was extremely difficult. However, in spite of these high rates of sealant loss, caries reduction on occlusal surfaces was highly significant in comparision to that of children who did not receive sealants."}
{"id": "PMID:277473", "title": "Fluoride levels in human parotid saliva following ingestion of fluoride compounds of varying solubility.", "content": "Healthy dental students received oral doses of 10.0 mg F daily in the form of compounds of widely varying solubilities. Parotid saliva F concentration and urinary F excretion were highest with NaF, Na2PO3F, and SnF2, lowest with CaF2, and intermediate with AlF3. Solubility of the ingested fluoride compound was a controlling factor in the amount of F excreted in the urine, the peak F concentration reached in parotid saliva, and the duration of a significant elevation in salivary F.", "contents": "Fluoride levels in human parotid saliva following ingestion of fluoride compounds of varying solubility. Healthy dental students received oral doses of 10.0 mg F daily in the form of compounds of widely varying solubilities. Parotid saliva F concentration and urinary F excretion were highest with NaF, Na2PO3F, and SnF2, lowest with CaF2, and intermediate with AlF3. Solubility of the ingested fluoride compound was a controlling factor in the amount of F excreted in the urine, the peak F concentration reached in parotid saliva, and the duration of a significant elevation in salivary F."}
{"id": "PMID:277475", "title": "In vitro studies of the phenomenon of tetracycline incorporation into enamel.", "content": "Incorporation of tetracyline into dental enamels was studied by exposing presoftened enamel slabs to tetracycline-containing mineralizing solutions. Tetracycline was incorporated only when remineralization (assessed by hardness) occurred and the experimental conditions favored the formation of a soluble tetracycline Ca complex. The fluorescence induced by tetracycline incorporation into the enamel slabs was comparable to that reported under in vivo conditions.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the phenomenon of tetracycline incorporation into enamel. Incorporation of tetracyline into dental enamels was studied by exposing presoftened enamel slabs to tetracycline-containing mineralizing solutions. Tetracycline was incorporated only when remineralization (assessed by hardness) occurred and the experimental conditions favored the formation of a soluble tetracycline Ca complex. The fluorescence induced by tetracycline incorporation into the enamel slabs was comparable to that reported under in vivo conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:277476", "title": "Increased fibrinolytic activity in the inflamed gingiva of beagle dogs.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity originated by activation of plasminogen was found to be greater in the inflamed gingiva than in the normal gingiva. The activator of plasminogen present in the normal and inflamed gingiva of the beagle dog was demonstrated histochemically. Plasminogen activator was found adjacent to the crevicular epithelium and blood vessels.", "contents": "Increased fibrinolytic activity in the inflamed gingiva of beagle dogs. The fibrinolytic activity originated by activation of plasminogen was found to be greater in the inflamed gingiva than in the normal gingiva. The activator of plasminogen present in the normal and inflamed gingiva of the beagle dog was demonstrated histochemically. Plasminogen activator was found adjacent to the crevicular epithelium and blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:277477", "title": "Electron microscopic evaluation of altered collagen structure induced by N-monochloroglycine (GK-101).", "content": "The effects of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) solutions on the structure of collagen were studied by transmission electron microscopy. In addition to finding that collagen structure was altered by NMG solutions, the results offer evidence that buffer and water also exert some effect on collagen fiber structure.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evaluation of altered collagen structure induced by N-monochloroglycine (GK-101). The effects of N-monochloroglycine (NMG) solutions on the structure of collagen were studied by transmission electron microscopy. In addition to finding that collagen structure was altered by NMG solutions, the results offer evidence that buffer and water also exert some effect on collagen fiber structure."}
{"id": "PMID:277478", "title": "Effects of hibernation on interradicular alveolar bone.", "content": "The interradicular alveolar bones of the nonhibernating and hibernating ground squirrels were compared using light and transmission electron microscopy. During hibernation changes occurring in the bone suggest osteocytic osteolysis. Minerals may be mobilized from bone for utilization elsewhere in the body to maintain a minimal metabolic level for survival.", "contents": "Effects of hibernation on interradicular alveolar bone. The interradicular alveolar bones of the nonhibernating and hibernating ground squirrels were compared using light and transmission electron microscopy. During hibernation changes occurring in the bone suggest osteocytic osteolysis. Minerals may be mobilized from bone for utilization elsewhere in the body to maintain a minimal metabolic level for survival."}
{"id": "PMID:277479", "title": "Osteodentin formation in continuously erupting teeth of guinea pigs.", "content": "Osteodentin formation in guinea pig teeth was studied using in vivo microscopic and histologic techniques. The coronal half of both incisors and molars contained varying amounts of osteodentin. Within the osteodentin, narrow canals that contained pulp tissue were observed. Serial histologic sections demonstrated that these canals opened to the occlusal surface thereby exposing the pulp to the oral cavity.", "contents": "Osteodentin formation in continuously erupting teeth of guinea pigs. Osteodentin formation in guinea pig teeth was studied using in vivo microscopic and histologic techniques. The coronal half of both incisors and molars contained varying amounts of osteodentin. Within the osteodentin, narrow canals that contained pulp tissue were observed. Serial histologic sections demonstrated that these canals opened to the occlusal surface thereby exposing the pulp to the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:277480", "title": "The effect of a magnesium deficient diet and cortisone on the growth of the rat incisor.", "content": "Incisors of Mg-deficient rats showed a marked inhibition of eruption and a decrease in mitoses of apical tissues. Cortisone administration resulted in some increase in eruption rate and cell division though these remained below the values of Mg-supplemented controls. An improvement in gross condition and a less severe histopathology of incisor tissues were also observed in cortisone-treated rats.", "contents": "The effect of a magnesium deficient diet and cortisone on the growth of the rat incisor. Incisors of Mg-deficient rats showed a marked inhibition of eruption and a decrease in mitoses of apical tissues. Cortisone administration resulted in some increase in eruption rate and cell division though these remained below the values of Mg-supplemented controls. An improvement in gross condition and a less severe histopathology of incisor tissues were also observed in cortisone-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:277481", "title": "Alkylamine salts and amides: in vitro inhibition of S mutans 6715.", "content": "Our studies with the salts and amides of alkylamines have shown that the undecylenate salts have significant in vitro activity against S mutans No 6715, suggesting that these agents are worthy of additional evaluation. The attempt to increase activity by combining undecylenic acid with the alkylamines was not successful; however, better attachment to tooth surfaces and/or retention during washing did occur. Our results suggest that the free amino group of alkylamines and the free acid group of undecylenic acid are required for these two classes of agents to demonstrate antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Alkylamine salts and amides: in vitro inhibition of S mutans 6715. Our studies with the salts and amides of alkylamines have shown that the undecylenate salts have significant in vitro activity against S mutans No 6715, suggesting that these agents are worthy of additional evaluation. The attempt to increase activity by combining undecylenic acid with the alkylamines was not successful; however, better attachment to tooth surfaces and/or retention during washing did occur. Our results suggest that the free amino group of alkylamines and the free acid group of undecylenic acid are required for these two classes of agents to demonstrate antibacterial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:277482", "title": "The antibacterial action of the various components of the lactoperoxidase system on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Physiological activity of lactoperoxidase and in vivo concentration of thiocyanate ions were shown to be inhibitory against a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans. However, the amount of H2O2 in vivo may be too low for optimum inhibition by lactoperoxidase system. H2O2 alone also inhibited the growth of S mutants to some degree.", "contents": "The antibacterial action of the various components of the lactoperoxidase system on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans. Physiological activity of lactoperoxidase and in vivo concentration of thiocyanate ions were shown to be inhibitory against a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans. However, the amount of H2O2 in vivo may be too low for optimum inhibition by lactoperoxidase system. H2O2 alone also inhibited the growth of S mutants to some degree."}
{"id": "PMID:277483", "title": "Antibacterial effect of salivary peroxidases on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The antibacterial effect of purified human salivary lactoperoxidase on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans was demonstrated while another oral peroxidase, probably of leukocytic origin, did not affect the growth. Lactoperoxidase was rapidly adsorbed by bacterial cells indicating the necessity of the contact between the enzyme and the cells before inhibition.", "contents": "Antibacterial effect of salivary peroxidases on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial effect of purified human salivary lactoperoxidase on a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus mutans was demonstrated while another oral peroxidase, probably of leukocytic origin, did not affect the growth. Lactoperoxidase was rapidly adsorbed by bacterial cells indicating the necessity of the contact between the enzyme and the cells before inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:277484", "title": "Relationship between the populations of Streptococcus mutans in the mouth and feces of conventional Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The relationship between oral and fecal S mutans populations has been studied in rats fed high sucrose or glucose diet. All molar teeth were extracted either prior to or following oral challenge with strain 6715. In certain instances this procedure was supplemented with amputation of the incisors and disinfection of the remaining incisor surface area with iodine solution. The results suggest that in rats the colonization of S mutans on the teeth is required for its presence in the intestinal canal as well as the mouth. The significance of the observations has been discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between the populations of Streptococcus mutans in the mouth and feces of conventional Sprague-Dawley rats. The relationship between oral and fecal S mutans populations has been studied in rats fed high sucrose or glucose diet. All molar teeth were extracted either prior to or following oral challenge with strain 6715. In certain instances this procedure was supplemented with amputation of the incisors and disinfection of the remaining incisor surface area with iodine solution. The results suggest that in rats the colonization of S mutans on the teeth is required for its presence in the intestinal canal as well as the mouth. The significance of the observations has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277485", "title": "The effects of human saliva on the hemolytic activity of complement.", "content": "Human saliva was tested for the presence of factors that affect the complement system. Parotid saliva and salivary fractions were incubated at 37 C with human serum as a source of complement. Samples removed from the mixtures within the first 15 minutes had higher levels of whole hemolytic complement activity than did appropriate controls. The final ionic strength of the saliva-serum mixtures was critical to the hemolytic activity of complement. After 60 minutes all serum-saliva mixtures had lower levels of hemolytic activity than did serum-buffer controls. With regard to whole saliva, the salivary sediment was found to be strongly complement-reactive.", "contents": "The effects of human saliva on the hemolytic activity of complement. Human saliva was tested for the presence of factors that affect the complement system. Parotid saliva and salivary fractions were incubated at 37 C with human serum as a source of complement. Samples removed from the mixtures within the first 15 minutes had higher levels of whole hemolytic complement activity than did appropriate controls. The final ionic strength of the saliva-serum mixtures was critical to the hemolytic activity of complement. After 60 minutes all serum-saliva mixtures had lower levels of hemolytic activity than did serum-buffer controls. With regard to whole saliva, the salivary sediment was found to be strongly complement-reactive."}
{"id": "PMID:277486", "title": "Comparison of 33P with 45Ca distribution in developing rat molar enamel in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "The distribution of 45Ca and 33P in developing rat molar enamel has been studied using freeze sectioning and autoradiographic methods. The distribution patterns of the two tracers in vivo were dissimilar. The use of in vitro methods showed that flux of 33P into enamel is not influenced by the cells of the enamel organ. It is suggested that the factors controlling movement of calcium and phosphorus into mineralizing enamel may be similar to those proposed for bone.", "contents": "Comparison of 33P with 45Ca distribution in developing rat molar enamel in vivo and in vitro. The distribution of 45Ca and 33P in developing rat molar enamel has been studied using freeze sectioning and autoradiographic methods. The distribution patterns of the two tracers in vivo were dissimilar. The use of in vitro methods showed that flux of 33P into enamel is not influenced by the cells of the enamel organ. It is suggested that the factors controlling movement of calcium and phosphorus into mineralizing enamel may be similar to those proposed for bone."}
{"id": "PMID:277487", "title": "Isolation and characterization of epithelial and connective tissue cells from rat palate.", "content": "Epithelial and connective tissue cells were isolated from rat palate by sequential enzymatic digestion. Differences between the two populations were noted with respect to proline uptake and incorporation, % collagen synthesized, effects of parathyroid hormone and metabolism of D-valine. From these studies it can be concluded that the cell populations are viable and distinct with respect to the biochemical parameters examined.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of epithelial and connective tissue cells from rat palate. Epithelial and connective tissue cells were isolated from rat palate by sequential enzymatic digestion. Differences between the two populations were noted with respect to proline uptake and incorporation, % collagen synthesized, effects of parathyroid hormone and metabolism of D-valine. From these studies it can be concluded that the cell populations are viable and distinct with respect to the biochemical parameters examined."}
{"id": "PMID:277488", "title": "Identification of N-methylated basic amino acids from human adult teeth.", "content": "NE-monomethyl-lysine, NG-NG'-dimethyl-arginine, and NG-NG-dimethyl-arginine from tooth protein fractions were identified utilizing thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis, and gas chromatography. It is suggested that a relationship exists between the presence of these N-methylated basic amino acids and the resting stage of tooth tissue.", "contents": "Identification of N-methylated basic amino acids from human adult teeth. NE-monomethyl-lysine, NG-NG'-dimethyl-arginine, and NG-NG-dimethyl-arginine from tooth protein fractions were identified utilizing thin-layer chromatography, amino acid analysis, and gas chromatography. It is suggested that a relationship exists between the presence of these N-methylated basic amino acids and the resting stage of tooth tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:277489", "title": "Study on the biosynthesis of bovine enamel protein in vitro.", "content": "Biosynthesis of enamel protein was investigated by incubating bovine tooth germs with 3H-proline containing medium. The radioactivity was incorporated into two protein fractions: one had a molecular weight of about 25,000, being secreted from the ameloblast to the enamel matrix, another having a higher molecular weight was supposed to be a cell associated protein.", "contents": "Study on the biosynthesis of bovine enamel protein in vitro. Biosynthesis of enamel protein was investigated by incubating bovine tooth germs with 3H-proline containing medium. The radioactivity was incorporated into two protein fractions: one had a molecular weight of about 25,000, being secreted from the ameloblast to the enamel matrix, another having a higher molecular weight was supposed to be a cell associated protein."}
{"id": "PMID:277490", "title": "The seeded growth of calcium phosphates. The kinetics of growth of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate on enamel, dentin, and calculus.", "content": "The kinetics of growth of calcium phosphates on synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), human enamel, whole dentin, and human calculus has been studied at 37 C at pH values from 4.97 to 5.10 held constant by the pH-stat addition of base. Following an initial induction period, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) crystallization takes place on the surface of these solids in all cases, even though the solutions are highly supersaturated with respect to HAP. The second order crystal growth kinetics are characteristic of the crystallization of DCPD on pure DCPD seed material. The ability of the substrate surfaces to nucleate DCPD falls in the order, synthetic HAP greater than enamel greater than calculus greater than dentin. Nucleation of DCPD, which is completed during the initial induction period, is very sensitive to small changes in pH, from 4.99 to 5.10.", "contents": "The seeded growth of calcium phosphates. The kinetics of growth of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate on enamel, dentin, and calculus. The kinetics of growth of calcium phosphates on synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), human enamel, whole dentin, and human calculus has been studied at 37 C at pH values from 4.97 to 5.10 held constant by the pH-stat addition of base. Following an initial induction period, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) crystallization takes place on the surface of these solids in all cases, even though the solutions are highly supersaturated with respect to HAP. The second order crystal growth kinetics are characteristic of the crystallization of DCPD on pure DCPD seed material. The ability of the substrate surfaces to nucleate DCPD falls in the order, synthetic HAP greater than enamel greater than calculus greater than dentin. Nucleation of DCPD, which is completed during the initial induction period, is very sensitive to small changes in pH, from 4.99 to 5.10."}
{"id": "PMID:277491", "title": "Rate of stannous fluoride reaction with hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Solutions of stannous fluoride are reacted with hydroxyapatite and the progress of the reaction is monitored by calcium analysis. The formation of Sn3F3PO4 proceeds faster with an increase in SnF2 concentration and can be further increased by adding Sn++ to the stannous fluoride solution.", "contents": "Rate of stannous fluoride reaction with hydroxyapatite. Solutions of stannous fluoride are reacted with hydroxyapatite and the progress of the reaction is monitored by calcium analysis. The formation of Sn3F3PO4 proceeds faster with an increase in SnF2 concentration and can be further increased by adding Sn++ to the stannous fluoride solution."}
{"id": "PMID:277492", "title": "Corrosion and creep of dental amalgam.", "content": "The influence of stress on corrosion was investigated by a potentiostatic technique. Amalgrams with low creep, both with and without gamma2-phase, revealed small increases in current with stress application while alloys with high creep exhibited large increases in current. Rupture of protective oxide due to increased strain for high creep alloys may explain the phenomenon.", "contents": "Corrosion and creep of dental amalgam. The influence of stress on corrosion was investigated by a potentiostatic technique. Amalgrams with low creep, both with and without gamma2-phase, revealed small increases in current with stress application while alloys with high creep exhibited large increases in current. Rupture of protective oxide due to increased strain for high creep alloys may explain the phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:277493", "title": "Changes in consistency of occlusal contact in myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome.", "content": "The sound patterns produced by tooth contact were recorded in 24 subjects with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome prior to and following treatment using an Occlusograph. Recordings also were obtained on 12 control subjects. Evaluation of the sound patterns showed a close correlation between the improvement in symptoms of MPD syndrome following treatment and the consistency of repeated occlusal contacts. The consistency following successful treatment of the subjects with MPD syndrome was equivalent to that of the control subjects.", "contents": "Changes in consistency of occlusal contact in myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. The sound patterns produced by tooth contact were recorded in 24 subjects with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome prior to and following treatment using an Occlusograph. Recordings also were obtained on 12 control subjects. Evaluation of the sound patterns showed a close correlation between the improvement in symptoms of MPD syndrome following treatment and the consistency of repeated occlusal contacts. The consistency following successful treatment of the subjects with MPD syndrome was equivalent to that of the control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:277494", "title": "Electrical resistance correlation with tactile examination on occlusal surfaces.", "content": "Electrical resistance of the tooth was measured through the dental pulp by a relatively simple method. The primary resistance is in the enamel, and the total resistance drops severalfold as dental caries develop. This resistance has been measured on the occlusal surfaces of 122 teeth of children. The differences between explorer categories showed statistically different resistance values (P greater than 0.9995, excluding the offscale sound-tooth category). After 3 to 4 months, 9 of the 32 teeth of the incipient caries category became obviously carious, while none of the caries-free teeth became carious.", "contents": "Electrical resistance correlation with tactile examination on occlusal surfaces. Electrical resistance of the tooth was measured through the dental pulp by a relatively simple method. The primary resistance is in the enamel, and the total resistance drops severalfold as dental caries develop. This resistance has been measured on the occlusal surfaces of 122 teeth of children. The differences between explorer categories showed statistically different resistance values (P greater than 0.9995, excluding the offscale sound-tooth category). After 3 to 4 months, 9 of the 32 teeth of the incipient caries category became obviously carious, while none of the caries-free teeth became carious."}
{"id": "PMID:277496", "title": "Thermal analysis of dental impression waxes.", "content": "Ten dental impression waxes were characterized by penetration and differential thermal analysis. Penetration and initial transition temperatures were directly correlated. Penetration at 37 C ranged from 2.5 to 22% for bite waxes and was 100% for corrective waxes. Distortion of an impression wax may occur upon removal from the mouth.", "contents": "Thermal analysis of dental impression waxes. Ten dental impression waxes were characterized by penetration and differential thermal analysis. Penetration and initial transition temperatures were directly correlated. Penetration at 37 C ranged from 2.5 to 22% for bite waxes and was 100% for corrective waxes. Distortion of an impression wax may occur upon removal from the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:277498", "title": "Alterations in lactoferrin in salivary gland disease.", "content": "During the active phase of chronic recurrent parotitis there is a marked elevation in the parotid concentration of lactoferrin (Lf), and iron-binding glycoprotein with antibacterial properties. The Lf concentration decreases during the recovery period, but still remains above normal levels. The changes of Lf in parotitis parallel recent findings in mastitis and pancreatitis. Elevations in Lf were also noted in five of six subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's disease, but not in subjects with sarcoidosis, diabetes or \"dry mouth\" without sialographic changes. The source of the Lf has not been determined; it could arise in part from disrupting polymorphonuclear leucocytes and in part from epithelial cells that synthesize Lf in the salivary glands. Inflammatory stimulation of Lf synthesis would suggest a basic protective mechanism in exocrine glands and should be fully explored.", "contents": "Alterations in lactoferrin in salivary gland disease. During the active phase of chronic recurrent parotitis there is a marked elevation in the parotid concentration of lactoferrin (Lf), and iron-binding glycoprotein with antibacterial properties. The Lf concentration decreases during the recovery period, but still remains above normal levels. The changes of Lf in parotitis parallel recent findings in mastitis and pancreatitis. Elevations in Lf were also noted in five of six subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's disease, but not in subjects with sarcoidosis, diabetes or \"dry mouth\" without sialographic changes. The source of the Lf has not been determined; it could arise in part from disrupting polymorphonuclear leucocytes and in part from epithelial cells that synthesize Lf in the salivary glands. Inflammatory stimulation of Lf synthesis would suggest a basic protective mechanism in exocrine glands and should be fully explored."}
{"id": "PMID:277500", "title": "The sensory mechanism in human dentin as revealed by evaporation and mechanical removal of dentin.", "content": "Dentinal pain in connection with mechanical stimulation i.e. probing, chiseling and initial drilling may be due to removal of fluid from the dentinal tubules. Loss of fluid due to \"normal\" evaporation from exposed dentin may produce an outward flow in the dentinal tubules rapid enough to cause pain and within a few minutes odontoblast aspiration.", "contents": "The sensory mechanism in human dentin as revealed by evaporation and mechanical removal of dentin. Dentinal pain in connection with mechanical stimulation i.e. probing, chiseling and initial drilling may be due to removal of fluid from the dentinal tubules. Loss of fluid due to \"normal\" evaporation from exposed dentin may produce an outward flow in the dentinal tubules rapid enough to cause pain and within a few minutes odontoblast aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:277502", "title": "Relationship of strontium in drinking water and surface enamel.", "content": "The Sr content of surface enamel of 233 teeth from nine communities was related to drinking water Sr concentrations. These water concentrations ranged from 0.02 microgram/ml to 33.9 microgram/ml. The relationship between enamel concentrations and water concentrations was linear for water concentrations less than 10 microgram/ml Sr, but leveled off at approximately 300 microgram/gm Sr in the enamel for communities with greater than 10 microgram/ml Sr in drinking water. Binding of Sr to components in the oral environment is proposed as an explanation of this effect.", "contents": "Relationship of strontium in drinking water and surface enamel. The Sr content of surface enamel of 233 teeth from nine communities was related to drinking water Sr concentrations. These water concentrations ranged from 0.02 microgram/ml to 33.9 microgram/ml. The relationship between enamel concentrations and water concentrations was linear for water concentrations less than 10 microgram/ml Sr, but leveled off at approximately 300 microgram/gm Sr in the enamel for communities with greater than 10 microgram/ml Sr in drinking water. Binding of Sr to components in the oral environment is proposed as an explanation of this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:277503", "title": "Effect of perceived control on stress reduction in adult dental patients.", "content": "A signaling device was given to adult patients to reduce stress in the dental chair. Galvanic skin response during the dental procedures indicated that patients with the signaling device showed more arousal during high stress conditions when compared with a control group. A personality variable was also investigated.", "contents": "Effect of perceived control on stress reduction in adult dental patients. A signaling device was given to adult patients to reduce stress in the dental chair. Galvanic skin response during the dental procedures indicated that patients with the signaling device showed more arousal during high stress conditions when compared with a control group. A personality variable was also investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:277504", "title": "Dentin permeability: changes produced by iontophoresis.", "content": "Iontophoretic currents (0--1.0 mA) were applied to dentin disks prepared from human third molars. A negative electrode increased 125I-permeation 10X, while a positive electrode increased 14C-lidocaine 8X. Iontophoresis appears promising as a method to increase the permeation of dentin by ionized substances of therapeutic interest.", "contents": "Dentin permeability: changes produced by iontophoresis. Iontophoretic currents (0--1.0 mA) were applied to dentin disks prepared from human third molars. A negative electrode increased 125I-permeation 10X, while a positive electrode increased 14C-lidocaine 8X. Iontophoresis appears promising as a method to increase the permeation of dentin by ionized substances of therapeutic interest."}
{"id": "PMID:277505", "title": "Effects of indomethacin upon 131I uptake by thyroid and submaxillary glands in mice.", "content": "The administration of indomethacin to male A2G mice induced a marked decrease in the 131I uptake by the thyroid, but it did not influence the 131I uptake by the submaxillary glands.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin upon 131I uptake by thyroid and submaxillary glands in mice. The administration of indomethacin to male A2G mice induced a marked decrease in the 131I uptake by the thyroid, but it did not influence the 131I uptake by the submaxillary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:277506", "title": "Regulation of the secretory process of granular components from the convoluted tubular cells of the mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "Autonomic regulation of the secretion of granule components in the convoluted tubular cells of male mouse submandibular glands was investigated with the use of an agar gel diffusion test using an antisera for male specific components. Whereas the injection of neither a parasympathomimetic agent (pilocarpine) nor a beta-adrenergic agent (isoproterenol) decreased the amount of the components in the glands, the injection of alpha-adrenergic agents (norepinephrine or phenylephrine) significantly decreased the amount of male specific components. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-blocker, completely inhibited these actions of norepinephrine and phenylephrine. These facts suggest that the alpha-adrenergic receptor participates in the secretion of male specific components present in the granules in the convoluted tubular cells of mouse submandibular glands.", "contents": "Regulation of the secretory process of granular components from the convoluted tubular cells of the mouse submandibular gland. Autonomic regulation of the secretion of granule components in the convoluted tubular cells of male mouse submandibular glands was investigated with the use of an agar gel diffusion test using an antisera for male specific components. Whereas the injection of neither a parasympathomimetic agent (pilocarpine) nor a beta-adrenergic agent (isoproterenol) decreased the amount of the components in the glands, the injection of alpha-adrenergic agents (norepinephrine or phenylephrine) significantly decreased the amount of male specific components. Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-blocker, completely inhibited these actions of norepinephrine and phenylephrine. These facts suggest that the alpha-adrenergic receptor participates in the secretion of male specific components present in the granules in the convoluted tubular cells of mouse submandibular glands."}
{"id": "PMID:277507", "title": "Studies on hemolytic activity of bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA).", "content": "To clarify the high hemolytic activity of BIS-GMA, the molar concentration producing 50% hemolysis (H50) and the partition coefficient inoctanol-water were determined using BIS-GMA and various types of methacrylates. It is suggested that the strong hemolytic potency of BIS-GMA is due to the high hydrophobic nature of the compound.", "contents": "Studies on hemolytic activity of bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA). To clarify the high hemolytic activity of BIS-GMA, the molar concentration producing 50% hemolysis (H50) and the partition coefficient inoctanol-water were determined using BIS-GMA and various types of methacrylates. It is suggested that the strong hemolytic potency of BIS-GMA is due to the high hydrophobic nature of the compound."}
{"id": "PMID:277508", "title": "Antibacterial activity of tooth-colored dental restorative materials.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of dental restorative materials (12 resin based and one silicate) was tested in vitro against 5 species of bacteria. When fresh, all materials inhibited growth in pour plates of at least one bacterial strain. After storage in saline for 24 hours, the antibacterial activity was markedly reduced. There was a wide variation among the materials in the extent of their antibacterial activity. The bacterial strains apparently differed in their susceptibility to the antibacterial activity of the materials.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of tooth-colored dental restorative materials. The antibacterial activity of dental restorative materials (12 resin based and one silicate) was tested in vitro against 5 species of bacteria. When fresh, all materials inhibited growth in pour plates of at least one bacterial strain. After storage in saline for 24 hours, the antibacterial activity was markedly reduced. There was a wide variation among the materials in the extent of their antibacterial activity. The bacterial strains apparently differed in their susceptibility to the antibacterial activity of the materials."}
{"id": "PMID:277509", "title": "Effects of an antiseptic mouthwash on odorigenic microbes in the human gingival crevice.", "content": "Odorigenic gram-negative anaerobes in human gingival crevices were significantly decreased for up to 120 minutes after rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash. This observation parallels clinical measurements of the antiseptic effect on oral malodor and suggests that its odor-decreasing properties are related to its antimicrobial action in the mouth.", "contents": "Effects of an antiseptic mouthwash on odorigenic microbes in the human gingival crevice. Odorigenic gram-negative anaerobes in human gingival crevices were significantly decreased for up to 120 minutes after rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash. This observation parallels clinical measurements of the antiseptic effect on oral malodor and suggests that its odor-decreasing properties are related to its antimicrobial action in the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:277512", "title": "Dentin permeability: determinants of hydraulic conductance.", "content": "A technique is described which permits measurements of the ease with which fluid permeates dentin. This value, the hydraulic conductance of dentin, increased as surface area increases and/or as dentin thickness decreases. It increased 32-fold when dentin was acid etched due to removal of surface debris occluding the tubules.", "contents": "Dentin permeability: determinants of hydraulic conductance. A technique is described which permits measurements of the ease with which fluid permeates dentin. This value, the hydraulic conductance of dentin, increased as surface area increases and/or as dentin thickness decreases. It increased 32-fold when dentin was acid etched due to removal of surface debris occluding the tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:277514", "title": "Volunteering in dental peer review: differences between volunteers and practitioners at large.", "content": "This report characterizes differences among early and late volunteers, and non-volunteers for personal characteristics and situational determinants of volunteering in an experimental dental peer review study. Differences were found for volunteers/non-volunteers for some items representing subject interest, expectation of a favorable evaluation, sociability, and achievement motivation.", "contents": "Volunteering in dental peer review: differences between volunteers and practitioners at large. This report characterizes differences among early and late volunteers, and non-volunteers for personal characteristics and situational determinants of volunteering in an experimental dental peer review study. Differences were found for volunteers/non-volunteers for some items representing subject interest, expectation of a favorable evaluation, sociability, and achievement motivation."}
{"id": "PMID:277515", "title": "Incidence of torsiversion in mandibular third molars.", "content": "Two percent of 826 adults examined during routine dental check-up visits show torsiversion in their molars. The degree of rotation ranges from 20 degrees to 60 degrees with the predominant position at 30 degrees buccal. This condition is quite rare and appears to be genetically directed at the infracrypt level of development.", "contents": "Incidence of torsiversion in mandibular third molars. Two percent of 826 adults examined during routine dental check-up visits show torsiversion in their molars. The degree of rotation ranges from 20 degrees to 60 degrees with the predominant position at 30 degrees buccal. This condition is quite rare and appears to be genetically directed at the infracrypt level of development."}
{"id": "PMID:277516", "title": "Metal-filled resin composites. II.", "content": "Various particulate materials were combined with a BIS-GMA resin, and the resulting composites were evaluated. The fillers prevented, altered, had no apparent effect, or accelerated polymerization. Coupling agents also influenced polymerization. Physical properties varied widely with different fillers.", "contents": "Metal-filled resin composites. II. Various particulate materials were combined with a BIS-GMA resin, and the resulting composites were evaluated. The fillers prevented, altered, had no apparent effect, or accelerated polymerization. Coupling agents also influenced polymerization. Physical properties varied widely with different fillers."}
{"id": "PMID:277517", "title": "The rheological characteristics of elastomeric impression materials.", "content": "An indirect extrusion viscometer has been used to assess the shear rate dependence of viscosity of a range of pastes supplied for elastomeric impression materials. A suggested specification for these pastes has been proposed.", "contents": "The rheological characteristics of elastomeric impression materials. An indirect extrusion viscometer has been used to assess the shear rate dependence of viscosity of a range of pastes supplied for elastomeric impression materials. A suggested specification for these pastes has been proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:277518", "title": "The rheological properties of fluid denture-base resins.", "content": "The rheological properties of six commercial fluid denture resins were determined by rotational viscometry. Initial viscosity ranged from 67 to 575 centipoise at a rotational speed of 10 revolutions per minute. All resins showed initial non-Newtonian flow behavior and increased viscosity with time.", "contents": "The rheological properties of fluid denture-base resins. The rheological properties of six commercial fluid denture resins were determined by rotational viscometry. Initial viscosity ranged from 67 to 575 centipoise at a rotational speed of 10 revolutions per minute. All resins showed initial non-Newtonian flow behavior and increased viscosity with time."}
{"id": "PMID:277520", "title": "Infrared spectroscopic studies on the development of crystallinity in dental zinc phosphate cements.", "content": "An infrared spectroscopic study has been made of the development of crystallinity (hopeite) in dental zinc phosphate cements. Crystallization in the bulk of a cement is prevented only by the incorporation, in the liquid, of aluminum which forms complexes with phosphoric acid. The development of surface crystallinity is related to the chemical composition of the cement and the speed of the reaction. No acid phosphates are to be found in the matrix which consists solely of neutral orthophosphates.", "contents": "Infrared spectroscopic studies on the development of crystallinity in dental zinc phosphate cements. An infrared spectroscopic study has been made of the development of crystallinity (hopeite) in dental zinc phosphate cements. Crystallization in the bulk of a cement is prevented only by the incorporation, in the liquid, of aluminum which forms complexes with phosphoric acid. The development of surface crystallinity is related to the chemical composition of the cement and the speed of the reaction. No acid phosphates are to be found in the matrix which consists solely of neutral orthophosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:277522", "title": "Effect of surface preparation on phase distribution of amalgam surfaces.", "content": "Several types of amalgams were prepared with carved, burnished, or polished surfaces. Elemental analyses were made of these surfaces with the electron microprobe and the phase fractions were calculated from these data. The phase distributions were found to vary with the technique of finishing.", "contents": "Effect of surface preparation on phase distribution of amalgam surfaces. Several types of amalgams were prepared with carved, burnished, or polished surfaces. Elemental analyses were made of these surfaces with the electron microprobe and the phase fractions were calculated from these data. The phase distributions were found to vary with the technique of finishing."}
{"id": "PMID:277523", "title": "Estimation of the phase distribution in dental amalgam with the electron microprobe.", "content": "The phase distributions of several dental amalgams have been determined by two methods: calculation from elemental analysis data obtained with the microprobe, and measurement of phase areas on backscattered electron photographs with the image analyzer. The results of these methods agree, in general, with the distributions predicted by the stoichiometric equations.", "contents": "Estimation of the phase distribution in dental amalgam with the electron microprobe. The phase distributions of several dental amalgams have been determined by two methods: calculation from elemental analysis data obtained with the microprobe, and measurement of phase areas on backscattered electron photographs with the image analyzer. The results of these methods agree, in general, with the distributions predicted by the stoichiometric equations."}
{"id": "PMID:277524", "title": "Objective evaluation of surface microreplication by dental impression materials.", "content": "Twenty-two materials, including 19 dental impression elastomers, were compared in their ability to replicate microscopic detail. Some polysulfide, silicone, and polyether materials performed well. Curiously, microscopic replication ability generally correlated inversely with that expected from the nominal consistency. The test method developed appears to be a suitable microreplication evaluation standard.", "contents": "Objective evaluation of surface microreplication by dental impression materials. Twenty-two materials, including 19 dental impression elastomers, were compared in their ability to replicate microscopic detail. Some polysulfide, silicone, and polyether materials performed well. Curiously, microscopic replication ability generally correlated inversely with that expected from the nominal consistency. The test method developed appears to be a suitable microreplication evaluation standard."}
{"id": "PMID:277525", "title": "Pre-apatitic mineral deposition in Bacterionema matruchotii.", "content": "A preliminary examination of calcification of Bacterionema matruchotii was undertaken to provide a base-line for future kinetic and mechanistic studies. Specific ion ratios were correlated with crystallography and ultrastructure. Observations include: three consistent X-ray diffraction patterns; no resolution of cellular EMP by electron microscopy; increasing Ca/Mg, Ca/P during calcification.", "contents": "Pre-apatitic mineral deposition in Bacterionema matruchotii. A preliminary examination of calcification of Bacterionema matruchotii was undertaken to provide a base-line for future kinetic and mechanistic studies. Specific ion ratios were correlated with crystallography and ultrastructure. Observations include: three consistent X-ray diffraction patterns; no resolution of cellular EMP by electron microscopy; increasing Ca/Mg, Ca/P during calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:277526", "title": "Fluorine and tin uptake by enamel studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA).", "content": "ESCA has been combined with argon-ion etching to obtain depth profiles for SnF2-treated enamel. Three zones of products from the topical treatment are detected: a layer of tin oxide on the surface; fluoroapatite + hydroxyapatite at depths below about 0.2 micron; an intermediate layer CaF2, Sn(OH)2, Sn2PO4OH, and fluoroapatite between the two. Sn3F3PO4 was not detected.", "contents": "Fluorine and tin uptake by enamel studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA). ESCA has been combined with argon-ion etching to obtain depth profiles for SnF2-treated enamel. Three zones of products from the topical treatment are detected: a layer of tin oxide on the surface; fluoroapatite + hydroxyapatite at depths below about 0.2 micron; an intermediate layer CaF2, Sn(OH)2, Sn2PO4OH, and fluoroapatite between the two. Sn3F3PO4 was not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:277527", "title": "Influence of the pulpal route on uptake of 45Ca in enamel and dentin of developing rat molars.", "content": "45Ca uptake in developing enamel and dentin was studied by autoradiography. The findings indicate that the pulpal route does not supply significant amounts of calcium to the rapidly mineralizing enamel. Disruption of the odontoblastic layer did not seem to result in altered penetration of calcium into the dentin in a manner similar to that described for disruption of the matrix secreting cell layer of enamel and of bone.", "contents": "Influence of the pulpal route on uptake of 45Ca in enamel and dentin of developing rat molars. 45Ca uptake in developing enamel and dentin was studied by autoradiography. The findings indicate that the pulpal route does not supply significant amounts of calcium to the rapidly mineralizing enamel. Disruption of the odontoblastic layer did not seem to result in altered penetration of calcium into the dentin in a manner similar to that described for disruption of the matrix secreting cell layer of enamel and of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:277528", "title": "Evidence for the presence of carbamino compounds in human saliva.", "content": "The bicarbonate concentrations of whole saliva and of protein-free filtrates of saliva were measured to test for the presence of carbamino compounds. If no acid-evolved CO2 were derived from the salivary proteins, then the two measured bicarbonate concentrations should be identical. Instead, the bicarbonate concentrations of the whole saliva samples were on the average 30% higher than that of their filtrates. The results are consistent with the conclusion that carbamino compounds account for the differences. Similar findings were obtained with samples of resting whole saliva and parotid saliva.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of carbamino compounds in human saliva. The bicarbonate concentrations of whole saliva and of protein-free filtrates of saliva were measured to test for the presence of carbamino compounds. If no acid-evolved CO2 were derived from the salivary proteins, then the two measured bicarbonate concentrations should be identical. Instead, the bicarbonate concentrations of the whole saliva samples were on the average 30% higher than that of their filtrates. The results are consistent with the conclusion that carbamino compounds account for the differences. Similar findings were obtained with samples of resting whole saliva and parotid saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:277530", "title": "Metabolism of gingival collagen in a rat.", "content": "The remodeling of gingival tissue was measured by determining the incorporation of tritiated proline and the disappearance of tritium activity from proline and hydroxyproline for 18 days after administration of label. There was a rapid decrease in the tritium activity from gingiva which was paralleled by a decrease in the total activity of proline. The activity in collagen decreased sharply between the second and the fourth day but thereafter there was no change. The relative amount of activity increased from 24% at day 2 to 82% at 18 days postinjection, and as a result the specific activities of hydroxyproline and proline were similar after 12 days. Thus collagen appeared to be the more stable component in the gingivae than previously reported. However, the rapid loss of label in the first four days suggested that there may be very marked regional variation in the metabolism of collagen and that more than one metabolic pool of collagen was present.", "contents": "Metabolism of gingival collagen in a rat. The remodeling of gingival tissue was measured by determining the incorporation of tritiated proline and the disappearance of tritium activity from proline and hydroxyproline for 18 days after administration of label. There was a rapid decrease in the tritium activity from gingiva which was paralleled by a decrease in the total activity of proline. The activity in collagen decreased sharply between the second and the fourth day but thereafter there was no change. The relative amount of activity increased from 24% at day 2 to 82% at 18 days postinjection, and as a result the specific activities of hydroxyproline and proline were similar after 12 days. Thus collagen appeared to be the more stable component in the gingivae than previously reported. However, the rapid loss of label in the first four days suggested that there may be very marked regional variation in the metabolism of collagen and that more than one metabolic pool of collagen was present."}
{"id": "PMID:277532", "title": "Semiconductor probe measurements in beagle dogs with periodontal disease.", "content": "A miniaturized semiconductor probe was used to measure alveolar bone uptake of a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical in dogs with destructive periodontal disease. Radiopharmaceutical uptake in localized, advanced disease was greater than in incipient disease and was generalized, with increased uptake occurring in radiographically normal areas and in areas with bone loss.", "contents": "Semiconductor probe measurements in beagle dogs with periodontal disease. A miniaturized semiconductor probe was used to measure alveolar bone uptake of a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical in dogs with destructive periodontal disease. Radiopharmaceutical uptake in localized, advanced disease was greater than in incipient disease and was generalized, with increased uptake occurring in radiographically normal areas and in areas with bone loss."}
{"id": "PMID:277533", "title": "Influence of hexetidine upon plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog.", "content": "Two studies were performed in beagle dogs to determine the effect of 0.2% hexetidine upon plaque and gingivitis. In both instances, hexetidine exerted no significant effect while 0.2% chlorhexidine resulted in reductions in both plaque and gingivitis of about 45 and 50%, respectively.", "contents": "Influence of hexetidine upon plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog. Two studies were performed in beagle dogs to determine the effect of 0.2% hexetidine upon plaque and gingivitis. In both instances, hexetidine exerted no significant effect while 0.2% chlorhexidine resulted in reductions in both plaque and gingivitis of about 45 and 50%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:277534", "title": "Antimicrobial agents and dental caries in the rat.", "content": "Two rat plaque-caries studies indicated that a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution topically applied to rat teeth was effective in reducing dental plaque. This reduction in plaque was accompanied by marked reductions in smooth surface caries, but not in sulcal lesions.", "contents": "Antimicrobial agents and dental caries in the rat. Two rat plaque-caries studies indicated that a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution topically applied to rat teeth was effective in reducing dental plaque. This reduction in plaque was accompanied by marked reductions in smooth surface caries, but not in sulcal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:277535", "title": "Sources of variability in rat caries studies: microbial infection and caging procedure.", "content": "Two sources of variability in rat caries experiments have been investigated: infection with two S mutans strains and two types of caging. Results indicated that strain 6715 was more virulent than was strain 10449 when 24-day-old rats were orally infected with the organism under standardized conditions. Caging of rats (2 per cage) in stainless steel, raised bottom cages resulted in higher level of caries than in plastic tubs (3 per cage) with hardwood bedding. Infection and caging conditions are two of the factors which may contribute to variability in caries pattern and severity in experimental rats.", "contents": "Sources of variability in rat caries studies: microbial infection and caging procedure. Two sources of variability in rat caries experiments have been investigated: infection with two S mutans strains and two types of caging. Results indicated that strain 6715 was more virulent than was strain 10449 when 24-day-old rats were orally infected with the organism under standardized conditions. Caging of rats (2 per cage) in stainless steel, raised bottom cages resulted in higher level of caries than in plastic tubs (3 per cage) with hardwood bedding. Infection and caging conditions are two of the factors which may contribute to variability in caries pattern and severity in experimental rats."}
{"id": "PMID:277536", "title": "Transmembrane potentials of osteoblasts.", "content": "Transmembrane potentials were recorded in situ from osteoblasts on the parietal bones of albino rat pups, 3 to 24 days of age. Osteoblasts exhibit a uniquely low polarization of their cell membranes (3.93 mV, inside negative). Osteoblasts respond rapidly, but transiently, to parathyroid hormone by depolarization, and to thyrocalcitonin by hyperpolarization.", "contents": "Transmembrane potentials of osteoblasts. Transmembrane potentials were recorded in situ from osteoblasts on the parietal bones of albino rat pups, 3 to 24 days of age. Osteoblasts exhibit a uniquely low polarization of their cell membranes (3.93 mV, inside negative). Osteoblasts respond rapidly, but transiently, to parathyroid hormone by depolarization, and to thyrocalcitonin by hyperpolarization."}
{"id": "PMID:277537", "title": "The effects of cadmium on the growth of some oral microorganisms and their ability to bind cadmium.", "content": "All seven oral Actinomycetaceae tested grew in broth containing 10 microgram/ml Cd. After 24 hours' growth A viscosus WVU 626 bound nearly 20 microgram Cd/mg dry wt. The amount of Cd bound varied during the growth cycle, being maximal (90 to 100 microgram/mg dry wt.) after 5 hours' growth. Addition of 50 microgram/ml chloramphenicol to actively growing cells inhibited further Cd binding. In contrast S mutans FA1 was greatly inhibited by 2.5 microgram/ml Cd and bound only 1.3 microgram Cd/mg after 24 hours' growth in broth containing 2.5 microgram/ml Cd.", "contents": "The effects of cadmium on the growth of some oral microorganisms and their ability to bind cadmium. All seven oral Actinomycetaceae tested grew in broth containing 10 microgram/ml Cd. After 24 hours' growth A viscosus WVU 626 bound nearly 20 microgram Cd/mg dry wt. The amount of Cd bound varied during the growth cycle, being maximal (90 to 100 microgram/mg dry wt.) after 5 hours' growth. Addition of 50 microgram/ml chloramphenicol to actively growing cells inhibited further Cd binding. In contrast S mutans FA1 was greatly inhibited by 2.5 microgram/ml Cd and bound only 1.3 microgram Cd/mg after 24 hours' growth in broth containing 2.5 microgram/ml Cd."}
{"id": "PMID:277538", "title": "The effect of some divalent cations on extracellular polysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus salivarius.", "content": "The amount of extracellular insoluble polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus salivarius can be effected by some divalent cations. Calcium at concentrations of 1 X 10(-3) and 10(-4) M caused a reduction in polysaccharide synthesis. Magnesium at 1 X 10(-3) M inhibited extracellular polysaccharide production but at 1 X 10(-4) M had little effect. Manganese was without effect on polysaccharide synthesis. Zinc at 1 X 10(-3) and 1 X 10(-4) M caused a substantial increase in extracellular polysaccharide synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of some divalent cations on extracellular polysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus salivarius. The amount of extracellular insoluble polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus salivarius can be effected by some divalent cations. Calcium at concentrations of 1 X 10(-3) and 10(-4) M caused a reduction in polysaccharide synthesis. Magnesium at 1 X 10(-3) M inhibited extracellular polysaccharide production but at 1 X 10(-4) M had little effect. Manganese was without effect on polysaccharide synthesis. Zinc at 1 X 10(-3) and 1 X 10(-4) M caused a substantial increase in extracellular polysaccharide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:277539", "title": "Experimental formation of \"corn cob\" in vitro.", "content": "Organisms isolated from corn cob were examined for aggregation with Bacterionema matruchotti. Such aggregations, interpreted as corn cob formation, in vitro, occurred with five isolated identified as Streptococcus sanguis. A cell-surface component of Streptococcus sanguis or a phospholipid-related substance of Bacterionema matruchotii appeared to be involved.", "contents": "Experimental formation of \"corn cob\" in vitro. Organisms isolated from corn cob were examined for aggregation with Bacterionema matruchotti. Such aggregations, interpreted as corn cob formation, in vitro, occurred with five isolated identified as Streptococcus sanguis. A cell-surface component of Streptococcus sanguis or a phospholipid-related substance of Bacterionema matruchotii appeared to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:277540", "title": "Effects of craniofacial structures on mouse palatal closure in vitro.", "content": "Heads of Swiss-Webster mouse fetuses of four ages spanning days 12-13 of gestation, were partially dissected by removing the brain (B), tongue (T) and mandible (M) alone or in combination (BT, BM, BTM). Preparations were suspended in a gassed, circulating culture system such that palatal closure must take place against gravity. Closure occurred earlier than in vivo and required the posterior half of the mandible be intact and the tongue removed.", "contents": "Effects of craniofacial structures on mouse palatal closure in vitro. Heads of Swiss-Webster mouse fetuses of four ages spanning days 12-13 of gestation, were partially dissected by removing the brain (B), tongue (T) and mandible (M) alone or in combination (BT, BM, BTM). Preparations were suspended in a gassed, circulating culture system such that palatal closure must take place against gravity. Closure occurred earlier than in vivo and required the posterior half of the mandible be intact and the tongue removed."}
{"id": "PMID:277541", "title": "Diet-induced arteriopathies in the rabbit aorta and oral vasculature.", "content": "Advanced atherosclerosis in the form of fibro-fatty intimal plaques has been produced in the rabbit aorta and oral vasculature (labial, lingual, gingival, palatal, periodontal and alveolar arteries) by dietary means. The animals were fed a hypercholesteremic diet and a normocholesteremic diet on alternate months for two years. In the aorta and in many of the oral vessels, the formation of the intimal atheromas was paralleled by a degeneration of the tunica media. The lingual arteries rivaled the aorta and coronary arteries in vulnerability to the diet-induced arteriopathies.", "contents": "Diet-induced arteriopathies in the rabbit aorta and oral vasculature. Advanced atherosclerosis in the form of fibro-fatty intimal plaques has been produced in the rabbit aorta and oral vasculature (labial, lingual, gingival, palatal, periodontal and alveolar arteries) by dietary means. The animals were fed a hypercholesteremic diet and a normocholesteremic diet on alternate months for two years. In the aorta and in many of the oral vessels, the formation of the intimal atheromas was paralleled by a degeneration of the tunica media. The lingual arteries rivaled the aorta and coronary arteries in vulnerability to the diet-induced arteriopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:277544", "title": "Plaque minerals and caries experience: associations and interrelationships.", "content": "Inverse associations were demonstrated between DMFT and total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, strontium, potassium, and fluoride concentrations in individual plaques. Lithium, strontium, fluoride, and zinc contents were inversely related to plaque mass. Consistent interdependence patterns between elements indicate the operation of a mineral level regulating mechanism, effective under diverse environmental conditions.", "contents": "Plaque minerals and caries experience: associations and interrelationships. Inverse associations were demonstrated between DMFT and total calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, strontium, potassium, and fluoride concentrations in individual plaques. Lithium, strontium, fluoride, and zinc contents were inversely related to plaque mass. Consistent interdependence patterns between elements indicate the operation of a mineral level regulating mechanism, effective under diverse environmental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:277545", "title": "An epidemiologic study of the relationship between various states of occlusion and the pathological conditions of dental caries and periodontal disease.", "content": "This study explored relationships between dental caries and periodontal disease and either (1) any of 8 existing orthodontic indices or (2) any of 41 individual cephalometric measures. The 486 subjects examined revealed no clinically significant associations between any of the disease measures and either the indices or the cephalometric measurements.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of the relationship between various states of occlusion and the pathological conditions of dental caries and periodontal disease. This study explored relationships between dental caries and periodontal disease and either (1) any of 8 existing orthodontic indices or (2) any of 41 individual cephalometric measures. The 486 subjects examined revealed no clinically significant associations between any of the disease measures and either the indices or the cephalometric measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:277546", "title": "Enamel dissolution by various food acidulants in a sorbitol candy.", "content": "The carboxylic acids used as food acidulants were evaluated for their effect on enamel dissolution in vitro. In water, the potential of the food acids to demineralize enamel was directly proportional to their acidity. However, in a sorbitol candy, the amount of enamel dissolution was correlated with the potential of the acids to chelate calcium.", "contents": "Enamel dissolution by various food acidulants in a sorbitol candy. The carboxylic acids used as food acidulants were evaluated for their effect on enamel dissolution in vitro. In water, the potential of the food acids to demineralize enamel was directly proportional to their acidity. However, in a sorbitol candy, the amount of enamel dissolution was correlated with the potential of the acids to chelate calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:277548", "title": "Dental caries and socioeconomic status in Mexican children.", "content": "A dental caries survey of 2,445 Mexican children, 6 to 15 years of age, was conducted in an industrial city. The children were divided into three socioeconomic groups. The pattern of the caries attack rate conformed to all caries surveys. However, the DMFT and DMFS scores increased as the socioeconomic levels increased. The higher socioeconomic groups presented evidence of more dental care than the low group.", "contents": "Dental caries and socioeconomic status in Mexican children. A dental caries survey of 2,445 Mexican children, 6 to 15 years of age, was conducted in an industrial city. The children were divided into three socioeconomic groups. The pattern of the caries attack rate conformed to all caries surveys. However, the DMFT and DMFS scores increased as the socioeconomic levels increased. The higher socioeconomic groups presented evidence of more dental care than the low group."}
{"id": "PMID:277550", "title": "The Aymara of western Bolivia: III. Occlusion, pathology, and characteristics of the dentition.", "content": "With the objective of contributing to the understanding of factors influencing the characteristics of dentition, dental observations from 429 children and adult highland people of western Bolivia are described. Various age, sex, ethnic, and village differences are observed in malocclusion, dental caries, periodontal disease, dental morphology, and anomalies. The findings revealed a population with relatively good occlusion, low frequency of dental pathology, and dental characteristics in part consistent with those of other similar Amerindian populations.", "contents": "The Aymara of western Bolivia: III. Occlusion, pathology, and characteristics of the dentition. With the objective of contributing to the understanding of factors influencing the characteristics of dentition, dental observations from 429 children and adult highland people of western Bolivia are described. Various age, sex, ethnic, and village differences are observed in malocclusion, dental caries, periodontal disease, dental morphology, and anomalies. The findings revealed a population with relatively good occlusion, low frequency of dental pathology, and dental characteristics in part consistent with those of other similar Amerindian populations."}
{"id": "PMID:277552", "title": "Wet weights of dental plaques.", "content": "A method for weighing samples of plaque using a weighing assembly comprising a sample-bearing boat, held in a closed capsule to avoid moisture loss to room or balance environment is described. The system described is an objective device for measuring, by wet weight the amounts of plaque accumulating under various conditions of oral hygiene.", "contents": "Wet weights of dental plaques. A method for weighing samples of plaque using a weighing assembly comprising a sample-bearing boat, held in a closed capsule to avoid moisture loss to room or balance environment is described. The system described is an objective device for measuring, by wet weight the amounts of plaque accumulating under various conditions of oral hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:277554", "title": "Psychological characteristics of long-term female temporomandibular joint pain patients.", "content": "Analysis from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) scores of 44 long-term temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain patients and 10 facial pain patients of a non-TMJ variety shows no significant differences. Both groups were significantly higher than a normative group. After treatment TMJ patients are not significantly different on the TMAS than the normative group. Etiological implications are discussed.", "contents": "Psychological characteristics of long-term female temporomandibular joint pain patients. Analysis from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) scores of 44 long-term temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain patients and 10 facial pain patients of a non-TMJ variety shows no significant differences. Both groups were significantly higher than a normative group. After treatment TMJ patients are not significantly different on the TMAS than the normative group. Etiological implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277555", "title": "Measurements of cervical undercuts of human tooth crowns.", "content": "The dimensional factors of the cervical undercut of the human teeth were measured. The facial and lingual undercuts showed considerable deviations in depth, width, and inclination to the crown axis and the food stream. The proximal undercuts showed a uniform depth of 1 +/- 0.3 mm with some deviations in width and inclination.", "contents": "Measurements of cervical undercuts of human tooth crowns. The dimensional factors of the cervical undercut of the human teeth were measured. The facial and lingual undercuts showed considerable deviations in depth, width, and inclination to the crown axis and the food stream. The proximal undercuts showed a uniform depth of 1 +/- 0.3 mm with some deviations in width and inclination."}
{"id": "PMID:277556", "title": "Aldehyde methacrylates derived from hydroxybenzaldehydes.", "content": "Three crystalline aldehyde methacrylates with low melting points were synthesized from the readily available, isomeric hydroxybenzaldehydes and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate. These monomers can be purified by recrystallization and liquified by admixture in various proportions to obtain polymerizable liquids having workable viscosities at room temperature. These monomers may be used alone or as blends with other methacrylates since they are miscible and copolymerizable with the usual dental monomers. Also, they should be studied with other functional methacrylates designed to promote adhesion via the mineral phase to determine if this synergistic approach can improve the adhesion of dental resins to dentin. These aldehyde methacrylates, their mixtures, polymers and copolymers merit evaluation as adhesion-promoting agents for proteinaceous substrates such as bone and dentin.", "contents": "Aldehyde methacrylates derived from hydroxybenzaldehydes. Three crystalline aldehyde methacrylates with low melting points were synthesized from the readily available, isomeric hydroxybenzaldehydes and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate. These monomers can be purified by recrystallization and liquified by admixture in various proportions to obtain polymerizable liquids having workable viscosities at room temperature. These monomers may be used alone or as blends with other methacrylates since they are miscible and copolymerizable with the usual dental monomers. Also, they should be studied with other functional methacrylates designed to promote adhesion via the mineral phase to determine if this synergistic approach can improve the adhesion of dental resins to dentin. These aldehyde methacrylates, their mixtures, polymers and copolymers merit evaluation as adhesion-promoting agents for proteinaceous substrates such as bone and dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:277557", "title": "Confirmation that neither phenotype nor hydroxylation of collagen is altered in overgrown gingiva from diphenylhydantoin-treated patients.", "content": "Collagens, solubilized by pepsin-digestion of diphenylhydantoin-induced overgrown gingiva, appeared similar to collagens solubilized from inflamed gingiva with regard to: ratio of type I to type III collagen, ratio of alpha1 to alpha2 of type I collagen, and degree of hydroxylation of type I collagen.", "contents": "Confirmation that neither phenotype nor hydroxylation of collagen is altered in overgrown gingiva from diphenylhydantoin-treated patients. Collagens, solubilized by pepsin-digestion of diphenylhydantoin-induced overgrown gingiva, appeared similar to collagens solubilized from inflamed gingiva with regard to: ratio of type I to type III collagen, ratio of alpha1 to alpha2 of type I collagen, and degree of hydroxylation of type I collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:277558", "title": "Mineral and collagen fiber orientation in human secondary osteons.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microdiffraction studies were conducted on single isolated osteons appearing \"bright,\" \"dark\" and \"intermediate\" under crossed polaroids and the orientations of collagen fibers and crystallites within them determined.", "contents": "Mineral and collagen fiber orientation in human secondary osteons. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microdiffraction studies were conducted on single isolated osteons appearing \"bright,\" \"dark\" and \"intermediate\" under crossed polaroids and the orientations of collagen fibers and crystallites within them determined."}
{"id": "PMID:277559", "title": "Fluoride uptake and caries rate in hamster molars after topical fluoride application followed by acidulation.", "content": "Daily topical application of 2% NaF on hamster molars for 4 days in vivo, followed by acidulation (grapefruit beverage, pH 3.3) resulted in a lower caries rate than NaF followed by water application. Fluoride uptake was somewhat higher, but not significantly so in the acidulated group.", "contents": "Fluoride uptake and caries rate in hamster molars after topical fluoride application followed by acidulation. Daily topical application of 2% NaF on hamster molars for 4 days in vivo, followed by acidulation (grapefruit beverage, pH 3.3) resulted in a lower caries rate than NaF followed by water application. Fluoride uptake was somewhat higher, but not significantly so in the acidulated group."}
{"id": "PMID:277563", "title": "Comparing the effectiveness of the mini-lecture technique to role-playing in a dental psychology course.", "content": "The array of instructional methods utilized in teaching behavioral sciences to dental students has included both teacher-centered and student-centered approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two small-group treatments, mini-lecture and role-playing, in teaching dental psychology. Freshman dental students were randomly assigned to 12 groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six dentist-pyschologist teaching teams so that each team taught one mini-lecture and one role-playing group. Teaching teams taught seven sessions in which each mini-lecture/role-playing pair of groups received parallel subject matter. Following instruction, two outcome measures were administered: (1) an achievement post-test measuring factual recall, and (2) a measure of facilitative communication. Results indicated that mini-lectures were more effective than role-playing in effecting student mastery of factual information. There were no significant differences between the instructional treatments in teaching facilitative communication skills.", "contents": "Comparing the effectiveness of the mini-lecture technique to role-playing in a dental psychology course. The array of instructional methods utilized in teaching behavioral sciences to dental students has included both teacher-centered and student-centered approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two small-group treatments, mini-lecture and role-playing, in teaching dental psychology. Freshman dental students were randomly assigned to 12 groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six dentist-pyschologist teaching teams so that each team taught one mini-lecture and one role-playing group. Teaching teams taught seven sessions in which each mini-lecture/role-playing pair of groups received parallel subject matter. Following instruction, two outcome measures were administered: (1) an achievement post-test measuring factual recall, and (2) a measure of facilitative communication. Results indicated that mini-lectures were more effective than role-playing in effecting student mastery of factual information. There were no significant differences between the instructional treatments in teaching facilitative communication skills."}
{"id": "PMID:277564", "title": "Acquisition of psychomotor skills in tooth preparation using self-paced instruction.", "content": "Self-paced instruction whereby students are provided with learning resources and allowed to learn at their own rate--with or without assistance from instructors--is increasingly being used in dental education. The wide diversity of entering dental student experience with psychomotor tasks suggests that preclinical psychomotor skill development should adapt well to self-paced learning. This study compared self-paced instruction to traditional preclinical teaching of psychomotor skills in cavity preparation. Performance by the self-paced class was significantly better than that of the traditional class on two procedures. There were no significant differences among the other procedures tested.", "contents": "Acquisition of psychomotor skills in tooth preparation using self-paced instruction. Self-paced instruction whereby students are provided with learning resources and allowed to learn at their own rate--with or without assistance from instructors--is increasingly being used in dental education. The wide diversity of entering dental student experience with psychomotor tasks suggests that preclinical psychomotor skill development should adapt well to self-paced learning. This study compared self-paced instruction to traditional preclinical teaching of psychomotor skills in cavity preparation. Performance by the self-paced class was significantly better than that of the traditional class on two procedures. There were no significant differences among the other procedures tested."}
{"id": "PMID:277565", "title": "Improved reliability of dental radiography by application of x-ray beam-guiding instruments: a two-year report.", "content": "Demands on dental practitioners for documentation of patient needs plus evidence of high rates of inadequate radiographs in teaching and practice reveal a need for accurate, simplified radiographic techniques. New procedures using X-ray beam-guiding instruments were used for all periapical films in a clinical teaching program. Data collected over two years showed a high procedural reliability with these instruments. The film quality and low retake rate may have been due to the beam-guiding effect that also assures minimum patient exposure to radiation. Since beam-guiding instruments may also reduce the time expenditure in teaching and practice, the proposed procedures may be able to provide better radiography for less expense.", "contents": "Improved reliability of dental radiography by application of x-ray beam-guiding instruments: a two-year report. Demands on dental practitioners for documentation of patient needs plus evidence of high rates of inadequate radiographs in teaching and practice reveal a need for accurate, simplified radiographic techniques. New procedures using X-ray beam-guiding instruments were used for all periapical films in a clinical teaching program. Data collected over two years showed a high procedural reliability with these instruments. The film quality and low retake rate may have been due to the beam-guiding effect that also assures minimum patient exposure to radiation. Since beam-guiding instruments may also reduce the time expenditure in teaching and practice, the proposed procedures may be able to provide better radiography for less expense."}
{"id": "PMID:277572", "title": "Effectiveness of preventive dentistry delivery system.", "content": "A preventive dentistry delivery system was developed for maximum effectiveness in private practice. Four new pit or fissure carious lesions developed in 20 patients who were 10 to 20 years old at the start of a two-year exploratory test; there were no new lesions of smooth surfaces. Of the incipient lesions that were under observation, no increase was observed in 23 of 26 pit or fissure lesions, 24 to 25 proximal and all of 26 buccal or lingual smooth surface lesions. In 33 patients 21 to 30 years old at the start of the test, no new lesions appeared and growth of the 142 incipient lesions appeared to be arrested. A low level of gingivitis was maintained in all patients who were tested.", "contents": "Effectiveness of preventive dentistry delivery system. A preventive dentistry delivery system was developed for maximum effectiveness in private practice. Four new pit or fissure carious lesions developed in 20 patients who were 10 to 20 years old at the start of a two-year exploratory test; there were no new lesions of smooth surfaces. Of the incipient lesions that were under observation, no increase was observed in 23 of 26 pit or fissure lesions, 24 to 25 proximal and all of 26 buccal or lingual smooth surface lesions. In 33 patients 21 to 30 years old at the start of the test, no new lesions appeared and growth of the 142 incipient lesions appeared to be arrested. A low level of gingivitis was maintained in all patients who were tested."}
{"id": "PMID:277573", "title": "Indirect pulp-capping of carious teeth with periapical lesions.", "content": "Twenty-four vital teeth with deep carious lesions associated with radiographically demonstrable periapical lesions were treated conservatively by means of the indirect pulp-capping technique. Eleven teeth showed apparent resolution of periapical pathology, an absence of pain, and continued vitality when followed up as long as seven years postoperatively.", "contents": "Indirect pulp-capping of carious teeth with periapical lesions. Twenty-four vital teeth with deep carious lesions associated with radiographically demonstrable periapical lesions were treated conservatively by means of the indirect pulp-capping technique. Eleven teeth showed apparent resolution of periapical pathology, an absence of pain, and continued vitality when followed up as long as seven years postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:277574", "title": "Ownership and maintenance of dental records.", "content": "The maintenance of good dental records is essential for the defense of a professional liability claim. If a dentist must give records and radiographs to a patient, insurance carrier, or succeeding practitioner, he should always give copies and maintain the originals. As a professional liability claim can often be filed long after treatment ceases, the dentist should retain his records permanently. The right of a patient to gain access to his medical or dental records has been granted by recent court decisions as well as by laws and regulations enacted in some states. The court decisions granting a patient access to his records are law in the jurisdictions in which the cases were decided. However, those decisions would present persuasive authority in a stage having no case law or statute regarding access by the patient to medical or dental records. The dentist should consult his attorney to determine the local law before allowing a patient access to his records and radiographs.", "contents": "Ownership and maintenance of dental records. The maintenance of good dental records is essential for the defense of a professional liability claim. If a dentist must give records and radiographs to a patient, insurance carrier, or succeeding practitioner, he should always give copies and maintain the originals. As a professional liability claim can often be filed long after treatment ceases, the dentist should retain his records permanently. The right of a patient to gain access to his medical or dental records has been granted by recent court decisions as well as by laws and regulations enacted in some states. The court decisions granting a patient access to his records are law in the jurisdictions in which the cases were decided. However, those decisions would present persuasive authority in a stage having no case law or statute regarding access by the patient to medical or dental records. The dentist should consult his attorney to determine the local law before allowing a patient access to his records and radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:277575", "title": "Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars.", "content": "Four hundred mandibular first premolars and 400 mandibular second premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, and made transparent to determine the number of root canals, their type, the ramifications of the main root canal, the location of apical foramina and transverse anastomoses, and the frequency of apical deltas. The mandibular first premolar had one canal at the apex in 74.0% of the teeth, two canals at the apex in 25.5%, and three canals at the apex in 0.5% of the teeth. The mandibular second premolar had one canal at the apex in 97.5% and two canals at the apex in 2.5% of the teeth.", "contents": "Root canal morphology of mandibular premolars. Four hundred mandibular first premolars and 400 mandibular second premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, and made transparent to determine the number of root canals, their type, the ramifications of the main root canal, the location of apical foramina and transverse anastomoses, and the frequency of apical deltas. The mandibular first premolar had one canal at the apex in 74.0% of the teeth, two canals at the apex in 25.5%, and three canals at the apex in 0.5% of the teeth. The mandibular second premolar had one canal at the apex in 97.5% and two canals at the apex in 2.5% of the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:277576", "title": "The two-in-one, self-threading, self-shearing pin: efficacy of insertion techniques.", "content": "An in vitro study has shown that the TMS minim two-in-one, self-shearing pin reaches maximum depth in a 2-mm pin channel before shearing off with insertion by a hand-turned wrench. The self-shearing, two-in-one pin did not achieve the full channel depth of 2 mm with insertion by an Auto Klutch handpiece.", "contents": "The two-in-one, self-threading, self-shearing pin: efficacy of insertion techniques. An in vitro study has shown that the TMS minim two-in-one, self-shearing pin reaches maximum depth in a 2-mm pin channel before shearing off with insertion by a hand-turned wrench. The self-shearing, two-in-one pin did not achieve the full channel depth of 2 mm with insertion by an Auto Klutch handpiece."}
{"id": "PMID:277577", "title": "Preliminary study of changes in blood pressure associated with clenching in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "This study was undertaken to test the effect of static, empty-mouth clenching on blood pressure levels in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressures were measured before, during, and after one minute of empth-mouth static (isometric) clenching in 41 normotensive (group A) and 22 hypertensive subjects (group C). An additional group of 13 normotensive subjects (group B) were examined for elevations in blood pressure before, during, and after 30 seconds of clenching. Subjects in group A showed a clenching-related increase in mean arterial blood pressure of 5.5 mm Hg (P less than .001); in group C, there was an increase of 4.6 mm Hg (P less than .001); and in group B, there was an increase of 3.2 mm Hg (P less than .05). The results emphasize the relationship between isolated dental treatment and systemic health.", "contents": "Preliminary study of changes in blood pressure associated with clenching in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. This study was undertaken to test the effect of static, empty-mouth clenching on blood pressure levels in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressures were measured before, during, and after one minute of empth-mouth static (isometric) clenching in 41 normotensive (group A) and 22 hypertensive subjects (group C). An additional group of 13 normotensive subjects (group B) were examined for elevations in blood pressure before, during, and after 30 seconds of clenching. Subjects in group A showed a clenching-related increase in mean arterial blood pressure of 5.5 mm Hg (P less than .001); in group C, there was an increase of 4.6 mm Hg (P less than .001); and in group B, there was an increase of 3.2 mm Hg (P less than .05). The results emphasize the relationship between isolated dental treatment and systemic health."}
{"id": "PMID:277578", "title": "Combined surgical procedures to correct facial deformities.", "content": "Combined maxillary-mandibular surgical procedures to correct facial deformities raise problems not usually seem when correction is limited to one arch. When multiple procedures are contemplated, it is easy to lose the relationship of theocclusion to the proposed facial contour. Model surgery is the key to determining the correct surgical site. Conflicting requirements of staging, flap design, and fixation often arise. Six maxillary-mandibular combined correction procedures that required exact diagnosis and careful planning have been presented. Explanning have been presented. Excellent long-term results were gained in each case.", "contents": "Combined surgical procedures to correct facial deformities. Combined maxillary-mandibular surgical procedures to correct facial deformities raise problems not usually seem when correction is limited to one arch. When multiple procedures are contemplated, it is easy to lose the relationship of theocclusion to the proposed facial contour. Model surgery is the key to determining the correct surgical site. Conflicting requirements of staging, flap design, and fixation often arise. Six maxillary-mandibular combined correction procedures that required exact diagnosis and careful planning have been presented. Explanning have been presented. Excellent long-term results were gained in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:277579", "title": "Barodontalgia at 12,000 feet.", "content": "Persons susceptible to barodontalgia include those with peridontal abscesses, carious teeth, maxillary sinus congestion, or those who have had recent extractions or restorations. A 38-year-old man had acute pain while he was in a depressurized chamber. Treatment of a periodontal abscess alleviated the problem.", "contents": "Barodontalgia at 12,000 feet. Persons susceptible to barodontalgia include those with peridontal abscesses, carious teeth, maxillary sinus congestion, or those who have had recent extractions or restorations. A 38-year-old man had acute pain while he was in a depressurized chamber. Treatment of a periodontal abscess alleviated the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:277580", "title": "Leukemia: the dentist's role in diagnosis.", "content": "Patients with leukemia frequently have oral signs and symptoms that may lead to the early diagnosis of this condition. Hematologic laboratory tests that would be of value include a white blood cell count and a platelet count. The dental practitioner should be aware of those diagnostic signs and the possibilities of oral complications associated with the disease. The nature of leukemia and its complications require a regular and thorough oral examination as part of the routine treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Leukemia: the dentist's role in diagnosis. Patients with leukemia frequently have oral signs and symptoms that may lead to the early diagnosis of this condition. Hematologic laboratory tests that would be of value include a white blood cell count and a platelet count. The dental practitioner should be aware of those diagnostic signs and the possibilities of oral complications associated with the disease. The nature of leukemia and its complications require a regular and thorough oral examination as part of the routine treatment of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:277588", "title": "Impact of a computerized placement service on practice location of recent graduates.", "content": "In 1972, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Dental Association, and the State Board of Dentistry implemented a program known as the Dental Information Service Center. An important component of this effort was a set of computerized programs aimed at facilitating placement of recent graduates of the University's dental school. Although use of the computerized program has grown substantially during the four-year study period, personal contacts remain the source of information most frequently responsible for initial placements; they accounted for 60% of such placements. The computerized referral program accounted for 27% of first placements for the class of 1976. The program has been influential in increasing student awareness of underserved areas. Overall career satisfaction was high among recent graduates, and their subjective evaluation of the program was generally positive.", "contents": "Impact of a computerized placement service on practice location of recent graduates. In 1972, the University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Dental Association, and the State Board of Dentistry implemented a program known as the Dental Information Service Center. An important component of this effort was a set of computerized programs aimed at facilitating placement of recent graduates of the University's dental school. Although use of the computerized program has grown substantially during the four-year study period, personal contacts remain the source of information most frequently responsible for initial placements; they accounted for 60% of such placements. The computerized referral program accounted for 27% of first placements for the class of 1976. The program has been influential in increasing student awareness of underserved areas. Overall career satisfaction was high among recent graduates, and their subjective evaluation of the program was generally positive."}
{"id": "PMID:277589", "title": "Effect of school water fluoridation on dental caries: results in Seagrove, NC, after eight years.", "content": "In 1968 at Seagrove, NC, fluoride was added to the water supply of a rural school (grades 1 through 12) at a level of 6.3 ppm, seven times the optimum level recommended for community water fluoridation in the area. Findings after eight years showed that children in grades 1 through 8 had approximately 40% fewer DMF surfaces than did their counterparts on the baseline. A comparison of these findings with those of another school fluoridation study, in which a level of 4.5 times the optimum concentration had been tested, showed only a slight advantage to the children at Seagrove. However, the full potential of school water fluoridation at seven times the optimum level cannot be determined until children in all grades will have been exposed since entering the first grade.", "contents": "Effect of school water fluoridation on dental caries: results in Seagrove, NC, after eight years. In 1968 at Seagrove, NC, fluoride was added to the water supply of a rural school (grades 1 through 12) at a level of 6.3 ppm, seven times the optimum level recommended for community water fluoridation in the area. Findings after eight years showed that children in grades 1 through 8 had approximately 40% fewer DMF surfaces than did their counterparts on the baseline. A comparison of these findings with those of another school fluoridation study, in which a level of 4.5 times the optimum concentration had been tested, showed only a slight advantage to the children at Seagrove. However, the full potential of school water fluoridation at seven times the optimum level cannot be determined until children in all grades will have been exposed since entering the first grade."}
{"id": "PMID:277590", "title": "Microscopic observations of amalgams carved by different methods and subsequently polished.", "content": "Occlusal amalgam restorations placed in extracted deciduous molars were studied using an electron microscope. The fillings were carved only or both carved and burnished, and all were subsequently polished. Observations were made before and after polishing, and the results emphasized the effects of carving, burnishing, and polishing on the surface texture and marginal integrity of amalgam fillings.", "contents": "Microscopic observations of amalgams carved by different methods and subsequently polished. Occlusal amalgam restorations placed in extracted deciduous molars were studied using an electron microscope. The fillings were carved only or both carved and burnished, and all were subsequently polished. Observations were made before and after polishing, and the results emphasized the effects of carving, burnishing, and polishing on the surface texture and marginal integrity of amalgam fillings."}
{"id": "PMID:277591", "title": "A study of the long-range effectiveness of teaching blood pressure screening in a dental college.", "content": "The University of Tennessee College of Dentistry has been actively involved in teaching the fundamentals of blood pressure screening since 1964. To determine the effectiveness of this instruction a sample of practitioners who have graduated since 1964 was surveyed to determine the degree to which they use blood pressure screening in their practices.", "contents": "A study of the long-range effectiveness of teaching blood pressure screening in a dental college. The University of Tennessee College of Dentistry has been actively involved in teaching the fundamentals of blood pressure screening since 1964. To determine the effectiveness of this instruction a sample of practitioners who have graduated since 1964 was surveyed to determine the degree to which they use blood pressure screening in their practices."}
{"id": "PMID:277592", "title": "Treating electrical burns of the mouths of children.", "content": "Electrical burns of the mouth can result in severe scarring and constriction of the lip commissures. Plastic surgery is needed to correct this defect when a special burn obturator is not used. The obturator is worn for a year and can prevent or reduce the need for corrective surgery.", "contents": "Treating electrical burns of the mouths of children. Electrical burns of the mouth can result in severe scarring and constriction of the lip commissures. Plastic surgery is needed to correct this defect when a special burn obturator is not used. The obturator is worn for a year and can prevent or reduce the need for corrective surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:277593", "title": "Timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in a longitudinal sample of children from Oregon.", "content": "A longitudinal sample of children was examined for timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth. Separate consideration was given to 124 boys and 163 girls from the Child Study Clinic longitudinal growth study. Girls show more variability in age at eruption than boys, and eruption is generally earlier in girls. The degree of variation in sequences of eruption of the first seven permanent teeth is distinct. The most common sequence in girls' maxillas occurred in only 11.4% of subjects; in boys, the most common sequence appeared in 13.4% of subjects. Predictability efficiency of eruption of the first three permanent teeth is not higher than 0.74.", "contents": "Timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in a longitudinal sample of children from Oregon. A longitudinal sample of children was examined for timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth. Separate consideration was given to 124 boys and 163 girls from the Child Study Clinic longitudinal growth study. Girls show more variability in age at eruption than boys, and eruption is generally earlier in girls. The degree of variation in sequences of eruption of the first seven permanent teeth is distinct. The most common sequence in girls' maxillas occurred in only 11.4% of subjects; in boys, the most common sequence appeared in 13.4% of subjects. Predictability efficiency of eruption of the first three permanent teeth is not higher than 0.74."}
{"id": "PMID:277594", "title": "Oral slough caused by dentifrice detergents and aggravated by drugs with antisialic activity.", "content": "A unusual type of oral desquamation appeared as grayish-white gelatinous membranes on the floor of the mouth, lips, vestibules, and gingiva in a 50-year-old woman. The painless desquamation was caused by synthetic dentifrice detergents (foaming agents) and was exacerbated by the patient's use of drugs with antisialic action.", "contents": "Oral slough caused by dentifrice detergents and aggravated by drugs with antisialic activity. A unusual type of oral desquamation appeared as grayish-white gelatinous membranes on the floor of the mouth, lips, vestibules, and gingiva in a 50-year-old woman. The painless desquamation was caused by synthetic dentifrice detergents (foaming agents) and was exacerbated by the patient's use of drugs with antisialic action."}
{"id": "PMID:277595", "title": "Cementoenamel defects in an unusual location.", "content": "An unusual case involving cementoenamel defects was discussed. These defects appeared as vertical grooves at the cervical margins on the facial surfaces of the maxillary incisors. They have caused no pulpal or periodontal problems.", "contents": "Cementoenamel defects in an unusual location. An unusual case involving cementoenamel defects was discussed. These defects appeared as vertical grooves at the cervical margins on the facial surfaces of the maxillary incisors. They have caused no pulpal or periodontal problems."}
{"id": "PMID:277634", "title": "Senior residents' opinions about oral surgery programs.", "content": "A questionnaire for senior oral surgery residents was distributed to elicit their opinions about various phases of their oral surgical training. Of 206 questionnaires sent to members of house staffs in approved programs, 122 responses (59%) were received. The average senior resident felt well prepared in exodontia, trauma, and orthognathic surgery. He considered himself much less prepared in pediatric oral surgery and tumor management. The average resident believed oral surgery was well regarded and would again choose his own program for training.", "contents": "Senior residents' opinions about oral surgery programs. A questionnaire for senior oral surgery residents was distributed to elicit their opinions about various phases of their oral surgical training. Of 206 questionnaires sent to members of house staffs in approved programs, 122 responses (59%) were received. The average senior resident felt well prepared in exodontia, trauma, and orthognathic surgery. He considered himself much less prepared in pediatric oral surgery and tumor management. The average resident believed oral surgery was well regarded and would again choose his own program for training."}
{"id": "PMID:277635", "title": "The surgical sequence of combined total maxillary and mandibular osteotomies.", "content": "In many instances, orthognathic surgical cases require multiple osteotomies in the maxilla and mandible to achieve the most desirable result. When the entire maxilla and mandible are freed from their relationship with the remaining craniofacial complex, accurate repositioning and adequate stabilization can present problems. These problems can be minimized by operating in the proper sequence or by staging the procedure. Staging should be considered for the more complicated cases; in any instance, the maxilla should be operated on first.", "contents": "The surgical sequence of combined total maxillary and mandibular osteotomies. In many instances, orthognathic surgical cases require multiple osteotomies in the maxilla and mandible to achieve the most desirable result. When the entire maxilla and mandible are freed from their relationship with the remaining craniofacial complex, accurate repositioning and adequate stabilization can present problems. These problems can be minimized by operating in the proper sequence or by staging the procedure. Staging should be considered for the more complicated cases; in any instance, the maxilla should be operated on first."}
{"id": "PMID:277636", "title": "Implant of articular eminence for recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint is often caused by trauma, by opening the mouth too wide, by having a mouth forced open during general anesthesia procedures, or by dental procedures. The capsule may be stretched to an extent that dislocation occurs more easily thereafter. An implant of Vitallium mesh attached to the zygoma to restrict anterior movement of the condyle is used to prevent recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.", "contents": "Implant of articular eminence for recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint. Hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint is often caused by trauma, by opening the mouth too wide, by having a mouth forced open during general anesthesia procedures, or by dental procedures. The capsule may be stretched to an extent that dislocation occurs more easily thereafter. An implant of Vitallium mesh attached to the zygoma to restrict anterior movement of the condyle is used to prevent recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint."}
{"id": "PMID:277637", "title": "Antibiotic suseptibility of bacteria isolated from oral infections.", "content": "Exudates from bacterial infections of oral soft tissues were cultured and tested for antiobiotic susceptibility. Of 74 specimens tested, 68 were cultivable on blood agar; 56 of the cultivable exudates were pure cultures and 12 were mixed cultures. Strepococci and staphylococci accounted for 57% and 34%, respectively, of the pure cultures. Anaerobic bacteria were found in nearly 15% of the pure culture exudates. Gramnegative organisms accounted for about 4% of the pure cultures. Virtually all of the pure and mixed streptococcal cultures were sensitive or moderately susceptible to ampicillin, cephalothin, and penicillin; however, approximately 50% of the streptococal and staphylocococcal isolates were resistant to demeclocycline hydrochloride and erythromycin.", "contents": "Antibiotic suseptibility of bacteria isolated from oral infections. Exudates from bacterial infections of oral soft tissues were cultured and tested for antiobiotic susceptibility. Of 74 specimens tested, 68 were cultivable on blood agar; 56 of the cultivable exudates were pure cultures and 12 were mixed cultures. Strepococci and staphylococci accounted for 57% and 34%, respectively, of the pure cultures. Anaerobic bacteria were found in nearly 15% of the pure culture exudates. Gramnegative organisms accounted for about 4% of the pure cultures. Virtually all of the pure and mixed streptococcal cultures were sensitive or moderately susceptible to ampicillin, cephalothin, and penicillin; however, approximately 50% of the streptococal and staphylocococcal isolates were resistant to demeclocycline hydrochloride and erythromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:277638", "title": "Microscarring in skeletal muscle after repeated exposures to lidocaine with epinephrine.", "content": "To assess the effect of repeated exposures to clinically used local anesthetic, rat thighs were given up to five supramuscular injections of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 1:50,000. Substantial damage to muscles followed by rapid regeneration occurred; however, in some areas evidence of retarded regeneration of muscles and microscarring was observed.", "contents": "Microscarring in skeletal muscle after repeated exposures to lidocaine with epinephrine. To assess the effect of repeated exposures to clinically used local anesthetic, rat thighs were given up to five supramuscular injections of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 1:50,000. Substantial damage to muscles followed by rapid regeneration occurred; however, in some areas evidence of retarded regeneration of muscles and microscarring was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:277640", "title": "Posttraumatic thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of posttraumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery are reported. Etiological theories are discussed and the relevance of the disorder in the assessment of facial injuries is emphasized.", "contents": "Posttraumatic thrombotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery: report of two cases. Two cases of posttraumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery are reported. Etiological theories are discussed and the relevance of the disorder in the assessment of facial injuries is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:277641", "title": "Internal carotid artery thrombosis associated with a fracture.", "content": "A case of occlusion of the internal carotid artery after craniocervical trauma with subsequent death of the patient is presented. The patient originally had a mandibular fracture; subsequently an altered sensorium and left-sided hemiparesis developed. The patient died. The typical \"lucid interval\" was noted. The changes in sensorium are similar to those associated with epidural and subdural hematomas.", "contents": "Internal carotid artery thrombosis associated with a fracture. A case of occlusion of the internal carotid artery after craniocervical trauma with subsequent death of the patient is presented. The patient originally had a mandibular fracture; subsequently an altered sensorium and left-sided hemiparesis developed. The patient died. The typical \"lucid interval\" was noted. The changes in sensorium are similar to those associated with epidural and subdural hematomas."}
{"id": "PMID:277646", "title": "Multiple myeloma involving the temporomandibular joint: report of case.", "content": "A case of multiple myeloma was reported in which the initial symptom was pain and dysfunction of the TMJ that resulted from pathological fracture of the mandibular condyle. An initial radiographic skeletal survey showed no evidence of further lesions, although hematological and biochemical tests indicated a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Treatment resulted in improvement of symptoms and of an evident regression of the lesion after 18 months. After a year, however, radiographs disclosed generalized skeletal involvement; deterioration of the general condition followed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma involving the temporomandibular joint: report of case. A case of multiple myeloma was reported in which the initial symptom was pain and dysfunction of the TMJ that resulted from pathological fracture of the mandibular condyle. An initial radiographic skeletal survey showed no evidence of further lesions, although hematological and biochemical tests indicated a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Treatment resulted in improvement of symptoms and of an evident regression of the lesion after 18 months. After a year, however, radiographs disclosed generalized skeletal involvement; deterioration of the general condition followed."}
{"id": "PMID:277651", "title": "Oral manifestations of acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A study was conducted of 16 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The most common oral manifestations were hemorrhagic diathesis and leukemic involvement. There was gingival bleeding, petechiae, and ecchymosis of the oral mucosa, massive infiltration-induced gingival swelling, ulcerative glossitis, swelling of the tonsils, and facial palsy. Inflammatory stomatitis also occurred. Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia had a higher incidence and severity of oral bleeding than those with other types of acute leukemia. However, the oral findings in our series were not necessarily specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia because the same oral symptoms occur in other forms of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of acute promyelocytic leukemia. A study was conducted of 16 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. The most common oral manifestations were hemorrhagic diathesis and leukemic involvement. There was gingival bleeding, petechiae, and ecchymosis of the oral mucosa, massive infiltration-induced gingival swelling, ulcerative glossitis, swelling of the tonsils, and facial palsy. Inflammatory stomatitis also occurred. Patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia had a higher incidence and severity of oral bleeding than those with other types of acute leukemia. However, the oral findings in our series were not necessarily specific for acute promyelocytic leukemia because the same oral symptoms occur in other forms of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:277652", "title": "Survey of experiences with the mandibular staple bone plate.", "content": "The mandibular staple bone plate has been used to reconstruct the atrophic or deformed mandible in more than 400 cases. A survey was undertaken to evaluate those cases; results indicate that 90% of patients have satisfactory function.", "contents": "Survey of experiences with the mandibular staple bone plate. The mandibular staple bone plate has been used to reconstruct the atrophic or deformed mandible in more than 400 cases. A survey was undertaken to evaluate those cases; results indicate that 90% of patients have satisfactory function."}
{"id": "PMID:277653", "title": "Follow-up study of palatal graft donor sites in 24 patients.", "content": "The palatal mucosal graft donor sites of 24 patients were examined several months after surgery. In all but two patients, the donor sites were asymptomatic.", "contents": "Follow-up study of palatal graft donor sites in 24 patients. The palatal mucosal graft donor sites of 24 patients were examined several months after surgery. In all but two patients, the donor sites were asymptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:277655", "title": "Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of malherbe).", "content": "A brief review of the literature of pilomatrixoma and report of a case that involved the oral cavity have been presented. Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign tumor found primarily in the region of the head and neck and is treated by excision.", "contents": "Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of malherbe). A brief review of the literature of pilomatrixoma and report of a case that involved the oral cavity have been presented. Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign tumor found primarily in the region of the head and neck and is treated by excision."}
{"id": "PMID:277656", "title": "Parotid fistula after the use of external pin fixation: report of case.", "content": "A case of parotid gland fistula after the use of external pin fixation has been described. Therapy for this condition has been discussed, with the suggestion of minimal treatment for this temporary condition.", "contents": "Parotid fistula after the use of external pin fixation: report of case. A case of parotid gland fistula after the use of external pin fixation has been described. Therapy for this condition has been discussed, with the suggestion of minimal treatment for this temporary condition."}
{"id": "PMID:277657", "title": "Prolonged unilateral dislocation of the mandible.", "content": "A 61-year-old white woman dislocated her left condyle. She did not seek care for almost three years. In such a long-standing unilateral dislocation, Gottlieb reported that such extreme adhesions and accumulation of connective tissue develops in the joint cavity that actual reduction is impossible and that violent manipulation may lead to ankylosis. Therefore, in such cases, surgery (condylectomy) is indicated. This was done in our case with good functional results.", "contents": "Prolonged unilateral dislocation of the mandible. A 61-year-old white woman dislocated her left condyle. She did not seek care for almost three years. In such a long-standing unilateral dislocation, Gottlieb reported that such extreme adhesions and accumulation of connective tissue develops in the joint cavity that actual reduction is impossible and that violent manipulation may lead to ankylosis. Therefore, in such cases, surgery (condylectomy) is indicated. This was done in our case with good functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:277658", "title": "Disseminated South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis): report of case.", "content": "The 11th case of South American blastomycosis occurring in the United States has been reported. Therapy with amphotericin B and sulfisoxazole has been discussed.", "contents": "Disseminated South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis): report of case. The 11th case of South American blastomycosis occurring in the United States has been reported. Therapy with amphotericin B and sulfisoxazole has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277659", "title": "Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome): report of two cases.", "content": "Our two patients with chondroectodermal dysplasia had most of the classic manifestations of the syndrome. The simultaneous occurrence of partial anodontia and embedded supernumerary and second premolars in the mandible in one patient was interesting. The inverted impaction of the left maxillary lateral incisor is also a unique finding. The median fissure on the tongue may be an associated developmental anomaly of the syndrome.", "contents": "Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome): report of two cases. Our two patients with chondroectodermal dysplasia had most of the classic manifestations of the syndrome. The simultaneous occurrence of partial anodontia and embedded supernumerary and second premolars in the mandible in one patient was interesting. The inverted impaction of the left maxillary lateral incisor is also a unique finding. The median fissure on the tongue may be an associated developmental anomaly of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:277660", "title": "Treatment of mandibular cherubism.", "content": "A case of cherubism of the mandible with an atypical history and with the onset of the facial deformity delayed until after puberty has been reported. The patient was treated during a relatively inactive stage, which followed a year of rather active growth. The distinct facial deformities were treated by a combination of curettage and recontouring, which resulted in an improved facial appearance and elimination of the fibro-osseous lesions of the mandible.", "contents": "Treatment of mandibular cherubism. A case of cherubism of the mandible with an atypical history and with the onset of the facial deformity delayed until after puberty has been reported. The patient was treated during a relatively inactive stage, which followed a year of rather active growth. The distinct facial deformities were treated by a combination of curettage and recontouring, which resulted in an improved facial appearance and elimination of the fibro-osseous lesions of the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:277666", "title": "Analysis of relapse after mandibular advancement surgery.", "content": "Seventeen cases of mandibular advancement surgery were evaluated for skeletal relapse; 12 included long-term evaluation. Inferior movement of the proximal segment with displacement of the condyle occurred at the time of surgery or in the immediate postoperative period. This movement was closely associated with subsequent skeletal relapse of the distal segment. This may represent a cause-and-effect relationship mediated through the soft tissue attachments of periosteum and muscle that are stretched at the time of surgery.", "contents": "Analysis of relapse after mandibular advancement surgery. Seventeen cases of mandibular advancement surgery were evaluated for skeletal relapse; 12 included long-term evaluation. Inferior movement of the proximal segment with displacement of the condyle occurred at the time of surgery or in the immediate postoperative period. This movement was closely associated with subsequent skeletal relapse of the distal segment. This may represent a cause-and-effect relationship mediated through the soft tissue attachments of periosteum and muscle that are stretched at the time of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:277667", "title": "Percutaneous total reduction genioplasty.", "content": "Macrogenia is a common cause of facial imbalance. Several procedures have been developed to deal with aspects of this problem. They have been associated with occasional failure to attain a reasonably satisfactory result. A unique approach to solve some of the problems of previously described procedures has been developed.", "contents": "Percutaneous total reduction genioplasty. Macrogenia is a common cause of facial imbalance. Several procedures have been developed to deal with aspects of this problem. They have been associated with occasional failure to attain a reasonably satisfactory result. A unique approach to solve some of the problems of previously described procedures has been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:277670", "title": "Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible caused by actinomyces infection is described. Gram stain and cultures of the discharge in fluid thioglycolate medium and blood agar, as well as an analysis of the biochemical properties of the causative organism with API system, indicated the infection was caused by A israelii. Lesions in both hard and soft tissues responded to chemotherapy with cephalexin, minocycline, and aminobenzylpenicillin and drainage of the pus from the cutaneous abscesses.", "contents": "Actinomycotic osteomyelitis of the mandible: report of case. A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible caused by actinomyces infection is described. Gram stain and cultures of the discharge in fluid thioglycolate medium and blood agar, as well as an analysis of the biochemical properties of the causative organism with API system, indicated the infection was caused by A israelii. Lesions in both hard and soft tissues responded to chemotherapy with cephalexin, minocycline, and aminobenzylpenicillin and drainage of the pus from the cutaneous abscesses."}
{"id": "PMID:277671", "title": "Repeated human tooth allograft after a previous rejection.", "content": "A case has been presented in which a humantooth allograft was performed. It failed in a reasonably expected manner. Another tooth allograft from the same donor to the same host was then performed. It is currently functioning two years postoperatively. This seems to defy the law of second-set reaction. Various explanations for the response to this repeated tooth allograft have been discussed. It is concluded that possibility of repeating tooth allografts, even after a first allograft has failed, should be considered.", "contents": "Repeated human tooth allograft after a previous rejection. A case has been presented in which a humantooth allograft was performed. It failed in a reasonably expected manner. Another tooth allograft from the same donor to the same host was then performed. It is currently functioning two years postoperatively. This seems to defy the law of second-set reaction. Various explanations for the response to this repeated tooth allograft have been discussed. It is concluded that possibility of repeating tooth allografts, even after a first allograft has failed, should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:277672", "title": "Acute frontal sinusitis as a late complication after midfacial trauma.", "content": "The anatomical relationships of the frontal and nasoethmoid region are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the nasofrontal drainage system. A case report is presented in which obstruction of the nasofrontal duct created a delayed frontal sinusitis in a patient with severe midfacial trauma. A brief review of the different conditions that can appear as periorbital inflammation in the posttraumatic period is given, followed by a brief discussion of the various therapeutic alternatives available to the surgeon when presented with this situation.", "contents": "Acute frontal sinusitis as a late complication after midfacial trauma. The anatomical relationships of the frontal and nasoethmoid region are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the nasofrontal drainage system. A case report is presented in which obstruction of the nasofrontal duct created a delayed frontal sinusitis in a patient with severe midfacial trauma. A brief review of the different conditions that can appear as periorbital inflammation in the posttraumatic period is given, followed by a brief discussion of the various therapeutic alternatives available to the surgeon when presented with this situation."}
{"id": "PMID:277674", "title": "A long-term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients.", "content": "1. Six hundred patients in a private periodontal practice were reexamined an average of 22 years after their active treatment and the patterns of tooth loss were observed. 2. During the post-treatment period, 300 patients had lost no teeth from periodontal disease, 199 had lost one to three teeth, 76 had lost 4 to 9 teeth and 25 had lost 10 to 23 teeth. 3. Of 2,139 teeth that originally had been considered of questionable prognosis, 666 were lost. Of these, 394 were lost by one sixth of the patients and only 272 by the other five-sixths. 4. Of 1,464 teeth which originally had furcation involvements, 460 were lost, 240 of them by one-sixth of the patients who deteriorated most. 5. The mortality of teeth which were treated with periodontal surgery was compared with that of teeth which did not have surgery. Tooth retention seemed more closely related to the case type than the surgery performed. 6. In general, periodontal disease is bilaterally symmetrical and there is a predictable order of likelihood of tooth loss according to position in the arch.", "contents": "A long-term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients. 1. Six hundred patients in a private periodontal practice were reexamined an average of 22 years after their active treatment and the patterns of tooth loss were observed. 2. During the post-treatment period, 300 patients had lost no teeth from periodontal disease, 199 had lost one to three teeth, 76 had lost 4 to 9 teeth and 25 had lost 10 to 23 teeth. 3. Of 2,139 teeth that originally had been considered of questionable prognosis, 666 were lost. Of these, 394 were lost by one sixth of the patients and only 272 by the other five-sixths. 4. Of 1,464 teeth which originally had furcation involvements, 460 were lost, 240 of them by one-sixth of the patients who deteriorated most. 5. The mortality of teeth which were treated with periodontal surgery was compared with that of teeth which did not have surgery. Tooth retention seemed more closely related to the case type than the surgery performed. 6. In general, periodontal disease is bilaterally symmetrical and there is a predictable order of likelihood of tooth loss according to position in the arch."}
{"id": "PMID:277675", "title": "A long term study of root retention in the treatment of maxillary molars with furcation involvement.", "content": "A study was done to evaluate long-term results of treating 387 maxillary molars with furcation involvement in 100 patients with chronic destructive periodontal disease. Results showed a favorable long term functional survival rate of 341 teeth (88%) 5 to 24 years after treatment, despite the fact that many teeth had at least one root with 50% or less of bone support before treatment. Of the 46 teeth (12%) that were ultimately extracted, 25 were present for a significant length of time (6 to 18 years) before extraction. The radiographs of 292 teeth (75%) showed no significant change in bone support 5 to 24 years after treatement, while those of 8 teeth (2%) suggested improvement. There was perceptible increase in bone loss in 41 teeth (11%). Forty-six (12 %) were extracted. All periodontally involved teeth in each patient of the study were treated. Specific treatment for maxillary molars with furaction involvement included soft tissue therapy; coronal reshaping, if indicated; and instruction in home care. Considerable emphasis was placed on improving occlusal function. In no case was root amputation, hemisection, osseous surgery, or reshaping of the cervical area of the tooth done. A total of 366 (94%) of the teeth did not have endodontic therapy before, during, or after the study. Therefore endodontic therapy was not a significant factor in retention of the 341 teeth.", "contents": "A long term study of root retention in the treatment of maxillary molars with furcation involvement. A study was done to evaluate long-term results of treating 387 maxillary molars with furcation involvement in 100 patients with chronic destructive periodontal disease. Results showed a favorable long term functional survival rate of 341 teeth (88%) 5 to 24 years after treatment, despite the fact that many teeth had at least one root with 50% or less of bone support before treatment. Of the 46 teeth (12%) that were ultimately extracted, 25 were present for a significant length of time (6 to 18 years) before extraction. The radiographs of 292 teeth (75%) showed no significant change in bone support 5 to 24 years after treatement, while those of 8 teeth (2%) suggested improvement. There was perceptible increase in bone loss in 41 teeth (11%). Forty-six (12 %) were extracted. All periodontally involved teeth in each patient of the study were treated. Specific treatment for maxillary molars with furaction involvement included soft tissue therapy; coronal reshaping, if indicated; and instruction in home care. Considerable emphasis was placed on improving occlusal function. In no case was root amputation, hemisection, osseous surgery, or reshaping of the cervical area of the tooth done. A total of 366 (94%) of the teeth did not have endodontic therapy before, during, or after the study. Therefore endodontic therapy was not a significant factor in retention of the 341 teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:277676", "title": "The free connective tissue autograft: a clinical and histologic wound healing study in humans.", "content": "In this report a new method for the management of the soft tissue autograft, based on the concept that some form of control lies in the connective tissue of the periodontium which determines the type and character of the overlying epithelial tissues is presented, along with an insight into the wound healing process.", "contents": "The free connective tissue autograft: a clinical and histologic wound healing study in humans. In this report a new method for the management of the soft tissue autograft, based on the concept that some form of control lies in the connective tissue of the periodontium which determines the type and character of the overlying epithelial tissues is presented, along with an insight into the wound healing process."}
{"id": "PMID:277677", "title": "Effect of an antiseptic mouthwash on plaque accumulation.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine the effect of sodium peroxyborate monohydrate bitartarate on plaque accumulation in comparison with \"no oral hygiene\" and \"brushing once before breakfast.\" Fifteen male resident students between the ages of 18 to 22 years volunteered for the study. 1. In all three stages of the study regeneration of plaque were observed in all individuals within 24 hours after thorough prophylaxis. 2. The tendency to plaque accumulation varied from person to person, from tooth to tooth in the same individual, and even on different surfaces of the same tooth. 3. The plaque scores and the range of plaque scores were lower on the first 2 days with the use of mouthwash when compared with tooth brushing on the corresponding days. 4. A reduction of 30.62% was observed with the use of mouthwash when it was compared with \"no oral hygiene.\" 5. Plaque accumulation was 17.7% more with mouthwash than with use of the toothbrush. 6. A negligible reduction in efficacy (0.38%) was observed with this mouthwash in comparison with 1% H2O2, used under pressure.", "contents": "Effect of an antiseptic mouthwash on plaque accumulation. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of sodium peroxyborate monohydrate bitartarate on plaque accumulation in comparison with \"no oral hygiene\" and \"brushing once before breakfast.\" Fifteen male resident students between the ages of 18 to 22 years volunteered for the study. 1. In all three stages of the study regeneration of plaque were observed in all individuals within 24 hours after thorough prophylaxis. 2. The tendency to plaque accumulation varied from person to person, from tooth to tooth in the same individual, and even on different surfaces of the same tooth. 3. The plaque scores and the range of plaque scores were lower on the first 2 days with the use of mouthwash when compared with tooth brushing on the corresponding days. 4. A reduction of 30.62% was observed with the use of mouthwash when it was compared with \"no oral hygiene.\" 5. Plaque accumulation was 17.7% more with mouthwash than with use of the toothbrush. 6. A negligible reduction in efficacy (0.38%) was observed with this mouthwash in comparison with 1% H2O2, used under pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:277678", "title": "The effect of fluoride and strontium application on dentin: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "The effectiveness of topical 2% sodium fluoride applied with and without 10% strontium chloride pretreatment was compared in patients complaining of tooth hypersensitivity. In addition the radiopacity of 2% sodium fluoride and 25% strontium chloride treated dentin was studied in vitro. Reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli was evaluated during a period of 3 months by pain scoring in the exposed cervical dentin of homologous teeth on the two sides of the jaws. There was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the exposed cervical dentin after treatment with sodium fluoride solution with or without pretreatment with strontium chloride solution. At the end of the experimental period the combined strontium and fluoride treatment was found to be more effective than that of fluoride alone in reducing sensitivity to cold. The increase in radiodensity of dentin samples immersed in strontium chloride was statistically significant, while there was no significant increase in density for the samples immersed in sodium fluoride solutions. A mineralization process is possibly the effective means by which fluoride or strontium diminishes sensitivity of dentin.", "contents": "The effect of fluoride and strontium application on dentin: in vivo and in vitro studies. The effectiveness of topical 2% sodium fluoride applied with and without 10% strontium chloride pretreatment was compared in patients complaining of tooth hypersensitivity. In addition the radiopacity of 2% sodium fluoride and 25% strontium chloride treated dentin was studied in vitro. Reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli was evaluated during a period of 3 months by pain scoring in the exposed cervical dentin of homologous teeth on the two sides of the jaws. There was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the exposed cervical dentin after treatment with sodium fluoride solution with or without pretreatment with strontium chloride solution. At the end of the experimental period the combined strontium and fluoride treatment was found to be more effective than that of fluoride alone in reducing sensitivity to cold. The increase in radiodensity of dentin samples immersed in strontium chloride was statistically significant, while there was no significant increase in density for the samples immersed in sodium fluoride solutions. A mineralization process is possibly the effective means by which fluoride or strontium diminishes sensitivity of dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:277680", "title": "Photoelastic comparison of posterior denture occlusions.", "content": "The development of stress patterns was observed within a photoelastic model under complete mandidular dentures. Characteristic stress patterns were related to type of tooth material. Plastic teeth transmitted less force than porcelain teeth. Cusp teeth induced concentrated regions of force within the model that contrasted with the uniform distribution of force observed with flat teeth. The dentist should be aware of the biomechanical problems associated with any posterior denture occlusion in relation to the residual alveolar ridge.", "contents": "Photoelastic comparison of posterior denture occlusions. The development of stress patterns was observed within a photoelastic model under complete mandidular dentures. Characteristic stress patterns were related to type of tooth material. Plastic teeth transmitted less force than porcelain teeth. Cusp teeth induced concentrated regions of force within the model that contrasted with the uniform distribution of force observed with flat teeth. The dentist should be aware of the biomechanical problems associated with any posterior denture occlusion in relation to the residual alveolar ridge."}
{"id": "PMID:277681", "title": "Vital root retention in humans: a preliminary report.", "content": "With increasing experience in the technique, it has become apparent that more generous contouring of the retained root after amputation is desirable. The effect is to produce a more rounded ridge instead of the \"boxy\" one that would result from mere horizontal sectioning of the crown structure. The surgical sectioning of vital teeth, followed by anequate mucoperiosteal eversion suturing, has proved to be successful. Periodontal evaluation of each tooth seems to be paramount to success or failure. Accurate impression-making and postsurgical treatment including soft acrylic resin relines and removal of pressure spots appear to be next in importance. Age of the patient, condition of the clinical crowns, and length of surgical procedures did not seem to affect normal healing in the patients involved in the project.", "contents": "Vital root retention in humans: a preliminary report. With increasing experience in the technique, it has become apparent that more generous contouring of the retained root after amputation is desirable. The effect is to produce a more rounded ridge instead of the \"boxy\" one that would result from mere horizontal sectioning of the crown structure. The surgical sectioning of vital teeth, followed by anequate mucoperiosteal eversion suturing, has proved to be successful. Periodontal evaluation of each tooth seems to be paramount to success or failure. Accurate impression-making and postsurgical treatment including soft acrylic resin relines and removal of pressure spots appear to be next in importance. Age of the patient, condition of the clinical crowns, and length of surgical procedures did not seem to affect normal healing in the patients involved in the project."}
{"id": "PMID:277682", "title": "Clinical importance of voluntary and induced Bennett movement.", "content": "A total of 136 dentulous patients were divided into three groups for purposes of quantitative pantographic comparison of voluntary and induced Bennett movement. The effects of patient age and operator experience on recording the Bennett movement were also studied. The results indicates that for patients studied with Bennett movement iduced in the manner described: 1. Experienced operators can obtain more induced Bennett movement that inexperienced operators. 2. Inducing Bennett movement has a greater effect on the immediate side shift component than it has on the progressive side shift component. 3. For older individuals the amount and direction of induced immediate side shift is greater than for younger patients, statistically highly significant, and therefore clinically important. In conclusion, if the objective of a pantographic survey is to record the complete capacity of the joint to move, *lateral jaw movements must be induced.", "contents": "Clinical importance of voluntary and induced Bennett movement. A total of 136 dentulous patients were divided into three groups for purposes of quantitative pantographic comparison of voluntary and induced Bennett movement. The effects of patient age and operator experience on recording the Bennett movement were also studied. The results indicates that for patients studied with Bennett movement iduced in the manner described: 1. Experienced operators can obtain more induced Bennett movement that inexperienced operators. 2. Inducing Bennett movement has a greater effect on the immediate side shift component than it has on the progressive side shift component. 3. For older individuals the amount and direction of induced immediate side shift is greater than for younger patients, statistically highly significant, and therefore clinically important. In conclusion, if the objective of a pantographic survey is to record the complete capacity of the joint to move, *lateral jaw movements must be induced."}
{"id": "PMID:277685", "title": "Universal simplified mold technique for construction of facial prostheses.", "content": "This article presents a simple procedure for the construction of facial prosthesis. The use of a split mold lined by silicone 382 is recommended. Pertinent information concerning impression making, sculpturing, coloring, and processing to insure esthetically and functionally accepted prostheses is presented.", "contents": "Universal simplified mold technique for construction of facial prostheses. This article presents a simple procedure for the construction of facial prosthesis. The use of a split mold lined by silicone 382 is recommended. Pertinent information concerning impression making, sculpturing, coloring, and processing to insure esthetically and functionally accepted prostheses is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:277686", "title": "Conditioning prostheses viewed from the standpoint of speech adaptation.", "content": "Subjects who had adapted to experimental alveolar-palatal prostheses for 2 weeks were able to speak naturally with them after a lapse of a month. Physiologic data on jaw motions and tongue-palate contacts during speech showed a rapid return to compensatory articulatory patterns. A single subject who had previously adapted to an experimental prosthesis over a period of a week made the same type of compensatory jaw adjustments when speaking with the prosthesis again 1 year later.", "contents": "Conditioning prostheses viewed from the standpoint of speech adaptation. Subjects who had adapted to experimental alveolar-palatal prostheses for 2 weeks were able to speak naturally with them after a lapse of a month. Physiologic data on jaw motions and tongue-palate contacts during speech showed a rapid return to compensatory articulatory patterns. A single subject who had previously adapted to an experimental prosthesis over a period of a week made the same type of compensatory jaw adjustments when speaking with the prosthesis again 1 year later."}
{"id": "PMID:277687", "title": "Selective tomography of the TMJ and the myofacial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Tomography is the only technique that gives a precise representation of the temporomandibular articulation. To delineate a discrete impingement upon the articular space and compare before-and-after treatment modalities it is essential to strictly respect the angular criteria. Selective tomography can be accomplished only if three criteria are met: 1. To make an axial cephalogram perpendicular to the submental-vertical film and to measure the angle of the grand axis of each condyle with the median sagittal plane; 2. To orient the incident ray perpendicular to this axis for the sagittal sections and parallel for the frontal sections; 3. To be sure of the exact position of the head on the tomograph. The teeth also must be placed in maximum occlusal contact.", "contents": "Selective tomography of the TMJ and the myofacial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Tomography is the only technique that gives a precise representation of the temporomandibular articulation. To delineate a discrete impingement upon the articular space and compare before-and-after treatment modalities it is essential to strictly respect the angular criteria. Selective tomography can be accomplished only if three criteria are met: 1. To make an axial cephalogram perpendicular to the submental-vertical film and to measure the angle of the grand axis of each condyle with the median sagittal plane; 2. To orient the incident ray perpendicular to this axis for the sagittal sections and parallel for the frontal sections; 3. To be sure of the exact position of the head on the tomograph. The teeth also must be placed in maximum occlusal contact."}
{"id": "PMID:277688", "title": "The frequency of parafunctional occlusal habits compared with the incidence of mandibular displacement.", "content": "Acomparison was made in this study of the prevalence of mandibular displacement in varying degrees of complexity with the incidence of parafunctional occlusal habits and some sequelae. The prevalence of occlusal habits in all patients was high but became greater with the increased complexity of the mandibular displacement, especially an asymmetrical slide from RCP to IP. The mulifactorial etiology of parafunctional occlusal habits and their sequelae tends to make the relationships more complex than a simple \"cause and effect\" and therefore must be considered.", "contents": "The frequency of parafunctional occlusal habits compared with the incidence of mandibular displacement. Acomparison was made in this study of the prevalence of mandibular displacement in varying degrees of complexity with the incidence of parafunctional occlusal habits and some sequelae. The prevalence of occlusal habits in all patients was high but became greater with the increased complexity of the mandibular displacement, especially an asymmetrical slide from RCP to IP. The mulifactorial etiology of parafunctional occlusal habits and their sequelae tends to make the relationships more complex than a simple \"cause and effect\" and therefore must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:277717", "title": "A case-control study of Hodgkin's disease in Israel.", "content": "Jewish residents of Israel in 1960-72 with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were compared with controls drawn from the general population. The controls were individually matched by sex, age, origin, and date of immigration. The comparison showed a significant association between HD and parental consanguinity and pointed to the possible etiologic role of recessive inheritance. Females with HD tended to have a lower parity than did their controls. Associations between HD and a high educational level and the presence of a flush toilet in the childhood home were significant and gave limited support to the hypothesis that a high standard of living in childhood increases the risk of subsequent HD. Tonsillectomy and a history of work with wood or trees were significantly associated with mixed cellularity but not with other histologic subtypes. Differences between patients with HD and controls with respect to cigarette smoking, exposure to animals, marital status, previous blood transfusions or jaundice, contact with asbestos, residual or occupational mobility, or other characteristics were not significant.", "contents": "A case-control study of Hodgkin's disease in Israel. Jewish residents of Israel in 1960-72 with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were compared with controls drawn from the general population. The controls were individually matched by sex, age, origin, and date of immigration. The comparison showed a significant association between HD and parental consanguinity and pointed to the possible etiologic role of recessive inheritance. Females with HD tended to have a lower parity than did their controls. Associations between HD and a high educational level and the presence of a flush toilet in the childhood home were significant and gave limited support to the hypothesis that a high standard of living in childhood increases the risk of subsequent HD. Tonsillectomy and a history of work with wood or trees were significantly associated with mixed cellularity but not with other histologic subtypes. Differences between patients with HD and controls with respect to cigarette smoking, exposure to animals, marital status, previous blood transfusions or jaundice, contact with asbestos, residual or occupational mobility, or other characteristics were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:277718", "title": "Transient carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) elevations following resection of colorectal cancer: a limitation in the use of serial CEA levels as an indicator for second-look surgery.", "content": "In a previous study, other investigators recommended second-look surgery for colorectal cancer primarily on the basis of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) rises and prepared a nomogram for ready recognition of these \"significant\" increases. We found 25 patients whose CEA levels met the recommended criteria for significance; however, in 9 of these patients the rises were transient. Eight had no clinical evidence of recurrent cancer and they might have had negative second-look surgery had this been done because of CEA rises alone. The use of the CEA nomogram merely eliminated laboratory variation as a cause of the CEA rise. It did not, however, rule out biologic causes of CEA rises, other than that of cancer, especially benign liver disease. We were unable to differentiate benign from malignant rises on the basis of CEA changes alone. Preoperative CEA values helped to separate the two rises. Transient rises usually began earlier. Malignant CEA rises were more likely to be exponential. The rate of rise alone did not discriminate between the two rises. Thus, although serial CEA levels were helpful in making the decision for reexploration, they did not substitute for complete clinical assessment.", "contents": "Transient carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) elevations following resection of colorectal cancer: a limitation in the use of serial CEA levels as an indicator for second-look surgery. In a previous study, other investigators recommended second-look surgery for colorectal cancer primarily on the basis of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) rises and prepared a nomogram for ready recognition of these \"significant\" increases. We found 25 patients whose CEA levels met the recommended criteria for significance; however, in 9 of these patients the rises were transient. Eight had no clinical evidence of recurrent cancer and they might have had negative second-look surgery had this been done because of CEA rises alone. The use of the CEA nomogram merely eliminated laboratory variation as a cause of the CEA rise. It did not, however, rule out biologic causes of CEA rises, other than that of cancer, especially benign liver disease. We were unable to differentiate benign from malignant rises on the basis of CEA changes alone. Preoperative CEA values helped to separate the two rises. Transient rises usually began earlier. Malignant CEA rises were more likely to be exponential. The rate of rise alone did not discriminate between the two rises. Thus, although serial CEA levels were helpful in making the decision for reexploration, they did not substitute for complete clinical assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:277719", "title": "Case-control study of antihypertensive and diuretic use by women with malignant and benign breast lesions detected in a mammography screening program.", "content": "A significant but low-level association (relative odds, 2.0; P less than 0.05) was observed between the occurrence of breast cancer and the use of rauwolfia derivatives for 5 or more years in the study of 481 breast cancer cases and 1,268 controls from a joint national mammography screening project of the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society. This association was confined to women over age 50 years who were also heavier than average. No confounding effects could be held responsible for this association after adjustment was made for variables such as presence of hypertension, weight, age at first pregnancy, and other breast cancer risk factors. Other antihypertensive and diuretic drugs as well as multiple drug use also exhibited some suggestive associations with breast cancer. Another group of 421 women with benign lesions at breast biopsy were also compared to the 1,268 controls. They showed a significant association between benign lesions and use of thiazides for 5 or more years (relative odds, 2.4; P less than 0.001) whether employed to treat edema or hypertension. Other antihypertensive and diuretic agents also seemed to show this association, but most of them were being used together with thiazides.", "contents": "Case-control study of antihypertensive and diuretic use by women with malignant and benign breast lesions detected in a mammography screening program. A significant but low-level association (relative odds, 2.0; P less than 0.05) was observed between the occurrence of breast cancer and the use of rauwolfia derivatives for 5 or more years in the study of 481 breast cancer cases and 1,268 controls from a joint national mammography screening project of the National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society. This association was confined to women over age 50 years who were also heavier than average. No confounding effects could be held responsible for this association after adjustment was made for variables such as presence of hypertension, weight, age at first pregnancy, and other breast cancer risk factors. Other antihypertensive and diuretic drugs as well as multiple drug use also exhibited some suggestive associations with breast cancer. Another group of 421 women with benign lesions at breast biopsy were also compared to the 1,268 controls. They showed a significant association between benign lesions and use of thiazides for 5 or more years (relative odds, 2.4; P less than 0.001) whether employed to treat edema or hypertension. Other antihypertensive and diuretic agents also seemed to show this association, but most of them were being used together with thiazides."}
{"id": "PMID:277720", "title": "Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia--a possible immunologic mechanism.", "content": "Among 4,869 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the series of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, second primary cancers developed in 234 patients, compared to 204.9 expected. The risk was significantly elevated for malignant melanoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, and lung cancer. The frequency of rectal cancer was also elevated, but not significantly. The excess risk for these specific sites persisted throughout the period of follow-up, suggesting a susceptibility state that complicated the leukemic process rather than suggesting methodologic, diagnostic, or therapeutic effects. Immunologic defects to CLL may be involved in the etiology of excess risk for these sites, because a similar array of nonlymphoid tumors was seen following therapeutic immunosuppression among renal transplant recipients.", "contents": "Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia--a possible immunologic mechanism. Among 4,869 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from the series of the End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, second primary cancers developed in 234 patients, compared to 204.9 expected. The risk was significantly elevated for malignant melanoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, and lung cancer. The frequency of rectal cancer was also elevated, but not significantly. The excess risk for these specific sites persisted throughout the period of follow-up, suggesting a susceptibility state that complicated the leukemic process rather than suggesting methodologic, diagnostic, or therapeutic effects. Immunologic defects to CLL may be involved in the etiology of excess risk for these sites, because a similar array of nonlymphoid tumors was seen following therapeutic immunosuppression among renal transplant recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:277721", "title": "Unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum in cells of acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of leukemia cells from 8 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia revealed several features that have not previously been emphasized: prominent dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and two unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The two membrane structures, multilaminar ER and complex stellate arrangements of ER, appeared to be morphogenetically related. The multilaminar ER was observed in every mitotic cell and less frequently in interphase cells. The stellate ER complex was observed only in interphase cells. Ultrastructural evidence is presented to support the possible evolution of the stellate ER complex from the multilaminar ER.", "contents": "Unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum in cells of acute promyelocytic leukemia. An ultrastructural study of leukemia cells from 8 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia revealed several features that have not previously been emphasized: prominent dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and two unusual configurations of endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The two membrane structures, multilaminar ER and complex stellate arrangements of ER, appeared to be morphogenetically related. The multilaminar ER was observed in every mitotic cell and less frequently in interphase cells. The stellate ER complex was observed only in interphase cells. Ultrastructural evidence is presented to support the possible evolution of the stellate ER complex from the multilaminar ER."}
{"id": "PMID:277722", "title": "Influence of chemotherapeutic agents on chorionic gonadotropin-alpha subunit secretion in a human lung cancer cell line (ChaGo): discordance of cytotoxic and secretory effects.", "content": "Cells from cultures of ChaGo, a cell line of a human lung cancer that ectopically produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) were exposed to five different cancer chemotherapeutic agents in vitro in separate experiments (one drug/expt). The control doubling time averaged 4 days, with molar biphasic secretory rates of hCG-alpha ranging from a high of 58.1 to a low of 10.5 pmoles/10(6) cells/24 hours. Drug concentrations were chosen to induce a 30-60% inhibition of cell replication over a period of 8-10 days. Neither methotrexate nor vincristine demonstrated major effects on extracellular hCG-alpha production, but each agent moderately depressed cell number and each produced major inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis. Procarbazine inhibited marker production only in slight excess of inhibition of cell growth and cell protein. Actinomycin D and mechlorethamine, however, had profound effects on inhibition of hCG-alpha production in excess of cell growth. Our results indicated that cancer chemotherapeutic agents have specific and differing effects on cell growth and cell protein on the one hand and marker production on the other. These data suggested a mechanism for certain cases of discordance between hormone production and clinical status.", "contents": "Influence of chemotherapeutic agents on chorionic gonadotropin-alpha subunit secretion in a human lung cancer cell line (ChaGo): discordance of cytotoxic and secretory effects. Cells from cultures of ChaGo, a cell line of a human lung cancer that ectopically produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) were exposed to five different cancer chemotherapeutic agents in vitro in separate experiments (one drug/expt). The control doubling time averaged 4 days, with molar biphasic secretory rates of hCG-alpha ranging from a high of 58.1 to a low of 10.5 pmoles/10(6) cells/24 hours. Drug concentrations were chosen to induce a 30-60% inhibition of cell replication over a period of 8-10 days. Neither methotrexate nor vincristine demonstrated major effects on extracellular hCG-alpha production, but each agent moderately depressed cell number and each produced major inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis. Procarbazine inhibited marker production only in slight excess of inhibition of cell growth and cell protein. Actinomycin D and mechlorethamine, however, had profound effects on inhibition of hCG-alpha production in excess of cell growth. Our results indicated that cancer chemotherapeutic agents have specific and differing effects on cell growth and cell protein on the one hand and marker production on the other. These data suggested a mechanism for certain cases of discordance between hormone production and clinical status."}
{"id": "PMID:277723", "title": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis in mice: DNA synthesis in surface-attached cells during preneoplasia.", "content": "(CBA/H X CBA/H-T6)F1 mice were given sc implants of unplasticized vinyl chloride acetate 15 X 22-mm copolymer films. The animals were pulsed with [3H]thymidine at various times during the 15 months following implantation. DNA synthesis occurred in the film-attached cell population, predominantly macrophages, throughout the preneoplastic phase in both females and males. Giant cells with fewer than 10 nuclei were labeled synchronously and asynchronously. No DNA synthesis was detected in giant cells with more than 10 nuclei. Previous studies have shown that phagocytic inactivity and ultrastructural signs of functional dormancy are characteristic for the foreign-body-reactive macrophage. However, this investigation demonstrated that the macrophage was not dormant with respect to DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Foreign-body tumorigenesis in mice: DNA synthesis in surface-attached cells during preneoplasia. (CBA/H X CBA/H-T6)F1 mice were given sc implants of unplasticized vinyl chloride acetate 15 X 22-mm copolymer films. The animals were pulsed with [3H]thymidine at various times during the 15 months following implantation. DNA synthesis occurred in the film-attached cell population, predominantly macrophages, throughout the preneoplastic phase in both females and males. Giant cells with fewer than 10 nuclei were labeled synchronously and asynchronously. No DNA synthesis was detected in giant cells with more than 10 nuclei. Previous studies have shown that phagocytic inactivity and ultrastructural signs of functional dormancy are characteristic for the foreign-body-reactive macrophage. However, this investigation demonstrated that the macrophage was not dormant with respect to DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:277727", "title": "Growth and rejection of leukemia cells in individual mice after combined treatment with amphotericin B and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "We assayed the femoral marrows of individual AKR mice for leukemia colony-units (LCFU) after treatment with amphotericin B (AmB) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or with BCNU alone. No differences between the groups were noted in the first 7 days after treatment. All the mice treated with BCNU alone were dead by day 8, and all the survivors among the animals receiving AmB and BCNU retained high levels of LCFU for 2 more days; these LCFU were subsequently rejected by the host. By day 12, LCFU were undetectable. Histologic examination of organs from the same mice on day 5 showed fewer leukemia cells in the mice treated with the combination of agents. In all treatment groups, mice dying of leukemia early (by day 9) had systemic leukemia and most had central nervous system (CNS) involvement. All animals dying between days 10 and 14 had CNS leukemia, but few had systemic leukemia; at later times, though few animals died, they invariably had CNS leukemia without systemic involvement.", "contents": "Growth and rejection of leukemia cells in individual mice after combined treatment with amphotericin B and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. We assayed the femoral marrows of individual AKR mice for leukemia colony-units (LCFU) after treatment with amphotericin B (AmB) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or with BCNU alone. No differences between the groups were noted in the first 7 days after treatment. All the mice treated with BCNU alone were dead by day 8, and all the survivors among the animals receiving AmB and BCNU retained high levels of LCFU for 2 more days; these LCFU were subsequently rejected by the host. By day 12, LCFU were undetectable. Histologic examination of organs from the same mice on day 5 showed fewer leukemia cells in the mice treated with the combination of agents. In all treatment groups, mice dying of leukemia early (by day 9) had systemic leukemia and most had central nervous system (CNS) involvement. All animals dying between days 10 and 14 had CNS leukemia, but few had systemic leukemia; at later times, though few animals died, they invariably had CNS leukemia without systemic involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:277728", "title": "Regression of established tumors in rats by injection of diethylaminoethyl-dextran and Friend murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Subcutaneously established tumors in WKA rats were treated with polycation DEAE-dextran (DEAE-D) and Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV). This idea was based on \"xenogenization of tumors,\" which is defined as the immunologic regression of transplanted tumors in syngeneic rats after artificial infection of tumors with murine leukemia viruses. Regressions of subcutaneously established tumors were induced in 13 of 40 (33%) rats by injection of DEAE-D and F-MuLV. Intratumor injections of DEAE-D and F-MuLV increased the regression of tumors in 7 of 12 (58%) rats as compared to that of tumors in 6 of 28 (21%) rats treated with DEAE-D and F-MuLV by other injection routes. Electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence examinations revealed that tumor cells were infected with F-MuLV and acquired F-MuLV-related surface antigen on the cell surfaces. Therefore, the regression in rats of subcutaneously established tumors by the injection of DEAE-D and F-MuLV may have been due to an immunologic mechanism that may have been the same as the xenogenization of transplanted tumors previously infected with murine leukemia viruses.", "contents": "Regression of established tumors in rats by injection of diethylaminoethyl-dextran and Friend murine leukemia virus. Subcutaneously established tumors in WKA rats were treated with polycation DEAE-dextran (DEAE-D) and Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV). This idea was based on \"xenogenization of tumors,\" which is defined as the immunologic regression of transplanted tumors in syngeneic rats after artificial infection of tumors with murine leukemia viruses. Regressions of subcutaneously established tumors were induced in 13 of 40 (33%) rats by injection of DEAE-D and F-MuLV. Intratumor injections of DEAE-D and F-MuLV increased the regression of tumors in 7 of 12 (58%) rats as compared to that of tumors in 6 of 28 (21%) rats treated with DEAE-D and F-MuLV by other injection routes. Electron-microscopic and immunofluorescence examinations revealed that tumor cells were infected with F-MuLV and acquired F-MuLV-related surface antigen on the cell surfaces. Therefore, the regression in rats of subcutaneously established tumors by the injection of DEAE-D and F-MuLV may have been due to an immunologic mechanism that may have been the same as the xenogenization of transplanted tumors previously infected with murine leukemia viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:277729", "title": "Effects of levamisole on normal and malignant murine lymphocytes.", "content": "Levamisole enhanced transformation of murine lymphocytes stimulated either by mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. In a similar dose-dependent pattern it stimulated in vitro growth of L1210, P1798, and 6C3HED but not YAC lymphoma cells. Stimulation of growth of lymphoma cells was greater by peritoneal cells harvested from normal mice 4 days after levamisole injection than by peritoneal cells from untreated mice. This effect correlated with the shortened survival time of BALB/c mice treated with levamisole prior to P1798 implantation compared to that of a control group not pretreated. Administration of levamisole with iodoacetamide-modified tumor cells in immunoprophylaxis studies had no effect on the rejection of a tumor implant or on development of tumor-specific antibody. Levamisole was added to regimens involving asparaginase therapy of 6C3HED-bearing C3H mice and chemoimmunotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing P1798 with methotrexate and iodoacetamide-modified P1798 cells. In neither case were there increased numbers of survivors, and mean survival time was generally decreased for the levamisole-treated groups. The stimulated tumor growth may have been mediated by a direct effect of levamisole on the lymphoma cells, through an effect on other cell types, or by both effects; these effects apparently outweighed potentially beneficial effects of levamisole on the immune system.", "contents": "Effects of levamisole on normal and malignant murine lymphocytes. Levamisole enhanced transformation of murine lymphocytes stimulated either by mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. In a similar dose-dependent pattern it stimulated in vitro growth of L1210, P1798, and 6C3HED but not YAC lymphoma cells. Stimulation of growth of lymphoma cells was greater by peritoneal cells harvested from normal mice 4 days after levamisole injection than by peritoneal cells from untreated mice. This effect correlated with the shortened survival time of BALB/c mice treated with levamisole prior to P1798 implantation compared to that of a control group not pretreated. Administration of levamisole with iodoacetamide-modified tumor cells in immunoprophylaxis studies had no effect on the rejection of a tumor implant or on development of tumor-specific antibody. Levamisole was added to regimens involving asparaginase therapy of 6C3HED-bearing C3H mice and chemoimmunotherapy of BALB/c mice bearing P1798 with methotrexate and iodoacetamide-modified P1798 cells. In neither case were there increased numbers of survivors, and mean survival time was generally decreased for the levamisole-treated groups. The stimulated tumor growth may have been mediated by a direct effect of levamisole on the lymphoma cells, through an effect on other cell types, or by both effects; these effects apparently outweighed potentially beneficial effects of levamisole on the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:277730", "title": "Lack of involvement of 6-hydroxymethylation in benzo[a]pyrene skin tumor initiation in mice.", "content": "The skin tumor-initiating activities of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (6-OH-CH2-BP), and 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (6-CH3-BP), as well as the effects of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF), quercetin, and 1-benzylimidazole on their activity, were determined in outbred female CD-1 mice by use of a two stage system of tumorigenesis. The skin tumor-initiating activity of 6-OH-CH2-BP and 6-CH3-BP was 12.5 and 20%, respectively, of the activity of BP, 7,8-BF had little effect on the skin tumor-initiating activity of 6-OH-CH2-BP and 6-CH3-BP. However, a dose-dependent inhibition of BP tumorigenesis by 7,8-BF was noted. Quercetin and 1-benzylimidazole also inhibited BP skin tumor-initiating activity. These findings indicated that direct hydroxymethylation of BP is not an important pathway in the activation of BP in mouse skin tumor initiation.", "contents": "Lack of involvement of 6-hydroxymethylation in benzo[a]pyrene skin tumor initiation in mice. The skin tumor-initiating activities of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (6-OH-CH2-BP), and 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (6-CH3-BP), as well as the effects of 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF), quercetin, and 1-benzylimidazole on their activity, were determined in outbred female CD-1 mice by use of a two stage system of tumorigenesis. The skin tumor-initiating activity of 6-OH-CH2-BP and 6-CH3-BP was 12.5 and 20%, respectively, of the activity of BP, 7,8-BF had little effect on the skin tumor-initiating activity of 6-OH-CH2-BP and 6-CH3-BP. However, a dose-dependent inhibition of BP tumorigenesis by 7,8-BF was noted. Quercetin and 1-benzylimidazole also inhibited BP skin tumor-initiating activity. These findings indicated that direct hydroxymethylation of BP is not an important pathway in the activation of BP in mouse skin tumor initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:277731", "title": "Resistance of G mice to murine leukemia virus infection: apparent disparity in in vivo and in vitro resistances.", "content": "We observed a marked discordance between in vivo and in vitro sensitivities to Friend murine leukemia virus in G mice. In vivo resistance of G mice was more than 10(5)-fold relative to sensitive DDD mice, whereas in vitro resistance was only 50 to 100-fold. In vivo sensitivity to N- and NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus was recessive in (G X DDD)F1 mice, whereas in vitro sensitivity was dominant in the heterozygotes. The resistance of mouse fibroblasts was different from the resistance of fibroblasts of a certain NZB mouse strain.", "contents": "Resistance of G mice to murine leukemia virus infection: apparent disparity in in vivo and in vitro resistances. We observed a marked discordance between in vivo and in vitro sensitivities to Friend murine leukemia virus in G mice. In vivo resistance of G mice was more than 10(5)-fold relative to sensitive DDD mice, whereas in vitro resistance was only 50 to 100-fold. In vivo sensitivity to N- and NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus was recessive in (G X DDD)F1 mice, whereas in vitro sensitivity was dominant in the heterozygotes. The resistance of mouse fibroblasts was different from the resistance of fibroblasts of a certain NZB mouse strain."}
{"id": "PMID:277732", "title": "Rat ileocecal immunocytoma. An ultrastructural study with special attention to the presence of viral particles.", "content": "Fifteen spontaneous immunocytomas originating in the ileocecal lymph nodes of Lou/C/Wsl rats were studied by means of electron microscopy. The histology was characteristic, the tumor being formed by an accumulation of large, rounded cells with slightly eccentric ovoid nuclei, large nucleoli, and finely condensed chromatin along the nuclear walls; the cytoplasma was rich in polyribosomes. The appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was apparently the same whether or not the tumor was secretory. Its development varied from one cell to another, and in only a small proportion of cells did it attain any considerable volume. In all the tumors examined, we noted the presence of intracisternal A-particles. In its morphology, the rat immunocytoma resembled the plasmacytomas induced in mice, and it also resembled certain human tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma.", "contents": "Rat ileocecal immunocytoma. An ultrastructural study with special attention to the presence of viral particles. Fifteen spontaneous immunocytomas originating in the ileocecal lymph nodes of Lou/C/Wsl rats were studied by means of electron microscopy. The histology was characteristic, the tumor being formed by an accumulation of large, rounded cells with slightly eccentric ovoid nuclei, large nucleoli, and finely condensed chromatin along the nuclear walls; the cytoplasma was rich in polyribosomes. The appearance of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was apparently the same whether or not the tumor was secretory. Its development varied from one cell to another, and in only a small proportion of cells did it attain any considerable volume. In all the tumors examined, we noted the presence of intracisternal A-particles. In its morphology, the rat immunocytoma resembled the plasmacytomas induced in mice, and it also resembled certain human tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:277733", "title": "Induction of colon tumors in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-resistant Lobund Wistar rats by methylazoxymethanol acetate.", "content": "Sprague-Dawley and Lobund Wistar rats, which were sensitive and resistant to induction of colon tumors by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), respectively, were treated with methylazoxymethanol (MAM), the product of DMH metabolism by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Although the colon tissue in both stocks of rats had similar NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activities that are considered necessary to activate MAM to an ultimate carcinogen, still a sevenfold greater incidence of colon tumors was found in the Sprague-Dawley rats, and their tumors were more extensive. The results indicated that the difference in susceptibility to colon tumor induction between the rat stocks was partially related to metabolic activation of the DMH and to other, as yet undetermined, endogenous factors.", "contents": "Induction of colon tumors in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-resistant Lobund Wistar rats by methylazoxymethanol acetate. Sprague-Dawley and Lobund Wistar rats, which were sensitive and resistant to induction of colon tumors by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), respectively, were treated with methylazoxymethanol (MAM), the product of DMH metabolism by the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. Although the colon tissue in both stocks of rats had similar NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activities that are considered necessary to activate MAM to an ultimate carcinogen, still a sevenfold greater incidence of colon tumors was found in the Sprague-Dawley rats, and their tumors were more extensive. The results indicated that the difference in susceptibility to colon tumor induction between the rat stocks was partially related to metabolic activation of the DMH and to other, as yet undetermined, endogenous factors."}
{"id": "PMID:277734", "title": "Effect of dietary fat saturation on survival of mice with L1210 leukemia.", "content": "We examined L1210 murine leukemia growth rate and survival of host male DBA/2J mice fed a diet rich in either polyunsaturated fat (16% sunflower oil) or saturated fat (16% coconut oil). The survival of mice that received transplants of L1210 leukemia cells was longer among the animals that had ingested a diet rich in the saturated fat as compared to those fed the more unsaturated fat. In duplicate experiments, the mean survivals of mice fed coconut oil were 200.9 +/- 1.6 and 202.5 +/- 3.4 hours compared to 188.7 +/- 5.3 and 187.6 +/- 3.5 hours for those fed sunflower oil. Tumor growth rate or the rate of DNA synthesis by the leukemia cells did not differ between the two experimental groups. Therefore, the alteration in survival was apparently due to an effect of the diets on the responses of the hosts rather than their effect on tumor size or growth rate.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fat saturation on survival of mice with L1210 leukemia. We examined L1210 murine leukemia growth rate and survival of host male DBA/2J mice fed a diet rich in either polyunsaturated fat (16% sunflower oil) or saturated fat (16% coconut oil). The survival of mice that received transplants of L1210 leukemia cells was longer among the animals that had ingested a diet rich in the saturated fat as compared to those fed the more unsaturated fat. In duplicate experiments, the mean survivals of mice fed coconut oil were 200.9 +/- 1.6 and 202.5 +/- 3.4 hours compared to 188.7 +/- 5.3 and 187.6 +/- 3.5 hours for those fed sunflower oil. Tumor growth rate or the rate of DNA synthesis by the leukemia cells did not differ between the two experimental groups. Therefore, the alteration in survival was apparently due to an effect of the diets on the responses of the hosts rather than their effect on tumor size or growth rate."}
{"id": "PMID:277735", "title": "Kinetic studies on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, and methylethylnitrosamine in the rat.", "content": "The oxidative dealkylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and methylethylnitrosamine (MEN) by Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes was studied by a colorimetric assay for the simultaneous analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Dealkylation in each instance followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but the Michaelis constant (Km) for DEN was an order of magnitude smaller than the Km for DMN. Km values for demethylation and deethylation of MEN were intermediate between those for DMN and DEN. DMN inhibited-deethylase, and DEN inhibited DMN-demethylase activity. The inhibition was of a mixed type in both instances.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the hepatic microsomal metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine, diethylnitrosamine, and methylethylnitrosamine in the rat. The oxidative dealkylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and methylethylnitrosamine (MEN) by Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes was studied by a colorimetric assay for the simultaneous analysis of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Dealkylation in each instance followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but the Michaelis constant (Km) for DEN was an order of magnitude smaller than the Km for DMN. Km values for demethylation and deethylation of MEN were intermediate between those for DMN and DEN. DMN inhibited-deethylase, and DEN inhibited DMN-demethylase activity. The inhibition was of a mixed type in both instances."}
{"id": "PMID:277738", "title": "[Peripheral microthrombotic purpura associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia in pregnancy. A light and electron microscopic study].", "content": "A case is presented of a pregnant patient in the 28th week of gestation with promyelocytic leukemia and an unusual thrombohemorrhagic skin lesion. Ultrastructural examination revealed a microthrombotic purpura. Reduced coagulation factors increased during heparin treatment. The exacerbation of disseminated intravascular coagulation is explained by a hypercoagulable state in pregnancy in association with the as yet unknown etiology of \"promyelocytic fibrinopathic leukemia\".", "contents": "[Peripheral microthrombotic purpura associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia in pregnancy. A light and electron microscopic study]. A case is presented of a pregnant patient in the 28th week of gestation with promyelocytic leukemia and an unusual thrombohemorrhagic skin lesion. Ultrastructural examination revealed a microthrombotic purpura. Reduced coagulation factors increased during heparin treatment. The exacerbation of disseminated intravascular coagulation is explained by a hypercoagulable state in pregnancy in association with the as yet unknown etiology of \"promyelocytic fibrinopathic leukemia\"."}
{"id": "PMID:277739", "title": "Maturation and proliferation capacity of blood cells from untreated acute myeloid leukemia and its prognostic significance.", "content": "Blood cells from 68 patients with untreated acute myeloid luekemia were cultured in RPMI-medium without stimulating factors up to ten days. The cultures showed in part maturation and proliferation to monocytes-macrophages, in part to promyelocytes, myelocytes and Pelger-like cells, in part we did not find any differentiation or the cultures were degenerated during the first days. Retrospectively we found that in the 16 blood cell cultures with capacity to differentiation into the monocyte-macrophages-system 5 patients had a smouldering leukemia. Our preliminary evidences suggest that the diagnosis \"smouldering leukemia\" is to be found with out in vitro culture system. Further analysis suggest that patients with acute leukemia whose blood cells have the capacity for maturation to monocytes-macrophages or to promyelocytes, myelocytes and Pelger-like cells have a better chance of achieving a complete remission and a longer median survival time.", "contents": "Maturation and proliferation capacity of blood cells from untreated acute myeloid leukemia and its prognostic significance. Blood cells from 68 patients with untreated acute myeloid luekemia were cultured in RPMI-medium without stimulating factors up to ten days. The cultures showed in part maturation and proliferation to monocytes-macrophages, in part to promyelocytes, myelocytes and Pelger-like cells, in part we did not find any differentiation or the cultures were degenerated during the first days. Retrospectively we found that in the 16 blood cell cultures with capacity to differentiation into the monocyte-macrophages-system 5 patients had a smouldering leukemia. Our preliminary evidences suggest that the diagnosis \"smouldering leukemia\" is to be found with out in vitro culture system. Further analysis suggest that patients with acute leukemia whose blood cells have the capacity for maturation to monocytes-macrophages or to promyelocytes, myelocytes and Pelger-like cells have a better chance of achieving a complete remission and a longer median survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:277745", "title": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in association with pulmonary metastasis from osteogenic sacroma.", "content": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in children is rare, especially when it is associated with lung metastsis. The patient reported herein had metastic osteogenic sarcoma and failed to respond to chemotherapy or thoractomy. There are several theories as to the pathogenesis of osteoarthropathy, but none is totally convincing. Vagotomy or transection of intercostal nerves has been advocated to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthropathy.", "contents": "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in association with pulmonary metastasis from osteogenic sacroma. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in children is rare, especially when it is associated with lung metastsis. The patient reported herein had metastic osteogenic sarcoma and failed to respond to chemotherapy or thoractomy. There are several theories as to the pathogenesis of osteoarthropathy, but none is totally convincing. Vagotomy or transection of intercostal nerves has been advocated to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:277748", "title": "Vincristine (NSC-67574), cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878), 6 thioguanine (NSC-752) and daunorubicin (NSC-82151) (VAT-D): a pilot study of combination chemotherapy for remission induction in acute myeloid leukemia in adults.", "content": "Fifteen newly diagnosed unselected adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated in a pilot study of the combination of vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and daunorubicin (VAT-D) for remission induction therapy. Eleven of fifteen (75%) achieved a remission bone marrow. Median duration of remission was seven months in all responders (11 patients). The 11 patients achieving initial remission reached a median survival of 14 months. Twelve of seventeen attempts at reinduction of remission with VAT-D were successful. The total amount of daunorubicin required for induction was less than that required in the majority of reported acute leukemia treatment regimens utilizing daunorubicin.", "contents": "Vincristine (NSC-67574), cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878), 6 thioguanine (NSC-752) and daunorubicin (NSC-82151) (VAT-D): a pilot study of combination chemotherapy for remission induction in acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Fifteen newly diagnosed unselected adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were treated in a pilot study of the combination of vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and daunorubicin (VAT-D) for remission induction therapy. Eleven of fifteen (75%) achieved a remission bone marrow. Median duration of remission was seven months in all responders (11 patients). The 11 patients achieving initial remission reached a median survival of 14 months. Twelve of seventeen attempts at reinduction of remission with VAT-D were successful. The total amount of daunorubicin required for induction was less than that required in the majority of reported acute leukemia treatment regimens utilizing daunorubicin."}
{"id": "PMID:277749", "title": "Daunomycin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (DAT) vs vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (VAT) in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocyte leukemia: a randomized collaborative study.", "content": "One hundred patients were entered in a cooperative study comparing the efficacy of two different regimens in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either the DAT or VAT combination; half of the patients were also randomized to receive CNS prophylaxis including intrathecal methotrexate + prednisone and cranial irradiation. Consolidation and maintenance therapy were uniform in responding patients. Out of 82 evaluable patients 41 (50%) attained complete remission (CR) with no significant difference between the two regimens. Median remission duration was slightly longer in the DAT group (32.5 vs 22 weeks); median survival was 34 weeks for all evaluable patients with no difference between the two schedules. Meningeal relapse occurred only in two patients after 19 and 99 weeks of continuous remission. Fourteen patients are still alive after 61 to greater than or equal to 155 weeks, of whom seven are in their initial remission (six in the DAT and one in the VAT group). We conclude that 1) DAT and VAT are equally effective in inducing CR in a high proportion of ANLL patients; 2) until marrow remission can be prolonged significantly, preventing CNS leukemia will not have any significant impact of the course of ANLL.", "contents": "Daunomycin, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (DAT) vs vincristine, cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine (VAT) in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocyte leukemia: a randomized collaborative study. One hundred patients were entered in a cooperative study comparing the efficacy of two different regimens in the induction treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either the DAT or VAT combination; half of the patients were also randomized to receive CNS prophylaxis including intrathecal methotrexate + prednisone and cranial irradiation. Consolidation and maintenance therapy were uniform in responding patients. Out of 82 evaluable patients 41 (50%) attained complete remission (CR) with no significant difference between the two regimens. Median remission duration was slightly longer in the DAT group (32.5 vs 22 weeks); median survival was 34 weeks for all evaluable patients with no difference between the two schedules. Meningeal relapse occurred only in two patients after 19 and 99 weeks of continuous remission. Fourteen patients are still alive after 61 to greater than or equal to 155 weeks, of whom seven are in their initial remission (six in the DAT and one in the VAT group). We conclude that 1) DAT and VAT are equally effective in inducing CR in a high proportion of ANLL patients; 2) until marrow remission can be prolonged significantly, preventing CNS leukemia will not have any significant impact of the course of ANLL."}
{"id": "PMID:277751", "title": "[Results of polychemotherapy in the advanced stages of cervico-facial tumors].", "content": "An association of cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and methotrexate already employed with success against solid tumours in other sites was used in the treatment of 62 patients with advanced tumours of the head and neck. Complete (40.32%) and partial (43.55%) regressions were obtained relatively quickly. A satisfactory period of remission occurred in patients for whom no further treatment had seemed possible, either on account of the extent of the disease, or because surgery and/or radiotherapy had already been performed.", "contents": "[Results of polychemotherapy in the advanced stages of cervico-facial tumors]. An association of cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and methotrexate already employed with success against solid tumours in other sites was used in the treatment of 62 patients with advanced tumours of the head and neck. Complete (40.32%) and partial (43.55%) regressions were obtained relatively quickly. A satisfactory period of remission occurred in patients for whom no further treatment had seemed possible, either on account of the extent of the disease, or because surgery and/or radiotherapy had already been performed."}
{"id": "PMID:277753", "title": "[Cryotherapy, polychemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of oral carcinoma. Preliminary note].", "content": "Following a short introduction to outline the therapeutic approach to primary carcinoma of the oral cavity, technical modalities, and the techniques of using this new type of cryo-polychemo-radiotherapeutic association are reviewed. The extremely interesting and flattering results obtained in 30 cases of patients suffering from this form of cancer must, however, be considered fairly modest if allowance is made for the time limits (insignificant). Results will be reviewed when a longer period has gone by.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy, polychemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of oral carcinoma. Preliminary note]. Following a short introduction to outline the therapeutic approach to primary carcinoma of the oral cavity, technical modalities, and the techniques of using this new type of cryo-polychemo-radiotherapeutic association are reviewed. The extremely interesting and flattering results obtained in 30 cases of patients suffering from this form of cancer must, however, be considered fairly modest if allowance is made for the time limits (insignificant). Results will be reviewed when a longer period has gone by."}
{"id": "PMID:277756", "title": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by means of removable prostheses with distribution of force by means of wires, in cases of subtotal edentia].", "content": "Dental arches, where almost all the teeth are missing, have been rehabilitated by prostheses leaving one or at most three contiguous teeth. Cases like this have been resolved with the use of a removable prosthesis with stress distribution by wires so as to obtain axial load on the abutment tooth and uniform distribution on the remaining tooth or teeth and on the alveolar mucosa. Examination 7 cases followed up for a period varying from 2 tp 13 years has shown that such prostheses are extremely functional.", "contents": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation by means of removable prostheses with distribution of force by means of wires, in cases of subtotal edentia]. Dental arches, where almost all the teeth are missing, have been rehabilitated by prostheses leaving one or at most three contiguous teeth. Cases like this have been resolved with the use of a removable prosthesis with stress distribution by wires so as to obtain axial load on the abutment tooth and uniform distribution on the remaining tooth or teeth and on the alveolar mucosa. Examination 7 cases followed up for a period varying from 2 tp 13 years has shown that such prostheses are extremely functional."}
{"id": "PMID:277758", "title": "[Importance of form in dental implantation].", "content": "Thirteen implantations have been made in the mandibular arches of 6 dogs. They consisted of commerical titanium blades and screws and of replicas of extracted dental roots variously shaped and made of titanium. All replicas and some of the commerical implantations were covered with pure aluminium using the plasmajet tecnique. Clinico-radiological, histopathological and microradiographical observation showed that only some of the replicas of dental roots give promising results.", "contents": "[Importance of form in dental implantation]. Thirteen implantations have been made in the mandibular arches of 6 dogs. They consisted of commerical titanium blades and screws and of replicas of extracted dental roots variously shaped and made of titanium. All replicas and some of the commerical implantations were covered with pure aluminium using the plasmajet tecnique. Clinico-radiological, histopathological and microradiographical observation showed that only some of the replicas of dental roots give promising results."}
{"id": "PMID:277759", "title": "[Effects of the combination of magnesium fluosilicate and manganese on experimental carries in white rats].", "content": "The pattern of experimental caries was examined in rats treated with magnesium fluosilicate associated with manganese and a cariogenic diet. A 33.34% fall in the incidence of caries was observed with respect to a control series, whereas Mg fluosilicate and manganese administered alone caused 30% and 20% reductions respectively. It was also noted that a slight toxic action, expressed as a 3 g fall in body weight, was found with the Mg fluosilicate dose employed; this effect was attenuated by simultaneous administration of manganese.", "contents": "[Effects of the combination of magnesium fluosilicate and manganese on experimental carries in white rats]. The pattern of experimental caries was examined in rats treated with magnesium fluosilicate associated with manganese and a cariogenic diet. A 33.34% fall in the incidence of caries was observed with respect to a control series, whereas Mg fluosilicate and manganese administered alone caused 30% and 20% reductions respectively. It was also noted that a slight toxic action, expressed as a 3 g fall in body weight, was found with the Mg fluosilicate dose employed; this effect was attenuated by simultaneous administration of manganese."}
{"id": "PMID:277786", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia in children.", "content": "Comparative results of chemo- and chemoimmunotherapy with Soviet strain of BCG vaccine in children with acute leukemia are presented. The immunotherapeutical regimen includes 20 intracutaneous injections of 0.1 mg BCG vaccine given weekly during 5--6 months with subsequent 5--6 months intervals simultaneously with maintenance chemotherapy. In the control group children were only given conventional chemotherapy. The median duration of remission and survival in patients who had received BCG chemoimmunotherapy was 25.2 +/- 1.5 and 32.3 +/- 1.2 months respectively. In the group of patients with chemotherapy alone--13.2 +/- 0.9 and 21.8 +/- 1.1 months respectively (p less than 0.01). The best results were obtained in children who had received before BCG immunotherapy neuroleukemia prophylactic treatment.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy of acute leukemia in children. Comparative results of chemo- and chemoimmunotherapy with Soviet strain of BCG vaccine in children with acute leukemia are presented. The immunotherapeutical regimen includes 20 intracutaneous injections of 0.1 mg BCG vaccine given weekly during 5--6 months with subsequent 5--6 months intervals simultaneously with maintenance chemotherapy. In the control group children were only given conventional chemotherapy. The median duration of remission and survival in patients who had received BCG chemoimmunotherapy was 25.2 +/- 1.5 and 32.3 +/- 1.2 months respectively. In the group of patients with chemotherapy alone--13.2 +/- 0.9 and 21.8 +/- 1.1 months respectively (p less than 0.01). The best results were obtained in children who had received before BCG immunotherapy neuroleukemia prophylactic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:277797", "title": "The Milton survey: Part 1, General methods, height, weight and 24-hour excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine.", "content": "This paper describes the methods and general aims of a survey carried out on just over 1200 subjects (about 82% of the adult population) in Milton, a small town south of Dunedin. Data were collected on personal and family history, present medication if any, 24-hour dietary recall, psychometric scores, height, weight, skin-fold thickness, anthropometry, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, mass miniature X-ray of chest, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), fasting plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, lipoprotein pattern and fasting and post-prandial blood sugar in a selected subgroup, and 24-hour urine volume and excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine. Mean values are given in the paper for each 10-year age group for height, weight, Quetelet's index, 24-hour urine volume, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. These and other results will be discussed in detail in subsequent papers.", "contents": "The Milton survey: Part 1, General methods, height, weight and 24-hour excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine. This paper describes the methods and general aims of a survey carried out on just over 1200 subjects (about 82% of the adult population) in Milton, a small town south of Dunedin. Data were collected on personal and family history, present medication if any, 24-hour dietary recall, psychometric scores, height, weight, skin-fold thickness, anthropometry, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, mass miniature X-ray of chest, forced expiratory volume (FEV1), fasting plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, lipoprotein pattern and fasting and post-prandial blood sugar in a selected subgroup, and 24-hour urine volume and excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and creatinine. Mean values are given in the paper for each 10-year age group for height, weight, Quetelet's index, 24-hour urine volume, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. These and other results will be discussed in detail in subsequent papers."}
{"id": "PMID:277798", "title": "Recurrent respiratory disease in Polynesian children.", "content": "Studies were performed on 13 Polynesian children who suffered from recurrent respiratory disease characterised by cough, wheeze, tachypnoea and radiological opacities. Only one was substantially underweight. Most had iron deficiency anaemia. Serum IgG levels were high with a less definite trend to raised IgA and IgM levels. Precipitating antibodies to cow's milk protein were found in 6 out of 10 children tested who were currently on cow's milk feeds. The proportion of rosette-forming lymphocytes was reduced in 8 of the 12 tested. The Mantoux test using using 10 TU of PPD was negative in 7 out of 10 children who had had BCG in the newborn period. The likelihood of cow's milk contributing to the respiratory disease in these children is discussed.", "contents": "Recurrent respiratory disease in Polynesian children. Studies were performed on 13 Polynesian children who suffered from recurrent respiratory disease characterised by cough, wheeze, tachypnoea and radiological opacities. Only one was substantially underweight. Most had iron deficiency anaemia. Serum IgG levels were high with a less definite trend to raised IgA and IgM levels. Precipitating antibodies to cow's milk protein were found in 6 out of 10 children tested who were currently on cow's milk feeds. The proportion of rosette-forming lymphocytes was reduced in 8 of the 12 tested. The Mantoux test using using 10 TU of PPD was negative in 7 out of 10 children who had had BCG in the newborn period. The likelihood of cow's milk contributing to the respiratory disease in these children is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277799", "title": "Carcinoma of the urachus: report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four cases of urachal carcinoma are presented. The features of this uncommon disease are outlined and the literature is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the urachus: report of four cases and review of the literature. Four cases of urachal carcinoma are presented. The features of this uncommon disease are outlined and the literature is reviewed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:277800", "title": "Epidemiology of cancers: I. Cancerous diseases of the large bowel.", "content": "A pilot study of cancerous diseases of the large bowel in Canterbury is described. The experience of 346 patients derived from the Cancer Registry for 1970-72 is presented. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated with the identification of guidelines for future work. The preliminary results suggest some special features in New Zealand. While demographic characteristics do not appear to help in defining persons at high risk from cancerous diseases of the large bowel, nevertheless other features of the natural history of this disorder indicate that it might be feasible to define high risk profiles.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cancers: I. Cancerous diseases of the large bowel. A pilot study of cancerous diseases of the large bowel in Canterbury is described. The experience of 346 patients derived from the Cancer Registry for 1970-72 is presented. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated with the identification of guidelines for future work. The preliminary results suggest some special features in New Zealand. While demographic characteristics do not appear to help in defining persons at high risk from cancerous diseases of the large bowel, nevertheless other features of the natural history of this disorder indicate that it might be feasible to define high risk profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:277801", "title": "Scalp infection after fetal monitoring in labour.", "content": "Neonatal scalp infection was reviewed over a four year period. The occurrence of such infection was found to be 0.14% of those infants monitored in labour using a spiral scalp electrode and 0.16% of those infants undergoing instrumental delivery. The duration of labour and the membrane-rupture delivery interval did not differ significantly from the total population. Scalp infection after monitoring occurred significantly later (day seven) than after instrumental delivery (day three) and was less often associated with positive bacterial cultures. Scalp damage is probably important in the aetiology of scalp infection, and the course of infection related to the degree of trauma.", "contents": "Scalp infection after fetal monitoring in labour. Neonatal scalp infection was reviewed over a four year period. The occurrence of such infection was found to be 0.14% of those infants monitored in labour using a spiral scalp electrode and 0.16% of those infants undergoing instrumental delivery. The duration of labour and the membrane-rupture delivery interval did not differ significantly from the total population. Scalp infection after monitoring occurred significantly later (day seven) than after instrumental delivery (day three) and was less often associated with positive bacterial cultures. Scalp damage is probably important in the aetiology of scalp infection, and the course of infection related to the degree of trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:277807", "title": "The management of Hodgkin's disease in a regional centre over an eight-year period.", "content": "The staging and management of Hodgkin's disease has been discussed in relationship to experience obtained over an eight year period in a regional centre. Eighty cases were shown to be evaluable and the data pertaining to them has been discussed. A complete remission has been achieved by either wide-field radiotherapy or combnation chemotherapy in 78 percent of these cases. Sixty-six percent of the evaluable patients were alive and well five years after their diagnosis. The importance of interdisciplinary co-operation in management and the referral of such patients to a regional centre has been stressed.", "contents": "The management of Hodgkin's disease in a regional centre over an eight-year period. The staging and management of Hodgkin's disease has been discussed in relationship to experience obtained over an eight year period in a regional centre. Eighty cases were shown to be evaluable and the data pertaining to them has been discussed. A complete remission has been achieved by either wide-field radiotherapy or combnation chemotherapy in 78 percent of these cases. Sixty-six percent of the evaluable patients were alive and well five years after their diagnosis. The importance of interdisciplinary co-operation in management and the referral of such patients to a regional centre has been stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:277808", "title": "Urinary tract obstruction and renal failure due to uterine prolapse.", "content": "Three women are described in whom obstructive uropathy was found secondary to uterine prolapse. Two of these patients had severe renal failure. It is important to exclude this condition in any woman presenting with renal functional impairment. Potentially damaging urinary tract obstruction should be considered in every patient with a uterine prolapse.", "contents": "Urinary tract obstruction and renal failure due to uterine prolapse. Three women are described in whom obstructive uropathy was found secondary to uterine prolapse. Two of these patients had severe renal failure. It is important to exclude this condition in any woman presenting with renal functional impairment. Potentially damaging urinary tract obstruction should be considered in every patient with a uterine prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:277809", "title": "Doctor-patient communication in patients with arthritis.", "content": "Fifty patients with a chronic form of arthritis were given a standard interview concerned with establishing what knowledge they had of their disease and the drugs they were receiving for its treatment. Eighty-six percent of patients overall knew the name of their disease and 74 percent, the names of the drugs which they were receiving. Seventy-three percent of patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were unaware that these drugs were likely to have gastro-intestinal side effects even though about half of these patients were receiving either soluble aspirin or indomethacin. Younger patients were more likely to be aware of potential gastro-intestinal side effects (46 percent) than older patients (19 percent). Thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis were receiving myocrisin or penicillamine which are more likely to be associated with severe side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Four of five younger patients had some knowledge of the likely side effects of these drugs but none of the eight older patients knew this information. Written instructions should be given to older patients receiving these potentially toxic drugs.", "contents": "Doctor-patient communication in patients with arthritis. Fifty patients with a chronic form of arthritis were given a standard interview concerned with establishing what knowledge they had of their disease and the drugs they were receiving for its treatment. Eighty-six percent of patients overall knew the name of their disease and 74 percent, the names of the drugs which they were receiving. Seventy-three percent of patients receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were unaware that these drugs were likely to have gastro-intestinal side effects even though about half of these patients were receiving either soluble aspirin or indomethacin. Younger patients were more likely to be aware of potential gastro-intestinal side effects (46 percent) than older patients (19 percent). Thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis were receiving myocrisin or penicillamine which are more likely to be associated with severe side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Four of five younger patients had some knowledge of the likely side effects of these drugs but none of the eight older patients knew this information. Written instructions should be given to older patients receiving these potentially toxic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:277813", "title": "Blood alcohol levels. How accurately can they be guessed?", "content": "Volunteers were asked to guess their blood alcohol level immediately before having their venous level measured by gas chromatography. Thirty-one percent were able to guess to within 20 mg per 100ml of the measured amount. There was a tendency for people to over-estimate if the level was low and to under-estimate the higher values. Blood alcohol concentrations ranged from nil to 295mg per 100ml with both high and low being recorded throughout the evening.", "contents": "Blood alcohol levels. How accurately can they be guessed? Volunteers were asked to guess their blood alcohol level immediately before having their venous level measured by gas chromatography. Thirty-one percent were able to guess to within 20 mg per 100ml of the measured amount. There was a tendency for people to over-estimate if the level was low and to under-estimate the higher values. Blood alcohol concentrations ranged from nil to 295mg per 100ml with both high and low being recorded throughout the evening."}
{"id": "PMID:277847", "title": "Lingual thyroid. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "A case of lingual thyroid nodule was presented which demonstrates the need for oral surgeons to be aware of this entity in order to avoid the indiscriminate excision of lesions of the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue without proper medical examination of all systems of the body.", "contents": "Lingual thyroid. Review of the literature and report of a case. A case of lingual thyroid nodule was presented which demonstrates the need for oral surgeons to be aware of this entity in order to avoid the indiscriminate excision of lesions of the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue without proper medical examination of all systems of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:277848", "title": "Postinjury myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: its etiology and prognosis.", "content": "Clinical data are producted which appear to show that the response to therapy of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is much less favorable when the patient has been involved in a road traffic or similar accident which precipiated the condition. Reasons for this difference and the differences between postinjury MPDS and nonpostinjury MPDS patients may be a consequence of litigation and, in addition, may be due to the personality of the patient. Evidence to support this hypothesis is seen when the condition is compared with such disorders as low back pain. Further research is needed to explore the etiology and treatment implications of these differences.", "contents": "Postinjury myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome: its etiology and prognosis. Clinical data are producted which appear to show that the response to therapy of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) is much less favorable when the patient has been involved in a road traffic or similar accident which precipiated the condition. Reasons for this difference and the differences between postinjury MPDS and nonpostinjury MPDS patients may be a consequence of litigation and, in addition, may be due to the personality of the patient. Evidence to support this hypothesis is seen when the condition is compared with such disorders as low back pain. Further research is needed to explore the etiology and treatment implications of these differences."}
{"id": "PMID:277851", "title": "Aphthous ulcer--a treatment complication. Report of a case.", "content": "Multiple theories of the cause and treatment of aphthous ulcers are described in the medical and dental literature. A case is reported in which there were posttreatment sequelae from the application of a sillver-nitrate stick (pencil) to an aphthous ulcer on the tongue. Compications subsequent to the use of silver nitrate may contraindicate the use of this agent in its highly concentrated form on the mucous membranes of the mouth.", "contents": "Aphthous ulcer--a treatment complication. Report of a case. Multiple theories of the cause and treatment of aphthous ulcers are described in the medical and dental literature. A case is reported in which there were posttreatment sequelae from the application of a sillver-nitrate stick (pencil) to an aphthous ulcer on the tongue. Compications subsequent to the use of silver nitrate may contraindicate the use of this agent in its highly concentrated form on the mucous membranes of the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:277852", "title": "The effect of oral rinses on organoleptic mouth odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds.", "content": "A test mouthwash, saline rinse, and no treatment were evaluated for their effects on organoleptic mouth odor ratings (OR) and corresponding concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in sixty-two subjects. The mouthwash was significantly superior to the saline rinse and to no treatment in reducing OR and VSC for 3 hours, which was the duration of the study.", "contents": "The effect of oral rinses on organoleptic mouth odor ratings and levels of volatile sulfur compounds. A test mouthwash, saline rinse, and no treatment were evaluated for their effects on organoleptic mouth odor ratings (OR) and corresponding concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in sixty-two subjects. The mouthwash was significantly superior to the saline rinse and to no treatment in reducing OR and VSC for 3 hours, which was the duration of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:277853", "title": "The concept of hamartomas: its relevance to the pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions.", "content": "The term hamartoma should be applied only to tumorlike lesions which arise during development of the organ or tissue in question and which are apparently not neoplastic; it should not be used instead of benign tumor. A hamartoma is composed on an abnormal mixture of tissues native to the part, with an excess of one or more of these tissues. The relevance of the concept of hamartomas in the pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions is discussed briefly.", "contents": "The concept of hamartomas: its relevance to the pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions. The term hamartoma should be applied only to tumorlike lesions which arise during development of the organ or tissue in question and which are apparently not neoplastic; it should not be used instead of benign tumor. A hamartoma is composed on an abnormal mixture of tissues native to the part, with an excess of one or more of these tissues. The relevance of the concept of hamartomas in the pathogenesis of odontogenic lesions is discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:277854", "title": "Ultrastructure of odontogenic keratocysts.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of an odontogenic keratocyst are described. The results of the investigation suggest that the basal lamina complex in the odontogenic keratocyst appears to be morphologically normal. The frequently observed splitting of the epithelium from the capsular tissue is marked by the separation of the epithelium and the basal lamina complex from the connective tissue. The morphologic features of the parakeratinized surface zone of the epithelium suggest that the odontogenic keratocyst may be characterized by \"incomplete\" parakertinization.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of odontogenic keratocysts. The ultrastructural features of an odontogenic keratocyst are described. The results of the investigation suggest that the basal lamina complex in the odontogenic keratocyst appears to be morphologically normal. The frequently observed splitting of the epithelium from the capsular tissue is marked by the separation of the epithelium and the basal lamina complex from the connective tissue. The morphologic features of the parakeratinized surface zone of the epithelium suggest that the odontogenic keratocyst may be characterized by \"incomplete\" parakertinization."}
{"id": "PMID:277855", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in Abu Dhabi.", "content": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa has not been described in the United Arab Emirates, and its incidence in the Middle East is sporadic. A typical case with a familial background was seen in Abu Dhabi in an 11-year-old girl.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in Abu Dhabi. Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa has not been described in the United Arab Emirates, and its incidence in the Middle East is sporadic. A typical case with a familial background was seen in Abu Dhabi in an 11-year-old girl."}
{"id": "PMID:277856", "title": "Bilateral dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisor region.", "content": "A case of bilateral dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisor regions has been reported. Radiographs demonstrated invaginations in both of the incisors in the mandibular incisor region and also demonstrated a periapical radiolucency. Clinical examination revealed two anomalous incisors and apparently there was congenital absence of two mandibular incisors. Dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisors would appear to be a most unusual occurrence.", "contents": "Bilateral dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisor region. A case of bilateral dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisor regions has been reported. Radiographs demonstrated invaginations in both of the incisors in the mandibular incisor region and also demonstrated a periapical radiolucency. Clinical examination revealed two anomalous incisors and apparently there was congenital absence of two mandibular incisors. Dens invaginatus in the mandibular incisors would appear to be a most unusual occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:277857", "title": "Alveolar bone loss associated with vertical root fractures. Report of six cases.", "content": "Six cases of vertical root fractures accompanied by vertical bone loss are presented. Possible causes for these fractures are suggested. Four vertical fractures probably resulted from the use of excessive pressure at the time of obturation of the canals. One vertical root fracture may have been caused by the cementation of a post, and another may have been caused by the cementation of an inlay in an endodontically treated tooth. All of the fractures resulted in alveolar bone loss to the apical extent of the fracture lines. The definitive treatment in each case was extraction of the tooth or root amputation. In one case successful treatment was accomplished by apically positioning the flap.", "contents": "Alveolar bone loss associated with vertical root fractures. Report of six cases. Six cases of vertical root fractures accompanied by vertical bone loss are presented. Possible causes for these fractures are suggested. Four vertical fractures probably resulted from the use of excessive pressure at the time of obturation of the canals. One vertical root fracture may have been caused by the cementation of a post, and another may have been caused by the cementation of an inlay in an endodontically treated tooth. All of the fractures resulted in alveolar bone loss to the apical extent of the fracture lines. The definitive treatment in each case was extraction of the tooth or root amputation. In one case successful treatment was accomplished by apically positioning the flap."}
{"id": "PMID:277858", "title": "Pulpal response to the application of phosphoric acid to dentin.", "content": "Experimental cavities were prepared in forty-six clinically intact premolars of young individuals to evaluate the biologic effects of 50 per cent phosphoric acid etchant containing 7 percent zinc oxide by weight. The experimental periods ranged from 30 minutes to 150 days. The remaining dentin thickness varied from 1.8 to 3.5 mm. The teeth treated with the acid showed no more than a moderate pulpal response at the varying time periods. All of the acid-treated teeth demonstrated pulpal imflammation in the absence of clinical pain. Acid etchants should not be used on exposed or unprotected dentin surfaces.", "contents": "Pulpal response to the application of phosphoric acid to dentin. Experimental cavities were prepared in forty-six clinically intact premolars of young individuals to evaluate the biologic effects of 50 per cent phosphoric acid etchant containing 7 percent zinc oxide by weight. The experimental periods ranged from 30 minutes to 150 days. The remaining dentin thickness varied from 1.8 to 3.5 mm. The teeth treated with the acid showed no more than a moderate pulpal response at the varying time periods. All of the acid-treated teeth demonstrated pulpal imflammation in the absence of clinical pain. Acid etchants should not be used on exposed or unprotected dentin surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:277859", "title": "Brain abcess following dental infection.", "content": "A 48-year-old woman underwent root canal treatment of the upper left lateral incisor and lower right second premolar. Close to the conclusion of the endodontic treatment she complained about headaches. Later on, because of aggravation of her condition, with headaches, fever, malaise, weakness, and numbness of the right limbs, she was admitted to the hospital. The disease progressed to an epileptic state, with appearance of a right hemiparesis. A brain scan and carotid arteriogram revealed the presence of a mass occupying the left parietal space. Craniotomy disclosed an abscess containing yellow pus from which Streptococcus viridans was cultured. After thorough surgical cleansing of the area, removal of the bone for decompression, and treatment with ampicillin the patient improved gradually and slowly regained the mobility of her right side.", "contents": "Brain abcess following dental infection. A 48-year-old woman underwent root canal treatment of the upper left lateral incisor and lower right second premolar. Close to the conclusion of the endodontic treatment she complained about headaches. Later on, because of aggravation of her condition, with headaches, fever, malaise, weakness, and numbness of the right limbs, she was admitted to the hospital. The disease progressed to an epileptic state, with appearance of a right hemiparesis. A brain scan and carotid arteriogram revealed the presence of a mass occupying the left parietal space. Craniotomy disclosed an abscess containing yellow pus from which Streptococcus viridans was cultured. After thorough surgical cleansing of the area, removal of the bone for decompression, and treatment with ampicillin the patient improved gradually and slowly regained the mobility of her right side."}
{"id": "PMID:277860", "title": "Comparison of xeroradiographs with occlusal and screen films.", "content": "Since the advent of xeroradiography, many questions have been asked about its image quality and speed relative to that of periapical and screen films. The experiment reported here measures the \"resolution\" of occlusal film, screen film, and xeroradiographs at different k Vp and mAs settings. The occlusal film was used instead of the periapical film because it has the same speed as a periapical film and is sufficiently large for the placement of the measuring instrument (a test pattern).", "contents": "Comparison of xeroradiographs with occlusal and screen films. Since the advent of xeroradiography, many questions have been asked about its image quality and speed relative to that of periapical and screen films. The experiment reported here measures the \"resolution\" of occlusal film, screen film, and xeroradiographs at different k Vp and mAs settings. The occlusal film was used instead of the periapical film because it has the same speed as a periapical film and is sufficiently large for the placement of the measuring instrument (a test pattern)."}
{"id": "PMID:277861", "title": "Dental x-ray spectrometry with an Si(Li) semiconductor.", "content": "Spectra from a dental x-ray apparatus with varying tube potentials and various added filters were measured with the use of an Si(Li) semiconductor. The mean energies of the spectra were calculated to estimate radiation qualities under various conditions. A phantom lip made of Arcylite was used to compare the attenuated quantities of radiation incident on the lip, according to the radiation quality, resulting from various tube potentials and added filtration.", "contents": "Dental x-ray spectrometry with an Si(Li) semiconductor. Spectra from a dental x-ray apparatus with varying tube potentials and various added filters were measured with the use of an Si(Li) semiconductor. The mean energies of the spectra were calculated to estimate radiation qualities under various conditions. A phantom lip made of Arcylite was used to compare the attenuated quantities of radiation incident on the lip, according to the radiation quality, resulting from various tube potentials and added filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:277867", "title": "Periapical actinomycosis. An unusual case report.", "content": "An unusual case of actinomycosis in the oral cavity is reported. The strict anaerobic qualities of Actinomyces israelii make laboratory culturing and growing of this organism difficult. Accordingly, the diagnosis was based on the histopathologic report. Because of the atypical clinical presentation, i.e., lack of any discharging sinus tract on the skin surface, and the histopathologic reports, it was postulated that the actinomycosis was superimposed on an existing granulomatous tissue.", "contents": "Periapical actinomycosis. An unusual case report. An unusual case of actinomycosis in the oral cavity is reported. The strict anaerobic qualities of Actinomyces israelii make laboratory culturing and growing of this organism difficult. Accordingly, the diagnosis was based on the histopathologic report. Because of the atypical clinical presentation, i.e., lack of any discharging sinus tract on the skin surface, and the histopathologic reports, it was postulated that the actinomycosis was superimposed on an existing granulomatous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:277870", "title": "Sealing quality of a temporary filling material.", "content": "Endodontic access cavities were prepared in forty extracted human teeth. The access cavities were obturated with Cavit and tested for leakage with methylene blue. The data suggested that at least a 3.5 mm. thickness of Cavit should be used in order to prevent leakage. Examination under the scanning electron microscope showed areas in which the constituents of Cavit were improperly mixed, which may lead to increased penetration.", "contents": "Sealing quality of a temporary filling material. Endodontic access cavities were prepared in forty extracted human teeth. The access cavities were obturated with Cavit and tested for leakage with methylene blue. The data suggested that at least a 3.5 mm. thickness of Cavit should be used in order to prevent leakage. Examination under the scanning electron microscope showed areas in which the constituents of Cavit were improperly mixed, which may lead to increased penetration."}
{"id": "PMID:277871", "title": "Beam-guiding instruments for simplified dental radiography, with a training device.", "content": "Needs for exposure procedures in dental radiography with improved reliability and radiation hygiene, which can be applied with a minimum expenditure of time, have been documented. This article presents dental instruments designed for use in recently published general purpose x-ray procedures which may meet such requirements. They can provide accurate radiographs in endodontic, periodontic, and general practice and are adaptable to more time-consuming special-purpose procedures, including \"serial identical\" exposures and exposures of handicapped or anesthetized patients.", "contents": "Beam-guiding instruments for simplified dental radiography, with a training device. Needs for exposure procedures in dental radiography with improved reliability and radiation hygiene, which can be applied with a minimum expenditure of time, have been documented. This article presents dental instruments designed for use in recently published general purpose x-ray procedures which may meet such requirements. They can provide accurate radiographs in endodontic, periodontic, and general practice and are adaptable to more time-consuming special-purpose procedures, including \"serial identical\" exposures and exposures of handicapped or anesthetized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:277872", "title": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. II. Image analysis.", "content": "Xeroradiography provides an attractive, convenient, low-radiation-dose alternative to conventional intraoral film radiography. In this study the image properties of the two techniques were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. Over all, image quality was very similar, but xeroradiography delivered radiation doses seven to fourteen times less than conventional film radiography.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. II. Image analysis. Xeroradiography provides an attractive, convenient, low-radiation-dose alternative to conventional intraoral film radiography. In this study the image properties of the two techniques were compared quantitatively and qualitatively. Over all, image quality was very similar, but xeroradiography delivered radiation doses seven to fourteen times less than conventional film radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:277876", "title": "The syndrome of oral complaints: etiology and therapy.", "content": "Many patients who were examined at the oral medicine clinic have had almost no findings, despite their severe complaints, and we propose to diagnose their condition as SOC (syndrome of oral complaints). It is more frequent in middle-aged postmenopausal women who thereby tend to express all three determinants of illness--the biologic, the psychological, and the social. Such a triple assessment of the determinants, together with a thorough physical examination, brings the SOC into the diagnostic category of hypochondria. Therefore, it should be treated by the family dentist or by the general internist, with reassurance, local measures, and minor tranquilizers.", "contents": "The syndrome of oral complaints: etiology and therapy. Many patients who were examined at the oral medicine clinic have had almost no findings, despite their severe complaints, and we propose to diagnose their condition as SOC (syndrome of oral complaints). It is more frequent in middle-aged postmenopausal women who thereby tend to express all three determinants of illness--the biologic, the psychological, and the social. Such a triple assessment of the determinants, together with a thorough physical examination, brings the SOC into the diagnostic category of hypochondria. Therefore, it should be treated by the family dentist or by the general internist, with reassurance, local measures, and minor tranquilizers."}
{"id": "PMID:277877", "title": "Clinical observations on osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Report of a case with sequestration.", "content": "A case of osteoradionecrosis of the right mandible is presented. One and one half years after the onset of osteoradionecrosis, sequestration came about in a relatively large region, and the changes were observed on the radiographs over this period of time. A favorable course of the case is described in detail and discussed with reference to the literature.", "contents": "Clinical observations on osteoradionecrosis of the mandible. Report of a case with sequestration. A case of osteoradionecrosis of the right mandible is presented. One and one half years after the onset of osteoradionecrosis, sequestration came about in a relatively large region, and the changes were observed on the radiographs over this period of time. A favorable course of the case is described in detail and discussed with reference to the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:277880", "title": "Multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias of the oral mucosa.", "content": "Reported is a rare case of multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias of the oral cavity, and the suggestion is made that several previous authors may have confused this lesion with focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease). The differential diagnosis of multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias is discussed in order to elucidate some of the confusions in the diagnosis of cases of multiple papules and nodules of the oral mucosa.", "contents": "Multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias of the oral mucosa. Reported is a rare case of multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias of the oral cavity, and the suggestion is made that several previous authors may have confused this lesion with focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease). The differential diagnosis of multiple fibroepithelial hyperplasias is discussed in order to elucidate some of the confusions in the diagnosis of cases of multiple papules and nodules of the oral mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:277882", "title": "Wegener's granulomatosis: a case with primary mucocutaneous lesions.", "content": "A case of Wegener's granulomatosis is recorded in which the first signs were skin ulceration, segmental gingivitis, and oro-antral fistula. Diagnosis, management, and the significance of the microscopic appearances are discussed.", "contents": "Wegener's granulomatosis: a case with primary mucocutaneous lesions. A case of Wegener's granulomatosis is recorded in which the first signs were skin ulceration, segmental gingivitis, and oro-antral fistula. Diagnosis, management, and the significance of the microscopic appearances are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277883", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in Israeli families of Libyan origin.", "content": "The occurrence of focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) in seven Israeli families is reported. All the cases involved children and young adults whose parents had immigrated to Israel from Libya. The familial occurrence and possible etiologic factors of the condition are discussed. A genetic predisposition for the disease is suggested.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia in Israeli families of Libyan origin. The occurrence of focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) in seven Israeli families is reported. All the cases involved children and young adults whose parents had immigrated to Israel from Libya. The familial occurrence and possible etiologic factors of the condition are discussed. A genetic predisposition for the disease is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:277884", "title": "Reversible cavernous sinus involvement due to minor dental infection. Report of a case.", "content": "Described is a case of a cavernous sinus involvement due to minor dental infection. The early dental diagnosis and treatment reversed the course of cavernous sinus thrombosis.", "contents": "Reversible cavernous sinus involvement due to minor dental infection. Report of a case. Described is a case of a cavernous sinus involvement due to minor dental infection. The early dental diagnosis and treatment reversed the course of cavernous sinus thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:277885", "title": "Intravascular angiomatosis.", "content": "For 55 years much has been written about a peculiar benign intravascular process which can be misdiagnosed as angiosarcoma unless careful attention is paid by the pathologist to its benign cellular morphology and growth pattern. The cases reported in the literature demonstrate an increased incidence in the extremities and the head and neck, with a propensity for the subcutaneous tissues of the perioral region. Four cases are presented to further point out the perioral incidence and emphasize the differential diagnostic criteria for benignancy, including intravascular proliferation without atypical mitotic activity and necrosis in areas devoid of vascular differentiation.", "contents": "Intravascular angiomatosis. For 55 years much has been written about a peculiar benign intravascular process which can be misdiagnosed as angiosarcoma unless careful attention is paid by the pathologist to its benign cellular morphology and growth pattern. The cases reported in the literature demonstrate an increased incidence in the extremities and the head and neck, with a propensity for the subcutaneous tissues of the perioral region. Four cases are presented to further point out the perioral incidence and emphasize the differential diagnostic criteria for benignancy, including intravascular proliferation without atypical mitotic activity and necrosis in areas devoid of vascular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:277886", "title": "Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "Although perineural metastases have been studied extensively for various regions of the body, there is a relative paucity of data on cancers of the head and neck region. A case of perineural metastasis from a squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip is presented, with symptoms mimicking other neurologic diseases.", "contents": "Perineural invasion by squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Review of the literature and report of a case. Although perineural metastases have been studied extensively for various regions of the body, there is a relative paucity of data on cancers of the head and neck region. A case of perineural metastasis from a squamous-cell carcinoma of the lower lip is presented, with symptoms mimicking other neurologic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:277887", "title": "The effects of partially filled polyethylene tube intraosseous implants in rats.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes obturated flush at one end and 1 mm. short at the opposite end with gutta percha and Grossman's cement as the cementing media were implanted in rat tibias. The gutta-percha, the set Grossman's cement, and the polyethylene implant were well tolerated by the rat intraosseous tissues. There was no significant inflammatory response at either the flush end or the short end of the polyethylene implant.", "contents": "The effects of partially filled polyethylene tube intraosseous implants in rats. Polyethylene tubes obturated flush at one end and 1 mm. short at the opposite end with gutta percha and Grossman's cement as the cementing media were implanted in rat tibias. The gutta-percha, the set Grossman's cement, and the polyethylene implant were well tolerated by the rat intraosseous tissues. There was no significant inflammatory response at either the flush end or the short end of the polyethylene implant."}
{"id": "PMID:277889", "title": "Osmotic fragility of leukaemic and normal lymphocytes.", "content": "The osmotic fragility of cord blood lymphocytes (CBLs), normal adult lymphocytes (NALs) and leukaemic cells was studied using hypotonic saline. Leukaemic cells were more resistant to hypotonic treatment than cord blood or adult lymphocytes. At low hypotonic saline concentrations (less than 0.2% NaCl), almost all of the NALs and CBLs were lysed after thirty minutes at 4 degrees C, whilst a large proportion of chronic lymphatic leukaemia cells remained intact. This phenomenon could conceivably be used to separate tumour cells from normal lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Osmotic fragility of leukaemic and normal lymphocytes. The osmotic fragility of cord blood lymphocytes (CBLs), normal adult lymphocytes (NALs) and leukaemic cells was studied using hypotonic saline. Leukaemic cells were more resistant to hypotonic treatment than cord blood or adult lymphocytes. At low hypotonic saline concentrations (less than 0.2% NaCl), almost all of the NALs and CBLs were lysed after thirty minutes at 4 degrees C, whilst a large proportion of chronic lymphatic leukaemia cells remained intact. This phenomenon could conceivably be used to separate tumour cells from normal lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:277891", "title": "On the mechanism of an increase of muscle performance and of vasodilation during emotional stress in man.", "content": "The mechanism of the increase of muscle performance and of vasodilation during emotional stress was studied. The \"emotional\" increment of voluntary performance does not depend on the level of blood supply to the working muscles, and the effect is maintained under conditions of cessation of arterial inflow. Augmentation of muscle performance is also observed during emotional stress when isometric contraction is evoked by electrical tetanic stimulation of the nerve, when the number of muscle fibres participating in the evoked response does not increase during emotional stress. The \"emotional\" vasodilation is greatly reduced in patients suffering from McArdle's syndrome, in whom the normal course of glycolysis in muscles is disrupted. It is suggested that acetylcholine liberated from sympathetic fibres causes the activation of glycolysis in muscles, which in its turn induces vasodilation in resting skeletal muscles and increase of muscle performance during emotional stress.", "contents": "On the mechanism of an increase of muscle performance and of vasodilation during emotional stress in man. The mechanism of the increase of muscle performance and of vasodilation during emotional stress was studied. The \"emotional\" increment of voluntary performance does not depend on the level of blood supply to the working muscles, and the effect is maintained under conditions of cessation of arterial inflow. Augmentation of muscle performance is also observed during emotional stress when isometric contraction is evoked by electrical tetanic stimulation of the nerve, when the number of muscle fibres participating in the evoked response does not increase during emotional stress. The \"emotional\" vasodilation is greatly reduced in patients suffering from McArdle's syndrome, in whom the normal course of glycolysis in muscles is disrupted. It is suggested that acetylcholine liberated from sympathetic fibres causes the activation of glycolysis in muscles, which in its turn induces vasodilation in resting skeletal muscles and increase of muscle performance during emotional stress."}
{"id": "PMID:277892", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of epidural analgesia. I. Thoracic epidural analgesia. An experimental study in sheep of the effects on central circulation, regional perfusion and myocardial performance during normoxia, hypoxia and isoproterenol administration.", "content": "Some circulatory effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) were investigated in splenectomized, open-chest sheep during normoxia, hypoxia and isoproterenol administration. During normoxia, TEA caused comparatively marked reductions in systemic arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. A fall in heart rate was not compensated for by any rise in stroke volume. Myocardial contractility (LV dd/dt/IP) was not affected by TEA. The proportion of cardiac output diverted to the blocked area was markedly increased. Compensatory vasoconstriction was not observed within the unblocked area in six out of nine animals. Myocardial blood flow showed a pronounced reduction in accordance with the calculated changes of heart work, so that myocardial oxygen extraction remained unchanged. Studies under hypoxia revealed that cardiac responses to hypoxia in the sheep are mediated chiefly by neurogenic factors. TEA abolished the hypoxia-induced rise in heart rate but did not affect the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance caused by hypoxia. The administration of isoproterenol during TEA increased systemic arterial blood pressure, but due to further fall in total peripheral resistance it was not fully normalized. Cardiac output and heart rate increased markedly. Myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow increased but did not reach control levels.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of epidural analgesia. I. Thoracic epidural analgesia. An experimental study in sheep of the effects on central circulation, regional perfusion and myocardial performance during normoxia, hypoxia and isoproterenol administration. Some circulatory effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) were investigated in splenectomized, open-chest sheep during normoxia, hypoxia and isoproterenol administration. During normoxia, TEA caused comparatively marked reductions in systemic arterial blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. A fall in heart rate was not compensated for by any rise in stroke volume. Myocardial contractility (LV dd/dt/IP) was not affected by TEA. The proportion of cardiac output diverted to the blocked area was markedly increased. Compensatory vasoconstriction was not observed within the unblocked area in six out of nine animals. Myocardial blood flow showed a pronounced reduction in accordance with the calculated changes of heart work, so that myocardial oxygen extraction remained unchanged. Studies under hypoxia revealed that cardiac responses to hypoxia in the sheep are mediated chiefly by neurogenic factors. TEA abolished the hypoxia-induced rise in heart rate but did not affect the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance caused by hypoxia. The administration of isoproterenol during TEA increased systemic arterial blood pressure, but due to further fall in total peripheral resistance it was not fully normalized. Cardiac output and heart rate increased markedly. Myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow increased but did not reach control levels."}
{"id": "PMID:277906", "title": "Nanosecond relaxation processes of phospholipid bilayers in the transition zone.", "content": "Ultrasonic relaxation spectra of dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles have been recorded as a function of temperature over the frequency range 14-265 MHz. A relaxation process is observed with a time constant of about 10(-8) sec. At the mid-point of the crystalline-liquid crystalline transition (about 41.3 degrees), the relaxation amplitude is maximal. This suggests that the relaxation process is intimately associated with the order-disorder transition. Further support for this conclusion comes from the finding that the volume change of the reaction, as calculated from the relaxation amplitude at the transition midpoint, agrees with that determined independently by equilibrium dilatometry measurements of the deltaV of the transition. The results show that a major step in the transition occurs on a far shorter time scale than previously recognized. Similar fast processes have also been detected in dimyristoyl and distearoyl lecithin vesicles. From a consideration of various lines of evidence, it appears that the relaxation monitors the elementary step associated with the isomerization of lipid chains, such as kink formation through internal bond rotations, as the bilayer transforms between ordered and disordered phases.", "contents": "Nanosecond relaxation processes of phospholipid bilayers in the transition zone. Ultrasonic relaxation spectra of dipalmitoyl lecithin vesicles have been recorded as a function of temperature over the frequency range 14-265 MHz. A relaxation process is observed with a time constant of about 10(-8) sec. At the mid-point of the crystalline-liquid crystalline transition (about 41.3 degrees), the relaxation amplitude is maximal. This suggests that the relaxation process is intimately associated with the order-disorder transition. Further support for this conclusion comes from the finding that the volume change of the reaction, as calculated from the relaxation amplitude at the transition midpoint, agrees with that determined independently by equilibrium dilatometry measurements of the deltaV of the transition. The results show that a major step in the transition occurs on a far shorter time scale than previously recognized. Similar fast processes have also been detected in dimyristoyl and distearoyl lecithin vesicles. From a consideration of various lines of evidence, it appears that the relaxation monitors the elementary step associated with the isomerization of lipid chains, such as kink formation through internal bond rotations, as the bilayer transforms between ordered and disordered phases."}
{"id": "PMID:277907", "title": "Interacting enzyme systems at steady state: location of the phase transition in approximations of the mean field type.", "content": "We consider a phase transition \"loop,\" obtained from a mean field type of approximate treatment of a closed steady-state Ising system. Where is the cut (stable path) across the loop located? The general procedure, in answering this question, is to pass to an open version of the same system and use the cut that appears automatically in this case (no loop is possible in an open system). This is equivalent to finding the point at which the two phases have equal total probability in the open system. It is shown here that this procedure, when applied to a system of two-state enzyme molecules, is formally equivalent to well-known thermodynamic methods (Maxwell's theorem, etc.). These can be applied directly to the closed system without considering the open system explicitly. However, for enzyme molecules with more than two states, the \"thermodynamic\" method generally fails and one must fall back on the open system procedure mentioned above. Practical implementation of this procedure is not easy.", "contents": "Interacting enzyme systems at steady state: location of the phase transition in approximations of the mean field type. We consider a phase transition \"loop,\" obtained from a mean field type of approximate treatment of a closed steady-state Ising system. Where is the cut (stable path) across the loop located? The general procedure, in answering this question, is to pass to an open version of the same system and use the cut that appears automatically in this case (no loop is possible in an open system). This is equivalent to finding the point at which the two phases have equal total probability in the open system. It is shown here that this procedure, when applied to a system of two-state enzyme molecules, is formally equivalent to well-known thermodynamic methods (Maxwell's theorem, etc.). These can be applied directly to the closed system without considering the open system explicitly. However, for enzyme molecules with more than two states, the \"thermodynamic\" method generally fails and one must fall back on the open system procedure mentioned above. Practical implementation of this procedure is not easy."}
{"id": "PMID:277908", "title": "Structure-function relationships of heparin species.", "content": "We have fractionated porcine heparin species of low molecular weight, with an average specific anticoagulant activity of 96 units/mg by affinity chromotography. Highly active and relatively inactive preparations of similar size were obtained with specific anticoagulant activities of 360 and 4 units/mg, respectively. The highly active heparin fraction possesses 1.1 additional residues of glucuronic acid and 1.5 fewer residues of N-sulfated glucosamine per molecule compared to the relatively inactive species. This decrease in N-sulfated glucosamine appears to be secondary to a corresponding increase in N-acetylated glucosamine. This form also contains a tetrasaccharide sequence with a N-sulfated glucosamine at its reducing end as well as equivalent amounts of glucuronic acid and iduronic acid. Furthermore, the internal glucosamine residue of this sequence appears to be N-acetylated. Sufficient amounts of this tetrasaccharide sequence are present within the highly active preparation such that each molecule may be endowed with this structure. The relatively inactive product contains a significantly decreased quantity of this tetrasaccharide sequence such that only [unk]20% of these molecules may possess this structure. The mean distance between nonsulfated uronic acid residues of the highly active species is smaller than that separating similar residues of the relatively inactive product. In addition, a larger number of the nonsulfated uronic acid residues of the highly active material appears either to be present in a restricted region of the molecule separated only by glucosamine residues or to be located at penultimate positions within the polysaccharide chain.", "contents": "Structure-function relationships of heparin species. We have fractionated porcine heparin species of low molecular weight, with an average specific anticoagulant activity of 96 units/mg by affinity chromotography. Highly active and relatively inactive preparations of similar size were obtained with specific anticoagulant activities of 360 and 4 units/mg, respectively. The highly active heparin fraction possesses 1.1 additional residues of glucuronic acid and 1.5 fewer residues of N-sulfated glucosamine per molecule compared to the relatively inactive species. This decrease in N-sulfated glucosamine appears to be secondary to a corresponding increase in N-acetylated glucosamine. This form also contains a tetrasaccharide sequence with a N-sulfated glucosamine at its reducing end as well as equivalent amounts of glucuronic acid and iduronic acid. Furthermore, the internal glucosamine residue of this sequence appears to be N-acetylated. Sufficient amounts of this tetrasaccharide sequence are present within the highly active preparation such that each molecule may be endowed with this structure. The relatively inactive product contains a significantly decreased quantity of this tetrasaccharide sequence such that only [unk]20% of these molecules may possess this structure. The mean distance between nonsulfated uronic acid residues of the highly active species is smaller than that separating similar residues of the relatively inactive product. In addition, a larger number of the nonsulfated uronic acid residues of the highly active material appears either to be present in a restricted region of the molecule separated only by glucosamine residues or to be located at penultimate positions within the polysaccharide chain."}
{"id": "PMID:277909", "title": "Insulin receptor: interaction with nonreceptor glycoprotein from liver cell membranes.", "content": "In crude receptor preparations (either particulate or soluble) of rat liver membranes, the insulin receptor exhibits complicated binding kinetics (two binding plateaus, half-saturated at approximately 60 pM and 700 pM insulin) and an apparent chromatographic heterogeneity, suggested by the presence of two detectable, soluble insulin-binding components with apparent Stokes radii of 72 A and 38 A. In contrast, the insulin receptor isolated by affinity chromatography exhibits a simple binding isotherm (half-maximal saturation of binding at 700 pM insulin) without evidence for negative cooperativity and behaves as a single component (apparent Stokes radius of 38 A) upon chromatography on Sepharose 6B. The apparent discrepancies between the properties of the unpurified insulin receptor and the affinity-purified receptor can be attributed to the presence in crude preparations of a nonreceptor constituent(s) having properties consistent with those of a membrane glycoprotein. A glycoprotein fraction from such crude soluble membrane preparations, freed from insulin receptor and subsequently partially purified using concanavalin-A-agarose, when combined with affinity-purified insulin receptor, causes both a reappearance of the complicated binding kinetics and an increase in the receptor's apparent Stokes radius from 38 A to 72 A. Similar results are observed for a glycoprotein fraction obtained from rat adipocyte membranes but are not observed for an identical fraction isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. We conclude that the insulin receptor in rat liver membranes can interact with another nonreceptor membrane glycoprotein that may represent either a nonrecognition moiety of the receptor oligomer or an effector molecule to the biological action of insulin.", "contents": "Insulin receptor: interaction with nonreceptor glycoprotein from liver cell membranes. In crude receptor preparations (either particulate or soluble) of rat liver membranes, the insulin receptor exhibits complicated binding kinetics (two binding plateaus, half-saturated at approximately 60 pM and 700 pM insulin) and an apparent chromatographic heterogeneity, suggested by the presence of two detectable, soluble insulin-binding components with apparent Stokes radii of 72 A and 38 A. In contrast, the insulin receptor isolated by affinity chromatography exhibits a simple binding isotherm (half-maximal saturation of binding at 700 pM insulin) without evidence for negative cooperativity and behaves as a single component (apparent Stokes radius of 38 A) upon chromatography on Sepharose 6B. The apparent discrepancies between the properties of the unpurified insulin receptor and the affinity-purified receptor can be attributed to the presence in crude preparations of a nonreceptor constituent(s) having properties consistent with those of a membrane glycoprotein. A glycoprotein fraction from such crude soluble membrane preparations, freed from insulin receptor and subsequently partially purified using concanavalin-A-agarose, when combined with affinity-purified insulin receptor, causes both a reappearance of the complicated binding kinetics and an increase in the receptor's apparent Stokes radius from 38 A to 72 A. Similar results are observed for a glycoprotein fraction obtained from rat adipocyte membranes but are not observed for an identical fraction isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. We conclude that the insulin receptor in rat liver membranes can interact with another nonreceptor membrane glycoprotein that may represent either a nonrecognition moiety of the receptor oligomer or an effector molecule to the biological action of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:277910", "title": "Synthetic peptide derivatives that bind to fibrinogen and prevent the polymerization of fibrin monomers.", "content": "A series of small peptides corresponding to the amino termini of the fibrin alpha- and beta-chains has been synthesized. The peptides glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline and glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginylsarcosine are potent inhibitors of fibrin polymerization. Moreover, these peptides have a natural stability stemming from their inherent resistance to proteolysis because of the involvement of amino acids in each of their peptide bonds. The peptide glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline binds to fibrinogen and to fragment D, in both cases with an association constant of approximately 5 x 10(4); it does not bind to fragment E. The number of binding sites is two for fibrinogen and one for fragment D. The tripeptide glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine binds less tightly and is less than half as effective in preventing polymerization. The peptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-arginyl-L-proline, which corresponds exactly to the amino terminus of the fibrin beta-chain, does not inhibit the aggregation of fibrin monomers under the conditions used. It does bind weakly to fibrinogen, however, suggesting the involvement of sites other than those binding the alpha-chain analogues. Various other peptides were found not to inhibit polymerization; these included glycine-L-proline, L-prolyl-L-arginine and glycyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-proline. The last-named corresponds to the serine/arginine amino acid replacement previously reported for a defective human fibrinogen.", "contents": "Synthetic peptide derivatives that bind to fibrinogen and prevent the polymerization of fibrin monomers. A series of small peptides corresponding to the amino termini of the fibrin alpha- and beta-chains has been synthesized. The peptides glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline and glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginylsarcosine are potent inhibitors of fibrin polymerization. Moreover, these peptides have a natural stability stemming from their inherent resistance to proteolysis because of the involvement of amino acids in each of their peptide bonds. The peptide glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline binds to fibrinogen and to fragment D, in both cases with an association constant of approximately 5 x 10(4); it does not bind to fragment E. The number of binding sites is two for fibrinogen and one for fragment D. The tripeptide glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine binds less tightly and is less than half as effective in preventing polymerization. The peptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-arginyl-L-proline, which corresponds exactly to the amino terminus of the fibrin beta-chain, does not inhibit the aggregation of fibrin monomers under the conditions used. It does bind weakly to fibrinogen, however, suggesting the involvement of sites other than those binding the alpha-chain analogues. Various other peptides were found not to inhibit polymerization; these included glycine-L-proline, L-prolyl-L-arginine and glycyl-L-prolyl-L-seryl-L-proline. The last-named corresponds to the serine/arginine amino acid replacement previously reported for a defective human fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:277911", "title": "Site-specific initiation of a DNA fragment: nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage G4 negative-strand initiation site.", "content": "The synthesis of the bacteriophage G4 negative strand is an example of the de novo initiation of a polynucleotide chain. This initiation is performed by the Escherichia coli replication protein dna G which selects a unique site on 5400-base positive-strand template. In this paper we present the nucleotide sequence of the G4 negative-strand initiation site. This is the template element recognized by the dna G priming protein. In conjunction with the sequence of the nascent negative strand, obtained by Bouch\u00e9, Rowen, and Kornberg [Bouch\u00e9, J.-P., Rowen, L. & Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 765-769], the present data provide a description of a dna G-dependent origin of replication in which one knows the place at which polymerization starts at the nucleotide level.", "contents": "Site-specific initiation of a DNA fragment: nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage G4 negative-strand initiation site. The synthesis of the bacteriophage G4 negative strand is an example of the de novo initiation of a polynucleotide chain. This initiation is performed by the Escherichia coli replication protein dna G which selects a unique site on 5400-base positive-strand template. In this paper we present the nucleotide sequence of the G4 negative-strand initiation site. This is the template element recognized by the dna G priming protein. In conjunction with the sequence of the nascent negative strand, obtained by Bouch\u00e9, Rowen, and Kornberg [Bouch\u00e9, J.-P., Rowen, L. & Kornberg, A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 765-769], the present data provide a description of a dna G-dependent origin of replication in which one knows the place at which polymerization starts at the nucleotide level."}
{"id": "PMID:277912", "title": "Transposition of plasmid DNA segments specifying hydrocarbon degradation and their expression in various microorganisms.", "content": "The conjugative TOL plasmid (75 Mdal), specifying biodegradation of xylenes, toluene, and trimethylbenzene derivatives, undergoes dissociation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO to a nonconjugative TOL(*) plasmid (28 Mdal) and a transfer plasmid termed TOLDelta (48 Mdal). The TOL(*) plasmid is rendered transmissible through introduction of a number of conjugative plasmids such as factor K, CAM, and TOLDelta but not by the FP2 derivative pR0271. Transfer of TOL(*) via factor K or TOLDelta is mediated by the formation of plasmid cointegrates; no recombination is observed with CAM. A recombinant RP4-TOL plasmid (76 Mdal), which has lost resistance to tetracycline, has been isolated. The TOL(*) segment can be transposed from this RP4-TOL recombinant plasmid to other antibiotic resistance plasmids such as R702. A segment of DNA, specifying salicylate degradation from SAL plasmid, was transposed onto pAC10, the TOL(*-) derivative of RP4-TOL recombinant plasmid, which has lost resistance to tetracycline but retains the transfer genes of RP4. Transposition of the salicylate degradative genes onto pAC10 results in the loss of kanamycin resistance. It has been possible to isolate SAL(+) segregants from pAC10[unk]SAL transposition derivatives that have lost the pAC10 plasmid. Such segregants harbor the salicylate degradative genes in the form of a nonconjugative plasmid (SAL(*)). Transfer of RP4[unk]TOL(*) or pAC10[unk]SAL(*) transposition derivatives to Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or Azotobacter vinelandii results in the functional expression of the antibiotic resistance genes but not of the hydrocarbon degradative genes. Such genes, however, are fully expressed on being transferred back to Pseudomonas.", "contents": "Transposition of plasmid DNA segments specifying hydrocarbon degradation and their expression in various microorganisms. The conjugative TOL plasmid (75 Mdal), specifying biodegradation of xylenes, toluene, and trimethylbenzene derivatives, undergoes dissociation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO to a nonconjugative TOL(*) plasmid (28 Mdal) and a transfer plasmid termed TOLDelta (48 Mdal). The TOL(*) plasmid is rendered transmissible through introduction of a number of conjugative plasmids such as factor K, CAM, and TOLDelta but not by the FP2 derivative pR0271. Transfer of TOL(*) via factor K or TOLDelta is mediated by the formation of plasmid cointegrates; no recombination is observed with CAM. A recombinant RP4-TOL plasmid (76 Mdal), which has lost resistance to tetracycline, has been isolated. The TOL(*) segment can be transposed from this RP4-TOL recombinant plasmid to other antibiotic resistance plasmids such as R702. A segment of DNA, specifying salicylate degradation from SAL plasmid, was transposed onto pAC10, the TOL(*-) derivative of RP4-TOL recombinant plasmid, which has lost resistance to tetracycline but retains the transfer genes of RP4. Transposition of the salicylate degradative genes onto pAC10 results in the loss of kanamycin resistance. It has been possible to isolate SAL(+) segregants from pAC10[unk]SAL transposition derivatives that have lost the pAC10 plasmid. Such segregants harbor the salicylate degradative genes in the form of a nonconjugative plasmid (SAL(*)). Transfer of RP4[unk]TOL(*) or pAC10[unk]SAL(*) transposition derivatives to Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or Azotobacter vinelandii results in the functional expression of the antibiotic resistance genes but not of the hydrocarbon degradative genes. Such genes, however, are fully expressed on being transferred back to Pseudomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:277913", "title": "Reconstitution of cholera toxin-activated adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Reconstitution of adenylate cyclase activity responsive to stimulation by guanylyl-5'imidodiphosphate or NaF may be achieved by mixing dilute Lubrol 12A9-solubilized extracts of wild-type S49 membranes with membranes of an adenylate cyclase-deficient variant. Experiments using N-ethylmaleimide to inactivate components of the adenylate cyclase system indicate that distinct components from both wild-type detergent extracts and adenylate cyclase-deficient membranes are essential for reconstitution. These results and conclusions confirm those of E. M. Ross and A. G. Gilman [J. Biol. Chem. (1977) 252, 6966-6969]. Detergent extracts of cholera toxin-treated wild-type membranes yield a reconstituted adenylate cyclase as responsive to GTP as to guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate whereas, in the absence of cholera toxin treatment, GTP has little or no effect. Cholera toxin-treated adenylate cyclase-deficient membranes and Lubrol 12A9 extracts from them, however, fail to yield a reconstituted adenylate cyclase that responds to GTP with an increase in cyclase activity. Because treatment of the adenylate cyclase-deficient variants with cholera toxin is without effect on the reconstituted cyclase, we propose that the cholera toxin substrate is absent or altered in the adenylate cyclase-deficient phenotype.", "contents": "Reconstitution of cholera toxin-activated adenylate cyclase. Reconstitution of adenylate cyclase activity responsive to stimulation by guanylyl-5'imidodiphosphate or NaF may be achieved by mixing dilute Lubrol 12A9-solubilized extracts of wild-type S49 membranes with membranes of an adenylate cyclase-deficient variant. Experiments using N-ethylmaleimide to inactivate components of the adenylate cyclase system indicate that distinct components from both wild-type detergent extracts and adenylate cyclase-deficient membranes are essential for reconstitution. These results and conclusions confirm those of E. M. Ross and A. G. Gilman [J. Biol. Chem. (1977) 252, 6966-6969]. Detergent extracts of cholera toxin-treated wild-type membranes yield a reconstituted adenylate cyclase as responsive to GTP as to guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate whereas, in the absence of cholera toxin treatment, GTP has little or no effect. Cholera toxin-treated adenylate cyclase-deficient membranes and Lubrol 12A9 extracts from them, however, fail to yield a reconstituted adenylate cyclase that responds to GTP with an increase in cyclase activity. Because treatment of the adenylate cyclase-deficient variants with cholera toxin is without effect on the reconstituted cyclase, we propose that the cholera toxin substrate is absent or altered in the adenylate cyclase-deficient phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:277914", "title": "Evidence that two forms of bovine erythrocyte cytochrome b5 are identical to segments of microsomal cytochrome b5.", "content": "Homogeneous preparations of two forms of soluble cytochrome b5 have been obtained from bovine erythrocytes by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Bio-Gel P-60, and DEAE-Sephadex. Although the two forms could be separated on disc gel electrophoresis, they appeared to have similar molecular weights of approximately 12,000 and identical visible absorbance spectra. The tryptic hemepeptides derived from the two forms of bovine erythrocyte cytochrome b5 are electrophoretically indistinguishable from each other and from the tryptic core hemepeptide derived from liver microsomal cytochrome b5. The bovine erythrocyte tryptic hemepeptide was purified to homogeneity; its amino acid composition was shown to be identical to that of tryptic hemepeptide from liver microsomal cytochrome b5. The amino acid compositions of the two isolatable forms of erythrocyte cytochrome b5 correspond well to the compositions of the 97- and 95-residue segments of native liver microsomal cytochrome b5 that begin at the NH2 terminus. These results agree with the hypothesis that soluble erythrocyte cytochrome b5 is derived from microsomal protein by proteolysis during erythroid maturation.", "contents": "Evidence that two forms of bovine erythrocyte cytochrome b5 are identical to segments of microsomal cytochrome b5. Homogeneous preparations of two forms of soluble cytochrome b5 have been obtained from bovine erythrocytes by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Bio-Gel P-60, and DEAE-Sephadex. Although the two forms could be separated on disc gel electrophoresis, they appeared to have similar molecular weights of approximately 12,000 and identical visible absorbance spectra. The tryptic hemepeptides derived from the two forms of bovine erythrocyte cytochrome b5 are electrophoretically indistinguishable from each other and from the tryptic core hemepeptide derived from liver microsomal cytochrome b5. The bovine erythrocyte tryptic hemepeptide was purified to homogeneity; its amino acid composition was shown to be identical to that of tryptic hemepeptide from liver microsomal cytochrome b5. The amino acid compositions of the two isolatable forms of erythrocyte cytochrome b5 correspond well to the compositions of the 97- and 95-residue segments of native liver microsomal cytochrome b5 that begin at the NH2 terminus. These results agree with the hypothesis that soluble erythrocyte cytochrome b5 is derived from microsomal protein by proteolysis during erythroid maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:277915", "title": "Regio- and stereoselectivity of various forms of purified cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and (-) trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene as shown by product formation and binding to DNA.", "content": "Highly purified cytochromes P-450(LM2) and P-450(LM4) and partially purified P-450(LM1), P-450(LM3b), and P-450(LM7) from rabbit liver microsomes exhibit different catalytic activities in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BzP) and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(-)trans-7,8-diol] in a reconstituted enzyme system. The two highly purified cytochromes also exhibit differences in the activation of BzP and (-)trans-7,8-diol to intermediates that bind to DNA, as well as in the stereoselective conversion of (-)trans-7,8-diol to the highly mutagenic and carcinogenic diol-epoxides r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (diol-epoxide I) and r - 7,t - 8 - dihydroxy - c - 9,10 - oxy - 7,8,9,10 - tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (diol-epoxide II). P-450(LM2) is more active than P-450(LM4) in the metabolism of BzP and in its conversion to products that bind to DNA. In contrast, P-450(LM4) is more active than P-450(LM2) in the metabolism of (-)trans-7,8-diol and in its conversion to products that bind to DNA. The ratio of activity (percent substrate metabolized) with BzP relative to that with (-)trans-7,8-diol is 21 for P-450(LM2) and 0.3 for P-450(LM4); P-450(LM1), P-450(LM3b), and P-450(LM7) gave intermediate ratios. Marked stereoselectivity in the oxygenation of the (-)trans-7,8-diol to the highly mutagenic and putatively carcinogenic diol-epoxides I and II was observed with P-450(LM4), whereas the other preparations showed less selectivity. The ratio of diolepoxide I to diol-epoxide II ranges from 0.3 for P-450(LM7) to 11 for P-450(LM4). The substrate specificity and regio- and stereo-selectivity of the different forms of cytochrome P-450 may regulate the balance between activation and detoxification pathways of BzP and therefore determine the susceptibility of individual tissues, strains, and species to the carcinogenic action of BzP.", "contents": "Regio- and stereoselectivity of various forms of purified cytochrome P-450 in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and (-) trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene as shown by product formation and binding to DNA. Highly purified cytochromes P-450(LM2) and P-450(LM4) and partially purified P-450(LM1), P-450(LM3b), and P-450(LM7) from rabbit liver microsomes exhibit different catalytic activities in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BzP) and (-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(-)trans-7,8-diol] in a reconstituted enzyme system. The two highly purified cytochromes also exhibit differences in the activation of BzP and (-)trans-7,8-diol to intermediates that bind to DNA, as well as in the stereoselective conversion of (-)trans-7,8-diol to the highly mutagenic and carcinogenic diol-epoxides r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (diol-epoxide I) and r - 7,t - 8 - dihydroxy - c - 9,10 - oxy - 7,8,9,10 - tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (diol-epoxide II). P-450(LM2) is more active than P-450(LM4) in the metabolism of BzP and in its conversion to products that bind to DNA. In contrast, P-450(LM4) is more active than P-450(LM2) in the metabolism of (-)trans-7,8-diol and in its conversion to products that bind to DNA. The ratio of activity (percent substrate metabolized) with BzP relative to that with (-)trans-7,8-diol is 21 for P-450(LM2) and 0.3 for P-450(LM4); P-450(LM1), P-450(LM3b), and P-450(LM7) gave intermediate ratios. Marked stereoselectivity in the oxygenation of the (-)trans-7,8-diol to the highly mutagenic and putatively carcinogenic diol-epoxides I and II was observed with P-450(LM4), whereas the other preparations showed less selectivity. The ratio of diolepoxide I to diol-epoxide II ranges from 0.3 for P-450(LM7) to 11 for P-450(LM4). The substrate specificity and regio- and stereo-selectivity of the different forms of cytochrome P-450 may regulate the balance between activation and detoxification pathways of BzP and therefore determine the susceptibility of individual tissues, strains, and species to the carcinogenic action of BzP."}
{"id": "PMID:277916", "title": "Soluble biospecific macromolecule for purification of estrogen receptor.", "content": "An alternative to affinity chromatography purification of proteins based on the use of a water-soluble biospecific polymer has been applied to the estrogen receptor from calf uterus. The receptor (4S-trypsin form) was bound to a dextran-estradiol conjugate (molecular weight approximately 500,000) and the complex was isolated by gel filtration. Highly purified receptor was subsequently released from the dextran-estradiol conjugate by exchange with [3H]estradiol.", "contents": "Soluble biospecific macromolecule for purification of estrogen receptor. An alternative to affinity chromatography purification of proteins based on the use of a water-soluble biospecific polymer has been applied to the estrogen receptor from calf uterus. The receptor (4S-trypsin form) was bound to a dextran-estradiol conjugate (molecular weight approximately 500,000) and the complex was isolated by gel filtration. Highly purified receptor was subsequently released from the dextran-estradiol conjugate by exchange with [3H]estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:277917", "title": "In vitro biosynthesis and chemical characterization of beta-lipotropin, gamma-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin in rat pars intermedia.", "content": "Three 3-hr incubations of pars intermedia cells from 40 rat pituitaries with [35S]methionine, [3H]lysine, and [3H]leucine sufficed for the identification and chemical characterization of biosynthesized beta-lipotropin, gamma-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin. From the molecular weight, migration on polyacrylamide gels, and sequence Met5, Lys9, Leu14,17, rat beta-endorphin was shown to be identical to its sheep homologue and no trace of Leu5 beta-endorphin could be detected. Rat beta-lipotropin differs from that of sheep in its elution properties on CM-cellulose, and its sequence shows Leu2,10,14, Lys20. Rat gamma-lipotropin shows the same NH2-terminal sequence as beta-lipotropin and is again different from its sheep homologue. The identification of rat beta-lipotropin was confirmed by its selective cleavage into beta-endorphin after trypsin digestion of the citraconylated peptide, a property not observed with rat gamma-lipotropin.", "contents": "In vitro biosynthesis and chemical characterization of beta-lipotropin, gamma-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin in rat pars intermedia. Three 3-hr incubations of pars intermedia cells from 40 rat pituitaries with [35S]methionine, [3H]lysine, and [3H]leucine sufficed for the identification and chemical characterization of biosynthesized beta-lipotropin, gamma-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin. From the molecular weight, migration on polyacrylamide gels, and sequence Met5, Lys9, Leu14,17, rat beta-endorphin was shown to be identical to its sheep homologue and no trace of Leu5 beta-endorphin could be detected. Rat beta-lipotropin differs from that of sheep in its elution properties on CM-cellulose, and its sequence shows Leu2,10,14, Lys20. Rat gamma-lipotropin shows the same NH2-terminal sequence as beta-lipotropin and is again different from its sheep homologue. The identification of rat beta-lipotropin was confirmed by its selective cleavage into beta-endorphin after trypsin digestion of the citraconylated peptide, a property not observed with rat gamma-lipotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:277918", "title": "Cycloheximide resistance can be mediated through either ribosomal subunit.", "content": "Two cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila were analyzed to determine the site of their cycloheximide resistance. The mutations in both strains had been previously shown to be genetically dominant and located at separate loci (denoted Chx-A and Chx-B). Strains carrying these mutations were readily distinguished by the extent to which they were resistant to the drug. The homozygous double mutant was more resistant than either single mutant. Cell-free extracts of wild type and of the three mutant strains, assayed for protein synthetic activity by both runoff of natural mRNA and poly(U)-dependent phenylalanine polymerization, demonstrated that in vitro the mutants were all more resistant than the wild type. Further fractionation of the cell-free systems into ribosomes and supernates localized cycloheximide resistance to the ribosome for both Chx-A and Chx-B homozygotes. Ribosome dissociation and pairwise subunit mixing in the in vitro system indicated that ribosome resistance was conferred by the 60S subunit from one strain whereas resistance in the other strain was mediated through the 40S subunit. This was further confirmed by reconstruction of all four cycloheximide-resistance \"phenotypes\" by mixing ribosomal subunits from appropriate strains. This finding suggests that the mechanisms by which these mutations confer resistance to cycloheximide are different.", "contents": "Cycloheximide resistance can be mediated through either ribosomal subunit. Two cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila were analyzed to determine the site of their cycloheximide resistance. The mutations in both strains had been previously shown to be genetically dominant and located at separate loci (denoted Chx-A and Chx-B). Strains carrying these mutations were readily distinguished by the extent to which they were resistant to the drug. The homozygous double mutant was more resistant than either single mutant. Cell-free extracts of wild type and of the three mutant strains, assayed for protein synthetic activity by both runoff of natural mRNA and poly(U)-dependent phenylalanine polymerization, demonstrated that in vitro the mutants were all more resistant than the wild type. Further fractionation of the cell-free systems into ribosomes and supernates localized cycloheximide resistance to the ribosome for both Chx-A and Chx-B homozygotes. Ribosome dissociation and pairwise subunit mixing in the in vitro system indicated that ribosome resistance was conferred by the 60S subunit from one strain whereas resistance in the other strain was mediated through the 40S subunit. This was further confirmed by reconstruction of all four cycloheximide-resistance \"phenotypes\" by mixing ribosomal subunits from appropriate strains. This finding suggests that the mechanisms by which these mutations confer resistance to cycloheximide are different."}
{"id": "PMID:277919", "title": "Role of nucleotides in tubulin polymerization: effect of guanosine 5'-methylene diphosphonate.", "content": "Incubation of purified rat brain tubulin with guanosine 5'-methylene diphosphonate [GMP(CH2)P] (1 mM), a GDP analog resistant to hydrolysis, results in the polymerization of 20-30% of the total tubulin present. Analogous incubations with GDP (1 mM) do not result in tubulin polymerization. Polymerization with GMP(CH2)P occurs in the presence of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) under conditions that completely hydrolyze the likely phosphate donors (GTP, GDP, and GMP) as well as the potential product [GMP(CH2)PP] of the transphosphorylase activity present in purified tubulin preparations. Tubulin polymerization in vitro thus can occur in the absence of gamma-phosphate and phosphate bond hydrolysis at the exchangeable nucleotide-binding site of tubulin. Polymerization of tubulin by GMP(CH2)P is neither prevented nor reversed by concentrations of calcium (2 mM) that prevent microtubule assembly and disrupt already formed microtubules induced by GTP. However, tubulin polymerized with GMP(CH2)P is readily depolymerized by cold (4 degrees, 30 min). The possible involvement of GTP alpha-beta bond hydrolysis must be considered seriously as playing a role in the process of microtubule depolymerization.", "contents": "Role of nucleotides in tubulin polymerization: effect of guanosine 5'-methylene diphosphonate. Incubation of purified rat brain tubulin with guanosine 5'-methylene diphosphonate [GMP(CH2)P] (1 mM), a GDP analog resistant to hydrolysis, results in the polymerization of 20-30% of the total tubulin present. Analogous incubations with GDP (1 mM) do not result in tubulin polymerization. Polymerization with GMP(CH2)P occurs in the presence of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) under conditions that completely hydrolyze the likely phosphate donors (GTP, GDP, and GMP) as well as the potential product [GMP(CH2)PP] of the transphosphorylase activity present in purified tubulin preparations. Tubulin polymerization in vitro thus can occur in the absence of gamma-phosphate and phosphate bond hydrolysis at the exchangeable nucleotide-binding site of tubulin. Polymerization of tubulin by GMP(CH2)P is neither prevented nor reversed by concentrations of calcium (2 mM) that prevent microtubule assembly and disrupt already formed microtubules induced by GTP. However, tubulin polymerized with GMP(CH2)P is readily depolymerized by cold (4 degrees, 30 min). The possible involvement of GTP alpha-beta bond hydrolysis must be considered seriously as playing a role in the process of microtubule depolymerization."}
{"id": "PMID:277920", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide production, chemiluminescence, and the respiratory burst of fertilization: interrelated events in early sea urchin development.", "content": "After fertilization of the sea urchin, Strongyl-ocentrotus purpuratus, a crosslinked fertilization membrane is formed; the crosslinks (dityrosine residues) are synthesized in a reaction catalyzed by an ovoperoxidase that is released from the cortical granules during fertilization. The substrate for ovoperoxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide, is generated by the egg coincident with the \"respiratory burst\" that follows parthenogenetic activation by the divalent ionophore A23187 or fertilization. This burst of oxygen consumption may be almost quantitatively accounted for by hydrogen peroxide evolution, as measured by the peroxidase-catalyzed quenching of scopoletin fluorescence. Neither the burst of oxygen consumption nor hydrogen peroxide production occurs when the inhibitor of cortical granule discharge, procaine, is present at fertilization. Fertilization or parthenogenetic activation with A23187 also is associated with a burst of light emission. This chemiluminescence is inhibited in vivo by inhibitors of the ovoperoxidase, such as 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, phenylhydrazine, sulfite, or azide. A crude ovoperoxidase preparation catalyzes hydrogen peroxide-dependent chemiluminescence that is similarly inhibited. Thus, the bursts of oxygen uptake, peroxide production, and chemiluminescence appear to be several manifestations of the peroxidative system released at fertilization. This system may additionally be responsible for spermicidal activity and thus may act as a component of the block to polyspermy.", "contents": "Hydrogen peroxide production, chemiluminescence, and the respiratory burst of fertilization: interrelated events in early sea urchin development. After fertilization of the sea urchin, Strongyl-ocentrotus purpuratus, a crosslinked fertilization membrane is formed; the crosslinks (dityrosine residues) are synthesized in a reaction catalyzed by an ovoperoxidase that is released from the cortical granules during fertilization. The substrate for ovoperoxidase activity, hydrogen peroxide, is generated by the egg coincident with the \"respiratory burst\" that follows parthenogenetic activation by the divalent ionophore A23187 or fertilization. This burst of oxygen consumption may be almost quantitatively accounted for by hydrogen peroxide evolution, as measured by the peroxidase-catalyzed quenching of scopoletin fluorescence. Neither the burst of oxygen consumption nor hydrogen peroxide production occurs when the inhibitor of cortical granule discharge, procaine, is present at fertilization. Fertilization or parthenogenetic activation with A23187 also is associated with a burst of light emission. This chemiluminescence is inhibited in vivo by inhibitors of the ovoperoxidase, such as 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, phenylhydrazine, sulfite, or azide. A crude ovoperoxidase preparation catalyzes hydrogen peroxide-dependent chemiluminescence that is similarly inhibited. Thus, the bursts of oxygen uptake, peroxide production, and chemiluminescence appear to be several manifestations of the peroxidative system released at fertilization. This system may additionally be responsible for spermicidal activity and thus may act as a component of the block to polyspermy."}
{"id": "PMID:277921", "title": "Embryonic neural retina collagen: in vitro synthesis of high molecular weight forms of type II plus a new genetic type.", "content": "Chicken neural retina cells from 6- to 7-day embryos were labeled with [(3)H]proline for 24 and 72 hr and the collagenous proteins of the medium were analyzed. Ninety percent of the collagenous proteins eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns as a peak near the middle of the gradient. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this material consisted predominantly of a slowly migrating procollagen, a smaller amount of an intermediate migrating form, and some alpha-chain material. Limited enzymatic digestion of this DEAE peak material plus mapping of its CNBr peptides identified this material as a type II precursor. The remaining 10% of the collagenous proteins eluted from DEAE-cellulose at the end of the gradient. Electrophoresis of this fraction showed four major bands. Two migrated near the type II precursors, a third migrated somewhat more slowly, and the fourth was near beta-chain dimers. In addition, there were two minor bands. Limited pepsin digestion of this DEAE peak material produced two bands: one migrated slightly more slowly than alpha1, and the second, considerably more slowly. The CNBr peptide pattern of this material appears to be different from any previously described. Thus, neural retina cells in culture synthesize at least two genetically distinct classes of collagenous proteins. One represents precursors to type II. The second is composed of multiple, very high molecular weight forms which may represent precursors (procollagens) of a new genetic type(s) of collagen.", "contents": "Embryonic neural retina collagen: in vitro synthesis of high molecular weight forms of type II plus a new genetic type. Chicken neural retina cells from 6- to 7-day embryos were labeled with [(3)H]proline for 24 and 72 hr and the collagenous proteins of the medium were analyzed. Ninety percent of the collagenous proteins eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns as a peak near the middle of the gradient. Upon sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this material consisted predominantly of a slowly migrating procollagen, a smaller amount of an intermediate migrating form, and some alpha-chain material. Limited enzymatic digestion of this DEAE peak material plus mapping of its CNBr peptides identified this material as a type II precursor. The remaining 10% of the collagenous proteins eluted from DEAE-cellulose at the end of the gradient. Electrophoresis of this fraction showed four major bands. Two migrated near the type II precursors, a third migrated somewhat more slowly, and the fourth was near beta-chain dimers. In addition, there were two minor bands. Limited pepsin digestion of this DEAE peak material produced two bands: one migrated slightly more slowly than alpha1, and the second, considerably more slowly. The CNBr peptide pattern of this material appears to be different from any previously described. Thus, neural retina cells in culture synthesize at least two genetically distinct classes of collagenous proteins. One represents precursors to type II. The second is composed of multiple, very high molecular weight forms which may represent precursors (procollagens) of a new genetic type(s) of collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:277922", "title": "Disulfide-linked high molecular weight protein associated with human cataract.", "content": "A major high molecular weight disulfide-linked protein has been isolated from cataractous lenses. It is only present in the water-insoluble protein fractions. This species has not been found in normal lenses of comparable age. Upon reduction of this fraction, polypeptides having molecular weights of approximately 60,000, 43,000, and 20,000 as well as a noncharacterized heterogeneous species are released. Similar sized polypeptides have been found in various noncovalently linked aggregates in both normal and cataractous lenses. Examination of the disulfide-linked protein fraction indicates that approximately 70% of the sulfhydryl groups are in the oxidized state. Although little change in the sizes of the other major polypeptides in the water-insoluble fraction is observed upon reduction, these components were also found to contain an appreciable disulfide content. Such results indicate that the only major lens fraction containing disulfide-linked polypeptide is the high molecular weight species and that the disulfides present in the remaining fractions are either intrachain disulfides or link polypeptides to small peptides.", "contents": "Disulfide-linked high molecular weight protein associated with human cataract. A major high molecular weight disulfide-linked protein has been isolated from cataractous lenses. It is only present in the water-insoluble protein fractions. This species has not been found in normal lenses of comparable age. Upon reduction of this fraction, polypeptides having molecular weights of approximately 60,000, 43,000, and 20,000 as well as a noncharacterized heterogeneous species are released. Similar sized polypeptides have been found in various noncovalently linked aggregates in both normal and cataractous lenses. Examination of the disulfide-linked protein fraction indicates that approximately 70% of the sulfhydryl groups are in the oxidized state. Although little change in the sizes of the other major polypeptides in the water-insoluble fraction is observed upon reduction, these components were also found to contain an appreciable disulfide content. Such results indicate that the only major lens fraction containing disulfide-linked polypeptide is the high molecular weight species and that the disulfides present in the remaining fractions are either intrachain disulfides or link polypeptides to small peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:277923", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been isolated from a mitochondrial pellet of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The mtDNA has a buoyant density of 1.706 g/ml in CsCl, a melting temperature of 87.9 degrees in standard saline citrate, and a nucleoside composition of 47.5% deoxyguanidine plus deoxycytidine with no odd nucleosides. Thermal denaturation and renaturation studies have shown that (i) mtDNA contains no extensive intramolecular heterogeneity nor significant base bias between the complementary polynucleotide chains and (ii) mtDNA renatures as a single homogeneous class with a kinetic complexity of 9.78 X 10(6) daltons. Although rare (less than or equal to 1%), both open and supercoiled circular mtDNA molecules have been observed in the electron microscope. Contour lengths of linear and open and closed circular molecules are all within the range of 4.0-5.4 micron with a mean of 4.67 +/- 0.30 micron. This size is similar to that of animal mtDNA but approximately 1/8 that of the higher plant mtDNAs. The magnitude of mtDNA reiteration in C. reinhardtii is estimated to be of the same order as that of chloroplast DNA.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been isolated from a mitochondrial pellet of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The mtDNA has a buoyant density of 1.706 g/ml in CsCl, a melting temperature of 87.9 degrees in standard saline citrate, and a nucleoside composition of 47.5% deoxyguanidine plus deoxycytidine with no odd nucleosides. Thermal denaturation and renaturation studies have shown that (i) mtDNA contains no extensive intramolecular heterogeneity nor significant base bias between the complementary polynucleotide chains and (ii) mtDNA renatures as a single homogeneous class with a kinetic complexity of 9.78 X 10(6) daltons. Although rare (less than or equal to 1%), both open and supercoiled circular mtDNA molecules have been observed in the electron microscope. Contour lengths of linear and open and closed circular molecules are all within the range of 4.0-5.4 micron with a mean of 4.67 +/- 0.30 micron. This size is similar to that of animal mtDNA but approximately 1/8 that of the higher plant mtDNAs. The magnitude of mtDNA reiteration in C. reinhardtii is estimated to be of the same order as that of chloroplast DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:277924", "title": "Identification, localization, and role of fibronectin in cultured bovine endothelial cells.", "content": "We have examined bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures for the presence of fibronectin, a high molecular weight cell-surface glycoprotein. Sparse cultures contain fibronectin only on dorsal cell surfaces at regions of cell-cell contact, as detected by immunofluorescence. In contrast, when the endothelial cells reached confluence as a highly contact-inhibited monolayer, fibronectin was detected in an extracellular matrix underneath the cell monolayer but not on top of the monolayer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated extracellular matrix revealed that a predominant component of the matrix is a protein of approximately 2.3 X 10(5) molecular weight, which has been identified as fibronectin.", "contents": "Identification, localization, and role of fibronectin in cultured bovine endothelial cells. We have examined bovine aortic endothelial cell cultures for the presence of fibronectin, a high molecular weight cell-surface glycoprotein. Sparse cultures contain fibronectin only on dorsal cell surfaces at regions of cell-cell contact, as detected by immunofluorescence. In contrast, when the endothelial cells reached confluence as a highly contact-inhibited monolayer, fibronectin was detected in an extracellular matrix underneath the cell monolayer but not on top of the monolayer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated extracellular matrix revealed that a predominant component of the matrix is a protein of approximately 2.3 X 10(5) molecular weight, which has been identified as fibronectin."}
{"id": "PMID:277925", "title": "Changes in genome composition of the Friend virus complex in erythroleukemia cells during the course of differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "The Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) complex released by Friend virus-transformed erythroid cells has been analyzed with respect to changes in the genome composition that may occur during induction of erythropoiesis with dimethyl sulfoxide. It is shown that: (a) There are three types of virus particles, one with buoyant density 1.20 g/ml, one with density 1.17 g/ml (the density of the cloned lymphatic leukemia virus helper component of the complex), and a major fraction that has a density of 1.14 g/ml. (b) Three RNA subunits-35S, 32S, and 30S-have previously been shown to be detectable in the Friend virus complex. The 1.20-g/ml particles contain only 30S RNA, whilst the 1.14- to 1.17-g/ml particles contain a mixture consisting of predominantly 30S and 32S RNA and about 5-10% 35S RNA. (c) Induction of differentiation results in an increase in the 1.14-g/ml particles and 32S RNA. The amount of 30S RNA does not change. (d) Hybridization of the different genomic viral RNAs with full-length virus cDNA shows that the 30S RNA (of induced and uninduced Friend virus) is more closely related to the 32S RNA of the induced Friend virus than to the 32S RNA of the constitutively released Friend virus. (e) The 30S RNA contains SFFV-specific sequences. (f) A hypothesis is presented in which the induction of the new 32S RNA species is related to the increase of SFFV activity and to a specific function of the SFFV during induction of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Changes in genome composition of the Friend virus complex in erythroleukemia cells during the course of differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide. The Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) complex released by Friend virus-transformed erythroid cells has been analyzed with respect to changes in the genome composition that may occur during induction of erythropoiesis with dimethyl sulfoxide. It is shown that: (a) There are three types of virus particles, one with buoyant density 1.20 g/ml, one with density 1.17 g/ml (the density of the cloned lymphatic leukemia virus helper component of the complex), and a major fraction that has a density of 1.14 g/ml. (b) Three RNA subunits-35S, 32S, and 30S-have previously been shown to be detectable in the Friend virus complex. The 1.20-g/ml particles contain only 30S RNA, whilst the 1.14- to 1.17-g/ml particles contain a mixture consisting of predominantly 30S and 32S RNA and about 5-10% 35S RNA. (c) Induction of differentiation results in an increase in the 1.14-g/ml particles and 32S RNA. The amount of 30S RNA does not change. (d) Hybridization of the different genomic viral RNAs with full-length virus cDNA shows that the 30S RNA (of induced and uninduced Friend virus) is more closely related to the 32S RNA of the induced Friend virus than to the 32S RNA of the constitutively released Friend virus. (e) The 30S RNA contains SFFV-specific sequences. (f) A hypothesis is presented in which the induction of the new 32S RNA species is related to the increase of SFFV activity and to a specific function of the SFFV during induction of erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:277926", "title": "Association of Thy-1 differentiation alloantigen with synaptic complexes isolated from mouse brain.", "content": "Conventional fractionation procedures were used in an effort to define the subcellular distribution of the Thy-1 alloantigen in whole mouse brain. After discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation of isotonic postnuclear particulate fractions, the bulk of Thy-1 was recovered in regions of the gradients containing synaptosomes. The synaptosome fraction that banded at 1.2 M sucrose yielded a specific activity for Thy-1 significantly greater than the synaptosomes separating at 1.4 M sucrose. Osmotic lysis of both synaptosome fractions resulted in further enrichment in Thy-1 activity, with no concomitant decrease in yields. The synaptosomal membranes obtained in this way were subsequently treated with Triton X-100 and subjected to further density gradient centrifugation. Although the detergent treatment resulted in some loss of antigenic activity, the gradient fractions that contained Thy-1 also were found by electron microscopy to be richest in synaptic junctional complexes. These findings suggest that Thy-1 is associated with synaptosomes and synaptic junctional complexes and therefore may be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of synaptic connections.", "contents": "Association of Thy-1 differentiation alloantigen with synaptic complexes isolated from mouse brain. Conventional fractionation procedures were used in an effort to define the subcellular distribution of the Thy-1 alloantigen in whole mouse brain. After discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation of isotonic postnuclear particulate fractions, the bulk of Thy-1 was recovered in regions of the gradients containing synaptosomes. The synaptosome fraction that banded at 1.2 M sucrose yielded a specific activity for Thy-1 significantly greater than the synaptosomes separating at 1.4 M sucrose. Osmotic lysis of both synaptosome fractions resulted in further enrichment in Thy-1 activity, with no concomitant decrease in yields. The synaptosomal membranes obtained in this way were subsequently treated with Triton X-100 and subjected to further density gradient centrifugation. Although the detergent treatment resulted in some loss of antigenic activity, the gradient fractions that contained Thy-1 also were found by electron microscopy to be richest in synaptic junctional complexes. These findings suggest that Thy-1 is associated with synaptosomes and synaptic junctional complexes and therefore may be involved in the formation and/or maintenance of synaptic connections."}
{"id": "PMID:277927", "title": "Metabolic cooperation between mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated derivatives.", "content": "Metabolic cooperation has been used as an index of intercellular communication between mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) and other cell types. EC cells do not cooperate with differentiated cells of various properties or origins. In contrast they cooperate with cells of all other EC lines tested, including a human teratocarcinoma line, but with different efficiencies. This might reflect differences either in cell-cell interactions or in the formation of gap junctions. During  in vitro differentiation, EC cells appear to remain isolated from differentiated cell types.", "contents": "Metabolic cooperation between mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and their differentiated derivatives. Metabolic cooperation has been used as an index of intercellular communication between mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) and other cell types. EC cells do not cooperate with differentiated cells of various properties or origins. In contrast they cooperate with cells of all other EC lines tested, including a human teratocarcinoma line, but with different efficiencies. This might reflect differences either in cell-cell interactions or in the formation of gap junctions. During  in vitro differentiation, EC cells appear to remain isolated from differentiated cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:277928", "title": "Late S phase cells (Chinese hamster ovary) induce early S phase DNA labeling patterns in G1 phase nuclei.", "content": "Cells (Chinese hamster ovary) in G1 phase were fused with cells in late S phase to determine if a cell in late S phase can induce DNA synthesis in the nucleus of a G1 cell and, if so, to determine if the DNA synthesis so induced in a G1 phase nucleus has an autoradiographic pattern characteristic of early or of late S phase synthesis. The results indicate (i) that 89% of the G1 nuclei in late-S/G1 binucleates synthesized DNA, while only 2% of the control unfused G1 cells synthesized DNA, and (ii) that in all late-S/G1 binucleates the G1 nucleus was induced to synthesize early S phase DNA. These results are compatible with the idea that a cytoplasmically transmissible factor initiates DNA synthesis but that an intranuclear mechanism defines the temporal order of replication.", "contents": "Late S phase cells (Chinese hamster ovary) induce early S phase DNA labeling patterns in G1 phase nuclei. Cells (Chinese hamster ovary) in G1 phase were fused with cells in late S phase to determine if a cell in late S phase can induce DNA synthesis in the nucleus of a G1 cell and, if so, to determine if the DNA synthesis so induced in a G1 phase nucleus has an autoradiographic pattern characteristic of early or of late S phase synthesis. The results indicate (i) that 89% of the G1 nuclei in late-S/G1 binucleates synthesized DNA, while only 2% of the control unfused G1 cells synthesized DNA, and (ii) that in all late-S/G1 binucleates the G1 nucleus was induced to synthesize early S phase DNA. These results are compatible with the idea that a cytoplasmically transmissible factor initiates DNA synthesis but that an intranuclear mechanism defines the temporal order of replication."}
{"id": "PMID:277929", "title": "Free ribosomal RNA genes in Paramecium are tandemly repeated.", "content": "The genes coding for 17S and 25S rRNA in Paramecium tetraurealia were isolated. The macronuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) exists as relatively small, extrachromosomal molecules with both linear and circular forms. Electron microscopy and restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that the rDNA is arranged as tandem repeats with an average repeat size of 5.5 X 10(6) daltons. Some heterogeneity of repeat lengths was found both by electron microscopy and by restriction enzyme analysis. The rDNA does not snap back after denaturation. This study provides additional evidence that extrachromosomal rDNA may be a common feature among lower eukaryotes. However, in contrast to several other cases, the rDNA of Paramecium is not palindromic, but occurs as tandem repeats as in higher eukaryotes.", "contents": "Free ribosomal RNA genes in Paramecium are tandemly repeated. The genes coding for 17S and 25S rRNA in Paramecium tetraurealia were isolated. The macronuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) exists as relatively small, extrachromosomal molecules with both linear and circular forms. Electron microscopy and restriction endonuclease analysis revealed that the rDNA is arranged as tandem repeats with an average repeat size of 5.5 X 10(6) daltons. Some heterogeneity of repeat lengths was found both by electron microscopy and by restriction enzyme analysis. The rDNA does not snap back after denaturation. This study provides additional evidence that extrachromosomal rDNA may be a common feature among lower eukaryotes. However, in contrast to several other cases, the rDNA of Paramecium is not palindromic, but occurs as tandem repeats as in higher eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:277930", "title": "Structural characterization of H-2 antigens purified from mouse liver.", "content": "Papain solubilized H-2a histocompatibility antigens (H-2Kk plus H-2Dd) have been purified by a large-scale procedure that can routinely provide 2-3 mg of heavy chain from 1 kg of mouse liver. The heavy chains were homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Disc gel electrophoresis resolved two protein bands that were identified as H-2Dd and H-2Kd by immune complex formation and autoradiography. Comparative amino acid composition and NH2-terminal sequence analyses of unfractionated H-2a, H-2Kk, and HLA suggested close structural relationships. However, the following observations suggest that papain cleaves these membrane bound antigens at different positions with respect to the COOH terminus: the molecular weight of the peptide portion of papain solubilized HLA is smaller than that of H-2 (30,000 versus 33,700); the COOH-terminal sequences are different; and, finally, papain-solubilized H-2 contains a free cysteine residue in addition to the two disulfide bridges that are present in both H-2 and HLA.", "contents": "Structural characterization of H-2 antigens purified from mouse liver. Papain solubilized H-2a histocompatibility antigens (H-2Kk plus H-2Dd) have been purified by a large-scale procedure that can routinely provide 2-3 mg of heavy chain from 1 kg of mouse liver. The heavy chains were homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Disc gel electrophoresis resolved two protein bands that were identified as H-2Dd and H-2Kd by immune complex formation and autoradiography. Comparative amino acid composition and NH2-terminal sequence analyses of unfractionated H-2a, H-2Kk, and HLA suggested close structural relationships. However, the following observations suggest that papain cleaves these membrane bound antigens at different positions with respect to the COOH terminus: the molecular weight of the peptide portion of papain solubilized HLA is smaller than that of H-2 (30,000 versus 33,700); the COOH-terminal sequences are different; and, finally, papain-solubilized H-2 contains a free cysteine residue in addition to the two disulfide bridges that are present in both H-2 and HLA."}
{"id": "PMID:277931", "title": "Identification of stage-specific polypeptides synthesized during murine preimplantation development.", "content": "[35S]Methionine-labeled extracts of mouse ova and preimplantation embryos were analyzed by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the 400-600 molecular species that have been resolved as distinct spots on autoradiograms of gels for every stage of development from unfertilized eggs to early blastocysts, particular attention has been paid to the identification of 36 of these proteins, each of which is expressed only for a portion of the period under investigation. These molecules are referred to as stage-specific polypeptides and they are biochemical markers of early embryonic development and differentiation.", "contents": "Identification of stage-specific polypeptides synthesized during murine preimplantation development. [35S]Methionine-labeled extracts of mouse ova and preimplantation embryos were analyzed by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the 400-600 molecular species that have been resolved as distinct spots on autoradiograms of gels for every stage of development from unfertilized eggs to early blastocysts, particular attention has been paid to the identification of 36 of these proteins, each of which is expressed only for a portion of the period under investigation. These molecules are referred to as stage-specific polypeptides and they are biochemical markers of early embryonic development and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:277932", "title": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of human diploid fibroblasts resistant to diphtheria toxin.", "content": "Stable mutants highly resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor diphtheria toxin (dipr) have been selected in human diploid fibroblast cells at a frequency of 1-8 X 10(-6). Treatment of cells with mutagens, (e.g., ethylmethanesulfonate, nitrosoguanidine, and ICR-170), increased the frequencies of dipr mutants by 50- to 500-fold in different experiments, and the optimal expression time for dipr mutation was about 5 days. All mutants examined thus far have bred true, and no effects of cell density or cross feeding have been observed on the selection. Fluctuation analysis showed that the dipr mutation occurs in these fibroblasts at the rate of 5-6 X 10(-7) mutations per cell per generation. Protein synthesis in mutant extracts was resistant to diphtheria toxin, indicating that the dipr lesion in such mutants lies in the protein synthesis machinery. The characteristics of the dipr marker should make this system particularly useful for studies of quantitative mutagenesis in human diploid cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of mutants of human diploid fibroblasts resistant to diphtheria toxin. Stable mutants highly resistant to the protein synthesis inhibitor diphtheria toxin (dipr) have been selected in human diploid fibroblast cells at a frequency of 1-8 X 10(-6). Treatment of cells with mutagens, (e.g., ethylmethanesulfonate, nitrosoguanidine, and ICR-170), increased the frequencies of dipr mutants by 50- to 500-fold in different experiments, and the optimal expression time for dipr mutation was about 5 days. All mutants examined thus far have bred true, and no effects of cell density or cross feeding have been observed on the selection. Fluctuation analysis showed that the dipr mutation occurs in these fibroblasts at the rate of 5-6 X 10(-7) mutations per cell per generation. Protein synthesis in mutant extracts was resistant to diphtheria toxin, indicating that the dipr lesion in such mutants lies in the protein synthesis machinery. The characteristics of the dipr marker should make this system particularly useful for studies of quantitative mutagenesis in human diploid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:277933", "title": "Biochemical evidence that \"new\" influenza virus strains in nature may arise by recombination (reassortment).", "content": "Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes; 24 of 25 and 13 of 13 large oligonucleotides were indistinguishable by two-dimensional gel analysis. On the other hand, remarkable differences in the oligonucleotide patterns of the remaining genes were observed. Only 2 of 11 oligonucleotide spots of the NS gene, 10 of 27 spots of the NA/NP genes, and 22 of 49 spots of the P genes were indistinguishable between the two strains. On the basis of this observation that at least two genes of these viruses are virtually identical whereas others show easily detectable differences, we conclude that the two avian strains are related to each other by a recombinational event. In addition, it was found that animals in nature can be doubly infected with influenza viruses. Both lines of evidence strongly suggest that recombination is at least one mechanism by which \"new\" influenza virus strains emerge in nature.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence that \"new\" influenza virus strains in nature may arise by recombination (reassortment). Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes; 24 of 25 and 13 of 13 large oligonucleotides were indistinguishable by two-dimensional gel analysis. On the other hand, remarkable differences in the oligonucleotide patterns of the remaining genes were observed. Only 2 of 11 oligonucleotide spots of the NS gene, 10 of 27 spots of the NA/NP genes, and 22 of 49 spots of the P genes were indistinguishable between the two strains. On the basis of this observation that at least two genes of these viruses are virtually identical whereas others show easily detectable differences, we conclude that the two avian strains are related to each other by a recombinational event. In addition, it was found that animals in nature can be doubly infected with influenza viruses. Both lines of evidence strongly suggest that recombination is at least one mechanism by which \"new\" influenza virus strains emerge in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:277934", "title": "Co-transfer of human X-linked markers into murine somatic cells via isolated metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Transformation frequencies of 4 x 10(-5) were obtained in chromosome-mediated gene transfer experiments using human cell line HeLa S3 as donor and mouse cell line A9 as recipient. This high frequency of interspecific transformation was achieved by treating the recipient cells with dimethylsulfoxide in addition to other facilitators. The high frequency of transformation correlated positively with transgenome size on the basis of both co-transfer of linked markers and chromosome analysis. The syntenic human markers glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) were sometimes transferred together with the selected X-linked prototrophic marker hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) into murine somatic cells. Donor human chromosome material could be demonstrated cytologically in some of the transformed cell lines. Transformants exhibited various rates of loss of the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase marker when grown under nonselective conditions. These results reveal a broader range of possible interspecific transgenome sizes than has been recognized in the past. The largest transgenomes consist of cytologically detectable donor fragments and contain syntenic markers that are not closely linked to the selected marker.", "contents": "Co-transfer of human X-linked markers into murine somatic cells via isolated metaphase chromosomes. Transformation frequencies of 4 x 10(-5) were obtained in chromosome-mediated gene transfer experiments using human cell line HeLa S3 as donor and mouse cell line A9 as recipient. This high frequency of interspecific transformation was achieved by treating the recipient cells with dimethylsulfoxide in addition to other facilitators. The high frequency of transformation correlated positively with transgenome size on the basis of both co-transfer of linked markers and chromosome analysis. The syntenic human markers glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP(+) 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) were sometimes transferred together with the selected X-linked prototrophic marker hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) into murine somatic cells. Donor human chromosome material could be demonstrated cytologically in some of the transformed cell lines. Transformants exhibited various rates of loss of the human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase marker when grown under nonselective conditions. These results reveal a broader range of possible interspecific transgenome sizes than has been recognized in the past. The largest transgenomes consist of cytologically detectable donor fragments and contain syntenic markers that are not closely linked to the selected marker."}
{"id": "PMID:277935", "title": "Mass isolation and fertility testing of temperature-sensitive mutants in Tetrahymena.", "content": "A set of 239 heat-sensitive (38 degrees) and 16 cold-sensitive (18 degrees) conditional mutants of Tetrahymena has been generated by combining techniques to manipulate large numbers of clones with a method for the selection of self-fertilized cells after mutagen treatment. A simple technique is presented for determining the fertility of individual clones; 179 of the clones in this set (71%) are fertile. The fertile conditional mutants have already been shown to have lesions in a number of diverse functions, including nucleic acid metabolism, mobility, cell cycle, and cortical pattern.", "contents": "Mass isolation and fertility testing of temperature-sensitive mutants in Tetrahymena. A set of 239 heat-sensitive (38 degrees) and 16 cold-sensitive (18 degrees) conditional mutants of Tetrahymena has been generated by combining techniques to manipulate large numbers of clones with a method for the selection of self-fertilized cells after mutagen treatment. A simple technique is presented for determining the fertility of individual clones; 179 of the clones in this set (71%) are fertile. The fertile conditional mutants have already been shown to have lesions in a number of diverse functions, including nucleic acid metabolism, mobility, cell cycle, and cortical pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:277936", "title": "Subunit molecular weight and genetic variability of proteins in natural populations.", "content": "The relationship between subunit molecular weight and heterozygosity was studied in six different groups of organisms, i.e., 9 species of primates, 32 species of rodents, 56 species of reptiles, 12 species of salamanders, 64 species of teleost fishes, and 29 species of Drosophila. The correlation coefficient between them was positive in all groups, and the magnitude of correlation was roughly in agreement with the theoretical expectation under the mutation-drift hypothesis when the incomplete correlation between molecular weight and mutation rate was taken into account. Furthermore, the correlation was higher when the average heterozygosity was high than when this was low, as theoretically expected.", "contents": "Subunit molecular weight and genetic variability of proteins in natural populations. The relationship between subunit molecular weight and heterozygosity was studied in six different groups of organisms, i.e., 9 species of primates, 32 species of rodents, 56 species of reptiles, 12 species of salamanders, 64 species of teleost fishes, and 29 species of Drosophila. The correlation coefficient between them was positive in all groups, and the magnitude of correlation was roughly in agreement with the theoretical expectation under the mutation-drift hypothesis when the incomplete correlation between molecular weight and mutation rate was taken into account. Furthermore, the correlation was higher when the average heterozygosity was high than when this was low, as theoretically expected."}
{"id": "PMID:277937", "title": "Base ratio, DNA content, and quinacrine-brightness of human chromosomes.", "content": "Human chromosomes were labeled with base-specific radioactive DNA precursors and examined autoradiographically to measure their DNA content and base ratio (percentage A-T base pairs). The requirement that incorporation of labeled bases be uniform during DNA synthesis was met by the use of inhibitors of de novo synthesis of DNA precursors. The genome was subdivided into 75 segments based on quinacrine banding, and the base ratio of each was calculated by a method that corrects for bias due to the scatter of grains about their source. Estimates of base ratio are shown to be sufficiently precise to detect variability among chromosomes and among segments within a chromosome. Analysis of these data and of measurements of the quinacrine fluorescence intensity of segments leads to the following conclusions. Base ratio is positively correlated with brightness, as predicted from independent in vitro studies. Larger chromosomes tend to have higher base ratios and to be brighter than smaller ones. The best prediction of the brightness of a segment must take into account not only its base ratio but also its DNA content. To explain these results, we suggest an evolutionary model in which chromosomes containing repeated sequences of A-T-rich DNA tend to grow by means of unequal sister chromatid and meiotic exchanges.", "contents": "Base ratio, DNA content, and quinacrine-brightness of human chromosomes. Human chromosomes were labeled with base-specific radioactive DNA precursors and examined autoradiographically to measure their DNA content and base ratio (percentage A-T base pairs). The requirement that incorporation of labeled bases be uniform during DNA synthesis was met by the use of inhibitors of de novo synthesis of DNA precursors. The genome was subdivided into 75 segments based on quinacrine banding, and the base ratio of each was calculated by a method that corrects for bias due to the scatter of grains about their source. Estimates of base ratio are shown to be sufficiently precise to detect variability among chromosomes and among segments within a chromosome. Analysis of these data and of measurements of the quinacrine fluorescence intensity of segments leads to the following conclusions. Base ratio is positively correlated with brightness, as predicted from independent in vitro studies. Larger chromosomes tend to have higher base ratios and to be brighter than smaller ones. The best prediction of the brightness of a segment must take into account not only its base ratio but also its DNA content. To explain these results, we suggest an evolutionary model in which chromosomes containing repeated sequences of A-T-rich DNA tend to grow by means of unequal sister chromatid and meiotic exchanges."}
{"id": "PMID:277938", "title": "Milk precipitins, circulating immune complexes, and IgA deficiency.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with selective IgA deficiency were studied for the presence of serum precipitins to bovine milk, bovine and fetal calf serum, and circulating immune complexes. Fifty-nine percent had circulating immune complexes, 50% had milk precipitins, 23% had precipitins to bovine serum, and 13% had precipitins to fetal calf serum. All patients with precipitating antibodies against milk or against bovine or fetal calf serum had circulating immune complexes and the precipitin titers correlated with the amount of circulating immune complexes. After one IgA-deficient patient had drunk 100 ml of milk, studies of sequential serum samples showed the presence of casein in the circulation at 60 min and the appearance of increasing amounts of immune complexes for 120 min. These findings are interpreted to indicated that in human beings the IgA system may provide a major barrier to absorption of immunogens from the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Milk precipitins, circulating immune complexes, and IgA deficiency. Twenty-two patients with selective IgA deficiency were studied for the presence of serum precipitins to bovine milk, bovine and fetal calf serum, and circulating immune complexes. Fifty-nine percent had circulating immune complexes, 50% had milk precipitins, 23% had precipitins to bovine serum, and 13% had precipitins to fetal calf serum. All patients with precipitating antibodies against milk or against bovine or fetal calf serum had circulating immune complexes and the precipitin titers correlated with the amount of circulating immune complexes. After one IgA-deficient patient had drunk 100 ml of milk, studies of sequential serum samples showed the presence of casein in the circulation at 60 min and the appearance of increasing amounts of immune complexes for 120 min. These findings are interpreted to indicated that in human beings the IgA system may provide a major barrier to absorption of immunogens from the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:277939", "title": "Primary structure of murine major histocompatibility complex alloantigens: amino acid sequence studies of the cyanogen bromide fragments of the H-2Kb glycoprotein.", "content": "Radiochemical microtechniques have been used in the amino acid sequence analysis of five major CNBr fragments of the glycoprotein specified by the murine major histocompatibility complex gene H-2k(b). These fragments have been tentatively aligned and represent the NH(2)-terminal 80% of the intact molecule. All amino acids except Asp, Asn, and Gln have been assigned in 128 out of 149 possible positions in the NH(2)-terminal portions of each of these fragments. These assignments, which represent approximately 50% of the total sequence from these fragments, are listed below in the order of their alignment in the intact H-2K(b) molecule: IIIn, -PHSLRYFVTAVSRP(G)L(G)(E)PRYM; IIIa, EVGYV--TEFVRF-S-AE(A)PRYEPR(A)--M; Ib, E-EGPEYWERET-KAK(G)-E-SFR--LRTLL(G)YY--TK; Ia, AALITK-KWE-AGEAERLRAYLEGTC-E-L; Ic, ELVETRPAG-GTF-KWAS-VVPLGKE-YY(T). The unassigned positions represented by dashes in the above sequences may be tentatively assigned as Asp, Asn, or Gln. The NH(2)-terminal sequence obtained for the H-2K(b) molecule was compared to the limited sequence information available for other major histocompatibility complex gene products. An 84% homology (16 of 19 residues) to the H-2K(q) and H-2K(k) molecules, which are identical to one another in the positions compared, was observed. A similar comparison with 28 of the 31 NH(2)-terminal residues of HLA-B7 indicated 68% homology. Furthermore, significant homology was observed between H-K(b) and HLA-B7 in a region of glycosylation, which occurs between positions 85 and 100 in the two molecules.", "contents": "Primary structure of murine major histocompatibility complex alloantigens: amino acid sequence studies of the cyanogen bromide fragments of the H-2Kb glycoprotein. Radiochemical microtechniques have been used in the amino acid sequence analysis of five major CNBr fragments of the glycoprotein specified by the murine major histocompatibility complex gene H-2k(b). These fragments have been tentatively aligned and represent the NH(2)-terminal 80% of the intact molecule. All amino acids except Asp, Asn, and Gln have been assigned in 128 out of 149 possible positions in the NH(2)-terminal portions of each of these fragments. These assignments, which represent approximately 50% of the total sequence from these fragments, are listed below in the order of their alignment in the intact H-2K(b) molecule: IIIn, -PHSLRYFVTAVSRP(G)L(G)(E)PRYM; IIIa, EVGYV--TEFVRF-S-AE(A)PRYEPR(A)--M; Ib, E-EGPEYWERET-KAK(G)-E-SFR--LRTLL(G)YY--TK; Ia, AALITK-KWE-AGEAERLRAYLEGTC-E-L; Ic, ELVETRPAG-GTF-KWAS-VVPLGKE-YY(T). The unassigned positions represented by dashes in the above sequences may be tentatively assigned as Asp, Asn, or Gln. The NH(2)-terminal sequence obtained for the H-2K(b) molecule was compared to the limited sequence information available for other major histocompatibility complex gene products. An 84% homology (16 of 19 residues) to the H-2K(q) and H-2K(k) molecules, which are identical to one another in the positions compared, was observed. A similar comparison with 28 of the 31 NH(2)-terminal residues of HLA-B7 indicated 68% homology. Furthermore, significant homology was observed between H-K(b) and HLA-B7 in a region of glycosylation, which occurs between positions 85 and 100 in the two molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:277940", "title": "Tuftsin (an Ig-associated tetrapeptide) triggers the immunogenic function of macrophages: implications for activation of programmed cells.", "content": "The immunoglobulin heavy-chain-associated tetrapeptide, tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), known for its phagocytosis-stimulating activity, was found to augment the antigen-specific, macrophage-dependent education of T lymphocytes. The investigation of stereospecific characteristics of the tetrapeptide, by use of structural analogs with different modifications, revealed strict structural requirements for eliciting the immunogenic activity of macrophages. It was found that the most important moiety for its activity is the dipeptide Pro-Arg. This finding is of interest in view of the appearance of this particular dipeptide in other bioregulatory peptides, including many of the peptide hormones. The significance of the appearance of a common structure in such molecules, which may act through specific receptors on different target cells, is discussed.", "contents": "Tuftsin (an Ig-associated tetrapeptide) triggers the immunogenic function of macrophages: implications for activation of programmed cells. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain-associated tetrapeptide, tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), known for its phagocytosis-stimulating activity, was found to augment the antigen-specific, macrophage-dependent education of T lymphocytes. The investigation of stereospecific characteristics of the tetrapeptide, by use of structural analogs with different modifications, revealed strict structural requirements for eliciting the immunogenic activity of macrophages. It was found that the most important moiety for its activity is the dipeptide Pro-Arg. This finding is of interest in view of the appearance of this particular dipeptide in other bioregulatory peptides, including many of the peptide hormones. The significance of the appearance of a common structure in such molecules, which may act through specific receptors on different target cells, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:277941", "title": "Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in the carpal tunnel syndrome based on a crossover clinical study.", "content": "In a patient with severe carpal tunnel syndrome and a significant deficiency of vitamin B(6), the evidence for the deficiency was an extraordinarily low basal specific activity of the glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase of the erythrocytes (EGOT). This enzyme was also deficient in pyridoxal phosphate. The patient was treated with the recommended dietary allowance of pyridoxine, 2 mg/day, for 11 weeks, then 100 mg/day for 12 weeks, a placebo for 9 weeks, and again pyridoxine at 100 mg/day for 11 weeks. Sixty-one monitorial assays of EGOT over 48 weeks supported the following interpretations. (i) His diet permitted the development of a debilitating carpal tunnel syndrome. (ii) Treatment with pyridoxine at 2 mg/day reduced the deficiency of EGOT activity from about 70% to 50%, maintained a deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate, and relieved but allowed a marginal syndrome. (iii) Treatment at 100 mg/day for 12 weeks nearly achieved a \"ceiling\" level of EGOT and eliminated the deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate. (iv) After placebo for 7 weeks, the deficiencies of EGOT activity and pyridoxal phosphate reappeared, and clinical symptoms become worse. (v) Retreatment at 100 mg/day reestablished a \"ceiling\" EGOT, with no deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate, and the patient was asymptomatic. These data also support the concept that a deficiency of vitamin B(6) is significant in the etiology of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Mechanistically, a state of deficiency of the coenzyme seems to lower the level of the apoenzyme; a state of no deficiency of the coenzyme regulates a ceiling level of the transaminase. The latter state is presumably desired for health.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence for a deficiency of vitamin B6 in the carpal tunnel syndrome based on a crossover clinical study. In a patient with severe carpal tunnel syndrome and a significant deficiency of vitamin B(6), the evidence for the deficiency was an extraordinarily low basal specific activity of the glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase of the erythrocytes (EGOT). This enzyme was also deficient in pyridoxal phosphate. The patient was treated with the recommended dietary allowance of pyridoxine, 2 mg/day, for 11 weeks, then 100 mg/day for 12 weeks, a placebo for 9 weeks, and again pyridoxine at 100 mg/day for 11 weeks. Sixty-one monitorial assays of EGOT over 48 weeks supported the following interpretations. (i) His diet permitted the development of a debilitating carpal tunnel syndrome. (ii) Treatment with pyridoxine at 2 mg/day reduced the deficiency of EGOT activity from about 70% to 50%, maintained a deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate, and relieved but allowed a marginal syndrome. (iii) Treatment at 100 mg/day for 12 weeks nearly achieved a \"ceiling\" level of EGOT and eliminated the deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate. (iv) After placebo for 7 weeks, the deficiencies of EGOT activity and pyridoxal phosphate reappeared, and clinical symptoms become worse. (v) Retreatment at 100 mg/day reestablished a \"ceiling\" EGOT, with no deficiency of pyridoxal phosphate, and the patient was asymptomatic. These data also support the concept that a deficiency of vitamin B(6) is significant in the etiology of the carpal tunnel syndrome. Mechanistically, a state of deficiency of the coenzyme seems to lower the level of the apoenzyme; a state of no deficiency of the coenzyme regulates a ceiling level of the transaminase. The latter state is presumably desired for health."}
{"id": "PMID:277942", "title": "Anti-interferon globulin inhibits the development of glomerulonephritis in mice infected at birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Swiss mice infected at birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus develop glomerulonephritis. Injection of potent anti-mouse interferon globulin at the time of viral infection inhibited the development of these renal lesions. We conclude that the production of endogenous interferon by this virus in the first few days of life plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Anti-interferon globulin inhibits the development of glomerulonephritis in mice infected at birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Swiss mice infected at birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus develop glomerulonephritis. Injection of potent anti-mouse interferon globulin at the time of viral infection inhibited the development of these renal lesions. We conclude that the production of endogenous interferon by this virus in the first few days of life plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:277943", "title": "Direct determination of volume- and time-dependence of alveolar surface tension in excised lungs.", "content": "We measured alveolar surface tension directly by observing the spreading properties of fluid droplets placed by micropipette within individual alveoli. Alveolar surface tension in excised rat lungs at total lung capacity and 37 degrees was 29.7 +/- 1.4 mN-m-1. In lungs held at functional residual capacity, surface tension changed slowly, rising to 9 mN-m-1 at 30 min with a subsequent approximately linear rise to 16 mN-m-1 at 115 min. Thereafter it rose more rapidly (20 mN-m-1 at 140 min), suggesting that it was not asymptotically approaching an equilibrium value.", "contents": "Direct determination of volume- and time-dependence of alveolar surface tension in excised lungs. We measured alveolar surface tension directly by observing the spreading properties of fluid droplets placed by micropipette within individual alveoli. Alveolar surface tension in excised rat lungs at total lung capacity and 37 degrees was 29.7 +/- 1.4 mN-m-1. In lungs held at functional residual capacity, surface tension changed slowly, rising to 9 mN-m-1 at 30 min with a subsequent approximately linear rise to 16 mN-m-1 at 115 min. Thereafter it rose more rapidly (20 mN-m-1 at 140 min), suggesting that it was not asymptotically approaching an equilibrium value."}
{"id": "PMID:277944", "title": "Effect of myasthenic patients' immunoglobulin on acetylcholine receptor turnover: selectivity of degradation process.", "content": "Antibodies in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. They have recently been shown to accelerate the degradation of acetylcholine receptors in cultured mammalian skeletal muscle and at intact neuromuscular junctions. To elucidate the mechanism of the antibody-accelerated degradation process, we have prepared cultures in which one set of acetylcholine receptors was exposed to myasthenic immunoglobulin while a second set of acetylcholine receptors, newly incorporated after exposure to the immunoglobulins, was not. The set of acetylcholine receptors with bound myasthenic immunoglobulin was degraded at 2 to 3 times the normal rate, while the second set of acetylcholine receptors without bound immunoglobulin was degraded at the control rate. This suggest that the binding of antibody from myasthenic patients alters the acetylcholine receptors in some way that causes them to be selected for preferential degradation by the muscle cells. New synthesis and incorporation of the acetyl-choline receptors into the surface membrane of cultured skeletal muscle was unaffected by exposure to myasthenic immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Effect of myasthenic patients' immunoglobulin on acetylcholine receptor turnover: selectivity of degradation process. Antibodies in the sera of patients with myasthenia gravis are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disorder. They have recently been shown to accelerate the degradation of acetylcholine receptors in cultured mammalian skeletal muscle and at intact neuromuscular junctions. To elucidate the mechanism of the antibody-accelerated degradation process, we have prepared cultures in which one set of acetylcholine receptors was exposed to myasthenic immunoglobulin while a second set of acetylcholine receptors, newly incorporated after exposure to the immunoglobulins, was not. The set of acetylcholine receptors with bound myasthenic immunoglobulin was degraded at 2 to 3 times the normal rate, while the second set of acetylcholine receptors without bound immunoglobulin was degraded at the control rate. This suggest that the binding of antibody from myasthenic patients alters the acetylcholine receptors in some way that causes them to be selected for preferential degradation by the muscle cells. New synthesis and incorporation of the acetyl-choline receptors into the surface membrane of cultured skeletal muscle was unaffected by exposure to myasthenic immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:277945", "title": "Proteolytic activity in erythrocyte precursors.", "content": "Thalassemia is characterized by unequal rates of synthesis of the alpha and beta globin chains that are part of the hemoglobin tetramer. In the type of thalassemia due to a defect in beta-chain synthesis (beta-thalassemia), this imbalance results in a relative exoess of alpha-chains. We have studied the susceptibility of excess free alpha-chains to proteolysis. Incubation of isotopically labeled peripheral blood lysates from individuals with beta-thalassemia trait in the presence of bone marrow or normoblast lysates from thalassemic or hematologically normal individuals resulted in a decrease in the alpha/beta ratio and a loss of free alpha-chain radioactivity. Neither contamination with leukocytes nor higher ATP contents in young erythrocytes appeared to be responsible for this activity in normoblasts and bone marrow. We propose that erythroid precursor cells possess proteolytic activity that is markedly diminished in mature cells. This activity serves an important control function in the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis. It accounts at least in part for the more balanced synthesis of alpha- and beta-chains observed in bone marrow than in peripheral blood in heterozygous beta-thalassemia. It also plays a fine-tuning role in maintaining balanced synthesis in non-thalassemic erythrocytes.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity in erythrocyte precursors. Thalassemia is characterized by unequal rates of synthesis of the alpha and beta globin chains that are part of the hemoglobin tetramer. In the type of thalassemia due to a defect in beta-chain synthesis (beta-thalassemia), this imbalance results in a relative exoess of alpha-chains. We have studied the susceptibility of excess free alpha-chains to proteolysis. Incubation of isotopically labeled peripheral blood lysates from individuals with beta-thalassemia trait in the presence of bone marrow or normoblast lysates from thalassemic or hematologically normal individuals resulted in a decrease in the alpha/beta ratio and a loss of free alpha-chain radioactivity. Neither contamination with leukocytes nor higher ATP contents in young erythrocytes appeared to be responsible for this activity in normoblasts and bone marrow. We propose that erythroid precursor cells possess proteolytic activity that is markedly diminished in mature cells. This activity serves an important control function in the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis. It accounts at least in part for the more balanced synthesis of alpha- and beta-chains observed in bone marrow than in peripheral blood in heterozygous beta-thalassemia. It also plays a fine-tuning role in maintaining balanced synthesis in non-thalassemic erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:277946", "title": "Growth hormone modulation of murine erythroleukemia cell growth in vitro.", "content": "There are few studies showing a biological effect of growth hormone (somatotropin) on cell proliferation in vitro at physiological concentrations. We report here that Friend virus-infected erythroleukemia cells are responsive to growth hormone in vitro. Using a serum-free clonogenic assay we found as little as 0.1 ng of human growth hormone per ml caused a prominent stimulation of cell proliferation. Peak activity of human growth hormone occurred at 200 ng/ml, resulting in a 2-fold increase in cloning. Human chorionic somatomammotropin and the Cys(Cam)53-hGH(1-134) fragment of human growth hormone were also active, but a biologically inert oxidized human growth hormone had no growth-promoting effect in vitro. Cell proliferation was stimulated by insulin with peak potentiation occurring at 1 ng/ml, and prolactin had a demonstrable stimulatory effect between 50 and 100 ng/ml. These observations indicate that growth hormone and related polypeptides have a direct effect on the in vitro proliferation of erythroleukemia cells in the absence of serum. The results confirm a direct action of growth hormone on mammalian cells and suggest that pituitary hormones may affect leukemic cell growth.", "contents": "Growth hormone modulation of murine erythroleukemia cell growth in vitro. There are few studies showing a biological effect of growth hormone (somatotropin) on cell proliferation in vitro at physiological concentrations. We report here that Friend virus-infected erythroleukemia cells are responsive to growth hormone in vitro. Using a serum-free clonogenic assay we found as little as 0.1 ng of human growth hormone per ml caused a prominent stimulation of cell proliferation. Peak activity of human growth hormone occurred at 200 ng/ml, resulting in a 2-fold increase in cloning. Human chorionic somatomammotropin and the Cys(Cam)53-hGH(1-134) fragment of human growth hormone were also active, but a biologically inert oxidized human growth hormone had no growth-promoting effect in vitro. Cell proliferation was stimulated by insulin with peak potentiation occurring at 1 ng/ml, and prolactin had a demonstrable stimulatory effect between 50 and 100 ng/ml. These observations indicate that growth hormone and related polypeptides have a direct effect on the in vitro proliferation of erythroleukemia cells in the absence of serum. The results confirm a direct action of growth hormone on mammalian cells and suggest that pituitary hormones may affect leukemic cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:277947", "title": "Secretion of lipoprotein-X by perfused livers of rats with cholestasis.", "content": "The major abnormal plasma lipoprotein of cholestasis (LP-X) was isolated from blood plasma and from perfusates of isolated livers of rats with biliary obstruction. In both cases LP-X was composed mainly of about equimolar parts of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol; the small protein component was primarily the arginine-rich apolipoprotein. By electron microscopy, LP-X appeared as a unilamellar liposome (690 A mean diameter, range 400-1000 A) with the trilaminar staining image typical of phospholipid bilayers. Extensive block staining of cholestatic livers for 48 hr with warmed uranyl acetate (37 degrees) permitted the visualization of vesicles indistinguishable from LP-X within hepatic parenchyma. These trilaminar-staining vesicles occurred predominantly within bile canaliculi. They also were seen in nearby cytoplasmic vacuoles or invaginations between hepatocytes and in the space of Disse. Similar vesicles were not seen in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi cisternae. These observations raise the possibility that the vesicles are formed within bile canaliculi and are transported from the canaliculi to the space of Disse within pinocytotic vacuoles.", "contents": "Secretion of lipoprotein-X by perfused livers of rats with cholestasis. The major abnormal plasma lipoprotein of cholestasis (LP-X) was isolated from blood plasma and from perfusates of isolated livers of rats with biliary obstruction. In both cases LP-X was composed mainly of about equimolar parts of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol; the small protein component was primarily the arginine-rich apolipoprotein. By electron microscopy, LP-X appeared as a unilamellar liposome (690 A mean diameter, range 400-1000 A) with the trilaminar staining image typical of phospholipid bilayers. Extensive block staining of cholestatic livers for 48 hr with warmed uranyl acetate (37 degrees) permitted the visualization of vesicles indistinguishable from LP-X within hepatic parenchyma. These trilaminar-staining vesicles occurred predominantly within bile canaliculi. They also were seen in nearby cytoplasmic vacuoles or invaginations between hepatocytes and in the space of Disse. Similar vesicles were not seen in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi cisternae. These observations raise the possibility that the vesicles are formed within bile canaliculi and are transported from the canaliculi to the space of Disse within pinocytotic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:277948", "title": "Insulin resistance due to a defect distal to the insulin receptor: demonstration in a patient with leprechaunism.", "content": "We have studied a 2-year-old girl with acanthosis nigricans, glucose intolerance, marked hyperinsulinemia, and somatic features characteristic of the leprechaunism syndrome. Circulating plasma insulin levels were increased up to 50-fold and the patient showed a blunted hypoglycemic response to an injection of exogenous insulin (0.2 units/kg), indicating the presence of severe insulin resistance. Insulin purified from the patient's plasma was normal on the basis of chromatographic, electrophoretic, and immunologic criteria. Furthermore, the purified insulin competed effectively with (125)I-labeled insulin for binding to insulin receptors on cultured IM-9 lymphocytes and rat fat cells and also exhibited normal biological potency when tested on rat fat cells. Anti-insulin receptor and anti-insulin antibodies were not detected in the patient's plasma, and plasma levels of glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol were normal. Insulin binding to the patient's circulating monuclear leukocytes was only slightly depressed into the low normal range and could not account for the severe insulin resistance. Studies on the patient's fibroblasts revealed normal levels of insulin receptors but a total absence of insulin's ability to accelerate glucose transport. Because rates of glucose transport and metabolism were normal in the basal state in the absence of insulin, we conclude that this patient's insulin resistance is due to an inherited cellular defect in the coupling mechanism between occupied insulin receptors and the plasma membrane glucose transport system.", "contents": "Insulin resistance due to a defect distal to the insulin receptor: demonstration in a patient with leprechaunism. We have studied a 2-year-old girl with acanthosis nigricans, glucose intolerance, marked hyperinsulinemia, and somatic features characteristic of the leprechaunism syndrome. Circulating plasma insulin levels were increased up to 50-fold and the patient showed a blunted hypoglycemic response to an injection of exogenous insulin (0.2 units/kg), indicating the presence of severe insulin resistance. Insulin purified from the patient's plasma was normal on the basis of chromatographic, electrophoretic, and immunologic criteria. Furthermore, the purified insulin competed effectively with (125)I-labeled insulin for binding to insulin receptors on cultured IM-9 lymphocytes and rat fat cells and also exhibited normal biological potency when tested on rat fat cells. Anti-insulin receptor and anti-insulin antibodies were not detected in the patient's plasma, and plasma levels of glucagon, growth hormone, and cortisol were normal. Insulin binding to the patient's circulating monuclear leukocytes was only slightly depressed into the low normal range and could not account for the severe insulin resistance. Studies on the patient's fibroblasts revealed normal levels of insulin receptors but a total absence of insulin's ability to accelerate glucose transport. Because rates of glucose transport and metabolism were normal in the basal state in the absence of insulin, we conclude that this patient's insulin resistance is due to an inherited cellular defect in the coupling mechanism between occupied insulin receptors and the plasma membrane glucose transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:277949", "title": "Separation of younger red cells with improved survival in vivo: an approach to chronic transfusion therapy.", "content": "Transfusion of donor blood containing predominantly younger red cells with prolonged survival in vivo could significantly reduce the iron overload of patients requiring chronic transfusion. Age-dependent separation of red cells can be obtained by buoyant density centrifugation on isotonic solutions of arabino-galactane. By this technique, rabbit red cells were separated on a single layer of arabino-galactane and the appropriate fraction, after being labeled with (51)Cr, was reinfused into the donor. The survival in vivo was calculated by a mathematical model which corrects for both (51)Cr elution and random loss. There was a significant difference in survival in vivo between the light young red cells and the heavy old red cells. The potential survival in vivo of the 50% lightest red cells was 56 days, compared to 28 days for the heaviest red cells. Arabino-galactane appeared to be devoid of acute toxicity and of strong antigenicity and it did not appear to adhere to the red cell stroma. These data extrapolated to humans indicate that it may be feasible and advantageous to use red cells fractionated by this technique for transfusion. The 50% lightest human red cells can be expected to have a mean survival of 88 days, compared with 60 days for unfractionated blood. Transfusion of young red cells could significantly reduce the iron overload for patients requiring chronic transfusion, by avoiding infusion of the oldest red cells, which contribute equally to iron overload yet offer only transient survival in vivo.", "contents": "Separation of younger red cells with improved survival in vivo: an approach to chronic transfusion therapy. Transfusion of donor blood containing predominantly younger red cells with prolonged survival in vivo could significantly reduce the iron overload of patients requiring chronic transfusion. Age-dependent separation of red cells can be obtained by buoyant density centrifugation on isotonic solutions of arabino-galactane. By this technique, rabbit red cells were separated on a single layer of arabino-galactane and the appropriate fraction, after being labeled with (51)Cr, was reinfused into the donor. The survival in vivo was calculated by a mathematical model which corrects for both (51)Cr elution and random loss. There was a significant difference in survival in vivo between the light young red cells and the heavy old red cells. The potential survival in vivo of the 50% lightest red cells was 56 days, compared to 28 days for the heaviest red cells. Arabino-galactane appeared to be devoid of acute toxicity and of strong antigenicity and it did not appear to adhere to the red cell stroma. These data extrapolated to humans indicate that it may be feasible and advantageous to use red cells fractionated by this technique for transfusion. The 50% lightest human red cells can be expected to have a mean survival of 88 days, compared with 60 days for unfractionated blood. Transfusion of young red cells could significantly reduce the iron overload for patients requiring chronic transfusion, by avoiding infusion of the oldest red cells, which contribute equally to iron overload yet offer only transient survival in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:277950", "title": "\"Conjugal\" transfer of plasmid DNA among oral streptococci.", "content": "The beta plasmid from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS5, which codes for resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin, was introduced into a Lancefield group F streptococcus, strain DR1501, by transformation. This strain, DR1501 (beta), was found to be an excellent donor of the beta plasmid and readily transferred the resistance markers to various lactic acid bacteria, including certain strains of S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. Evidence is presented indicating that the transfer of the beta plasmid is mediated by a mechanism that requires cell-to-cell contact. The transfer of plasmid DNA during conjugation has been confirmed by the isolation of beta plasmid from transconjugant clones and by their ability to then serve as donors of the erythromycin and lincomycin resistance markers.", "contents": "\"Conjugal\" transfer of plasmid DNA among oral streptococci. The beta plasmid from Streptococcus faecalis strain DS5, which codes for resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin, was introduced into a Lancefield group F streptococcus, strain DR1501, by transformation. This strain, DR1501 (beta), was found to be an excellent donor of the beta plasmid and readily transferred the resistance markers to various lactic acid bacteria, including certain strains of S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius. Evidence is presented indicating that the transfer of the beta plasmid is mediated by a mechanism that requires cell-to-cell contact. The transfer of plasmid DNA during conjugation has been confirmed by the isolation of beta plasmid from transconjugant clones and by their ability to then serve as donors of the erythromycin and lincomycin resistance markers."}
{"id": "PMID:277951", "title": "Regulation of acetylcholine receptor levels by a cholinergic agonist in mouse muscle cell cultures.", "content": "The effects of continuous exposure to carbamylcholine (CbCho) on regulation and stabilization of acetylcholine receptors (AcChoR) were studied in cell cultures of G8, a continuous mouse muscle cell line. Exposure of cultures to 10-100 muM CbCho for 24-48 hr produced a 30-50% reduction in (125)I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. CbCho was not found to alter cell morphology, protein metabolism, or amino acid incorporation. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated a 75% reduction in the maximum sensitivity of the myotubes to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (AcCho). The reduction in AcCho sensitivity appeared to represent a true loss of functional receptors because there were no changes in the passive electrical properties of the cells or in the AcCho reversal potential and because receptor desensitization appeared not to be involved. Tetrodotoxin had no effect on receptor levels, either alone or in combination with CbCho. Receptor degradation in control cells could be described kinetically as a first-order process with a half-time of 19.2 hr; turnover rate in receptors remaining after prolonged exposure to CbCho was indistinguishable from that in control cells. We conclude that a receptor-active ligand can exert negative control over AcChoR levels and that prolonged exposure to an AcCho analog is not sufficient to induce a stable population of receptors in these cells.", "contents": "Regulation of acetylcholine receptor levels by a cholinergic agonist in mouse muscle cell cultures. The effects of continuous exposure to carbamylcholine (CbCho) on regulation and stabilization of acetylcholine receptors (AcChoR) were studied in cell cultures of G8, a continuous mouse muscle cell line. Exposure of cultures to 10-100 muM CbCho for 24-48 hr produced a 30-50% reduction in (125)I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding. CbCho was not found to alter cell morphology, protein metabolism, or amino acid incorporation. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated a 75% reduction in the maximum sensitivity of the myotubes to iontophoretic application of acetylcholine (AcCho). The reduction in AcCho sensitivity appeared to represent a true loss of functional receptors because there were no changes in the passive electrical properties of the cells or in the AcCho reversal potential and because receptor desensitization appeared not to be involved. Tetrodotoxin had no effect on receptor levels, either alone or in combination with CbCho. Receptor degradation in control cells could be described kinetically as a first-order process with a half-time of 19.2 hr; turnover rate in receptors remaining after prolonged exposure to CbCho was indistinguishable from that in control cells. We conclude that a receptor-active ligand can exert negative control over AcChoR levels and that prolonged exposure to an AcCho analog is not sufficient to induce a stable population of receptors in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:277952", "title": "Structure and physiological activity of the motoneurons of the nematode Ascaris.", "content": "The nervous system of the nematode worm Ascaris contains about 250 nerve cells; of these, the motoneurons consist of five segmental sets, each containing 11 cells. Morphologically, the motoneurons can be divided into seven different types. Their geometry is simple: some are unbranched, others have one branch point, and the most complex have two. There is no neuropil in the nerve cords; synapses are made by axo-axonal contact or onto short spines. These features enable us to study the anatomy and physiology of the system with a degree of completeness that would be difficult in other systems. The physiological activity of five of the motoneurons has been investigated, three being excitatory and two inhibitory. The excitatory motoneurons receive input from intersegmental interneurons. The inhibitory motoneurons do not receive input from the interneurons; instead they receive their input from the excitatory motoneurons in a circuit that can mediate reciprocal inhibition between the dorsal and the ventral musculature.", "contents": "Structure and physiological activity of the motoneurons of the nematode Ascaris. The nervous system of the nematode worm Ascaris contains about 250 nerve cells; of these, the motoneurons consist of five segmental sets, each containing 11 cells. Morphologically, the motoneurons can be divided into seven different types. Their geometry is simple: some are unbranched, others have one branch point, and the most complex have two. There is no neuropil in the nerve cords; synapses are made by axo-axonal contact or onto short spines. These features enable us to study the anatomy and physiology of the system with a degree of completeness that would be difficult in other systems. The physiological activity of five of the motoneurons has been investigated, three being excitatory and two inhibitory. The excitatory motoneurons receive input from intersegmental interneurons. The inhibitory motoneurons do not receive input from the interneurons; instead they receive their input from the excitatory motoneurons in a circuit that can mediate reciprocal inhibition between the dorsal and the ventral musculature."}
{"id": "PMID:277953", "title": "In vitro release of [5-methionine]enkephalin and [5-leucine]-enkephalin from the rat globus pallidus.", "content": "Endogenous [5-methionine]enkephalin (Metenkephalin) and [5-leucine]enkephalin (Leu-enkephalin) are released from perfused slices of rat globus pallidus by increased K(+) in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Tissue perfused for 40 min contained only 26% of the Met-enkephalin and 44% of the Leu-enkephalin found in the freshly dissected tissue. After perfusion, the mean (+/-SEM) ratio (wt/wt) of Met-enkephalin to Leu-enkephalin was 3.4 +/- 0.2 compared with 5.8 +/- 0.2 in the fresh tissue. The degradation of trace amounts of synthetic [(3)H]enkephalins in the perfusing medium during stimulated release seems to reflect the accelerated degradation of enkephalin released from the tissue: 63% of the Met-enkephalin and 23% of the Leu-enkephalin were degraded in a medium containing bacitracin (30 mug/ml). The mean ratio (wt/wt) of the Met-enkephalin to the Leu-enkephalin recovered after release by exposure of slices to 50 mM K(+) was 2.7 +/- 0.3. When perfusates were corrected for degradation, this ratio increased to about 5.5 which is higher than that found in the perfused tissue. The differences in release, tissue loss, and catabolism of the two enkephalins may be reflecting differences in the metabolic systems operating on the pentapeptides, but this interpretation will have to be validated by in vivo release experiments. In any event these observations strongly suggest that both enkephalins can be considered candidate neurotransmitters in the rat globus pallidus.", "contents": "In vitro release of [5-methionine]enkephalin and [5-leucine]-enkephalin from the rat globus pallidus. Endogenous [5-methionine]enkephalin (Metenkephalin) and [5-leucine]enkephalin (Leu-enkephalin) are released from perfused slices of rat globus pallidus by increased K(+) in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Tissue perfused for 40 min contained only 26% of the Met-enkephalin and 44% of the Leu-enkephalin found in the freshly dissected tissue. After perfusion, the mean (+/-SEM) ratio (wt/wt) of Met-enkephalin to Leu-enkephalin was 3.4 +/- 0.2 compared with 5.8 +/- 0.2 in the fresh tissue. The degradation of trace amounts of synthetic [(3)H]enkephalins in the perfusing medium during stimulated release seems to reflect the accelerated degradation of enkephalin released from the tissue: 63% of the Met-enkephalin and 23% of the Leu-enkephalin were degraded in a medium containing bacitracin (30 mug/ml). The mean ratio (wt/wt) of the Met-enkephalin to the Leu-enkephalin recovered after release by exposure of slices to 50 mM K(+) was 2.7 +/- 0.3. When perfusates were corrected for degradation, this ratio increased to about 5.5 which is higher than that found in the perfused tissue. The differences in release, tissue loss, and catabolism of the two enkephalins may be reflecting differences in the metabolic systems operating on the pentapeptides, but this interpretation will have to be validated by in vivo release experiments. In any event these observations strongly suggest that both enkephalins can be considered candidate neurotransmitters in the rat globus pallidus."}
{"id": "PMID:277954", "title": "Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina.", "content": "Single, isolated rod photoreceptors were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. These solitary cells retained the morphological features of rods of the intact retina and could be maintained in culture for several days. When impaled with micropipettes for electrophysiological recording, dark-adapted solitary rods had during darkness a resting potential of approximately -45 mV and a steady-state slope resistance of 500 Momega at rest. The current-voltage relationship showed both inward- and outward-going rectification. The responses to light of solitary rods were similar to those recorded from rods in the intact retina stimulated with large-diameter spots of light. The reversal potential of the light response of solitary rods was near 0 mV when measured in either the inner or outer segment.", "contents": "Responses to light of solitary rod photoreceptors isolated from tiger salamander retina. Single, isolated rod photoreceptors were obtained by enzymatic dissociation of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. These solitary cells retained the morphological features of rods of the intact retina and could be maintained in culture for several days. When impaled with micropipettes for electrophysiological recording, dark-adapted solitary rods had during darkness a resting potential of approximately -45 mV and a steady-state slope resistance of 500 Momega at rest. The current-voltage relationship showed both inward- and outward-going rectification. The responses to light of solitary rods were similar to those recorded from rods in the intact retina stimulated with large-diameter spots of light. The reversal potential of the light response of solitary rods was near 0 mV when measured in either the inner or outer segment."}
{"id": "PMID:277955", "title": "Evidence for existence of a yearly clock in surgically and self-blinded chipmunks.", "content": "By use of simplified technique and constant environmental conditions, I have demonstrated the existence in the chipmunk of a yearly clock. In a blinded chipmunk the clock manifested itself by remarkably consistent changes in running activity, food and water intake, and body weight over 6 1/2 yr. Studies on freshly trapped chipmunks kept in the same laboratory environment but with alternating light and darkness (12 hr each), showed that, when their eyes were covered for much of the light period, they reduced their exposure to light to preserve the activity of the yearly clock. Laboratory-adapted chipmunks that do not shield their eyes from light do not show the clock. The yearly clock has all the characteristics of the 24-hr clock, including sharply defined active and inactive phases, and must likewise play an important part in the animal's survival. Light would appear to be the chief or only cue for the clock. The period lengths did not change with age during the 6 1/2 yr.", "contents": "Evidence for existence of a yearly clock in surgically and self-blinded chipmunks. By use of simplified technique and constant environmental conditions, I have demonstrated the existence in the chipmunk of a yearly clock. In a blinded chipmunk the clock manifested itself by remarkably consistent changes in running activity, food and water intake, and body weight over 6 1/2 yr. Studies on freshly trapped chipmunks kept in the same laboratory environment but with alternating light and darkness (12 hr each), showed that, when their eyes were covered for much of the light period, they reduced their exposure to light to preserve the activity of the yearly clock. Laboratory-adapted chipmunks that do not shield their eyes from light do not show the clock. The yearly clock has all the characteristics of the 24-hr clock, including sharply defined active and inactive phases, and must likewise play an important part in the animal's survival. Light would appear to be the chief or only cue for the clock. The period lengths did not change with age during the 6 1/2 yr."}
{"id": "PMID:278132", "title": "[Indirect lymphography of sub-mental and sub-maxillary lymph nodes (author's transl)].", "content": "This report presents our observations in 81 cases; and we have used indirect lymphography only, we injected the contrast medium, lipiodole ultra fluide, intramuscularly to both sides of the tongue. The injection sites are first anaesthetized. The amount of contrast medium should not exceed 5 cc. It is injected in about 10 mn. The first radiological examination is performed 4, 8 and 12 hours after the injection. X-rays are taken using the occipitomental and also lower intraoral occlusal views. The following radiological studies are made after 24 and 48 hours. If necessary further x-rays can be taken as well.", "contents": "[Indirect lymphography of sub-mental and sub-maxillary lymph nodes (author's transl)]. This report presents our observations in 81 cases; and we have used indirect lymphography only, we injected the contrast medium, lipiodole ultra fluide, intramuscularly to both sides of the tongue. The injection sites are first anaesthetized. The amount of contrast medium should not exceed 5 cc. It is injected in about 10 mn. The first radiological examination is performed 4, 8 and 12 hours after the injection. X-rays are taken using the occipitomental and also lower intraoral occlusal views. The following radiological studies are made after 24 and 48 hours. If necessary further x-rays can be taken as well."}
{"id": "PMID:278133", "title": "[Variations in salivary immunoglobulins in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of salivary immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) was made in 74 subjects with or without Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In the normal subjects, only IgA could be detected by classical immunodiffusion techniques. A correlation was sought between the presence of IgG and/or IgM in the saliva, and various clinical or objective clinical examinations, as well as with accessory salivary gland biopsy. This study indicates that in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the detection of IgG and/or IgM is strongly correlated with sialography which is the surest examination used clinically. Thus the detection and estimation of salivary immunoglobulins is thus a simple and specific complementary examination in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "[Variations in salivary immunoglobulins in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (author's transl)]. A study of salivary immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) was made in 74 subjects with or without Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. In the normal subjects, only IgA could be detected by classical immunodiffusion techniques. A correlation was sought between the presence of IgG and/or IgM in the saliva, and various clinical or objective clinical examinations, as well as with accessory salivary gland biopsy. This study indicates that in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the detection of IgG and/or IgM is strongly correlated with sialography which is the surest examination used clinically. Thus the detection and estimation of salivary immunoglobulins is thus a simple and specific complementary examination in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:278134", "title": "[Stomatitis and antimitotics (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of stomatitis, in a patient receiving antimitotic therapy, which was found to be due to an acute leukosis. They feel that patients on antimitotics who develop stomatitis should have a white cell count to exclude leukosis, which is not a very rare finding today.", "contents": "[Stomatitis and antimitotics (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of stomatitis, in a patient receiving antimitotic therapy, which was found to be due to an acute leukosis. They feel that patients on antimitotics who develop stomatitis should have a white cell count to exclude leukosis, which is not a very rare finding today."}
{"id": "PMID:278136", "title": "[The greatest horizontal contour-line of the face. Meeting of anthropology and maxillofacial surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The greatest horizontal contour-line of the face is convex, passes through the malar bone and the external side of the zygomatic arch, and can be defined as the geometric connection of the facial points most distant from the median plane. The study of this facial line of greatest contour is particularly important in the case of fractures of the malar and zygomatic arch. The roentgenography of this line is done with an x-ray plate held parallel to the Reid line (orbital meatus) and the principal ascending radius passing through the middle of the line which connects the two gonions. This technique leads to extreme accuracy in the reduction of zygomato-malar fractures. The method can be used in the operating room.", "contents": "[The greatest horizontal contour-line of the face. Meeting of anthropology and maxillofacial surgery (author's transl)]. The greatest horizontal contour-line of the face is convex, passes through the malar bone and the external side of the zygomatic arch, and can be defined as the geometric connection of the facial points most distant from the median plane. The study of this facial line of greatest contour is particularly important in the case of fractures of the malar and zygomatic arch. The roentgenography of this line is done with an x-ray plate held parallel to the Reid line (orbital meatus) and the principal ascending radius passing through the middle of the line which connects the two gonions. This technique leads to extreme accuracy in the reduction of zygomato-malar fractures. The method can be used in the operating room."}
{"id": "PMID:278137", "title": "[Reflections concerning reconstruction of the floor of the orbit using a metal grill (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents four cases of patients with collapse of the floor of the orbit, total in three cases and partial in one. The material used was cut from the perforated plates used classically in maxillo-facial surgery. In one cases, the approach was mixed--sinusal and sub-orbital--whilst in the other three a classical sub-orbital-palpebral approach was used. There was one complication of infection 15 days after insertion in the case in which a mixed approach was used, this having no sequelae--one and a half year having elapsed. In all cases, the Lancaster test returned to normal, proving the perfect mobility of the eyeball over the plate. Despite the small number of cases, and a follow-up of no more than one and a half years, the author feels that the ease of use of these plates and the good results obtained here offer a possible future for this method.", "contents": "[Reflections concerning reconstruction of the floor of the orbit using a metal grill (author's transl)]. The author presents four cases of patients with collapse of the floor of the orbit, total in three cases and partial in one. The material used was cut from the perforated plates used classically in maxillo-facial surgery. In one cases, the approach was mixed--sinusal and sub-orbital--whilst in the other three a classical sub-orbital-palpebral approach was used. There was one complication of infection 15 days after insertion in the case in which a mixed approach was used, this having no sequelae--one and a half year having elapsed. In all cases, the Lancaster test returned to normal, proving the perfect mobility of the eyeball over the plate. Despite the small number of cases, and a follow-up of no more than one and a half years, the author feels that the ease of use of these plates and the good results obtained here offer a possible future for this method."}
{"id": "PMID:278138", "title": "[Inflammatory granuloma of the face with a malignant course. Atypical Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Hodgkin's disease beginning in the skin of the face with local lymph node involvement is reported. This was a lymphogranulomatous form without characteristic Reed-Sternberg cells in skin biopsy specimens, rendering the diagnosis difficult. There was a combination of granulomatous inflammation, plaques of necrosis and lesions of fibrinoid necrosis in the vessel walls. This form entered the classification of clinical Stage IV, with its associated serious prognosis.", "contents": "[Inflammatory granuloma of the face with a malignant course. Atypical Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. A case of Hodgkin's disease beginning in the skin of the face with local lymph node involvement is reported. This was a lymphogranulomatous form without characteristic Reed-Sternberg cells in skin biopsy specimens, rendering the diagnosis difficult. There was a combination of granulomatous inflammation, plaques of necrosis and lesions of fibrinoid necrosis in the vessel walls. This form entered the classification of clinical Stage IV, with its associated serious prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:278145", "title": "On the pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "A review is given on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of some cephalosporin antibiotics. The use of the pharmacokinetic parameters serum concentration, serum protein binding, serum half life, and apparent volume of distribution as a basis for the selection of the clinically most effective cephalosporin derivative is discussed. It is concluded that these parameters must be used in conjunction with data on tissue distribution to specialized sites, and with information on antibacterial activity and toxicity.", "contents": "On the pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics. A review is given on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of some cephalosporin antibiotics. The use of the pharmacokinetic parameters serum concentration, serum protein binding, serum half life, and apparent volume of distribution as a basis for the selection of the clinically most effective cephalosporin derivative is discussed. It is concluded that these parameters must be used in conjunction with data on tissue distribution to specialized sites, and with information on antibacterial activity and toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:278146", "title": "Experimental models for studies on transportation of antibiotics to extravasal compartments.", "content": "A short review is presented illustrating different methods employed to determine the antibiotic concentration in different tissues in man and the limitation to perform thorough pharmacokinetic studies. The most often used experimental models (different tissue cage models the fibrin clot, skin blisters, skin windows, skin chambers) applied in animal and man for studies of antibiotics are presented as well as a discussion concerning their relevance to the clinical situation.", "contents": "Experimental models for studies on transportation of antibiotics to extravasal compartments. A short review is presented illustrating different methods employed to determine the antibiotic concentration in different tissues in man and the limitation to perform thorough pharmacokinetic studies. The most often used experimental models (different tissue cage models the fibrin clot, skin blisters, skin windows, skin chambers) applied in animal and man for studies of antibiotics are presented as well as a discussion concerning their relevance to the clinical situation."}
{"id": "PMID:278147", "title": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cephaloridine and cephalothin using subcutaneous tissue cages.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to compare the ability of three cephalosporins--cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefuroxime--and a cephamycin--cefoxitin--to penetrate into extravasal compartments. The study was performed using female adult rabbits with subcutaneously implanted steel net cages. All antibiotics were given in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. parenterally as i.v. injections. The concentrations of the different antibiotics were determined simultaneously in serum and in fluid obtained from the cages. The concentrations were followed after single doses as well as after repeated doses using an agar well technique for the assays. To control the experimental conditions electrolyte and protein contents of the fluid in the different cages were followed and were found to be stable during the experimental period. All antibiotics were rapidly eliminated from serum. The concentrations in the cages reached its maximum 1.5-3 hours after administration. The highest concentrations in the extravasal compartments were obtained with cephaloridine and the lowest with cephalothin with the values of the other antibiotics ranging in between.", "contents": "Studies on the pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin, cefuroxime, cephaloridine and cephalothin using subcutaneous tissue cages. The present study was undertaken to compare the ability of three cephalosporins--cephalothin, cephaloridine and cefuroxime--and a cephamycin--cefoxitin--to penetrate into extravasal compartments. The study was performed using female adult rabbits with subcutaneously implanted steel net cages. All antibiotics were given in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. parenterally as i.v. injections. The concentrations of the different antibiotics were determined simultaneously in serum and in fluid obtained from the cages. The concentrations were followed after single doses as well as after repeated doses using an agar well technique for the assays. To control the experimental conditions electrolyte and protein contents of the fluid in the different cages were followed and were found to be stable during the experimental period. All antibiotics were rapidly eliminated from serum. The concentrations in the cages reached its maximum 1.5-3 hours after administration. The highest concentrations in the extravasal compartments were obtained with cephaloridine and the lowest with cephalothin with the values of the other antibiotics ranging in between."}
{"id": "PMID:278148", "title": "Implanted tissue-cages: a critical evaluation of their relevance in measuring tissue concentrations of antibiotics.", "content": "In several species of laboratory animals, the concurrent serum and tissue-cage fluid levels of several antibiotics after a single parenteral dose have markedly different profiles. New work has shown that these differences are mainly due to the relatively impermeable granulomatous sheath which develops around the implanted tissue chambers. The concentrations of an antibiotic in tissue-cage fluid are therefore not representative of its concentration in \"interstitial fluid\" or extravascular fluid in general. Tissue-cage levels are probably more representative of antibiotic levels to be found inside abscesses, in chronic disease situations, or relatively avascular sites in the body.", "contents": "Implanted tissue-cages: a critical evaluation of their relevance in measuring tissue concentrations of antibiotics. In several species of laboratory animals, the concurrent serum and tissue-cage fluid levels of several antibiotics after a single parenteral dose have markedly different profiles. New work has shown that these differences are mainly due to the relatively impermeable granulomatous sheath which develops around the implanted tissue chambers. The concentrations of an antibiotic in tissue-cage fluid are therefore not representative of its concentration in \"interstitial fluid\" or extravascular fluid in general. Tissue-cage levels are probably more representative of antibiotic levels to be found inside abscesses, in chronic disease situations, or relatively avascular sites in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:278149", "title": "The correlation of in-vitro susceptibility tests with in-vivo results of antibiotic treatment.", "content": "The reason why the results of the clinical response to therapy do not always correspond to antibiotic laboratory testing include errors in performance or interpretation of test results, imprecise definition of resistance and host factors which influence the outcome of treatment regardless of the antibiotic being used. These factors are reviewed. Cephalosporins and penicillins pose problems because the prime effects of enzymes in influencing the outcome of treatment are not always clear in standard tests for susceptibility. Inter-laboratory differences in interpretation of tests makes comparisons of tests between centres difficult and the use of reference strains for validation of testing is proposed.", "contents": "The correlation of in-vitro susceptibility tests with in-vivo results of antibiotic treatment. The reason why the results of the clinical response to therapy do not always correspond to antibiotic laboratory testing include errors in performance or interpretation of test results, imprecise definition of resistance and host factors which influence the outcome of treatment regardless of the antibiotic being used. These factors are reviewed. Cephalosporins and penicillins pose problems because the prime effects of enzymes in influencing the outcome of treatment are not always clear in standard tests for susceptibility. Inter-laboratory differences in interpretation of tests makes comparisons of tests between centres difficult and the use of reference strains for validation of testing is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:278151", "title": "Arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis and the diabetic. A report on eighteen patients.", "content": "Twenty-three subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas were created for hemodialysis in 18 patients with terminal renal failure due to juvenile diabetes. Seventeen patients received well-functioning fistulas. Four patients needed reoperations due to late failure and the reoperations were successful in three. Venous hypertension syndrome developed in two patients because of thrombosis of the vein proximally to the anastomosis. In one patient extensive arteriosclerotic disease was the cause of late failure of two fistulas. Sepsis with low flow state was the cause of failure in one patient. None of the patients developed clinical signs of arterial insufficiency in the operated limb.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis and the diabetic. A report on eighteen patients. Twenty-three subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas were created for hemodialysis in 18 patients with terminal renal failure due to juvenile diabetes. Seventeen patients received well-functioning fistulas. Four patients needed reoperations due to late failure and the reoperations were successful in three. Venous hypertension syndrome developed in two patients because of thrombosis of the vein proximally to the anastomosis. In one patient extensive arteriosclerotic disease was the cause of late failure of two fistulas. Sepsis with low flow state was the cause of failure in one patient. None of the patients developed clinical signs of arterial insufficiency in the operated limb."}
{"id": "PMID:278176", "title": "The distribution of proquazone and three of its metabolites in serum and synovial fluid.", "content": "In 13 patients with hydrarthrosis of the knee, samples of synovial fluid and blood were drawn at regular intervals, following a single oral dose of 600 mg proquazone. The concentrations of the unchanged drug were measured fluorimetrically and those of its three principal, active metabolites by high pressure liquid chromatography. The absorption and distribution of proquazone and its metabolites were rapid. Measurable--in some cases considerable--concentrations were to be found in both the synovial fluid and serum as early as 30 minutes after intake. High concentrations were still present up to 7 hours after intake. Considerable variations were observed, both between patients and over time for each patient, so that only qualitative rather than quantitative kinetic conclusions could be drawn from the results. The concentrations were generally lower in the synovial fluid than in the serum, which may be ascribed to the drug's high protein binding.", "contents": "The distribution of proquazone and three of its metabolites in serum and synovial fluid. In 13 patients with hydrarthrosis of the knee, samples of synovial fluid and blood were drawn at regular intervals, following a single oral dose of 600 mg proquazone. The concentrations of the unchanged drug were measured fluorimetrically and those of its three principal, active metabolites by high pressure liquid chromatography. The absorption and distribution of proquazone and its metabolites were rapid. Measurable--in some cases considerable--concentrations were to be found in both the synovial fluid and serum as early as 30 minutes after intake. High concentrations were still present up to 7 hours after intake. Considerable variations were observed, both between patients and over time for each patient, so that only qualitative rather than quantitative kinetic conclusions could be drawn from the results. The concentrations were generally lower in the synovial fluid than in the serum, which may be ascribed to the drug's high protein binding."}
{"id": "PMID:278177", "title": "Influence of proquazone (Biarison) on the levels of complement components (C3 and C4) in synovial fluid and on IgM in serum in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report.", "content": "Four patients with erosive rheumatoid arthritis and one with psoriasis arthropathy were treated with 600-900 mg/day proquazone for 4-7 weeks. All patients had acute knee effusions. The complement components C3 and C4, as well as IgG, IgA, IgM and total protein, were measured in both the synovial fluid and serum before and after treatment. In the 4 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a marked increase in C3 and/or C4 levels in the synovial fluid was found, correlating in 3 cases with a good clinical response. However, no corresponding changes in complement levels were recorded in the serum. The patient with psoriasis arthropathy did not show any reaction. These preliminary results suggest that proquazone may influence the immunological processes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Influence of proquazone (Biarison) on the levels of complement components (C3 and C4) in synovial fluid and on IgM in serum in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary report. Four patients with erosive rheumatoid arthritis and one with psoriasis arthropathy were treated with 600-900 mg/day proquazone for 4-7 weeks. All patients had acute knee effusions. The complement components C3 and C4, as well as IgG, IgA, IgM and total protein, were measured in both the synovial fluid and serum before and after treatment. In the 4 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a marked increase in C3 and/or C4 levels in the synovial fluid was found, correlating in 3 cases with a good clinical response. However, no corresponding changes in complement levels were recorded in the serum. The patient with psoriasis arthropathy did not show any reaction. These preliminary results suggest that proquazone may influence the immunological processes in rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:278178", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies on diclofenac sodium in young and old volunteers.", "content": "A singel 50 mg enteric-coated tablet of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) was administered to two groups, each consisting of eight female subjects. The subjects in the one group were young adults all aged less than 22 years, while those in the other were all over the age of 62 years. The plasma concentration/time profiles, relative bio-availability, and urinary excretion pattern of the drug in the two groups were similar. Thus, in the absence of interacting factors, such as drugs and disease, the ability to absorb, metabolise, and excrete diclofenac sodium does not appear to be influenced by age.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies on diclofenac sodium in young and old volunteers. A singel 50 mg enteric-coated tablet of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) was administered to two groups, each consisting of eight female subjects. The subjects in the one group were young adults all aged less than 22 years, while those in the other were all over the age of 62 years. The plasma concentration/time profiles, relative bio-availability, and urinary excretion pattern of the drug in the two groups were similar. Thus, in the absence of interacting factors, such as drugs and disease, the ability to absorb, metabolise, and excrete diclofenac sodium does not appear to be influenced by age."}
{"id": "PMID:278226", "title": "[Bone and soft tissue sarcomas].", "content": "Great progress has been made both in the treatment of metastatic sarcomas and in adjuvant treatment of Ewing's, rhabdomyo- and osteogenic sarcomas. This is due partly to new and more effective cytostatic drugs and combinations, but to a greater extent to an improved systematic multimodal approach. In patients with metastatic sarcoma, better and longer remissions can be achieved, whereas real cures are possible in Ewing's, rhabdomyo- and osteosarcoma if properly managed using an interdisciplinary approach. Patients with these rare malignancies should be referred to specialized cancer centers, in view of the problems and possible complications of their necessarily intensive therapy.", "contents": "[Bone and soft tissue sarcomas]. Great progress has been made both in the treatment of metastatic sarcomas and in adjuvant treatment of Ewing's, rhabdomyo- and osteogenic sarcomas. This is due partly to new and more effective cytostatic drugs and combinations, but to a greater extent to an improved systematic multimodal approach. In patients with metastatic sarcoma, better and longer remissions can be achieved, whereas real cures are possible in Ewing's, rhabdomyo- and osteosarcoma if properly managed using an interdisciplinary approach. Patients with these rare malignancies should be referred to specialized cancer centers, in view of the problems and possible complications of their necessarily intensive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:278227", "title": "Dermatomyositis complicated by acute granulocytic leukeumia.", "content": "In this case of dermatomyositis, the patient's clinical course was complicated by the development of acute granulocytic leukemia. Various malignancies complicating dermatomyositis have been reported in the literature. Rarely have these been of the hematopoietic system.", "contents": "Dermatomyositis complicated by acute granulocytic leukeumia. In this case of dermatomyositis, the patient's clinical course was complicated by the development of acute granulocytic leukemia. Various malignancies complicating dermatomyositis have been reported in the literature. Rarely have these been of the hematopoietic system."}
{"id": "PMID:278228", "title": "Successful treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host.", "content": "We have reported the successful treatment of a patient with acute leukemia complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis, a commonly fatal situation. Specific diagnosis was obtained easily by transbronchial lung biopsy. Our therapeutic approach included aggressive treatment of both the underlying malignant process and the aspergillosis with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin.", "contents": "Successful treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. We have reported the successful treatment of a patient with acute leukemia complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis, a commonly fatal situation. Specific diagnosis was obtained easily by transbronchial lung biopsy. Our therapeutic approach included aggressive treatment of both the underlying malignant process and the aspergillosis with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin."}
{"id": "PMID:278229", "title": "Early lymphatic spread of osteogenic and soft-tissue sarcomas.", "content": "Records of 374 patients referred to the National Cancer Institute with a diagnosis of sarcoma over a 24-year period were reviewed to study the incidence of lymph node involvement in this disease. One hundred and thirteen patients had operations involving the draining nodal area and evaluation of these nodes for tumor. Only three patients (2.6%) had evidence of sarcoma metastatic to draining lymph nodes. Prophylactic removal or radiotherapy of draining lymph node areas in most adults with sarcomas does not appear to be worthwhile. A comprehensive analysis of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Early lymphatic spread of osteogenic and soft-tissue sarcomas. Records of 374 patients referred to the National Cancer Institute with a diagnosis of sarcoma over a 24-year period were reviewed to study the incidence of lymph node involvement in this disease. One hundred and thirteen patients had operations involving the draining nodal area and evaluation of these nodes for tumor. Only three patients (2.6%) had evidence of sarcoma metastatic to draining lymph nodes. Prophylactic removal or radiotherapy of draining lymph node areas in most adults with sarcomas does not appear to be worthwhile. A comprehensive analysis of the literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:278230", "title": "Resection of pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma in children.", "content": "Over a three year period, 28 children or young adults up to 20 years of age underwent 60 thoracotomies for pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. These patients also received adjuvant chemotherapy. Sixteen of the 28 patients are currently alive and 13 of these are free of disease. The patients have been followed for 6 to 48 months after the initial thoracotomy; median survival is 25 months. Actuarial survival curves produced a 4 year survival of 57%. Although a tumor-free interval of more than 1 year greatly enhanced survival, three patients survived with tumor-free interval of 6 months or less. Patients with disease confined to one lobe at the initial thoracotomy did very well, and yet survivors were seen when disease involved more than one lobe or was bilateral. An aggressive surgical approach toward the pulmonary metastases thus appears to be justified.", "contents": "Resection of pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma in children. Over a three year period, 28 children or young adults up to 20 years of age underwent 60 thoracotomies for pulmonary metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. These patients also received adjuvant chemotherapy. Sixteen of the 28 patients are currently alive and 13 of these are free of disease. The patients have been followed for 6 to 48 months after the initial thoracotomy; median survival is 25 months. Actuarial survival curves produced a 4 year survival of 57%. Although a tumor-free interval of more than 1 year greatly enhanced survival, three patients survived with tumor-free interval of 6 months or less. Patients with disease confined to one lobe at the initial thoracotomy did very well, and yet survivors were seen when disease involved more than one lobe or was bilateral. An aggressive surgical approach toward the pulmonary metastases thus appears to be justified."}
{"id": "PMID:278413", "title": "[Reconstructive microsurgery in traumatic amputations of wrist and fingers (authors transl)].", "content": "A specialised department for vascular microsurgery was established in the Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery in 1973. 58 replantations of fingers in 42 patients were made. Total percentage of healing was 52 (30 fingers). Doppler's flowmetry is very useful for the control of microanastomoses of the arteries in fingers. Reconstruction of vessels in fingers was made with an operative microscope (magnification 16--24 times), special microtechnique and 10/0 sutures. Successful replantation is possible even 10--12 hours after severance, it the finger is kept in hypothermia at + 4 degrees C. Rapid admission of the patients to the hospital, i.e. improved information and emergency transport may shorten ischaemic time. The first stage of replantation is the marking of arteries and veins in the finger and in the stump. It is essential to suture not less than 2--3 veins for one artery and nerve. Thorough rehabilitation is of utmost importance to get the best functional results.", "contents": "[Reconstructive microsurgery in traumatic amputations of wrist and fingers (authors transl)]. A specialised department for vascular microsurgery was established in the Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery in 1973. 58 replantations of fingers in 42 patients were made. Total percentage of healing was 52 (30 fingers). Doppler's flowmetry is very useful for the control of microanastomoses of the arteries in fingers. Reconstruction of vessels in fingers was made with an operative microscope (magnification 16--24 times), special microtechnique and 10/0 sutures. Successful replantation is possible even 10--12 hours after severance, it the finger is kept in hypothermia at + 4 degrees C. Rapid admission of the patients to the hospital, i.e. improved information and emergency transport may shorten ischaemic time. The first stage of replantation is the marking of arteries and veins in the finger and in the stump. It is essential to suture not less than 2--3 veins for one artery and nerve. Thorough rehabilitation is of utmost importance to get the best functional results."}
{"id": "PMID:278417", "title": "[Protective effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate and mexamine on the body and cerebral cortex neurons during hypoxia].", "content": "Experiments on white non-pure male mice have established that NA oxybutirate in doses 100 mg/kg and mexamine in doses 2.5 mg/kg possess antihypoxic properties in conditions of severe hypoxia corresponding to a height of 10 000 m. In a combined introduction of Na oxybutirate and mexamine in the above-mentioned doses there is an increase of their antihypoxic action. It was demonstrated that Na oxybutirate, mexamine and their combination exposes a distinct protective effect on the cortical neurons on rats in conditions of hypoxia. It is assumed that the protective action of the studied antihypoxants on the cortical neurons is realized with the aid of the same mechanisms as in a physiological adaptation to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Protective effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate and mexamine on the body and cerebral cortex neurons during hypoxia]. Experiments on white non-pure male mice have established that NA oxybutirate in doses 100 mg/kg and mexamine in doses 2.5 mg/kg possess antihypoxic properties in conditions of severe hypoxia corresponding to a height of 10 000 m. In a combined introduction of Na oxybutirate and mexamine in the above-mentioned doses there is an increase of their antihypoxic action. It was demonstrated that Na oxybutirate, mexamine and their combination exposes a distinct protective effect on the cortical neurons on rats in conditions of hypoxia. It is assumed that the protective action of the studied antihypoxants on the cortical neurons is realized with the aid of the same mechanisms as in a physiological adaptation to hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:278421", "title": "The incidence of carcinoma in the gastric remnant after resection for benign ulcer disease.", "content": "During the period 1950-1953, gastric resection was performed on 569 patients for benign ulcer disease at the Serafimer Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The purpose of this investigation uas to assess the incidence of cancer and precancerous lesions in the gastric remnant. There were 15 postoperative deaths. 223 patients when traced were dead, and in 130 of these follow-up was adequate. Two cases with carcinoma in the gastric remnant were found among these. 72 patients were lost from follow-up. 253 patients when traced were alive, and in 111 of these, endoscopy and biopsy have been performed. In one patient there was a severe dysplasia but no invasive carcinomas were found. 130 dead patients and 111 living patients have been adequately followed after gastric resection for benign ulcer disease. Two carcinomas were found which makes the incidence 0,8%.", "contents": "The incidence of carcinoma in the gastric remnant after resection for benign ulcer disease. During the period 1950-1953, gastric resection was performed on 569 patients for benign ulcer disease at the Serafimer Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The purpose of this investigation uas to assess the incidence of cancer and precancerous lesions in the gastric remnant. There were 15 postoperative deaths. 223 patients when traced were dead, and in 130 of these follow-up was adequate. Two cases with carcinoma in the gastric remnant were found among these. 72 patients were lost from follow-up. 253 patients when traced were alive, and in 111 of these, endoscopy and biopsy have been performed. In one patient there was a severe dysplasia but no invasive carcinomas were found. 130 dead patients and 111 living patients have been adequately followed after gastric resection for benign ulcer disease. Two carcinomas were found which makes the incidence 0,8%."}
{"id": "PMID:278422", "title": "Decreasing frequency of cholecystectomies in the counties of Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden.", "content": "The frequency of cholecystectomies was followed in the counties of Stockholm and Uppsala during an eight-year period (1969--1976). In both counties there was a highly significant decrease. This was mostly marked for males under 50 and females under 40 years in Stockholm and for females, regardless of age, in Uppsala. It is unlikely that these figures represent a decrease in the prevalence of gall-stone disease even if a small change is possible. A major alteration in the financing system of out-patient care has taken place during the investigated period and this has probably had an important influence on the cholecystectomy rate. Another important factor may be the consideration of a etiological factors other than gall-stones for minor abdominal disorders.", "contents": "Decreasing frequency of cholecystectomies in the counties of Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden. The frequency of cholecystectomies was followed in the counties of Stockholm and Uppsala during an eight-year period (1969--1976). In both counties there was a highly significant decrease. This was mostly marked for males under 50 and females under 40 years in Stockholm and for females, regardless of age, in Uppsala. It is unlikely that these figures represent a decrease in the prevalence of gall-stone disease even if a small change is possible. A major alteration in the financing system of out-patient care has taken place during the investigated period and this has probably had an important influence on the cholecystectomy rate. Another important factor may be the consideration of a etiological factors other than gall-stones for minor abdominal disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:278423", "title": "The incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder and bile ducts in Sweden 1958 to 1972.", "content": "Between 1958 and 1972, 5913 carcinomas of the gallbladder and bile ducts were diagnosed in Sweden. These patients were divided into three groups, each covering a five year interval. The mean incidence was calculated for each group and related to age and sex. During the fifteen years of study a marked increase in the incidence was found, especially in elderly women.", "contents": "The incidence of carcinoma of the gallbladder and bile ducts in Sweden 1958 to 1972. Between 1958 and 1972, 5913 carcinomas of the gallbladder and bile ducts were diagnosed in Sweden. These patients were divided into three groups, each covering a five year interval. The mean incidence was calculated for each group and related to age and sex. During the fifteen years of study a marked increase in the incidence was found, especially in elderly women."}
{"id": "PMID:278425", "title": "Pulmonary function in extreme obesity. Influence of weight loss following intestinal shunt operation.", "content": "Airway closure (CV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and the distribution of inspired gas (nitrogen washout delay percentage, NWOD %) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was measured by standard electrodes in eight extremely obese patients before and after weight loss (mean weights 142 and 94 kg, respectively) following intestinal shunt operation. Prior to weight loss, airway closure occurred within a tidal breath in six out of eight patients. This was associated with a low FRC, and NWOD % was higher than in the non-obese. PaO2 was lower than normal. CV was unchanged after weight loss, but due to an increase in FRC, airway closure did not occur within a tidal volume and NWOD % was normal. PaO2 was also normal. It is concluded that weight reduction in extremely obese patients improves arterial oxygenation because of an increase in FRC, whereby CV no longer occurs within a tidal volume. Intrapulmonary gas mixing becomes more even.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in extreme obesity. Influence of weight loss following intestinal shunt operation. Airway closure (CV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and the distribution of inspired gas (nitrogen washout delay percentage, NWOD %) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was measured by standard electrodes in eight extremely obese patients before and after weight loss (mean weights 142 and 94 kg, respectively) following intestinal shunt operation. Prior to weight loss, airway closure occurred within a tidal breath in six out of eight patients. This was associated with a low FRC, and NWOD % was higher than in the non-obese. PaO2 was lower than normal. CV was unchanged after weight loss, but due to an increase in FRC, airway closure did not occur within a tidal volume and NWOD % was normal. PaO2 was also normal. It is concluded that weight reduction in extremely obese patients improves arterial oxygenation because of an increase in FRC, whereby CV no longer occurs within a tidal volume. Intrapulmonary gas mixing becomes more even."}
{"id": "PMID:278427", "title": "Negative findings in search for a transmissible agent in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Affected lymph nodes from 3 patients with Crohn's disease were homogenised and inoculated intramurally into the distal ileum of five piglets. The homogenates were also inoculated intramurally in the distal ileum of 15 rats and also by percutaneous injection intraabdominally in 15 rats and compared with the same number of animals of each species inoculated in the same manner with homogenates prepared from 3 patients with caecal cancer. There was no difference in weight increase between the animals inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate or control tissue homogenate. Neither did we find any macroscopic or microscopic changes in the animals inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate. We found a rather high frequency of mammary tumors in the rats inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate, although compared to the rats inoculated with control tissue homogenate there was no statistically significant difference. The negative results may be due to the method of preparing the tissue homogenate or to the use of lymph nodes instead of the bowel in preparing the homogenate, but may also be taken as support against the suggestion that a transmissible agent is present in Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Negative findings in search for a transmissible agent in Crohn's disease. Affected lymph nodes from 3 patients with Crohn's disease were homogenised and inoculated intramurally into the distal ileum of five piglets. The homogenates were also inoculated intramurally in the distal ileum of 15 rats and also by percutaneous injection intraabdominally in 15 rats and compared with the same number of animals of each species inoculated in the same manner with homogenates prepared from 3 patients with caecal cancer. There was no difference in weight increase between the animals inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate or control tissue homogenate. Neither did we find any macroscopic or microscopic changes in the animals inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate. We found a rather high frequency of mammary tumors in the rats inoculated with Crohn's tissue homogenate, although compared to the rats inoculated with control tissue homogenate there was no statistically significant difference. The negative results may be due to the method of preparing the tissue homogenate or to the use of lymph nodes instead of the bowel in preparing the homogenate, but may also be taken as support against the suggestion that a transmissible agent is present in Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:278428", "title": "Contamination of germfree animals with intestinal Crohn tissue. A preliminary report.", "content": "The preliminary results of one of a series of prospective studies in the investigation of a possible transmissible agent in Crohn's disease are presented. Filtered human Crohn tissue homogenates was inoculated into eight germfree Sprague-Dawley rats, to test the reproducibility of recent reports suggesting a transmissible agent in regional ileitis. No histological changes were evident after 150 days, and no changes were observed in animals inoculated with non-Crohn tissue homogenates.", "contents": "Contamination of germfree animals with intestinal Crohn tissue. A preliminary report. The preliminary results of one of a series of prospective studies in the investigation of a possible transmissible agent in Crohn's disease are presented. Filtered human Crohn tissue homogenates was inoculated into eight germfree Sprague-Dawley rats, to test the reproducibility of recent reports suggesting a transmissible agent in regional ileitis. No histological changes were evident after 150 days, and no changes were observed in animals inoculated with non-Crohn tissue homogenates."}
{"id": "PMID:278429", "title": "Results of the treatment of rectal prolapse operated according to Ripstein.", "content": "59 patients have been submitted to abdominal rectopexi according to Ripstein. The operative mortality was 5%, which was, however, not wholly due to the operation. The mortality-rate shows, however, that patients older than 60 years of age must be carefully evaluated preoperatively. The recurrence-rate was 5,4% with a mean observation period of 5 years. The method appears to be satisfactory for treatment of rectal prolapse.", "contents": "Results of the treatment of rectal prolapse operated according to Ripstein. 59 patients have been submitted to abdominal rectopexi according to Ripstein. The operative mortality was 5%, which was, however, not wholly due to the operation. The mortality-rate shows, however, that patients older than 60 years of age must be carefully evaluated preoperatively. The recurrence-rate was 5,4% with a mean observation period of 5 years. The method appears to be satisfactory for treatment of rectal prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:278430", "title": "Fistula-in-ano. A six year follow up study of 143 operated patients.", "content": "Of 143 patients operated upon for anal fistulae, all but eight have healed satisfactorally, Impaired healing was seen in patients with high fistulae operated with a modified Elting repair, and in patients suffering from Crohn's disease. When the internal opening was localized and the fistula laid open and excised, healing took place in almost all cases. This method may cause incontinence with high fistulae, and other methods must be used. A loop suture technique gave satisfoactory results both in regard to healing and anal control. Following a modified Elting repair in nine cases, recurrence was seen in four. However, we still believe this method is of value since it leaves the sphincters intact.", "contents": "Fistula-in-ano. A six year follow up study of 143 operated patients. Of 143 patients operated upon for anal fistulae, all but eight have healed satisfactorally, Impaired healing was seen in patients with high fistulae operated with a modified Elting repair, and in patients suffering from Crohn's disease. When the internal opening was localized and the fistula laid open and excised, healing took place in almost all cases. This method may cause incontinence with high fistulae, and other methods must be used. A loop suture technique gave satisfoactory results both in regard to healing and anal control. Following a modified Elting repair in nine cases, recurrence was seen in four. However, we still believe this method is of value since it leaves the sphincters intact."}
{"id": "PMID:278431", "title": "Angiography with vasoactive drugs in diagnosis of diverticular disease and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon.", "content": "39 patients with sigmoid lesions have been examined with angiografphy, using epinephrine and propranolol. 11 had carcinoma, all were diagnosed angiographically. Fibrosis may appear similar on phamacoangiography whereas the inflammatory reaction is different.", "contents": "Angiography with vasoactive drugs in diagnosis of diverticular disease and carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. 39 patients with sigmoid lesions have been examined with angiografphy, using epinephrine and propranolol. 11 had carcinoma, all were diagnosed angiographically. Fibrosis may appear similar on phamacoangiography whereas the inflammatory reaction is different."}
{"id": "PMID:278432", "title": "Practical considerations of the vascular surgical \"out-patients\".", "content": "Continuity in vascular patient control is important. Physiological methods useful in diagnosis and follow-up of vascular surgical out-patients are discussed. Measurement of systolic blood pressure in the big toe gave good assessment of their peripheral perfusion pressure and helped in selecting patients for vascular reconstruction. Walking capacity was measured on a treadmill together with simultaneous ECG. We recommended that all our patients stop smoking.", "contents": "Practical considerations of the vascular surgical \"out-patients\". Continuity in vascular patient control is important. Physiological methods useful in diagnosis and follow-up of vascular surgical out-patients are discussed. Measurement of systolic blood pressure in the big toe gave good assessment of their peripheral perfusion pressure and helped in selecting patients for vascular reconstruction. Walking capacity was measured on a treadmill together with simultaneous ECG. We recommended that all our patients stop smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:278433", "title": "Roux-en-Y loop reconstruction as remedial operation for reflux gastritis after gastric resection.", "content": "Reflux gastritis is a symptom-complex consisting of antacid-resistent epigastric pain, nausea and frequent vomiting, weight loss and anaemia, sometimes with evident gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gastric secretory studies usually show achlorhydria. The onset of symptoms is usually abrupt in previously healthy subjects. From 1973 to 1977, eleven patients with the established diagnosis of reflux gastritis have been treated with a Roux-en-Y reconstruction, as a remedial operation. There was no mortality in the series. At follow-up after a mean time of two years, the result was graded as excellent in ten patients and as fair in one. It is concluded that the Roux-en-Y procedure can be recommended in patients with reflux gastritis.", "contents": "Roux-en-Y loop reconstruction as remedial operation for reflux gastritis after gastric resection. Reflux gastritis is a symptom-complex consisting of antacid-resistent epigastric pain, nausea and frequent vomiting, weight loss and anaemia, sometimes with evident gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gastric secretory studies usually show achlorhydria. The onset of symptoms is usually abrupt in previously healthy subjects. From 1973 to 1977, eleven patients with the established diagnosis of reflux gastritis have been treated with a Roux-en-Y reconstruction, as a remedial operation. There was no mortality in the series. At follow-up after a mean time of two years, the result was graded as excellent in ten patients and as fair in one. It is concluded that the Roux-en-Y procedure can be recommended in patients with reflux gastritis."}
{"id": "PMID:278434", "title": "Acute arterial occlusion.", "content": "During the years 1969--1976, 66 patients were subjected to surgery for acute arterial occlusion. Arterial occlusion was due to emboli in 67% of the patients, and to acute thrombosis in 33%. There was no difference in the mean age for the two groups. More than 50% of the occlusions, embolic as well as thrombotic, were located in the femoral artery. In the embolic group limb salvage rate was 93% and patient survival rate 82%. The corresponding figures for the thrombotic group were both 73%. There was no direct correlation between the number of amputations and the time interval from occlusion to operation in either of the two groups. In the embolic group, adequate backflow was reestablished in 82%, while the corresponding figure in the thrombotic group was only 45%.", "contents": "Acute arterial occlusion. During the years 1969--1976, 66 patients were subjected to surgery for acute arterial occlusion. Arterial occlusion was due to emboli in 67% of the patients, and to acute thrombosis in 33%. There was no difference in the mean age for the two groups. More than 50% of the occlusions, embolic as well as thrombotic, were located in the femoral artery. In the embolic group limb salvage rate was 93% and patient survival rate 82%. The corresponding figures for the thrombotic group were both 73%. There was no direct correlation between the number of amputations and the time interval from occlusion to operation in either of the two groups. In the embolic group, adequate backflow was reestablished in 82%, while the corresponding figure in the thrombotic group was only 45%."}
{"id": "PMID:278435", "title": "Reconstruction of the deep femoral artery.", "content": "Deep femoral artery reconstruction was performed on 54 extremities. Best results were obtained in patients with severe rest pain and minor ischemic ulcerations. Intermittent claudication generally did not improve significantly. The mean operative flow to deep femoral artery was 170 mg/min. and the increase in peripheral pressure 20 mm Hg.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the deep femoral artery. Deep femoral artery reconstruction was performed on 54 extremities. Best results were obtained in patients with severe rest pain and minor ischemic ulcerations. Intermittent claudication generally did not improve significantly. The mean operative flow to deep femoral artery was 170 mg/min. and the increase in peripheral pressure 20 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:278436", "title": "Sympathetic blocks.", "content": "The results of permanent chemical block of the lumbar symmpathetic chain in patients with inoperable vascular conditions, treated during the three-year period 1973--1975 is presented. The results show that, when unsuitable patients have been rejected by their poor response to continuous local aneasthetic blocks, good results with permanent phenol blocks are attainable. These are mainly in patients whose presenting symptom is pain at rest. The complication-rate was low.", "contents": "Sympathetic blocks. The results of permanent chemical block of the lumbar symmpathetic chain in patients with inoperable vascular conditions, treated during the three-year period 1973--1975 is presented. The results show that, when unsuitable patients have been rejected by their poor response to continuous local aneasthetic blocks, good results with permanent phenol blocks are attainable. These are mainly in patients whose presenting symptom is pain at rest. The complication-rate was low."}
{"id": "PMID:278437", "title": "Circulatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides.", "content": "Circulatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides are surveyed. Only experiments using low peptide dosages, non-extensive surgery and intravenous infusions give relevant data in this field. Glucagon, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, cholecystokinin, Substance P and Somatostatin are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each fraction in a specific pattern.", "contents": "Circulatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides. Circulatory effects of gastrointestinal hormones and related peptides are surveyed. Only experiments using low peptide dosages, non-extensive surgery and intravenous infusions give relevant data in this field. Glucagon, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, cholecystokinin, Substance P and Somatostatin are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each fraction in a specific pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:278440", "title": "Phagocyte function in various situations in surgery.", "content": "A brief presentation is given of granulocyte physiology, as well as some techniques in use for assessing the adherance, the migration, the uptake and bacterial killing and finally the metabolic activity of these cells. Also the activities of the reticuloendothelial system and an in vivo method to measure the phagocytic and metabolic function of macrophages are described. A change, most often a decrease, in phagocytic function has been noted in several circumstances common in surgical practice. So is the case after open heart surgery, during infusion with colloids for blood replacement, and during treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Further, various forms of malnutrition, such as total starvation, obesity and the hypertriglyceridemia following excessive infusion of fat emulsions may impair granulocyte function.", "contents": "Phagocyte function in various situations in surgery. A brief presentation is given of granulocyte physiology, as well as some techniques in use for assessing the adherance, the migration, the uptake and bacterial killing and finally the metabolic activity of these cells. Also the activities of the reticuloendothelial system and an in vivo method to measure the phagocytic and metabolic function of macrophages are described. A change, most often a decrease, in phagocytic function has been noted in several circumstances common in surgical practice. So is the case after open heart surgery, during infusion with colloids for blood replacement, and during treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Further, various forms of malnutrition, such as total starvation, obesity and the hypertriglyceridemia following excessive infusion of fat emulsions may impair granulocyte function."}
{"id": "PMID:278441", "title": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A review of 23 cases with special reference to coagulation defects.", "content": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome is defined as bleeding from longitudinal tears in the gastro-oesophageal junction. The characteristic history consists of repeated vomiting followed by sudden haematemesis. During the past 4 1/2 years, 23 patients, 17 males and 6 females with the diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss syndrome were treated in our institution. An aetiological factor has been sought for. In a review of the case-records, we discovered that many patients had coagulation defects on admission. This was verified with extended coagulation tests at later follow-up. It is proposed that non-bleeding lacerations in the cardiac orifice in conjunction with vomiting is a common occurence, and that the Mallory-Weiss syndrome may be regarded as a complication occuring predominantly in patients with some coagulation defect.", "contents": "The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A review of 23 cases with special reference to coagulation defects. The Mallory-Weiss syndrome is defined as bleeding from longitudinal tears in the gastro-oesophageal junction. The characteristic history consists of repeated vomiting followed by sudden haematemesis. During the past 4 1/2 years, 23 patients, 17 males and 6 females with the diagnosis of Mallory-Weiss syndrome were treated in our institution. An aetiological factor has been sought for. In a review of the case-records, we discovered that many patients had coagulation defects on admission. This was verified with extended coagulation tests at later follow-up. It is proposed that non-bleeding lacerations in the cardiac orifice in conjunction with vomiting is a common occurence, and that the Mallory-Weiss syndrome may be regarded as a complication occuring predominantly in patients with some coagulation defect."}
{"id": "PMID:278442", "title": "A new method for the visualization of the epidermal Langerhans cell and its application on normal and allergic skin.", "content": "When skin specimens are exposed in vitro to L-dopa and catecholamines these substances accumulate in the Langerhans cells where they can be visualized with the histofluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. Some methodological aspects are discussed and a preliminary study of Langerhans cells in contact allergy is reported.", "contents": "A new method for the visualization of the epidermal Langerhans cell and its application on normal and allergic skin. When skin specimens are exposed in vitro to L-dopa and catecholamines these substances accumulate in the Langerhans cells where they can be visualized with the histofluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. Some methodological aspects are discussed and a preliminary study of Langerhans cells in contact allergy is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:278443", "title": "In vitro uptake of L-dopa and catecholamines into the epidermal Langerhans cell.", "content": "The Langerhans cells are capable of taking up L-dopa and the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline when exposed to these substances in vitro. Within the cell L-dopa is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, whereas the catecholamines are confined to cytoplasmic granules. The L-dopa uptake is most probably carrier-mediated and the hypothesis is brought forward that L-dopa enters the cell by exchange diffusion. At present little is known about the nature of the amine uptake mechanism.", "contents": "In vitro uptake of L-dopa and catecholamines into the epidermal Langerhans cell. The Langerhans cells are capable of taking up L-dopa and the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline when exposed to these substances in vitro. Within the cell L-dopa is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus, whereas the catecholamines are confined to cytoplasmic granules. The L-dopa uptake is most probably carrier-mediated and the hypothesis is brought forward that L-dopa enters the cell by exchange diffusion. At present little is known about the nature of the amine uptake mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:278444", "title": "Molecular weights of haptens.", "content": "Most haptens have a molecular weight below 400. Oligomers with increasing molecular weight have a decreasing sensitizing capacity. This is of both practical and theoretical interest.", "contents": "Molecular weights of haptens. Most haptens have a molecular weight below 400. Oligomers with increasing molecular weight have a decreasing sensitizing capacity. This is of both practical and theoretical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:278445", "title": "The morphology of chromium allergic skin reactions at electron microscopic resolution: studies in man and guinea pig.", "content": "Previous studies on clinical patch test reactions have been expanded to short-term studies in humans hypersensitive to chromium. Preliminary results are discussed in relation to experiments in normal and sensitized guinea pigs.", "contents": "The morphology of chromium allergic skin reactions at electron microscopic resolution: studies in man and guinea pig. Previous studies on clinical patch test reactions have been expanded to short-term studies in humans hypersensitive to chromium. Preliminary results are discussed in relation to experiments in normal and sensitized guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:278446", "title": "The cellular infiltrate and its measurement in contact dermatitis.", "content": "It is well known that in the fully developed allergic contac reaction a marked cellular infiltrate takes place in the upper corium and epidermis. In the first part of this paper a short survey is given about the different cells taking part in the infiltrate and the efforts to differentiate both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. In the second part is an account of our quantitative cell studies in experimental contact allergy in guinea pigs. Variations in the increase of mononuclear cell infiltration in epidermis or in the upper dermis seem to reflect the degree of hypersensitivity. Similarly a highly significant polymorphonuclear cell increase is seen in the allergic contact reaction compared to normal control skin, and basophils seem to predominate. The influence of cyclophosphamide methotrexate and corticosteroids on the cellular infiltrate of allergic contact reactions during its development has been studied.", "contents": "The cellular infiltrate and its measurement in contact dermatitis. It is well known that in the fully developed allergic contac reaction a marked cellular infiltrate takes place in the upper corium and epidermis. In the first part of this paper a short survey is given about the different cells taking part in the infiltrate and the efforts to differentiate both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. In the second part is an account of our quantitative cell studies in experimental contact allergy in guinea pigs. Variations in the increase of mononuclear cell infiltration in epidermis or in the upper dermis seem to reflect the degree of hypersensitivity. Similarly a highly significant polymorphonuclear cell increase is seen in the allergic contact reaction compared to normal control skin, and basophils seem to predominate. The influence of cyclophosphamide methotrexate and corticosteroids on the cellular infiltrate of allergic contact reactions during its development has been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:278447", "title": "Some immunomodulating factors in allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "The effect of adult thymectomy on antibody production and on the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in mice of different ages was studied. An age-dependent decline in the ability to develop contact sensitivity was found to be counteracted by thymectomy. In contrast, antibody production was regularly decreased by thymectomy in mice of all ages. The results suggest that the development of contact sensitivity is regulated by long-lived thymus-dependent suppressor cells which do not affect antibody formation. In addition, the effect of antibody and of lysolecithin-analogues on the development of contact sensitivity is reported.", "contents": "Some immunomodulating factors in allergic contact dermatitis. The effect of adult thymectomy on antibody production and on the development of contact sensitivity to picryl chloride in mice of different ages was studied. An age-dependent decline in the ability to develop contact sensitivity was found to be counteracted by thymectomy. In contrast, antibody production was regularly decreased by thymectomy in mice of all ages. The results suggest that the development of contact sensitivity is regulated by long-lived thymus-dependent suppressor cells which do not affect antibody formation. In addition, the effect of antibody and of lysolecithin-analogues on the development of contact sensitivity is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:278450", "title": "Theoretical considerations on the potential hazards of hyperventilation during anaesthesia.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of hyperventilation on cerebral oxygenation. The best estimate of cerebral oxygenation is cerebral venous PO2 (PVO2). PVO2 has been considered in relation to PaCO2 during normoxaemia. In order to compare the effects of hyperventilation with the effects of hypoxaemia, PVO2 has also been considered in relation to PaO2 when PaCO2 is constant. The results indicate that the low PaCO2 values which may be seen in the operating room with manual ventilation have the same effect on cerebral oxygenation as severe hypoxaemia. It is emphasized that the brain is better protected against threats to cerebral oxygenation, e.g. hypotension, if PaCO2 is kept close to normal during anaesthesia. During neurosurgical anaesthesia the advantages of excessive hyperventilation must be weighed against the threat it poses to oxygenation in healthy areas of the brain.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations on the potential hazards of hyperventilation during anaesthesia. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of hyperventilation on cerebral oxygenation. The best estimate of cerebral oxygenation is cerebral venous PO2 (PVO2). PVO2 has been considered in relation to PaCO2 during normoxaemia. In order to compare the effects of hyperventilation with the effects of hypoxaemia, PVO2 has also been considered in relation to PaO2 when PaCO2 is constant. The results indicate that the low PaCO2 values which may be seen in the operating room with manual ventilation have the same effect on cerebral oxygenation as severe hypoxaemia. It is emphasized that the brain is better protected against threats to cerebral oxygenation, e.g. hypotension, if PaCO2 is kept close to normal during anaesthesia. During neurosurgical anaesthesia the advantages of excessive hyperventilation must be weighed against the threat it poses to oxygenation in healthy areas of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:278451", "title": "The effect of propanidid on systemic vascular resistance in man.", "content": "We have studied the peripheral vascular effect in man of propanidid 6 mg/kg, administered as a bolus injection during cardiopulmonary by-pass with the aorta cross-clamped and at constant perfusion flow. Ten measurements in eight patients were performed. A decrease was found in systemic vascular resistance: from 150.7 +/- 16.3 to 99.5 +/- 10.1 kPa x s/1. No venous pooling occurred. It is concluded that, in man, propanidid causes a vasodilation which must contribute to the hypotension it causes.", "contents": "The effect of propanidid on systemic vascular resistance in man. We have studied the peripheral vascular effect in man of propanidid 6 mg/kg, administered as a bolus injection during cardiopulmonary by-pass with the aorta cross-clamped and at constant perfusion flow. Ten measurements in eight patients were performed. A decrease was found in systemic vascular resistance: from 150.7 +/- 16.3 to 99.5 +/- 10.1 kPa x s/1. No venous pooling occurred. It is concluded that, in man, propanidid causes a vasodilation which must contribute to the hypotension it causes."}
{"id": "PMID:278452", "title": "Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein.", "content": "Two techniques for catheterization of the internal jugular vein are described in detail. In a group of 108 adults and 54 children, catheterization of the internal jugular vein was attempted 168 times. Failure to achieve catheterization occurred 12 times. The success rate for the first 50 patients was 86%, but it increased with experience, and was nearly 96% for the remaining patients. Almost 90% of catherizations were achieved on the first or second attempt. The success rate was understandably lower in the children's group. Catheter malpositioning occurred infrequently (six times) and was most common in the children's group. There were few complications, although two were of a serious nature. The techniques described are straightforward, easy to master and perform, and are recommended as useful additions to the anaesthetist's clinical armamentarium.", "contents": "Percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein. Two techniques for catheterization of the internal jugular vein are described in detail. In a group of 108 adults and 54 children, catheterization of the internal jugular vein was attempted 168 times. Failure to achieve catheterization occurred 12 times. The success rate for the first 50 patients was 86%, but it increased with experience, and was nearly 96% for the remaining patients. Almost 90% of catherizations were achieved on the first or second attempt. The success rate was understandably lower in the children's group. Catheter malpositioning occurred infrequently (six times) and was most common in the children's group. There were few complications, although two were of a serious nature. The techniques described are straightforward, easy to master and perform, and are recommended as useful additions to the anaesthetist's clinical armamentarium."}
{"id": "PMID:278453", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of enflurane in patients with valvular heart disease.", "content": "In eight patients undergoing cardiac surgery for aortic and/or mitral valvular disease, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAMP) were measured after premedications with diazepam-scopolamine (I), after breathing 100% oxygen (II), and on controlled respiration (III) after induction of anaesthesia with enflurane-O2, and endotracheal intubation facilitated by succinylcholine. All measurements were done prior to surgery. Enflurane anaesthesia was found not to affect cardiac index. The average SI decreased by 27%, but was compensated for by an average increase in heart rate (HR) of 33%. The average systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreased by 14%. All other measured parameters were found to be unaffected by enflurane-O2 anaesthesia. It is concluded that the cardiovascular stability observed in healthy young normals during enflurane anaesthesia is preserved in patients with moderate to severe heart failure, making enflurane an anaesthetic agent well suited for patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of enflurane in patients with valvular heart disease. In eight patients undergoing cardiac surgery for aortic and/or mitral valvular disease, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAMP) were measured after premedications with diazepam-scopolamine (I), after breathing 100% oxygen (II), and on controlled respiration (III) after induction of anaesthesia with enflurane-O2, and endotracheal intubation facilitated by succinylcholine. All measurements were done prior to surgery. Enflurane anaesthesia was found not to affect cardiac index. The average SI decreased by 27%, but was compensated for by an average increase in heart rate (HR) of 33%. The average systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreased by 14%. All other measured parameters were found to be unaffected by enflurane-O2 anaesthesia. It is concluded that the cardiovascular stability observed in healthy young normals during enflurane anaesthesia is preserved in patients with moderate to severe heart failure, making enflurane an anaesthetic agent well suited for patients with cardiac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:278454", "title": "Postoperative haemodynamics in patients with and without cardiac disease.", "content": "The cardiovascular reaction to primarily major vascular surgery was examined in 39 patients without cardiac disease and in 11 patients with cardiac disease. In the immediate postoperative period (24 h), patients without cardiac disease showed significant increases in heart rate and cardiac index and a decreased blood volume. The central pressures were increased during the first postoperative hour. Systemic blood pressure and vascular resistance remained unchanged, or decreased slightly. Postoperative haemodynamics in patients with cardiac disease followed the same trends as in normal patients; there were, however, no significant changes in cardiac index or central pressures, and in general the cardiovascular reaction to operation was less conspicuous than in the group of normal patients. The preoperative haemodynamic differences between the two groups were diminished in the immediate postoperative period because therapy could be guided by measuring central pressures.", "contents": "Postoperative haemodynamics in patients with and without cardiac disease. The cardiovascular reaction to primarily major vascular surgery was examined in 39 patients without cardiac disease and in 11 patients with cardiac disease. In the immediate postoperative period (24 h), patients without cardiac disease showed significant increases in heart rate and cardiac index and a decreased blood volume. The central pressures were increased during the first postoperative hour. Systemic blood pressure and vascular resistance remained unchanged, or decreased slightly. Postoperative haemodynamics in patients with cardiac disease followed the same trends as in normal patients; there were, however, no significant changes in cardiac index or central pressures, and in general the cardiovascular reaction to operation was less conspicuous than in the group of normal patients. The preoperative haemodynamic differences between the two groups were diminished in the immediate postoperative period because therapy could be guided by measuring central pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:278455", "title": "Central haemodynamics during induction of neurolept anaesthesia in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease.", "content": "The haemodynamic changes occurring during induction of neurolept anaesthesia and intubation in patients with reduced cardiac reserve were compared with the haemodynamic changes observed prior to operation during the stress of moderate physical exercise in the same patients. Anaesthesia consisted of droperidolum NFN (Dehydrobenzperidol), fentanyli citras NFN (Haldid) and nitrous oxide-oxygen with suxamethonium for intubation. The haemodynamic parameters measured were mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output. Blood volume was also measured, as were arterial blood-gas tensions and pH. The haemodynamic changes observed during induction with intubation were significantly smaller than those observed preoperatively during exercise.", "contents": "Central haemodynamics during induction of neurolept anaesthesia in patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. The haemodynamic changes occurring during induction of neurolept anaesthesia and intubation in patients with reduced cardiac reserve were compared with the haemodynamic changes observed prior to operation during the stress of moderate physical exercise in the same patients. Anaesthesia consisted of droperidolum NFN (Dehydrobenzperidol), fentanyli citras NFN (Haldid) and nitrous oxide-oxygen with suxamethonium for intubation. The haemodynamic parameters measured were mean arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery mean pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output. Blood volume was also measured, as were arterial blood-gas tensions and pH. The haemodynamic changes observed during induction with intubation were significantly smaller than those observed preoperatively during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:278456", "title": "Heart rate changes caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in man.", "content": "Changes in heart rate and arterial pressure caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia were investigated in patients premedicated with diazepam and scopolamine. Enflurane caused a significant (12%) increase in heart rate and depression of arterial pressure (23%). Halothane depressed heart rate significantly (14%), whereas arterial pressure was unaffected. The authors conclude that enflurane possesses a positive chronotropic effect.", "contents": "Heart rate changes caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in man. Changes in heart rate and arterial pressure caused by enflurane and halothane anaesthesia were investigated in patients premedicated with diazepam and scopolamine. Enflurane caused a significant (12%) increase in heart rate and depression of arterial pressure (23%). Halothane depressed heart rate significantly (14%), whereas arterial pressure was unaffected. The authors conclude that enflurane possesses a positive chronotropic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:278457", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement I. Age variation and reproducibility.", "content": "In 20 patients, aged 19-80 y and without pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were measured. tcPO2 was measured with a Radiometer TCM-1 (transcutaneous oxygen monitor) at 43 C degrees. The age regression for tcPO2 was: tcPO2 = 10.4-0.035 x age (r = 0.406); the corresponding equation for PaO2 was: 13.8-0.053 x age (r = 0.687). The mean difference between tcPO2 and PaO2 was 2.6 kPa (s.d = 0.97) and the ratio tcPO2/PaO2 was 0.8. The accuracy of tcPO2 at the level 5.3-13.2 kPa based on 480 measurements was on the average +/-1.28 kPa (maximum +/-1.73 kPa) at the 95% confidence level. The accuracy of tcPO2 measurements is acceptable for clinical use, and in healthy adults tcPO2 reflects PaO2.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement I. Age variation and reproducibility. In 20 patients, aged 19-80 y and without pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were measured. tcPO2 was measured with a Radiometer TCM-1 (transcutaneous oxygen monitor) at 43 C degrees. The age regression for tcPO2 was: tcPO2 = 10.4-0.035 x age (r = 0.406); the corresponding equation for PaO2 was: 13.8-0.053 x age (r = 0.687). The mean difference between tcPO2 and PaO2 was 2.6 kPa (s.d = 0.97) and the ratio tcPO2/PaO2 was 0.8. The accuracy of tcPO2 at the level 5.3-13.2 kPa based on 480 measurements was on the average +/-1.28 kPa (maximum +/-1.73 kPa) at the 95% confidence level. The accuracy of tcPO2 measurements is acceptable for clinical use, and in healthy adults tcPO2 reflects PaO2."}
{"id": "PMID:278458", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement II. The influence of halothane and hypotension.", "content": "The influence of halothane-oxygen mixtures on three different transcutaneous oxygen electrodes was investigated. The influence of hypotension caused by halothane and halothane-nitroprusside on transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement (tcPO2) in halothane-anaesthetized patients was examined as well. The electrodes differed with respect to polarization voltages (630 mV or 500 mV) and electrolyte composition (silver chloride or silver bromide). A change dependent on halothane concentration was demonstrated in the electrode readings, both with a polarization voltage of 630 mV and with silver bromide as electrolyte. Using an electrode with 500 mV in polarization voltage and silver chloride as electrolyte, no changes were observed in the readings. During induced hypotension, the tcPO2 values fell in proportion to the mean arterial blood pressure. In patients with a mean arterial blood pressure over 11kPa a tcPO2/PaO2 ratio of 0.6 was found. It is concluded that tcPO2 monitoring during halothane anaesthesia can be influenced in at least two ways, apart from changes in PaO2: (1) by oxygen electrode error due to the halothane; and (2) by changes in skin blood flow. In comparison to the changes in tcPO2 due to the haemodynamic effects of halothane anaesthesia, the changes due to halothane error are small.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement II. The influence of halothane and hypotension. The influence of halothane-oxygen mixtures on three different transcutaneous oxygen electrodes was investigated. The influence of hypotension caused by halothane and halothane-nitroprusside on transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement (tcPO2) in halothane-anaesthetized patients was examined as well. The electrodes differed with respect to polarization voltages (630 mV or 500 mV) and electrolyte composition (silver chloride or silver bromide). A change dependent on halothane concentration was demonstrated in the electrode readings, both with a polarization voltage of 630 mV and with silver bromide as electrolyte. Using an electrode with 500 mV in polarization voltage and silver chloride as electrolyte, no changes were observed in the readings. During induced hypotension, the tcPO2 values fell in proportion to the mean arterial blood pressure. In patients with a mean arterial blood pressure over 11kPa a tcPO2/PaO2 ratio of 0.6 was found. It is concluded that tcPO2 monitoring during halothane anaesthesia can be influenced in at least two ways, apart from changes in PaO2: (1) by oxygen electrode error due to the halothane; and (2) by changes in skin blood flow. In comparison to the changes in tcPO2 due to the haemodynamic effects of halothane anaesthesia, the changes due to halothane error are small."}
{"id": "PMID:278459", "title": "Halothane anaesthesia and suxamethonium III. Atropine 30 s before a second dose of suxamethonium during inhalation anaesthesia: effects and side-effects.", "content": "The protection against bradycardia afforded by atropine given intravenously just prior to a second dose of suxamethonium during halothane inhalation anaesthesia was studied in 100 healthy, adult patients randomly allocated to one of five groups characterized by dosage of atropine. ECG monitoring was continuous, and regular determinations were made of serum potassium, PaCO2, PaO2 and blood pressure. Slowing of the heart rate was seen in more than 50% of patients in each group, but bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats/min) was seen only in patients receiving the lowest dose of atropine--0.0075 mg/kg. In the other four groups (atropine 0.01 mg/kg-0.02 mg/kg), bradycardia prophylaxis was effective, but at the cost of serious ventricular arrhythmias in 15% of the patients. The incidence of these arrhythmias seemed to increase with increasing atropine dosage. Marked tachycardia was also seen. Because of the incidence of side effects in this and other studies, no absolute recommendation can be made about suxamethonium bradycardia prophylaxis during halothane inhalation anaesthesia, but our present experience suggests that atropine in a dose not exceeding 0.01 mg/kg, given 30 s prior to a second dose of suxamethonium is best.", "contents": "Halothane anaesthesia and suxamethonium III. Atropine 30 s before a second dose of suxamethonium during inhalation anaesthesia: effects and side-effects. The protection against bradycardia afforded by atropine given intravenously just prior to a second dose of suxamethonium during halothane inhalation anaesthesia was studied in 100 healthy, adult patients randomly allocated to one of five groups characterized by dosage of atropine. ECG monitoring was continuous, and regular determinations were made of serum potassium, PaCO2, PaO2 and blood pressure. Slowing of the heart rate was seen in more than 50% of patients in each group, but bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats/min) was seen only in patients receiving the lowest dose of atropine--0.0075 mg/kg. In the other four groups (atropine 0.01 mg/kg-0.02 mg/kg), bradycardia prophylaxis was effective, but at the cost of serious ventricular arrhythmias in 15% of the patients. The incidence of these arrhythmias seemed to increase with increasing atropine dosage. Marked tachycardia was also seen. Because of the incidence of side effects in this and other studies, no absolute recommendation can be made about suxamethonium bradycardia prophylaxis during halothane inhalation anaesthesia, but our present experience suggests that atropine in a dose not exceeding 0.01 mg/kg, given 30 s prior to a second dose of suxamethonium is best."}
{"id": "PMID:278460", "title": "Ergotism treated with hyperbaric oxygen and continuous epidural analgesia.", "content": "Eight patients suffering from severe ergotamine-induced peripheral ischaemia were transferred to our institution for hyperbaric oxygen treatment after unsuccessful therapy in the primary hospital. The patients were exposed to 3 ATBS oxygen for 1 hour 2-3 times daily and they were given an epidural block for the purpose of analgesia where there was severe pain. The circulation and vitality of tissue were restored in all patients. One had tarsal amputations performed half a year later. Hyperbaric oxygen in combination with epidural analgesia is recommended in severe cases of ergotism.", "contents": "Ergotism treated with hyperbaric oxygen and continuous epidural analgesia. Eight patients suffering from severe ergotamine-induced peripheral ischaemia were transferred to our institution for hyperbaric oxygen treatment after unsuccessful therapy in the primary hospital. The patients were exposed to 3 ATBS oxygen for 1 hour 2-3 times daily and they were given an epidural block for the purpose of analgesia where there was severe pain. The circulation and vitality of tissue were restored in all patients. One had tarsal amputations performed half a year later. Hyperbaric oxygen in combination with epidural analgesia is recommended in severe cases of ergotism."}
{"id": "PMID:278464", "title": "Influence of diabetes on metabolism of vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Glucose utilization and the conversion of glucose to lactate, CO2, glycogen and lipids are decreased in the aorta from diabetic rats and rabbits. In addition the incorporation of amino acid into protein is reduced in diabetic rat aorta. The metabolic changes produced by diabetes are counteracted by insulin treatment, but there is a time lag of about 2 days before the effect of insulin treatment appears. The membrane transport of glucose in smooth muscle is carried out by a specific transport system of the facilitated diffusion type. A rate limiting influence of membrane transport on glucose metabolism is found in bovine mesenteric arteries and rabbit colon smooth muscle. In these preparations the influence of glucose concentrations on glucose metabolism is most pronounced in the range 0-11.1 mmol exhibiting saturation at higher glucose concentrations. Insulin in a high concentration (0.1 U/ml) has acute (less than or equal to 3 h) metabolic effects in vitro on smooth muscle which are qualitatively similar to those in skeletal muscle, but are weaker and appear later. The threshold concentration for the acute metabolic effects of insulin on smooth muscle in vitro is 10-100 times above the physiological levels, indicating a low acute sensitivity to insulin.", "contents": "Influence of diabetes on metabolism of vascular smooth muscle. Glucose utilization and the conversion of glucose to lactate, CO2, glycogen and lipids are decreased in the aorta from diabetic rats and rabbits. In addition the incorporation of amino acid into protein is reduced in diabetic rat aorta. The metabolic changes produced by diabetes are counteracted by insulin treatment, but there is a time lag of about 2 days before the effect of insulin treatment appears. The membrane transport of glucose in smooth muscle is carried out by a specific transport system of the facilitated diffusion type. A rate limiting influence of membrane transport on glucose metabolism is found in bovine mesenteric arteries and rabbit colon smooth muscle. In these preparations the influence of glucose concentrations on glucose metabolism is most pronounced in the range 0-11.1 mmol exhibiting saturation at higher glucose concentrations. Insulin in a high concentration (0.1 U/ml) has acute (less than or equal to 3 h) metabolic effects in vitro on smooth muscle which are qualitatively similar to those in skeletal muscle, but are weaker and appear later. The threshold concentration for the acute metabolic effects of insulin on smooth muscle in vitro is 10-100 times above the physiological levels, indicating a low acute sensitivity to insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:278465", "title": "Diabetic vascular disease. The importance of insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia on red cell oxygen unloading.", "content": "Diabetes is associated with a fluctuating impairment in oxygen transport of the erythrocytes. This impairment is correlated with hyperglycemia by the formation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIC) and with inhibitory factors of glycolysis i.e. hypophosphatemia and acidosis which lower the concentration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Diabetic angiopathy may be the ultimate result of innumerable microvascular responses to discrete hypoxic injuries associated with increased plasma permeation through the vessel walls. It is shown that two additional risk factors for atherosclerosis--smoking and hypertriglyceridemia may also lead to arterial wall hypoxia by changing the position of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.", "contents": "Diabetic vascular disease. The importance of insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia on red cell oxygen unloading. Diabetes is associated with a fluctuating impairment in oxygen transport of the erythrocytes. This impairment is correlated with hyperglycemia by the formation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAIC) and with inhibitory factors of glycolysis i.e. hypophosphatemia and acidosis which lower the concentration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. Diabetic angiopathy may be the ultimate result of innumerable microvascular responses to discrete hypoxic injuries associated with increased plasma permeation through the vessel walls. It is shown that two additional risk factors for atherosclerosis--smoking and hypertriglyceridemia may also lead to arterial wall hypoxia by changing the position of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve."}
{"id": "PMID:278467", "title": "Structural analysis of the molecular evolution of some gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones.", "content": "By means of a statistical analysis of the occurrence of amino-acid residues in the polypeptide chains of several gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) hormones an investigation was undertaken to determine whether any of these hormones might be related to each other--possibly from an evolutionary point of view. Particular interest was paid to the occurrence of small charged segments, i.e. those with acidic or basic amino acid residues, since such segments can be presumed to play a role in hormonal receptor binding mechanisms. By this method hormonal relationships were suggested by the observation that these small charged amino-acid sequences, contained in the hormonal structures, match as a result of non-randomness. It was found that hagfish and human insulin were related on a molecular level not only to the newly discovered (avian, bovine, human) pancreatic polypeptide (PP) but also to some other GEP hormones (VIP, GIP, glucagon) as well as to calcitonin and to the alpha-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones. Interpretation of the statistical data suggests that all these peptide hormones are related by a common hexapeptide sequence which contributed, at an evolutionary point, to their molecular architecture. A hexapeptide segment of APP is statistically related to a sequence of equal size in the carboxy terminal region of the A-chain of both hagfish and human insulin, providing the first instance of their structural similarity. Correlations between PP, insulin, glucagon, VIP, and calcitonin provide a tentative basis for predicting the production of one or more of these peptide hormones by immature or de-differentiated cells of neoplasms and non-neoplastic pathologic lesions of the GEP endocrine system.", "contents": "Structural analysis of the molecular evolution of some gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones. By means of a statistical analysis of the occurrence of amino-acid residues in the polypeptide chains of several gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) hormones an investigation was undertaken to determine whether any of these hormones might be related to each other--possibly from an evolutionary point of view. Particular interest was paid to the occurrence of small charged segments, i.e. those with acidic or basic amino acid residues, since such segments can be presumed to play a role in hormonal receptor binding mechanisms. By this method hormonal relationships were suggested by the observation that these small charged amino-acid sequences, contained in the hormonal structures, match as a result of non-randomness. It was found that hagfish and human insulin were related on a molecular level not only to the newly discovered (avian, bovine, human) pancreatic polypeptide (PP) but also to some other GEP hormones (VIP, GIP, glucagon) as well as to calcitonin and to the alpha-subunit of the glycoprotein hormones. Interpretation of the statistical data suggests that all these peptide hormones are related by a common hexapeptide sequence which contributed, at an evolutionary point, to their molecular architecture. A hexapeptide segment of APP is statistically related to a sequence of equal size in the carboxy terminal region of the A-chain of both hagfish and human insulin, providing the first instance of their structural similarity. Correlations between PP, insulin, glucagon, VIP, and calcitonin provide a tentative basis for predicting the production of one or more of these peptide hormones by immature or de-differentiated cells of neoplasms and non-neoplastic pathologic lesions of the GEP endocrine system."}
{"id": "PMID:278471", "title": "The absorption of insulin.", "content": "It is desirable to improve metabolic control in diabetics receiving insulin. Studies on insulin kinetics provide information that may be useful in the optimization of the injection scheme. Absorption has been measured using 125I-insulin as marker and counting the residual activity with a crystal detector. Plasma insulin has been measured (by radioimmunoassay) in the absence of insulin antibodies. The relationship between the rate of absorption and exogenous insulinemia was analyzed using a simple mathematical model. The time course of plasma insulin was calculated for various insulin preparations, including mixtures. The data suggest the significance of the injection site for the effect of insulin, e.g., a more rapid effect after injection into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. The pattern of exogenous insulinemia in patients treated with insulin bears no resemblance to that in normal subjects. The calculated patterns of exogenous plasma insulin after injection of various preparations suggest that insulin therapy might be improved to obtain a better and more physiological metabolic control.", "contents": "The absorption of insulin. It is desirable to improve metabolic control in diabetics receiving insulin. Studies on insulin kinetics provide information that may be useful in the optimization of the injection scheme. Absorption has been measured using 125I-insulin as marker and counting the residual activity with a crystal detector. Plasma insulin has been measured (by radioimmunoassay) in the absence of insulin antibodies. The relationship between the rate of absorption and exogenous insulinemia was analyzed using a simple mathematical model. The time course of plasma insulin was calculated for various insulin preparations, including mixtures. The data suggest the significance of the injection site for the effect of insulin, e.g., a more rapid effect after injection into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. The pattern of exogenous insulinemia in patients treated with insulin bears no resemblance to that in normal subjects. The calculated patterns of exogenous plasma insulin after injection of various preparations suggest that insulin therapy might be improved to obtain a better and more physiological metabolic control."}
{"id": "PMID:278478", "title": "Erythroid hypoplasia. An unusual presentation of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl had pancytopenia and bone marrow erythroid hypoplasia. The pancytopenia resolved without therapy, but the erythroid hypoplasia persisted for four months in spite of a five-week course of corticosteroid therapy. She responded briefly when androgens were added to the corticosteroid regimen, but within three weeks of stopping therapy she developed acute lymphocytic leukemia. The differential diagnosis of RBC aplasia in childhood is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported with erythroid hypoplasia as a prodrome of acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood.", "contents": "Erythroid hypoplasia. An unusual presentation of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. A 3-year-old girl had pancytopenia and bone marrow erythroid hypoplasia. The pancytopenia resolved without therapy, but the erythroid hypoplasia persisted for four months in spite of a five-week course of corticosteroid therapy. She responded briefly when androgens were added to the corticosteroid regimen, but within three weeks of stopping therapy she developed acute lymphocytic leukemia. The differential diagnosis of RBC aplasia in childhood is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported with erythroid hypoplasia as a prodrome of acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:278479", "title": "Cushing's syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Cushing's disease developed in a 5-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 18 months after her last therapeutic exposure to adrenal glucocorticosteroids. Obesity, hyperpigmentation, striae, osteoporosis, and hirsutism were accompanied by elevated levels of plasma cortisol. These showed no diurnal fluctuation and they were not suppressed by dexamethasone. At autopsy, the adrenal glands were enlarged and the pituitary gland showed increased numbers of basophils of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreting type. Leukemic infiltrates in brain tissue were prominent in the hypothalamus and in the limbic system. It is postulated that the destructive leukemic infiltrate of the limbic system removed a restraining influence on pituitary function, with basophilic hyperplasia, ACTH hypersecretion, adrenocortical hypertrophy, and clinical Cushing's disease the consequences.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cushing's disease developed in a 5-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 18 months after her last therapeutic exposure to adrenal glucocorticosteroids. Obesity, hyperpigmentation, striae, osteoporosis, and hirsutism were accompanied by elevated levels of plasma cortisol. These showed no diurnal fluctuation and they were not suppressed by dexamethasone. At autopsy, the adrenal glands were enlarged and the pituitary gland showed increased numbers of basophils of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/melanocyte-stimulating hormone secreting type. Leukemic infiltrates in brain tissue were prominent in the hypothalamus and in the limbic system. It is postulated that the destructive leukemic infiltrate of the limbic system removed a restraining influence on pituitary function, with basophilic hyperplasia, ACTH hypersecretion, adrenocortical hypertrophy, and clinical Cushing's disease the consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:278483", "title": "The role of uninhibited occlusal development.", "content": "Stage A treatment is compatible with contemporary orthodontic treatment. 1. It allows for free and uninhibited occlusal development. 2. It gives the orthodontist and opportunity to make a meaningful diagnosis. 3. It does not inhibit the natural inherent forces of growth and development from expressing themselves within the individual patient. 4. It establishes the position of the lower anterior teeth by their self-alignment. 5. It enables the orthodontists to predict the stability of treatment. 6. It simplifies the treatment when Stage I commences. 7. It helps in developing a good rapport between patient, parent, and orthodontist. Just as Caesar wrote of Gaul in his day, \"Omnia [Begg] divisaest in partes tres ... \"--Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III. I would like to suggest that new province has been added: Stage A--it being the prelude to the accepted three stages in Begg treatment or any appliance treatment of the past.", "contents": "The role of uninhibited occlusal development. Stage A treatment is compatible with contemporary orthodontic treatment. 1. It allows for free and uninhibited occlusal development. 2. It gives the orthodontist and opportunity to make a meaningful diagnosis. 3. It does not inhibit the natural inherent forces of growth and development from expressing themselves within the individual patient. 4. It establishes the position of the lower anterior teeth by their self-alignment. 5. It enables the orthodontists to predict the stability of treatment. 6. It simplifies the treatment when Stage I commences. 7. It helps in developing a good rapport between patient, parent, and orthodontist. Just as Caesar wrote of Gaul in his day, \"Omnia [Begg] divisaest in partes tres ... \"--Stage I, Stage II, and Stage III. I would like to suggest that new province has been added: Stage A--it being the prelude to the accepted three stages in Begg treatment or any appliance treatment of the past."}
{"id": "PMID:278484", "title": "Bone reaction to orthodontic forces on vitreous carbon dental implants.", "content": "On the basis of a very small sample in dogs, it appears that orthodontic techniques cannot be used to move a vitreous carbon implant. Therefore, one should not use implants before the completion of orthodontic treatment in persons who may require orthodontic service unless the implants are to be used for anchorage. Alveolar bone heals in very close apposition to vitreous carbon implants in dogs. Prior experiments with vitreous carbon implants have been conducted with free-standing implants; in this study a substantial number of implants became excessively mobile and exfoliated. Therefore, it is recommended that implants be stabilized through the bone-healing period. Because of the small sample, this study should be considered as only a pilot study and observations made should be considered solely as guidelines.", "contents": "Bone reaction to orthodontic forces on vitreous carbon dental implants. On the basis of a very small sample in dogs, it appears that orthodontic techniques cannot be used to move a vitreous carbon implant. Therefore, one should not use implants before the completion of orthodontic treatment in persons who may require orthodontic service unless the implants are to be used for anchorage. Alveolar bone heals in very close apposition to vitreous carbon implants in dogs. Prior experiments with vitreous carbon implants have been conducted with free-standing implants; in this study a substantial number of implants became excessively mobile and exfoliated. Therefore, it is recommended that implants be stabilized through the bone-healing period. Because of the small sample, this study should be considered as only a pilot study and observations made should be considered solely as guidelines."}
{"id": "PMID:278485", "title": "Early and late electromyographic response to treatment with activators.", "content": "An EMG analysis of twenty Class II cases treated with activators shows that: 1. During daytime use of activators, the protractor muscles of the mandible are stimulated, while the retractors are inhibited. 2. During nightime use of activators, no functional stimulation can be recorded. The activator appears to be operated mainly by tissue stretching and the accompanying elastic rebound. 3. Before treatment, as well as after the treatment, Class II cases show a balanced EMG pattern during closure in the intercuspal position. 4. A narrow upper arch should be expanded before treatment in order to avoid occlusal interferences and to make it easier for the lower arch to adapt itself to a protruded position.", "contents": "Early and late electromyographic response to treatment with activators. An EMG analysis of twenty Class II cases treated with activators shows that: 1. During daytime use of activators, the protractor muscles of the mandible are stimulated, while the retractors are inhibited. 2. During nightime use of activators, no functional stimulation can be recorded. The activator appears to be operated mainly by tissue stretching and the accompanying elastic rebound. 3. Before treatment, as well as after the treatment, Class II cases show a balanced EMG pattern during closure in the intercuspal position. 4. A narrow upper arch should be expanded before treatment in order to avoid occlusal interferences and to make it easier for the lower arch to adapt itself to a protruded position."}
{"id": "PMID:278488", "title": "Occlusal objectives in orthodontic treatment.", "content": "An attempt has been made to present a means for preventing the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome by treating to the terminal hinge position and using postreatment occlusal adjustment procedures. 1. Any postorthodontic patient who is not in centric relation and has occlusal interferences has the potential for temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome symptoms to develop in the future. 2. The orthodontist should manipulate the mandible of every patient at each visit, placing the condyle in the terminal hinge position. He should close the mandible until initial tooth contact is reached and diagnose the patient's problems from this position and not from the centric occlusion position. 3. The case should be finished with the teeth in centric relation occlusion. 4. The orthodontist should equilibrate the occlusion of every completed case to eliminate the minute occlusal interferences which are always present. 5. The case treated to centric relation can be equilibrated effectively without mounting on an articulator. 6. If we have the concept of building an occlusion to fit the jaw mechanism, the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome can be virtually eliminated in the postorthodontic patient.", "contents": "Occlusal objectives in orthodontic treatment. An attempt has been made to present a means for preventing the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome by treating to the terminal hinge position and using postreatment occlusal adjustment procedures. 1. Any postorthodontic patient who is not in centric relation and has occlusal interferences has the potential for temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome symptoms to develop in the future. 2. The orthodontist should manipulate the mandible of every patient at each visit, placing the condyle in the terminal hinge position. He should close the mandible until initial tooth contact is reached and diagnose the patient's problems from this position and not from the centric occlusion position. 3. The case should be finished with the teeth in centric relation occlusion. 4. The orthodontist should equilibrate the occlusion of every completed case to eliminate the minute occlusal interferences which are always present. 5. The case treated to centric relation can be equilibrated effectively without mounting on an articulator. 6. If we have the concept of building an occlusion to fit the jaw mechanism, the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome can be virtually eliminated in the postorthodontic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:278542", "title": "In vitro angiogenic activity of RNA from leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "RNA was extracted from leukemic lymphocytes by a fluorocarbon method, and primary cultures of human amniotic cells were exposed to the lymphocyte RNA. Angioid tubular and cordon-like structures in branching out and criss-cross patterns with budding ends developed in these cultures within 7 to 12 days of the first exposure. Although there was no opportunity to study preparations from nonleukemic lymphocytes, extracts of normal peripheral blood cells and blood rich in granulocytes had no angiogenic effects. In view of the recent renewal of interest in tumor and tissue angiogenic factor as well as in angiogenic activity by transformed lymphocytes, in addition to the intriguing angioblastic component of Lukes-Rappaport immunoproliferative syndromes, this work may point to the ribonucleic acid nature of the vessel-forming principle. Various cell-differentiating properties of RNA preparations have been repeatedly described, and thus it is not altogether surprising that lymphocyte angiogenic factor may originate in RNA.", "contents": "In vitro angiogenic activity of RNA from leukemic lymphocytes. RNA was extracted from leukemic lymphocytes by a fluorocarbon method, and primary cultures of human amniotic cells were exposed to the lymphocyte RNA. Angioid tubular and cordon-like structures in branching out and criss-cross patterns with budding ends developed in these cultures within 7 to 12 days of the first exposure. Although there was no opportunity to study preparations from nonleukemic lymphocytes, extracts of normal peripheral blood cells and blood rich in granulocytes had no angiogenic effects. In view of the recent renewal of interest in tumor and tissue angiogenic factor as well as in angiogenic activity by transformed lymphocytes, in addition to the intriguing angioblastic component of Lukes-Rappaport immunoproliferative syndromes, this work may point to the ribonucleic acid nature of the vessel-forming principle. Various cell-differentiating properties of RNA preparations have been repeatedly described, and thus it is not altogether surprising that lymphocyte angiogenic factor may originate in RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:278545", "title": "Missing X chromosome and ring chromosome 21 in a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "The karyotypic picture of a female patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (A.M.M.L.) consisted in the loss of a sex chromosome and a ring chromosome 21. It is suggested that in A.M.M.L. the loss of sex chromosome may represent an early event, the monosomic cells being the object of further chromosome rearrangements, which involve more frequently a chromosome 21.", "contents": "Missing X chromosome and ring chromosome 21 in a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The karyotypic picture of a female patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (A.M.M.L.) consisted in the loss of a sex chromosome and a ring chromosome 21. It is suggested that in A.M.M.L. the loss of sex chromosome may represent an early event, the monosomic cells being the object of further chromosome rearrangements, which involve more frequently a chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:278546", "title": "Myeloblastoma (granulocytic sarcoma) of the ovary.", "content": "Myeloblastic neoplasms occur in patients with leukemia. In women, the ovary is a common site. The cells of the tumor are identical histochemically to those in the peripheral blood. The Giemsa stain, PAS stain, and Leder stain assist in the diagnosis. The tumors are responsive to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and operative removal, but tend to be associated with decreased survival. This report describes a case of myeloblastoma of the ovary in an 18-year-old woman. The clinical and pathologic features of these tumors are described. The literature is reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Myeloblastoma (granulocytic sarcoma) of the ovary. Myeloblastic neoplasms occur in patients with leukemia. In women, the ovary is a common site. The cells of the tumor are identical histochemically to those in the peripheral blood. The Giemsa stain, PAS stain, and Leder stain assist in the diagnosis. The tumors are responsive to radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and operative removal, but tend to be associated with decreased survival. This report describes a case of myeloblastoma of the ovary in an 18-year-old woman. The clinical and pathologic features of these tumors are described. The literature is reviewed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:278583", "title": "A review of the significance of gestational diabetes.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-six pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes in a referred private practice over an 18-year period have been reviewed. Initially they were managed as true diabetics and the pregnancies terminated before the 38th week. More recently, pregnancies have been managed on an outpatient basis and allowed to proceed to term, with a higher percentage of vaginal deliveries and no increase in perinatal mortality or morbidity. A high incidence of neonatal jaundice was noted, but no explanation emerged. Differences between true diabetes and gestational diabetes, with particular reference to perinatal mortality are discussed and the good prognosis for the gestational form emphasised. Follow-up suggests that a continuation of the rapport established between physician, obstetrician and patient during pregnancy may be important in delaying or preventing the subsequent onset of diabetes.", "contents": "A review of the significance of gestational diabetes. One hundred and ninety-six pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes in a referred private practice over an 18-year period have been reviewed. Initially they were managed as true diabetics and the pregnancies terminated before the 38th week. More recently, pregnancies have been managed on an outpatient basis and allowed to proceed to term, with a higher percentage of vaginal deliveries and no increase in perinatal mortality or morbidity. A high incidence of neonatal jaundice was noted, but no explanation emerged. Differences between true diabetes and gestational diabetes, with particular reference to perinatal mortality are discussed and the good prognosis for the gestational form emphasised. Follow-up suggests that a continuation of the rapport established between physician, obstetrician and patient during pregnancy may be important in delaying or preventing the subsequent onset of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:278585", "title": "Incompetence of the cervix.", "content": "The author reviews a personal series of 248 cases of incompetence of the uterine cervix. Careful selection of patients and variation of the operative techniques to suit the abnormality have led to a substantial improvement in the success rate. In the past 10 years, 94% of patients have been delivered of living babies. The history of the condition is briefly described.", "contents": "Incompetence of the cervix. The author reviews a personal series of 248 cases of incompetence of the uterine cervix. Careful selection of patients and variation of the operative techniques to suit the abnormality have led to a substantial improvement in the success rate. In the past 10 years, 94% of patients have been delivered of living babies. The history of the condition is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:278586", "title": "The genesis and implementation of the Tasmanian obstetric survey.", "content": "The genesis and implementation of a continuing obstetric audit in Tasmania is described. The survey includes all public and private deliveries in Tasmania. Some of the early difficulties and their resolution are discussed. Because of its simplicity, the suggestion has been made that such a system would be suitable for a national audit.", "contents": "The genesis and implementation of the Tasmanian obstetric survey. The genesis and implementation of a continuing obstetric audit in Tasmania is described. The survey includes all public and private deliveries in Tasmania. Some of the early difficulties and their resolution are discussed. Because of its simplicity, the suggestion has been made that such a system would be suitable for a national audit."}
{"id": "PMID:278588", "title": "Pituitary control of ovarian function--concepts derived from gonadotrophin therapy.", "content": "From experience gained in the monitoring of ovarian responses to gonadotropin therapy, it has been possible to develop concepts concerning the mechanisms which operate during the normal menstrual cycle. It is shown that the ovarian requirement for FSH operates in a very narrow range, involving changes in concentration of only 10%; this range operates from a threshold level, through an intermediate level to a maximum level. After adequate stimulation, the follicle goes through a costing phase during which it is independent of further FSH stimulation and it acquires sensitivity to LH. Methods for determining optimum requirements for FSH and HCG for the induction of singleton pregnancies are presented. The relevance of the findings in providing hypotheses explaining some aspects of ovulatory and anovulatory cycles are discussed.", "contents": "Pituitary control of ovarian function--concepts derived from gonadotrophin therapy. From experience gained in the monitoring of ovarian responses to gonadotropin therapy, it has been possible to develop concepts concerning the mechanisms which operate during the normal menstrual cycle. It is shown that the ovarian requirement for FSH operates in a very narrow range, involving changes in concentration of only 10%; this range operates from a threshold level, through an intermediate level to a maximum level. After adequate stimulation, the follicle goes through a costing phase during which it is independent of further FSH stimulation and it acquires sensitivity to LH. Methods for determining optimum requirements for FSH and HCG for the induction of singleton pregnancies are presented. The relevance of the findings in providing hypotheses explaining some aspects of ovulatory and anovulatory cycles are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278589", "title": "Oestrogen receptor studies in carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the uterine cervix and other gynaecological malignancies.", "content": "The tissues from 30 cases of endometrial cancer and 44 cases of cervical cancer were examined for oestrogen receptor activity. Twenty of the endometrial and 9 of the cervical tumours contained oestrogen receptor levels above 4 fmol/mg protein. The proportion of oestrogen receptor-positive tumours was significantly greater in adenocarcinomas of the cervix than in squamous carcinomas of the cervix. Tissues from 3 mixed mesodermal tumours of the uterus, 2 carcinomas of the vagina, a carcinoma in situ of the cervix and a carcinoma in situ of the endometrium were receptor-negative. One ovarian carcinoma and a single case of uterine sarcoma were receptor-positive. The implications of these findings in relation to hormonal therapies are discussed.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptor studies in carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the uterine cervix and other gynaecological malignancies. The tissues from 30 cases of endometrial cancer and 44 cases of cervical cancer were examined for oestrogen receptor activity. Twenty of the endometrial and 9 of the cervical tumours contained oestrogen receptor levels above 4 fmol/mg protein. The proportion of oestrogen receptor-positive tumours was significantly greater in adenocarcinomas of the cervix than in squamous carcinomas of the cervix. Tissues from 3 mixed mesodermal tumours of the uterus, 2 carcinomas of the vagina, a carcinoma in situ of the cervix and a carcinoma in situ of the endometrium were receptor-negative. One ovarian carcinoma and a single case of uterine sarcoma were receptor-positive. The implications of these findings in relation to hormonal therapies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278591", "title": "New aspects of the treatment of tubal infertility.", "content": "Three aspects of the treatment of tubal infertility are discussed: current surgical procedures, including the use of microsurgery; an attempt at tubal transplantation; and the use of in vitro fertilization.", "contents": "New aspects of the treatment of tubal infertility. Three aspects of the treatment of tubal infertility are discussed: current surgical procedures, including the use of microsurgery; an attempt at tubal transplantation; and the use of in vitro fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:278592", "title": "Single dose preoperative prophylactic antibiotic in vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "A retrospective study of patients following vaginal hysterectomy showed a postoperative morbidity of 75%. A trial of a single preoperative intravenous injection of cephalothin sodium to patients about to undergo vaginal hysterectomy showed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in postoperative morbidity.", "contents": "Single dose preoperative prophylactic antibiotic in vaginal hysterectomy. A retrospective study of patients following vaginal hysterectomy showed a postoperative morbidity of 75%. A trial of a single preoperative intravenous injection of cephalothin sodium to patients about to undergo vaginal hysterectomy showed a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in postoperative morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:278593", "title": "Vaginal transposition of the ovary in primates (Papio cynocephalus and Macaca arctoides).", "content": "Experimental data indicate that the time and mechanism of ovulation play a significant role in some cases of infertility and in a broad range of reproductive abnormalities. In order to establish a new experimental model for the study of these phenomena in primates, transposition of the ovary from the pelvis into the vaginal fornix was attempted in 2 species of monkeys: (a) Macaca Arctoides and (b) Papio Cynocephalus. Particularly in the latter species, ovarian relocation into the anterior and the posterior vaginal fornices proved feasible. Most ovaries continued functioning in their new location during the 2-5 months of the follow-up, despite macroscopic and microscopic evidence of infection. Post mortem examination of one of the experimental animals several years after the surgical procedure revealed the presence of an intact functioning ovary still in close contact with the vaginal fornix.", "contents": "Vaginal transposition of the ovary in primates (Papio cynocephalus and Macaca arctoides). Experimental data indicate that the time and mechanism of ovulation play a significant role in some cases of infertility and in a broad range of reproductive abnormalities. In order to establish a new experimental model for the study of these phenomena in primates, transposition of the ovary from the pelvis into the vaginal fornix was attempted in 2 species of monkeys: (a) Macaca Arctoides and (b) Papio Cynocephalus. Particularly in the latter species, ovarian relocation into the anterior and the posterior vaginal fornices proved feasible. Most ovaries continued functioning in their new location during the 2-5 months of the follow-up, despite macroscopic and microscopic evidence of infection. Post mortem examination of one of the experimental animals several years after the surgical procedure revealed the presence of an intact functioning ovary still in close contact with the vaginal fornix."}
{"id": "PMID:278595", "title": "Acute traumatic tetraplegia during pregnancy.", "content": "A case of acute traumatic tetraplegia during pregnancy resulting in maternal death is presented, and problems of management are discussed. Difficulties experienced by the mother were intractable urinary tract infection and respiratory insufficiency; those in the neonate were prematurity and the effects of drugs administered to the mother.", "contents": "Acute traumatic tetraplegia during pregnancy. A case of acute traumatic tetraplegia during pregnancy resulting in maternal death is presented, and problems of management are discussed. Difficulties experienced by the mother were intractable urinary tract infection and respiratory insufficiency; those in the neonate were prematurity and the effects of drugs administered to the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:278596", "title": "Idiopathic pericarditis and pregnancy.", "content": "The association of idiopathic pericarditis and pregnancy is described in 3 patients. The disease preceded the onset of pregnancy in 2 patients and appeared during the sixth month in the third. All pregnancies reached term and the deliveries were uneventful. One patient had mild heart failure before the pregnancy. This deteriorated slightly during its course. The remaining 2 patients had no signs of heart failure and none of the 3 had arrhythmias or embolic phenomena. Two patients were treated with aspirin and prednisone and one was treated for heart failure only. All patientts are still symptomatic and require treatment 9 months, 1 year and 21 years after the pregnancy. Two of the patients underwent partial pericardiectomy.", "contents": "Idiopathic pericarditis and pregnancy. The association of idiopathic pericarditis and pregnancy is described in 3 patients. The disease preceded the onset of pregnancy in 2 patients and appeared during the sixth month in the third. All pregnancies reached term and the deliveries were uneventful. One patient had mild heart failure before the pregnancy. This deteriorated slightly during its course. The remaining 2 patients had no signs of heart failure and none of the 3 had arrhythmias or embolic phenomena. Two patients were treated with aspirin and prednisone and one was treated for heart failure only. All patientts are still symptomatic and require treatment 9 months, 1 year and 21 years after the pregnancy. Two of the patients underwent partial pericardiectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:278597", "title": "Idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with maternal and fetal survival.", "content": "A case of idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child is reported. The management of this condition is essentially supportive; coagulation disturbances may require special attention. Maternal survival should be the major consideration and is favourably influenced by early delivery. Fetal monitoring aids obstetric management and may indirectly improve fetal survival. Evidence from the literature suggests that the condition does not usually recur in subsequent pregnancies.", "contents": "Idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with maternal and fetal survival. A case of idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child is reported. The management of this condition is essentially supportive; coagulation disturbances may require special attention. Maternal survival should be the major consideration and is favourably influenced by early delivery. Fetal monitoring aids obstetric management and may indirectly improve fetal survival. Evidence from the literature suggests that the condition does not usually recur in subsequent pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:278599", "title": "Parental relationships during childhood in homosexuality, transvestism and transsexualism.", "content": "The nature of the relationships of 29 male homosexuals, 34 male transvestites and 29 male transsexuals with their parents, during childhood, was assessed on the basis of the subjects' reports, and on their responses to two tests, namely the Childhood Family Relationship test and a Semantic Differential. If the subjects' reports are valid significantly more mothers of transvestite and transsexual subjects hoped for a girl prior to the subject's birth. During childhood there was a trend for homosexual, transvestite and transsexual subjects to report that their fathers lacked interest in them or were absent from home. There was little evidence to support the view that homosexual, transvestite or transsexual subjects had pathological relationships with their mother. Intrafamilial childhood environmental factors reported by homosexuals, transvestites and transsexuals appear to be non-specific.", "contents": "Parental relationships during childhood in homosexuality, transvestism and transsexualism. The nature of the relationships of 29 male homosexuals, 34 male transvestites and 29 male transsexuals with their parents, during childhood, was assessed on the basis of the subjects' reports, and on their responses to two tests, namely the Childhood Family Relationship test and a Semantic Differential. If the subjects' reports are valid significantly more mothers of transvestite and transsexual subjects hoped for a girl prior to the subject's birth. During childhood there was a trend for homosexual, transvestite and transsexual subjects to report that their fathers lacked interest in them or were absent from home. There was little evidence to support the view that homosexual, transvestite or transsexual subjects had pathological relationships with their mother. Intrafamilial childhood environmental factors reported by homosexuals, transvestites and transsexuals appear to be non-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:278602", "title": "A model of violence.", "content": "The assessment of the violent individual presents a challenge to psychiatrists. Many theoretical approaches contribute to the understanding of violence, but none are totally adequate for the clinician's purposes. The assessment of violent behaviour can be undertaken using three separate dimensions--\"Dehumanisation\", \"Acceptance of Violence\" and \"Rage and its Control\"--which together form a framework for the formulation of clinical data. This framework is described and the relevance of theoretical contributions to the three dimensions is discussed. It is suggested that this framework assists in the classification of violent individuals and in the prediction of the potential for future violence.", "contents": "A model of violence. The assessment of the violent individual presents a challenge to psychiatrists. Many theoretical approaches contribute to the understanding of violence, but none are totally adequate for the clinician's purposes. The assessment of violent behaviour can be undertaken using three separate dimensions--\"Dehumanisation\", \"Acceptance of Violence\" and \"Rage and its Control\"--which together form a framework for the formulation of clinical data. This framework is described and the relevance of theoretical contributions to the three dimensions is discussed. It is suggested that this framework assists in the classification of violent individuals and in the prediction of the potential for future violence."}
{"id": "PMID:278603", "title": "Conversion reactions simulating Guillain-Barr\u00e9 paralysis following suspension of the swine flu vaccination program in the U.S.A.", "content": "The association of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome as a possible complication of swine flu inoculation created the potential for conversion reactions simulating this syndrome. Upon termination of the swine flu vaccination program, a study was initiated in a prepaid health plan to identify and categorize such patients. An estimated 8000 adults were vaccinated and it was hypothesized that a large number of these patients would present to the health plan with conversion symptoms. However, only seven patients met the criteria and they were compared to two control groups (inoculated and uninoculated). The patients with conversion symptoms did show similatities to those previously described in the literature: all were female, of lower educational level, and had great concern with health problems. Other speculations as to why these patients had conversion reactions were made.", "contents": "Conversion reactions simulating Guillain-Barr\u00e9 paralysis following suspension of the swine flu vaccination program in the U.S.A. The association of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome as a possible complication of swine flu inoculation created the potential for conversion reactions simulating this syndrome. Upon termination of the swine flu vaccination program, a study was initiated in a prepaid health plan to identify and categorize such patients. An estimated 8000 adults were vaccinated and it was hypothesized that a large number of these patients would present to the health plan with conversion symptoms. However, only seven patients met the criteria and they were compared to two control groups (inoculated and uninoculated). The patients with conversion symptoms did show similatities to those previously described in the literature: all were female, of lower educational level, and had great concern with health problems. Other speculations as to why these patients had conversion reactions were made."}
{"id": "PMID:278604", "title": "A case of lithium poisoning? A cautionary tale.", "content": "The case of a 58 year old woman on maintenance lithium therapy who developed an acute organic brain syndrome is reported. The patient subsequently showed evidence of persistent brain damage. It is suggested that lithium toxicity was precipitated by electrolyte disturbances possibly caused by self medication with a diuretic, where serum levels of lithium were an unreliable measure of impending toxicity.", "contents": "A case of lithium poisoning? A cautionary tale. The case of a 58 year old woman on maintenance lithium therapy who developed an acute organic brain syndrome is reported. The patient subsequently showed evidence of persistent brain damage. It is suggested that lithium toxicity was precipitated by electrolyte disturbances possibly caused by self medication with a diuretic, where serum levels of lithium were an unreliable measure of impending toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:278606", "title": "Computer analyses of auditory evoked cortical potentials in schizophrenic subjects.", "content": "Averaged cortical evoked potentials from single clicks were recorded from 51 patients and controls. The patient group consisted of 40 subjects with a diagnosis of 'nuclear' schizophrenia, and 11 subjects with diagnoses including mania, anxiety neurosis and personality disorder. Changes in auditory evoked cortical responses (AECR's) were most marked in clinically stable, dysphoric, chronic schizophrenics. These subjects showed reproducible, low amplitude, 'untidy' responses in which the amplitude of the primary peak was lower than the amplitude of later peaks. Chronic schizophrenics who were rated as being depressed, showed a more 'normal' AECR. AECR changes during the memorising of nonsense syllables demonstrated a functional separation between early and later peaks of the AECR. It was postulated that the AECR changes in schizophrenia and during memorising result from pathological patterns of cortical desynchronisation produced by altered mid-brain activity different from that of anxious arousal, and that the clinical 'steady-state' of chronic schizophrenia is reflected in the 'steady-state' desynchronisation changes in the AECR.", "contents": "Computer analyses of auditory evoked cortical potentials in schizophrenic subjects. Averaged cortical evoked potentials from single clicks were recorded from 51 patients and controls. The patient group consisted of 40 subjects with a diagnosis of 'nuclear' schizophrenia, and 11 subjects with diagnoses including mania, anxiety neurosis and personality disorder. Changes in auditory evoked cortical responses (AECR's) were most marked in clinically stable, dysphoric, chronic schizophrenics. These subjects showed reproducible, low amplitude, 'untidy' responses in which the amplitude of the primary peak was lower than the amplitude of later peaks. Chronic schizophrenics who were rated as being depressed, showed a more 'normal' AECR. AECR changes during the memorising of nonsense syllables demonstrated a functional separation between early and later peaks of the AECR. It was postulated that the AECR changes in schizophrenia and during memorising result from pathological patterns of cortical desynchronisation produced by altered mid-brain activity different from that of anxious arousal, and that the clinical 'steady-state' of chronic schizophrenia is reflected in the 'steady-state' desynchronisation changes in the AECR."}
{"id": "PMID:278607", "title": "Asthenic personality, myth or reality.", "content": "One hundred and seventy five subjects admitted to hospital for neurotic conditions were assessed as to their personality types. Forty seven percent were judged as having personality traits consistent with the diagnosis of asthenic personality disorder. Thirteen of the 138 symptom, life history and psychological test items examined were found to be associated with the asthenic traits. Condensation of these thirteen items by factor analysis showed that two features--anxiety proneness and inability to cope with stress--together defined the disorder.", "contents": "Asthenic personality, myth or reality. One hundred and seventy five subjects admitted to hospital for neurotic conditions were assessed as to their personality types. Forty seven percent were judged as having personality traits consistent with the diagnosis of asthenic personality disorder. Thirteen of the 138 symptom, life history and psychological test items examined were found to be associated with the asthenic traits. Condensation of these thirteen items by factor analysis showed that two features--anxiety proneness and inability to cope with stress--together defined the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:278608", "title": "A note on cluster analysis and depression: disparities in results produced by the application of different clustering methods.", "content": "Cluster analysis is the most logically suited method for establishing psychiatric classifications. Different mathematical methods of clustering do, however, produce disparate results when applied to the same set of data. This study attempted to quantify the extent of such disparities, and found them to be marked. It was concluded that until cluster analysis has undergone further mathematical and statistical development, it should be used with caution.", "contents": "A note on cluster analysis and depression: disparities in results produced by the application of different clustering methods. Cluster analysis is the most logically suited method for establishing psychiatric classifications. Different mathematical methods of clustering do, however, produce disparate results when applied to the same set of data. This study attempted to quantify the extent of such disparities, and found them to be marked. It was concluded that until cluster analysis has undergone further mathematical and statistical development, it should be used with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:278630", "title": "Probable clonal origin of acute myeloblastic leukemia following radiation and chemotherapy of colon cancer.", "content": "A 64-yr-old female developed acute myeloblastic leukemia following radiation and drug therapy for colon carcinoma. The patient was heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and displayed types A and B isoenzymes in nonhematopoietic tissue. In contrast, only type B G-6-PD was observed in peripheral blood white cells. In addition, a karyotypic abnormality was found in peripheral blood and marrow cells but not in skin fibroblasts. The data are consistent with a clonal origin of this leukemia.", "contents": "Probable clonal origin of acute myeloblastic leukemia following radiation and chemotherapy of colon cancer. A 64-yr-old female developed acute myeloblastic leukemia following radiation and drug therapy for colon carcinoma. The patient was heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and displayed types A and B isoenzymes in nonhematopoietic tissue. In contrast, only type B G-6-PD was observed in peripheral blood white cells. In addition, a karyotypic abnormality was found in peripheral blood and marrow cells but not in skin fibroblasts. The data are consistent with a clonal origin of this leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:278631", "title": "Colony formation in vitro by leukemic cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "An assay system in vitro for the growth of malignant lymphoblastic colony-forming cells (CFC) was established. Growth of malignant myeloblastic CFC has been previously reported, but this is the first report of growth of malignant lymphoblastic CFC. Established assay systems in vitro have been very helpful in elucidating the control of growth and differentiation of both normal and malignant bone marrow cells. Lymphoblastic CFC were grown from the bone marrow aspirates of 20 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Growth of these colonies was established on an agar assay system and maintained in the relative hypoxia (7% oxygen) of a Stulberg chamber. The criteria for malignancy of these colonies was based upon cellular cytochemical staining characteristics, the presence of specific cell surface markers, and the ability of these lymphoid cells to grow without the addition of a lymphoid mitogen. With this technique, specific nutritional requirements and drug sensitivities can be established in vitro, and these data may permit tailoring of individual antileukemic therapy.", "contents": "Colony formation in vitro by leukemic cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). An assay system in vitro for the growth of malignant lymphoblastic colony-forming cells (CFC) was established. Growth of malignant myeloblastic CFC has been previously reported, but this is the first report of growth of malignant lymphoblastic CFC. Established assay systems in vitro have been very helpful in elucidating the control of growth and differentiation of both normal and malignant bone marrow cells. Lymphoblastic CFC were grown from the bone marrow aspirates of 20 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Growth of these colonies was established on an agar assay system and maintained in the relative hypoxia (7% oxygen) of a Stulberg chamber. The criteria for malignancy of these colonies was based upon cellular cytochemical staining characteristics, the presence of specific cell surface markers, and the ability of these lymphoid cells to grow without the addition of a lymphoid mitogen. With this technique, specific nutritional requirements and drug sensitivities can be established in vitro, and these data may permit tailoring of individual antileukemic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:278632", "title": "Myeloproliferative syndromes: a unique presentation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as a primary tumor of bone.", "content": "A 45-yr-old female presented with a rapidly enlarging bony tumor that was eventually identified as a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive myeloproliferative disorder with extramedullary blastic transformation. This transformation occurred in the absence of demonstrable chronic or acute leukemic phase. She had no history of a chronic or prodromal illness in spite of a bone marrow biopsy showing myelofibrosis and liver biopsy documenting extramedullary hematopoiesis. This case represents a unique constellation of features of the myeloproliferative syndrome in which the diagnosis was obscure until special stains of the bony tumor and cytogenetic studies were performed.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative syndromes: a unique presentation of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as a primary tumor of bone. A 45-yr-old female presented with a rapidly enlarging bony tumor that was eventually identified as a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive myeloproliferative disorder with extramedullary blastic transformation. This transformation occurred in the absence of demonstrable chronic or acute leukemic phase. She had no history of a chronic or prodromal illness in spite of a bone marrow biopsy showing myelofibrosis and liver biopsy documenting extramedullary hematopoiesis. This case represents a unique constellation of features of the myeloproliferative syndrome in which the diagnosis was obscure until special stains of the bony tumor and cytogenetic studies were performed."}
{"id": "PMID:278633", "title": "Chromosome analysis of spleen and/or lymph nodes of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).", "content": "Origin and spread of the chromosomally abnormal cells that appear in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after transformation are unknown. Spleen and lymph node may be involved. In 16 patients with CML splenectomy and/or adenectomy were performed before or during the blastic crisis of the disease, followed by a chromosomal analysis of the cells from the removed organ. At the same time, the chromosomes of the blood cell and of the bone marrow were also analyzed. Analyses were done with R banding. The results show that an extramedullary clonal development with duplication of the Ph1 chromosome and other features occurred. From a cytogenetic standpoint, acute blastic phase of CML is frequently characterized by an increased number of chromosomes owing to preferential gain of additional chromosomes. This, then, would clearly point to extamedullary acute transition in CML.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of spleen and/or lymph nodes of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Origin and spread of the chromosomally abnormal cells that appear in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after transformation are unknown. Spleen and lymph node may be involved. In 16 patients with CML splenectomy and/or adenectomy were performed before or during the blastic crisis of the disease, followed by a chromosomal analysis of the cells from the removed organ. At the same time, the chromosomes of the blood cell and of the bone marrow were also analyzed. Analyses were done with R banding. The results show that an extramedullary clonal development with duplication of the Ph1 chromosome and other features occurred. From a cytogenetic standpoint, acute blastic phase of CML is frequently characterized by an increased number of chromosomes owing to preferential gain of additional chromosomes. This, then, would clearly point to extamedullary acute transition in CML."}
{"id": "PMID:278634", "title": "Impact of cancer therapy on survival.", "content": "Survival rates improved significantly for 28,036 lymphoma and leukemia patients studied between 1950 and 1973. Nine cancers reviewed demonstrated increased one, three and five year survival rates. Greatest improvement was acute lymphocytic leukemia survival. Least improvement was for chronic granulocytic leukemia. Analyses of age-specific trends in U.S. cancer mortality since 1960 indicates death rates decreased 20% for all ages up to 45 years. This included 70% of the population, but less than 10% of all cancer deaths. Age groups over 55 experienced an 8% increase in cancer mortality. Accurate determination of national cancer incidence trends is not presently possible. Available data, representing approximately 15 million population, indicate that cancer incidence rates increased between 1960 and 1973. Age-specific trend analyses indicate unusual divergences. For the group 15 to 29-years-old, incidence increased 28% in 13 years and there was a concomitant decrease of 20% in mortality.", "contents": "Impact of cancer therapy on survival. Survival rates improved significantly for 28,036 lymphoma and leukemia patients studied between 1950 and 1973. Nine cancers reviewed demonstrated increased one, three and five year survival rates. Greatest improvement was acute lymphocytic leukemia survival. Least improvement was for chronic granulocytic leukemia. Analyses of age-specific trends in U.S. cancer mortality since 1960 indicates death rates decreased 20% for all ages up to 45 years. This included 70% of the population, but less than 10% of all cancer deaths. Age groups over 55 experienced an 8% increase in cancer mortality. Accurate determination of national cancer incidence trends is not presently possible. Available data, representing approximately 15 million population, indicate that cancer incidence rates increased between 1960 and 1973. Age-specific trend analyses indicate unusual divergences. For the group 15 to 29-years-old, incidence increased 28% in 13 years and there was a concomitant decrease of 20% in mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:278636", "title": "Normal and leukemic hemopoiesis compared.", "content": "Using colony assays for human erythropoietic (BFU-E, CFU-E) and granulopoietic (CFU-C) progenitors, normal and leukemic myelopoietic differentiation were compared; similar patterns were found in both. However, the origin of blast cells characteristic of the disease could not be established indicating the need for a direct approach to these cells. A colony assay for blast cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia is described. Blast cell colony-formation is significantly correlated with blast cell number, and the colonies contain cells of blast like morphology without differentiation markers. It is proposed that this method, taken in conjunction with results from assays of myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, may provide a more complete picture of leukemic differentiation. It is anticipated that such a model will be useful in devising new therapies.", "contents": "Normal and leukemic hemopoiesis compared. Using colony assays for human erythropoietic (BFU-E, CFU-E) and granulopoietic (CFU-C) progenitors, normal and leukemic myelopoietic differentiation were compared; similar patterns were found in both. However, the origin of blast cells characteristic of the disease could not be established indicating the need for a direct approach to these cells. A colony assay for blast cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia is described. Blast cell colony-formation is significantly correlated with blast cell number, and the colonies contain cells of blast like morphology without differentiation markers. It is proposed that this method, taken in conjunction with results from assays of myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, may provide a more complete picture of leukemic differentiation. It is anticipated that such a model will be useful in devising new therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:278637", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare disease, with a number of features that make it especially suitable for observations on leukemogenesis in man. These include known etiologic agents, often a prolonged preclinical and active stage, cells with identifiable morphological and histochemical characteristics and the presence of the unique Ph' chromosome. The transition of CML to blast crisis is a catastrophic event; however, recent clinical and biochemical studies have raised important questions as to the nature and origin of blast cells in this disease. During the past 10 years, we have followed 113 cases olf CML throughout their course and results of observations on the clinical, hematological and other apsects of the disease are presented in this communication.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare disease, with a number of features that make it especially suitable for observations on leukemogenesis in man. These include known etiologic agents, often a prolonged preclinical and active stage, cells with identifiable morphological and histochemical characteristics and the presence of the unique Ph' chromosome. The transition of CML to blast crisis is a catastrophic event; however, recent clinical and biochemical studies have raised important questions as to the nature and origin of blast cells in this disease. During the past 10 years, we have followed 113 cases olf CML throughout their course and results of observations on the clinical, hematological and other apsects of the disease are presented in this communication."}
{"id": "PMID:278639", "title": "Leukemic distribution of a human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (Ichikawa strain) in nude mice conditioned with whole-body irradiation.", "content": "Induction of leukemia in nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu) was attempted by inoculation with a human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (Ichikawa strain, maintained in an ascitic form in our institute). Inoculation of the cells i.v. in normal nude mice failed to produce leukemia. However, conditioning with whole-body irradiation (500 rads) resulted in induction of leukemia after i.v. inoculation, especially when such inocluation was performed 3 days after irradiation. The correlation of survival to inoculum size (10(5) to 10(5)) was inversely exponential. Leukemic infiltration was noted in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, meninges, liver, kidneys, etc., as seen in human leukemia. These cells retained their original cytological characteristics, ultrastructural features, and surface markers and revealed high terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity as T-derived cells. Chromosome analysis revealed aneuploidy in a hypotetraploid range with a mode of 88 chromosomes.", "contents": "Leukemic distribution of a human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (Ichikawa strain) in nude mice conditioned with whole-body irradiation. Induction of leukemia in nude mice (BALB/c nu/nu) was attempted by inoculation with a human acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (Ichikawa strain, maintained in an ascitic form in our institute). Inoculation of the cells i.v. in normal nude mice failed to produce leukemia. However, conditioning with whole-body irradiation (500 rads) resulted in induction of leukemia after i.v. inoculation, especially when such inocluation was performed 3 days after irradiation. The correlation of survival to inoculum size (10(5) to 10(5)) was inversely exponential. Leukemic infiltration was noted in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, meninges, liver, kidneys, etc., as seen in human leukemia. These cells retained their original cytological characteristics, ultrastructural features, and surface markers and revealed high terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase activity as T-derived cells. Chromosome analysis revealed aneuploidy in a hypotetraploid range with a mode of 88 chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:278640", "title": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in the rat.", "content": "Adriamycin (ADR)-induced cardiomyopathy was studied in a rat model by means of electrocardiograms (ECGs), light microscopy, and determination of heart weight. Pretreatment with D-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) 24 hours prior to a high dose of ADR diminishes cardiotoxic effects, as judged by ECG changes, decreases in heart weight, and histologic changes. The response of an acute myeloid leukemia in a rat model to ADR was not affected by this pretreatment. The results provide evidence that alpha-T might be used to improve the therapeutic index of ADR.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-tocopherol on the cardiotoxicity of adriamycin in the rat. Adriamycin (ADR)-induced cardiomyopathy was studied in a rat model by means of electrocardiograms (ECGs), light microscopy, and determination of heart weight. Pretreatment with D-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) 24 hours prior to a high dose of ADR diminishes cardiotoxic effects, as judged by ECG changes, decreases in heart weight, and histologic changes. The response of an acute myeloid leukemia in a rat model to ADR was not affected by this pretreatment. The results provide evidence that alpha-T might be used to improve the therapeutic index of ADR."}
{"id": "PMID:278642", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia in patients receiving chlorambucil as long-term adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II breast cancer.", "content": "Thirteen consecutive stage II breast cancer patients were treated with long-term adjuvant chemotherapy using chlorambucil. At least three of these patients developed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). All three patients (and possibly a fourth) who developed AML were postmenopausal, received continuous chlorambucil for greater than or equal to 4 years, had acute red cell anemia at the time of treatment, and had a wbc count in the range of 2700-7700/mm3. After the chlorambucil was discontinued, the wbc count began to slowly rise and the patient developed clinical AML. In all three patients, the diagnosis of AML was established by pathologists on the basis of bone marrow biopsy, aspirate, and peripheral smears. Each of these was subsequently reviewed by the hematologist who treated the patients for AML. Patients who have breast cancer (or any other solid tumor malignancy) are at risk to develop a second malignancy. However, an increasing number of reports are appearing suggesting more than just a casual relationship between leukemia and the use of alkylating agents. This may be related to the dose and duration of therapy with these agents.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia in patients receiving chlorambucil as long-term adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II breast cancer. Thirteen consecutive stage II breast cancer patients were treated with long-term adjuvant chemotherapy using chlorambucil. At least three of these patients developed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). All three patients (and possibly a fourth) who developed AML were postmenopausal, received continuous chlorambucil for greater than or equal to 4 years, had acute red cell anemia at the time of treatment, and had a wbc count in the range of 2700-7700/mm3. After the chlorambucil was discontinued, the wbc count began to slowly rise and the patient developed clinical AML. In all three patients, the diagnosis of AML was established by pathologists on the basis of bone marrow biopsy, aspirate, and peripheral smears. Each of these was subsequently reviewed by the hematologist who treated the patients for AML. Patients who have breast cancer (or any other solid tumor malignancy) are at risk to develop a second malignancy. However, an increasing number of reports are appearing suggesting more than just a casual relationship between leukemia and the use of alkylating agents. This may be related to the dose and duration of therapy with these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:278670", "title": "Psychiatric evaluation of youth with cleft lip-palate matched with a control group.", "content": "Ten subjects were randomly selected from each of four pools of patients (male CPO, male CLP, female CPO and CLP) age six to 18 years regularly followed by a cleft palate clinic. Forty controls from a family practice clinic were matched for age, sex, and socio-economic status. Congenital second anomalies were present in 13 cleft children, five of whom were male CPO. Significant hearing loss was found in 11 cleft children and speech articulation problems in about 50 per cent of the sample. Both cleft and control groups were interviewed by a child psychiatrist, and mothers completed a behavior rating check list. There were no significant differences in the number of subjects from both groups having psychiatric diagnoses or conflicts. Mother's ratings indicated that cleft group had significantly more subjects with excessive dependency problems while control group had significantly more subjects having problems with resenting correction, talking negatively about self, and projecting blame to others. Significantly more male CPO and female CLP patients had psychiatric diagnoses, particularly mental retardation and developmental deviations, when compared to male CLP and female CPO groups. Cleft children with articulation problems were more likely to have psychiatric diagnoses and conflicts.", "contents": "Psychiatric evaluation of youth with cleft lip-palate matched with a control group. Ten subjects were randomly selected from each of four pools of patients (male CPO, male CLP, female CPO and CLP) age six to 18 years regularly followed by a cleft palate clinic. Forty controls from a family practice clinic were matched for age, sex, and socio-economic status. Congenital second anomalies were present in 13 cleft children, five of whom were male CPO. Significant hearing loss was found in 11 cleft children and speech articulation problems in about 50 per cent of the sample. Both cleft and control groups were interviewed by a child psychiatrist, and mothers completed a behavior rating check list. There were no significant differences in the number of subjects from both groups having psychiatric diagnoses or conflicts. Mother's ratings indicated that cleft group had significantly more subjects with excessive dependency problems while control group had significantly more subjects having problems with resenting correction, talking negatively about self, and projecting blame to others. Significantly more male CPO and female CLP patients had psychiatric diagnoses, particularly mental retardation and developmental deviations, when compared to male CLP and female CPO groups. Cleft children with articulation problems were more likely to have psychiatric diagnoses and conflicts."}
{"id": "PMID:278671", "title": "Growth of the unilateral cleft lip.", "content": "Growth discrepancies have frequently been noted following surgery for the repair of clefts of the lip. A long lip is often noted months or years after LeMesurier, Tennison, or Asensio repair, whereas a short lip is noted after the Millard repair. We evaluated the problem by measuring 112 unrepaired unilateral completed cleft lips in a homogeneous population. Patients of all ages from newborn through adults were included. The study showed that a cleft lip has ten to twenty per cent greater growth in the transverse direction parallel with the orbicularis muscle than in the vertical direction perpendicular to the muscle. Thus, procedures such as those of LeMesurier and Asensio that transpose tissue from transverse to vertical will lead to excessive vertical growth. Lip growth is slightly decreased along the cleft margins but does not account for the short lip seen after the original Millard repair. Lip shortness occurs soon after repair because of scar contracture but tends to resolve with the passage of time.", "contents": "Growth of the unilateral cleft lip. Growth discrepancies have frequently been noted following surgery for the repair of clefts of the lip. A long lip is often noted months or years after LeMesurier, Tennison, or Asensio repair, whereas a short lip is noted after the Millard repair. We evaluated the problem by measuring 112 unrepaired unilateral completed cleft lips in a homogeneous population. Patients of all ages from newborn through adults were included. The study showed that a cleft lip has ten to twenty per cent greater growth in the transverse direction parallel with the orbicularis muscle than in the vertical direction perpendicular to the muscle. Thus, procedures such as those of LeMesurier and Asensio that transpose tissue from transverse to vertical will lead to excessive vertical growth. Lip growth is slightly decreased along the cleft margins but does not account for the short lip seen after the original Millard repair. Lip shortness occurs soon after repair because of scar contracture but tends to resolve with the passage of time."}
{"id": "PMID:278673", "title": "Cephalometric findings in two cases with unrepaired bilateral cleft lip and palate.", "content": "Two cases with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate were examined clinically and cephalometrically and compared to matched normals. The findings indicate a severe premaxillary skeletal protrusion which results in a maxillary-mandibular discrepancy. The maxillary incisor inclination was acceptable, while the mandibular incisors were relatively more lingually inclined in the cleft group. Surgical management of one case necessitated premaxillary resection.", "contents": "Cephalometric findings in two cases with unrepaired bilateral cleft lip and palate. Two cases with unoperated bilateral cleft lip and palate were examined clinically and cephalometrically and compared to matched normals. The findings indicate a severe premaxillary skeletal protrusion which results in a maxillary-mandibular discrepancy. The maxillary incisor inclination was acceptable, while the mandibular incisors were relatively more lingually inclined in the cleft group. Surgical management of one case necessitated premaxillary resection."}
{"id": "PMID:278674", "title": "Selected developmental factors of cleft palate children between two and thirty-three months of age.", "content": "The literature suggests that cleft palate children and adults perform below their peers on both linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if developmental delay could be observed in 24 cleft palate children below the age of three years when compared to matched controls. Three developmental scales were administered to all infants, and complete medical histories and current weights were obtained. Results indicated that the performance of the cleft palate subjects paralleled but fell below their peers on all developmental subtests. The differences were significant (p is less than .05) on three language subtests and on one personal-social and one motor subtest. The mean percentile weight also differed significantly (p is less than .05). Multivariate analysis explored the relationship of 1) extent of cleft, 2) sex, 3) hearing loss, 4) length of hospitalization, and 5) weight to the developmental scores. The extent of the cleft proved to be significant.", "contents": "Selected developmental factors of cleft palate children between two and thirty-three months of age. The literature suggests that cleft palate children and adults perform below their peers on both linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if developmental delay could be observed in 24 cleft palate children below the age of three years when compared to matched controls. Three developmental scales were administered to all infants, and complete medical histories and current weights were obtained. Results indicated that the performance of the cleft palate subjects paralleled but fell below their peers on all developmental subtests. The differences were significant (p is less than .05) on three language subtests and on one personal-social and one motor subtest. The mean percentile weight also differed significantly (p is less than .05). Multivariate analysis explored the relationship of 1) extent of cleft, 2) sex, 3) hearing loss, 4) length of hospitalization, and 5) weight to the developmental scores. The extent of the cleft proved to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:278675", "title": "Conductive hearing loss in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency.", "content": "This study involved audiologic and otologic evaluations of 77 subjects with VPI not due to overt cleft palate, aged 4-16 years. Audiological findings revealed that: 49 per cent had a hearing loss (74 per cent conductive, 16 per cent sensori neural, 10 per cent mixed) and that 18 per cent of the subjects had inconsistent audiologic findings. Otologic evaluations revealed that 44 per cent had abnormalities of the tympanic membrane. It can be concluded that the VPI subjects differed appreciably from the normal and more closely resembled a cleft palate population.", "contents": "Conductive hearing loss in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency. This study involved audiologic and otologic evaluations of 77 subjects with VPI not due to overt cleft palate, aged 4-16 years. Audiological findings revealed that: 49 per cent had a hearing loss (74 per cent conductive, 16 per cent sensori neural, 10 per cent mixed) and that 18 per cent of the subjects had inconsistent audiologic findings. Otologic evaluations revealed that 44 per cent had abnormalities of the tympanic membrane. It can be concluded that the VPI subjects differed appreciably from the normal and more closely resembled a cleft palate population."}
{"id": "PMID:278676", "title": "Congenital and acquired deafness in clefting and craniofacial syndromes.", "content": "A study of 284 craniofacial defect patients determined factors associated with or predisposing to acquired or congenital hearing loss. Complete otolaryngic and audiologic evaluation was done at the initial assessment of a large group of patients. From there, a smaller number who had had adequate workup and followup was selected. The patients were classified into seven clefting categories, microtia/artresia, facial defects, cranial defects and miscellaneous anomalies of the head and neck. X-ray findings, those present at middle ear surgery and those studied at autopsy, are summarized. The incidence of hearing loss is 88 per cent. The likelihood of congenital hearing loss increases with the number of defects. Certain unifying concepts that may help identify a specific child as being in urgent need of otologic and audiologic testing are presented.", "contents": "Congenital and acquired deafness in clefting and craniofacial syndromes. A study of 284 craniofacial defect patients determined factors associated with or predisposing to acquired or congenital hearing loss. Complete otolaryngic and audiologic evaluation was done at the initial assessment of a large group of patients. From there, a smaller number who had had adequate workup and followup was selected. The patients were classified into seven clefting categories, microtia/artresia, facial defects, cranial defects and miscellaneous anomalies of the head and neck. X-ray findings, those present at middle ear surgery and those studied at autopsy, are summarized. The incidence of hearing loss is 88 per cent. The likelihood of congenital hearing loss increases with the number of defects. Certain unifying concepts that may help identify a specific child as being in urgent need of otologic and audiologic testing are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:278677", "title": "The case for the inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap.", "content": "The superiorly based and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flaps are compared. Reasons for choosing one or the other in specific cases are given. The complications with each are enumerated. The results obtained in speech comparing the two flaps in two retrospective series and one prospective series of cases failed to show a significant difference between them. Therefore, with little difference in the results and some good reasons for preferring one or the other under certain conditions, it would seem logical to select the one best suited for the particular problem.", "contents": "The case for the inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap. The superiorly based and inferiorly based posterior pharyngeal flaps are compared. Reasons for choosing one or the other in specific cases are given. The complications with each are enumerated. The results obtained in speech comparing the two flaps in two retrospective series and one prospective series of cases failed to show a significant difference between them. Therefore, with little difference in the results and some good reasons for preferring one or the other under certain conditions, it would seem logical to select the one best suited for the particular problem."}
{"id": "PMID:278678", "title": "Partial palatal split palatoplasty.", "content": "A partial palatal split technique is described for use with superiorly based pharyngeal flap palatoplasties. This procedure allows (1) increased facility in dissection, (2) precision in the design of the flap for lateral port control, and (3) construction of a one-piece nasomucosal lining flap in comparison to the standard complete palatal split technique.", "contents": "Partial palatal split palatoplasty. A partial palatal split technique is described for use with superiorly based pharyngeal flap palatoplasties. This procedure allows (1) increased facility in dissection, (2) precision in the design of the flap for lateral port control, and (3) construction of a one-piece nasomucosal lining flap in comparison to the standard complete palatal split technique."}
{"id": "PMID:278679", "title": "Primary veloplasty: long-term results without maxillary deformity. a twenty-five year report.", "content": "Primary veloplasty during the first year of life enables normal growth of the upper jaw and of the facial skeleton in patients with clefts. In spite of the remaining cleft in the hard palate, intelligible speech can be learned. The closure of the residual cleft of the hard palate is generally postponed until the age of 12 to 14 years, when the normal growth of the jaw is virtually completed. This method has been used in the clinic by the author and his father for thirty years. The results after primary veloplasty for some hundred adult patients show normal maxillary and cranial growth both clinically and radiologically. Primary veloplasty operations constitute acceptable restorative surgical treatment of the maxilla. Various problems of timing and methods of cleft palate treatment are discussed. The author's cases are summarized.", "contents": "Primary veloplasty: long-term results without maxillary deformity. a twenty-five year report. Primary veloplasty during the first year of life enables normal growth of the upper jaw and of the facial skeleton in patients with clefts. In spite of the remaining cleft in the hard palate, intelligible speech can be learned. The closure of the residual cleft of the hard palate is generally postponed until the age of 12 to 14 years, when the normal growth of the jaw is virtually completed. This method has been used in the clinic by the author and his father for thirty years. The results after primary veloplasty for some hundred adult patients show normal maxillary and cranial growth both clinically and radiologically. Primary veloplasty operations constitute acceptable restorative surgical treatment of the maxilla. Various problems of timing and methods of cleft palate treatment are discussed. The author's cases are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:278680", "title": "Median cerebrofacial dysgenesis: the syndrome of median facial defects with hypotelorism.", "content": "Two patients with almost identical median facial defects are described. Both patients manifested a pure Pitressin responsive diabetes insipidus. These two patients are part of a graded series of median cerebrofacial malformations with orbital hypotelorism, which have been grouped under the heading of Median Cerebrofacial Dysgenesis. A revised classification of this group of anomalies is presented. The importance of distinguishing this group of patients from the group with the Median Cleft Face Syndrome with hypertelorism is stressed. Careful attention to face-brain relationships will help elucidate our understanding of the embryogenesis of the facial region, and extend the number of diagnostic facies which currently can be recognized.", "contents": "Median cerebrofacial dysgenesis: the syndrome of median facial defects with hypotelorism. Two patients with almost identical median facial defects are described. Both patients manifested a pure Pitressin responsive diabetes insipidus. These two patients are part of a graded series of median cerebrofacial malformations with orbital hypotelorism, which have been grouped under the heading of Median Cerebrofacial Dysgenesis. A revised classification of this group of anomalies is presented. The importance of distinguishing this group of patients from the group with the Median Cleft Face Syndrome with hypertelorism is stressed. Careful attention to face-brain relationships will help elucidate our understanding of the embryogenesis of the facial region, and extend the number of diagnostic facies which currently can be recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:278685", "title": "Partial molecular characterization of an antigenic structure associated to cells of common acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL).", "content": "A heteroantiserum against common human acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) cells was raised in rabbits. This antiserum was rendered specific for common ALL cells by extensive absorption with different human tissue. A specific antigen associated to common ALL cells was solubilized by sodium deoxycholate from ALL plasma membranes and identified by indirect immunofluorescence. By analytical chromatography, two antigenically active peaks were found. The apparent molecular weights were calculated to be 55,000 and 110,000.", "contents": "Partial molecular characterization of an antigenic structure associated to cells of common acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL). A heteroantiserum against common human acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) cells was raised in rabbits. This antiserum was rendered specific for common ALL cells by extensive absorption with different human tissue. A specific antigen associated to common ALL cells was solubilized by sodium deoxycholate from ALL plasma membranes and identified by indirect immunofluorescence. By analytical chromatography, two antigenically active peaks were found. The apparent molecular weights were calculated to be 55,000 and 110,000."}
{"id": "PMID:278686", "title": "Surface membrane determinants on childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia cells: immunoglobulin, Fc and C3 receptors.", "content": "Most reports have now described two populations of childhood ALL patients: those with thymic (T) cell receptors and those lacking receptors on their neoplastic cells. Assays for the surface receptors of the T and thymic-independent (B) system were used to study forty-seven patients with ALL whose bone marrow contained a mean of 85% leukaemic cells. Two patients had T-cell disease and thirty-six were non-T and non-B. nine patients were identified whose leukaemic cells had membrane properties associated with the B-cell system: surface immunoglobulin, Fc receptors and/or complement receptors. Combined T and B receptors were found in one case. The same surface characteristics were found on leukaemic cells from these patients' bone marrow, blood, pleural and cerebrospinal fluid. Studies showed that the leukaemic cells were not of monocytic or granulocytic origin. Although a remission was obtained in each patient, the relapse rate of the B-cell group was worse than a similarly treated group of thirty-six non-T, non-B ALL patients (P less than 0.001). Initial total leucocyte counts of the B-cell group were greater than the non-T, non-B group (P 0.05), but when the patients in both groups with total leucocyte counts greater than 25,000/mm3 were compared, the relapse rate of the B-cell patients was significantly worse (P less than 0.025). The results show that patients with leukaemic cells possessing B-cell properties comprise a significant proportion of ALL cases, and their presence on leukaemic cells has an ominous significance.", "contents": "Surface membrane determinants on childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia cells: immunoglobulin, Fc and C3 receptors. Most reports have now described two populations of childhood ALL patients: those with thymic (T) cell receptors and those lacking receptors on their neoplastic cells. Assays for the surface receptors of the T and thymic-independent (B) system were used to study forty-seven patients with ALL whose bone marrow contained a mean of 85% leukaemic cells. Two patients had T-cell disease and thirty-six were non-T and non-B. nine patients were identified whose leukaemic cells had membrane properties associated with the B-cell system: surface immunoglobulin, Fc receptors and/or complement receptors. Combined T and B receptors were found in one case. The same surface characteristics were found on leukaemic cells from these patients' bone marrow, blood, pleural and cerebrospinal fluid. Studies showed that the leukaemic cells were not of monocytic or granulocytic origin. Although a remission was obtained in each patient, the relapse rate of the B-cell group was worse than a similarly treated group of thirty-six non-T, non-B ALL patients (P less than 0.001). Initial total leucocyte counts of the B-cell group were greater than the non-T, non-B group (P 0.05), but when the patients in both groups with total leucocyte counts greater than 25,000/mm3 were compared, the relapse rate of the B-cell patients was significantly worse (P less than 0.025). The results show that patients with leukaemic cells possessing B-cell properties comprise a significant proportion of ALL cases, and their presence on leukaemic cells has an ominous significance."}
{"id": "PMID:278687", "title": "Tumor immunology of experimental osteosarcoma.", "content": "A spontaneous AP positive C3H murine OS was used to determine the effects of various treatment modalities. AP served as a useful circulating biomarker of the in vivo tumor growth. In animals whose tumor was amputated, the elevation of the marker indicated the presence of pulmonary metastases. It was used to establish the time of recurrence after a partially effective chemotherapy or combination modality. In this model, when the neoplasm was surgically excised at 10 days posttransplantation, 70--80% of the mice showed presence of lung metastases. Specific immunotherapy with irradiated tumor cells did not alter the course of the disease. Passively transferred immune allogeneic cells to tumor bearing mice at an effector to target cell ratio of 1:1 in vivo were ineffective. The murine OS model is extremely useful to plan and institute different combinations of treatment modalities and optimize the conditions for an effective treatment in a relatively short time.", "contents": "Tumor immunology of experimental osteosarcoma. A spontaneous AP positive C3H murine OS was used to determine the effects of various treatment modalities. AP served as a useful circulating biomarker of the in vivo tumor growth. In animals whose tumor was amputated, the elevation of the marker indicated the presence of pulmonary metastases. It was used to establish the time of recurrence after a partially effective chemotherapy or combination modality. In this model, when the neoplasm was surgically excised at 10 days posttransplantation, 70--80% of the mice showed presence of lung metastases. Specific immunotherapy with irradiated tumor cells did not alter the course of the disease. Passively transferred immune allogeneic cells to tumor bearing mice at an effector to target cell ratio of 1:1 in vivo were ineffective. The murine OS model is extremely useful to plan and institute different combinations of treatment modalities and optimize the conditions for an effective treatment in a relatively short time."}
{"id": "PMID:278688", "title": "Efficiency of traditional chewing sticks in oral hygiene programs among Ethiopian schoolchildren.", "content": "The effect of oral hygiene programs was studied in 248 children from five schoolclasses in Asella, Ethiopia. All children received professional toothcleaning after an initial clinical examination, and were again examined after a trial period of 3 months. The classes were assigned to the following procedures: one class received information and instruction in the use of the toothbrush, and a second class in the use of the mefaka, a wooden chewing stick traditionally used for oral cleaning. The children were advised to clean their teeth daily. Two other classes received similar information and instruction with regard to the toothbrush and the mefaka. Oral cleaning was then performed daily under direction and supervision, in one class with the toothbrush and in the other class with the mefaka. The fifth class was used as control. Instruction only was found to have no effect on the amount of oral deposits. Supervised oral cleaning, on the other hand, improved the oral hygiene of the schoolchildren significantly. The mefaka was found to be as effective as the toothbrush in removing oral deposits. It was concluded that the mefaka should be recommended for use in preventive dental programs in Ethiopia since it is effective, inexpensive, and familiar to the population.", "contents": "Efficiency of traditional chewing sticks in oral hygiene programs among Ethiopian schoolchildren. The effect of oral hygiene programs was studied in 248 children from five schoolclasses in Asella, Ethiopia. All children received professional toothcleaning after an initial clinical examination, and were again examined after a trial period of 3 months. The classes were assigned to the following procedures: one class received information and instruction in the use of the toothbrush, and a second class in the use of the mefaka, a wooden chewing stick traditionally used for oral cleaning. The children were advised to clean their teeth daily. Two other classes received similar information and instruction with regard to the toothbrush and the mefaka. Oral cleaning was then performed daily under direction and supervision, in one class with the toothbrush and in the other class with the mefaka. The fifth class was used as control. Instruction only was found to have no effect on the amount of oral deposits. Supervised oral cleaning, on the other hand, improved the oral hygiene of the schoolchildren significantly. The mefaka was found to be as effective as the toothbrush in removing oral deposits. It was concluded that the mefaka should be recommended for use in preventive dental programs in Ethiopia since it is effective, inexpensive, and familiar to the population."}
{"id": "PMID:278689", "title": "Acceptance, caries reduction and reported adverse effects of fluoride prophylaxis in Norway.", "content": "Water fluoridation has not been introduced in Norway, although 99% of the population receive water with suboptimal fluoride levels. Alternative methods of fluoride prophylaxis have gained wide acceptance in this country. While less than 1% of the children received fluoride tablet in 1971, sales data in 1976 indicated a daily supply of fluoride tablets to 50% of the 0-5-year-olds and to 20% of the 6-11-year-olds. Most schoolchildren have joined mass prophylactic programs with regular with regular applications of fluoride solutions. Furthermore, fluoride-containing dentifrices have become available and are increasingly used. The increased use of fluoride has been paralleled by a marked reduction in caries and restorative need. During the past 5 years, a reduction of about 45% in the number of fillings inserted in 6-17-year-old children has been noted. In some areas, a 70% reduction has been recorded. The ratio between expenses for prophylaxis and savings in cost of treatment is favorable. The Norwegian Adverse Drug Reaction Committe received 34 case reports of adverse effects ascribed to fluoride prophylaxis, from 1970 to 1977. None of the 25 follow-up studies performed, suggested fluoride to have been responsible for the reported symptoms. In Norway, the benefits of fluoride prophylaxis are becoming increasingly evident.", "contents": "Acceptance, caries reduction and reported adverse effects of fluoride prophylaxis in Norway. Water fluoridation has not been introduced in Norway, although 99% of the population receive water with suboptimal fluoride levels. Alternative methods of fluoride prophylaxis have gained wide acceptance in this country. While less than 1% of the children received fluoride tablet in 1971, sales data in 1976 indicated a daily supply of fluoride tablets to 50% of the 0-5-year-olds and to 20% of the 6-11-year-olds. Most schoolchildren have joined mass prophylactic programs with regular with regular applications of fluoride solutions. Furthermore, fluoride-containing dentifrices have become available and are increasingly used. The increased use of fluoride has been paralleled by a marked reduction in caries and restorative need. During the past 5 years, a reduction of about 45% in the number of fillings inserted in 6-17-year-old children has been noted. In some areas, a 70% reduction has been recorded. The ratio between expenses for prophylaxis and savings in cost of treatment is favorable. The Norwegian Adverse Drug Reaction Committe received 34 case reports of adverse effects ascribed to fluoride prophylaxis, from 1970 to 1977. None of the 25 follow-up studies performed, suggested fluoride to have been responsible for the reported symptoms. In Norway, the benefits of fluoride prophylaxis are becoming increasingly evident."}
{"id": "PMID:278690", "title": "Utilization of dental care in Finnish industrial population.", "content": "Ninety-three percent of the 300 employees of a paper mill in central-eastern Finland answered a questionnaire in the context of a clinical dental survey. One third had visited the dentist annually, 22% once in 2 years and the rest irregularly. Dental visit frequency of females was somewhat higher than that of males. People in younger age groups and higher income groups used more dental services, whereas those who had dentures used clearly less dental services than others. Subjective assessment of treatment need was the main reason for dental visits, more than half of the subjects had attended the dentist the last time because of self-assessed need. Thirty-eight percent went to the dentist because of toothache and only 9% for regular check-up. Although more than one third had gone to the dentist because of toothache only one third of those who had toothache during the preceding year had visited the dentist during that period. People without toothache, in fact, used more dental services than those who had had it.", "contents": "Utilization of dental care in Finnish industrial population. Ninety-three percent of the 300 employees of a paper mill in central-eastern Finland answered a questionnaire in the context of a clinical dental survey. One third had visited the dentist annually, 22% once in 2 years and the rest irregularly. Dental visit frequency of females was somewhat higher than that of males. People in younger age groups and higher income groups used more dental services, whereas those who had dentures used clearly less dental services than others. Subjective assessment of treatment need was the main reason for dental visits, more than half of the subjects had attended the dentist the last time because of self-assessed need. Thirty-eight percent went to the dentist because of toothache and only 9% for regular check-up. Although more than one third had gone to the dentist because of toothache only one third of those who had toothache during the preceding year had visited the dentist during that period. People without toothache, in fact, used more dental services than those who had had it."}
{"id": "PMID:278691", "title": "Dental caries indices for primary teeth: the need to comply with internatioanl recommendations.", "content": "This paper illustrates inconsistent use of abbreviations in indices employed to assess caries prevalence and incidence in the primary dentition. Possible consequences of this practice are discussed and it is suggested that authors, editoris and referees for dental journals should accept and adhere to internationally agreed upon definitions of these indices. As long as there is disagreement on the use of the dmf and def indices these initials should be defined under \"methods\".", "contents": "Dental caries indices for primary teeth: the need to comply with internatioanl recommendations. This paper illustrates inconsistent use of abbreviations in indices employed to assess caries prevalence and incidence in the primary dentition. Possible consequences of this practice are discussed and it is suggested that authors, editoris and referees for dental journals should accept and adhere to internationally agreed upon definitions of these indices. As long as there is disagreement on the use of the dmf and def indices these initials should be defined under \"methods\"."}
{"id": "PMID:278692", "title": "Need of orthodontic treatment in 7-year-old Finnish children.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine the need of orthodontic treatment in 7-year-old Finnish children. The series consisted of 200 Finnish children, 100 girls and 100 boys. With regard to the main lines of occlusion a close agreement was observed between the prevalence of malocclusion in this and other. Scandinavian series. The need of orthodontic treatment was assessed using a treatment scale for the age group concerned. No treatment was required in 42% of the children, while 23.5% were in immediate need of orthodontic treatment. In 34.5% it was considered necessary to follow the occlusal development.", "contents": "Need of orthodontic treatment in 7-year-old Finnish children. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the need of orthodontic treatment in 7-year-old Finnish children. The series consisted of 200 Finnish children, 100 girls and 100 boys. With regard to the main lines of occlusion a close agreement was observed between the prevalence of malocclusion in this and other. Scandinavian series. The need of orthodontic treatment was assessed using a treatment scale for the age group concerned. No treatment was required in 42% of the children, while 23.5% were in immediate need of orthodontic treatment. In 34.5% it was considered necessary to follow the occlusal development."}
{"id": "PMID:278693", "title": "Dental caries in rural and urban black preschoolchildren.", "content": "The dentitions of 439 rural and 192 urban black children aged 1-5 years were examined with mirror and probe. Dental caries was common and the percentage prevalence and dmft values were similar in children of 1-3 years in both groups. At 4 years of age there was a twofold increase in dental caries in the urban children to reach a dmft score significantly greater than that in the rural children (P less than 0.01). Labial caries was common in rural children but rare in urban children while rampant caries (dmft greater than or equal to 5) exhibited the opposite pattern.", "contents": "Dental caries in rural and urban black preschoolchildren. The dentitions of 439 rural and 192 urban black children aged 1-5 years were examined with mirror and probe. Dental caries was common and the percentage prevalence and dmft values were similar in children of 1-3 years in both groups. At 4 years of age there was a twofold increase in dental caries in the urban children to reach a dmft score significantly greater than that in the rural children (P less than 0.01). Labial caries was common in rural children but rare in urban children while rampant caries (dmft greater than or equal to 5) exhibited the opposite pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:278694", "title": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Arussi province, Ethiopia.", "content": "A dental health survey was conducted in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four regions of the province. Findings concerning periodontal disease and oral hygiene are reported in the present paper. The onset of periodontal disease was early, with 60% of the children in the 6-7 year group having gingivitis. In general, periodontal disease was found in a majority of the surveyed population (83%). Severe periodontal destruction was, however, unusual before the age of 30, but at the age of 45-54 years 52% of the sample exhibited pocket formation. The level of periodontal disease in Ethiopia was judged as low to moderate. A close relationship was observed between oral cleanliness and periodontal condition. A possible favorable influence of the diet and traditional oral cleaning methods is conceivable.", "contents": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Arussi province, Ethiopia. A dental health survey was conducted in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four regions of the province. Findings concerning periodontal disease and oral hygiene are reported in the present paper. The onset of periodontal disease was early, with 60% of the children in the 6-7 year group having gingivitis. In general, periodontal disease was found in a majority of the surveyed population (83%). Severe periodontal destruction was, however, unusual before the age of 30, but at the age of 45-54 years 52% of the sample exhibited pocket formation. The level of periodontal disease in Ethiopia was judged as low to moderate. A close relationship was observed between oral cleanliness and periodontal condition. A possible favorable influence of the diet and traditional oral cleaning methods is conceivable."}
{"id": "PMID:278695", "title": "Orthodontic examination of 2,301 Danish children aged 9-10 years in a community dental service.", "content": "Orthodontic therapy in the Danish Child Dental Health Service is offered according to patient need. In general, systematic screenings of children in specific age groups are carried out to insure uniformity in selection of patients for orthodontic treatment. The screening described in this investigation was carried out among 2,301 3rd grade schoolchildren in order to diagnose symptoms of malocclusion at an early stage with regard to tooth formation, the aim being to evaluate the need for orthodontic observation, prophylactic measures or therapy. Each examination took approximately 3-4 min.", "contents": "Orthodontic examination of 2,301 Danish children aged 9-10 years in a community dental service. Orthodontic therapy in the Danish Child Dental Health Service is offered according to patient need. In general, systematic screenings of children in specific age groups are carried out to insure uniformity in selection of patients for orthodontic treatment. The screening described in this investigation was carried out among 2,301 3rd grade schoolchildren in order to diagnose symptoms of malocclusion at an early stage with regard to tooth formation, the aim being to evaluate the need for orthodontic observation, prophylactic measures or therapy. Each examination took approximately 3-4 min."}
{"id": "PMID:278696", "title": "Oral and dental affections in mercury-exposed workers.", "content": "A total of 222 mercury-exposed workers in the Chlor-Alkali plant in Kuwait were investigated for oral and dental affections. The levels of mercury-vapor ranged from 566.6 microgram/m3 to 0.3 microgram/m3 in different parts of the factory. The periods of exposure varied from 1 to 11 years. Although the level of mercury vapor in the air and the period of exposure proved to be the main factors as regards the oral signs and symptoms, the oral hygiene condition and the individual sensitivity played substantial roles. Oral affections were found not to be due to allergy to mercury.", "contents": "Oral and dental affections in mercury-exposed workers. A total of 222 mercury-exposed workers in the Chlor-Alkali plant in Kuwait were investigated for oral and dental affections. The levels of mercury-vapor ranged from 566.6 microgram/m3 to 0.3 microgram/m3 in different parts of the factory. The periods of exposure varied from 1 to 11 years. Although the level of mercury vapor in the air and the period of exposure proved to be the main factors as regards the oral signs and symptoms, the oral hygiene condition and the individual sensitivity played substantial roles. Oral affections were found not to be due to allergy to mercury."}
{"id": "PMID:278697", "title": "A combined approach to preventing dental caries in schoolchildren : caries reductions after 3 years.", "content": "A combination of preventive methods have been used to reduce dental caries in children residing in a fluoridated area of Southeastern Michigan. These children had very low restorative treatment levels. The methods used include dental health education, prophylaxis, pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxis, sealant and fluoride procedures were repeated every 6 months. Sealant was applied to all caries-free posterior teeth in the mouth. Three-year results show reduction of occlusal caries increments of nearly 73% for both 1st and 6th school grades. Although at baseline examination there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in mean DMF teeth and surface scores, the difference in mean increments at the end of 3 years was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Percent reductions in caries increment for permanent first molars in 1st graders were 65.6 for DMF teeth and 66.7 for DMF surfaces. Corresponding figures for permanent teeth among 6th graders were 71% and 58.3%.", "contents": "A combined approach to preventing dental caries in schoolchildren : caries reductions after 3 years. A combination of preventive methods have been used to reduce dental caries in children residing in a fluoridated area of Southeastern Michigan. These children had very low restorative treatment levels. The methods used include dental health education, prophylaxis, pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxis, sealant and fluoride procedures were repeated every 6 months. Sealant was applied to all caries-free posterior teeth in the mouth. Three-year results show reduction of occlusal caries increments of nearly 73% for both 1st and 6th school grades. Although at baseline examination there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in mean DMF teeth and surface scores, the difference in mean increments at the end of 3 years was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Percent reductions in caries increment for permanent first molars in 1st graders were 65.6 for DMF teeth and 66.7 for DMF surfaces. Corresponding figures for permanent teeth among 6th graders were 71% and 58.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:278698", "title": "Effect of a single dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on gingivitis.", "content": "This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dental health instruction on gingivitis in an adult population. Ninety-eight army recruits from two military camps were randomly allocated to four groups: a control group, a group that received a professional prophylaxis, a group that received dental health care instruction and a group that had both a prophylaxis and dental health care instruction. Treatment effects were measured 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the initial examinations. The single prophylaxis resulted in a small temporary improvement. The effect of the single dental health care instruction was also small, but lasted until the end of the trial. A single instruction plus prophylaxis resulted in the clearest improvement, which was still present after 3 months. It can be concluded that any single treatment should at least consist of dental health care instruction plus a prophylaxis.", "contents": "Effect of a single dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on gingivitis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dental health instruction on gingivitis in an adult population. Ninety-eight army recruits from two military camps were randomly allocated to four groups: a control group, a group that received a professional prophylaxis, a group that received dental health care instruction and a group that had both a prophylaxis and dental health care instruction. Treatment effects were measured 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the initial examinations. The single prophylaxis resulted in a small temporary improvement. The effect of the single dental health care instruction was also small, but lasted until the end of the trial. A single instruction plus prophylaxis resulted in the clearest improvement, which was still present after 3 months. It can be concluded that any single treatment should at least consist of dental health care instruction plus a prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:278699", "title": "Follow-up study of sealing and filling with composite resins in the prevention of occlusal caries.", "content": "A diluted composite resin (Concise diluted with Concise Enamel Bond) was used for fissure sealing and filling in 896 permanent first molars of 281 children, initially 5--7 years of age. Ordinary fissure sealing was used for fissures with no apparent caries, while a filling method was used after an explorative drilling with a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2) in fissures with incipient caries. On the basis of clinical evaluation every 6 months, the frequency of total retention of the composite material after different observation periods was calculated using the life table method. The rate of success in the fissure sealing group was 94.8% after 6 months, falling to 75.2% after 30 months. The corresponding data for the filled teeth were 92.6 % and 83.5%. It would seem that diluted composite resin is well suited for the prevention of caries in pits and fissures.", "contents": "Follow-up study of sealing and filling with composite resins in the prevention of occlusal caries. A diluted composite resin (Concise diluted with Concise Enamel Bond) was used for fissure sealing and filling in 896 permanent first molars of 281 children, initially 5--7 years of age. Ordinary fissure sealing was used for fissures with no apparent caries, while a filling method was used after an explorative drilling with a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2) in fissures with incipient caries. On the basis of clinical evaluation every 6 months, the frequency of total retention of the composite material after different observation periods was calculated using the life table method. The rate of success in the fissure sealing group was 94.8% after 6 months, falling to 75.2% after 30 months. The corresponding data for the filled teeth were 92.6 % and 83.5%. It would seem that diluted composite resin is well suited for the prevention of caries in pits and fissures."}
{"id": "PMID:278700", "title": "Clinical effectiveness of an autopolymerized fissure sealant after 2 years.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of Delton fissure sealant was studied in 205 children, ages 6--10 years (mean age 71/2). 993 children in grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 were screened and subjects were selected if there was evidence of previous dental caries in the mouth, and a pair of contralateral maxillary or mandibular first permanent molar teeth were free of caries. Two pedodontists independently examined the children in a mobile van equipped with two operatories, and each applied sealants to approximately half of the subjects. After 11 months, in 186 subjects there were 10 sealants partially lost, five experimental teeth carious or filled and 53 control teeth carious or filled. After 24 months, in 175 subjects there were four sealants completely lost, 12 sealants partially lost, 11 experimental teeth carious or filled and 89 control teeth carious or filled. Consequently, sealant retention was 92% after 11 months and 85% after 24 months. Percent effectiveness in caries reduction was 90% after 11 months and 88% after 2 years.", "contents": "Clinical effectiveness of an autopolymerized fissure sealant after 2 years. The clinical effectiveness of Delton fissure sealant was studied in 205 children, ages 6--10 years (mean age 71/2). 993 children in grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 were screened and subjects were selected if there was evidence of previous dental caries in the mouth, and a pair of contralateral maxillary or mandibular first permanent molar teeth were free of caries. Two pedodontists independently examined the children in a mobile van equipped with two operatories, and each applied sealants to approximately half of the subjects. After 11 months, in 186 subjects there were 10 sealants partially lost, five experimental teeth carious or filled and 53 control teeth carious or filled. After 24 months, in 175 subjects there were four sealants completely lost, 12 sealants partially lost, 11 experimental teeth carious or filled and 89 control teeth carious or filled. Consequently, sealant retention was 92% after 11 months and 85% after 24 months. Percent effectiveness in caries reduction was 90% after 11 months and 88% after 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:278701", "title": "A laboratory evaluation of fluoride dentifrices used in Greece.", "content": "A laboratory investigation of the fluoride dentifrices commonly used in Greece was done in order to evaluate their caries-preventive potential. The evaluation was based on the determination of the free ionic fluoride and the total soluble fluoride present by a potentiometric fluoride electrode technique. Dentifrices containing MFP, NaF and AlF3 were analyzed. The measured total soluble and free ionic fluoride content were discussed in conjunction with the various dentifrice components. Most of the examined dentifrices were MFP type and the free ionic fluoride was found to vary from 130 to 180 parts/10(6) F-.", "contents": "A laboratory evaluation of fluoride dentifrices used in Greece. A laboratory investigation of the fluoride dentifrices commonly used in Greece was done in order to evaluate their caries-preventive potential. The evaluation was based on the determination of the free ionic fluoride and the total soluble fluoride present by a potentiometric fluoride electrode technique. Dentifrices containing MFP, NaF and AlF3 were analyzed. The measured total soluble and free ionic fluoride content were discussed in conjunction with the various dentifrice components. Most of the examined dentifrices were MFP type and the free ionic fluoride was found to vary from 130 to 180 parts/10(6) F-."}
{"id": "PMID:278702", "title": "An evaluation of Knutson's formula for estimating age-specific DMF teeth.", "content": "The present study evaluated a formula suggested by Knutson for obtaining an age-specific estimate of mean DMFT in a population on the basis of the age-specific percentage of individuals with 1 or more DMFT. A total of 149 previously collected age-specific data sets from low-flouride areas in the U.S.A. were used, and the two parameters K and B were estimated using the method of weighted least squares. The analysis showed that the formula could be used with good accuracy for certain restrictions of age (5--11 years) and percentage of individuals with 1 or more DMFT (less than or equal to 70%).", "contents": "An evaluation of Knutson's formula for estimating age-specific DMF teeth. The present study evaluated a formula suggested by Knutson for obtaining an age-specific estimate of mean DMFT in a population on the basis of the age-specific percentage of individuals with 1 or more DMFT. A total of 149 previously collected age-specific data sets from low-flouride areas in the U.S.A. were used, and the two parameters K and B were estimated using the method of weighted least squares. The analysis showed that the formula could be used with good accuracy for certain restrictions of age (5--11 years) and percentage of individuals with 1 or more DMFT (less than or equal to 70%)."}
{"id": "PMID:278703", "title": "Age-standardized incidence rates of ameloblastoma and dentigerous cyst on the Witwatersrand, South Africa.", "content": "Although a great deal is known about the incidence of cancer, including oral cancer, no such study has been done on odontogenic tumors and jaw cysts. There are therefore no standardized data which would allow for comparative incidences in different countries and between different groups. In the present study, cases of ameloblastomas and dentigerous cysts derived from the records of all the hospital pathology departments and private pathology practices on the Witwatersrand, were recorded for the 10-year period 1965--1974. The population at risk (1970 census) was 974,390 Whites and 1,567,280 Blacks. The annual incidence rates, standardized against the standard world population, for ameloblastomas per million population are 1.96, 1.20, 0.18 and 0.44 for Black males, females and White males, females, respectively. The equivalent four figures for dentigerous cysts are 1.18, 1.22, 9.92 and 7.26. These figures show that ameloblastoma is very much more common in Blacks than Whites in the population at risk. Conversely, dentigerous cysts are much more common in Whites.  This makes it unlikely that dentigerous cysts predispose to ameloblastoma formation. These epidemiologic observations give rise to speculation as to whether some component of the South African Black diet or other environmental substance might possibly be an etiologic factor in ameloblastoma.", "contents": "Age-standardized incidence rates of ameloblastoma and dentigerous cyst on the Witwatersrand, South Africa. Although a great deal is known about the incidence of cancer, including oral cancer, no such study has been done on odontogenic tumors and jaw cysts. There are therefore no standardized data which would allow for comparative incidences in different countries and between different groups. In the present study, cases of ameloblastomas and dentigerous cysts derived from the records of all the hospital pathology departments and private pathology practices on the Witwatersrand, were recorded for the 10-year period 1965--1974. The population at risk (1970 census) was 974,390 Whites and 1,567,280 Blacks. The annual incidence rates, standardized against the standard world population, for ameloblastomas per million population are 1.96, 1.20, 0.18 and 0.44 for Black males, females and White males, females, respectively. The equivalent four figures for dentigerous cysts are 1.18, 1.22, 9.92 and 7.26. These figures show that ameloblastoma is very much more common in Blacks than Whites in the population at risk. Conversely, dentigerous cysts are much more common in Whites.  This makes it unlikely that dentigerous cysts predispose to ameloblastoma formation. These epidemiologic observations give rise to speculation as to whether some component of the South African Black diet or other environmental substance might possibly be an etiologic factor in ameloblastoma."}
{"id": "PMID:278704", "title": "Prevalence of taurodontism found in radiographic dental examination of 1,200 young adult Israeli patients.", "content": "The prevalence of taurodontism was studied radiographically in 1,200 young adult Israeli patients. In order to differentiate taurodont teeth from normal teeth, three types of taurodontism (meso-, hypo- and hypertaudodontism) were defined in biometric terms, using radiographic features of molar morphology. All three types according to Shaw's classification were seen. Taurodontism was found to occur in 5.6% of 1,200 individuals and in 1.5% of the 10,204 molar teeth examined. The mandibular second molar was found to be the most prone, being involved in two thirds of all cases found. Hypertaurodontism was found only in three cases, in the third molars. The conditions was seen to involve single and multiple teeth, both unilaterally and bilaterally, with the latter being most predominant.", "contents": "Prevalence of taurodontism found in radiographic dental examination of 1,200 young adult Israeli patients. The prevalence of taurodontism was studied radiographically in 1,200 young adult Israeli patients. In order to differentiate taurodont teeth from normal teeth, three types of taurodontism (meso-, hypo- and hypertaudodontism) were defined in biometric terms, using radiographic features of molar morphology. All three types according to Shaw's classification were seen. Taurodontism was found to occur in 5.6% of 1,200 individuals and in 1.5% of the 10,204 molar teeth examined. The mandibular second molar was found to be the most prone, being involved in two thirds of all cases found. Hypertaurodontism was found only in three cases, in the third molars. The conditions was seen to involve single and multiple teeth, both unilaterally and bilaterally, with the latter being most predominant."}
{"id": "PMID:278705", "title": "Prevalence of malocclusion in relation to premature loss of primary teeth.", "content": "The influence of premature extraction of primary teeth. The influence of the site of extraction was analyzed by studying the frequency of malocclusion in the group of children with extraction in the mandible or maxilla only. It was found that early loss of primary teeth would result in an increased frequency of sagittal, vertical as well as transversal malocclusion. As a consequence the need for treatment would increase significantly by early extraction of primary teeth. Whereas extraction in the maxilla would tend to result in need for extraction of permanent teeth; extraction in the mandible would often lead to need for orthodontic treatment of longer duration. On the basis of these findings it could be concluded that maintaining a high standard of dental service for preschool children must be considered good economy, since the need for premature extractions is reduced.", "contents": "Prevalence of malocclusion in relation to premature loss of primary teeth. The influence of premature extraction of primary teeth. The influence of the site of extraction was analyzed by studying the frequency of malocclusion in the group of children with extraction in the mandible or maxilla only. It was found that early loss of primary teeth would result in an increased frequency of sagittal, vertical as well as transversal malocclusion. As a consequence the need for treatment would increase significantly by early extraction of primary teeth. Whereas extraction in the maxilla would tend to result in need for extraction of permanent teeth; extraction in the mandible would often lead to need for orthodontic treatment of longer duration. On the basis of these findings it could be concluded that maintaining a high standard of dental service for preschool children must be considered good economy, since the need for premature extractions is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:278706", "title": "A survey of edentulous individuals in a district in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.", "content": "A survey of a representative adult population of a district in Amsterdam (the Jordaan) revealed an overall edentulousness rate of 23%. Proportionally more females than males wore complete dentures, and the lower socioeconomic group was proportionally better represented in edentate group than were the middle and the higher classes. No significant differences were found in comparisons of the edentulousness rate in the Study group and other investigations in Holland and England and Wales. It is suggested that there might be a relationship between the rate of edentulousness and changes in the amount of freely disposable income.", "contents": "A survey of edentulous individuals in a district in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. A survey of a representative adult population of a district in Amsterdam (the Jordaan) revealed an overall edentulousness rate of 23%. Proportionally more females than males wore complete dentures, and the lower socioeconomic group was proportionally better represented in edentate group than were the middle and the higher classes. No significant differences were found in comparisons of the edentulousness rate in the Study group and other investigations in Holland and England and Wales. It is suggested that there might be a relationship between the rate of edentulousness and changes in the amount of freely disposable income."}
{"id": "PMID:278733", "title": "[Geometric-mathematical analysis of errors during transfer to the articulator and their practical consequences. II].", "content": "With the aid of a computer faults are examined which result in the occlusal surfaces when several articular parameters are simultaneously wrongly applied in laterotrusion. The calculations which are derived from the geometrical relations of the Dentatus articulator refer to a circular field of 3 mm radius on a molar tooth. Vertical deviations, which are caused by faulty setting up of a preferred articulator size, evidently depend on the angle of the joint on the balancing side and depend on the working side on the sagittal position of the model in relation to the condylar axis and on the length of the condylar axis. In the most unfavourable case, errors of the order of 1.3 mm on the balancing side and of 0.75 mm on the working side were demonstrated. As regards horizontal deviations, all articulator sizes were shown to be independent of one another. The effects of faulty setting up on periodontal strain is presented in a practical example.", "contents": "[Geometric-mathematical analysis of errors during transfer to the articulator and their practical consequences. II]. With the aid of a computer faults are examined which result in the occlusal surfaces when several articular parameters are simultaneously wrongly applied in laterotrusion. The calculations which are derived from the geometrical relations of the Dentatus articulator refer to a circular field of 3 mm radius on a molar tooth. Vertical deviations, which are caused by faulty setting up of a preferred articulator size, evidently depend on the angle of the joint on the balancing side and depend on the working side on the sagittal position of the model in relation to the condylar axis and on the length of the condylar axis. In the most unfavourable case, errors of the order of 1.3 mm on the balancing side and of 0.75 mm on the working side were demonstrated. As regards horizontal deviations, all articulator sizes were shown to be independent of one another. The effects of faulty setting up on periodontal strain is presented in a practical example."}
{"id": "PMID:278734", "title": "[The condymeter].", "content": "The condymeter serves for the technical measurement of condylar displacement where the usual condylar position (habitual intercuspidation) is used as a relative constant. Technical fitting and calibration of the machine with the commercially available SAM-Articulator System ensures its time-saving use in diagnosis and and therapy of diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint and the neuromuscular system.", "contents": "[The condymeter]. The condymeter serves for the technical measurement of condylar displacement where the usual condylar position (habitual intercuspidation) is used as a relative constant. Technical fitting and calibration of the machine with the commercially available SAM-Articulator System ensures its time-saving use in diagnosis and and therapy of diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint and the neuromuscular system."}
{"id": "PMID:278735", "title": "[Physical properties of highly polishable filling materials compared to composites].", "content": "Physical characteristics of three highly polishable filling materials (Estic R Microfill, Isopast and Superlux) were compared with those of current composites (Concise, Adaptic). It was shown that the materials with improved polishing qualities exhibit lower bending strength. Critical comments of practical importance are based on special temperature measurements of the material as well as of the pulp cavity. Aspects of testing and preparing the material are mentioned. Tests were further performed on the abrasion behaviour of the dental materials mentioned and the reciprocal changeable influence of the granularity of the abrasive and the quality of the working material is debated.", "contents": "[Physical properties of highly polishable filling materials compared to composites]. Physical characteristics of three highly polishable filling materials (Estic R Microfill, Isopast and Superlux) were compared with those of current composites (Concise, Adaptic). It was shown that the materials with improved polishing qualities exhibit lower bending strength. Critical comments of practical importance are based on special temperature measurements of the material as well as of the pulp cavity. Aspects of testing and preparing the material are mentioned. Tests were further performed on the abrasion behaviour of the dental materials mentioned and the reciprocal changeable influence of the granularity of the abrasive and the quality of the working material is debated."}
{"id": "PMID:278736", "title": "[Lateral radiography of the temporomandibular joint with a new radiological device].", "content": "A lateral eccentric visualization of the temporo-mandibular joint is described using a new radiological arrangement. The exposures are made with the patient sitting and project the lateral aspect of the joint on to the picture plane, giving a symmetrical picture of the condyle, fossa mandibularis, tuberculum articulare and joint space. The exposure technique distinguishes itself by its simplicity and can be used in combination with every dental X-ray machine.", "contents": "[Lateral radiography of the temporomandibular joint with a new radiological device]. A lateral eccentric visualization of the temporo-mandibular joint is described using a new radiological arrangement. The exposures are made with the patient sitting and project the lateral aspect of the joint on to the picture plane, giving a symmetrical picture of the condyle, fossa mandibularis, tuberculum articulare and joint space. The exposure technique distinguishes itself by its simplicity and can be used in combination with every dental X-ray machine."}
{"id": "PMID:278737", "title": "[Clinical and histological studies on the effect of a surfactant containing toothpaste on the gingiva].", "content": "A clinical double blind trial on 98 volunteers was undertaken with the aid of the SB Index to show the effects on the gum of a tooth paste containing detergents. It resulted in a significant increase of the SBI after 6 weeks of a tooth paste with a high content of surface active substances. With the light microscope changes are demonstrable in the Stratum spinosum which could be identified electron-microscopically as a strong increase of bundles of filament in the cytoplasm. The contradiction between clinical and morphological findings is explained by the assumption that the greatincrease in filament bundles leads to a lowering of the adaptability of the epithelium and consequently to increased tendency to bleed, especially in response to mechanical irritation.", "contents": "[Clinical and histological studies on the effect of a surfactant containing toothpaste on the gingiva]. A clinical double blind trial on 98 volunteers was undertaken with the aid of the SB Index to show the effects on the gum of a tooth paste containing detergents. It resulted in a significant increase of the SBI after 6 weeks of a tooth paste with a high content of surface active substances. With the light microscope changes are demonstrable in the Stratum spinosum which could be identified electron-microscopically as a strong increase of bundles of filament in the cytoplasm. The contradiction between clinical and morphological findings is explained by the assumption that the greatincrease in filament bundles leads to a lowering of the adaptability of the epithelium and consequently to increased tendency to bleed, especially in response to mechanical irritation."}
{"id": "PMID:278738", "title": "[Reproducibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region (3)].", "content": "Plaque formation in the lower front teeth was recorded in 12 volunteers during three periods of twelve daily visits. Special interest was paid to finding which areas always contained deposits and which were always completely free of plaques. The causative aspects of regular plaque formation were demonstrated. The predominant role of surface roughness is discussed. As a clinical consequence, testing the enamel surface with the sound is suggested for the prophylaxis of gingivitis and caries.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region (3)]. Plaque formation in the lower front teeth was recorded in 12 volunteers during three periods of twelve daily visits. Special interest was paid to finding which areas always contained deposits and which were always completely free of plaques. The causative aspects of regular plaque formation were demonstrated. The predominant role of surface roughness is discussed. As a clinical consequence, testing the enamel surface with the sound is suggested for the prophylaxis of gingivitis and caries."}
{"id": "PMID:278739", "title": "[Cleidocranial dysplasia--histological findings in the dental cementum].", "content": "Up to now only very few reports on histological studies of teeth in cleidocranial dysplasia have been published. We are presenting a 12-year old boy with this syndrome. Seven of his teeth were studied microscopically. The most relevant results are as follows: acellular cementum in all teeth, almost complete missing of cellular cementum, normal intermediate cementum. The pathogenesis of the retarded eruption of teeth in this disorder is explained as a result of eburnation of the alveolar bone as well as fibrosis of the gingiva. The therapy of choice in order to stimulate eruption is a rigid orthodontic treatment of the impacted teeth using fixed appliances.", "contents": "[Cleidocranial dysplasia--histological findings in the dental cementum]. Up to now only very few reports on histological studies of teeth in cleidocranial dysplasia have been published. We are presenting a 12-year old boy with this syndrome. Seven of his teeth were studied microscopically. The most relevant results are as follows: acellular cementum in all teeth, almost complete missing of cellular cementum, normal intermediate cementum. The pathogenesis of the retarded eruption of teeth in this disorder is explained as a result of eburnation of the alveolar bone as well as fibrosis of the gingiva. The therapy of choice in order to stimulate eruption is a rigid orthodontic treatment of the impacted teeth using fixed appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:278740", "title": "[Intubation anesthesia as an ambulatory treatment measure in the office of the private practitioner].", "content": "During the last 8 years we have carried out 25 intubation anaesthesias in our practice with a specialist experienced in dental anaesthetics. We have prepared a report based on the problems we encountered during this close collaboration which should be a help, warning and encouragement to colleagues interested in this special form of therapy.", "contents": "[Intubation anesthesia as an ambulatory treatment measure in the office of the private practitioner]. During the last 8 years we have carried out 25 intubation anaesthesias in our practice with a specialist experienced in dental anaesthetics. We have prepared a report based on the problems we encountered during this close collaboration which should be a help, warning and encouragement to colleagues interested in this special form of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:278767", "title": "Structure requirements and affinity of steroids to bind with receptor for induction of differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Glucorticoid hormones induced differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells. From comparison of the structure of steroids with their ability to induce phagocytic and locomotive activities, typical characters of mature macrophages and granulocytes, the simplest steroid with inducing ability was concluded to be a steroid with the structure of progesterone and one hydroxyl group at 11beta- or 21-position. The maximum induction ability seemed to require the structure of progesterone and three hydroxyl groups (at 11beta-, 17alpha-, and 21-positions). A single, 30-min pulse treatment with glucocorticoid was sufficient to induce differentiation of leukemia cells. Glucocorticoid receptors were detected in mouse myeloid leukemia cells. The binding affinity of various steroids for the cytoplasmic receptors was closely correlated with the activities of these compounds to induce differentiation of leukemia cells, suggesting that these receptors may be involved in hormonal induction of differentiation of various cells. This suggests that the binding reaction is important for differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells.", "contents": "Structure requirements and affinity of steroids to bind with receptor for induction of differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Glucorticoid hormones induced differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells. From comparison of the structure of steroids with their ability to induce phagocytic and locomotive activities, typical characters of mature macrophages and granulocytes, the simplest steroid with inducing ability was concluded to be a steroid with the structure of progesterone and one hydroxyl group at 11beta- or 21-position. The maximum induction ability seemed to require the structure of progesterone and three hydroxyl groups (at 11beta-, 17alpha-, and 21-positions). A single, 30-min pulse treatment with glucocorticoid was sufficient to induce differentiation of leukemia cells. Glucocorticoid receptors were detected in mouse myeloid leukemia cells. The binding affinity of various steroids for the cytoplasmic receptors was closely correlated with the activities of these compounds to induce differentiation of leukemia cells, suggesting that these receptors may be involved in hormonal induction of differentiation of various cells. This suggests that the binding reaction is important for differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:278770", "title": "Inpatient audit simplified.", "content": "One hospital's audit program identifies the necessary procedures for selecting criteria, performing audits, and conducting follow-up and shows how they can be accomplished most effectively and efficiently. In addition, it shows that a useful emergency department/outpatient audit can be conducted using data from telephone follow-up for the patients.", "contents": "Inpatient audit simplified. One hospital's audit program identifies the necessary procedures for selecting criteria, performing audits, and conducting follow-up and shows how they can be accomplished most effectively and efficiently. In addition, it shows that a useful emergency department/outpatient audit can be conducted using data from telephone follow-up for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:278771", "title": "Medical staff bylaws: regulations or contract?", "content": "St. John's Hospital Medical Staff v. St. John Regional Medical Center is the point of departure in an exploration of the issue of whether medical staff bylaws constitute a contract or are merely important regulations. Also discussed is the practical application of bylaws in day-to-day hospital operations.", "contents": "Medical staff bylaws: regulations or contract? St. John's Hospital Medical Staff v. St. John Regional Medical Center is the point of departure in an exploration of the issue of whether medical staff bylaws constitute a contract or are merely important regulations. Also discussed is the practical application of bylaws in day-to-day hospital operations."}
{"id": "PMID:278772", "title": "Three chromosomes' (7;9;22) rearrangement and the origin of the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "A woman with chronic myelocytic leukemia had the Philadelphia chromosome and a complex four-break--three-chromosome rearrangement. The q32 leads to q34 portion of chromosome 9 is translocated to band q22 of chromosome 7, and at the end of this segment is attached the deleted q11 leads to qter portion of chromosome 22. A review of 12 cases of the Philadelphia chromosome originating by the rearrangement of three or more chromosomes reveals that chromosomes 9 and 22 are always involved, while the third chromosome is a different one in each case. We discuss the hypothesis that the 22q segment is always specifically attached to band 9q34 wherever this portion of 9q is transposed.", "contents": "Three chromosomes' (7;9;22) rearrangement and the origin of the Philadelphia chromosome. A woman with chronic myelocytic leukemia had the Philadelphia chromosome and a complex four-break--three-chromosome rearrangement. The q32 leads to q34 portion of chromosome 9 is translocated to band q22 of chromosome 7, and at the end of this segment is attached the deleted q11 leads to qter portion of chromosome 22. A review of 12 cases of the Philadelphia chromosome originating by the rearrangement of three or more chromosomes reveals that chromosomes 9 and 22 are always involved, while the third chromosome is a different one in each case. We discuss the hypothesis that the 22q segment is always specifically attached to band 9q34 wherever this portion of 9q is transposed."}
{"id": "PMID:278777", "title": "Arteriovenous perfusion with the pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator.", "content": "The feasibility of employing a recently developed pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator for partial respiratory support in arteriovenous perfusion was studied using small mongrel dogs rendered hypoxic by oxygen depression. The unit is employed along with the conventional ventilation techniques (such as CPAP and PEEP) when the latter alone cannot maintain adequate gas exchange in the lung. The results indicate that poorly oxygenated arterial blood can be upgraded to life-sustaining levels when the bypass flow rate through the oxygenator is in the range of 18-33% of the total cardiac output. No cardiovascular derangements were noted at these arteriovenous flow rates for perfusion periods of four to six hours. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of providing partial support to pulmonary function using the pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator.", "contents": "Arteriovenous perfusion with the pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator. The feasibility of employing a recently developed pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator for partial respiratory support in arteriovenous perfusion was studied using small mongrel dogs rendered hypoxic by oxygen depression. The unit is employed along with the conventional ventilation techniques (such as CPAP and PEEP) when the latter alone cannot maintain adequate gas exchange in the lung. The results indicate that poorly oxygenated arterial blood can be upgraded to life-sustaining levels when the bypass flow rate through the oxygenator is in the range of 18-33% of the total cardiac output. No cardiovascular derangements were noted at these arteriovenous flow rates for perfusion periods of four to six hours. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of providing partial support to pulmonary function using the pulmonary assist membrane oxygenator."}
{"id": "PMID:278830", "title": "Nutrition--phase one of the edentulous patient.", "content": "Many edentulous patients are \"sick patients.\" Often geriatric considerations are involved, as well obesity and postmenopausal problems. These patients have deficient tissues on which to build dentures. The degenerative processes which initiate the loss of teeth continue after extraction and cause further shrinkage of supporting tissues. Repeated relining and rebuilding of dentures can be avoided and happier and healthier patients maintained by (1) saturating patients with therapeutic dosages of vitamins and minerals prior to surgical intervention, (2) using scientifically evaluated liquid and semisolid diets containing the maximum quantities of nutrients and the minimum number of calories during the preoperative and postoperative periods, and (3) thereafter maintaining the patient on a high-protein, high-vitamin, high-mineral diet.", "contents": "Nutrition--phase one of the edentulous patient. Many edentulous patients are \"sick patients.\" Often geriatric considerations are involved, as well obesity and postmenopausal problems. These patients have deficient tissues on which to build dentures. The degenerative processes which initiate the loss of teeth continue after extraction and cause further shrinkage of supporting tissues. Repeated relining and rebuilding of dentures can be avoided and happier and healthier patients maintained by (1) saturating patients with therapeutic dosages of vitamins and minerals prior to surgical intervention, (2) using scientifically evaluated liquid and semisolid diets containing the maximum quantities of nutrients and the minimum number of calories during the preoperative and postoperative periods, and (3) thereafter maintaining the patient on a high-protein, high-vitamin, high-mineral diet."}
{"id": "PMID:278832", "title": "Effects of burnishing on microleakage in an amalgam system.", "content": "No significant increase or decrease in microleakage occurred as a result of single or double burnishing of amalgam. When cavity varnish use was compared with no use of cavity varnish, significantly less microleakage was noted with the nonburnished control, single-burnish, and double-burnish techniques utilizing the cavity varnish. It was concluded that burnishing is not a factor in microleakage when using Optaloy, but microleakage can be reduced by the use of a cavity liner such as Copalite.", "contents": "Effects of burnishing on microleakage in an amalgam system. No significant increase or decrease in microleakage occurred as a result of single or double burnishing of amalgam. When cavity varnish use was compared with no use of cavity varnish, significantly less microleakage was noted with the nonburnished control, single-burnish, and double-burnish techniques utilizing the cavity varnish. It was concluded that burnishing is not a factor in microleakage when using Optaloy, but microleakage can be reduced by the use of a cavity liner such as Copalite."}
{"id": "PMID:278834", "title": "Influence of axiopulpal line angle and proximal retention on fracture strength of amalgam restorations.", "content": "Proximal retentive grooves significantly increase the strength of amalgam restorations in Class II cavities. There were no remarkable differences that could have clinical significance between sharp or rounded axiopulpal line angles and rounded or rounded and sloped pulpal walls. Chromium-cobalt dies are effective for tests of fracture strength of amalgam restorations.", "contents": "Influence of axiopulpal line angle and proximal retention on fracture strength of amalgam restorations. Proximal retentive grooves significantly increase the strength of amalgam restorations in Class II cavities. There were no remarkable differences that could have clinical significance between sharp or rounded axiopulpal line angles and rounded or rounded and sloped pulpal walls. Chromium-cobalt dies are effective for tests of fracture strength of amalgam restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:278835", "title": "Prosthetic reconstruction following resection of the hard and soft palate.", "content": "The restoration of the soft palate presents a challenge completely different from that of the hard palate. The mobility of the soft palate tends to interfere with velar extensions. The reduction in size of the soft palate extension to prevent impingement upon the mobile margins of the defect will lead to insufficient oronasal separation during functional activities. The solution is to construct a specially designed prosthesis to attain the maximum utilization of the remaining structures and their motility. Although each pharyngeal extension is different in shape, they give the patient an effective functional mechanism that enhances speech and swallowing.", "contents": "Prosthetic reconstruction following resection of the hard and soft palate. The restoration of the soft palate presents a challenge completely different from that of the hard palate. The mobility of the soft palate tends to interfere with velar extensions. The reduction in size of the soft palate extension to prevent impingement upon the mobile margins of the defect will lead to insufficient oronasal separation during functional activities. The solution is to construct a specially designed prosthesis to attain the maximum utilization of the remaining structures and their motility. Although each pharyngeal extension is different in shape, they give the patient an effective functional mechanism that enhances speech and swallowing."}
{"id": "PMID:278837", "title": "Pharmacotherapy of masticatory system dysfunction.", "content": "The decision to use drugs systemically in the management of mandibular dysfunction must be made with consideration of the information summarized in this report. It has been shown that pharmacotherapy may be effective. It has also been demonstrated that systemic pharmacotherapy frequently produces side effects which are occasionally severe. The clinician must decide on the appropriateness of therapy with the knowledge that many other conservative measures may also have excellent success rates and that pharmacotherapy is likely to be palliative rather than curative.", "contents": "Pharmacotherapy of masticatory system dysfunction. The decision to use drugs systemically in the management of mandibular dysfunction must be made with consideration of the information summarized in this report. It has been shown that pharmacotherapy may be effective. It has also been demonstrated that systemic pharmacotherapy frequently produces side effects which are occasionally severe. The clinician must decide on the appropriateness of therapy with the knowledge that many other conservative measures may also have excellent success rates and that pharmacotherapy is likely to be palliative rather than curative."}
{"id": "PMID:278839", "title": "Rest vertical dimension determined by electromyography with biofeedback as compared to conventional methods.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if electromyography with biofeedback can be utilized to produce a more reliable determination of rest vertical dimension than conventional methods such as phonetics and swallowing. It was found that: 1. Electromyography with biofeedback appeared to produce a more consistently reliable determination of rest vertical dimension than conventional methods when used with edentulous subjects. 2. Determinations of rest vertical dimension by individual dentists using phonetics and swallowing had wide variations in two of the five patients in a range of up to 6 mm. An error of this magnitude could easily cause an intrusion upon the interocclusal distance and resultant failure of treatment. Since this study was limited to five patients, a more expanded study is necessary to determine the validity of electromyography vs. conventional methods for determining rest vertical dimension. Both methods have questionable aspects in relation to the time of day, patient's understanding of each technique, and past dental history. However, the most critical problem of the electromyographic technique is the feasibility of its use in a private practice in light of the excessive cost of the required equipment.", "contents": "Rest vertical dimension determined by electromyography with biofeedback as compared to conventional methods. This study was undertaken to determine if electromyography with biofeedback can be utilized to produce a more reliable determination of rest vertical dimension than conventional methods such as phonetics and swallowing. It was found that: 1. Electromyography with biofeedback appeared to produce a more consistently reliable determination of rest vertical dimension than conventional methods when used with edentulous subjects. 2. Determinations of rest vertical dimension by individual dentists using phonetics and swallowing had wide variations in two of the five patients in a range of up to 6 mm. An error of this magnitude could easily cause an intrusion upon the interocclusal distance and resultant failure of treatment. Since this study was limited to five patients, a more expanded study is necessary to determine the validity of electromyography vs. conventional methods for determining rest vertical dimension. Both methods have questionable aspects in relation to the time of day, patient's understanding of each technique, and past dental history. However, the most critical problem of the electromyographic technique is the feasibility of its use in a private practice in light of the excessive cost of the required equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:278840", "title": "Relationship between abrasive wear and microstructure of composite resins.", "content": "The in vitro abrasion resistance of seven commercial composite resin restorative materials has been measured. Analysis of the composite microstructures shows that abrasion rates are dependent upon the size, hardness, and volume fraction of particles in the material. The most abrasion-resistant composites contain a high volume fraction of large, hard particles.", "contents": "Relationship between abrasive wear and microstructure of composite resins. The in vitro abrasion resistance of seven commercial composite resin restorative materials has been measured. Analysis of the composite microstructures shows that abrasion rates are dependent upon the size, hardness, and volume fraction of particles in the material. The most abrasion-resistant composites contain a high volume fraction of large, hard particles."}
{"id": "PMID:278841", "title": "Chairside modification of dentures for tissue conditioning materials.", "content": "The autopolymerizing acrylic resin will act as a matrix to contain and retain the tissue conditioning material. In addition, the presence of the matrix will facilitate the reestablishment of fully extended borders when the tissue conditioner requires replacement.", "contents": "Chairside modification of dentures for tissue conditioning materials. The autopolymerizing acrylic resin will act as a matrix to contain and retain the tissue conditioning material. In addition, the presence of the matrix will facilitate the reestablishment of fully extended borders when the tissue conditioner requires replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:278842", "title": "Technique for cranioplasty prosthesis fabrication.", "content": "A technique has been described for fabrication of a cranioplasty prosthesis. The primary advantage of this technique is the duplication of the altered working cast. The technique also permits excellent reproduction of cranial contours and a positive seat of the prosthesis on the outer table of the skull. The disadvantage is the time involved in the duplicating procedure.", "contents": "Technique for cranioplasty prosthesis fabrication. A technique has been described for fabrication of a cranioplasty prosthesis. The primary advantage of this technique is the duplication of the altered working cast. The technique also permits excellent reproduction of cranial contours and a positive seat of the prosthesis on the outer table of the skull. The disadvantage is the time involved in the duplicating procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:278843", "title": "Serotonin receptor binding affinities of several hallucinogenic phenylalkylamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogues.", "content": "Hallucinogenic phenylalkylamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogues are known to affect serotonergic systems both in vivo and in vitro. Using a rat stomach fundus model, the 5-HT receptor binding affinities of several of these analogues were determined and compared. The most behaviorally potent analogues examined, DOB, DOM, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, were found to possess rather high affirmities (pA2 = 7.35, 7.12, and 7.08, respectively) for the 5-HT receptors of the model system.", "contents": "Serotonin receptor binding affinities of several hallucinogenic phenylalkylamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogues. Hallucinogenic phenylalkylamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine analogues are known to affect serotonergic systems both in vivo and in vitro. Using a rat stomach fundus model, the 5-HT receptor binding affinities of several of these analogues were determined and compared. The most behaviorally potent analogues examined, DOB, DOM, and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, were found to possess rather high affirmities (pA2 = 7.35, 7.12, and 7.08, respectively) for the 5-HT receptors of the model system."}
{"id": "PMID:278845", "title": "Serum prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, and albumin levels in patients with large bowel cancer.", "content": "In a study of the levels of serum prealbumin (PALB), retinol-binding protein (RBP), transferrin (TF), and albumin (ALB) in patients with large bowel cancer, critical values were established as (g/liter): PALB, 0.15; RBP, 40 X 10(-3); TF, 2.0; and ALB, 30. Values consistently below these were taken as a sign of malnutrition. The proteins in this system were interrelated and tended to show a similar pattern of change. Metastatic colon cancer caused a relatively small decline of ALB compared to the mean in tumor-free patients. PALB was the most sensitive indicator of nutrition, and its levels and rates of change had a prognostic significance. A rapid fall of PALB often occurred 2--3 months prior to the patients's death; this preterminal phase in ambulant patients was frequently heralded by a progressive rise in the level of C-reactive protein in the absence of any obvious infection.", "contents": "Serum prealbumin, retinol-binding protein, transferrin, and albumin levels in patients with large bowel cancer. In a study of the levels of serum prealbumin (PALB), retinol-binding protein (RBP), transferrin (TF), and albumin (ALB) in patients with large bowel cancer, critical values were established as (g/liter): PALB, 0.15; RBP, 40 X 10(-3); TF, 2.0; and ALB, 30. Values consistently below these were taken as a sign of malnutrition. The proteins in this system were interrelated and tended to show a similar pattern of change. Metastatic colon cancer caused a relatively small decline of ALB compared to the mean in tumor-free patients. PALB was the most sensitive indicator of nutrition, and its levels and rates of change had a prognostic significance. A rapid fall of PALB often occurred 2--3 months prior to the patients's death; this preterminal phase in ambulant patients was frequently heralded by a progressive rise in the level of C-reactive protein in the absence of any obvious infection."}
{"id": "PMID:278846", "title": "Special features of intestinal metaplasia and its relation to early gastric carcinoma in man: observation by a method in which leucine aminopeptidase activity is used.", "content": "The degree of intestinal metaplasia and its macroscopic distribution in gastric mucosa were examined by a new method in which leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity is used to investigate the relationship between intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma. Since LAP is a specific enzyme of intestinal metaplasia, the area showing positive reaction for this enzyme corresponds strictly with the zone of intestinal metaplasia examined microscopically. Almost all metaplasia was demonstrated by this method. This method was used to examine 40 human gastric carcinomas confined to the mucosa. Gastric mucosa containing differentiated tubular-type carcinoma (60%) was associated with a high degree of metaplasia in comparison with the low degree of metaplasia in poorly differentiated carcinoma (40%). Differentiated tubular-type carcinoma was closely related to intestinal metaplasia. However, all carcinomas arising from the mucosa without intestinal metaplasia (18%) were poorly differentiated. Therefore, gastric carcinomas occurring in Japanese patients are frequently and closely related to intestinal metaplasias.", "contents": "Special features of intestinal metaplasia and its relation to early gastric carcinoma in man: observation by a method in which leucine aminopeptidase activity is used. The degree of intestinal metaplasia and its macroscopic distribution in gastric mucosa were examined by a new method in which leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity is used to investigate the relationship between intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma. Since LAP is a specific enzyme of intestinal metaplasia, the area showing positive reaction for this enzyme corresponds strictly with the zone of intestinal metaplasia examined microscopically. Almost all metaplasia was demonstrated by this method. This method was used to examine 40 human gastric carcinomas confined to the mucosa. Gastric mucosa containing differentiated tubular-type carcinoma (60%) was associated with a high degree of metaplasia in comparison with the low degree of metaplasia in poorly differentiated carcinoma (40%). Differentiated tubular-type carcinoma was closely related to intestinal metaplasia. However, all carcinomas arising from the mucosa without intestinal metaplasia (18%) were poorly differentiated. Therefore, gastric carcinomas occurring in Japanese patients are frequently and closely related to intestinal metaplasias."}
{"id": "PMID:278847", "title": "Serum protein-bound carbohydrates for following the course of disease in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.", "content": "Serum protein-bound carbohydrates, L-fucose, sialic acid, D-galactose, and D-mannose, were measured as potential biologic markers in patients with breast cancer with the use of high-resolution anion exchange separation in combination with a sensitive cerate oxidimetric fluorescence detector system. For 22 randomly selected patients with proved metastatic breast cancer, both L-fucose and sialic acid levels were above the normal range in 21 patients (95%). In contrast, D-mannose was increased in the sera of 9 patients (41%), and D-galactose in 6 (27%). By comparison, the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated in 14 patients (64%). The levels for serially determined serum protein-bound carbohydrates paralleled objective changes of response or progression in 5 patients with measurable disease. As might be expected, the degree and pattern of elevation for the individual carbohydrates varied for each patient studied. Combinations of serum protein-bound carbohydrates, particularly L-fucose and sialic acid, and, in addition, CEA, appear to have promise as potential biomarkers for following the course of the disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer.", "contents": "Serum protein-bound carbohydrates for following the course of disease in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Serum protein-bound carbohydrates, L-fucose, sialic acid, D-galactose, and D-mannose, were measured as potential biologic markers in patients with breast cancer with the use of high-resolution anion exchange separation in combination with a sensitive cerate oxidimetric fluorescence detector system. For 22 randomly selected patients with proved metastatic breast cancer, both L-fucose and sialic acid levels were above the normal range in 21 patients (95%). In contrast, D-mannose was increased in the sera of 9 patients (41%), and D-galactose in 6 (27%). By comparison, the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated in 14 patients (64%). The levels for serially determined serum protein-bound carbohydrates paralleled objective changes of response or progression in 5 patients with measurable disease. As might be expected, the degree and pattern of elevation for the individual carbohydrates varied for each patient studied. Combinations of serum protein-bound carbohydrates, particularly L-fucose and sialic acid, and, in addition, CEA, appear to have promise as potential biomarkers for following the course of the disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:278848", "title": "Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "We examined the diets as reported in interviews of 256 white male patients with cancer of the colon and of 330 white male patients with cancer of the rectum. Controls were 783 patients with nonneoplastic, nondigestive system diseases distributed by age similarly to the colon cancer patients and 628 patients with nonneoplastic, nondigestive diseases distributed by age like those with cancer of the rectum. We found no increase in risk for cancer of the colon or rectum regardless of the amounts of beef or other meats ingested. However, we found an increase in risk of colon cancer with decreases in the frequency with which vegetables were eaten. A study of 214 females with cancer of the colon and 182 females with cancer of the rectum yielded similar results. The decrease in risk we found associated with frequent ingestion of vegetables, and especially cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and broccoli, is consistent with the decreased numbers of tumors observed in animals challenged with carcinogens and fed compounds found in these same vegetables.", "contents": "Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. We examined the diets as reported in interviews of 256 white male patients with cancer of the colon and of 330 white male patients with cancer of the rectum. Controls were 783 patients with nonneoplastic, nondigestive system diseases distributed by age similarly to the colon cancer patients and 628 patients with nonneoplastic, nondigestive diseases distributed by age like those with cancer of the rectum. We found no increase in risk for cancer of the colon or rectum regardless of the amounts of beef or other meats ingested. However, we found an increase in risk of colon cancer with decreases in the frequency with which vegetables were eaten. A study of 214 females with cancer of the colon and 182 females with cancer of the rectum yielded similar results. The decrease in risk we found associated with frequent ingestion of vegetables, and especially cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and broccoli, is consistent with the decreased numbers of tumors observed in animals challenged with carcinogens and fed compounds found in these same vegetables."}
{"id": "PMID:278850", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis and immunity: immunologic status of rats treated with methylnitrosourea.", "content": "During the treatment of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats with methylnitrosourea (MNU) or the noncarcinogenic analog diphenylnitrosamine, antibody levels to teichoic acid as well as several parameters of lymphocyte and macrophage function were assessed in animals not overtly stimulated with antigen. Treatment with MNU did not appear to alter most immunologic parameters studied. Some alterations occurred in natural antibody levels, in spleen weight, and in peripheral blood differentials of rats that had received the highest carcinogen dose (4.5 mg/kg). These alterations, however, appeared to coincide with the development of tumors and were not observed in animals with premalignant lesions. Levels of chemical carcinogens that were capable of inducing tumors did not necessarily suppress the immune response.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis and immunity: immunologic status of rats treated with methylnitrosourea. During the treatment of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats with methylnitrosourea (MNU) or the noncarcinogenic analog diphenylnitrosamine, antibody levels to teichoic acid as well as several parameters of lymphocyte and macrophage function were assessed in animals not overtly stimulated with antigen. Treatment with MNU did not appear to alter most immunologic parameters studied. Some alterations occurred in natural antibody levels, in spleen weight, and in peripheral blood differentials of rats that had received the highest carcinogen dose (4.5 mg/kg). These alterations, however, appeared to coincide with the development of tumors and were not observed in animals with premalignant lesions. Levels of chemical carcinogens that were capable of inducing tumors did not necessarily suppress the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:278851", "title": "Nonimmune and immune surveillance. II. Effect of recipient's age, tumor immunogenicity, and neonatal thymectomy on tumor growth inhibition.", "content": "After a suspension of tumor pieces was grafted into newborn and adult (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 and BALB/c mice, the growth of Lewis lung adenocarcinoma and mammary gland adenocarcinoma was inhibited in newborn mice, whereas sarcoma of the rectum (SR-1-75) grew at the same rate in newborn and adult recipients. Neonatal thymectomy stimulated the growth of hepatoma (H-2-73) in newborns. The degree of tumor growth inhibition was age-dependent: The maximum inhibition was observed in 1- to 6-day-old recipients, but later it gradually decreased. The hepatoma (H-2-73) and ovarian carcinoma (OC-1-75) with inhibited growth in newborns and the tumor (SR-1-75) with uninhibited growth had equally low immunogenicity. The data suggested that newborns possess factors that inhibit tumor growth but these factors disappear with increased age of recipients.", "contents": "Nonimmune and immune surveillance. II. Effect of recipient's age, tumor immunogenicity, and neonatal thymectomy on tumor growth inhibition. After a suspension of tumor pieces was grafted into newborn and adult (CBA X C57BL/6J)F1 and BALB/c mice, the growth of Lewis lung adenocarcinoma and mammary gland adenocarcinoma was inhibited in newborn mice, whereas sarcoma of the rectum (SR-1-75) grew at the same rate in newborn and adult recipients. Neonatal thymectomy stimulated the growth of hepatoma (H-2-73) in newborns. The degree of tumor growth inhibition was age-dependent: The maximum inhibition was observed in 1- to 6-day-old recipients, but later it gradually decreased. The hepatoma (H-2-73) and ovarian carcinoma (OC-1-75) with inhibited growth in newborns and the tumor (SR-1-75) with uninhibited growth had equally low immunogenicity. The data suggested that newborns possess factors that inhibit tumor growth but these factors disappear with increased age of recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:278852", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on estrogen-induced pituitary tumors in F344 rats.", "content": "The hormone function, the metabolism of nucleic acids, and the ultrastructure of estrogen-induced pituitary tumors and of normal glands were examined in male F344 rats. The tumors had a high capacity for prolactin (PRL) synthesis, and the plasma levels of PRL were elevated 65-fold to 100-fold in the tumor-bearing animals. Uridine uptake and phosphorylation to nucleotides, as well as uridine incorporation into total RNA, were similar in tumors and normal glands, whereas [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was double in the former group as compared to the latter. After a [3H]uridine pulse, labeled RNA turnover was different in tumors and normal glands. Electron microscopy of the tumors revealed hypertrophy, degranulation, and hyperplasia of cells producing PRL with proliferation of their ergastoplasm in whorls. Other pituitary cell types were reduced in number. It is suggested that the whorl configuration caused the high rate of protein and PRL synthesis as well as the changes in RNA metabolism displayed by the tumors.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural studies on estrogen-induced pituitary tumors in F344 rats. The hormone function, the metabolism of nucleic acids, and the ultrastructure of estrogen-induced pituitary tumors and of normal glands were examined in male F344 rats. The tumors had a high capacity for prolactin (PRL) synthesis, and the plasma levels of PRL were elevated 65-fold to 100-fold in the tumor-bearing animals. Uridine uptake and phosphorylation to nucleotides, as well as uridine incorporation into total RNA, were similar in tumors and normal glands, whereas [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was double in the former group as compared to the latter. After a [3H]uridine pulse, labeled RNA turnover was different in tumors and normal glands. Electron microscopy of the tumors revealed hypertrophy, degranulation, and hyperplasia of cells producing PRL with proliferation of their ergastoplasm in whorls. Other pituitary cell types were reduced in number. It is suggested that the whorl configuration caused the high rate of protein and PRL synthesis as well as the changes in RNA metabolism displayed by the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:278853", "title": "Primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells. I. Effect of plating density, hormones, and serum on DNA synthesis.", "content": "Methods for the primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells and the response of these cells to various hormones and culture parameters are described. In addition, the techniques for subsequent retransplantation of cultured cells into cleared fat pads of isogenic hosts as a test for normalcy of cultured tissue are detailed. A characteristic and reproducible course of the culture was followed for 2 weeks, after which rat mammary epithelial cells ceased to proliferate and were eventually overgrown by fibroblast-like cells. During the initial 2 weeks in culture, mammary cells and contaminating fibroblast-like cells were responsive to polypeptide and steroid hormones and the percentage of proliferating mammary cells could be enhanced with insulin, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells. I. Effect of plating density, hormones, and serum on DNA synthesis. Methods for the primary culture of rat mammary epithelial cells and the response of these cells to various hormones and culture parameters are described. In addition, the techniques for subsequent retransplantation of cultured cells into cleared fat pads of isogenic hosts as a test for normalcy of cultured tissue are detailed. A characteristic and reproducible course of the culture was followed for 2 weeks, after which rat mammary epithelial cells ceased to proliferate and were eventually overgrown by fibroblast-like cells. During the initial 2 weeks in culture, mammary cells and contaminating fibroblast-like cells were responsive to polypeptide and steroid hormones and the percentage of proliferating mammary cells could be enhanced with insulin, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:278854", "title": "Pathogenesis of rat colon carcinomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "Colon specimens were obtained from 45 young male and female inbred CDF rats between 11 and 42 weeks after they began to receive intrarectal injections of the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) 43--108 mg, total dose); specimens were also obtained from 26 control rats. Well-developed tumors from rats receiving MNU generally presented grossly as polyps; histologically, as invasive adenocarcinomas that had not metastasized. These tumors resembled their human counterparts. Focal epithelial atypias were found in grossly normal mucosa both from rats that had not yet developed tumors and from tumor-bearing rats. Such foci typically consisted of low columnar cells with enlarged nuclei, increased number of mitoses, cytoplasmic basophilia, and reduced cytoplasmic mucus. Serial section studies of minute foci of atypia indicated that some of them arose from normal deep crypt cells. Transitions were frequently found between atypical foci and in situ or invasive carcinomas. Less commonly, adenomatous epithelium was identified in the early lesions or within the frank adenocarcinomas. It was concluded that most invasive carcinomas in this rat model originate in foci of epithelial atypia, which are found with increasing frequency in the flat mucosa during treatment with MNU, but that some carcinomas also arise from adenomatous epithelium.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of rat colon carcinomas induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Colon specimens were obtained from 45 young male and female inbred CDF rats between 11 and 42 weeks after they began to receive intrarectal injections of the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) 43--108 mg, total dose); specimens were also obtained from 26 control rats. Well-developed tumors from rats receiving MNU generally presented grossly as polyps; histologically, as invasive adenocarcinomas that had not metastasized. These tumors resembled their human counterparts. Focal epithelial atypias were found in grossly normal mucosa both from rats that had not yet developed tumors and from tumor-bearing rats. Such foci typically consisted of low columnar cells with enlarged nuclei, increased number of mitoses, cytoplasmic basophilia, and reduced cytoplasmic mucus. Serial section studies of minute foci of atypia indicated that some of them arose from normal deep crypt cells. Transitions were frequently found between atypical foci and in situ or invasive carcinomas. Less commonly, adenomatous epithelium was identified in the early lesions or within the frank adenocarcinomas. It was concluded that most invasive carcinomas in this rat model originate in foci of epithelial atypia, which are found with increasing frequency in the flat mucosa during treatment with MNU, but that some carcinomas also arise from adenomatous epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:278855", "title": "Effect of microtubule inhibitors on malignant invasion in vitro.", "content": "The malignant C3H/3T3 mouse cells MO4 invaded embryonic chick heart fragments in an organotypic coculture system on semisolid medium, which mimicked malignant invasion. In this system, at a dose of 1 microgram/ml, the microtubule inhibitors colchicine, demecolcine, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, or methyl[5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]-carbamate (Nocodazole) totally inhibited malignant invasion. At the same dose the drugs were also mitostatic, which was apparent from C-mitoses and from the absence of postmetaphase figures. At a mitostatic dose of 10 microgram/ml, 5-fluorouracil (FUra), cytosine arabinoside, or bleomycin did not interfere with malignant invasion. Combined treatment of the cocultures with the antimetabolite FUra (10 microgram/ml) plus the microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole (1 microgram/ml) completely inhibited invasion. These cocultures also showed the effective inhibition of mitosis by FUra, because Nocodazole-induced C-mitoses were absent. The reversibility of the anti-invasive effect of 4-day treatment with Nocodazole (1 microgram/ml) was demonstrated in shaker cocultures with the use of fluid medium. Our in vitro experiments indicated that cytoplasmic microtubules were involved in malignant invasion and that cell division and invasion constituted separate characteristics of malignant cells.", "contents": "Effect of microtubule inhibitors on malignant invasion in vitro. The malignant C3H/3T3 mouse cells MO4 invaded embryonic chick heart fragments in an organotypic coculture system on semisolid medium, which mimicked malignant invasion. In this system, at a dose of 1 microgram/ml, the microtubule inhibitors colchicine, demecolcine, vincristine sulfate, vinblastine sulfate, or methyl[5-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl]-carbamate (Nocodazole) totally inhibited malignant invasion. At the same dose the drugs were also mitostatic, which was apparent from C-mitoses and from the absence of postmetaphase figures. At a mitostatic dose of 10 microgram/ml, 5-fluorouracil (FUra), cytosine arabinoside, or bleomycin did not interfere with malignant invasion. Combined treatment of the cocultures with the antimetabolite FUra (10 microgram/ml) plus the microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole (1 microgram/ml) completely inhibited invasion. These cocultures also showed the effective inhibition of mitosis by FUra, because Nocodazole-induced C-mitoses were absent. The reversibility of the anti-invasive effect of 4-day treatment with Nocodazole (1 microgram/ml) was demonstrated in shaker cocultures with the use of fluid medium. Our in vitro experiments indicated that cytoplasmic microtubules were involved in malignant invasion and that cell division and invasion constituted separate characteristics of malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:278856", "title": "Male sterility in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) after 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitroso-trans-urea (NSC-95441) treatment of chicks.", "content": "Of 11 male baby chicks treated twice with 3 mg of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitroso-trans-urea (once on the day of hatching and once on the day after), 9 showed absolute lack of spermatogenesis and 2 showed severe inhibition when examined at the age of 6 months. Plasma testosterone level was not altered, however, and histologic examination revealed well-organized testicular interstitial tissue with an abundance of Leydig's cells. In the lining of the seminiferous tubules only Sertoli's cells were present. The weight of the testes from treated animals was only about 10% of control weight. These findings emphasized the possibility that the nitrosoureas cause severe damage to the reproductive system in man.", "contents": "Male sterility in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) after 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitroso-trans-urea (NSC-95441) treatment of chicks. Of 11 male baby chicks treated twice with 3 mg of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitroso-trans-urea (once on the day of hatching and once on the day after), 9 showed absolute lack of spermatogenesis and 2 showed severe inhibition when examined at the age of 6 months. Plasma testosterone level was not altered, however, and histologic examination revealed well-organized testicular interstitial tissue with an abundance of Leydig's cells. In the lining of the seminiferous tubules only Sertoli's cells were present. The weight of the testes from treated animals was only about 10% of control weight. These findings emphasized the possibility that the nitrosoureas cause severe damage to the reproductive system in man."}
{"id": "PMID:278857", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol acetate in rabbit colon mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "When maintained in organ culture, colon mucosa from male New Zealand White rabbits showed a near-normal mucosal morphology and linear incorporation of [3H]thymidine into mucosal DNA up to 36 hours of incubation. Explants from the descending colon had a higher DNA synthetic activity than did other segments of the large bowel. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was dose-dependent. When DNA synthesis was determined after an 18-hour incubation, MAM acetate inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 microgram/ml. With the same concentration of DMH, little or no inhibition was observed. At the concentration of 200 microgram/ml, both carcinogens significantly inhibited DNA synthesis after 3 and 6 hours of incubation. With longer incubation, the inhibitory effect of DMH appeared to be reversible, whereas DNA synthesis was continuously inhibited by MAM acetate up to 18 hours of incubation. No altered uptake of [3H]thymidine by colon explants incubated in the presence of DMH or MAM acetate for 18 hours was observed. No morphologic changes were seen in colon explants treated with 200 microgram MAM acetate/ml for 18 hours. Physostigmine sulfate had no influence on MAM acetate-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants. These in vitro observations reflected a direct action of DMH and MAM acetate on the colon mucosa and supported the possibilility that colon epithelial cells contain enzymes capable of activating DMH and MAM acetate to their alkylating carcinogens.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and methylazoxymethanol acetate in rabbit colon mucosa in organ culture. When maintained in organ culture, colon mucosa from male New Zealand White rabbits showed a near-normal mucosal morphology and linear incorporation of [3H]thymidine into mucosal DNA up to 36 hours of incubation. Explants from the descending colon had a higher DNA synthetic activity than did other segments of the large bowel. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was dose-dependent. When DNA synthesis was determined after an 18-hour incubation, MAM acetate inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 microgram/ml. With the same concentration of DMH, little or no inhibition was observed. At the concentration of 200 microgram/ml, both carcinogens significantly inhibited DNA synthesis after 3 and 6 hours of incubation. With longer incubation, the inhibitory effect of DMH appeared to be reversible, whereas DNA synthesis was continuously inhibited by MAM acetate up to 18 hours of incubation. No altered uptake of [3H]thymidine by colon explants incubated in the presence of DMH or MAM acetate for 18 hours was observed. No morphologic changes were seen in colon explants treated with 200 microgram MAM acetate/ml for 18 hours. Physostigmine sulfate had no influence on MAM acetate-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants. These in vitro observations reflected a direct action of DMH and MAM acetate on the colon mucosa and supported the possibilility that colon epithelial cells contain enzymes capable of activating DMH and MAM acetate to their alkylating carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:278858", "title": "Evaluation of hepatocellular neoplasms in mice.", "content": "Thirty C3H-AvyfB male mice from 3 to 15 months of age were killed, and the genesis of their hepatocellular neoplasms was studied. As the mice aged, the number of tumors per liver and mean diameter of the tumors increased. Histologically, the smallest tumors were composed of solid sheets of cells and were better differentiated than the largest tumors. Small foci of hepatocytes in prominent trabeculae formation was a common characteristic of large tumors. In addition, 18 metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas observed in aged C3H-AvyfB, C3HfC, C3H, C3HfB, (C3HfB x YBR)F1, or C57BL/6 mice were also included for a morphologic study of their primary and metastatic lesions. Invariably, the pulmonary metastases were composed of a well-differentiated sheet of hepatocytes that resembled those in the solid liver tumors. The smallest hepatocellular neoplasms appear to represent early stages in the development of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of hepatocellular neoplasms in mice. Thirty C3H-AvyfB male mice from 3 to 15 months of age were killed, and the genesis of their hepatocellular neoplasms was studied. As the mice aged, the number of tumors per liver and mean diameter of the tumors increased. Histologically, the smallest tumors were composed of solid sheets of cells and were better differentiated than the largest tumors. Small foci of hepatocytes in prominent trabeculae formation was a common characteristic of large tumors. In addition, 18 metastatic hepatocellular carcinomas observed in aged C3H-AvyfB, C3HfC, C3H, C3HfB, (C3HfB x YBR)F1, or C57BL/6 mice were also included for a morphologic study of their primary and metastatic lesions. Invariably, the pulmonary metastases were composed of a well-differentiated sheet of hepatocytes that resembled those in the solid liver tumors. The smallest hepatocellular neoplasms appear to represent early stages in the development of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:278859", "title": "Enhancement of DL-ethionine-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats fed a choline-devoid diet.", "content": "The effects of a choline-devoid (CD) or a choline-supplemented (CS) diet on the induction of liver tumors in rats by DL-ethionine were investigated. Groups of male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a plain CD or a plain CS diet, or the same diets containing 0.05% DL-ethionine. Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in 50% of the rats fed the CD+ethionine diet for 14 weeks and in about 80% of the rats fed the same diet for 22-30 weeks. No hepatocellular carcinomas developed in rats fed the CS+ethionine diet, the plain CD diet, or the plain CS diet up to 30 weeks. The findings suggest that a CD diet alters the response of rat liver to DL-ethionine and leads to an early and enhanced induction of hepatocellular carcinoma.", "contents": "Enhancement of DL-ethionine-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats fed a choline-devoid diet. The effects of a choline-devoid (CD) or a choline-supplemented (CS) diet on the induction of liver tumors in rats by DL-ethionine were investigated. Groups of male outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a plain CD or a plain CS diet, or the same diets containing 0.05% DL-ethionine. Hepatocellular carcinomas developed in 50% of the rats fed the CD+ethionine diet for 14 weeks and in about 80% of the rats fed the same diet for 22-30 weeks. No hepatocellular carcinomas developed in rats fed the CS+ethionine diet, the plain CD diet, or the plain CS diet up to 30 weeks. The findings suggest that a CD diet alters the response of rat liver to DL-ethionine and leads to an early and enhanced induction of hepatocellular carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:278861", "title": "Relationship between leukemogenicity and in vivo inducibility of normal differentiation in mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Leukemogenicity was studied in sensitive mouse myeloid leukemia cells that could be induced to undergo cell differentiation in vitro into mature granulocytes and macrophages by incubation with the inducer (certain proteins or glucocorticoids) and in resistant myeloid leukemia cells that could not be induced to differentiate into mature cells. Three sensitive and five resistant clones were tested. The resistant cells were much more leukemogenic than the sensitive cells, and the survival time of syngeneic mice inoculated with the sensitive cells. In a diffusion chamber in a syngeneic, inbred SL mouse without any additional manipulation or injection of inducer, the resistant cells remained undifferentiated, but the sensitive cells were induced to differentiate into mature granulocytes and macrophages and their proliferation rate decreased. These results suggested that the greater leukemogenicity of resistant cells is associated with some defect in inducibility of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Relationship between leukemogenicity and in vivo inducibility of normal differentiation in mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemogenicity was studied in sensitive mouse myeloid leukemia cells that could be induced to undergo cell differentiation in vitro into mature granulocytes and macrophages by incubation with the inducer (certain proteins or glucocorticoids) and in resistant myeloid leukemia cells that could not be induced to differentiate into mature cells. Three sensitive and five resistant clones were tested. The resistant cells were much more leukemogenic than the sensitive cells, and the survival time of syngeneic mice inoculated with the sensitive cells. In a diffusion chamber in a syngeneic, inbred SL mouse without any additional manipulation or injection of inducer, the resistant cells remained undifferentiated, but the sensitive cells were induced to differentiate into mature granulocytes and macrophages and their proliferation rate decreased. These results suggested that the greater leukemogenicity of resistant cells is associated with some defect in inducibility of cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:278862", "title": "In vivo enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity to AKR leukemia cells by thymidine in mice.", "content": "The spleen colony assay was used to examine the effect of thymidine (dThd) on 5-fluorouracil (FUra) cytotoxicity in two transplantable leukemias, AKR (in AKR mice) and L1210 [in (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice], in vivo. A large dose of dThd (10 mg/mouse) could not rescue these cell lines from FUra toxicity. Instead, when dThd was given within 1 hour before FUra, it enhanced FUra cytotoxicity by a factor between 100 and 1,000 in AKR leukemia. That dThd increased the cytotoxicity of FUra only by a factor of 3 in L1210 leukemia suggested a different mechanism of interaction of the two drugs in the two cell lines. Examination in hybrid mice capable of supporting the growth of both leukemias showed the enhancement to be tumor related rather than host related. We also demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of dThd injection 15 minutes before FUra in AKR leukemia. Concerning the kinetics of killing of AKR leukemia colony-forming units (LCFU) following the administration of dThd 15 minutes before FUra, LCFU survival continued to decrease for 24--36 hours following drug administration.", "contents": "In vivo enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity to AKR leukemia cells by thymidine in mice. The spleen colony assay was used to examine the effect of thymidine (dThd) on 5-fluorouracil (FUra) cytotoxicity in two transplantable leukemias, AKR (in AKR mice) and L1210 [in (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice], in vivo. A large dose of dThd (10 mg/mouse) could not rescue these cell lines from FUra toxicity. Instead, when dThd was given within 1 hour before FUra, it enhanced FUra cytotoxicity by a factor between 100 and 1,000 in AKR leukemia. That dThd increased the cytotoxicity of FUra only by a factor of 3 in L1210 leukemia suggested a different mechanism of interaction of the two drugs in the two cell lines. Examination in hybrid mice capable of supporting the growth of both leukemias showed the enhancement to be tumor related rather than host related. We also demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of dThd injection 15 minutes before FUra in AKR leukemia. Concerning the kinetics of killing of AKR leukemia colony-forming units (LCFU) following the administration of dThd 15 minutes before FUra, LCFU survival continued to decrease for 24--36 hours following drug administration."}
{"id": "PMID:278863", "title": "Selective induction of melanomas in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) following postnatal administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "Following a single ip injection (50 mg/kg) of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) on postnatal day 7 or 20, 9 of 21 gerbils (43%) developed a total of 15 cutaneous melanomas. The mean survival time of tumor-bearing animals was 909 +/- 212 (SD) days. Neoplasms were preferentially located at sites with little hair and with high content of pigment cells (feet, ears, tail, or snout). Histologic studies on newborn gerbils indicated that ENU-induced malignant transformation occurred in differentiated melanocytes rather than in precursor cells of the neural crest.", "contents": "Selective induction of melanomas in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) following postnatal administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Following a single ip injection (50 mg/kg) of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) on postnatal day 7 or 20, 9 of 21 gerbils (43%) developed a total of 15 cutaneous melanomas. The mean survival time of tumor-bearing animals was 909 +/- 212 (SD) days. Neoplasms were preferentially located at sites with little hair and with high content of pigment cells (feet, ears, tail, or snout). Histologic studies on newborn gerbils indicated that ENU-induced malignant transformation occurred in differentiated melanocytes rather than in precursor cells of the neural crest."}
{"id": "PMID:278864", "title": "Carcinogenic activity of Symphytum officinale.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of Symphytum officinale L., Russian comfrey, used as a green vegetable or tonic, was studied in inbred ACI rats. Three groups of 19--28 rats each were fed comfrey leaves for 480--600 days; four additional groups of 15--24 rats were fed comfrey roots for varying lengths of time. A control group was given a normal diet. Hepatocellular adenomas were induced in all experimental groups that received the diets containing comfrey roots and leaves. Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver was infrequently induced.", "contents": "Carcinogenic activity of Symphytum officinale. The carcinogenicity of Symphytum officinale L., Russian comfrey, used as a green vegetable or tonic, was studied in inbred ACI rats. Three groups of 19--28 rats each were fed comfrey leaves for 480--600 days; four additional groups of 15--24 rats were fed comfrey roots for varying lengths of time. A control group was given a normal diet. Hepatocellular adenomas were induced in all experimental groups that received the diets containing comfrey roots and leaves. Hemangioendothelial sarcoma of the liver was infrequently induced."}
{"id": "PMID:278865", "title": "Inhibition of murine osteogenic sarcomas by treatment with type I or type II interferon.", "content": "Interferon was used to treat C57BL/6 female mice inoculated with a continuous line of murine osteogenic sarcoma cells. A short 7-day course of 30,000--60,000 U/day of tpe I interferon either completely inhibited or delayed the appearance of tumors in experimental animals. The therapeutic efficacy of type I interferon was compared with murine serum that contained type II interferon as well as other lymphokine activity. Tumor development was strikingly inhibited in animals treated for 7 days with serum containing only 600 U of type II interferon. Inhibition of tumor development was thus achieved with 100-fold less interferon than that required with type I preparation.", "contents": "Inhibition of murine osteogenic sarcomas by treatment with type I or type II interferon. Interferon was used to treat C57BL/6 female mice inoculated with a continuous line of murine osteogenic sarcoma cells. A short 7-day course of 30,000--60,000 U/day of tpe I interferon either completely inhibited or delayed the appearance of tumors in experimental animals. The therapeutic efficacy of type I interferon was compared with murine serum that contained type II interferon as well as other lymphokine activity. Tumor development was strikingly inhibited in animals treated for 7 days with serum containing only 600 U of type II interferon. Inhibition of tumor development was thus achieved with 100-fold less interferon than that required with type I preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:278866", "title": "Viruslike particles in hamster embryos, fetuses, and tumors.", "content": "Intracisternal viruslike particles were present in outbred Syrian golden and inbred ALB/Mey Pfd hamster blastocysts, embryos, and fetuses. Their morphology was identical to that of the \"spoked\" viruslike particles found in hamster tumors. They were released in great numbers in the embryonal tissues until day 9 of pregnancy and were found until day 13 in the fetal tissues. Thereafter, these viruslike particles were no longer observed in the fetus. They were never recorded in normal adult hamster tissues.", "contents": "Viruslike particles in hamster embryos, fetuses, and tumors. Intracisternal viruslike particles were present in outbred Syrian golden and inbred ALB/Mey Pfd hamster blastocysts, embryos, and fetuses. Their morphology was identical to that of the \"spoked\" viruslike particles found in hamster tumors. They were released in great numbers in the embryonal tissues until day 9 of pregnancy and were found until day 13 in the fetal tissues. Thereafter, these viruslike particles were no longer observed in the fetus. They were never recorded in normal adult hamster tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:278867", "title": "Therapy of the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E: role of the immune response.", "content": "The murine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E was susceptible to cytotoxic therapy in female inbred BALB/c mice. Palpable subcutaneous tumors (0.6--1.2 X 10(8) cells) could be cured with a single administration of cyclophosphamide (5--250 mg/kg) or localized irradiation (800--2,400 R). Clonogenic assay showed that, following minimal curative doses of cyclophosphamide or radiation, 0.5--1.5 X 10(6) tumor cells should remain viable. Control animals succumbed to progressive, invariably lethal tumor growth after they were given sc injections of 2--3 X 10(3) tumor cells. Minimal doses of cyclophosphamide, which were curative in control tumor-bearing animals, were ineffective in treating tumor-bearing animals immunosuppressed by 450 R whole-body irradiation. Subsequent experiments measured the ability of animals cured of the murine plasmacytoma to reject secondary challenge with the same tumor. These experiments demonstrated and partially quantitated the substantial role of the immune response in effecting tumor cure following radiotherapy or chemotherapy.", "contents": "Therapy of the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E: role of the immune response. The murine plasmacytoma MOPC 104E was susceptible to cytotoxic therapy in female inbred BALB/c mice. Palpable subcutaneous tumors (0.6--1.2 X 10(8) cells) could be cured with a single administration of cyclophosphamide (5--250 mg/kg) or localized irradiation (800--2,400 R). Clonogenic assay showed that, following minimal curative doses of cyclophosphamide or radiation, 0.5--1.5 X 10(6) tumor cells should remain viable. Control animals succumbed to progressive, invariably lethal tumor growth after they were given sc injections of 2--3 X 10(3) tumor cells. Minimal doses of cyclophosphamide, which were curative in control tumor-bearing animals, were ineffective in treating tumor-bearing animals immunosuppressed by 450 R whole-body irradiation. Subsequent experiments measured the ability of animals cured of the murine plasmacytoma to reject secondary challenge with the same tumor. These experiments demonstrated and partially quantitated the substantial role of the immune response in effecting tumor cure following radiotherapy or chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:278868", "title": "Pulmonary carcinogenesis in rats given implants of cigarette smoke condensate in beeswax pellets.", "content": "Lungs of inbred OM/NCR and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were given implants, through a thoracotomy, of pellets of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) suspended in a beeswax-tricaprylin vehicle. The pellets slowly released material into the surrounding parenchyma, which resulted in a dose-related increased incidence of lung cancer, predominantly invasive and metastasizing epidermoid carcinoma. A 42% prevalence of pulmonary carcinoma was present in the highest dosage group, which received 67 mg CSC, exposing approximately 1.65 cm2 bronchiolar epithelium. Squamous metaplasia associated with the implanted site preceded the appearance of the carcinomas and was more severe, with the larger pellets having more concentrated CSC. No difference was observed in incidence of pulmonary carcinomas with the use of CSC containing high or low concentrations of nicotine. The potential value of this bioassay system were discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary carcinogenesis in rats given implants of cigarette smoke condensate in beeswax pellets. Lungs of inbred OM/NCR and outbred Sprague-Dawley rats were given implants, through a thoracotomy, of pellets of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) suspended in a beeswax-tricaprylin vehicle. The pellets slowly released material into the surrounding parenchyma, which resulted in a dose-related increased incidence of lung cancer, predominantly invasive and metastasizing epidermoid carcinoma. A 42% prevalence of pulmonary carcinoma was present in the highest dosage group, which received 67 mg CSC, exposing approximately 1.65 cm2 bronchiolar epithelium. Squamous metaplasia associated with the implanted site preceded the appearance of the carcinomas and was more severe, with the larger pellets having more concentrated CSC. No difference was observed in incidence of pulmonary carcinomas with the use of CSC containing high or low concentrations of nicotine. The potential value of this bioassay system were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278869", "title": "Correlation between the ability of tumor cells to incorporate specific fatty acids and their sensitivity to killing by a specific antibody plus guinea pig complement.", "content": "Line-1 diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig tumor cells can be rendered sensitive to killing by rabbit anti-Forssman IgM antibody plus guinea pig complement (GPC) or antitumor antibody plus GPC following prolonged incubation (17 hr ) of the cells with one of several metabolic inhibitors. Compared to control cells, these cells have been shown to be inhibited in their ability to incorporate fatty acids into complex cellular lipids, which suggested that lipid synthesis is of fundamental importance for the ability of the tumor cells to resist humoral immune killing. In this study, drug-treated cells that were rendered sensitive to killing by anti-Forssman antibody plus GPC, but not antitumor antibody plus GPC, were inhibited in their incorporation of saturated (palmitic or stearic acid), but not an unsaturated, fatty acid (linoleic acid). These data suggested that the fatty acid composition of specific lipids may also be important for the resistance of these tumor cells to killing by antibody and complement.", "contents": "Correlation between the ability of tumor cells to incorporate specific fatty acids and their sensitivity to killing by a specific antibody plus guinea pig complement. Line-1 diethylnitrosamine-induced guinea pig tumor cells can be rendered sensitive to killing by rabbit anti-Forssman IgM antibody plus guinea pig complement (GPC) or antitumor antibody plus GPC following prolonged incubation (17 hr ) of the cells with one of several metabolic inhibitors. Compared to control cells, these cells have been shown to be inhibited in their ability to incorporate fatty acids into complex cellular lipids, which suggested that lipid synthesis is of fundamental importance for the ability of the tumor cells to resist humoral immune killing. In this study, drug-treated cells that were rendered sensitive to killing by anti-Forssman antibody plus GPC, but not antitumor antibody plus GPC, were inhibited in their incorporation of saturated (palmitic or stearic acid), but not an unsaturated, fatty acid (linoleic acid). These data suggested that the fatty acid composition of specific lipids may also be important for the resistance of these tumor cells to killing by antibody and complement."}
{"id": "PMID:278878", "title": "A theoretical definition of minimal acceptable dialysis therapy.", "content": "A theoretical definition of \"minimal acceptable dialysis therapy\" is that which: provides optimal sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and water homeostasis, optimal calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and nontoxic concentration profiles for all other solutes which exhibit concentration-dependent toxicity normally controlled by renal excretion; results in maximal patient well-being and rehabilitation with minimal dialysis related morbidity; is sufficiently well-defined with respect to dose to be reliably prescribed for any individual patient which requires that, for all solutes of clinical importance, the kinetic behavior and closure of mass balance be verified for individual patients. Empirically, the minimum dose of dialysis (dialyzer urea clearance, treatment time and frequency) sufficient to result in mean predialysis BUN values of 80 mg/dl with documented dietary protein intake (DPI) greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/day and measured protein catabolic rate (PCR) equal to DPI has been shown to be acceptable with respect to currently achieved clinical outcome parameters.", "contents": "A theoretical definition of minimal acceptable dialysis therapy. A theoretical definition of \"minimal acceptable dialysis therapy\" is that which: provides optimal sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and water homeostasis, optimal calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and nontoxic concentration profiles for all other solutes which exhibit concentration-dependent toxicity normally controlled by renal excretion; results in maximal patient well-being and rehabilitation with minimal dialysis related morbidity; is sufficiently well-defined with respect to dose to be reliably prescribed for any individual patient which requires that, for all solutes of clinical importance, the kinetic behavior and closure of mass balance be verified for individual patients. Empirically, the minimum dose of dialysis (dialyzer urea clearance, treatment time and frequency) sufficient to result in mean predialysis BUN values of 80 mg/dl with documented dietary protein intake (DPI) greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/day and measured protein catabolic rate (PCR) equal to DPI has been shown to be acceptable with respect to currently achieved clinical outcome parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:278880", "title": "Combined technological-clinical approach to wearable dialysis.", "content": "To evaluate the constraints imposed upon the design of wearable dialysis systems, prototypes using currently available hardware were applied to three different dialysis formats: 1) the wearable artificial kidney (WAK) for hemodialysis (HD), 2) reciprocating peritoneal dialysis (RPD), and 3) alternating sorbent based dialysis/diafiltration(Ds/F) with a highflux membrane. 1) WAK dialysis has undergone extensive clinical trials with results comparable to standard HD. This system, including a self-contained power source, weighs 4.5 kg. The pulsatile blood flow can be disadvantageous, and cost of disposables is high. 2) RPD is shown to be an effective PD format, with the clearance of urea averaging 29.7 (23.9 to 41.5) ml/min in 14 patients, totalling 548 RPD dialyses. 3) After four conceptual trials, the Ds/F system was used for one treatment. Mass transfer results show removal of: urea nitrogen, 15.4 g; creatinine, 1.9 g; uric acid, 1.2 g; potassium, 89.2 mEq; and a positive bicarbonate balance of 94 mEq. The design constraints of these systems were elucidated, and prototype compact delivery systems have been constructed. It is concluded that a) non-mechanical PD wearability exists and b) true wearability of HD or Ds/F systems is not yet  technologically feasible, but constraints are less rigid for Ds/F than for HD.", "contents": "Combined technological-clinical approach to wearable dialysis. To evaluate the constraints imposed upon the design of wearable dialysis systems, prototypes using currently available hardware were applied to three different dialysis formats: 1) the wearable artificial kidney (WAK) for hemodialysis (HD), 2) reciprocating peritoneal dialysis (RPD), and 3) alternating sorbent based dialysis/diafiltration(Ds/F) with a highflux membrane. 1) WAK dialysis has undergone extensive clinical trials with results comparable to standard HD. This system, including a self-contained power source, weighs 4.5 kg. The pulsatile blood flow can be disadvantageous, and cost of disposables is high. 2) RPD is shown to be an effective PD format, with the clearance of urea averaging 29.7 (23.9 to 41.5) ml/min in 14 patients, totalling 548 RPD dialyses. 3) After four conceptual trials, the Ds/F system was used for one treatment. Mass transfer results show removal of: urea nitrogen, 15.4 g; creatinine, 1.9 g; uric acid, 1.2 g; potassium, 89.2 mEq; and a positive bicarbonate balance of 94 mEq. The design constraints of these systems were elucidated, and prototype compact delivery systems have been constructed. It is concluded that a) non-mechanical PD wearability exists and b) true wearability of HD or Ds/F systems is not yet  technologically feasible, but constraints are less rigid for Ds/F than for HD."}
{"id": "PMID:278881", "title": "Two new concepts that might lead to a wearable artificial kidney.", "content": "A wearable artificial kidney involving two novel components is proposed. It consists of a turbulent flow ultrafiltering shunt, which supplies 20 liters of ultrafiltrate per day to a disposable activated charcoal cartridge (where creatinine, uric acid, and other tightly bound solutes are adsorbed) and then to an artificial loop of Henle (where the urea is concentrated into 2 liters of ultrafiltrate per day and discarded) from which 18 liters of cleansed, rewarmed ultrafiltrate containing 87% of the glucose is returned to the patient.", "contents": "Two new concepts that might lead to a wearable artificial kidney. A wearable artificial kidney involving two novel components is proposed. It consists of a turbulent flow ultrafiltering shunt, which supplies 20 liters of ultrafiltrate per day to a disposable activated charcoal cartridge (where creatinine, uric acid, and other tightly bound solutes are adsorbed) and then to an artificial loop of Henle (where the urea is concentrated into 2 liters of ultrafiltrate per day and discarded) from which 18 liters of cleansed, rewarmed ultrafiltrate containing 87% of the glucose is returned to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:278884", "title": "Roux-Y intestinal bypass for administration of sorbents in uremia.", "content": "In order to minimize interaction of sorbents with food and digestive secretions, an intestinal bypass was created for sorbent administration in normal and uremic rats (N = 18) and goats (N = 5). Two separate limbs of small intestine were fashioned, one for food absorption and one for sorbent function, which joined at a Roux-Y anastomosis before the cecum. Particulate sorbent suspensions were injected into the intestine via a cutaneous stoma, and were excreted with food wastes in the feces. In animals with normal kidneys, sorbent function was calculated from changes in fecal and urinary excretion. Nitrogen clearance by the intestinal bypass was 20 to 40% of normal renal clearance in rats and goats. Potassium clearance was 40% of normal renal clearance in rats, and over 100% in goats. Sorbent treatment in anephric animals caused serum urea nitrogen concentrations to stabilize at 210 mg/dl in rats, and 110 mg/dl in goats. Serum potassium concentrations stabilized at 4.5 mEq/liter in rats, and fell to 2 mEq/liter in goats. Water balance was maintained by producing a mild osmotic diarrhea. At least three substances which accumulate in renal failure--urea, potassium, and water--were removed in therapeutically significant amounts.", "contents": "Roux-Y intestinal bypass for administration of sorbents in uremia. In order to minimize interaction of sorbents with food and digestive secretions, an intestinal bypass was created for sorbent administration in normal and uremic rats (N = 18) and goats (N = 5). Two separate limbs of small intestine were fashioned, one for food absorption and one for sorbent function, which joined at a Roux-Y anastomosis before the cecum. Particulate sorbent suspensions were injected into the intestine via a cutaneous stoma, and were excreted with food wastes in the feces. In animals with normal kidneys, sorbent function was calculated from changes in fecal and urinary excretion. Nitrogen clearance by the intestinal bypass was 20 to 40% of normal renal clearance in rats and goats. Potassium clearance was 40% of normal renal clearance in rats, and over 100% in goats. Sorbent treatment in anephric animals caused serum urea nitrogen concentrations to stabilize at 210 mg/dl in rats, and 110 mg/dl in goats. Serum potassium concentrations stabilized at 4.5 mEq/liter in rats, and fell to 2 mEq/liter in goats. Water balance was maintained by producing a mild osmotic diarrhea. At least three substances which accumulate in renal failure--urea, potassium, and water--were removed in therapeutically significant amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:278885", "title": "Isothermic and kinetic studies of uremic metabolite adsorption with Ambersorb XE-344 resin.", "content": "Ambersorb XE-344 resin is specific for certain metabolites because of unique pore size distribution and surface chemistry. Affinities are greatest for molecules which are significantly aromatic or nonpolar. For clinical purposes, however, the capacity for and kinetics of adsorbing certain aliphatic nitrogenous metabolites (e.g., guanidine) may enhance dialysis treatment as well. While significant affinity for peak 7c has been demonstrated, the resin does not adsorb the steroid, glycoprotein, or polypeptide molecules thus far tested. Despite the carbonaceous nature of Ambersorb XE-344, it does not adsorb the inorganic electrolytes.", "contents": "Isothermic and kinetic studies of uremic metabolite adsorption with Ambersorb XE-344 resin. Ambersorb XE-344 resin is specific for certain metabolites because of unique pore size distribution and surface chemistry. Affinities are greatest for molecules which are significantly aromatic or nonpolar. For clinical purposes, however, the capacity for and kinetics of adsorbing certain aliphatic nitrogenous metabolites (e.g., guanidine) may enhance dialysis treatment as well. While significant affinity for peak 7c has been demonstrated, the resin does not adsorb the steroid, glycoprotein, or polypeptide molecules thus far tested. Despite the carbonaceous nature of Ambersorb XE-344, it does not adsorb the inorganic electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:278886", "title": "Charcoal-induced lipid reduction in uremia.", "content": "Charcoal, in divided oral doses totalling 35 g/day, was administered to six patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 0 to 45 ml/min). Significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in serum cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in the three most hyperlipidemic patients. Maximal decreases in charcoal responders, as compared with control values, were for cholesterol (43%, 23.4% and 40.4%) and for triglycerides (76%, 60.3% and 64.3%). None of the patients showed altered concentrations of BUN, serum creatinine, uric acid, or vitamin A. Because of its safety and the profundity of its hypolipidemic action, it is suggested that charcoal may find applicability in the management of azotemic diabetic and nephrotic hyperlipidemia.", "contents": "Charcoal-induced lipid reduction in uremia. Charcoal, in divided oral doses totalling 35 g/day, was administered to six patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 0 to 45 ml/min). Significant (P less than 0.01) reductions in serum cholesterol and triglycerides were observed in the three most hyperlipidemic patients. Maximal decreases in charcoal responders, as compared with control values, were for cholesterol (43%, 23.4% and 40.4%) and for triglycerides (76%, 60.3% and 64.3%). None of the patients showed altered concentrations of BUN, serum creatinine, uric acid, or vitamin A. Because of its safety and the profundity of its hypolipidemic action, it is suggested that charcoal may find applicability in the management of azotemic diabetic and nephrotic hyperlipidemia."}
{"id": "PMID:278891", "title": "Bacterial enzymes in uremia management.", "content": "The theoretical background for a conservative therapeutic treatment of uremia is described, with illustrative results from preliminary clinical trials in 10 patients and 10 normal reference subjects. The proposed treatment focuses upon the patient's gastrointestinal tract--the normal site for metabolism of both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (recycled) protein--enabling it to behave like the rumen of the cow. The objective is to induce the uremic's organism to utilize its own \"waste\" substances. The patient swallows enterosoluble capsules containing specifically adapted enzymes (immobilized or free) from apathogenic soil microorganisms. These are pre-adapted to convert urea, creatinine, uric acid, guanidino derivatives, and other nonprotein nitrogen compounds (NPN). The enzymes utilize many other substances, in particular ammonia, potassium, phosphorus, and several other factors potentially dangerous for the uremic. The enzymes apparently cleave vasoconstrictatory peptides in the intestines. In the course of the therapy, renoparenchymal hypertension decreased significantly, and increased again when the regimen was interrupted. The results from the present studies are in full accord with the information published in the relevant fields. The time appears ripe for large-scale trials of the therapeutic regimen outlined, especially as many commercial microbial enzymes already have a long history of safe use in food processing.", "contents": "Bacterial enzymes in uremia management. The theoretical background for a conservative therapeutic treatment of uremia is described, with illustrative results from preliminary clinical trials in 10 patients and 10 normal reference subjects. The proposed treatment focuses upon the patient's gastrointestinal tract--the normal site for metabolism of both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (recycled) protein--enabling it to behave like the rumen of the cow. The objective is to induce the uremic's organism to utilize its own \"waste\" substances. The patient swallows enterosoluble capsules containing specifically adapted enzymes (immobilized or free) from apathogenic soil microorganisms. These are pre-adapted to convert urea, creatinine, uric acid, guanidino derivatives, and other nonprotein nitrogen compounds (NPN). The enzymes utilize many other substances, in particular ammonia, potassium, phosphorus, and several other factors potentially dangerous for the uremic. The enzymes apparently cleave vasoconstrictatory peptides in the intestines. In the course of the therapy, renoparenchymal hypertension decreased significantly, and increased again when the regimen was interrupted. The results from the present studies are in full accord with the information published in the relevant fields. The time appears ripe for large-scale trials of the therapeutic regimen outlined, especially as many commercial microbial enzymes already have a long history of safe use in food processing."}
{"id": "PMID:278893", "title": "Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in chronic uremia.", "content": "High plasma concentrations of triglycerides and low plasma concentrations of esterified cholesterol and lysolecithin, with an impaired rate of VLDL and LDL catabolism, have been reported in chronic uremic patients. An important contribution to these abnormalitites might be an impaired activity of the (LCAT). Serum LCAT activity and cholesteryl ester clearance were determined in 11 patients with chronic renal failure and in 10 controls. LCAT activity was determined by using the serum of each patient both as a source of enzyme and as a substrate (\"intrinsic\" activity) and was compared with the activity determined on a standard substrate (\"extrinsic activity), so as to ascertain the presence of inhibitory factors in the patients' sera. Both activityes have been found to be significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in chronic uremic patients than in controls. The cholesteryl ester clearance apparently did not respond to the stimulatory effect of hypertriglyceridemia, as observed in other cases of dislipoproteinemias. The parallel decrease of both enzyme activities makes it unlikely that it is due to the presence of \"uremic toxins\" inhibiting the enzyme activity. LCAT synthesis in the liver is probably reduced in chronic uremia. These results suggest that in chronic uremia the VLDL fail to cooperate in their own catabolism.", "contents": "Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in chronic uremia. High plasma concentrations of triglycerides and low plasma concentrations of esterified cholesterol and lysolecithin, with an impaired rate of VLDL and LDL catabolism, have been reported in chronic uremic patients. An important contribution to these abnormalitites might be an impaired activity of the (LCAT). Serum LCAT activity and cholesteryl ester clearance were determined in 11 patients with chronic renal failure and in 10 controls. LCAT activity was determined by using the serum of each patient both as a source of enzyme and as a substrate (\"intrinsic\" activity) and was compared with the activity determined on a standard substrate (\"extrinsic activity), so as to ascertain the presence of inhibitory factors in the patients' sera. Both activityes have been found to be significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in chronic uremic patients than in controls. The cholesteryl ester clearance apparently did not respond to the stimulatory effect of hypertriglyceridemia, as observed in other cases of dislipoproteinemias. The parallel decrease of both enzyme activities makes it unlikely that it is due to the presence of \"uremic toxins\" inhibiting the enzyme activity. LCAT synthesis in the liver is probably reduced in chronic uremia. These results suggest that in chronic uremia the VLDL fail to cooperate in their own catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:278899", "title": "Survival in uremia due to systemic diseases.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the mortality and morbidity experience with maintenance hemodialysis as treatment for uremia in systemic disease was conducted. Between 1962 and 1977, a total of 141 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and 120 patients with uremia caused by renal involvement in systemic disease were treated. With the exception of two patients with bacterial endocarditis who died early in their course, survival in the diagnostic categories studied ranged from acceptable, in diabetics with 29 of 53 (54.7%) patients living, to excellent in tuberculosis where all of six patients are alive and well. Overall, it is concluded that uremia in systemic disease is responsive to maintenace hemodialysis.", "contents": "Survival in uremia due to systemic diseases. A retrospective analysis of the mortality and morbidity experience with maintenance hemodialysis as treatment for uremia in systemic disease was conducted. Between 1962 and 1977, a total of 141 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and 120 patients with uremia caused by renal involvement in systemic disease were treated. With the exception of two patients with bacterial endocarditis who died early in their course, survival in the diagnostic categories studied ranged from acceptable, in diabetics with 29 of 53 (54.7%) patients living, to excellent in tuberculosis where all of six patients are alive and well. Overall, it is concluded that uremia in systemic disease is responsive to maintenace hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:278909", "title": "Anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins in the course of children's leukemias.", "content": "The changes in titres of isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B were followed up in 48 leukemic children during relapses and remissions. The levels of titres were compared 1. with levels in healthy children in the same age group, 2. in the different phases of disease in the same child. Compared with healthy children, a higher frequency of low isohemagglutinin levels was found in the phases of the exacerbation of malignancy, no changes were observed in remissions. In some children a quite evident fluctuation of isohemagglutinin titres in relation to the phases of the malignant disease was found. The depression of blood group isohemagglutinins in the phases of activation of the malignant process is considered as a partial defect in IgM, analogical to the so called normoglobulinemic defect of the antibodies.", "contents": "Anti-A and anti-B isohemagglutinins in the course of children's leukemias. The changes in titres of isohemagglutinins anti-A and anti-B were followed up in 48 leukemic children during relapses and remissions. The levels of titres were compared 1. with levels in healthy children in the same age group, 2. in the different phases of disease in the same child. Compared with healthy children, a higher frequency of low isohemagglutinin levels was found in the phases of the exacerbation of malignancy, no changes were observed in remissions. In some children a quite evident fluctuation of isohemagglutinin titres in relation to the phases of the malignant disease was found. The depression of blood group isohemagglutinins in the phases of activation of the malignant process is considered as a partial defect in IgM, analogical to the so called normoglobulinemic defect of the antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:278933", "title": "Total osteolysis of the mandibular condyle in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "This report calls attention to the complete resorption of the mandibular condyle in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), a previously unreported finding. This was associated with osteolysis of the ipsilateral coronoid process, both mandibular angles, and autoamputation of the fingertips. The Panorex provides a simple, effective method for studying the mandible in systemic sclerosis. Similar mandibular osteolysis with vinyl chloride exposure is noted.", "contents": "Total osteolysis of the mandibular condyle in progressive systemic sclerosis. This report calls attention to the complete resorption of the mandibular condyle in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), a previously unreported finding. This was associated with osteolysis of the ipsilateral coronoid process, both mandibular angles, and autoamputation of the fingertips. The Panorex provides a simple, effective method for studying the mandible in systemic sclerosis. Similar mandibular osteolysis with vinyl chloride exposure is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:278934", "title": "Traumatic bone cyst in the maxilla.", "content": "This report presents an unusual asymptomatic periapical radiolucency occurring around the upper right lateral incisor. Surgical intervention revealed an empty bone cavity which was diagnosed as a traumatic bone cyst. Follow-up periapical radiographs of the patient were taken over a 6-year period until complete healing of the lesion took place.", "contents": "Traumatic bone cyst in the maxilla. This report presents an unusual asymptomatic periapical radiolucency occurring around the upper right lateral incisor. Surgical intervention revealed an empty bone cavity which was diagnosed as a traumatic bone cyst. Follow-up periapical radiographs of the patient were taken over a 6-year period until complete healing of the lesion took place."}
{"id": "PMID:278935", "title": "Allergy to silver amalgams.", "content": "A case of persistent periodontitis was cured by replacement of all silver amalgam restorations. The patient had a history of developing a rash and swelling whenever she used jewelry containing silver. A patch test to silver nitrate was strongly positive.", "contents": "Allergy to silver amalgams. A case of persistent periodontitis was cured by replacement of all silver amalgam restorations. The patient had a history of developing a rash and swelling whenever she used jewelry containing silver. A patch test to silver nitrate was strongly positive."}
{"id": "PMID:278936", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma (fibromatosis) of the jawbones. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Desmoplastic fibroma (fibromatosis) is rarely seen as a primary tumor of bone. Its occurrence as a central lesion in the jaws is even more uncommon. The case of a 26-year-old woman with a central desmoplastic fibroma of the body of the mandible is described. The lesion manifested as a painless swelling and radiographically appeared as a well-delineated radiolucency. On exploration, the tumor was found to have infiltrated through the lingual cortex. Microscopic examination revealed invasion of muscle. The clinicopathologic features of this case and of the twenty-five similar lesions previously described in the literature are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma (fibromatosis) of the jawbones. Report of a case and review of the literature. Desmoplastic fibroma (fibromatosis) is rarely seen as a primary tumor of bone. Its occurrence as a central lesion in the jaws is even more uncommon. The case of a 26-year-old woman with a central desmoplastic fibroma of the body of the mandible is described. The lesion manifested as a painless swelling and radiographically appeared as a well-delineated radiolucency. On exploration, the tumor was found to have infiltrated through the lingual cortex. Microscopic examination revealed invasion of muscle. The clinicopathologic features of this case and of the twenty-five similar lesions previously described in the literature are analyzed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278937", "title": "Oral African histoplasmosis resembling Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "An African type of histoplasmosis with oral involvement has been described. It differs from the histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. This article discusses the clinicopathologic differences and describes a case seen in Nigeria in which the patient had an oral lesion resembling Burkitt's lymphoma but also had disseminated lesions. The treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Oral African histoplasmosis resembling Burkitt's lymphoma. An African type of histoplasmosis with oral involvement has been described. It differs from the histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. This article discusses the clinicopathologic differences and describes a case seen in Nigeria in which the patient had an oral lesion resembling Burkitt's lymphoma but also had disseminated lesions. The treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278938", "title": "Effects of tobacco smoking and age on the keratinization of palatal mucosa: a cytologic study.", "content": "Cytologic smears of palatal mucosa were evaluated for degree of keratinization in 217 healthy men ranging in age from 30 to 74 years. Two slides were prepared for each participant, and each slide was read by two different pathologists. Three separate high-power fields were examined on each slide, and the percentage of orange-brown cells, either without nuclei or with pyknotic or fragmented nuclei, was recorded. A mean value was obtained for each participant. Each participant had an extensive medical and dental work-up as part of the Veterans Administration Longitudinal Study of Oral Health in Healthy Veterans. Nonsmokers and smokers were divided into five age groups. Smokers at all ages presented a greater degree of palatal keratinization than nonsmokers, but age differences in keratinization were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Effects of tobacco smoking and age on the keratinization of palatal mucosa: a cytologic study. Cytologic smears of palatal mucosa were evaluated for degree of keratinization in 217 healthy men ranging in age from 30 to 74 years. Two slides were prepared for each participant, and each slide was read by two different pathologists. Three separate high-power fields were examined on each slide, and the percentage of orange-brown cells, either without nuclei or with pyknotic or fragmented nuclei, was recorded. A mean value was obtained for each participant. Each participant had an extensive medical and dental work-up as part of the Veterans Administration Longitudinal Study of Oral Health in Healthy Veterans. Nonsmokers and smokers were divided into five age groups. Smokers at all ages presented a greater degree of palatal keratinization than nonsmokers, but age differences in keratinization were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:278939", "title": "Management of an avulsed deciduous incisor. Report of a case.", "content": "The avulsed primary tooth poses problems in its treatment and management. This case report on the long-term management of an avulsed deciduous incisor produced some diagnostic findings. Reattachment of the periodontal fibers occurred after 2 weeks of splinting. The normal eruption pattern was not delayed and secondary spacing occurred. Turner's hypoplasia occurred on the succedaneous tooth, but it was minimal. Replantation of avulsed deciduous teeth should be considered as a treatment modality under ideal conditions.", "contents": "Management of an avulsed deciduous incisor. Report of a case. The avulsed primary tooth poses problems in its treatment and management. This case report on the long-term management of an avulsed deciduous incisor produced some diagnostic findings. Reattachment of the periodontal fibers occurred after 2 weeks of splinting. The normal eruption pattern was not delayed and secondary spacing occurred. Turner's hypoplasia occurred on the succedaneous tooth, but it was minimal. Replantation of avulsed deciduous teeth should be considered as a treatment modality under ideal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:278940", "title": "Diagnostic limitations of orthopantomography with lesions of the antrum.", "content": "Two case reports are presented which illustrate the disadvantage of using curved surface tomography to investigate the maxilla. This technique should be considered as a supplement to diagnostic radiography of the maxillary sinus and not as a substitute for conventional radiography.", "contents": "Diagnostic limitations of orthopantomography with lesions of the antrum. Two case reports are presented which illustrate the disadvantage of using curved surface tomography to investigate the maxilla. This technique should be considered as a supplement to diagnostic radiography of the maxillary sinus and not as a substitute for conventional radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:278941", "title": "Effect of mAs and kVp on resolution and on image contrast.", "content": "Two clinical experiments were conducted to study the effect of kVp and mAs on resolution and on image contrast percentage. The resolution was measured with a \"test pattern.\" By using a transmission densitometer, image contrast percentage was determined by a mathematical formula. In the first part of the experiment, the density of the film was kept constant by changing the kVp and mAs. In the second part of the experiment, different mAs's were chosen, and for each mAs, several kVp's were used. Five observers read the radiographs. The first experiment showed that, when the film density is kept constant, the higher the kVp, the lower the resolution and image contrast percentage; also, the higher the mAs, the higher the resolution and image contrast percentage. The second experiment showed that when the film density is not kept constant, the correlation between kVp and resolution and between kVp and image contrast percentage was the same as in the first experiment. However, there was negligible correlation between mAs and resolution and between mAs and image contrast percentage. A high positive correlation was found between resolution and image contrast percentage, but a high negative correlation was found between resolution and film density.", "contents": "Effect of mAs and kVp on resolution and on image contrast. Two clinical experiments were conducted to study the effect of kVp and mAs on resolution and on image contrast percentage. The resolution was measured with a \"test pattern.\" By using a transmission densitometer, image contrast percentage was determined by a mathematical formula. In the first part of the experiment, the density of the film was kept constant by changing the kVp and mAs. In the second part of the experiment, different mAs's were chosen, and for each mAs, several kVp's were used. Five observers read the radiographs. The first experiment showed that, when the film density is kept constant, the higher the kVp, the lower the resolution and image contrast percentage; also, the higher the mAs, the higher the resolution and image contrast percentage. The second experiment showed that when the film density is not kept constant, the correlation between kVp and resolution and between kVp and image contrast percentage was the same as in the first experiment. However, there was negligible correlation between mAs and resolution and between mAs and image contrast percentage. A high positive correlation was found between resolution and image contrast percentage, but a high negative correlation was found between resolution and film density."}
{"id": "PMID:278959", "title": "Grief response of parents to neonatal death and parent participation in deciding care.", "content": "We determined the grief response to neonatal death of 50 mother-father pairs by administering a questionnaire and conducting a semistructured interview during the infant postmortem review. As measured by a parent grief score, maternal grief significantly exceeded paternal grief (t = 5.89, P less than .0001). Parent grief was not significantly related to birth weight, duration of life, extent of parent-infant contact, previous perinatal loss, parent age, or distance from the hospital of birth to the regional center (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients). However, the attitudes and behavior of family, friends, and health care personnel in the hospital of birth often adversely influenced parent grieving. Of 39 mother-father pairs whose infants required respirator support, 18 participated in a group decision with their physician to withdraw respirator support when the prospects of infant survival seemed hopeless (limited respirator care group). No significant differences in parent grief scores were found (t tests) when the limited respirator care group was compared to those parents of infants who died despite uninterrupted respirator care. Our data suggest that informed parents can participate as partners with their physician in difficult infant care decision, even when death results, and adjust to their loss with healthy grieving.", "contents": "Grief response of parents to neonatal death and parent participation in deciding care. We determined the grief response to neonatal death of 50 mother-father pairs by administering a questionnaire and conducting a semistructured interview during the infant postmortem review. As measured by a parent grief score, maternal grief significantly exceeded paternal grief (t = 5.89, P less than .0001). Parent grief was not significantly related to birth weight, duration of life, extent of parent-infant contact, previous perinatal loss, parent age, or distance from the hospital of birth to the regional center (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients). However, the attitudes and behavior of family, friends, and health care personnel in the hospital of birth often adversely influenced parent grieving. Of 39 mother-father pairs whose infants required respirator support, 18 participated in a group decision with their physician to withdraw respirator support when the prospects of infant survival seemed hopeless (limited respirator care group). No significant differences in parent grief scores were found (t tests) when the limited respirator care group was compared to those parents of infants who died despite uninterrupted respirator care. Our data suggest that informed parents can participate as partners with their physician in difficult infant care decision, even when death results, and adjust to their loss with healthy grieving."}
{"id": "PMID:278967", "title": "Frequency distribution of mRNA and pre-mRNA in growing and differentiated Friend cells.", "content": "The frequency distribution of poly(A)+-mRNA in growing and in differentiated Friend cells has been measured by mRNA-cDNA hybridization and their differences established by heterologous hybridization of mRNA of one type and cDNA of the other. It was shown that induction of Friend cells involves an increase in abundance of a small number of mRNAs, while no specific pattern of messenger disappearance could be detected. The frequency distribution of pre-mRNA was determined by hybridizing nuclear RNA with the cDNA probes complementary to mRNA. In uninduced Friend cells, it was shown that most precursor messenger sequences are present at a single frequency of about 3 molecules per nucleus, independently of their final frequency in polysomal mRNA. In induced Friend cells, the frequency distribution of pre-mRNA is more heterogeneous and correlated to some extent with the corresponding mRNA frequency distribution.", "contents": "Frequency distribution of mRNA and pre-mRNA in growing and differentiated Friend cells. The frequency distribution of poly(A)+-mRNA in growing and in differentiated Friend cells has been measured by mRNA-cDNA hybridization and their differences established by heterologous hybridization of mRNA of one type and cDNA of the other. It was shown that induction of Friend cells involves an increase in abundance of a small number of mRNAs, while no specific pattern of messenger disappearance could be detected. The frequency distribution of pre-mRNA was determined by hybridizing nuclear RNA with the cDNA probes complementary to mRNA. In uninduced Friend cells, it was shown that most precursor messenger sequences are present at a single frequency of about 3 molecules per nucleus, independently of their final frequency in polysomal mRNA. In induced Friend cells, the frequency distribution of pre-mRNA is more heterogeneous and correlated to some extent with the corresponding mRNA frequency distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:278968", "title": "[Recurrent collapse of one lung (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of recurrent collapse of one lung is reported. It developed within 90 minutes after reexpansion of a completely collapsed lung induced by pneumothorax. There was no demonstrable cause for the recurrence of the atelectasis. Treatment was by means of a bird respirator (ventilation via a mouthpiece) with respiratory resistance. Factors possibly responsible for the secondary atelectasis are discussed.", "contents": "[Recurrent collapse of one lung (author's transl)]. A case of recurrent collapse of one lung is reported. It developed within 90 minutes after reexpansion of a completely collapsed lung induced by pneumothorax. There was no demonstrable cause for the recurrence of the atelectasis. Treatment was by means of a bird respirator (ventilation via a mouthpiece) with respiratory resistance. Factors possibly responsible for the secondary atelectasis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278965", "title": "[Multifocal chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma), without marrow involvement. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of myeloblastic tumour localised successively in the ribs, lymph nodes, pericardium and the pleura but not affecting the marrow for a period of six months is reported. Such case of chloroma without marrow invasion are rare, and this opportunity is taken to review the literature.", "contents": "[Multifocal chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma), without marrow involvement. One case (author's transl)]. A case of myeloblastic tumour localised successively in the ribs, lymph nodes, pericardium and the pleura but not affecting the marrow for a period of six months is reported. Such case of chloroma without marrow invasion are rare, and this opportunity is taken to review the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:278972", "title": "Acetylated histone H4 is preferentially associated with template-active chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin from trout testis at an early stage of development was digested with DNase II (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.6), and the solubilized products were fractionated into Mg2+-soluble and -insoluble components. An examination of the histones from these fractions by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels showed that the highly acetylated species of histone H4 (di-, tri-, and tetra-acetylated) were associated mainly with the Mg2+-soluble material. Digestion of this chromatin fraction with pancreatic ribonuclease converted more than half of it to an insoluble state, and the acetylated H4 remained associated with the precipitated fraction. No changes in the other histones were noted, but two other basic proteins were also found to be associated with the Mg2+-soluble fraction. Since this fraction is enriched in transcribing gene sequences, it is concluded that the histone H4 of active genes is present in a highly acetylated state.", "contents": "Acetylated histone H4 is preferentially associated with template-active chromatin. Chromatin from trout testis at an early stage of development was digested with DNase II (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.6), and the solubilized products were fractionated into Mg2+-soluble and -insoluble components. An examination of the histones from these fractions by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels showed that the highly acetylated species of histone H4 (di-, tri-, and tetra-acetylated) were associated mainly with the Mg2+-soluble material. Digestion of this chromatin fraction with pancreatic ribonuclease converted more than half of it to an insoluble state, and the acetylated H4 remained associated with the precipitated fraction. No changes in the other histones were noted, but two other basic proteins were also found to be associated with the Mg2+-soluble fraction. Since this fraction is enriched in transcribing gene sequences, it is concluded that the histone H4 of active genes is present in a highly acetylated state."}
{"id": "PMID:278973", "title": "How lac repressor recognizes lac operator.", "content": "Nucleotide analogs were substituted for unmodified nucleotides at specific sites in the lac operator sequence by a combination of chemical and enzymatic procedures. The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the interactions of these modified operators with wild-type (SQ) and tight-binding (QX86) lac repressors. These studies implicate directly the 5 methyl of thymine and the 2 amino of guanine as important operator-repressor contact sites. Furthermore, when these findings are combined with published results from other laboratories, a model for the lac operator-lac repressor interaction can be derived. Two important postulates follow from this model. (i) The repressor interacts at specific and defined sites with the N7 of guanine, the 5 methyl of thymine, the 2 amino of guanine, and the central major groove of the operator. (ii) The repressor binds to one side of the operator.", "contents": "How lac repressor recognizes lac operator. Nucleotide analogs were substituted for unmodified nucleotides at specific sites in the lac operator sequence by a combination of chemical and enzymatic procedures. The nitrocellulose filter assay was used to study the interactions of these modified operators with wild-type (SQ) and tight-binding (QX86) lac repressors. These studies implicate directly the 5 methyl of thymine and the 2 amino of guanine as important operator-repressor contact sites. Furthermore, when these findings are combined with published results from other laboratories, a model for the lac operator-lac repressor interaction can be derived. Two important postulates follow from this model. (i) The repressor interacts at specific and defined sites with the N7 of guanine, the 5 methyl of thymine, the 2 amino of guanine, and the central major groove of the operator. (ii) The repressor binds to one side of the operator."}
{"id": "PMID:278974", "title": "Compact oligomers and nucleosome phasing.", "content": "Micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) digestion of histone H1- and H5-depleted chicken erythrocyte chromatin yields, in addition to 140-base-pair (bp) core particles, a series of nucleosome oligomers containing about 260 bp (compact dimer), 380 bp (compact trimer), etc. of DNA. These are postulated to represent members of a class of oligomers in which the DNA is tightly wound on stacked protein cores. The physical properties (melting, circular dichroism) as well as DNase I (EC 3.1.4.5) digestion patterns support this view. DNase I digestion of tight oligomers in which the 5' ends of the DNA have been labeled yields results consistent with this model and inconsistent with some other possible models. Several classes of such particles are postulated to exist, differing in DNA length by 10-bp increments. This may be an explanation of the 10-bp nucleosome \"phasing\" that has been observed in some nuclei.", "contents": "Compact oligomers and nucleosome phasing. Micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) digestion of histone H1- and H5-depleted chicken erythrocyte chromatin yields, in addition to 140-base-pair (bp) core particles, a series of nucleosome oligomers containing about 260 bp (compact dimer), 380 bp (compact trimer), etc. of DNA. These are postulated to represent members of a class of oligomers in which the DNA is tightly wound on stacked protein cores. The physical properties (melting, circular dichroism) as well as DNase I (EC 3.1.4.5) digestion patterns support this view. DNase I digestion of tight oligomers in which the 5' ends of the DNA have been labeled yields results consistent with this model and inconsistent with some other possible models. Several classes of such particles are postulated to exist, differing in DNA length by 10-bp increments. This may be an explanation of the 10-bp nucleosome \"phasing\" that has been observed in some nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:278975", "title": "Specific phosphorylation at serine-283 of alpha tropomyosin from frog skeletal and rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "Tropomyosin, extracted from the leg muscle of frogs that had been injected with [32P]orthophosphate, was fractionated into two components, alpha and beta, on a CM-cellulose column. Radioactivity was associated only with the alpha component. A single phosphorylation site was located at serine-283 (pentultimate at the COOH-terminal end) of the frog alpha tropomyosin. The same phosphorylated peptide was recovered in low yields from both rabbit skeletal alpha and cardiac tropomyosin. The presence of covalently bound phosphate in alpha tropomyosin and its absence in the beta component of rabbit skeletal muscle was suggested by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The amino acid sequences around the phosphorylation sites of frog and rabbit tropomyosin are identical. Because this sequence is not similar to any other known phosphorylation site in proteins, this indicates the existence of either specific kinase or phosphatase that can distinguish between alpha and beta tropomyosins. In a model proposed for the head-to-tail overlap of alpha tropomyosin molecules, one O-phosphoserine-283 residue could form a salt linkage with lysine-6 on one side of the overlap region and another with lysine-12 on the other side. This would predict a difference in the stability of polymers of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated alphaalpha and alphabeta dimers of tropomyosin.", "contents": "Specific phosphorylation at serine-283 of alpha tropomyosin from frog skeletal and rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscle. Tropomyosin, extracted from the leg muscle of frogs that had been injected with [32P]orthophosphate, was fractionated into two components, alpha and beta, on a CM-cellulose column. Radioactivity was associated only with the alpha component. A single phosphorylation site was located at serine-283 (pentultimate at the COOH-terminal end) of the frog alpha tropomyosin. The same phosphorylated peptide was recovered in low yields from both rabbit skeletal alpha and cardiac tropomyosin. The presence of covalently bound phosphate in alpha tropomyosin and its absence in the beta component of rabbit skeletal muscle was suggested by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The amino acid sequences around the phosphorylation sites of frog and rabbit tropomyosin are identical. Because this sequence is not similar to any other known phosphorylation site in proteins, this indicates the existence of either specific kinase or phosphatase that can distinguish between alpha and beta tropomyosins. In a model proposed for the head-to-tail overlap of alpha tropomyosin molecules, one O-phosphoserine-283 residue could form a salt linkage with lysine-6 on one side of the overlap region and another with lysine-12 on the other side. This would predict a difference in the stability of polymers of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated alphaalpha and alphabeta dimers of tropomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:278976", "title": "Functional consequences of ligand-dependent conformational changes in trypsin-solubilized and in membrane particle constrained-acetylcholinesterase.", "content": "The effect of a class of ligands on the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from Torpedo californica electroplax tissue has been studied via the transient reaction of a fluorophoric acetylcholine analog, 7-(N,N-dimethyl)carbamoxy-N-methylquinolinium iodide (M7C). These \"peripheral\" ligands inhibit the formation of a metastable carbamyl-enzyme intermediate from M7C. They induce slow isomerization to a new conformational state that shows little or no reaction with M7C. At saturating ligand concentration, the unimolecular isomerization rate constant is 0.03 +/- 0.01 sec-1, a slow rate compared to the rate of carbamylation of the active conformation. Peripheral ligands alter the distribution between reactive and unreactive conformations, thus inducing biphasic rates and amplitudes of carbamylation. The amplitudes, but not the two specific rates, are affected by the concentration of ligand. Zn2+ and d-tubocurarine are two ligands that induce the same slow isomerization rate. On the basis of this identity of function by ligands of disparate structure, we postulate the existence of only a single active conformation and a single inactive conformation (stabilized by interaction with both ligands). In the absence of ligands, the active conformation predominates. Peripheral ligands bind specifically to the inactive conformation. Alkaline earth cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ interact strongly and preferentially with the active conformation and drive the conformational equilibrium toward the active state. Ligand-induced inactivation is observed both with highly purified trypsin-solubilized enzyme and with enzyme bound to unfractionated membrane fragments.", "contents": "Functional consequences of ligand-dependent conformational changes in trypsin-solubilized and in membrane particle constrained-acetylcholinesterase. The effect of a class of ligands on the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) from Torpedo californica electroplax tissue has been studied via the transient reaction of a fluorophoric acetylcholine analog, 7-(N,N-dimethyl)carbamoxy-N-methylquinolinium iodide (M7C). These \"peripheral\" ligands inhibit the formation of a metastable carbamyl-enzyme intermediate from M7C. They induce slow isomerization to a new conformational state that shows little or no reaction with M7C. At saturating ligand concentration, the unimolecular isomerization rate constant is 0.03 +/- 0.01 sec-1, a slow rate compared to the rate of carbamylation of the active conformation. Peripheral ligands alter the distribution between reactive and unreactive conformations, thus inducing biphasic rates and amplitudes of carbamylation. The amplitudes, but not the two specific rates, are affected by the concentration of ligand. Zn2+ and d-tubocurarine are two ligands that induce the same slow isomerization rate. On the basis of this identity of function by ligands of disparate structure, we postulate the existence of only a single active conformation and a single inactive conformation (stabilized by interaction with both ligands). In the absence of ligands, the active conformation predominates. Peripheral ligands bind specifically to the inactive conformation. Alkaline earth cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ interact strongly and preferentially with the active conformation and drive the conformational equilibrium toward the active state. Ligand-induced inactivation is observed both with highly purified trypsin-solubilized enzyme and with enzyme bound to unfractionated membrane fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:278977", "title": "Racemization in human lens: evidence of rapid insolubilization of specific polypeptides in cataract formation.", "content": "After early life, the dry weight of normal human lenses increases at a relatively constant rate with time. Transformation from soluble to insoluble material appears to occur at a comparable rate, resulting in a constant amount of soluble material. However, in cataract the insolubilization rate is accelerated. These observations are supported by determination of D-aspartic acid/L-aspartic acid ratios. The abundance of D-aspartic acid increases with aging at a constant rate in the insoluble fraction of normal lenses but does not change in the soluble fraction. However, in cataractous lenses there is a significant decrease in the ratio in the insoluble fraction. Examination of polypeptides isolated from reduced and alkylated soluble and insoluble cataractous lens proteins as well as other data suggest the following additional conclusions: (i) the 10,000-dalton polypeptide in the insoluble fraction is derived in part from degradation of an already insoluble precursor; and (ii) the lowered abundance of D-aspartic acid in the insoluble fraction of cataractous lenses is primarily due to the rapid insolubilization of the 43,000- and 20,000-dalton range components.", "contents": "Racemization in human lens: evidence of rapid insolubilization of specific polypeptides in cataract formation. After early life, the dry weight of normal human lenses increases at a relatively constant rate with time. Transformation from soluble to insoluble material appears to occur at a comparable rate, resulting in a constant amount of soluble material. However, in cataract the insolubilization rate is accelerated. These observations are supported by determination of D-aspartic acid/L-aspartic acid ratios. The abundance of D-aspartic acid increases with aging at a constant rate in the insoluble fraction of normal lenses but does not change in the soluble fraction. However, in cataractous lenses there is a significant decrease in the ratio in the insoluble fraction. Examination of polypeptides isolated from reduced and alkylated soluble and insoluble cataractous lens proteins as well as other data suggest the following additional conclusions: (i) the 10,000-dalton polypeptide in the insoluble fraction is derived in part from degradation of an already insoluble precursor; and (ii) the lowered abundance of D-aspartic acid in the insoluble fraction of cataractous lenses is primarily due to the rapid insolubilization of the 43,000- and 20,000-dalton range components."}
{"id": "PMID:278978", "title": "Influenza virus proteins: identity, synthesis, and modification analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A modification of the two-dimensional protein electrophoresis system of O'Farrell was used to resolve influenza A virus proteins from each other and from host proteins in infected cells. Viral protein spots corresponding to the hemagglutinin proteins, neuraminidase, nucleocapsid protein, and nonstructural protein, were identified on the two-dimensional electrophoretogram. Use of the two-dimensional separation has allowed us to identify glycoprotein heterogeneity, to demonstrate directly the synthesis of neuraminidase, to analyze some viral proteins early after infection, and to demonstrate that the influenza virus NP and NS proteins are phosphorylated in infected MDCK cells.", "contents": "Influenza virus proteins: identity, synthesis, and modification analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A modification of the two-dimensional protein electrophoresis system of O'Farrell was used to resolve influenza A virus proteins from each other and from host proteins in infected cells. Viral protein spots corresponding to the hemagglutinin proteins, neuraminidase, nucleocapsid protein, and nonstructural protein, were identified on the two-dimensional electrophoretogram. Use of the two-dimensional separation has allowed us to identify glycoprotein heterogeneity, to demonstrate directly the synthesis of neuraminidase, to analyze some viral proteins early after infection, and to demonstrate that the influenza virus NP and NS proteins are phosphorylated in infected MDCK cells."}
{"id": "PMID:278979", "title": "A rationale for stabilization of oxygen-labile enzymes: application to a clostridial hydrogenase.", "content": "A general procedure for stabilization of O2-labile enzymes exploiting \"salting out\" of oxygen from the microenvironment in the molecular layers immediately adjacent to charged surfaces of polyionic solid adsorbents has been developed. Empirical verification of this rationale is provided. The half-life of air inactivation of the O2-labile hydrogenase (EC 1.12.7.1) from Clostridium pasteurianum is increased 20- to 25-fold simply by adsorption (noncovalent binding) in dilute Tris.HCl buffer on common anion exchange supports such as DEAE-cellulose or Dowex 1-X2. Predicted increases in degree of stabilization by using more densely charged adsorbents (such as polyethyleneimine-cellulose), as well as bulkier solvent counter-anions, are found; half-lives for air inactivation for the bound hydrogenase can be increased to 3000-fold longer than that of the free enzyme. Most of the total catalytic activity, assayed as H2 evolution from dithionite mediated by methyl viologen or ferredoxin, is retained, whereas the expected suppression of H2 uptake in the reverse reaction is observed.", "contents": "A rationale for stabilization of oxygen-labile enzymes: application to a clostridial hydrogenase. A general procedure for stabilization of O2-labile enzymes exploiting \"salting out\" of oxygen from the microenvironment in the molecular layers immediately adjacent to charged surfaces of polyionic solid adsorbents has been developed. Empirical verification of this rationale is provided. The half-life of air inactivation of the O2-labile hydrogenase (EC 1.12.7.1) from Clostridium pasteurianum is increased 20- to 25-fold simply by adsorption (noncovalent binding) in dilute Tris.HCl buffer on common anion exchange supports such as DEAE-cellulose or Dowex 1-X2. Predicted increases in degree of stabilization by using more densely charged adsorbents (such as polyethyleneimine-cellulose), as well as bulkier solvent counter-anions, are found; half-lives for air inactivation for the bound hydrogenase can be increased to 3000-fold longer than that of the free enzyme. Most of the total catalytic activity, assayed as H2 evolution from dithionite mediated by methyl viologen or ferredoxin, is retained, whereas the expected suppression of H2 uptake in the reverse reaction is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:278980", "title": "Histone packing in the nucleosome core particle of chromatin.", "content": "The chromatin core particle DNA conformation deduced in broad outline by Finch et al. [Finch, J. T., Lutter, L. C., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., Rushton, B., Levitt, M. & Klug, A. (1977) Nature 269, 29-36] can be described in detail using other available experimental results. Histone binding sites compatible with the pattern of pancreatic DNase I digestion (Simpson, R. T. & Whitlock, J. P., Jr. (1976) Cell 9, 347-353; Noll, M. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 116, 49-71; Lutter, L. C. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 117, 53-69] lend to core particle DNA pseudosymmetry characteristic of molecular point group D(3). DNA symmetry and pseudosymmetry, in turn, imply equivalence and quasi-equivalence properties of the histone packing arrangement that support the following deductions: (i) One and only one alpha(2)beta(2) histone tetramer, presumably (H3)(2)(H4)(2), can serve as a stable subassembly within the histone octamer. (ii) There is a unique, strand-specific way to assign DNA binding domains to the arginine-rich histones (H3 and H4). (iii) Histones H3 and H4 alone should suffice to impose a supercoiled structure on DNA, as is observed experimentally, because only the tetramer can mimic a screw dislocation and thereby complement the screw symmetry of the DNA supercoil. (iv) The two slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B are probably responsible, each in a different way, for dividing the eukaryotic chromatin fiber into discrete subunits. (v) The proposed arrangement of four distinct proteins appears to be a minimum formal requirement for making nucleosomes; that is, for introducing regularly spaced supercoiled DNA folds without also allowing formation of an indefinitely long (and genetically inert) DNA superhelix.", "contents": "Histone packing in the nucleosome core particle of chromatin. The chromatin core particle DNA conformation deduced in broad outline by Finch et al. [Finch, J. T., Lutter, L. C., Rhodes, D., Brown, R. S., Rushton, B., Levitt, M. & Klug, A. (1977) Nature 269, 29-36] can be described in detail using other available experimental results. Histone binding sites compatible with the pattern of pancreatic DNase I digestion (Simpson, R. T. & Whitlock, J. P., Jr. (1976) Cell 9, 347-353; Noll, M. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 116, 49-71; Lutter, L. C. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 117, 53-69] lend to core particle DNA pseudosymmetry characteristic of molecular point group D(3). DNA symmetry and pseudosymmetry, in turn, imply equivalence and quasi-equivalence properties of the histone packing arrangement that support the following deductions: (i) One and only one alpha(2)beta(2) histone tetramer, presumably (H3)(2)(H4)(2), can serve as a stable subassembly within the histone octamer. (ii) There is a unique, strand-specific way to assign DNA binding domains to the arginine-rich histones (H3 and H4). (iii) Histones H3 and H4 alone should suffice to impose a supercoiled structure on DNA, as is observed experimentally, because only the tetramer can mimic a screw dislocation and thereby complement the screw symmetry of the DNA supercoil. (iv) The two slightly lysine-rich histones H2A and H2B are probably responsible, each in a different way, for dividing the eukaryotic chromatin fiber into discrete subunits. (v) The proposed arrangement of four distinct proteins appears to be a minimum formal requirement for making nucleosomes; that is, for introducing regularly spaced supercoiled DNA folds without also allowing formation of an indefinitely long (and genetically inert) DNA superhelix."}
{"id": "PMID:278981", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and characterization of heme-reversible translational inhibitor.", "content": "To define the mechanism of regulation of the protein kinase that is activated in heme deficiency and that inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, we have isolated and purified the heme-reversible form of the protein kinase from rabbit reticulocytes. The inhibitory activity is found in a single band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. It migrates as a 95,000-dalton polypeptide in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This purified inhibitor becomes self-phosphorylated in the presence of ATP; the phosphorylated protein and the inhibitory activity copurify. The inhibitor produces characteristic biphasic kinetics of inhibition in reticulocyte lysates and phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2); the inhibition is reversed by added eIF-2. In contrast to the heme-irreversible inhibitor, this heme-reversible inhibitor is no longer inhibitory after incubation with 20 micron hemin. Incubation with hemin also inhibits self-phosphorylation. Preincubation of the heme-reversible inhibitor in the presence of ATP potentiates the inhibition of protein synthesis in the subsequent incubation, as does treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. Phosphorylation of the heme-reversible inhibitor and inhibition of protein synthesis in the lysate due to phosphorylation of eIF-2 appear to be related. These findings suggest that hemin acts directly on the heme-reversible inhibitor.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and characterization of heme-reversible translational inhibitor. To define the mechanism of regulation of the protein kinase that is activated in heme deficiency and that inhibits initiation of protein synthesis, we have isolated and purified the heme-reversible form of the protein kinase from rabbit reticulocytes. The inhibitory activity is found in a single band after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. It migrates as a 95,000-dalton polypeptide in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This purified inhibitor becomes self-phosphorylated in the presence of ATP; the phosphorylated protein and the inhibitory activity copurify. The inhibitor produces characteristic biphasic kinetics of inhibition in reticulocyte lysates and phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2); the inhibition is reversed by added eIF-2. In contrast to the heme-irreversible inhibitor, this heme-reversible inhibitor is no longer inhibitory after incubation with 20 micron hemin. Incubation with hemin also inhibits self-phosphorylation. Preincubation of the heme-reversible inhibitor in the presence of ATP potentiates the inhibition of protein synthesis in the subsequent incubation, as does treatment with N-ethylmaleimide. Phosphorylation of the heme-reversible inhibitor and inhibition of protein synthesis in the lysate due to phosphorylation of eIF-2 appear to be related. These findings suggest that hemin acts directly on the heme-reversible inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:278982", "title": "Modulation of the conformation of a membrane glycosyltransferase by specific lipids.", "content": "Fluorescence techniques were used to study conformational changes in UDPgalactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha,3-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.44). Intramolecular energy transfer was measured from the single tryptophan residue in the peptide to a pyridoxal phosphate group linked to the same peptide via a reduced Schiff's base. Significant differences in energy transfer were seen when the enzyme was studied in aqueous solution and after entry into a phospholipid-lipopolysaccharide matrix, paralleling the restoration of its catalytic activity. Further differences were seen when the structures of the phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were changed. Application of the F\u00f6rster theory indicated that the changes in energy transfer resulted from changes in distances between the chromophores and/or changes in their relative orientations. The results suggest that entry of this membrane protein into a lipid matrix induces a change in conformation of the protein and that other alternative conformations can be induced by further changes in its lipid environment.", "contents": "Modulation of the conformation of a membrane glycosyltransferase by specific lipids. Fluorescence techniques were used to study conformational changes in UDPgalactose:lipopolysaccharide alpha,3-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.44). Intramolecular energy transfer was measured from the single tryptophan residue in the peptide to a pyridoxal phosphate group linked to the same peptide via a reduced Schiff's base. Significant differences in energy transfer were seen when the enzyme was studied in aqueous solution and after entry into a phospholipid-lipopolysaccharide matrix, paralleling the restoration of its catalytic activity. Further differences were seen when the structures of the phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were changed. Application of the F\u00f6rster theory indicated that the changes in energy transfer resulted from changes in distances between the chromophores and/or changes in their relative orientations. The results suggest that entry of this membrane protein into a lipid matrix induces a change in conformation of the protein and that other alternative conformations can be induced by further changes in its lipid environment."}
{"id": "PMID:278983", "title": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: regulation of enzymatic activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.", "content": "The activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating); EC 1.1.1.34] was inhibited by ATP+Mg2+. Inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by ATP+Mg2+ was dependent on time, temperature, and ATP concentration. Incubation of microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with [gamma-32P]ATP+Mg2+ was associated with a reciprocal increase in [32P]protein-bound radioactivity and a decrease in enzymatic activity. Incubation of 32P-labeled microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with a partially purified cytosolic phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent reciprocal release of [32P]protein-bound radioactivity and reactivation of enzyme activity. Phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of partially purified [gamma-32P]-ATP+Mg2+-inactivated microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with a reductase-specific antiserum. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of the [gamma-32P]immunoprecipitate revealed that the 32P radioactivity was located in the electrophoretic position of HMG-CoA reductase. These results established that the reversible inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by ATP+Mg2+ was due to covalent modification of the enzyme by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence. The existence of HMG-CoA reductase in interconvertible active and inactive forms provides a mechanism for the rapid short-term regulation of the pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis.", "contents": "3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: regulation of enzymatic activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The activity of microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating); EC 1.1.1.34] was inhibited by ATP+Mg2+. Inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by ATP+Mg2+ was dependent on time, temperature, and ATP concentration. Incubation of microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with [gamma-32P]ATP+Mg2+ was associated with a reciprocal increase in [32P]protein-bound radioactivity and a decrease in enzymatic activity. Incubation of 32P-labeled microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with a partially purified cytosolic phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent reciprocal release of [32P]protein-bound radioactivity and reactivation of enzyme activity. Phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of partially purified [gamma-32P]-ATP+Mg2+-inactivated microsomal HMG-CoA reductase with a reductase-specific antiserum. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of the [gamma-32P]immunoprecipitate revealed that the 32P radioactivity was located in the electrophoretic position of HMG-CoA reductase. These results established that the reversible inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase by ATP+Mg2+ was due to covalent modification of the enzyme by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence. The existence of HMG-CoA reductase in interconvertible active and inactive forms provides a mechanism for the rapid short-term regulation of the pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:278984", "title": "Properties of the interaction of fluoride- and guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate-regulatory proteins with adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase by guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] and NaF has been investigated by studying the reconstitution of Gpp(NH)p and NaF sensitivity of an enzyme rendered insensitive to these agents by differential detergent extraction of a particulate brain enzyme. Such reconstitution can be achieved by the addition of macromolecular regulatory factors from membranes of various tissues. Trypsin digestion and thermal inactivation provide evidence for the existence of two distinct regulatory functions, one capable of restoring the Gpp(NH)p response and another the NaF response. The regulatory protein(s) seem to interact with their respective activators in an easily reversible, divalent cation-independent reaction. This appears to be followed by a high-affinity interaction between the catalytic and regulatory components of adenylate cyclase in a slow, temperature-dependent, divalent cation-dependent process tha produces the persistently activated state of the enzyme. The enzyme activation can be reversed by methods that separate catalytic from regulatory components and the resulting enzyme activity can be restimulated by the reconstitution technique.", "contents": "Properties of the interaction of fluoride- and guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate-regulatory proteins with adenylate cyclase. The mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase by guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] and NaF has been investigated by studying the reconstitution of Gpp(NH)p and NaF sensitivity of an enzyme rendered insensitive to these agents by differential detergent extraction of a particulate brain enzyme. Such reconstitution can be achieved by the addition of macromolecular regulatory factors from membranes of various tissues. Trypsin digestion and thermal inactivation provide evidence for the existence of two distinct regulatory functions, one capable of restoring the Gpp(NH)p response and another the NaF response. The regulatory protein(s) seem to interact with their respective activators in an easily reversible, divalent cation-independent reaction. This appears to be followed by a high-affinity interaction between the catalytic and regulatory components of adenylate cyclase in a slow, temperature-dependent, divalent cation-dependent process tha produces the persistently activated state of the enzyme. The enzyme activation can be reversed by methods that separate catalytic from regulatory components and the resulting enzyme activity can be restimulated by the reconstitution technique."}
{"id": "PMID:278985", "title": "\"Tension\" on heme by the proximal base and ligand reactivity: conclusions drawn from model compounds for the reaction of hemoglobin.", "content": "The kinetic data on model compounds of hemoglobin indicate that in oxyderivatives ligand dissociation rates are sensitive to the \"tension\" exerted by the proximal base on the metal-to-ligand bond; the corresponding rates for carboxy derivatives are not sensitive to the tension. It is suggested that the metal-to-ligand bond becomes weaker with increased \"pull\" (or tension) on Fe from the proximal base due to the steric and/or electronic interaction between the ligand, the porphyrin ring, and the proximal base. In model compounds the linear heme Fe-to-CO bound vis-a-vis the bent heme Fe-to-O2 bond probably makes such interactions less significant in carboxy derivatives. It is proposed that the kinetic alpha,beta-chain nonequivalence in Hb4(O2)4 is due to the difference in the tension in the two chains on Fe by the proximal base. The absence of alpha,beta-chain differences large enough to show up in CO dissociation rates from Hb4(CO)4 is explained on the basis of lack of sensitivity of the Fe-CO bound to tension from the proximal base. The implications of the results for the observed cooperative effects in ligand combination (for CO) and dissociation (for O2 and NO) rates of hemoglobin have also been discussed.", "contents": "\"Tension\" on heme by the proximal base and ligand reactivity: conclusions drawn from model compounds for the reaction of hemoglobin. The kinetic data on model compounds of hemoglobin indicate that in oxyderivatives ligand dissociation rates are sensitive to the \"tension\" exerted by the proximal base on the metal-to-ligand bond; the corresponding rates for carboxy derivatives are not sensitive to the tension. It is suggested that the metal-to-ligand bond becomes weaker with increased \"pull\" (or tension) on Fe from the proximal base due to the steric and/or electronic interaction between the ligand, the porphyrin ring, and the proximal base. In model compounds the linear heme Fe-to-CO bound vis-a-vis the bent heme Fe-to-O2 bond probably makes such interactions less significant in carboxy derivatives. It is proposed that the kinetic alpha,beta-chain nonequivalence in Hb4(O2)4 is due to the difference in the tension in the two chains on Fe by the proximal base. The absence of alpha,beta-chain differences large enough to show up in CO dissociation rates from Hb4(CO)4 is explained on the basis of lack of sensitivity of the Fe-CO bound to tension from the proximal base. The implications of the results for the observed cooperative effects in ligand combination (for CO) and dissociation (for O2 and NO) rates of hemoglobin have also been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278986", "title": "Evidence for the progressive nature of neoplastic transformation in vitro.", "content": "The temporal acquisition of in vitro phenotypes associated with neoplasia were examined after exposure of Syrian hamster embryo cells to a chemical carcinogen. Quantitative assays measuring morphological changes, enhanced fibrinolytic activity, and anchorage independent growth were used to detect the development of transformed cells within a population of normal hamster embryo cells. Morphological transformation and enhanced fibrinolytic activity were early changes observed after treatment with benzo[alpha]-pyrene, whereas the ability to grow in semisolid agar was delayed 32-75 population doublings after carcinogen exposure. This delay was not due to selection of a small number of cells that were present early after treatment but at a level below detection, because a large percentage of the cells isolated at early passage (10(3)-fold above the level of detection) developed the potential for anchorage independent growth at later passages. This development of the anchorage independent growth phenotype was induced by the carcinogen treatment, because spontaneous transformation was rare. These observation suggest that multiple cellular changes are required for the acquisition of the capacity for anchorage independent growth and that neoplastic transformation in vitro is a progressive process through qualitatively different stages. Thus, an analogy can be drawn to the progressive nature of in vivo carcinogenesis. These results strongly justify the study of oncogenesis in cell culture as a model for neoplastic transformation in vivo.", "contents": "Evidence for the progressive nature of neoplastic transformation in vitro. The temporal acquisition of in vitro phenotypes associated with neoplasia were examined after exposure of Syrian hamster embryo cells to a chemical carcinogen. Quantitative assays measuring morphological changes, enhanced fibrinolytic activity, and anchorage independent growth were used to detect the development of transformed cells within a population of normal hamster embryo cells. Morphological transformation and enhanced fibrinolytic activity were early changes observed after treatment with benzo[alpha]-pyrene, whereas the ability to grow in semisolid agar was delayed 32-75 population doublings after carcinogen exposure. This delay was not due to selection of a small number of cells that were present early after treatment but at a level below detection, because a large percentage of the cells isolated at early passage (10(3)-fold above the level of detection) developed the potential for anchorage independent growth at later passages. This development of the anchorage independent growth phenotype was induced by the carcinogen treatment, because spontaneous transformation was rare. These observation suggest that multiple cellular changes are required for the acquisition of the capacity for anchorage independent growth and that neoplastic transformation in vitro is a progressive process through qualitatively different stages. Thus, an analogy can be drawn to the progressive nature of in vivo carcinogenesis. These results strongly justify the study of oncogenesis in cell culture as a model for neoplastic transformation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:278987", "title": "Retention of susceptibility to mitogens after direct dansylation of viable human lymphocytes.", "content": "The covalently binding fluorescent probe 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl (dansyl) chloride was affixed directly to the plasma membrane of viable human peripheral blood lymphocytes via a solid phase transfer method utilizing Sephadex G-10 as the transfer vehicle. After dansylation, lymphocytes retain maximal short-term viability. Dansyl, as the protein conjugate or as the free acid, does not appear to penetrate the cells to any significant extent. Dansylated mixed lymphocyte cultures respond to lectin mitogen stimulation for at least 72 hr. Furthermore, differential response of dansylated lymphocytes in culture to three plant lectin mitogens provides a clue to the binding loci of concanavalin A with respect to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen on the lymphocyte surface receptors for these lectins. The ability to sustain functionally responsive dansylated lymphocytes for several days in culture suggest that such probe-tagged cells may be useful in elucidating aspects of the plasma membrane in the regulation of cell behavior.", "contents": "Retention of susceptibility to mitogens after direct dansylation of viable human lymphocytes. The covalently binding fluorescent probe 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl (dansyl) chloride was affixed directly to the plasma membrane of viable human peripheral blood lymphocytes via a solid phase transfer method utilizing Sephadex G-10 as the transfer vehicle. After dansylation, lymphocytes retain maximal short-term viability. Dansyl, as the protein conjugate or as the free acid, does not appear to penetrate the cells to any significant extent. Dansylated mixed lymphocyte cultures respond to lectin mitogen stimulation for at least 72 hr. Furthermore, differential response of dansylated lymphocytes in culture to three plant lectin mitogens provides a clue to the binding loci of concanavalin A with respect to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen on the lymphocyte surface receptors for these lectins. The ability to sustain functionally responsive dansylated lymphocytes for several days in culture suggest that such probe-tagged cells may be useful in elucidating aspects of the plasma membrane in the regulation of cell behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:278988", "title": "Estrogen induction of growth factors specific for hormone-responsive mammary, pituitary, and kidney tumor cells.", "content": "The problem of estrogen-promoted tumor cell growth has been studied extensively in an attempt to establish the direct mitogenic role of these steroid hormones. We have developed cell lines from three estrogen-responsive tumors or cell populations: the H-301 kidney tumor cells established from a parent estrogen-dependent hamster kidney tumor, the GH3/C14 rat pituitary tumor cell line established as a subline of the original GH3 population, and the MTW9/PL mammary cell line developed from a parent estrogen- and prolactin-responsive MT-W9A carcinogen-induced rat tumor. With all three of these cell lines, we have encountered a paradox: although estrogens are obligatory for tumor formation in vivo, no direct mitogenic effect of estrogens can be shown in culture when assayed by an increase in cell number. We have thus considered the possibility that estrogens may induce growth factors in vivo that are then responsible for tumor formation by the three cell lines described. Experiments presented in this report show that extracts of rodent uterus, kidney, or liver contain growth activity for these three tumor cell lines, that estrogen treatment causes an increase in tissue content of these activities, and that the estrogen-induced activities are specific for the estrogen-responsive cells. These studies suggest that estrogen-responsive tumor growth in vivo includes the mechanism of estrogen leads to uterus, kidney, or liver leads to specific growth factors leads to estrogen-responsive tumor cells.", "contents": "Estrogen induction of growth factors specific for hormone-responsive mammary, pituitary, and kidney tumor cells. The problem of estrogen-promoted tumor cell growth has been studied extensively in an attempt to establish the direct mitogenic role of these steroid hormones. We have developed cell lines from three estrogen-responsive tumors or cell populations: the H-301 kidney tumor cells established from a parent estrogen-dependent hamster kidney tumor, the GH3/C14 rat pituitary tumor cell line established as a subline of the original GH3 population, and the MTW9/PL mammary cell line developed from a parent estrogen- and prolactin-responsive MT-W9A carcinogen-induced rat tumor. With all three of these cell lines, we have encountered a paradox: although estrogens are obligatory for tumor formation in vivo, no direct mitogenic effect of estrogens can be shown in culture when assayed by an increase in cell number. We have thus considered the possibility that estrogens may induce growth factors in vivo that are then responsible for tumor formation by the three cell lines described. Experiments presented in this report show that extracts of rodent uterus, kidney, or liver contain growth activity for these three tumor cell lines, that estrogen treatment causes an increase in tissue content of these activities, and that the estrogen-induced activities are specific for the estrogen-responsive cells. These studies suggest that estrogen-responsive tumor growth in vivo includes the mechanism of estrogen leads to uterus, kidney, or liver leads to specific growth factors leads to estrogen-responsive tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:278989", "title": "Transcription patterns of amplified Dytiscus genes coding for ribosomal RNA after injection into Xenopus oocyte nuclei.", "content": "Oocytes of the frog Xenopus were injected with purified circular DNA containing amplified rRNA genes of the water beetle Dytiscus. Nuclear contents of injected oocytes were spread and examined by electron microscopy. Most of the Dytiscus DNA seen in injected nuclei contained regions indensely packed with polymerases and nascent transcripts. Apparently normal, as well as abnormal, patterns of transcription were observed. By this type of experiment, it may become possible to recognize the transcribed regions and immediate transcripts of cloned DNA molecules whose activity cannot be seen by electron microscopy of normal nuclei.", "contents": "Transcription patterns of amplified Dytiscus genes coding for ribosomal RNA after injection into Xenopus oocyte nuclei. Oocytes of the frog Xenopus were injected with purified circular DNA containing amplified rRNA genes of the water beetle Dytiscus. Nuclear contents of injected oocytes were spread and examined by electron microscopy. Most of the Dytiscus DNA seen in injected nuclei contained regions indensely packed with polymerases and nascent transcripts. Apparently normal, as well as abnormal, patterns of transcription were observed. By this type of experiment, it may become possible to recognize the transcribed regions and immediate transcripts of cloned DNA molecules whose activity cannot be seen by electron microscopy of normal nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:278990", "title": "Proteins conferred by the virulence-specifying plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C-58.", "content": "Membrane-associated and periplasmic proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C-58 were compared with those from avirulent (nontumrigenic) derivative strains by slab and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two proteins (Per-I and Per-2), with a molecular weight of 37,500 and 37,300, respectively, were detected in the supernatant  fraction of cells of strain C-58 treated with EDTA and lysozyme in which a 117-megadalton plasmid confers virulence on the organism. The same proteins are missing in an avirulent plasmid-free derivative of C-58. When this derivative is mated with C-58, the resulting transconjugants regain the large C-58 plasmid together with the restoration of virulence and the expression of Per-1 and Per-2 proteins. When the transconjugants were cured of their plasmid, they concomitantly lost their virulence and Per-1 and Per-2. The functional roles of these proteins are unknown, but they are associated with the outer membrane and periplasmic fraction of the Agrobacterium cell. If directly involved in tumorigenesis, these proteins are not the sole determinants of tumorigenicity because they are synthesized in an avirulent derivative of C-58 that carries a deletion in the plasmid in the region conferring the tumorigenic phenotype. These results strongly suggest that the Per-1 and Per-2 proteins are plasmid-coded gene products. The possible roles of these proteins in specifying host range and host-cell attachment are also discussed.", "contents": "Proteins conferred by the virulence-specifying plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C-58. Membrane-associated and periplasmic proteins of Agrobacterium tumefaciens C-58 were compared with those from avirulent (nontumrigenic) derivative strains by slab and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Two proteins (Per-I and Per-2), with a molecular weight of 37,500 and 37,300, respectively, were detected in the supernatant  fraction of cells of strain C-58 treated with EDTA and lysozyme in which a 117-megadalton plasmid confers virulence on the organism. The same proteins are missing in an avirulent plasmid-free derivative of C-58. When this derivative is mated with C-58, the resulting transconjugants regain the large C-58 plasmid together with the restoration of virulence and the expression of Per-1 and Per-2 proteins. When the transconjugants were cured of their plasmid, they concomitantly lost their virulence and Per-1 and Per-2. The functional roles of these proteins are unknown, but they are associated with the outer membrane and periplasmic fraction of the Agrobacterium cell. If directly involved in tumorigenesis, these proteins are not the sole determinants of tumorigenicity because they are synthesized in an avirulent derivative of C-58 that carries a deletion in the plasmid in the region conferring the tumorigenic phenotype. These results strongly suggest that the Per-1 and Per-2 proteins are plasmid-coded gene products. The possible roles of these proteins in specifying host range and host-cell attachment are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:278991", "title": "Synthesis of globin mRNA in relation to the cell cycle during induced murine erythroleukemia differentiation.", "content": "The relationship between the synthesis of globin mRNA and the phase of cell cycle was examined in synchronized murine erythroleukemia cells. Cells were synchronized with respect to the cell division cycle either by culture with 2 mM thymidine or 2 mM thymidine followed by 0.5 mM hydroxyurea, which caused cells to accumulate in late G1 or early S (referred to as G1/S boundary). Cells were induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 280 mM dimethyl sulfoxide or 4 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide. These inducers do not alter the progression of cells from the G1/S boundary through S, G2, and M, but do cause prolongation of the subsequent G1 phase. Accumulation of newly synthesized globin mRNA is first detected when cells are in this G1 phase.", "contents": "Synthesis of globin mRNA in relation to the cell cycle during induced murine erythroleukemia differentiation. The relationship between the synthesis of globin mRNA and the phase of cell cycle was examined in synchronized murine erythroleukemia cells. Cells were synchronized with respect to the cell division cycle either by culture with 2 mM thymidine or 2 mM thymidine followed by 0.5 mM hydroxyurea, which caused cells to accumulate in late G1 or early S (referred to as G1/S boundary). Cells were induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 280 mM dimethyl sulfoxide or 4 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide. These inducers do not alter the progression of cells from the G1/S boundary through S, G2, and M, but do cause prolongation of the subsequent G1 phase. Accumulation of newly synthesized globin mRNA is first detected when cells are in this G1 phase."}
{"id": "PMID:278992", "title": "Fluorescent light-induced DNA crosslinkage and chromatid breaks in mouse cells in culture.", "content": "A single 20-hr exposure of mouse cells derived from embryonic or lung tissue to cool-white fluorescent light (4.6 W/m2) causes both DNA damage and chromosome aberrations including chromatid breaks, exchanges, and minutes. In Kohn's alkaline elution technique, the DNA from exposed cells elutes more slowly than that from shielded cells. Because larger molecular weight DNA elutes slower than smaller, we interpret these results to mean that the DNA in cells exposed to light is crosslinked. The estimated frequency of crosslinks is sufficient to account for the number of chromatid breaks observed. The types of chromosome aberrations produced by light indicate that the primary lesion results in chromatid rather than chromosome breaks, and the results suggest an influence of cell density in that cells in densely populated cultures showed few or no chromatid breaks after irradiation. The present results, together with observations from the literature, suggest that the DNA crosslinkage and the chromosome aberrations produced by light may be related.", "contents": "Fluorescent light-induced DNA crosslinkage and chromatid breaks in mouse cells in culture. A single 20-hr exposure of mouse cells derived from embryonic or lung tissue to cool-white fluorescent light (4.6 W/m2) causes both DNA damage and chromosome aberrations including chromatid breaks, exchanges, and minutes. In Kohn's alkaline elution technique, the DNA from exposed cells elutes more slowly than that from shielded cells. Because larger molecular weight DNA elutes slower than smaller, we interpret these results to mean that the DNA in cells exposed to light is crosslinked. The estimated frequency of crosslinks is sufficient to account for the number of chromatid breaks observed. The types of chromosome aberrations produced by light indicate that the primary lesion results in chromatid rather than chromosome breaks, and the results suggest an influence of cell density in that cells in densely populated cultures showed few or no chromatid breaks after irradiation. The present results, together with observations from the literature, suggest that the DNA crosslinkage and the chromosome aberrations produced by light may be related."}
{"id": "PMID:278993", "title": "Lengthening of the G1 phase is not strictly correlated with differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) undergo erythroid differentiation in vitro with an increased probability when cells are cultured in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or other agents. Exponentially growing Friend cells, after dilution into medium containing Me2SO, underwent a transient lengthening of the G1 phase of the cell cycle before they became committed to erythroid differentiation. For nine inducing agents, a positive correlation was found between the percentage of cells that had differentiated and synthesized heme, and the percentage of progenitor cells in which a lengthened G1 phase had previously been observed. This correlation was not found, however, with two other potent inducing agents, hypoxanthine and actinomycin D. Moreover, cells that underwent a lengthened G1 phase did not always terminally differentiate. One such example was a Me2SO-resistant, variant Friend cell line (520a) grown in the presence of Me2SO. These results imply that the prolonged G1 phase, although observed with many inducers, is not a prerequisite for erythroid differentiation with all inducers.", "contents": "Lengthening of the G1 phase is not strictly correlated with differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells. Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) undergo erythroid differentiation in vitro with an increased probability when cells are cultured in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or other agents. Exponentially growing Friend cells, after dilution into medium containing Me2SO, underwent a transient lengthening of the G1 phase of the cell cycle before they became committed to erythroid differentiation. For nine inducing agents, a positive correlation was found between the percentage of cells that had differentiated and synthesized heme, and the percentage of progenitor cells in which a lengthened G1 phase had previously been observed. This correlation was not found, however, with two other potent inducing agents, hypoxanthine and actinomycin D. Moreover, cells that underwent a lengthened G1 phase did not always terminally differentiate. One such example was a Me2SO-resistant, variant Friend cell line (520a) grown in the presence of Me2SO. These results imply that the prolonged G1 phase, although observed with many inducers, is not a prerequisite for erythroid differentiation with all inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:278994", "title": "Changes in membrane potential of human granulocytes antecede the metabolic responses to surface stimulation.", "content": "Human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) exposed to surface stimuli [e.g., immune complexes, concanavalin A (Con A)] generate O(2).(-), undergo a respiratory burst, and secrete lysosomal enzymes. To study the earliest reaction of ligands with surface receptors of granulocytes, purified cells were exposed to bovine serum albumin-anti-albumin complexes (Fc receptors) or Con A (glycoprotein receptors). The membrane potential (DeltaPsi) was measured by distribution of the lipophilic cation [(3)H]triphenylmethyl phosphonium ion. The Nernst equation yielded a resting DeltaPsi of -26.7 mV. Beginning within 10 sec after exposure to the antigen-antibody complex or to Con A, the cells responded with a rapid hyperpolarization --> depolarization --> slow hyperpolarization. Even when phagocytosis was inhibited by cytochalasin B, the triphasic response was obtained: evidence for surface interaction. The hyperpolarization response anteceded O(2).(-) generation (continuous recording) by at least 20-30 sec. O(2).(-) generation in response to immune complexes was stimulated by Ca(2+) whereas DeltaPsi remained unchanged; lack of Ca(2+) in the medium did not inhibit the DeltaPsi response. Dissociation of membrane hyperpolarization from subsequent metabolic responses (O(2).(-) generation) was also found in the presence of steroids (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone), which inhibited O(2).(-) generation but did not inhibit the DeltaPsi response to antigen-antibody complex. Because O(2).(-) generation could be stimulated (Ca(2+)) or depressed (steroids) without affecting DeltaPsi, the data suggest that DeltaPsi is involved in primary triggering of phagocytic cells and that metabolic stimulation is a secondary consequence of ligand-receptor interactions.", "contents": "Changes in membrane potential of human granulocytes antecede the metabolic responses to surface stimulation. Human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) exposed to surface stimuli [e.g., immune complexes, concanavalin A (Con A)] generate O(2).(-), undergo a respiratory burst, and secrete lysosomal enzymes. To study the earliest reaction of ligands with surface receptors of granulocytes, purified cells were exposed to bovine serum albumin-anti-albumin complexes (Fc receptors) or Con A (glycoprotein receptors). The membrane potential (DeltaPsi) was measured by distribution of the lipophilic cation [(3)H]triphenylmethyl phosphonium ion. The Nernst equation yielded a resting DeltaPsi of -26.7 mV. Beginning within 10 sec after exposure to the antigen-antibody complex or to Con A, the cells responded with a rapid hyperpolarization --> depolarization --> slow hyperpolarization. Even when phagocytosis was inhibited by cytochalasin B, the triphasic response was obtained: evidence for surface interaction. The hyperpolarization response anteceded O(2).(-) generation (continuous recording) by at least 20-30 sec. O(2).(-) generation in response to immune complexes was stimulated by Ca(2+) whereas DeltaPsi remained unchanged; lack of Ca(2+) in the medium did not inhibit the DeltaPsi response. Dissociation of membrane hyperpolarization from subsequent metabolic responses (O(2).(-) generation) was also found in the presence of steroids (hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone), which inhibited O(2).(-) generation but did not inhibit the DeltaPsi response to antigen-antibody complex. Because O(2).(-) generation could be stimulated (Ca(2+)) or depressed (steroids) without affecting DeltaPsi, the data suggest that DeltaPsi is involved in primary triggering of phagocytic cells and that metabolic stimulation is a secondary consequence of ligand-receptor interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:278995", "title": "Effect of anti-spectrin antibody and ATP on deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes was measured by using an ektacytometer. Divalent anti-spectrin antibody, but not monovalent anti-spectrin Fab fragments, decreased membrane deformability. Membranes resealed with MgATP were more deformable than those without MgATP. Exogenous alkaline phosphatase, which dephosphorylates spectrin, decreased membrane deformability. These results suggest that spectrin is an essential component of the system that determines erythrocyte deformability. They are consistent with the view that the role of ATP in membrane deformability is mediated through phosphorylation of the spectrin.", "contents": "Effect of anti-spectrin antibody and ATP on deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes. Deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes was measured by using an ektacytometer. Divalent anti-spectrin antibody, but not monovalent anti-spectrin Fab fragments, decreased membrane deformability. Membranes resealed with MgATP were more deformable than those without MgATP. Exogenous alkaline phosphatase, which dephosphorylates spectrin, decreased membrane deformability. These results suggest that spectrin is an essential component of the system that determines erythrocyte deformability. They are consistent with the view that the role of ATP in membrane deformability is mediated through phosphorylation of the spectrin."}
{"id": "PMID:278996", "title": "Alteration of myoblast phenotype by dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Application of dimethyl sulfoxide to proliferating L8 myoblasts (an established cell line of rat skeletal muscle) for 72 hr completely prevented fusion and induction of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity (an indicator of muscle differentiation). The growth pattern changed from the usual sheets of randomly oriented cells to flattened, whorled monolayers of elongated fibroblast-like cells. By electron microscopy, rough endoplasmic reticulum increased and extracellular material appeared that had the morphologic and staining characteristics of collagen. After 120 hr in dimethyl sulfoxide-containing medium, the cells secreted about 6 times more collagen than untreated controls. Dimethyl sulfoxide was ineffective when applied to L8 cells just prior to fusion, and effects of dimethyl sulfoxide were not readily reversible unless treated cells were subcultured at low density.", "contents": "Alteration of myoblast phenotype by dimethyl sulfoxide. Application of dimethyl sulfoxide to proliferating L8 myoblasts (an established cell line of rat skeletal muscle) for 72 hr completely prevented fusion and induction of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2) activity (an indicator of muscle differentiation). The growth pattern changed from the usual sheets of randomly oriented cells to flattened, whorled monolayers of elongated fibroblast-like cells. By electron microscopy, rough endoplasmic reticulum increased and extracellular material appeared that had the morphologic and staining characteristics of collagen. After 120 hr in dimethyl sulfoxide-containing medium, the cells secreted about 6 times more collagen than untreated controls. Dimethyl sulfoxide was ineffective when applied to L8 cells just prior to fusion, and effects of dimethyl sulfoxide were not readily reversible unless treated cells were subcultured at low density."}
{"id": "PMID:278997", "title": "Membrane sialic acid on target particles modulates their phagocytosis by a trypsin-sensitive mechanism on human monocytes.", "content": "Monolayers of human peripheral blood monocytes in the absence of exogenous proteins ingest a variety of natural particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway. Sheep erythrocytes, which do not ordinarily activate the human alternative complement pathway or initiate a direct monocyte phagocytic response, can be modified to exhibit both functions by the deletion or alteration of membrane sialic acid residues. Enzymatic removal of the sialic acid residues with sialidase or their conversion to heptulosonic acid derivatives by limited oxidation with NaIO4 and reduction with BH4- have equivalent dose-response effects on the capacity of the altered sheep erythrocytes to initiate the phagocytic response by human monocytes or to activate the alternative pathway in human serum. The deposition of C3b on native sheep erythrocytes had little effect on their ingestion by human monocytes, whereas the fixation of C3b on desialated sheep erythrocytes had a synergistic effect on the percentage of monocytes ingesting such a particle. The monocyte receptor essential for ingestion of desialated sheep erythrocytes or desialated sheep erythrocytes bearing C3b was inactivated by concentrations of trypsin that also prevented the monocytes from ingesting natural activators of the human alternative complement pathway, but did not alter the receptors for C3b or the Fc portion of IgG. The capacity of the nonimmune host to respond to desialated particles by initiating the monocyte ingestive process and by activating the alternative complement pathway to provide the synergy afforded by C3b deposition on that particle represents a primitive biochemical basis for differentiation of nonself from self.", "contents": "Membrane sialic acid on target particles modulates their phagocytosis by a trypsin-sensitive mechanism on human monocytes. Monolayers of human peripheral blood monocytes in the absence of exogenous proteins ingest a variety of natural particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway. Sheep erythrocytes, which do not ordinarily activate the human alternative complement pathway or initiate a direct monocyte phagocytic response, can be modified to exhibit both functions by the deletion or alteration of membrane sialic acid residues. Enzymatic removal of the sialic acid residues with sialidase or their conversion to heptulosonic acid derivatives by limited oxidation with NaIO4 and reduction with BH4- have equivalent dose-response effects on the capacity of the altered sheep erythrocytes to initiate the phagocytic response by human monocytes or to activate the alternative pathway in human serum. The deposition of C3b on native sheep erythrocytes had little effect on their ingestion by human monocytes, whereas the fixation of C3b on desialated sheep erythrocytes had a synergistic effect on the percentage of monocytes ingesting such a particle. The monocyte receptor essential for ingestion of desialated sheep erythrocytes or desialated sheep erythrocytes bearing C3b was inactivated by concentrations of trypsin that also prevented the monocytes from ingesting natural activators of the human alternative complement pathway, but did not alter the receptors for C3b or the Fc portion of IgG. The capacity of the nonimmune host to respond to desialated particles by initiating the monocyte ingestive process and by activating the alternative complement pathway to provide the synergy afforded by C3b deposition on that particle represents a primitive biochemical basis for differentiation of nonself from self."}
{"id": "PMID:278998", "title": "Human (HLA-A and HLA-B) and murine (H-2K and H-2D) histocompatibility antigens are cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus.", "content": "The proteins coded for by the HLA-A and HLA-B loci in man and the H-2K and H-2D loci in mice were identified as cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) Water-soluble octamers of viral coat proteins inhibit the complement-dependent cytotoxicity of antibodies directed against H-2K and H-2D antigens in mouse cells. (ii) Isolated detergent-soluble HLA-A and HLA-B antigens reconstituted in lipid vesicles inhibit the binding of viral proteins to human cells (as do the water-soluble antigens to a lesser extent). (iii) Reconstituted HLA-A and HLA-B vesicles interact in solution with Semliki Forest virus (or with vesicles containing viral spike proteins), as demonstrated by coprecipitation with antisera. (iv) Complexes between viral spoke proteins and HLA-A and HLA-B antigens or H-2K and H-2D antigens can be isolated from the cell surface by utilizing affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation.", "contents": "Human (HLA-A and HLA-B) and murine (H-2K and H-2D) histocompatibility antigens are cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. The proteins coded for by the HLA-A and HLA-B loci in man and the H-2K and H-2D loci in mice were identified as cell surface receptors for Semliki Forest virus. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (i) Water-soluble octamers of viral coat proteins inhibit the complement-dependent cytotoxicity of antibodies directed against H-2K and H-2D antigens in mouse cells. (ii) Isolated detergent-soluble HLA-A and HLA-B antigens reconstituted in lipid vesicles inhibit the binding of viral proteins to human cells (as do the water-soluble antigens to a lesser extent). (iii) Reconstituted HLA-A and HLA-B vesicles interact in solution with Semliki Forest virus (or with vesicles containing viral spike proteins), as demonstrated by coprecipitation with antisera. (iv) Complexes between viral spoke proteins and HLA-A and HLA-B antigens or H-2K and H-2D antigens can be isolated from the cell surface by utilizing affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:278999", "title": "Inhibition of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cell erythrodifferentiation by hydrocortisone and other steroids.", "content": "Erythrodifferentiation and hemoglobin synthesis in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemia cells were inhibited by hydrocortisone (HC) and four other steroids: dexamethasone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and aldosterone. The effect was specific, because no significant cytotoxicity occurred with any of these compounds at the concentrations that were inhibitory. The mechanism of action of HC was studied in detail. In the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide, it had no effect on hemoglobin levels; but, in the presence of this inducer, the synthesis of heme and globin were each inhibited by approximately 90%. There was no alteration in the synthesis of any major protein other than globin, as determined by gel electrophoresis of cell lysates. The activities of two enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I synthase, were inhibited by 80% and 70%, respectively. Globin mRNA induction was reduced by approximately 90%. This demonstrated that the HC inhibition of globin synthesis occurred at a pretranslational step. The dimethyl sulfoxide-induced single-stranded breaks in DNA, which have been suggested to play a role in Friend leukemia cell differentiation, were reduced in number but not eliminated. HC reduced the dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulation of virus release into the medium by approximately 50%. HC treatment in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide doubled the production of virus.", "contents": "Inhibition of dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend cell erythrodifferentiation by hydrocortisone and other steroids. Erythrodifferentiation and hemoglobin synthesis in dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulated Friend erythroleukemia cells were inhibited by hydrocortisone (HC) and four other steroids: dexamethasone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and aldosterone. The effect was specific, because no significant cytotoxicity occurred with any of these compounds at the concentrations that were inhibitory. The mechanism of action of HC was studied in detail. In the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide, it had no effect on hemoglobin levels; but, in the presence of this inducer, the synthesis of heme and globin were each inhibited by approximately 90%. There was no alteration in the synthesis of any major protein other than globin, as determined by gel electrophoresis of cell lysates. The activities of two enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I synthase, were inhibited by 80% and 70%, respectively. Globin mRNA induction was reduced by approximately 90%. This demonstrated that the HC inhibition of globin synthesis occurred at a pretranslational step. The dimethyl sulfoxide-induced single-stranded breaks in DNA, which have been suggested to play a role in Friend leukemia cell differentiation, were reduced in number but not eliminated. HC reduced the dimethyl sulfoxide-stimulation of virus release into the medium by approximately 50%. HC treatment in the absence of dimethyl sulfoxide doubled the production of virus."}
{"id": "PMID:279000", "title": "Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine stimulates uptake of nutrients by quiescent BALB/C3T3 cells.", "content": "Preincubation of quiescent BALB/C3T3 cells with uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) in conditioned medium resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent stimulation of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, uridine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid over that seen in conditioned medium alone. The apparent Km values for 2-deoxyglucose and uridine uptake were the same for cells incubated with or without UDP-GlcNAc, whereas the Vmax values were higher for cells pretreated with the nucleotide sugar. The stimulation of uptake was specific for UDP-GlcNAc, and the other nucleotide sugars tested were ineffective; incubation of UDP-GlcNAc-pretreated cells with N-acetylglucosaminidase abolished the stimulatory effect. In all cases, the extent of stimulation of nutrient uptake was comparable to that seen with serum-stimulated cells. Incubation of quiescent cells in situ with UDP-[3H]GlcNAc led to incorporation of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine into the acid-precipitable fraction; a large fraction of the labeled amino sugar was found on the cell surface acceptors. We interpret these data to mean that the cellular acceptors of quiescent cells are \"under-glycosylated,\" at least in terms of N-acetylglucosamine, and that stimulation of uptake of nutrients may be a consequence of restoration of the amino sugar residues on the oligosaccharide chains of acceptors on the cell surface.", "contents": "Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine stimulates uptake of nutrients by quiescent BALB/C3T3 cells. Preincubation of quiescent BALB/C3T3 cells with uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) in conditioned medium resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent stimulation of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, uridine, and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid over that seen in conditioned medium alone. The apparent Km values for 2-deoxyglucose and uridine uptake were the same for cells incubated with or without UDP-GlcNAc, whereas the Vmax values were higher for cells pretreated with the nucleotide sugar. The stimulation of uptake was specific for UDP-GlcNAc, and the other nucleotide sugars tested were ineffective; incubation of UDP-GlcNAc-pretreated cells with N-acetylglucosaminidase abolished the stimulatory effect. In all cases, the extent of stimulation of nutrient uptake was comparable to that seen with serum-stimulated cells. Incubation of quiescent cells in situ with UDP-[3H]GlcNAc led to incorporation of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine into the acid-precipitable fraction; a large fraction of the labeled amino sugar was found on the cell surface acceptors. We interpret these data to mean that the cellular acceptors of quiescent cells are \"under-glycosylated,\" at least in terms of N-acetylglucosamine, and that stimulation of uptake of nutrients may be a consequence of restoration of the amino sugar residues on the oligosaccharide chains of acceptors on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:279001", "title": "Conjugation of methotrexate to poly(L-lysine) increases drug transport and overcomes drug resistance in cultured cells.", "content": "Methotrexate and [(3)H]methotrexate were conjugated through a carbodiimide-catalyzed reaction to a 70,000 molecular weight poly(L-lysine) in molar ratios of approximately 13 to 1. The cellular uptake of labeled conjugate was far in excess of the uptake of free drug in cells that were either proficient or deficient in methotrexate transport. The conjugate markedly inhibited the growth of PRO(-)3 Mtx(RII) 5-3 Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are known to be drug resistant by virtue of a deficient methotrexate transport. The cells, however, were not inhibited by the same concentrations of free poly(Lys) and free drug. The 100-fold difference in drug concentration needed to inhibit the mutant cells and their corresponding wild type was totally abolished by exposing the methotrexate-resistant cells to methotrexate-poly(Lys). That the drug is carried into the resistant cells as intact drug-poly(Lys) is evident also from the fact that the conjugate is rendered inactive by brief trypsinization in vitro. Because the conjugate fails to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP(+) oxidoreductase; EC 1.5.1.3) in vitro, it must be concluded that the strong growth inhibitory effect of the conjugate is due to the intracellular hydrolysis of its polymeric backbone, followed by the release inside the cell of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate. Our date show that in methotrexate-resistant cells the intracellular release of active drug after uptake of conjugate is of the same order of magnitude as the uptake of free drug by transport-proficient cells and, hence, that the drug resistance due to deficient transport can be totally overcome.", "contents": "Conjugation of methotrexate to poly(L-lysine) increases drug transport and overcomes drug resistance in cultured cells. Methotrexate and [(3)H]methotrexate were conjugated through a carbodiimide-catalyzed reaction to a 70,000 molecular weight poly(L-lysine) in molar ratios of approximately 13 to 1. The cellular uptake of labeled conjugate was far in excess of the uptake of free drug in cells that were either proficient or deficient in methotrexate transport. The conjugate markedly inhibited the growth of PRO(-)3 Mtx(RII) 5-3 Chinese hamster ovary cells, which are known to be drug resistant by virtue of a deficient methotrexate transport. The cells, however, were not inhibited by the same concentrations of free poly(Lys) and free drug. The 100-fold difference in drug concentration needed to inhibit the mutant cells and their corresponding wild type was totally abolished by exposing the methotrexate-resistant cells to methotrexate-poly(Lys). That the drug is carried into the resistant cells as intact drug-poly(Lys) is evident also from the fact that the conjugate is rendered inactive by brief trypsinization in vitro. Because the conjugate fails to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP(+) oxidoreductase; EC 1.5.1.3) in vitro, it must be concluded that the strong growth inhibitory effect of the conjugate is due to the intracellular hydrolysis of its polymeric backbone, followed by the release inside the cell of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate. Our date show that in methotrexate-resistant cells the intracellular release of active drug after uptake of conjugate is of the same order of magnitude as the uptake of free drug by transport-proficient cells and, hence, that the drug resistance due to deficient transport can be totally overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:279002", "title": "Development of parathyroid hormone- and calcitonin-activated adenylate cyclases in embryonic chicken limb and in cultured cells from embryonic chicken limb.", "content": "Activation of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin was measured as a function of stage of development in embryonic chicken limb buds. Responsiveness to both hormones develops in the tissue at the time when nascent bone is forming. In addition, a temporal sequence of development of hormone response was observed, with a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase appearing earlier than the calcitonin-activated enzyme. The responsiveness to the two hormones was additive, indicating the presence of two receptor populations. Undifferentiated cells obtained from limb buds prior to appearance of hormonal responsiveness were cultured and were found to develop a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase in vitro. However, a calcitonin-stimulated enzyme did not appear in such cultures. The PTH-activated enzyme was found to be similar to that present in bone in regard to its sensitivity to PTH. The enzyme did not respond to other hormones, and myoblast cultures did not develop a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase, indicating that a true bone adenylate cyclase was being measured.", "contents": "Development of parathyroid hormone- and calcitonin-activated adenylate cyclases in embryonic chicken limb and in cultured cells from embryonic chicken limb. Activation of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin was measured as a function of stage of development in embryonic chicken limb buds. Responsiveness to both hormones develops in the tissue at the time when nascent bone is forming. In addition, a temporal sequence of development of hormone response was observed, with a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase appearing earlier than the calcitonin-activated enzyme. The responsiveness to the two hormones was additive, indicating the presence of two receptor populations. Undifferentiated cells obtained from limb buds prior to appearance of hormonal responsiveness were cultured and were found to develop a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase in vitro. However, a calcitonin-stimulated enzyme did not appear in such cultures. The PTH-activated enzyme was found to be similar to that present in bone in regard to its sensitivity to PTH. The enzyme did not respond to other hormones, and myoblast cultures did not develop a PTH-activated adenylate cyclase, indicating that a true bone adenylate cyclase was being measured."}
{"id": "PMID:279003", "title": "A gene on human chromosome 6 functions in assembly of tissue-specific adenosine deaminase isozymes.", "content": "In human tissues, adenosine deaminase (ADA) (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5.4.4) activity can be separated by gel electrophoresis into several isozymes. A structural gene (ADA) on chromosome 20 codes for the \"erythrocyte\" isozyme, ADA-1, which is also expressed in some nonerythroid tissues. Nonerythroid cells also differentially express five ADA \"tissue isozymes\" of a greater molecular weight than ADA-1. Each ADA tissue isozyme has a characteristic electrophoretic mobility and tissue distribution. It has been suggested that these ADA tissue isozymes are composed of ADA-1 and other components. We report that the expression of one of these tissue isozymes, ADA-d, is dependent upon ADA on chromosome 20 and another gene on chromosome 6 which functions in the assembly of the ADA tissue isozymes. In human-mouse hybrids segregating human chromosomes, chromosome 6(+),20(+) hybrids express both ADA-1 and ADA-d; chromosome 6(-),20(+) hybrids express only ADA-1; while 6(+),20(-) hybrids have no human ADA activity. ADA-d formation also occurs in vitro by self-assembly when an extract of human erythrocytes or chromosome 6(-),20(+) hybrids is mixed with a homogenate of chromosome 6(+),20(-) hybrids. The gene on chromosome 6, designated ADCP, codes for an adenosine deaminase complexing protein. The product of ADCP presumably combines with ADA-1 to form the ADA tissue isozymes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution of enzymatic activity between ADA-1 and the tissue isozymes depends on the expression of the gene for ADA complexing protein, while the differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of the ADA isozymes, except ADA-1, are generated, as suggested by others, by the degree of glycosylation of the complexing protein.", "contents": "A gene on human chromosome 6 functions in assembly of tissue-specific adenosine deaminase isozymes. In human tissues, adenosine deaminase (ADA) (adenosine aminohydrolase; EC 3.5.4.4) activity can be separated by gel electrophoresis into several isozymes. A structural gene (ADA) on chromosome 20 codes for the \"erythrocyte\" isozyme, ADA-1, which is also expressed in some nonerythroid tissues. Nonerythroid cells also differentially express five ADA \"tissue isozymes\" of a greater molecular weight than ADA-1. Each ADA tissue isozyme has a characteristic electrophoretic mobility and tissue distribution. It has been suggested that these ADA tissue isozymes are composed of ADA-1 and other components. We report that the expression of one of these tissue isozymes, ADA-d, is dependent upon ADA on chromosome 20 and another gene on chromosome 6 which functions in the assembly of the ADA tissue isozymes. In human-mouse hybrids segregating human chromosomes, chromosome 6(+),20(+) hybrids express both ADA-1 and ADA-d; chromosome 6(-),20(+) hybrids express only ADA-1; while 6(+),20(-) hybrids have no human ADA activity. ADA-d formation also occurs in vitro by self-assembly when an extract of human erythrocytes or chromosome 6(-),20(+) hybrids is mixed with a homogenate of chromosome 6(+),20(-) hybrids. The gene on chromosome 6, designated ADCP, codes for an adenosine deaminase complexing protein. The product of ADCP presumably combines with ADA-1 to form the ADA tissue isozymes. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution of enzymatic activity between ADA-1 and the tissue isozymes depends on the expression of the gene for ADA complexing protein, while the differences in the electrophoretic mobilities of the ADA isozymes, except ADA-1, are generated, as suggested by others, by the degree of glycosylation of the complexing protein."}
{"id": "PMID:279004", "title": "Multiple related immunoglobulin variable-region genes identified by cloning and sequence analysis.", "content": "We have identified at least six EcoRI fragments of mouse DNA that encode variable-region gene sequences closely related to the mouse kappa light chain, MOPC-149. Two of these fragments have been cloned, and the entire nucleotide sequence of the variable-region genes encoded on each has been determined. Both genes encode closely related variable-region sequences extending from codon position 1 through position 97. Neither fragment encodes a constant-region sequence. Although both genes are closely related, they differ from one another and from the sequence expressed in the MOPC-149 cell from which they were cloned. These few differences cluster within the complementarity-determining regions although several occur in framework sequences as well. We therefore conclude that an antibody-producing cell contains genetic information corresponding to its expressed sequence and several other closely related but silent sequences. These initial results raise the possibility that similar sets of genes might exist corresponding to each of the many subgroups already identified among mouse kappa light chains. If true, this would further suggest that the mouse genome might be rich enough in variable-region genes so as to encode a major portion of the variable-region repertoire.", "contents": "Multiple related immunoglobulin variable-region genes identified by cloning and sequence analysis. We have identified at least six EcoRI fragments of mouse DNA that encode variable-region gene sequences closely related to the mouse kappa light chain, MOPC-149. Two of these fragments have been cloned, and the entire nucleotide sequence of the variable-region genes encoded on each has been determined. Both genes encode closely related variable-region sequences extending from codon position 1 through position 97. Neither fragment encodes a constant-region sequence. Although both genes are closely related, they differ from one another and from the sequence expressed in the MOPC-149 cell from which they were cloned. These few differences cluster within the complementarity-determining regions although several occur in framework sequences as well. We therefore conclude that an antibody-producing cell contains genetic information corresponding to its expressed sequence and several other closely related but silent sequences. These initial results raise the possibility that similar sets of genes might exist corresponding to each of the many subgroups already identified among mouse kappa light chains. If true, this would further suggest that the mouse genome might be rich enough in variable-region genes so as to encode a major portion of the variable-region repertoire."}
{"id": "PMID:279005", "title": "Effect of inbreeding on IQ and mental retardation.", "content": "Both decline of IQ and increase of mental retardation are consistent with rare recessive alleles at about 325 loci. There is no suggestion of a discrepancy that might be due to polygenic dominance or confounding of consanguinity with unfavorable environment. These data indicate that the risk for mental retardation in matings of normal parents increases from 0.012 with random mating to 0.062 for first-cousin parentage but that dominance deviations are a negligible cause of family resemblance of IQ. Implications for frequencies, mutation rates, and radiation response are detailed.", "contents": "Effect of inbreeding on IQ and mental retardation. Both decline of IQ and increase of mental retardation are consistent with rare recessive alleles at about 325 loci. There is no suggestion of a discrepancy that might be due to polygenic dominance or confounding of consanguinity with unfavorable environment. These data indicate that the risk for mental retardation in matings of normal parents increases from 0.012 with random mating to 0.062 for first-cousin parentage but that dominance deviations are a negligible cause of family resemblance of IQ. Implications for frequencies, mutation rates, and radiation response are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:279006", "title": "Developmental change in human intestinal alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Starch gel electrophoresis and inhibition studies with L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-leucine, L-leucylglycylglycine, and L-phenylalanylglycylglycine were carried out on a series of human alkaline phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum); EC 3.1.3.1] derived from fetal and adult liver, kidney, bone, and intestine. No differences between adult and fetal liver, kidney, or bone alkaline phosphatases were observed by either electrophoretic or inhibition studies. However, the fetal intestinal enzyme could be clearly distinguished from the adult intestinal enzyme by its greater anodal electrophoretic mobility and its retardation after treatment with neuraminidase. Even after extensive neuraminidase treatment, its anodal mobility was still slightly greater than that of adult intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Fetal and adult intestinal enzymes showed the same inhibition profiles with the series of inhibitors both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. A survey of intestinal samples from fetuses and premature infants of various gestational ages indicated that the changeover from the synthesis of fetal to adult intestinal enzyme begins at about 28-32 weeks of gestation. The difference between the fetal and adult forms of intestinal alkaline phosphatase may represent the expression of different gene loci or a difference in post-translational modification.", "contents": "Developmental change in human intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Starch gel electrophoresis and inhibition studies with L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, L-leucine, L-leucylglycylglycine, and L-phenylalanylglycylglycine were carried out on a series of human alkaline phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum); EC 3.1.3.1] derived from fetal and adult liver, kidney, bone, and intestine. No differences between adult and fetal liver, kidney, or bone alkaline phosphatases were observed by either electrophoretic or inhibition studies. However, the fetal intestinal enzyme could be clearly distinguished from the adult intestinal enzyme by its greater anodal electrophoretic mobility and its retardation after treatment with neuraminidase. Even after extensive neuraminidase treatment, its anodal mobility was still slightly greater than that of adult intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Fetal and adult intestinal enzymes showed the same inhibition profiles with the series of inhibitors both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. A survey of intestinal samples from fetuses and premature infants of various gestational ages indicated that the changeover from the synthesis of fetal to adult intestinal enzyme begins at about 28-32 weeks of gestation. The difference between the fetal and adult forms of intestinal alkaline phosphatase may represent the expression of different gene loci or a difference in post-translational modification."}
{"id": "PMID:279007", "title": "Requirement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation for human monocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "The chemotactic response of motile bacteria requires the methylation of specific proteins by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. To determine whether methylation is required for the chemotaxis of human leukocytes, we studied the effects of inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation on monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. Methylation was inhibited in monocytes by treating the cells with substances that produced elevations in intracellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylation. Treatment of isolated monocytes with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, plus exogenous adenosine and L-homocysteine thiolactone increased intracellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine levels by as much as 1500-fold. Concomitant with increases in S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were a decrease in monocyte protein carboxy-O-methylation as well as a marked inhibition of monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. Conditions that almost completely inhibited methylation and chemotaxis did not depress monocyte phagocytosis, indicating that this latter function either is independent of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation or is extremely resistant to inhibition of such reactions by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. These studies indicate that S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation is required for the chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells and that the chemotactic and phagocytic functions of human monocytes have different requirements for methylation.", "contents": "Requirement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation for human monocyte chemotaxis. The chemotactic response of motile bacteria requires the methylation of specific proteins by S-adenosyl-L-methionine. To determine whether methylation is required for the chemotaxis of human leukocytes, we studied the effects of inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation on monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. Methylation was inhibited in monocytes by treating the cells with substances that produced elevations in intracellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, a competitive inhibitor of S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylation. Treatment of isolated monocytes with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine, plus exogenous adenosine and L-homocysteine thiolactone increased intracellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine levels by as much as 1500-fold. Concomitant with increases in S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were a decrease in monocyte protein carboxy-O-methylation as well as a marked inhibition of monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. Conditions that almost completely inhibited methylation and chemotaxis did not depress monocyte phagocytosis, indicating that this latter function either is independent of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation or is extremely resistant to inhibition of such reactions by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. These studies indicate that S-adenosyl-L-methionine-mediated methylation is required for the chemotaxis of eukaryotic cells and that the chemotactic and phagocytic functions of human monocytes have different requirements for methylation."}
{"id": "PMID:279008", "title": "Visualization of specific antibody and C1q binding to hapten-sensitized lipid vesicles.", "content": "Specific IgG antibodies directed against the spin-label nitroxide group present as a lipid hapten in single-compartment lipid vesicles have been visualized by using freeze-etch electron microscopy. Individual \"particles\" with diameters of the order of 20 nm are identified as single IgG molecules bound to lipid hapten. No significant aggregation of these IgG molecules was observed over a period of 1 hr in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicle at 22 degrees. Binding of the human complement component C1q results in the formation of large (approximately 50-100 nm) asymmetric particles having a partially resolved substructure that may arise from individual IgG molecules bound to the membranes as well as to C1q. The binding of C1q appears to result in a clustering of membrane-bound IgG molecules. Samples containing a serum factor (perhaps anti-IgG antibodies) exhibit some IgG clustering distinct from that produced by Clq.", "contents": "Visualization of specific antibody and C1q binding to hapten-sensitized lipid vesicles. Specific IgG antibodies directed against the spin-label nitroxide group present as a lipid hapten in single-compartment lipid vesicles have been visualized by using freeze-etch electron microscopy. Individual \"particles\" with diameters of the order of 20 nm are identified as single IgG molecules bound to lipid hapten. No significant aggregation of these IgG molecules was observed over a period of 1 hr in a dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicle at 22 degrees. Binding of the human complement component C1q results in the formation of large (approximately 50-100 nm) asymmetric particles having a partially resolved substructure that may arise from individual IgG molecules bound to the membranes as well as to C1q. The binding of C1q appears to result in a clustering of membrane-bound IgG molecules. Samples containing a serum factor (perhaps anti-IgG antibodies) exhibit some IgG clustering distinct from that produced by Clq."}
{"id": "PMID:279009", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus produced by somatic cell hybridization: detection of antigenic variants.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas) between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from BALB/c mice immunized with inactivated rabies vaccine were found to produce antibodies to rabies virus. Monoclonal antibodies with different specificities were obtained either from the mass culture directly after fusion or from clones derived from a single-cell cloning procedure. Several strains of fixed or street rabies virus were analyzed by virus neutralization procedures which demonstrated differences in their antigenic composition. Hybridoma antibodies were able to protect experimental animals from lethal rabies virus infection.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus produced by somatic cell hybridization: detection of antigenic variants. Somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas) between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from BALB/c mice immunized with inactivated rabies vaccine were found to produce antibodies to rabies virus. Monoclonal antibodies with different specificities were obtained either from the mass culture directly after fusion or from clones derived from a single-cell cloning procedure. Several strains of fixed or street rabies virus were analyzed by virus neutralization procedures which demonstrated differences in their antigenic composition. Hybridoma antibodies were able to protect experimental animals from lethal rabies virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:279010", "title": "Demonstration of specific C5a receptor on intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Human C5a, a complement-derived anaphylatoxin, is a potent mediator of human leukocyte chemotaxis. Using a homogeneous preparation of C5a that was 125I-labeled, we have demonstrated the presence of a specific cellular receptor for this glycoprotein on intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cellular uptake of the radiolabeled ligand occurred rapidly and the rate of dissociation was extremely slow. Cellular binding was saturable with respect to 125I-labeled C5a, and half-saturation occurred at a concentration of 3-7 X 10(-9) M. The number of C5a binding sites per cell was estimated as 1-3 X 10(5). The ligand (C5a) displays specific structural features that are required for binding because analogs of C5a such as C5ades Arg or a yeast carboxypeptidase-digested C5a derivative C5a-(I-69) inhibited the binding but C3a anaphylatoxin, which resembles C5a chemically, did not. Both C5a-mediated leukocyte chemotaxis and C5a-induced lysosomal enzyme release from cytochalasin B-treated cells closely paralleled uptake of the ligand, clearly indicating that it is a receptor-C5a interaction that leads to stimulation of these cellular responses.", "contents": "Demonstration of specific C5a receptor on intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Human C5a, a complement-derived anaphylatoxin, is a potent mediator of human leukocyte chemotaxis. Using a homogeneous preparation of C5a that was 125I-labeled, we have demonstrated the presence of a specific cellular receptor for this glycoprotein on intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Cellular uptake of the radiolabeled ligand occurred rapidly and the rate of dissociation was extremely slow. Cellular binding was saturable with respect to 125I-labeled C5a, and half-saturation occurred at a concentration of 3-7 X 10(-9) M. The number of C5a binding sites per cell was estimated as 1-3 X 10(5). The ligand (C5a) displays specific structural features that are required for binding because analogs of C5a such as C5ades Arg or a yeast carboxypeptidase-digested C5a derivative C5a-(I-69) inhibited the binding but C3a anaphylatoxin, which resembles C5a chemically, did not. Both C5a-mediated leukocyte chemotaxis and C5a-induced lysosomal enzyme release from cytochalasin B-treated cells closely paralleled uptake of the ligand, clearly indicating that it is a receptor-C5a interaction that leads to stimulation of these cellular responses."}
{"id": "PMID:279011", "title": "Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement: recognition of activators by bound C3b and assembly of the entire pathway from six isolated proteins.", "content": "An intact alternative pathway of complement activation was assembled from six isolated proteins present at their respective physiological concentrations (C3, 1200 microgram/ml: factor B, 200 microgram/ml; factor D, 2 microgram/ml; beta1H, 560 microgram/ml; C3b inactivator, 34 microgram/ml; and native properdin, 20 microgram/ml). Initiation of the pathway required the presence of five of these proteins not including properdin. The initial C3 convertase of the system was shown to be a fluid-phase rather than a surface-bound enzyme. The ability of the pathway to discriminate between activator and nonactivator was found to reside in the bound C3b molecule. When bound to the surface of an activator through its labile binding site, C3b interacts with surface structures of the activator through another site on the molecule. This interaction results in diminished beta1H binding to C3b and thereby allows the bound C3b molecule to escape control and participate in C3 convertase formation. Thus, initiation of the alternative pathway is a two-step process, the first being non-specific and the second being discriminatory.", "contents": "Initiation of the alternative pathway of complement: recognition of activators by bound C3b and assembly of the entire pathway from six isolated proteins. An intact alternative pathway of complement activation was assembled from six isolated proteins present at their respective physiological concentrations (C3, 1200 microgram/ml: factor B, 200 microgram/ml; factor D, 2 microgram/ml; beta1H, 560 microgram/ml; C3b inactivator, 34 microgram/ml; and native properdin, 20 microgram/ml). Initiation of the pathway required the presence of five of these proteins not including properdin. The initial C3 convertase of the system was shown to be a fluid-phase rather than a surface-bound enzyme. The ability of the pathway to discriminate between activator and nonactivator was found to reside in the bound C3b molecule. When bound to the surface of an activator through its labile binding site, C3b interacts with surface structures of the activator through another site on the molecule. This interaction results in diminished beta1H binding to C3b and thereby allows the bound C3b molecule to escape control and participate in C3 convertase formation. Thus, initiation of the alternative pathway is a two-step process, the first being non-specific and the second being discriminatory."}
{"id": "PMID:279012", "title": "X-ray sensitivity of diploid fibroblasts from patients with hereditary or sporadic retinoblastoma.", "content": "Fibroblasts derived from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma appear to be more sensitive to the lethal effects of x-rays than do fibroblasts from patients with sporadic retinoblastoma or normal controls. A defect in DNA repair is postulated to account for the high incidence of second tumors in these patients. Retinoblastoma appears to be an interesting model for the study of genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous or radiation-induced tumors.", "contents": "X-ray sensitivity of diploid fibroblasts from patients with hereditary or sporadic retinoblastoma. Fibroblasts derived from patients with hereditary retinoblastoma appear to be more sensitive to the lethal effects of x-rays than do fibroblasts from patients with sporadic retinoblastoma or normal controls. A defect in DNA repair is postulated to account for the high incidence of second tumors in these patients. Retinoblastoma appears to be an interesting model for the study of genetic susceptibility to the development of spontaneous or radiation-induced tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:279013", "title": "Neurocytotoxic antibodies in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been tested for antibody to a human neuronal cell line, SK-N-SH, derived from a metastatic neuroblastoma. With a complement-dependent (51)Cr-release cytotoxicity assay, 75% of SLE sera had antineuronal activity mediated by IgM antibody. Most of the sera containing this IgM neurocytotoxic antibody were also cytotoxic to the human glial cell lines A-172 and U-118MG. The sera did not mediate complement-dependent (51)Cr release when tested against normal human fibroblasts or peripheral blood lymphocytes. IgG antineuronal antibody was detected in 17% of SLE sera by an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay with SK-N-SH cells as targets. The relationship of IgM and IgG antineuronal antibodies to the antilymphocyte antibodies present in SLE sera was evaluated by a series of crossabsorption experiments using SK-N-SH cells to remove neuronal antibodies and WI-L2 (human lymphoblasts) to remove antilymphocyte antibodies. Most of the complement-dependent neurocytotoxicity was not removed by multiple lymphoblast absorptions, although the WI-L2 cells readily removed lymphocytotoxic activity as assayed on normal lymphocytes. Absorption with SK-N-SH cells removed most, but not all, of the lymphocytotoxic antibody. Thus, although lymphocytotoxic antibodies reactive with membrane antigens shared by lymphocytes and brain may constitute a subset of the antibodies to neural cells, most of the antineuronal activity in SLE serum is directed at other cell surface antigens expressed on neuronal and glial cells. Should they gain access to the brain, these antibodies have the potential to produce neuropathology, but their presence in the nervous system of patients with the neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE is yet to be documented.", "contents": "Neurocytotoxic antibodies in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been tested for antibody to a human neuronal cell line, SK-N-SH, derived from a metastatic neuroblastoma. With a complement-dependent (51)Cr-release cytotoxicity assay, 75% of SLE sera had antineuronal activity mediated by IgM antibody. Most of the sera containing this IgM neurocytotoxic antibody were also cytotoxic to the human glial cell lines A-172 and U-118MG. The sera did not mediate complement-dependent (51)Cr release when tested against normal human fibroblasts or peripheral blood lymphocytes. IgG antineuronal antibody was detected in 17% of SLE sera by an antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay with SK-N-SH cells as targets. The relationship of IgM and IgG antineuronal antibodies to the antilymphocyte antibodies present in SLE sera was evaluated by a series of crossabsorption experiments using SK-N-SH cells to remove neuronal antibodies and WI-L2 (human lymphoblasts) to remove antilymphocyte antibodies. Most of the complement-dependent neurocytotoxicity was not removed by multiple lymphoblast absorptions, although the WI-L2 cells readily removed lymphocytotoxic activity as assayed on normal lymphocytes. Absorption with SK-N-SH cells removed most, but not all, of the lymphocytotoxic antibody. Thus, although lymphocytotoxic antibodies reactive with membrane antigens shared by lymphocytes and brain may constitute a subset of the antibodies to neural cells, most of the antineuronal activity in SLE serum is directed at other cell surface antigens expressed on neuronal and glial cells. Should they gain access to the brain, these antibodies have the potential to produce neuropathology, but their presence in the nervous system of patients with the neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE is yet to be documented."}
{"id": "PMID:279014", "title": "Relative loss of oncogenic potency of mouse leukemia virus (Gross) after prolonged propagation in tissue culture.", "content": "Since the initial development of the \"passage A\" mouse leukemia virus in 1957, this virus has been propagated in our laboratory by serial passage in newborn C3H(f) mice. At the present time, 10(-2)-10(-3) dilutions in physiological saline solution of this mouse-passaged virus induce lymphatic leukemia in practically all inoculated mice after a latency of 3-5 months. On the other hand, when the same virus was propagated on NIH 3T3 mouse embryo cells in tissue culture for more than 10 years, its leukemogenic potency became considerably reduced. Recent bioassay experiments carried out in our laboratory demonstrated that after such prolonged propagation in tissue culture this virus now induced leukemia in less than 15% of the inoculated suckling C3H(f) mice; only undiluted or 10% dilutions of the tissue culture fluid (very occasionally 10(-2) or 10(-3) dilutions) induced leukemia after a prolonged latency varying from 5.5 to 18 months. The passaged and the tissue-culture-grown virus strains are identical immunologically and indistinguishable in their morphology when examined by electron microscopy. The tissue-culture-grown virus, attenuated in its leukemogenic potency, does not, however, confer immunity against a challenge with the mouse-passaged virus.", "contents": "Relative loss of oncogenic potency of mouse leukemia virus (Gross) after prolonged propagation in tissue culture. Since the initial development of the \"passage A\" mouse leukemia virus in 1957, this virus has been propagated in our laboratory by serial passage in newborn C3H(f) mice. At the present time, 10(-2)-10(-3) dilutions in physiological saline solution of this mouse-passaged virus induce lymphatic leukemia in practically all inoculated mice after a latency of 3-5 months. On the other hand, when the same virus was propagated on NIH 3T3 mouse embryo cells in tissue culture for more than 10 years, its leukemogenic potency became considerably reduced. Recent bioassay experiments carried out in our laboratory demonstrated that after such prolonged propagation in tissue culture this virus now induced leukemia in less than 15% of the inoculated suckling C3H(f) mice; only undiluted or 10% dilutions of the tissue culture fluid (very occasionally 10(-2) or 10(-3) dilutions) induced leukemia after a prolonged latency varying from 5.5 to 18 months. The passaged and the tissue-culture-grown virus strains are identical immunologically and indistinguishable in their morphology when examined by electron microscopy. The tissue-culture-grown virus, attenuated in its leukemogenic potency, does not, however, confer immunity against a challenge with the mouse-passaged virus."}
{"id": "PMID:279015", "title": "Induction of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indoleamine: oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity in the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of the mice lung homogenate increased approximately 30- to 50-fold after an intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In all other tissues tested, no significant increase in enzyme activity was observed. The effect appeared to be specific for the lipopolysaccharide fraction because glycogen and zymosan were almost ineffective under the same experimental conditions. In the lung, the enzyme activity increased almost linearly during the first 24 hr after a single injection of the lipopolysaccharide fraction (20 microgram per mouse). The enzyme activity started to decrease after 48 hr and reached a normal value after about 6 days. The increase in enzyme activity was completely abolished by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Other enzymes in the lung such as beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and monoamine oxidase did not change significantly with this treatment.", "contents": "Induction of pulmonary indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indoleamine: oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity in the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of the mice lung homogenate increased approximately 30- to 50-fold after an intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In all other tissues tested, no significant increase in enzyme activity was observed. The effect appeared to be specific for the lipopolysaccharide fraction because glycogen and zymosan were almost ineffective under the same experimental conditions. In the lung, the enzyme activity increased almost linearly during the first 24 hr after a single injection of the lipopolysaccharide fraction (20 microgram per mouse). The enzyme activity started to decrease after 48 hr and reached a normal value after about 6 days. The increase in enzyme activity was completely abolished by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Other enzymes in the lung such as beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, and monoamine oxidase did not change significantly with this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:279016", "title": "Specific immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by denatured acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Specific immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was achieved by the use of a denatured preparation of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) that did not in itself induce the disease. Torpedo californica AcChoR was irreversibly denatured by complete reduction and carboxymethylation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Rabbits immunized with reduced carboxymethylated receptor (RCM-AcChoR) produced antibodies that reacted with both RCM-AcChoR and intact AcChoR. The specificity of anti-RCM-AcChoR antibodies is different from that of anti-AcChoR antibodies because the former are directed to only part of the antigenic determinants present in the intact receptor. RCM-AcChoR, which by itself is completely nonmyasthenic, was shown to be capable of both preventing the onset of EAMG and of reversing the clinical symptoms in myasthenic rabbits. In all cases the therapeutic effect of RCM-AcChoR administration on EAMG was accompanied by a change in the immunological specificity of the antibodies. The crossreactivity between AcChoR and RCM-AcChoR and the nonpathogenicity of RCM-AcChoR appear to be crucial in governing the specific immunosuppressive effects of RCM-AcChoR on EAMG.", "contents": "Specific immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by denatured acetylcholine receptor. Specific immunosuppression of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) was achieved by the use of a denatured preparation of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) that did not in itself induce the disease. Torpedo californica AcChoR was irreversibly denatured by complete reduction and carboxymethylation in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Rabbits immunized with reduced carboxymethylated receptor (RCM-AcChoR) produced antibodies that reacted with both RCM-AcChoR and intact AcChoR. The specificity of anti-RCM-AcChoR antibodies is different from that of anti-AcChoR antibodies because the former are directed to only part of the antigenic determinants present in the intact receptor. RCM-AcChoR, which by itself is completely nonmyasthenic, was shown to be capable of both preventing the onset of EAMG and of reversing the clinical symptoms in myasthenic rabbits. In all cases the therapeutic effect of RCM-AcChoR administration on EAMG was accompanied by a change in the immunological specificity of the antibodies. The crossreactivity between AcChoR and RCM-AcChoR and the nonpathogenicity of RCM-AcChoR appear to be crucial in governing the specific immunosuppressive effects of RCM-AcChoR on EAMG."}
{"id": "PMID:279017", "title": "A factor from neurons increases the number of acetylcholine receptor aggregates on cultured muscle cells.", "content": "There is an increase in the number of acetylcholine (AcCho) receptor aggregates on striated embryonic mouse myotubules when they are cocultured with clonal neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Medium conditioned by hybrid cells contains a factor which increases the number of AcCho receptor aggregates on myotubes cultured from mouse, rat or chick muscle. AcCho receptor-aggregating activity was present in medium conditioned by the neuroblastoma parent clone but was not detected in medium conditioned by cells of the parent glioma clone, fibroblasts, or HeLa cells. The factor increased the aggregation of AcCho receptors within 24 hr without a significant increase in the total number of AcCho receptors, and its action did not depend on myotube protein synthesis. The factor appears to rearrange the distribution of myotube AcCho receptors either by aggregating mobile AcCho receptors or by stabilizing labile receptor aggregates.", "contents": "A factor from neurons increases the number of acetylcholine receptor aggregates on cultured muscle cells. There is an increase in the number of acetylcholine (AcCho) receptor aggregates on striated embryonic mouse myotubules when they are cocultured with clonal neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells. Medium conditioned by hybrid cells contains a factor which increases the number of AcCho receptor aggregates on myotubes cultured from mouse, rat or chick muscle. AcCho receptor-aggregating activity was present in medium conditioned by the neuroblastoma parent clone but was not detected in medium conditioned by cells of the parent glioma clone, fibroblasts, or HeLa cells. The factor increased the aggregation of AcCho receptors within 24 hr without a significant increase in the total number of AcCho receptors, and its action did not depend on myotube protein synthesis. The factor appears to rearrange the distribution of myotube AcCho receptors either by aggregating mobile AcCho receptors or by stabilizing labile receptor aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:279018", "title": "Release of neurotransmitters and depletion of synaptic vesicles in cerebral cortex slices by alpha-latrotoxin from black widow spider venom.", "content": "The effect of alpha-latrotoxin on cerebral cortex slices was studied by both biochemical and morphological methods. This toxin greatly stimulates the release of preloaded gamma-amino[3H]butyric acid from cortex slices. The response increases linearly with dose. The release is not dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and therefore it is not mediated by the release of other transmitters from other types of neurons. In contrast, no significant increase in the release of a nontransmitter substance alpha-amino[14C]isobutyric acid is observed. Since previously we have shown that alpha-latrotoxin stimulated the release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine from cortex slices, it appears that the toxin probably selectively releases all neurotransmitters. The toxin also profoundly depletes the synaptic vesicle population in boutons in the cortex slices. The results suggest that the release of neurotransmitter and the depletion of synaptic vesicle in boutons are manifestations of a single action of the toxin. Therefore, alpha-latrotoxin can be used as a good tool for the identification of neurotransmitters and in studies on the mechanism of neurotransmitter release.", "contents": "Release of neurotransmitters and depletion of synaptic vesicles in cerebral cortex slices by alpha-latrotoxin from black widow spider venom. The effect of alpha-latrotoxin on cerebral cortex slices was studied by both biochemical and morphological methods. This toxin greatly stimulates the release of preloaded gamma-amino[3H]butyric acid from cortex slices. The response increases linearly with dose. The release is not dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and therefore it is not mediated by the release of other transmitters from other types of neurons. In contrast, no significant increase in the release of a nontransmitter substance alpha-amino[14C]isobutyric acid is observed. Since previously we have shown that alpha-latrotoxin stimulated the release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine from cortex slices, it appears that the toxin probably selectively releases all neurotransmitters. The toxin also profoundly depletes the synaptic vesicle population in boutons in the cortex slices. The results suggest that the release of neurotransmitter and the depletion of synaptic vesicle in boutons are manifestations of a single action of the toxin. Therefore, alpha-latrotoxin can be used as a good tool for the identification of neurotransmitters and in studies on the mechanism of neurotransmitter release."}
{"id": "PMID:279019", "title": "High molecular weight opioid-containing proteins in striatum.", "content": "Striatal extracts of guinea pigs, rats, and cattle were found to contain two large proteins (greater than 40,000 and greater than 100,000 daltons) that on treatment with trypsin yield opioid peptides differing chromatographically from the opioid nonapeptide generated by trypsin digestion of endorphins, beta-lipotropin, or pro-opiocortin. Furthermore, the large opioid proteins found in the pituitary do not appear to be present in the striatum. These and other findings indicate that the striatal enkephalins are produced via a pathway from the one deduced from studies on the pituitary.", "contents": "High molecular weight opioid-containing proteins in striatum. Striatal extracts of guinea pigs, rats, and cattle were found to contain two large proteins (greater than 40,000 and greater than 100,000 daltons) that on treatment with trypsin yield opioid peptides differing chromatographically from the opioid nonapeptide generated by trypsin digestion of endorphins, beta-lipotropin, or pro-opiocortin. Furthermore, the large opioid proteins found in the pituitary do not appear to be present in the striatum. These and other findings indicate that the striatal enkephalins are produced via a pathway from the one deduced from studies on the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:279020", "title": "Purification of an endogenous protein inhibitor of the high affinity binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to synaptic membranes of rat brain.", "content": "In a medium without Na+, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds at 0 degrees to freshly prepared crude synaptic membranes from rat cerebral cortex with an apparent dissociation constant of 218 nM. An endogenous inhibitor of the Na+-independent GABA binding was removed from these membranes by freezing and thawing and by repeated washing with Tris citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.1) containing 0.01% Triton X-100. As a result, the crude synaptic membranes bind GABA at 0 degrees with two dissociation constants, 20 nM and 111 nM. The endogenous inhibitor is a thermostable (95 degrees for 15 min) acidic protein of approximately 1.5 X 10(4) daltons. It was purified (about 500-fold) with a series of procedures including gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X8 (H+). Recombination of the purified endogenous inhibitor with crude synaptic membrane preparations deprived of the endogenous inhibitor showed that the purified inhibitor blocked noncompetitively the sites for high-affinity GABA binding. A role of this endogenous regulator in the functional of GABA-ergic synapses is discussed.", "contents": "Purification of an endogenous protein inhibitor of the high affinity binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to synaptic membranes of rat brain. In a medium without Na+, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) binds at 0 degrees to freshly prepared crude synaptic membranes from rat cerebral cortex with an apparent dissociation constant of 218 nM. An endogenous inhibitor of the Na+-independent GABA binding was removed from these membranes by freezing and thawing and by repeated washing with Tris citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.1) containing 0.01% Triton X-100. As a result, the crude synaptic membranes bind GABA at 0 degrees with two dissociation constants, 20 nM and 111 nM. The endogenous inhibitor is a thermostable (95 degrees for 15 min) acidic protein of approximately 1.5 X 10(4) daltons. It was purified (about 500-fold) with a series of procedures including gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 50W-X8 (H+). Recombination of the purified endogenous inhibitor with crude synaptic membrane preparations deprived of the endogenous inhibitor showed that the purified inhibitor blocked noncompetitively the sites for high-affinity GABA binding. A role of this endogenous regulator in the functional of GABA-ergic synapses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279021", "title": "Involvement of an interneuron in the generation of the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential in mammalian sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "Acetylcholine (AcCho) was applied electrophoretically to cells of isolated rabbit superior cervical ganglia, and the response was recorded by means of intracellular recording techniques. In the presence of d-tubocurarine (5 micron), AcCho applied by tetanic current pulses elicited three distinct membrane potential changes: a slow depolarization, a slow hyperpolarization, and a biphasic response consisting of an initial hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. Atropine (1 micron) abolished all the membrane potential changes elicited by AcCho. On the other hand, superfusion with a low-Ca/high-Mg solution, tetrodotoxin (0.1 micron), or haloperidol (0.1 micron) selectively and reversibly blocked AcCho-induced hyperpolarization without appreciably affecting the depolarization. The membrane resistance remained relatively constant during the course of hyperpolarization. Application of steady depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents decreased and increased, respectively, the amplitude of hyperpolarization. These results demonstrate that the hyperpolarization elicited by AcCho is electrophysiologically and pharmacologically similar to the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential induced by nerve stimulation; furthermore, they support the view that the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential elicited by presynaptic stimulation is a disynaptic phenomenon involving the release of a second transmitter, possibly dopamine, from an interneuron.", "contents": "Involvement of an interneuron in the generation of the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential in mammalian sympathetic ganglia. Acetylcholine (AcCho) was applied electrophoretically to cells of isolated rabbit superior cervical ganglia, and the response was recorded by means of intracellular recording techniques. In the presence of d-tubocurarine (5 micron), AcCho applied by tetanic current pulses elicited three distinct membrane potential changes: a slow depolarization, a slow hyperpolarization, and a biphasic response consisting of an initial hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. Atropine (1 micron) abolished all the membrane potential changes elicited by AcCho. On the other hand, superfusion with a low-Ca/high-Mg solution, tetrodotoxin (0.1 micron), or haloperidol (0.1 micron) selectively and reversibly blocked AcCho-induced hyperpolarization without appreciably affecting the depolarization. The membrane resistance remained relatively constant during the course of hyperpolarization. Application of steady depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents decreased and increased, respectively, the amplitude of hyperpolarization. These results demonstrate that the hyperpolarization elicited by AcCho is electrophysiologically and pharmacologically similar to the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential induced by nerve stimulation; furthermore, they support the view that the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential elicited by presynaptic stimulation is a disynaptic phenomenon involving the release of a second transmitter, possibly dopamine, from an interneuron."}
{"id": "PMID:279022", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of mouse hepatitis virus produce a high incidence of demyelination.", "content": "Mutagenesis of mouse hepatitis virus with 5-azacytidine or 5-fluorouracil yielded several temperature-sensitive mutants. Mutants have been isolated that dramatically enhance the production of demyelinating disease over that previously noted with the wild-type virus. This reproducible model should now make possible the precise elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism and molecular basis of this virus-induced demyelination.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of mouse hepatitis virus produce a high incidence of demyelination. Mutagenesis of mouse hepatitis virus with 5-azacytidine or 5-fluorouracil yielded several temperature-sensitive mutants. Mutants have been isolated that dramatically enhance the production of demyelinating disease over that previously noted with the wild-type virus. This reproducible model should now make possible the precise elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism and molecular basis of this virus-induced demyelination."}
{"id": "PMID:279023", "title": "Nerve growth factor in mouse and rat serum: correlation between bioassay and radioimmunoassay determinations.", "content": "High levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) determined by competition radioimmunoassay do not agree with values obtained by bioassay. This discrepancy is illustrated here with rat and mouse serum as examples in which values up to 1000 ng/ml have been found by using competition radioimmunoassays. An explanation for the discordant results is presented: serum components bind NGF with an intermediate affinity (Kd = 10(-7) M) but with a very large capacity (up to 0.5 mg of NGF per ml of rat serum). The binding of 125I-labeled NGF to serum components competes with the binding to the solid-phase antibodies (Kd = 10(-9)M) present in limiting amounts, according to the principle of competition radioimmunoassays. Thus, less radioactivity is recovered bound to the antibodies and this gives the erroneous impression that NGF is present. To overcome this difficulty, a two-site radioimmunoassay has been developed which utilizes nonlimiting numbers of antibody binding sites. This assay provides a reliable determination of NGF levels in serum and it can be shown that in rat and mouse serum (either sex) there is less than 5 ng of NGF per ml, in agreement with the results of the bioassay.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor in mouse and rat serum: correlation between bioassay and radioimmunoassay determinations. High levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) determined by competition radioimmunoassay do not agree with values obtained by bioassay. This discrepancy is illustrated here with rat and mouse serum as examples in which values up to 1000 ng/ml have been found by using competition radioimmunoassays. An explanation for the discordant results is presented: serum components bind NGF with an intermediate affinity (Kd = 10(-7) M) but with a very large capacity (up to 0.5 mg of NGF per ml of rat serum). The binding of 125I-labeled NGF to serum components competes with the binding to the solid-phase antibodies (Kd = 10(-9)M) present in limiting amounts, according to the principle of competition radioimmunoassays. Thus, less radioactivity is recovered bound to the antibodies and this gives the erroneous impression that NGF is present. To overcome this difficulty, a two-site radioimmunoassay has been developed which utilizes nonlimiting numbers of antibody binding sites. This assay provides a reliable determination of NGF levels in serum and it can be shown that in rat and mouse serum (either sex) there is less than 5 ng of NGF per ml, in agreement with the results of the bioassay."}
{"id": "PMID:279024", "title": "Generalizing Fisher's \"reproductive value\": overlapping and nonoverlapping generations with competing genotypes.", "content": "How to go beyond Fisher's 1930 linear eigenvector definition of reproductive value has been established for dilute systems whose dynamic relations are first-degree-homogeneous functions so that intensive ratios are scale-free. Here such an extension is applied to standard mendelian models. It is shown that, aside from singular cases like that of the Hardy-Weinberg razor's-edge labile equilibrium, such general systems are irreducibly nonlinear and admit of reproductive value functions that are calculable only in an infinite number of steps.", "contents": "Generalizing Fisher's \"reproductive value\": overlapping and nonoverlapping generations with competing genotypes. How to go beyond Fisher's 1930 linear eigenvector definition of reproductive value has been established for dilute systems whose dynamic relations are first-degree-homogeneous functions so that intensive ratios are scale-free. Here such an extension is applied to standard mendelian models. It is shown that, aside from singular cases like that of the Hardy-Weinberg razor's-edge labile equilibrium, such general systems are irreducibly nonlinear and admit of reproductive value functions that are calculable only in an infinite number of steps."}
{"id": "PMID:279085", "title": "Trisomy of 1q in preleukaemia with progression to acute leukaemia.", "content": "Marrow cells from an untreated man with preleukaemia were found to have trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 1 which was translocated to the end of the long arm of number 11, i.e., 46,XY, -11,+t (1:11) (q11 or q12; q25). The same abnormality was found in metaphases from 8 individual granulocytic colonies. With development of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, in addition to the basic chromosome abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 8 and an extra chromosome number 19 with partial deletion were found. Fibroblasts grown from marrow biopsy material showed a normal diploid complement, 46,XY.", "contents": "Trisomy of 1q in preleukaemia with progression to acute leukaemia. Marrow cells from an untreated man with preleukaemia were found to have trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 1 which was translocated to the end of the long arm of number 11, i.e., 46,XY, -11,+t (1:11) (q11 or q12; q25). The same abnormality was found in metaphases from 8 individual granulocytic colonies. With development of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, in addition to the basic chromosome abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 8 and an extra chromosome number 19 with partial deletion were found. Fibroblasts grown from marrow biopsy material showed a normal diploid complement, 46,XY."}
{"id": "PMID:279080", "title": "A preventive therapy of the central nervous system complications in acute leukemias. Preliminary report.", "content": "A new therapeutic schedule for preventive therapy of the central nervous system (CNS) complications by intrathecal (i.t.) injections of methotrexate (MTX) was applied in two groups of 6 and respectively 13 adults with acute lymphoblastic or non-lymphoblastic leukemias. Instead of starting this treatment only in the remission stage, i.t. MTX was given from the very beginning of cytostatic therapy. In most of the patients this drug proved to be effective in preventing CNS involvement. In some cases, however, it was not well, tolerated owing probably to a neurotoxic effect. This suggested continuation of the study with Ara-C.", "contents": "A preventive therapy of the central nervous system complications in acute leukemias. Preliminary report. A new therapeutic schedule for preventive therapy of the central nervous system (CNS) complications by intrathecal (i.t.) injections of methotrexate (MTX) was applied in two groups of 6 and respectively 13 adults with acute lymphoblastic or non-lymphoblastic leukemias. Instead of starting this treatment only in the remission stage, i.t. MTX was given from the very beginning of cytostatic therapy. In most of the patients this drug proved to be effective in preventing CNS involvement. In some cases, however, it was not well, tolerated owing probably to a neurotoxic effect. This suggested continuation of the study with Ara-C."}
{"id": "PMID:279086", "title": "Trisomy 8 in the chronic phase of Philadelphia negative chronic myelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "An unusual case of Philadelphia negative chronic myelocytic leukaemia and an extra chromosome 8 in all bone marrow cells is described. The abnormality was present at diagnosis of the disease and throughout the chronic phase which lasted for somewhat less than 2 years. The patient died soon after the blastic transformation with no other chromosomal abnormalities.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 in the chronic phase of Philadelphia negative chronic myelocytic leukaemia. An unusual case of Philadelphia negative chronic myelocytic leukaemia and an extra chromosome 8 in all bone marrow cells is described. The abnormality was present at diagnosis of the disease and throughout the chronic phase which lasted for somewhat less than 2 years. The patient died soon after the blastic transformation with no other chromosomal abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:279087", "title": "A near haploid clone: 24,XY, t (9; 22) (q34; q11) from a patient in blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Chromosome studies on bone marrow in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) revealed a mosaic picture with a dominant clone of 24,XY, t(9; 22) (q34; q11). This corresponded to a preponderance of minute blasts in smears of bone marrow aspirate. It is suggested that a haploidy event rather than progressive hypodiploid loss, is responsible for the genesis of the miniature blast cells.", "contents": "A near haploid clone: 24,XY, t (9; 22) (q34; q11) from a patient in blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Chromosome studies on bone marrow in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) revealed a mosaic picture with a dominant clone of 24,XY, t(9; 22) (q34; q11). This corresponded to a preponderance of minute blasts in smears of bone marrow aspirate. It is suggested that a haploidy event rather than progressive hypodiploid loss, is responsible for the genesis of the miniature blast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:279089", "title": "The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation on the feline urethra and urinary bladder. Electrical parameters.", "content": "Intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) in cats caused urethral closure and bladder inhibition. The aim was to ascertain the electrical parameters most appropriate for these effects. Minimum voltage was used as main criterion to select an effective, non-destructive stimulation when the shape, frequency and duration of the pulses were systematically varied. Urethral closure was achieved at minimum voltage (3 V) with alternating pulses at a frequency of 50 Hz and a pulse duration of 1.5 ms. Corresponding optimal parameters for bladder inhibition were: alternating pulses, 10 Hz and 1.5 ms. Minimum voltage was 1 V. Moreover, the positions of the electrodes were of significance for the responses. The clinical implications of these findings are that: 1)more differentiated treatment of incontinence could be achieved by adapting the stimulation parameters to the cause of incontinence, and 2) specific electrode positions would probably give optimal responses.", "contents": "The effect of intravaginal electrical stimulation on the feline urethra and urinary bladder. Electrical parameters. Intravaginal electrical stimulation (IVS) in cats caused urethral closure and bladder inhibition. The aim was to ascertain the electrical parameters most appropriate for these effects. Minimum voltage was used as main criterion to select an effective, non-destructive stimulation when the shape, frequency and duration of the pulses were systematically varied. Urethral closure was achieved at minimum voltage (3 V) with alternating pulses at a frequency of 50 Hz and a pulse duration of 1.5 ms. Corresponding optimal parameters for bladder inhibition were: alternating pulses, 10 Hz and 1.5 ms. Minimum voltage was 1 V. Moreover, the positions of the electrodes were of significance for the responses. The clinical implications of these findings are that: 1)more differentiated treatment of incontinence could be achieved by adapting the stimulation parameters to the cause of incontinence, and 2) specific electrode positions would probably give optimal responses."}
{"id": "PMID:279093", "title": "[Technic and indications for cytodiagnosis for the early detection of cancer].", "content": "It is possible to detach cells from the surface of mucous membranes for cytodiagnostic purposes. The method is simple and does not involve discomfort to the patient. It can be repeated at any time and many times. The method should be used when observing changes in the mucous membranes during examination in order to detect precancerous formations and for tumor diagnosis.", "contents": "[Technic and indications for cytodiagnosis for the early detection of cancer]. It is possible to detach cells from the surface of mucous membranes for cytodiagnostic purposes. The method is simple and does not involve discomfort to the patient. It can be repeated at any time and many times. The method should be used when observing changes in the mucous membranes during examination in order to detect precancerous formations and for tumor diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:279094", "title": "[The origin of class II].", "content": "Profound knowledge of craniofacial growth is of utmost importance to the clinician in order to establish a treatment plan which respects the growth type of each patient. Different growth processes and possible etiological factors leading to a skeletal Class II are discussed. Only a comprehensive analysis in all three dimensions will allow adequate choice of treatment procedure.", "contents": "[The origin of class II]. Profound knowledge of craniofacial growth is of utmost importance to the clinician in order to establish a treatment plan which respects the growth type of each patient. Different growth processes and possible etiological factors leading to a skeletal Class II are discussed. Only a comprehensive analysis in all three dimensions will allow adequate choice of treatment procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:279095", "title": "[Class II--vertical dimension].", "content": "The vertical dimension and its implication in the etiology of the class II are described. This dimension is analysed at the level of the cranial base, the maxillary and mandibular bones and alveolar processes. Then, the facial architecture as a whole is considered and particularly the key position of the upper molar. The dorsal and low position of these teeth in the hyperdivergent cases is fundamentally different from the one they occupy in the hypodivergent cases. The therapeutic approach is completely different in both cases and is illustrated by means of three deep overbite and three open bite cases.", "contents": "[Class II--vertical dimension]. The vertical dimension and its implication in the etiology of the class II are described. This dimension is analysed at the level of the cranial base, the maxillary and mandibular bones and alveolar processes. Then, the facial architecture as a whole is considered and particularly the key position of the upper molar. The dorsal and low position of these teeth in the hyperdivergent cases is fundamentally different from the one they occupy in the hypodivergent cases. The therapeutic approach is completely different in both cases and is illustrated by means of three deep overbite and three open bite cases."}
{"id": "PMID:279096", "title": "[Class II--sagittal dimension].", "content": "Normal facial growth displaces maxilla and mandible forward and downward. The result is the skeletal and facial equilibrium described by Angle. In classe-II and class-III cases, growth patterns are modified as well as sagittal and vertical dento-facial dimensions. Development and differential diagnosis of skeletal and dental class-II cases are presented, in relation to their sagittal parameters only. The evolution of a class-II can be predicted with the help of several cephalometric measurements, so that the adequate therapy can be used in time to reestablish proper growth.", "contents": "[Class II--sagittal dimension]. Normal facial growth displaces maxilla and mandible forward and downward. The result is the skeletal and facial equilibrium described by Angle. In classe-II and class-III cases, growth patterns are modified as well as sagittal and vertical dento-facial dimensions. Development and differential diagnosis of skeletal and dental class-II cases are presented, in relation to their sagittal parameters only. The evolution of a class-II can be predicted with the help of several cephalometric measurements, so that the adequate therapy can be used in time to reestablish proper growth."}
{"id": "PMID:279097", "title": "Hemolysis in vitro by sorbose, sorbitol and xylitol.", "content": "L-sorbose, xylitol and sorbitol solutions (56 mM) were not hemolytic when incubated with erythrocytes of 30 healthy volunteers, 14 thalassemic heterozygotes and in 30 horses, 30 cows and 30 Osborne-Mendel rats. Lysis of dog erythrocytes was most pronounced when incubated with L-sorbose but was also significant in xylitol and sorbitol solutions.", "contents": "Hemolysis in vitro by sorbose, sorbitol and xylitol. L-sorbose, xylitol and sorbitol solutions (56 mM) were not hemolytic when incubated with erythrocytes of 30 healthy volunteers, 14 thalassemic heterozygotes and in 30 horses, 30 cows and 30 Osborne-Mendel rats. Lysis of dog erythrocytes was most pronounced when incubated with L-sorbose but was also significant in xylitol and sorbitol solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:279130", "title": "[Experiences with sole radiation therapy of primary osteogenic sarcomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of the previous six years, nine osteogenic and three juxtacortical sarcomas have been irradiated for the single purpose of local tumor sanitation and final cure of the patient. Of nine cases with osteosarcomas, six are still alive. Two are surviving without recurrences these five years, three without metastasition. The 3-year survival amounts to 3/5. Radiation effects from high-dosage treatment are remarkably small. The cure rate after radiation therapy seems not to be inferior to the results after surgery.", "contents": "[Experiences with sole radiation therapy of primary osteogenic sarcomas (author's transl)]. In the course of the previous six years, nine osteogenic and three juxtacortical sarcomas have been irradiated for the single purpose of local tumor sanitation and final cure of the patient. Of nine cases with osteosarcomas, six are still alive. Two are surviving without recurrences these five years, three without metastasition. The 3-year survival amounts to 3/5. Radiation effects from high-dosage treatment are remarkably small. The cure rate after radiation therapy seems not to be inferior to the results after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:279137", "title": "[Added caries prevention by means of topical fluoride application in children of a district with fluoridation].", "content": "The effects of weekly mouth-rinsings with a 0.5% sodium fluoride solution were clinically and radiologically investigated in 58 children (age 13.6 years) from a town with water fluoridation (Karl-Marx-Stadt, 1.0 +/- 0.1 p.p.m.F) by means of a longitudinal study on the premolars and canines. As compared to an untreated control group (48 subjects), a 42% inhibition of fissure caries increment (DF/S index) was stated after 57-fold application (over 24 months).", "contents": "[Added caries prevention by means of topical fluoride application in children of a district with fluoridation]. The effects of weekly mouth-rinsings with a 0.5% sodium fluoride solution were clinically and radiologically investigated in 58 children (age 13.6 years) from a town with water fluoridation (Karl-Marx-Stadt, 1.0 +/- 0.1 p.p.m.F) by means of a longitudinal study on the premolars and canines. As compared to an untreated control group (48 subjects), a 42% inhibition of fissure caries increment (DF/S index) was stated after 57-fold application (over 24 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:279138", "title": "[Therapeutic aspects of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis].", "content": "On the basis of observations in 90 patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis who had been re-examined clinically and radiologically, the authors deal with the optimal utilization of all possibilities of conservative treatment. 74% of the patients were symptom-free, 55% presented a radiologically well pneumatized sinus. The healing quality of inflammatory alterations of the sinusal mucosa is once again confirmed by the observation of the course of the disease.", "contents": "[Therapeutic aspects of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis]. On the basis of observations in 90 patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis who had been re-examined clinically and radiologically, the authors deal with the optimal utilization of all possibilities of conservative treatment. 74% of the patients were symptom-free, 55% presented a radiologically well pneumatized sinus. The healing quality of inflammatory alterations of the sinusal mucosa is once again confirmed by the observation of the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:279139", "title": "[Clinical and radiological control examinations after cyst surgery in the permanent juvenile dentition].", "content": "The present study involves 23 patients with 25 cysts whose conditions were assessed postoperatively by means of clinical and radiological criteria. The radicular and follicular cysts were most frequently located in the anterior region of the upper jaw. With 17.4% of the total number of bone cysts, the percentage of cysts on juvenile permanent teeth is relatively low. Teeth that did not respond to irritants were the most frequent complication in the operating area. Nevertheless, the clinical and radiological findings tell against the non-vitality of these teeth.", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological control examinations after cyst surgery in the permanent juvenile dentition]. The present study involves 23 patients with 25 cysts whose conditions were assessed postoperatively by means of clinical and radiological criteria. The radicular and follicular cysts were most frequently located in the anterior region of the upper jaw. With 17.4% of the total number of bone cysts, the percentage of cysts on juvenile permanent teeth is relatively low. Teeth that did not respond to irritants were the most frequent complication in the operating area. Nevertheless, the clinical and radiological findings tell against the non-vitality of these teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:279140", "title": "[Unusual displacements of the lower molars].", "content": "Two unusual cases of maleruption of mandibular third molars associated with the retention of adjacent teeth and the presence of supernumerary teeth, respectively, are described. Due to the position of the crowns to each other, this phenomenon is termed \"kissing teeth\" in our clinic.", "contents": "[Unusual displacements of the lower molars]. Two unusual cases of maleruption of mandibular third molars associated with the retention of adjacent teeth and the presence of supernumerary teeth, respectively, are described. Due to the position of the crowns to each other, this phenomenon is termed \"kissing teeth\" in our clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:279142", "title": "[Scientifically founded drug prescription in surgical stomatology].", "content": "Scientifically founded drug prescription is necessary to secure optimal therapeutical success with a minimum of risks. Dosage must conform to pharmacokinetics and consider the patient's age and diseases, especially affections of the liver and kidney. Furthermore, the possibility of drug interferences, which might lead to serious complications, should be borne in mind if several drugs are prescribed simultaneously. The present paper deals only with drugs frequently prescribed in surgical stomatology.", "contents": "[Scientifically founded drug prescription in surgical stomatology]. Scientifically founded drug prescription is necessary to secure optimal therapeutical success with a minimum of risks. Dosage must conform to pharmacokinetics and consider the patient's age and diseases, especially affections of the liver and kidney. Furthermore, the possibility of drug interferences, which might lead to serious complications, should be borne in mind if several drugs are prescribed simultaneously. The present paper deals only with drugs frequently prescribed in surgical stomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:279148", "title": "[Combined study of leukemic blasts using DNA autoradiography and cytophotometry].", "content": "The 3H-thymidine incorporation capacity and DNA contents were studied in the same bone marrow blasts in 4 patients suffering from acute leucaemia. The blast populations were both proliferating and non-proliferating. Actively proliferating cells were blasts of large and medium diameters. Mitotically inactive cells were blasts of medium and small diameters. Cells that stopped dividing were established as being in period G1 of the cell cycle. A high variation in DNA contents was noted in blasts unlabeled with 3H-thymidine, a possible reason of the above phenomenon being discussed.", "contents": "[Combined study of leukemic blasts using DNA autoradiography and cytophotometry]. The 3H-thymidine incorporation capacity and DNA contents were studied in the same bone marrow blasts in 4 patients suffering from acute leucaemia. The blast populations were both proliferating and non-proliferating. Actively proliferating cells were blasts of large and medium diameters. Mitotically inactive cells were blasts of medium and small diameters. Cells that stopped dividing were established as being in period G1 of the cell cycle. A high variation in DNA contents was noted in blasts unlabeled with 3H-thymidine, a possible reason of the above phenomenon being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279160", "title": "[Acute leukemia and pregnancy].", "content": "It is reported on an undifferentiated cell leukosis of the type PAS in the 2nd trimenon of a pregnancy. The paralymphoblastosis could well be influenced by a prednisolone monotherapy so that a healthy baby was born. After birth very quickly developed a severe recidivation of leucosis which no more could be influenced therapeutically so that the patient dies on the 10th day after birth. The problems of the therapy of undifferentiated cell leucosis during pregnancy are discussed and possible hormonal protective mechanisms are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Acute leukemia and pregnancy]. It is reported on an undifferentiated cell leukosis of the type PAS in the 2nd trimenon of a pregnancy. The paralymphoblastosis could well be influenced by a prednisolone monotherapy so that a healthy baby was born. After birth very quickly developed a severe recidivation of leucosis which no more could be influenced therapeutically so that the patient dies on the 10th day after birth. The problems of the therapy of undifferentiated cell leucosis during pregnancy are discussed and possible hormonal protective mechanisms are taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:279162", "title": "Sepik granuloma.", "content": "An unusual infection occuring in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea is reported. The patients come from villages on the Sepik River or its tributaries. The lesions consist of cutaneous nodules and papillomas which are slowly progressive. An unidentified organism, apparently a gram positive bacillus, is seen in large numbers in the lesions; a natural habitat in soil or water or on vegetation seems likely.", "contents": "Sepik granuloma. An unusual infection occuring in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea is reported. The patients come from villages on the Sepik River or its tributaries. The lesions consist of cutaneous nodules and papillomas which are slowly progressive. An unidentified organism, apparently a gram positive bacillus, is seen in large numbers in the lesions; a natural habitat in soil or water or on vegetation seems likely."}
{"id": "PMID:279163", "title": "Traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastric ailments.", "content": "A recent paper discussed plants used in traditional medicine for fevers and malaria throughout Papua New Guinea (Holdsworth, 1975 a). This paper summarises information now available on plants used to treat gastric ailments, especially diarrhea and dysentery.", "contents": "Traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastric ailments. A recent paper discussed plants used in traditional medicine for fevers and malaria throughout Papua New Guinea (Holdsworth, 1975 a). This paper summarises information now available on plants used to treat gastric ailments, especially diarrhea and dysentery."}
{"id": "PMID:279164", "title": "A study of the feeding habits and nutrition of children in Anguganak area of West Sepik.", "content": "During November/December 1976 we surveyed 255 children of known age 5 years and under, and we questioned their parents about the foods given to them. We compared our results with previous survey results from this area. Despite the much earlier introduction of solid foods, there was no significant change in the mean weights of infants in this area since 1967. Sixty-four percent of the children were below 80% of the standard weight for age, and 57% of the children over one year of age had a mid upper-arm circumference of less than 14 cm. Health education needs to be supplemented by the use of high density weaning foods and the control of infection to overcome the very high prevalence of malnutrition.", "contents": "A study of the feeding habits and nutrition of children in Anguganak area of West Sepik. During November/December 1976 we surveyed 255 children of known age 5 years and under, and we questioned their parents about the foods given to them. We compared our results with previous survey results from this area. Despite the much earlier introduction of solid foods, there was no significant change in the mean weights of infants in this area since 1967. Sixty-four percent of the children were below 80% of the standard weight for age, and 57% of the children over one year of age had a mid upper-arm circumference of less than 14 cm. Health education needs to be supplemented by the use of high density weaning foods and the control of infection to overcome the very high prevalence of malnutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:279165", "title": "An epidemic of dengue fever in Wewak.", "content": "143 clinical cases of dengue fever were reported in Wewak between April and August 1976. 15 patients demonstrated a diagnostic rise in antibody titre for Group B arbovirus. Tests for complement-fixing antibody to dengue viruses did not indicate what type of dengue virus was responsible for the epidemic. Vector species Aedes aegypti and Aedes scutellaris were found before control measures were adopted but were not found four months later.  The epidemiology of dengue fever is discussed and measures for prevention and control of epidemics are recommended.", "contents": "An epidemic of dengue fever in Wewak. 143 clinical cases of dengue fever were reported in Wewak between April and August 1976. 15 patients demonstrated a diagnostic rise in antibody titre for Group B arbovirus. Tests for complement-fixing antibody to dengue viruses did not indicate what type of dengue virus was responsible for the epidemic. Vector species Aedes aegypti and Aedes scutellaris were found before control measures were adopted but were not found four months later.  The epidemiology of dengue fever is discussed and measures for prevention and control of epidemics are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:279166", "title": "Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemias, and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Papuan Gulf area.", "content": "In 50 Kerema or Kairuku individuals of the Papuan Gulf Area, the amount of beta thalassaemia as indicated by the finding of a raised level of Hb A2 was found to be 6%, and of hereditary ovalocytosis 16%. There was one example of both conditions occurring together. No haemoglobin abnormalities apart from raised Hb A2 level were found.", "contents": "Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemias, and hereditary ovalocytosis in the Papuan Gulf area. In 50 Kerema or Kairuku individuals of the Papuan Gulf Area, the amount of beta thalassaemia as indicated by the finding of a raised level of Hb A2 was found to be 6%, and of hereditary ovalocytosis 16%. There was one example of both conditions occurring together. No haemoglobin abnormalities apart from raised Hb A2 level were found."}
{"id": "PMID:279189", "title": "Measurement of heated skin O2 diffusion conductance and PO2 sensor induced O2 gradient.", "content": "A large cathode heated transcutaneous PO2 electrode was used to measure the resistance of skin to diffusion of O2 from the capillary bed to the surface. With a non-O2-consuming tcPO2 electrode, one would read ideal tcPO2, Pi, which approximates PaO2 between 50 and 100 mmHg due to approximate cancellation of the rise by heating and the fall by skin O2 consumption. When a large cathode tcPO2 electrode is used, its O2 consumption causes a PO2 gradient across skin resistance, Rs, which depends on electrode membrane resistance RM (with Mylar), or RT (with Telfon). Surface PO2 will fall below Pi, and assuming no change in capillary PO2: PT/Pi = RT/(RT + Rs) and PM/Pi = RM/(RM + Rs) (1) 12 micrometer Telfon is 50 times as permeable to O2 as 6 micrometer Myler. When an electrode, covered alternately with these two membranes, was mounted on the same skin site in six subjects, the mean observed PT/PM was about 0.3. Substituting in equation (1) yields RT/Rs = 0.4, Rm/Rs = 20, and PM/Pi = 0.95. Using the known O2 permeability of Teflon, we computed skin O2 conductance to be 6.6 pmol O2/(cm2 .s .kPa), or 15 nl O2/(cm2 .s .atm). This method thus provides a way of determining ideal tc PO2 and stirring effect, phi, of other electrodes and various membranes.", "contents": "Measurement of heated skin O2 diffusion conductance and PO2 sensor induced O2 gradient. A large cathode heated transcutaneous PO2 electrode was used to measure the resistance of skin to diffusion of O2 from the capillary bed to the surface. With a non-O2-consuming tcPO2 electrode, one would read ideal tcPO2, Pi, which approximates PaO2 between 50 and 100 mmHg due to approximate cancellation of the rise by heating and the fall by skin O2 consumption. When a large cathode tcPO2 electrode is used, its O2 consumption causes a PO2 gradient across skin resistance, Rs, which depends on electrode membrane resistance RM (with Mylar), or RT (with Telfon). Surface PO2 will fall below Pi, and assuming no change in capillary PO2: PT/Pi = RT/(RT + Rs) and PM/Pi = RM/(RM + Rs) (1) 12 micrometer Telfon is 50 times as permeable to O2 as 6 micrometer Myler. When an electrode, covered alternately with these two membranes, was mounted on the same skin site in six subjects, the mean observed PT/PM was about 0.3. Substituting in equation (1) yields RT/Rs = 0.4, Rm/Rs = 20, and PM/Pi = 0.95. Using the known O2 permeability of Teflon, we computed skin O2 conductance to be 6.6 pmol O2/(cm2 .s .kPa), or 15 nl O2/(cm2 .s .atm). This method thus provides a way of determining ideal tc PO2 and stirring effect, phi, of other electrodes and various membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:279190", "title": "Safe and effective use of transcutaneous blood gas monitors.", "content": "The Medical Devices Amendments of 1976 (PL 94-295) will compel users of transcutaneous monitors to comply with Class II, Performance Standards. These standards will have to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Similar standards are in preparation for other cardiac and respiratory monitors. Dangers of tcPO2 monitors include shock and burn, which requires attention to the insulation of the monitor from the power line and from recorders used to record the output. Optimal safe time vs. temperature limits have not yet used to record to output. Optimal safe time vs. temperature limits have not yet been established, and these may vary with age, skin site, blood pressure and body and environmental temperature. The usefulness of alarms for PO2, sensor temperature and heating power, and their limits remain ot be defined by extensive clinical use. Standards for drift, reproducibility, recalibration interval and accuracy will have to be set after more extensive clinical use especially by groups not involved in the initial prototype development and testing. In order to prove that these devices are also effective, physicians will have to document that care would have been different, and might have impaired patient safety, if the device had not been used.", "contents": "Safe and effective use of transcutaneous blood gas monitors. The Medical Devices Amendments of 1976 (PL 94-295) will compel users of transcutaneous monitors to comply with Class II, Performance Standards. These standards will have to provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device. Similar standards are in preparation for other cardiac and respiratory monitors. Dangers of tcPO2 monitors include shock and burn, which requires attention to the insulation of the monitor from the power line and from recorders used to record the output. Optimal safe time vs. temperature limits have not yet used to record to output. Optimal safe time vs. temperature limits have not yet been established, and these may vary with age, skin site, blood pressure and body and environmental temperature. The usefulness of alarms for PO2, sensor temperature and heating power, and their limits remain ot be defined by extensive clinical use. Standards for drift, reproducibility, recalibration interval and accuracy will have to be set after more extensive clinical use especially by groups not involved in the initial prototype development and testing. In order to prove that these devices are also effective, physicians will have to document that care would have been different, and might have impaired patient safety, if the device had not been used."}
{"id": "PMID:279191", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension in imminent foot gangrene.", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension at 44 degree C and maximal isotope clearance (90m Tc-pretechnetate + histramine) just proximal to the 1st toe and systolic toe blood pressure (strain gauge) were studied on a tilt table in patients with various degrees of obstructive arteriosclerotic disease. In legs with moderate obstruction, the oxygen tension reached zero at a toe systolic blood pressure of 5--10 mmHg (tilt toe up) and reached arterial oxygen tension at about 50 to 70 mmHg (tilt toe down). In legs withsevere arterial obstruction and ischaemic rest pain, oxygen tension rose from zero not before systolic toe blood pressure reached 20--50 mmHg.  Significant isotope clearance was seen at pressures below the limits just mentioned for both types of patients. This phenomenon here seen of a perfusion without oxygen supply is explained by a gas leak (rendered significant because of the slow flow rate) from the arterioles into the tissue sink and counter current gas shunting. The hypoxia in spite of a  positive perfusion pressure up to 50 mmHg explains our experience that ischemic ulcers in feet such low pressures never heal.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension in imminent foot gangrene. Transcutaneous oxygen tension at 44 degree C and maximal isotope clearance (90m Tc-pretechnetate + histramine) just proximal to the 1st toe and systolic toe blood pressure (strain gauge) were studied on a tilt table in patients with various degrees of obstructive arteriosclerotic disease. In legs with moderate obstruction, the oxygen tension reached zero at a toe systolic blood pressure of 5--10 mmHg (tilt toe up) and reached arterial oxygen tension at about 50 to 70 mmHg (tilt toe down). In legs withsevere arterial obstruction and ischaemic rest pain, oxygen tension rose from zero not before systolic toe blood pressure reached 20--50 mmHg.  Significant isotope clearance was seen at pressures below the limits just mentioned for both types of patients. This phenomenon here seen of a perfusion without oxygen supply is explained by a gas leak (rendered significant because of the slow flow rate) from the arterioles into the tissue sink and counter current gas shunting. The hypoxia in spite of a  positive perfusion pressure up to 50 mmHg explains our experience that ischemic ulcers in feet such low pressures never heal."}
{"id": "PMID:279193", "title": "Transcutaneous blood gas measurement using a mass spectrometer.", "content": "We use a Perkin Elmer MGA 1100 mass spectrometer modified for blood gas tension measurements to study transcutaneous measurements of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium in normal subjects. We use an aluminum sampling chamber heated to 42--44 degree C and connected to the mass spectrometer by about 2 m of stainless steel tubing. The sampling area of 5 cm2 is covered with a polytrifluorochloroethylene membrane 18 micrometer thick (Allied Chemical Co., Aclar 33c). The membrane is supported by sintered stainless steel disc with a thermistor incorporated for measurement of \"membrane\" temperature. The chamber is heated with a printed circuit heater (Minco) and is temperature regulated by a servo circuit. We have used the system to measure, O2, CO2 N2 and He via the heated skin in four normal subjects, breathing air and then 100% oxygen. We also observed the response to a single breath of helium. Helium appears at the skin within 10--15 sec. The time constant of its disappearance is about 70 sec. The average uncorrected gas tensions which we obtained breathing air were 11.2 kPa for oxygen, 5.1 kPa for carbon dioxide and 67.1 kPa for nitrogen. The corresponding values breathing oxygen were 41.1 kPa for oxygen, 4.4 kPa for carbon dioxide and 13.1 kPa for nitrogen.", "contents": "Transcutaneous blood gas measurement using a mass spectrometer. We use a Perkin Elmer MGA 1100 mass spectrometer modified for blood gas tension measurements to study transcutaneous measurements of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and helium in normal subjects. We use an aluminum sampling chamber heated to 42--44 degree C and connected to the mass spectrometer by about 2 m of stainless steel tubing. The sampling area of 5 cm2 is covered with a polytrifluorochloroethylene membrane 18 micrometer thick (Allied Chemical Co., Aclar 33c). The membrane is supported by sintered stainless steel disc with a thermistor incorporated for measurement of \"membrane\" temperature. The chamber is heated with a printed circuit heater (Minco) and is temperature regulated by a servo circuit. We have used the system to measure, O2, CO2 N2 and He via the heated skin in four normal subjects, breathing air and then 100% oxygen. We also observed the response to a single breath of helium. Helium appears at the skin within 10--15 sec. The time constant of its disappearance is about 70 sec. The average uncorrected gas tensions which we obtained breathing air were 11.2 kPa for oxygen, 5.1 kPa for carbon dioxide and 67.1 kPa for nitrogen. The corresponding values breathing oxygen were 41.1 kPa for oxygen, 4.4 kPa for carbon dioxide and 13.1 kPa for nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:279194", "title": "Trancutaneous blood gas measurement by mass spectrometry.", "content": "A stainless steel, self heated, flat surface, skin surface probe, covered with a Mylar membrane, admits gases diffusing through the skin surface into a mass spectrometer at rates sufficiently low to provide reasonable measurement of blood PO2 and PCO2. A second thermistor against the Mylar and insulated from the probe monitors skin temperature as an index of blood flow. Advantages of the mass spectrometer method compared to electrodes are that a single sensor detects all gases, including anaesthetics, the sensor is simple in design, the same mass spectrometer can monitor several patients simultaneously, anaesthetics do not interfere (as with halothane and the O2 electrode), comparative checks with blood gas may be done using the same mass spectrometer, and perhaps, by summing all gases it may be possible to determine how fully arterialized the skin is.", "contents": "Trancutaneous blood gas measurement by mass spectrometry. A stainless steel, self heated, flat surface, skin surface probe, covered with a Mylar membrane, admits gases diffusing through the skin surface into a mass spectrometer at rates sufficiently low to provide reasonable measurement of blood PO2 and PCO2. A second thermistor against the Mylar and insulated from the probe monitors skin temperature as an index of blood flow. Advantages of the mass spectrometer method compared to electrodes are that a single sensor detects all gases, including anaesthetics, the sensor is simple in design, the same mass spectrometer can monitor several patients simultaneously, anaesthetics do not interfere (as with halothane and the O2 electrode), comparative checks with blood gas may be done using the same mass spectrometer, and perhaps, by summing all gases it may be possible to determine how fully arterialized the skin is."}
{"id": "PMID:279196", "title": "Reliability of cutaneous oxygen measurement by skin sensors with large-size cathodes.", "content": "The oxygen partial pressure may be measured cutaneously by directly heated PO2 sensors attached to the surface of the skin. The use of a large-size cathods (diameter 4 mm) allows one to obtain an average PO2 value over a sufficiently large skin area. The permeability of the membrane for oxygen has to be kept low to prevent a  disturbance of the oxygen profile in the cutaneous tissue as a result of the oxygen consumption of the sensor. When using of 6 micrometer Mylar membrane, the current can be limited by the diffusion of oxygen through the membrane and is a measure of the arterialized cutaneous PO2. One effect of using membrane of low permeability is that the response time of the sensor is long (tau 90% = ca 45 sec). The reliability of correctly reproducing cPO2 variations by sensors having different response times may be evaluated by determining the transfer function of the membrane which allows the calculation of the frequency characteristics for various membranes. The cutaneous tissue layer also acts as a filter for rapid PO2 fluctuations. The characteristic of this filter is essentially similar to that of a \"slow\" membrane such as Myler 6 micrometer. The information gained by using a \"rapid\" membrane such as Telfon 13 micrometer is negligible. In 490 comparative measurements in newborns performed with sensors heated to 44 degree C, the correlation between arterial PO2 and cutaneously measured PO2 is significant (correlation coefficient = 0.934) and the regression line does not deviate significantly from the identity line.", "contents": "Reliability of cutaneous oxygen measurement by skin sensors with large-size cathodes. The oxygen partial pressure may be measured cutaneously by directly heated PO2 sensors attached to the surface of the skin. The use of a large-size cathods (diameter 4 mm) allows one to obtain an average PO2 value over a sufficiently large skin area. The permeability of the membrane for oxygen has to be kept low to prevent a  disturbance of the oxygen profile in the cutaneous tissue as a result of the oxygen consumption of the sensor. When using of 6 micrometer Mylar membrane, the current can be limited by the diffusion of oxygen through the membrane and is a measure of the arterialized cutaneous PO2. One effect of using membrane of low permeability is that the response time of the sensor is long (tau 90% = ca 45 sec). The reliability of correctly reproducing cPO2 variations by sensors having different response times may be evaluated by determining the transfer function of the membrane which allows the calculation of the frequency characteristics for various membranes. The cutaneous tissue layer also acts as a filter for rapid PO2 fluctuations. The characteristic of this filter is essentially similar to that of a \"slow\" membrane such as Myler 6 micrometer. The information gained by using a \"rapid\" membrane such as Telfon 13 micrometer is negligible. In 490 comparative measurements in newborns performed with sensors heated to 44 degree C, the correlation between arterial PO2 and cutaneously measured PO2 is significant (correlation coefficient = 0.934) and the regression line does not deviate significantly from the identity line."}
{"id": "PMID:279198", "title": "A transcutaneous PO2 electrode incorporating a thermal clearance local blood flow sensor.", "content": "Several possible methods for estimating and recording skin blood flow by thermal clearance are presented. The method chosen for trial with an O2 electrode was to thermoregulate an annular anode which covered the cathode, surrounding it like a heat shell, and to measure the cooling of the cathode by blood flow, by implanting a thermistor near the surface of the cathode. This device is far less affected by ambient temperature than is simple measurement of heating power in an uninsulated tcPO2 electrode.", "contents": "A transcutaneous PO2 electrode incorporating a thermal clearance local blood flow sensor. Several possible methods for estimating and recording skin blood flow by thermal clearance are presented. The method chosen for trial with an O2 electrode was to thermoregulate an annular anode which covered the cathode, surrounding it like a heat shell, and to measure the cooling of the cathode by blood flow, by implanting a thermistor near the surface of the cathode. This device is far less affected by ambient temperature than is simple measurement of heating power in an uninsulated tcPO2 electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:279200", "title": "Characteristics of non-aqueous electrolytes for transcutaneous oxygen electrodes.", "content": "We investigated the characteristics of non-aqueous solvents for tcPO2 electrolytes, using a tcPO2 electrode with three 15 micrometer platinum cathodes set in a polished glass surface, a 17.8 mm2 silver anode covered with a 25 micrometer Telfon membrane, with and without a 12 micrometer cellophane spacer, and polarized at--0.8v. We examined the effect of ethylene glycol (EG) concentration, in water, on O2 sensitivity, stirring effect, in vitro drift, in vitro response time, behaviour on the skin of newborn infants and in vivo response time. We found the following: (1) O2 sensitivity was reduced by increasing EG concentration. (2) phi, the stirring effect (gas/50% glycerine) was 1.01 at 90% EG with cellophane, but higher without cellophane. (3) In vitro drift at 44 degree C electrode temperature, in 43 degree C water (simulating skin), was reduced with 90% EG, 25 micrometer Telfon and no spacer, but increased with a spacer. (4) In vitro response time was increased with EG. (5) Correlations with arterial PO2 in a group of newborns was as excellent with an electrode made with 90% EG and 25 micrometer Telfon, without spacer, as it was with our previous study using aqueous electrolyte and 12 micrometer Telfon wint 12 micrometer cellophane: (tcPO2 = 1.32 + 0.988 PaO2 r = 0.987). In vivo response time was not prolonged. Using EG, the tc PO2 electrode membrane required changing only after 7--9 days, compared with 1--2 days when using aqueous electrolytes. No advantage of using cellophane spacers was identified in these in vivo studies.", "contents": "Characteristics of non-aqueous electrolytes for transcutaneous oxygen electrodes. We investigated the characteristics of non-aqueous solvents for tcPO2 electrolytes, using a tcPO2 electrode with three 15 micrometer platinum cathodes set in a polished glass surface, a 17.8 mm2 silver anode covered with a 25 micrometer Telfon membrane, with and without a 12 micrometer cellophane spacer, and polarized at--0.8v. We examined the effect of ethylene glycol (EG) concentration, in water, on O2 sensitivity, stirring effect, in vitro drift, in vitro response time, behaviour on the skin of newborn infants and in vivo response time. We found the following: (1) O2 sensitivity was reduced by increasing EG concentration. (2) phi, the stirring effect (gas/50% glycerine) was 1.01 at 90% EG with cellophane, but higher without cellophane. (3) In vitro drift at 44 degree C electrode temperature, in 43 degree C water (simulating skin), was reduced with 90% EG, 25 micrometer Telfon and no spacer, but increased with a spacer. (4) In vitro response time was increased with EG. (5) Correlations with arterial PO2 in a group of newborns was as excellent with an electrode made with 90% EG and 25 micrometer Telfon, without spacer, as it was with our previous study using aqueous electrolyte and 12 micrometer Telfon wint 12 micrometer cellophane: (tcPO2 = 1.32 + 0.988 PaO2 r = 0.987). In vivo response time was not prolonged. Using EG, the tc PO2 electrode membrane required changing only after 7--9 days, compared with 1--2 days when using aqueous electrolytes. No advantage of using cellophane spacers was identified in these in vivo studies."}
{"id": "PMID:279202", "title": "A fast stabliization technique for oxygen sensors with low cathode current densities.", "content": "After application of the polarization voltage to a newly prepared oxygen sensor, an initial stabilization of several minutes to a few hours is required. The electrochemical phenomena accounting for this stabilization process are discussed. By far the slowest reaction is the change of the oxidation state of the noble metal cathode after application of the polarization voltage. During this process, reduction of surface oxides at the cathode causes a transient current. The contribution of this reaction to the total current is proportionately higher in the case of oxygen sensors with low cathode current densities (large cathode, membrane of low oxygen permeability) than in the case of sensors with microcathodes. For the first type of sensor, a technique has been developed which allows acceleration of this surface reaction by passing a high constant current across the cathode. With this technique, the stabilization time can be considerably shortened in a reproducible manner, and the sensor is ready to be used within 15 to 30 min of its preparation. This time is comparable to the stabilization time needed for sensors with microcathodes.", "contents": "A fast stabliization technique for oxygen sensors with low cathode current densities. After application of the polarization voltage to a newly prepared oxygen sensor, an initial stabilization of several minutes to a few hours is required. The electrochemical phenomena accounting for this stabilization process are discussed. By far the slowest reaction is the change of the oxidation state of the noble metal cathode after application of the polarization voltage. During this process, reduction of surface oxides at the cathode causes a transient current. The contribution of this reaction to the total current is proportionately higher in the case of oxygen sensors with low cathode current densities (large cathode, membrane of low oxygen permeability) than in the case of sensors with microcathodes. For the first type of sensor, a technique has been developed which allows acceleration of this surface reaction by passing a high constant current across the cathode. With this technique, the stabilization time can be considerably shortened in a reproducible manner, and the sensor is ready to be used within 15 to 30 min of its preparation. This time is comparable to the stabilization time needed for sensors with microcathodes."}
{"id": "PMID:279203", "title": "Problems of calibration and stabilization of tcPO2 electrodes.", "content": "The stirring effect factor phi, used to correct tcPO2 readings for gradient of PO2 induced in skin by electrode O2 consumption, was measured with 20 micrometer cathode electrodes at 44 degree C for various membrane, spacer and electrolyte combinations. Two in vitro models closely resemble skin phi values: (1) 50% ethylenge glycol/water equilibrated with air at 44 degree C, compared to air above this liquid; (2) a mock skin consisting of 25 micrometer Telfon on foam rubber, in air, dry. phi varied from 1.01 with 22 micrometer polypropylene over a 12 micrometer cellophane spacer, with either aqeous or non-aqueous, chloride-free alkaline electrolyte, to more than 1.10 when 25 micrometer Telfon was tested without a spacer. phi may be predicted: phi = 1 + 0.44 i/(M + 10C + 20) where i is pA/mmHg electrode sensitivity, and M and C are membrane and cellophane thickness, micrometer. Pressure sensitivity, tested agains foam rubber, was minimized by use of a spacer, and often increased with age of Telfon membrane. Drift may result from water vapour movements across membranes if calibration media have P(H2O) either too high or too low. Miminum drift on skin is also caused by a slow effect of PCO2 on reference electrode potential, and this is minimized by buffering electrolyte with K2B4O7.", "contents": "Problems of calibration and stabilization of tcPO2 electrodes. The stirring effect factor phi, used to correct tcPO2 readings for gradient of PO2 induced in skin by electrode O2 consumption, was measured with 20 micrometer cathode electrodes at 44 degree C for various membrane, spacer and electrolyte combinations. Two in vitro models closely resemble skin phi values: (1) 50% ethylenge glycol/water equilibrated with air at 44 degree C, compared to air above this liquid; (2) a mock skin consisting of 25 micrometer Telfon on foam rubber, in air, dry. phi varied from 1.01 with 22 micrometer polypropylene over a 12 micrometer cellophane spacer, with either aqeous or non-aqueous, chloride-free alkaline electrolyte, to more than 1.10 when 25 micrometer Telfon was tested without a spacer. phi may be predicted: phi = 1 + 0.44 i/(M + 10C + 20) where i is pA/mmHg electrode sensitivity, and M and C are membrane and cellophane thickness, micrometer. Pressure sensitivity, tested agains foam rubber, was minimized by use of a spacer, and often increased with age of Telfon membrane. Drift may result from water vapour movements across membranes if calibration media have P(H2O) either too high or too low. Miminum drift on skin is also caused by a slow effect of PCO2 on reference electrode potential, and this is minimized by buffering electrolyte with K2B4O7."}
{"id": "PMID:279204", "title": "Alkaline chloride-free oxygen electrolytes.", "content": "The initial and long-term drift of tcPO2 microcathode electrodes has been shown to be substantially less when chloride is removed from the electrolyte, despite the probability that reference electrode EMF is less well defined. In addition to virtually eliminating drift, these electrolytes eliminate silver deposition on the cathode. The most successful electrolyte tested thus far has been 0.2 M K2B4O7 in 95% ethylene glycol, 5% water, both with and without cellophane spacers. The buffering produced by borate appears to prevent the downward drift in CO2 free air probably caused by Ag2 CO3 formation on the anode, after exposure to skin.", "contents": "Alkaline chloride-free oxygen electrolytes. The initial and long-term drift of tcPO2 microcathode electrodes has been shown to be substantially less when chloride is removed from the electrolyte, despite the probability that reference electrode EMF is less well defined. In addition to virtually eliminating drift, these electrolytes eliminate silver deposition on the cathode. The most successful electrolyte tested thus far has been 0.2 M K2B4O7 in 95% ethylene glycol, 5% water, both with and without cellophane spacers. The buffering produced by borate appears to prevent the downward drift in CO2 free air probably caused by Ag2 CO3 formation on the anode, after exposure to skin."}
{"id": "PMID:279205", "title": "Clinical limitations and advantages of transcutaneous oxygen electrodes.", "content": "We investigated the clinical use and limitations of the transcutaneous oxygen electrode described by Huch, L\u00fcbbers and Huch in 30 sick infants. One hundred and fifty-nine measurements of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) were made. During the comparisons, arterial blood pressures, heart rate thoracic impedance were continuously recorded, skin axillary and environmental temperatures, hematocrit and skin thickness were measureed and the degree of peripheral perfusion noted. Despite a wide range of these variables, values of tcPO2 and PaO2 were similar (slope 0.963). Two groups of infants were identified in whom tcPO2 was lower than PaO2. These were infants receiving an intravascular infusion of tolazoline and infants with mean arterial blood pressures more than 2.5 s.d. below the predicted average value. Both of these situations represent extreme alterations in peripheral blood flow and give important information regarding the limitations of the method. Less extreme alterations in flow caused by mild hypotension, hypothermia, anemia, radiant warmers, and bilirubin lights did not adversely affect the transcutaneous PO2--arterial PO2 correlation. Advantages of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring over more conventional monitoring methods were assessed. We conclude that the transcutaneous oxygen electrode is safe, is easy to use, has few limitations and provides data which can help improve the management of most sick infants.", "contents": "Clinical limitations and advantages of transcutaneous oxygen electrodes. We investigated the clinical use and limitations of the transcutaneous oxygen electrode described by Huch, L\u00fcbbers and Huch in 30 sick infants. One hundred and fifty-nine measurements of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) were made. During the comparisons, arterial blood pressures, heart rate thoracic impedance were continuously recorded, skin axillary and environmental temperatures, hematocrit and skin thickness were measureed and the degree of peripheral perfusion noted. Despite a wide range of these variables, values of tcPO2 and PaO2 were similar (slope 0.963). Two groups of infants were identified in whom tcPO2 was lower than PaO2. These were infants receiving an intravascular infusion of tolazoline and infants with mean arterial blood pressures more than 2.5 s.d. below the predicted average value. Both of these situations represent extreme alterations in peripheral blood flow and give important information regarding the limitations of the method. Less extreme alterations in flow caused by mild hypotension, hypothermia, anemia, radiant warmers, and bilirubin lights did not adversely affect the transcutaneous PO2--arterial PO2 correlation. Advantages of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring over more conventional monitoring methods were assessed. We conclude that the transcutaneous oxygen electrode is safe, is easy to use, has few limitations and provides data which can help improve the management of most sick infants."}
{"id": "PMID:279206", "title": "Experience and problems in the first six months of transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring in routine neonatal intensive care.", "content": "A transcutaneous oxygen monitor (Roche 5301), operated by regular intensive care nursery nurses,  was used in the routine management of 47 acutely ill infants over a six month period. The monitor was helpful as a trend monitor in showing immediate changes in oxygenation but in this clinical situation lacked accuracy. The overall correlation coefficient was 0.74 with a standard error of the estimate of 2.0 kPa (15 torr). This lack of accuracy was probably due to technical problems including the need for fairly frequent precise calibrations and proper, careful application of the skin electrode. Ill infants with poor skin perfusion may also have contributed to the lowering of the correlation coefficient.", "contents": "Experience and problems in the first six months of transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring in routine neonatal intensive care. A transcutaneous oxygen monitor (Roche 5301), operated by regular intensive care nursery nurses,  was used in the routine management of 47 acutely ill infants over a six month period. The monitor was helpful as a trend monitor in showing immediate changes in oxygenation but in this clinical situation lacked accuracy. The overall correlation coefficient was 0.74 with a standard error of the estimate of 2.0 kPa (15 torr). This lack of accuracy was probably due to technical problems including the need for fairly frequent precise calibrations and proper, careful application of the skin electrode. Ill infants with poor skin perfusion may also have contributed to the lowering of the correlation coefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:279208", "title": "Continuous comparison of transcutaneous and arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants with respiratory illnesses.", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously compared for periods of 6--27 h in 45 newborn infants with respiratory illnesses. One skin electrode (Dr\u00e4ger) had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode and the other (Roche) a large heated cathode. The electrodes were calibrated in vitro; 44 degrees C was found to be a suitable electrode temperature for the estimation of Pao2. tcPo2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes estimated Pao2 reasonably accurately for 6 h without the necessity for re-siting. tcPao2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of Pao2 for 3 h, but then tcPao2 often fell relative to Pao2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. Poor skin perfusion causing underestimation of Pao2 by tcPo2 could not be identified by a number of methods tried.", "contents": "Continuous comparison of transcutaneous and arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants with respiratory illnesses. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously compared for periods of 6--27 h in 45 newborn infants with respiratory illnesses. One skin electrode (Dr\u00e4ger) had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode and the other (Roche) a large heated cathode. The electrodes were calibrated in vitro; 44 degrees C was found to be a suitable electrode temperature for the estimation of Pao2. tcPo2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes estimated Pao2 reasonably accurately for 6 h without the necessity for re-siting. tcPao2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of Pao2 for 3 h, but then tcPao2 often fell relative to Pao2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. Poor skin perfusion causing underestimation of Pao2 by tcPo2 could not be identified by a number of methods tried."}
{"id": "PMID:279210", "title": "Diffuse microglial proliferation after global ischemia in a patient with aplastic bone marrow.", "content": "Abundant proliferation of cells having the histologic and tinctorial features of microglia, were seen in the brain of 34-year old man who suffered cardiac arrest 10 days before death and whose bone marrow was nearly totally depleted of white-blood-cell precursors. It is suggested, that in adult human brains there are native microglial precursors which can take on a phagocytic function. Therefore, brain macrophages do not have to originate from circulating monocytes, as suggested by some animal studies.", "contents": "Diffuse microglial proliferation after global ischemia in a patient with aplastic bone marrow. Abundant proliferation of cells having the histologic and tinctorial features of microglia, were seen in the brain of 34-year old man who suffered cardiac arrest 10 days before death and whose bone marrow was nearly totally depleted of white-blood-cell precursors. It is suggested, that in adult human brains there are native microglial precursors which can take on a phagocytic function. Therefore, brain macrophages do not have to originate from circulating monocytes, as suggested by some animal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:279214", "title": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. III. A functional and morphological study on human and animal material with special reference to maxillary sinus diseases.", "content": "Local mucociliary activity (mucociliary wave frequency) was recorded in vivo and in vitro in maxillary sinus diseases. Activity was fairly normal even in cases with chronic purulent sinusitis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sometimes showed a quantitative reduction of cilia. The mucociliary wave frequency was mostly about 1000 waves/min, and there was no in vivo/in vitro discrepancy. Antral mucosa was compared to adenoids, nasal polyps and healthy rabbit trachea. The mucociliary wave frequency was about the same in all materials.", "contents": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. III. A functional and morphological study on human and animal material with special reference to maxillary sinus diseases. Local mucociliary activity (mucociliary wave frequency) was recorded in vivo and in vitro in maxillary sinus diseases. Activity was fairly normal even in cases with chronic purulent sinusitis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sometimes showed a quantitative reduction of cilia. The mucociliary wave frequency was mostly about 1000 waves/min, and there was no in vivo/in vitro discrepancy. Antral mucosa was compared to adenoids, nasal polyps and healthy rabbit trachea. The mucociliary wave frequency was about the same in all materials."}
{"id": "PMID:279216", "title": "A new hypothesis on the plurifactorial etiology of Meniere's disease.", "content": "Meniere's disease is characterized by an extremely long trend: this fact, as in other diseases of very wide chronicity, permits one to formulate a special type of hypothesis regarding the aetiology and the pathogenesis of the disease; it is comprised of many individual factors, of differing chronology and which are connected to each other with successive causality. This hypothesis was founded on a large body of data concerning the multiple histopathological effects on the inner ear of an initially inflammatory disease of the middle ear.", "contents": "A new hypothesis on the plurifactorial etiology of Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease is characterized by an extremely long trend: this fact, as in other diseases of very wide chronicity, permits one to formulate a special type of hypothesis regarding the aetiology and the pathogenesis of the disease; it is comprised of many individual factors, of differing chronology and which are connected to each other with successive causality. This hypothesis was founded on a large body of data concerning the multiple histopathological effects on the inner ear of an initially inflammatory disease of the middle ear."}
{"id": "PMID:279220", "title": "A computer generated index for the assessment of coronary angiography.", "content": "Mortality in patients with coronary artery disease is related to its severity. The commonly used classification of 1, 2 or 3 vessel disease is relatively insensitive. We have designed a new classification which takes into account site, severity and effect of multiple lesions in the coronary circulation. Data is recorded on Mark Sense computer cards and a coronary index (CI) obtained. We have collected data from 1100 patients and shown correlations of the index with clinical variables, ventricular function and in particular, mortality.", "contents": "A computer generated index for the assessment of coronary angiography. Mortality in patients with coronary artery disease is related to its severity. The commonly used classification of 1, 2 or 3 vessel disease is relatively insensitive. We have designed a new classification which takes into account site, severity and effect of multiple lesions in the coronary circulation. Data is recorded on Mark Sense computer cards and a coronary index (CI) obtained. We have collected data from 1100 patients and shown correlations of the index with clinical variables, ventricular function and in particular, mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:279231", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia following immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman had acute myelogenous leukemia following log-term cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. After standard methods of management had failed, the rheumatoid arthritis showed considerable improvement in response to approximately 25 mg cyclophosphamide per day over a four-year period. At the end of this period, pancytopenia developed, and cyclophosphamide was discontinued. A bone-marrow aspirate showed nonspecific changes. However, four months later because of severe progressive pancytopenia, another bone-marrow examination was performed; it showed acute myelogenous leukemia. Therapy failed to induce a remission, and two months after diagnosis the patient died of aspergillosis. Autopsy confirmed the presence of leukemic infiltration of bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen. These findings suggest a possible leukemogenic role of cyclophosphamide in this case and suggest that caution should be exercised in treating non-fatal diseases with antitumor drugs.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia following immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A 51-year-old woman had acute myelogenous leukemia following log-term cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. After standard methods of management had failed, the rheumatoid arthritis showed considerable improvement in response to approximately 25 mg cyclophosphamide per day over a four-year period. At the end of this period, pancytopenia developed, and cyclophosphamide was discontinued. A bone-marrow aspirate showed nonspecific changes. However, four months later because of severe progressive pancytopenia, another bone-marrow examination was performed; it showed acute myelogenous leukemia. Therapy failed to induce a remission, and two months after diagnosis the patient died of aspergillosis. Autopsy confirmed the presence of leukemic infiltration of bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen. These findings suggest a possible leukemogenic role of cyclophosphamide in this case and suggest that caution should be exercised in treating non-fatal diseases with antitumor drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:279234", "title": "Electrophoretic evaluation of sera from dogs with cancer.", "content": "A quantitative electrophoretic method was developed for evaluating sera from dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors. Electrophoretic migration ratios (EMR) were devised to standardize characteristic protein components and to analyze alterations in mobility of these protein components, using a computerized densitometric technique. Sera values from dogs with lymphosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and mammary tumors were compared, using conventional methods of statistical analysis. Results indicate a statistical difference existed between mean values of EMR and alpha2-globulins of sera from dogs with tumors and those values from normal dogs. In addition, unique EMR and concentration of protein components were identified for dogs with lymphosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and mammary tumors.", "contents": "Electrophoretic evaluation of sera from dogs with cancer. A quantitative electrophoretic method was developed for evaluating sera from dogs with naturally occurring malignant tumors. Electrophoretic migration ratios (EMR) were devised to standardize characteristic protein components and to analyze alterations in mobility of these protein components, using a computerized densitometric technique. Sera values from dogs with lymphosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and mammary tumors were compared, using conventional methods of statistical analysis. Results indicate a statistical difference existed between mean values of EMR and alpha2-globulins of sera from dogs with tumors and those values from normal dogs. In addition, unique EMR and concentration of protein components were identified for dogs with lymphosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and mammary tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:279235", "title": "[Long-term survival in childhood acute lymphocitic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-term results in the treatment of 116 patients of acute lymphocitic leukemia with ages between six months and seven years are reported. A first group A, formed by 76 patients, was treated with prednisone and vincristine as induction protocol and maintenance therapy with 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate. No neuromeningeal prophylaxis was made, except some cases in which intratecal methotrexate was applied. 27 patients are alive, 21 of them (27,6%) remain in complete remission for more than three years. A second group B, formed by 40 patients, was treated more recently; with an induction protocol composed by prednisone, vincristine and L-asparaginase. All patients in this group received cranial irradiation and intratecal methotrexate. 31 patients are alive (77,5%), 13 of them (32,5%) remain in complete remission for more than two years. The evolution period in this group B is shorter, but some features are exposed which suggest the possibility of long-term better results.", "contents": "[Long-term survival in childhood acute lymphocitic leukemia (author's transl)]. Long-term results in the treatment of 116 patients of acute lymphocitic leukemia with ages between six months and seven years are reported. A first group A, formed by 76 patients, was treated with prednisone and vincristine as induction protocol and maintenance therapy with 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate. No neuromeningeal prophylaxis was made, except some cases in which intratecal methotrexate was applied. 27 patients are alive, 21 of them (27,6%) remain in complete remission for more than three years. A second group B, formed by 40 patients, was treated more recently; with an induction protocol composed by prednisone, vincristine and L-asparaginase. All patients in this group received cranial irradiation and intratecal methotrexate. 31 patients are alive (77,5%), 13 of them (32,5%) remain in complete remission for more than two years. The evolution period in this group B is shorter, but some features are exposed which suggest the possibility of long-term better results."}
{"id": "PMID:279246", "title": "Hypnosis from the standpoint of a contextualist.", "content": "We set out to formulate a theory that makes counterexpectational conduct expectational. Our contextualist position has led us to the dramaturgical perspective. This perspective guided our examination of the hypnotic performance, and we noted that both the hypnotist and the subject are actors, both enmeshed in a dramatic plot, both striving to enhance their credibility. The dramatistic concepts of actor and spectator helped us make sense of the contradictory self-reports in Hilgard's analgesia studies. We underscore the proposition (long overlooked) that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making. The subject may respond to the cues as an invitation to join in the miniature drama. If he accepts the invitation, he will employ whatever skills he possesses in order to enhance his credibility in enacting the role of hypnotized person. This proposition emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction.", "contents": "Hypnosis from the standpoint of a contextualist. We set out to formulate a theory that makes counterexpectational conduct expectational. Our contextualist position has led us to the dramaturgical perspective. This perspective guided our examination of the hypnotic performance, and we noted that both the hypnotist and the subject are actors, both enmeshed in a dramatic plot, both striving to enhance their credibility. The dramatistic concepts of actor and spectator helped us make sense of the contradictory self-reports in Hilgard's analgesia studies. We underscore the proposition (long overlooked) that the counterfactual statements in the hypnotist's induction are cues to the subject that a dramatistic plot is in the making. The subject may respond to the cues as an invitation to join in the miniature drama. If he accepts the invitation, he will employ whatever skills he possesses in order to enhance his credibility in enacting the role of hypnotized person. This proposition emphasizes the need for analyzing the implied social communications contained in any interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:279253", "title": "Hypnosis, suggestions, and altered states of consciousness: experimental evaluation of the new cognitive-behavioral theory and the traditional trance-state theory of \"hypnosis\".", "content": "Sixty-six subjects were tested on a new scale for evaluating \"hypnotic-like\" experiences (The Creative Imagination Scale), which includes ten standardized test-suggestions (e.g. suggestions for arm heaviness, finger anesthesia, time distortion, and age regression). The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (Think-With Instructions, trance induction, and Control), with 22 subjects to each group. The new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory predicted that subjects exposed to preliminary instructions designed to demonstrate how to think and imagine along with the suggested themes (Think-With Instructions) would be more responsive to test-suggestions for anesthesia, time distortion, age regression, and so on, than subjects exposed to a trance-induction procedure. On the other hand, the traditional Trance State Theory predicted that a trance induction would be more effective than Think-With Instructions in enhancing responses to such suggestions. Subjects exposed to the Think-With Instructions obtained significantly higher scores on the test-suggestions than those exposed either to the traditional trance-induction procedure or to the control treatment. Scores of subjects who received the trance-induction procedure were not significantly different from those of the subjects who received the control treatment. The results thus supported the new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and contradicted the traditional Trance State Theory of hypnosis. Two recent experiments, by De Stefano and by Katz, confirmed the above experimental results and offered further support for the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. In both recent experiments, subjects randomly assigned to a \"Think-With Instructions\" treatment were more responsive to test-suggestions than those randomly assigned to a traditional trance-induction treatment.", "contents": "Hypnosis, suggestions, and altered states of consciousness: experimental evaluation of the new cognitive-behavioral theory and the traditional trance-state theory of \"hypnosis\". Sixty-six subjects were tested on a new scale for evaluating \"hypnotic-like\" experiences (The Creative Imagination Scale), which includes ten standardized test-suggestions (e.g. suggestions for arm heaviness, finger anesthesia, time distortion, and age regression). The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (Think-With Instructions, trance induction, and Control), with 22 subjects to each group. The new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory predicted that subjects exposed to preliminary instructions designed to demonstrate how to think and imagine along with the suggested themes (Think-With Instructions) would be more responsive to test-suggestions for anesthesia, time distortion, age regression, and so on, than subjects exposed to a trance-induction procedure. On the other hand, the traditional Trance State Theory predicted that a trance induction would be more effective than Think-With Instructions in enhancing responses to such suggestions. Subjects exposed to the Think-With Instructions obtained significantly higher scores on the test-suggestions than those exposed either to the traditional trance-induction procedure or to the control treatment. Scores of subjects who received the trance-induction procedure were not significantly different from those of the subjects who received the control treatment. The results thus supported the new Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and contradicted the traditional Trance State Theory of hypnosis. Two recent experiments, by De Stefano and by Katz, confirmed the above experimental results and offered further support for the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory. In both recent experiments, subjects randomly assigned to a \"Think-With Instructions\" treatment were more responsive to test-suggestions than those randomly assigned to a traditional trance-induction treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:279264", "title": "A betaLPH precursor model: recent developments concerning morphine-like substances.", "content": "In summary, the pituitary glands from at least four species contain betaLPH and and beta endorphins. We have shown that in slices of whole pituitaries betaLPH is actively biosynthesized and transformed into gammaLPH, thus releasing the COOH-terminus portion 61--91, which is now known as beta-endorphin. Newly radioactive biosynthesized beta-endorphin has been clearly and definitely identified. The release of betaMSH and possibly of beta-endorphin could well be under the control of CRF. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary seems to be the tissue that contains most of betaLPH and beta-endorphin, although these are also present in the anterior lobe. We have recently demonstrated its presence in human glands and the  structure is completely identical to the COOH-fragment 61--91 of human betaLPH. Thus far, these morphine-like peptides seem not to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats; it is conceivable (neurophysiologists will need to look into it) that an upward circulatory process could bring beta-endorphin into the brain where it is concentrated in different regions as either native or degraded products both of which have similar activities. Until somebody shows that betaLPH and beta-endorphin are actively biosynthesized in other tissues, one can only assume that the pituitary gland is the primary source of the endogenous opiate substance(s) and that betaLPH is its or their biologic precursor. We have worked on the proposed biosynthetic model for many years and we are continuing because all of the experiments, except one from another laboratory, 38indicate that we are moving slowly toward its confirmation. Thus far, there is no reason to believe the contrary, and we are following in some ways Konrad Lorenz's maxim, which appeared in his book Die Acht Todsunden Der Zivilisierten Menscheit, published in French in 1973: \"Une bonne hypoth\u00e9se de travail gagne en vraisemblance lorsque, au cours de longues ann\u00e9es de recherches, nulle donn\u00e9e n'est venue la contredire.\" The major conclusion of our most recent studies on the biosynthesis of betaLPH and its related peptides have led us to the first in vitro biosynthesis of an endogenous morphine-like substance. This constitutes a major step in the comprehension of this exciting new field.", "contents": "A betaLPH precursor model: recent developments concerning morphine-like substances. In summary, the pituitary glands from at least four species contain betaLPH and and beta endorphins. We have shown that in slices of whole pituitaries betaLPH is actively biosynthesized and transformed into gammaLPH, thus releasing the COOH-terminus portion 61--91, which is now known as beta-endorphin. Newly radioactive biosynthesized beta-endorphin has been clearly and definitely identified. The release of betaMSH and possibly of beta-endorphin could well be under the control of CRF. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary seems to be the tissue that contains most of betaLPH and beta-endorphin, although these are also present in the anterior lobe. We have recently demonstrated its presence in human glands and the  structure is completely identical to the COOH-fragment 61--91 of human betaLPH. Thus far, these morphine-like peptides seem not to cross the blood-brain barrier in rats; it is conceivable (neurophysiologists will need to look into it) that an upward circulatory process could bring beta-endorphin into the brain where it is concentrated in different regions as either native or degraded products both of which have similar activities. Until somebody shows that betaLPH and beta-endorphin are actively biosynthesized in other tissues, one can only assume that the pituitary gland is the primary source of the endogenous opiate substance(s) and that betaLPH is its or their biologic precursor. We have worked on the proposed biosynthetic model for many years and we are continuing because all of the experiments, except one from another laboratory, 38indicate that we are moving slowly toward its confirmation. Thus far, there is no reason to believe the contrary, and we are following in some ways Konrad Lorenz's maxim, which appeared in his book Die Acht Todsunden Der Zivilisierten Menscheit, published in French in 1973: \"Une bonne hypoth\u00e9se de travail gagne en vraisemblance lorsque, au cours de longues ann\u00e9es de recherches, nulle donn\u00e9e n'est venue la contredire.\" The major conclusion of our most recent studies on the biosynthesis of betaLPH and its related peptides have led us to the first in vitro biosynthesis of an endogenous morphine-like substance. This constitutes a major step in the comprehension of this exciting new field."}
{"id": "PMID:279270", "title": "Iron nutrition.", "content": "This paper is a progress report on our present understanding of iron nutrition in man, particularly in developing countries. We will be concerned with the quantitative aspects of iron balance and in particular with the availability of dietary iron, the recognition of iron deficiency and its prevalence, the effects of iron deficiency on the well being of the individual, and the feasibility of modifying the iron balance of man by dietary means.", "contents": "Iron nutrition. This paper is a progress report on our present understanding of iron nutrition in man, particularly in developing countries. We will be concerned with the quantitative aspects of iron balance and in particular with the availability of dietary iron, the recognition of iron deficiency and its prevalence, the effects of iron deficiency on the well being of the individual, and the feasibility of modifying the iron balance of man by dietary means."}
{"id": "PMID:279275", "title": "Aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care.", "content": "The interrelations of aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care have been discussed in terms of four issues, all of which focus on how to convince modern societies that meaningful attention to the triad is not only desirable but, in the light of the alternative, practically mandatory. The action steps required consist by and large of convincing societal leadership who in turn can convince their followers that meaningful attention to the aging-nutrition-health triad can produce better lives for all. The attention must be directed at all human life from conception to death. Properly applied throughout life, the attention can dramatically decrease the misery and waste currently imposed by life-style diseases and disabilities. To highlight the tangible and appeal to the pecuniary qualities of mankind, attention has been focused particuarly on the cost-effectiveness of such attention. The fractionation of the triad's components into individual units each furthered by its own proponents is not only wasteful of scarce resources but dangerous to individuals and their societies. Professionally trained scientists concerned with nutrition are keys to the catalysis of societal comprehension of the triad's interrelations. They have the education, training, experience and contacts at all levels to lead the leaders who in turn will convince societies worldwide that integration of aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care at all phases of the life cycle is desirable, mandatory, effective, and economically sound.", "contents": "Aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care. The interrelations of aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care have been discussed in terms of four issues, all of which focus on how to convince modern societies that meaningful attention to the triad is not only desirable but, in the light of the alternative, practically mandatory. The action steps required consist by and large of convincing societal leadership who in turn can convince their followers that meaningful attention to the aging-nutrition-health triad can produce better lives for all. The attention must be directed at all human life from conception to death. Properly applied throughout life, the attention can dramatically decrease the misery and waste currently imposed by life-style diseases and disabilities. To highlight the tangible and appeal to the pecuniary qualities of mankind, attention has been focused particuarly on the cost-effectiveness of such attention. The fractionation of the triad's components into individual units each furthered by its own proponents is not only wasteful of scarce resources but dangerous to individuals and their societies. Professionally trained scientists concerned with nutrition are keys to the catalysis of societal comprehension of the triad's interrelations. They have the education, training, experience and contacts at all levels to lead the leaders who in turn will convince societies worldwide that integration of aging, nutrition, and the continuum of health care at all phases of the life cycle is desirable, mandatory, effective, and economically sound."}
{"id": "PMID:279282", "title": "Nutritional needs of special populations at risk.", "content": "The nutritional needs of special populations at risk require a concerned government, a concerned bureaucracy which funds and operates health, welfare and food delivery systems. Equally, if not even more important, is the concern and involvement of citizens at the \"local-state-county-city\" level. Some of the vulnerable groups, such as the migrant workers and the Native Americans, are the responsibiliity of the Federal Government. This does not mean that State and local citizens should do nothing, which by and large characterizes what has happened. The solution to provide optimum nutrition for the entire U.S. population is not merely a recitation of: food production figures, food costs, documentation of how much the Government spends on feeding people, how many free or reduced school lunches are served, how good or bad the problem is. We need to update and monitor programs that deal with the delivery of health, welfare and food; nutrition education for educators, Congress, doctors, and the public; food enrichment and fortification; nutrient analysis of foods; and nutrition research.", "contents": "Nutritional needs of special populations at risk. The nutritional needs of special populations at risk require a concerned government, a concerned bureaucracy which funds and operates health, welfare and food delivery systems. Equally, if not even more important, is the concern and involvement of citizens at the \"local-state-county-city\" level. Some of the vulnerable groups, such as the migrant workers and the Native Americans, are the responsibiliity of the Federal Government. This does not mean that State and local citizens should do nothing, which by and large characterizes what has happened. The solution to provide optimum nutrition for the entire U.S. population is not merely a recitation of: food production figures, food costs, documentation of how much the Government spends on feeding people, how many free or reduced school lunches are served, how good or bad the problem is. We need to update and monitor programs that deal with the delivery of health, welfare and food; nutrition education for educators, Congress, doctors, and the public; food enrichment and fortification; nutrient analysis of foods; and nutrition research."}
{"id": "PMID:279286", "title": "Phospholipid-exchange proteins as membrane probes.", "content": "Phospholipid-exchange proteins, first discovered in rat liver, have now been identified in a variety of animal and plant tissues. In rat liver one protein transfers phosphatidylcholine with a high degree of specificity. Another protein fraction is capable of transferring all major types of phospholipids as well as cholesterol. Beef heart is a good source of phospholipid-exchange protein, which transfers phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. Studies with phospholipid-exchange protein from beef heart, beef liver and rat liver show that these proteins are useful for the study of membrane structure. When unilamellar vesicles of isotopically labeled phosphatidylcholine are incubated with nonlabeled mitochondria in the presence of phospholipid-exchange protein, only the outer portion of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer is exchangeable and translocation of lipids between inner and outer parts of the bilayer is exceedingly slow. Resealed red blood cell ghosts show an equilibration of phosphatidylcholine between the inner and outer portions of the bilayer with a t1/2 of two hours. An even faster equilibration of various phospholipids in the microsomal mmebrane appears to take place in rat-liver microsomes.", "contents": "Phospholipid-exchange proteins as membrane probes. Phospholipid-exchange proteins, first discovered in rat liver, have now been identified in a variety of animal and plant tissues. In rat liver one protein transfers phosphatidylcholine with a high degree of specificity. Another protein fraction is capable of transferring all major types of phospholipids as well as cholesterol. Beef heart is a good source of phospholipid-exchange protein, which transfers phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine. Studies with phospholipid-exchange protein from beef heart, beef liver and rat liver show that these proteins are useful for the study of membrane structure. When unilamellar vesicles of isotopically labeled phosphatidylcholine are incubated with nonlabeled mitochondria in the presence of phospholipid-exchange protein, only the outer portion of the phosphatidylcholine bilayer is exchangeable and translocation of lipids between inner and outer parts of the bilayer is exceedingly slow. Resealed red blood cell ghosts show an equilibration of phosphatidylcholine between the inner and outer portions of the bilayer with a t1/2 of two hours. An even faster equilibration of various phospholipids in the microsomal mmebrane appears to take place in rat-liver microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:279296", "title": "Mechanisms of reduction of antitumor drug toxicity by liposome encapsulation.", "content": "Actinomycin D, when encapsulated within liposomes, has been previously shown to be less toxic to mice than nonencapsulated actinomycin D, but to retain its tumoricidal activity. We have compared the toxic effects of Act D encapsulated either in the aqueous phase or in the lipid phase of liposomes (APL and LPL, respectively), and the nonencapsulated Act D on the blood forming system, on cell proliferation in the intestine, and on antibody production by spleen lymphocytes. At a single dose of 0.4 mg/kg, APL-encapsulated Act D wass less toxic to white blood cells and to the nucleated cells and colony-forming stem  cells of the bone marrow. During toxicity in the proliferating intestinal cells, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was reduced by about a factor of 4 with encapsulation in APL, particularly 24 hours after Act D administration. The toxiciaty of LPL-encapsulated Act D to both the blood-forming system and the intestinal proliferating cells was, however, not significantly different from that of the nonencapsulated Act D. Effects of Act D on the antibody production by spleen cells, determined by the \"limited hemolysis in agar\" assay, showed that immunosuppression was most markedly reduced by liposome encapsulation either in APL or in LPL, when the drug was given one day before the antigen. These findings are important for considerations of liposome application in cancer chemotherapy.", "contents": "Mechanisms of reduction of antitumor drug toxicity by liposome encapsulation. Actinomycin D, when encapsulated within liposomes, has been previously shown to be less toxic to mice than nonencapsulated actinomycin D, but to retain its tumoricidal activity. We have compared the toxic effects of Act D encapsulated either in the aqueous phase or in the lipid phase of liposomes (APL and LPL, respectively), and the nonencapsulated Act D on the blood forming system, on cell proliferation in the intestine, and on antibody production by spleen lymphocytes. At a single dose of 0.4 mg/kg, APL-encapsulated Act D wass less toxic to white blood cells and to the nucleated cells and colony-forming stem  cells of the bone marrow. During toxicity in the proliferating intestinal cells, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was reduced by about a factor of 4 with encapsulation in APL, particularly 24 hours after Act D administration. The toxiciaty of LPL-encapsulated Act D to both the blood-forming system and the intestinal proliferating cells was, however, not significantly different from that of the nonencapsulated Act D. Effects of Act D on the antibody production by spleen cells, determined by the \"limited hemolysis in agar\" assay, showed that immunosuppression was most markedly reduced by liposome encapsulation either in APL or in LPL, when the drug was given one day before the antigen. These findings are important for considerations of liposome application in cancer chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:279298", "title": "Enhancement of chemotherapeutic effect by entrapping 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in lipid vesicles and its mode of action.", "content": "a-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) trapped in multilamellar liposomes exerted enhanced chemotherapeutic effect against L1210 murine leukemia. Among four types of liposomes, the one composed of sphingomyelin, stearylamine and cholesterol was most potent in enhancing chemotherapeutic effect of ara-C. And the findings that ara-C was released gradually from liposome in vitro and that ara-C in liposome was chemotherapeutically effective against subsequently inoculated L1210 cells suggested that slow but long-lasting release of ara-C from liposome was partially responsible for enhanced chemotherapeutic effect.", "contents": "Enhancement of chemotherapeutic effect by entrapping 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in lipid vesicles and its mode of action. a-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) trapped in multilamellar liposomes exerted enhanced chemotherapeutic effect against L1210 murine leukemia. Among four types of liposomes, the one composed of sphingomyelin, stearylamine and cholesterol was most potent in enhancing chemotherapeutic effect of ara-C. And the findings that ara-C was released gradually from liposome in vitro and that ara-C in liposome was chemotherapeutically effective against subsequently inoculated L1210 cells suggested that slow but long-lasting release of ara-C from liposome was partially responsible for enhanced chemotherapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:279303", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: further studies and thoughts.", "content": "A possible association between the Gilles de la Tourette and Lesch-Nyhan syndromes has recently been postulated. Fourteen patients with Tourette syndrome demonstrated no similarity to Lesch-Nyhan based upon patterns of inheritance, behavioral changes, or alterations of purine metabolism. Despite a strong male predominance, a sex-linked pattern of inheritance could not be confirmed. Self-mutilating behavior was found in 4 male patients but was readily differentiated from that characteristic of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Quantitation of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and isoelectric focusing of its isoenzymes produced results that were indistinguishable from those in controls. We speculate that, pathophysiologically, Tourette syndrome represents an imbalance between the central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin rather than an alteration in purine metabolism.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: further studies and thoughts. A possible association between the Gilles de la Tourette and Lesch-Nyhan syndromes has recently been postulated. Fourteen patients with Tourette syndrome demonstrated no similarity to Lesch-Nyhan based upon patterns of inheritance, behavioral changes, or alterations of purine metabolism. Despite a strong male predominance, a sex-linked pattern of inheritance could not be confirmed. Self-mutilating behavior was found in 4 male patients but was readily differentiated from that characteristic of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Quantitation of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and isoelectric focusing of its isoenzymes produced results that were indistinguishable from those in controls. We speculate that, pathophysiologically, Tourette syndrome represents an imbalance between the central neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin rather than an alteration in purine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:279319", "title": "Testicular damage due to cytotoxic drugs and recovery after cessation of therapy.", "content": "Testicular function was assessed in 32 patients who received standard chemotherapy regimens for disseminated lymphomas. Thirty-one had evidence of germ cell damage, as assessed by the finding of azoospermia and/or high plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition, five patients had persistently low plasma testosterone levels associated in three with elevated plasma luteinising hormone (LH) levels. Reproductive function did not recover in any patient while chemotherapy continued. Cessation of therapy was possible in 16 patients with prolonged remissions of disease. Among these, recovery of germinal epithelium differed greatly between the cyclophosphamide / vincristine / prednisone treated group and the mustine/procarbazine/vincristine/prednisone treated group. Seventy per cent of the former patients had evidence of recovery after 34 months of follow-up while only one (17%) of the latter had begun to recover at 52 months post-therapy. Serial measurement of plasma FSH levels proved useful in predicting likely recovery of spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Testicular damage due to cytotoxic drugs and recovery after cessation of therapy. Testicular function was assessed in 32 patients who received standard chemotherapy regimens for disseminated lymphomas. Thirty-one had evidence of germ cell damage, as assessed by the finding of azoospermia and/or high plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition, five patients had persistently low plasma testosterone levels associated in three with elevated plasma luteinising hormone (LH) levels. Reproductive function did not recover in any patient while chemotherapy continued. Cessation of therapy was possible in 16 patients with prolonged remissions of disease. Among these, recovery of germinal epithelium differed greatly between the cyclophosphamide / vincristine / prednisone treated group and the mustine/procarbazine/vincristine/prednisone treated group. Seventy per cent of the former patients had evidence of recovery after 34 months of follow-up while only one (17%) of the latter had begun to recover at 52 months post-therapy. Serial measurement of plasma FSH levels proved useful in predicting likely recovery of spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:279320", "title": "A quantitative review of the performance of implanted cardiac pacemakers, Medtronic Model No. 5944.", "content": "One of the service functions of the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Department of Biophysics since 1972 has been the routine performance testing of pacemakers implanted by the Hospital's Cardiologists. This service was set up to measure pacemaker pulse parameters with a view to detecting battery depletion. It was also found to be of great help in showing lead insulation deterioration, intermittent capture and movement of the catheter tip within the right ventricle, information that is frequently of help to the Cardiologists in planning acute or elective pacemaker replacement.", "contents": "A quantitative review of the performance of implanted cardiac pacemakers, Medtronic Model No. 5944. One of the service functions of the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Department of Biophysics since 1972 has been the routine performance testing of pacemakers implanted by the Hospital's Cardiologists. This service was set up to measure pacemaker pulse parameters with a view to detecting battery depletion. It was also found to be of great help in showing lead insulation deterioration, intermittent capture and movement of the catheter tip within the right ventricle, information that is frequently of help to the Cardiologists in planning acute or elective pacemaker replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:279321", "title": "Treatment of amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea and hypogonadism with bromocriptine.", "content": "The effect of bromocriptine administration was studied in 34 patients, whose presenting symptoms included amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, infertility, dyspareunia, delayed puberty, and impotence. Two patients were found to have raised plasma prolactin values during investigation for acromegaly. With the exception of three individuals all patients had hyperprolactinaemia. Pituitary fossa enlargement or asymmetry was reported in 16 patients and one patient had primary hypothyroidism. Virtually all patients complained of side effects when first starting bromocriptine but only two patients were unable to tolerate prolonged therapy with doses which ranged from 5--40 mg daily. A single oral dose of 2.5 mg resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in plasma prolactin within five hours in 22 of 26 patients. Over the course of one month, five patients with significant pituitary fossa enlargement appeared to show less rapid suppression of plasma prolactin than five patients without fossa enlargement. At two months this trend was still evident but eventually all patients showed acceptable control of plasma prolactin, with the exception of one patient who required pituitary surgery. Galactorrhoea ceased in 13 of 15 patients, menstrual periods resumed in ten of 13 patients, two patients becoming pregnant first. Potency returned and puberty proceeded in two hypogonadal males. Six of the nine patients requesting treatment for infertility became pregnant. It is concluded that bromocriptine provides effective treatment for galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea or gonadal disorders when there is associated hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "Treatment of amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea and hypogonadism with bromocriptine. The effect of bromocriptine administration was studied in 34 patients, whose presenting symptoms included amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, infertility, dyspareunia, delayed puberty, and impotence. Two patients were found to have raised plasma prolactin values during investigation for acromegaly. With the exception of three individuals all patients had hyperprolactinaemia. Pituitary fossa enlargement or asymmetry was reported in 16 patients and one patient had primary hypothyroidism. Virtually all patients complained of side effects when first starting bromocriptine but only two patients were unable to tolerate prolonged therapy with doses which ranged from 5--40 mg daily. A single oral dose of 2.5 mg resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in plasma prolactin within five hours in 22 of 26 patients. Over the course of one month, five patients with significant pituitary fossa enlargement appeared to show less rapid suppression of plasma prolactin than five patients without fossa enlargement. At two months this trend was still evident but eventually all patients showed acceptable control of plasma prolactin, with the exception of one patient who required pituitary surgery. Galactorrhoea ceased in 13 of 15 patients, menstrual periods resumed in ten of 13 patients, two patients becoming pregnant first. Potency returned and puberty proceeded in two hypogonadal males. Six of the nine patients requesting treatment for infertility became pregnant. It is concluded that bromocriptine provides effective treatment for galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea or gonadal disorders when there is associated hyperprolactinaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:279322", "title": "The problem family and community medicine.", "content": "The characteristics of problem families are described and especially their dependency upon the social services. They are of increasing importance to community medicine since as shown by the literature their members form 5--10% of the total population and use from 50--80% of the total social and corrective services. The social pathology of 16 root and 110 sub-families was investigated; enquiries have also been made into the family dynamics and especially child rearing, learning problems and ill health. Infections, injuries and childhood disorders are particularly frequent. There are administrative advantages in regarding these families as socially handicapped.", "contents": "The problem family and community medicine. The characteristics of problem families are described and especially their dependency upon the social services. They are of increasing importance to community medicine since as shown by the literature their members form 5--10% of the total population and use from 50--80% of the total social and corrective services. The social pathology of 16 root and 110 sub-families was investigated; enquiries have also been made into the family dynamics and especially child rearing, learning problems and ill health. Infections, injuries and childhood disorders are particularly frequent. There are administrative advantages in regarding these families as socially handicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:279323", "title": "Association of sick sinus and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes.", "content": "A 38-year-old woman presented with syncopal attacks for 27 years. The electrophysiology techniques which enabled the diagnosis of both sinus node dysfunction (sick sinus syndrome) and presence of an atrionodal bypass tract (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) are illustrated.", "contents": "Association of sick sinus and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes. A 38-year-old woman presented with syncopal attacks for 27 years. The electrophysiology techniques which enabled the diagnosis of both sinus node dysfunction (sick sinus syndrome) and presence of an atrionodal bypass tract (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome) are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:279324", "title": "Metformin associated lactic acidosis.", "content": "A case of lactic acidosis occurring in association with inappropriate and excessive metformin therapy and a high serum metformin concentration is described. In the other 23 cases of metformin associated lactic acidosis reported to December 1977, renal, cardiovascular and liver disease were common. Although metformin is less likely to cause lactic acidosis than phenformin, neither drug should be prescribed in the presence of renal, hepatic or cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Metformin associated lactic acidosis. A case of lactic acidosis occurring in association with inappropriate and excessive metformin therapy and a high serum metformin concentration is described. In the other 23 cases of metformin associated lactic acidosis reported to December 1977, renal, cardiovascular and liver disease were common. Although metformin is less likely to cause lactic acidosis than phenformin, neither drug should be prescribed in the presence of renal, hepatic or cardiovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:279325", "title": "Transient metastatic calcification in primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Metastatic calcification has been visualised on bone scan in many hypercalcaemic states. This report illustrates the phenomenon occurring in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism and its subsequent disappearance after therapy.", "contents": "Transient metastatic calcification in primary hyperparathyroidism. Metastatic calcification has been visualised on bone scan in many hypercalcaemic states. This report illustrates the phenomenon occurring in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism and its subsequent disappearance after therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:279326", "title": "A variant chromosomal translocation found in a series of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The bone marrow chromosomes of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive (Ph 1) chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were studied using banding techniques. In 23 patients, the Ph(1) had been produced by the standard translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, but in the remaining patient, the Ph(1) chromosome had been formed by a translocation between chromosomes 16 and 22. Clinical and haematological details of this patient are reported.", "contents": "A variant chromosomal translocation found in a series of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The bone marrow chromosomes of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive (Ph 1) chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were studied using banding techniques. In 23 patients, the Ph(1) had been produced by the standard translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, but in the remaining patient, the Ph(1) chromosome had been formed by a translocation between chromosomes 16 and 22. Clinical and haematological details of this patient are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:279327", "title": "A status report on the management of solid tumours.", "content": "Progressive improvements in the management of certain paediatric and haematological malignancies have provided guidelines for the current approaches to the management of the more common solid tumours of adults. These include precise histopathological grading; comprehensive evaluation of extent of disease; staging classifications accurately correlated with prognosis and progressive evaluation of available therapeutic modalities for all stages of disease in an attempt to define the best combination of local and systemic forms of therapy. Breast cancer is reviewed in detail as an example of the more responsive tumours where screening programs; improvements in pathological and clinical staging and the introduction of systemic chemotherapy together with optimal use of other methods of treatment for the various stages of disease gives hope for a significant improvement in long term survival statistics. Lung cancer has also been reviewed as an example of the more resistant types of cancer where screening programmes and current therapy including the use of combination chemotherapy have given minor encouragement but not had a definite influence on long term survival. Some further gains may still be achieved with currently available techniques but major improvements will probably require the development of better therapeutic tools including radiotherapy with high linear energy transfer particles; new chemotherapeutic agents and specific forms of immunotherapy. It is also quite possible that completely different forms of therapy for these resistant tumours will be necessary to reach the desired goal of long term improvements in survival.", "contents": "A status report on the management of solid tumours. Progressive improvements in the management of certain paediatric and haematological malignancies have provided guidelines for the current approaches to the management of the more common solid tumours of adults. These include precise histopathological grading; comprehensive evaluation of extent of disease; staging classifications accurately correlated with prognosis and progressive evaluation of available therapeutic modalities for all stages of disease in an attempt to define the best combination of local and systemic forms of therapy. Breast cancer is reviewed in detail as an example of the more responsive tumours where screening programs; improvements in pathological and clinical staging and the introduction of systemic chemotherapy together with optimal use of other methods of treatment for the various stages of disease gives hope for a significant improvement in long term survival statistics. Lung cancer has also been reviewed as an example of the more resistant types of cancer where screening programmes and current therapy including the use of combination chemotherapy have given minor encouragement but not had a definite influence on long term survival. Some further gains may still be achieved with currently available techniques but major improvements will probably require the development of better therapeutic tools including radiotherapy with high linear energy transfer particles; new chemotherapeutic agents and specific forms of immunotherapy. It is also quite possible that completely different forms of therapy for these resistant tumours will be necessary to reach the desired goal of long term improvements in survival."}
{"id": "PMID:279328", "title": "Evaluation and peer review of the role of specialist and general medical units in a teaching hospital.", "content": "The trend toward increasing specialization in the medical wards of teaching hospitals has important implications for future health care delivery and student teaching. A study of the likely implications of a change to a specialty oriented medical admission system at the Royal Adelaide Hospital has shown that already the general physicians are seeing little renal and endocrine disease and, that work satisfaction is greater on the specialty units than on the general medical units. Patient satisfaction marginally favoured the specialty units. A peer review audit method was introduced to try and discern whether the quality of care was significantly different on the two types of units. Most physicians cooperated in at least one or two audits which involved them in judgements about adequacy of casenotes, management decisions, follow-up arrangements, length of stay and investigations in randomly assigned specialty pairs of patients (cared for by specialist or general units). No clear-cut trend was discerned favouring specialist or generalist care amongst 17 randomly selected pairs, but this part of the study was never completed, perhaps partly because of lack of enthusiasm for it by busy clinicians. The importance of maintaining a model of generalism for medical students on the teaching hospital campus is discussed discussed in the light of the decline of the role of general physicians.", "contents": "Evaluation and peer review of the role of specialist and general medical units in a teaching hospital. The trend toward increasing specialization in the medical wards of teaching hospitals has important implications for future health care delivery and student teaching. A study of the likely implications of a change to a specialty oriented medical admission system at the Royal Adelaide Hospital has shown that already the general physicians are seeing little renal and endocrine disease and, that work satisfaction is greater on the specialty units than on the general medical units. Patient satisfaction marginally favoured the specialty units. A peer review audit method was introduced to try and discern whether the quality of care was significantly different on the two types of units. Most physicians cooperated in at least one or two audits which involved them in judgements about adequacy of casenotes, management decisions, follow-up arrangements, length of stay and investigations in randomly assigned specialty pairs of patients (cared for by specialist or general units). No clear-cut trend was discerned favouring specialist or generalist care amongst 17 randomly selected pairs, but this part of the study was never completed, perhaps partly because of lack of enthusiasm for it by busy clinicians. The importance of maintaining a model of generalism for medical students on the teaching hospital campus is discussed discussed in the light of the decline of the role of general physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:279352", "title": "The blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia: megakaryoblastic nature of cells as revealed by the presence of platelet-peroxidase--a cytochemical ultrastructural study.", "content": "The origin of cells in the blast crisis of some cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) remains controversial. Difficulties arise from the lack of cytochemical characteristics of differentiation. This report concerns the nature of cells in the blast crisis of a case of CGL in which blast cells exhibited an undifferentiated or lymphoid appearance by light and electron microscopy. The majority (90%) of such cells contained a peroxidase in the endoplasmic reticulum distinct from myeloperoxidase. In addition, some micromegakaryocytes could be recognized among the peroxidase reactive cells, by the presence of typical granules and demarcation membranes. Since this peroxidase exhibited identical characteristics to that of normal megakaryocytic precursors, these blast cells could be identified as megakaryoblasts. These data emphasize the possible megakaryoblastic nature of cells occurring in other cases of CGL blast crisis.", "contents": "The blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia: megakaryoblastic nature of cells as revealed by the presence of platelet-peroxidase--a cytochemical ultrastructural study. The origin of cells in the blast crisis of some cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) remains controversial. Difficulties arise from the lack of cytochemical characteristics of differentiation. This report concerns the nature of cells in the blast crisis of a case of CGL in which blast cells exhibited an undifferentiated or lymphoid appearance by light and electron microscopy. The majority (90%) of such cells contained a peroxidase in the endoplasmic reticulum distinct from myeloperoxidase. In addition, some micromegakaryocytes could be recognized among the peroxidase reactive cells, by the presence of typical granules and demarcation membranes. Since this peroxidase exhibited identical characteristics to that of normal megakaryocytic precursors, these blast cells could be identified as megakaryoblasts. These data emphasize the possible megakaryoblastic nature of cells occurring in other cases of CGL blast crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:279354", "title": "Myeloid karyotype and the malignant phase of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "During the course of a 30 month study period, 26 patients with typical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) developed karyotype abnormalities in addition to the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. All cases had received at least 14 months continuous low dose busulphan, and the chromosome changes were found before clinical transformation in six patients and at the time this occurred in 20. Survival following the discovery of these additional abnormalities was short, with a median of 11 weeks for the whole group. Trisomy 8 was the commonest additional chromosome abnormality, but no one karyotype change was clearly associated with shorter survival than another. 23 of the 26 have died as a direct result of their disease, forming part of a total of 40 deaths from typical CGL encountered during the study period where karyotype analyses were performed during the terminal stages of disease. Of these 40, only two (5%) patients showed no chromosome abnormalities extra to the Ph1 prior to death. (The 17 non-study patients who died were similar in all respects to the 23 from the study group, but had no prior chromosome studies performed during the chronic phase of the disease.) It is suggested that an expanding aneuploid or pseudodiploid clone arising from the leukaemic cells during the benign phase of CGL can be used to mark the sometimes ill-defined onset of the malignant phase in all but a small proportion of cases.", "contents": "Myeloid karyotype and the malignant phase of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. During the course of a 30 month study period, 26 patients with typical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) developed karyotype abnormalities in addition to the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. All cases had received at least 14 months continuous low dose busulphan, and the chromosome changes were found before clinical transformation in six patients and at the time this occurred in 20. Survival following the discovery of these additional abnormalities was short, with a median of 11 weeks for the whole group. Trisomy 8 was the commonest additional chromosome abnormality, but no one karyotype change was clearly associated with shorter survival than another. 23 of the 26 have died as a direct result of their disease, forming part of a total of 40 deaths from typical CGL encountered during the study period where karyotype analyses were performed during the terminal stages of disease. Of these 40, only two (5%) patients showed no chromosome abnormalities extra to the Ph1 prior to death. (The 17 non-study patients who died were similar in all respects to the 23 from the study group, but had no prior chromosome studies performed during the chronic phase of the disease.) It is suggested that an expanding aneuploid or pseudodiploid clone arising from the leukaemic cells during the benign phase of CGL can be used to mark the sometimes ill-defined onset of the malignant phase in all but a small proportion of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:279355", "title": "A quantitative assessment of neutrophil marrow in seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Neutrophil marrow cellularity was determined in seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The size of the mitotic pool (promyelocytes and myelocytes) and the number of metamyelocytes and bands and of segmented neutrophils in the postmitotic pool were determined from measurements of neutrophil--erythroid ratios in marrow biopsy sections and ferrokinetic estimates of marrow normoblasts. A section mitotic index was calculated in each patient from the numbers of mitotic figures and mitotic pool cells counted on marrow sections. Basal values previously established in normal subjects for the mitotic pool, for metamyelocytes and bands, and for segmented neutrophils, were 2.11 +/- 0.36 x 10(9) cells/kg, 3.33 +/- 0.61 x 10(9) cells/kg, and 2.26 +/- 0.42 x 10(9) cells/kg, respectively (+/- 1 SD, n = 13). The basal section mitotic index was 0.07 +/- 0.01 (+/- 1 SD, n = 13). In the seven patients with CGL the mitotic pool comprised 3.71--25.70 x 10(9) cells/kg, metamyelocytes and bands 7.70--51.02 x 10(9) cells/kg, and segmented neutrophils 3.45--28.81 x 10(9) cells/kg. Mitotic indices ranged from 0.04 to 0.10. No relationship was found between marrow cellularity and blood neutrophil count. A negative correlation existed between mitotic pool cellularity and mitotic index (r = -0.76, n = 7 pairs). The results provide quantitative affirmation of neutrophil marrow hyperplasia and of increased neutrophil production by the marrow in CGL.", "contents": "A quantitative assessment of neutrophil marrow in seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Neutrophil marrow cellularity was determined in seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The size of the mitotic pool (promyelocytes and myelocytes) and the number of metamyelocytes and bands and of segmented neutrophils in the postmitotic pool were determined from measurements of neutrophil--erythroid ratios in marrow biopsy sections and ferrokinetic estimates of marrow normoblasts. A section mitotic index was calculated in each patient from the numbers of mitotic figures and mitotic pool cells counted on marrow sections. Basal values previously established in normal subjects for the mitotic pool, for metamyelocytes and bands, and for segmented neutrophils, were 2.11 +/- 0.36 x 10(9) cells/kg, 3.33 +/- 0.61 x 10(9) cells/kg, and 2.26 +/- 0.42 x 10(9) cells/kg, respectively (+/- 1 SD, n = 13). The basal section mitotic index was 0.07 +/- 0.01 (+/- 1 SD, n = 13). In the seven patients with CGL the mitotic pool comprised 3.71--25.70 x 10(9) cells/kg, metamyelocytes and bands 7.70--51.02 x 10(9) cells/kg, and segmented neutrophils 3.45--28.81 x 10(9) cells/kg. Mitotic indices ranged from 0.04 to 0.10. No relationship was found between marrow cellularity and blood neutrophil count. A negative correlation existed between mitotic pool cellularity and mitotic index (r = -0.76, n = 7 pairs). The results provide quantitative affirmation of neutrophil marrow hyperplasia and of increased neutrophil production by the marrow in CGL."}
{"id": "PMID:279356", "title": "Defective binding of thrombin to platelets in myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Platelets from patients with myeloid leukaemia showed reduced aggregation with collagen or thrombin. These platelets also had a lower capacity to bind thrombin. This lower thrombin binding is due to a decrease in the total quantity of receptors available and not because of a change in the affinity. In the presence of the patients' plasma, the aggregation behaviour of normal platelets induced by thrombin as well as the clotting time of fibrinogen remained unchanged. The results suggest that the platelet dysfunction in myeloid leukaemia is partially due to a membrane defect involving the thrombin receptors which leads to an impaired induction of the initial stimulation.", "contents": "Defective binding of thrombin to platelets in myeloid leukaemia. Platelets from patients with myeloid leukaemia showed reduced aggregation with collagen or thrombin. These platelets also had a lower capacity to bind thrombin. This lower thrombin binding is due to a decrease in the total quantity of receptors available and not because of a change in the affinity. In the presence of the patients' plasma, the aggregation behaviour of normal platelets induced by thrombin as well as the clotting time of fibrinogen remained unchanged. The results suggest that the platelet dysfunction in myeloid leukaemia is partially due to a membrane defect involving the thrombin receptors which leads to an impaired induction of the initial stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:279358", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed by chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Second hematologic malignancies occur rarely in patients previously treated for leukemia. This report describes a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who remained in complete remission for 5 yr and then developed chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The original lymphoblasts were associated with a partial deletion of chromosome 21, while CML was associated with a classic Philadelphia marker, indicating the independent origin of the two leukemias.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed by chronic myelocytic leukemia. Second hematologic malignancies occur rarely in patients previously treated for leukemia. This report describes a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who remained in complete remission for 5 yr and then developed chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The original lymphoblasts were associated with a partial deletion of chromosome 21, while CML was associated with a classic Philadelphia marker, indicating the independent origin of the two leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:279359", "title": "Variable globin chain synthesis in mouse erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Various mouse erythroleukemia cell lines show unique responses to chemical inducers. Lines 745 and 707, from DBA/2 mice, produced 25%--48% beta-minor and 78%--52% beta-major globin following culture with DMSO. Butyric acid treatment led to approximately 40% beta-minor globin, while induction with hemin resulted in over 80% beta-minor synthesis. Line FSD was developed independently. DMSO induction led to less than 10% beta-minor globin, while hemin and butyric acid both resulted in approximately 40% beta-minor synthesis. T3C12 and 5000 originated in DDD mice. With these lines all inducers led to only beta-major and no beta-minor synthesis. The inducers did not influence protein stability or initiation of globin synthesis. Translation of poly A-containing cytoplasmic RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system led to proportions of beta-minor that were the same as those seen in the intact cells. Thus regulation of the type of globin chain produced in erythroleukemia cells following culture with several inducing agents occurs at either the level of gene transcription or posttranslational processing, or by growth of a selected cell population.", "contents": "Variable globin chain synthesis in mouse erythroleukemia cells. Various mouse erythroleukemia cell lines show unique responses to chemical inducers. Lines 745 and 707, from DBA/2 mice, produced 25%--48% beta-minor and 78%--52% beta-major globin following culture with DMSO. Butyric acid treatment led to approximately 40% beta-minor globin, while induction with hemin resulted in over 80% beta-minor synthesis. Line FSD was developed independently. DMSO induction led to less than 10% beta-minor globin, while hemin and butyric acid both resulted in approximately 40% beta-minor synthesis. T3C12 and 5000 originated in DDD mice. With these lines all inducers led to only beta-major and no beta-minor synthesis. The inducers did not influence protein stability or initiation of globin synthesis. Translation of poly A-containing cytoplasmic RNA in a wheat germ cell-free system led to proportions of beta-minor that were the same as those seen in the intact cells. Thus regulation of the type of globin chain produced in erythroleukemia cells following culture with several inducing agents occurs at either the level of gene transcription or posttranslational processing, or by growth of a selected cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:279357", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in the induction phase of remission in acute non lymphoid leukemias.", "content": "Delayed skin reactions to Tuberculin (10 units, intradermal) and Candidin (1:1000, intra dermal) were studies in a homogenous group of 41 patients with acute non lymphoid leukemias in their initial phase. Remission-rate is higher in non-anergic patients (63%) than in anergic patients (32%), (p less than 0.05). Death-rate (within 30 days after chemotherapy) is higher in anergic patients (50%) than in non-anergic patients (16%), (p less than 0.05). There is no correlation between delayed skin reactions and age, initial absolute counts of neutrophil-lymphocyte-monocyte-blast cells, and results of humoral immunity. Delayed skin reactions are interesting in defining a high-risk group in the induction phase of remission of acute non lymphoid leukemias.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in the induction phase of remission in acute non lymphoid leukemias. Delayed skin reactions to Tuberculin (10 units, intradermal) and Candidin (1:1000, intra dermal) were studies in a homogenous group of 41 patients with acute non lymphoid leukemias in their initial phase. Remission-rate is higher in non-anergic patients (63%) than in anergic patients (32%), (p less than 0.05). Death-rate (within 30 days after chemotherapy) is higher in anergic patients (50%) than in non-anergic patients (16%), (p less than 0.05). There is no correlation between delayed skin reactions and age, initial absolute counts of neutrophil-lymphocyte-monocyte-blast cells, and results of humoral immunity. Delayed skin reactions are interesting in defining a high-risk group in the induction phase of remission of acute non lymphoid leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:279385", "title": "Metaphyseal multifocal osteosarcoma.", "content": "Two patients, aged six and eight years, having metaphyseal osteolytic and osteoblastic multifocal osteosarcoma are described. The condition is named \"metaphyseal multifocal osteosarcoma\". The metaphyseal areas are the sites of the pathological process. It can be postulated that a certain intensity of growth activity is the predominant factor in this condition and that this accounts for its multicentered presentation.", "contents": "Metaphyseal multifocal osteosarcoma. Two patients, aged six and eight years, having metaphyseal osteolytic and osteoblastic multifocal osteosarcoma are described. The condition is named \"metaphyseal multifocal osteosarcoma\". The metaphyseal areas are the sites of the pathological process. It can be postulated that a certain intensity of growth activity is the predominant factor in this condition and that this accounts for its multicentered presentation."}
{"id": "PMID:279387", "title": "Refractory acute leukaemia in adults treated with sequential colaspase and high-dose methotrexate.", "content": "Thirty-nine adults with acute leukaemia who had relapsed when receiving extensive chemotherapy were treated with a combination of methotrexate and colaspase (L-asparaginase) given sequentially. Patients initially received 50-80 mg/m(2) methotrexate, followed three hours later by intravenous colaspase, 40 000 IU/m(2). Seven days later intravenous methotrexate, 120 mg/m(2) was given. Each dose of methotrexate was followed 24 hours later by colaspase, and the two-day course of treatment was repeated every 7-14 days. The methotrexate dose was increased to tolerance by increments of 40 mg/m(2) with each course, while the colaspase dose remained constant unless abnormal liver function developed, when it was reduced by half.Overall, 18 out of 39 patients achieved complete remission (46%). Of these, 13 out of 21 (62%) had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, three out of seven (43%) acute undifferentiated leukaemia, and two out of 11 (18%) acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The median duration of complete remission was 20 weeks and the median duration of survival in complete responders was 45 weeks. The median number of courses needed to achieve complete remission was three. The maximum tolerated dose of methotrexate was 400 mg/m(2) (median 200 mg/m(2)). Major side effects were due to colaspase. Methotrexate in doses of up to 400 mg/m(2) caused minimal myelosuppression and stomatitis, which suggested that colaspase given sequentially provides relative protection from methotrexate toxicity without the need for folinic acid (citrovorum factor) rescue.The combination of sequential colaspase and methotrexate is highly effective in reinducing remission in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute undifferentiated leukaemia. The regimen is easy to administer and relatively non-toxic, so it is suitable for use in outpatients, either alone or combined with other agents.", "contents": "Refractory acute leukaemia in adults treated with sequential colaspase and high-dose methotrexate. Thirty-nine adults with acute leukaemia who had relapsed when receiving extensive chemotherapy were treated with a combination of methotrexate and colaspase (L-asparaginase) given sequentially. Patients initially received 50-80 mg/m(2) methotrexate, followed three hours later by intravenous colaspase, 40 000 IU/m(2). Seven days later intravenous methotrexate, 120 mg/m(2) was given. Each dose of methotrexate was followed 24 hours later by colaspase, and the two-day course of treatment was repeated every 7-14 days. The methotrexate dose was increased to tolerance by increments of 40 mg/m(2) with each course, while the colaspase dose remained constant unless abnormal liver function developed, when it was reduced by half.Overall, 18 out of 39 patients achieved complete remission (46%). Of these, 13 out of 21 (62%) had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, three out of seven (43%) acute undifferentiated leukaemia, and two out of 11 (18%) acute myeloblastic leukaemia. The median duration of complete remission was 20 weeks and the median duration of survival in complete responders was 45 weeks. The median number of courses needed to achieve complete remission was three. The maximum tolerated dose of methotrexate was 400 mg/m(2) (median 200 mg/m(2)). Major side effects were due to colaspase. Methotrexate in doses of up to 400 mg/m(2) caused minimal myelosuppression and stomatitis, which suggested that colaspase given sequentially provides relative protection from methotrexate toxicity without the need for folinic acid (citrovorum factor) rescue.The combination of sequential colaspase and methotrexate is highly effective in reinducing remission in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute undifferentiated leukaemia. The regimen is easy to administer and relatively non-toxic, so it is suitable for use in outpatients, either alone or combined with other agents."}
{"id": "PMID:279392", "title": "Pyrimethamine in prevention of relapses of meningeal leukemia: report of two cases.", "content": "Relapses of meningeal leukemia occurred in two children during hematologic remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment of CNS leukemia consisted of radiotherapy and repeated intrathecal injections of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside. Intrathecal installations of the drugs were accompanied with increasing neurological side effects which seemed to be lifethreatening. To avoid them, repeated courses of pyrimethamine were introduced. No further relapse of meningeal leukemia occurred after pyrimethamine. Hematologic remissions in both children have lasted for over 7 years. All therapy was stopped 16 months ago.", "contents": "Pyrimethamine in prevention of relapses of meningeal leukemia: report of two cases. Relapses of meningeal leukemia occurred in two children during hematologic remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment of CNS leukemia consisted of radiotherapy and repeated intrathecal injections of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside. Intrathecal installations of the drugs were accompanied with increasing neurological side effects which seemed to be lifethreatening. To avoid them, repeated courses of pyrimethamine were introduced. No further relapse of meningeal leukemia occurred after pyrimethamine. Hematologic remissions in both children have lasted for over 7 years. All therapy was stopped 16 months ago."}
{"id": "PMID:279394", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: morphologic and cytochemical findings.", "content": "The clinical, morphologic, and cytochemical findings of 7 patients with malignant histiocytosis are presented in this study. The diagnoses were confirmed by the use of electron microscopy and cytochemistry (acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase). Two different types of malignant histiocytes were identified by the differentiation and development of cell organells. The relation of malignant histiocytosis to monocytic leukemia and to normal histiocytes (and their precursors) is discussed. And finally, there are statements on the origin and peculiarities of malignant histiocytes.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: morphologic and cytochemical findings. The clinical, morphologic, and cytochemical findings of 7 patients with malignant histiocytosis are presented in this study. The diagnoses were confirmed by the use of electron microscopy and cytochemistry (acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-acetate-esterase). Two different types of malignant histiocytes were identified by the differentiation and development of cell organells. The relation of malignant histiocytosis to monocytic leukemia and to normal histiocytes (and their precursors) is discussed. And finally, there are statements on the origin and peculiarities of malignant histiocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:279395", "title": "Comparison of tritiated thymidine labeling and suicide indices in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Leukemic cells were obtained from the bone marrow or peripheral blood of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia or one of its variants. The tritiated thymidine labeling index of the leukemic cells and the suicide index of the cells that produce clusters in vitro were compared. The suicide index was 5 times greater than the labeling index (S.E.) [54 +/- 8% versus 12 +/- 3%], demonstrating the presence of a highly proliferative subpopulation of leukemic cells (in vitro colony-forming unit) among the relatively slowly proliferating leukemic cells. Since the leukemic in vitro colony-forming unit appears to be the progenitor of the recognizable leukemic cell population, the proliferative characteristics of the recognizable leukemic cells may not be reflective of that of leukemic stem cells.", "contents": "Comparison of tritiated thymidine labeling and suicide indices in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Leukemic cells were obtained from the bone marrow or peripheral blood of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia or one of its variants. The tritiated thymidine labeling index of the leukemic cells and the suicide index of the cells that produce clusters in vitro were compared. The suicide index was 5 times greater than the labeling index (S.E.) [54 +/- 8% versus 12 +/- 3%], demonstrating the presence of a highly proliferative subpopulation of leukemic cells (in vitro colony-forming unit) among the relatively slowly proliferating leukemic cells. Since the leukemic in vitro colony-forming unit appears to be the progenitor of the recognizable leukemic cell population, the proliferative characteristics of the recognizable leukemic cells may not be reflective of that of leukemic stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:279396", "title": "Heterogeneity of murine erythroleukemia cells with respect to tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation.", "content": "Spontaneous and induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells (strain 745A DS19 ) is reversibly inhibited by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent promoter of mouse skin carcinogenesis, and by other tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes, but it is not by nonpromoting diterpenes. Twelve clones randomly isolated from this strain vary in their response to TPA. All clones are induced to differentiate by several compounds, the most potent of which is hexamethylene bisacetamide. In six clones TPA (100 ng/ml) caused greater than 90% inhibition of differentiation, as measured by the appearance of benzidine-reactive cells. In two clones cell differentiation was not inhibited by TPA even at concentrations as high as 1 microgram/ml. In four clones, differentiation was only partially inhibited (16 to 47%) by TPA. Clones resistant to TPA inhibition of differentiation were also resistant to structurally related tumor-promoting agents. The isolation of variant cell lines, sensitive and resistant to TPA, provides a tool for elucidating the mechanism of tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of murine erythroleukemia cells with respect to tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation. Spontaneous and induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells (strain 745A DS19 ) is reversibly inhibited by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent promoter of mouse skin carcinogenesis, and by other tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes, but it is not by nonpromoting diterpenes. Twelve clones randomly isolated from this strain vary in their response to TPA. All clones are induced to differentiate by several compounds, the most potent of which is hexamethylene bisacetamide. In six clones TPA (100 ng/ml) caused greater than 90% inhibition of differentiation, as measured by the appearance of benzidine-reactive cells. In two clones cell differentiation was not inhibited by TPA even at concentrations as high as 1 microgram/ml. In four clones, differentiation was only partially inhibited (16 to 47%) by TPA. Clones resistant to TPA inhibition of differentiation were also resistant to structurally related tumor-promoting agents. The isolation of variant cell lines, sensitive and resistant to TPA, provides a tool for elucidating the mechanism of tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:279397", "title": "Phase 1 clinical investigation of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (NSC 249992), a new acridine derivative.", "content": "The compound 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide is a new derivative that was evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial. The schedule of drug administration consisted of daily i.v. injection for 3 consecutive days, repeated at 3-week intervals. Twenty-six patients received a total of 63 courses of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide in a dose range from 4 to 50 mg/sq m/day. Hematopoietic toxicity was dose limiting, but it was of short duration and rapidly reversible. Mild nausea and vomiting were observed in 16% of the courses, and a mild degree of phlebitis was observed in 10% of the courses. Responses were observed in two patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung and one each of melanoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia. Phase 2 studies of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide are planned at a starting dose of 40 mg/sq m/day for 3 days in good-risk patients and at 25 to 30 mg/sq m/day for 3 days in poor-risk patients. Course of treatment would be repeated at 21-day intervals.", "contents": "Phase 1 clinical investigation of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (NSC 249992), a new acridine derivative. The compound 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide is a new derivative that was evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial. The schedule of drug administration consisted of daily i.v. injection for 3 consecutive days, repeated at 3-week intervals. Twenty-six patients received a total of 63 courses of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide in a dose range from 4 to 50 mg/sq m/day. Hematopoietic toxicity was dose limiting, but it was of short duration and rapidly reversible. Mild nausea and vomiting were observed in 16% of the courses, and a mild degree of phlebitis was observed in 10% of the courses. Responses were observed in two patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung and one each of melanoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia. Phase 2 studies of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide are planned at a starting dose of 40 mg/sq m/day for 3 days in good-risk patients and at 25 to 30 mg/sq m/day for 3 days in poor-risk patients. Course of treatment would be repeated at 21-day intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:279400", "title": "Metabolism of proline in a human leukemic lymphoblastoid cell line.", "content": "Amino acid analysis of the culture medium was carried out in a human leukemic lymphoblastoid cell line (REH) established from the lymphoblasts of a patient with acute lymphoid leukemia. The results are compared with those of a reference cell line (LHN13) established from normal human lymphocytes. The most striking difference between these two cell lines concerns proline. In LHN13 the concentration of this amino acid in the culture medium increases by 40 microgram/ml/10(6) cells during a 72-hr incubation. In REH there is a decrease under the same culture conditions. In both cell lines proline is derived from glutamic acid and from arginine, as found with the use of 14C-labeled precursors. Synthesis of proline in the REH line represents approximately 26% of the value measured in LHN13 when the precursor is glutamic acid and 15% when the precursor is arginine. The radioisotopic assay for delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase showed that there is a deficiency of this enzyme in the REH cells. The defect in proline synthesis of REH was found at the establishment of this line and constitutes a metabolic marker that has persisted for more than 2 years.", "contents": "Metabolism of proline in a human leukemic lymphoblastoid cell line. Amino acid analysis of the culture medium was carried out in a human leukemic lymphoblastoid cell line (REH) established from the lymphoblasts of a patient with acute lymphoid leukemia. The results are compared with those of a reference cell line (LHN13) established from normal human lymphocytes. The most striking difference between these two cell lines concerns proline. In LHN13 the concentration of this amino acid in the culture medium increases by 40 microgram/ml/10(6) cells during a 72-hr incubation. In REH there is a decrease under the same culture conditions. In both cell lines proline is derived from glutamic acid and from arginine, as found with the use of 14C-labeled precursors. Synthesis of proline in the REH line represents approximately 26% of the value measured in LHN13 when the precursor is glutamic acid and 15% when the precursor is arginine. The radioisotopic assay for delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase showed that there is a deficiency of this enzyme in the REH cells. The defect in proline synthesis of REH was found at the establishment of this line and constitutes a metabolic marker that has persisted for more than 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:279412", "title": "Resistant level of houseflies to seven kinds of synthetic insecticides and effect of synergists to the Malathion resistant strain in Singapore.", "content": "The resistant level of the houseflies to the seven kinds of insecticides, Malathion, Sumithion, Baytex, Diazinon, DDVP, DDT and Chrysron, was examined on the 3 strains collected in Singapore. It was found that most housefly colonies in Singapore showed a higher susceptibility to those insecticides than that of the Takatsuki strain of Japan, especially to DDT. However, the resistant level to Malathion was remarkably higher than that of the Takatsuki strain. The synergists, piperonyl butoxide, Safroxane and S-421, mixed with Malathion were effective for lowering the resistant level of the Malathion-resistant strain.", "contents": "Resistant level of houseflies to seven kinds of synthetic insecticides and effect of synergists to the Malathion resistant strain in Singapore. The resistant level of the houseflies to the seven kinds of insecticides, Malathion, Sumithion, Baytex, Diazinon, DDVP, DDT and Chrysron, was examined on the 3 strains collected in Singapore. It was found that most housefly colonies in Singapore showed a higher susceptibility to those insecticides than that of the Takatsuki strain of Japan, especially to DDT. However, the resistant level to Malathion was remarkably higher than that of the Takatsuki strain. The synergists, piperonyl butoxide, Safroxane and S-421, mixed with Malathion were effective for lowering the resistant level of the Malathion-resistant strain."}
{"id": "PMID:279413", "title": "Computed tomography of the head: clinical experience of the first 3000 scans with EMI scanner.", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) findings obtained from the first 3,000 scans on 2,031 patients were analyzed and discussions were made on various kinds of neurological diseases, especially from the neurosurgical point of view. CT showed an excellent resolution for three-dimensional morphological pattern of intracranial lesion with a high percentage of diagnostic accuracy as reported from other institutes, resulting in making much earlier morphological diagnosis of intracranial lesion possible than any other examination. Scan methods consisted of plain CT, contrast enhanced CT, and metrizamide CT cisternography. Sequential delayed enhanced CT offered more useful information for high diagnostic accuracy, particularly for nature of brain tumor. Metrizamide CT cisternography was performed for the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and diagnosis of skull base tumors. CT is a new, epoch-making and non-invasive diagnostic approach in neuroradiology and contributes to obtain the better achievement of neurosurgical results.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the head: clinical experience of the first 3000 scans with EMI scanner. Computer tomography (CT) findings obtained from the first 3,000 scans on 2,031 patients were analyzed and discussions were made on various kinds of neurological diseases, especially from the neurosurgical point of view. CT showed an excellent resolution for three-dimensional morphological pattern of intracranial lesion with a high percentage of diagnostic accuracy as reported from other institutes, resulting in making much earlier morphological diagnosis of intracranial lesion possible than any other examination. Scan methods consisted of plain CT, contrast enhanced CT, and metrizamide CT cisternography. Sequential delayed enhanced CT offered more useful information for high diagnostic accuracy, particularly for nature of brain tumor. Metrizamide CT cisternography was performed for the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and diagnosis of skull base tumors. CT is a new, epoch-making and non-invasive diagnostic approach in neuroradiology and contributes to obtain the better achievement of neurosurgical results."}
{"id": "PMID:279414", "title": "Physiological recalcification of carious dentin.", "content": "In order to confirm the ability of physiological recalcification of the human carious dentin, the first layer of carious dentin was removed from the symmetric cavities of bilateral pairs of human teeth, disclosing it by 0.5% basic fuchsin-propylene glycol solution staining. One of the pair teeth was immediately extracted and the other was left in the mouth after filling the cavity with polycarboxylate cement. The Ca content and hardness of the remaining second layer immediately and three months after the operation were compared by an electron probe microanalyzer and microhardness tester. They increased markedly after three months returning to the normal level from inside, proving physiological recalcification. A similar experiment was performed by using bilateral pairs of dog teeth with cavities having artificially decalcified dentin floor. After removing the fuchsin-stainable first layer, one of the pair was immediately extracted and the other was left in the mouth for three months after exposing or filling the cavity with various cements. As the Ca content was compared, a marked recalcification of the second layer of softened dentin was observed after three months returning to the normal level from the inside. The effect of different cavity treatment was slight.", "contents": "Physiological recalcification of carious dentin. In order to confirm the ability of physiological recalcification of the human carious dentin, the first layer of carious dentin was removed from the symmetric cavities of bilateral pairs of human teeth, disclosing it by 0.5% basic fuchsin-propylene glycol solution staining. One of the pair teeth was immediately extracted and the other was left in the mouth after filling the cavity with polycarboxylate cement. The Ca content and hardness of the remaining second layer immediately and three months after the operation were compared by an electron probe microanalyzer and microhardness tester. They increased markedly after three months returning to the normal level from inside, proving physiological recalcification. A similar experiment was performed by using bilateral pairs of dog teeth with cavities having artificially decalcified dentin floor. After removing the fuchsin-stainable first layer, one of the pair was immediately extracted and the other was left in the mouth for three months after exposing or filling the cavity with various cements. As the Ca content was compared, a marked recalcification of the second layer of softened dentin was observed after three months returning to the normal level from the inside. The effect of different cavity treatment was slight."}
{"id": "PMID:279415", "title": "Neisseria in early stage of dental plaque.", "content": "Neisseria in the early stage of dental plaque was studied. Two hundred seventeen strains of Neisseria were isolated from the 12-hour plaque of 9 subjects by using lactose-agar. The isolated strains were divided into 6 major groups with biological characteristics. One hundred twenty-one strains (56%) produced glycogen-like polysaccharide from sucrose. They were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were identified as N. mucosa and N. sicca, respectively. There were 106 strains of N. sica, being the most predominant of the species. The number of strains not producing polysaccharide was 96 (44%). Groups 4 and 5 were Branhamella and N. subflava. The absorption spectra of the ethanol extracts of the pigment in each group were similar and this result supported propriety of the classification by biological characteristics. The adhesiveness of Neisseria to the glass plate was examined. Approximately one-half of N. sica showed an adhesion capacity.", "contents": "Neisseria in early stage of dental plaque. Neisseria in the early stage of dental plaque was studied. Two hundred seventeen strains of Neisseria were isolated from the 12-hour plaque of 9 subjects by using lactose-agar. The isolated strains were divided into 6 major groups with biological characteristics. One hundred twenty-one strains (56%) produced glycogen-like polysaccharide from sucrose. They were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1 and 2 were identified as N. mucosa and N. sicca, respectively. There were 106 strains of N. sica, being the most predominant of the species. The number of strains not producing polysaccharide was 96 (44%). Groups 4 and 5 were Branhamella and N. subflava. The absorption spectra of the ethanol extracts of the pigment in each group were similar and this result supported propriety of the classification by biological characteristics. The adhesiveness of Neisseria to the glass plate was examined. Approximately one-half of N. sica showed an adhesion capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:279445", "title": "[Abrasion measurements in vivo in occlusal composite and amalgam fillings].", "content": "A new method for quantitative measurement of occlusal wear on restorations is described. In a clinical evaluation with four different composites and an amalgam the method proved to be simple in execution and very exact. Statistical analysis after 7 months has shown significant differences in wear resistance of the different materials. The nature of the resulting wear was electron optically examined. Typical structural surface characteristics were observed for each of the different materials. More recently developed composities utilizing extremly small filler particles (Aerosil) seem to be comparable to amalgam in wear resistance.", "contents": "[Abrasion measurements in vivo in occlusal composite and amalgam fillings]. A new method for quantitative measurement of occlusal wear on restorations is described. In a clinical evaluation with four different composites and an amalgam the method proved to be simple in execution and very exact. Statistical analysis after 7 months has shown significant differences in wear resistance of the different materials. The nature of the resulting wear was electron optically examined. Typical structural surface characteristics were observed for each of the different materials. More recently developed composities utilizing extremly small filler particles (Aerosil) seem to be comparable to amalgam in wear resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:279447", "title": "[The usefulness of the mandibular kinesiograph (MKG)].", "content": "The Jankelson mandibular kinesigraph is intended to reproduce the movements of the mandible electronically. Analyses of the measurements and clinical studies of linearity, reproducibility, and susceptibility to the electromagnetic fields showed that quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the recordings are impossible. The device therefore appears to us to be unsuitable for the clinical diagnosis of abnormal movements of the mandible and disturbances in occlusion.", "contents": "[The usefulness of the mandibular kinesiograph (MKG)]. The Jankelson mandibular kinesigraph is intended to reproduce the movements of the mandible electronically. Analyses of the measurements and clinical studies of linearity, reproducibility, and susceptibility to the electromagnetic fields showed that quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the recordings are impossible. The device therefore appears to us to be unsuitable for the clinical diagnosis of abnormal movements of the mandible and disturbances in occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:279448", "title": "[Strength and elasticity of metals].", "content": "The bending test can be used to ascertain the suitability of various metals for use in dental prostheses, particularly as material for retaining elements. The effects of prior stress (i.e., bending) or the dependence of the strength characteristics on the production can be seen particularly following stress produced by permanent swelling. A comparison of the various test results showed that the value of the technical limits of elasticity (0.01%) alone should be used for the theoretical computations for clips used as retaining elements. Statements concerning the suitability of a particular metal under endurance stress can only be made in this way. The homogeneity of cast parts should be established by determining the raw density.", "contents": "[Strength and elasticity of metals]. The bending test can be used to ascertain the suitability of various metals for use in dental prostheses, particularly as material for retaining elements. The effects of prior stress (i.e., bending) or the dependence of the strength characteristics on the production can be seen particularly following stress produced by permanent swelling. A comparison of the various test results showed that the value of the technical limits of elasticity (0.01%) alone should be used for the theoretical computations for clips used as retaining elements. Statements concerning the suitability of a particular metal under endurance stress can only be made in this way. The homogeneity of cast parts should be established by determining the raw density."}
{"id": "PMID:279449", "title": "[Closure of extensive oroantal perforations, caused by extraction, by means of modified gingival cheek flaps].", "content": "The reliable Rehrmann method of pedicaled buccal flaps taken from the gums and cheeks accompanied by slitting of the periosteum does not provide sufficiently long flaps for the wide junction betueen the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus which extends toward the palate. A sliding flap is recommended in such cases. This flap is formed by a triangle-shaped excision combined with cranial and caudal slitting of the periosteum. This procedure can also be used for simultaneous operations on the maxillary sinus after the bony defect has been closed with the method of bony coverage developed by the author.", "contents": "[Closure of extensive oroantal perforations, caused by extraction, by means of modified gingival cheek flaps]. The reliable Rehrmann method of pedicaled buccal flaps taken from the gums and cheeks accompanied by slitting of the periosteum does not provide sufficiently long flaps for the wide junction betueen the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus which extends toward the palate. A sliding flap is recommended in such cases. This flap is formed by a triangle-shaped excision combined with cranial and caudal slitting of the periosteum. This procedure can also be used for simultaneous operations on the maxillary sinus after the bony defect has been closed with the method of bony coverage developed by the author."}
{"id": "PMID:279450", "title": "[The SI unit system].", "content": "The German \"Law for Units of Measure\" have restricted the number of units of measure acceptable for business and official dealings. As of January 1, 1978, many common units are no longer to be used. They have been replaced by less familiar units.", "contents": "[The SI unit system]. The German \"Law for Units of Measure\" have restricted the number of units of measure acceptable for business and official dealings. As of January 1, 1978, many common units are no longer to be used. They have been replaced by less familiar units."}
{"id": "PMID:279454", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma complicating osteogenesis imperfecta tarda.", "content": "We describe the case history of a 13 years old boy who developed osteogenic sarcoma of the left thigh, six years after diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda with a positive family history. Only four other patients with this disease combination are reported in the literature. Preoperative treatment with high-dose Methotrexate caused marked tumor regression, as shown at examination of amputation material. The inter-relationships between the two disorders are discussed and the literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma complicating osteogenesis imperfecta tarda. We describe the case history of a 13 years old boy who developed osteogenic sarcoma of the left thigh, six years after diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda with a positive family history. Only four other patients with this disease combination are reported in the literature. Preoperative treatment with high-dose Methotrexate caused marked tumor regression, as shown at examination of amputation material. The inter-relationships between the two disorders are discussed and the literature is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:279477", "title": "Developing molar occlusion.", "content": "This article has focused on developmental changes in molar occlusion. Its purpose is to alert the reader to changes in these relationships, which can occur naturally from birth to the period of developed dentition. The practitioner should be cognizant of these changes and the importance of preserving and promoting good molar relationships, which are the foundation of occlusions.", "contents": "Developing molar occlusion. This article has focused on developmental changes in molar occlusion. Its purpose is to alert the reader to changes in these relationships, which can occur naturally from birth to the period of developed dentition. The practitioner should be cognizant of these changes and the importance of preserving and promoting good molar relationships, which are the foundation of occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:279478", "title": "Application of analysis of crowding and spacing of the teeth.", "content": "Spacing or crowding of the teeth is measured and analyzed to assist in decisions regarding the maintenance of teeth in their existing positions or their movement to improved positions. Numerical guides always should incorporate a gray zone in which decisions cannot be made without additional information. In the stage of mixed dentition, estimates of the size of unerupted teeth are more accurate than estimates of future spacing or crowding because the perimeter of the arch does not diminish the same amount in all cases. Instead, it appears to be related to the amount of crowding in the mixed dentition. Determination of the amount of crowding or spacing must always be accompanied by consideration of molar, canine, and incisor relationships. In addition, the effect of the dentition on lip posture should also be evaluated.", "contents": "Application of analysis of crowding and spacing of the teeth. Spacing or crowding of the teeth is measured and analyzed to assist in decisions regarding the maintenance of teeth in their existing positions or their movement to improved positions. Numerical guides always should incorporate a gray zone in which decisions cannot be made without additional information. In the stage of mixed dentition, estimates of the size of unerupted teeth are more accurate than estimates of future spacing or crowding because the perimeter of the arch does not diminish the same amount in all cases. Instead, it appears to be related to the amount of crowding in the mixed dentition. Determination of the amount of crowding or spacing must always be accompanied by consideration of molar, canine, and incisor relationships. In addition, the effect of the dentition on lip posture should also be evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:279479", "title": "Space control in the primary and mixed dentitions.", "content": "Space control has been distinguished from space maintenance. The difference is not a semantic one. Space control calls upon the dentist to apply his knowledge of occlusal development to the patient's condition. It infers assessment and re-evaluation. Space maintenance, unfortunately, sometimes becomes a routine or mechanical placement of appliances. This article has reviewed some of the variables to be considered when effecting space control: the factors that dictate appliance selection and some of the more common appliances used for space control today. No formula has been recommended for the application of appliances. Rather, the dentist has been urged to review the variables and re-evaluate his decisions according to the dynamic development of the patient's dentition.", "contents": "Space control in the primary and mixed dentitions. Space control has been distinguished from space maintenance. The difference is not a semantic one. Space control calls upon the dentist to apply his knowledge of occlusal development to the patient's condition. It infers assessment and re-evaluation. Space maintenance, unfortunately, sometimes becomes a routine or mechanical placement of appliances. This article has reviewed some of the variables to be considered when effecting space control: the factors that dictate appliance selection and some of the more common appliances used for space control today. No formula has been recommended for the application of appliances. Rather, the dentist has been urged to review the variables and re-evaluate his decisions according to the dynamic development of the patient's dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:279480", "title": "Digital sucking and tongue thrusting in children.", "content": "A conservative approach to the management of the child and parent and to the treatment by the dentist for both digital sucking and tongue thrusting is advocated. Because the prevalence of both activities continues to decrease with age, various age ranges are selected as guidelines for the dentist in selecting an approach for the management and treatment of either activity. Successful closure of an anterior open bite after the cessation of digital sucking and tongue thrusting is directly related to the ability of the dentist to assess the growth pattern and especially to determine whether there is a skeletal component contributing to an increase in the certical dimension.", "contents": "Digital sucking and tongue thrusting in children. A conservative approach to the management of the child and parent and to the treatment by the dentist for both digital sucking and tongue thrusting is advocated. Because the prevalence of both activities continues to decrease with age, various age ranges are selected as guidelines for the dentist in selecting an approach for the management and treatment of either activity. Successful closure of an anterior open bite after the cessation of digital sucking and tongue thrusting is directly related to the ability of the dentist to assess the growth pattern and especially to determine whether there is a skeletal component contributing to an increase in the certical dimension."}
{"id": "PMID:279481", "title": "Principles of design of active and removable appliances.", "content": "Removable orthodontic appliances, perhaps more than any other form of mechanical therapy for the movement of teeth, are applicable to general practice. Far too frequently, however, the clinician limits his appliance design to a selective number of appliances with which he is conversant and attempts to modify any one of them to fit a specific situation. This article suggests a different approach. A specific appliance has not been recommended for a specific situation. Instead, the principles of removable appliance design have been elaborated upon according to an established plan. Adherence to the principles should enhance the clinician's ability to provide a more effective and efficient service for his young patients.", "contents": "Principles of design of active and removable appliances. Removable orthodontic appliances, perhaps more than any other form of mechanical therapy for the movement of teeth, are applicable to general practice. Far too frequently, however, the clinician limits his appliance design to a selective number of appliances with which he is conversant and attempts to modify any one of them to fit a specific situation. This article suggests a different approach. A specific appliance has not been recommended for a specific situation. Instead, the principles of removable appliance design have been elaborated upon according to an established plan. Adherence to the principles should enhance the clinician's ability to provide a more effective and efficient service for his young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:279482", "title": "Maxillary anterior displacement and impaction in the mixed dentition.", "content": "Attention has been given to problems of eruption in the maxillary anterior region. It is a region where a variety of anomalies occur. Since the maxillary anterior region influences appearance so greatly, early detection of difficulties and careful planning and treatment can be extremely beneficial to patients.", "contents": "Maxillary anterior displacement and impaction in the mixed dentition. Attention has been given to problems of eruption in the maxillary anterior region. It is a region where a variety of anomalies occur. Since the maxillary anterior region influences appearance so greatly, early detection of difficulties and careful planning and treatment can be extremely beneficial to patients."}
{"id": "PMID:279483", "title": "Regaining space in the mixed dentition.", "content": "Space-regaining therapy is an important treatment modality in the management of developing occlusions. Success is dependent on recognition of relationships and forces not seen when attention is focused only on the dental segment containing the lost space. This article has discussed other considerations for determining when to treat, as well as offering suggestions concerning types of appliances useful in treatment. A case was used to demonstrate the diagnostic procedure and appliance design.", "contents": "Regaining space in the mixed dentition. Space-regaining therapy is an important treatment modality in the management of developing occlusions. Success is dependent on recognition of relationships and forces not seen when attention is focused only on the dental segment containing the lost space. This article has discussed other considerations for determining when to treat, as well as offering suggestions concerning types of appliances useful in treatment. A case was used to demonstrate the diagnostic procedure and appliance design."}
{"id": "PMID:279486", "title": "The monoblock appliance.", "content": "While the use of this appliance would appear to require relatively litlle operative time, it must be clearly understood that the function of this appliance is not as predictable as that of other types of removable devices. Under such circumstances, it is of great importance to ensure that a correct diagnosis and evaluation of the original condition has been made relative to the listed criteria; all factors must be considered and no diagnosis should be made purely and simply on the basis of an obvious increase in overjet and a class II malocclusion. In addition, the personality and nature of the patient is of paramount importance, since it is his cooperation and interest that in the end will lead to successful therapy.", "contents": "The monoblock appliance. While the use of this appliance would appear to require relatively litlle operative time, it must be clearly understood that the function of this appliance is not as predictable as that of other types of removable devices. Under such circumstances, it is of great importance to ensure that a correct diagnosis and evaluation of the original condition has been made relative to the listed criteria; all factors must be considered and no diagnosis should be made purely and simply on the basis of an obvious increase in overjet and a class II malocclusion. In addition, the personality and nature of the patient is of paramount importance, since it is his cooperation and interest that in the end will lead to successful therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:279516", "title": "The quality of life of the dentist.", "content": "That elusive concept 'quality of life', which has become a topic of increasing concern in this day among members of the dental profession, has been examined in the light of findings in the behavioral sciences and those of the medical sciences, particularly morbidity and mortality studies. A review of the literature reveals too few studies in the behavioral sciences; and those that do address the problem do so obliquely. Findings from morbidity studies are controvertible. One recent large-scale study of mortality identified no excess mortality from particular causes among United States white male dentists as a group--this included the much often talked about 'excess of suicide'. The position maintained is that the quality of life of the dentist is good relative to other professions or labors in the absence of 'hard' data to the contrary. A plea is made for additional studies in the future and a continued and cooperative association of medical and behavioral scientists to monitor the 'total health' of the profession.", "contents": "The quality of life of the dentist. That elusive concept 'quality of life', which has become a topic of increasing concern in this day among members of the dental profession, has been examined in the light of findings in the behavioral sciences and those of the medical sciences, particularly morbidity and mortality studies. A review of the literature reveals too few studies in the behavioral sciences; and those that do address the problem do so obliquely. Findings from morbidity studies are controvertible. One recent large-scale study of mortality identified no excess mortality from particular causes among United States white male dentists as a group--this included the much often talked about 'excess of suicide'. The position maintained is that the quality of life of the dentist is good relative to other professions or labors in the absence of 'hard' data to the contrary. A plea is made for additional studies in the future and a continued and cooperative association of medical and behavioral scientists to monitor the 'total health' of the profession."}
{"id": "PMID:279518", "title": "The quality of life of the dentist as perceived by society.", "content": "Research dealing with the public's perception of the quality of life of the dentist is not well developed. Generally, the approach of researchers to this topic has been to examine the public's image of the dental profession. Specifically, the degree of prestige attributed to the dental profession by the public has attracted major attention. A review of studies reveals that while the profession enjoys relatively high prestige, it is extrinsic factors rather than the intrinsic value of the service that determine the public's image. The dental health care system and dental education as presently structured do not appear to be serving the bast interest of the public. The paper concludes with a discussion of what are considered to be major issues that the dental profession both in Canada and elsewhere will have to deal with in the coming years, in order to bring about change both in its image and the generally low utilization of the services it provides.", "contents": "The quality of life of the dentist as perceived by society. Research dealing with the public's perception of the quality of life of the dentist is not well developed. Generally, the approach of researchers to this topic has been to examine the public's image of the dental profession. Specifically, the degree of prestige attributed to the dental profession by the public has attracted major attention. A review of studies reveals that while the profession enjoys relatively high prestige, it is extrinsic factors rather than the intrinsic value of the service that determine the public's image. The dental health care system and dental education as presently structured do not appear to be serving the bast interest of the public. The paper concludes with a discussion of what are considered to be major issues that the dental profession both in Canada and elsewhere will have to deal with in the coming years, in order to bring about change both in its image and the generally low utilization of the services it provides."}
{"id": "PMID:279520", "title": "The oral health of adults in the Baltimore SMSA study area.", "content": "This study, carried out in the region including Baltimore, Maryland, USA followed the pattern previously reported in the studies in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Germany and Japan (Int. dent. J. 1976, 26, 317). In this area dental care is provided predominantly by payment of fees for service in private practice. Details are given of the oral health status in terms of caries, periodontal disease and loss of teeth for a group of 1142 adults aged between 35 and 45. Using the WHO stepwise regression analysis the significance of the previously reported predictors for each of the variables examined was determined. Finally a comparison is made between the present findings and those from an earlier National Health Survey carried out between 1960 and 1962. This suggests that while the caries situation may have improved over the past fifteen years, periodontal disease and loss of teeth have increased.", "contents": "The oral health of adults in the Baltimore SMSA study area. This study, carried out in the region including Baltimore, Maryland, USA followed the pattern previously reported in the studies in Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Germany and Japan (Int. dent. J. 1976, 26, 317). In this area dental care is provided predominantly by payment of fees for service in private practice. Details are given of the oral health status in terms of caries, periodontal disease and loss of teeth for a group of 1142 adults aged between 35 and 45. Using the WHO stepwise regression analysis the significance of the previously reported predictors for each of the variables examined was determined. Finally a comparison is made between the present findings and those from an earlier National Health Survey carried out between 1960 and 1962. This suggests that while the caries situation may have improved over the past fifteen years, periodontal disease and loss of teeth have increased."}
{"id": "PMID:279522", "title": "Relevance of circulating immune complexes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes have been measured using the (125I)C1q binding test in 216 sera from 135 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Increased circulating immune complexes were detectable in 10.7% of the sera and 10.4% of the children. There was no correlation between the presence of circulating immune complexes and prognosis, but a strong correlation with a history of recent infection.", "contents": "Relevance of circulating immune complexes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Circulating immune complexes have been measured using the (125I)C1q binding test in 216 sera from 135 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Increased circulating immune complexes were detectable in 10.7% of the sera and 10.4% of the children. There was no correlation between the presence of circulating immune complexes and prognosis, but a strong correlation with a history of recent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:279537", "title": "[In vitro study of the role of periosteum and the periodontal ligament in the bone repair process].", "content": "For the study of the role of periosteum and periodontal ligament in the phenomena of bone repair, fragments of palatal mucosa and maxillary or mandibular bone from adult rats and devoid of periosteum were cultivated in association. The survival went beyond 26 days. In the bone, the ligament side showed by the 12th day signs of osteogenesis, whereas the other side devoid of periosteal osteoblasts showed empty lacunea, as it is observed \"in vivo\".", "contents": "[In vitro study of the role of periosteum and the periodontal ligament in the bone repair process]. For the study of the role of periosteum and periodontal ligament in the phenomena of bone repair, fragments of palatal mucosa and maxillary or mandibular bone from adult rats and devoid of periosteum were cultivated in association. The survival went beyond 26 days. In the bone, the ligament side showed by the 12th day signs of osteogenesis, whereas the other side devoid of periosteal osteoblasts showed empty lacunea, as it is observed \"in vivo\"."}
{"id": "PMID:279538", "title": "[Oral nerve endings in the cat].", "content": "The oral nerve endings of the palate, the buccal mucosa and the periodontal ligament of the cat canine were characterized by the presence of a cellular envelope which is the final form of the Henle sheath. The structures described as end-rings in the periodontal ligament are more probably subterminal nervous structures rather then receptors. They are not specific to the ligament. They can be observed in the palate and in the buccal mucosa where, as in the periodontal ligament, mechano-receptors of the Vater-Pacini type can be seen.", "contents": "[Oral nerve endings in the cat]. The oral nerve endings of the palate, the buccal mucosa and the periodontal ligament of the cat canine were characterized by the presence of a cellular envelope which is the final form of the Henle sheath. The structures described as end-rings in the periodontal ligament are more probably subterminal nervous structures rather then receptors. They are not specific to the ligament. They can be observed in the palate and in the buccal mucosa where, as in the periodontal ligament, mechano-receptors of the Vater-Pacini type can be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:279539", "title": "[Histological studies of normal and pathological furcations in the rat].", "content": "In order to study the histological structure of healthy and pathological furcations in the rat, two groups of animals were submitted to two different diets: one normal and one rich in sucrose. In the first group, certain particularities were demonstrated in the periodontal ligament in the interradicular region: the fibrous network was very loose in this zone and the fibrous insertions were essentially cemento-cemental and not cemento-osseous. In the rats submitted to the high sucrose diet, a disequilibrium was noted between the apposition zones and the zones in bone and cementum resorption.", "contents": "[Histological studies of normal and pathological furcations in the rat]. In order to study the histological structure of healthy and pathological furcations in the rat, two groups of animals were submitted to two different diets: one normal and one rich in sucrose. In the first group, certain particularities were demonstrated in the periodontal ligament in the interradicular region: the fibrous network was very loose in this zone and the fibrous insertions were essentially cemento-cemental and not cemento-osseous. In the rats submitted to the high sucrose diet, a disequilibrium was noted between the apposition zones and the zones in bone and cementum resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:279540", "title": "[The brown line of Retzius in scanning electron microscopy].", "content": "A study in scanning electron microscopy of the striae of Retzius of human enamel, on longitudinal and transverse sections, has shown thin striae and relatively broad bands. The thin striae of Retzius consisted in narrow zones devoided of mineral material which extended obliquely through the prisms. These latter were interrupted at the level of the striae. A thin dense layer bordered sometimes unilaterally the striae of Retzius. The relatively large band-like structures involved several prism rows and can be considered as hypomineralized enamel.", "contents": "[The brown line of Retzius in scanning electron microscopy]. A study in scanning electron microscopy of the striae of Retzius of human enamel, on longitudinal and transverse sections, has shown thin striae and relatively broad bands. The thin striae of Retzius consisted in narrow zones devoided of mineral material which extended obliquely through the prisms. These latter were interrupted at the level of the striae. A thin dense layer bordered sometimes unilaterally the striae of Retzius. The relatively large band-like structures involved several prism rows and can be considered as hypomineralized enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:279541", "title": "[Gas chromatography analysis of volatile monocarboxylic aliphatic acids (C2 to C6) of 15 strains of Veillonella of oral origin].", "content": "A qualitative and quantitative study has been carried out on 15 strains of the Veillonella genus, isolated in the oral cavity. Following two methods of preparation of samples for injection in a chromatograph GL, we have identified among the volatil monocarboxylic aliphatic acids from C2 to C6 the glucose fermentation products of these different strains. With the same methods, we studied in parallel these products from strains A.T.C.C. 10790-17444 (Veillonella parvula) and 17445-17446 and 17447 (Veillonella alcalescens). The results, despite the diversity of origin of all these strains, based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, confirm that volatil monocarboxylic aliphatic acids are characteristic of a genus specificity and not of a species. The presence of acetic acid, proprionic acid and iso-valeric acid was shown", "contents": "[Gas chromatography analysis of volatile monocarboxylic aliphatic acids (C2 to C6) of 15 strains of Veillonella of oral origin]. A qualitative and quantitative study has been carried out on 15 strains of the Veillonella genus, isolated in the oral cavity. Following two methods of preparation of samples for injection in a chromatograph GL, we have identified among the volatil monocarboxylic aliphatic acids from C2 to C6 the glucose fermentation products of these different strains. With the same methods, we studied in parallel these products from strains A.T.C.C. 10790-17444 (Veillonella parvula) and 17445-17446 and 17447 (Veillonella alcalescens). The results, despite the diversity of origin of all these strains, based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, confirm that volatil monocarboxylic aliphatic acids are characteristic of a genus specificity and not of a species. The presence of acetic acid, proprionic acid and iso-valeric acid was shown"}
{"id": "PMID:279542", "title": "Stimulation of protein synthesis by hemin in extracts of Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Extracts prepared from Friend erythroleukemia cells were highly active in translating endogenous mRNA and a consistent 2-fold stimulation by hemin was observed. When extracts were treated with micrococcal nuclease and incorporation was dependent on exogenous globin mRNA, there was more significant stimulation by 37.5 micron hemin and greater than 10-fold stimulation by 75 or 150 micron hemin. The effects of hemin were not strikingly different in extracts of dimethyl-sulfoxide-induced or uninduced cells. The results could reflect an effect on initiation of protein synthesis analogous to that in rabbit reticulocytes.", "contents": "Stimulation of protein synthesis by hemin in extracts of Friend erythroleukemia cells. Extracts prepared from Friend erythroleukemia cells were highly active in translating endogenous mRNA and a consistent 2-fold stimulation by hemin was observed. When extracts were treated with micrococcal nuclease and incorporation was dependent on exogenous globin mRNA, there was more significant stimulation by 37.5 micron hemin and greater than 10-fold stimulation by 75 or 150 micron hemin. The effects of hemin were not strikingly different in extracts of dimethyl-sulfoxide-induced or uninduced cells. The results could reflect an effect on initiation of protein synthesis analogous to that in rabbit reticulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:279544", "title": "Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives.", "content": "A quantitative reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for tryptamine, bufotenine, N-methyltryptamine and N,N-dimethyl tryptamine. All compounds were eluted with base-line separation within 15 min. The method is used to determine the tryptamine level in a leaf extract of Acacia podalyriaefolia A. Cunn. Satisfactory recoveries of tryptamine from plant material, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine from urine were obtained.", "contents": "Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives. A quantitative reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for tryptamine, bufotenine, N-methyltryptamine and N,N-dimethyl tryptamine. All compounds were eluted with base-line separation within 15 min. The method is used to determine the tryptamine level in a leaf extract of Acacia podalyriaefolia A. Cunn. Satisfactory recoveries of tryptamine from plant material, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine from urine were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:279546", "title": "Errors in the assessment of pocket depth in vitro.", "content": "The inaccuracy of the calibration of two Merritt-B probes, old and new style, was investigated. It appeared that the calibration of the Merritt-B \"new style\" probe was better than the calibration of the old one. The influence of the mode of calibration and the reading of the calibration on pocket depth assessment with a Merritt-B \"old style\" probe was studied in an in vitro model. The model consisted of 32 aluminium cubes each with a hole in the centre. The holes were 1 mm in cross-section and the depth varied from 0.25 mm to 8 mm in 0.25-mm increments. Results show that pocket depths of 1 mm to 8 mm +/- 0.25 mm generally were read correctly about 90% of the time. This was not true for the 4- and 6-mm areas. When a probe was used where the 4- and 6-mm marks were omitted, pocket depth in that area were read correctly only in about 60% of instances. This difference disappeared when the 4- and 6-mm marks were added. Results of measuring the half millimeter values showed that generally 80% were recorded as the lower whole millimeter.", "contents": "Errors in the assessment of pocket depth in vitro. The inaccuracy of the calibration of two Merritt-B probes, old and new style, was investigated. It appeared that the calibration of the Merritt-B \"new style\" probe was better than the calibration of the old one. The influence of the mode of calibration and the reading of the calibration on pocket depth assessment with a Merritt-B \"old style\" probe was studied in an in vitro model. The model consisted of 32 aluminium cubes each with a hole in the centre. The holes were 1 mm in cross-section and the depth varied from 0.25 mm to 8 mm in 0.25-mm increments. Results show that pocket depths of 1 mm to 8 mm +/- 0.25 mm generally were read correctly about 90% of the time. This was not true for the 4- and 6-mm areas. When a probe was used where the 4- and 6-mm marks were omitted, pocket depth in that area were read correctly only in about 60% of instances. This difference disappeared when the 4- and 6-mm marks were added. Results of measuring the half millimeter values showed that generally 80% were recorded as the lower whole millimeter."}
{"id": "PMID:279548", "title": "Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of providone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory studies were carried out to compare the antibacterial properties of two antiseptic mouthwashes, namely 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. In a group of 10 subjects after a single rinse with povidone iodine, an immediate mean fall in total salivary aerobes and anaerobes occurred, followed by a return to normal levels by 1-hour postrinsing. With chlorhexidine gluconate a similar but greater reduction in salivary bacterial counts was observed, which was still present up to the 7-h postrinsing period. Saliva samples obtained from the subjects 2 min after rinsing with providone iodine produced little or no inhibition to the growth of a test organism in vitro, whereas following chlorhexidine gluconate, antibacterial activity was present in the saliva specimens up to the 3-h sampling time. Using culture media containing comparable levels of soluble protein to saliva, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of povidone iodine against several standard test organisms were much higher than those of chlorhexidine gluconate. The results suggest that povidone iodine, as a mouthwash, exerts only an immediate antibacterial effect and unlike chlorhexidine, is not retained at antibacterial levels within the oral cavity after expectoration. This lack of prolonged action of povidone iodine in the oral cavity would appear to be relevant to its reported lack of antiplaque activity.", "contents": "Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro antibacterial properties of providone iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinses. Clinical and laboratory studies were carried out to compare the antibacterial properties of two antiseptic mouthwashes, namely 1% povidone iodine and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. In a group of 10 subjects after a single rinse with povidone iodine, an immediate mean fall in total salivary aerobes and anaerobes occurred, followed by a return to normal levels by 1-hour postrinsing. With chlorhexidine gluconate a similar but greater reduction in salivary bacterial counts was observed, which was still present up to the 7-h postrinsing period. Saliva samples obtained from the subjects 2 min after rinsing with providone iodine produced little or no inhibition to the growth of a test organism in vitro, whereas following chlorhexidine gluconate, antibacterial activity was present in the saliva specimens up to the 3-h sampling time. Using culture media containing comparable levels of soluble protein to saliva, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of povidone iodine against several standard test organisms were much higher than those of chlorhexidine gluconate. The results suggest that povidone iodine, as a mouthwash, exerts only an immediate antibacterial effect and unlike chlorhexidine, is not retained at antibacterial levels within the oral cavity after expectoration. This lack of prolonged action of povidone iodine in the oral cavity would appear to be relevant to its reported lack of antiplaque activity."}
{"id": "PMID:279550", "title": "Transient, severe periventricular hypodensity after leukemic prophylaxis with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate.", "content": "Serial computed tomography (CT) demonstrated complete resolution of severe periventricular hypodensity occurring in a child after receiving prophylaxis for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The resolution of this encephalopathy suggests that early changes of subacute necrotizing leukoencephalopathy are reversible and CT is copable of detecting these early changes.", "contents": "Transient, severe periventricular hypodensity after leukemic prophylaxis with cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. Serial computed tomography (CT) demonstrated complete resolution of severe periventricular hypodensity occurring in a child after receiving prophylaxis for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The resolution of this encephalopathy suggests that early changes of subacute necrotizing leukoencephalopathy are reversible and CT is copable of detecting these early changes."}
{"id": "PMID:279552", "title": "Nursing habits and dental decay in infants: \"nursing bottle caries\".", "content": "The decay-producing capabilities of certain foods can be influenced by eating habits. When a habit of frequent nocturnal bottle or breast feeding is maintained beyond a year of age, the potential for gross dental decay in very young children is established. Bovine milk, milk formulas and human breast milk have all been implicated in the condition of \"nursing bottle caries,\" because of their lactose content. Additional sweeteners in the nursing bottle, the use of fruit juices or the use of honey-dipped pacifiers can also cause \"nursing bottle caries.\" \"Nursing bottle caries\" can be prevented through a timely educational program to new parents. Prevention is particularly applicable in young children, since a healthy oral condition promotes good nutrition, a healthy state and normal growth. Both the American Dental Association and the American Society of Dentistry for Children have pamphlets explaining \"nursing bottle caries,\" which are available for distribution to the public.", "contents": "Nursing habits and dental decay in infants: \"nursing bottle caries\". The decay-producing capabilities of certain foods can be influenced by eating habits. When a habit of frequent nocturnal bottle or breast feeding is maintained beyond a year of age, the potential for gross dental decay in very young children is established. Bovine milk, milk formulas and human breast milk have all been implicated in the condition of \"nursing bottle caries,\" because of their lactose content. Additional sweeteners in the nursing bottle, the use of fruit juices or the use of honey-dipped pacifiers can also cause \"nursing bottle caries.\" \"Nursing bottle caries\" can be prevented through a timely educational program to new parents. Prevention is particularly applicable in young children, since a healthy oral condition promotes good nutrition, a healthy state and normal growth. Both the American Dental Association and the American Society of Dentistry for Children have pamphlets explaining \"nursing bottle caries,\" which are available for distribution to the public."}
{"id": "PMID:279554", "title": "Premature loss of primary teeth: part I, its overall effect on occlusion and space in the permanent dentition.", "content": "Premature loss of primary molars causes, without doubt, permanent changes in regard to space and sagittal molar relations, in the permanent dentition. The changes are due to drifting of teeth and lack of growth, and such changes should, whenever possible, be prevented. In part two of this series of papers, a further analysis of the data will be presented.", "contents": "Premature loss of primary teeth: part I, its overall effect on occlusion and space in the permanent dentition. Premature loss of primary molars causes, without doubt, permanent changes in regard to space and sagittal molar relations, in the permanent dentition. The changes are due to drifting of teeth and lack of growth, and such changes should, whenever possible, be prevented. In part two of this series of papers, a further analysis of the data will be presented."}
{"id": "PMID:279556", "title": "Ankylosed primary molars.", "content": "The prevalence of ankylosis of primary molars was found to be 3.7% of the sample subjects. Eighty-two of the 2234 children examined exhibited ankylosis. The prevalence of ankylosis among the black children in the sample was much lower (0.93%) than that of the white children (4.10%). The mandibular first primary molar was ankylosed at an earlier age and more frequently than any other tooth. The frequency of ankylosis of the second primary molar increased in older children. The high incidence of ankylosed primary teeth was seen in children between seven and eleven years of age. Treatment should be based on the evaluation of growth potential jeopardized by the condition. Early extraction and subsequent space management, especially in the younger patient, is recommended.", "contents": "Ankylosed primary molars. The prevalence of ankylosis of primary molars was found to be 3.7% of the sample subjects. Eighty-two of the 2234 children examined exhibited ankylosis. The prevalence of ankylosis among the black children in the sample was much lower (0.93%) than that of the white children (4.10%). The mandibular first primary molar was ankylosed at an earlier age and more frequently than any other tooth. The frequency of ankylosis of the second primary molar increased in older children. The high incidence of ankylosed primary teeth was seen in children between seven and eleven years of age. Treatment should be based on the evaluation of growth potential jeopardized by the condition. Early extraction and subsequent space management, especially in the younger patient, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:279564", "title": "Use of a continuing health history in dental practice: a survey.", "content": "The authors strongly recommend the routine use of a continual-health-update procedure at each recall appointment. The updated health-histories allow us to better evaluate the \"whole\" child. We have found that the parent appreciates not only the initial inquiry, but also the continuing concern about illnesses and injuries the child may have incurred since the last dental examination. The inquiries help build rapport between the families and the professional staff of our office. In addition, they upgrade the level of professional care provided.", "contents": "Use of a continuing health history in dental practice: a survey. The authors strongly recommend the routine use of a continual-health-update procedure at each recall appointment. The updated health-histories allow us to better evaluate the \"whole\" child. We have found that the parent appreciates not only the initial inquiry, but also the continuing concern about illnesses and injuries the child may have incurred since the last dental examination. The inquiries help build rapport between the families and the professional staff of our office. In addition, they upgrade the level of professional care provided."}
{"id": "PMID:279582", "title": "Determination of arbitrary tooth displacements.", "content": "The noninvasive, modern technique based on the method of double-exposure hologram interferometry was used to measure arbitrary displacements of teeth in the three dimensional space. The experimental studies were carried out on an idealized model of the maxillary central incisor. The results show that the experimental data, based on component loading, are inadequate to accurately predict tooth displacement from an arbitrary force acting in the three dimensional space.", "contents": "Determination of arbitrary tooth displacements. The noninvasive, modern technique based on the method of double-exposure hologram interferometry was used to measure arbitrary displacements of teeth in the three dimensional space. The experimental studies were carried out on an idealized model of the maxillary central incisor. The results show that the experimental data, based on component loading, are inadequate to accurately predict tooth displacement from an arbitrary force acting in the three dimensional space."}
{"id": "PMID:279583", "title": "Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Relaxation patterns for two orthodontic polyurethane-based elastics have been quantified in dry air and water bath environments and in vivo. Water bath simulation of in vivo behavior is apparently valid for up to a week following initial activation, but it becomes somewhat erroneous thereafter.", "contents": "Relaxation of orthodontic elastomeric chains and modules in vitro and in vivo. Relaxation patterns for two orthodontic polyurethane-based elastics have been quantified in dry air and water bath environments and in vivo. Water bath simulation of in vivo behavior is apparently valid for up to a week following initial activation, but it becomes somewhat erroneous thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:279585", "title": "The use of film thickness to measure working time of zinc phosphate cements.", "content": "A method is proposed to quantify the working time of zinc phosphate cement based on sequential measurement of viscosity. The method was used to measure the extension of working time resulting from reduced mixing temperatures. Premixing small amounts of powder prior to standard mix was shown to be ineffective at extending working time. The addition of water to the cement was shown not to affect working time but did decrease the setting time of the cement.", "contents": "The use of film thickness to measure working time of zinc phosphate cements. A method is proposed to quantify the working time of zinc phosphate cement based on sequential measurement of viscosity. The method was used to measure the extension of working time resulting from reduced mixing temperatures. Premixing small amounts of powder prior to standard mix was shown to be ineffective at extending working time. The addition of water to the cement was shown not to affect working time but did decrease the setting time of the cement."}
{"id": "PMID:279587", "title": "Clinical study of dental cements. VII. A study of bridge retainers luted with three different dental cements.", "content": "In a clinical study of three luting cements, 547 bridges and 162 crowns were permanently cemented. Patients were recalled at 6-month intervals and the restorations were examined for looseness. A pattern of retainer type, cement type and retainer success was demonstrable.", "contents": "Clinical study of dental cements. VII. A study of bridge retainers luted with three different dental cements. In a clinical study of three luting cements, 547 bridges and 162 crowns were permanently cemented. Patients were recalled at 6-month intervals and the restorations were examined for looseness. A pattern of retainer type, cement type and retainer success was demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:279589", "title": "TMJ symptom severity and EMG silent periods.", "content": "The hypotheses that latency or duration of the EMG silent period evoked by a tap to the chin during a maximal clench would be more prolonged in more severe TMJ patients were tested. The mean latency did not, and the mean duration did, increase significantly with increased severity of TMJ dysfunction.", "contents": "TMJ symptom severity and EMG silent periods. The hypotheses that latency or duration of the EMG silent period evoked by a tap to the chin during a maximal clench would be more prolonged in more severe TMJ patients were tested. The mean latency did not, and the mean duration did, increase significantly with increased severity of TMJ dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:279590", "title": "Finite element stress analysis of a class I amalgam restoration subjected to setting and thermal expansion.", "content": "Stress analyses are presented for a second mandibular premolar with a class 1 amalgam restoration. The effects of amalgam setting and thermal expansions are examined. An axisymmetric representation of the structure is used and the analyses are carried out by the finite element method. Lined and unlined restorations are compared with regard to the principal stresses set up in the composite structures and also the patterns of deformation incurred. The effects of various enamel and dentin stiffness combinations are also considered.", "contents": "Finite element stress analysis of a class I amalgam restoration subjected to setting and thermal expansion. Stress analyses are presented for a second mandibular premolar with a class 1 amalgam restoration. The effects of amalgam setting and thermal expansions are examined. An axisymmetric representation of the structure is used and the analyses are carried out by the finite element method. Lined and unlined restorations are compared with regard to the principal stresses set up in the composite structures and also the patterns of deformation incurred. The effects of various enamel and dentin stiffness combinations are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:279591", "title": "New information on high copper amalgam corrosion.", "content": "Anodic polarization of \"pure\" Cu6Sn5 was investigated. Cu6Sn5 is found to be passive in nearly neutral synthetic saliva. Anodic corrosion activity (characteristic for tin) previously reported for a high copper amalgam must result from the presence of the gamma2 phase or tin in the matrix phase.", "contents": "New information on high copper amalgam corrosion. Anodic polarization of \"pure\" Cu6Sn5 was investigated. Cu6Sn5 is found to be passive in nearly neutral synthetic saliva. Anodic corrosion activity (characteristic for tin) previously reported for a high copper amalgam must result from the presence of the gamma2 phase or tin in the matrix phase."}
{"id": "PMID:279593", "title": "The growth of calcium phosphates on hydroxyapatite crystals. The effect of fluoride and phosphonate.", "content": "The nature of the calcium phosphate phase which precipitates on hydroxyapatite seed crystals can be controlled by varying the HAP seed concentration. At low seed concentrations, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) is formed while at high seed levels a more basic phase precipitates. It has been found that fluoride ion increases the percentage of basic phase that crystallizes while ethylidenediphosphonic acid encourages the formation of DCPD. This behavior is explained by the competition between the nucleation of DCPD and the crystal growth on sites already present on the HAP seeds.", "contents": "The growth of calcium phosphates on hydroxyapatite crystals. The effect of fluoride and phosphonate. The nature of the calcium phosphate phase which precipitates on hydroxyapatite seed crystals can be controlled by varying the HAP seed concentration. At low seed concentrations, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) is formed while at high seed levels a more basic phase precipitates. It has been found that fluoride ion increases the percentage of basic phase that crystallizes while ethylidenediphosphonic acid encourages the formation of DCPD. This behavior is explained by the competition between the nucleation of DCPD and the crystal growth on sites already present on the HAP seeds."}
{"id": "PMID:279594", "title": "Semiconductor probe measurements in beagle pups during deciduous tooth development.", "content": "Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals were used together with clinical and radiographic procedures to study tooth development in dogs. Similarities in the pattern and time course of radiopharmaceutical uptake in jaw areas studied suggest that changes in alveolar bone metabolism are not closely related to eruption times of individual teeth.", "contents": "Semiconductor probe measurements in beagle pups during deciduous tooth development. Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals were used together with clinical and radiographic procedures to study tooth development in dogs. Similarities in the pattern and time course of radiopharmaceutical uptake in jaw areas studied suggest that changes in alveolar bone metabolism are not closely related to eruption times of individual teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:279595", "title": "Alteration of lidocaine-induced convulsions by meperidine and nitrous oxide.", "content": "When mice were pretreated with meperidine, the incidence of lidocaine-induced convulsions was increased. Nitrous oxide-oxygen (N2O-02) offered no protection against convulsions caused by lidocaine alone but lowered the incidence of lidocaine-induced convulsions of mice pretreated with meperidine.", "contents": "Alteration of lidocaine-induced convulsions by meperidine and nitrous oxide. When mice were pretreated with meperidine, the incidence of lidocaine-induced convulsions was increased. Nitrous oxide-oxygen (N2O-02) offered no protection against convulsions caused by lidocaine alone but lowered the incidence of lidocaine-induced convulsions of mice pretreated with meperidine."}
{"id": "PMID:279600", "title": "The viability of microorganisms in carious lesions five years after covering with a fissure sealant.", "content": "Carious lesions that were covered with a pit and fissure sealant for five years yielded bacterial cultures that were predominantly negative. Sixteen of 18 test sites judged to have active caries in 1972 were found inactive in 1977; ten of 12 sites suspected to have caries in 1972 were deemed to have inactive caries in 1977. Sealant treatment resulted in an apparent 89% reversal from a caries-active to a caries-inactive state. These data confirm and extend previous observations that a limited number of cultivable organisms persist in some lesions but their numbers are few, and they do not appear capable of continuing the destruction of tooth structure.", "contents": "The viability of microorganisms in carious lesions five years after covering with a fissure sealant. Carious lesions that were covered with a pit and fissure sealant for five years yielded bacterial cultures that were predominantly negative. Sixteen of 18 test sites judged to have active caries in 1972 were found inactive in 1977; ten of 12 sites suspected to have caries in 1972 were deemed to have inactive caries in 1977. Sealant treatment resulted in an apparent 89% reversal from a caries-active to a caries-inactive state. These data confirm and extend previous observations that a limited number of cultivable organisms persist in some lesions but their numbers are few, and they do not appear capable of continuing the destruction of tooth structure."}
{"id": "PMID:279601", "title": "Surface characteristics of resin-coated composite restorations.", "content": "Twenty-four maxillary anterior composite restorations from a clinical study of resin coating were examined at the time of baseline evaluation and at 23 months; electroplated positive replicas, impression negative replicas, and SEMs were used for evaluation. Coated restorations had smooth surfaces after 23 months, in comparison with rough surfaces of uncoated restorations. Defects in some of the resin coatings were found at the time of baseline evaluation; these included isolated areas of the composite or etched enamel that were not covered by the resin. Later examinations showed cracking of part of the edges of resin coating, development of bare areas, thinning of the coating edges, or generalized loss of the protective coating. The defects seen immediately after placement of the coatings were probably caused by errors in technique that include: application of the resin in a layer that was too thin; surface contaminants in the area of application; moisture on the surface of the composite or enamel; and areas of inadequate enamel etching were adjacent to the cavosurface margin of the composite. The appearance of bare spots or total loss or thinning of the resin coating edges during the later examinations is caused by wearing or abrading of the resin coatings from natural or mechanical causes. This seems to be a function of the initial coating thickness and its location on the tooth.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of resin-coated composite restorations. Twenty-four maxillary anterior composite restorations from a clinical study of resin coating were examined at the time of baseline evaluation and at 23 months; electroplated positive replicas, impression negative replicas, and SEMs were used for evaluation. Coated restorations had smooth surfaces after 23 months, in comparison with rough surfaces of uncoated restorations. Defects in some of the resin coatings were found at the time of baseline evaluation; these included isolated areas of the composite or etched enamel that were not covered by the resin. Later examinations showed cracking of part of the edges of resin coating, development of bare areas, thinning of the coating edges, or generalized loss of the protective coating. The defects seen immediately after placement of the coatings were probably caused by errors in technique that include: application of the resin in a layer that was too thin; surface contaminants in the area of application; moisture on the surface of the composite or enamel; and areas of inadequate enamel etching were adjacent to the cavosurface margin of the composite. The appearance of bare spots or total loss or thinning of the resin coating edges during the later examinations is caused by wearing or abrading of the resin coatings from natural or mechanical causes. This seems to be a function of the initial coating thickness and its location on the tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:279602", "title": "Oral complications in patients receiving treatment for malignancies other than of the head and neck.", "content": "Oral complications in patients being treated for malignancies that were not in the head and neck were studied. Age, type of therapy, and type of malignancy were factors related to the prevalence of oral complications. Mucosal ulcerations, xerostomia, and bacterial and fungal infections were the most frequently encountered oral problems. The frequency of oral complications in these patients indicates the need for an awareness and involvement of dental practitioners in their management.", "contents": "Oral complications in patients receiving treatment for malignancies other than of the head and neck. Oral complications in patients being treated for malignancies that were not in the head and neck were studied. Age, type of therapy, and type of malignancy were factors related to the prevalence of oral complications. Mucosal ulcerations, xerostomia, and bacterial and fungal infections were the most frequently encountered oral problems. The frequency of oral complications in these patients indicates the need for an awareness and involvement of dental practitioners in their management."}
{"id": "PMID:279604", "title": "Past infection with hepatitis B virus in patients at a dental school.", "content": "Samples of blood from 327 new patients at a dental school were tested by radioimmunoassay for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). The data were compared to the patients' histories of hepatitis. Through a statistical analysis, it was indicated that significant numbers of patients with no history of hepatitis had been infected with hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Past infection with hepatitis B virus in patients at a dental school. Samples of blood from 327 new patients at a dental school were tested by radioimmunoassay for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs). The data were compared to the patients' histories of hepatitis. Through a statistical analysis, it was indicated that significant numbers of patients with no history of hepatitis had been infected with hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:279605", "title": "Endodontic-orthodontic management of fractured anterior teeth.", "content": "A case history is presented of a 10-year-old patient, who accidentally injured her maxillary central incisor. The fracture of the crown extended 2 mm below the crest of the alveolar bone. After a pulpotomy was done as a temporary measure, orthodontic appliances were placed by bonding brackets on the maxillary anterior teeth and fitting a sectional arch wire to extrude the fractured tooth. After successful extrusion, the fracture line was brought above the level of alveolar bone where successful restoration of the tooth by the acid-etch method could be accomplished.", "contents": "Endodontic-orthodontic management of fractured anterior teeth. A case history is presented of a 10-year-old patient, who accidentally injured her maxillary central incisor. The fracture of the crown extended 2 mm below the crest of the alveolar bone. After a pulpotomy was done as a temporary measure, orthodontic appliances were placed by bonding brackets on the maxillary anterior teeth and fitting a sectional arch wire to extrude the fractured tooth. After successful extrusion, the fracture line was brought above the level of alveolar bone where successful restoration of the tooth by the acid-etch method could be accomplished."}
{"id": "PMID:279606", "title": "Intraoral third molar transplants: report of three cases and long-term follow-up.", "content": "Preserving the interproximal space of extracted first molars in young adults can be accomplished in many ways. The procedure described in this report uses the third molar as a replacement and has proved successful when all conditions are favorable.", "contents": "Intraoral third molar transplants: report of three cases and long-term follow-up. Preserving the interproximal space of extracted first molars in young adults can be accomplished in many ways. The procedure described in this report uses the third molar as a replacement and has proved successful when all conditions are favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:279607", "title": "An interdisciplinary approach to the dental care of the mentally disabled.", "content": "In institutions for mentally disabled persons, dental care of the patient is often difficult because of uncooperative behavior. Premedication is sometimes necessary. The mentally disabled patient frequently receives other medication for behavioral control, cerebral palsy, seizures, or the like, that may interact with the dental premedication. Because of the problems that may develop, a program between an institution's dental department and a university's clinical pharmacy department was developed that provided an approach to the selection of premedication for the dental patient who is mentally disabled.", "contents": "An interdisciplinary approach to the dental care of the mentally disabled. In institutions for mentally disabled persons, dental care of the patient is often difficult because of uncooperative behavior. Premedication is sometimes necessary. The mentally disabled patient frequently receives other medication for behavioral control, cerebral palsy, seizures, or the like, that may interact with the dental premedication. Because of the problems that may develop, a program between an institution's dental department and a university's clinical pharmacy department was developed that provided an approach to the selection of premedication for the dental patient who is mentally disabled."}
{"id": "PMID:279633", "title": "Evaluation of the normal range of vertical mandibular opening in children and adolescents with special reference to age and stature.", "content": "1050 subjects between 5 and 19 years of age were examined to determine the normal range of values for maximum vertical mandibular opening and incisal edge distance. As a result of subsequent statistical evaluation, it can be stated that mouth opening depends to a significant extent upon age and stature. For the determination of \"normal\" mandi opening, the minimal value using incisal edge distance is 35 mm for 5-to 10-year-old children and 38 mm for 11- to 19-year olds. The corresponding values for alveolar crest distance is 44 mm and 49 mm. Determination of \"normal\" mandibular opening using the alveolar crest distance seems superior to that of incisor edge distance and should be recommended for universal use in general practice.", "contents": "Evaluation of the normal range of vertical mandibular opening in children and adolescents with special reference to age and stature. 1050 subjects between 5 and 19 years of age were examined to determine the normal range of values for maximum vertical mandibular opening and incisal edge distance. As a result of subsequent statistical evaluation, it can be stated that mouth opening depends to a significant extent upon age and stature. For the determination of \"normal\" mandi opening, the minimal value using incisal edge distance is 35 mm for 5-to 10-year-old children and 38 mm for 11- to 19-year olds. The corresponding values for alveolar crest distance is 44 mm and 49 mm. Determination of \"normal\" mandibular opening using the alveolar crest distance seems superior to that of incisor edge distance and should be recommended for universal use in general practice."}
{"id": "PMID:279634", "title": "Surgical correction of cartilaginous nasal septum deformities.", "content": "Septal cartilage deviations which are usually present in deformities of the cartilaginous nasal septum are corrected by scarification on the concave side of the curvature. Histological studies indicated that this procedure was best adapted to the structure of the elastic fibres constituting the cartilaginous nasal septum. Follow-up examinations in 33 patients who having undergone surgery showed nasal breathing to be unobstructed bilaterally in all cases; in 29 patients an aesthetically satisfactory nasal shape was restored and full re-alignment of the cartilaginous nasal septum was obtained.", "contents": "Surgical correction of cartilaginous nasal septum deformities. Septal cartilage deviations which are usually present in deformities of the cartilaginous nasal septum are corrected by scarification on the concave side of the curvature. Histological studies indicated that this procedure was best adapted to the structure of the elastic fibres constituting the cartilaginous nasal septum. Follow-up examinations in 33 patients who having undergone surgery showed nasal breathing to be unobstructed bilaterally in all cases; in 29 patients an aesthetically satisfactory nasal shape was restored and full re-alignment of the cartilaginous nasal septum was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:279635", "title": "Photo-cephalometric analysis in treatment planning for surgical correction of facial disharmonies.", "content": "A full understanding of soft tissue behaviour, including muscle action, and the correct diagnosis of the basic bony discrepancies are essential to the success of operations for the correction of facial disharmony. In the author's experience, cephalometric measurements are invaluable in obtaining a correct diagnosis of the facial disharmony and once mastered make these operations more interesting for all concerned. Unfortunately, traditional cephalometric measurements, although useful to orthodontists, are tedious and often misleading to oral surgeons. This article describes a much simplified and accurate method of photocephalometric diagnosis and prediction used in conjunction with the method of Archial Analysis as suggested by Sassouni (1955, 1958, 1974).", "contents": "Photo-cephalometric analysis in treatment planning for surgical correction of facial disharmonies. A full understanding of soft tissue behaviour, including muscle action, and the correct diagnosis of the basic bony discrepancies are essential to the success of operations for the correction of facial disharmony. In the author's experience, cephalometric measurements are invaluable in obtaining a correct diagnosis of the facial disharmony and once mastered make these operations more interesting for all concerned. Unfortunately, traditional cephalometric measurements, although useful to orthodontists, are tedious and often misleading to oral surgeons. This article describes a much simplified and accurate method of photocephalometric diagnosis and prediction used in conjunction with the method of Archial Analysis as suggested by Sassouni (1955, 1958, 1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:279636", "title": "Facial duplication -- the unique case of Antonio.", "content": "A case of facial duplication with its surgical correction in childhood and the consequences on facial growth is reported. It is a unique case in the duration of observation. The following structures were fully duplicated: the nose, the premaxilla, the cribriform plate, the crista galli. In addition there was an enormous facial cleft including lip, alveolus and palate. Additionally there were two rudimentary eye sockets, eyes, and two supplementary eyebrows. The monstrous hypertelorism with the facial duplication was corrected at the age of ten. The surgical procedure is described and the postoperative complications are discussed. Gross lack of growth of the middle third of the facial skeleton was observed. This was probably the consequence of the initial corrective surgery. Overgrowth of the mandible created a gorilla-like appearance by the end of the growth period. This was corrected in one operation by advancement of the middle third in three sections and repositioning of the mandible as a whole together with the mandibular anterior alveolar segment. Finally all parts of the lower half of the nose had to be enlarged, both soft tissues as well as the cartilaginous framework. A pharyngoplasty in addition to the correction of the intermaxillary abnormalities did much to improve the speech quality of the patient. A large secondary cranial defect was successfully reconstructed with the use of 14 halved ribs. In spite of the removal of four ribs from one side and three ribs from the other, there were no postoperative respiratory problems. Spontaneous rib regeneration was found where ribs had been removed one year earlier.", "contents": "Facial duplication -- the unique case of Antonio. A case of facial duplication with its surgical correction in childhood and the consequences on facial growth is reported. It is a unique case in the duration of observation. The following structures were fully duplicated: the nose, the premaxilla, the cribriform plate, the crista galli. In addition there was an enormous facial cleft including lip, alveolus and palate. Additionally there were two rudimentary eye sockets, eyes, and two supplementary eyebrows. The monstrous hypertelorism with the facial duplication was corrected at the age of ten. The surgical procedure is described and the postoperative complications are discussed. Gross lack of growth of the middle third of the facial skeleton was observed. This was probably the consequence of the initial corrective surgery. Overgrowth of the mandible created a gorilla-like appearance by the end of the growth period. This was corrected in one operation by advancement of the middle third in three sections and repositioning of the mandible as a whole together with the mandibular anterior alveolar segment. Finally all parts of the lower half of the nose had to be enlarged, both soft tissues as well as the cartilaginous framework. A pharyngoplasty in addition to the correction of the intermaxillary abnormalities did much to improve the speech quality of the patient. A large secondary cranial defect was successfully reconstructed with the use of 14 halved ribs. In spite of the removal of four ribs from one side and three ribs from the other, there were no postoperative respiratory problems. Spontaneous rib regeneration was found where ribs had been removed one year earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:279637", "title": "Sagittal splitting and bicortical screw fixation of the ascending ramus.", "content": "We describe here a procedure for osteosynthesis following sagittal splitting of the ascending ramus of the mandible. We use screws inserted through both cortical plates. The intraoral approach is combined with our method of transcutaneous drilling. The survey of our 6 years' experience showing the correction thus obtained provides very satisfactory long term stability.", "contents": "Sagittal splitting and bicortical screw fixation of the ascending ramus. We describe here a procedure for osteosynthesis following sagittal splitting of the ascending ramus of the mandible. We use screws inserted through both cortical plates. The intraoral approach is combined with our method of transcutaneous drilling. The survey of our 6 years' experience showing the correction thus obtained provides very satisfactory long term stability."}
{"id": "PMID:279638", "title": "Anaesthetic experiences in orthodontic surgery.", "content": "The anaesthetic experiences and problems have been analysed, based on 100 orthognathic operations. The material includes all kinds of operations; operating time was about 4 hours, except for 8 very extensive procedures, lasting 6--7 hours. The importance of adequate premedication is emphasized. The use of nasal drops for decongestion is especially highly recommended for the prevention of bleeding during nasal intubation. An armoured nasal tube is always used; however, special care must be taken to detect leaks on the cuff. On four occasions the tubes had to be changed because of leaks in the cuff. The most annoying complication was tachycardia, due to: insufficient premedication, insufficient analgesics during operation, or the use of hypotensive drugs. Blood loss was clearly diminished by controlled hypotension. Postoperative vomiting was prevented by the use of a nasogastric tube for the first 6--8 hours. Major complications were not encountered.", "contents": "Anaesthetic experiences in orthodontic surgery. The anaesthetic experiences and problems have been analysed, based on 100 orthognathic operations. The material includes all kinds of operations; operating time was about 4 hours, except for 8 very extensive procedures, lasting 6--7 hours. The importance of adequate premedication is emphasized. The use of nasal drops for decongestion is especially highly recommended for the prevention of bleeding during nasal intubation. An armoured nasal tube is always used; however, special care must be taken to detect leaks on the cuff. On four occasions the tubes had to be changed because of leaks in the cuff. The most annoying complication was tachycardia, due to: insufficient premedication, insufficient analgesics during operation, or the use of hypotensive drugs. Blood loss was clearly diminished by controlled hypotension. Postoperative vomiting was prevented by the use of a nasogastric tube for the first 6--8 hours. Major complications were not encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:279639", "title": "Chronic mechanical trauma in the aetiology of oro-pharyngeal carcinoma.", "content": "Tumours of the oral cavity and the oropharynx account for 12% of the malignancies in our patient material. The group of patients included a high percentage of smokers (83%), heavy drinkers and persons neglectful of oral hygiene. The majority of the patients mainly male were labourers or (small) farmers. In contrast to other reports in the literature, chronic mechanical trauma due to sharp remaining teeth, less than ideal fillings, badly fitting dentures or unsuitable denture-bearing tissue, and loose anchoring attachments were frequently present. Commensurate with the clinical findings, permanent damage to the covering squamous epithelium was demonstrated histologically. In addition to all forms of inflammation, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, including carcinoma in situ, and manifest carcinomas also presented. Surface-inert dentures and regular oral hygiene must therefore be considered an important requirement for the prevention of oral-cavity carcinoma.", "contents": "Chronic mechanical trauma in the aetiology of oro-pharyngeal carcinoma. Tumours of the oral cavity and the oropharynx account for 12% of the malignancies in our patient material. The group of patients included a high percentage of smokers (83%), heavy drinkers and persons neglectful of oral hygiene. The majority of the patients mainly male were labourers or (small) farmers. In contrast to other reports in the literature, chronic mechanical trauma due to sharp remaining teeth, less than ideal fillings, badly fitting dentures or unsuitable denture-bearing tissue, and loose anchoring attachments were frequently present. Commensurate with the clinical findings, permanent damage to the covering squamous epithelium was demonstrated histologically. In addition to all forms of inflammation, parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis, dysplasia, including carcinoma in situ, and manifest carcinomas also presented. Surface-inert dentures and regular oral hygiene must therefore be considered an important requirement for the prevention of oral-cavity carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:279640", "title": "A new method for the closure of a cleft palate.", "content": "Contrary to the advocated linear approximation of the muscles in closure of the soft palate we have developed a different method which finds its anatomical confirmation in a publication by Kriens. Since we normally have intermingling vertical and horizontal muscle fibres within the soft palate it seemed logical to copy nature by the surgical technique. We believe that we are better able to reestablish normal anatomical findings by two opposing Z-plastics compared with the methods previously described. With this procedure we are also able to shift the centre of muscle function further dorsally, thus achieving a lengthening of the palate as well. Since the procedure is quite atraumatic on account of the oblique cuts, we seldom see tissue dehiscenses and have been able to observe a well functioning palate.", "contents": "A new method for the closure of a cleft palate. Contrary to the advocated linear approximation of the muscles in closure of the soft palate we have developed a different method which finds its anatomical confirmation in a publication by Kriens. Since we normally have intermingling vertical and horizontal muscle fibres within the soft palate it seemed logical to copy nature by the surgical technique. We believe that we are better able to reestablish normal anatomical findings by two opposing Z-plastics compared with the methods previously described. With this procedure we are also able to shift the centre of muscle function further dorsally, thus achieving a lengthening of the palate as well. Since the procedure is quite atraumatic on account of the oblique cuts, we seldom see tissue dehiscenses and have been able to observe a well functioning palate."}
{"id": "PMID:279641", "title": "The importance of accurate records and follow-up in patients with oral cancer.", "content": "A standardized patient record sheet is proposed to be used for all patients diagnosed as having oral squamous cell cancer. Such records would ensure thorough data recording and whilst providing accurate and complete information for retrospective and prospective analysis and research would also improve the follow up of such patients.", "contents": "The importance of accurate records and follow-up in patients with oral cancer. A standardized patient record sheet is proposed to be used for all patients diagnosed as having oral squamous cell cancer. Such records would ensure thorough data recording and whilst providing accurate and complete information for retrospective and prospective analysis and research would also improve the follow up of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:279647", "title": "Credibility of morphologic and psychologic theories of TMJ pain-dysfunction aetiology.", "content": "An evaluation of the morphologic and psychologic theories of the aetiology of TMJ pain-dysfunction can be revealing if made without resorting too much to scientific experimental results, because the interpretation of results as well as the questions asked are largely dependent on a prior commitment to one of the theories. Accepting that the TMJ pain-dysfunction became a common disease after the industrial revolution gives reason to look for a causative factor connected with it. Both an increase of psychologic stress and a change of dental morphology and function appear as possible factors, but only the latter has factual evidence. The lack of functional wear disturbs the unconscious swallow reflex but apparently not mastication. This suggests that retrusive interferences are a necessary but not always sufficient condition for the initiation of the TMJ pain-dysfunction. Psychologic factors are contributory, they can cause tooth clenching and perhaps grinding, but there seems to be no reason other than interferences from occlusion for that taking place eccentrically. Thus psychogenic tooth clenching and grinding do not seem to be pathogenic without the morphologic factor.", "contents": "Credibility of morphologic and psychologic theories of TMJ pain-dysfunction aetiology. An evaluation of the morphologic and psychologic theories of the aetiology of TMJ pain-dysfunction can be revealing if made without resorting too much to scientific experimental results, because the interpretation of results as well as the questions asked are largely dependent on a prior commitment to one of the theories. Accepting that the TMJ pain-dysfunction became a common disease after the industrial revolution gives reason to look for a causative factor connected with it. Both an increase of psychologic stress and a change of dental morphology and function appear as possible factors, but only the latter has factual evidence. The lack of functional wear disturbs the unconscious swallow reflex but apparently not mastication. This suggests that retrusive interferences are a necessary but not always sufficient condition for the initiation of the TMJ pain-dysfunction. Psychologic factors are contributory, they can cause tooth clenching and perhaps grinding, but there seems to be no reason other than interferences from occlusion for that taking place eccentrically. Thus psychogenic tooth clenching and grinding do not seem to be pathogenic without the morphologic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:279648", "title": "Ultra-violet absorption by two ultra-violet activated sealants.", "content": "Since the ability of u.v. setting pit and fissure sealants to set in depth is dependent on the penetration of the u.v. radiation, the absorption coefficients of Nuva-seal and Alphaseal were determined at 365 nm, the wavelength of radiation used to polymerise both materials. Nuva-seal and Alphaseal had absorption coefficients of 0.165 mm-1 and 6.25 mm-1, respectively. The u.v. fluorescent dye present in Alphaseal contributed 2.5 mm-1 to its absorption coefficient and the remaining absorption was due to the 5% w/w catalyst concentration present, since the basic resin had no significant absorption. Therefore Nuva-seal may set adequately to the depths required of fissure sealants, but Alphaseal may not, unless a very high intensity u.v. source is used. A reduction in the catalyst concentration and the removal of the u.v. fluorescent dye might improve the setting characteristics of Alphaseal.", "contents": "Ultra-violet absorption by two ultra-violet activated sealants. Since the ability of u.v. setting pit and fissure sealants to set in depth is dependent on the penetration of the u.v. radiation, the absorption coefficients of Nuva-seal and Alphaseal were determined at 365 nm, the wavelength of radiation used to polymerise both materials. Nuva-seal and Alphaseal had absorption coefficients of 0.165 mm-1 and 6.25 mm-1, respectively. The u.v. fluorescent dye present in Alphaseal contributed 2.5 mm-1 to its absorption coefficient and the remaining absorption was due to the 5% w/w catalyst concentration present, since the basic resin had no significant absorption. Therefore Nuva-seal may set adequately to the depths required of fissure sealants, but Alphaseal may not, unless a very high intensity u.v. source is used. A reduction in the catalyst concentration and the removal of the u.v. fluorescent dye might improve the setting characteristics of Alphaseal."}
{"id": "PMID:279649", "title": "The effect of finishing on the anodic polarization of high-copper amalgams.", "content": "The influence of surface finishing procedures on the corrodibility of high-copper amalgams was measured. Anodic polarization curves were determined in Ringer's solution for amalgam samples made from a dispersion and a ternary alloy. Three types of finishes were compared: as carved, burnished, and polished. The polarization curves of the burnished and polished specimens were statistically similar (P greater than 0.05) at all potentials investigated. The carved samples exhibited higher corrosion currents at most of the potentials investigated.", "contents": "The effect of finishing on the anodic polarization of high-copper amalgams. The influence of surface finishing procedures on the corrodibility of high-copper amalgams was measured. Anodic polarization curves were determined in Ringer's solution for amalgam samples made from a dispersion and a ternary alloy. Three types of finishes were compared: as carved, burnished, and polished. The polarization curves of the burnished and polished specimens were statistically similar (P greater than 0.05) at all potentials investigated. The carved samples exhibited higher corrosion currents at most of the potentials investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:279650", "title": "Size of variables in mandibular movements in autopsy material.", "content": "Autopsy was performed on the right temporomandibular joint in eleven individuals with a mean age of 71 years. Standard positions indicative for protrusion, laterotrusive border movement and posterior opening movement were photographed in the sagittal plane. Size of movements of the disc and condylar head were recorded, as well as movements of a reference point in the mental region. The slope of the anterior discal movement was estimated and mandibular rotation during posterior opening was registered. Centre of rotation during the hinge movement was in all cases located to the craniodorsal part of the condylar head. Attempt to construct centres of rotation in the eminence and condylar head for the horizontal movements was in vain. The discussion deals with the influence of the specific kind of material on the results and the possible systematic differences to clinical material.", "contents": "Size of variables in mandibular movements in autopsy material. Autopsy was performed on the right temporomandibular joint in eleven individuals with a mean age of 71 years. Standard positions indicative for protrusion, laterotrusive border movement and posterior opening movement were photographed in the sagittal plane. Size of movements of the disc and condylar head were recorded, as well as movements of a reference point in the mental region. The slope of the anterior discal movement was estimated and mandibular rotation during posterior opening was registered. Centre of rotation during the hinge movement was in all cases located to the craniodorsal part of the condylar head. Attempt to construct centres of rotation in the eminence and condylar head for the horizontal movements was in vain. The discussion deals with the influence of the specific kind of material on the results and the possible systematic differences to clinical material."}
{"id": "PMID:279652", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. II: variation of rheological properties with time, temperature and mixing proportions.", "content": "The variation of torsional shear modulus with time for several commercial elastomeric impression materials has been determined. The effects of mixing proportions and temperature on rheological properties are presented. The relevance of these properties to the actual use of these materials are discussed.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. II: variation of rheological properties with time, temperature and mixing proportions. The variation of torsional shear modulus with time for several commercial elastomeric impression materials has been determined. The effects of mixing proportions and temperature on rheological properties are presented. The relevance of these properties to the actual use of these materials are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279654", "title": "The cavity sealing ability of composite restorations subjected to thermal stress.", "content": "An artificial caries technique, using a diffusion controlled acidified gel, was used to create in vitro artificial lesions adjacent to composite restorations. Prior to gel immersion, test specimens were temperature-cycled in a machine designed specifically for this purpose. Examination of control specimens showed little evidence of leakage, the presence of a cavity wall lesion being used as an indication of leakage. Compared to the controls, the test specimens showed either a reduction or no change in leakage pattern. It is suggested that thermal percolation may not be of clinical significance in relation to composite restorations.", "contents": "The cavity sealing ability of composite restorations subjected to thermal stress. An artificial caries technique, using a diffusion controlled acidified gel, was used to create in vitro artificial lesions adjacent to composite restorations. Prior to gel immersion, test specimens were temperature-cycled in a machine designed specifically for this purpose. Examination of control specimens showed little evidence of leakage, the presence of a cavity wall lesion being used as an indication of leakage. Compared to the controls, the test specimens showed either a reduction or no change in leakage pattern. It is suggested that thermal percolation may not be of clinical significance in relation to composite restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:279655", "title": "Undercut reproducibility of functional impression materials (tissue conditioners).", "content": "Impressions of a laboratory model of an edentulous ridge were made with three commercial tissue conditioners (FITT, Hydro-Cast and Coe-Comfort). Combinations of undercut dimensions and tray relief were tested by using three different sized trays with each tissue conditioner. Greater tray relief increased the accuracy of all materials tested; increasing ageing time from 7 to 24 h resulted in little change of accuracy of the stone models poured from the impressions taken.", "contents": "Undercut reproducibility of functional impression materials (tissue conditioners). Impressions of a laboratory model of an edentulous ridge were made with three commercial tissue conditioners (FITT, Hydro-Cast and Coe-Comfort). Combinations of undercut dimensions and tray relief were tested by using three different sized trays with each tissue conditioner. Greater tray relief increased the accuracy of all materials tested; increasing ageing time from 7 to 24 h resulted in little change of accuracy of the stone models poured from the impressions taken."}
{"id": "PMID:279656", "title": "Characterization of hydroxyapatite powders and compacts at room temperature and after sintering at 1200 degrees C.", "content": "Synthetic HAP made in the laboratory as 'synthetic bone' may be a possible replacement or repair material, since the mineral phase of dental hard tissue and bone is essentially hydroxyapatite in form. Hydroxyapatite or modified compositions of HAP appear to offer possibilities as a substitute for the original material provided by nature. A high surface area (70.4 m2/g) commercially available hydroxyapatite (HAP) of poor crystallinity was converted to a highly crystalline HAP through sintering at 1200 degrees C in an atmosphere of steam and nitrogen. Compacts were made of the powdered HAP from 500 to 25,000 psi and sintered under the same conditions. The changes in the resulting pore volumes, pore sizes, pore size distributions, densities, and surface areas of the sintered compacts were determined by mercury porosimetry. A 20-fold reduction in open pore volume for sintered compacts was observed. For compacts made at pressures above 5000 psi, the reduction in open pore volume was compensated for by the formation of closed pore volume. The sintering mechanism was attributed mainly to neck formation, growth between particles, diffusion, and plastic deformation.", "contents": "Characterization of hydroxyapatite powders and compacts at room temperature and after sintering at 1200 degrees C. Synthetic HAP made in the laboratory as 'synthetic bone' may be a possible replacement or repair material, since the mineral phase of dental hard tissue and bone is essentially hydroxyapatite in form. Hydroxyapatite or modified compositions of HAP appear to offer possibilities as a substitute for the original material provided by nature. A high surface area (70.4 m2/g) commercially available hydroxyapatite (HAP) of poor crystallinity was converted to a highly crystalline HAP through sintering at 1200 degrees C in an atmosphere of steam and nitrogen. Compacts were made of the powdered HAP from 500 to 25,000 psi and sintered under the same conditions. The changes in the resulting pore volumes, pore sizes, pore size distributions, densities, and surface areas of the sintered compacts were determined by mercury porosimetry. A 20-fold reduction in open pore volume for sintered compacts was observed. For compacts made at pressures above 5000 psi, the reduction in open pore volume was compensated for by the formation of closed pore volume. The sintering mechanism was attributed mainly to neck formation, growth between particles, diffusion, and plastic deformation."}
{"id": "PMID:279657", "title": "Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus with ligation and indomethacin: a consecutive experience.", "content": "This report summarizes a consecutive experience with 59 preterm infants with clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings of a large patent ductus arteriosus. Thirty-five infants who met defined criteria received indomethacin, and 24 infants underwent PDA ligation. Analysis of the clinical course of these infants revealed no selective indomethacin morbidity and suggests that infants undergoing ligation require more prolonged ventilator therapy with increased exposure to FiO2 greater than or equal to 0.3. Mortality rates between ligated and pharmacologically treated groups were similar. This study documents that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis to constrict and close the PDA in the premature infant is an effective alternative to operative closure.", "contents": "Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus with ligation and indomethacin: a consecutive experience. This report summarizes a consecutive experience with 59 preterm infants with clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic findings of a large patent ductus arteriosus. Thirty-five infants who met defined criteria received indomethacin, and 24 infants underwent PDA ligation. Analysis of the clinical course of these infants revealed no selective indomethacin morbidity and suggests that infants undergoing ligation require more prolonged ventilator therapy with increased exposure to FiO2 greater than or equal to 0.3. Mortality rates between ligated and pharmacologically treated groups were similar. This study documents that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis to constrict and close the PDA in the premature infant is an effective alternative to operative closure."}
{"id": "PMID:279658", "title": "Placement of free gingival grafts on denuded alveolar bone. Part I: clinical evaluations.", "content": "Fourteen patients were examined and determined to lack an adequate zone of attached gingiva in the mandibular incisor region. Each patient was treated on the left side of the mandible by placement of a free gingival graft on denuded bone and 12 of the 14 patients received a free gingival graft on retained periosteum in the right mandibular anterior region. Two patients were treated on the right side by either bone denudation or periosteal bed preparation without graft placement to permit histological evaluation of wound healing under these circumstances. Grafts were retained for time intervals from 1 week to 24 weeks. All patients were evaluated clinically for graft \"take\", graft healing, graft shrinkage, and graft mobility.", "contents": "Placement of free gingival grafts on denuded alveolar bone. Part I: clinical evaluations. Fourteen patients were examined and determined to lack an adequate zone of attached gingiva in the mandibular incisor region. Each patient was treated on the left side of the mandible by placement of a free gingival graft on denuded bone and 12 of the 14 patients received a free gingival graft on retained periosteum in the right mandibular anterior region. Two patients were treated on the right side by either bone denudation or periosteal bed preparation without graft placement to permit histological evaluation of wound healing under these circumstances. Grafts were retained for time intervals from 1 week to 24 weeks. All patients were evaluated clinically for graft \"take\", graft healing, graft shrinkage, and graft mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:279660", "title": "A case report of unusual dental calculus formation.", "content": "A case is presented in which an unusual amount of intraoral calculus was seen in a 59-year-old woman. The deposits completely covered all surfaces of most teeth and extended over the facial and lingual gingivae. The relationship between certain chemical salivary parameters and heavy calculus formers is briefly described.", "contents": "A case report of unusual dental calculus formation. A case is presented in which an unusual amount of intraoral calculus was seen in a 59-year-old woman. The deposits completely covered all surfaces of most teeth and extended over the facial and lingual gingivae. The relationship between certain chemical salivary parameters and heavy calculus formers is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:279661", "title": "The effectiveness of in vivo root planing in removing bacterial endotoxin from the roots of periodontally involved teeth.", "content": "In this study, scaling alone resulted in endotoxin values considerably greater than the values for healthy root surfaces. However, the root-planed Samples contained only about 1 ng more of endotoxin than did the healthy root surfaces. This small difference can be accounted for by the presence of small flecks of calculus left after root planing. Considering that out of a total sample size of 48 surfaces there was only 1 ng difference in the amount of endotoxin between planed teeth and uninvolved teeth, the basic conclusion must be that root planing, as performed in this study, was able to render diseased root surfaces approximately as free of detectable endotoxin as were uninvolved, healthy root surfaces of unerupted teeth.", "contents": "The effectiveness of in vivo root planing in removing bacterial endotoxin from the roots of periodontally involved teeth. In this study, scaling alone resulted in endotoxin values considerably greater than the values for healthy root surfaces. However, the root-planed Samples contained only about 1 ng more of endotoxin than did the healthy root surfaces. This small difference can be accounted for by the presence of small flecks of calculus left after root planing. Considering that out of a total sample size of 48 surfaces there was only 1 ng difference in the amount of endotoxin between planed teeth and uninvolved teeth, the basic conclusion must be that root planing, as performed in this study, was able to render diseased root surfaces approximately as free of detectable endotoxin as were uninvolved, healthy root surfaces of unerupted teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:279662", "title": "Treatment of localized gingival recessions. Part I. Lateral sliding flap.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate biometrically the changes that occur on the recipient as well as on the donor tooth with regard to gingival recession, sulcus depth and width of keratinized gingiva after performing a lateral sliding flap in the treatment of localized denuded roots. Fourteen teeth with gingival recession were treated using a lateral sliding flap. Measurements were recorded preoperatively and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. A mean gain of 2.69 mm of soft tissue coverage over the denuded root was found 6 months postoperatively which represents 69% of coverage. The mean gain in width of keratinized gingiva averaged 3.15 mm. On the donor tooth an average gingival recession of 1.1o mm was found after 6 months, and the width of keratinized gingiva decreased an average of 1.25 mm. Results remained stable after 30 days postsurgery.", "contents": "Treatment of localized gingival recessions. Part I. Lateral sliding flap. This study was undertaken to evaluate biometrically the changes that occur on the recipient as well as on the donor tooth with regard to gingival recession, sulcus depth and width of keratinized gingiva after performing a lateral sliding flap in the treatment of localized denuded roots. Fourteen teeth with gingival recession were treated using a lateral sliding flap. Measurements were recorded preoperatively and 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. A mean gain of 2.69 mm of soft tissue coverage over the denuded root was found 6 months postoperatively which represents 69% of coverage. The mean gain in width of keratinized gingiva averaged 3.15 mm. On the donor tooth an average gingival recession of 1.1o mm was found after 6 months, and the width of keratinized gingiva decreased an average of 1.25 mm. Results remained stable after 30 days postsurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:279663", "title": "Treatment of localized gingival recessions. Part II. Coronally repositioned flap with a free gingival graft.", "content": "Fourteen teeth with localized gingival recessions were treated using a coronally repositioned flap with a free gingival graft (Bernimoulin, 1973). The second step of the procedure was performed 1 month after the free gingival graft was done. Clinical measurements of the recession, sulcus depth and keratinized gingiva were taken preoperatively and at 30, 90 and 180 days after surgery. A mean reduction in the recession of 2.73 mm was obtained after 6 months, which was equivalent to a 64% decrease of the original recession. A significant increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva, averaging 3.27 mm, was found after 6 months. All results remained stable after 30 days postoperatively. The values for gingival recession, sulcus depth and width of keratinized gingiva on the teeth adjacent to the recessions remained unchanged, since they were undisturbed by the procedure.", "contents": "Treatment of localized gingival recessions. Part II. Coronally repositioned flap with a free gingival graft. Fourteen teeth with localized gingival recessions were treated using a coronally repositioned flap with a free gingival graft (Bernimoulin, 1973). The second step of the procedure was performed 1 month after the free gingival graft was done. Clinical measurements of the recession, sulcus depth and keratinized gingiva were taken preoperatively and at 30, 90 and 180 days after surgery. A mean reduction in the recession of 2.73 mm was obtained after 6 months, which was equivalent to a 64% decrease of the original recession. A significant increase in the width of the keratinized gingiva, averaging 3.27 mm, was found after 6 months. All results remained stable after 30 days postoperatively. The values for gingival recession, sulcus depth and width of keratinized gingiva on the teeth adjacent to the recessions remained unchanged, since they were undisturbed by the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:279664", "title": "A comparison of biofeedback and occlusal adjustment on bruxism.", "content": "Within the limits of this study and with the reported assumption that the recorded EMG activity is related to bruxism, the results of this investigation suggest that the effect of biofeedback in reducing EMG activity is more consistent than an occlusal adjustment, possibly due to differences in the cause of the initial heightened EMG activity in the group of subjects studied.", "contents": "A comparison of biofeedback and occlusal adjustment on bruxism. Within the limits of this study and with the reported assumption that the recorded EMG activity is related to bruxism, the results of this investigation suggest that the effect of biofeedback in reducing EMG activity is more consistent than an occlusal adjustment, possibly due to differences in the cause of the initial heightened EMG activity in the group of subjects studied."}
{"id": "PMID:279668", "title": "Evidence for the maintenance of motoneurone properties by muscle activity.", "content": "1. Electrophysiological properties of soleus motoneurones in adult cats were examined with intracellular electrodes following alterations of activity of the soleus muscle induced by transection of the thoracic spinal cord or by conduction block of the muscle nerve with tetrodotoxin (TTX) cuffs. Attempts were also made to maintain muscle activity by daily stimulation of the maintain muscle activity by daily stimulation of the peripheral nerve. 2. Within 8 days after transection of the thoracic cord, soleus motoneurones showed a significant decrease in the duration of afterhyperpolarization following action potentials. This change in motoneurone properties induced by cord transection was prevented by daily stimulation of the sciatic nerve. 3. Soleus motoneurones showed a significant decrease in the duration of after-hyperpolarization within 8 days after conduction block of the soleus nerve with TTX. This change in montoneurone properties was prevented by daily stimulation of the nerve peripheral to the TTX cuff but not central to the cuff. 4. The soleus muscle showed a significant decrease in weight relative to body weight within 8 days after transection of the thoracic cord. This decrease in muscle weight following cord transection was prevented by daily stimulation of the sciatic nerve. 5. No fibrillation was detected in the soleus muscle 8 days after conduction block of the soleus nerve with TTX. The maximum twitch tension of the soleus muscle evoked by nerve stimulation showed no significant difference between the two sides treated and untreated with TTX. Fast axoplasmic transport measured with cholinesterase as a marker was not affected by TTX. Thus, there was no sign of functional although morphological abnormalities were found in some nerve fibres. 6. It is concluded that motoneurone properties in an adult depend partly upon some factors associated with activity of the innervated muscles and that such trophic signals are retrogradely carried by the motor axons.", "contents": "Evidence for the maintenance of motoneurone properties by muscle activity. 1. Electrophysiological properties of soleus motoneurones in adult cats were examined with intracellular electrodes following alterations of activity of the soleus muscle induced by transection of the thoracic spinal cord or by conduction block of the muscle nerve with tetrodotoxin (TTX) cuffs. Attempts were also made to maintain muscle activity by daily stimulation of the maintain muscle activity by daily stimulation of the peripheral nerve. 2. Within 8 days after transection of the thoracic cord, soleus motoneurones showed a significant decrease in the duration of afterhyperpolarization following action potentials. This change in motoneurone properties induced by cord transection was prevented by daily stimulation of the sciatic nerve. 3. Soleus motoneurones showed a significant decrease in the duration of after-hyperpolarization within 8 days after conduction block of the soleus nerve with TTX. This change in montoneurone properties was prevented by daily stimulation of the nerve peripheral to the TTX cuff but not central to the cuff. 4. The soleus muscle showed a significant decrease in weight relative to body weight within 8 days after transection of the thoracic cord. This decrease in muscle weight following cord transection was prevented by daily stimulation of the sciatic nerve. 5. No fibrillation was detected in the soleus muscle 8 days after conduction block of the soleus nerve with TTX. The maximum twitch tension of the soleus muscle evoked by nerve stimulation showed no significant difference between the two sides treated and untreated with TTX. Fast axoplasmic transport measured with cholinesterase as a marker was not affected by TTX. Thus, there was no sign of functional although morphological abnormalities were found in some nerve fibres. 6. It is concluded that motoneurone properties in an adult depend partly upon some factors associated with activity of the innervated muscles and that such trophic signals are retrogradely carried by the motor axons."}
{"id": "PMID:279669", "title": "Disparity of motoneurone and muscle differentiation following spinal transection in the kitten.", "content": "1. The spinal cord of kittens, 3--5 days of age, was transected at the lower thoracic level. Isometric contractions of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles as well as intracellular potentials of their motoneurones were recorded after varying post-operative periods of up to 110 days. Similar observations were made 52--59 days after cord transection in adult cats. 2. In cord-transected kittens, contraction time of the gastrocnemius muscle showed normal development, whereas the soleus muscle failed to maintain slow contraction. In adult cats, cord transection increased the speed of contraction in the soleus muscle without significant changes in contraction times of the gastrocnemius muscle. 3. Soleus motoneurones showed a normal post-natal increase in the duration of afterhyperpolarization (a.h.p.) up to a certain stage (61--71 days in age) following cord  transection. However, the subsequent increase in the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones observed in normal kittens was lacking in cord-transected kittens. It is suggested that soleus motoneurones show two stages of differentiation in terms of the duration of a.h.p. 4. In adult cats, cord transection caused a decrease in the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones approximately to the value observed at the end of the first stage of differentiation in kittens. 5. The duration of a.h.p. of gastrocnemius motoneurones remained virtually unchanged follwoing cord transection in both kittens and adult cats. 6. The positive correlation between the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones and contraction time of the innervated muscle fibres normally observed in kittens and adult cats was absent following cord transection. 7. It was assumed that alteration s in contraction time of the muscle following cord transection are due to virtual elimination of motoneurone discharge and that the duration of a.h.p. reflects the discharge pattern of motoneurones under normal conditions. Based on these assumptions, a possible process for normal post-natal differentiation of motoneurone and muscle is proposed.", "contents": "Disparity of motoneurone and muscle differentiation following spinal transection in the kitten. 1. The spinal cord of kittens, 3--5 days of age, was transected at the lower thoracic level. Isometric contractions of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles as well as intracellular potentials of their motoneurones were recorded after varying post-operative periods of up to 110 days. Similar observations were made 52--59 days after cord transection in adult cats. 2. In cord-transected kittens, contraction time of the gastrocnemius muscle showed normal development, whereas the soleus muscle failed to maintain slow contraction. In adult cats, cord transection increased the speed of contraction in the soleus muscle without significant changes in contraction times of the gastrocnemius muscle. 3. Soleus motoneurones showed a normal post-natal increase in the duration of afterhyperpolarization (a.h.p.) up to a certain stage (61--71 days in age) following cord  transection. However, the subsequent increase in the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones observed in normal kittens was lacking in cord-transected kittens. It is suggested that soleus motoneurones show two stages of differentiation in terms of the duration of a.h.p. 4. In adult cats, cord transection caused a decrease in the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones approximately to the value observed at the end of the first stage of differentiation in kittens. 5. The duration of a.h.p. of gastrocnemius motoneurones remained virtually unchanged follwoing cord transection in both kittens and adult cats. 6. The positive correlation between the duration of a.h.p. of soleus motoneurones and contraction time of the innervated muscle fibres normally observed in kittens and adult cats was absent following cord transection. 7. It was assumed that alteration s in contraction time of the muscle following cord transection are due to virtual elimination of motoneurone discharge and that the duration of a.h.p. reflects the discharge pattern of motoneurones under normal conditions. Based on these assumptions, a possible process for normal post-natal differentiation of motoneurone and muscle is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:279670", "title": "Dental esthetics and the golden proportion.", "content": "A system of esthetic predictions is described that has been used since antiquity. The naturalness of the system is emphasized by showing examples from nature and how artists and designers use it. The application of this system to dental esthetics is facilitated by the description and inclusion of a dental grid for the anterior esthetic segment.", "contents": "Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. A system of esthetic predictions is described that has been used since antiquity. The naturalness of the system is emphasized by showing examples from nature and how artists and designers use it. The application of this system to dental esthetics is facilitated by the description and inclusion of a dental grid for the anterior esthetic segment."}
{"id": "PMID:279671", "title": "Central papillary atrophy of the tongue and denture stomatitis.", "content": "A retrospective study of the epidemiologic data of 4,417 subjects has been undertaken to study the possibility of a link existing between glossal central papillary atrophy (median rhomboid glossitis) and denture stomatitis. Neither the association between glossal central papillary atrophy and denture stomatitis nor the association between glossal central papillary atrophy and denture use was statistically significant. However, the correlation between wearing removable dental prostheses and finding candidal mycelia in smears from these tongue lesions was statistically highly significant. Debilitation caused by general age changes would not appear to predispose to atrophy of the pappillae of the middle portion of the tongue-dorsum.", "contents": "Central papillary atrophy of the tongue and denture stomatitis. A retrospective study of the epidemiologic data of 4,417 subjects has been undertaken to study the possibility of a link existing between glossal central papillary atrophy (median rhomboid glossitis) and denture stomatitis. Neither the association between glossal central papillary atrophy and denture stomatitis nor the association between glossal central papillary atrophy and denture use was statistically significant. However, the correlation between wearing removable dental prostheses and finding candidal mycelia in smears from these tongue lesions was statistically highly significant. Debilitation caused by general age changes would not appear to predispose to atrophy of the pappillae of the middle portion of the tongue-dorsum."}
{"id": "PMID:279672", "title": "A new semiadjustable articulator. Part IV: an investigation of three semiadjustable articulators.", "content": "In this study the compensating angle on the Hanau XP-51 articulator was found to be proportional to the magnitude of the intercondylar distance. Further, eccentric movement of the Hanau 130-7, the Hanau XP-51, and the Whipmix articulators, at the cusp level, followed that displayed by the control articulator when guided by straight condylar elements. For restoration to function harmoniously in the patient's mouth they must be made on an instrument that can accurately reproduce selected movements of the mandible. The choice of articulator depends upon the precision with which the dentist wishes to work. The mechanisms of articulators should be precise, easy to adjust, and simple to understand.", "contents": "A new semiadjustable articulator. Part IV: an investigation of three semiadjustable articulators. In this study the compensating angle on the Hanau XP-51 articulator was found to be proportional to the magnitude of the intercondylar distance. Further, eccentric movement of the Hanau 130-7, the Hanau XP-51, and the Whipmix articulators, at the cusp level, followed that displayed by the control articulator when guided by straight condylar elements. For restoration to function harmoniously in the patient's mouth they must be made on an instrument that can accurately reproduce selected movements of the mandible. The choice of articulator depends upon the precision with which the dentist wishes to work. The mechanisms of articulators should be precise, easy to adjust, and simple to understand."}
{"id": "PMID:279674", "title": "Histologic evaluation of electrosurgery with varying frequency and waveform.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the differences in tissue alteration produced by electrosurgical machines with different carrier frequencies and waveforms. Histologic analysis showed that: 1. The machine with full-wave rectification and the lowest frequency of operation (machine I, 1.7 MHz) produced significantly greater tissue alteration in the superficial tissue layers than the full-wave rectification machines with higher frequencies of operation. 2. The continuous-output waveform produced significantly less tissue alteration in the superficial tissue layers than the modulated type at the same frequency of operation. 3. Histologically, the experimental defect showed a band of coagulation necrosis approximately 50 mu wide along the margin of the incision. Tissue destruction decreased laterally and inferiorly from the surface of the defect. 4. The experimental defect was similar in shape to the physical form of the cutting electrode.", "contents": "Histologic evaluation of electrosurgery with varying frequency and waveform. This investigation was designed to determine the differences in tissue alteration produced by electrosurgical machines with different carrier frequencies and waveforms. Histologic analysis showed that: 1. The machine with full-wave rectification and the lowest frequency of operation (machine I, 1.7 MHz) produced significantly greater tissue alteration in the superficial tissue layers than the full-wave rectification machines with higher frequencies of operation. 2. The continuous-output waveform produced significantly less tissue alteration in the superficial tissue layers than the modulated type at the same frequency of operation. 3. Histologically, the experimental defect showed a band of coagulation necrosis approximately 50 mu wide along the margin of the incision. Tissue destruction decreased laterally and inferiorly from the surface of the defect. 4. The experimental defect was similar in shape to the physical form of the cutting electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:279675", "title": "The use of tongue-depressing stents for neuropathologic chewing.", "content": "Comatose patients may develop a neuropathologic chewing reflex that results in self-inflicted oral trauma. Loss of coordination between the tongue and chewing cycle leads to maceration of the tongue and infection. The use of a tongue-depressing stent can keep the tongue from acting as a bolus and prevent perpetuation of the reflex chewing cycle and resultant self-injury.", "contents": "The use of tongue-depressing stents for neuropathologic chewing. Comatose patients may develop a neuropathologic chewing reflex that results in self-inflicted oral trauma. Loss of coordination between the tongue and chewing cycle leads to maceration of the tongue and infection. The use of a tongue-depressing stent can keep the tongue from acting as a bolus and prevent perpetuation of the reflex chewing cycle and resultant self-injury."}
{"id": "PMID:279679", "title": "Functional occlusal forces: an investigation by telemetry.", "content": "In normal chewing the forces exerted on the occlusal surface seldom exceeded 10 to 15 pounds, as recorded by an eight-channel force transmitter in a removable fixed partial denture. Ninety-five percent of forces were less than 3.5 pounds for subject A, 2.0 pounds for subject B, and 10.0 pounds for subject C. The chewing frequency and the places of maximal force on the occlusal surface were relatively constant. The electromyographic chewing patterns could be considered normal in all circumstances. There was a remarkable statistically significant day-to-day variation in force values. The forces also changed for different kinds of food. The differences between maximum and minimum force values were highest in voluntary, nonfunctional movements.", "contents": "Functional occlusal forces: an investigation by telemetry. In normal chewing the forces exerted on the occlusal surface seldom exceeded 10 to 15 pounds, as recorded by an eight-channel force transmitter in a removable fixed partial denture. Ninety-five percent of forces were less than 3.5 pounds for subject A, 2.0 pounds for subject B, and 10.0 pounds for subject C. The chewing frequency and the places of maximal force on the occlusal surface were relatively constant. The electromyographic chewing patterns could be considered normal in all circumstances. There was a remarkable statistically significant day-to-day variation in force values. The forces also changed for different kinds of food. The differences between maximum and minimum force values were highest in voluntary, nonfunctional movements."}
{"id": "PMID:279680", "title": "Mechanical properties of tissue conditioners. Part II: creep characteristics.", "content": "These static creep characteristics indicate that under functional loads Coe-Comfort could behave satisfactorily as a tissue-conditioning material for periods up to 1 week, particularly for the first 24 hours postinsertion. However, the absence of published data on the tissue loads exerted by dentures in their resting state precludes making judgments as to the absolute efficiency of any of these materials as tissue-conditioning agents. When the present results are considered along with those obtained in an earlier study (Part I), the following general conclusions can be made: 1. Coe-Comfort should exhibit the best tissue-conditioning characteristics of the materials tested. 2. F.I.T.T. should perform as the best functional impression material. 3. Lynal is distinctly different from the other two materials in its mechanical properties. Its much greater stiffness coupled with much lower plasticity precludes a prediction of its relative clinical efficacy.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of tissue conditioners. Part II: creep characteristics. These static creep characteristics indicate that under functional loads Coe-Comfort could behave satisfactorily as a tissue-conditioning material for periods up to 1 week, particularly for the first 24 hours postinsertion. However, the absence of published data on the tissue loads exerted by dentures in their resting state precludes making judgments as to the absolute efficiency of any of these materials as tissue-conditioning agents. When the present results are considered along with those obtained in an earlier study (Part I), the following general conclusions can be made: 1. Coe-Comfort should exhibit the best tissue-conditioning characteristics of the materials tested. 2. F.I.T.T. should perform as the best functional impression material. 3. Lynal is distinctly different from the other two materials in its mechanical properties. Its much greater stiffness coupled with much lower plasticity precludes a prediction of its relative clinical efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:279683", "title": "A self-administered questionnaire--an aid in managing complete denture patients.", "content": "A written self-administered questionnaire aids in treating edentulous patients and greatly reduces the possibility of patient dissatisfaction and medicolegal complications. Twenty-two questions have been presented which are to be answered in writing by the edentulous patient prior to the interview and examination. Such a questionnaire has several advantages31: (1) It saves time for the dentist and reduces the cost of treatment. (2) It quickly identifies problem areas. (3) It provides background information on the patient which is useful during the oral interview. (4) It identifies patients who write more intelligently and openly than they speak. (5) It evaluates neuromuscular coordination through handwriting review. (6) It serves as a reference for postinsertion problems. (7) It has legal merit when properly dated and signed and indicates that maximum diagnostic and therapeutic efforts are intended.", "contents": "A self-administered questionnaire--an aid in managing complete denture patients. A written self-administered questionnaire aids in treating edentulous patients and greatly reduces the possibility of patient dissatisfaction and medicolegal complications. Twenty-two questions have been presented which are to be answered in writing by the edentulous patient prior to the interview and examination. Such a questionnaire has several advantages31: (1) It saves time for the dentist and reduces the cost of treatment. (2) It quickly identifies problem areas. (3) It provides background information on the patient which is useful during the oral interview. (4) It identifies patients who write more intelligently and openly than they speak. (5) It evaluates neuromuscular coordination through handwriting review. (6) It serves as a reference for postinsertion problems. (7) It has legal merit when properly dated and signed and indicates that maximum diagnostic and therapeutic efforts are intended."}
{"id": "PMID:279684", "title": "Etiologic factors in denture sore mouth syndrome.", "content": "A total of 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men, complaining of denture sore mouth was studied. In part I the following investigations were performed: (1) Mechanical factors were evaluated. (2) Temperature was measured beneath the prosthetic denture. (3) Yeast cultures were made. (4) Patch tests with possible allergens were performed on the buccal mucosa and on the skin of the back. In all these investigations there were no significant differences from the results obtained in a control group. In part II the connection between psychological factors and denture sore mouth was explored. Test results of the denture sore mouth group and a matched control group were compared. The obtained data suggest that complaining behavior concerning somatic symptoms in general, on a neurotic base, is a psychological characteristic of denture sore mouth patients.", "contents": "Etiologic factors in denture sore mouth syndrome. A total of 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men, complaining of denture sore mouth was studied. In part I the following investigations were performed: (1) Mechanical factors were evaluated. (2) Temperature was measured beneath the prosthetic denture. (3) Yeast cultures were made. (4) Patch tests with possible allergens were performed on the buccal mucosa and on the skin of the back. In all these investigations there were no significant differences from the results obtained in a control group. In part II the connection between psychological factors and denture sore mouth was explored. Test results of the denture sore mouth group and a matched control group were compared. The obtained data suggest that complaining behavior concerning somatic symptoms in general, on a neurotic base, is a psychological characteristic of denture sore mouth patients."}
{"id": "PMID:279685", "title": "Computer-graphic representation of mandibular movements in three dimensions. Part II: the sagittal and frontal planes.", "content": "Mandibular movements can be represented and viewed graphically in three planes--occlusal (approximately horizontal but variable), sagittoid (approximately sagittal), and frontal. The student of occlusion can vary the settings of the mathematical articulator and observe the three-dimensional changes produced in the interocclusal movement patterns.", "contents": "Computer-graphic representation of mandibular movements in three dimensions. Part II: the sagittal and frontal planes. Mandibular movements can be represented and viewed graphically in three planes--occlusal (approximately horizontal but variable), sagittoid (approximately sagittal), and frontal. The student of occlusion can vary the settings of the mathematical articulator and observe the three-dimensional changes produced in the interocclusal movement patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:279687", "title": "A comparison of properties for zinc phosphate cements mixed on room temperature and frozen slabs.", "content": "The following conclusions may be drawn from this study: 1. More powder may be incorporated into the cement liquid when the cement is mixed on a frozen slab rather than a room temperature slab. 2. A dramatic increase in the working time and decrease in setting time occur with frozen-slab mixes. 3. No statistically significant difference in compressive strength was found for the room temperature and frozen-slab mixes. 4. Solubility and disintegration values for room temperature and frozen-slab mixes of the three cements not containing fluoride were below the maximum limit of ADA Specification No. 8.", "contents": "A comparison of properties for zinc phosphate cements mixed on room temperature and frozen slabs. The following conclusions may be drawn from this study: 1. More powder may be incorporated into the cement liquid when the cement is mixed on a frozen slab rather than a room temperature slab. 2. A dramatic increase in the working time and decrease in setting time occur with frozen-slab mixes. 3. No statistically significant difference in compressive strength was found for the room temperature and frozen-slab mixes. 4. Solubility and disintegration values for room temperature and frozen-slab mixes of the three cements not containing fluoride were below the maximum limit of ADA Specification No. 8."}
{"id": "PMID:279688", "title": "A method for assessing the clinical solubility and disintegration of luting cements.", "content": "A test was designed for evaluating the distintegration of cementing agents in the oral cavity. The cements were placed in small holes located in the proximal surfaces of cast gold restorations so that the materials were not subject to abrasion. Each cement was placed in one hole located occlusally and one located gingivally. Four commercial cements of four different types (zinc phosphate, zinc silicophosphate, polycarboxylate, and EBA-Alumina zinc oxide/eugenol) were tested in 15 patients, and differences were observed in the deterioration rates of the different cements over the 6 month period. The disintegration rate of a given cement was the same in the gingival and occlusal positions. No correlation was observed between the clinical data on loss of material and the solubility of the cements as measured by conventional in vitro tests.", "contents": "A method for assessing the clinical solubility and disintegration of luting cements. A test was designed for evaluating the distintegration of cementing agents in the oral cavity. The cements were placed in small holes located in the proximal surfaces of cast gold restorations so that the materials were not subject to abrasion. Each cement was placed in one hole located occlusally and one located gingivally. Four commercial cements of four different types (zinc phosphate, zinc silicophosphate, polycarboxylate, and EBA-Alumina zinc oxide/eugenol) were tested in 15 patients, and differences were observed in the deterioration rates of the different cements over the 6 month period. The disintegration rate of a given cement was the same in the gingival and occlusal positions. No correlation was observed between the clinical data on loss of material and the solubility of the cements as measured by conventional in vitro tests."}
{"id": "PMID:279689", "title": "Microleakage of several amalgam systems: an animal study.", "content": "Restorations placed without the application of cavity varnish to the cavity walls and the cavosurface angle exhibited significant marginal leakage after 24 hours and 3 months. At the end of 6 months a decrease in leakage was exhibited with all alloys. With the exception of two specimens, restorations placed after coating the cavity walls and the cavo-surface angle with cavity varnish demonstrated slight or no marginal leakage at all time intervals. The results of this study indicate that the marginal leakage of a conventional filing alloy, a conventional spherical alloy, and two high-copper alloys are approximately the same. The corrosion-resistant high-copper alloys showed the same degree of marginal leakage as the conventional alloys. The results of this study agree with those of a previously reported in vitro study on amalgam leakage.", "contents": "Microleakage of several amalgam systems: an animal study. Restorations placed without the application of cavity varnish to the cavity walls and the cavosurface angle exhibited significant marginal leakage after 24 hours and 3 months. At the end of 6 months a decrease in leakage was exhibited with all alloys. With the exception of two specimens, restorations placed after coating the cavity walls and the cavo-surface angle with cavity varnish demonstrated slight or no marginal leakage at all time intervals. The results of this study indicate that the marginal leakage of a conventional filing alloy, a conventional spherical alloy, and two high-copper alloys are approximately the same. The corrosion-resistant high-copper alloys showed the same degree of marginal leakage as the conventional alloys. The results of this study agree with those of a previously reported in vitro study on amalgam leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:279691", "title": "Single-visit hollow obturators for edentulous patients.", "content": "A method of fabricating a simple hollow obturator for edentulous patients was described. This procedure can be accomplished in a single office visit using readily available materials. The use of a relatively long-lasting soft reline material for obturators allows stable, comfortable, and effective obturation for many edentulous patients with recently created maxillary defects (Fig. 6). The hollow prosthesis is lightweight and sufficiently flexible to allow relatively simple placement in retentive undercut regions. Direct finger placement of the material insures complete duplication of all desired tissue undercuts. The soft reline material may also serve as a final impression of the defect when fabrication of the definitive prosthesis is undertaken.", "contents": "Single-visit hollow obturators for edentulous patients. A method of fabricating a simple hollow obturator for edentulous patients was described. This procedure can be accomplished in a single office visit using readily available materials. The use of a relatively long-lasting soft reline material for obturators allows stable, comfortable, and effective obturation for many edentulous patients with recently created maxillary defects (Fig. 6). The hollow prosthesis is lightweight and sufficiently flexible to allow relatively simple placement in retentive undercut regions. Direct finger placement of the material insures complete duplication of all desired tissue undercuts. The soft reline material may also serve as a final impression of the defect when fabrication of the definitive prosthesis is undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:279693", "title": "Facial pains and anxiety levels: considerations for treatment.", "content": "The data presented in this article question the traditional beliefs in the dental literature about the relationship between facial pain and anxiety. The findings have important implications for treating individuals with any of the IFP syndromes.", "contents": "Facial pains and anxiety levels: considerations for treatment. The data presented in this article question the traditional beliefs in the dental literature about the relationship between facial pain and anxiety. The findings have important implications for treating individuals with any of the IFP syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:279694", "title": "Myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Of the 127 patients treated for MPDS over a 30 month period, only six patients did not make at least a 90% recovery within 3 to 4 months. In most instances a spectacular degree of success was achieved within 2 to 3 weeks. Ten percent of the patients who were treated had had symptoms of the MPDS for a period longer than 5 years. These patients are usually more difficult to treat, and should receive extra attention. In patients with a long-standing history of MPDS it is advisable to apply all seven phases of treatment.", "contents": "Myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. Of the 127 patients treated for MPDS over a 30 month period, only six patients did not make at least a 90% recovery within 3 to 4 months. In most instances a spectacular degree of success was achieved within 2 to 3 weeks. Ten percent of the patients who were treated had had symptoms of the MPDS for a period longer than 5 years. These patients are usually more difficult to treat, and should receive extra attention. In patients with a long-standing history of MPDS it is advisable to apply all seven phases of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:279695", "title": "An evaluation of mandibular border movements: their character and significance.", "content": "1. A comparison of protrusive and lateral condylar border movement pathways of 163 subjects revealed considerable similarity when the frequency of 80% of the pathways was compared with the average pathway. 2. A description of the pathways of posterior cusps during lateral contact gliding movement must consider three simultaneously acting guidance factors: (1) the nonworking condyle pathway, (2) the amount of Bennett movement or the working-side condyle displacement, and (3) the anterior guidance or working-side tooth contacts. 3. A Bennett movement of 2.5 to 3.5 mm caused a dramatic flattening of lateral movement pathways of the molar cusp as seen in the frontal plane. The steepness of neither the anterior guidance nor the nonworking condylar pathway had much influence on the molar cusp pathway in the presence of this excessive Bennett movement. 4. Viewed in the horizontal plane, excessive Bennett movement contributed to the greatest potential for collisions of molar cusps during lateral movements. This phenomenon was more pronounced on the nonworking side. 5. When the Bennett movement was 0.75 mm or less the tracing in the frontal plane showed that the 40-degree anterior guidance became the dominant influence over molar cusp lateral movement pathways.", "contents": "An evaluation of mandibular border movements: their character and significance. 1. A comparison of protrusive and lateral condylar border movement pathways of 163 subjects revealed considerable similarity when the frequency of 80% of the pathways was compared with the average pathway. 2. A description of the pathways of posterior cusps during lateral contact gliding movement must consider three simultaneously acting guidance factors: (1) the nonworking condyle pathway, (2) the amount of Bennett movement or the working-side condyle displacement, and (3) the anterior guidance or working-side tooth contacts. 3. A Bennett movement of 2.5 to 3.5 mm caused a dramatic flattening of lateral movement pathways of the molar cusp as seen in the frontal plane. The steepness of neither the anterior guidance nor the nonworking condylar pathway had much influence on the molar cusp pathway in the presence of this excessive Bennett movement. 4. Viewed in the horizontal plane, excessive Bennett movement contributed to the greatest potential for collisions of molar cusps during lateral movements. This phenomenon was more pronounced on the nonworking side. 5. When the Bennett movement was 0.75 mm or less the tracing in the frontal plane showed that the 40-degree anterior guidance became the dominant influence over molar cusp lateral movement pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:279696", "title": "Clinical evaluation of cement solubility.", "content": "This study evaluated a method of comparing the in vivo solubility of permanent luting cements. The cements were carried in crypts placed in complete dentures. A vented cover allowed for free access of fluids. Nine cements were evaluated, and cement loss was measured at 6 months. The glass ionomer (at two powder-liquid ratios) and silicophosphate cements demonstrated an approximately equal amount of solubility, which was less than for the other cements tested. The results of this study are in fairly close agreement with two previously published studies on the clinical solubility of cements.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of cement solubility. This study evaluated a method of comparing the in vivo solubility of permanent luting cements. The cements were carried in crypts placed in complete dentures. A vented cover allowed for free access of fluids. Nine cements were evaluated, and cement loss was measured at 6 months. The glass ionomer (at two powder-liquid ratios) and silicophosphate cements demonstrated an approximately equal amount of solubility, which was less than for the other cements tested. The results of this study are in fairly close agreement with two previously published studies on the clinical solubility of cements."}
{"id": "PMID:279697", "title": "Intraoral photographic survey.", "content": "A standardized nine-view photographic survey is presented (Fig. 12). Equipment, position of patient and photographer, placement of mirror and retractors, and position of the light source are described. The interest in and value of photographic documentation has increased, and a standardized survey offers many legal, organizational, and educational advantages.", "contents": "Intraoral photographic survey. A standardized nine-view photographic survey is presented (Fig. 12). Equipment, position of patient and photographer, placement of mirror and retractors, and position of the light source are described. The interest in and value of photographic documentation has increased, and a standardized survey offers many legal, organizational, and educational advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:279698", "title": "Occlusal splint fabrication.", "content": "Occlusal splints are useful in the treatment of occlusal and temporomandibular joint problems. Occasionally a patient is in a state of discomfort that requires immediate attention. This technique allows for the rapid and effective fabrication of an occlusal splint in the dental office.", "contents": "Occlusal splint fabrication. Occlusal splints are useful in the treatment of occlusal and temporomandibular joint problems. Occasionally a patient is in a state of discomfort that requires immediate attention. This technique allows for the rapid and effective fabrication of an occlusal splint in the dental office."}
{"id": "PMID:279699", "title": "Modifying tray materials to improve working qualities.", "content": "A detergent solution incorporated to tray materials during their preparation period increases their plastic period and allows the necessary time for the making of well-adapted custom trays.", "contents": "Modifying tray materials to improve working qualities. A detergent solution incorporated to tray materials during their preparation period increases their plastic period and allows the necessary time for the making of well-adapted custom trays."}
{"id": "PMID:279705", "title": "Dental assistant evaluation index: a technic to evaluate the work performance of Indian Health Service dental assistants.", "content": "1. The DAEI appears to be a useful instrument to evaluate dental assistant students in a reliable, uniform manner for the \"core\" dental assistant activities. 2. Calibration of the supervisors will be needed if the evaluation data are to be used on comparative bases from clinic to clinic or area to area. 3. Further study is needed to confirm the reliability and to establish the validity of the index. The current study should be considered an initial effort that should be continuously modified to maximize its usefulness. 4. Further study is needed to ascertain whether there is a real difference in the way dental auxiliaries view their job as compared to dentists. 5. Scores for dental assistants cannot be indiscriminately compared in a meaningful manner between auxiliaries at different locations. Even within a facility, caution should be applied before making conclusions based upon comparative scores. 6. The use of the DAEI for assessing the quality of the Dental Assistant Training Center was not adequately evaluated. The index may have this potential, but more study is required before it will be clear as to how the index might apply.", "contents": "Dental assistant evaluation index: a technic to evaluate the work performance of Indian Health Service dental assistants. 1. The DAEI appears to be a useful instrument to evaluate dental assistant students in a reliable, uniform manner for the \"core\" dental assistant activities. 2. Calibration of the supervisors will be needed if the evaluation data are to be used on comparative bases from clinic to clinic or area to area. 3. Further study is needed to confirm the reliability and to establish the validity of the index. The current study should be considered an initial effort that should be continuously modified to maximize its usefulness. 4. Further study is needed to ascertain whether there is a real difference in the way dental auxiliaries view their job as compared to dentists. 5. Scores for dental assistants cannot be indiscriminately compared in a meaningful manner between auxiliaries at different locations. Even within a facility, caution should be applied before making conclusions based upon comparative scores. 6. The use of the DAEI for assessing the quality of the Dental Assistant Training Center was not adequately evaluated. The index may have this potential, but more study is required before it will be clear as to how the index might apply."}
{"id": "PMID:279706", "title": "The inclusion of capitation reimbursement in solo practice.", "content": "Capitation reimbursement has been an integral part of prepaid group practices in both medicine and dentistry, and claims have been made for its ability to influence the delivery of services favorably. Experts have suggested that if capitation is implemented, more preventive care will be provided, more diagnostic services will be provided, there will be better continuity of care, utilization of high-cost services will be reduced, and clinical outcome will be improved. This study focused on the dominant mode of practice in dentistry, the general, solo practitioner, to determine if these contentions held. A sample of 245 patients whose care was paid for by a capitation mechanism was matched to a sample of 245 similar patients whose care was paid for on a standard fee-for-service basis--all from three dentists' practices. All services in all years of care for each patient were analyzed. It was determined that the rate of restorations was lower, while rates of diagnostic testing and prophylaxis were higher for capitation patients. Continuity was also better under capitation, but rates of extractions were virtually identical for the two groups.", "contents": "The inclusion of capitation reimbursement in solo practice. Capitation reimbursement has been an integral part of prepaid group practices in both medicine and dentistry, and claims have been made for its ability to influence the delivery of services favorably. Experts have suggested that if capitation is implemented, more preventive care will be provided, more diagnostic services will be provided, there will be better continuity of care, utilization of high-cost services will be reduced, and clinical outcome will be improved. This study focused on the dominant mode of practice in dentistry, the general, solo practitioner, to determine if these contentions held. A sample of 245 patients whose care was paid for by a capitation mechanism was matched to a sample of 245 similar patients whose care was paid for on a standard fee-for-service basis--all from three dentists' practices. All services in all years of care for each patient were analyzed. It was determined that the rate of restorations was lower, while rates of diagnostic testing and prophylaxis were higher for capitation patients. Continuity was also better under capitation, but rates of extractions were virtually identical for the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:279707", "title": "Geographic patterns of bladder cancer in the United States.", "content": "Age-adjusted rates of mortality during 1950-69 from bladder cancer were correlated with demographic and industrial indexes for the 3,056 counties of the contiguous United States. Rates among whites and nonwhites of both sexes rose sharply with urbanization. A small but positive socioeconomic gradient was observed, and mortality was slightly higher among males in counties with high percentages of British and German residents. Even after controlling for demographic variables, the Northeastern excess of bladder cancer among whites was sizable, whereas the regional differences among nonwhites were small. The high rates in the Northeast were seen in both sexes and in rural as well as urban areas, with mortality in small counties in upstate New York and New England equaling or exceeding those in large metropolitan centers elsewhere in the country. Outside the Northeast, high rates were generally limited to urban areas, but clusters of elevated mortality occurred among white males along the Illinois-Wisconsin border, in parts of lower Michigan, and in southern Louisiana. Industrial factors may explain at least part of the geographic clustering, inasmuch as rates among males were significantly higher in U.S. counties where the chemical industry is heavily concentrated. Increases were also associated with the printing industry, but correlations with 16 other major manufacturing industries were near or below expected levels.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of bladder cancer in the United States. Age-adjusted rates of mortality during 1950-69 from bladder cancer were correlated with demographic and industrial indexes for the 3,056 counties of the contiguous United States. Rates among whites and nonwhites of both sexes rose sharply with urbanization. A small but positive socioeconomic gradient was observed, and mortality was slightly higher among males in counties with high percentages of British and German residents. Even after controlling for demographic variables, the Northeastern excess of bladder cancer among whites was sizable, whereas the regional differences among nonwhites were small. The high rates in the Northeast were seen in both sexes and in rural as well as urban areas, with mortality in small counties in upstate New York and New England equaling or exceeding those in large metropolitan centers elsewhere in the country. Outside the Northeast, high rates were generally limited to urban areas, but clusters of elevated mortality occurred among white males along the Illinois-Wisconsin border, in parts of lower Michigan, and in southern Louisiana. Industrial factors may explain at least part of the geographic clustering, inasmuch as rates among males were significantly higher in U.S. counties where the chemical industry is heavily concentrated. Increases were also associated with the printing industry, but correlations with 16 other major manufacturing industries were near or below expected levels."}
{"id": "PMID:279709", "title": "Increased risk of brain tumors in children exposed to barbiturates.", "content": "The possible etiologic role of barbiturates in the development of brain tumors in children was examined. Interviews were conducted with mothers of children with brain tumors and results compared with those from interviews with mothers of normal children and mothers of children with other cancers. Mothers of children with brain tumors more frequently reported having used barbiturates during their pregnancy with the index child than did mothers of normal children or mothers of children with other cancers. In addition, more children with brain tumors were reported to have used barbiturates than were normal children or children with other malignant diseases, with most of such uses appearing to be unrelated to symptoms resulting from the brain tumor itself. The results suggested that barbiturates may play an etiologic role, and it is estimated that as many as 8% of brain tumors in children may be attributable to use of barbiturates either by the child or prenatally by the mother.", "contents": "Increased risk of brain tumors in children exposed to barbiturates. The possible etiologic role of barbiturates in the development of brain tumors in children was examined. Interviews were conducted with mothers of children with brain tumors and results compared with those from interviews with mothers of normal children and mothers of children with other cancers. Mothers of children with brain tumors more frequently reported having used barbiturates during their pregnancy with the index child than did mothers of normal children or mothers of children with other cancers. In addition, more children with brain tumors were reported to have used barbiturates than were normal children or children with other malignant diseases, with most of such uses appearing to be unrelated to symptoms resulting from the brain tumor itself. The results suggested that barbiturates may play an etiologic role, and it is estimated that as many as 8% of brain tumors in children may be attributable to use of barbiturates either by the child or prenatally by the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:279710", "title": "Cancer mortality and morbidity among rubber workers.", "content": "Mortality and morbidity from cancer among a cohort of 13,570 white male rubber workers were examined. Each man worked for at least 5 years at the Akron, Ohio, plant of the B. F. Goodrich Company. The potential period of follow-up was from January 1, 1940 to June 30, 1976. Departmental work histories were based primarily on records maintained by Local no. 5, United Rubber Workers. The occurrence of cancer was measured by death certificates and by a survey of Akron-area hospital tumor registries from 1964 to 1974. Two types of analyses were made: 1) an external comparison of mortality rates of rubber workers versus rates of U.S. white males, and 2) an internal comparison of cancer morbidity rates among persons who were employed in various work areas of the plant. Excess cases of specific cancers (observed/expected numbers) among workers in specific work areas included: stomach and intestine: rubber making (30/14.4); lung: tire curing (31/14.1), fuel cells and/or deicers (46/29.1); bladder: chemical plant (6/2.4), and tire building (16/10.7); skin cancer: tire assembly (12/1.9); brain cancer: tire assembly (8/2.0); lymphatic cancer: tire building (8/3.2); and leukemia: calendering (8/2.2), tire curing (8/2.6), tire building (12/7.5), elevators (4/1.4), tubes (4/1.6), and rubber fabrics (4/1.1). Agents that may be responsible for these excesses were considered.", "contents": "Cancer mortality and morbidity among rubber workers. Mortality and morbidity from cancer among a cohort of 13,570 white male rubber workers were examined. Each man worked for at least 5 years at the Akron, Ohio, plant of the B. F. Goodrich Company. The potential period of follow-up was from January 1, 1940 to June 30, 1976. Departmental work histories were based primarily on records maintained by Local no. 5, United Rubber Workers. The occurrence of cancer was measured by death certificates and by a survey of Akron-area hospital tumor registries from 1964 to 1974. Two types of analyses were made: 1) an external comparison of mortality rates of rubber workers versus rates of U.S. white males, and 2) an internal comparison of cancer morbidity rates among persons who were employed in various work areas of the plant. Excess cases of specific cancers (observed/expected numbers) among workers in specific work areas included: stomach and intestine: rubber making (30/14.4); lung: tire curing (31/14.1), fuel cells and/or deicers (46/29.1); bladder: chemical plant (6/2.4), and tire building (16/10.7); skin cancer: tire assembly (12/1.9); brain cancer: tire assembly (8/2.0); lymphatic cancer: tire building (8/3.2); and leukemia: calendering (8/2.2), tire curing (8/2.6), tire building (12/7.5), elevators (4/1.4), tubes (4/1.6), and rubber fabrics (4/1.1). Agents that may be responsible for these excesses were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:279711", "title": "Relation between component parts of fibrocystic disease complex and breast cancer.", "content": "Specimens of benign breast disease obtained from biopsies performed at Vanderbilt Hospital (Nashville, Tenn.) between 1952 and 1959 were histologically reviewed and characterized as to individual component types of fibrocystic disease. Follow-up for information regarding breast cancer development was 94% successful. Carcinoma developed more often when epithelial proliferative lesions were present. Atypical lobular hyperplasia had a greater predictive value than other epithelial lesions and was associated with an elevated risk six times that expected prior to the age of 45 years and a tripling of risk after the age of 45 years. Various ductal hyperplastic lesions are associated with approximately a doubly increased risk that is present only if the lesions are identified at biopsy after the age of 45 years. Women with cysts, sclerosing adenosis, fibrosis, and other nonhyperplastic changes were at no greater risk for subsequent carcinoma than women in the general population.", "contents": "Relation between component parts of fibrocystic disease complex and breast cancer. Specimens of benign breast disease obtained from biopsies performed at Vanderbilt Hospital (Nashville, Tenn.) between 1952 and 1959 were histologically reviewed and characterized as to individual component types of fibrocystic disease. Follow-up for information regarding breast cancer development was 94% successful. Carcinoma developed more often when epithelial proliferative lesions were present. Atypical lobular hyperplasia had a greater predictive value than other epithelial lesions and was associated with an elevated risk six times that expected prior to the age of 45 years and a tripling of risk after the age of 45 years. Various ductal hyperplastic lesions are associated with approximately a doubly increased risk that is present only if the lesions are identified at biopsy after the age of 45 years. Women with cysts, sclerosing adenosis, fibrosis, and other nonhyperplastic changes were at no greater risk for subsequent carcinoma than women in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:279712", "title": "Cell-mediated responses in dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. I. Detection of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the chromium-51 release assay.", "content": "A series of 43 dogs with spontaneous melanomas, sarcomas, or mammary carcinomas were tested for peripheral blood lymphocytotoxicity against a range of allogeneic tumor cells in vitro on one or more occasions during therapy. All tumor-bearer groups contained a proportion of dogs showing a significant 51Cr release with increasing effector-to-target cell ratios. However, cytotoxicity was not restricted for target cells of the same histologic type as that of the effector cell donor. Some unrelated target cells more sensitive to nonspecific effects showed a greater cytotoxicity in some instances. Control effector cells from healthy dogs were nonspecifically cytotoxic for a range of tumor target cells in a similar proportion of instances. Short-term cultures of autochthonous tumor target cells were resistant to lysis in the 51Cr release assay. The findings did not provide evidence for the existence of specific tumor antigens operative to allogeneic 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays.", "contents": "Cell-mediated responses in dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. I. Detection of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the chromium-51 release assay. A series of 43 dogs with spontaneous melanomas, sarcomas, or mammary carcinomas were tested for peripheral blood lymphocytotoxicity against a range of allogeneic tumor cells in vitro on one or more occasions during therapy. All tumor-bearer groups contained a proportion of dogs showing a significant 51Cr release with increasing effector-to-target cell ratios. However, cytotoxicity was not restricted for target cells of the same histologic type as that of the effector cell donor. Some unrelated target cells more sensitive to nonspecific effects showed a greater cytotoxicity in some instances. Control effector cells from healthy dogs were nonspecifically cytotoxic for a range of tumor target cells in a similar proportion of instances. Short-term cultures of autochthonous tumor target cells were resistant to lysis in the 51Cr release assay. The findings did not provide evidence for the existence of specific tumor antigens operative to allogeneic 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays."}
{"id": "PMID:279713", "title": "Cell-mediated responses in dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. II. Detection by direct leukocyte migration inhibition technique.", "content": "A series of 39 dogs bearing spontaneous mammary carcinomas or melanomas were tested for tumor-directed immune response against allogeneic Formalin-treated tumor cells. The immune response was assessed by the direct leukocyte migration inhibition technique. Comparison of leukocytes from tumor bearers and healthy donors by chi-square analysis showed no statistical difference between the groups. The findings did not provide evidence for the existence of specific tumor antigens in the dog.", "contents": "Cell-mediated responses in dogs with spontaneous neoplasms. II. Detection by direct leukocyte migration inhibition technique. A series of 39 dogs bearing spontaneous mammary carcinomas or melanomas were tested for tumor-directed immune response against allogeneic Formalin-treated tumor cells. The immune response was assessed by the direct leukocyte migration inhibition technique. Comparison of leukocytes from tumor bearers and healthy donors by chi-square analysis showed no statistical difference between the groups. The findings did not provide evidence for the existence of specific tumor antigens in the dog."}
{"id": "PMID:279714", "title": "Degradation of cell-bound antibodies by tumor cells from C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "A kinetic study of the disappearance of sensitizing antibody from metabolizing EL 4 cells in C57BL/6 mice revealed that this disappearance was at least partly due to the degradation of the antibody into dialyzable products. The degradation took place at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, and occurred on or inside the cell. The process was specific inasmuch as only those IgG molecules that could bind to the cells were degraded, whereas unrelated third-party antibodies present in the culture medium remained intact. Although nonmalignant cells also have the capacity to degrade cell-bound antibodies, possibly the degradation of proteinaceous structures on antitumor effector mechanisms is, in part, responsible for decreased antitumor immunity.", "contents": "Degradation of cell-bound antibodies by tumor cells from C57BL/6 mice. A kinetic study of the disappearance of sensitizing antibody from metabolizing EL 4 cells in C57BL/6 mice revealed that this disappearance was at least partly due to the degradation of the antibody into dialyzable products. The degradation took place at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, and occurred on or inside the cell. The process was specific inasmuch as only those IgG molecules that could bind to the cells were degraded, whereas unrelated third-party antibodies present in the culture medium remained intact. Although nonmalignant cells also have the capacity to degrade cell-bound antibodies, possibly the degradation of proteinaceous structures on antitumor effector mechanisms is, in part, responsible for decreased antitumor immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:279715", "title": "Antibody-dependent lysis of tumor cells in vivo. I. Early lysis of tumor cells.", "content": "Possible mechanisms of in vivo killing of tumor cells by antibody (Ab) were explored in a model in which Ab suppresses tumor growth in mice. A proportion of tumor cells injected into the peritoneal cavities of complement-deficient A/J mice was lysed within 30 minutes in the presence of anti-tumor cell Ab as demonstrated by the release of 51Cr in vivo. Experiments in which [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells were used showed that most tumor cells did not leave the injection site and that lysis occurred inside the peritoneal cavity. In addition, a proportion of the remaining sensitized tumor cells was significantly damaged, as shown by their decreased resistance to osmotic lysis. Morphologic studies ruled out phagocytosis of tumor cells as a mechanism of major significance. Tumor cell damage but not tumor cell lysis could also be induced in vitro with Ab and normal peritoneal cells. These results provided direct evidence of primary cytolysis induced by Ab in vivo, though other concomitant cytotoxic mechanisms may also take place in this model.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent lysis of tumor cells in vivo. I. Early lysis of tumor cells. Possible mechanisms of in vivo killing of tumor cells by antibody (Ab) were explored in a model in which Ab suppresses tumor growth in mice. A proportion of tumor cells injected into the peritoneal cavities of complement-deficient A/J mice was lysed within 30 minutes in the presence of anti-tumor cell Ab as demonstrated by the release of 51Cr in vivo. Experiments in which [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells were used showed that most tumor cells did not leave the injection site and that lysis occurred inside the peritoneal cavity. In addition, a proportion of the remaining sensitized tumor cells was significantly damaged, as shown by their decreased resistance to osmotic lysis. Morphologic studies ruled out phagocytosis of tumor cells as a mechanism of major significance. Tumor cell damage but not tumor cell lysis could also be induced in vitro with Ab and normal peritoneal cells. These results provided direct evidence of primary cytolysis induced by Ab in vivo, though other concomitant cytotoxic mechanisms may also take place in this model."}
{"id": "PMID:279716", "title": "Effect of colostomy on intestinal carcinogenesis by methylazoxymethanol acetate in rats.", "content": "The effect of the fecal stream on the induction of intestinal tumors was studied in 3 groups of SD rats. Rats in group 1 were subjected to single-barreled colostomies for the complete exclusion of the fecal stream at the proximal one-third level of the colons and were given consecutive iv injections of methylazoxymethanol acetate. Rats in group 2 were given methylazoxymethanol acetate alone. Rats in group 3 were not treated and served as controls. Tumors were noted in the small and large intestines of almost all rats in both groups 1 and 2. Even animals with single-barreled colostomies frequently developed tumors in the colon distal to the colostomy where the mucosa did not have contact with the fecal stream. These results indicated that carcinogens could probably reach the intestinal mucosa via the vascular system as well as by biliary transport.", "contents": "Effect of colostomy on intestinal carcinogenesis by methylazoxymethanol acetate in rats. The effect of the fecal stream on the induction of intestinal tumors was studied in 3 groups of SD rats. Rats in group 1 were subjected to single-barreled colostomies for the complete exclusion of the fecal stream at the proximal one-third level of the colons and were given consecutive iv injections of methylazoxymethanol acetate. Rats in group 2 were given methylazoxymethanol acetate alone. Rats in group 3 were not treated and served as controls. Tumors were noted in the small and large intestines of almost all rats in both groups 1 and 2. Even animals with single-barreled colostomies frequently developed tumors in the colon distal to the colostomy where the mucosa did not have contact with the fecal stream. These results indicated that carcinogens could probably reach the intestinal mucosa via the vascular system as well as by biliary transport."}
{"id": "PMID:279796", "title": "[Acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease. A contribution to the problem of secondary tumors].", "content": "Acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease: A contribution to the problem of second malignancies. The occurence of a therapy resistant acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment (operation, radiotherapy, polychemotherapy) of Hodgkin's disease is described. While this second malignancy was rarely seen in the era of minimal or no therapy of Hodgkin's disease, it is nowadays described more often. The possible causes of this second malignant tumor are discussed. Although modern therapy of Hodgkin's disease should not be abandoned from fear of second malignancies, any change in primary treatment must consider not only acute toxicity but also the occurence of late second malignant tumors. Long term follow-up of all patients treated with radiotherapy and/or polychemotherapy is necessary.", "contents": "[Acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease. A contribution to the problem of secondary tumors]. Acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease: A contribution to the problem of second malignancies. The occurence of a therapy resistant acute myelogenous leukemia 11 years after successful treatment (operation, radiotherapy, polychemotherapy) of Hodgkin's disease is described. While this second malignancy was rarely seen in the era of minimal or no therapy of Hodgkin's disease, it is nowadays described more often. The possible causes of this second malignant tumor are discussed. Although modern therapy of Hodgkin's disease should not be abandoned from fear of second malignancies, any change in primary treatment must consider not only acute toxicity but also the occurence of late second malignant tumors. Long term follow-up of all patients treated with radiotherapy and/or polychemotherapy is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:279852", "title": "The management of hyperkinetic children: a trial of dietary therapy.", "content": "The standard techniques in the management of hyperkinetic children are not uniformly successful. Recently, there has been considerable interest in dietary therapy. The diet, low in artificial colours, and flavours and in naturally occurring salicylates has been adapted for use in New Zealand. Ten hyperkinetic children have been treated with the diet, five of whom improved dramatically and are now off all other therapy. Their response to accidental and deliberate challenge supports the hypothesis that the dietary regime described has been responsible for their improvement.", "contents": "The management of hyperkinetic children: a trial of dietary therapy. The standard techniques in the management of hyperkinetic children are not uniformly successful. Recently, there has been considerable interest in dietary therapy. The diet, low in artificial colours, and flavours and in naturally occurring salicylates has been adapted for use in New Zealand. Ten hyperkinetic children have been treated with the diet, five of whom improved dramatically and are now off all other therapy. Their response to accidental and deliberate challenge supports the hypothesis that the dietary regime described has been responsible for their improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:279853", "title": "Clinical use of cefoxitin, a new semisynthetic cephamycin.", "content": "Cefoxitin, a new semi-synthetic cephamycin, has been studied in the treatment of patients with a variety of infections. Included have been a number of patients who have impaired renal function. The drug proved to be effective in treating gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic infections, and can be given by the intravenous or intramuscular route. Adverse effects occurred in six of 34 patients. These were not usually serious. The presence of renal failure did not interfere significantly with the efficacy of cefoxitin in treating urinary tract infection and it is considered, in contrast to the aminoglycosides, that this preparation can be used successfully without the necessity for measuring blood or urine levels in patients with reduced or unknown renal function.", "contents": "Clinical use of cefoxitin, a new semisynthetic cephamycin. Cefoxitin, a new semi-synthetic cephamycin, has been studied in the treatment of patients with a variety of infections. Included have been a number of patients who have impaired renal function. The drug proved to be effective in treating gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic infections, and can be given by the intravenous or intramuscular route. Adverse effects occurred in six of 34 patients. These were not usually serious. The presence of renal failure did not interfere significantly with the efficacy of cefoxitin in treating urinary tract infection and it is considered, in contrast to the aminoglycosides, that this preparation can be used successfully without the necessity for measuring blood or urine levels in patients with reduced or unknown renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:279890", "title": "[Testing the hemalog D in a hematology department of a general hospital in Paris (author's transl)].", "content": "Europe's firs Hemalog D was installed in the Hematology Laboratory of the Franco-Musulman Hospital at Bobigny, just outside Paris, in March 1975. The authors' experience with the apparatus since that date has enabled them to analyze the significance of \"alarms\", \"high peroxidase\", \"large unstained cells\", \"remainder\" and \"low rate\" in patients with and without hematologic disorders. On the basis of these results it has been possible to define the fate of the various blood cells in the Hemalog D, the role of the apparatus in the ivestigation of hematologic disorders and the type of \"cooperation\" between the hematologist and the Hemalog D.", "contents": "[Testing the hemalog D in a hematology department of a general hospital in Paris (author's transl)]. Europe's firs Hemalog D was installed in the Hematology Laboratory of the Franco-Musulman Hospital at Bobigny, just outside Paris, in March 1975. The authors' experience with the apparatus since that date has enabled them to analyze the significance of \"alarms\", \"high peroxidase\", \"large unstained cells\", \"remainder\" and \"low rate\" in patients with and without hematologic disorders. On the basis of these results it has been possible to define the fate of the various blood cells in the Hemalog D, the role of the apparatus in the ivestigation of hematologic disorders and the type of \"cooperation\" between the hematologist and the Hemalog D."}
{"id": "PMID:279891", "title": "The significance of leukemic cell volume distribution.", "content": "The use of electronic pulse spectroscopy to determine the volume distribution of a white blood cell fraction isolated by sedimentation from anticoagulated whole blood permits a rapid quantitative measure of size and dispersion of white blood cells in suspension. In patients without apparent hematologic diseases the white cell volume distribution presents as a broad peak. In patients with a large percentage of circulatory malignant cells, a single narrow volume peak is observed in acute leukemias and a broad and sometimes bimodal curve is observed in chronic leukemias. The volume of the leukemic cells is observed to shift in vivo after the start of effective chemotherapy as was predicted on the basis of a tissue culture model. The prognostic significance of the white cell volume distribution in leukemia and the use of a shift in size of leukemic cells after the start of therapy as a means of monitoring therapy are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of leukemic cell volume distribution. The use of electronic pulse spectroscopy to determine the volume distribution of a white blood cell fraction isolated by sedimentation from anticoagulated whole blood permits a rapid quantitative measure of size and dispersion of white blood cells in suspension. In patients without apparent hematologic diseases the white cell volume distribution presents as a broad peak. In patients with a large percentage of circulatory malignant cells, a single narrow volume peak is observed in acute leukemias and a broad and sometimes bimodal curve is observed in chronic leukemias. The volume of the leukemic cells is observed to shift in vivo after the start of effective chemotherapy as was predicted on the basis of a tissue culture model. The prognostic significance of the white cell volume distribution in leukemia and the use of a shift in size of leukemic cells after the start of therapy as a means of monitoring therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279898", "title": "Dose-response curves and competing risks.", "content": "Points of the underlying dose-response curve of a lethal response or group of lethal responses induced by varying doses of a toxicant in a homogeneous population can be estimated from knowledge of the time of occurrence for all responses if the response(s) of interest is (are) statistically independent from the other competing responses (risks). In the case of statistical dependence, only tight upper and lower bounds can be established within which the points of the dose-response curve have to lie. These bounds for the response(s) of interest are far apart if the frequency of occurrence of the competing response(s) is large. In such situations, the shape of the underlying dose-response curve is only suggested by the imaginary band connecting the estimated bounds. The estimation procedures for both cases are illustrated with data from an experiment in which beagles received injections of 239Pu.", "contents": "Dose-response curves and competing risks. Points of the underlying dose-response curve of a lethal response or group of lethal responses induced by varying doses of a toxicant in a homogeneous population can be estimated from knowledge of the time of occurrence for all responses if the response(s) of interest is (are) statistically independent from the other competing responses (risks). In the case of statistical dependence, only tight upper and lower bounds can be established within which the points of the dose-response curve have to lie. These bounds for the response(s) of interest are far apart if the frequency of occurrence of the competing response(s) is large. In such situations, the shape of the underlying dose-response curve is only suggested by the imaginary band connecting the estimated bounds. The estimation procedures for both cases are illustrated with data from an experiment in which beagles received injections of 239Pu."}
{"id": "PMID:279899", "title": "Some implications of an alternative structure for DNA.", "content": "We have constructed a space-filling (Corey-Pauling-Koltun) model of an alternative structure for DNA. This structure is not a double helix, but consists of a pair of polynucleotide strands lying side by side and held together by Watson-Crick base pairing. Each of the two strands has alternating right- and left-handed helical segments approximately five base pairs in length. Sugar residues in alternating segments along a strand point in opposite directions. A structure slightly different from the present one proposed earlier by ourselves and another group and in which sugars in a strand all point in the same direction is ruled out. The present structure yields natural solutions to the problems of supercoiling of DNA and of strand separation during DNA replication. This model is energetically more favorable than the double helix.", "contents": "Some implications of an alternative structure for DNA. We have constructed a space-filling (Corey-Pauling-Koltun) model of an alternative structure for DNA. This structure is not a double helix, but consists of a pair of polynucleotide strands lying side by side and held together by Watson-Crick base pairing. Each of the two strands has alternating right- and left-handed helical segments approximately five base pairs in length. Sugar residues in alternating segments along a strand point in opposite directions. A structure slightly different from the present one proposed earlier by ourselves and another group and in which sugars in a strand all point in the same direction is ruled out. The present structure yields natural solutions to the problems of supercoiling of DNA and of strand separation during DNA replication. This model is energetically more favorable than the double helix."}
{"id": "PMID:279900", "title": "Sterol requirement of Mycoplasma capricolum.", "content": "Mycoplasmas require an external source of sterol for growth. For Mycoplasma capricolum this requirement is met not only by cholesterol but also by the methylcholestane derivatives lanosterol, cycloartenol, 4,4-dimethylcholesterol, and 4beta-methylcholestanol. Cholesteryl methyl ether and 3alpha-methylcholestanol serve equally well as sterol supplements. None of the growth-supporting sterol derivatives tested was metabolically modified. The unusual acceptance of diverse cholestane derivatives by a mycoplasma species contrasts with the structural attributes thought to be necessary for sterol function in eukaryotic membranes.", "contents": "Sterol requirement of Mycoplasma capricolum. Mycoplasmas require an external source of sterol for growth. For Mycoplasma capricolum this requirement is met not only by cholesterol but also by the methylcholestane derivatives lanosterol, cycloartenol, 4,4-dimethylcholesterol, and 4beta-methylcholestanol. Cholesteryl methyl ether and 3alpha-methylcholestanol serve equally well as sterol supplements. None of the growth-supporting sterol derivatives tested was metabolically modified. The unusual acceptance of diverse cholestane derivatives by a mycoplasma species contrasts with the structural attributes thought to be necessary for sterol function in eukaryotic membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:279901", "title": "Inhibition of protein synthesis initiation by oxidized glutathione: activation of a protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2.", "content": "Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (0.02-0.5 mM) inhibits reticulocyte lysates by a mechanism similar to that observed in heme deficiency. Incubation of hemin-supplemented postribosomal supernates with GSSG results in the activation of a translational inhibitor [I(GSSG)]. The activation of I(GSSG) is enhanced by the presence of an energy-regenerating system. The simultaneous addition of 1 mM dithiothreitol blocks the activation of the GSSG-induced inhibitor; however, once inhibitor is formed, its activity is not affected by 1 mM dithiothreitol. GSSG-treated postribosomal supernates and partially purified preparations of I(GSSG) inhibit protein synthesis in hemin-supplemented lysates with biphasic kinetics. Inhibition by I(GSSG) is blocked by cyclic AMP (2-10 mM) and is potentiated by ATP (2 mM). The inhibition is also blocked or reversed by eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. The activation of I(GSSG) is accompanied by an increased cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity which phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton component (alpha subunit) of eIF-2; however, GSSG treatment of supernates does not alter the activity of the cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity that phosphorylates the 49,000-dalton polypeptide component (beta subunit) of eIF-2. These data indicate that GSSG treatment of reticulocyte lysates results in the activation of a protein kinase with inhibitory and phosphorylation properties similar to those of the heme-regulated cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase which is activated in heme deficiency.", "contents": "Inhibition of protein synthesis initiation by oxidized glutathione: activation of a protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (0.02-0.5 mM) inhibits reticulocyte lysates by a mechanism similar to that observed in heme deficiency. Incubation of hemin-supplemented postribosomal supernates with GSSG results in the activation of a translational inhibitor [I(GSSG)]. The activation of I(GSSG) is enhanced by the presence of an energy-regenerating system. The simultaneous addition of 1 mM dithiothreitol blocks the activation of the GSSG-induced inhibitor; however, once inhibitor is formed, its activity is not affected by 1 mM dithiothreitol. GSSG-treated postribosomal supernates and partially purified preparations of I(GSSG) inhibit protein synthesis in hemin-supplemented lysates with biphasic kinetics. Inhibition by I(GSSG) is blocked by cyclic AMP (2-10 mM) and is potentiated by ATP (2 mM). The inhibition is also blocked or reversed by eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2. The activation of I(GSSG) is accompanied by an increased cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity which phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton component (alpha subunit) of eIF-2; however, GSSG treatment of supernates does not alter the activity of the cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity that phosphorylates the 49,000-dalton polypeptide component (beta subunit) of eIF-2. These data indicate that GSSG treatment of reticulocyte lysates results in the activation of a protein kinase with inhibitory and phosphorylation properties similar to those of the heme-regulated cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase which is activated in heme deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:279902", "title": "Chemical determination of polypeptide hormones.", "content": "The presence or absence of peptide hormones in tissue extracts may in certain cases be demonstrated by exposing the extracts to conditions under which characteristic fragments of the polypeptide molecule in question are formed and then analyzing for such fragments. An approximate quantitation of the hormones may also be achieved thereby. In the present work the COOH-terminal fragments of polypeptides containing characteristic alpha-amide groups were released enzymatically and then converted into the fluorescent dansyl derivatives, which were identified by thin-layer chromatography. In this way the presence of secretin, cholecystokinin, and the vasoactive intestinal peptide in concentrates of porcine intestinal extracts were demonstrated by their COOH-terminal amide fragments: valine (or leucylvaline) amide, phenylalanine amide, and asparagine (or leucylasparagine) amide, respectively. The analytical methodology used in the present study may also be useful in devising simple and reliable chemical assay methods for the isolation of already known polypeptides and in the isolation of previously uncharacterized polypeptides from natural sources.", "contents": "Chemical determination of polypeptide hormones. The presence or absence of peptide hormones in tissue extracts may in certain cases be demonstrated by exposing the extracts to conditions under which characteristic fragments of the polypeptide molecule in question are formed and then analyzing for such fragments. An approximate quantitation of the hormones may also be achieved thereby. In the present work the COOH-terminal fragments of polypeptides containing characteristic alpha-amide groups were released enzymatically and then converted into the fluorescent dansyl derivatives, which were identified by thin-layer chromatography. In this way the presence of secretin, cholecystokinin, and the vasoactive intestinal peptide in concentrates of porcine intestinal extracts were demonstrated by their COOH-terminal amide fragments: valine (or leucylvaline) amide, phenylalanine amide, and asparagine (or leucylasparagine) amide, respectively. The analytical methodology used in the present study may also be useful in devising simple and reliable chemical assay methods for the isolation of already known polypeptides and in the isolation of previously uncharacterized polypeptides from natural sources."}
{"id": "PMID:279903", "title": "Hatching in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus is accompanied by a shift in histone H4 gene activity.", "content": "There is a distinct shift in histone mRNA synthesis at approximately 11--12 hr of sea urchin emhryogenesis, coincident with embryonic hatching. The synthesis of the blastula type (early) histone mRNAs gradually ceases at this stage and a new class of posthatching (late) histone mRNAs is produced. Briefly labeled early and late mRNAs were isolated and identified by means of RNA-DNA hybridization to different cloned histone genes. The late histone HI mRNA is approximately 40 nucleotides longer than the early HI mRNA. The H3, H2A, H2B, and H4 late mRNAs are 15--40 nucleotides shorter than their early counterparts. We present sequence evidence to show that the genes coding for the late H4 mRNA are a separate class from those that code for the early histone H4 message.", "contents": "Hatching in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus is accompanied by a shift in histone H4 gene activity. There is a distinct shift in histone mRNA synthesis at approximately 11--12 hr of sea urchin emhryogenesis, coincident with embryonic hatching. The synthesis of the blastula type (early) histone mRNAs gradually ceases at this stage and a new class of posthatching (late) histone mRNAs is produced. Briefly labeled early and late mRNAs were isolated and identified by means of RNA-DNA hybridization to different cloned histone genes. The late histone HI mRNA is approximately 40 nucleotides longer than the early HI mRNA. The H3, H2A, H2B, and H4 late mRNAs are 15--40 nucleotides shorter than their early counterparts. We present sequence evidence to show that the genes coding for the late H4 mRNA are a separate class from those that code for the early histone H4 message."}
{"id": "PMID:279904", "title": "Simplified method for purification of ribonuclease H from calf thymus.", "content": "An improved purification procedure for the isolation of ribonuclease H(hybrid nuclease; RNA-DNA-hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.34) from the thymus of 4-to 6-months-old calves yields two highly active forms of the enzyme, designated as ribonuclease H1 and H2. Their isoelectric points are 5.0 +/- 0.05 and 5.25 +/- 0.05, respectively; their molecular weight, estimated from gel filtration, is in both cases 64,000 +/- 2000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, two principal bands were identified, with molecular weights of 32,000 and 21,000. The nature of the nucleotides at the 3'-OH terminals, produced initially by the enzymic hydrolysis of hybridized RNA, was examined and shown to be a function of the divalent metal ion employed as activator.", "contents": "Simplified method for purification of ribonuclease H from calf thymus. An improved purification procedure for the isolation of ribonuclease H(hybrid nuclease; RNA-DNA-hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.34) from the thymus of 4-to 6-months-old calves yields two highly active forms of the enzyme, designated as ribonuclease H1 and H2. Their isoelectric points are 5.0 +/- 0.05 and 5.25 +/- 0.05, respectively; their molecular weight, estimated from gel filtration, is in both cases 64,000 +/- 2000. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, two principal bands were identified, with molecular weights of 32,000 and 21,000. The nature of the nucleotides at the 3'-OH terminals, produced initially by the enzymic hydrolysis of hybridized RNA, was examined and shown to be a function of the divalent metal ion employed as activator."}
{"id": "PMID:279905", "title": "Absolute rates of protein synthesis during meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes in vitro.", "content": "Measurements of the rates of incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein and the specific activities of endogenous free methionine pools have been used to calculate the absolute rates of protein synthesis in mouse oocytes during spontaneous meiotic maturation in vitro. Fluorodinitro[3H]benzene was used to determine the specific activity of the oocyte's free methionine pool. It was found that the absolute rate of protein synthesis decreased from 43 to 31 pg/hr per oocyte during meiotic progression from dictyate to metaphase II (meiotic maturation), while the size of the intracellular free methionine pool decreased from 61 to 35 fmol per oocyte during the same period. Comparable measurements made on ovulated mouse oocytes that had undergone meiotic maturation in vivo strongly suggest that the decrease in the absolute rate of protein synthesis observed during meiotic maturation in vitro is physiologically significant. An alternative method that depends upon differential expansion of the oocyte's endogenous methionine pool was also used to determine absolute rates of protein synthesis. The results of these experiments are in excellent agreement with those obtained by using fluorodinitro[3H]benzene, indicating that the oocyte's free methionine pool is not compartmentalized.", "contents": "Absolute rates of protein synthesis during meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes in vitro. Measurements of the rates of incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein and the specific activities of endogenous free methionine pools have been used to calculate the absolute rates of protein synthesis in mouse oocytes during spontaneous meiotic maturation in vitro. Fluorodinitro[3H]benzene was used to determine the specific activity of the oocyte's free methionine pool. It was found that the absolute rate of protein synthesis decreased from 43 to 31 pg/hr per oocyte during meiotic progression from dictyate to metaphase II (meiotic maturation), while the size of the intracellular free methionine pool decreased from 61 to 35 fmol per oocyte during the same period. Comparable measurements made on ovulated mouse oocytes that had undergone meiotic maturation in vivo strongly suggest that the decrease in the absolute rate of protein synthesis observed during meiotic maturation in vitro is physiologically significant. An alternative method that depends upon differential expansion of the oocyte's endogenous methionine pool was also used to determine absolute rates of protein synthesis. The results of these experiments are in excellent agreement with those obtained by using fluorodinitro[3H]benzene, indicating that the oocyte's free methionine pool is not compartmentalized."}
{"id": "PMID:279906", "title": "Kinetic factors and form determination of the head of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The form of the bacteriophage T4 prehead is described by its icosahedral symmetry, its diameter, and its length. We show how each of these parameters is regulated during prehead formation and ascribe specific form-determining functions to the prehead proteins. The major protein of the head shell can assemble in several different forms. The structure produced in vivo depends on the rate of synthesis of the major protein relative to the rates of synthesis of minor shell proteins and the major core protein. From our observations, we propose a model for form determination of the prehead and suggest a pathway for the evolution of its prolate shape.", "contents": "Kinetic factors and form determination of the head of bacteriophage T4. The form of the bacteriophage T4 prehead is described by its icosahedral symmetry, its diameter, and its length. We show how each of these parameters is regulated during prehead formation and ascribe specific form-determining functions to the prehead proteins. The major protein of the head shell can assemble in several different forms. The structure produced in vivo depends on the rate of synthesis of the major protein relative to the rates of synthesis of minor shell proteins and the major core protein. From our observations, we propose a model for form determination of the prehead and suggest a pathway for the evolution of its prolate shape."}
{"id": "PMID:279907", "title": "Primary organization of nucleosome core particle of chromatin: sequence of histone arrangement along DNA.", "content": "A high-resolution map for the arrangement of histones along DNA in the nucleosome core particle has been determined by a sequencing procedure based on crosslinking histones to the 5'-terminal DNA fragments produced by scission of one DNA strand at the point of crosslinking. The position of histones on DNA has been identified by measuring the length of crosslinked DNA fragments. The results demonstrate that each of the histones is arranged within several adjacent or dispersed DNA segments of a little less than 10 nucleotides in length. Histone-free intervals are located between these segments at the regular distances of about (10)n nucleotides from the 5' end of the DNA and are likely to face one side of the DNA helix. Histones appear to be arranged in a similar manner on both DNA strands and do not form \"locks\" around DNA. A linearized model of the core particle is proposed.", "contents": "Primary organization of nucleosome core particle of chromatin: sequence of histone arrangement along DNA. A high-resolution map for the arrangement of histones along DNA in the nucleosome core particle has been determined by a sequencing procedure based on crosslinking histones to the 5'-terminal DNA fragments produced by scission of one DNA strand at the point of crosslinking. The position of histones on DNA has been identified by measuring the length of crosslinked DNA fragments. The results demonstrate that each of the histones is arranged within several adjacent or dispersed DNA segments of a little less than 10 nucleotides in length. Histone-free intervals are located between these segments at the regular distances of about (10)n nucleotides from the 5' end of the DNA and are likely to face one side of the DNA helix. Histones appear to be arranged in a similar manner on both DNA strands and do not form \"locks\" around DNA. A linearized model of the core particle is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:279908", "title": "Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation.", "content": "Large unilamellar and oligolamellar vesicles are formed when an aqueous buffer is introduced into a mixture of phospholipid and organic solvent and the organic solvent is subsequently removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. These vesicles can be made from various lipids or mixtures of lipids and have aqueous volume to lipid ratios that are 30 times higher than sonicated preparations and 4 times higher than multilamellar vesicles. Most importantly, a substantial fraction of the aqueous phase (up to 62% at low salt concentrations) is entrapped within the vesicles, encapsulating even large macromolecular assemblies with high efficiency. Thus, this relatively simple technique has unique advantages for encapsulating valuable water-soluble materials such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biochemical reagents. The preparation and properties of the vesicles are described in detail.", "contents": "Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Large unilamellar and oligolamellar vesicles are formed when an aqueous buffer is introduced into a mixture of phospholipid and organic solvent and the organic solvent is subsequently removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. These vesicles can be made from various lipids or mixtures of lipids and have aqueous volume to lipid ratios that are 30 times higher than sonicated preparations and 4 times higher than multilamellar vesicles. Most importantly, a substantial fraction of the aqueous phase (up to 62% at low salt concentrations) is entrapped within the vesicles, encapsulating even large macromolecular assemblies with high efficiency. Thus, this relatively simple technique has unique advantages for encapsulating valuable water-soluble materials such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids, and other biochemical reagents. The preparation and properties of the vesicles are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:279909", "title": "Enzymatic breakage of the cohesive end site of phage lambda DNA: terminase (ter) reaction.", "content": "An in vitro system is described for measuring the endonucleolytic conversion of the phage lambda cohesive end sites in concatemeric DNA to the cohesive chromosomal ends of the mature molecule. This enzymic process, known as the ter reaction, is catalyzed by purified lambda A gene protein. The reaction is markedly stimulated by ATP, Mg2+, spermidine, and one or more uncharacterized factors present in extracts of uninfected Escherichia coli cells. In vitro, the ter reaction proceeds in the absence of proheads under conditions that are similar to those previously found necessary for the formation of a DNA-A gene protein intermediate for the initiation of packaging.", "contents": "Enzymatic breakage of the cohesive end site of phage lambda DNA: terminase (ter) reaction. An in vitro system is described for measuring the endonucleolytic conversion of the phage lambda cohesive end sites in concatemeric DNA to the cohesive chromosomal ends of the mature molecule. This enzymic process, known as the ter reaction, is catalyzed by purified lambda A gene protein. The reaction is markedly stimulated by ATP, Mg2+, spermidine, and one or more uncharacterized factors present in extracts of uninfected Escherichia coli cells. In vitro, the ter reaction proceeds in the absence of proheads under conditions that are similar to those previously found necessary for the formation of a DNA-A gene protein intermediate for the initiation of packaging."}
{"id": "PMID:279910", "title": "Direct demonstration that receptor crosslinking or aggregation is important in insulin action.", "content": "Exposure of adipocytes to antibodies to the insulin receptor results in a blockade of (125)I-labeled insulin binding, stimulation of glucose oxidation, and many more insulin-like effects. Allowing for differences in purity, antireceptor antibody is equipotent with insulin on a molar basis. Both the bivalent F(ab')(2) and monovalent Fab' fragments of the antireceptor antibody are fully active in inhibiting (125)I-labeled insulin binding. Bivalent F(ab')(2) also retains its insulin-like effects. In contrast, the monovalent Fab' loses almost all ability to stimulate glucose oxidation and acts as a competitive antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. Addition of anti-F(ab')(2) antisera, which crosslink the Fab'-receptor complexes, results in a restoration of the insulin-like activity of the antibody. Similarly, when cells are exposed to submaximal doses of insulin, addition of anti-insulin antibodies at low concentration enhances the biological activity of insulin. These data suggest that receptor occupancy by ligand is not sufficient for signal generation and that the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody (and perhaps insulin itself) require receptor aggregation or clustering. This aggregation, however, appears to be independent of microfilaments or microtubules because the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody, and in fact, of insulin itself, are unaffected by agents that are known to disrupt these structures.", "contents": "Direct demonstration that receptor crosslinking or aggregation is important in insulin action. Exposure of adipocytes to antibodies to the insulin receptor results in a blockade of (125)I-labeled insulin binding, stimulation of glucose oxidation, and many more insulin-like effects. Allowing for differences in purity, antireceptor antibody is equipotent with insulin on a molar basis. Both the bivalent F(ab')(2) and monovalent Fab' fragments of the antireceptor antibody are fully active in inhibiting (125)I-labeled insulin binding. Bivalent F(ab')(2) also retains its insulin-like effects. In contrast, the monovalent Fab' loses almost all ability to stimulate glucose oxidation and acts as a competitive antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation. Addition of anti-F(ab')(2) antisera, which crosslink the Fab'-receptor complexes, results in a restoration of the insulin-like activity of the antibody. Similarly, when cells are exposed to submaximal doses of insulin, addition of anti-insulin antibodies at low concentration enhances the biological activity of insulin. These data suggest that receptor occupancy by ligand is not sufficient for signal generation and that the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody (and perhaps insulin itself) require receptor aggregation or clustering. This aggregation, however, appears to be independent of microfilaments or microtubules because the insulin-like effects of antireceptor antibody, and in fact, of insulin itself, are unaffected by agents that are known to disrupt these structures."}
{"id": "PMID:279911", "title": "Ca2+-related regulatory function of fibrinogen.", "content": "Fibrinogen displays a regulation of considerable physiological significance by lowering the Ca2+ requirement for the conversion of the fibrin-stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) zymogen to the range of concentrations of this ion found in plasma. Fibrinogen modulates both Ca2+-dependent steps in the complex process of zymogen activation, involving the heterologous dissociation of subunits of the thrombin-modified zymogen (Factor XIII') species : formula: (see text) and the unmasking of iodoacetamide titratable sites during generation of transamidating activity : formula: (see text). It is interesting that a thrombin-independent pathway of zymogen activation : formula: (see text), which we found to operate at Ca2+ concentrations above 50 mM, is not affected by the presence of fibrinogen. Regulation by fibrinogen thus appears to be specific for controlling only the physiological pathway of zymogen conversion.", "contents": "Ca2+-related regulatory function of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen displays a regulation of considerable physiological significance by lowering the Ca2+ requirement for the conversion of the fibrin-stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) zymogen to the range of concentrations of this ion found in plasma. Fibrinogen modulates both Ca2+-dependent steps in the complex process of zymogen activation, involving the heterologous dissociation of subunits of the thrombin-modified zymogen (Factor XIII') species : formula: (see text) and the unmasking of iodoacetamide titratable sites during generation of transamidating activity : formula: (see text). It is interesting that a thrombin-independent pathway of zymogen activation : formula: (see text), which we found to operate at Ca2+ concentrations above 50 mM, is not affected by the presence of fibrinogen. Regulation by fibrinogen thus appears to be specific for controlling only the physiological pathway of zymogen conversion."}
{"id": "PMID:279912", "title": "Nucleosome rearrangement in human chromatin during UV-induced DNA- reapir synthesis.", "content": "The distribution of UV-induced DNA repair synthesis within chromatin was measured in confluent human fibroblasts that were pulse-labeled with [3H]dThd (10 or 90 min) immediately after irradiation and chased in nonradioactive medium for different time periods. Initially (i.e., at the end of the pulse period), most of the repair synthesis occurs in staphylococcal nuclease-sensitive regions. With increasing chase times the nucleotides inserted during repair synthesis become progressively more nuclease resistant. Gel electrophoresis data indicate that nuclease resistance is conferred on these nucleotides by their appearance in core DNA. The kinetics of this rearrangement process are biphasic: greater than 85% of the repair synthesis sites undergo rapid rearrangement (4--5 hr); the remaining sites ( less than 15%) rearrange much more slowly, if at all. The time courses of nucleosome rearrangement and repair synthesis are similar, suggesting that nucleosome rearrangement may be induced by the repair process or that the rate of repair synthesis may be regulated by nucleosome rearrangement.", "contents": "Nucleosome rearrangement in human chromatin during UV-induced DNA- reapir synthesis. The distribution of UV-induced DNA repair synthesis within chromatin was measured in confluent human fibroblasts that were pulse-labeled with [3H]dThd (10 or 90 min) immediately after irradiation and chased in nonradioactive medium for different time periods. Initially (i.e., at the end of the pulse period), most of the repair synthesis occurs in staphylococcal nuclease-sensitive regions. With increasing chase times the nucleotides inserted during repair synthesis become progressively more nuclease resistant. Gel electrophoresis data indicate that nuclease resistance is conferred on these nucleotides by their appearance in core DNA. The kinetics of this rearrangement process are biphasic: greater than 85% of the repair synthesis sites undergo rapid rearrangement (4--5 hr); the remaining sites ( less than 15%) rearrange much more slowly, if at all. The time courses of nucleosome rearrangement and repair synthesis are similar, suggesting that nucleosome rearrangement may be induced by the repair process or that the rate of repair synthesis may be regulated by nucleosome rearrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:279913", "title": "Efficient correction of a mutation by use of chemically synthesized DNA.", "content": "The mutated base in the am3 lysis-defective mutant of the bacteriophage phiX174 has been corrected by a combined in vitro enzymatic DNA synthesis and in vivo replication of the heteroduplex product. Chemically synthesized oligodeoxyribonucleotides carrying the wild-type sequence have been used to prime DNA synthesis with am3 phiX174 DNA serving as a template. The resultant semisynthetic heteroduplex composed of an am3(+) strand and a wild-type (-) strand, with one mismatched base pair at position 587 on the phiX174 DNA sequence, was used to infect spheroplasts. The progeny phage were analyzed by a parallel plaque assay on wild-type host, Escherichia coli C, to screen for wild-type phenotype, and on E. coli HF4714, an amber suppressor strain, to determine the total progeny phage. When a 23-base-long synthetic primer was used, about one-third of total progeny were found to be wild type. Shorter primers yielded lower percentages of wild type; they also had poorer priming activity.", "contents": "Efficient correction of a mutation by use of chemically synthesized DNA. The mutated base in the am3 lysis-defective mutant of the bacteriophage phiX174 has been corrected by a combined in vitro enzymatic DNA synthesis and in vivo replication of the heteroduplex product. Chemically synthesized oligodeoxyribonucleotides carrying the wild-type sequence have been used to prime DNA synthesis with am3 phiX174 DNA serving as a template. The resultant semisynthetic heteroduplex composed of an am3(+) strand and a wild-type (-) strand, with one mismatched base pair at position 587 on the phiX174 DNA sequence, was used to infect spheroplasts. The progeny phage were analyzed by a parallel plaque assay on wild-type host, Escherichia coli C, to screen for wild-type phenotype, and on E. coli HF4714, an amber suppressor strain, to determine the total progeny phage. When a 23-base-long synthetic primer was used, about one-third of total progeny were found to be wild type. Shorter primers yielded lower percentages of wild type; they also had poorer priming activity."}
{"id": "PMID:279914", "title": "Does irehdiamine kink DNA?", "content": "We report equilibrium, relaxation kinetic, and transient electric dichroism studies on the complex of the diamino steroid irehdiamine A with DNA. The results are consistent with a beta-kinked structure for the complex at saturation, with a kink in the DNA structure induced by a bound steroid every second base pair. The results that favor this hypothesis include an apparent length decrease of rod-like bacterial DNA molecules when only a small amount of drug is bound, followed by an apparent length increase at saturation. The limiting dichroism amplitude implies a substantial increase in the tilt of the bases relative to the orientation axis; at saturation the base UV transition moments are tilted about 31 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the orientation axis. Because of the direction of polarization of the 260-nm transition moments, the results indicate that the tilt of the bases must be predominantly in the short rather than the long axis of the base pair. The large hyperchroism of the complex is consistent with loss of base stacking, as required by a kinked structure. The kinetic results imply a bimolecular reaction mechanism, with a temperature-dependent association rate constant of roughly 10(8) M(-1) sec(-1), and a dissociation rate constant of about 5 x 10(3) sec(-1), nearly independent of temperature. The association activation energy and apparent reaction enthalpy vary from 12 to 22 kcal mol(-1); heat is absorbed on complex formation as expected for loss of base-stacking interactions. An anomalous result of the experiments is the larger apparent length increase (13%) exhibited by two eukaryotic DNAs, compared to 6% for three prokaryotic DNAs. Differences were also observed in the kinetic properties of the complexes.", "contents": "Does irehdiamine kink DNA? We report equilibrium, relaxation kinetic, and transient electric dichroism studies on the complex of the diamino steroid irehdiamine A with DNA. The results are consistent with a beta-kinked structure for the complex at saturation, with a kink in the DNA structure induced by a bound steroid every second base pair. The results that favor this hypothesis include an apparent length decrease of rod-like bacterial DNA molecules when only a small amount of drug is bound, followed by an apparent length increase at saturation. The limiting dichroism amplitude implies a substantial increase in the tilt of the bases relative to the orientation axis; at saturation the base UV transition moments are tilted about 31 degrees from the plane perpendicular to the orientation axis. Because of the direction of polarization of the 260-nm transition moments, the results indicate that the tilt of the bases must be predominantly in the short rather than the long axis of the base pair. The large hyperchroism of the complex is consistent with loss of base stacking, as required by a kinked structure. The kinetic results imply a bimolecular reaction mechanism, with a temperature-dependent association rate constant of roughly 10(8) M(-1) sec(-1), and a dissociation rate constant of about 5 x 10(3) sec(-1), nearly independent of temperature. The association activation energy and apparent reaction enthalpy vary from 12 to 22 kcal mol(-1); heat is absorbed on complex formation as expected for loss of base-stacking interactions. An anomalous result of the experiments is the larger apparent length increase (13%) exhibited by two eukaryotic DNAs, compared to 6% for three prokaryotic DNAs. Differences were also observed in the kinetic properties of the complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:279915", "title": "Spatiotemporal pattern formation in thin layers and membranes: critical focal size.", "content": "A theory for the determination of the focal nucleation size of oscillatory membrane (or thin layer) reactions is developed on the assumption that the focal domain is square planar. From this, one can estimate that, for a period of the oscillatory mode of, say, 5 min and lateral diffusion coefficient of approximately 10(-9) cm2/sec, the critical focal area would be of the order of 148 micrometer2, corresponding to a linear dimension of approximately 12.2 micrometer2. An alternative general expression for the critical focal size, involving explicitly the viscosity of the membrane, is also given.", "contents": "Spatiotemporal pattern formation in thin layers and membranes: critical focal size. A theory for the determination of the focal nucleation size of oscillatory membrane (or thin layer) reactions is developed on the assumption that the focal domain is square planar. From this, one can estimate that, for a period of the oscillatory mode of, say, 5 min and lateral diffusion coefficient of approximately 10(-9) cm2/sec, the critical focal area would be of the order of 148 micrometer2, corresponding to a linear dimension of approximately 12.2 micrometer2. An alternative general expression for the critical focal size, involving explicitly the viscosity of the membrane, is also given."}
{"id": "PMID:279916", "title": "Isolation of methylglyoxal from liver.", "content": "Acetaldehyde and methylglyoxal were shown to be present in liver bound to protein. They were isolated in the form of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and osazones, respectively. The NMR spectrum of pure methylglyoxal was recorded.", "contents": "Isolation of methylglyoxal from liver. Acetaldehyde and methylglyoxal were shown to be present in liver bound to protein. They were isolated in the form of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and osazones, respectively. The NMR spectrum of pure methylglyoxal was recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:279917", "title": "Molecular orientation of bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "The direction of orientation of the protein bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium has been determined by selected-area electron diffraction of membranes preferentially oriented by adsorption to polylysine. Purple membrane is known to adsorb preferentially to polylysine by its cytoplasmic surface at neutral pH and by its extracellular surface at low pH. To maintain the adsorbed membranes in a well-ordered state in the electron microscope, an improved technique of preparing frozen specimens was developed. Large areas of frozen-hydrated specimens, devoid of bulk water, were obtainable after the specimen was passed through a Ca stearate film at an air-water interface. High-resolution microscopy was used to relate the orientation observed in the electron diffraction patterns to the orientation of the projected structure that is obtained from images. We have found that the three-dimensional structure determined by Henderson and and Unwin [Henderson, R. & Unwin, P.N.T. (1975) Nature 257, 28--32] is oriented with the cytoplasmic side uppermost--i.e., the helices fan outward on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.", "contents": "Molecular orientation of bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. The direction of orientation of the protein bacteriorhodopsin within the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium has been determined by selected-area electron diffraction of membranes preferentially oriented by adsorption to polylysine. Purple membrane is known to adsorb preferentially to polylysine by its cytoplasmic surface at neutral pH and by its extracellular surface at low pH. To maintain the adsorbed membranes in a well-ordered state in the electron microscope, an improved technique of preparing frozen specimens was developed. Large areas of frozen-hydrated specimens, devoid of bulk water, were obtainable after the specimen was passed through a Ca stearate film at an air-water interface. High-resolution microscopy was used to relate the orientation observed in the electron diffraction patterns to the orientation of the projected structure that is obtained from images. We have found that the three-dimensional structure determined by Henderson and and Unwin [Henderson, R. & Unwin, P.N.T. (1975) Nature 257, 28--32] is oriented with the cytoplasmic side uppermost--i.e., the helices fan outward on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:279918", "title": "Temperature dependence of calcium-induced fusion of sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles.", "content": "We have measured the temperature dependence calcium-induced fusion of sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles. The vesicles were incubated in the presence of calcium at a specified temperature until the resulting aggregation or fusion process had gone to completion. EDTA was then added and the resulting final size of the vesicle population was measured by using dynamic light scattering. This final size was plotted against incubation temperature to show the temperature dependence of calcium-induced fusion. This curve has a peak near 11 degrees C which may be associated with the phase transition of the sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles in the presence of calcium prior to the aggregation or fusion process.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of calcium-induced fusion of sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles. We have measured the temperature dependence calcium-induced fusion of sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles. The vesicles were incubated in the presence of calcium at a specified temperature until the resulting aggregation or fusion process had gone to completion. EDTA was then added and the resulting final size of the vesicle population was measured by using dynamic light scattering. This final size was plotted against incubation temperature to show the temperature dependence of calcium-induced fusion. This curve has a peak near 11 degrees C which may be associated with the phase transition of the sonicated phosphatidylserine vesicles in the presence of calcium prior to the aggregation or fusion process."}
{"id": "PMID:279919", "title": "Origin of the genetic code: a testable hypothesis based on tRNA structure, sequence, and kinetic proofreading.", "content": "We hypothesize that the origin of the genetic code is associated with the structure of the tRNA that existed in primal cells. The sequences of modern tRNA contain correlations which can be understood as \"fossil\" evidence of the secondary structure of primal tRNA. Kinetic proofreading through diffusion can amplify a low level of intrinsic selectivity of tRNA for its amino acid. Experimental tests of the theory are suggested.", "contents": "Origin of the genetic code: a testable hypothesis based on tRNA structure, sequence, and kinetic proofreading. We hypothesize that the origin of the genetic code is associated with the structure of the tRNA that existed in primal cells. The sequences of modern tRNA contain correlations which can be understood as \"fossil\" evidence of the secondary structure of primal tRNA. Kinetic proofreading through diffusion can amplify a low level of intrinsic selectivity of tRNA for its amino acid. Experimental tests of the theory are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:279920", "title": "Synthesis of catalase in two cell-free protein-synthesizing systems and in rat liver.", "content": "Rat liver polysomal RNA was translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in the wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing systems, using [(35)S]methionine as label. The catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) that was synthesized was isolated by immunoprecipitation and characterized by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels followed by fluorography. The catalase made in both systems migrated more slowly during electrophoresis than did purified peroxisomal catalase. By comparison with standards of known molecular mass, the cell-free products were estimated to be about 4000 daltons larger than the purified enzyme. We also investigated the biosynthesis of catalase in vivo by injecting [(35)S]methionine into rats. The precursor of catalase known to be synthesized in liver and found in the high-speed supernatant 8 min later [Lazarow, P. B. & de Duve, C. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 59, 491-506] was isolated immunochemically. For comparison, 1-day-old completed catalase was immunoprecipitated from peroxisomes. The migrations in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of the 8-min-old precursor and the subunit of the day-old enzyme were indistinguishable and approximately the same as the migration of the cell-free products. These results indicate that catalase's apparent size does not change when it enters peroxisomes but rather decreases during the chemical purification procedure.", "contents": "Synthesis of catalase in two cell-free protein-synthesizing systems and in rat liver. Rat liver polysomal RNA was translated in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in the wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing systems, using [(35)S]methionine as label. The catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) that was synthesized was isolated by immunoprecipitation and characterized by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels followed by fluorography. The catalase made in both systems migrated more slowly during electrophoresis than did purified peroxisomal catalase. By comparison with standards of known molecular mass, the cell-free products were estimated to be about 4000 daltons larger than the purified enzyme. We also investigated the biosynthesis of catalase in vivo by injecting [(35)S]methionine into rats. The precursor of catalase known to be synthesized in liver and found in the high-speed supernatant 8 min later [Lazarow, P. B. & de Duve, C. (1973) J. Cell Biol. 59, 491-506] was isolated immunochemically. For comparison, 1-day-old completed catalase was immunoprecipitated from peroxisomes. The migrations in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of the 8-min-old precursor and the subunit of the day-old enzyme were indistinguishable and approximately the same as the migration of the cell-free products. These results indicate that catalase's apparent size does not change when it enters peroxisomes but rather decreases during the chemical purification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:279921", "title": "Negative control of hemoglobin production in somatic cell hybrids due to heme deficiency.", "content": "In somatic cell hybrids formed by the fusion of mouse erythroleukemic cells with mouse primary bone marrow cells, retention of the X chromosome contributed by the bone marrow parent is correlated with inhibition of hemoglobin accumulation in response to dimethyl sulfoxide. The inhibition of hemoglobin accumulation is not due to the absence of globin mRNA. Dimethyl sulfoxide-treated hybrid cells accumulate polyribosomal globin mRNA to levels comparable to those of the parental erythroleukemic cells under the same conditions. Heme, or its precursor delta-aminolevulinc acid, can overcome the effects of the bone marrow X chromosome and induce hemoglobin accumulation in the dimethyl sulfoxide-treated hybrid cells. The data suggest that the X chromosome contributed by the bone marrow cells inhibits hemoglobin production by inhibiting inducible heme biosynthesis, most probably at the step catalyzed by delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.37).", "contents": "Negative control of hemoglobin production in somatic cell hybrids due to heme deficiency. In somatic cell hybrids formed by the fusion of mouse erythroleukemic cells with mouse primary bone marrow cells, retention of the X chromosome contributed by the bone marrow parent is correlated with inhibition of hemoglobin accumulation in response to dimethyl sulfoxide. The inhibition of hemoglobin accumulation is not due to the absence of globin mRNA. Dimethyl sulfoxide-treated hybrid cells accumulate polyribosomal globin mRNA to levels comparable to those of the parental erythroleukemic cells under the same conditions. Heme, or its precursor delta-aminolevulinc acid, can overcome the effects of the bone marrow X chromosome and induce hemoglobin accumulation in the dimethyl sulfoxide-treated hybrid cells. The data suggest that the X chromosome contributed by the bone marrow cells inhibits hemoglobin production by inhibiting inducible heme biosynthesis, most probably at the step catalyzed by delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.37)."}
{"id": "PMID:279922", "title": "Units of transcription for cytoplasmic RNA in mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "The size of transcription units for several of the abundant cytoplasmic mRNA species in mouse myeloma cells has been analyzed by the ultraviolet light mapping technique. Inactivation kinetics and target size analyses for production of the predominant RNA species indicate that the mRNAs originate in precursor molecules that are 2--14 times larger than the mature mRNA. This estimate of the size of the transcription unit may be a minimum one since it would not take into account promoter-distal sequences if these were not necessary for processing of the mRNA precursor.", "contents": "Units of transcription for cytoplasmic RNA in mouse myeloma cells. The size of transcription units for several of the abundant cytoplasmic mRNA species in mouse myeloma cells has been analyzed by the ultraviolet light mapping technique. Inactivation kinetics and target size analyses for production of the predominant RNA species indicate that the mRNAs originate in precursor molecules that are 2--14 times larger than the mature mRNA. This estimate of the size of the transcription unit may be a minimum one since it would not take into account promoter-distal sequences if these were not necessary for processing of the mRNA precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:279923", "title": "Magnesium reverses inhibitory effects of calcium deprivation on coordinate response of 3T3 cells to serum.", "content": "Deprivation of Ca(2+) in crowded cultures of 3T3 cells inhibits the onset of DNA synthesis. By raising [Mg(2+)] to 15 mM the inhibition produced by Ca(2+) deprivation can be fully overcome. Sparse cultures are not inhibited by a similar deprivation of Ca(2+), and therefore are not stimulated by supranormal [Mg(2+)]. The time course of stimulation of the onset of DNA synthesis by supranormal [Mg(2+)] in low [Ca(2+)] is the same as that produced by serum in physiological concentrations of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Concentrations of Mg(2+) > 20 mM in low [Ca(2+)] reverse the stimulation, and [Mg(2+)] >/= 30 mM kills many cells. In contrast to the stimulation by 15 mM Mg(2+), supranormal [Ca(2+)] has no effect on the onset of DNA synthesis in cultures inhibited by Mg(2+) deprivation, if the formation of insoluble Ca-P(i) complexes is prevented. Neither Na(+) nor K(+) reproduces the effects of Mg(2+). The uptake of uridine is another parameter of the coordinate response of 3T3 cells to serum stimulation that is inhibited by Ca(2+) deprivation, and supranormal [Mg(2+)] also reverses this inhibition. The results support the thesis that the coordinate response of growth and metabolism to external effectors is regulated by the availability of Mg(2+) within the cell and that the inhibitory effects of Ca(2+) deprivation are indirect and caused by a reduction in the availability of Mg(2+).", "contents": "Magnesium reverses inhibitory effects of calcium deprivation on coordinate response of 3T3 cells to serum. Deprivation of Ca(2+) in crowded cultures of 3T3 cells inhibits the onset of DNA synthesis. By raising [Mg(2+)] to 15 mM the inhibition produced by Ca(2+) deprivation can be fully overcome. Sparse cultures are not inhibited by a similar deprivation of Ca(2+), and therefore are not stimulated by supranormal [Mg(2+)]. The time course of stimulation of the onset of DNA synthesis by supranormal [Mg(2+)] in low [Ca(2+)] is the same as that produced by serum in physiological concentrations of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Concentrations of Mg(2+) > 20 mM in low [Ca(2+)] reverse the stimulation, and [Mg(2+)] >/= 30 mM kills many cells. In contrast to the stimulation by 15 mM Mg(2+), supranormal [Ca(2+)] has no effect on the onset of DNA synthesis in cultures inhibited by Mg(2+) deprivation, if the formation of insoluble Ca-P(i) complexes is prevented. Neither Na(+) nor K(+) reproduces the effects of Mg(2+). The uptake of uridine is another parameter of the coordinate response of 3T3 cells to serum stimulation that is inhibited by Ca(2+) deprivation, and supranormal [Mg(2+)] also reverses this inhibition. The results support the thesis that the coordinate response of growth and metabolism to external effectors is regulated by the availability of Mg(2+) within the cell and that the inhibitory effects of Ca(2+) deprivation are indirect and caused by a reduction in the availability of Mg(2+)."}
{"id": "PMID:279924", "title": "Kinetics of desynchronization and distribution of generation times in synchronized cell populations.", "content": "The kinetics of the distribution of generation times in synchronized cells can be analyzed by using Fourier transform analysis. Deviations of the experimental data from the curve of completely asynchronous growth reflect the degree of synchrony at a particular time. Fourier transform analysis of these deviations yields the average generation time as well as information on the distribution of generation times characterizing a synchronized culture. A detailed analysis of synchronized cell cultures does not provide any evidence for the existence of a subcycle or a polymodal distribution in generation times. The data do indicate that cell-cell interaction occurs at cell densities as low as 2.5 X 10(3)/cm2. It is also shown that the Eyring-Stover formalism for the dynamics of survival can correctly describe the distribution of the first round of cell divisions in a synchronized culture.", "contents": "Kinetics of desynchronization and distribution of generation times in synchronized cell populations. The kinetics of the distribution of generation times in synchronized cells can be analyzed by using Fourier transform analysis. Deviations of the experimental data from the curve of completely asynchronous growth reflect the degree of synchrony at a particular time. Fourier transform analysis of these deviations yields the average generation time as well as information on the distribution of generation times characterizing a synchronized culture. A detailed analysis of synchronized cell cultures does not provide any evidence for the existence of a subcycle or a polymodal distribution in generation times. The data do indicate that cell-cell interaction occurs at cell densities as low as 2.5 X 10(3)/cm2. It is also shown that the Eyring-Stover formalism for the dynamics of survival can correctly describe the distribution of the first round of cell divisions in a synchronized culture."}
{"id": "PMID:279925", "title": "Attachment and spreading of baby hamster kidney cells to collagen substrata: effects of cold-insoluble globulin.", "content": "Studies have been carried out to determine the effects of cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) on the attachment and spreading of baby hamster kidney cells on various collagen substrata. Cell attachment to native collagen substrata occurred in the absence of CIG just as fast as attachment to dried collagen or gelatin substrata occurred in the presence of CIG. On the other hand, cell attachment to dried collagen or gelatin was markedly reduced in the absence of CIG. Cell spreading also occurred on native collagen in the absence of CIG; however, CIG was absolutely required for cell spreading to occur on dried collagen or gelatin. Finally, anti-CIG antiserum or lactoperoxidase treatment inhibited cell spreading on CIG-coated substrata but not on native collagen substrata. The data are discussed in terms of the interaction of fibroblasts with collagen in situ.", "contents": "Attachment and spreading of baby hamster kidney cells to collagen substrata: effects of cold-insoluble globulin. Studies have been carried out to determine the effects of cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) on the attachment and spreading of baby hamster kidney cells on various collagen substrata. Cell attachment to native collagen substrata occurred in the absence of CIG just as fast as attachment to dried collagen or gelatin substrata occurred in the presence of CIG. On the other hand, cell attachment to dried collagen or gelatin was markedly reduced in the absence of CIG. Cell spreading also occurred on native collagen in the absence of CIG; however, CIG was absolutely required for cell spreading to occur on dried collagen or gelatin. Finally, anti-CIG antiserum or lactoperoxidase treatment inhibited cell spreading on CIG-coated substrata but not on native collagen substrata. The data are discussed in terms of the interaction of fibroblasts with collagen in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:279926", "title": "Polycationic macromolecules inhibit cilia-mediated ovum transport in the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, polycationic macromolecules,such as poly(L-lysine), inhibited the transport of either surrogate or freshly ovulated cumulus masses across the oviduct epithelial surface without affecting the ciliary beat. Whereas transport across the fimbria in vivo was completely inhibited, transport down the ampulla was 3 to 7 times slower than normal. The effects of these polycations suggest that cilia-mediated ovum transport may involve the formation of transient adhesive bonds between the tip of the cilium and elements of the cumulus mass during each beat cycle of the cilium.", "contents": "Polycationic macromolecules inhibit cilia-mediated ovum transport in the rabbit oviduct. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, polycationic macromolecules,such as poly(L-lysine), inhibited the transport of either surrogate or freshly ovulated cumulus masses across the oviduct epithelial surface without affecting the ciliary beat. Whereas transport across the fimbria in vivo was completely inhibited, transport down the ampulla was 3 to 7 times slower than normal. The effects of these polycations suggest that cilia-mediated ovum transport may involve the formation of transient adhesive bonds between the tip of the cilium and elements of the cumulus mass during each beat cycle of the cilium."}
{"id": "PMID:279927", "title": "Inhibition of growth of transformed cells and tumors by an endogenous acceptor of galactosyltransferase.", "content": "A galactosyltransferase glycopeptide acceptor purified from human malignant effusions was tested for its effects on cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Addition of the glycopeptide to the media of cells growing in tissue culture caused a significant inhibition of attachment and growth of transformed cells but had minimal effect on nontransformed cells. Transformed hamster cells (BHKpy, BHKpygiv, NILpy) and human malignant cells (BT-20 human breast and pancreatic carcinoma cells) were killed by the addition of as little as 0.5 mug of acceptor (per ml of medium), while nontransformed counterparts did not show a significant change in growth or morphology. In vivo studies showed that the acceptor inhibited development and progression of tumors in hamsters inoculated with tumorigenic BHKpy cells. Growth of tumors was inhibited 69-94% in animals given 20 mug of acceptor subcutaneously and 39-67% when acceptor was given intraperitoneally at the time of tumor cell inoculation. Administration of the acceptor after the development of a palpable tumor ( approximately 0.5 cm) caused a 60-85% reduction in growth rate and, in some cases, actual reduction in size and disappearance of palpable tumor. These studies demonstrate that a galactosyltransferase glycopeptide acceptor purified from human malignant effusions produces selective inhibition of transformed cell growth in animal and tissue culture systems.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth of transformed cells and tumors by an endogenous acceptor of galactosyltransferase. A galactosyltransferase glycopeptide acceptor purified from human malignant effusions was tested for its effects on cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Addition of the glycopeptide to the media of cells growing in tissue culture caused a significant inhibition of attachment and growth of transformed cells but had minimal effect on nontransformed cells. Transformed hamster cells (BHKpy, BHKpygiv, NILpy) and human malignant cells (BT-20 human breast and pancreatic carcinoma cells) were killed by the addition of as little as 0.5 mug of acceptor (per ml of medium), while nontransformed counterparts did not show a significant change in growth or morphology. In vivo studies showed that the acceptor inhibited development and progression of tumors in hamsters inoculated with tumorigenic BHKpy cells. Growth of tumors was inhibited 69-94% in animals given 20 mug of acceptor subcutaneously and 39-67% when acceptor was given intraperitoneally at the time of tumor cell inoculation. Administration of the acceptor after the development of a palpable tumor ( approximately 0.5 cm) caused a 60-85% reduction in growth rate and, in some cases, actual reduction in size and disappearance of palpable tumor. These studies demonstrate that a galactosyltransferase glycopeptide acceptor purified from human malignant effusions produces selective inhibition of transformed cell growth in animal and tissue culture systems."}
{"id": "PMID:279928", "title": "Amplification of DNA sequences during chicken cartilage and neural retina differentiation.", "content": "[3H]BrdUrd-substituted DNA probes were prepared from organ cultures of differentiating chicken neural retina and cell cultures of stage 24 chicken limb buds. Reassociation reactions using the neural retina probe demonstrated amplification of DNA sequences during differentiation of neural retina. This probe also contained sequences present in greater numbers in heart DNA than in DNA from undifferentiated neural retina. Reassociation reactions of both differentiated cartilage and differentiated neural retina DNA with both the neural retina probe and the cartilage probe demonstrated that at least part of the amplified sequences are tissue specific.", "contents": "Amplification of DNA sequences during chicken cartilage and neural retina differentiation. [3H]BrdUrd-substituted DNA probes were prepared from organ cultures of differentiating chicken neural retina and cell cultures of stage 24 chicken limb buds. Reassociation reactions using the neural retina probe demonstrated amplification of DNA sequences during differentiation of neural retina. This probe also contained sequences present in greater numbers in heart DNA than in DNA from undifferentiated neural retina. Reassociation reactions of both differentiated cartilage and differentiated neural retina DNA with both the neural retina probe and the cartilage probe demonstrated that at least part of the amplified sequences are tissue specific."}
{"id": "PMID:279929", "title": "Amplification of the proliferative response to alloantigen by a factor present in an extract of syngeneic thymic lymphoid cells.", "content": "A synergistic interaction in the proliferative response to alloantigen has been previously noted when intact thymus cells are cultured with post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. In the present study, a factor extracted from the thymus has been shown to similarly enhance the reactivity of syngeneic lymph node cells and thus to retain the amplifier activity of intact thymus cells. The factor has no effect on lymphoid cell proliferation in the absence of alloantigen. Cells with amplifier activity are found in highest concentration in the thymus but also may be detected in spleen cells that are nonadherent to nylon wool. The factor is shown in these experiments to be derived from thymic lymphoid cells and to act primarily upon post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. As such, this factor appears to be distinct from various other thymus factors that have been localized to thymic reticuloepithelial elements and that are thought to effect predominantly the differentiation of T-cell precursors.", "contents": "Amplification of the proliferative response to alloantigen by a factor present in an extract of syngeneic thymic lymphoid cells. A synergistic interaction in the proliferative response to alloantigen has been previously noted when intact thymus cells are cultured with post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. In the present study, a factor extracted from the thymus has been shown to similarly enhance the reactivity of syngeneic lymph node cells and thus to retain the amplifier activity of intact thymus cells. The factor has no effect on lymphoid cell proliferation in the absence of alloantigen. Cells with amplifier activity are found in highest concentration in the thymus but also may be detected in spleen cells that are nonadherent to nylon wool. The factor is shown in these experiments to be derived from thymic lymphoid cells and to act primarily upon post-thymic (peripheral) lymphoid cells. As such, this factor appears to be distinct from various other thymus factors that have been localized to thymic reticuloepithelial elements and that are thought to effect predominantly the differentiation of T-cell precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:279930", "title": "Amyloid fibril protein related to prealbumin in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.", "content": "Amyloid fibrils were concentrated from the kidney, thyroid, and peripheral nerve of six patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). The fibril concentrates were solubilized in 6 M guanidine.HCl and fractionated on Sephadex G-100 columns. The elution profile of all FAP amyloid fibril concentrates revealed a protein of apparent Mr of 14,000, designated the FAP protein, that was absent from normal human tissues treated by the same procedure and from fibrils of a primary amyloidosis liver. Antisera against whole denatured fibril concentrates prepared in rabbits reacted with the FAP protein and a component in normal human serum corresponding to prealbumin. It was further established that the FAP protein shared common antigenic determinants with human prealbumin by its reaction of identity with normal prealbumin using commercial antisera against human prealbumin. Amyloid AL or AA proteins could not be identified in FAP fibrils by sensitive immunochemical assay methods. These results suggest that the FAP protein is a unique and significant component of the FAP amyloid fibrils and that it is closely related to the 13,745 Mr prealbumin subunit.", "contents": "Amyloid fibril protein related to prealbumin in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Amyloid fibrils were concentrated from the kidney, thyroid, and peripheral nerve of six patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). The fibril concentrates were solubilized in 6 M guanidine.HCl and fractionated on Sephadex G-100 columns. The elution profile of all FAP amyloid fibril concentrates revealed a protein of apparent Mr of 14,000, designated the FAP protein, that was absent from normal human tissues treated by the same procedure and from fibrils of a primary amyloidosis liver. Antisera against whole denatured fibril concentrates prepared in rabbits reacted with the FAP protein and a component in normal human serum corresponding to prealbumin. It was further established that the FAP protein shared common antigenic determinants with human prealbumin by its reaction of identity with normal prealbumin using commercial antisera against human prealbumin. Amyloid AL or AA proteins could not be identified in FAP fibrils by sensitive immunochemical assay methods. These results suggest that the FAP protein is a unique and significant component of the FAP amyloid fibrils and that it is closely related to the 13,745 Mr prealbumin subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:279931", "title": "Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: reevaluation of prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer.", "content": "A study has been made of the survival times of 100 terminal cancer patients who were given supplemental ascorbate, usually 10 g/day, as part of their routine management and 1000 matched controls, similar patients who had received the same treatment except for the ascorbate. The two sets of patients were in part the same as those used in our earlier study [Cameron, E. & Pauling, L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3685-3689]. Tests confirm that the ascorbate-treated patients and the matched controls are representative subpopulations of the same population of \"untreatable\" patients. Survival times were measured not only from the date of \"untreatability\" but also from the precisely known date of first hospital attendance for the cancer that eventually reached the terminal stage. The ascorbate-treated patients were found to have a mean survival time about 300 days greater than that of the controls. Survival times greater than 1 yr after the date of untreatability were observed for 22% of the ascorbate-treated patients and for 0.4% of the controls. The mean survival time of these 22 ascorbate-treated patients is 2.4 yr after reaching the apparently terminal stage; 8 of the ascorbate-treated patients are still alive, with a mean survival time after untreatability of 3.5 yr.", "contents": "Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: reevaluation of prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. A study has been made of the survival times of 100 terminal cancer patients who were given supplemental ascorbate, usually 10 g/day, as part of their routine management and 1000 matched controls, similar patients who had received the same treatment except for the ascorbate. The two sets of patients were in part the same as those used in our earlier study [Cameron, E. & Pauling, L. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3685-3689]. Tests confirm that the ascorbate-treated patients and the matched controls are representative subpopulations of the same population of \"untreatable\" patients. Survival times were measured not only from the date of \"untreatability\" but also from the precisely known date of first hospital attendance for the cancer that eventually reached the terminal stage. The ascorbate-treated patients were found to have a mean survival time about 300 days greater than that of the controls. Survival times greater than 1 yr after the date of untreatability were observed for 22% of the ascorbate-treated patients and for 0.4% of the controls. The mean survival time of these 22 ascorbate-treated patients is 2.4 yr after reaching the apparently terminal stage; 8 of the ascorbate-treated patients are still alive, with a mean survival time after untreatability of 3.5 yr."}
{"id": "PMID:279933", "title": "Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro.", "content": "Isolated bovine retinal and brain microvessels, exhibiting a patent lumen, were used to study the contribution of the microvasculature to the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers. The diffusion marker, sucrose, was taken up slowly by the isolated microvessels in contrast to leucine, tyrosine, and valine which were taken up at a considerably faster rate. Uptake of leucine was temperature dependent but resistant to inhibition by ouabain and sodium azide. The large neutral amino acids exhibited stereospecificity and cross-competition for uptake by the isolated microvessels. The apparent Kms for uptake for tyrosine, leucine, and valine were III micron,133 micron, and 500 micron, respectively.", "contents": "Isolated microvessels: the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Isolated bovine retinal and brain microvessels, exhibiting a patent lumen, were used to study the contribution of the microvasculature to the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers. The diffusion marker, sucrose, was taken up slowly by the isolated microvessels in contrast to leucine, tyrosine, and valine which were taken up at a considerably faster rate. Uptake of leucine was temperature dependent but resistant to inhibition by ouabain and sodium azide. The large neutral amino acids exhibited stereospecificity and cross-competition for uptake by the isolated microvessels. The apparent Kms for uptake for tyrosine, leucine, and valine were III micron,133 micron, and 500 micron, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:279934", "title": "Volatile anesthetic facilitation of in vitro desensitization of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Incubation of membrane fragments bearing acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo californica under an atmosphere of 3% halothane, 1% chloroform, or 6% diethyl ether greatly facilitates the carbamoylcholine-induced structural transition of the acetylcholine receptor reflected by alterations in the rate of binding of (125)I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. The half-time of this ligand-induced conformational change is decreased to 10% of the original value after incubation of the membranes with these volatile anesthetics at or near their clinical concentrations. The synergistic effects observed with the general anesthetics and carbamoylcholine are abolished if the membranes are incubated under a stream of air after exposure to the inhalational agents. The antagonist d-tubocurarine exerts a smaller yet measurable time-dependent effect on the toxin-binding properties of the membrane fragments. Treatment of membranes with general anesthetics facilitates this antagonist-induced conversion of the receptor protein as well. The synergism between ligands and general anesthetics may be due to the disruption by these inhalational agents of interactions at the protein-lipid interface, which may play a significant role in determination of receptor conformation. In addition, if the conformational change induced by carbamoylcholine observed in the snake toxin binding assay corresponds to desensitization of the receptor in vivo, facilitation of this conformational change by volatile anesthetics provides an attractive model for the pharmacological action of these compounds.", "contents": "Volatile anesthetic facilitation of in vitro desensitization of membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Incubation of membrane fragments bearing acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo californica under an atmosphere of 3% halothane, 1% chloroform, or 6% diethyl ether greatly facilitates the carbamoylcholine-induced structural transition of the acetylcholine receptor reflected by alterations in the rate of binding of (125)I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin. The half-time of this ligand-induced conformational change is decreased to 10% of the original value after incubation of the membranes with these volatile anesthetics at or near their clinical concentrations. The synergistic effects observed with the general anesthetics and carbamoylcholine are abolished if the membranes are incubated under a stream of air after exposure to the inhalational agents. The antagonist d-tubocurarine exerts a smaller yet measurable time-dependent effect on the toxin-binding properties of the membrane fragments. Treatment of membranes with general anesthetics facilitates this antagonist-induced conversion of the receptor protein as well. The synergism between ligands and general anesthetics may be due to the disruption by these inhalational agents of interactions at the protein-lipid interface, which may play a significant role in determination of receptor conformation. In addition, if the conformational change induced by carbamoylcholine observed in the snake toxin binding assay corresponds to desensitization of the receptor in vivo, facilitation of this conformational change by volatile anesthetics provides an attractive model for the pharmacological action of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:279935", "title": "Myoinositol and phosphatidylinositol metabolism in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats.", "content": "The effects of experimental galactose toxicity on inositol and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) metabolism in synaptosomes from 0- to 30-day-old rats were investigated. Galactose toxicity was induced by feeding mothers a 40% galactose diet from the 12th day of pregnancy until 19 days postpartum when the offspring were weaned onto the maternal diet. There was no decrease in myoinositol concentrations and only a small decrease in PtdIns in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats relative to glucose-fed controls. Synaptosomes from rats on the two diets converted equivalent amounts of [U-14C]glucose to inositol and PtdIns. Acetylcholine stimulated [2-3H]inositol incorporation into PtdIns while producing a net decrease in PtdIns concentration in synaptosomes from 22- to 30-day-old rats. However, the phospholipid response to acetylcholine in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats was impaired. Thus, the acetylcholine-stimulated labeling of PtdIns was 40--50% lower in these synaptosomes while the effect on PtdIns concentration was reduced by a maximum of 55%. The data suggest that galactose-fed rats may have either a deficiency in the number of acetylcholine receptors or a defect in some step between receptor-neurotransmitter interaction and PtdIns breakdown.", "contents": "Myoinositol and phosphatidylinositol metabolism in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats. The effects of experimental galactose toxicity on inositol and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) metabolism in synaptosomes from 0- to 30-day-old rats were investigated. Galactose toxicity was induced by feeding mothers a 40% galactose diet from the 12th day of pregnancy until 19 days postpartum when the offspring were weaned onto the maternal diet. There was no decrease in myoinositol concentrations and only a small decrease in PtdIns in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats relative to glucose-fed controls. Synaptosomes from rats on the two diets converted equivalent amounts of [U-14C]glucose to inositol and PtdIns. Acetylcholine stimulated [2-3H]inositol incorporation into PtdIns while producing a net decrease in PtdIns concentration in synaptosomes from 22- to 30-day-old rats. However, the phospholipid response to acetylcholine in synaptosomes from galactose-fed rats was impaired. Thus, the acetylcholine-stimulated labeling of PtdIns was 40--50% lower in these synaptosomes while the effect on PtdIns concentration was reduced by a maximum of 55%. The data suggest that galactose-fed rats may have either a deficiency in the number of acetylcholine receptors or a defect in some step between receptor-neurotransmitter interaction and PtdIns breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:279936", "title": "Inhibition by Z-Pro-D-Leu of development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in mice.", "content": "The peptide-Z-Pro-D-Leu, injected daily in mice receiving morphine chronically, was found to prevent development of physical dependence as measured by changes in body temperature and body weight due either to abrupt or to naloxone-induced withdrawal. On the other hand, administration of Z-Pro-D-Leu only on the last day of morphine treatment did not alter the overt signs of withdrawal. Daily administration of Z-Pro-D-Leu was also effective in blocking the development of tolerance to the analgesic and the hypothermic effects of subsequent challenge doses of morphine. However, the peptide treatment did not alter the acute effects of a challenge dose of morphine on either analgesia or body temperature. No effects on memory were noted, as evaluated in a one-trial passive avoidance task. Clinical implications of the use of Z-Pro-D-Leu are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by Z-Pro-D-Leu of development of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in mice. The peptide-Z-Pro-D-Leu, injected daily in mice receiving morphine chronically, was found to prevent development of physical dependence as measured by changes in body temperature and body weight due either to abrupt or to naloxone-induced withdrawal. On the other hand, administration of Z-Pro-D-Leu only on the last day of morphine treatment did not alter the overt signs of withdrawal. Daily administration of Z-Pro-D-Leu was also effective in blocking the development of tolerance to the analgesic and the hypothermic effects of subsequent challenge doses of morphine. However, the peptide treatment did not alter the acute effects of a challenge dose of morphine on either analgesia or body temperature. No effects on memory were noted, as evaluated in a one-trial passive avoidance task. Clinical implications of the use of Z-Pro-D-Leu are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279938", "title": "Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on shock elicited fighting in rats.", "content": "Rats were tested for shock elicited fighting under various doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (0.12, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (0.06, 0.12, 0.5, 2.0 mg/kg). Both drugs produced an inhibition of fighting at higher doses but no significant effects at lower doses. The effects of these drugs on shock elicited fighting, as well as on other behaviors, thus differ from those of another indole hallucinogen, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, and are discussed in relation to their effects on single unit activity of the raphe-serotonin system and their interaction with other neurotransmitter systems.", "contents": "Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on shock elicited fighting in rats. Rats were tested for shock elicited fighting under various doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (0.12, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 4.0, 8.0 mg/kg) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (0.06, 0.12, 0.5, 2.0 mg/kg). Both drugs produced an inhibition of fighting at higher doses but no significant effects at lower doses. The effects of these drugs on shock elicited fighting, as well as on other behaviors, thus differ from those of another indole hallucinogen, d-lysergic acid diethylamide, and are discussed in relation to their effects on single unit activity of the raphe-serotonin system and their interaction with other neurotransmitter systems."}
{"id": "PMID:279937", "title": "Uncoupling of electrotonic synapses by calcium.", "content": "The degree of axo-axonal synaptic coupling between nerve cells in the buccal ganglion of Navanax was investigated in relation to intracellular ionic calcium. Increasing intracellular Ca2+ by injection of Ca2+, injection of Na+, or application of ionophore X537A produced uncoupling after at least 90 min, if metabolic inhibitor was present in the medium. Subsequent removal of the metabolic inhibitor reestablished the coupling in less than 30 min. Injected Sr2+ also mimicked the uncoupling action of Ca2+. The presence of a metabolic inhibitor alone had no effect on the coupling. These results lead to the following conclusions: (i) Uncoupling is due to an increased free Ca2+ concentration at the junctions. (ii) The liberation of endogenous sequestered Ca2+ is not sufficient to produce uncoupling except if an excess Ca2+ had been previously sequestered. The electrical synapses in the buccal ganglion of Navanax thus appear to be affected by Ca2+ in a similar way as gap junctions studied in non-neural tissues.", "contents": "Uncoupling of electrotonic synapses by calcium. The degree of axo-axonal synaptic coupling between nerve cells in the buccal ganglion of Navanax was investigated in relation to intracellular ionic calcium. Increasing intracellular Ca2+ by injection of Ca2+, injection of Na+, or application of ionophore X537A produced uncoupling after at least 90 min, if metabolic inhibitor was present in the medium. Subsequent removal of the metabolic inhibitor reestablished the coupling in less than 30 min. Injected Sr2+ also mimicked the uncoupling action of Ca2+. The presence of a metabolic inhibitor alone had no effect on the coupling. These results lead to the following conclusions: (i) Uncoupling is due to an increased free Ca2+ concentration at the junctions. (ii) The liberation of endogenous sequestered Ca2+ is not sufficient to produce uncoupling except if an excess Ca2+ had been previously sequestered. The electrical synapses in the buccal ganglion of Navanax thus appear to be affected by Ca2+ in a similar way as gap junctions studied in non-neural tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:279939", "title": "[Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in lymphogranulomatosis and chronic myeloic leukemia treated intermittently with cytostatic agents and steroids (author's transl)].", "content": "Four male patients with the age from 31--43 years with lymphogranulomatosis and a 23 year old patient with chronic myeloic leukemia developed aseptic necrosis of the femoral head 15 to 69 months after treatment with a combination of cytostatic substances and steroids. In a patient who received maximal prednisone applications aseptic necrosis of the humeral head has been observed also. With increasing life expectancy asceptic bone necrosis due to treatment can appear as a late complication. The early recognition is important. The advancing of this irreversible bone destruction and the associated morbidity can be avoided by immediate cessation of the steroid application. Conservative treatment is indicated.", "contents": "[Aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in lymphogranulomatosis and chronic myeloic leukemia treated intermittently with cytostatic agents and steroids (author's transl)]. Four male patients with the age from 31--43 years with lymphogranulomatosis and a 23 year old patient with chronic myeloic leukemia developed aseptic necrosis of the femoral head 15 to 69 months after treatment with a combination of cytostatic substances and steroids. In a patient who received maximal prednisone applications aseptic necrosis of the humeral head has been observed also. With increasing life expectancy asceptic bone necrosis due to treatment can appear as a late complication. The early recognition is important. The advancing of this irreversible bone destruction and the associated morbidity can be avoided by immediate cessation of the steroid application. Conservative treatment is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:279940", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of a right ventricle tumor.", "content": "A metastatic tumor in the right ventricle was clearly visualized using two-dimensional echocardiography. The location, size, and mobility of the tumor were easily demonstrated. Two-dimensional echocardiography is superior to M-mode echocardiography in such cases.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic identification of a right ventricle tumor. A metastatic tumor in the right ventricle was clearly visualized using two-dimensional echocardiography. The location, size, and mobility of the tumor were easily demonstrated. Two-dimensional echocardiography is superior to M-mode echocardiography in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:279941", "title": "Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma.", "content": "From the records of Memorial Hospital of the past 50 years, 47 cases with an established diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcoma were identified and divided into two groups: the first included 20 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma arising from irradiated tissues, and the second comprised 27 cases of bone sarcoma arising from normal bones in the irradiated field. Medians for the latent periods from irradiation to diagnosis of bone and soft-tissue sarcoma were 11 and 12, years, respectively. In bone sarcomas, the latent period was longer after larger radiation doses and children appeared to be more susceptible to cancer induction than adults. Criteria for establishing the diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcoma and the magnitude of the risk of bone sarcoma are discussed.", "contents": "Radiation-induced soft-tissue and bone sarcoma. From the records of Memorial Hospital of the past 50 years, 47 cases with an established diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcoma were identified and divided into two groups: the first included 20 cases of soft-tissue sarcoma arising from irradiated tissues, and the second comprised 27 cases of bone sarcoma arising from normal bones in the irradiated field. Medians for the latent periods from irradiation to diagnosis of bone and soft-tissue sarcoma were 11 and 12, years, respectively. In bone sarcomas, the latent period was longer after larger radiation doses and children appeared to be more susceptible to cancer induction than adults. Criteria for establishing the diagnosis of radiation-induced sarcoma and the magnitude of the risk of bone sarcoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279948", "title": "[Therapeutic principles in angioma of the mandible: applications in relation to a clinical observation (author's transl)].", "content": "When confronted with a case of angioma of the mandible, treatment should be directed towards two main areas:--to stop blood loss. Ligature of the external carotid can be life-saving, but it does not prevent the formation of nearby anastomotic vessels which refill, more or less rapidly, the external carotid axis. Ligature make embolization impossible by femoral way. A by-pass operation to improve permeability is also dangerous if not impossible. Ligature should be reserved only for those cases in which there is an immediate threat to life. On the contrary, embolization is necessary before surgery. --to treat the angioma. As radiotherapy is not effective or is dangerous, surgical treatment is necessary; either by a conservative operation or by radical resection. All these facts are illustrated dramatically by the case reported.", "contents": "[Therapeutic principles in angioma of the mandible: applications in relation to a clinical observation (author's transl)]. When confronted with a case of angioma of the mandible, treatment should be directed towards two main areas:--to stop blood loss. Ligature of the external carotid can be life-saving, but it does not prevent the formation of nearby anastomotic vessels which refill, more or less rapidly, the external carotid axis. Ligature make embolization impossible by femoral way. A by-pass operation to improve permeability is also dangerous if not impossible. Ligature should be reserved only for those cases in which there is an immediate threat to life. On the contrary, embolization is necessary before surgery. --to treat the angioma. As radiotherapy is not effective or is dangerous, surgical treatment is necessary; either by a conservative operation or by radical resection. All these facts are illustrated dramatically by the case reported."}
{"id": "PMID:279949", "title": "[Aneurysmal cysts located in the maxilla or mandible (author's transl)].", "content": "Aneurysmal cysts of the mandible and maxilla are rare conditions, though not exceptional, which are seen in particular in the child and adolescent. A part from facial asymmetry and tumefaction, it is rare to find other clinical manifestations. No neurological signs were seen in the present study. An aneurysmal cyst gives a radiological appearance of non-characteristic lysis compatible with a large range of diagnoses. Histological study permits early diagnosis but must always involve the whole specimen with careful examination to detect any other associated lesion. The pathogenesis of the condition remains obscure and, at the extreme, it may be questioned whether the aneurysmal cyst is a separate entity or a particular form of chronic osteopathy.", "contents": "[Aneurysmal cysts located in the maxilla or mandible (author's transl)]. Aneurysmal cysts of the mandible and maxilla are rare conditions, though not exceptional, which are seen in particular in the child and adolescent. A part from facial asymmetry and tumefaction, it is rare to find other clinical manifestations. No neurological signs were seen in the present study. An aneurysmal cyst gives a radiological appearance of non-characteristic lysis compatible with a large range of diagnoses. Histological study permits early diagnosis but must always involve the whole specimen with careful examination to detect any other associated lesion. The pathogenesis of the condition remains obscure and, at the extreme, it may be questioned whether the aneurysmal cyst is a separate entity or a particular form of chronic osteopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:279950", "title": "[Salivary imprints on the mandible. The sign of lordosis of the ramus (author's transl)].", "content": "All of the principal salivary glands are in contact with the membranous mandible, in the form of contiguous relationships which develop and disappear respectively at the time of phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the first branchial arch. A contrast must also be drawn concerning the static relations between the submaxillary and sublingual glands and the inner aspect of the horizontal branch and the dynamic relations between the posterior edge of the ramus and the parotid gland ensured by the inter-mandibulo-parotid sliding space. In this perspective, the physiological slope of the posterior border of the ramus is certainly of parotid origin. This slope may be exaggerated in the presence of a parotid tumour, forming the indirect radiological sign of sagittal lordosis of the ramus, sometimes associated with a certain degree of frontal scoliosis in the case of a tumour with pharyngeal prolongation. Once again in this perspective, the inter-mandibulo-parotid sliding space makes for easy separation of the anterior parotid aponeurosis of the mandible and of its muscular sling.", "contents": "[Salivary imprints on the mandible. The sign of lordosis of the ramus (author's transl)]. All of the principal salivary glands are in contact with the membranous mandible, in the form of contiguous relationships which develop and disappear respectively at the time of phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the first branchial arch. A contrast must also be drawn concerning the static relations between the submaxillary and sublingual glands and the inner aspect of the horizontal branch and the dynamic relations between the posterior edge of the ramus and the parotid gland ensured by the inter-mandibulo-parotid sliding space. In this perspective, the physiological slope of the posterior border of the ramus is certainly of parotid origin. This slope may be exaggerated in the presence of a parotid tumour, forming the indirect radiological sign of sagittal lordosis of the ramus, sometimes associated with a certain degree of frontal scoliosis in the case of a tumour with pharyngeal prolongation. Once again in this perspective, the inter-mandibulo-parotid sliding space makes for easy separation of the anterior parotid aponeurosis of the mandible and of its muscular sling."}
{"id": "PMID:279951", "title": "[LLL plasty in reparative surgery of the face (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of the repair of loss of cutaneous substance from the face is extensively studied in works on plastic surgery. The so-called LLL lozenge plasty of Dufourmentet no longer has the place of which it is worthy, when it is not ignored altogether. The authors here stress the advantages: simplicity, minimal separation of the skin from underlying structures, ease of application using local anaesthetic, minimal scarring, aesthetic quality. The limitations of this autoplasty are also described, in particular with regard to the extent of the repair and the problem of malignancy.", "contents": "[LLL plasty in reparative surgery of the face (author's transl)]. The problem of the repair of loss of cutaneous substance from the face is extensively studied in works on plastic surgery. The so-called LLL lozenge plasty of Dufourmentet no longer has the place of which it is worthy, when it is not ignored altogether. The authors here stress the advantages: simplicity, minimal separation of the skin from underlying structures, ease of application using local anaesthetic, minimal scarring, aesthetic quality. The limitations of this autoplasty are also described, in particular with regard to the extent of the repair and the problem of malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:279952", "title": "[Xeroderma pigmentosum. Therapeutic indications on the basis of 3 cases seen recently (author's transl)].", "content": "This condition is a genodermatosis, seen chiefly around the shores of the Mediterranean, characterised by early pigment disturbances which progress virtually inexorably towards a diffuse epitheliomatosis which usually results in death before the age of 20 years. Progression of the lesions is precipitated by exposure to UV rays. These lesions are seen essentially in exposed areas, in particular oculopalpebral. Treatment is first preventive (decrease in exposure to sun and protection). Otherwise, surgery remains the most effective method: either excision as required, or extensive cervicofacial prophylactic excision followed by grafting.", "contents": "[Xeroderma pigmentosum. Therapeutic indications on the basis of 3 cases seen recently (author's transl)]. This condition is a genodermatosis, seen chiefly around the shores of the Mediterranean, characterised by early pigment disturbances which progress virtually inexorably towards a diffuse epitheliomatosis which usually results in death before the age of 20 years. Progression of the lesions is precipitated by exposure to UV rays. These lesions are seen essentially in exposed areas, in particular oculopalpebral. Treatment is first preventive (decrease in exposure to sun and protection). Otherwise, surgery remains the most effective method: either excision as required, or extensive cervicofacial prophylactic excision followed by grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:279953", "title": "Morphologic changes in the rat enamel organ following a single intraperitoneal injection of sodium fluoride.", "content": "Enamel organs in developing teeth of young rats were studied after single intraperitoneal injections of a high dose of sodium fluoride (60 mg NaF/kg body wt.). The study employed primarily light microscopy, but electron microscopy was used to clarify some of the light microscopic findings. The pathogenesis of the fluoride-induced changes was followed during 72 h. Cellular changes were consistently found in the molars, but were never seen in the incisors. In the maxillary molars, ameloblastic injury was most commonly seen on the mesial surfaces of the cusps. One hour after injection, the most prominent findings were swollen mitochondria in the secretory ameloblasts and cleft formations between the ameloblasts and the enamel matrix. The clefts were filled with a stippled material. Some of the clefts gradually expanded to cystic cavities. The stippled material began to calcify after 24 h and formed small, darkly stained globules. After 72 h dearranged ameloblasts were found as islands intermingled with calcified rounded structures in the stellate reticulum. In stratum intermedium numerous atypic autophagic vacuoles appeared 2 h after injection. No light microscopic changes were observed in the postsecretory ameloblasts.", "contents": "Morphologic changes in the rat enamel organ following a single intraperitoneal injection of sodium fluoride. Enamel organs in developing teeth of young rats were studied after single intraperitoneal injections of a high dose of sodium fluoride (60 mg NaF/kg body wt.). The study employed primarily light microscopy, but electron microscopy was used to clarify some of the light microscopic findings. The pathogenesis of the fluoride-induced changes was followed during 72 h. Cellular changes were consistently found in the molars, but were never seen in the incisors. In the maxillary molars, ameloblastic injury was most commonly seen on the mesial surfaces of the cusps. One hour after injection, the most prominent findings were swollen mitochondria in the secretory ameloblasts and cleft formations between the ameloblasts and the enamel matrix. The clefts were filled with a stippled material. Some of the clefts gradually expanded to cystic cavities. The stippled material began to calcify after 24 h and formed small, darkly stained globules. After 72 h dearranged ameloblasts were found as islands intermingled with calcified rounded structures in the stellate reticulum. In stratum intermedium numerous atypic autophagic vacuoles appeared 2 h after injection. No light microscopic changes were observed in the postsecretory ameloblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:279954", "title": "Effect of dextranase on plaque formation and caries development in the rat.", "content": "Plaque formation and caries development were studied in 0-M rats fed Diet 2000 and infected with S. mutans 6715 and fecal flora from older caries-active rats. Merck dextranase, Beckman dextranase or Beckman glucanase 447 were administered singly or in combination to groups of 12 rats either as an addition to the diet or as a \"mouthwash\" twice daily, 5 per week. All enzymes studied were associated with significant inhibition of both plaque formation and caries development, especially on the buccal and lingual surfaces.", "contents": "Effect of dextranase on plaque formation and caries development in the rat. Plaque formation and caries development were studied in 0-M rats fed Diet 2000 and infected with S. mutans 6715 and fecal flora from older caries-active rats. Merck dextranase, Beckman dextranase or Beckman glucanase 447 were administered singly or in combination to groups of 12 rats either as an addition to the diet or as a \"mouthwash\" twice daily, 5 per week. All enzymes studied were associated with significant inhibition of both plaque formation and caries development, especially on the buccal and lingual surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:279955", "title": "Effect of experimental neutropenia on oral wound healing in guinea pigs.", "content": "The influence of experimental neutropenia on the wound healing process in standardized excisional palatal wounds was studied in 16 guinea pigs. Corresponding wounds in 15 normal animals were used as controls. Neutropenia was induced and maintained by daily injections of heterologous anti-neutrophil serum. One-micron sections from biopsies of palatal mucosa sampled 6, 24, 48 and 120 h after wounding were evaluated with special reference to the progress of epithelial wound repair and to the occurrence and location of inflammatory cells and bacteria. In animals treated with anti-serum, neutrophilic leukocytes disappeared from the wound cavity, whereas other inflammatory cells remained unchanged. Further bacterial invasion deep into the cavity was observed. The epithelial repair took place at a deeper level in the wounds of neutropenic animals compared with those of normal animals. The rate of re-epithelialization was the same in neutropenic and control wounds. The experiment indicates that the neutrophils in oral wounds provide a principal agency for host defense against microorganisms and probably thereby indirectly determine the direction and level of epithelial cell migration.", "contents": "Effect of experimental neutropenia on oral wound healing in guinea pigs. The influence of experimental neutropenia on the wound healing process in standardized excisional palatal wounds was studied in 16 guinea pigs. Corresponding wounds in 15 normal animals were used as controls. Neutropenia was induced and maintained by daily injections of heterologous anti-neutrophil serum. One-micron sections from biopsies of palatal mucosa sampled 6, 24, 48 and 120 h after wounding were evaluated with special reference to the progress of epithelial wound repair and to the occurrence and location of inflammatory cells and bacteria. In animals treated with anti-serum, neutrophilic leukocytes disappeared from the wound cavity, whereas other inflammatory cells remained unchanged. Further bacterial invasion deep into the cavity was observed. The epithelial repair took place at a deeper level in the wounds of neutropenic animals compared with those of normal animals. The rate of re-epithelialization was the same in neutropenic and control wounds. The experiment indicates that the neutrophils in oral wounds provide a principal agency for host defense against microorganisms and probably thereby indirectly determine the direction and level of epithelial cell migration."}
{"id": "PMID:279956", "title": "Relation of amylase to starch and Lycasin metabolism in human dental plaque in vitro.", "content": "Acid production activity (APA) in plaque suspensions from glucose, boiled soluble starch and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin) was studied in 11 subjects. Amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) activity was measured in plaque and whole saliva samples from the same persons. Lycasin was found to be hydrolyzed by salivary amylase under the formation of di- and oligosaccharides, however, with a lower rate than starch. A high correlation was found between APA from glucose and from soluble starch and between APA from soluble starch and plaque amylase activity. No correlation was found between amylase activity in saliva and APA from soluble starch or between amylase activity in saliva or plaque and APA from Lycasin. APA from Lycasin was about 62% and from soluble starch about 76% of the APA from glucose. 0-25% of the total number of cultivable microorganisms from the plaque produced extracellular starch-degrading enzymes. No correlation was found between number of starch-degrading microorganisms and APA from soluble starch or between these numbers and the plaque amylase activity. By electrophoreses only amylase fractions of human origin were found in whole saliva, plaque supernatants and plaque suspensions, indicating that the microbial amylase activity in the plaque is low compared with that of salivary origin.", "contents": "Relation of amylase to starch and Lycasin metabolism in human dental plaque in vitro. Acid production activity (APA) in plaque suspensions from glucose, boiled soluble starch and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (Lycasin) was studied in 11 subjects. Amylase (alpha-1,4-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) activity was measured in plaque and whole saliva samples from the same persons. Lycasin was found to be hydrolyzed by salivary amylase under the formation of di- and oligosaccharides, however, with a lower rate than starch. A high correlation was found between APA from glucose and from soluble starch and between APA from soluble starch and plaque amylase activity. No correlation was found between amylase activity in saliva and APA from soluble starch or between amylase activity in saliva or plaque and APA from Lycasin. APA from Lycasin was about 62% and from soluble starch about 76% of the APA from glucose. 0-25% of the total number of cultivable microorganisms from the plaque produced extracellular starch-degrading enzymes. No correlation was found between number of starch-degrading microorganisms and APA from soluble starch or between these numbers and the plaque amylase activity. By electrophoreses only amylase fractions of human origin were found in whole saliva, plaque supernatants and plaque suspensions, indicating that the microbial amylase activity in the plaque is low compared with that of salivary origin."}
{"id": "PMID:279957", "title": "An in vitro study with various vehicles of diffusion of formocresol and its components.", "content": "Pulpotomy in primary teeth using the formocresol method results in varying degrees of devitalization of the root pulp. The extent of this devitalization depends on, among other things, the ability of the components of formocresol to leave the dressing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate and duration of diffusion of the components of formocresol when incorporated in different vehicles. The antimicrobial effect of the drugs was used to assess the diffusion of the components of formocresol in blood agar, with a sensitive microorganism as an indicator. Evaluation of the MICs assessed in broth medium for formalin, formocresol and cresol, respectively, and the zone size of growth inhibition on blood agar from these components when incorporated in ZnO or ZnO-eugenol cement, suggested that the initial zone of inhibition from formocresol was due mainly to the diffusion of formaldehyde. Cresol diffused more slowly from the dressing. The presence of eugenol in the dressing, as in ZnO-eugenol cement, gave smaller initial release of formaldehyde, formocresol and cresol compared with the release from ZnO, but more prolonged diffusion. A higher initial release of formaldehyde was obtained when the formocresol was incorporated in ZnO alone compared with ZnO-eugenol cement or Pharmatec.", "contents": "An in vitro study with various vehicles of diffusion of formocresol and its components. Pulpotomy in primary teeth using the formocresol method results in varying degrees of devitalization of the root pulp. The extent of this devitalization depends on, among other things, the ability of the components of formocresol to leave the dressing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate and duration of diffusion of the components of formocresol when incorporated in different vehicles. The antimicrobial effect of the drugs was used to assess the diffusion of the components of formocresol in blood agar, with a sensitive microorganism as an indicator. Evaluation of the MICs assessed in broth medium for formalin, formocresol and cresol, respectively, and the zone size of growth inhibition on blood agar from these components when incorporated in ZnO or ZnO-eugenol cement, suggested that the initial zone of inhibition from formocresol was due mainly to the diffusion of formaldehyde. Cresol diffused more slowly from the dressing. The presence of eugenol in the dressing, as in ZnO-eugenol cement, gave smaller initial release of formaldehyde, formocresol and cresol compared with the release from ZnO, but more prolonged diffusion. A higher initial release of formaldehyde was obtained when the formocresol was incorporated in ZnO alone compared with ZnO-eugenol cement or Pharmatec."}
{"id": "PMID:279958", "title": "Pulp condition of successfully formocresol-treated primary molars.", "content": "The aim of the study was to assess the state of the pulp of primary teeth successfully treated by formocresol pulpotomy. Nineteen teeth, all of them with clinically and radiographically successful treatments, were extracted 3-24 months after treatment. The pulpal condition had changed in all the teeth. Inflammatory reaction or necrosis was observed in all teeth. Dentinal resorption followed by apposition of hard tissue were common findings. In the teeth with vital tissue only in the apical area, the tissue had minor or no signs of inflammation. Microorganisms could be demonstrated in the necrotic tissue in one tooth. The wide range of pulpal conditions observed indicated that there was no typical tissue reaction to formocresol even though treatment was clinically successful. The present study confirms that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a limited period of time.", "contents": "Pulp condition of successfully formocresol-treated primary molars. The aim of the study was to assess the state of the pulp of primary teeth successfully treated by formocresol pulpotomy. Nineteen teeth, all of them with clinically and radiographically successful treatments, were extracted 3-24 months after treatment. The pulpal condition had changed in all the teeth. Inflammatory reaction or necrosis was observed in all teeth. Dentinal resorption followed by apposition of hard tissue were common findings. In the teeth with vital tissue only in the apical area, the tissue had minor or no signs of inflammation. Microorganisms could be demonstrated in the necrotic tissue in one tooth. The wide range of pulpal conditions observed indicated that there was no typical tissue reaction to formocresol even though treatment was clinically successful. The present study confirms that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a limited period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:279959", "title": "A 2-year follow-up of primary molars, pulpotomized with a gentle technique and capped with calcium hydroxide.", "content": "The prognosis for pulpotomy of primary molars with calcium hydroxide as wound dressing was evaluated clinically and radiographically. Thirty-three primary mandibular molars were amputated under the following conditions: (1) chronic coronal pulpitis, (2) the amputation was done with diamond instruments and a high-speed machine under aseptic conditions, and (3) application of calcium hydroxide in contact with the wound surface. After 1 year the treatment was regarded as successful for 22 of the teeth (67%); 11 teeth showed internal dentin resorption. After 2 years the frequency of success, allowing for drop-out, was 59%. Internal dentin resorption was seen in 14 root canals; in 10 of them within the first 6 months. A histologic study of nine root pulps with internal dentin resorption revealed an extra-pulpal blood clot on the wound surface in five.", "contents": "A 2-year follow-up of primary molars, pulpotomized with a gentle technique and capped with calcium hydroxide. The prognosis for pulpotomy of primary molars with calcium hydroxide as wound dressing was evaluated clinically and radiographically. Thirty-three primary mandibular molars were amputated under the following conditions: (1) chronic coronal pulpitis, (2) the amputation was done with diamond instruments and a high-speed machine under aseptic conditions, and (3) application of calcium hydroxide in contact with the wound surface. After 1 year the treatment was regarded as successful for 22 of the teeth (67%); 11 teeth showed internal dentin resorption. After 2 years the frequency of success, allowing for drop-out, was 59%. Internal dentin resorption was seen in 14 root canals; in 10 of them within the first 6 months. A histologic study of nine root pulps with internal dentin resorption revealed an extra-pulpal blood clot on the wound surface in five."}
{"id": "PMID:279960", "title": "Mercury vapor levels in a dental laboratory.", "content": "Mercury vapor levels associated with grinding amalgam models and mulling amalgams in the palm of the hand following trituration have been measured in a dental laboratory in inhalation position. The threshold limit value of airborne mercury of 0.05 mg/m3 was essentially exceeded in the grinding procedure of amalgam. Levels in excess of seven times this value were recorded. During mulling the mercury vapor level fluctuated around the threshold limit value. The mean mercury concentrations did not essentially exceed the threshold limit value.", "contents": "Mercury vapor levels in a dental laboratory. Mercury vapor levels associated with grinding amalgam models and mulling amalgams in the palm of the hand following trituration have been measured in a dental laboratory in inhalation position. The threshold limit value of airborne mercury of 0.05 mg/m3 was essentially exceeded in the grinding procedure of amalgam. Levels in excess of seven times this value were recorded. During mulling the mercury vapor level fluctuated around the threshold limit value. The mean mercury concentrations did not essentially exceed the threshold limit value."}
{"id": "PMID:279961", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine-coated dressings on plaque formation after gingivectomy.", "content": "The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect on plaque formation after gingivectomy when the periodontal dressing Coe-Pak was coated with chlorhexidine-hydrochloride powder. The study indicates that no additional plaque-inhibiting effect can be obtained by this method.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine-coated dressings on plaque formation after gingivectomy. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect on plaque formation after gingivectomy when the periodontal dressing Coe-Pak was coated with chlorhexidine-hydrochloride powder. The study indicates that no additional plaque-inhibiting effect can be obtained by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:279963", "title": "A critique of animal models in antibiotic research.", "content": "The interactions between microbes and antimicrobial agents in vitro are often markedly different from those in vivo, presumably because of pharmacological factors and host defenses. Although animal models have long been used to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, there are few guidelines for the conduct of these studies. Therefore, the results of these investigations must be assessed critically in terms of the balance between the infectious challenge and the therapeutic response, and in terms of their relevance to human disease. It has been clearly demonstrated that the \"freshness\" of the infecting organism, the interval between infection and therapy, the order of administration of drug combinations, and the presence of foreign bodies, may have a crucial impact upon the outcome of animal trials. Less well studied have been the influence of the quantity and growth phase of the infecting inoculum, the use of single- as opposed to multiple-dose therapy, and the anatomical and pharmacological attributes of the particular animal species. Greater understanding of these factors would resolve some of the apparently contradictory results of various investigations, and would permit more rational design of these studies in the future.", "contents": "A critique of animal models in antibiotic research. The interactions between microbes and antimicrobial agents in vitro are often markedly different from those in vivo, presumably because of pharmacological factors and host defenses. Although animal models have long been used to evaluate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, there are few guidelines for the conduct of these studies. Therefore, the results of these investigations must be assessed critically in terms of the balance between the infectious challenge and the therapeutic response, and in terms of their relevance to human disease. It has been clearly demonstrated that the \"freshness\" of the infecting organism, the interval between infection and therapy, the order of administration of drug combinations, and the presence of foreign bodies, may have a crucial impact upon the outcome of animal trials. Less well studied have been the influence of the quantity and growth phase of the infecting inoculum, the use of single- as opposed to multiple-dose therapy, and the anatomical and pharmacological attributes of the particular animal species. Greater understanding of these factors would resolve some of the apparently contradictory results of various investigations, and would permit more rational design of these studies in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:279964", "title": "The tissue cage model in the distribution of antibacterial agents.", "content": "Developments in the measurement of interstitial tissue fluid using the tissue cage model are described. The design and physical characteristics of tissue cages are examined and evidence is presented to show that the fluid contained within these cages is representative of interstitial tissue fluid. The distribution of a variety of antibacterial agents into tissue cage fluid is examined and shows that this technique is a reliable experimental model for the study of drug distribution. The results also show that some antibacterial agents may never, normally, distribute into the tissue fluid and that the use of tissue homogenates, especially the kidney, is unreliable as a guide to the tissue concentration of a drug.", "contents": "The tissue cage model in the distribution of antibacterial agents. Developments in the measurement of interstitial tissue fluid using the tissue cage model are described. The design and physical characteristics of tissue cages are examined and evidence is presented to show that the fluid contained within these cages is representative of interstitial tissue fluid. The distribution of a variety of antibacterial agents into tissue cage fluid is examined and shows that this technique is a reliable experimental model for the study of drug distribution. The results also show that some antibacterial agents may never, normally, distribute into the tissue fluid and that the use of tissue homogenates, especially the kidney, is unreliable as a guide to the tissue concentration of a drug."}
{"id": "PMID:279966", "title": "Tissue cage experiments with beta-lactam antibiotics in rabbits.", "content": "An animal model in which antibiotic concentrations can be meausred in intersittial fluid (IF) withdrawn from subcutaneous tissue cages has been used. Although the physiological significance of IF is not well established, this model allowed the comparison of 1) two pharmacological forms of the same drug (bacampicillin and ampicillin were compared after a single oral dose; and 2) drugs of the same group in a single i.m. injection study and in a cumulative effect study. These data provide new criteria for clinical choice of antibiotics. A rapid penetration into IF can be explained by a low degree of serum protein binding, but a highly bound drug is not restricted to the intravascular space. In this animal model we have also shown that an 0.25 h i.v. infusion of cephalothin induced higher IF levels than an i.v. bolus injection and an 1 h i.v. infusion. Using a single i.v. bolus injection of various cephalosporins, we have shown that a two open compartment model cannot explain both serum and IF data. Sustained late IF levels suggested the hypothesis of a deep compartment.", "contents": "Tissue cage experiments with beta-lactam antibiotics in rabbits. An animal model in which antibiotic concentrations can be meausred in intersittial fluid (IF) withdrawn from subcutaneous tissue cages has been used. Although the physiological significance of IF is not well established, this model allowed the comparison of 1) two pharmacological forms of the same drug (bacampicillin and ampicillin were compared after a single oral dose; and 2) drugs of the same group in a single i.m. injection study and in a cumulative effect study. These data provide new criteria for clinical choice of antibiotics. A rapid penetration into IF can be explained by a low degree of serum protein binding, but a highly bound drug is not restricted to the intravascular space. In this animal model we have also shown that an 0.25 h i.v. infusion of cephalothin induced higher IF levels than an i.v. bolus injection and an 1 h i.v. infusion. Using a single i.v. bolus injection of various cephalosporins, we have shown that a two open compartment model cannot explain both serum and IF data. Sustained late IF levels suggested the hypothesis of a deep compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:279967", "title": "Experimental models for determination of antimicrobials in prostatic tissue, interstitial fluid and secretion.", "content": "Two new animal models were used to evaluate the usefulness of several antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis. An experimental bacterial prostatis was created in dogs and the concentraion of six antimicrobials (erythromycin, rosamicin, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin and doxycycline) measured in plasma and prostatic secretion and their concentration ratios compared to previous studies in healthy dogs. Prostatic interstitial fluid concentrations of the three basic drugs (erythromycin, rosamicin, trimethoprim) were determined from samples obtained from implanted tissue chambers. At the same time samples of plasma, prostatic secretion and urine were collected and their concentration ratios compared. Drug levels in prostatic secretion of dogs with infected prostatic glands were different from those without inflammation, but the same mechanism of drug diffusion into the prostatic secretion seems to be active during infection. Prostatic interstitial fluid concentrations of the three basic drugs were always lower than the simultaneous prostatic secretion levels. These findings may have clinical application in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis.", "contents": "Experimental models for determination of antimicrobials in prostatic tissue, interstitial fluid and secretion. Two new animal models were used to evaluate the usefulness of several antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial prostatitis. An experimental bacterial prostatis was created in dogs and the concentraion of six antimicrobials (erythromycin, rosamicin, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin and doxycycline) measured in plasma and prostatic secretion and their concentration ratios compared to previous studies in healthy dogs. Prostatic interstitial fluid concentrations of the three basic drugs (erythromycin, rosamicin, trimethoprim) were determined from samples obtained from implanted tissue chambers. At the same time samples of plasma, prostatic secretion and urine were collected and their concentration ratios compared. Drug levels in prostatic secretion of dogs with infected prostatic glands were different from those without inflammation, but the same mechanism of drug diffusion into the prostatic secretion seems to be active during infection. Prostatic interstitial fluid concentrations of the three basic drugs were always lower than the simultaneous prostatic secretion levels. These findings may have clinical application in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:279968", "title": "Factors influencing the penetration of antimicrobial agents into the cerebrospinal fluid of experimental animals.", "content": "Successful therapy of bacterial meningitis is dependent upon achieving adequate antibacterial activity in the CSF. The percent penetration (CSF concentration/serum concentration X 100) of various antimicrobial agents was determined in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. The percent penetration of the penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives was found to vary inversely with the protein binding of the respective drugs. Esterification of ampicillin increased its lipid solubility and likewise increased the penetration into the CSF. Probenecid competitively inhibits the active transport efflux of various organic acids from the CSF and increased the CSF concentrations of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. The percent penetration of all drugs was increased in the presence of the inflamed meninges.", "contents": "Factors influencing the penetration of antimicrobial agents into the cerebrospinal fluid of experimental animals. Successful therapy of bacterial meningitis is dependent upon achieving adequate antibacterial activity in the CSF. The percent penetration (CSF concentration/serum concentration X 100) of various antimicrobial agents was determined in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. The percent penetration of the penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives was found to vary inversely with the protein binding of the respective drugs. Esterification of ampicillin increased its lipid solubility and likewise increased the penetration into the CSF. Probenecid competitively inhibits the active transport efflux of various organic acids from the CSF and increased the CSF concentrations of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. The percent penetration of all drugs was increased in the presence of the inflamed meninges."}
{"id": "PMID:279970", "title": "Antibiotics in bone tissues. Methodological and practical aspects.", "content": "With regard to determination of antibiotic levels in bone, variance in results may be obtained as a consequence of type of the bones involved, degree of penetration of the drug used and of assay method performed. Measurements of antibacterial activity in bone from patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery were performed after preoperative treatment with doxycycline, lincomycin, clindamycin or cefuroxime. In performing the assay by the agar diffusion method, after extraction of the bone specimens in buffer according to classical systems, the concentrations of doxycyline were in the range of 0.05--0.6 microgram/g, clindamycin 0.4--4.9 microgram/g, lincomycin 1.7--2.9 microgram/g and of cefuroxine about 0.4 microgram/g. After electrophoresis in agarose-gel and followed by microbiological assay higher levels of these drugs were estimated possibly as a consequence of a diminution in the binding capacity of bone.", "contents": "Antibiotics in bone tissues. Methodological and practical aspects. With regard to determination of antibiotic levels in bone, variance in results may be obtained as a consequence of type of the bones involved, degree of penetration of the drug used and of assay method performed. Measurements of antibacterial activity in bone from patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery were performed after preoperative treatment with doxycycline, lincomycin, clindamycin or cefuroxime. In performing the assay by the agar diffusion method, after extraction of the bone specimens in buffer according to classical systems, the concentrations of doxycyline were in the range of 0.05--0.6 microgram/g, clindamycin 0.4--4.9 microgram/g, lincomycin 1.7--2.9 microgram/g and of cefuroxine about 0.4 microgram/g. After electrophoresis in agarose-gel and followed by microbiological assay higher levels of these drugs were estimated possibly as a consequence of a diminution in the binding capacity of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:279972", "title": "A review of models for the therapy of experimental infections.", "content": "The advent of several new antibiotics able to counter drug-resistant bacteria, the problems in carrying out well-controlled clinical trials and the occasional disparity between in vitro and in vivo activity of antimicrobials compel us to resort to experiments using animal models in order to evaluate different therapeutic regimens. We wish here to discuss the prerequisites of a reliable animal model for the therapy of experimental infections and to analyze the influence of combined antimicrobial therapy on the outcome of non-human infections. The interaction between antibiotics and infected tissues will also be considered. Finally, we shall examine the interrelations between host defenses and antibiotics in models for experimental infections.", "contents": "A review of models for the therapy of experimental infections. The advent of several new antibiotics able to counter drug-resistant bacteria, the problems in carrying out well-controlled clinical trials and the occasional disparity between in vitro and in vivo activity of antimicrobials compel us to resort to experiments using animal models in order to evaluate different therapeutic regimens. We wish here to discuss the prerequisites of a reliable animal model for the therapy of experimental infections and to analyze the influence of combined antimicrobial therapy on the outcome of non-human infections. The interaction between antibiotics and infected tissues will also be considered. Finally, we shall examine the interrelations between host defenses and antibiotics in models for experimental infections."}
{"id": "PMID:279973", "title": "Evaluation of amino penicillins in experimental infections in mice.", "content": "The therapeutic activity of bacampicillin compared to that of ampicillin and amoxycillin was evaluated against experimental infections in mice. Median curative doses (CD50) were determined in groups of animals challenged with bacterial suspensions injected intraperitoneally together with mucin and treated orally with the penicillins. When treated directly after the infection bacampicillin was slightly more active than ampicillin, whereas it was significantly more active than ampicillin and at least as active as amoxycillin when the treatment was instituted not until four hours after infection. Bacterial counts made on various organ homogenates from infected animals four hours after the infection showed that a generalized infection with high bacterial concentrations had developed. Penicillin administration caused a significant reduction in the bacterial counts and the bactericidal activity in vivo obtained after administration of bacampicillin appeared as good as that of amoxycillin.", "contents": "Evaluation of amino penicillins in experimental infections in mice. The therapeutic activity of bacampicillin compared to that of ampicillin and amoxycillin was evaluated against experimental infections in mice. Median curative doses (CD50) were determined in groups of animals challenged with bacterial suspensions injected intraperitoneally together with mucin and treated orally with the penicillins. When treated directly after the infection bacampicillin was slightly more active than ampicillin, whereas it was significantly more active than ampicillin and at least as active as amoxycillin when the treatment was instituted not until four hours after infection. Bacterial counts made on various organ homogenates from infected animals four hours after the infection showed that a generalized infection with high bacterial concentrations had developed. Penicillin administration caused a significant reduction in the bacterial counts and the bactericidal activity in vivo obtained after administration of bacampicillin appeared as good as that of amoxycillin."}
{"id": "PMID:279975", "title": "Comparison of antibiotic assays using different experimental models and their possible clinical significance.", "content": "Different experimental models were applied to study the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in \"interstitial fluid\" (\"i.f.\") in rabbits. Two types of tissue cages were used and the results from these experiments were compared with those obtained analysing the antibiotic concentration in the mucous membrane of the oral bucca and maxillary sinus in rabbits. A similar determination was done in the mucous membrane of sinus in man. The concentration of antibiotics in the \"i.f.\" from steel-net chambers in rabbits closely follows that of the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus in man and the oral bucca in rabbits. Experimental bacterial infections of the tissue cages resulted in decreased amounts of biologically active antibiotics in the \"i.f.\" for some antibiotics compared to that of the uninfected cages. An increase of the concentration of antibiotics in the infected cages was noted simultaneously with a decrease in the number of viable bacteria during the healing process. The clinical significance of the models will be discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of antibiotic assays using different experimental models and their possible clinical significance. Different experimental models were applied to study the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in \"interstitial fluid\" (\"i.f.\") in rabbits. Two types of tissue cages were used and the results from these experiments were compared with those obtained analysing the antibiotic concentration in the mucous membrane of the oral bucca and maxillary sinus in rabbits. A similar determination was done in the mucous membrane of sinus in man. The concentration of antibiotics in the \"i.f.\" from steel-net chambers in rabbits closely follows that of the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus in man and the oral bucca in rabbits. Experimental bacterial infections of the tissue cages resulted in decreased amounts of biologically active antibiotics in the \"i.f.\" for some antibiotics compared to that of the uninfected cages. An increase of the concentration of antibiotics in the infected cages was noted simultaneously with a decrease in the number of viable bacteria during the healing process. The clinical significance of the models will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:279976", "title": "Absorption of bacampicillin and ampicillin and penetration into body fluids (skin blister fluid, saliva, tears) in healthy volunteers.", "content": "Equimolar doses of bacampicillin, which is rapidly converted to ampicillin in the body by hydrolysis, and ampicillin were administered orally, in the case of ampicillin also by intravenous injection, to 10 healthy subjects (cross-over study). Comparison of the areas under the serum concentrations curves after intravenous and oral administration showed that bacampillin was absorbed to 95% and orally given ampicillin to 35%. The mean peak serum levels (Cmax) after 0.8 g of oral bacampicillin were higher (15.9 microgram/ml) and appeared earlier (tmax 60 min) than after 0.556 g of oral ampicillin (3.2 microgram/ml, tmax 150 min). One and three hours after oral administration skin blister fluid contained four times more ampicillin after doses of bacampicillin than after oral ampicillin. One hour after intravenous injection of ampicillin the skin blister concentrations were 20 times higher than after oral administration of this antibiotic and three to four times higher than after oral administration of bacampicillin. The levels in saliva and tears were also determined and showed similar relationships. Since higher peaks serum levels resulted in higher and longer lasting concentrations in the extravascular space, bacampicillin is to be preferred for oral therapy.", "contents": "Absorption of bacampicillin and ampicillin and penetration into body fluids (skin blister fluid, saliva, tears) in healthy volunteers. Equimolar doses of bacampicillin, which is rapidly converted to ampicillin in the body by hydrolysis, and ampicillin were administered orally, in the case of ampicillin also by intravenous injection, to 10 healthy subjects (cross-over study). Comparison of the areas under the serum concentrations curves after intravenous and oral administration showed that bacampillin was absorbed to 95% and orally given ampicillin to 35%. The mean peak serum levels (Cmax) after 0.8 g of oral bacampicillin were higher (15.9 microgram/ml) and appeared earlier (tmax 60 min) than after 0.556 g of oral ampicillin (3.2 microgram/ml, tmax 150 min). One and three hours after oral administration skin blister fluid contained four times more ampicillin after doses of bacampicillin than after oral ampicillin. One hour after intravenous injection of ampicillin the skin blister concentrations were 20 times higher than after oral administration of this antibiotic and three to four times higher than after oral administration of bacampicillin. The levels in saliva and tears were also determined and showed similar relationships. Since higher peaks serum levels resulted in higher and longer lasting concentrations in the extravascular space, bacampicillin is to be preferred for oral therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:279977", "title": "Transfer of penicillin G and ampicillin into human skin blisters induced by suction.", "content": "The antibiotic concentrations in untreated and endotoxin-treated suction blisters was studied in 15 healthy adults. In a pilot study, 2 mega units of penicillin G were given as an intravenous bolus injection to two subjects. For further studies, a single dose of 800 mg bacampicillin was given orally to 13 individuals. The penicillin G concentrations in the blister fluid were highest approximately 15 minutes after the dose, and exceeded that of serum after 1.5 hours. With ampicillin the blister fluid concentration reached maximum levels after approximately 2 hours, were equal to serum levels after 3 hours, and were later persistently in excess of serum levels. The ampicillin half-life was 136 and 100 minutes in the two types of blister fluid, as compared to 65 minutes for serum. A marked differences between the antibiotic concentrations in inflammatory and non-inflammatory blisters was seen in the pilot study with penicillin G. However, in the experiments with bacampicillin, no significant difference was demonstrated. This suction blister technique appears to be a useful method for studies on extravascular antimicrobial activity in man.", "contents": "Transfer of penicillin G and ampicillin into human skin blisters induced by suction. The antibiotic concentrations in untreated and endotoxin-treated suction blisters was studied in 15 healthy adults. In a pilot study, 2 mega units of penicillin G were given as an intravenous bolus injection to two subjects. For further studies, a single dose of 800 mg bacampicillin was given orally to 13 individuals. The penicillin G concentrations in the blister fluid were highest approximately 15 minutes after the dose, and exceeded that of serum after 1.5 hours. With ampicillin the blister fluid concentration reached maximum levels after approximately 2 hours, were equal to serum levels after 3 hours, and were later persistently in excess of serum levels. The ampicillin half-life was 136 and 100 minutes in the two types of blister fluid, as compared to 65 minutes for serum. A marked differences between the antibiotic concentrations in inflammatory and non-inflammatory blisters was seen in the pilot study with penicillin G. However, in the experiments with bacampicillin, no significant difference was demonstrated. This suction blister technique appears to be a useful method for studies on extravascular antimicrobial activity in man."}
{"id": "PMID:279978", "title": "Changes in protein binding during disease.", "content": "Disease states can alter protein binding of antimicrobials by either a reduction in the concentration of serum proteins or the accumulation of endogenous compounds, such as bilirubin and free fatty acids (FFA), that affect drug-protein interactions. In terms of protein concentration, extremely low levels of albumin (less than 2.5 m/100 ml) are required to markedly reduce binding of antimicrobials. In vitro addition of high concentrations of bilirubin and FFA to normal serum reduces binding of most antimicrobials. However, binding of some antibiotics appears to be enhanced at lower concentrations of FFA probably by an allosteric mechanism. These in vitro observations have been confirmed in sera from patients during heparin administration and patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Reduced protein binding of acidic antimicrobials in uremia appears to be associated with the accumulation of another, as yet unknown, endogenous binding inhibitor. Significant reduction in protein binding can affect the distribution of drugs and results of microbiologic assays.", "contents": "Changes in protein binding during disease. Disease states can alter protein binding of antimicrobials by either a reduction in the concentration of serum proteins or the accumulation of endogenous compounds, such as bilirubin and free fatty acids (FFA), that affect drug-protein interactions. In terms of protein concentration, extremely low levels of albumin (less than 2.5 m/100 ml) are required to markedly reduce binding of antimicrobials. In vitro addition of high concentrations of bilirubin and FFA to normal serum reduces binding of most antimicrobials. However, binding of some antibiotics appears to be enhanced at lower concentrations of FFA probably by an allosteric mechanism. These in vitro observations have been confirmed in sera from patients during heparin administration and patients with hyperbilirubinemia. Reduced protein binding of acidic antimicrobials in uremia appears to be associated with the accumulation of another, as yet unknown, endogenous binding inhibitor. Significant reduction in protein binding can affect the distribution of drugs and results of microbiologic assays."}
{"id": "PMID:279979", "title": "Significance of the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs.", "content": "Administration of an active drug to the intact human body leads to a \"drug-body\" interaction: the drug exerts its effect on the body, the body disposes of the drug. Administration of an antimicrobial drug to a human body infected with pathogenic bacteria leads to a \"drug-bacteria\" interaction in addition to \"drug-body\" and \"bacteria-body\" interactions. Of these complex interacting mechanisms only the disposition effect of the human body on antibacterial drugs and the effect of antimicrobial agents on bacteria have been quantified, analyzed, and are thus predictable. Postulates have been derived from the findings of these studies and have given the rationale for proper antimicrobial therapy under clinical conditions: antimicrobial actions are functions of the duration and concentration of the active antimicrobial principle at the physiological site of action. Optimal therapeutic efforts consider the need for individual treatment with respect to the choice and type of dosage regimen of the antimicrobial agent administered.", "contents": "Significance of the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobial drugs. Administration of an active drug to the intact human body leads to a \"drug-body\" interaction: the drug exerts its effect on the body, the body disposes of the drug. Administration of an antimicrobial drug to a human body infected with pathogenic bacteria leads to a \"drug-bacteria\" interaction in addition to \"drug-body\" and \"bacteria-body\" interactions. Of these complex interacting mechanisms only the disposition effect of the human body on antibacterial drugs and the effect of antimicrobial agents on bacteria have been quantified, analyzed, and are thus predictable. Postulates have been derived from the findings of these studies and have given the rationale for proper antimicrobial therapy under clinical conditions: antimicrobial actions are functions of the duration and concentration of the active antimicrobial principle at the physiological site of action. Optimal therapeutic efforts consider the need for individual treatment with respect to the choice and type of dosage regimen of the antimicrobial agent administered."}
{"id": "PMID:279980", "title": "Clinical significance of tissue penetration of antibiotics in the respiratory tract.", "content": "Concentrations of antibiotics in bronchial secretion vary widely and cannot be easily related to physico-chemical characteristics. Serum and sputum concentrations do broadly correlate in the case of penicillins, some cephalosporins and some tetracyclines. Antibiotic concentrations in bronchial secretion (although not necessarily in lung tissue) are always much lower than in serum, with a ratio of about 20% for tetracycline, 3--4% for ampicillin, 4--50% for gentamicin and tobramycin. Concentrations will often be adequate to inhibit highly sensitive pathogens but marginal or ineffective for those less sensitive, e.g. carbenicillin or gentamicin for Ps. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Clinical significance of tissue penetration of antibiotics in the respiratory tract. Concentrations of antibiotics in bronchial secretion vary widely and cannot be easily related to physico-chemical characteristics. Serum and sputum concentrations do broadly correlate in the case of penicillins, some cephalosporins and some tetracyclines. Antibiotic concentrations in bronchial secretion (although not necessarily in lung tissue) are always much lower than in serum, with a ratio of about 20% for tetracycline, 3--4% for ampicillin, 4--50% for gentamicin and tobramycin. Concentrations will often be adequate to inhibit highly sensitive pathogens but marginal or ineffective for those less sensitive, e.g. carbenicillin or gentamicin for Ps. aeruginosa."}
{"id": "PMID:279981", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of beta-lactam antibiotics in bronchial secretions.", "content": "The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentrations obtained in serum and bronchial secretions after administration of five beta-lactam antibiotics: cephradin (1 g per os) and cefoxitin (2 g i.v. infusion), amoxycillin (1.0 g per os), bacampicillin (0.4 g and 0.8 g per os) and ampicillin (1.0 g per os). 123 adult patients were included in the study and received a single dose of the tested drug. Serum and mucus samples were collected simultaneously 30 minutes, 1, 2 or 4 hours after administration of the drugs. Mucus samples were taken by fibroscopy but in some patients the samples were collected through a tracheostomy cannula which allowed sampling at different time intervals. The results show that the concentrations of penicillins in bronchial secretions increase progressively between one and four hours after administration of the drugs. Bronchial levels obtained after oral administration of ampicillin are low, not more than 5 to 10% of serum levels. The other antibiotics tested show worthwhile concentrations in bronchial secretions, especially with cephalosporins and bacampicillin which exhibits higher serum and bronchial concentrations than ampicillin.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of beta-lactam antibiotics in bronchial secretions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentrations obtained in serum and bronchial secretions after administration of five beta-lactam antibiotics: cephradin (1 g per os) and cefoxitin (2 g i.v. infusion), amoxycillin (1.0 g per os), bacampicillin (0.4 g and 0.8 g per os) and ampicillin (1.0 g per os). 123 adult patients were included in the study and received a single dose of the tested drug. Serum and mucus samples were collected simultaneously 30 minutes, 1, 2 or 4 hours after administration of the drugs. Mucus samples were taken by fibroscopy but in some patients the samples were collected through a tracheostomy cannula which allowed sampling at different time intervals. The results show that the concentrations of penicillins in bronchial secretions increase progressively between one and four hours after administration of the drugs. Bronchial levels obtained after oral administration of ampicillin are low, not more than 5 to 10% of serum levels. The other antibiotics tested show worthwhile concentrations in bronchial secretions, especially with cephalosporins and bacampicillin which exhibits higher serum and bronchial concentrations than ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:279982", "title": "Concentrations of ampicillin in pleural fluid and serum after single and repetitive doses of bacampicillin.", "content": "In patients with pleural effusions due to malignant disease, estimations of ampicillin were made on simultaneously obtained samples of blood and pleural fluid: (1) from patients (n=11) after the administration of a single dose of 400 mg of bacampicillin, and (2) from patients undergoing treatment with 800 mg of bacampicillin twice daily (a) during the 12 hours after the first dose (n=10) and (b) during the 7 hours after the third dose (n=9). Bacampicillin gave concentrations in the pleural fluid well above the MIC of common pathogens including H. influenzae. Mean peak levels were 1.2 microgram/ml after the 400 mg dose and 3.8 microgram/ml after the first and third doses of 800 mg. The peak appeared later in the pleural fluid in comparison with serum peak levels. The elimination half life was considerably longer in the pleural fluid.", "contents": "Concentrations of ampicillin in pleural fluid and serum after single and repetitive doses of bacampicillin. In patients with pleural effusions due to malignant disease, estimations of ampicillin were made on simultaneously obtained samples of blood and pleural fluid: (1) from patients (n=11) after the administration of a single dose of 400 mg of bacampicillin, and (2) from patients undergoing treatment with 800 mg of bacampicillin twice daily (a) during the 12 hours after the first dose (n=10) and (b) during the 7 hours after the third dose (n=9). Bacampicillin gave concentrations in the pleural fluid well above the MIC of common pathogens including H. influenzae. Mean peak levels were 1.2 microgram/ml after the 400 mg dose and 3.8 microgram/ml after the first and third doses of 800 mg. The peak appeared later in the pleural fluid in comparison with serum peak levels. The elimination half life was considerably longer in the pleural fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:279983", "title": "Methods for the clinical evaluation of antibiotics in urinary tract infections.", "content": "Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections is less than completely successful. Factors involved in the outcome are complex and include host, bacterial and drug factors. Eradication of the bacterial strain from the urine after the discontinuation of drug administration is a critical index in the clinical evaluation. Categorical reports of in vitro bacterial susceptibility correlate poorly with clinical results. Achievement of a bacterial inhibitory concentration of drug in the urine is essential for cure and probably more important than the plasma concentration. The conditions associated with cure and failure in 368 episodes of infection were examined. Distribution of the patients into groups designated \"anatomical normal\", \"systemic nephropathy\" and \"uronephropathy\" showed each of these host factors to have a significant primary effect. In the latter two, but not in the former, the drug susceptibility of the infecting bacterial strain and whether or not it was E. coli or another species of gram-negative bacillus were additional significant factors. When antibiotic treatment was assessed in host comparable episodes a significant rank order of the effectiveness of drugs could be made according to their class action. Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis were best; drugs used primarily as urinary antiseptics were the least effective.", "contents": "Methods for the clinical evaluation of antibiotics in urinary tract infections. Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections is less than completely successful. Factors involved in the outcome are complex and include host, bacterial and drug factors. Eradication of the bacterial strain from the urine after the discontinuation of drug administration is a critical index in the clinical evaluation. Categorical reports of in vitro bacterial susceptibility correlate poorly with clinical results. Achievement of a bacterial inhibitory concentration of drug in the urine is essential for cure and probably more important than the plasma concentration. The conditions associated with cure and failure in 368 episodes of infection were examined. Distribution of the patients into groups designated \"anatomical normal\", \"systemic nephropathy\" and \"uronephropathy\" showed each of these host factors to have a significant primary effect. In the latter two, but not in the former, the drug susceptibility of the infecting bacterial strain and whether or not it was E. coli or another species of gram-negative bacillus were additional significant factors. When antibiotic treatment was assessed in host comparable episodes a significant rank order of the effectiveness of drugs could be made according to their class action. Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis were best; drugs used primarily as urinary antiseptics were the least effective."}
{"id": "PMID:279984", "title": "Tissue penetration of antibiotics; an overview.", "content": "The recent development of several techniques has made it possible to more adequately study the tissue penetration of various antibiotics. The major technical advances making this possible have been various assay systems permitting measurement of antibiotics in very small amounts of fluid or tissue. In addition, various tissue cages and the use of skin blisters has been a popular means for testing antibiotic penetration into extra-cellular fluid.", "contents": "Tissue penetration of antibiotics; an overview. The recent development of several techniques has made it possible to more adequately study the tissue penetration of various antibiotics. The major technical advances making this possible have been various assay systems permitting measurement of antibiotics in very small amounts of fluid or tissue. In addition, various tissue cages and the use of skin blisters has been a popular means for testing antibiotic penetration into extra-cellular fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:279985", "title": "Kinetics of tissue penetration. Are high plasma peak concentrations or sustained levels preferable for effective antibiotic therapy?", "content": "The experimental evidence and the theory of antibiotic transport into peripheral foci of infection have been discussed. Support is presented in favour of the concept that intermittent dosage with peak concentrations of sufficient size would seem preferable. The duration of plasma concentrations above certain thresholds is a basic requirement for successful antimicrobial therapy.", "contents": "Kinetics of tissue penetration. Are high plasma peak concentrations or sustained levels preferable for effective antibiotic therapy? The experimental evidence and the theory of antibiotic transport into peripheral foci of infection have been discussed. Support is presented in favour of the concept that intermittent dosage with peak concentrations of sufficient size would seem preferable. The duration of plasma concentrations above certain thresholds is a basic requirement for successful antimicrobial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:279986", "title": "The penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells: significance to antimicrobial action.", "content": "The penetration of antibiotics into the microbial cell is reviewed from the standpoint of the structure and function of the several types of membranes which constitute permeability barriers to the passage of hydrophilic molecules. It is clear that little is actually known about the mechanisms by which the majority of antibiotics gain access to their site of action within the target cell. Sufficient evidece is at hand to indicate that resistance to several groups of antibiotics is determined by changes in the permeability of the cell membranes, the genes for which are often carried on R-plasmids. The importance of studies to determine the precise mechanisms by which each type of antibiotic permeates the membrane of the bacterial cell is stressed by a discussion of several approaches to enhancing antibiotic permeation through manipulation of either the drug or the target cell based on knowledge of the uptake mechanisms.", "contents": "The penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells: significance to antimicrobial action. The penetration of antibiotics into the microbial cell is reviewed from the standpoint of the structure and function of the several types of membranes which constitute permeability barriers to the passage of hydrophilic molecules. It is clear that little is actually known about the mechanisms by which the majority of antibiotics gain access to their site of action within the target cell. Sufficient evidece is at hand to indicate that resistance to several groups of antibiotics is determined by changes in the permeability of the cell membranes, the genes for which are often carried on R-plasmids. The importance of studies to determine the precise mechanisms by which each type of antibiotic permeates the membrane of the bacterial cell is stressed by a discussion of several approaches to enhancing antibiotic permeation through manipulation of either the drug or the target cell based on knowledge of the uptake mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:279987", "title": "Theory and practical impact of binding of antimicrobials to serum proteins and tissue.", "content": "Binding of antimicrobials to serum proteins and tissue affects their distribution, elimination and antimicrobial activity. Penetration of drugs into most tissues and interstitial and inflammatory fluids correlates with level of free drug in serum. Serum protein binding can increase or decrease the rate of drug elimination depending on whether total or free drug is available to the excretory or metabolic routes of elimination. Binding to soluble intracellular proteins (ligandin and fatty acid binding protein) appears to be important in the cellular transport and elimination of antimicrobials by renal tubular secretion and hepatic extraction. Although only free, unbound drug is antimicrobially active, the lack of well designed studies has prevented precise quantitation of the influence of binding on therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Pharmacokinetic considerations predict that serum binding greater than 80% would be necessary to significantly reduce free levels of drug in the body. However, extensive protein binding is often compensated for by greater intrinsic activity of lipophilic antimicrobials.", "contents": "Theory and practical impact of binding of antimicrobials to serum proteins and tissue. Binding of antimicrobials to serum proteins and tissue affects their distribution, elimination and antimicrobial activity. Penetration of drugs into most tissues and interstitial and inflammatory fluids correlates with level of free drug in serum. Serum protein binding can increase or decrease the rate of drug elimination depending on whether total or free drug is available to the excretory or metabolic routes of elimination. Binding to soluble intracellular proteins (ligandin and fatty acid binding protein) appears to be important in the cellular transport and elimination of antimicrobials by renal tubular secretion and hepatic extraction. Although only free, unbound drug is antimicrobially active, the lack of well designed studies has prevented precise quantitation of the influence of binding on therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Pharmacokinetic considerations predict that serum binding greater than 80% would be necessary to significantly reduce free levels of drug in the body. However, extensive protein binding is often compensated for by greater intrinsic activity of lipophilic antimicrobials."}
{"id": "PMID:279989", "title": "[Principles of reasonable oral rehabilitation].", "content": "Dentistry today is becoming an amalgamation of medical science and precision technology. However, not all the techniques introduced in past years can be qualified as progress when the clinical results are closely examined. These results show that it is necessary to constantly reevaluate one's work in order to maintain a high standard of treatment. Every dental intervention should be planned in concurrence with the principles of prevention and cure, and executed with care and precision to avoid any progress or recurrence of the existing disease. Every oral rehabilitation should be effected following a strict sequence--establishment of good oral hygiene, precise diagnosis of the disease and careful study of the case, planning and coordination of the various interventions necessary, elimination of diseased tissue and restoration of the dentition in such a manner as to retain as much healthy tooth substance as possible and to avoid any over energetic--iatrogenic--elimination of tissue.", "contents": "[Principles of reasonable oral rehabilitation]. Dentistry today is becoming an amalgamation of medical science and precision technology. However, not all the techniques introduced in past years can be qualified as progress when the clinical results are closely examined. These results show that it is necessary to constantly reevaluate one's work in order to maintain a high standard of treatment. Every dental intervention should be planned in concurrence with the principles of prevention and cure, and executed with care and precision to avoid any progress or recurrence of the existing disease. Every oral rehabilitation should be effected following a strict sequence--establishment of good oral hygiene, precise diagnosis of the disease and careful study of the case, planning and coordination of the various interventions necessary, elimination of diseased tissue and restoration of the dentition in such a manner as to retain as much healthy tooth substance as possible and to avoid any over energetic--iatrogenic--elimination of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:279990", "title": "[Case analysis and planning: functional aspects].", "content": "Great emphasis is posed on the fact, that for all cases of reconstructive dentistry some basic information is required prior to any preparation of teeth. This basic information consists of study models, vitality and periodontal pocket probings, of full mouth X-rays and an intraoral analysis. If more information in regard to the solving of a case is necessary, diagnostic occlusal adjustment by the use of semi-adjustable articulators, eventually a diagnostic wax-up or set-up is required. Treatment planning is the first step to successful restorative dentistry. This gives the possibility to predict the prognosis of reconstructive cases prior to the treatment phase.", "contents": "[Case analysis and planning: functional aspects]. Great emphasis is posed on the fact, that for all cases of reconstructive dentistry some basic information is required prior to any preparation of teeth. This basic information consists of study models, vitality and periodontal pocket probings, of full mouth X-rays and an intraoral analysis. If more information in regard to the solving of a case is necessary, diagnostic occlusal adjustment by the use of semi-adjustable articulators, eventually a diagnostic wax-up or set-up is required. Treatment planning is the first step to successful restorative dentistry. This gives the possibility to predict the prognosis of reconstructive cases prior to the treatment phase."}
{"id": "PMID:279991", "title": "[The role of orthodontic surgery in mouth rehabilitation].", "content": "The surgical treatment of malformations of jaws offers actually many possibilities. Basic principles of this specialized surgery are exposed: an exact diagnosis, the problem of incisions which must be hidden, age upon operation and association with other specialties. In the oral rehabilitation, this type of surgery permits total correction of complex malformations, which are impossible to treat completely by other methods.", "contents": "[The role of orthodontic surgery in mouth rehabilitation]. The surgical treatment of malformations of jaws offers actually many possibilities. Basic principles of this specialized surgery are exposed: an exact diagnosis, the problem of incisions which must be hidden, age upon operation and association with other specialties. In the oral rehabilitation, this type of surgery permits total correction of complex malformations, which are impossible to treat completely by other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:279992", "title": "[Practical methods for the transfer of models to the articulator].", "content": "There is no standard method for transferring models to an articulator, which applies to all needs of practice. The best way, adapted to existing occlusal circumstance, to the planned prosthetic rehabilitation and to the technical possibilities must be planned in each case.", "contents": "[Practical methods for the transfer of models to the articulator]. There is no standard method for transferring models to an articulator, which applies to all needs of practice. The best way, adapted to existing occlusal circumstance, to the planned prosthetic rehabilitation and to the technical possibilities must be planned in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:280005", "title": "Increased excretion of urinary glycosaminoglycans in a case of Rothmund Thomson syndrome.", "content": "The exercretion of urinary total glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in a case of Rothmund Thomson syndrome associated with osteosarcoma was increased about 2--3 times that of normal control. Since the excretion of urinary total GAG in two cases of osteosarcoma was within normal range, the increased excretion of total GAG might be on account of the metabolic disorder of GAG in Rothmund Thomson syndrome. The prominent fractions obtained by Dowex 1 column chromatography from this syndrome were 0.75 M Fr and 1.0 M Fr, in which the major GAG were indicated to be partially degraded forms of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, respectively.", "contents": "Increased excretion of urinary glycosaminoglycans in a case of Rothmund Thomson syndrome. The exercretion of urinary total glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in a case of Rothmund Thomson syndrome associated with osteosarcoma was increased about 2--3 times that of normal control. Since the excretion of urinary total GAG in two cases of osteosarcoma was within normal range, the increased excretion of total GAG might be on account of the metabolic disorder of GAG in Rothmund Thomson syndrome. The prominent fractions obtained by Dowex 1 column chromatography from this syndrome were 0.75 M Fr and 1.0 M Fr, in which the major GAG were indicated to be partially degraded forms of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:280006", "title": "[The arterial blood supply of the human mandible].", "content": "The arteries of 22 mandibles injected with Kallocryl M were examined. The first group consisted of mandibles with the full complement of teeth. At the inner side, there were numerous anastomoses between the submental artery, the sublingual artery, the ascending palatine artery and the mylohyoid ramus. Furthermore, the dental rami branched into the periost. At the outside, the mental artery as well as the submental and inferior labial arteries contributed to the arterial supply. In the second group of mandibles (with intact incisors), these war a marked reduction of the anastomoses of the inferior alveolar artery in the middle region. The third group of mandibles (which were edentulous) showed anastomoses of the submental and sublingual arteries in the region of the incisors. The outside was supplied by the submental and inferior labial arteries. The mental artery exislar artery was demonstrated in 4 cases. The reduction of anastomoses concerned the inferior alveolar artery.", "contents": "[The arterial blood supply of the human mandible]. The arteries of 22 mandibles injected with Kallocryl M were examined. The first group consisted of mandibles with the full complement of teeth. At the inner side, there were numerous anastomoses between the submental artery, the sublingual artery, the ascending palatine artery and the mylohyoid ramus. Furthermore, the dental rami branched into the periost. At the outside, the mental artery as well as the submental and inferior labial arteries contributed to the arterial supply. In the second group of mandibles (with intact incisors), these war a marked reduction of the anastomoses of the inferior alveolar artery in the middle region. The third group of mandibles (which were edentulous) showed anastomoses of the submental and sublingual arteries in the region of the incisors. The outside was supplied by the submental and inferior labial arteries. The mental artery exislar artery was demonstrated in 4 cases. The reduction of anastomoses concerned the inferior alveolar artery."}
{"id": "PMID:280007", "title": "[The stress situation in ambulatory oral surgical interventions].", "content": "On the basis of results from various studies, the authors show that the psychic initial condition and the psychophysical stress during the operation are of paramount importance to the rise of complications.", "contents": "[The stress situation in ambulatory oral surgical interventions]. On the basis of results from various studies, the authors show that the psychic initial condition and the psychophysical stress during the operation are of paramount importance to the rise of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:280009", "title": "[Problems in the treatment of fronto-basal fractures].", "content": "Midfacial fractures are frequently combined with frontobasal fractures. For this reason, it is important to the oral surgeon to be knowlegeable of the basic principles of the treatment of frontobasal fractures. The rule of general surgery that any open injury should be transformed into a closed one, also applies to these fractures. The indication for operation and the time of operation depend upon the kind of lesion. The intradural closure of the dural is regarded as the method of choice. Details of the operating technique are presented.", "contents": "[Problems in the treatment of fronto-basal fractures]. Midfacial fractures are frequently combined with frontobasal fractures. For this reason, it is important to the oral surgeon to be knowlegeable of the basic principles of the treatment of frontobasal fractures. The rule of general surgery that any open injury should be transformed into a closed one, also applies to these fractures. The indication for operation and the time of operation depend upon the kind of lesion. The intradural closure of the dural is regarded as the method of choice. Details of the operating technique are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:280010", "title": "[Fluoride metabolism in the rat. 3. Distribution in the gastrointestinal tract after oral application].", "content": "With relation to the investigation of the mechanism of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, the present third communication deals with a study of the distribution or absorption of fluorine-18 after oral application. This mode of application creates experimental conditions simulating the conditions of water fluoridation. Special attention is paid to the fluorine distribution or absorption in the following six portions: stomach, segments 1--3 of the small intestine, coecum und rectum. Furthermore, the question of its possible accumulation in the soft parts and its retention in the hard tissues were examined as compared with the results from intravenous application.", "contents": "[Fluoride metabolism in the rat. 3. Distribution in the gastrointestinal tract after oral application]. With relation to the investigation of the mechanism of absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, the present third communication deals with a study of the distribution or absorption of fluorine-18 after oral application. This mode of application creates experimental conditions simulating the conditions of water fluoridation. Special attention is paid to the fluorine distribution or absorption in the following six portions: stomach, segments 1--3 of the small intestine, coecum und rectum. Furthermore, the question of its possible accumulation in the soft parts and its retention in the hard tissues were examined as compared with the results from intravenous application."}
{"id": "PMID:280011", "title": "[The number of salivary corpuscles in healthy subjects and in patients with periodontal disease].", "content": "Using a standardized, well reproducible method, the authors determined the number of salivary corpuscles in 174 healthy subjects (1,400 to 2,000/microliter) and 109 patients with periodontal disease (5,300 to 7,800/microliter). The statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between the number of salivary corpuscles and periodontal disease indices.", "contents": "[The number of salivary corpuscles in healthy subjects and in patients with periodontal disease]. Using a standardized, well reproducible method, the authors determined the number of salivary corpuscles in 174 healthy subjects (1,400 to 2,000/microliter) and 109 patients with periodontal disease (5,300 to 7,800/microliter). The statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between the number of salivary corpuscles and periodontal disease indices."}
{"id": "PMID:280013", "title": "[Stomatological health education for children and adolescents].", "content": "Principles of dental health education is childhood and adolescence are outlined with special regard to priorities related to the age-specific state of dentition development. The paper concluded with organizational advice deduced from practical experience.", "contents": "[Stomatological health education for children and adolescents]. Principles of dental health education is childhood and adolescence are outlined with special regard to priorities related to the age-specific state of dentition development. The paper concluded with organizational advice deduced from practical experience."}
{"id": "PMID:280016", "title": "[Alteration of leukocyte AMP- and IMP-pyrophosphorylase stability in leukemia].", "content": "Effect of thermic treatment and of pre-incubation with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate on activity of AMP- and IMP-pyrophosphorylases were studied in leukocytes under chronic forms of limpho- and myeloleukoses. AMP-pyrophosphorylase from leukemia leukocytes was inactivated after heating up to 65 degrees, which, at the same time, as distinct from the enzyme of normal leukocytes, proved to be reversibly reduced after incubation of the heated cell extracts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. IMP-pyrophosphorylase of leukocytes was activated at this temperature; the activation of the enzyme was 15--20% higher in leukemic leukocytes than in leukocytes of healthy donors. The data obtained demonstrate the increased thermostability of purine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase from leukemic leukocytes, which is apparently due to conformational peculiarities of the enzyme molecules.", "contents": "[Alteration of leukocyte AMP- and IMP-pyrophosphorylase stability in leukemia]. Effect of thermic treatment and of pre-incubation with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate on activity of AMP- and IMP-pyrophosphorylases were studied in leukocytes under chronic forms of limpho- and myeloleukoses. AMP-pyrophosphorylase from leukemia leukocytes was inactivated after heating up to 65 degrees, which, at the same time, as distinct from the enzyme of normal leukocytes, proved to be reversibly reduced after incubation of the heated cell extracts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. IMP-pyrophosphorylase of leukocytes was activated at this temperature; the activation of the enzyme was 15--20% higher in leukemic leukocytes than in leukocytes of healthy donors. The data obtained demonstrate the increased thermostability of purine nucleotide pyrophosphorylase from leukemic leukocytes, which is apparently due to conformational peculiarities of the enzyme molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:280045", "title": "Childhood leukemia: perspectives 1978.", "content": "With intensive chemotherapy and a minimum of hospitalization, great progress has been made in extending the lives of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of equal importance is attentive support for those whose lives are lengthened and their families.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia: perspectives 1978. With intensive chemotherapy and a minimum of hospitalization, great progress has been made in extending the lives of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of equal importance is attentive support for those whose lives are lengthened and their families."}
{"id": "PMID:280113", "title": "Advantages and dangers of artificial ventilation.", "content": "In modern anesthesiology artificial ventilation has many advantages, especially when compared to manual ventilation, nonetheless the \"educated hand\" of the anesthesiologist. However many dangers and pitfalls exist during controlled ventilation. A survey of them is given. In more detail are discussed: hyperventilation, hypoventilation, accidental deconnection of the tubings, accidental hyperpression, failure of the cycling mechanism, faults in fresh gas administration. A plea is made for immediate observation of the patient and respiratory dynamics when connecting a respirator.", "contents": "Advantages and dangers of artificial ventilation. In modern anesthesiology artificial ventilation has many advantages, especially when compared to manual ventilation, nonetheless the \"educated hand\" of the anesthesiologist. However many dangers and pitfalls exist during controlled ventilation. A survey of them is given. In more detail are discussed: hyperventilation, hypoventilation, accidental deconnection of the tubings, accidental hyperpression, failure of the cycling mechanism, faults in fresh gas administration. A plea is made for immediate observation of the patient and respiratory dynamics when connecting a respirator."}
{"id": "PMID:280114", "title": "Therapeutics of caries prevention--concepts and prospects.", "content": "Despite intensive research, water fluoridation and, where practiced, diet control, remain the most effective methods of preventing caries. In this paper, a number of approaches discussed appear to hold promise that they may enhance the caries preventive effect of fluoride, and others, when developed and applied, may hasten the day when dental caries will cease to be a public health problem.", "contents": "Therapeutics of caries prevention--concepts and prospects. Despite intensive research, water fluoridation and, where practiced, diet control, remain the most effective methods of preventing caries. In this paper, a number of approaches discussed appear to hold promise that they may enhance the caries preventive effect of fluoride, and others, when developed and applied, may hasten the day when dental caries will cease to be a public health problem."}
{"id": "PMID:280115", "title": "Traumatized primary anterior teeth. Prognosis related to calcific reactions in the pulp cavity.", "content": "The frequency of a complicating pulp necrosis and the process of the physiologic root resorption were studied in traumatized primary teeth exhibiting partial or total pulp obliteration. The material comprised 88 incisors in 72 children aged 0.7--5.7 years (mean 2.9 years) at the time of injury. Trauma had resulted either in subluxation (25 teeth), or luxation (13 teeth), whereas the type of injury was unknown in 50 teeth. All cases were observed until eruption of the permanent incisors. Forty-four teeth initially displayed a reversible greyish color. The ultimate finding observed in all teeth was, however, varying degrees of yellow discoloration. Periapical pathologic findings indicative of pulp necrosis were observed in 9 teeth, from 1.6--4 years (mean 3 years) after the time of injury. Extraction was performed immediately, and none of the successional teeth showed developmental disturbances. The process of root resorption was classified as normal in all primary teeth. Subsequent eruption of the permanent successors occurred without any registered complications.", "contents": "Traumatized primary anterior teeth. Prognosis related to calcific reactions in the pulp cavity. The frequency of a complicating pulp necrosis and the process of the physiologic root resorption were studied in traumatized primary teeth exhibiting partial or total pulp obliteration. The material comprised 88 incisors in 72 children aged 0.7--5.7 years (mean 2.9 years) at the time of injury. Trauma had resulted either in subluxation (25 teeth), or luxation (13 teeth), whereas the type of injury was unknown in 50 teeth. All cases were observed until eruption of the permanent incisors. Forty-four teeth initially displayed a reversible greyish color. The ultimate finding observed in all teeth was, however, varying degrees of yellow discoloration. Periapical pathologic findings indicative of pulp necrosis were observed in 9 teeth, from 1.6--4 years (mean 3 years) after the time of injury. Extraction was performed immediately, and none of the successional teeth showed developmental disturbances. The process of root resorption was classified as normal in all primary teeth. Subsequent eruption of the permanent successors occurred without any registered complications."}
{"id": "PMID:280116", "title": "Surface adsorption of fluoride and ionic exchange reactions on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The experiments showed that a part of the fluoride which was taken up by hydroxyapatite or teeth at low concentrations of fluoride at neutral pH was soluble in alkali (IN KOH, 24 h) and was thus not fluoroapatite. Calcium fluoride could not form under the present conditions because the solubility of this compound was not exceeded. It is suggested that the alkali soluble fluoride is adsorbed to calcium ions bound as counterions in the hydration layer of the hydroxyapatite or the enamel. This is consistent with previous findings in this laboratory, showing that fluoride displaced acidic proteins adsorbed to calcium receptors on the hydroxyapatite surface in the same way as other anions displace proteins. It could also be shown that polyanions and polycations adsorbed to hydroxyapatite surfaces by ionic exchange, displacing phosphate or phosphate and calcium respectively in the process. A model is suggested which differs slightly from that proposed by Bernardi.", "contents": "Surface adsorption of fluoride and ionic exchange reactions on hydroxyapatite. The experiments showed that a part of the fluoride which was taken up by hydroxyapatite or teeth at low concentrations of fluoride at neutral pH was soluble in alkali (IN KOH, 24 h) and was thus not fluoroapatite. Calcium fluoride could not form under the present conditions because the solubility of this compound was not exceeded. It is suggested that the alkali soluble fluoride is adsorbed to calcium ions bound as counterions in the hydration layer of the hydroxyapatite or the enamel. This is consistent with previous findings in this laboratory, showing that fluoride displaced acidic proteins adsorbed to calcium receptors on the hydroxyapatite surface in the same way as other anions displace proteins. It could also be shown that polyanions and polycations adsorbed to hydroxyapatite surfaces by ionic exchange, displacing phosphate or phosphate and calcium respectively in the process. A model is suggested which differs slightly from that proposed by Bernardi."}
{"id": "PMID:280117", "title": "Choice of dental care among 16--18 year olds in Oslo.", "content": "One of the objectives of organized school dental service is to create ability and willingness among young adults to maintain a preventive oral health care, e.g. regular dental visits. In order to investigate the decisions about and plans for dental care among school dental service leavers a questionnaire was sent to a probability sample of 258 young adults who had finished ninth grade eight months earlier. The participation rate of the Youth Dental Program (YDP) was approximately 90%. The drop-outs were made up of at least two rather distinct groups. One of them was dominated by subjects with a high social background and they chose to a great extent care in private practice. The other group was dominated by young men with a low social background. They finished school early and expressed pessimistic expectations to the life-time of their own teeth.", "contents": "Choice of dental care among 16--18 year olds in Oslo. One of the objectives of organized school dental service is to create ability and willingness among young adults to maintain a preventive oral health care, e.g. regular dental visits. In order to investigate the decisions about and plans for dental care among school dental service leavers a questionnaire was sent to a probability sample of 258 young adults who had finished ninth grade eight months earlier. The participation rate of the Youth Dental Program (YDP) was approximately 90%. The drop-outs were made up of at least two rather distinct groups. One of them was dominated by subjects with a high social background and they chose to a great extent care in private practice. The other group was dominated by young men with a low social background. They finished school early and expressed pessimistic expectations to the life-time of their own teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:280118", "title": "Peridontal status following surgical-orthodontic alignment of impacted teeth.", "content": "Treatment of impacted teeth is often a combination between oral surgery and orthodontics. This study evaluates the gingival condition of impacted teeth after surgical-orthodontic treatment, where two different surgical methods were used. In one group (n = 11) the teeth were radically exposed and orthodontically moved to their final position. In the other group (n = 11) the teeth were partially exposed by raising a mucoperiosteal flap. Orthodontic traction was then applied; whereafter the flap was sutured back into place. The results showed that one of the teeth in the partial exposure group and seven in the radical exposure group showed loss of attachment. This study indicates that a combination of mucoperiosteal flap technique and applied orthodontic traction is prefered to minimize the loss of attachment in cases of displaced impacted teeth.", "contents": "Peridontal status following surgical-orthodontic alignment of impacted teeth. Treatment of impacted teeth is often a combination between oral surgery and orthodontics. This study evaluates the gingival condition of impacted teeth after surgical-orthodontic treatment, where two different surgical methods were used. In one group (n = 11) the teeth were radically exposed and orthodontically moved to their final position. In the other group (n = 11) the teeth were partially exposed by raising a mucoperiosteal flap. Orthodontic traction was then applied; whereafter the flap was sutured back into place. The results showed that one of the teeth in the partial exposure group and seven in the radical exposure group showed loss of attachment. This study indicates that a combination of mucoperiosteal flap technique and applied orthodontic traction is prefered to minimize the loss of attachment in cases of displaced impacted teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:280121", "title": "Explanatory model for the interaction of factors in the caries process.", "content": "The interaction of factors in the caries process has recently been discussed in a number of articles. Based on this, a new explanatory model has been constructed, consisting of an equilateral triangle with one of the apices on a horizontal line, along which dietary and oral hygiene habits are scaled. The triangle represents the total area of interaction. A horizontal line of resistance cuts off a lower part corresponding to the area within which caries does not occur. Through planogeometric calculations the remaining part of the triangle can be divided into areas, approximately corresponding to the relative caries values of various combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits. The model has proved to be a useful instrument for demonstrating and creating an understanding of interactive processes among various groups of dental health personnel. The example presented is based on a pilot study of 55 4-year-old children in Malm\u00f6.", "contents": "Explanatory model for the interaction of factors in the caries process. The interaction of factors in the caries process has recently been discussed in a number of articles. Based on this, a new explanatory model has been constructed, consisting of an equilateral triangle with one of the apices on a horizontal line, along which dietary and oral hygiene habits are scaled. The triangle represents the total area of interaction. A horizontal line of resistance cuts off a lower part corresponding to the area within which caries does not occur. Through planogeometric calculations the remaining part of the triangle can be divided into areas, approximately corresponding to the relative caries values of various combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits. The model has proved to be a useful instrument for demonstrating and creating an understanding of interactive processes among various groups of dental health personnel. The example presented is based on a pilot study of 55 4-year-old children in Malm\u00f6."}
{"id": "PMID:280122", "title": "Serum iron level in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Serum iron level (SIL) was studied by atomicabs orption spectrophotometry in 57 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. SIL depended on the activity of the disease. Mean SIL was highest in untreated children. Normalization of myelograms during treatment was accompanied by a decrease of SIL. A significant decrease was observed in organ localizations and in infections during remission of the leukaemia. SIL may be helpful as an auxiliary test in the management of leukaemic children.", "contents": "Serum iron level in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Serum iron level (SIL) was studied by atomicabs orption spectrophotometry in 57 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. SIL depended on the activity of the disease. Mean SIL was highest in untreated children. Normalization of myelograms during treatment was accompanied by a decrease of SIL. A significant decrease was observed in organ localizations and in infections during remission of the leukaemia. SIL may be helpful as an auxiliary test in the management of leukaemic children."}
{"id": "PMID:280123", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and spontaneous acute granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with spontaneous acute granulocytic leukemia was confirmed by examination of the patient's bone marrow and peripheral blood specimens at the light and electron microscopic level, and by autopsy findings. Only one previous case of simultaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia with no prior history of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, has been reported. Although the present patient was given no mutagenic therapy, his chronic exposure to an unknown insecticide may have played a leukemogenic role.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and spontaneous acute granulocytic leukemia. The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with spontaneous acute granulocytic leukemia was confirmed by examination of the patient's bone marrow and peripheral blood specimens at the light and electron microscopic level, and by autopsy findings. Only one previous case of simultaneous non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia with no prior history of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both, has been reported. Although the present patient was given no mutagenic therapy, his chronic exposure to an unknown insecticide may have played a leukemogenic role."}
{"id": "PMID:280125", "title": "Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth.", "content": "The major primary factors in the dental equilibrium appear to be resting pressures of tongue and lips, and forces created within the periodontal membrane, analogous to the forces of eruption. Forces from occlusion probably also play a role in the vertical position of teeth by affecting eruption. Respiratory needs influence head, jaw and tongue posture and thereby alter the equilibrium. \"Deviate swallowing\" is more likely to be an adaptation than a cause of tooth changes. Patients with failure of eruption have been recognized and alterations in the eruption mechanism may be more important clinically than has been recognized previously.", "contents": "Equilibrium theory revisited: factors influencing position of the teeth. The major primary factors in the dental equilibrium appear to be resting pressures of tongue and lips, and forces created within the periodontal membrane, analogous to the forces of eruption. Forces from occlusion probably also play a role in the vertical position of teeth by affecting eruption. Respiratory needs influence head, jaw and tongue posture and thereby alter the equilibrium. \"Deviate swallowing\" is more likely to be an adaptation than a cause of tooth changes. Patients with failure of eruption have been recognized and alterations in the eruption mechanism may be more important clinically than has been recognized previously."}
{"id": "PMID:280126", "title": "Pre-eruptive movements of the mandibular third molar.", "content": "1. It would appear that the developing mandibular third molar is continually changing its angular position relative to the mandibular plane and adjacent teeth. 2. For normal uprighting and eruption to occur growth at the mesial root must dominate. 3. In the absence of sufficient space, uprighting movements of the mandibular third molar may result in mesioangular impaction. 4. Vertical and distoangular impactions can be explained by continued growth at the mesial root while the crown is prevented, at its distal surface, from erupting. 5. If growth at the distal root becomes more influential, severe mesioangular or horizontal impaction may occur.", "contents": "Pre-eruptive movements of the mandibular third molar. 1. It would appear that the developing mandibular third molar is continually changing its angular position relative to the mandibular plane and adjacent teeth. 2. For normal uprighting and eruption to occur growth at the mesial root must dominate. 3. In the absence of sufficient space, uprighting movements of the mandibular third molar may result in mesioangular impaction. 4. Vertical and distoangular impactions can be explained by continued growth at the mesial root while the crown is prevented, at its distal surface, from erupting. 5. If growth at the distal root becomes more influential, severe mesioangular or horizontal impaction may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:280132", "title": "Orthodontic effects of loop design and heat treatment.", "content": "The effects of heat treatment on Blue Elgiloy wire and loops formed from this wire were determined. The optimum heat treatment temperature was established to be in a narrow range in the vicinity of 950 degrees F. This regimen increases the yield and ultimate strengths of this wire. Heat treatment also produced a modification of the load-deflection characteristics of the loop configuration tested. Overall, heat treatment of the wire is indicated by this study.", "contents": "Orthodontic effects of loop design and heat treatment. The effects of heat treatment on Blue Elgiloy wire and loops formed from this wire were determined. The optimum heat treatment temperature was established to be in a narrow range in the vicinity of 950 degrees F. This regimen increases the yield and ultimate strengths of this wire. Heat treatment also produced a modification of the load-deflection characteristics of the loop configuration tested. Overall, heat treatment of the wire is indicated by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:280133", "title": "Small airways dysfunction in influenza A virus infection: therapeutic role and potential mode of action of amantadine.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated alterations in gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in presumed and documented viral upper respiratory infections. In our laboratory, using sensitive and noninvasive testing, we have demonstrated significant and prolonged alterations of pulmonary mechanics in uncomplicated natural influenza A infection, which implicate increased resistance in small airways as the cause of dysfunction. Amantadine administration in established influenza A infection has been associated with an accelerated improvement of clinical illness and pulmonary physiologic dysfunction. Preliminary study suggests that this is due to neither cholinergic blockade nor bronchodilation.", "contents": "Small airways dysfunction in influenza A virus infection: therapeutic role and potential mode of action of amantadine. Previous studies have demonstrated alterations in gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics in presumed and documented viral upper respiratory infections. In our laboratory, using sensitive and noninvasive testing, we have demonstrated significant and prolonged alterations of pulmonary mechanics in uncomplicated natural influenza A infection, which implicate increased resistance in small airways as the cause of dysfunction. Amantadine administration in established influenza A infection has been associated with an accelerated improvement of clinical illness and pulmonary physiologic dysfunction. Preliminary study suggests that this is due to neither cholinergic blockade nor bronchodilation."}
{"id": "PMID:280134", "title": "Methisazone therapy in pediatric vaccinia complications.", "content": "Methisazone 40 mg/kg/day was administered orally to six pediatric and one adult patient who contracted vesicular complications affecting the skin or mucocutaneous junctions 3 to 9 days after antismallpox vaccination, and to one elderly man with myeloid leukemia who developed vaccinia necrosum. Therapy was commenced 2 to 10 days after onset of complications and was administered for 3 days. All patients with skin or mucocutaneous complications showed dramatic clinical responses within one day after commencement of antiviral chemotherapy, and complete recovery occurred within one week. Clinical improvement was noted 4 days after therapy was begun in the case of vaccinia necrosum, and recovery occurred after 3 weeks.", "contents": "Methisazone therapy in pediatric vaccinia complications. Methisazone 40 mg/kg/day was administered orally to six pediatric and one adult patient who contracted vesicular complications affecting the skin or mucocutaneous junctions 3 to 9 days after antismallpox vaccination, and to one elderly man with myeloid leukemia who developed vaccinia necrosum. Therapy was commenced 2 to 10 days after onset of complications and was administered for 3 days. All patients with skin or mucocutaneous complications showed dramatic clinical responses within one day after commencement of antiviral chemotherapy, and complete recovery occurred within one week. Clinical improvement was noted 4 days after therapy was begun in the case of vaccinia necrosum, and recovery occurred after 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:280135", "title": "Animal corneas as tools for the testing of antiviral compounds.", "content": "As a number of viruses can be titrated on corneas of various animals, the corneal method was used to detect antiviral activity of some derivatives of thiazolidine and related compounds with a low toxicity. In herpetic infections of rabbit cornea, 2-(1-isopropylidene)azino-3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-methoxycarbonylmethylenethiazolidine-4-one showed for a mean of 2.1 greater activity than IDU. In piglet corneas, lesions produced by adenovirus type 8 were inhibited by a mean of 3.4 log CID50 by 5-(2,3,5-tribenzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-(2H)-tetrazol and by a mean value of 3 log CID50 by 4-(2,3,5-tri-o-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) thiosemicarbazide. The multiple microinoculation technique of calculating corneal infectivity allows many of the advantages of sensitivity and statistical validity usually associated only with cell culture methods to be obtained from an in vivo system. Furthermore it allows observations concerning toxicity of the drug tested on the eye. We believe that this method should form a part of the \"biography\" of any compound seriously considered for the ocular treatment of virus diseases. This test goes a long way in bridging the gap between in vitro tests and trials in humans.", "contents": "Animal corneas as tools for the testing of antiviral compounds. As a number of viruses can be titrated on corneas of various animals, the corneal method was used to detect antiviral activity of some derivatives of thiazolidine and related compounds with a low toxicity. In herpetic infections of rabbit cornea, 2-(1-isopropylidene)azino-3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-methoxycarbonylmethylenethiazolidine-4-one showed for a mean of 2.1 greater activity than IDU. In piglet corneas, lesions produced by adenovirus type 8 were inhibited by a mean of 3.4 log CID50 by 5-(2,3,5-tribenzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-(2H)-tetrazol and by a mean value of 3 log CID50 by 4-(2,3,5-tri-o-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl) thiosemicarbazide. The multiple microinoculation technique of calculating corneal infectivity allows many of the advantages of sensitivity and statistical validity usually associated only with cell culture methods to be obtained from an in vivo system. Furthermore it allows observations concerning toxicity of the drug tested on the eye. We believe that this method should form a part of the \"biography\" of any compound seriously considered for the ocular treatment of virus diseases. This test goes a long way in bridging the gap between in vitro tests and trials in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:280137", "title": "The relative potencies of anti-influenza compounds.", "content": "The relative potencies of some standard anti-influenza compounds have been examined in vitro by plaque reduction in calf kidney cells, and in vivo by reduction in virus titers of the lungs of infected mice. Strains belonging to the four subtypes H0N1, H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 were employed to compare the activity of amantadine hydrochloride and ribavirin. In vitro for all strains except A/NWS/OO(H0N1) amantadine hydrochloride was 3-4 times more active than ribavirin. In vivo with sensitive strains amantadine hydrochloride produced a plateau effect at higher dose levels, but at lower dose levels was marginally more active than ribavirin. The sensitivity of A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) to amantadine hydrochloride, rimantadine hydrochloride, cyclooctylamine, and ribavirin was also investigated. In vitro rimantadine hydrochloride was similar in activity to amantadine hydrochloride and ribavirin, but cyclooctylamine was considerably less active. In vivo cyclooctylamine was active only at 150 mg/kg/day, whereas rimantadine hydrochloride produced a plateau effect over a range of concentrations from 9,12-150 mg/kg/day.", "contents": "The relative potencies of anti-influenza compounds. The relative potencies of some standard anti-influenza compounds have been examined in vitro by plaque reduction in calf kidney cells, and in vivo by reduction in virus titers of the lungs of infected mice. Strains belonging to the four subtypes H0N1, H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 were employed to compare the activity of amantadine hydrochloride and ribavirin. In vitro for all strains except A/NWS/OO(H0N1) amantadine hydrochloride was 3-4 times more active than ribavirin. In vivo with sensitive strains amantadine hydrochloride produced a plateau effect at higher dose levels, but at lower dose levels was marginally more active than ribavirin. The sensitivity of A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) to amantadine hydrochloride, rimantadine hydrochloride, cyclooctylamine, and ribavirin was also investigated. In vitro rimantadine hydrochloride was similar in activity to amantadine hydrochloride and ribavirin, but cyclooctylamine was considerably less active. In vivo cyclooctylamine was active only at 150 mg/kg/day, whereas rimantadine hydrochloride produced a plateau effect over a range of concentrations from 9,12-150 mg/kg/day."}
{"id": "PMID:280140", "title": "Synergistic effects of antiviral agents and humoral antibodies in experimental Herpesvirus hominis encephalitis.", "content": "Experimental Herpesvirus hominis encephalitis in 3-week-old Swiss mice was utilized to evaluate the antiviral effects of adenine arabinoside (ara-A), phosphonacetic acid (PAA), and humoral antibodies to H. hominis (HIG). Administration of ara-A, PAA, or HIG during the early phase of infection reduced the mortality rate of H. hominis encephalitis in mice. Combined administration of humoral antibodies with an antiviral agent (ara-A or PAA) resulted in an enhanced protection, accompanied by a decreased virus concentration in the brain tissues and a diminished tissue injury. The generality of this enhancing effect of humoral antibodies on the action of antiviral agents and its possible use in therapy of viral infections warrant further investigation.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of antiviral agents and humoral antibodies in experimental Herpesvirus hominis encephalitis. Experimental Herpesvirus hominis encephalitis in 3-week-old Swiss mice was utilized to evaluate the antiviral effects of adenine arabinoside (ara-A), phosphonacetic acid (PAA), and humoral antibodies to H. hominis (HIG). Administration of ara-A, PAA, or HIG during the early phase of infection reduced the mortality rate of H. hominis encephalitis in mice. Combined administration of humoral antibodies with an antiviral agent (ara-A or PAA) resulted in an enhanced protection, accompanied by a decreased virus concentration in the brain tissues and a diminished tissue injury. The generality of this enhancing effect of humoral antibodies on the action of antiviral agents and its possible use in therapy of viral infections warrant further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:280143", "title": "Antiviral action and selectivity of 6-azauridine.", "content": "6-Azauridine (AzUrd) is a broad-spectrum antimetabolite that inhibits both DNA and RNA virus multiplication. Prior work indicated that several AzUrd-sensitive viruses induced an increase in the level of uridine kinase, and this might explain the selective activity of AzUrd on such viruses. Present studies compared AzUrd sensitive and resistant viruses with respect to their orotic acid pathways by labeling cells with [14C]-orotic acid during the latent period of viral infection. No differences were detected by this method with either vaccinia, Newcastle disease, or vesicular stomatitis viruses. AzUrd inhibits transport of orotic acid into the cell by 30%, while incorporation of orotic acid into cellular RNA is inhibited by 50% (taking into consideration the 30% already noted) when the highest concentration of antimetabolite is used. This suggests that, in addition to blocking orotidylic acid decarboxylase, AzUrd may act on some other site (sites) of action in the inhibition of virus multiplication.", "contents": "Antiviral action and selectivity of 6-azauridine. 6-Azauridine (AzUrd) is a broad-spectrum antimetabolite that inhibits both DNA and RNA virus multiplication. Prior work indicated that several AzUrd-sensitive viruses induced an increase in the level of uridine kinase, and this might explain the selective activity of AzUrd on such viruses. Present studies compared AzUrd sensitive and resistant viruses with respect to their orotic acid pathways by labeling cells with [14C]-orotic acid during the latent period of viral infection. No differences were detected by this method with either vaccinia, Newcastle disease, or vesicular stomatitis viruses. AzUrd inhibits transport of orotic acid into the cell by 30%, while incorporation of orotic acid into cellular RNA is inhibited by 50% (taking into consideration the 30% already noted) when the highest concentration of antimetabolite is used. This suggests that, in addition to blocking orotidylic acid decarboxylase, AzUrd may act on some other site (sites) of action in the inhibition of virus multiplication."}
{"id": "PMID:280145", "title": "Antiviral activities of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-M-aniside (SN11841).", "content": "SN11841 [4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-aniside] is an antitumor compound discovered by B.F. Cain. The LD50 for BALB/c mice with single intraperitoneal dosage is approximately 25 mg/kg. RLV-(Rauscher leukemia virus)-induced splenomegaly, a disease indicator in BALB/c mice, is inhibited at SN11841 doses not causing acute mortality. The life span of RLV-infected mice increases at some SN11841 doses. SN11841 does not have direct, or virolytic effects on RLV under conditions approximating those of antiviral effectiveness. SN11841 is cytotoxic for cells in tissue culture, as measured by inhibition of growth rate or vital dye uptake. At nontoxic concentrations SN11841 has no effect on RLV infectivity for murine cells, as determined by XC-cell induced syncytium formation. SN11841 has antiviral activity against vaccinia virus in tissue culture but is inactive against herpes simplex (Type 1), vesicular stomatitis, encephalomyocarditis, or reoviruses. SN11841 apparently does not act by inducing interferon. SN11841 is chemically labile, particularly in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds, but the degradation products resulting from prolonged storage in media are neither cytotoxic nor antiviral.", "contents": "Antiviral activities of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-M-aniside (SN11841). SN11841 [4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-aniside] is an antitumor compound discovered by B.F. Cain. The LD50 for BALB/c mice with single intraperitoneal dosage is approximately 25 mg/kg. RLV-(Rauscher leukemia virus)-induced splenomegaly, a disease indicator in BALB/c mice, is inhibited at SN11841 doses not causing acute mortality. The life span of RLV-infected mice increases at some SN11841 doses. SN11841 does not have direct, or virolytic effects on RLV under conditions approximating those of antiviral effectiveness. SN11841 is cytotoxic for cells in tissue culture, as measured by inhibition of growth rate or vital dye uptake. At nontoxic concentrations SN11841 has no effect on RLV infectivity for murine cells, as determined by XC-cell induced syncytium formation. SN11841 has antiviral activity against vaccinia virus in tissue culture but is inactive against herpes simplex (Type 1), vesicular stomatitis, encephalomyocarditis, or reoviruses. SN11841 apparently does not act by inducing interferon. SN11841 is chemically labile, particularly in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds, but the degradation products resulting from prolonged storage in media are neither cytotoxic nor antiviral."}
{"id": "PMID:280146", "title": "Selective inhibition of RNA tumor virus replication in vitro and evaluation of candidate antiviral agents in vivo.", "content": "A limited number of biologically active materials were examined for their relative ability to selectively inhibit the replication of Gross or Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV) in Swiss mouse embryo cells by means of the UV-XC plaque-reduction assay. Among the compounds demonstrating significant antiviral activity against Gross MLV in vitro were 1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy) adenosine (FBAR), polyadenylic acid [poly(A)], the carbocyclic analogue of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside (C-MeMPR), 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazonemethyl)rifamycin SV (AF/DNFI), and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). Five compounds that exhibited significant antiviral activity against MLV in vitro were tested for similar activity against Rauscher MLV in vivo. Three of these selected compounds, pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin), ribavirin (Virazole), and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), produced a significant (50%-100%) inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly development in mice, whereas the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, failed to demonstrate any in vivo activity in this 21-day leukemogenesis assay. The administration of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (Co-vidarabine) in combination with ara-A resulted in an enhanced antiviral response in both infected cell cultures and animals. Co-vidarabine also increased the potency of ara-AMP against Gross MLV in vitro, indicating the probable dephosphorylation of the compound to ara-A and its subsequent deamination to ara-H in this system.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of RNA tumor virus replication in vitro and evaluation of candidate antiviral agents in vivo. A limited number of biologically active materials were examined for their relative ability to selectively inhibit the replication of Gross or Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV) in Swiss mouse embryo cells by means of the UV-XC plaque-reduction assay. Among the compounds demonstrating significant antiviral activity against Gross MLV in vitro were 1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy) adenosine (FBAR), polyadenylic acid [poly(A)], the carbocyclic analogue of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside (C-MeMPR), 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazonemethyl)rifamycin SV (AF/DNFI), and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). Five compounds that exhibited significant antiviral activity against MLV in vitro were tested for similar activity against Rauscher MLV in vivo. Three of these selected compounds, pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin), ribavirin (Virazole), and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), produced a significant (50%-100%) inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly development in mice, whereas the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, failed to demonstrate any in vivo activity in this 21-day leukemogenesis assay. The administration of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (Co-vidarabine) in combination with ara-A resulted in an enhanced antiviral response in both infected cell cultures and animals. Co-vidarabine also increased the potency of ara-AMP against Gross MLV in vitro, indicating the probable dephosphorylation of the compound to ara-A and its subsequent deamination to ara-H in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:280147", "title": "Relative potencies of anti-herpes compounds.", "content": "Assessment of the relative potencies of compounds that inhibit the multiplication of herpesvirus is rendered difficult by the fact that they have been investigated by different workers who were not using comparable test systems. The relative and absolute potencies of idoxuridine, cytarabine, vidarabine, trifluorothymidine, and ara-DAP have therefore been evaluated by plaque inhibition, plaque reduction, and yield reduction tests, the most satisfactory dose-response lines being obtained by plaque reduction. The results obtained for five strains of type 1 and five of type 2 herpesvirus indicated that cytarabine was the most active compound, followed by idoxuridine and trifluorothymidine; vidarabine and ara-DAP were found to be the least active compounds. From comparisons of ED50 values derived from the dose-response lines it was found that the greater sensitivity of type 1 strains reported in the literature could only be confirmed with idoxuridine, since considerable overlaps in type sensitivity were observed with the other compounds.", "contents": "Relative potencies of anti-herpes compounds. Assessment of the relative potencies of compounds that inhibit the multiplication of herpesvirus is rendered difficult by the fact that they have been investigated by different workers who were not using comparable test systems. The relative and absolute potencies of idoxuridine, cytarabine, vidarabine, trifluorothymidine, and ara-DAP have therefore been evaluated by plaque inhibition, plaque reduction, and yield reduction tests, the most satisfactory dose-response lines being obtained by plaque reduction. The results obtained for five strains of type 1 and five of type 2 herpesvirus indicated that cytarabine was the most active compound, followed by idoxuridine and trifluorothymidine; vidarabine and ara-DAP were found to be the least active compounds. From comparisons of ED50 values derived from the dose-response lines it was found that the greater sensitivity of type 1 strains reported in the literature could only be confirmed with idoxuridine, since considerable overlaps in type sensitivity were observed with the other compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:280151", "title": "Cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection of guinea pigs as a model for antiviral chemotherapy.", "content": "The kinetics of Herpesvirus hominis (Type 1) replication and lesion development in guinea pig skin were determined. The data indicate that lesion scores did not always reflect virus content. Virus replication was detected prior to appearance of lesions and maximum virus content preceded maximum lesion score. Lesions resolved slowly while virus content declined rapidly to an undetectable level. The utility of the guinea pig skin-herpesvirus model for the evaluation of ara-A and kethoxal was studied. Ara-A treatment at three dose levels suppressed lesion development and at the two highest dose levels lesion development was delayed. Lesion virus content, when determined during the period of maximum virus replication, was not affected by treatment. Kethoxal markedly suppressed lesion development and virus growth. Aspects of this experimental model typify cutaneous herpes simplex disease of man. Studies designed to further assess its utility for evaluating antiviral drugs seem warranted.", "contents": "Cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection of guinea pigs as a model for antiviral chemotherapy. The kinetics of Herpesvirus hominis (Type 1) replication and lesion development in guinea pig skin were determined. The data indicate that lesion scores did not always reflect virus content. Virus replication was detected prior to appearance of lesions and maximum virus content preceded maximum lesion score. Lesions resolved slowly while virus content declined rapidly to an undetectable level. The utility of the guinea pig skin-herpesvirus model for the evaluation of ara-A and kethoxal was studied. Ara-A treatment at three dose levels suppressed lesion development and at the two highest dose levels lesion development was delayed. Lesion virus content, when determined during the period of maximum virus replication, was not affected by treatment. Kethoxal markedly suppressed lesion development and virus growth. Aspects of this experimental model typify cutaneous herpes simplex disease of man. Studies designed to further assess its utility for evaluating antiviral drugs seem warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:280155", "title": "Effect of an interferon inducer, 9-methylstreptimidone, on influenza virus infection in mice.", "content": "The antiviral effect of 9-MS was examined in mice infected with mouse-adapted influenza A2 (H2N2) virus. Either a single or a continuous prophylactic administration of 9-MS protected mice from virus infection, and comparison of the minimal effective dose with the lethal dose gave a therapeutic index of approximately 60. When the treatment was started after infection, however, no antiviral effect was demonstrated. A potent virus-inhibitory factor was detected in the lung and serum after a single intraperitoneal administration of 9-MS in uninfected mice, and on the basis of chemical characteristics of this inhibitory factor, it was assumed to be an interferon. These results suggest that the protective activity of the antibiotic in mice is due to interferon induction.", "contents": "Effect of an interferon inducer, 9-methylstreptimidone, on influenza virus infection in mice. The antiviral effect of 9-MS was examined in mice infected with mouse-adapted influenza A2 (H2N2) virus. Either a single or a continuous prophylactic administration of 9-MS protected mice from virus infection, and comparison of the minimal effective dose with the lethal dose gave a therapeutic index of approximately 60. When the treatment was started after infection, however, no antiviral effect was demonstrated. A potent virus-inhibitory factor was detected in the lung and serum after a single intraperitoneal administration of 9-MS in uninfected mice, and on the basis of chemical characteristics of this inhibitory factor, it was assumed to be an interferon. These results suggest that the protective activity of the antibiotic in mice is due to interferon induction."}
{"id": "PMID:280156", "title": "Acceleration of scrapie in mice by target-organ treatment with interferon inducers.", "content": "Interferon inducers were used in the target-organ treatment of scrapie in mice. Intracerebral treatments began 24 hr prior to intracerebral inoculation of 10(4.8) LD50 of the Chandler strain of scrapie agent. The treatments included 30 and 0.3 microgram poly(I:C) given weekly 9 times, 45 microgram statolon given biweekly 7 times, or 1.5 HA units of Sendai virus given biweekly 6 times. All treatments except the lower dose of poly(I:C) accelerated death in scrapie-affected mice. Compared to saline-treated control groups, 30 microgram poly(I:C), given weekly, shortened the mean survival time 13.5 days. Groups treated with statolon or Sendai virus had their mean survival times shortened 18.5 and 21.7 days, respectively. Infected mice were also evaluated for signs of disease at approximately weekly intervals using a numerical scoring method. Acceleration was also apparent using this parameter of disease. When treatment occurred only once, Sendai virus was the only inducer to significantly shorten the survival of mice.", "contents": "Acceleration of scrapie in mice by target-organ treatment with interferon inducers. Interferon inducers were used in the target-organ treatment of scrapie in mice. Intracerebral treatments began 24 hr prior to intracerebral inoculation of 10(4.8) LD50 of the Chandler strain of scrapie agent. The treatments included 30 and 0.3 microgram poly(I:C) given weekly 9 times, 45 microgram statolon given biweekly 7 times, or 1.5 HA units of Sendai virus given biweekly 6 times. All treatments except the lower dose of poly(I:C) accelerated death in scrapie-affected mice. Compared to saline-treated control groups, 30 microgram poly(I:C), given weekly, shortened the mean survival time 13.5 days. Groups treated with statolon or Sendai virus had their mean survival times shortened 18.5 and 21.7 days, respectively. Infected mice were also evaluated for signs of disease at approximately weekly intervals using a numerical scoring method. Acceleration was also apparent using this parameter of disease. When treatment occurred only once, Sendai virus was the only inducer to significantly shorten the survival of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:280158", "title": "De novo cell-free synthesis of human interferon.", "content": "Biologically active human interferon was synthesized de novo in a cell-free mouse extract stimulated with messenger RNA from induced human fibroblasts. The identity of the antiviral activity as human interferon was demonstrated by its antigenic and species specificity. Some characteristics of the cell-free synthesis were described.", "contents": "De novo cell-free synthesis of human interferon. Biologically active human interferon was synthesized de novo in a cell-free mouse extract stimulated with messenger RNA from induced human fibroblasts. The identity of the antiviral activity as human interferon was demonstrated by its antigenic and species specificity. Some characteristics of the cell-free synthesis were described."}
{"id": "PMID:280169", "title": "Multidisciplinary collaboration in fieldwork: Australian studies.", "content": "The Australian situation offers special insights for cross-cultural psychiatric research. The two cultures that \"crossed\" in Australia were diametrically opposed in their characteristics. Suffering, which is considered to be the raison d'\u00eatre of cross-cultural psychiatry, became pandemic among Aborigines, not only because the invading society was ruthlessly aggressive, but also because the invaded society did not have the social institutions and modal personality patterns enabling it to adapt to the introduced culture. It is suggested that no applied science makes more demands of more scientific disciplines than does cross-cultural psychiatry. Psychiatry itself is a multidisciplinary science. The amount of information needed by the cross-cultural extension of psychiatry is further expanded. Only a multidisciplinary approach can furnish the necessary level of information. An outline is given of multidisciplinary field work in Australia, indicating advantages and difficulties inherent in it. Attention is drawn to literature in which details of the results may be found. The Australian work leads to the conclusion that if the relief of suffering is the aim then greater involvement is needed in cross-cultural psychiatry from the culture that has been \"crossed\".", "contents": "Multidisciplinary collaboration in fieldwork: Australian studies. The Australian situation offers special insights for cross-cultural psychiatric research. The two cultures that \"crossed\" in Australia were diametrically opposed in their characteristics. Suffering, which is considered to be the raison d'\u00eatre of cross-cultural psychiatry, became pandemic among Aborigines, not only because the invading society was ruthlessly aggressive, but also because the invaded society did not have the social institutions and modal personality patterns enabling it to adapt to the introduced culture. It is suggested that no applied science makes more demands of more scientific disciplines than does cross-cultural psychiatry. Psychiatry itself is a multidisciplinary science. The amount of information needed by the cross-cultural extension of psychiatry is further expanded. Only a multidisciplinary approach can furnish the necessary level of information. An outline is given of multidisciplinary field work in Australia, indicating advantages and difficulties inherent in it. Attention is drawn to literature in which details of the results may be found. The Australian work leads to the conclusion that if the relief of suffering is the aim then greater involvement is needed in cross-cultural psychiatry from the culture that has been \"crossed\"."}
{"id": "PMID:280180", "title": "Environmental significance of fin erosion in southern California demersal fishes.", "content": "The Dover sole was the species most often affected with eroded fins. Prevalence of the disease was highest on the Palos Verdes shelf, the site of a major municipal waste water discharge. Fin lesions in this species were characterized by a minimal inflammatory response and by the absence of associated microorganisms. The fins most frequently affected were those most often in contact with bottom sediments. Diseased specimens from the shelf had higher levels of total DDT and a tendency toward higher levels of total PCB in muscle tissue and a greater liver to body weight ratio than did unaffected specimens from the same area. Laboratory exposure of M. pacificus to contaminated sediments from the shelf resulted in the development of fin erosion. Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels and liver weight to body weight ratios in the exposed fish approached those measured in fish from the shelf. These studies suggest that fin erosion in M. pacificus is caused by exposure to contaminated sediments and that the role of chlorinated hydrocarbons should be tested directly in future experiments.", "contents": "Environmental significance of fin erosion in southern California demersal fishes. The Dover sole was the species most often affected with eroded fins. Prevalence of the disease was highest on the Palos Verdes shelf, the site of a major municipal waste water discharge. Fin lesions in this species were characterized by a minimal inflammatory response and by the absence of associated microorganisms. The fins most frequently affected were those most often in contact with bottom sediments. Diseased specimens from the shelf had higher levels of total DDT and a tendency toward higher levels of total PCB in muscle tissue and a greater liver to body weight ratio than did unaffected specimens from the same area. Laboratory exposure of M. pacificus to contaminated sediments from the shelf resulted in the development of fin erosion. Chlorinated hydrocarbon levels and liver weight to body weight ratios in the exposed fish approached those measured in fish from the shelf. These studies suggest that fin erosion in M. pacificus is caused by exposure to contaminated sediments and that the role of chlorinated hydrocarbons should be tested directly in future experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:280183", "title": "Temperature-dependent growth and regression of epidermal tumors in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla L.).", "content": "The population of eels in the Elbe estuary showed a high rate of affliction with epidermal papillomas. Distinct seasonal fluctuations were observed in the frequency of occurrence and tumor size. In spring and autumn, the frequency was low, and the tumors were relatively small. In summer, the tumors reached a maximum in both frequency and size. A distinct influence of water temperature on tumor growth was demonstrated experimentally. Summer temperatures of 15--22 degrees C caused very rapid growth. In the field and in the laboratory, the tumors exhibited a fourfold increase in average volume within 3 months. These fast-growing neoplasms had certain relatively uniform histologic features. The tumor cells were separated by wide intercellular spaces. The basal layer was composed of tall columnar cells, while the surface layer was composed of slightly flattened cells. Winter water temperatures (5--10 degrees C) inhibited tumor growth and even caused tumor regression. In 3 months, the papillomas shrank to half of their initial size. Histologic and ultrastructural examinations revealed signs of tissue degeneration: necrobiotic processes in the epidermal region, cellular and nuclear polymorphisms, dissolution of membranes, loss of cell integrity, and loosening and reduction in size of the basal cell layer.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent growth and regression of epidermal tumors in the european eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). The population of eels in the Elbe estuary showed a high rate of affliction with epidermal papillomas. Distinct seasonal fluctuations were observed in the frequency of occurrence and tumor size. In spring and autumn, the frequency was low, and the tumors were relatively small. In summer, the tumors reached a maximum in both frequency and size. A distinct influence of water temperature on tumor growth was demonstrated experimentally. Summer temperatures of 15--22 degrees C caused very rapid growth. In the field and in the laboratory, the tumors exhibited a fourfold increase in average volume within 3 months. These fast-growing neoplasms had certain relatively uniform histologic features. The tumor cells were separated by wide intercellular spaces. The basal layer was composed of tall columnar cells, while the surface layer was composed of slightly flattened cells. Winter water temperatures (5--10 degrees C) inhibited tumor growth and even caused tumor regression. In 3 months, the papillomas shrank to half of their initial size. Histologic and ultrastructural examinations revealed signs of tissue degeneration: necrobiotic processes in the epidermal region, cellular and nuclear polymorphisms, dissolution of membranes, loss of cell integrity, and loosening and reduction in size of the basal cell layer."}
{"id": "PMID:280184", "title": "Tissue lesions of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): relationship to sewage effluents.", "content": "A population of facultative neotenous tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum) inhabiting a sewage lagoon at Reese AFB, Hurlwood, Texas, was found to have an exceptionally high rate of spontaneous tissue lesions. The population is composed of an estimated 28,000 large, reproductively mature larvae that are restricted to the lagoon. Only about 17% of the population metamorphoses normally. In contrast, tiger salamanders from uncontaminated lagoons in the same general vicinity metamorphose normally; however, no neoplasms were discovered in larvae sampled from the nonsewage lagoosn. N-nitrosamine analyses of water and tissue samples of larvae were negative. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analyses revealed traces of benzo[a]pyrene in the sludge; however, perylene, a constituent of jet fuel, was found in high concentration (300 ppb). These results indicate tat preylene, which was previously found not be tumorigenic to mice and rats, should be retested as a possible agent for nonmammalian species.", "contents": "Tissue lesions of tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): relationship to sewage effluents. A population of facultative neotenous tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum) inhabiting a sewage lagoon at Reese AFB, Hurlwood, Texas, was found to have an exceptionally high rate of spontaneous tissue lesions. The population is composed of an estimated 28,000 large, reproductively mature larvae that are restricted to the lagoon. Only about 17% of the population metamorphoses normally. In contrast, tiger salamanders from uncontaminated lagoons in the same general vicinity metamorphose normally; however, no neoplasms were discovered in larvae sampled from the nonsewage lagoosn. N-nitrosamine analyses of water and tissue samples of larvae were negative. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon analyses revealed traces of benzo[a]pyrene in the sludge; however, perylene, a constituent of jet fuel, was found in high concentration (300 ppb). These results indicate tat preylene, which was previously found not be tumorigenic to mice and rats, should be retested as a possible agent for nonmammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:280191", "title": "Prevalence of neoplasia in 10 New England populations of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria).", "content": "Neoplasia was a prevalent disease of the soft-shell clam and was found in widely geographically distinct sites in New England. Two types of neoplasms were recognized. Most were of hematopoietic origin, except in clams from Maine, which also had gonadal neoplasms. Both types were apparently malignant neoplasms, based on their characteristic anaplastic appearance, invasiveness, metastasis, mitotic activity, associated tissue necrosis, and mortality. Diagnosis of neoplasia in the living mollusk was achieved rapidly and accurately by cytologic examination of circulating blood. The etiology of the neoplasms was not identified. In general, nonneoplastic lesions, such as epithelial hyperplasia and accumulations of a orange-brown bodies, were more common in clams from polluted areas.", "contents": "Prevalence of neoplasia in 10 New England populations of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria). Neoplasia was a prevalent disease of the soft-shell clam and was found in widely geographically distinct sites in New England. Two types of neoplasms were recognized. Most were of hematopoietic origin, except in clams from Maine, which also had gonadal neoplasms. Both types were apparently malignant neoplasms, based on their characteristic anaplastic appearance, invasiveness, metastasis, mitotic activity, associated tissue necrosis, and mortality. Diagnosis of neoplasia in the living mollusk was achieved rapidly and accurately by cytologic examination of circulating blood. The etiology of the neoplasms was not identified. In general, nonneoplastic lesions, such as epithelial hyperplasia and accumulations of a orange-brown bodies, were more common in clams from polluted areas."}
{"id": "PMID:280197", "title": "The theory of encephalization.", "content": "The theory of encephalization is developed from elementary dimensional requirements for the construction of a brain of given size. The basic assumption in the theory is that most of the brain in vertebrates is constructed as a series of mappings repeated at various levels. Encephalization is seen as a composite of an amplification factor for the repeated mappings (identical with the encephalization quotient EQ) and a factor associated with \"added\" tissue. The latter may be viewed as tissue that corresponds to new functions. The relation of the theory to allometric analysis is a relationship of theory to empirical estimation of \"expected\" brain size at a given body size. But body size is not fundamental to the theory. It is merely one of several possible sources of a measure of the area of a basic mapping, as it were, which is then subject to the amplification factor. Issues in the use of encephalization to assess behavioral capacities are reviewed briefly, as are the neurobiological correlates of encephalization and brain size.", "contents": "The theory of encephalization. The theory of encephalization is developed from elementary dimensional requirements for the construction of a brain of given size. The basic assumption in the theory is that most of the brain in vertebrates is constructed as a series of mappings repeated at various levels. Encephalization is seen as a composite of an amplification factor for the repeated mappings (identical with the encephalization quotient EQ) and a factor associated with \"added\" tissue. The latter may be viewed as tissue that corresponds to new functions. The relation of the theory to allometric analysis is a relationship of theory to empirical estimation of \"expected\" brain size at a given body size. But body size is not fundamental to the theory. It is merely one of several possible sources of a measure of the area of a basic mapping, as it were, which is then subject to the amplification factor. Issues in the use of encephalization to assess behavioral capacities are reviewed briefly, as are the neurobiological correlates of encephalization and brain size."}
{"id": "PMID:280206", "title": "Symmetrical lateralization of function in the auditory system of the cat: effects of unilateral ablation of cortex.", "content": "We have presented behavioral evidence suggesting that one function of auditory cortex is to attend to stimuli at the contralateral ear. Further, behavioral and anatomic evidence shows that the neural mechanisms for this function probably depend on a pathway that crosses at the level of the medulla, bypasses the superior olive, and ascends to the contralateral inferior colliculus. At higher centers there are several auditory pathways from thalamus to cortex, as well as descending pathways from cortex, and some of these pathways may play a role in selective listening with one ear.", "contents": "Symmetrical lateralization of function in the auditory system of the cat: effects of unilateral ablation of cortex. We have presented behavioral evidence suggesting that one function of auditory cortex is to attend to stimuli at the contralateral ear. Further, behavioral and anatomic evidence shows that the neural mechanisms for this function probably depend on a pathway that crosses at the level of the medulla, bypasses the superior olive, and ascends to the contralateral inferior colliculus. At higher centers there are several auditory pathways from thalamus to cortex, as well as descending pathways from cortex, and some of these pathways may play a role in selective listening with one ear."}
{"id": "PMID:280216", "title": "Lateral specialization and psychiatric issues: speculations on development and the evolution of consciousness.", "content": "At the start of this lecture, I invited you to indulge with me in a \"dessert\" of speculations. I hope it has been a sufficiency, not a surfeit. In summary, we have examined a hypothetical model of some dissociations of consciousness and the expression of unconscious symptoms in adults; we then explored some possible conditions that would account for the development of separate mental streams. In the course of this exploration we were led to question some basic assumptions about the unity of the self, and we proposed some possible mechanisms by which lateral specialization develops in children. This model of the development of lateral specialization has some implications for the study of evolution of the human brain and consciousness. It would seem useful to examine the relationship between the evolution of the commissural systems and the evolution of different capacities for consciousness. According to this model, the full development of lateral specialization depends upon the later myelination of the commissures, which makes possible the autonomy and competition between hemispheres. By this means, only minimal differences between hemispheres need to be specified genetically, since the rest of lateralization can be produced by progressive differentiation, through interactions with the environment. Thus man's eternal, internal struggle may be the price paid for the evolution of lateral specialization.", "contents": "Lateral specialization and psychiatric issues: speculations on development and the evolution of consciousness. At the start of this lecture, I invited you to indulge with me in a \"dessert\" of speculations. I hope it has been a sufficiency, not a surfeit. In summary, we have examined a hypothetical model of some dissociations of consciousness and the expression of unconscious symptoms in adults; we then explored some possible conditions that would account for the development of separate mental streams. In the course of this exploration we were led to question some basic assumptions about the unity of the self, and we proposed some possible mechanisms by which lateral specialization develops in children. This model of the development of lateral specialization has some implications for the study of evolution of the human brain and consciousness. It would seem useful to examine the relationship between the evolution of the commissural systems and the evolution of different capacities for consciousness. According to this model, the full development of lateral specialization depends upon the later myelination of the commissures, which makes possible the autonomy and competition between hemispheres. By this means, only minimal differences between hemispheres need to be specified genetically, since the rest of lateralization can be produced by progressive differentiation, through interactions with the environment. Thus man's eternal, internal struggle may be the price paid for the evolution of lateral specialization."}
{"id": "PMID:280219", "title": "An anthropological perspective on the evolution and lateralization of the brain.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to review the anthropological evidence relating to the cultural determinants of the right-hand first postaulted by Hertz in his classic study. Also a genetic/cultural conformity model of handedness is presented that postulates that the incidence of handedness in a society is held to result both from the genetic expression of handedness interacting with cultural pressures towards conformity. The evolutionary basis for the hemispheric functional organization into cognitive and perceptual hemispheric functions is discussed in terms of \"right-handed dominant homozygotes, DD,\" \"heterozygotes, DR,\" mixed-handers, and \"left-handed recessive homozygotes, RR.\" The cross-cultural distribution of handedness provides support for this model since the more conforming agriculturalists as measured by the Asch Test have a significantly lower incidence of left-handedness (0.59%, 1.5% and 3.4%), while the more permissively socialized Eskimo and Arunta hunters, who are seen to be more independent on the Asch Test, have 11.3% and 10.5% left-handers, respectively. Also, due to the greater pressures for females to conform in agricultural societies, the incidence of female left-handedness in agricultural societies is 0% out of 330 female Ss, with 3.8%, 0.79%, and 2.5% in agricultural males, as contrasted with the Eskimo hunters who have 12.5% left-handed males and 10.3% left-handed females, showing no significant sex difference. A further Hong Kong-English study also supports the genetic/cultural conformity model with a significantly lower incidence of Hong Kong Chinese left-handers (RR: male = 2.7%, and female = 4.2%). The next section, concerned with the neonatal sex-hormone differentiation and lateralization processes, provides a neuropsychologic theory relating to spatial and linguistic skills that is relevant to the following section, which deals with relationships between laterality and cognitive style. The results are also presented for the Alaskan Eskimo in relation to hand, eye, auditory dominance and cognitive style. The analysis of Eskimo fixed-versus mixed-laterality data also confirms, as predicted, that both within and across a modality (e.g., right hand/right eye/right ear) fixed right-dominance Eskimo Ss are more field-independent than mixed-dominance Ss, while the fixed left-dominance Ss are the most field-dependent and have lower spatial skills. The discussion section reviews the papers relating to the genetic/conformity model of handedness, as well as laterality and cognitive style. The evolutionary adaptive significance of sex differences in gonadal differentiation and lateralization of the brain on spatial and linguistic skills are also reviewed. The conclusions are concerned with the implications for biosocial theory and the rapidly changing incidence of left-handedness due to accompanying changes in cultural pressures both within and across cultures.", "contents": "An anthropological perspective on the evolution and lateralization of the brain. The purpose of this paper is to review the anthropological evidence relating to the cultural determinants of the right-hand first postaulted by Hertz in his classic study. Also a genetic/cultural conformity model of handedness is presented that postulates that the incidence of handedness in a society is held to result both from the genetic expression of handedness interacting with cultural pressures towards conformity. The evolutionary basis for the hemispheric functional organization into cognitive and perceptual hemispheric functions is discussed in terms of \"right-handed dominant homozygotes, DD,\" \"heterozygotes, DR,\" mixed-handers, and \"left-handed recessive homozygotes, RR.\" The cross-cultural distribution of handedness provides support for this model since the more conforming agriculturalists as measured by the Asch Test have a significantly lower incidence of left-handedness (0.59%, 1.5% and 3.4%), while the more permissively socialized Eskimo and Arunta hunters, who are seen to be more independent on the Asch Test, have 11.3% and 10.5% left-handers, respectively. Also, due to the greater pressures for females to conform in agricultural societies, the incidence of female left-handedness in agricultural societies is 0% out of 330 female Ss, with 3.8%, 0.79%, and 2.5% in agricultural males, as contrasted with the Eskimo hunters who have 12.5% left-handed males and 10.3% left-handed females, showing no significant sex difference. A further Hong Kong-English study also supports the genetic/cultural conformity model with a significantly lower incidence of Hong Kong Chinese left-handers (RR: male = 2.7%, and female = 4.2%). The next section, concerned with the neonatal sex-hormone differentiation and lateralization processes, provides a neuropsychologic theory relating to spatial and linguistic skills that is relevant to the following section, which deals with relationships between laterality and cognitive style. The results are also presented for the Alaskan Eskimo in relation to hand, eye, auditory dominance and cognitive style. The analysis of Eskimo fixed-versus mixed-laterality data also confirms, as predicted, that both within and across a modality (e.g., right hand/right eye/right ear) fixed right-dominance Eskimo Ss are more field-independent than mixed-dominance Ss, while the fixed left-dominance Ss are the most field-dependent and have lower spatial skills. The discussion section reviews the papers relating to the genetic/conformity model of handedness, as well as laterality and cognitive style. The evolutionary adaptive significance of sex differences in gonadal differentiation and lateralization of the brain on spatial and linguistic skills are also reviewed. The conclusions are concerned with the implications for biosocial theory and the rapidly changing incidence of left-handedness due to accompanying changes in cultural pressures both within and across cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:280223", "title": "The origin of the vertebrate brain.", "content": "The need for a \"model\" of the development of the head and the nervous system is examined. The purpose of such a model is to facilitate the testing of the probability of the correctness of anatomic and developmental ideas from a number of areas. Without such a model this information presents only a jumble of discordant facts. The proposed model suggests the following: 1. The nervous system of amphioxus tells us little, or nothing, about the ancestral vertebrate system. 2. The gap between the neural tube stage, established in the chordate, and the complex central nervous system typical of the vertebrate is partly closed by the identification of two stages. 3. The first of these stages assumes that the original anterior end of the nervous system corresponded with the anterior end of the notochord: thus it was at the anterior end of the present mesencephalon. Outgrowth of the anterior mesencephalic wall, totally sensory in nature, moved the neuropore anteriorly. This outgrowth is correlated with the gradual conversion of a velar mouth to a biting mouth by forward and downward extension of the head. 4. As a result of the anterior and downward expansion of the anterior wall of the mesencephalon, the cephalic flexure and infundibulum were produced. The primitive eye changed its relationship to the brain from attaching anterolateral to laterally; its point of attachment shifted from dorsal to the neuropore to ventral to the neuropore. 5. The nasohypophyseal field in the neural tube ancestor was closely associated with the anterior wall of the brain below the neuropore, and nerve fibers growing from this epithelium extended to the brain below (posterior?) to the optic stalk. With outgrowth, the fibers now entered the brain substance anterior to the optic stalk and dorsal (?) to the neuropore. 6. The second stage, which is well known from the literature, is the outgrowth of the telencephalic lobes from the dorsolateral and anterior wall of the \"diencephalon.\" 7. Among the vertebrates further elaboration of the system can be documented.", "contents": "The origin of the vertebrate brain. The need for a \"model\" of the development of the head and the nervous system is examined. The purpose of such a model is to facilitate the testing of the probability of the correctness of anatomic and developmental ideas from a number of areas. Without such a model this information presents only a jumble of discordant facts. The proposed model suggests the following: 1. The nervous system of amphioxus tells us little, or nothing, about the ancestral vertebrate system. 2. The gap between the neural tube stage, established in the chordate, and the complex central nervous system typical of the vertebrate is partly closed by the identification of two stages. 3. The first of these stages assumes that the original anterior end of the nervous system corresponded with the anterior end of the notochord: thus it was at the anterior end of the present mesencephalon. Outgrowth of the anterior mesencephalic wall, totally sensory in nature, moved the neuropore anteriorly. This outgrowth is correlated with the gradual conversion of a velar mouth to a biting mouth by forward and downward extension of the head. 4. As a result of the anterior and downward expansion of the anterior wall of the mesencephalon, the cephalic flexure and infundibulum were produced. The primitive eye changed its relationship to the brain from attaching anterolateral to laterally; its point of attachment shifted from dorsal to the neuropore to ventral to the neuropore. 5. The nasohypophyseal field in the neural tube ancestor was closely associated with the anterior wall of the brain below the neuropore, and nerve fibers growing from this epithelium extended to the brain below (posterior?) to the optic stalk. With outgrowth, the fibers now entered the brain substance anterior to the optic stalk and dorsal (?) to the neuropore. 6. The second stage, which is well known from the literature, is the outgrowth of the telencephalic lobes from the dorsolateral and anterior wall of the \"diencephalon.\" 7. Among the vertebrates further elaboration of the system can be documented."}
{"id": "PMID:280250", "title": "Developmental plasticity of central serotonin neurons after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment.", "content": "Systemic administration of 5,7-HT to newborn rats produces an altered development of the 5-HT neurons in the central nervous system, with marked regional differences. 5,7-Hydroxytryptamine can enter the brain and elicit its neurotoxic actions after systemic administration in the neonatal stage due to an incompletely developed blood-brain barrier, which for 5,7-HT is elaborated between postnatal Days 5 and 7. Treatment with 5,7-HT at birth produces marked and permanent 5-HT denervation in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, whereas hyperinnervation occurs in the 5-HT cell body-near regions (mesencephalon-pons-medulla). The latter effect is seen within the first week postnatally. Treatment with 5,7-HT also affects NA neurons in a similar manner, although the action is exerted preferentially on 5-HT neurons. A selective effect on 5-HT neurons can be achieved by DMI pretreatment, after which both NA and DA neurons develop normally. No signs of any interaction among growing 5-HT, NA, and DA neurons can be observed. Studies of the postsynaptic 5-HT receptor in vitro with [3H]-5-HT and [3H]LSD binding indicate that this receptor develops independently of presynaptic 5-HT nerve terminals. Neither 5-HT denervation nor 5-HT hyperinnervation was accompanied by any change in receptor-binding characteristics or receptor density. The results available are compatible with the view that the consequences for 5-HT neurons that occur after neonatal 5,7-HT administration are mainly due to a \"pruning effect.\" The developing 5-HT neurons seem to be programmed to produce a certain quantity of nerve terminal arborizations, which they try to conserve after 5-HT-induced injury, leading to the observed rearrangement of 5-HT nerve terminals.", "contents": "Developmental plasticity of central serotonin neurons after 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment. Systemic administration of 5,7-HT to newborn rats produces an altered development of the 5-HT neurons in the central nervous system, with marked regional differences. 5,7-Hydroxytryptamine can enter the brain and elicit its neurotoxic actions after systemic administration in the neonatal stage due to an incompletely developed blood-brain barrier, which for 5,7-HT is elaborated between postnatal Days 5 and 7. Treatment with 5,7-HT at birth produces marked and permanent 5-HT denervation in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, whereas hyperinnervation occurs in the 5-HT cell body-near regions (mesencephalon-pons-medulla). The latter effect is seen within the first week postnatally. Treatment with 5,7-HT also affects NA neurons in a similar manner, although the action is exerted preferentially on 5-HT neurons. A selective effect on 5-HT neurons can be achieved by DMI pretreatment, after which both NA and DA neurons develop normally. No signs of any interaction among growing 5-HT, NA, and DA neurons can be observed. Studies of the postsynaptic 5-HT receptor in vitro with [3H]-5-HT and [3H]LSD binding indicate that this receptor develops independently of presynaptic 5-HT nerve terminals. Neither 5-HT denervation nor 5-HT hyperinnervation was accompanied by any change in receptor-binding characteristics or receptor density. The results available are compatible with the view that the consequences for 5-HT neurons that occur after neonatal 5,7-HT administration are mainly due to a \"pruning effect.\" The developing 5-HT neurons seem to be programmed to produce a certain quantity of nerve terminal arborizations, which they try to conserve after 5-HT-induced injury, leading to the observed rearrangement of 5-HT nerve terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:280259", "title": "Effects of central 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the medical hypothalamic syndrome in rats.", "content": "The present study attempted to replicate and extend two recent studies that implicated aberrant brain 5-HT neurotransmission in the etiology of overeating and BW grain. Adult female rats received 25 mg/kg of desipramine hydrochloride 30--45 min prior to an intracisternal injection of 200 microgram (free base) of 5,7-DHT creatinine sulfate or its 1% ascorbic acid aqueous vehicle. After 7 weeks of measuring food intake, water intake, and BW change, rats from both groups received radiofrequency lesions of the MH or sham surgery. After 5 additional weeks of intake and BW measurements, all rats were tested for 24-hr acceptance of varying sucrose and quinine solutions and for 25-day acceptance of a high-fat replacement diet. While 5,7-DHT depleted brain 5-HT by 45%, it did not induce overeating and BW gain alone nor did it modify the overeating, obesity, or \"finickiness\" produced by hypothalamic injury. Several factors that relate to specificity, sufficiency, and compatibility with other 5-HT depletory techniques were discussed, as were factors of similarity and dissimilarity between this and the previous experiments that we attempted to replicate.", "contents": "Effects of central 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on the medical hypothalamic syndrome in rats. The present study attempted to replicate and extend two recent studies that implicated aberrant brain 5-HT neurotransmission in the etiology of overeating and BW grain. Adult female rats received 25 mg/kg of desipramine hydrochloride 30--45 min prior to an intracisternal injection of 200 microgram (free base) of 5,7-DHT creatinine sulfate or its 1% ascorbic acid aqueous vehicle. After 7 weeks of measuring food intake, water intake, and BW change, rats from both groups received radiofrequency lesions of the MH or sham surgery. After 5 additional weeks of intake and BW measurements, all rats were tested for 24-hr acceptance of varying sucrose and quinine solutions and for 25-day acceptance of a high-fat replacement diet. While 5,7-DHT depleted brain 5-HT by 45%, it did not induce overeating and BW gain alone nor did it modify the overeating, obesity, or \"finickiness\" produced by hypothalamic injury. Several factors that relate to specificity, sufficiency, and compatibility with other 5-HT depletory techniques were discussed, as were factors of similarity and dissimilarity between this and the previous experiments that we attempted to replicate."}
{"id": "PMID:280281", "title": "Tics and Tourette's: a continuum of symptoms?", "content": "Analysis of the families of 39 unselected children with Tourette syndrome revealed other members with tic disorders in twenty kindreds. In eight families there were 13 individuals with chronic multiple tics, usually motor, not vocal. Twelve different families contained 18 subjects with Tourette syndrome other than the index patient. In three of these families there were 6 additional individuals with chronic motor tics, forming a bridge to the first group. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was suggested in all cases. Tourette syndrome and chronic motor tics appear to represent conditions along a continuum and have, in many instances, a hereditary basis.", "contents": "Tics and Tourette's: a continuum of symptoms? Analysis of the families of 39 unselected children with Tourette syndrome revealed other members with tic disorders in twenty kindreds. In eight families there were 13 individuals with chronic multiple tics, usually motor, not vocal. Twelve different families contained 18 subjects with Tourette syndrome other than the index patient. In three of these families there were 6 additional individuals with chronic motor tics, forming a bridge to the first group. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was suggested in all cases. Tourette syndrome and chronic motor tics appear to represent conditions along a continuum and have, in many instances, a hereditary basis."}
{"id": "PMID:280282", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis. acute microcirculation failure in myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "We saw bone marrow necrosis in a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The diagnosis was made during the patinet's life, and the bone marrow microcirculation was studied immediately postmortem. Histology and injection of the bone marrow arteries showed an acute microcirculation failure. The pathogenesis and possible relationship with soluble immune complexes was studied.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis. acute microcirculation failure in myelomonocytic leukemia. We saw bone marrow necrosis in a case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The diagnosis was made during the patinet's life, and the bone marrow microcirculation was studied immediately postmortem. Histology and injection of the bone marrow arteries showed an acute microcirculation failure. The pathogenesis and possible relationship with soluble immune complexes was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:280283", "title": "[Generalized glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) in an 11-year-old girl].", "content": "A case of cardiomegalic glycogenosis in a girl of 11 is described. The autopsy revealed cardial hypertrophy, hepatomegaly and enlargement of the kidneys. Histologically, diffuse accumulation of glycogen in the heart muscle, liver, epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidneys and in skeletal muscles was demonstrated. The features of the observation include the long-term course of the disease and combination of cardiomegalic glycogenosis with hepato-renal manifestations of enzymopathies.", "contents": "[Generalized glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) in an 11-year-old girl]. A case of cardiomegalic glycogenosis in a girl of 11 is described. The autopsy revealed cardial hypertrophy, hepatomegaly and enlargement of the kidneys. Histologically, diffuse accumulation of glycogen in the heart muscle, liver, epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidneys and in skeletal muscles was demonstrated. The features of the observation include the long-term course of the disease and combination of cardiomegalic glycogenosis with hepato-renal manifestations of enzymopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:280290", "title": "Anesthetic and operative management of potential upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Potential or actual supraglottic airway obstruction becomes critical when general anesthesia is begun. Four cases illustrated such obstruction, and the anesthetic and surgical management of each condition was critical. In carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and in pharyngeal abscess, the unobstructed airway in the conscious patient became impossible to secure once general anesthesia was begun. Unappreciated pathological deformity prohibited endotracheal intubation, and anesthesia precipitated obstruction. In epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscess, the nature of the impending airway obstruction was appreciated, and the selection of a safe technique to secure the airway was made. Anesthetic and surgical management of potential supraglottic obstruction includes five options: (1) oral tracheal intubation by laryngoscopy while the patient is awake; (2) awake nasotracheal intubation; (3) inhalation induction by general anesthesia with intubation; (4) rapid induction with barbiturates and muscle relaxants with intubation; and (5) tracheostomy with local anesthesia.", "contents": "Anesthetic and operative management of potential upper airway obstruction. Potential or actual supraglottic airway obstruction becomes critical when general anesthesia is begun. Four cases illustrated such obstruction, and the anesthetic and surgical management of each condition was critical. In carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and in pharyngeal abscess, the unobstructed airway in the conscious patient became impossible to secure once general anesthesia was begun. Unappreciated pathological deformity prohibited endotracheal intubation, and anesthesia precipitated obstruction. In epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscess, the nature of the impending airway obstruction was appreciated, and the selection of a safe technique to secure the airway was made. Anesthetic and surgical management of potential supraglottic obstruction includes five options: (1) oral tracheal intubation by laryngoscopy while the patient is awake; (2) awake nasotracheal intubation; (3) inhalation induction by general anesthesia with intubation; (4) rapid induction with barbiturates and muscle relaxants with intubation; and (5) tracheostomy with local anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:280292", "title": "Systemic problems affecting dental treatment.", "content": "Dental treatment rendered to patients suffering from various systemic problems may need to be varied from that normally given to healthy patients. This paper deals with these problems and recommends the precautionary measures that should be taken to avoid serious consequences.", "contents": "Systemic problems affecting dental treatment. Dental treatment rendered to patients suffering from various systemic problems may need to be varied from that normally given to healthy patients. This paper deals with these problems and recommends the precautionary measures that should be taken to avoid serious consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:280293", "title": "Antimicrobial action of thymol-camphor compared with 20 pharmaceutical preparations. 1. Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The antimicrobial action of 21 pharmaceutical preparations has been compared in vitro by testing them against Staph. aureus (Oxford strain) in an identical environment. While a number of chemicals produced a degree of action, which can be considered adequate for clinical purposes, the combination thymol-camphor gave the best results.", "contents": "Antimicrobial action of thymol-camphor compared with 20 pharmaceutical preparations. 1. Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial action of 21 pharmaceutical preparations has been compared in vitro by testing them against Staph. aureus (Oxford strain) in an identical environment. While a number of chemicals produced a degree of action, which can be considered adequate for clinical purposes, the combination thymol-camphor gave the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:280295", "title": "Alveolar osteitis (dry socket)--a review.", "content": "The literature on \"dry socket\" is reviewed. The diagnosis, incidence and predisposing factors are discussed in relation to its aetiology. Treatment regimes are outlined; in particular, the use of anti-fibrinolytic drugs.", "contents": "Alveolar osteitis (dry socket)--a review. The literature on \"dry socket\" is reviewed. The diagnosis, incidence and predisposing factors are discussed in relation to its aetiology. Treatment regimes are outlined; in particular, the use of anti-fibrinolytic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:280296", "title": "The pre prosthetic management of the edentulous patient.", "content": "The problems to be solved are those largely caused by prolonged wearing of old, inadequate dentures where faulty occlusion, ill-fitting bases, poor denture hygiene, parafunctional habits combine to produce denture stomatitis and papillary hyperplasia. A programme is set out to deal with these problems and to adjust abnormal frenum and muscle attachment.", "contents": "The pre prosthetic management of the edentulous patient. The problems to be solved are those largely caused by prolonged wearing of old, inadequate dentures where faulty occlusion, ill-fitting bases, poor denture hygiene, parafunctional habits combine to produce denture stomatitis and papillary hyperplasia. A programme is set out to deal with these problems and to adjust abnormal frenum and muscle attachment."}
{"id": "PMID:280299", "title": "The effect of alloy composition on the development of internal porosity in cast structures.", "content": "A number of metallic elements were added singly and in combination to a simple nickel-chromium alloy. The effect of alloy composition was determined by radiographic and metallographic examination.", "contents": "The effect of alloy composition on the development of internal porosity in cast structures. A number of metallic elements were added singly and in combination to a simple nickel-chromium alloy. The effect of alloy composition was determined by radiographic and metallographic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:280300", "title": "Regressive formula to determine vertical dimension in the edentulous.", "content": "The distances between the cephalometric points of 380 patients with complete natural dental arches were measured. A correlation between the bizygomatic, nasion-subnasal and subnasal-gnathion distances and the vertical dimension was established and a mathematical formula was derived to enable determination of both the physiologic rest position and vertical dimension at centric occlusion in edentulous patients.", "contents": "Regressive formula to determine vertical dimension in the edentulous. The distances between the cephalometric points of 380 patients with complete natural dental arches were measured. A correlation between the bizygomatic, nasion-subnasal and subnasal-gnathion distances and the vertical dimension was established and a mathematical formula was derived to enable determination of both the physiologic rest position and vertical dimension at centric occlusion in edentulous patients."}
{"id": "PMID:280303", "title": "Crown construction to the lingual margin of a partial denture.", "content": "A technique is described which ensures that the interface between a newly constructed crown and an existing partial denture is accurate and neither crown nor denture need adjustment. At no time does the patient have to be without the denture. A silver plated die with a double dowelling technique is used.", "contents": "Crown construction to the lingual margin of a partial denture. A technique is described which ensures that the interface between a newly constructed crown and an existing partial denture is accurate and neither crown nor denture need adjustment. At no time does the patient have to be without the denture. A silver plated die with a double dowelling technique is used."}
{"id": "PMID:280304", "title": "The use of mixtures of octapressin and adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions to obtain more effective vasoconstriction.", "content": "The synergistic effects of felypressin with adrenaline have been studied using the isolated central artery of the rabbit ear as a vascular model. Sub-constrictor doses of felypressin were shown to increase adrenaline's vasoconstrictor effect on this vessel. It is therefore suggested that a mixture of felypressin and adrenaline be used in local anaesthetic solutions in order to provide more effective vasoconstriction.", "contents": "The use of mixtures of octapressin and adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions to obtain more effective vasoconstriction. The synergistic effects of felypressin with adrenaline have been studied using the isolated central artery of the rabbit ear as a vascular model. Sub-constrictor doses of felypressin were shown to increase adrenaline's vasoconstrictor effect on this vessel. It is therefore suggested that a mixture of felypressin and adrenaline be used in local anaesthetic solutions in order to provide more effective vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:280305", "title": "New units in haematology.", "content": "Results of haematological tests are now reported in Systeme Internationale (SI) units. The new and old units showing normal ranges for the most frequently used tests are presented. Some implications of normal values are mentioned.", "contents": "New units in haematology. Results of haematological tests are now reported in Systeme Internationale (SI) units. The new and old units showing normal ranges for the most frequently used tests are presented. Some implications of normal values are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:280306", "title": "What is happening to cavity toilet and lining?", "content": "There has been a swing toward using chemicals other than air and water for some areas of cavity preparation and cavity toilet. There also have been some new thoughts in the area of linings and bases. This is a discussion in clinical terms of the current concepts in the area between cutting of the cavity and insertion of the restoration.", "contents": "What is happening to cavity toilet and lining? There has been a swing toward using chemicals other than air and water for some areas of cavity preparation and cavity toilet. There also have been some new thoughts in the area of linings and bases. This is a discussion in clinical terms of the current concepts in the area between cutting of the cavity and insertion of the restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:280307", "title": "Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach diagnosing the problem.", "content": "Diagnostic guide lines are presented to help the general practitioner to correctly differentiate the \"simple\" from the \"difficult\" case of malocclusion. These aids to diagnosis are set out in an orderly fashion to encourage a closer and more systematic examination of the bite of every patient presenting for dental treatment. Certain types of appliances are suggested as adequate to cope with the malocclusion, once the correct diagnosis has been made.", "contents": "Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach diagnosing the problem. Diagnostic guide lines are presented to help the general practitioner to correctly differentiate the \"simple\" from the \"difficult\" case of malocclusion. These aids to diagnosis are set out in an orderly fashion to encourage a closer and more systematic examination of the bite of every patient presenting for dental treatment. Certain types of appliances are suggested as adequate to cope with the malocclusion, once the correct diagnosis has been made."}
{"id": "PMID:280308", "title": "Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach minimizing the future problem.", "content": "The role of the family dentist in the utilization of preventive orthodontics to intercept potential problems in the areas of serial extractions, buccal cross-bites and thumb sucking habits is discussed.", "contents": "Orthodontic seminar: a realistic approach minimizing the future problem. The role of the family dentist in the utilization of preventive orthodontics to intercept potential problems in the areas of serial extractions, buccal cross-bites and thumb sucking habits is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280309", "title": "Characteristics of the Papua New Guinean dentition. II. Normal occlusion in an adolescent population.", "content": "Data on dental arch form and size, tooth arrangement and occlusion are presented for 32 adolescents from Wewak, Papua New Guinea, and compared with measurements of similar adult populations. Each person examined had a Class I occlusal relationship.", "contents": "Characteristics of the Papua New Guinean dentition. II. Normal occlusion in an adolescent population. Data on dental arch form and size, tooth arrangement and occlusion are presented for 32 adolescents from Wewak, Papua New Guinea, and compared with measurements of similar adult populations. Each person examined had a Class I occlusal relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:280313", "title": "The present status of proximal gastric vagotomy.", "content": "It is now clearly established that proximal gastric vagotomy, which has been in clinical use for over seven years, had lower mortality and morbidity rates than all other forms of operation currently used in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. Although no long-term figures are yet available, the ulcer recurrence rates is not likely to be greater than that for truncal vagotomy. The technique is not without problems, however, and has yet to gain wide acceptance in this country.", "contents": "The present status of proximal gastric vagotomy. It is now clearly established that proximal gastric vagotomy, which has been in clinical use for over seven years, had lower mortality and morbidity rates than all other forms of operation currently used in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer. Although no long-term figures are yet available, the ulcer recurrence rates is not likely to be greater than that for truncal vagotomy. The technique is not without problems, however, and has yet to gain wide acceptance in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:280314", "title": "five years' experience with proximal gastric (highly selective) vagotomy.", "content": "In the five-year period 1972 to 1976 the author's preferred treatment for patients with chronic duodenal or prepyloric peptic ulcer requiring surgery was proximal gastric vagotomy. In spite of this preference, only two-thirds of such patients were so treated. Most patients with bleeding and stenosis were treated by bilateral truncal vagotomy and drainage, and a few by P\u00f3lya gastrectomy. Proximal gastric vagotomy proved to be a safe elective operation without mortality and with a proven ulcer recurrence rate so far of 6%. Compared with those who had bilateral truncal vagotomy and drainage, the proximal gastric vagotomy patients complained less often of diarrhoea but more often of weight loss and reflux. Two patients have had persistent postprandial non-peptic pain, thought possibly due to upper gastric ischaemia.", "contents": "five years' experience with proximal gastric (highly selective) vagotomy. In the five-year period 1972 to 1976 the author's preferred treatment for patients with chronic duodenal or prepyloric peptic ulcer requiring surgery was proximal gastric vagotomy. In spite of this preference, only two-thirds of such patients were so treated. Most patients with bleeding and stenosis were treated by bilateral truncal vagotomy and drainage, and a few by P\u00f3lya gastrectomy. Proximal gastric vagotomy proved to be a safe elective operation without mortality and with a proven ulcer recurrence rate so far of 6%. Compared with those who had bilateral truncal vagotomy and drainage, the proximal gastric vagotomy patients complained less often of diarrhoea but more often of weight loss and reflux. Two patients have had persistent postprandial non-peptic pain, thought possibly due to upper gastric ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:280315", "title": "Surgery for recurrent peptic ulceration.", "content": "Sixty-six patients having surgery for recurrent peptic ulcers over a 10-year period are reviewed. The majority of the patients were male and developed their initial ulcers at an early age. Bleeding was the most common presenting symptom. Seventy-one percent of the recurrences occurred within three years. Barium meal X-ray examination plus endoscopy gave the correct diagnosis in 96% of cases. The causes of the recurrent peptic ulcers were: (1) incomplete vagotomy; (2) inadequate gastric resection; (3) inappropriate surgery; (4) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; (5) gastric outflow obstruction; and (6) bile reflux. Other factors such as alcohol, analgesic abuse and psychiatric disorders were found to be common associations. Resection plus vagotomy was the summation of primary and secondary surgery in 85%. The operative mortality was 3%. Eighty-five percent of patients had a Visick grading of I or II. Only one patient had a further recurrent ulcer and this healed on medical treatment.", "contents": "Surgery for recurrent peptic ulceration. Sixty-six patients having surgery for recurrent peptic ulcers over a 10-year period are reviewed. The majority of the patients were male and developed their initial ulcers at an early age. Bleeding was the most common presenting symptom. Seventy-one percent of the recurrences occurred within three years. Barium meal X-ray examination plus endoscopy gave the correct diagnosis in 96% of cases. The causes of the recurrent peptic ulcers were: (1) incomplete vagotomy; (2) inadequate gastric resection; (3) inappropriate surgery; (4) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; (5) gastric outflow obstruction; and (6) bile reflux. Other factors such as alcohol, analgesic abuse and psychiatric disorders were found to be common associations. Resection plus vagotomy was the summation of primary and secondary surgery in 85%. The operative mortality was 3%. Eighty-five percent of patients had a Visick grading of I or II. Only one patient had a further recurrent ulcer and this healed on medical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:280316", "title": "Mortality trends in the surgical management of chronic peptic ulceration: 25 years' experience.", "content": "This study is of the results of surgical management of bleeding chronic peptic ulceration at Prince Henry's Hospital, retrospective for the periods 1951 to 1960 and 1961 to 1970 and prospective for 1972 to 1977. During the latter five years all patients were admitted from the community to a haematemesis and melaena unit with a defined policy of management and prospective data recording for computer analysis. There was a continuing improvement in mortality over this 25-year period, especially with duodenal ulcer. No clear distinction could be made between conservative surgery and partial gastrectomy in terms of reduced surgical mortality in duodenal ulcer. Bleeding gastric ulcer remains a difficult problem, with a current surgical mortality of 21%.", "contents": "Mortality trends in the surgical management of chronic peptic ulceration: 25 years' experience. This study is of the results of surgical management of bleeding chronic peptic ulceration at Prince Henry's Hospital, retrospective for the periods 1951 to 1960 and 1961 to 1970 and prospective for 1972 to 1977. During the latter five years all patients were admitted from the community to a haematemesis and melaena unit with a defined policy of management and prospective data recording for computer analysis. There was a continuing improvement in mortality over this 25-year period, especially with duodenal ulcer. No clear distinction could be made between conservative surgery and partial gastrectomy in terms of reduced surgical mortality in duodenal ulcer. Bleeding gastric ulcer remains a difficult problem, with a current surgical mortality of 21%."}
{"id": "PMID:280317", "title": "The interrelationship between bleeding, perforation, and stenosis in duodenal ulceration.", "content": "The interrelationship of gastrointestinal bleeding, acute perforation, and pyloroduodenal stenosis was examined in a hospital series of 1,457 patients with duodenal ulcers. The proportion of each complication among the total number of ulcer patients after various periods of ulcer symptoms was determined. There was little variation in the proportion with bleeding as the duration of symptoms increased, whereas the proportion with perforation decreased and the proportion with stenosis increased with increasing duration of ulcer dyspepsia. The association of bleeding with perforation (26 patients) was more common than the association of bleeding with stenosis (12 patients), and more so than the association of perforation with stenosis (4 patients). To explain the paradoxical relationship of perforation and stenosis it was proposed that perforation occurred when the pathological process in ulceration was such that there was more tissue destruction. than tissue repair, and that stenosis would result if there was more tissue repair than tissue destruction", "contents": "The interrelationship between bleeding, perforation, and stenosis in duodenal ulceration. The interrelationship of gastrointestinal bleeding, acute perforation, and pyloroduodenal stenosis was examined in a hospital series of 1,457 patients with duodenal ulcers. The proportion of each complication among the total number of ulcer patients after various periods of ulcer symptoms was determined. There was little variation in the proportion with bleeding as the duration of symptoms increased, whereas the proportion with perforation decreased and the proportion with stenosis increased with increasing duration of ulcer dyspepsia. The association of bleeding with perforation (26 patients) was more common than the association of bleeding with stenosis (12 patients), and more so than the association of perforation with stenosis (4 patients). To explain the paradoxical relationship of perforation and stenosis it was proposed that perforation occurred when the pathological process in ulceration was such that there was more tissue destruction. than tissue repair, and that stenosis would result if there was more tissue repair than tissue destruction"}
{"id": "PMID:280318", "title": "The diagnosis of reflux oesophagitis: an evaluation of five investigative procedures.", "content": "Five methods of diagnosis have been compared prospectively in 43 patients referred for suspected reflux oesophagitis. A final diagnosis of reflux oesophagitis, as defined by the presence of at least two of the three features of typical symptoms, abnormal endoscopic findings, and abnormal findings on oesophageal biopsy, was made in 27 patients. Observer error in the interpretation of endoscopic and histological appearances was small. Measurement of resting pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) failed to identify individual patients with reflux oesophagitis, although the mean pressure in 26 patients with oesophagitis (10.1 +/- 5.2 mm Hg) was significantly lower that in 13 patients without oesophagitis (16.8 +/- 10.2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005). Barium studies were unhelpful, as a hiatus hernia was present in only 14 and barium reflux in only 11 of the 27 patients with oesophagitis. Acid perfusion (Bernstein test) was positive at 15 minutes in 23 of the 27 oesophagitis patients, but was falsely positive in seven of the 14 patients without oesophagitis. By accepting only those responses to acid perfusion which were positive at or before seven minutes, the false positive responses were reduced to one out of the 14 patients. Typical symptoms and/or an early positive Bernstein response will correctly identify most patients with reflux oesophagitis, but the diagnosis should be confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy when important therapeutic decisions are pending.", "contents": "The diagnosis of reflux oesophagitis: an evaluation of five investigative procedures. Five methods of diagnosis have been compared prospectively in 43 patients referred for suspected reflux oesophagitis. A final diagnosis of reflux oesophagitis, as defined by the presence of at least two of the three features of typical symptoms, abnormal endoscopic findings, and abnormal findings on oesophageal biopsy, was made in 27 patients. Observer error in the interpretation of endoscopic and histological appearances was small. Measurement of resting pressure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) failed to identify individual patients with reflux oesophagitis, although the mean pressure in 26 patients with oesophagitis (10.1 +/- 5.2 mm Hg) was significantly lower that in 13 patients without oesophagitis (16.8 +/- 10.2 mm Hg, P less than 0.005). Barium studies were unhelpful, as a hiatus hernia was present in only 14 and barium reflux in only 11 of the 27 patients with oesophagitis. Acid perfusion (Bernstein test) was positive at 15 minutes in 23 of the 27 oesophagitis patients, but was falsely positive in seven of the 14 patients without oesophagitis. By accepting only those responses to acid perfusion which were positive at or before seven minutes, the false positive responses were reduced to one out of the 14 patients. Typical symptoms and/or an early positive Bernstein response will correctly identify most patients with reflux oesophagitis, but the diagnosis should be confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy when important therapeutic decisions are pending."}
{"id": "PMID:280319", "title": "Achalasia cardia: a review of 100 cases.", "content": "Achaiasia cardia is the commonest benign obstructive lesion of the oesophagus in India. We have reviewed 100 cases over a 20-year period. This is the largest series that has been reported from India. Some unusual features were observed. Males were more often affected than females in a ratio of 2.3:1. Children below the age of 10 years are not often affected, but we had 10 subjects in this age group. In our series dysphagia for solids has been the main presenting feature. Barium swallow X-ray studies of the oesophagus were diagnostic. The treatment of choice had been surgical, and a modified Heller's operation has been the chosen procedure. Our preference is for the thoracic approach. Postoperative complications were few. Long-term follow-up of 65 patients over a 19-year period revealed excellent results in 50 patients (76.9%), good results in 10 (15.4%), and fair and poor results in two (3.1%) and three (4.6%) patients respectively. The fair and poor results occurred in patients with recurrence of symptoms or stricture formation due to reflux oesophagitis. The excellent results even on long-term follow-up, we believe are due to the adequate myotomy that was performed.", "contents": "Achalasia cardia: a review of 100 cases. Achaiasia cardia is the commonest benign obstructive lesion of the oesophagus in India. We have reviewed 100 cases over a 20-year period. This is the largest series that has been reported from India. Some unusual features were observed. Males were more often affected than females in a ratio of 2.3:1. Children below the age of 10 years are not often affected, but we had 10 subjects in this age group. In our series dysphagia for solids has been the main presenting feature. Barium swallow X-ray studies of the oesophagus were diagnostic. The treatment of choice had been surgical, and a modified Heller's operation has been the chosen procedure. Our preference is for the thoracic approach. Postoperative complications were few. Long-term follow-up of 65 patients over a 19-year period revealed excellent results in 50 patients (76.9%), good results in 10 (15.4%), and fair and poor results in two (3.1%) and three (4.6%) patients respectively. The fair and poor results occurred in patients with recurrence of symptoms or stricture formation due to reflux oesophagitis. The excellent results even on long-term follow-up, we believe are due to the adequate myotomy that was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:280320", "title": "Colorectal carcinoma in Hong Kong.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of colorectal carcinoma occurring in 470 Chinese patients in Hong Kong are reported. There was a preponderance of advanced stages of the disease in spite of the presence of a large number of well-differentiated lesions. Polyposis coli was the predisposing cause in 1% of our patients, and none of them had ulcerative colitis. The clinical features of our patients on presentation were generally similar to those exhibited by Caucasians. An abdominal mass was palpable in about half of patients with colonic lesions, and virtually all rectal cancers could be felt by rectal examination. Almost a quarter of our patients presented with complications. In 2% of our patients the initial diagnosis was acute appendictis. A high resection rate was achieved, but many radical resections turned out to be only palliative. Our operative mortality was 8.3%, although for social reasons, the \"in-hospital\" mortality was 19.2%. The corrected five-year survival rate was 42.7% when curative resection was attempted.", "contents": "Colorectal carcinoma in Hong Kong. The clinical and pathological features of colorectal carcinoma occurring in 470 Chinese patients in Hong Kong are reported. There was a preponderance of advanced stages of the disease in spite of the presence of a large number of well-differentiated lesions. Polyposis coli was the predisposing cause in 1% of our patients, and none of them had ulcerative colitis. The clinical features of our patients on presentation were generally similar to those exhibited by Caucasians. An abdominal mass was palpable in about half of patients with colonic lesions, and virtually all rectal cancers could be felt by rectal examination. Almost a quarter of our patients presented with complications. In 2% of our patients the initial diagnosis was acute appendictis. A high resection rate was achieved, but many radical resections turned out to be only palliative. Our operative mortality was 8.3%, although for social reasons, the \"in-hospital\" mortality was 19.2%. The corrected five-year survival rate was 42.7% when curative resection was attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:280321", "title": "The significance of widening of the presacral space at contrast radiography in inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The width of the presacral space was measured prospectively at various levels in 100 persons without organic colonic or rectal disease who had barium enema X-ray examinations. A standard technique was employed. The most consistent measurement was obtained at the level opposite the S3-S4 disc space; readings varied between 2 mm and 16 mm. Using 16 mm as the upper limit of normal, and a similar technique of barium enema examination, the width of the presacral space at the S3-S4 disc level was measured in 66 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis--49; Crohn's colitis--17). The width did not correlate with the severity of the disease process as indicated by sigmoidoscopic examination in proximity in time to the radiological examination. There was a relationship between increased width of the presacral space and the duration of the disease process.", "contents": "The significance of widening of the presacral space at contrast radiography in inflammatory bowel disease. The width of the presacral space was measured prospectively at various levels in 100 persons without organic colonic or rectal disease who had barium enema X-ray examinations. A standard technique was employed. The most consistent measurement was obtained at the level opposite the S3-S4 disc space; readings varied between 2 mm and 16 mm. Using 16 mm as the upper limit of normal, and a similar technique of barium enema examination, the width of the presacral space at the S3-S4 disc level was measured in 66 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis--49; Crohn's colitis--17). The width did not correlate with the severity of the disease process as indicated by sigmoidoscopic examination in proximity in time to the radiological examination. There was a relationship between increased width of the presacral space and the duration of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:280322", "title": "Bile peritonitis after the use of latex rubber T-tubes.", "content": "Three cases of biliary peritonitis following the removal of a latex rubber T-tube from the common duct in the second postoperative week are reported. This is a well-recognized complication following the use of polyvinyl chloride T-tubes in biliary duct surgery, but its occurrence with latex rubber T-tubes is extremely uncommon.", "contents": "Bile peritonitis after the use of latex rubber T-tubes. Three cases of biliary peritonitis following the removal of a latex rubber T-tube from the common duct in the second postoperative week are reported. This is a well-recognized complication following the use of polyvinyl chloride T-tubes in biliary duct surgery, but its occurrence with latex rubber T-tubes is extremely uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:280326", "title": "Villoglandular adenoma of the duodenum.", "content": "Two cases of villoglandular adenoma of the duodenum presenting with features of peptic ulcer are reported. At surgery both patients had intussusception of the duodenum. One of them had carcinoma in situ. The literature is briefly reviewed, and the importance of keeping in mind this rather rare condition, even in areas where duodenal ulcer is widely prevalent, is emphasized.", "contents": "Villoglandular adenoma of the duodenum. Two cases of villoglandular adenoma of the duodenum presenting with features of peptic ulcer are reported. At surgery both patients had intussusception of the duodenum. One of them had carcinoma in situ. The literature is briefly reviewed, and the importance of keeping in mind this rather rare condition, even in areas where duodenal ulcer is widely prevalent, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:280327", "title": "Duodenal haematoma in association with coeliac axis stenosis.", "content": "Duodenal haematoma is now a well-established clinical entity. The aetiology, however, is not always clear. Trauma or bleeding due to anticoagulant therapy is the cause in most cases. It is suspected that unreported minor trauma may cause the remainder. A case is reported in which the pancreaticoduodenal circulation was markedly dilated and tortuous because of severe coeliac axis stenosis. It is suggested that no trauma is required in this situation to cause bleeding, which may be due to spontaneous repture of the smaller vasa recta.", "contents": "Duodenal haematoma in association with coeliac axis stenosis. Duodenal haematoma is now a well-established clinical entity. The aetiology, however, is not always clear. Trauma or bleeding due to anticoagulant therapy is the cause in most cases. It is suspected that unreported minor trauma may cause the remainder. A case is reported in which the pancreaticoduodenal circulation was markedly dilated and tortuous because of severe coeliac axis stenosis. It is suggested that no trauma is required in this situation to cause bleeding, which may be due to spontaneous repture of the smaller vasa recta."}
{"id": "PMID:280328", "title": "Fatal cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in congenital hepatic fibrosis.", "content": "A patient with congenital hepatic fibrosis is described in whom portal hypertension with variceal bleeding was the predominant symptom, accompanied by a minor episode of cholangitis Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography disclosed intrahepatic bile duct strictures, tortuosity, and tubular dilatation, but not cystic dilatation as typical of Caroli's disease, in which cholangitis is known to be the predominant feature. Following the procedure, the patient developed fulminating cholangitis and septicaemia, and died despite surgical decompression of the biliary system.", "contents": "Fatal cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in congenital hepatic fibrosis. A patient with congenital hepatic fibrosis is described in whom portal hypertension with variceal bleeding was the predominant symptom, accompanied by a minor episode of cholangitis Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography disclosed intrahepatic bile duct strictures, tortuosity, and tubular dilatation, but not cystic dilatation as typical of Caroli's disease, in which cholangitis is known to be the predominant feature. Following the procedure, the patient developed fulminating cholangitis and septicaemia, and died despite surgical decompression of the biliary system."}
{"id": "PMID:280329", "title": "Operative biopsy of the pancreas using the Trucut needle.", "content": "The results of 14 operative biopsies of the pancreas using the Trucut technique are presented. There was no significant complication attributable to the biopsy, and in all cases an adequate tissue specimen was obtained, facilitating either frozen or paraffin section histological diagnosis. One false negative result was obtained which was due to sampling error. This technique is recommended as a good alternative when operative pancreatic biopsy is required. It is technically simple, has an acceptably low sampling error, provides a good tissue specimen for histological examination, and has few complications.", "contents": "Operative biopsy of the pancreas using the Trucut needle. The results of 14 operative biopsies of the pancreas using the Trucut technique are presented. There was no significant complication attributable to the biopsy, and in all cases an adequate tissue specimen was obtained, facilitating either frozen or paraffin section histological diagnosis. One false negative result was obtained which was due to sampling error. This technique is recommended as a good alternative when operative pancreatic biopsy is required. It is technically simple, has an acceptably low sampling error, provides a good tissue specimen for histological examination, and has few complications."}
{"id": "PMID:280330", "title": "Anterior and posterior ruptures of the urethra: simplified methods of immediate surgical management.", "content": "The aetiology and relative incidence of anterior and posterior ruptures of the urethra are briefly discussed. Methods of surgical management of both types of injury are described, which obviate any necessity to expose the site of rupture. A series of five such cases is reported, the outcome in each being satisfactory.", "contents": "Anterior and posterior ruptures of the urethra: simplified methods of immediate surgical management. The aetiology and relative incidence of anterior and posterior ruptures of the urethra are briefly discussed. Methods of surgical management of both types of injury are described, which obviate any necessity to expose the site of rupture. A series of five such cases is reported, the outcome in each being satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:280331", "title": "Arterial ligation in epistaxis.", "content": "Unremitting severe nose bleeds may require arterial ligation. One or more of the four vascular systems supplying the nose may need such surgical interference. Dye injection of 14 cadavers was performed to demonstrate the vascular supply of the nose and the effects of various arterial ligations. Depending upon the site of haemorrhage within the nose, up to three vascular systems may need occlusion. These are the ipsilateral and contralateral external carotid arterial systems and the ipsilateral ethmoidal arteries.", "contents": "Arterial ligation in epistaxis. Unremitting severe nose bleeds may require arterial ligation. One or more of the four vascular systems supplying the nose may need such surgical interference. Dye injection of 14 cadavers was performed to demonstrate the vascular supply of the nose and the effects of various arterial ligations. Depending upon the site of haemorrhage within the nose, up to three vascular systems may need occlusion. These are the ipsilateral and contralateral external carotid arterial systems and the ipsilateral ethmoidal arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:280332", "title": "Peptic ulcer and gastrin in pigs.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that bile duct ligation in pigs results in gastric ulceration. It has been suggested in human peptic ulceration that there may be no associated rise in the serum gastrin level. This study was conducted to determine the portal and peripheral gastrin levels in sham-operated and bile-duct-ligated pigs, together with the basal acid concentration and the response to a protein meal. There was an increase in basal acid concentration in bile-duct-ligated animals, but the serum gastrin levels remained in the normal range. Two of the six sham-operated control pigs had peptic ulcers at the time of sacrifice, and these two were the only sham-operated control pigs which did not demonstrate a significant postoperative rise in the serum gastrin level. At no stage was a significant difference between portal and peripheral vein serum gastrin levels demonstrated. These studies suggest that the increased gastric acid secretion in this form of peptic ulceration in the pig may not be entirely gastrin-mediated.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer and gastrin in pigs. Previous studies have shown that bile duct ligation in pigs results in gastric ulceration. It has been suggested in human peptic ulceration that there may be no associated rise in the serum gastrin level. This study was conducted to determine the portal and peripheral gastrin levels in sham-operated and bile-duct-ligated pigs, together with the basal acid concentration and the response to a protein meal. There was an increase in basal acid concentration in bile-duct-ligated animals, but the serum gastrin levels remained in the normal range. Two of the six sham-operated control pigs had peptic ulcers at the time of sacrifice, and these two were the only sham-operated control pigs which did not demonstrate a significant postoperative rise in the serum gastrin level. At no stage was a significant difference between portal and peripheral vein serum gastrin levels demonstrated. These studies suggest that the increased gastric acid secretion in this form of peptic ulceration in the pig may not be entirely gastrin-mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:280360", "title": "Interferon production in leukaemia.", "content": "Leucocyte interferon production in vitro and circulating interferon levels were studied in healthy subjects and in 80 patients with acute or chronic leukaemia. Circulating interferon was not found in either group. Interferon synthesis in response to a virus was normal in patients with acute leukaemia and appeared to be enhanced in some. In chronic leukaemia reduced levels were common particularly in CLL, in which condition normal results were rarely found; lymphocyte transformation to PHA was also depressed in this group. No clinical or haematological correlation with the interferon levels was found and no consistent effect of treatment was shown. The possible factors which could account for these findings and their significance in relation to pathogenesis and treatment of leukaemia are discussed.", "contents": "Interferon production in leukaemia. Leucocyte interferon production in vitro and circulating interferon levels were studied in healthy subjects and in 80 patients with acute or chronic leukaemia. Circulating interferon was not found in either group. Interferon synthesis in response to a virus was normal in patients with acute leukaemia and appeared to be enhanced in some. In chronic leukaemia reduced levels were common particularly in CLL, in which condition normal results were rarely found; lymphocyte transformation to PHA was also depressed in this group. No clinical or haematological correlation with the interferon levels was found and no consistent effect of treatment was shown. The possible factors which could account for these findings and their significance in relation to pathogenesis and treatment of leukaemia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280361", "title": "Remission induction in chronic granulocytic leukaemia using intermittent high-dose busulphan.", "content": "In a series of 19 patients, the pre-blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukaemia was controlled with busulphan given as single doses of 50-100 mg at 2-weekly intervals. Although there was no significant increase in the incidence of Ph1-negative cells in the bone marrow, remissions of a better haematological quality were attained more rapidly than with conventional therapy.", "contents": "Remission induction in chronic granulocytic leukaemia using intermittent high-dose busulphan. In a series of 19 patients, the pre-blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukaemia was controlled with busulphan given as single doses of 50-100 mg at 2-weekly intervals. Although there was no significant increase in the incidence of Ph1-negative cells in the bone marrow, remissions of a better haematological quality were attained more rapidly than with conventional therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:280362", "title": "Metabolic disorders in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Metabolic balance studies were carried out in 17 unselected patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Widespread metabolic disturbances were observed. Serum Na fell below 135 mmol/1 in 14 patients (82%) and 11 patients (64%) developed hypokalaemia. An increased osmolal clearance caused by a release of electrolyte and blast cell waste (i.e. urea, urate, etc.) during chemotherapy appeared to be the principle cause of natriuresis and hyperkaluria. Seven patients had proteinuria before and eight others developed it during antileukemic therapy. Nine patients (53%) developed proximal renal tubular dysfunction with aminoaciduria, hyperphosphaturia and incomplete reabsorption of urate. No significant relation was found between this widespread glomerulo-tubular dysfunction and lysozymuria. We suggest that antileukaemic drugs release unidentified substances from blast cells which are toxic to the kidney. Metabolic alkalosis in six patients (35%) was probably related to volume depletion and hypokalaemia, while two patients developed acidaemia with the onset of renal failure. Hypocalcemia in seven patients (41%) had a multifactorial basis: hyperphosphaturia, septicaemia, malnutrition and cytotoxic drugs were among the probable causes.", "contents": "Metabolic disorders in acute myeloid leukaemia. Metabolic balance studies were carried out in 17 unselected patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Widespread metabolic disturbances were observed. Serum Na fell below 135 mmol/1 in 14 patients (82%) and 11 patients (64%) developed hypokalaemia. An increased osmolal clearance caused by a release of electrolyte and blast cell waste (i.e. urea, urate, etc.) during chemotherapy appeared to be the principle cause of natriuresis and hyperkaluria. Seven patients had proteinuria before and eight others developed it during antileukemic therapy. Nine patients (53%) developed proximal renal tubular dysfunction with aminoaciduria, hyperphosphaturia and incomplete reabsorption of urate. No significant relation was found between this widespread glomerulo-tubular dysfunction and lysozymuria. We suggest that antileukaemic drugs release unidentified substances from blast cells which are toxic to the kidney. Metabolic alkalosis in six patients (35%) was probably related to volume depletion and hypokalaemia, while two patients developed acidaemia with the onset of renal failure. Hypocalcemia in seven patients (41%) had a multifactorial basis: hyperphosphaturia, septicaemia, malnutrition and cytotoxic drugs were among the probable causes."}
{"id": "PMID:280364", "title": "Loose bodies of the temporo-mandibular joint, synovial chondromatosis or osteoarthritis.", "content": "A patient is presented with multiple intra-articular loose bodies of the temporo-mandibular joint, the aetiology and management is discussed. In the absence of histological proof of metaplasia within the synovium the mechanism of cartilage production is open to question. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic problem in long-standing cases when osteo-arthritis supervenes. The clinical picture presented may represent the late stages of synovial chondromatosis or degenerative joint disease from another cause.", "contents": "Loose bodies of the temporo-mandibular joint, synovial chondromatosis or osteoarthritis. A patient is presented with multiple intra-articular loose bodies of the temporo-mandibular joint, the aetiology and management is discussed. In the absence of histological proof of metaplasia within the synovium the mechanism of cartilage production is open to question. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic problem in long-standing cases when osteo-arthritis supervenes. The clinical picture presented may represent the late stages of synovial chondromatosis or degenerative joint disease from another cause."}
{"id": "PMID:280365", "title": "Osteochondritis dissecans affecting the temporo-mandibular joint.", "content": "A case of a single loose body occurring in the temporo-mandibular joint is described. It is probable that this case represents the degenerative process of osteochondritis dissecans, a condition not previously described in this joint. The essential features of this condition are noted as a comparison to the condition of synovial chondromatosis.", "contents": "Osteochondritis dissecans affecting the temporo-mandibular joint. A case of a single loose body occurring in the temporo-mandibular joint is described. It is probable that this case represents the degenerative process of osteochondritis dissecans, a condition not previously described in this joint. The essential features of this condition are noted as a comparison to the condition of synovial chondromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:280367", "title": "Collapse of the condylar head of the mandible in children and subsequent ankylosis.", "content": "Five cases are reported of children who presented with limitation of jaw movement and had some degree of deformity with shortening of the mandible on the affected side. X-ray examination demonstrated changes in the head and neck of the mandibular condyle. There were varying degress of sclerosis and new bone formation in the area extending from the neck of the condyle into the sigmoid notch. The left side was affected in each case. Parallels are drawn with Perthes' disease, and although the temporo-mandibular joint is not weight-bearing, in both conditions avascular necrosis is likely to be involved. Both have similar X-ray appearances. The fragmentation of the epiphysis in the later stages causes widening and collapse of the head of the femur and the mandibular condyle.", "contents": "Collapse of the condylar head of the mandible in children and subsequent ankylosis. Five cases are reported of children who presented with limitation of jaw movement and had some degree of deformity with shortening of the mandible on the affected side. X-ray examination demonstrated changes in the head and neck of the mandibular condyle. There were varying degress of sclerosis and new bone formation in the area extending from the neck of the condyle into the sigmoid notch. The left side was affected in each case. Parallels are drawn with Perthes' disease, and although the temporo-mandibular joint is not weight-bearing, in both conditions avascular necrosis is likely to be involved. Both have similar X-ray appearances. The fragmentation of the epiphysis in the later stages causes widening and collapse of the head of the femur and the mandibular condyle."}
{"id": "PMID:280369", "title": "Cherubism--an initial unilateral presentation.", "content": "An unusual presentation of cherubism is reported owing to the initial unilateral nature and late onset of occurrence. A classification for cherubism is proposed and the difficulty in diagnosis of unilateral cases is discussed.", "contents": "Cherubism--an initial unilateral presentation. An unusual presentation of cherubism is reported owing to the initial unilateral nature and late onset of occurrence. A classification for cherubism is proposed and the difficulty in diagnosis of unilateral cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280370", "title": "Cherubism: a report on three cases.", "content": "Three cases of cherubism not previously recorded in the literature are described. They are three members of a Greek Cypriot family; the mother aged 49 years had residual mandibular deformity; the first daughter aged 17 years had facial swelling and anterior rib lesions; the second daughter aged 14 years presented with a unilateral giant-cell granuloma in the mandible.", "contents": "Cherubism: a report on three cases. Three cases of cherubism not previously recorded in the literature are described. They are three members of a Greek Cypriot family; the mother aged 49 years had residual mandibular deformity; the first daughter aged 17 years had facial swelling and anterior rib lesions; the second daughter aged 14 years presented with a unilateral giant-cell granuloma in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:280371", "title": "Maxillo-facial injury in severe haemophilia.", "content": "A case of maxillo-facial injuries in a patient with severe haemophilia is described. Problems of treatment and management are discussed from both surgical and haematological points of view.", "contents": "Maxillo-facial injury in severe haemophilia. A case of maxillo-facial injuries in a patient with severe haemophilia is described. Problems of treatment and management are discussed from both surgical and haematological points of view."}
{"id": "PMID:280375", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of ameloblastic fibroma are described. One case was a seven-year-old girl, the other a 13-year-old boy. In both cases the tumour was located in the posterior part of the maxilla. Both neoplasms were associated with failure of tooth eruption, in one case a primary molar, in the other case a permanent molar. Local excision was performed in both cases, with a recurrence observed in one case ten months after surgery.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of two cases. Two cases of ameloblastic fibroma are described. One case was a seven-year-old girl, the other a 13-year-old boy. In both cases the tumour was located in the posterior part of the maxilla. Both neoplasms were associated with failure of tooth eruption, in one case a primary molar, in the other case a permanent molar. Local excision was performed in both cases, with a recurrence observed in one case ten months after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:280374", "title": "Staphylococcal sub-mandibular lymphadenitis in childhood.", "content": "Thirteen cases of staphylococcal sub-mandibular lymphadenitis in children are presented and the diagnosis and treatment are discussed. All but one of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated were resistant to penicillin, while the converse was true for erythromycin. Epidemic strains of Staphylococcus aureus were not found when bacteriophage typing was carried out on isolates from seven of the 13 patients.", "contents": "Staphylococcal sub-mandibular lymphadenitis in childhood. Thirteen cases of staphylococcal sub-mandibular lymphadenitis in children are presented and the diagnosis and treatment are discussed. All but one of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated were resistant to penicillin, while the converse was true for erythromycin. Epidemic strains of Staphylococcus aureus were not found when bacteriophage typing was carried out on isolates from seven of the 13 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:280376", "title": "An adverse reaction to a topical antiseptic (cetrimide).", "content": "A case of contact dermatitis due to the pre-operative preparation of the skin with 'Savlon'1 is described. Testing suggested that this was due to cetrimide. The nature of this reaction, its investigation and treatment, are discussed.", "contents": "An adverse reaction to a topical antiseptic (cetrimide). A case of contact dermatitis due to the pre-operative preparation of the skin with 'Savlon'1 is described. Testing suggested that this was due to cetrimide. The nature of this reaction, its investigation and treatment, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280377", "title": "Properties of purified folate-binding proteins from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.", "content": "Folate-binding protein(s) from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells have been purified using acid dialysis, ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography. The purified preparation which migrates as a single band on disc electrophoresis could be separated by DEAE agarose chromatography into two folate-binding proteins (binders I and II) which bind molar equivalents of folic acid. One binder (I) eluted from DEAE at 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, and the other (II) at 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4. Analysis of the purified mixture, which contained more than 90% binder II, by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation indicated a homogeneous protein with a calculated molecular weight of 44000. Antiserum raised against the purified mixture gave a single precipitin line by immunodiffusion against a preparation of partially purified cell lysate. Hydrolysis of the more acidic binder (II) with neuraminidase converted it to a weakly acidic protein similar to binder I, suggesting that these binders are glycoproteins which differ in sialic acid content. With isoelectric focusing, the binding of folic acid could be demonstrated at pH 6.7, 7.3, 7.8 and 8.2 for binder I, and at pH 5.1, 5.8, and 6.5 for binder II. Binders I and II had equally high affinity for folic acid and dihydrofolate, lower affinity for N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, and no apparent affinity for N5-formyltetrahydrofolate or methotrexate.", "contents": "Properties of purified folate-binding proteins from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. Folate-binding protein(s) from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells have been purified using acid dialysis, ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography. The purified preparation which migrates as a single band on disc electrophoresis could be separated by DEAE agarose chromatography into two folate-binding proteins (binders I and II) which bind molar equivalents of folic acid. One binder (I) eluted from DEAE at 1 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.0, and the other (II) at 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4. Analysis of the purified mixture, which contained more than 90% binder II, by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation indicated a homogeneous protein with a calculated molecular weight of 44000. Antiserum raised against the purified mixture gave a single precipitin line by immunodiffusion against a preparation of partially purified cell lysate. Hydrolysis of the more acidic binder (II) with neuraminidase converted it to a weakly acidic protein similar to binder I, suggesting that these binders are glycoproteins which differ in sialic acid content. With isoelectric focusing, the binding of folic acid could be demonstrated at pH 6.7, 7.3, 7.8 and 8.2 for binder I, and at pH 5.1, 5.8, and 6.5 for binder II. Binders I and II had equally high affinity for folic acid and dihydrofolate, lower affinity for N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, and no apparent affinity for N5-formyltetrahydrofolate or methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:280399", "title": "Chronic oesophageal stricture due to moniliasis.", "content": "A case of persistent oesophageal stricture due to moniliasis, which developed while the patient was symptomatic, is reported. The value and therapeutic implications of performing a repeat barium swallow even if the disease appears to be quiescent are discussed.", "contents": "Chronic oesophageal stricture due to moniliasis. A case of persistent oesophageal stricture due to moniliasis, which developed while the patient was symptomatic, is reported. The value and therapeutic implications of performing a repeat barium swallow even if the disease appears to be quiescent are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280416", "title": "Factors associated with prolonged survival in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Four patients who demonstrated unusually prolonged survival with Philadelphia chromosome positive Ph' (+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were analyzed for factors associated with survival. Survival duration from initial diagnosis ranged from 120 to 222 months, with a mean of 170 months. At diagnosis, age, symptoms, liver or spleen size, hematocrit, white blood cell count, absolute peripheral myeloblast plus promyelocyte count, and uric acid did not have unique prognostic significance. At diagnosis all four patients had normal or low-normal platelet counts, (range: 170,000 to 248,000/mm3). Thrombocytopenia occurred during treatment in three patients. None of the four patients, however, developed severe marrow hypoplasia or leukopenia during treatment for the chronic phase. Cytogenic studies performed from 103 to 156 months after diagnosis did not reveal a large subpopulation of marrow cells with a normal karyotype or cells with the XO genotype in the male patients. These observations suggest that prolonged survival in CML 1) is not contingent upon intensive treatment resulting in marrow hypoplasia, and 2) does not require the persistence of a clone of karyotypically-normal bone marrow cells or a clone of marrow cells in males which has lost the Y chromosome. A normal or low-normal platelet count at diagnosis may be a favorable prognostic indicator.", "contents": "Factors associated with prolonged survival in chronic myeloid leukemia. Four patients who demonstrated unusually prolonged survival with Philadelphia chromosome positive Ph' (+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were analyzed for factors associated with survival. Survival duration from initial diagnosis ranged from 120 to 222 months, with a mean of 170 months. At diagnosis, age, symptoms, liver or spleen size, hematocrit, white blood cell count, absolute peripheral myeloblast plus promyelocyte count, and uric acid did not have unique prognostic significance. At diagnosis all four patients had normal or low-normal platelet counts, (range: 170,000 to 248,000/mm3). Thrombocytopenia occurred during treatment in three patients. None of the four patients, however, developed severe marrow hypoplasia or leukopenia during treatment for the chronic phase. Cytogenic studies performed from 103 to 156 months after diagnosis did not reveal a large subpopulation of marrow cells with a normal karyotype or cells with the XO genotype in the male patients. These observations suggest that prolonged survival in CML 1) is not contingent upon intensive treatment resulting in marrow hypoplasia, and 2) does not require the persistence of a clone of karyotypically-normal bone marrow cells or a clone of marrow cells in males which has lost the Y chromosome. A normal or low-normal platelet count at diagnosis may be a favorable prognostic indicator."}
{"id": "PMID:280417", "title": "Acute leukemia in Malaysian children.", "content": "A review of acute childhood leukemia in the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur reveals no significant differences in either the epidemiological or clinical features between Malaysian and Caucasian children. BCG does not appear to have conferred any protection against the occurrence of leukemia. With the introduction of total therapy 4 of 10 patients with good prognostic features and 3 of 15 patients with poor prognostic features have survived 3 years. Prognosis appears to correlate with adopted clinical criteria.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in Malaysian children. A review of acute childhood leukemia in the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur reveals no significant differences in either the epidemiological or clinical features between Malaysian and Caucasian children. BCG does not appear to have conferred any protection against the occurrence of leukemia. With the introduction of total therapy 4 of 10 patients with good prognostic features and 3 of 15 patients with poor prognostic features have survived 3 years. Prognosis appears to correlate with adopted clinical criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:280418", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia following a chemotherapeutic regimen for metastatic sarcoma.", "content": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in a patient 18 months after treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, and DTIC, a chemotherapeutic regimen used for the treatment of metastatic sarcoma. The patient had had no prior history of radiation. More than 400 patients received this treatment and none of them developed leukemia. The occurrence of leukemia in this relatively short period of time may have been caused by the combined chemotherapeutic agents. However, confirmation of this will require long-term followup studies in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy to determine the true risk of second malignancies.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia following a chemotherapeutic regimen for metastatic sarcoma. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in a patient 18 months after treatment with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, and DTIC, a chemotherapeutic regimen used for the treatment of metastatic sarcoma. The patient had had no prior history of radiation. More than 400 patients received this treatment and none of them developed leukemia. The occurrence of leukemia in this relatively short period of time may have been caused by the combined chemotherapeutic agents. However, confirmation of this will require long-term followup studies in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy to determine the true risk of second malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:280421", "title": "[Use of various technics in the classification of hematopoietic system tumors].", "content": "A comparison of three groups classified according to three different methods (89, 91, und 278 cases respectively) confirmed that the main oncological features of haematopoietic tissue tumours should be sought in their cytological-histological properties.--The spectrum of methods employed (histochemistry, immunohistology, electron microscopy) may in individual cases underpin the decision-making process especially when the appearance of tumour cells has been altered by advanced anaplasia. Partial results of these methods judged in isolation may, however, be conductive to wrong interpretation. That is why special significance should be attached to thin sections of tissue stained according to Giemsa as they combine the advantage of histology with those of cytology.--In the basic classification the pathologist can do with the conventional haematological classes of tumours (granulocytic, histiomonocytic, lymphocytic, erythrocytic, megakaryocytic, mixed, and unclassifiable). In the lymphocytic series it was necessary to proceed not only according to immaturity but also according to the blastic transformation of the initial elements.--The principal outstanding problem is that of a positive mutual distinction between blastically transformed lymphocytes and between those and cells of the reticulum.", "contents": "[Use of various technics in the classification of hematopoietic system tumors]. A comparison of three groups classified according to three different methods (89, 91, und 278 cases respectively) confirmed that the main oncological features of haematopoietic tissue tumours should be sought in their cytological-histological properties.--The spectrum of methods employed (histochemistry, immunohistology, electron microscopy) may in individual cases underpin the decision-making process especially when the appearance of tumour cells has been altered by advanced anaplasia. Partial results of these methods judged in isolation may, however, be conductive to wrong interpretation. That is why special significance should be attached to thin sections of tissue stained according to Giemsa as they combine the advantage of histology with those of cytology.--In the basic classification the pathologist can do with the conventional haematological classes of tumours (granulocytic, histiomonocytic, lymphocytic, erythrocytic, megakaryocytic, mixed, and unclassifiable). In the lymphocytic series it was necessary to proceed not only according to immaturity but also according to the blastic transformation of the initial elements.--The principal outstanding problem is that of a positive mutual distinction between blastically transformed lymphocytes and between those and cells of the reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:280422", "title": "[Electron microscopy as a method of classification of hematopoietic-system tumors].", "content": "83 biopsies of lymph nodes and 35 specimens of blood in different types of haematopoietic system oncological involvement were examined electronoptically with a view to finding distinguishing features such as would prove to be better than other methods used in diagnosing the above tumours. In the granulocytic series these proved to be granules though there was a loss of their formation in most of the poorly diagnosable processes. However, it proved to be relatively easy to make use of tests for phagocytosis in myelomonocytes. In the histiocytic series the defining features (phagocytosis and proteosynthesis) proved to be too general in nature to find any relevant use in oncological diagnosis. On the other hand, the rod-like granules of Langerhans' cells proved to be a reliable guide in diagnosing histiocytosis X similarly as the Weibel-Palade granules did in diagnosing endotheliosis. In the lymphocytic series, B series diagnosis can be facilitated by the presence of spatially arranged interdigitations; in the T series interdigitations are either missing or else are arranged in a single plane only. The erythrocytic series is defined by the presence of ferritin while megakaryocytes are defined by the phenomenon of fissure-like communications.--All those features were merely supplementary in nature and could not be used as an independent diagnostic method particularly in view of the small volume of the processed specimens as these did not always contain representative material or else supplied it in a hardly classifiable mixture.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy as a method of classification of hematopoietic-system tumors]. 83 biopsies of lymph nodes and 35 specimens of blood in different types of haematopoietic system oncological involvement were examined electronoptically with a view to finding distinguishing features such as would prove to be better than other methods used in diagnosing the above tumours. In the granulocytic series these proved to be granules though there was a loss of their formation in most of the poorly diagnosable processes. However, it proved to be relatively easy to make use of tests for phagocytosis in myelomonocytes. In the histiocytic series the defining features (phagocytosis and proteosynthesis) proved to be too general in nature to find any relevant use in oncological diagnosis. On the other hand, the rod-like granules of Langerhans' cells proved to be a reliable guide in diagnosing histiocytosis X similarly as the Weibel-Palade granules did in diagnosing endotheliosis. In the lymphocytic series, B series diagnosis can be facilitated by the presence of spatially arranged interdigitations; in the T series interdigitations are either missing or else are arranged in a single plane only. The erythrocytic series is defined by the presence of ferritin while megakaryocytes are defined by the phenomenon of fissure-like communications.--All those features were merely supplementary in nature and could not be used as an independent diagnostic method particularly in view of the small volume of the processed specimens as these did not always contain representative material or else supplied it in a hardly classifiable mixture."}
{"id": "PMID:280423", "title": "Dexamethasone antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis in endotoxin shock.", "content": "Dexamethasone acetate (100 microgram IP) protected male Holtzman rats (300-330 gm) against endotoxin shock due to Salmonella enteritidis lipopoly-saccharide B IV. Endotoxin (5.0 mg/rat) produced hypoglycemia within 180 minutes, ie, plasma glucose fell from 87 to 24 mg/dl; dexamethasone prevented the hypoglycemia, ie, plasma glucose levels were 129 mg/dl at 180 minutes after endotoxin. Dexamethasone antagonized both endotoxin-induced depression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhanced glucose oxidation as evaluated in vivo. Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100-110 gm) had increased rates of glucose oxidation as evaluated by the in vitro conversion of 14C-D-glucose to 14CO2. Dexamethasone both in vivo and in vitro antagonized endotoxin glucose hypercatabolism by isolated epididymal fat pads following administrated of endotoxin. Glucocorticoid protection against endotoxin shock is related to antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis.", "contents": "Dexamethasone antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis in endotoxin shock. Dexamethasone acetate (100 microgram IP) protected male Holtzman rats (300-330 gm) against endotoxin shock due to Salmonella enteritidis lipopoly-saccharide B IV. Endotoxin (5.0 mg/rat) produced hypoglycemia within 180 minutes, ie, plasma glucose fell from 87 to 24 mg/dl; dexamethasone prevented the hypoglycemia, ie, plasma glucose levels were 129 mg/dl at 180 minutes after endotoxin. Dexamethasone antagonized both endotoxin-induced depression of hepatic gluconeogenesis and enhanced glucose oxidation as evaluated in vivo. Epididymal fat pads from endotoxic rats (100-110 gm) had increased rates of glucose oxidation as evaluated by the in vitro conversion of 14C-D-glucose to 14CO2. Dexamethasone both in vivo and in vitro antagonized endotoxin glucose hypercatabolism by isolated epididymal fat pads following administrated of endotoxin. Glucocorticoid protection against endotoxin shock is related to antagonism of glucose dyshomeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:280424", "title": "Osteosarcoma: a review of 50 patients treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center between 1944 and 1975.", "content": "Only 12% of 50 patients lived 5 years or longer. Those who survived the longest were those with the tumor in the distal part of the lower extremity, with a well differentiated or chondroblastic tumor, or those who underwent radical surgery. Patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy lived about 1.5 months longer than those treated with sugery alone and about 1.2 months longer than those who had radiation included in the therapy. For a patient with a diagnosis of osteosarcoma, the prognosis was to be grave, no matter which methods of treatment were used.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma: a review of 50 patients treated at the University of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center between 1944 and 1975. Only 12% of 50 patients lived 5 years or longer. Those who survived the longest were those with the tumor in the distal part of the lower extremity, with a well differentiated or chondroblastic tumor, or those who underwent radical surgery. Patients treated with surgery and chemotherapy lived about 1.5 months longer than those treated with sugery alone and about 1.2 months longer than those who had radiation included in the therapy. For a patient with a diagnosis of osteosarcoma, the prognosis was to be grave, no matter which methods of treatment were used."}
{"id": "PMID:280425", "title": "Childhood leukemia presenting as a diaphyseal radiolucency.", "content": "A 41-month-old black child with a symtomatic diaphyseal destructive lesion of the femur, and a corresponding area of increased uptake on a technetium99m bone scan, had an upper respiratory tract infection. An open biopsy was performed because of an initial clinical diagnosis of osteomyelitis, histiocytosis X or a round cell sarcoma. The biopsy showed numerous blast cells compatible with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Acute leukemia should be included in the differential diagnosis of symptomatic diaphyseal destructive lesions in children. A peripheral blood smear should be carefully interpreted prior to any other invasive diagnostic tests.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia presenting as a diaphyseal radiolucency. A 41-month-old black child with a symtomatic diaphyseal destructive lesion of the femur, and a corresponding area of increased uptake on a technetium99m bone scan, had an upper respiratory tract infection. An open biopsy was performed because of an initial clinical diagnosis of osteomyelitis, histiocytosis X or a round cell sarcoma. The biopsy showed numerous blast cells compatible with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Acute leukemia should be included in the differential diagnosis of symptomatic diaphyseal destructive lesions in children. A peripheral blood smear should be carefully interpreted prior to any other invasive diagnostic tests."}
{"id": "PMID:280426", "title": "Colloquium--is there a surgical cure for pain?", "content": "We have heard today that psychological factors are extremely important in pain problems and that careful psychiatric assessment should delineate patients who have the potential of achieving good pain relief with interventional procedures. The bulwarks of the neurosurgical management of pain have been peripheral neurectomy, rhizotomy, sympathectomy, and cordotomy. We have heard each of these discussed. Peripheral neurectomy and rhizotomies are not highly successful in the treatment of pain, but are useful in carefully chosen patients. Cordotomy remains an excellent technique for the management of many patients with chronic pain or malignancy, and sympathectomy can be one of the most gratifying operations performed, as long as the patients are well chosen. The major lesson we have learned today is that there is no cure for pain at the present time. Nevertheless, neurosurgical procedures remain an important part of pain management. They should be applied after an adequate diagnosis is made, after psychiatric characterization of the entire pain problem is complete, and only when there is only a definitive pain generator which can be relieved by an interventional procedure. Perhaps the most important message we have heard is the categorization of pain patients given us by Doctor Hendler. It is important that we all identify those patients with affective or exaggerated pain behavior so that interventional procedures are carried out only on those patients who have a real possibility of benefiting from them. I believe if we all do this, we will see a significant increase in the effectiveness of surgical procedures for pain.", "contents": "Colloquium--is there a surgical cure for pain? We have heard today that psychological factors are extremely important in pain problems and that careful psychiatric assessment should delineate patients who have the potential of achieving good pain relief with interventional procedures. The bulwarks of the neurosurgical management of pain have been peripheral neurectomy, rhizotomy, sympathectomy, and cordotomy. We have heard each of these discussed. Peripheral neurectomy and rhizotomies are not highly successful in the treatment of pain, but are useful in carefully chosen patients. Cordotomy remains an excellent technique for the management of many patients with chronic pain or malignancy, and sympathectomy can be one of the most gratifying operations performed, as long as the patients are well chosen. The major lesson we have learned today is that there is no cure for pain at the present time. Nevertheless, neurosurgical procedures remain an important part of pain management. They should be applied after an adequate diagnosis is made, after psychiatric characterization of the entire pain problem is complete, and only when there is only a definitive pain generator which can be relieved by an interventional procedure. Perhaps the most important message we have heard is the categorization of pain patients given us by Doctor Hendler. It is important that we all identify those patients with affective or exaggerated pain behavior so that interventional procedures are carried out only on those patients who have a real possibility of benefiting from them. I believe if we all do this, we will see a significant increase in the effectiveness of surgical procedures for pain."}
{"id": "PMID:280428", "title": "Prophylactic lung irradiation in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "A minimum 52 month follow-up is recorded, in a series of 14 patients with classical osteogenic sarcoma treated by limb irradiation followed in the last 2 1/2 weeks of their therapy by prophylactic lung irradiation. Six of these 14 patients survived for more than 52 months.", "contents": "Prophylactic lung irradiation in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. A minimum 52 month follow-up is recorded, in a series of 14 patients with classical osteogenic sarcoma treated by limb irradiation followed in the last 2 1/2 weeks of their therapy by prophylactic lung irradiation. Six of these 14 patients survived for more than 52 months."}
{"id": "PMID:280446", "title": "[The use of a focused arc welding technic for gold and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys].", "content": "Joint work on small amounts of dental alloy Au-Ag-Cu (10 x 10 x 1 mm) and Co-Cr-Mo (20 x 10 x 1 mm) is relatively simple with the microplasma welding technique. The welding results are good after a short practice period. The welding technique should be improved in two points. The suitability and reliability of welding should be studied.", "contents": "[The use of a focused arc welding technic for gold and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys]. Joint work on small amounts of dental alloy Au-Ag-Cu (10 x 10 x 1 mm) and Co-Cr-Mo (20 x 10 x 1 mm) is relatively simple with the microplasma welding technique. The welding results are good after a short practice period. The welding technique should be improved in two points. The suitability and reliability of welding should be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:280447", "title": "[Clinical observations on the mobility of natural teeth in patients with partial dentures].", "content": "During the course of the study treatment consisted of individual motivation training and instruction in basic dental hygiene, two thorough cleansings, and careful daily plaque controls. The effect of periodontal treatment on the degree of inflammation, mobility, and periodontal pocket depth was determined at the end of a 20 day period of observation. Plaque controls appear to be more significant for the periodontium than stress exerted on the residual teeth.", "contents": "[Clinical observations on the mobility of natural teeth in patients with partial dentures]. During the course of the study treatment consisted of individual motivation training and instruction in basic dental hygiene, two thorough cleansings, and careful daily plaque controls. The effect of periodontal treatment on the degree of inflammation, mobility, and periodontal pocket depth was determined at the end of a 20 day period of observation. Plaque controls appear to be more significant for the periodontium than stress exerted on the residual teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:280448", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the biocompatibility of resorbable gelatin sponges and dry fibrin foam].", "content": "Histologic specimens taken from the implantation site and the regional lymph nodes up to four weeks after subcutaneous implantation of Gelastypt S (H\u00f6chst AG), Gelfoam (Upjohn), and Fibrospum (Promonta) into the upper hind leg of guinea pigs were examined. Similar tissue reactions were observed with Gelastypt S and Gelfoam; the reactions did not differ appreciably from those normally occurring in the context of wound healing. The predominance of round cell infiltrate and the appearance of giant cells in connection with Fibrospum may indicate an immunogenetic potency of the substance. No signs of beginning resorption could be observed four weeks later.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the biocompatibility of resorbable gelatin sponges and dry fibrin foam]. Histologic specimens taken from the implantation site and the regional lymph nodes up to four weeks after subcutaneous implantation of Gelastypt S (H\u00f6chst AG), Gelfoam (Upjohn), and Fibrospum (Promonta) into the upper hind leg of guinea pigs were examined. Similar tissue reactions were observed with Gelastypt S and Gelfoam; the reactions did not differ appreciably from those normally occurring in the context of wound healing. The predominance of round cell infiltrate and the appearance of giant cells in connection with Fibrospum may indicate an immunogenetic potency of the substance. No signs of beginning resorption could be observed four weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:280449", "title": "[Photogrammetric studies on the degree of swelling in the inflamed gingiva].", "content": "A photographic method was described with which changes in the swelling of the gingiva can be objectively determined. During exposure of the film, the flash device projects vertical lines on the teeth and gingiva. These lines are photographed with a compact camera which the subject holds with his teeth over a separate occlusion template. Increased swelling of the gingiva was demonstrated in eight subjects during an observation period of 21 days in which no oral hygiene was carried out.", "contents": "[Photogrammetric studies on the degree of swelling in the inflamed gingiva]. A photographic method was described with which changes in the swelling of the gingiva can be objectively determined. During exposure of the film, the flash device projects vertical lines on the teeth and gingiva. These lines are photographed with a compact camera which the subject holds with his teeth over a separate occlusion template. Increased swelling of the gingiva was demonstrated in eight subjects during an observation period of 21 days in which no oral hygiene was carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:280451", "title": "[The problem of characterization of sterins in the gingiva by means of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry].", "content": "Methods suitable for demonstrating previously unidentifiable substances in healthy and diseased gingiva via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were described. The advantage of these methods is that the substances can be directly demonstrated from the tissue available. The steps necessary to isolate and demonstrate the substances were explained on the basis of the phytosterol campesterol.", "contents": "[The problem of characterization of sterins in the gingiva by means of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry]. Methods suitable for demonstrating previously unidentifiable substances in healthy and diseased gingiva via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were described. The advantage of these methods is that the substances can be directly demonstrated from the tissue available. The steps necessary to isolate and demonstrate the substances were explained on the basis of the phytosterol campesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:280452", "title": "[Solubility and degree of hemolysis as methods for the in vitro evaluation of dental filling materials].", "content": "For the biological examination of dental resin filling materials, a solubility and hemolysis test is recommended as an in-vitro testing method. Solubility and degree of hemolysis were examined in various filling materials based on MMA and BIS-GMA. It was found that, at the beginning, solubility was considerably higher in MMA-containing materials than in the BIS-GMA systems, and that after a while the conditions were reversed. The degree of hemolysis decreased in the following order with the individual materials: 1. Posite, Sevriton, Adatpic, 2. Epoxylite, Smile, Palakav, 3. MMA-BPO/Amin and MMA-TBBO. Comparison between the MMA and BIS-GMA monomers showed that corresponding to the same molar amounts, BIS-GMA materials developed a higher degree of hemolysis.", "contents": "[Solubility and degree of hemolysis as methods for the in vitro evaluation of dental filling materials]. For the biological examination of dental resin filling materials, a solubility and hemolysis test is recommended as an in-vitro testing method. Solubility and degree of hemolysis were examined in various filling materials based on MMA and BIS-GMA. It was found that, at the beginning, solubility was considerably higher in MMA-containing materials than in the BIS-GMA systems, and that after a while the conditions were reversed. The degree of hemolysis decreased in the following order with the individual materials: 1. Posite, Sevriton, Adatpic, 2. Epoxylite, Smile, Palakav, 3. MMA-BPO/Amin and MMA-TBBO. Comparison between the MMA and BIS-GMA monomers showed that corresponding to the same molar amounts, BIS-GMA materials developed a higher degree of hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:280454", "title": "[Malformations of odontogenic tissue in prehistoric human bone material. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of odontomas].", "content": "Three cases of hard tissue formations of odontogenic origin are presented. The objects were discovered among skeletal finds in prehistoric settlements. The morphology of these objects is described with macroscopical, histological, and radiological methods. All three cases are odontomas. The differential-diagnostic possibilities of these formations, their development and the frequency of their occurrence are discussed. Odontomas are not interpreted as tumors, but rather as malformations and are contrasted to blastomas of odontogenic tissues (e.g. ameloblastoma).", "contents": "[Malformations of odontogenic tissue in prehistoric human bone material. A contribution to the differential diagnosis of odontomas]. Three cases of hard tissue formations of odontogenic origin are presented. The objects were discovered among skeletal finds in prehistoric settlements. The morphology of these objects is described with macroscopical, histological, and radiological methods. All three cases are odontomas. The differential-diagnostic possibilities of these formations, their development and the frequency of their occurrence are discussed. Odontomas are not interpreted as tumors, but rather as malformations and are contrasted to blastomas of odontogenic tissues (e.g. ameloblastoma)."}
{"id": "PMID:280536", "title": "A study of procedures to assess care and continuing dental education.", "content": "Although some studies have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of continuing medical education in improving the standard of medical care, no comparable studies have been made in the case of continuing dental education. This paper reports the results of a study in progress in the State of Washington, USA which attempts to assess the relationship between participation in various forms of continuing dental education and the quality of performance of selected aspects of dental care. One hundred and five dentists in general dental practice for more than 25 hours per week were studied by means of a questionnaire and by peer review of selected patients. Those forms of continuing education requiring active participation by the dentist rate more highly than more passive forms such as lectures, journals, etc. both in the acceptability to the dentist and in relation to the standard of dental health of his patients. There remain many variables which cannot yet be fully assessed which determine the dentist's perception of need for continuing education and its effectiveness in raising the standard of dental care which he provides for his patients.", "contents": "A study of procedures to assess care and continuing dental education. Although some studies have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of continuing medical education in improving the standard of medical care, no comparable studies have been made in the case of continuing dental education. This paper reports the results of a study in progress in the State of Washington, USA which attempts to assess the relationship between participation in various forms of continuing dental education and the quality of performance of selected aspects of dental care. One hundred and five dentists in general dental practice for more than 25 hours per week were studied by means of a questionnaire and by peer review of selected patients. Those forms of continuing education requiring active participation by the dentist rate more highly than more passive forms such as lectures, journals, etc. both in the acceptability to the dentist and in relation to the standard of dental health of his patients. There remain many variables which cannot yet be fully assessed which determine the dentist's perception of need for continuing education and its effectiveness in raising the standard of dental care which he provides for his patients."}
{"id": "PMID:280538", "title": "Some thoughts on dental education.", "content": "It is suggested that immediately after dental school there should be a pre-registration year--a whole year of clinical training and instruction in general practice under the close supervision of a competent general practitioner/teacher. This year should end with a period of 3--4 weeks at the dental school for feedback discussion, seminars and some examinations. In order to involve every dentist, teacher, therapist, hygienist, assistant technician in a well-planned continuing educational program it seems necessary to introduce a compulsory system. It is also suggested that there should be a control system for the quality of care and individual professional performance. The demand for dental care increases. It is therefore highly desirable to utilize modern preventive measures on a broad scale, more effective and careful planning of the dental services for the individual patient and for the community as a whole and increased quality of treatment in order to reach a better prognosis and more ancillary personnel.", "contents": "Some thoughts on dental education. It is suggested that immediately after dental school there should be a pre-registration year--a whole year of clinical training and instruction in general practice under the close supervision of a competent general practitioner/teacher. This year should end with a period of 3--4 weeks at the dental school for feedback discussion, seminars and some examinations. In order to involve every dentist, teacher, therapist, hygienist, assistant technician in a well-planned continuing educational program it seems necessary to introduce a compulsory system. It is also suggested that there should be a control system for the quality of care and individual professional performance. The demand for dental care increases. It is therefore highly desirable to utilize modern preventive measures on a broad scale, more effective and careful planning of the dental services for the individual patient and for the community as a whole and increased quality of treatment in order to reach a better prognosis and more ancillary personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:280539", "title": "Program planning for effective continuing dental education.", "content": "Continuing dental education can only be effective if it is efficiently planned and presented. It is essential to determine the needs as seen by the dentists and to ensure that these needs can best be met by educational means. The potential participants in the programme must then be identified and times and locations most convenient for them be established. The precise purpose and objectives of the course must be clearly stated and detailed organisation can then be commenced. The principles involved in adult education should be clearly understood and appropriate learning aids should be prepared. Evaluation of the programme is essential in order that adjustments can be made to future programmes to correct deficiencies which have been identified and so that the impact on the participants' practices can be assessed.", "contents": "Program planning for effective continuing dental education. Continuing dental education can only be effective if it is efficiently planned and presented. It is essential to determine the needs as seen by the dentists and to ensure that these needs can best be met by educational means. The potential participants in the programme must then be identified and times and locations most convenient for them be established. The precise purpose and objectives of the course must be clearly stated and detailed organisation can then be commenced. The principles involved in adult education should be clearly understood and appropriate learning aids should be prepared. Evaluation of the programme is essential in order that adjustments can be made to future programmes to correct deficiencies which have been identified and so that the impact on the participants' practices can be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:280540", "title": "Distribution of occlusal traits in a sample of 1337 children aged 15--18 residing in upstate New York.", "content": "Preliminary findings on the distribution of occlusal traits (COCSTOC-MOT) have been presented as measured on 1337 orthodontic models. These models were made from a sample representing more than 400 000 children ages 15 to 18 in Upstate New York (all of New York State with the exception of New York City). Some of the findings for occlusal traits in this survey are comparable to those from a representative sample of younger children representing the US population ages 6--11 years. For comparable traits differences between the findings in New York State and for the United States were: Openbite--1 per cent higher in the US sample. Overjet 6 mm or more--5.7 per cent higher in the US sample. Neutro-occlusion--7 per cent more in the US sample. Disto-occlusion--8 per cent more in the US sample. Mesio-occlusion--8 per cent more in the US sample. Differences in findings between these surveys are assumed to be largely due to the fact that the current survey measured occlusal traits in the permanent dentition; whereas, the US survey measured those traits in the mixed dentition. Some of the traits found in the mixed dentition are believed to be self-correcting. Statistically determined means and medians for some of the occlusal traits of COCSTOC indicate that there is considerable variation from ideal occlusion found in a large population.", "contents": "Distribution of occlusal traits in a sample of 1337 children aged 15--18 residing in upstate New York. Preliminary findings on the distribution of occlusal traits (COCSTOC-MOT) have been presented as measured on 1337 orthodontic models. These models were made from a sample representing more than 400 000 children ages 15 to 18 in Upstate New York (all of New York State with the exception of New York City). Some of the findings for occlusal traits in this survey are comparable to those from a representative sample of younger children representing the US population ages 6--11 years. For comparable traits differences between the findings in New York State and for the United States were: Openbite--1 per cent higher in the US sample. Overjet 6 mm or more--5.7 per cent higher in the US sample. Neutro-occlusion--7 per cent more in the US sample. Disto-occlusion--8 per cent more in the US sample. Mesio-occlusion--8 per cent more in the US sample. Differences in findings between these surveys are assumed to be largely due to the fact that the current survey measured occlusal traits in the permanent dentition; whereas, the US survey measured those traits in the mixed dentition. Some of the traits found in the mixed dentition are believed to be self-correcting. Statistically determined means and medians for some of the occlusal traits of COCSTOC indicate that there is considerable variation from ideal occlusion found in a large population."}
{"id": "PMID:280544", "title": "Dextrothyroxine treatment of phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogenosis in four boys.", "content": "Four boys, aged 2 years 5 months to 3 years 7 months, with large hepatomegaly due to phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogenosis, were given a trial of sodium dextrothyroxine (D-T4) at a mean dose of 0.165 mg/kg/day for an average period of 6 months. Phosphorylase-kinase was undetectable in the haemolysates of erythrocytes (3 patients) or in the liver (one patient) before, and still undetectable in the haemolysates of the four patients during treatment, thus pointing to X-linked phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogen storage disease (GSD IXb). D-T4 administration resulted in complete normalization of liver size, decrease of serum GOT (p less than 0.02), GPT (p less than 0.05) and triglycerides (p less than 0.01) to normal values, as well as correction of mild asymptomatic hypoglycemia (p less than 0.01). As long as the outcome of type IXb glycogenosis in adult life remains undefined, dextrothyroxine therapy seems an effective means of reducing liver size and correcting part of the biochemical abnormalities of the disease.", "contents": "Dextrothyroxine treatment of phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogenosis in four boys. Four boys, aged 2 years 5 months to 3 years 7 months, with large hepatomegaly due to phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogenosis, were given a trial of sodium dextrothyroxine (D-T4) at a mean dose of 0.165 mg/kg/day for an average period of 6 months. Phosphorylase-kinase was undetectable in the haemolysates of erythrocytes (3 patients) or in the liver (one patient) before, and still undetectable in the haemolysates of the four patients during treatment, thus pointing to X-linked phosphorylase-kinase deficiency glycogen storage disease (GSD IXb). D-T4 administration resulted in complete normalization of liver size, decrease of serum GOT (p less than 0.02), GPT (p less than 0.05) and triglycerides (p less than 0.01) to normal values, as well as correction of mild asymptomatic hypoglycemia (p less than 0.01). As long as the outcome of type IXb glycogenosis in adult life remains undefined, dextrothyroxine therapy seems an effective means of reducing liver size and correcting part of the biochemical abnormalities of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:280552", "title": "The effect of primary-canine extraction on the IMPA.", "content": "One can expect to lose IMPA or arch circumference after extraction of the primary canines, if the child presents with an initial FMIA of 64 degrees or less. If the initial FMA is 28 degrees or greater, one can probably expect to lose IMPA, if the primary canines are extracted. One may tentatively suggest that in patients with normal FMA's and FMIA's, the extraction of the primary canines will not appreciably affect the IMPA. Space maintainers may not be needed in such cases. Of the twenty-two patients who had primary canines extracted, ten patients lost IMPA and twelve patients had no change or an increase of IMPA. The findings of this study should be replicated with a larger patient sample.", "contents": "The effect of primary-canine extraction on the IMPA. One can expect to lose IMPA or arch circumference after extraction of the primary canines, if the child presents with an initial FMIA of 64 degrees or less. If the initial FMA is 28 degrees or greater, one can probably expect to lose IMPA, if the primary canines are extracted. One may tentatively suggest that in patients with normal FMA's and FMIA's, the extraction of the primary canines will not appreciably affect the IMPA. Space maintainers may not be needed in such cases. Of the twenty-two patients who had primary canines extracted, ten patients lost IMPA and twelve patients had no change or an increase of IMPA. The findings of this study should be replicated with a larger patient sample."}
{"id": "PMID:280568", "title": "Color of dental restorative resins.", "content": "The color of 7 composite resins, an unfilled restorative resin, and 3 glaze coatings was determined by reflection spectrophotometry and visually with Munsell color tabs. Statistically significant correlations existed between comparable parameters of the spectrophotometric and Munsell data. There was observable color variations among the 11 resins studied, but only 3 materials were within the range for natural tooth color.", "contents": "Color of dental restorative resins. The color of 7 composite resins, an unfilled restorative resin, and 3 glaze coatings was determined by reflection spectrophotometry and visually with Munsell color tabs. Statistically significant correlations existed between comparable parameters of the spectrophotometric and Munsell data. There was observable color variations among the 11 resins studied, but only 3 materials were within the range for natural tooth color."}
{"id": "PMID:280569", "title": "Polyurethane elastomers as maxillofacial prosthetic materials.", "content": "A series of polyurethane elastomers based on an aliphatic diisocyanate and a polyether macroglycol was polymerized with various cross-link densities and OH/NCO ratios. Stoichiometries yielding between 8,600 and 12,900 gm/mole/crosslink and an OH/NCO ratio of 1.1 resulted in polymers with the low modulus, yet high strength and elongation necessary for maxillofacial applications.", "contents": "Polyurethane elastomers as maxillofacial prosthetic materials. A series of polyurethane elastomers based on an aliphatic diisocyanate and a polyether macroglycol was polymerized with various cross-link densities and OH/NCO ratios. Stoichiometries yielding between 8,600 and 12,900 gm/mole/crosslink and an OH/NCO ratio of 1.1 resulted in polymers with the low modulus, yet high strength and elongation necessary for maxillofacial applications."}
{"id": "PMID:280571", "title": "Thermal stress in teeth.", "content": "Observations of crack damage in the tooth structure from in vivo studies and in vitro experimental thermal cycling studies were combined with numerical analysis techniques to identify and isolate the influence of thermal stresses on the creation and propagation of cracks in teeth. The factors considered in this study included: (a) variations in tooth type or geometry (molar, bicuspid, etc.), (b) tooth age, (c) material properties of the tooth, (d) the magnitude of the change in the temperature of the environment surrounding the tooth, and (e) the thermal resistance between the tooth and the medium surrounding the tooth.", "contents": "Thermal stress in teeth. Observations of crack damage in the tooth structure from in vivo studies and in vitro experimental thermal cycling studies were combined with numerical analysis techniques to identify and isolate the influence of thermal stresses on the creation and propagation of cracks in teeth. The factors considered in this study included: (a) variations in tooth type or geometry (molar, bicuspid, etc.), (b) tooth age, (c) material properties of the tooth, (d) the magnitude of the change in the temperature of the environment surrounding the tooth, and (e) the thermal resistance between the tooth and the medium surrounding the tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:280573", "title": "Physical properties of zinc phosphate cement prepared on a frozen slab.", "content": "The physical properties of a zinc phosphate cement prepared on a room temperature slab were compared to those of the cement prepared on a frozen slab. Solubility, compressive strength, and setting time of cements prepared on both types of slabs were within the limits set by A.D.A. Specification No. 8.", "contents": "Physical properties of zinc phosphate cement prepared on a frozen slab. The physical properties of a zinc phosphate cement prepared on a room temperature slab were compared to those of the cement prepared on a frozen slab. Solubility, compressive strength, and setting time of cements prepared on both types of slabs were within the limits set by A.D.A. Specification No. 8."}
{"id": "PMID:280575", "title": "Bending deformation studies of orthodontic wires.", "content": "Bending deformation has been measured for orthodontic wires ranging in diameter from .010 to .051 inch. Results establish a revised expression for Young's modulus and show that either the stiffness tester or the torque meter will yield essentially the same measured values of bending properties. The dependence of test span length in determining Young's modulus and flexural yield strength is discussed.", "contents": "Bending deformation studies of orthodontic wires. Bending deformation has been measured for orthodontic wires ranging in diameter from .010 to .051 inch. Results establish a revised expression for Young's modulus and show that either the stiffness tester or the torque meter will yield essentially the same measured values of bending properties. The dependence of test span length in determining Young's modulus and flexural yield strength is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280578", "title": "Characterization of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification nucleator.", "content": "The nucleator of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification was characterized. Parameters examined were: proteolipid purity and singularity, amino acid composition and relative polarity, phospholipid composition, apoprotein homogeneity, essentiality of the complex for nucleation, and ordered structure. The data fulfill a requirement for comparisons among apatite-nucleating proteolipids.", "contents": "Characterization of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification nucleator. The nucleator of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification was characterized. Parameters examined were: proteolipid purity and singularity, amino acid composition and relative polarity, phospholipid composition, apoprotein homogeneity, essentiality of the complex for nucleation, and ordered structure. The data fulfill a requirement for comparisons among apatite-nucleating proteolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:280579", "title": "Effect of isoprenaline on salivary gland lipids of rats fed a choline-deficient diet.", "content": "Male adult rats were fed choline deficient and a choline-supplemented diet for 3 weeks. Half the rats from each group were injected with isoprenaline (16 mg/kg body weight) and the remainder with saline. After 2 and 8 hours, rats were sacrificed, their submandibular salivary glands were disected out, and extracted for lipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and some neutral and phospholipid fractions were determined. Isoprenaline administration resulted in a slightly higher level of oleic acid in SMSG of rats fed choline-deficient but not the control diet. There was an increase in the free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of the gland after 2 hours of isoprenaline treatment in rats fed the control diet; no such increase was observed in the choline-deficient group. The fatty acid composition of FFA fraction was also slightly changed as a result of isoprenaline treatment, but only in the choline-deficient group. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) fractions was not changed.", "contents": "Effect of isoprenaline on salivary gland lipids of rats fed a choline-deficient diet. Male adult rats were fed choline deficient and a choline-supplemented diet for 3 weeks. Half the rats from each group were injected with isoprenaline (16 mg/kg body weight) and the remainder with saline. After 2 and 8 hours, rats were sacrificed, their submandibular salivary glands were disected out, and extracted for lipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and some neutral and phospholipid fractions were determined. Isoprenaline administration resulted in a slightly higher level of oleic acid in SMSG of rats fed choline-deficient but not the control diet. There was an increase in the free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations of the gland after 2 hours of isoprenaline treatment in rats fed the control diet; no such increase was observed in the choline-deficient group. The fatty acid composition of FFA fraction was also slightly changed as a result of isoprenaline treatment, but only in the choline-deficient group. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) fractions was not changed."}
{"id": "PMID:280582", "title": "How will dental education adapt to the third-party payment system?", "content": "An increasing number of dental patients will contract for and pay a third party to assume the fiscal responsibility for their dental care. Dental schools, through faculty and students, regularly provide the most carefully monitored, high quality dental services. Dental schools must continue to provide these services in the most \"deinstitutionalized\" and personalized manner possible. Third parties, whether commercial or governmental, must assure their clients (dental patients) of comprehensive dental coverage and reimbursement policies that are realistic, equitable, and based only upon receiving quality coverage. The quality of the dental educational system is essential to the success of any dental health care program.", "contents": "How will dental education adapt to the third-party payment system? An increasing number of dental patients will contract for and pay a third party to assume the fiscal responsibility for their dental care. Dental schools, through faculty and students, regularly provide the most carefully monitored, high quality dental services. Dental schools must continue to provide these services in the most \"deinstitutionalized\" and personalized manner possible. Third parties, whether commercial or governmental, must assure their clients (dental patients) of comprehensive dental coverage and reimbursement policies that are realistic, equitable, and based only upon receiving quality coverage. The quality of the dental educational system is essential to the success of any dental health care program."}
{"id": "PMID:280583", "title": "Sabbatical policies and their implementation at United States dental schools.", "content": "An ad hoc Committee on Sabbaticals created by the Council of Faculties of the AADS surveyed sabbatical policies and their implementation at dental schools in the United States. Data from a questionnaire completed by 56 of 60 members of the Council of Faculties reveal that a majority of U.S. dental schools have sabbatical policies but that dental educators are less likely to apply for or to be awarded sabbaticals than educators from other parts of the university, except perhaps the medical school. Information was also obtained on the regulations governing sabbaticals--interval between leaves, rates of remuneration, and rules defining how the leave may be spent. Finally, suggestions are made as to how this important benefit of academic life might be made more available to dental educators.", "contents": "Sabbatical policies and their implementation at United States dental schools. An ad hoc Committee on Sabbaticals created by the Council of Faculties of the AADS surveyed sabbatical policies and their implementation at dental schools in the United States. Data from a questionnaire completed by 56 of 60 members of the Council of Faculties reveal that a majority of U.S. dental schools have sabbatical policies but that dental educators are less likely to apply for or to be awarded sabbaticals than educators from other parts of the university, except perhaps the medical school. Information was also obtained on the regulations governing sabbaticals--interval between leaves, rates of remuneration, and rules defining how the leave may be spent. Finally, suggestions are made as to how this important benefit of academic life might be made more available to dental educators."}
{"id": "PMID:280584", "title": "Factors affecting patient completion of treatment within a student dental clinic.", "content": "Failure of dental patients to complete their treatment challenges the efficient use of human and clinic resources, expectations of improved patients' health, and the dentist's effective management of his patients. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to explore factors which might account for adult patients not completing their treatment at the University of North Carolina dental school. These factors were simultaneously considered as determinants of completed treatment. Possible explanations were considered from providers' (dental students') as well as inactive patients' points of view. Results revealed substantial agreement between patients and students, and yielded the following general determinants of treatment completion: patient's availability for treatment, how cooperative or treatable the patient was, and the patient's satisfaction with treatment. Demographic explanations were minimal. The findings can guide efforts to refine present methods of patient screening and patient management as practiced by dental students and their preceptors.", "contents": "Factors affecting patient completion of treatment within a student dental clinic. Failure of dental patients to complete their treatment challenges the efficient use of human and clinic resources, expectations of improved patients' health, and the dentist's effective management of his patients. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to explore factors which might account for adult patients not completing their treatment at the University of North Carolina dental school. These factors were simultaneously considered as determinants of completed treatment. Possible explanations were considered from providers' (dental students') as well as inactive patients' points of view. Results revealed substantial agreement between patients and students, and yielded the following general determinants of treatment completion: patient's availability for treatment, how cooperative or treatable the patient was, and the patient's satisfaction with treatment. Demographic explanations were minimal. The findings can guide efforts to refine present methods of patient screening and patient management as practiced by dental students and their preceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:280585", "title": "Dental education and early careers of Canadian dentists: changes in attitudes, aspirations, and behavior.", "content": "Longitudinal data on two cohorts of Canadian dental students are examined in order to determine the nature of the changes in attitudes and aspirations which students experience during their undergraduate dental training and the extent to which attitudes and aspirations which students hold on graduation are consistent with subsequent attitudes and behavior in practice. Data are presented on three dimensions of career-related attitudes and behavior: (1) aspirations toward and actual involvement in alternative practice settings, (2) attitudes and behavior related to selected professional and community activities, and (3) attitudes toward specific issues in dentistry. The results indicate that the dental school has little influence on students for the dimensions considered and suggest that analysis of both student backgrounds and the early practice experience of dental graduates may be the key to understanding the career behavior of dental graduates.", "contents": "Dental education and early careers of Canadian dentists: changes in attitudes, aspirations, and behavior. Longitudinal data on two cohorts of Canadian dental students are examined in order to determine the nature of the changes in attitudes and aspirations which students experience during their undergraduate dental training and the extent to which attitudes and aspirations which students hold on graduation are consistent with subsequent attitudes and behavior in practice. Data are presented on three dimensions of career-related attitudes and behavior: (1) aspirations toward and actual involvement in alternative practice settings, (2) attitudes and behavior related to selected professional and community activities, and (3) attitudes toward specific issues in dentistry. The results indicate that the dental school has little influence on students for the dimensions considered and suggest that analysis of both student backgrounds and the early practice experience of dental graduates may be the key to understanding the career behavior of dental graduates."}
{"id": "PMID:280586", "title": "Dentists' attitudes toward continuing dental education: nontopic factors of demand for courses.", "content": "This article reports the results of a survey of dentists' attitudes that influence their demand for continuing education. Unlike the bulk of previous studies, which identified course topics of interest to dentists, this survey investigated attributes of courses unrelated to content. The 1,472 respondents from seven western and mid-western states indicated their attitudes toward mandatory attendance, tuition charges, associated costs, length of course, cancellation policies, reputation of instructor, offerings for auxiliaries, and other attributes of continuing education programs. The findings suggest the need for changes in program management and for further research into factors unrelated to course content that influence demand for dental continuing education courses.", "contents": "Dentists' attitudes toward continuing dental education: nontopic factors of demand for courses. This article reports the results of a survey of dentists' attitudes that influence their demand for continuing education. Unlike the bulk of previous studies, which identified course topics of interest to dentists, this survey investigated attributes of courses unrelated to content. The 1,472 respondents from seven western and mid-western states indicated their attitudes toward mandatory attendance, tuition charges, associated costs, length of course, cancellation policies, reputation of instructor, offerings for auxiliaries, and other attributes of continuing education programs. The findings suggest the need for changes in program management and for further research into factors unrelated to course content that influence demand for dental continuing education courses."}
{"id": "PMID:280588", "title": "Eliminating some unexpected effects of the dental student admission process.", "content": "The admission process has long emphasized criteria which ensure successful completion of dental school and licensing requirements. However, little attention has been paid to the long term career consequences of the process and the effects on the present and the future delivery of dental service. In view of changing demands for dental services, an effort is made to encourage dental school faculties to consider the consequences of their continued adherence to traditional approaches to admission.", "contents": "Eliminating some unexpected effects of the dental student admission process. The admission process has long emphasized criteria which ensure successful completion of dental school and licensing requirements. However, little attention has been paid to the long term career consequences of the process and the effects on the present and the future delivery of dental service. In view of changing demands for dental services, an effort is made to encourage dental school faculties to consider the consequences of their continued adherence to traditional approaches to admission."}
{"id": "PMID:280589", "title": "Convergent evidence for the effectiveness of interpersonal skill training for dental students.", "content": "The Florida Interpersonal Skills Training (FIST) program for dental students has been evolving for five years. This current paper describes the development and current status of the FIST program and several pieces of evidence that indicate that the program is having its desired effect. This evidence includes (1) demonstration of short-term change in the chairside behavior of students exposed to FIST, (2) more favorable patient perceptions of dentists who behave in accordance with FIST principles (an analog study), (3) student evaluation of the course employing FIST, and (4) practicing dentists' and auxiliaries' evaluation of the usefulness of the course content. It is concluded both that the course seems to be effective and that the evaluation procedures used are both practical and useful.", "contents": "Convergent evidence for the effectiveness of interpersonal skill training for dental students. The Florida Interpersonal Skills Training (FIST) program for dental students has been evolving for five years. This current paper describes the development and current status of the FIST program and several pieces of evidence that indicate that the program is having its desired effect. This evidence includes (1) demonstration of short-term change in the chairside behavior of students exposed to FIST, (2) more favorable patient perceptions of dentists who behave in accordance with FIST principles (an analog study), (3) student evaluation of the course employing FIST, and (4) practicing dentists' and auxiliaries' evaluation of the usefulness of the course content. It is concluded both that the course seems to be effective and that the evaluation procedures used are both practical and useful."}
{"id": "PMID:280590", "title": "Predicting clinical performance: a two-step approach.", "content": "This paper presents the results of a two-year study on the predictive value of the Spatial Relations Test of the Differential Aptitude Test (SRTDAT) for grades in dental hygiene laboratory and clinical courses. The data indicate the SRTDAT was a statistically significant predictor of early laboratory product performance, and this performance was predictive of final clinical performance.", "contents": "Predicting clinical performance: a two-step approach. This paper presents the results of a two-year study on the predictive value of the Spatial Relations Test of the Differential Aptitude Test (SRTDAT) for grades in dental hygiene laboratory and clinical courses. The data indicate the SRTDAT was a statistically significant predictor of early laboratory product performance, and this performance was predictive of final clinical performance."}
{"id": "PMID:280591", "title": "Criterion-oriented grading system for preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course.", "content": "The object of this study was to evaluate instructor reliabilities when using empirical or traditional and criterion-oriented grading methods. To do so, 52 sample preparations made in plastic teeth by freshman dental students in the preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course were graded by 12 instructors. The preparations included those for amalgam, inlay, and gold foil restorations. The instructors were divided into two groups according to their teaching experience. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated by using a one way analysis of variance technique. The criterion method, in general, yielded greater intraclass correlation coefficients. The increase in the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be significant at the alpha = 0.10 error level for all restorations judged by experienced instructors. The different degrees of increase in correlation may be attributed to the vary ing clinical biases of the instructors and the differences in the types of preparations.", "contents": "Criterion-oriented grading system for preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course. The object of this study was to evaluate instructor reliabilities when using empirical or traditional and criterion-oriented grading methods. To do so, 52 sample preparations made in plastic teeth by freshman dental students in the preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course were graded by 12 instructors. The preparations included those for amalgam, inlay, and gold foil restorations. The instructors were divided into two groups according to their teaching experience. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated by using a one way analysis of variance technique. The criterion method, in general, yielded greater intraclass correlation coefficients. The increase in the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be significant at the alpha = 0.10 error level for all restorations judged by experienced instructors. The different degrees of increase in correlation may be attributed to the vary ing clinical biases of the instructors and the differences in the types of preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:280592", "title": "The teaching of forensic dentistry: a status report.", "content": "A survey was conducted to assess the current status of instruction and curricular content in forensic dentistry in United States dental schools. The dean of each of the 60 dental schools was asked to describe the formal teaching program in forensic dentistry in the predoctoral, postgraduate, resident, and continuing education curriculum. Faculty characteristics and the relationship of the faculty to extramural organizations dealing with forensic science were analyzed. Results indicate that 42 percent of the respondents do not offer formal courses in forensic dentistry at any level of dental education. The remaining 58 percent offer courses that are primarily didactic in nature. The diagnostic dental science departments are responsible for the organization and administration of forensic dental courses at the majority of respondent schools. A significant number of faculty teaching forensic dentistry hold advanced degrees in medicine and law, as well as other disciplines. Although forensic dental faculty are trained to assist law enforcement agencies, their consulting services are not generally used to the fullest extent. Based on the results of this survey, a series of recommendations for structuring the forensic science curriculum in dental schools is offered.", "contents": "The teaching of forensic dentistry: a status report. A survey was conducted to assess the current status of instruction and curricular content in forensic dentistry in United States dental schools. The dean of each of the 60 dental schools was asked to describe the formal teaching program in forensic dentistry in the predoctoral, postgraduate, resident, and continuing education curriculum. Faculty characteristics and the relationship of the faculty to extramural organizations dealing with forensic science were analyzed. Results indicate that 42 percent of the respondents do not offer formal courses in forensic dentistry at any level of dental education. The remaining 58 percent offer courses that are primarily didactic in nature. The diagnostic dental science departments are responsible for the organization and administration of forensic dental courses at the majority of respondent schools. A significant number of faculty teaching forensic dentistry hold advanced degrees in medicine and law, as well as other disciplines. Although forensic dental faculty are trained to assist law enforcement agencies, their consulting services are not generally used to the fullest extent. Based on the results of this survey, a series of recommendations for structuring the forensic science curriculum in dental schools is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:280593", "title": "Physical evaluation of the dental patient: current practices and opinions.", "content": "A survey of 560 graduates of the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry was performed to document the current methods of physical evaluation used by a group of practicing dentists and to sample their opinions about potential additions to the dental curriculum in physical evaluation, as advocated by the Council on Dental Education. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 59 percent of the practitioners. The results indicated that physical evaluation of dental patients was done primarily by using the medical history. Examination of blood pressure, other vital signs, and the head and neck were done infrequently. The clinical laboratory was reportedly utilized frequently. The respondents' attitudes were ones of general support for increasing the emphasis on physical evaluation in dentistry, but with varying opinions about appropriateness.", "contents": "Physical evaluation of the dental patient: current practices and opinions. A survey of 560 graduates of the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry was performed to document the current methods of physical evaluation used by a group of practicing dentists and to sample their opinions about potential additions to the dental curriculum in physical evaluation, as advocated by the Council on Dental Education. The questionnaire was completed and returned by 59 percent of the practitioners. The results indicated that physical evaluation of dental patients was done primarily by using the medical history. Examination of blood pressure, other vital signs, and the head and neck were done infrequently. The clinical laboratory was reportedly utilized frequently. The respondents' attitudes were ones of general support for increasing the emphasis on physical evaluation in dentistry, but with varying opinions about appropriateness."}
{"id": "PMID:280624", "title": "Study of a classification of occlusion.", "content": "A functional classification of occlusion based on the sounds produced by tooth contact was first proposed in 1970. The classification was found useful for identifying patients prone to gnathic dysfunctions as a significantly higher proportion of these patients were in Class C than in Class A. In the studies described in this paper other parameters of occlusion were measured to find if there were differences between the classes in addition to the differences in occlusal sound duration which identified the classes. The first study found highly significant differences in co-ordination between Class A and Class C as measured by the coincidence of sound patterns. Many significant differences at the 1% level were found in the F test of samples of 5 successive occlusal sounds in series of 25 sounds in Classes A and C, but these differences diminished as the series of sounds was prolonged, suggesting that the subject's ability to find stable occlusal positions improved with successive occlusal contacts. No significant differences were found in time intervals between the sounds in different classes, but significant differences were found in masseter muscle activity in relation to the presence or absence of silent periods between occlusal classes. It was concluded that the functional classification of occlusion based on the duration of tooth contact sounds was valid.", "contents": "Study of a classification of occlusion. A functional classification of occlusion based on the sounds produced by tooth contact was first proposed in 1970. The classification was found useful for identifying patients prone to gnathic dysfunctions as a significantly higher proportion of these patients were in Class C than in Class A. In the studies described in this paper other parameters of occlusion were measured to find if there were differences between the classes in addition to the differences in occlusal sound duration which identified the classes. The first study found highly significant differences in co-ordination between Class A and Class C as measured by the coincidence of sound patterns. Many significant differences at the 1% level were found in the F test of samples of 5 successive occlusal sounds in series of 25 sounds in Classes A and C, but these differences diminished as the series of sounds was prolonged, suggesting that the subject's ability to find stable occlusal positions improved with successive occlusal contacts. No significant differences were found in time intervals between the sounds in different classes, but significant differences were found in masseter muscle activity in relation to the presence or absence of silent periods between occlusal classes. It was concluded that the functional classification of occlusion based on the duration of tooth contact sounds was valid."}
{"id": "PMID:280625", "title": "Tissue hypersensitivity to dental materials.", "content": "Five cases of tissue hypersensitivity to Scutan and two to Impregum are reported. The reaction to Scutan was a burning sensation in the mucosa in contact with the material, followed by swelling and erythematous ulcers producing heavy discomfort. All symptoms gradually disappeared after removal of the material. To Impregum the reaction was basically the same, only less vigorous since contact with the material is of limited duration. All the cases were women in the menopause. Attention is drawn to the possibility of hormonal imbalance being a factor of importance in the development of hypersensitivity reactions to materials of this sort.", "contents": "Tissue hypersensitivity to dental materials. Five cases of tissue hypersensitivity to Scutan and two to Impregum are reported. The reaction to Scutan was a burning sensation in the mucosa in contact with the material, followed by swelling and erythematous ulcers producing heavy discomfort. All symptoms gradually disappeared after removal of the material. To Impregum the reaction was basically the same, only less vigorous since contact with the material is of limited duration. All the cases were women in the menopause. Attention is drawn to the possibility of hormonal imbalance being a factor of importance in the development of hypersensitivity reactions to materials of this sort."}
{"id": "PMID:280626", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials: polysulphide, silicone and polyether rubbers.", "content": "Creep compliance measurements were shown to be effective in characterizing the elastic, retarded elastic, and viscous properties of polysulphide, silicone, and polyether impression materials. The test is particularly valuable in that the creep compliance was independent of load, allowing the mechanical properties to be represented by a single total creep compliance curve which can be used to determine the various creep components. The total recovered compliance was shown to be independent of time provided the polymerization had progressed sufficiently before testing was done. The retarded elastic and viscous compliances contributed proportionally to the total creep compliance and thus did not affect the rankings of materials. The viscous compliance of polysulphide A decreased enough after 1 h so that the creep compliance of A and D were not different. The creep compliance measurements showed that the polysulphide materials were the most viscoelastic followed by silicone and polyether impression materials. The polyether was the most nearly ideal elastic material but it had a flexibility comparable to heavy body polysulphide. Of particular interest was the observation that polyether with thinner in ratios up to 1 : 1 by length had no practical effect on the viscoelastic properties.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials: polysulphide, silicone and polyether rubbers. Creep compliance measurements were shown to be effective in characterizing the elastic, retarded elastic, and viscous properties of polysulphide, silicone, and polyether impression materials. The test is particularly valuable in that the creep compliance was independent of load, allowing the mechanical properties to be represented by a single total creep compliance curve which can be used to determine the various creep components. The total recovered compliance was shown to be independent of time provided the polymerization had progressed sufficiently before testing was done. The retarded elastic and viscous compliances contributed proportionally to the total creep compliance and thus did not affect the rankings of materials. The viscous compliance of polysulphide A decreased enough after 1 h so that the creep compliance of A and D were not different. The creep compliance measurements showed that the polysulphide materials were the most viscoelastic followed by silicone and polyether impression materials. The polyether was the most nearly ideal elastic material but it had a flexibility comparable to heavy body polysulphide. Of particular interest was the observation that polyether with thinner in ratios up to 1 : 1 by length had no practical effect on the viscoelastic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:280627", "title": "A study of temperature changes occurring in setting dental cements.", "content": "A study has been made of the rise in temperature associated with the setting of dental cements. Results are discussed in terms of the chemistry of the cement systems and are related to specification testing and clinical usage. Zinc oxide cements evolve more heat than those based on ion-leachable glasses, and phosphate bonded cements evolve more heat than polycarboxylate cements.", "contents": "A study of temperature changes occurring in setting dental cements. A study has been made of the rise in temperature associated with the setting of dental cements. Results are discussed in terms of the chemistry of the cement systems and are related to specification testing and clinical usage. Zinc oxide cements evolve more heat than those based on ion-leachable glasses, and phosphate bonded cements evolve more heat than polycarboxylate cements."}
{"id": "PMID:280628", "title": "Dynamic and static recordings of the comfortable zone.", "content": "A dynamic and a static method of assessing the comfortable zone by means of a screw jack were compared in 12 subjects. Recorded under dynamic conditions the average width of the comfortable zone was approximately 3.0 mm, and under static conditions approximately 5.0 mm (P less than 0.0001). It is suggested that in the dynamic experiments the larger output from receptors in the chewing system was responsible for the narrower zone, i.e. the more precise assessments of the comfortable zone.", "contents": "Dynamic and static recordings of the comfortable zone. A dynamic and a static method of assessing the comfortable zone by means of a screw jack were compared in 12 subjects. Recorded under dynamic conditions the average width of the comfortable zone was approximately 3.0 mm, and under static conditions approximately 5.0 mm (P less than 0.0001). It is suggested that in the dynamic experiments the larger output from receptors in the chewing system was responsible for the narrower zone, i.e. the more precise assessments of the comfortable zone."}
{"id": "PMID:280629", "title": "Effect of the curing cycle on some properties of a polymethylmethacrylate denture base material.", "content": "The properties of a denture base material may be modified by altering both the temperature and the time of heating during the curing cycle. In this study a polymethylmethacrylate denture base containing no crosslinking agent was polymerised using four different curing cycles. The structure of the materials so obtained was investigated by an acid etching technique. The materials were characterized with respect to degree of cure, strength and water sorption. It was concluded that: 1. No correlation was observed between the curing cycles and polymer structure. 2. The curing cycle of 7 h at 70 degrees C plus 1 h at 100 degrees C produced best indentation strength and tensile strength. 3. A correlation was observed between residual monomer, indentation resistance, tensile strength and water sorption. This suggested that residual monomer concentration is the most important parameter in the determination of the properties of the material investigated in this study.", "contents": "Effect of the curing cycle on some properties of a polymethylmethacrylate denture base material. The properties of a denture base material may be modified by altering both the temperature and the time of heating during the curing cycle. In this study a polymethylmethacrylate denture base containing no crosslinking agent was polymerised using four different curing cycles. The structure of the materials so obtained was investigated by an acid etching technique. The materials were characterized with respect to degree of cure, strength and water sorption. It was concluded that: 1. No correlation was observed between the curing cycles and polymer structure. 2. The curing cycle of 7 h at 70 degrees C plus 1 h at 100 degrees C produced best indentation strength and tensile strength. 3. A correlation was observed between residual monomer, indentation resistance, tensile strength and water sorption. This suggested that residual monomer concentration is the most important parameter in the determination of the properties of the material investigated in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:280630", "title": "Effects of intermaxillary elastic traction on orthodontic tooth movement.", "content": "Intermaxillary elastics are commonly used in orthodontic treatment, yet the exact mechanism by which they effect tooth movement has been unclear. A photoelastic model was produced to stimulate this type of therapy in examples of Class II and III malocclusions. In the open situation, inter-arch activity precipitated occlusal plane rotation; counter clockwise in Class II malocclusion and clockwise in Class III. Comment is made on the force vectors involved when using intermaxillary elastics.", "contents": "Effects of intermaxillary elastic traction on orthodontic tooth movement. Intermaxillary elastics are commonly used in orthodontic treatment, yet the exact mechanism by which they effect tooth movement has been unclear. A photoelastic model was produced to stimulate this type of therapy in examples of Class II and III malocclusions. In the open situation, inter-arch activity precipitated occlusal plane rotation; counter clockwise in Class II malocclusion and clockwise in Class III. Comment is made on the force vectors involved when using intermaxillary elastics."}
{"id": "PMID:280631", "title": "The clinical significance of median occlusal position.", "content": "The harmony of the occlusal components of the teeth, mandibular joint and muscles, were investigated in 180 human subjects by clinical, dental articulator, radiographic and electrodiagnostic methods. Significant correlations were found between disharmony of these components at median occlusal position (MOP), and with pain-dysfunction of the masticatory system. Using the standardized stimuli of opening the jaw wide and snapping it shut automatically into MOP, temporalis and masseter muscle co-ordination and somesthetic reflex effects were quantified. The interval from tooth contact (s) to reinstitution of EMG activity (x), and the EMG silent-period duration (SP), were prolonged in the patients but returned to within the control range with elimination of the pain-dysfunction. Muscle incoordination with mandibular dysfunction was prevalent in the patients, and the incidence of osteoarthritis was greatest in those with persistent symptoms. The hypothesis was supported that disharmony of MOP exists in pain-dysfunction patients--while successful occlusal therapy leads to the restoration of the harmony within the biologic range. This implies physiological significance to this hitherto clinically neglected occlusal position.", "contents": "The clinical significance of median occlusal position. The harmony of the occlusal components of the teeth, mandibular joint and muscles, were investigated in 180 human subjects by clinical, dental articulator, radiographic and electrodiagnostic methods. Significant correlations were found between disharmony of these components at median occlusal position (MOP), and with pain-dysfunction of the masticatory system. Using the standardized stimuli of opening the jaw wide and snapping it shut automatically into MOP, temporalis and masseter muscle co-ordination and somesthetic reflex effects were quantified. The interval from tooth contact (s) to reinstitution of EMG activity (x), and the EMG silent-period duration (SP), were prolonged in the patients but returned to within the control range with elimination of the pain-dysfunction. Muscle incoordination with mandibular dysfunction was prevalent in the patients, and the incidence of osteoarthritis was greatest in those with persistent symptoms. The hypothesis was supported that disharmony of MOP exists in pain-dysfunction patients--while successful occlusal therapy leads to the restoration of the harmony within the biologic range. This implies physiological significance to this hitherto clinically neglected occlusal position."}
{"id": "PMID:280632", "title": "Microhardness studies on the setting characteristics of fissure sealants.", "content": "The hardness of five fissure sealants was measured using a Wallace Microhardness Tester and found to continue to increase long after the initial setting. The effect of the intensity of radiation and exposure time on the setting of two u.v. activated sealants (Nuva-seal and Alphaseal) was also investigated, with higher intensities producing both a more rapid set and greater final hardness. Alphaseal required longer exposure at a given intensity of u.v. radiation to achieve the same hardness as Nuva-seal, and displayed relatively slow setting in depth, which could give rise to incomplete polymerization during clinical use, resulting in early sealant loss. Thus special care must be taken to ensure that Alphaseal receives an adequate exposure to u.v. radiation, and sources which are suitable for setting Nuva-seal may not be sufficiently powerful when applying Alphaseal.", "contents": "Microhardness studies on the setting characteristics of fissure sealants. The hardness of five fissure sealants was measured using a Wallace Microhardness Tester and found to continue to increase long after the initial setting. The effect of the intensity of radiation and exposure time on the setting of two u.v. activated sealants (Nuva-seal and Alphaseal) was also investigated, with higher intensities producing both a more rapid set and greater final hardness. Alphaseal required longer exposure at a given intensity of u.v. radiation to achieve the same hardness as Nuva-seal, and displayed relatively slow setting in depth, which could give rise to incomplete polymerization during clinical use, resulting in early sealant loss. Thus special care must be taken to ensure that Alphaseal receives an adequate exposure to u.v. radiation, and sources which are suitable for setting Nuva-seal may not be sufficiently powerful when applying Alphaseal."}
{"id": "PMID:280633", "title": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. III. The elastic recovery after removal of strains applied at the setting time.", "content": "A method of measuring the elastic recovery of impression materials after the application of a strain applied at the setting time is described. The results obtained using this method for a representative selection of impression materials are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric impression materials. III. The elastic recovery after removal of strains applied at the setting time. A method of measuring the elastic recovery of impression materials after the application of a strain applied at the setting time is described. The results obtained using this method for a representative selection of impression materials are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280635", "title": "In vitro toxicity tests of zinc phosphate cement.", "content": "BHK-21 (C-13) cells were exposed to freshly mixed zinc phosphate cement for 0.5, 1 and 2 h in a simulated cavity apparatus. The effect on the cells was evaluated by quantitative measurement of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase reaction product in order to determine organelle membrane permeability. After 0.5 h cell-material contact there was no significant effect. After 1 h cell-material contact, there was slight labilization of the lysosomal membranes, and a significant decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity. The mean overall stain density in the experimental cells was 109% and 57% of the control values for acid phosphotase and succinic dehydrogenase respectively. After 2 h cell-material contact, there was significant labilization of the lysosomal membranes, and also labilization of the mitochondrial membranes. The mean overall stain densities were 114% and 75% of the control values for acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase respectively. The relevance of these findings to the in vivo situation is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro toxicity tests of zinc phosphate cement. BHK-21 (C-13) cells were exposed to freshly mixed zinc phosphate cement for 0.5, 1 and 2 h in a simulated cavity apparatus. The effect on the cells was evaluated by quantitative measurement of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase reaction product in order to determine organelle membrane permeability. After 0.5 h cell-material contact there was no significant effect. After 1 h cell-material contact, there was slight labilization of the lysosomal membranes, and a significant decrease in succinic dehydrogenase activity. The mean overall stain density in the experimental cells was 109% and 57% of the control values for acid phosphotase and succinic dehydrogenase respectively. After 2 h cell-material contact, there was significant labilization of the lysosomal membranes, and also labilization of the mitochondrial membranes. The mean overall stain densities were 114% and 75% of the control values for acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase respectively. The relevance of these findings to the in vivo situation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280636", "title": "Tissue conditioners as functional impression materials.", "content": "Permanent deformation, strain in compression, flow, dimensional stability, reproduction of detail and gypsum compatibility of three commercial tissue conditioners (Coe-Comfort, FITT and Hydro-cast) and one polysulphide base Type I impression material (Coe-flex) were measured according to ADA Specification No. 19. Although the tissue conditioners generally exhibited higher deformations and lower gypsum compatibility than specified by ADA Specification No. 19, the materials can, in all probability, be considered adequate for the present. It would appear that the development of international standards for tissue conditioners and functional impression materials is badly needed.", "contents": "Tissue conditioners as functional impression materials. Permanent deformation, strain in compression, flow, dimensional stability, reproduction of detail and gypsum compatibility of three commercial tissue conditioners (Coe-Comfort, FITT and Hydro-cast) and one polysulphide base Type I impression material (Coe-flex) were measured according to ADA Specification No. 19. Although the tissue conditioners generally exhibited higher deformations and lower gypsum compatibility than specified by ADA Specification No. 19, the materials can, in all probability, be considered adequate for the present. It would appear that the development of international standards for tissue conditioners and functional impression materials is badly needed."}
{"id": "PMID:280637", "title": "Age changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions.", "content": "It has been shown that a zone of comfort in maxillo-mandibular relationships in edentulous subjects can be identified with some precision. Whilst the neurophysiological mechanism involved has not been explained fully, the phenomenon is influenced by starting position and by fatigue. This experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that age is another significant factor in perception of the comfortable zone. A group of seventeen subjects with a mean age of 62 years and an equivalent younger group, the mean age of which was 28 years, were tested with Timmer screw jacks applied using the central approach to record the upper and lower limits of the zone fifteen times in succession for each subject. A linear statistical model was used to analyse the data from upper and lower borders separately. The results showed that the effect of making successive adjustments, whilst not significant statistically in the young group, was significant in the more elderly. Regression lines from the young group data were horizontal signifying the high degree of accuracy with which their perceptual mechanisms worked: the upwards inclination of those from the more elderly was interpreted as showing that initial appreciations were subjected to constant correction.", "contents": "Age changes in the perception of comfortable mandibular occlusal positions. It has been shown that a zone of comfort in maxillo-mandibular relationships in edentulous subjects can be identified with some precision. Whilst the neurophysiological mechanism involved has not been explained fully, the phenomenon is influenced by starting position and by fatigue. This experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that age is another significant factor in perception of the comfortable zone. A group of seventeen subjects with a mean age of 62 years and an equivalent younger group, the mean age of which was 28 years, were tested with Timmer screw jacks applied using the central approach to record the upper and lower limits of the zone fifteen times in succession for each subject. A linear statistical model was used to analyse the data from upper and lower borders separately. The results showed that the effect of making successive adjustments, whilst not significant statistically in the young group, was significant in the more elderly. Regression lines from the young group data were horizontal signifying the high degree of accuracy with which their perceptual mechanisms worked: the upwards inclination of those from the more elderly was interpreted as showing that initial appreciations were subjected to constant correction."}
{"id": "PMID:280638", "title": "The convergence angle in teeth prepared for artificial crowns.", "content": "The bucco-lingual and mesio-distal convergence angles in vital and rootfilled teeth prepared for complete crowns were measured microscopically on 190 stone dies. In vital teeth the mean convergence angles varied between approximately 19 and 27 degrees. In rootfilled teeth the mean angles varied between 12 and 37.", "contents": "The convergence angle in teeth prepared for artificial crowns. The bucco-lingual and mesio-distal convergence angles in vital and rootfilled teeth prepared for complete crowns were measured microscopically on 190 stone dies. In vital teeth the mean convergence angles varied between approximately 19 and 27 degrees. In rootfilled teeth the mean angles varied between 12 and 37."}
{"id": "PMID:280639", "title": "Measurement of lip posture and interaction between lip posture and resting face height.", "content": "A method for measurement of lip incompetence is described. Electromyographic techniques were used to obtain relaxation of the muscles of the lip and of a jaw elevator muscle. Standardized photographs were taken of the subject's profile, from which lip separation and face height were measured. Variation was found in successive measurements of lip posture, some of which appeared to depend upon mandibular posture. With the teeth in occlusion, lip separation was reduced. Active maintenance of lip contact by the subject was often associated with a reduction in lower face height, which may have been a direct consequence of the lip muscle activity, or of jaw elevator activity facilitating the lip closure.", "contents": "Measurement of lip posture and interaction between lip posture and resting face height. A method for measurement of lip incompetence is described. Electromyographic techniques were used to obtain relaxation of the muscles of the lip and of a jaw elevator muscle. Standardized photographs were taken of the subject's profile, from which lip separation and face height were measured. Variation was found in successive measurements of lip posture, some of which appeared to depend upon mandibular posture. With the teeth in occlusion, lip separation was reduced. Active maintenance of lip contact by the subject was often associated with a reduction in lower face height, which may have been a direct consequence of the lip muscle activity, or of jaw elevator activity facilitating the lip closure."}
{"id": "PMID:280643", "title": "Revascularization after surgical repositioning of one-tooth dento-osseous segments.", "content": "Vascularization, revascularization, and bone healing were studied after two different surgical techniques for surgical repositioning of single-tooth dento-osseous segments in adult mongrel dogs. Microangiographic and histologic studies of both one-stage and two-stage techniques for immediate surgical repositioning of single-tooth dento-osseous segments showed early but transient vascular ischemia, minimal osteonecrosis, and osseous union between most of the osteotomized segments. The attached soft tissue provided an adequate vascular pedicle for immediate repositioning of small dento-osseous segments by interdental and subapical osteotomies. The results of these clinically analogues studies support the clinical use of techniques that maximize the attachment of the gingiva to the mobilized dento-osseous segment.", "contents": "Revascularization after surgical repositioning of one-tooth dento-osseous segments. Vascularization, revascularization, and bone healing were studied after two different surgical techniques for surgical repositioning of single-tooth dento-osseous segments in adult mongrel dogs. Microangiographic and histologic studies of both one-stage and two-stage techniques for immediate surgical repositioning of single-tooth dento-osseous segments showed early but transient vascular ischemia, minimal osteonecrosis, and osseous union between most of the osteotomized segments. The attached soft tissue provided an adequate vascular pedicle for immediate repositioning of small dento-osseous segments by interdental and subapical osteotomies. The results of these clinically analogues studies support the clinical use of techniques that maximize the attachment of the gingiva to the mobilized dento-osseous segment."}
{"id": "PMID:280644", "title": "Comparison of a polyglycolic-polylactic acid suture to black silk and plain catgut in human oral tissues.", "content": "A polylactic-polyglycolic acid synthetic absorbable suture material (Vicryl, Polyglactin 910) was compared with black silk and plain catgut in human oral tissues. Inflammation was graded clinically and histologically after seven days. Handling characteristics, including suture retention, were evaluated. Vicryl and black silk sutures produced comparable inflammation after seven days. Plain catgut sutures were usually absorbed before seven days, but when retained generally produced a more severe reaction. The polylactic-polyglycolic acid suture is braided and dyed, and has handling characteristics similar to those of black silk. Although they are absorbable, Vicryl sutures may be retained longer than desired and probably should be used like silk when exposed to the oral cavity.", "contents": "Comparison of a polyglycolic-polylactic acid suture to black silk and plain catgut in human oral tissues. A polylactic-polyglycolic acid synthetic absorbable suture material (Vicryl, Polyglactin 910) was compared with black silk and plain catgut in human oral tissues. Inflammation was graded clinically and histologically after seven days. Handling characteristics, including suture retention, were evaluated. Vicryl and black silk sutures produced comparable inflammation after seven days. Plain catgut sutures were usually absorbed before seven days, but when retained generally produced a more severe reaction. The polylactic-polyglycolic acid suture is braided and dyed, and has handling characteristics similar to those of black silk. Although they are absorbable, Vicryl sutures may be retained longer than desired and probably should be used like silk when exposed to the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:280645", "title": "Odontogenic tumors: analysis of 706 cases.", "content": "From a total of 54,534 oral biopsy specimens, 706 (1.3%) odontogenic tumors were retrieved and reviewed. Odontomas comprised more than 65% of the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastomas about 10%, and the remaining six categories of odontogenic tumors accounted for approximately 25% of the lesions. The distribution by age, sex, and location of these tumors generally supported the data from other previously reported cases. A possible variant of the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor was described, and instances of two granular cell ameloblastic fibromas were reported. The myxomas as a group were characterized histologically more by residual bony trabeculae than by the presence of odontogenic rests. Because the clinical, histological, and behavioral features of the ameloblastic fibroma and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma were similar, these lesions were considered to be essentially the same. From limited follow-up information, the ameloblastoma was the only lesion that recurred. With the exception of one ameloblastoma found in the lung, no malignant odontogenic tumors were encountered.", "contents": "Odontogenic tumors: analysis of 706 cases. From a total of 54,534 oral biopsy specimens, 706 (1.3%) odontogenic tumors were retrieved and reviewed. Odontomas comprised more than 65% of the odontogenic tumors, ameloblastomas about 10%, and the remaining six categories of odontogenic tumors accounted for approximately 25% of the lesions. The distribution by age, sex, and location of these tumors generally supported the data from other previously reported cases. A possible variant of the calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor was described, and instances of two granular cell ameloblastic fibromas were reported. The myxomas as a group were characterized histologically more by residual bony trabeculae than by the presence of odontogenic rests. Because the clinical, histological, and behavioral features of the ameloblastic fibroma and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma were similar, these lesions were considered to be essentially the same. From limited follow-up information, the ameloblastoma was the only lesion that recurred. With the exception of one ameloblastoma found in the lung, no malignant odontogenic tumors were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:280646", "title": "Shortening of the temporalis tendon for hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Temporalis shortening by scarification is a relatively simple procedure and deserves further clinical testing, although the initial limitation of mouth opening shows some tendency to diminish. Its relative simplicity could make it the preferred procedure for unacceptable late joint snapping associated with TMJ hypermobility and for recurrent dislocation.", "contents": "Shortening of the temporalis tendon for hypermobility of the temporomandibular joint. Temporalis shortening by scarification is a relatively simple procedure and deserves further clinical testing, although the initial limitation of mouth opening shows some tendency to diminish. Its relative simplicity could make it the preferred procedure for unacceptable late joint snapping associated with TMJ hypermobility and for recurrent dislocation."}
{"id": "PMID:280647", "title": "A modified approach to the ilium to obtain graft material.", "content": "The ilium is a commonly utilized site for obtaining graft material for maxillofacial reconstruction. Pain, decreased mobility, and equivocal esthetics are complications sometimes encountered postoperatively with most current ilium harvesting techniques. A new approach to the ilium for obtaining marrow and cancellous bone was used in 26 cases during a one-year period. No complications encountered in the donor site. The technique is simple, allows simultaneous procedures, and is esthetically acceptable.", "contents": "A modified approach to the ilium to obtain graft material. The ilium is a commonly utilized site for obtaining graft material for maxillofacial reconstruction. Pain, decreased mobility, and equivocal esthetics are complications sometimes encountered postoperatively with most current ilium harvesting techniques. A new approach to the ilium for obtaining marrow and cancellous bone was used in 26 cases during a one-year period. No complications encountered in the donor site. The technique is simple, allows simultaneous procedures, and is esthetically acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:280648", "title": "Psychological ramifications of facial change in relation to orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery.", "content": "A patient who undergoes orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery should be prepared psychologically for the difficulties involved. Information that would assist in communicating with potential patients was compiled from questionnaires distributed by orthodontic and oral surgery departments and by practitioners. Of the patients questioned 14 months after treatment, 93% were satisfied with the results.", "contents": "Psychological ramifications of facial change in relation to orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. A patient who undergoes orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgery should be prepared psychologically for the difficulties involved. Information that would assist in communicating with potential patients was compiled from questionnaires distributed by orthodontic and oral surgery departments and by practitioners. Of the patients questioned 14 months after treatment, 93% were satisfied with the results."}
{"id": "PMID:280651", "title": "The basal cell nevus syndrome associated with cleft lip and cleft palate: report of case.", "content": "A case of basal cell nevus syndrome with multiple keratocysts, cleft lip and cleft palate, calcification of the falx cerebri, and late appearance of basal cell carcinoma is described.", "contents": "The basal cell nevus syndrome associated with cleft lip and cleft palate: report of case. A case of basal cell nevus syndrome with multiple keratocysts, cleft lip and cleft palate, calcification of the falx cerebri, and late appearance of basal cell carcinoma is described."}
{"id": "PMID:280655", "title": "Malignant melanoma metastatic to the mandible.", "content": "Metastatic malignant melanoma to the jaws is uncommon and is usually accompanied by generalized involvement. Hematogenous dissemination with deposition and growth in areas of hematopoietic marrow (that is, the mandibular molar region) is the accepted mechanism for involvement of the jaw. Clinical and radiographic findings are nonspecific. Comprehensive history, physical examination, and tissue microscopy are essential to accurate diagnosis and management of the patient. Radiotherapy for palliation is the accepted mode of therapy for symptomatic metastatic melanoma. Prognosis in cases with secondary jaw involvement is grave. A case of malignant melanoma with metastases to the mandible is presented and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma metastatic to the mandible. Metastatic malignant melanoma to the jaws is uncommon and is usually accompanied by generalized involvement. Hematogenous dissemination with deposition and growth in areas of hematopoietic marrow (that is, the mandibular molar region) is the accepted mechanism for involvement of the jaw. Clinical and radiographic findings are nonspecific. Comprehensive history, physical examination, and tissue microscopy are essential to accurate diagnosis and management of the patient. Radiotherapy for palliation is the accepted mode of therapy for symptomatic metastatic melanoma. Prognosis in cases with secondary jaw involvement is grave. A case of malignant melanoma with metastases to the mandible is presented and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:280661", "title": "Morbidity associated with teeth in the line of mandibular fractures.", "content": "Complications related to teeth in the lines of mandibular fractures were studied in a retrospective review of 207 fractures; 32.3% resulted in some form of morbidity. Statiistical comparison of fractures in which teeth were removed and fractures in which teeth retained suggests that removal of teeth in fracture lines does not minimize morbidity.", "contents": "Morbidity associated with teeth in the line of mandibular fractures. Complications related to teeth in the lines of mandibular fractures were studied in a retrospective review of 207 fractures; 32.3% resulted in some form of morbidity. Statiistical comparison of fractures in which teeth were removed and fractures in which teeth retained suggests that removal of teeth in fracture lines does not minimize morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:280662", "title": "Use of etidocaine hydrochloride in oral surgery: a clinical study.", "content": "Etidocaine hydrochloride had a rapid onset time, high frequency of surgical anesthesia, long duration and no side effects in 25 healthy patients who had 50 impacted third molars removed. Etidocaine compared favorably to lidocaine and its duration of action was two times longer.", "contents": "Use of etidocaine hydrochloride in oral surgery: a clinical study. Etidocaine hydrochloride had a rapid onset time, high frequency of surgical anesthesia, long duration and no side effects in 25 healthy patients who had 50 impacted third molars removed. Etidocaine compared favorably to lidocaine and its duration of action was two times longer."}
{"id": "PMID:280663", "title": "The mural ameloblastoma: a review of the literature.", "content": "Mural ameloblastomas are estimated to constitute 5% of all ameloblastomas. Although resembling the total ameloblastoma population in terms of predilections for sex and site, the average age of the patients with mural ameloblastoma, in comparison with the total group, was 21.8 vs 38.9 years. Eighty-five percent of the mural ameloblastomas were associated with follicular cysts, all of which were observed before the age of 30. The frequency of recurrence after simple enucleation of the cyst containing this lesion is considerably lower than that for ameloblastomas in general that are treated in a similar manner. Therefore, further and more extensive surgery for mural ameloblastoma is justified only in the event of recurrence.", "contents": "The mural ameloblastoma: a review of the literature. Mural ameloblastomas are estimated to constitute 5% of all ameloblastomas. Although resembling the total ameloblastoma population in terms of predilections for sex and site, the average age of the patients with mural ameloblastoma, in comparison with the total group, was 21.8 vs 38.9 years. Eighty-five percent of the mural ameloblastomas were associated with follicular cysts, all of which were observed before the age of 30. The frequency of recurrence after simple enucleation of the cyst containing this lesion is considerably lower than that for ameloblastomas in general that are treated in a similar manner. Therefore, further and more extensive surgery for mural ameloblastoma is justified only in the event of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:280664", "title": "Topical application of antihemophilic factor after dental extractions in hemophilic patients.", "content": "In addition to replacement therapy with antihemophilic factor (AHF), its concentrated solution was used topically after dental extractions in hemophilic patients. The results, compared with that of the control extraction sites in the same patients, indicated that the topical application of AHF is effective in producing rapid and tight clot formation and in reducing postoperative oozing of blood.", "contents": "Topical application of antihemophilic factor after dental extractions in hemophilic patients. In addition to replacement therapy with antihemophilic factor (AHF), its concentrated solution was used topically after dental extractions in hemophilic patients. The results, compared with that of the control extraction sites in the same patients, indicated that the topical application of AHF is effective in producing rapid and tight clot formation and in reducing postoperative oozing of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:280665", "title": "Surgery in a gravid patient.", "content": "A review of salient points in the evaluation and treatment of the gravid patient is presented. Emphasis is on problems arising in the practice of oral surgery. The physiologic mechanisms that form the basis for treatment planning rationale are elucidated.", "contents": "Surgery in a gravid patient. A review of salient points in the evaluation and treatment of the gravid patient is presented. Emphasis is on problems arising in the practice of oral surgery. The physiologic mechanisms that form the basis for treatment planning rationale are elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:280667", "title": "Management of a patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "Patients with a history of hereditary angioneurotic edema can adequate and safely have nonelective surgical procedures performed with proper preoperative and postoperative management. Deficient amounts of C1 esterase inhibitor can be replaced with fresh frozen plasma; capillary permeability and spreading edema can be prevented with antifibrinolytic agents such as Amicar. Once edema has occurred peripherally and no laryngeal symptoms are present, conservative treatment is advisable. When epiglottic and laryngeal edema occurs, intubation or tracheostomy is preferred for maintenance of airway until the edema subsides. During oral surgical procedures, minimal surgical trauma must be achieved. Edema that involves the airway presents the greatest danger to patients. These attacks are usually associated with dental or some sort of oral or pharyngeal manipulation.", "contents": "Management of a patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Patients with a history of hereditary angioneurotic edema can adequate and safely have nonelective surgical procedures performed with proper preoperative and postoperative management. Deficient amounts of C1 esterase inhibitor can be replaced with fresh frozen plasma; capillary permeability and spreading edema can be prevented with antifibrinolytic agents such as Amicar. Once edema has occurred peripherally and no laryngeal symptoms are present, conservative treatment is advisable. When epiglottic and laryngeal edema occurs, intubation or tracheostomy is preferred for maintenance of airway until the edema subsides. During oral surgical procedures, minimal surgical trauma must be achieved. Edema that involves the airway presents the greatest danger to patients. These attacks are usually associated with dental or some sort of oral or pharyngeal manipulation."}
{"id": "PMID:280668", "title": "Fracture of the mandibular body and ramus during horizontal osteotomy for augmentation genioplasty.", "content": "A fracture of the body and ramus of the mandible occurred during a horizontal esteotomy for augmentation genioplasty. Care must be exercised when using osteotomes to free the posteroinferior border during this procedure.", "contents": "Fracture of the mandibular body and ramus during horizontal osteotomy for augmentation genioplasty. A fracture of the body and ramus of the mandible occurred during a horizontal esteotomy for augmentation genioplasty. Care must be exercised when using osteotomes to free the posteroinferior border during this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:280669", "title": "Mikulicz disease of a minor salivary gland.", "content": "The third recorded instance of Mikulicz disease of a minor salivary gland is described; this is the first case in which a surgical specimen, in addition to the biopsy specimen, was obtained for microscopic examination. A brief description of the disease and its treatment is also presented.", "contents": "Mikulicz disease of a minor salivary gland. The third recorded instance of Mikulicz disease of a minor salivary gland is described; this is the first case in which a surgical specimen, in addition to the biopsy specimen, was obtained for microscopic examination. A brief description of the disease and its treatment is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:280670", "title": "Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case.", "content": "A well-documented case of undifferentiated carcinoma of the right maxillary sinus has been presented. Results of initial evaluation and examination were consistent with an acute ulcer, but complete resolution did not occur when the denture was removed. Expansion of the buccal vestibule became evident, and biopsy was done. The expansion probably caused increased pressure under the denture flange, resulting in ulceration. As is so common in malignancy of the maxillary sinus, symptoms did not appear until late in the course of the disease and diagnosis was not made until the tumor was inoperable. Moreover, the initial symptoms were unusual for a tumor of the maxillary sinus. Conventional panoramic radiographs did not show any significance changes, although an advanced tumor had destroyed the lateral wall of the maxilla as confirmed on the Waters projection. We suggest that the panoramic oral radiograph is a valuable tool in evaluating disease of the maxillary sinus but that it does not replace the conventional views used to evaluate the paranasal sinuses.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case. A well-documented case of undifferentiated carcinoma of the right maxillary sinus has been presented. Results of initial evaluation and examination were consistent with an acute ulcer, but complete resolution did not occur when the denture was removed. Expansion of the buccal vestibule became evident, and biopsy was done. The expansion probably caused increased pressure under the denture flange, resulting in ulceration. As is so common in malignancy of the maxillary sinus, symptoms did not appear until late in the course of the disease and diagnosis was not made until the tumor was inoperable. Moreover, the initial symptoms were unusual for a tumor of the maxillary sinus. Conventional panoramic radiographs did not show any significance changes, although an advanced tumor had destroyed the lateral wall of the maxilla as confirmed on the Waters projection. We suggest that the panoramic oral radiograph is a valuable tool in evaluating disease of the maxillary sinus but that it does not replace the conventional views used to evaluate the paranasal sinuses."}
{"id": "PMID:280680", "title": "Self and peer perception of male and female dental students.", "content": "In order to investigate the similarity and differences between male and female dental students, the Bentler inventories, which utilize both self and peer report formats, were administered to first year students at U.C.L.A. Results indicated that male and female dental students are basically similar in terms of a wide range of personality traits both in terms as well as self perceptions. The only differences involved males' describing themselves as more masculine and orderly while females were portrayed by their peers as more feminine and clothes-conscious. In addition, comparison between self and peer report inventories for the same sex revealed few trait differences. Although caution should be made in generalizing these findings beyond the UCLA School of dentistry, the results suggest that it is not appropriate to admit nor exclude male or female students based upon any assumptions that doing so would dramatically change the personality characteristics of dental practitioners. However, more research is needed using a more representative national sample of students.", "contents": "Self and peer perception of male and female dental students. In order to investigate the similarity and differences between male and female dental students, the Bentler inventories, which utilize both self and peer report formats, were administered to first year students at U.C.L.A. Results indicated that male and female dental students are basically similar in terms of a wide range of personality traits both in terms as well as self perceptions. The only differences involved males' describing themselves as more masculine and orderly while females were portrayed by their peers as more feminine and clothes-conscious. In addition, comparison between self and peer report inventories for the same sex revealed few trait differences. Although caution should be made in generalizing these findings beyond the UCLA School of dentistry, the results suggest that it is not appropriate to admit nor exclude male or female students based upon any assumptions that doing so would dramatically change the personality characteristics of dental practitioners. However, more research is needed using a more representative national sample of students."}
{"id": "PMID:280681", "title": "Snack food consumption of 12 year old inner-city children and its relationship to oral health.", "content": "The relations between reported frequency of consumption of 18 common snack foods, SES variables, and oral health scores were studied in 92 12-year-old children from three inner-city schools in Rochester, New York. The group was composed of 44 males and 48 females who were either black or had a Spanish surname. The study documented only a few significant relations between consumption of snack foods and DMF scores or overall oral health. Reported cake consumption correlated positively with total debris and gingivitis, and consumption of chewy candy and ice cream was positively related to DMF scores. Black females exhibited the greatest number of decayed and DMF teeth, and both male and female black children had significantly greater amounts of total debris, gingivitis and decayed teeth.", "contents": "Snack food consumption of 12 year old inner-city children and its relationship to oral health. The relations between reported frequency of consumption of 18 common snack foods, SES variables, and oral health scores were studied in 92 12-year-old children from three inner-city schools in Rochester, New York. The group was composed of 44 males and 48 females who were either black or had a Spanish surname. The study documented only a few significant relations between consumption of snack foods and DMF scores or overall oral health. Reported cake consumption correlated positively with total debris and gingivitis, and consumption of chewy candy and ice cream was positively related to DMF scores. Black females exhibited the greatest number of decayed and DMF teeth, and both male and female black children had significantly greater amounts of total debris, gingivitis and decayed teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:280705", "title": "Immunologic relationship between breast carcinoma and benign breast disease as detected by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay.", "content": "Patients with benign diseases of the breast reacted in a migration inhibition assay with extracts of breast cancer and benign breast lesions and a human breast cancer-derived cell line, MCF-7. The incidence of reactivity of the patients with benign breast diseases against these antigens was similar to that of breast cancer patients. In addition, patients with breast cancer reacted to some extracts of benign breast lesions. The reactivity occurred in patients with several different histopathologic types of breast lesions, but was not found in women with no detectable pathologic lesions.", "contents": "Immunologic relationship between breast carcinoma and benign breast disease as detected by the leukocyte migration inhibition assay. Patients with benign diseases of the breast reacted in a migration inhibition assay with extracts of breast cancer and benign breast lesions and a human breast cancer-derived cell line, MCF-7. The incidence of reactivity of the patients with benign breast diseases against these antigens was similar to that of breast cancer patients. In addition, patients with breast cancer reacted to some extracts of benign breast lesions. The reactivity occurred in patients with several different histopathologic types of breast lesions, but was not found in women with no detectable pathologic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:280706", "title": "Second primary neoplasms following ovarian cancer.", "content": "Follow-up surveys of patients with ovarian cancer revealed an increased risk of second primary cancers of the uterine corpus, colon, bladder, breast, and hematopoietic system. The excess risk or uterine corpus cancer was independent of therapy. The risk of colon cancer was increased in all treatment groups but was especially high among patients receiving radiation or chemotherapy. The predisposition to other neoplasms was limited to certain treatment groups: bladder cancer to irradiation, leukemia to chemotherapy, and lymphoma to either modality. The pattern of second neoplasms following ovarian cancer appears to be influenced by therapy as well as by common etiologic factors.", "contents": "Second primary neoplasms following ovarian cancer. Follow-up surveys of patients with ovarian cancer revealed an increased risk of second primary cancers of the uterine corpus, colon, bladder, breast, and hematopoietic system. The excess risk or uterine corpus cancer was independent of therapy. The risk of colon cancer was increased in all treatment groups but was especially high among patients receiving radiation or chemotherapy. The predisposition to other neoplasms was limited to certain treatment groups: bladder cancer to irradiation, leukemia to chemotherapy, and lymphoma to either modality. The pattern of second neoplasms following ovarian cancer appears to be influenced by therapy as well as by common etiologic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:280707", "title": "Identification of a macromolecule containing an anticarcinoembryonic antigen-reactive substance and immunoglobulin M in human pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Ascitic fluid from a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The fraction precipitated between 25 and 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate was sequentially chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B. A macromolecular fraction (greater than 10(6) daltons) obtained was found to react with both antihuman IgM and antiserum to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This fraction was further purified by adsorption with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The purified macromolecular fraction had a sedimentation value of 28S as determined by ultracentrifugation. Upon dissociation of the purified macromolecule at pH 2.3 and purification of the dissociated components on Sepharose CL-2B and BioGel A 1.5M, a 19S protein and a 5S protein were recovered. The 19S protein showed a complete line of identity with a reference human IgM when reacted with antihuman IgM in gel diffusion, whereas the 5S protein showed a partial immunologic identity with colon CEA against anti-CEA. These results indicated the existence of an IgM-containing macromolecular complex with an anti-CEA cross-reactive substance in the extracellular fluid of human pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "Identification of a macromolecule containing an anticarcinoembryonic antigen-reactive substance and immunoglobulin M in human pancreatic cancer. Ascitic fluid from a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The fraction precipitated between 25 and 50% saturation of ammonium sulfate was sequentially chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 6B. A macromolecular fraction (greater than 10(6) daltons) obtained was found to react with both antihuman IgM and antiserum to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This fraction was further purified by adsorption with protein A-Sepharose CL-4B and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The purified macromolecular fraction had a sedimentation value of 28S as determined by ultracentrifugation. Upon dissociation of the purified macromolecule at pH 2.3 and purification of the dissociated components on Sepharose CL-2B and BioGel A 1.5M, a 19S protein and a 5S protein were recovered. The 19S protein showed a complete line of identity with a reference human IgM when reacted with antihuman IgM in gel diffusion, whereas the 5S protein showed a partial immunologic identity with colon CEA against anti-CEA. These results indicated the existence of an IgM-containing macromolecular complex with an anti-CEA cross-reactive substance in the extracellular fluid of human pancreatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:280708", "title": "Cytologic correlates of chemical carcinogens in respiratory tracts of dogs.", "content": "During canine respiratory carcinogenesis studies with benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU), a stereotypic pattern of cytomorphology characteristic for each carcinogen was observed. In the early stage, BP induced changes primarily in the cytoplasm. These changes consisted of incresaed size, basophilia, and vacuolization. In contrast, NMU induced primarily nuclear enlargement and enhanced the prominence of the nucleolus. Subsequently, cells exposed to BP demonstrated pleomorphism of the cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas cells exposed to NMU formed bizarre spindle-shaped cells. Cells were generally more scattered from one another following BP treatment than after NMU treatment. When the mucosa was exposed to NMU after the previous use of BP, the cytologic findings promptly became those characteristic of NMU.", "contents": "Cytologic correlates of chemical carcinogens in respiratory tracts of dogs. During canine respiratory carcinogenesis studies with benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU), a stereotypic pattern of cytomorphology characteristic for each carcinogen was observed. In the early stage, BP induced changes primarily in the cytoplasm. These changes consisted of incresaed size, basophilia, and vacuolization. In contrast, NMU induced primarily nuclear enlargement and enhanced the prominence of the nucleolus. Subsequently, cells exposed to BP demonstrated pleomorphism of the cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas cells exposed to NMU formed bizarre spindle-shaped cells. Cells were generally more scattered from one another following BP treatment than after NMU treatment. When the mucosa was exposed to NMU after the previous use of BP, the cytologic findings promptly became those characteristic of NMU."}
{"id": "PMID:280709", "title": "Cytochemical study on uptake of exogenous peroxidase by Vx2 carcinoma cells transplanted into the rabbit.", "content": "When horse-radish peroxidase (HPO) was administered iv to Vx2 carcinoma-bearing rabbits, an HPO reaction product was detected in the lumina of blood vessels and the extracellular spaces between tumor cells in the first few minutes after administration. HPO was also seen in vesicles in tumor cells. Fifteen minutes to 1 hour after administration, the HPO reaction product was found mainly in the large membrane-bound vacuoles. Within 6--12 hours, the HPO activity gradually diminished in large membrane-bound vacuoles (lysosomes). In conclusion, exogenous HPO was rapidly incorporated into Vx2 carcinoma cells by pinocytosis, and then pinocytotic vesicles were fused with lysosomes.", "contents": "Cytochemical study on uptake of exogenous peroxidase by Vx2 carcinoma cells transplanted into the rabbit. When horse-radish peroxidase (HPO) was administered iv to Vx2 carcinoma-bearing rabbits, an HPO reaction product was detected in the lumina of blood vessels and the extracellular spaces between tumor cells in the first few minutes after administration. HPO was also seen in vesicles in tumor cells. Fifteen minutes to 1 hour after administration, the HPO reaction product was found mainly in the large membrane-bound vacuoles. Within 6--12 hours, the HPO activity gradually diminished in large membrane-bound vacuoles (lysosomes). In conclusion, exogenous HPO was rapidly incorporated into Vx2 carcinoma cells by pinocytosis, and then pinocytotic vesicles were fused with lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:280710", "title": "Effect of anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in hamsters given benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide.", "content": "The effects of an anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in noninbred Syrian golden hamsters were investigated after intratracheal instillation of a benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide mixture. Inhalation anesthesia with ether or methoxyflurane was accomplished with a closed recirculatory system that allowed a short induction time for anesthesia and a good control over the concentration of anesthetic. This type of anesthetic induction was compared with systemic induction by Brevital. Survival rates during the 10 weekly instillations were least for the Brevital-treated group and greatest for the methoxyflurane-treated group. Body weight gain was lower in both the ether- and Brevital-treated groups as compared to the group anesthetized with methoxyflurane. The animals anesthetized with Brevital had the shortest tumor latency, but the tumor incidence during the weeks of the experiment was similar in the group treated with this agent and the group treated with ether. Exposure to methoxyflurane and the carcinogen produced a slow onset of deaths from tumors and lower tumor incidence. These results are discussed in relation to retention of the dose of carcinogen in the respiratory tract and effect of inhalation anesthia on consequent lung tissue pathology.", "contents": "Effect of anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in hamsters given benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide. The effects of an anesthetic agent on lung tumor induction in noninbred Syrian golden hamsters were investigated after intratracheal instillation of a benzo[a]pyrene-ferric oxide mixture. Inhalation anesthesia with ether or methoxyflurane was accomplished with a closed recirculatory system that allowed a short induction time for anesthesia and a good control over the concentration of anesthetic. This type of anesthetic induction was compared with systemic induction by Brevital. Survival rates during the 10 weekly instillations were least for the Brevital-treated group and greatest for the methoxyflurane-treated group. Body weight gain was lower in both the ether- and Brevital-treated groups as compared to the group anesthetized with methoxyflurane. The animals anesthetized with Brevital had the shortest tumor latency, but the tumor incidence during the weeks of the experiment was similar in the group treated with this agent and the group treated with ether. Exposure to methoxyflurane and the carcinogen produced a slow onset of deaths from tumors and lower tumor incidence. These results are discussed in relation to retention of the dose of carcinogen in the respiratory tract and effect of inhalation anesthia on consequent lung tissue pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:280711", "title": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice.", "content": "Spleen natural killer (NK) activity was investigated in cells from C57BL/6J mice treated with various chemotherapeutic agents; 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 lymphoma cells were used as targets. Treatment with azathioprine (a single injection of 100-400 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 80 mg/kg lp) and cyclophosphamide (a single injection of 50--200 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 25 mg/kg ip) resulted in a marked dose-dependent inhibition of NK activity 2 days later. NK cells recovered rapidly from drug-induced suppression; by 7 days after drug treatment, no difference from control values was observed. Dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide (20--200 mg/kg ip) and adriamycin (10--15 mg/kg iv) did not impair natural cytotoxicity per unit number of lymphoid cells, daunomycin (10 mg/kg iv) caused borderline impairment of NK acitivity, and N-trifluoroacetyl-adriamycin-14-valerate (80 mg/kg iv) markedly suppressed natural cytotoxicity. These results are discussed in light of the known effects of these agents on T-cells, B-cells, and K-cells and on hematopoietic histocompatibility-type reactions.", "contents": "Effect of chemotherapeutic agents on natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice. Spleen natural killer (NK) activity was investigated in cells from C57BL/6J mice treated with various chemotherapeutic agents; 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 lymphoma cells were used as targets. Treatment with azathioprine (a single injection of 100-400 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 80 mg/kg lp) and cyclophosphamide (a single injection of 50--200 mg/kg ip or 5 daily doses of 25 mg/kg ip) resulted in a marked dose-dependent inhibition of NK activity 2 days later. NK cells recovered rapidly from drug-induced suppression; by 7 days after drug treatment, no difference from control values was observed. Dimethyltriazenoimidazole carboxamide (20--200 mg/kg ip) and adriamycin (10--15 mg/kg iv) did not impair natural cytotoxicity per unit number of lymphoid cells, daunomycin (10 mg/kg iv) caused borderline impairment of NK acitivity, and N-trifluoroacetyl-adriamycin-14-valerate (80 mg/kg iv) markedly suppressed natural cytotoxicity. These results are discussed in light of the known effects of these agents on T-cells, B-cells, and K-cells and on hematopoietic histocompatibility-type reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:280712", "title": "Effect of intestinal microflora on 2,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced carcinogenesis in F344 rats.", "content": "The effect of intestinal microflora on colon and breast carcinogenesis induced by 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) was studied with the use of germfree and conventional F344 rats of both sexes. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given 20 weekly sc injections of DMAB in corn oil (100 mg/kg body wt/wk). Male animals were autopsied 15 weeks after the last injection, whereas female animals were autopsied 10 weeks after the last injection. Tumors were induced in the colons, duodena, breasts, ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin of conventional rats, and in the colons, breasts, ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin of germfree rats. No consistent difference was found in the incidence of tumors in the ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin between the germfree and conventional rats. None of the germfree rats showed duodenal tumors, whereas 13% of the female and 53% of the male conventional rats developed duodenal tumors. The incidence of intestinal tumors was lower in the germfree rats than in conventional animals. The mammary tumor incidence was lower in germfree female rats than in the conventional female rats than in the conventional females. DMAB induced fewer intestinal and breast tumors in germfree rats than in conventional rats.", "contents": "Effect of intestinal microflora on 2,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced carcinogenesis in F344 rats. The effect of intestinal microflora on colon and breast carcinogenesis induced by 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) was studied with the use of germfree and conventional F344 rats of both sexes. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given 20 weekly sc injections of DMAB in corn oil (100 mg/kg body wt/wk). Male animals were autopsied 15 weeks after the last injection, whereas female animals were autopsied 10 weeks after the last injection. Tumors were induced in the colons, duodena, breasts, ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin of conventional rats, and in the colons, breasts, ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin of germfree rats. No consistent difference was found in the incidence of tumors in the ear ducts, salivary glands, and skin between the germfree and conventional rats. None of the germfree rats showed duodenal tumors, whereas 13% of the female and 53% of the male conventional rats developed duodenal tumors. The incidence of intestinal tumors was lower in the germfree rats than in conventional animals. The mammary tumor incidence was lower in germfree female rats than in the conventional female rats than in the conventional females. DMAB induced fewer intestinal and breast tumors in germfree rats than in conventional rats."}
{"id": "PMID:280714", "title": "Genetic resistance in Japanese wild mice (Mus musculus molossinus) to an NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus.", "content": "Wild mice (Sk, Hz-Vl, Hz-IV Om, Mol.A, Fu, Te, and Sn) trapped in various areas of Japan were crossed with mice of inbred strains (C57BL/6, C57L, BALB/c, and C57BL/10), and their progeny were infected with NB-tropic Friend nurine leukemia virus. Ten days after infection, the spleens were weighed, examined for macroscopic focal lesions, and assayed for infectious virus by the XC test. Genetic analysis indicated that 4 of 8 mice tested had a dominant gene that suppresses the virus replication; the gene resembles the Fv-4' allele. No mice with the Fv-2' allele were found.", "contents": "Genetic resistance in Japanese wild mice (Mus musculus molossinus) to an NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus. Wild mice (Sk, Hz-Vl, Hz-IV Om, Mol.A, Fu, Te, and Sn) trapped in various areas of Japan were crossed with mice of inbred strains (C57BL/6, C57L, BALB/c, and C57BL/10), and their progeny were infected with NB-tropic Friend nurine leukemia virus. Ten days after infection, the spleens were weighed, examined for macroscopic focal lesions, and assayed for infectious virus by the XC test. Genetic analysis indicated that 4 of 8 mice tested had a dominant gene that suppresses the virus replication; the gene resembles the Fv-4' allele. No mice with the Fv-2' allele were found."}
{"id": "PMID:280715", "title": "Cell killing and kinetic effects of diglycolaldehyde on dividing and nondividing mammalian cells in vitro.", "content": "The effects of the anticancer drug diglycolaldehyde (NSC-118994) were studied on Chinese hamster ovary cells growing in vitro. Dividing cells, specifically those in S-phase, were more sensitive to the drug than were nondividing cells, although a large fraction of nondividing cells was also killed by doses up to 800 microgram/ml. Dose-dependent effects on cell progression kinetics were observed in all phases of the cell cycle except in mitosis, during which treated cells progressed at control rates into G1-phase. The inhibition of cell progression from G1- into S-phase (most sensitive phase of the cell cycle) put self-limiting restrictions on the cell killing effects of the drug.", "contents": "Cell killing and kinetic effects of diglycolaldehyde on dividing and nondividing mammalian cells in vitro. The effects of the anticancer drug diglycolaldehyde (NSC-118994) were studied on Chinese hamster ovary cells growing in vitro. Dividing cells, specifically those in S-phase, were more sensitive to the drug than were nondividing cells, although a large fraction of nondividing cells was also killed by doses up to 800 microgram/ml. Dose-dependent effects on cell progression kinetics were observed in all phases of the cell cycle except in mitosis, during which treated cells progressed at control rates into G1-phase. The inhibition of cell progression from G1- into S-phase (most sensitive phase of the cell cycle) put self-limiting restrictions on the cell killing effects of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:280716", "title": "Enhancement of rat hepatocellular-altered foci by the liver tumor promoter phenobarbital: evidence that foci are precursors of neoplasms and that the promoter acts on carcinogen-induced lesions.", "content": "Altered foci resistant to iron accumulation were induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide in livers made siderotic by feeding 8-hydroxyquinoline and ferrous gluconate to inbred F344 rats. Following cessation of carcinogen feeding, most foci reverted to iron accumulation and could no longer be detected by 24 weeks, but some persisted for this interval. Futhermore, in 2 groups, 33 and 50% of rats developed liver tumors by 24 weeks after removal of the carcinogen. The addition of phenobarbital to the diet after cessation of carcinogen feeding enhanced persistence of altered foci and increased the incidence of liver tumors to 78--89%.", "contents": "Enhancement of rat hepatocellular-altered foci by the liver tumor promoter phenobarbital: evidence that foci are precursors of neoplasms and that the promoter acts on carcinogen-induced lesions. Altered foci resistant to iron accumulation were induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide in livers made siderotic by feeding 8-hydroxyquinoline and ferrous gluconate to inbred F344 rats. Following cessation of carcinogen feeding, most foci reverted to iron accumulation and could no longer be detected by 24 weeks, but some persisted for this interval. Futhermore, in 2 groups, 33 and 50% of rats developed liver tumors by 24 weeks after removal of the carcinogen. The addition of phenobarbital to the diet after cessation of carcinogen feeding enhanced persistence of altered foci and increased the incidence of liver tumors to 78--89%."}
{"id": "PMID:280718", "title": "Tumorigenic effect of 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride in mice.", "content": "A solution of 0.125% 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive drug widely used in humans, was given continuously in drinking water for the life-spans of randomly bred Swiss mice. Consumption of the chemical significantly increased the lung tumor incidence from 36 to 60% in females and from 26 to 46% in males, compared to controls. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs.", "contents": "Tumorigenic effect of 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride in mice. A solution of 0.125% 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, an antihypertensive drug widely used in humans, was given continuously in drinking water for the life-spans of randomly bred Swiss mice. Consumption of the chemical significantly increased the lung tumor incidence from 36 to 60% in females and from 26 to 46% in males, compared to controls. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:280729", "title": "[Effector function of acute leukemias in \"spontaneous\" (SCMC) and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-tests (ADCC) (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from 13 untreated acute leukemia patients, 3 pre-leukemias 3 immunoblastic lymphadenopathias and one infectious mononucleosis showed significantly lower spontaneous (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr-labeled allogeneic melanoma cells of the IGR3 cell line than effector lymphocytes from 20 age- and sex matched control persons. While control lymphocytes exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity after depletion of mononuclear phagocytes (Fraction FFF), followed by the \"Ficoll\" purified Fraction F and defibrinated whole blood, the reverse was true for acute leukemias: here, the highest cytotoxicity was found in whole blood followed by the lymphocyte fractions F and FFF. Comparatively high cytotoxicity was found with two leukemia patients who had received blood transfusions the day before testing. During the course of an acute erythroleukemia chemotherapy drastically reduced SCMC and ADCC activities. A therapeutical splenectomy, on the other hand, did not affect cellular cytotoxicity in the case of a hairy cell leukemia. The angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies showed strikingly high percentages of EA- and EAC-rosettes forming cells and showed a marked increase of SCMC and ADCC activities after elimination of mononuclear phagocytes from the effector cell population.", "contents": "[Effector function of acute leukemias in \"spontaneous\" (SCMC) and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-tests (ADCC) (author's transl)]. Blood lymphocytes from 13 untreated acute leukemia patients, 3 pre-leukemias 3 immunoblastic lymphadenopathias and one infectious mononucleosis showed significantly lower spontaneous (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr-labeled allogeneic melanoma cells of the IGR3 cell line than effector lymphocytes from 20 age- and sex matched control persons. While control lymphocytes exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity after depletion of mononuclear phagocytes (Fraction FFF), followed by the \"Ficoll\" purified Fraction F and defibrinated whole blood, the reverse was true for acute leukemias: here, the highest cytotoxicity was found in whole blood followed by the lymphocyte fractions F and FFF. Comparatively high cytotoxicity was found with two leukemia patients who had received blood transfusions the day before testing. During the course of an acute erythroleukemia chemotherapy drastically reduced SCMC and ADCC activities. A therapeutical splenectomy, on the other hand, did not affect cellular cytotoxicity in the case of a hairy cell leukemia. The angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies showed strikingly high percentages of EA- and EAC-rosettes forming cells and showed a marked increase of SCMC and ADCC activities after elimination of mononuclear phagocytes from the effector cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:280730", "title": "[Reversible calcification of skeletal muscles in acute renal failure (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical course in two patients with acute renal failure and focal calcifications of skeletal muscle are reported. In the first case renal failure was due to a hypovolemia or shock combined with supercooling and alcoholic intoxication. In the second case a rhabdomyolytic crisis with myoglobinuria occurred. This patient was known to have a McArdle disease. Dialysis treatment was necessary in both cases in order to overcome the oligoanuric phase. Biopsy specimens from biceps muscle showed intense calcium deposits within the necrotic muscle fibres. In the beginning of oliguria remarkable hypocalcemia occurred followed by hypercalcemia. During the polyuric phase which was accompanied by hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria the calcium deposits disappeared completely. This could be demonstrated in our first case by a control biopsy.", "contents": "[Reversible calcification of skeletal muscles in acute renal failure (author's transl)]. The clinical course in two patients with acute renal failure and focal calcifications of skeletal muscle are reported. In the first case renal failure was due to a hypovolemia or shock combined with supercooling and alcoholic intoxication. In the second case a rhabdomyolytic crisis with myoglobinuria occurred. This patient was known to have a McArdle disease. Dialysis treatment was necessary in both cases in order to overcome the oligoanuric phase. Biopsy specimens from biceps muscle showed intense calcium deposits within the necrotic muscle fibres. In the beginning of oliguria remarkable hypocalcemia occurred followed by hypercalcemia. During the polyuric phase which was accompanied by hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria the calcium deposits disappeared completely. This could be demonstrated in our first case by a control biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:280739", "title": "Trends and variability in survival from osteosarcoma.", "content": "Survival of patients with primary osteosarcoma who received traditional surgical management has been very poor. Several studies have reported the percentage of patients alive 3 years after first treatment to be between 20 and 25%. In a study of such patients first treated at the Mayo Clinic between Jan. 1, 1963, and July 1, 1974, the survival noted in the first few years was typical of that of other reports, about 25%. However, by 1972 through mid-1974, the 3-year survival had become 50%. This improvement was not the result of adjuvant treatment or any basic change in type of patient treated, yet it is similar to that reported in connection with some of the new adjuvant therapies used in trials depending on historical controls. Our results cast doubt on findings made in the absence of concurrent, randomly selected controls.", "contents": "Trends and variability in survival from osteosarcoma. Survival of patients with primary osteosarcoma who received traditional surgical management has been very poor. Several studies have reported the percentage of patients alive 3 years after first treatment to be between 20 and 25%. In a study of such patients first treated at the Mayo Clinic between Jan. 1, 1963, and July 1, 1974, the survival noted in the first few years was typical of that of other reports, about 25%. However, by 1972 through mid-1974, the 3-year survival had become 50%. This improvement was not the result of adjuvant treatment or any basic change in type of patient treated, yet it is similar to that reported in connection with some of the new adjuvant therapies used in trials depending on historical controls. Our results cast doubt on findings made in the absence of concurrent, randomly selected controls."}
{"id": "PMID:280740", "title": "Leukemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1965--1974.", "content": "Extending a study of the period 1935-1964, we determined the incidence rates of leukemia in Olmsted County during the decade 1965-1974. In this decade, the overall crude annual incidence rate was 9.5 per 100,000. The ratio of males to females was 2.4 to 1; and the incidence rate was significantly higher among males than among females, especially in the older age groups. Adjusted for age and sex, the mean annual incidence rate among males (17.3) was significantly higher than rates reported previously from other areas (ranging from 10.7 to 13); and it had increased significantly during the 40 years 1935-1974 in Olmsted County. The increase was most prominent in males aged 50 and over, and was detectable only in the subgroup with acute myelocytic leukemia. The observed number of farmers (8) was significantly higher than expected (2.8).", "contents": "Leukemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1965--1974. Extending a study of the period 1935-1964, we determined the incidence rates of leukemia in Olmsted County during the decade 1965-1974. In this decade, the overall crude annual incidence rate was 9.5 per 100,000. The ratio of males to females was 2.4 to 1; and the incidence rate was significantly higher among males than among females, especially in the older age groups. Adjusted for age and sex, the mean annual incidence rate among males (17.3) was significantly higher than rates reported previously from other areas (ranging from 10.7 to 13); and it had increased significantly during the 40 years 1935-1974 in Olmsted County. The increase was most prominent in males aged 50 and over, and was detectable only in the subgroup with acute myelocytic leukemia. The observed number of farmers (8) was significantly higher than expected (2.8)."}
{"id": "PMID:280741", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia after irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "A case is presented in which the diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was made 16 months after the start of irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma. The association of these two diseases is rare. The etiologic role of therapy in the development of leukemia is speculative in this case. However, there is need for surveillance for secondary neoplasms of all types so that the benefits of therapy may be properly weighed against the risks.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia after irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma. A case is presented in which the diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic leukemia was made 16 months after the start of irradiation and chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma. The association of these two diseases is rare. The etiologic role of therapy in the development of leukemia is speculative in this case. However, there is need for surveillance for secondary neoplasms of all types so that the benefits of therapy may be properly weighed against the risks."}
{"id": "PMID:280742", "title": "The effects of mandatory quality assurance: a review of hospital medical audit processes.", "content": "A study of 17 hospitals in the Greater Delaware Valley region was undertaken in order to determine if those hospitals which had participated in an early voluntary effort to initiate medical audit differed qualitatively or quantitatively from a matched group of hospitals which had not participated in the previous project. The study also provided the opportunity to analyze the current status of medical audit in a group of hospitals which varied significantly in size, location, and educational responsibilities. Data regarding audit administrative organization, number of audits performed, type of system used, quality of audit criteria, and utilization of audit findings were gathered and analyzed. For these variables, no discernible differences were found between hospitals which had participated in the early voluntary project and those which had not. Wide variations were found among the hospitals in the extent to which medical audit processes were formalized and implemented. There were also variations in the quality of criteria formulated by the hospitals, but they generally did not receive a high rating. The implications of audit findings were generally not followed up in an organized and appropriate manner. Many hospitals which had received PSRO delegated status were given a low rating by the reviewers. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of mandatory quality assurance: a review of hospital medical audit processes. A study of 17 hospitals in the Greater Delaware Valley region was undertaken in order to determine if those hospitals which had participated in an early voluntary effort to initiate medical audit differed qualitatively or quantitatively from a matched group of hospitals which had not participated in the previous project. The study also provided the opportunity to analyze the current status of medical audit in a group of hospitals which varied significantly in size, location, and educational responsibilities. Data regarding audit administrative organization, number of audits performed, type of system used, quality of audit criteria, and utilization of audit findings were gathered and analyzed. For these variables, no discernible differences were found between hospitals which had participated in the early voluntary project and those which had not. Wide variations were found among the hospitals in the extent to which medical audit processes were formalized and implemented. There were also variations in the quality of criteria formulated by the hospitals, but they generally did not receive a high rating. The implications of audit findings were generally not followed up in an organized and appropriate manner. Many hospitals which had received PSRO delegated status were given a low rating by the reviewers. The implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280780", "title": "Spinal nerve compression: a cause of claudication.", "content": "Thirteen patients were referred with claudication thought by the referring doctor to be vascular in origin. A careful history and physical examination followed by contrast radiculography showed their symptoms to be due to spinal nerve compression. The clinical picture is presented and the main pitfalls in diagnosis is considered. It was stressed that the taking of a careful history is the most important factor in arriving at a correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Spinal nerve compression: a cause of claudication. Thirteen patients were referred with claudication thought by the referring doctor to be vascular in origin. A careful history and physical examination followed by contrast radiculography showed their symptoms to be due to spinal nerve compression. The clinical picture is presented and the main pitfalls in diagnosis is considered. It was stressed that the taking of a careful history is the most important factor in arriving at a correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:280785", "title": "Factors associated with planned and unplanned nuptial births.", "content": "The incidence of unplanned pregnancy in a cohort of 1038 mothers of nuptial children was examined. The major findings were: (1) about one third of the pregnancies were unplanned but there was little evidence that unplanned children were unwanted; (2) there was no evidence to suggest that unplanned birth was related to poor education, low socio-economic status or lack of knowledge of contraception; (3) 40 percent of unplanned births were the result of contraceptive failure; (4) a common denominator in 38 percent of unplanned births was failure or breakdown in the woman's usage of the contraceptive pill.", "contents": "Factors associated with planned and unplanned nuptial births. The incidence of unplanned pregnancy in a cohort of 1038 mothers of nuptial children was examined. The major findings were: (1) about one third of the pregnancies were unplanned but there was little evidence that unplanned children were unwanted; (2) there was no evidence to suggest that unplanned birth was related to poor education, low socio-economic status or lack of knowledge of contraception; (3) 40 percent of unplanned births were the result of contraceptive failure; (4) a common denominator in 38 percent of unplanned births was failure or breakdown in the woman's usage of the contraceptive pill."}
{"id": "PMID:280786", "title": "Routine serum lipid analysis in New Zealand.", "content": "For two years pairs of serum specimens with a wide range of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were regularly dispatched each month to all New Zealand medical laboratories known to measure blood lipids. Four weeks after specimen dispatch each laboratory received a report which displayed all results along with the overall means, standard deviations, and results from \"reference laboratories\". Six-monthly summaries were prepared for each laboratory in which the previous 12 results were compared with the corresponding \"target values\" by regression analysis. This allowed classification of inaccuracy into one or more of three categories. Random error (imprecision) explained most of the discrepancies, but systematic errors also contributed strongly to the observed interlaboratory variation. No single class of laboratories performed significantly differently from any others. Approximately 60 percent of the 16000 cholesterol analyses done each month in New Zealand, and 40 percent of the 10000 triglyceride analyses, are performed with precision thought to be adequate for clinical usage.", "contents": "Routine serum lipid analysis in New Zealand. For two years pairs of serum specimens with a wide range of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were regularly dispatched each month to all New Zealand medical laboratories known to measure blood lipids. Four weeks after specimen dispatch each laboratory received a report which displayed all results along with the overall means, standard deviations, and results from \"reference laboratories\". Six-monthly summaries were prepared for each laboratory in which the previous 12 results were compared with the corresponding \"target values\" by regression analysis. This allowed classification of inaccuracy into one or more of three categories. Random error (imprecision) explained most of the discrepancies, but systematic errors also contributed strongly to the observed interlaboratory variation. No single class of laboratories performed significantly differently from any others. Approximately 60 percent of the 16000 cholesterol analyses done each month in New Zealand, and 40 percent of the 10000 triglyceride analyses, are performed with precision thought to be adequate for clinical usage."}
{"id": "PMID:280787", "title": "Which disinfectant and where?", "content": "The introduction of a disinfection policy for a hospital and its supervision and control, are discussed. The need for total staff co-operation is highlighted with laboratory monitoring, an essential component to determine the success of the policy and to detect breakdowns in techniques.", "contents": "Which disinfectant and where? The introduction of a disinfection policy for a hospital and its supervision and control, are discussed. The need for total staff co-operation is highlighted with laboratory monitoring, an essential component to determine the success of the policy and to detect breakdowns in techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:280788", "title": "Cigarette smoking in New Zealand: Results from the 1976 population census.", "content": "The 1976 New Zealand Census included information about 2 201 178 persons over 15 years. Thirty-eight percent of men and 31 percent of women smoked cigarettes regularly. The peak age for male smoking is from 45-49 years and in men aged 35 to 39 years more than half (55 percent) smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. In the youngest age group (15 to 19 years) more girls than boys are cigarette smokers. Sixteen percent of the population (353 627) stated that they have given up regular cigarette smoking. Smoking is least prevalent in Nelson, Marlborough and Canterbury, while the greatest percentage of smokers are found in the East Coast of the North Island and Southland. Except for Southland, there are significantly more smokers in the younger age groups (16 to 24 years) in the North Island than in the South Island. Cigarette smoking in New Zealand is probably less prevalent than in the past and the figures compare favourably with those of other countries. However, the high levels of smoking among young people, particularly women, is a major health problem.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking in New Zealand: Results from the 1976 population census. The 1976 New Zealand Census included information about 2 201 178 persons over 15 years. Thirty-eight percent of men and 31 percent of women smoked cigarettes regularly. The peak age for male smoking is from 45-49 years and in men aged 35 to 39 years more than half (55 percent) smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. In the youngest age group (15 to 19 years) more girls than boys are cigarette smokers. Sixteen percent of the population (353 627) stated that they have given up regular cigarette smoking. Smoking is least prevalent in Nelson, Marlborough and Canterbury, while the greatest percentage of smokers are found in the East Coast of the North Island and Southland. Except for Southland, there are significantly more smokers in the younger age groups (16 to 24 years) in the North Island than in the South Island. Cigarette smoking in New Zealand is probably less prevalent than in the past and the figures compare favourably with those of other countries. However, the high levels of smoking among young people, particularly women, is a major health problem."}
{"id": "PMID:280789", "title": "Coronary heart disease in Maoris: incidence and case mortality.", "content": "In a sample of Maoris, the association between a five year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and standard risk factors is examined. Prediction of new cases of CHD is attempted, and systolic blood pressure is found to be the most important predictor in both males and females. Approximately half the new cases are not predicted by the best sets of discriminatory variables.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in Maoris: incidence and case mortality. In a sample of Maoris, the association between a five year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and standard risk factors is examined. Prediction of new cases of CHD is attempted, and systolic blood pressure is found to be the most important predictor in both males and females. Approximately half the new cases are not predicted by the best sets of discriminatory variables."}
{"id": "PMID:280790", "title": "Per endoscopic sphincterotomy: a minimum trauma technique for the removal of retained common bile duct stones.", "content": "Drainage of the biliary tree and removal of retained common bile duct stones can be achieved by performing a sphincterotomy of the ampulla of Vater using a diathermy sphincterotome directed through a fibre-optic endoscope. The procedure was successfully performed on two patients considered unfit for abdominal surgery. It is a useful method in selected patients to release stones retained in the common bile duct after cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Per endoscopic sphincterotomy: a minimum trauma technique for the removal of retained common bile duct stones. Drainage of the biliary tree and removal of retained common bile duct stones can be achieved by performing a sphincterotomy of the ampulla of Vater using a diathermy sphincterotome directed through a fibre-optic endoscope. The procedure was successfully performed on two patients considered unfit for abdominal surgery. It is a useful method in selected patients to release stones retained in the common bile duct after cholecystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:280791", "title": "Club foot in the Maori: a genetic study of 50 kindreds.", "content": "A genetic study of 50 Maori kindreds suggests club foot to be inherited as a polygenic trait as in Caucasians. A higher incidence of right foot involvement was present in the Maori. Empiric risk data indicated that if the index patient was female, the chance of subsequent children being affected was four percent. If the index patient was male, the chance of subsequent children being affected was nine percent, and if parent and child were affected, the chance of subsequent children being affected was 30 percent. These risks are much higher than found in Caucasians.", "contents": "Club foot in the Maori: a genetic study of 50 kindreds. A genetic study of 50 Maori kindreds suggests club foot to be inherited as a polygenic trait as in Caucasians. A higher incidence of right foot involvement was present in the Maori. Empiric risk data indicated that if the index patient was female, the chance of subsequent children being affected was four percent. If the index patient was male, the chance of subsequent children being affected was nine percent, and if parent and child were affected, the chance of subsequent children being affected was 30 percent. These risks are much higher than found in Caucasians."}
{"id": "PMID:280797", "title": "Renal tuberculosis in a multi-racial community.", "content": "There were 44 new cases of renal tuberculosis at the Waikato Hospital, 1961-1975. Thirty-three patients were Maoris or Polynesians and 10 Europeans. Most patients were adults. Culture of the urine and intravenous urography were the most useful diagnostic tests. The patients were treated with antituberculous chemotherapy. Seventeen had surgical procedures including 10 nephrectomies. In all there was one death. Factors concerned with prevention in high risk groups are discussed.", "contents": "Renal tuberculosis in a multi-racial community. There were 44 new cases of renal tuberculosis at the Waikato Hospital, 1961-1975. Thirty-three patients were Maoris or Polynesians and 10 Europeans. Most patients were adults. Culture of the urine and intravenous urography were the most useful diagnostic tests. The patients were treated with antituberculous chemotherapy. Seventeen had surgical procedures including 10 nephrectomies. In all there was one death. Factors concerned with prevention in high risk groups are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280799", "title": "Smoking habit and psychometric scores: a community study.", "content": "During the Milton health survey subjects completed a psychometric inventory consisting of the 48 questions of the Middlesex Hospital questionnaire (MHQ) and 26 from the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire (HDHQ) designed to examine nine psychological dimensions. The 1209 subjects were classified into smoking categories and the scores for each psychometric trait were calculated. Women scored higher than men and heavy smokers scored higher than \"never smokers\". The psychometric traits and the scores of the four smoking categories after correcting for age and Quetelet's index showed statistically significant differences by analysis of variance in respect of somatic anxiety and depression for both men and women; and free-floating anxiety, phobic anxiety, hysteria, acting out hostility, self criticism and guilt in women. For somatic anxiety the increase in score almost exactly paralleled the increasing quantity of tobacco consumed.", "contents": "Smoking habit and psychometric scores: a community study. During the Milton health survey subjects completed a psychometric inventory consisting of the 48 questions of the Middlesex Hospital questionnaire (MHQ) and 26 from the hostility and direction of hostility questionnaire (HDHQ) designed to examine nine psychological dimensions. The 1209 subjects were classified into smoking categories and the scores for each psychometric trait were calculated. Women scored higher than men and heavy smokers scored higher than \"never smokers\". The psychometric traits and the scores of the four smoking categories after correcting for age and Quetelet's index showed statistically significant differences by analysis of variance in respect of somatic anxiety and depression for both men and women; and free-floating anxiety, phobic anxiety, hysteria, acting out hostility, self criticism and guilt in women. For somatic anxiety the increase in score almost exactly paralleled the increasing quantity of tobacco consumed."}
{"id": "PMID:280800", "title": "Cytogenetic studies of pesticide and herbicide sprayers.", "content": "Fifty-seven herbicide and pesticide sprayers were studied for the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomes. Overall there was no difference between the control group and the sprayers. Five sprayers had an SCE rate three standard deviations outside the mean of the control group. Possible factors contributing to this elevated SCE rate were (1) the failure to use protective clothing and (2) the length of time spraying. Many sprayers failed to take adequate protective measures when mixing and spraying and chemicals were often improperly stored. It is recommended that all persons using herbicides and pesticides take adequate protective measures so that the risk of fatal poisoning and possible long-term genetic hazard be reduced.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies of pesticide and herbicide sprayers. Fifty-seven herbicide and pesticide sprayers were studied for the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomes. Overall there was no difference between the control group and the sprayers. Five sprayers had an SCE rate three standard deviations outside the mean of the control group. Possible factors contributing to this elevated SCE rate were (1) the failure to use protective clothing and (2) the length of time spraying. Many sprayers failed to take adequate protective measures when mixing and spraying and chemicals were often improperly stored. It is recommended that all persons using herbicides and pesticides take adequate protective measures so that the risk of fatal poisoning and possible long-term genetic hazard be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:280827", "title": "Spontaneous haemophthalmus in leukaemia.", "content": "Iris involvement in leukaemia has only rarely been described. A case of chronic myeloid leukaemia with uniocular involvement of the iris in particular, presenting with a spontaneous haemophthalmus, is reported, together with the ocular histopathology. The eye was blind due to a preceding injury.", "contents": "Spontaneous haemophthalmus in leukaemia. Iris involvement in leukaemia has only rarely been described. A case of chronic myeloid leukaemia with uniocular involvement of the iris in particular, presenting with a spontaneous haemophthalmus, is reported, together with the ocular histopathology. The eye was blind due to a preceding injury."}
{"id": "PMID:280828", "title": "Predisposing and operative factors: effect on the incidence of localized osteitis in mandibular third-molar surgery.", "content": "Five hundred and four bilateral mandibular third-molar extraction sites were examined postoperatively for localized osteitis. All sites received a mechanical lavage of either 350 ml, or 175 ml. of sterile normal saline solution. No significant differences were observed relative to the effect of lavage volume on the incidence of iocalized osteitis. A preoperative antimicrobial mouthrinse of chloramine-T (sodium-p-toluene sulfonchloramide) was also used by one half of the patients. Although only slight differences were noted in healing with the different lavage volumes of the chloramine-T, certain predisposing factors contributed significant differences.", "contents": "Predisposing and operative factors: effect on the incidence of localized osteitis in mandibular third-molar surgery. Five hundred and four bilateral mandibular third-molar extraction sites were examined postoperatively for localized osteitis. All sites received a mechanical lavage of either 350 ml, or 175 ml. of sterile normal saline solution. No significant differences were observed relative to the effect of lavage volume on the incidence of iocalized osteitis. A preoperative antimicrobial mouthrinse of chloramine-T (sodium-p-toluene sulfonchloramide) was also used by one half of the patients. Although only slight differences were noted in healing with the different lavage volumes of the chloramine-T, certain predisposing factors contributed significant differences."}
{"id": "PMID:280829", "title": "Oral ulceration associated with hypothyroidism. Report of a case.", "content": "The case of a 62-year-old woman with idiopathic primary hypothyroidism and persistent lingual ulceration is described. The patient had no previous history of any form of oral ulceration, and the ulcers healed rapidly after treatment of the hypothyroid state. The investigation of patients with suspected hypothyroidism is discussed briefly, together with the possible theoretical mechanisms which might predispose to ulceration.", "contents": "Oral ulceration associated with hypothyroidism. Report of a case. The case of a 62-year-old woman with idiopathic primary hypothyroidism and persistent lingual ulceration is described. The patient had no previous history of any form of oral ulceration, and the ulcers healed rapidly after treatment of the hypothyroid state. The investigation of patients with suspected hypothyroidism is discussed briefly, together with the possible theoretical mechanisms which might predispose to ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:280830", "title": "Acinic cell tumors of minor salivary gland origin.", "content": "Acinic cell tumors of minor salivary glands are most uncommon. Search of the English language literature revealed twenty previously reported cases. Nine additional cases are newly described. Most patients presented with asymptomatic swellings, but pain and tenderness were experienced by some. Sites of involvement were variable, with the palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth being the most commonly afflicted. One new case occurred centrally within the mandible. There was no sex predominance. A spectrum of histomorphologic characteristics included solid, microcystic, papillary cystic, and follicular patterns composed of acinic, intercalated duct, vacuolated, and nonspecific glandular cells. Follow-up data on ten cases from the literature and the nine new cases revealed that one patient died of tumor, one was alive with distant metastases, and one had been successfully treated for local recurrence. The patient representing the single fatality was treated by irradiation only. Surgical excision with a border of normal tissue seems to be effective treatment. The use of \"carcinoma\" as an appropriate designation for this neoplasm is questioned.", "contents": "Acinic cell tumors of minor salivary gland origin. Acinic cell tumors of minor salivary glands are most uncommon. Search of the English language literature revealed twenty previously reported cases. Nine additional cases are newly described. Most patients presented with asymptomatic swellings, but pain and tenderness were experienced by some. Sites of involvement were variable, with the palate, tongue, and floor of the mouth being the most commonly afflicted. One new case occurred centrally within the mandible. There was no sex predominance. A spectrum of histomorphologic characteristics included solid, microcystic, papillary cystic, and follicular patterns composed of acinic, intercalated duct, vacuolated, and nonspecific glandular cells. Follow-up data on ten cases from the literature and the nine new cases revealed that one patient died of tumor, one was alive with distant metastases, and one had been successfully treated for local recurrence. The patient representing the single fatality was treated by irradiation only. Surgical excision with a border of normal tissue seems to be effective treatment. The use of \"carcinoma\" as an appropriate designation for this neoplasm is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:280831", "title": "Oral lesions in Crohn's disease: report of two cases and update of the literature.", "content": "A review of twenty-two previously reported cases and two new cases of oral lesions of Crohn's disease shows that there is a predilection for occurrence in certain anatomic sites and that the appearance of lesions is dependent on location. The most frequently affected areas and their respective appearances are the buccal mucosa, showing a cobblestone pattern; the vestibule, demonstrating linear, hyperplastic folds and ulcers; and the lips, appearing diffusely swollen and indurated. Less frequent are lesions of the gingiva and alveolar mucosa, which reveal a granular, erythematous swelling, and the palate, represented by multiple ulcers of the aphthous type. The significance of the clinical lesions and their microscopic features id discussed, as is a differential diagnosis in similar-appearing lesions.", "contents": "Oral lesions in Crohn's disease: report of two cases and update of the literature. A review of twenty-two previously reported cases and two new cases of oral lesions of Crohn's disease shows that there is a predilection for occurrence in certain anatomic sites and that the appearance of lesions is dependent on location. The most frequently affected areas and their respective appearances are the buccal mucosa, showing a cobblestone pattern; the vestibule, demonstrating linear, hyperplastic folds and ulcers; and the lips, appearing diffusely swollen and indurated. Less frequent are lesions of the gingiva and alveolar mucosa, which reveal a granular, erythematous swelling, and the palate, represented by multiple ulcers of the aphthous type. The significance of the clinical lesions and their microscopic features id discussed, as is a differential diagnosis in similar-appearing lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:280833", "title": "Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Report of a case in a Nigerian.", "content": "Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma is very rare and has not previously been reported from Nigeria. The case described here had typical clinical features, but the microscopic findings were unusual and difficult to interpret. The pathogenetic relationship between ameloblastic fibroma and fibrosarcoma is discussed.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. Report of a case in a Nigerian. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma is very rare and has not previously been reported from Nigeria. The case described here had typical clinical features, but the microscopic findings were unusual and difficult to interpret. The pathogenetic relationship between ameloblastic fibroma and fibrosarcoma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280834", "title": "Bilateral dens invaginatus with associated radicular cysts. A case report.", "content": "A case report is presented describing bilateral dens invaginatus of the maxillary lateral incisors. Pulpal disease of the lateral incisors resulted in radicular cysts with the right cyst expanding to cause the eventual loss of four teeth. Removal of the cysts was followed by normal healing. Early detection of the bilateral dens invaginatus might well have resulted in successful interceptive care.", "contents": "Bilateral dens invaginatus with associated radicular cysts. A case report. A case report is presented describing bilateral dens invaginatus of the maxillary lateral incisors. Pulpal disease of the lateral incisors resulted in radicular cysts with the right cyst expanding to cause the eventual loss of four teeth. Removal of the cysts was followed by normal healing. Early detection of the bilateral dens invaginatus might well have resulted in successful interceptive care."}
{"id": "PMID:280836", "title": "Tissue formation in the root canal after total pulpectomy and partial root filling.", "content": "In twenty human teeth, total removal of the pulp was attempted, and the root canal was filled 2 to 4 mm. short of the foramen in the same sitting. The root filling consisted of gutta-percha points and Kloroperka N-\u00f6 as a sealer. The teeth were extracted after observation periods of 2, 6, and 10 months and committed to histologic examination. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated that after 2 months, the space in the canal between the root filling and the foramen was occupied by connective tissue slightly inflamed in the area adjacent to the root filling. After 6 and 10 months the entire space contained a fully developed cell-rich fibrous tissue, and only a few lymphocytes were observed adjacent to the root filling material.", "contents": "Tissue formation in the root canal after total pulpectomy and partial root filling. In twenty human teeth, total removal of the pulp was attempted, and the root canal was filled 2 to 4 mm. short of the foramen in the same sitting. The root filling consisted of gutta-percha points and Kloroperka N-\u00f6 as a sealer. The teeth were extracted after observation periods of 2, 6, and 10 months and committed to histologic examination. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated that after 2 months, the space in the canal between the root filling and the foramen was occupied by connective tissue slightly inflamed in the area adjacent to the root filling. After 6 and 10 months the entire space contained a fully developed cell-rich fibrous tissue, and only a few lymphocytes were observed adjacent to the root filling material."}
{"id": "PMID:280842", "title": "Single arch stabilization devices for segmental orthognathic surgery.", "content": "Single arch stabilization of segmental osteotomies is desirable because it eliminates intermaxillary fixation while it, in turn, improves oral hygiene and communication and patient comfort, function, and acceptability. Orthodontic appliances with stabilizing arch wires are the method of choice if available. Arch bars modified for segmental stabilization function very well as an alternative to orthodontic appliances. Cast splints are also useful for these cases, although cost and the need for expert laboratory support limit their acceptability. Certain other devices, such as palatal and lingual plates and interocclusal wafers, provide additional support for several of the above-mentioned stabilization systems.", "contents": "Single arch stabilization devices for segmental orthognathic surgery. Single arch stabilization of segmental osteotomies is desirable because it eliminates intermaxillary fixation while it, in turn, improves oral hygiene and communication and patient comfort, function, and acceptability. Orthodontic appliances with stabilizing arch wires are the method of choice if available. Arch bars modified for segmental stabilization function very well as an alternative to orthodontic appliances. Cast splints are also useful for these cases, although cost and the need for expert laboratory support limit their acceptability. Certain other devices, such as palatal and lingual plates and interocclusal wafers, provide additional support for several of the above-mentioned stabilization systems."}
{"id": "PMID:280843", "title": "Long-term follow-up and evaluation of transplantation of fully developed teeth.", "content": "Five cases of transplantation of fully developed third molars to second or first molar sites have been reported. Three of the transplants were in the mandibular molar region and two were in the maxillary molar region. There has been long-term follow-up and evaluation of the patients in these cases up to 13 years postoperatively. None of the patients had any complaint about the transplanted tooth at the long-term follow-up visit. In all five cases, at the long-term follow-up visit, the periodontal tissues were in excellent condition and there was growth of new attachment, as demonstrated by lamina dura and periodontal membrane space in the follow-up radiographs, deposition of secondary calcification of varying amounts within the root canals and pulp chamber, and regeneration of bone in the periapical and lateral areas. There was very little, if any, resorption demonstrated in any of these five cases. The ages of patients ranged from 17 to 23 years at the time of transplantation. Regeneration of the buccal plate was demonstrated by photographs in one of the two cases where there was surgical exposure of the region of the buccal plate at a postoperative follow-up visit.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up and evaluation of transplantation of fully developed teeth. Five cases of transplantation of fully developed third molars to second or first molar sites have been reported. Three of the transplants were in the mandibular molar region and two were in the maxillary molar region. There has been long-term follow-up and evaluation of the patients in these cases up to 13 years postoperatively. None of the patients had any complaint about the transplanted tooth at the long-term follow-up visit. In all five cases, at the long-term follow-up visit, the periodontal tissues were in excellent condition and there was growth of new attachment, as demonstrated by lamina dura and periodontal membrane space in the follow-up radiographs, deposition of secondary calcification of varying amounts within the root canals and pulp chamber, and regeneration of bone in the periapical and lateral areas. There was very little, if any, resorption demonstrated in any of these five cases. The ages of patients ranged from 17 to 23 years at the time of transplantation. Regeneration of the buccal plate was demonstrated by photographs in one of the two cases where there was surgical exposure of the region of the buccal plate at a postoperative follow-up visit."}
{"id": "PMID:280844", "title": "Eagle's syndrome. Report of a case.", "content": "This case report demonstrates an uncommon, symptomatic elongated styloid process that did not conform to the usual clinical features. The patient was under 30 years of age when the symptoms appeared. He experienced the classic symptoms without prior tonsillectomy; he also experienced carotid artery syndrome symptoms. However, the patient did receive the common diagnosis seen in many cases of unexplained chronic head and neck pain. He was simply labeled a psychotic with no just cause for pain.", "contents": "Eagle's syndrome. Report of a case. This case report demonstrates an uncommon, symptomatic elongated styloid process that did not conform to the usual clinical features. The patient was under 30 years of age when the symptoms appeared. He experienced the classic symptoms without prior tonsillectomy; he also experienced carotid artery syndrome symptoms. However, the patient did receive the common diagnosis seen in many cases of unexplained chronic head and neck pain. He was simply labeled a psychotic with no just cause for pain."}
{"id": "PMID:280845", "title": "Psychosexual dysfunction in patients with immobilized jaws.", "content": "The purposes of this study were to determine and evaluate the psychosexual behavior of selected patients whose jaws were immobilized. Data for this pilot study were collected by using a standardized interview protocol with ten patients whose jaws were immobilized. The interview questions were designed to ascertain whether sexual problems existed, the nature and management of these problems, and the suggested role the operating surgeon might assume in assisting the patient. The data revealed that sexual difficulties were experienced by nine of these patients, and many of their problems were similar. The chief complaints included: (1) shortness of breath during sexual intercourse, (2) difficulty in oral foreplay, (3) poor verbal communication, (4) altered self-image, (5) sexual dysfunctions induced by pain medication, (6) depression, and (7) a lack of ability to exercise oral-genital sexual contact. Nine of the ten patients agreed that the operating surgeon should inform his or her patients with immobilized jaws of potential sexual disability. We believe that additional studies of these problems could enhance the management of patients with oral and maxillofacial injuries.", "contents": "Psychosexual dysfunction in patients with immobilized jaws. The purposes of this study were to determine and evaluate the psychosexual behavior of selected patients whose jaws were immobilized. Data for this pilot study were collected by using a standardized interview protocol with ten patients whose jaws were immobilized. The interview questions were designed to ascertain whether sexual problems existed, the nature and management of these problems, and the suggested role the operating surgeon might assume in assisting the patient. The data revealed that sexual difficulties were experienced by nine of these patients, and many of their problems were similar. The chief complaints included: (1) shortness of breath during sexual intercourse, (2) difficulty in oral foreplay, (3) poor verbal communication, (4) altered self-image, (5) sexual dysfunctions induced by pain medication, (6) depression, and (7) a lack of ability to exercise oral-genital sexual contact. Nine of the ten patients agreed that the operating surgeon should inform his or her patients with immobilized jaws of potential sexual disability. We believe that additional studies of these problems could enhance the management of patients with oral and maxillofacial injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:280846", "title": "Periodic migrainous neuralgia: a cause of dental pain.", "content": "The clinical findings in thirty-five cases of periodic migrainous neuralgia (PMN) are given. Typical case histories are used to illustrate the fact that the condition may mimic dental pain. The nomenclature and association of the condition with migraine are briefly discussed, and a plea is made that the condition always be considered in cases of facial pain, when other clinical features of the disease are present, in order to save needless loss of teeth and delay in treatment.", "contents": "Periodic migrainous neuralgia: a cause of dental pain. The clinical findings in thirty-five cases of periodic migrainous neuralgia (PMN) are given. Typical case histories are used to illustrate the fact that the condition may mimic dental pain. The nomenclature and association of the condition with migraine are briefly discussed, and a plea is made that the condition always be considered in cases of facial pain, when other clinical features of the disease are present, in order to save needless loss of teeth and delay in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:280848", "title": "Maxillary intraosseous neuroepithelial structures resembling those seen in the organ of Chievitz.", "content": "Epithelial rests residing within nerve fibers coursing through histologically normal osseous marrow spaces are described. These structures appear to be identical to those found in the pterygomandibular space in a structure known as the organ of Chievitz. Their function is unknown, and yet it is hypothesized that they play a role in neurosensory mechanisms.", "contents": "Maxillary intraosseous neuroepithelial structures resembling those seen in the organ of Chievitz. Epithelial rests residing within nerve fibers coursing through histologically normal osseous marrow spaces are described. These structures appear to be identical to those found in the pterygomandibular space in a structure known as the organ of Chievitz. Their function is unknown, and yet it is hypothesized that they play a role in neurosensory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:280849", "title": "Effect of renovascular hypertension of the morphology of oral blood vessels.", "content": "Renovascular hypertension was created in twenty adult male rats to study the effects of systolic hypertension on the morphology of vessels supplying the gingiva, periodontal membrane, pulp tissue, and alveolar bone. Gingival arterioles showed changes consisting mainly of proliferation of the intima and elastic layers, some hyalinization of the wall, and reduction of the lumen. Similar but less frequent changes were observed in the vessels feeding the periodontal membrane; however, pulp tissue and alveolar arterioles were unaltered.", "contents": "Effect of renovascular hypertension of the morphology of oral blood vessels. Renovascular hypertension was created in twenty adult male rats to study the effects of systolic hypertension on the morphology of vessels supplying the gingiva, periodontal membrane, pulp tissue, and alveolar bone. Gingival arterioles showed changes consisting mainly of proliferation of the intima and elastic layers, some hyalinization of the wall, and reduction of the lumen. Similar but less frequent changes were observed in the vessels feeding the periodontal membrane; however, pulp tissue and alveolar arterioles were unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:280850", "title": "A draining sinus tract of the chin. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of a relatively rare occurrence--a draining sinus tract on the chin which originated from an abscessed lower incisor--is presented. The sequence of treatment and mode of healing are discussed, and the importance of an awareness of this phenomenon for the differential diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "A draining sinus tract of the chin. Report of a case. A case of a relatively rare occurrence--a draining sinus tract on the chin which originated from an abscessed lower incisor--is presented. The sequence of treatment and mode of healing are discussed, and the importance of an awareness of this phenomenon for the differential diagnosis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:280851", "title": "Radiation exposure during panoramic radiography in children.", "content": "In an effort to determine the amount of radiation exposure a child receives during a panoramic radiograph and to evaluate the effect of a protective thyroid collar, dosimeter readings were made on twenty-nine child patients at fourteen anatomic sites. The levels of radiation recorded were similar to those previously recorded for adults and phantoms, except for greater doses in the thyroid area. Placement of a lead-lined thyroid collar resulted in significant reduction of the thyroid doses.", "contents": "Radiation exposure during panoramic radiography in children. In an effort to determine the amount of radiation exposure a child receives during a panoramic radiograph and to evaluate the effect of a protective thyroid collar, dosimeter readings were made on twenty-nine child patients at fourteen anatomic sites. The levels of radiation recorded were similar to those previously recorded for adults and phantoms, except for greater doses in the thyroid area. Placement of a lead-lined thyroid collar resulted in significant reduction of the thyroid doses."}
{"id": "PMID:280852", "title": "The influence of dental restorations on salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "During sequential salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate, circumscript \"cold\" areas with less than background activity are sometimes seen in the region of the oral cavity. This phenomenon is due to the presence of extensive dental restorations and should not be misinterpreted in terms of deficient 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in the minor salivary glands of the oral cavity.", "contents": "The influence of dental restorations on salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate. During sequential salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate, circumscript \"cold\" areas with less than background activity are sometimes seen in the region of the oral cavity. This phenomenon is due to the presence of extensive dental restorations and should not be misinterpreted in terms of deficient 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake in the minor salivary glands of the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:280855", "title": "Clinical significance of supplementary innervation of the lower incisor teeth: a dissection study of the mylohyoid nerve.", "content": "In view of the relevance of the mylohyoid nerve to clinical difficulties in achieving deep analgesia of the lower incisors, a dissection study was undertaken. Dissection from twenty-six adult cadavers of both sexes were studied with the aid of a dissecting microscope. The following observations were made: (1) A supplementary branch of the mylohyoid nerve entered the mandible through accessory foramina in the lingual side of the mandibular symphysis in 50% of the cases. (2) It generally arose from the right side (76.9%) and entered the inferior retromental foramen (84.6%). (3) The mylohyoid nerve branch either ended directly in the incisor teeth and the gingiva or joined the ipsilateral or contralateral incisive nerve. In view of this information concerning the high incidence of possible involvement of the mylohyoid nerve in mandibular sensory innervation, it is advisable to block it whenever intervention in the lower incisors is indicated. Routine mylohyoid injection is recommended after mental nerve block. If the inferior alveolar nerve is chosen for anesthetic purposes, additional mylohyoid injection should be given only if pain persists. The mylohyoid injection should be given at the inferior retromental foramen on the median aspect of the inferior border of the mandible through extraoral approach.", "contents": "Clinical significance of supplementary innervation of the lower incisor teeth: a dissection study of the mylohyoid nerve. In view of the relevance of the mylohyoid nerve to clinical difficulties in achieving deep analgesia of the lower incisors, a dissection study was undertaken. Dissection from twenty-six adult cadavers of both sexes were studied with the aid of a dissecting microscope. The following observations were made: (1) A supplementary branch of the mylohyoid nerve entered the mandible through accessory foramina in the lingual side of the mandibular symphysis in 50% of the cases. (2) It generally arose from the right side (76.9%) and entered the inferior retromental foramen (84.6%). (3) The mylohyoid nerve branch either ended directly in the incisor teeth and the gingiva or joined the ipsilateral or contralateral incisive nerve. In view of this information concerning the high incidence of possible involvement of the mylohyoid nerve in mandibular sensory innervation, it is advisable to block it whenever intervention in the lower incisors is indicated. Routine mylohyoid injection is recommended after mental nerve block. If the inferior alveolar nerve is chosen for anesthetic purposes, additional mylohyoid injection should be given only if pain persists. The mylohyoid injection should be given at the inferior retromental foramen on the median aspect of the inferior border of the mandible through extraoral approach."}
{"id": "PMID:280857", "title": "Erythema multiforme. Clinical characteristics and natural history in fifty patients.", "content": "Erythema multiforme is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease with a variable recurrent pattern. Thirty female and twenty male patients, ranging in age from 11 to 75 years, were studied. Twelve patients had oral lesions only, nineteen had oral and lip changes, and nineteen had oral, lip, and skin involvements. Most of the patients had a noncyclical pattern of attacks which required systemic corticosteroid therapy. When the disease attacks electively were not treated, healing would vary between 2 and 24 weeks. This study confirmed the idiopathic nature and extremely variable features of erythema multiforme. Frequency, location, duration, and severity of attacks did not shed any clues as to trigger mechanisms (etiology), persons who might be predisposed to such attacks, treatment responses, or prognosis.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme. Clinical characteristics and natural history in fifty patients. Erythema multiforme is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease with a variable recurrent pattern. Thirty female and twenty male patients, ranging in age from 11 to 75 years, were studied. Twelve patients had oral lesions only, nineteen had oral and lip changes, and nineteen had oral, lip, and skin involvements. Most of the patients had a noncyclical pattern of attacks which required systemic corticosteroid therapy. When the disease attacks electively were not treated, healing would vary between 2 and 24 weeks. This study confirmed the idiopathic nature and extremely variable features of erythema multiforme. Frequency, location, duration, and severity of attacks did not shed any clues as to trigger mechanisms (etiology), persons who might be predisposed to such attacks, treatment responses, or prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:280858", "title": "Heroin-induced thrombocytopenic purpura.", "content": "An immunologic response to the quinine used to \"cut\" heroin caused oral manifestations of thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient had an admission platelet count of 2,000 per cubic millimeter. Treatment with corticosteroids and withholding of the offending resulted in a platelet count of 265,000 per cubic millimeter 13 days after admission. Oral manifestations of purpura disappeared on the fourth day of treatment.", "contents": "Heroin-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. An immunologic response to the quinine used to \"cut\" heroin caused oral manifestations of thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient had an admission platelet count of 2,000 per cubic millimeter. Treatment with corticosteroids and withholding of the offending resulted in a platelet count of 265,000 per cubic millimeter 13 days after admission. Oral manifestations of purpura disappeared on the fourth day of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:280859", "title": "Extracondylar osteochondromas of the jaws.", "content": "A review of the literature and the addition of two new cases have revealed that according to a histologic criterion there are presently twenty reported cases of osteochondroma of the jaws located outside the condyles. Although most of the extracondylar lesions have occurred on the coronoid process, cases are now reported on the maxilla and the body of the mandible. The clinical features of these lesions are compared with those located in the condyle, and the radiographic and surgical approaches of the extracondylar lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Extracondylar osteochondromas of the jaws. A review of the literature and the addition of two new cases have revealed that according to a histologic criterion there are presently twenty reported cases of osteochondroma of the jaws located outside the condyles. Although most of the extracondylar lesions have occurred on the coronoid process, cases are now reported on the maxilla and the body of the mandible. The clinical features of these lesions are compared with those located in the condyle, and the radiographic and surgical approaches of the extracondylar lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:280860", "title": "Paresthesia from N2. Report of a case.", "content": "A number of cases of paresthesia following the use of N2 or other paraformaldehyde-containing root canal cements have been reported. Since paresthesia is longlasting and not only an inconvenience but also disabling at times, such cements should not be used for obturating root canals.", "contents": "Paresthesia from N2. Report of a case. A number of cases of paresthesia following the use of N2 or other paraformaldehyde-containing root canal cements have been reported. Since paresthesia is longlasting and not only an inconvenience but also disabling at times, such cements should not be used for obturating root canals."}
{"id": "PMID:280861", "title": "The rheologic properties of endodontic sealers.", "content": "The rheologic properties of seven endodontic sealers were investigated with a rotational viscometer. The effects of time and rate of shear on the measured viscosities were determined. Results indicated that one material exhibited Newtonian behavior, whereas the others were characterized by pseudoplasticity.", "contents": "The rheologic properties of endodontic sealers. The rheologic properties of seven endodontic sealers were investigated with a rotational viscometer. The effects of time and rate of shear on the measured viscosities were determined. Results indicated that one material exhibited Newtonian behavior, whereas the others were characterized by pseudoplasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:280862", "title": "Use of intraoral cassettes for dental xeroradiography.", "content": "Before clinical trials of intraoral xeroradiography are begun, we felt the need to evaluate the clinical acceptability of the thicker, more rigid xerographic cassettes. We stimulated these cassettes by fastening rigid acrylic plates of appropriate thickness to conventional film packets and then conducted parallel evaluations of simulated cassettes and conventional film packets, using thirty volunteer patients. We found no difference in anatomic placement, operator acceptance, and patient acceptance between the \"cassettes\" and film packets. The increased thickness and rigidity of intraoral xerographic cassettes should not prove disadvantageous to in vivo intraoral xeroradiography.", "contents": "Use of intraoral cassettes for dental xeroradiography. Before clinical trials of intraoral xeroradiography are begun, we felt the need to evaluate the clinical acceptability of the thicker, more rigid xerographic cassettes. We stimulated these cassettes by fastening rigid acrylic plates of appropriate thickness to conventional film packets and then conducted parallel evaluations of simulated cassettes and conventional film packets, using thirty volunteer patients. We found no difference in anatomic placement, operator acceptance, and patient acceptance between the \"cassettes\" and film packets. The increased thickness and rigidity of intraoral xerographic cassettes should not prove disadvantageous to in vivo intraoral xeroradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:280863", "title": "Screen-film combinations used for cephalometric radiography.", "content": "Only two United States dental schools used rare earth screens for cephalometric radiography. Forty-five schools used calcium tungstate or barium lead sulfate screens; most schools combined medium- or high-speed screens with medium-speed films. The fastest conventional screen-film combination used was eight times as fast as the slowest. Twenty-two schools used grids with their screen-film systems.", "contents": "Screen-film combinations used for cephalometric radiography. Only two United States dental schools used rare earth screens for cephalometric radiography. Forty-five schools used calcium tungstate or barium lead sulfate screens; most schools combined medium- or high-speed screens with medium-speed films. The fastest conventional screen-film combination used was eight times as fast as the slowest. Twenty-two schools used grids with their screen-film systems."}
{"id": "PMID:280896", "title": "Acute leukemia in adults.", "content": "Prospective data on 40 new cases of adult onset (greater than 15 years of age) acute leukemia is presented. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounted for more than half of all the acute leukemias and represented 75% of the acute leukemias in the 15--25 years. The reasons for this finding remain to be explained. age group. The mean leukocyte count was significantly higher in the ALL group as compared to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients (111.7 x 103 + 26.3 x 103 versus 19.3 x 103 +/- 6.1 x 103, respectively). Thrombocytopenia, anemia and hemorrhagic signs including petechiae, ecchymoses and gum bleeding were more common in the AML group. This study verifies our clinical impression that ALL is more frequent than AML among our adult patients below the age of 25 years. The reasons for this finding remain to be explained.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in adults. Prospective data on 40 new cases of adult onset (greater than 15 years of age) acute leukemia is presented. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounted for more than half of all the acute leukemias and represented 75% of the acute leukemias in the 15--25 years. The reasons for this finding remain to be explained. age group. The mean leukocyte count was significantly higher in the ALL group as compared to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients (111.7 x 103 + 26.3 x 103 versus 19.3 x 103 +/- 6.1 x 103, respectively). Thrombocytopenia, anemia and hemorrhagic signs including petechiae, ecchymoses and gum bleeding were more common in the AML group. This study verifies our clinical impression that ALL is more frequent than AML among our adult patients below the age of 25 years. The reasons for this finding remain to be explained."}
{"id": "PMID:280939", "title": "Morphological and immunological similarity of the monocytes from pure and mixed monocytic leukaemias.", "content": "Morphological and immunological marker data on a patient with 'pure' monocytic leukaemia are presented and compared with those of 6 cases of clearly mixed myelomonocytic leukaemia with a variable monocytic component. In all patients studied, the leukaemic monocytes expressed a receptor for the Fc of IgG, and IgG sensitization markedly enhanced phagocytosis of ox erythrocytes. A variable, but lower, percentage of the leukaemic monocytes had a receptor for mouse C3, but the cells uniformly lacked surface immunoglobulin and receptors for the Fc of IgM and for unsensitised mouse erythrocytes. Cytochemical and ultrastructural study also showed no clear difference between the monocytes of the 'pure' and mixed monocytic leukaemias. This report therefore lends no support to the concept of distinct types of monocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "Morphological and immunological similarity of the monocytes from pure and mixed monocytic leukaemias. Morphological and immunological marker data on a patient with 'pure' monocytic leukaemia are presented and compared with those of 6 cases of clearly mixed myelomonocytic leukaemia with a variable monocytic component. In all patients studied, the leukaemic monocytes expressed a receptor for the Fc of IgG, and IgG sensitization markedly enhanced phagocytosis of ox erythrocytes. A variable, but lower, percentage of the leukaemic monocytes had a receptor for mouse C3, but the cells uniformly lacked surface immunoglobulin and receptors for the Fc of IgM and for unsensitised mouse erythrocytes. Cytochemical and ultrastructural study also showed no clear difference between the monocytes of the 'pure' and mixed monocytic leukaemias. This report therefore lends no support to the concept of distinct types of monocytic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:280940", "title": "ECG-tape recording for analysis of syncopal attacks before and during cardiac pacing.", "content": "ECG-tape recording has been utilized for diagnosis of transient attacks of syncope and dizziness both before and during cardiac pacing. The display unit can be utilized for automatic starting of the ECG writer according to markings made by the patient or bradycardia alarm. The method has proved extremely useful and convenient, which is illustrated by cases with different types of arrhythmia and pacemaker failure.", "contents": "ECG-tape recording for analysis of syncopal attacks before and during cardiac pacing. ECG-tape recording has been utilized for diagnosis of transient attacks of syncope and dizziness both before and during cardiac pacing. The display unit can be utilized for automatic starting of the ECG writer according to markings made by the patient or bradycardia alarm. The method has proved extremely useful and convenient, which is illustrated by cases with different types of arrhythmia and pacemaker failure."}
{"id": "PMID:280946", "title": "Patient survival with pacemaker therapy at regional hospital, Orebro, Sweden, 1964-1974.", "content": "The results of pacemaker therapy in the Regional Hospital, Orebro, during its first 10 years are presented. In general, patients with a history of temporary heart failure either before or at the time of implantation, had a better prognosis than those with such a history. Myocardial infarction had a detrimental effect on the prognosis in the first year of the patients pacing, but not thereafter.", "contents": "Patient survival with pacemaker therapy at regional hospital, Orebro, Sweden, 1964-1974. The results of pacemaker therapy in the Regional Hospital, Orebro, during its first 10 years are presented. In general, patients with a history of temporary heart failure either before or at the time of implantation, had a better prognosis than those with such a history. Myocardial infarction had a detrimental effect on the prognosis in the first year of the patients pacing, but not thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:280947", "title": "Long-term ECG monitoring in suspected Adams-Stokes disease.", "content": "Long-term ECG recording techniques have facilitated the diagnosis in atypical cases of Adams-Stockes syndrome. In the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring, new and mainly technical problems have been arisen. In 200 ECG recordings on cassette tape, 78% was considered sufficient for an accurate diagnosis. More than 50% of the unsuccessful recordings were unreadable due to electrode problems. The use of ambulatory monitoring demands that electrode fixation and placement be handled carefully and that the mechanical and electronic equipment be serviced frequently. Patients with third-degree atrioventricular block and syncopes of fainting spells run a high risk of sudden death. It is therefore not recommended to use ambulatory monitoring techniques on these patients.", "contents": "Long-term ECG monitoring in suspected Adams-Stokes disease. Long-term ECG recording techniques have facilitated the diagnosis in atypical cases of Adams-Stockes syndrome. In the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring, new and mainly technical problems have been arisen. In 200 ECG recordings on cassette tape, 78% was considered sufficient for an accurate diagnosis. More than 50% of the unsuccessful recordings were unreadable due to electrode problems. The use of ambulatory monitoring demands that electrode fixation and placement be handled carefully and that the mechanical and electronic equipment be serviced frequently. Patients with third-degree atrioventricular block and syncopes of fainting spells run a high risk of sudden death. It is therefore not recommended to use ambulatory monitoring techniques on these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:280949", "title": "[Long-term studies on changes in the position between jaw bases and occlusion plane during and after treatment of malocclusion by means of the activator].", "content": "A group of 24 unselected cases of marked class II division I malocclusion was treated with the activator therapy after Herren and was kept under long-term observation before, during and after treatment. The patients were reexamined on an average of 5 years without retention, 8 years after the first examination, and the stability of the treatment results was judged very satisfactory. Changes of cephalometric angles, recorded during the 4 main phases of the observation period, were summarized in graphs. In contrast to the relative uniformity of the results in terms of occlusion, a variety of effects on the craniofacial skeleton of different individuals was observed. However, on average, a significant increase of the inclination of the occlusal plane was seen during active therapy, and an excessive decrease in consecutive phases up to the last examination. This pattern of changes in occlusal plane inclination stabilizes the favorable anteroposterior relationship of the jaws, obtained through the activator therapy. Out of retention, the inclination of the mandibular plane decreases parallel to the swing of the occlusal plane. In contrast, the inclination of the palatal plane shows a tendency to slight increase, albeit only during active treatment. The observation that the occlusal plane is tilted under activator therapy and then spontaneously rises again, even excessively, seems to be of interest and deserves of further study.", "contents": "[Long-term studies on changes in the position between jaw bases and occlusion plane during and after treatment of malocclusion by means of the activator]. A group of 24 unselected cases of marked class II division I malocclusion was treated with the activator therapy after Herren and was kept under long-term observation before, during and after treatment. The patients were reexamined on an average of 5 years without retention, 8 years after the first examination, and the stability of the treatment results was judged very satisfactory. Changes of cephalometric angles, recorded during the 4 main phases of the observation period, were summarized in graphs. In contrast to the relative uniformity of the results in terms of occlusion, a variety of effects on the craniofacial skeleton of different individuals was observed. However, on average, a significant increase of the inclination of the occlusal plane was seen during active therapy, and an excessive decrease in consecutive phases up to the last examination. This pattern of changes in occlusal plane inclination stabilizes the favorable anteroposterior relationship of the jaws, obtained through the activator therapy. Out of retention, the inclination of the mandibular plane decreases parallel to the swing of the occlusal plane. In contrast, the inclination of the palatal plane shows a tendency to slight increase, albeit only during active treatment. The observation that the occlusal plane is tilted under activator therapy and then spontaneously rises again, even excessively, seems to be of interest and deserves of further study."}
{"id": "PMID:280950", "title": "[The discriminatory force of 3 sagittal measurement relations of the jaw bases].", "content": "The angle ANB relates the apical base not only to each other but also to point nasion and the profile. Furthermore, it is influenced by prognathism and inclination of the maxillo-mandibular complex. Both the angle AB/Occlusal plane and the \"Wits\" appraisal are based on elements within the maxillo-mandibular complex and not influenced by structures outside this complex. Cephalograms of 4 groups of 25 cases each comprising ideal occlusion, class-II/1, class-II/2 and class-III malocclusions were collected. Angle ANB, angle AB/Occlusal plane and \"Wits\" appraisal in 10 variations using points A and B according to Downs, As and Bs according to Herren and the occlusal plane using Incsup., Incinf. and Incinter and the molar point Mo (H\u00fcgli) were determined. By means of a discriminant analysis the discriminatory power of these variations were calculated. Variations using the points As and Bs and point Mo gave better results in separating 100 cases according to their relation of the apical bases. The results of the stepwise discriminant analysis reveal a high percentage of \"right\" classification. It is possible to draw borderlines in the continuum of values, allowing with high probability a classification of each case according to Angles classification when more than one measurement is utilized.", "contents": "[The discriminatory force of 3 sagittal measurement relations of the jaw bases]. The angle ANB relates the apical base not only to each other but also to point nasion and the profile. Furthermore, it is influenced by prognathism and inclination of the maxillo-mandibular complex. Both the angle AB/Occlusal plane and the \"Wits\" appraisal are based on elements within the maxillo-mandibular complex and not influenced by structures outside this complex. Cephalograms of 4 groups of 25 cases each comprising ideal occlusion, class-II/1, class-II/2 and class-III malocclusions were collected. Angle ANB, angle AB/Occlusal plane and \"Wits\" appraisal in 10 variations using points A and B according to Downs, As and Bs according to Herren and the occlusal plane using Incsup., Incinf. and Incinter and the molar point Mo (H\u00fcgli) were determined. By means of a discriminant analysis the discriminatory power of these variations were calculated. Variations using the points As and Bs and point Mo gave better results in separating 100 cases according to their relation of the apical bases. The results of the stepwise discriminant analysis reveal a high percentage of \"right\" classification. It is possible to draw borderlines in the continuum of values, allowing with high probability a classification of each case according to Angles classification when more than one measurement is utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:280951", "title": "[Electromyographic findings on the external pterygoid muscle during activator therapy for distal bite].", "content": "First the author describes how the activator after Herren works, and the part played by the masticatory muscles. In a long-term study the functional behaviour of the external pterygoid muscle during activator therapy on children was investigated by electromyographic recording. Its results are discussed and compared to conclusions from experiments carried out by Petrovi\u0107 et al. concerning the growth of condylar cartilage in rats treated with a device of the postural hyperpropulsive type (\"hyperpropulseur\").", "contents": "[Electromyographic findings on the external pterygoid muscle during activator therapy for distal bite]. First the author describes how the activator after Herren works, and the part played by the masticatory muscles. In a long-term study the functional behaviour of the external pterygoid muscle during activator therapy on children was investigated by electromyographic recording. Its results are discussed and compared to conclusions from experiments carried out by Petrovi\u0107 et al. concerning the growth of condylar cartilage in rats treated with a device of the postural hyperpropulsive type (\"hyperpropulseur\")."}
{"id": "PMID:280952", "title": "[Modification of the whip-mix articulator for reproducible fixation of various jaw relations].", "content": "The Whip Mix articulator is an Arcon device, which, in combination with the quick mount face bow, represents a useful prosthetic instrument for practice. Modified as described it enables the practitioner to obtain reproducible THIOP and IOP jaw relations. Also, the concept of \"long centric\" may be applied to reconstructive work.", "contents": "[Modification of the whip-mix articulator for reproducible fixation of various jaw relations]. The Whip Mix articulator is an Arcon device, which, in combination with the quick mount face bow, represents a useful prosthetic instrument for practice. Modified as described it enables the practitioner to obtain reproducible THIOP and IOP jaw relations. Also, the concept of \"long centric\" may be applied to reconstructive work."}
{"id": "PMID:280955", "title": "[Prospects for success in systematic periodontal treatments--a review of the literature].", "content": "Several short- and long-term studies were reviewed to determine which factors favored successful treatment of periodontal disease. Most of the surgical techniques reduced pocket depth. The modified Widman flap proved to be most favourable for maintenance and regeneration of supporting periodontal tissue in several studies when combined with optimal plaque control (home care) and frequent professional prophylaxis. Supervised oral hygiene measure are decisive in preventing periodontal disease.", "contents": "[Prospects for success in systematic periodontal treatments--a review of the literature]. Several short- and long-term studies were reviewed to determine which factors favored successful treatment of periodontal disease. Most of the surgical techniques reduced pocket depth. The modified Widman flap proved to be most favourable for maintenance and regeneration of supporting periodontal tissue in several studies when combined with optimal plaque control (home care) and frequent professional prophylaxis. Supervised oral hygiene measure are decisive in preventing periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:280956", "title": "[Plak-out and Broxojet 3007. Clinical study].", "content": "It is known that chlorhexidine, a plaque preventing agent, can cause discolorations and other side effects when used in mouthwashes at the concentration of 0.1% or more. By diluting the amount of chlorhexidine used in a mouthwash in the much greater volume of water used in a pulsating device, one could try to avoid these side-effects and, possible keep the antiplaque properties of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, it was interesting to check whether plaque, which is normally not removed by the mechanical action of a pulsating device, could be removed when the water of the device contains chlorhexidine. In the first part of the study, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine given by mouthwash (10 ml at 0.1%) has been compared to that of the same amount of chlorhexidine diluted in 400 ml of water of a pulsating device (conc. 0.0025%). The average gingival index of inflammation and plaque index, as well as the amount of gingival fluid have been measured, by previously standardized procedures, in a group of 18 students with healthy gingivae before and after a 7-days period of no-brushing. One third of the students used chlorhexidine solution in daily mouthwashes, one third used chlorhexidine in the Broxojet and the last 6 students used Broxojet with a placebo. The part of the study concerning the Broxojet was carried out in double blind. At the concentration of 0.1% in mouthwashes, chlorhexidine was found, as expected, to inhibit plaque formation. The same amount of drug diluted in the liquid of a pulsating device was, on the contrary, much less effective. Staining was noticed in most of the volunteers. The second part of the study was similarly designed and performed in the aim of checking whether higher amounts of chlorhexidine were effective in preventing plaque when used in the Broxojet: in the pulsating device, chlorhexidine was found to be effective only at the concentrations of 0.025%.", "contents": "[Plak-out and Broxojet 3007. Clinical study]. It is known that chlorhexidine, a plaque preventing agent, can cause discolorations and other side effects when used in mouthwashes at the concentration of 0.1% or more. By diluting the amount of chlorhexidine used in a mouthwash in the much greater volume of water used in a pulsating device, one could try to avoid these side-effects and, possible keep the antiplaque properties of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, it was interesting to check whether plaque, which is normally not removed by the mechanical action of a pulsating device, could be removed when the water of the device contains chlorhexidine. In the first part of the study, the effectiveness of chlorhexidine given by mouthwash (10 ml at 0.1%) has been compared to that of the same amount of chlorhexidine diluted in 400 ml of water of a pulsating device (conc. 0.0025%). The average gingival index of inflammation and plaque index, as well as the amount of gingival fluid have been measured, by previously standardized procedures, in a group of 18 students with healthy gingivae before and after a 7-days period of no-brushing. One third of the students used chlorhexidine solution in daily mouthwashes, one third used chlorhexidine in the Broxojet and the last 6 students used Broxojet with a placebo. The part of the study concerning the Broxojet was carried out in double blind. At the concentration of 0.1% in mouthwashes, chlorhexidine was found, as expected, to inhibit plaque formation. The same amount of drug diluted in the liquid of a pulsating device was, on the contrary, much less effective. Staining was noticed in most of the volunteers. The second part of the study was similarly designed and performed in the aim of checking whether higher amounts of chlorhexidine were effective in preventing plaque when used in the Broxojet: in the pulsating device, chlorhexidine was found to be effective only at the concentrations of 0.025%."}
{"id": "PMID:280957", "title": "[Hydroxylapatite ceramics--a bone-like biomaterial. Preliminary report].", "content": "Inorganical materials are being increasingly tried out in surgery and periodontal surgery for reconstructing bone defects. This paper discusses the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of different implant materials and presents a new hydroxyapatite ceramic material, of which a good bioactive behaviour is expected.", "contents": "[Hydroxylapatite ceramics--a bone-like biomaterial. Preliminary report]. Inorganical materials are being increasingly tried out in surgery and periodontal surgery for reconstructing bone defects. This paper discusses the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of different implant materials and presents a new hydroxyapatite ceramic material, of which a good bioactive behaviour is expected."}
{"id": "PMID:280960", "title": "Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis: Sweet's syndrome.", "content": "A case of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) is described in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, with a review of all published reports in the English literature. The disease is characterized by an acute febrile illness with painful plaques involving the extremities, face, and neck, and responds dramatically to corticosteroids with occasional recurrences. Histologically, the skin biopsy shows a dense dermal infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes without evidence of vasculitis.", "contents": "Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis: Sweet's syndrome. A case of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome) is described in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia, with a review of all published reports in the English literature. The disease is characterized by an acute febrile illness with painful plaques involving the extremities, face, and neck, and responds dramatically to corticosteroids with occasional recurrences. Histologically, the skin biopsy shows a dense dermal infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes without evidence of vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:280962", "title": "Glycogen storage disease type IV diagnosed biochemically. A case report.", "content": "A case report of a child with glycogen storage disease type IV is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by enzyme assay on cultured fibroblasts. Some unusual features of this disorder are discussed and the possibility of antenatal diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Glycogen storage disease type IV diagnosed biochemically. A case report. A case report of a child with glycogen storage disease type IV is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by enzyme assay on cultured fibroblasts. Some unusual features of this disorder are discussed and the possibility of antenatal diagnosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:280963", "title": "Major vascular reconstruction for limb salvage in patients with soft tissue and skeletal sarcomas of the extremities.", "content": "Thirteen patients with sarcomas of the extremities have been treated with radical en bloc resection requiring vascular reconstruction as initial treatment. In one instance, vascular reconstruction failed. Eight patients are currently alive and free of disease. There were two instances of a local recurrence. Each of the remaining five patients who died had distant metastases develop, none of whom had a local recurrence. Vascular reconstruction with prosthetic bone replacement, when indicated, offers an alternative approach to the treatment of tumors which, because of attachment to major vascular structures, might be considered for radical amputation.", "contents": "Major vascular reconstruction for limb salvage in patients with soft tissue and skeletal sarcomas of the extremities. Thirteen patients with sarcomas of the extremities have been treated with radical en bloc resection requiring vascular reconstruction as initial treatment. In one instance, vascular reconstruction failed. Eight patients are currently alive and free of disease. There were two instances of a local recurrence. Each of the remaining five patients who died had distant metastases develop, none of whom had a local recurrence. Vascular reconstruction with prosthetic bone replacement, when indicated, offers an alternative approach to the treatment of tumors which, because of attachment to major vascular structures, might be considered for radical amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:281018", "title": "Myeloschisis in a six weeks embryo of a leukemic woman treated by busulfan.", "content": "A case of myeloschisis in a six weeks old human embryo is reported. The 39-year-old mother was treated by busulfan before and during the early stages of gestation for chronic lymphatic leukemia. Additional histological findings consisted in a decrease of mesenchymal elements together with a somitic disorganisation in the affected area of the embryo. In spite of the well known experience that this drug is well tolerated by leukemic pregnant women, a possible interference of busulfan with the oocyte differentiation in this elderly primipara is proposed.", "contents": "Myeloschisis in a six weeks embryo of a leukemic woman treated by busulfan. A case of myeloschisis in a six weeks old human embryo is reported. The 39-year-old mother was treated by busulfan before and during the early stages of gestation for chronic lymphatic leukemia. Additional histological findings consisted in a decrease of mesenchymal elements together with a somitic disorganisation in the affected area of the embryo. In spite of the well known experience that this drug is well tolerated by leukemic pregnant women, a possible interference of busulfan with the oocyte differentiation in this elderly primipara is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:281055", "title": "[Osteosarcoma 1978 a turning point in prognosis through adjuvant chemotherapy following adequate surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of surgery and chemotherapy in osteosarcoma are based on a retrospective investigation of 122 patients from 1930 till 1978 treated at the Orthopaedic Department of Vienna University and documented at the Viennese Bone Tumour Registry. Adequate surgery is considered to be the radical elimination of the tumour in an oncological sense, e.g. amputation or resection. Our own patients were examined in this light and different forms of chemotherapy are compared and their efficacy as adjuvant treatment is evaluated. The turning point in the prognosis of osteosarcoma came with the introduction of high-dose methotrexate therapy (HDMTX) in 1972 and which has been employed at the Orthopaedic Department of Vienna University since 1975. So far, HDMTX has been used in the management of 18 patients and the short-term results confirm the excellent results reported in the literature. The consequent change in policy with regard to the current surgical approach to osteosarcoma is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Osteosarcoma 1978 a turning point in prognosis through adjuvant chemotherapy following adequate surgery (author's transl)]. Results of surgery and chemotherapy in osteosarcoma are based on a retrospective investigation of 122 patients from 1930 till 1978 treated at the Orthopaedic Department of Vienna University and documented at the Viennese Bone Tumour Registry. Adequate surgery is considered to be the radical elimination of the tumour in an oncological sense, e.g. amputation or resection. Our own patients were examined in this light and different forms of chemotherapy are compared and their efficacy as adjuvant treatment is evaluated. The turning point in the prognosis of osteosarcoma came with the introduction of high-dose methotrexate therapy (HDMTX) in 1972 and which has been employed at the Orthopaedic Department of Vienna University since 1975. So far, HDMTX has been used in the management of 18 patients and the short-term results confirm the excellent results reported in the literature. The consequent change in policy with regard to the current surgical approach to osteosarcoma is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:281057", "title": "[EEG in metabolic and hormonal encephalopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "The essentially unspecific EEG-phenomena as expression of the cerebral reaction to extracerebral diseases are described. The most important diseases are dealt with, namely disturbances of the thyroid gland, liver- and kidney disorders, diabetes.", "contents": "[EEG in metabolic and hormonal encephalopathies (author's transl)]. The essentially unspecific EEG-phenomena as expression of the cerebral reaction to extracerebral diseases are described. The most important diseases are dealt with, namely disturbances of the thyroid gland, liver- and kidney disorders, diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:281058", "title": "[Psychiatric and neurologic disturbances in thyroid disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of the thyroid gland upon the nervous system with neurologic-psychiatric symptoms are discussed. With hyperthyreosis in younger patients hyperactive and psychotic signs occur, in older patients so-called apathic thyreotoxicosis. Neurologically there appear acute and chronic thyreotoxic myopathies, paroxysmal paralyses, the so-called hyperthyreotic chorea and a series of disturbances of eye muscles. In a thyreotoxic crisis psychotic preliminaries may proceed to a coma. With hyperthyreoses there occur intellectual impairment, showing but also psychoses as well as multiple neurological defect syndromes and epileptic seizures. Neurological defects as a consequence of thyreostatic therapy are rare, mostly these are disturbances of periphal nerves.", "contents": "[Psychiatric and neurologic disturbances in thyroid disorders (author's transl)]. The effects of the thyroid gland upon the nervous system with neurologic-psychiatric symptoms are discussed. With hyperthyreosis in younger patients hyperactive and psychotic signs occur, in older patients so-called apathic thyreotoxicosis. Neurologically there appear acute and chronic thyreotoxic myopathies, paroxysmal paralyses, the so-called hyperthyreotic chorea and a series of disturbances of eye muscles. In a thyreotoxic crisis psychotic preliminaries may proceed to a coma. With hyperthyreoses there occur intellectual impairment, showing but also psychoses as well as multiple neurological defect syndromes and epileptic seizures. Neurological defects as a consequence of thyreostatic therapy are rare, mostly these are disturbances of periphal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:281059", "title": "[Psychosomatic and somatopsychic aspects of progressive chronic polyarthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of psychiatric depth-psychological investigations in more than 100 patients with PCP the somatopsychic aspect of the disease is described, which manifests itself in two thirds of the patients as an inhibited to agitated humble-depressive psychosyndrome. On the basis of family anamneses and analytical inquiries the somatopsychic aspects of the disease is described in more the half of the patients as consistent continuation of a specific way of life, so that psychosomatic and somatopsychic aspects of the disease are mentioned as one strategy persuing the same fictitious goal. Both aspects appear as functions of a seemingly threatened psychic-physical motivity.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic and somatopsychic aspects of progressive chronic polyarthritis (author's transl)]. By means of psychiatric depth-psychological investigations in more than 100 patients with PCP the somatopsychic aspect of the disease is described, which manifests itself in two thirds of the patients as an inhibited to agitated humble-depressive psychosyndrome. On the basis of family anamneses and analytical inquiries the somatopsychic aspects of the disease is described in more the half of the patients as consistent continuation of a specific way of life, so that psychosomatic and somatopsychic aspects of the disease are mentioned as one strategy persuing the same fictitious goal. Both aspects appear as functions of a seemingly threatened psychic-physical motivity."}
{"id": "PMID:281087", "title": "Diagnostic problems in extrapyramidal disorders.", "content": "The diagnostic problems of extrapyramidal disorders (ED) are reviewed. Many of the wide range of ED occur rarely, and clinical experience is difficult to obtain. Despite great advances in pathophysiology and pathological anatomy the diagnosis of ED is still mainly a clinical diagnosis, and the diagnostic problems are discussed principally in relation to the involuntary movements and partly with regard to muscle tone. Except in a few diseases, biochemical and microbiological analyses, EEG, EMG and X-ray examinations offer little contribution to the solution of diagnostic problems in these disorders.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems in extrapyramidal disorders. The diagnostic problems of extrapyramidal disorders (ED) are reviewed. Many of the wide range of ED occur rarely, and clinical experience is difficult to obtain. Despite great advances in pathophysiology and pathological anatomy the diagnosis of ED is still mainly a clinical diagnosis, and the diagnostic problems are discussed principally in relation to the involuntary movements and partly with regard to muscle tone. Except in a few diseases, biochemical and microbiological analyses, EEG, EMG and X-ray examinations offer little contribution to the solution of diagnostic problems in these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:281085", "title": "[Iron, copper and iron/copper index in the serum during remission of acute leukemia in children].", "content": "In 57 children in remissions of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 217 determinations of serum iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) levels were done. In 85% of cases serum Fe and Cu were determined simultaneously with bone marrow examination. Raised mean Cu level in complete remission (20.64 mumol/1) decreased with continuing remission to values observed in healthy children (18.40 mumol/1). The considerable rise in Cu serum level in cases with extramedullary location of the disease (26.04 mumol/1), in infections complicating remissions (23.32 mumol/1) and in the group of children with remission in whom recurrence of leukaemia developed after 0,5-2 months (26,84 mumol/1) was associated with a significant fall of serum Fe level in cases with organ location of the disease (12.82 mumol/1) and during bacterial and viral infections (12.67 mumol/1). The Fe/Cu index was highest in the group with remission extending over 3 years (0,89) and it was significantly low in the group with extramedullary location of the disease (0.45) and in infections during leukaemia remission (0.48). Determination of serum level of Fe, and even more of Cu was found to be useful in the management of children during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Iron, copper and iron/copper index in the serum during remission of acute leukemia in children]. In 57 children in remissions of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 217 determinations of serum iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) levels were done. In 85% of cases serum Fe and Cu were determined simultaneously with bone marrow examination. Raised mean Cu level in complete remission (20.64 mumol/1) decreased with continuing remission to values observed in healthy children (18.40 mumol/1). The considerable rise in Cu serum level in cases with extramedullary location of the disease (26.04 mumol/1), in infections complicating remissions (23.32 mumol/1) and in the group of children with remission in whom recurrence of leukaemia developed after 0,5-2 months (26,84 mumol/1) was associated with a significant fall of serum Fe level in cases with organ location of the disease (12.82 mumol/1) and during bacterial and viral infections (12.67 mumol/1). The Fe/Cu index was highest in the group with remission extending over 3 years (0,89) and it was significantly low in the group with extramedullary location of the disease (0.45) and in infections during leukaemia remission (0.48). Determination of serum level of Fe, and even more of Cu was found to be useful in the management of children during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:281089", "title": "Computerized tomography for diagnosis of supratentorial tumors.", "content": "The brains of 1851 patients were examined with 160 X 160 matrix computed tomography (CT) during a period of nine months. The CT patterns of 90 supratentorial tumors (excluding sellar tumors) were reviewed. A great variety of CT patterns were found with glioblastomas, the most typical being a tumor with mixed absorption values. Astrocytomas appeared as low-density lesions. The characteristic appearance for meningiomas was a homogeneous density, with an obvious increase in density after contrast injection. Metastases appeared as low- or high-density lesions with marked edema surrounding the tumor. Some minor groups such as craniopharyngiomas, epidermoid tumors and pineal tumors were described. The lesion was detected in 94% and a correct diagnosis was made in 92% of cases.", "contents": "Computerized tomography for diagnosis of supratentorial tumors. The brains of 1851 patients were examined with 160 X 160 matrix computed tomography (CT) during a period of nine months. The CT patterns of 90 supratentorial tumors (excluding sellar tumors) were reviewed. A great variety of CT patterns were found with glioblastomas, the most typical being a tumor with mixed absorption values. Astrocytomas appeared as low-density lesions. The characteristic appearance for meningiomas was a homogeneous density, with an obvious increase in density after contrast injection. Metastases appeared as low- or high-density lesions with marked edema surrounding the tumor. Some minor groups such as craniopharyngiomas, epidermoid tumors and pineal tumors were described. The lesion was detected in 94% and a correct diagnosis was made in 92% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:281086", "title": "[Platelet function in acute myeloid leukemia. II. Aggregation of isolated platelets].", "content": "In 22 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (17 cases of myeloblastic leukaemia, 4 cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia and 1 case of undifferentiated-cell leukaemia) platelets were isolated from the plasma by the method of Nicholls and Hampton as modified by Levy-Toledano by centrifugation in albumin gradient. The aim of platelet isolation was their \"concentration\" in cases of thrombocytopenia to values making possible aggregation tests, and platelet separation from the influence of plasma factors. Then aggregation of isolated platelets caused by ADP was studied. In 16 out of 22 patients a fall of aggregation was observed, with the mean values of aggregation rate and intensity were significantly lower. Parallelly done determinations of aggregating activity released from the platelets by thrombin showed lower values as compared with platelets from healthy subjects. In might be thought, in this connection, that the demonstrated reduction of isolated platelets is associated with a diminution of the nucleotide pool or disturbances of the platelet release reaction. The disturbances of the platelet release reaction. The disturbances of aggregation of isolated platelets and reduction of the aggregating activity were most pronounced in acute myelomonocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Platelet function in acute myeloid leukemia. II. Aggregation of isolated platelets]. In 22 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (17 cases of myeloblastic leukaemia, 4 cases of myelomonocytic leukaemia and 1 case of undifferentiated-cell leukaemia) platelets were isolated from the plasma by the method of Nicholls and Hampton as modified by Levy-Toledano by centrifugation in albumin gradient. The aim of platelet isolation was their \"concentration\" in cases of thrombocytopenia to values making possible aggregation tests, and platelet separation from the influence of plasma factors. Then aggregation of isolated platelets caused by ADP was studied. In 16 out of 22 patients a fall of aggregation was observed, with the mean values of aggregation rate and intensity were significantly lower. Parallelly done determinations of aggregating activity released from the platelets by thrombin showed lower values as compared with platelets from healthy subjects. In might be thought, in this connection, that the demonstrated reduction of isolated platelets is associated with a diminution of the nucleotide pool or disturbances of the platelet release reaction. The disturbances of the platelet release reaction. The disturbances of aggregation of isolated platelets and reduction of the aggregating activity were most pronounced in acute myelomonocytic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:281093", "title": "Obstetric service and perinatal mortality in Norway.", "content": "Information on personnel, equipment and care facilities at all maternity institutions has been related to the perinatal mortality among all single births in Norway, 1967--1973. There was a total of 454,358 single births during this seven year period which comprised the study data set. An obstetric score based on personnel and equipment as defined in a previous study has been used to divide the country into three groups of counties, with low, medium and high obstetric scores. Perinatal, fetal and early neonatal (less than seven days) mortality rates specific to birth weight categories in 500 gram intervals have been compared between the county groups. Significant differences were found in the mortality rates between the group of counties with low obstetric score and the two other groups. There is both a relative and absolute increased difference in mortality for births weighing 3000 grams or more compared to births less than 3000 grams. The major component in the perinatal mortality difference is due to a difference between the low and higher obstetric score county groups in the early neonatal mortality rates. Time trends indicate that the relative differences in perinatal mortality are not decreasing over the seven year period, but rather, have increased slightly. Potential differences in the populations at risk in the three county groups are discusses. An adjustment was made to eliminate the effects of some potential confounding variables, namely high parity and maternal age and illegitimacy, without basically changing the results.", "contents": "Obstetric service and perinatal mortality in Norway. Information on personnel, equipment and care facilities at all maternity institutions has been related to the perinatal mortality among all single births in Norway, 1967--1973. There was a total of 454,358 single births during this seven year period which comprised the study data set. An obstetric score based on personnel and equipment as defined in a previous study has been used to divide the country into three groups of counties, with low, medium and high obstetric scores. Perinatal, fetal and early neonatal (less than seven days) mortality rates specific to birth weight categories in 500 gram intervals have been compared between the county groups. Significant differences were found in the mortality rates between the group of counties with low obstetric score and the two other groups. There is both a relative and absolute increased difference in mortality for births weighing 3000 grams or more compared to births less than 3000 grams. The major component in the perinatal mortality difference is due to a difference between the low and higher obstetric score county groups in the early neonatal mortality rates. Time trends indicate that the relative differences in perinatal mortality are not decreasing over the seven year period, but rather, have increased slightly. Potential differences in the populations at risk in the three county groups are discusses. An adjustment was made to eliminate the effects of some potential confounding variables, namely high parity and maternal age and illegitimacy, without basically changing the results."}
{"id": "PMID:281096", "title": "Intrauterine growth of twins judged by BPD measurements.", "content": "Both earlier growth charts of twins composed of birth weight at different gestational ages and recent reports on twin biparietal diameter (BPD) growth, indicate that twins' growth is less than that of singletons during the later period of gestation. In the present study, growth curves are constructed separately for the first and the second twin from 489 paired ultrasonic BPD measurements of 119 twin pregnancies. The distribution of BPD values in twins was found to be slightly wider than our normal range curve for singletons. The mean BPD values of twins were close to those of singletons in the second trimester. From the 32nd week on, the twins' mean weekly BPD increment decreased, this lesser growth rate being more marked than that of singletons. The second twin's BPD growth curve ran consistently below that of the first. Our results agree with the earlier findings that the growth of twins is retarded during the later part of pregnancy. They point to different BPD growth patterns between the first and the second twin.", "contents": "Intrauterine growth of twins judged by BPD measurements. Both earlier growth charts of twins composed of birth weight at different gestational ages and recent reports on twin biparietal diameter (BPD) growth, indicate that twins' growth is less than that of singletons during the later period of gestation. In the present study, growth curves are constructed separately for the first and the second twin from 489 paired ultrasonic BPD measurements of 119 twin pregnancies. The distribution of BPD values in twins was found to be slightly wider than our normal range curve for singletons. The mean BPD values of twins were close to those of singletons in the second trimester. From the 32nd week on, the twins' mean weekly BPD increment decreased, this lesser growth rate being more marked than that of singletons. The second twin's BPD growth curve ran consistently below that of the first. Our results agree with the earlier findings that the growth of twins is retarded during the later part of pregnancy. They point to different BPD growth patterns between the first and the second twin."}
{"id": "PMID:281099", "title": "Monitoring of fetuses with retarded BPD growth.", "content": "Retarded BPD growth (less than 5th centile) is associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased perinatal mortality. However, 50% of the fetuses with deviating BPD growth in the 32nd week have normal weight at birth. In this study other biochemical and physical tests were applied to a group of fetuses with deviating BPD growth in order to improve the discriminatory rate between infants subsequently born AGA or SGA. Measurements of the ratio abdomen to head diameter were above the 50th centile in 72% of the infants born AGA and below the 50th centile in 75% of those born SGA. Circumference measurements were less useful in our hands. Urinary oestriol levels were not directly proportional to the intrauterine growth retardation. Recording of fetal breathing movements and nonstressed monitoring of fetal heart rate FHR) had little or no predictive value in the individual case although the incidence of fetal breathing movements was significantly lower in the group with retarded BPD growth.", "contents": "Monitoring of fetuses with retarded BPD growth. Retarded BPD growth (less than 5th centile) is associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased perinatal mortality. However, 50% of the fetuses with deviating BPD growth in the 32nd week have normal weight at birth. In this study other biochemical and physical tests were applied to a group of fetuses with deviating BPD growth in order to improve the discriminatory rate between infants subsequently born AGA or SGA. Measurements of the ratio abdomen to head diameter were above the 50th centile in 72% of the infants born AGA and below the 50th centile in 75% of those born SGA. Circumference measurements were less useful in our hands. Urinary oestriol levels were not directly proportional to the intrauterine growth retardation. Recording of fetal breathing movements and nonstressed monitoring of fetal heart rate FHR) had little or no predictive value in the individual case although the incidence of fetal breathing movements was significantly lower in the group with retarded BPD growth."}
{"id": "PMID:281100", "title": "The extent of slits at the interfaces between luting cements and enamel, dentin and alloy.", "content": "Four different cements were used to assess the presence of slits at the cement/tooth or the cement/alloy interfaces using a tooth-crown model. The model consisted of ground sections of teeth and plane plates of silver/palladium alloy. The plates were fixed with bolts between two brass plates and with three different dimensions of the cement film between tooth and alloy, i.e. 50 micrometer, 100 micrometer and 200 micrometer. The tooth-alloy specimens were sectioned and the adaption of cements was studied with an indirect technique (replica) in a scanning electron microscope. The extent of slits was expressed as the length of all slits relative to the total length of the interface in each specimen. The results showed that the zinc phosphate cement and polycarboxylate cement exhibited a slight to moderate tendency to formation of slits at the interfaces. The EBA cement had a small extent of slits adjacent to thin cement films, but more slits were observed with increasing film thickness. The composite resin cement had a marked tendency to slit formation independent of the cement film thickness.", "contents": "The extent of slits at the interfaces between luting cements and enamel, dentin and alloy. Four different cements were used to assess the presence of slits at the cement/tooth or the cement/alloy interfaces using a tooth-crown model. The model consisted of ground sections of teeth and plane plates of silver/palladium alloy. The plates were fixed with bolts between two brass plates and with three different dimensions of the cement film between tooth and alloy, i.e. 50 micrometer, 100 micrometer and 200 micrometer. The tooth-alloy specimens were sectioned and the adaption of cements was studied with an indirect technique (replica) in a scanning electron microscope. The extent of slits was expressed as the length of all slits relative to the total length of the interface in each specimen. The results showed that the zinc phosphate cement and polycarboxylate cement exhibited a slight to moderate tendency to formation of slits at the interfaces. The EBA cement had a small extent of slits adjacent to thin cement films, but more slits were observed with increasing film thickness. The composite resin cement had a marked tendency to slit formation independent of the cement film thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:281101", "title": "In vivo and in vitro study of 59Fe uptake in developing rat molars.", "content": "Autoradiographic methods were used to study 59Fe uptake in vivo in mineralizing tissues of young rats. Localization of 59Fe was observed in the ameloblastic layers of molars. In vitro studies were performed which demonstrated that 59Fe uptake in developing rat molar enamel was limited by the metabolic activity of the cells of the enamel organ.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro study of 59Fe uptake in developing rat molars. Autoradiographic methods were used to study 59Fe uptake in vivo in mineralizing tissues of young rats. Localization of 59Fe was observed in the ameloblastic layers of molars. In vitro studies were performed which demonstrated that 59Fe uptake in developing rat molar enamel was limited by the metabolic activity of the cells of the enamel organ."}
{"id": "PMID:281102", "title": "Dental plaque morphology as revealed by direct observation and by replicating techniques.", "content": "The ability of four elastomer impression materials to reproduce details of bacterial plaque structures was studied by comparing areas of the replica models with corresponding areas of the replicated plaque. Plaque was grown on hydroxyapatite splint segments for 48 hours and replica models were made from three different resins. One of the resins, a methacrylate material, was not suited for this purpose due to its content of spherical particles. The polysulfide and polyether impression materials reacted with the heat curing epoxy resin, and less satisfactory results were obtained with cold curing epoxy resin. Best results were obtained by a combined use of low viscosity silicone impression materials and cold or heat curing epoxy resins as model materials. However, a considerable loss of detail occurred in the replica models compared with observations of plaque directly on splint surfaces. Outlines of individual bacteria could sometimes be seen in the models, but generally several cells seemed to fuse, and appeared like small globular structures where cells and pellicle were difficult to distinguish. The bacterial colonization started near the gingival border of the surface, initiated by attachment of individual bacteria to the pellicle surface.", "contents": "Dental plaque morphology as revealed by direct observation and by replicating techniques. The ability of four elastomer impression materials to reproduce details of bacterial plaque structures was studied by comparing areas of the replica models with corresponding areas of the replicated plaque. Plaque was grown on hydroxyapatite splint segments for 48 hours and replica models were made from three different resins. One of the resins, a methacrylate material, was not suited for this purpose due to its content of spherical particles. The polysulfide and polyether impression materials reacted with the heat curing epoxy resin, and less satisfactory results were obtained with cold curing epoxy resin. Best results were obtained by a combined use of low viscosity silicone impression materials and cold or heat curing epoxy resins as model materials. However, a considerable loss of detail occurred in the replica models compared with observations of plaque directly on splint surfaces. Outlines of individual bacteria could sometimes be seen in the models, but generally several cells seemed to fuse, and appeared like small globular structures where cells and pellicle were difficult to distinguish. The bacterial colonization started near the gingival border of the surface, initiated by attachment of individual bacteria to the pellicle surface."}
{"id": "PMID:281103", "title": "Characterization of oral in vivo films formed on different types of solid surfaces.", "content": "Studies were made of oral films formed in vivo, which had been allowed to form on fused silica and Ge-prisms during periods between 2 s and 2 h using a variety of physico-chemical methods. To produce surfaces of different qualities the silica and Ge-prisms had either been detergent-washed, glow discharge treated or covered with polydimethylsiloxane. The following simultaneous analytical techniques were performed on the adsorbed films: a. internal reflection infrared spectroscopy, b. ellipsometry, c. contact potential measurements, d. contact angle measurements, e. scanning electron microscopy and f. energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The results of these studies show that the formation of oral films proceeds at high speed and is of a certain qualitative selectivity. The formed films were found to be stable over long periods of time, and only showed patches of adhering micro-organisms on some of the prisms which had been exposed in the oral cavity for 2 h.", "contents": "Characterization of oral in vivo films formed on different types of solid surfaces. Studies were made of oral films formed in vivo, which had been allowed to form on fused silica and Ge-prisms during periods between 2 s and 2 h using a variety of physico-chemical methods. To produce surfaces of different qualities the silica and Ge-prisms had either been detergent-washed, glow discharge treated or covered with polydimethylsiloxane. The following simultaneous analytical techniques were performed on the adsorbed films: a. internal reflection infrared spectroscopy, b. ellipsometry, c. contact potential measurements, d. contact angle measurements, e. scanning electron microscopy and f. energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. The results of these studies show that the formation of oral films proceeds at high speed and is of a certain qualitative selectivity. The formed films were found to be stable over long periods of time, and only showed patches of adhering micro-organisms on some of the prisms which had been exposed in the oral cavity for 2 h."}
{"id": "PMID:281104", "title": "Porosity of resin filling materials.", "content": "Four paste-paste types of resin filling materials and three capsulated products were tested with respect to porosity content and size distribution of the pores. The data were obtained by using an automatic image analyzer. The paste-paste products were inserted into the test cavities by a bulk-packing technique and an injection technique. The results showed that the use of a syringe reduced the porosity content, mainly by the elimination of big pores. The capsulated products were not less porous than the paste-paste materials.", "contents": "Porosity of resin filling materials. Four paste-paste types of resin filling materials and three capsulated products were tested with respect to porosity content and size distribution of the pores. The data were obtained by using an automatic image analyzer. The paste-paste products were inserted into the test cavities by a bulk-packing technique and an injection technique. The results showed that the use of a syringe reduced the porosity content, mainly by the elimination of big pores. The capsulated products were not less porous than the paste-paste materials."}
{"id": "PMID:281105", "title": "Masticatory function after activator treatment. An analysis of masticatory efficiency, occlusal contact conditions and EMG activity.", "content": "Masticatory function was investigated in nine patients with relapse and ten patients without relapse of overjet after activator treatment, Masticatory efficiency, evaluated by a chewing test, was related to the number of intermaxillary tooth contacts and the electromyographic (EMG) activity from the temporal and masseter muscles during chewing. The results of the investigation indicated that a reduced masticatory efficiency was connected with fewer intermaxillary tooth contacts and less EMG activity from the temporal and masseter muscles. In patients with relapse of overjet, masticatory efficiency and muscle activity was reduced in comparison with patients without relapse. The relationship between the number of tooth contacts and masticatory efficiency was poor in the relapse patients. Unstable occlusal conditions and atypical tongue function may be an explanation.", "contents": "Masticatory function after activator treatment. An analysis of masticatory efficiency, occlusal contact conditions and EMG activity. Masticatory function was investigated in nine patients with relapse and ten patients without relapse of overjet after activator treatment, Masticatory efficiency, evaluated by a chewing test, was related to the number of intermaxillary tooth contacts and the electromyographic (EMG) activity from the temporal and masseter muscles during chewing. The results of the investigation indicated that a reduced masticatory efficiency was connected with fewer intermaxillary tooth contacts and less EMG activity from the temporal and masseter muscles. In patients with relapse of overjet, masticatory efficiency and muscle activity was reduced in comparison with patients without relapse. The relationship between the number of tooth contacts and masticatory efficiency was poor in the relapse patients. Unstable occlusal conditions and atypical tongue function may be an explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:281109", "title": "Hematogenous development of rat mature granulocytic leukemia--comparison of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia.", "content": "The oral administration of N,'N-2,7-fluorenylenebis-acetamide (2,7-FAA) induces leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia in rats. We compared the degree of infiltration of 2,7-FAA-induced mature granulocytic leukemia with that of transplanted leukemia for the purpose of proving hematogenous development of leukemia. The bone marrow, spleen and liver were examined in the cases of diffuse lesion of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia. The average degree of infiltration of both 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia was high in the bone marrow, medium in the spleen, and low in the liver. Intravenous transplantation of malignant neoplasm is an example of hematogenous metastasis. The similarity of infiltration between 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia suggests that the former is spread by hematogenous metastasis.", "contents": "Hematogenous development of rat mature granulocytic leukemia--comparison of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia. The oral administration of N,'N-2,7-fluorenylenebis-acetamide (2,7-FAA) induces leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia in rats. We compared the degree of infiltration of 2,7-FAA-induced mature granulocytic leukemia with that of transplanted leukemia for the purpose of proving hematogenous development of leukemia. The bone marrow, spleen and liver were examined in the cases of diffuse lesion of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia. The average degree of infiltration of both 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia was high in the bone marrow, medium in the spleen, and low in the liver. Intravenous transplantation of malignant neoplasm is an example of hematogenous metastasis. The similarity of infiltration between 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia suggests that the former is spread by hematogenous metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:281110", "title": "Site of origin of 2,7-FAA-induced rat leukemia.", "content": "Oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebis-acetamide (2,7-FAA) induces mature granulocytic and erythroblastic leukemia in rats. We compared the primary site of mature granulocytic leukemia with that of erythroblastic leukemia. The nodular foci of solitary lesions and comspicuously large foci of scattered lesions were considered to be the primary site. They appeared mainly in the bone marrow of various bones. The primary site of mature granulocytic leukemia appeared more frequently in short bones than in long bones. On the contrary, that of erythroblastic leukemia appeared more frequently in long bones than in short bones. The origin of mature granulocytic leukemia seems to be concerned with bone tissue, while erythroblastic leukemia may have little relation with bone tissue.", "contents": "Site of origin of 2,7-FAA-induced rat leukemia. Oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebis-acetamide (2,7-FAA) induces mature granulocytic and erythroblastic leukemia in rats. We compared the primary site of mature granulocytic leukemia with that of erythroblastic leukemia. The nodular foci of solitary lesions and comspicuously large foci of scattered lesions were considered to be the primary site. They appeared mainly in the bone marrow of various bones. The primary site of mature granulocytic leukemia appeared more frequently in short bones than in long bones. On the contrary, that of erythroblastic leukemia appeared more frequently in long bones than in short bones. The origin of mature granulocytic leukemia seems to be concerned with bone tissue, while erythroblastic leukemia may have little relation with bone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:281112", "title": "Rapid platelet consumption in a case of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma of the breast.", "content": "An operation was carried out on an elderly female because of an osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. One year later she developed a state of rapid thrombocytolysis resistant to high dose prednisolone therapy and spleenectomy. At autopsy a large single metastasis was found in the right atrium and tumour emboli in the pulmonary artery. It is suggested that the shortening in platelet survival might have had an immunological background. Trapping of fibrinous material within tumour emboli and mechanical platelet destruction caused by the tumour appear to have been contributing factors.", "contents": "Rapid platelet consumption in a case of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. An operation was carried out on an elderly female because of an osteogenic sarcoma of the breast. One year later she developed a state of rapid thrombocytolysis resistant to high dose prednisolone therapy and spleenectomy. At autopsy a large single metastasis was found in the right atrium and tumour emboli in the pulmonary artery. It is suggested that the shortening in platelet survival might have had an immunological background. Trapping of fibrinous material within tumour emboli and mechanical platelet destruction caused by the tumour appear to have been contributing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:281126", "title": "Severe infiltration of the kidneys with ultrasonic abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had enlarged kidneys with impairment of renal function and hypertension as the presenting features of relapse. Ultrasound demonstrated multiple nodular areas of echolucency within enlarged kidneys that reverted to normal when the patient was in remission but then recurred during relapse. This noninvasive procedure may be useful in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia to determine the incidence and prognostic significance of renal involvement at the time of diagnosis, and to follow the course of those who have demonstrable changes.", "contents": "Severe infiltration of the kidneys with ultrasonic abnormalities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A 3-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had enlarged kidneys with impairment of renal function and hypertension as the presenting features of relapse. Ultrasound demonstrated multiple nodular areas of echolucency within enlarged kidneys that reverted to normal when the patient was in remission but then recurred during relapse. This noninvasive procedure may be useful in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia to determine the incidence and prognostic significance of renal involvement at the time of diagnosis, and to follow the course of those who have demonstrable changes."}
{"id": "PMID:281127", "title": "Non-leukemic dividing cells in the blood of leukemic patients.", "content": "Spontaneous mitoses in the blood of 67 patients with acute leukemia were enumerated and their identity determined by cytogenetic methods. Most patients were children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Simultaneous 16- to 20-hour cultures of blood leukocytes (Bu) and of bone marrow (BM) cells were performed without phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Blood leukocytes were also cultured with PHA for 72 hours (BPHA). Mitoses in Bu cultures were counted, and karyotypic analysis performed on cells from the three culture types. In 21 control subjects, Bu cultures usually yielded no mitoses. Relapse and remission patients both displayed significantly more Bu mitoses than the controls. The karyotypes of Bu, BPHA, and BM mitoses in remission patients were normal. Fifty percent of relapse patients displayed cytogenetically abnormal leukemia cell lines; the percentage of their abnormal karyotypes was significantly higher in BM cells than in Bu or BPHA cells. The majority of the mitotic cells in Bu cultures from both relapse and remission patients appear to be of a nonleukemic origin. The number of mitoses could not be correlated with type of leukemia, hematologic parameters, or prognosis.", "contents": "Non-leukemic dividing cells in the blood of leukemic patients. Spontaneous mitoses in the blood of 67 patients with acute leukemia were enumerated and their identity determined by cytogenetic methods. Most patients were children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Simultaneous 16- to 20-hour cultures of blood leukocytes (Bu) and of bone marrow (BM) cells were performed without phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Blood leukocytes were also cultured with PHA for 72 hours (BPHA). Mitoses in Bu cultures were counted, and karyotypic analysis performed on cells from the three culture types. In 21 control subjects, Bu cultures usually yielded no mitoses. Relapse and remission patients both displayed significantly more Bu mitoses than the controls. The karyotypes of Bu, BPHA, and BM mitoses in remission patients were normal. Fifty percent of relapse patients displayed cytogenetically abnormal leukemia cell lines; the percentage of their abnormal karyotypes was significantly higher in BM cells than in Bu or BPHA cells. The majority of the mitotic cells in Bu cultures from both relapse and remission patients appear to be of a nonleukemic origin. The number of mitoses could not be correlated with type of leukemia, hematologic parameters, or prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:281128", "title": "A case of acute myelogenous leukemia with an 8--21 translocation, missing Y, and additional karyotypic abnormalities.", "content": "A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) whose bone marrow cells had complicated chromosomal abnormalities, in addition to an 8--21 translocation and a missing Y chromosome, is reported. The complex additional abnormalities did not appear to have much influence on the clinical aspects of the disease, eg, cytology of the leukemic cells and the patient's response to chemotherapy, even though the patient did have a rectal tumor due to leukemic cell infiltration.", "contents": "A case of acute myelogenous leukemia with an 8--21 translocation, missing Y, and additional karyotypic abnormalities. A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) whose bone marrow cells had complicated chromosomal abnormalities, in addition to an 8--21 translocation and a missing Y chromosome, is reported. The complex additional abnormalities did not appear to have much influence on the clinical aspects of the disease, eg, cytology of the leukemic cells and the patient's response to chemotherapy, even though the patient did have a rectal tumor due to leukemic cell infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:281130", "title": "A growth-related concept for skeletal class II treatment.", "content": "The use of a combined activator--high-pull headgear appliance for treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion is presented as a preliminary report. The activator itself is equipped with a palatal bar, lower lip pads, and torque-control auxiliaries for the upper incisors. The face-bow is mounted directly on the activator, and the extraoral force vector is equivalent to that of an anterior high-pull vector. During bite registration the veritcal displacement of the mandible is restricted to a minimum, and the anterior displacement should not exceed 6 mm. On the basis of current knowledge of the growth of the bony facial structures, treatment objectives and a specific approach for skeletal Class II correction are defined. Following these objectives, the therapy aims at correcting the malocclusion without diverting the anterior landmarks of the bony face from their specific lines of growth. This is brought about by the corresponding mechanics of the activator-headgear combination. The corrective effect of this appliance may be assumed to be the result of several different factors. The maxillary dentition is restrained in a posterior cranial direction, and an inhibitory effect on the maxilla counter to its line of development is attained. The mandibular dentition is influenced in an anterior downward direction by means of the bite registration, and the occlusion is unlocked during treatment. Any transfer of distally directed headgear forces from the maxilla to the mandible is prevented. Temporary stimulation of condylar growth, possibly combined with temporary posterior deflection of condylar growth, may also be induced. In this way it is possible to take maximum advantage of condylar growth in the sagittal dimension. Thus, not only is the malocclusion corrected but, at the same time, decisive profile improvement is achieved by anterior development of the mandible. From the experience gained so far with a Class II, Division 1 sample undergoing treatment with the activator-headgear combination, it would appear that skeletal control of the direction of facial growth during treatment is possible. A quantitative report on this group of approximately forty patients, some of whom are still receiving treatment, is in preparation.", "contents": "A growth-related concept for skeletal class II treatment. The use of a combined activator--high-pull headgear appliance for treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion is presented as a preliminary report. The activator itself is equipped with a palatal bar, lower lip pads, and torque-control auxiliaries for the upper incisors. The face-bow is mounted directly on the activator, and the extraoral force vector is equivalent to that of an anterior high-pull vector. During bite registration the veritcal displacement of the mandible is restricted to a minimum, and the anterior displacement should not exceed 6 mm. On the basis of current knowledge of the growth of the bony facial structures, treatment objectives and a specific approach for skeletal Class II correction are defined. Following these objectives, the therapy aims at correcting the malocclusion without diverting the anterior landmarks of the bony face from their specific lines of growth. This is brought about by the corresponding mechanics of the activator-headgear combination. The corrective effect of this appliance may be assumed to be the result of several different factors. The maxillary dentition is restrained in a posterior cranial direction, and an inhibitory effect on the maxilla counter to its line of development is attained. The mandibular dentition is influenced in an anterior downward direction by means of the bite registration, and the occlusion is unlocked during treatment. Any transfer of distally directed headgear forces from the maxilla to the mandible is prevented. Temporary stimulation of condylar growth, possibly combined with temporary posterior deflection of condylar growth, may also be induced. In this way it is possible to take maximum advantage of condylar growth in the sagittal dimension. Thus, not only is the malocclusion corrected but, at the same time, decisive profile improvement is achieved by anterior development of the mandible. From the experience gained so far with a Class II, Division 1 sample undergoing treatment with the activator-headgear combination, it would appear that skeletal control of the direction of facial growth during treatment is possible. A quantitative report on this group of approximately forty patients, some of whom are still receiving treatment, is in preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:281129", "title": "Indications for autotransplantation in cases of missing premolars.", "content": "The postoperative behavior of premolars transplanted before completion of root formation and the long-term prognosis for such teeth have recently been studied. After postoperative observation periods ranging between 3 years 4 months and 13 years 9 months, all of the thirty-four teeth in question were found to still be in place. Root formation had continued, supporting tissues had developed, and the teeth had erupted. In most instances they had functioned normally without giving rise to problems of any kind. Their status during the re-examination implied that most of them would function normally for many years to come, perhaps for a lifetime. Autotransplantation of missing premolars in many cases is the only alternative to prosthetic substitution, and it is our method of preference. However, substitution by autotransplantation cannot be applied unless a suitable transplant is available. Any premolar destined to be extracted for orthodontic reasons is a possible transplant. In young patients it is also a suitable one. In orthodontic extraction cases, therefore, suitable transplants are usually available. In nonextraction cases, none is available unless teeth in other dental arch quadrants are \"sacrificed.\" In the present report six cases are presented as examples of solutions to the problem of missing premolars by autotransplantation. The main combinations of missing teeth and types of malocclusion in which premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons can advantageously be used as substitutes for other premolars are defined. Also, the justification for \"sacrificing\" a premolar in one quadrant to the advantage of another quadrant is discussed.", "contents": "Indications for autotransplantation in cases of missing premolars. The postoperative behavior of premolars transplanted before completion of root formation and the long-term prognosis for such teeth have recently been studied. After postoperative observation periods ranging between 3 years 4 months and 13 years 9 months, all of the thirty-four teeth in question were found to still be in place. Root formation had continued, supporting tissues had developed, and the teeth had erupted. In most instances they had functioned normally without giving rise to problems of any kind. Their status during the re-examination implied that most of them would function normally for many years to come, perhaps for a lifetime. Autotransplantation of missing premolars in many cases is the only alternative to prosthetic substitution, and it is our method of preference. However, substitution by autotransplantation cannot be applied unless a suitable transplant is available. Any premolar destined to be extracted for orthodontic reasons is a possible transplant. In young patients it is also a suitable one. In orthodontic extraction cases, therefore, suitable transplants are usually available. In nonextraction cases, none is available unless teeth in other dental arch quadrants are \"sacrificed.\" In the present report six cases are presented as examples of solutions to the problem of missing premolars by autotransplantation. The main combinations of missing teeth and types of malocclusion in which premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons can advantageously be used as substitutes for other premolars are defined. Also, the justification for \"sacrificing\" a premolar in one quadrant to the advantage of another quadrant is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281132", "title": "Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement.", "content": "This study involved a cephalometric analysis of 1,150 fully treated orthodontic cases evaluated by Kodachrome slides, plaster casts, and cephalometric films to determine changes in the width of keratinized gingiva relative to lower incisor tooth movement and to ascertain the incidence of mucogingival problems in orthodontic patients. It was apparent that in a small percentage of cases visible mucogingival changes occurred and could be statistically correlated with the magnitude and direction of tooth movement. In this group of patients 1.3 percent (sixteen) showed a decrease in the width of keratinized gingiva with either minimal movement or some labial movement of the mandibular incisors; 0.69 percent (eight) had an increase in keratinized gingival width concomitant with significant lingual positioning of the lower incisors. The salient point to be made is that with an initial minimal or inadequate width of keratinized gingiva (0 to 2 mm.), mandibular incisor tooth movement over a period of treatment could significantly affect the final quality of gingival health in the critical mandibular anterior region.", "contents": "Mucogingival changes resulting from mandibular incisor tooth movement. This study involved a cephalometric analysis of 1,150 fully treated orthodontic cases evaluated by Kodachrome slides, plaster casts, and cephalometric films to determine changes in the width of keratinized gingiva relative to lower incisor tooth movement and to ascertain the incidence of mucogingival problems in orthodontic patients. It was apparent that in a small percentage of cases visible mucogingival changes occurred and could be statistically correlated with the magnitude and direction of tooth movement. In this group of patients 1.3 percent (sixteen) showed a decrease in the width of keratinized gingiva with either minimal movement or some labial movement of the mandibular incisors; 0.69 percent (eight) had an increase in keratinized gingival width concomitant with significant lingual positioning of the lower incisors. The salient point to be made is that with an initial minimal or inadequate width of keratinized gingiva (0 to 2 mm.), mandibular incisor tooth movement over a period of treatment could significantly affect the final quality of gingival health in the critical mandibular anterior region."}
{"id": "PMID:281133", "title": "Cephalometric standards for American Negro children.", "content": "1. Our findings are comparable to the measurements of Drummond and Altemus. 2. Most skeletal measurements of the Alabama Negro are greater than those of Caucasians. 3. There is no difference between Caucasians and Negroes in the mean of the facial plane--SN angle. 4. The maxilla is proportionately more anteriorly placed than the mandible in the Negro. 5. The upper and lower incisors are more procumbent and protrusive in Negroes. 6. Standard deviations are about the same for whites and blacks, other than those for skeletal measurements. 7. Neither Angle's Class II nor Class III malocclusions occur as frequently in the black population as in the white population.", "contents": "Cephalometric standards for American Negro children. 1. Our findings are comparable to the measurements of Drummond and Altemus. 2. Most skeletal measurements of the Alabama Negro are greater than those of Caucasians. 3. There is no difference between Caucasians and Negroes in the mean of the facial plane--SN angle. 4. The maxilla is proportionately more anteriorly placed than the mandible in the Negro. 5. The upper and lower incisors are more procumbent and protrusive in Negroes. 6. Standard deviations are about the same for whites and blacks, other than those for skeletal measurements. 7. Neither Angle's Class II nor Class III malocclusions occur as frequently in the black population as in the white population."}
{"id": "PMID:281140", "title": "Prenatal growth patterns of the human mandible and masseter muscle complex.", "content": "Since experimental and clinical evidence supports some role of musculature in determining the form and size of facial bones during the active periods of growth after birth, this study addresses the same basic relationships between muscle and bone during the periods of active growth before birth. The relationship between the masseter muscle and the mandible, including its ramal and body components, was chosen as the model for study in nineteen human fetuses (ages 16 to 36 weeks). Cross-sectional cephalometric data indicated that, although increases in the size of the muscle and mandible were linearly related to increasing age, the ramal portion of the mandible was more closely related to changes in the masseter muscle than to changes in the mandibular body. Moreover, it appears that reorientation of the muscle anteriorly and downward precedes a similar reorientation of the ramus, with the combination of both fetal events leading to the typical relationships of the two structures expected after birth. Although this study does not get to cause-and-effect relationships, and although the fetal specimens cannot be monitored longitudinally over time, the parallelisms between our prenatal findings and those reported for postnatal periods certainly lend further support to the observation that many aspects of morphogenesis and growth are continual processes spanning the periods on either side of birth.", "contents": "Prenatal growth patterns of the human mandible and masseter muscle complex. Since experimental and clinical evidence supports some role of musculature in determining the form and size of facial bones during the active periods of growth after birth, this study addresses the same basic relationships between muscle and bone during the periods of active growth before birth. The relationship between the masseter muscle and the mandible, including its ramal and body components, was chosen as the model for study in nineteen human fetuses (ages 16 to 36 weeks). Cross-sectional cephalometric data indicated that, although increases in the size of the muscle and mandible were linearly related to increasing age, the ramal portion of the mandible was more closely related to changes in the masseter muscle than to changes in the mandibular body. Moreover, it appears that reorientation of the muscle anteriorly and downward precedes a similar reorientation of the ramus, with the combination of both fetal events leading to the typical relationships of the two structures expected after birth. Although this study does not get to cause-and-effect relationships, and although the fetal specimens cannot be monitored longitudinally over time, the parallelisms between our prenatal findings and those reported for postnatal periods certainly lend further support to the observation that many aspects of morphogenesis and growth are continual processes spanning the periods on either side of birth."}
{"id": "PMID:281141", "title": "Mechanics, growth, and class II corrections.", "content": "Growth of the orofacial region is quantitatively described by locating the center of mandibular rotation relative to the cranial base. The center of mandibular rotation is positioned by the ratio of vertical facial growth (AFH/PFH) and the direction of condylar growth. Appliance therapy is associated with changes in the means of both of these parameters. These changes reduce or stop favorable anterior mandibular rotation and redirect the mean condylar growth vector more posteriorly. When appliance therapy is stopped, these parameters return toward their resting values. The mean direction of the condylar growth vector became even more anteriorly directed after treatment than the pretreatment mean value. These data support the hypothesis that orthodontic appliances significantly alter the facial growth pattern and when they are stopped, the growth pattern tends to rebound to or beyond the pretreatment values.", "contents": "Mechanics, growth, and class II corrections. Growth of the orofacial region is quantitatively described by locating the center of mandibular rotation relative to the cranial base. The center of mandibular rotation is positioned by the ratio of vertical facial growth (AFH/PFH) and the direction of condylar growth. Appliance therapy is associated with changes in the means of both of these parameters. These changes reduce or stop favorable anterior mandibular rotation and redirect the mean condylar growth vector more posteriorly. When appliance therapy is stopped, these parameters return toward their resting values. The mean direction of the condylar growth vector became even more anteriorly directed after treatment than the pretreatment mean value. These data support the hypothesis that orthodontic appliances significantly alter the facial growth pattern and when they are stopped, the growth pattern tends to rebound to or beyond the pretreatment values."}
{"id": "PMID:281143", "title": "Orthodontic force production by closed coil springs.", "content": "The effects of wire size, lumen size, and wire type on the production of force by closed coil springs were determined. Force production was affected as follows: (1) Keeping the lumen size constant, an increase in wire size produced an increase in force. (2) Keeping the wire size constant, an increase in lumen size produced a decrease in force. (3) For a given wire size, force varied with different wire types. This study has shown that the current recommendations for the use of closed coil springs produce forces of greater magnitude than is necessary for orthodontic tooth movement. The clinician should take care to select the proper closed coil spring for specific clinical situations.", "contents": "Orthodontic force production by closed coil springs. The effects of wire size, lumen size, and wire type on the production of force by closed coil springs were determined. Force production was affected as follows: (1) Keeping the lumen size constant, an increase in wire size produced an increase in force. (2) Keeping the wire size constant, an increase in lumen size produced a decrease in force. (3) For a given wire size, force varied with different wire types. This study has shown that the current recommendations for the use of closed coil springs produce forces of greater magnitude than is necessary for orthodontic tooth movement. The clinician should take care to select the proper closed coil spring for specific clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:281144", "title": "Applicability of autotransplantation in cases of missing upper anterior teeth.", "content": "No immunologic problems are involved in autotransplantation, as they are in allotransplantation. One is justified in stating that the prognosis for autotransplantation of teeth is favorable, at least in young persons. In this report six cases are presented to demonstrate that autotransplantation can contribute to more satisfactory solutions to the problem of missing anterior teeth than can otherwise be achieved. It is difficult to form general rules regarding the indications for autotransplantation in such cases. Each case must be assessed on its own premises: the substitution need, the availability of a transplant, the long-term prognosis, and the advantages and disadvantages of a solution with autotransplantation versus solutions without autotransplantation. It should be admitted that the applicability of autotransplantation is limited. However, the therapist who realizes that the applicability in young patients is primarily a question of the availability of transplants may find that this is greater than he has previously realized.", "contents": "Applicability of autotransplantation in cases of missing upper anterior teeth. No immunologic problems are involved in autotransplantation, as they are in allotransplantation. One is justified in stating that the prognosis for autotransplantation of teeth is favorable, at least in young persons. In this report six cases are presented to demonstrate that autotransplantation can contribute to more satisfactory solutions to the problem of missing anterior teeth than can otherwise be achieved. It is difficult to form general rules regarding the indications for autotransplantation in such cases. Each case must be assessed on its own premises: the substitution need, the availability of a transplant, the long-term prognosis, and the advantages and disadvantages of a solution with autotransplantation versus solutions without autotransplantation. It should be admitted that the applicability of autotransplantation is limited. However, the therapist who realizes that the applicability in young patients is primarily a question of the availability of transplants may find that this is greater than he has previously realized."}
{"id": "PMID:281145", "title": "The palatally impacted canine: a new approach to treatment.", "content": "A method for the application of traction to misplaced maxillary canines in the palate is described. The treatment approach is from the palatal side, with initial traction applied in a lingually downward direction to prevent interference with the neighboring teeth. Emphasis is placed on the suitability of the method as an adjunct to almost any of the established techniques. In this way improving their efficiency in treating the over-all orthodontic problem.", "contents": "The palatally impacted canine: a new approach to treatment. A method for the application of traction to misplaced maxillary canines in the palate is described. The treatment approach is from the palatal side, with initial traction applied in a lingually downward direction to prevent interference with the neighboring teeth. Emphasis is placed on the suitability of the method as an adjunct to almost any of the established techniques. In this way improving their efficiency in treating the over-all orthodontic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:281148", "title": "The modified sagittal osteotomy of the mandible: two case reports.", "content": "Two case reports of a modified sagittal split osteotomy of the ramus of the mandible are presented which illustrate a technically simplified modality of treating various dentofacial abnormalities. A brief review of the literature is presented and observations are made on the procedures. The need for future documentation of intraoperative and postoperative results on this type of procedure is recommended.", "contents": "The modified sagittal osteotomy of the mandible: two case reports. Two case reports of a modified sagittal split osteotomy of the ramus of the mandible are presented which illustrate a technically simplified modality of treating various dentofacial abnormalities. A brief review of the literature is presented and observations are made on the procedures. The need for future documentation of intraoperative and postoperative results on this type of procedure is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:281160", "title": "A study of waste gas scavenging in operating theatres.", "content": "Measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations were made in eight hospitals, using 30 anaesthetic machines and locations, during 41 anaesthetic administrations or simulations. All areas were air conditioned, two by laminar flow devices. All anaesthetic machines and ventilators were fitted with commercially available gas collector (scavenger) valves. In all areas except one, venturi suction was used to exhaust gases. Pollution levels during endotracheal anaesthesia did not exceed the recommended 30 ppm. except where leaking anaesthetic machines or nitrous oxide supplies were used. In two instances where paediatric anaesthesia was administered through uncuffed endotracheal tubes nitrous oxide levels were also excessive. Of nine anaesthetics administered through face masks, only in one was the ambient nitrous oxide concentration acceptable. During induction of anaesthesia using nitrous oxide, unacceptable peaks of concentration were encountered. In two air conditioned recovery rooms tested, nitrous oxide concentration was acceptable. The collector valves performed their function satisfactorily, but laminar flow air conditioning was insufficient in itself to maintain acceptably low nitrous oxide concentration without the use of scavenging.", "contents": "A study of waste gas scavenging in operating theatres. Measurements of atmospheric nitrous oxide concentrations were made in eight hospitals, using 30 anaesthetic machines and locations, during 41 anaesthetic administrations or simulations. All areas were air conditioned, two by laminar flow devices. All anaesthetic machines and ventilators were fitted with commercially available gas collector (scavenger) valves. In all areas except one, venturi suction was used to exhaust gases. Pollution levels during endotracheal anaesthesia did not exceed the recommended 30 ppm. except where leaking anaesthetic machines or nitrous oxide supplies were used. In two instances where paediatric anaesthesia was administered through uncuffed endotracheal tubes nitrous oxide levels were also excessive. Of nine anaesthetics administered through face masks, only in one was the ambient nitrous oxide concentration acceptable. During induction of anaesthesia using nitrous oxide, unacceptable peaks of concentration were encountered. In two air conditioned recovery rooms tested, nitrous oxide concentration was acceptable. The collector valves performed their function satisfactorily, but laminar flow air conditioning was insufficient in itself to maintain acceptably low nitrous oxide concentration without the use of scavenging."}
{"id": "PMID:281164", "title": "Splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "We review splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia, emphasizing recent studies that have evaluated early splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease. Despite current interest in splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia, uncontrolled clinical trials to date suggest that the operation during the early phase neither delays the onset of blastic transformation nor prolongs survival. Immediate operative mortality of splenectomy during the chronic phase is low, generally less than 1%. The morbidity of the procedure, however, remains formidable due to infectious and thromboembolic complications. Splenectomy during chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia permits easier control of the disease in patients who are thrombocytopenic due to busulfan toxicity or sensitivity. Splenectomy during the chronic phase may also palliate those patients who suffer from acute splenic events or massive splenomegaly. Splenectomy in blast-phase disease should be considered a heroic measure providing little benefit to most patients.", "contents": "Splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia. We review splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia, emphasizing recent studies that have evaluated early splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease. Despite current interest in splenectomy in chronic myeloid leukemia, uncontrolled clinical trials to date suggest that the operation during the early phase neither delays the onset of blastic transformation nor prolongs survival. Immediate operative mortality of splenectomy during the chronic phase is low, generally less than 1%. The morbidity of the procedure, however, remains formidable due to infectious and thromboembolic complications. Splenectomy during chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia permits easier control of the disease in patients who are thrombocytopenic due to busulfan toxicity or sensitivity. Splenectomy during the chronic phase may also palliate those patients who suffer from acute splenic events or massive splenomegaly. Splenectomy in blast-phase disease should be considered a heroic measure providing little benefit to most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:281165", "title": "Standards for hospital infection control.", "content": "The American Hospital Association and the Center for Disease Control, together with other national bodies, have made major efforts in the past 20 years in calling attention to problems of nosocomial infection in U.S. hospitals. Current requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals reflect their efforts but further reflect a profound lack of acceptable data from which rational priorities in hospital infection control might be deduced. Accreditation requirements should be limited to procedures whose effectiveness in either clearly documented or strongly suggested by available data. Research and educational goals in hospital epidemiology must be identified and met in order to provide a scientific basis for hospital infection control procedures.", "contents": "Standards for hospital infection control. The American Hospital Association and the Center for Disease Control, together with other national bodies, have made major efforts in the past 20 years in calling attention to problems of nosocomial infection in U.S. hospitals. Current requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals reflect their efforts but further reflect a profound lack of acceptable data from which rational priorities in hospital infection control might be deduced. Accreditation requirements should be limited to procedures whose effectiveness in either clearly documented or strongly suggested by available data. Research and educational goals in hospital epidemiology must be identified and met in order to provide a scientific basis for hospital infection control procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:281173", "title": "Hormonal control of progesterone receptors.", "content": "Uterine progesterone receptors are under dual hormonal control. Estrogen increases the concentration of receptor through a mechanism that depends on synthesis of both RNA and protein. Progesterone decreases the concentration of its own receptor, probably by enhancing its inactivation rate. This regulation explains receptor variations during the estrous cycle. In both guinea pig and rat uteri, cytosol receptor concentration is maximal at the preovulatory period and decreases after ovulation. Nuclear receptor was measured in the rat. Its concentration is also maximal at proestrus, but the higher nuclear to cytosol receptor ratio was observed at metestrus. There is a good correlation (r = 0.78) between nuclear receptor concentration, on one hand, and the product of cytosol receptor concentration times the plasma progesterone concentration, on the other hand. Autoradiographic studies show that receptor variations during the estrous cycle occur simultaneously in all cell types of uterine horn, cervix, and vagina, which suggests that similar mechanisms control receptor concentration in all of these cells. Progesterone receptor was also measured during pregnancy in rat uterus. Cytosol receptor concentration is low at the beginning of pregnancy (approximately 6000 binding sites per cell), declines slightly on Day 5 (approximately 4000 binding sites per cell), and then increases progressively during the remainder of pregnancy to attain its highest value on Day 22 (26,000 binding sites per cell). Nuclear receptor concentration is very low on Day 3 (1200 binding sites per cell), increases slightly on Day 5 (1900 binding sites per cell), decreases on Day 6, and then increases again to attain a plateau between Days 9 and 15 (approximately 2600 binding sites per cell). Thereafter, its concentration begins to decrease rapidly. On Day 22, the mean concentration is very low (700 binding sites per cell); in some animals (probably on the verge of parturition), no nuclear receptor can be detected.", "contents": "Hormonal control of progesterone receptors. Uterine progesterone receptors are under dual hormonal control. Estrogen increases the concentration of receptor through a mechanism that depends on synthesis of both RNA and protein. Progesterone decreases the concentration of its own receptor, probably by enhancing its inactivation rate. This regulation explains receptor variations during the estrous cycle. In both guinea pig and rat uteri, cytosol receptor concentration is maximal at the preovulatory period and decreases after ovulation. Nuclear receptor was measured in the rat. Its concentration is also maximal at proestrus, but the higher nuclear to cytosol receptor ratio was observed at metestrus. There is a good correlation (r = 0.78) between nuclear receptor concentration, on one hand, and the product of cytosol receptor concentration times the plasma progesterone concentration, on the other hand. Autoradiographic studies show that receptor variations during the estrous cycle occur simultaneously in all cell types of uterine horn, cervix, and vagina, which suggests that similar mechanisms control receptor concentration in all of these cells. Progesterone receptor was also measured during pregnancy in rat uterus. Cytosol receptor concentration is low at the beginning of pregnancy (approximately 6000 binding sites per cell), declines slightly on Day 5 (approximately 4000 binding sites per cell), and then increases progressively during the remainder of pregnancy to attain its highest value on Day 22 (26,000 binding sites per cell). Nuclear receptor concentration is very low on Day 3 (1200 binding sites per cell), increases slightly on Day 5 (1900 binding sites per cell), decreases on Day 6, and then increases again to attain a plateau between Days 9 and 15 (approximately 2600 binding sites per cell). Thereafter, its concentration begins to decrease rapidly. On Day 22, the mean concentration is very low (700 binding sites per cell); in some animals (probably on the verge of parturition), no nuclear receptor can be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:281183", "title": "Androgenic, synandrogenic, and antiandrogenic actions of progestins.", "content": "In addition to their action on the uterus and vagina, progestins exert diverse metabolic effects on a variety of tissues. These actions include androgenic, synandrogenic, and antiandrogenic effects on androgen-responsive tissues of rats and mice. The androgenic and antiandrogenic effects of progestins have been demonstrated in multiple tissues. These actions appear to be mediated via the androgen receptor. A synandrogenic effect of progestins has also been detected in some tissues. However, there are few data to indicate how this response is mediated. Progestins may also alter androgen action indirectly through changes in steroid synthesis and metabolism. The overall biologic effect of a steroid may thus be determined by the sum of its actions on a variety of tissues.", "contents": "Androgenic, synandrogenic, and antiandrogenic actions of progestins. In addition to their action on the uterus and vagina, progestins exert diverse metabolic effects on a variety of tissues. These actions include androgenic, synandrogenic, and antiandrogenic effects on androgen-responsive tissues of rats and mice. The androgenic and antiandrogenic effects of progestins have been demonstrated in multiple tissues. These actions appear to be mediated via the androgen receptor. A synandrogenic effect of progestins has also been detected in some tissues. However, there are few data to indicate how this response is mediated. Progestins may also alter androgen action indirectly through changes in steroid synthesis and metabolism. The overall biologic effect of a steroid may thus be determined by the sum of its actions on a variety of tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:281184", "title": "Glucocorticoid activity of various progesterone analogs: correlation between specific binding in thymus and liver and biologic activity.", "content": "When tested in an in vitro assay system, progesterone and various analogs of this steroid were shown to compete with [3H] triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for specific glucocorticoid receptors in both rat liver and thymus. Of these analogs, the following derivatives of progesterone were potent competitors of TA binding and, when injected into adrenalectomized rats, induced regression of the thymus and marked increases in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity: 11 beta-hydroxyl, 6 alpha-methyl, 6 alpha, 16 alpha-dimethyl, and 6 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-hydroxyl. In contrast, progesterone, 16 alpha-methyl, and 17 alpha-hydroxy progesterone competed with TA in vitro but failed to elicit either gluco- or antiglucocorticoid activity in vivo. Also, we observed that the oral contraceptive 6 alpha-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)testosterone competes very effectively with TA in a cell-free preparation of rat liver and induces an increase in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity. The 11 beta-hydroxyl group has previously been thought to be essential for glucocorticoid activity. Our studies indicate that substitution of progesterone or testosterone with a 6 alpha-methyl group negates the need for an 11 beta-hydroxyl substitutuent as a prerequisite for glucocorticoid activity.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid activity of various progesterone analogs: correlation between specific binding in thymus and liver and biologic activity. When tested in an in vitro assay system, progesterone and various analogs of this steroid were shown to compete with [3H] triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for specific glucocorticoid receptors in both rat liver and thymus. Of these analogs, the following derivatives of progesterone were potent competitors of TA binding and, when injected into adrenalectomized rats, induced regression of the thymus and marked increases in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity: 11 beta-hydroxyl, 6 alpha-methyl, 6 alpha, 16 alpha-dimethyl, and 6 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-hydroxyl. In contrast, progesterone, 16 alpha-methyl, and 17 alpha-hydroxy progesterone competed with TA in vitro but failed to elicit either gluco- or antiglucocorticoid activity in vivo. Also, we observed that the oral contraceptive 6 alpha-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)testosterone competes very effectively with TA in a cell-free preparation of rat liver and induces an increase in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity. The 11 beta-hydroxyl group has previously been thought to be essential for glucocorticoid activity. Our studies indicate that substitution of progesterone or testosterone with a 6 alpha-methyl group negates the need for an 11 beta-hydroxyl substitutuent as a prerequisite for glucocorticoid activity."}
{"id": "PMID:281189", "title": "Cerebral necrosis following radiotherapy of extracranial neoplasms.", "content": "We have examined 6 patients with delayed cerebral necrosis following irradiation of extracranial neoplasms. Four of the 6 patients received 1,760 rets (or less) tumor dose. The initial symptoms attributable to radiation necrosis appeared 4 to 31 months after irradiation and were those of a focal supratentorial mass. Cerebral angiography delineated an avascular frontal or temporal lesion in all 6 patients; in 1 case a magnification study revealed narrowing, irregularity, and occlusion of small cortical vessels. Four of our 6 patients underwent craniotomy with partial or complete surgical extirpation of necrotic brain tissue. Two operated patients are alive and without disabling neurological symptoms 30 and 25 months, respectively, after the operation. The characteristic neuropathological features of delayed radiation necrosis of brain suggest that vascular injury rather than neuronal or glial damage is of primary pathogenetic significance.", "contents": "Cerebral necrosis following radiotherapy of extracranial neoplasms. We have examined 6 patients with delayed cerebral necrosis following irradiation of extracranial neoplasms. Four of the 6 patients received 1,760 rets (or less) tumor dose. The initial symptoms attributable to radiation necrosis appeared 4 to 31 months after irradiation and were those of a focal supratentorial mass. Cerebral angiography delineated an avascular frontal or temporal lesion in all 6 patients; in 1 case a magnification study revealed narrowing, irregularity, and occlusion of small cortical vessels. Four of our 6 patients underwent craniotomy with partial or complete surgical extirpation of necrotic brain tissue. Two operated patients are alive and without disabling neurological symptoms 30 and 25 months, respectively, after the operation. The characteristic neuropathological features of delayed radiation necrosis of brain suggest that vascular injury rather than neuronal or glial damage is of primary pathogenetic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:281191", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Management of the coagulopathy during daunorubicin-prednisone remission induction.", "content": "Seven adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and disseminated intravascular coagulation were treated for remission induction with daunorubicin hydrochloride and prednisone. In all patients the coagulopathy was managed with continuous-infusion heparin sodium and vigorous transfusion with platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma. Five patients survived induction; they all achieved complete remission (CR). Median duration of CR was 27 + months; two patients presently survive in their initial CR at 28 and 48 months. Recognition of APL as a distinct type of acute leukemia and prompt initiation of treatment aimed at rapid cytoreduction and control of the coagulopathy has resulted in a prolonged disease-free survival for the majority of patients.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Management of the coagulopathy during daunorubicin-prednisone remission induction. Seven adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and disseminated intravascular coagulation were treated for remission induction with daunorubicin hydrochloride and prednisone. In all patients the coagulopathy was managed with continuous-infusion heparin sodium and vigorous transfusion with platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma. Five patients survived induction; they all achieved complete remission (CR). Median duration of CR was 27 + months; two patients presently survive in their initial CR at 28 and 48 months. Recognition of APL as a distinct type of acute leukemia and prompt initiation of treatment aimed at rapid cytoreduction and control of the coagulopathy has resulted in a prolonged disease-free survival for the majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:281192", "title": "Iatrogenic pancreatitis. A fatal complication in the induction therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed acute pancreatitis during induction therapy with corticosteroids and asparaginase. Postmortem examination showed changes consistent with hemorrhagic pancreatitis and fat necrosis over the pancreas and omentum. Corticosteroids were thought to be responsible for pancreatitis in this patient since \"hemorrhagic pancreatitis\" has not been previously described with asparaginase. We recommend careful follow-up of serum and urinary amylase values in patients receiving induction therapy with these agents.", "contents": "Iatrogenic pancreatitis. A fatal complication in the induction therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia. A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed acute pancreatitis during induction therapy with corticosteroids and asparaginase. Postmortem examination showed changes consistent with hemorrhagic pancreatitis and fat necrosis over the pancreas and omentum. Corticosteroids were thought to be responsible for pancreatitis in this patient since \"hemorrhagic pancreatitis\" has not been previously described with asparaginase. We recommend careful follow-up of serum and urinary amylase values in patients receiving induction therapy with these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:281214", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) involves cannulation of the papilla of Vater followed by contrast radiology of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. With experience, X-ray films of the desired duct(s) can be obtained in 90% of patients, with minimal patient discomfort and a low frequency of complications. Retrograde cholangiography accurately assesses the site and cause of biliary tract obstruction. Retrograde pancreatography reveals ductal abnormalities in most patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and the nature of the abnormality usually permits differentiation of the two diseases. The diagnostic accuracy of ERCP is enhanced by cytological evaluation of pure pancreatic juice, while endoscopic sphincterotomy is a therapeutic option in selected patients with choledocholithiasis and papillary stenosis. Current developments include endoscopic aspiration biopsy of the pancreas and endoscopy of pancreatic and biliary ducts, using a miniature endoscope passed down a channel in the parent instrument.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) involves cannulation of the papilla of Vater followed by contrast radiology of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. With experience, X-ray films of the desired duct(s) can be obtained in 90% of patients, with minimal patient discomfort and a low frequency of complications. Retrograde cholangiography accurately assesses the site and cause of biliary tract obstruction. Retrograde pancreatography reveals ductal abnormalities in most patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, and the nature of the abnormality usually permits differentiation of the two diseases. The diagnostic accuracy of ERCP is enhanced by cytological evaluation of pure pancreatic juice, while endoscopic sphincterotomy is a therapeutic option in selected patients with choledocholithiasis and papillary stenosis. Current developments include endoscopic aspiration biopsy of the pancreas and endoscopy of pancreatic and biliary ducts, using a miniature endoscope passed down a channel in the parent instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:281215", "title": "A surgical approach to diagnostic ultrasound and its relation to other organ imaging techniques.", "content": "Ultrasound can be of considerable help to the surgeon in the diagnosis of non-bowel abdominal lesions and of peripheral soft tissue masses. Its relationship to established radiological and nuclear medicine technqiues and computed tomography is discussed. The place of ultrasound in an organ imaging department is outlined.", "contents": "A surgical approach to diagnostic ultrasound and its relation to other organ imaging techniques. Ultrasound can be of considerable help to the surgeon in the diagnosis of non-bowel abdominal lesions and of peripheral soft tissue masses. Its relationship to established radiological and nuclear medicine technqiues and computed tomography is discussed. The place of ultrasound in an organ imaging department is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:281216", "title": "Twenty years' experience with parathyroid exploration.", "content": "Eighty-four patients have undergone surgical exploration following a clinical diagnosis of hyperpathyroidism over a 20-year period. Urinary tract calculi were the major indication for exploration, and 90% of these patients had recurrent calculi. Osteitis fibrosa was a rare presentation of hyperparathyroidism. Lethargy, sometimes profound, was an important symptom, in some instances the dominant feature. Persistent hypercalcaemia remains the chief diagnostic investigation, with helpful confirmation from estimation of the parathyroid hormone level. Little attempt was made in this series to utilize preoperative localization techniques, reliance being placed on meticulous bloodless surgery to find normal and abnormal parathyroid tissue. Eighty-five explorations were carried out in the 84 patients. Seventy-four of the explorations were successful, converting the patient to a normocalcaemic state. Of these, 63 had a single adenoma (86%).", "contents": "Twenty years' experience with parathyroid exploration. Eighty-four patients have undergone surgical exploration following a clinical diagnosis of hyperpathyroidism over a 20-year period. Urinary tract calculi were the major indication for exploration, and 90% of these patients had recurrent calculi. Osteitis fibrosa was a rare presentation of hyperparathyroidism. Lethargy, sometimes profound, was an important symptom, in some instances the dominant feature. Persistent hypercalcaemia remains the chief diagnostic investigation, with helpful confirmation from estimation of the parathyroid hormone level. Little attempt was made in this series to utilize preoperative localization techniques, reliance being placed on meticulous bloodless surgery to find normal and abnormal parathyroid tissue. Eighty-five explorations were carried out in the 84 patients. Seventy-four of the explorations were successful, converting the patient to a normocalcaemic state. Of these, 63 had a single adenoma (86%)."}
{"id": "PMID:281217", "title": "Hormone receptors and breast cancer.", "content": "The hormones of reproduction have been implicated in breast cancers of women. A short reproductive life, and a pregnancy prior to the age of 30 years, both reduce the risk of breast cancer (Doll, 1975). In addition, removal of endogenous sources of oestrogens, and administration of anti-oestrogens, cause some breast cancers to regress (Stoll, 1969). Such observations have led to an investigation of the role of the hormones of reproduction, and of oestrogen in particular, in the maintenance of breast cancers.", "contents": "Hormone receptors and breast cancer. The hormones of reproduction have been implicated in breast cancers of women. A short reproductive life, and a pregnancy prior to the age of 30 years, both reduce the risk of breast cancer (Doll, 1975). In addition, removal of endogenous sources of oestrogens, and administration of anti-oestrogens, cause some breast cancers to regress (Stoll, 1969). Such observations have led to an investigation of the role of the hormones of reproduction, and of oestrogen in particular, in the maintenance of breast cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:281218", "title": "Computed tomography of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Computed tomography is an excellent non-invasive method for visualization of the size and extent of abdominal aortic aneurysms. It demonstrates the size of the lumen and the amount of thrombus in the aneurysm, and detects complications such as dissection and leakage.", "contents": "Computed tomography of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Computed tomography is an excellent non-invasive method for visualization of the size and extent of abdominal aortic aneurysms. It demonstrates the size of the lumen and the amount of thrombus in the aneurysm, and detects complications such as dissection and leakage."}
{"id": "PMID:281219", "title": "Malignant melanoma: microstages and individualized therapy.", "content": "In the prognosis of malignant melanoma the clinical stage and the microstage are the most important factors. According to the microstage, malignant melanomas can be divided into low-risk and high-risk melanomas. The subungual-volar melanoma seems to be an exception. Irrespective of the microstage, the prognosis of this type is probably worse than that of other types of melanoma. In patients with clinical Stage I the therapy should be individualized. In a low-risk melanoma, a wide local excision is sufficient; in a high-risk melanoma an additional regional lymph node dissection appears to be indicated; and if the primary tumour is located on an extremity a hyperthermic perfusion is also called for.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma: microstages and individualized therapy. In the prognosis of malignant melanoma the clinical stage and the microstage are the most important factors. According to the microstage, malignant melanomas can be divided into low-risk and high-risk melanomas. The subungual-volar melanoma seems to be an exception. Irrespective of the microstage, the prognosis of this type is probably worse than that of other types of melanoma. In patients with clinical Stage I the therapy should be individualized. In a low-risk melanoma, a wide local excision is sufficient; in a high-risk melanoma an additional regional lymph node dissection appears to be indicated; and if the primary tumour is located on an extremity a hyperthermic perfusion is also called for."}
{"id": "PMID:281220", "title": "Pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions.", "content": "Two cases of pancreatic ascites are presented and reviewed, together with 92 cases of internal pancreatic fistula reported in the recent literature. Alcohol abuse is the predominant aetiological factor, and chronic pancreatitis with an associated pseudocyst the most common pathological finding. The diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion and can be confirmed by the estimation of amylase and protein levels in the aspirated fluid. Medical treatment includes the aspiration of fluid accumulations, inhibition of pancreatic secretion, and nutritional augmentation. The use of pancreatography is recommended as a guide to the appropriate surgical procedure in patients who do not respond to medical therapy. Overall results indicate a cure rate of 77% and a mortality of 19%.", "contents": "Pancreatic ascites and pleural effusions. Two cases of pancreatic ascites are presented and reviewed, together with 92 cases of internal pancreatic fistula reported in the recent literature. Alcohol abuse is the predominant aetiological factor, and chronic pancreatitis with an associated pseudocyst the most common pathological finding. The diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion and can be confirmed by the estimation of amylase and protein levels in the aspirated fluid. Medical treatment includes the aspiration of fluid accumulations, inhibition of pancreatic secretion, and nutritional augmentation. The use of pancreatography is recommended as a guide to the appropriate surgical procedure in patients who do not respond to medical therapy. Overall results indicate a cure rate of 77% and a mortality of 19%."}
{"id": "PMID:281221", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy in disseminated melanoma and colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Non-specific immunotherapy with monthly intramuscular injection of Corynebacterium parvum has been investigated by randomized clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. Thirty-six patients with disseminated melanoma were treated with either imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) alone or DTIC plus C.parvum. A 19% objective response rate was observed. The mean survival time was similar for both groups. Thirty-three patients with disseminated colorectal cancer were treated with either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) alone or 5FU plus C.parvum. No objective responses were observed. The mean survival time was similar for both groups. No advantage has been demonstrated in either tumour group by adding C.parvum to standard chemotherapy.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy in disseminated melanoma and colorectal carcinoma. Non-specific immunotherapy with monthly intramuscular injection of Corynebacterium parvum has been investigated by randomized clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. Thirty-six patients with disseminated melanoma were treated with either imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) alone or DTIC plus C.parvum. A 19% objective response rate was observed. The mean survival time was similar for both groups. Thirty-three patients with disseminated colorectal cancer were treated with either 5-fluorouracil (5FU) alone or 5FU plus C.parvum. No objective responses were observed. The mean survival time was similar for both groups. No advantage has been demonstrated in either tumour group by adding C.parvum to standard chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:281222", "title": "A New Zealand experience of staghorn calculus surgery.", "content": "Sixty-one patients with staghorn calculi who have undergone surgery at the Auckland Department of Urology since 1972 have been reviewed. Maoris have been shown to have a higher disease incidence than Europeans. In those cases followed longer than one year true stone recurrences was 14%. A significant number of patients have developed obstruction in the pelviureteric region, and the reasons for this and possible preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "A New Zealand experience of staghorn calculus surgery. Sixty-one patients with staghorn calculi who have undergone surgery at the Auckland Department of Urology since 1972 have been reviewed. Maoris have been shown to have a higher disease incidence than Europeans. In those cases followed longer than one year true stone recurrences was 14%. A significant number of patients have developed obstruction in the pelviureteric region, and the reasons for this and possible preventive measures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281223", "title": "Bent and broken femoral prostheses following total hip replacement: a case report.", "content": "The case of a 56-year-old man with a bent heavy, and a broken standard, Charnley femoral prosthesis, following total hip replacement, is presented. Both of these complications are uncommon, and as far as is known this is the first bent Charnley heavy prosthesis recorded. It is suggested that patients in the younger age group following total hip replacement should not expect to be able to lift excessively heavy weights, or to jump from any height.", "contents": "Bent and broken femoral prostheses following total hip replacement: a case report. The case of a 56-year-old man with a bent heavy, and a broken standard, Charnley femoral prosthesis, following total hip replacement, is presented. Both of these complications are uncommon, and as far as is known this is the first bent Charnley heavy prosthesis recorded. It is suggested that patients in the younger age group following total hip replacement should not expect to be able to lift excessively heavy weights, or to jump from any height."}
{"id": "PMID:281224", "title": "Congenital duodenal diaphragm in an adult: an unusual case associated with coeliac disease and recurrent peptic ulceration.", "content": "A case of congenital duodenal diaphragm in an adult is reported. A correct preoperative diagnosis of this rare condition was made. The duodenal diaphragm was associated with both coeliac disease and recurrent peptic ulceration, resulting in a complicated clinical course.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal diaphragm in an adult: an unusual case associated with coeliac disease and recurrent peptic ulceration. A case of congenital duodenal diaphragm in an adult is reported. A correct preoperative diagnosis of this rare condition was made. The duodenal diaphragm was associated with both coeliac disease and recurrent peptic ulceration, resulting in a complicated clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:281226", "title": "A procedure for the prevention of recurrent saphenofemoral incompetence.", "content": "Evidence is presented suggesting that recurrent saphenofemoral incompetence may occur after an efficiently performed high legation of the great saphenous vein flush with the femoral vein. A procedure designed to prevent such recurrence, by suturing a flap of pectineus fascia over the femoral vein and ligated saphenous stump to the femoral sheath and margins of the fossa ovalis, is described.", "contents": "A procedure for the prevention of recurrent saphenofemoral incompetence. Evidence is presented suggesting that recurrent saphenofemoral incompetence may occur after an efficiently performed high legation of the great saphenous vein flush with the femoral vein. A procedure designed to prevent such recurrence, by suturing a flap of pectineus fascia over the femoral vein and ligated saphenous stump to the femoral sheath and margins of the fossa ovalis, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:281227", "title": "The use of the ureteric stent.", "content": "The use and placement of ureteric stents either endoscopically or as part of an open procedure are outlined. The ureteric stent can replace the pyelostomy or nephrostomy tube and significantly reduce the postoperative morbidity.", "contents": "The use of the ureteric stent. The use and placement of ureteric stents either endoscopically or as part of an open procedure are outlined. The ureteric stent can replace the pyelostomy or nephrostomy tube and significantly reduce the postoperative morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:281228", "title": "Knowledge and attitudes of gastroenterologists in colorectal cancer.", "content": "A group of 73 gastroenterological specialists (36 physicians, 25 surgeons, 12 trainees) completed a detailed questionnaire on their knowledge of and attitudes to colorectal cancer. A surprising unawareness of recent developments in colorectal cancer was apparent. Although responses to individual questions varied throughout the three groups, overall knowledge and attitudes on colorectal cancer were not related to age and years since graduation, and were not different in the three groups. This study suggests failure of traditional methods of continuing medical education, and has practical implications for any screening programme designed to detect early colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Knowledge and attitudes of gastroenterologists in colorectal cancer. A group of 73 gastroenterological specialists (36 physicians, 25 surgeons, 12 trainees) completed a detailed questionnaire on their knowledge of and attitudes to colorectal cancer. A surprising unawareness of recent developments in colorectal cancer was apparent. Although responses to individual questions varied throughout the three groups, overall knowledge and attitudes on colorectal cancer were not related to age and years since graduation, and were not different in the three groups. This study suggests failure of traditional methods of continuing medical education, and has practical implications for any screening programme designed to detect early colorectal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:281229", "title": "[Meaning of pleocytosis in spinal fluid in children with neoplasias].", "content": "Thirty-five spinal fluids with leucocytosis belonging to 26 children presenting neoplasia without metastases or CNS infection, were studied. We found that 69% of the cases were receiving some kind of CNS therapy, although leucocytosis could be found at any moment of the evolution and independently of treatment. It is stressed that the criteria for meningeal infiltration in children with neoplasia must be established only if tumoral cells are found in the spinal fluid. Pleocytosis and absence of symptomatology must not be used as the main criteria.", "contents": "[Meaning of pleocytosis in spinal fluid in children with neoplasias]. Thirty-five spinal fluids with leucocytosis belonging to 26 children presenting neoplasia without metastases or CNS infection, were studied. We found that 69% of the cases were receiving some kind of CNS therapy, although leucocytosis could be found at any moment of the evolution and independently of treatment. It is stressed that the criteria for meningeal infiltration in children with neoplasia must be established only if tumoral cells are found in the spinal fluid. Pleocytosis and absence of symptomatology must not be used as the main criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:281240", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the cheek: a case report.", "content": "Oral leiomyosarcomata have been reported on only 15 occasions in the world literature. An additional case of leiomyosarcoma of the cheek in an 88-year-old male is reported. The relevant features of leiomyosarcomata are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the cheek: a case report. Oral leiomyosarcomata have been reported on only 15 occasions in the world literature. An additional case of leiomyosarcoma of the cheek in an 88-year-old male is reported. The relevant features of leiomyosarcomata are reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281241", "title": "Intravascular angiomatosis of the pharynx (Masson's vegetant intravascular haemangioendothelioma)--a case report.", "content": "A case of intravascular angiomatosis arising in the pharynx of a 30-year-old man is reported. Gross and microscopic features with differential diagnosis are discussed. The importance of recognition of the lesion as a benign lesion which can arise in the pharynx is stressed.", "contents": "Intravascular angiomatosis of the pharynx (Masson's vegetant intravascular haemangioendothelioma)--a case report. A case of intravascular angiomatosis arising in the pharynx of a 30-year-old man is reported. Gross and microscopic features with differential diagnosis are discussed. The importance of recognition of the lesion as a benign lesion which can arise in the pharynx is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:281242", "title": "Benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland: a case report.", "content": "A fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland is reported, the literature is reviewed with a discussion of the classification of such tumours. The present case is possibly the first report of a typical benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland.", "contents": "Benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland: a case report. A fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland is reported, the literature is reviewed with a discussion of the classification of such tumours. The present case is possibly the first report of a typical benign fibrous xanthoma of the parotid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:281243", "title": "Mandibulo-facial aspects of the cervical cystic lymphangioma (cystic hygroma).", "content": "Sixteen cases of cervical cystic lymphangioma are reported; all but two were present at birth. Intra-oral extensions were detected in five and three of these caused macroglossia resulting in partial respiratory obstruction. Mal-development of the jaws and consequent dental malocclusion is a possible complication of the condition. In planning the treatment of such patients, maxillo-facial surgeons and orthodontists should be consulted at an early stage. The treatment of choice is complete excision, but where vital structures are involved repeated sub-total excisions are advocated.", "contents": "Mandibulo-facial aspects of the cervical cystic lymphangioma (cystic hygroma). Sixteen cases of cervical cystic lymphangioma are reported; all but two were present at birth. Intra-oral extensions were detected in five and three of these caused macroglossia resulting in partial respiratory obstruction. Mal-development of the jaws and consequent dental malocclusion is a possible complication of the condition. In planning the treatment of such patients, maxillo-facial surgeons and orthodontists should be consulted at an early stage. The treatment of choice is complete excision, but where vital structures are involved repeated sub-total excisions are advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:281244", "title": "Peripheral facial nerve paralysis of dental origin.", "content": "The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of peripheral facial nerve palsy are discussed. Four cases of facial nerve palsy following dental procedures are reported. Following a revision of the world literature during the last 23 years, the 25 cases of facial nerve palsy documented are analysed and divided into four groups on the basis of aetiology, speed of onset and recovery and modes of treatment suggested.", "contents": "Peripheral facial nerve paralysis of dental origin. The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of peripheral facial nerve palsy are discussed. Four cases of facial nerve palsy following dental procedures are reported. Following a revision of the world literature during the last 23 years, the 25 cases of facial nerve palsy documented are analysed and divided into four groups on the basis of aetiology, speed of onset and recovery and modes of treatment suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:281245", "title": "Acute hemiplegia in childhood following a dental abscess.", "content": "The syndrome of acute hemiplegia in childhood is described and a case following dental infection reported. The possible mechanisms responsible for the development of this condition are considered.", "contents": "Acute hemiplegia in childhood following a dental abscess. The syndrome of acute hemiplegia in childhood is described and a case following dental infection reported. The possible mechanisms responsible for the development of this condition are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:281246", "title": "An unusual case of acquired unilateral condylar hypoplasia.", "content": "A case is described of acquired unilateral condylar hypoplasia, in which the right condyle seemed to have been fractured at an early age. There is evidence to suggest that the unresorbed condylar remnant persisted in the glenoid fossa and that a new condylar head had developed anterior to the articular emminence. This 'new head' showed a carrot-shaped radiolucent wedge suggestive of the condylar growth cartilage and, clinically, exhibited some growth potential. A complex composite odontome present in place of the mandibular right third molar may also have been caused by this early trauma.", "contents": "An unusual case of acquired unilateral condylar hypoplasia. A case is described of acquired unilateral condylar hypoplasia, in which the right condyle seemed to have been fractured at an early age. There is evidence to suggest that the unresorbed condylar remnant persisted in the glenoid fossa and that a new condylar head had developed anterior to the articular emminence. This 'new head' showed a carrot-shaped radiolucent wedge suggestive of the condylar growth cartilage and, clinically, exhibited some growth potential. A complex composite odontome present in place of the mandibular right third molar may also have been caused by this early trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:281248", "title": "The atrophic mandible: aspects of technique in lower labial sulcoplasty.", "content": "Severe alveolar atrophy is a common sequel to the extraction of teeth from the mandible. This atrophy, coupled with the associated superficiality of adjacent muscle attachments (Fig. 1a) precludes the provision of a stable, retentive prosthesis. This paper discusses some of the operations which have been designed to alleviate this considerable clinical problem and considers three aspects of the sulcoplasty procedure which in the author's opinion are crucial to its success. The paper also introduces the use of lyophilised porcine skin to dress the surface deficit created during surgery, thus obviating the need for skin grafting.", "contents": "The atrophic mandible: aspects of technique in lower labial sulcoplasty. Severe alveolar atrophy is a common sequel to the extraction of teeth from the mandible. This atrophy, coupled with the associated superficiality of adjacent muscle attachments (Fig. 1a) precludes the provision of a stable, retentive prosthesis. This paper discusses some of the operations which have been designed to alleviate this considerable clinical problem and considers three aspects of the sulcoplasty procedure which in the author's opinion are crucial to its success. The paper also introduces the use of lyophilised porcine skin to dress the surface deficit created during surgery, thus obviating the need for skin grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:281250", "title": "Iron uptake studies on erythroid cells.", "content": "Iron uptake from 55Fe-labelled transferrin, ferric citrate and the two fungal sideramines, ferricrocin and fusigen was studied using four erythroid cell cultures: Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemic cells (mouse), transformed bone marrow cells, Detroit-98 (human), reticulocytes (bovine), bone marrow cells (rabbit). The present comparative study reveals pronounced differences in iron uptake behaviour. Compared to transferrin, ferric citrate and the sideramines are preferred in transformed erythroid cells. In reticulocytes transferrin and ferric citrate showed a better uptake as compared to the two sideramines. Primary bone marrow cells showed nearly equal iron uptake rates using transferrin or ferricrocin.", "contents": "Iron uptake studies on erythroid cells. Iron uptake from 55Fe-labelled transferrin, ferric citrate and the two fungal sideramines, ferricrocin and fusigen was studied using four erythroid cell cultures: Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemic cells (mouse), transformed bone marrow cells, Detroit-98 (human), reticulocytes (bovine), bone marrow cells (rabbit). The present comparative study reveals pronounced differences in iron uptake behaviour. Compared to transferrin, ferric citrate and the sideramines are preferred in transformed erythroid cells. In reticulocytes transferrin and ferric citrate showed a better uptake as compared to the two sideramines. Primary bone marrow cells showed nearly equal iron uptake rates using transferrin or ferricrocin."}
{"id": "PMID:281251", "title": "Use of iron from transferrin and microbial chelates as substrate for heme synthetase in transformed and primary erythroid cell cultures.", "content": "The enzymatic heme production in cell-free extracts of virus-transformed Friend erythroleukemia cells and primary bone marrow cells from rabbits has been measured by determining the activity of heme synthetase after addition of iron sulfate, transferrin or microbial iron chelates. In transformed cells the amounts of heme formed did not show significant difeerences independent of which substrate was offered. In cell-free extracts of primary bone marrow cells no increase of heme production could be observed.", "contents": "Use of iron from transferrin and microbial chelates as substrate for heme synthetase in transformed and primary erythroid cell cultures. The enzymatic heme production in cell-free extracts of virus-transformed Friend erythroleukemia cells and primary bone marrow cells from rabbits has been measured by determining the activity of heme synthetase after addition of iron sulfate, transferrin or microbial iron chelates. In transformed cells the amounts of heme formed did not show significant difeerences independent of which substrate was offered. In cell-free extracts of primary bone marrow cells no increase of heme production could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:281253", "title": "Adenosine deaminase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and cell surface markers in childhood acute leukemia.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to compare measurements of enzymatic activities and cell surface markers as methods of distinguishing subtypes of lymphoid leukemias of childhood. Twenty-six children ages 2-15 yr were studied. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was high in blasts from all 20 children with either null or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The activity of adenosine deaminase per cell was higher (P less than 0.005) and that of TdT lower (p less than 0.05) in T than in null cell lymphoblasts, although there was some overlap in values. Blasts from 3 children with acute lymphoid leukemia were positive for surface-associated immunoglobulins. The neoplastic lymphoid cells from these children differed from T and null cell leukemic lymphoblasts by having very low levels of TdT and adenosine deaminase activity. Measurements of adenosine deaminase and TdT may complement measurements of cell surface markers and distinguish biochemical subtypes of acute lymphoid leukemia.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and cell surface markers in childhood acute leukemia. The purpose of this report is to compare measurements of enzymatic activities and cell surface markers as methods of distinguishing subtypes of lymphoid leukemias of childhood. Twenty-six children ages 2-15 yr were studied. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was high in blasts from all 20 children with either null or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The activity of adenosine deaminase per cell was higher (P less than 0.005) and that of TdT lower (p less than 0.05) in T than in null cell lymphoblasts, although there was some overlap in values. Blasts from 3 children with acute lymphoid leukemia were positive for surface-associated immunoglobulins. The neoplastic lymphoid cells from these children differed from T and null cell leukemic lymphoblasts by having very low levels of TdT and adenosine deaminase activity. Measurements of adenosine deaminase and TdT may complement measurements of cell surface markers and distinguish biochemical subtypes of acute lymphoid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:281255", "title": "Controlling the production of blood cells.", "content": "The development since 1966 of a technology for growing stem cells in vitro has provided new insights into the controls of blood cell production. Hematopoietic hormones have been purified and important cellular interactions in hematopoiesis have been defined.", "contents": "Controlling the production of blood cells. The development since 1966 of a technology for growing stem cells in vitro has provided new insights into the controls of blood cell production. Hematopoietic hormones have been purified and important cellular interactions in hematopoiesis have been defined."}
{"id": "PMID:281258", "title": "Eradication of the intramedullary Ph1 positive cell line without accompanying improved survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A patient with Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukemia is presented who upon entering the accelerated phase of her disease developed aneuoploidy, including duplication of the Philadelphia chromosome. Intensive chemotherapy resulted in a marrow remission and reversion of the marrow karyotype to normal. Rather than entering an anticipated prolonged remission she relapsed four weeks later with return of her aneuploid clone. Postmortem examination revealed several unsuspected areas of extramedullary leukemia, perhaps serving as the source for repopulation of the marrow. If a desired goal of therapy is to eradicate the Ph1+ cell line, then we recommend that it be undertaken early in the disease when there is the least likelihood of extramedullary leukemia.", "contents": "Eradication of the intramedullary Ph1 positive cell line without accompanying improved survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia. A patient with Ph1+ chronic myelogenous leukemia is presented who upon entering the accelerated phase of her disease developed aneuoploidy, including duplication of the Philadelphia chromosome. Intensive chemotherapy resulted in a marrow remission and reversion of the marrow karyotype to normal. Rather than entering an anticipated prolonged remission she relapsed four weeks later with return of her aneuploid clone. Postmortem examination revealed several unsuspected areas of extramedullary leukemia, perhaps serving as the source for repopulation of the marrow. If a desired goal of therapy is to eradicate the Ph1+ cell line, then we recommend that it be undertaken early in the disease when there is the least likelihood of extramedullary leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:281259", "title": "Multiple red cell antigen loss in acute granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Loss of certain red blood cell antigens has been described in various disease states including acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL). This paper describes the loss of blood group A antigen in three patients, two with AGL and a third with a myeloproliferative disorder similar to AGL which developed following total body irradiation for malignant, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. In the latter case, the onset of the myeloproliferative disease correlated with the loss of A antigen. In addition to A antigen loss, all three patients' red cells showed the loss of Lewis antigen, a finding previously unreported. Finally, the two patients with AGL also exhibited the loss of I antigen from their red cells.", "contents": "Multiple red cell antigen loss in acute granulocytic leukemia. Loss of certain red blood cell antigens has been described in various disease states including acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL). This paper describes the loss of blood group A antigen in three patients, two with AGL and a third with a myeloproliferative disorder similar to AGL which developed following total body irradiation for malignant, well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. In the latter case, the onset of the myeloproliferative disease correlated with the loss of A antigen. In addition to A antigen loss, all three patients' red cells showed the loss of Lewis antigen, a finding previously unreported. Finally, the two patients with AGL also exhibited the loss of I antigen from their red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281260", "title": "Osteosarcoma of the soft tissue of the larynx: report of a case with light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "A case of osteosarcoma arising in the soft tissue of the larynx in an elderly man is presented with light and electron microscopic documentation. The patient developed chronic hoarseness and a recurring polypoid laryngeal tumor, causing acute airway obstruction. He was treated by total laryngectomy, but he died with multiple pulmonary metastases within three months of laryngectomy. This is the third (or possibly fourth) recorded case of osteosarcoma arising in the soft tissues of the larynx, and the previous cases were clinically and pathologically similar to this one. The prognosis of sarcoma of the larynx is poor but may be improved with early recognition and adequate surgical excision.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma of the soft tissue of the larynx: report of a case with light and electron microscopic studies. A case of osteosarcoma arising in the soft tissue of the larynx in an elderly man is presented with light and electron microscopic documentation. The patient developed chronic hoarseness and a recurring polypoid laryngeal tumor, causing acute airway obstruction. He was treated by total laryngectomy, but he died with multiple pulmonary metastases within three months of laryngectomy. This is the third (or possibly fourth) recorded case of osteosarcoma arising in the soft tissues of the larynx, and the previous cases were clinically and pathologically similar to this one. The prognosis of sarcoma of the larynx is poor but may be improved with early recognition and adequate surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:281261", "title": "Control of globin gene expression by steroid hormones in differentiating Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "Low levels of dexamethasone and related glucocorticoid hormones suppress the expression of globin genes during the DMSO-induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. In this response, the glucocorticoids appear to act at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in that 10(-8) M dexamethasone prevents the accumulation of both globin mRNA and globin protein, whereas 10(-9) M dexamethasone allows the accumulation of normal levels of hybridizable globin mRNA but prevents the accumulation of globin protein. This suppressive action of dexamethasone is more effective with DMSO as the inducer of globin gene expression than with hemin as the inducer. In contrast to the situation with glucocorticoids, certain sex steroids (etiocholanolone, testosterone and estradiol) facilitate the expression of globin genes in DMSO-treated Friend leukemia cells. The modulation of globin gene expression by steroid hormones is achieved in DMSO-treated cells without altering the growth and morphological changes which characteristically attend the differentiation of these cells.", "contents": "Control of globin gene expression by steroid hormones in differentiating Friend leukemia cells. Low levels of dexamethasone and related glucocorticoid hormones suppress the expression of globin genes during the DMSO-induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. In this response, the glucocorticoids appear to act at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in that 10(-8) M dexamethasone prevents the accumulation of both globin mRNA and globin protein, whereas 10(-9) M dexamethasone allows the accumulation of normal levels of hybridizable globin mRNA but prevents the accumulation of globin protein. This suppressive action of dexamethasone is more effective with DMSO as the inducer of globin gene expression than with hemin as the inducer. In contrast to the situation with glucocorticoids, certain sex steroids (etiocholanolone, testosterone and estradiol) facilitate the expression of globin genes in DMSO-treated Friend leukemia cells. The modulation of globin gene expression by steroid hormones is achieved in DMSO-treated cells without altering the growth and morphological changes which characteristically attend the differentiation of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281275", "title": "Syndromes with cleft lip and cleft palate.", "content": "A series of tables is presented as a diagnostic aid for the clinician when he confronts a patient who has a cleft lip and/or palate, together with associated anomalies. The tables provide a rapid way of sorting through the recognized syndromes with orofacial clefting in search of a possible overall diagnosis. Today, 154 such syndromes are recognized. This is more than twice as many as were known in 1971. Undoubtedly, many new syndromes with orofacial clefting will be delineated in the future.", "contents": "Syndromes with cleft lip and cleft palate. A series of tables is presented as a diagnostic aid for the clinician when he confronts a patient who has a cleft lip and/or palate, together with associated anomalies. The tables provide a rapid way of sorting through the recognized syndromes with orofacial clefting in search of a possible overall diagnosis. Today, 154 such syndromes are recognized. This is more than twice as many as were known in 1971. Undoubtedly, many new syndromes with orofacial clefting will be delineated in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:281276", "title": "Anatomic relationshiphs between the human levator and tensor veli palatini and the eustachian tube.", "content": "To define the interrelationships of the human levator and tensor veli palatini muscles and the Eustachian tube, fetal heads were serially sectioned and anatomic reconstruction done. Cephalometric points on fetal and adult skulls were compared to evaluate the effect of growth and development on these interrelationships. Based on the results of this study, we propose a mechanism for Eustachian tube function in the normal and in the cleft palate patient. This mechanism offers some explanations for many previously unexplained and paradoxical clinical observations.", "contents": "Anatomic relationshiphs between the human levator and tensor veli palatini and the eustachian tube. To define the interrelationships of the human levator and tensor veli palatini muscles and the Eustachian tube, fetal heads were serially sectioned and anatomic reconstruction done. Cephalometric points on fetal and adult skulls were compared to evaluate the effect of growth and development on these interrelationships. Based on the results of this study, we propose a mechanism for Eustachian tube function in the normal and in the cleft palate patient. This mechanism offers some explanations for many previously unexplained and paradoxical clinical observations."}
{"id": "PMID:281277", "title": "The longitudinal fibromuscular component of the soft palate in the fifteen-week human fetus: musculus uvulae and palatine raphe.", "content": "The structural relationships of the longitudinal fibromuscular component of the soft palate (musculus uvulae and raphe) were studied using histologic sections from 19 early human fetal specimens. Musculus uvulae arises in association with the palatine aponeurosis near the beginning of the second quadrant of the velum, follows a sigmoid course, and terminates near the base of the uvula. In addition, an occasional muscular loop may arise from the bony palate, arch downwards, and then recur into the uvular muscle. A complex relationship exists between the raphe in the velum and several palatal muscles. With regard to musculus uvulae, small muscular bundles arise from the raphe to embrace the muscle near its crest. These branches may aid in contouring the dorsal surface of the velum in the region of the levator eminence to complement the surface of the posterior pharyngeal wall and thus enhance the efficiency of the velopharyngeal seal.", "contents": "The longitudinal fibromuscular component of the soft palate in the fifteen-week human fetus: musculus uvulae and palatine raphe. The structural relationships of the longitudinal fibromuscular component of the soft palate (musculus uvulae and raphe) were studied using histologic sections from 19 early human fetal specimens. Musculus uvulae arises in association with the palatine aponeurosis near the beginning of the second quadrant of the velum, follows a sigmoid course, and terminates near the base of the uvula. In addition, an occasional muscular loop may arise from the bony palate, arch downwards, and then recur into the uvular muscle. A complex relationship exists between the raphe in the velum and several palatal muscles. With regard to musculus uvulae, small muscular bundles arise from the raphe to embrace the muscle near its crest. These branches may aid in contouring the dorsal surface of the velum in the region of the levator eminence to complement the surface of the posterior pharyngeal wall and thus enhance the efficiency of the velopharyngeal seal."}
{"id": "PMID:281278", "title": "Anatomical characteristics of palatoglossus and the anterior faucial pillar.", "content": "Palatoglossus and the anterior faucial pillar were studied using three techniques: 1) gross dissection, 2) radiographic filming, and 3) histological sectioning. The total subject sample included 25 normal adult male and female cadavers. Palatoglossus has a flattened belly within the faucial pillar, a fan-shaped termination within the palate, and a vertical tapering termination within the tongue. The region of attachment into the palate differs among individuals which could influence its relative importance in velar versus lingual movement. The pillar contains a large investment of loose connective tissue which also penetrates palatoglossus. The collagenous framework would apparently allow expansion of the pillars but also prevent rupture of the tissue at extreme extension. The anterior portion of the pillar contains a sheath of elastic fibers with a density gradient increasing from the tongue to the soft palate. The elastic fibers, which also intermingle with palatoglossus fascicles, could provide a restorative force in lowering the palate, helping to keep the nasopharyngeal airway patent.", "contents": "Anatomical characteristics of palatoglossus and the anterior faucial pillar. Palatoglossus and the anterior faucial pillar were studied using three techniques: 1) gross dissection, 2) radiographic filming, and 3) histological sectioning. The total subject sample included 25 normal adult male and female cadavers. Palatoglossus has a flattened belly within the faucial pillar, a fan-shaped termination within the palate, and a vertical tapering termination within the tongue. The region of attachment into the palate differs among individuals which could influence its relative importance in velar versus lingual movement. The pillar contains a large investment of loose connective tissue which also penetrates palatoglossus. The collagenous framework would apparently allow expansion of the pillars but also prevent rupture of the tissue at extreme extension. The anterior portion of the pillar contains a sheath of elastic fibers with a density gradient increasing from the tongue to the soft palate. The elastic fibers, which also intermingle with palatoglossus fascicles, could provide a restorative force in lowering the palate, helping to keep the nasopharyngeal airway patent."}
{"id": "PMID:281279", "title": "Parents and teachers: differing views of behavior of cleft palate children.", "content": "This study compared mothers', fathers' and teachers' perceptions of behavior of 136 cleft lip and palate children between the ages of 7 and 12. The comparisons were made on the behavioral dimensions of inhibition and acting out. The results indicate that teachers view cleft males and females as significantly more inhibited in the classroom than parents observe at home. The parents are in agreement and differ from the teachers in that they do not view their cleft children as excessively inhibited. Differential expectations at home and school may contribute to the different perceptions of behavior in those environments.", "contents": "Parents and teachers: differing views of behavior of cleft palate children. This study compared mothers', fathers' and teachers' perceptions of behavior of 136 cleft lip and palate children between the ages of 7 and 12. The comparisons were made on the behavioral dimensions of inhibition and acting out. The results indicate that teachers view cleft males and females as significantly more inhibited in the classroom than parents observe at home. The parents are in agreement and differ from the teachers in that they do not view their cleft children as excessively inhibited. Differential expectations at home and school may contribute to the different perceptions of behavior in those environments."}
{"id": "PMID:281280", "title": "An unusual case of median cleft lip with orbital hypotelorism--a missing link in the classification.", "content": "De Myer (1963) classified median-facial anomalies into two groups: 1. Median cleft lip with orbital hypotelorism 2. Median cleft lip with orbital hypertelorism. The first group is characterised by median-cleft lip, absence of premaxilla, nasal skeleton, and crista galli. In addition, there is a holoprosencephaly which may involve the whole forebrain or a smaller part of the brain. In this group, the children die within the first year or during childhood and always suffer from mental retardation. In this report, we present a 12-year-old child with an unusual form of median cleft lip with hypotelorism without brain deformity.", "contents": "An unusual case of median cleft lip with orbital hypotelorism--a missing link in the classification. De Myer (1963) classified median-facial anomalies into two groups: 1. Median cleft lip with orbital hypotelorism 2. Median cleft lip with orbital hypertelorism. The first group is characterised by median-cleft lip, absence of premaxilla, nasal skeleton, and crista galli. In addition, there is a holoprosencephaly which may involve the whole forebrain or a smaller part of the brain. In this group, the children die within the first year or during childhood and always suffer from mental retardation. In this report, we present a 12-year-old child with an unusual form of median cleft lip with hypotelorism without brain deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:281281", "title": "Craniofacial and dental study of mulibrey nanism.", "content": "Dental and craniofacial features of 17 children and young adults suffering from the recently discovered mulibrey nanism syndrome are described and discussed. The present data do not allow any definite craniofacial typification of the syndrome. However, several findings suggest that we may be dealing with persistence of infantile structural relationships in the craniofacial area.", "contents": "Craniofacial and dental study of mulibrey nanism. Dental and craniofacial features of 17 children and young adults suffering from the recently discovered mulibrey nanism syndrome are described and discussed. The present data do not allow any definite craniofacial typification of the syndrome. However, several findings suggest that we may be dealing with persistence of infantile structural relationships in the craniofacial area."}
{"id": "PMID:281282", "title": "Vitamin A induction of cleft palate.", "content": "Both retinoic acid and retinyl acetate, administered in high doses on days 13--15 of gestation, are capable of causing a 90 per cent incidence of cleft palate in Charles River rats. However, an attempt to develop as in vivo rabbit model system for the induction of clefts via hypervitaminosis A was unsuccessful. In the rat, the retinoic acid form of vitamin A is the more potent teratogen, inducing clefts at less than half the dose required to produce them with retinyl acetate. Histologic examination of fetal rat heads confirmed the biochemical evidence that retinoic acid is the more potent teratogen. Both forms of vitamin A prevented palatal shelf reorientation from occurring at the correct gestational age. The retinyl acetate treatment delayed the rotation for approximately 12 hours, the retinoic acid for at least 48 hours.", "contents": "Vitamin A induction of cleft palate. Both retinoic acid and retinyl acetate, administered in high doses on days 13--15 of gestation, are capable of causing a 90 per cent incidence of cleft palate in Charles River rats. However, an attempt to develop as in vivo rabbit model system for the induction of clefts via hypervitaminosis A was unsuccessful. In the rat, the retinoic acid form of vitamin A is the more potent teratogen, inducing clefts at less than half the dose required to produce them with retinyl acetate. Histologic examination of fetal rat heads confirmed the biochemical evidence that retinoic acid is the more potent teratogen. Both forms of vitamin A prevented palatal shelf reorientation from occurring at the correct gestational age. The retinyl acetate treatment delayed the rotation for approximately 12 hours, the retinoic acid for at least 48 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:281283", "title": "Bilateral femoral dysgenesis syndrome: a case report.", "content": "This paper reports a child with the Bilateral femoral dysgenesis--unusual facies syndrome (BFD-UF). The child has, in addition to previously reported findings, a ventricular septal defect with valvar and infundibular pulmonic stenosis, absence of the labia majora, bilateral syndactyly of the second and third toes, bifid great right toe and a pilonidal sinus. The similarity to cases of Caudal Regression Syndrome (phocomelic diabetic embryopathy) is noted.", "contents": "Bilateral femoral dysgenesis syndrome: a case report. This paper reports a child with the Bilateral femoral dysgenesis--unusual facies syndrome (BFD-UF). The child has, in addition to previously reported findings, a ventricular septal defect with valvar and infundibular pulmonic stenosis, absence of the labia majora, bilateral syndactyly of the second and third toes, bifid great right toe and a pilonidal sinus. The similarity to cases of Caudal Regression Syndrome (phocomelic diabetic embryopathy) is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:281284", "title": "Incomplete EEC syndrome in a patient with mosaic monosomy 21.", "content": "Chromosome anomalies in cases of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft of the lip and palate (EEC syndrome) have now been reported. We now report a child with the above syndrome and mosaic monosomy of chromosome 21.", "contents": "Incomplete EEC syndrome in a patient with mosaic monosomy 21. Chromosome anomalies in cases of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft of the lip and palate (EEC syndrome) have now been reported. We now report a child with the above syndrome and mosaic monosomy of chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:281285", "title": "Early maxillary orthopedics in CLP cases: guidelines for surgery.", "content": "Two samples of complete cleft cases between five and seven years of age are compared (11 UCLP + 9 BCLP versus 21 UCLP + 12 BCLP). The same early orthopedic procedures were applied to all cases, but surgical management differed for the two groups: \"classical\" surgery (lip 3 months, palate 2--2 1/2 years) versus delayed conservative surgery (lip 6 months, soft palate 18 months, hard palate 6--8 years). It is evident that early maxillary orthopedic treatment is of little consequence for long-term development unless concomitant surgery complies with growth and functional requirements. In contrast to \"classical\" surgery, palatal closure in two steps is more favourable to skeletal growth and does not interfere to any relevant degree with speech development.", "contents": "Early maxillary orthopedics in CLP cases: guidelines for surgery. Two samples of complete cleft cases between five and seven years of age are compared (11 UCLP + 9 BCLP versus 21 UCLP + 12 BCLP). The same early orthopedic procedures were applied to all cases, but surgical management differed for the two groups: \"classical\" surgery (lip 3 months, palate 2--2 1/2 years) versus delayed conservative surgery (lip 6 months, soft palate 18 months, hard palate 6--8 years). It is evident that early maxillary orthopedic treatment is of little consequence for long-term development unless concomitant surgery complies with growth and functional requirements. In contrast to \"classical\" surgery, palatal closure in two steps is more favourable to skeletal growth and does not interfere to any relevant degree with speech development."}
{"id": "PMID:281286", "title": "Dental health status and treatment needs of students at a disadvantaged secondary school, Victoria, Australia--1975.", "content": "The dental health status and treatment needs of 302 secondary school students (182 boys, 120 girls: age range 11-16 years) were surveyed. Restorative, exodontic, periodontic, prosthetic, and orthodontic treatment needs were assessed at the time of examination. The dental health status was poor and the amount of treatment needed was high. Treatment needs increased with age and were dominated by resorative work. The average student required 19.8 relative value units of work, taking 2 3/4 hours and costing A$ 93.00.", "contents": "Dental health status and treatment needs of students at a disadvantaged secondary school, Victoria, Australia--1975. The dental health status and treatment needs of 302 secondary school students (182 boys, 120 girls: age range 11-16 years) were surveyed. Restorative, exodontic, periodontic, prosthetic, and orthodontic treatment needs were assessed at the time of examination. The dental health status was poor and the amount of treatment needed was high. Treatment needs increased with age and were dominated by resorative work. The average student required 19.8 relative value units of work, taking 2 3/4 hours and costing A$ 93.00."}
{"id": "PMID:281287", "title": "Influence of social norms on toothbrushing behavior of preschool children.", "content": "Two hundred and eighty mothers of preschool children were interviewed in order to determine first, their children's toothbrushing habits and secondly, their expectations concerning the brushing behavior of preschool children in general. The influence of social and demographic factors on children's brushing behavior was also investigated. The results showed that the practice of toothbrushing is widespread and mothers play the central role in teaching the brushing routine. However, the social norms concerning oral hygiene were imprecise, indicating that mothers had no social support for teaching their children to brush and no information on how brushing should be carried out. Dental health educators should encourage mothers of young children to develop positive attitudes towards toothbrushing and teach them the correct technique.", "contents": "Influence of social norms on toothbrushing behavior of preschool children. Two hundred and eighty mothers of preschool children were interviewed in order to determine first, their children's toothbrushing habits and secondly, their expectations concerning the brushing behavior of preschool children in general. The influence of social and demographic factors on children's brushing behavior was also investigated. The results showed that the practice of toothbrushing is widespread and mothers play the central role in teaching the brushing routine. However, the social norms concerning oral hygiene were imprecise, indicating that mothers had no social support for teaching their children to brush and no information on how brushing should be carried out. Dental health educators should encourage mothers of young children to develop positive attitudes towards toothbrushing and teach them the correct technique."}
{"id": "PMID:281288", "title": "Effect of socioeconomic factors on the observed caries reduction after fluoride tablet and fluoride toothpaste consumption.", "content": "The caries experience of 123 fluoride users (F-tablets and/or F-toothpaste) was compared with that of a group of 226 non-users. Fluoride users appeared to have a 15% lower DFS score (16.2) than non-users (19.0). After a matching procedure had been used to correct for some intervening variables (socioeconomic status, toothbrushing habit, sweet consumption) no difference was found between the groups of F-tablet and F-toothpaste users and the respective groups of matched non-users. The difference in caries experience of 15% between users and non-users remained in only one group after the matching procedure, that in which the children used both F-tablets and F-toothpaste.", "contents": "Effect of socioeconomic factors on the observed caries reduction after fluoride tablet and fluoride toothpaste consumption. The caries experience of 123 fluoride users (F-tablets and/or F-toothpaste) was compared with that of a group of 226 non-users. Fluoride users appeared to have a 15% lower DFS score (16.2) than non-users (19.0). After a matching procedure had been used to correct for some intervening variables (socioeconomic status, toothbrushing habit, sweet consumption) no difference was found between the groups of F-tablet and F-toothpaste users and the respective groups of matched non-users. The difference in caries experience of 15% between users and non-users remained in only one group after the matching procedure, that in which the children used both F-tablets and F-toothpaste."}
{"id": "PMID:281289", "title": "Periodontal treatment need in a Finnish industrial population.", "content": "A periodontal study was conducted in a paper mill in Finland. To adapt the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) to a Finnish adult population the estimates of Finnish periodontologists were used. The mean estimate of periodontal treatment need was 97 +/- 58 (s.d.) min per person and 32 +/- 18 min per jaw segment. Periodontal treatment need increased with age. No significant differences in periodontal treatment need by sex, education, type of employment, regularity of working hours or frequency of dental visits were observed. Adjusted family income and toothbrushing frequency did not produce significant differences in periodontal treatment need, except in the group having four dentulous jaw segments. The groups using sugar, other sweetening agents or neither of these, mainly in coffee or tea, differed significantly: the non-users of sugar had lowest treatment time and those who used other sweetening agents than sugar had highest treatment time.", "contents": "Periodontal treatment need in a Finnish industrial population. A periodontal study was conducted in a paper mill in Finland. To adapt the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) to a Finnish adult population the estimates of Finnish periodontologists were used. The mean estimate of periodontal treatment need was 97 +/- 58 (s.d.) min per person and 32 +/- 18 min per jaw segment. Periodontal treatment need increased with age. No significant differences in periodontal treatment need by sex, education, type of employment, regularity of working hours or frequency of dental visits were observed. Adjusted family income and toothbrushing frequency did not produce significant differences in periodontal treatment need, except in the group having four dentulous jaw segments. The groups using sugar, other sweetening agents or neither of these, mainly in coffee or tea, differed significantly: the non-users of sugar had lowest treatment time and those who used other sweetening agents than sugar had highest treatment time."}
{"id": "PMID:281290", "title": "A comparison of WHO periodontal status index with the periodontal and oral hygiene indices.", "content": "Examination of 2,138 subjects, aged 15-65+ years, was carried out by calibrated examiners using mirrors and fibre optic illumination. Each subject was scored by the Periodontal Status Index, PSI (WHO Oral Health Surveys), Periodontal Index, PI (Russell) and the Oral Hygiene Index, OHI (Greene & Vermillion). For the PSI, PI and OHI all scores were age-dependent with the exception of soft deposits in PSI and OHI, which were age-independent. The advantages of the PSI system were considered to be the ease of scoring and the opportunity to assess treatment requirements, in terms of time, at the public health service level. Disadvantages were lack of quantitation, difficulties of diagnosis of intense gingivitis, and localized and general conditions. The PI and OHI systems provided a more objective, quantitative and sensitive basis of scoring than the PSI. Statistical tests showed the respective indices are associated and measuring the same kind of criteria. Examiner calibration and consistency were similar for both scoring systems.", "contents": "A comparison of WHO periodontal status index with the periodontal and oral hygiene indices. Examination of 2,138 subjects, aged 15-65+ years, was carried out by calibrated examiners using mirrors and fibre optic illumination. Each subject was scored by the Periodontal Status Index, PSI (WHO Oral Health Surveys), Periodontal Index, PI (Russell) and the Oral Hygiene Index, OHI (Greene & Vermillion). For the PSI, PI and OHI all scores were age-dependent with the exception of soft deposits in PSI and OHI, which were age-independent. The advantages of the PSI system were considered to be the ease of scoring and the opportunity to assess treatment requirements, in terms of time, at the public health service level. Disadvantages were lack of quantitation, difficulties of diagnosis of intense gingivitis, and localized and general conditions. The PI and OHI systems provided a more objective, quantitative and sensitive basis of scoring than the PSI. Statistical tests showed the respective indices are associated and measuring the same kind of criteria. Examiner calibration and consistency were similar for both scoring systems."}
{"id": "PMID:281291", "title": "Examiner variability in the assessment of dental restorations.", "content": "A series of examiner variability studies were carried out in the assessment of restorations in adults made by extended duty ancillaries (E.D.A.s). While there were some differences between the two supervising team dentists these were smaller than those found when dentists who did not work in the project were examined. The use of indirect evaluation by examining bitewing radiographs for the presence of overhangs was no improvement over the clinical examination in terms of examiner agreement, and moreover only identified half of the restorations scheduled for replacement clinically. Using the results of these experiments, it is suggested that quality control should take into account examiner variability and consequently a 3-4% sample would be sufficient to maintain standards.", "contents": "Examiner variability in the assessment of dental restorations. A series of examiner variability studies were carried out in the assessment of restorations in adults made by extended duty ancillaries (E.D.A.s). While there were some differences between the two supervising team dentists these were smaller than those found when dentists who did not work in the project were examined. The use of indirect evaluation by examining bitewing radiographs for the presence of overhangs was no improvement over the clinical examination in terms of examiner agreement, and moreover only identified half of the restorations scheduled for replacement clinically. Using the results of these experiments, it is suggested that quality control should take into account examiner variability and consequently a 3-4% sample would be sufficient to maintain standards."}
{"id": "PMID:281292", "title": "A longitudinal study of oral health in immigrant children in Sweden.", "content": "Children immigrating into Sweden from Finland and Southern Europe (Greece, Yugoslavia and Turkey) were subjected to a longitudinal study on caries activity and gingival condition. For each immigrant child a Swedish \"twin\" of the same sex and age was used as a control. Out of 124 pairs originally examined, 75 were reexamined after a 2 1/2-year stay in Sweden. The study showed that on arrival in Sweden the Finnish children had more caries and a higher Gingival Index (GI) than the controls and that they acquired more carious lesions during their stay in this country. Their GI, however, did not develop less favorably than that of the Swedish controls. The South-European children did not seem to have more carious lesions than the Swedish controls on arriving, nor did they seem to acquire more carious lesions during the period of observation. Their GI was higher at the first examination but the change in this index ran parallel with that of the controls. It was concluded that the children immigrating from Finland should be considered a risk group with regard to oral health.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of oral health in immigrant children in Sweden. Children immigrating into Sweden from Finland and Southern Europe (Greece, Yugoslavia and Turkey) were subjected to a longitudinal study on caries activity and gingival condition. For each immigrant child a Swedish \"twin\" of the same sex and age was used as a control. Out of 124 pairs originally examined, 75 were reexamined after a 2 1/2-year stay in Sweden. The study showed that on arrival in Sweden the Finnish children had more caries and a higher Gingival Index (GI) than the controls and that they acquired more carious lesions during their stay in this country. Their GI, however, did not develop less favorably than that of the Swedish controls. The South-European children did not seem to have more carious lesions than the Swedish controls on arriving, nor did they seem to acquire more carious lesions during the period of observation. Their GI was higher at the first examination but the change in this index ran parallel with that of the controls. It was concluded that the children immigrating from Finland should be considered a risk group with regard to oral health."}
{"id": "PMID:281319", "title": "The cerebral function monitor during open-heart surgery.", "content": "Open-heart surgery has entered the third decade of its existence. The period has demonstrated increased patient safety during and after open-heart surgery due to the employment of simple and reliable monitoring techniques. The monitoring of the function of the brain has not kept pace with these advances. Electroencephalographic (EEG) method is impractical for routine use in the operating room and in the intensive care unit. The cerebral function monitor (CFM) offers simplified continuous monitoring and interpretation of cerebral electrical activity (integrated EEG) in the clinical situation. The unit displays a two channel tracing, one representing cerebral activity and a second indicating electrode impedance artefacts. The early changes seen in addition to other conventional monitoring of the electrocardiogram, blood pressures, pulse rate, etc. offers information especially pertinent to open-heart surgery. It would appear that there is a place in anesthetic practice during and after cardiopulmonary bypass for the routine use of the CFM to supplement existing monitoring for the safer conduct of open-heart surgery. This study analyzes the value of a cerebral function monitor in 112 patients undergoing open-heart surgery.", "contents": "The cerebral function monitor during open-heart surgery. Open-heart surgery has entered the third decade of its existence. The period has demonstrated increased patient safety during and after open-heart surgery due to the employment of simple and reliable monitoring techniques. The monitoring of the function of the brain has not kept pace with these advances. Electroencephalographic (EEG) method is impractical for routine use in the operating room and in the intensive care unit. The cerebral function monitor (CFM) offers simplified continuous monitoring and interpretation of cerebral electrical activity (integrated EEG) in the clinical situation. The unit displays a two channel tracing, one representing cerebral activity and a second indicating electrode impedance artefacts. The early changes seen in addition to other conventional monitoring of the electrocardiogram, blood pressures, pulse rate, etc. offers information especially pertinent to open-heart surgery. It would appear that there is a place in anesthetic practice during and after cardiopulmonary bypass for the routine use of the CFM to supplement existing monitoring for the safer conduct of open-heart surgery. This study analyzes the value of a cerebral function monitor in 112 patients undergoing open-heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:281322", "title": "Regression pattern of amplitude of electrocardiographic waves during intravenous infusion in intact, buffer nerve denervated and spinal dogs.", "content": "Electrocardiographic (ECG) amplitude changes during clinically feasible rate of infusion of normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) solution and tender coconut water (TCW) upto a dose of 100 ml/kg in paraldehyde (PLD) and chloralose and urethane (C&U) anaesthetised dogs were studied. The infusion caused a net decrease in P and QRS amplitudes but had varied effect on T wave amplitude in intact PLD and C&U anaesthetised dogs. Infusion of RL in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and in spinal dogs indicated that these neural pathways had a significant effect on basal amplitude of ECG waves but their influence on infusion induced ECG changes was only marginal; in this the vagi seem to have a greater influence than the other pathways. The T wave changes during infusion were independent of simultaneous P and QRS changes and appeared to depend on the ionic composition of the infusion fluid. TCW infusion was very well tolerated, particularly by the C&U anaesthetised dogs. It would seem that the evaluation of ECG from patients on parenteral fluid be done in the context of the present observation that infusion per se decreases the amplitude of ECG.", "contents": "Regression pattern of amplitude of electrocardiographic waves during intravenous infusion in intact, buffer nerve denervated and spinal dogs. Electrocardiographic (ECG) amplitude changes during clinically feasible rate of infusion of normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) solution and tender coconut water (TCW) upto a dose of 100 ml/kg in paraldehyde (PLD) and chloralose and urethane (C&U) anaesthetised dogs were studied. The infusion caused a net decrease in P and QRS amplitudes but had varied effect on T wave amplitude in intact PLD and C&U anaesthetised dogs. Infusion of RL in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and in spinal dogs indicated that these neural pathways had a significant effect on basal amplitude of ECG waves but their influence on infusion induced ECG changes was only marginal; in this the vagi seem to have a greater influence than the other pathways. The T wave changes during infusion were independent of simultaneous P and QRS changes and appeared to depend on the ionic composition of the infusion fluid. TCW infusion was very well tolerated, particularly by the C&U anaesthetised dogs. It would seem that the evaluation of ECG from patients on parenteral fluid be done in the context of the present observation that infusion per se decreases the amplitude of ECG."}
{"id": "PMID:281332", "title": "Periodontal bone loss in English secondary school children. A longitudinal radiological study.", "content": "The prevalence and incidence of periodontal bone loss during a 3-year period was investigated in 373 English secondary school children aged initially 11--12 years. Bone loss was diagnosed from standard radiographs obtained at the baseline and third year examinations of a caries prophylactic clinical trial in which the children were participating. The interproximal spaces mesial and distal to the first permanent molar teeth were examined: 18.5% of subjects had evidence of bone loss at these sites at baseline and 44.0% at third year. In 60 subjects who had all second premolars and first and second permanent molars fully erupted and present at both examinations, the prevalence of bone loss was 36.7% at baseline and 68.3% at third year. Those children who had bone loss recorded at both the initial and final examinations had evidence of significantly more bone destruction at the conclusion of the study than those in whom bone loss was recorded only at the final examination (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Periodontal bone loss in English secondary school children. A longitudinal radiological study. The prevalence and incidence of periodontal bone loss during a 3-year period was investigated in 373 English secondary school children aged initially 11--12 years. Bone loss was diagnosed from standard radiographs obtained at the baseline and third year examinations of a caries prophylactic clinical trial in which the children were participating. The interproximal spaces mesial and distal to the first permanent molar teeth were examined: 18.5% of subjects had evidence of bone loss at these sites at baseline and 44.0% at third year. In 60 subjects who had all second premolars and first and second permanent molars fully erupted and present at both examinations, the prevalence of bone loss was 36.7% at baseline and 68.3% at third year. Those children who had bone loss recorded at both the initial and final examinations had evidence of significantly more bone destruction at the conclusion of the study than those in whom bone loss was recorded only at the final examination (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:281333", "title": "Prevalence of chronic periodontitis in 13-15-year-old children. A radiographic study.", "content": "The bitewing radiographs of 1,731 English and Danish schoolchildren aged 13--15 years were examined to assess the prevalence of chronic periodontitis. Only one child (0.06%) was found to be affected in comparison with the high prevalence of 51.5% reported by Hull et al. (1975). Minute qualitative changes in the radiographic appearance of the alveolar crest, or changes in the visual representation of the width of the periodontal ligament space are not reliable or valid criteria for assessing chronic periodontitis. Horizontal bone loss observed on radiographs, which can be accurately measured using the cemento-enamel junction as a reference point, is a useful diagnostic criterion for the measurement of chronic periodontitis.", "contents": "Prevalence of chronic periodontitis in 13-15-year-old children. A radiographic study. The bitewing radiographs of 1,731 English and Danish schoolchildren aged 13--15 years were examined to assess the prevalence of chronic periodontitis. Only one child (0.06%) was found to be affected in comparison with the high prevalence of 51.5% reported by Hull et al. (1975). Minute qualitative changes in the radiographic appearance of the alveolar crest, or changes in the visual representation of the width of the periodontal ligament space are not reliable or valid criteria for assessing chronic periodontitis. Horizontal bone loss observed on radiographs, which can be accurately measured using the cemento-enamel junction as a reference point, is a useful diagnostic criterion for the measurement of chronic periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:281334", "title": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa: I. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the soluble supernatant (cytosol) activating microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme systems.", "content": "Soluble supernatant (cytosol) of rat oral mucosa was found to contain a factor accelerating the activity of microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzymes metabolizing testosterone. Systemic administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate further increased this cytosolic activity.", "contents": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa: I. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the soluble supernatant (cytosol) activating microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme systems. Soluble supernatant (cytosol) of rat oral mucosa was found to contain a factor accelerating the activity of microsomal delta4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzymes metabolizing testosterone. Systemic administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate further increased this cytosolic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:281335", "title": "Dentin permeability: a comparison of functional versus anatomical tubular radii.", "content": "Two independent techniques (filtration and surface tension) were developed to measure the functional tubular radii of 11 dentin and 2 glass discs. Anatomic radii were determined using SEM for comparative purposes. The functional radii of the dentin discs ranged from 5 to 40% of the anatomic radii. This differences was due to the fact that SEM visualizes only the surface while the functional techniques measure the radii within dentin tubules. It is concluded that the functional methods are preferred whenever the dynamics of fluid flow through dentin are under consideration.", "contents": "Dentin permeability: a comparison of functional versus anatomical tubular radii. Two independent techniques (filtration and surface tension) were developed to measure the functional tubular radii of 11 dentin and 2 glass discs. Anatomic radii were determined using SEM for comparative purposes. The functional radii of the dentin discs ranged from 5 to 40% of the anatomic radii. This differences was due to the fact that SEM visualizes only the surface while the functional techniques measure the radii within dentin tubules. It is concluded that the functional methods are preferred whenever the dynamics of fluid flow through dentin are under consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:281336", "title": "Non-specific induction of mineralization of incisor pulp in the rat.", "content": "Mineralized intrapulpal lesions were readily formed in the rat incisor after a single intrapulpal injection of the calcergen potassium permanganate, as well as after saline. Besides that there occurred irregular secondary dentin apposition and hard tissue overbridging at the injection site. The mechanism of topical calcinosis in relation to pulp tissue was discussed.", "contents": "Non-specific induction of mineralization of incisor pulp in the rat. Mineralized intrapulpal lesions were readily formed in the rat incisor after a single intrapulpal injection of the calcergen potassium permanganate, as well as after saline. Besides that there occurred irregular secondary dentin apposition and hard tissue overbridging at the injection site. The mechanism of topical calcinosis in relation to pulp tissue was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281337", "title": "Purification and some properties of alpha-L-fucosidase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "alpha-L-Fucosidase acting on naturally occurring substrates was highly purified from the growth culture of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557. The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 120,000 and the optimal pH was at 5.5. The purified enzyme showed specificity toward the linkage of alpha-(1 leads to 2) fucosides in oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The enzyme released L-fucose from glycoprotein in human parotid saliva.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of alpha-L-fucosidase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis. alpha-L-Fucosidase acting on naturally occurring substrates was highly purified from the growth culture of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557. The molecular weight of the enzyme was approximately 120,000 and the optimal pH was at 5.5. The purified enzyme showed specificity toward the linkage of alpha-(1 leads to 2) fucosides in oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. The enzyme released L-fucose from glycoprotein in human parotid saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:281338", "title": "Effect of salivary pellicle formation time on in vitro attachment and demineralization by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Enamel subsurface demineralization induced by Streptococcus mutans was significantly reduced by seven-day saliva pre-treatments conducive to the formation of enamel pellicles. A two-hour saliva pre-treatment was ineffective. Results suggest that the protection provided by long-term pellicles may relate to changes in ionic transport rates rather than cell attachment.", "contents": "Effect of salivary pellicle formation time on in vitro attachment and demineralization by Streptococcus mutans. Enamel subsurface demineralization induced by Streptococcus mutans was significantly reduced by seven-day saliva pre-treatments conducive to the formation of enamel pellicles. A two-hour saliva pre-treatment was ineffective. Results suggest that the protection provided by long-term pellicles may relate to changes in ionic transport rates rather than cell attachment."}
{"id": "PMID:281340", "title": "The effect of eugenol on oral mucous membranes.", "content": "Eugenol, in the 100 percent concentration in commercial use, was applied to a circumscribed area, 3 mm in diameter, of rat labial mucosa for 1 minute. Reaction periods of 15 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours were then permitted. Using routine histological procedures for processing the experimental tissues, it was observed that eugenol caused denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins and loss of staining capacity of epithelium, loss of cell boundaries, swelling and cell necrosis. In addition, vesicle formation, edema in the corium, and striated muscle dissolution were observed.", "contents": "The effect of eugenol on oral mucous membranes. Eugenol, in the 100 percent concentration in commercial use, was applied to a circumscribed area, 3 mm in diameter, of rat labial mucosa for 1 minute. Reaction periods of 15 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours were then permitted. Using routine histological procedures for processing the experimental tissues, it was observed that eugenol caused denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins and loss of staining capacity of epithelium, loss of cell boundaries, swelling and cell necrosis. In addition, vesicle formation, edema in the corium, and striated muscle dissolution were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:281341", "title": "Use of the Munsell system to compute color differences in composite resins.", "content": "Color changes resulting from immersion of four composite resins in hot distilled water, coffee and tea were measured by a tristimulus colorimeter. Changes are shown as CIE deltaE values and converted to Munsell deltaH, deltaV and deltaC values.", "contents": "Use of the Munsell system to compute color differences in composite resins. Color changes resulting from immersion of four composite resins in hot distilled water, coffee and tea were measured by a tristimulus colorimeter. Changes are shown as CIE deltaE values and converted to Munsell deltaH, deltaV and deltaC values."}
{"id": "PMID:281342", "title": "Color stability of restorative resins under accelerated aging.", "content": "The color stability of seven commercial composite resins, an unfilled resin, and three glazes was studied under conditions of accelerated aging by reflection spectrophotometry and visually with Munsell color tabs. After aging for 900 hours, most of the resins had lower values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity and higher values of dominant wavelength and contrast ratio compared to values at baseline.", "contents": "Color stability of restorative resins under accelerated aging. The color stability of seven commercial composite resins, an unfilled resin, and three glazes was studied under conditions of accelerated aging by reflection spectrophotometry and visually with Munsell color tabs. After aging for 900 hours, most of the resins had lower values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity and higher values of dominant wavelength and contrast ratio compared to values at baseline."}
{"id": "PMID:281343", "title": "Luminescence spectra of dental porcelains.", "content": "The luminescence spectra were obtained for a series of porcelain teeth and powders currently used in this country. Comparison was made between the spectra of these materials and the spectra of plastic teeth and natural tooth structures. It was found that many of the porcelain teeth and powders have strikingly different luminescence characteristics than those of natural teeth.", "contents": "Luminescence spectra of dental porcelains. The luminescence spectra were obtained for a series of porcelain teeth and powders currently used in this country. Comparison was made between the spectra of these materials and the spectra of plastic teeth and natural tooth structures. It was found that many of the porcelain teeth and powders have strikingly different luminescence characteristics than those of natural teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:281345", "title": "Clinical performance and physical properties of twelve amalgam alloys.", "content": "An assessment of the marginal failure rate of 1,041 restorations of twelve alloys was made at one year. In addition, physical property tests were conducted. A correlation was found between the clinical performance and creep (.79), flow (.62) and 24-hour compressive strength (.60).", "contents": "Clinical performance and physical properties of twelve amalgam alloys. An assessment of the marginal failure rate of 1,041 restorations of twelve alloys was made at one year. In addition, physical property tests were conducted. A correlation was found between the clinical performance and creep (.79), flow (.62) and 24-hour compressive strength (.60)."}
{"id": "PMID:281346", "title": "The colorimetric analysis of sialic acid in human saliva and bovine salivary mucin.", "content": "Three colorimetric methods were compared for their suitability for the analysis of sialic acid in human mixed saliva and bovine submaxillary gland mucin. The thiobarbituric acid method was most precise with human saliva, appeared to be subject to the least interference and is therefore the method of choice for these samples. However, it is not possible to use this method for the analysis of bovine mucins. With these samples the resorcinol method was most suitable, being subject to the least interference and relatively precise. The direct Ehrlich method was least precise overall and gave high values with human whole saliva.", "contents": "The colorimetric analysis of sialic acid in human saliva and bovine salivary mucin. Three colorimetric methods were compared for their suitability for the analysis of sialic acid in human mixed saliva and bovine submaxillary gland mucin. The thiobarbituric acid method was most precise with human saliva, appeared to be subject to the least interference and is therefore the method of choice for these samples. However, it is not possible to use this method for the analysis of bovine mucins. With these samples the resorcinol method was most suitable, being subject to the least interference and relatively precise. The direct Ehrlich method was least precise overall and gave high values with human whole saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:281347", "title": "A study of high copper amalgams. I. A comparison of amalgamation on high copper alloy tablets.", "content": "Two types of high copper alloy powder have been amalgamated by plating tablets of compacted powder with Hg. Gamma1 Ag-Hg crystals form on both types of tablet. On one type, zeta Cu-Sn crystals are also formed. An amalgamation mechanism for this latter type of high copper amalgam is discussed.", "contents": "A study of high copper amalgams. I. A comparison of amalgamation on high copper alloy tablets. Two types of high copper alloy powder have been amalgamated by plating tablets of compacted powder with Hg. Gamma1 Ag-Hg crystals form on both types of tablet. On one type, zeta Cu-Sn crystals are also formed. An amalgamation mechanism for this latter type of high copper amalgam is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281349", "title": "Effect of temperature of SnF2 solution on tin and fluoride uptake by bovine enamel.", "content": "The tin and fluoride concentrations in surface layers of intact enamel specimens were analytically determined after treatment with 8% SnF2 solutions at temperatures of 25, 45, 65, and 85 C. Significant increases in fluoride uptake and particularly tin uptake in enamel correlated directly with the temperature of the SnF2 treatment.", "contents": "Effect of temperature of SnF2 solution on tin and fluoride uptake by bovine enamel. The tin and fluoride concentrations in surface layers of intact enamel specimens were analytically determined after treatment with 8% SnF2 solutions at temperatures of 25, 45, 65, and 85 C. Significant increases in fluoride uptake and particularly tin uptake in enamel correlated directly with the temperature of the SnF2 treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:281348", "title": "A study of high copper amalgams. II. Amalgamation on a Hg-plated high copper alloy containing 30 wt% Cu.", "content": "The amalgamation reaction of a low silver, high copper alloy powder has been investigated by plating tablets of compacted powder with Hg. Both gamma1 Ag-Hg and micro Cu-Sn crystals form on the tablets. In spite of large differences in composition, these tablets amalgamated similarly to the T tablets studied and reported in Part I.", "contents": "A study of high copper amalgams. II. Amalgamation on a Hg-plated high copper alloy containing 30 wt% Cu. The amalgamation reaction of a low silver, high copper alloy powder has been investigated by plating tablets of compacted powder with Hg. Both gamma1 Ag-Hg and micro Cu-Sn crystals form on the tablets. In spite of large differences in composition, these tablets amalgamated similarly to the T tablets studied and reported in Part I."}
{"id": "PMID:281351", "title": "The effect of metal/fluoride complexes on fluoride uptake and caries-like lesion formation in enamel.", "content": "Pretreatment of enamel with TiCl3 and ZrOCL2-8H2O solutions prior to APF application was shown to increase fluoride uptake and reduce caries-like lesion formation to a greater extent than APF alone. The increase in fluoride uptake by enamel was not solely due to the low pH of the pretreatment solutions.", "contents": "The effect of metal/fluoride complexes on fluoride uptake and caries-like lesion formation in enamel. Pretreatment of enamel with TiCl3 and ZrOCL2-8H2O solutions prior to APF application was shown to increase fluoride uptake and reduce caries-like lesion formation to a greater extent than APF alone. The increase in fluoride uptake by enamel was not solely due to the low pH of the pretreatment solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:281352", "title": "The metal oxide/eugenol cements. I. The chelating power of the eugenol type molecule.", "content": "The chelating power of the orthomethoxy phenolic (guaiacyl) group is fundamental to the accepted setting reaction of the metal oxide/eugenol cements. In this report, the chelating power is quantitatively described by the sequence of beta2 for the chelates of the relevant metal ions.", "contents": "The metal oxide/eugenol cements. I. The chelating power of the eugenol type molecule. The chelating power of the orthomethoxy phenolic (guaiacyl) group is fundamental to the accepted setting reaction of the metal oxide/eugenol cements. In this report, the chelating power is quantitatively described by the sequence of beta2 for the chelates of the relevant metal ions."}
{"id": "PMID:281350", "title": "Sintered hydroxyapatite ceramic for wear studies.", "content": "A sintered hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramic for use in wear studies was prepared from a commercial tricalcium phosphate. The sintered HAP had physical properties close to those of human enamel. The coefficient of friction and wear of the sintered HAP ceramic as characterized by tangential force, track width, and surface failure data, approximated those of human enamel.", "contents": "Sintered hydroxyapatite ceramic for wear studies. A sintered hydroxyapatite (HAP) ceramic for use in wear studies was prepared from a commercial tricalcium phosphate. The sintered HAP had physical properties close to those of human enamel. The coefficient of friction and wear of the sintered HAP ceramic as characterized by tangential force, track width, and surface failure data, approximated those of human enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:281353", "title": "The metal oxide/eugenol cements. II. A diffuse reflectance spectrophotometric study of the setting of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide cements.", "content": "In a continuing study, spectrophotometry has been used to study the diffuse reflectance of the setting of ZnO and MgO cements.", "contents": "The metal oxide/eugenol cements. II. A diffuse reflectance spectrophotometric study of the setting of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide cements. In a continuing study, spectrophotometry has been used to study the diffuse reflectance of the setting of ZnO and MgO cements."}
{"id": "PMID:281354", "title": "A micropuncture study of the handling of calcium by the rat parotid.", "content": "The handling of Ca by the rat parotid gland was investigated using micropuncture, microperfusion, and microanalytical techniques. Concentrations of Ca were measured in salivary fluid from intercalated, lobular and main ducts, and net transductal fluxes of Ca and water were calculated during stimulation of secretion with acetylcholine, pilocarpine, and DL-isoproterenol.", "contents": "A micropuncture study of the handling of calcium by the rat parotid. The handling of Ca by the rat parotid gland was investigated using micropuncture, microperfusion, and microanalytical techniques. Concentrations of Ca were measured in salivary fluid from intercalated, lobular and main ducts, and net transductal fluxes of Ca and water were calculated during stimulation of secretion with acetylcholine, pilocarpine, and DL-isoproterenol."}
{"id": "PMID:281356", "title": "Observations on dental caries in primary teeth after frequent fluoride toplications in a program involving other preventives.", "content": "The anticaries effect of repeated toplications with APF gel was assessed in the primary dentition of 2-6-year-olds after 8, 18 and 28 months. Frequent, but less than daily, topical fluoride therapy appeared to have little effect in pre-school children consuming water-borne fluoride and receiving other traditionally recommended modalities of prevention.", "contents": "Observations on dental caries in primary teeth after frequent fluoride toplications in a program involving other preventives. The anticaries effect of repeated toplications with APF gel was assessed in the primary dentition of 2-6-year-olds after 8, 18 and 28 months. Frequent, but less than daily, topical fluoride therapy appeared to have little effect in pre-school children consuming water-borne fluoride and receiving other traditionally recommended modalities of prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:281355", "title": "Micropuncture study of postnatal functional maturation of the rat parotid.", "content": "The postnatal function maturation of the rat parotid was investigated using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques. The cationic composition of the luminal fluid at different levels of the duct system, the net transductal fluxes of Na, K, and H2O and the salivary excretion of protein and amylase in immature and mature rats were determined.", "contents": "Micropuncture study of postnatal functional maturation of the rat parotid. The postnatal function maturation of the rat parotid was investigated using micropuncture and microanalytical techniques. The cationic composition of the luminal fluid at different levels of the duct system, the net transductal fluxes of Na, K, and H2O and the salivary excretion of protein and amylase in immature and mature rats were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:281357", "title": "A comparative in vitro study of GK-101 and GK-101E in caries removal.", "content": "(1) This study indicated that both GK-101 and GK-101E exerted a statistically significant chemical action in the removal of carious material, in addition to any mechanical effects of the delivery system and applicator tip. (2) The superiority of GK-101E over saline in caries removal was noted, regardless of lesion consistency. (3) GK-101 was statistically superior to saline in caries removal in medium-hard lesions; it was not statistically superior to saline in lesions of medium consistency.", "contents": "A comparative in vitro study of GK-101 and GK-101E in caries removal. (1) This study indicated that both GK-101 and GK-101E exerted a statistically significant chemical action in the removal of carious material, in addition to any mechanical effects of the delivery system and applicator tip. (2) The superiority of GK-101E over saline in caries removal was noted, regardless of lesion consistency. (3) GK-101 was statistically superior to saline in caries removal in medium-hard lesions; it was not statistically superior to saline in lesions of medium consistency."}
{"id": "PMID:281358", "title": "Color stability of elastomers for maxillofacial appliances.", "content": "The color stability of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and silicone polymers for maxillofacial applications was determined after accelerated aging using reflectance spectrophotometry. On the basis of color stability after accelerated aging, and ease of processing, several silicone materials were the most promising.", "contents": "Color stability of elastomers for maxillofacial appliances. The color stability of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and silicone polymers for maxillofacial applications was determined after accelerated aging using reflectance spectrophotometry. On the basis of color stability after accelerated aging, and ease of processing, several silicone materials were the most promising."}
{"id": "PMID:281361", "title": "Parameters that affect the color of direct restorative resins.", "content": "The effects of thickness, background color, specular reflection, and surface roughness on the color of five commercial restorative resins were studied by reflection spectrophotometry. As thickness increased, values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity increased for a black background but decreased for a white background. Opacity increased dramatically as thickness increased from 1.3 to 3.9 mm.", "contents": "Parameters that affect the color of direct restorative resins. The effects of thickness, background color, specular reflection, and surface roughness on the color of five commercial restorative resins were studied by reflection spectrophotometry. As thickness increased, values of luminous reflectance and excitation purity increased for a black background but decreased for a white background. Opacity increased dramatically as thickness increased from 1.3 to 3.9 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:281360", "title": "Optimizing creep and corrosion properties in a dispersant amalgam using manganese.", "content": "It is shown that the creep behavior of a commercial dispersant-amalgam containing copper is improved by the addition of a manganese-containing alloy. This improvement is apparently obtained without any serious changes in corrosion resistance, provided that no more than 20% of the Mn alloy is added.", "contents": "Optimizing creep and corrosion properties in a dispersant amalgam using manganese. It is shown that the creep behavior of a commercial dispersant-amalgam containing copper is improved by the addition of a manganese-containing alloy. This improvement is apparently obtained without any serious changes in corrosion resistance, provided that no more than 20% of the Mn alloy is added."}
{"id": "PMID:281364", "title": "Influence of fluoride upon plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of twice daily topical applications of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) upon plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Although some trends toward modest benefits were noted in certain instances, none of the agents exerted a significant effect upon either parameter.", "contents": "Influence of fluoride upon plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog. Two studies were conducted to explore the effects of twice daily topical applications of NaF, SnF2, and an amine fluoride at equivalent fluoride concentrations (0.1%) upon plaque and gingivitis in the dog. Although some trends toward modest benefits were noted in certain instances, none of the agents exerted a significant effect upon either parameter."}
{"id": "PMID:281367", "title": "Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans on chemically treated hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans on hydroxyapatite and chemically treated hydroxyapatite was studied. Zeta potentials of the surfaces were measured. Chemically treated hydroxyapatite gave higher zeta potentials and lower S mutans adsorption.", "contents": "Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans on chemically treated hydroxyapatite. Adsorption of Streptococcus mutans on hydroxyapatite and chemically treated hydroxyapatite was studied. Zeta potentials of the surfaces were measured. Chemically treated hydroxyapatite gave higher zeta potentials and lower S mutans adsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:281369", "title": "Fluoride uptake and dissolution behavior of a synthetic dental enamel-like substrate.", "content": "A new ceramic form of hydroxylapatite and enamel were found to behave similarly in regard to their acid dissolution behavior in the presence and absence of topically applied fluoride. Discrepancies between the two materials can be explained by morphological differences between the rough enamel and smooth ceramic particles.", "contents": "Fluoride uptake and dissolution behavior of a synthetic dental enamel-like substrate. A new ceramic form of hydroxylapatite and enamel were found to behave similarly in regard to their acid dissolution behavior in the presence and absence of topically applied fluoride. Discrepancies between the two materials can be explained by morphological differences between the rough enamel and smooth ceramic particles."}
{"id": "PMID:281370", "title": "Inhibition and killing of oral bacteria by silver ions generated with low intensity direct current.", "content": "Silver cations generated by passing low intensity direct current through pure silver electrodes were found to be sufficiently antibacterial to cause sterilization of samples of infected dentin. The optimal procedure involved a 5 microA current applied for 20 minutes with the anode then left in contact with the sample. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of electrically generated silver ions for representative oral bacteria were essentially equal to those for silver ions added as nitrate or fluoride salts, and medium constituents, including sodium thioglycolate, antagonized antibacterial action. A major advantage to the use of the electrode method is that it allows for continuous, focal application of antibacterial silver cations.", "contents": "Inhibition and killing of oral bacteria by silver ions generated with low intensity direct current. Silver cations generated by passing low intensity direct current through pure silver electrodes were found to be sufficiently antibacterial to cause sterilization of samples of infected dentin. The optimal procedure involved a 5 microA current applied for 20 minutes with the anode then left in contact with the sample. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of electrically generated silver ions for representative oral bacteria were essentially equal to those for silver ions added as nitrate or fluoride salts, and medium constituents, including sodium thioglycolate, antagonized antibacterial action. A major advantage to the use of the electrode method is that it allows for continuous, focal application of antibacterial silver cations."}
{"id": "PMID:281372", "title": "The effect of NaF on the bacterial production of polysaccharide and subsequent adsorption on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "The affinity of some bacterial polysaccharides for hydroxyapatite was investigated. Water insoluble polysaccharide production by bacteria was inhibited by the presence of NaF in the growth medium, while the water soluble fraction was unaffected. The adsorption of the bacterial polysaccharide on hydroxyapatite decreased with decreasing levels of the water insoluble fraction. It is suggested that NaF can inhibit bacterial attachment and caries by interfering with bacterial attachment through reducing the production of water insoluble polysaccharide.", "contents": "The effect of NaF on the bacterial production of polysaccharide and subsequent adsorption on hydroxyapatite. The affinity of some bacterial polysaccharides for hydroxyapatite was investigated. Water insoluble polysaccharide production by bacteria was inhibited by the presence of NaF in the growth medium, while the water soluble fraction was unaffected. The adsorption of the bacterial polysaccharide on hydroxyapatite decreased with decreasing levels of the water insoluble fraction. It is suggested that NaF can inhibit bacterial attachment and caries by interfering with bacterial attachment through reducing the production of water insoluble polysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:281378", "title": "Reflections on the three-year program.", "content": "Dental education has twice altered curriculum length from four- to three-year programs. The first switch from four to three years came during World War II to meet the need for additional dentists, but schools rapidly returned to four-year programs after the war. During the early 1970s, 14 dental schools converted to three-year programs; however, by 1976 several of these schools had returned to the four-year programs. At the New Jersey Dental School, one of the first schools to adopt a three-year program in 1970, a return to a four-year program in 1977 was the result of poor acceptance of the program by the faculty, a lack of flexibility in the schedule, and an undiminishing negative attitude by the profession toward the graduates. The experience derived from the three-year curriculum has reenforced the need for designing variable length programs, because a significant number of students can successfully complete the traditional program in three years.", "contents": "Reflections on the three-year program. Dental education has twice altered curriculum length from four- to three-year programs. The first switch from four to three years came during World War II to meet the need for additional dentists, but schools rapidly returned to four-year programs after the war. During the early 1970s, 14 dental schools converted to three-year programs; however, by 1976 several of these schools had returned to the four-year programs. At the New Jersey Dental School, one of the first schools to adopt a three-year program in 1970, a return to a four-year program in 1977 was the result of poor acceptance of the program by the faculty, a lack of flexibility in the schedule, and an undiminishing negative attitude by the profession toward the graduates. The experience derived from the three-year curriculum has reenforced the need for designing variable length programs, because a significant number of students can successfully complete the traditional program in three years."}
{"id": "PMID:281373", "title": "Fermentation characteristics of strains of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Realization of the important role of Streptococcus mutans in the initiation of dental caries has resulted in extensive studies of all its biologic characteristics. The ultimate goal is to control or eliminate it from the oral cavity. One means of accomplishing this is to reduce or eliminate its carbohydrate source. This study reports those carbohydrates which Streptococcus mutans cannot metabolize.", "contents": "Fermentation characteristics of strains of Streptococcus mutans. Realization of the important role of Streptococcus mutans in the initiation of dental caries has resulted in extensive studies of all its biologic characteristics. The ultimate goal is to control or eliminate it from the oral cavity. One means of accomplishing this is to reduce or eliminate its carbohydrate source. This study reports those carbohydrates which Streptococcus mutans cannot metabolize."}
{"id": "PMID:281379", "title": "Faculty practice: advantages and disadvantages.", "content": "In considering the advantages and disadvantages of full-time dental faculty members involved in private practice, some suggestions for coping with problems represented by the disadvantages have been cited. Faculty members may find a more satisfactory climate for the patient service aspect of their professional activity in a system where several options are made available from which a teacher may select his preferred office environment and practice style.", "contents": "Faculty practice: advantages and disadvantages. In considering the advantages and disadvantages of full-time dental faculty members involved in private practice, some suggestions for coping with problems represented by the disadvantages have been cited. Faculty members may find a more satisfactory climate for the patient service aspect of their professional activity in a system where several options are made available from which a teacher may select his preferred office environment and practice style."}
{"id": "PMID:281374", "title": "The reaction of stannous fluoride and hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Systematic investigation of the chemical reaction of a slurry of SnF2, Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6, and H2O shows that products other than CaF2 are determined by the relative concentrations of the reactants. In addition to Sn2OHPO4, and Sn3F3PO4, a previously unreported compound, Ca(SnF3)2, has been observed as a product of the reaction.", "contents": "The reaction of stannous fluoride and hydroxyapatite. Systematic investigation of the chemical reaction of a slurry of SnF2, Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6, and H2O shows that products other than CaF2 are determined by the relative concentrations of the reactants. In addition to Sn2OHPO4, and Sn3F3PO4, a previously unreported compound, Ca(SnF3)2, has been observed as a product of the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:281380", "title": "Longitudinal evaluation of a teacher education course presented to dental faculty.", "content": "A three-day course on teaching methods was held for dental educators who were at various stages of their careers. The course was presented by the staff of the Academic Instructor and Allied Officer School of the Department of the Air Force. The purpose of the course was to aid in acquiring new knowledge of teaching methods and to produce behavioral changes in the participants' teaching techniques. A longitudinal evaluation demonstrated that participants changed teaching behaviors related to the courses' goals, and acquired and retained a significant amount of factual information presented in the course.", "contents": "Longitudinal evaluation of a teacher education course presented to dental faculty. A three-day course on teaching methods was held for dental educators who were at various stages of their careers. The course was presented by the staff of the Academic Instructor and Allied Officer School of the Department of the Air Force. The purpose of the course was to aid in acquiring new knowledge of teaching methods and to produce behavioral changes in the participants' teaching techniques. A longitudinal evaluation demonstrated that participants changed teaching behaviors related to the courses' goals, and acquired and retained a significant amount of factual information presented in the course."}
{"id": "PMID:281376", "title": "Effect of fluoride topical solutions on enamel demineralization by lactate buffers and Streptococcus mutans in vitro.", "content": "Applications of APF and NaF solutions to extracted human teeth reduced the extent of enamel subsurface demineralization induced by colonization of S. mutans but were ineffective against demineralization by acid lactate buffers. It is concluded that the CaF2 formed on the tooth surface during the treatment is responsible for the protection observed.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride topical solutions on enamel demineralization by lactate buffers and Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Applications of APF and NaF solutions to extracted human teeth reduced the extent of enamel subsurface demineralization induced by colonization of S. mutans but were ineffective against demineralization by acid lactate buffers. It is concluded that the CaF2 formed on the tooth surface during the treatment is responsible for the protection observed."}
{"id": "PMID:281383", "title": "Implications of technology assessment and diffusion for dental research.", "content": "The possible implications of the assessment and diffusion of technology for dental research are explored in two areas: prevention of dental caries and prevention of periodontal disease. Future concepts and their potential alternatives for the profession, the public, and government agencies are examined in terms of the social, economic, and political aspects of dental health care delivery. Consideration is given to their impact on industry and education.", "contents": "Implications of technology assessment and diffusion for dental research. The possible implications of the assessment and diffusion of technology for dental research are explored in two areas: prevention of dental caries and prevention of periodontal disease. Future concepts and their potential alternatives for the profession, the public, and government agencies are examined in terms of the social, economic, and political aspects of dental health care delivery. Consideration is given to their impact on industry and education."}
{"id": "PMID:281384", "title": "An international comparison: American and Swedish dental students.", "content": "It is interesting and often useful to compare and contrast individuals from different countries who decide on careers in dentistry. Such data can help provide a broadened perspective from which inferences about future patterns of specialization and distribution of manpower in America may be made. This study compares the backgrounds and plans for dental practice of dental students in the United States and Sweden. The similarities that American and Swedish dental students share relate to strong parental influence, time of decision to attend dental school, origins in urbanized areas, interest in direct patient care, uncertainty about specialty training, and a lack of prior health-related experience among males in both countries. The differences in the dental students of the two nations are more pervasive and may be explained in part by the ways the two countries have organized and financed dental education and dental care.", "contents": "An international comparison: American and Swedish dental students. It is interesting and often useful to compare and contrast individuals from different countries who decide on careers in dentistry. Such data can help provide a broadened perspective from which inferences about future patterns of specialization and distribution of manpower in America may be made. This study compares the backgrounds and plans for dental practice of dental students in the United States and Sweden. The similarities that American and Swedish dental students share relate to strong parental influence, time of decision to attend dental school, origins in urbanized areas, interest in direct patient care, uncertainty about specialty training, and a lack of prior health-related experience among males in both countries. The differences in the dental students of the two nations are more pervasive and may be explained in part by the ways the two countries have organized and financed dental education and dental care."}
{"id": "PMID:281385", "title": "Faculty qualifications and teaching responsibilities of community college dental hygiene faculty.", "content": "The purpose of this survey was to assess the current status of community college dental hygiene faculty qualifications in relationship to assigned teaching responsibilities. Data were collected on 508 full-time and part-time faculty from 92 of the 101 community college dental hygiene programs active in the spring of 1977. The majority of faculty degrees were in nondental hygiene disciplines, particularly at the graduate level. The predominant degree was in education. Teaching assignments were generally independent of degree levels and dental hygienists had major teaching assignments in all biomedical, dental, and clinical science areas. Of the dental hygienists serving as program directors, 71% had degrees at or above the master's level. The hypothesis that newer programs tend to have less qualified faculty was not supported. These findings should be of assistance to academic programs preparing dental hygienists for teaching careers by delineating the nature of current teaching assignments in community college settings.", "contents": "Faculty qualifications and teaching responsibilities of community college dental hygiene faculty. The purpose of this survey was to assess the current status of community college dental hygiene faculty qualifications in relationship to assigned teaching responsibilities. Data were collected on 508 full-time and part-time faculty from 92 of the 101 community college dental hygiene programs active in the spring of 1977. The majority of faculty degrees were in nondental hygiene disciplines, particularly at the graduate level. The predominant degree was in education. Teaching assignments were generally independent of degree levels and dental hygienists had major teaching assignments in all biomedical, dental, and clinical science areas. Of the dental hygienists serving as program directors, 71% had degrees at or above the master's level. The hypothesis that newer programs tend to have less qualified faculty was not supported. These findings should be of assistance to academic programs preparing dental hygienists for teaching careers by delineating the nature of current teaching assignments in community college settings."}
{"id": "PMID:281387", "title": "Contract grading in community dentistry.", "content": "Dental educators are constantly searching for ways to improve the affective environment within dental education. To enhance dental student independence and motivation while reducing anxiety, the authors implemented a contract grading teaching and evaluation technique within their community dentistry courses. This paper reports on faculty and student experiences with the contract grading system. The findings suggest that style of teaching and evaluation may enhance a more personalized understanding of course material and reduce student anxiety during the learning process.", "contents": "Contract grading in community dentistry. Dental educators are constantly searching for ways to improve the affective environment within dental education. To enhance dental student independence and motivation while reducing anxiety, the authors implemented a contract grading teaching and evaluation technique within their community dentistry courses. This paper reports on faculty and student experiences with the contract grading system. The findings suggest that style of teaching and evaluation may enhance a more personalized understanding of course material and reduce student anxiety during the learning process."}
{"id": "PMID:281401", "title": "Summary of workshop on recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Behcet syndrome.", "content": "The various forms of aphthous stomatitis and Behcet syndrome share common signs that were discussed during a conference workshop. Four markers should be considered in determining the presence of these diseases: hematologic abnormalities, HLA, antibody responses, and immune complexes.", "contents": "Summary of workshop on recurrent aphthous stomatitis and Behcet syndrome. The various forms of aphthous stomatitis and Behcet syndrome share common signs that were discussed during a conference workshop. Four markers should be considered in determining the presence of these diseases: hematologic abnormalities, HLA, antibody responses, and immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:281402", "title": "Direct pulp capping treatment: a long-term follow-up.", "content": "In reviewing 356 instances of pulp capping during the past 25 years, 149 cases were recalled with posttreatment intervals greater than five years. One hundred thirty teeth (87.3%) were still vital and functioning with an average posttreatment interval of 11.7 years. The criteria for pulp capping procedures are in need of revision. Restrictions based on tooth size and age of the patient are unfounded.", "contents": "Direct pulp capping treatment: a long-term follow-up. In reviewing 356 instances of pulp capping during the past 25 years, 149 cases were recalled with posttreatment intervals greater than five years. One hundred thirty teeth (87.3%) were still vital and functioning with an average posttreatment interval of 11.7 years. The criteria for pulp capping procedures are in need of revision. Restrictions based on tooth size and age of the patient are unfounded."}
{"id": "PMID:281403", "title": "Evaluation of student performance in the four-year study of expanded functions for dental hygienists at the University of Iowa.", "content": "A comparison was made of the quality of selected operative and periodontal procedures completed by expanded-function dental hygiene and senior dental students. Each student group included 48 students selected from all academic quartiles of their respective classes. The evaluated operative procedures included a Class II preparation and amalgam restoration and a Class III preparation and composite restoration. Both operative procedures were completed twice, once on a patient and once on a Dentoform. The periodontal procedures were completed on patients and included a periodontal examination, a periodontal treatment plan, and one quadrant of root planing and soft tissue curettage. Three examiners independently rated each student's performance in an examiner-blind situation. Examiners judged numerous criteria for each procedure as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. In addition, an overall rating of excellent, clinically acceptable, or unacceptable was given to each procedure. Comparisons between student groups of the time required to complete procedures showed that dental students completed cavity preparations of all operative procedures and quadrants of root planing and curettage in significantly less time than did dental hygiene students. For restorations, periodontal examinations, and treatment plans, there was no significant difference between student groups in the time required to complete procedures. In general, the results of the study showed that the dental hygiene students were able to perform selected operative and periodontal procedures at a comparable level to that of senior dental students.", "contents": "Evaluation of student performance in the four-year study of expanded functions for dental hygienists at the University of Iowa. A comparison was made of the quality of selected operative and periodontal procedures completed by expanded-function dental hygiene and senior dental students. Each student group included 48 students selected from all academic quartiles of their respective classes. The evaluated operative procedures included a Class II preparation and amalgam restoration and a Class III preparation and composite restoration. Both operative procedures were completed twice, once on a patient and once on a Dentoform. The periodontal procedures were completed on patients and included a periodontal examination, a periodontal treatment plan, and one quadrant of root planing and soft tissue curettage. Three examiners independently rated each student's performance in an examiner-blind situation. Examiners judged numerous criteria for each procedure as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. In addition, an overall rating of excellent, clinically acceptable, or unacceptable was given to each procedure. Comparisons between student groups of the time required to complete procedures showed that dental students completed cavity preparations of all operative procedures and quadrants of root planing and curettage in significantly less time than did dental hygiene students. For restorations, periodontal examinations, and treatment plans, there was no significant difference between student groups in the time required to complete procedures. In general, the results of the study showed that the dental hygiene students were able to perform selected operative and periodontal procedures at a comparable level to that of senior dental students."}
{"id": "PMID:281404", "title": "A state-supported incentive program and distribution of dental manpower.", "content": "To encourage dental health practitioners to practice in areas of low dentist/population ratios, an Educational Loan Program has been set up in North Carolina. Through practicing in areas of designated shortage, graduates can fulfill their loan obligations.", "contents": "A state-supported incentive program and distribution of dental manpower. To encourage dental health practitioners to practice in areas of low dentist/population ratios, an Educational Loan Program has been set up in North Carolina. Through practicing in areas of designated shortage, graduates can fulfill their loan obligations."}
{"id": "PMID:281405", "title": "Coordination of the goals of orthodontic, surgical, and prosthetic dentistry: anterior maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "This paper demonstrates the necessity of a team approach in complicated cases; introduces an inexpensive yet stable appliance for postsurgical intra-arch fixation; and warns of the dangers of rehabilitation before total temporomandibular joint resolution.", "contents": "Coordination of the goals of orthodontic, surgical, and prosthetic dentistry: anterior maxillary osteotomy. This paper demonstrates the necessity of a team approach in complicated cases; introduces an inexpensive yet stable appliance for postsurgical intra-arch fixation; and warns of the dangers of rehabilitation before total temporomandibular joint resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:281406", "title": "Discussion of sensitivity to preservatives in anesthetics.", "content": "A 23-year-old woman with reported sensitivities to several drugs, including anesthetics, requested dental care. Because of the lack of evidence of allergic reactions to lidocaine, it was used in a dental emergency procedure. The patient had an allergic response. In an evaluation by an allergist, an allergy to methyl paraben was detected. The dental practitioner should be aware of possible allergies to preservative agents when a patient has a history of sensitivity to anesthetics. The practitioner's choice of anesthetics and OTC drugs for this type of patient is crucial.", "contents": "Discussion of sensitivity to preservatives in anesthetics. A 23-year-old woman with reported sensitivities to several drugs, including anesthetics, requested dental care. Because of the lack of evidence of allergic reactions to lidocaine, it was used in a dental emergency procedure. The patient had an allergic response. In an evaluation by an allergist, an allergy to methyl paraben was detected. The dental practitioner should be aware of possible allergies to preservative agents when a patient has a history of sensitivity to anesthetics. The practitioner's choice of anesthetics and OTC drugs for this type of patient is crucial."}
{"id": "PMID:281407", "title": "Peripheral ameloblastoma.", "content": "A peripheral ameloblastoma in a 58-year-old man has been reported. No evidence as to the origin was shown, although the tumor was in apposition with the basal layer.", "contents": "Peripheral ameloblastoma. A peripheral ameloblastoma in a 58-year-old man has been reported. No evidence as to the origin was shown, although the tumor was in apposition with the basal layer."}
{"id": "PMID:281408", "title": "The missing orthodontic elastic band, a periodontic-orthodontic dilemma.", "content": "A review of the literature and a case report are presented, documenting and illustrating the effect that gingivally retained orthodontic elastic bands have on the periodontal tissues. Until a harmless radiopaque medium can be safely incorporated into elastic bands, extreme caution in their use should be observed. Not only should all attempts be made to anchor the elastic bands to the clinical crown, but the patient should receive thorough instructions in their placement and removal. The dentist should include frequent examinations as part of his treatment regimen.", "contents": "The missing orthodontic elastic band, a periodontic-orthodontic dilemma. A review of the literature and a case report are presented, documenting and illustrating the effect that gingivally retained orthodontic elastic bands have on the periodontal tissues. Until a harmless radiopaque medium can be safely incorporated into elastic bands, extreme caution in their use should be observed. Not only should all attempts be made to anchor the elastic bands to the clinical crown, but the patient should receive thorough instructions in their placement and removal. The dentist should include frequent examinations as part of his treatment regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:281418", "title": "Supervised weekly rinsing with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution: results from a demonstration program after two school years.", "content": "The implementation of a school-based mouth-rinsing program in a Long Island, NY, community was described. In this program, children rinse once a week with a neutral 0.2% sodium fluoride solution under the supervision of homeroom teachers. Although the children reside in a fluoride-deficient community (F less than or equal to 0.1 ppm), the baseline dental caries prevalence of a subsample of the group (11 to 13 years old) was similar to that of comparably aged children who were residents of a fluoridated community and from approximately a third to a half lower than that of other fluoride-deficient communities. Despite the initially low caries activity in the study population, there was a 19.9% difference in mean DMFT prevalence scores between the baseline and two-year examination and a 20.3% difference in DMFS scores after two years of rinsing (average of 49 rinses). The greatest difference, 40.0%, was found between proximal surfaces; differences for occlusal and buccolingual surfaces were 19.6% and 15.6%, respectively.", "contents": "Supervised weekly rinsing with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution: results from a demonstration program after two school years. The implementation of a school-based mouth-rinsing program in a Long Island, NY, community was described. In this program, children rinse once a week with a neutral 0.2% sodium fluoride solution under the supervision of homeroom teachers. Although the children reside in a fluoride-deficient community (F less than or equal to 0.1 ppm), the baseline dental caries prevalence of a subsample of the group (11 to 13 years old) was similar to that of comparably aged children who were residents of a fluoridated community and from approximately a third to a half lower than that of other fluoride-deficient communities. Despite the initially low caries activity in the study population, there was a 19.9% difference in mean DMFT prevalence scores between the baseline and two-year examination and a 20.3% difference in DMFS scores after two years of rinsing (average of 49 rinses). The greatest difference, 40.0%, was found between proximal surfaces; differences for occlusal and buccolingual surfaces were 19.6% and 15.6%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:281419", "title": "Treatment rationale of fractured posterior teeth.", "content": "The four types of fractures most frequently encountered in posterior teeth--obliquely directed complete fractures, vertically directed complete fractures, obliquely directed incomplete fractures, and vertically directed incomplete fractures--have been described. A detailed treatment approach for each type has been presented.", "contents": "Treatment rationale of fractured posterior teeth. The four types of fractures most frequently encountered in posterior teeth--obliquely directed complete fractures, vertically directed complete fractures, obliquely directed incomplete fractures, and vertically directed incomplete fractures--have been described. A detailed treatment approach for each type has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:281421", "title": "Follow-up evaluation of 105 patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "A follow-up study of 118 patients was performed to determine the effect of various conservative treatments for MPD after six months to 12 years. Of the patients, 82% were females; 62 were females younger than 40 years old. During treatment, patients were made aware of muscle spasm, and consciousness of the role of muscles in MPD was raised. Of 105 patients who were contacted, 65 had no further problems, 26 thought the problem was improved and under control, and 14 had not improved or had sought treatment elsewhere. Musculature and psychological factors play major roles in the MPD syndrome.", "contents": "Follow-up evaluation of 105 patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. A follow-up study of 118 patients was performed to determine the effect of various conservative treatments for MPD after six months to 12 years. Of the patients, 82% were females; 62 were females younger than 40 years old. During treatment, patients were made aware of muscle spasm, and consciousness of the role of muscles in MPD was raised. Of 105 patients who were contacted, 65 had no further problems, 26 thought the problem was improved and under control, and 14 had not improved or had sought treatment elsewhere. Musculature and psychological factors play major roles in the MPD syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:281422", "title": "Loss of tooth structure associated with chronic regurgitation and vomiting.", "content": "In summary, a teenaged patient had generalized loss of tooth structure. As the patient previously had a normal dental history and as his family history was negative, many causative factors were quickly ruled out. Finally, after obtaining full cooperation of the patient and reviewing the complete medical records, it was concluded that the loss of tooth structure resulted from demineralization by acidic gastric contents, due to chronic regurgitation and vomiting.", "contents": "Loss of tooth structure associated with chronic regurgitation and vomiting. In summary, a teenaged patient had generalized loss of tooth structure. As the patient previously had a normal dental history and as his family history was negative, many causative factors were quickly ruled out. Finally, after obtaining full cooperation of the patient and reviewing the complete medical records, it was concluded that the loss of tooth structure resulted from demineralization by acidic gastric contents, due to chronic regurgitation and vomiting."}
{"id": "PMID:281423", "title": "Magnetic determination of occlusal vertical dimension.", "content": "The determination of the edentulous interridge dimension is at best an inexact process. During the past seven years, the use of 1 mm thick minimagnets has been a simple, rapid, and accurate method of verifying or ascertaining interridge dimension.", "contents": "Magnetic determination of occlusal vertical dimension. The determination of the edentulous interridge dimension is at best an inexact process. During the past seven years, the use of 1 mm thick minimagnets has been a simple, rapid, and accurate method of verifying or ascertaining interridge dimension."}
{"id": "PMID:281424", "title": "Preservation of occlusal vertical dimension in overdentures.", "content": "The preextraction record is used to reestablish the occlusal vertical dimension in immediate and in later overdentures. A colored dot on the denture can be used to verify the occlusal vertical dimension after the dentures have been inserted.", "contents": "Preservation of occlusal vertical dimension in overdentures. The preextraction record is used to reestablish the occlusal vertical dimension in immediate and in later overdentures. A colored dot on the denture can be used to verify the occlusal vertical dimension after the dentures have been inserted."}
{"id": "PMID:281425", "title": "Surgical management of microstomia in the dental office.", "content": "Scarring of the oral stoma is usually a consequence of burns of the circumoral region. The subsequent contractural decrease in the width and general size of the opening is deforming, interferes with eating, makes dental treatment extremely difficult, prevents access for oral hygiene, and makes general anesthesia hazardous. A case report demonstrates the relative ease and safety of performing a commissurotomy in the dental office with local anesthesia alone so that access is facilitated and the dentition of these patients can be rehabilitated.", "contents": "Surgical management of microstomia in the dental office. Scarring of the oral stoma is usually a consequence of burns of the circumoral region. The subsequent contractural decrease in the width and general size of the opening is deforming, interferes with eating, makes dental treatment extremely difficult, prevents access for oral hygiene, and makes general anesthesia hazardous. A case report demonstrates the relative ease and safety of performing a commissurotomy in the dental office with local anesthesia alone so that access is facilitated and the dentition of these patients can be rehabilitated."}
{"id": "PMID:281426", "title": "Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis): current concepts.", "content": "The clinical signs and symptoms of periodontosis have been described. Although initially described as a degenerative, noninflammatory disease, recent evidence suggests that periodontosis is inflammatory, with virulent gram-negative microorganisms, selective immune deficiencies, dysfunction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, genetic predisposition, or any combination of these as possible etiologic factors. Several authors have, therefore, advocated replacing the term periodontosis, which implies a degenerative disease, with destructive or idiopathic juvenile periodontitis. Although various treatments have been proposed, a definitive therapy for the disease depends on the future elucidation of the specific causative factors.", "contents": "Juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis): current concepts. The clinical signs and symptoms of periodontosis have been described. Although initially described as a degenerative, noninflammatory disease, recent evidence suggests that periodontosis is inflammatory, with virulent gram-negative microorganisms, selective immune deficiencies, dysfunction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, genetic predisposition, or any combination of these as possible etiologic factors. Several authors have, therefore, advocated replacing the term periodontosis, which implies a degenerative disease, with destructive or idiopathic juvenile periodontitis. Although various treatments have been proposed, a definitive therapy for the disease depends on the future elucidation of the specific causative factors."}
{"id": "PMID:281438", "title": "Some variables affecting dentists' desire to use expanded duty dental auxiliaries.", "content": "A survey of all active practitioners in Rhode Island was conducted to determine which demographic or practice variables or knowledge or attitude variables, or both, might be associated with a desire to use EDDAs. A total of 355 (74.6%) dentists responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 33.4% indicated a desire to use EDDAs, 36.1% were undecided, and another 30.5% did not wish to use EDDAs. A desire to use EDDAs was associated with the following variables: demographic background, continuing education profile, indicators of how busy the practice is, number of hours auxiliaries were employed, practice efficiency indicators, and knowledge and attitude indicators.", "contents": "Some variables affecting dentists' desire to use expanded duty dental auxiliaries. A survey of all active practitioners in Rhode Island was conducted to determine which demographic or practice variables or knowledge or attitude variables, or both, might be associated with a desire to use EDDAs. A total of 355 (74.6%) dentists responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 33.4% indicated a desire to use EDDAs, 36.1% were undecided, and another 30.5% did not wish to use EDDAs. A desire to use EDDAs was associated with the following variables: demographic background, continuing education profile, indicators of how busy the practice is, number of hours auxiliaries were employed, practice efficiency indicators, and knowledge and attitude indicators."}
{"id": "PMID:281440", "title": "Renal adenocarcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to the tongue.", "content": "A rare metastatic cancer in the soft tissues of the oral cavity has been discussed. The importance of a good clinical examination and the interrelationship between medicine and dentistry have been emphasized.", "contents": "Renal adenocarcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to the tongue. A rare metastatic cancer in the soft tissues of the oral cavity has been discussed. The importance of a good clinical examination and the interrelationship between medicine and dentistry have been emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:281441", "title": "Planning the treatment of the complex prosthodontic case.", "content": "An approach to planning the treatment of a complete maxillary denture opposing an imperfect mandibular dentition has been described. Maxillary supporting tissues under complete dentures that oppose natural dentitions are often overstressed during function. Generally, as the damage to dentition increases, so do the forces causing thrusting and rotation of the denture. Every effort should be made to develop an occlusal table at the optimal level and in harmony with the patient's condylar guidance and a minimal incisal guidance in the attempt to enhance the stability and retention of the denture and the preservation of the dentition and supporting tissues that remain.", "contents": "Planning the treatment of the complex prosthodontic case. An approach to planning the treatment of a complete maxillary denture opposing an imperfect mandibular dentition has been described. Maxillary supporting tissues under complete dentures that oppose natural dentitions are often overstressed during function. Generally, as the damage to dentition increases, so do the forces causing thrusting and rotation of the denture. Every effort should be made to develop an occlusal table at the optimal level and in harmony with the patient's condylar guidance and a minimal incisal guidance in the attempt to enhance the stability and retention of the denture and the preservation of the dentition and supporting tissues that remain."}
{"id": "PMID:281442", "title": "Multiple antibiotic allergies.", "content": "A case of an 18-year-old woman with postoperative infectious complications and multiple antibiotic allergies is discussed. The case poses several problems: the selection of an appropriate antibiotic to combat the infection, the persistence of the infection, and the treatment of multiple allergic responses to each of the antibiotic agents chosen.", "contents": "Multiple antibiotic allergies. A case of an 18-year-old woman with postoperative infectious complications and multiple antibiotic allergies is discussed. The case poses several problems: the selection of an appropriate antibiotic to combat the infection, the persistence of the infection, and the treatment of multiple allergic responses to each of the antibiotic agents chosen."}
{"id": "PMID:281443", "title": "Design of a practical dental chair made of corrugated cardboard.", "content": "Directions for the construction of a corrugated cardboard dental chair, useful for mobile clinics and community dentistry programs, are presented. The designers of the cardboard dental chair and I hope that it will be as useful to other members of our profession as it has been to the USC Mobile Dental Clinic.", "contents": "Design of a practical dental chair made of corrugated cardboard. Directions for the construction of a corrugated cardboard dental chair, useful for mobile clinics and community dentistry programs, are presented. The designers of the cardboard dental chair and I hope that it will be as useful to other members of our profession as it has been to the USC Mobile Dental Clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:281446", "title": "Antibody-induced loss of Friend virus leukemia cell surface antigens occurs during progression of erythroleukemia in F1 mice.", "content": "Friend virus (FV)-induced leukemic spleen cells from (B10.A X A)F1 mice were found to lose sensitivity to antibody-mediated lysis during progression of erythroleukemia. This was correlated with a 78% loss of FV-induced cell surface antigens as determined by quantitative absorption of cytotoxic antibodies and with a decreased percentage of leukemic spleen cells showing membrane immunofluorescence with anti-FV antibody. Antigen loss was observed only with virus-induced antigens, and was limited to antigens expressed on the cell surface. FV-induced antigens were regained when low-antigen leukemia cells from late stages of the leukemia were transferred to lethally irradiated nonimmune recipients, but not when these cells were transferred to hyperimmune lethally irradiated recipients. Conversely, when high-antigen leukemic spleen cells from early stages of the erythroleukemia were transferred to hyperimmune irradiated recipients, antigen loss was induced. The immune response to virus-induced antigens appeared to be involved in causing the antigenic changes observed on leukemia cells in this system.", "contents": "Antibody-induced loss of Friend virus leukemia cell surface antigens occurs during progression of erythroleukemia in F1 mice. Friend virus (FV)-induced leukemic spleen cells from (B10.A X A)F1 mice were found to lose sensitivity to antibody-mediated lysis during progression of erythroleukemia. This was correlated with a 78% loss of FV-induced cell surface antigens as determined by quantitative absorption of cytotoxic antibodies and with a decreased percentage of leukemic spleen cells showing membrane immunofluorescence with anti-FV antibody. Antigen loss was observed only with virus-induced antigens, and was limited to antigens expressed on the cell surface. FV-induced antigens were regained when low-antigen leukemia cells from late stages of the leukemia were transferred to lethally irradiated nonimmune recipients, but not when these cells were transferred to hyperimmune lethally irradiated recipients. Conversely, when high-antigen leukemic spleen cells from early stages of the erythroleukemia were transferred to hyperimmune irradiated recipients, antigen loss was induced. The immune response to virus-induced antigens appeared to be involved in causing the antigenic changes observed on leukemia cells in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:281456", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a 20-month study of the effects of stressful life events and haloperidol on symptom frequency.", "content": "The frequency of tics in a 10-year-old boy suffering from Gilles de la Tourette syndrome was investigated in the laboratory and at home using counts of tics made by the parents. The study spanned 20 months during which time the patient was treated with haloperidol. Parents' counts were reliable and valid. Stressful life events overcame positive medication effects, and symptom level varied markedly with the activities in which the child engaged. Such situational variability may explain the previously reported waxing and waning of symptoms. Findings also suggested that specific counseling be given when haloperidol is prescribed in order to prepare parents and patients for any apparent worsening of the disorder that may actually be due to the presence of stressful life events.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a 20-month study of the effects of stressful life events and haloperidol on symptom frequency. The frequency of tics in a 10-year-old boy suffering from Gilles de la Tourette syndrome was investigated in the laboratory and at home using counts of tics made by the parents. The study spanned 20 months during which time the patient was treated with haloperidol. Parents' counts were reliable and valid. Stressful life events overcame positive medication effects, and symptom level varied markedly with the activities in which the child engaged. Such situational variability may explain the previously reported waxing and waning of symptoms. Findings also suggested that specific counseling be given when haloperidol is prescribed in order to prepare parents and patients for any apparent worsening of the disorder that may actually be due to the presence of stressful life events."}
{"id": "PMID:281459", "title": "Healing of continuous-wave and rapid superpulsed, carbon dioxide, laser-induced bone defects.", "content": "With rabbits as the experimental model, a comparative study was done to assess the healing of bone in response to osteotomy by rapid superpulsed and continuous-wave carbon dioxide lasers. The laser was capable of easily incising bone; the rapid superpulsed mode required less energy to do so than did the continuous-wave mode. When the narrow zone of tissue necrosis adjacent to the laser osteotomy was debrided, it was found that healing was similar for each laser mode. Healing occurred in orderly progression from deposition of trabecular bone to formation of lamellar bone.", "contents": "Healing of continuous-wave and rapid superpulsed, carbon dioxide, laser-induced bone defects. With rabbits as the experimental model, a comparative study was done to assess the healing of bone in response to osteotomy by rapid superpulsed and continuous-wave carbon dioxide lasers. The laser was capable of easily incising bone; the rapid superpulsed mode required less energy to do so than did the continuous-wave mode. When the narrow zone of tissue necrosis adjacent to the laser osteotomy was debrided, it was found that healing was similar for each laser mode. Healing occurred in orderly progression from deposition of trabecular bone to formation of lamellar bone."}
{"id": "PMID:281460", "title": "Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint of the rabbit.", "content": "A technique for arthroscopic examination of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the rabbit is reported. Rabbits were selected because of the accessibility of the joint and its relative morphologic similarity to the human TMJ. The clinical findings and postoperative sequelae of the procedure are discussed. The results indicate that the technique safely and accurately demonstrates the internal anatomy of the TMJ, and suggest its future application in studies in humans.", "contents": "Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint of the rabbit. A technique for arthroscopic examination of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the rabbit is reported. Rabbits were selected because of the accessibility of the joint and its relative morphologic similarity to the human TMJ. The clinical findings and postoperative sequelae of the procedure are discussed. The results indicate that the technique safely and accurately demonstrates the internal anatomy of the TMJ, and suggest its future application in studies in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:281461", "title": "Mucosal grafting over Proplast-augmented edentulous ridges: a pilot study.", "content": "Full-thickness mucosal grafts were placed over Proplast-augmented alveolar ridges in six mongrel dogs. Five of the six grafts were successful, indicating that properly prepared recipient sites over Proplast provide adequate blood supply to support free grafts. A thicker keratinizing graft such as palatal mucosa may provide greater protection for the implant under the stress of a prosthesis.", "contents": "Mucosal grafting over Proplast-augmented edentulous ridges: a pilot study. Full-thickness mucosal grafts were placed over Proplast-augmented alveolar ridges in six mongrel dogs. Five of the six grafts were successful, indicating that properly prepared recipient sites over Proplast provide adequate blood supply to support free grafts. A thicker keratinizing graft such as palatal mucosa may provide greater protection for the implant under the stress of a prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:281462", "title": "Pigmented lesions of the oral cavity.", "content": "The factors that produce dark pigmentation of the oral soft tissues are described. Examples are given of aberrations of the melanin-forming cells in the oral cavity and a new case of oral blue nevus is added to the literature. A unique case of localized melanosis of the tongue is described clinically and histopathologically.", "contents": "Pigmented lesions of the oral cavity. The factors that produce dark pigmentation of the oral soft tissues are described. Examples are given of aberrations of the melanin-forming cells in the oral cavity and a new case of oral blue nevus is added to the literature. A unique case of localized melanosis of the tongue is described clinically and histopathologically."}
{"id": "PMID:281465", "title": "Juvenile fibromatosis with invasion of the mandible: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of juvenile fibromatosis involving the mandible were found in children aged 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years. The tumors, while histologically benign, were clinically aggressive, causing bone erosion and destruction and invading adjacent normal soft tissue structures with firm fibrous tumor extensions. In each instance, the lesion was completely removed by radical local surgery with no recurrence after a seven-year follow-up. The pertinent literature, consisting of six previously reported cases, has been reviewed.", "contents": "Juvenile fibromatosis with invasion of the mandible: report of two cases. Two cases of juvenile fibromatosis involving the mandible were found in children aged 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years. The tumors, while histologically benign, were clinically aggressive, causing bone erosion and destruction and invading adjacent normal soft tissue structures with firm fibrous tumor extensions. In each instance, the lesion was completely removed by radical local surgery with no recurrence after a seven-year follow-up. The pertinent literature, consisting of six previously reported cases, has been reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:281466", "title": "Malignant lymphomas of the oral soft tissues.", "content": "Two cases have been presented in which a malignant lymphocytic tumor was found in the oral soft tissues. The first was a \"histiocytic lymphoma\" that appeared as a rapidly growing, ulcerative lesion. This tumor was the initial presentation of disease and may be considered a primary lesion. The second was a \"poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma\" which formed a mass in the mental area. In that case, the tumor was associated with widespread disease. Both of these lesions had previously been diagnosed by physicians as inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Malignant lymphomas of the oral soft tissues. Two cases have been presented in which a malignant lymphocytic tumor was found in the oral soft tissues. The first was a \"histiocytic lymphoma\" that appeared as a rapidly growing, ulcerative lesion. This tumor was the initial presentation of disease and may be considered a primary lesion. The second was a \"poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma\" which formed a mass in the mental area. In that case, the tumor was associated with widespread disease. Both of these lesions had previously been diagnosed by physicians as inflammatory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:281467", "title": "Respiratory epithelium within a mandibular dentigerous cyst.", "content": "A case report of a dentigerous cyst of the mandible with respiratory epithelium has been described. A review of the literature shows this to be only the fourth case reported. The three most current theories to explain this phenomenon have been presented.", "contents": "Respiratory epithelium within a mandibular dentigerous cyst. A case report of a dentigerous cyst of the mandible with respiratory epithelium has been described. A review of the literature shows this to be only the fourth case reported. The three most current theories to explain this phenomenon have been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:281468", "title": "Use of a metallic nasal tube protector during maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "A technique is described for use of a metallic nasal tube protector to guard against accidental cutting into the endotracheal tube, its pilot tube, or an esophageal stethoscope when performing maxillary osteotomy.", "contents": "Use of a metallic nasal tube protector during maxillary osteotomy. A technique is described for use of a metallic nasal tube protector to guard against accidental cutting into the endotracheal tube, its pilot tube, or an esophageal stethoscope when performing maxillary osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:281469", "title": "A histological study of cartilage autografts and allografts placed in dental sockets of rats.", "content": "Seventy-two albino rats were used in order to analyze what occurs when fresh cartilage autografts and allografts are placed into dental extraction sockets. The rats were killed from 1 to 120 days, and the following conclusions were made: autografts were better accepted; there was a tendency to eliminate graft material as healing took place (this was more pronounced in the allograft group); there was appositional growth of the grafts in both graft groups, although this was more pronounced in the autogenous group; the bone trabeculae near the graft in the dental sockets were not formed from the perichondrium; the rate of the alveolar bone healing was retarded, especially in animals that received allografts; with respect to the alveolar socket healing process, there is no advantage in the use of cartilage grafts.", "contents": "A histological study of cartilage autografts and allografts placed in dental sockets of rats. Seventy-two albino rats were used in order to analyze what occurs when fresh cartilage autografts and allografts are placed into dental extraction sockets. The rats were killed from 1 to 120 days, and the following conclusions were made: autografts were better accepted; there was a tendency to eliminate graft material as healing took place (this was more pronounced in the allograft group); there was appositional growth of the grafts in both graft groups, although this was more pronounced in the autogenous group; the bone trabeculae near the graft in the dental sockets were not formed from the perichondrium; the rate of the alveolar bone healing was retarded, especially in animals that received allografts; with respect to the alveolar socket healing process, there is no advantage in the use of cartilage grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:281471", "title": "Stability of the mandible after surgical correction of skeletal class III malocclusion in 50 patients.", "content": "Fifty cases of skeletal Class III malocclusion were analyzed by the tracings of presurgical and postsurgical cephalograms to evaluate the stability of the mandible a year after surgery. In 33 patients, the curved oblique osteotomy in the ascending ramus was used; the correction was made in the mandibular body for 17 patients by either the rectangular osteotomy or the sliding osteotomy. Minimal relapse was observed in all three procedures, with the least amount occurring after mandibular body ostectomy or osteotomy. The results were considered to be due to careful determination of the correct time for surgery in each patient to avoid skeletal relapse resulting in continued mandibular growth, prompt osseous healing at the surgical sites by providing close and tight bony contact between the segments, elimination of the effect of the major muscles of mastication, minimum alteration in the position of the posterior segment and trimming of the margin of the anterior segment to form a proper gonial angle, and a stable occlusion with maximum intercuspation and an adequate overbite. In addition, preoperative orthodontic treatment and extraoral traction of the mandible by chin cups were considered effective means to stabilize the post-operative occlusion.", "contents": "Stability of the mandible after surgical correction of skeletal class III malocclusion in 50 patients. Fifty cases of skeletal Class III malocclusion were analyzed by the tracings of presurgical and postsurgical cephalograms to evaluate the stability of the mandible a year after surgery. In 33 patients, the curved oblique osteotomy in the ascending ramus was used; the correction was made in the mandibular body for 17 patients by either the rectangular osteotomy or the sliding osteotomy. Minimal relapse was observed in all three procedures, with the least amount occurring after mandibular body ostectomy or osteotomy. The results were considered to be due to careful determination of the correct time for surgery in each patient to avoid skeletal relapse resulting in continued mandibular growth, prompt osseous healing at the surgical sites by providing close and tight bony contact between the segments, elimination of the effect of the major muscles of mastication, minimum alteration in the position of the posterior segment and trimming of the margin of the anterior segment to form a proper gonial angle, and a stable occlusion with maximum intercuspation and an adequate overbite. In addition, preoperative orthodontic treatment and extraoral traction of the mandible by chin cups were considered effective means to stabilize the post-operative occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:281472", "title": "Use of the mandibular staple bone plate in the deformed mandible.", "content": "Seven cases have been presented to demonstrate the reconstructive potential and the longevity of the mandibular staple in a variety of unusual cases. The use of the staple provides a surgical method to rehabilitate various types of mandibular deformities. Functional success without major complications has occurred in 90% of cases recently reported.", "contents": "Use of the mandibular staple bone plate in the deformed mandible. Seven cases have been presented to demonstrate the reconstructive potential and the longevity of the mandibular staple in a variety of unusual cases. The use of the staple provides a surgical method to rehabilitate various types of mandibular deformities. Functional success without major complications has occurred in 90% of cases recently reported."}
{"id": "PMID:281476", "title": "Rhinolith: unusual appearance on panoramic radiograph.", "content": "This case report describes an unusual radiopaque lesion that was an incidental finding on a routine panoramic radiograph. The location of the rhinolith gave it the appearance of being within the maxillary sinus. The position of any lesion seen on a panoramic radiograph should be confirmed by other radiologic studies.", "contents": "Rhinolith: unusual appearance on panoramic radiograph. This case report describes an unusual radiopaque lesion that was an incidental finding on a routine panoramic radiograph. The location of the rhinolith gave it the appearance of being within the maxillary sinus. The position of any lesion seen on a panoramic radiograph should be confirmed by other radiologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:281477", "title": "Arteriovenous fistula of the upper lip: report of case.", "content": "A case of arteriovenous malformation is presented. Complete excision is important to avoid recurrence and formation of a new fistula. The pathophysiology and treatment of the lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistula of the upper lip: report of case. A case of arteriovenous malformation is presented. Complete excision is important to avoid recurrence and formation of a new fistula. The pathophysiology and treatment of the lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281483", "title": "Speciation studies with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria mivati.", "content": "Eimeria mivati was described as a new species of chicken coccidia in 1964 by Edgar and Seibold, but recently some British workers have relegated its status to that of a variety of Eimeria acervulina. Using strains supplied by Dr. Edgar, we have prepared lines of E. acervulina resistant to methyl benzoquate, sulfaquinoxaline and robenidine and a line of E. mivati resistant to methyl benzoquate. Genetic transfer of resistance between the various lines of E. acervulina to produce doubly-resistant coccidia has been demonstrated, but no such transfer could be obtained between E. mivati resistant to methyl benzoquate and the resistant lines of E. acervulina. Although some immunological relationship between E. acervulina and E. mivati has been demonstrated, we conclude that this failure of the 2 organisms to interbreed lends support to the status of E. mivati as a distinct species.", "contents": "Speciation studies with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria mivati. Eimeria mivati was described as a new species of chicken coccidia in 1964 by Edgar and Seibold, but recently some British workers have relegated its status to that of a variety of Eimeria acervulina. Using strains supplied by Dr. Edgar, we have prepared lines of E. acervulina resistant to methyl benzoquate, sulfaquinoxaline and robenidine and a line of E. mivati resistant to methyl benzoquate. Genetic transfer of resistance between the various lines of E. acervulina to produce doubly-resistant coccidia has been demonstrated, but no such transfer could be obtained between E. mivati resistant to methyl benzoquate and the resistant lines of E. acervulina. Although some immunological relationship between E. acervulina and E. mivati has been demonstrated, we conclude that this failure of the 2 organisms to interbreed lends support to the status of E. mivati as a distinct species."}
{"id": "PMID:281485", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptive therapy on gingival inflammation in humans.", "content": "One hundred sixty-eight female patients between the ages of 18 and 35 were evaluated with an Oral Debris Index and a Gingival Inflammatory Index. The patients were then divided into groups and subgroups according to their intake of oral contraceptives. Statistical analysis revealed that the group currently taking oral contraceptives had a higher mean Gingival Inflammatory Index than the group not presently taking oral contraceptives. The group taking oral contraceptives also revealed a lower mean Oral Debris Index than the control group. Further analysis revealed that while some brands of oral contraceptives produced more dramatic index changes than others, no relationship appeared to exist due to the differences of progesterone or estrogen content in the various brands. Increased accumulative exposure to oral contraceptives apparently had no effect upon Oral Debris Indices or Gingival Inflammatory Indices. Further studies with older population groups should be conducted in an attempt to answer questions concerning the effect of long term oral contraceptive intake on periodontal diseases other than gingivitis.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptive therapy on gingival inflammation in humans. One hundred sixty-eight female patients between the ages of 18 and 35 were evaluated with an Oral Debris Index and a Gingival Inflammatory Index. The patients were then divided into groups and subgroups according to their intake of oral contraceptives. Statistical analysis revealed that the group currently taking oral contraceptives had a higher mean Gingival Inflammatory Index than the group not presently taking oral contraceptives. The group taking oral contraceptives also revealed a lower mean Oral Debris Index than the control group. Further analysis revealed that while some brands of oral contraceptives produced more dramatic index changes than others, no relationship appeared to exist due to the differences of progesterone or estrogen content in the various brands. Increased accumulative exposure to oral contraceptives apparently had no effect upon Oral Debris Indices or Gingival Inflammatory Indices. Further studies with older population groups should be conducted in an attempt to answer questions concerning the effect of long term oral contraceptive intake on periodontal diseases other than gingivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:281487", "title": "A comparison of a periodontal dressing and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash after the internal bevelled flap procedure.", "content": "A group of 15 patients requiring comparable bilateral internal bevelled flap procedures took part in a study to compare the clinical results achieved when a dressing or chlorhexidine mouthwash was used during the first postoperative week. Initial preoperative conditions were comparable. At the end of the first postoperative week, significantly more plaque accumulated and the sulcus bleeding index was significantly higher on the dressing treated side. At 1 month and 3 months postoperatively the sulcus bleeding indices were below preoperative levels for both treated sides with no significant differences between the sides. A significant and comparable reduction in pocket depths occurred following the two postoperative treatments. Subjectively recorded pain scores demonstrated that more pain was experienced on the dressing treated side, particularly during the first 4 postoperative days. More patients preferred the mouthwash as a postoperative treatment.", "contents": "A comparison of a periodontal dressing and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash after the internal bevelled flap procedure. A group of 15 patients requiring comparable bilateral internal bevelled flap procedures took part in a study to compare the clinical results achieved when a dressing or chlorhexidine mouthwash was used during the first postoperative week. Initial preoperative conditions were comparable. At the end of the first postoperative week, significantly more plaque accumulated and the sulcus bleeding index was significantly higher on the dressing treated side. At 1 month and 3 months postoperatively the sulcus bleeding indices were below preoperative levels for both treated sides with no significant differences between the sides. A significant and comparable reduction in pocket depths occurred following the two postoperative treatments. Subjectively recorded pain scores demonstrated that more pain was experienced on the dressing treated side, particularly during the first 4 postoperative days. More patients preferred the mouthwash as a postoperative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:281488", "title": "The temperature of the gingival sulci.", "content": "The interproximal sulcular temperatures of the central, cuspid and the first molar regions of both jaws of 28 adults were recorded with a thermistor probe. The mean sulcular temperatures were 1.80 to 2.90 degrees C lower than the mean sublingual temperature. In both jaws the lowest temperature was recorded in the anterior region and the highest in the molar region. The temperature increased from the anterior to the posterior region on both buccal and lingual sides of both arches. The sulcular temperatures of the lower arches were higher than those of the upper arches. Further, analyses of the data of each individual subject showed interesting differences between the male and the female subjects. This work suggests that studies on dental plaque and on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms of the gingival sulci should consider the lower temperature of the gingival sulci and the regional temperature differences within the oral cavity.", "contents": "The temperature of the gingival sulci. The interproximal sulcular temperatures of the central, cuspid and the first molar regions of both jaws of 28 adults were recorded with a thermistor probe. The mean sulcular temperatures were 1.80 to 2.90 degrees C lower than the mean sublingual temperature. In both jaws the lowest temperature was recorded in the anterior region and the highest in the molar region. The temperature increased from the anterior to the posterior region on both buccal and lingual sides of both arches. The sulcular temperatures of the lower arches were higher than those of the upper arches. Further, analyses of the data of each individual subject showed interesting differences between the male and the female subjects. This work suggests that studies on dental plaque and on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms of the gingival sulci should consider the lower temperature of the gingival sulci and the regional temperature differences within the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:281489", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of epithelial cells grown on enamel, glass and implant materials.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine with scanning electron microscopy gingival epithelial cells grown in cell culture on tooth enamel, glass, Vitallium, titanium and vitreous carbon. SGL (Smulow-Glickman) gingival epithelial cells were grown for 5 days and processed using a critical point drying apparatus. Scanning electron microscopy carried out at X 1500 magnification revealed that the gingival epithelial cells gres equally well on all materials on either smooth or rough (sand-blasted) surfaces.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of epithelial cells grown on enamel, glass and implant materials. The purpose of the present study was to examine with scanning electron microscopy gingival epithelial cells grown in cell culture on tooth enamel, glass, Vitallium, titanium and vitreous carbon. SGL (Smulow-Glickman) gingival epithelial cells were grown for 5 days and processed using a critical point drying apparatus. Scanning electron microscopy carried out at X 1500 magnification revealed that the gingival epithelial cells gres equally well on all materials on either smooth or rough (sand-blasted) surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:281490", "title": "Periodontal findings in diabetic and nondiabetic patients.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine the possible influence of diabetes on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. A total of 148 patients, 120 females and 28 males, were surveyed. Their ages ranged between 9 and 50 years, with an average age of 30. The experimental group consisted of 83 diabetics and there was a control group of 65 nondiabetics. Both groups were divided into patients under and over the age of 30. The results showed: 1. Loss of attachment was higher in the over-30 diabetic group in the presence of similar local factors. 2. A higher Gingival Index was reported in diabetics of the combined age groups than in the controls (P less than 0.05). 3. The Plaque and Calculus Indices did not differ significantly between the diabetic and control subjects. 4. The correlation between the Plaque Index and loss of attachment in diabetics was the most relevant of the correlation analyses. The correlation between the gingival inflammation and loss of attachment indices in the combined diabetic group was also significant. 5. In both groups, diabetics and controls, periodontal destruction increased significantly with age. 6. Juvenile diabetics with severe periodontal disease, as well as others with normal periodontal structures, were found in the course of this study. These findings coincided with the presence or absence of local factors.", "contents": "Periodontal findings in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. This study was conducted to determine the possible influence of diabetes on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. A total of 148 patients, 120 females and 28 males, were surveyed. Their ages ranged between 9 and 50 years, with an average age of 30. The experimental group consisted of 83 diabetics and there was a control group of 65 nondiabetics. Both groups were divided into patients under and over the age of 30. The results showed: 1. Loss of attachment was higher in the over-30 diabetic group in the presence of similar local factors. 2. A higher Gingival Index was reported in diabetics of the combined age groups than in the controls (P less than 0.05). 3. The Plaque and Calculus Indices did not differ significantly between the diabetic and control subjects. 4. The correlation between the Plaque Index and loss of attachment in diabetics was the most relevant of the correlation analyses. The correlation between the gingival inflammation and loss of attachment indices in the combined diabetic group was also significant. 5. In both groups, diabetics and controls, periodontal destruction increased significantly with age. 6. Juvenile diabetics with severe periodontal disease, as well as others with normal periodontal structures, were found in the course of this study. These findings coincided with the presence or absence of local factors."}
{"id": "PMID:281491", "title": "Venery and Vincent's? 15 case reports and discussion.", "content": "Fifteen case reports of necrotizing gingivitis in young adult white male servicemen of low socioeconomic background, low pay grade, and in the first few years of enlistment have been presented. Stochastic review of data indicates that a behavior pattern of promiscuous sexual intercourse may be another important predisposing factor prior to the onset of this acute disease. Military personnel who are confined during training or in operations where open social contacts are not possible do not seem to have as high an incidence as those free for time off the base. The case pattern for naval personnel at Great Lakes is similar to that of other naval personnel who sustain gonorrheal infections. The behavioral patyern of young adult males therefore may account for a high incidence in a population which is usually in good health. Preliminary microbiological samplings from the necrotic lesions of the subjects reported upon were negative for the isolation of incriminating microorganisms. In the absence of a known etiologic agent, and with only patient's testimony as evidence, the clinician should not draw conclusions, but he should be aware of a possible venereal relationship with necrotizing gingivitis in young adults.", "contents": "Venery and Vincent's? 15 case reports and discussion. Fifteen case reports of necrotizing gingivitis in young adult white male servicemen of low socioeconomic background, low pay grade, and in the first few years of enlistment have been presented. Stochastic review of data indicates that a behavior pattern of promiscuous sexual intercourse may be another important predisposing factor prior to the onset of this acute disease. Military personnel who are confined during training or in operations where open social contacts are not possible do not seem to have as high an incidence as those free for time off the base. The case pattern for naval personnel at Great Lakes is similar to that of other naval personnel who sustain gonorrheal infections. The behavioral patyern of young adult males therefore may account for a high incidence in a population which is usually in good health. Preliminary microbiological samplings from the necrotic lesions of the subjects reported upon were negative for the isolation of incriminating microorganisms. In the absence of a known etiologic agent, and with only patient's testimony as evidence, the clinician should not draw conclusions, but he should be aware of a possible venereal relationship with necrotizing gingivitis in young adults."}
{"id": "PMID:281493", "title": "The incidence of transient bacteremia during periodontal dressing change.", "content": "Twenty patients undergoing treatment for periodontal disease and not receiving antibiotics, volunteered to donate blood for culture studies to determine the incidence of transient bateremia during the dressing change and suture removal 1 week after periodontal surgery. Each patient contributed 20 ml of blood prior to the dressing change and an additional 20 ml during suture removal. The samples were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Bacteria were demonstrated in five out of 20 postoperative cultures (25%). This incidence approached statistical significance at the 0.05 level using Chi-square analysis with a Yates correction. All species were identified as belonging to the genus streptococcus. None of the blood specimens obtained prior to dressing change exhibited bacterial growth. Although the incidence of bacteremia in this study was not statistically significant at the 0.05 level, it may be clinically significant that five out of 20 patients demonstrated transient bacteremia. Commercial materials and equipment are identified in this report to specify the investigative procedures. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement or that the materials and equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Furthermore, the opinions expressed herein are those of the author and are not to be construed as those of the Army Medical Department.", "contents": "The incidence of transient bacteremia during periodontal dressing change. Twenty patients undergoing treatment for periodontal disease and not receiving antibiotics, volunteered to donate blood for culture studies to determine the incidence of transient bateremia during the dressing change and suture removal 1 week after periodontal surgery. Each patient contributed 20 ml of blood prior to the dressing change and an additional 20 ml during suture removal. The samples were cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Bacteria were demonstrated in five out of 20 postoperative cultures (25%). This incidence approached statistical significance at the 0.05 level using Chi-square analysis with a Yates correction. All species were identified as belonging to the genus streptococcus. None of the blood specimens obtained prior to dressing change exhibited bacterial growth. Although the incidence of bacteremia in this study was not statistically significant at the 0.05 level, it may be clinically significant that five out of 20 patients demonstrated transient bacteremia. Commercial materials and equipment are identified in this report to specify the investigative procedures. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement or that the materials and equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Furthermore, the opinions expressed herein are those of the author and are not to be construed as those of the Army Medical Department."}
{"id": "PMID:281494", "title": "Spontaneous arrest of advanced periodontal disease without treatment: an interesting case report.", "content": "A 48-year-old female patient presented with advanced periodontitis but was unable to proceed with periodontal therapy. After ten years of absence, her periodontal status appeared unchanged, if not slightly improved, despite the total lack of any dental or periodontal care. Studies on the biologic behavior of periodontitis are severely lacking and would appear to be a logical area for future epidemiologic surveys.", "contents": "Spontaneous arrest of advanced periodontal disease without treatment: an interesting case report. A 48-year-old female patient presented with advanced periodontitis but was unable to proceed with periodontal therapy. After ten years of absence, her periodontal status appeared unchanged, if not slightly improved, despite the total lack of any dental or periodontal care. Studies on the biologic behavior of periodontitis are severely lacking and would appear to be a logical area for future epidemiologic surveys."}
{"id": "PMID:281495", "title": "Effects of tobacco smoking on plaque development and gingivitis.", "content": "A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that patients who smoke tobacco have a more rapid rate of plaque deposition and development of gingivitis than those patients who do not smoke tobacco. Twenty subjects participated in this study, their age range was 17 to 30 years. Ten were smokers and 10 were nonsmokers. After an initial thorough removal of all deposits, oral hygiene measures were stopped for 10 days. On days 3, 7 and 10, plaque levels were evaluated using the Plaque Index and the gingival status was evaluated using the Gingival Index. Samples of plaque were stained by the Gram technique and examined microscopically. Plaque levels appeared to be higher in smokers than nonsmokers but the differences were not statistically significant. No consistent differences were evident in the gingival status of the two groups. Microbiological analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria in the smokers as compared to the nonsmokers on day 3, however these differences were not maintained in the plaque samples taken after the 3rd day.", "contents": "Effects of tobacco smoking on plaque development and gingivitis. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that patients who smoke tobacco have a more rapid rate of plaque deposition and development of gingivitis than those patients who do not smoke tobacco. Twenty subjects participated in this study, their age range was 17 to 30 years. Ten were smokers and 10 were nonsmokers. After an initial thorough removal of all deposits, oral hygiene measures were stopped for 10 days. On days 3, 7 and 10, plaque levels were evaluated using the Plaque Index and the gingival status was evaluated using the Gingival Index. Samples of plaque were stained by the Gram technique and examined microscopically. Plaque levels appeared to be higher in smokers than nonsmokers but the differences were not statistically significant. No consistent differences were evident in the gingival status of the two groups. Microbiological analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria in the smokers as compared to the nonsmokers on day 3, however these differences were not maintained in the plaque samples taken after the 3rd day."}
{"id": "PMID:281496", "title": "The relationship between attachment height and attachment area of teeth using a digitizer and a digital computer.", "content": "Nine lower first bicuspid teeth were mounted in blocks of plastic and their roots were serially sectioned and photographed. Data from the photographs were compiled by a digitizer and a digital computer, which calculated the cumulative root surface area for each millimeter of root height. From these data, three variables, which relate root surface area to root height, were calculated. It was found that if one-half of the height of attachment to the root were lost due to periodontal disease, a mean of 61.5% of the actual attachment area to the root is lost. If a mean of 5.72 mm of root attachment height is lost, or if a mean of 60.6% of the same root height remains, only one-half of the total root attachment area remains to provide tooth support.", "contents": "The relationship between attachment height and attachment area of teeth using a digitizer and a digital computer. Nine lower first bicuspid teeth were mounted in blocks of plastic and their roots were serially sectioned and photographed. Data from the photographs were compiled by a digitizer and a digital computer, which calculated the cumulative root surface area for each millimeter of root height. From these data, three variables, which relate root surface area to root height, were calculated. It was found that if one-half of the height of attachment to the root were lost due to periodontal disease, a mean of 61.5% of the actual attachment area to the root is lost. If a mean of 5.72 mm of root attachment height is lost, or if a mean of 60.6% of the same root height remains, only one-half of the total root attachment area remains to provide tooth support."}
{"id": "PMID:281500", "title": "Correction of prognathism with fixed and removable partial dentures.", "content": "Prognathism in those patients for whom surgical orthodontic procedures are contraindicated can be successfully treated by the use of fixed and removable partial denture prosthodontics. Careful neuromuscular evaluation of the patient is necessary for the success of the treatment rendered. The nonsurgical treatment of prognathism by this method was described.", "contents": "Correction of prognathism with fixed and removable partial dentures. Prognathism in those patients for whom surgical orthodontic procedures are contraindicated can be successfully treated by the use of fixed and removable partial denture prosthodontics. Careful neuromuscular evaluation of the patient is necessary for the success of the treatment rendered. The nonsurgical treatment of prognathism by this method was described."}
{"id": "PMID:281502", "title": "Intracoronal pressure during crown cementation.", "content": "A model system was developed which recorded the intracoronal pressure during crown cementation at three locations simultaneously. Peak pressures and residual pressures were greatest with zinc phosphate cement. The zinc oxide-eugenol cement generated the smallest amount of peak and residual pressures. The polycarboxylate cement exhibited an intermediate pressure intensity. The uneven intracoronal pressure in the cement suggests a complex flow pattern capable of developing the separation of phases that earlier work reported. However, the small residual pressure indicates that these internal back pressures appear to play a limited role in preventing a complete seating of a crown.", "contents": "Intracoronal pressure during crown cementation. A model system was developed which recorded the intracoronal pressure during crown cementation at three locations simultaneously. Peak pressures and residual pressures were greatest with zinc phosphate cement. The zinc oxide-eugenol cement generated the smallest amount of peak and residual pressures. The polycarboxylate cement exhibited an intermediate pressure intensity. The uneven intracoronal pressure in the cement suggests a complex flow pattern capable of developing the separation of phases that earlier work reported. However, the small residual pressure indicates that these internal back pressures appear to play a limited role in preventing a complete seating of a crown."}
{"id": "PMID:281504", "title": "Dentinal crazing and interpin distance.", "content": "All three types of self-threading plus cause dentinal crazing. The frequency and degree of damage done to the dentin varies significantly between the three types of pins and depends upon the differences in the diameters of the drill and the pin. When two or more pins are placed in dentin, the potential for dentinal damage increases. Minikin pins (0.019-inch diameter) caused the least damage, in terms of both degree and frequency. The optimum and safe interpin distance using Minikin pins suggested by this study is 3 mm. Minim and Regular pins (0.023- and 0.031-inch diameters, respectively) caused more injury than Minikin pins. The Regular pins showed more damaging effects on dentin than Minim pins, both in terms of degree and frequency. On the basis of this study, the minimum interpin distance using Minim or Regular pins should be 5 mm. These minimum interpin distances are applicable only in situations where the dentin is not dehydrated or embrittled due to endodontic treatment. In teeth that have been endodontically treated, it would be advisable to use only the smallest self-threading pins and possibly increase the interpin distance if two or more pins are to be used.", "contents": "Dentinal crazing and interpin distance. All three types of self-threading plus cause dentinal crazing. The frequency and degree of damage done to the dentin varies significantly between the three types of pins and depends upon the differences in the diameters of the drill and the pin. When two or more pins are placed in dentin, the potential for dentinal damage increases. Minikin pins (0.019-inch diameter) caused the least damage, in terms of both degree and frequency. The optimum and safe interpin distance using Minikin pins suggested by this study is 3 mm. Minim and Regular pins (0.023- and 0.031-inch diameters, respectively) caused more injury than Minikin pins. The Regular pins showed more damaging effects on dentin than Minim pins, both in terms of degree and frequency. On the basis of this study, the minimum interpin distance using Minim or Regular pins should be 5 mm. These minimum interpin distances are applicable only in situations where the dentin is not dehydrated or embrittled due to endodontic treatment. In teeth that have been endodontically treated, it would be advisable to use only the smallest self-threading pins and possibly increase the interpin distance if two or more pins are to be used."}
{"id": "PMID:281505", "title": "Pressuring techniques and cement thickness for cast restorations.", "content": "1. Dynamic pressure produced thinner cement films than static pressure. The cement film was thinner with vibratory pressure than with the mallet. The thickness was slightly less with vertical vibration than with horizontal vibration. Horizontal vibration seemed preferable because it could be used with increased pressure without causing trauma or pain. 2. The combination of static pressure followed by dynamic pressure produced thinner cement films than any individual pressuring technique. 3. The optimal technique for clinical use is to seat the casting by finger pressure and then apply horizontal vibration under hand pressure.", "contents": "Pressuring techniques and cement thickness for cast restorations. 1. Dynamic pressure produced thinner cement films than static pressure. The cement film was thinner with vibratory pressure than with the mallet. The thickness was slightly less with vertical vibration than with horizontal vibration. Horizontal vibration seemed preferable because it could be used with increased pressure without causing trauma or pain. 2. The combination of static pressure followed by dynamic pressure produced thinner cement films than any individual pressuring technique. 3. The optimal technique for clinical use is to seat the casting by finger pressure and then apply horizontal vibration under hand pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:281506", "title": "Finished surface texture, abrasion resistance, and porosity of Aspa glass-ionomer cement.", "content": "1. With the finishing agents tested Concise had a smoother surface texture than Aspa. 2. The smoothest surface was on Concise polymerized against a Mylar matrix strip. The smoothest surface for Aspa was obtained with a silicon carbide disk. 3. Aspa abraded about three times as rapidly by volume as Concise when tested by a two-body abrasion method. 4. Significantly more air bubbles were entrapped by hand mixing within Aspa than within Concise. 5. Controlled clinical studies of the glass-ionomer cements are needed before they can be fully evaluated as restorative materials.", "contents": "Finished surface texture, abrasion resistance, and porosity of Aspa glass-ionomer cement. 1. With the finishing agents tested Concise had a smoother surface texture than Aspa. 2. The smoothest surface was on Concise polymerized against a Mylar matrix strip. The smoothest surface for Aspa was obtained with a silicon carbide disk. 3. Aspa abraded about three times as rapidly by volume as Concise when tested by a two-body abrasion method. 4. Significantly more air bubbles were entrapped by hand mixing within Aspa than within Concise. 5. Controlled clinical studies of the glass-ionomer cements are needed before they can be fully evaluated as restorative materials."}
{"id": "PMID:281508", "title": "Effect of occlusal splints on TMJ symptomatology.", "content": "The clinical response of TMJ symptomatology to full-coverage occlusal splints, when used as the only means of treatment, was evaluated. The symptomatology recorded during the last postoperative visit was compared to the initial visit. The response of the different symptoms to the use of the occlusal splint was analyzed statistically using a chi-square test. A statistically significant difference (p = .03) was only found when comparing those groups having only pain or dysfunction symptomatology. The response favored the remission of pain. However, every symptom was improved with the use of an occlusal splint. It was concluded that: 1. Both pain and dysfunction symptomatology will benefit from the occlusal splint therapy. 2. The pain response will be significantly better than the dysfunction response when the patient is treated with an occlusal splint. 3. Eighty percent of the patients suffering from a TMJ syndrome will improve or be cured when the only form of treatment is the use of a full-coverage occlusal splint.", "contents": "Effect of occlusal splints on TMJ symptomatology. The clinical response of TMJ symptomatology to full-coverage occlusal splints, when used as the only means of treatment, was evaluated. The symptomatology recorded during the last postoperative visit was compared to the initial visit. The response of the different symptoms to the use of the occlusal splint was analyzed statistically using a chi-square test. A statistically significant difference (p = .03) was only found when comparing those groups having only pain or dysfunction symptomatology. The response favored the remission of pain. However, every symptom was improved with the use of an occlusal splint. It was concluded that: 1. Both pain and dysfunction symptomatology will benefit from the occlusal splint therapy. 2. The pain response will be significantly better than the dysfunction response when the patient is treated with an occlusal splint. 3. Eighty percent of the patients suffering from a TMJ syndrome will improve or be cured when the only form of treatment is the use of a full-coverage occlusal splint."}
{"id": "PMID:281509", "title": "Instrumentation for placement of vitreous carbon endosseous implants.", "content": "The instruments required for placement, stabilization, and restoration of vitreous carbon endosseous implants are conventional in character and readily available. With the exception of extra-long burs for socket preparation, all instruments are normally available in dental offices. The surgery instruments should be rigorously sterilized prior to use, including the dental handpiece, burs, suction tip, etc. Gas sterilization techniques provide an effective means of sterilizing the surgical instruments without causing corrosion of burs and the handpiece.", "contents": "Instrumentation for placement of vitreous carbon endosseous implants. The instruments required for placement, stabilization, and restoration of vitreous carbon endosseous implants are conventional in character and readily available. With the exception of extra-long burs for socket preparation, all instruments are normally available in dental offices. The surgery instruments should be rigorously sterilized prior to use, including the dental handpiece, burs, suction tip, etc. Gas sterilization techniques provide an effective means of sterilizing the surgical instruments without causing corrosion of burs and the handpiece."}
{"id": "PMID:281510", "title": "Mirror system for profile photography.", "content": "A portable and collapsible mirror system has been described that enables both lateral profiles and anterior facial views to be recorded with a single photograph in a standardized and reproducible manner. Therefore, routine records and measurements can be made in the many branches of dentistry that plan and execute treatments which could change the facial form of the patient.", "contents": "Mirror system for profile photography. A portable and collapsible mirror system has been described that enables both lateral profiles and anterior facial views to be recorded with a single photograph in a standardized and reproducible manner. Therefore, routine records and measurements can be made in the many branches of dentistry that plan and execute treatments which could change the facial form of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:281516", "title": "Alveolar bone loss in overdentures: a 5-year study.", "content": "The results of a 5-year clinical study show that patients treated with complete maxillary dentures and mandibular overdentures demonstrate less vertical alveolar bone reduction than patients with complete maxillary and mandibular dentures.", "contents": "Alveolar bone loss in overdentures: a 5-year study. The results of a 5-year clinical study show that patients treated with complete maxillary dentures and mandibular overdentures demonstrate less vertical alveolar bone reduction than patients with complete maxillary and mandibular dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:281518", "title": "Characterization of two ceramic-base-metal alloys.", "content": "Compositions, microstructures, properties, and heat treatment characteristics of two ceramic-base-metal alloys were studied. The materials displayed significant compositional and structural differences. Both alloys were strengthened by precipitation hardening. Strength and rigidity of the nickel-chromium alloys suggest their potential usefulness in fixed prosthodontic procedures.", "contents": "Characterization of two ceramic-base-metal alloys. Compositions, microstructures, properties, and heat treatment characteristics of two ceramic-base-metal alloys were studied. The materials displayed significant compositional and structural differences. Both alloys were strengthened by precipitation hardening. Strength and rigidity of the nickel-chromium alloys suggest their potential usefulness in fixed prosthodontic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:281519", "title": "Alveolar ridge augmentation with tricalcium phosphate ceramic.", "content": "Tricalcium phosphate ceramic, with 50% porosity and 400 to 500 micrometer pore diameter, was used to augment the edentulous alveolar ridge of 10 adult mongrel dogs. The implants were evaluated histologically at different time intervals (7, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days). Preoperative and postoperative blood chemistry studies were also evaluated. The results showed that, other than for the expected acute nonspecific inflammatory response due to the surgery, the material was well tolerated by the tissues and was nontoxic. Bone and soft tissues grew into the pores, thereby creating an excellent biomechanical bond between the ceramic implant and surrounding structures. Preoperative and postoperative blood chemistry studies demonstrated no significant change.", "contents": "Alveolar ridge augmentation with tricalcium phosphate ceramic. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic, with 50% porosity and 400 to 500 micrometer pore diameter, was used to augment the edentulous alveolar ridge of 10 adult mongrel dogs. The implants were evaluated histologically at different time intervals (7, 30, 90, 180, and 360 days). Preoperative and postoperative blood chemistry studies were also evaluated. The results showed that, other than for the expected acute nonspecific inflammatory response due to the surgery, the material was well tolerated by the tissues and was nontoxic. Bone and soft tissues grew into the pores, thereby creating an excellent biomechanical bond between the ceramic implant and surrounding structures. Preoperative and postoperative blood chemistry studies demonstrated no significant change."}
{"id": "PMID:281525", "title": "Restoration of endodontically treated posterior teeth with amalgam.", "content": "A technique for restoring endodontically treated posterior teeth has been presented. The pin-amalgam restoration may be used as an acceptable alternative to the cast restoration for situations where a cast restoration is not indicated.", "contents": "Restoration of endodontically treated posterior teeth with amalgam. A technique for restoring endodontically treated posterior teeth has been presented. The pin-amalgam restoration may be used as an acceptable alternative to the cast restoration for situations where a cast restoration is not indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:281526", "title": "Mechanical and systems approach facilitating facial prosthesis production.", "content": "A method of facilitating facial prosthesis production using specially designed equipment and a color notation record has been described. Application to facial and auricular prosthesis production has been discussed. Advantages in time saved and staff utilization have been realized through the use of this approach.", "contents": "Mechanical and systems approach facilitating facial prosthesis production. A method of facilitating facial prosthesis production using specially designed equipment and a color notation record has been described. Application to facial and auricular prosthesis production has been discussed. Advantages in time saved and staff utilization have been realized through the use of this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:281527", "title": "Epidemiologic studies on prevalence and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system.", "content": "Clinical observations and data from the literature indicate a high prevalence of functional disturbances of the masticatory system, especially TMJ dysfunctions and bruxism. Clinical observations indicate that these disturbances are caused mainly by malocclusion, iatrogenic factors, and increased psychoemotional tension. On the basis of epidemiologic studies on five populations of different ages, the prevalence and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system were analyzed. The need for causal local prophylaxis of functional disturbances was postulated.", "contents": "Epidemiologic studies on prevalence and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system. Clinical observations and data from the literature indicate a high prevalence of functional disturbances of the masticatory system, especially TMJ dysfunctions and bruxism. Clinical observations indicate that these disturbances are caused mainly by malocclusion, iatrogenic factors, and increased psychoemotional tension. On the basis of epidemiologic studies on five populations of different ages, the prevalence and etiology of functional disturbances of the masticatory system were analyzed. The need for causal local prophylaxis of functional disturbances was postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:281528", "title": "Wound healing of endosteal vitreous carbon implants in dogs.", "content": "Endosteal vitreous carbon implants are biocompatible and were well-tolerated by the alveolar process of dogs but were not accepted by the gingival margin and the mucosa. A continuous gingival recession with 2 to 3 mm sulcus depth was not similar to that around adjacent natural teeth. There was no epithelial attachment around the neck of vitreous carbon implants, and there was very little or no resistance to probing. The feasibility of using vitreous carbon as it presently exists for the maintenance and preservation of alveolar bone is unfavorable and should be revised. Endosteal vitreous carbon implants require more intense laboratory and clinical studies. Therefore, the practical value of the vitreous carbon implant is questionable, and further investigations are needed before vitreous carbon can be declared acceptable in clinical dental practice.", "contents": "Wound healing of endosteal vitreous carbon implants in dogs. Endosteal vitreous carbon implants are biocompatible and were well-tolerated by the alveolar process of dogs but were not accepted by the gingival margin and the mucosa. A continuous gingival recession with 2 to 3 mm sulcus depth was not similar to that around adjacent natural teeth. There was no epithelial attachment around the neck of vitreous carbon implants, and there was very little or no resistance to probing. The feasibility of using vitreous carbon as it presently exists for the maintenance and preservation of alveolar bone is unfavorable and should be revised. Endosteal vitreous carbon implants require more intense laboratory and clinical studies. Therefore, the practical value of the vitreous carbon implant is questionable, and further investigations are needed before vitreous carbon can be declared acceptable in clinical dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:281529", "title": "Residual alveolar ridge atrophy: classification and influence of facial morphology.", "content": "A method for grading residual alveolar ridge atrophies of edentulous maxillae and mandible has been devised for men and women. Comparisons were made in women and in men between the degree of atrophy and the vertical facial morphology. The study suggests some relationship between the total facial height (TFH), the vertical facial type determined by the Frankfort horizontal mandibular plan (FMA), and the atrophy of the alveolar ridges, especially for the mandible. Certain practical applications of these findings were suggested.", "contents": "Residual alveolar ridge atrophy: classification and influence of facial morphology. A method for grading residual alveolar ridge atrophies of edentulous maxillae and mandible has been devised for men and women. Comparisons were made in women and in men between the degree of atrophy and the vertical facial morphology. The study suggests some relationship between the total facial height (TFH), the vertical facial type determined by the Frankfort horizontal mandibular plan (FMA), and the atrophy of the alveolar ridges, especially for the mandible. Certain practical applications of these findings were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:281539", "title": "Mycoplasma salivarium in the blood of a child with leukemia.", "content": "Mycoplasma salivarium was recovered from the blood of a five-year-old girl who had leukemia and subsequently developed pneumonitis. The patient's pneumonitis failed to respond to nafcillin, a cell-wall-active antibiotic, but eventually she recovered from the pneumonia after a regimen of erythromycin. Sputum, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal cultures revealed normal bacterial flora; a blood culture was negative for bacteria. Throat and sputum cultures were negative for mycoplasma; however, M salivarium was recovered from the patient's blood. The patient had a cold hemagglutinin titer of 1:250.", "contents": "Mycoplasma salivarium in the blood of a child with leukemia. Mycoplasma salivarium was recovered from the blood of a five-year-old girl who had leukemia and subsequently developed pneumonitis. The patient's pneumonitis failed to respond to nafcillin, a cell-wall-active antibiotic, but eventually she recovered from the pneumonia after a regimen of erythromycin. Sputum, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal cultures revealed normal bacterial flora; a blood culture was negative for bacteria. Throat and sputum cultures were negative for mycoplasma; however, M salivarium was recovered from the patient's blood. The patient had a cold hemagglutinin titer of 1:250."}
{"id": "PMID:281540", "title": "Genealogy of cancer in a family.", "content": "Three brothers had separate childhood cancers--osteogenic sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilateral malignant neurilemoma. Comprehensive family history showed a total of 16 cases of cancer among the descendants of the proband's great-great-great-grandmother, including a previously unsuspected cluster of similar neoplasms in an distant branch. The constellation of tumors in the family included bony and soft-tissue sarcomas, brain and neural tumors, leukemia, and breast carcinoma, occurring in a pattern suggesting the action of an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene with pleiotropic effects. In some cases the genetic predisposition may have interacted with environmental determinants to produce particular tumors.", "contents": "Genealogy of cancer in a family. Three brothers had separate childhood cancers--osteogenic sarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilateral malignant neurilemoma. Comprehensive family history showed a total of 16 cases of cancer among the descendants of the proband's great-great-great-grandmother, including a previously unsuspected cluster of similar neoplasms in an distant branch. The constellation of tumors in the family included bony and soft-tissue sarcomas, brain and neural tumors, leukemia, and breast carcinoma, occurring in a pattern suggesting the action of an incompletely penetrant autosomal dominant gene with pleiotropic effects. In some cases the genetic predisposition may have interacted with environmental determinants to produce particular tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:281544", "title": "Retinoic acid-binding protein in human breast cancer and dysplasia.", "content": "Seventy-five specimens of human breast tissue were checked for the presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (cRABP). Fifty-two percent of the primary carcinomas and 43% of the dysplastic breast lesions (stage MII) contained detectable amounts of crabp, whereas no cRABP was found in normal tissue. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis on agarose were used for analysis of the presence of cRABP. The cRABP of human origin (normal uterus and neoplastic mammary tissue) differed in its mobility in agarose electrophoresis from that of rat testis cRABP.", "contents": "Retinoic acid-binding protein in human breast cancer and dysplasia. Seventy-five specimens of human breast tissue were checked for the presence of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (cRABP). Fifty-two percent of the primary carcinomas and 43% of the dysplastic breast lesions (stage MII) contained detectable amounts of crabp, whereas no cRABP was found in normal tissue. Sucrose gradient centrifugation and electrophoresis on agarose were used for analysis of the presence of cRABP. The cRABP of human origin (normal uterus and neoplastic mammary tissue) differed in its mobility in agarose electrophoresis from that of rat testis cRABP."}
{"id": "PMID:281545", "title": "Geographic patterns of prostate cancer in the United States.", "content": "Age-adjusted rates of mortality from prostate cancer during 1950-69 were correlated by race with demographic, industrial, and agricultural data from 3,056 U.S. countries. Mortality among nonwhites was 50% higher than that among whites in all parts of the country where blacks comprise most of the nonwhite population. The rising rate associated with population density among nonwhites, but not whites, suggested that environmental exposures related to urban living may account for the predisposition of American blacks to prostate cancer. Despite a clustering of counties with elevated mortality in certain North Central and Northeastern States, the geographic variation among whites with prostate tumors was considerably less than that among whites with other tumors. Mortality was elevated in counties with a high percentage of residents of Scandinavian descent, in counties with metal-using and textile industries, and in regions with high consumption of high-fat foods.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of prostate cancer in the United States. Age-adjusted rates of mortality from prostate cancer during 1950-69 were correlated by race with demographic, industrial, and agricultural data from 3,056 U.S. countries. Mortality among nonwhites was 50% higher than that among whites in all parts of the country where blacks comprise most of the nonwhite population. The rising rate associated with population density among nonwhites, but not whites, suggested that environmental exposures related to urban living may account for the predisposition of American blacks to prostate cancer. Despite a clustering of counties with elevated mortality in certain North Central and Northeastern States, the geographic variation among whites with prostate tumors was considerably less than that among whites with other tumors. Mortality was elevated in counties with a high percentage of residents of Scandinavian descent, in counties with metal-using and textile industries, and in regions with high consumption of high-fat foods."}
{"id": "PMID:281546", "title": "Demonstration of antibodies in patients' sera, directed against nonspecific cross-reacting antigen.", "content": "Nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA), which strongly cross-reacts with carcinoembryonic antigen, was demonstrated to be an autoantigen. Antibodies directed against NCA were shown in different groups of patients, but high titers (greater than 1/64) were found only in cancer patients. A correlation between tumor mass, antigen load, and antibody titer apparently existed. Sera obtained from patients preoperatively and postoperatively differed significantly (P greater than 0.01) in the sense that titers were high only in sera sampled after the patients were treated. Nevertheless, the formation of these antibodies cannot be considered a cancer-specific phenomenon because of their existence also in patients with nonmalignant diseases.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibodies in patients' sera, directed against nonspecific cross-reacting antigen. Nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA), which strongly cross-reacts with carcinoembryonic antigen, was demonstrated to be an autoantigen. Antibodies directed against NCA were shown in different groups of patients, but high titers (greater than 1/64) were found only in cancer patients. A correlation between tumor mass, antigen load, and antibody titer apparently existed. Sera obtained from patients preoperatively and postoperatively differed significantly (P greater than 0.01) in the sense that titers were high only in sera sampled after the patients were treated. Nevertheless, the formation of these antibodies cannot be considered a cancer-specific phenomenon because of their existence also in patients with nonmalignant diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:281548", "title": "3-Hydroxyxanthine: transplacental effects and ontogeny of related sulfate metabolism in rats and mice.", "content": "The ontogeny of sulfate metabolism related to the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic purine N-oxide 3-hydroxyxanthine (3-OH-X) was studied in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Sulfotransferase activity toward 3-OH-X was detectable in most fetal livers near term at about 25% of adult values and increased slowly after birth. This activity was also present in placentas. Compared to 3-OH-X sulfotransferase, sulfotransferase activity toward p-nitrophenol was lower in fetal livers and was not detected in placentas. Sulfohydrolase activity toward 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate was higher in fetal and newborn livers and in placentas than in adult liver. In a parallel transplacential carcinogenicity assay, a low but significant percentage of male rats exposed as fetuses to multiple high doses of 3-OH-X developed single liver carcinomas. After the lowest transplacental dose, the incidence of degenerative kidney disease in old male offspring was significantly higher than that in controls. In an assay with mice, (C57BL/6 X BALB/c)F1 mice exposed transplacentally to 3-OH-X experienced significantly greater perinatal morality and fewer lung adenomas among the surviviors at 20 months of age than did the controls.", "contents": "3-Hydroxyxanthine: transplacental effects and ontogeny of related sulfate metabolism in rats and mice. The ontogeny of sulfate metabolism related to the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic purine N-oxide 3-hydroxyxanthine (3-OH-X) was studied in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats. Sulfotransferase activity toward 3-OH-X was detectable in most fetal livers near term at about 25% of adult values and increased slowly after birth. This activity was also present in placentas. Compared to 3-OH-X sulfotransferase, sulfotransferase activity toward p-nitrophenol was lower in fetal livers and was not detected in placentas. Sulfohydrolase activity toward 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate was higher in fetal and newborn livers and in placentas than in adult liver. In a parallel transplacential carcinogenicity assay, a low but significant percentage of male rats exposed as fetuses to multiple high doses of 3-OH-X developed single liver carcinomas. After the lowest transplacental dose, the incidence of degenerative kidney disease in old male offspring was significantly higher than that in controls. In an assay with mice, (C57BL/6 X BALB/c)F1 mice exposed transplacentally to 3-OH-X experienced significantly greater perinatal morality and fewer lung adenomas among the surviviors at 20 months of age than did the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:281549", "title": "Increased incidence of mammary tumors in rats after direct or transplacental exposure to 3-hydroxyxanthine.", "content": "Rats were exposed directly or transplacentally to the carcinogenic purine N-oxide 3-hydroxyxanthine (3-OH-X). Among female noninbred Wistar rats given 3-OH-X sc, beginning at suckling or weaning ages, there was a significantly greater proportion of mammary tumor bearers and a higher mean number of mammary tumors per rat than among controls. This effect was seen even at low doses producing no other neoplasms such as hepatic carcinomas or fibrosarcomas and fibromas at the site of injection. Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats, treated transplacentally with 3-OH-X by ip injection into pregnant females, also  also had a significantly greater incidence of mammary tumors than did controls.", "contents": "Increased incidence of mammary tumors in rats after direct or transplacental exposure to 3-hydroxyxanthine. Rats were exposed directly or transplacentally to the carcinogenic purine N-oxide 3-hydroxyxanthine (3-OH-X). Among female noninbred Wistar rats given 3-OH-X sc, beginning at suckling or weaning ages, there was a significantly greater proportion of mammary tumor bearers and a higher mean number of mammary tumors per rat than among controls. This effect was seen even at low doses producing no other neoplasms such as hepatic carcinomas or fibrosarcomas and fibromas at the site of injection. Noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats, treated transplacentally with 3-OH-X by ip injection into pregnant females, also  also had a significantly greater incidence of mammary tumors than did controls."}
{"id": "PMID:281550", "title": "Surface structure of fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in cell culture.", "content": "The surface microstructure of fetal rat brain cells undergoing neoplastic transformation in long-term cell culture after a single transplacental pulse of 75 microgram N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea/g body weight to the fetal (18th day of gestation) BD IX rat was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. After about 3 weeks of culture, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-pretreated fetal rat brain cells showed focal proliferation of neural cells on an underlayer of flat, epithelioid cells. The neural cells exhibited varying forms of numerous dorsal ruffles and an increased number of other surface microprojections. Between the 40th and the 100th day, nodules of bipolar and multipolar neural cells were observed with a complex surface microstructure including many blebs and ruffles and an increased number of microvilli. After 100-210 days, more rapidly proliferating, morphologically altered cells formed \"piled-up\" foci, which resulted in a homogeneous population of cells with numerous long microvilli, large ruffles, and blebs over the whole surface. The cells retained the same altered surface structure until tumorigenicity after reimplantation into the syngeneic host was first observed (approximately 273 days). Surface alterations characteristic of the neoplastic cells were thus observable more than 100 days before the cells became tumorigenic.", "contents": "Surface structure of fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in cell culture. The surface microstructure of fetal rat brain cells undergoing neoplastic transformation in long-term cell culture after a single transplacental pulse of 75 microgram N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea/g body weight to the fetal (18th day of gestation) BD IX rat was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. After about 3 weeks of culture, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-pretreated fetal rat brain cells showed focal proliferation of neural cells on an underlayer of flat, epithelioid cells. The neural cells exhibited varying forms of numerous dorsal ruffles and an increased number of other surface microprojections. Between the 40th and the 100th day, nodules of bipolar and multipolar neural cells were observed with a complex surface microstructure including many blebs and ruffles and an increased number of microvilli. After 100-210 days, more rapidly proliferating, morphologically altered cells formed \"piled-up\" foci, which resulted in a homogeneous population of cells with numerous long microvilli, large ruffles, and blebs over the whole surface. The cells retained the same altered surface structure until tumorigenicity after reimplantation into the syngeneic host was first observed (approximately 273 days). Surface alterations characteristic of the neoplastic cells were thus observable more than 100 days before the cells became tumorigenic."}
{"id": "PMID:281551", "title": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary cells.", "content": "The concanavalin A (Con A)-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells was examined. Cells freshly dissociated from normal mammary glands, hyperplastic alveolar nodules, or primary mammary adenocarcinomas by collagenase digestion in the presence of bovine serum albumin were strongly agglutinated by low concentrations of Con A. After short-term culture in vitro, however, cells from all three types of tissue were only weakly agglutinated by Con A, as measured by both suspension and hemadsorption assays. By comparison, cells of three established mammary tumor culture lines agglutinated strongly in the presence of the lectin. Treatment of the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mammary cells in primary cultures with either trypsin or collagenase had little or no effect on their agglutinability, whereas hyaluronidase significantly increased their reactivity. Studies with fluorescein-tagged Con A indicated that all three cell types were capable of binding the lectin. The results were consistent with previous evidence suggesting that neoplastic transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells is not manifested in vitro by several of the alterations in growth patterns, intercellular interactions, and surface properties that usually accompany transformation of fibroblastic cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary cells. The concanavalin A (Con A)-induced agglutinability of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells was examined. Cells freshly dissociated from normal mammary glands, hyperplastic alveolar nodules, or primary mammary adenocarcinomas by collagenase digestion in the presence of bovine serum albumin were strongly agglutinated by low concentrations of Con A. After short-term culture in vitro, however, cells from all three types of tissue were only weakly agglutinated by Con A, as measured by both suspension and hemadsorption assays. By comparison, cells of three established mammary tumor culture lines agglutinated strongly in the presence of the lectin. Treatment of the normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic mammary cells in primary cultures with either trypsin or collagenase had little or no effect on their agglutinability, whereas hyaluronidase significantly increased their reactivity. Studies with fluorescein-tagged Con A indicated that all three cell types were capable of binding the lectin. The results were consistent with previous evidence suggesting that neoplastic transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells is not manifested in vitro by several of the alterations in growth patterns, intercellular interactions, and surface properties that usually accompany transformation of fibroblastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281552", "title": "Cytologic appearance of cells dissociated from rat colon and their separation by isokinetic and isopyknic sedimentation in gradients of Ficol.", "content": "Several methods for obtaining colon epithelial cells in suspension were compared. The largest number of epithelial cells per gram of colon was obtained in suspension when the colon was dissociated with 0.1% Pronase. Fivefold more cells per gram of tissue were obtained from the proximal 5 cm of colon than from the terminal 5 cm of colon. Several well-defined types of cells were observed in low frequency. They have not been described previously in normal colon. Suspensions of cells from colons of F344 rats always contained copious mucoid gel that was partially eliminated by washing the cells three times in culture medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium permitted the separation of epithelial cells from lymphocytes and red blood cells. Type 2 cells, believed to be a subpopulation of epithelial cells, were obtained in a maximum purity of 95.7 +/- 1.2%. The frequency of 8 other cell types and their purification, when possible, are presented. Epithelial cells were separated from most bacteria and could be cultured with antibiotics after separation in the density gradient.", "contents": "Cytologic appearance of cells dissociated from rat colon and their separation by isokinetic and isopyknic sedimentation in gradients of Ficol. Several methods for obtaining colon epithelial cells in suspension were compared. The largest number of epithelial cells per gram of colon was obtained in suspension when the colon was dissociated with 0.1% Pronase. Fivefold more cells per gram of tissue were obtained from the proximal 5 cm of colon than from the terminal 5 cm of colon. Several well-defined types of cells were observed in low frequency. They have not been described previously in normal colon. Suspensions of cells from colons of F344 rats always contained copious mucoid gel that was partially eliminated by washing the cells three times in culture medium with 10% fetal calf serum. Velocity sedimentation in a previously described isokinetic gradient of Ficoll in tissue culture medium permitted the separation of epithelial cells from lymphocytes and red blood cells. Type 2 cells, believed to be a subpopulation of epithelial cells, were obtained in a maximum purity of 95.7 +/- 1.2%. The frequency of 8 other cell types and their purification, when possible, are presented. Epithelial cells were separated from most bacteria and could be cultured with antibiotics after separation in the density gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:281553", "title": "Morphologic and biochemical characterization of erythrophoromas in goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "The properties of spontaneous cutaneous erythrophoromas that occurred in 17 adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) were described. This study was based on combined histology, cytochemistry, electron microscopy, and biochemical analysis. Tumors that varied from 0.4 to 2.7 cm in maximum diameter were located on various parts of the skin. As shown by light microscopy, tumors were composed of red- to orange-pigmented, dendritic, stellate, or spindle-shaped cells, which coalesced into an excrescence in the dermal layer. No metastasis was observed. Evidence of invasiveness in five examples and local recurrence in three examples indicated that some of these tumors were malignant. Electron microscopy revealed numerous round cytoplasmic organelles (pterinosomes), which measured 0.4--0.7 mu, and well-developed tubular, smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the tumor cells. Biochemical analysis showed that red pigmentation of tumor cells was imparted by pteridines and carotenoids, most of which were detectable in normal adult erythrophores. These data indicate that tumors were comprised of neoplastic erythrophores.", "contents": "Morphologic and biochemical characterization of erythrophoromas in goldfish (Carassius auratus). The properties of spontaneous cutaneous erythrophoromas that occurred in 17 adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) were described. This study was based on combined histology, cytochemistry, electron microscopy, and biochemical analysis. Tumors that varied from 0.4 to 2.7 cm in maximum diameter were located on various parts of the skin. As shown by light microscopy, tumors were composed of red- to orange-pigmented, dendritic, stellate, or spindle-shaped cells, which coalesced into an excrescence in the dermal layer. No metastasis was observed. Evidence of invasiveness in five examples and local recurrence in three examples indicated that some of these tumors were malignant. Electron microscopy revealed numerous round cytoplasmic organelles (pterinosomes), which measured 0.4--0.7 mu, and well-developed tubular, smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the tumor cells. Biochemical analysis showed that red pigmentation of tumor cells was imparted by pteridines and carotenoids, most of which were detectable in normal adult erythrophores. These data indicate that tumors were comprised of neoplastic erythrophores."}
{"id": "PMID:281554", "title": "Pathology of esophageal neoplasms and associated proliferative lesions induced in rats by N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine.", "content": "Multiple squamous cell neoplasms of the esophagus were induced in 24 inbred F344 rats by sc injection of N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine at a dose level of 2.5 mg/kg weekly for 20 weeks. All of these rats also developed papillomas, 67% developed pedunculated papillary carcinomas, and 63% developed carcinomas that invaded the wall. Of 191 total neoplasms, 66% were papillomas, 17% were papillary carcinomas, and 17% were carcinomas that invaded the wall. The neoplasms were well differentiated with various degrees of keratinization. Anaplastic areas were found in most lesions, but were more common in carcinomas. Neoplasms that invaded the wall were sessile, with prominent intraluminal growth, or infiltrating, with predominant intramural growth. Penetration through the wall was observed, but neither metastases nor invasion of adjacent tissues was found. In addition to neoplasms, atypical endophytic proliferation of basal and spinous cells was observed in some of these rats. Proliferative or neoplastic changes were not observed outside the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Pathology of esophageal neoplasms and associated proliferative lesions induced in rats by N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine. Multiple squamous cell neoplasms of the esophagus were induced in 24 inbred F344 rats by sc injection of N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine at a dose level of 2.5 mg/kg weekly for 20 weeks. All of these rats also developed papillomas, 67% developed pedunculated papillary carcinomas, and 63% developed carcinomas that invaded the wall. Of 191 total neoplasms, 66% were papillomas, 17% were papillary carcinomas, and 17% were carcinomas that invaded the wall. The neoplasms were well differentiated with various degrees of keratinization. Anaplastic areas were found in most lesions, but were more common in carcinomas. Neoplasms that invaded the wall were sessile, with prominent intraluminal growth, or infiltrating, with predominant intramural growth. Penetration through the wall was observed, but neither metastases nor invasion of adjacent tissues was found. In addition to neoplasms, atypical endophytic proliferation of basal and spinous cells was observed in some of these rats. Proliferative or neoplastic changes were not observed outside the upper gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:281556", "title": "Modulation of sensitivity to natural killer cell lysis after in vitro explantation of a mouse lymphoma.", "content": "On the basis of studies indicating that natural killer (NK) cells of the mouse can selectively kill certain syngenetic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic tumor cells in short-term Cr release assays and that cell lines established in vitro are more sensitive than the corresponding ascites tumor cells passaged in vivo, the kinetics of the modulation to increased sensitivity was studied after in vitro explanation of the A/Sn mouse-derived YAC ascites lymphoma. Sensitivity to NK lysis appeared after 3 weeks of culturing and reached the level of the continuously cultured line after 2 months. With the more sensitive competition assay, a change could be demonstrated as early as 2--24 hours of culture. The expression of the Moloney murine leukemia virus-determined, cell-surface antigen, measured by quantitative absorption with intact cells, increased in parallel with the NK sensitivity. In contrast, the H-2 alloantigen concentration decreased during in vitro culture.", "contents": "Modulation of sensitivity to natural killer cell lysis after in vitro explantation of a mouse lymphoma. On the basis of studies indicating that natural killer (NK) cells of the mouse can selectively kill certain syngenetic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic tumor cells in short-term Cr release assays and that cell lines established in vitro are more sensitive than the corresponding ascites tumor cells passaged in vivo, the kinetics of the modulation to increased sensitivity was studied after in vitro explanation of the A/Sn mouse-derived YAC ascites lymphoma. Sensitivity to NK lysis appeared after 3 weeks of culturing and reached the level of the continuously cultured line after 2 months. With the more sensitive competition assay, a change could be demonstrated as early as 2--24 hours of culture. The expression of the Moloney murine leukemia virus-determined, cell-surface antigen, measured by quantitative absorption with intact cells, increased in parallel with the NK sensitivity. In contrast, the H-2 alloantigen concentration decreased during in vitro culture."}
{"id": "PMID:281557", "title": "Selection and biologic properties of malignant variants of a murine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "A syngeneic tumor model system with the RAW117 lymphosarcoma cell line was developed for use in investigations of host and tumor cell properties associated with an enhanced state of malignancy. This BALB/c mouse model was found to be similar to human lymphosarcoma in that liver and spleen were the major organs involved. Sequential in vivo selections were performed by iv tumor cell inoculation, removal of resulting solid liver tumor nodules for growth in vitro, and reinjection of the cultured cells iv. After ten such sequential selections for implantation, invasion, survival, and growth in liver, a lymphosarcoma cell line was obtained (RAW 117-H10) that formed approximately 200-fold more gross liver tumor nodules than did the parental tumor cell line in comparative biologic assays and displayed enhanced malignant properties when monitored by time of host death. Very few lung nodules or tumors were present at other sites with either the parental or any of the selected RAW117 lines, which confirms previous reports in which in vivo sequential selection yielded stable cell lines with preferential tumor colonization at specific sites.", "contents": "Selection and biologic properties of malignant variants of a murine lymphosarcoma. A syngeneic tumor model system with the RAW117 lymphosarcoma cell line was developed for use in investigations of host and tumor cell properties associated with an enhanced state of malignancy. This BALB/c mouse model was found to be similar to human lymphosarcoma in that liver and spleen were the major organs involved. Sequential in vivo selections were performed by iv tumor cell inoculation, removal of resulting solid liver tumor nodules for growth in vitro, and reinjection of the cultured cells iv. After ten such sequential selections for implantation, invasion, survival, and growth in liver, a lymphosarcoma cell line was obtained (RAW 117-H10) that formed approximately 200-fold more gross liver tumor nodules than did the parental tumor cell line in comparative biologic assays and displayed enhanced malignant properties when monitored by time of host death. Very few lung nodules or tumors were present at other sites with either the parental or any of the selected RAW117 lines, which confirms previous reports in which in vivo sequential selection yielded stable cell lines with preferential tumor colonization at specific sites."}
{"id": "PMID:281558", "title": "Rat differences in mammary tumor induction with estrogen and neutron radiation.", "content": "Young adult female rats of either the Sprague-Dawley stock or the ACI strain were each given an implant of a compressed pellet of 5 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 15 mg cholestrol 2 days before irradiation with 0.4, 1.3, or 4.0 rads of 0.43-MeV neutrons. These rats were studied, along with appropriate irradiated and nonirradiated controls, until death or for a maximum of 48 weeks. Response differences between the strain and stock included the following: DES produced both pituitary tumors and mammary adenocarcinomas (MAC) in ACI rats only. Neutron radiation increased mammary fibroadenoma (MFA) formation  in Srague-Dawley rats only. No interactions between DES and radiation on MAC formation in Sprague-Dawley rats or MFA formation in ACI rats were demonstrated. However, when DES and neutron radiation were combined, DES appeared to inhibit the MFA response to radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast, DES appeared to act synergistically with neutron radiation on MAC formation in ACI rats. These results clearly demonstrate rat differences in mammary gland carcinogenesis in response to estrogen, to radiation, or to a combination of both agents.", "contents": "Rat differences in mammary tumor induction with estrogen and neutron radiation. Young adult female rats of either the Sprague-Dawley stock or the ACI strain were each given an implant of a compressed pellet of 5 mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 15 mg cholestrol 2 days before irradiation with 0.4, 1.3, or 4.0 rads of 0.43-MeV neutrons. These rats were studied, along with appropriate irradiated and nonirradiated controls, until death or for a maximum of 48 weeks. Response differences between the strain and stock included the following: DES produced both pituitary tumors and mammary adenocarcinomas (MAC) in ACI rats only. Neutron radiation increased mammary fibroadenoma (MFA) formation  in Srague-Dawley rats only. No interactions between DES and radiation on MAC formation in Sprague-Dawley rats or MFA formation in ACI rats were demonstrated. However, when DES and neutron radiation were combined, DES appeared to inhibit the MFA response to radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats. In contrast, DES appeared to act synergistically with neutron radiation on MAC formation in ACI rats. These results clearly demonstrate rat differences in mammary gland carcinogenesis in response to estrogen, to radiation, or to a combination of both agents."}
{"id": "PMID:281559", "title": "Resistance and cross-resistance of cultured leukemia P388 cells to vincristine, adriamycin, adriamycin analogs, and actinomycin D.", "content": "Cultured P388 cells derived from leukemia P388 passaged in vivo in (C57BL X DBA/2)F1 mice were approximately one-tenth less sensitive to N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32) and cinerubin A, inasmuch as the concentrations of these agents had to be increased tenfold to produce a reduction in cell viability of the same order of magnitude as that produced by adriamycin, daunomycin, or actinomycin D. Cultured P388 cells derived from resistant cell populations developed in vivo retained their resistance to vincristine. These resistant cells exhibited cross-resistance to actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunomycin, and AD32, but cross-resistance to cinerubin A could not be detected. Data also showed that the vincristine-resistant cells were more sensitive to AD32 (2.8 x 10(-6) M) than to adriamycin (3.4 x 10(-6) M) during a 6-hour exposure of cells to agents.", "contents": "Resistance and cross-resistance of cultured leukemia P388 cells to vincristine, adriamycin, adriamycin analogs, and actinomycin D. Cultured P388 cells derived from leukemia P388 passaged in vivo in (C57BL X DBA/2)F1 mice were approximately one-tenth less sensitive to N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32) and cinerubin A, inasmuch as the concentrations of these agents had to be increased tenfold to produce a reduction in cell viability of the same order of magnitude as that produced by adriamycin, daunomycin, or actinomycin D. Cultured P388 cells derived from resistant cell populations developed in vivo retained their resistance to vincristine. These resistant cells exhibited cross-resistance to actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunomycin, and AD32, but cross-resistance to cinerubin A could not be detected. Data also showed that the vincristine-resistant cells were more sensitive to AD32 (2.8 x 10(-6) M) than to adriamycin (3.4 x 10(-6) M) during a 6-hour exposure of cells to agents."}
{"id": "PMID:281560", "title": "Propionibacterium acnes-mediated humoral immune responses to tumor-specific antigens on rat liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "Effects of Propionibacterium acnes on production of antibodies against tumor-specific membrane antigens were investigated in syngeneic inbred BD IV and BD VI rats. BD rat liver cell lines transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens were used as target cells for tumor-specific antigens. By membrane immunofluorescence, antibodies against these rat liver cell lines were detected in syngeneic BD rat sera. Antibodies were produced in syngeneic rats under the adjuvant effect of heat-killed P. acnes only. In assays with various target cells and absorption experiments, the antibodies reacted with a tumor-specific individual antigen or tumor-specific cross-reacting antigen on the surfaces of transformed BD rat liver cells. No antibodies against these antigens were found in the sera obtained from syngeneic rats immunized with either the transformed cell lines or P. acnes but not with both. Freund's complete adjuvant did not induce antibodies against these tumor-specific antigens.", "contents": "Propionibacterium acnes-mediated humoral immune responses to tumor-specific antigens on rat liver cells transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens. Effects of Propionibacterium acnes on production of antibodies against tumor-specific membrane antigens were investigated in syngeneic inbred BD IV and BD VI rats. BD rat liver cell lines transformed in vitro by chemical carcinogens were used as target cells for tumor-specific antigens. By membrane immunofluorescence, antibodies against these rat liver cell lines were detected in syngeneic BD rat sera. Antibodies were produced in syngeneic rats under the adjuvant effect of heat-killed P. acnes only. In assays with various target cells and absorption experiments, the antibodies reacted with a tumor-specific individual antigen or tumor-specific cross-reacting antigen on the surfaces of transformed BD rat liver cells. No antibodies against these antigens were found in the sera obtained from syngeneic rats immunized with either the transformed cell lines or P. acnes but not with both. Freund's complete adjuvant did not induce antibodies against these tumor-specific antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:281561", "title": "Spontaneous hepatomas in mice inbred from Ha:ICR Swiss stock: effects of sex, cedar shavings in bedding, and immunization with fetal liver or hepatoma cells.", "content": "Mice from Ha:ICR noninbred Swiss stock were mated brother X sister for 21--25 generations and then maintained up to the age of 33 months. Hepatomas developed in 62.8% of 86 males autopsied at 349--999 days of age (mean age = 21.1 mo). Of 130 females, 6.9% had hepatomas when autopsied at 328-825 days of age (mean age = 18.7 mo). Hepatoma incidence in males at 18 months of age was not affected by the presence or absence of cedar shavings in the bedding or by immunization of 3-month-old males with 2 weekly inoculations of 150 microgram (protein) sonicate of fetal liver or spontaneous hepatoma cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous hepatomas in mice inbred from Ha:ICR Swiss stock: effects of sex, cedar shavings in bedding, and immunization with fetal liver or hepatoma cells. Mice from Ha:ICR noninbred Swiss stock were mated brother X sister for 21--25 generations and then maintained up to the age of 33 months. Hepatomas developed in 62.8% of 86 males autopsied at 349--999 days of age (mean age = 21.1 mo). Of 130 females, 6.9% had hepatomas when autopsied at 328-825 days of age (mean age = 18.7 mo). Hepatoma incidence in males at 18 months of age was not affected by the presence or absence of cedar shavings in the bedding or by immunization of 3-month-old males with 2 weekly inoculations of 150 microgram (protein) sonicate of fetal liver or spontaneous hepatoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281566", "title": "Tumor growth inhibition and potentiation of immunotherapy by indomethacin in mice.", "content": "Indomethacin was continuously administered in the drinking water of inbred C3H mice given grafts of syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas. A minor proportion of these animals died at the same time as the untreated controls, and others completely rejected their tumors; however, in most cases, the tumor growth rate was significantly slowed, and growth recommenced rapidly after drug withdrawal. This was the pattern for tumors either in their 10th to 14th transplant generation or only their third in vivo passage. Indomethacin exerted little prophylactic effect, in that it neither increased the minimal cell number required to initiate tumor growth nor significantly decreased the proportion of tumors established in drug-treated animals recieving tumor grafts. The injection of killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms into small, growing McC3-I tumors [intratumor (IT) route] caused the regression of most of these. In contrast, IT injection of BCG, ip injection of C. parvum, or IT injection of C. parvum into larger tumors had no effect. Oral administration of indomethacin enhanced BCG treatment and augmented the activity of C. parvum injected either systemically into animals with small tumors or IT into those with substantial tumor burdens. The duration of these effects was, however, often dependent on the continued administration of the drug.", "contents": "Tumor growth inhibition and potentiation of immunotherapy by indomethacin in mice. Indomethacin was continuously administered in the drinking water of inbred C3H mice given grafts of syngeneic 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas. A minor proportion of these animals died at the same time as the untreated controls, and others completely rejected their tumors; however, in most cases, the tumor growth rate was significantly slowed, and growth recommenced rapidly after drug withdrawal. This was the pattern for tumors either in their 10th to 14th transplant generation or only their third in vivo passage. Indomethacin exerted little prophylactic effect, in that it neither increased the minimal cell number required to initiate tumor growth nor significantly decreased the proportion of tumors established in drug-treated animals recieving tumor grafts. The injection of killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms into small, growing McC3-I tumors [intratumor (IT) route] caused the regression of most of these. In contrast, IT injection of BCG, ip injection of C. parvum, or IT injection of C. parvum into larger tumors had no effect. Oral administration of indomethacin enhanced BCG treatment and augmented the activity of C. parvum injected either systemically into animals with small tumors or IT into those with substantial tumor burdens. The duration of these effects was, however, often dependent on the continued administration of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:281567", "title": "Increase in cancer of the corpus uteri in the San Francisco-Oakland standard metropolitan statistical area, 1960--75.", "content": "A significant rise in the incidence of carcinoma of the corpus uteri in women of the San Francisco-Oakland standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) was reported by the Resource for Cancer Epidemiology. The incidence among white females increased by over 50% in the 6 years between 1969 and 1975. The increase was limited to the groups over 50 years old and to invasive cancers of the endometrial lining. The increase occurred in all five of the SMSA counties and, in white women in Aalmeda County, the average annual incidence for the 50- to 74-year age group tripled in 15 years. The rise was greatest in the areas of most affluence. Possible spurious causes of increase, such as changing diagnostic criteria, better case finding, or better reporting were examined and ruled out. The data suggested that the increase was due to the recent introduction of a potent endometrial carcinogen to the population group affected.", "contents": "Increase in cancer of the corpus uteri in the San Francisco-Oakland standard metropolitan statistical area, 1960--75. A significant rise in the incidence of carcinoma of the corpus uteri in women of the San Francisco-Oakland standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) was reported by the Resource for Cancer Epidemiology. The incidence among white females increased by over 50% in the 6 years between 1969 and 1975. The increase was limited to the groups over 50 years old and to invasive cancers of the endometrial lining. The increase occurred in all five of the SMSA counties and, in white women in Aalmeda County, the average annual incidence for the 50- to 74-year age group tripled in 15 years. The rise was greatest in the areas of most affluence. Possible spurious causes of increase, such as changing diagnostic criteria, better case finding, or better reporting were examined and ruled out. The data suggested that the increase was due to the recent introduction of a potent endometrial carcinogen to the population group affected."}
{"id": "PMID:281568", "title": "Sensitization in vitro to murine myeloblastic leukemia cells by xenogeneic immune RNA.", "content": "Normal murine spleen cells were sensitized to syngeneic myeloid leukemia cells by RNA extracted from the lymph nodes and spleens of Hartley guinea pigs immunized with the murine leukemia cells. Sensitization mediated by RNA was an active process that required physiologic temperature and at least a 10-minute incubation. RNA extracted from unimmunized guinea pigs of guinea pigs immunized with normal spleen cells failed to sensitize the mouse spleen cells. Sensitization was specifically directed toward leukemia cells, whereas the spleen cells remained unreactive toward normal spleen or bone marrow cells. The sensitizing moiety was RNA itself inasmuch as it was inactivated by RNase and not by DNase or pronase. Preparations whose RNA patterns on sucrose density centrifugation gave evidence of degradation of the RNA did not sensitize normal spleen cells. These studies demonstrate that xenogeneic immune RNA can specifically sensitize normal spleen cells to syngeneic myeloid leukemia cells.", "contents": "Sensitization in vitro to murine myeloblastic leukemia cells by xenogeneic immune RNA. Normal murine spleen cells were sensitized to syngeneic myeloid leukemia cells by RNA extracted from the lymph nodes and spleens of Hartley guinea pigs immunized with the murine leukemia cells. Sensitization mediated by RNA was an active process that required physiologic temperature and at least a 10-minute incubation. RNA extracted from unimmunized guinea pigs of guinea pigs immunized with normal spleen cells failed to sensitize the mouse spleen cells. Sensitization was specifically directed toward leukemia cells, whereas the spleen cells remained unreactive toward normal spleen or bone marrow cells. The sensitizing moiety was RNA itself inasmuch as it was inactivated by RNase and not by DNase or pronase. Preparations whose RNA patterns on sucrose density centrifugation gave evidence of degradation of the RNA did not sensitize normal spleen cells. These studies demonstrate that xenogeneic immune RNA can specifically sensitize normal spleen cells to syngeneic myeloid leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281569", "title": "Aplastic carcinoma in diabetic mice: hyperglycemia-suppressed proliferation rate and insulin synthesis by tumor cells.", "content": "Increased glucose levels in blood of diabetic and of normoinsulinemic hyperglycemic CBA/H mice were accompanied by suppressed growth of aplastic carcinoma. Tumors maintained in diabetic mice grew faster after each subsequent transplantation into diabetic mice, but those maintained in hyperglycemic normoinsulinemic mice grew at a constant rate. Evidence revealed that tumor growth was suppressed by hyperglycemia. The observed proliferation enhancement of aplastic carcinoma maintained in diabetic mice was caused by de novo insulin synthesis, probably by the tumor cells themselves.", "contents": "Aplastic carcinoma in diabetic mice: hyperglycemia-suppressed proliferation rate and insulin synthesis by tumor cells. Increased glucose levels in blood of diabetic and of normoinsulinemic hyperglycemic CBA/H mice were accompanied by suppressed growth of aplastic carcinoma. Tumors maintained in diabetic mice grew faster after each subsequent transplantation into diabetic mice, but those maintained in hyperglycemic normoinsulinemic mice grew at a constant rate. Evidence revealed that tumor growth was suppressed by hyperglycemia. The observed proliferation enhancement of aplastic carcinoma maintained in diabetic mice was caused by de novo insulin synthesis, probably by the tumor cells themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:281570", "title": "Redistribution and modulation of Gross murine leukemia virus antigens induced by specific antibodies.", "content": "Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV)-induced rat leukemia cells in tissue culture replicate G-MuLV, express strong virus-associated membrane antigenicity, and are consistently killed by specific antibodies and complement in cytotoxicity tests. To explore the effect of specific antibodies, rat anti-G-MuLV antisera were added to the cultures of leukemia cells for variable periods of time. Redistribution of virus particles as well as of membrane virus antigens in the form of polar patches and caps was observed by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Substantial decreases in cytotoxicity indexes accompanied these changes. The antigen modulation induced by anti-G-MuLV antibodies in vitro paralleled similar changes obtained in vivo by transplanttion of leukemia cells in rats with high anti-G-MuLV antibody titers. The importance of antigen modulation in this system resides in its direct relationship with the malignant potential of the leukemia cells.", "contents": "Redistribution and modulation of Gross murine leukemia virus antigens induced by specific antibodies. Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV)-induced rat leukemia cells in tissue culture replicate G-MuLV, express strong virus-associated membrane antigenicity, and are consistently killed by specific antibodies and complement in cytotoxicity tests. To explore the effect of specific antibodies, rat anti-G-MuLV antisera were added to the cultures of leukemia cells for variable periods of time. Redistribution of virus particles as well as of membrane virus antigens in the form of polar patches and caps was observed by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. Substantial decreases in cytotoxicity indexes accompanied these changes. The antigen modulation induced by anti-G-MuLV antibodies in vitro paralleled similar changes obtained in vivo by transplanttion of leukemia cells in rats with high anti-G-MuLV antibody titers. The importance of antigen modulation in this system resides in its direct relationship with the malignant potential of the leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281572", "title": "Selective effects of two chloromethyl ketones on amino acid and phosphate uptake in rat liver and tumors.", "content": "Injection of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) at a level of 10 mg/100 g body weight inhibited the incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into protein in Morris hepatomas 7777and 9618A2. The degree of inhibition was similar in cytoplasmic proteins and in histone and nonhistone nuclear protein fractions. There was no inhibitory effect on 3H-labeled amino acid incorporation in the livers of the tumor-bearing rats. The inhibitory effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) on incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids was observed in both the slowly growing hepatoma 7787 and the rapidly growing hepatoma 7777. In hepatoma 7777, TLCK (2.5 mg/100 g body wt) exerted a greater inhibitory effect on incorporation when administered 60 minutes before [3H]leucine injection than when injected simultaneously. Studies on tissue uptake of amino acids, thymidine, and phosphate indicated that inhibitory effects of TPCK and TLCK on active transport may be a major factor in the action of these drugs on macromolecular synthesis. The inhibitory effects of TPCK and TLCK seen in transplanted hepatomas and a colon tumor were not generally seen in normal tissues of the tumor-bearing rats.", "contents": "Selective effects of two chloromethyl ketones on amino acid and phosphate uptake in rat liver and tumors. Injection of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) at a level of 10 mg/100 g body weight inhibited the incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids into protein in Morris hepatomas 7777and 9618A2. The degree of inhibition was similar in cytoplasmic proteins and in histone and nonhistone nuclear protein fractions. There was no inhibitory effect on 3H-labeled amino acid incorporation in the livers of the tumor-bearing rats. The inhibitory effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) on incorporation of 3H-labeled amino acids was observed in both the slowly growing hepatoma 7787 and the rapidly growing hepatoma 7777. In hepatoma 7777, TLCK (2.5 mg/100 g body wt) exerted a greater inhibitory effect on incorporation when administered 60 minutes before [3H]leucine injection than when injected simultaneously. Studies on tissue uptake of amino acids, thymidine, and phosphate indicated that inhibitory effects of TPCK and TLCK on active transport may be a major factor in the action of these drugs on macromolecular synthesis. The inhibitory effects of TPCK and TLCK seen in transplanted hepatomas and a colon tumor were not generally seen in normal tissues of the tumor-bearing rats."}
{"id": "PMID:281575", "title": "Analysis of human cancer DNA for DNA sequences of human adenovirus type 4.", "content": "We investigated whether human adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) might cause cancer in humans. Cell culture and animal model studies indicated that Ad4-induced human tumors should contain Ad4 DNA sequences. Thus Ad4 DNA was labeled in vitro (sp act, approximately 10(7) 3H counts/min/microgram) and hybridized in liquid phase with DNA extracted from human tumors. No viral sequences were detected in 31 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, 5 adenocarcinomas of the lung, 4 oat cell carcinomas of the lung, 4 carcinomas of the stomach, 10 carcinomas of the colon, 3 carcinomas of the kidney, 3 carcinomas of the breast, 2 carcinomas of the ovary, and 6 Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reconstruction experiments with added Ad4 DNA indicated that the probe detected about 1 copy of 5% of the Ad4 genome per tumor cell. Therefore, these data were strong evidence (but did not prove) that none of these particular tumors were induced by Ad4.", "contents": "Analysis of human cancer DNA for DNA sequences of human adenovirus type 4. We investigated whether human adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) might cause cancer in humans. Cell culture and animal model studies indicated that Ad4-induced human tumors should contain Ad4 DNA sequences. Thus Ad4 DNA was labeled in vitro (sp act, approximately 10(7) 3H counts/min/microgram) and hybridized in liquid phase with DNA extracted from human tumors. No viral sequences were detected in 31 squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, 5 adenocarcinomas of the lung, 4 oat cell carcinomas of the lung, 4 carcinomas of the stomach, 10 carcinomas of the colon, 3 carcinomas of the kidney, 3 carcinomas of the breast, 2 carcinomas of the ovary, and 6 Hodgkin's lymphomas. Reconstruction experiments with added Ad4 DNA indicated that the probe detected about 1 copy of 5% of the Ad4 genome per tumor cell. Therefore, these data were strong evidence (but did not prove) that none of these particular tumors were induced by Ad4."}
{"id": "PMID:281577", "title": "Ultrastructural concomitants of sodium butyrate-enhanced ectopic production of chorionic gonadotropin and its alpha subunit human bronchogenic carcinoma (ChaGo) cells.", "content": "Sodium butyrate treatment of cultures of ChaGo (human lung cancer) cells resulted in increased production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) and induced a variety of morphologic changes. Elongation and flattening of cells were seen by light microscopy. Immunocytochemistry with antisera against hCG and against hCG-alpha showed an increase in cells containing stainable hCG-alpha. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated enhanced adhesion of cells to glass cover slips, with elongation, flattening, and decreased cytoplasmic blebs. Ultrastructural changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy and evaluated quantitatively by an unbiased observer. Significant findings included increases in perinuclear tonofilaments, smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, dense mitochondrial inclusions, and lipid granules, as well as decreases in intercellular desmosomes, free polyribosomes, mitochondrial dense granules, and Golgi complexes. The most notable change, a marked decrease in condensed chromatin clumps, may have reflected a butyrate-induced biochemical modification of chromatin leading to enhanced accessibility of certain genes for transcription.", "contents": "Ultrastructural concomitants of sodium butyrate-enhanced ectopic production of chorionic gonadotropin and its alpha subunit human bronchogenic carcinoma (ChaGo) cells. Sodium butyrate treatment of cultures of ChaGo (human lung cancer) cells resulted in increased production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) and induced a variety of morphologic changes. Elongation and flattening of cells were seen by light microscopy. Immunocytochemistry with antisera against hCG and against hCG-alpha showed an increase in cells containing stainable hCG-alpha. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated enhanced adhesion of cells to glass cover slips, with elongation, flattening, and decreased cytoplasmic blebs. Ultrastructural changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy and evaluated quantitatively by an unbiased observer. Significant findings included increases in perinuclear tonofilaments, smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicles, dense mitochondrial inclusions, and lipid granules, as well as decreases in intercellular desmosomes, free polyribosomes, mitochondrial dense granules, and Golgi complexes. The most notable change, a marked decrease in condensed chromatin clumps, may have reflected a butyrate-induced biochemical modification of chromatin leading to enhanced accessibility of certain genes for transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:281578", "title": "Control of solid tumor metastases with a high-molecular-weight derivative of methotrexate.", "content": "Methotrexate (MTX) covalently bound to bovine serum albumin (MTX-BSA), injected ip (10 mg/kg) once every 4 days for a total of 4 doses, was more effective than an equivalent dose of free MTX in reducing the number of metastases observed in female (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice bearing the sc implanted Lewis lung carcinoma. Treatment with the high-molecular-weight derivative of MTX in addition caused a decreased rate of growth of the primary tumor and a modest increase in the life-span of the tumor-bearing animal. When tumor-bearing mice were killed after receiving injections of [3H]MTX or [3H]MTX-BSA, no difference in the amount of drug was found at the tumor site after 1 hour; however, after 8 or 24 hours, twice as much radioactivity was found in the tumors of mice treated with carrier-bound drug. Analysis of this radioactivity indicated a ratio of 60--80% carrier-bound to 20--40% free MTX.", "contents": "Control of solid tumor metastases with a high-molecular-weight derivative of methotrexate. Methotrexate (MTX) covalently bound to bovine serum albumin (MTX-BSA), injected ip (10 mg/kg) once every 4 days for a total of 4 doses, was more effective than an equivalent dose of free MTX in reducing the number of metastases observed in female (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 mice bearing the sc implanted Lewis lung carcinoma. Treatment with the high-molecular-weight derivative of MTX in addition caused a decreased rate of growth of the primary tumor and a modest increase in the life-span of the tumor-bearing animal. When tumor-bearing mice were killed after receiving injections of [3H]MTX or [3H]MTX-BSA, no difference in the amount of drug was found at the tumor site after 1 hour; however, after 8 or 24 hours, twice as much radioactivity was found in the tumors of mice treated with carrier-bound drug. Analysis of this radioactivity indicated a ratio of 60--80% carrier-bound to 20--40% free MTX."}
{"id": "PMID:281579", "title": "Influence of inoculation site on development of the Lewis lung carcinoma and suppressor cell activity in syngeneic mice.", "content": "The growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) was studied in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice inoculated sc with similar numbers of tumor cells in either the flank or the hind footpad (fp). After injection of small numbers of 3LL cells, the incidence of tumors was lower in the flank than in the fp. However, after a successful 3LL transplant, tumors in the flank progressed faster than those in the fp, as evidenced by the early metastatic dissemination to the lungs and the shorter survival of the hosts. Local adoptive transfer tests demonstrated the early appearance of suppressor cell activity in spleens from mice bearing tumors in the flank. Adult thymectomy as well as treatement with antithymocyte serum after the tumor transplant inhibited the growth of a flank tumor but did not modify significantly that of an fp tumor. Thus variations in the site of a subcutaneous tumor implant resulted in differences in tumor development that appeared to depend on the characteristics of the immune response elicited by the inoculum.", "contents": "Influence of inoculation site on development of the Lewis lung carcinoma and suppressor cell activity in syngeneic mice. The growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) was studied in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice inoculated sc with similar numbers of tumor cells in either the flank or the hind footpad (fp). After injection of small numbers of 3LL cells, the incidence of tumors was lower in the flank than in the fp. However, after a successful 3LL transplant, tumors in the flank progressed faster than those in the fp, as evidenced by the early metastatic dissemination to the lungs and the shorter survival of the hosts. Local adoptive transfer tests demonstrated the early appearance of suppressor cell activity in spleens from mice bearing tumors in the flank. Adult thymectomy as well as treatement with antithymocyte serum after the tumor transplant inhibited the growth of a flank tumor but did not modify significantly that of an fp tumor. Thus variations in the site of a subcutaneous tumor implant resulted in differences in tumor development that appeared to depend on the characteristics of the immune response elicited by the inoculum."}
{"id": "PMID:281594", "title": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as a pelvic mass.", "content": "The case history of a child with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is reported to illustrate both an unusual presentation of APL as a pelvic mass and to review the pathophysiology and treatment of the disease. Therapy of APL consists of chemotherapy, namely adriamycin/daunomycin for remission induction, and of control of disseminated intravascular coagulation. A chloroma, if present, may require local irradiation in addition to chemotherapy. With aggressive management, the number of prolonged remissions may be greater for APL than for any other form of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), with significant numbers of patients achieving five-year survival.", "contents": "Acute promyelocytic leukemia presenting as a pelvic mass. The case history of a child with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is reported to illustrate both an unusual presentation of APL as a pelvic mass and to review the pathophysiology and treatment of the disease. Therapy of APL consists of chemotherapy, namely adriamycin/daunomycin for remission induction, and of control of disseminated intravascular coagulation. A chloroma, if present, may require local irradiation in addition to chemotherapy. With aggressive management, the number of prolonged remissions may be greater for APL than for any other form of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), with significant numbers of patients achieving five-year survival."}
{"id": "PMID:281595", "title": "L-Asparaginase-induced coagulopathy during therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "L-Asparaginase-induced coagulation abnormalities were observed in all patients receivng this drug. All patients studied demonstrated low factor IX and fibrinogen levels and most (75%) had low levels of factor XI. Disturbances in other factors were much less frequent. Despite the presence of markedly abnormal coagulation studies, clinical bleeding was not observed.", "contents": "L-Asparaginase-induced coagulopathy during therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia. L-Asparaginase-induced coagulation abnormalities were observed in all patients receivng this drug. All patients studied demonstrated low factor IX and fibrinogen levels and most (75%) had low levels of factor XI. Disturbances in other factors were much less frequent. Despite the presence of markedly abnormal coagulation studies, clinical bleeding was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:281596", "title": "Remission induction in acute myelogenous leukemia using cytosine arabinoside synchronization: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "The use of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) infused at kinetically suggested intervals is reported in 40 pediatric patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and its subtypes. Response was observed in 17 of the 34 evaluable patients. However, the severe, often fatal effects of the regimen prevent its recommendation as a standard induction regimen in AML in children.", "contents": "Remission induction in acute myelogenous leukemia using cytosine arabinoside synchronization: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. The use of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) infused at kinetically suggested intervals is reported in 40 pediatric patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and its subtypes. Response was observed in 17 of the 34 evaluable patients. However, the severe, often fatal effects of the regimen prevent its recommendation as a standard induction regimen in AML in children."}
{"id": "PMID:281599", "title": "High cervical percutaneous cordotomy in intractable pain.", "content": "The authors report on 200 cervical percutaneous cordotomies in 146 patients who were suffering from intractable pain. In order to assess the success rate and the incidence of relapse, the neurological findings immediately post-operatively were compared with the results of a later follow-up. The prospect of success in the treatment of pain appears to depend on the anatomical representation in the spino-thalamic tract of the region of the body which is involved. The incidence of complications and the mortality are compared with the observations of other authors and with the results of open cordotomy.", "contents": "High cervical percutaneous cordotomy in intractable pain. The authors report on 200 cervical percutaneous cordotomies in 146 patients who were suffering from intractable pain. In order to assess the success rate and the incidence of relapse, the neurological findings immediately post-operatively were compared with the results of a later follow-up. The prospect of success in the treatment of pain appears to depend on the anatomical representation in the spino-thalamic tract of the region of the body which is involved. The incidence of complications and the mortality are compared with the observations of other authors and with the results of open cordotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:281619", "title": "Treatment in an alcoholism and drug addiction unit.", "content": "Estimates of the number of alcoholics in New Zealand indicate that a highly selected minority actually receive treatment for their alcoholism. This report examines who refers these patients to an alcoholism and drug dependence unit, the utilisation of compulsory treatment, and the demographic and social characteristics of the patients. A one year sample of these patients was followed for 12 months to assess treatment outcome. One year after discharge 11 percent had adopted an abstinent life-style. Forty-two percent had been rehospitalised.", "contents": "Treatment in an alcoholism and drug addiction unit. Estimates of the number of alcoholics in New Zealand indicate that a highly selected minority actually receive treatment for their alcoholism. This report examines who refers these patients to an alcoholism and drug dependence unit, the utilisation of compulsory treatment, and the demographic and social characteristics of the patients. A one year sample of these patients was followed for 12 months to assess treatment outcome. One year after discharge 11 percent had adopted an abstinent life-style. Forty-two percent had been rehospitalised."}
{"id": "PMID:281620", "title": "Liver biopsy--an outpatient procedure.", "content": "Experience with 67 liver biopsies performed on outpatients has been retrospectively analysed. One serious complication was encountered but would not have been detected earlier even had the patient been retained in hospital for 48 hours. The results suggest that liver biopsy can be performed on many outpatients with safety.", "contents": "Liver biopsy--an outpatient procedure. Experience with 67 liver biopsies performed on outpatients has been retrospectively analysed. One serious complication was encountered but would not have been detected earlier even had the patient been retained in hospital for 48 hours. The results suggest that liver biopsy can be performed on many outpatients with safety."}
{"id": "PMID:281621", "title": "Eye injuries produced by vehicle safety glass.", "content": "The eye injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents over the three years, 1975 to 1977 inclusive are considered. A high incidence of severe eye injury produced by safety windscreen glass continues. The results of this survey are compared with a survey of the period 1970 to 1974 inclusive.", "contents": "Eye injuries produced by vehicle safety glass. The eye injuries resulting from motor vehicle accidents over the three years, 1975 to 1977 inclusive are considered. A high incidence of severe eye injury produced by safety windscreen glass continues. The results of this survey are compared with a survey of the period 1970 to 1974 inclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:281622", "title": "Perinatal events in the Dunedin City population 1967-1973.", "content": "The incidence of an array of maternal, obstetric and neonatal events occurring in the Dunedin City population in the six years from 1 August 1967 is presented. This population was not truly representative of the total New Zealand population. The total births in Dunedin City were 10,091 and the perinatal mortality was 17.5 per 1000 total births. Some of the pertinent findings were: 8.8 percent of the mothers were either not married or were not living with their husbands; 36.5 percent were primigravida; 13.2 percent of mothers were less than 20 years of age; 9.6 percent of mothers had an adverse past obstetric history; 11.5 percent had a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 90mmHg during the pregnancy; 5.0 percent had an antepartum haemorrhage of which 45.4 percent occurred in the first trimester; 6.5 percent of newborns were non-European; 2.0 percent were multiple births; 0.8 percent had a single umbilical artery; in 27.4 percent the delivery was not spontaneous; 6.2 percent had a low birth weight; 4.0 percent were born preterm; 5.2 percent of newborns experience neonatal complications; 2.1 percent had a major, and 6.4 percent a minor congenital fault.", "contents": "Perinatal events in the Dunedin City population 1967-1973. The incidence of an array of maternal, obstetric and neonatal events occurring in the Dunedin City population in the six years from 1 August 1967 is presented. This population was not truly representative of the total New Zealand population. The total births in Dunedin City were 10,091 and the perinatal mortality was 17.5 per 1000 total births. Some of the pertinent findings were: 8.8 percent of the mothers were either not married or were not living with their husbands; 36.5 percent were primigravida; 13.2 percent of mothers were less than 20 years of age; 9.6 percent of mothers had an adverse past obstetric history; 11.5 percent had a diastolic blood pressure in excess of 90mmHg during the pregnancy; 5.0 percent had an antepartum haemorrhage of which 45.4 percent occurred in the first trimester; 6.5 percent of newborns were non-European; 2.0 percent were multiple births; 0.8 percent had a single umbilical artery; in 27.4 percent the delivery was not spontaneous; 6.2 percent had a low birth weight; 4.0 percent were born preterm; 5.2 percent of newborns experience neonatal complications; 2.1 percent had a major, and 6.4 percent a minor congenital fault."}
{"id": "PMID:281628", "title": "Breast feeding and some reasons for electing to wean the infant: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study.", "content": "Data are presented on the prevalence of breast feeding among 1037 Dunedin mothers who gave birth to infants between April 1972 and March 1973 and their reasons for weaning. Although breast feeding was becoming more common at that time, more than two-thirds of the mothers weaned their babies as a result of the difficulties they encountered. One of the most significant factors in lactation failure is the mismanagement of breast feeding by health professionals.", "contents": "Breast feeding and some reasons for electing to wean the infant: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study. Data are presented on the prevalence of breast feeding among 1037 Dunedin mothers who gave birth to infants between April 1972 and March 1973 and their reasons for weaning. Although breast feeding was becoming more common at that time, more than two-thirds of the mothers weaned their babies as a result of the difficulties they encountered. One of the most significant factors in lactation failure is the mismanagement of breast feeding by health professionals."}
{"id": "PMID:281629", "title": "Detection of hearing loss in infancy.", "content": "A neonatal hearing screening programme and a nine-month at risk hearing screening programme are analysed. Neither contributed significantly to the detection of deaf infants though nine month at risk screening can be worthwhile if well administered. Age of detection data for deaf pre-schoolers in New Zealand are presented. The responsibility of all professionals in contact with the infant population for early detection and referral of deaf infants is stressed.", "contents": "Detection of hearing loss in infancy. A neonatal hearing screening programme and a nine-month at risk hearing screening programme are analysed. Neither contributed significantly to the detection of deaf infants though nine month at risk screening can be worthwhile if well administered. Age of detection data for deaf pre-schoolers in New Zealand are presented. The responsibility of all professionals in contact with the infant population for early detection and referral of deaf infants is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:281630", "title": "The diagnosis of incomplete abortion.", "content": "A prospective study of 203 patients referred with a diagnosis of incomplete abortion is reported and the final histological diagnosis is discussed. Eighty-six patients (42 percent) were not pregnant, and 14 (7 percent) had other abnormalities of pregnancy. Clinical features of value in confirming the diagnosis were cervical dilation (misleading in 6 percent), uterine enlargement (misleading in 31 percent) and pain (misleading in 34 percent). Amenorrhoea was significantly shorter in patients with dysfunctional bleeding and bleeding prolonged in the other groups, but a wide range was noted. Age did not differ significantly between the two groups. A histological diagnosis was made in all but five patients. No clinical feature was completely reliable and curettage was often necessary to reach a final diagnosis.", "contents": "The diagnosis of incomplete abortion. A prospective study of 203 patients referred with a diagnosis of incomplete abortion is reported and the final histological diagnosis is discussed. Eighty-six patients (42 percent) were not pregnant, and 14 (7 percent) had other abnormalities of pregnancy. Clinical features of value in confirming the diagnosis were cervical dilation (misleading in 6 percent), uterine enlargement (misleading in 31 percent) and pain (misleading in 34 percent). Amenorrhoea was significantly shorter in patients with dysfunctional bleeding and bleeding prolonged in the other groups, but a wide range was noted. Age did not differ significantly between the two groups. A histological diagnosis was made in all but five patients. No clinical feature was completely reliable and curettage was often necessary to reach a final diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:281636", "title": "The prevalence of disturbance of cardiac rhythm in healthy New Zealand Adults: a pilot study.", "content": "Continuous portable 24-hour tape recorded monitoring of the electrocardiogram in 189 healthy adults was used to provide data about dysrhythmia during normal daily activity. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 70 years and the mean age was 44. One hundred and forty-eight were less than 50 years of age. Dysrhythmia, mainly asymptomatic, occurred in 71 subjects (37 percent). In 31 (16 percent) it was ventricular, in 20 (10.5 percent) it was supraventricular and in a further 20 (10.5 percent) it was combined. In 12 (6.3 percent) ventricular ectopy was considered potentially serious. It was not more prevalent in smokers. This study shows a lesser number of normal subjects with dysrhythmia than in most other reported studies.", "contents": "The prevalence of disturbance of cardiac rhythm in healthy New Zealand Adults: a pilot study. Continuous portable 24-hour tape recorded monitoring of the electrocardiogram in 189 healthy adults was used to provide data about dysrhythmia during normal daily activity. The age of the subjects ranged from 20 to 70 years and the mean age was 44. One hundred and forty-eight were less than 50 years of age. Dysrhythmia, mainly asymptomatic, occurred in 71 subjects (37 percent). In 31 (16 percent) it was ventricular, in 20 (10.5 percent) it was supraventricular and in a further 20 (10.5 percent) it was combined. In 12 (6.3 percent) ventricular ectopy was considered potentially serious. It was not more prevalent in smokers. This study shows a lesser number of normal subjects with dysrhythmia than in most other reported studies."}
{"id": "PMID:281637", "title": "Cardiac rupture: 30 consecutive cases from a series of medicolegal autopsies.", "content": "Factors underlying spontaneous cardiac rupture were studied in a consecutive series of 30 hearts with ruptured infarcts removed at medicolegal autopsy. Normal and diseased heart muscle and narrowed coronary arteries were examined microscopically. The average age of the 15 women at death was 80 years, and of the 15 men, 73 years. All of the ruptures occurred through a recent transmural left ventricular myocardial infarction which was associated with coronary arteries severely narrowed by atherosclerosis. Nine (33 percent) of the cases showed an occlusive coronary thrombosis. Many of the subjects had no symptoms of recent myocardial ischaemia.", "contents": "Cardiac rupture: 30 consecutive cases from a series of medicolegal autopsies. Factors underlying spontaneous cardiac rupture were studied in a consecutive series of 30 hearts with ruptured infarcts removed at medicolegal autopsy. Normal and diseased heart muscle and narrowed coronary arteries were examined microscopically. The average age of the 15 women at death was 80 years, and of the 15 men, 73 years. All of the ruptures occurred through a recent transmural left ventricular myocardial infarction which was associated with coronary arteries severely narrowed by atherosclerosis. Nine (33 percent) of the cases showed an occlusive coronary thrombosis. Many of the subjects had no symptoms of recent myocardial ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:281638", "title": "Indomethacin-associated peptic ulceration.", "content": "A review has been made of the hospital case notes of 32 patients with indomethacin-associated peptic ulceration seen over a four year period in Dunedin. Ulceration attributed to indomethacin therapy was found to particularly involve elderly women, in contrast to a predominance of males and a younger mean age at diagnosis in non-drug associated ulceration seen over the same period. The indomethacin-associated ulcer patients were more frequently complicated by haematemesis or melaena (two-thirds of cases compared to one-quarter for the group not on drugs) and relative hypochlorhydria was frequently noted at the time of gastroscopy in this group as compared to the other cases. It is suggested that patients warranting prolonged treatment with indomethacin require regular reassessment for any evidence of dyspepsia or anaemia, and that barium meal or gastroscopy are indicated for the presence of even mild abnormality of these types.", "contents": "Indomethacin-associated peptic ulceration. A review has been made of the hospital case notes of 32 patients with indomethacin-associated peptic ulceration seen over a four year period in Dunedin. Ulceration attributed to indomethacin therapy was found to particularly involve elderly women, in contrast to a predominance of males and a younger mean age at diagnosis in non-drug associated ulceration seen over the same period. The indomethacin-associated ulcer patients were more frequently complicated by haematemesis or melaena (two-thirds of cases compared to one-quarter for the group not on drugs) and relative hypochlorhydria was frequently noted at the time of gastroscopy in this group as compared to the other cases. It is suggested that patients warranting prolonged treatment with indomethacin require regular reassessment for any evidence of dyspepsia or anaemia, and that barium meal or gastroscopy are indicated for the presence of even mild abnormality of these types."}
{"id": "PMID:281639", "title": "Vertebral artery occlusion following manipulation of the neck.", "content": "A 23-year-old woman developed brainstem infarction following cervical manipulation. Vertebral angiography showed total occlusion of the left vertebral artery with a thrombus extending into the basilar artery. The literature dealing with this rare but serious complication of cervical manipulation is reviewed.", "contents": "Vertebral artery occlusion following manipulation of the neck. A 23-year-old woman developed brainstem infarction following cervical manipulation. Vertebral angiography showed total occlusion of the left vertebral artery with a thrombus extending into the basilar artery. The literature dealing with this rare but serious complication of cervical manipulation is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:281640", "title": "Near-drowning in an infant: case report.", "content": "A case is presented of an infant who may have been immersed in water for 15 minutes, presenting apparently dead by instant assessment criteria, who was resuscitated and rehabilitated to make an excellent recovery.", "contents": "Near-drowning in an infant: case report. A case is presented of an infant who may have been immersed in water for 15 minutes, presenting apparently dead by instant assessment criteria, who was resuscitated and rehabilitated to make an excellent recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:281641", "title": "Capgras syndrome: two case reports.", "content": "Two cases of Capgras syndrome are reported. They constitute further evidence that Capgras syndrome is a delusion which could occur in any psychotic state, rather than a syndrome with specific organic pathology.", "contents": "Capgras syndrome: two case reports. Two cases of Capgras syndrome are reported. They constitute further evidence that Capgras syndrome is a delusion which could occur in any psychotic state, rather than a syndrome with specific organic pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:281666", "title": "Hematologic emergencies in children.", "content": "Hematologic emergencies may be defined as sudden or unexpected life-threatening events in clinical hematology and oncology which require immediate action predominantly based on clinical judgements and supported only by investigations that can be expected to produce results rapidly. It is convenient to classify these emergencies according to disorders affecting the erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets; hemostasis; defence mechanisms against infection; the respiratory system; and emergencies related to drugs used for the treatment of neoplasia. A proposed classification is outlined. Part of treatment of hematologic emergencies is to ensure that the cicumstances which caused them will not recur in the same patient or those with similar disorders.", "contents": "Hematologic emergencies in children. Hematologic emergencies may be defined as sudden or unexpected life-threatening events in clinical hematology and oncology which require immediate action predominantly based on clinical judgements and supported only by investigations that can be expected to produce results rapidly. It is convenient to classify these emergencies according to disorders affecting the erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets; hemostasis; defence mechanisms against infection; the respiratory system; and emergencies related to drugs used for the treatment of neoplasia. A proposed classification is outlined. Part of treatment of hematologic emergencies is to ensure that the cicumstances which caused them will not recur in the same patient or those with similar disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:281667", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia terminating in blast cell crisis with lymphoblastic characteristics.", "content": "A child with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), Philadelphia chromosome positive, developed a non-T cell, non-B cell, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) during her blast cell crisis. The diagnosis was suggested by light microscopy and supported by histochemical stains and transmission electron microscopy. Immunologic studies showed the presence of a non-T, non-B leukemic blast population--indistinguishable from the most common form of ALL (null cell type). Markedly elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was found. The findings support the hypothesis that the primary cell involved in CML is a stem cell with pluripotential characteristics; frequently the blast cell proliferative phase terminates in acute myeloblastic leukemia, but it may also terminate in ALL. The TdT activity may be evidence of leukemic transformation and not necessarily related to the thymic origin of the lymphocytes.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia terminating in blast cell crisis with lymphoblastic characteristics. A child with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), Philadelphia chromosome positive, developed a non-T cell, non-B cell, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) during her blast cell crisis. The diagnosis was suggested by light microscopy and supported by histochemical stains and transmission electron microscopy. Immunologic studies showed the presence of a non-T, non-B leukemic blast population--indistinguishable from the most common form of ALL (null cell type). Markedly elevated terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was found. The findings support the hypothesis that the primary cell involved in CML is a stem cell with pluripotential characteristics; frequently the blast cell proliferative phase terminates in acute myeloblastic leukemia, but it may also terminate in ALL. The TdT activity may be evidence of leukemic transformation and not necessarily related to the thymic origin of the lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:281669", "title": "On the agalactia post partum in the sow. A clinical study.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the clinical symptoms of agalactic sows post partum in randomly selected swine herds. The study comprised 71 sows affected with agalactia post partum and 71 healthy sows from the same herds used as controls. Average morbidity of the disease in these 50 herds, consisting of an average of 25 sows, was 12.8%. Sixty-three per cent of the agalactic sows were affected within one day after farrowing. There was no difference in gestation length between healthy sows and agalactic sows. The body temperature was significantly higher for affected than for healthy sows. Mastitis was diagnosed in 35 out of 71 agalactic sows. The criteria for mastitis were swelling and herdening of one or several udder glands. Vaginal discharge was recorded for affected sows (55/57) as well as for healthy sows (51/58) and is therefore not significantly associated with agalactia. The temperament of the agalactic sows was moderately or severely affected in 62 out of 71 agalactic sows. Constipation was recorded for 13/59 agalactic sows and for 3/57 normal sows. The agalactic sows had significantly higher number of piglets per litter at birth while the litter size was higher for healthy sows at weaning. Numerically, more sows were culled among agalactic sows (16/48) than among normal sows (6/42). Moreover, sows affected with agalactia at the previous parturition were more inclined to meet with the disease at the next parturition. Further studies comprising large groups of animals are, however, necessary for evaluation of this question.", "contents": "On the agalactia post partum in the sow. A clinical study. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the clinical symptoms of agalactic sows post partum in randomly selected swine herds. The study comprised 71 sows affected with agalactia post partum and 71 healthy sows from the same herds used as controls. Average morbidity of the disease in these 50 herds, consisting of an average of 25 sows, was 12.8%. Sixty-three per cent of the agalactic sows were affected within one day after farrowing. There was no difference in gestation length between healthy sows and agalactic sows. The body temperature was significantly higher for affected than for healthy sows. Mastitis was diagnosed in 35 out of 71 agalactic sows. The criteria for mastitis were swelling and herdening of one or several udder glands. Vaginal discharge was recorded for affected sows (55/57) as well as for healthy sows (51/58) and is therefore not significantly associated with agalactia. The temperament of the agalactic sows was moderately or severely affected in 62 out of 71 agalactic sows. Constipation was recorded for 13/59 agalactic sows and for 3/57 normal sows. The agalactic sows had significantly higher number of piglets per litter at birth while the litter size was higher for healthy sows at weaning. Numerically, more sows were culled among agalactic sows (16/48) than among normal sows (6/42). Moreover, sows affected with agalactia at the previous parturition were more inclined to meet with the disease at the next parturition. Further studies comprising large groups of animals are, however, necessary for evaluation of this question."}
{"id": "PMID:281665", "title": "Spiculated periosteal reaction in metastatic disease resembling osteosarcoma.", "content": "Sixteen cases of metastatic bone deposits presenting with sunburst spiculated periosteal reaction are presented. The most common origin was from prostatic carcinoma followed by neuroblastoma. A moderate soft tissue mass component was seen in 70% of the cases. The possible pathophysiologic reasons for this type of periosteal reaction are presented. The differential diagnosis is outlined.", "contents": "Spiculated periosteal reaction in metastatic disease resembling osteosarcoma. Sixteen cases of metastatic bone deposits presenting with sunburst spiculated periosteal reaction are presented. The most common origin was from prostatic carcinoma followed by neuroblastoma. A moderate soft tissue mass component was seen in 70% of the cases. The possible pathophysiologic reasons for this type of periosteal reaction are presented. The differential diagnosis is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:281671", "title": "[Compressive strength and deformation of dental cements].", "content": "Several dental cements have been tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and plastic strain at fracture. Sylindrical specimens (4 x 6 mm) were compressed to fracture with two different crosshead speeds (2 mm/min, 0.1 mm/min) at two temperatures (23 +/- 1 degrees C and 37 +/- 1 degrees C). The results showed that the zinc phosphate cement had relatively high strength and a very small elastic and plastic strain during compression. The luting type of glass-ionomer cements showed properties near to that of the zinc phosphate cement. The other cements had either lower strength or higher elastic and plastic deformation than the zinc phosphate cement. Several cements showed a marked reduction of the mechanical properties when tested at a low crosshead speed or at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "[Compressive strength and deformation of dental cements]. Several dental cements have been tested for compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and plastic strain at fracture. Sylindrical specimens (4 x 6 mm) were compressed to fracture with two different crosshead speeds (2 mm/min, 0.1 mm/min) at two temperatures (23 +/- 1 degrees C and 37 +/- 1 degrees C). The results showed that the zinc phosphate cement had relatively high strength and a very small elastic and plastic strain during compression. The luting type of glass-ionomer cements showed properties near to that of the zinc phosphate cement. The other cements had either lower strength or higher elastic and plastic deformation than the zinc phosphate cement. Several cements showed a marked reduction of the mechanical properties when tested at a low crosshead speed or at 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:281676", "title": "Energetics of enzyme catalysis.", "content": "Quantitative studies of the energetics of enzymatic reactions and the corresponding reactions in aqueous solutions indicate that charge stabilization is the most important energy contribution in enzyme catalysis. Low electrostatic stabilization in aqueous solutions is shown to be consistent with surprisingly large electrostatic stabilization effects in active sites of enzymes. This is established quantitatively by comparing the relative stabilization of the transition states of the reaction of lysozyme and the corresponding reaction is aqueous solution.", "contents": "Energetics of enzyme catalysis. Quantitative studies of the energetics of enzymatic reactions and the corresponding reactions in aqueous solutions indicate that charge stabilization is the most important energy contribution in enzyme catalysis. Low electrostatic stabilization in aqueous solutions is shown to be consistent with surprisingly large electrostatic stabilization effects in active sites of enzymes. This is established quantitatively by comparing the relative stabilization of the transition states of the reaction of lysozyme and the corresponding reaction is aqueous solution."}
{"id": "PMID:281677", "title": "Spectroscopic studies of oxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin after pulsed optical excitation.", "content": "The photolysis of HbO2 and HbCO has been investigated with picosecond laser techniques. Transient absorption spectra were measured in the Soret and visible regions after excitation with 353- or 530-nm pulses. The photoproducts appeared within 8 psec and exhibited considerably broadened deoxyhemoglobin-like spectra, which persisted to 680 psec. The altered spectra are attributed to the production of deoxyheme conformational and spin states that might result from the intense excitation.", "contents": "Spectroscopic studies of oxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin after pulsed optical excitation. The photolysis of HbO2 and HbCO has been investigated with picosecond laser techniques. Transient absorption spectra were measured in the Soret and visible regions after excitation with 353- or 530-nm pulses. The photoproducts appeared within 8 psec and exhibited considerably broadened deoxyhemoglobin-like spectra, which persisted to 680 psec. The altered spectra are attributed to the production of deoxyheme conformational and spin states that might result from the intense excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:281678", "title": "Interacting enzyme systems at steady state: further Monte Carlo calculations on two-state molecules.", "content": "In this work, Monte Carlo calculations were made on a 10 x 10 lattice of two-state, steady-state enzyme molecules in two special cases for which the Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation had earlier produced some very interesting phase-transition properties. The Monte Carlo results proved to be similar to Bragg-Williams in some respects but not in others. The discrepancies are attributed primarily to; (i) inadequate treatment by Bragg-Williams of strong negative cooperativity; and (ii) the finite size of the 10 x 10 lattice used in the exact calculations.", "contents": "Interacting enzyme systems at steady state: further Monte Carlo calculations on two-state molecules. In this work, Monte Carlo calculations were made on a 10 x 10 lattice of two-state, steady-state enzyme molecules in two special cases for which the Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation had earlier produced some very interesting phase-transition properties. The Monte Carlo results proved to be similar to Bragg-Williams in some respects but not in others. The discrepancies are attributed primarily to; (i) inadequate treatment by Bragg-Williams of strong negative cooperativity; and (ii) the finite size of the 10 x 10 lattice used in the exact calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:281679", "title": "Cluster characterization in iron-sulfur proteins by magnetic circular dichroism.", "content": "We report magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of 4-Fe iron-sulfur clusters in the iron-sulfur proteins Chromatium high-potential iron protein  (HIPIP), Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. The MCD is found to vary significantly with cluster oxidation state but is relatively insensitive to the nature of the protein. The spectra obtained are compared with the corresponding spectra of iron-sulfur proteins containing 2-Fe clusters. It is concluded that MCD is useful for the characterization of iron-sulfur cluster type and oxidation state in iron-sulfur proteins and is superior for this purpose to absorption and natural circular dichroism spectroscopy.", "contents": "Cluster characterization in iron-sulfur proteins by magnetic circular dichroism. We report magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of 4-Fe iron-sulfur clusters in the iron-sulfur proteins Chromatium high-potential iron protein  (HIPIP), Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxin and Clostridium pasteurianum ferredoxin. The MCD is found to vary significantly with cluster oxidation state but is relatively insensitive to the nature of the protein. The spectra obtained are compared with the corresponding spectra of iron-sulfur proteins containing 2-Fe clusters. It is concluded that MCD is useful for the characterization of iron-sulfur cluster type and oxidation state in iron-sulfur proteins and is superior for this purpose to absorption and natural circular dichroism spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:281680", "title": "Filter-binding assay for covalent DNA-protein complexes: adenovirus DNA-terminal protein complex.", "content": "A rapid, simple, and quantitative filter-binding assay using glass fiber filters has been developed to detect the convalent adenovirus DNA-terminal protein complex. The assay is unusually sensitive because binding of protein-free DNA generally is less than 0.1%. Binding of the adenovirus complex to filters is mediated by terminal protein. We have found that: (i) the adenovirus complex binds maximally to filters in NaCl at concentrations higher than 0.2 M; (ii) noncovalent complexes between protein-free DNA and adenovirus proteins bind to filters in salt at concentrations lower than 0.4 M but not in concentrations higher than 0.7 M; and (iii) protein-free DNA alone binds to filters in guanidine.hydrochloride at concentrations higher than 0.8 M. By varying the ionic conditions, \"all or none\" modulation of these interactions can be achieved.", "contents": "Filter-binding assay for covalent DNA-protein complexes: adenovirus DNA-terminal protein complex. A rapid, simple, and quantitative filter-binding assay using glass fiber filters has been developed to detect the convalent adenovirus DNA-terminal protein complex. The assay is unusually sensitive because binding of protein-free DNA generally is less than 0.1%. Binding of the adenovirus complex to filters is mediated by terminal protein. We have found that: (i) the adenovirus complex binds maximally to filters in NaCl at concentrations higher than 0.2 M; (ii) noncovalent complexes between protein-free DNA and adenovirus proteins bind to filters in salt at concentrations lower than 0.4 M but not in concentrations higher than 0.7 M; and (iii) protein-free DNA alone binds to filters in guanidine.hydrochloride at concentrations higher than 0.8 M. By varying the ionic conditions, \"all or none\" modulation of these interactions can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:281681", "title": "Effect of thyroid phospholipids on the interaction of thyrotropin with thyroid membranes.", "content": "Various lipids extracted from bovine thyroid glands were tested for their ability to affect the binding of 125I-labeled thyrotropin to bovine thyroid membranes. The most potent inhibitors were the acidic phospholipids in the order cardiolipin greater than phosphatidylglycerol greater than phosphatidylinositol greater than phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids, neutral lipids, and neutral glycolipids were ineffective. As reported previously [mullin, B. R., Pacuszka, T., Lee, G., Kohn, L. D., Brady, R. O. & Fishman, P. H. (1978) Science 199, 77--79], thyroid gangliosides also inhibited thyrotropin binding but not as effectively as phospholipids. In addition, the mode of action of these two classes of acidic lipids was different. When thyroid membranes were preincubated with the phospholipids and then separated by centrifugation, their ability to bind thyrotropin was still diminished. In contrast, gangliosides appear to interact with the hormone and not with the membranes. The effect of phospholipids on thyroid membranes was further examined by incubating the membranes with phospholipase A. The treated membranes now bound more labeled hormone. These results suggest that certain acidic phospholipids, which are present in only small amounts in thyroid membranes, influence the state of the thyrotropin receptor and its ability to bind thyrotropin.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid phospholipids on the interaction of thyrotropin with thyroid membranes. Various lipids extracted from bovine thyroid glands were tested for their ability to affect the binding of 125I-labeled thyrotropin to bovine thyroid membranes. The most potent inhibitors were the acidic phospholipids in the order cardiolipin greater than phosphatidylglycerol greater than phosphatidylinositol greater than phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids, neutral lipids, and neutral glycolipids were ineffective. As reported previously [mullin, B. R., Pacuszka, T., Lee, G., Kohn, L. D., Brady, R. O. & Fishman, P. H. (1978) Science 199, 77--79], thyroid gangliosides also inhibited thyrotropin binding but not as effectively as phospholipids. In addition, the mode of action of these two classes of acidic lipids was different. When thyroid membranes were preincubated with the phospholipids and then separated by centrifugation, their ability to bind thyrotropin was still diminished. In contrast, gangliosides appear to interact with the hormone and not with the membranes. The effect of phospholipids on thyroid membranes was further examined by incubating the membranes with phospholipase A. The treated membranes now bound more labeled hormone. These results suggest that certain acidic phospholipids, which are present in only small amounts in thyroid membranes, influence the state of the thyrotropin receptor and its ability to bind thyrotropin."}
{"id": "PMID:281682", "title": "Chimeric toxins: toxic, disulfide-linked conjugate of concanavalin A with fragment A from diphtheria toxin.", "content": "A disulfide-linked conjugate of concanavalin A (Con A) and fragment A from diphtheria toxin has been synthesized and shown to be toxic for HeLa (human), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and SV3T3 (murine) cells. The conjugate was constructed by first coupling cystamine to Con A with a carbodiimide reagent and then reacting the modified Con A with reduced fragment A under conditions promoting disulfide interchange. The desired conjugate, obtained in nearly 50% yield relative to input of fragment A, was purified by affinity chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and NAD-Sepharose; on analysis, it gave an average of 1.4 molecules of fragment A per tetrameric Con A molecule. The conjugate proved to be about equally active in inhibiting protein synthesis in HeLa, CHO, or SV3T3 cells in culture but was inactive relative to controls in a toxin-resistant strain of CHO cells containing altered elongation factor 2, the target protein of fragment A. With toxin-sensitive strains the conjugate was 100- to 1000-fold more active than controls, including fragment A, cystaminyl-Con A, and mixtures thereof, but was 1/50th to 1/500th as toxic as diphtheria toxin itself. Similar activity relative to controls was observed after intradermal inoculations in rabbits, and intravenous injections of the conjugate were lethal for mice. The activity of the conjugate in tissue culture was inhibited by Con A or alpha-methylmannoside but not by galactose. This and similar conjugates should be useful in studying mechanisms of entry of biologically active proteins into cells.", "contents": "Chimeric toxins: toxic, disulfide-linked conjugate of concanavalin A with fragment A from diphtheria toxin. A disulfide-linked conjugate of concanavalin A (Con A) and fragment A from diphtheria toxin has been synthesized and shown to be toxic for HeLa (human), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and SV3T3 (murine) cells. The conjugate was constructed by first coupling cystamine to Con A with a carbodiimide reagent and then reacting the modified Con A with reduced fragment A under conditions promoting disulfide interchange. The desired conjugate, obtained in nearly 50% yield relative to input of fragment A, was purified by affinity chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and NAD-Sepharose; on analysis, it gave an average of 1.4 molecules of fragment A per tetrameric Con A molecule. The conjugate proved to be about equally active in inhibiting protein synthesis in HeLa, CHO, or SV3T3 cells in culture but was inactive relative to controls in a toxin-resistant strain of CHO cells containing altered elongation factor 2, the target protein of fragment A. With toxin-sensitive strains the conjugate was 100- to 1000-fold more active than controls, including fragment A, cystaminyl-Con A, and mixtures thereof, but was 1/50th to 1/500th as toxic as diphtheria toxin itself. Similar activity relative to controls was observed after intradermal inoculations in rabbits, and intravenous injections of the conjugate were lethal for mice. The activity of the conjugate in tissue culture was inhibited by Con A or alpha-methylmannoside but not by galactose. This and similar conjugates should be useful in studying mechanisms of entry of biologically active proteins into cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281683", "title": "RNA sequencing with radioactive chain-terminating ribonucleotides.", "content": "A rapid method for determining nucleotide sequences in RNA is described. It employs the 3'-deoxy analogues of the ribonucleoside triphosphates as specific chain terminators during RNA synthesis. For example, the inclusion of 3'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate in an RNA synthesis reaction in addition to the four usual ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors results in the synthesis of a set of different-length product strands that terminate in a 3'-deoxyuridine that has been incorporated in place of uridine. To sequence an RNA, four separate reactions are run, each employing a different 3'-deoxy terminator. Parallel electrophoretic analysis of the resulting four sets of specifically terminated product chains leads to a direct reading of the nucleotide sequence. We tested this method by sequencing MDV-1 (-) RNA, a molecule that is synthesized in vitro by phage Qbeta replicase. The sequence read from the resulting gels agreed completely with the known sequence of MDV-1 (-) RNA. The bands in some regions of the sequencing gels were unusually close to one another, as has also been observed in other rapid sequencing procedures, making order assignment in these regions very difficult. Because the secondary structure of MDV-1 (-) RNA was known, it was shown that the compression of the bands is due to the persistence of secondary structures during electrophoresis. Thus, structured regions of nucleic acids may introduce difficulties for sequencing techniques that employ the currently available methods of gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "RNA sequencing with radioactive chain-terminating ribonucleotides. A rapid method for determining nucleotide sequences in RNA is described. It employs the 3'-deoxy analogues of the ribonucleoside triphosphates as specific chain terminators during RNA synthesis. For example, the inclusion of 3'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate in an RNA synthesis reaction in addition to the four usual ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors results in the synthesis of a set of different-length product strands that terminate in a 3'-deoxyuridine that has been incorporated in place of uridine. To sequence an RNA, four separate reactions are run, each employing a different 3'-deoxy terminator. Parallel electrophoretic analysis of the resulting four sets of specifically terminated product chains leads to a direct reading of the nucleotide sequence. We tested this method by sequencing MDV-1 (-) RNA, a molecule that is synthesized in vitro by phage Qbeta replicase. The sequence read from the resulting gels agreed completely with the known sequence of MDV-1 (-) RNA. The bands in some regions of the sequencing gels were unusually close to one another, as has also been observed in other rapid sequencing procedures, making order assignment in these regions very difficult. Because the secondary structure of MDV-1 (-) RNA was known, it was shown that the compression of the bands is due to the persistence of secondary structures during electrophoresis. Thus, structured regions of nucleic acids may introduce difficulties for sequencing techniques that employ the currently available methods of gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:281684", "title": "In vitro RNA-RNA splicing in adenovirus 2 mRNA formation.", "content": "\"Splicing\" of the precursor to an adenovirus mRNA was accomplished in isolated cell-free extracts. Nuclei were prepared from hypotonically swollen cells that had been labeled with [3H]uridine for 10 min prior to nuclear isolation. Addition of a \"cytoplasmic\" fraction was required for the splicing to occur. The nuclear precursor, a poly(A)-terminated RNA molecule approximately 5 kilobases long, contained sequences complementary to the 58.5--75.9 region of the adenovirus 2 genome, including those sequences spliced out of the mature mRNA molecule. The in vitro spliced product was a poly(A)-terminated RNA molecule identical in size to the cytoplasmic 72,000 Mr protein mRNA (2 kilobases long) in which the sequences encoded in the 70.7--75.9 region of the viral genome were spliced to those encoded at 58.7--65.6, with the sequences encoded at 66.1--70.7 deleted.", "contents": "In vitro RNA-RNA splicing in adenovirus 2 mRNA formation. \"Splicing\" of the precursor to an adenovirus mRNA was accomplished in isolated cell-free extracts. Nuclei were prepared from hypotonically swollen cells that had been labeled with [3H]uridine for 10 min prior to nuclear isolation. Addition of a \"cytoplasmic\" fraction was required for the splicing to occur. The nuclear precursor, a poly(A)-terminated RNA molecule approximately 5 kilobases long, contained sequences complementary to the 58.5--75.9 region of the adenovirus 2 genome, including those sequences spliced out of the mature mRNA molecule. The in vitro spliced product was a poly(A)-terminated RNA molecule identical in size to the cytoplasmic 72,000 Mr protein mRNA (2 kilobases long) in which the sequences encoded in the 70.7--75.9 region of the viral genome were spliced to those encoded at 58.7--65.6, with the sequences encoded at 66.1--70.7 deleted."}
{"id": "PMID:281685", "title": "Tumorigenicity of the optical enantiomers of the diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides in newborn mice: exceptional activity of (+)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene.", "content": "The tumorigenicities of benzo[a]pyrene and each optical enantiomer of the diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides derived from trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzol[a]pyrene were tested by sequential intraperitoneal injection of mice with 1,2, and 4 nmol, or with 2, 4, and 8 nmol of each compound on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day of life, respectively. The experiment was terminated when the animals were 34--37 weeks old. (+)-7beta, 8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene [(+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2] had exceptional tumorigenicity, whereas benzo[a]-pyrene and the other three optically pure isomers of the benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol,9,10-epoxides had little or no activity. These results demonstrate differences in the carcinogenic activities of optically active isomers of a polycyclic hydrocarbon diol epoxide. Eleven percent of control mice had pulmonary tumors, whereas 71% and 100% of the mice treated with a total dose of 7 or 14 nmol of (+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2, respectively, had pulmonary tumors. Control mice had an average of 0.12 pulmonary tumors per mouse, whereas mice treated with a total dose of 7 or 14 nmol of (+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2 had 1.72 and 7.67 pulmonary tumors per mouse, respectively. Mice treated with 14 nmol of (-)-BP-7alpha,8beta-diol-9beta,10beta-epoxide 2, (-)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9beta,10beta-epoxide 1, or (+)-BP-7alpha,8beta-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 1 had 0.13, 0.25, and 0.34 pulmonary tumors per animal, respectively.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of the optical enantiomers of the diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides in newborn mice: exceptional activity of (+)-7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The tumorigenicities of benzo[a]pyrene and each optical enantiomer of the diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides derived from trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzol[a]pyrene were tested by sequential intraperitoneal injection of mice with 1,2, and 4 nmol, or with 2, 4, and 8 nmol of each compound on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day of life, respectively. The experiment was terminated when the animals were 34--37 weeks old. (+)-7beta, 8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene [(+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2] had exceptional tumorigenicity, whereas benzo[a]-pyrene and the other three optically pure isomers of the benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol,9,10-epoxides had little or no activity. These results demonstrate differences in the carcinogenic activities of optically active isomers of a polycyclic hydrocarbon diol epoxide. Eleven percent of control mice had pulmonary tumors, whereas 71% and 100% of the mice treated with a total dose of 7 or 14 nmol of (+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2, respectively, had pulmonary tumors. Control mice had an average of 0.12 pulmonary tumors per mouse, whereas mice treated with a total dose of 7 or 14 nmol of (+)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 2 had 1.72 and 7.67 pulmonary tumors per mouse, respectively. Mice treated with 14 nmol of (-)-BP-7alpha,8beta-diol-9beta,10beta-epoxide 2, (-)-BP-7beta,8alpha-diol-9beta,10beta-epoxide 1, or (+)-BP-7alpha,8beta-diol-9alpha,10alpha-epoxide 1 had 0.13, 0.25, and 0.34 pulmonary tumors per animal, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:281686", "title": "Bomebesin: specific binding to rat brain membranes.", "content": "The binding of a radiolabeled bomebesin analogue to rat brain membranes was studied. [125I-Tyr4]Bombesin bound with high affinity (KD = 3 nM) to a single class of non-interacting sites. Binding was specific, saturable (3.8 pmol of sites/g of wet tissue), and reversible. Regional and subcellular distribution studies showed that the density of sites was 7-fold greater in the hippocampus than the medulla/pons and greater in synaptosomal fractions than in mitochondrial or nuclear fractions. The abilities of numerous bombesin analogues to induce hypothermia and to inhibit [125I-Tyr4]bombesin-binding activity correlate well. Numerous amino acid residues near the CONH2-terminal are required for high-affinity binding and biological potency.", "contents": "Bomebesin: specific binding to rat brain membranes. The binding of a radiolabeled bomebesin analogue to rat brain membranes was studied. [125I-Tyr4]Bombesin bound with high affinity (KD = 3 nM) to a single class of non-interacting sites. Binding was specific, saturable (3.8 pmol of sites/g of wet tissue), and reversible. Regional and subcellular distribution studies showed that the density of sites was 7-fold greater in the hippocampus than the medulla/pons and greater in synaptosomal fractions than in mitochondrial or nuclear fractions. The abilities of numerous bombesin analogues to induce hypothermia and to inhibit [125I-Tyr4]bombesin-binding activity correlate well. Numerous amino acid residues near the CONH2-terminal are required for high-affinity binding and biological potency."}
{"id": "PMID:281687", "title": "Resolution of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain into two component complexes.", "content": "Complex III can be resolved into an electron transfer complex and an ion transfer complex. The electron transfer complex contains exclusively the oxidation-reduction proteins of complex III, and the ion transfer complex the capability for augmenting cation-induced fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. This finding has important implications for the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial energy coupling.", "contents": "Resolution of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain into two component complexes. Complex III can be resolved into an electron transfer complex and an ion transfer complex. The electron transfer complex contains exclusively the oxidation-reduction proteins of complex III, and the ion transfer complex the capability for augmenting cation-induced fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. This finding has important implications for the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial energy coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:281688", "title": "Photodestruction of pheomelanin: role of oxygen.", "content": "Pheomelanin, the red-brown polymeric pigment in the skin and hair of red-headed humans, is composed of a protein fraction covalently bound to a colored chromophore. Photolysis of aerated aqueous phemelanin solutions, isolated from human red hair, results in destruction of the chromophore and liberation of the peptide fraction. The rate of photolysis depends on the pH and the concentration of both pigment and oxygen and is slightly inhibited by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase EC 1.15.1.1). Pheomelanin photolyzed in the presence of nitroblue tetrazolium results in the formation of a blue diformazan, whether or not oxygen is present. Superoxide dismutase inhibits the aerobic photoreduction of nitroblue tetrazolium whereas, in the absence of oxygen, no inhibition is observed. These experiments strongly suggest the involvement of superoxide in the aerobic photolysis of pheomelanin and point out a possible mechanism for ultraviolet-induced cell damage in redheads.", "contents": "Photodestruction of pheomelanin: role of oxygen. Pheomelanin, the red-brown polymeric pigment in the skin and hair of red-headed humans, is composed of a protein fraction covalently bound to a colored chromophore. Photolysis of aerated aqueous phemelanin solutions, isolated from human red hair, results in destruction of the chromophore and liberation of the peptide fraction. The rate of photolysis depends on the pH and the concentration of both pigment and oxygen and is slightly inhibited by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase EC 1.15.1.1). Pheomelanin photolyzed in the presence of nitroblue tetrazolium results in the formation of a blue diformazan, whether or not oxygen is present. Superoxide dismutase inhibits the aerobic photoreduction of nitroblue tetrazolium whereas, in the absence of oxygen, no inhibition is observed. These experiments strongly suggest the involvement of superoxide in the aerobic photolysis of pheomelanin and point out a possible mechanism for ultraviolet-induced cell damage in redheads."}
{"id": "PMID:281689", "title": "Activation energy for RNA transport from isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "The temperature dependence of ATP-enhanced RNA delivery from rat liver nuclei to a surrogate cytoplasm was investigated. Examination of linear-rate data on Arrhenius graphs of 1/T vs. log (% RNA delivered per min) revealed an activation energy of 12.5--13 kcal/mol. When data derived from longer incubation periods was displayed on Arrhenius graphs, we observed a discontinuous graph--two distinct linear segments with slopes of differing sign which intersected near 20 degrees C. It was demonstrated that this discontinuity was not due to lipid phase transition in the nuclear membranes and that its position depended upon treatment of the nuclei and upon additives to the incubation mixtures. The decline in transport apparent in the upper-temperature domain on 20-min Arrhenius graphs was shown to be based on the diffusion of transported macromolecular RNA back into the nucleus--a process greatly amplified by the rapidity of transport in this domain. The large net inward diffusion, in concert with significantly differing activation energies for RNA transport and passive diffusion, suggests that the process of nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport is not diffusion driven. Our data have established that an integral parameter of RNA transport (namely, the activation energy) remains unchanged in various in vitro manipulations.", "contents": "Activation energy for RNA transport from isolated rat liver nuclei. The temperature dependence of ATP-enhanced RNA delivery from rat liver nuclei to a surrogate cytoplasm was investigated. Examination of linear-rate data on Arrhenius graphs of 1/T vs. log (% RNA delivered per min) revealed an activation energy of 12.5--13 kcal/mol. When data derived from longer incubation periods was displayed on Arrhenius graphs, we observed a discontinuous graph--two distinct linear segments with slopes of differing sign which intersected near 20 degrees C. It was demonstrated that this discontinuity was not due to lipid phase transition in the nuclear membranes and that its position depended upon treatment of the nuclei and upon additives to the incubation mixtures. The decline in transport apparent in the upper-temperature domain on 20-min Arrhenius graphs was shown to be based on the diffusion of transported macromolecular RNA back into the nucleus--a process greatly amplified by the rapidity of transport in this domain. The large net inward diffusion, in concert with significantly differing activation energies for RNA transport and passive diffusion, suggests that the process of nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport is not diffusion driven. Our data have established that an integral parameter of RNA transport (namely, the activation energy) remains unchanged in various in vitro manipulations."}
{"id": "PMID:281690", "title": "Interactive computer surface graphics approach to study of the active site of bovine trypsin.", "content": "A descriptive medium for the presentation of protein structure has been developed and used to evaluate the structure of the active site of bovine trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4). This technique, involving advanced computer graphics technology, permits the facile display of a representation of the molecular surface of proteins of known structure and employs color to code the structural or chemical features of this surface. Benzamidine derivatives were inserted into the benzamidine-binding site of trypsin and the binary inhibitor-trypsin complex was evaluated by using the computer-generated structure. On the basis of qualitative assessments of the contribution of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces to the binding energy associated with complex formation, we made predictions concerning the effects of interaction of benzamidine substituents and amino acid side chains upon the binding energy associated with inhibitor-protein binding. The computer display of the molecular surfaces of the binary complex of substituted benzamidines and trypsin permitted unique insight into the identity and chemical properties of the atoms that participate at the interface of the molecular surfaces of the inhibitor and the protein. The computer-generated molecular surface display can potentially be combined with quantitative definition of the physical forces involved in the interaction of molecular surfaces. This technology should facilitate the study of the structure-activity relationship of substrates, inhibitors, and drugs that bind to proteins of known three-dimensional structure.", "contents": "Interactive computer surface graphics approach to study of the active site of bovine trypsin. A descriptive medium for the presentation of protein structure has been developed and used to evaluate the structure of the active site of bovine trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4). This technique, involving advanced computer graphics technology, permits the facile display of a representation of the molecular surface of proteins of known structure and employs color to code the structural or chemical features of this surface. Benzamidine derivatives were inserted into the benzamidine-binding site of trypsin and the binary inhibitor-trypsin complex was evaluated by using the computer-generated structure. On the basis of qualitative assessments of the contribution of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces to the binding energy associated with complex formation, we made predictions concerning the effects of interaction of benzamidine substituents and amino acid side chains upon the binding energy associated with inhibitor-protein binding. The computer display of the molecular surfaces of the binary complex of substituted benzamidines and trypsin permitted unique insight into the identity and chemical properties of the atoms that participate at the interface of the molecular surfaces of the inhibitor and the protein. The computer-generated molecular surface display can potentially be combined with quantitative definition of the physical forces involved in the interaction of molecular surfaces. This technology should facilitate the study of the structure-activity relationship of substrates, inhibitors, and drugs that bind to proteins of known three-dimensional structure."}
{"id": "PMID:281691", "title": "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: evidence for a hydroperoxide intermediate in the reaction.", "content": "Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for a microsomal carboxylase that converts glutamyl residues in endogenous precursor proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in completed proteins. The same microsomal preparations convert vitamin K to its 2,3-epoxide, and it has been suggested that these two reactions (carboxylation and epoxidation) are coupled. Glutathione peroxidase, which reduces hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides, inhibits both of these reactions in a prepartion of microsomes solubilized by Triton X-100. Catalase has no effect. In the absence of vitamin K, and in the presence of NADPH, tert-butyl hydroperoxide acts as a weak vitamin K analog. At lower concentrations, tert-butyl hydroperoxide is an apparent competitive inhibitor of vitamin K for both the carboxylase and epoxidase reactions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both of these vitamin K-requiring reactions involve a common oxygenated intermediate, and that a hydroperoxide of the vitamin is the species involved.", "contents": "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: evidence for a hydroperoxide intermediate in the reaction. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for a microsomal carboxylase that converts glutamyl residues in endogenous precursor proteins to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in completed proteins. The same microsomal preparations convert vitamin K to its 2,3-epoxide, and it has been suggested that these two reactions (carboxylation and epoxidation) are coupled. Glutathione peroxidase, which reduces hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides, inhibits both of these reactions in a prepartion of microsomes solubilized by Triton X-100. Catalase has no effect. In the absence of vitamin K, and in the presence of NADPH, tert-butyl hydroperoxide acts as a weak vitamin K analog. At lower concentrations, tert-butyl hydroperoxide is an apparent competitive inhibitor of vitamin K for both the carboxylase and epoxidase reactions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both of these vitamin K-requiring reactions involve a common oxygenated intermediate, and that a hydroperoxide of the vitamin is the species involved."}
{"id": "PMID:281692", "title": "Glucose binding and transport proteins extracted from fast-growing chicken fibroblasts.", "content": "Preconfluent or confluent fibroblasts grown in 5% serum medium yielded, without cell lysis, all the glucose-binding protein and most of the transport-stimulating activity in the cell wash fluid obtained with a 10 mM sodium octanoate-containing solution. For assay, octanoate was removed, and after the binding protein was labeled with [(14)C]glucose, the factors were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and the transport-stimulating and factor-bound [(14)C]glucose activities were measured. Three peaks were separated, which more or less overlapped for both functions; upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, these peaks yielded overlapping or separate peaks for the two functions, presumably indicating their separability. Serum, when similarly chromatographed, showed only peaks for transport which, with the exception of one major peak with both functions, more or less overlapped with those from the wash fluid. Glucose transport rates, when compared in fibroblasts grown in glucose and in fructose and in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells grown in glucose, were in the proportion of 1:3.7:6.3. Addition of extracted transport protein stimulated the transport of both the glucose-grown and fructose-grown normal cells but showed no effect on the transport of transformed cells. Addition of transport protein induced the formation of [(14)C]deoxyglucose 6-phosphate in amounts proportional to the increased transport of [(14)C]deoxyglucose into fibroblasts. On sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, using the tightly bound [(14)C]glucose for assay, purified binding protein yielded large fractions of 36,000 and 18,000 and small ones of 55,000 and 73,000 daltons; the 18,000-dalton fraction is supposedly the monomeric form of the binding protein.", "contents": "Glucose binding and transport proteins extracted from fast-growing chicken fibroblasts. Preconfluent or confluent fibroblasts grown in 5% serum medium yielded, without cell lysis, all the glucose-binding protein and most of the transport-stimulating activity in the cell wash fluid obtained with a 10 mM sodium octanoate-containing solution. For assay, octanoate was removed, and after the binding protein was labeled with [(14)C]glucose, the factors were chromatographed on Sephadex G-200 and the transport-stimulating and factor-bound [(14)C]glucose activities were measured. Three peaks were separated, which more or less overlapped for both functions; upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, these peaks yielded overlapping or separate peaks for the two functions, presumably indicating their separability. Serum, when similarly chromatographed, showed only peaks for transport which, with the exception of one major peak with both functions, more or less overlapped with those from the wash fluid. Glucose transport rates, when compared in fibroblasts grown in glucose and in fructose and in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells grown in glucose, were in the proportion of 1:3.7:6.3. Addition of extracted transport protein stimulated the transport of both the glucose-grown and fructose-grown normal cells but showed no effect on the transport of transformed cells. Addition of transport protein induced the formation of [(14)C]deoxyglucose 6-phosphate in amounts proportional to the increased transport of [(14)C]deoxyglucose into fibroblasts. On sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, using the tightly bound [(14)C]glucose for assay, purified binding protein yielded large fractions of 36,000 and 18,000 and small ones of 55,000 and 73,000 daltons; the 18,000-dalton fraction is supposedly the monomeric form of the binding protein."}
{"id": "PMID:281693", "title": "Mammalian cell mutant requiring cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid for growth.", "content": "A mutant requiring both cholesterol and oleate for growth has been isolated from mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells. By comparison with wild-type cells, sterol and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic activities in the mutant cells grown in fetal calf serum medium appear to be nearly intact. However, whole-cell radioactive acetate, mevalonate, dihydrolanosterol, and stearate incorporation studies show that sterol synthesis from acetate, lanosterol demethylation, and fatty acid desaturation are defective in the mutant cells grown in delipidated serum medium. In vitro enzyme assays with crude cell extracts demonstrated that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase is not induced in the mutant. These experiments were substantiated by gas/liquid chromatographic analyses which showed the sterol content and the percentage unsaturated fatty acids in mutant cells to be drastically reduced when the cells are grown in delipidated serum medium. A spontaneous revertant exhibiting prototrophic growth in lipid-free medium has been isolated from 50 X 10(6) mutant cells. All three defects in this revertant reverted back in parallel, which suggests that these three biosynthetic activities may be controlled by a common regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Mammalian cell mutant requiring cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acid for growth. A mutant requiring both cholesterol and oleate for growth has been isolated from mutagenized Chinese hamster ovary cells. By comparison with wild-type cells, sterol and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic activities in the mutant cells grown in fetal calf serum medium appear to be nearly intact. However, whole-cell radioactive acetate, mevalonate, dihydrolanosterol, and stearate incorporation studies show that sterol synthesis from acetate, lanosterol demethylation, and fatty acid desaturation are defective in the mutant cells grown in delipidated serum medium. In vitro enzyme assays with crude cell extracts demonstrated that beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase is not induced in the mutant. These experiments were substantiated by gas/liquid chromatographic analyses which showed the sterol content and the percentage unsaturated fatty acids in mutant cells to be drastically reduced when the cells are grown in delipidated serum medium. A spontaneous revertant exhibiting prototrophic growth in lipid-free medium has been isolated from 50 X 10(6) mutant cells. All three defects in this revertant reverted back in parallel, which suggests that these three biosynthetic activities may be controlled by a common regulatory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:281694", "title": "Inhibition of growth of 3T3 cells by extract of surface membranes.", "content": "The growth of Swiss 3T3 cells can be inhibited by the addition of a plasma membrane enriched fraction from 3T3 cells [Whittenberger, B & Glaser, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2251--2255]. We report conditions for the extraction of the inhibitory components from the membranes with octylglucoside. The solubilized components reversibly inhibit the rate of cell division of 3T3 but not of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 cells. The inhibitory activity is heat labile and nondialyzable. The inhibition observed with the soluble extract can be reversed by mitogenic factors present in serum.", "contents": "Inhibition of growth of 3T3 cells by extract of surface membranes. The growth of Swiss 3T3 cells can be inhibited by the addition of a plasma membrane enriched fraction from 3T3 cells [Whittenberger, B & Glaser, L. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2251--2255]. We report conditions for the extraction of the inhibitory components from the membranes with octylglucoside. The solubilized components reversibly inhibit the rate of cell division of 3T3 but not of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 cells. The inhibitory activity is heat labile and nondialyzable. The inhibition observed with the soluble extract can be reversed by mitogenic factors present in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:281695", "title": "Structural origins of diamagnetic anisotropy in proteins.", "content": "Magnetic anisotropy in proteins and polypeptides can be attributed to the diamagnetic anisotropy of the planar peptide bonds. The alpha helix in particular has large anisotropy due to the axial alignment of the peptide bonds. The regular arrangements of the peptide bonds in beta pleated sheet and collagen structures also produce substantial anisotropy, but less than for alpha helix. The anisotropy permits orientation of small structures of these types in magnetic fields of several kilogauss.", "contents": "Structural origins of diamagnetic anisotropy in proteins. Magnetic anisotropy in proteins and polypeptides can be attributed to the diamagnetic anisotropy of the planar peptide bonds. The alpha helix in particular has large anisotropy due to the axial alignment of the peptide bonds. The regular arrangements of the peptide bonds in beta pleated sheet and collagen structures also produce substantial anisotropy, but less than for alpha helix. The anisotropy permits orientation of small structures of these types in magnetic fields of several kilogauss."}
{"id": "PMID:281696", "title": "Effect of transmembrane ion gradients on Raman spectra of sealed, hemoglobin-free erythrocyte membrane vesicles.", "content": "Sealed hemoglobin-free erythrocyte vesicles have been isolated. Imposition of transmembrane cation gradients increases the intensity of Raman scattering in the CH3-stretching region as observed with unsealed ghosts at temperatures greater than 38 degrees C and pH less than 7.0 [Verma, S. P. & Wallach, D. F. H. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3358--3561]. Modifications in the amide I and amide III frequencies consistent with increased helicity of membrane proteins are observed upon imposition of a cation gradient. Spectrin-free vesicles also demonstrate cation gradient-sensitive intensity changes in the CH3-stretching region. However, no evidence for cation gradient-related protein conformation changes is found with these vesicles. The transmembrane potential of these vesicles has been altered by variations in anion composition and the electrogenic activity of Na+,K+-ATPase. The membrane potential was monitored by cyanine dye fluorescence. Imposition of a membrane potential (negative inside) also increased the intensity of Raman scattering in the CH3-stretching region. These results suggest that a transmembrane potential (negative inside) and/or cation gradient can energize membranes by compression of the apolar region and transfer of protein methyl residues into polar regions.", "contents": "Effect of transmembrane ion gradients on Raman spectra of sealed, hemoglobin-free erythrocyte membrane vesicles. Sealed hemoglobin-free erythrocyte vesicles have been isolated. Imposition of transmembrane cation gradients increases the intensity of Raman scattering in the CH3-stretching region as observed with unsealed ghosts at temperatures greater than 38 degrees C and pH less than 7.0 [Verma, S. P. & Wallach, D. F. H. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3358--3561]. Modifications in the amide I and amide III frequencies consistent with increased helicity of membrane proteins are observed upon imposition of a cation gradient. Spectrin-free vesicles also demonstrate cation gradient-sensitive intensity changes in the CH3-stretching region. However, no evidence for cation gradient-related protein conformation changes is found with these vesicles. The transmembrane potential of these vesicles has been altered by variations in anion composition and the electrogenic activity of Na+,K+-ATPase. The membrane potential was monitored by cyanine dye fluorescence. Imposition of a membrane potential (negative inside) also increased the intensity of Raman scattering in the CH3-stretching region. These results suggest that a transmembrane potential (negative inside) and/or cation gradient can energize membranes by compression of the apolar region and transfer of protein methyl residues into polar regions."}
{"id": "PMID:281697", "title": "Conformational features of distamycin-DNA and netropsin-DNA complexes by Raman spectroscopy.", "content": "The binding of distamycin and netropsin to duplex DNA has been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Several changes occur in the Raman spectra of these drugs upon binding DNA. These changes were analyzed by assigning specific motions to the observed Raman bands through the use of molecular subunits of the drugs and normal mode calculations. Our analysis indicates that pyrrole ring and peptide group vibrations are altered upon binding to DNA. The environments of the pyrrole ring methyl groups are not affected by the binding. These data provide physical evidence consistent with a binding model in which the methyl groups on the pyrroles project away from the DNA and the peptide N-H groups form hydrogen bonds with the DNA.", "contents": "Conformational features of distamycin-DNA and netropsin-DNA complexes by Raman spectroscopy. The binding of distamycin and netropsin to duplex DNA has been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Several changes occur in the Raman spectra of these drugs upon binding DNA. These changes were analyzed by assigning specific motions to the observed Raman bands through the use of molecular subunits of the drugs and normal mode calculations. Our analysis indicates that pyrrole ring and peptide group vibrations are altered upon binding to DNA. The environments of the pyrrole ring methyl groups are not affected by the binding. These data provide physical evidence consistent with a binding model in which the methyl groups on the pyrroles project away from the DNA and the peptide N-H groups form hydrogen bonds with the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:281698", "title": "Reciprocal effects in human hemoglobin: direct measurement of the dimer-tetramer association constant at partial oxygen saturation.", "content": "An equilibrium gel permeation technique has been developed for determining as a function of oxygenation state the equilibrium constants for association of hemoglobin subunits. By using this method, the dimer-tetramer constant for human hemoglobin at a partial oxygenation state corresponding to 20% saturation for tetramers has been determined as 3.7 X 10(6) M-1 (dimers). Under the same conditions the corresponding constant for fully oxygenated hemoglobin is 4.1 X 10(5) M-1. These results are found to be in good agreement with the predicted behavior of the association reaction based upon oxygen binding curves measured as a function of protein concentration. Thus a high degree of consistency is found between the two independent experimental approaches to the reciprocal effects of this linkage system, lending support to the theory proposed earlier for these phenomena.", "contents": "Reciprocal effects in human hemoglobin: direct measurement of the dimer-tetramer association constant at partial oxygen saturation. An equilibrium gel permeation technique has been developed for determining as a function of oxygenation state the equilibrium constants for association of hemoglobin subunits. By using this method, the dimer-tetramer constant for human hemoglobin at a partial oxygenation state corresponding to 20% saturation for tetramers has been determined as 3.7 X 10(6) M-1 (dimers). Under the same conditions the corresponding constant for fully oxygenated hemoglobin is 4.1 X 10(5) M-1. These results are found to be in good agreement with the predicted behavior of the association reaction based upon oxygen binding curves measured as a function of protein concentration. Thus a high degree of consistency is found between the two independent experimental approaches to the reciprocal effects of this linkage system, lending support to the theory proposed earlier for these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:281699", "title": "Fibrinogen synthesis in serum-free hepatocyte cultures: stimulation by glucocorticoids.", "content": "Fibrinogen synthesis was investigated in cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes initiated and maintained in chemically defined, serum-free medium. 11-Hydroxy glucocorticoids caused a 3-fold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis. Half-maximal stimulation was achieved with 1 nM corticosterone or hydrocortisone, as compared with only 0.1 nM dexamethasone. Increased fibrinogen production in the presence of these glucocorticoids was characterized by a 4-hr delay in onset, a sensitivity to actinomycin D, and a requirement for the continuous presence of the steroid. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis permitted analysis of the simultaneous effects of glucocorticoids on the synthesis of more than 20 plasma proteins secreted in culture. The absence of an effect on the synthesis of most of these proteins was in sharp contrast to the 3-fold increase in fibrinogen production. Sera from a variety of animals also stimulated an increase in fibrinogen synthesis that was similar in degree but less specific than that due to glucocorticoids and that partially masked the response of the cells to the steroid hormones. The presence of an anticoagulant in the medium was found to be necessary for detection of the fibrinogen secreted in culture. Although insulin was routinely included in the chemically defined medium, the cells synthesized fibrinogen and responded to glucocorticoids in the absence of hormonal supplementation of the medium. These findings are consistent with the thesis that variations in glucocorticoid levels contribute to the regulation of fibrinogen production in the intact animal.", "contents": "Fibrinogen synthesis in serum-free hepatocyte cultures: stimulation by glucocorticoids. Fibrinogen synthesis was investigated in cultures of chicken embryo hepatocytes initiated and maintained in chemically defined, serum-free medium. 11-Hydroxy glucocorticoids caused a 3-fold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis. Half-maximal stimulation was achieved with 1 nM corticosterone or hydrocortisone, as compared with only 0.1 nM dexamethasone. Increased fibrinogen production in the presence of these glucocorticoids was characterized by a 4-hr delay in onset, a sensitivity to actinomycin D, and a requirement for the continuous presence of the steroid. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis permitted analysis of the simultaneous effects of glucocorticoids on the synthesis of more than 20 plasma proteins secreted in culture. The absence of an effect on the synthesis of most of these proteins was in sharp contrast to the 3-fold increase in fibrinogen production. Sera from a variety of animals also stimulated an increase in fibrinogen synthesis that was similar in degree but less specific than that due to glucocorticoids and that partially masked the response of the cells to the steroid hormones. The presence of an anticoagulant in the medium was found to be necessary for detection of the fibrinogen secreted in culture. Although insulin was routinely included in the chemically defined medium, the cells synthesized fibrinogen and responded to glucocorticoids in the absence of hormonal supplementation of the medium. These findings are consistent with the thesis that variations in glucocorticoid levels contribute to the regulation of fibrinogen production in the intact animal."}
{"id": "PMID:281700", "title": "Amino acid sequence of a progesterone-binding protein.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of blastokinin, also called uteroglobin, has been determined by a combined study of both the intact native molecule and the peptide fragments resulting from tryptic and chymotryptic digestions. Sequence analyses performed by automated methods and by sequential digestion with leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase Y demonstrate that blastokinin is a dimer of identical 69-amino acid subunits held together in parallel orientation by two disulfide bridges at positions 3 and 68. The polypeptide chains are further characterized by the absence of tryptophan residues and by single residues of histidine and tyrosine at positions 8 and 21, respectively. Six of eight amino acids, positions 17--24, near the progesterone binding site of blastokinin contain a hydroxyl group. Knowledge of the chemistry of this receptor site should allow better perspectives of the chemistry of molecules in normal tissues that are dependent on progesterone for growth and development, as well as compounds that could act as cancer antagonists for endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent tumors.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of a progesterone-binding protein. The amino acid sequence of blastokinin, also called uteroglobin, has been determined by a combined study of both the intact native molecule and the peptide fragments resulting from tryptic and chymotryptic digestions. Sequence analyses performed by automated methods and by sequential digestion with leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase Y demonstrate that blastokinin is a dimer of identical 69-amino acid subunits held together in parallel orientation by two disulfide bridges at positions 3 and 68. The polypeptide chains are further characterized by the absence of tryptophan residues and by single residues of histidine and tyrosine at positions 8 and 21, respectively. Six of eight amino acids, positions 17--24, near the progesterone binding site of blastokinin contain a hydroxyl group. Knowledge of the chemistry of this receptor site should allow better perspectives of the chemistry of molecules in normal tissues that are dependent on progesterone for growth and development, as well as compounds that could act as cancer antagonists for endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:281701", "title": "Topographic study of the cell surface of micrococcus radiodurans.", "content": "The paracrystalline outer membraneous layer (HPI layer) of Micrococcus radiodurans has been investigated by negative- and positive-staining electron microscopy and subsequent digital image processing. The subunit structure of the major HPI layer protein complex and the lipid-protein distribution in the plane of the membrane have been determined. The HPI layer was found to be highly asymmetric in a transmembrane direction, with the major protein complex only partly penetrating into a lipid-containing backing layer intimately associated with it.", "contents": "Topographic study of the cell surface of micrococcus radiodurans. The paracrystalline outer membraneous layer (HPI layer) of Micrococcus radiodurans has been investigated by negative- and positive-staining electron microscopy and subsequent digital image processing. The subunit structure of the major HPI layer protein complex and the lipid-protein distribution in the plane of the membrane have been determined. The HPI layer was found to be highly asymmetric in a transmembrane direction, with the major protein complex only partly penetrating into a lipid-containing backing layer intimately associated with it."}
{"id": "PMID:281702", "title": "Long-term growth and differentiation of Xenopus oocytes in a defined medium.", "content": "Xenpus laevis oocytes over a size range of 0.15--0.78 mm3 were dissected from their follicles and cultured in a defined medium for up to 28 days. Oocytes grew at average rates of 0.021 mm3.day-1 in the absence of insulin and 0.030 mm3.day-1 in the presence of insulin. The latter average growth rate corresponds to the fastest growth rate reported to date for oocytes in vivo. Oocytes grown in vitro can reach a size of at least 1.43 mm3, which is larger than the maximum size generally found in vivo. During growth in vitro; oocytes also acquire both a normal pigment pattern and, once they reach about 0.7 mm3, the ability to undergo complete maturation as a response to externally applied progesterone. These results show that Xenopus oocytes freed of their follicular investments are able to grow and differentiate in vitro.", "contents": "Long-term growth and differentiation of Xenopus oocytes in a defined medium. Xenpus laevis oocytes over a size range of 0.15--0.78 mm3 were dissected from their follicles and cultured in a defined medium for up to 28 days. Oocytes grew at average rates of 0.021 mm3.day-1 in the absence of insulin and 0.030 mm3.day-1 in the presence of insulin. The latter average growth rate corresponds to the fastest growth rate reported to date for oocytes in vivo. Oocytes grown in vitro can reach a size of at least 1.43 mm3, which is larger than the maximum size generally found in vivo. During growth in vitro; oocytes also acquire both a normal pigment pattern and, once they reach about 0.7 mm3, the ability to undergo complete maturation as a response to externally applied progesterone. These results show that Xenopus oocytes freed of their follicular investments are able to grow and differentiate in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:281703", "title": "Complex population of mRNA sequences in large polyadenylylated nuclear RNA molecules.", "content": "Polyadenylylated heterogeneous nuclear RNA [poly(A)-hnRNA] from mouse brain was subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels containing CH3HgOH, and molecules larger than 8 kilobases or 13 kilobases were recovered. cDNA was then transcribed from polyadenylylated RNA fragments cleaved from these large molecules. The resulting cDNA hybridized almost to completion with poly(A)-mRNA isolated from mouse brain polysomes. From the hybridization kinetics of this cDNA with its template RNA, it was estimated that the sequence complexity of the 3'-proximal sequences (of the same average size as mRNA) of the greater than 8 kilobase poly(A)-hnRNA was about 57,000 kilobases. The sequence complexity of poly(A)-mRNA, estimated from the template-driven hybridization kinetics of its respective cDNA, was about 110,000 kilobases. It is concluded that most, if not all, of the 3'-proximal sequences of large poly(A)-hnRNA molecules are homologous with mRNA in the mouse brain and that at least 40,000 different mRNA sequences (or portions of mRNA sequences) are represented in the 3'-proximal sequences of greater than 8 kilobase poly(A)-hnRNA.", "contents": "Complex population of mRNA sequences in large polyadenylylated nuclear RNA molecules. Polyadenylylated heterogeneous nuclear RNA [poly(A)-hnRNA] from mouse brain was subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels containing CH3HgOH, and molecules larger than 8 kilobases or 13 kilobases were recovered. cDNA was then transcribed from polyadenylylated RNA fragments cleaved from these large molecules. The resulting cDNA hybridized almost to completion with poly(A)-mRNA isolated from mouse brain polysomes. From the hybridization kinetics of this cDNA with its template RNA, it was estimated that the sequence complexity of the 3'-proximal sequences (of the same average size as mRNA) of the greater than 8 kilobase poly(A)-hnRNA was about 57,000 kilobases. The sequence complexity of poly(A)-mRNA, estimated from the template-driven hybridization kinetics of its respective cDNA, was about 110,000 kilobases. It is concluded that most, if not all, of the 3'-proximal sequences of large poly(A)-hnRNA molecules are homologous with mRNA in the mouse brain and that at least 40,000 different mRNA sequences (or portions of mRNA sequences) are represented in the 3'-proximal sequences of greater than 8 kilobase poly(A)-hnRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:281704", "title": "Amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes are localized to a homogeneously staining region of a single chromosome in a methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line.", "content": "Methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for high resistance by progressive increments of methotrexate in the culture medium have levels of dihydrofolate reductase (tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 7,8-dihydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) 200 times that of sensitive cells and a corresponding increase in the number of copies of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. The resistant cells contain an expanded region on the second chromosome (homogeneously staining region) that is not present in sensitive cells. In situ hybridization of DNA complementary to dihydrofolate reductase mRNA shows that the dihydrofolate reductase genes are specifically localized to the homogeneously staining region of this chromosome in the resistant cells.", "contents": "Amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes are localized to a homogeneously staining region of a single chromosome in a methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line. Methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for high resistance by progressive increments of methotrexate in the culture medium have levels of dihydrofolate reductase (tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 7,8-dihydrofolate: NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) 200 times that of sensitive cells and a corresponding increase in the number of copies of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. The resistant cells contain an expanded region on the second chromosome (homogeneously staining region) that is not present in sensitive cells. In situ hybridization of DNA complementary to dihydrofolate reductase mRNA shows that the dihydrofolate reductase genes are specifically localized to the homogeneously staining region of this chromosome in the resistant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281705", "title": "Monoclonal antibody defining a stage-specific mouse embryonic antigen (SSEA-1).", "content": "A monoclonal antibody derived by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with F9 teratocarcinoma cells is described. This antibody, which reacts with embryonal carcinoma cells of mouse and human origin and with some preimplantation stage mouse embryos, defines an embryonic stage-specific antigen. This stage-specific antigen (SSEA-1) is first detected on blastomeres of 8-cell stage embryos. Trophectodermal cells are transitorily positive; however, each cell in the inner cell mass eventually expresses this antigen.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibody defining a stage-specific mouse embryonic antigen (SSEA-1). A monoclonal antibody derived by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with F9 teratocarcinoma cells is described. This antibody, which reacts with embryonal carcinoma cells of mouse and human origin and with some preimplantation stage mouse embryos, defines an embryonic stage-specific antigen. This stage-specific antigen (SSEA-1) is first detected on blastomeres of 8-cell stage embryos. Trophectodermal cells are transitorily positive; however, each cell in the inner cell mass eventually expresses this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:281706", "title": "Gene duplication in tetraploid fish: model for gene silencing at unlinked duplicated loci.", "content": "Several groups of fishes, including salmonids and catastomids, appear to have originated through genome duplication events. However, these two groups retain approximately 50% of the loci examined as functioning duplicates, despite the passage of 50 million years or more of mutation and selection. Although other effects are not excluded, this apparently slow rate of duplicate silencing can be explained in terms of the effects of selection against defective double homozygotes to unlinked duplicates. We have derived a computer simulation of genetic drift that affords direct evaluation of the effects of population size (N), mutation rate (micron), initial allele frequencies, back mutation, fitness, and time on the probability of fixation for null alleles at unlinked duplicate loci. The results show that this probability is approximately linearly related to population size for N greater than or equal to 10(3). Specifically, for naive populations, the time for 50% probability of gene silencing is approximately equal to 15N + micron-3/4 generations. The retention of 50% of the loci as functional duplicates may therefore result from the large effective size of salmonid and catastomid populations. The results also show that, under most conditions for populations of 2000--3000 or larger, unlinked duplicate loci will be sustained in the functional state longer than tandem (linked) duplicates and hence are available for evolution of new functions for a longer time.", "contents": "Gene duplication in tetraploid fish: model for gene silencing at unlinked duplicated loci. Several groups of fishes, including salmonids and catastomids, appear to have originated through genome duplication events. However, these two groups retain approximately 50% of the loci examined as functioning duplicates, despite the passage of 50 million years or more of mutation and selection. Although other effects are not excluded, this apparently slow rate of duplicate silencing can be explained in terms of the effects of selection against defective double homozygotes to unlinked duplicates. We have derived a computer simulation of genetic drift that affords direct evaluation of the effects of population size (N), mutation rate (micron), initial allele frequencies, back mutation, fitness, and time on the probability of fixation for null alleles at unlinked duplicate loci. The results show that this probability is approximately linearly related to population size for N greater than or equal to 10(3). Specifically, for naive populations, the time for 50% probability of gene silencing is approximately equal to 15N + micron-3/4 generations. The retention of 50% of the loci as functional duplicates may therefore result from the large effective size of salmonid and catastomid populations. The results also show that, under most conditions for populations of 2000--3000 or larger, unlinked duplicate loci will be sustained in the functional state longer than tandem (linked) duplicates and hence are available for evolution of new functions for a longer time."}
{"id": "PMID:281707", "title": "Indirect estimates of mutation rates in tribal Amerindians.", "content": "Three different formulations have been used to estimate the average rate/locus/generation with which mutation results in electrophoretically detectable variants of 28 proteins in 12 tribal Amerindian populations. All methods are indirect--i.e., they assume a reasonable approximation to equilibrium between mutation and loss of mutants from the population--and are based on the further assumption that the biochemical traits under consideration are essentially neutral in their phenotypic effects. Despite the fact that the methods draw on somewhat different aspects of the available data, there is satisfactory agreement between them, the average of the three estimates being 1.6 X 10(-5)/locus/generation. This average does not encompass mutation that does not result in a change in electrophoretic mobility or that results in loss of enzyme activity. It is noteworthy that this estimate is in satisfactory agreement with a recent estimate by Neel and Thompson [Neel, J. V. & Thompson, E. A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1904--1908] of the mutation pressure necessary to maintain the number of \"private\" genetic polymorphisms being encountered in Amerindian tribes, if selection is not a factor.", "contents": "Indirect estimates of mutation rates in tribal Amerindians. Three different formulations have been used to estimate the average rate/locus/generation with which mutation results in electrophoretically detectable variants of 28 proteins in 12 tribal Amerindian populations. All methods are indirect--i.e., they assume a reasonable approximation to equilibrium between mutation and loss of mutants from the population--and are based on the further assumption that the biochemical traits under consideration are essentially neutral in their phenotypic effects. Despite the fact that the methods draw on somewhat different aspects of the available data, there is satisfactory agreement between them, the average of the three estimates being 1.6 X 10(-5)/locus/generation. This average does not encompass mutation that does not result in a change in electrophoretic mobility or that results in loss of enzyme activity. It is noteworthy that this estimate is in satisfactory agreement with a recent estimate by Neel and Thompson [Neel, J. V. & Thompson, E. A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1904--1908] of the mutation pressure necessary to maintain the number of \"private\" genetic polymorphisms being encountered in Amerindian tribes, if selection is not a factor."}
{"id": "PMID:281709", "title": "Species-specific suppression of histone H1 and H2B production in human/mouse hybrids.", "content": "Ten human/mouse hybrid cell lines that segregate either human or mouse chromosomes were examined for the expression of human- and mouse-specific histones H1 and H2B. Results of this study indicate that the human and mouse chromosomes in hybrid cells that segregate human chromosomes (M greater than H hybrids) contain only mouse histone H1 and H2B. Chromosomes in hybrid cells that segregate mouse chromosomes (H greater than M hybrids) contain only human H1 and H2B histones. Loss of the ability to produce either human or mouse histones does not seem to be due to the loss of specific human or mouse chromosomes because M greater than H hybrids retaining at least one copy of each human chromosome contain only mouse H1 and H2B and H greater than M hybrids retaining at least one copy of each mouse chromosome contain only human H1 and H2B histones. These results, together with those concerning histone H4 acetylation levels and ratios of variants of histones H3 and H2A that are like those in the dominant parent cell type, indicate that the control mechanisms affecting H1 and H2B expression in H greater than M and in M greater than H hybrid cells affect expression of histones H2A, H3, and H4 genes as well. The present data thus support the hypothesis that none of the histone genes that are active in the recessive parent cell type is expressed in hybrid lines that segregate recessive cell chromosomes.", "contents": "Species-specific suppression of histone H1 and H2B production in human/mouse hybrids. Ten human/mouse hybrid cell lines that segregate either human or mouse chromosomes were examined for the expression of human- and mouse-specific histones H1 and H2B. Results of this study indicate that the human and mouse chromosomes in hybrid cells that segregate human chromosomes (M greater than H hybrids) contain only mouse histone H1 and H2B. Chromosomes in hybrid cells that segregate mouse chromosomes (H greater than M hybrids) contain only human H1 and H2B histones. Loss of the ability to produce either human or mouse histones does not seem to be due to the loss of specific human or mouse chromosomes because M greater than H hybrids retaining at least one copy of each human chromosome contain only mouse H1 and H2B and H greater than M hybrids retaining at least one copy of each mouse chromosome contain only human H1 and H2B histones. These results, together with those concerning histone H4 acetylation levels and ratios of variants of histones H3 and H2A that are like those in the dominant parent cell type, indicate that the control mechanisms affecting H1 and H2B expression in H greater than M and in M greater than H hybrid cells affect expression of histones H2A, H3, and H4 genes as well. The present data thus support the hypothesis that none of the histone genes that are active in the recessive parent cell type is expressed in hybrid lines that segregate recessive cell chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:281708", "title": "Genetic alterations in potassium transport in L cells.", "content": "Starting with mutagenized cultures of the mouse fibroblastic cell line LM(TK-), we have selected mutant clones by their ability to grow at 0.2 micrometer K+, a concentration unable to support the growth of the parent cell. The mutants fall into two classes on the basis of their potassium transport properties. Both classes maintain a high intracellular K+ concentration when growing in low-potassium medium, and both are unaltered in the ouabain-sensitive Na/K pump. One class shows an increased activity of a ouabain-resistant, furosemide-sensitive K+ transport system; the other class shows a decreased activity of a specific component of K+ efflux.", "contents": "Genetic alterations in potassium transport in L cells. Starting with mutagenized cultures of the mouse fibroblastic cell line LM(TK-), we have selected mutant clones by their ability to grow at 0.2 micrometer K+, a concentration unable to support the growth of the parent cell. The mutants fall into two classes on the basis of their potassium transport properties. Both classes maintain a high intracellular K+ concentration when growing in low-potassium medium, and both are unaltered in the ouabain-sensitive Na/K pump. One class shows an increased activity of a ouabain-resistant, furosemide-sensitive K+ transport system; the other class shows a decreased activity of a specific component of K+ efflux."}
{"id": "PMID:281710", "title": "Cytoplasmic transfer of resistance to antimycin A in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "A mutant subline of V79 Chinese hamster cells resistant to antimycin A (ANT) was obtained by treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate followed by serial selection in ANT-containing medium. Clonal derivatives of the resistant line are less susceptible than parent cells to growth inhibition by ANT in mass populations and show a higher plating efficiency in graded levels of inhibitor. Resistance to ANT is stable in drug-free medium and follows a pattern of incomplete dominance in hybrids between resistant and sensitive cells. No cross-resistance to chloramphenicol or other unrelated compounds was observed. Cytoplasmic transmission of ANT resistance can be readily demonstrated by fusing enucleated cytoplasts from resistant donors to sensitive recipient cells. The resulting cytohybrids (\"cybrids\") grow selectively in ANT but are identical karyotypically with the recipient cell type. As a putative mitochondrial marker, ANT resistance may be usefully combined with chloramphenicol resistance for studies on segregation and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of mammalian cells.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic transfer of resistance to antimycin A in Chinese hamster cells. A mutant subline of V79 Chinese hamster cells resistant to antimycin A (ANT) was obtained by treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate followed by serial selection in ANT-containing medium. Clonal derivatives of the resistant line are less susceptible than parent cells to growth inhibition by ANT in mass populations and show a higher plating efficiency in graded levels of inhibitor. Resistance to ANT is stable in drug-free medium and follows a pattern of incomplete dominance in hybrids between resistant and sensitive cells. No cross-resistance to chloramphenicol or other unrelated compounds was observed. Cytoplasmic transmission of ANT resistance can be readily demonstrated by fusing enucleated cytoplasts from resistant donors to sensitive recipient cells. The resulting cytohybrids (\"cybrids\") grow selectively in ANT but are identical karyotypically with the recipient cell type. As a putative mitochondrial marker, ANT resistance may be usefully combined with chloramphenicol resistance for studies on segregation and recombination in the mitochondrial genome of mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:281711", "title": "Model for evolution of Y chromosomes and dosage compensation.", "content": "Some difficulties with the classical model for the evolution of a genetically invert Y chromosome are discussed. An alternative model is proposed, which is based on the principle of Mullers ratchet; this involves the accumulation of chromosomes bearing deleterious mutant genes in a finite population in the absence of crossing-over. This process would result in the gradual increase, with time, in the number of mutant loci carried in an average Y chromosome, although the frequency of individual deleterious alleles at most loci remains low. It is shown that this creates a selection pressure for differentially increasing the activity of the X chromosome in heterogametic individuals at the expense of that of the Y, leading eventually to a genetically inert Y chromosome and to the evolution of dosage compensation.", "contents": "Model for evolution of Y chromosomes and dosage compensation. Some difficulties with the classical model for the evolution of a genetically invert Y chromosome are discussed. An alternative model is proposed, which is based on the principle of Mullers ratchet; this involves the accumulation of chromosomes bearing deleterious mutant genes in a finite population in the absence of crossing-over. This process would result in the gradual increase, with time, in the number of mutant loci carried in an average Y chromosome, although the frequency of individual deleterious alleles at most loci remains low. It is shown that this creates a selection pressure for differentially increasing the activity of the X chromosome in heterogametic individuals at the expense of that of the Y, leading eventually to a genetically inert Y chromosome and to the evolution of dosage compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:281712", "title": "Location on chromosome 1 of Rnr, a gene that regulates renin in the submaxillary gland of the mouse.", "content": "Renin activity (EC 3.4.99.19) was measured in submaxillary gland extracts from four sets of recombinant inbred mouse strains. Recombination between Rnr, a gene that mediates the susceptibility of submaxillary gland renin to induction by androgen, and Dip-1, a chromosome 1 marker, was found in only 1 of 51 recombinant inbred strains, indicating that the two genes are closely linked on chromosome 1. Renin activity in androgen-treated female mice of all recombinant inbred strains resembled that of one or the other progenitor strains, as expected if a single gene is responsible. Documentation that a single gene can have major effects on renin in the submaxillary gland of the mouse implies that single gene differences might explain known variations in renin in other species.", "contents": "Location on chromosome 1 of Rnr, a gene that regulates renin in the submaxillary gland of the mouse. Renin activity (EC 3.4.99.19) was measured in submaxillary gland extracts from four sets of recombinant inbred mouse strains. Recombination between Rnr, a gene that mediates the susceptibility of submaxillary gland renin to induction by androgen, and Dip-1, a chromosome 1 marker, was found in only 1 of 51 recombinant inbred strains, indicating that the two genes are closely linked on chromosome 1. Renin activity in androgen-treated female mice of all recombinant inbred strains resembled that of one or the other progenitor strains, as expected if a single gene is responsible. Documentation that a single gene can have major effects on renin in the submaxillary gland of the mouse implies that single gene differences might explain known variations in renin in other species."}
{"id": "PMID:281713", "title": "Polymorphism of DNA sequence adjacent to human beta-globin structural gene: relationship to sickle mutation.", "content": "Restriction endonuclease mapping of the human globin genes revealed a genetic variation in a Hpa I recognition site about 5000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the beta-globin structural gene. Instead of a normal 7.6-kilobase (kb) fragment which contains the beta-globin structural gene, 7.0-kb and 13.0-kb variants were detected. Both variants were found in people of African origin and were not detected in Asians or Caucasians. The 13.0-kb variant is frequently associated with the sickle hemoglobin mutation and may be useful for the prediction of the sickle cell gene in prenatal diagnosis. Polymorphism in a restriction enzyme site could be considered as a new class of genetic marker and may offer a new approach to linkage analysis and anthropological studies.", "contents": "Polymorphism of DNA sequence adjacent to human beta-globin structural gene: relationship to sickle mutation. Restriction endonuclease mapping of the human globin genes revealed a genetic variation in a Hpa I recognition site about 5000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the beta-globin structural gene. Instead of a normal 7.6-kilobase (kb) fragment which contains the beta-globin structural gene, 7.0-kb and 13.0-kb variants were detected. Both variants were found in people of African origin and were not detected in Asians or Caucasians. The 13.0-kb variant is frequently associated with the sickle hemoglobin mutation and may be useful for the prediction of the sickle cell gene in prenatal diagnosis. Polymorphism in a restriction enzyme site could be considered as a new class of genetic marker and may offer a new approach to linkage analysis and anthropological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:281714", "title": "Molecular nature of the complement lesion.", "content": "The principle molecular event leading to membrane perturbation by complement is the assembly of the terminal five serum complement components (C5b-C9) into a macromolecular C5b-9 complex on the target membrane [M\u00fcller-Eberhard, H.-J. (1975) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44, 697--723]. The present communication reports on the ability of purified C5b-9 complexes isolated from target membranes to become reincorporated into artificial lipid vesicles. The data indicate that the complex is a vertically oriented, hollow, cylindrical macromolecule possessing lipid-binding regions that enable one terminus to penetrate into the lipid bilayer. A transmembrane pore appears to be created at the attachment site of the C5b-9 complex.", "contents": "Molecular nature of the complement lesion. The principle molecular event leading to membrane perturbation by complement is the assembly of the terminal five serum complement components (C5b-C9) into a macromolecular C5b-9 complex on the target membrane [M\u00fcller-Eberhard, H.-J. (1975) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 44, 697--723]. The present communication reports on the ability of purified C5b-9 complexes isolated from target membranes to become reincorporated into artificial lipid vesicles. The data indicate that the complex is a vertically oriented, hollow, cylindrical macromolecule possessing lipid-binding regions that enable one terminus to penetrate into the lipid bilayer. A transmembrane pore appears to be created at the attachment site of the C5b-9 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:281715", "title": "Steady-state analysis of tracer exchange across the C5b-9 complement lesion in a biological membrane.", "content": "Resealed erythrocyte ghosts have been used to define the kinetics of tracer exchange across the membrane-bound terminal complex of the complement cascade (C5b-9). Under steady-state conditions and at net chemical equilibrium, C5b-9 ghosts showed no significant lysis above control levels as measured by hemoglobin efflux. In 1 mM sucrose at 37 degrees C, [14C]sucrose isotopic exchange diffusion into C5b-9 ghosts occurred at 4.8 (+/- 0.5, SEM) X 10(-20) mol sec-1 per functional lesion, equivalent to an apparent permeability coefficient of 4.8 X 10(-14) cm3 sec-1 for the single C5b-9 lesion. No significant uptake of [14C]sucrose above control levels was observed in C5b67 ghosts. The apparent rate of tracer permeation through the complement lesion is one to two orders of magnitude slower than predicted by a model of a transmembrane channel of dimensions permitting free diffusion of sucrose. The data support earlier assertions from this laboratory that diffusion of small molecules across the complement lesion in biological membranes is significantly restricted.", "contents": "Steady-state analysis of tracer exchange across the C5b-9 complement lesion in a biological membrane. Resealed erythrocyte ghosts have been used to define the kinetics of tracer exchange across the membrane-bound terminal complex of the complement cascade (C5b-9). Under steady-state conditions and at net chemical equilibrium, C5b-9 ghosts showed no significant lysis above control levels as measured by hemoglobin efflux. In 1 mM sucrose at 37 degrees C, [14C]sucrose isotopic exchange diffusion into C5b-9 ghosts occurred at 4.8 (+/- 0.5, SEM) X 10(-20) mol sec-1 per functional lesion, equivalent to an apparent permeability coefficient of 4.8 X 10(-14) cm3 sec-1 for the single C5b-9 lesion. No significant uptake of [14C]sucrose above control levels was observed in C5b67 ghosts. The apparent rate of tracer permeation through the complement lesion is one to two orders of magnitude slower than predicted by a model of a transmembrane channel of dimensions permitting free diffusion of sucrose. The data support earlier assertions from this laboratory that diffusion of small molecules across the complement lesion in biological membranes is significantly restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:281716", "title": "Characterization of immunoglobulin from the Pacific hagfish, a primitive vertebrate.", "content": "Antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate, demonstrable by radioimmunoassay, were elicited in Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, after prolonged immunization with whole cell vaccine. This hagfish antibody, isolated by ion-exchange chromatography of immune serum, exhibited a single precipitin line after immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antiserum to hagfish serum. The isolated antibodies retained high binding activity for the streptococcal carbohydrate, but lacked the natural hemagglutinating activity found in both nonimmune and immune sera. Analysis by gel filtration in neutral and dissociating buffers and by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions indicated an intact molecule of molecular weight approximately 160,000 that may be noncovalently associated in a polymer of higher molecular weight. Heavy chains of mobility identical to that of murine mu chains and light chains of mobility significantly slower than murine lambda chains were obtained after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Instability of the tertiary structure of the antibody molecule was indicated by partial dissociation in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and by dissociation at low concentrations of reducing agent. In contrast to its well-developed system of cell-mediated immunity, only a minimal system of circulating antibody production is evident in this primitive fish. No evidence for divergence of cyclostome lymphocytes into separate T- and B-cell systems has yet been discerned.", "contents": "Characterization of immunoglobulin from the Pacific hagfish, a primitive vertebrate. Antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate, demonstrable by radioimmunoassay, were elicited in Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, after prolonged immunization with whole cell vaccine. This hagfish antibody, isolated by ion-exchange chromatography of immune serum, exhibited a single precipitin line after immunoelectrophoresis against rabbit antiserum to hagfish serum. The isolated antibodies retained high binding activity for the streptococcal carbohydrate, but lacked the natural hemagglutinating activity found in both nonimmune and immune sera. Analysis by gel filtration in neutral and dissociating buffers and by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions indicated an intact molecule of molecular weight approximately 160,000 that may be noncovalently associated in a polymer of higher molecular weight. Heavy chains of mobility identical to that of murine mu chains and light chains of mobility significantly slower than murine lambda chains were obtained after sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. Instability of the tertiary structure of the antibody molecule was indicated by partial dissociation in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and by dissociation at low concentrations of reducing agent. In contrast to its well-developed system of cell-mediated immunity, only a minimal system of circulating antibody production is evident in this primitive fish. No evidence for divergence of cyclostome lymphocytes into separate T- and B-cell systems has yet been discerned."}
{"id": "PMID:281717", "title": "Self-nonself concept for cancer and diseases previously known as \"autoimmune\" diseases (illegitimate transferases/plasma exchange).", "content": "The illegitimate glycosphingolipid antigens of the P blood group system and of the Forssman (Fs) tissue antigen in adenocarcinoma which are foreign to the host suggest the self-nonself concept which applies also to numerous other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gluomerulonephritis, and idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia. In the presence of the glycosphingolipid antigens such as ABO, P, and Fs, the normal serum of the homozygote recessive precursor contains antibodies for the missing antigen(s). The expected antibody to the Fs antigen was present in about 75% of normal men and women. In cancer sera, the incidence of anti-Fs was decreased to about 35-40%. On testing the normal population anti-Fs was present in 90% of the sera in the youngest group, and this value gradually diminished in the older groups; the incidence of the antibody in the 70-year age group was to about 60%. The rate of loss of anti-Fs with increasing years appears to parallel the gradual loss of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin titers. This phenomenon may be associated with the gradual diminution of protein synthesis with aging or the continuous accumulation of soluble immune complexes in the serum, or both. It is suggested that the self-nonself concept is also the basis for the pathogenesis of rhematoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia, and numerous other conditions classified as \"autoimmune\" diseases. Some of these diseases are induced by viruses or drugs or both. When a virus or drug attaches itself to the membrane of a tissue cell, the self is converted to nonself which, in rheumatoid arthiritis, alters its self Ig to nonself Ig.", "contents": "Self-nonself concept for cancer and diseases previously known as \"autoimmune\" diseases (illegitimate transferases/plasma exchange). The illegitimate glycosphingolipid antigens of the P blood group system and of the Forssman (Fs) tissue antigen in adenocarcinoma which are foreign to the host suggest the self-nonself concept which applies also to numerous other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gluomerulonephritis, and idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia. In the presence of the glycosphingolipid antigens such as ABO, P, and Fs, the normal serum of the homozygote recessive precursor contains antibodies for the missing antigen(s). The expected antibody to the Fs antigen was present in about 75% of normal men and women. In cancer sera, the incidence of anti-Fs was decreased to about 35-40%. On testing the normal population anti-Fs was present in 90% of the sera in the youngest group, and this value gradually diminished in the older groups; the incidence of the antibody in the 70-year age group was to about 60%. The rate of loss of anti-Fs with increasing years appears to parallel the gradual loss of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin titers. This phenomenon may be associated with the gradual diminution of protein synthesis with aging or the continuous accumulation of soluble immune complexes in the serum, or both. It is suggested that the self-nonself concept is also the basis for the pathogenesis of rhematoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, idiopathic acute hemolytic anemia, and numerous other conditions classified as \"autoimmune\" diseases. Some of these diseases are induced by viruses or drugs or both. When a virus or drug attaches itself to the membrane of a tissue cell, the self is converted to nonself which, in rheumatoid arthiritis, alters its self Ig to nonself Ig."}
{"id": "PMID:281718", "title": "Characterization of a nontrypsin cholecystokinin converting enzyme in mammalian brain.", "content": "An enzyme has been partially purified from canine and porcine cerebral cortical extracts that differs from trypsin in that it manifests some degree of hormone specificity since it converts porcine cholecystokinin to smaller immunoreactive forms, i.e., the COOH-terminal dodecapeptide and octapeptide fragments, but fails to convert big gastrin (34 amino acids) to heptadecapeptide gastrin. This enzyme is distinguishable from trypsin not only in substrate specificity, but also in several physiochemical properties. It is not inhibited in the presence of concentrations of lima bean trypsin inhibitor sufficient to inhibit 1 mg of trypsin per ml of incubation mixture. It is inactivated when incubated with substrate at 45 degrees C for 1 hr, whereas trypsin remains fully active when incubated under the same conditions at 55 degrees C. The enzyme elutes in the void volume on Sephadex G-50 and G-75 gel filtration. On sucrose gradient centrifugation, the proteolytic activity associated with trypsin is recovered above albumin but that of the solubilized brain enzyme is recovered below gamma globulin. The enzyme is not detectable in splenic extracts, which do contain nonspecific proteases capable of completely degrading cholecystokinin. Further investigation is required to determine whether the enzyme in the gut that converts cholecystokinin to the bioactive and immunoactive COOH-terminal fragments resembles or is different from the brain converting enzyme.", "contents": "Characterization of a nontrypsin cholecystokinin converting enzyme in mammalian brain. An enzyme has been partially purified from canine and porcine cerebral cortical extracts that differs from trypsin in that it manifests some degree of hormone specificity since it converts porcine cholecystokinin to smaller immunoreactive forms, i.e., the COOH-terminal dodecapeptide and octapeptide fragments, but fails to convert big gastrin (34 amino acids) to heptadecapeptide gastrin. This enzyme is distinguishable from trypsin not only in substrate specificity, but also in several physiochemical properties. It is not inhibited in the presence of concentrations of lima bean trypsin inhibitor sufficient to inhibit 1 mg of trypsin per ml of incubation mixture. It is inactivated when incubated with substrate at 45 degrees C for 1 hr, whereas trypsin remains fully active when incubated under the same conditions at 55 degrees C. The enzyme elutes in the void volume on Sephadex G-50 and G-75 gel filtration. On sucrose gradient centrifugation, the proteolytic activity associated with trypsin is recovered above albumin but that of the solubilized brain enzyme is recovered below gamma globulin. The enzyme is not detectable in splenic extracts, which do contain nonspecific proteases capable of completely degrading cholecystokinin. Further investigation is required to determine whether the enzyme in the gut that converts cholecystokinin to the bioactive and immunoactive COOH-terminal fragments resembles or is different from the brain converting enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:281719", "title": "Generation of b-wave currents in the skate retina.", "content": "Potassium kinetics within the skate retina were monitored extracellularly with K+-selective electrodes. Two sources of K+ efflux were detected in response to photic stimulation: one in the distal retina in the region of the outer plexiform layer, and the other at a more proximal location near the border between the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. The magnitude of the K+ efflux at these retinal depths was affected differently by spot and full-field illumination, suggesting that the two sources originate from different classes of neuron. There is evidence that both sources are associated with current sinks provided by the M\u00fcller cells, thereby establishing radial current paths along the lengths of these elements. We have proposed a model in which asymmetries in the magnitudes of these currents give rise to the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Extracellular field potentials recorded differentially at various retinal depths, and in response to changes in stimulus configuration, were consistent with predictions of the model.", "contents": "Generation of b-wave currents in the skate retina. Potassium kinetics within the skate retina were monitored extracellularly with K+-selective electrodes. Two sources of K+ efflux were detected in response to photic stimulation: one in the distal retina in the region of the outer plexiform layer, and the other at a more proximal location near the border between the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. The magnitude of the K+ efflux at these retinal depths was affected differently by spot and full-field illumination, suggesting that the two sources originate from different classes of neuron. There is evidence that both sources are associated with current sinks provided by the M\u00fcller cells, thereby establishing radial current paths along the lengths of these elements. We have proposed a model in which asymmetries in the magnitudes of these currents give rise to the b-wave of the electroretinogram. Extracellular field potentials recorded differentially at various retinal depths, and in response to changes in stimulus configuration, were consistent with predictions of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:281720", "title": "Evidence for mediation of a neuronal interaction by a behaviorally active peptide.", "content": "Egg laying hormone, a peptide neurohormone with an approximate molecular weight of 6000, was isolated from the region of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia that contains the neuroendocrine bag cells and purified by gel filtration chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and dialysis. A 1-min local application of egg laying hormone to the identified neuron R15 produced prolonged (greater than 1 hr) augmentation of impulse activity in this neuron. The distinctive quality and prolonged duration of the response are apparently identical to the previously described response to electrically elicited bag cell activity. The results provide evidence that egg laying hormone is the mediator of this prolonged neuronal interaction.", "contents": "Evidence for mediation of a neuronal interaction by a behaviorally active peptide. Egg laying hormone, a peptide neurohormone with an approximate molecular weight of 6000, was isolated from the region of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia that contains the neuroendocrine bag cells and purified by gel filtration chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and dialysis. A 1-min local application of egg laying hormone to the identified neuron R15 produced prolonged (greater than 1 hr) augmentation of impulse activity in this neuron. The distinctive quality and prolonged duration of the response are apparently identical to the previously described response to electrically elicited bag cell activity. The results provide evidence that egg laying hormone is the mediator of this prolonged neuronal interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:281746", "title": "[Gardner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Gardner's syndrome is an association of rectopolyposis, to which the prognosis is related, with bony lesions : osteomas, essentially craniofacial, and osteocementosis : dental : multiple inclusions, supernumerary teeth; and cutaneous manifestations : lipomas, adenomas, fibromas ; and sometimes desmoid tumours, either cutaneous at the site of an abdominal scar, sometimes mesenteric. This complex histodysplasia, subject to the possibility of complications where it occurs (in particular craniofacial osteomas) requires digestive surveillance and further treatment when necessary : colectomy with colo-rectal anastomosis associated with coagulation diathermy of rectal polyps. When the latter is impossible, abdominoperineal excision of the rectum is followed by permanent ileostomy.", "contents": "[Gardner's syndrome (author's transl)]. Gardner's syndrome is an association of rectopolyposis, to which the prognosis is related, with bony lesions : osteomas, essentially craniofacial, and osteocementosis : dental : multiple inclusions, supernumerary teeth; and cutaneous manifestations : lipomas, adenomas, fibromas ; and sometimes desmoid tumours, either cutaneous at the site of an abdominal scar, sometimes mesenteric. This complex histodysplasia, subject to the possibility of complications where it occurs (in particular craniofacial osteomas) requires digestive surveillance and further treatment when necessary : colectomy with colo-rectal anastomosis associated with coagulation diathermy of rectal polyps. When the latter is impossible, abdominoperineal excision of the rectum is followed by permanent ileostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:281747", "title": "[Cyst of the nostril (author's transl)].", "content": "Cysts at the edge of the nostril develop from the remains of the antero-inferior prolongation of the lacrimonasal duct, in approximately 98% of cases in the woman. It is a rare condition, the diagnosis of which is easy if the practitioner has ever seen a case. Its clinical appearance is, in fact, very uniform, characterised by the appearance and increase in size of the extra-osseous neoplasm, with extension into and under the nostril. Excision is easy and should be performed by a buccal approach.", "contents": "[Cyst of the nostril (author's transl)]. Cysts at the edge of the nostril develop from the remains of the antero-inferior prolongation of the lacrimonasal duct, in approximately 98% of cases in the woman. It is a rare condition, the diagnosis of which is easy if the practitioner has ever seen a case. Its clinical appearance is, in fact, very uniform, characterised by the appearance and increase in size of the extra-osseous neoplasm, with extension into and under the nostril. Excision is easy and should be performed by a buccal approach."}
{"id": "PMID:281748", "title": "[The equivalent of the Morel-Lavalle syndrome in the cheek associated to a fistula of Stensen's duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of post-traumatic jugal lymphatical effusions associated to a fistula of Stensen's Duct. The lesions have healed by placing a suction drainage without modelling catheterism.", "contents": "[The equivalent of the Morel-Lavalle syndrome in the cheek associated to a fistula of Stensen's duct (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of post-traumatic jugal lymphatical effusions associated to a fistula of Stensen's Duct. The lesions have healed by placing a suction drainage without modelling catheterism."}
{"id": "PMID:281749", "title": "[Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare case of osteocartilaginous exostosis, also called osteochondroma, is described. The resection of the tumor through an extra-oral incision is the treatment of choice. The follow-up covers a period of 4 years. No relapse was observed and postoperatively the function of the temporomandibular joint was practically normal.", "contents": "[Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle. Case report (author's transl)]. A rare case of osteocartilaginous exostosis, also called osteochondroma, is described. The resection of the tumor through an extra-oral incision is the treatment of choice. The follow-up covers a period of 4 years. No relapse was observed and postoperatively the function of the temporomandibular joint was practically normal."}
{"id": "PMID:281750", "title": "[Surgico-orthodontic recovery of horizontal impacted second and third lower molars (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 cases of horizontal impacted second molars seen between 1951 and 1961, the authors were able to remove or ensure removal of the gum overlying the crowns of these teeth, to make a small transverse horizontal hole below the mesial neck, and straighten them in an average period of 5 months with the use of an auxiliary spring on a plate or better on a vestibular arch (figs 5 and 6). The constant success of this method led them to use if for impacted lower wisdom teeth, even when almost horizontal (figs 1, 2, 3, 4) in patients aged between 17 and 20 years, avoiding their removal.", "contents": "[Surgico-orthodontic recovery of horizontal impacted second and third lower molars (author's transl)]. In 6 cases of horizontal impacted second molars seen between 1951 and 1961, the authors were able to remove or ensure removal of the gum overlying the crowns of these teeth, to make a small transverse horizontal hole below the mesial neck, and straighten them in an average period of 5 months with the use of an auxiliary spring on a plate or better on a vestibular arch (figs 5 and 6). The constant success of this method led them to use if for impacted lower wisdom teeth, even when almost horizontal (figs 1, 2, 3, 4) in patients aged between 17 and 20 years, avoiding their removal."}
{"id": "PMID:281751", "title": "[The advantage of marginal glossectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The marginal glossectomies may be extended without disadvantage to the whole margin of the tongue and give a reduction in the volume of the tongue on the margins and, in some cases, before.", "contents": "[The advantage of marginal glossectomy (author's transl)]. The marginal glossectomies may be extended without disadvantage to the whole margin of the tongue and give a reduction in the volume of the tongue on the margins and, in some cases, before."}
{"id": "PMID:281752", "title": "[Technique of glossectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Glossectomy is performed in order to reduce the size of the tongue. There are four types:--median anterior glossectomy, the most classical being median lozenge glossectomy;--central glossectomy which does not touch the peripheral border of the tongue;--glossectomy combining these two methods;--marginal glossectomy which may be segmental or extended to involve the whole of the perimeter of the tongue.", "contents": "[Technique of glossectomy (author's transl)]. Glossectomy is performed in order to reduce the size of the tongue. There are four types:--median anterior glossectomy, the most classical being median lozenge glossectomy;--central glossectomy which does not touch the peripheral border of the tongue;--glossectomy combining these two methods;--marginal glossectomy which may be segmental or extended to involve the whole of the perimeter of the tongue."}
{"id": "PMID:281753", "title": "Acute and protracted effects of vinblastine on odontoblasts and dentinogenesis in rat incisors.", "content": "The effects of a large dose of vinblastine sulfate (2 mg/kg body weight) on proliferating odontoblast precursors and secretory odontoblasts in the continuously growing rat incisor were studied. The rats were killed 6 h, 24 h, 3 d and 7 d after vinblastine injection. Most cells in the proliferating zone contained arrested mitoses, or had perished after 24 h. After 3 and 7 d, the odontoblasts derived from this zone were reduced in number, and showed altered cell shapes. The odontoblasts had produced irregular dentin. The secretory odontoblasts had displaced nuclei and altered cell shapes after 24 h. Those most affected were opposite early mineralized dentin. In some incisors the cells had perished. In the protracted experiments almost all the odontoblasts were changed and had produced abnormal dentin. In the early mineralized dentin area, accumulations of cells were present after 3 d, and osteodentin-like material after 7 d.", "contents": "Acute and protracted effects of vinblastine on odontoblasts and dentinogenesis in rat incisors. The effects of a large dose of vinblastine sulfate (2 mg/kg body weight) on proliferating odontoblast precursors and secretory odontoblasts in the continuously growing rat incisor were studied. The rats were killed 6 h, 24 h, 3 d and 7 d after vinblastine injection. Most cells in the proliferating zone contained arrested mitoses, or had perished after 24 h. After 3 and 7 d, the odontoblasts derived from this zone were reduced in number, and showed altered cell shapes. The odontoblasts had produced irregular dentin. The secretory odontoblasts had displaced nuclei and altered cell shapes after 24 h. Those most affected were opposite early mineralized dentin. In some incisors the cells had perished. In the protracted experiments almost all the odontoblasts were changed and had produced abnormal dentin. In the early mineralized dentin area, accumulations of cells were present after 3 d, and osteodentin-like material after 7 d."}
{"id": "PMID:281754", "title": "Histochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase in developing rat teeth and bone.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.) in developing teeth and in bone has been studied. Prior to hard tissue function a rather high enzyme activity was noted in differentiating odontoblasts, stratum intermedium, and outer enamel epithelium. A lower activity was observed in the cells of the dental papilla and stellate reticulum. After the onset of hard tissue formation the alkaline phosphatase activity was generally increased. Enzyme activity was also found in the proximal part of tall, secretory ameloblasts. In the short postsecretory ameloblasts a high enzyme activity was noted. At the onset of dentin mineralization there was an increase in enzyme activity in the cells of the subodontoblastic layer. In bone the highest alkaline phosphatase activity was found in osteoblasts. A difference was noted between the alkaline phosphatase of hard and soft tissues by means of the addition of inhibitors to the incubation media. Within the hard tissues it was possible to distinguish between two alkaline phosphatases after pretreatment with heat (56 degrees C) or the addition of specific inhibitors (sodium metavandate, ortho-and pyrophosphate). An isoenzyme which was sensitive to these procedures was demonstrated in odontoblasts and in the pulpal connective tissue. Another alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme, which was resistant to pretreatment with heat or the addition of vanadate or phosphate, was demonstrated in the subodontoblastic cell layer, stratum intermedium and the outer cells of the reduced enamel epithelium.", "contents": "Histochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase in developing rat teeth and bone. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.) in developing teeth and in bone has been studied. Prior to hard tissue function a rather high enzyme activity was noted in differentiating odontoblasts, stratum intermedium, and outer enamel epithelium. A lower activity was observed in the cells of the dental papilla and stellate reticulum. After the onset of hard tissue formation the alkaline phosphatase activity was generally increased. Enzyme activity was also found in the proximal part of tall, secretory ameloblasts. In the short postsecretory ameloblasts a high enzyme activity was noted. At the onset of dentin mineralization there was an increase in enzyme activity in the cells of the subodontoblastic layer. In bone the highest alkaline phosphatase activity was found in osteoblasts. A difference was noted between the alkaline phosphatase of hard and soft tissues by means of the addition of inhibitors to the incubation media. Within the hard tissues it was possible to distinguish between two alkaline phosphatases after pretreatment with heat (56 degrees C) or the addition of specific inhibitors (sodium metavandate, ortho-and pyrophosphate). An isoenzyme which was sensitive to these procedures was demonstrated in odontoblasts and in the pulpal connective tissue. Another alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme, which was resistant to pretreatment with heat or the addition of vanadate or phosphate, was demonstrated in the subodontoblastic cell layer, stratum intermedium and the outer cells of the reduced enamel epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:281755", "title": "Effect of vincristine on odontoblasts in rat incisor.", "content": "Vincristine in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg was administered to 60 rats in four groups. Histomorphologic investigation of the odontoblast population in the maxillary incisors revealed dose-dependent reactions consisting of (1) swelling of the odontoblasts and an accumulation of abnormal mitotic cells in the germinative parts of the pulp after 5 h, (2) a supervening necrosis and destruction of some odontoblasts and of the mitotic cells after 24 h, and (3) after 3 d, a reversal to normal structure in some parts of the odontoblast population, but a further development of the vincristine-induced changes, with severe cellular derangement and irregular predentin production, in others.", "contents": "Effect of vincristine on odontoblasts in rat incisor. Vincristine in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg was administered to 60 rats in four groups. Histomorphologic investigation of the odontoblast population in the maxillary incisors revealed dose-dependent reactions consisting of (1) swelling of the odontoblasts and an accumulation of abnormal mitotic cells in the germinative parts of the pulp after 5 h, (2) a supervening necrosis and destruction of some odontoblasts and of the mitotic cells after 24 h, and (3) after 3 d, a reversal to normal structure in some parts of the odontoblast population, but a further development of the vincristine-induced changes, with severe cellular derangement and irregular predentin production, in others."}
{"id": "PMID:281756", "title": "Hereditary fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva with varying penetrance and expressivity.", "content": "A kindred affected with hereditary fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva with varying penetrance and expressivity is described. Most of the affected members were short in stature. The pedigree strongly suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The penetrance of the trait varied, and three unaffected persons had transmitted the disease to their offspring. There were two modes of expression. The mild form showed only bilateral rugose thickening of the palate, whereas the severe form showed gingival hyperplasia in addition to changes in the palatal mucosa. The changes were already present at birth. Histological examination showed large amounts of alcian blue-positive extracellular material in the subepithelial connective tissue of the hyperplastic mucosa. Loose collagen-poor connective tissue with alcian blue-positive extracellular material and dense collagen-rich connective tissue in the rugose projections of the palatal mucosa were often segregated.", "contents": "Hereditary fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva with varying penetrance and expressivity. A kindred affected with hereditary fibrous hyperplasia of the gingiva with varying penetrance and expressivity is described. Most of the affected members were short in stature. The pedigree strongly suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The penetrance of the trait varied, and three unaffected persons had transmitted the disease to their offspring. There were two modes of expression. The mild form showed only bilateral rugose thickening of the palate, whereas the severe form showed gingival hyperplasia in addition to changes in the palatal mucosa. The changes were already present at birth. Histological examination showed large amounts of alcian blue-positive extracellular material in the subepithelial connective tissue of the hyperplastic mucosa. Loose collagen-poor connective tissue with alcian blue-positive extracellular material and dense collagen-rich connective tissue in the rugose projections of the palatal mucosa were often segregated."}
{"id": "PMID:281757", "title": "Clinical and radiographic study of pulpectomy and root canal therapy.", "content": "A clinical and radiographic reexamination of 2,459 roots 2-7 years after initial pulpectomy or root canal therapy is presented. The overall success rate, which was 53%, was not affected by the sex or age of the patient, or by the jaw in which the tooth was situated. The tooth group, however, had a significant influence on the success rate, the worst results being obtained for incisors and especially the mandibular central and maxillary lateral incisors. The prognosis was clearly better for the pulpectomies than for the root canal therapy. Mortal pulpectomy was found to succeed more often than vital. The presence of a primary periapical rarefaction worsened the success rate. The success rate was lower for the teeth in which a posttreatment prosthetic crown had been fitted. Fillings which went beyond the apex had a significantly lower success rate than those which nearly or exactly reached the apex.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic study of pulpectomy and root canal therapy. A clinical and radiographic reexamination of 2,459 roots 2-7 years after initial pulpectomy or root canal therapy is presented. The overall success rate, which was 53%, was not affected by the sex or age of the patient, or by the jaw in which the tooth was situated. The tooth group, however, had a significant influence on the success rate, the worst results being obtained for incisors and especially the mandibular central and maxillary lateral incisors. The prognosis was clearly better for the pulpectomies than for the root canal therapy. Mortal pulpectomy was found to succeed more often than vital. The presence of a primary periapical rarefaction worsened the success rate. The success rate was lower for the teeth in which a posttreatment prosthetic crown had been fitted. Fillings which went beyond the apex had a significantly lower success rate than those which nearly or exactly reached the apex."}
{"id": "PMID:281758", "title": "Electron microscopy of exfoliated cells of human oral mucosa.", "content": "Exfoliated cells of the human buccal mucosa were studied in 35 adults. All cells showed signs of necrosis: condensation of nuclear chromatin, dilated mitochondria with flocculent densities, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes detached from the endoplasmic membranes, aggregates of degenerated organelles in the cytoplasm, and discontinuity of nuclear and plasma membranes. Desmosomes were preserved in cells exfoliated in groups, but in single cells the former sites of desmosomes were only occasionally identified. The cells contained filaments about 150 A in diameter, often arranged in bundles around aggregates of degenerated organelles. Ruthenium red stained the glycocalyx of the epithelial cells and the capsule of accompanying bacteria. The glycocalyx did not appear to contribute to binding the bacteria to cell surfaces. The findings are discussed in the light of recent studies on cell necrosis, and culminate in a hypothesis to explain exfoliation of cells of the oral epithelium.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of exfoliated cells of human oral mucosa. Exfoliated cells of the human buccal mucosa were studied in 35 adults. All cells showed signs of necrosis: condensation of nuclear chromatin, dilated mitochondria with flocculent densities, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes detached from the endoplasmic membranes, aggregates of degenerated organelles in the cytoplasm, and discontinuity of nuclear and plasma membranes. Desmosomes were preserved in cells exfoliated in groups, but in single cells the former sites of desmosomes were only occasionally identified. The cells contained filaments about 150 A in diameter, often arranged in bundles around aggregates of degenerated organelles. Ruthenium red stained the glycocalyx of the epithelial cells and the capsule of accompanying bacteria. The glycocalyx did not appear to contribute to binding the bacteria to cell surfaces. The findings are discussed in the light of recent studies on cell necrosis, and culminate in a hypothesis to explain exfoliation of cells of the oral epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:281759", "title": "Barrier properties of inflamed denture-loaded palatal mucosa to water.", "content": "The barrier property of inflamed palatal mucosa to water has been studied in eight adult edentulous persons with a generalized denture stomatitis, by measuring the transmucosal water flow under varying osmotic gradients. Flow rates were registered gravimetrically in solute saturated filter paper discs after 10-min periods of mucosal contact, using solutions with an osmolarity of 0, 0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.50 and 0.75 osmol sucrose/l. The histology of the mucosal areas was evaluated from cytologic scrapings, and biopsy material from two persons. The inflow with use of pure water was 2.98 mg/cm2/10 min, being about three and a half times greater than through the intact mucosal surface. The point of isotony of the inflamed mucosa ranged between 0.30 and 0.36 with a mean value of 0.33 osmol/l, thus being of the same magnitude as in plasma and tissue fluid. The observations from the biopsy material were in accordance with earlier histological evidence from generalized denture stomatitis, indicating that the permeability properties of the inflamed mucosa belonged to epithelial cell layers located in the lower part of the spinous layer.", "contents": "Barrier properties of inflamed denture-loaded palatal mucosa to water. The barrier property of inflamed palatal mucosa to water has been studied in eight adult edentulous persons with a generalized denture stomatitis, by measuring the transmucosal water flow under varying osmotic gradients. Flow rates were registered gravimetrically in solute saturated filter paper discs after 10-min periods of mucosal contact, using solutions with an osmolarity of 0, 0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.50 and 0.75 osmol sucrose/l. The histology of the mucosal areas was evaluated from cytologic scrapings, and biopsy material from two persons. The inflow with use of pure water was 2.98 mg/cm2/10 min, being about three and a half times greater than through the intact mucosal surface. The point of isotony of the inflamed mucosa ranged between 0.30 and 0.36 with a mean value of 0.33 osmol/l, thus being of the same magnitude as in plasma and tissue fluid. The observations from the biopsy material were in accordance with earlier histological evidence from generalized denture stomatitis, indicating that the permeability properties of the inflamed mucosa belonged to epithelial cell layers located in the lower part of the spinous layer."}
{"id": "PMID:281760", "title": "Experimental Candida-induced denture stomatitis in the Wistar rat.", "content": "An experimental model of yeast-induced denture stomatitis has been set up in the rat by inoculating Candida albicans on the fitting side of a maxillary acrylic plate retained by an orthodontic band around the incisors. Thirty-eight Wistar rats were used in two series of experiments with an observation period of 2 weeks. In each of the series there were one control and three experimental groups. Control rats were left untreated, while rats of the experimental groups wore either uninoculated or inoculated plates, or had their palatal mucosa smeared with the yeast. For cytologic examination the palate was scraped in Series I and the fitting side of the plate in Series II. After 1 week a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of most animals of the experimental groups. It was most severe and persistent in rats with inoculated plates. Histologic signs of inflammation and hyphal formation were also most pronounced in this group. Hyphae did not invade the epithelium. Except for an initial loss of body weight, which was restored by day 10 or 12, the rats tolerated their plates. The Wistar rat seems to be well suited for experimental studies on denture stomatitis.", "contents": "Experimental Candida-induced denture stomatitis in the Wistar rat. An experimental model of yeast-induced denture stomatitis has been set up in the rat by inoculating Candida albicans on the fitting side of a maxillary acrylic plate retained by an orthodontic band around the incisors. Thirty-eight Wistar rats were used in two series of experiments with an observation period of 2 weeks. In each of the series there were one control and three experimental groups. Control rats were left untreated, while rats of the experimental groups wore either uninoculated or inoculated plates, or had their palatal mucosa smeared with the yeast. For cytologic examination the palate was scraped in Series I and the fitting side of the plate in Series II. After 1 week a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of most animals of the experimental groups. It was most severe and persistent in rats with inoculated plates. Histologic signs of inflammation and hyphal formation were also most pronounced in this group. Hyphae did not invade the epithelium. Except for an initial loss of body weight, which was restored by day 10 or 12, the rats tolerated their plates. The Wistar rat seems to be well suited for experimental studies on denture stomatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:281761", "title": "Abrasive wear of filled and unfilled resins in vitro.", "content": "The present investigation was initiated to evaluate the wear resistance of filled and unfilled resins which may be suitable for fissure sealing. Two commercial unfilled resins (Adaptic Glaze and Delton), three degrees of diluted composite (Adaptic diluted with Adaptic Bonding Agent) and undiluted composite (Adaptic) were studied. Abrasion was caused by 400-grit silicon carbide paper in a mechanical surface grinder. Ten specimens of each of the material samples were tested. The unfilled resins were  abraded three to six times more readily than the composite samples. Undiluted composite was the most resistant, whereas samples of increasing degrees of dilution were abraded to increasing extents. However, even the most diluted composite, although very fluid, was at least three times more resistant than the unfilled samples. The results of this study indicate that adding inorganic filler particles to a resin, even in small amounts, greatly enhances the wear resistance of such materials.", "contents": "Abrasive wear of filled and unfilled resins in vitro. The present investigation was initiated to evaluate the wear resistance of filled and unfilled resins which may be suitable for fissure sealing. Two commercial unfilled resins (Adaptic Glaze and Delton), three degrees of diluted composite (Adaptic diluted with Adaptic Bonding Agent) and undiluted composite (Adaptic) were studied. Abrasion was caused by 400-grit silicon carbide paper in a mechanical surface grinder. Ten specimens of each of the material samples were tested. The unfilled resins were  abraded three to six times more readily than the composite samples. Undiluted composite was the most resistant, whereas samples of increasing degrees of dilution were abraded to increasing extents. However, even the most diluted composite, although very fluid, was at least three times more resistant than the unfilled samples. The results of this study indicate that adding inorganic filler particles to a resin, even in small amounts, greatly enhances the wear resistance of such materials."}
{"id": "PMID:281762", "title": "Reasons for replacement of amalgam dental restorations.", "content": "Recurrent caries appears to be the most frequently occurring reason for replacement of amalgam dental restorations. Recent developments of amalgam alloys have improved the clinical appearance of such fillings but the possible influence on their durability is uncertain.", "contents": "Reasons for replacement of amalgam dental restorations. Recurrent caries appears to be the most frequently occurring reason for replacement of amalgam dental restorations. Recent developments of amalgam alloys have improved the clinical appearance of such fillings but the possible influence on their durability is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:281763", "title": "Creep and beta1 formation in dental amalgam.", "content": "Measurements of creep, beta1 phase content and gamma1 lattice parameter were performed on four conventional amalgams stored at 37 degrees C up to 2 years. The creep values  and lattice parameters decreased and the beta1 content increased during this period; the most prominent alterations took place within the first 6 months.", "contents": "Creep and beta1 formation in dental amalgam. Measurements of creep, beta1 phase content and gamma1 lattice parameter were performed on four conventional amalgams stored at 37 degrees C up to 2 years. The creep values  and lattice parameters decreased and the beta1 content increased during this period; the most prominent alterations took place within the first 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:281764", "title": "Contamination of toothpaste and toothbrush by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Toothbrushes and toothpaste tubes used by persons infected with S. mutans were examined for the presence of this microorganism. Fifteen minutes after brushing greater than 10(6) S. mutans were isolated from the toothbrushes and after ordinary storage for 24 h 10(4) were recovered. From two out of 10 toothpaste tubes S. mutans was isolated from the orifice of the tube. The implications of these findings for the spread of the microorganism are discussed.", "contents": "Contamination of toothpaste and toothbrush by Streptococcus mutans. Toothbrushes and toothpaste tubes used by persons infected with S. mutans were examined for the presence of this microorganism. Fifteen minutes after brushing greater than 10(6) S. mutans were isolated from the toothbrushes and after ordinary storage for 24 h 10(4) were recovered. From two out of 10 toothpaste tubes S. mutans was isolated from the orifice of the tube. The implications of these findings for the spread of the microorganism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281765", "title": "Effects of local anesthetics on the respiratory activity in vitro of cells in the dental pulp.", "content": "The respiratory activity of isolated dental pulps from rat incisors was studied using a Gilson respirometer. The activity was compared with activities after administration of varying concentrations of commercial standard solutions of lidocaine with and without adrenaline and prilocaine with felypressin. Above a 2.5% concentration of the standard solution added to the respiratory medium a significant inhibition was registered.", "contents": "Effects of local anesthetics on the respiratory activity in vitro of cells in the dental pulp. The respiratory activity of isolated dental pulps from rat incisors was studied using a Gilson respirometer. The activity was compared with activities after administration of varying concentrations of commercial standard solutions of lidocaine with and without adrenaline and prilocaine with felypressin. Above a 2.5% concentration of the standard solution added to the respiratory medium a significant inhibition was registered."}
{"id": "PMID:281766", "title": "Pseudo-Chediak-Higashi anomaly in promyelocytic leukaemia associated with intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Giant granules were present in the cytoplasm of marrow granulocytes and in abnormal immature leucocytes circulating in the blood of a patient with promyelocytic leukaemia associated with intravascular coagulation. These granules resembled those seen in Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "contents": "Pseudo-Chediak-Higashi anomaly in promyelocytic leukaemia associated with intravascular coagulation. Giant granules were present in the cytoplasm of marrow granulocytes and in abnormal immature leucocytes circulating in the blood of a patient with promyelocytic leukaemia associated with intravascular coagulation. These granules resembled those seen in Chediak-Higashi syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:281767", "title": "Acute eosinophilo-myelomonocytic leukaemia, one of the 'in between leukaemias'.", "content": "A patient is reported to have an in between type of acute myeloid leukaemia, namely acute eosinophilomyelomonocytic leukaemia. The blasts in the peripheral blood showed a definite transition towards immature monocytes. The bone marrow contained 65% blasts and 13% eosinophil promyelocytes. The large number of immature eosinophils in the bone marrow strongly support the view that they were part of the leukaemic process and not merely a reactive eosinophilia.", "contents": "Acute eosinophilo-myelomonocytic leukaemia, one of the 'in between leukaemias'. A patient is reported to have an in between type of acute myeloid leukaemia, namely acute eosinophilomyelomonocytic leukaemia. The blasts in the peripheral blood showed a definite transition towards immature monocytes. The bone marrow contained 65% blasts and 13% eosinophil promyelocytes. The large number of immature eosinophils in the bone marrow strongly support the view that they were part of the leukaemic process and not merely a reactive eosinophilia."}
{"id": "PMID:281768", "title": "Program evaluation as health services research.", "content": "Evaluation of health program is necessary for more rational allocation of scarce resources. Steps in evaluation include: 1)Specification of the program goals, 2) Description of the program, 3) Definition and measurement of outcome, 4) Assessment of intervening variables, 5) Analysis of data, and 6) Implementation of findings. Examples from impirical evaluation studies are presented to illustrate one practical application of these steps. While the random controlled trial is a most powerful tool, it is very difficult to apply in complex human services programs. In the future, more use of multivariate matching of groups to approximate a quasi experimental situation will be needed. Education of health professionals in methods of evaluation is necessary to promote planned improvement in health services.", "contents": "Program evaluation as health services research. Evaluation of health program is necessary for more rational allocation of scarce resources. Steps in evaluation include: 1)Specification of the program goals, 2) Description of the program, 3) Definition and measurement of outcome, 4) Assessment of intervening variables, 5) Analysis of data, and 6) Implementation of findings. Examples from impirical evaluation studies are presented to illustrate one practical application of these steps. While the random controlled trial is a most powerful tool, it is very difficult to apply in complex human services programs. In the future, more use of multivariate matching of groups to approximate a quasi experimental situation will be needed. Education of health professionals in methods of evaluation is necessary to promote planned improvement in health services."}
{"id": "PMID:281774", "title": "Posterior uveitis and retinal dystrophy. A case report.", "content": "A 40-year-old patient with a bilateral posterior uveitis is presented and it is suggested that this may be a reflection of an underlying dystrophy.", "contents": "Posterior uveitis and retinal dystrophy. A case report. A 40-year-old patient with a bilateral posterior uveitis is presented and it is suggested that this may be a reflection of an underlying dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:281775", "title": "Retinal detachment surgery. Buckling procedures and drainage of subretinal fluid.", "content": "The encircling procedure, while still an important part of succesful retinal detachment surgery, has been found to be unnecessary in a wide variety of retinal detachments which can be more simply treated by local buckles. A much more important aspect of the detachment procedure, however, is the avoidance where possible of drainage of subretinal fluid.", "contents": "Retinal detachment surgery. Buckling procedures and drainage of subretinal fluid. The encircling procedure, while still an important part of succesful retinal detachment surgery, has been found to be unnecessary in a wide variety of retinal detachments which can be more simply treated by local buckles. A much more important aspect of the detachment procedure, however, is the avoidance where possible of drainage of subretinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:281779", "title": "Management of diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "There is now evidence from clinical trials that patients with diabetic retinopathy treated by photocoagulation may have their visual life extended, so that they may lead socially, professionally, and economically independent lives. The establishment of treatment centres for photocoagulation is now urgently required. The exact indications and techniques are not clearly defined.", "contents": "Management of diabetic retinopathy. There is now evidence from clinical trials that patients with diabetic retinopathy treated by photocoagulation may have their visual life extended, so that they may lead socially, professionally, and economically independent lives. The establishment of treatment centres for photocoagulation is now urgently required. The exact indications and techniques are not clearly defined."}
{"id": "PMID:281782", "title": "The Fyodorov intraocular lens.", "content": "The Russian-made Fyodorov intraocular lens has been inserted into one hundred eyes. The installation and the postoperative course has been no more difficult than that experienced with other types of lens, and it has not been necessary to remove any of them.", "contents": "The Fyodorov intraocular lens. The Russian-made Fyodorov intraocular lens has been inserted into one hundred eyes. The installation and the postoperative course has been no more difficult than that experienced with other types of lens, and it has not been necessary to remove any of them."}
{"id": "PMID:281795", "title": "Effect of photocoagulation on the barrier function of the pigment epithelium. II. A study by electron microscopy.", "content": "The healing of retinal photocoagulation burns and their permeability to colloidal carbon and horseradish peroxidase was studied by electron microscopy. Recent burns showed disruption of intercellular junctions in the pigment epithelium. By 2 days there was infiltration of the burn by proliferating pigment epithelial cells, and by 7 days the burn was composed of a mass of interconnected cells of pigment epithelial and M\u00fcller cell origin. Fresh photocoagulation burns result in complete disruption of the blood-ocular barrier, permitting particles as large as colloidal carbon to pass between disrupted pigment epithelial cells. Healed photocoagulation burns remain permeable to smaller tracers such as horseradish peroxidase.", "contents": "Effect of photocoagulation on the barrier function of the pigment epithelium. II. A study by electron microscopy. The healing of retinal photocoagulation burns and their permeability to colloidal carbon and horseradish peroxidase was studied by electron microscopy. Recent burns showed disruption of intercellular junctions in the pigment epithelium. By 2 days there was infiltration of the burn by proliferating pigment epithelial cells, and by 7 days the burn was composed of a mass of interconnected cells of pigment epithelial and M\u00fcller cell origin. Fresh photocoagulation burns result in complete disruption of the blood-ocular barrier, permitting particles as large as colloidal carbon to pass between disrupted pigment epithelial cells. Healed photocoagulation burns remain permeable to smaller tracers such as horseradish peroxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:281804", "title": "Role of pituitary vasopressin in the formation and dynamics of aqueous humour.", "content": "The role of pituitary vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone--ADH) in the formation and dynamics of aqueous humour was studied in rabbits employing different techniques. Using isolated ciliary body preparations the changes in transepithelial short-circuit current were measured, and natural vasopressin and Lys8-vasopressin were found to increase the transepithelial short-circuit current at concentrations less than 10 muU/ml (i.e. within the physiological range), indicating increased sodium transport across the ciliary epithelium. In another series of experiments with intact rabbits given an ethanol load to suppress endogenous ADH, administration of exogenous vasopressin raised the intraocular pressure, and a similar effect was observed when endogenous ADH production was stimulated with nicotine. Direct measurements of outflow showed that vasopressin was without effect when given intravenously and that the only effect when given intracamerally was to increase the facility which would tend to lower rather than raise the intraocular pressure. Finally, the intra-arterial and intravenous effects of vasopressin on circulation in the iris and on the intraocular and systemic arterial pressures were studied. Local effects on the vascular bed in the eye and changes in systemic blood pressure were observed only at rates of administration well in excess of the physiological range for endogenous vasopressin production. It is concluded that, at physiological levels, antidiuretic hormone can stimulate active sodium transport into the eye thereby tending to raise the intraocular pressure, and it is suggested that this may act as a homeostatic regulating mechanism limiting changes in the rate of formation of aqueous humour and in intraocular pressure which might otherwise result from diurnal variations in the state of body hydration. This also offers some explanation for the ocular hypotensive action of ethanol.", "contents": "Role of pituitary vasopressin in the formation and dynamics of aqueous humour. The role of pituitary vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone--ADH) in the formation and dynamics of aqueous humour was studied in rabbits employing different techniques. Using isolated ciliary body preparations the changes in transepithelial short-circuit current were measured, and natural vasopressin and Lys8-vasopressin were found to increase the transepithelial short-circuit current at concentrations less than 10 muU/ml (i.e. within the physiological range), indicating increased sodium transport across the ciliary epithelium. In another series of experiments with intact rabbits given an ethanol load to suppress endogenous ADH, administration of exogenous vasopressin raised the intraocular pressure, and a similar effect was observed when endogenous ADH production was stimulated with nicotine. Direct measurements of outflow showed that vasopressin was without effect when given intravenously and that the only effect when given intracamerally was to increase the facility which would tend to lower rather than raise the intraocular pressure. Finally, the intra-arterial and intravenous effects of vasopressin on circulation in the iris and on the intraocular and systemic arterial pressures were studied. Local effects on the vascular bed in the eye and changes in systemic blood pressure were observed only at rates of administration well in excess of the physiological range for endogenous vasopressin production. It is concluded that, at physiological levels, antidiuretic hormone can stimulate active sodium transport into the eye thereby tending to raise the intraocular pressure, and it is suggested that this may act as a homeostatic regulating mechanism limiting changes in the rate of formation of aqueous humour and in intraocular pressure which might otherwise result from diurnal variations in the state of body hydration. This also offers some explanation for the ocular hypotensive action of ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:281805", "title": "Hyperproduction glaucoma.", "content": "Hyperproduction glaucoma is a tonographic clinical entity characterized by high IOP and normal C: 1. It may occur as open angle glaucoma spontaneously or pharmacologically induced. 2. It may be an inflammatory ocular hypertension characterized by a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. The treatment of choice is topical and/or systemic drugs such as epinephrine and acetazolamide which inhibit aqueous inflow; glucocorticoids should be added in cases of the inflammatory type. The pathogenesis is directly related to hyperproduction of aqueous, depending chiefly on increased capillary hydrostatic pressure at the level of the ciliary body.", "contents": "Hyperproduction glaucoma. Hyperproduction glaucoma is a tonographic clinical entity characterized by high IOP and normal C: 1. It may occur as open angle glaucoma spontaneously or pharmacologically induced. 2. It may be an inflammatory ocular hypertension characterized by a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. The treatment of choice is topical and/or systemic drugs such as epinephrine and acetazolamide which inhibit aqueous inflow; glucocorticoids should be added in cases of the inflammatory type. The pathogenesis is directly related to hyperproduction of aqueous, depending chiefly on increased capillary hydrostatic pressure at the level of the ciliary body."}
{"id": "PMID:281820", "title": "[Osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of an osteogenic sarcoma of the thyroid gland is reported. From the cases described in the literature the most important points of interest of these rare thyroid neoplasms are summarized and the histological differentialdiagnostic criteria to anaplastic carcinoma are discussed.", "contents": "[Osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland (author's transl)]. A case of an osteogenic sarcoma of the thyroid gland is reported. From the cases described in the literature the most important points of interest of these rare thyroid neoplasms are summarized and the histological differentialdiagnostic criteria to anaplastic carcinoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281823", "title": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas. Cytodiagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed on thirty-four patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic carcinoma. The biopsies were positive in twenty-four of twenty-six patients with proven pancreatic carcinoma and there were no false positive results in this series. The various cytologic appearances of different kinds of cellular components and cytologic features of the pancreatic carcinoma observed in the aspiration biopsy were presented and illustrated. The punctures and aspirations of these thirty-four biopsies did not reveal any immediate complication with one exception of exacerbation of pancreatitis. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas under the guidance of ERCP or angiography is a reliable diagnostic method for pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas. Cytodiagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed on thirty-four patients with clinical suspicion of pancreatic carcinoma. The biopsies were positive in twenty-four of twenty-six patients with proven pancreatic carcinoma and there were no false positive results in this series. The various cytologic appearances of different kinds of cellular components and cytologic features of the pancreatic carcinoma observed in the aspiration biopsy were presented and illustrated. The punctures and aspirations of these thirty-four biopsies did not reveal any immediate complication with one exception of exacerbation of pancreatitis. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas under the guidance of ERCP or angiography is a reliable diagnostic method for pancreatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:281824", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma by fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "The cytologic findings in percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of two bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinomas are presented. The main features of this unusual tumor of the lung observed in the aspiration biopsy are sufficiently distinctive from those of other lung lesions to be diagnostic.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma by fine needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic findings in percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of two bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinomas are presented. The main features of this unusual tumor of the lung observed in the aspiration biopsy are sufficiently distinctive from those of other lung lesions to be diagnostic."}
{"id": "PMID:281826", "title": "The effect of water soluble contrast material on urine cytology.", "content": "Urothelial cells were obtained from the pelvicalyceal system of ten patients by retrograde pyelography using a 60% solution of meglumine diatrizoate (Hypaque meglumine 60%, Winthrop Laboratories, New York, New York). The cells showed some cellular shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis, fragmentation, and occasionally cytoplasmic vacuolization. Cells from bladder urine obtained from 14 patients after an intravenous urogram using a 50% solution of sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque sodium 50%) showed no cytologic changes. In vitro exposure of bladder urothelial cells to 50%, 25% and 12.5% Hypaque sodium and 60%, 30% and 15% Hypaque meglumine as well as exposure of mesothelial cells to 50% Hypaque sodium resulted in the same cytologic changes as those seen when the urothelium was exposed in vivo to this material during retrograde pyelography. The mechanism for this effect, therefore, is by direct action of the contrast media on the cells and is concentration dependent. The cytopathologist should be aware of the changes induced by radiographic contrast materials such as Hypaque sodium or meglumine when interpreting urine cytology. This knowledge may be useful in preventing false positive diagnoses.", "contents": "The effect of water soluble contrast material on urine cytology. Urothelial cells were obtained from the pelvicalyceal system of ten patients by retrograde pyelography using a 60% solution of meglumine diatrizoate (Hypaque meglumine 60%, Winthrop Laboratories, New York, New York). The cells showed some cellular shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis, fragmentation, and occasionally cytoplasmic vacuolization. Cells from bladder urine obtained from 14 patients after an intravenous urogram using a 50% solution of sodium diatrizoate (Hypaque sodium 50%) showed no cytologic changes. In vitro exposure of bladder urothelial cells to 50%, 25% and 12.5% Hypaque sodium and 60%, 30% and 15% Hypaque meglumine as well as exposure of mesothelial cells to 50% Hypaque sodium resulted in the same cytologic changes as those seen when the urothelium was exposed in vivo to this material during retrograde pyelography. The mechanism for this effect, therefore, is by direct action of the contrast media on the cells and is concentration dependent. The cytopathologist should be aware of the changes induced by radiographic contrast materials such as Hypaque sodium or meglumine when interpreting urine cytology. This knowledge may be useful in preventing false positive diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:281827", "title": "The numerical composition of cellular samples from the female reproductive tract. V. Cell cluster patterns in cases of invasive squamous carcinoma of uterine cervix.", "content": "One hundred fifty thousand cells in a vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical smears from 25 patients with poorly to moderately differentiated squamous cancer of the uterine cervix were evaluated to determine the numerical composition of cellular clusters, the sizes of the clusters and the cellular types contained. The study is a baseline assessment for the design of automated cytology devices for which monocellular layers or individual cells are of importance. The evaluation indicates that the majority of cells appear in actual or facultative clusters, and that dispersement or breaking up of these clusters can yield improved machine-readable samples.", "contents": "The numerical composition of cellular samples from the female reproductive tract. V. Cell cluster patterns in cases of invasive squamous carcinoma of uterine cervix. One hundred fifty thousand cells in a vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical smears from 25 patients with poorly to moderately differentiated squamous cancer of the uterine cervix were evaluated to determine the numerical composition of cellular clusters, the sizes of the clusters and the cellular types contained. The study is a baseline assessment for the design of automated cytology devices for which monocellular layers or individual cells are of importance. The evaluation indicates that the majority of cells appear in actual or facultative clusters, and that dispersement or breaking up of these clusters can yield improved machine-readable samples."}
{"id": "PMID:281828", "title": "Patient classification based on cytologic sample profiles. I. Basic measures for profile construction.", "content": "Past efforts in the field of automated cell recognition have focused upon the separation and classification of cell types. From these efforts, large data banks have been built and work in the field is now shifting towards the practical application of this information for clinical diagnoses. This paper presents the initial results of work on a system developed to undertake the reduction of the masses of data into diagnostically useful patient cytologic sample profiles.", "contents": "Patient classification based on cytologic sample profiles. I. Basic measures for profile construction. Past efforts in the field of automated cell recognition have focused upon the separation and classification of cell types. From these efforts, large data banks have been built and work in the field is now shifting towards the practical application of this information for clinical diagnoses. This paper presents the initial results of work on a system developed to undertake the reduction of the masses of data into diagnostically useful patient cytologic sample profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:281829", "title": "The atypical fluorescent body of the interphase nuclei of buccal mucosal cells and its relationship to the Y chromosome.", "content": "Buccal mucosal cells from 30 males and 20 females were examined for fluorescent bodies in the interphase nuclei. Chromosomal analysis using peripheral blood, stained with quinacrine mustard (QM), was carried out on the 30 males. The calculated lengths of the Y chromosome were found to be related to the percentage of the total fluorescent bodies, both normal (F-body) and atypical (Fa-body), and also to the proportion of Fa-bodies present in the interphase nuclei. The long Y individuals had a higher percentage of fluorescent bodies and a higher proportion of Fa-bodies while the short Y individuals had a lower percentage of fluorescent bodies and a lower proportion of Fa-bodies.", "contents": "The atypical fluorescent body of the interphase nuclei of buccal mucosal cells and its relationship to the Y chromosome. Buccal mucosal cells from 30 males and 20 females were examined for fluorescent bodies in the interphase nuclei. Chromosomal analysis using peripheral blood, stained with quinacrine mustard (QM), was carried out on the 30 males. The calculated lengths of the Y chromosome were found to be related to the percentage of the total fluorescent bodies, both normal (F-body) and atypical (Fa-body), and also to the proportion of Fa-bodies present in the interphase nuclei. The long Y individuals had a higher percentage of fluorescent bodies and a higher proportion of Fa-bodies while the short Y individuals had a lower percentage of fluorescent bodies and a lower proportion of Fa-bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:281825", "title": "Prognostic and therapeutic values of peritoneal cytology in gastric cancer.", "content": "Exfoliative cytology of peritoneal lavage was performed at the time of laparotomy for 458 patients with gastric cancer. Positive cytologic specimens were obtained from 28 per cent of all cases and from 16 per cent of patients with curative surgery. Peritoneal cytology has revealed itself to be a good predictor of prognosis and an indicator for adjuvant therapies. In the group treated with curative surgery, the five year survival rate was 86 per cent for patients with intact serosa and negative cytologic specimens, and 52 per cent for patients with involved serosa and negative cytology. None of the patients who had involved serosa and positive cytologic specimens survived more than five years. A slight benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was observed in the patients who had curative surgery with negative cytology. Long term immunochemotherapy, including repeated intraperitoneal administration of mitomycin-C, improved the lifespan of patients with non-curative surgery.", "contents": "Prognostic and therapeutic values of peritoneal cytology in gastric cancer. Exfoliative cytology of peritoneal lavage was performed at the time of laparotomy for 458 patients with gastric cancer. Positive cytologic specimens were obtained from 28 per cent of all cases and from 16 per cent of patients with curative surgery. Peritoneal cytology has revealed itself to be a good predictor of prognosis and an indicator for adjuvant therapies. In the group treated with curative surgery, the five year survival rate was 86 per cent for patients with intact serosa and negative cytologic specimens, and 52 per cent for patients with involved serosa and negative cytology. None of the patients who had involved serosa and positive cytologic specimens survived more than five years. A slight benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was observed in the patients who had curative surgery with negative cytology. Long term immunochemotherapy, including repeated intraperitoneal administration of mitomycin-C, improved the lifespan of patients with non-curative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:281833", "title": "Epithelial atypias associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD).", "content": "A total of 99 gynecologic smears with atypical cells from 74 patients wearing IUDs was reviewed. Endometrial and cervical tissues were examined. The cases were categorized into two groups, reparative and epithelial atypias. The latter category was further divided into three subgroups: squamous, columnar, and indeterminate type. The squamous atypia has classical features and is believed to be not significantly related to the IUD. Columnar atypia can strongly suggest cells shed from an adenocarcinoma. Indeterminate type of atypia is characterized by abnormal cells which can resemble cells shed from carcinoma in situ. Unlike the latter, the atypical cells from IUD are usually multinucleated, contain nucleoli, and are not associated with cells from severe cervical atypia. They are probably of endometrial origin.", "contents": "Epithelial atypias associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD). A total of 99 gynecologic smears with atypical cells from 74 patients wearing IUDs was reviewed. Endometrial and cervical tissues were examined. The cases were categorized into two groups, reparative and epithelial atypias. The latter category was further divided into three subgroups: squamous, columnar, and indeterminate type. The squamous atypia has classical features and is believed to be not significantly related to the IUD. Columnar atypia can strongly suggest cells shed from an adenocarcinoma. Indeterminate type of atypia is characterized by abnormal cells which can resemble cells shed from carcinoma in situ. Unlike the latter, the atypical cells from IUD are usually multinucleated, contain nucleoli, and are not associated with cells from severe cervical atypia. They are probably of endometrial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:281830", "title": "Fluorescamine as a cytochemical detection reagent for mammary carcinoma cells.", "content": "Fluorescamine is a versatile reagent for the cytochemical demonstration of primary amino groups. Following pretreatment with formaldehyde, only certain \"protected\" amino groups will react with fluorescamine. In the present study we show that compounds containing such amino groups are abundant in mammary carcinoma cells but undetectable in normal mammary gland cells. Most cytologically benign breast lesions are devoid of cells containing these compounds. Although much work remains to be done, the fluorescamine technique, which is rapid and simple to perform, may offer some help in the distinction between normal and malignant cells of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Fluorescamine as a cytochemical detection reagent for mammary carcinoma cells. Fluorescamine is a versatile reagent for the cytochemical demonstration of primary amino groups. Following pretreatment with formaldehyde, only certain \"protected\" amino groups will react with fluorescamine. In the present study we show that compounds containing such amino groups are abundant in mammary carcinoma cells but undetectable in normal mammary gland cells. Most cytologically benign breast lesions are devoid of cells containing these compounds. Although much work remains to be done, the fluorescamine technique, which is rapid and simple to perform, may offer some help in the distinction between normal and malignant cells of the mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:281835", "title": "The identification of atypical reserve cells in smears of patients with premalignant and malignant changes in the squamous and glandular epithelium of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Atypical reserve cells can be recognized in cervical smears by their characteristic exfoliation pattern and the fragility of their cytoplasm. The frequency of cases with such cells in 30,000 cervical smears is given, as well as that in 440 cases of dysplasia, epidermoid carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. The presence of atypical reserve cells was found to increase in frequency with the increasing severity of the lesions. The bipotential character of these cells is discussed in relation to the possible progression to carcinoma in situ of the adenomatous type in two of the 42 cases of pure atypical reserve cell hyperplasia, and the presence of these cells in the majority of the 43 cases of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the present series.", "contents": "The identification of atypical reserve cells in smears of patients with premalignant and malignant changes in the squamous and glandular epithelium of the uterine cervix. Atypical reserve cells can be recognized in cervical smears by their characteristic exfoliation pattern and the fragility of their cytoplasm. The frequency of cases with such cells in 30,000 cervical smears is given, as well as that in 440 cases of dysplasia, epidermoid carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. The presence of atypical reserve cells was found to increase in frequency with the increasing severity of the lesions. The bipotential character of these cells is discussed in relation to the possible progression to carcinoma in situ of the adenomatous type in two of the 42 cases of pure atypical reserve cell hyperplasia, and the presence of these cells in the majority of the 43 cases of adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix in the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:281834", "title": "Application of electron microscopy in the definitive diagnosis of effusions.", "content": "Electron microscopy was performed on a series of body cavity fluid specimens to evaluate the usefulness of this technique in the diagnosis of effusions. During a six-month period, 42 specimens were examined, 19 benign and 23 malignant. In two cases, the electron microscopic findings were crucial to the diagnosis. In a third case, electron microscopy helped to confirm the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgery. In a number of other cases, ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated special cell characteristics not evident in routine light microscopic studies. Based on these findings, we conclude that electron microscopy has a definite place in the diagnosis of effusions and should be increasingly utilized on a selective basis in the evaluation of body cavity fluid specimens. In addition, electron microscopic studies on cells in effusions provide an excellent source of material for educational and research purposes.", "contents": "Application of electron microscopy in the definitive diagnosis of effusions. Electron microscopy was performed on a series of body cavity fluid specimens to evaluate the usefulness of this technique in the diagnosis of effusions. During a six-month period, 42 specimens were examined, 19 benign and 23 malignant. In two cases, the electron microscopic findings were crucial to the diagnosis. In a third case, electron microscopy helped to confirm the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgery. In a number of other cases, ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated special cell characteristics not evident in routine light microscopic studies. Based on these findings, we conclude that electron microscopy has a definite place in the diagnosis of effusions and should be increasingly utilized on a selective basis in the evaluation of body cavity fluid specimens. In addition, electron microscopic studies on cells in effusions provide an excellent source of material for educational and research purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:281836", "title": "Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma.", "content": "The cytologic features of metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma were described. The cytologic material obtained from a metastatic subcutaneous nodule by the thin needle aspiration technique was examined by light and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration cytology of metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma. The cytologic features of metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma were described. The cytologic material obtained from a metastatic subcutaneous nodule by the thin needle aspiration technique was examined by light and electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:281838", "title": "Cytologic appearances of pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma occurring within a family.", "content": "The cytologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumor cells from medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are described. In cell samples obtained from medullary thyroid carcinomas, amyloid deposits were detected both intracellularly and extracellularly. Medullary thyroid carcinoma cells, as well as pheochromocytoma cells, showed positive for both argentaffin and argyrophil reactions. The diagnostic significance of intracellular amyloid deposits and of positive silver and chromaffin reactions of the intracytoplasmic granules may be stressed in establishing the cytologic diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma and/or pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Cytologic appearances of pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma occurring within a family. The cytologic and histochemical characteristics of the tumor cells from medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are described. In cell samples obtained from medullary thyroid carcinomas, amyloid deposits were detected both intracellularly and extracellularly. Medullary thyroid carcinoma cells, as well as pheochromocytoma cells, showed positive for both argentaffin and argyrophil reactions. The diagnostic significance of intracellular amyloid deposits and of positive silver and chromaffin reactions of the intracytoplasmic granules may be stressed in establishing the cytologic diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma and/or pheochromocytoma."}
{"id": "PMID:281839", "title": "Endoscopic cytology of the esophagus, stomach and pancreas.", "content": "Cytology and biopsy under direct vision using a fiberscope as microscopic diagnostic procedures for carcinoma of the esophagus and stomach were described, and results of cytology were evaluated as compared with the results of biopsy. The diagnostic accuracy of brushing cytology under direct vision using a fiberscope was 97% in 116 cases of esophageal carcinoma and 78% both in 119 patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia and in 63 patients with gastric carcinoma exclusive of the cardia. The diagnostic accuracy for cytology of pancreatic juice collected by cannulation in 36 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas was 56%: 79% for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, but only 35% for carcinoma of the body and/or tail. For the esophagus and stomach, the diagnostic accuracy of direct vision biopsy has become almost as high as with cytology. As such biopsies are easily performed, esophagogastric cytology has become in our clinics a supplementary routine to the biopsy, and is done in a limited number of cases in which the biopsy failed or was not appropriate. However, cytology of the pancreas, in which biopsy is difficult, is important as the only microscopic diagnostic procedure. There, the development of newer instruments and the improvement of techniques of cell collecting are required, as is the development of expertise in the interpretation of cells from pancreatic carcinoma, in which the diagnostic accuracy is still relatively low.", "contents": "Endoscopic cytology of the esophagus, stomach and pancreas. Cytology and biopsy under direct vision using a fiberscope as microscopic diagnostic procedures for carcinoma of the esophagus and stomach were described, and results of cytology were evaluated as compared with the results of biopsy. The diagnostic accuracy of brushing cytology under direct vision using a fiberscope was 97% in 116 cases of esophageal carcinoma and 78% both in 119 patients with carcinoma of the gastric cardia and in 63 patients with gastric carcinoma exclusive of the cardia. The diagnostic accuracy for cytology of pancreatic juice collected by cannulation in 36 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas was 56%: 79% for carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, but only 35% for carcinoma of the body and/or tail. For the esophagus and stomach, the diagnostic accuracy of direct vision biopsy has become almost as high as with cytology. As such biopsies are easily performed, esophagogastric cytology has become in our clinics a supplementary routine to the biopsy, and is done in a limited number of cases in which the biopsy failed or was not appropriate. However, cytology of the pancreas, in which biopsy is difficult, is important as the only microscopic diagnostic procedure. There, the development of newer instruments and the improvement of techniques of cell collecting are required, as is the development of expertise in the interpretation of cells from pancreatic carcinoma, in which the diagnostic accuracy is still relatively low."}
{"id": "PMID:281840", "title": "Cytologic and microbiologic aspects of vaginal Torulopsis.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of vaginal Torulopsis in 7,331 patients were confirmed by cultures, auxonograms and zimograms. The cytologic and microbiologic characteristics are described in these cases. The authors feel that a nonmicrobiologic diagnosis of vaginal Torulopsis can be made with a small margin of error since its clinical characteristics constitute a rather well-defined entity.", "contents": "Cytologic and microbiologic aspects of vaginal Torulopsis. Twenty-five cases of vaginal Torulopsis in 7,331 patients were confirmed by cultures, auxonograms and zimograms. The cytologic and microbiologic characteristics are described in these cases. The authors feel that a nonmicrobiologic diagnosis of vaginal Torulopsis can be made with a small margin of error since its clinical characteristics constitute a rather well-defined entity."}
{"id": "PMID:281841", "title": "Urinary cytology in inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract.", "content": "Urinary cytology is reported in six cases of inverted papilloma of the bladder. Abnormal features were found in five of the six cases. These were essentially an increase in the number of single or small clusters of degenerate transitional cells. As their cytologic features fell within the range of normal but degenerate transitional epithelium, a diagnosis of transitional cell tumor was not possible in these cases. Histologic features suggest that the desquamating cells may be derived from the surface epithelium of the papilloma, the underlying cords and trabeculae, or from the adjacent transitional epithelium.", "contents": "Urinary cytology in inverted papilloma of the lower urinary tract. Urinary cytology is reported in six cases of inverted papilloma of the bladder. Abnormal features were found in five of the six cases. These were essentially an increase in the number of single or small clusters of degenerate transitional cells. As their cytologic features fell within the range of normal but degenerate transitional epithelium, a diagnosis of transitional cell tumor was not possible in these cases. Histologic features suggest that the desquamating cells may be derived from the surface epithelium of the papilloma, the underlying cords and trabeculae, or from the adjacent transitional epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:281842", "title": "The cytologic manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in cerebrospinal fluid. A case report.", "content": "The cytologic manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the cerebrospinal fluid observed in a 50 year old white male with midbrain and spinal cord involvement are presented. The cerebrospinal fluid, obtained by cisternal puncture, contained predominantly undifferentiated medium-sized cells, which were retrospectively interpreted as reticular cells, These cells were characterized by an atypical nucleus with one or more prominent nucleoli and clumped chromatin granules, abundant cytoplasm and frequent amoeboid protrusions of the cytoplasmic membrane. Small numbers of undifferentiated plasmacytoid cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and erythrocytes were evident. A few mitoses were also observed. These cellular characteristics are correlated with histology of the parent lesion in the midbrain obtained at the postmortem examination.", "contents": "The cytologic manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in cerebrospinal fluid. A case report. The cytologic manifestations of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the cerebrospinal fluid observed in a 50 year old white male with midbrain and spinal cord involvement are presented. The cerebrospinal fluid, obtained by cisternal puncture, contained predominantly undifferentiated medium-sized cells, which were retrospectively interpreted as reticular cells, These cells were characterized by an atypical nucleus with one or more prominent nucleoli and clumped chromatin granules, abundant cytoplasm and frequent amoeboid protrusions of the cytoplasmic membrane. Small numbers of undifferentiated plasmacytoid cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and erythrocytes were evident. A few mitoses were also observed. These cellular characteristics are correlated with histology of the parent lesion in the midbrain obtained at the postmortem examination."}
{"id": "PMID:281843", "title": "Cytologic detection of malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium.", "content": "We have reported a very rare case, malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium, with the initial diagnosis made by cytology from the smears of the pericardial fluid. There were numerous large clusters in the smears, in which two types of cells were mixed: adenocarcinoma-like round cells and fibrosarcoma-like spindly cells. Some round cells very much resembled benign mesothelial cells. Central collagenous stalks and brush borders with long microvilli in the round cell aggregates were specific for carcinomatous mesothelioma and differentiated the round cells from adenocarcinoma cells. On the other hand, the spindly and pleomorphic tumor cells, present both singly and in clusters, implied malignancy. Therefore, a preliminary cytologic diagnosis of probable mixed malignant mesothelioma was made. Histopathologic and electron microscopic examinations confirmed the cytologic description that this tumor was a malignant mesothelioma.", "contents": "Cytologic detection of malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium. We have reported a very rare case, malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium, with the initial diagnosis made by cytology from the smears of the pericardial fluid. There were numerous large clusters in the smears, in which two types of cells were mixed: adenocarcinoma-like round cells and fibrosarcoma-like spindly cells. Some round cells very much resembled benign mesothelial cells. Central collagenous stalks and brush borders with long microvilli in the round cell aggregates were specific for carcinomatous mesothelioma and differentiated the round cells from adenocarcinoma cells. On the other hand, the spindly and pleomorphic tumor cells, present both singly and in clusters, implied malignancy. Therefore, a preliminary cytologic diagnosis of probable mixed malignant mesothelioma was made. Histopathologic and electron microscopic examinations confirmed the cytologic description that this tumor was a malignant mesothelioma."}
{"id": "PMID:281844", "title": "Cytologic detection of malignant melanoma in urine. A case report.", "content": "This case illustrates the diagnosis of malignant melanoma from a sample of urine by cytologic examination without prior knowledge of cutaneous malignant melanoma and in the absence of chemical melanuria. The exfoliated cells were large, oval and solitary. They contained large, vesicular, sharply defined, often regularly contoured, eccentric nuclei with red macronucleoli. Their cytoplasm was cyanophilic with granular, brown-black pigment that histochemically was melanin. These composite characteristics, distinctive for malignant melanoma, eliminated other diagnostic possibilities. Surgical management was guided by an accurate cytologic diagnosis. The report emphasizes the clinical usefulness and criteria for accurate cytologic detection of metastatic malignant melanoma in urine.", "contents": "Cytologic detection of malignant melanoma in urine. A case report. This case illustrates the diagnosis of malignant melanoma from a sample of urine by cytologic examination without prior knowledge of cutaneous malignant melanoma and in the absence of chemical melanuria. The exfoliated cells were large, oval and solitary. They contained large, vesicular, sharply defined, often regularly contoured, eccentric nuclei with red macronucleoli. Their cytoplasm was cyanophilic with granular, brown-black pigment that histochemically was melanin. These composite characteristics, distinctive for malignant melanoma, eliminated other diagnostic possibilities. Surgical management was guided by an accurate cytologic diagnosis. The report emphasizes the clinical usefulness and criteria for accurate cytologic detection of metastatic malignant melanoma in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:281845", "title": "Cytologic detection of recurrent vaginal melanoma.", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma of the vagina is described. Ultrastructural examination of tissue from the neoplasm showed a well-developed protein framework similar in appearance to that seen in the slowly progressive lentigo maligna form of malignant melanoma from the general body skin. The spectrum  of malignancy known for most other neoplasms, from slowly and locally recurrent to highly aggressive, seems to be found similarly in vaginal malignant melanoma. The patient was treated with local excisions and followed by cytologic examination; she is without known deep or systemic spread after more than three years.", "contents": "Cytologic detection of recurrent vaginal melanoma. A case of malignant melanoma of the vagina is described. Ultrastructural examination of tissue from the neoplasm showed a well-developed protein framework similar in appearance to that seen in the slowly progressive lentigo maligna form of malignant melanoma from the general body skin. The spectrum  of malignancy known for most other neoplasms, from slowly and locally recurrent to highly aggressive, seems to be found similarly in vaginal malignant melanoma. The patient was treated with local excisions and followed by cytologic examination; she is without known deep or systemic spread after more than three years."}
{"id": "PMID:281846", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the vagina. A case report with light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a 46 year old woman is reported. The light and electron microscopic studies are highly suggestive of a M\u00fcllerian origin. The ultrastructural features are discussed in relation to clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina, establishing the differences between them.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the vagina. A case report with light and electron microscopic study. A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the vagina in a 46 year old woman is reported. The light and electron microscopic studies are highly suggestive of a M\u00fcllerian origin. The ultrastructural features are discussed in relation to clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina, establishing the differences between them."}
{"id": "PMID:281847", "title": "An unusual second primary tumor. Report of a case of atypical carcinoid of the lung.", "content": "This case report presents a rare occurrence of two primary tumors in the same patient: a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and an atypical carcinoid of the lung. The time interval between a linear density and tumor growth to 3 cm, determined by chest radiographs, was 9 months. The rapidly growing pulmonary nodule was suspected to be a metastasis from the primary transitional cell carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration revealed malignant cells. Lobectomy and light and electron microscopy revealed an atypical carcinoid. The definition of \"atypical\" requires revision to indicate this tumor's true potential.", "contents": "An unusual second primary tumor. Report of a case of atypical carcinoid of the lung. This case report presents a rare occurrence of two primary tumors in the same patient: a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and an atypical carcinoid of the lung. The time interval between a linear density and tumor growth to 3 cm, determined by chest radiographs, was 9 months. The rapidly growing pulmonary nodule was suspected to be a metastasis from the primary transitional cell carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration revealed malignant cells. Lobectomy and light and electron microscopy revealed an atypical carcinoid. The definition of \"atypical\" requires revision to indicate this tumor's true potential."}
{"id": "PMID:281848", "title": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration.", "content": "A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in which the diagnosis was established by fine needle aspiration of the pulmonary lesions is presented. The cytologic findings included the presence of an inflammatory exudate consisting of 40% eosinophils, 25% neutrophils and the remaining cells comprised of lymphocytes, histiocytes, atypical columnar cells and cells probably of pneumocyte type II origin. Fine needle aspiration of pulmonary infiltrates can be quite helpful in confirming the diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and in differentiating it from other similar conditions including malignant lymphomas, if the clinical and radiologic appearances are also taken into consideration.", "contents": "Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Diagnosis by fine needle aspiration. A case of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in which the diagnosis was established by fine needle aspiration of the pulmonary lesions is presented. The cytologic findings included the presence of an inflammatory exudate consisting of 40% eosinophils, 25% neutrophils and the remaining cells comprised of lymphocytes, histiocytes, atypical columnar cells and cells probably of pneumocyte type II origin. Fine needle aspiration of pulmonary infiltrates can be quite helpful in confirming the diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and in differentiating it from other similar conditions including malignant lymphomas, if the clinical and radiologic appearances are also taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:281849", "title": "Study of the peripheral blood leucocyte population by Fourier analysis of the cell volume histogram.", "content": "The Fourier transformation is proposed as a technique for the description of cell volume histogram data. In order to test the applicability of this transformation, peripheral blood leucocytes were studied as model populations and the technique assessed by determining the extent to which the Fourier coefficients could be applied as descriptors of various pathologic abnormalities of the differential leucocyte count. Histograms of leucocyte volume distribution were plotted for 87 cases with a variety of abnormalities of the peripheral blood leucocyte population. These histograms were submitted to Fourier analysis and the coefficients thus obtained were used as the basis of a multivariate classification system designed to distinguish certain predefined abnormalities of the differential count. The results obtained suggest that Fourier analysis may prove a valuable technique for the interpretation of cell volume histogram data, and its potential applications are discussed.", "contents": "Study of the peripheral blood leucocyte population by Fourier analysis of the cell volume histogram. The Fourier transformation is proposed as a technique for the description of cell volume histogram data. In order to test the applicability of this transformation, peripheral blood leucocytes were studied as model populations and the technique assessed by determining the extent to which the Fourier coefficients could be applied as descriptors of various pathologic abnormalities of the differential leucocyte count. Histograms of leucocyte volume distribution were plotted for 87 cases with a variety of abnormalities of the peripheral blood leucocyte population. These histograms were submitted to Fourier analysis and the coefficients thus obtained were used as the basis of a multivariate classification system designed to distinguish certain predefined abnormalities of the differential count. The results obtained suggest that Fourier analysis may prove a valuable technique for the interpretation of cell volume histogram data, and its potential applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281850", "title": "Monosomy 14, monosomy 22 and 13q--three chromosomal abnormalities observed in cells of two malignant mesotheliomas studied by banding techniques.", "content": "Two malignant mesotheliomas were studied by banding techniques. Both neoplasms had a hypodiploid stemline. Five and eight marker chromosomes, respectively, were included in the stemline karyotypes. Monosomy 14, monosomy 22 and a No. 13 with an interstitial long-arm deletion were deviations found in both neoplasms. In addition, closely located regions in No. 1 and No. 3 were involved in both tumors in the formation of other marker types with dissimilar morphology.", "contents": "Monosomy 14, monosomy 22 and 13q--three chromosomal abnormalities observed in cells of two malignant mesotheliomas studied by banding techniques. Two malignant mesotheliomas were studied by banding techniques. Both neoplasms had a hypodiploid stemline. Five and eight marker chromosomes, respectively, were included in the stemline karyotypes. Monosomy 14, monosomy 22 and a No. 13 with an interstitial long-arm deletion were deviations found in both neoplasms. In addition, closely located regions in No. 1 and No. 3 were involved in both tumors in the formation of other marker types with dissimilar morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:281851", "title": "Chromosome one polymorphism in a girl with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome.", "content": "In a girl with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, a remarkable polymorphism of chromosome number one was identified by G and C banding. The association of the polymorphisms of constitutive heterochromatin with abnormal phenotypes is discussed. It is suggested that further cytogenetic studies might be performed in humans and animals with this rare autosomal recessive disorder in order to confirm the present findings.", "contents": "Chromosome one polymorphism in a girl with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. In a girl with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, a remarkable polymorphism of chromosome number one was identified by G and C banding. The association of the polymorphisms of constitutive heterochromatin with abnormal phenotypes is discussed. It is suggested that further cytogenetic studies might be performed in humans and animals with this rare autosomal recessive disorder in order to confirm the present findings."}
{"id": "PMID:281856", "title": "A study of the natural history of oral preleukoplakia.", "content": "A preleukoplakia, conceived as a precursor stage of leukoplakia, is grey or greyish-white area with indistinct borders. The paper describes 659 preleukoplakias detected among 20,358 individuals in two districts in India. In Bhavnagar district 99.5% of the preleukoplakias were among men. 23.5% of the hookli (clay pipe) smokers had preleukoplakias. In Ernakulam district 79.6% of the preleukoplakias were found among men and the mixed habit group of bidi smoking and tobacco chewing had the highest prevalence (6.1%). The preleukoplakias showed a marked tendency to regress; among the bidi smokers in Bhavnagar, 75% regressed. In two patients preleukoplakia turned into carcinoma.", "contents": "A study of the natural history of oral preleukoplakia. A preleukoplakia, conceived as a precursor stage of leukoplakia, is grey or greyish-white area with indistinct borders. The paper describes 659 preleukoplakias detected among 20,358 individuals in two districts in India. In Bhavnagar district 99.5% of the preleukoplakias were among men. 23.5% of the hookli (clay pipe) smokers had preleukoplakias. In Ernakulam district 79.6% of the preleukoplakias were found among men and the mixed habit group of bidi smoking and tobacco chewing had the highest prevalence (6.1%). The preleukoplakias showed a marked tendency to regress; among the bidi smokers in Bhavnagar, 75% regressed. In two patients preleukoplakia turned into carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:281852", "title": "Cytophotometric and cytogenetic analyses of mouse lymphomas.", "content": "Simultaneous cytophotometric and cytogenetic analyses of spontaneous mesenteric lymphomas from three female mice are reported. No statistically significant deviation from normal lymph node cells could be detected for any of the tumors with respect to nucleic acid content. However, all three tumors demonstrated trisomy as the major cytogenetic anomaly. Chromosome 7 or 8 was found to be the extra chromosome in two of the lymphomas while identification of chromosomes was not possible in the third.", "contents": "Cytophotometric and cytogenetic analyses of mouse lymphomas. Simultaneous cytophotometric and cytogenetic analyses of spontaneous mesenteric lymphomas from three female mice are reported. No statistically significant deviation from normal lymph node cells could be detected for any of the tumors with respect to nucleic acid content. However, all three tumors demonstrated trisomy as the major cytogenetic anomaly. Chromosome 7 or 8 was found to be the extra chromosome in two of the lymphomas while identification of chromosomes was not possible in the third."}
{"id": "PMID:281857", "title": "Recurrent headaches in relation to temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction.", "content": "Two groups of 80 patients, one referred because of mandibular dysfunction and one seeking dental treatment, completed questionnaires concerning recurrent headaches. The function of the masticatory system of all patients was afterwards examined clinically. The investigation showed that clenching of teeth was correlated to the severity of headache. The frequency and severity of headache varied also with the severity of mandibular dysfunction. Of the variables included in the dysfunction index, only masticatory musculature painful to palpation was found to have a distinct relationship to headaches. This implies that functional treatment is indicated in patients with headaches and tendernes of the masticatory musculature. Functional examination of the masticatory system should therefore be included in investigations of recurrent headaches.", "contents": "Recurrent headaches in relation to temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction. Two groups of 80 patients, one referred because of mandibular dysfunction and one seeking dental treatment, completed questionnaires concerning recurrent headaches. The function of the masticatory system of all patients was afterwards examined clinically. The investigation showed that clenching of teeth was correlated to the severity of headache. The frequency and severity of headache varied also with the severity of mandibular dysfunction. Of the variables included in the dysfunction index, only masticatory musculature painful to palpation was found to have a distinct relationship to headaches. This implies that functional treatment is indicated in patients with headaches and tendernes of the masticatory musculature. Functional examination of the masticatory system should therefore be included in investigations of recurrent headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:281853", "title": "Effect of methods of sample taking on the cytologic diagnosis of lung tumors.", "content": "By the evaluation of unselected cytologic specimens taken by different methods, the possible effect of sampling on the cytologic diagnosis was analyzed. A statistically significant tendency was established for certain tumors to be better diagnosed by certain methods of sampling. In order of the increasing radicality of the method, the following significant coincidences were found and discussed: Sputum for the diagnosis of bronchialalveolar cell carcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma (cornified cells); Bronchial washing for oatcell (undifferentiated) carcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma (moderately cornified cells); Bronchial brushing for epidermoid carcinoma (not cornified cells) and large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma; Transthoracal needle aspiration for polymorphic carcinoma and metastasis; and Pleural effusion for the diagnosis of metastasis, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma. If the clinical features indicate a certain tumor type, the data give evidence that it is advantageous to adjust the method of sample taking to the expected tumor type as far as possible. In the case of necessary re-examinations, transthoracic needle aspiration and bronchial brushing should especially be used, in addition to the self-evident examination of material produced spontaneously, i.e., sputum and pleural effusion, because of the relatively high expected value of these methods for positive diagnoses in re-examinations.", "contents": "Effect of methods of sample taking on the cytologic diagnosis of lung tumors. By the evaluation of unselected cytologic specimens taken by different methods, the possible effect of sampling on the cytologic diagnosis was analyzed. A statistically significant tendency was established for certain tumors to be better diagnosed by certain methods of sampling. In order of the increasing radicality of the method, the following significant coincidences were found and discussed: Sputum for the diagnosis of bronchialalveolar cell carcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma (cornified cells); Bronchial washing for oatcell (undifferentiated) carcinoma and epidermoid carcinoma (moderately cornified cells); Bronchial brushing for epidermoid carcinoma (not cornified cells) and large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma; Transthoracal needle aspiration for polymorphic carcinoma and metastasis; and Pleural effusion for the diagnosis of metastasis, bronchogenic adenocarcinoma and mesothelioma. If the clinical features indicate a certain tumor type, the data give evidence that it is advantageous to adjust the method of sample taking to the expected tumor type as far as possible. In the case of necessary re-examinations, transthoracic needle aspiration and bronchial brushing should especially be used, in addition to the self-evident examination of material produced spontaneously, i.e., sputum and pleural effusion, because of the relatively high expected value of these methods for positive diagnoses in re-examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:281858", "title": "Powder data file as a tool for identification of dental gold alloys.", "content": "In order to obtain data for a prospective powder data file for dental gold alloys X-ray diffraction photograms of 75 different gold alloys were taken using a Guinier-H\u00e4gg camera and CuKalpha1 radiation. Before the X-ray photograms were taken the alloys had been heat treated at 700 degrees C, 800 degrees C or 900 degrees C depending on the solidus temperatures of the alloys. The lattice parameters of the samples were determined from the X-ray photograms. These data were supplemented by a specification of the interplanar spacings of the three strongest lines on the diffraction patterns and also by the relative intensities and Miller indices of these lines. An extensive library of reference films is to be collected and this and other details of the file are discussed. It is not intended that the file be used to identify a particular alloy but merely to identify the type of alloy. Thus it can serve as a guide to facilitate the proper selection of gold alloys within practical clinical dentistry.", "contents": "Powder data file as a tool for identification of dental gold alloys. In order to obtain data for a prospective powder data file for dental gold alloys X-ray diffraction photograms of 75 different gold alloys were taken using a Guinier-H\u00e4gg camera and CuKalpha1 radiation. Before the X-ray photograms were taken the alloys had been heat treated at 700 degrees C, 800 degrees C or 900 degrees C depending on the solidus temperatures of the alloys. The lattice parameters of the samples were determined from the X-ray photograms. These data were supplemented by a specification of the interplanar spacings of the three strongest lines on the diffraction patterns and also by the relative intensities and Miller indices of these lines. An extensive library of reference films is to be collected and this and other details of the file are discussed. It is not intended that the file be used to identify a particular alloy but merely to identify the type of alloy. Thus it can serve as a guide to facilitate the proper selection of gold alloys within practical clinical dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:281854", "title": "A comparative cytologic study of 100 urine specimens processed by the slide centrifuge and membrane filter techniques.", "content": "An evaluation of cytology preparations made by the slide centrifuge and membrane filter techniques was made on 100 consecutive urine specimens from 46 patients. The membrane filter technique gave better cellular recovery and produced slides qualitatively superior to those prepared by the slide centrifuge technique. The former, therefore, is the recommended method. The slide centrifuge might be of greater value with urine of low cellularity where the membrane filter has provided only a few to practically no cells. The diagnostic accuracy on clinical follow-up of the patients included in this study is 94% for both methods, with no false positive cases and a 6% false negative rate. This high degree of accuracy indicates that these concentrating methods may lead to clinically valuable information if used routinely in the cytology laboratory.", "contents": "A comparative cytologic study of 100 urine specimens processed by the slide centrifuge and membrane filter techniques. An evaluation of cytology preparations made by the slide centrifuge and membrane filter techniques was made on 100 consecutive urine specimens from 46 patients. The membrane filter technique gave better cellular recovery and produced slides qualitatively superior to those prepared by the slide centrifuge technique. The former, therefore, is the recommended method. The slide centrifuge might be of greater value with urine of low cellularity where the membrane filter has provided only a few to practically no cells. The diagnostic accuracy on clinical follow-up of the patients included in this study is 94% for both methods, with no false positive cases and a 6% false negative rate. This high degree of accuracy indicates that these concentrating methods may lead to clinically valuable information if used routinely in the cytology laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:281859", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in normal and inflamed human dental pulp.", "content": "Enzyme variants may serve an adaptive role in providing the correct vectorial properties for the metabolism of a tissue, or broadening its environmental tolerance range. To determine if the LDH isoenzyme pattern of human dental pulp changes during inflammation, supernatants from normal and inflamed dental pulp homogenates were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inflamed pulps had a higher M subunit content and a markedly increased enzyme activity. These results might reflect adaptive changes at the enzyme level associated with a partial shift towards anaerobic metabolism during inflammation of the pulp.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in normal and inflamed human dental pulp. Enzyme variants may serve an adaptive role in providing the correct vectorial properties for the metabolism of a tissue, or broadening its environmental tolerance range. To determine if the LDH isoenzyme pattern of human dental pulp changes during inflammation, supernatants from normal and inflamed dental pulp homogenates were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Inflamed pulps had a higher M subunit content and a markedly increased enzyme activity. These results might reflect adaptive changes at the enzyme level associated with a partial shift towards anaerobic metabolism during inflammation of the pulp."}
{"id": "PMID:281860", "title": "Computerized cephalometrics.", "content": "A method to analyse cephalometric radiographs with the help of a computer has been described. With the system a cephalometric radiograph can be analysed and the results compared to corresponding analyses of individuals with ideal occlusion. The results can also be visualized as schematic figures of the patients. The computer calculates means and standard deviations of groups of individuals and can visualize the results as mean figures. A program to train operators in pinpointing radiographic reference points has also been developed. A methodological study has shown that the errors of the computerized method are of little importance compared to the errors made in pinpointing radiographic reference points. A clinical test of the system has shown that inexperienced operators are able to use the system after about one hour's training. The method is about twenty minutes faster compared to an ordinary manual radiographic analysis. Some future aspects are also discussed.", "contents": "Computerized cephalometrics. A method to analyse cephalometric radiographs with the help of a computer has been described. With the system a cephalometric radiograph can be analysed and the results compared to corresponding analyses of individuals with ideal occlusion. The results can also be visualized as schematic figures of the patients. The computer calculates means and standard deviations of groups of individuals and can visualize the results as mean figures. A program to train operators in pinpointing radiographic reference points has also been developed. A methodological study has shown that the errors of the computerized method are of little importance compared to the errors made in pinpointing radiographic reference points. A clinical test of the system has shown that inexperienced operators are able to use the system after about one hour's training. The method is about twenty minutes faster compared to an ordinary manual radiographic analysis. Some future aspects are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281861", "title": "Incisal overjet and traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors. A retrospective study.", "content": "The relationships between traumatic injuries to upper incisors and incisal overjet were studied in a sample of 1445 orthodontically untreated children aged 7 to 16 years. Traumatic injuries of the hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. The frequently of injuries was 14.2% in children with normal overjet (0--3 mm), 28.4% in children with increased overjet (3.1-6mm), and 38.6% in children with extreme overjet (greater than 6 mm). The severity of injuries was also greater in children with extreme overjet than in children with overjet ranging from 0 to 6 mm. Furthermore, the range of injuries increased in relation to the overjet. Two or more injured incisors were found in 19.2% of the children with normal overjet, in 22.2% of the children with increased overjet, and in 46.7% of those with extreme overjet.", "contents": "Incisal overjet and traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors. A retrospective study. The relationships between traumatic injuries to upper incisors and incisal overjet were studied in a sample of 1445 orthodontically untreated children aged 7 to 16 years. Traumatic injuries of the hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. The frequently of injuries was 14.2% in children with normal overjet (0--3 mm), 28.4% in children with increased overjet (3.1-6mm), and 38.6% in children with extreme overjet (greater than 6 mm). The severity of injuries was also greater in children with extreme overjet than in children with overjet ranging from 0 to 6 mm. Furthermore, the range of injuries increased in relation to the overjet. Two or more injured incisors were found in 19.2% of the children with normal overjet, in 22.2% of the children with increased overjet, and in 46.7% of those with extreme overjet."}
{"id": "PMID:281862", "title": "Serial determination of serum ferritin in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Evaluation of its usefulness as a prognostic index.", "content": "Thirty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were monitored with serial serum ferritin determinations for up to 17 months. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia before initiation of therapy, or in relapse, the mean serum ferritin concentration was 636 microgram/l. In children who went into primary remission. the mean serum ferritin concentration fell from 265 microgram/l prior to start of treatment, to 161 microgram/l after 3 months of treatment. Five patients relapsed. Their serum ferritin levels prior to the relapses ranged from 7 to 135 microgram/l. At the time of relapse a further increase in serum ferritin was found in only 2 of the children. Thus, whereas high serum ferritin levels may signal disease activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a normal serum ferritin level does not exlude disease activity or impending relapse.", "contents": "Serial determination of serum ferritin in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Evaluation of its usefulness as a prognostic index. Thirty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were monitored with serial serum ferritin determinations for up to 17 months. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia before initiation of therapy, or in relapse, the mean serum ferritin concentration was 636 microgram/l. In children who went into primary remission. the mean serum ferritin concentration fell from 265 microgram/l prior to start of treatment, to 161 microgram/l after 3 months of treatment. Five patients relapsed. Their serum ferritin levels prior to the relapses ranged from 7 to 135 microgram/l. At the time of relapse a further increase in serum ferritin was found in only 2 of the children. Thus, whereas high serum ferritin levels may signal disease activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a normal serum ferritin level does not exlude disease activity or impending relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:281866", "title": "The clinical use of a craniofacial growth atlas.", "content": "A method of using normative growth data from An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth in planning orthodontic treatment and monitoring growth and response to therapy has been presented. Since the Atlas contains data on many cephalometric variables for both sexes from the ages of 6 to 16 years, the clinician can use any popular cephalometric diagnostic analysis for individualized diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of results. A practical example has been shown, applying the method to a young girl wearing a Frankel appliance during the first phase of treatment.", "contents": "The clinical use of a craniofacial growth atlas. A method of using normative growth data from An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth in planning orthodontic treatment and monitoring growth and response to therapy has been presented. Since the Atlas contains data on many cephalometric variables for both sexes from the ages of 6 to 16 years, the clinician can use any popular cephalometric diagnostic analysis for individualized diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of results. A practical example has been shown, applying the method to a young girl wearing a Frankel appliance during the first phase of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:281867", "title": "Comparative study between the SFS and LFS rotation as a possible morphogenic mechanism.", "content": "Cephalometric tracings of twenty-seven untreated adult Caucasians, selected on a clinical impression of reduced lower facial height were studied and compared with tracings of nine untreated adult Caucasians with increased lower facial height. Various linear and angular measurements for both groups were analyzed and compared. As has been previously described for the SFS, the LFS group can be subdivided into at least two subtypes. Subtype I is characterized by a long ramus, increased OP-PP, an increased SN:MP-angle, and excessive lower anterior facial height. These persons manifest the most typical clinical characteristics of the long face syndrome and have excessively long faces. In Subtype II, however, extreme backward and downward rotation of the mandible, combined with a short or extremely short ramus, is associated with an increase in lower anterior facial height. The increase in posterior maxillary height was not striking in this subtype. It was demonstrated that many of the characteristics of the LFS group and the SFS group can be explained by clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the mandible \"in concert\" with the hyoid, tongue, pharynx, and cervical spine. The LFS group was characterized by a clockwise rotation of the mandible \"in concert\" with the hyoid, tongue, pharynx, and cervical spine. The mandible of the SFS group rotated similarly, but in the opposite counterclockwise direction. The vital need to maintain patency of the upper airway at the level of the base of the tongue may account for rotation in the LFS.", "contents": "Comparative study between the SFS and LFS rotation as a possible morphogenic mechanism. Cephalometric tracings of twenty-seven untreated adult Caucasians, selected on a clinical impression of reduced lower facial height were studied and compared with tracings of nine untreated adult Caucasians with increased lower facial height. Various linear and angular measurements for both groups were analyzed and compared. As has been previously described for the SFS, the LFS group can be subdivided into at least two subtypes. Subtype I is characterized by a long ramus, increased OP-PP, an increased SN:MP-angle, and excessive lower anterior facial height. These persons manifest the most typical clinical characteristics of the long face syndrome and have excessively long faces. In Subtype II, however, extreme backward and downward rotation of the mandible, combined with a short or extremely short ramus, is associated with an increase in lower anterior facial height. The increase in posterior maxillary height was not striking in this subtype. It was demonstrated that many of the characteristics of the LFS group and the SFS group can be explained by clockwise or counterclockwise rotation of the mandible \"in concert\" with the hyoid, tongue, pharynx, and cervical spine. The LFS group was characterized by a clockwise rotation of the mandible \"in concert\" with the hyoid, tongue, pharynx, and cervical spine. The mandible of the SFS group rotated similarly, but in the opposite counterclockwise direction. The vital need to maintain patency of the upper airway at the level of the base of the tongue may account for rotation in the LFS."}
{"id": "PMID:281872", "title": "A cephalometric evaluation of high-pull molar headgear and face-bow neck strap therapy.", "content": "The effects of two different extraoral appliances were evaluated over a 1-year period. Of the thirty-seven cases selected for study, twenty were treated with a face-bow neck strap and seventeen were treated with a high-pull molar headgear. Patients ranged in age from 10.10 to 16.6 years and averaged 13.4 years. The appliances exerted less than 600 Gm. of force per side and were worn for 12 to 16 hours per day. All cases were fully banded, and extraction and nonextraction treatment were included. An analysis of pretreatment data revealed a high degree of selection. Patients selected for high-pull treatment generally exhibited larger anterior face heights, steeper mandibular plane angles, and a greater amount of tooth eruption of the upper first molars than the patients selected for neck strap therapy. A control group of ten untreated subjects was matched to each treatment group to permit assessment of the impact of treatment on growth. Relative to normal growth, treatment with face-bow neck strap traction tended to direct the maxilla and mandible downward and backward. The palatal plane was lowered anteriorly and point A was retracted. The maxillary molars were extruded, and concomitantly an increase in anterior face height and mandibular plane angle was observed. On the other hand, the high-pull molar headgear traction resulted only in increased mandibular molar eruption. However, there was also a nonsignificant tendency for point A to be held back and for lower anterior face height to increase. The comparison of the two treatment samples revealed that the functional occlusal plane was tipped down at the back as the maxillary molars were more extruded in the neck strap sample. In the high-pull sample, the functional occlusal plane was unchanged and the mandibular molars were more extruded than they were in the neck strap group.", "contents": "A cephalometric evaluation of high-pull molar headgear and face-bow neck strap therapy. The effects of two different extraoral appliances were evaluated over a 1-year period. Of the thirty-seven cases selected for study, twenty were treated with a face-bow neck strap and seventeen were treated with a high-pull molar headgear. Patients ranged in age from 10.10 to 16.6 years and averaged 13.4 years. The appliances exerted less than 600 Gm. of force per side and were worn for 12 to 16 hours per day. All cases were fully banded, and extraction and nonextraction treatment were included. An analysis of pretreatment data revealed a high degree of selection. Patients selected for high-pull treatment generally exhibited larger anterior face heights, steeper mandibular plane angles, and a greater amount of tooth eruption of the upper first molars than the patients selected for neck strap therapy. A control group of ten untreated subjects was matched to each treatment group to permit assessment of the impact of treatment on growth. Relative to normal growth, treatment with face-bow neck strap traction tended to direct the maxilla and mandible downward and backward. The palatal plane was lowered anteriorly and point A was retracted. The maxillary molars were extruded, and concomitantly an increase in anterior face height and mandibular plane angle was observed. On the other hand, the high-pull molar headgear traction resulted only in increased mandibular molar eruption. However, there was also a nonsignificant tendency for point A to be held back and for lower anterior face height to increase. The comparison of the two treatment samples revealed that the functional occlusal plane was tipped down at the back as the maxillary molars were more extruded in the neck strap sample. In the high-pull sample, the functional occlusal plane was unchanged and the mandibular molars were more extruded than they were in the neck strap group."}
{"id": "PMID:281875", "title": "Cephalometric analysis: comparisons between maximum intercuspation and centric relation.", "content": "Cephalometric analyses were made of forty-six preorthodontic patients with the mandibular teeth in maximum intercuspation. A Centric-Ceph was used and the analysis was repeated on these patients with the mandible in centric relation. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. No clinically useful prediction may be made from cephalometric radiographs concerning the amount of mandibular deflection from centric relation to maximum intercuspation of teeth. 2. There are differences in cephalometric measurements with the mandible in the two different positions. However, with the exception of a few cases, the differences are slight. 3. The individual cases that have the largest discrepancies tend to be Class II malocclusion cases. The orthodontist should be aware of those cases and be prepared to articulate them for diagnosis.", "contents": "Cephalometric analysis: comparisons between maximum intercuspation and centric relation. Cephalometric analyses were made of forty-six preorthodontic patients with the mandibular teeth in maximum intercuspation. A Centric-Ceph was used and the analysis was repeated on these patients with the mandible in centric relation. The following conclusions are drawn: 1. No clinically useful prediction may be made from cephalometric radiographs concerning the amount of mandibular deflection from centric relation to maximum intercuspation of teeth. 2. There are differences in cephalometric measurements with the mandible in the two different positions. However, with the exception of a few cases, the differences are slight. 3. The individual cases that have the largest discrepancies tend to be Class II malocclusion cases. The orthodontist should be aware of those cases and be prepared to articulate them for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:281878", "title": "Onset of chronic illness in children and adolescents: psychotherapeutic and consultative intervention.", "content": "Patients with disparate chronic illnesses exhibit specific and similar reactions during the onset of disease. This paper suggests the importance of psychological intervention during the initial stages of disease, and makes recommendations for psychotherapeutic and consultative management of the patient. Consideration is given to the effects of such intervention on both patient and psychotherapist.", "contents": "Onset of chronic illness in children and adolescents: psychotherapeutic and consultative intervention. Patients with disparate chronic illnesses exhibit specific and similar reactions during the onset of disease. This paper suggests the importance of psychological intervention during the initial stages of disease, and makes recommendations for psychotherapeutic and consultative management of the patient. Consideration is given to the effects of such intervention on both patient and psychotherapist."}
{"id": "PMID:281884", "title": "A detailed consideration of the line of occlusion.", "content": "With the re-evaluation of the concept of the \"line of occlusion\" the author proposes a contemporary definition: \"a distinctively individual line at the incisobuccal contact, with a location, position, and form to which the teeth must conform to be in normal occlusion.\" In other words, it is that position which the teeth must occupy to be in stability and harmony with each other and with all other anatomic structures.", "contents": "A detailed consideration of the line of occlusion. With the re-evaluation of the concept of the \"line of occlusion\" the author proposes a contemporary definition: \"a distinctively individual line at the incisobuccal contact, with a location, position, and form to which the teeth must conform to be in normal occlusion.\" In other words, it is that position which the teeth must occupy to be in stability and harmony with each other and with all other anatomic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:281885", "title": "A comparison of lower face changes.", "content": "A comparison has been made of cases treated with deliberate anchorage preparation (Class III elastic mechanics) prior to Class II elastic mechanics and cases treated with Class II elastic mechanics only. Treatment goals were the same. Extraoral traction was used as necessary to achieve those goals. Appliance quantity and size were the same. Age, sex, and severity of malocclusion were comparable. It remained that the anchorage-prepared cases demonstrated a flattening of the mandibular plane, greater retraction of the lower incisors, more retraction of midface, and more protraction of lower face. These changes of lower face are consistent with the normal growth changes of the human face.", "contents": "A comparison of lower face changes. A comparison has been made of cases treated with deliberate anchorage preparation (Class III elastic mechanics) prior to Class II elastic mechanics and cases treated with Class II elastic mechanics only. Treatment goals were the same. Extraoral traction was used as necessary to achieve those goals. Appliance quantity and size were the same. Age, sex, and severity of malocclusion were comparable. It remained that the anchorage-prepared cases demonstrated a flattening of the mandibular plane, greater retraction of the lower incisors, more retraction of midface, and more protraction of lower face. These changes of lower face are consistent with the normal growth changes of the human face."}
{"id": "PMID:281881", "title": "Aerosol bronchodilator administration in ventilator circuits.", "content": "A device is described enabling bronchodilator drugs in aerosol form to be added to the inspired gas of ventilated patients using standard metered-dose containers.", "contents": "Aerosol bronchodilator administration in ventilator circuits. A device is described enabling bronchodilator drugs in aerosol form to be added to the inspired gas of ventilated patients using standard metered-dose containers."}
{"id": "PMID:281880", "title": "The use of the Cape Minor ventilator with the circle absorber system.", "content": "Various methods by which the Cape Minor ventilator may be used in the circle absorber system are described and the problems of the circuits described are considered. A new valve system is described which overcomes most of the problems encountered with other circuits. The economic advantages of an inexpensive ventilator and absorber system which is economical are obvious.", "contents": "The use of the Cape Minor ventilator with the circle absorber system. Various methods by which the Cape Minor ventilator may be used in the circle absorber system are described and the problems of the circuits described are considered. A new valve system is described which overcomes most of the problems encountered with other circuits. The economic advantages of an inexpensive ventilator and absorber system which is economical are obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:281882", "title": "Percutaneous cervical cordotomy and the injection of the pituitary with alcohol.", "content": "The two techniques of percutaneous cordotomy and pituitary injection of alcohol have been considered as methods applicable to the relief of intractable pain in inoperatable cancer. Percutaneous cordotomy is best indicated for unilateral pain below the C5 dermatome and will produce absolute relief of pain until death in up to 90% of patients. The injection of alcohol into the pituitary gives some relief of bilateral pain in about 70% of patients. Twenty percent obtain complete freedom from pain for up to 4 months, and 20% have complete freedom from pain for over 4 months. Both methods require the use of an image intensifier X-ray machine and care in observing safety precautions is necessary for both techniques. The pituitary injection of alcohol is the simpler of the two techniques. It can relieve bilateral cancer pain and it may be used to relieve pain in the head and neck of cancer sufferers which cannot be relieved by other methods.", "contents": "Percutaneous cervical cordotomy and the injection of the pituitary with alcohol. The two techniques of percutaneous cordotomy and pituitary injection of alcohol have been considered as methods applicable to the relief of intractable pain in inoperatable cancer. Percutaneous cordotomy is best indicated for unilateral pain below the C5 dermatome and will produce absolute relief of pain until death in up to 90% of patients. The injection of alcohol into the pituitary gives some relief of bilateral pain in about 70% of patients. Twenty percent obtain complete freedom from pain for up to 4 months, and 20% have complete freedom from pain for over 4 months. Both methods require the use of an image intensifier X-ray machine and care in observing safety precautions is necessary for both techniques. The pituitary injection of alcohol is the simpler of the two techniques. It can relieve bilateral cancer pain and it may be used to relieve pain in the head and neck of cancer sufferers which cannot be relieved by other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:281887", "title": "The mandibular dental arch: part III. Buccal expansion.", "content": "The tendency toward relapse in intercuspid width has been examined with those cases having final intercuspid width less than 27 mm showing significantly less relapse than those cases with final intercuspid width of 28 mm or more. The point of contact between the cuspid and first premolar has been introduced as a key point on the arch, determining arch width. An individualized norm has been derived for this measurement as a function of the patient's tooth size, facial pattern, and other variables based upon stable normal occlusions in treated cases. Those cases expanded to a dimension exceeding the norm by more than 1 mm showed a greater propensity toward relapse. The group following the norm was significantly more stable than the over- and underexpansion groups at the .025 significance level. An individual norm for intermolar width based upon the patient's facial pattern (using frontal and lateral X-rays) has been established. Cases showing relapse showed considerably less space between the lower molar and the JAG plane, and greater lower face height than stable cases. The results show that the space available for the permanent dentition can be estimated in advance of treatment based on the patient's own skeletal measurements, thus minimizing unnecessary extractions, relapse, and extended treatment time due to errors in diagnosis.", "contents": "The mandibular dental arch: part III. Buccal expansion. The tendency toward relapse in intercuspid width has been examined with those cases having final intercuspid width less than 27 mm showing significantly less relapse than those cases with final intercuspid width of 28 mm or more. The point of contact between the cuspid and first premolar has been introduced as a key point on the arch, determining arch width. An individualized norm has been derived for this measurement as a function of the patient's tooth size, facial pattern, and other variables based upon stable normal occlusions in treated cases. Those cases expanded to a dimension exceeding the norm by more than 1 mm showed a greater propensity toward relapse. The group following the norm was significantly more stable than the over- and underexpansion groups at the .025 significance level. An individual norm for intermolar width based upon the patient's facial pattern (using frontal and lateral X-rays) has been established. Cases showing relapse showed considerably less space between the lower molar and the JAG plane, and greater lower face height than stable cases. The results show that the space available for the permanent dentition can be estimated in advance of treatment based on the patient's own skeletal measurements, thus minimizing unnecessary extractions, relapse, and extended treatment time due to errors in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:281892", "title": "Simultaneous metastatic epidermoid carcinoma and chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "The second reported patient with simultaneous metastatic epidermoid carcinoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia is described. The difficulty of differentiating the leukemia from a leukemoid reaction is discussed. The incidence of, and importance of looking for, second primary cancers in patients known to have cancer is emphasized.", "contents": "Simultaneous metastatic epidermoid carcinoma and chronic granulocytic leukemia. The second reported patient with simultaneous metastatic epidermoid carcinoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia is described. The difficulty of differentiating the leukemia from a leukemoid reaction is discussed. The incidence of, and importance of looking for, second primary cancers in patients known to have cancer is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:281894", "title": "Growth and hormonal status of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Growth and hypothalamic-pituitary function have been studied in children in long-term remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). All 14 children are growing and developing normally; in the 8 children in whom the hypothalamic pituitary axis was investigated endocrine function is normal. Continuing long-term review of these children is essential, but hypothalamic-pituitary investigation is required only when there is a decrease in growth velocity or delay in the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Growth and hormonal status of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Growth and hypothalamic-pituitary function have been studied in children in long-term remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). All 14 children are growing and developing normally; in the 8 children in whom the hypothalamic pituitary axis was investigated endocrine function is normal. Continuing long-term review of these children is essential, but hypothalamic-pituitary investigation is required only when there is a decrease in growth velocity or delay in the onset of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:281895", "title": "Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenia, shown with novel substrates.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) was kinetically evaluated in chronic schizophrenics and matched controls, using substrates of major physiologic importance and substrates of particular interest in the study of schizophrenia, such as serotonin (5-ht), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and dopamine (DA). Substrates were measured at six concentrations; values for maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were obtained by using Lineweaver-Burk plots. The Vmax was decreased for all substrates in chronic schizophrenia and the Km was decreased for DA, 5-HT, and DMT, but remained unchanged for 5-MT. The value of Km/Vmax was similar for schizophrencis and normal persons when DA, 5-HT, and DMT were used as substrates, which may indicate that \"uncompetitive\" inhibition is responsible for the observed decrease in activity among chronic schizophrenics. The finding of a decreased Vmax but unchanged Km with 5-MT would be consistent with noncompetitive inhibition.", "contents": "Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenia, shown with novel substrates. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) was kinetically evaluated in chronic schizophrenics and matched controls, using substrates of major physiologic importance and substrates of particular interest in the study of schizophrenia, such as serotonin (5-ht), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and dopamine (DA). Substrates were measured at six concentrations; values for maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were obtained by using Lineweaver-Burk plots. The Vmax was decreased for all substrates in chronic schizophrenia and the Km was decreased for DA, 5-HT, and DMT, but remained unchanged for 5-MT. The value of Km/Vmax was similar for schizophrencis and normal persons when DA, 5-HT, and DMT were used as substrates, which may indicate that \"uncompetitive\" inhibition is responsible for the observed decrease in activity among chronic schizophrenics. The finding of a decreased Vmax but unchanged Km with 5-MT would be consistent with noncompetitive inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:281920", "title": "Pathogenesis of some traumatic and degenerative disorders of soft tissue.", "content": "1. Trauma to soft tissues is associated with tissue rupture and formation of a haematoma. 2. Such lesions cannot be expected to resolve without complications in the absence of appropriate treatment. 3. Myositis ossificans should be anticipated in lesions of muscles adjacent to their attachments. 4. Chronic tendonitis and enthesopathies not associated with inflammatory connective tissue disease are primarily degenerative in nature and are probably the result of comparative ischaemia. Mesenchymoid transformation is a feature of both.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of some traumatic and degenerative disorders of soft tissue. 1. Trauma to soft tissues is associated with tissue rupture and formation of a haematoma. 2. Such lesions cannot be expected to resolve without complications in the absence of appropriate treatment. 3. Myositis ossificans should be anticipated in lesions of muscles adjacent to their attachments. 4. Chronic tendonitis and enthesopathies not associated with inflammatory connective tissue disease are primarily degenerative in nature and are probably the result of comparative ischaemia. Mesenchymoid transformation is a feature of both."}
{"id": "PMID:281928", "title": "The onset of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "In a retrospective study of case notes a number of experiential and psychological factors were discerned of possible importance to the psychogenesis of anorexia nervosa. These factors included issues of dependence and independence, sexual challenge, concern about obesity, and a variety of other, less specific stresses. Attempts to confirm the findings by means of a prospective study were impeded by difficulties in defining the onset of the illness. While in some patients the occurrence of anorexic type behaviour led immediately to weight loss, in others there was a significant delay between the onset of behavioural change and consequent emaciation.", "contents": "The onset of anorexia nervosa. In a retrospective study of case notes a number of experiential and psychological factors were discerned of possible importance to the psychogenesis of anorexia nervosa. These factors included issues of dependence and independence, sexual challenge, concern about obesity, and a variety of other, less specific stresses. Attempts to confirm the findings by means of a prospective study were impeded by difficulties in defining the onset of the illness. While in some patients the occurrence of anorexic type behaviour led immediately to weight loss, in others there was a significant delay between the onset of behavioural change and consequent emaciation."}
{"id": "PMID:281929", "title": "Time-limited psychotherapy with university students.", "content": "A report of the developments that stemmed from initial observations in time-limited psychotherapy with University student patients. These led to the conceptualization of the process not in terms of focal conflict but in the development of the relationship itself. Autonomy came to be seen as the central issue and a similarity was noted between the pattern of the relationship in therapy and a proposed developmental model of the growth of autonomy. Within this framework reciprocity became the focus of the relationship dimension. A case illustration is given the significance of time and separation discussed and some therapeutic and theoretical implications considered.", "contents": "Time-limited psychotherapy with university students. A report of the developments that stemmed from initial observations in time-limited psychotherapy with University student patients. These led to the conceptualization of the process not in terms of focal conflict but in the development of the relationship itself. Autonomy came to be seen as the central issue and a similarity was noted between the pattern of the relationship in therapy and a proposed developmental model of the growth of autonomy. Within this framework reciprocity became the focus of the relationship dimension. A case illustration is given the significance of time and separation discussed and some therapeutic and theoretical implications considered."}
{"id": "PMID:281932", "title": "Suicide attempts 1973-1977--urban Hobart. A further five year follow up reporting a decline.", "content": "In urban Hobart 1968--1972 there was a steep climb in the self-poisoning rates, reaching a peak in 1972. This rise was largely attributed to an increase in self-poisonings by young males and an overall increase by females. During this period psychotropic overdoses commenced. In 1973--1977 self-poisoning and self-injury rates were calculated. Contrary to the previous five year experience rates either declined during 1973 to 1977 or fell from a previous high rate to level off at a lower rate. These changes have particularly affected both sexes under 35 years. The abuse of psychotropic substances continued to soar. A possible explanation of these changes may lie in local factors. The results are contrasted with the most recent literature.", "contents": "Suicide attempts 1973-1977--urban Hobart. A further five year follow up reporting a decline. In urban Hobart 1968--1972 there was a steep climb in the self-poisoning rates, reaching a peak in 1972. This rise was largely attributed to an increase in self-poisonings by young males and an overall increase by females. During this period psychotropic overdoses commenced. In 1973--1977 self-poisoning and self-injury rates were calculated. Contrary to the previous five year experience rates either declined during 1973 to 1977 or fell from a previous high rate to level off at a lower rate. These changes have particularly affected both sexes under 35 years. The abuse of psychotropic substances continued to soar. A possible explanation of these changes may lie in local factors. The results are contrasted with the most recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:281933", "title": "Australasian suicidology.", "content": "A survey has been made of 38 studies of Australasian medical and hospital experiences with attempted and completed suicide in the last decade. The range and depth of the data recorded in the 38 studies have been analysed and reported together with comments on some other multivariate studies from overseas. The implications of these studies for the current medical views about attempted and completed suicide (are they two distinct types or do they lie on a continuum?) are discussed within a framework relating to the views about suicide that are embedded in our culture.", "contents": "Australasian suicidology. A survey has been made of 38 studies of Australasian medical and hospital experiences with attempted and completed suicide in the last decade. The range and depth of the data recorded in the 38 studies have been analysed and reported together with comments on some other multivariate studies from overseas. The implications of these studies for the current medical views about attempted and completed suicide (are they two distinct types or do they lie on a continuum?) are discussed within a framework relating to the views about suicide that are embedded in our culture."}
{"id": "PMID:281934", "title": "Adjustment of adopted children and demographic profile of adoptive parents.", "content": "Using 51 manifestations of childhood dysfunction as index of adjustment, the relationship was investigated of 9 demographic characteristics of applicants for adoption to the adjustment of children, when aged 7 to 7 1/2 years, whom they had adopted. 'Good adjustment' was associated with the father having at least completed high school, having a non-manual occupation and an above median income. There was a trend for it to be also associated with the mother having at least completed high school, being under 30 years of age, and with the couple's non-committal on (i.e., not outright rejection of) the possibility of adopting a hard to place child. The findings were discussed critically and it was concluded that the study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing objective empirical criteria for the selection of adoption applicants.", "contents": "Adjustment of adopted children and demographic profile of adoptive parents. Using 51 manifestations of childhood dysfunction as index of adjustment, the relationship was investigated of 9 demographic characteristics of applicants for adoption to the adjustment of children, when aged 7 to 7 1/2 years, whom they had adopted. 'Good adjustment' was associated with the father having at least completed high school, having a non-manual occupation and an above median income. There was a trend for it to be also associated with the mother having at least completed high school, being under 30 years of age, and with the couple's non-committal on (i.e., not outright rejection of) the possibility of adopting a hard to place child. The findings were discussed critically and it was concluded that the study demonstrated the feasibility of establishing objective empirical criteria for the selection of adoption applicants."}
{"id": "PMID:281939", "title": "Significance of genetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a review.", "content": "Observations suggesting a genetic basis for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome are reviewed with particular emphasis on the finding of familial aggregation. Studies of both Tourette syndrome and simple tic have found that approximately 30% of patients have a positive family history of tic. The significance of this figure depends on a number of factors, in particular the prevalence of positive tic histories in the population. If the latter figure is 10%, which the best available evidence suggests is a reasonable estimate, approximately 30% of families in the general population would be expected to contain at least one present or former tiquer. It is argued, therefore, that the family aggregation findings in Tourette syndrome do not support the hypothesis that the condition has a significant genetic component. Methodological considerations for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Significance of genetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a review. Observations suggesting a genetic basis for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome are reviewed with particular emphasis on the finding of familial aggregation. Studies of both Tourette syndrome and simple tic have found that approximately 30% of patients have a positive family history of tic. The significance of this figure depends on a number of factors, in particular the prevalence of positive tic histories in the population. If the latter figure is 10%, which the best available evidence suggests is a reasonable estimate, approximately 30% of families in the general population would be expected to contain at least one present or former tiquer. It is argued, therefore, that the family aggregation findings in Tourette syndrome do not support the hypothesis that the condition has a significant genetic component. Methodological considerations for future research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:281967", "title": "Surface antigens in acute myeloblastic leukaemia: a study using heterologous antisera.", "content": "This study analyses the activity of 95 antisera raised in rabbits against human leukaemic myeloblasts. A number of different means were used to immunize both normal rabbits and rabbits which had been treated to render them tolerant of normal human splenic leucocytes. Different immunization schedules included the use of different doses of untreated myeloblasts, as well as myeloblasts treated with neuraminidase, antibody against human spleen cells or glutaraldehyde. Analysis of the sera was carried out using two sensitive techniques for detecting cell surface antigens: a radioactive anti-immunoglobulin binding assay using 125I-horse-F(ab')2-anti-rabbit-Fab and a K-cell-mediated cytotoxicity test using rat spleen cells as effectors. (i) The unabsorbed sera showed similar mean titres against leukaemic myeloblasts and normal splenocytes. (ii) Extensive absorption with pooled cadaveric spleen were required to remove antibody against polymorphic antigens. (iii) 17/95 antisera had activity against at least some leukaemic myeloblasts after extensive absorption with cadaveric spleen. (iv) Some of the 17 absorbed sera with selective activity for myeloblasts also reacted against PHA-induced lymphoblasts. (v) Although the 17 absorbed sera showed little or no activity against marrow in the above assays normal human marrow totally absorbed all residual activity in these sera against leukaemic myeloblasts. We conclude that although these sera contain activity against antigens common to leukaemic myeloblasts and a minority population of normal marrow cells, they have no detectable activity against leukaemic-specific antigens.", "contents": "Surface antigens in acute myeloblastic leukaemia: a study using heterologous antisera. This study analyses the activity of 95 antisera raised in rabbits against human leukaemic myeloblasts. A number of different means were used to immunize both normal rabbits and rabbits which had been treated to render them tolerant of normal human splenic leucocytes. Different immunization schedules included the use of different doses of untreated myeloblasts, as well as myeloblasts treated with neuraminidase, antibody against human spleen cells or glutaraldehyde. Analysis of the sera was carried out using two sensitive techniques for detecting cell surface antigens: a radioactive anti-immunoglobulin binding assay using 125I-horse-F(ab')2-anti-rabbit-Fab and a K-cell-mediated cytotoxicity test using rat spleen cells as effectors. (i) The unabsorbed sera showed similar mean titres against leukaemic myeloblasts and normal splenocytes. (ii) Extensive absorption with pooled cadaveric spleen were required to remove antibody against polymorphic antigens. (iii) 17/95 antisera had activity against at least some leukaemic myeloblasts after extensive absorption with cadaveric spleen. (iv) Some of the 17 absorbed sera with selective activity for myeloblasts also reacted against PHA-induced lymphoblasts. (v) Although the 17 absorbed sera showed little or no activity against marrow in the above assays normal human marrow totally absorbed all residual activity in these sera against leukaemic myeloblasts. We conclude that although these sera contain activity against antigens common to leukaemic myeloblasts and a minority population of normal marrow cells, they have no detectable activity against leukaemic-specific antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:281970", "title": "Platelet storage pool deficiency and prostaglandin synthesis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Platelet function was evaluated in eight patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), seven Ph1 positive and one Ph1 negative. Seven of the eight patients' platelets had an absence of the second wave of adrenaline induced aggregation on at least one occasion, while five had impaired collagen aggregation. The platelets of all seven patients with abnormal responses to adrenaline, aggregated with arachidonic acid, thus ruling out a cyclo-oxygenase deficiency. A marked decrease in the ADP, serotonin, and dense body content of platelets was found in all five patients evaluated. Mixtures of CGL patient platelets with platelets from normal donors who had ingested aspirin gave a normal biphasic response to adrenaline. Normal release of the storage pool contents from aspirin treated platelets was shown by stirring a mixture of CGL platelets and 14C-serotonin labelled aspirin treated platelets with adrenaline. The CGL platelets alone or in the mixture produced malondialdehyde in response to adrenaline. These experimental results suggest that CGL platelets have a storage pool deficiency but can synthesize prostaglandins and thromboxanes in response to arachidonic acid and adrenaline.", "contents": "Platelet storage pool deficiency and prostaglandin synthesis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Platelet function was evaluated in eight patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), seven Ph1 positive and one Ph1 negative. Seven of the eight patients' platelets had an absence of the second wave of adrenaline induced aggregation on at least one occasion, while five had impaired collagen aggregation. The platelets of all seven patients with abnormal responses to adrenaline, aggregated with arachidonic acid, thus ruling out a cyclo-oxygenase deficiency. A marked decrease in the ADP, serotonin, and dense body content of platelets was found in all five patients evaluated. Mixtures of CGL patient platelets with platelets from normal donors who had ingested aspirin gave a normal biphasic response to adrenaline. Normal release of the storage pool contents from aspirin treated platelets was shown by stirring a mixture of CGL platelets and 14C-serotonin labelled aspirin treated platelets with adrenaline. The CGL platelets alone or in the mixture produced malondialdehyde in response to adrenaline. These experimental results suggest that CGL platelets have a storage pool deficiency but can synthesize prostaglandins and thromboxanes in response to arachidonic acid and adrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:281971", "title": "Low-dose heparin in the management of acute myelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The effectiveness of heparin in acute leukaemia complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is still controversial. In this regard low-dose heparin was found to be therapeutically effective in three patients suffering from acute myelocytic leukaemia and DIC. With respect to the contraindication of high-dose heparin in these conditions the low dose regimen appears to be a valuable alternative.", "contents": "Low-dose heparin in the management of acute myelocytic leukaemia. The effectiveness of heparin in acute leukaemia complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is still controversial. In this regard low-dose heparin was found to be therapeutically effective in three patients suffering from acute myelocytic leukaemia and DIC. With respect to the contraindication of high-dose heparin in these conditions the low dose regimen appears to be a valuable alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:281972", "title": "Growth of human acute myeloblastic leukemic (aml) cells in vitro.", "content": "Human normal and granulocytic leukemic progenitor cells produce colonies and clusters when cultured in the plasma clot system in vitro. The number of colonies formed and their cellular composition was comparable to that reported for the system (soft agar) usually used for these studies. The plasma clot system has the advantage of permitting in situ morphologic and cytochemical characterizaion of the cells within the colonies. A comparison was also made of the growth of leukemic cells in suspension cultures placed within conventional and modified Marbrook flasks. These studies demonstrated no advantage for the Marbrook system in cultures incubated for up to 7 days.", "contents": "Growth of human acute myeloblastic leukemic (aml) cells in vitro. Human normal and granulocytic leukemic progenitor cells produce colonies and clusters when cultured in the plasma clot system in vitro. The number of colonies formed and their cellular composition was comparable to that reported for the system (soft agar) usually used for these studies. The plasma clot system has the advantage of permitting in situ morphologic and cytochemical characterizaion of the cells within the colonies. A comparison was also made of the growth of leukemic cells in suspension cultures placed within conventional and modified Marbrook flasks. These studies demonstrated no advantage for the Marbrook system in cultures incubated for up to 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:281979", "title": "[Practical aspects of mutagenesis--today and later].", "content": "The struggle of medicine and biology with the phenomenon mutation is discussed from a philosophical (C. BRESCH: \"Zwischenstufe Leben\") and a practical point of view. In the beginning age of the intellectual evolution mutations have become a pruely negative relict of the declining phase of the biological evolution. Effective means of medical genetics suitable in reducing the number of manifest mutants are: prenatal genetic diagnoses in as many pregnancies as possible; protection from exogenous mutagenic sources such as chemical mutagens and consequent protection from ionizing radiations, especially in the field of medicine. Possibly also effective is conventional genetic counselling which, however, should be supported for purely humanitarian reasons. The author denies the necessity for extraordinary efforts in the field of \"genetic engineering\" for various reasons, without casting doubt on the purely scientific aspects of molecular genetics.", "contents": "[Practical aspects of mutagenesis--today and later]. The struggle of medicine and biology with the phenomenon mutation is discussed from a philosophical (C. BRESCH: \"Zwischenstufe Leben\") and a practical point of view. In the beginning age of the intellectual evolution mutations have become a pruely negative relict of the declining phase of the biological evolution. Effective means of medical genetics suitable in reducing the number of manifest mutants are: prenatal genetic diagnoses in as many pregnancies as possible; protection from exogenous mutagenic sources such as chemical mutagens and consequent protection from ionizing radiations, especially in the field of medicine. Possibly also effective is conventional genetic counselling which, however, should be supported for purely humanitarian reasons. The author denies the necessity for extraordinary efforts in the field of \"genetic engineering\" for various reasons, without casting doubt on the purely scientific aspects of molecular genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:281980", "title": "Genetic engineering.", "content": "The field of genetic engineering is reviewed with a special emphasis on in vitro DNA recombinant technology. The basic principles of the biochemistry of DNA splicing and of gene transfer are described. An important distinction is made between the insertion and cloning of genes derived from genomic DNA (\"natural\" genes) and of DNA synthetized in vitro (\"synthetic\" genes). Cloning of genes synthetized from mRNA has provided the probes necessary for the identification of genomic clones, and recently it has made possible the synthesis of specific mammalian proteins in bacteria.", "contents": "Genetic engineering. The field of genetic engineering is reviewed with a special emphasis on in vitro DNA recombinant technology. The basic principles of the biochemistry of DNA splicing and of gene transfer are described. An important distinction is made between the insertion and cloning of genes derived from genomic DNA (\"natural\" genes) and of DNA synthetized in vitro (\"synthetic\" genes). Cloning of genes synthetized from mRNA has provided the probes necessary for the identification of genomic clones, and recently it has made possible the synthesis of specific mammalian proteins in bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:281981", "title": "Prognostic implications of chromosomal findings in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis.", "content": "Chromosomes were studied on diagnostic bone-marrow samples from 39 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The patients were classified, according to the chromosomal characteristics of the major proportion of their leukaemia cells, into five categories; hyperdiploid, pseudodiploid, diploid, hypodiploid, and mixed. Patients in the hyperdiploid category had significantly longer first remissions than those in all other categories, and those in the pseudodiploid category had the shortest. Neither the absence of any normal cells nor the presence of detectable clones appeared to be an adverse feature. We suggest that the proportion of hyperdiploid cells, determined by conventional chromosomal staining techniques, may be used as an additional prognostic feature in childhood ALL.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of chromosomal findings in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis. Chromosomes were studied on diagnostic bone-marrow samples from 39 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The patients were classified, according to the chromosomal characteristics of the major proportion of their leukaemia cells, into five categories; hyperdiploid, pseudodiploid, diploid, hypodiploid, and mixed. Patients in the hyperdiploid category had significantly longer first remissions than those in all other categories, and those in the pseudodiploid category had the shortest. Neither the absence of any normal cells nor the presence of detectable clones appeared to be an adverse feature. We suggest that the proportion of hyperdiploid cells, determined by conventional chromosomal staining techniques, may be used as an additional prognostic feature in childhood ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:282004", "title": "Different cell clones in bone marrow and spleen of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blastic phase.", "content": "The chromosome study of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blastic phase revealed a 46,XY,Ph1/47,XY,Ph1,+8 cytogenetic constitution in bone marrow cells and a 46,XY,Ph1/48,XY,2Ph1,+19 cytogenetic constitution in spleen cells. As the cell clones exhibiting chromosome abnormalities in addition to the Ph1 chromosome evolved apparently independently, it is suggested that the acute transformation had a bifocal, myeloid and splenic origin.", "contents": "Different cell clones in bone marrow and spleen of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in blastic phase. The chromosome study of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blastic phase revealed a 46,XY,Ph1/47,XY,Ph1,+8 cytogenetic constitution in bone marrow cells and a 46,XY,Ph1/48,XY,2Ph1,+19 cytogenetic constitution in spleen cells. As the cell clones exhibiting chromosome abnormalities in addition to the Ph1 chromosome evolved apparently independently, it is suggested that the acute transformation had a bifocal, myeloid and splenic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:282005", "title": "Peripheral amino acid levels in patients with cancer.", "content": "Peripheral arterial and venous whole blood amino acid concentrations were determined in four groups of subjects after an overnight fast 1) normal people, 2) patients with cancer who had not lost body weight, 3) subjects with cancer who had lost more than 20% of body weight and 4) patients who had lost more than 20% of body weight from diminished intake due to cause other than cancer. Comparison of the arterial blood levels in the four groups showed that patients with cancer and weight loss had amino acid patterns different from patients who were malnourished for other reasons. Branched chain amino acids were normal in patients with malignant disease. Some gluconeogenic amino acids were reduced as in other subjects with weight loss but the characteristic rise in glycine seen with malnutrition was not present. Arterio venous differences in whole blood across the forearm showed no evidence of increase in venous excess in patients with progressive malignant disease, indicating no excessive protein catabolism in muscle tissue. The data are consistent with increased gluconeogenesis in malnourished cancer subjects, probably due to intrinsic change in hepatic metabolism.", "contents": "Peripheral amino acid levels in patients with cancer. Peripheral arterial and venous whole blood amino acid concentrations were determined in four groups of subjects after an overnight fast 1) normal people, 2) patients with cancer who had not lost body weight, 3) subjects with cancer who had lost more than 20% of body weight and 4) patients who had lost more than 20% of body weight from diminished intake due to cause other than cancer. Comparison of the arterial blood levels in the four groups showed that patients with cancer and weight loss had amino acid patterns different from patients who were malnourished for other reasons. Branched chain amino acids were normal in patients with malignant disease. Some gluconeogenic amino acids were reduced as in other subjects with weight loss but the characteristic rise in glycine seen with malnutrition was not present. Arterio venous differences in whole blood across the forearm showed no evidence of increase in venous excess in patients with progressive malignant disease, indicating no excessive protein catabolism in muscle tissue. The data are consistent with increased gluconeogenesis in malnourished cancer subjects, probably due to intrinsic change in hepatic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:282006", "title": "Antitumor activity of interferon against murine osteogenic sarcoma in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Murine interferon inhibited the growth of a continuous line of osteogenic sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Inhibition of tumor cell growth was documented by decreased clone formation in liquid medium, decreased tumor cell counts in monolayer cultures, suppression of colony formation in semi-solid agar, and decreased uptake of 3H-thymidine by the osteogenic sarcoma cells in culture. The capacity of anti-interferon antibody to block the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of the interferon preparation suggested that interferon itself is the biologically active component of the interferon preparations. In vivo, a 7-day course of 30,000-60,000 units/day of type I interferon prepared in cell cultures either completely inhibited or delayed the appearance of tumors in experimental animals inoculated with osteogenic sarcoma cells by the sc route. The therapeutic efficacy of a preparation of murine sera containing type II interferon as well as other lymphokine activity was compared with the type I interferon preparation. Animals treated with 600 units of type II interferon were protected against tumor development as effectively as with 60,000 units/day of type I.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of interferon against murine osteogenic sarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Murine interferon inhibited the growth of a continuous line of osteogenic sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Inhibition of tumor cell growth was documented by decreased clone formation in liquid medium, decreased tumor cell counts in monolayer cultures, suppression of colony formation in semi-solid agar, and decreased uptake of 3H-thymidine by the osteogenic sarcoma cells in culture. The capacity of anti-interferon antibody to block the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of the interferon preparation suggested that interferon itself is the biologically active component of the interferon preparations. In vivo, a 7-day course of 30,000-60,000 units/day of type I interferon prepared in cell cultures either completely inhibited or delayed the appearance of tumors in experimental animals inoculated with osteogenic sarcoma cells by the sc route. The therapeutic efficacy of a preparation of murine sera containing type II interferon as well as other lymphokine activity was compared with the type I interferon preparation. Animals treated with 600 units of type II interferon were protected against tumor development as effectively as with 60,000 units/day of type I."}
{"id": "PMID:282007", "title": "Activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages and enhancement of host resistance to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma in mice by an extract of Brucella abortus.", "content": "An aqueous-ether extract of Brucella abortus, Bru-Pel, enhanced resistance of mice to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma (OGS). The results presented in this report suggest that Bru-Pel is an effective immunomodulator and that one mechanism through which it enhances host resistance is activation of phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Peritoneal macrophages from mice inoculated with Bru-Pel 14 days previously were cytotoxic for OGS cells in vitro, limited the multiplication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis. Furthermore, Bru-Pel enhanced host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, in addition to viral infections and a transplantable tumor. These results support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with other recognized immunomodulating agents and suggest that further studies are warranted to better define the potential of Bru-Pel for immunotherapeutic regimens in man.", "contents": "Activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages and enhancement of host resistance to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma in mice by an extract of Brucella abortus. An aqueous-ether extract of Brucella abortus, Bru-Pel, enhanced resistance of mice to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma (OGS). The results presented in this report suggest that Bru-Pel is an effective immunomodulator and that one mechanism through which it enhances host resistance is activation of phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Peritoneal macrophages from mice inoculated with Bru-Pel 14 days previously were cytotoxic for OGS cells in vitro, limited the multiplication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis. Furthermore, Bru-Pel enhanced host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, in addition to viral infections and a transplantable tumor. These results support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with other recognized immunomodulating agents and suggest that further studies are warranted to better define the potential of Bru-Pel for immunotherapeutic regimens in man."}
{"id": "PMID:282012", "title": "Activation of teratocarcinoma-derived hemoglobin genes in teratocarcinoma-Friend cell hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid cells formed by the fusion of murine teratocarcinoma and Friend erythroleukemia cells synthesize hemoglobin in the presence of chemical inducers such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). By making use of the fact that the parental teratocarcinoma and Friend cells carried different alleles at the locus coding for the alpha chain of hemoglobin, it was possible to demonstrate that the teratocarcinoma-derived genes for the globin alpha chains are genetically active in hemoglobin-synthesizing hybrid cells. In addition, evidence is presented suggesting that the teratocarcinoma-derived genes for the beta-globin chains may also be expressed in the hybrids. Apparently the teratocarcinoma-derived genome has become reprogrammed to express erythroid functions following fusion of the teratocarcinoma cell to the Friend cell.", "contents": "Activation of teratocarcinoma-derived hemoglobin genes in teratocarcinoma-Friend cell hybrids. Hybrid cells formed by the fusion of murine teratocarcinoma and Friend erythroleukemia cells synthesize hemoglobin in the presence of chemical inducers such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). By making use of the fact that the parental teratocarcinoma and Friend cells carried different alleles at the locus coding for the alpha chain of hemoglobin, it was possible to demonstrate that the teratocarcinoma-derived genes for the globin alpha chains are genetically active in hemoglobin-synthesizing hybrid cells. In addition, evidence is presented suggesting that the teratocarcinoma-derived genes for the beta-globin chains may also be expressed in the hybrids. Apparently the teratocarcinoma-derived genome has become reprogrammed to express erythroid functions following fusion of the teratocarcinoma cell to the Friend cell."}
{"id": "PMID:282016", "title": "Heart disease screening of school children using abbreviated electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram.", "content": "By recording the electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram simultaneously using three abbreviated leads, 23,216 (6 and 7 years of age) elementary school children were screened for heart diseases. One hundred and one cases (0.44%) with congenital heart diseases, ten cases (0.04%) with acquired heart diseases and 100 cases (0.43%) with electrocardiographic abnormalities were discovered. From these observations, we conclude that this screening method applied on school children is useful in discovering the previously unrecognized heart diseases, especially atrial septal defect, primary myocardial disease and arrhythmia.", "contents": "Heart disease screening of school children using abbreviated electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram. By recording the electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram simultaneously using three abbreviated leads, 23,216 (6 and 7 years of age) elementary school children were screened for heart diseases. One hundred and one cases (0.44%) with congenital heart diseases, ten cases (0.04%) with acquired heart diseases and 100 cases (0.43%) with electrocardiographic abnormalities were discovered. From these observations, we conclude that this screening method applied on school children is useful in discovering the previously unrecognized heart diseases, especially atrial septal defect, primary myocardial disease and arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:282017", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. V. On 32 species belonging to the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Muscidae).", "content": "Flies from different geographical parts of Thailand were collected to study their medical importance as well as making a zoogeographical study. After examination, 32 species of 10 genera, Orthellia, Mitroplatia, Morellia, Pyrellia, Rypellia, Haematobia, Haematobosca, Stygeromyia, Haematostoma and Stomoxys, belonging to Muscidae were identified and these are reported in this paper. Some of these are newly recorded ones from this country. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. V. On 32 species belonging to the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Muscidae). Flies from different geographical parts of Thailand were collected to study their medical importance as well as making a zoogeographical study. After examination, 32 species of 10 genera, Orthellia, Mitroplatia, Morellia, Pyrellia, Rypellia, Haematobia, Haematobosca, Stygeromyia, Haematostoma and Stomoxys, belonging to Muscidae were identified and these are reported in this paper. Some of these are newly recorded ones from this country. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection."}
{"id": "PMID:282018", "title": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (I).", "content": "The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the spongiosa of the proximal tibia and the alveolar bone in immature rats was studied using a time marker by the injection of lead acetate. 1) When intact rats were fed on a low calcium diet, the promotion of the apposition of the alveolar bone and the longitudinal formation as well as the resorption of the spongiosa were observed, but no change was detected in the serum calcium level. The resorption was more remarkable than the formation. 2) By parathyroidectomy (PTX) or thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) the effect described in 1) disappeared completely, but there subsequently occurred a fall of the serum calcium level and a marked inhibition of the formation and resorption. The decrease in the appositional formation was stronger than in the longitudinal formation. 3) When PTH was injected into the rats having undergone PTX or TPTX, all of the effects in 2) were reversed with the recovery of the apposition being at an extremely high rate. All the foregoing results indicate that PTH has an evident anabolic action in addition to the action of increasing the bone resorption and that the sensitivity to PTH is stronger in the periosteal bone than in the spongiosa.", "contents": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (I). The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the spongiosa of the proximal tibia and the alveolar bone in immature rats was studied using a time marker by the injection of lead acetate. 1) When intact rats were fed on a low calcium diet, the promotion of the apposition of the alveolar bone and the longitudinal formation as well as the resorption of the spongiosa were observed, but no change was detected in the serum calcium level. The resorption was more remarkable than the formation. 2) By parathyroidectomy (PTX) or thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) the effect described in 1) disappeared completely, but there subsequently occurred a fall of the serum calcium level and a marked inhibition of the formation and resorption. The decrease in the appositional formation was stronger than in the longitudinal formation. 3) When PTH was injected into the rats having undergone PTX or TPTX, all of the effects in 2) were reversed with the recovery of the apposition being at an extremely high rate. All the foregoing results indicate that PTH has an evident anabolic action in addition to the action of increasing the bone resorption and that the sensitivity to PTH is stronger in the periosteal bone than in the spongiosa."}
{"id": "PMID:282019", "title": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (II).", "content": "The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the formation of the incisor in the rats was investigated using a time marker by the injection of lead acetate. 1) When intact immature rats were fed on a low calcium diet, the rate of the longitudinal and appositional formation of the incisal dentin was increased. 2) Both formations were inhibited by parathyroidectomy (PTX) or thyro-parathyroidectomy (TPTX), the inhibition being stronger in the appositional than in the longitudinal formation. The mechanism generating the characteristic responses (thin dentin and irregularity of dentin formation) which appeared after the operations was made clear. 3) All of the effects in 2) were reversed by the injection of PTH. However, the restoration in the appositional formation was faster in appearance and higher in rate than in the longitudinal formation. The results of 1) to 3) indicate that PTH has an anabolic effect on the hard tissues. 4) The sensitivity of the tissues to PTH varies according to their embryological origin.", "contents": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (II). The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the formation of the incisor in the rats was investigated using a time marker by the injection of lead acetate. 1) When intact immature rats were fed on a low calcium diet, the rate of the longitudinal and appositional formation of the incisal dentin was increased. 2) Both formations were inhibited by parathyroidectomy (PTX) or thyro-parathyroidectomy (TPTX), the inhibition being stronger in the appositional than in the longitudinal formation. The mechanism generating the characteristic responses (thin dentin and irregularity of dentin formation) which appeared after the operations was made clear. 3) All of the effects in 2) were reversed by the injection of PTH. However, the restoration in the appositional formation was faster in appearance and higher in rate than in the longitudinal formation. The results of 1) to 3) indicate that PTH has an anabolic effect on the hard tissues. 4) The sensitivity of the tissues to PTH varies according to their embryological origin."}
{"id": "PMID:282020", "title": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (III).", "content": "The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on mineralization and matrix formation was studied on the incisal dentin of immature rats by using a time marker as well as the histochemical method. 1. When the hypersecretion of PTH was caused by a low calcium diet, mineralization and matrix formation were both accelerated. 2. Both mineralization and matrix formation were clearly inhibited by parathyroidectomy or thyro-parathyroidectomy which brought about a widening of the predentin (dentinoid) as a result of the conspicuous inhibition of mineralized matrix formation. The maturation of the matrix seemed to be inhibited also. 3. Demineralization was lower and slower in the labial than in the lingual dentin. 4. The inhibitory effect disappeared totally by the PTH injection, but the restoration of matrix formation was faster compared with that of mineralization. 5. The increase or decrease in mineralization did not necessarily occur in parallel with that in matrix formation. 6. Acid mucopolysaccharide formation in the dentin depended clearly on the quantity of PTH.", "contents": "Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (III). The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on mineralization and matrix formation was studied on the incisal dentin of immature rats by using a time marker as well as the histochemical method. 1. When the hypersecretion of PTH was caused by a low calcium diet, mineralization and matrix formation were both accelerated. 2. Both mineralization and matrix formation were clearly inhibited by parathyroidectomy or thyro-parathyroidectomy which brought about a widening of the predentin (dentinoid) as a result of the conspicuous inhibition of mineralized matrix formation. The maturation of the matrix seemed to be inhibited also. 3. Demineralization was lower and slower in the labial than in the lingual dentin. 4. The inhibitory effect disappeared totally by the PTH injection, but the restoration of matrix formation was faster compared with that of mineralization. 5. The increase or decrease in mineralization did not necessarily occur in parallel with that in matrix formation. 6. Acid mucopolysaccharide formation in the dentin depended clearly on the quantity of PTH."}
{"id": "PMID:282021", "title": "A biomathematical study on implant design and stress distribution.", "content": "Three types of implant were simulated by the two-dimensional finite element method using the mechanical properties of human mandible and implant material as input data. Type 1 was a blade implant, type 2 was blade implant with subperiosteal wings in buccolingual direction, and type 3 was subperiosteal implant with no blade. The effect of bucco-lingual subperiosteal wings in decreasing the stress concentration around the neck portion of the blade implant was investigated under three kinds of occlusal force. In conclusion, the greatest stress concentration was observed at the cortical bone around the neck portion of T-1 blade implant. It was effective in decreasing the stress concentration at this neck portion to change the implant design from T-1 to T-2 or T-3.", "contents": "A biomathematical study on implant design and stress distribution. Three types of implant were simulated by the two-dimensional finite element method using the mechanical properties of human mandible and implant material as input data. Type 1 was a blade implant, type 2 was blade implant with subperiosteal wings in buccolingual direction, and type 3 was subperiosteal implant with no blade. The effect of bucco-lingual subperiosteal wings in decreasing the stress concentration around the neck portion of the blade implant was investigated under three kinds of occlusal force. In conclusion, the greatest stress concentration was observed at the cortical bone around the neck portion of T-1 blade implant. It was effective in decreasing the stress concentration at this neck portion to change the implant design from T-1 to T-2 or T-3."}
{"id": "PMID:282022", "title": "Effects of colchicine on osteoblast in rat: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "The present study was an attempt to investigate the effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of rat osteoblasts with special reference to the microtubular function in vivo. Rats were killed at intervals of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the colchicine injection (0.1 mg per 100 g of body weight, subcutaneously). At 2 and 4 hours after the injection, the secretory granules and small vesicles accumulated in the Golgi area of the osteoblasts. The dilated spherical cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the large vacuoles appeared, being located in the periphery of the cell. Microtubules were rarely found in the cytoplasm. Small masses of microfilaments of 80 to 110 A in diameter were found also in the cytoplasm. According to the special staining for collagen, it was indicated that the contents of the secretory granules might be collagen-like materials. At 8 hours after the injection, the shape of the osteoblasts transformed to a round profile and the autophagic vacuoles increased in the cytoplasm. At 12 and 24 hours after the injection, the osteoblasts seemed to be destroyed by the breakdown of the plasma membrane and by the increase of the autophagic vacuoles. It is suggested that colchicine affects the secretory process of the bone matrix and the cytoskeletal system of the osteoblasts by interfering with the structure and the function of the microtubules and colchicine also interferes with the function of the plasma membrane followed by the destruction of the osteoblasts.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on osteoblast in rat: an ultrastructural study. The present study was an attempt to investigate the effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of rat osteoblasts with special reference to the microtubular function in vivo. Rats were killed at intervals of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the colchicine injection (0.1 mg per 100 g of body weight, subcutaneously). At 2 and 4 hours after the injection, the secretory granules and small vesicles accumulated in the Golgi area of the osteoblasts. The dilated spherical cisterna of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the large vacuoles appeared, being located in the periphery of the cell. Microtubules were rarely found in the cytoplasm. Small masses of microfilaments of 80 to 110 A in diameter were found also in the cytoplasm. According to the special staining for collagen, it was indicated that the contents of the secretory granules might be collagen-like materials. At 8 hours after the injection, the shape of the osteoblasts transformed to a round profile and the autophagic vacuoles increased in the cytoplasm. At 12 and 24 hours after the injection, the osteoblasts seemed to be destroyed by the breakdown of the plasma membrane and by the increase of the autophagic vacuoles. It is suggested that colchicine affects the secretory process of the bone matrix and the cytoskeletal system of the osteoblasts by interfering with the structure and the function of the microtubules and colchicine also interferes with the function of the plasma membrane followed by the destruction of the osteoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:282023", "title": "Facial clefts in Danish twins.", "content": "A total of 74 Danish twin pairs with cleft lip +/- palate (CL(P)) and isolated cleft palate (CP) born in Denmark from 1941 to 1969 were studied. Eight pairs were of indeterminate zygosity status' and 26 pairs of unlike sex were dizygous (DZ). Of the remaining 42 like-sexed pairs, zygosity assignments were made from genotyping and physical resemblance data. Twelve pairs were given MZ status and thirty pairs DZ status. The following data was calculated: 1) in contrast to other reports, the incidence of either CL(P) or CP was not increased for either MZ or DZ twins; 2) using the pairwise method for concordance rate calculation, concordance rates for CL(P) twins were: MZ = 36 per cent; DZ = 1.5 per cent. For CP, MZ = 33 per cent; DZ = 0 per cent. The results support the concept that heredity is a prime factor in the etiology of clefting, but the low MZ concordance rates also suggest genetic heterogeneity in this cleft population.", "contents": "Facial clefts in Danish twins. A total of 74 Danish twin pairs with cleft lip +/- palate (CL(P)) and isolated cleft palate (CP) born in Denmark from 1941 to 1969 were studied. Eight pairs were of indeterminate zygosity status' and 26 pairs of unlike sex were dizygous (DZ). Of the remaining 42 like-sexed pairs, zygosity assignments were made from genotyping and physical resemblance data. Twelve pairs were given MZ status and thirty pairs DZ status. The following data was calculated: 1) in contrast to other reports, the incidence of either CL(P) or CP was not increased for either MZ or DZ twins; 2) using the pairwise method for concordance rate calculation, concordance rates for CL(P) twins were: MZ = 36 per cent; DZ = 1.5 per cent. For CP, MZ = 33 per cent; DZ = 0 per cent. The results support the concept that heredity is a prime factor in the etiology of clefting, but the low MZ concordance rates also suggest genetic heterogeneity in this cleft population."}
{"id": "PMID:282026", "title": "Airway management in the repair of craniofacial defects.", "content": "The operative repair of craniofacial defects presents the surgeon with critical problems regarding airway management. Thirty-seven per cent of our series of 100 children operated upon for a variety of cranofacial deformities had some difficulty in airway management. Those patients with mandibular dysostoses and those requiring midface advancement (Le Fort III) had the highest incidence of airway problems. Our suggested management of the airway is described with emphasis upon the importance of close cooperation between the plastic surgeon, otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist.", "contents": "Airway management in the repair of craniofacial defects. The operative repair of craniofacial defects presents the surgeon with critical problems regarding airway management. Thirty-seven per cent of our series of 100 children operated upon for a variety of cranofacial deformities had some difficulty in airway management. Those patients with mandibular dysostoses and those requiring midface advancement (Le Fort III) had the highest incidence of airway problems. Our suggested management of the airway is described with emphasis upon the importance of close cooperation between the plastic surgeon, otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:282027", "title": "The dynamics of Passavant's ridge in subjects with and without velopharyngeal insufficiency--a multi-view videofluoroscopic study.", "content": "Passavant's ridge was studied in 43 patients via multiview videofluoroscopy incorporating the simultaneous recording of speech. Ratings of the videotapes were made at full speed, in slowmotion, and by stop-framing. The following results were found: (1) Just as there are variable patterns of velopharyngeal closure, there were also variations in the way in which Passavant's ridge is positioned relative to the velum, and in the ridge's subsequent role in velopharyngeal narrowing or closure. (2) The ridge was the primary pharyngeal structure at the level of the velum that closed or locally narrowed the velopharyngeal portal in 37% of patients. (3) Passavant's ridge usually appeared as a structure encompassing both the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls, and its presence was usually associated with active lateral pharyngeal wall motion. (4) Passavant's ridge was more prominent when the head was in the hyper-extended rather than the neutral position. (5) Passavant's ridge moved in a highly consistent manner, synchronous with velar movement.", "contents": "The dynamics of Passavant's ridge in subjects with and without velopharyngeal insufficiency--a multi-view videofluoroscopic study. Passavant's ridge was studied in 43 patients via multiview videofluoroscopy incorporating the simultaneous recording of speech. Ratings of the videotapes were made at full speed, in slowmotion, and by stop-framing. The following results were found: (1) Just as there are variable patterns of velopharyngeal closure, there were also variations in the way in which Passavant's ridge is positioned relative to the velum, and in the ridge's subsequent role in velopharyngeal narrowing or closure. (2) The ridge was the primary pharyngeal structure at the level of the velum that closed or locally narrowed the velopharyngeal portal in 37% of patients. (3) Passavant's ridge usually appeared as a structure encompassing both the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls, and its presence was usually associated with active lateral pharyngeal wall motion. (4) Passavant's ridge was more prominent when the head was in the hyper-extended rather than the neutral position. (5) Passavant's ridge moved in a highly consistent manner, synchronous with velar movement."}
{"id": "PMID:282028", "title": "A comparison of three technics of palatorrhaphy: in-hospital morbidity.", "content": "We report the first randomized prospective comparison of different techniques of palatorrhaphy. The in-hospital morbidity of the Wardill-Kilner repair (Group I), von Langenbeck repair (Group II), and von Langenbeck repair with superiorly based pharyngeal flap (Group III) was evaluated in 47 patients. There were no deaths. Transfusion was needed only in Group I patients (p less than 0.01). Postoperative airway obstruction was significantly more common in Group III patients than in Group I (0 per cent or II (6 per cent) (p less than 0.05). Thus the in-hospital morbidity was least following the von Langenbeck repair.", "contents": "A comparison of three technics of palatorrhaphy: in-hospital morbidity. We report the first randomized prospective comparison of different techniques of palatorrhaphy. The in-hospital morbidity of the Wardill-Kilner repair (Group I), von Langenbeck repair (Group II), and von Langenbeck repair with superiorly based pharyngeal flap (Group III) was evaluated in 47 patients. There were no deaths. Transfusion was needed only in Group I patients (p less than 0.01). Postoperative airway obstruction was significantly more common in Group III patients than in Group I (0 per cent or II (6 per cent) (p less than 0.05). Thus the in-hospital morbidity was least following the von Langenbeck repair."}
{"id": "PMID:282029", "title": "A comprehensive study of pharyngeal flap surgery: tailor made flaps.", "content": "Three methods of pharyngeal flap surgery were analyzed with multiview videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy at least six months post-operatively. It was found that, by varying the type of insertion of the flap into the palate, post-operative flap width could be \"tailored\" to the size of the gap in the velopharyngeal sphincter. The value of varying flap width according to gap size was assessed by analyzing speech results in 60 patients specifically assigned for narrow, moderate, or wide flaps. Results show a marked improvement in the effectiveness of pharyngeal flap surgery when operations are prescribed according to the degree of lateral pharyngeal wall motion seen pre-operatively.", "contents": "A comprehensive study of pharyngeal flap surgery: tailor made flaps. Three methods of pharyngeal flap surgery were analyzed with multiview videofluoroscopy and nasopharyngoscopy at least six months post-operatively. It was found that, by varying the type of insertion of the flap into the palate, post-operative flap width could be \"tailored\" to the size of the gap in the velopharyngeal sphincter. The value of varying flap width according to gap size was assessed by analyzing speech results in 60 patients specifically assigned for narrow, moderate, or wide flaps. Results show a marked improvement in the effectiveness of pharyngeal flap surgery when operations are prescribed according to the degree of lateral pharyngeal wall motion seen pre-operatively."}
{"id": "PMID:282030", "title": "A retrospective study of hearing impairment in three groups of cleft palate patients.", "content": "Three groups of cleft palate patients were evaluated for hearing impairment and secretory otitis at age five to determine the effect of myringotomy and tube placement. Each group consisted of 23 patients (46 ears). Hearing levels and otoscopic evaluations were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Group I had had no myringotomies. Group II had myringotomies after the initial palate closure and only when deemed necessary. Group III had had myringotomies at the initial palate closure and subsequently as needed. Optimal timing for myringotomy in cleft palate patients to maximize hearing at school age could not be determined. The need for myringotomy must be determined by clinical judgement on an individual basis.", "contents": "A retrospective study of hearing impairment in three groups of cleft palate patients. Three groups of cleft palate patients were evaluated for hearing impairment and secretory otitis at age five to determine the effect of myringotomy and tube placement. Each group consisted of 23 patients (46 ears). Hearing levels and otoscopic evaluations were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Group I had had no myringotomies. Group II had myringotomies after the initial palate closure and only when deemed necessary. Group III had had myringotomies at the initial palate closure and subsequently as needed. Optimal timing for myringotomy in cleft palate patients to maximize hearing at school age could not be determined. The need for myringotomy must be determined by clinical judgement on an individual basis."}
{"id": "PMID:282031", "title": "A longitudinal cephalometric study on unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects.", "content": "The facial growth of nine male and 9 female subjects with surgically repaired unilateral cleft lips and palates was compared to that of 20 male and 15 female non-cleft individuals. Different cephalometric landmarks were identified on the cranial base and maxillary complex, and eleven different parameters were measured. Univariate longitudinal growth profile and mean vector analyses as well as multivariate and cross-sectional comparisons were performed between male, female, and combined normal and cleft groups. Linear data comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the growth profile and mean vector analyses of several of the parameters describing the relationship (SNA and SNAns) and dimensions (Ans-Ptm and A-Ptm) of the maxillary complex. Incremental data comparisons on the same parameters (SNA, SNAns, Ans-Ptm and A-Ptm) indicated statistically significant differences in the mean vector longitudinal analysis and the univariate cross-sectional analysis. Most of these significant differences were concentrated in the older age comparisons (7 to 8, 8 to 9, and 9 to 10 years). Where significant differences existed, the normal sample increments were usually greater than the cleft sample increments.", "contents": "A longitudinal cephalometric study on unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. The facial growth of nine male and 9 female subjects with surgically repaired unilateral cleft lips and palates was compared to that of 20 male and 15 female non-cleft individuals. Different cephalometric landmarks were identified on the cranial base and maxillary complex, and eleven different parameters were measured. Univariate longitudinal growth profile and mean vector analyses as well as multivariate and cross-sectional comparisons were performed between male, female, and combined normal and cleft groups. Linear data comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the growth profile and mean vector analyses of several of the parameters describing the relationship (SNA and SNAns) and dimensions (Ans-Ptm and A-Ptm) of the maxillary complex. Incremental data comparisons on the same parameters (SNA, SNAns, Ans-Ptm and A-Ptm) indicated statistically significant differences in the mean vector longitudinal analysis and the univariate cross-sectional analysis. Most of these significant differences were concentrated in the older age comparisons (7 to 8, 8 to 9, and 9 to 10 years). Where significant differences existed, the normal sample increments were usually greater than the cleft sample increments."}
{"id": "PMID:282032", "title": "The social effects of craniofacial deformity and its correction.", "content": "A survey of our first 50 patients having craniofacial surgery was done. An attempt was made to determine the impact of facial deformity on social function for both the patient and his family and how function was altered by surgical correction. This was accomplished by a uniform series of questions. All patients were at least one year postoperative. The results emphasize that facial deformity played a dominant role in patients' lives prior to surgery and that surgical intervention led to improved social functioning in a number of areas. Meaningful data was collected on three groups of patients: 11 adults, 18 adolescents, and 17 children. Changes perceived were strikingly different in the three groups. Eight-seven percent of all patients would make the decision to have surgery again, and at least 50 percent had objective evidence of improved function. However, the survey also suggests that the extreme stress produced by the treatment may create family problems for which support is necessary.", "contents": "The social effects of craniofacial deformity and its correction. A survey of our first 50 patients having craniofacial surgery was done. An attempt was made to determine the impact of facial deformity on social function for both the patient and his family and how function was altered by surgical correction. This was accomplished by a uniform series of questions. All patients were at least one year postoperative. The results emphasize that facial deformity played a dominant role in patients' lives prior to surgery and that surgical intervention led to improved social functioning in a number of areas. Meaningful data was collected on three groups of patients: 11 adults, 18 adolescents, and 17 children. Changes perceived were strikingly different in the three groups. Eight-seven percent of all patients would make the decision to have surgery again, and at least 50 percent had objective evidence of improved function. However, the survey also suggests that the extreme stress produced by the treatment may create family problems for which support is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:282033", "title": "Hearing sensitivity of adults with cleft lip and/or palate.", "content": "This study is designed to investigate the hearing sensitivity of adults with repaired clefts of the lip and/or palate or congenital velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI). Hearing sensitivity was analyzed with respect to pure tone air conduction thresholds and the extent of air bone gap. In addition to age, type of cleft and type of physical management of the palate were taken into account. The results of the study indicated that the thresholds of individuals with clefts of the palate or VPI exceeded normal limits. There were no significant differences in thresholds among the four types of palatal clefts or among the types of physical management of the palates.", "contents": "Hearing sensitivity of adults with cleft lip and/or palate. This study is designed to investigate the hearing sensitivity of adults with repaired clefts of the lip and/or palate or congenital velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI). Hearing sensitivity was analyzed with respect to pure tone air conduction thresholds and the extent of air bone gap. In addition to age, type of cleft and type of physical management of the palate were taken into account. The results of the study indicated that the thresholds of individuals with clefts of the palate or VPI exceeded normal limits. There were no significant differences in thresholds among the four types of palatal clefts or among the types of physical management of the palates."}
{"id": "PMID:282034", "title": "Written language skills of children with cleft palate.", "content": "The written language abilities of children with cleft palates aged eight to 13 were studied to compare performance with norms for the Picture Story Language Test. Although intelligence of this sample, as measured by the performance portion of the WISC, was skewed toward the superior and very superior ranges, the group ranked below the 50th percentile in total words used, words per sentence, and syntax quotients. Also, percentile scores on the PSLT declined as the age of the subjects increased. These results differ from the Ebert, McWilliams, and Woolf (1974) study where younger children with cleft palates (ages six to eight) were found to exhibit age-appropriate written language. The influence of factors affecting language development among the cleft palate population, such as methods and success of management, hearing, articulation, intelligence, sex, and psychosocial adjustment needs to be further investigated.", "contents": "Written language skills of children with cleft palate. The written language abilities of children with cleft palates aged eight to 13 were studied to compare performance with norms for the Picture Story Language Test. Although intelligence of this sample, as measured by the performance portion of the WISC, was skewed toward the superior and very superior ranges, the group ranked below the 50th percentile in total words used, words per sentence, and syntax quotients. Also, percentile scores on the PSLT declined as the age of the subjects increased. These results differ from the Ebert, McWilliams, and Woolf (1974) study where younger children with cleft palates (ages six to eight) were found to exhibit age-appropriate written language. The influence of factors affecting language development among the cleft palate population, such as methods and success of management, hearing, articulation, intelligence, sex, and psychosocial adjustment needs to be further investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:282036", "title": "Hypertension and brain catecholamine distribution in the Hebrew University Sabra, H and N rats.", "content": "1. The concentration of catecholamines was measured in several brain areas of the Hewbrew University Sabra rat (SB rat), and in two substrains selected for their respective sensitivity (H) or immunity (N) to hypertension. 2. Hypertension was induced in SB rats by DOCA-salt, renal artery constriction and NaCl 1.7% drinking. The noradrenaline content was consistently elevated in the medulla oblongata of hypertension animals. In other brain areas the rise in noradrenaline varied in the different types of hypertension. 3. Administration of DOCA-salt to H and N rats, while causing marked hypertension in the former, had no effect on noradrenaline in either strain. 4. Untreated, normotensive N rats had in the medulla oblongata, significantly higher concentrations of noradrenaline than did H rats. 5. Differences in brain noradrenaline may explain the inherited susceptibility or resistance to hypertension in H and N rats.", "contents": "Hypertension and brain catecholamine distribution in the Hebrew University Sabra, H and N rats. 1. The concentration of catecholamines was measured in several brain areas of the Hewbrew University Sabra rat (SB rat), and in two substrains selected for their respective sensitivity (H) or immunity (N) to hypertension. 2. Hypertension was induced in SB rats by DOCA-salt, renal artery constriction and NaCl 1.7% drinking. The noradrenaline content was consistently elevated in the medulla oblongata of hypertension animals. In other brain areas the rise in noradrenaline varied in the different types of hypertension. 3. Administration of DOCA-salt to H and N rats, while causing marked hypertension in the former, had no effect on noradrenaline in either strain. 4. Untreated, normotensive N rats had in the medulla oblongata, significantly higher concentrations of noradrenaline than did H rats. 5. Differences in brain noradrenaline may explain the inherited susceptibility or resistance to hypertension in H and N rats."}
{"id": "PMID:282038", "title": "Purification of human renal renin.", "content": "1. Human renal renin has been purified 200 000-fold from cadaver kidney cortex by a method which employs affinity chromatography on aminohexyl peptstatin. 2. The product of this purification has a specific activity of 400 Goldblatt units/mg when compared with Haas human renin standard. 3. This product appears as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate gel and polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis. Renin enzymatic activity was recovered after elution from a polyacrylamide-disc gel run at pH 7.8. 4. Yield with this method was 1%.", "contents": "Purification of human renal renin. 1. Human renal renin has been purified 200 000-fold from cadaver kidney cortex by a method which employs affinity chromatography on aminohexyl peptstatin. 2. The product of this purification has a specific activity of 400 Goldblatt units/mg when compared with Haas human renin standard. 3. This product appears as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate gel and polyacrylamide-disc gel electrophoresis. Renin enzymatic activity was recovered after elution from a polyacrylamide-disc gel run at pH 7.8. 4. Yield with this method was 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:282039", "title": "Is high-molecular-weight-renin binding of renin to the protease inhibitors and lipoproteins?", "content": "1. Two high-molecular-weight forms of renin (molecular weights 800 000 and 70 000) are present in mouse plasma. 2. The 800 000 form could be activated and converted into the fully active 40 000 form, by acid or limited proteolysis. The 70 000 form was activated without change in molecular weight. 3. In addition to its enzymic activity, renin was measured by a direct radioimmunoassay, which revealed that the current acid treatment of plasma did not activate all the renin present. 4. Renin is stored as fully active 40 000 renin, with a specific enzymic reactivity of 0.4 times 10(-3) GU ng(-1), in the submaxillary gland of mice. 5. Pure 125I-labelled 40 000 submaxillary renin did not bind to plasma proteins. However, by changing the tertiary structure of renin, it was bound to some of the plasma protease inhibitors; alpha2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-antithrombin. It was also bound to alpha1- and beta1-lipoprotein, albumin and an unidentified plasma protein. No binding was seen to more than 50 other studied plasma proteins.", "contents": "Is high-molecular-weight-renin binding of renin to the protease inhibitors and lipoproteins? 1. Two high-molecular-weight forms of renin (molecular weights 800 000 and 70 000) are present in mouse plasma. 2. The 800 000 form could be activated and converted into the fully active 40 000 form, by acid or limited proteolysis. The 70 000 form was activated without change in molecular weight. 3. In addition to its enzymic activity, renin was measured by a direct radioimmunoassay, which revealed that the current acid treatment of plasma did not activate all the renin present. 4. Renin is stored as fully active 40 000 renin, with a specific enzymic reactivity of 0.4 times 10(-3) GU ng(-1), in the submaxillary gland of mice. 5. Pure 125I-labelled 40 000 submaxillary renin did not bind to plasma proteins. However, by changing the tertiary structure of renin, it was bound to some of the plasma protease inhibitors; alpha2-macroglobulin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor and alpha2-antithrombin. It was also bound to alpha1- and beta1-lipoprotein, albumin and an unidentified plasma protein. No binding was seen to more than 50 other studied plasma proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:282040", "title": "Cryoactivation of plasma renin.", "content": "1. The mechanism of increased renin activity after human plasma had been kept at -5 degrees C for 4 days (cryoactivation) was investigated. 2. The increase in renin activity of human plasma by cryoactivation was closely correlated to the increase obtained by incubation with trypsin (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001, n = 10). 3. An inhibitor of thiol enzyme, N-ethylmaleimide did not inhibit cryoactivation. 4. Soyabean trypsin inhibitor and di-isopropylflurophosphate (DFP) inhibited cryoactivation, suggesting that the cryoactivation may be due to the action of a trypsin-like serine enzyme. 5. In an experiment in the rat haemorrhagic shock caused parallel and cryoactivated plasma, the renin activity being about two times higher in the latter. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of renin and renin substrate between the non-cryoactivated and cryoactivated plasma samples. 6. The results may indicate that a destruction of an inhibitor of the renin-renin substrate reaction is responsible for the increase of renin activity after exposure of rat plasma to low temperature. A trypsin-like enzyme in plasma might have destroyed the inhibitor during this procedure.", "contents": "Cryoactivation of plasma renin. 1. The mechanism of increased renin activity after human plasma had been kept at -5 degrees C for 4 days (cryoactivation) was investigated. 2. The increase in renin activity of human plasma by cryoactivation was closely correlated to the increase obtained by incubation with trypsin (r = 0.88, P less than 0.001, n = 10). 3. An inhibitor of thiol enzyme, N-ethylmaleimide did not inhibit cryoactivation. 4. Soyabean trypsin inhibitor and di-isopropylflurophosphate (DFP) inhibited cryoactivation, suggesting that the cryoactivation may be due to the action of a trypsin-like serine enzyme. 5. In an experiment in the rat haemorrhagic shock caused parallel and cryoactivated plasma, the renin activity being about two times higher in the latter. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of renin and renin substrate between the non-cryoactivated and cryoactivated plasma samples. 6. The results may indicate that a destruction of an inhibitor of the renin-renin substrate reaction is responsible for the increase of renin activity after exposure of rat plasma to low temperature. A trypsin-like enzyme in plasma might have destroyed the inhibitor during this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:282041", "title": "Different secretion patterns of active and inactive renin in man.", "content": "1. In plasma samples from normal subjects and patients with untreated essential hypertension, the concentration of inactive renin (as measured after acidification) was on average 4-5 times higher than the concentration of active renin (as measured without acidification).2. Plasma angiotensin II concentration was correlated to active renin but not to inactive renin. 3. A hyperacute stimulation induced by infusion of saralasin resulted in a marked rise of active renin, whereas inactive renin remained unchanged. 4. An acute stimulation induced by frusemide and ambulation led to a considerable rise in active renin and a slight, but significant, rise of inactive renin. 5. Stimulation with oral thiazide over 5 days induced a seven-fold rise of active renin, with a doubling of inactive renin. Thiazide treatment for 3 months led to a four-fold rise of active renin and a three-fold rise of inactive renin. 6. There was no difference between the concentrations of inactive renin in systemic plasma, ipsilateral and contralateral renal venous plasma in 12 patients with renovascular hypertension, neither before nor after infusion of saralasin with the associated fall in blood pressure. 7. We conclude that the time constants pertinent to secretion or release of active and inactive renin in man are of different orders of magnitude.", "contents": "Different secretion patterns of active and inactive renin in man. 1. In plasma samples from normal subjects and patients with untreated essential hypertension, the concentration of inactive renin (as measured after acidification) was on average 4-5 times higher than the concentration of active renin (as measured without acidification).2. Plasma angiotensin II concentration was correlated to active renin but not to inactive renin. 3. A hyperacute stimulation induced by infusion of saralasin resulted in a marked rise of active renin, whereas inactive renin remained unchanged. 4. An acute stimulation induced by frusemide and ambulation led to a considerable rise in active renin and a slight, but significant, rise of inactive renin. 5. Stimulation with oral thiazide over 5 days induced a seven-fold rise of active renin, with a doubling of inactive renin. Thiazide treatment for 3 months led to a four-fold rise of active renin and a three-fold rise of inactive renin. 6. There was no difference between the concentrations of inactive renin in systemic plasma, ipsilateral and contralateral renal venous plasma in 12 patients with renovascular hypertension, neither before nor after infusion of saralasin with the associated fall in blood pressure. 7. We conclude that the time constants pertinent to secretion or release of active and inactive renin in man are of different orders of magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:282042", "title": "Renin secretion by the human kidney.", "content": "1. 20 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied, 10 of whom were on propranolol treatment. Several blood samples for determination of total and active renin were drawn simultaneously from the renal artery and vein after angiographic studies. 2. In all patients renal blood flow was measured by Hippuran-clearance at the time of blood sampling. Intrarenal blood flow was assessed by xenon-washout. 3. The results indicate that under basal conditions renin is secreted mainly in the active form, although secretion of inactive renin does occur. During propranolol treatment there is a tendency for secretion of active renin to be reduced.", "contents": "Renin secretion by the human kidney. 1. 20 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension were studied, 10 of whom were on propranolol treatment. Several blood samples for determination of total and active renin were drawn simultaneously from the renal artery and vein after angiographic studies. 2. In all patients renal blood flow was measured by Hippuran-clearance at the time of blood sampling. Intrarenal blood flow was assessed by xenon-washout. 3. The results indicate that under basal conditions renin is secreted mainly in the active form, although secretion of inactive renin does occur. During propranolol treatment there is a tendency for secretion of active renin to be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:282043", "title": "Acid-activated renin responses to hydrochlorothiazide, propranol and indomethacin.", "content": "1. Six essential hypertensive patients (five with low renin) were treated in successive weeks with placebo; hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg (382 micromol)/day; hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mmol of sodium/day diet; hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium diet and propranolol 160 mg (544 micromol)/day; and hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium and indomethacin 100 mg (287 micromol)/day. 2. Although blood pressure remained unchanged and serum potassium fell on diuretic with or without low salt, there was a marked increase of active renin and a lesser increase of inactive renin, resulting in an increased proportion of active to total renin. 3. Propranolol decreased both active and inactive renin, but not significantly. 4. Indomethacin produced a marked suppression of active renin, a smaller reduction in inactive renin, and a reduction of the ratio of active to total renin almost to placebo values. 5. Blood pressure rose to control values on indomethacin despite the fall in renin whereas it fell with propranolol with little change in renin. 6. Serum aldosterone rose with stimulation but remained elevated despite effective renin suppression with indomethacin and continuing reduced serum potassium concentration.", "contents": "Acid-activated renin responses to hydrochlorothiazide, propranol and indomethacin. 1. Six essential hypertensive patients (five with low renin) were treated in successive weeks with placebo; hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg (382 micromol)/day; hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mmol of sodium/day diet; hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium diet and propranolol 160 mg (544 micromol)/day; and hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mmol of sodium and indomethacin 100 mg (287 micromol)/day. 2. Although blood pressure remained unchanged and serum potassium fell on diuretic with or without low salt, there was a marked increase of active renin and a lesser increase of inactive renin, resulting in an increased proportion of active to total renin. 3. Propranolol decreased both active and inactive renin, but not significantly. 4. Indomethacin produced a marked suppression of active renin, a smaller reduction in inactive renin, and a reduction of the ratio of active to total renin almost to placebo values. 5. Blood pressure rose to control values on indomethacin despite the fall in renin whereas it fell with propranolol with little change in renin. 6. Serum aldosterone rose with stimulation but remained elevated despite effective renin suppression with indomethacin and continuing reduced serum potassium concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:282044", "title": "Different responses of active and inactive plasma renin to various stimuli.", "content": "1. The response of active and inactive plasma renin to orthostasis and frusemide and to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin was tested in normal human volunteers. 2. Active renin increased by orthostasis and frusemide and decreased by indomethacin. The latter also blunted the increase of active renin after stimuli. 3. Inactive renin was slightly increased by orthostasis, but was not significantly influenced by acute administration of frusemide or inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin. 4. The results show differences in the response of active and inactive renin to stimuli and suppression. Opposite changes of active and inactive renin were not observed in the experimental conditions studied.", "contents": "Different responses of active and inactive plasma renin to various stimuli. 1. The response of active and inactive plasma renin to orthostasis and frusemide and to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin was tested in normal human volunteers. 2. Active renin increased by orthostasis and frusemide and decreased by indomethacin. The latter also blunted the increase of active renin after stimuli. 3. Inactive renin was slightly increased by orthostasis, but was not significantly influenced by acute administration of frusemide or inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin. 4. The results show differences in the response of active and inactive renin to stimuli and suppression. Opposite changes of active and inactive renin were not observed in the experimental conditions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:282045", "title": "A renal carcinoma secreting inactive renin.", "content": "1. A patient presented with mild hypertension, a raised plasma total renin concentration but a normal plasma angiotensin II concentration. The discrepancy was due to a high concentration of inactive renin in the plasma. 2. A renal carcinoma was detected and removed. The tumour contained a higher proportion of inactive renin than was found in uninvolved areas of the kidney. After unilateral nephrectomy, the plasma concentration of inactive renin fell to normal. 3. Six months later, plasma inactive renin concentration again increased and a metastasis was detected in a rib. Excision of the rib together with radiotherapy resulted in a fall in plasma inactive renin to normal. 4. The inactive renin in plasma and tumour extracts was activated to the same extent by acid treatment and by trypsin.", "contents": "A renal carcinoma secreting inactive renin. 1. A patient presented with mild hypertension, a raised plasma total renin concentration but a normal plasma angiotensin II concentration. The discrepancy was due to a high concentration of inactive renin in the plasma. 2. A renal carcinoma was detected and removed. The tumour contained a higher proportion of inactive renin than was found in uninvolved areas of the kidney. After unilateral nephrectomy, the plasma concentration of inactive renin fell to normal. 3. Six months later, plasma inactive renin concentration again increased and a metastasis was detected in a rib. Excision of the rib together with radiotherapy resulted in a fall in plasma inactive renin to normal. 4. The inactive renin in plasma and tumour extracts was activated to the same extent by acid treatment and by trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:282046", "title": "Soluble pepstatins: a new approach to blockade in vivo of the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "1. Synthesis of several pepstatin A derivatives was performed with the aim of increasing water solubility without altering the capacity to inhibit the renin-angiotensinogen reaction. 2. Pepstatinyl-arginine-O-methyl ester was studied in vitro and in vivo and compared with pepstatin A and with the arginine salt of pepstatin A. 3. This compound inhibited in vitro the reaction between purified hog renin and the synthetic renin N-acetyl-tetradecapeptide or the natural rat renin substrate. The inhibitory constant was of the same order of magnitude as that of pepstatin A. 4. In renal hypertensive rats, the bolus injection of pepstatinyl-arginine-O-methyl-ester or of the arginine salt of pepstatin decreased blood pressure to the same extent as a bolus injection of Sar1, Ala8-angiotensin II.", "contents": "Soluble pepstatins: a new approach to blockade in vivo of the renin-angiotensin system. 1. Synthesis of several pepstatin A derivatives was performed with the aim of increasing water solubility without altering the capacity to inhibit the renin-angiotensinogen reaction. 2. Pepstatinyl-arginine-O-methyl ester was studied in vitro and in vivo and compared with pepstatin A and with the arginine salt of pepstatin A. 3. This compound inhibited in vitro the reaction between purified hog renin and the synthetic renin N-acetyl-tetradecapeptide or the natural rat renin substrate. The inhibitory constant was of the same order of magnitude as that of pepstatin A. 4. In renal hypertensive rats, the bolus injection of pepstatinyl-arginine-O-methyl-ester or of the arginine salt of pepstatin decreased blood pressure to the same extent as a bolus injection of Sar1, Ala8-angiotensin II."}
{"id": "PMID:282047", "title": "Steroidogenic and pressor activity of angiotensin analogues in the rat.", "content": "1. A classical 6 point assay in vitro for measuring aldosterone stimulating activity has been developed. 2. The steroidogenic potency of Ile5-angiotensin II was 62% of that given by Val5-angiotensin II. Ile5-angiotensin III (Des-Asp1-Ile5-angiotensin II) was likewise 50% as active as Val5-angiotensin III (Des-Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II). Similar results were obtained in the pressor and myotropic assays. 3. Ile5-angiotensin III and Val5-angiotensin III had only 7% and 16% respectively of the steroidogenic activity of Val5-angiotensin II. 4. Sar1-Ile5-angiotensin II was 2.3 times as potent as Val5-angiotensin II in aldosterone-stimulating activity. The corresponding activities of Me2-Gly1-angiotensin II, Pro1-angiotensin II and Pro31-angiotensin II were 71%, 15% and 3% of Val5-angiotensin II respectively.", "contents": "Steroidogenic and pressor activity of angiotensin analogues in the rat. 1. A classical 6 point assay in vitro for measuring aldosterone stimulating activity has been developed. 2. The steroidogenic potency of Ile5-angiotensin II was 62% of that given by Val5-angiotensin II. Ile5-angiotensin III (Des-Asp1-Ile5-angiotensin II) was likewise 50% as active as Val5-angiotensin III (Des-Asp1-Val5-angiotensin II). Similar results were obtained in the pressor and myotropic assays. 3. Ile5-angiotensin III and Val5-angiotensin III had only 7% and 16% respectively of the steroidogenic activity of Val5-angiotensin II. 4. Sar1-Ile5-angiotensin II was 2.3 times as potent as Val5-angiotensin II in aldosterone-stimulating activity. The corresponding activities of Me2-Gly1-angiotensin II, Pro1-angiotensin II and Pro31-angiotensin II were 71%, 15% and 3% of Val5-angiotensin II respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:282048", "title": "Differences in reflex control of arterial pressure and renin release during head-up tilting in the cat.", "content": "1. Anaesthetized cats were subjected to two 10 min trials of head-up tilting spaced 30 min. Arterial pressure, heart rate, blood flow to an innervated kidney and to the contralateral denervated one, and renin release from both kidneys were measured. 2. The same haemodynamic changes and comparable increases in renin release from innervated kidneys occurred during both episodes of tilting when cats were subjected to sham cervical vagotomy between the two tilting trials. 3. Bilateral cervical vagotomy, performed after the first episode of head-up tilting, did not affect the haemodynamic response to the change in posture, but significantly and markedly reduced the increase in renin release from the innervated kidney. 4. After sino-aortic denervation a marked and sustained arterial hypotension occurred during tilting, and the postural increase in renin release from the innervated kidney was even greater. 5. In no condition, even during the marked fall in blood pressure in sino-aortic denervated cats, did head-up tilting increase renin release from the denervated kidney. 6. It is concluded that maintenance of arterial pressure during tilting is mainly due to sino-aortic reflexes, whereas vagal reflexes are mostly responsible for the postural increase in renin release.", "contents": "Differences in reflex control of arterial pressure and renin release during head-up tilting in the cat. 1. Anaesthetized cats were subjected to two 10 min trials of head-up tilting spaced 30 min. Arterial pressure, heart rate, blood flow to an innervated kidney and to the contralateral denervated one, and renin release from both kidneys were measured. 2. The same haemodynamic changes and comparable increases in renin release from innervated kidneys occurred during both episodes of tilting when cats were subjected to sham cervical vagotomy between the two tilting trials. 3. Bilateral cervical vagotomy, performed after the first episode of head-up tilting, did not affect the haemodynamic response to the change in posture, but significantly and markedly reduced the increase in renin release from the innervated kidney. 4. After sino-aortic denervation a marked and sustained arterial hypotension occurred during tilting, and the postural increase in renin release from the innervated kidney was even greater. 5. In no condition, even during the marked fall in blood pressure in sino-aortic denervated cats, did head-up tilting increase renin release from the denervated kidney. 6. It is concluded that maintenance of arterial pressure during tilting is mainly due to sino-aortic reflexes, whereas vagal reflexes are mostly responsible for the postural increase in renin release."}
{"id": "PMID:282049", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha upon urinary kallikrein excretion in rats.", "content": "1. In normally hydrated rats prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in doses of 5 microgram/100 g body weight given subcutaneously every 2 h (three times) induced a significant increase in urinary kallikrein activity, and in sodium, potassium and water excretion for 8 h after the first injection. In moderately hyperhydrated rats loaded 2.5% of body wt. with 0.5% NaCl solution, PGF2alpha produced similar changes in kallikrein activity and electrolyte excretion. 2. In normally hydrated rats prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the same conditions and doses as in 1 had no effect on kallikrein activity, showing a tendency to decrease potassium and water excretion. 3. PGE2 in doses of 5, 12.5 and 25 microgram/100 g body wt. in overhydrated rats given 2.5% and 0.5% NaCl and 5% of tap water/100 g body wt. 1 h later, significantly increased kallikrein activity in the urine collected for 120 min after the injections. A significant decrease in potassium and water excretion was observed with the highest dose. 4. PGF2alpha, had no effect on kallikrein activity in overhydrated rats, but an increase in sodium and a decrease in potassium excretion was seen at the highest dose. 5. The different actions of PGE2 and PGF2alpha may be part of a regulatory mechanism associated with the kallikrein-kinin system which contributes maintainance of extracellular fluid homeostasis.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha upon urinary kallikrein excretion in rats. 1. In normally hydrated rats prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in doses of 5 microgram/100 g body weight given subcutaneously every 2 h (three times) induced a significant increase in urinary kallikrein activity, and in sodium, potassium and water excretion for 8 h after the first injection. In moderately hyperhydrated rats loaded 2.5% of body wt. with 0.5% NaCl solution, PGF2alpha produced similar changes in kallikrein activity and electrolyte excretion. 2. In normally hydrated rats prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the same conditions and doses as in 1 had no effect on kallikrein activity, showing a tendency to decrease potassium and water excretion. 3. PGE2 in doses of 5, 12.5 and 25 microgram/100 g body wt. in overhydrated rats given 2.5% and 0.5% NaCl and 5% of tap water/100 g body wt. 1 h later, significantly increased kallikrein activity in the urine collected for 120 min after the injections. A significant decrease in potassium and water excretion was observed with the highest dose. 4. PGF2alpha, had no effect on kallikrein activity in overhydrated rats, but an increase in sodium and a decrease in potassium excretion was seen at the highest dose. 5. The different actions of PGE2 and PGF2alpha may be part of a regulatory mechanism associated with the kallikrein-kinin system which contributes maintainance of extracellular fluid homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:282050", "title": "Renal prostaglandin production in the Japanese (Kyoto) spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. Renal venous and urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were measured in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKy) of 4 different ages, ranging from 4 to 54 weeks. 2. Renal venous (plasma) PGE2 and PGF2alpha were similar in WKy and SH rats at all ages, except for greater PGF2alpha in 40-54 week old SH rats. 3. Urinary (24 h) PGE2 and PGF2alpha were similar in WKy and SH rats at all ages, except for greater PGE2 in 7-12 week old SH rats. 4. There was a significant trend for renal venous and urinary PGE2 and PGF2alpha to decrease with advancing age. 5. These experiments did not show evidence that the SH rat kidney, in vivo, has an abnormality of PGE2 or PGF2alpha production or degradation, which alters secretion or excretion of either prostaglandin.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandin production in the Japanese (Kyoto) spontaneously hypertensive rat. 1. Renal venous and urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) were measured in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKy) of 4 different ages, ranging from 4 to 54 weeks. 2. Renal venous (plasma) PGE2 and PGF2alpha were similar in WKy and SH rats at all ages, except for greater PGF2alpha in 40-54 week old SH rats. 3. Urinary (24 h) PGE2 and PGF2alpha were similar in WKy and SH rats at all ages, except for greater PGE2 in 7-12 week old SH rats. 4. There was a significant trend for renal venous and urinary PGE2 and PGF2alpha to decrease with advancing age. 5. These experiments did not show evidence that the SH rat kidney, in vivo, has an abnormality of PGE2 or PGF2alpha production or degradation, which alters secretion or excretion of either prostaglandin."}
{"id": "PMID:282051", "title": "Effects of indomethacin alone and during diuretic or beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade therapy on blood pressure and the renin system in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Indomethacin was administered alone or in addition to either diuretic or propranolol therapy to three groups of patients with essential hypertension on a free sodium diet. 2. Indomethacin administration reduced renin secretion by about 30% in untreated uncomplicated hypertensive patients and by about 75% in those whose renin secretion had either been stimulated or suppressed by maintained diuretic or beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade therapy. 3. Indomethacin administration produced no net effect on blood pressure in untreated patients with uncomplicated hypertension but it blunted or reversed the antihypertensive effect of either diuretic or propranolol therapy. 4. Salt and water retention may be an important factor in the blood pressure-raising effect of indomethacin during diuretic or propranolol therapy: In addition, prostaglandin synthesis may be important in counteracting increased alpha-adrenergic tone, which may limit the blood pressure-lowering effect of beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade. 5. Because of these interactions and their pressor potential indomethacin should be used with caution when combined with either diuretics or beta-adrenoreceptor blockers.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin alone and during diuretic or beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade therapy on blood pressure and the renin system in essential hypertension. 1. Indomethacin was administered alone or in addition to either diuretic or propranolol therapy to three groups of patients with essential hypertension on a free sodium diet. 2. Indomethacin administration reduced renin secretion by about 30% in untreated uncomplicated hypertensive patients and by about 75% in those whose renin secretion had either been stimulated or suppressed by maintained diuretic or beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade therapy. 3. Indomethacin administration produced no net effect on blood pressure in untreated patients with uncomplicated hypertension but it blunted or reversed the antihypertensive effect of either diuretic or propranolol therapy. 4. Salt and water retention may be an important factor in the blood pressure-raising effect of indomethacin during diuretic or propranolol therapy: In addition, prostaglandin synthesis may be important in counteracting increased alpha-adrenergic tone, which may limit the blood pressure-lowering effect of beta-adrenoreceptor-blockade. 5. Because of these interactions and their pressor potential indomethacin should be used with caution when combined with either diuretics or beta-adrenoreceptor blockers."}
{"id": "PMID:282053", "title": "The natural history of hypertension in turkeys.", "content": "1. Variables involved in the genesis of hypertension in male broad-breasted white turkeys include social environment, obesity and high salt intake. 2. The hypertension is characterized by low plasma renin activity and, with increasing age, normal to high plasma aldosterone. 3. Medionecrosis of the abdominal aorta is a common pathological finding. 4. The absence of atherosclerotic plaques is probably related to the high concentrations of alpha-lipoproteins.", "contents": "The natural history of hypertension in turkeys. 1. Variables involved in the genesis of hypertension in male broad-breasted white turkeys include social environment, obesity and high salt intake. 2. The hypertension is characterized by low plasma renin activity and, with increasing age, normal to high plasma aldosterone. 3. Medionecrosis of the abdominal aorta is a common pathological finding. 4. The absence of atherosclerotic plaques is probably related to the high concentrations of alpha-lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:282054", "title": "An altered relation between arterial pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentration resulting from prolonged infusion of angiotensin II.", "content": "1. Infusion of angiotensin II into dogs at constant dose over 2 weeks caused a progressive rise in arterial pressure. 2. When the infusion was stopped the pressure dropped slowly from hypertensive levels over 48 h. 3. Dose-response studies at weekly intervals showed progressive elevation, without steepening, of the plasma angiotensin II-blood pressure curve. 4. Thus, during prolonged administration of angiotensin II, a given plasma concentration of the peptide can sustain a higher arterial pressure than it can during acute infusions.", "contents": "An altered relation between arterial pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentration resulting from prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. 1. Infusion of angiotensin II into dogs at constant dose over 2 weeks caused a progressive rise in arterial pressure. 2. When the infusion was stopped the pressure dropped slowly from hypertensive levels over 48 h. 3. Dose-response studies at weekly intervals showed progressive elevation, without steepening, of the plasma angiotensin II-blood pressure curve. 4. Thus, during prolonged administration of angiotensin II, a given plasma concentration of the peptide can sustain a higher arterial pressure than it can during acute infusions."}
{"id": "PMID:282055", "title": "Changes in cardiac output during the development of renal hypertension in sodium-depleted dogs.", "content": "1. Chronic renovascular hypertension developed in uninephrectomized, sodium-depleted dogs in association with a decrease in cardiac output. 2. With sodium and volume repletion of these animals, cardiac output returned to normal but the high level of arterial pressure was unchanged; consequently, the peripheral arterioles dilated. 3. These observations provide evidence against the theory of whole-body autoregulation.", "contents": "Changes in cardiac output during the development of renal hypertension in sodium-depleted dogs. 1. Chronic renovascular hypertension developed in uninephrectomized, sodium-depleted dogs in association with a decrease in cardiac output. 2. With sodium and volume repletion of these animals, cardiac output returned to normal but the high level of arterial pressure was unchanged; consequently, the peripheral arterioles dilated. 3. These observations provide evidence against the theory of whole-body autoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:282056", "title": "Central nervous system pressor responses in rats susceptible and resistant to sodium chloride hypertension.", "content": "1. The pressor responses to hypertonic saline and angiotensin II introduced into the left lateral ventricle were both significantly greater in salt-sensitive (S) rats compared with salt-resistant (R) rats, with all rats on a low Na diet. 2. When S rats were given thiazide to nullify the pressor effect of dietary NaCl, their blood pressure averaged only 5 mmHg higher than that of the R rats; nevertheless, these S rats had significantly higher central nervous system pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypertonic saline. 3. Thus, if excessive dietary Na increases blood pressure by way of action on the central nervous system, these heightened pressor responses could partially account for the NaCl hypertension in S rats. Alternatively, depressed central nervous system pressor responses in R rats could partially explain the resistance of R rats to NaCl hypertension.", "contents": "Central nervous system pressor responses in rats susceptible and resistant to sodium chloride hypertension. 1. The pressor responses to hypertonic saline and angiotensin II introduced into the left lateral ventricle were both significantly greater in salt-sensitive (S) rats compared with salt-resistant (R) rats, with all rats on a low Na diet. 2. When S rats were given thiazide to nullify the pressor effect of dietary NaCl, their blood pressure averaged only 5 mmHg higher than that of the R rats; nevertheless, these S rats had significantly higher central nervous system pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypertonic saline. 3. Thus, if excessive dietary Na increases blood pressure by way of action on the central nervous system, these heightened pressor responses could partially account for the NaCl hypertension in S rats. Alternatively, depressed central nervous system pressor responses in R rats could partially explain the resistance of R rats to NaCl hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282057", "title": "Intrarenal control of urine concentration by angiotensin II.", "content": "1. The intrarenal role of angiotensin II in the recovery of urinary concentration after frusemide was examined in anaesthetized dogs by the intrarenal infusion of angiotensin II antagonists. 2. Renin secretion and renal inner medullary blood flow (tissue clearance of intraparenchymatously injected 133Xenon) were simultaneously measured before and 3 h after frusemide injection. 3. Intrarenal angiotensin II blockade delayed the recovery of urinary osmolality after frusemide. 4. An inverse relationship was found between renin secretion and renal inner medullary blood flow.", "contents": "Intrarenal control of urine concentration by angiotensin II. 1. The intrarenal role of angiotensin II in the recovery of urinary concentration after frusemide was examined in anaesthetized dogs by the intrarenal infusion of angiotensin II antagonists. 2. Renin secretion and renal inner medullary blood flow (tissue clearance of intraparenchymatously injected 133Xenon) were simultaneously measured before and 3 h after frusemide injection. 3. Intrarenal angiotensin II blockade delayed the recovery of urinary osmolality after frusemide. 4. An inverse relationship was found between renin secretion and renal inner medullary blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:282058", "title": "Role of persistent vascular renin after bilateral nephrectomy in Goldblatt-two kidney hypertension.", "content": "1. Aorta homogenate contains renin-like activity which on incubation generates angiotensin I over a wide pH range. 2. Rat aortic renin measured at an incubation pH of 6.5 rose and fell in parallel to plasma renin with salt depletion and salt-loading respectively. Renin little relationship with plasma renin. 3. Aortic renin (pH 6.5) was elevated in Goldblatt-two kidney hypertension and slowly fell for 24h after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the fall in plasma renin was complete by the first hour. Aortic renin (pH 5.3) was also high, but did not fall after bilateral nephrectomy. 4. Aortic renin (pH 6.5) is probably derived from plasma renin whereas renin measured at pH 5.3 is probably a tissue renin. 5. The prolonged half-life of aortic renin (pH 6.5) explains the observation that the renin-angiotensin system appears to be active in maintaining blood pressure for several hours after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the decline in plasma renin is rapid and does not continue significantly beyond 1 h.", "contents": "Role of persistent vascular renin after bilateral nephrectomy in Goldblatt-two kidney hypertension. 1. Aorta homogenate contains renin-like activity which on incubation generates angiotensin I over a wide pH range. 2. Rat aortic renin measured at an incubation pH of 6.5 rose and fell in parallel to plasma renin with salt depletion and salt-loading respectively. Renin little relationship with plasma renin. 3. Aortic renin (pH 6.5) was elevated in Goldblatt-two kidney hypertension and slowly fell for 24h after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the fall in plasma renin was complete by the first hour. Aortic renin (pH 5.3) was also high, but did not fall after bilateral nephrectomy. 4. Aortic renin (pH 6.5) is probably derived from plasma renin whereas renin measured at pH 5.3 is probably a tissue renin. 5. The prolonged half-life of aortic renin (pH 6.5) explains the observation that the renin-angiotensin system appears to be active in maintaining blood pressure for several hours after bilateral nephrectomy whereas the decline in plasma renin is rapid and does not continue significantly beyond 1 h."}
{"id": "PMID:282059", "title": "Neuronal and vascular reactivity in isolated perfused kidneys during the development of spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "1. Vascular reactivity was studied in Tyrode solution perfused kidneys from young (7 weeks) and mature (4-6 months) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH rats). 2. The response to nerve stimulation was greater in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from young control rats, both in control solution and after inhibition of the disposition of noradrenaline; both groups exhibited the same sensitivity to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and barium chloride. 3. The response to nerve stimulation was normal in kidneys from mature SH rats, but responses to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and barium chloride were greater than the control. 4. Cocaine potentiated the response to nerve stimulation more in the kidneys from mature SH rats than in those from the control rats. 5. The results suggest that renal sympathetic nerves release more noradrenaline than normal in the young SH rats, which could be an important factor in causing hypertension. 6. In the established phase of spontaneous hypertension the vascular reactivity to exogenous agonists is increased, probably as a consequence of high blood pressure; the more efficient neuronal uptake causes normalization of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Neuronal and vascular reactivity in isolated perfused kidneys during the development of spontaneous hypertension. 1. Vascular reactivity was studied in Tyrode solution perfused kidneys from young (7 weeks) and mature (4-6 months) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH rats). 2. The response to nerve stimulation was greater in the kidneys from young SH rats than in those from young control rats, both in control solution and after inhibition of the disposition of noradrenaline; both groups exhibited the same sensitivity to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and barium chloride. 3. The response to nerve stimulation was normal in kidneys from mature SH rats, but responses to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and barium chloride were greater than the control. 4. Cocaine potentiated the response to nerve stimulation more in the kidneys from mature SH rats than in those from the control rats. 5. The results suggest that renal sympathetic nerves release more noradrenaline than normal in the young SH rats, which could be an important factor in causing hypertension. 6. In the established phase of spontaneous hypertension the vascular reactivity to exogenous agonists is increased, probably as a consequence of high blood pressure; the more efficient neuronal uptake causes normalization of the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:282060", "title": "Effects of enkephalins on arterial blood pressure are reduced by propranolol.", "content": "1. The cardiovascular effects of enkephalins have been tested in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin increased blood pressure and heart rate after infusion into the brain ventricles. 2. After intravenous injection, blood pressure was increased by methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, but heart rate was increased by methionine-enkephalin only. 3. Propranolol treatment reduced the increases in blood pressure following intraventricular methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, while only the methionine-enkephalin-induced increases in heart rate were reduced by propranolol. 4. Heart rate and blood pressure responses after intravenous administration of methionine-enkephalins and leucine-enkephalin were not affected by propranolol. 5. Since opioid peptides occur in the blood and in regions of the brain involved in blood pressure regulation, the demonstrated cardiovascular effects to intraventricular and intravenous enkephalins support a role of these peptides in central and peripheral mechanisms of blood pressure control.", "contents": "Effects of enkephalins on arterial blood pressure are reduced by propranolol. 1. The cardiovascular effects of enkephalins have been tested in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin increased blood pressure and heart rate after infusion into the brain ventricles. 2. After intravenous injection, blood pressure was increased by methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, but heart rate was increased by methionine-enkephalin only. 3. Propranolol treatment reduced the increases in blood pressure following intraventricular methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, while only the methionine-enkephalin-induced increases in heart rate were reduced by propranolol. 4. Heart rate and blood pressure responses after intravenous administration of methionine-enkephalins and leucine-enkephalin were not affected by propranolol. 5. Since opioid peptides occur in the blood and in regions of the brain involved in blood pressure regulation, the demonstrated cardiovascular effects to intraventricular and intravenous enkephalins support a role of these peptides in central and peripheral mechanisms of blood pressure control."}
{"id": "PMID:282061", "title": "Redistribution of regional blood flow after administration of saralasin in salt-depleted dogs.", "content": "1. Salt depletion was produced in five dogs by a low salt diet and daily administration of frusemide for 5 days; a control group of five dogs was placed on the same diet, to which 2.5 g of sodium chloride was added. 2. Saralasin infusion (0.5 microgram min-1 kg-1) reduced mean aortic blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance and increased cardiac output in salt-depleted dogs, but did not affect the heart rate and left ventricular dP/dt. 3. Saralasin infusion increased mean aortic blood pressure slightly in normal dogs; other systemic haemodynamic parameters did not change significantly. 4. Saralasin decreased hepatic arterial flow in both normal and salt-depleted dogs, but increased blood flow to left ventricle and kidneys only in salt-depleted dogs. 5. These results suggest that saralasin exerts a partial agonist effect in normal dogs to increase arterial blood pressure, but causes a depressor response during salt depletion because it reverses the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II, particularly on the renal and coronary circulations.", "contents": "Redistribution of regional blood flow after administration of saralasin in salt-depleted dogs. 1. Salt depletion was produced in five dogs by a low salt diet and daily administration of frusemide for 5 days; a control group of five dogs was placed on the same diet, to which 2.5 g of sodium chloride was added. 2. Saralasin infusion (0.5 microgram min-1 kg-1) reduced mean aortic blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance and increased cardiac output in salt-depleted dogs, but did not affect the heart rate and left ventricular dP/dt. 3. Saralasin infusion increased mean aortic blood pressure slightly in normal dogs; other systemic haemodynamic parameters did not change significantly. 4. Saralasin decreased hepatic arterial flow in both normal and salt-depleted dogs, but increased blood flow to left ventricle and kidneys only in salt-depleted dogs. 5. These results suggest that saralasin exerts a partial agonist effect in normal dogs to increase arterial blood pressure, but causes a depressor response during salt depletion because it reverses the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II, particularly on the renal and coronary circulations."}
{"id": "PMID:282063", "title": "The role of vasopressin in blood pressure control and in experimental hypertension.", "content": "1. The role of vasopressin in blood pressure control and in the pathogenesis of one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in the conscious dog was investigated. 2. Infusion of synthetic arginine vasopressin to elevate plasma levels approximately five-fold caused bradycardia in normal dogs and increase in mean arterial blood pressure in dogs with pharmacological autonomic blockade. 3. A similar degree of elevation of plasma vasopressin concentration was observed after mild non-hypotensive haemorrhage. 4. Renal artery constriction in unilaterally-nephrectomized dogs caused a rise in plasma renin activity and only a doubling of plasma vasopressin concentration, but a marked rise in mean arterial blood pressure. 5. Vasopressin may play a role in normal cardiovascular homeostatic responses, but its role in the pathogenesis of this form of hypertension is unlikely to be significant.", "contents": "The role of vasopressin in blood pressure control and in experimental hypertension. 1. The role of vasopressin in blood pressure control and in the pathogenesis of one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension in the conscious dog was investigated. 2. Infusion of synthetic arginine vasopressin to elevate plasma levels approximately five-fold caused bradycardia in normal dogs and increase in mean arterial blood pressure in dogs with pharmacological autonomic blockade. 3. A similar degree of elevation of plasma vasopressin concentration was observed after mild non-hypotensive haemorrhage. 4. Renal artery constriction in unilaterally-nephrectomized dogs caused a rise in plasma renin activity and only a doubling of plasma vasopressin concentration, but a marked rise in mean arterial blood pressure. 5. Vasopressin may play a role in normal cardiovascular homeostatic responses, but its role in the pathogenesis of this form of hypertension is unlikely to be significant."}
{"id": "PMID:282065", "title": "The relationship between blood pressure and aortic collagen metabolism in renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Biosynthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as DNA and total proteins, are increased in aortae of rats after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of hypertension. 2. The maximal increase in the rate of synthesis of collagen is observed within one week of hypertension when the stress to the arterial wall is maximal. 3. Reserpine administration prevents hypertension and inhibits the increase of collagen metabolism. 4. At any time of evolution of the hypertension, a linear positive correlation is found between the collagen content in the aorta and the level of blood pressure. 5. These data suggest that synthesis of matrix components by the arterial smooth-muscle cells is controlled by variation in the blood pressure level and is not a direct consequence of circulating humoral factors liberated by the ischaemic kidney.", "contents": "The relationship between blood pressure and aortic collagen metabolism in renal hypertensive rats. 1. Biosynthesis and deposition of collagen, as well as DNA and total proteins, are increased in aortae of rats after 1, 3 and 6 weeks of hypertension. 2. The maximal increase in the rate of synthesis of collagen is observed within one week of hypertension when the stress to the arterial wall is maximal. 3. Reserpine administration prevents hypertension and inhibits the increase of collagen metabolism. 4. At any time of evolution of the hypertension, a linear positive correlation is found between the collagen content in the aorta and the level of blood pressure. 5. These data suggest that synthesis of matrix components by the arterial smooth-muscle cells is controlled by variation in the blood pressure level and is not a direct consequence of circulating humoral factors liberated by the ischaemic kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:282066", "title": "Evidence for an unidentified, adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent mineralocorticoid maintaining hypertension in young women with hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "1. Pronounced hypoaldosteronism was found in five young women with low-renin hypertension and characteristic features of the mineralocorticoid hypertensive syndrome. 2. There was no overproduction of the mineralocorticoids 11-deoxycorticosterone and 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone. 3. Dexamethasone restored blood pressure to normal, decreased body weight, increased plasma potassium, and increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion in all patients. 4. The data suggest overproduction of an unknown adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent mineralocorticoid maintaining hypertension in these patients.", "contents": "Evidence for an unidentified, adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent mineralocorticoid maintaining hypertension in young women with hypoaldosteronism. 1. Pronounced hypoaldosteronism was found in five young women with low-renin hypertension and characteristic features of the mineralocorticoid hypertensive syndrome. 2. There was no overproduction of the mineralocorticoids 11-deoxycorticosterone and 18-OH-11-deoxycorticosterone. 3. Dexamethasone restored blood pressure to normal, decreased body weight, increased plasma potassium, and increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion in all patients. 4. The data suggest overproduction of an unknown adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent mineralocorticoid maintaining hypertension in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282067", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pindolol in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "1. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pindolol were determined in 24 hypertensive patients with normal or impaired renal function. 2. In patients with normal renal function, the total clearance of the drug was the sum of both the renal and non-renal clearances in equal parts. The non-renal clearance was found to equal the hepatic clearance directly measured from the hepatic extraction ratio and hepatic blood flow. 3. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) unchanged transfer rate constants and distribution volumes, (ii) decreased total body clearance with decreased renal clearance and unchanged non-renal clearance. 4. Analysis of data obtained after oral administration of the drug by the Loo-Riegelman method showed that the pindolol absorption kinetic was non-linear. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) a significantly decreased fraction of dose effectively absorbed, (ii) an increased initial rate of absorption. The initial rate of absorption was inversely correlated with creatinine clearance. 5. The study provided evidence that in patients with renal insufficiency, (i) no increase in the metabolism of the drug accompanied the decrease in renal function, and (ii) decreased bio-availability was associated with a reduced fraction of the dose effectively absorbed and an increased rate of absorption.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pindolol in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. 1. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral pindolol were determined in 24 hypertensive patients with normal or impaired renal function. 2. In patients with normal renal function, the total clearance of the drug was the sum of both the renal and non-renal clearances in equal parts. The non-renal clearance was found to equal the hepatic clearance directly measured from the hepatic extraction ratio and hepatic blood flow. 3. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) unchanged transfer rate constants and distribution volumes, (ii) decreased total body clearance with decreased renal clearance and unchanged non-renal clearance. 4. Analysis of data obtained after oral administration of the drug by the Loo-Riegelman method showed that the pindolol absorption kinetic was non-linear. Compared with patients with normal renal function, patients with chronic renal failure exhibited (i) a significantly decreased fraction of dose effectively absorbed, (ii) an increased initial rate of absorption. The initial rate of absorption was inversely correlated with creatinine clearance. 5. The study provided evidence that in patients with renal insufficiency, (i) no increase in the metabolism of the drug accompanied the decrease in renal function, and (ii) decreased bio-availability was associated with a reduced fraction of the dose effectively absorbed and an increased rate of absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:282068", "title": "Effects of labetalol on systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Labetalol was administered to 18 hypertensive patients for an average duration of 2.44 weeks, with an average final daily dose of 1.65 g. 2. Labetalol decreased resting heart rate by 16% and maximal exercise heart rate by 21%; the phenylephrine-induced rise of systolic brachial artery pressure was reduced by 36%. 3. During labetalol brachial artery pressure was lowered by 29/15 mmHg in the recumbent position, by 41/23 mmHg at rest sitting, and by 53/23 mmHg at maximal exercise; total peripheral resistance was not significantly affected at rest recumbent, but was reduced at sitting and at exercise; cardiac output decreased in all conditions. 4. Labetalol reduced mean pulmonary artery and capillary wedge pressures only in the sitting position. Pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged. 5. The drug produced significant decreases of plasma renin activity and of plasma aldosterone concentration.", "contents": "Effects of labetalol on systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics at rest and during exercise in hypertensive patients. 1. Labetalol was administered to 18 hypertensive patients for an average duration of 2.44 weeks, with an average final daily dose of 1.65 g. 2. Labetalol decreased resting heart rate by 16% and maximal exercise heart rate by 21%; the phenylephrine-induced rise of systolic brachial artery pressure was reduced by 36%. 3. During labetalol brachial artery pressure was lowered by 29/15 mmHg in the recumbent position, by 41/23 mmHg at rest sitting, and by 53/23 mmHg at maximal exercise; total peripheral resistance was not significantly affected at rest recumbent, but was reduced at sitting and at exercise; cardiac output decreased in all conditions. 4. Labetalol reduced mean pulmonary artery and capillary wedge pressures only in the sitting position. Pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged. 5. The drug produced significant decreases of plasma renin activity and of plasma aldosterone concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:282069", "title": "Effect of selective and non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor blockade on calf blood flow in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Dose-response curves of isoprenaline were constructed in nine hypertensive patients before and after either propranolol or metoprolol. 2. The decrease of diastolic blood pressure and increase of heart rate with isoprenaline were significantly more inhibited by propranolol than by metoprolol. 3. The increase in calf blood flow with isoprenaline was significantly more depressed after propranolol than after metoprolol. 4. The results suggest that the response of the vessels in the limbs to sympathetic stimulation is much less affected after metoprolol than after propranolol.", "contents": "Effect of selective and non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor blockade on calf blood flow in hypertensive patients. 1. Dose-response curves of isoprenaline were constructed in nine hypertensive patients before and after either propranolol or metoprolol. 2. The decrease of diastolic blood pressure and increase of heart rate with isoprenaline were significantly more inhibited by propranolol than by metoprolol. 3. The increase in calf blood flow with isoprenaline was significantly more depressed after propranolol than after metoprolol. 4. The results suggest that the response of the vessels in the limbs to sympathetic stimulation is much less affected after metoprolol than after propranolol."}
{"id": "PMID:282070", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of a calcium antagonistic agent (nifedipine) in hypertension: therapeutic implications.", "content": "1. In 27 severe primary hypertensive patients nifedipine (10 mg), administered orally, induced prompt (-21% of control at 30 min) and persistent (-17% at 120 min) fall of mean arterial pressure mediated through reduction of peripheral vascular resistance with rise of cardiac output. 2. The sublingual route (nine cases) showed more rapid onset of action and equal antihypertensive effectiveness. 3. In five patients with hypertensive crisis and acute left ventricular failure, the drug strikingly reduced systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and relieved pulmonary oedema. 4. Prompt efficacy, ease of administration, absence of important side effects indicate that nifedipine may be a useful therapeutic agent in severe hypertension and in critical conditions that require rapid lowering of blood pressure.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of a calcium antagonistic agent (nifedipine) in hypertension: therapeutic implications. 1. In 27 severe primary hypertensive patients nifedipine (10 mg), administered orally, induced prompt (-21% of control at 30 min) and persistent (-17% at 120 min) fall of mean arterial pressure mediated through reduction of peripheral vascular resistance with rise of cardiac output. 2. The sublingual route (nine cases) showed more rapid onset of action and equal antihypertensive effectiveness. 3. In five patients with hypertensive crisis and acute left ventricular failure, the drug strikingly reduced systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures and relieved pulmonary oedema. 4. Prompt efficacy, ease of administration, absence of important side effects indicate that nifedipine may be a useful therapeutic agent in severe hypertension and in critical conditions that require rapid lowering of blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:282072", "title": "Sodium and renin in the hypertension of early renal disease.", "content": "1. Plasma renin activity, response to saralasin and exchangeable sodium have been measured in 43 patients with early renal disease. 2. Blood pressure was directly proportional to plasma renin activity. However, mean plasma renin activity was lower in patients with renal disease than in normal controls. 3. Blood pressure fell in response to saralasin infusion in proportion to the pre-infusion plasma renin activity. 4. Exchangeable sodium in hypertensive patients with renal disease did not exceed that in normotensive patients in contrast to earlier reports. Discrepancies may arise from the difficulty in interpreting measured exchangeable sodium in relation to body build.", "contents": "Sodium and renin in the hypertension of early renal disease. 1. Plasma renin activity, response to saralasin and exchangeable sodium have been measured in 43 patients with early renal disease. 2. Blood pressure was directly proportional to plasma renin activity. However, mean plasma renin activity was lower in patients with renal disease than in normal controls. 3. Blood pressure fell in response to saralasin infusion in proportion to the pre-infusion plasma renin activity. 4. Exchangeable sodium in hypertensive patients with renal disease did not exceed that in normotensive patients in contrast to earlier reports. Discrepancies may arise from the difficulty in interpreting measured exchangeable sodium in relation to body build."}
{"id": "PMID:282073", "title": "Treatment of mild hypertension.", "content": "1. A total of 206 patients, elderly males with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95--110 mmHg) were followed for periods varying from 1 to 5 years, 107 patients with diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mmHg were followed over the same period, and 101 patients with diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 110 mmHg were also followed. 2. The mortality of each group and the effect of therapy for hypertension on mortality has been compared. 3. The incidence of myocardial infarct in the group treated with thiazide diuretics is greater than in the other groups. 4. It would appear unlikely that therapy will improve the prognosis in elderly people with mild hypertension.", "contents": "Treatment of mild hypertension. 1. A total of 206 patients, elderly males with hypertension (diastolic blood pressure 95--110 mmHg) were followed for periods varying from 1 to 5 years, 107 patients with diastolic blood pressure less than 95 mmHg were followed over the same period, and 101 patients with diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 110 mmHg were also followed. 2. The mortality of each group and the effect of therapy for hypertension on mortality has been compared. 3. The incidence of myocardial infarct in the group treated with thiazide diuretics is greater than in the other groups. 4. It would appear unlikely that therapy will improve the prognosis in elderly people with mild hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282074", "title": "Relationship between the hypotensive and renin-stimulating actions of diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. The pressor role of renin stimulated by chronic diuretic therapy has been assessed in 31 patients with essential hypertension by infusing the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, immediately before and at the end of 2 weeks' treatment with the diuretic, chlorthalidone. 2. Under diuretic therapy the change in blood pressure caused by saralasin was found to be correlated to plasma renin activity values, in such a way that small pressor responses were again observed in patients whose renin was mildly stimulated by the diuretic, whereas a marked depressor response occurred in patients whose renin was markedly increased. 3. On the other hand, the hypotensive effect of chlorthalidone was correlated to values of plasma renin activity under diuretic therapy in an opposite direction: indeed little or no decrease and sometimes an increase in blood pressure were observed in patients with marked renin activation by diuretic therapy. 4. It is concluded that stimulation of renin release by chronic diuretic therapy can be considered a factor limiting the hypotensive activity of diuretic drugs.", "contents": "Relationship between the hypotensive and renin-stimulating actions of diuretic therapy in hypertensive patients. 1. The pressor role of renin stimulated by chronic diuretic therapy has been assessed in 31 patients with essential hypertension by infusing the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, immediately before and at the end of 2 weeks' treatment with the diuretic, chlorthalidone. 2. Under diuretic therapy the change in blood pressure caused by saralasin was found to be correlated to plasma renin activity values, in such a way that small pressor responses were again observed in patients whose renin was mildly stimulated by the diuretic, whereas a marked depressor response occurred in patients whose renin was markedly increased. 3. On the other hand, the hypotensive effect of chlorthalidone was correlated to values of plasma renin activity under diuretic therapy in an opposite direction: indeed little or no decrease and sometimes an increase in blood pressure were observed in patients with marked renin activation by diuretic therapy. 4. It is concluded that stimulation of renin release by chronic diuretic therapy can be considered a factor limiting the hypotensive activity of diuretic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:282076", "title": "Raised serum lipid concentrations during diuretic treatment of hypertension: a study of predictive indexes.", "content": "1. The serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were measured before and during the treatment of hypertension. Thirty-six patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and 29 with spironolactone. 2. Serum cholesterol increased from 214 to 227 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.005) and triglyceride did not change during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum triglyceride increased from 112 to 133 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.05) and cholesterol did not change during treatment with spironolactone. 3. Serum lipid responses to diuretics varied among patients. To identify patients susceptible to larger increases, subgroup analysis was carried out. Patients who were younger and had lower pretreatment serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure had larger increments in cholesterol during treatment. In these subgroups coronary risk status did not improve during therapy. 4. The incidence of myocardial infarction may not be reduced so long as diuretics serve as first-line drugs in the treatment of mild hypertension.", "contents": "Raised serum lipid concentrations during diuretic treatment of hypertension: a study of predictive indexes. 1. The serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were measured before and during the treatment of hypertension. Thirty-six patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and 29 with spironolactone. 2. Serum cholesterol increased from 214 to 227 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.005) and triglyceride did not change during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. Serum triglyceride increased from 112 to 133 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.05) and cholesterol did not change during treatment with spironolactone. 3. Serum lipid responses to diuretics varied among patients. To identify patients susceptible to larger increases, subgroup analysis was carried out. Patients who were younger and had lower pretreatment serum cholesterol and systolic blood pressure had larger increments in cholesterol during treatment. In these subgroups coronary risk status did not improve during therapy. 4. The incidence of myocardial infarction may not be reduced so long as diuretics serve as first-line drugs in the treatment of mild hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282077", "title": "Benzothiadazine diuretics and death from myocardial infarction in hypertension.", "content": "1. Case records were examined of 66 patients who died while being treated for high blood pressure. 2. The possibility that benzothiadazine diuretics may have some deleterious as well as beneficial effects was investigated. 3. It is possible that the thiazides may have some adverse clinical effects, at least in females, with regard to the incidence of myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Benzothiadazine diuretics and death from myocardial infarction in hypertension. 1. Case records were examined of 66 patients who died while being treated for high blood pressure. 2. The possibility that benzothiadazine diuretics may have some deleterious as well as beneficial effects was investigated. 3. It is possible that the thiazides may have some adverse clinical effects, at least in females, with regard to the incidence of myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282079", "title": "Increased ratio between serum beta- and alpha-lipoproteins during diuretic therapy: an adverse effect?", "content": "1. The effect of diuretic therapy on serum lipids and lipoprotein fractions was evaluated in 16 normal or labile hypertensive subjects who received in cross-over fashion chlorthalidone, frusemide or mefruside, each for 4 weeks (group A); and in 13 patients with essential hypertension treated with chlorthalidone for 6 weeks (group B). 2. All three diuretics significantly increased the ratio between serum beta- and alpha-lipoprotein fractions. This was due to an increase of the serum beta-lipoprotein fraction while the alpha-lipoprotein fraction was not changed significantly (group A) or decreased (group B). Serum cholesterol or triglycerides tended to be increased, but mean changes were often not significant. 3. The observed alterations in serum lipoproteins are consistent with the possibility of an increased risk for coronary heart disease which could offset partly the beneficial effects of a lowered blood pressure in diuretic-treated patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Increased ratio between serum beta- and alpha-lipoproteins during diuretic therapy: an adverse effect? 1. The effect of diuretic therapy on serum lipids and lipoprotein fractions was evaluated in 16 normal or labile hypertensive subjects who received in cross-over fashion chlorthalidone, frusemide or mefruside, each for 4 weeks (group A); and in 13 patients with essential hypertension treated with chlorthalidone for 6 weeks (group B). 2. All three diuretics significantly increased the ratio between serum beta- and alpha-lipoprotein fractions. This was due to an increase of the serum beta-lipoprotein fraction while the alpha-lipoprotein fraction was not changed significantly (group A) or decreased (group B). Serum cholesterol or triglycerides tended to be increased, but mean changes were often not significant. 3. The observed alterations in serum lipoproteins are consistent with the possibility of an increased risk for coronary heart disease which could offset partly the beneficial effects of a lowered blood pressure in diuretic-treated patients with hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282080", "title": "Effect of prazosin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in man.", "content": "1. The effects of oral administration of 4.5 mg of prazosin/day on blood pressure and on plasma renin activity were assessed in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy normotensive volunteer subjects. 2. Mean blood pressure in the hypertensive group fell significantly within 2 weeks of treatment, whereas heart rate was little affected. None of the parameters measured in the normotensive subjects during treatment with prazosin revealed significant changes. 3. Sub-classification of the hypertensive patients into low-, normal- and high-renin categories revealed significant decreases of renin in all six patients with high renin- and in four out of 12 patients with normal renin- but not in the two patients with low renin-essential hypertension. 4. The results indicate the prazosin exerts its hypotensive action and suppresses plasma renin activity particularly in patients with high renin-essential hypertension. These may be considered to have increased sympathetic drive. 5. Conceivably, the blood pressure-lowering effect of prazosin is affected by peripheral vasodilatation and also by a decreased venous return to the heart.", "contents": "Effect of prazosin on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in man. 1. The effects of oral administration of 4.5 mg of prazosin/day on blood pressure and on plasma renin activity were assessed in patients with essential hypertension and in healthy normotensive volunteer subjects. 2. Mean blood pressure in the hypertensive group fell significantly within 2 weeks of treatment, whereas heart rate was little affected. None of the parameters measured in the normotensive subjects during treatment with prazosin revealed significant changes. 3. Sub-classification of the hypertensive patients into low-, normal- and high-renin categories revealed significant decreases of renin in all six patients with high renin- and in four out of 12 patients with normal renin- but not in the two patients with low renin-essential hypertension. 4. The results indicate the prazosin exerts its hypotensive action and suppresses plasma renin activity particularly in patients with high renin-essential hypertension. These may be considered to have increased sympathetic drive. 5. Conceivably, the blood pressure-lowering effect of prazosin is affected by peripheral vasodilatation and also by a decreased venous return to the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:282081", "title": "Side-effects of antihypertensive treatment: a placebo-controlled study.", "content": "1. A questionnaire, modified from Bulpitt & Dollery (1973), inquired about 20 symptoms commonly associated with hypertension or its drug therapy in 1017 subjects (age 30--69 years). Groups consisted of (a) active therapy, (b) placebo, (c) no tablets, and (d) a non-study control group. The response rate was 96% in the first three groups and 92% in group (d). 2. The subjects in groups (a), (b) and (c) constituted part of a placebo-controlled, patient-blind intervention study in the treatment of mild hypertension (The Australian National Blood Pressure Study). 3. After age/sex adjustment of the data, only sleepiness and self-assessed depression were found to be more common in the actively treated group. Impotence, failure of ejaculation and nocturia were age-related symptoms. Generally, complaint rate was higher in females. 4. The knowledge of a mild hypertensive condition or its modern drug therapy lead to very few symptoms in a non-hospital population who already have a fairly high 'complaint level'.", "contents": "Side-effects of antihypertensive treatment: a placebo-controlled study. 1. A questionnaire, modified from Bulpitt & Dollery (1973), inquired about 20 symptoms commonly associated with hypertension or its drug therapy in 1017 subjects (age 30--69 years). Groups consisted of (a) active therapy, (b) placebo, (c) no tablets, and (d) a non-study control group. The response rate was 96% in the first three groups and 92% in group (d). 2. The subjects in groups (a), (b) and (c) constituted part of a placebo-controlled, patient-blind intervention study in the treatment of mild hypertension (The Australian National Blood Pressure Study). 3. After age/sex adjustment of the data, only sleepiness and self-assessed depression were found to be more common in the actively treated group. Impotence, failure of ejaculation and nocturia were age-related symptoms. Generally, complaint rate was higher in females. 4. The knowledge of a mild hypertensive condition or its modern drug therapy lead to very few symptoms in a non-hospital population who already have a fairly high 'complaint level'."}
{"id": "PMID:282082", "title": "The role of nurse practitioners in hypertension care.", "content": "1. Two groups of hypertensive patients, randomly assigned to either physician or nurse practitioner care, were compared, after two years of follow up, with respect to diastolic blood pressure reduction and utilization and costs of medical services. In addition, satisfaction with hypertension are was evaluated. 2. There was no statistical difference in mean diastolic blood pressure reduction between the physician and nurse practitioner groups. 3. Patients in the nurse practitioner group made more visits for hypertension care than those in the physician group; thus, even though the cost per nurse practitioner visit was lower than the cost per physician visit, the total annual cost of care per patient was higher in the nurse practitioner group. 4. Patients followed by nurse practitioners were very satisfied with their care. 5. Nurse practitioners provide excellent hypertension care and thereby save valuable physician time.", "contents": "The role of nurse practitioners in hypertension care. 1. Two groups of hypertensive patients, randomly assigned to either physician or nurse practitioner care, were compared, after two years of follow up, with respect to diastolic blood pressure reduction and utilization and costs of medical services. In addition, satisfaction with hypertension are was evaluated. 2. There was no statistical difference in mean diastolic blood pressure reduction between the physician and nurse practitioner groups. 3. Patients in the nurse practitioner group made more visits for hypertension care than those in the physician group; thus, even though the cost per nurse practitioner visit was lower than the cost per physician visit, the total annual cost of care per patient was higher in the nurse practitioner group. 4. Patients followed by nurse practitioners were very satisfied with their care. 5. Nurse practitioners provide excellent hypertension care and thereby save valuable physician time."}
{"id": "PMID:282083", "title": "Blood pressure control: the effect of facilitated access to treatment.", "content": "1. Effectiveness of hypertension care has been compared in patients treated at a Union health centre and at their place of work. 2. Patient adherence and blood pressure control is not affected by the place of treatment. 3. A systematic approach to treatment can be successful in a large population group.", "contents": "Blood pressure control: the effect of facilitated access to treatment. 1. Effectiveness of hypertension care has been compared in patients treated at a Union health centre and at their place of work. 2. Patient adherence and blood pressure control is not affected by the place of treatment. 3. A systematic approach to treatment can be successful in a large population group."}
{"id": "PMID:282084", "title": "Results of a national therapeutic trial conducted in 10,000 hypertensive patients by 2000 general practitioners.", "content": "1. 10,294 hypertensive patients were treated and followed by 2200 general practitioners under the supervision of 130 cardiologists and nephrologists. 2. The treatment groups, randomly allocated, were designated to use three distinct antihypertensive drugs, administered alone, and combined two-by-two. 3. Some 75% of patients had a supine diastolic blood pressure of less than 95 mmHg after 4 months treatment. 4. A total of 12% of patients had dropped out by 4 months from entry; no clear relationship was established between side effects and drop out.", "contents": "Results of a national therapeutic trial conducted in 10,000 hypertensive patients by 2000 general practitioners. 1. 10,294 hypertensive patients were treated and followed by 2200 general practitioners under the supervision of 130 cardiologists and nephrologists. 2. The treatment groups, randomly allocated, were designated to use three distinct antihypertensive drugs, administered alone, and combined two-by-two. 3. Some 75% of patients had a supine diastolic blood pressure of less than 95 mmHg after 4 months treatment. 4. A total of 12% of patients had dropped out by 4 months from entry; no clear relationship was established between side effects and drop out."}
{"id": "PMID:282085", "title": "The hypertension register of the North Karelia project.", "content": "1. One major subprogramme of the North Karelia Project was the hypertension programme which aimed at lowering of the high blood pressure among the whole population, and expecially among middle-aged men. The hypertension programme consisted of intervention integrated with the existing health care structure of the county of North Karelia. 2. The hypertension register, which was the major tool of the programme, aimed to maintain patients in treatment and to get information about the development of the programme. Registration of hypertensive subjects was continuous between 1972 and 1977 and registered patients had annual follow-up examinations. 3. After 5 years of the programme, there were approximately 17 000 registered patients which is 9.7% of the total population. 4. Proportion of drop-outs at the annual follow-up examinations was less than 10%. 83% of the registered hypertensive subjects were under drug treatment after 3 years intervention. The percentage of normotensive subjects increased significantly year by year. 5. Preliminary results from the stroke register of the North Karelia Project indicate that the incidence of stroke decreased as hypertension control was improved.", "contents": "The hypertension register of the North Karelia project. 1. One major subprogramme of the North Karelia Project was the hypertension programme which aimed at lowering of the high blood pressure among the whole population, and expecially among middle-aged men. The hypertension programme consisted of intervention integrated with the existing health care structure of the county of North Karelia. 2. The hypertension register, which was the major tool of the programme, aimed to maintain patients in treatment and to get information about the development of the programme. Registration of hypertensive subjects was continuous between 1972 and 1977 and registered patients had annual follow-up examinations. 3. After 5 years of the programme, there were approximately 17 000 registered patients which is 9.7% of the total population. 4. Proportion of drop-outs at the annual follow-up examinations was less than 10%. 83% of the registered hypertensive subjects were under drug treatment after 3 years intervention. The percentage of normotensive subjects increased significantly year by year. 5. Preliminary results from the stroke register of the North Karelia Project indicate that the incidence of stroke decreased as hypertension control was improved."}
{"id": "PMID:282086", "title": "Improvement in foetal growth with treatment of maternal hypertension in pregnancy.", "content": "1. A highly significant inverse relationship was found between blood pressure in untreated hypertensive subjects in late pregnancy and birth weight. 2. Reversal of this intrauterine growth retardation was achieved in 19 patients by treatment of hypertension with oxprenolol. 3. No adverse effects from oxprenolol were found in the patients or in their babies.", "contents": "Improvement in foetal growth with treatment of maternal hypertension in pregnancy. 1. A highly significant inverse relationship was found between blood pressure in untreated hypertensive subjects in late pregnancy and birth weight. 2. Reversal of this intrauterine growth retardation was achieved in 19 patients by treatment of hypertension with oxprenolol. 3. No adverse effects from oxprenolol were found in the patients or in their babies."}
{"id": "PMID:282090", "title": "Relationship of blood pressure to sodium excretion in a population survey.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, height, weight and 24 h urinary output of sodium, potassium and creatinine were measured in over 500 adults of each sex during a health survey of the population of a small town. 2. Both systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly related to Quetelet's index (weight/height2) and heart rate. 3. There was no significant relationship between blood pressure and output of sodium or potassium, sodium/potassium ratio or sodium/creatinine ratio.", "contents": "Relationship of blood pressure to sodium excretion in a population survey. 1. Blood pressure, height, weight and 24 h urinary output of sodium, potassium and creatinine were measured in over 500 adults of each sex during a health survey of the population of a small town. 2. Both systolic and diastolic pressure were significantly related to Quetelet's index (weight/height2) and heart rate. 3. There was no significant relationship between blood pressure and output of sodium or potassium, sodium/potassium ratio or sodium/creatinine ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:282091", "title": "Biochemical correlates of the increase in blood pressure with age.", "content": "1. Blood pressure, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, urinary noradrenaline during sleep (UNA-S) and several estimates of sodium intake were determined in 379 normotensive subjects (age 13--70) to investigate the relationship of these variables to blood pressure. 2. Blood pressure was correlated with age, weight, plasma renin activity UNA-S, and estimates of sodium intake. There variables were frequently intercorrelated. 3. Multiple-correlation analysis revealed that after removal of the effects of age, blood pressure was related to weight, plasma renin activity, UNA-S and estimates of sodium intake. 4. However, multiple-regression analysis failed to demonstrate an effect of plasma renin activity, UNA-S, or estimates of sodium intake on blood pressure when the effects of age, weight, race and sex were removed. 5. Careful matching of subjects by age, weight, race and sex in studies of blood pressure and biochemical factors in normal subjects is crucial to proper interpretation of such data.", "contents": "Biochemical correlates of the increase in blood pressure with age. 1. Blood pressure, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, urinary noradrenaline during sleep (UNA-S) and several estimates of sodium intake were determined in 379 normotensive subjects (age 13--70) to investigate the relationship of these variables to blood pressure. 2. Blood pressure was correlated with age, weight, plasma renin activity UNA-S, and estimates of sodium intake. There variables were frequently intercorrelated. 3. Multiple-correlation analysis revealed that after removal of the effects of age, blood pressure was related to weight, plasma renin activity, UNA-S and estimates of sodium intake. 4. However, multiple-regression analysis failed to demonstrate an effect of plasma renin activity, UNA-S, or estimates of sodium intake on blood pressure when the effects of age, weight, race and sex were removed. 5. Careful matching of subjects by age, weight, race and sex in studies of blood pressure and biochemical factors in normal subjects is crucial to proper interpretation of such data."}
{"id": "PMID:282092", "title": "The effect of mental arithmetic on blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in man.", "content": "1. Baroreflex sensitivity was tested in three normal, three borderline and one hypertensive subject before and during mental arithmetic, the prolongation of pulse interval caused by a provoked rise in blood pressure being used as a measure of baroreflex sensitivity. 2. Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly decreased during mental arithmetic. 3. During mental arithmetic the arterial pressure fluctuated markedly. 4. These findings suggest that in man, as well as animals, the defence of alerting reaction depresses baroreflex control and thus contributes to the rise in blood pressure seen at this time.", "contents": "The effect of mental arithmetic on blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in man. 1. Baroreflex sensitivity was tested in three normal, three borderline and one hypertensive subject before and during mental arithmetic, the prolongation of pulse interval caused by a provoked rise in blood pressure being used as a measure of baroreflex sensitivity. 2. Baroreflex sensitivity was significantly decreased during mental arithmetic. 3. During mental arithmetic the arterial pressure fluctuated markedly. 4. These findings suggest that in man, as well as animals, the defence of alerting reaction depresses baroreflex control and thus contributes to the rise in blood pressure seen at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:282093", "title": "Are racial differences in essential hypertension due to different pathogenetic mechanisms?", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin activity were measured in a control, British, urban population (n = 115) in which blacks were matched for age and sex with whites. 2. Similar measurements were made in subjects with essential hypertension (77 white and 23 black), and 48 healthy normotensive white civil servants. 3. In controls blood pressure was significantly higher in blacks; it correlated with age in both races and with pulse rate in blacks. There were no significant racial differences in plasma noradrenaline which was positively correlated with age in both blacks and whites. Mean plasma renin activity was 55% lower in blacks, and this difference was not related to urinary sodium excretion. 4. In hypertensive subjects plasma noradrenaline positively correlated with age in blacks. This relationship was not found in whites in whom 20% of young hypertensive subjects (less than 45 years) had significantly raised plasma noradrenaline. Plasma renin activity was again significantly lower in blacks. In white hypertensives plasma noradrenaline and renin activity were significantly correlated. 5. There may be racial differences in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.", "contents": "Are racial differences in essential hypertension due to different pathogenetic mechanisms? 1. Plasma noradrenaline concentration and plasma renin activity were measured in a control, British, urban population (n = 115) in which blacks were matched for age and sex with whites. 2. Similar measurements were made in subjects with essential hypertension (77 white and 23 black), and 48 healthy normotensive white civil servants. 3. In controls blood pressure was significantly higher in blacks; it correlated with age in both races and with pulse rate in blacks. There were no significant racial differences in plasma noradrenaline which was positively correlated with age in both blacks and whites. Mean plasma renin activity was 55% lower in blacks, and this difference was not related to urinary sodium excretion. 4. In hypertensive subjects plasma noradrenaline positively correlated with age in blacks. This relationship was not found in whites in whom 20% of young hypertensive subjects (less than 45 years) had significantly raised plasma noradrenaline. Plasma renin activity was again significantly lower in blacks. In white hypertensives plasma noradrenaline and renin activity were significantly correlated. 5. There may be racial differences in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282095", "title": "Blood pressure circadian rhythm in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure show a well defined circadian variation in ambulatory hypertensive subjects. 2. Blood pressure is highest in the mid-morning (10.00 hours) and lowest during sleep at 03.00 hours. 3. Treatment with oxprenolol (taken during the day) reduces daytime blood pressure but is less effective during the night and early morning.", "contents": "Blood pressure circadian rhythm in essential hypertension. 1. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure show a well defined circadian variation in ambulatory hypertensive subjects. 2. Blood pressure is highest in the mid-morning (10.00 hours) and lowest during sleep at 03.00 hours. 3. Treatment with oxprenolol (taken during the day) reduces daytime blood pressure but is less effective during the night and early morning."}
{"id": "PMID:282096", "title": "Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure.", "content": "1. We have recorded ambulant intra-arterial blood pressure in five normo- and 14 hyper-tensive subjects over 24 h, particular attention being paid to the time of arousal. 2. The data were edited beat-by-beat before storing systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure +/- SD for every 2 min period on a computer file. 3. When pooled hourly mean data are plotted there is a rise of 52.9 mmHg systolic and 22.3 mmHg diastolic pressure from 03.00 hours to 11.00 hours in the 14 hypertensive subjects. 4. When the data are plotted in 20 min periods for the hours before and after arousal it is clear that the major rise in pressure occurs abruptly at that time. The 2 h period before arousal shows only a small rise in pressure, i.e. 6.9 mmHg systolic and 2.9 mmHg diastolic. 5. It is suggested that the apparent rapid early morning rise of blood pressure is an artifact of the method of analysis.", "contents": "Arousal and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. 1. We have recorded ambulant intra-arterial blood pressure in five normo- and 14 hyper-tensive subjects over 24 h, particular attention being paid to the time of arousal. 2. The data were edited beat-by-beat before storing systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure +/- SD for every 2 min period on a computer file. 3. When pooled hourly mean data are plotted there is a rise of 52.9 mmHg systolic and 22.3 mmHg diastolic pressure from 03.00 hours to 11.00 hours in the 14 hypertensive subjects. 4. When the data are plotted in 20 min periods for the hours before and after arousal it is clear that the major rise in pressure occurs abruptly at that time. The 2 h period before arousal shows only a small rise in pressure, i.e. 6.9 mmHg systolic and 2.9 mmHg diastolic. 5. It is suggested that the apparent rapid early morning rise of blood pressure is an artifact of the method of analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:282097", "title": "Pseudohypertension in the elderly.", "content": "1. Direct intra-arterial blood pressure (radial artery) has been compared with indirect blood pressures using a regular sized adult cuff and a thigh cuff, with a mercury sphygmomanometer, in 24 hypertensive patients aged 62--84 years, and in 16 hypertensive patients aged 29--59 years. 2. The patients were studied because they were suspected of having a false elevation of their indirect blood pressure, since they had diastolic pressures over 100 mmHg, without hypertensive retinopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, or nephropathy. 3. Indirect diastolic pressure was falsely elevated by 30 mmHg or more in 12 out of 24 of the subjects over age 60, and in four of the 16 of those under age 60. Pseudohypertension (indirect diastolic greater than 100 mmHg, direct diastolic greater than 90 mmHg) was present in 12 subjects over age 60 and 5 under age 60. 4. Errors in indirect measurement of blood pressure are a serious problem, particularly in the elderly. Direct intra-arterial measurement may be useful in the management of hypertension.", "contents": "Pseudohypertension in the elderly. 1. Direct intra-arterial blood pressure (radial artery) has been compared with indirect blood pressures using a regular sized adult cuff and a thigh cuff, with a mercury sphygmomanometer, in 24 hypertensive patients aged 62--84 years, and in 16 hypertensive patients aged 29--59 years. 2. The patients were studied because they were suspected of having a false elevation of their indirect blood pressure, since they had diastolic pressures over 100 mmHg, without hypertensive retinopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, or nephropathy. 3. Indirect diastolic pressure was falsely elevated by 30 mmHg or more in 12 out of 24 of the subjects over age 60, and in four of the 16 of those under age 60. Pseudohypertension (indirect diastolic greater than 100 mmHg, direct diastolic greater than 90 mmHg) was present in 12 subjects over age 60 and 5 under age 60. 4. Errors in indirect measurement of blood pressure are a serious problem, particularly in the elderly. Direct intra-arterial measurement may be useful in the management of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:282099", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline and the pressor action of exogenous noradrenaline in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "1. An inverse relationship was found between plasma noradrenaline and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline in normotensive subjects. 2. The relationship between plasma noradrenaline and reactivity was distrubed in age-matched patients with essential hypertension. 3. A multiple-regression analysis showed a highly significant correlation between adrenergic activity and reactivity to noradrenaline and the mean arterial blood pressure level (r = 0.91). The results suggest that adrenergic activity and pressor response to noradrenaline combined are important determinants of arterial blood pressure. 4. An inverse relationship could also be demonstrated between plasma renin activity and reactivity to exogenous angiotensin II. No difference was observed between normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline and the pressor action of exogenous noradrenaline in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. 1. An inverse relationship was found between plasma noradrenaline and reactivity to exogenous noradrenaline in normotensive subjects. 2. The relationship between plasma noradrenaline and reactivity was distrubed in age-matched patients with essential hypertension. 3. A multiple-regression analysis showed a highly significant correlation between adrenergic activity and reactivity to noradrenaline and the mean arterial blood pressure level (r = 0.91). The results suggest that adrenergic activity and pressor response to noradrenaline combined are important determinants of arterial blood pressure. 4. An inverse relationship could also be demonstrated between plasma renin activity and reactivity to exogenous angiotensin II. No difference was observed between normotensive and hypertensive subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:282100", "title": "Circulating catecholamines and systolic time intervals in labile and sustained hypertension.", "content": "1. Average supine circulating total catecholamine concentrations were found to be higher than the normal range in about 50% of patients with labile hypertension and in about 30% of patients with sustained essential hypertension. 2. These higher resting concentrations were mainly due to an increase in adrenaline in labile hypertension and to an increase in noradrenaline in sustained hypertension. 3. Patients with elevated catecholamine concentrations were also characterized by a higher heart rate, by an increased myocardial contractility and by greater hypotensive response after treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. 4. These studies suggest the existence of sub-groups of hypertensive patients with increased sympathetic tone.", "contents": "Circulating catecholamines and systolic time intervals in labile and sustained hypertension. 1. Average supine circulating total catecholamine concentrations were found to be higher than the normal range in about 50% of patients with labile hypertension and in about 30% of patients with sustained essential hypertension. 2. These higher resting concentrations were mainly due to an increase in adrenaline in labile hypertension and to an increase in noradrenaline in sustained hypertension. 3. Patients with elevated catecholamine concentrations were also characterized by a higher heart rate, by an increased myocardial contractility and by greater hypotensive response after treatment with beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. 4. These studies suggest the existence of sub-groups of hypertensive patients with increased sympathetic tone."}
{"id": "PMID:282101", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and haemodynamics in the early stage of essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and haemodynamic status were simultaneously studied in young patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension and in age-matched normal controls. 2. Resting plasma noradrenaline in the controls tended to increase slightly, but progressively, with age. The hypertensive subjects had significantly higher plasma noradrenaline concentrations than those in the controls, but these values did not show any age-related variation. The response of plasma noradrenaline to the standing position tended to increase with age in the controls, whereas plasma noradrenaline in the hypertensive subjects showed a wide range of responses without any fixed relationship with age. 3. The cardiac index was significantly greater in the labile hypertensive subjects than in the controls, whereas total peripheral resistance was significantly greater in the sustained hypertensive subjects than in the labile patients and in the controls. Mean arterial pressure in these patients was closely related with the value of total peripheral resistance rather than with the cardiac index. 4. Of the patients with raised plasma noradrenaline 80% showed significantly increased values of either total peripheral resistance or cardiac index. Plasma noradrenaline was correlated significantly to total peripheral resistance, and marginally to mean arterial pressure. 5. These findings support the view that sympathetic nervous overactivity is an important factor underlying the haemodynamic findings in these patients.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and haemodynamics in the early stage of essential hypertension. 1. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations and haemodynamic status were simultaneously studied in young patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension and in age-matched normal controls. 2. Resting plasma noradrenaline in the controls tended to increase slightly, but progressively, with age. The hypertensive subjects had significantly higher plasma noradrenaline concentrations than those in the controls, but these values did not show any age-related variation. The response of plasma noradrenaline to the standing position tended to increase with age in the controls, whereas plasma noradrenaline in the hypertensive subjects showed a wide range of responses without any fixed relationship with age. 3. The cardiac index was significantly greater in the labile hypertensive subjects than in the controls, whereas total peripheral resistance was significantly greater in the sustained hypertensive subjects than in the labile patients and in the controls. Mean arterial pressure in these patients was closely related with the value of total peripheral resistance rather than with the cardiac index. 4. Of the patients with raised plasma noradrenaline 80% showed significantly increased values of either total peripheral resistance or cardiac index. Plasma noradrenaline was correlated significantly to total peripheral resistance, and marginally to mean arterial pressure. 5. These findings support the view that sympathetic nervous overactivity is an important factor underlying the haemodynamic findings in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282102", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline, age and blood pressure: a population study.", "content": "1. Mean supine plasma noradrenaline was lower in 12 male laboratory staff (0.24 +/- 0.02 microgram/l) than similarly normotensive out-patients (0.44 +/- 0.07 microgram/l). 2. In 164 non-medical hospital staff, plasma noradrenaline increased with age in white males only. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher in women than men. 4. There was no relationship between supine blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline in normotensive or hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline, age and blood pressure: a population study. 1. Mean supine plasma noradrenaline was lower in 12 male laboratory staff (0.24 +/- 0.02 microgram/l) than similarly normotensive out-patients (0.44 +/- 0.07 microgram/l). 2. In 164 non-medical hospital staff, plasma noradrenaline increased with age in white males only. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher in women than men. 4. There was no relationship between supine blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline in normotensive or hypertensive subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:282103", "title": "Free and conjugated catecholamines in human hypertension.", "content": "1. Noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal vein of essential hypertensive patients are almost exclusively (99%) unconjugated or free. However only 17% of dopamine is free, the rest is conjugated. The further the site of sampling from the adrenal vein the closer come the free catecholamines to their normal peripheral venous proportion (noradrenaline + adrenaline 20%, dopamine less than 1% of total catecholamines). Deviations from these patterns help to detect the site and type of secretion of phaeochromocytoma. 2. Essential hypertensive patients have, compared with control subjects, higher conjugated plasma dopamine, less urinary free and conjugated dopamine with blunted urinary free dopamine and sodium responsiveness to frusemide. Conjugated noradrenaline + adrenaline, mean arterial pressure and age are positively interrelated. 3. Patients with primary aldosteronism have elevated plasma and urinary total dopamine. After removal of the adenoma urinary dopamine excretion decreases to normal. 4. Elevated conjugated dopamine appears to reflect a compensatory activation of the dopaminergic vasodilator pathway in hypertension, the total urinary dopamine excretion an intrinsic deficiency or compensatory increase of a dopamine-modulated natriuretic mechanism.", "contents": "Free and conjugated catecholamines in human hypertension. 1. Noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenal vein of essential hypertensive patients are almost exclusively (99%) unconjugated or free. However only 17% of dopamine is free, the rest is conjugated. The further the site of sampling from the adrenal vein the closer come the free catecholamines to their normal peripheral venous proportion (noradrenaline + adrenaline 20%, dopamine less than 1% of total catecholamines). Deviations from these patterns help to detect the site and type of secretion of phaeochromocytoma. 2. Essential hypertensive patients have, compared with control subjects, higher conjugated plasma dopamine, less urinary free and conjugated dopamine with blunted urinary free dopamine and sodium responsiveness to frusemide. Conjugated noradrenaline + adrenaline, mean arterial pressure and age are positively interrelated. 3. Patients with primary aldosteronism have elevated plasma and urinary total dopamine. After removal of the adenoma urinary dopamine excretion decreases to normal. 4. Elevated conjugated dopamine appears to reflect a compensatory activation of the dopaminergic vasodilator pathway in hypertension, the total urinary dopamine excretion an intrinsic deficiency or compensatory increase of a dopamine-modulated natriuretic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:282104", "title": "Relation of plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex and sodium balance in patients with stable essential hypertension and in normotensive subjects.", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in 125 patients with stable essential hypertension (WHO I-II) and in 107 normotensive control subjects lying and standing. 2. In normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension no sex-related differences of plasma noradrenaline were found between age-matched groups. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not related to sodium balance indexed by urinary sodium/creatinine ratio. 4. In patients with essential hypertension plasma noradrenaline increases with age. 5. Mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations are significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension compared with age-matched normotensive subjects both lying and standing. 6. In patients with essential hypertension diastolic blood pressure and heart rate correlated significantly with supine plasma noradrenaline concentrations.", "contents": "Relation of plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex and sodium balance in patients with stable essential hypertension and in normotensive subjects. 1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in 125 patients with stable essential hypertension (WHO I-II) and in 107 normotensive control subjects lying and standing. 2. In normotensive subjects and in patients with essential hypertension no sex-related differences of plasma noradrenaline were found between age-matched groups. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not related to sodium balance indexed by urinary sodium/creatinine ratio. 4. In patients with essential hypertension plasma noradrenaline increases with age. 5. Mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations are significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension compared with age-matched normotensive subjects both lying and standing. 6. In patients with essential hypertension diastolic blood pressure and heart rate correlated significantly with supine plasma noradrenaline concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:282105", "title": "Noradrenaline secretion by the human kidney.", "content": "1. In 20 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension, 10 of whom were on propranolol treatment, several blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the renal artery and vein after angiographic studies. In these samples we determined concentrations of noradrenaline, active renin, aldosterone and cortisol. 2. Renal blood flow was measured in all patients by Hippuran-clearance and xenon-washout. 3. Despite marked variations in the arteriovenous difference of noradrenaline, it was apparent in both groups that the kidney is able to release noradrenaline. 4. In the propranolol-treated group noradrenaline secretion with untreated hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Noradrenaline secretion by the human kidney. 1. In 20 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension, 10 of whom were on propranolol treatment, several blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the renal artery and vein after angiographic studies. In these samples we determined concentrations of noradrenaline, active renin, aldosterone and cortisol. 2. Renal blood flow was measured in all patients by Hippuran-clearance and xenon-washout. 3. Despite marked variations in the arteriovenous difference of noradrenaline, it was apparent in both groups that the kidney is able to release noradrenaline. 4. In the propranolol-treated group noradrenaline secretion with untreated hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282106", "title": "The kinetics of plasma noradrenaline in normal and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1. The kinetics of plasma noradrenaline have been determined in normal and essential hypertensive patients by intravenous injection of tritiated noradrenaline and serial mixed venous sampling. 2. The metabolic clearance rate of plasma noradrenaline in normal subjects was approximately 1 1 min-1 m-2, whereas in essential hypertensive patients it was significantly reduced to approximately 0.6 1 min-1 m-2. 3. Metabolic clearance rate was negatively correlated to mean arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistances. 4. Particularly low values of metabolic  clearance rate were found in two patients with congestive heart failure and one with phaeochromocytoma. 5. We propose that the access of plasma noradrenaline to the main removal mechanisms takes place in competition with the flow of unlabelled endogenous noradrenaline directly released by nerve endings. The slower removal of plasma noradrenaline in essential hypertension could then express a larger release of endogenous noradrenaline in this condition.", "contents": "The kinetics of plasma noradrenaline in normal and hypertensive subjects. 1. The kinetics of plasma noradrenaline have been determined in normal and essential hypertensive patients by intravenous injection of tritiated noradrenaline and serial mixed venous sampling. 2. The metabolic clearance rate of plasma noradrenaline in normal subjects was approximately 1 1 min-1 m-2, whereas in essential hypertensive patients it was significantly reduced to approximately 0.6 1 min-1 m-2. 3. Metabolic clearance rate was negatively correlated to mean arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistances. 4. Particularly low values of metabolic  clearance rate were found in two patients with congestive heart failure and one with phaeochromocytoma. 5. We propose that the access of plasma noradrenaline to the main removal mechanisms takes place in competition with the flow of unlabelled endogenous noradrenaline directly released by nerve endings. The slower removal of plasma noradrenaline in essential hypertension could then express a larger release of endogenous noradrenaline in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:282107", "title": "Relationship of basal plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex, plasma renin activity and plasma volume in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. The relationship of basal plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex, urinary sodium excretion, and plasma volume has been examined in 117 untreated ambulatory patients with essential hypertension. 2. No significant correlations between basal plasma noradrenaline and either age or sex were apparent in the total group of essential hypertensive patients. In addition, no significant correlations were observed between plasma noradrenaline and 24 h urinary sodium excretion. 3. Basal plasma noradrenaline concentration was significantly higher in high renin essential hypertensive subjects compared with those with normal or low plasma renin activity. 4. Plasma noradrenaline was reduced significantly in relatively young patients with low renin essential hypertension, but appeared to be normal in other low renin subjects. 5. Basal plasma noradrenaline correlated significantly with blood pressure in patients with normal or low renin essential hypertension but the relationships were only significant in male patients. 6. No significant relationship between basal plasma noradrenaline and either blood pressure or plasma volume could be demonstrated in this population of essential hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Relationship of basal plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex, plasma renin activity and plasma volume in essential hypertension. 1. The relationship of basal plasma noradrenaline to blood pressure, age, sex, urinary sodium excretion, and plasma volume has been examined in 117 untreated ambulatory patients with essential hypertension. 2. No significant correlations between basal plasma noradrenaline and either age or sex were apparent in the total group of essential hypertensive patients. In addition, no significant correlations were observed between plasma noradrenaline and 24 h urinary sodium excretion. 3. Basal plasma noradrenaline concentration was significantly higher in high renin essential hypertensive subjects compared with those with normal or low plasma renin activity. 4. Plasma noradrenaline was reduced significantly in relatively young patients with low renin essential hypertension, but appeared to be normal in other low renin subjects. 5. Basal plasma noradrenaline correlated significantly with blood pressure in patients with normal or low renin essential hypertension but the relationships were only significant in male patients. 6. No significant relationship between basal plasma noradrenaline and either blood pressure or plasma volume could be demonstrated in this population of essential hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282108", "title": "Dental hygienists in Poland.", "content": "The activities of dental hygienists in Poland since 1974 are described. About 600 dental hygienists graduated in Poland up to 1977 but only 32% of them are still working in the profession. Their main activities are: dental health education, fluoride prophylaxis and assisting in dental clinics. Although the work of about 50% of the hygienists is poorly organized, they are regarded as useful in dental care by 23 Heads of district dental clinics who employ dental hygienists.", "contents": "Dental hygienists in Poland. The activities of dental hygienists in Poland since 1974 are described. About 600 dental hygienists graduated in Poland up to 1977 but only 32% of them are still working in the profession. Their main activities are: dental health education, fluoride prophylaxis and assisting in dental clinics. Although the work of about 50% of the hygienists is poorly organized, they are regarded as useful in dental care by 23 Heads of district dental clinics who employ dental hygienists."}
{"id": "PMID:282109", "title": "Prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry in Israel.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry. Four industrial establishments were selected for the study. All production-line workers were included. Altogether 722 participants. The control group consisted of a group of production-line workers in five textile industrial establishments, altogether 812 examinees. The results indicate that the mean DMFT values recorded for the sweets industry workers were significantly higher than those recorded for the control group of workers. The mean DMFT scores recorded for workers in the sweets industry employed for over 10 years were significantly higher than those recorded for workers in the same industry employed for 3-10 years and for up to 3 years.", "contents": "Prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry in Israel. The purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of dental caries among workers in the sweets industry. Four industrial establishments were selected for the study. All production-line workers were included. Altogether 722 participants. The control group consisted of a group of production-line workers in five textile industrial establishments, altogether 812 examinees. The results indicate that the mean DMFT values recorded for the sweets industry workers were significantly higher than those recorded for the control group of workers. The mean DMFT scores recorded for workers in the sweets industry employed for over 10 years were significantly higher than those recorded for workers in the same industry employed for 3-10 years and for up to 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:282110", "title": "Saliva-based colorimetric test as an index of gingival inflammation in epidemiologic studies.", "content": "There is a pressing need for a reliable, low-cost method of assessing the gingival and periodontal status of large population groups. Existing indexes, despite their value in dental public health, are still too subject to examiner variability for use by uncalibrated examiners. This study describes an evaluation of a quick, inexpensive, extraoral colorimetric test for gingival inflammation, based on a reaction between saliva and the test material. It could probably be applied by non-professional personnel. In this study, the test was applied to a population of elementary schoolchildren, dental hygiene students and faculty, and adult inmates of two correctional institutions. These populations were chosen on the assumption that they would exhibit varying intensities of gingival inflammation. Values obtained from the colorimetric test carried out by one researcher were compared with Gingival Index (GI) scores observed by a different examiner. Results suggest that the colorimetric test may be a valid, reliable means of detecting major differences in the prevalence of gingival inflammation in most adult populations, although having little, if any, useful application among children at the mixed dentition stage.", "contents": "Saliva-based colorimetric test as an index of gingival inflammation in epidemiologic studies. There is a pressing need for a reliable, low-cost method of assessing the gingival and periodontal status of large population groups. Existing indexes, despite their value in dental public health, are still too subject to examiner variability for use by uncalibrated examiners. This study describes an evaluation of a quick, inexpensive, extraoral colorimetric test for gingival inflammation, based on a reaction between saliva and the test material. It could probably be applied by non-professional personnel. In this study, the test was applied to a population of elementary schoolchildren, dental hygiene students and faculty, and adult inmates of two correctional institutions. These populations were chosen on the assumption that they would exhibit varying intensities of gingival inflammation. Values obtained from the colorimetric test carried out by one researcher were compared with Gingival Index (GI) scores observed by a different examiner. Results suggest that the colorimetric test may be a valid, reliable means of detecting major differences in the prevalence of gingival inflammation in most adult populations, although having little, if any, useful application among children at the mixed dentition stage."}
{"id": "PMID:282111", "title": "Age-standardized incidence rates of primordial cyst (keratocyst) on the Witwatersrand.", "content": "Cases of primordial cysts derived from the records of all the hospital pathology departments and private pathology practices on the Witwatersrand, were recorded for the 10-year period 1965-74. The population at risk (1970 census) was 974,390 Whites and 1,567,280 Blacks. Age-specific morbidity rates for each sex and race were calculated, as well as age-standardized incidence rates standardized against African, World and European standard populations. The age-standardized incidence rates for primordial cysts, standardized against a World standard population, per million per year are 0.61, 0, 4.86 and 3.50 for Black males and females and White males and females, respectively. In the population at risk, primordial cysts are much more common in Whites than in Blacks, the incidence being eight times higher in White males than in Black males. The present study confirms that there is a bimodal age distribution but with a higher incidence of the cyst in the age group 50-64 years than previously suspected. This may be either because a substantial number of cases remain undiagnosed for many years or because there are two groups of primordial cyst: one which is triggered in young patients and the other in older patients.", "contents": "Age-standardized incidence rates of primordial cyst (keratocyst) on the Witwatersrand. Cases of primordial cysts derived from the records of all the hospital pathology departments and private pathology practices on the Witwatersrand, were recorded for the 10-year period 1965-74. The population at risk (1970 census) was 974,390 Whites and 1,567,280 Blacks. Age-specific morbidity rates for each sex and race were calculated, as well as age-standardized incidence rates standardized against African, World and European standard populations. The age-standardized incidence rates for primordial cysts, standardized against a World standard population, per million per year are 0.61, 0, 4.86 and 3.50 for Black males and females and White males and females, respectively. In the population at risk, primordial cysts are much more common in Whites than in Blacks, the incidence being eight times higher in White males than in Black males. The present study confirms that there is a bimodal age distribution but with a higher incidence of the cyst in the age group 50-64 years than previously suspected. This may be either because a substantial number of cases remain undiagnosed for many years or because there are two groups of primordial cyst: one which is triggered in young patients and the other in older patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282112", "title": "Oral cancer and precancer as diseases of the aged.", "content": "Some cancers, especially sarcomas, favor younger age groups, whereas others, particularly carcinomas, are most likely to develop in older age groups. The relative frequency, mortality and morbidity rates are defined using lip and tongue cancer as examples. The paper demonstrates how oral cancer rates increase with age. For tongue cancer there is a worsening of the prognosis with advancing age. The synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol and its relation to age is also dealt with. For leukoplakia there is also a higher rate with increasing age, although there is a shift towards younger ages when compared with oral cancer. Tobacco, age and leukoplakia are also discussed. The increased cancer and precancer rate in older people may be due to age changes in the oral mucosa making it more vulnerable to the action of carcinogens.", "contents": "Oral cancer and precancer as diseases of the aged. Some cancers, especially sarcomas, favor younger age groups, whereas others, particularly carcinomas, are most likely to develop in older age groups. The relative frequency, mortality and morbidity rates are defined using lip and tongue cancer as examples. The paper demonstrates how oral cancer rates increase with age. For tongue cancer there is a worsening of the prognosis with advancing age. The synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol and its relation to age is also dealt with. For leukoplakia there is also a higher rate with increasing age, although there is a shift towards younger ages when compared with oral cancer. Tobacco, age and leukoplakia are also discussed. The increased cancer and precancer rate in older people may be due to age changes in the oral mucosa making it more vulnerable to the action of carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:282113", "title": "Prevalence and awareness of malocclusion in Swedish men.", "content": "Previous orthodontic treatment, the awareness of malocclusion, the demand for orthodontic treatment and the prevalence of malocclusion were studied in 389 Swedish men, aged 21-54 years (mean age 32 years). Nine percent had been treated with an orthodontic appliance and 15% reported that permanent teeth had been extracted on orthodontic indications. Malposition of teeth was found in 75%, with rotation as the most common type of malposition. Crowding was recorded in 43% and spacing in 18%. Fifty-seven percent had some occlusal anomaly. The need for orthodontic treatment was rated on a four-point scale. It was found that 76% were in need of treatment. The need for treatment was only slight in half of the men but moderate to urgent in 25% of the sample. About a quarter of the men were aware of malposition of front teeth, equally often for maxillary and mandibular teeth, but only about 1% were aware of malposition of posterior teeth. Only a few percent thought they were in need of orthodontic treatment. The presence of malocclusion was correlated to age, place of birth and educational level. This might perhaps be a consequence of tooth loss.", "contents": "Prevalence and awareness of malocclusion in Swedish men. Previous orthodontic treatment, the awareness of malocclusion, the demand for orthodontic treatment and the prevalence of malocclusion were studied in 389 Swedish men, aged 21-54 years (mean age 32 years). Nine percent had been treated with an orthodontic appliance and 15% reported that permanent teeth had been extracted on orthodontic indications. Malposition of teeth was found in 75%, with rotation as the most common type of malposition. Crowding was recorded in 43% and spacing in 18%. Fifty-seven percent had some occlusal anomaly. The need for orthodontic treatment was rated on a four-point scale. It was found that 76% were in need of treatment. The need for treatment was only slight in half of the men but moderate to urgent in 25% of the sample. About a quarter of the men were aware of malposition of front teeth, equally often for maxillary and mandibular teeth, but only about 1% were aware of malposition of posterior teeth. Only a few percent thought they were in need of orthodontic treatment. The presence of malocclusion was correlated to age, place of birth and educational level. This might perhaps be a consequence of tooth loss."}
{"id": "PMID:282114", "title": "Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes.", "content": "Based on studies in Northern Tanzania a new classification system of dental fluorosis is proposed. The classification system includes 10 scores designed to characterize the degree of dental fluorosis affecting buccal/lingual and occlusal surfaces. With aid of polarized and ordinary light microscopy the histologic features behind the individual scores are described. The macroscopic appearance of increasing degrees of dental fluorosis were well correlated to the degree of subsurface porosity. Above a certain level of subsurface hypomineralization various degrees of loss of surface enamel occurred, presumably as a result of posteruptively acquired injuries. Application of the new classification system to samples of children born in areas with 3.5, 6.0 and 21.0 parts/10(6) F- in the water supplies revealed that the distribution of dental fluorosis within the individual followed the same pattern irrespective of fluoride concentration in the water. While the classical Dean index was unable to distinguish between dental fluorosis in the 6.0 and the 21.0 parts/10(6) area it was possible with the new system to disclose that particularly the posterior teeth were significantly more affected in the latter area. Comparisons of degree of dental fluorosis with available measurements of enamel thickness proved that the within-tooth as well as within-dentition variations are determined by enamel thickness rather than length of exposure to body fluids. The limitations of the Dean index are discussed with special attention to its validity as a biological index in relation to current efforts to determine the minimal toxic effect of fluoride on the dental hard tissues.", "contents": "Clinical appearance of dental fluorosis in permanent teeth in relation to histologic changes. Based on studies in Northern Tanzania a new classification system of dental fluorosis is proposed. The classification system includes 10 scores designed to characterize the degree of dental fluorosis affecting buccal/lingual and occlusal surfaces. With aid of polarized and ordinary light microscopy the histologic features behind the individual scores are described. The macroscopic appearance of increasing degrees of dental fluorosis were well correlated to the degree of subsurface porosity. Above a certain level of subsurface hypomineralization various degrees of loss of surface enamel occurred, presumably as a result of posteruptively acquired injuries. Application of the new classification system to samples of children born in areas with 3.5, 6.0 and 21.0 parts/10(6) F- in the water supplies revealed that the distribution of dental fluorosis within the individual followed the same pattern irrespective of fluoride concentration in the water. While the classical Dean index was unable to distinguish between dental fluorosis in the 6.0 and the 21.0 parts/10(6) area it was possible with the new system to disclose that particularly the posterior teeth were significantly more affected in the latter area. Comparisons of degree of dental fluorosis with available measurements of enamel thickness proved that the within-tooth as well as within-dentition variations are determined by enamel thickness rather than length of exposure to body fluids. The limitations of the Dean index are discussed with special attention to its validity as a biological index in relation to current efforts to determine the minimal toxic effect of fluoride on the dental hard tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:282115", "title": "Distribution of dental fluorosis in the primary dentition.", "content": "By the use of a new classification system of dental fluorosis, primary and permanent teeth were examined in samples of children born in areas with 3.5, 6.0 and 21.0 parts/10(6) F- in the water supplies. The severity of dental fluorosis was lower than in the corresponding permanent teeth, but a significant increase in severity was noted with increasing concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. The distribution of dental fluorosis within the dentition followed the same pattern irrespective of fluoride content of the water. Thus, a progressive increase in severity was noted from the anterior to the posterior teeth. This pattern is presumably determined by variations in enamel thickness. The much thinner enamel layer of primary teeth may also explain the lower degree of dental fluorosis in these teeth rather than a maternal barrier to fluoride. The degree of dental fluorosis observed in medium and high fluoride areas did not support the hypothesis that the rapidly growing skeleton of infants prevents fluoride-derived enamel changes.", "contents": "Distribution of dental fluorosis in the primary dentition. By the use of a new classification system of dental fluorosis, primary and permanent teeth were examined in samples of children born in areas with 3.5, 6.0 and 21.0 parts/10(6) F- in the water supplies. The severity of dental fluorosis was lower than in the corresponding permanent teeth, but a significant increase in severity was noted with increasing concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. The distribution of dental fluorosis within the dentition followed the same pattern irrespective of fluoride content of the water. Thus, a progressive increase in severity was noted from the anterior to the posterior teeth. This pattern is presumably determined by variations in enamel thickness. The much thinner enamel layer of primary teeth may also explain the lower degree of dental fluorosis in these teeth rather than a maternal barrier to fluoride. The degree of dental fluorosis observed in medium and high fluoride areas did not support the hypothesis that the rapidly growing skeleton of infants prevents fluoride-derived enamel changes."}
{"id": "PMID:282116", "title": "Dental caries and fluorosis in Arussi province, Ethiopia.", "content": "A dental health survey was carried out in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four areas of the province. The present paper deals with findings on dental fluorosis and dental caries. Dental fluorosis was found in 18% of the subjects, mainly in a very mild form. The fluoride content of the water (0.2-0.3 part/10(6) F-) in combination with a high tea consumption was assumed to give a fluoride intake optimal for caries prevention. The prevalence of dental caries was low. Thirty-eight percent of the 6-7-year-old group had decayed primary teeth and 51% of the total sample had decayed permanent teeth. Comparisons with a study from 1958 revealed that the prevalence of dental caries had increased in the last few decades, probably due to the recently adopted habit of using sugar in the diet.", "contents": "Dental caries and fluorosis in Arussi province, Ethiopia. A dental health survey was carried out in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four areas of the province. The present paper deals with findings on dental fluorosis and dental caries. Dental fluorosis was found in 18% of the subjects, mainly in a very mild form. The fluoride content of the water (0.2-0.3 part/10(6) F-) in combination with a high tea consumption was assumed to give a fluoride intake optimal for caries prevention. The prevalence of dental caries was low. Thirty-eight percent of the 6-7-year-old group had decayed primary teeth and 51% of the total sample had decayed permanent teeth. Comparisons with a study from 1958 revealed that the prevalence of dental caries had increased in the last few decades, probably due to the recently adopted habit of using sugar in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:282132", "title": "[Experimental gingivitis--a photogrammetric comparative study].", "content": "Inflammation of the gingiva was induced in 29 subjects ranging in age from 20 to 29 by discontinuing all forms of oral hygiene for three weeks. The course of the inflammation was followed during the developmental period and the following therapy phase with the PMA index, the plaque index, and monophotogrammetry. The results tend to indicate that gingival swelling develops more gradually and recedes more rapidly after treatment has been instituted than could be assumed from the current standard periodontal indexes.", "contents": "[Experimental gingivitis--a photogrammetric comparative study]. Inflammation of the gingiva was induced in 29 subjects ranging in age from 20 to 29 by discontinuing all forms of oral hygiene for three weeks. The course of the inflammation was followed during the developmental period and the following therapy phase with the PMA index, the plaque index, and monophotogrammetry. The results tend to indicate that gingival swelling develops more gradually and recedes more rapidly after treatment has been instituted than could be assumed from the current standard periodontal indexes."}
{"id": "PMID:282133", "title": "[The effect of plaque on gingival swelling in experimental gingivitis].", "content": "The results of investigations with 15 subjects tend to indicate that a direct relationship exists between dental plaque and gingival swelling. The results were discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of plaque on gingival swelling in experimental gingivitis]. The results of investigations with 15 subjects tend to indicate that a direct relationship exists between dental plaque and gingival swelling. The results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282134", "title": "[The Gottron syndrome from the dentist's viewpoint, case report].", "content": "Facultative changes in the teeth, mouth, and jaw in addition to acrogeria, acromicria, and facial erythema are found with Gottron's syndrome. Hypoplasia of the jaw, changes in the position of the teeth, or disproportional relations in the vertical dimensions of the face have been observed. These findings were also recorded in the case described here. The possibility of Gottron's syndrome should be considered if several of the above-mentioned symptoms are present.", "contents": "[The Gottron syndrome from the dentist's viewpoint, case report]. Facultative changes in the teeth, mouth, and jaw in addition to acrogeria, acromicria, and facial erythema are found with Gottron's syndrome. Hypoplasia of the jaw, changes in the position of the teeth, or disproportional relations in the vertical dimensions of the face have been observed. These findings were also recorded in the case described here. The possibility of Gottron's syndrome should be considered if several of the above-mentioned symptoms are present."}
{"id": "PMID:282135", "title": "[Organic foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus].", "content": "A case was reported in which a foreign body was identified in the maxillary sinus during the course of a radiologic dental examination. The foreign body proved to be a calculus. Analysis of the calculus revealed no foreign body responsible for the crystallization. The possibility of local formation of a calculus of the maxillary antrum was discussed.", "contents": "[Organic foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus]. A case was reported in which a foreign body was identified in the maxillary sinus during the course of a radiologic dental examination. The foreign body proved to be a calculus. Analysis of the calculus revealed no foreign body responsible for the crystallization. The possibility of local formation of a calculus of the maxillary antrum was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282137", "title": "[Experiences with active oral hygiene as a preventive treatment in patients with deciduous and mixed dentition].", "content": "The results of a study of active oral hygiene treatment in children between the ages of 4 and 12 was reported. It is absolutely imperative that both the children and the parents be highly motivated to carry out consistant oral hygiene. The basic level of oral hygiene for children can be considerably improved if the children are instructed in the appropiate technique for tooth brushing and allowed to practice; the children should be regularly checked by the dentist.", "contents": "[Experiences with active oral hygiene as a preventive treatment in patients with deciduous and mixed dentition]. The results of a study of active oral hygiene treatment in children between the ages of 4 and 12 was reported. It is absolutely imperative that both the children and the parents be highly motivated to carry out consistant oral hygiene. The basic level of oral hygiene for children can be considerably improved if the children are instructed in the appropiate technique for tooth brushing and allowed to practice; the children should be regularly checked by the dentist."}
{"id": "PMID:282230", "title": "Methotrexate encephalopathy. A neuropathologic study.", "content": "The present report is a neuropathologic study of three patients who died from a severe form of necrotizing encephalopathy following intrathecal methotrexate therapy and craniospinal irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. During the early phase the lesion presented as multifocal coalescing areas of coagulation necrosis in the deep white matter. In the diseased areas the myelin was lost and the axons were severely swollen and fragmented. During the late stage the white matter was reduced to a thin gliotic calcified layer. The pathogenesis of this lesion is unclear, but the preferential involvement of the white matter with sparing of the cortical gray matter and basal ganglia makes it unlikely that direct chemical injury is the cause. The distribution of the lesion suggests a vascular disturbance due to endothelial injury caused by interaction of the methotrexate with tissue infiltrated by leukemic cells and altered by irradiation.", "contents": "Methotrexate encephalopathy. A neuropathologic study. The present report is a neuropathologic study of three patients who died from a severe form of necrotizing encephalopathy following intrathecal methotrexate therapy and craniospinal irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. During the early phase the lesion presented as multifocal coalescing areas of coagulation necrosis in the deep white matter. In the diseased areas the myelin was lost and the axons were severely swollen and fragmented. During the late stage the white matter was reduced to a thin gliotic calcified layer. The pathogenesis of this lesion is unclear, but the preferential involvement of the white matter with sparing of the cortical gray matter and basal ganglia makes it unlikely that direct chemical injury is the cause. The distribution of the lesion suggests a vascular disturbance due to endothelial injury caused by interaction of the methotrexate with tissue infiltrated by leukemic cells and altered by irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:282233", "title": "HLA frequencies in cancer: a third study.", "content": "Frequencies of 25 HLA antigens in 526 Caucasian patients were compared to those in 629 healthy controls who were HLA-typed between September 1975 and February 1977. Haplotypes were compared for 711 patients and 549 controls typed between September 1974 and December 1976. Frequency deviations were found in those with ALL, AML, breast cancer, lymphoma and ovarian cancer, but only the increase in A29 in AML patients was statistically significant when corrected for the number of specificities. Interesting associations, when compared with earlier studies, include elevation of AW24 in both ALL and AML patients and increased B27 in ALL patients. Significant haplotype differences were increased A3-B8 and absence of A1-BW17 in ALL patients and increased A11-B5 and A2-BW40 as well as absence of A2-B5 in AML patients.", "contents": "HLA frequencies in cancer: a third study. Frequencies of 25 HLA antigens in 526 Caucasian patients were compared to those in 629 healthy controls who were HLA-typed between September 1975 and February 1977. Haplotypes were compared for 711 patients and 549 controls typed between September 1974 and December 1976. Frequency deviations were found in those with ALL, AML, breast cancer, lymphoma and ovarian cancer, but only the increase in A29 in AML patients was statistically significant when corrected for the number of specificities. Interesting associations, when compared with earlier studies, include elevation of AW24 in both ALL and AML patients and increased B27 in ALL patients. Significant haplotype differences were increased A3-B8 and absence of A1-BW17 in ALL patients and increased A11-B5 and A2-BW40 as well as absence of A2-B5 in AML patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282261", "title": "Specialization in dentistry.", "content": "Specialization in dentistry is appropriate for any country, in order to serve its primary functions--to provide a sound dental educational base, to meet the needs of special patients, to react to the complex needs of society on behalf of the dental profession, and to meet the growth needs of individual dentists. Each country must determine for itself the types and numbers of dental specialties it needs to meet the demands of its people. However, as specialties develop, attention should be directed toward preventing an unnecessary over commitment of resources to the education and training of more specialists than are needed. Such an excess of specialists would dilute or compromise the concept of the general practitioner, which must be maintained to insure for the public ready access into the dental health care system.", "contents": "Specialization in dentistry. Specialization in dentistry is appropriate for any country, in order to serve its primary functions--to provide a sound dental educational base, to meet the needs of special patients, to react to the complex needs of society on behalf of the dental profession, and to meet the growth needs of individual dentists. Each country must determine for itself the types and numbers of dental specialties it needs to meet the demands of its people. However, as specialties develop, attention should be directed toward preventing an unnecessary over commitment of resources to the education and training of more specialists than are needed. Such an excess of specialists would dilute or compromise the concept of the general practitioner, which must be maintained to insure for the public ready access into the dental health care system."}
{"id": "PMID:282263", "title": "Effect of fluoride concentration on rehardening of enamel by a saliva substitute.", "content": "An evaluation was made of the effect of different concentrations of F on the ability of OraLube, a saliva substitute developed by the Veterans Administration designed for use by xerostomic patients, to reharden enamel surfaces. Test preparations contained either 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 ppm and groups of softened enamel surfaces were treated with these solutions for 30 minutes. Treatment with saliva substitute containing no F did not significantly alter the hardness of enamel surfaces. Including 1.0 ppm F in the formula induced a rehardening of about 5 per cent; 2.0 ppm F solution rehardened at a 12.5 per cent rate. Additional F up to 5.0 ppm did not increase rehardening significantly. The inclusion of 2.0 ppm F in OraLube assures that, in addition to its ability to relieve intraoral soft tissue problems associated with xerostomia, an optimal rehardening potential is provided.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride concentration on rehardening of enamel by a saliva substitute. An evaluation was made of the effect of different concentrations of F on the ability of OraLube, a saliva substitute developed by the Veterans Administration designed for use by xerostomic patients, to reharden enamel surfaces. Test preparations contained either 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 ppm and groups of softened enamel surfaces were treated with these solutions for 30 minutes. Treatment with saliva substitute containing no F did not significantly alter the hardness of enamel surfaces. Including 1.0 ppm F in the formula induced a rehardening of about 5 per cent; 2.0 ppm F solution rehardened at a 12.5 per cent rate. Additional F up to 5.0 ppm did not increase rehardening significantly. The inclusion of 2.0 ppm F in OraLube assures that, in addition to its ability to relieve intraoral soft tissue problems associated with xerostomia, an optimal rehardening potential is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:282269", "title": "Induction of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells by N-substituted polymethylene diamides.", "content": "Various N-substituted polymethylene diamides were synthesized and tested for their potency to induce erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1.6-hexane-dicarboxamide (IIc) was the most potent inducer among 15 compounds tested. The effectiveness of this compound was similar to that of hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). HMBA has a different amide linkage order from that of IIc. HMBA and IIc at a concentration of 5 mM had similar effects on the cell growth rate and induced a similar frequency of benzidine-positive cells. However, hemoglobin production was 1.5 times more effective with IIc. Polymethylene diester, diamide, dihydrazide and dianilide had no effect on the induction of hemoglobin synthesis. The N-alkylated amide group appears to be required for induction of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "contents": "Induction of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells by N-substituted polymethylene diamides. Various N-substituted polymethylene diamides were synthesized and tested for their potency to induce erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1.6-hexane-dicarboxamide (IIc) was the most potent inducer among 15 compounds tested. The effectiveness of this compound was similar to that of hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). HMBA has a different amide linkage order from that of IIc. HMBA and IIc at a concentration of 5 mM had similar effects on the cell growth rate and induced a similar frequency of benzidine-positive cells. However, hemoglobin production was 1.5 times more effective with IIc. Polymethylene diester, diamide, dihydrazide and dianilide had no effect on the induction of hemoglobin synthesis. The N-alkylated amide group appears to be required for induction of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:282270", "title": "Cytolytic activity of circulating human monocytes on transformed and untransformed human fibroblasts.", "content": "Monocytes from the peripheral blood of 10 normal adult human donors were tested for their cytolytic activity on untransformed or SV40-transformed, early passage, human fibroblasts. Two pairs of human fibroblast lines (2303 and SV40-2303, 2931 and SV40-2931) were used and lysis was assessed in terms of release of [3H]thymidine from prelabelled target cells over a 72-h incubation period. High levels of cytolytic activity were consistently observed on transformed fibroblasts at attacker to target cell (A:T) ratios ranging from 5:1 to 40:1. Low, but significant, lysis of untransformed cells was observed only with two donors at the highest (40:1) A:T ratio tested. With all donors, the cytolytic activity on transformed lines was significantly greater than on untransformed fibroblasts. Thus natural human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity is preferentially expressed on transformed, as compared to untransformed, cells although sparing of the latter is not absolute.", "contents": "Cytolytic activity of circulating human monocytes on transformed and untransformed human fibroblasts. Monocytes from the peripheral blood of 10 normal adult human donors were tested for their cytolytic activity on untransformed or SV40-transformed, early passage, human fibroblasts. Two pairs of human fibroblast lines (2303 and SV40-2303, 2931 and SV40-2931) were used and lysis was assessed in terms of release of [3H]thymidine from prelabelled target cells over a 72-h incubation period. High levels of cytolytic activity were consistently observed on transformed fibroblasts at attacker to target cell (A:T) ratios ranging from 5:1 to 40:1. Low, but significant, lysis of untransformed cells was observed only with two donors at the highest (40:1) A:T ratio tested. With all donors, the cytolytic activity on transformed lines was significantly greater than on untransformed fibroblasts. Thus natural human monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity is preferentially expressed on transformed, as compared to untransformed, cells although sparing of the latter is not absolute."}
{"id": "PMID:282271", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomes in chronic myelogenous leukemia and cancer families.", "content": "Spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges and banded karyotypes were studied in blood lymphocytes from 96 individuals: seven patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, 15 normal controls, and five \"cancer families\" comprising 12 cancer patients, 40 tumor-free blood relatives and 22 spouses. The families had: malignant melanoma; Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies and a birth defect syndrome; non-Hodgkin lymphoma and diverse carcinomas; Hodgkin's lymphoma and adenocarcinomas; and acute myelogenous leukemia. In addition to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, karyotypic abnormalities, especially breaks and fragments, were found in 29% of cancer family members, but were inconsistent and usually attributable to radiotherapy. Mean sister chromatid exchange values were normal in chronic myelogenous leukemia, but low (by t-test) in tumor patients and their blood relatives in cancer-prone families. In tumor patients, mean sister chromatid exchange levels fell as age increased. After adjusting for this age effect, no significant differences remained among groups. In patients at high risk of cancer (because they have chronic myelogenous leukemia or a strong family history of cancer), spontaneous sister chromatid exchange rates were not a marker of cancer risk.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomes in chronic myelogenous leukemia and cancer families. Spontaneous sister chromatid exchanges and banded karyotypes were studied in blood lymphocytes from 96 individuals: seven patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, 15 normal controls, and five \"cancer families\" comprising 12 cancer patients, 40 tumor-free blood relatives and 22 spouses. The families had: malignant melanoma; Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies and a birth defect syndrome; non-Hodgkin lymphoma and diverse carcinomas; Hodgkin's lymphoma and adenocarcinomas; and acute myelogenous leukemia. In addition to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, karyotypic abnormalities, especially breaks and fragments, were found in 29% of cancer family members, but were inconsistent and usually attributable to radiotherapy. Mean sister chromatid exchange values were normal in chronic myelogenous leukemia, but low (by t-test) in tumor patients and their blood relatives in cancer-prone families. In tumor patients, mean sister chromatid exchange levels fell as age increased. After adjusting for this age effect, no significant differences remained among groups. In patients at high risk of cancer (because they have chronic myelogenous leukemia or a strong family history of cancer), spontaneous sister chromatid exchange rates were not a marker of cancer risk."}
{"id": "PMID:282283", "title": "On the evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor): the effect of inbreeding.", "content": "The evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio observed in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor) is discussed. The hypothesis analysed is that the skewed sex ratio is maintained as a result of partial and/or recurrent inbreeding. Fredga et al. (1976, 1977) have suggested that an X-linked mutant gene, X, affects the male-determining action of the Y chromosome, thus converting some XY individuals into females. By a mechanism of selective non-disjunction in the foetal ovary only X-carrying eggs are produced. In particular the stability of that genetic mechanism (or the X chromosome) is analysed by considering the introduction of a \"suppressing\" sex-linked mutant gene Y. Several deterministic simulation models assuming father-daughter and/or brother-sister matings have been developed and analysed. It is concluded that in the case of extremely strong inbreeding, the hypothesised genetic mechanism may, as a result, be evolutionarily stable. Interpreting field observations on microtine rodents in general it is concluded that only a few species are likely to experience such extreme cases of inbreeding. The wood lemming and the related collared lemming (Dicrostonyx troquatus), another case which seems to have XY-females, are likely to exhibit sufficiently strong inbreeding.", "contents": "On the evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor): the effect of inbreeding. The evolutionary stability of the female-biased sex ratio observed in the wood lemming (Myopus schisticolor) is discussed. The hypothesis analysed is that the skewed sex ratio is maintained as a result of partial and/or recurrent inbreeding. Fredga et al. (1976, 1977) have suggested that an X-linked mutant gene, X, affects the male-determining action of the Y chromosome, thus converting some XY individuals into females. By a mechanism of selective non-disjunction in the foetal ovary only X-carrying eggs are produced. In particular the stability of that genetic mechanism (or the X chromosome) is analysed by considering the introduction of a \"suppressing\" sex-linked mutant gene Y. Several deterministic simulation models assuming father-daughter and/or brother-sister matings have been developed and analysed. It is concluded that in the case of extremely strong inbreeding, the hypothesised genetic mechanism may, as a result, be evolutionarily stable. Interpreting field observations on microtine rodents in general it is concluded that only a few species are likely to experience such extreme cases of inbreeding. The wood lemming and the related collared lemming (Dicrostonyx troquatus), another case which seems to have XY-females, are likely to exhibit sufficiently strong inbreeding."}
{"id": "PMID:282284", "title": "Synaptonemal complex and crossing-over: structural support or interference?", "content": "Positive cross-over interference is attributed to the prevention of crossing-over by the growing synaptonemal complex. This conjecture is based on a report in the literature that the selection of prospective cross-over sites may actually precede a proper synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. A genetic test of this notion is suggested using a properly marked trisomic configuration, applicable to a variety of organisms.", "contents": "Synaptonemal complex and crossing-over: structural support or interference? Positive cross-over interference is attributed to the prevention of crossing-over by the growing synaptonemal complex. This conjecture is based on a report in the literature that the selection of prospective cross-over sites may actually precede a proper synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. A genetic test of this notion is suggested using a properly marked trisomic configuration, applicable to a variety of organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:282286", "title": "Crystallites dimensions of enamel.", "content": "In this paper the average diameter of enamel crystallites in mature, deciduous and fluorosed human enamel as well as in bovine enamel (in vivo and in vitro remineralized) is discussed. The investigation was carried out on broken surfaces of the various kinds of enamel with a scanning electron microscope. Corrections have been applied for the thickness of the gold-layer deposited. The average crystallite diameters for sound, deciduous and fluorosed human enamel were : 36 nm; 46 nm and 81 nm, respectively. The values for sound, remineralized in vitro and remineralized in vivo bovine enamel were 57 nm; 97 nm and 63 nm, respectively. The results indicate furthermore that if a correction for the sputtered goldlayer is applied, the results for SEM and TEM microscopy are in good agreement with each other. The difference between in vivo and in vitro remineralized bovine enamel is most likely due to differences in speed of remineralization and/or the presence of saliva.", "contents": "Crystallites dimensions of enamel. In this paper the average diameter of enamel crystallites in mature, deciduous and fluorosed human enamel as well as in bovine enamel (in vivo and in vitro remineralized) is discussed. The investigation was carried out on broken surfaces of the various kinds of enamel with a scanning electron microscope. Corrections have been applied for the thickness of the gold-layer deposited. The average crystallite diameters for sound, deciduous and fluorosed human enamel were : 36 nm; 46 nm and 81 nm, respectively. The values for sound, remineralized in vitro and remineralized in vivo bovine enamel were 57 nm; 97 nm and 63 nm, respectively. The results indicate furthermore that if a correction for the sputtered goldlayer is applied, the results for SEM and TEM microscopy are in good agreement with each other. The difference between in vivo and in vitro remineralized bovine enamel is most likely due to differences in speed of remineralization and/or the presence of saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:282287", "title": "[Electromyographic silent period in the masseter and temporal muscles].", "content": "For some years, many authors have studied the silent periods (S.P.) in masticatory human muscles, during voluntary clenching, biting or mastication as well as during electrical or mechanical stimulation of various parts of the mouth. This S.P. appears as a flattening in the electromyograph tracing taken from masseter and temporalis anterior muscles simultaneously. After an analysis of the methods and results of previous authors, we give and discuss our result, obtained from records on masseter and temporalis anterior muscles, on right and left sides, on healthy subjects. They tapped first their teeth, then masticated pea-nuts, pieces of apple and soft bread. We obtained 571 S.P. after recording 1 745 cycles, and in contrary to the opinion of most of the authors, we were not able to obtain simultaneous S.P. in all four muscles at every cycle, except on 26 occasions. To conclude, we discuss our observations and suggest pathways for the inhibiting reflex of masticatory muscles during functions.", "contents": "[Electromyographic silent period in the masseter and temporal muscles]. For some years, many authors have studied the silent periods (S.P.) in masticatory human muscles, during voluntary clenching, biting or mastication as well as during electrical or mechanical stimulation of various parts of the mouth. This S.P. appears as a flattening in the electromyograph tracing taken from masseter and temporalis anterior muscles simultaneously. After an analysis of the methods and results of previous authors, we give and discuss our result, obtained from records on masseter and temporalis anterior muscles, on right and left sides, on healthy subjects. They tapped first their teeth, then masticated pea-nuts, pieces of apple and soft bread. We obtained 571 S.P. after recording 1 745 cycles, and in contrary to the opinion of most of the authors, we were not able to obtain simultaneous S.P. in all four muscles at every cycle, except on 26 occasions. To conclude, we discuss our observations and suggest pathways for the inhibiting reflex of masticatory muscles during functions."}
{"id": "PMID:282288", "title": "The nature and nurture of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis.", "content": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis are inductive and instructive developmental processes as well as permissive and regulatory processes. Data is available to support the early influences of enamel organ epithelium upon a responding mesenchyme in the determination of dental morphogenetic fields (Dryburg, 1967; Miller, 1969). Mesenchymal specificity appears to be operant during tooth shape and form and during the induction of secretary amelogenesis (Kollar, 1972). These heterotypic tissue interactions can be observed in vivo and in vitro. The cellular responses to these interactions appear to be transcriptional, translational and post-translational; as a direct consequence of the interactions, new gene products are synthesized and secreted and/or pre-existing gene products are amplified (Hata and Slavkin, 1978). The mechanism(s) by which epithelial-mesenchymal interactions function may best be learned through critical investigations of differentiation alloantigens, receptors, coupling components within the plasma membrane, translating components by which epigenetic external cues become internal chemical information, and the associations between peripheral and integral proteins within the plasma membrane and intracytoplasmic microfilaments and microtubules.", "contents": "The nature and nurture of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis are inductive and instructive developmental processes as well as permissive and regulatory processes. Data is available to support the early influences of enamel organ epithelium upon a responding mesenchyme in the determination of dental morphogenetic fields (Dryburg, 1967; Miller, 1969). Mesenchymal specificity appears to be operant during tooth shape and form and during the induction of secretary amelogenesis (Kollar, 1972). These heterotypic tissue interactions can be observed in vivo and in vitro. The cellular responses to these interactions appear to be transcriptional, translational and post-translational; as a direct consequence of the interactions, new gene products are synthesized and secreted and/or pre-existing gene products are amplified (Hata and Slavkin, 1978). The mechanism(s) by which epithelial-mesenchymal interactions function may best be learned through critical investigations of differentiation alloantigens, receptors, coupling components within the plasma membrane, translating components by which epigenetic external cues become internal chemical information, and the associations between peripheral and integral proteins within the plasma membrane and intracytoplasmic microfilaments and microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:282289", "title": "Tooth ontogeny in the upper jaw and tongue of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "Tooth development has been studied in the upper jaw and tongue of a series of rainbow trout embryos (Salmo gairdneri). The sequence of tooth ontogeny in the maxillary bone differs significantly from that seen in the premaxillary bone. In the maxillary bone the teeth developed in an almost perfect alternating sequence from front to back, the teeth occupying the odd-numbered tooth positions developing ahead of those occupying the even-numbered tooth positions. However an alternating sequence was not encountered in the premaxillary bone of the rainbow trout where, from tooth position 4, teeth developed in sequence, and at approximately the same rate, in both directions. The significance of this difference was discussed. The teeth on the tongue developed in an alternating sequence, the fourth tooth developing first followed by the second tooth. The teeth in positions one, three and five later developed simultaneously. Evidence was presented which indicated that resorption of a tooth may commence from its pulpal surface in association with the appearance of multinucleated giant cells and not from the external surface in relation to a successional tooth. This was particularly so in the case of lingual teeth where the successor was laterally positioned or in midline teeth which lacked successional teeth.", "contents": "Tooth ontogeny in the upper jaw and tongue of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Tooth development has been studied in the upper jaw and tongue of a series of rainbow trout embryos (Salmo gairdneri). The sequence of tooth ontogeny in the maxillary bone differs significantly from that seen in the premaxillary bone. In the maxillary bone the teeth developed in an almost perfect alternating sequence from front to back, the teeth occupying the odd-numbered tooth positions developing ahead of those occupying the even-numbered tooth positions. However an alternating sequence was not encountered in the premaxillary bone of the rainbow trout where, from tooth position 4, teeth developed in sequence, and at approximately the same rate, in both directions. The significance of this difference was discussed. The teeth on the tongue developed in an alternating sequence, the fourth tooth developing first followed by the second tooth. The teeth in positions one, three and five later developed simultaneously. Evidence was presented which indicated that resorption of a tooth may commence from its pulpal surface in association with the appearance of multinucleated giant cells and not from the external surface in relation to a successional tooth. This was particularly so in the case of lingual teeth where the successor was laterally positioned or in midline teeth which lacked successional teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:282297", "title": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat.", "content": "Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) and olfactory tubercle (OT) caused enhanced intake of wet mash in 23-hr-food-deprived rats tested in photocell activity cages during restricted 30-min sessions. This mild hyperphagia was accompanied by a significant hypoactivity in the group with NAS/OT lesions. No hyperphagia was observed during a prolonged 120-min test session or in free-feeding tests conducted in the home cage. Anorexia induced by d-amphetamine (.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) was unaltered by the lesion, although the locomotor stimulant action of the drug was attenuated. A second experiment showed that the NAS/OT lesion also enhanced food intake in the photocell cages during 30-min sessions with dry food pellets but that food-associated drinking was concomitantly reduced. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral changes caused by mesolimbic neuron destruction result in part from an inability to switch from one behavioral activity to another.", "contents": "Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. Bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) and olfactory tubercle (OT) caused enhanced intake of wet mash in 23-hr-food-deprived rats tested in photocell activity cages during restricted 30-min sessions. This mild hyperphagia was accompanied by a significant hypoactivity in the group with NAS/OT lesions. No hyperphagia was observed during a prolonged 120-min test session or in free-feeding tests conducted in the home cage. Anorexia induced by d-amphetamine (.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) was unaltered by the lesion, although the locomotor stimulant action of the drug was attenuated. A second experiment showed that the NAS/OT lesion also enhanced food intake in the photocell cages during 30-min sessions with dry food pellets but that food-associated drinking was concomitantly reduced. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the behavioral changes caused by mesolimbic neuron destruction result in part from an inability to switch from one behavioral activity to another."}
{"id": "PMID:282305", "title": "Clinical, radiographical, and histological evaluation of porous rooted polymethylmethacrylate dental implants.", "content": "Forty-three porous rooted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dental implants were inserted into twenty-four dogs. Successful implants were maintained for up to three years. Histological sections with the implants in situ of implants revealed a soft tissue-implant interface similar to natural teeth. Bone and fibrous tissue ingrowth into the pores attached the implant to the bone. Failures were attributed to mechanical weakness of the implant, thin buccal cortical bone, and excessive implant-gingiva interface.", "contents": "Clinical, radiographical, and histological evaluation of porous rooted polymethylmethacrylate dental implants. Forty-three porous rooted polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dental implants were inserted into twenty-four dogs. Successful implants were maintained for up to three years. Histological sections with the implants in situ of implants revealed a soft tissue-implant interface similar to natural teeth. Bone and fibrous tissue ingrowth into the pores attached the implant to the bone. Failures were attributed to mechanical weakness of the implant, thin buccal cortical bone, and excessive implant-gingiva interface."}
{"id": "PMID:282306", "title": "A white band and a transparent zone observed at an interface between a polymerizing polyfunctional monomer and a poly(methyl methacrylate) rod, I.", "content": "Macro- and microscopic studies were made of an interfacial microstructure which developed between a bifunctional monomer and a PMMA rod (or beads) during polymerization. The microstructure consisted of a white band and a blue transparent zone.", "contents": "A white band and a transparent zone observed at an interface between a polymerizing polyfunctional monomer and a poly(methyl methacrylate) rod, I. Macro- and microscopic studies were made of an interfacial microstructure which developed between a bifunctional monomer and a PMMA rod (or beads) during polymerization. The microstructure consisted of a white band and a blue transparent zone."}
{"id": "PMID:282307", "title": "The role of cutaneous receptors in the menton tap silent period.", "content": "The neuromuscular mechanisms of the electromyographic silent period are poorly understood but clinically significant. Our purpose was to isolate the contribution of cutaneous afferents from the chin to the latency and the duration of the EMG silent period. Under the conditions of our experiment, the afferents of the mental nerve have no observable influence on the latency or the duration of the silent period educed by a menton tap.", "contents": "The role of cutaneous receptors in the menton tap silent period. The neuromuscular mechanisms of the electromyographic silent period are poorly understood but clinically significant. Our purpose was to isolate the contribution of cutaneous afferents from the chin to the latency and the duration of the EMG silent period. Under the conditions of our experiment, the afferents of the mental nerve have no observable influence on the latency or the duration of the silent period educed by a menton tap."}
{"id": "PMID:282308", "title": "Cell production in the normal and lathyrogenic rat periodontal ligament (PDL).", "content": "Thirty male albino rats weighing 200 g. each were separated into two groups. 15 rats received 0.2% 3-amino propionitrile fumarate (BAPN) in drinking water. 15 rats served as controls. Within three weeks eruption rate diminished by 50%. On the 22nd experimental day each rat received one dose of 1 microCi/g. body weight tritiated thymidine (1.9 Ci/mM). 5 rats of each group were then killed after 1 hour; 1 week and 2 weeks. The PDL cell migration rate was evaluated autoradiographically. It diminishes proportionally with the eruption rate. In the BAPN treated animals, the mean total periodontal ligament (PDL) cell count is 55.5% higher than that of the control.", "contents": "Cell production in the normal and lathyrogenic rat periodontal ligament (PDL). Thirty male albino rats weighing 200 g. each were separated into two groups. 15 rats received 0.2% 3-amino propionitrile fumarate (BAPN) in drinking water. 15 rats served as controls. Within three weeks eruption rate diminished by 50%. On the 22nd experimental day each rat received one dose of 1 microCi/g. body weight tritiated thymidine (1.9 Ci/mM). 5 rats of each group were then killed after 1 hour; 1 week and 2 weeks. The PDL cell migration rate was evaluated autoradiographically. It diminishes proportionally with the eruption rate. In the BAPN treated animals, the mean total periodontal ligament (PDL) cell count is 55.5% higher than that of the control."}
{"id": "PMID:282309", "title": "Modification of human parotid saliva proteins by oral streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the effect of Streptococcus sanguis on the anionic proteins in human parotid gland saliva. Cell-free culture supernatants and washed-cell preparations from 23 strains of S. sanguis caused marked modification of various salivary proteins. Control studies showed that the alterations in protein profiles by the bacteria were not due to attachment of protein to the cells. Protease inhibitors were used to confirm that proteolysis by distinct enzymatic activities was responsible for most of the modifications. There was no discernible relationship between the degradation patterns and the various immunologic or genetic groups of S. sanguis. Proteins which contained high concentrations of proline were extensively degraded by S. sanguis. This effect could be blocked with the protease inhibitor phenylmethyl-sulphonyl fluoride.", "contents": "Modification of human parotid saliva proteins by oral streptococcus sanguis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the effect of Streptococcus sanguis on the anionic proteins in human parotid gland saliva. Cell-free culture supernatants and washed-cell preparations from 23 strains of S. sanguis caused marked modification of various salivary proteins. Control studies showed that the alterations in protein profiles by the bacteria were not due to attachment of protein to the cells. Protease inhibitors were used to confirm that proteolysis by distinct enzymatic activities was responsible for most of the modifications. There was no discernible relationship between the degradation patterns and the various immunologic or genetic groups of S. sanguis. Proteins which contained high concentrations of proline were extensively degraded by S. sanguis. This effect could be blocked with the protease inhibitor phenylmethyl-sulphonyl fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:282319", "title": "Health for and by the people.", "content": "The need to extend the search for health beyond the current efforts to control disease is emphasized by citing the deficienceis of the current health care model systems. The escalating costs of health care delivery, the emphasis of the current system on treating episodic illnesses rather than chronic disabilities, and the fact that the health care system has less of an impact on health status than socio-economic and life style factors represent major deficiencies in health care delivery. Further, the fragmentation and specialization in education and health care, the exclusion of behavioral science teaching, and the teaching of behavioral determinants of diseases are additional deficiencies of health professions education. The need to develop clear and explicit national health policies, including monitoring of health both of people and communities using indices that relate not only to diseases but also to the qualitative aspect of life, is viewed as an essential prerequisite for the health care system. The assignment of much greater priority to the training of a community health worker and health educator is stressed.", "contents": "Health for and by the people. The need to extend the search for health beyond the current efforts to control disease is emphasized by citing the deficienceis of the current health care model systems. The escalating costs of health care delivery, the emphasis of the current system on treating episodic illnesses rather than chronic disabilities, and the fact that the health care system has less of an impact on health status than socio-economic and life style factors represent major deficiencies in health care delivery. Further, the fragmentation and specialization in education and health care, the exclusion of behavioral science teaching, and the teaching of behavioral determinants of diseases are additional deficiencies of health professions education. The need to develop clear and explicit national health policies, including monitoring of health both of people and communities using indices that relate not only to diseases but also to the qualitative aspect of life, is viewed as an essential prerequisite for the health care system. The assignment of much greater priority to the training of a community health worker and health educator is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:282321", "title": "Analysis of answer changes by dental students on multiple choice tests in pathology: attack on an educational myth.", "content": "The outcome of answer changes on multiple choice examination questions was studied in four groups. Roughly 80 percent of changes profited students or left final numbers of errors unaffected. The ratio of number of wrong to right changes/right to wrong changes ranged from 2.5:1 to 6.2:1. These changes deviated very significantly from chance expectations. The ratio of percent of changers profiting to losing ranged from 3.2:1 to 11.7:1. Revisions resulted in clearly significant decreases in prechange numbers of errors, leading to a mean gain per answer changer of 2.4 to 5.3 percent in test score. Findings were consistent with those of others gathered from different populations and disciplines. Together, they dispel the myth that changing initial responses more often is detrimental than beneficial. Students should be encouraged to review their examinations, and to change answers if they have reason.", "contents": "Analysis of answer changes by dental students on multiple choice tests in pathology: attack on an educational myth. The outcome of answer changes on multiple choice examination questions was studied in four groups. Roughly 80 percent of changes profited students or left final numbers of errors unaffected. The ratio of number of wrong to right changes/right to wrong changes ranged from 2.5:1 to 6.2:1. These changes deviated very significantly from chance expectations. The ratio of percent of changers profiting to losing ranged from 3.2:1 to 11.7:1. Revisions resulted in clearly significant decreases in prechange numbers of errors, leading to a mean gain per answer changer of 2.4 to 5.3 percent in test score. Findings were consistent with those of others gathered from different populations and disciplines. Together, they dispel the myth that changing initial responses more often is detrimental than beneficial. Students should be encouraged to review their examinations, and to change answers if they have reason."}
{"id": "PMID:282322", "title": "Manual dexterity as a predictor of quality of care among dental practitioners.", "content": "This study explores the relationship between time to complete a manual dexterity exercise and quality of restorative dentistry. Ninety-seven general practitioners volunteered to take part in the study. An average of 14 patients per office were recalled and an average of five recent restorations per patient were examined clinically by trained peer reviewers. Subsequently, 74 of the 97 dentists participated in a session in which the O'Connor Tweezer Dexterity test was administered. Pearson correlations between speed on the test of tweezer dexterity and quality measures indicated that, on the average, those practitioners who took longer to complete the tweezer test achieved significantly higher scores on restorative quality.", "contents": "Manual dexterity as a predictor of quality of care among dental practitioners. This study explores the relationship between time to complete a manual dexterity exercise and quality of restorative dentistry. Ninety-seven general practitioners volunteered to take part in the study. An average of 14 patients per office were recalled and an average of five recent restorations per patient were examined clinically by trained peer reviewers. Subsequently, 74 of the 97 dentists participated in a session in which the O'Connor Tweezer Dexterity test was administered. Pearson correlations between speed on the test of tweezer dexterity and quality measures indicated that, on the average, those practitioners who took longer to complete the tweezer test achieved significantly higher scores on restorative quality."}
{"id": "PMID:282323", "title": "Q factor analysis applied to describe attitudes toward dental care.", "content": "This study used a modified form of Q factor analysis to introduce students to methods to identify and describe patient and provider attitudes toward dental care. Factor analysis of questionnaire results and a person by person correlation matrix allowed students to compare their own attitudes with those of their patients, faculty, and significant people in their lives. Results indicate certain issues regarding dental care on which all subjects agree. Subjects grouped themselves along different factors according to the relative importance each issue had for them. By identifying these issues and groupings, students had a systematic description of their specific \"dentist-patient relationship.\" By including clusters of people significant in their own lives, students became personally involved in the purpose, methods, and results of the analysis.", "contents": "Q factor analysis applied to describe attitudes toward dental care. This study used a modified form of Q factor analysis to introduce students to methods to identify and describe patient and provider attitudes toward dental care. Factor analysis of questionnaire results and a person by person correlation matrix allowed students to compare their own attitudes with those of their patients, faculty, and significant people in their lives. Results indicate certain issues regarding dental care on which all subjects agree. Subjects grouped themselves along different factors according to the relative importance each issue had for them. By identifying these issues and groupings, students had a systematic description of their specific \"dentist-patient relationship.\" By including clusters of people significant in their own lives, students became personally involved in the purpose, methods, and results of the analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:282324", "title": "Minimizing costs for casting gold alloy in student preclinical courses and commercial laboratory clinical use.", "content": "With inflation producing a consistantly rising price for casting gold alloy, student use in preclinical courses and clinic use in commercial laboratory castings represent a significant cost to the student and the school. The New Jersey Dental School has developed and instituted a plan to decrease student cost and manage commercial laboratory fees by the purchase of a year's supply of gold. Students use the gold alloy and pay only for lost amounts, while the school replaces the gold used by the commercial laboratory.", "contents": "Minimizing costs for casting gold alloy in student preclinical courses and commercial laboratory clinical use. With inflation producing a consistantly rising price for casting gold alloy, student use in preclinical courses and clinic use in commercial laboratory castings represent a significant cost to the student and the school. The New Jersey Dental School has developed and instituted a plan to decrease student cost and manage commercial laboratory fees by the purchase of a year's supply of gold. Students use the gold alloy and pay only for lost amounts, while the school replaces the gold used by the commercial laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:282342", "title": "Prevalence of mandibular dysfunction in young adults.", "content": "A sample of students (739) were questioned and examined for symptoms and signs associated with mandibular dysfunction. The most frequently mentioned symptoms were headache, TMJ sounds, and pain in the face or neck. No significant differences were found between men and women with symptoms other than headache. The most common dysfunctional signs were dull occlusal sounds on repeated, firm closure of the teeth, tenderness of muscles in the jaw or head, and sounds on condylar movement. Women had a higher prevalence of these signs. Subjects who were aware of bruxism (7.9%) were more likely to have tenderness of the masseter muscle and limited mouth opening. Limited mouth opening was associated with dull occlusal sounds, pain on opening the mouth, and sounds in TMJs. Headaches were associated with tenderness in muscles and joints. Subclinical signs associated with dysfunction occurred more frequently than did awareness of symptoms.", "contents": "Prevalence of mandibular dysfunction in young adults. A sample of students (739) were questioned and examined for symptoms and signs associated with mandibular dysfunction. The most frequently mentioned symptoms were headache, TMJ sounds, and pain in the face or neck. No significant differences were found between men and women with symptoms other than headache. The most common dysfunctional signs were dull occlusal sounds on repeated, firm closure of the teeth, tenderness of muscles in the jaw or head, and sounds on condylar movement. Women had a higher prevalence of these signs. Subjects who were aware of bruxism (7.9%) were more likely to have tenderness of the masseter muscle and limited mouth opening. Limited mouth opening was associated with dull occlusal sounds, pain on opening the mouth, and sounds in TMJs. Headaches were associated with tenderness in muscles and joints. Subclinical signs associated with dysfunction occurred more frequently than did awareness of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:282343", "title": "Enhanced anticaries action from drinking water containing 5 ppm fluoride.", "content": "Dental examinations were conducted on 1,878 adolescent schoolchildren native to seven US cities in five states, where the water was fluoride-deficient, fluoridated, or contained approximately 5 ppm of naturally occurring fluoride. Dental caries experience was considerably lower in all the communities with fluoridated water than in Boston, which had water deficient in fluoride, and ranged from 38% to 83% fewer mean DMF for the children in the regions with fluoridated water than for the children in Boston. Moreover, dental caries experience was significantly lower in Midland, Tex (5 to 7 ppm fluoride) than in each of the four cities with fluoridated water, and approximately 50% of the children in Midland had no caries. This report provides strong evidence that a much greater protection against human dental caries can result from a higher concentration of fluoride than is customarily recommended as best for prevention of caries. Fluoridating community waters to concentrations higher than 1 to 2 ppm fluoride, however, is not suggested because of the high risk of producing unesthetic enamel fluorosis.", "contents": "Enhanced anticaries action from drinking water containing 5 ppm fluoride. Dental examinations were conducted on 1,878 adolescent schoolchildren native to seven US cities in five states, where the water was fluoride-deficient, fluoridated, or contained approximately 5 ppm of naturally occurring fluoride. Dental caries experience was considerably lower in all the communities with fluoridated water than in Boston, which had water deficient in fluoride, and ranged from 38% to 83% fewer mean DMF for the children in the regions with fluoridated water than for the children in Boston. Moreover, dental caries experience was significantly lower in Midland, Tex (5 to 7 ppm fluoride) than in each of the four cities with fluoridated water, and approximately 50% of the children in Midland had no caries. This report provides strong evidence that a much greater protection against human dental caries can result from a higher concentration of fluoride than is customarily recommended as best for prevention of caries. Fluoridating community waters to concentrations higher than 1 to 2 ppm fluoride, however, is not suggested because of the high risk of producing unesthetic enamel fluorosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282344", "title": "An assessment of the Alabama Smile Keeper school dental health education program.", "content": "An evaluation of the Alabama Smile Keeper Dental Health Education Program was necessary to determine if educating teachers to teach preventive dentistry improved the oral hygiene and knowledge of dental health of elementary schoolchildren. Four hundred seventy-five students at the Maxwell Air Force Base elementary school in grades 1 through 6 were tested using a series of written examinations and scores from a plaque index (Greene's OHI-S Index) before and after the education program. Levels of plaque were significantly reduced immediately after instruction and retention test scores were significantly lower four months later than preinstruction test scores. Written examinations proved that knowledge increased immediately after instruction and retention test scores were significantly better than preinstruction test scores.", "contents": "An assessment of the Alabama Smile Keeper school dental health education program. An evaluation of the Alabama Smile Keeper Dental Health Education Program was necessary to determine if educating teachers to teach preventive dentistry improved the oral hygiene and knowledge of dental health of elementary schoolchildren. Four hundred seventy-five students at the Maxwell Air Force Base elementary school in grades 1 through 6 were tested using a series of written examinations and scores from a plaque index (Greene's OHI-S Index) before and after the education program. Levels of plaque were significantly reduced immediately after instruction and retention test scores were significantly lower four months later than preinstruction test scores. Written examinations proved that knowledge increased immediately after instruction and retention test scores were significantly better than preinstruction test scores."}
{"id": "PMID:282345", "title": "Nitrous oxide-induced myelopathy-neuropathy: potential for chronic misuse by dentists.", "content": "The myelopathy and neuropathy associated with chronic misuse of nitrous oxide are potentially reversible if the habit is discontinued. This occurred in each of the reported cases, including our case, when it was transiently discontinued. Although a causal relationship between nitrous oxide and this myelopathy-neuropathy has not been proved, the circumstantial evidence is convincing. Both physicians and dentists should be aware of this potentially serious complication of chronic self-administration of nitrous oxide, especially in persons inclined to misuse drugs. Dentists, with their access to nitrous oxide, may be particularly at risk.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide-induced myelopathy-neuropathy: potential for chronic misuse by dentists. The myelopathy and neuropathy associated with chronic misuse of nitrous oxide are potentially reversible if the habit is discontinued. This occurred in each of the reported cases, including our case, when it was transiently discontinued. Although a causal relationship between nitrous oxide and this myelopathy-neuropathy has not been proved, the circumstantial evidence is convincing. Both physicians and dentists should be aware of this potentially serious complication of chronic self-administration of nitrous oxide, especially in persons inclined to misuse drugs. Dentists, with their access to nitrous oxide, may be particularly at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:282346", "title": "Tuberculosis of the tongue.", "content": "A case of pulmonary tuberculosis of the tongue is reported, and tuberculosis of the upper airway in a VA Hospital is reviewed. A regimen of triple antituberculous drugs, isoniazid, ethambutol, and rifampin, was prescribed. Repeated radiographs of the chest showed considerable improvement of the pulmonary lesions. The lesion of the tongue was surgically excised as a diagnostic procedure and has not recurred.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the tongue. A case of pulmonary tuberculosis of the tongue is reported, and tuberculosis of the upper airway in a VA Hospital is reviewed. A regimen of triple antituberculous drugs, isoniazid, ethambutol, and rifampin, was prescribed. Repeated radiographs of the chest showed considerable improvement of the pulmonary lesions. The lesion of the tongue was surgically excised as a diagnostic procedure and has not recurred."}
{"id": "PMID:282347", "title": "Fusion of teeth.", "content": "Three case reports of fusion are presented. Clinical problems relating to fusion may be unacceptable appearance or alignment of teeth, and periodontal conditions. It is suggested that all succedaneous teeth that are joined or fused together by dentin be referred to as fused teeth because of the frequent difficulty in differentiating fusion and gemination in the adult dentition.", "contents": "Fusion of teeth. Three case reports of fusion are presented. Clinical problems relating to fusion may be unacceptable appearance or alignment of teeth, and periodontal conditions. It is suggested that all succedaneous teeth that are joined or fused together by dentin be referred to as fused teeth because of the frequent difficulty in differentiating fusion and gemination in the adult dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:282360", "title": "[Studies of the dental methacrylic resins. (V) Effects of molecular weight and temperature on the plasticity (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasticity, the douing time, and the working time, of the mixture of powder-liquid type methacrylic resin were measured under the various circumstances of the elapsed time and the certain temperature. Six polymethyl methacrylates, whose molecular weight was prepared by mean of gamma-ray irradiation, were used as the polymer of resin, again methyl methacrylate being used as the monomer of resin. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The plasticity is reduced with the increase of the molecular weight of the polymer. (2) The plasticity, generally, is reduced with the time elapsed, but its values appear at 10 min. and 5 min. elapsed at 16 degrees C and 23 degrees C respectively. (3) The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 6 X 10(4), 8 X 10(4), 20 X 10(4) and 34 X 10(4) molecular weights are increased with the increase of temperature. The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 60 X 10(4) and 74 X 10(4) molecular weights at 0 min. time elapsed, indicate their maximum value at 30 degrees C. At 5 min. time elapsed plasticities of all mixtures indicate their maximum value at 23 degrees C. Over 5 min. time elapsed, however, the plasticity is reduced with the increase of temperature. (4) The doughing time and the working time are reduced with the increase of molecular weight of the polymer and the temperature.", "contents": "[Studies of the dental methacrylic resins. (V) Effects of molecular weight and temperature on the plasticity (author's transl)]. The plasticity, the douing time, and the working time, of the mixture of powder-liquid type methacrylic resin were measured under the various circumstances of the elapsed time and the certain temperature. Six polymethyl methacrylates, whose molecular weight was prepared by mean of gamma-ray irradiation, were used as the polymer of resin, again methyl methacrylate being used as the monomer of resin. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The plasticity is reduced with the increase of the molecular weight of the polymer. (2) The plasticity, generally, is reduced with the time elapsed, but its values appear at 10 min. and 5 min. elapsed at 16 degrees C and 23 degrees C respectively. (3) The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 6 X 10(4), 8 X 10(4), 20 X 10(4) and 34 X 10(4) molecular weights are increased with the increase of temperature. The plasticities of the mixtures of polymers with 60 X 10(4) and 74 X 10(4) molecular weights at 0 min. time elapsed, indicate their maximum value at 30 degrees C. At 5 min. time elapsed plasticities of all mixtures indicate their maximum value at 23 degrees C. Over 5 min. time elapsed, however, the plasticity is reduced with the increase of temperature. (4) The doughing time and the working time are reduced with the increase of molecular weight of the polymer and the temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:282361", "title": "[Rheological studies on deformation for dental waxes. 2. Stress relaxation behavior of inlay wax (author's transl)].", "content": "The rheological properties of inlay wax were investigated by experiment of stress relaxation, thermal expansion, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results obtained were as follows. The solid-solid phase transition caused by phase transition of paraffin was observed. The stress relaxation curves of inlay wax were obtained at various temperature, and from these curves the stress relaxation master curve was composed by application of time-temperature superposition principle. The temperature dependence of sift factor was devided into two regions of Arrhenius type, and the activation energy was about 60 kcal/mol at the temperature lower than 23 degrees C and 120 kcal/mol at higher temperature. This fact suggests that the relaxation mechanism of inlay wax can be classified into two different modes. The relaxation mechanism at lower temperature region is explained by crystalline relaxation, and at higher temperature is considered to depend upon the solid-solid phase transition process of inlay wax. Calculating from the activation energy, for each 2 degrees C rise in temperature, the rate of rheological change for inlay wax is approximately two-fold at lower temperature region, and about four-fold at higher temperature region.", "contents": "[Rheological studies on deformation for dental waxes. 2. Stress relaxation behavior of inlay wax (author's transl)]. The rheological properties of inlay wax were investigated by experiment of stress relaxation, thermal expansion, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results obtained were as follows. The solid-solid phase transition caused by phase transition of paraffin was observed. The stress relaxation curves of inlay wax were obtained at various temperature, and from these curves the stress relaxation master curve was composed by application of time-temperature superposition principle. The temperature dependence of sift factor was devided into two regions of Arrhenius type, and the activation energy was about 60 kcal/mol at the temperature lower than 23 degrees C and 120 kcal/mol at higher temperature. This fact suggests that the relaxation mechanism of inlay wax can be classified into two different modes. The relaxation mechanism at lower temperature region is explained by crystalline relaxation, and at higher temperature is considered to depend upon the solid-solid phase transition process of inlay wax. Calculating from the activation energy, for each 2 degrees C rise in temperature, the rate of rheological change for inlay wax is approximately two-fold at lower temperature region, and about four-fold at higher temperature region."}
{"id": "PMID:282363", "title": "[On the ageing characteristics of commercial Elgiloy (author's transl)].", "content": "An age-hardening phenomenon in commercial Elgiloy was studied by means of resistivity, hardness and X-ray diffraction. The increase in hardness during ageing in the range 400-800 degrees C was accompanied by a pronounced increase in resistivity. The X-ray diffraction study showed that any precipitate was not taken place by ageing. The proposed mechanism of hardening during involves the segregation of solute atoms to stacking faults by the SUZUKI's chemical interaction mechanism.", "contents": "[On the ageing characteristics of commercial Elgiloy (author's transl)]. An age-hardening phenomenon in commercial Elgiloy was studied by means of resistivity, hardness and X-ray diffraction. The increase in hardness during ageing in the range 400-800 degrees C was accompanied by a pronounced increase in resistivity. The X-ray diffraction study showed that any precipitate was not taken place by ageing. The proposed mechanism of hardening during involves the segregation of solute atoms to stacking faults by the SUZUKI's chemical interaction mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:282364", "title": "[Effects of gold on age-hardening in Ag-25 wt. % Pd-7 wt. % Cu alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of third elements (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 wt. % Au) on the age-hardening in Ag-25 wt. % Pd-7 wt. % Cu alloys were studied by means of electrical resitivity, micro-hardness measurement, optical microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The temperature range of an initial increase in resistivity was lowered with increasing concentration of gold. (2) The age-hardening process was retarded by the addition of gold. (3) Changes in X-ray diffraction patterns which was aged at lower temperature range exhibited that continuous precipitation process. On the other hand, changes in diffraction patterns aged at higher temperature range showed discontinuous precipitation process. (4) The lattice parameters of alpha phase and alpha2 phase (Ag-rich) were found to decrease with increase in gold content, while the lattice parameter of PdCu type superlattice was found to increase with increase in gold. (5) The nature of the interface between precipitates and the matrix was discussed on the basis of the changes in lattice parameter obtained.", "contents": "[Effects of gold on age-hardening in Ag-25 wt. % Pd-7 wt. % Cu alloys (author's transl)]. Effects of third elements (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 wt. % Au) on the age-hardening in Ag-25 wt. % Pd-7 wt. % Cu alloys were studied by means of electrical resitivity, micro-hardness measurement, optical microscopy observation and X-ray diffraction. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The temperature range of an initial increase in resistivity was lowered with increasing concentration of gold. (2) The age-hardening process was retarded by the addition of gold. (3) Changes in X-ray diffraction patterns which was aged at lower temperature range exhibited that continuous precipitation process. On the other hand, changes in diffraction patterns aged at higher temperature range showed discontinuous precipitation process. (4) The lattice parameters of alpha phase and alpha2 phase (Ag-rich) were found to decrease with increase in gold content, while the lattice parameter of PdCu type superlattice was found to increase with increase in gold. (5) The nature of the interface between precipitates and the matrix was discussed on the basis of the changes in lattice parameter obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:282365", "title": "[Studies of calcium phosphate glass-ceramics--development of dental materials. (Part 2) Acid resistance--(author's transl)].", "content": "It is well known that minerals of bone or tooth are essentially of CaO-P2O5 system. Glass and the crystallized product, i.e., so-called \"glass-ceramics\" of which chemical composition is 55 CaO . 45 P2O5 (in mole %) and have been developed for biomaterials were subjected to chemical durability test. Human enamel was also tested for the comparison of the data with them. All the specimens were ground to powders in size from 74 to 140 micrometer. A hundred milligram of the powders were immersed into 100 ml. of N/10 acetate buffer (1 mol acetic acid) solution (pH 4.1) at a constant temperature of 37 degrees C. Amount of Ca2+ and P5+ dissolved were determined by an atomic absorption method and Fiske-Subbarow method, respectively. The order of dissolution is human enamel greater than glass greater than glass-ceramics: the amount of Ca2+ (SCa) and P5+ (Sp) with soaking time (t) was expressed by the following equations, :formula: (see book). The glass and the glass-ceramics show good resistance against a weak acid.", "contents": "[Studies of calcium phosphate glass-ceramics--development of dental materials. (Part 2) Acid resistance--(author's transl)]. It is well known that minerals of bone or tooth are essentially of CaO-P2O5 system. Glass and the crystallized product, i.e., so-called \"glass-ceramics\" of which chemical composition is 55 CaO . 45 P2O5 (in mole %) and have been developed for biomaterials were subjected to chemical durability test. Human enamel was also tested for the comparison of the data with them. All the specimens were ground to powders in size from 74 to 140 micrometer. A hundred milligram of the powders were immersed into 100 ml. of N/10 acetate buffer (1 mol acetic acid) solution (pH 4.1) at a constant temperature of 37 degrees C. Amount of Ca2+ and P5+ dissolved were determined by an atomic absorption method and Fiske-Subbarow method, respectively. The order of dissolution is human enamel greater than glass greater than glass-ceramics: the amount of Ca2+ (SCa) and P5+ (Sp) with soaking time (t) was expressed by the following equations, :formula: (see book). The glass and the glass-ceramics show good resistance against a weak acid."}
{"id": "PMID:282367", "title": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of various silicone rubber impression materials by means of cell culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological test of the silicone rubber impression materials was done by utilizing tissue cultures of L strain cells. Criteria for cytotoxicity were based upon response index in agar diffusion method which was determined by zone index and lysis index, and morphological observations of the cells. The materials used were chosen among those which were commercially available. Base material, catalyst, unset and set mixes of both materials were tested respectively. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the material was also performed. Following results were obtained. 1) Base material of all the materials showed zone index of a range between 11.8 mm and 18.6 mm. On the otherhand, lysis index was relatively small and minimum response index was 11.8 mm/8.6 mm. The cells appeared normal after cultivation with the base materials, though tissue culture medium became opaque due to dissolution of the base materials. It is revealed that the above results mean little cytotoxicity to the cells. 2) Catalyst, on the otherhand, yielded intense cytotoxicity. Minimum response index for the catalyst was 13.4 mm/14.8 mm. Morphological observation was parallel to the results of agar diffusion method. 3) Unset mixes also yielded intense to moderate cytotoxicity. 4) Set mixes showed a similar in level of cytotoxicity to the unset mixes. 5) X-ray fluorescence analysis of the materials revealed existence of such elements as Si, Sr, Sn, S, Cu and Fe. Moreover, Zn was found in materials A, B, C, D and E; P in materials A and B, and Pb in materials E and F. However, it was unable to show what compound was formed by these elements. It is expected that the present results could give a clue on animal experiments or clinical use from the view point of biocompatibility of silicone rubber impression materials.", "contents": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of various silicone rubber impression materials by means of cell culture (author's transl)]. Biological test of the silicone rubber impression materials was done by utilizing tissue cultures of L strain cells. Criteria for cytotoxicity were based upon response index in agar diffusion method which was determined by zone index and lysis index, and morphological observations of the cells. The materials used were chosen among those which were commercially available. Base material, catalyst, unset and set mixes of both materials were tested respectively. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the material was also performed. Following results were obtained. 1) Base material of all the materials showed zone index of a range between 11.8 mm and 18.6 mm. On the otherhand, lysis index was relatively small and minimum response index was 11.8 mm/8.6 mm. The cells appeared normal after cultivation with the base materials, though tissue culture medium became opaque due to dissolution of the base materials. It is revealed that the above results mean little cytotoxicity to the cells. 2) Catalyst, on the otherhand, yielded intense cytotoxicity. Minimum response index for the catalyst was 13.4 mm/14.8 mm. Morphological observation was parallel to the results of agar diffusion method. 3) Unset mixes also yielded intense to moderate cytotoxicity. 4) Set mixes showed a similar in level of cytotoxicity to the unset mixes. 5) X-ray fluorescence analysis of the materials revealed existence of such elements as Si, Sr, Sn, S, Cu and Fe. Moreover, Zn was found in materials A, B, C, D and E; P in materials A and B, and Pb in materials E and F. However, it was unable to show what compound was formed by these elements. It is expected that the present results could give a clue on animal experiments or clinical use from the view point of biocompatibility of silicone rubber impression materials."}
{"id": "PMID:282368", "title": "[Recrystallization process in the 20 carat dental gold alloy (author's transl)].", "content": "An annealing process of the 20 carat dental gold alloy was studied by hardness testing, electrical resistivity measurement and optical microscopic observation. The material was cold rolled to 67.4% and 90.7% in reduction and subsequently annealed in the temperature range from 300 degrees to 500 degrees C. Microscopic observation, electrical resistivity and hardness testing revealed that the annealing process were three distinguishable stages, recovery, recrystallization and grain boundary migration. Activation energies, the order of the reaction involved, and frequency factors for various annealing processes were established.", "contents": "[Recrystallization process in the 20 carat dental gold alloy (author's transl)]. An annealing process of the 20 carat dental gold alloy was studied by hardness testing, electrical resistivity measurement and optical microscopic observation. The material was cold rolled to 67.4% and 90.7% in reduction and subsequently annealed in the temperature range from 300 degrees to 500 degrees C. Microscopic observation, electrical resistivity and hardness testing revealed that the annealing process were three distinguishable stages, recovery, recrystallization and grain boundary migration. Activation energies, the order of the reaction involved, and frequency factors for various annealing processes were established."}
{"id": "PMID:282369", "title": "[Effects of electrical stimulus upon L-strain cells. (Part 2)--Response of the cells to alternative current prior to cultivation (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to examine the effects of voltage, current time and frequency of the alternative current on cell multiplication and morphology during initial stage of cell cultivation, alternative currents of varying intensity were applied to the L-strain cells in the tissue culture medium, i.e. YLH solution supplemented with 5% bovine serum which was considered as an electrolyte solution. The following results were obtained: 1) The rates of cell multiplication depended on the frequency (0.01 Hz-10 KHz), when voltage and current time were kept constant. In particular, they were remarkably depressed in the low frequency range. In a certain frequency range, a maximum value of the rates of cell multiplication was recorded. It was considered that there is certainly a least inhibitive frequency range in the rates of cell multiplication. 2) The lower and the shorter the voltage and current time were, the lower were the frequency level at the threshold of marked inhibition of the rates of cell multiplication brought. 3) An arbitrary equation for the relationship between the rates of cell multiplication and frequency was determined: The rates of cell multiplication upon cell multiplication were proportional to (A + log F), where A was a constant value and F was the applied frequency. According to the equation above, the depression upon cell multiplication was calculated, when the values of voltage and current time were given. 4) It was found that the results of the rates of cell multiplication were parallel to the results of the morphological observations. It was presumed that the main factor governing cell multiplication during application of the alternative current was due to change of the compositions of medium which was electrolyzed.", "contents": "[Effects of electrical stimulus upon L-strain cells. (Part 2)--Response of the cells to alternative current prior to cultivation (author's transl)]. In order to examine the effects of voltage, current time and frequency of the alternative current on cell multiplication and morphology during initial stage of cell cultivation, alternative currents of varying intensity were applied to the L-strain cells in the tissue culture medium, i.e. YLH solution supplemented with 5% bovine serum which was considered as an electrolyte solution. The following results were obtained: 1) The rates of cell multiplication depended on the frequency (0.01 Hz-10 KHz), when voltage and current time were kept constant. In particular, they were remarkably depressed in the low frequency range. In a certain frequency range, a maximum value of the rates of cell multiplication was recorded. It was considered that there is certainly a least inhibitive frequency range in the rates of cell multiplication. 2) The lower and the shorter the voltage and current time were, the lower were the frequency level at the threshold of marked inhibition of the rates of cell multiplication brought. 3) An arbitrary equation for the relationship between the rates of cell multiplication and frequency was determined: The rates of cell multiplication upon cell multiplication were proportional to (A + log F), where A was a constant value and F was the applied frequency. According to the equation above, the depression upon cell multiplication was calculated, when the values of voltage and current time were given. 4) It was found that the results of the rates of cell multiplication were parallel to the results of the morphological observations. It was presumed that the main factor governing cell multiplication during application of the alternative current was due to change of the compositions of medium which was electrolyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:282370", "title": "[A study on the effects of beryllium addition upon biological and physical properties of dental cobalt-chromium alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of beryllium addition to a dental cobalt-chromium alloy on biological compatibility as well as physical properties were examined and the following results were obtained. 1. Slight, but significant depression of the rates of cell multiplication was obtained with the experimental groups, i.e., alloy with no beryllium added as well as alloys with beryllium of up to 3.0 per cent by weight, compared to control group, which contained no alloys, but a glass disk. Within the experimental groups no significant difference in the rates of cell multiplication was found between the alloys with beryllium addition ranging from zero up to 2.0% by weight. However, alloy with 3.0% beryllium yielded slight, but significant depression of the rates of cell multiplication. Pure beryllium metal revealed severe cytotoxicity. 2. Cell morphology of the experimental groups confirmed the above results of the rate of cell multiplication. 3. Increase of beryllium within the alloys resulted in increase of tensile strength as well as Rockwell hardness, while elongation and fusion temperature were brought down. 4. Metallographs of alloys and cast specimens confirmed the results of the mechanical properties. The more beryllium was added, the smaller was the alloy crystal observed. 5. Loss of beryllium in the alloy was found during such procedures as melting each metal for making up alloys and casting. It is considered that the present results will be able to lend suggestions to beryllium use in dentistry with regard to biological compatibility as well as physical properties.", "contents": "[A study on the effects of beryllium addition upon biological and physical properties of dental cobalt-chromium alloys (author's transl)]. The effects of beryllium addition to a dental cobalt-chromium alloy on biological compatibility as well as physical properties were examined and the following results were obtained. 1. Slight, but significant depression of the rates of cell multiplication was obtained with the experimental groups, i.e., alloy with no beryllium added as well as alloys with beryllium of up to 3.0 per cent by weight, compared to control group, which contained no alloys, but a glass disk. Within the experimental groups no significant difference in the rates of cell multiplication was found between the alloys with beryllium addition ranging from zero up to 2.0% by weight. However, alloy with 3.0% beryllium yielded slight, but significant depression of the rates of cell multiplication. Pure beryllium metal revealed severe cytotoxicity. 2. Cell morphology of the experimental groups confirmed the above results of the rate of cell multiplication. 3. Increase of beryllium within the alloys resulted in increase of tensile strength as well as Rockwell hardness, while elongation and fusion temperature were brought down. 4. Metallographs of alloys and cast specimens confirmed the results of the mechanical properties. The more beryllium was added, the smaller was the alloy crystal observed. 5. Loss of beryllium in the alloy was found during such procedures as melting each metal for making up alloys and casting. It is considered that the present results will be able to lend suggestions to beryllium use in dentistry with regard to biological compatibility as well as physical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:282371", "title": "[Studies on the marginal leakage around various restorative materials. Part 1: Testing method and condition (author's transl)].", "content": "Standardized cavities prepared in bovine teeth were restored with 4 types of filling materials, lathe-cut amalgam, spherical amalgam, silicate cement and composite resin. Restored teeth were immersed in 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C dye solution alternately by automatic device which makes it possible to change the immersion interval and number optionally. By means of measuring the depth of dye penetration, the marginal leakage induced during the thermal change was evaluated and the effects of the immersion interval and number were investigated. Results are as follows. 1) It is possible to obtain the marginal leakage quantitatively by means of measuring the depth of dye penetration. 2) The marginal leakage around various restorations are significantly influenced by the immersion interval and number. 3) The depth of dye penetration varies with types of filling materials. 4) The optimum immersion interval and number are 2 minutes and 60-120 times to evaluate the marginal leakage around various restorative materials.", "contents": "[Studies on the marginal leakage around various restorative materials. Part 1: Testing method and condition (author's transl)]. Standardized cavities prepared in bovine teeth were restored with 4 types of filling materials, lathe-cut amalgam, spherical amalgam, silicate cement and composite resin. Restored teeth were immersed in 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C dye solution alternately by automatic device which makes it possible to change the immersion interval and number optionally. By means of measuring the depth of dye penetration, the marginal leakage induced during the thermal change was evaluated and the effects of the immersion interval and number were investigated. Results are as follows. 1) It is possible to obtain the marginal leakage quantitatively by means of measuring the depth of dye penetration. 2) The marginal leakage around various restorations are significantly influenced by the immersion interval and number. 3) The depth of dye penetration varies with types of filling materials. 4) The optimum immersion interval and number are 2 minutes and 60-120 times to evaluate the marginal leakage around various restorative materials."}
{"id": "PMID:282375", "title": "[Dilatometry of gypsum bonded investment (author's transl)].", "content": "Although many investigations on the thermal expansion of dental investments have already been done, the conditions upon which thermal expansion was measured were not always definitely shown and the phenomena on thermal behavior of dental investments were not reasonably interpreted. In this investigation the effects of W/P ratio of samples, heating rate and furnace atmosphere were studied by \"Push Rod\" Dilatometer in order to attempt to standardise dilatometry of dental investments. All experiments were designed with two-way layout techniques. The main results were as follows, 1) W/P ratio, heating rate and furnace atmosphere have significant effects on the thermal expansion curves of the gypsum bonded investments. 2) One steep expansion and three stages of shrinkage in heating process of these investments from room temperature to about 900 degrees C were observed. 3) The quantity of the steep expansion, first and second stages of shrinkage and the expansion at 650 degrees C were affected by W/P ratio. 4) The temperature at which the steep expansion or shrinkage occurred were affected by heating rate. 5) Furnace atmosphere affected on both quantity of the steep expansion or shrinkage and their temperature. It also affected on the expansion at 650 degrees C. Then, these factors should be considered in dilatometry of gypsum bonded investments and in dental practice.", "contents": "[Dilatometry of gypsum bonded investment (author's transl)]. Although many investigations on the thermal expansion of dental investments have already been done, the conditions upon which thermal expansion was measured were not always definitely shown and the phenomena on thermal behavior of dental investments were not reasonably interpreted. In this investigation the effects of W/P ratio of samples, heating rate and furnace atmosphere were studied by \"Push Rod\" Dilatometer in order to attempt to standardise dilatometry of dental investments. All experiments were designed with two-way layout techniques. The main results were as follows, 1) W/P ratio, heating rate and furnace atmosphere have significant effects on the thermal expansion curves of the gypsum bonded investments. 2) One steep expansion and three stages of shrinkage in heating process of these investments from room temperature to about 900 degrees C were observed. 3) The quantity of the steep expansion, first and second stages of shrinkage and the expansion at 650 degrees C were affected by W/P ratio. 4) The temperature at which the steep expansion or shrinkage occurred were affected by heating rate. 5) Furnace atmosphere affected on both quantity of the steep expansion or shrinkage and their temperature. It also affected on the expansion at 650 degrees C. Then, these factors should be considered in dilatometry of gypsum bonded investments and in dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:282376", "title": "[Fundamental studies of elastic impression materials (part III). Viscoelastic properties from start of mix for alginate impression materials (author's transl)].", "content": "The viscoelastic properties during setting of commercial alginate impression materials vary considerably from one product to another. In order to obtain an acculate impression, it is important to understand these differences in viscoelastic properties. The purpose of this investigation is to develop the method of measuring viscoelastic properties during setting and to determine precise setting characteristic of commercial alginate impression materials. The materials used in this investigation were mixed according to the manufacturer's recommendation at a temperature of 23 +/- 0.5 degrees C and transferred after 60 sec from start of mixing to the testing instrument in an air cabinet at 32 +/- 0.5 degrees C and allowed to set. The mixing time for materials was 30 seconds. The apparatus used in this investigation is the oscillating rheometer modifiied by Inoue and Wilson (1977). The working times of impression materials procured at retail in alginate paste were shorter than those of alginate Impression materials in powder. Alginate, Jeltrate (regular), Xantalgin (normal) and Zelgan had long working time. In case of these materials, the variation of elastic modulus during the time of working was small markedly. All other materials used in this investigation, with the exception of Alginate, indicated a considerable increase torsional shear modulus after the setting time determined by the method of British standard.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies of elastic impression materials (part III). Viscoelastic properties from start of mix for alginate impression materials (author's transl)]. The viscoelastic properties during setting of commercial alginate impression materials vary considerably from one product to another. In order to obtain an acculate impression, it is important to understand these differences in viscoelastic properties. The purpose of this investigation is to develop the method of measuring viscoelastic properties during setting and to determine precise setting characteristic of commercial alginate impression materials. The materials used in this investigation were mixed according to the manufacturer's recommendation at a temperature of 23 +/- 0.5 degrees C and transferred after 60 sec from start of mixing to the testing instrument in an air cabinet at 32 +/- 0.5 degrees C and allowed to set. The mixing time for materials was 30 seconds. The apparatus used in this investigation is the oscillating rheometer modifiied by Inoue and Wilson (1977). The working times of impression materials procured at retail in alginate paste were shorter than those of alginate Impression materials in powder. Alginate, Jeltrate (regular), Xantalgin (normal) and Zelgan had long working time. In case of these materials, the variation of elastic modulus during the time of working was small markedly. All other materials used in this investigation, with the exception of Alginate, indicated a considerable increase torsional shear modulus after the setting time determined by the method of British standard."}
{"id": "PMID:282379", "title": "Development of lingual brachet technique. (Esthetic and hygienic approach to orthodontic treatment) (Part 1) Background and design.", "content": "The present study relates to a development of the new technique and the new appliances, for the treatment of malocclusion and minor tooth movement. The primary purpose of the present study consists in to reduce mental burden of the patients receiving orthodontic treatment and to improve effect of the treatment further by making the appliance invisible when mouth is opened. The second purpose of the study is in orthodontic treatment carried out from lingual side, to control all teeth movement in oral cavity in three dimensions so that the normal occlusion may be operated. The third purpose of the present study is to make the exchange of wire readily when the wire with bigger elasticity is exchanged by turns during the process of the treatment. The background and the design of appliances for the lingual-bracker technique(lingual-bracket mushroom arch wire technique) is found out in this report.", "contents": "Development of lingual brachet technique. (Esthetic and hygienic approach to orthodontic treatment) (Part 1) Background and design. The present study relates to a development of the new technique and the new appliances, for the treatment of malocclusion and minor tooth movement. The primary purpose of the present study consists in to reduce mental burden of the patients receiving orthodontic treatment and to improve effect of the treatment further by making the appliance invisible when mouth is opened. The second purpose of the study is in orthodontic treatment carried out from lingual side, to control all teeth movement in oral cavity in three dimensions so that the normal occlusion may be operated. The third purpose of the present study is to make the exchange of wire readily when the wire with bigger elasticity is exchanged by turns during the process of the treatment. The background and the design of appliances for the lingual-bracker technique(lingual-bracket mushroom arch wire technique) is found out in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:282380", "title": "[Development of lingual-bracket technique. (Esthetic and hygienic approach to orthodontic treatment) (Part 2) Manufacture and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study relates to a development of the new technique and the new appliances, for the treatment of malocclusion and minor tooth movement. The primary purpose of the present study consists in to reduce mental burden of the patients receiving orthodontic treatment and to improve effect of the treatment further by making the appliance invsible when mouth is opened. The second purpose of the study is in orthodontic treatment carried out from lingual or palatal side, to control all teeth movement in oral cavity in three dimensions so that the normal occlusion may be operated. The third purpose of the present study is to make the exchange of wire readily when the wire with bigger elasticity is exchanged by turns buring the process of the treatment. The product of appliances and the outline of treatment for the lingual-bracket technique (lingual-bracket mushroom arch wire technique) is found out in this report.", "contents": "[Development of lingual-bracket technique. (Esthetic and hygienic approach to orthodontic treatment) (Part 2) Manufacture and treatment (author's transl)]. The present study relates to a development of the new technique and the new appliances, for the treatment of malocclusion and minor tooth movement. The primary purpose of the present study consists in to reduce mental burden of the patients receiving orthodontic treatment and to improve effect of the treatment further by making the appliance invsible when mouth is opened. The second purpose of the study is in orthodontic treatment carried out from lingual or palatal side, to control all teeth movement in oral cavity in three dimensions so that the normal occlusion may be operated. The third purpose of the present study is to make the exchange of wire readily when the wire with bigger elasticity is exchanged by turns buring the process of the treatment. The product of appliances and the outline of treatment for the lingual-bracket technique (lingual-bracket mushroom arch wire technique) is found out in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:282381", "title": "[Effect of porosity on strength and hardness of dental stone (author's transl)].", "content": "The strength and hardness of dental stone were found to have better a correlation with porosity than with water-powder ratio. Within the range of porosity of less than 34 vol-%, the strength and hardness varied logarythmically with a linear change in porosity.", "contents": "[Effect of porosity on strength and hardness of dental stone (author's transl)]. The strength and hardness of dental stone were found to have better a correlation with porosity than with water-powder ratio. Within the range of porosity of less than 34 vol-%, the strength and hardness varied logarythmically with a linear change in porosity."}
{"id": "PMID:282382", "title": "Cell contact to metal surface.", "content": "In order to observe cell contact with various metals, the pulp cells of human origin were grown on vacuum evaporated metal film in such tissue culture mediums as Medium 199 supplemented with 10% calf serum. Medium 199 (serum free), Hanks' balanced salt solution (serum free) and calcium and magnesium ions free balanced salt solution (serum free). Secondary electron images of the cells were observed. The following findings were recorded. 1) Differences of metal did not give any discernible effects in cell morphology, except cytotoxic metals which gave severe deteriorating effects to the cells. 2) Lack of serum appeared to give unfavourable effects to cell growth, but no decisive, positive evidences for cell contact were obtained. 3) The effect of calcium and magnesium ions on cell contact was not substantiated. Importance of accumulation of informations on cell to material contact was stressed in order to develop various biomaterials compatible to the cells. Further approaches to understand the phenomena in the subject were discussed.", "contents": "Cell contact to metal surface. In order to observe cell contact with various metals, the pulp cells of human origin were grown on vacuum evaporated metal film in such tissue culture mediums as Medium 199 supplemented with 10% calf serum. Medium 199 (serum free), Hanks' balanced salt solution (serum free) and calcium and magnesium ions free balanced salt solution (serum free). Secondary electron images of the cells were observed. The following findings were recorded. 1) Differences of metal did not give any discernible effects in cell morphology, except cytotoxic metals which gave severe deteriorating effects to the cells. 2) Lack of serum appeared to give unfavourable effects to cell growth, but no decisive, positive evidences for cell contact were obtained. 3) The effect of calcium and magnesium ions on cell contact was not substantiated. Importance of accumulation of informations on cell to material contact was stressed in order to develop various biomaterials compatible to the cells. Further approaches to understand the phenomena in the subject were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282383", "title": "[Polymerization shrinkage and fitness of denture (author's transl)].", "content": "Polymerization shrinkage causes dimensional change of denture during the processing. We can not control the amount of shrinkage but can control the initiation points and the direction of polymerization. Heat conductivities of dough and mould, the distance from heating or cooling place, and amount of MMA etc. have influence on the polymerization. Polymerization shrinkage mainly appears on the point where polymerize last. In the case of heat processing the shrinkage mainly appeared on the point where heat supply was slow. On the other hand in that of self-curing resin, the polymerization starts at the center of the mass when the mould is immersed in an ice water bath and the shrinkage appeared on the surface of mass. Dentures were prepared by heat processing resin conventionally heated in a water bath, heated from mucous side only on a heat plate, and self-curing fluid resin. An amount of filled light body silicone impression materials between the denture and cast was minimum in the case of the one side heat processed denture. That was middle in the self-cured. The maximum case was conventional heat cured denture.", "contents": "[Polymerization shrinkage and fitness of denture (author's transl)]. Polymerization shrinkage causes dimensional change of denture during the processing. We can not control the amount of shrinkage but can control the initiation points and the direction of polymerization. Heat conductivities of dough and mould, the distance from heating or cooling place, and amount of MMA etc. have influence on the polymerization. Polymerization shrinkage mainly appears on the point where polymerize last. In the case of heat processing the shrinkage mainly appeared on the point where heat supply was slow. On the other hand in that of self-curing resin, the polymerization starts at the center of the mass when the mould is immersed in an ice water bath and the shrinkage appeared on the surface of mass. Dentures were prepared by heat processing resin conventionally heated in a water bath, heated from mucous side only on a heat plate, and self-curing fluid resin. An amount of filled light body silicone impression materials between the denture and cast was minimum in the case of the one side heat processed denture. That was middle in the self-cured. The maximum case was conventional heat cured denture."}
{"id": "PMID:282384", "title": "[Preparation of clear thermosetting resin for veneered crown from several bisMEPP monomers (author's transl)].", "content": "The whitish translucent shade of a thermosetting resin cured from a mixture of a 2,2-Bis (p-methacryloxy (ethoxy)1-2 phenyl)-propane monomer and PMMA pearls makes it difficult to reconstruct a shade of the natural tooth. The attempt to improve the transparency of the mixed polymer was made in this study. Varying the molecular weight of BisMEPP monomer, PMMA polymer and curing temperature, cured specimens were prepared and their transparency was measured with a spectrophotometer. The results obtained are as follows. 1) In any molecular weight of PMMA, BisMEPP with 2.3 to 3.3 average number of ethylene oxide linkage showed the highest transpalency on the specimen. 2) With increasing the curing temperature, transpalency of the specimens made from BisME4.0 PP increased. With another molecular of BisMEPP, transpalency of the cured specimens showed the highest transpalency at the curing temperature of 120 degrees C. 3) With increasing the molecular weight of PMMA, the transpalency increased.", "contents": "[Preparation of clear thermosetting resin for veneered crown from several bisMEPP monomers (author's transl)]. The whitish translucent shade of a thermosetting resin cured from a mixture of a 2,2-Bis (p-methacryloxy (ethoxy)1-2 phenyl)-propane monomer and PMMA pearls makes it difficult to reconstruct a shade of the natural tooth. The attempt to improve the transparency of the mixed polymer was made in this study. Varying the molecular weight of BisMEPP monomer, PMMA polymer and curing temperature, cured specimens were prepared and their transparency was measured with a spectrophotometer. The results obtained are as follows. 1) In any molecular weight of PMMA, BisMEPP with 2.3 to 3.3 average number of ethylene oxide linkage showed the highest transpalency on the specimen. 2) With increasing the curing temperature, transpalency of the specimens made from BisME4.0 PP increased. With another molecular of BisMEPP, transpalency of the cured specimens showed the highest transpalency at the curing temperature of 120 degrees C. 3) With increasing the molecular weight of PMMA, the transpalency increased."}
{"id": "PMID:282385", "title": "[Re-examination of dehydration process of gypsum by micro-DTA (author's transl)].", "content": "The results obtained by macro-DTA were not reproducible because they were largely influenced by the packing method, the amount of samples and many other factors related to each apparatus. The dehydration process of gypsum was investigated by micro-DTA in this study. The results were compared with those of macro-DTA studies. Two endothermic peaks were generally observed. These peaks tended to overlap with the increase of particle size. As the water vapor pressure decreased, the two peaks shifted to lower temperature and finally overlapped completely. The effect of the amount of samples was very similar to that of the atmosphere. When the amount was less than about 1 mg, only a single peak was observed. The dehydration process of gypsum was discussed on the basis of a phase diagram of the system of CaSO4-H2O. Moreover, the activation energies of the first and second dehydration reactions were calculated by Kissinger's method. The former was about 25 kcal/mol and the latter was about 24 kcal/mol. They werein good agreement with those obtained by other workers.", "contents": "[Re-examination of dehydration process of gypsum by micro-DTA (author's transl)]. The results obtained by macro-DTA were not reproducible because they were largely influenced by the packing method, the amount of samples and many other factors related to each apparatus. The dehydration process of gypsum was investigated by micro-DTA in this study. The results were compared with those of macro-DTA studies. Two endothermic peaks were generally observed. These peaks tended to overlap with the increase of particle size. As the water vapor pressure decreased, the two peaks shifted to lower temperature and finally overlapped completely. The effect of the amount of samples was very similar to that of the atmosphere. When the amount was less than about 1 mg, only a single peak was observed. The dehydration process of gypsum was discussed on the basis of a phase diagram of the system of CaSO4-H2O. Moreover, the activation energies of the first and second dehydration reactions were calculated by Kissinger's method. The former was about 25 kcal/mol and the latter was about 24 kcal/mol. They werein good agreement with those obtained by other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:282386", "title": "[Studies on dental self-curing resins. (17). Adhesion of PMMA with bovine enamel or dental alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "We synthesized 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellite acid (4-MET) and anhydride (4-META), and tried them as a reactive comonomer for adhesives to bovine enamel. In the case of non-etched enamel, tensile adhesive strength was 40-50 Kg/cm2 after one day immersion in 37 degrees C water, but it decreased below 10 Kg/cm2 after a month immersion in 37 degrees C water. It could be concluded that this adhesion was not sufficient for practical usage. Then we applied this method to an etched enamel. After a series of experiments we concluded that it was necessary to etch bovine enamel surface with 30% citric acid for practical usage. Adhesion of some dental alloys with a PMMA rod was also studied and adhesive strength in Co-Cr alloy was over 150 Kg/cm2 either after one month immersion in 37 degrees C water or 60 times thermal cycles between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C.", "contents": "[Studies on dental self-curing resins. (17). Adhesion of PMMA with bovine enamel or dental alloys (author's transl)]. We synthesized 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellite acid (4-MET) and anhydride (4-META), and tried them as a reactive comonomer for adhesives to bovine enamel. In the case of non-etched enamel, tensile adhesive strength was 40-50 Kg/cm2 after one day immersion in 37 degrees C water, but it decreased below 10 Kg/cm2 after a month immersion in 37 degrees C water. It could be concluded that this adhesion was not sufficient for practical usage. Then we applied this method to an etched enamel. After a series of experiments we concluded that it was necessary to etch bovine enamel surface with 30% citric acid for practical usage. Adhesion of some dental alloys with a PMMA rod was also studied and adhesive strength in Co-Cr alloy was over 150 Kg/cm2 either after one month immersion in 37 degrees C water or 60 times thermal cycles between 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:282387", "title": "[Cytotoxicity of some dental cements in a cell culture system (author's transl)].", "content": "Four dental cements of zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, zinc oxide-eugenol cement and epoxy resin cement have been tested by means of cell culture method using L strain cell. The cells were cultured with a test piece of the cements in the incubator of 37 degrees C. The test pieces of powder, liquid, un-set cement and set cement were prepared. Cell multiplication, medium pH and zone index in agar diffusion method were measured and also cell morphological changes were observed around the test piece. Test pieces of the four un-set cements showed cytotoxic action at 2 hours administration, although the cytotoxicity of their cements decreased after setting. pH 7.2 of the normal medium was changed to 4.6 with un-set zinc phosphate cement. The other cements affected slightly comparing with zinc phosphate cement. The largest zone index which indicates degree of cytotoxicity, were observed around the test piece of the liquid of zinc phosphate cement. In this study, a biocompatibility of four dental cements was investigated and the following results were obtained. 1. Zinc phosphate cement showed strong cytotoxic action under the un-set condition, and the cytotoxicity almost disappeared after setting. 2. Polycarboxylate cement showed weaker cytotoxic action than zinc phosphate cement. However the cytotoxicity did not disappear after setting. 3. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement showed cytotoxic action which was similar to polycarboxylate cement, but it was slightly stronger than that of polycarboxylate cement. 4. Epoxy resin cement showed the weakest cytotoxic action than other three cements under the un-set condition. The cytotoxicity of set epoxy resin cement was strong, followed by zinc oxide-eugenol cement.", "contents": "[Cytotoxicity of some dental cements in a cell culture system (author's transl)]. Four dental cements of zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement, zinc oxide-eugenol cement and epoxy resin cement have been tested by means of cell culture method using L strain cell. The cells were cultured with a test piece of the cements in the incubator of 37 degrees C. The test pieces of powder, liquid, un-set cement and set cement were prepared. Cell multiplication, medium pH and zone index in agar diffusion method were measured and also cell morphological changes were observed around the test piece. Test pieces of the four un-set cements showed cytotoxic action at 2 hours administration, although the cytotoxicity of their cements decreased after setting. pH 7.2 of the normal medium was changed to 4.6 with un-set zinc phosphate cement. The other cements affected slightly comparing with zinc phosphate cement. The largest zone index which indicates degree of cytotoxicity, were observed around the test piece of the liquid of zinc phosphate cement. In this study, a biocompatibility of four dental cements was investigated and the following results were obtained. 1. Zinc phosphate cement showed strong cytotoxic action under the un-set condition, and the cytotoxicity almost disappeared after setting. 2. Polycarboxylate cement showed weaker cytotoxic action than zinc phosphate cement. However the cytotoxicity did not disappear after setting. 3. Zinc oxide-eugenol cement showed cytotoxic action which was similar to polycarboxylate cement, but it was slightly stronger than that of polycarboxylate cement. 4. Epoxy resin cement showed the weakest cytotoxic action than other three cements under the un-set condition. The cytotoxicity of set epoxy resin cement was strong, followed by zinc oxide-eugenol cement."}
{"id": "PMID:282388", "title": "Evaluation of facial osteotomy with the aid of Moir\u00e9 contourography.", "content": "The Moir\u00e9 method, a new technique for recording contour lines on the body surface, was applied to the evaluation of facial osteotomy in patients with oro-facial disharmony. The advantages of the methods are three-dimensional, with no contact. Small changes of the facial profile after osteotomies were measured three-dimensionally and the prediction of probable facial contour changes by osteotomies is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of facial osteotomy with the aid of Moir\u00e9 contourography. The Moir\u00e9 method, a new technique for recording contour lines on the body surface, was applied to the evaluation of facial osteotomy in patients with oro-facial disharmony. The advantages of the methods are three-dimensional, with no contact. Small changes of the facial profile after osteotomies were measured three-dimensionally and the prediction of probable facial contour changes by osteotomies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282389", "title": "Correction of jaw deformities involving simultaneous osteotomy of the mandible and maxilla.", "content": "A one-stage surgical correction of gnathic deformities involving both jaws is described. It permits both the establishment of a normal occlusion and correct alignment of the occlusal plane to the skull. The osteotomy commences with the mandible. Its new position is oriented to the (as yet) untouched maxilla with the aid of an intermediate occlusal splint produced as a result of cephalometric evaluation and cast model surgery. The mandible is secured at its osteotomy sites by bone screws, in the correct final position. The maxilla is then oriented to the mandible, now correctly positioned with the aid of a second, preformed occlusal splint again produced on the basis of cast model surgery. Following intermaxillary fixation and internal wire suspension the splint is left in place until bony consolidation has taken place. External fixation is not required. The procedure enables the cephalometrically established measurements for the movements of both jaws to be easily reproduced with a high degree of accuracy. The technique is described in detail and discussed on the basis of clinical examples.", "contents": "Correction of jaw deformities involving simultaneous osteotomy of the mandible and maxilla. A one-stage surgical correction of gnathic deformities involving both jaws is described. It permits both the establishment of a normal occlusion and correct alignment of the occlusal plane to the skull. The osteotomy commences with the mandible. Its new position is oriented to the (as yet) untouched maxilla with the aid of an intermediate occlusal splint produced as a result of cephalometric evaluation and cast model surgery. The mandible is secured at its osteotomy sites by bone screws, in the correct final position. The maxilla is then oriented to the mandible, now correctly positioned with the aid of a second, preformed occlusal splint again produced on the basis of cast model surgery. Following intermaxillary fixation and internal wire suspension the splint is left in place until bony consolidation has taken place. External fixation is not required. The procedure enables the cephalometrically established measurements for the movements of both jaws to be easily reproduced with a high degree of accuracy. The technique is described in detail and discussed on the basis of clinical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:282390", "title": "The tongue flap for reconstruction in a case of M\u00f6bius syndrome. A case report.", "content": "This paper deals with the extension of the tongue flap technique for reconstruction of deficient perioral structures in a case of M\u00f6bius syndrome. Some important surgical considerations, such as the vascularisation of the tongue, design of the flap, location of the flap base etc, are discussed and the operative procedures and the result are demonstrated.", "contents": "The tongue flap for reconstruction in a case of M\u00f6bius syndrome. A case report. This paper deals with the extension of the tongue flap technique for reconstruction of deficient perioral structures in a case of M\u00f6bius syndrome. Some important surgical considerations, such as the vascularisation of the tongue, design of the flap, location of the flap base etc, are discussed and the operative procedures and the result are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:282391", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of myxomas (myxofibromas) of the jaws.", "content": "During the period from 1969 to 1977 11 cases of myxoma or myxofibroma in the jaw region have been treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the University of Mainz. Various kinds of diagnostic problems are discussed. We observed, inter alia, rapid tumour growth and a imitative dynamics in the radiographs, giving rise to a suspicion of malignancy in some cases. The locally infiltrative type of growth of myxomas must be taken into account during therapy, since insufficiently radical management is liable to be followed by a recurrence.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of myxomas (myxofibromas) of the jaws. During the period from 1969 to 1977 11 cases of myxoma or myxofibroma in the jaw region have been treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the University of Mainz. Various kinds of diagnostic problems are discussed. We observed, inter alia, rapid tumour growth and a imitative dynamics in the radiographs, giving rise to a suspicion of malignancy in some cases. The locally infiltrative type of growth of myxomas must be taken into account during therapy, since insufficiently radical management is liable to be followed by a recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:282392", "title": "Plunging or cervical ranula. Review of the literature and report of 4 cases.", "content": "A review of the literature pertaining to plunging ranula is presented with special emphasis on the historical development of the various aetiological theories and treatment recommendations. Also 4 cases of plunging ranula are presented; three were treated by extirpation of the sublingual gland and one was treated by exteriorization of the ranula into the oral cavity. The treatment methods used here are discussed in relationship to the accepted aetiological theory.", "contents": "Plunging or cervical ranula. Review of the literature and report of 4 cases. A review of the literature pertaining to plunging ranula is presented with special emphasis on the historical development of the various aetiological theories and treatment recommendations. Also 4 cases of plunging ranula are presented; three were treated by extirpation of the sublingual gland and one was treated by exteriorization of the ranula into the oral cavity. The treatment methods used here are discussed in relationship to the accepted aetiological theory."}
{"id": "PMID:282393", "title": "Results of treatment of midfacial fractures. Indications for exploration and drainage of the maxillary sinuses.", "content": "The results of late follow-up of 45 patients with midfacial fractures are reported. The intervals between accident and follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 years. Methods of treatment are discussed, with emphasis on frontomaxillary or zygomaticomaxillary wire suspension and external fixation. The late results and complications in this series are compared with those previously described in the literature. Since opinions differ as to the basic necessity for surgical exploration and drainage of the sinuses following midfacial fracture, the influence of the latter procedure was investigated statistically. In the group of Le Fort II and III fractures the results following revision were compared with those in sinuses which were not revised: the radiographs (chi2 0.415) and sensory testing (chi2 1.668) showed no significant differences. This supports our opinion that surgical exploration and drainage of the sinuses should continue to be limited to cases which fulfill the strict criteria described in this paper.", "contents": "Results of treatment of midfacial fractures. Indications for exploration and drainage of the maxillary sinuses. The results of late follow-up of 45 patients with midfacial fractures are reported. The intervals between accident and follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 years. Methods of treatment are discussed, with emphasis on frontomaxillary or zygomaticomaxillary wire suspension and external fixation. The late results and complications in this series are compared with those previously described in the literature. Since opinions differ as to the basic necessity for surgical exploration and drainage of the sinuses following midfacial fracture, the influence of the latter procedure was investigated statistically. In the group of Le Fort II and III fractures the results following revision were compared with those in sinuses which were not revised: the radiographs (chi2 0.415) and sensory testing (chi2 1.668) showed no significant differences. This supports our opinion that surgical exploration and drainage of the sinuses should continue to be limited to cases which fulfill the strict criteria described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:282394", "title": "Localized nodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint. A case report.", "content": "A case of localized nodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint is described and discussed. There are no cases previously reported in the literature. The distinction between synovitis of the villo-nodular type and that of the localized nodular type can be made, given the close collaboration of clinician and pathologist. The recognition of these to clinical entities of nearly similar histomorphological pattern is of great importance, as they differ in clinical course, treatment and prognosis.", "contents": "Localized nodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint. A case report. A case of localized nodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint is described and discussed. There are no cases previously reported in the literature. The distinction between synovitis of the villo-nodular type and that of the localized nodular type can be made, given the close collaboration of clinician and pathologist. The recognition of these to clinical entities of nearly similar histomorphological pattern is of great importance, as they differ in clinical course, treatment and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282411", "title": "Copper in dental amalgams.", "content": "The relationship between microstructure and physical and electro-chemical properties of the copper-containing dental amalgams has been discussed in an attempt to understand the role of copper in currently used dental amalgams.", "contents": "Copper in dental amalgams. The relationship between microstructure and physical and electro-chemical properties of the copper-containing dental amalgams has been discussed in an attempt to understand the role of copper in currently used dental amalgams."}
{"id": "PMID:282413", "title": "A study of the contour and external surface of class V composite resin fillings.", "content": "Twenty-five Class V Composite-resin, Adaptic fillings were prepared on extracted human teeth under five different matrices. White stones and flame diamonds were used as polishing devices. The smoothest surface was obtained with celluloid strip and the most acceptable contour obtained with preformed matrix.", "contents": "A study of the contour and external surface of class V composite resin fillings. Twenty-five Class V Composite-resin, Adaptic fillings were prepared on extracted human teeth under five different matrices. White stones and flame diamonds were used as polishing devices. The smoothest surface was obtained with celluloid strip and the most acceptable contour obtained with preformed matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:282414", "title": "Comparison of the accuracy of denture bases by a non-parametric method.", "content": "A comparison of the accuracy of denture bases made from a conventional acrylic and four modified acrylic resins was made with the use of a non-parametric method. Twenty-five identical maxillary stone casts were made and five dentures for each resin were processed by conventional compression moulding techniques. The fit of each denture at the molar-to-molar region on its cast was evaluated by five evaluators who independently ranked the twenty-five dentures from best to worst fit after processing, after polishing, and after storage in water at 37 degrees C for 42 days. The ranking data were analysed by Kendall's coefficient of concordance, the Kruskal-Wallis statistic, and the Mann-Whitney test. Excellent agreement among observers was obtained. After storage in water, two modified acrylic resins, Hydrocryl and Vitalon II, had a better fit on their casts than the conventional acrylic, Lucitone Hypro. Luciton 199 had the same and Hircoe had a poorer fit than Lucitone Hypro.", "contents": "Comparison of the accuracy of denture bases by a non-parametric method. A comparison of the accuracy of denture bases made from a conventional acrylic and four modified acrylic resins was made with the use of a non-parametric method. Twenty-five identical maxillary stone casts were made and five dentures for each resin were processed by conventional compression moulding techniques. The fit of each denture at the molar-to-molar region on its cast was evaluated by five evaluators who independently ranked the twenty-five dentures from best to worst fit after processing, after polishing, and after storage in water at 37 degrees C for 42 days. The ranking data were analysed by Kendall's coefficient of concordance, the Kruskal-Wallis statistic, and the Mann-Whitney test. Excellent agreement among observers was obtained. After storage in water, two modified acrylic resins, Hydrocryl and Vitalon II, had a better fit on their casts than the conventional acrylic, Lucitone Hypro. Luciton 199 had the same and Hircoe had a poorer fit than Lucitone Hypro."}
{"id": "PMID:282415", "title": "Bite force and oral function in complete denture wearers.", "content": "Oral function was evaluated in complete denture wearers by using a questionnaire, clinical examination and bite force measurements. Ten patients with satisifactory and ten with unsatisfactory dentures were studied and six of the latter patients were reexamined 1 year after the insertion of new dentures. The bite force values were compared with those obtained in ten dentate controls. No significant differences in bite force were found between the satisfactory and unsatisfactory denture groups. Individual values varied much in both groups. The six patients re-examined were satisfied with their new dentures and thought they had improved chewing but no significant increase of bite force was found. The maximal bite force was 5-6 times greater in the dentate subjects than in the denture wearers. Edentulous persons are very handicapped in masticatory function and even clinically satisfactory complete dentures are poor substitutes for natural teeth.", "contents": "Bite force and oral function in complete denture wearers. Oral function was evaluated in complete denture wearers by using a questionnaire, clinical examination and bite force measurements. Ten patients with satisifactory and ten with unsatisfactory dentures were studied and six of the latter patients were reexamined 1 year after the insertion of new dentures. The bite force values were compared with those obtained in ten dentate controls. No significant differences in bite force were found between the satisfactory and unsatisfactory denture groups. Individual values varied much in both groups. The six patients re-examined were satisfied with their new dentures and thought they had improved chewing but no significant increase of bite force was found. The maximal bite force was 5-6 times greater in the dentate subjects than in the denture wearers. Edentulous persons are very handicapped in masticatory function and even clinically satisfactory complete dentures are poor substitutes for natural teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:282416", "title": "Reproducibility of the normalized electromyographic recordings of the masseter muscle by using the EMG recording during maximal clenching as a standard.", "content": "A method of normalizing the integrated EMG recordings from the masseter muscles is introduced. For each subject investigated the maximal clenching force is remarkably constant and reproducible. This makes it possible to normalize the integrated EMG recordings to the EMG activity at the maximal clenching force without having to measure this force at the beginning of every experiment. These normalized integrated EMG activities give a good quantitative impression of the static force exerted by the masseter muscle, and therefore can be compared quantitatively over several experiments. The realtionship between the normalized integrated EMG activities and the clenching force is linear up to approximately 80% of the maximal clenching force.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the normalized electromyographic recordings of the masseter muscle by using the EMG recording during maximal clenching as a standard. A method of normalizing the integrated EMG recordings from the masseter muscles is introduced. For each subject investigated the maximal clenching force is remarkably constant and reproducible. This makes it possible to normalize the integrated EMG recordings to the EMG activity at the maximal clenching force without having to measure this force at the beginning of every experiment. These normalized integrated EMG activities give a good quantitative impression of the static force exerted by the masseter muscle, and therefore can be compared quantitatively over several experiments. The realtionship between the normalized integrated EMG activities and the clenching force is linear up to approximately 80% of the maximal clenching force."}
{"id": "PMID:282417", "title": "A clinical study of marginal integrity and tarnish behaviour of three Cu-rich amalgam systems.", "content": "Three high Cu-gamma2 free amalgams and one conventional amalgam were used in a clinical study to evaluate degree of marginal integrity and surface discoloration occurring for time periods of up to two years. Two hundred and seventy restorations were placed in Class I and II cavities in sixty-two paedodontic patients. Amalgams were prepared from conventional alloy, Cu admixed, Dispersalloy and three parts 50Ag-20Sn-30Cu mixed with one part conventional alloy. Restorations were evaluated by three groups of clinicians. Ridit means obtained from all three groups of evaluations were in good agreement. The lower ridits indicate better marginal integrity and less tarnish. Marginal integrity of amalgams prepared from Cu-admix did not differ appreciably (0.41) from the ridit associated with initial placement (0.39). Conventional amalgams had the highest ridit (0.65) for marginal integrity whereas the ternary/conventional and Dispersalloy restorations were intermediate (0.55 and 0.52). The ridit for tarnish and surface discoloration was decidedly higher for the Cu-admix (0.73) than for the other systems investigated which had ridits of the order of 0.50 compared to an initial ridit for tarnish of 0.28.", "contents": "A clinical study of marginal integrity and tarnish behaviour of three Cu-rich amalgam systems. Three high Cu-gamma2 free amalgams and one conventional amalgam were used in a clinical study to evaluate degree of marginal integrity and surface discoloration occurring for time periods of up to two years. Two hundred and seventy restorations were placed in Class I and II cavities in sixty-two paedodontic patients. Amalgams were prepared from conventional alloy, Cu admixed, Dispersalloy and three parts 50Ag-20Sn-30Cu mixed with one part conventional alloy. Restorations were evaluated by three groups of clinicians. Ridit means obtained from all three groups of evaluations were in good agreement. The lower ridits indicate better marginal integrity and less tarnish. Marginal integrity of amalgams prepared from Cu-admix did not differ appreciably (0.41) from the ridit associated with initial placement (0.39). Conventional amalgams had the highest ridit (0.65) for marginal integrity whereas the ternary/conventional and Dispersalloy restorations were intermediate (0.55 and 0.52). The ridit for tarnish and surface discoloration was decidedly higher for the Cu-admix (0.73) than for the other systems investigated which had ridits of the order of 0.50 compared to an initial ridit for tarnish of 0.28."}
{"id": "PMID:282418", "title": "The relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular joint dysfunction as shown by computer analysis of nocturnal tooth contact patterns.", "content": "Whilst there are many causes of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, one of the most frequently encountered is bruxism. The two conditions have many aetiological factors in common and there is a rational physiological reason why bruxism could cause temporomandibular joint dysfunction. In fact, experimental bruxism performed under laboratory conditions has been found to cause such joint dysfunction. This contention is supported by direct measurements of nocturnal tooth contact. Patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction were found to differ from control subjects to a degree which was statistically significant.", "contents": "The relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular joint dysfunction as shown by computer analysis of nocturnal tooth contact patterns. Whilst there are many causes of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, one of the most frequently encountered is bruxism. The two conditions have many aetiological factors in common and there is a rational physiological reason why bruxism could cause temporomandibular joint dysfunction. In fact, experimental bruxism performed under laboratory conditions has been found to cause such joint dysfunction. This contention is supported by direct measurements of nocturnal tooth contact. Patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction were found to differ from control subjects to a degree which was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:282419", "title": "Treatment planning for the management of selected dento-facial abnormalities.", "content": "Existing treatment planning aids for the management of dento-facial abnormalities do not adequately assess the neuromuscular status of the oro-facial soft tissues. Where an element of mandibular overclosure exists the patient assessment technique provides a reproducibile and clinically acceptable occlusal vertical dimension of occlusion. In the three cases treated a functional impression technique for establishing the upper lip support produced a reproducible profile which was both aesthetically and functionally satisfactory.", "contents": "Treatment planning for the management of selected dento-facial abnormalities. Existing treatment planning aids for the management of dento-facial abnormalities do not adequately assess the neuromuscular status of the oro-facial soft tissues. Where an element of mandibular overclosure exists the patient assessment technique provides a reproducibile and clinically acceptable occlusal vertical dimension of occlusion. In the three cases treated a functional impression technique for establishing the upper lip support produced a reproducible profile which was both aesthetically and functionally satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:282420", "title": "Condylar displacements related to dynamic and static recordings of the comfortable zone.", "content": "In a previous study it was found that the distance between the borders of the comfortable zone was considerably wider when the zone was recorded statically rather than dynamically. However, it was not reported how condylar displacements may be related to the zonal borders. Therefore, an attempt is made in the present study to translate zonal border recordings into the equivalent amount of condylar rotation. Using a dental articulator, it was found that the condyles rotated 4.96 degrees, when the comfortable zone was recorded statically, and 2.50 degrees, when the zone was recorded dynamically. The difference, 2.46 degrees, was statistically significant (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Condylar displacements related to dynamic and static recordings of the comfortable zone. In a previous study it was found that the distance between the borders of the comfortable zone was considerably wider when the zone was recorded statically rather than dynamically. However, it was not reported how condylar displacements may be related to the zonal borders. Therefore, an attempt is made in the present study to translate zonal border recordings into the equivalent amount of condylar rotation. Using a dental articulator, it was found that the condyles rotated 4.96 degrees, when the comfortable zone was recorded statically, and 2.50 degrees, when the zone was recorded dynamically. The difference, 2.46 degrees, was statistically significant (P less than 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:282424", "title": "Leukemic infiltration of the testis during long-term remission.", "content": "Of 33 boys with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital during 1971--1974, 14 remained in clinical and bone marrow remission for periods longer than 2.5 yr. Of these 14 patients, 8 then developed testicular leukemia. In 7 of these 8 patients, testicular infiltration was the first or only evidence of relapse. In 2 of the patients the gonads were not grossly abnormal, and testicular relapse was discovered as a result of routine wedge biopsy before therapy was to have been stopped. This experience has led to our policy of routine testicular biopsy in boys with acute lymphocytic leukemia who have had continuous remission for 3 yr and who are otherwise candidates for discontinuance of maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Leukemic infiltration of the testis during long-term remission. Of 33 boys with acute lymphocytic leukemia treated at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital during 1971--1974, 14 remained in clinical and bone marrow remission for periods longer than 2.5 yr. Of these 14 patients, 8 then developed testicular leukemia. In 7 of these 8 patients, testicular infiltration was the first or only evidence of relapse. In 2 of the patients the gonads were not grossly abnormal, and testicular relapse was discovered as a result of routine wedge biopsy before therapy was to have been stopped. This experience has led to our policy of routine testicular biopsy in boys with acute lymphocytic leukemia who have had continuous remission for 3 yr and who are otherwise candidates for discontinuance of maintenance therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:282425", "title": "The presence of \"creeping attachment\" in human gingiva.", "content": "Standardized photography was used to determine the presence of \"creeping attachment\" after free autogenous graft procedures on localized areas of root recessions. \"Creeping attachment\" occurred in all seven experimental teeth with an average of 0.89 +/- 0.46 mm and a range of 0.38--0.61 mm during a period of 1 year. The results encourage the use of grafts over exposed root surface in an attempt for gingival coverage.", "contents": "The presence of \"creeping attachment\" in human gingiva. Standardized photography was used to determine the presence of \"creeping attachment\" after free autogenous graft procedures on localized areas of root recessions. \"Creeping attachment\" occurred in all seven experimental teeth with an average of 0.89 +/- 0.46 mm and a range of 0.38--0.61 mm during a period of 1 year. The results encourage the use of grafts over exposed root surface in an attempt for gingival coverage."}
{"id": "PMID:282427", "title": "Preliminary clinical studies of bioceramic in periodontal osseous defects.", "content": "In six patients, porous tricalcium phosphate ceramic (400 to 500 micrometer pore diameter and 50% pore volume) was used to repair naturally occurring periodontal osseous defects. These patients were evaluated clinically, radiographically and hematologically. The clinical evaluation indicated that there was no adverse inflammatory response at the implant site except the anticipated immediate postsurgical trauma. Radiographically, there was a significant increase in bone height with a mean gain of 5.2 mm. Whether or not this gain consisted of bone and/or ceramic is yet to be conclusively determined. The SMA-12 blood chemistry study revealed that no significant change occurred pre- or post-operatively (P less than 0.01). Although the number of patients in our study was limited, the results are very promising. The ceramic is nontoxic to human tissue and repair of the periodontium is most likely obtainable, the desired objective being the restoration of the natural state of the periodontium.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical studies of bioceramic in periodontal osseous defects. In six patients, porous tricalcium phosphate ceramic (400 to 500 micrometer pore diameter and 50% pore volume) was used to repair naturally occurring periodontal osseous defects. These patients were evaluated clinically, radiographically and hematologically. The clinical evaluation indicated that there was no adverse inflammatory response at the implant site except the anticipated immediate postsurgical trauma. Radiographically, there was a significant increase in bone height with a mean gain of 5.2 mm. Whether or not this gain consisted of bone and/or ceramic is yet to be conclusively determined. The SMA-12 blood chemistry study revealed that no significant change occurred pre- or post-operatively (P less than 0.01). Although the number of patients in our study was limited, the results are very promising. The ceramic is nontoxic to human tissue and repair of the periodontium is most likely obtainable, the desired objective being the restoration of the natural state of the periodontium."}
{"id": "PMID:282430", "title": "The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age.", "content": "This longitudinal study of randomly selected Norwegian students and academicians has shown that 50% of the 17-year olds have lost no periodontal support, and the other 50% exhibited slight localized loss of attachment primarily on buccal surfaces of first molars and first bicuspids of both jaws. At 21 all students show one or more of these lesions as well as loss of attachment on interproximal surfaces. At 30 years of age the mean cumulative loss is still less than 1 mm. As they approach 40 years of age the mean individual loss of attachment is slightly above 1.5 mm or 10% of the total periodontal support, and the mean annual rate of attachment loss is 0.08 for interproximal surfaces and 0.1 mm for buccal surfaces. No case of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis) or adult aggressive periodontitis were seen in this population. Seventy percent of the 15-year-old Sri Lankans have no or very little loss of periodontal support. However, approximately 30% exhibit localized lesions measuring between 2 and 9 mm and more than 1% have one or more root surfaces with 10 mm loss of attachment or more. In this age group the lesions occur at the interproximal and buccal aspects of lower central incisors and in first molars of both jaws. At 30 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 3.11 mm and approximately 25% of the tea laborers have lesions extending 10 mm or more below the cemento-enamel junction. As the Sri Lankan approaches 40 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 4.50 mm and the mean rate of progress of the lesion is 0.20 mm per year for buccal surfaces and 0.30 mm for interproximal surfaces. This study suggests that without interference the periodontal lesion progresses at a relatively even pace and that the progress is continuous.", "contents": "The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. This longitudinal study of randomly selected Norwegian students and academicians has shown that 50% of the 17-year olds have lost no periodontal support, and the other 50% exhibited slight localized loss of attachment primarily on buccal surfaces of first molars and first bicuspids of both jaws. At 21 all students show one or more of these lesions as well as loss of attachment on interproximal surfaces. At 30 years of age the mean cumulative loss is still less than 1 mm. As they approach 40 years of age the mean individual loss of attachment is slightly above 1.5 mm or 10% of the total periodontal support, and the mean annual rate of attachment loss is 0.08 for interproximal surfaces and 0.1 mm for buccal surfaces. No case of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis) or adult aggressive periodontitis were seen in this population. Seventy percent of the 15-year-old Sri Lankans have no or very little loss of periodontal support. However, approximately 30% exhibit localized lesions measuring between 2 and 9 mm and more than 1% have one or more root surfaces with 10 mm loss of attachment or more. In this age group the lesions occur at the interproximal and buccal aspects of lower central incisors and in first molars of both jaws. At 30 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 3.11 mm and approximately 25% of the tea laborers have lesions extending 10 mm or more below the cemento-enamel junction. As the Sri Lankan approaches 40 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 4.50 mm and the mean rate of progress of the lesion is 0.20 mm per year for buccal surfaces and 0.30 mm for interproximal surfaces. This study suggests that without interference the periodontal lesion progresses at a relatively even pace and that the progress is continuous."}
{"id": "PMID:282433", "title": "Psychological factors involved in maxillofacial prosthetics.", "content": "1. No significant difference existed between the MMPI means of the test group and the MMPI means of the Mayo Clinic patient group. 2. The means of the test group and the Mayo Clinic patient group deviated from the MMPI normative data. 3. No apparent change in personality of the test group was suggested by the MMPI. 4. A much larger percentage of the patients than expected failed to complete the initial MMPI. One patient refused, and four patients had a raw score of \"cannot say\" responses greater than 120, thus invalidating the test. 5. The changes in the means of the ACL scales of total number checked, autonomy, change, and abasement were significant (p less than .05). 6. The patient became more outgoing and optimistic, as measured by the ACL, during the immediate postoperative period. 7. Speech and mastication were problems for some patients even after prosthodontic rehabilitation. 8. Most of the rehabilitated patients resumed their normal social habits. 9. The patients in the study seemed to respond to the new situation according to their already existing personality structure.", "contents": "Psychological factors involved in maxillofacial prosthetics. 1. No significant difference existed between the MMPI means of the test group and the MMPI means of the Mayo Clinic patient group. 2. The means of the test group and the Mayo Clinic patient group deviated from the MMPI normative data. 3. No apparent change in personality of the test group was suggested by the MMPI. 4. A much larger percentage of the patients than expected failed to complete the initial MMPI. One patient refused, and four patients had a raw score of \"cannot say\" responses greater than 120, thus invalidating the test. 5. The changes in the means of the ACL scales of total number checked, autonomy, change, and abasement were significant (p less than .05). 6. The patient became more outgoing and optimistic, as measured by the ACL, during the immediate postoperative period. 7. Speech and mastication were problems for some patients even after prosthodontic rehabilitation. 8. Most of the rehabilitated patients resumed their normal social habits. 9. The patients in the study seemed to respond to the new situation according to their already existing personality structure."}
{"id": "PMID:282436", "title": "Biocompatibility evaluation of casting alloys in hamsters.", "content": "A number of base metal and low gold-content alloys were evaluated in hamster cheek pouches for biocompatibility. No adverse weight changes and no abnormal behavioral patterns were noted in any of the test groups over the 14-day period of the study. Gross examination of the cheek pouches containing the alloys was no different from that of the controls. None of the alloys tested showed significant adverse histopathologic reactions. The recorded changes in incidences and degree of response were essentially no different from those of the negative control material.", "contents": "Biocompatibility evaluation of casting alloys in hamsters. A number of base metal and low gold-content alloys were evaluated in hamster cheek pouches for biocompatibility. No adverse weight changes and no abnormal behavioral patterns were noted in any of the test groups over the 14-day period of the study. Gross examination of the cheek pouches containing the alloys was no different from that of the controls. None of the alloys tested showed significant adverse histopathologic reactions. The recorded changes in incidences and degree of response were essentially no different from those of the negative control material."}
{"id": "PMID:282444", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of levamisole.", "content": "Levamisole is rapidly absorbed following oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration to several animal species. Extensive metabolism occurs with rapid excretion of drug and metabolites, equally distributed between urine and feces in rats. In man a single oral dose of 150 mg produces a peak levamisole plasma level of 0.5 microgram/ml after 2-4 hours. Unchanged drug represented only one third of total plasma radioactivity. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity amounted to 60% and 4% respectively after 24 hours, with only small amounts of unchanged drug being excreted. Levamisole syrup and tablets were bio-equivalent.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of levamisole. Levamisole is rapidly absorbed following oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous administration to several animal species. Extensive metabolism occurs with rapid excretion of drug and metabolites, equally distributed between urine and feces in rats. In man a single oral dose of 150 mg produces a peak levamisole plasma level of 0.5 microgram/ml after 2-4 hours. Unchanged drug represented only one third of total plasma radioactivity. Urinary and fecal excretion of radioactivity amounted to 60% and 4% respectively after 24 hours, with only small amounts of unchanged drug being excreted. Levamisole syrup and tablets were bio-equivalent."}
{"id": "PMID:282445", "title": "The place of levamisole in the armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Levamisole is a welcome addition to the list of penicillamine-like drugs. Many patients fail to respond to these drugs or develop adverse reactions requiring withdrawal of treatment. Levamisole will be a useful alternative for these patients.", "contents": "The place of levamisole in the armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis. Levamisole is a welcome addition to the list of penicillamine-like drugs. Many patients fail to respond to these drugs or develop adverse reactions requiring withdrawal of treatment. Levamisole will be a useful alternative for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282446", "title": "Measurements of humoral immunity during treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a review.", "content": "Treatment with levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduced significantly titers of rheumatoid factor and the amount of circulating immune complexes as determined by the Clq binding activity. It took between three and six months to observe a significant effect. Levamisole treatment had less effect on the amount of immunoglobulins in serum: the values were rarely abnormal before treatment and the changes were small, but reached statistical significance at six months. The effect on complement and complement components could not be evaluated as properly controlled studies were lacking.", "contents": "Measurements of humoral immunity during treatment with levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis--a review. Treatment with levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reduced significantly titers of rheumatoid factor and the amount of circulating immune complexes as determined by the Clq binding activity. It took between three and six months to observe a significant effect. Levamisole treatment had less effect on the amount of immunoglobulins in serum: the values were rarely abnormal before treatment and the changes were small, but reached statistical significance at six months. The effect on complement and complement components could not be evaluated as properly controlled studies were lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:282447", "title": "The non-hematological side effects of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis--a review.", "content": "The non-hematological side effects of levamisole include (1) sensorineural reactions, the most common of which is alterating of taste and smell; (2) idiosyncratic or allergic reactions such as rash and a febrile, influenza-like illness; and (3) gastro-intestinal symptoms. The sensorineural reactions are seldom of sufficient severity to require discontinuation of treatment. Rash and febrile illness have resulted in withdrawal of levamisole in 7% and 1.5% of cases, respectively, but usually remit spontaneously within a brief interval and are not hazardous except when associated with agranulocytosis. Rash due to levamisole occurs more frequently in rheumatic disease patients than in other conditions. Gastro-intestinal symptoms are mild, quickly reversible, and possibly dose-related; some controlled trails have shown a similar frequency of gastro-intestinal symptoms in the placebo group.", "contents": "The non-hematological side effects of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis--a review. The non-hematological side effects of levamisole include (1) sensorineural reactions, the most common of which is alterating of taste and smell; (2) idiosyncratic or allergic reactions such as rash and a febrile, influenza-like illness; and (3) gastro-intestinal symptoms. The sensorineural reactions are seldom of sufficient severity to require discontinuation of treatment. Rash and febrile illness have resulted in withdrawal of levamisole in 7% and 1.5% of cases, respectively, but usually remit spontaneously within a brief interval and are not hazardous except when associated with agranulocytosis. Rash due to levamisole occurs more frequently in rheumatic disease patients than in other conditions. Gastro-intestinal symptoms are mild, quickly reversible, and possibly dose-related; some controlled trails have shown a similar frequency of gastro-intestinal symptoms in the placebo group."}
{"id": "PMID:282448", "title": "A study of the hematological side effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis with recommendations.", "content": "Agranulocytosis, which must be differentiated from leukopenia, was seen as the most severe side effect of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). By sending a detailed questionnaire to each investigator known to have been confronted with leukotoxic side effects, data were collected on 88 patients with agranulocytosis, 43 patients with leukopenia and three with thrombocytopenia. The presence of HLA B27 in seropositive RA patients was found to be an important predisposing factor for agranulocytosis. This blood dyscrasia caused by levamisole was similar to the agranulocytosis found with other antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory drugs and could be classified as agranulocytosis of the immunological type. In this form no bone marrow toxicity occurred and the agranulocytosis was always spontaneously reversible on discontinuation of the drug. Although the incidence of agranulocytosis did not seem to be reduced by any of the treatment schemes, high risk patients could be detected by the single day per week regimen. Treatment with 150 mg levamisole on one day per week, with leukocyte count 10 hours after each intake of the drug, undoubtedly appeared to be the most efficient way to prevent agranulocytosis and makes this drug safe in the treatment of RA.", "contents": "A study of the hematological side effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis with recommendations. Agranulocytosis, which must be differentiated from leukopenia, was seen as the most severe side effect of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). By sending a detailed questionnaire to each investigator known to have been confronted with leukotoxic side effects, data were collected on 88 patients with agranulocytosis, 43 patients with leukopenia and three with thrombocytopenia. The presence of HLA B27 in seropositive RA patients was found to be an important predisposing factor for agranulocytosis. This blood dyscrasia caused by levamisole was similar to the agranulocytosis found with other antirheumatic and anti-inflammatory drugs and could be classified as agranulocytosis of the immunological type. In this form no bone marrow toxicity occurred and the agranulocytosis was always spontaneously reversible on discontinuation of the drug. Although the incidence of agranulocytosis did not seem to be reduced by any of the treatment schemes, high risk patients could be detected by the single day per week regimen. Treatment with 150 mg levamisole on one day per week, with leukocyte count 10 hours after each intake of the drug, undoubtedly appeared to be the most efficient way to prevent agranulocytosis and makes this drug safe in the treatment of RA."}
{"id": "PMID:282449", "title": "Adverse reactions to the principal drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis--a review.", "content": "The five basic antirheumatic drugs: antimalarials, immunosuppressive agents, gold salts, penicillamine and levamisole induce side effects in a large number of patients. Some of these are specific to one group of drugs, while others are common to all of them.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to the principal drugs used in rheumatoid arthritis--a review. The five basic antirheumatic drugs: antimalarials, immunosuppressive agents, gold salts, penicillamine and levamisole induce side effects in a large number of patients. Some of these are specific to one group of drugs, while others are common to all of them."}
{"id": "PMID:282452", "title": "[Morbus Hodgkin as a second malignancy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "19 months after the clinical manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, stage Ia, of the cervical lymphnodes developed in a 10 year old girl during continuous complete remission of leukaemia under chemotherapy. After a regional irradiation and after completing the antileukamic therapy the patient is at present off therapy, healthy and without signs of relapse of both malignant systemic diseases. The coincidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children with other malignant neoplasias is rare. The expected frequency of second malignancies and the theories concerning oncogenesis are shortly reviewed.", "contents": "[Morbus Hodgkin as a second malignancy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. 19 months after the clinical manifestation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, stage Ia, of the cervical lymphnodes developed in a 10 year old girl during continuous complete remission of leukaemia under chemotherapy. After a regional irradiation and after completing the antileukamic therapy the patient is at present off therapy, healthy and without signs of relapse of both malignant systemic diseases. The coincidence of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children with other malignant neoplasias is rare. The expected frequency of second malignancies and the theories concerning oncogenesis are shortly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:282454", "title": "Chromosomal evidence for the transplantability of the Shay chloroleukemia.", "content": "Chloroma cells, which were shown to contain the X and Y chromosomes, were used to induce Shay chloroleukemia (SCL) in female recipients. Karyotype analyses of leukemic myeloblasts which appeared in the peripheral blood of the female recipients during blast crisis demonstrated invariably the presence of the X and Y chromosomes. These results directly demonstrate that transmission of SCL is the result of donor cell colonization and therefore SCL can be considered a true transplantable leukemia. Reports by other workers of viral association with this disease are discussed in light of our results.", "contents": "Chromosomal evidence for the transplantability of the Shay chloroleukemia. Chloroma cells, which were shown to contain the X and Y chromosomes, were used to induce Shay chloroleukemia (SCL) in female recipients. Karyotype analyses of leukemic myeloblasts which appeared in the peripheral blood of the female recipients during blast crisis demonstrated invariably the presence of the X and Y chromosomes. These results directly demonstrate that transmission of SCL is the result of donor cell colonization and therefore SCL can be considered a true transplantable leukemia. Reports by other workers of viral association with this disease are discussed in light of our results."}
{"id": "PMID:282456", "title": "Erythroid cell differentiation.", "content": "Normal and transformed erythroid cell precursors provide the opportunity for study of a number of problems relevant to the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in a developmental system. Evidence is presented which suggests that the hormone, erythropoietin, has a primary role in regulating precursor cell proliferation. A wide variety of chemicals can modify the rate at which proliferating transformed precursors initiate expression of the genetic program characteristic of terminal erythroid differentiation. Several sites of inducer action, including the plasma membrane and chromatin, are suggested as part of the pathway which leads to the complex pattern of gene transcription responsible for differentiation.", "contents": "Erythroid cell differentiation. Normal and transformed erythroid cell precursors provide the opportunity for study of a number of problems relevant to the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in a developmental system. Evidence is presented which suggests that the hormone, erythropoietin, has a primary role in regulating precursor cell proliferation. A wide variety of chemicals can modify the rate at which proliferating transformed precursors initiate expression of the genetic program characteristic of terminal erythroid differentiation. Several sites of inducer action, including the plasma membrane and chromatin, are suggested as part of the pathway which leads to the complex pattern of gene transcription responsible for differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:282457", "title": "A reappraisal of the results of stopping therapy in childhood leukemia.", "content": "We examined the results of stopping therapy in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Of 639 patients in eight consecutive \"total therapy\" studies, 278 (44 per cent) had all treatment stopped, usually after 2 1/2 years of complete remission. About one fifth (55 of 278) of this group have relapsed, mainly in the bone marrow. The relapse rate for the first year off therapy was higher than that for the next three years (0.16 vs. 0.04, P less than 0.01). The life-table estimates of the four-year relapse rates were 0.24 for all patients and 0.22 for patients receiving adequate central-nervous system prophylaxis. Boys had a higher relapse rate than girls (0.33 vs. 0.15 P less than 0.01). None of the 79 patients who remained in complete remission for at least four years off therapy have yet relapsed. Acute lymphocytic leukemia appears curable in over one third of all newly diagnosed patients who receive treatment for approximately 2 1/2 years.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the results of stopping therapy in childhood leukemia. We examined the results of stopping therapy in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Of 639 patients in eight consecutive \"total therapy\" studies, 278 (44 per cent) had all treatment stopped, usually after 2 1/2 years of complete remission. About one fifth (55 of 278) of this group have relapsed, mainly in the bone marrow. The relapse rate for the first year off therapy was higher than that for the next three years (0.16 vs. 0.04, P less than 0.01). The life-table estimates of the four-year relapse rates were 0.24 for all patients and 0.22 for patients receiving adequate central-nervous system prophylaxis. Boys had a higher relapse rate than girls (0.33 vs. 0.15 P less than 0.01). None of the 79 patients who remained in complete remission for at least four years off therapy have yet relapsed. Acute lymphocytic leukemia appears curable in over one third of all newly diagnosed patients who receive treatment for approximately 2 1/2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:282481", "title": "Health care in early infancy.", "content": "The pattern of illness and of health care during the first 16 weeks of life in a cohort of 1210 infants was examined. Children from families in the lower social strata had a significantly increased risk of respiratory illness and gastrointestinal disturbance and received less routine well baby care than children from more socially advantaged backgrounds. A number of policy changes which might improve the distribution of health care resources are examined.", "contents": "Health care in early infancy. The pattern of illness and of health care during the first 16 weeks of life in a cohort of 1210 infants was examined. Children from families in the lower social strata had a significantly increased risk of respiratory illness and gastrointestinal disturbance and received less routine well baby care than children from more socially advantaged backgrounds. A number of policy changes which might improve the distribution of health care resources are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:282482", "title": "A double-blind controlled study of the use of diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate) in obese patients in a rural practice.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study has been carried out to compare long-acting diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate Dospan, Wm. S. Merrell Company, hereafter referred to as TD) in a rural general practice. TD was found to produce significantly more weight loss than placebo and side effects were not significantly greater. The need for the treatment of obese patients in general practice is discussed, as is the role of anorexiant therapy.", "contents": "A double-blind controlled study of the use of diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate) in obese patients in a rural practice. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study has been carried out to compare long-acting diethylpropion hydrochloride (Tenuate Dospan, Wm. S. Merrell Company, hereafter referred to as TD) in a rural general practice. TD was found to produce significantly more weight loss than placebo and side effects were not significantly greater. The need for the treatment of obese patients in general practice is discussed, as is the role of anorexiant therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:282483", "title": "Asthma: the doctor's failure in communication.", "content": "Forty-one children with asthma and their parents were interviewed to assess their level of understanding of the disease, drug therapy and prognosis, to define their fears and anxieties and to elucidate the extent to which asthma had interfered with activities and family life. Knowledge of the disease and its natural history was poor, understanding of drug therapy inadequate and anxieties relating to death, separation, permanent lung damage, curtailment of activities were common.", "contents": "Asthma: the doctor's failure in communication. Forty-one children with asthma and their parents were interviewed to assess their level of understanding of the disease, drug therapy and prognosis, to define their fears and anxieties and to elucidate the extent to which asthma had interfered with activities and family life. Knowledge of the disease and its natural history was poor, understanding of drug therapy inadequate and anxieties relating to death, separation, permanent lung damage, curtailment of activities were common."}
{"id": "PMID:282484", "title": "\"Precordial catch\": a benign syndrome of chest pain in young persons.", "content": "A common syndrome of brief, sharp, severe precordial pain in 45 healthy young persons is described. The pain occurs at variable intervals, out of the blue. It typically occurs during rest or very mild activity and never on exertion. The onset is usually in adolescence. Most patients were of light or medium build, were nonsmokers and essentially healthy. It affects males and females. Recognition of the syndrome of precordial catch and reassurance of its benign nature will allay anxiety.", "contents": "\"Precordial catch\": a benign syndrome of chest pain in young persons. A common syndrome of brief, sharp, severe precordial pain in 45 healthy young persons is described. The pain occurs at variable intervals, out of the blue. It typically occurs during rest or very mild activity and never on exertion. The onset is usually in adolescence. Most patients were of light or medium build, were nonsmokers and essentially healthy. It affects males and females. Recognition of the syndrome of precordial catch and reassurance of its benign nature will allay anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:282488", "title": "Grieving responses: a comparison after home or hospital care.", "content": "This study, over a five year period in a general practice, has shown that grieving is resolved in a much more desirable way if a dying patient is nursed at home by relatives rather than by strangers in a hospital.", "contents": "Grieving responses: a comparison after home or hospital care. This study, over a five year period in a general practice, has shown that grieving is resolved in a much more desirable way if a dying patient is nursed at home by relatives rather than by strangers in a hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:282489", "title": "General practitioners and professional satisfaction.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-five general practitioners participated in a study regarding satisfaction from the doctor-patient relationship. Of these, 71% responded in writing to an open-ended item concerning personal satisfaction. Written responses were assigned to one or more of nine groupings formed by considering the content of general practice and conceptualising characteristics of the doctor-patient relationship. Four characteristics--activity, authority, objectivity and radionality (the clinical model) were assigned 299 written responses. Four characteristics--affinity, continuity, intimacy and reciprocity (the relational model) were assigned 287 responses. The paper discusses the two models, their respective characteristics and physician responses.", "contents": "General practitioners and professional satisfaction. One hundred and eighty-five general practitioners participated in a study regarding satisfaction from the doctor-patient relationship. Of these, 71% responded in writing to an open-ended item concerning personal satisfaction. Written responses were assigned to one or more of nine groupings formed by considering the content of general practice and conceptualising characteristics of the doctor-patient relationship. Four characteristics--activity, authority, objectivity and radionality (the clinical model) were assigned 299 written responses. Four characteristics--affinity, continuity, intimacy and reciprocity (the relational model) were assigned 287 responses. The paper discusses the two models, their respective characteristics and physician responses."}
{"id": "PMID:282490", "title": "The use of ultrasound in threatened abortion.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-seven pregnancies complicated by painless vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation were scanned. In the 51 cases where pregnancy continued the scan was normal in 80%. In an additional 10% the only abnormalities were either a low placental implantation or a twin pregnancy, one sac of which was blighted. In another 6% the initial scan was difficult to interpret and a repeat scan was normal. In the remaining 2% an error was made. In the 76 cases where the pregnancy did not continue the scan was abnormal in 83%, there was a low placental implantation but no other abnormality in 4% and in an additional 6.5% a repeat scan was abnormal after an initial normal scan. In the remaining five cases there was one error, abortion occurred probably for obstetrical reasons in three and there was one twin pregnancy where only one sac was abnormal but both were aborted. Ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed in only 33% of cases while molar pregnancy was diagnosed in 75% and in the one which ultrasound failed to diagnose the appearances suggested abortion was inevitable.", "contents": "The use of ultrasound in threatened abortion. One hundred and twenty-seven pregnancies complicated by painless vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation were scanned. In the 51 cases where pregnancy continued the scan was normal in 80%. In an additional 10% the only abnormalities were either a low placental implantation or a twin pregnancy, one sac of which was blighted. In another 6% the initial scan was difficult to interpret and a repeat scan was normal. In the remaining 2% an error was made. In the 76 cases where the pregnancy did not continue the scan was abnormal in 83%, there was a low placental implantation but no other abnormality in 4% and in an additional 6.5% a repeat scan was abnormal after an initial normal scan. In the remaining five cases there was one error, abortion occurred probably for obstetrical reasons in three and there was one twin pregnancy where only one sac was abnormal but both were aborted. Ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed in only 33% of cases while molar pregnancy was diagnosed in 75% and in the one which ultrasound failed to diagnose the appearances suggested abortion was inevitable."}
{"id": "PMID:282491", "title": "Non-vertiginous fluctuating hearing loss.", "content": "Not all fluctuating hearing loss is due to Eustachian insufficiency. Not all sensorineural loss is untreatable. Fluctuating hearing loss due to endolymphatic hydrops is discussed, and the use of a low sodium diet, diuretics and vasodilators in the treatment of this disorder is described. To be effective, the treatment must be initiated early. Five typical cases are described, showing the typical presentation and response to treatment.", "contents": "Non-vertiginous fluctuating hearing loss. Not all fluctuating hearing loss is due to Eustachian insufficiency. Not all sensorineural loss is untreatable. Fluctuating hearing loss due to endolymphatic hydrops is discussed, and the use of a low sodium diet, diuretics and vasodilators in the treatment of this disorder is described. To be effective, the treatment must be initiated early. Five typical cases are described, showing the typical presentation and response to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:282492", "title": "Antistreptococcal antibody titres in the serum of school children in Auckland.", "content": "Geometric mean titres for serum antistreptococcal antibodies in a group of 12-year-old Auckland children are presented. The mean titres did not change over a period of 12 months in paired samples. The values obtained are similar to published figures from other parts of the world, suggesting the techniques used provide comparable data.", "contents": "Antistreptococcal antibody titres in the serum of school children in Auckland. Geometric mean titres for serum antistreptococcal antibodies in a group of 12-year-old Auckland children are presented. The mean titres did not change over a period of 12 months in paired samples. The values obtained are similar to published figures from other parts of the world, suggesting the techniques used provide comparable data."}
{"id": "PMID:282493", "title": "Unilateral breast-feeding: a new clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Two thyrotoxic women who had breast-fed exclusively at the right breast are reported. This phenomenon may prove to be a useful clue to undiagnosed thyrotoxicosis in the postpartum period.", "contents": "Unilateral breast-feeding: a new clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Two thyrotoxic women who had breast-fed exclusively at the right breast are reported. This phenomenon may prove to be a useful clue to undiagnosed thyrotoxicosis in the postpartum period."}
{"id": "PMID:282494", "title": "Consulting with parents about children's misbehaviour.", "content": "This paper summarised a case of a consultant helping a couple to reduce aggressive behaviour in their nine-year-old son. Within a programme of positive reinforcement plus extinction, the parents made the critical decisions about methods and criteria. Comparisons and contrasts were made with another case in which parents were also used as mediators, but were less actively involved in decisions about treatment and outcomes.", "contents": "Consulting with parents about children's misbehaviour. This paper summarised a case of a consultant helping a couple to reduce aggressive behaviour in their nine-year-old son. Within a programme of positive reinforcement plus extinction, the parents made the critical decisions about methods and criteria. Comparisons and contrasts were made with another case in which parents were also used as mediators, but were less actively involved in decisions about treatment and outcomes."}
{"id": "PMID:282536", "title": "Agranulocytosis associated with an infected mandibular fracture.", "content": "This report describes a case of agranulocytosis associated with an infected mandibular fracture. Because agranulocytosis is most frequently associated with drug sensitivity, drug therapy is usually stopped or changed when the disease is discovered. This case demonstrates the need to evaluate the causes of agranulocytosis before stopping or changing a patient's medications.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis associated with an infected mandibular fracture. This report describes a case of agranulocytosis associated with an infected mandibular fracture. Because agranulocytosis is most frequently associated with drug sensitivity, drug therapy is usually stopped or changed when the disease is discovered. This case demonstrates the need to evaluate the causes of agranulocytosis before stopping or changing a patient's medications."}
{"id": "PMID:282538", "title": "Pulsed electromagnetic energy therapy in third molar surgery.", "content": "Pulsed electromagnetic energy is being increasingly employed to reduced symptoms and enhance the healing process following tissue injury. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial has been carried out to assess the value of electromagnetic energy in third molar surgery, but no significant benefit has been found.", "contents": "Pulsed electromagnetic energy therapy in third molar surgery. Pulsed electromagnetic energy is being increasingly employed to reduced symptoms and enhance the healing process following tissue injury. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial has been carried out to assess the value of electromagnetic energy in third molar surgery, but no significant benefit has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:282539", "title": "Regional blood flow and collateral circulation of the tongue in the dog studied by hydrogen polarography.", "content": "Regional lingual blood flow was measured by hydrogen polarography under control conditions and after the subsequent ligation of pertinent arteries in dogs. The results indicate a nonhomogeneous blood supply for the tongue and the existence of a complex collateral circulation in the lingual areas studied.", "contents": "Regional blood flow and collateral circulation of the tongue in the dog studied by hydrogen polarography. Regional lingual blood flow was measured by hydrogen polarography under control conditions and after the subsequent ligation of pertinent arteries in dogs. The results indicate a nonhomogeneous blood supply for the tongue and the existence of a complex collateral circulation in the lingual areas studied."}
{"id": "PMID:282540", "title": "Giant-cell tumor of the maxilla. Report of a case.", "content": "Giant-cell tumor of the jaw presents difficulty in diagnosis. It is rare in the head and neck regions and may resemble, clinically and histologically, other types of jaw lesion. However, histologic study may distinguish this lesion from a giant-cell granuloma, an osteogenic sarcoma, and most epulides. Adequate surgical excision with a long-term follow-up is the recommended treatment of choice.", "contents": "Giant-cell tumor of the maxilla. Report of a case. Giant-cell tumor of the jaw presents difficulty in diagnosis. It is rare in the head and neck regions and may resemble, clinically and histologically, other types of jaw lesion. However, histologic study may distinguish this lesion from a giant-cell granuloma, an osteogenic sarcoma, and most epulides. Adequate surgical excision with a long-term follow-up is the recommended treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:282541", "title": "Osteitis deformans. Report of a long-standing case with extensive oral involvement.", "content": "Presented is a case of osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) with a 38-year history after diagnosis. The patient had nearly the entire spectrum of symptoms that can result from widespread involvement of the skeletal system with this disease. Diffuse involvement of the maxilla and mandible resulted in postextraction complications which are common in Paget's disease of the bone.", "contents": "Osteitis deformans. Report of a long-standing case with extensive oral involvement. Presented is a case of osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone) with a 38-year history after diagnosis. The patient had nearly the entire spectrum of symptoms that can result from widespread involvement of the skeletal system with this disease. Diffuse involvement of the maxilla and mandible resulted in postextraction complications which are common in Paget's disease of the bone."}
{"id": "PMID:282542", "title": "Transantral odontoma. A case report.", "content": "Described is the case of a 30-year-old black man with a history of acute pansinusitus, headaches, and intermittent right nasal stuffiness. The history, clinical signs and symptoms, and roentgenographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a transantral complex odontoma. Finding of this entity is extremely rare in this region.", "contents": "Transantral odontoma. A case report. Described is the case of a 30-year-old black man with a history of acute pansinusitus, headaches, and intermittent right nasal stuffiness. The history, clinical signs and symptoms, and roentgenographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a transantral complex odontoma. Finding of this entity is extremely rare in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:282543", "title": "Oral mucosal white lesions associated with excessive use of Listerine mouthwash. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients were observed to have asymptomatic, diffuse, filmy white lesions involving large portions of the oral mucosa. Both patients admitted to the topical use of Listerine mouthwash in excess of recommended doses. Other considerations in the differential diagnosis were eliminated by history. The lesions showed complete regression in 2 weeks following discontinuance of the lavage.", "contents": "Oral mucosal white lesions associated with excessive use of Listerine mouthwash. Report of two cases. Two patients were observed to have asymptomatic, diffuse, filmy white lesions involving large portions of the oral mucosa. Both patients admitted to the topical use of Listerine mouthwash in excess of recommended doses. Other considerations in the differential diagnosis were eliminated by history. The lesions showed complete regression in 2 weeks following discontinuance of the lavage."}
{"id": "PMID:282544", "title": "Kinky hair disease. Report of a case.", "content": "A confirmed case of kinky hair disease is described. Findings include a defect in copper metabolism, peculiar facies, retrognathia, skeletal open-bite, generalized gingival enlargement, and skeletal radiographic abnormalities.", "contents": "Kinky hair disease. Report of a case. A confirmed case of kinky hair disease is described. Findings include a defect in copper metabolism, peculiar facies, retrognathia, skeletal open-bite, generalized gingival enlargement, and skeletal radiographic abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:282545", "title": "Oral manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has been recognized as a specific entity since 1957. Although a significant number of patients with this inherited disorder of leukocyte function exhibit oral manifestations which might be seen by the dentist, the dental literature contains no descriptions of this disease. The purpose of this article is to present a case of CGD exhibiting oral lesions, to document these lesions clinically and histopathologically, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of this disorder.", "contents": "Oral manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) has been recognized as a specific entity since 1957. Although a significant number of patients with this inherited disorder of leukocyte function exhibit oral manifestations which might be seen by the dentist, the dental literature contains no descriptions of this disease. The purpose of this article is to present a case of CGD exhibiting oral lesions, to document these lesions clinically and histopathologically, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:282546", "title": "The papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin.", "content": "This article reviews the literature of the papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin and discusses and attempts to clarify the true nature of these lesions. The criteria for diagnosis are presented, and classification of this lesion based on the Histological Typing of Salivary Gland Tumours (World Health Organization) is suggested. In addition, an interesting variant, which we have called the papillary cystadenoma, mucous-cell type, is presented.", "contents": "The papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin. This article reviews the literature of the papillary cystadenoma of minor salivary gland origin and discusses and attempts to clarify the true nature of these lesions. The criteria for diagnosis are presented, and classification of this lesion based on the Histological Typing of Salivary Gland Tumours (World Health Organization) is suggested. In addition, an interesting variant, which we have called the papillary cystadenoma, mucous-cell type, is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:282547", "title": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis following surgical trauma in rats.", "content": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis in man is often associated with physical trauma. The presence of intrabony abscesses in rat mandibles following surgical trauma supports the clinical observation that antecedent trauma is an important factor in the pathogenesis of cervicofacial actinomycosis.", "contents": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis following surgical trauma in rats. Cervicofacial actinomycosis in man is often associated with physical trauma. The presence of intrabony abscesses in rat mandibles following surgical trauma supports the clinical observation that antecedent trauma is an important factor in the pathogenesis of cervicofacial actinomycosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282548", "title": "Dens evaginatus (tuberculated cusps): genetic and treatment considerations.", "content": "This report documents the occurrence of a rare dental anomaly, dens evaginatus, in several members of a family of Guatemalan Indian descent. Previous reports on this anomaly reveal that the majority of cases have occurred in persons of Mongoloid extraction. These same reports have suggested a genetic component in the etiology of the anomaly, with most cases, however, occurring randomly. This is the first report in which the trait has been reported in successive generations. The precise mechanism of genetic transmission is still not entirely clear, although autosomal dominant inheritance is probable.", "contents": "Dens evaginatus (tuberculated cusps): genetic and treatment considerations. This report documents the occurrence of a rare dental anomaly, dens evaginatus, in several members of a family of Guatemalan Indian descent. Previous reports on this anomaly reveal that the majority of cases have occurred in persons of Mongoloid extraction. These same reports have suggested a genetic component in the etiology of the anomaly, with most cases, however, occurring randomly. This is the first report in which the trait has been reported in successive generations. The precise mechanism of genetic transmission is still not entirely clear, although autosomal dominant inheritance is probable."}
{"id": "PMID:282549", "title": "Solitary maxillary central incisor and normal stature.", "content": "Two children, one boy and one girl, each with solitary maxillary deciduous and permanent central incisors, normal height, and normal plasma growth hormone levels, are reported. Review of the literature reveals fourteen reports of patients with a similar dental anomaly. Of these, three are normal in height. The height and growth rate of patients with a single maxillary central incisor should be evaluated prior to growth hormone evaluation; such investigation should be undertaken only if the height is two standard deviations below the mean or if there is evidence of plateauing of linear growth.", "contents": "Solitary maxillary central incisor and normal stature. Two children, one boy and one girl, each with solitary maxillary deciduous and permanent central incisors, normal height, and normal plasma growth hormone levels, are reported. Review of the literature reveals fourteen reports of patients with a similar dental anomaly. Of these, three are normal in height. The height and growth rate of patients with a single maxillary central incisor should be evaluated prior to growth hormone evaluation; such investigation should be undertaken only if the height is two standard deviations below the mean or if there is evidence of plateauing of linear growth."}
{"id": "PMID:282550", "title": "Intraoral xeroradiography.", "content": "This study compared the diagnostic usefulness of images of dental structures made with two xeroradiographic (XR) processes with those made by conventional radiography. The xerographic systems employed were a Xerox 125 system (designed for mammography) as well as a new experimental xerographic instrument designed for dental use. Structures evaluated included osseous trabecular detail, caries, dental anatomy, soft tissue, and dental restorations. In general, the resolution and detail of these dental structures were noticeably better on conventional films than on the XR 125 images. In addition, the presence of artifacts around the margins of metallic restorations on the XR 125 image severely inhibited detection of recurrent caries. In contrast, XR images formed by the new experimental process were equal to or superior to conventional films in resolving detail of dental struitures. Also, the experimental XR process required less radiation exposure than conventional radiography.", "contents": "Intraoral xeroradiography. This study compared the diagnostic usefulness of images of dental structures made with two xeroradiographic (XR) processes with those made by conventional radiography. The xerographic systems employed were a Xerox 125 system (designed for mammography) as well as a new experimental xerographic instrument designed for dental use. Structures evaluated included osseous trabecular detail, caries, dental anatomy, soft tissue, and dental restorations. In general, the resolution and detail of these dental structures were noticeably better on conventional films than on the XR 125 images. In addition, the presence of artifacts around the margins of metallic restorations on the XR 125 image severely inhibited detection of recurrent caries. In contrast, XR images formed by the new experimental process were equal to or superior to conventional films in resolving detail of dental struitures. Also, the experimental XR process required less radiation exposure than conventional radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:282557", "title": "The effect of irradiation on developing teeth.", "content": "Although the consequences of ionizing irradiation on adult teeth have been adequately described in the literature, there have been few reports concerning the adverse effects on the developing dentition. A case is presented in which the jaws were irradiated at an early age and it was possible to examine some of the abnormal teeth in detail by using clinical, radiographic, and histologic techniques.", "contents": "The effect of irradiation on developing teeth. Although the consequences of ionizing irradiation on adult teeth have been adequately described in the literature, there have been few reports concerning the adverse effects on the developing dentition. A case is presented in which the jaws were irradiated at an early age and it was possible to examine some of the abnormal teeth in detail by using clinical, radiographic, and histologic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:282558", "title": "Submandibular duct stenosis as a complication of Ludwig's angina.", "content": "A case of submandibular duct stenosis subsequent to Ludwig's angina is presented. It illustrates the importance of outpatient follow-up after apparent infections.", "contents": "Submandibular duct stenosis as a complication of Ludwig's angina. A case of submandibular duct stenosis subsequent to Ludwig's angina is presented. It illustrates the importance of outpatient follow-up after apparent infections."}
{"id": "PMID:282559", "title": "Occlusal acrylic index used to observe palatal bone cuts.", "content": "The use of an acrylic occlusal index prior to wiring a full palatal coverage splint into place offers an easy way to check for \"hang-up\" areas and help in placement of bone grafts while the segments are held in the predetermined position.", "contents": "Occlusal acrylic index used to observe palatal bone cuts. The use of an acrylic occlusal index prior to wiring a full palatal coverage splint into place offers an easy way to check for \"hang-up\" areas and help in placement of bone grafts while the segments are held in the predetermined position."}
{"id": "PMID:282560", "title": "Extravasation cyst diagnostic curettement: a treatment. Report of 15 cases and suggested treatment.", "content": "Fifteen cases of extravasation lesions of the mandible have been treated. In six cases, the lesions were entered surgically, explored, and directly curetted following preliminary diagnosis by needle aspiration. Healing was uneventful in all cases, and bone regeneration occurred rapidly. Hemorrhage was easily controlled, and the surgery was considered a minor procedure. Nine cases were treated by a combined diagnostic-curettement technique. The entire procedure was quickly performed under local anesthesia. There was little chance of injury to surrounding structures, and there were few postoperative sequelae. The resolution of the lesion and bone regeneration occurred in a time span similar to that of the surgical treatment of lesions.", "contents": "Extravasation cyst diagnostic curettement: a treatment. Report of 15 cases and suggested treatment. Fifteen cases of extravasation lesions of the mandible have been treated. In six cases, the lesions were entered surgically, explored, and directly curetted following preliminary diagnosis by needle aspiration. Healing was uneventful in all cases, and bone regeneration occurred rapidly. Hemorrhage was easily controlled, and the surgery was considered a minor procedure. Nine cases were treated by a combined diagnostic-curettement technique. The entire procedure was quickly performed under local anesthesia. There was little chance of injury to surrounding structures, and there were few postoperative sequelae. The resolution of the lesion and bone regeneration occurred in a time span similar to that of the surgical treatment of lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:282561", "title": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Review of a recently described disease complex.", "content": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) has been accepted in Japan as a newly recognized disease affecting most frequently patients under 5 years of age. It is now apparent that the syndrome, having been defined, is also recognized with increasing frequency in the continental United States and Canada in children of non-Japanese ancestry. MLNS is characterized by (1) fever, (2) bilateral congestion of the conjunctivae, (3) changes in the oral cavity, consisting of strawberry tongue, erythema of the oral mucosa, and sicca of the lips, (4) indurative edema and erythema of the hands and feet followed by desquamation of the fingertips, (5) polymorphous exanthema, and (6) cervical lymphadenopathy. The clinical signs and symptoms are somewhat reminiscent of other related conditions. To prevent potentially fatal cardiac complications associated with MLNS, prompt and accurate diagnosis is imperative so that the patient may be referred to a physician for careful monitoring during convalescence.", "contents": "Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Review of a recently described disease complex. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) has been accepted in Japan as a newly recognized disease affecting most frequently patients under 5 years of age. It is now apparent that the syndrome, having been defined, is also recognized with increasing frequency in the continental United States and Canada in children of non-Japanese ancestry. MLNS is characterized by (1) fever, (2) bilateral congestion of the conjunctivae, (3) changes in the oral cavity, consisting of strawberry tongue, erythema of the oral mucosa, and sicca of the lips, (4) indurative edema and erythema of the hands and feet followed by desquamation of the fingertips, (5) polymorphous exanthema, and (6) cervical lymphadenopathy. The clinical signs and symptoms are somewhat reminiscent of other related conditions. To prevent potentially fatal cardiac complications associated with MLNS, prompt and accurate diagnosis is imperative so that the patient may be referred to a physician for careful monitoring during convalescence."}
{"id": "PMID:282562", "title": "Median rhomboid glossitis caused by Candida?", "content": "The etiology and pathogenesis of median rhomboid glossitis have been subjects of controversial discussions for a long time. In recent years, the possible role of Candida albicans has been stressed. The findings in 18 patients with median rhomboid glossitis only support partly the hypothesis of Candida albicans being an important etiologic factor.", "contents": "Median rhomboid glossitis caused by Candida? The etiology and pathogenesis of median rhomboid glossitis have been subjects of controversial discussions for a long time. In recent years, the possible role of Candida albicans has been stressed. The findings in 18 patients with median rhomboid glossitis only support partly the hypothesis of Candida albicans being an important etiologic factor."}
{"id": "PMID:282563", "title": "Dental management of leukemic patients.", "content": "Three cases involving the oral management of patients with acute leukemia are described. Of particular interest is that the patients had abnormal responses to oral disease, probably related to their compromised host defenses. Because of the difficulty in treating oral disease in leukemic persons while they are undergoing chemotherapy, it is extremely important that such patients have dental evaluations and, if possible, treatment prior to initiation of medical management for their neoplasia.", "contents": "Dental management of leukemic patients. Three cases involving the oral management of patients with acute leukemia are described. Of particular interest is that the patients had abnormal responses to oral disease, probably related to their compromised host defenses. Because of the difficulty in treating oral disease in leukemic persons while they are undergoing chemotherapy, it is extremely important that such patients have dental evaluations and, if possible, treatment prior to initiation of medical management for their neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:282564", "title": "Minor salivary gland calculi. A clinicopathologic study of forty-seven new cases.", "content": "An analysis of forty-seven previously unreported cases of minor salivary gland calculi revealed that they were usually solitary, firm, freely movable, small masses. Also, we noted that these calculi exhibited a striking predilection for the upper lip and buccal mucosa of adults. The organic matrix of all calculi was similar; however, the amount of mineralized material was variable. A variety of types of epithelial metaplasia was noted in the pericalcular ducts, with the most common type being squamous-cell metaplasia. Chronic periductal and lobular inflammation in addition to duct ectasia were common findings. The cause of minor salivary gland calculi is not known; however, local factors, such as duct morphology or biochemical alterations, or both, may be involved.", "contents": "Minor salivary gland calculi. A clinicopathologic study of forty-seven new cases. An analysis of forty-seven previously unreported cases of minor salivary gland calculi revealed that they were usually solitary, firm, freely movable, small masses. Also, we noted that these calculi exhibited a striking predilection for the upper lip and buccal mucosa of adults. The organic matrix of all calculi was similar; however, the amount of mineralized material was variable. A variety of types of epithelial metaplasia was noted in the pericalcular ducts, with the most common type being squamous-cell metaplasia. Chronic periductal and lobular inflammation in addition to duct ectasia were common findings. The cause of minor salivary gland calculi is not known; however, local factors, such as duct morphology or biochemical alterations, or both, may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:282565", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A review of the literature and report of two additional cases.", "content": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a nonneoplastic, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of human salivary glands which is often confused clinically and histologically with squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. On the basis of thirty-three documented cases, the lesion occurs primarily in the minor salivary glands of the palate (87.9 percent), with 63.6 percent arising in the fifth and sixth decades (average age 46.0 years, range 22 to 68 years). There is a marked predilection for males (ratio of males to females. 2.7:1) and a questionable predominance in Caucasians (60.6 percent). Numerous etiologic factors have been proposed; however, on the basis of previous animal experimentation, the lesion appears to be infarctive in nature.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. A review of the literature and report of two additional cases. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a nonneoplastic, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of human salivary glands which is often confused clinically and histologically with squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. On the basis of thirty-three documented cases, the lesion occurs primarily in the minor salivary glands of the palate (87.9 percent), with 63.6 percent arising in the fifth and sixth decades (average age 46.0 years, range 22 to 68 years). There is a marked predilection for males (ratio of males to females. 2.7:1) and a questionable predominance in Caucasians (60.6 percent). Numerous etiologic factors have been proposed; however, on the basis of previous animal experimentation, the lesion appears to be infarctive in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:282566", "title": "Adult rhabdomyoma of soft palate.", "content": "A case of adult rhabdomyoma of the soft palate in a 60-year-old man studied by methods including electron microscopy, is reported. The patient was free of recurrence 2 years later. The eleven previously documented cases of adult rhabdomyoma involving the oral cavity are reviewed. The concept that rhabdomyoma is a neoplasm rather than a hamartoma is favored. Adequate local excision appears to be curative. The differences between the cardiac and extracardiac forms of rhabdomyoma as well as between adult rhabdomyoma and especially granular-cell myoblastoma and fetal rhabdomyoma are presented.", "contents": "Adult rhabdomyoma of soft palate. A case of adult rhabdomyoma of the soft palate in a 60-year-old man studied by methods including electron microscopy, is reported. The patient was free of recurrence 2 years later. The eleven previously documented cases of adult rhabdomyoma involving the oral cavity are reviewed. The concept that rhabdomyoma is a neoplasm rather than a hamartoma is favored. Adequate local excision appears to be curative. The differences between the cardiac and extracardiac forms of rhabdomyoma as well as between adult rhabdomyoma and especially granular-cell myoblastoma and fetal rhabdomyoma are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:282567", "title": "Solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma. Report of a case.", "content": "The keratoacanthoma is a tumorlike proliferation which is rarely seen in the oral cavity. Both clinically and microscopically, it may bear close resemblance to squamous-cell carcinoma. The following article discusses the keratoacanthoma and, in addition, presents a case report of solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma.", "contents": "Solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma. Report of a case. The keratoacanthoma is a tumorlike proliferation which is rarely seen in the oral cavity. Both clinically and microscopically, it may bear close resemblance to squamous-cell carcinoma. The following article discusses the keratoacanthoma and, in addition, presents a case report of solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma."}
{"id": "PMID:282568", "title": "Fetal alcohol syndrome.", "content": "A case of fetal alcohol syndrome in an 8-month-old infant is presented. Several of the maxillofacial anomalies associated with this syndrome were present. In addition, a large dentigerous cyst was found, a rare lesion occurring with a deciduous tooth and never before reported in association with fetal alcohol syndrome.", "contents": "Fetal alcohol syndrome. A case of fetal alcohol syndrome in an 8-month-old infant is presented. Several of the maxillofacial anomalies associated with this syndrome were present. In addition, a large dentigerous cyst was found, a rare lesion occurring with a deciduous tooth and never before reported in association with fetal alcohol syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:282569", "title": "An analysis of the sensitivity of non-rereduced PRS medium in endodontic therapy.", "content": "A total of 244 paired samples were obtained from sixty-one root canal systems at four specific stages of endodontic treatment. Half the samples were placed in a commonly used endodontic medium and incubated aerobically. The remaining samples were placed in PRS medium and incubated in an anaerobic environment. The rereduction procedure, used to remove oxygen entering the PRS medium at the time of insertion of the sample, was not employed. A statistical analysis of the results indicates that the non-rereduced PRS medium is not as sensitive as rereduced PRS and offers no significant advantages over trypticase soy broth with 0.1 percent agar.", "contents": "An analysis of the sensitivity of non-rereduced PRS medium in endodontic therapy. A total of 244 paired samples were obtained from sixty-one root canal systems at four specific stages of endodontic treatment. Half the samples were placed in a commonly used endodontic medium and incubated aerobically. The remaining samples were placed in PRS medium and incubated in an anaerobic environment. The rereduction procedure, used to remove oxygen entering the PRS medium at the time of insertion of the sample, was not employed. A statistical analysis of the results indicates that the non-rereduced PRS medium is not as sensitive as rereduced PRS and offers no significant advantages over trypticase soy broth with 0.1 percent agar."}
{"id": "PMID:282570", "title": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. I. Effect of overfilling and refilling.", "content": "Root canals of dog premolar teeth were negotiated and overfilled with calcium hydroxide paste. After 30 days, half of the treated teeth were refilled up to the apical limit. Root canals not filled were considered as the control group. Ninety days after the first treatment, histologic analysis showed more favorable results in the refilled root canals. The overfilling elicits calcium hydroxide resorption and the ingrowth of periapical connective tissue into the root canal.", "contents": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. I. Effect of overfilling and refilling. Root canals of dog premolar teeth were negotiated and overfilled with calcium hydroxide paste. After 30 days, half of the treated teeth were refilled up to the apical limit. Root canals not filled were considered as the control group. Ninety days after the first treatment, histologic analysis showed more favorable results in the refilled root canals. The overfilling elicits calcium hydroxide resorption and the ingrowth of periapical connective tissue into the root canal."}
{"id": "PMID:282571", "title": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. II. Effect of instrumentation beyond the apices.", "content": "Root canals of dog premolar teeth were instrumented beyond the apices and enlarged up to the size of a No. 40 or 80 file and filled with calcium hydroxide up to the foramen. Ninety days later the histologic data showed more favorable results with the root canals instrumented until file No. 80.", "contents": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. II. Effect of instrumentation beyond the apices. Root canals of dog premolar teeth were instrumented beyond the apices and enlarged up to the size of a No. 40 or 80 file and filled with calcium hydroxide up to the foramen. Ninety days later the histologic data showed more favorable results with the root canals instrumented until file No. 80."}
{"id": "PMID:282572", "title": "A study of the quality of duplicated radiographs.", "content": "The resolution, contrast, and clinical appearance of radiographs and duplicate radiographs made with two types of duplicating film were compared. Duplicating conditions evaluated were type and shape of light, light-film distance, type of exposure surface, and developer temperature. Major observations were as follows: both Kodak and DuPont films produced clinically acceptable duplicates; Kodak film was faster; DuPont film responded better in incandescent photoflood light than Kodak film; clear glass with appropriate light-film distance was the best exposure surface.", "contents": "A study of the quality of duplicated radiographs. The resolution, contrast, and clinical appearance of radiographs and duplicate radiographs made with two types of duplicating film were compared. Duplicating conditions evaluated were type and shape of light, light-film distance, type of exposure surface, and developer temperature. Major observations were as follows: both Kodak and DuPont films produced clinically acceptable duplicates; Kodak film was faster; DuPont film responded better in incandescent photoflood light than Kodak film; clear glass with appropriate light-film distance was the best exposure surface."}
{"id": "PMID:282584", "title": "[Denture cleaning with an enzyme-containing laundry detergent].", "content": "An enzyme containing laundry detergent (Rex) was tested as a denture cleanser. It was found more satisfactory than the denture cleansers available on the Norwegian market.", "contents": "[Denture cleaning with an enzyme-containing laundry detergent]. An enzyme containing laundry detergent (Rex) was tested as a denture cleanser. It was found more satisfactory than the denture cleansers available on the Norwegian market."}
{"id": "PMID:282600", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of heme disorder in hemoproteins.", "content": "A proton NMR method is described for determining the orientation of a porphyrin within the heme pocket of a hemoprotein. The pattern of the hyperfine-shifted heme methyl resonances in low-spin ferric model compounds is demonstrated to characteristically reflect the position of a localized low-symmetry perturbation on the pi system. The specific assignments via deuteration of the two interconvertible sets of methyl resonances observed for deuteroporphyrin-reconstituted sperm whale metmyoglobin cyanide lead to the conclusion that the low-symmetry perturbations on the heme due to the apo-protein contacts differ for the two protein components by a 180 degrees rotation about the alpha-gamma meso axis. Hence the heme in the reconstituted myoglobin is \"disordered\" in solution, and the altered functional properties of the reconstituted protein cannot be simply attributed to the local effect of the heme substituent. This NMR technique has applicability for determining the relative heme orientation in related hemoproteins, and may clarify the origin of doubling of heme resonances observed in several native hemoproteins.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of heme disorder in hemoproteins. A proton NMR method is described for determining the orientation of a porphyrin within the heme pocket of a hemoprotein. The pattern of the hyperfine-shifted heme methyl resonances in low-spin ferric model compounds is demonstrated to characteristically reflect the position of a localized low-symmetry perturbation on the pi system. The specific assignments via deuteration of the two interconvertible sets of methyl resonances observed for deuteroporphyrin-reconstituted sperm whale metmyoglobin cyanide lead to the conclusion that the low-symmetry perturbations on the heme due to the apo-protein contacts differ for the two protein components by a 180 degrees rotation about the alpha-gamma meso axis. Hence the heme in the reconstituted myoglobin is \"disordered\" in solution, and the altered functional properties of the reconstituted protein cannot be simply attributed to the local effect of the heme substituent. This NMR technique has applicability for determining the relative heme orientation in related hemoproteins, and may clarify the origin of doubling of heme resonances observed in several native hemoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:282601", "title": "A model for hydration of peptides and its application to the conformational analysis of terminally blocked amino acids and dipeptides.", "content": "A theoretical model for peptide structure, which takes into account the effects of hydration in conformational energy calculations, is described. The free energy of hydration is composed of a term for \"specific hydration,\" representing solute-water hydrogen bonding, and a term for \"non-specific hydration,\" describing the interaction of the solute with water molecules in a first-neighbor shell. Minimum-energy conformations were computed for the hydrated N-acetyl-N'-methylamides of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, and the results were compared with those computed in the absence of hydration. The relative energies of many conformations and the width of some low-energy regions of the (\u00f8, Psi) conformational maps are altered when the free energy of nonspecific hydration is included. The term for specific hydration causes large charges of the energy, but only in some regions of the maps. Observed vicinal coupling constants are approximated better by the computation when hydration is included. Conformational preferences of the individual residues in hydrated dipeptides are similar to those computed for the hydrated single residues, showing that intraresidue interactions predominate in dipeptides. This supports the concept of the importance of short-range interactions in proteins. Bend probabilities were computed and compared with observed frequencies of occurrence of bends in proteins of known structure. Computed values improve only for some of the dipeptides containing polar residues or glycine when hydration is included. For bends involving two nonpolar residues, computations omitting hydration give better results.", "contents": "A model for hydration of peptides and its application to the conformational analysis of terminally blocked amino acids and dipeptides. A theoretical model for peptide structure, which takes into account the effects of hydration in conformational energy calculations, is described. The free energy of hydration is composed of a term for \"specific hydration,\" representing solute-water hydrogen bonding, and a term for \"non-specific hydration,\" describing the interaction of the solute with water molecules in a first-neighbor shell. Minimum-energy conformations were computed for the hydrated N-acetyl-N'-methylamides of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, and the results were compared with those computed in the absence of hydration. The relative energies of many conformations and the width of some low-energy regions of the (\u00f8, Psi) conformational maps are altered when the free energy of nonspecific hydration is included. The term for specific hydration causes large charges of the energy, but only in some regions of the maps. Observed vicinal coupling constants are approximated better by the computation when hydration is included. Conformational preferences of the individual residues in hydrated dipeptides are similar to those computed for the hydrated single residues, showing that intraresidue interactions predominate in dipeptides. This supports the concept of the importance of short-range interactions in proteins. Bend probabilities were computed and compared with observed frequencies of occurrence of bends in proteins of known structure. Computed values improve only for some of the dipeptides containing polar residues or glycine when hydration is included. For bends involving two nonpolar residues, computations omitting hydration give better results."}
{"id": "PMID:282602", "title": "Chemical synthesis of genes for human insulin.", "content": "A rapid chemical procedure has been developed and used for the synthesis of 29 oligodeoxyribonucleotides to build synthetic genes for human insulin. The gene for insulin B chain, 104 base pairs, and the one for A chain, 77 base pairs, were designed from the amino acid sequence of human polypeptides. They bear single-stranded cohesive termini for the EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonucleases and are designed to be inserted separately into a pBR322 plasmid. The synthetic fragments, deca- to pentadecanucleotides, were synthesized by a block phosphotriester method with trinucleotides as building blocks. Final purification was by high-performance liquid chromatography. All 29 oligonucleotides were pure and had the correct sequences.", "contents": "Chemical synthesis of genes for human insulin. A rapid chemical procedure has been developed and used for the synthesis of 29 oligodeoxyribonucleotides to build synthetic genes for human insulin. The gene for insulin B chain, 104 base pairs, and the one for A chain, 77 base pairs, were designed from the amino acid sequence of human polypeptides. They bear single-stranded cohesive termini for the EcoRI and BamHI restriction endonucleases and are designed to be inserted separately into a pBR322 plasmid. The synthetic fragments, deca- to pentadecanucleotides, were synthesized by a block phosphotriester method with trinucleotides as building blocks. Final purification was by high-performance liquid chromatography. All 29 oligonucleotides were pure and had the correct sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:282603", "title": "Displacement and aberrant methylation in vitro of H-1 histone in rat liver nuclei after half-saturation of chromatin with polycations.", "content": "Radiomethyl incorporation in vitro into Nepsilon-methyllysine of histones from rat liver nuclei incubated in the presence of S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine is stimulated if the polycations polylysines, protamines, or histones are added to the incubation mixture. Maximal stimulation occurs at a cation/nucleotide ratio of 0.5. Past this point stimulation drops, except in the case of very lysine-rich histone H-1, for which the maximal level of incorporation remains constant upon further addition of this histone. Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography, differential precipitation, and gel electrophoresis of radiomethylated histones indicate that although the usual incorporation of radiomethyl into histone H-3 is not affected, active methylation of H-1 occurs in the presence of polycations. Column chromatographic amino acid analysis reveals that the methylation of H-1 will specifically generate Nepsilon-monomethyllysine. Except for this condition, H-1 is never methylated in vivo or in incubated cell nuclei. Because H-1 is the weakest bound histone in chromatin, the above phenomena may be explained by assuming that, within the chromatin, polycations displace the lysine-rich histone towards the nucleosome, which results in its abberant methylation, assuming that the native nucleosome is the seat of the histone lysine methyltransferase.", "contents": "Displacement and aberrant methylation in vitro of H-1 histone in rat liver nuclei after half-saturation of chromatin with polycations. Radiomethyl incorporation in vitro into Nepsilon-methyllysine of histones from rat liver nuclei incubated in the presence of S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine is stimulated if the polycations polylysines, protamines, or histones are added to the incubation mixture. Maximal stimulation occurs at a cation/nucleotide ratio of 0.5. Past this point stimulation drops, except in the case of very lysine-rich histone H-1, for which the maximal level of incorporation remains constant upon further addition of this histone. Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography, differential precipitation, and gel electrophoresis of radiomethylated histones indicate that although the usual incorporation of radiomethyl into histone H-3 is not affected, active methylation of H-1 occurs in the presence of polycations. Column chromatographic amino acid analysis reveals that the methylation of H-1 will specifically generate Nepsilon-monomethyllysine. Except for this condition, H-1 is never methylated in vivo or in incubated cell nuclei. Because H-1 is the weakest bound histone in chromatin, the above phenomena may be explained by assuming that, within the chromatin, polycations displace the lysine-rich histone towards the nucleosome, which results in its abberant methylation, assuming that the native nucleosome is the seat of the histone lysine methyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:282604", "title": "Interaction of bacteriophage lambda repressor with nonoperator DNA containing single-strand gaps.", "content": "In direct binding assays, purified lambdaind+ repressor displayed high affinity for nonoperator DNA containing single-strand gaps. Its affinity for this same DNA but completely double-stranded, nicked, or denatured was considerably lower. In contrast, purified lambdaind- repressor had 1/10th the affinity for the gapped DNA, a level comparable to that of purified lac repressor. In the presence of limiting amounts of ind+ repressor, nonoperator DNA containing gaps could be shown to compete effectively with lambda DNA for binding of repressor. A previous model of lambda induction [Sussman, R. & Ben-Zeev, H. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1973--1976], based on the assumption that this phenomenon involves the binding of repressor to lesions in the host DNA, is reevaluated in the light of the data reported here.", "contents": "Interaction of bacteriophage lambda repressor with nonoperator DNA containing single-strand gaps. In direct binding assays, purified lambdaind+ repressor displayed high affinity for nonoperator DNA containing single-strand gaps. Its affinity for this same DNA but completely double-stranded, nicked, or denatured was considerably lower. In contrast, purified lambdaind- repressor had 1/10th the affinity for the gapped DNA, a level comparable to that of purified lac repressor. In the presence of limiting amounts of ind+ repressor, nonoperator DNA containing gaps could be shown to compete effectively with lambda DNA for binding of repressor. A previous model of lambda induction [Sussman, R. & Ben-Zeev, H. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1973--1976], based on the assumption that this phenomenon involves the binding of repressor to lesions in the host DNA, is reevaluated in the light of the data reported here."}
{"id": "PMID:282605", "title": "Properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in heart cell cultures.", "content": "The binding of acetylcholine to receptors in the intact heart causes a decrease in the frequency (chronotropic effect) and force (ionotropic effect) of contraction. The studies reported here demonstrate a chronotropic response of cultured embryonic chicken heart cells to the muscarinic agonist carbamoylcholine. This response is markedly decreased after a 3-hr incubation with 0.1 mM carbamoylcholine. In order to determine whether agonist-induced alterations in muscarinic receptors were responsible for this decrease, we studied the effects of incubation with carbamoylcholine on the binding of the (3)H-labeled muscarinic antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) to homogenates of heart cell cultures. [(3)H]QNB binding to homogenates of cultures of embryonic hearts of chicks 9 days in ovo was characterized and shown to have properties similar to those of muscarinic receptors in intact hearts. Binding was both specific and saturable. [(3)H]QNB was displaced by muscarinic agonists and antagonists in concentrations consistent with their known potency. Binding was poorly inhibited by the nicotinic antagonist D-tubocurarine. Kinetic analysis of the binding of QNB by muscarinic receptors showed that initially the reaction proceeds by formation of a rapidly reversible complex with a K(d) of 1.8 nM, which is converted to a slowly reversible form. These properties of muscarinic receptors in heart cell cultures are strikingly similar to those observed in homogenates of intact hearts. Homogenates of heart cell cultures bound 84 +/- 6 fmol (mean +/- SD) of QNB per mg of protein. The number of receptors remained stable from day 4 to day 8 in culture. Incubation of cultures with 0.1 mM carbamoylcholine for 3 hr decreased QNB binding by 55%, to 38 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein. When cell cultures were first homogenized and then incubated with carbamoylcholine, no decrease in QNB binding sites could be detected. Thus, incubation with carbamoylcholine causes loss of muscarinic binding sites as well as decreased physiologic responsiveness to muscarinic agonists.", "contents": "Properties of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in heart cell cultures. The binding of acetylcholine to receptors in the intact heart causes a decrease in the frequency (chronotropic effect) and force (ionotropic effect) of contraction. The studies reported here demonstrate a chronotropic response of cultured embryonic chicken heart cells to the muscarinic agonist carbamoylcholine. This response is markedly decreased after a 3-hr incubation with 0.1 mM carbamoylcholine. In order to determine whether agonist-induced alterations in muscarinic receptors were responsible for this decrease, we studied the effects of incubation with carbamoylcholine on the binding of the (3)H-labeled muscarinic antagonist quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) to homogenates of heart cell cultures. [(3)H]QNB binding to homogenates of cultures of embryonic hearts of chicks 9 days in ovo was characterized and shown to have properties similar to those of muscarinic receptors in intact hearts. Binding was both specific and saturable. [(3)H]QNB was displaced by muscarinic agonists and antagonists in concentrations consistent with their known potency. Binding was poorly inhibited by the nicotinic antagonist D-tubocurarine. Kinetic analysis of the binding of QNB by muscarinic receptors showed that initially the reaction proceeds by formation of a rapidly reversible complex with a K(d) of 1.8 nM, which is converted to a slowly reversible form. These properties of muscarinic receptors in heart cell cultures are strikingly similar to those observed in homogenates of intact hearts. Homogenates of heart cell cultures bound 84 +/- 6 fmol (mean +/- SD) of QNB per mg of protein. The number of receptors remained stable from day 4 to day 8 in culture. Incubation of cultures with 0.1 mM carbamoylcholine for 3 hr decreased QNB binding by 55%, to 38 +/- 5 fmol/mg protein. When cell cultures were first homogenized and then incubated with carbamoylcholine, no decrease in QNB binding sites could be detected. Thus, incubation with carbamoylcholine causes loss of muscarinic binding sites as well as decreased physiologic responsiveness to muscarinic agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:282606", "title": "Change in quantity and size distribution of small circular DNAs during development of chicken bursa.", "content": "Small circular DNAs ranging in contour length from 0.06 to 3.5 micrometers have been isolated from bursas of 19-day chicken embryos and 4- to 5-week-old chickens. Small circular DNA is present in bursas of 19-day embryos at approximately 0.2 molecules per cell and is very heterogeneous, lacking distinct size classes; most molecules have contour lengths of less than 0.04 micrometers. In contrast, small circular DNA is present in bursas of 4- to 5-week old chickens at about 4 molecules per cell, and although this DNA is still heterogeneous, it contains a major distinct class of molecules 0.8 micrometers in size. These small circular DNAs may be products of developmental gene rearrangements occurring in the chromosomal DNA of lymphocytes in the bursa.", "contents": "Change in quantity and size distribution of small circular DNAs during development of chicken bursa. Small circular DNAs ranging in contour length from 0.06 to 3.5 micrometers have been isolated from bursas of 19-day chicken embryos and 4- to 5-week-old chickens. Small circular DNA is present in bursas of 19-day embryos at approximately 0.2 molecules per cell and is very heterogeneous, lacking distinct size classes; most molecules have contour lengths of less than 0.04 micrometers. In contrast, small circular DNA is present in bursas of 4- to 5-week old chickens at about 4 molecules per cell, and although this DNA is still heterogeneous, it contains a major distinct class of molecules 0.8 micrometers in size. These small circular DNAs may be products of developmental gene rearrangements occurring in the chromosomal DNA of lymphocytes in the bursa."}
{"id": "PMID:282607", "title": "Evidence that fibronectin is the collagen receptor on platelet membranes.", "content": "Evidence is presented that fibronectin is present on the platelet cell membrane and that it is a receptor for collagen in the platelet-collagen interaction. First, sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on the proteins remaining attached to the surface of collagen after the removal of the remainder of the platelet by sonication. The material was relatively enriched in a glycoprotein that comigrated with cold-insoluble globulin (CIG), a form of fibronectin, and in other proteins which comigrated with myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. The presumptive presence of contractile proteins is consistent with the presence of microfibrillar proteins. Second, the collagen-attached material was shown to contain a protein that reacted with anti-CIG serum by immunoelectrophoresis. Third, when CIG was preincubated with fibrous collagen, the platelet-collagen interaction was inhibited. Fourth, rabbit anti-human CIG stimulated human platelets to secrete the contents of their dense granules. The stimulation was not due to antibody complexes present in the solution. Fifth, a protein was extracted from well-washed platelets and purified on affinity columns of anti-CIG antibodies. The isolated protein was found to bind to fibrous collagen.", "contents": "Evidence that fibronectin is the collagen receptor on platelet membranes. Evidence is presented that fibronectin is present on the platelet cell membrane and that it is a receptor for collagen in the platelet-collagen interaction. First, sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on the proteins remaining attached to the surface of collagen after the removal of the remainder of the platelet by sonication. The material was relatively enriched in a glycoprotein that comigrated with cold-insoluble globulin (CIG), a form of fibronectin, and in other proteins which comigrated with myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. The presumptive presence of contractile proteins is consistent with the presence of microfibrillar proteins. Second, the collagen-attached material was shown to contain a protein that reacted with anti-CIG serum by immunoelectrophoresis. Third, when CIG was preincubated with fibrous collagen, the platelet-collagen interaction was inhibited. Fourth, rabbit anti-human CIG stimulated human platelets to secrete the contents of their dense granules. The stimulation was not due to antibody complexes present in the solution. Fifth, a protein was extracted from well-washed platelets and purified on affinity columns of anti-CIG antibodies. The isolated protein was found to bind to fibrous collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:282608", "title": "Correlation of albumin production rates and albumin mRNA levels in livers of normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats.", "content": "We have studied the effects of alloxan-induced diabetes and subsequent insulin replacement on albumin and total hepatic protein synthesis. Diabetes resulted in a reduction to approximately 20% of normal in albumin synthesis relative to the rate of total protein synthesis in vivo and a reduction to 10% in the absolute rate of albumin secretion by perfused livers. In contrast, the synthesis of total secretory protein and retained hepatic protein was affected to a lesser extent by diabetes. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin restored rates of albumin and total hepatic protein synthesis to normal levels. The molecular basis of these alterations in albumin synthesis was investigated by examining albumin mRNA levels in livers of normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic animals. The level of albumin mRNA, whether assayed by cell-free translation or by hybridization to a specific complementary DNA probe, was markedly decreased in livers of diabetic animals and was restored to normal by insulin treatment. These changes occurred in parallel with changes in the rates of albumin secretion observed in perfused liver, suggesting that albumin mRNA content is the primary factor responsible for altering rates of albumin synthesis under these conditions.", "contents": "Correlation of albumin production rates and albumin mRNA levels in livers of normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. We have studied the effects of alloxan-induced diabetes and subsequent insulin replacement on albumin and total hepatic protein synthesis. Diabetes resulted in a reduction to approximately 20% of normal in albumin synthesis relative to the rate of total protein synthesis in vivo and a reduction to 10% in the absolute rate of albumin secretion by perfused livers. In contrast, the synthesis of total secretory protein and retained hepatic protein was affected to a lesser extent by diabetes. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin restored rates of albumin and total hepatic protein synthesis to normal levels. The molecular basis of these alterations in albumin synthesis was investigated by examining albumin mRNA levels in livers of normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic animals. The level of albumin mRNA, whether assayed by cell-free translation or by hybridization to a specific complementary DNA probe, was markedly decreased in livers of diabetic animals and was restored to normal by insulin treatment. These changes occurred in parallel with changes in the rates of albumin secretion observed in perfused liver, suggesting that albumin mRNA content is the primary factor responsible for altering rates of albumin synthesis under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:282609", "title": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep: only the gamma gene is in the active conformation in fetal liver but all the beta and gamma genes are in the active conformation in bone marrow.", "content": "Differential expression of the closely linked gamma, beta(A) (or beta(B)), and beta(C) globin genes in sheep results in the production of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F, alpha(2)gamma(2)) during gestation and the adult hemoglobins (Hb A, alpha(2)beta(2) (A), and Hb B, alpha(2)beta(2) (B)) after birth. Erythropoietic stress in certain animals leads to production of Hb C (alpha(2)beta(2) (C)). The molecular mechanism of differential expression of these genes in nuclei of fetal and adult erythroid cells has been investigated by analysis of their susceptibility to digestion by DNase I (genes that are in the conformation associated with active transcription are sensitive to this nuclease). The concentration of globin gene sequences in DNA from control and DNase I-digested nuclei was determined by annealing to synthetic DNAs and analogous cDNA probes derived from recombinant plasmids containing one of the sheep globin genes. In nuclei from sheep fetal liver erythroid cells, the gamma genes but not the beta genes were digested by DNase I; the gamma locus was open but the beta(A) or beta(C) loci was closed, consistent with synthesis of only Hb F by these cells. DNase I digestion of nuclei from bone marrow of anemic sheep making only Hb C or Hb B resulted in equivalent digestion of the beta and gamma gene sequences, although gamma mRNA was not detected in these cells. Digestion by DNase I did not decrease the globin gene sequence concentration in residual DNA of spleen nuclei. As a further control, DNA from digested bone marrow and spleen nuclei were shown to anneal equally well to a cDNA prepared from liver polysomal mRNA. Differential expression of the gamma and beta globin genes in sheep fetal erythroid cell appears to be based on differences in chromatin structure. The gamma globin gene remains in the active conformation in adult erythroid cells; failure of gamma mRNA to accumulate in these cells probably reflects transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation.", "contents": "Hemoglobin switching in sheep: only the gamma gene is in the active conformation in fetal liver but all the beta and gamma genes are in the active conformation in bone marrow. Differential expression of the closely linked gamma, beta(A) (or beta(B)), and beta(C) globin genes in sheep results in the production of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F, alpha(2)gamma(2)) during gestation and the adult hemoglobins (Hb A, alpha(2)beta(2) (A), and Hb B, alpha(2)beta(2) (B)) after birth. Erythropoietic stress in certain animals leads to production of Hb C (alpha(2)beta(2) (C)). The molecular mechanism of differential expression of these genes in nuclei of fetal and adult erythroid cells has been investigated by analysis of their susceptibility to digestion by DNase I (genes that are in the conformation associated with active transcription are sensitive to this nuclease). The concentration of globin gene sequences in DNA from control and DNase I-digested nuclei was determined by annealing to synthetic DNAs and analogous cDNA probes derived from recombinant plasmids containing one of the sheep globin genes. In nuclei from sheep fetal liver erythroid cells, the gamma genes but not the beta genes were digested by DNase I; the gamma locus was open but the beta(A) or beta(C) loci was closed, consistent with synthesis of only Hb F by these cells. DNase I digestion of nuclei from bone marrow of anemic sheep making only Hb C or Hb B resulted in equivalent digestion of the beta and gamma gene sequences, although gamma mRNA was not detected in these cells. Digestion by DNase I did not decrease the globin gene sequence concentration in residual DNA of spleen nuclei. As a further control, DNA from digested bone marrow and spleen nuclei were shown to anneal equally well to a cDNA prepared from liver polysomal mRNA. Differential expression of the gamma and beta globin genes in sheep fetal erythroid cell appears to be based on differences in chromatin structure. The gamma globin gene remains in the active conformation in adult erythroid cells; failure of gamma mRNA to accumulate in these cells probably reflects transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:282610", "title": "Bovine protein C: amino acid sequence of the light chain.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the light chain of bovine protein C was determined by sequenator analysis of the carboxymethylated light chain and fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide treatment, tryptic digestion after blocking of lysine residues, and cleavage with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole). The sequence was (in the standard one-letter code) A-N-S-F-L-X-X-L-R-P-G-N-V-X-R-X-C-S-X-X-V-C-X-F-X-X-A-R-X-I-F-Q-N-T-X-D-T-M-A-F-W-S-K-Y-S-D-G-D-Q-C-E-D-R-P-S-G-S-P-C-D-L-P-C-C-G-R-G-K-C-I-H-G-L-G-G-F-R-C-D-C-A-E-G-W-E-G-R-F-C-L-H-E-V-R-F-S-N-C-S-A-E-B-G-G-C-A-H-Y-C-M-E-E-E-G-R-R-H-C-S-C-A-P-G-Y-R-L-E-D-D-H-Q-L-C-V-S-K-V-T-F-P-C-G-R-L-G-K-R-M-E-K-K-R-K-T-L. The first eleven glutamic acid residues were carboxylated to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (X). The NH2-terminal, vitamin K-dependent part showed an extensive homology to both prothrombin and factor X, whereas the rest of the chain showed a strong homology to factor X but little similarity to prothrombin.", "contents": "Bovine protein C: amino acid sequence of the light chain. The amino acid sequence of the light chain of bovine protein C was determined by sequenator analysis of the carboxymethylated light chain and fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide treatment, tryptic digestion after blocking of lysine residues, and cleavage with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine (BNPS-skatole). The sequence was (in the standard one-letter code) A-N-S-F-L-X-X-L-R-P-G-N-V-X-R-X-C-S-X-X-V-C-X-F-X-X-A-R-X-I-F-Q-N-T-X-D-T-M-A-F-W-S-K-Y-S-D-G-D-Q-C-E-D-R-P-S-G-S-P-C-D-L-P-C-C-G-R-G-K-C-I-H-G-L-G-G-F-R-C-D-C-A-E-G-W-E-G-R-F-C-L-H-E-V-R-F-S-N-C-S-A-E-B-G-G-C-A-H-Y-C-M-E-E-E-G-R-R-H-C-S-C-A-P-G-Y-R-L-E-D-D-H-Q-L-C-V-S-K-V-T-F-P-C-G-R-L-G-K-R-M-E-K-K-R-K-T-L. The first eleven glutamic acid residues were carboxylated to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (X). The NH2-terminal, vitamin K-dependent part showed an extensive homology to both prothrombin and factor X, whereas the rest of the chain showed a strong homology to factor X but little similarity to prothrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:282611", "title": "Interferon action: two distinct pathways for inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA.", "content": "Double-stranded RNA inhibits protein synthesis in at least two ways. It activates a protein kinase that blocks peptide chain initiation by phosphorylating the peptide chain initiation factor eIF-2 and also activates an endonuclease that inactivates different mRNAs at different rates. The protein kinase and the endonuclease have been partially purified from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The 2',5'-oligoadenylates [pppA(2'p5'A)n], found found earlier to be mediators in the activation of the endonuclease by double-stranded RNA, are not mediators in the activation of the protein kinase by double-stranded RNA.", "contents": "Interferon action: two distinct pathways for inhibition of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA. Double-stranded RNA inhibits protein synthesis in at least two ways. It activates a protein kinase that blocks peptide chain initiation by phosphorylating the peptide chain initiation factor eIF-2 and also activates an endonuclease that inactivates different mRNAs at different rates. The protein kinase and the endonuclease have been partially purified from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The 2',5'-oligoadenylates [pppA(2'p5'A)n], found found earlier to be mediators in the activation of the endonuclease by double-stranded RNA, are not mediators in the activation of the protein kinase by double-stranded RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:282612", "title": "Altered nucleosome spacing in newly replicated chromatin from Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "Chromatin from Friend leukemia cells labeled with [14C]thymidine for 24 hr followed by [3H]thymidine for 10 min is converted into nucleosomes by staphylococcal nuclease at only half the rate that total chromatin is converted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nucleosomal DNA from cells labeled for 24 hr with [14C]thymidine followed by 10 min with [3H]thymidine demonstrates that the internucleosomal spacer of newly replicated chromatin is approximately 20 base pairs shorter than that of total chromatin. The implications of this difference for models of chromatin structure are discussed.", "contents": "Altered nucleosome spacing in newly replicated chromatin from Friend leukemia cells. Chromatin from Friend leukemia cells labeled with [14C]thymidine for 24 hr followed by [3H]thymidine for 10 min is converted into nucleosomes by staphylococcal nuclease at only half the rate that total chromatin is converted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of nucleosomal DNA from cells labeled for 24 hr with [14C]thymidine followed by 10 min with [3H]thymidine demonstrates that the internucleosomal spacer of newly replicated chromatin is approximately 20 base pairs shorter than that of total chromatin. The implications of this difference for models of chromatin structure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282613", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a tumor cell surface antigen from spontaneously transformed BALB/c mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "This work describes the detection, isolation, and partial characterization of a BALB/c mouse fibroblast cell surface antigen. This antigen migrates as a polypeptide of approximately 100,000 daltons in a discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system, can be labeled by either lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface 125I iodination or metabolic incorporation of [3H]glucosamine, and can be isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. This cell surface glycoprotein is antigenic in BALB/c mice and has been correlated with the rejection of immunogenic tumor cells. Also, antiserum specific for Moloney leukemia virus precipitates the 100,000-dalton cell surface protein from viral and immunogenic spontaneous transformants. This virus-related antigen comigrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels with the major iodinated cell surface protein of these transformants. Rabbit antiserum to the purified antigen demonstrates a marked preference for the surfaces of immunogenic tumor cells as compared with normal cells and nonimmunogenic tumor cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a tumor cell surface antigen from spontaneously transformed BALB/c mouse fibroblasts. This work describes the detection, isolation, and partial characterization of a BALB/c mouse fibroblast cell surface antigen. This antigen migrates as a polypeptide of approximately 100,000 daltons in a discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system, can be labeled by either lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface 125I iodination or metabolic incorporation of [3H]glucosamine, and can be isolated by concanavalin A affinity chromatography. This cell surface glycoprotein is antigenic in BALB/c mice and has been correlated with the rejection of immunogenic tumor cells. Also, antiserum specific for Moloney leukemia virus precipitates the 100,000-dalton cell surface protein from viral and immunogenic spontaneous transformants. This virus-related antigen comigrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels with the major iodinated cell surface protein of these transformants. Rabbit antiserum to the purified antigen demonstrates a marked preference for the surfaces of immunogenic tumor cells as compared with normal cells and nonimmunogenic tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:282614", "title": "Initiation of HeLa cell DNA synthesis in a subnuclear system.", "content": "Mammalian cells are known to synthesize DNA in discrete stages, the first of which seems to be the formation of DNA pieces 150--200 nucleotides in length that have a s20 value of about 4 S. We have reconstructed a system derived from HeLa cell nuclei that carries out RNA-primed initiation of the synthesis of small (4S) DNA fragments. This synthesis is resistant to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin and sensitive to antibody directed against RNA polymerase I, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved in the initiation step. The formation of small DNA fragments in this system also requires DNA polymerase alpha, heat-labile nuclear factor(s), and at least one other nuclear protein.", "contents": "Initiation of HeLa cell DNA synthesis in a subnuclear system. Mammalian cells are known to synthesize DNA in discrete stages, the first of which seems to be the formation of DNA pieces 150--200 nucleotides in length that have a s20 value of about 4 S. We have reconstructed a system derived from HeLa cell nuclei that carries out RNA-primed initiation of the synthesis of small (4S) DNA fragments. This synthesis is resistant to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin and sensitive to antibody directed against RNA polymerase I, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved in the initiation step. The formation of small DNA fragments in this system also requires DNA polymerase alpha, heat-labile nuclear factor(s), and at least one other nuclear protein."}
{"id": "PMID:282615", "title": "Estrogen control of prolactin synthesis in vitro.", "content": "Primary cultures of rat pituitary cells respond to estradiol-17beta by increased incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into prolactin but not into the bulk of other cellular proteins. The rate of increase in prolactin synthesis is dose dependent, reaching maximal levels in the physiological range of estradiol. At a concentration of 1 nM, estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and estriol are stimulatory whereas androgens, progesterone, and corticosterone are without significant effect. Exposure of pituitary cells to 10 nM estradiol resulted in a 500% increase in prolactin synthesis after 7 days of culture. The results indicate that estradiol can stimulate prolactin synthesis through direct action on the pituitary.", "contents": "Estrogen control of prolactin synthesis in vitro. Primary cultures of rat pituitary cells respond to estradiol-17beta by increased incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into prolactin but not into the bulk of other cellular proteins. The rate of increase in prolactin synthesis is dose dependent, reaching maximal levels in the physiological range of estradiol. At a concentration of 1 nM, estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and estriol are stimulatory whereas androgens, progesterone, and corticosterone are without significant effect. Exposure of pituitary cells to 10 nM estradiol resulted in a 500% increase in prolactin synthesis after 7 days of culture. The results indicate that estradiol can stimulate prolactin synthesis through direct action on the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:282616", "title": "The duplicated human alpha globin genes lie close together in cellular DNA.", "content": "The organization of alpha globin genes in normal human DNA was examined by restriction endonuclease mapping, alpha globin-specific fragments in endonuclease digests of total cell DNA were identified after electrophoresis by hybridization with [32P]cDNA following the blotting procedure of Southern [(1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 503--517]. The data provide direct evidence for the duplication of alpha genes and further indicate that these loci are closely linked within a single restriction fragment. The HindIII sites (codons 90/91) of these duplicated genes lie approximately 3.7 kilobases apart in the physical map proposed for this region. This organization of alpha genes can be altered in DNA of individuals with alpha-thalassemia.", "contents": "The duplicated human alpha globin genes lie close together in cellular DNA. The organization of alpha globin genes in normal human DNA was examined by restriction endonuclease mapping, alpha globin-specific fragments in endonuclease digests of total cell DNA were identified after electrophoresis by hybridization with [32P]cDNA following the blotting procedure of Southern [(1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 503--517]. The data provide direct evidence for the duplication of alpha genes and further indicate that these loci are closely linked within a single restriction fragment. The HindIII sites (codons 90/91) of these duplicated genes lie approximately 3.7 kilobases apart in the physical map proposed for this region. This organization of alpha genes can be altered in DNA of individuals with alpha-thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:282617", "title": "Rapid conformational changes of cytochrome P-450: effect of dimyristoyl lecithin.", "content": "Binding of benzphetamine to purified microsomal cytochrome P-450 from rat liver causes a shift in the heme spin state of the protein to favor the high-spin form. This shift is strongly temperature dependent. A rapid temperature jump of a cytochrome P-450/epsilon benzphetamine mixture, monitored by changes in the Soret absorptions of the heme, reveals two relaxation processes: one in a 50-msec time range (tau(f)) and the other in a 0.3-sec time range (tau(s)). Both relaxations reflect conformational changes of the protein after the substrate binding. No bimolecular reaction of benzphetamine and the enzyme has been resolved. This indicates that there is no absorption change of the heme associated with the initial binding. In the presence of dimyristoyl lecithin, at 25 degrees C tau(f) decreases by nearly one order of magnitude whereas tau(s) decreases to one-third. The enhancement of rates by added phospholipid is both temperature- and concentration-dependent: rates are accelerated only above the gel-liquid crystalline transition temperature, and this effect saturates near the enzyme/lipid ratio of 1:20. In contrast, the lipid does not have significant effect on the equilibrium binding curve of the substrate. These results suggest that the lipid may form an envelope around the enzyme and, depending on its crystalline state, regulates the rate of the substrate-induced conformational changes of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Rapid conformational changes of cytochrome P-450: effect of dimyristoyl lecithin. Binding of benzphetamine to purified microsomal cytochrome P-450 from rat liver causes a shift in the heme spin state of the protein to favor the high-spin form. This shift is strongly temperature dependent. A rapid temperature jump of a cytochrome P-450/epsilon benzphetamine mixture, monitored by changes in the Soret absorptions of the heme, reveals two relaxation processes: one in a 50-msec time range (tau(f)) and the other in a 0.3-sec time range (tau(s)). Both relaxations reflect conformational changes of the protein after the substrate binding. No bimolecular reaction of benzphetamine and the enzyme has been resolved. This indicates that there is no absorption change of the heme associated with the initial binding. In the presence of dimyristoyl lecithin, at 25 degrees C tau(f) decreases by nearly one order of magnitude whereas tau(s) decreases to one-third. The enhancement of rates by added phospholipid is both temperature- and concentration-dependent: rates are accelerated only above the gel-liquid crystalline transition temperature, and this effect saturates near the enzyme/lipid ratio of 1:20. In contrast, the lipid does not have significant effect on the equilibrium binding curve of the substrate. These results suggest that the lipid may form an envelope around the enzyme and, depending on its crystalline state, regulates the rate of the substrate-induced conformational changes of cytochrome P-450."}
{"id": "PMID:282618", "title": "Protein factor that inhibits binding and promotes release of androgen-receptor complex from nuclear chromatin.", "content": "A protein factor that can inhibit binding of the androgen-receptor complex to the nuclear chromatin has been isolated from the cytosol of the ventral prostate of rats. The inhibition is reversible and not caused by an irreversible destruction of the receptor or the chromatin. The inhibitor also can promote, by a temperature-dependent process, the release of steroid-receptor complex already bound to chromatin. It is conceivable that such a protein factor plays a regulatory role in the nuclear-cytoplasmic recycling or chromatin binding of the steroid hormone receptor.", "contents": "Protein factor that inhibits binding and promotes release of androgen-receptor complex from nuclear chromatin. A protein factor that can inhibit binding of the androgen-receptor complex to the nuclear chromatin has been isolated from the cytosol of the ventral prostate of rats. The inhibition is reversible and not caused by an irreversible destruction of the receptor or the chromatin. The inhibitor also can promote, by a temperature-dependent process, the release of steroid-receptor complex already bound to chromatin. It is conceivable that such a protein factor plays a regulatory role in the nuclear-cytoplasmic recycling or chromatin binding of the steroid hormone receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:282619", "title": "Decrease in functional albumin mRNA during estrogen-induced vitellogenin biosynthesis in avian liver.", "content": "Translation of rooster liver RNA in a wheat germ extract is shown to yield albumin as one of the cell-free products. Quantitation of albumin mRNA by the translation assay indicates that functional albumin mRNA represents 10% of total liver mRNA activity in control roosters. After estrogen administration, this level decreases in a continuous fashion until functional albumin mRNA represents 5% of total mRNA activity at 12 days. This decrease in functional albumin mRNA was correlated with several parameters of vitellogenin induction. Functional vitellogenin mRNA increases to a maximum at 4 days after hormone treatment and returns to control levels by 12 days. A similar pattern is seen for the hormone-stimulated increase in total mRNA activity. The decrease in functional albumin mRNA, therefore, persists after the vitellogenic response of the liver has been completed. These results suggest that the decrease in hepatic albumin synthesis after hormone treatment is due to an estrogen-mediated decrease in the content of albumin mRNA.", "contents": "Decrease in functional albumin mRNA during estrogen-induced vitellogenin biosynthesis in avian liver. Translation of rooster liver RNA in a wheat germ extract is shown to yield albumin as one of the cell-free products. Quantitation of albumin mRNA by the translation assay indicates that functional albumin mRNA represents 10% of total liver mRNA activity in control roosters. After estrogen administration, this level decreases in a continuous fashion until functional albumin mRNA represents 5% of total mRNA activity at 12 days. This decrease in functional albumin mRNA was correlated with several parameters of vitellogenin induction. Functional vitellogenin mRNA increases to a maximum at 4 days after hormone treatment and returns to control levels by 12 days. A similar pattern is seen for the hormone-stimulated increase in total mRNA activity. The decrease in functional albumin mRNA, therefore, persists after the vitellogenic response of the liver has been completed. These results suggest that the decrease in hepatic albumin synthesis after hormone treatment is due to an estrogen-mediated decrease in the content of albumin mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:282620", "title": "Phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro of human histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A and HLA-B) in the carboxy-terminal intracellular domain.", "content": "HLA-A and -B antigens are phosphorylated in transformed lymphoblastoid cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, both incubated with 32Pi. The phosphate group is attached to HLA-A and -B heavy chain (p44) as identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-beta2-microglobulin IgG, sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and susceptibility to limited proteolysis by papain and trypsin. The site(s) of phosphorylation is identified as a serine residue(s) located in the hydrophilic carboxy terminus of the p44 chain. HLA antigens are also phosphorylated in isolated membranes from transformed lymphoblastoid cells that are incubated with [gamma32P]ATP. The phosphorylation of the carboxy terminus of HLA-A and -B antigens in vivo is good evidence that this portion of the molecule is intracellular. Furthermore, this modification suggests a general way in which interactions between membrane proteins and cytoskeletal elements may be regulated.", "contents": "Phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro of human histocompatibility antigens (HLA-A and HLA-B) in the carboxy-terminal intracellular domain. HLA-A and -B antigens are phosphorylated in transformed lymphoblastoid cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, both incubated with 32Pi. The phosphate group is attached to HLA-A and -B heavy chain (p44) as identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-beta2-microglobulin IgG, sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and susceptibility to limited proteolysis by papain and trypsin. The site(s) of phosphorylation is identified as a serine residue(s) located in the hydrophilic carboxy terminus of the p44 chain. HLA antigens are also phosphorylated in isolated membranes from transformed lymphoblastoid cells that are incubated with [gamma32P]ATP. The phosphorylation of the carboxy terminus of HLA-A and -B antigens in vivo is good evidence that this portion of the molecule is intracellular. Furthermore, this modification suggests a general way in which interactions between membrane proteins and cytoskeletal elements may be regulated."}
{"id": "PMID:282621", "title": "Translation of mRNA from calf thymus in the wheat germ system: evidence for a precursor of thymosin alpha1.", "content": "When translated in the wheat germ system, mRNA from fresh calf thymus stimulates incorporation of radioactive amino acids into an acid-insoluble product, and 10--20% of the total radioactivity incorporated is precipitated with antisera to active thymosin fractions. In sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, radioactivity was recovered mainly in two peptides, corresponding to 16,000 and 11,000 daltons; the latter probably represents incomplete chains. Tryptic digests of each of these peptides yielded fragments corresponding to the sequence of residues 15--19 of thymosin alpha1; these peptides were characterized by cochromatography with digests of synthetic thymosin alpha1 and by Edman degradation. Thus, the 16,000-dalton peptide synthesized in the cell-free system appears to be q precursor of thymosin alpha1 and possibly of other peptides in the fractions isolated from calf thymus. The results support the conclusion that this peptide is synthesized in the thymus gland.", "contents": "Translation of mRNA from calf thymus in the wheat germ system: evidence for a precursor of thymosin alpha1. When translated in the wheat germ system, mRNA from fresh calf thymus stimulates incorporation of radioactive amino acids into an acid-insoluble product, and 10--20% of the total radioactivity incorporated is precipitated with antisera to active thymosin fractions. In sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis, radioactivity was recovered mainly in two peptides, corresponding to 16,000 and 11,000 daltons; the latter probably represents incomplete chains. Tryptic digests of each of these peptides yielded fragments corresponding to the sequence of residues 15--19 of thymosin alpha1; these peptides were characterized by cochromatography with digests of synthetic thymosin alpha1 and by Edman degradation. Thus, the 16,000-dalton peptide synthesized in the cell-free system appears to be q precursor of thymosin alpha1 and possibly of other peptides in the fractions isolated from calf thymus. The results support the conclusion that this peptide is synthesized in the thymus gland."}
{"id": "PMID:282622", "title": "Repair of O6-methylguanine in adapted Escherichia coli.", "content": "Cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of simple alkylating agents develop resistance to their mutagenic effects. This results from the induction of a system that we have called the adaptive response. During exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), Escherichia coli cells induced for the adaptive response accumulate substantially less O6-methylguanine in their DNA than control cells. If O6-methylguanine does form, adapted cells possess a repair system for removing it from their DNA. The capacity of this system is limited and the system ceases to function when too much alkylation has occurred. From this point onwards O6-methylguanine starts to accumulate, and the cells begin to develop mutations at a rate directly proportional to their rate of O6-methylguanine accumulation. Our data support the idea that the O6 methylation of guanine accounts for most MNNG-induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "Repair of O6-methylguanine in adapted Escherichia coli. Cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of simple alkylating agents develop resistance to their mutagenic effects. This results from the induction of a system that we have called the adaptive response. During exposure to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), Escherichia coli cells induced for the adaptive response accumulate substantially less O6-methylguanine in their DNA than control cells. If O6-methylguanine does form, adapted cells possess a repair system for removing it from their DNA. The capacity of this system is limited and the system ceases to function when too much alkylation has occurred. From this point onwards O6-methylguanine starts to accumulate, and the cells begin to develop mutations at a rate directly proportional to their rate of O6-methylguanine accumulation. Our data support the idea that the O6 methylation of guanine accounts for most MNNG-induced mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:282623", "title": "G2 phase-specific proteins of HeLa cells.", "content": "The objective of this study was to determine if HeLa cells irreversibly arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle by a brief exposure to a nitrosourea compound were deficient in certain proteins when compared with G2-synchronized cells. Total cellular proteins of G2-synchronized, G2-arrested, and S phase-synchronized cells were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The S phase cells differed from the G2-synchronized and G2-arrested cells by the absence of about 35 and 25 protein spots, respectively, of a total of nearly 150. At least nine protein spots in the molecular weight range of 4--5 X 10(4) that were present in the G2-synchronized cells were absent in both the G2-arrested and the S phase cells. Thus, these studies suggest that the missing proteins are probably necessary for the transition of cells from G2 phase to mitosis. Supplying the missing proteins to the G2-arrested cells by fusion with G2-synchronized cells facilitated the entry of the former into mitosis.", "contents": "G2 phase-specific proteins of HeLa cells. The objective of this study was to determine if HeLa cells irreversibly arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle by a brief exposure to a nitrosourea compound were deficient in certain proteins when compared with G2-synchronized cells. Total cellular proteins of G2-synchronized, G2-arrested, and S phase-synchronized cells were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The S phase cells differed from the G2-synchronized and G2-arrested cells by the absence of about 35 and 25 protein spots, respectively, of a total of nearly 150. At least nine protein spots in the molecular weight range of 4--5 X 10(4) that were present in the G2-synchronized cells were absent in both the G2-arrested and the S phase cells. Thus, these studies suggest that the missing proteins are probably necessary for the transition of cells from G2 phase to mitosis. Supplying the missing proteins to the G2-arrested cells by fusion with G2-synchronized cells facilitated the entry of the former into mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282624", "title": "Loss of proliferative calcium dependence: simple in vitro indicator of tumorigenicity.", "content": "The proliferative activities of three lines of \"normal\" epithelioid rat liver cells and six tumorigenic liver cell lines in the presence of a wide range of calcium concentrations were measured by a simple colony forming assay. The proliferative activities of the normal cells and, to a lesser extent, of the cells of a marginally tumorigenic line were directly proportional to the extracellular calcium concentration. The proliferative activities of the cells of the strongly tumorigenic lines, on the other hand, were either uninfluenced by or inversely proportional to the extracellular calcium concentration. Thus, the proliferative response to the extracellular calcium concentration is a sensitive indicator of the carcinogenic potential of liver cells.", "contents": "Loss of proliferative calcium dependence: simple in vitro indicator of tumorigenicity. The proliferative activities of three lines of \"normal\" epithelioid rat liver cells and six tumorigenic liver cell lines in the presence of a wide range of calcium concentrations were measured by a simple colony forming assay. The proliferative activities of the normal cells and, to a lesser extent, of the cells of a marginally tumorigenic line were directly proportional to the extracellular calcium concentration. The proliferative activities of the cells of the strongly tumorigenic lines, on the other hand, were either uninfluenced by or inversely proportional to the extracellular calcium concentration. Thus, the proliferative response to the extracellular calcium concentration is a sensitive indicator of the carcinogenic potential of liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:282625", "title": "Autosomal locus regulates inverse relationship between sialic acid content and capacity of mouse erythrocytes to activate human alternative complement pathway.", "content": "The observation that mouse erythrocytes (E(m)) from 21 inbred strains had variable capabilities to activate the human alternative complement pathway permitted the demonstration that membrane sialic acid content was inversely related to activating capacity and was regulated by codominant alleles of a single autosomal locus. Linear regression analysis also demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between the sialic acid content of E(m) from four inbred strains and the concentration of beta1H required for decay-dissociation of the properdin-stabilized amplification convertase on the E(m). E(m) from F(1) hybrids derived from strains with high and low alternative pathway activating capacities and from their backcrosses exhibited the alternative pathway activating capacities expected if the activity were regulated by alleles of a single autosomal locus. That this same locus predominantly regulated the sialic acid content of E(m) was established by the significant inverse correlation between the sialic acid content and the alternative pathway activating capacity of E(m) from mice of the F(1) and backcross generations. Although the fluid phase interaction of C3, B, and [unk]D continuously generates C3b in a reaction augmented by properdin, it is the covalent attachment of C3b to bystander surfaces deficient in sialic acid that activates the alternative complement pathway at that site because of impaired binding of beta1H to C3b on such surfaces. Thus, discrimination between activating and nonactivating surfaces occurs after C3b deposition, and sialic acid deficiency represents the molecular basis for our earlier finding that activating particles circumvent the regulatory actions of the control proteins of the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Autosomal locus regulates inverse relationship between sialic acid content and capacity of mouse erythrocytes to activate human alternative complement pathway. The observation that mouse erythrocytes (E(m)) from 21 inbred strains had variable capabilities to activate the human alternative complement pathway permitted the demonstration that membrane sialic acid content was inversely related to activating capacity and was regulated by codominant alleles of a single autosomal locus. Linear regression analysis also demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between the sialic acid content of E(m) from four inbred strains and the concentration of beta1H required for decay-dissociation of the properdin-stabilized amplification convertase on the E(m). E(m) from F(1) hybrids derived from strains with high and low alternative pathway activating capacities and from their backcrosses exhibited the alternative pathway activating capacities expected if the activity were regulated by alleles of a single autosomal locus. That this same locus predominantly regulated the sialic acid content of E(m) was established by the significant inverse correlation between the sialic acid content and the alternative pathway activating capacity of E(m) from mice of the F(1) and backcross generations. Although the fluid phase interaction of C3, B, and [unk]D continuously generates C3b in a reaction augmented by properdin, it is the covalent attachment of C3b to bystander surfaces deficient in sialic acid that activates the alternative complement pathway at that site because of impaired binding of beta1H to C3b on such surfaces. Thus, discrimination between activating and nonactivating surfaces occurs after C3b deposition, and sialic acid deficiency represents the molecular basis for our earlier finding that activating particles circumvent the regulatory actions of the control proteins of the alternative pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:282626", "title": "Actinomycin D inhibits initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells.", "content": "Mammalian (Chinese hamster ovary) cells were synchronized in the division cycle and blocked at the beginning of S phase with fluorodeoxyuridine. Traces of thymidine in the medium allowed cells to enter S phase and initiate DNA replication at some origins. For many hours after the traces of thymidine were depleted new sites for DNA replication accumulated in a small fraction of the DNA. However, these potential origins became active in bidirectional replication only when cells were released by adding [3H]thymidine to the medium. Lysis at 37 degrees C released most of the pulse-labeled DNA as linear double-stranded segments larger than Okazaki fragments and smaller than the unreplicated parental DNA. Release of the newly replicated DNA involves breakage of the template chains at or near each fork. The size of the fragments increased linearly with time of pulse labeling, but the efficiency of their release decreased. The excision could be prevented by lysis at 0 degrees C. When cells were treated with actinomycin D for 3--5 min before release, the new origins failed to function, but chain growth continued from those sites at which initiation had taken place before depletion of thymidine. We interpret these results to indicate that initiation at origins requires an actinomycin D-sensitive step, presumably RNA transcription, while chain elongation, which involves the formation of Okazaki pieces, is relatively insensitive to actinomycin D during growth over long intervals.", "contents": "Actinomycin D inhibits initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells. Mammalian (Chinese hamster ovary) cells were synchronized in the division cycle and blocked at the beginning of S phase with fluorodeoxyuridine. Traces of thymidine in the medium allowed cells to enter S phase and initiate DNA replication at some origins. For many hours after the traces of thymidine were depleted new sites for DNA replication accumulated in a small fraction of the DNA. However, these potential origins became active in bidirectional replication only when cells were released by adding [3H]thymidine to the medium. Lysis at 37 degrees C released most of the pulse-labeled DNA as linear double-stranded segments larger than Okazaki fragments and smaller than the unreplicated parental DNA. Release of the newly replicated DNA involves breakage of the template chains at or near each fork. The size of the fragments increased linearly with time of pulse labeling, but the efficiency of their release decreased. The excision could be prevented by lysis at 0 degrees C. When cells were treated with actinomycin D for 3--5 min before release, the new origins failed to function, but chain growth continued from those sites at which initiation had taken place before depletion of thymidine. We interpret these results to indicate that initiation at origins requires an actinomycin D-sensitive step, presumably RNA transcription, while chain elongation, which involves the formation of Okazaki pieces, is relatively insensitive to actinomycin D during growth over long intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:282627", "title": "Ten-nanometer filaments of hamster BHK-21 cells and epidermal keratin filaments have similar structures.", "content": "The 10-nm filaments of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, when examined either in the form of native filament caps or polymerized in vitro, are long tubes of protein 8--10 nm in diameter. They contain about 42% alpha-helix, which, on the basis of x-ray diffraction data, is arranged in a coiled-coil conformation characteristic of proteins of the alpha type. The known structural properties such as morphology, dimensions, subunit composition, and ultrastructure of this fibrous protein are very similar to those of the mammalian epidermal keratin filament, to which it may therefore be related.", "contents": "Ten-nanometer filaments of hamster BHK-21 cells and epidermal keratin filaments have similar structures. The 10-nm filaments of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, when examined either in the form of native filament caps or polymerized in vitro, are long tubes of protein 8--10 nm in diameter. They contain about 42% alpha-helix, which, on the basis of x-ray diffraction data, is arranged in a coiled-coil conformation characteristic of proteins of the alpha type. The known structural properties such as morphology, dimensions, subunit composition, and ultrastructure of this fibrous protein are very similar to those of the mammalian epidermal keratin filament, to which it may therefore be related."}
{"id": "PMID:282628", "title": "Adipose conversion of 3T3 cells depends on a serum factor.", "content": "The adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A cells depends on an adipogenic factor in serum. In the presence of this factor, cells grown to confluence become spherical, greatly increase the activity of their lipogenic enzymes, and accumulate triglyceride. In the absence of the adipogenic factor, the cells grow normally, but when they reach confluence they do not become spherical, do not accumulate triglyceride, and do not undergo any increase in activity of lipogenic enzymes. In cattle there is a great deal more of the adipogenic factor in the serum before birth than in the serum of grown animals. The nature of the adipogenic factor suggests that it may play an important role in the development of adipose tissue.", "contents": "Adipose conversion of 3T3 cells depends on a serum factor. The adipose conversion of 3T3-F442A cells depends on an adipogenic factor in serum. In the presence of this factor, cells grown to confluence become spherical, greatly increase the activity of their lipogenic enzymes, and accumulate triglyceride. In the absence of the adipogenic factor, the cells grow normally, but when they reach confluence they do not become spherical, do not accumulate triglyceride, and do not undergo any increase in activity of lipogenic enzymes. In cattle there is a great deal more of the adipogenic factor in the serum before birth than in the serum of grown animals. The nature of the adipogenic factor suggests that it may play an important role in the development of adipose tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:282629", "title": "Control of DNA synthesis in growing BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells by a fibroblast growth regulatory factor.", "content": "A cell surface component from quiescent BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells that inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division when added to a culture of growing 3T3 cells has been detected. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by this factor was dependent on concentration and time of incubation; a transient exposure of cells to the factor followed by incubation in its absence for 20 hr was sufficient to elicit its inhibitory effect. The active component appears to be protein in nature, as judged by heat inactivation and trypsin sensitivity. Extracts obtained in an identical manner from quiescent 3T3 cells that had been preincubated in situ with uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) did not inhibit DNA synthesis. The effect was specific for UDP-GlcNAc: incubation with three other nucleotide sugars yielded active component. Incubation of the inactive component from UDP-GlcNAc-treated cells with purified N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in vitro restored its inhibitory property. Extracts from growing cells failed to inhibit DNA synthesis. These results suggest that reversible glycosylation with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues may serve as a regulatory signal for the conversion of the active factor to its inactive form. We propose that the onset of quiescence of 3T3 cells is due to a casual relationship between depletion of growth factors in the culture medium and the presence of the active regulatory factor on the cell surface that inhibits DNA synthesis; conversion of the regulatory factor to its inactive form under favorable nutritional status may be viewed as a switch that allows DNA synthesis to resume.", "contents": "Control of DNA synthesis in growing BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells by a fibroblast growth regulatory factor. A cell surface component from quiescent BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells that inhibits DNA synthesis and cell division when added to a culture of growing 3T3 cells has been detected. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by this factor was dependent on concentration and time of incubation; a transient exposure of cells to the factor followed by incubation in its absence for 20 hr was sufficient to elicit its inhibitory effect. The active component appears to be protein in nature, as judged by heat inactivation and trypsin sensitivity. Extracts obtained in an identical manner from quiescent 3T3 cells that had been preincubated in situ with uridine diphosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) did not inhibit DNA synthesis. The effect was specific for UDP-GlcNAc: incubation with three other nucleotide sugars yielded active component. Incubation of the inactive component from UDP-GlcNAc-treated cells with purified N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in vitro restored its inhibitory property. Extracts from growing cells failed to inhibit DNA synthesis. These results suggest that reversible glycosylation with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues may serve as a regulatory signal for the conversion of the active factor to its inactive form. We propose that the onset of quiescence of 3T3 cells is due to a casual relationship between depletion of growth factors in the culture medium and the presence of the active regulatory factor on the cell surface that inhibits DNA synthesis; conversion of the regulatory factor to its inactive form under favorable nutritional status may be viewed as a switch that allows DNA synthesis to resume."}
{"id": "PMID:282630", "title": "Marker rescue and partial replication of bacteriophage T7 DNA.", "content": "Experiments reported here show that some UV-irradiated wild-type T7 phage markers can be rescued efficiently by coinfection with T7 amber mutant phage in a permissive host. Other results show that the segments of a UV-irradiated genome that replicate efficiently are those that also are rescued efficiently during a marker rescue experiment. At higher doses, fewer markers are rescued efficiently and fewer segments of the genome replicate efficiently. The results clearly indicate that the probability of marker rescue is correlated with the ability of the DNA containing the marker to replicate. Sucrose density gradient analysis shows that UV irradiation does not produce double-strand scissions in T7 DNA at doses used here. Therefore, the partial replication and rescue of markers from the left end of the genome is not due simply to injection of only the left end of the T7 DNA.", "contents": "Marker rescue and partial replication of bacteriophage T7 DNA. Experiments reported here show that some UV-irradiated wild-type T7 phage markers can be rescued efficiently by coinfection with T7 amber mutant phage in a permissive host. Other results show that the segments of a UV-irradiated genome that replicate efficiently are those that also are rescued efficiently during a marker rescue experiment. At higher doses, fewer markers are rescued efficiently and fewer segments of the genome replicate efficiently. The results clearly indicate that the probability of marker rescue is correlated with the ability of the DNA containing the marker to replicate. Sucrose density gradient analysis shows that UV irradiation does not produce double-strand scissions in T7 DNA at doses used here. Therefore, the partial replication and rescue of markers from the left end of the genome is not due simply to injection of only the left end of the T7 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:282631", "title": "Tumor promoter induces sister chromatid exchanges: relevance to mechanisms of carcinogenesis.", "content": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a powerful tumor promoter, is shown to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), whereas the nonpromoting derivative 4-O-methyl-TPA does not. Inhibitors of tumor promotion--antipain, leupeptin, and fluocinolone acetonide--inhibit formation of such TPA-induced SCEs. TPA is a unique agent in its induction of SCEs in the absence of DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, mutagenesis, or significant toxicity. Because TPA is known to induce several gene functions, we speculate that it might also induce enzymes involved in genetic recombination. Thus, the irreversible step in tumor promotion might be the result of an aberrant mitotic segregation event leading to the expression of carcinogen/mutagen-induced recessive genetic or epigenetic chromosomal changes.", "contents": "Tumor promoter induces sister chromatid exchanges: relevance to mechanisms of carcinogenesis. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), a powerful tumor promoter, is shown to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), whereas the nonpromoting derivative 4-O-methyl-TPA does not. Inhibitors of tumor promotion--antipain, leupeptin, and fluocinolone acetonide--inhibit formation of such TPA-induced SCEs. TPA is a unique agent in its induction of SCEs in the absence of DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, mutagenesis, or significant toxicity. Because TPA is known to induce several gene functions, we speculate that it might also induce enzymes involved in genetic recombination. Thus, the irreversible step in tumor promotion might be the result of an aberrant mitotic segregation event leading to the expression of carcinogen/mutagen-induced recessive genetic or epigenetic chromosomal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:282632", "title": "Argininosuccinic aciduria: assignment of the argininosuccinate lyase gene to the pter to q22 region of human chromosome 7 by bioautography.", "content": "Argininosuccinic aciduria, an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle in humans, is associated with a deficiency of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL; L-argininosuccinate arginine-lyase, EC 4.3.2.1). ASL activity was visualized on gels after electrophoresis by a new method, termed bioautography. Bioautography involves the use of mutant bacteria to visualize the location of mammalian enzymes after zone electrophoresis. By this technique, human ASL migrated to a position different from mouse ASL, while a survey of mouse strains, tissues, and tissue culture cell extracts demonstrated the same electrophoretic form and no genetic variants of mouse ASL. Identifying human ASL, by bioautography in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids has made it possible to regionally locate the ASL gene on human chromosome 7. The human ASL phenotype segregated concordantly with the human enzyme beta-glucoronidase (GUS; beta-D-glucoronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) in cell hybrids, but showed discordant segregation with 32 other enzyme markers representing 23 linkage groups. The gene for GUS has been assigned to chromosome 7 in humans, and cosegregation (synteny) of ASL and GUS demonstrates the assignment of ASL to chromosome 7. Regional location of ASL and GUS to the pter to q22 region of chromosome 7 was achieved in hybrids segregating a 7/9 translocation.", "contents": "Argininosuccinic aciduria: assignment of the argininosuccinate lyase gene to the pter to q22 region of human chromosome 7 by bioautography. Argininosuccinic aciduria, an autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle in humans, is associated with a deficiency of argininosuccinate lyase (ASL; L-argininosuccinate arginine-lyase, EC 4.3.2.1). ASL activity was visualized on gels after electrophoresis by a new method, termed bioautography. Bioautography involves the use of mutant bacteria to visualize the location of mammalian enzymes after zone electrophoresis. By this technique, human ASL migrated to a position different from mouse ASL, while a survey of mouse strains, tissues, and tissue culture cell extracts demonstrated the same electrophoretic form and no genetic variants of mouse ASL. Identifying human ASL, by bioautography in human-mouse somatic cell hybrids has made it possible to regionally locate the ASL gene on human chromosome 7. The human ASL phenotype segregated concordantly with the human enzyme beta-glucoronidase (GUS; beta-D-glucoronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) in cell hybrids, but showed discordant segregation with 32 other enzyme markers representing 23 linkage groups. The gene for GUS has been assigned to chromosome 7 in humans, and cosegregation (synteny) of ASL and GUS demonstrates the assignment of ASL to chromosome 7. Regional location of ASL and GUS to the pter to q22 region of chromosome 7 was achieved in hybrids segregating a 7/9 translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:282633", "title": "Effect of overall phenotypic selection on genetic change at individual loci.", "content": "The selective advantage of an allele Gi (relative to the mean of alleles at this locus) is given by (formula: see text) in which Ai is the average excess of the allele on the character, X; W(X) is the fitness function; F(X) is the frequency function; W is the mean fitness; and the prime denotes differentiation. With truncation selection si = AaF(C)/w in which F(C) is the ordinate at the culling level and w is the proportion saved; this does not depend on any assumption about the distribution of F(X). If the character is normally distributed, si = AiI/sigma2, in which I is the selection differential and sigma2 is the variance of the character distribution. Finally, if the logarithm of the fitness is proportional to the squared deviation from the optimum and the character is distributed normally, si = AiK(Xop--m), in which Xop is the optimum value of the character, m is the mean value, and K is a constant determined by the variances of the fitness function and the frequency function. Truncation is the most efficient form of directional selection in the sense of producing the maximum gene frequency change for a given effect of the gene on the character, but fitness functions can depart considerably from sharp truncation without greatly reducing the efficiency.", "contents": "Effect of overall phenotypic selection on genetic change at individual loci. The selective advantage of an allele Gi (relative to the mean of alleles at this locus) is given by (formula: see text) in which Ai is the average excess of the allele on the character, X; W(X) is the fitness function; F(X) is the frequency function; W is the mean fitness; and the prime denotes differentiation. With truncation selection si = AaF(C)/w in which F(C) is the ordinate at the culling level and w is the proportion saved; this does not depend on any assumption about the distribution of F(X). If the character is normally distributed, si = AiI/sigma2, in which I is the selection differential and sigma2 is the variance of the character distribution. Finally, if the logarithm of the fitness is proportional to the squared deviation from the optimum and the character is distributed normally, si = AiK(Xop--m), in which Xop is the optimum value of the character, m is the mean value, and K is a constant determined by the variances of the fitness function and the frequency function. Truncation is the most efficient form of directional selection in the sense of producing the maximum gene frequency change for a given effect of the gene on the character, but fitness functions can depart considerably from sharp truncation without greatly reducing the efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:282634", "title": "A single base-pair change creates a Chi recombinational hotspot in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "X4+ mutations, responsible for the Chi phenotype in phage lambda, locally increase the rate of recombination promoted by the Escherichia coli recombination system (Rec). X+ mutations in the cII gene, one of a few sites in lambda at which such mutations arise, were located genetically and physically with overlapping deletions. DNA sequence analysis of the deletion segment containing the X+ C mutations showed that two independent X+ C mutations arose by the same A-T to T-A transversion. Presumably, this change creates a nucleotide sequence recognized by a protein involved in a rate-limiting step of recombination.", "contents": "A single base-pair change creates a Chi recombinational hotspot in bacteriophage lambda. X4+ mutations, responsible for the Chi phenotype in phage lambda, locally increase the rate of recombination promoted by the Escherichia coli recombination system (Rec). X+ mutations in the cII gene, one of a few sites in lambda at which such mutations arise, were located genetically and physically with overlapping deletions. DNA sequence analysis of the deletion segment containing the X+ C mutations showed that two independent X+ C mutations arose by the same A-T to T-A transversion. Presumably, this change creates a nucleotide sequence recognized by a protein involved in a rate-limiting step of recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:282635", "title": "Comparison of cloned mouse alpha- and beta-globin genes: conservation of intervening sequence locations and extragenic homology.", "content": "We have cloned and characterized a 9.7-kilobase EcoRI fragment of mouse DNA that contains an alpha-globin gene. The gene is encoded in at least three discontinous segments of DNA interrupted by two small intervening sequences that can be visualized as R-loop structures in the electron miscroscope. The size of the gene and its small intervening sequences fits well with the known size of the alpha-globin mRNA precursor, suggesting that these intervening sequences, like those of beta-globin, are transcribed. Partial sequence analysis indicates that the larger intervening sequence interrupts the alpha-globin gene at a site exactly corresponding to that interrupted by the larger intervening sequences in both the beta-globin major and minor genes. This observation suggests that these sequences were present when the alpha- and beta-globin genes diverged in early vertebrate evolution, more than 500 million years ago. Furthermore, though alpha and betamaj genes are encoded on different chromosomes, when their sequences are compared directly by visualization of heteroduplex structures, only one 150- to 200-base-pair segment of homology is recognized. These homologous sequences are located on the 3'-flanking segments of both genes, about 1.5 kilobases from each.", "contents": "Comparison of cloned mouse alpha- and beta-globin genes: conservation of intervening sequence locations and extragenic homology. We have cloned and characterized a 9.7-kilobase EcoRI fragment of mouse DNA that contains an alpha-globin gene. The gene is encoded in at least three discontinous segments of DNA interrupted by two small intervening sequences that can be visualized as R-loop structures in the electron miscroscope. The size of the gene and its small intervening sequences fits well with the known size of the alpha-globin mRNA precursor, suggesting that these intervening sequences, like those of beta-globin, are transcribed. Partial sequence analysis indicates that the larger intervening sequence interrupts the alpha-globin gene at a site exactly corresponding to that interrupted by the larger intervening sequences in both the beta-globin major and minor genes. This observation suggests that these sequences were present when the alpha- and beta-globin genes diverged in early vertebrate evolution, more than 500 million years ago. Furthermore, though alpha and betamaj genes are encoded on different chromosomes, when their sequences are compared directly by visualization of heteroduplex structures, only one 150- to 200-base-pair segment of homology is recognized. These homologous sequences are located on the 3'-flanking segments of both genes, about 1.5 kilobases from each."}
{"id": "PMID:282636", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10): interstrain and interspecies idiotypic crossreactions.", "content": "A common idiotype was defined by a guinea pig anti-idiotypic antiserum made against D1.LP antibodies specific to the synthetic terpolymer poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10), referred to as GAT. This idiotype was found in the anti-GAT antibodies of all individuals of all inbred strains of mice tested. Due to its common (C) occurrence in the anti-GAT antibodies of all mouse strains, it was termed the CGAT idiotype. The presence of CGAT idiotype in mice is independent of the expression of various Ig-1, H-2, or Vg genetic markers. In contrast, antibodies produced in response to the crossreactive poly(Glu60-Ala40), termed GA, bound to the GAT ligand but did not bear the CGAT idiotype. This suggests that GAT, although bearing GA determinants, preferentially stimulates clones of CGAT idiotype. Some of the CGAT idiotypic specificities were also identified in sera of WF inbred rats after immunization with GAT. However, no significant levels of CGAT idiotype were detected in LEW rats, F344 rats, guinea pigs, or rabbits, although measurable quantities of anti-GAT antibody were present.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10): interstrain and interspecies idiotypic crossreactions. A common idiotype was defined by a guinea pig anti-idiotypic antiserum made against D1.LP antibodies specific to the synthetic terpolymer poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10), referred to as GAT. This idiotype was found in the anti-GAT antibodies of all individuals of all inbred strains of mice tested. Due to its common (C) occurrence in the anti-GAT antibodies of all mouse strains, it was termed the CGAT idiotype. The presence of CGAT idiotype in mice is independent of the expression of various Ig-1, H-2, or Vg genetic markers. In contrast, antibodies produced in response to the crossreactive poly(Glu60-Ala40), termed GA, bound to the GAT ligand but did not bear the CGAT idiotype. This suggests that GAT, although bearing GA determinants, preferentially stimulates clones of CGAT idiotype. Some of the CGAT idiotypic specificities were also identified in sera of WF inbred rats after immunization with GAT. However, no significant levels of CGAT idiotype were detected in LEW rats, F344 rats, guinea pigs, or rabbits, although measurable quantities of anti-GAT antibody were present."}
{"id": "PMID:282637", "title": "Binding of HLA antigen-containing liposomes to bacteria.", "content": "Highly purified, detergent-solubilized HLA-A and -B antigens and HLA-D antigens were separately incorporated into liposomes. Detergent-solubilized transplantation antigens, but not papain-solubilized antigens lacking the membrane-integrated portions of the molecules, were bound to the liposomes. A considerable portion of the liposome-bound antigens displayed accessible antigenic sites, suggesting that they were oriented in the right-side-out direction. Liposomes containing the HLA-A and -B antigens or the HLA-D antigen interacted similarly with bacteria. The two types of liposomes bound efficiently to two strains of Neisseria catarrhalis (now classified as Branhamella catarrhalis) and to one strain of Haemophilus influenzae, weakly to one strain of Escherichia coli, and not at all to another strain of E. coli. The binding between the HLA antigen-containing liposomes and one strain of N. catarrhalis was abolished when Fab fragments directed against the heavy chains of HLA-A and -B antigens or against HLA-D antigens, respectively, were added. In contrast Fab fragments against beta(2)-microglobulin did not measurably impede the bacteria-liposome interaction, suggesting that, with regard to the HLA-A and -B antigens, the heavy, but not the light, chains interacted with the bacteria. Additional experiments showed that N. catarrhalis preferentially interacted with transplantation antigens when mixed with detergent-solubilized lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins. These data suggest that HLA-A and -B and HLA-D antigens may have the function of interacting with foreign antigens such as bacteria.", "contents": "Binding of HLA antigen-containing liposomes to bacteria. Highly purified, detergent-solubilized HLA-A and -B antigens and HLA-D antigens were separately incorporated into liposomes. Detergent-solubilized transplantation antigens, but not papain-solubilized antigens lacking the membrane-integrated portions of the molecules, were bound to the liposomes. A considerable portion of the liposome-bound antigens displayed accessible antigenic sites, suggesting that they were oriented in the right-side-out direction. Liposomes containing the HLA-A and -B antigens or the HLA-D antigen interacted similarly with bacteria. The two types of liposomes bound efficiently to two strains of Neisseria catarrhalis (now classified as Branhamella catarrhalis) and to one strain of Haemophilus influenzae, weakly to one strain of Escherichia coli, and not at all to another strain of E. coli. The binding between the HLA antigen-containing liposomes and one strain of N. catarrhalis was abolished when Fab fragments directed against the heavy chains of HLA-A and -B antigens or against HLA-D antigens, respectively, were added. In contrast Fab fragments against beta(2)-microglobulin did not measurably impede the bacteria-liposome interaction, suggesting that, with regard to the HLA-A and -B antigens, the heavy, but not the light, chains interacted with the bacteria. Additional experiments showed that N. catarrhalis preferentially interacted with transplantation antigens when mixed with detergent-solubilized lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins. These data suggest that HLA-A and -B and HLA-D antigens may have the function of interacting with foreign antigens such as bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:282638", "title": "Linear arrays of intramembranous particles in pulmonary tubular myelin.", "content": "Freeze-fracture preparations of tubular myelin in edematous rat lungs reveal the presence of linear arrays of intramembranous particles. The lines of particles are approximately 50 nm apart and appear to correspond to the intersections of sheets of bilayer membranes. Particles are not seen in lamellar bodies but become evident first in membranes transitional between lamellar bodies and tubular myelin. It is proposed that the particles represent a hydrophobic protein that plays a significant role in the organization of tubular myelin.", "contents": "Linear arrays of intramembranous particles in pulmonary tubular myelin. Freeze-fracture preparations of tubular myelin in edematous rat lungs reveal the presence of linear arrays of intramembranous particles. The lines of particles are approximately 50 nm apart and appear to correspond to the intersections of sheets of bilayer membranes. Particles are not seen in lamellar bodies but become evident first in membranes transitional between lamellar bodies and tubular myelin. It is proposed that the particles represent a hydrophobic protein that plays a significant role in the organization of tubular myelin."}
{"id": "PMID:282639", "title": "Cholesterol monohydrate growth in model bile solutions.", "content": "The growth of cholesterol monohydrate from solutions of bile salt, lecithin, and small electrolytes has been studied by microscopy and with the Coulter Counter. The crystal forms found by microscopy are the same as those seen in human gallstones and in squirrel monkey cholesterol microliths. The cholesterol growth rates determined with the Coulter Counter vary slowly with cholesterol concentration at low degree of supersaturation but become exponential at higher cholesterol concentrations. Growth is accelerated by the presence of calcium and magnesium but inhibited by potassium. These results can be combined with previous measurements of cholesterol dissolution rates to give a more accurate picture of the dynamics of gallstone formation.", "contents": "Cholesterol monohydrate growth in model bile solutions. The growth of cholesterol monohydrate from solutions of bile salt, lecithin, and small electrolytes has been studied by microscopy and with the Coulter Counter. The crystal forms found by microscopy are the same as those seen in human gallstones and in squirrel monkey cholesterol microliths. The cholesterol growth rates determined with the Coulter Counter vary slowly with cholesterol concentration at low degree of supersaturation but become exponential at higher cholesterol concentrations. Growth is accelerated by the presence of calcium and magnesium but inhibited by potassium. These results can be combined with previous measurements of cholesterol dissolution rates to give a more accurate picture of the dynamics of gallstone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:282640", "title": "Neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus ablation: absence of functional and morphological plasticity.", "content": "Neonatal ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat has two important consequences. First, the direct projection from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus fails to develop and no other retinal projection to any hypothalamic nucleus is formed. Second, circadian rhythms in drinking and spontaneous locomotor activity to not appear in these rats when they are tested as adults, and the females exhibit constant vaginal estrus. These observations indicate that the central neural mechanisms responsible for the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythmicity in the rat are not capable of either the functional or morphological plasticity characteristic of other developing neural systems.", "contents": "Neonatal suprachiasmatic nucleus ablation: absence of functional and morphological plasticity. Neonatal ablation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat has two important consequences. First, the direct projection from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus fails to develop and no other retinal projection to any hypothalamic nucleus is formed. Second, circadian rhythms in drinking and spontaneous locomotor activity to not appear in these rats when they are tested as adults, and the females exhibit constant vaginal estrus. These observations indicate that the central neural mechanisms responsible for the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythmicity in the rat are not capable of either the functional or morphological plasticity characteristic of other developing neural systems."}
{"id": "PMID:282641", "title": "Normal blood cells of anemic genotype in teratocarcinoma-derived mosaic mice.", "content": "In allophenic (mosaic) mice produced from blastocysts injected with teratocarcinoma stem cells of the OTT 6050 transplant line, an unexpected coat phenotype led to the discovery that the tumor-lineage cells carried the steel gene (Sl(J)/+). Because steel also causes a macrocytic anemia, mosaics comprising both genetically anemic and normal (+/+) cells fortuitously provided a unique opportunity to examine in vivo the etiology of this anemia in light of previous results indicating that the lesion is extrinsic to the erythroid cells. The experiment differs from previous ones, which involved postnatal grafting, in that here hematopoietic stem cells of anemic and normal genotypes coexist throughout all developmental stages, confronted by tissues of the hematopoietic microenvironment that consist partly or solely of genetically normal cells. Therefore, the possibility exists that the anemia might be completely prevented rather than secondarily ameliorated. Moreover, variation in proportion of normal-strain cells in the hematopoietic supporting tissues could serve to \"titrate\" minimal requirements to promote normal erythropoiesis. Mice with mixed populations of steel- and normal-genotype cells in blood and other tissues were identified by means of independent markers specific for tumor vs. blastocyst strains of origin. The clinical blood picture of these mosaics proved to be indistinguishable from that of normal controls, even when only a small minority of cells in all tissues of one of the animals were genetically normal. Phenotypic blood normalcy was shown, by occurrence of the typical steel anemia among F(1) germ-line progeny of mosaics, not to be due to any change in the capacity of the mutant gene to elicit the anemia. The results from the mosaics thus demonstrate that the primary expression of the steel lesion is indeed in the hematopoietic microenvironment. However, they also reveal that a surprisingly small complement of normal cells there appears to be adequate to prevent this anemia permanently. The hypothesis is advanced that relatively short-range diffusible substances, produced by cells in the microenvironment and required for normal erythropoiesis, may account for the inductive effectiveness of small cell numbers.", "contents": "Normal blood cells of anemic genotype in teratocarcinoma-derived mosaic mice. In allophenic (mosaic) mice produced from blastocysts injected with teratocarcinoma stem cells of the OTT 6050 transplant line, an unexpected coat phenotype led to the discovery that the tumor-lineage cells carried the steel gene (Sl(J)/+). Because steel also causes a macrocytic anemia, mosaics comprising both genetically anemic and normal (+/+) cells fortuitously provided a unique opportunity to examine in vivo the etiology of this anemia in light of previous results indicating that the lesion is extrinsic to the erythroid cells. The experiment differs from previous ones, which involved postnatal grafting, in that here hematopoietic stem cells of anemic and normal genotypes coexist throughout all developmental stages, confronted by tissues of the hematopoietic microenvironment that consist partly or solely of genetically normal cells. Therefore, the possibility exists that the anemia might be completely prevented rather than secondarily ameliorated. Moreover, variation in proportion of normal-strain cells in the hematopoietic supporting tissues could serve to \"titrate\" minimal requirements to promote normal erythropoiesis. Mice with mixed populations of steel- and normal-genotype cells in blood and other tissues were identified by means of independent markers specific for tumor vs. blastocyst strains of origin. The clinical blood picture of these mosaics proved to be indistinguishable from that of normal controls, even when only a small minority of cells in all tissues of one of the animals were genetically normal. Phenotypic blood normalcy was shown, by occurrence of the typical steel anemia among F(1) germ-line progeny of mosaics, not to be due to any change in the capacity of the mutant gene to elicit the anemia. The results from the mosaics thus demonstrate that the primary expression of the steel lesion is indeed in the hematopoietic microenvironment. However, they also reveal that a surprisingly small complement of normal cells there appears to be adequate to prevent this anemia permanently. The hypothesis is advanced that relatively short-range diffusible substances, produced by cells in the microenvironment and required for normal erythropoiesis, may account for the inductive effectiveness of small cell numbers."}
{"id": "PMID:282643", "title": "Cell-free ring expansion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C by Cephalosporium acremonium CW-19 and its mutants.", "content": "To examine microbiological ring expansion of penicillin N to a cephalosporin, we obtained five mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium blocked in beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis from 2500 survivors of mutagenesis. In submerged fermentation, mutants M-0198, M-0199, and M-2351 produced no beta-lactam antibiotic (type A), whereas mutants M-1443 and M-1836 formed penicillin N but not cephalosporin C (type B). Cell-free extracts of type A mutants converted penicillin N to a cephalosporin; those of type B mutants did not. The product of the cell-free reaction was identified as deacetoxycephalosporin C by thin-layer chromatography, paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and enzyme tests. These data strongly support our hypothesis that penicillin N is an intermediate of cephalosporin biosynthesis.", "contents": "Cell-free ring expansion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C by Cephalosporium acremonium CW-19 and its mutants. To examine microbiological ring expansion of penicillin N to a cephalosporin, we obtained five mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium blocked in beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis from 2500 survivors of mutagenesis. In submerged fermentation, mutants M-0198, M-0199, and M-2351 produced no beta-lactam antibiotic (type A), whereas mutants M-1443 and M-1836 formed penicillin N but not cephalosporin C (type B). Cell-free extracts of type A mutants converted penicillin N to a cephalosporin; those of type B mutants did not. The product of the cell-free reaction was identified as deacetoxycephalosporin C by thin-layer chromatography, paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and enzyme tests. These data strongly support our hypothesis that penicillin N is an intermediate of cephalosporin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:282644", "title": "Genetic dimorphism in influenza viruses: characterization of stably associated hemagglutinin mutants differing in antigenicity and biological properties.", "content": "Influenza virus recombinant X-53 produced for use in the 1976 National Immunization Program for swine influenza was found to comprise two types of virions differing in their antigenic, replicative, and plaque-forming characteristics. One type, characteristic of X-53 and designated \"L,\" was relatively low-yielding in chicken embryos, produced small clear plaques in Madin-Darby dog kidney cells, and was selectively inhibited by heterotypic antibody to the A/sw/Cam/39 strain of swine influenza virus. The other, X-53a or \"H,\" was high-yielding in chicken embryos, produced large turbid plaques in dog kidney cells, and was not inhibited by concentrations of A/sw/Cam/39 antisera inhibitory to X-53. It was shown that A/NJ/11/76 (HswN1) virus, from which X-53 was derived, and five other swine influenza virus isolates from humans and pigs were dimorphic mixtures of the two types of virus. Segregation of the hemagglutinin genes of L and H variants by further recombination demonstrated that their different properties were pleiotropic phenotypes of mutation in the hemagglutinin gene. Under selective conditions suppressive to the L mutant, mutation of cloned L to H virus was observed. This observation, as well as the apparent ubiquity of the two mutants in nature, suggests that this is another example of viral dimorphism-the stable association of two allelic mutants. Of special significance is the indication that antigenic variants may be selected by selection for properties other than antigenicity, and therefore may represent mutants with pathogenic effects determined by factors other than lesser modulation by host antibody.", "contents": "Genetic dimorphism in influenza viruses: characterization of stably associated hemagglutinin mutants differing in antigenicity and biological properties. Influenza virus recombinant X-53 produced for use in the 1976 National Immunization Program for swine influenza was found to comprise two types of virions differing in their antigenic, replicative, and plaque-forming characteristics. One type, characteristic of X-53 and designated \"L,\" was relatively low-yielding in chicken embryos, produced small clear plaques in Madin-Darby dog kidney cells, and was selectively inhibited by heterotypic antibody to the A/sw/Cam/39 strain of swine influenza virus. The other, X-53a or \"H,\" was high-yielding in chicken embryos, produced large turbid plaques in dog kidney cells, and was not inhibited by concentrations of A/sw/Cam/39 antisera inhibitory to X-53. It was shown that A/NJ/11/76 (HswN1) virus, from which X-53 was derived, and five other swine influenza virus isolates from humans and pigs were dimorphic mixtures of the two types of virus. Segregation of the hemagglutinin genes of L and H variants by further recombination demonstrated that their different properties were pleiotropic phenotypes of mutation in the hemagglutinin gene. Under selective conditions suppressive to the L mutant, mutation of cloned L to H virus was observed. This observation, as well as the apparent ubiquity of the two mutants in nature, suggests that this is another example of viral dimorphism-the stable association of two allelic mutants. Of special significance is the indication that antigenic variants may be selected by selection for properties other than antigenicity, and therefore may represent mutants with pathogenic effects determined by factors other than lesser modulation by host antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:282645", "title": "\"Dark-active\" rat transformed into \"light-active\" rat by destruction of 24-hr clock: function of 24-hr clock and synchronizers.", "content": "In alternating 12-hr periods of light and dark the rat is active mainly in the dark. Its activity in the dark (beginning at 1800) depends exclusively on release of activity by the 24-hr clock. In the light (beginning at 0600) the 24-hr clock inhibits activity; the normal rat becomes totally inactive in the light except for activity resulting from external stimulation. After section of the connections between the optic chiasma and the hypothalamus, some rats become totally and permanently inactive in the dark. This sectioning destroys the 24-hr clock. After destruction of the clock removes inhibition of activity in the light period, the rat becomes active promptly at start of the light period--i.e., becomes a \"light-active\" animal. In the normal rat, activity becomes synchronized to start of the dark (by the electric clock at 1800), regardless of the amounts of activity. Destruction of the 24-hr clock eliminates the synchronizer at 1800. However, almost at once, activity, eating, and drinking are kept together by a second synchronizer, start of the light (by the electric clock at 0600). This may explain the ability of the rat to survive after destruction of the 24-hr clock.", "contents": "\"Dark-active\" rat transformed into \"light-active\" rat by destruction of 24-hr clock: function of 24-hr clock and synchronizers. In alternating 12-hr periods of light and dark the rat is active mainly in the dark. Its activity in the dark (beginning at 1800) depends exclusively on release of activity by the 24-hr clock. In the light (beginning at 0600) the 24-hr clock inhibits activity; the normal rat becomes totally inactive in the light except for activity resulting from external stimulation. After section of the connections between the optic chiasma and the hypothalamus, some rats become totally and permanently inactive in the dark. This sectioning destroys the 24-hr clock. After destruction of the clock removes inhibition of activity in the light period, the rat becomes active promptly at start of the light period--i.e., becomes a \"light-active\" animal. In the normal rat, activity becomes synchronized to start of the dark (by the electric clock at 1800), regardless of the amounts of activity. Destruction of the 24-hr clock eliminates the synchronizer at 1800. However, almost at once, activity, eating, and drinking are kept together by a second synchronizer, start of the light (by the electric clock at 0600). This may explain the ability of the rat to survive after destruction of the 24-hr clock."}
{"id": "PMID:282646", "title": "Histamine H1 receptors identified in mammalian brain membranes with [3H]mepyramine.", "content": "The antihistamine [3H]mepyramine binds to H1 histamine receptors in mammalian brain membranes. Potencies of H1 antihistamines at the binding sites correlate with their pharmacological antihistamine effects in the guinea pig ileum. Specific [3H]mepyramine binding is saturable with a dissociation constant of about 4 nM in both equilibrium and kinetic experiments and a density of 10 pmol per gram of whole kinetic experiments and a density of 10 pmol per gram of whole brain. Some tricyclic antidepressants are potent inhibitors of specific [3H]mepyramine binding. Regional variations of [3H]mepyramine binding do not correlate with variations in endogeneous histamine and histidine decarboxylase activity.", "contents": "Histamine H1 receptors identified in mammalian brain membranes with [3H]mepyramine. The antihistamine [3H]mepyramine binds to H1 histamine receptors in mammalian brain membranes. Potencies of H1 antihistamines at the binding sites correlate with their pharmacological antihistamine effects in the guinea pig ileum. Specific [3H]mepyramine binding is saturable with a dissociation constant of about 4 nM in both equilibrium and kinetic experiments and a density of 10 pmol per gram of whole kinetic experiments and a density of 10 pmol per gram of whole brain. Some tricyclic antidepressants are potent inhibitors of specific [3H]mepyramine binding. Regional variations of [3H]mepyramine binding do not correlate with variations in endogeneous histamine and histidine decarboxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:282647", "title": "In vitro segregation of different cell lines with neuronal and glial properties from a stem cell line of rat neurotumor RT4.", "content": "A clonal stem cell line, RT4-AC, of the rat peripheral neurotumor RT4 differentiates in culture into morphologically distinct cell types RT4-B, RT4-D, and RT4-E (cell type conversion). The multipotential stem cell type RT4-AC and cell type RT4-D produce a glial marker, S100 protein, but RT4-B and RT4-E do not. The stem cells also show a small but significant response to veratridine on voltage-dependent Na+ influx. Cell types RT4-B and RT4-E show a clear response of voltage-dependent Na+ influx to veratridine, typical of neuronal cells, whereas cell type RT4-D is completely negative. These results indicate that (i) the stem cell type RT4-AC shows both neuronal and glial properties, (ii) cell types RT4-B and RT4-E have a neuronal property, and (iii) cell type RT4-D has a glial property. Therefore, cell type conversion of stem cell RT4-AC to RT4-B and RT4-E cells seems to result in differentiation towards neuronal cell types, and cell type conversion of RT4-AC to RT4-D results in differentiation towards a glial type in culture.", "contents": "In vitro segregation of different cell lines with neuronal and glial properties from a stem cell line of rat neurotumor RT4. A clonal stem cell line, RT4-AC, of the rat peripheral neurotumor RT4 differentiates in culture into morphologically distinct cell types RT4-B, RT4-D, and RT4-E (cell type conversion). The multipotential stem cell type RT4-AC and cell type RT4-D produce a glial marker, S100 protein, but RT4-B and RT4-E do not. The stem cells also show a small but significant response to veratridine on voltage-dependent Na+ influx. Cell types RT4-B and RT4-E show a clear response of voltage-dependent Na+ influx to veratridine, typical of neuronal cells, whereas cell type RT4-D is completely negative. These results indicate that (i) the stem cell type RT4-AC shows both neuronal and glial properties, (ii) cell types RT4-B and RT4-E have a neuronal property, and (iii) cell type RT4-D has a glial property. Therefore, cell type conversion of stem cell RT4-AC to RT4-B and RT4-E cells seems to result in differentiation towards neuronal cell types, and cell type conversion of RT4-AC to RT4-D results in differentiation towards a glial type in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:282648", "title": "Ionic factors in release of 45Ca2+ from chicken cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields.", "content": "Electrical stimulation with radiofrequency fields amplitude-modulated at brain wave frequencies increased 45Ca2+ efflux from isolated chicken cerebral tissue. The response was not sensitive to variations of the calcium concentration (0-4.16 mM) in the bathing solution but was enhanced by addition of H+ (0.108 mM HCl) and inhibited in the absence of normal bicarbonate levels (2.4 mM). Addition of lanthanum to the bicarbonate-free solution restored electrical responsiveness, but the stimulus decreased instead of increasing 45Ca2+ efflux. It is suggested that low-frequency, weak, extracellular electric gradients may be transduced in a specific class of extracellular negative binding sites normally occupied by Ca2+ and susceptible to competitive H+ binding.", "contents": "Ionic factors in release of 45Ca2+ from chicken cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields. Electrical stimulation with radiofrequency fields amplitude-modulated at brain wave frequencies increased 45Ca2+ efflux from isolated chicken cerebral tissue. The response was not sensitive to variations of the calcium concentration (0-4.16 mM) in the bathing solution but was enhanced by addition of H+ (0.108 mM HCl) and inhibited in the absence of normal bicarbonate levels (2.4 mM). Addition of lanthanum to the bicarbonate-free solution restored electrical responsiveness, but the stimulus decreased instead of increasing 45Ca2+ efflux. It is suggested that low-frequency, weak, extracellular electric gradients may be transduced in a specific class of extracellular negative binding sites normally occupied by Ca2+ and susceptible to competitive H+ binding."}
{"id": "PMID:282649", "title": "Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation of the rat cerebral cortex demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive cholecystokinin in the pellet identified by electron microscopy as containing a high proportion of synaptic vesicles. The recovery in this pellet of 40% of the total immunoreactivity in the initial cortical extract is quite comparable to the recovery of other peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin, which are also located in synaptosomes and for which roles as neuroregulators or transmitters have been suggested. The evidence of concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the synaptosomal pellet is consistent with our earlier demonstration by immunohistochemical techniques of cholecystokinin's presence in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons. These observations and the evidence for diminished concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the brains of hyperphagic mice are consistent with cholecystolinin's suggested role as a neuroregulator for appetite.", "contents": "Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in isolated nerve terminals. Subcellular fractionation of the rat cerebral cortex demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive cholecystokinin in the pellet identified by electron microscopy as containing a high proportion of synaptic vesicles. The recovery in this pellet of 40% of the total immunoreactivity in the initial cortical extract is quite comparable to the recovery of other peptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin, which are also located in synaptosomes and for which roles as neuroregulators or transmitters have been suggested. The evidence of concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the synaptosomal pellet is consistent with our earlier demonstration by immunohistochemical techniques of cholecystokinin's presence in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons. These observations and the evidence for diminished concentration of cholecystokinin-like peptides in the brains of hyperphagic mice are consistent with cholecystolinin's suggested role as a neuroregulator for appetite."}
{"id": "PMID:282660", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukaemia occurring at the same time in husband and wife.", "content": "Acute myelogenous leukaemia was diagnosed within a 1 week's interval in a married couple without consanguinity. The husband had acute myelomonocytic leukaemia whereas the wife had acute myelogenous leukaemia of the classical type. Neither the histories nor findings contributed to an understanding of leukaemogenesis. The calculated risk that a husband and wife should develop acute myelogenous leukaemia within the same year is approximately 1:400 millions.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukaemia occurring at the same time in husband and wife. Acute myelogenous leukaemia was diagnosed within a 1 week's interval in a married couple without consanguinity. The husband had acute myelomonocytic leukaemia whereas the wife had acute myelogenous leukaemia of the classical type. Neither the histories nor findings contributed to an understanding of leukaemogenesis. The calculated risk that a husband and wife should develop acute myelogenous leukaemia within the same year is approximately 1:400 millions."}
{"id": "PMID:282661", "title": "Non-randomness in complex translocations of chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A new case of chronic myeloid leukaemia with a complex translocation involving chromosomes No. 1, 9 and 22 is reported. The striking similarity of this case with another previously reported case and the involvement of band 9q34 in chromosome rearrangements in CML patients indicates clearly a non-randomness of chromosome abnormalities in this blood disease, even when the translocation is different from the usual t(9;22) one. The usefulness of R-banding techniques is emphasized in these cases.", "contents": "Non-randomness in complex translocations of chronic myeloid leukaemia. A new case of chronic myeloid leukaemia with a complex translocation involving chromosomes No. 1, 9 and 22 is reported. The striking similarity of this case with another previously reported case and the involvement of band 9q34 in chromosome rearrangements in CML patients indicates clearly a non-randomness of chromosome abnormalities in this blood disease, even when the translocation is different from the usual t(9;22) one. The usefulness of R-banding techniques is emphasized in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:282662", "title": "Platelet volume, density and 5 HT organelles (mepacrine test) in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Qualitative platelet parameters (volume, 5 hydroxy-tryptamine (5 HT) organelles studied by the mepacrine test, and density) were evaluated in 31 patients with acute leukaemia: 11 myelomonocytic (AML), 8 lymphoblastic (ALL), 12 granulocytic (AGL). Macrothrombocytosis was observed in most of the cases of AML, was rare in AGL and was never found in ALL. The 5 HT organelles/volume ratio was normal in AGL and ALL but was significantly decreased in AML. In contrast, platelet density distribution was always abnormal whatever the platelet volume and 5 HT organelle concentration. Thus, using simple new methods, convenient even in cases of thrombocytopenia, we demonstrate that qualitative platelet abnormalities are a constant feature in acue leukaemia and that they are more severe in AML.", "contents": "Platelet volume, density and 5 HT organelles (mepacrine test) in acute leukaemia. Qualitative platelet parameters (volume, 5 hydroxy-tryptamine (5 HT) organelles studied by the mepacrine test, and density) were evaluated in 31 patients with acute leukaemia: 11 myelomonocytic (AML), 8 lymphoblastic (ALL), 12 granulocytic (AGL). Macrothrombocytosis was observed in most of the cases of AML, was rare in AGL and was never found in ALL. The 5 HT organelles/volume ratio was normal in AGL and ALL but was significantly decreased in AML. In contrast, platelet density distribution was always abnormal whatever the platelet volume and 5 HT organelle concentration. Thus, using simple new methods, convenient even in cases of thrombocytopenia, we demonstrate that qualitative platelet abnormalities are a constant feature in acue leukaemia and that they are more severe in AML."}
{"id": "PMID:282663", "title": "Epidemiologic investigations of styrene-butadiene rubber production and reinforced plastics production.", "content": "The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) began an epidemiologic study of workers employed in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) industry during 1976. This study was prompted by reports of relatively high numbers of leukemia deaths occurring within SBR production work populations. Simultaneous with the initiation of this investigation, the University of North Carolina released a report associating an excess risk of death due to hematopoietic and lymphatic malignancies among workers producing several synthetic rubbers, including SBR. This report  presents NIOSH's preliminary mortality observations and a discussion of progress made on the analyses of contaminants found in two SBR production facilities. Currently, NIOSH is determining the feasibility of doing an epidemiologic study in the reinforced plastics industry. Interest in this study developed as part of an effort to determine health hazards associated with occupational exposure to styrene. Most of the technology for the reinforced plastics industry developed in the 1950s, and therefore this process represents a relatively new industry. This report also includes information on environmental conditions observed in the reinforced plastics industry and enumerates some of the complicating characteristics of this industry which increase the complexity of this study.", "contents": "Epidemiologic investigations of styrene-butadiene rubber production and reinforced plastics production. The United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) began an epidemiologic study of workers employed in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) industry during 1976. This study was prompted by reports of relatively high numbers of leukemia deaths occurring within SBR production work populations. Simultaneous with the initiation of this investigation, the University of North Carolina released a report associating an excess risk of death due to hematopoietic and lymphatic malignancies among workers producing several synthetic rubbers, including SBR. This report  presents NIOSH's preliminary mortality observations and a discussion of progress made on the analyses of contaminants found in two SBR production facilities. Currently, NIOSH is determining the feasibility of doing an epidemiologic study in the reinforced plastics industry. Interest in this study developed as part of an effort to determine health hazards associated with occupational exposure to styrene. Most of the technology for the reinforced plastics industry developed in the 1950s, and therefore this process represents a relatively new industry. This report also includes information on environmental conditions observed in the reinforced plastics industry and enumerates some of the complicating characteristics of this industry which increase the complexity of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:282664", "title": "[Partial denture in periodontitis: treatment and discussion of a case].", "content": "Case report on the use of a partial denture in the treatment of a periodontal case. The results of the presented case are excellent after ten years and the prognosis remains extremely favourable. It seems very interesting to compare decisions of yesteryear in the light of new experience and knowledge. The choice of conservative treatment for diseased organs must take into consideration the patient's attitude, the possibilities of technical realization, and intuitively, the chances of a valid result.", "contents": "[Partial denture in periodontitis: treatment and discussion of a case]. Case report on the use of a partial denture in the treatment of a periodontal case. The results of the presented case are excellent after ten years and the prognosis remains extremely favourable. It seems very interesting to compare decisions of yesteryear in the light of new experience and knowledge. The choice of conservative treatment for diseased organs must take into consideration the patient's attitude, the possibilities of technical realization, and intuitively, the chances of a valid result."}
{"id": "PMID:282665", "title": "[Is the reason for a decrease in dental caries after fluoridation in Basle the delay in tooth eruption?].", "content": "In several previous reports it was shown that water fluoridation in Basel has significantly reduced caries frequency in 7--15 year-old schoolchildren. This reduction is only for a small part caused by certain time differences in the eruption of the teeth. Neither can it be explained by instruction and motivation for better nutrition and home care, because mouth hygiene of the Basel schoolchildren has not improved over the last decade. Also, a reduction in sugar consumption could not be observed. Therefore, the conclusion seems justified that water fluoridation is mainly responsible for the reduction of caries.", "contents": "[Is the reason for a decrease in dental caries after fluoridation in Basle the delay in tooth eruption?]. In several previous reports it was shown that water fluoridation in Basel has significantly reduced caries frequency in 7--15 year-old schoolchildren. This reduction is only for a small part caused by certain time differences in the eruption of the teeth. Neither can it be explained by instruction and motivation for better nutrition and home care, because mouth hygiene of the Basel schoolchildren has not improved over the last decade. Also, a reduction in sugar consumption could not be observed. Therefore, the conclusion seems justified that water fluoridation is mainly responsible for the reduction of caries."}
{"id": "PMID:282667", "title": "[Changes in the masticatory system in myasthenia gravis].", "content": "Myastenia gravis causes by a hypofunction of the striated musculature a variable motor dyscoordination, which was examined in 106 patients. Hypofunction alone does not have any periodontal consequences, caries intensity however was obvious. Incoordination caused by hypofunction often is the cause for TMJ damage. The increase in mouth opening and of masticating force by Tensilon therapy is a characteristic and diagnostically useful test for myasthenia patients.", "contents": "[Changes in the masticatory system in myasthenia gravis]. Myastenia gravis causes by a hypofunction of the striated musculature a variable motor dyscoordination, which was examined in 106 patients. Hypofunction alone does not have any periodontal consequences, caries intensity however was obvious. Incoordination caused by hypofunction often is the cause for TMJ damage. The increase in mouth opening and of masticating force by Tensilon therapy is a characteristic and diagnostically useful test for myasthenia patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282671", "title": "[The marginal periodontium of impacted upper canines. Evaluation following various methods of surgical approach and orthodontic procedures].", "content": "The marginal periodontium of 29 impacted upper canines and several aspects of their treatment have been studied. The situation has been analysed after treatment according to 3 methods of surgery and orthodontics: a) excision and active eruption, b) excision and passive eruption and c) replaced flap and active eruption. Many aspects regarding the choice and course of treatment depend primarily on individual data of the patient and on the location of impaction. With surgical exposure by excision some mucogingival problems seem to appear, especially for vestibular impactions. In those cases the surgical techniques using replaced or deplaced flaps seem to be more indicated to preserve the periodontal tissues.", "contents": "[The marginal periodontium of impacted upper canines. Evaluation following various methods of surgical approach and orthodontic procedures]. The marginal periodontium of 29 impacted upper canines and several aspects of their treatment have been studied. The situation has been analysed after treatment according to 3 methods of surgery and orthodontics: a) excision and active eruption, b) excision and passive eruption and c) replaced flap and active eruption. Many aspects regarding the choice and course of treatment depend primarily on individual data of the patient and on the location of impaction. With surgical exposure by excision some mucogingival problems seem to appear, especially for vestibular impactions. In those cases the surgical techniques using replaced or deplaced flaps seem to be more indicated to preserve the periodontal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:282672", "title": "[Acceptable compromises for the incisor positions with standard points AS and BS].", "content": "The cephalometric points A and B after Downs are criticized and on the angle ANB their selective replacement by \"standard-AS and BS points along with the angles ASNB and ASNBS is suggested. With 55 ideal cases of the permanent dentition it was proven by the t-test that the mean values of the latter angles vary only very little from the angle ANB. Steiner's \"acceptable compromises\" are compared with a new combination of \"flowing norm values\" using AS and BS. The correlation coefficients are considerably higher than Steiner's (r = 0.47--0.66). They are between r = 0.75 and 0.93. Also the mean deductive mistakes of the incisal parameters keep within relatively small limits. Steiner's expected relations of the ANB angle (reduction of same to one half of the original measure) seem doubtful. Probably it is mainly dependent upon the type of anomaly and the method of treatment, further upon the type of growth and age.", "contents": "[Acceptable compromises for the incisor positions with standard points AS and BS]. The cephalometric points A and B after Downs are criticized and on the angle ANB their selective replacement by \"standard-AS and BS points along with the angles ASNB and ASNBS is suggested. With 55 ideal cases of the permanent dentition it was proven by the t-test that the mean values of the latter angles vary only very little from the angle ANB. Steiner's \"acceptable compromises\" are compared with a new combination of \"flowing norm values\" using AS and BS. The correlation coefficients are considerably higher than Steiner's (r = 0.47--0.66). They are between r = 0.75 and 0.93. Also the mean deductive mistakes of the incisal parameters keep within relatively small limits. Steiner's expected relations of the ANB angle (reduction of same to one half of the original measure) seem doubtful. Probably it is mainly dependent upon the type of anomaly and the method of treatment, further upon the type of growth and age."}
{"id": "PMID:282673", "title": "[The shape of the ideal arcogrammetric dental arch].", "content": "On 48 arcograms of 24 cases with ideal occlusion polynomes of the form y = bo + b1x + b2x2 + b3x3 ... + b8x8 were established by the method of least squares. By means of a stepwise polynomal regression the coefficients up to the 8th degree were tested on significance. Finally polynomes of 4th degree were chosen to describe the anterior dental arch from 6 mesial to mesial 6 of the arcogram. Resulting error expressed as mean of the residuals of values observed--values calculated was 0.08 +/- approximately 0.6 mm (mean +/- 1 SD).", "contents": "[The shape of the ideal arcogrammetric dental arch]. On 48 arcograms of 24 cases with ideal occlusion polynomes of the form y = bo + b1x + b2x2 + b3x3 ... + b8x8 were established by the method of least squares. By means of a stepwise polynomal regression the coefficients up to the 8th degree were tested on significance. Finally polynomes of 4th degree were chosen to describe the anterior dental arch from 6 mesial to mesial 6 of the arcogram. Resulting error expressed as mean of the residuals of values observed--values calculated was 0.08 +/- approximately 0.6 mm (mean +/- 1 SD)."}
{"id": "PMID:282675", "title": "Acute renal failure in McArdle's disease.", "content": "A case of reversible acute renal failure in an adult with myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) is described. Myoglobinuria, possibly abetted by intravenous urography, was incriminated as the cause of impairment of renal function.A muscle biopsy specimen contained necrotic fibers and no histochemically demonstrable phosphorylase activity. Ultrastructurally, nonspecific degenerative changes were observed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in McArdle's disease. A case of reversible acute renal failure in an adult with myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) is described. Myoglobinuria, possibly abetted by intravenous urography, was incriminated as the cause of impairment of renal function.A muscle biopsy specimen contained necrotic fibers and no histochemically demonstrable phosphorylase activity. Ultrastructurally, nonspecific degenerative changes were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:282674", "title": "Involvement of descending inhibition in the effect of acupuncture on the splanchnically evoked potential in the orbital cortex of cat.", "content": "The possible involvement of descending inhibition in the effect of acupuncture on the transmission of visceral afferent impulses has been investigated. Averaged splanchnically evoked potentials were recorded in the orbital cortex of the unanesthetized immobilized cat. The evoked orbital potentials could be inhibited by electroacupuncture. Section of the descending inhibitory pathway which is known to be located in the dorsolateral funiculi of the spinal cord produced marked diminution of the acupuncture inhibitory effect on the evoked cortical potentials with needles either inserted in the hindlimb or in the forelimb. Since the afferent impulses from the forelimb entered the cord above the level of section (T3-4), the ascending pathway for acupuncture signals to the supraspinal structure was thus left intact. Destruction of the pontobulbar reticular formation including mainly the nucleus raphe magnus produced the same diminution of the acupuncture effect. The results indicate that the ascending visceral afferent impulses are blocked at the level of the spinal cord by the acupuncture-induced descending impulses from the supraspinal center, probably the nucleus raphe magnus.", "contents": "Involvement of descending inhibition in the effect of acupuncture on the splanchnically evoked potential in the orbital cortex of cat. The possible involvement of descending inhibition in the effect of acupuncture on the transmission of visceral afferent impulses has been investigated. Averaged splanchnically evoked potentials were recorded in the orbital cortex of the unanesthetized immobilized cat. The evoked orbital potentials could be inhibited by electroacupuncture. Section of the descending inhibitory pathway which is known to be located in the dorsolateral funiculi of the spinal cord produced marked diminution of the acupuncture inhibitory effect on the evoked cortical potentials with needles either inserted in the hindlimb or in the forelimb. Since the afferent impulses from the forelimb entered the cord above the level of section (T3-4), the ascending pathway for acupuncture signals to the supraspinal structure was thus left intact. Destruction of the pontobulbar reticular formation including mainly the nucleus raphe magnus produced the same diminution of the acupuncture effect. The results indicate that the ascending visceral afferent impulses are blocked at the level of the spinal cord by the acupuncture-induced descending impulses from the supraspinal center, probably the nucleus raphe magnus."}
{"id": "PMID:282686", "title": "[Fissure sealing with Evicrol in animal experiments].", "content": "The preventive effect of fissure sealing with the composite material Evicrol was tested in a programmed standardized caries experiment on Wistar rats. The results obtained indicate that Evicrol is not suited for fissure sealing.", "contents": "[Fissure sealing with Evicrol in animal experiments]. The preventive effect of fissure sealing with the composite material Evicrol was tested in a programmed standardized caries experiment on Wistar rats. The results obtained indicate that Evicrol is not suited for fissure sealing."}
{"id": "PMID:282687", "title": "[Disinfection of the oral mucosa before intraoral injections].", "content": "It is reported of the suitability of a 0.2% peracetic acid solution with ethanol. Considerable bacterial count reduction was achieved in 200 patients by applying the solution once to the site of injection, without previous drying, and allowing it to react for five seconds. The procedure is recommended for routine use in everyday practice.", "contents": "[Disinfection of the oral mucosa before intraoral injections]. It is reported of the suitability of a 0.2% peracetic acid solution with ethanol. Considerable bacterial count reduction was achieved in 200 patients by applying the solution once to the site of injection, without previous drying, and allowing it to react for five seconds. The procedure is recommended for routine use in everyday practice."}
{"id": "PMID:282688", "title": "[Biostatistical proof of retarded tooth eruption in the permanent dentition of patients with clefts].", "content": "It is evidenced biostatistically that the eruption of the permanent teeth is retarded in cleft patients. This retardation concerns both the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Both sexes are involved. In female cleft patients the change to the permanent dentition occurs earlier than in male cleft patients. There is no sidedness.", "contents": "[Biostatistical proof of retarded tooth eruption in the permanent dentition of patients with clefts]. It is evidenced biostatistically that the eruption of the permanent teeth is retarded in cleft patients. This retardation concerns both the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Both sexes are involved. In female cleft patients the change to the permanent dentition occurs earlier than in male cleft patients. There is no sidedness."}
{"id": "PMID:282689", "title": "[Comparative clinical and exfoliative cytological studies on the use of occlusive dressings].", "content": "Among the variety of surgical packs described in the literature, zinc oxide-based packs have proved especially useful. Two types still currently used are the zinc oxide-eugenol pack according to B\u00fcchs and Walter and the pack modified by Behlke which contains Peruvian balsam in place of eugenol. Of 27 patients who had undergone a periodontal-surgical intervention, 6 were treated with a zinc oxide-eugenol pack, and 21 with a pack modified by Behlke. Clinical and cytological examinations were performed before intervention, at each change of pack (on the 5th, 8th and 14th days after intervention) and 4 weeks after intervention. The comparison of the results obtained shows the superiority of the pack modified by Behlke over the zinc oxide-eugenol pack.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and exfoliative cytological studies on the use of occlusive dressings]. Among the variety of surgical packs described in the literature, zinc oxide-based packs have proved especially useful. Two types still currently used are the zinc oxide-eugenol pack according to B\u00fcchs and Walter and the pack modified by Behlke which contains Peruvian balsam in place of eugenol. Of 27 patients who had undergone a periodontal-surgical intervention, 6 were treated with a zinc oxide-eugenol pack, and 21 with a pack modified by Behlke. Clinical and cytological examinations were performed before intervention, at each change of pack (on the 5th, 8th and 14th days after intervention) and 4 weeks after intervention. The comparison of the results obtained shows the superiority of the pack modified by Behlke over the zinc oxide-eugenol pack."}
{"id": "PMID:282690", "title": "[Suction technic and suction method in dental practice].", "content": "By way of introduction the authors deal with the necessity for suction as an important component of ergonomic work organization in dental practice. The technical pre-conditions (suction technique) are indicated. Principles are formulated for their beneficial application in the sense of systematic suction methodics.", "contents": "[Suction technic and suction method in dental practice]. By way of introduction the authors deal with the necessity for suction as an important component of ergonomic work organization in dental practice. The technical pre-conditions (suction technique) are indicated. Principles are formulated for their beneficial application in the sense of systematic suction methodics."}
{"id": "PMID:282691", "title": "[Incidence and distribution of tumors of the mouth cavity. 30 year's experience at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Budapest].", "content": "The present paper deals with the qualitative and quantitative distribution of tumour patients treated at the Budapest Clinic Maxillofacial Surgery in the east 30 years. These patients suffered from: odontogenic tumours, 135 cases: non-odontogenic benign tumours, 1219; and malignant tumours, 1238. Compared to previous data, the present findings evidence the upward trend of the frequency of tumours and of the malignant ones among them.", "contents": "[Incidence and distribution of tumors of the mouth cavity. 30 year's experience at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery, Budapest]. The present paper deals with the qualitative and quantitative distribution of tumour patients treated at the Budapest Clinic Maxillofacial Surgery in the east 30 years. These patients suffered from: odontogenic tumours, 135 cases: non-odontogenic benign tumours, 1219; and malignant tumours, 1238. Compared to previous data, the present findings evidence the upward trend of the frequency of tumours and of the malignant ones among them."}
{"id": "PMID:282692", "title": "[A rare case of hyperodontia].", "content": "A rare case of hyperdontia is described to demonstrate that under favourable conditions supernumerary, normally formed teeth must not be extracted, but can be fully included in the planning of orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[A rare case of hyperodontia]. A rare case of hyperdontia is described to demonstrate that under favourable conditions supernumerary, normally formed teeth must not be extracted, but can be fully included in the planning of orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:282693", "title": "[Optimal dental radiography by means of expert film processing].", "content": "The processing of the dental radiographic films in the darkroom is decisive of the optimal information content of dental radiographs. Proper storage of the films, darkroom lighting according to regulations and standardized film developing are the basic conditions for stable film quality. The indications given are above all intended for aiding the stomatological nurse in taking dental radiographs.", "contents": "[Optimal dental radiography by means of expert film processing]. The processing of the dental radiographic films in the darkroom is decisive of the optimal information content of dental radiographs. Proper storage of the films, darkroom lighting according to regulations and standardized film developing are the basic conditions for stable film quality. The indications given are above all intended for aiding the stomatological nurse in taking dental radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:282694", "title": "[Impacted wisdom tooth 48].", "content": "To illustrate the great variety of wisdom teeth impactions, the authors report a case where a vertically impacted 48 projected with its apex over the mandibular border by almost 2 mm. Possible causes of impaction and their consideration in the surgical removal of such teeth are mentioned.", "contents": "[Impacted wisdom tooth 48]. To illustrate the great variety of wisdom teeth impactions, the authors report a case where a vertically impacted 48 projected with its apex over the mandibular border by almost 2 mm. Possible causes of impaction and their consideration in the surgical removal of such teeth are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:282695", "title": "[The healing of periapical periodontitis after root canal filling with diaket].", "content": "A clinical and radiological study was performed to test the utility of Diaket in the conservative treatment of chronic periapical periodontitis. 86% of the treatments were successful with a follow-up of 12 months.", "contents": "[The healing of periapical periodontitis after root canal filling with diaket]. A clinical and radiological study was performed to test the utility of Diaket in the conservative treatment of chronic periapical periodontitis. 86% of the treatments were successful with a follow-up of 12 months."}
{"id": "PMID:282696", "title": "[Clinical, radiological and histological results after vital treatment of exposed pulps].", "content": "The authors present the clinical and radiological results of their long-time controls of 210 permanent teeth after direct capping of the exposed pulp and describe some histological findings. The over-all evaluation of the results permits to conclude that the method of direct pulp capping is more successful only if the indication is established discriminately. The patient's age is of no or minor importance to the choice of treatment.", "contents": "[Clinical, radiological and histological results after vital treatment of exposed pulps]. The authors present the clinical and radiological results of their long-time controls of 210 permanent teeth after direct capping of the exposed pulp and describe some histological findings. The over-all evaluation of the results permits to conclude that the method of direct pulp capping is more successful only if the indication is established discriminately. The patient's age is of no or minor importance to the choice of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:282697", "title": "[Comparative studies of the oral flora in patients with cancer and precancerous lesions  of the mouth mucosa].", "content": "Bacteriological smears were taken from various regions of the oral cavities of a total of 100 subjects (patients with carcinoma, non-specific ulcer or leucoplakia, and patients without pathological oral findings). The preparations were stained by the Gram procedure and differentiated according to germ count, morphology and ability to combine with dyes. Gram positive cocci prevailed in all groups. The total germ counts were greater in patients with carcinoma than in those with nonspecific ulcer and in normal subjects.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the oral flora in patients with cancer and precancerous lesions  of the mouth mucosa]. Bacteriological smears were taken from various regions of the oral cavities of a total of 100 subjects (patients with carcinoma, non-specific ulcer or leucoplakia, and patients without pathological oral findings). The preparations were stained by the Gram procedure and differentiated according to germ count, morphology and ability to combine with dyes. Gram positive cocci prevailed in all groups. The total germ counts were greater in patients with carcinoma than in those with nonspecific ulcer and in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:282698", "title": "[Personal method for the surgical treatment of recessed gingiva].", "content": "The authors report their experience with a personal technique for the surgical treatment of gingival recessions. Their experience is based on operations upon 35 teeth. To avoid recurrences, the authors perform, on principle, the necessary vestibuloplasty, covering the wound surface with a full-thickness skin graft taken from the cheek, three weeks after the first intervention. The good results obtained permit to recommend this method.", "contents": "[Personal method for the surgical treatment of recessed gingiva]. The authors report their experience with a personal technique for the surgical treatment of gingival recessions. Their experience is based on operations upon 35 teeth. To avoid recurrences, the authors perform, on principle, the necessary vestibuloplasty, covering the wound surface with a full-thickness skin graft taken from the cheek, three weeks after the first intervention. The good results obtained permit to recommend this method."}
{"id": "PMID:282699", "title": "[Bilateral synalgias].", "content": "Total pulpitis leads in most cases to unilateral synalgia. Bilateral synalgiae are considerably rarer, but theoretically possible, in which pain radiates to the non-affected half of the jaw or face. Case reports illustrate the symptomatology, cause and therapy.", "contents": "[Bilateral synalgias]. Total pulpitis leads in most cases to unilateral synalgia. Bilateral synalgiae are considerably rarer, but theoretically possible, in which pain radiates to the non-affected half of the jaw or face. Case reports illustrate the symptomatology, cause and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:282700", "title": "[The use of Ornipressin in dental local anesthesia].", "content": "Blood-pressure and pulse-rate measurements, sensibility tests and tissue clearance measurements were performed in juvenile patients aged from 12 to 18 years to evaluate the clinical effects and side-effects of the new vasoconstrictor POR 8 (ornipressin) in ambulatory dental treatments. There were no significant differences in efficiency compared to adrenaline. Indications for the use of POR 8 are mentioned.", "contents": "[The use of Ornipressin in dental local anesthesia]. Blood-pressure and pulse-rate measurements, sensibility tests and tissue clearance measurements were performed in juvenile patients aged from 12 to 18 years to evaluate the clinical effects and side-effects of the new vasoconstrictor POR 8 (ornipressin) in ambulatory dental treatments. There were no significant differences in efficiency compared to adrenaline. Indications for the use of POR 8 are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:282701", "title": "[Technic and evaluation of effectiveness of infraorbital anesthesia using the approach along the axis of the 2d premolar].", "content": "The method of infraorbital anaesthesia along the axis of the second premolar, which has been inaugurated by Jorgensen, is described and critically evaluated in the light of results from morphological, anatomical and clinical studies. Considering the sufficient depth of anaesthesia achieved with this technique, the author regards its simple and safe execution and the avoidance of complications as decided advantages over the conventional technique are recommends it for use in practice.", "contents": "[Technic and evaluation of effectiveness of infraorbital anesthesia using the approach along the axis of the 2d premolar]. The method of infraorbital anaesthesia along the axis of the second premolar, which has been inaugurated by Jorgensen, is described and critically evaluated in the light of results from morphological, anatomical and clinical studies. Considering the sufficient depth of anaesthesia achieved with this technique, the author regards its simple and safe execution and the avoidance of complications as decided advantages over the conventional technique are recommends it for use in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:282703", "title": "[Median superior diastema--definition, etiology, symptoms].", "content": "The definitions, aetiology, and symptomatology of the diastema mediale superior are discussed in the present study on the basis of personal experience and reports in the literature, special attention being paid to the verbal evaluation of \"genuine\" or \"spurious\".", "contents": "[Median superior diastema--definition, etiology, symptoms]. The definitions, aetiology, and symptomatology of the diastema mediale superior are discussed in the present study on the basis of personal experience and reports in the literature, special attention being paid to the verbal evaluation of \"genuine\" or \"spurious\"."}
{"id": "PMID:282702", "title": "[Dental local anesthesia in patients with diabetes mellitus].", "content": "In 51 tooth extractions in medicinally controlled diabetics, adrenaline and noradrenaline (used as vasoconstricting additives to the local anaesthetic) did not differ in their effects on the blood-sugar level. A clinically important or lasting disturbance of the carbohydrate metabolism was observed in no case. The general preference given to noradrenaline as a vasoconstrictor in diabetics is not supported by the present study.", "contents": "[Dental local anesthesia in patients with diabetes mellitus]. In 51 tooth extractions in medicinally controlled diabetics, adrenaline and noradrenaline (used as vasoconstricting additives to the local anaesthetic) did not differ in their effects on the blood-sugar level. A clinically important or lasting disturbance of the carbohydrate metabolism was observed in no case. The general preference given to noradrenaline as a vasoconstrictor in diabetics is not supported by the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:282704", "title": "[An unusual care--results of replantation].", "content": "In the course of the regular ambulatory supervision of orally rehabilitated patients, the author reexamined in a patient the molars 16 and 17 which had been replanted 22 years ago. The problems related to replantation are discussed.", "contents": "[An unusual care--results of replantation]. In the course of the regular ambulatory supervision of orally rehabilitated patients, the author reexamined in a patient the molars 16 and 17 which had been replanted 22 years ago. The problems related to replantation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282706", "title": "Leukaemia in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "All cases of leukaemia diagnosed between 1968 and 1976 in the Melanesian population of Papua New Guinea have been analysed, and comparisons made with an earlier series from this country and with findings reported from elsewhere. The major findings were: a low overall incidence (0.79/100,000), absence of a childhood or old age peak in incidence, a relatively lower proportion of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood, more than the expected proportion of cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia under 20 years of age, and the rarity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "Leukaemia in Papua New Guinea. All cases of leukaemia diagnosed between 1968 and 1976 in the Melanesian population of Papua New Guinea have been analysed, and comparisons made with an earlier series from this country and with findings reported from elsewhere. The major findings were: a low overall incidence (0.79/100,000), absence of a childhood or old age peak in incidence, a relatively lower proportion of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood, more than the expected proportion of cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia under 20 years of age, and the rarity of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:282745", "title": "The cytology of the retained IUD with relation to the mechanism of action.", "content": "Cellular reactions to 82 IUDs retained for different periods of time have been examined using the \"loopal smear\" method. The smears were divided according to periods of retention and degree of inflammatory reaction. In 47 cases the inflammatory reaction was graded as moderate to severe, while in 35 cases the reaction was graded as mild. Since contraception was effective also in those cases presenting with mild reactions, it must be concluded that factors other than inflammation play a role in the contraceptive mechanism. Cells obtained from 15 IUD washings were incubated with Staphylococcus albus in order to identify macrophages. In none of these cases were macrophages identified, thus rendering questionable the hypothesis that the contraceptive effect of the IUD is based on phagocytosis of spermatozoa.", "contents": "The cytology of the retained IUD with relation to the mechanism of action. Cellular reactions to 82 IUDs retained for different periods of time have been examined using the \"loopal smear\" method. The smears were divided according to periods of retention and degree of inflammatory reaction. In 47 cases the inflammatory reaction was graded as moderate to severe, while in 35 cases the reaction was graded as mild. Since contraception was effective also in those cases presenting with mild reactions, it must be concluded that factors other than inflammation play a role in the contraceptive mechanism. Cells obtained from 15 IUD washings were incubated with Staphylococcus albus in order to identify macrophages. In none of these cases were macrophages identified, thus rendering questionable the hypothesis that the contraceptive effect of the IUD is based on phagocytosis of spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:282746", "title": "Point, minute and small cancers of the stomach at the early developmental stage detected by improved chymotrypsin lavage method for diagnostic cytology.", "content": "The improved selective chymotrypsin lavage method under fluoroscopy for cytologic detection led to the discovery of 12 point or minute gastric cancer lesions of less than one cm maximum diameter among 420 patients. It is reported herein how tiny cancers of the stomach can be found by the method, and how valuable it is to employ morphologic criteria for correct identification of the individual atypical cells in these tiny gastric cancers.", "contents": "Point, minute and small cancers of the stomach at the early developmental stage detected by improved chymotrypsin lavage method for diagnostic cytology. The improved selective chymotrypsin lavage method under fluoroscopy for cytologic detection led to the discovery of 12 point or minute gastric cancer lesions of less than one cm maximum diameter among 420 patients. It is reported herein how tiny cancers of the stomach can be found by the method, and how valuable it is to employ morphologic criteria for correct identification of the individual atypical cells in these tiny gastric cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:282748", "title": "Tissue culture of cells in serous effusions. Evaluation as an adjunct to cytology.", "content": "Cell pellets from peritoneal, pleural and pericardial effusions from thirty-six patients were incubated in tissue culture medium. Both the culture supernatants and the cell monolayers in the flasks were examined for malignant cells. Of the ten cases diagnosed as positive for malignant cells by the conventional cytologic smears, eight were positive on examination of the tissue culture supernatants and only six were positive by analysis of the monolayers. All the cases diagnosed as positive from the culture supernatants and from the monolayers were also positive by the conventional smear method. Hence, tissue culture of cells in serous effusions is not helpful as an adjunct to routine diagnostic cytology techniques.", "contents": "Tissue culture of cells in serous effusions. Evaluation as an adjunct to cytology. Cell pellets from peritoneal, pleural and pericardial effusions from thirty-six patients were incubated in tissue culture medium. Both the culture supernatants and the cell monolayers in the flasks were examined for malignant cells. Of the ten cases diagnosed as positive for malignant cells by the conventional cytologic smears, eight were positive on examination of the tissue culture supernatants and only six were positive by analysis of the monolayers. All the cases diagnosed as positive from the culture supernatants and from the monolayers were also positive by the conventional smear method. Hence, tissue culture of cells in serous effusions is not helpful as an adjunct to routine diagnostic cytology techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:282747", "title": "Significant hormonal changes in patterns of lipid granules in vaginal exfoliated cells.", "content": "In vaginal exfoliative cytology, the routine Papanicolaou and Shorr's staining procedures do not reliably indicate the post-ovulatory phase. An experimental study of 100 female albino rats and a clinical study of 190 women was initiated to establish an easier method for identifying the post-ovulatory phase. It was found that the appearance of intracytoplasmic lipid granules in vaginal cells stained by Oil Red 0 may serve as a sensitive indicator of the post-ovulatory phase.", "contents": "Significant hormonal changes in patterns of lipid granules in vaginal exfoliated cells. In vaginal exfoliative cytology, the routine Papanicolaou and Shorr's staining procedures do not reliably indicate the post-ovulatory phase. An experimental study of 100 female albino rats and a clinical study of 190 women was initiated to establish an easier method for identifying the post-ovulatory phase. It was found that the appearance of intracytoplasmic lipid granules in vaginal cells stained by Oil Red 0 may serve as a sensitive indicator of the post-ovulatory phase."}
{"id": "PMID:282752", "title": "Binucleate cell recognition in automated gynecologic cytopathology.", "content": "Medium resolution two dimensional image analysis techniques were applied to a large number of abnormal and binucleate cells from the uterine cervix. Techniques were developed for the extraction of nuclear boundary information from fluorescence images and two new nuclear shape descriptors were applied to the binucleate cell recognition problem. The descriptors were a contextual measure of concavity location and size on the nuclear boundary, and mean area of the two largest concavities. These features were superior both to total convex deficiency and to ratio of perimeter squared to area when applied to binucleate cell recognition. Classification based on the second feature, mean convex deficiency, provided lowest error rates. These were approximately 10% false positive and false negative single cells, and occurred with an effective two micron spot size. Higher false negative rates were observed with a one micron spot size.", "contents": "Binucleate cell recognition in automated gynecologic cytopathology. Medium resolution two dimensional image analysis techniques were applied to a large number of abnormal and binucleate cells from the uterine cervix. Techniques were developed for the extraction of nuclear boundary information from fluorescence images and two new nuclear shape descriptors were applied to the binucleate cell recognition problem. The descriptors were a contextual measure of concavity location and size on the nuclear boundary, and mean area of the two largest concavities. These features were superior both to total convex deficiency and to ratio of perimeter squared to area when applied to binucleate cell recognition. Classification based on the second feature, mean convex deficiency, provided lowest error rates. These were approximately 10% false positive and false negative single cells, and occurred with an effective two micron spot size. Higher false negative rates were observed with a one micron spot size."}
{"id": "PMID:282751", "title": "Psammoma bodies in cervico-vaginal smears. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case is reported in which psammoma bodies were present in a cervico-vaginal smear. No malignancy was found upon hysterectomy. Both this case and a review of the literature emphasize the non-specificity of psammoma bodies in the diagnosis of malignancies.", "contents": "Psammoma bodies in cervico-vaginal smears. Case report and review of the literature. A case is reported in which psammoma bodies were present in a cervico-vaginal smear. No malignancy was found upon hysterectomy. Both this case and a review of the literature emphasize the non-specificity of psammoma bodies in the diagnosis of malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:282753", "title": "Banding analysis of three primary cancers.", "content": "Chromosomes of a breast cancer and two colonic cancers were studied with banding methods. An intracystic papillary carcinoma of breast had the following constitution: 46, XX, -1, +3, -20, +i(1q), +i(1q), +t(1;20)(p13;p13). The second tumor, a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon had several autosomal trisomies and del(3)(p14). There was karyotype stability in both tumors. The third tumor, an undifferentiated colonic cancer, had a pseudodiploid stemline, namely 46, XX, -1, +(1q), and four sidelines with additional numerical changes.", "contents": "Banding analysis of three primary cancers. Chromosomes of a breast cancer and two colonic cancers were studied with banding methods. An intracystic papillary carcinoma of breast had the following constitution: 46, XX, -1, +3, -20, +i(1q), +i(1q), +t(1;20)(p13;p13). The second tumor, a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon had several autosomal trisomies and del(3)(p14). There was karyotype stability in both tumors. The third tumor, an undifferentiated colonic cancer, had a pseudodiploid stemline, namely 46, XX, -1, +(1q), and four sidelines with additional numerical changes."}
{"id": "PMID:282750", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma metastatic to the endometrium.", "content": "A case of cytologically diagnosed malignant melanoma metastatic to the endometrium is presented. The literature on extragenital malignant neoplasms metastatic to the uterus was reviewed to document the rarity of this entity. The cytologic features of metastatic malignant melanoma are described along with a differential diagnosis of other lesions having pigmented cells such as primary pigmented lesions of the endometrium, primary malignant vaginal melanomas, benign pigmented lesions of the cervix and vagina, and pigmented conditions other than melanoma.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of malignant melanoma metastatic to the endometrium. A case of cytologically diagnosed malignant melanoma metastatic to the endometrium is presented. The literature on extragenital malignant neoplasms metastatic to the uterus was reviewed to document the rarity of this entity. The cytologic features of metastatic malignant melanoma are described along with a differential diagnosis of other lesions having pigmented cells such as primary pigmented lesions of the endometrium, primary malignant vaginal melanomas, benign pigmented lesions of the cervix and vagina, and pigmented conditions other than melanoma."}
{"id": "PMID:282754", "title": "Circulating mitotic cells in the newborn infant. The preparation of karyotypes without prior cell culture.", "content": "A method is described which permits the rapid chromosome analysis, without prior culturing, of newborn infants suspected of having chromosomal abnormalities. This was accomplished by the direct preparation of karyotypable slides from in vivo circulating mitotic cells taken from  placental cord blood immediately after delivery.", "contents": "Circulating mitotic cells in the newborn infant. The preparation of karyotypes without prior cell culture. A method is described which permits the rapid chromosome analysis, without prior culturing, of newborn infants suspected of having chromosomal abnormalities. This was accomplished by the direct preparation of karyotypable slides from in vivo circulating mitotic cells taken from  placental cord blood immediately after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:282757", "title": "Adenovirus infection and cytopathic alterations of human cervical epithelial cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of adenovirus infection was studied in monolayer cultures of human ecto- and endocervical epithelial cells. In both types of cultures adenovirus type 1 resulted in a slowly progressing lytic infection with persistent production of infectious virus, viral antigens and of cytopathic alterations in a fraction of cells. The changes were similar in ecto- and endocervical epithelial cells. Although many of the alterations detected may represent unspecific lesions, nuclear changes consisting of lobulated nuclear inclusion bodies seemed to be characteristic. These alterations differ from those observed during infection with the herpes group of viruses and may serve as indicators of cervical adenovirus infection in cytologic screening.", "contents": "Adenovirus infection and cytopathic alterations of human cervical epithelial cells in vitro. The effect of adenovirus infection was studied in monolayer cultures of human ecto- and endocervical epithelial cells. In both types of cultures adenovirus type 1 resulted in a slowly progressing lytic infection with persistent production of infectious virus, viral antigens and of cytopathic alterations in a fraction of cells. The changes were similar in ecto- and endocervical epithelial cells. Although many of the alterations detected may represent unspecific lesions, nuclear changes consisting of lobulated nuclear inclusion bodies seemed to be characteristic. These alterations differ from those observed during infection with the herpes group of viruses and may serve as indicators of cervical adenovirus infection in cytologic screening."}
{"id": "PMID:282758", "title": "Gradient separation of normal and malignant cells. II. Application to in vivo tumor diagnosis.", "content": "Data were obtained concerning the usefulness of discontinuous Ficoll and Isopaque-Ficoll gradients in separating malignant from non-malignant cells from a variety of sources. Most of the material was from effusions, but there is no theoretical restriction of the methods to effusions. Animal and human material were studied, utilizing non-malignant as well as malignant material, the former acting as controls. In the discontinuous Ficoll gradient, concentration of malignant cells at a specific interface was mainly a function of cell density. Thus, while most malignant cells banded in the last two fractions, adenocarcinomas, especially those high in mucus (which decreases total cell density) banded higher in the gradient. The Isopaque-Ficoll technique also proved useful in concentrating malignant cells. The advantage of the discontinuous Ficoll gradient was its ability to separate cells from small specimens (1-10 X 10(6) cells). Contrarily, the Isopaque-Ficoll gradient was preferable for processing specimens of larger volumes.", "contents": "Gradient separation of normal and malignant cells. II. Application to in vivo tumor diagnosis. Data were obtained concerning the usefulness of discontinuous Ficoll and Isopaque-Ficoll gradients in separating malignant from non-malignant cells from a variety of sources. Most of the material was from effusions, but there is no theoretical restriction of the methods to effusions. Animal and human material were studied, utilizing non-malignant as well as malignant material, the former acting as controls. In the discontinuous Ficoll gradient, concentration of malignant cells at a specific interface was mainly a function of cell density. Thus, while most malignant cells banded in the last two fractions, adenocarcinomas, especially those high in mucus (which decreases total cell density) banded higher in the gradient. The Isopaque-Ficoll technique also proved useful in concentrating malignant cells. The advantage of the discontinuous Ficoll gradient was its ability to separate cells from small specimens (1-10 X 10(6) cells). Contrarily, the Isopaque-Ficoll gradient was preferable for processing specimens of larger volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:282763", "title": "[Treatment of leukemic infiltrations of the central nervous system. Preliminary communication].", "content": "In a group of 39 patients with acute leukaemias lumbar taps with intrathecal administration of drugs were done. In 20 cases lumbar tap was done at the time of development of neurological signs. In 19 cases one prophylactic intrathecal drug administration was done. In the treatment of leukaemic infiltrations in the central nervous system three methods were used administering intrathecally methotrexate in the first schedule, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside in the second schedule, and cytosine arabinoside with Ultracorten in the third schedule. These methods caused usually disappearance of most clinical signs and changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. In 7 cases side effects appeared due to chemical irritation of the meninges but disappeared after several days.", "contents": "[Treatment of leukemic infiltrations of the central nervous system. Preliminary communication]. In a group of 39 patients with acute leukaemias lumbar taps with intrathecal administration of drugs were done. In 20 cases lumbar tap was done at the time of development of neurological signs. In 19 cases one prophylactic intrathecal drug administration was done. In the treatment of leukaemic infiltrations in the central nervous system three methods were used administering intrathecally methotrexate in the first schedule, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside in the second schedule, and cytosine arabinoside with Ultracorten in the third schedule. These methods caused usually disappearance of most clinical signs and changes in the cerebrospinal fluid. In 7 cases side effects appeared due to chemical irritation of the meninges but disappeared after several days."}
{"id": "PMID:282771", "title": "Osteosarcoma. A multifactorial clinical and histopathological study with special regard to therapy and survival.", "content": "A multifactorial analysis was performed on all 153 unequivocal cases of genuine osteosarcoma recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968. Cases of so-called parosteal osteosarcoma, soft-tissue osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma secondary to Paget's disease of bone were not included. The osteosarcomas were subclassified as follows: osteoblastic (69 per cent), chondroblastic (19 per cent) and fibroblastic (12 per cent). The overall 5-year survival rate was 22 per cent; 55 per cent for those who had undergone amputation above the joint proximal to the involved skeletal part, 22 per cent for those amputated on the involved skeletal part, 11 per cent for those treated with local extirpation of the tumor, and 1 per cent in cases in which the lesion was not radically removed. Tumors of the femur, humerus and scapula were as malignant as axial tumors. The former carried a 5-year survival rate of 13 per cent, regardless of whether the patients had been treated with exarticulation or amputation on the involved skeletal part. Patients with axial tumors showed a 5-year survival rate of 15 per cent. These survival data suggest that proximal amputation alone might suffice for lesions situated distally to the knee and elbow joints, while tumors in the humerus and femur should be treated with amputation combined with multicytostatic treatment or immunotherapy and axial tumors with local resection and multicytostatic or immunologic treatment.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma. A multifactorial clinical and histopathological study with special regard to therapy and survival. A multifactorial analysis was performed on all 153 unequivocal cases of genuine osteosarcoma recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968. Cases of so-called parosteal osteosarcoma, soft-tissue osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma secondary to Paget's disease of bone were not included. The osteosarcomas were subclassified as follows: osteoblastic (69 per cent), chondroblastic (19 per cent) and fibroblastic (12 per cent). The overall 5-year survival rate was 22 per cent; 55 per cent for those who had undergone amputation above the joint proximal to the involved skeletal part, 22 per cent for those amputated on the involved skeletal part, 11 per cent for those treated with local extirpation of the tumor, and 1 per cent in cases in which the lesion was not radically removed. Tumors of the femur, humerus and scapula were as malignant as axial tumors. The former carried a 5-year survival rate of 13 per cent, regardless of whether the patients had been treated with exarticulation or amputation on the involved skeletal part. Patients with axial tumors showed a 5-year survival rate of 15 per cent. These survival data suggest that proximal amputation alone might suffice for lesions situated distally to the knee and elbow joints, while tumors in the humerus and femur should be treated with amputation combined with multicytostatic treatment or immunotherapy and axial tumors with local resection and multicytostatic or immunologic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:282772", "title": "Telangiectatic osteosarcoma.", "content": "Of the 242 cases of osteosarcoma recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968 only one was found to represent telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Another case was recently diagnosed in our department. The characteristic morphologic features of these neoplasms were anaplastic stroma, high mitotic activity, osteoid-formation, widely anastomosing blood spaces, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The experience gathered indicates that telangiectatic osteosarcoma constitutes a histopathologic variant of genuine osteosarcoma with a serious prognosis, necessitating the same kind of treatment as for the genuine tumour.", "contents": "Telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Of the 242 cases of osteosarcoma recorded in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 through 1968 only one was found to represent telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Another case was recently diagnosed in our department. The characteristic morphologic features of these neoplasms were anaplastic stroma, high mitotic activity, osteoid-formation, widely anastomosing blood spaces, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The experience gathered indicates that telangiectatic osteosarcoma constitutes a histopathologic variant of genuine osteosarcoma with a serious prognosis, necessitating the same kind of treatment as for the genuine tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:282773", "title": "Hematogenous development of rat mature granulocytic leukemia--distribution of leukemic foci in vertebral bodies.", "content": "The oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) induces leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. We compared the distribution of nodular foci of 2,7-FAA-induced mature granulocytic leukemia with that of transplanted leukemia for the purpose of proving hematogenous development of leukemia. The bone marrow of the vertebral bodies was examined in the cases of scattered lesion of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia. The leukemic nodular foci were most frequently located around the center of the craniocaudal axis of the vertebral bodies in both leukemias. On the other hand, they were evenly distributed along the dorso-ventral axis in both leukemias. The similarity of the distribution of nodular foci between 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia may be an evidence for the hypothesis that the former is spread by hematogenous metastasis.", "contents": "Hematogenous development of rat mature granulocytic leukemia--distribution of leukemic foci in vertebral bodies. The oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) induces leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. We compared the distribution of nodular foci of 2,7-FAA-induced mature granulocytic leukemia with that of transplanted leukemia for the purpose of proving hematogenous development of leukemia. The bone marrow of the vertebral bodies was examined in the cases of scattered lesion of 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia. The leukemic nodular foci were most frequently located around the center of the craniocaudal axis of the vertebral bodies in both leukemias. On the other hand, they were evenly distributed along the dorso-ventral axis in both leukemias. The similarity of the distribution of nodular foci between 2,7-FAA-induced and transplanted leukemia may be an evidence for the hypothesis that the former is spread by hematogenous metastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:282774", "title": "Oxazepam in the treatment of anxiety in children and the elderly.", "content": "The nature of anxiety, particularly in the young and the elderly, is described. The difficulty of treating anxiety occurring at the extremes of age is emphasized. Oxazepam is exceptionally well tolerated by these patients and is considered to be the benzodiazepine of choice for paediatric and geriatric anxiety. Metabolic and pharmacokinetic factors may account for this distinction.", "contents": "Oxazepam in the treatment of anxiety in children and the elderly. The nature of anxiety, particularly in the young and the elderly, is described. The difficulty of treating anxiety occurring at the extremes of age is emphasized. Oxazepam is exceptionally well tolerated by these patients and is considered to be the benzodiazepine of choice for paediatric and geriatric anxiety. Metabolic and pharmacokinetic factors may account for this distinction."}
{"id": "PMID:282775", "title": "The abuse potential of benzodiazepines with special reference to oxazepam.", "content": "Extensive use of oxazepam, particularly in the abuse-prone population of alcoholic patients, has shown that the dependence-producing potential of this drug is remarkably low, only four cases of dependence having been encountered over many years. Even abrupt withdrawal of oxazepam does not normally precipitate an abstinence syndrome. A computerized literature search retrieved 68 papers on benzodiazepine abuse and/or dependence, only 4 (6%) being concerned with oxazepam. Three reasons are proposed to account for the exceptionally low abuse-potential of oxazepam, the first being considered to be the most important: its onset of central nervous system activity is gradual, so there is no sudden 'intoxication' effect; it tends to cause dizziness at high dosages, discouraging the patient to increase the dose; and because it has a short half-life and no major active metabolites, intermittent therapy (which many patients now practise with all benzodiazepines), periodically allows the complete elimination of the drug from the body.", "contents": "The abuse potential of benzodiazepines with special reference to oxazepam. Extensive use of oxazepam, particularly in the abuse-prone population of alcoholic patients, has shown that the dependence-producing potential of this drug is remarkably low, only four cases of dependence having been encountered over many years. Even abrupt withdrawal of oxazepam does not normally precipitate an abstinence syndrome. A computerized literature search retrieved 68 papers on benzodiazepine abuse and/or dependence, only 4 (6%) being concerned with oxazepam. Three reasons are proposed to account for the exceptionally low abuse-potential of oxazepam, the first being considered to be the most important: its onset of central nervous system activity is gradual, so there is no sudden 'intoxication' effect; it tends to cause dizziness at high dosages, discouraging the patient to increase the dose; and because it has a short half-life and no major active metabolites, intermittent therapy (which many patients now practise with all benzodiazepines), periodically allows the complete elimination of the drug from the body."}
{"id": "PMID:282776", "title": "Benzodiazepine receptor in brain.", "content": "The evidence that the brain possesses specific receptors for benzodiazepines is summarized. Further we present a series of brain lesion experiments in rats showing that specific neuronal destructions by 6-hydroxydopamine, kainic acid in the striatum, X-ray irradiation of the hippocampus, intraperitoneal 3-acetyl-pyridine or hemisection at the thalamic level do not reduce the level of benzodiazepine receptors in striatum, hippocampus, cortex or cerebellum. These results show that the benzodiazepines are not positioned on dopamine or noradrenaline terminals, cholergic or GABA-ergic neurons in the striatum, granular cells in the hippocampus or climbing fibers in the cerebellum.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine receptor in brain. The evidence that the brain possesses specific receptors for benzodiazepines is summarized. Further we present a series of brain lesion experiments in rats showing that specific neuronal destructions by 6-hydroxydopamine, kainic acid in the striatum, X-ray irradiation of the hippocampus, intraperitoneal 3-acetyl-pyridine or hemisection at the thalamic level do not reduce the level of benzodiazepine receptors in striatum, hippocampus, cortex or cerebellum. These results show that the benzodiazepines are not positioned on dopamine or noradrenaline terminals, cholergic or GABA-ergic neurons in the striatum, granular cells in the hippocampus or climbing fibers in the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:282777", "title": "The pharmacokinetic profile of oxazepam.", "content": "Oxazepam has the shortest half life of the benzodiazepines and does not form any active metabolites. Its pharmacokinetic properties in healthy volunteers, uremic patients and dogs are reviewed. In normal man half lives between 6 and 25 hours are obtained. The drug is completely absorbed and steady state concentrations develop after multiple doses. In uremic patients the terminal half life of oxazepam in plasma was prolonged to 24-91 hours. However the clearance of oxazepam was not significantly decreased in this patient group and similar doses as in normal subjects are recommended. There was a marked retention of the water soluble oxazepam conjugate in the uremic patients but no pharmacological effect could be detected. In the uremic patients, as in dogs, secondary plasma concentration peaks were seen after single doses. In uremic patients, fecal excretion of oxazepam was increased. In the dog one third of a single intravenous dose was recovered in the bile. Thus enterohepatic cycling may occur in the dog and in uremic patients.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetic profile of oxazepam. Oxazepam has the shortest half life of the benzodiazepines and does not form any active metabolites. Its pharmacokinetic properties in healthy volunteers, uremic patients and dogs are reviewed. In normal man half lives between 6 and 25 hours are obtained. The drug is completely absorbed and steady state concentrations develop after multiple doses. In uremic patients the terminal half life of oxazepam in plasma was prolonged to 24-91 hours. However the clearance of oxazepam was not significantly decreased in this patient group and similar doses as in normal subjects are recommended. There was a marked retention of the water soluble oxazepam conjugate in the uremic patients but no pharmacological effect could be detected. In the uremic patients, as in dogs, secondary plasma concentration peaks were seen after single doses. In uremic patients, fecal excretion of oxazepam was increased. In the dog one third of a single intravenous dose was recovered in the bile. Thus enterohepatic cycling may occur in the dog and in uremic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282778", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam given during labour.", "content": "The transfer across the placenta and the maternal and neonatal kinetics of oxazepam and its conjugate was studied in 12 patients and their newborns. Oxazepam was readily absorbed and peak plasma concentrations were similar to those in healthy non-pregnant volunteers. When meperidine was given within one hour of the dose of oxazepam the absorption was delayed but the bioavailability did not decrease. In the newborns the umbilical vein plasma concentration of oxazepam usually exceeded that of the conjugate. The reverse was true for all subsequent plasma samples from the newborn. The half-life of oxazepam in the newborn averaged 22 hours as compared to 6.5 hours in the mothers. A significant rise of the plasma concentration of oxazepam conjugate was noted in three newborns during the first 6-10 hours of extrauterine life. This shows that the newborn is able to conjugate oxazepam. The Apgar score values were normal.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam given during labour. The transfer across the placenta and the maternal and neonatal kinetics of oxazepam and its conjugate was studied in 12 patients and their newborns. Oxazepam was readily absorbed and peak plasma concentrations were similar to those in healthy non-pregnant volunteers. When meperidine was given within one hour of the dose of oxazepam the absorption was delayed but the bioavailability did not decrease. In the newborns the umbilical vein plasma concentration of oxazepam usually exceeded that of the conjugate. The reverse was true for all subsequent plasma samples from the newborn. The half-life of oxazepam in the newborn averaged 22 hours as compared to 6.5 hours in the mothers. A significant rise of the plasma concentration of oxazepam conjugate was noted in three newborns during the first 6-10 hours of extrauterine life. This shows that the newborn is able to conjugate oxazepam. The Apgar score values were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:282779", "title": "The episodic nature of anxiety and its treatment with oxazepam.", "content": "The presentation of anxiety in clinical practice is examined, and it is concluded that many patients, perhaps a majority, experience fluctuating levels of anxiety. It is therefore suggested that therapy should be intermittent, according to this waxing and waning of symptoms. Most benzodiazepines are long-acting, and are therefore unsuitable for this type of therapy, but oxazepam, which is short-acting and has no active metabolites, is ideal for this purpose. It is proposed that such a regimen would minimize the problems of over-sedation, psychological habituation, and a reluctance, due to a permanently tranquillized state, to deal with the root causes of the anxiety.", "contents": "The episodic nature of anxiety and its treatment with oxazepam. The presentation of anxiety in clinical practice is examined, and it is concluded that many patients, perhaps a majority, experience fluctuating levels of anxiety. It is therefore suggested that therapy should be intermittent, according to this waxing and waning of symptoms. Most benzodiazepines are long-acting, and are therefore unsuitable for this type of therapy, but oxazepam, which is short-acting and has no active metabolites, is ideal for this purpose. It is proposed that such a regimen would minimize the problems of over-sedation, psychological habituation, and a reluctance, due to a permanently tranquillized state, to deal with the root causes of the anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:282780", "title": "Interferon therapy in neoplastic disease. A preliminary report.", "content": "The treatment of 10 patients having neoplastic disease with exogenous i.m. interferon therapy is described. The interferon given is partially purified interferon produced from human leukocytes. Sendai virus is used as interferon inductor. The patients reported in this paper have been on treatment for periods of 2-28 months. Apart from initial periods of fever, no side-effects have been recorded. Patients suffering from bladder papillomas have shown partial regression after a few months of therapy. The other cases treated are too few to warrant any conclusions, but the therapy does seem to have been beneficial.", "contents": "Interferon therapy in neoplastic disease. A preliminary report. The treatment of 10 patients having neoplastic disease with exogenous i.m. interferon therapy is described. The interferon given is partially purified interferon produced from human leukocytes. Sendai virus is used as interferon inductor. The patients reported in this paper have been on treatment for periods of 2-28 months. Apart from initial periods of fever, no side-effects have been recorded. Patients suffering from bladder papillomas have shown partial regression after a few months of therapy. The other cases treated are too few to warrant any conclusions, but the therapy does seem to have been beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:282781", "title": "Interferon and spontaneous cytotoxicity in man. II. Studies in patients receiving exogenous leukocyte interferon.", "content": "The spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphoid cells from five tumor patients was measured before and at various times after the first injection of human leukocyte interferon (IF). Four of the patients' lymphocytes exhibited cytotoxicity before the IF injection. After injection of IF there was an initial decrease in cytotoxicity, followed by an increase to 1.5-5 times above the preinjection level, the peak being reached at 12 hours. Thereafter the spontaneous cytotoxicity decreased but usually remained elevated for 24 hours after the injection. The lymphocytes of the fifth patient had very low spontaneous cytotoxicity before the injection of IF, and this did not markedly change afterwards. The proportion of E-rosette forming cells seemed to decrease slightly in all patients after the injection, followed by a normalization at 24-48 hours.", "contents": "Interferon and spontaneous cytotoxicity in man. II. Studies in patients receiving exogenous leukocyte interferon. The spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphoid cells from five tumor patients was measured before and at various times after the first injection of human leukocyte interferon (IF). Four of the patients' lymphocytes exhibited cytotoxicity before the IF injection. After injection of IF there was an initial decrease in cytotoxicity, followed by an increase to 1.5-5 times above the preinjection level, the peak being reached at 12 hours. Thereafter the spontaneous cytotoxicity decreased but usually remained elevated for 24 hours after the injection. The lymphocytes of the fifth patient had very low spontaneous cytotoxicity before the injection of IF, and this did not markedly change afterwards. The proportion of E-rosette forming cells seemed to decrease slightly in all patients after the injection, followed by a normalization at 24-48 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:282783", "title": "Accurate determination of serum ASAT isoenzymes.", "content": "An improved electrophoretic modification for measuring aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) isoenzymes is presented. This method fulfils the clinical requirements for sensitivity and allows the detection of 1 U/l mitochondria ASAT activity at 25 degree C. The procedure is relatively simple, requiring about one hour for a series of 8 determinations. Mitochondrial ASAT activity was found in all patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction pathological activity was observed for several days longer than that of total serum ASAT enzyme. None of the 25 healthy people studied had mitochondrial ASAT in their serum.", "contents": "Accurate determination of serum ASAT isoenzymes. An improved electrophoretic modification for measuring aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) isoenzymes is presented. This method fulfils the clinical requirements for sensitivity and allows the detection of 1 U/l mitochondria ASAT activity at 25 degree C. The procedure is relatively simple, requiring about one hour for a series of 8 determinations. Mitochondrial ASAT activity was found in all patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction pathological activity was observed for several days longer than that of total serum ASAT enzyme. None of the 25 healthy people studied had mitochondrial ASAT in their serum."}
{"id": "PMID:282784", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in the confirmation of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase is the most specific and sensitive indicator of myocardial infarction. Despite these virtues, its clinical use is handicapped by rapid normalization after the onset of myocardial injury. In patients suffering brain accidents, the increase of serum CK-MB isoenzymes indicates stimultaneous myocardial damage and means poor prognosis.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in the confirmation of acute myocardial infarction. Serum MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase is the most specific and sensitive indicator of myocardial infarction. Despite these virtues, its clinical use is handicapped by rapid normalization after the onset of myocardial injury. In patients suffering brain accidents, the increase of serum CK-MB isoenzymes indicates stimultaneous myocardial damage and means poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282794", "title": "Left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: relation between systolic time intervals and quantitative ischaemic ECG changes.", "content": "Twentyfour male patients with sustained myocardial infarction (MI) were studied with 12-lead ECG and systolic time intervals (STI) 5 months after the acute episode. From the ECGs were calculated the summed voltages of the R wave (sigma R), the Q wave (sigma Q), and the ST segment deviation (sigma ST). These ischaemic ECG variables were correlated with the STI parameters of left ventricular function: LVETI, PEP and PEP/LVET. Statistically significant regression equations relating the ECG changes to the STI variables were found in anterior MI, for sigma ST in the entire series, but not in inferior MI. Thus a simple and rapid inspection of the resting 12-lead ECG gives an indirect but reliable quantitative estimate of left ventricular function in patients with a sustained myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: relation between systolic time intervals and quantitative ischaemic ECG changes. Twentyfour male patients with sustained myocardial infarction (MI) were studied with 12-lead ECG and systolic time intervals (STI) 5 months after the acute episode. From the ECGs were calculated the summed voltages of the R wave (sigma R), the Q wave (sigma Q), and the ST segment deviation (sigma ST). These ischaemic ECG variables were correlated with the STI parameters of left ventricular function: LVETI, PEP and PEP/LVET. Statistically significant regression equations relating the ECG changes to the STI variables were found in anterior MI, for sigma ST in the entire series, but not in inferior MI. Thus a simple and rapid inspection of the resting 12-lead ECG gives an indirect but reliable quantitative estimate of left ventricular function in patients with a sustained myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:282795", "title": "Haemodynamic and endocrinological profile of essential hypertension.", "content": "In this study the results are presented of the haemodynamic and endocrinological inventarisation of 207 patients with essential hypertension. After establishing the relations of the various parameters with age (part IIA), interrelations between these variables are described (part IIB). The general finding is an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance early in the course of essential hypertension. In particular, this rise in resistance is found in the renal vasculature. In part III emphasis is given to the natural history of essential hypertension on the basis of a follow-up study. Again a rise in renal vascular resistance is found. As pointed out in the discussion (part IV) the cause of the abnormal resistance remains unknown. Emphasis is given to the renin-angiotensin system, which plays only a minor role. Here the factors regulating long-term renin secretion are discussed in favour of the baroreceptor theory.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and endocrinological profile of essential hypertension. In this study the results are presented of the haemodynamic and endocrinological inventarisation of 207 patients with essential hypertension. After establishing the relations of the various parameters with age (part IIA), interrelations between these variables are described (part IIB). The general finding is an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance early in the course of essential hypertension. In particular, this rise in resistance is found in the renal vasculature. In part III emphasis is given to the natural history of essential hypertension on the basis of a follow-up study. Again a rise in renal vascular resistance is found. As pointed out in the discussion (part IV) the cause of the abnormal resistance remains unknown. Emphasis is given to the renin-angiotensin system, which plays only a minor role. Here the factors regulating long-term renin secretion are discussed in favour of the baroreceptor theory."}
{"id": "PMID:282809", "title": "Leukemia in radiation-treated patients: cytogenetic studies in eight cases.", "content": "Abnormal chromosomes have been found in various clinical settings and in cancer patients. Eight patients developed leukemia several years after the diagnosis and treatment of a primary malignant disease. All the patients were being treated with irradiation, and five of them also received chemotherapy, notably, alkylating agents. The type of leukemias and the interval between irradiation and leukemia parallel very well with those reported from the atomic bomb casualties. Chromosomal abnormalities were seen in all the patients. These abnormalities have been reported in irradiated normal persons without developed leukemias. These findings suggest that the development of clinical cancer or leukemia may depend, not only on the presence of abnormal cells, but also on other factors. Perhaps the environment that allowed the original cancer to develop in our patients is capable of allowing the radiation-induced abnormal cells to be expressed as clinical leukemia.", "contents": "Leukemia in radiation-treated patients: cytogenetic studies in eight cases. Abnormal chromosomes have been found in various clinical settings and in cancer patients. Eight patients developed leukemia several years after the diagnosis and treatment of a primary malignant disease. All the patients were being treated with irradiation, and five of them also received chemotherapy, notably, alkylating agents. The type of leukemias and the interval between irradiation and leukemia parallel very well with those reported from the atomic bomb casualties. Chromosomal abnormalities were seen in all the patients. These abnormalities have been reported in irradiated normal persons without developed leukemias. These findings suggest that the development of clinical cancer or leukemia may depend, not only on the presence of abnormal cells, but also on other factors. Perhaps the environment that allowed the original cancer to develop in our patients is capable of allowing the radiation-induced abnormal cells to be expressed as clinical leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:282826", "title": "Effective adjuvant treatments. A brief review of U.S. clinical trials.", "content": "A variety of adjuvant trials performed in the United States for osteogenic sarcoma, breast, lung, and colon cancer have achieved encouraging results and are briefly summarized. Trials in osteogenic sarcoma are reporting 2-year disease-free survival rates of 50%. However, they have only been evaluated against historical controls and there is some evidence that other factors might have greatly improved the disease-free survival in the absence of adjuvant therapy. The NSABP breast cancer trial only shows significant improvement for women under 50 years of age with 1 to 3 positive axillary nodes. A very promising trial using intrapleural BCG immunotherapy for squamous cell lung cancer is described. Also, two trials of 5-fluorouracil for colo-rectal cancer, both showing trends suggesting slight improvement among treated patients, are presented. Proper care in the design of adjuvant trials with sufficient attention paid to prognostic variables is urged.", "contents": "Effective adjuvant treatments. A brief review of U.S. clinical trials. A variety of adjuvant trials performed in the United States for osteogenic sarcoma, breast, lung, and colon cancer have achieved encouraging results and are briefly summarized. Trials in osteogenic sarcoma are reporting 2-year disease-free survival rates of 50%. However, they have only been evaluated against historical controls and there is some evidence that other factors might have greatly improved the disease-free survival in the absence of adjuvant therapy. The NSABP breast cancer trial only shows significant improvement for women under 50 years of age with 1 to 3 positive axillary nodes. A very promising trial using intrapleural BCG immunotherapy for squamous cell lung cancer is described. Also, two trials of 5-fluorouracil for colo-rectal cancer, both showing trends suggesting slight improvement among treated patients, are presented. Proper care in the design of adjuvant trials with sufficient attention paid to prognostic variables is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:282827", "title": "Current trends and prospects in surgical adjuvant trials.", "content": "New concepts and treatments currently available for adjuvant studies are illustrated by a review of ongoing studies sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. More thorough information is needed on immunotherapeutic agents to allow more rationale in the use of these agents. Solid bases to properly select drugs or drug combinations for adjuvant purposes are being established. However, dose-schedule and duration of treatment are still to be defined. Strategies directed at prolonging the benefit of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy remain to be planned. Progress continuously achieved with immunotherapy and chemotherapy should rapidly broaden the spectrum of tumour types to be included in adjuvant studies.", "contents": "Current trends and prospects in surgical adjuvant trials. New concepts and treatments currently available for adjuvant studies are illustrated by a review of ongoing studies sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. More thorough information is needed on immunotherapeutic agents to allow more rationale in the use of these agents. Solid bases to properly select drugs or drug combinations for adjuvant purposes are being established. However, dose-schedule and duration of treatment are still to be defined. Strategies directed at prolonging the benefit of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy remain to be planned. Progress continuously achieved with immunotherapy and chemotherapy should rapidly broaden the spectrum of tumour types to be included in adjuvant studies."}
{"id": "PMID:282832", "title": "Acute stomatitis medicamentosa. Two case reports.", "content": "Two cases of acute drug reaction with oral mucosal lesions and problems of diagnosis in the absence of specific clinical and histopathological findings are presented.", "contents": "Acute stomatitis medicamentosa. Two case reports. Two cases of acute drug reaction with oral mucosal lesions and problems of diagnosis in the absence of specific clinical and histopathological findings are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:282833", "title": "Dental implications of narcotic addiction.", "content": "The nature of dental problems peculiar to narcotic addicts is discussed. A high caries rate and severe periodontal disease are common and can be attributed to a combination of dietary considerations and oral neglect. Loss of customary accompanying analgesia may complicate an attempted withdrawal programme. An approach to dental treatment of the narcotic addict is suggested. This should aim primarily at relief of pain and be carried out in consultation with the drug treatment centre. The risk posed by these patients of transmission of Hepatitis B is emphasized.", "contents": "Dental implications of narcotic addiction. The nature of dental problems peculiar to narcotic addicts is discussed. A high caries rate and severe periodontal disease are common and can be attributed to a combination of dietary considerations and oral neglect. Loss of customary accompanying analgesia may complicate an attempted withdrawal programme. An approach to dental treatment of the narcotic addict is suggested. This should aim primarily at relief of pain and be carried out in consultation with the drug treatment centre. The risk posed by these patients of transmission of Hepatitis B is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:282834", "title": "The effect of irradiation and heat on the content of adrenaline in commercially manufactured local anaesthetic solutions--a pilot study.", "content": "Carpules of commercially available local anaesthetic solutions containing adrenaline have been exposed to varying conditions of heat, ultra-violet and infra-red light over a period of two months. The adrenaline content in the solutions was assessed by fluorometric assay both at the commencement of study and at regular intervals over the period of exposure. Infra-red light appeared to have little or no effect on the concentration of adrenaline, while ultra-violet light, either alone or in combination with infra-red light, caused the adrenaline levels to diminish rapidly. The results suggest that the ultra-violet component of light is probably responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines in local anaesthetic solutions when these solution are stored in areas exposed to sunlight.", "contents": "The effect of irradiation and heat on the content of adrenaline in commercially manufactured local anaesthetic solutions--a pilot study. Carpules of commercially available local anaesthetic solutions containing adrenaline have been exposed to varying conditions of heat, ultra-violet and infra-red light over a period of two months. The adrenaline content in the solutions was assessed by fluorometric assay both at the commencement of study and at regular intervals over the period of exposure. Infra-red light appeared to have little or no effect on the concentration of adrenaline, while ultra-violet light, either alone or in combination with infra-red light, caused the adrenaline levels to diminish rapidly. The results suggest that the ultra-violet component of light is probably responsible for the breakdown of catecholamines in local anaesthetic solutions when these solution are stored in areas exposed to sunlight."}
{"id": "PMID:282837", "title": "Furcation involvement--a suggested rationale for treatment.", "content": "Furcation involvement is classified and methods of treatment discussed. Evidence is presented to indicate that altered plaque elimination techniques are essential in the furcation region.", "contents": "Furcation involvement--a suggested rationale for treatment. Furcation involvement is classified and methods of treatment discussed. Evidence is presented to indicate that altered plaque elimination techniques are essential in the furcation region."}
{"id": "PMID:282838", "title": "In vitro studies on the use of cetylpyridinium chloride as a bacterial plaque control agent.", "content": "Studies have shown that cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) containing mouthwash may in vitro inhibit artificial bacterial plaque accumulation under certain conditions. These studies, together with the findings of clinical trials, suggest that the clinical activity of CPC in partially limiting plaque accumulation depends on its adherence to cleaned enamel surfaces rather than its penetration in performed plaque.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the use of cetylpyridinium chloride as a bacterial plaque control agent. Studies have shown that cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) containing mouthwash may in vitro inhibit artificial bacterial plaque accumulation under certain conditions. These studies, together with the findings of clinical trials, suggest that the clinical activity of CPC in partially limiting plaque accumulation depends on its adherence to cleaned enamel surfaces rather than its penetration in performed plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:282839", "title": "Removing broken roots--a simple method.", "content": "A simple technique has been outlined for the removal of fractured root fragments. It can be applied to a number of situations and employs instruments which are readily available in the dental surgery.", "contents": "Removing broken roots--a simple method. A simple technique has been outlined for the removal of fractured root fragments. It can be applied to a number of situations and employs instruments which are readily available in the dental surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:282840", "title": "The expectations of the dental graduate.", "content": "The young dental graduate expects to deliver a certain standard of health care to the community. It is likely that both the standard of care required by the Australian people and the proportion of the population seeking treatment will increase in the coming decades. The dental profession has a responsibility to meet these demands. Although dentists should expect adequate monetary return for their activities, it would be improper to limit entry into the profession solely on the grounds of seeking to maintain some present datum line of \"economic viability\" of practice.", "contents": "The expectations of the dental graduate. The young dental graduate expects to deliver a certain standard of health care to the community. It is likely that both the standard of care required by the Australian people and the proportion of the population seeking treatment will increase in the coming decades. The dental profession has a responsibility to meet these demands. Although dentists should expect adequate monetary return for their activities, it would be improper to limit entry into the profession solely on the grounds of seeking to maintain some present datum line of \"economic viability\" of practice."}
{"id": "PMID:282841", "title": "Dendritic crystallization.", "content": "The fundamentals of dendritic crystallization are presented. Examples illustrating the processes and structures involved have been obtained by the metallurgical examination of specimens of the base metal partial denture casting alloys.", "contents": "Dendritic crystallization. The fundamentals of dendritic crystallization are presented. Examples illustrating the processes and structures involved have been obtained by the metallurgical examination of specimens of the base metal partial denture casting alloys."}
{"id": "PMID:282849", "title": "The prognostic value of the HV interval in patients with acute myocardial infarction and bundle branch block.", "content": "HV intervals were measured in 42 of 119 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction associated with bundle branch block (BBB). The mean HV intervals of patients with right, left and incomplete bilateral BBB were similar. The hospital and subsequent mortality of patients with prolonged HV intervals did not differ significantly from that of patients with normal HV intervals. The HV interval appeared to remain stable over the following months in most patients in whom it was remeasured. We conclude that the HV interval cannot be used to select patients who might benefit from prophylactic long term pacing.", "contents": "The prognostic value of the HV interval in patients with acute myocardial infarction and bundle branch block. HV intervals were measured in 42 of 119 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction associated with bundle branch block (BBB). The mean HV intervals of patients with right, left and incomplete bilateral BBB were similar. The hospital and subsequent mortality of patients with prolonged HV intervals did not differ significantly from that of patients with normal HV intervals. The HV interval appeared to remain stable over the following months in most patients in whom it was remeasured. We conclude that the HV interval cannot be used to select patients who might benefit from prophylactic long term pacing."}
{"id": "PMID:282850", "title": "Thromboembolic complications of mitral valve disease.", "content": "Five hundred and eighty-eight patients with mitral valve disease were studied. The incidence of systemic emboli was found to be higher in patients with pure mitral stenosis (16.6%) and mixed mitral stenosis and incompetence (19.4%) than in patients with mitral incompetence (3.1%). The patients with mitral stenosis who had episodes of systemic emboli tended to be older than 40 years, with moderate or severe valve lesions, atrial fibrillation and moderate or gross enlargement of the left atrial appendage or left atrium. The following factors were found to be unrelated to systemic embolism---associated aortic valve disease, sex, smoking habit, history of rheumatism, parity, haemoglobin, blood urea, pulmonary hypertension, duration of antifailure treatment, presence of heart failure, and cardiothoracic ratio.", "contents": "Thromboembolic complications of mitral valve disease. Five hundred and eighty-eight patients with mitral valve disease were studied. The incidence of systemic emboli was found to be higher in patients with pure mitral stenosis (16.6%) and mixed mitral stenosis and incompetence (19.4%) than in patients with mitral incompetence (3.1%). The patients with mitral stenosis who had episodes of systemic emboli tended to be older than 40 years, with moderate or severe valve lesions, atrial fibrillation and moderate or gross enlargement of the left atrial appendage or left atrium. The following factors were found to be unrelated to systemic embolism---associated aortic valve disease, sex, smoking habit, history of rheumatism, parity, haemoglobin, blood urea, pulmonary hypertension, duration of antifailure treatment, presence of heart failure, and cardiothoracic ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:282851", "title": "Electrophysiology of disopyramide in man.", "content": "The electrophysiological effects of an intravenous dose of disopyramide phosphate (2 mg per kg body weight) were studied in 17 patients. Studies were performed with the patients fasting, unpremedicated, and off all medication for three days. Blood samples for estimation of serum levels of disopyramide were collected in 15 of these patients. The effects of intravenous disopyramide were maximal at five minutes, less marked at 20 minutes, and largely gone by 30 minutes after administration of the drug. Sinus cycle length and corrected sinus node recovery time were shortened significantly. No index of atrioventricular nodal function was significantly changed. Both atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods were significantly prolonged. Further impairment of intraventricular conduction occurred in six patients with bundle branch block on electrocardiogram or prolonged HV interval. In one of two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the bypass effective refractory period was prolonged. These electrophysiological changes are similar to quinidine and quinidine like drugs. It is recommended that disopyramide should be used cautiously in patients with evidence of His Purkinje system disease since it may lead to higher degrees of intraventricular block.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of disopyramide in man. The electrophysiological effects of an intravenous dose of disopyramide phosphate (2 mg per kg body weight) were studied in 17 patients. Studies were performed with the patients fasting, unpremedicated, and off all medication for three days. Blood samples for estimation of serum levels of disopyramide were collected in 15 of these patients. The effects of intravenous disopyramide were maximal at five minutes, less marked at 20 minutes, and largely gone by 30 minutes after administration of the drug. Sinus cycle length and corrected sinus node recovery time were shortened significantly. No index of atrioventricular nodal function was significantly changed. Both atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods were significantly prolonged. Further impairment of intraventricular conduction occurred in six patients with bundle branch block on electrocardiogram or prolonged HV interval. In one of two patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the bypass effective refractory period was prolonged. These electrophysiological changes are similar to quinidine and quinidine like drugs. It is recommended that disopyramide should be used cautiously in patients with evidence of His Purkinje system disease since it may lead to higher degrees of intraventricular block."}
{"id": "PMID:282852", "title": "Gentamicin and amikacin---an in vitro comparison using 1000 clinical isolates.", "content": "The in vitro antimicrobial activities of gentamicin and amikacin against 1000 bacterial isolates from clinical material were compared. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by an agar dilution technique. Both of these aminoglycoside antibiotics had a similar spectrum of activity, being highly active against most species of aerobic Gram negative bacilli. Gentamicin was more active than amikacin against most species of enterobacteria, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus but amikacin was more active against a proportion of Klebsiella and Providencia isolates. For most isolates, the differences in activity between gentamicin and amikacin were small, however, amikacin achieves higher serum levels. Most resistant isolates in this survey did not influence patient mortality.", "contents": "Gentamicin and amikacin---an in vitro comparison using 1000 clinical isolates. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of gentamicin and amikacin against 1000 bacterial isolates from clinical material were compared. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by an agar dilution technique. Both of these aminoglycoside antibiotics had a similar spectrum of activity, being highly active against most species of aerobic Gram negative bacilli. Gentamicin was more active than amikacin against most species of enterobacteria, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus but amikacin was more active against a proportion of Klebsiella and Providencia isolates. For most isolates, the differences in activity between gentamicin and amikacin were small, however, amikacin achieves higher serum levels. Most resistant isolates in this survey did not influence patient mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:282853", "title": "Social factors and clinical disease: a checklist data base for correlative analysis.", "content": "The adequate care of a patient entails consideration of his social and psychological problems in addition to the relevant medical data. To facilitate this integrated approach, a Social Work Indices Checklist (SWIC) is described, and its use in practice is illustrated. A narrative report is generated from a possible 3095 items of information recorded in SWIC.", "contents": "Social factors and clinical disease: a checklist data base for correlative analysis. The adequate care of a patient entails consideration of his social and psychological problems in addition to the relevant medical data. To facilitate this integrated approach, a Social Work Indices Checklist (SWIC) is described, and its use in practice is illustrated. A narrative report is generated from a possible 3095 items of information recorded in SWIC."}
{"id": "PMID:282854", "title": "The effect of mucaine on gastrin release in man.", "content": "The effect of Mucaine and Aludrox on basal and food stimulated immunoreactive gastrin has been assessed in normal control subjects and patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer. No differences in gastrin responses were observed either in the basal period or after the protein meal with the two antacids. As previously described, release of gastrin was greatest in gastric ulcer patients but in contrast to previous results,normal subjects seemed to show a greater response than duodenal ulcer patients but this was not statistically significant. Thus the combination of a local anaesthetic oxethazaine with aluminium hydroxide gel does not lead to diminished gastrin release and is not the prime mechanism of action of this agent.", "contents": "The effect of mucaine on gastrin release in man. The effect of Mucaine and Aludrox on basal and food stimulated immunoreactive gastrin has been assessed in normal control subjects and patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer. No differences in gastrin responses were observed either in the basal period or after the protein meal with the two antacids. As previously described, release of gastrin was greatest in gastric ulcer patients but in contrast to previous results,normal subjects seemed to show a greater response than duodenal ulcer patients but this was not statistically significant. Thus the combination of a local anaesthetic oxethazaine with aluminium hydroxide gel does not lead to diminished gastrin release and is not the prime mechanism of action of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:282855", "title": "The relationship between the control of diabetes mellitus and circulating glycosylated haemoglobin A1.", "content": "The mean glycosylated haemoglobin A1 level in 200 diabetics, 13.2%+/-2.6 (1SD), was nearly twice the level found in 100 non-diabetics, 7.42%+/-0.6 (1SD), and overlap between the two populations was minimal. Glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels, fasting and two hour post-prandial blood glucose concentrations and 24 hour urinary glucose excretion were measured at intervals over a period of 12 weeks in six diabetics requiring stabilisation. A close correlation was found between glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels and short term parameters of control.", "contents": "The relationship between the control of diabetes mellitus and circulating glycosylated haemoglobin A1. The mean glycosylated haemoglobin A1 level in 200 diabetics, 13.2%+/-2.6 (1SD), was nearly twice the level found in 100 non-diabetics, 7.42%+/-0.6 (1SD), and overlap between the two populations was minimal. Glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels, fasting and two hour post-prandial blood glucose concentrations and 24 hour urinary glucose excretion were measured at intervals over a period of 12 weeks in six diabetics requiring stabilisation. A close correlation was found between glycosylated haemoglobin A1 levels and short term parameters of control."}
{"id": "PMID:282856", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis, methysergide and malignant lymphoma.", "content": "A patient who developed retroperitoneal fibrosis on low dose continuous methysergide therapy is presented. Discontinuing the drug led to rapid clinical improvement but the patient was subsequently found to have disseminated malignant lymphoma. This may have had a synergistic effect with methysergide in producing retroperitoneal fibrosis. The patient had also previously had thyrotoxicosis but no evidence of a continuing autoimmune process was found.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis, methysergide and malignant lymphoma. A patient who developed retroperitoneal fibrosis on low dose continuous methysergide therapy is presented. Discontinuing the drug led to rapid clinical improvement but the patient was subsequently found to have disseminated malignant lymphoma. This may have had a synergistic effect with methysergide in producing retroperitoneal fibrosis. The patient had also previously had thyrotoxicosis but no evidence of a continuing autoimmune process was found."}
{"id": "PMID:282857", "title": "Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with sarcoidosis.", "content": "Two patients with sarcoidosis involving pulmonary hilar lymph nodes developed the nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy in both cases showed membranous glomerulonephritis. In one patient, there was an associated renal vein thrombosis.", "contents": "Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with sarcoidosis. Two patients with sarcoidosis involving pulmonary hilar lymph nodes developed the nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy in both cases showed membranous glomerulonephritis. In one patient, there was an associated renal vein thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282858", "title": "Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension following ventriculo-atrial shunting.", "content": "Multiple pulmonary emboli and pulmonary hypertension occurred in a 49-year-old man four years after insertion of a ventriculoatrial shunt. Although this complication is a common finding at post-mortem in children with ventriculo-atrial shunts the frequency with which it occurs in adults is unknown. Routine electrocardiography and lung scanning is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment as symptoms are often insidious and the prognosis in established thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is poor.", "contents": "Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension following ventriculo-atrial shunting. Multiple pulmonary emboli and pulmonary hypertension occurred in a 49-year-old man four years after insertion of a ventriculoatrial shunt. Although this complication is a common finding at post-mortem in children with ventriculo-atrial shunts the frequency with which it occurs in adults is unknown. Routine electrocardiography and lung scanning is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment as symptoms are often insidious and the prognosis in established thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is poor."}
{"id": "PMID:282859", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of cor triatriatum.", "content": "M-mode echocardiography displayed abnormal echoes in the left atrium and posterior to the mitral leaflets in a child with severe heart failure. Cor triatriatum was demonstrated by angiography and cured by surgical excision. Subsequent echo studies no longer showed the abnormal structure.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of cor triatriatum. M-mode echocardiography displayed abnormal echoes in the left atrium and posterior to the mitral leaflets in a child with severe heart failure. Cor triatriatum was demonstrated by angiography and cured by surgical excision. Subsequent echo studies no longer showed the abnormal structure."}
{"id": "PMID:282860", "title": "Normal infant after treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in pregnancy with daunorubicin.", "content": "Daunorubicin, thioguanine and cytosine arabinoside were administered from the 17th to 34th weeks of pregnancy in a 23-year-old patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. The patient went into remission of her leukaemia, and a normal male infant was born after labour was induced in the 40th week. This experience supports the view that modern regimens of anti-leukaemic drugs may be administered during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy without harmful effects on the foetus.", "contents": "Normal infant after treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in pregnancy with daunorubicin. Daunorubicin, thioguanine and cytosine arabinoside were administered from the 17th to 34th weeks of pregnancy in a 23-year-old patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. The patient went into remission of her leukaemia, and a normal male infant was born after labour was induced in the 40th week. This experience supports the view that modern regimens of anti-leukaemic drugs may be administered during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy without harmful effects on the foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:282861", "title": "Some uses of the continuous flow blood separator in the myeloproliferative syndrome.", "content": "A continuous flow blood separator was used for leucapheresis in two patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, complicated by pregnancy and leukastasis respectively, and for thrombocytopheresis in a patient with megakaryocytic myelosis. The cases described, outline some of the clinical uses of this machine in the myeloproliferative syndrome.", "contents": "Some uses of the continuous flow blood separator in the myeloproliferative syndrome. A continuous flow blood separator was used for leucapheresis in two patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, complicated by pregnancy and leukastasis respectively, and for thrombocytopheresis in a patient with megakaryocytic myelosis. The cases described, outline some of the clinical uses of this machine in the myeloproliferative syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:282864", "title": "The current practice of paediatric surgery in Malaysia.", "content": "This 10-year review of surgical conditions in infants at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, highlights some of the more common problems encountered and outlines their management. Anorectal agenesis and Hirschsprung's disease were seen relatively more frequently than other anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract. The management of these two conditions and the operation of colostomy and its complications are singled out and presented in some detail.", "contents": "The current practice of paediatric surgery in Malaysia. This 10-year review of surgical conditions in infants at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, highlights some of the more common problems encountered and outlines their management. Anorectal agenesis and Hirschsprung's disease were seen relatively more frequently than other anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract. The management of these two conditions and the operation of colostomy and its complications are singled out and presented in some detail."}
{"id": "PMID:282865", "title": "Burns in childhood: an epidemiological survey.", "content": "The epidemiology of 382 burns admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, is reviewed. Accidents due to burn trauma are disproportionately common among children when compared with adults, and during childhood years make up a sizable proportion of all injuries. In addition to the immediate physical trauma, there can be severe psychological consequences as well as severe disturbances to family life. Seventy per cent of the children in this series were normal active children less than four years of age, who were too young to learn that certain things are dangerous, and for this group preventative measures must be directed towards the parents. Possible methods of prevention of burns in children are discussed, and it is tragic that the very traits that make young children so engaging also lead them to accidental burn injuries. Their only hope of prevention lies in increased parental concern.", "contents": "Burns in childhood: an epidemiological survey. The epidemiology of 382 burns admitted to the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, is reviewed. Accidents due to burn trauma are disproportionately common among children when compared with adults, and during childhood years make up a sizable proportion of all injuries. In addition to the immediate physical trauma, there can be severe psychological consequences as well as severe disturbances to family life. Seventy per cent of the children in this series were normal active children less than four years of age, who were too young to learn that certain things are dangerous, and for this group preventative measures must be directed towards the parents. Possible methods of prevention of burns in children are discussed, and it is tragic that the very traits that make young children so engaging also lead them to accidental burn injuries. Their only hope of prevention lies in increased parental concern."}
{"id": "PMID:282866", "title": "Bone scintigraphy in discitis and related disorders in children.", "content": "Thirty-nine children with suspected pathology involving the vertebral column were investigated haematologically, radiographically, and by bone scintigraphy using technetium 99M pyrophosphate. Fifteen children were shown to have inflammatory disease of the vertebrae. A further six suffered from Scheuermann's disease, two from benign tumours, and the remainder from miscellaneous diseases not specifically involving bony pathology. The nuclide scan was abnormal in all cases of discitis and osteomyelitis, and in the two tumours. All of the other conditions were associated with a normal bone scan. This finding is of considerable diagnostic importance, and leads support to the theory that discitis is due to bacterial infection.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy in discitis and related disorders in children. Thirty-nine children with suspected pathology involving the vertebral column were investigated haematologically, radiographically, and by bone scintigraphy using technetium 99M pyrophosphate. Fifteen children were shown to have inflammatory disease of the vertebrae. A further six suffered from Scheuermann's disease, two from benign tumours, and the remainder from miscellaneous diseases not specifically involving bony pathology. The nuclide scan was abnormal in all cases of discitis and osteomyelitis, and in the two tumours. All of the other conditions were associated with a normal bone scan. This finding is of considerable diagnostic importance, and leads support to the theory that discitis is due to bacterial infection."}
{"id": "PMID:282867", "title": "A guideline to the management of patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children.", "content": "Experience with multiple ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, is presented. One hundred and sixty-one consecutive cases between January 1971 and December 1974 have been reviewed. Fifty-four children (33%) were less than one year of age. In the majority of cases the diagnosis was made on clinical grounds. Cardiac catheterization and angiography were carried out when associated intracardiac lesions were suspected. The overall mortality was 2.5%. All the deaths occurred in infants less than six months of age who had associated cardiac lesions. There were no deaths in patients who had an uncomplicated PDA or who were more than one year of age. Multiple ligation of the PDA is a simple and safe operation. The risk of operative treatment is affected more by the presence of associated cardiac lesions and the age of the patient than by the surgical technique employed.", "contents": "A guideline to the management of patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children. Experience with multiple ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, is presented. One hundred and sixty-one consecutive cases between January 1971 and December 1974 have been reviewed. Fifty-four children (33%) were less than one year of age. In the majority of cases the diagnosis was made on clinical grounds. Cardiac catheterization and angiography were carried out when associated intracardiac lesions were suspected. The overall mortality was 2.5%. All the deaths occurred in infants less than six months of age who had associated cardiac lesions. There were no deaths in patients who had an uncomplicated PDA or who were more than one year of age. Multiple ligation of the PDA is a simple and safe operation. The risk of operative treatment is affected more by the presence of associated cardiac lesions and the age of the patient than by the surgical technique employed."}
{"id": "PMID:282868", "title": "Buerger's disease--a review of 105 patients.", "content": "One hundred and five cases (101 males and four females) of Buerger's disease occurring in Hong Kong have been reviewed. In the foot the digits affected were predominantly the big, second and little toes, whereas in the hand the index and middle fingers were most commonly involved. There was no selective involvement of the left or right side in the upper or lower extremities. The majority of patients were operated on and had amputation, sympathectomy, or both procedures performed. Major lower limb amputation was carried out in 22.6% of patients with lower limb involvement. Reconstructive arterial surgery was possible in only four patients, and early failure of grafts in three patients resulted in major amputation.", "contents": "Buerger's disease--a review of 105 patients. One hundred and five cases (101 males and four females) of Buerger's disease occurring in Hong Kong have been reviewed. In the foot the digits affected were predominantly the big, second and little toes, whereas in the hand the index and middle fingers were most commonly involved. There was no selective involvement of the left or right side in the upper or lower extremities. The majority of patients were operated on and had amputation, sympathectomy, or both procedures performed. Major lower limb amputation was carried out in 22.6% of patients with lower limb involvement. Reconstructive arterial surgery was possible in only four patients, and early failure of grafts in three patients resulted in major amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:282869", "title": "The measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "A study was made of the accuracy of different methods currently used in assessing the transverse diameter of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The maximum transverse diameter of the abdominal aorta was estimated by clinical palpation, plain radiology, ultrasonography and aortography, in a group of 47 patients who were subjected to either a surgical exploration or elective aneurysm resection. The results of these estimations were compared with the actual measurements obtained during the surgical procedure. Measurements of aortic wall calcification seen on the plain X-ray film correlated best with the operative findings. However, calcification was seen in only 30% of the patients. Ultrasonography was almost universally applicable as a technique of assessing aortic size and was found to be a reliable technique for measuring the aortic diameter.", "contents": "The measurement of abdominal aortic aneurysms. A study was made of the accuracy of different methods currently used in assessing the transverse diameter of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The maximum transverse diameter of the abdominal aorta was estimated by clinical palpation, plain radiology, ultrasonography and aortography, in a group of 47 patients who were subjected to either a surgical exploration or elective aneurysm resection. The results of these estimations were compared with the actual measurements obtained during the surgical procedure. Measurements of aortic wall calcification seen on the plain X-ray film correlated best with the operative findings. However, calcification was seen in only 30% of the patients. Ultrasonography was almost universally applicable as a technique of assessing aortic size and was found to be a reliable technique for measuring the aortic diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:282872", "title": "Mastectomy in a large public hospital.", "content": "Thirty women undergoing mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast in a large teaching hospital were interviewed. All indicated a very real need to discuss their experiences, and felt that the interview had been beneficial to them. Most had found the \"lump\" themselves--but often described it as a \"hardness\", a \"ridge\", or a \"thickening\". More than half felt that the counselling afforded to them had been inadequate--especially in the realm of sexual adjustment--but, if their marriages had been stable before operation, subsequent deterioration was unlikely. The threat of malignancy, rather than that of breast loss, was uppermost in the minds of most patients. It should not be assumed that postmastectomy problems do not exist because patients do not mention them, especially in large busy follow-up clinics, where privacy may be inadequate. If doctors are unable or unwilling to afford this service to their mastectomy patients, it may be necessary to delegate it to other health professionals and mastectomy volunteers.", "contents": "Mastectomy in a large public hospital. Thirty women undergoing mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast in a large teaching hospital were interviewed. All indicated a very real need to discuss their experiences, and felt that the interview had been beneficial to them. Most had found the \"lump\" themselves--but often described it as a \"hardness\", a \"ridge\", or a \"thickening\". More than half felt that the counselling afforded to them had been inadequate--especially in the realm of sexual adjustment--but, if their marriages had been stable before operation, subsequent deterioration was unlikely. The threat of malignancy, rather than that of breast loss, was uppermost in the minds of most patients. It should not be assumed that postmastectomy problems do not exist because patients do not mention them, especially in large busy follow-up clinics, where privacy may be inadequate. If doctors are unable or unwilling to afford this service to their mastectomy patients, it may be necessary to delegate it to other health professionals and mastectomy volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:282873", "title": "The results of colonic anastomoses at the Royal Melbourne Hospital.", "content": "One hundred consecutive colocolic and colorectal anastomoses are reviewed. The operative mortality was 5%, wound infection rate 27%, and faecal fistula rate 15%. These complications are shown to double the hospital bed stay. Factors affecting their occurence are examined, and recommendations are made with a view to lower this morbidity.", "contents": "The results of colonic anastomoses at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. One hundred consecutive colocolic and colorectal anastomoses are reviewed. The operative mortality was 5%, wound infection rate 27%, and faecal fistula rate 15%. These complications are shown to double the hospital bed stay. Factors affecting their occurence are examined, and recommendations are made with a view to lower this morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:282874", "title": "Local excision of carcinomas of the rectum, anus, and anal canal.", "content": "Local resection has a place in the treatment of selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum, anus and anal canal. Selection depends on the ability of the surgeon to assess accurately the stage of the tumour. Favourable lesions are those which are small, exophytic, and mobile on the surrounding tissues. A transphincteric approach has been advocated for these tumours, but this seems unnecessarily destructive. The present series consists of 18 highly selected patients who were treated by transanal local removal. There have been two recurrences, one of which has been treated by abdominoperineal resection and the other by further local excision. All of these patients were diagnosed clinically as suffering from carcinoma before operation. Patients who had a preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma and were later found to have benign adenomas, and patients who were diagnosed as benign and later found to have histological malignancy, have been excluded.", "contents": "Local excision of carcinomas of the rectum, anus, and anal canal. Local resection has a place in the treatment of selected patients with carcinoma of the rectum, anus and anal canal. Selection depends on the ability of the surgeon to assess accurately the stage of the tumour. Favourable lesions are those which are small, exophytic, and mobile on the surrounding tissues. A transphincteric approach has been advocated for these tumours, but this seems unnecessarily destructive. The present series consists of 18 highly selected patients who were treated by transanal local removal. There have been two recurrences, one of which has been treated by abdominoperineal resection and the other by further local excision. All of these patients were diagnosed clinically as suffering from carcinoma before operation. Patients who had a preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma and were later found to have benign adenomas, and patients who were diagnosed as benign and later found to have histological malignancy, have been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:282875", "title": "Postoperative hypoxaemia: preoperative considerations.", "content": "In a group of 31 consecutive patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, severe postoperative arterial hypoxaemia was present in 10 cases (32%). The predictive value of the preoperative expiratory spirogram and the arterial PO2 have been examined. It is concluded that a history of chronic bronchitis may be of more value than either of these investigations in predicting the likely occurrence of postoperative hypoxaemia.", "contents": "Postoperative hypoxaemia: preoperative considerations. In a group of 31 consecutive patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, severe postoperative arterial hypoxaemia was present in 10 cases (32%). The predictive value of the preoperative expiratory spirogram and the arterial PO2 have been examined. It is concluded that a history of chronic bronchitis may be of more value than either of these investigations in predicting the likely occurrence of postoperative hypoxaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:282876", "title": "Colloid osmotic pressure in surgical patients and its relationship to serum protein and albumin estimations.", "content": "A series of calculated colloid osmotic pressure (C.O.P.) results have been compared with concurrently performed total serum protein and serum albumin estimations. It is concluded that in most critically ill patients, serial estimations of total serum protein, which are very easy to perform using a hand refractometer or copper sulphate bottles, give a useful guide to the C.O.P. level. In a second series of patients, colloid osmotic pressure has been calculated before and after operation in a group of patients undergoing routine abdominal surgery, and significant falls in C.O.P. have been found to occur after operation. It is suggested that this may be a contributing factor in some of those patients who suffer postoperative respiratory complications.", "contents": "Colloid osmotic pressure in surgical patients and its relationship to serum protein and albumin estimations. A series of calculated colloid osmotic pressure (C.O.P.) results have been compared with concurrently performed total serum protein and serum albumin estimations. It is concluded that in most critically ill patients, serial estimations of total serum protein, which are very easy to perform using a hand refractometer or copper sulphate bottles, give a useful guide to the C.O.P. level. In a second series of patients, colloid osmotic pressure has been calculated before and after operation in a group of patients undergoing routine abdominal surgery, and significant falls in C.O.P. have been found to occur after operation. It is suggested that this may be a contributing factor in some of those patients who suffer postoperative respiratory complications."}
{"id": "PMID:282877", "title": "Papillary adenocarcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst.", "content": "Carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst is a rare but well-recognized condition. In this paper we present a further case of papillary adenocarcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst, and review the published experience of this condition.", "contents": "Papillary adenocarcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst. Carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst is a rare but well-recognized condition. In this paper we present a further case of papillary adenocarcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst, and review the published experience of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:282878", "title": "Myxoma of the tricuspid valve.", "content": "Myxomas of the intraventricular cavity are extremely rare, and those of right ventricular origin are the least frequent. Only three cases of myxoma of the tricuspid valve have so far been reported. In this communication a myxoma of the tricuspid valve in a 23-year-old woman is reported because of its unusual and interesting clinical presentation and the extreme rarity of this lesion.", "contents": "Myxoma of the tricuspid valve. Myxomas of the intraventricular cavity are extremely rare, and those of right ventricular origin are the least frequent. Only three cases of myxoma of the tricuspid valve have so far been reported. In this communication a myxoma of the tricuspid valve in a 23-year-old woman is reported because of its unusual and interesting clinical presentation and the extreme rarity of this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:282879", "title": "Calcification of the mitral annulus.", "content": "Successful valve replacement has been achieved within the first three years in two patients who had extensive calcification of the mitral valve annulus. This condition, although commonly reported in pathology and autopsy studies, has been rare in our clinical experience. Surgical management does not appear to us to have been reported previously. It was regarded in our earlier experience as a deterrent to mitral valve surgery. Certain technical factors which contributed to success are emphasized in the two cases described in this report.", "contents": "Calcification of the mitral annulus. Successful valve replacement has been achieved within the first three years in two patients who had extensive calcification of the mitral valve annulus. This condition, although commonly reported in pathology and autopsy studies, has been rare in our clinical experience. Surgical management does not appear to us to have been reported previously. It was regarded in our earlier experience as a deterrent to mitral valve surgery. Certain technical factors which contributed to success are emphasized in the two cases described in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:282885", "title": "The \"yo-yo\" operation for inguinal hernia.", "content": "This article presents a new principle in the repair of difficult inguinal herniae. The testis is mobilized from the scrotum, returned to the abdominal cavity, brought down again through a new canal constructed through the rectus abdominis muscle, and then restored to the scrotum. The original inguinal canal can then be completely obliterated.", "contents": "The \"yo-yo\" operation for inguinal hernia. This article presents a new principle in the repair of difficult inguinal herniae. The testis is mobilized from the scrotum, returned to the abdominal cavity, brought down again through a new canal constructed through the rectus abdominis muscle, and then restored to the scrotum. The original inguinal canal can then be completely obliterated."}
{"id": "PMID:282886", "title": "Black pigment stone in a male child aged two years and seven months.", "content": "A case of cholelithiasis is reported occurring in a boy aged two years and seven months. The patient presented with biliary colic, and cholecystectomy was performed. Detailed analysis of the stone, including electron-probe studies, showed it to be an example of a polybilirubinate stone, containing also calcium, carbonate, and phosphate, with some sulphur, sodium, and magnesium. There were also traces of chlorine, aluminium, copper, nickel, and manganese.", "contents": "Black pigment stone in a male child aged two years and seven months. A case of cholelithiasis is reported occurring in a boy aged two years and seven months. The patient presented with biliary colic, and cholecystectomy was performed. Detailed analysis of the stone, including electron-probe studies, showed it to be an example of a polybilirubinate stone, containing also calcium, carbonate, and phosphate, with some sulphur, sodium, and magnesium. There were also traces of chlorine, aluminium, copper, nickel, and manganese."}
{"id": "PMID:282887", "title": "The early diagnosis of acute occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: experimental results and clinical applications.", "content": "The diagnosis of acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion in the dog has been achieved in every case by isotope scanning of the abdomen using technetium-labelled red cells or technetium-labelled human serum albumin. The white cell count is also significantly elevated, but the changes in the levels of the enzymes CPK, LDH, AST and serum amylase are not specific for actue mesenteric ischaemia. In the human the presence of a normal gut circulation can be demonstrated by isotope scanning provided that the patient is not severely shocked. The presence of a normal gut circulation as shown on the scintigram conclusively eliminates the possibility of acute main trunk occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. This should be of help in differentiating acute occulusive mesenteric ischaemia from other causes of the acute abdomen. Abdominal scintiscanning is complementary to angiography, which still remains the most precise means of diagnosing acute mesenteric ischaemia. Although the abdominal scintigram is more limited in its application and is not as accurate as angiography, it is quicker to perform, non-invasive, and entirely safe. Abdominal scintiscanning is an excellent screening test to be used in patients suspected of suffering from acute occlusive mesenteric ischaemia.", "contents": "The early diagnosis of acute occlusive mesenteric ischaemia: experimental results and clinical applications. The diagnosis of acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion in the dog has been achieved in every case by isotope scanning of the abdomen using technetium-labelled red cells or technetium-labelled human serum albumin. The white cell count is also significantly elevated, but the changes in the levels of the enzymes CPK, LDH, AST and serum amylase are not specific for actue mesenteric ischaemia. In the human the presence of a normal gut circulation can be demonstrated by isotope scanning provided that the patient is not severely shocked. The presence of a normal gut circulation as shown on the scintigram conclusively eliminates the possibility of acute main trunk occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. This should be of help in differentiating acute occulusive mesenteric ischaemia from other causes of the acute abdomen. Abdominal scintiscanning is complementary to angiography, which still remains the most precise means of diagnosing acute mesenteric ischaemia. Although the abdominal scintigram is more limited in its application and is not as accurate as angiography, it is quicker to perform, non-invasive, and entirely safe. Abdominal scintiscanning is an excellent screening test to be used in patients suspected of suffering from acute occlusive mesenteric ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:282888", "title": "Experimental replacement of the cervical oesophagus with a free transverse colon autograft using microvascular anastomoses.", "content": "Microsurgical revascularization in the neck has improved the survival rate of free small-bowel grafts used to replace the cervical oesophagus. Colon vessels are larger than those in the jejunum, and even with naked-eye technique good results have been reported following free colon grafting of the oesophagus. The authors thought it might be possible to achieve even better results using microvascular anastomoses in the neck, and in this way replaced the cervical oesophagus in each of 15 dogs with a free transverse colon autotransplant. Four dogs died during operation and four within three days, two of the latter with graft necrosis. The next seven dogs survived eight days or more, and all their colon grafts were viable. Where patent arteries were demonstrated (three cases) the mucosa and myenteric plexuses of the graft survived. In all four dogs where the arteries were thrombosed or not demonstrated, the mucosa was absent, myenteric plexuses were absent in three, and one graft was grossly stenosed. Among these seven dogs there were three fistulae, one where graft arteries were patent and two where they were not; immediate anastomotic healing was not guaranteed by graft survival or arterial patency.", "contents": "Experimental replacement of the cervical oesophagus with a free transverse colon autograft using microvascular anastomoses. Microsurgical revascularization in the neck has improved the survival rate of free small-bowel grafts used to replace the cervical oesophagus. Colon vessels are larger than those in the jejunum, and even with naked-eye technique good results have been reported following free colon grafting of the oesophagus. The authors thought it might be possible to achieve even better results using microvascular anastomoses in the neck, and in this way replaced the cervical oesophagus in each of 15 dogs with a free transverse colon autotransplant. Four dogs died during operation and four within three days, two of the latter with graft necrosis. The next seven dogs survived eight days or more, and all their colon grafts were viable. Where patent arteries were demonstrated (three cases) the mucosa and myenteric plexuses of the graft survived. In all four dogs where the arteries were thrombosed or not demonstrated, the mucosa was absent, myenteric plexuses were absent in three, and one graft was grossly stenosed. Among these seven dogs there were three fistulae, one where graft arteries were patent and two where they were not; immediate anastomotic healing was not guaranteed by graft survival or arterial patency."}
{"id": "PMID:282895", "title": "Prognostic factors in chronic granulocytic leukemia. A study of 798 cases.", "content": "Between 1959 and 1973 were analyzed the records of 798 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Mean survival (MS) for the entire group is 42 months. 342 patients have been followed closely during and after development of blastic transformation. Presence of following symptoms at the time of diagnosis: asthenia, weight loss, bone pain, fever, sweats and digestive disorders is of poor prognosis significance (MS: 36 months, no sign: MS 75 months) (P less than 0.001). Spleen size is also a prognostic factor. MS are respectively 70, 52 and 35 months if initial splenomegaly is moderate (less than 3 cm), marked (less than 6 cm) or tumoral (greater than or equal to 6 cm). Thrombocytopenia (less than 15,000/mm3 or thrombocythemia (greater than 1 million/mm3) have a poor prognosis with median survival 22 months and 28 months. If peripheral blast cells (hemocytoblasts + myeloblasts) exceed 5%, the prognosis is worse; beyond 10% MS is 26 months. In contrast certain factors have better prognosis: hemoglobin greater than or equal to 14 g/100 ml, young age (less than 20 y.) MS: 62 months), female sex and an initial WBC count below 25 x 10(3)/mm3 (MS: 70 months).", "contents": "Prognostic factors in chronic granulocytic leukemia. A study of 798 cases. Between 1959 and 1973 were analyzed the records of 798 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Mean survival (MS) for the entire group is 42 months. 342 patients have been followed closely during and after development of blastic transformation. Presence of following symptoms at the time of diagnosis: asthenia, weight loss, bone pain, fever, sweats and digestive disorders is of poor prognosis significance (MS: 36 months, no sign: MS 75 months) (P less than 0.001). Spleen size is also a prognostic factor. MS are respectively 70, 52 and 35 months if initial splenomegaly is moderate (less than 3 cm), marked (less than 6 cm) or tumoral (greater than or equal to 6 cm). Thrombocytopenia (less than 15,000/mm3 or thrombocythemia (greater than 1 million/mm3) have a poor prognosis with median survival 22 months and 28 months. If peripheral blast cells (hemocytoblasts + myeloblasts) exceed 5%, the prognosis is worse; beyond 10% MS is 26 months. In contrast certain factors have better prognosis: hemoglobin greater than or equal to 14 g/100 ml, young age (less than 20 y.) MS: 62 months), female sex and an initial WBC count below 25 x 10(3)/mm3 (MS: 70 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:282896", "title": "Cytogenetic \"staging\" of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).", "content": "Establishment of the exact chromosome constitution in the leukemic cells of CML can serve as a mean of \"staging\" of the disease. Such \"staging\" is of more than theoretical value, for it may be utilized not only in the differentiation of the type of CML present, but may also serve as a useful guide in the therapy of the disease. The most important determination is to ascertain whether the CML is Ph1 positive or negative, for the latter form of the disease has a much poorer prognosis and requires a different therapeutic approach than the Ph1-positive disease. A system of \"staging\" of Ph1-positive CML is proposed, allowing a clear understanding of the type of therapy to be used and the results that can be expected from such therapy. The presence or absence of chromosomally normal cells plays a crucial role in this respect and points to the importance of diagnosing CML in its very early stages, when normal cells are usually present and leading to a much more favourable prognosis. The possible role of a missing Y in the leukemic cells and Ph1-translocations other than the standard one in the prognosis and clinical picture of CML is discussed.", "contents": "Cytogenetic \"staging\" of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Establishment of the exact chromosome constitution in the leukemic cells of CML can serve as a mean of \"staging\" of the disease. Such \"staging\" is of more than theoretical value, for it may be utilized not only in the differentiation of the type of CML present, but may also serve as a useful guide in the therapy of the disease. The most important determination is to ascertain whether the CML is Ph1 positive or negative, for the latter form of the disease has a much poorer prognosis and requires a different therapeutic approach than the Ph1-positive disease. A system of \"staging\" of Ph1-positive CML is proposed, allowing a clear understanding of the type of therapy to be used and the results that can be expected from such therapy. The presence or absence of chromosomally normal cells plays a crucial role in this respect and points to the importance of diagnosing CML in its very early stages, when normal cells are usually present and leading to a much more favourable prognosis. The possible role of a missing Y in the leukemic cells and Ph1-translocations other than the standard one in the prognosis and clinical picture of CML is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282897", "title": "The relevance of extramedullary hemopoiesis to the staging of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) the spleen and the liver can lodge, trap and release a high proportion of leukemic cells, and are active sites of (leukemic) hemopoiesis throughout the disease. Evidence is provided that spleen and liver volume have a prognostic value, and that marrow, spleen, and liver differ as to cell composition, cell kinetic patterns, functional cell characters, and cell karyotype. In the majority of the patients, extramedullary hemopoiesis seems to be more abnormal than marrow hemopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that spleen and/or liver can play an important role in the evolution of CML towards the blastic metamorphosis. However, present information on extramedullary hemopoiesis does not allow to identify specific patterns and to establish its relevance to the course of the disease.", "contents": "The relevance of extramedullary hemopoiesis to the staging of chronic myeloid leukemia. In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) the spleen and the liver can lodge, trap and release a high proportion of leukemic cells, and are active sites of (leukemic) hemopoiesis throughout the disease. Evidence is provided that spleen and liver volume have a prognostic value, and that marrow, spleen, and liver differ as to cell composition, cell kinetic patterns, functional cell characters, and cell karyotype. In the majority of the patients, extramedullary hemopoiesis seems to be more abnormal than marrow hemopoiesis, supporting the hypothesis that spleen and/or liver can play an important role in the evolution of CML towards the blastic metamorphosis. However, present information on extramedullary hemopoiesis does not allow to identify specific patterns and to establish its relevance to the course of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:282898", "title": "Usefulness of cell kinetics for staging of chronic myeloid leukemia?", "content": "In the blood, the labelling index of the immature myeloid cells of one patient out of three decreased progressively from diagnosis to blastic crisis. This parameter deserves more investigation. In the marrow however, the 3H thymidine labelling indexes of the myeloid cells were not useful in predicting the blastic transformation of CML. The colony inhibiting activity of the PMN in CML neither was found to be useful in staging the disease.", "contents": "Usefulness of cell kinetics for staging of chronic myeloid leukemia? In the blood, the labelling index of the immature myeloid cells of one patient out of three decreased progressively from diagnosis to blastic crisis. This parameter deserves more investigation. In the marrow however, the 3H thymidine labelling indexes of the myeloid cells were not useful in predicting the blastic transformation of CML. The colony inhibiting activity of the PMN in CML neither was found to be useful in staging the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:282899", "title": "The L-5 protocol: intensive treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "An aggressive treatment program combining splenic irradiation, splenectomy and intensive cytotoxic combination chemotherapy was used in 37 patients with Ph1 chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cytogenetic Ph1 chromosome determination on marrow cells revealed a significant but transient decrease in the Ph1 positive cell population in 12/37 (32%) cases. Survival duration appears longer in patients who show a reduction in the Ph1 positive population. Blastic transformation occurred in 18/37 (49%) cases, not different from our historical control.", "contents": "The L-5 protocol: intensive treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. An aggressive treatment program combining splenic irradiation, splenectomy and intensive cytotoxic combination chemotherapy was used in 37 patients with Ph1 chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cytogenetic Ph1 chromosome determination on marrow cells revealed a significant but transient decrease in the Ph1 positive cell population in 12/37 (32%) cases. Survival duration appears longer in patients who show a reduction in the Ph1 positive population. Blastic transformation occurred in 18/37 (49%) cases, not different from our historical control."}
{"id": "PMID:282900", "title": "Progress report on immunotherapy of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "A total of 88 better risk patients and 47 poor-risk patients with chronic myeloid leukemia have received repeated vaccinations with BCG or BCG-cultured cell mixtures at our institutions. The number of viable BCG organisms injected appeared to be the most important parameter of immunologic stimulation in this study. Excessive doses of BCG were associated with a significant incidence of disabling complications and with no survival benefit. Better risk patients receiving lower doses of BCG had suggestive prolongation of survival (p less than 0.1). Immunotherapy had little effect on the course of poor-risk patients but evaluation of this heterogeneous population is difficult; additional studies would be desirable among patients in whom reversal of poor prognostic signs can be achieved.", "contents": "Progress report on immunotherapy of chronic myeloid leukemia. A total of 88 better risk patients and 47 poor-risk patients with chronic myeloid leukemia have received repeated vaccinations with BCG or BCG-cultured cell mixtures at our institutions. The number of viable BCG organisms injected appeared to be the most important parameter of immunologic stimulation in this study. Excessive doses of BCG were associated with a significant incidence of disabling complications and with no survival benefit. Better risk patients receiving lower doses of BCG had suggestive prolongation of survival (p less than 0.1). Immunotherapy had little effect on the course of poor-risk patients but evaluation of this heterogeneous population is difficult; additional studies would be desirable among patients in whom reversal of poor prognostic signs can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:282901", "title": "Chronic myeloid leukemia: predictive value of sequential chromosomal surveys and their effect on survival.", "content": "A program has been initiated to evaluate the efficacy of intensive therapy based on sequential cytogenetic studies in patients diagnosed as having Ph1 positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Eighteen patients have been induced into hematological remission with busulfan, splenectomized and treated with cycle active drugs. Maintenance therapy is continued during the benign chronic phase of the disease. Intervention with cycles of aggressive therapy is predicated on the results of chromosomal surveys of bone marrow aspirates. The results of this limited study suggest that survival can be improved by such a program.", "contents": "Chronic myeloid leukemia: predictive value of sequential chromosomal surveys and their effect on survival. A program has been initiated to evaluate the efficacy of intensive therapy based on sequential cytogenetic studies in patients diagnosed as having Ph1 positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Eighteen patients have been induced into hematological remission with busulfan, splenectomized and treated with cycle active drugs. Maintenance therapy is continued during the benign chronic phase of the disease. Intervention with cycles of aggressive therapy is predicated on the results of chromosomal surveys of bone marrow aspirates. The results of this limited study suggest that survival can be improved by such a program."}
{"id": "PMID:282904", "title": "Ultrastructural, cytochemical and surface marker analysis of cells during blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The blast cells of 19 patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in blast crisis (BC) were studied by means of several techniques: morphology, cytochemistry, ultrastructure, surface markers and the enzyme terminal transferase. Cells of BC were, in most case, extremely undifferentiated by morphology and cytochemistry. Our data showed that in 80% of cases the cells in BC were myeloid and in 20% they were \"lymphoblastic\". The M1, M2 and M3 forms (FAB classification) were rare in CGL BC compared with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A megakaryoblastic type was seen in 15% of BC cases; the existence of this form could only be demonstrated by electron microscopy. The limphoblastic BC cells were, as in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), positive with Greaves' anti-ALL serum and had elevated levels of terminal transferase. A case of a 17-year old boy presenting as ALL, reverting to chronic-phase CGL after complete remission and developing terminally a myeloid BC is described in detail. This case helps to illustrate a new form of natural history of CGL unveiled by the present study.", "contents": "Ultrastructural, cytochemical and surface marker analysis of cells during blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The blast cells of 19 patients with Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in blast crisis (BC) were studied by means of several techniques: morphology, cytochemistry, ultrastructure, surface markers and the enzyme terminal transferase. Cells of BC were, in most case, extremely undifferentiated by morphology and cytochemistry. Our data showed that in 80% of cases the cells in BC were myeloid and in 20% they were \"lymphoblastic\". The M1, M2 and M3 forms (FAB classification) were rare in CGL BC compared with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A megakaryoblastic type was seen in 15% of BC cases; the existence of this form could only be demonstrated by electron microscopy. The limphoblastic BC cells were, as in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), positive with Greaves' anti-ALL serum and had elevated levels of terminal transferase. A case of a 17-year old boy presenting as ALL, reverting to chronic-phase CGL after complete remission and developing terminally a myeloid BC is described in detail. This case helps to illustrate a new form of natural history of CGL unveiled by the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:282905", "title": "Lymphoid blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia and Philadelphia positive acute lymphoid leukaemia.", "content": "Membrane markers (anti-ALL and anti-Ia antisera) and an enzyme marker (terminal transferase) have been used to define an L-type or \"lymphoid\" type of acute transformation in chronic myeloid leukaemia and Ph1 positive acute leukaemia. Patients with L-type (\"lymphoid\") blasts responded to regimens including vincristine and prednisolone (VP). The markers showed better correlation with survival than did the morphology of blasts. The clinical course of patients was variable; elimination Ph1 positive clone (and hypoplasia), return to the chronic phase and relapses (including meningeal leukaemia) were observed. In contrast, patients with myeloid blasts (\"M\" type of blast crisis) failed to respond to vincristine and prednisolone.", "contents": "Lymphoid blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia and Philadelphia positive acute lymphoid leukaemia. Membrane markers (anti-ALL and anti-Ia antisera) and an enzyme marker (terminal transferase) have been used to define an L-type or \"lymphoid\" type of acute transformation in chronic myeloid leukaemia and Ph1 positive acute leukaemia. Patients with L-type (\"lymphoid\") blasts responded to regimens including vincristine and prednisolone (VP). The markers showed better correlation with survival than did the morphology of blasts. The clinical course of patients was variable; elimination Ph1 positive clone (and hypoplasia), return to the chronic phase and relapses (including meningeal leukaemia) were observed. In contrast, patients with myeloid blasts (\"M\" type of blast crisis) failed to respond to vincristine and prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:282906", "title": "Effect of early splenectomy and cyclic acute leukemia-like chemotherapy on the course of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "This report provides information on the progress of two trials by the Italian Cooperative Study on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Both trials were designed in order to test the effect of early splenectomy and of cyclic administration of either arabinosyl cytosine and vincristine plus prednisone, or arabinosyl cytosine plus thioguanine plus daunomycin, on the course of CML and on the survival. A preliminary analysis, performed on September, 1977, suggests that neither splenectomy nor the chemotherapy scheduled have resulted in a significant decrease of the rate of blastic transformation of CML, during the first 2 to 3 years from diagnosis.", "contents": "Effect of early splenectomy and cyclic acute leukemia-like chemotherapy on the course of chronic myeloid leukemia. This report provides information on the progress of two trials by the Italian Cooperative Study on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Both trials were designed in order to test the effect of early splenectomy and of cyclic administration of either arabinosyl cytosine and vincristine plus prednisone, or arabinosyl cytosine plus thioguanine plus daunomycin, on the course of CML and on the survival. A preliminary analysis, performed on September, 1977, suggests that neither splenectomy nor the chemotherapy scheduled have resulted in a significant decrease of the rate of blastic transformation of CML, during the first 2 to 3 years from diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:282920", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML): failure to detect residual normal committed stem cells in vitro.", "content": "Granulocytic colonies grown in culture from marrow and peripheral blood from five patients with Ph1-positive CML and heterozygous at the G-6-PD locus were analyzed for G-6-PD in order to identify CFU-C that do not arise from the CML clone. The patients had both B and A enzymes in normal tissues, but their CML clones typed as B. Whereas about 50% of colonies from normal subjects heterozygous as the G-6-PD locus show type-A G-6-PD and 50% type B, only two of the 1308 colonies from the CML patients had type-A G-6-PD. These data provide little evidence for persistence of normal committed stem cells in CML, a finding in contrast to that made previously in polycythemia vera, another clonal stem cell myeloproliferative disorder.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML): failure to detect residual normal committed stem cells in vitro. Granulocytic colonies grown in culture from marrow and peripheral blood from five patients with Ph1-positive CML and heterozygous at the G-6-PD locus were analyzed for G-6-PD in order to identify CFU-C that do not arise from the CML clone. The patients had both B and A enzymes in normal tissues, but their CML clones typed as B. Whereas about 50% of colonies from normal subjects heterozygous as the G-6-PD locus show type-A G-6-PD and 50% type B, only two of the 1308 colonies from the CML patients had type-A G-6-PD. These data provide little evidence for persistence of normal committed stem cells in CML, a finding in contrast to that made previously in polycythemia vera, another clonal stem cell myeloproliferative disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:282922", "title": "Results of treatment of Ph'+ chronic myelogenous leukemia with an intensive treatment regimen (L-5 protocol).", "content": "Thirty-seven patients with Philadelphia-chromosone-positive (Ph'+) chronic myelogenous leukemia who were untreated or minimally pretreated were entered on the L-5 protocol. This protocol consisted of sequential treatment with splenic irradiation, splenectomy, arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and L-asparaginase. Maintenance therapy was hydroxyurea or a multiple-drug regimen. The median survival of the 37 patients is 50 mo. Twelve patients showed a temporary reduction in the percentage of Ph'+ marrow metaphases to less than one-third of the initial values and in 7 of these patients none were found. The duration of the Ph'+ chromosome reduction ranged from 1 to 43 mo. The median survival of the responders has not yet been reached. It is concluded that whereas overall survival is not appreciably extended, patients who have a reduction in Ph'+ cells in the marrow may survive longer than the average; also, the reduction occurs most frequently in patients who have relatively small spleens at diagnosis. The reduction is difficult to maintain, and it may be reinduced in some patients with intensive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Results of treatment of Ph'+ chronic myelogenous leukemia with an intensive treatment regimen (L-5 protocol). Thirty-seven patients with Philadelphia-chromosone-positive (Ph'+) chronic myelogenous leukemia who were untreated or minimally pretreated were entered on the L-5 protocol. This protocol consisted of sequential treatment with splenic irradiation, splenectomy, arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and L-asparaginase. Maintenance therapy was hydroxyurea or a multiple-drug regimen. The median survival of the 37 patients is 50 mo. Twelve patients showed a temporary reduction in the percentage of Ph'+ marrow metaphases to less than one-third of the initial values and in 7 of these patients none were found. The duration of the Ph'+ chromosome reduction ranged from 1 to 43 mo. The median survival of the responders has not yet been reached. It is concluded that whereas overall survival is not appreciably extended, patients who have a reduction in Ph'+ cells in the marrow may survive longer than the average; also, the reduction occurs most frequently in patients who have relatively small spleens at diagnosis. The reduction is difficult to maintain, and it may be reinduced in some patients with intensive chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:282937", "title": "Paraplegia following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "Paraplegia following prophylactic intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is described in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission who received doses of 100 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days. Cerebrospinal fluid examination prior to the last dosage of cytosine arabinoside revealed a mononuclear pleocytosis and increased protein. The neurological manifestations developed within one week after the last dose of Ara-C and persisted for over 8 weeks. Administration of intrathecal Ara-C in the same dose over longer intervals within 3-5 days between consecutive doses resulted in mild, transient neurological symptoms (paresthesias) in only one of 30 patients so treated.", "contents": "Paraplegia following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Paraplegia following prophylactic intrathecal cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is described in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission who received doses of 100 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days. Cerebrospinal fluid examination prior to the last dosage of cytosine arabinoside revealed a mononuclear pleocytosis and increased protein. The neurological manifestations developed within one week after the last dose of Ara-C and persisted for over 8 weeks. Administration of intrathecal Ara-C in the same dose over longer intervals within 3-5 days between consecutive doses resulted in mild, transient neurological symptoms (paresthesias) in only one of 30 patients so treated."}
{"id": "PMID:282939", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase measurements of paired normal and osteosarcoma tissue culture lines obtained from the same patient.", "content": "Markedly different levels of alkaline phosphatase production have been found in paired osteosarcoma cells and normal skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture from 12 patients with osteosarcoma. In all cases, the osteosarcoma line contains significantly more alkaline phosphatase than does the paired normal line from that same patient. These criteria may be useful in distinguishing osteosarcoma from normal fibroblast overgrowth in tissue culture.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase measurements of paired normal and osteosarcoma tissue culture lines obtained from the same patient. Markedly different levels of alkaline phosphatase production have been found in paired osteosarcoma cells and normal skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture from 12 patients with osteosarcoma. In all cases, the osteosarcoma line contains significantly more alkaline phosphatase than does the paired normal line from that same patient. These criteria may be useful in distinguishing osteosarcoma from normal fibroblast overgrowth in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:282941", "title": "Induction by synthetic polyribonucleotide poly(I) of differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemic cells.", "content": "The effects of some synthetic polyribonucleotides on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic M1 cells were examined. Poly(I) was found to be a potent inducer; on treatment with 100--200 microgram/ml of poly(I) for 2--4 days, M1 cells differentiated into cells resembling macrophages and granulocytes and developed phagocytosis and locomotive activities, Fc receptors and lysozyme activity. Poly(C) was less effective than poly(I) for induction of phagocytic activity, while the other single-stranded RNAs, poly(U) and poly(A), had no effect. Double-stranded RNAs, such as poly(I) . poly(C) and poly(A) . poly(U), were cytotoxic to M1 cells, and differentiation of the cells could not be detected even at the highest tolerable concentrations of these double-stranded RNAs.", "contents": "Induction by synthetic polyribonucleotide poly(I) of differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemic cells. The effects of some synthetic polyribonucleotides on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic M1 cells were examined. Poly(I) was found to be a potent inducer; on treatment with 100--200 microgram/ml of poly(I) for 2--4 days, M1 cells differentiated into cells resembling macrophages and granulocytes and developed phagocytosis and locomotive activities, Fc receptors and lysozyme activity. Poly(C) was less effective than poly(I) for induction of phagocytic activity, while the other single-stranded RNAs, poly(U) and poly(A), had no effect. Double-stranded RNAs, such as poly(I) . poly(C) and poly(A) . poly(U), were cytotoxic to M1 cells, and differentiation of the cells could not be detected even at the highest tolerable concentrations of these double-stranded RNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:282943", "title": "The retention of lung secretions during the night in normal subjects.", "content": "1. Mucociliary clearance has been measured over a 6 h period by using the radioaerosol technique in seven normal male subjects lying supine, both during the day when awake, and during the night when asleep. 2. The percentage of radioaerosol cleared during the night, when asleep, was significantly less than during the day when awake (P less than 0.02). 3. A comparison of radioaerosol clearance before and after the time of onset of sleep demonstrates that reduced clearance occurred during sleep, indicating that this is probably a sleep-related phenomenon and not merely a result of diurnal variation. 4. This finding has important implications for patients with chronic bronchitis or asthma, in whom early morning cough or wheeze may be a predominant feature.", "contents": "The retention of lung secretions during the night in normal subjects. 1. Mucociliary clearance has been measured over a 6 h period by using the radioaerosol technique in seven normal male subjects lying supine, both during the day when awake, and during the night when asleep. 2. The percentage of radioaerosol cleared during the night, when asleep, was significantly less than during the day when awake (P less than 0.02). 3. A comparison of radioaerosol clearance before and after the time of onset of sleep demonstrates that reduced clearance occurred during sleep, indicating that this is probably a sleep-related phenomenon and not merely a result of diurnal variation. 4. This finding has important implications for patients with chronic bronchitis or asthma, in whom early morning cough or wheeze may be a predominant feature."}
{"id": "PMID:282945", "title": "Assessment of early and delayed responses in vitamin B12 absorption during antibiotic therapy in tropical malabsorption.", "content": "1. Vitamin B12 absorption was measured in 18 patients with tropical malabsorption. 2. Absorption was particularly impaired in patients with severe mucosal lesions. 3. Sequential measurements with 57Co- and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 were made before and 48 h after the start of tetracycline therapy. A rapid improvement (on average 22% increase in absorption) occurred in four of six patients with marked mucosal lesions. Further improvement occurred in four of five patients measured after 4 weeks' tetracycline, including the two who failed to improve initially. 4. These rapid changes in vitamin B12 absorption after antibiotics occur too early to be due to mucosal recovery and suggest that bacterial metabolism is an important factor in the malabsorption in these patients.", "contents": "Assessment of early and delayed responses in vitamin B12 absorption during antibiotic therapy in tropical malabsorption. 1. Vitamin B12 absorption was measured in 18 patients with tropical malabsorption. 2. Absorption was particularly impaired in patients with severe mucosal lesions. 3. Sequential measurements with 57Co- and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 were made before and 48 h after the start of tetracycline therapy. A rapid improvement (on average 22% increase in absorption) occurred in four of six patients with marked mucosal lesions. Further improvement occurred in four of five patients measured after 4 weeks' tetracycline, including the two who failed to improve initially. 4. These rapid changes in vitamin B12 absorption after antibiotics occur too early to be due to mucosal recovery and suggest that bacterial metabolism is an important factor in the malabsorption in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282946", "title": "Acute effects of diuretics on potassium exchange, mechanical function and the action potential in rabbit myocardium.", "content": "1. We have studied the acute effects of frusemide, triamterene and amiloride on potassium exchange, the action potential and mechanical function of isolated rabbit myocardium. 2. Potassium exchange in the myocardium was unaltered by these diuretics. 3. Frusemide and amiloride did not affect the action potential of rabbit papillary muscles. Triamterene caused a transient shortening of the action potential. 4. Frusemide and triamterene did not alter myocardial mechanical function in rabbit papillary muscles or the interventricular septum. Amiloride caused a reduction of about 5% in developed tension in two out of three papillary muscles.", "contents": "Acute effects of diuretics on potassium exchange, mechanical function and the action potential in rabbit myocardium. 1. We have studied the acute effects of frusemide, triamterene and amiloride on potassium exchange, the action potential and mechanical function of isolated rabbit myocardium. 2. Potassium exchange in the myocardium was unaltered by these diuretics. 3. Frusemide and amiloride did not affect the action potential of rabbit papillary muscles. Triamterene caused a transient shortening of the action potential. 4. Frusemide and triamterene did not alter myocardial mechanical function in rabbit papillary muscles or the interventricular septum. Amiloride caused a reduction of about 5% in developed tension in two out of three papillary muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:282947", "title": "A survey of salivary kallikrein and amylase in a population of schoolgirls, throughout the menstrual cycle.", "content": "1. The values for kallikrein, amylase and protein were determined in samples of saliva obtained from 220 girls aged 14--18 years. 2. The concentrations of protein and amylase and kallikrein activities (per ml of saliva) were considerably more variable in samples taken in the morning than those in the afternnon. 3. The median amylase activity was about two and a half times greater in the morning than that in the afternoon. No such differences were seen in the median values for protein or kallikrein. 4. Examination of the vlues for salivary kallikrein during the menstrual cycle showed that there was significantly greater activity during days 29--32 and 1--4 than during the rest of the cycle. This pattern was most marked in the morning values of kallikrein but not apparent either in the morning or in the afternoon values of protein or amylase.", "contents": "A survey of salivary kallikrein and amylase in a population of schoolgirls, throughout the menstrual cycle. 1. The values for kallikrein, amylase and protein were determined in samples of saliva obtained from 220 girls aged 14--18 years. 2. The concentrations of protein and amylase and kallikrein activities (per ml of saliva) were considerably more variable in samples taken in the morning than those in the afternnon. 3. The median amylase activity was about two and a half times greater in the morning than that in the afternoon. No such differences were seen in the median values for protein or kallikrein. 4. Examination of the vlues for salivary kallikrein during the menstrual cycle showed that there was significantly greater activity during days 29--32 and 1--4 than during the rest of the cycle. This pattern was most marked in the morning values of kallikrein but not apparent either in the morning or in the afternoon values of protein or amylase."}
{"id": "PMID:282948", "title": "The formation of tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine from thyroxine in isolated rat renal tubules.", "content": "1. Conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine in intact cells was studied with isolated renal tubules prepared by collagenase digestion. 2. Conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine increased progressively for at least 90 min. 3. Studies of tri-iodothyronine production from increasing amounts of thyroxine revealed that the thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine conversion is saturable. 4. Iodine and carbimazole had no effect on the thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine conversion. 5. 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil had a direct non-competitive inhibitory effect on the conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine with a 75% inhibition of the conversion at a propylthiouracil concentration within the therapeutic range in vivo. Propylthiouracil also inhibited the net formation of reverse tri-iodothyronine from thyroxine at a similar propylthiouracil concentration, as well as inhibiting the subsequent degradation of reverse tri-iodothyronine.", "contents": "The formation of tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine from thyroxine in isolated rat renal tubules. 1. Conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine in intact cells was studied with isolated renal tubules prepared by collagenase digestion. 2. Conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine and reverse tri-iodothyronine increased progressively for at least 90 min. 3. Studies of tri-iodothyronine production from increasing amounts of thyroxine revealed that the thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine conversion is saturable. 4. Iodine and carbimazole had no effect on the thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine conversion. 5. 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil had a direct non-competitive inhibitory effect on the conversion of thyroxine into tri-iodothyronine with a 75% inhibition of the conversion at a propylthiouracil concentration within the therapeutic range in vivo. Propylthiouracil also inhibited the net formation of reverse tri-iodothyronine from thyroxine at a similar propylthiouracil concentration, as well as inhibiting the subsequent degradation of reverse tri-iodothyronine."}
{"id": "PMID:282949", "title": "Hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in blood and skeletal muscles of normal and dystrophic mice.", "content": "1. Hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity was measured in erythrocyte haemolysates and quadriceps muscle extracts of normal and dystrophic 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice with [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine as substrate and 5-phosphorylribose 1-pyrophosphate as a ribose 5-phosphate donor. [8(-14)C]Inosine monophosphate formed was separated by high-voltage electrophoresis and radioactivity was measured by liquid-scintillation counting. 2. In erythrocyte haemolysates, HGPRT activity was similar in normal and dystrophic C57 BL/6J mice but was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal 129 ReJ mice. Elevated enzyme activity was observed only in mice that were clinically severely affected. 3. In muscle homogenates, HGPRT activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal animals of both 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice. Enzyme activity was not related to the severity of the disease. 4. It is suggested that changes in erythrocytes are secondary to the dystrophic process and that elevated HGPRT activity in skeletal muscle may be related to abnormal energy metabolism, possibly via the pentose monophosphate shunt.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in blood and skeletal muscles of normal and dystrophic mice. 1. Hypoxanthine--guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) activity was measured in erythrocyte haemolysates and quadriceps muscle extracts of normal and dystrophic 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice with [8(-14)C]hypoxanthine as substrate and 5-phosphorylribose 1-pyrophosphate as a ribose 5-phosphate donor. [8(-14)C]Inosine monophosphate formed was separated by high-voltage electrophoresis and radioactivity was measured by liquid-scintillation counting. 2. In erythrocyte haemolysates, HGPRT activity was similar in normal and dystrophic C57 BL/6J mice but was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal 129 ReJ mice. Elevated enzyme activity was observed only in mice that were clinically severely affected. 3. In muscle homogenates, HGPRT activity was significantly higher in dystrophic than in normal animals of both 129 ReJ and C57 BL/6J mice. Enzyme activity was not related to the severity of the disease. 4. It is suggested that changes in erythrocytes are secondary to the dystrophic process and that elevated HGPRT activity in skeletal muscle may be related to abnormal energy metabolism, possibly via the pentose monophosphate shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:282950", "title": "Validation of data on demand and need for dental treatment in an elderly population.", "content": "The present paper intended (1) to validate some key variables employed in a survey of a representative sample of 241 persons aged 65-79 in Troms in Northern Norway, and (2) to discuss aspects of social policy related to dental programs for pensioners. The participants were asked questions focused on potential demand for dental services, and oral problems. Treatment need was assessed professionally. It was explained to the subjects that pensioners were entitled to dental care at half price, and referral to a dentist was arranged if wanted. Validity was studied in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Using referral as a criterion, the question related to potential demand displayed a sensitivity of only 53%, probably because of the imprecise wording, while the specificity appeared to be 82%. Ninety-five persons reported oral problems. The existing subsidy arrangements operating in a traditional service setting did not seem to cope adequately with this problem group. Treatment need was a sensitive (88%), but not a specific (43%), indicator of oral problems. Viewed socio-politically, these findings may be interpreted as a need for visiting services and for an upgrading of the value of self-assessment. It was concluded that this method of validation provided additional information on the practical usefulness of the test methods employed.", "contents": "Validation of data on demand and need for dental treatment in an elderly population. The present paper intended (1) to validate some key variables employed in a survey of a representative sample of 241 persons aged 65-79 in Troms in Northern Norway, and (2) to discuss aspects of social policy related to dental programs for pensioners. The participants were asked questions focused on potential demand for dental services, and oral problems. Treatment need was assessed professionally. It was explained to the subjects that pensioners were entitled to dental care at half price, and referral to a dentist was arranged if wanted. Validity was studied in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Using referral as a criterion, the question related to potential demand displayed a sensitivity of only 53%, probably because of the imprecise wording, while the specificity appeared to be 82%. Ninety-five persons reported oral problems. The existing subsidy arrangements operating in a traditional service setting did not seem to cope adequately with this problem group. Treatment need was a sensitive (88%), but not a specific (43%), indicator of oral problems. Viewed socio-politically, these findings may be interpreted as a need for visiting services and for an upgrading of the value of self-assessment. It was concluded that this method of validation provided additional information on the practical usefulness of the test methods employed."}
{"id": "PMID:282951", "title": "Field testing of an information system for planning and evaluating dental services.", "content": "A survey of the dental health and need for treatment of 796 children, one in 10 of those in the 1st and 3rd years of high schools in a health administrative area, was carried out using a comprehensive, computerized, epidemiological information system. The system was designed to aid in planning and evaluating services and expressed treatment need on the Resource Related Index as well as utilizing conventional indices. A baseline profile of the dental condition of children in four districts was obtained. This was compared with findings from other surveys. The problem of interexaminer reliability was also discussed.", "contents": "Field testing of an information system for planning and evaluating dental services. A survey of the dental health and need for treatment of 796 children, one in 10 of those in the 1st and 3rd years of high schools in a health administrative area, was carried out using a comprehensive, computerized, epidemiological information system. The system was designed to aid in planning and evaluating services and expressed treatment need on the Resource Related Index as well as utilizing conventional indices. A baseline profile of the dental condition of children in four districts was obtained. This was compared with findings from other surveys. The problem of interexaminer reliability was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282952", "title": "Effect of regular small group instruction per se on oral health status of Danish schoolchildren.", "content": "A 1-year study of the isolated effect of an intensive motivation program aimed at improving the oral health status of 11-13-year-old schoolchildren was conducted in a Danish provincial town where all children have access to a free and comprehensive school oral health program. The effect was negligible as measured by epidemiologic indices.", "contents": "Effect of regular small group instruction per se on oral health status of Danish schoolchildren. A 1-year study of the isolated effect of an intensive motivation program aimed at improving the oral health status of 11-13-year-old schoolchildren was conducted in a Danish provincial town where all children have access to a free and comprehensive school oral health program. The effect was negligible as measured by epidemiologic indices."}
{"id": "PMID:282953", "title": "The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology.", "content": "The Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology (ICD-DA) takes from the parent volume (the International Classification of Diseases) all those items of specific interest in regard to oral pathology whether they be common or rare conditions, or whether the pathology originates in the oral cavity or is a manifestation of a systemic disease. The initial advantage is convenience in finding the numerical classification of disease without searching through the large parent volume. However, an even greater advantage is the fact that these conditions are not sufficiently subclassified in the parent manual whereas in the ICD-DA they are classified down to the five-digit level to make differential diagnosis meaningful within the practice of dentistry.", "contents": "The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology. The Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology (ICD-DA) takes from the parent volume (the International Classification of Diseases) all those items of specific interest in regard to oral pathology whether they be common or rare conditions, or whether the pathology originates in the oral cavity or is a manifestation of a systemic disease. The initial advantage is convenience in finding the numerical classification of disease without searching through the large parent volume. However, an even greater advantage is the fact that these conditions are not sufficiently subclassified in the parent manual whereas in the ICD-DA they are classified down to the five-digit level to make differential diagnosis meaningful within the practice of dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:282954", "title": "A Markovian model for evaluating dental care programs.", "content": "A Markov model is suggested as a means of evaluating dental care programs. Four mutually exclusive states of dental care are defined as Markovian states. These are episodic, initial, maintenance and nonuse. Records for all patients entering a university teaching clinic (n = 578) over a 12-month period were examined and classified in one of the states of care at entry into the clinic and at 1-year intervals from the date of entry for 3 years. An analysis of the findings indicated that the Markov model did fit reasonably well and provided a good approximation of the empirical data.", "contents": "A Markovian model for evaluating dental care programs. A Markov model is suggested as a means of evaluating dental care programs. Four mutually exclusive states of dental care are defined as Markovian states. These are episodic, initial, maintenance and nonuse. Records for all patients entering a university teaching clinic (n = 578) over a 12-month period were examined and classified in one of the states of care at entry into the clinic and at 1-year intervals from the date of entry for 3 years. An analysis of the findings indicated that the Markov model did fit reasonably well and provided a good approximation of the empirical data."}
{"id": "PMID:282955", "title": "Dental health situation in privileged children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.", "content": "Two hundred children 6-7 and 13-14 years of age from private schools in Addis Ababa were examined for oral deposits, periodontal condition, dental fluorosis, and dental caries. The findings indicated a higher level of both periodontal disease and dental carries in the privileged children than in previously surveyed nonprivileged children in Ethiopia. This difference was attributed to a higher sucrose intake in the privileged group. The findings may illustrate a dental health situation that will inevitably develop in Ethiopia with a continuous increase in the sucrose consumption.", "contents": "Dental health situation in privileged children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Two hundred children 6-7 and 13-14 years of age from private schools in Addis Ababa were examined for oral deposits, periodontal condition, dental fluorosis, and dental caries. The findings indicated a higher level of both periodontal disease and dental carries in the privileged children than in previously surveyed nonprivileged children in Ethiopia. This difference was attributed to a higher sucrose intake in the privileged group. The findings may illustrate a dental health situation that will inevitably develop in Ethiopia with a continuous increase in the sucrose consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:282956", "title": "Brisbane dental survey, 1977. A comparative study of caries experience of children in Brisbane, Australia over a 20-year period.", "content": "A dental survey of 1,002 children aged 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years was carried out in Brisbane using criteria and methods of the World Health Organization. Mean DMFT per child were substantially lower than expected for a non-fluoridated area, being 0.7, 2.0, 3.1, 4.7 and 7.2 for the respective age groups. These scores represent a 50% reduction on levels reported in 1954 and a 20-35% reduction on caries experience of Queensland country children in 1967. 21% of the sample consumed fluoride tablets regularly and these had caries levels virtually identical with life-time residents of fluoridated areas. Compared with children never taking tablets they had 58-79% fewer dmft and 28-54% fewer DMFT. From data of a study of Townsville in 1975 after 10 years' fluoridation it can be calculated that there would be approximately 180,000 fewer restorations required in Brisbane if that city had been fluoridated 10 years previously.", "contents": "Brisbane dental survey, 1977. A comparative study of caries experience of children in Brisbane, Australia over a 20-year period. A dental survey of 1,002 children aged 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years was carried out in Brisbane using criteria and methods of the World Health Organization. Mean DMFT per child were substantially lower than expected for a non-fluoridated area, being 0.7, 2.0, 3.1, 4.7 and 7.2 for the respective age groups. These scores represent a 50% reduction on levels reported in 1954 and a 20-35% reduction on caries experience of Queensland country children in 1967. 21% of the sample consumed fluoride tablets regularly and these had caries levels virtually identical with life-time residents of fluoridated areas. Compared with children never taking tablets they had 58-79% fewer dmft and 28-54% fewer DMFT. From data of a study of Townsville in 1975 after 10 years' fluoridation it can be calculated that there would be approximately 180,000 fewer restorations required in Brisbane if that city had been fluoridated 10 years previously."}
{"id": "PMID:282957", "title": "Dental findings in high-fluoride areas in Ethiopia.", "content": "A survey comprising 478 children aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years was conducted in high-fluoride areas (Wonji, 12.4 parts/10(6) F- and Awassa, 3.5 parts/10 F-) in the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. Dental fluorosis was found in 99% of the 6-7-year-old groups. Very mild to moderate fluorosis dominated in the primary teeth and moderate to severe fluorosis in the permanent teeth. All 13-14-year-old children born in Awassa of Wonji had fluorosis, mainly in the moderate to severe form. Eighty-four percent of the 13-14-year-old children not born in the area had fluorosis, mainly in the very mild form. The most severe fluorosis was seen in the last erupting teeth, but moderate fluorosis was also seen in primary incisors, indicating placental transfer of fluorides. Teeth with moderate and severe fluorosis more frequently had dental caries than teeth with no or very mild and mild fluorosis. The average DMFT was 2.46 +/- 2.34 in Wonji and 1.69 +/- 1.88 in Awassa. The average dft was 0.32 +/- 0.80 in Wonji and 0.40 +/- 0.96 in Awassa. Gingivitis was seen in 97% of the children and the average OHI-S was 1.94 +/- 0.71.", "contents": "Dental findings in high-fluoride areas in Ethiopia. A survey comprising 478 children aged 6-7 years and 13-14 years was conducted in high-fluoride areas (Wonji, 12.4 parts/10(6) F- and Awassa, 3.5 parts/10 F-) in the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. Dental fluorosis was found in 99% of the 6-7-year-old groups. Very mild to moderate fluorosis dominated in the primary teeth and moderate to severe fluorosis in the permanent teeth. All 13-14-year-old children born in Awassa of Wonji had fluorosis, mainly in the moderate to severe form. Eighty-four percent of the 13-14-year-old children not born in the area had fluorosis, mainly in the very mild form. The most severe fluorosis was seen in the last erupting teeth, but moderate fluorosis was also seen in primary incisors, indicating placental transfer of fluorides. Teeth with moderate and severe fluorosis more frequently had dental caries than teeth with no or very mild and mild fluorosis. The average DMFT was 2.46 +/- 2.34 in Wonji and 1.69 +/- 1.88 in Awassa. The average dft was 0.32 +/- 0.80 in Wonji and 0.40 +/- 0.96 in Awassa. Gingivitis was seen in 97% of the children and the average OHI-S was 1.94 +/- 0.71."}
{"id": "PMID:282958", "title": "An epidemiologic approach to toothbrushing and dental abrasion.", "content": "Abrasion lesions were recorded in 818 individuals representing the adult population of 430,000 residents of the Stockholm region, Sweden. The subjects were asked about toothbrushing habits, toothbrush quality and dentifrice usage; these factors were related to abrasion criteria. Abrasion was prevalent in 30% and wedge-like or deep depressions were observed in 12%. The relationship between abrasion and toothbrushing was evident, the prevalence and severity of abrasion being correlated to toothbrushing consumption. The importance of the toothbrushing technique for the development of abrasion lesions was elucidated. Horizontal brushing technique was strongly correlated to abrasion. It was demonstrated by treating the data with the statistical AID analysis that toothbrushing factors related to the individual (brushing frequency and brushing technique) exert a greater influence than material-oriented toothbrushing factor such as dentifrice abrasivity and bristle stiffness.", "contents": "An epidemiologic approach to toothbrushing and dental abrasion. Abrasion lesions were recorded in 818 individuals representing the adult population of 430,000 residents of the Stockholm region, Sweden. The subjects were asked about toothbrushing habits, toothbrush quality and dentifrice usage; these factors were related to abrasion criteria. Abrasion was prevalent in 30% and wedge-like or deep depressions were observed in 12%. The relationship between abrasion and toothbrushing was evident, the prevalence and severity of abrasion being correlated to toothbrushing consumption. The importance of the toothbrushing technique for the development of abrasion lesions was elucidated. Horizontal brushing technique was strongly correlated to abrasion. It was demonstrated by treating the data with the statistical AID analysis that toothbrushing factors related to the individual (brushing frequency and brushing technique) exert a greater influence than material-oriented toothbrushing factor such as dentifrice abrasivity and bristle stiffness."}
{"id": "PMID:282977", "title": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by invasive aspergillosis.", "content": "A 37-year-old man with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia was admitted for chemotherapy. After treatment with an infusion of vincristine, he became leukopenic and febrile. Two episodes of gram-negative septicemia were treated with prolonged courses of antibiotics; however, fever persisted, and the patient developed the superior vena cava syndrome. Despite therapy with amphotericin B, the patient died. At autopsy a thrombus of Aspergillus was found completely occluding the superior vena cava.", "contents": "Superior vena cava syndrome caused by invasive aspergillosis. A 37-year-old man with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia was admitted for chemotherapy. After treatment with an infusion of vincristine, he became leukopenic and febrile. Two episodes of gram-negative septicemia were treated with prolonged courses of antibiotics; however, fever persisted, and the patient developed the superior vena cava syndrome. Despite therapy with amphotericin B, the patient died. At autopsy a thrombus of Aspergillus was found completely occluding the superior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:282979", "title": "[Infections and their current prevention in dental surgery].", "content": "Both the dentist and the gynecologist deal with areas of the body which are populated by endogenous microbes. The normal bacteria found in the oral and genital regions serve as a protective shield against infection. Recently however this protective shield has been increasingly broken down by pathogens. As a result, the physician and his assistants must use disinfectants to supplement the natural asepsis of the patient.", "contents": "[Infections and their current prevention in dental surgery]. Both the dentist and the gynecologist deal with areas of the body which are populated by endogenous microbes. The normal bacteria found in the oral and genital regions serve as a protective shield against infection. Recently however this protective shield has been increasingly broken down by pathogens. As a result, the physician and his assistants must use disinfectants to supplement the natural asepsis of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:282980", "title": "[Odontogenic soft tissue abscesses in the maxillofacial region. An analysis of 1386 cases from 1957--1976 at the Northwest-German Dental Clinic in Hamburg].", "content": "Between 1957 and 1976, 1386 patients with odontogenous abscesses in the area of the mouth, jaw, and face were treated on an in-patient basis at the Hospital for Jaw Surgery (Nordwestdeutschen) in Hamburg. The catamneses of these patients were evaluated noting the localization and frequency of each abscess, the age and sex distribution of the patients, and the possible teeth responsible for the abscess. Any pathogens demonstrated were carefully recorded. The degree of sensitivity and/or resistance of the various groups of pathogens were also included in the study, particularly streptococcus and staphylococcus. Uncritical and undifferentiated administration of antibiotic therapy for pyogenic inflammations in the area of the mouth, jaw, and face is not to be recommended.", "contents": "[Odontogenic soft tissue abscesses in the maxillofacial region. An analysis of 1386 cases from 1957--1976 at the Northwest-German Dental Clinic in Hamburg]. Between 1957 and 1976, 1386 patients with odontogenous abscesses in the area of the mouth, jaw, and face were treated on an in-patient basis at the Hospital for Jaw Surgery (Nordwestdeutschen) in Hamburg. The catamneses of these patients were evaluated noting the localization and frequency of each abscess, the age and sex distribution of the patients, and the possible teeth responsible for the abscess. Any pathogens demonstrated were carefully recorded. The degree of sensitivity and/or resistance of the various groups of pathogens were also included in the study, particularly streptococcus and staphylococcus. Uncritical and undifferentiated administration of antibiotic therapy for pyogenic inflammations in the area of the mouth, jaw, and face is not to be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:282981", "title": "[Microbial and resistance spectrum of jaw infections].", "content": "According to this investigation, antibiotic treatment of odontogenous abcesses should be directed primarily against streptococcus and staphylococcus, even if gram-negative pathogens have apparently increased. The response on the part of streptococcus to antibiotics has not changed essentially during the last five years. Staphylococcus however has developed a resistance to penicillin and ampicillin.", "contents": "[Microbial and resistance spectrum of jaw infections]. According to this investigation, antibiotic treatment of odontogenous abcesses should be directed primarily against streptococcus and staphylococcus, even if gram-negative pathogens have apparently increased. The response on the part of streptococcus to antibiotics has not changed essentially during the last five years. Staphylococcus however has developed a resistance to penicillin and ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:282982", "title": "[Spectrum of pathogens in odontogenous abscesses in the patients of the T\u00fcbingen Department of Maxillofacial Surgery].", "content": "Bacteriological examination and evaluation of 475 smears of pus taken from odontogenous abcesses showed that the spectrum of pathogens is extremely broad. Chemotherapy therefore should not be started before the pathogen has been identified and an antibiogram has been made due to possible resistance on the part of the microorganisms. Clindamycin may be used for \"blind treatment\" until the bacteriologic findings are available because it is effective against streptococcus and staphylococcus as well as gram-negative asporous anaerobes. The risk of the possible ineffectiveness of clindamycin against gramnegative anaerobes however must be taken. Clindamycin and gentamicin together may be helpful in life-threatening situations because the combination covers an extremely broad spectrum of possible pathogens.", "contents": "[Spectrum of pathogens in odontogenous abscesses in the patients of the T\u00fcbingen Department of Maxillofacial Surgery]. Bacteriological examination and evaluation of 475 smears of pus taken from odontogenous abcesses showed that the spectrum of pathogens is extremely broad. Chemotherapy therefore should not be started before the pathogen has been identified and an antibiogram has been made due to possible resistance on the part of the microorganisms. Clindamycin may be used for \"blind treatment\" until the bacteriologic findings are available because it is effective against streptococcus and staphylococcus as well as gram-negative asporous anaerobes. The risk of the possible ineffectiveness of clindamycin against gramnegative anaerobes however must be taken. Clindamycin and gentamicin together may be helpful in life-threatening situations because the combination covers an extremely broad spectrum of possible pathogens."}
{"id": "PMID:282985", "title": "[Aging in human gingival fibroblasts in cell culture. A contribution to the understanding of proliferating inflammations].", "content": "Proliferation of gingival fibroblasts was studied in cell cultures under controlled conditions. Biopsies taken from 12 patients of different ages were analyzed in regard to the length of the generation  cycle and the ability to produce subcultures. Cultures from elderly individuals showed progressive, longer generation cycles than cultures from younger patients. The ability of the gingival cultures from elderly patients to produce subcultures is considerably less than those from young individuals. Apparently gingival fibroblasts are subject to aging processes in the patient himself and in the cell population within the cell culture. The growth characteristics differed depending on the location on the gingiva; the interdental papilla grow better cultures than do free and attached gingiva.", "contents": "[Aging in human gingival fibroblasts in cell culture. A contribution to the understanding of proliferating inflammations]. Proliferation of gingival fibroblasts was studied in cell cultures under controlled conditions. Biopsies taken from 12 patients of different ages were analyzed in regard to the length of the generation  cycle and the ability to produce subcultures. Cultures from elderly individuals showed progressive, longer generation cycles than cultures from younger patients. The ability of the gingival cultures from elderly patients to produce subcultures is considerably less than those from young individuals. Apparently gingival fibroblasts are subject to aging processes in the patient himself and in the cell population within the cell culture. The growth characteristics differed depending on the location on the gingiva; the interdental papilla grow better cultures than do free and attached gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:282986", "title": "[Problems in the differential diagnosis between eosinophilic granuloma and marginal periodontitis].", "content": "Difficulties in the differential diagnosis from the alveolar form of eosinophilic granulomas and deep marginal periodontitis were repeatedly observed. The clinical and radiologic characteristics of eosinophilic granuloma were described on the basis of three cases which were diagnosed as severe juvenile marginal periodontitis and treated accordingly for a long period of time. Clinical differentiation from marginal periodontopathy is usually possible with these characteristics. Only a pathohistologic examination can ultimately clarify the diagnosis; the tissue specimen must be removed from material in the central bony focus which has not been reinfected.", "contents": "[Problems in the differential diagnosis between eosinophilic granuloma and marginal periodontitis]. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis from the alveolar form of eosinophilic granulomas and deep marginal periodontitis were repeatedly observed. The clinical and radiologic characteristics of eosinophilic granuloma were described on the basis of three cases which were diagnosed as severe juvenile marginal periodontitis and treated accordingly for a long period of time. Clinical differentiation from marginal periodontopathy is usually possible with these characteristics. Only a pathohistologic examination can ultimately clarify the diagnosis; the tissue specimen must be removed from material in the central bony focus which has not been reinfected."}
{"id": "PMID:282987", "title": "[Contamination of surgical wounds in the maxillofacial region with microoranisms].", "content": "The analysis of 226 wound smears were statistically evaluated. Smears were taken immediately after beginning surgery (105) and during the course of the operation, usually toward the end (121). No bacteria were identified at the beginning of the operation in 11.6% of the smears; 8.6% of the smears taken toward the end of the operative procedure showed no bacteria. Microorganisms usually found in the buccal  cavity were identified in approximately two thirds of the wounds. Every third or fourth wound contained facultative pathogenic bacteria at the beginning of the operation. The necessity of antimicrobial measures was discussed.", "contents": "[Contamination of surgical wounds in the maxillofacial region with microoranisms]. The analysis of 226 wound smears were statistically evaluated. Smears were taken immediately after beginning surgery (105) and during the course of the operation, usually toward the end (121). No bacteria were identified at the beginning of the operation in 11.6% of the smears; 8.6% of the smears taken toward the end of the operative procedure showed no bacteria. Microorganisms usually found in the buccal  cavity were identified in approximately two thirds of the wounds. Every third or fourth wound contained facultative pathogenic bacteria at the beginning of the operation. The necessity of antimicrobial measures was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:282988", "title": "[Odontogenic soft tissue infections (localization, treatment and course in 1002 cases)].", "content": "Between 1965 and 1974, 1002 patients were treated on an in-patient basis for odontogenous soft-tissue infections. Abcesses were observed in 960 patients; inflammatory infiltrate, in 39 patients; a phlegmon, in 3 patients. The relation of male to female patients was 56:44. The 21- to 30-year-old age group was most frequently affected. Antibiotic therapy was administered over a period of weeks prior to admission in 87% of the patients. Operative procedures prior to admission had been performed on only a few patients.", "contents": "[Odontogenic soft tissue infections (localization, treatment and course in 1002 cases)]. Between 1965 and 1974, 1002 patients were treated on an in-patient basis for odontogenous soft-tissue infections. Abcesses were observed in 960 patients; inflammatory infiltrate, in 39 patients; a phlegmon, in 3 patients. The relation of male to female patients was 56:44. The 21- to 30-year-old age group was most frequently affected. Antibiotic therapy was administered over a period of weeks prior to admission in 87% of the patients. Operative procedures prior to admission had been performed on only a few patients."}
{"id": "PMID:282989", "title": "[Effect of weather on odontogenic abscesses].", "content": "An increased frequency of odontogenous abcesses was observed on certain days in the course of routine clinical practice. We therefore investigated the possibility of a statistically significant weather-related odontogenous soft-tissue purulence originating from chronic apical periodontitis. Medical reports of patients treated between 1970 and 1977 were used. Our study indicated that the frequency of odontogenous abcesses was significantly higher with cyclonic weather conditions, i.e., weather with low barometric pressure.", "contents": "[Effect of weather on odontogenic abscesses]. An increased frequency of odontogenous abcesses was observed on certain days in the course of routine clinical practice. We therefore investigated the possibility of a statistically significant weather-related odontogenous soft-tissue purulence originating from chronic apical periodontitis. Medical reports of patients treated between 1970 and 1977 were used. Our study indicated that the frequency of odontogenous abcesses was significantly higher with cyclonic weather conditions, i.e., weather with low barometric pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:282990", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of a retropharyngeal abscess].", "content": "A 53-year-old female patient developed a phlegmon of the floor of the mouth after external extraction of 38 acutely inflammed teeth. The phlegmon tracked retropharyngeally and settled on the opposite side. It was difficult to estimate the amount of tissue area affected by the abscessed phlegmon because of severe trismus. The fact that the inflammation had basically tracked retropharyngeally and inferiorly was ascertained via a lateral radiograph of the neck which showed that the lower part of the prevertebral soft-part shadow was considerably wider than normal. The life-threatening infection healed after the abscess was incised and drained externally. The abscess was approached medial of the  vascular band.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of a retropharyngeal abscess]. A 53-year-old female patient developed a phlegmon of the floor of the mouth after external extraction of 38 acutely inflammed teeth. The phlegmon tracked retropharyngeally and settled on the opposite side. It was difficult to estimate the amount of tissue area affected by the abscessed phlegmon because of severe trismus. The fact that the inflammation had basically tracked retropharyngeally and inferiorly was ascertained via a lateral radiograph of the neck which showed that the lower part of the prevertebral soft-part shadow was considerably wider than normal. The life-threatening infection healed after the abscess was incised and drained externally. The abscess was approached medial of the  vascular band."}
{"id": "PMID:282991", "title": "[Infected median and lateral neck cysts and fistulas].", "content": "During the last 10 years, 50 patients with congenital anomalies of the neck were treated in the Hospital for Oral and Plastic Surgery in D\u00fcsseldorf. Acute or chronic infection was observed in one third of the median and lateral cervical cysts and all cervical fistulas. Most of the cysts and fistulas were not diagnosed or considered in the differential diagnosis at the time of referral. The most frequent false diagnoses were: odontogenous abcess, odontogenous fistula, phlegmon of the floor of the mouth, specific lymphoma, abcess of the lymph node.", "contents": "[Infected median and lateral neck cysts and fistulas]. During the last 10 years, 50 patients with congenital anomalies of the neck were treated in the Hospital for Oral and Plastic Surgery in D\u00fcsseldorf. Acute or chronic infection was observed in one third of the median and lateral cervical cysts and all cervical fistulas. Most of the cysts and fistulas were not diagnosed or considered in the differential diagnosis at the time of referral. The most frequent false diagnoses were: odontogenous abcess, odontogenous fistula, phlegmon of the floor of the mouth, specific lymphoma, abcess of the lymph node."}
{"id": "PMID:282992", "title": "[Infected dermoid and epidermoid cysts in the maxillofacial region. Differential diagnosis and therapy].", "content": "More than 30% of the patients with dermoid and epidermoid cysts treated on an in-patient basis during the last 10 years in the D\u00fcsseldorf Hospital for Jaw and Plastic Surgery showed symptoms of acute or chronic inflammation. The difficulties involved in the clinical diagnosis of infected dermoid or epidermoid cysts were illustrated by example cases. Infected dermoid and epidermoid cysts may be mistaken for ondontogenous abscesses, infected atheromas, furuncles, superinfected tumors, and specific inflammations.", "contents": "[Infected dermoid and epidermoid cysts in the maxillofacial region. Differential diagnosis and therapy]. More than 30% of the patients with dermoid and epidermoid cysts treated on an in-patient basis during the last 10 years in the D\u00fcsseldorf Hospital for Jaw and Plastic Surgery showed symptoms of acute or chronic inflammation. The difficulties involved in the clinical diagnosis of infected dermoid or epidermoid cysts were illustrated by example cases. Infected dermoid and epidermoid cysts may be mistaken for ondontogenous abscesses, infected atheromas, furuncles, superinfected tumors, and specific inflammations."}
{"id": "PMID:282994", "title": "[Diagnosis of mandibular osteomyelitis].", "content": "Eighty-four cases were compared clinically, radiologically, and scintigraphically with inflammatory changes in and around the mandible. A diagnostic schema was worked out for osteomyelitis of the mandible. According to our scintigraphic findings, the term osteomyelitis should include odontogenous purulence and periapical periodontitis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of mandibular osteomyelitis]. Eighty-four cases were compared clinically, radiologically, and scintigraphically with inflammatory changes in and around the mandible. A diagnostic schema was worked out for osteomyelitis of the mandible. According to our scintigraphic findings, the term osteomyelitis should include odontogenous purulence and periapical periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:282995", "title": "[Compression plate osteosynthesis in infected mandibular fractures].", "content": "Self-compromising osteosynthesis plates proved satisfactory for 19 patients with infected fractures of the mandible. After immediate stabilization of the fracture with osteosynthesis plates, the abscess was incised and drained, and antibiotic therapy was instituted. All the fractures consolidated without significant complications. Radiologic assessment revealed delayed bony healing. Our findings agree with those in the field of general traumatology for treating infected fractures.", "contents": "[Compression plate osteosynthesis in infected mandibular fractures]. Self-compromising osteosynthesis plates proved satisfactory for 19 patients with infected fractures of the mandible. After immediate stabilization of the fracture with osteosynthesis plates, the abscess was incised and drained, and antibiotic therapy was instituted. All the fractures consolidated without significant complications. Radiologic assessment revealed delayed bony healing. Our findings agree with those in the field of general traumatology for treating infected fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:282996", "title": "[Evaluation of the basal parts of the maxillary sinus by means of panoramic tomography].", "content": "Information acquired via the panorama tomograph was compared with that obtained via the occipitodental plain film of the paranasal sinuses. Almost all findings in the basal maxillary sinuses were better identified and localized on the panorama film. A plain film of the paranasal sinuses however cannot be dispensed with since assessment of the whole maxillary sinus is only possible on the plain film.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the basal parts of the maxillary sinus by means of panoramic tomography]. Information acquired via the panorama tomograph was compared with that obtained via the occipitodental plain film of the paranasal sinuses. Almost all findings in the basal maxillary sinuses were better identified and localized on the panorama film. A plain film of the paranasal sinuses however cannot be dispensed with since assessment of the whole maxillary sinus is only possible on the plain film."}
{"id": "PMID:282998", "title": "[Comparative phorogrammetric studies on a periodontal index].", "content": "Reproducibile results are difficult to obtain with subjectively recorded periodontal indexes. The information acquired via such indexes therefore may be called into question. Inflammation of the gingiva was induced in 15 subjects. The degree of gingival swelling was determined via monophotogrammetry; the degree of inflammation, with the PMA index which emphasizes the symptom \"swelling\". The results were compared and discussed. It is highly probable that the PMA index is subjectively overrated.", "contents": "[Comparative phorogrammetric studies on a periodontal index]. Reproducibile results are difficult to obtain with subjectively recorded periodontal indexes. The information acquired via such indexes therefore may be called into question. Inflammation of the gingiva was induced in 15 subjects. The degree of gingival swelling was determined via monophotogrammetry; the degree of inflammation, with the PMA index which emphasizes the symptom \"swelling\". The results were compared and discussed. It is highly probable that the PMA index is subjectively overrated."}
{"id": "PMID:282999", "title": "[The effect of sorbide on the amount of lactobacillus in the saliva].", "content": "Saliva specimens from school children in the children's village of F\u00f3t were cultured in dentocult medium and the lactobacilli were counted. In addition to their usual food, the children also consumed 20 g of chocolate with either 40% sucrose or sorbitol. The control group was composed of children living in Budapest. High lactobacillus counts were observed less frequently in the sorbitol group than in the other groups. There was a positive correlation between the number of lactobacilli in the saliva and the intensity of caries.", "contents": "[The effect of sorbide on the amount of lactobacillus in the saliva]. Saliva specimens from school children in the children's village of F\u00f3t were cultured in dentocult medium and the lactobacilli were counted. In addition to their usual food, the children also consumed 20 g of chocolate with either 40% sucrose or sorbitol. The control group was composed of children living in Budapest. High lactobacillus counts were observed less frequently in the sorbitol group than in the other groups. There was a positive correlation between the number of lactobacilli in the saliva and the intensity of caries."}
{"id": "PMID:283000", "title": "[The caries-preventive effect of aluminum fluoride complexes and aluminum lactate in animal experiments].", "content": "To expand and substantiate earlier experimental studies of fluoride compounds (SnF2, NaF, Na2PO3F and amine fluoride) with animals, the effect of the compound aluminum-fluoride hydroxide AlFx(OH)y . zH2O and aluminum lactate A1 [CH3 . CH(OH) COO]3 individually, combined, and in various tooth paste bases on caries inhibition was studied in Osborne Mendel rats. The aluminum-fluoride hydroxide compound and its combination with aluminum lactate contributed to a signficant reduction in fissure caries when compared with other groupings and the control (placebo) group.", "contents": "[The caries-preventive effect of aluminum fluoride complexes and aluminum lactate in animal experiments]. To expand and substantiate earlier experimental studies of fluoride compounds (SnF2, NaF, Na2PO3F and amine fluoride) with animals, the effect of the compound aluminum-fluoride hydroxide AlFx(OH)y . zH2O and aluminum lactate A1 [CH3 . CH(OH) COO]3 individually, combined, and in various tooth paste bases on caries inhibition was studied in Osborne Mendel rats. The aluminum-fluoride hydroxide compound and its combination with aluminum lactate contributed to a signficant reduction in fissure caries when compared with other groupings and the control (placebo) group."}
{"id": "PMID:283001", "title": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of the diagnosis and initial therapy by means of bite plates].", "content": "A modified Krogh-Poulsen questionaire was used to study 210 patients with temperomandibular joint complaints. The patients were fitted with a biteplate. Pain at the pterygoideus lateralis muscle was noted in 59.6% of the patients. Constant improvement was demonstrable in 76% of the patients after a period of six months. The cracking in the joint was found in 51% of the patients resistant to therapy. The study of patients resistant to therapy indicated positive psychiatric findings in more than 80% of these patients. The diagnoses ranged from the beginning stages of depression to discovery of a basophilic adenoma.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effectiveness of the diagnosis and initial therapy by means of bite plates]. A modified Krogh-Poulsen questionaire was used to study 210 patients with temperomandibular joint complaints. The patients were fitted with a biteplate. Pain at the pterygoideus lateralis muscle was noted in 59.6% of the patients. Constant improvement was demonstrable in 76% of the patients after a period of six months. The cracking in the joint was found in 51% of the patients resistant to therapy. The study of patients resistant to therapy indicated positive psychiatric findings in more than 80% of these patients. The diagnoses ranged from the beginning stages of depression to discovery of a basophilic adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:283002", "title": "[Comparative clinical and photogrammetric studies on the marginal periodontium after the use of dentifrices].", "content": "A suggestion was made for testing the therapeutic effect of certain substances on gingival inflammation. Gingivitis was induced in 60 subjects by discontinuing of all forms of oral hygiene. Three tooth pastes, one of which was a placebo, were used for the study. Regression of the inflammation was determined with the periodontal indexes and photogrammetry. Photogrammetry appears to be well suited for objective evaluation of the therapeutic value of certain substances.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and photogrammetric studies on the marginal periodontium after the use of dentifrices]. A suggestion was made for testing the therapeutic effect of certain substances on gingival inflammation. Gingivitis was induced in 60 subjects by discontinuing of all forms of oral hygiene. Three tooth pastes, one of which was a placebo, were used for the study. Regression of the inflammation was determined with the periodontal indexes and photogrammetry. Photogrammetry appears to be well suited for objective evaluation of the therapeutic value of certain substances."}
{"id": "PMID:283003", "title": "[The problem of standards for composites].", "content": "The bending strenght to the breakage point was determined for five different composites. The testing instrument was set up in accordance with standard specifications under application of pressure. It could be established that the bending strength to the breakage point depends on the intensity and duration of the force. Values were 10% to 20% higher than with polymerized samples without pressure. Long-term studies carried out approximately 24 hours after the sample had been produced showed the highest values for bending strength to the breakage point. These values dropped about 20% during the course of 8 to 10 days. The influence of storage conditions was also determined. In these tests, the bending strength to the breakage point dropped 20% to 30% after 24 hours.", "contents": "[The problem of standards for composites]. The bending strenght to the breakage point was determined for five different composites. The testing instrument was set up in accordance with standard specifications under application of pressure. It could be established that the bending strength to the breakage point depends on the intensity and duration of the force. Values were 10% to 20% higher than with polymerized samples without pressure. Long-term studies carried out approximately 24 hours after the sample had been produced showed the highest values for bending strength to the breakage point. These values dropped about 20% during the course of 8 to 10 days. The influence of storage conditions was also determined. In these tests, the bending strength to the breakage point dropped 20% to 30% after 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:283004", "title": "[Surgical therapy of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. Report on 397 cases].", "content": "Operative procedures were carried out on 410 maxillary sinuses in 397 patients. The most frequent indications for surgery were communication between the mouth and the atrium (55.4%) and cysts (24.2%). A Caldwell-Luc operation was carried out in 76.6% of the cases (radical operation). Vestibulum-cheek flaps were used to close the fistula in 97% of the cases. A follow-up examination of 220 patients showed that 10.2% complained of pain. The indications for surgery were limited to avoid this lasting damage.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. Report on 397 cases]. Operative procedures were carried out on 410 maxillary sinuses in 397 patients. The most frequent indications for surgery were communication between the mouth and the atrium (55.4%) and cysts (24.2%). A Caldwell-Luc operation was carried out in 76.6% of the cases (radical operation). Vestibulum-cheek flaps were used to close the fistula in 97% of the cases. A follow-up examination of 220 patients showed that 10.2% complained of pain. The indications for surgery were limited to avoid this lasting damage."}
{"id": "PMID:283005", "title": "[Effect of dissolved heterologous collagen on human platelet aggregation].", "content": "Our in vitro experiments showed the positive effect of a solution containing collagen fleece on aggregation in platelet-rich plasma of healthy subjects and of patients with thrombocytic coagulation disturbances. The added collagen directly affects the adhesion and aggregation of the platelets. The platelets then complete the process of primary hemostasis by forming a thrombus and the plasmatic \"intrinsic system\" is started. These results have already been implemented at the practical level.", "contents": "[Effect of dissolved heterologous collagen on human platelet aggregation]. Our in vitro experiments showed the positive effect of a solution containing collagen fleece on aggregation in platelet-rich plasma of healthy subjects and of patients with thrombocytic coagulation disturbances. The added collagen directly affects the adhesion and aggregation of the platelets. The platelets then complete the process of primary hemostasis by forming a thrombus and the plasmatic \"intrinsic system\" is started. These results have already been implemented at the practical level."}
{"id": "PMID:283006", "title": "[Immune reaction as a cause for necrotizing epitheloid cell inflammation].", "content": "Disturbed wound healing following dentoalveolar procedures may be due to various causes. Necrotizing inflammations with epitheloid cells may easily be mistaken for specific inflammations. Atypical granulomas represent a response to foreign body material (e.g., gelatin sponges). The possibility of sensitization with Gelastypt was tested using immunologic methods.", "contents": "[Immune reaction as a cause for necrotizing epitheloid cell inflammation]. Disturbed wound healing following dentoalveolar procedures may be due to various causes. Necrotizing inflammations with epitheloid cells may easily be mistaken for specific inflammations. Atypical granulomas represent a response to foreign body material (e.g., gelatin sponges). The possibility of sensitization with Gelastypt was tested using immunologic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:283007", "title": "[Contribution to the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic recurring parotitis].", "content": "Chronic, recurrent parotitis was classified as a disease of the salivary glands of bacterial and inflammatory origin. Forty biopsy specimens of the parotoid gland taken from patients with chronic, recurrent parotitis were examined via light and electron microscopy; virus or bacteria could not be identified. The pathomorphologic findings with chronic, recurrent parotitis correspond basically with those of an experimental ligature of the ganglia. The pathogenesis was discussed. The results of the investigation indicated that, in terms of the pathogenesis, chronic, recurrent parotitis represents a special form of electrolytic and/or obstructive sialadenitis.", "contents": "[Contribution to the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic recurring parotitis]. Chronic, recurrent parotitis was classified as a disease of the salivary glands of bacterial and inflammatory origin. Forty biopsy specimens of the parotoid gland taken from patients with chronic, recurrent parotitis were examined via light and electron microscopy; virus or bacteria could not be identified. The pathomorphologic findings with chronic, recurrent parotitis correspond basically with those of an experimental ligature of the ganglia. The pathogenesis was discussed. The results of the investigation indicated that, in terms of the pathogenesis, chronic, recurrent parotitis represents a special form of electrolytic and/or obstructive sialadenitis."}
{"id": "PMID:283010", "title": "[The effect of periodontal resistance on experimental gingivitis].", "content": "The distribution and degree of severity of periodontal diseases depends on many different factors. One of the factors, periodontal resistance, was studied in 62 subjects. The test with experimental gingivitis showed that the dividing the subjects into periodontal-resistant and periodontal-insufficient groups led to more differentiated results.", "contents": "[The effect of periodontal resistance on experimental gingivitis]. The distribution and degree of severity of periodontal diseases depends on many different factors. One of the factors, periodontal resistance, was studied in 62 subjects. The test with experimental gingivitis showed that the dividing the subjects into periodontal-resistant and periodontal-insufficient groups led to more differentiated results."}
{"id": "PMID:283047", "title": "Dental anxiety--etiologic considerations.", "content": "Dental disease is frequently accompanied by anxiety and fear of the treatment and of dentists. The etiology of any anxiety is sought in early conditioning life experiences; here it may be related to infants' responses to first teething. The universality of dental anxiety makes it a paradigm of psychosomatic disorders. These are conceptualized as pathologic exaggerated reactions to early traumatizing events, a causality not unlike that of conversive-hysteric symptoms or \"normal\" bodily characteristics. Psychiatric-etiologic considerations of dental anxiety are not to be found in the literature. Recalling the cheerful manner in which children's loss of their first tooth is greeted, one gathers that repressed ambivalence is involved. A clarification of the etiology is here attempted and the dynamics compared with those of other psychosomatic diseases.", "contents": "Dental anxiety--etiologic considerations. Dental disease is frequently accompanied by anxiety and fear of the treatment and of dentists. The etiology of any anxiety is sought in early conditioning life experiences; here it may be related to infants' responses to first teething. The universality of dental anxiety makes it a paradigm of psychosomatic disorders. These are conceptualized as pathologic exaggerated reactions to early traumatizing events, a causality not unlike that of conversive-hysteric symptoms or \"normal\" bodily characteristics. Psychiatric-etiologic considerations of dental anxiety are not to be found in the literature. Recalling the cheerful manner in which children's loss of their first tooth is greeted, one gathers that repressed ambivalence is involved. A clarification of the etiology is here attempted and the dynamics compared with those of other psychosomatic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:283049", "title": "Interpersonal managerial skills in the training of dental students.", "content": "Responsibilities of the dental practitioner impose stress situations similar to those of any manager. These deal with elements of interpersonal behavior and skills not customarily taught to the dental practitioner. In an effort to train dentists so that they may better cope with these managerial situations a method was devised using as the primary instrument the Dental Managerial Situation Study (DMSS). The DMSS employs a variety of problem situations that the dentist is likely to encounter as a means of eliciting his or her managerial tendency (Managerial Profile). A managerial profile is then applied for diagnostic and training purposes. In group discussions, most appropriate behavior (i.e. normative responses) is determined and new ways to behave are learned as each student witnesses advantages and disadvantages of certain responses. The method described in this paper imparts a lexicon (knowledge) of alternative coping or non-coping behaviors to managerial situations. The dental practitioner is able to apply this knowledge in future situations in a way that is more coping and thus he or she may alleviate some managerial stress.", "contents": "Interpersonal managerial skills in the training of dental students. Responsibilities of the dental practitioner impose stress situations similar to those of any manager. These deal with elements of interpersonal behavior and skills not customarily taught to the dental practitioner. In an effort to train dentists so that they may better cope with these managerial situations a method was devised using as the primary instrument the Dental Managerial Situation Study (DMSS). The DMSS employs a variety of problem situations that the dentist is likely to encounter as a means of eliciting his or her managerial tendency (Managerial Profile). A managerial profile is then applied for diagnostic and training purposes. In group discussions, most appropriate behavior (i.e. normative responses) is determined and new ways to behave are learned as each student witnesses advantages and disadvantages of certain responses. The method described in this paper imparts a lexicon (knowledge) of alternative coping or non-coping behaviors to managerial situations. The dental practitioner is able to apply this knowledge in future situations in a way that is more coping and thus he or she may alleviate some managerial stress."}
{"id": "PMID:283051", "title": "Orthodontics as an aid in adult restorative dentistry.", "content": "The important role of orthodontics and its contribution to the success of prosthetic dentistry in the adult patient is discussed. Cases undergoing restorative dental procedures, where preliminary minor tooth movement was necessary, are presented. Orthodontic treatment was limited in these cases to local malpositions and to the movement of individual teeth with simple appliances.", "contents": "Orthodontics as an aid in adult restorative dentistry. The important role of orthodontics and its contribution to the success of prosthetic dentistry in the adult patient is discussed. Cases undergoing restorative dental procedures, where preliminary minor tooth movement was necessary, are presented. Orthodontic treatment was limited in these cases to local malpositions and to the movement of individual teeth with simple appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:283052", "title": "The need for teaching emotional behavior in dentistry.", "content": "A close doctor-patient relationship should be considered a prerequisite for successful treatment. Better communication will help the dentist to preceive a patient's fears and expectations and will provide the information that must precede diagnosis. A student should not devote his time solely to acquiring mechanical skills but should learn something of the behavioral sciences and understand emotional states. He should be able to assess a patient's ability to cooperate, adjust or reject, as well as the effect of the surgery environment on him. The patient as an individual should not be ignored. A dentist who recognizes his role in society and sees his profession as a vocation will anticipate patients' responses and deal with them more effectively and atraumatically.", "contents": "The need for teaching emotional behavior in dentistry. A close doctor-patient relationship should be considered a prerequisite for successful treatment. Better communication will help the dentist to preceive a patient's fears and expectations and will provide the information that must precede diagnosis. A student should not devote his time solely to acquiring mechanical skills but should learn something of the behavioral sciences and understand emotional states. He should be able to assess a patient's ability to cooperate, adjust or reject, as well as the effect of the surgery environment on him. The patient as an individual should not be ignored. A dentist who recognizes his role in society and sees his profession as a vocation will anticipate patients' responses and deal with them more effectively and atraumatically."}
{"id": "PMID:283053", "title": "Talon cusp in deciduous dentition.", "content": "Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly hitherto considered to affect permanent dentition only. A case of talon cusp in a deciduous maxillary incisor is described, suggesting that both dentitions may be affected by this anomaly.", "contents": "Talon cusp in deciduous dentition. Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly hitherto considered to affect permanent dentition only. A case of talon cusp in a deciduous maxillary incisor is described, suggesting that both dentitions may be affected by this anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:283054", "title": "The role of orthodontics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy.", "content": "In the formulation of a treatment plan for patients with advanced periodontal disease, the benefits that orhtodontics can supply must be considered. By improving the position of malposed teeth, a better environment is created for the health of the gingivae and attachment apparatus, as well as the possibility to improve osseous defects as the result of orthodontically stimulated osteogenic activity. The ultimate goal of treatment must be, in addition to control of inflammation, plaque and trauma, the creation of optimal morphologic and functional conditions which will allow these objectives to be attained. This will provide the prosthodontist and periodontist with a better chance to prolong the life of the dention.", "contents": "The role of orthodontics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. In the formulation of a treatment plan for patients with advanced periodontal disease, the benefits that orhtodontics can supply must be considered. By improving the position of malposed teeth, a better environment is created for the health of the gingivae and attachment apparatus, as well as the possibility to improve osseous defects as the result of orthodontically stimulated osteogenic activity. The ultimate goal of treatment must be, in addition to control of inflammation, plaque and trauma, the creation of optimal morphologic and functional conditions which will allow these objectives to be attained. This will provide the prosthodontist and periodontist with a better chance to prolong the life of the dention."}
{"id": "PMID:283057", "title": "The bitewing roentgenogram and its diagnostic importance.", "content": "The role of the bitewing roentgenogram in dentistry is reviewed, including the roentgenographic techniques used, accessories for stabilisation of the film, and execution of the roentgenograph. Common errors in application of the technique are listed. The literature on the bitewing roentgenogram is surveyed and the conclusion stated that this roentgenographic technique is a diagnostic instrument that has no substitute for the purpose of detecting incipient interproximal carious lesions and periodontal diseases in the early stages of affecting the alveolar bone. No dental examination can provide complete diagnosis without bitewing roentgenograms.", "contents": "The bitewing roentgenogram and its diagnostic importance. The role of the bitewing roentgenogram in dentistry is reviewed, including the roentgenographic techniques used, accessories for stabilisation of the film, and execution of the roentgenograph. Common errors in application of the technique are listed. The literature on the bitewing roentgenogram is surveyed and the conclusion stated that this roentgenographic technique is a diagnostic instrument that has no substitute for the purpose of detecting incipient interproximal carious lesions and periodontal diseases in the early stages of affecting the alveolar bone. No dental examination can provide complete diagnosis without bitewing roentgenograms."}
{"id": "PMID:283059", "title": "Oral tissue and irradiation therapy.", "content": "For patients with certain oral and nasopharyngeal tumors irradiation therapy, alone or combined with surgical procedures, can be a life-saving treatment. The professionals involved should be aware of the clinical and histological changes brought about by the therapy so that they may better assist the patient at this difficult time through education and relief of discomfort. Treatment of the irradiated patient is a challenge to the knowledge and skills of any dentist and office staff.", "contents": "Oral tissue and irradiation therapy. For patients with certain oral and nasopharyngeal tumors irradiation therapy, alone or combined with surgical procedures, can be a life-saving treatment. The professionals involved should be aware of the clinical and histological changes brought about by the therapy so that they may better assist the patient at this difficult time through education and relief of discomfort. Treatment of the irradiated patient is a challenge to the knowledge and skills of any dentist and office staff."}
{"id": "PMID:283061", "title": "Caries, periodontal diseases and oral hygiene among six- to twelve-year-old children in the Druze village of Yarka.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases and on the state of oral hygiene in members of the Druze community in Israel aged six to twelve years, and to compare the findings for the different age sub-groups and for males and females within each age sub-group. The population investigated was a sample of 396 children aged six to twelve, 182 males and 213 females, in the village of Yarka in the Western Galilee. The indices used for the purpose of evaluation were: DMF for caries, PI for periodontal diseases, and OHI-S for oral hygiene. No significant differences were found in the incidence of gingivitis as between the various age sub-groups. Oral hygiene was found to deteriorate as age increased. Oral hygiene in ages 9 to 12 was found to be of a lower level in the males than in the females, while in ages 6 to 9 no significant variation was recorded between the sexes. A comparison of the prevalence of caries as established in this study with the figures recorded in earlier years shows an increase. Dental treatment supplied to the children studied had been zero. Comparison of this fact with earlier studies revealed that with regard to treatment no improvement had taken place in the Druze population in recent years.", "contents": "Caries, periodontal diseases and oral hygiene among six- to twelve-year-old children in the Druze village of Yarka. The purpose of the present study was to assemble data on the prevalence of caries and periodontal diseases and on the state of oral hygiene in members of the Druze community in Israel aged six to twelve years, and to compare the findings for the different age sub-groups and for males and females within each age sub-group. The population investigated was a sample of 396 children aged six to twelve, 182 males and 213 females, in the village of Yarka in the Western Galilee. The indices used for the purpose of evaluation were: DMF for caries, PI for periodontal diseases, and OHI-S for oral hygiene. No significant differences were found in the incidence of gingivitis as between the various age sub-groups. Oral hygiene was found to deteriorate as age increased. Oral hygiene in ages 9 to 12 was found to be of a lower level in the males than in the females, while in ages 6 to 9 no significant variation was recorded between the sexes. A comparison of the prevalence of caries as established in this study with the figures recorded in earlier years shows an increase. Dental treatment supplied to the children studied had been zero. Comparison of this fact with earlier studies revealed that with regard to treatment no improvement had taken place in the Druze population in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:283063", "title": "The immediate overdenture. A case history.", "content": "A case is described of application of the immediate overdenture technique to restore function, speech and aesthetics in a patient with extreme resorption of the maxillary anterior residual ridge. In the opinion of the authors, retention of the roots of the remaining teeth most definitely contributed to the retention, stability and overall success of the denture (Figs. 9, 10).", "contents": "The immediate overdenture. A case history. A case is described of application of the immediate overdenture technique to restore function, speech and aesthetics in a patient with extreme resorption of the maxillary anterior residual ridge. In the opinion of the authors, retention of the roots of the remaining teeth most definitely contributed to the retention, stability and overall success of the denture (Figs. 9, 10)."}
{"id": "PMID:283064", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Israel.", "content": "A case is described of Burkitt's lymphoma in a nine-year-old Arab boy. The presenting symptom was swelling of the right maxilla, originally diagnosed as a dento-alveolar abscess. The clinical features of African and American Burkitt's lymphoma are compared, and the occurrence of the tumor mainly in the Arab population of Israel is noted.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Israel. A case is described of Burkitt's lymphoma in a nine-year-old Arab boy. The presenting symptom was swelling of the right maxilla, originally diagnosed as a dento-alveolar abscess. The clinical features of African and American Burkitt's lymphoma are compared, and the occurrence of the tumor mainly in the Arab population of Israel is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:283065", "title": "Temporary restorative materials: properties and uses.", "content": "Various materials used for temporary restorations are reviewed, with reference to their chemical and physical properties. Research and standard specifications should be instituted in order to standardize and improve the many products now available to the profession. Knowledge of the materials and their properties will enable the dentist to arrive at correct selection of the material for each case, thus promoting more successful clinical procedures.", "contents": "Temporary restorative materials: properties and uses. Various materials used for temporary restorations are reviewed, with reference to their chemical and physical properties. Research and standard specifications should be instituted in order to standardize and improve the many products now available to the profession. Knowledge of the materials and their properties will enable the dentist to arrive at correct selection of the material for each case, thus promoting more successful clinical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:283066", "title": "Successive evaluation of multiple parameters in individual cells: the SEMPIC photometric system.", "content": "An automated microphotometric system has been designed for the successive assessment of a maximum number of parameters from individual cells. The hardware and software elements are described as well as the various photometric functions that can be performed. The aim is to obtain a multiparameter analysis of morphology, cytochemistry, cell surface characteristics, and metabolic activity including cell cycle characteristics for any set of cells selected from a sample. The combination of DNA synthesis rate determination in a really quantitative approach with the analysis of features of nuclear chromatin texture opens up a new field for associating morphology with functional properties. Examples of application are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the system in a heterogeneous cell population of a very limited sample size. For this purpose, human peripheral blood cells grown in diffusion chambers in preirradiated mice were investigated. It is shown that, depending on their functions, different cell types may have quite different nuclear-to-cell area ratios. Further, a crude morphological parameter, such as the degree of basophilia of Giemsa-stained cells, may be associated with the rate of DNA synthesis, thus bearing information on the replicative activity of a cell. Cell surface properties related to the leukemia-associated cALL antigen are investigated in a human-derived cell line and correlated with cell-cycle characteristics. It is concluded that different antigenic sites rather than cell-cycle dependent differences of antigen density account for the outcome of a bimodal distribution.", "contents": "Successive evaluation of multiple parameters in individual cells: the SEMPIC photometric system. An automated microphotometric system has been designed for the successive assessment of a maximum number of parameters from individual cells. The hardware and software elements are described as well as the various photometric functions that can be performed. The aim is to obtain a multiparameter analysis of morphology, cytochemistry, cell surface characteristics, and metabolic activity including cell cycle characteristics for any set of cells selected from a sample. The combination of DNA synthesis rate determination in a really quantitative approach with the analysis of features of nuclear chromatin texture opens up a new field for associating morphology with functional properties. Examples of application are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the system in a heterogeneous cell population of a very limited sample size. For this purpose, human peripheral blood cells grown in diffusion chambers in preirradiated mice were investigated. It is shown that, depending on their functions, different cell types may have quite different nuclear-to-cell area ratios. Further, a crude morphological parameter, such as the degree of basophilia of Giemsa-stained cells, may be associated with the rate of DNA synthesis, thus bearing information on the replicative activity of a cell. Cell surface properties related to the leukemia-associated cALL antigen are investigated in a human-derived cell line and correlated with cell-cycle characteristics. It is concluded that different antigenic sites rather than cell-cycle dependent differences of antigen density account for the outcome of a bimodal distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:283067", "title": "Basement membrane reconstitution and cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts in isochronal and heterochronal reassociations of enamel organs and pulps.", "content": "The restoration of the basement membrane and the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts were studied in iso- and heterochronal reassociations between dental mesenchyme and enamel organs. It was suggested that the cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts was triggered by the basement membrane secreted by the enamel organ of a specific stage.", "contents": "Basement membrane reconstitution and cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts in isochronal and heterochronal reassociations of enamel organs and pulps. The restoration of the basement membrane and the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts were studied in iso- and heterochronal reassociations between dental mesenchyme and enamel organs. It was suggested that the cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts was triggered by the basement membrane secreted by the enamel organ of a specific stage."}
{"id": "PMID:283068", "title": "Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on tooth germs \"in vitro.\" I. - Effects on cytodifferentiation.", "content": "Sixteen or eighteen day old mouse embryonic first lower molars were treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vitro. --In 16-day old tooth germs cytodifferentiation of both odontoblasts and ameloblasts was inhibited. This inhibition was reversible. --In 18-day old tooth germs, the odontoblasts localized at the top of the principal cusps (post-mitotic cells) differentiated normally and secreted predentin. In these conditions ameloblasts localized in front of functional odontoblasts differentiated, although they were able to incorporate BrdU. --In others experiments, control and BrdU-treated tooth germs were dissociated into enamel organs and pulps. Cultivated associations between either control or BrdU treated pulps with either control or BrdU treated enamel organs were analyzed. It appeared that the primary effect of BrdU might result in its incorporation in the preameloblasts which were no longer able to interact normally with the preodontoblasts.", "contents": "Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on tooth germs \"in vitro.\" I. - Effects on cytodifferentiation. Sixteen or eighteen day old mouse embryonic first lower molars were treated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vitro. --In 16-day old tooth germs cytodifferentiation of both odontoblasts and ameloblasts was inhibited. This inhibition was reversible. --In 18-day old tooth germs, the odontoblasts localized at the top of the principal cusps (post-mitotic cells) differentiated normally and secreted predentin. In these conditions ameloblasts localized in front of functional odontoblasts differentiated, although they were able to incorporate BrdU. --In others experiments, control and BrdU-treated tooth germs were dissociated into enamel organs and pulps. Cultivated associations between either control or BrdU treated pulps with either control or BrdU treated enamel organs were analyzed. It appeared that the primary effect of BrdU might result in its incorporation in the preameloblasts which were no longer able to interact normally with the preodontoblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:283069", "title": "Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on tooth germs \"in vitro\". II. - Effects on collagen synthesis.", "content": "The first lower molar tooth germs removed from 16-day-old mouse embryos were cultured for 2 days on a standard medium and then for 24 hours on the same medium containing BrdU (treated tooth germs) or not (controls). We attempted to study the effects of 5-Bromodeoxyuridine on the type I and type III collagen synthesis 24 (stage 16 + 4) and 72 (stage 16 + 6) hours after the incorporation of this thymidine analogue. At stage 16 + 4, type I and type III collagen were synthesized both in control and BrdU-treated tooth germs. However BrdU induced quantitative modifications in the type I collagen synthesis which might be explained by modifications in the turnover of this type of collagen. At stage 16 + 6, the BrdU treatment resulted in the inhibition of the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts. Consequently, the normal amplification of collagen type I synthesis could not occur. However, both control and BrdU-treated tooth germs synthesized type I and type III collagen. Quantitatively, the synthesis of type III collagen was slightly affected by BrdU treatment.", "contents": "Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on tooth germs \"in vitro\". II. - Effects on collagen synthesis. The first lower molar tooth germs removed from 16-day-old mouse embryos were cultured for 2 days on a standard medium and then for 24 hours on the same medium containing BrdU (treated tooth germs) or not (controls). We attempted to study the effects of 5-Bromodeoxyuridine on the type I and type III collagen synthesis 24 (stage 16 + 4) and 72 (stage 16 + 6) hours after the incorporation of this thymidine analogue. At stage 16 + 4, type I and type III collagen were synthesized both in control and BrdU-treated tooth germs. However BrdU induced quantitative modifications in the type I collagen synthesis which might be explained by modifications in the turnover of this type of collagen. At stage 16 + 6, the BrdU treatment resulted in the inhibition of the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts. Consequently, the normal amplification of collagen type I synthesis could not occur. However, both control and BrdU-treated tooth germs synthesized type I and type III collagen. Quantitatively, the synthesis of type III collagen was slightly affected by BrdU treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:283070", "title": "Ameloblast differentiation: protein synthesis and secretion in fetal New Zealand white rabbit molar tooth organs and isolated epithelia \"in vitro\".", "content": "We have attempted in this preliminary communication to determine the kinetic behaviour pf intracellular and extracellular forms of secretory ameloblast proteins. Our experimental strategy assumes several intracellular forms of enamel proteins: preproenamel leads to proenamel leads to enamel protein (1) leads to enamel protein (2) leads to enamel protein (3) leads to etc. Intracellular preproenamel has a molecular weight of greater than 70,00 and is selectively inhibited by 6 micronM - 12 micronM proflavine. Synthesis and secretion requires 30 minutes in vitro. Secretory ameloblasts in vitro synthesize and secrete a number of proteins ranging from 94,000 daltons to 10,000 daltons. Isotopically-labeled leucine, cystine, proline, methionine and an amino acid mixture were all found to be incorporated into enamel proteins. Preliminary data with protease inhibitors indicates that an enamel protease is directly involved in proenamel leads to enamel protein processing.", "contents": "Ameloblast differentiation: protein synthesis and secretion in fetal New Zealand white rabbit molar tooth organs and isolated epithelia \"in vitro\". We have attempted in this preliminary communication to determine the kinetic behaviour pf intracellular and extracellular forms of secretory ameloblast proteins. Our experimental strategy assumes several intracellular forms of enamel proteins: preproenamel leads to proenamel leads to enamel protein (1) leads to enamel protein (2) leads to enamel protein (3) leads to etc. Intracellular preproenamel has a molecular weight of greater than 70,00 and is selectively inhibited by 6 micronM - 12 micronM proflavine. Synthesis and secretion requires 30 minutes in vitro. Secretory ameloblasts in vitro synthesize and secrete a number of proteins ranging from 94,000 daltons to 10,000 daltons. Isotopically-labeled leucine, cystine, proline, methionine and an amino acid mixture were all found to be incorporated into enamel proteins. Preliminary data with protease inhibitors indicates that an enamel protease is directly involved in proenamel leads to enamel protein processing."}
{"id": "PMID:283072", "title": "On the potential of the adult rat incisor odontogenic organ to differentiate into two intact teeth.", "content": "The odontogenic organ of 10 male albino rats weighing 200 g has been exposed by a longitudinal incision through the masseter muscle. Its site could be identified as a bluish elevation of the mandible. Into this region through the bone, a 2 X 2 mm. tinfoil has been inserted, deep into the odontogenic organ. The tinfoil direction was generally parallel or slightly oblique to the tooth longitudinal axis. The animals were killed after 1 month. Their lower incisors in the bony sockets were fixed and decalcified, cut sagittally and processed histologically. In 3 sockets two separate teeth could be identified, a labial and a lingual tooth. Generally only the labial tooth was covered by enamel, in one case however both teeth exhibited a regular enamel layer. Both teeth were separated by a periodontal ligament and exhibited separate tooth cavities. This experiment demonstrates the capability of the odontogenic organ to reproduce a whole new complex organ, the tooth. A phenomenon hitherto observed only in Urodela in which a severed limb regenerates from primitive pluripotential stem cells known as blastema. Contrary to the newt however, the incisor blastema reproduces continuously throughout the life of the individual and responds to the tinfoil stimulus by a production of an extra tooth.", "contents": "On the potential of the adult rat incisor odontogenic organ to differentiate into two intact teeth. The odontogenic organ of 10 male albino rats weighing 200 g has been exposed by a longitudinal incision through the masseter muscle. Its site could be identified as a bluish elevation of the mandible. Into this region through the bone, a 2 X 2 mm. tinfoil has been inserted, deep into the odontogenic organ. The tinfoil direction was generally parallel or slightly oblique to the tooth longitudinal axis. The animals were killed after 1 month. Their lower incisors in the bony sockets were fixed and decalcified, cut sagittally and processed histologically. In 3 sockets two separate teeth could be identified, a labial and a lingual tooth. Generally only the labial tooth was covered by enamel, in one case however both teeth exhibited a regular enamel layer. Both teeth were separated by a periodontal ligament and exhibited separate tooth cavities. This experiment demonstrates the capability of the odontogenic organ to reproduce a whole new complex organ, the tooth. A phenomenon hitherto observed only in Urodela in which a severed limb regenerates from primitive pluripotential stem cells known as blastema. Contrary to the newt however, the incisor blastema reproduces continuously throughout the life of the individual and responds to the tinfoil stimulus by a production of an extra tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:283073", "title": "Requirements for RNA and protein synthesis in the induction of several differentiation-markers in a myeloid leukemia cell line.", "content": "In a myeloid leukemia cell line, the inducibilities of the Fc receptor, phagocytosis and cell motility were compared. Thymidine analogues such as BUdR, BCdR and IUdR blocked the induction of phagocytosis and motility but not induction of the Fc receptor. This BUdR susceptibility in the induction of phagocytosis and motility was lost in a BUdR resistant line which was isolated for its growth capability in a high concentration of BUdR. Actinomycin D and puromycin brought about a marked decrease in the inducibility of phagocytosis but not in that of the Fc receptor. This led us to the following conclusion: There is a genetic control in the inducibility of phagocytosis and motility in this cell line, and the incorporation of BUdR into cellular DNA results in the DNA becoming unresponsive to a differentiation-stimulating factor. In contrast, gene activation does not seem to be necessary for induction of the Fc receptor. The order of induction of several differentiation markers was also discussed.", "contents": "Requirements for RNA and protein synthesis in the induction of several differentiation-markers in a myeloid leukemia cell line. In a myeloid leukemia cell line, the inducibilities of the Fc receptor, phagocytosis and cell motility were compared. Thymidine analogues such as BUdR, BCdR and IUdR blocked the induction of phagocytosis and motility but not induction of the Fc receptor. This BUdR susceptibility in the induction of phagocytosis and motility was lost in a BUdR resistant line which was isolated for its growth capability in a high concentration of BUdR. Actinomycin D and puromycin brought about a marked decrease in the inducibility of phagocytosis but not in that of the Fc receptor. This led us to the following conclusion: There is a genetic control in the inducibility of phagocytosis and motility in this cell line, and the incorporation of BUdR into cellular DNA results in the DNA becoming unresponsive to a differentiation-stimulating factor. In contrast, gene activation does not seem to be necessary for induction of the Fc receptor. The order of induction of several differentiation markers was also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283084", "title": "Crown size-arch space relationships during human prenatal dental development.", "content": "As shown in composite reconstructions made from optically-projected measurements of 10mu frontal maxillofacial sections of 20 histologically normal fetuses and embryos in the 70-255 mm CRL range, individual differences in relative tooth size and interdental spacing are evident by 10.5-11 weeks of gestation, and age-corrected crown-size correlations (r=0.40) approximate those in postnatal life. Despite an eight-fold increase in crown dimensions, interdental spacing remains approximately constant after 150 mm CRL, suggesting that the tooth organs or the periodontal membranes are able to maintain spacing, into the third trimester.", "contents": "Crown size-arch space relationships during human prenatal dental development. As shown in composite reconstructions made from optically-projected measurements of 10mu frontal maxillofacial sections of 20 histologically normal fetuses and embryos in the 70-255 mm CRL range, individual differences in relative tooth size and interdental spacing are evident by 10.5-11 weeks of gestation, and age-corrected crown-size correlations (r=0.40) approximate those in postnatal life. Despite an eight-fold increase in crown dimensions, interdental spacing remains approximately constant after 150 mm CRL, suggesting that the tooth organs or the periodontal membranes are able to maintain spacing, into the third trimester."}
{"id": "PMID:283085", "title": "The chloride corrosion of low-gold casting alloys.", "content": "Potentiodynamic polarization measurements have indicated that the so-called 'low-gold' casting alloys are characterized by decreased chloride corrosion resistance, when compared with ADA Type III and Type IV gold alloys. This decrease in chloride corrosion resistance results apparently from the presence of Ag-rich microsegregations with a possible minor contribution from Cu-rich segregations or precipitates.", "contents": "The chloride corrosion of low-gold casting alloys. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements have indicated that the so-called 'low-gold' casting alloys are characterized by decreased chloride corrosion resistance, when compared with ADA Type III and Type IV gold alloys. This decrease in chloride corrosion resistance results apparently from the presence of Ag-rich microsegregations with a possible minor contribution from Cu-rich segregations or precipitates."}
{"id": "PMID:283086", "title": "Potential sweep and intensiostatic pulse studies of Sn, Sn8Hg and dental amalgam in chloride solution.", "content": "The anodic behavior of the Sn, the Sn8Hg (gamma2) phase and the dental amalgam in a chloride solution has been investigated by means of the linear potential sweep and of the intensiostatic pulse method. The results indicate that anodic current varies with chloride concentration and that dissolution occurs prior to passivation of the electrode. The anodic charge needed for the passivation is smallest for the dental amalgam.", "contents": "Potential sweep and intensiostatic pulse studies of Sn, Sn8Hg and dental amalgam in chloride solution. The anodic behavior of the Sn, the Sn8Hg (gamma2) phase and the dental amalgam in a chloride solution has been investigated by means of the linear potential sweep and of the intensiostatic pulse method. The results indicate that anodic current varies with chloride concentration and that dissolution occurs prior to passivation of the electrode. The anodic charge needed for the passivation is smallest for the dental amalgam."}
{"id": "PMID:283087", "title": "Thermal expansion of composite resins and sealants.", "content": "Linear thermal coefficients of expansion (alpha) of seven commercial composite resins and four pit and fissure sealants were determined between 0 and 60 degrees C on a thermomechanical analyzer. The thermal expansion curves obtained were nonlinear. Values of alpha ranged from 26.5 to 39.6 x 10(-6) degrees C for the composite and from 70.9 to 93.7 x 10(-6)/degrees C for the sealants.", "contents": "Thermal expansion of composite resins and sealants. Linear thermal coefficients of expansion (alpha) of seven commercial composite resins and four pit and fissure sealants were determined between 0 and 60 degrees C on a thermomechanical analyzer. The thermal expansion curves obtained were nonlinear. Values of alpha ranged from 26.5 to 39.6 x 10(-6) degrees C for the composite and from 70.9 to 93.7 x 10(-6)/degrees C for the sealants."}
{"id": "PMID:283088", "title": "A method for assessing the relative abrasion of prophylaxis materials.", "content": "A method for assessing the relative abrasion of prophylaxis materials is described. The method utilizes irradiated human enamel and dentin specimens, and treatments are performed using a simulated prophylaxis procedure. Results obtained with this method indicate that variations in treatment time, load, and cup speed may influence the relative abrasion.", "contents": "A method for assessing the relative abrasion of prophylaxis materials. A method for assessing the relative abrasion of prophylaxis materials is described. The method utilizes irradiated human enamel and dentin specimens, and treatments are performed using a simulated prophylaxis procedure. Results obtained with this method indicate that variations in treatment time, load, and cup speed may influence the relative abrasion."}
{"id": "PMID:283089", "title": "An evaluation of beta titanium alloys for use in orthodontic appliances.", "content": "A beta titanium alloy was evaluated for use in orthodontic appliances. Standard mechanical tests and aspecially designed spring test were used. Two particular thermo-mechanical treatments resulted in titanium springs with 1.8 times the extension of comparable stainless steel springs, and a 2.2 fold reduction in force per unit displacement.", "contents": "An evaluation of beta titanium alloys for use in orthodontic appliances. A beta titanium alloy was evaluated for use in orthodontic appliances. Standard mechanical tests and aspecially designed spring test were used. Two particular thermo-mechanical treatments resulted in titanium springs with 1.8 times the extension of comparable stainless steel springs, and a 2.2 fold reduction in force per unit displacement."}
{"id": "PMID:283090", "title": "Titanium and fluoride concentrations in titanium tetrafluoride and APF treated enamel.", "content": "Greater fluoride concentrations were obtained in enamel treated with phosphate/fluoride solutions than in that treated with TiF4 at similar pH's (1.0) and F concentrations (0.6M F and 1.6M F). However, fluoride solution without added phosphate at pH 1.0 and 1.6M F concentration produced lower fluoride concentrations in enamel than in TiF4 treated enamel. It is proposed that in TiF4 treated enamal the fluoride uptake may be dependent upon the amount of Ti introduced into the enamel.", "contents": "Titanium and fluoride concentrations in titanium tetrafluoride and APF treated enamel. Greater fluoride concentrations were obtained in enamel treated with phosphate/fluoride solutions than in that treated with TiF4 at similar pH's (1.0) and F concentrations (0.6M F and 1.6M F). However, fluoride solution without added phosphate at pH 1.0 and 1.6M F concentration produced lower fluoride concentrations in enamel than in TiF4 treated enamel. It is proposed that in TiF4 treated enamal the fluoride uptake may be dependent upon the amount of Ti introduced into the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:283091", "title": "Inter-examiner reliability in caries trials.", "content": "A statistical model is given for representing the several components of variability present in measurements (e.g., DMFS scores) given by examiners to patients. Methods for making inferences about the intraclass correlation coefficient of reliability are presented and illustrated on a real set of data. The proper analysis of data from a reliability study is shown to depend on the planned design and analysis of the clinical or field trial to be conducted following the reliability trial.", "contents": "Inter-examiner reliability in caries trials. A statistical model is given for representing the several components of variability present in measurements (e.g., DMFS scores) given by examiners to patients. Methods for making inferences about the intraclass correlation coefficient of reliability are presented and illustrated on a real set of data. The proper analysis of data from a reliability study is shown to depend on the planned design and analysis of the clinical or field trial to be conducted following the reliability trial."}
{"id": "PMID:283092", "title": "Characterization of calculus matrix calcification nucleator.", "content": "The nucleator of dental calculus matrix calcification, in vitro, was analyzed. Attention focused on proteolipid singularity, amino acid composition and related polarity, and phospholipid components. The data were compared to those of the nucleator of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification.", "contents": "Characterization of calculus matrix calcification nucleator. The nucleator of dental calculus matrix calcification, in vitro, was analyzed. Attention focused on proteolipid singularity, amino acid composition and related polarity, and phospholipid components. The data were compared to those of the nucleator of Bacterionema matruchotii calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:283094", "title": "The effect of vitamin A on hamster cheek pouch mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "Vitamin A was added to the medium of neonatal hamster cheek pouch mucosa maintained in organ culture. The epithelium of the treated explants showed a reduction in keratinization and down-growth into the underlying connective tissue. The cytological and morphological changes in the epithelium were consistent with glandular metaplasia.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin A on hamster cheek pouch mucosa in organ culture. Vitamin A was added to the medium of neonatal hamster cheek pouch mucosa maintained in organ culture. The epithelium of the treated explants showed a reduction in keratinization and down-growth into the underlying connective tissue. The cytological and morphological changes in the epithelium were consistent with glandular metaplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:283095", "title": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa. II. Product activation of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme system.", "content": "Product activation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase for testosterone and androstenedione was established using the enzyme preparation from rat oral mucosa. It is suggested that this activation could be due to the conformational changes of the enzyme.", "contents": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa. II. Product activation of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase enzyme system. Product activation of 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase for testosterone and androstenedione was established using the enzyme preparation from rat oral mucosa. It is suggested that this activation could be due to the conformational changes of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:283096", "title": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa. III. Activation of delta 4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-A ring reductase enzyme system by 5,5-diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Systemic pretreatment of rats with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or its addition into an in vitro assay increases 5alpha-reduction of testosterone by the oral mucosa. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that DPH binds to the enzyme and probably activates it by an allosteric mechanism.", "contents": "Cellular regulation of the metabolism of androgens in rat oral mucosa. III. Activation of delta 4-3-ketosteroid-5alpha-A ring reductase enzyme system by 5,5-diphenylhydantoin. Systemic pretreatment of rats with diphenylhydantoin (DPH) or its addition into an in vitro assay increases 5alpha-reduction of testosterone by the oral mucosa. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that DPH binds to the enzyme and probably activates it by an allosteric mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:283097", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bovine, rabbit and human dental pulp glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "Bovine, rabbit and human dental pulp glycosaminoglycans were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using two-dimensional electrophoresis. The major components of bovine and rabbit dental pulp were chondroitin 4-sulphate and hyaluronic acid, while in the human dental pulp dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4-sulphate were the major components.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of bovine, rabbit and human dental pulp glycosaminoglycans. Bovine, rabbit and human dental pulp glycosaminoglycans were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using two-dimensional electrophoresis. The major components of bovine and rabbit dental pulp were chondroitin 4-sulphate and hyaluronic acid, while in the human dental pulp dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4-sulphate were the major components."}
{"id": "PMID:283098", "title": "Changes of serological activity by alpha-L-fucosidase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557.", "content": "alpha-L-Fucosidase isolated from the growth culture of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557 acted on H- and Leb-blood group substances in porcine gastric lining, human gastric lining, human ovarian cyst fluid and human whole saliva, with consequent loss of H- and Leb -activities and a concomitant increase of Lea activity.", "contents": "Changes of serological activity by alpha-L-fucosidase isolated from Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557. alpha-L-Fucosidase isolated from the growth culture of Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10557 acted on H- and Leb-blood group substances in porcine gastric lining, human gastric lining, human ovarian cyst fluid and human whole saliva, with consequent loss of H- and Leb -activities and a concomitant increase of Lea activity."}
{"id": "PMID:283099", "title": "A simple ultrasound method to characterize in vitro plaque inhibition activity.", "content": "A method employing ultrasound vibration for evaluating in vitro plaque derived from Streptococcus mutans was developed. It successfully detected small changes in the cohesive/adhesive characteristics of deposits briefly exposed to several antibacterials and \"antiadherents\". Increased structural fragility and diminished plaque growth were generally associated with the antibacterials.", "contents": "A simple ultrasound method to characterize in vitro plaque inhibition activity. A method employing ultrasound vibration for evaluating in vitro plaque derived from Streptococcus mutans was developed. It successfully detected small changes in the cohesive/adhesive characteristics of deposits briefly exposed to several antibacterials and \"antiadherents\". Increased structural fragility and diminished plaque growth were generally associated with the antibacterials."}
{"id": "PMID:283102", "title": "Partial amino acid sequences of two proteins in developing porcine enamel.", "content": "The enamel proteins prepared from porcine enamel samples at an early stage of development are separated at least 4 fractions by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration at pH 10.8. The main components of secondary and fourthly-eluted fraction were further purified by ion exchange chromatography. The results of sequence analyses of these proteins by sequential Edman degradation and by hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase Y showed that the partial amino acid sequences of these proteins were identical.", "contents": "Partial amino acid sequences of two proteins in developing porcine enamel. The enamel proteins prepared from porcine enamel samples at an early stage of development are separated at least 4 fractions by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration at pH 10.8. The main components of secondary and fourthly-eluted fraction were further purified by ion exchange chromatography. The results of sequence analyses of these proteins by sequential Edman degradation and by hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase Y showed that the partial amino acid sequences of these proteins were identical."}
{"id": "PMID:283103", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the protein-polysaccharides distribution in enamel from rat incisors.", "content": "The distribution pattern of the protein-polysaccharides in the rat incisor enamel was similar whether stained for glycoproteins (phosphotungstic acid) or for proteoglycans (alcian blue, bismith nitrate). Except for the holes at the dentino-enamel junction, where these components seem to exist as amorphous gel, protein-polysaccharides are closely associated to the proteinic fibrous matrix in rods and interrods structures as in prism sheaths where they are particularly abundant.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the protein-polysaccharides distribution in enamel from rat incisors. The distribution pattern of the protein-polysaccharides in the rat incisor enamel was similar whether stained for glycoproteins (phosphotungstic acid) or for proteoglycans (alcian blue, bismith nitrate). Except for the holes at the dentino-enamel junction, where these components seem to exist as amorphous gel, protein-polysaccharides are closely associated to the proteinic fibrous matrix in rods and interrods structures as in prism sheaths where they are particularly abundant."}
{"id": "PMID:283104", "title": "Proteolytic activity in developing bovine enamel.", "content": "Partially mineralized enamel matrix removed from bovine incisor tooth germs contains proteolytic activity capable of completely degrading enamel matrix proteins at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. The protease activity also degrades common protease substrates such as casein and azocoll with optimal activity at pH 8-9. Inhibitor studies revealed that the enzyme involved is a serine protease of the chymotrypsin family.", "contents": "Proteolytic activity in developing bovine enamel. Partially mineralized enamel matrix removed from bovine incisor tooth germs contains proteolytic activity capable of completely degrading enamel matrix proteins at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. The protease activity also degrades common protease substrates such as casein and azocoll with optimal activity at pH 8-9. Inhibitor studies revealed that the enzyme involved is a serine protease of the chymotrypsin family."}
{"id": "PMID:283105", "title": "Frozen ultrathin-sections for x-ray microanalysis of rat tooth germs.", "content": "In order to detect the precise location and pathways of calcium in the ameloblastic layer with EM and EDX, frozen ultrathin-sections, potassium pyroantimonate (PPA) method and 45Ca-autoradiography (A.R) were employed. A population of dense granules containing Ca and P was mainly observed within the nuclei and mitochondria of the frozen-sectioned ameloblasts, whereas PPA-reaction was seen not only within them but in ER, Golgi vesicles and intercellular spaces. No granules were found at the enamel matrix by both methods, but peaks for Ca and P were distinct. Silver grains of 45Ca-A.R were located in nuclei, mitochondria. Golgi complex and intercellular spaces. These results indicate that calcium can transport across the ameloblastic layer through two main pathways, extracellular and transcellular.", "contents": "Frozen ultrathin-sections for x-ray microanalysis of rat tooth germs. In order to detect the precise location and pathways of calcium in the ameloblastic layer with EM and EDX, frozen ultrathin-sections, potassium pyroantimonate (PPA) method and 45Ca-autoradiography (A.R) were employed. A population of dense granules containing Ca and P was mainly observed within the nuclei and mitochondria of the frozen-sectioned ameloblasts, whereas PPA-reaction was seen not only within them but in ER, Golgi vesicles and intercellular spaces. No granules were found at the enamel matrix by both methods, but peaks for Ca and P were distinct. Silver grains of 45Ca-A.R were located in nuclei, mitochondria. Golgi complex and intercellular spaces. These results indicate that calcium can transport across the ameloblastic layer through two main pathways, extracellular and transcellular."}
{"id": "PMID:283107", "title": "Uptake of radioactive calcium by hard tissue cells.", "content": "45Ca was injected into prenatal mice to study the calcium uptake by tooth germ cells. Both dental papillae, containing the odontoblasts, and the enamel organs were found to actively metabolized the labeled calcium. The maximum specific radioactivity occurred at 15 minutes after injection. The subcellular organelles (e.g. mitochondria) of the papillae were more active in metabolizing the labeled calcium whereas a large portion of the radioactivity of the enamel organ was found in a fraction containing the precalcified material. In fetal tooth germs, the rate of incorporation of labeled calcium into the precalcified material was slower than in the postnatal tooth germs since a large portion of the radioactivity remained in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "Uptake of radioactive calcium by hard tissue cells. 45Ca was injected into prenatal mice to study the calcium uptake by tooth germ cells. Both dental papillae, containing the odontoblasts, and the enamel organs were found to actively metabolized the labeled calcium. The maximum specific radioactivity occurred at 15 minutes after injection. The subcellular organelles (e.g. mitochondria) of the papillae were more active in metabolizing the labeled calcium whereas a large portion of the radioactivity of the enamel organ was found in a fraction containing the precalcified material. In fetal tooth germs, the rate of incorporation of labeled calcium into the precalcified material was slower than in the postnatal tooth germs since a large portion of the radioactivity remained in the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:283108", "title": "Effects of sequential calcium phosphate--fluoride rinses on fluoride uptake in rats.", "content": "This study measured the effects of a calcium phosphate rinse followed by various fluoride rinses on fluoride uptake by enamel in rats. Calcium phosphate rinses promoted fluoride uptake by the enamel.", "contents": "Effects of sequential calcium phosphate--fluoride rinses on fluoride uptake in rats. This study measured the effects of a calcium phosphate rinse followed by various fluoride rinses on fluoride uptake by enamel in rats. Calcium phosphate rinses promoted fluoride uptake by the enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:283111", "title": "A non-destructive optical method to study de- and remineralization of enamel.", "content": "The absorption and scattering of light in dental enamel or in a carious lesion have been studied quantitatively by using thin slabs. The method thus required destructive preparation techniques. In this paper we describe how the scattering by a bulk sample can be used to obtain semi-quantitative information.", "contents": "A non-destructive optical method to study de- and remineralization of enamel. The absorption and scattering of light in dental enamel or in a carious lesion have been studied quantitatively by using thin slabs. The method thus required destructive preparation techniques. In this paper we describe how the scattering by a bulk sample can be used to obtain semi-quantitative information."}
{"id": "PMID:283112", "title": "Ameloblasts: secretory and resorptive functions.", "content": "The sequence of steps which an ameloblast passes through in forming enamel appears remarkably similar in amphibian and man. Despite considerable improvements in understanding the early events in the life cycle that lead to the intracellular synthesis and secretion of enamel matrix by the cell, little is known about the cell's functional role at later stages of the life cycle when the extracellular enamel matrix undergoes classical maturation in becoming fully mineralized.", "contents": "Ameloblasts: secretory and resorptive functions. The sequence of steps which an ameloblast passes through in forming enamel appears remarkably similar in amphibian and man. Despite considerable improvements in understanding the early events in the life cycle that lead to the intracellular synthesis and secretion of enamel matrix by the cell, little is known about the cell's functional role at later stages of the life cycle when the extracellular enamel matrix undergoes classical maturation in becoming fully mineralized."}
{"id": "PMID:283113", "title": "Ameloblasts--ion transport function.", "content": "Recent autoradiographic and in vitro studies have produced evidence that the cells of the enamel organ limit the movement of calcium into enamel during the matrix secretion phase, but have no effect on movement of calcium during the maturation phase. The cells of the enamel organ do not seem to control the flux of phosphorus into enamel at either phase of development. This concept is consistent with current theories on the control of ion fluxes into developing bone.", "contents": "Ameloblasts--ion transport function. Recent autoradiographic and in vitro studies have produced evidence that the cells of the enamel organ limit the movement of calcium into enamel during the matrix secretion phase, but have no effect on movement of calcium during the maturation phase. The cells of the enamel organ do not seem to control the flux of phosphorus into enamel at either phase of development. This concept is consistent with current theories on the control of ion fluxes into developing bone."}
{"id": "PMID:283114", "title": "Disturbances and defects in enamel development.", "content": "Ameloblastic disturbances are correlated with defects in enamel. Experimental disturbances created by tetracyclines, fluorides, and antimitotic drugs are emphasized. Cellular alterations are shown to interfere with both matrix production and secretion. Defects in enamel formation are characterized by abnormal crystal size and distribution. Further research in normal and particularly abnormal enamel development is needed to establish: 1. exact mode of matrix secretion and its relation to crystal nucleation and orientation 2. function of maturative ameloblast and its relation to the stratum intermedium and papillary layer during that phase 3. cause for lack of mineralization of matrix, particularly in ectopic areas.", "contents": "Disturbances and defects in enamel development. Ameloblastic disturbances are correlated with defects in enamel. Experimental disturbances created by tetracyclines, fluorides, and antimitotic drugs are emphasized. Cellular alterations are shown to interfere with both matrix production and secretion. Defects in enamel formation are characterized by abnormal crystal size and distribution. Further research in normal and particularly abnormal enamel development is needed to establish: 1. exact mode of matrix secretion and its relation to crystal nucleation and orientation 2. function of maturative ameloblast and its relation to the stratum intermedium and papillary layer during that phase 3. cause for lack of mineralization of matrix, particularly in ectopic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:283115", "title": "Amelogenesis in vitro.", "content": "The processess by which diversity is acquired and maintained during embryogenesis have been repeatedly described but are as yet not understood. One fascinating example of diversity following gastrulation is epidermal organogenesis and in particular embryonic tooth morphogenesis. Tooth morphogenesis in situ and in vitro encompasses such interesting developmental problems as epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cytodifferentiation, dentine and enamel extracellular matrix production, mineralization, issues of form and enamel maturation. In vitro methods provide access to many of these problem areas. This presentation will review selected issues related to amelogenesis in vitro and will emphasize avenues for future research.", "contents": "Amelogenesis in vitro. The processess by which diversity is acquired and maintained during embryogenesis have been repeatedly described but are as yet not understood. One fascinating example of diversity following gastrulation is epidermal organogenesis and in particular embryonic tooth morphogenesis. Tooth morphogenesis in situ and in vitro encompasses such interesting developmental problems as epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cytodifferentiation, dentine and enamel extracellular matrix production, mineralization, issues of form and enamel maturation. In vitro methods provide access to many of these problem areas. This presentation will review selected issues related to amelogenesis in vitro and will emphasize avenues for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:283117", "title": "Enamel proteins: biosynthesis and chemistry.", "content": "Bovine ameloblast cell layer was incubated in 3H-proline containing medium and the incorporation of radioactivity into protein fractions of the cell and the medium was investigated by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that the ameloblasts synthesize and secrete a protein having a molecular weight of 25,000 daltons which is supposed to be the prototype of enamel proteins. This protein was degraded into dialyzable sizes by the cell extract. After a longer period of incubation another low molecular weight protein fraction appeared in the medium. Purification procedure with SDS gel filtration of the enamel protein is reported.", "contents": "Enamel proteins: biosynthesis and chemistry. Bovine ameloblast cell layer was incubated in 3H-proline containing medium and the incorporation of radioactivity into protein fractions of the cell and the medium was investigated by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that the ameloblasts synthesize and secrete a protein having a molecular weight of 25,000 daltons which is supposed to be the prototype of enamel proteins. This protein was degraded into dialyzable sizes by the cell extract. After a longer period of incubation another low molecular weight protein fraction appeared in the medium. Purification procedure with SDS gel filtration of the enamel protein is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:283118", "title": "Enamel matrix: structural proteins.", "content": "Cell-free, fetal bovine enamel tissue was examined intact by high resolution. 13C Fourier transform, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two types of protein chains were observed under these conditions, one exhibiting rapid mobility and accounting for approximately two-thirds of the enamel matrix, while the other exhibited restricted or anisotropic segmental motion and accounted for the remaining third of the matrix. Sequential extraction of this fetal enamel under non-degradative conditions with dissociative solvents yielded two biochemically distinct populations of matrix protein. As expected, the bulk of the matrix consisted of proline-rich amelogenins, although the SDS-gel electrophoresis molecular weights for these proteins were somewhat higher than those reported using other extraction methods. Approximately fifteen percent of the total matrix consisted of much higher molecular weight phosphoproteins (46,000-72,000 daltons) whose amino acid composition closely resembled that reported for mature enamel protein. These high molecular weight proteins were tightly bound to the fetal enamel apatite crystallites.", "contents": "Enamel matrix: structural proteins. Cell-free, fetal bovine enamel tissue was examined intact by high resolution. 13C Fourier transform, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two types of protein chains were observed under these conditions, one exhibiting rapid mobility and accounting for approximately two-thirds of the enamel matrix, while the other exhibited restricted or anisotropic segmental motion and accounted for the remaining third of the matrix. Sequential extraction of this fetal enamel under non-degradative conditions with dissociative solvents yielded two biochemically distinct populations of matrix protein. As expected, the bulk of the matrix consisted of proline-rich amelogenins, although the SDS-gel electrophoresis molecular weights for these proteins were somewhat higher than those reported using other extraction methods. Approximately fifteen percent of the total matrix consisted of much higher molecular weight phosphoproteins (46,000-72,000 daltons) whose amino acid composition closely resembled that reported for mature enamel protein. These high molecular weight proteins were tightly bound to the fetal enamel apatite crystallites."}
{"id": "PMID:283119", "title": "Proteolytic enzyme in porcine immature enamel.", "content": "A proteolytic enzyme cleaving the main component of enamel proteins obtained from immature enamel has been purified from a soluble extract of porcine immature enamel. It is optimally active around pH 6 against enamel protein. It is completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, and partially by benzamidine. EDTA does not affect its activity. The enzyme seems to sever initially its activity. The enzyme seems to sever initially enamel protein into two segments, one containing lysine, arginine and tyrosine and the other being free from these amino acids.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzyme in porcine immature enamel. A proteolytic enzyme cleaving the main component of enamel proteins obtained from immature enamel has been purified from a soluble extract of porcine immature enamel. It is optimally active around pH 6 against enamel protein. It is completely inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl phosphofluoridate, and partially by benzamidine. EDTA does not affect its activity. The enzyme seems to sever initially its activity. The enzyme seems to sever initially enamel protein into two segments, one containing lysine, arginine and tyrosine and the other being free from these amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:283120", "title": "Phosphopeptides of enamel matrix.", "content": "Although the tripeptides Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Tyr and Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Leu have been identified in embryonic bovine enamel proteins, 1, 2 the issue of whether both sequences occur in each of the phosphopeptides, or whether certain sequences occur in specific peptides only, has recently been resolved by isolating homogeneous samples of E33 and E44. All three of the Ser residues of both peptides are phosphorylated. All three in E3 are in the sequence Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Leu, and all three in E4 are in the sequence Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Tyr. It was not possible to sequence either of the polypeptide chains directly by automatic peptide sequencing. However, a partial sequence of E4 was constructed from data derived from peptides isolated after cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions. The presence of Glu, Tyr and Leu adjacent to and near the O-Phosphoserine [Ser(L)] residues and the 2 degrees, 3 degrees and higher ordered structures of the enamel phosphopeptides may be important in calcium binding and mineralization.", "contents": "Phosphopeptides of enamel matrix. Although the tripeptides Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Tyr and Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Leu have been identified in embryonic bovine enamel proteins, 1, 2 the issue of whether both sequences occur in each of the phosphopeptides, or whether certain sequences occur in specific peptides only, has recently been resolved by isolating homogeneous samples of E33 and E44. All three of the Ser residues of both peptides are phosphorylated. All three in E3 are in the sequence Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Leu, and all three in E4 are in the sequence Glu-O-Phosphoserine-Tyr. It was not possible to sequence either of the polypeptide chains directly by automatic peptide sequencing. However, a partial sequence of E4 was constructed from data derived from peptides isolated after cyanogen bromide, trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions. The presence of Glu, Tyr and Leu adjacent to and near the O-Phosphoserine [Ser(L)] residues and the 2 degrees, 3 degrees and higher ordered structures of the enamel phosphopeptides may be important in calcium binding and mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:283121", "title": "Immunogenicity of enamel protein.", "content": "Antisera to enamel proteins have been used primarily as a probe for biochemical and developmental studies of enamel proteins and tooth formation. More recently, the inherent immunogenicity of enamel protein has become a subject for investigation. Papers are reviewed which show that soluble enamel proteins are immunogenic across species barriers, and that solid-phase enamel proteins are immunogenic within a species. New data are presented which demonstrate that enamel proteins are autoantigenic both in vivo and in vitro. Future areas of research are suggested.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of enamel protein. Antisera to enamel proteins have been used primarily as a probe for biochemical and developmental studies of enamel proteins and tooth formation. More recently, the inherent immunogenicity of enamel protein has become a subject for investigation. Papers are reviewed which show that soluble enamel proteins are immunogenic across species barriers, and that solid-phase enamel proteins are immunogenic within a species. New data are presented which demonstrate that enamel proteins are autoantigenic both in vivo and in vitro. Future areas of research are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:283122", "title": "Dentin proteins: chemistry, structure and biosynthesis.", "content": "One of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins of dentin is a phosphoprotein rich in aspartic acid and phosphoserine. This protein occurs in soluble and inextractable forms, the latter being associated with the insoluble collagenous matrix. This protein is capable of tightly binding a relatively high level of calcium. Biosynthetic and radioautographic data suggest that shortly after its biosynthesis, the phosphoprotein is transported and bound to the collagen at the predentin-dentin junction. This event is probably central to the mineralization process, though other glycoproteins may be involved.", "contents": "Dentin proteins: chemistry, structure and biosynthesis. One of the most abundant noncollagenous proteins of dentin is a phosphoprotein rich in aspartic acid and phosphoserine. This protein occurs in soluble and inextractable forms, the latter being associated with the insoluble collagenous matrix. This protein is capable of tightly binding a relatively high level of calcium. Biosynthetic and radioautographic data suggest that shortly after its biosynthesis, the phosphoprotein is transported and bound to the collagen at the predentin-dentin junction. This event is probably central to the mineralization process, though other glycoproteins may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:283124", "title": "Enamel apatite: chemistry, structure and properties.", "content": "The crystal chemistry of enamel apatite is probably the best understood of all the biological apatites. It is an imperfect apatite, low in calcium and hydroxide ions, but rich in substitutional impurities. A few impurities, like fluoride, are beneficial but most appear to disrupt the lattice structure. In this paper, the composition and basic structural features of enamel apatite are described, with particular emphasis on what we presently know, and do not know, about the role impurities play in establishing the fine details of this structure.", "contents": "Enamel apatite: chemistry, structure and properties. The crystal chemistry of enamel apatite is probably the best understood of all the biological apatites. It is an imperfect apatite, low in calcium and hydroxide ions, but rich in substitutional impurities. A few impurities, like fluoride, are beneficial but most appear to disrupt the lattice structure. In this paper, the composition and basic structural features of enamel apatite are described, with particular emphasis on what we presently know, and do not know, about the role impurities play in establishing the fine details of this structure."}
{"id": "PMID:283125", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of synthetic apatite crystals.", "content": "In this paper a survey is given of some ultrastructural properties of synthetic hydroxyapatite. The preparation method by which single crystals with a length in the range of 0.1-3.0mm and a defined purity and sto\u00efchiometry can be produced is given. Two groups of materials are considered in detail: carbonate-rich (greater than 0.1% CO3) and low-carbonate hydroxyapatites. The experiments on carbonate-rich material, being the most interesting from a biological point of view, show that acids attack at an active site in the hexagonal basal-plane of the crystals. Later on the crystals dissolve in the center of the crystal parallel to the c-axis forming tube-like structures. The active site can be protected from dissolution if the crystals are pretreated by EHDP or MFP. A comparison with lattice defect theory shows that most likely dislocations of the \"hollow-core\" type are responsible for the preferential dissolution.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of synthetic apatite crystals. In this paper a survey is given of some ultrastructural properties of synthetic hydroxyapatite. The preparation method by which single crystals with a length in the range of 0.1-3.0mm and a defined purity and sto\u00efchiometry can be produced is given. Two groups of materials are considered in detail: carbonate-rich (greater than 0.1% CO3) and low-carbonate hydroxyapatites. The experiments on carbonate-rich material, being the most interesting from a biological point of view, show that acids attack at an active site in the hexagonal basal-plane of the crystals. Later on the crystals dissolve in the center of the crystal parallel to the c-axis forming tube-like structures. The active site can be protected from dissolution if the crystals are pretreated by EHDP or MFP. A comparison with lattice defect theory shows that most likely dislocations of the \"hollow-core\" type are responsible for the preferential dissolution."}
{"id": "PMID:283126", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of enamel crystallites.", "content": "High resolution electron microscopy has provided precise measurements of human enamel crystallites from the first stages of enamel development to the last stage of maturation, through counting of lattice planes and statistical analysis. Thickness and width measurements of human enamel crystallities in their mature stage are 263 A (21.9 standard error) and 683 A (134 standard error), respectively. The growth curve of enamel crystallites was drawn, the increase in the number of lattice planes in the course of enamel development was demonstrated. Fusions and dislocations related to the maturation process were visualized and discussed. Difficulties linked to the use of ultrastructural techniques were mentioned. The question of the organic stroma of the crystals remained unsettled.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of enamel crystallites. High resolution electron microscopy has provided precise measurements of human enamel crystallites from the first stages of enamel development to the last stage of maturation, through counting of lattice planes and statistical analysis. Thickness and width measurements of human enamel crystallities in their mature stage are 263 A (21.9 standard error) and 683 A (134 standard error), respectively. The growth curve of enamel crystallites was drawn, the increase in the number of lattice planes in the course of enamel development was demonstrated. Fusions and dislocations related to the maturation process were visualized and discussed. Difficulties linked to the use of ultrastructural techniques were mentioned. The question of the organic stroma of the crystals remained unsettled."}
{"id": "PMID:283128", "title": "Enamel apatite nucleation and crystal growth.", "content": "The course of enamel remineralization in aqueous solution is markedly dependent upon factors such as ionic medium supersaturation, pH, ionic strength, and the relative concentration of mineralizing surface. Although numerous attempts have been made to determine the mechanism of both the spontaneous and seeded precipitation reactions, it is only recently, through the use of a constant solution composition technique, that quantitative information can be obtained concerning the intermediate calcium phosphate phases which are formed during mineralization. Studies of surface phases in the presence of potential anti-calculus and anti-caries agents are facilitated using this approach.", "contents": "Enamel apatite nucleation and crystal growth. The course of enamel remineralization in aqueous solution is markedly dependent upon factors such as ionic medium supersaturation, pH, ionic strength, and the relative concentration of mineralizing surface. Although numerous attempts have been made to determine the mechanism of both the spontaneous and seeded precipitation reactions, it is only recently, through the use of a constant solution composition technique, that quantitative information can be obtained concerning the intermediate calcium phosphate phases which are formed during mineralization. Studies of surface phases in the presence of potential anti-calculus and anti-caries agents are facilitated using this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:283129", "title": "Matrix and mineral changes in developing enamel.", "content": "An investigation of the changes taking place in the enamel and the enamel organ during enamel development has been carried out by analyzing small samples of tissue dissected from developing incisors of rat and bovine incisors. Observations showed that the synthesis of the enamel matrix and its subsequent loss were associated chiefly with a change in the major matrix components. This consisted of a selective loss of amelogenin components prior to secondary mineralization. Before this loss, some increase in the proportion of smaller molecular weight components suggested the possibility of limited breakdown. Even at the earliest stages examined, significant concentration of mineral ions was present. This increased steeply after most of the organic matrix had been removed. The Ca/P ratio of this mineral was constant throughout development. The concentration of minor inorganic ions (F, Mg and CO3) decreased as the tissue developed and a tendency was observed for certain ions (F, 32PO4) to penetrate and concentrate in the enamel, apparently as a consequence of the lost matrix being replaced by water, just prior to the steep increase in mineral content of the tissue.", "contents": "Matrix and mineral changes in developing enamel. An investigation of the changes taking place in the enamel and the enamel organ during enamel development has been carried out by analyzing small samples of tissue dissected from developing incisors of rat and bovine incisors. Observations showed that the synthesis of the enamel matrix and its subsequent loss were associated chiefly with a change in the major matrix components. This consisted of a selective loss of amelogenin components prior to secondary mineralization. Before this loss, some increase in the proportion of smaller molecular weight components suggested the possibility of limited breakdown. Even at the earliest stages examined, significant concentration of mineral ions was present. This increased steeply after most of the organic matrix had been removed. The Ca/P ratio of this mineral was constant throughout development. The concentration of minor inorganic ions (F, Mg and CO3) decreased as the tissue developed and a tendency was observed for certain ions (F, 32PO4) to penetrate and concentrate in the enamel, apparently as a consequence of the lost matrix being replaced by water, just prior to the steep increase in mineral content of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:283130", "title": "Patterns of enamel maturation.", "content": "Investigations of the maturation pattern of rat incisor enamel by quantitative electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis indicate that mineralization of rat enamel can be regarded, as in humans, as a regular and progressive process pattern of enamel matrix formation. The species variations that have been proposed in the pattern of enamel mineralization can be related to differences in both the rate of formation of the enamel matrix and in the total thickness of the enamel produced. Neither the microradiographic appearance of developing enamel, nor the solubility and staining characteristics of the organic matrix accurately reflects the mineral concentration gradients established during the mineralization process as indicated from electron microprobe analysis.", "contents": "Patterns of enamel maturation. Investigations of the maturation pattern of rat incisor enamel by quantitative electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis indicate that mineralization of rat enamel can be regarded, as in humans, as a regular and progressive process pattern of enamel matrix formation. The species variations that have been proposed in the pattern of enamel mineralization can be related to differences in both the rate of formation of the enamel matrix and in the total thickness of the enamel produced. Neither the microradiographic appearance of developing enamel, nor the solubility and staining characteristics of the organic matrix accurately reflects the mineral concentration gradients established during the mineralization process as indicated from electron microprobe analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:283131", "title": "Demineralization and remineralization of dental enamel.", "content": "Experimentation in vitro using organic acid buffers as demineralizing media shows that caries-like lesions can be obtained which are very similar in morphology and developmental stages to early lesions formed naturally under oral conditions. The use of these chemical systems and of mechanistic models advanced to explain the unique histological features of incipient caries have yielded a good understanding of the processes involved in caries formation. The study of natural and induced factors influencing the demineralization process has been greatly facilitated by the use of bacteriological systems in which demineralization is produced by direct colonization of cariogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of extracted teeth. Comparison of results obtained with these latter systems and with chemical systems has allowed us, for example, to elucidate the mechanism by which acquired salivary pellicles and fluoride topical solutions decrease the rate of enamel demineralization. The pellicle retards transport of matter across the enamel surface, whereas the fluoride topical solutions decrease the cariogenicity of the colonizing bacteria.", "contents": "Demineralization and remineralization of dental enamel. Experimentation in vitro using organic acid buffers as demineralizing media shows that caries-like lesions can be obtained which are very similar in morphology and developmental stages to early lesions formed naturally under oral conditions. The use of these chemical systems and of mechanistic models advanced to explain the unique histological features of incipient caries have yielded a good understanding of the processes involved in caries formation. The study of natural and induced factors influencing the demineralization process has been greatly facilitated by the use of bacteriological systems in which demineralization is produced by direct colonization of cariogenic microorganisms on the surfaces of extracted teeth. Comparison of results obtained with these latter systems and with chemical systems has allowed us, for example, to elucidate the mechanism by which acquired salivary pellicles and fluoride topical solutions decrease the rate of enamel demineralization. The pellicle retards transport of matter across the enamel surface, whereas the fluoride topical solutions decrease the cariogenicity of the colonizing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:283132", "title": "Enamel crystal chemistry--where do we go from here?", "content": "This section of the meeting has been devoted to enamel crystal chemistry and its behavior during formation and demineralization. In dealing with calcified tissues of any type we are looking at a crystalline formation with the most diverse range of properties which one could choose for its purpose. The size, shape, and intercrystalline binding give mechanical strength, cutting ability, and flexibility where necessary.", "contents": "Enamel crystal chemistry--where do we go from here? This section of the meeting has been devoted to enamel crystal chemistry and its behavior during formation and demineralization. In dealing with calcified tissues of any type we are looking at a crystalline formation with the most diverse range of properties which one could choose for its purpose. The size, shape, and intercrystalline binding give mechanical strength, cutting ability, and flexibility where necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:283133", "title": "Matrix--mineral relationships in enamel tissues.", "content": "A personal view of vertebrate enamels and their matrix-mineral relationships is given by first considering enamel types and speculating on the nature, distribution, formation and role of enamel protein. Not all the work consulted is mentioned in the text. The additional works are, however, included in the list of references.", "contents": "Matrix--mineral relationships in enamel tissues. A personal view of vertebrate enamels and their matrix-mineral relationships is given by first considering enamel types and speculating on the nature, distribution, formation and role of enamel protein. Not all the work consulted is mentioned in the text. The additional works are, however, included in the list of references."}
{"id": "PMID:283134", "title": "Matrix-mineral relationships--a morphologist's viewpoint.", "content": "The literature on the ultrastructural morphology of the enamel matrix and its relationship to the crystals is reviewed. Two morphological entities of the matrix are discussed. One is the so-called stippled material which may be the initial cell product; the other, variously described as fibrillar, lamellar, tubular or helical, is thought by many to play a crucial role in nucleation and orientation of the crystals. A number of observations, however, suggest that the latter structures form secondarily to the crystals and that in reality they represent organic material adsorbed to the crystal surface and maintained as independent structures upon removal of the mineral. The need for additional studies is stressed including systematic studies of interactions between constituents of the organic matrix and the apatite crystals.", "contents": "Matrix-mineral relationships--a morphologist's viewpoint. The literature on the ultrastructural morphology of the enamel matrix and its relationship to the crystals is reviewed. Two morphological entities of the matrix are discussed. One is the so-called stippled material which may be the initial cell product; the other, variously described as fibrillar, lamellar, tubular or helical, is thought by many to play a crucial role in nucleation and orientation of the crystals. A number of observations, however, suggest that the latter structures form secondarily to the crystals and that in reality they represent organic material adsorbed to the crystal surface and maintained as independent structures upon removal of the mineral. The need for additional studies is stressed including systematic studies of interactions between constituents of the organic matrix and the apatite crystals."}
{"id": "PMID:283135", "title": "Differential adsorption and chemical affinities of proteins for apatitic surfaces.", "content": "Studies are reviewed which identify the interacting groups involved in protein adsorption onto hydroxyapatite. Thus, carboxyl and phosphoester groups bind to calcium sites in the adsorbent, and basic groups bind to phosphate sites. Detailed adsorption studies have been performed to quantitate some of these interactions. An adsorption model, based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, adequately fitted the data from experiments using selected amino acids, bovine albumin and two human salivary proteins. Adsorption parameters (affinities and maximum number of sites) were obtained for several apatitic adsorbents, with affinities increasing considerably in the series hydroxy- (HA), fluorhydroxy- (FHA) and fluorapatite (FA). A modest increase in the number of sites was also noted. The change in adsorption behavior, with increasing fluoride content, was attributed to a reduction in the surface free energy of the adsorbent, with a concomitant decrease in the interaction of the adsorbent with water, and a consequent enhancement of the adsorption bond. It is suggested that this effect may play a role in the cariostatic effect of fluoride. Unusual structural aspects of the salivary proteins are discussed in relation to their adsorption behavior, and the molecular segments responsible for binding to the adsorbent tentatively identified.", "contents": "Differential adsorption and chemical affinities of proteins for apatitic surfaces. Studies are reviewed which identify the interacting groups involved in protein adsorption onto hydroxyapatite. Thus, carboxyl and phosphoester groups bind to calcium sites in the adsorbent, and basic groups bind to phosphate sites. Detailed adsorption studies have been performed to quantitate some of these interactions. An adsorption model, based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, adequately fitted the data from experiments using selected amino acids, bovine albumin and two human salivary proteins. Adsorption parameters (affinities and maximum number of sites) were obtained for several apatitic adsorbents, with affinities increasing considerably in the series hydroxy- (HA), fluorhydroxy- (FHA) and fluorapatite (FA). A modest increase in the number of sites was also noted. The change in adsorption behavior, with increasing fluoride content, was attributed to a reduction in the surface free energy of the adsorbent, with a concomitant decrease in the interaction of the adsorbent with water, and a consequent enhancement of the adsorption bond. It is suggested that this effect may play a role in the cariostatic effect of fluoride. Unusual structural aspects of the salivary proteins are discussed in relation to their adsorption behavior, and the molecular segments responsible for binding to the adsorbent tentatively identified."}
{"id": "PMID:283136", "title": "Enamel matrix and crystals--chicken and eggs?", "content": "This discussion is presented as an attempt to interrelate the matrix and mineral in terms of our existing knowledge as presented at this Symposium, and to relate it, where possible, to what is being accomplished in allied disciplines and research areas elsewhere. The present author is fully aware of the difficulties involved in this task and of his own inadequacies in attempting to perform it. As a general rule, with perhaps the morphologists being the exception to it, the matrix and crystal components have been investigated independently of each other. This, of course, is quite justifiable, as the presence of one can often interfere with the investigation of the other, and each needs to be examined initially in as pure a state as possible.", "contents": "Enamel matrix and crystals--chicken and eggs? This discussion is presented as an attempt to interrelate the matrix and mineral in terms of our existing knowledge as presented at this Symposium, and to relate it, where possible, to what is being accomplished in allied disciplines and research areas elsewhere. The present author is fully aware of the difficulties involved in this task and of his own inadequacies in attempting to perform it. As a general rule, with perhaps the morphologists being the exception to it, the matrix and crystal components have been investigated independently of each other. This, of course, is quite justifiable, as the presence of one can often interfere with the investigation of the other, and each needs to be examined initially in as pure a state as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:283137", "title": "Dynamics of enamel formation in the rat incisor tooth.", "content": "Enamel formation was reviewed by morphology and radioautography in rat incisors. Labeled amino acids and sugars were used as matrix precursors whereas labeled calcium monitored mineral deposition. All ameloblasts synthesize organic material, but only cells in the zone of secretion release labeled matrix. The pattern of matrix deposition indicates that enamel rods are elaborated by Tomes' processes within cavities formed by interrod partitions. The latter are elaborated by cytoplasmic projections from adjacent ameloblasts. Initially-labeled matrix is added as a band near the cells. With time the label randomizes throughout the entire immature enamel and most of it is lost in the zone of maturation. However, a glycoprotein component attributed to remnants of Tomes' process membrane persists in mature enamel. Labeled calcium is incorporated into crystals which grow at a uniform rate throughout the entire layer of enamel in the zone of secretion and up to the middle of the zone of maturation. The ribbon-like crystals are built close to the cell membrane and elongate as the cell recedes. Crystal elongation occurs in the same location as new matrix is deposited; that is, rod crystals are related to Tomes' processes and interrod crystals, to cytoplasmic projections. The crystals grow to full size mainly by thickening and this growth presumably displaces the organic matrix.", "contents": "Dynamics of enamel formation in the rat incisor tooth. Enamel formation was reviewed by morphology and radioautography in rat incisors. Labeled amino acids and sugars were used as matrix precursors whereas labeled calcium monitored mineral deposition. All ameloblasts synthesize organic material, but only cells in the zone of secretion release labeled matrix. The pattern of matrix deposition indicates that enamel rods are elaborated by Tomes' processes within cavities formed by interrod partitions. The latter are elaborated by cytoplasmic projections from adjacent ameloblasts. Initially-labeled matrix is added as a band near the cells. With time the label randomizes throughout the entire immature enamel and most of it is lost in the zone of maturation. However, a glycoprotein component attributed to remnants of Tomes' process membrane persists in mature enamel. Labeled calcium is incorporated into crystals which grow at a uniform rate throughout the entire layer of enamel in the zone of secretion and up to the middle of the zone of maturation. The ribbon-like crystals are built close to the cell membrane and elongate as the cell recedes. Crystal elongation occurs in the same location as new matrix is deposited; that is, rod crystals are related to Tomes' processes and interrod crystals, to cytoplasmic projections. The crystals grow to full size mainly by thickening and this growth presumably displaces the organic matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:283141", "title": "Normal mature human enamel protein.", "content": "Pure enamel was prepared using an original microdissection technic. Protein concentration was 375 microgram per gram of enamel. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a single fast-migrating zone containing a thin double band. Ultracentrifugation studies suggested that the proteins were of low molecular weight or of weak density. Absorption spectra showed a strong absorbance at 260nm. Amino acid analyses yielded a composition of 25% Gly, 13.5% Glu, 11% Ser, 11% Pro, 2% Cys and 2% Hyp. A glucidic content of 15% was estimated and glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose were identified. The organic matrix of enamel seemed to be constituted of two major glycoproteins probably fibrous but different from keratin.", "contents": "Normal mature human enamel protein. Pure enamel was prepared using an original microdissection technic. Protein concentration was 375 microgram per gram of enamel. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a single fast-migrating zone containing a thin double band. Ultracentrifugation studies suggested that the proteins were of low molecular weight or of weak density. Absorption spectra showed a strong absorbance at 260nm. Amino acid analyses yielded a composition of 25% Gly, 13.5% Glu, 11% Ser, 11% Pro, 2% Cys and 2% Hyp. A glucidic content of 15% was estimated and glucose, galactose, mannose and fucose were identified. The organic matrix of enamel seemed to be constituted of two major glycoproteins probably fibrous but different from keratin."}
{"id": "PMID:283142", "title": "\"Proenamel leads to enamel leads to polypeptides\": a concept.", "content": "Our laboratory is interested in determining the number of enamel protein gene products which characterize the ameloblast phenotype, and to what extent these proteins are degraded as a function of enamel maturation. Many investigators have reported a large number of heterogeneous proteins within the enamel matrix (Eggert, Allen and Burgess, 1973; Weidmann and Eyre, 1971). One explanation for this apparent heterogeneity may be the uncertain age of the analyzed enamel matrix; specimens may have undergone degradative processes associated with enamel maturation. To overcome this difficulty, our laboratory selected 26-day embryonic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit incisor and molar tooth organs to isolate enamel protein(s). At this developmental stage it is possible to identify newly-secreted enamel matrix proteins.", "contents": "\"Proenamel leads to enamel leads to polypeptides\": a concept. Our laboratory is interested in determining the number of enamel protein gene products which characterize the ameloblast phenotype, and to what extent these proteins are degraded as a function of enamel maturation. Many investigators have reported a large number of heterogeneous proteins within the enamel matrix (Eggert, Allen and Burgess, 1973; Weidmann and Eyre, 1971). One explanation for this apparent heterogeneity may be the uncertain age of the analyzed enamel matrix; specimens may have undergone degradative processes associated with enamel maturation. To overcome this difficulty, our laboratory selected 26-day embryonic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit incisor and molar tooth organs to isolate enamel protein(s). At this developmental stage it is possible to identify newly-secreted enamel matrix proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:283145", "title": "Dental enamel matrix--isolation and partial sequence of a peptide component.", "content": "Chromatography of demineralized bovine fetal enamel matrix proteins on 'Biogel P6' was shown to yield a trailing peak which contained a single electrophoretic component. This polypeptide, further purified by chromatography on 'Biogel P4', was found to be homogeneous by disc electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focussing. Amino acid analyses indicated this component (designated: \"E5') to be similar to some of the phosphopeptides previously described. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of E5 yielded three principal products whose amino acid compositions and N-terminal residues were investigated. A partial sequence for component E5 was proposed and comparison with previous bovine matrix isolates was made.", "contents": "Dental enamel matrix--isolation and partial sequence of a peptide component. Chromatography of demineralized bovine fetal enamel matrix proteins on 'Biogel P6' was shown to yield a trailing peak which contained a single electrophoretic component. This polypeptide, further purified by chromatography on 'Biogel P4', was found to be homogeneous by disc electrophoresis and gel isoelectric focussing. Amino acid analyses indicated this component (designated: \"E5') to be similar to some of the phosphopeptides previously described. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of E5 yielded three principal products whose amino acid compositions and N-terminal residues were investigated. A partial sequence for component E5 was proposed and comparison with previous bovine matrix isolates was made."}
{"id": "PMID:283146", "title": "Differences between the medical and dental health care sectors.", "content": "The majority of economic research on the health care system has focused on the medical sector to the near exclusion of other components, such as the dental sector. Based on the size, scope, and costs associated with the medical sector, this is understandable. However, this health research focus has often resulted in the casual and perhaps inappropriate generalization of medical findings to the dental sector. The purpose of this paper is to identify and review some of the differences between the profession and practice of dentistry and that of medicine. Differences discussed are those that exist in the respective education systems, work forces, delivery systems, disease entities, patients' perceptions of medical and dental needs, and the financing of services demanded. Researchers and policy leaders alike are urged to weight the significance of these differences as they consider the applicability of medical sector findings to dentistry.", "contents": "Differences between the medical and dental health care sectors. The majority of economic research on the health care system has focused on the medical sector to the near exclusion of other components, such as the dental sector. Based on the size, scope, and costs associated with the medical sector, this is understandable. However, this health research focus has often resulted in the casual and perhaps inappropriate generalization of medical findings to the dental sector. The purpose of this paper is to identify and review some of the differences between the profession and practice of dentistry and that of medicine. Differences discussed are those that exist in the respective education systems, work forces, delivery systems, disease entities, patients' perceptions of medical and dental needs, and the financing of services demanded. Researchers and policy leaders alike are urged to weight the significance of these differences as they consider the applicability of medical sector findings to dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:283147", "title": "An analysis of the decline in dental school applicants, 1975-1978.", "content": "There has been a significant reduction over the past three years in the number of applicants to dental school. This paper, which is based on an analysis of over 30 variables contained in the American Association of Dental Schools Application Service data bases for the 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978 entering class years, indicates that only four of these variables are related to the decline in applicants: (1) region of parents' residence, (2) grade point average, (3) college major, and (4) parents' socio-economic status. The decline in applicants from the socio-economic lower middle class documented here once again raises the possibility that access to dental education is being denied to the economically disadvantaged.", "contents": "An analysis of the decline in dental school applicants, 1975-1978. There has been a significant reduction over the past three years in the number of applicants to dental school. This paper, which is based on an analysis of over 30 variables contained in the American Association of Dental Schools Application Service data bases for the 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978 entering class years, indicates that only four of these variables are related to the decline in applicants: (1) region of parents' residence, (2) grade point average, (3) college major, and (4) parents' socio-economic status. The decline in applicants from the socio-economic lower middle class documented here once again raises the possibility that access to dental education is being denied to the economically disadvantaged."}
{"id": "PMID:283150", "title": "Dental school of graduation in relation to dentist location.", "content": "This is a statistical study of the 1976 location, by region and state, of the active civilian dentists of the United States in relation to the dental schools from which they graduated. The focus of the study is a master matrix table which shows state-by-state distribution of the graduates of each dental school and, conversely, where each state obtained its dentists, by individual dental school of graduation. Comparisons are made with similar data from several studies since the early 1950s, certain relationships and trends are identified, and a few projections are made to 1990. The study provides detailed information useful to organizations and individuals studying dental manpower and who are planning dental educational facilities and programs. A most important aid in such planning is information not only on the location but also on the sources of present dentist manpower.", "contents": "Dental school of graduation in relation to dentist location. This is a statistical study of the 1976 location, by region and state, of the active civilian dentists of the United States in relation to the dental schools from which they graduated. The focus of the study is a master matrix table which shows state-by-state distribution of the graduates of each dental school and, conversely, where each state obtained its dentists, by individual dental school of graduation. Comparisons are made with similar data from several studies since the early 1950s, certain relationships and trends are identified, and a few projections are made to 1990. The study provides detailed information useful to organizations and individuals studying dental manpower and who are planning dental educational facilities and programs. A most important aid in such planning is information not only on the location but also on the sources of present dentist manpower."}
{"id": "PMID:283153", "title": "Dental education and public policy: a research agenda.", "content": "The Work Group on the Education of the Health Professions and the Nation's Health offers the theme of discontinuity to describe why so little useful knowledge has been derived from research in this area and to suggest a more productive approach for future studies. Discontinuities are evident among the needs of patients and populations and how dentists practice and in what dentists do in practice versus the content of dental education. The Work Group recommends six areas directly applicable to dentistry in which research might alleviate these discontinuities.", "contents": "Dental education and public policy: a research agenda. The Work Group on the Education of the Health Professions and the Nation's Health offers the theme of discontinuity to describe why so little useful knowledge has been derived from research in this area and to suggest a more productive approach for future studies. Discontinuities are evident among the needs of patients and populations and how dentists practice and in what dentists do in practice versus the content of dental education. The Work Group recommends six areas directly applicable to dentistry in which research might alleviate these discontinuities."}
{"id": "PMID:283158", "title": "Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants.", "content": "Six hundred twenty recently arrived Soviet immigrants were examined at the Northern Dispensary. There was a need for extensive dental treatment among these persons and much of their previous treatment did not meet currently accepted American standards.", "contents": "Dental survey of 620 Soviet immigrants. Six hundred twenty recently arrived Soviet immigrants were examined at the Northern Dispensary. There was a need for extensive dental treatment among these persons and much of their previous treatment did not meet currently accepted American standards."}
{"id": "PMID:283159", "title": "The office anesthesia record.", "content": "The Anesthesia Record Committee of the Massachusetts Dental Society of Anesthesiology has developed a form to record vital signs and agents used in control of pain in the practice of dentistry. This anesthesia record is simple to use, provides information useful for subsequent dental-anesthetic treatment, and provides adequate written documentation to place the dentist in a legally defensible position.", "contents": "The office anesthesia record. The Anesthesia Record Committee of the Massachusetts Dental Society of Anesthesiology has developed a form to record vital signs and agents used in control of pain in the practice of dentistry. This anesthesia record is simple to use, provides information useful for subsequent dental-anesthetic treatment, and provides adequate written documentation to place the dentist in a legally defensible position."}
{"id": "PMID:283160", "title": "\"Recreational\" misuse of nitrous oxide.", "content": "With the use of nitrous oxide increasing, overuse and excessive exposure to this gas are also more prevalent. Neuropathy, expressed as amnesia, aphasia or weakness, numbness, and incoordination affecting all extremities, is the common result of frequent overexposure. For optimal dental treatment, it is recommended that both patient and dentist be aware that nitrous oxide can be an exogenous toxin, damaging to neuronal structures, if used in excess.", "contents": "\"Recreational\" misuse of nitrous oxide. With the use of nitrous oxide increasing, overuse and excessive exposure to this gas are also more prevalent. Neuropathy, expressed as amnesia, aphasia or weakness, numbness, and incoordination affecting all extremities, is the common result of frequent overexposure. For optimal dental treatment, it is recommended that both patient and dentist be aware that nitrous oxide can be an exogenous toxin, damaging to neuronal structures, if used in excess."}
{"id": "PMID:283161", "title": "Transposition of teeth.", "content": "Transposition is a rare dental anomaly. Two cases of transposition of canines have been presented, the causes are discussed, and modes of treatment are suggested.", "contents": "Transposition of teeth. Transposition is a rare dental anomaly. Two cases of transposition of canines have been presented, the causes are discussed, and modes of treatment are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:283162", "title": "Bronchogenic carcinoma metastatic to the lip and the mandible.", "content": "Two cases of metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma are reported. Possible pathways of dissemination are discussed, along with the symptoms, diagnosis, and management of these lesions.", "contents": "Bronchogenic carcinoma metastatic to the lip and the mandible. Two cases of metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma are reported. Possible pathways of dissemination are discussed, along with the symptoms, diagnosis, and management of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:283163", "title": "An instrumented technique for occlusal adjustment.", "content": "A technique is suggested for adjustment of the natural dentition. It permits the dentist to identify and to remove occlusal interferences and to establish smooth, gliding, harmonious jaw movements for patients with occlusal problems.", "contents": "An instrumented technique for occlusal adjustment. A technique is suggested for adjustment of the natural dentition. It permits the dentist to identify and to remove occlusal interferences and to establish smooth, gliding, harmonious jaw movements for patients with occlusal problems."}
{"id": "PMID:283167", "title": "Vitamin B6 responsive infantile convulsions and branched chain amino aciduria.", "content": "This study reports of a case with neo-natal convulsions and branched amino-aciduria in addition to tryptophanuria. These abnormalities were promptly corrected by administration of pyridoxine.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 responsive infantile convulsions and branched chain amino aciduria. This study reports of a case with neo-natal convulsions and branched amino-aciduria in addition to tryptophanuria. These abnormalities were promptly corrected by administration of pyridoxine."}
{"id": "PMID:283168", "title": "Comparative electrophoretic study of Mallory body and intermediate filament protein.", "content": "To investigate the possibility that Mallory bodies (MBs) are composed of intermediate filaments (IFs), the electrophoretic patterns of MB proteins from human liver were compared with the IF protein extracted from chicken gizzard smooth muscle and extracts of mouse liver which contained MBs. The human MB had a protein component which had a similar mobility as that of the IF protein extracted from smooth muscle. A similar protein band was found in the extracts of mouse liver which contained MBs. No protein band corresponding to actin protein was found in human MB protein. The IF-like protein was also present in control mouse liver extract. The estimated molecular weight of the IF protein was 54,000. The evidence suggests that MBs are, in part, composed of IF protein. The IF protein is a normal constituent of liver and smooth muscle.", "contents": "Comparative electrophoretic study of Mallory body and intermediate filament protein. To investigate the possibility that Mallory bodies (MBs) are composed of intermediate filaments (IFs), the electrophoretic patterns of MB proteins from human liver were compared with the IF protein extracted from chicken gizzard smooth muscle and extracts of mouse liver which contained MBs. The human MB had a protein component which had a similar mobility as that of the IF protein extracted from smooth muscle. A similar protein band was found in the extracts of mouse liver which contained MBs. No protein band corresponding to actin protein was found in human MB protein. The IF-like protein was also present in control mouse liver extract. The estimated molecular weight of the IF protein was 54,000. The evidence suggests that MBs are, in part, composed of IF protein. The IF protein is a normal constituent of liver and smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:283169", "title": "Neuraminidase alteration of human lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens, antigens and allogenic lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced significantly in whole-blood cultures initiated with nontoxic concentrations of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN). Reduced responsiveness was not due to degradation or inactivation of PHA by this enzyme, and the reaction was dependent upon the dose and time at which this mitogen and enzyme were added to the cultures. In cultures from some subjects, VCN also inhibited reactivity to concanavalin A. In contrast, lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens from pokeweed or Staphylococcus aureus as well as to antigens or allogeneic lymphocytes was enhanced by VCN. At concentrations required to elicit these effects, VCN itself was not stimulatory.", "contents": "Neuraminidase alteration of human lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens, antigens and allogenic lymphocytes. Lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was reduced significantly in whole-blood cultures initiated with nontoxic concentrations of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN). Reduced responsiveness was not due to degradation or inactivation of PHA by this enzyme, and the reaction was dependent upon the dose and time at which this mitogen and enzyme were added to the cultures. In cultures from some subjects, VCN also inhibited reactivity to concanavalin A. In contrast, lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens from pokeweed or Staphylococcus aureus as well as to antigens or allogeneic lymphocytes was enhanced by VCN. At concentrations required to elicit these effects, VCN itself was not stimulatory."}
{"id": "PMID:283170", "title": "New treatment for herpes simplex virus type 2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea, and tannic acid ointment]. Part I--Male patients.", "content": "Twenty-three male patients with herpes simplex virus type 2 blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft were divided into two groups. Ten patients served as controls, and thirteen patients were treated with ultrasound (1 watt/cm2 for 60 seconds) and Herpigon on three consecutive days. Results showed a negative virus culture after three days of treatment and significant reduction of recurrent infection in the treated group while the control group experienced recurrent infection within 62-80 days. This method offers a new therapeutic treatment for genital herpes simplex virus.", "contents": "New treatment for herpes simplex virus type 2 [ultrasound and zinc, urea, and tannic acid ointment]. Part I--Male patients. Twenty-three male patients with herpes simplex virus type 2 blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft were divided into two groups. Ten patients served as controls, and thirteen patients were treated with ultrasound (1 watt/cm2 for 60 seconds) and Herpigon on three consecutive days. Results showed a negative virus culture after three days of treatment and significant reduction of recurrent infection in the treated group while the control group experienced recurrent infection within 62-80 days. This method offers a new therapeutic treatment for genital herpes simplex virus."}
{"id": "PMID:283171", "title": "Studies on platelet aggregation in vivo. VII: Effect of pentoxyfylline on circulating tumor cells.", "content": "Pentoxifylline, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, increased circulation time of intravenously injected, labeled tumor cells in male mice.", "contents": "Studies on platelet aggregation in vivo. VII: Effect of pentoxyfylline on circulating tumor cells. Pentoxifylline, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, increased circulation time of intravenously injected, labeled tumor cells in male mice."}
{"id": "PMID:283197", "title": "Carcinoma of the lung metastatic to the gingiva: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "A rare case of metastasis to the gingiva from carcinoma of the lung has been presented. From the review of the literature, only ten other cases have met the criteria to be considered as metastatic malignancy to the gingiva.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the lung metastatic to the gingiva: review of the literature and report of case. A rare case of metastasis to the gingiva from carcinoma of the lung has been presented. From the review of the literature, only ten other cases have met the criteria to be considered as metastatic malignancy to the gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:283199", "title": "Metastatic malignant melanoma to the palatine tonsils: report of case.", "content": "A rare case of metastatic melanoma to the palatine tonsils was presented. The patient had no symptoms, and the metastatic oral lesion was discovered on routine examination.", "contents": "Metastatic malignant melanoma to the palatine tonsils: report of case. A rare case of metastatic melanoma to the palatine tonsils was presented. The patient had no symptoms, and the metastatic oral lesion was discovered on routine examination."}
{"id": "PMID:283201", "title": "Subcutaneous emphysema after Le Fort I osteotomy: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema that occurred after Le Fort I osteotomies are reported, and diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Subcutaneous emphysema after Le Fort I osteotomy: report of two cases. Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema that occurred after Le Fort I osteotomies are reported, and diagnosis and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283202", "title": "Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia involving the maxilla and mandible: report of case.", "content": "The case presented here represents an aggressive form of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Because of lack of evidence to substantiate precocious puberty and abnormal pigmentation, Albright syndrome cannot be established. Because of the nature of this disease, its clinical course and prognosis are unpredictable. However, it is believed that continued growth of the lesion may necessitate additional surgery.", "contents": "Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia involving the maxilla and mandible: report of case. The case presented here represents an aggressive form of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. Because of lack of evidence to substantiate precocious puberty and abnormal pigmentation, Albright syndrome cannot be established. Because of the nature of this disease, its clinical course and prognosis are unpredictable. However, it is believed that continued growth of the lesion may necessitate additional surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:283204", "title": "Actinomycosis of the tongue: report of case.", "content": "A brief review of the pathogenesis of actinomycotic infections, including cause, frequency, distribution, and symptoms has been presented. A relatively rare occurrence of actinomycosis in the tongue was reported to serve as an illustration of the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations pertinent to this disease.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of the tongue: report of case. A brief review of the pathogenesis of actinomycotic infections, including cause, frequency, distribution, and symptoms has been presented. A relatively rare occurrence of actinomycosis in the tongue was reported to serve as an illustration of the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations pertinent to this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:283205", "title": "Use of microcrystalline collagen for hemostasis after oral surgery in a hemophiliac.", "content": "A microcystalline collagen hemostat effected rapid hemostasis in dental extractions for a hemophilic patient with a significant level of inhibitor where preoperative transfusion of deficient factor was contraindicated. It appears that MCH can be used safely and effectively for a variety of oral procedures. In addition to its hemostatic properties, the ease with which it can be handled and its adherence make it adaptable for use in locations of limited access. In comparison with currently used materials, such as gelatin foam, it may have wider application and may be of greater benefit in achieving hemostasis in procedures in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Use of microcrystalline collagen for hemostasis after oral surgery in a hemophiliac. A microcystalline collagen hemostat effected rapid hemostasis in dental extractions for a hemophilic patient with a significant level of inhibitor where preoperative transfusion of deficient factor was contraindicated. It appears that MCH can be used safely and effectively for a variety of oral procedures. In addition to its hemostatic properties, the ease with which it can be handled and its adherence make it adaptable for use in locations of limited access. In comparison with currently used materials, such as gelatin foam, it may have wider application and may be of greater benefit in achieving hemostasis in procedures in the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:283207", "title": "A technique for simultaneous fracture repair and augmentation of the atrophic edentulous mandible.", "content": "A technique that uses autogenous rib grafts for repair of fractures of an atrophic, edentulous mandible and augmentation of the ridge has been presented. Nine cases have been treated in this manner. We advocate this treatment to promote healing of the fractures and to provide necessary mandibular bone for future vestibuloplasty and, ultimately, restoration of function with denture construction.", "contents": "A technique for simultaneous fracture repair and augmentation of the atrophic edentulous mandible. A technique that uses autogenous rib grafts for repair of fractures of an atrophic, edentulous mandible and augmentation of the ridge has been presented. Nine cases have been treated in this manner. We advocate this treatment to promote healing of the fractures and to provide necessary mandibular bone for future vestibuloplasty and, ultimately, restoration of function with denture construction."}
{"id": "PMID:283211", "title": "Morbidity associated with extraoral open reduction of mandibular fractures.", "content": "One hundred consecutive extraoral open reductions of mandibular fractures were analyzed in an attempt to quantitate the morbidity of this technique and demonstrate possible predisposing factors. A complication rate of 13% was found in this series. Age of the patient, coexisting systemic disease, operative delay and operative and postoperative misadventures could not be correlated with morbidity. An obvious relationship was found between the area of the fracture and the presence and disposition of teeth in the fracture line, and the incidence of complications. Open reductions of the mandibular angle associated with teeth removed from the fracture line produced the greatest incidence of complications both quantitatively and qualitatively.", "contents": "Morbidity associated with extraoral open reduction of mandibular fractures. One hundred consecutive extraoral open reductions of mandibular fractures were analyzed in an attempt to quantitate the morbidity of this technique and demonstrate possible predisposing factors. A complication rate of 13% was found in this series. Age of the patient, coexisting systemic disease, operative delay and operative and postoperative misadventures could not be correlated with morbidity. An obvious relationship was found between the area of the fracture and the presence and disposition of teeth in the fracture line, and the incidence of complications. Open reductions of the mandibular angle associated with teeth removed from the fracture line produced the greatest incidence of complications both quantitatively and qualitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:283216", "title": "Observations of carbon dioxide laser and bone bur in the osteotomy of the rabbit tibia.", "content": "The tissue responses of a rabbit tibia to superpulse laser osteotomy, continuous-wave laser osteotomy, and bur osteotomy were compared. Healing of the bone occurred after use of all three modalities, but there was a delay in healing after laser osteotomy when compared with bur osteotomy. Laser osteotomy is feasible, but improvements will be needed to make such bone cutting as efficient and controllable as the rotating bur.", "contents": "Observations of carbon dioxide laser and bone bur in the osteotomy of the rabbit tibia. The tissue responses of a rabbit tibia to superpulse laser osteotomy, continuous-wave laser osteotomy, and bur osteotomy were compared. Healing of the bone occurred after use of all three modalities, but there was a delay in healing after laser osteotomy when compared with bur osteotomy. Laser osteotomy is feasible, but improvements will be needed to make such bone cutting as efficient and controllable as the rotating bur."}
{"id": "PMID:283217", "title": "Changes in soft tissue profile after surgical correction of skeletal class III malocclusion.", "content": "Cephalometric analysis of the facial soft tissue profile after surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion performed either in the ascending ramus or in the mandibular body in 33 patients showed a close correlation between the horizontal movements of the soft tissue landmarks and those of the underlying skeletal and dental structures. In the vertical direction, the changes were more variable. A comparison of these results with the soft tissue profile of normal persons indicated that a natural appearance could be achieved after correction of Class III malocclusion by combined surgery and orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "Changes in soft tissue profile after surgical correction of skeletal class III malocclusion. Cephalometric analysis of the facial soft tissue profile after surgical correction of skeletal Class III malocclusion performed either in the ascending ramus or in the mandibular body in 33 patients showed a close correlation between the horizontal movements of the soft tissue landmarks and those of the underlying skeletal and dental structures. In the vertical direction, the changes were more variable. A comparison of these results with the soft tissue profile of normal persons indicated that a natural appearance could be achieved after correction of Class III malocclusion by combined surgery and orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:283218", "title": "A comparison of three methods of measuring maximal opening of the mouth.", "content": "Two extraoral techniques are compared with a direct technique for measuring maximal opening of the mouth. The extraoral techniques allow recording of the variable independent of the teeth. The accuracy and precision of the three techniques are calculated and compared statistically, and the significance of the results are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of three methods of measuring maximal opening of the mouth. Two extraoral techniques are compared with a direct technique for measuring maximal opening of the mouth. The extraoral techniques allow recording of the variable independent of the teeth. The accuracy and precision of the three techniques are calculated and compared statistically, and the significance of the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283219", "title": "Vascular injury and penetrating facial trauma.", "content": "Three patients with gunshot wounds to facial and vascular structures were described. They demonstrate the importance of angiography in the acute care phases of treatment. In one case, angiography lead to eventual surgical management of an arteriovenous fistula. The other two cases described arterial injury that required careful surgical follow-up to detect delayed complications.", "contents": "Vascular injury and penetrating facial trauma. Three patients with gunshot wounds to facial and vascular structures were described. They demonstrate the importance of angiography in the acute care phases of treatment. In one case, angiography lead to eventual surgical management of an arteriovenous fistula. The other two cases described arterial injury that required careful surgical follow-up to detect delayed complications."}
{"id": "PMID:283222", "title": "Furcation morphology relative to periodontal treatment. Furcation entrance architecture.", "content": "The furcation entrance diameter of first permanent molar teeth has been investigated in a sample of 114 maxillary and 103 mandibular teeth, and found to be smaller than the blade face width of commonly used periodontal curettes in 58% of the furcations examined. It is suggested that because of this size disparity curettes when used alone may not be suitable for root preparation in this area as part of periodontal therapy. Alternative methods of instrumentation require clinical appraisal before recommendation. The buccal furcation entrance diameters of the maxillary first molar teeth examined tended to be smaller than either the mesiopalatal or distopalatal. Similarly the buccal entrance diameter in the mandibular first molar teeth examined tended to be smaller than the linqual. The mesiodistal widths at the cementoenamel junction of both maxillary and mandibular first molar teeth were found to have very low correlation with their furcation entrance diameters. Large teeth therefore do not necessarily have large furcation entrance diameters.", "contents": "Furcation morphology relative to periodontal treatment. Furcation entrance architecture. The furcation entrance diameter of first permanent molar teeth has been investigated in a sample of 114 maxillary and 103 mandibular teeth, and found to be smaller than the blade face width of commonly used periodontal curettes in 58% of the furcations examined. It is suggested that because of this size disparity curettes when used alone may not be suitable for root preparation in this area as part of periodontal therapy. Alternative methods of instrumentation require clinical appraisal before recommendation. The buccal furcation entrance diameters of the maxillary first molar teeth examined tended to be smaller than either the mesiopalatal or distopalatal. Similarly the buccal entrance diameter in the mandibular first molar teeth examined tended to be smaller than the linqual. The mesiodistal widths at the cementoenamel junction of both maxillary and mandibular first molar teeth were found to have very low correlation with their furcation entrance diameters. Large teeth therefore do not necessarily have large furcation entrance diameters."}
{"id": "PMID:283223", "title": "Periodontal surgery for the apprehensive patient with anesthetic management. A review of 150 patients.", "content": "Full mouth periodontal surgery, while not a routine procedure, is invaluable in treating a sizable population that otherwise could not be treated. A series of 150 cases has been analyzed to determine who utilizes these procedures and why. The author feels that this is a valuable modality that will become more common.", "contents": "Periodontal surgery for the apprehensive patient with anesthetic management. A review of 150 patients. Full mouth periodontal surgery, while not a routine procedure, is invaluable in treating a sizable population that otherwise could not be treated. A series of 150 cases has been analyzed to determine who utilizes these procedures and why. The author feels that this is a valuable modality that will become more common."}
{"id": "PMID:283224", "title": "Mitotic response in basal cells of the crevicular epithelium to gingival surgery.", "content": "A total of 18 periodontal patients participated in this study. After initial preparation, a gingivectomy was performed on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth with pockets ranging from 3 to 5 mm in depth. Control specimens were obtained at time of gingivectomy. Subsequently, the patients were divided into three groups (Group I, II, III). Each group contained three male and three female patients. The gingivectomy site was biopsied after surgery at 7, 14, and 28 days. The mean mitotic indices of the basal cell layer of the crevicular epithelium were obtained. At 0 day, the mean mitotic index was 6.6, increased to 11.4 at 7 days, and rose to a high value of 11.6 at 14 days. It was reduced to a value of 9.7 at 28 days. From our data, it appeared that the rise in mitotic activity which followed gingival injury did not fall to preoperative levels at 30 days postsurgery.", "contents": "Mitotic response in basal cells of the crevicular epithelium to gingival surgery. A total of 18 periodontal patients participated in this study. After initial preparation, a gingivectomy was performed on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth with pockets ranging from 3 to 5 mm in depth. Control specimens were obtained at time of gingivectomy. Subsequently, the patients were divided into three groups (Group I, II, III). Each group contained three male and three female patients. The gingivectomy site was biopsied after surgery at 7, 14, and 28 days. The mean mitotic indices of the basal cell layer of the crevicular epithelium were obtained. At 0 day, the mean mitotic index was 6.6, increased to 11.4 at 7 days, and rose to a high value of 11.6 at 14 days. It was reduced to a value of 9.7 at 28 days. From our data, it appeared that the rise in mitotic activity which followed gingival injury did not fall to preoperative levels at 30 days postsurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:283225", "title": "Epithelial dysplasia of the gingiva. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of epithelial dysplasia of the mandibular gingiva is reported. The significance of this lesion and its implications are discussed.", "contents": "Epithelial dysplasia of the gingiva. Report of a case. A case of epithelial dysplasia of the mandibular gingiva is reported. The significance of this lesion and its implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283226", "title": "Indicator pastes: their behavior and use.", "content": "Indicator pastes were subjected to a laboratory investigation and a clinical trail. The tests showed: 1. An increase in temperature increased the rate of flow of the pastes. 2. An increase in applied pressure increased the rate of the flow of the pastes. 3. Pastes containing a small percentage of filler were compressed to a smaller thickness than those containing a greater percentage of filler. 4. The zinc oxide-hydrogenated oil mixture demonstrated a biphasic flow pattern. Pressure Indicator Paste demonstrated a simple flow pattern. 5. Similar tests did not give identical results. However, the characteristics of flow curves for similar tests were consistent. 6. A clinical trial using eight subjects showed no marked differences between three indicator pastes but did show significant differences between the interpretations of paste patterns by four dentists. This evidence suggests that the nature of the suspension medium affects both the type of flow and the rate of flow of an indicator paste. The percentage composition of filler affects both the final film thickness and the rate of flow. Improved criteria for the interpretation of paste patterns must be developed before clinical differences in paste behavior are noted.", "contents": "Indicator pastes: their behavior and use. Indicator pastes were subjected to a laboratory investigation and a clinical trail. The tests showed: 1. An increase in temperature increased the rate of flow of the pastes. 2. An increase in applied pressure increased the rate of the flow of the pastes. 3. Pastes containing a small percentage of filler were compressed to a smaller thickness than those containing a greater percentage of filler. 4. The zinc oxide-hydrogenated oil mixture demonstrated a biphasic flow pattern. Pressure Indicator Paste demonstrated a simple flow pattern. 5. Similar tests did not give identical results. However, the characteristics of flow curves for similar tests were consistent. 6. A clinical trial using eight subjects showed no marked differences between three indicator pastes but did show significant differences between the interpretations of paste patterns by four dentists. This evidence suggests that the nature of the suspension medium affects both the type of flow and the rate of flow of an indicator paste. The percentage composition of filler affects both the final film thickness and the rate of flow. Improved criteria for the interpretation of paste patterns must be developed before clinical differences in paste behavior are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:283227", "title": "The relationship of canine-protected occlusion to a periodontal index.", "content": "A clinical evaluation was made on 1,000 teeth in 100 patients with Angle's Class I occlusion who were free from histories of orthodontics, removable or fixed prosthesis, occlusal equilibration, maxillary or mandibular jaw fractures, and systemic diseases. The study was made to determine if there was a relation between their patterns of disclusion and a periodontal disease index. In this study, 14% of the subjects exhibited canine protection, 16% a pattern called progressive disclusion, 46% group function, and 24% a different disclusion pattern on each side. The teeth of mouths having canine-protected occlusions had significantly lower mean periodontal disease index scores than the teeth of mouths having progressive disclusion or group function. Also, the canines and the molars in the canine-protected group exhibited lower mean periodontal disease index scores than their counterparts in the progressive disclusion or group function categories.", "contents": "The relationship of canine-protected occlusion to a periodontal index. A clinical evaluation was made on 1,000 teeth in 100 patients with Angle's Class I occlusion who were free from histories of orthodontics, removable or fixed prosthesis, occlusal equilibration, maxillary or mandibular jaw fractures, and systemic diseases. The study was made to determine if there was a relation between their patterns of disclusion and a periodontal disease index. In this study, 14% of the subjects exhibited canine protection, 16% a pattern called progressive disclusion, 46% group function, and 24% a different disclusion pattern on each side. The teeth of mouths having canine-protected occlusions had significantly lower mean periodontal disease index scores than the teeth of mouths having progressive disclusion or group function. Also, the canines and the molars in the canine-protected group exhibited lower mean periodontal disease index scores than their counterparts in the progressive disclusion or group function categories."}
{"id": "PMID:283229", "title": "Bacteria and pulpal reactions under silicate cement restorations.", "content": "Silicate cement was inserted in deep unlined cavities in 70 human teeth; 35 cavities were cleaned with an antibacterial cleanser, and the other 35 cavities in the contralateral teeth were treated with water spray only. In all teeth, invasion of bacteria from the tooth surface was prevented with a surface seal. Histologic examinations after 4 weeks revealed bacterial growth on dentinal walls in 9 of the uncleaned and in 2 cleaned cavities. Only in these 11 teeth was an inflammatory reaction seen in the pulp. Under eight cavities without bacterial growth and with silicate cement placed directly on an exposed pulp, no serious injury and no inflammatory reactions were observed. It was concluded that silicate cement per se does not seriously irritate the pulp. Infection of cavity walls should be avoided, not only by removing grinding debris and antibacterial cleansing, but also by use of a liner to prevent invasion of bacteria from the surface of the tooth.", "contents": "Bacteria and pulpal reactions under silicate cement restorations. Silicate cement was inserted in deep unlined cavities in 70 human teeth; 35 cavities were cleaned with an antibacterial cleanser, and the other 35 cavities in the contralateral teeth were treated with water spray only. In all teeth, invasion of bacteria from the tooth surface was prevented with a surface seal. Histologic examinations after 4 weeks revealed bacterial growth on dentinal walls in 9 of the uncleaned and in 2 cleaned cavities. Only in these 11 teeth was an inflammatory reaction seen in the pulp. Under eight cavities without bacterial growth and with silicate cement placed directly on an exposed pulp, no serious injury and no inflammatory reactions were observed. It was concluded that silicate cement per se does not seriously irritate the pulp. Infection of cavity walls should be avoided, not only by removing grinding debris and antibacterial cleansing, but also by use of a liner to prevent invasion of bacteria from the surface of the tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:283230", "title": "Replica technique for scanning electron microscope examination of occlusal amalgam margins.", "content": "A new replicating technique, the modified adhesion relief method, was developed to investigate the marginal integrity of the occlusal surface of amalgam restorations over a period of years. The accuracy of the replicas was confirmed by scanning electron microscope comparison with the original teeth. The tooth to be studied need not be extracted. The technique makes it possible to continue the observation of restored teeth in the oral cavity for long periods. The technique does not require special equipment and is uncomplicated.", "contents": "Replica technique for scanning electron microscope examination of occlusal amalgam margins. A new replicating technique, the modified adhesion relief method, was developed to investigate the marginal integrity of the occlusal surface of amalgam restorations over a period of years. The accuracy of the replicas was confirmed by scanning electron microscope comparison with the original teeth. The tooth to be studied need not be extracted. The technique makes it possible to continue the observation of restored teeth in the oral cavity for long periods. The technique does not require special equipment and is uncomplicated."}
{"id": "PMID:283231", "title": "Elastomeric impression materials: effect of bulk on accuracy.", "content": "Impression trays were fabricated providing 2, 4, and 6 mm spaces to determine the stability and accuracy of nine elastomeric impression materials on a simulated full crown preparation steel die. The interface space of 2 mm produced the most accurate impressions for all of the materials tested. All impression materials except one fell within the revised American Dental Association Specifications. The clinical-type tests, using castings on dies poured from these materials, corroborated the acceptance of those materials and techniques exhibiting the least dimensional change.", "contents": "Elastomeric impression materials: effect of bulk on accuracy. Impression trays were fabricated providing 2, 4, and 6 mm spaces to determine the stability and accuracy of nine elastomeric impression materials on a simulated full crown preparation steel die. The interface space of 2 mm produced the most accurate impressions for all of the materials tested. All impression materials except one fell within the revised American Dental Association Specifications. The clinical-type tests, using castings on dies poured from these materials, corroborated the acceptance of those materials and techniques exhibiting the least dimensional change."}
{"id": "PMID:283233", "title": "A combination obturator.", "content": "A combination of flexible and rigid extensions can be used on a prosthesis to provide stability, retention, decreased weight, and obturation of residual palatal defects. The combination extensions present a design of a maxillofacial prosthesis which takes maximum advantage of the patient's remaining anatomy.", "contents": "A combination obturator. A combination of flexible and rigid extensions can be used on a prosthesis to provide stability, retention, decreased weight, and obturation of residual palatal defects. The combination extensions present a design of a maxillofacial prosthesis which takes maximum advantage of the patient's remaining anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:283234", "title": "Utilization of cadaver tissue for a scanning electron microscopic study of the insertion of the masseter muscle.", "content": "1. The generally poor state of soft tissue preservation that complicates observations by gross dissection and light microscopy posed no hindrance to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of bone surface, because all of the soft tissues are chemically removed. 2. Specific and identifiable surface patterns representing locations of periosteal and fibrous muscle attachments can be readily observed in cadaver tissue with the SEM. 3. SEM observations confirmed earlier literature concerning the extent of periosteal and intraosseus attachments of the masseter muscle. The masseter muscle attached periosteally on the lateral surface of the mandible and along the inferior border. Just above the inferior border, a ridge of intraosseous attachment was noted. 4. The correlation of SEM observation of bone surface patterns with gross dissection and light microscopy demonstrated that SEM can be useful in determining the extent of muscle attachments in cadaver tissue even when the soft tissue is poorly preserved.", "contents": "Utilization of cadaver tissue for a scanning electron microscopic study of the insertion of the masseter muscle. 1. The generally poor state of soft tissue preservation that complicates observations by gross dissection and light microscopy posed no hindrance to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of bone surface, because all of the soft tissues are chemically removed. 2. Specific and identifiable surface patterns representing locations of periosteal and fibrous muscle attachments can be readily observed in cadaver tissue with the SEM. 3. SEM observations confirmed earlier literature concerning the extent of periosteal and intraosseus attachments of the masseter muscle. The masseter muscle attached periosteally on the lateral surface of the mandible and along the inferior border. Just above the inferior border, a ridge of intraosseous attachment was noted. 4. The correlation of SEM observation of bone surface patterns with gross dissection and light microscopy demonstrated that SEM can be useful in determining the extent of muscle attachments in cadaver tissue even when the soft tissue is poorly preserved."}
{"id": "PMID:283235", "title": "Computer-monitored radionuclide tracking of three-dimensional mandibular movements. Part I: theoretical approach.", "content": "A new technique for the three-dimensional recording of a person's mandibular movement is described. A small and harmless radioactive source is fixed on the patient's skin at the point of interest or sealed in a tooth cavity. Using the proper collimation, the motion of the point source is recorded via a gamma  camera and minicomputer. Long-term storage on a magnetic device offers playback, slow motion facilities, and data analysis through the use of sophisticated computer languages. Simultaneous recordings using two cameras, or postsynchronization of two different views of an experiment, enable the three-dimensional restitution of mandibular movements. Superimposition of a grid of radioactive spots spaced at measured intervals during the recording permits a straightforward calibration of the patient's motion. Multiple sources in a single experiment may be recorded to describe the displacement of several points of interest. This method, derived from nuclear medicine techniques, offers a powerful tool of general interest for the tracking of dynamic events in many fields of dentistry such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction and prosthetic restorative techniques. Further considerations on our experimental settings and results will be published in part II.", "contents": "Computer-monitored radionuclide tracking of three-dimensional mandibular movements. Part I: theoretical approach. A new technique for the three-dimensional recording of a person's mandibular movement is described. A small and harmless radioactive source is fixed on the patient's skin at the point of interest or sealed in a tooth cavity. Using the proper collimation, the motion of the point source is recorded via a gamma  camera and minicomputer. Long-term storage on a magnetic device offers playback, slow motion facilities, and data analysis through the use of sophisticated computer languages. Simultaneous recordings using two cameras, or postsynchronization of two different views of an experiment, enable the three-dimensional restitution of mandibular movements. Superimposition of a grid of radioactive spots spaced at measured intervals during the recording permits a straightforward calibration of the patient's motion. Multiple sources in a single experiment may be recorded to describe the displacement of several points of interest. This method, derived from nuclear medicine techniques, offers a powerful tool of general interest for the tracking of dynamic events in many fields of dentistry such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction and prosthetic restorative techniques. Further considerations on our experimental settings and results will be published in part II."}
{"id": "PMID:283258", "title": "In vitro properties of epithelial cell lines established from human carcinomas and nonmalignant tissue.", "content": "A series of 16 epithelial cell lines derived from human carcinomatous and nonmalignant epithelial tissues were characterized for markers known to correlate with neoplasia in various model systems. The goal of these studies was to determine which in vitro transformation properties were relevant to human epithelial malignancy. The parameters tested were 1) colony formation in Methocel and on confluent monolayers of normal human epithelial cells and fibroblasts and 2) tumor induction in immunosuppressed mice. Cell lines derived from normal tissue and nonmalignant tissue peripheral to cancerous lesions were generally negative for these properties, whereas the carcinoma-derived lines varied in their expression (some lines being more abnormal than others). In most cases, the lines derived from metastatic lesions had more abnormal properties than did those derived from primary carcinomas.", "contents": "In vitro properties of epithelial cell lines established from human carcinomas and nonmalignant tissue. A series of 16 epithelial cell lines derived from human carcinomatous and nonmalignant epithelial tissues were characterized for markers known to correlate with neoplasia in various model systems. The goal of these studies was to determine which in vitro transformation properties were relevant to human epithelial malignancy. The parameters tested were 1) colony formation in Methocel and on confluent monolayers of normal human epithelial cells and fibroblasts and 2) tumor induction in immunosuppressed mice. Cell lines derived from normal tissue and nonmalignant tissue peripheral to cancerous lesions were generally negative for these properties, whereas the carcinoma-derived lines varied in their expression (some lines being more abnormal than others). In most cases, the lines derived from metastatic lesions had more abnormal properties than did those derived from primary carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:283259", "title": "Photoradiation in the treatment of recurrent breast carcinoma.", "content": "Photoradiation, with the use of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) activated by visible light in the red region of the spectrum, was an effective treatment for controlling local and regional chest wall recurrences of breast carcinoma. With sufficient time between iv injection of the drug and local activation with red light, cutaneous and subcutaneous masses were treated effectively without undue damage to overlying and adjacent skin. This high therapeutic ratio resulted from the ability to Hpd to accumulate and/or to be retained to a higher degree in malignant tissue than in many normal tissues. This technique can be used as a primary treatment or upon tumor recurrence following conventional modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.", "contents": "Photoradiation in the treatment of recurrent breast carcinoma. Photoradiation, with the use of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) activated by visible light in the red region of the spectrum, was an effective treatment for controlling local and regional chest wall recurrences of breast carcinoma. With sufficient time between iv injection of the drug and local activation with red light, cutaneous and subcutaneous masses were treated effectively without undue damage to overlying and adjacent skin. This high therapeutic ratio resulted from the ability to Hpd to accumulate and/or to be retained to a higher degree in malignant tissue than in many normal tissues. This technique can be used as a primary treatment or upon tumor recurrence following conventional modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:283260", "title": "Breast gross cystic disease fluid analysis. I. Isolation and radioimmunoassay for a major component protein.", "content": "Human breast gross cystic disease (GCD) fluid was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and four major proteins (GCDFP-70), GCDFP-44, GCDFP-24, and GCDFP-15) were identified. By fractionation techniques, these proteins were separated from one another. The GCDFP-70 was immunologically identical to human albumin and was present in GCD fluid at approximately a 100-fold lower concentration than in plasma. The GCDFP-44 was immunologically identical to human plasma Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein; however, it was present in GCD fluid at an approximately 50-fold higher concentration than in plasma. The GCDFP-24 was the major component protein of GCD fluid. It had progesterone binding activity, and immunologically it was identical to a component of human plasma; however, antisera that identified 30 separate components of plasma failed to identify the GCDFP-24 as one of these plasma proteins. The GCDFP-24 concentration in GCD fluid was approximately 100-fold higher than the plasma analog. The GCDFP-15 component was immunologically distinct from any plasma components, as judged by Ouchterlony analysis. It was, however, immunologically identical with a component of both human milk and saliva. As revealed by radioimmunoassay, plasma levels in normal subjects were 7-85 ng/ml. In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, markedly plasma levels (150-30,000 ng/ml) of this protein were detected. Short-term tissue cultures of breast carcinoma explants released this protein into the culture medium.", "contents": "Breast gross cystic disease fluid analysis. I. Isolation and radioimmunoassay for a major component protein. Human breast gross cystic disease (GCD) fluid was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and four major proteins (GCDFP-70), GCDFP-44, GCDFP-24, and GCDFP-15) were identified. By fractionation techniques, these proteins were separated from one another. The GCDFP-70 was immunologically identical to human albumin and was present in GCD fluid at approximately a 100-fold lower concentration than in plasma. The GCDFP-44 was immunologically identical to human plasma Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein; however, it was present in GCD fluid at an approximately 50-fold higher concentration than in plasma. The GCDFP-24 was the major component protein of GCD fluid. It had progesterone binding activity, and immunologically it was identical to a component of human plasma; however, antisera that identified 30 separate components of plasma failed to identify the GCDFP-24 as one of these plasma proteins. The GCDFP-24 concentration in GCD fluid was approximately 100-fold higher than the plasma analog. The GCDFP-15 component was immunologically distinct from any plasma components, as judged by Ouchterlony analysis. It was, however, immunologically identical with a component of both human milk and saliva. As revealed by radioimmunoassay, plasma levels in normal subjects were 7-85 ng/ml. In patients with metastatic breast carcinoma, markedly plasma levels (150-30,000 ng/ml) of this protein were detected. Short-term tissue cultures of breast carcinoma explants released this protein into the culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:283261", "title": "Double minutes in human carcinoma cell lines, with special reference to breast tumors.", "content": "Small DNA-containing particles called double minutes (dm) were observed in metaphases during a survey of human tumor cell lines. Detection of dm in uncultured malignant effusions, in a series of 14 breast carcinoma cell lines, and in a cervical carcinoma cell line, and a literature survey indicated that dm may be more common among human malignant cells than previously suspected. Some of the human breast carcinoma cell lines showed a high incidence of dm, which permitted a series of cytochemical studies. The dm stained identically with euchromatic regions of human chromosomes. Unlike typical chromsomes, dm contained neither C-bands nor Cd bands indicative of paracentromeric heterochromatin and centromeres, respectively. The dm were observed to cluster at the ends of chromosomes, and individual dm adhered to chromosomes. This clustering behavior allows dm to pass through cell division in the absence of centromeric regions. These results should alert tumor cytogeneticists to the possibility that their material may contain a low incidence of undetected dm.", "contents": "Double minutes in human carcinoma cell lines, with special reference to breast tumors. Small DNA-containing particles called double minutes (dm) were observed in metaphases during a survey of human tumor cell lines. Detection of dm in uncultured malignant effusions, in a series of 14 breast carcinoma cell lines, and in a cervical carcinoma cell line, and a literature survey indicated that dm may be more common among human malignant cells than previously suspected. Some of the human breast carcinoma cell lines showed a high incidence of dm, which permitted a series of cytochemical studies. The dm stained identically with euchromatic regions of human chromosomes. Unlike typical chromsomes, dm contained neither C-bands nor Cd bands indicative of paracentromeric heterochromatin and centromeres, respectively. The dm were observed to cluster at the ends of chromosomes, and individual dm adhered to chromosomes. This clustering behavior allows dm to pass through cell division in the absence of centromeric regions. These results should alert tumor cytogeneticists to the possibility that their material may contain a low incidence of undetected dm."}
{"id": "PMID:283262", "title": "A human breast adenocarcinoma with chromosome and isoenzyme markers similar to those of the HeLa line.", "content": "Pleural effusion was obtained from a 51-year-old black woman who had breast adenocarcinoma and had received chemotherapy and radiation therapy after a radical mastectomy. Cytogenetic and isoenzymic analyses of the cells were performed within a few hours of obtaining the sample. Similar analyses were also done with a cell line established from this effusion. The stemline chromosome number was 35, one of the lowest in human neoplasms. In addition to a marker chromosome involving 1q, which is common in human breast tumors, we found several other marker chromosomes whose G-banding patterns were similar to some of the typical HeLa markers. Genetic signature analysis of 15 isoenzyme loci revealed that 13 were identical to those of HeLa. Both HeLa and the cell line described here express glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase type a, yet they were derived from heterozygotic individuals (ab). Our data indicate the necessity to extensive cytogenetic and biochemical analysis before conclusions are made that cell lines are actually intercell-line contaminants.", "contents": "A human breast adenocarcinoma with chromosome and isoenzyme markers similar to those of the HeLa line. Pleural effusion was obtained from a 51-year-old black woman who had breast adenocarcinoma and had received chemotherapy and radiation therapy after a radical mastectomy. Cytogenetic and isoenzymic analyses of the cells were performed within a few hours of obtaining the sample. Similar analyses were also done with a cell line established from this effusion. The stemline chromosome number was 35, one of the lowest in human neoplasms. In addition to a marker chromosome involving 1q, which is common in human breast tumors, we found several other marker chromosomes whose G-banding patterns were similar to some of the typical HeLa markers. Genetic signature analysis of 15 isoenzyme loci revealed that 13 were identical to those of HeLa. Both HeLa and the cell line described here express glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase type a, yet they were derived from heterozygotic individuals (ab). Our data indicate the necessity to extensive cytogenetic and biochemical analysis before conclusions are made that cell lines are actually intercell-line contaminants."}
{"id": "PMID:283263", "title": "Absence of late-replicating X-chromosome in a female patient with acute myeloid leukemia and the 8;21 translocation.", "content": "Autoradiography was used to demonstrate that the x-chromosome of the 45,X,-X,t(8;21) stemline of a female patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was the active X-chromosome. This suggested that in patients housing AML with the 8;21 translocation, the loss of the inactive X-chromosome in females and of the Y in males (which is known to occur in nearly half of the patients) entails selective advantage to the stemline.", "contents": "Absence of late-replicating X-chromosome in a female patient with acute myeloid leukemia and the 8;21 translocation. Autoradiography was used to demonstrate that the x-chromosome of the 45,X,-X,t(8;21) stemline of a female patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was the active X-chromosome. This suggested that in patients housing AML with the 8;21 translocation, the loss of the inactive X-chromosome in females and of the Y in males (which is known to occur in nearly half of the patients) entails selective advantage to the stemline."}
{"id": "PMID:283264", "title": "A case-control study of hair dye use and breast cancer.", "content": "A case-control study of the relationship between hair dye use and breast cancer included 129 breast cancer patients and 193 control women drawn from the records of a multiphasic screening clinic. Information was obtained by telephone interview on a number of risk factors for breast cancer and on variables pertaining to hair dye use: chronologic time, duration, frequency, type, and color. From this, quantitative measures of cumulative hair dye use at various intervals prior to breast cancer (or an equivalent for controls) were obtained. A multivariate risk factor score was used to control for confounding variables. The adjusted relative risks for breast cancer versus hair dye use were greater than unity but were not generally significant. However, integral measures of hair dye use (No. of yr times frequency per yr) were significantly related to breast cancer when confounding variables were controlled. The association between hair dye use and breast cancer was greatest among women over 50 years of age and among those at lower natural risk for breast cancer. An analysis of temporal patterns showed that breast cancer was related mainly to hair dye use 10 or more years before cancer diagnosis. Because of the retrospective nature of the hair dye data and the small sample size, these results require further validation.", "contents": "A case-control study of hair dye use and breast cancer. A case-control study of the relationship between hair dye use and breast cancer included 129 breast cancer patients and 193 control women drawn from the records of a multiphasic screening clinic. Information was obtained by telephone interview on a number of risk factors for breast cancer and on variables pertaining to hair dye use: chronologic time, duration, frequency, type, and color. From this, quantitative measures of cumulative hair dye use at various intervals prior to breast cancer (or an equivalent for controls) were obtained. A multivariate risk factor score was used to control for confounding variables. The adjusted relative risks for breast cancer versus hair dye use were greater than unity but were not generally significant. However, integral measures of hair dye use (No. of yr times frequency per yr) were significantly related to breast cancer when confounding variables were controlled. The association between hair dye use and breast cancer was greatest among women over 50 years of age and among those at lower natural risk for breast cancer. An analysis of temporal patterns showed that breast cancer was related mainly to hair dye use 10 or more years before cancer diagnosis. Because of the retrospective nature of the hair dye data and the small sample size, these results require further validation."}
{"id": "PMID:283265", "title": "Possible carcinogenic properties of a new chromogen, dicarboxydine (gamma,gamma'-3,3'-benzidine dioxydibutyric acid), tested in rats and mice.", "content": "The carcinogenic properties of gamma,gamma'-3,3'-benzidine dioxydibutyric acid [dicarboxydine (DCD)] were studied in 208 rats and 127 mice by either sc administration or by feeding of the compound for 24 months. Tumors developed in 21 of the 99 DCD-treated rats that survived to the time of the first tumor appearance. In DCD-treated rats, tumors different from those in the controls were noted in the bladder, prostate gland, uterine body, and other organs, but in single cases only. Four rats had sarcomas at the site of DCD injection. DCD had no carcinogenic effect in mice. In view of the longer times of tumor induction and multiple tumor development only in rats given sc injections of DCD, the conclusion was reached that DCD is of dubious or negative carcinogenicity.", "contents": "Possible carcinogenic properties of a new chromogen, dicarboxydine (gamma,gamma'-3,3'-benzidine dioxydibutyric acid), tested in rats and mice. The carcinogenic properties of gamma,gamma'-3,3'-benzidine dioxydibutyric acid [dicarboxydine (DCD)] were studied in 208 rats and 127 mice by either sc administration or by feeding of the compound for 24 months. Tumors developed in 21 of the 99 DCD-treated rats that survived to the time of the first tumor appearance. In DCD-treated rats, tumors different from those in the controls were noted in the bladder, prostate gland, uterine body, and other organs, but in single cases only. Four rats had sarcomas at the site of DCD injection. DCD had no carcinogenic effect in mice. In view of the longer times of tumor induction and multiple tumor development only in rats given sc injections of DCD, the conclusion was reached that DCD is of dubious or negative carcinogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:283266", "title": "Chemical carcinogenesis in nude mice: comparison between nude mice from homozygous matings and heterozygous matings and effect of age and carcinogen dose.", "content": "The incidence and latency periods for local tumor development after sc injection of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) into 30-day-old nude mice (nu/nu partially inbred on the CBA/H background) derived from homozygous matings (nu/nu times nu/nu) or heterozygous matings (nu/+ times nu/+) were comparable and did not differ with the immunologically normal controls, even when the carcinogen dosages ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 mg. Similarly, no differences in tumor incidence or latency periods between nude mice from homozygous or heterozygous matings as well as their immunologically normal controls were observed when weight-adjusted doses of MCA equivalent to 0.02 to 0.10 mg in the 30-day-old mice were administered at 120, 210, or 360 days of age. Tumor incidence was lower in nude mice and normal mice when MCA was administered at 210 and 360 days of age, especially in mice given the lower dose of MCA. The lower dosages of MCA (0.01-0.05 mg) had no detectable immunodepressive effects in normal mice. Thus the \"normal\" tumor incidence in nude mice after MCA administration could not be attributed to: 1) the effect of humoral thymus gland function (in the nude mice derived from heterozygous matings), 2) the immunodepressive effects of the carcinogen (the lower MCA dosages are not immunodepressive), or 3) the age of the mice at administration. These results argue against the thymus dependency of immunologic surveillance.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogenesis in nude mice: comparison between nude mice from homozygous matings and heterozygous matings and effect of age and carcinogen dose. The incidence and latency periods for local tumor development after sc injection of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) into 30-day-old nude mice (nu/nu partially inbred on the CBA/H background) derived from homozygous matings (nu/nu times nu/nu) or heterozygous matings (nu/+ times nu/+) were comparable and did not differ with the immunologically normal controls, even when the carcinogen dosages ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 mg. Similarly, no differences in tumor incidence or latency periods between nude mice from homozygous or heterozygous matings as well as their immunologically normal controls were observed when weight-adjusted doses of MCA equivalent to 0.02 to 0.10 mg in the 30-day-old mice were administered at 120, 210, or 360 days of age. Tumor incidence was lower in nude mice and normal mice when MCA was administered at 210 and 360 days of age, especially in mice given the lower dose of MCA. The lower dosages of MCA (0.01-0.05 mg) had no detectable immunodepressive effects in normal mice. Thus the \"normal\" tumor incidence in nude mice after MCA administration could not be attributed to: 1) the effect of humoral thymus gland function (in the nude mice derived from heterozygous matings), 2) the immunodepressive effects of the carcinogen (the lower MCA dosages are not immunodepressive), or 3) the age of the mice at administration. These results argue against the thymus dependency of immunologic surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:283267", "title": "Glycosphingolipids of subcellular fractions from normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC.", "content": "Neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides were quantified in lipid extracts from plasma membranes, mitochondria, microsomes, and nuclei isolated from normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC. Results showed a higher content of glycosphingolipids, especially gangliosides, in hepatomas and differences in the distribution of glycosphingolipids among subcellular fractions. Differences in the glycosphingolipid composition of the hepatoma, namely, the absence of trisialogangliosides and an increase in the lower molecular weight gangliosides, reflected an altered metabolism of glycosphingolipids in this tumor. The results indicated that changes in membrane glycosphingolipids were not restricted to the cell surfaces of malignant cells, inasmuch as intracellular membrane fractions also exhibited altered glycosphingolipid profiles.", "contents": "Glycosphingolipids of subcellular fractions from normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC. Neutral glycosphingolipids and gangliosides were quantified in lipid extracts from plasma membranes, mitochondria, microsomes, and nuclei isolated from normal rat liver and Morris hepatoma 5123TC. Results showed a higher content of glycosphingolipids, especially gangliosides, in hepatomas and differences in the distribution of glycosphingolipids among subcellular fractions. Differences in the glycosphingolipid composition of the hepatoma, namely, the absence of trisialogangliosides and an increase in the lower molecular weight gangliosides, reflected an altered metabolism of glycosphingolipids in this tumor. The results indicated that changes in membrane glycosphingolipids were not restricted to the cell surfaces of malignant cells, inasmuch as intracellular membrane fractions also exhibited altered glycosphingolipid profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:283268", "title": "Lung carcinoma of sheep (jaagsiekte): tissue-bound precipitating antibodies.", "content": "Firmly bound IgG was examined and its activity was tested in spontaneous lung carcinoma of sheep (jaagsiekte). High levels of IgG were extracted by acid-glycine buffer (GB) at pH 2.8 from both the tumor tissue and normal lung, which were exhaustively prewashed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. The first acid-GB eluates of the normal or tumor tissue acted in the immunodiffusion test as precipitating antibodies against antigens of the first PBS eluate of the tumor tissue. In addition, free intracytoplasmic type A particles were observed in cell-free tumor extract.", "contents": "Lung carcinoma of sheep (jaagsiekte): tissue-bound precipitating antibodies. Firmly bound IgG was examined and its activity was tested in spontaneous lung carcinoma of sheep (jaagsiekte). High levels of IgG were extracted by acid-glycine buffer (GB) at pH 2.8 from both the tumor tissue and normal lung, which were exhaustively prewashed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. The first acid-GB eluates of the normal or tumor tissue acted in the immunodiffusion test as precipitating antibodies against antigens of the first PBS eluate of the tumor tissue. In addition, free intracytoplasmic type A particles were observed in cell-free tumor extract."}
{"id": "PMID:283269", "title": "Monitoring the therapy of human tumor xenografts in nude mice by the use of lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "With the use of circulating human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a tumor marker, growth and remission of human tumor lines SW480, HEp-2, and Clouser, implanted into female BALB/c athymic nude mice, were followed during therapy. Three types of therapy were used: X-radiation, cyclophosphamide, and diphtheria toxin. After therapy tumor sizes were measured with calipers and compared to changes in the levels of circulating human LDH. Changes in LDH levels paralleled changes in tumor size, but the enzyme fluctuations were more pronounced. Mice bearing intraperitoneally growing SW480 and HEp-2 tumors were effectively treated with diphtheria toxin, and the measurement of circulating LDH was examined as a parameter for gauging the effectiveness of chemotherapy on tumors that could not be visualized. Circulating human LDH can be used to detect intraperitoneal tumor growth and/or remission and to predict death of the animal due to the tumor.", "contents": "Monitoring the therapy of human tumor xenografts in nude mice by the use of lactate dehydrogenase. With the use of circulating human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a tumor marker, growth and remission of human tumor lines SW480, HEp-2, and Clouser, implanted into female BALB/c athymic nude mice, were followed during therapy. Three types of therapy were used: X-radiation, cyclophosphamide, and diphtheria toxin. After therapy tumor sizes were measured with calipers and compared to changes in the levels of circulating human LDH. Changes in LDH levels paralleled changes in tumor size, but the enzyme fluctuations were more pronounced. Mice bearing intraperitoneally growing SW480 and HEp-2 tumors were effectively treated with diphtheria toxin, and the measurement of circulating LDH was examined as a parameter for gauging the effectiveness of chemotherapy on tumors that could not be visualized. Circulating human LDH can be used to detect intraperitoneal tumor growth and/or remission and to predict death of the animal due to the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:283270", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in guinea pigs.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder developed in 17 of 68 untreated and in 26 of 83 irradiated guinea pigs of inbred strains 2 and 13. The carcinomas spread widely by direct extension and through lymphatic and blood vessels to lymph nodes, mesenteries, omenta, abdominal wall, liver, lungs, bones, and spleen. Whole-body exposure to gamma or X-radiation increased both the number of tumors and metastases in male inbred guinea pigs but not in females. Significantly fewer (9 of 98) noninbred than inbred guinea pigs developed gallbladder carcinomas after irradiation. In 9 untreated noninbred guinea pigs gallbladder carcinomas were not found. Inasmuch as the effect of irradiation was not dose-dependent, an indirect systemic effect of irradiation was postulated. This is the first report on the occurrence of spontaneous gallbladder adenocarcinomas in guinea pigs.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder in guinea pigs. Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder developed in 17 of 68 untreated and in 26 of 83 irradiated guinea pigs of inbred strains 2 and 13. The carcinomas spread widely by direct extension and through lymphatic and blood vessels to lymph nodes, mesenteries, omenta, abdominal wall, liver, lungs, bones, and spleen. Whole-body exposure to gamma or X-radiation increased both the number of tumors and metastases in male inbred guinea pigs but not in females. Significantly fewer (9 of 98) noninbred than inbred guinea pigs developed gallbladder carcinomas after irradiation. In 9 untreated noninbred guinea pigs gallbladder carcinomas were not found. Inasmuch as the effect of irradiation was not dose-dependent, an indirect systemic effect of irradiation was postulated. This is the first report on the occurrence of spontaneous gallbladder adenocarcinomas in guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:283271", "title": "Tissue perfusion inhomogeneity during early tumor growth in rats.", "content": "Tissue perfusion in BA 1112 sarcomas of WAG inbred Rijswijk rats was determined from in vivo measurements of capillary density, length, and erythrocyte velocity in modified Algire chamber preparations. Studies were done with the use of television techniques in situ during a period of 26 days, both in control chambers and after implantation of a 0.1-mm3 piece of tumor tissue. Perfusion in control areas void of tumor tissue. Perfusion in control areas void of tumor was approximately 8-10 ml/minute/100 g of tissue. Flow in active tumor growth regions on the outward side of the tumor edge was through undifferentiated channels and had characteristics of flow through a porous medium. Despite enhanced arterial supply, the stabilized tumor microcirculation at the inward side of the growing tumor retained its perfusion rate constant (15-18 ml/min/100 g). Perfusion in central portions of the tumor was about 2-4 ml/minute/100 g during 12 days, whereas the tumor doubled in diameter. Our findings support the concept of temporal and functional blood flow inhomogeneity in the microcirculation of spreading tumors.", "contents": "Tissue perfusion inhomogeneity during early tumor growth in rats. Tissue perfusion in BA 1112 sarcomas of WAG inbred Rijswijk rats was determined from in vivo measurements of capillary density, length, and erythrocyte velocity in modified Algire chamber preparations. Studies were done with the use of television techniques in situ during a period of 26 days, both in control chambers and after implantation of a 0.1-mm3 piece of tumor tissue. Perfusion in control areas void of tumor tissue. Perfusion in control areas void of tumor was approximately 8-10 ml/minute/100 g of tissue. Flow in active tumor growth regions on the outward side of the tumor edge was through undifferentiated channels and had characteristics of flow through a porous medium. Despite enhanced arterial supply, the stabilized tumor microcirculation at the inward side of the growing tumor retained its perfusion rate constant (15-18 ml/min/100 g). Perfusion in central portions of the tumor was about 2-4 ml/minute/100 g during 12 days, whereas the tumor doubled in diameter. Our findings support the concept of temporal and functional blood flow inhomogeneity in the microcirculation of spreading tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:283272", "title": "Carcinogenicity of methylated derivatives of N-nitrosodiethylamine and related compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "Five nitrosamines, which can be considered alkyl derivatives of N-nitrosodiethylamine, were tested for carcinogenicity by administration to Sprague-Dawley rats in drinking water at approximately equimolar concentrations. N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine was a potent carcinogen but less so than N-nitrosodiethylamine and gave the same spectrum of tumors. N-Nitrosodiisopropylamine was very much weaker than N-nitrosodiethylamine and induced only tumors of the nasal turbinates in significant incidence. At the doses given, neither N-nitrosodiisobutylamine nor N-nitrosodi-sec-butylamine was significantly carcinogenic. In contrast, the cyclic nitrosamine N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine was equally potent with N-nitrosodiethylamine and gave the same spectrum of tumors in liver, esophagus, and nasal turbinates. The results support the concept that oxidation at the alpha carbon atom of nitrosamines is a significant step in carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of methylated derivatives of N-nitrosodiethylamine and related compounds in Sprague-Dawley rats. Five nitrosamines, which can be considered alkyl derivatives of N-nitrosodiethylamine, were tested for carcinogenicity by administration to Sprague-Dawley rats in drinking water at approximately equimolar concentrations. N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine was a potent carcinogen but less so than N-nitrosodiethylamine and gave the same spectrum of tumors. N-Nitrosodiisopropylamine was very much weaker than N-nitrosodiethylamine and induced only tumors of the nasal turbinates in significant incidence. At the doses given, neither N-nitrosodiisobutylamine nor N-nitrosodi-sec-butylamine was significantly carcinogenic. In contrast, the cyclic nitrosamine N-nitrosohexamethyleneimine was equally potent with N-nitrosodiethylamine and gave the same spectrum of tumors in liver, esophagus, and nasal turbinates. The results support the concept that oxidation at the alpha carbon atom of nitrosamines is a significant step in carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:283273", "title": "Suppression of malignancy in human lung cancer (A549/8) times mouse fibroblast (3T3-4E) somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Interspecies hybrid cells were formed by the fusion of two parent cells: 1) the human lung cancer (bronchioloalveolar) line A549/8, which is not contact inhibited, rapidly produces tumors in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, and forms colonies in agarose, and 2) the mouse fibroblast line 3T3-4E, which is contact inhibited, is nontumorgenic in nuce mice, and does not form colonies in agarose. These hybrid cells were tested 40-50 generations after fusion. The presence of 20 of the 23 different human chromosomes was tested by isoenzyme analysis, and examples of expression of each isoenzyme marker were found in at least some hybrid clones. All 14 independent hybrid clones tested were nontumorigenic in nude mice. Testing of hybrid clones for their ability to form colonies in agarose revealed two distinct phenotypes: agarose (clones forming colonies at 1-4% of the plated cells) and agarose (no colonies formed/10(5) cells tested). These phenotypes were discordant with all human isoenzymes tested. Malignant human lung cancer A549/8 times non-malignant mouse 3T3-4E cell hybrids were nontumorigenic in nude mice; thus malignancy of the bronchioloalveolar lung cancer behaved as a recessive trait. This nontumorigenicity was not accounted for by an absolute loss of the human chromosomes tested, but gene dosage may play a role. In contrast, the ability to clone in agarose was expressed in some hybrids (and thus behaved as a dominant trait); at present, agarose clonability cannot be related to specific human chromosomes.", "contents": "Suppression of malignancy in human lung cancer (A549/8) times mouse fibroblast (3T3-4E) somatic cell hybrids. Interspecies hybrid cells were formed by the fusion of two parent cells: 1) the human lung cancer (bronchioloalveolar) line A549/8, which is not contact inhibited, rapidly produces tumors in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice, and forms colonies in agarose, and 2) the mouse fibroblast line 3T3-4E, which is contact inhibited, is nontumorgenic in nuce mice, and does not form colonies in agarose. These hybrid cells were tested 40-50 generations after fusion. The presence of 20 of the 23 different human chromosomes was tested by isoenzyme analysis, and examples of expression of each isoenzyme marker were found in at least some hybrid clones. All 14 independent hybrid clones tested were nontumorigenic in nude mice. Testing of hybrid clones for their ability to form colonies in agarose revealed two distinct phenotypes: agarose (clones forming colonies at 1-4% of the plated cells) and agarose (no colonies formed/10(5) cells tested). These phenotypes were discordant with all human isoenzymes tested. Malignant human lung cancer A549/8 times non-malignant mouse 3T3-4E cell hybrids were nontumorigenic in nude mice; thus malignancy of the bronchioloalveolar lung cancer behaved as a recessive trait. This nontumorigenicity was not accounted for by an absolute loss of the human chromosomes tested, but gene dosage may play a role. In contrast, the ability to clone in agarose was expressed in some hybrids (and thus behaved as a dominant trait); at present, agarose clonability cannot be related to specific human chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:283274", "title": "Tumor development in organ transplants obtained from carcinogen-exposed rats.", "content": "F344 rats were exposed intragastrically to two different dose levels of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) resulting in a cumulative dose of either 225 or 450 mg/kg body weight. Tumor development was followed either in situ in the NHMI-exposed animals or in tracheas and esophagi from NHMI-exposed donors after these organs were grafted to isogeneic recipients. Tumor responses in situ and in organ grafts were compared. The results showed that the process of carcinogenesis is not disrupted by the transplantation procedure. The carcinogen dose-response relationship observed in situ was also seen in the transplanted organs. At the high carcinogen dose, the tumor incidence was 100% in situ and transplanted esophagi and 20% in tracheas in situ compared to 25% in tracheal transplants. At the low dose, the tumor incidence was 36% in the esophagi in situ compared to 100% in transplanted esophagi, which suggests a greater sensitivity of the transplant system to detect the carcinogenicity of NHMI. The proportion of carcinomas to papillomas was markedly higher in transplanted esophagi. The tracheal tumor response at both NHMI dose levels showed the same trend but was too low to allow any firm conclusions.", "contents": "Tumor development in organ transplants obtained from carcinogen-exposed rats. F344 rats were exposed intragastrically to two different dose levels of N-nitrosoheptamethyleneimine (NHMI) resulting in a cumulative dose of either 225 or 450 mg/kg body weight. Tumor development was followed either in situ in the NHMI-exposed animals or in tracheas and esophagi from NHMI-exposed donors after these organs were grafted to isogeneic recipients. Tumor responses in situ and in organ grafts were compared. The results showed that the process of carcinogenesis is not disrupted by the transplantation procedure. The carcinogen dose-response relationship observed in situ was also seen in the transplanted organs. At the high carcinogen dose, the tumor incidence was 100% in situ and transplanted esophagi and 20% in tracheas in situ compared to 25% in tracheal transplants. At the low dose, the tumor incidence was 36% in the esophagi in situ compared to 100% in transplanted esophagi, which suggests a greater sensitivity of the transplant system to detect the carcinogenicity of NHMI. The proportion of carcinomas to papillomas was markedly higher in transplanted esophagi. The tracheal tumor response at both NHMI dose levels showed the same trend but was too low to allow any firm conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:283275", "title": "In vivo antitumor activity of various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice.", "content": "Relationships among various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and nonspecific resistance to Lewis lung tumor were studied in syngeneic and semisyngeneic mice. Only the tuberculin type of DTH obviated a virulent inoculum of 10(6) tumor cells. The Jones-Mote type of DTH, even modified by cyclophosphamide pretreatment, produced a significant local inflammatory reaction which was unable to destroy tumor cells. The antitumor effect of the tuberculin type was observed in BCG-or in Corynbacterium parvum-immune mice and also in sheep red blood cell-immunized mice, but only after the modulating effect of BCG. The antitumor activity of the DTH reaction was anatomically restricted and time related, and it required local persistence of specific antigen. A minimal number of bacteria, 1 times 10(6) living or heat-killed BCG organisms, were equally able to eradicate 10(5) tumor cells in BCG-immune mice. Biphasic effects on tumor growth were observed when systemic specific inflammatory reactions were elicited in BCG-immune mice. However, tumor-specific immunity was never observed, inasmuch as BCG-immune mice surviving injection of a mixture of BCG and tumor cells did not resist a second tumor cell challenge.", "contents": "In vivo antitumor activity of various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Relationships among various forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and nonspecific resistance to Lewis lung tumor were studied in syngeneic and semisyngeneic mice. Only the tuberculin type of DTH obviated a virulent inoculum of 10(6) tumor cells. The Jones-Mote type of DTH, even modified by cyclophosphamide pretreatment, produced a significant local inflammatory reaction which was unable to destroy tumor cells. The antitumor effect of the tuberculin type was observed in BCG-or in Corynbacterium parvum-immune mice and also in sheep red blood cell-immunized mice, but only after the modulating effect of BCG. The antitumor activity of the DTH reaction was anatomically restricted and time related, and it required local persistence of specific antigen. A minimal number of bacteria, 1 times 10(6) living or heat-killed BCG organisms, were equally able to eradicate 10(5) tumor cells in BCG-immune mice. Biphasic effects on tumor growth were observed when systemic specific inflammatory reactions were elicited in BCG-immune mice. However, tumor-specific immunity was never observed, inasmuch as BCG-immune mice surviving injection of a mixture of BCG and tumor cells did not resist a second tumor cell challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:283276", "title": "A radioimmunometric antibody-binding assay for evaluation of xenoantisera to melanoma-associated antigens.", "content": "A radioimmunometric antibody-binding assay was developed with the use of 125I-labeled protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) for the evaluation of xenoantisera to human melanoma-associated antigens. Antisera were produced in New Zealand male albino rabbits by the injection of cultured human melanoma cells or soluble, partially purified melanoma-associated antigens isolated from these cells. Xenoantisera were rendered operationally specific for melanoma-associated antigens by absorption with human red cells and cultured lymphoblasts. The methodologic parameters and the quantitative relationships among xenoantisera, cultured melanoma target cells, and 125I-labeled SpA and their effect on the measurement of xenoantibody binding were critically evaluated. Data indicated the usefulness of the radioimmunometric assay in monitoring the efficacy of absorption and in characterizing the specificity of xenoantisera to melanoma-associated antigens. The radioimmunometric binding assay when modified and used as a binding inhibition assay was effective in the assessment of the serologic activity of soluble melanoma-associated antigens and thus may be used to monitor the progress of antigen purification.", "contents": "A radioimmunometric antibody-binding assay for evaluation of xenoantisera to melanoma-associated antigens. A radioimmunometric antibody-binding assay was developed with the use of 125I-labeled protein A of Staphylococcus aureus (SpA) for the evaluation of xenoantisera to human melanoma-associated antigens. Antisera were produced in New Zealand male albino rabbits by the injection of cultured human melanoma cells or soluble, partially purified melanoma-associated antigens isolated from these cells. Xenoantisera were rendered operationally specific for melanoma-associated antigens by absorption with human red cells and cultured lymphoblasts. The methodologic parameters and the quantitative relationships among xenoantisera, cultured melanoma target cells, and 125I-labeled SpA and their effect on the measurement of xenoantibody binding were critically evaluated. Data indicated the usefulness of the radioimmunometric assay in monitoring the efficacy of absorption and in characterizing the specificity of xenoantisera to melanoma-associated antigens. The radioimmunometric binding assay when modified and used as a binding inhibition assay was effective in the assessment of the serologic activity of soluble melanoma-associated antigens and thus may be used to monitor the progress of antigen purification."}
{"id": "PMID:283277", "title": "Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: a case-control study.", "content": "A case-control study was conducted among 1.034 white male and female hospital patients with histologically proved lung cancer (Kreyberg type l) or larynx cancer. After adjustment for duration of the smoking habit, inhalation, and butt length, relative risks of developing lung or larynx cancer were consistently lower among long-term smokers of filter cigarettes than among smokers of nonfilter cigarettes, irrespective of quantity smoked. Relative risks in all groups declined with increased years of smoking cessation. The observed risk reduction among current smokers of filter cigarettes was consistent with that expected, considering that these persons had smoked the older high-tar nonfilter cigarettes for a large proportion of their lives.", "contents": "Impact of long-term filter cigarette usage on lung and larynx cancer risk: a case-control study. A case-control study was conducted among 1.034 white male and female hospital patients with histologically proved lung cancer (Kreyberg type l) or larynx cancer. After adjustment for duration of the smoking habit, inhalation, and butt length, relative risks of developing lung or larynx cancer were consistently lower among long-term smokers of filter cigarettes than among smokers of nonfilter cigarettes, irrespective of quantity smoked. Relative risks in all groups declined with increased years of smoking cessation. The observed risk reduction among current smokers of filter cigarettes was consistent with that expected, considering that these persons had smoked the older high-tar nonfilter cigarettes for a large proportion of their lives."}
{"id": "PMID:283278", "title": "Effect of age on incidence of breast cancer in females.", "content": "Incidence and mortality data on breast cancer in females from various Occidental (Western) and Japanese populations were analyzed. After adjustment for birth cohort and year of event, the age curves from all the Western populations were very similar in shape. The age curve for Osaka incidence was very similar in shape to the Western incidence curves. The Osaka curve continued to increase after menopause; the postmenopausal decrease in rates in individual cross sections was the result of a strong cohort effect. The premenopausal mortality curve for Japan was very similar in shape to the Western curves; however, the postmenopausal Japanese mortality curve had a smaller slope at each point.", "contents": "Effect of age on incidence of breast cancer in females. Incidence and mortality data on breast cancer in females from various Occidental (Western) and Japanese populations were analyzed. After adjustment for birth cohort and year of event, the age curves from all the Western populations were very similar in shape. The age curve for Osaka incidence was very similar in shape to the Western incidence curves. The Osaka curve continued to increase after menopause; the postmenopausal decrease in rates in individual cross sections was the result of a strong cohort effect. The premenopausal mortality curve for Japan was very similar in shape to the Western curves; however, the postmenopausal Japanese mortality curve had a smaller slope at each point."}
{"id": "PMID:283280", "title": "Tritiated thymidine labeling index and response in human breast cancer.", "content": "Tumor cell uptake of tritiated thymidine, expressed as the labeling index (Ll), was determined prior to treatment of 25 patients with disseminated breast carcinoma. All patients subsequently received combination chemotherapy with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and an antimetabolite (usually 5-fluorouracil), with or without vincristine. The Ll was significantly higher in responders to chemotherapy than in nonresponders (mean, 15 vs. 7.1; P less than 0.01). Other pretreatment variables examined did not show a significant association with likelihood of response. Measurements of the tumor cell Ll in patients with accessible tumor may be of benefit in selection of treatment; 0 of 9 patients with an Ll less than 9 had a response in our series in contrast to 11 of 16 patients with an Ll greater than 9 who had a response (P = 0.001).", "contents": "Tritiated thymidine labeling index and response in human breast cancer. Tumor cell uptake of tritiated thymidine, expressed as the labeling index (Ll), was determined prior to treatment of 25 patients with disseminated breast carcinoma. All patients subsequently received combination chemotherapy with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and an antimetabolite (usually 5-fluorouracil), with or without vincristine. The Ll was significantly higher in responders to chemotherapy than in nonresponders (mean, 15 vs. 7.1; P less than 0.01). Other pretreatment variables examined did not show a significant association with likelihood of response. Measurements of the tumor cell Ll in patients with accessible tumor may be of benefit in selection of treatment; 0 of 9 patients with an Ll less than 9 had a response in our series in contrast to 11 of 16 patients with an Ll greater than 9 who had a response (P = 0.001)."}
{"id": "PMID:283281", "title": "Accretion of biopsy specimens of vaginal adenosis from patients exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol, when transplanted to athymic nude mice.", "content": "Vaginal adenosis biopsy specimens from 10 patients exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol were transplanted for 30 days into athymic (nude) mice. Almost all grafts were recovered, and they had morphologic features closely resembling those of the original biopsy specimens, i.e., cystic, complex, and simple occult glands covered mainly with an endocervical type of epithelium showing extensive squamous metaplasia. Autoradiographic analysis of these grafts after pulse administration of [3H]thymidine into the mice revealed extensive labeling of epithelial cells. These results imply that female athymic (nude) mice are compatible hosts for accretion of the human adenosis.", "contents": "Accretion of biopsy specimens of vaginal adenosis from patients exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol, when transplanted to athymic nude mice. Vaginal adenosis biopsy specimens from 10 patients exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol were transplanted for 30 days into athymic (nude) mice. Almost all grafts were recovered, and they had morphologic features closely resembling those of the original biopsy specimens, i.e., cystic, complex, and simple occult glands covered mainly with an endocervical type of epithelium showing extensive squamous metaplasia. Autoradiographic analysis of these grafts after pulse administration of [3H]thymidine into the mice revealed extensive labeling of epithelial cells. These results imply that female athymic (nude) mice are compatible hosts for accretion of the human adenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:283282", "title": "Hematopoietic stem cells in Friend murine leukemia virus-infected mice undergoing chemotherapy: remission and relapse of erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis induced by hydroxyurea.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (HU), given ip four times, each time at 500 mg/kg in 6-hour intervals, was used to treat DBA/2 mice with Friend murine leukemia virus-induced polycythemia (F-MuLV-P). In these mice a new cell type, found after virus infection, gave rise to erythropoietic colonies in vitro without addition of erythropoietin (Ep) and completely replaced Ep-dependent normal erythropoietic colonies in vitro. The colony-forming units in the spleen (CFUs), the colony-forming units in culture (CFUc), and the erythropoietic colony-forming units (CFUE) were studied. Two days after treatment, CFUs were reduced to about 20% in controls and F-MuLV-P-infected animals, and CFUc were reduced to 6-11% in controls and F-MuLV-P-infected animals. CFUE were not detectable. At day 4 after the first HU dose, when CFUs has regenerated to about normal levels, a sharp rise in Ep-dependent CFUE was seen in the marrow; this rise was not present before HU treatment. The subsequent fall at day 7 coincided with a regeneration of CFUE in the spleen, but in the spleen these CFUE were all Ep-independent. Possibly, the normal Ep-dependent CFUE during regeneration in the marrow might have derived from previously resting CFUs that were not killed by HU. The subsequent conversion to Ep independency could have been due to reinfection by F-MuLV-P persisting in the animal.", "contents": "Hematopoietic stem cells in Friend murine leukemia virus-infected mice undergoing chemotherapy: remission and relapse of erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis induced by hydroxyurea. Hydroxyurea (HU), given ip four times, each time at 500 mg/kg in 6-hour intervals, was used to treat DBA/2 mice with Friend murine leukemia virus-induced polycythemia (F-MuLV-P). In these mice a new cell type, found after virus infection, gave rise to erythropoietic colonies in vitro without addition of erythropoietin (Ep) and completely replaced Ep-dependent normal erythropoietic colonies in vitro. The colony-forming units in the spleen (CFUs), the colony-forming units in culture (CFUc), and the erythropoietic colony-forming units (CFUE) were studied. Two days after treatment, CFUs were reduced to about 20% in controls and F-MuLV-P-infected animals, and CFUc were reduced to 6-11% in controls and F-MuLV-P-infected animals. CFUE were not detectable. At day 4 after the first HU dose, when CFUs has regenerated to about normal levels, a sharp rise in Ep-dependent CFUE was seen in the marrow; this rise was not present before HU treatment. The subsequent fall at day 7 coincided with a regeneration of CFUE in the spleen, but in the spleen these CFUE were all Ep-independent. Possibly, the normal Ep-dependent CFUE during regeneration in the marrow might have derived from previously resting CFUs that were not killed by HU. The subsequent conversion to Ep independency could have been due to reinfection by F-MuLV-P persisting in the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:283283", "title": "Some prognostic and epidemiologic factors in canine osteosarcoma.", "content": "Naturally occurring skeletal osteosarcomas in a series of 144 untreated dogs were found especially to involve the ends of the long bones of the forelimbs and affected predominantly older male dogs of giant and large breeds. Most tumors were large and partially necrotic and had extended into soft tissues. Of 12 host and tumor characteristics tested in the first part of the study, tumor diameter and volume were significantly associated with the presence of pulmonary metastases at autopsy. The second part of the study revealed that extension of the tumor into the soft tissues and localization of the tumor in the hind legs were associated with a poor prognosis, whereas the fibrosarcomatous type of tumor was associated, as in man, with a favorable prognosis. An association between the 12 characteristics tested was found in 11 of 78 combinations at the 5% level and in 5 combinations at the 1% level. Affected giant dogs were generally younger than affected small and medium-sized dogs. Especially in giant dogs, the osteosarcomas involved the long bones and were of relatively large diameters. The sarcomas in female dogs were larger in volume than those in males. Pure osteoblastic osteosarcomas were generally smaller than combined (chondroblastic and fibroblastic) osteosarcomas. Peritumorous lymphocytes and plasma cells were present in 50% of the dogs, especially in small and young dogs. When compared with a reference population, great Danes, rottweilers, German shepherds, and boxers were found to be overrepresented in the osteosarcoma group.", "contents": "Some prognostic and epidemiologic factors in canine osteosarcoma. Naturally occurring skeletal osteosarcomas in a series of 144 untreated dogs were found especially to involve the ends of the long bones of the forelimbs and affected predominantly older male dogs of giant and large breeds. Most tumors were large and partially necrotic and had extended into soft tissues. Of 12 host and tumor characteristics tested in the first part of the study, tumor diameter and volume were significantly associated with the presence of pulmonary metastases at autopsy. The second part of the study revealed that extension of the tumor into the soft tissues and localization of the tumor in the hind legs were associated with a poor prognosis, whereas the fibrosarcomatous type of tumor was associated, as in man, with a favorable prognosis. An association between the 12 characteristics tested was found in 11 of 78 combinations at the 5% level and in 5 combinations at the 1% level. Affected giant dogs were generally younger than affected small and medium-sized dogs. Especially in giant dogs, the osteosarcomas involved the long bones and were of relatively large diameters. The sarcomas in female dogs were larger in volume than those in males. Pure osteoblastic osteosarcomas were generally smaller than combined (chondroblastic and fibroblastic) osteosarcomas. Peritumorous lymphocytes and plasma cells were present in 50% of the dogs, especially in small and young dogs. When compared with a reference population, great Danes, rottweilers, German shepherds, and boxers were found to be overrepresented in the osteosarcoma group."}
{"id": "PMID:283284", "title": "Karyotypic evolution associated with loss of tumorigenicity.", "content": "A reproducible association between loss of tumorigenicity and specific karyotypic changes was described in cell culture lines SLU-5 and DMS-402 established from mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-21 carried in BALB/c mice. The defect in chromosome no. 15, which has been specifically associated with mouse myelomas, was neither corrected nor eliminated in the karyotypic evolution that occurred simultaneously and progressively with the grandual loss of oncogenicity.", "contents": "Karyotypic evolution associated with loss of tumorigenicity. A reproducible association between loss of tumorigenicity and specific karyotypic changes was described in cell culture lines SLU-5 and DMS-402 established from mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-21 carried in BALB/c mice. The defect in chromosome no. 15, which has been specifically associated with mouse myelomas, was neither corrected nor eliminated in the karyotypic evolution that occurred simultaneously and progressively with the grandual loss of oncogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:283285", "title": "Antiviral effect of N-phenylacetoaminomethylene-DL-p-nitrophenylalanine (A-101) on murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "N-Phenylacetoaminomethylene-DL-p-nitrophenylalanine (A-101), when administered ip to male DDY mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, significantly inhibited virus-induced splenomegaly, reduced viable virus titers in spleen and plasma, and significantly prolonged survival time. A-101 also inhibited multiplication of the Friend and Moloney viruses in tissue culture systems.", "contents": "Antiviral effect of N-phenylacetoaminomethylene-DL-p-nitrophenylalanine (A-101) on murine leukemia viruses. N-Phenylacetoaminomethylene-DL-p-nitrophenylalanine (A-101), when administered ip to male DDY mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, significantly inhibited virus-induced splenomegaly, reduced viable virus titers in spleen and plasma, and significantly prolonged survival time. A-101 also inhibited multiplication of the Friend and Moloney viruses in tissue culture systems."}
{"id": "PMID:283286", "title": "Carcinogenesis bioassay of technical-grade piperonyl butoxide in F344 rats.", "content": "The insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide--alpha-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene--was tested for carcinogenicity in inbred F344 rats in a 2-year study employing doses of 10,000 and 5,000 ppm of the compound administered continuously in the feed. Although a statistically significant dose-related increase in the incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasia was associated with administration of the compound to females, the incidence of that class of neoplasm was higher in control males than in treated males. The finding of statistical significance in one sex is not considered by itself to constitute sufficient evidence of a biologic effect to justify an indictment of carcinogenic action. However, inasmuch as the chief use of this substance is to alter the in vivo metabolism of other chemicals, its possible role as a cocarcinogen should be carefully considered in any risk-benefit evaluation aimed at setting policies regarding its uses.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis bioassay of technical-grade piperonyl butoxide in F344 rats. The insecticide synergist piperonyl butoxide--alpha-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]-4,5-methylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene--was tested for carcinogenicity in inbred F344 rats in a 2-year study employing doses of 10,000 and 5,000 ppm of the compound administered continuously in the feed. Although a statistically significant dose-related increase in the incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasia was associated with administration of the compound to females, the incidence of that class of neoplasm was higher in control males than in treated males. The finding of statistical significance in one sex is not considered by itself to constitute sufficient evidence of a biologic effect to justify an indictment of carcinogenic action. However, inasmuch as the chief use of this substance is to alter the in vivo metabolism of other chemicals, its possible role as a cocarcinogen should be carefully considered in any risk-benefit evaluation aimed at setting policies regarding its uses."}
{"id": "PMID:283287", "title": "Correlation between concanavalin A agglutinability and cytotoxic sensitivity to antiserum against tumor-associated antigen in rat fibrosarcoma cells.", "content": "An ip transplantation of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, transplanted fibrosarcoma KMT-17 cells (1 X 10(8)) grew rapidly and killed syngeneic WKA rats in 3-4 days. Agglutinability induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and antigenic expression of KMT-17 cells were investigated in relation to days after ip transplantation. Agglutinability was highest in 1-day-old cells and lowest in 3-day-old cells. The agglutinability of 3-day-old cells increased again when these cells were transplanted into normal rats. The cytotoxic sensitivity of tumor cells to antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigen (TASA) changed simultaneously with the degree of Con A agglutinability. This phenomenon disappeared after artificial infection of tumor cells with Friend murine leukemia virus. The result of the quantitative absorption test at 4 degrees C overnight was that 1- and 3-day-old cells did not differ in their absorbing capacities to anti-TASA sera. However, when the absorption test was done at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes, 1-day-old cells had approximately 16 times more absorbing capacity than 3-day-old cells. However, the cytotoxic sensitivity to antiserum against histocompatibility antigen did not change, regardless of the number of days after ip transplantation. Analysis based on the quantitative absorption test revealed no difference in antibody-absorbing capacities between 1- and 3-day-old cells at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The relationship between Con A agglutinability and cytotoxic sensitivity to anti-TASA serum is discussed from the viewpoint of \"lateral receptor mobility\" on the cell surface.", "contents": "Correlation between concanavalin A agglutinability and cytotoxic sensitivity to antiserum against tumor-associated antigen in rat fibrosarcoma cells. An ip transplantation of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced, transplanted fibrosarcoma KMT-17 cells (1 X 10(8)) grew rapidly and killed syngeneic WKA rats in 3-4 days. Agglutinability induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and antigenic expression of KMT-17 cells were investigated in relation to days after ip transplantation. Agglutinability was highest in 1-day-old cells and lowest in 3-day-old cells. The agglutinability of 3-day-old cells increased again when these cells were transplanted into normal rats. The cytotoxic sensitivity of tumor cells to antiserum against tumor-associated surface antigen (TASA) changed simultaneously with the degree of Con A agglutinability. This phenomenon disappeared after artificial infection of tumor cells with Friend murine leukemia virus. The result of the quantitative absorption test at 4 degrees C overnight was that 1- and 3-day-old cells did not differ in their absorbing capacities to anti-TASA sera. However, when the absorption test was done at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes, 1-day-old cells had approximately 16 times more absorbing capacity than 3-day-old cells. However, the cytotoxic sensitivity to antiserum against histocompatibility antigen did not change, regardless of the number of days after ip transplantation. Analysis based on the quantitative absorption test revealed no difference in antibody-absorbing capacities between 1- and 3-day-old cells at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The relationship between Con A agglutinability and cytotoxic sensitivity to anti-TASA serum is discussed from the viewpoint of \"lateral receptor mobility\" on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:283288", "title": "Neoplasms in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii).", "content": "Pathologic studies were made on 18 Tasmanian devils that were necropsied at the San Diego Zoo. Spontaneous neoplasms and/or preneoplastic hyperplasia were the most frequently occurring diseases. Abnormal proliferative lesions were present in 9 animals; 6 of these had two or more concomitant proliferative diseases. Renal disease was observed in 7 animals.", "contents": "Neoplasms in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii). Pathologic studies were made on 18 Tasmanian devils that were necropsied at the San Diego Zoo. Spontaneous neoplasms and/or preneoplastic hyperplasia were the most frequently occurring diseases. Abnormal proliferative lesions were present in 9 animals; 6 of these had two or more concomitant proliferative diseases. Renal disease was observed in 7 animals."}
{"id": "PMID:283289", "title": "Differential response of malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells to the multiplication-stimulating activity of insulin.", "content": "Investigations were done to distinguish normal from malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells by growth differences. In a high concentration (15%) of serum, normal epithelial cells (from mice at midterm of first pregnancy) and malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells in primary culture divided at the same rate (doubling time = 24 hr) and exhibited an extremely short longevity (three doublings). Insulin did not affect growth rate or longevity. Growth rate of normal and malignant cellss was serum-dependent. At serum concentrations limiting for normal cell multiplication, malignant cells showed no proliferative advantage. Insulin complemented but did not replace limiting serum for multiplication of both normal and malignant cells. When allowed to become confluent before three doublings, normal and malignant cell exhibited a contact-mediated (or density-mediated) growth inhibition. Both normal and malignant cells were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at the same density. Near physiologic doses of insulin stimulated DNA synthesis and mitosis in malignant cells but not in normal cells. Approximately 6% of malignant cells were stimulated to divide in the presence of insulin. Maximum DNA synthesis occurred at 24 hours and maximum mitotic activity at 30 hours after addition of insulin. The data suggested that malignant mammary epithelial cells are more sensitive to insulin as an overgrowth-stimulating factor than are normal cells.", "contents": "Differential response of malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells to the multiplication-stimulating activity of insulin. Investigations were done to distinguish normal from malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells by growth differences. In a high concentration (15%) of serum, normal epithelial cells (from mice at midterm of first pregnancy) and malignant BALB/c mammary epithelial cells in primary culture divided at the same rate (doubling time = 24 hr) and exhibited an extremely short longevity (three doublings). Insulin did not affect growth rate or longevity. Growth rate of normal and malignant cellss was serum-dependent. At serum concentrations limiting for normal cell multiplication, malignant cells showed no proliferative advantage. Insulin complemented but did not replace limiting serum for multiplication of both normal and malignant cells. When allowed to become confluent before three doublings, normal and malignant cell exhibited a contact-mediated (or density-mediated) growth inhibition. Both normal and malignant cells were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at the same density. Near physiologic doses of insulin stimulated DNA synthesis and mitosis in malignant cells but not in normal cells. Approximately 6% of malignant cells were stimulated to divide in the presence of insulin. Maximum DNA synthesis occurred at 24 hours and maximum mitotic activity at 30 hours after addition of insulin. The data suggested that malignant mammary epithelial cells are more sensitive to insulin as an overgrowth-stimulating factor than are normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283290", "title": "Changes in the transplantability of a virus-induced murine leukemia tumor.", "content": "The subcutaneous growth potential of a Friend virus-induced murine leukemia cell line (FBL-3) passaged in the ascites form was found to change, depending on the interval of time spent in the peritoneal cavity. Injection sc of the original stock of FBL-3 (growth continuously in vitro) into C57BL/10 mice produced transient tumors uniformly rejected by days 20-40. The tumor cells passaged in the ascites form for 7 days behaved like the in vitro-grown cells, whereas ascites cells harvested at 14 days produced progressive lethal subcutaneous tumors in 50-70% of the recipients. The change in subcutaneous growth was reversible simply by alteration of the ascites passage schedule. Day 7 ascites cells (regressors) were converted to progressors by ip passage for 14 days, and day 14 ascites cells (progressors) were converted to regressors by ip passage for 7 days. The difference in growth potential between day 7 and day 14 ascites cells was not due to effects of nonneoplastic host cells accompanying the tumor cells in the ascites population, because neither dilution of nonneoplastic cells by in vitro culture nor selective killing of H-2a/b host cells by anti-H-2 serum and complement altered the subcutaneous growth behavior or either day 7 or day 14 ascites cells. These results indicated that the change in the growth potential of FBL-3 occurred at the level of the tumor cells. However, no quantitative differences were observed in the expression of serologically detectable tumor-associated antigens by these two populations. Possible mechanisms for this change in transplantability were considered.", "contents": "Changes in the transplantability of a virus-induced murine leukemia tumor. The subcutaneous growth potential of a Friend virus-induced murine leukemia cell line (FBL-3) passaged in the ascites form was found to change, depending on the interval of time spent in the peritoneal cavity. Injection sc of the original stock of FBL-3 (growth continuously in vitro) into C57BL/10 mice produced transient tumors uniformly rejected by days 20-40. The tumor cells passaged in the ascites form for 7 days behaved like the in vitro-grown cells, whereas ascites cells harvested at 14 days produced progressive lethal subcutaneous tumors in 50-70% of the recipients. The change in subcutaneous growth was reversible simply by alteration of the ascites passage schedule. Day 7 ascites cells (regressors) were converted to progressors by ip passage for 14 days, and day 14 ascites cells (progressors) were converted to regressors by ip passage for 7 days. The difference in growth potential between day 7 and day 14 ascites cells was not due to effects of nonneoplastic host cells accompanying the tumor cells in the ascites population, because neither dilution of nonneoplastic cells by in vitro culture nor selective killing of H-2a/b host cells by anti-H-2 serum and complement altered the subcutaneous growth behavior or either day 7 or day 14 ascites cells. These results indicated that the change in the growth potential of FBL-3 occurred at the level of the tumor cells. However, no quantitative differences were observed in the expression of serologically detectable tumor-associated antigens by these two populations. Possible mechanisms for this change in transplantability were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:283291", "title": "Behavior of cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis: autoradiography of tritiated cytidine in the C57BL mouse.", "content": "The autoradiographic patterns of the cervical epithelia of 39 virgin C57BL mice after in vivo injection of [3H]cytidine was investigated. Of the 22 animals painted with benzo[a]pyrene for 5 months, 8 developed intraepithelial atypias and 2 had invasive carcinoma. The mean number of silver grains in individual cells increased from histologically normal cervical epithelium through atypical epithelium to invasive carcinoma. It is apparent that the autoradiographic patterns in normal, atypical, and invasive carcinoma cells reflected quantitative differences in cytidine incorporation. These differences may denote increased demand for RNA precursors in the cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Behavior of cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis: autoradiography of tritiated cytidine in the C57BL mouse. The autoradiographic patterns of the cervical epithelia of 39 virgin C57BL mice after in vivo injection of [3H]cytidine was investigated. Of the 22 animals painted with benzo[a]pyrene for 5 months, 8 developed intraepithelial atypias and 2 had invasive carcinoma. The mean number of silver grains in individual cells increased from histologically normal cervical epithelium through atypical epithelium to invasive carcinoma. It is apparent that the autoradiographic patterns in normal, atypical, and invasive carcinoma cells reflected quantitative differences in cytidine incorporation. These differences may denote increased demand for RNA precursors in the cervical epithelium during carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:283292", "title": "Karyotype and tumorigenicity of 1-methylguanine-transformed Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster embryo cells transformed with the tRNA catabolite 1-methylguanine were characterized by Giemsa-banded karyotyping and by their tumorigenic potency in athymic nude mice. All seven 1-methylguanine-transformed cell lines were hyperdiploid with a modal chromosome number of 23. Three of these lines had an additional marker chromosome derived from the long (q) arm of chromosome no. 4, and they had alterations of chromosome no. 5 as well. Two of these three cell lines were tumorigenic. Nonrandom chromosome changes were observed in the other four 1-methylguanine-transformed cell lines, which included the addition of all or a portion of chromosome no. 6. One of these cell lines was also tumorigenic in nude mice, Specific cytogenetic changes were observed in most 1-methylguanine-transformed populations in contrast to the karyotypic heterogeneity of a benzo[a]pyrene-transformed cell line.", "contents": "Karyotype and tumorigenicity of 1-methylguanine-transformed Chinese hamster cells. Chinese hamster embryo cells transformed with the tRNA catabolite 1-methylguanine were characterized by Giemsa-banded karyotyping and by their tumorigenic potency in athymic nude mice. All seven 1-methylguanine-transformed cell lines were hyperdiploid with a modal chromosome number of 23. Three of these lines had an additional marker chromosome derived from the long (q) arm of chromosome no. 4, and they had alterations of chromosome no. 5 as well. Two of these three cell lines were tumorigenic. Nonrandom chromosome changes were observed in the other four 1-methylguanine-transformed cell lines, which included the addition of all or a portion of chromosome no. 6. One of these cell lines was also tumorigenic in nude mice, Specific cytogenetic changes were observed in most 1-methylguanine-transformed populations in contrast to the karyotypic heterogeneity of a benzo[a]pyrene-transformed cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:283312", "title": "Selective activation of human beta-but not gamma-globin gene in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukaemia cell hybrids.", "content": "The human alpha- and beta-globin genes have been activated in MEL X human fibroblast cell hybrids. However, even though the human gamma- and beta-globin genes are closely linked and were shown in these hybrid clones to be present in approximately equal numbers, no human gamma-globin mRNA was produced. Thus, the human beta- and gamma-globin genes in these cells are differentially regulated apparently by a positive regulatory factor(s) specific for individual globin genes.", "contents": "Selective activation of human beta-but not gamma-globin gene in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukaemia cell hybrids. The human alpha- and beta-globin genes have been activated in MEL X human fibroblast cell hybrids. However, even though the human gamma- and beta-globin genes are closely linked and were shown in these hybrid clones to be present in approximately equal numbers, no human gamma-globin mRNA was produced. Thus, the human beta- and gamma-globin genes in these cells are differentially regulated apparently by a positive regulatory factor(s) specific for individual globin genes."}
{"id": "PMID:283321", "title": "Findings in computerized axial tomography after intrathecal methotrexate and radiation.", "content": "Medulloblastoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia patients treated by intrathecal methotrexate and radiation were investigated by means of computerized axial tomography. More than 50% of them turned out to have acquired encephalopathy. Only gross morphologic brain defects, as visualized by computerized tomography, caused manifest clinical signs of brain dysfunction, such as epilepsy, mental retardation, paresis, and apallic syndrome. Mild morphologic changes were found even in asymptomatic children. The preferred site of defects in brain substance was the paraventricular white matter.", "contents": "Findings in computerized axial tomography after intrathecal methotrexate and radiation. Medulloblastoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia patients treated by intrathecal methotrexate and radiation were investigated by means of computerized axial tomography. More than 50% of them turned out to have acquired encephalopathy. Only gross morphologic brain defects, as visualized by computerized tomography, caused manifest clinical signs of brain dysfunction, such as epilepsy, mental retardation, paresis, and apallic syndrome. Mild morphologic changes were found even in asymptomatic children. The preferred site of defects in brain substance was the paraventricular white matter."}
{"id": "PMID:283326", "title": "Sex information and attitudes in young people.", "content": "A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Wellington area among 696 senior secondary school pupils. The first part of the questionnaire studied aspects of sexual knowledge and the sources of information. The general level of knowledge was good at an elementary level but less than adequate when more detailed knowledge was considered. The role of peers, parents and schools was complementary. In the second part of the questionnaire a standard attitude test was administered. A majority of young people in this survey supported a standard of permissiveness with affection and did not support a double standard giving greater rights to males. Boys were more permissive than girls.", "contents": "Sex information and attitudes in young people. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Wellington area among 696 senior secondary school pupils. The first part of the questionnaire studied aspects of sexual knowledge and the sources of information. The general level of knowledge was good at an elementary level but less than adequate when more detailed knowledge was considered. The role of peers, parents and schools was complementary. In the second part of the questionnaire a standard attitude test was administered. A majority of young people in this survey supported a standard of permissiveness with affection and did not support a double standard giving greater rights to males. Boys were more permissive than girls."}
{"id": "PMID:283327", "title": "Abortion: some observations on the contraceptive practice of women referred for psychiatric assessment in Dunedin.", "content": "Factors associated with the contraceptive practice of 31 women referred for psychiatric assessment prior to therapeutic termination of pregnancy are analysed. Poor contraceptive practice is a significant contributing factor to the increasing rate of unwanted pregnancy and abortion. More research at a psychological level into this important sociological phenomenon is needed.", "contents": "Abortion: some observations on the contraceptive practice of women referred for psychiatric assessment in Dunedin. Factors associated with the contraceptive practice of 31 women referred for psychiatric assessment prior to therapeutic termination of pregnancy are analysed. Poor contraceptive practice is a significant contributing factor to the increasing rate of unwanted pregnancy and abortion. More research at a psychological level into this important sociological phenomenon is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:283328", "title": "A comparative anthropometric study of Cook Islands and Australian preschool children.", "content": "An anthropometric study was conducted on a sample of preschool children from Mangaia, Cook Islands, and a comparison made with similar measurements made on Caucasian children aged two and four years. At two years there were no differences in height, weight, or fatness as measured by skinfold thicknesses between the populations. By four years, the Mangaian children were shorter, lighter and fatter. It is proposed that this disparity in somatic growth is a result of subtle nutritional deficits in the Mangaian children.", "contents": "A comparative anthropometric study of Cook Islands and Australian preschool children. An anthropometric study was conducted on a sample of preschool children from Mangaia, Cook Islands, and a comparison made with similar measurements made on Caucasian children aged two and four years. At two years there were no differences in height, weight, or fatness as measured by skinfold thicknesses between the populations. By four years, the Mangaian children were shorter, lighter and fatter. It is proposed that this disparity in somatic growth is a result of subtle nutritional deficits in the Mangaian children."}
{"id": "PMID:283329", "title": "Eosinophilic meningitis in Tahiti: clinical study of 54 patients.", "content": "Eosinophilic meningitis is due to infestation of the nervous system by the larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The infection is from infected prawns and slugs. In a study of 54 patients from Tahiti the leading symptoms were headaches, neck stiffness, limb pains and sometimes a facial palsy. The diagnosis is made by examination of the CSF when the leucocytes are usually over 100/mm3 and over half are eosinophilic cells. The blood eosinophil count is often raised, above 400/mm3. The disease is self-limiting and there is no known specific treatment.", "contents": "Eosinophilic meningitis in Tahiti: clinical study of 54 patients. Eosinophilic meningitis is due to infestation of the nervous system by the larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The infection is from infected prawns and slugs. In a study of 54 patients from Tahiti the leading symptoms were headaches, neck stiffness, limb pains and sometimes a facial palsy. The diagnosis is made by examination of the CSF when the leucocytes are usually over 100/mm3 and over half are eosinophilic cells. The blood eosinophil count is often raised, above 400/mm3. The disease is self-limiting and there is no known specific treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:283330", "title": "Pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to a patient at risk from malignant hyperthermia: case report.", "content": "The pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to individuals at risk from malignant hyperthermia has not yet found an accepted place in human anaesthetic practice, although the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium as a prophylactic drug has been clearly shown in animal studies. In the patient described in this report, no conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium, but attention is drawn to a brief episode of vomiting and diarrhoea some two hours after ingestion of the drug. Modification of the dosage scheme may be advisable.", "contents": "Pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to a patient at risk from malignant hyperthermia: case report. The pre-anaesthetic administration of dantrolene sodium to individuals at risk from malignant hyperthermia has not yet found an accepted place in human anaesthetic practice, although the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium as a prophylactic drug has been clearly shown in animal studies. In the patient described in this report, no conclusion is drawn about the effectiveness of dantrolene sodium, but attention is drawn to a brief episode of vomiting and diarrhoea some two hours after ingestion of the drug. Modification of the dosage scheme may be advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:283350", "title": "Odontogenic myxoma. Surgical management and an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Odontogenic myxoma is a tumor of primitive mesenchyme, probably derived from the dental apparatus. Surgical management of this benign but locally aggressive tumor is either by curettage or en bloc resection. Two cases of odontogenic myxoma of the mandible are reported. In one case, en bloc resection. Two cases of odontogenic myxoma of the mandible are reported. In one case, en block resection with immediate reconstruction was undertaken. In the second case, the neoplasm was thoroughly curetted. The first case was studied by electron microscopy. Six ultrastructural studies of seven odontogenic myxomas have been previously reported. The ultrastructural features of odontogenic epithelium that may be present in myxomas of the jaws have been examined by electron microscopy once before. Our observations are in agreement with those of other workers who suggest that the connective tissue cell is the proliferating component of the tumor and is very similar to a fibroblast but has enough ultrastructural and functional features to deserve the term myxoblast. The majority of the tumor cells are metabolically active and secretory and there is adequate evidence that the tumor matrix consists of large amounts of mucopolysaccharides. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that myxoblasts secrete the mucoid matrix that is so characteristic of odontogenic myxomas. Unlike normal or neoplastic fibroblasts, the myxoblasts are not engaged in abundant synthesis of banded collagen throughout the entire lesion.", "contents": "Odontogenic myxoma. Surgical management and an ultrastructural study. Odontogenic myxoma is a tumor of primitive mesenchyme, probably derived from the dental apparatus. Surgical management of this benign but locally aggressive tumor is either by curettage or en bloc resection. Two cases of odontogenic myxoma of the mandible are reported. In one case, en bloc resection. Two cases of odontogenic myxoma of the mandible are reported. In one case, en block resection with immediate reconstruction was undertaken. In the second case, the neoplasm was thoroughly curetted. The first case was studied by electron microscopy. Six ultrastructural studies of seven odontogenic myxomas have been previously reported. The ultrastructural features of odontogenic epithelium that may be present in myxomas of the jaws have been examined by electron microscopy once before. Our observations are in agreement with those of other workers who suggest that the connective tissue cell is the proliferating component of the tumor and is very similar to a fibroblast but has enough ultrastructural and functional features to deserve the term myxoblast. The majority of the tumor cells are metabolically active and secretory and there is adequate evidence that the tumor matrix consists of large amounts of mucopolysaccharides. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that myxoblasts secrete the mucoid matrix that is so characteristic of odontogenic myxomas. Unlike normal or neoplastic fibroblasts, the myxoblasts are not engaged in abundant synthesis of banded collagen throughout the entire lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:283351", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia. Report of two cases.", "content": "A dentist using local or general anesthetics must be cognizant of the possibility of malignant hyperthermia presenting as a catastrophic emergency. The purpose of this article is to describe the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia, to emphasize its early clinical symptoms, and to outline definitive treatment. Two cases of malignant hyperthermia in pediatric dental patients illustrate the clinical and laboratory features and the appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. Report of two cases. A dentist using local or general anesthetics must be cognizant of the possibility of malignant hyperthermia presenting as a catastrophic emergency. The purpose of this article is to describe the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia, to emphasize its early clinical symptoms, and to outline definitive treatment. Two cases of malignant hyperthermia in pediatric dental patients illustrate the clinical and laboratory features and the appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:283352", "title": "Cervical sympathetic block following intraoral local anesthesia.", "content": "The sympathetic block of the nerves supplying the head, neck, and arm (Horner's syndrome) resulted from a misdirected intraoral local anesthetic injection. The anatomy of the fascial spaces and the potential risk of infection are discussed.", "contents": "Cervical sympathetic block following intraoral local anesthesia. The sympathetic block of the nerves supplying the head, neck, and arm (Horner's syndrome) resulted from a misdirected intraoral local anesthetic injection. The anatomy of the fascial spaces and the potential risk of infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283354", "title": "Hemifacial lipodystrophy. Report of a case.", "content": "Lipodystrophy, which may be subdivided into a partial and a total form, is not a commonly reported disorder. One patient is presented in whom the lipodystrophy was not only confined to the face but even to one side. Progressive hemifacial atrophy was excluded by roentgencephalometric analysis and electromyography. It is suggested that the reported entity be considered as a separate group under the name of hemifacial lipodystrophy.", "contents": "Hemifacial lipodystrophy. Report of a case. Lipodystrophy, which may be subdivided into a partial and a total form, is not a commonly reported disorder. One patient is presented in whom the lipodystrophy was not only confined to the face but even to one side. Progressive hemifacial atrophy was excluded by roentgencephalometric analysis and electromyography. It is suggested that the reported entity be considered as a separate group under the name of hemifacial lipodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:283355", "title": "Delayed healing of mandibular fracture in idiopathic myxedema.", "content": "Lack of adequate amount of thyroid hormone may interfere with healing. A patient in whom a fracture of the mandible failed to heal in the 2 years following surgical treatment is presented. When thyroid hormone supplementation was introduced, the fracture progressed to union. The physical findings of hypothyroidism and the role of thyroid hormone in healing are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed healing of mandibular fracture in idiopathic myxedema. Lack of adequate amount of thyroid hormone may interfere with healing. A patient in whom a fracture of the mandible failed to heal in the 2 years following surgical treatment is presented. When thyroid hormone supplementation was introduced, the fracture progressed to union. The physical findings of hypothyroidism and the role of thyroid hormone in healing are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283356", "title": "Wound healing following curettement of bifurcation abscesses of human primary molars.", "content": "Forty-five abscessed human mandibular primary molars with bifurcation radiolucency were subjected to a two-stage formocresol treatment of the pulp chamber. On the first appointment, an elliptical patch of buccal mucosa was removed. Bony defects varied from 2 mm. to more than 4 mm. in diameter. Periapical radiographs were used to record changes in bone development. Punch biopsy specimens were taken from the bifurcation area of some subjects from 2 weeks up to a year after surgical curettement. Biopsied tissue was studied by electron and light microscopy to examine wound healing of the bifurcation, revealing an early proliferation of fibroblasts with extracellular collagen fibers. Some of the fibroblasts exhibited an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum, scattered free ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles which are normally observed in healthy fibroblasts. Histologic and clinical evaluation support the treatment tested for retention of previously abscessed primary molars.", "contents": "Wound healing following curettement of bifurcation abscesses of human primary molars. Forty-five abscessed human mandibular primary molars with bifurcation radiolucency were subjected to a two-stage formocresol treatment of the pulp chamber. On the first appointment, an elliptical patch of buccal mucosa was removed. Bony defects varied from 2 mm. to more than 4 mm. in diameter. Periapical radiographs were used to record changes in bone development. Punch biopsy specimens were taken from the bifurcation area of some subjects from 2 weeks up to a year after surgical curettement. Biopsied tissue was studied by electron and light microscopy to examine wound healing of the bifurcation, revealing an early proliferation of fibroblasts with extracellular collagen fibers. Some of the fibroblasts exhibited an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum, scattered free ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles which are normally observed in healthy fibroblasts. Histologic and clinical evaluation support the treatment tested for retention of previously abscessed primary molars."}
{"id": "PMID:283357", "title": "Microscopic study of standardized gutta-percha points.", "content": "Eleven brands of gutta-percha cones were analyzed with the optical microsocpy, showing deformations in the apical thirds which would not allow the correct adaptation of them in the apical section of the root canal.", "contents": "Microscopic study of standardized gutta-percha points. Eleven brands of gutta-percha cones were analyzed with the optical microsocpy, showing deformations in the apical thirds which would not allow the correct adaptation of them in the apical section of the root canal."}
{"id": "PMID:283358", "title": "The distribution of [14C] leucine and 85Sr labeled microspheres from rat incisor root canals.", "content": "The distribution of [14C] leucine and 85Sr labeled tracer microspheres from rat incisor pulp canals was investigated in an effort to establish the potential for passage of substances from within the root canal to the systemic circulation. Following introduction of the tracer materials into the pulp canals, the radioactivity in the lungs, spleen, kidney, liver, heart, blood, skeletal muscle, adrenal glands, salivary glands, and submandibular lymph nodes was determined. At all of the time intervals studied the incorporation of [14C] leucine into the adrenal gland was significantly greater than the [14C] leucine incorporation into the other organs. High levels of 85Sr labeled microspheres were detected in the ipsilateral submandibular glands and submandibular lymph nodes and in the lungs.", "contents": "The distribution of [14C] leucine and 85Sr labeled microspheres from rat incisor root canals. The distribution of [14C] leucine and 85Sr labeled tracer microspheres from rat incisor pulp canals was investigated in an effort to establish the potential for passage of substances from within the root canal to the systemic circulation. Following introduction of the tracer materials into the pulp canals, the radioactivity in the lungs, spleen, kidney, liver, heart, blood, skeletal muscle, adrenal glands, salivary glands, and submandibular lymph nodes was determined. At all of the time intervals studied the incorporation of [14C] leucine into the adrenal gland was significantly greater than the [14C] leucine incorporation into the other organs. High levels of 85Sr labeled microspheres were detected in the ipsilateral submandibular glands and submandibular lymph nodes and in the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:283359", "title": "The free focus concept in dental and maxillofacial radiography. The present status of the miniaturized dental x-ray machines.", "content": "\"Free focus\" radiography has shown promise in the examination of complex anatomy in many parts of the body, where conventional and tomographic exposures provide limited information. The approach was introduced in dentistry three decades ago and applied clinically from the time the miniaturized x-ray machines with rod anodes became available in the early 1960's. Yet it has received little attention in the international literature. Recent generations of the unique machines allow free focus surveys of the dentition in two exposures with a film quality comparable to or better than conventional periapical surveys and with a fraction of the radiation load. There is a need for evaluation of such procedures for use in dental practice. Additional applications of free focus radiography promise unusual flexibility in the use x-ray examinations in endodontics, pedodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery, which may justify further development of the miniaturized equipment for such new approaches. Specific suggestions for technical improvements are discussed.", "contents": "The free focus concept in dental and maxillofacial radiography. The present status of the miniaturized dental x-ray machines. \"Free focus\" radiography has shown promise in the examination of complex anatomy in many parts of the body, where conventional and tomographic exposures provide limited information. The approach was introduced in dentistry three decades ago and applied clinically from the time the miniaturized x-ray machines with rod anodes became available in the early 1960's. Yet it has received little attention in the international literature. Recent generations of the unique machines allow free focus surveys of the dentition in two exposures with a film quality comparable to or better than conventional periapical surveys and with a fraction of the radiation load. There is a need for evaluation of such procedures for use in dental practice. Additional applications of free focus radiography promise unusual flexibility in the use x-ray examinations in endodontics, pedodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery, which may justify further development of the miniaturized equipment for such new approaches. Specific suggestions for technical improvements are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283360", "title": "Radiology of maxillofacial gunshot injuries.", "content": "The relative advantages and disadvantages of conventional facial radiographic techniques, facial tomography, and carotid arteriography for gunshot injury cases are discussed. The conventional series of skull, facial, or cervical spine projections forms a base line upon which the more complex procedures may be added. Five cases illustrate the radiographic principles involved in the determination of gunshot fragment localization, bone fracture, soft-tissue swelling, and maxillary sinus involvement.", "contents": "Radiology of maxillofacial gunshot injuries. The relative advantages and disadvantages of conventional facial radiographic techniques, facial tomography, and carotid arteriography for gunshot injury cases are discussed. The conventional series of skull, facial, or cervical spine projections forms a base line upon which the more complex procedures may be added. Five cases illustrate the radiographic principles involved in the determination of gunshot fragment localization, bone fracture, soft-tissue swelling, and maxillary sinus involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:283372", "title": "[Intracerebral calcifications associated with intrathecal methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a child with acute lymphocytic Leukemia is reported. The roentgenograms of the skull show intracerebral \"railroad-track-like\" calcifications mimicking those seen in Sturge-Weber syndrome. These calcifications are described and their etiology is discussed. The frequency of such observations in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia with CNS-treatment is increasing.", "contents": "[Intracerebral calcifications associated with intrathecal methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia (author's transl)]. A case of a child with acute lymphocytic Leukemia is reported. The roentgenograms of the skull show intracerebral \"railroad-track-like\" calcifications mimicking those seen in Sturge-Weber syndrome. These calcifications are described and their etiology is discussed. The frequency of such observations in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia with CNS-treatment is increasing."}
{"id": "PMID:283385", "title": "Biochemical studies of olfaction: binding specificity of radioactively labeled stimuli to an isolated olfactory preparation from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "The extent of binding of 10 radioactively labeled odorant amino acids to a sedimentable fraction (fraction P2) derived from the olfactory rosettes of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri corresponded closely with their reported relative stimulatory effectiveness measured electrophysiologically. L isomers were bound to a greater extent than their respective D isomers. Binding of L-alanine was strongly and irreversibly inhibited by mercurials but was not affected by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. Binding was saturable and reversible. Scatchard analyses gave evidence of two types of binding sites for most of the amino acids studied. The Kd values of the higher-affinity binding sites were similar among the amino acids, being in the range of 10(-6) M; differences occurred in the relative numbers of sites, n. These results, coupled with those from competition experiments, lead to the postulate that a multiplicity of types of olfactory binding sites exist in the trout: site TSA, which binds L-threonine, L-serine, and L-alanine; site L, which binds L-lysine; and site AB which binds beta-alanine. Tentative assignments are: site V, which binds L-valine; site H, which binds L-histidine; and site AD, which binds D-alanine. Site AD may be a lower affinity site for L-alanine. Binding of olfactory stimulus molecules appears to be an initial discrimination step in olfaction.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of olfaction: binding specificity of radioactively labeled stimuli to an isolated olfactory preparation from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The extent of binding of 10 radioactively labeled odorant amino acids to a sedimentable fraction (fraction P2) derived from the olfactory rosettes of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri corresponded closely with their reported relative stimulatory effectiveness measured electrophysiologically. L isomers were bound to a greater extent than their respective D isomers. Binding of L-alanine was strongly and irreversibly inhibited by mercurials but was not affected by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. Binding was saturable and reversible. Scatchard analyses gave evidence of two types of binding sites for most of the amino acids studied. The Kd values of the higher-affinity binding sites were similar among the amino acids, being in the range of 10(-6) M; differences occurred in the relative numbers of sites, n. These results, coupled with those from competition experiments, lead to the postulate that a multiplicity of types of olfactory binding sites exist in the trout: site TSA, which binds L-threonine, L-serine, and L-alanine; site L, which binds L-lysine; and site AB which binds beta-alanine. Tentative assignments are: site V, which binds L-valine; site H, which binds L-histidine; and site AD, which binds D-alanine. Site AD may be a lower affinity site for L-alanine. Binding of olfactory stimulus molecules appears to be an initial discrimination step in olfaction."}
{"id": "PMID:283386", "title": "Actinomycin D-deoxynucleotide interactions: binding isotherms at the benzenoid and quinoid portions of the drug.", "content": "Titrations of actinomycin D (AMD) with dG and with dG-dC were monitored by circular dichroism at 380 nm and 470 nm. These wavelengths are sensitive predominantly to nucleotide binding processes at the benzenoid and quinoid portions, respectively, of the phenoxazone ring of the drug chromophore [Auer, H.E., Pawlowski-Konopnicki, B.E., Chiao, Y.C.C. & Krugh, T.R. (1978), Biopolymers, 17, 1891-1911.]. The temperature dependence of these isotherms was analyzed by the van't Hoff equation to obtain values for the enthalpy and entropy changes. For dG these are about -11 kcal mol-1 and -20 cal mol-1 deg-1, respectively, for complex formation at both the benzenoid and quinoid sites (1 cal = 4.184 J). The enthalpy and entropy changes for complex formation with dG-dC remain unchanged at the benzenoid site, but both values are more negative at the quinoid site. These results indicate that the additional process of binding C in the intercalated AMD-(dG-dC)2 complex, with respect to the simply stacked AMD-dG2 complex, has distinctive properties at the two sites, reflecting their structural differences. The ability to resolve binding processes at the two sites by circular dichroism has permitted us to suggest assignments for the two 31P magnetic resonance lines from the phosphodiester groups observed in the AMD-(pdG-dC)2 complex.", "contents": "Actinomycin D-deoxynucleotide interactions: binding isotherms at the benzenoid and quinoid portions of the drug. Titrations of actinomycin D (AMD) with dG and with dG-dC were monitored by circular dichroism at 380 nm and 470 nm. These wavelengths are sensitive predominantly to nucleotide binding processes at the benzenoid and quinoid portions, respectively, of the phenoxazone ring of the drug chromophore [Auer, H.E., Pawlowski-Konopnicki, B.E., Chiao, Y.C.C. & Krugh, T.R. (1978), Biopolymers, 17, 1891-1911.]. The temperature dependence of these isotherms was analyzed by the van't Hoff equation to obtain values for the enthalpy and entropy changes. For dG these are about -11 kcal mol-1 and -20 cal mol-1 deg-1, respectively, for complex formation at both the benzenoid and quinoid sites (1 cal = 4.184 J). The enthalpy and entropy changes for complex formation with dG-dC remain unchanged at the benzenoid site, but both values are more negative at the quinoid site. These results indicate that the additional process of binding C in the intercalated AMD-(dG-dC)2 complex, with respect to the simply stacked AMD-dG2 complex, has distinctive properties at the two sites, reflecting their structural differences. The ability to resolve binding processes at the two sites by circular dichroism has permitted us to suggest assignments for the two 31P magnetic resonance lines from the phosphodiester groups observed in the AMD-(pdG-dC)2 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:283387", "title": "Isolation of two interferon-induced translational inhibitors: a protein kinase and an oligo-isoadenylate synthetase.", "content": "Large-scale purification of translational inhibitors present in interferon-treated mouse L cells, but not in untreated cells, led to the isolation of two interferon-induced activities. One is a protein kinase system that is activatable by double-stranded RNA and ATP and that phosphorylates a Mr 67,000 protein and the smallest subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2. The purified protein kinase is a strong translational inhibitor. The second activity is an enzyme that, with double-stranded RNA, slowly polymerizes ATP into oligoadenylate with a 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage. The oligo-isoadenylate in turn activates a potent inhibitor of mRNA translation.", "contents": "Isolation of two interferon-induced translational inhibitors: a protein kinase and an oligo-isoadenylate synthetase. Large-scale purification of translational inhibitors present in interferon-treated mouse L cells, but not in untreated cells, led to the isolation of two interferon-induced activities. One is a protein kinase system that is activatable by double-stranded RNA and ATP and that phosphorylates a Mr 67,000 protein and the smallest subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2. The purified protein kinase is a strong translational inhibitor. The second activity is an enzyme that, with double-stranded RNA, slowly polymerizes ATP into oligoadenylate with a 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage. The oligo-isoadenylate in turn activates a potent inhibitor of mRNA translation."}
{"id": "PMID:283388", "title": "alpha-Lactalbumin mRNA in 4-day lactating rat mammary gland.", "content": "Rat alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) mRNA has been purified from the total RNA of 4-day lactating mammary gland by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography and by fractionation of the poly(A)+ RNA on sucrose gradients. alpha-LA mRNA was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in urea/agarose gel and in 1.5% agarose gel under glyoxal-denaturation conditions, which gave a molecular weight of 210,000. The chymotryptic fingerprints of the protein synthesized with this mRNA, in a translational system derived from wheat germ, were similar to those of purified rat alpha-LA. In rat milk or lactating gland, the content of Mr 42,000 casein is 6 times greater than that of Mr 29,000 casein and 10 times greater than that of alpha-LA. However, alpha-LA mRNA (Mr 210,000) and two casein mRNas (Mr 460,000 and 390,000), coding for Mr 42,000 and 29,000 caseins, were present in equal proportions when measured with cDNA probes in the total RNA of 4- to 5-day lactating gland. Moreover, alpha-LA and total casein were synthesized in a ratio fo 1:2.5 in a wheat-germ translational system using the total RNA of the lactating gland. The results suggest post-transcription controls in the synthesis of these proteins.", "contents": "alpha-Lactalbumin mRNA in 4-day lactating rat mammary gland. Rat alpha-Lactalbumin (alpha-LA) mRNA has been purified from the total RNA of 4-day lactating mammary gland by poly(U)-Sepharose chromatography and by fractionation of the poly(A)+ RNA on sucrose gradients. alpha-LA mRNA was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in urea/agarose gel and in 1.5% agarose gel under glyoxal-denaturation conditions, which gave a molecular weight of 210,000. The chymotryptic fingerprints of the protein synthesized with this mRNA, in a translational system derived from wheat germ, were similar to those of purified rat alpha-LA. In rat milk or lactating gland, the content of Mr 42,000 casein is 6 times greater than that of Mr 29,000 casein and 10 times greater than that of alpha-LA. However, alpha-LA mRNA (Mr 210,000) and two casein mRNas (Mr 460,000 and 390,000), coding for Mr 42,000 and 29,000 caseins, were present in equal proportions when measured with cDNA probes in the total RNA of 4- to 5-day lactating gland. Moreover, alpha-LA and total casein were synthesized in a ratio fo 1:2.5 in a wheat-germ translational system using the total RNA of the lactating gland. The results suggest post-transcription controls in the synthesis of these proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:283389", "title": "Circular dichroism analysis of mononucleosome DNA conformation.", "content": "Mononucleosomes were isolated from micrococcal nuclease digests of chicken erythrocyte nuclei. The circular dichroism properties of mononucleosome preparations, differing in average DNA length and in H1 and H5 content, demonstrate that the spectrum of chromatin is due only to the complete structure of its repeating subunits. The nucleoprotein spectra are all altered relative to protein-free DNA by the emergence of a single negative band at 275 nm, similar to the band observed for psi DNA. The intensity of the psi-type band depends on the proportion of DNA condensed in a specific manner. The psi-type band is proposed to be due to the compact DNA tertiary structure; i.e., the manner in which the DNA is wound around the histone core allowing interactions between adjacent turns of the superhelix. This interpretation attributes changes and variability in nucleoprotein circular dichroism spectra under different experimental conditions to alterations in DNA tertiary structure rather than secondary structure.", "contents": "Circular dichroism analysis of mononucleosome DNA conformation. Mononucleosomes were isolated from micrococcal nuclease digests of chicken erythrocyte nuclei. The circular dichroism properties of mononucleosome preparations, differing in average DNA length and in H1 and H5 content, demonstrate that the spectrum of chromatin is due only to the complete structure of its repeating subunits. The nucleoprotein spectra are all altered relative to protein-free DNA by the emergence of a single negative band at 275 nm, similar to the band observed for psi DNA. The intensity of the psi-type band depends on the proportion of DNA condensed in a specific manner. The psi-type band is proposed to be due to the compact DNA tertiary structure; i.e., the manner in which the DNA is wound around the histone core allowing interactions between adjacent turns of the superhelix. This interpretation attributes changes and variability in nucleoprotein circular dichroism spectra under different experimental conditions to alterations in DNA tertiary structure rather than secondary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:283390", "title": "Acid catalysis of the formation of the slow-folding species of RNase A: evidence that the reaction is proline isomerization.", "content": "Unfolded RNase A is known to contain an equilibrium mixture of two forms, a slow-folding form (U(1)) and a fast-folding form (U(2)). If U(1) is produced after unfolding by the slow cis-trans isomerization of proline residues about X-Pro imide bonds, then the formation of U(1) should be catalyzed by strong acids. Therefore, the rate of formation of U(1) has been measured at different HClO(4) concentrations. After rapid unfolding of the native protein in concentrated HClO(4) at 0 degrees , the slow formation of U(1) was measured by use of refolding assays. Catalysis of its formation was found at HClO(4) concentrations above 5 M. The uncatalyzed reaction follows apparent first-order kinetics but, in the acid-catalyzed range, two reactions are found. The faster reaction produces two-thirds of the slow-folding species and shows acid catalysis above 5 M HClO(4). Catalysis of the slower reaction begins at 8 M HClO(4). The faster reaction shows a 100-fold increase in rate at 10.6 M HClO(4) over the rate of the uncatalyzed reaction of 5 M. The activation enthalpy of the uncatalyzed reaction has been measured in two sets of unfolding conditions: DeltaH(double dagger) is 21.5 kcal/mol (1 kcal = 4.2 x 10(3) J) in 3.3 M HClO(4) and 21.0 kcal/mol in 5 M guanidine HCl, pH 2.5.Both acid catalysis of the formation of U(1) and its high activation enthalpy are consistent with the rate-limiting step being cis-trans isomerization either of X-Pro imide bonds or of peptide bond. The rate of the uncatalyzed reaction is in the range expected for proline isomerization and is 0.1% of that of peptide bond isomerization; thus, the simplest explanation for the formation of U(1) is proline isomerization. Earlier data, showing that the kinetic properties of the U(1) right arrow over left arrow U(2) reaction in refolding conditions differ from those of proline isomerization, can be explained if there is kinetic coupling between early steps in the folding of U(1) and its conversion to U(2).The existence of two acid-catalyzed reactions that are distinguished by the HClO(4) concentration at which catalysis begins suggests that at least two essential proline residues produce slow-folding species of RNase A by isomerization after unfolding. Because protonation of imide bonds is responsible for acid catalysis of proline isomerization, the slower reaction probably involves an imide bond with a low pK. It may be the bond connecting Lys-41 and Pro-42, because the positive charge on Lys-41 could make this bond more difficult to protonate.", "contents": "Acid catalysis of the formation of the slow-folding species of RNase A: evidence that the reaction is proline isomerization. Unfolded RNase A is known to contain an equilibrium mixture of two forms, a slow-folding form (U(1)) and a fast-folding form (U(2)). If U(1) is produced after unfolding by the slow cis-trans isomerization of proline residues about X-Pro imide bonds, then the formation of U(1) should be catalyzed by strong acids. Therefore, the rate of formation of U(1) has been measured at different HClO(4) concentrations. After rapid unfolding of the native protein in concentrated HClO(4) at 0 degrees , the slow formation of U(1) was measured by use of refolding assays. Catalysis of its formation was found at HClO(4) concentrations above 5 M. The uncatalyzed reaction follows apparent first-order kinetics but, in the acid-catalyzed range, two reactions are found. The faster reaction produces two-thirds of the slow-folding species and shows acid catalysis above 5 M HClO(4). Catalysis of the slower reaction begins at 8 M HClO(4). The faster reaction shows a 100-fold increase in rate at 10.6 M HClO(4) over the rate of the uncatalyzed reaction of 5 M. The activation enthalpy of the uncatalyzed reaction has been measured in two sets of unfolding conditions: DeltaH(double dagger) is 21.5 kcal/mol (1 kcal = 4.2 x 10(3) J) in 3.3 M HClO(4) and 21.0 kcal/mol in 5 M guanidine HCl, pH 2.5.Both acid catalysis of the formation of U(1) and its high activation enthalpy are consistent with the rate-limiting step being cis-trans isomerization either of X-Pro imide bonds or of peptide bond. The rate of the uncatalyzed reaction is in the range expected for proline isomerization and is 0.1% of that of peptide bond isomerization; thus, the simplest explanation for the formation of U(1) is proline isomerization. Earlier data, showing that the kinetic properties of the U(1) right arrow over left arrow U(2) reaction in refolding conditions differ from those of proline isomerization, can be explained if there is kinetic coupling between early steps in the folding of U(1) and its conversion to U(2).The existence of two acid-catalyzed reactions that are distinguished by the HClO(4) concentration at which catalysis begins suggests that at least two essential proline residues produce slow-folding species of RNase A by isomerization after unfolding. Because protonation of imide bonds is responsible for acid catalysis of proline isomerization, the slower reaction probably involves an imide bond with a low pK. It may be the bond connecting Lys-41 and Pro-42, because the positive charge on Lys-41 could make this bond more difficult to protonate."}
{"id": "PMID:283391", "title": "Symmetry mismatch and DNA packaging in large bacteriophages.", "content": "A model is presented for the mechanism of packaging double-stranded DNA into phage heads. The model is based on, and rationalizes, the mismatch in symmetry between the heads and tails of large bacteriophages. DNA movement is postulated to be mediated by a rotating protein structure at the tail-proximal vertex of the head.", "contents": "Symmetry mismatch and DNA packaging in large bacteriophages. A model is presented for the mechanism of packaging double-stranded DNA into phage heads. The model is based on, and rationalizes, the mismatch in symmetry between the heads and tails of large bacteriophages. DNA movement is postulated to be mediated by a rotating protein structure at the tail-proximal vertex of the head."}
{"id": "PMID:283392", "title": "Phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange reaction catalyzed by human prostatic acid phosphatase.", "content": "Conclusive evidence is presented that an acid phosphatase catalyzes phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange. Studies conducted with human prostatic acid phosphatase by two independent methods have established that, despite earlier reports to the contrary, the enzyme catalyzes an exchange reaction between oxygen atoms of phosphate ion and of water. Kinetic data were obtained both by chemical conversion to trimethyl phosphate followed by mass spectroscopy and by a totally independent method involving 31P isotope shift nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis showed that the enzyme catalyzes the exchange in a random, noncoupled process. If any coupled exchange occurs, it must represent less than 10% of the total. By mass spectral analysis, catalytic rate constants kcat = 0.14 sec-1 (4 degrees) and 1.8 sec-1 (37.5 degrees) were obtained. By 31P nuclear magnetic resonance kcat = 1.6 sec-1 (31 degrees) was obtained. The energy of activation for the exchange reaction is approximately 13kcal mol-1. The kcat value for exchange is about 10-fold greater than that observed with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange reaction catalyzed by human prostatic acid phosphatase. Conclusive evidence is presented that an acid phosphatase catalyzes phosphate (oxygen)-water exchange. Studies conducted with human prostatic acid phosphatase by two independent methods have established that, despite earlier reports to the contrary, the enzyme catalyzes an exchange reaction between oxygen atoms of phosphate ion and of water. Kinetic data were obtained both by chemical conversion to trimethyl phosphate followed by mass spectroscopy and by a totally independent method involving 31P isotope shift nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis showed that the enzyme catalyzes the exchange in a random, noncoupled process. If any coupled exchange occurs, it must represent less than 10% of the total. By mass spectral analysis, catalytic rate constants kcat = 0.14 sec-1 (4 degrees) and 1.8 sec-1 (37.5 degrees) were obtained. By 31P nuclear magnetic resonance kcat = 1.6 sec-1 (31 degrees) was obtained. The energy of activation for the exchange reaction is approximately 13kcal mol-1. The kcat value for exchange is about 10-fold greater than that observed with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:283393", "title": "An alternative membrane transport pathway for phosphate and adenine nucleotides in mitochondria and its possible function.", "content": "This paper describes the properties and a possible biological role of a transport process across the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria resulting in the exchange of ATP(4-) (out) for ADP(3-) (in) + 0.5 phosphate(2-) (in). This transmembrane exchange reaction, designated as the ATP-ADP-phosphate exchange, is specific for the ligands shown, electroneutral, insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide or mersalyl, inhibited by atractyloside, and appears to occur only in the direction as written. It is thus distinct from the well-known phosphate-hydroxide and phosphate-dicarboxylate exchange systems, which are inhibited by mersalyl, and from the ATP-ADP exchanger, which does not transport phosphate. During ATP hydrolysis by mitochondria, half of the phosphate formed from ATP passes from the matrix to the medium by the mersalyl-insensitive ATP-ADP-phosphate exchange and the other half by the well-known mersalyl-sensitive phosphate-hydroxide exchange. These and other considerations have led to a hypothesis for the pathway and stoichiometry of ATP-dependent reverse electron transport, characterized by a requirement of 1.33 molecules of ATP per pair of electrons reversed and by the utilization of a different membrane transport pathway for phosphate and adenine nucleotides than is taken in forward electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation. The possible occurrence of independent pathways for ATP-forming forward electron flow and ATP-consuming reverse electron flow is consonant with the fact that the opposing degradative and synthetic pathways in the central routes of cell metabolism generally have different pathways that are independently regulated.", "contents": "An alternative membrane transport pathway for phosphate and adenine nucleotides in mitochondria and its possible function. This paper describes the properties and a possible biological role of a transport process across the inner membrane of rat liver mitochondria resulting in the exchange of ATP(4-) (out) for ADP(3-) (in) + 0.5 phosphate(2-) (in). This transmembrane exchange reaction, designated as the ATP-ADP-phosphate exchange, is specific for the ligands shown, electroneutral, insensitive to N-ethylmaleimide or mersalyl, inhibited by atractyloside, and appears to occur only in the direction as written. It is thus distinct from the well-known phosphate-hydroxide and phosphate-dicarboxylate exchange systems, which are inhibited by mersalyl, and from the ATP-ADP exchanger, which does not transport phosphate. During ATP hydrolysis by mitochondria, half of the phosphate formed from ATP passes from the matrix to the medium by the mersalyl-insensitive ATP-ADP-phosphate exchange and the other half by the well-known mersalyl-sensitive phosphate-hydroxide exchange. These and other considerations have led to a hypothesis for the pathway and stoichiometry of ATP-dependent reverse electron transport, characterized by a requirement of 1.33 molecules of ATP per pair of electrons reversed and by the utilization of a different membrane transport pathway for phosphate and adenine nucleotides than is taken in forward electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation. The possible occurrence of independent pathways for ATP-forming forward electron flow and ATP-consuming reverse electron flow is consonant with the fact that the opposing degradative and synthetic pathways in the central routes of cell metabolism generally have different pathways that are independently regulated."}
{"id": "PMID:283394", "title": "Glucose-induced conformational change in yeast hexokinase.", "content": "The A isozyme of yeast hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) crystallized as a complex with glucose has a conformation that is dramatically different from the conformation of the B isozyme crystallized in the absence of glucose. Comparison of the high-resolution structures shows that one lobe of the molecule is rotated by 12 degrees relative to the other lobe, resulting in movements of as much as 8 A in the polypeptide backbone and closing the cleft between the lobes into which glucose is bound. The conformational change is produced by the binding of glucose (R.C. McDonald, T.A. Steitz, and D.M. Engelman, unpublished data) and is essential for catalysis [Anderson, C.M., Stenkamp, R.E., McDonald, R.C. & Steitz, T.A. (1978) J. Mol. Biol. 123, 207-219] and thus provides an example of induced fit. The surface area of the hexokinase A-glucose complex exposed to solvent is smaller than that of native hexokinase B. By using the change in exposed surface area to estimate the hydrophobic contribution to the free energy changes upon glucose binding, we find that the hydrophobic effect alone favors the active conformation of hexokinase in the presence and absence of sugar. The observed stability of the inactive conformation of the enzyme in the absence of substrates may result from a deficiency of complementary interactions within the cavity that forms when the two lobes close together.", "contents": "Glucose-induced conformational change in yeast hexokinase. The A isozyme of yeast hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) crystallized as a complex with glucose has a conformation that is dramatically different from the conformation of the B isozyme crystallized in the absence of glucose. Comparison of the high-resolution structures shows that one lobe of the molecule is rotated by 12 degrees relative to the other lobe, resulting in movements of as much as 8 A in the polypeptide backbone and closing the cleft between the lobes into which glucose is bound. The conformational change is produced by the binding of glucose (R.C. McDonald, T.A. Steitz, and D.M. Engelman, unpublished data) and is essential for catalysis [Anderson, C.M., Stenkamp, R.E., McDonald, R.C. & Steitz, T.A. (1978) J. Mol. Biol. 123, 207-219] and thus provides an example of induced fit. The surface area of the hexokinase A-glucose complex exposed to solvent is smaller than that of native hexokinase B. By using the change in exposed surface area to estimate the hydrophobic contribution to the free energy changes upon glucose binding, we find that the hydrophobic effect alone favors the active conformation of hexokinase in the presence and absence of sugar. The observed stability of the inactive conformation of the enzyme in the absence of substrates may result from a deficiency of complementary interactions within the cavity that forms when the two lobes close together."}
{"id": "PMID:283395", "title": "Ovalbumin gene: evidence for a leader sequence in mRNA and DNA sequences at the exon-intron boundaries.", "content": "Selected regions of cloned EcoRI fragments of the chicken ovalbumin gene have been sequenced. The positions where the sequences coding for ovalbumin mRNA (ov-mRNA) are interrupted in the genome have been determined, and a previously unreported interruption in the DNA sequences coding for the 5' nontranslated region of the messenger has been discovered. Because directly repeated sequences are found at exon-intron boundaries, the nucleotide sequence alone cannot define unique excision-ligation points for the processing of a possible ov-mRNA precursor. However, the sequences in these boundary regions share common features; this leads to the proposal that there are, in fact, unique excision-ligation points common to all boundaries.", "contents": "Ovalbumin gene: evidence for a leader sequence in mRNA and DNA sequences at the exon-intron boundaries. Selected regions of cloned EcoRI fragments of the chicken ovalbumin gene have been sequenced. The positions where the sequences coding for ovalbumin mRNA (ov-mRNA) are interrupted in the genome have been determined, and a previously unreported interruption in the DNA sequences coding for the 5' nontranslated region of the messenger has been discovered. Because directly repeated sequences are found at exon-intron boundaries, the nucleotide sequence alone cannot define unique excision-ligation points for the processing of a possible ov-mRNA precursor. However, the sequences in these boundary regions share common features; this leads to the proposal that there are, in fact, unique excision-ligation points common to all boundaries."}
{"id": "PMID:283396", "title": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: characteristics of a ribosomal factor that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates.", "content": "A ribosomal salt (0.5 M KCl) wash factor (RF) that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates has been resolved from the bulk of Met-tRNAfMet-binding factor (EIF-1), Co-EIF-1, and EIF-2 (ternary complex dissociation factor, TDF). The purified RF restores protein synthesis activity of heme-deficient lysates to the level observed in the presence of hemin. No direct correlation exists between amount of EIF-1 activity and ability to reverse inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates. Homogeneous preparations of EIF-1 are completely inactive in reversal of protein synthesis inhibition in heme-deficient lysates. These findings suggest that RF activity is not due to EIF-1 alone but may or may not require EIF-1 as a component of a complex factor.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: characteristics of a ribosomal factor that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates. A ribosomal salt (0.5 M KCl) wash factor (RF) that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates has been resolved from the bulk of Met-tRNAfMet-binding factor (EIF-1), Co-EIF-1, and EIF-2 (ternary complex dissociation factor, TDF). The purified RF restores protein synthesis activity of heme-deficient lysates to the level observed in the presence of hemin. No direct correlation exists between amount of EIF-1 activity and ability to reverse inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates. Homogeneous preparations of EIF-1 are completely inactive in reversal of protein synthesis inhibition in heme-deficient lysates. These findings suggest that RF activity is not due to EIF-1 alone but may or may not require EIF-1 as a component of a complex factor."}
{"id": "PMID:283397", "title": "Visualization of an inverted terminal repetition in vaccinia virus DNA.", "content": "An inverted terminal repetition was observed in DNA molecules extracted from vaccinia virus. The repeated sequence was visualized by (i) nicking the hairpin loops present of the ends of vaccinia virus DNA, (ii) separating the strands of DNA by alkali denaturation, (iii) allowing the single strands to self-anneal, and (iv) examining the DNA with an electron microscope. Single-stranded circular molecules, each of which contained a duplex projection (3.54 +/- 0.12 micron) representing the terminal repetition, readily formed. Similar size projections were also seen in heteroduplex structures formed by crosshybridization of the separated strands of the two terminal HindIII restriction fragments. Based on contour length measurements and the electrophoretic mobility of the isolated inverted terminal repetition, a molecular weight of approximately 6.9 X 10(6), equivalent to about 10,500 nucleotide base pairs, was estimated. Evidence was obtained from DNA-RNA hybridization studies that the terminal repetition is transcribed.", "contents": "Visualization of an inverted terminal repetition in vaccinia virus DNA. An inverted terminal repetition was observed in DNA molecules extracted from vaccinia virus. The repeated sequence was visualized by (i) nicking the hairpin loops present of the ends of vaccinia virus DNA, (ii) separating the strands of DNA by alkali denaturation, (iii) allowing the single strands to self-anneal, and (iv) examining the DNA with an electron microscope. Single-stranded circular molecules, each of which contained a duplex projection (3.54 +/- 0.12 micron) representing the terminal repetition, readily formed. Similar size projections were also seen in heteroduplex structures formed by crosshybridization of the separated strands of the two terminal HindIII restriction fragments. Based on contour length measurements and the electrophoretic mobility of the isolated inverted terminal repetition, a molecular weight of approximately 6.9 X 10(6), equivalent to about 10,500 nucleotide base pairs, was estimated. Evidence was obtained from DNA-RNA hybridization studies that the terminal repetition is transcribed."}
{"id": "PMID:283398", "title": "Purification and characterization of branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney.", "content": "A branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase-dihydrolipoyl transacylase complex was purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine kidney mitochondria. As usually isolated, the complex (s(20,w) = 40 S) contained little, if any, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. When saturated with the latter enzyme the complex had a specific activity of about 12 mumol of alpha-ketoisovalerate oxidized per min per mg of protein at 30 degrees with NAD(+) as electron acceptor. In addition to alpha-ketoisovalerate, the complex also oxidized alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, alpha-ketobutyrate, and pyruvate. The ratios of the specific activities were 2.0:1.5:1.0:1.0:0.4, and the apparent K(m) values were 40, 50, 37, 56, and 1000 muM. The complex was separated into its component enzymes. The branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (6 S) consists of two different subunits with estimated molecular weights of 46,000 and 35,000. The dihydrolipoyl transacylase (20 S) contains apparently identical subunits of molecular weight about 52,000. In the electron microscope, the transacylase has the appearance of a cube, and the molecules of branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase appear to be distributed on the surface of the cube. In contrast to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney, the branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex apparently is not regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Its activity, however, is subject to modulation by end-product inhibition.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney. A branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase-dihydrolipoyl transacylase complex was purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine kidney mitochondria. As usually isolated, the complex (s(20,w) = 40 S) contained little, if any, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. When saturated with the latter enzyme the complex had a specific activity of about 12 mumol of alpha-ketoisovalerate oxidized per min per mg of protein at 30 degrees with NAD(+) as electron acceptor. In addition to alpha-ketoisovalerate, the complex also oxidized alpha-ketoisocaproate, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, alpha-ketobutyrate, and pyruvate. The ratios of the specific activities were 2.0:1.5:1.0:1.0:0.4, and the apparent K(m) values were 40, 50, 37, 56, and 1000 muM. The complex was separated into its component enzymes. The branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (6 S) consists of two different subunits with estimated molecular weights of 46,000 and 35,000. The dihydrolipoyl transacylase (20 S) contains apparently identical subunits of molecular weight about 52,000. In the electron microscope, the transacylase has the appearance of a cube, and the molecules of branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase appear to be distributed on the surface of the cube. In contrast to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of bovine kidney, the branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex apparently is not regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation. Its activity, however, is subject to modulation by end-product inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:283399", "title": "Globin mRNAs are primers for the transcription of influenza viral RNA in vitro.", "content": "Because influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro is greatly enhanced by the addition of a primer dinucleotide, ApG or GpG, we have proposed that viral RNA transcription in vivo requires initiation by primer RNAs synthesized by the host cell, specifically by RNA polymerase II, thereby explaining the alpha-amanitin sensitivity of viral RNA transcription in vivo. Here, we identify such primer RNAs, initially in reticulocyte extracts, where they are shown to be globin mRNAs. Purified globin mRNAs very effectively stimulated viral RNA transcription in vitro, and the resulting transcripts directed the synthesis of all the nonglycosylated virus-specific proteins in micrococcal nuclease-treated L cell extracts. The viral RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro primed by ApG also directed the synthesis of the nonglycosylated virus-specific proteins, but the globin mRNA-primed transcripts were translated about 3 times more efficiently. The translation of the globin mRNA-primed, but not the ApG-primed, viral RNA transcripts was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate in the presence of S-adenosylhomocysteine, suggesting that the globin mRNA-primed transcripts contained a 5'-terminal methylated cap structure. We propose that this cap was transferred from the globin mRNA primer to the newly synthesized viral RNA transcripts, because no detectable de novo synthesis of a methylated cap occurred during globin mRNA-primed viral RNA transcription. Preliminary experiments indicate that other purified eukaryotic mRNAs also stimulate influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro.", "contents": "Globin mRNAs are primers for the transcription of influenza viral RNA in vitro. Because influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro is greatly enhanced by the addition of a primer dinucleotide, ApG or GpG, we have proposed that viral RNA transcription in vivo requires initiation by primer RNAs synthesized by the host cell, specifically by RNA polymerase II, thereby explaining the alpha-amanitin sensitivity of viral RNA transcription in vivo. Here, we identify such primer RNAs, initially in reticulocyte extracts, where they are shown to be globin mRNAs. Purified globin mRNAs very effectively stimulated viral RNA transcription in vitro, and the resulting transcripts directed the synthesis of all the nonglycosylated virus-specific proteins in micrococcal nuclease-treated L cell extracts. The viral RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro primed by ApG also directed the synthesis of the nonglycosylated virus-specific proteins, but the globin mRNA-primed transcripts were translated about 3 times more efficiently. The translation of the globin mRNA-primed, but not the ApG-primed, viral RNA transcripts was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate in the presence of S-adenosylhomocysteine, suggesting that the globin mRNA-primed transcripts contained a 5'-terminal methylated cap structure. We propose that this cap was transferred from the globin mRNA primer to the newly synthesized viral RNA transcripts, because no detectable de novo synthesis of a methylated cap occurred during globin mRNA-primed viral RNA transcription. Preliminary experiments indicate that other purified eukaryotic mRNAs also stimulate influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:283400", "title": "Estrogen receptor has enhanced affinity for bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA.", "content": "The estrogen receptor (E2R) from rabbit uterus has an enhanced affinity for BrdUrd-substituted DNA compared to unsubstituted DNA. Increasing levels of BrdUrd substitution (from 0 to 100%) in a DNA sample are associated with increasingly tighter binding of E2R to that DNA as measured by equilibrium competition experiments and by rates of dissociation (or receptor transfer experiments). Although the rates of dissociation of E2R-DNA complexes vary greatly, depending on the BrdUrd-substitution level in the DNA, no differences were detected between the rates of association of E2R with unsubstituted and fully BrdUrd-substituted DNA. The E2R-DNA complex dissociates more rapidly in 150 mM KCl than in 50 mM KCl; but, at both ionic strengths, BrdUrd substitution in the DNA confers enhanced stability on the complex. The demonstration that a specific mammalian regulatory protein has an enhanced affinity for BrdUrd-substituted DNA further strengthens the possibility that BrdUrd modulates gene expression through an altered binding of regulatory proteins.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor has enhanced affinity for bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA. The estrogen receptor (E2R) from rabbit uterus has an enhanced affinity for BrdUrd-substituted DNA compared to unsubstituted DNA. Increasing levels of BrdUrd substitution (from 0 to 100%) in a DNA sample are associated with increasingly tighter binding of E2R to that DNA as measured by equilibrium competition experiments and by rates of dissociation (or receptor transfer experiments). Although the rates of dissociation of E2R-DNA complexes vary greatly, depending on the BrdUrd-substitution level in the DNA, no differences were detected between the rates of association of E2R with unsubstituted and fully BrdUrd-substituted DNA. The E2R-DNA complex dissociates more rapidly in 150 mM KCl than in 50 mM KCl; but, at both ionic strengths, BrdUrd substitution in the DNA confers enhanced stability on the complex. The demonstration that a specific mammalian regulatory protein has an enhanced affinity for BrdUrd-substituted DNA further strengthens the possibility that BrdUrd modulates gene expression through an altered binding of regulatory proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:283401", "title": "Effect of anesthetics and pressure on the thermotropic behavior of multilamellar dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes.", "content": "The effects of gaseous anesthetics and pressure on the thermotropic behavior of multilamellar dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes were studied by using a high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter. It was found that halothane and enflurane decreased the transition temperature and increased the width of the transition without affecting the enthalpy change for the main gel-to-liquid crystalline transition. This demonstrated that the anesthetics decreased the degree of cooperative interaction between phospholipid molecules within the bilayer. Increasing the pressure increased the transition temperature but did not affect the transition width or enthalpy change. However, the increase in pressure reversed the effect of anesthetic on both the transition temperature and transition width. It is suggested that an understanding of the effect of anesthetics on the degree of cooperative interaction between phospholipids may be a key to understanding anesthetic action.", "contents": "Effect of anesthetics and pressure on the thermotropic behavior of multilamellar dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. The effects of gaseous anesthetics and pressure on the thermotropic behavior of multilamellar dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes were studied by using a high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter. It was found that halothane and enflurane decreased the transition temperature and increased the width of the transition without affecting the enthalpy change for the main gel-to-liquid crystalline transition. This demonstrated that the anesthetics decreased the degree of cooperative interaction between phospholipid molecules within the bilayer. Increasing the pressure increased the transition temperature but did not affect the transition width or enthalpy change. However, the increase in pressure reversed the effect of anesthetic on both the transition temperature and transition width. It is suggested that an understanding of the effect of anesthetics on the degree of cooperative interaction between phospholipids may be a key to understanding anesthetic action."}
{"id": "PMID:283402", "title": "Asymmetric displacement currents in giant axons and macromolecular gating processes.", "content": "An electrical-chemical gating model is proposed that describes basic observations on asymmetric displacement currents and transient Na+ conductivity changes in squid giant axons. A previously developed single-parameter analysis of primary voltage clamp data yields normal mode relaxation times that agree well with the time constants of asymmetric capacitative currents, suggesting these currents as gating currents associated with charge displacement in a subunit of a complex gating system. The physical-chemical approach correlates the opening of Na+ channels with charge-charge interactions amongst displaceable membrane charges or dipoles and conformational changes in gating macromolecules. The model covers the close correspondence between the voltage dependence of the peak value of the Na+ conductance change and that of the square of the total displaced charge for small depolarizing voltage steps. The quadratic charge relationship also describes the two-mode relaxation of asymmetric displacement currents; the transiently inhibited return transition of two-thirds of the displaced charge after a prolonged depolarization is interpreted to reflect a dissipative chemical gating process.", "contents": "Asymmetric displacement currents in giant axons and macromolecular gating processes. An electrical-chemical gating model is proposed that describes basic observations on asymmetric displacement currents and transient Na+ conductivity changes in squid giant axons. A previously developed single-parameter analysis of primary voltage clamp data yields normal mode relaxation times that agree well with the time constants of asymmetric capacitative currents, suggesting these currents as gating currents associated with charge displacement in a subunit of a complex gating system. The physical-chemical approach correlates the opening of Na+ channels with charge-charge interactions amongst displaceable membrane charges or dipoles and conformational changes in gating macromolecules. The model covers the close correspondence between the voltage dependence of the peak value of the Na+ conductance change and that of the square of the total displaced charge for small depolarizing voltage steps. The quadratic charge relationship also describes the two-mode relaxation of asymmetric displacement currents; the transiently inhibited return transition of two-thirds of the displaced charge after a prolonged depolarization is interpreted to reflect a dissipative chemical gating process."}
{"id": "PMID:283403", "title": "Detection of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance signals in brain by in vivo and freeze-trapped assays.", "content": "The (31)P NMR spectrum of energy-related metabolites under strictly aerobic conditions in rapidly respiring tissues under physiological conditions has been approached by the study of the (31)P NMR signals in vivo and in freeze-trapped organs. Freezing the head of the anesthetized animal by liquid N(2), excision of the brain tissue (white and gray matter) at -196 degrees , and transfer to the NMR tube occurs without alteration of the metabolite concentrations. The sample is warmed to the region -15 degrees to -10 degrees , at which temperatures there is sufficient mobility for recording (31)P NMR at concentrations characteristic of brain tissues ( approximately 5 mM) with an adequate signal to noise ratio in 10 min but insufficient mobility for significant enzymatic activity. A approximately 0.4-sec acquisition time is adequate for nuclear relaxation and a 10-min scan gives an adequate signal to noise ratio. Metabolism of creatine phosphate, P(i), and sugar phosphates occurs by 1 hr at -10 degrees and 2 hr at -12 degrees . Extrapolation of the approximately zero order kinetics of disappearance of creatine phosphate and appearance of P(i) suggests that <10% of these two metabolites has been altered in the time of the first measurement.A comparison of the freeze-trapped state and the in vivo metabolite pattern is afforded in preliminary experiments on the head of the living mouse (brain and skeletal tissue) in aerobic and anaerobic states. Longer relaxation times and mild hypoxia due to the restricted diameter of the NMR tube gives significantly lower creatine phosphate/ATP values for this condition. Both direct in vivo and freeze-trapped assays of energy-related metabolites afford excellent approaches to the detection of anoxia and to the evaluation of metabolic control in hypoxic conditions.", "contents": "Detection of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance signals in brain by in vivo and freeze-trapped assays. The (31)P NMR spectrum of energy-related metabolites under strictly aerobic conditions in rapidly respiring tissues under physiological conditions has been approached by the study of the (31)P NMR signals in vivo and in freeze-trapped organs. Freezing the head of the anesthetized animal by liquid N(2), excision of the brain tissue (white and gray matter) at -196 degrees , and transfer to the NMR tube occurs without alteration of the metabolite concentrations. The sample is warmed to the region -15 degrees to -10 degrees , at which temperatures there is sufficient mobility for recording (31)P NMR at concentrations characteristic of brain tissues ( approximately 5 mM) with an adequate signal to noise ratio in 10 min but insufficient mobility for significant enzymatic activity. A approximately 0.4-sec acquisition time is adequate for nuclear relaxation and a 10-min scan gives an adequate signal to noise ratio. Metabolism of creatine phosphate, P(i), and sugar phosphates occurs by 1 hr at -10 degrees and 2 hr at -12 degrees . Extrapolation of the approximately zero order kinetics of disappearance of creatine phosphate and appearance of P(i) suggests that <10% of these two metabolites has been altered in the time of the first measurement.A comparison of the freeze-trapped state and the in vivo metabolite pattern is afforded in preliminary experiments on the head of the living mouse (brain and skeletal tissue) in aerobic and anaerobic states. Longer relaxation times and mild hypoxia due to the restricted diameter of the NMR tube gives significantly lower creatine phosphate/ATP values for this condition. Both direct in vivo and freeze-trapped assays of energy-related metabolites afford excellent approaches to the detection of anoxia and to the evaluation of metabolic control in hypoxic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:283404", "title": "Mechanism of phage Mu-1 integration: nalidixic acid treatment causes clustering of Mu-1-induced mutations near replication origin.", "content": "Frequencies of Mu-1-induced mutants of Escherichia coli have been compared under two different experimental conditions: cells in exponential growth and the same cells treated with nalidixic acid. The average of values obtained from the nalidixic acid-treated culture is 3 times higher than that obtained from the control. Individual ratios of the frequency of mutants in the two cultures yield decreasing values from 6 to 1, starting from the point of origin of DNA replication to the termini of DNA replication. These results are compatible with the idea that Mu-1 integrates at the replication fork.", "contents": "Mechanism of phage Mu-1 integration: nalidixic acid treatment causes clustering of Mu-1-induced mutations near replication origin. Frequencies of Mu-1-induced mutants of Escherichia coli have been compared under two different experimental conditions: cells in exponential growth and the same cells treated with nalidixic acid. The average of values obtained from the nalidixic acid-treated culture is 3 times higher than that obtained from the control. Individual ratios of the frequency of mutants in the two cultures yield decreasing values from 6 to 1, starting from the point of origin of DNA replication to the termini of DNA replication. These results are compatible with the idea that Mu-1 integrates at the replication fork."}
{"id": "PMID:283405", "title": "Stimulation of in vitro activation and the acrosome reaction of hamster spermatozoa by catecholamines.", "content": "Capacitation and the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa are essential for fertilization. In vitro results are presented that demonstrate that catecholamines stimulate activation (a whiplash flagellar movement characteristic of capacitated hamster spermatozoa) and the acrosome reaction. Protein-free ultrafiltrates of bovine adrenal cortex and medulla preparations stimulated motility, activation, and acrosome reactions of hamster spermatozoa in the presence of bovine serum albumin. The medulla preparation was more effective than the cortex preparation in the stimulation of activation and acrosome reactions. Epinephrine (0.5-50 muM) and norepinephrine (50.0 muM) in the presence of bovine serum albumin and a partially purified protein-free cortex preparation also stimulated activation and the acrosome reactions. Both activation and acrosome reactions in the presence of epinephrine were inhibited by the adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and propranolol, suggesting the involvement of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the stimulation of capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In addition, phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, was as potent as epinephrine in the stimulation of acrosome reactions, but activation was reduced. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, was as potent as epinephrine in the stimulation of activation, but acrosome reactions were reduced. High percentages of both activation and acrosome reactions were observed only in the presence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or phenylephrine and isoproterenol together.", "contents": "Stimulation of in vitro activation and the acrosome reaction of hamster spermatozoa by catecholamines. Capacitation and the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa are essential for fertilization. In vitro results are presented that demonstrate that catecholamines stimulate activation (a whiplash flagellar movement characteristic of capacitated hamster spermatozoa) and the acrosome reaction. Protein-free ultrafiltrates of bovine adrenal cortex and medulla preparations stimulated motility, activation, and acrosome reactions of hamster spermatozoa in the presence of bovine serum albumin. The medulla preparation was more effective than the cortex preparation in the stimulation of activation and acrosome reactions. Epinephrine (0.5-50 muM) and norepinephrine (50.0 muM) in the presence of bovine serum albumin and a partially purified protein-free cortex preparation also stimulated activation and the acrosome reactions. Both activation and acrosome reactions in the presence of epinephrine were inhibited by the adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and propranolol, suggesting the involvement of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors in the stimulation of capacitation and the acrosome reaction. In addition, phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, was as potent as epinephrine in the stimulation of acrosome reactions, but activation was reduced. Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, was as potent as epinephrine in the stimulation of activation, but acrosome reactions were reduced. High percentages of both activation and acrosome reactions were observed only in the presence of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or phenylephrine and isoproterenol together."}
{"id": "PMID:283406", "title": "Mid-G1 marker protein(s) in 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells.", "content": "Quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells in a state of growth arrest due to serum deprivation were exposed to [14C]isoleucine. The cell cultures were then stimulated by the addition of 10% fetal calf serum. At various times after stimulation, the 14C-labeled cells were exposed to [3H]isoleucine. Cytoplasmic extracts from the double-labeled cells were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate/slab gel electrophoresis. By these procedures it was found that the relative rate of synthesis of a protein species of Mr 50,000 increased after stimulation of quiescent cells, reached a maximum at 5 hr, and then decreased before the 3T3 cells began to enter the S phase. The characteristic peaking profile of mid-G1 protein synthesis exhibited by the Mr 50,000 polypeptide can serve as a useful marker for the progression of events in G1 prior to exit into S.", "contents": "Mid-G1 marker protein(s) in 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells in a state of growth arrest due to serum deprivation were exposed to [14C]isoleucine. The cell cultures were then stimulated by the addition of 10% fetal calf serum. At various times after stimulation, the 14C-labeled cells were exposed to [3H]isoleucine. Cytoplasmic extracts from the double-labeled cells were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate/slab gel electrophoresis. By these procedures it was found that the relative rate of synthesis of a protein species of Mr 50,000 increased after stimulation of quiescent cells, reached a maximum at 5 hr, and then decreased before the 3T3 cells began to enter the S phase. The characteristic peaking profile of mid-G1 protein synthesis exhibited by the Mr 50,000 polypeptide can serve as a useful marker for the progression of events in G1 prior to exit into S."}
{"id": "PMID:283407", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of the intercellular bridge from cultured mouse cells.", "content": "At the completion of mitosis, the two daughter cells are connected by a channel of membrane-bound cytoplasm, the intercellular bridge. This structure contains parallel arrays of spindle microtubules which are associated, at the bridge midline, with a metallophilic band called the midbody. In an effort to characterize midbody components, intercellular bridges were partially purified. The purification consisted of brief sonication of telophase populations of mouse L929 cells in order to shear intercellular bridges from daughter cells, digestion of chromatin by an excess of micrococcal nuclease, and differential centrifugation to enrich for intercellular bridges. Electron microscopy of these preparations substantiated the identity of the bulk of material as intercellular bridges. After solubilization with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the protein components of these preparations were iodinated with Na(125)I and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. From these analyses, the major polypeptide components of intercellular bridges appear to be tubulin, varying amounts of plasma membrane proteins, and a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Time-course studies reveal that this polypeptide is first detectable in a pelletable form approximately 30 min after cells are released from metaphase block, reaches maximal spot intensity in late telophase, and is no longer detectable in G1 populations. We interpret these data to suggest that the 42,000-dalton polypeptide is a component of the midbody.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of the intercellular bridge from cultured mouse cells. At the completion of mitosis, the two daughter cells are connected by a channel of membrane-bound cytoplasm, the intercellular bridge. This structure contains parallel arrays of spindle microtubules which are associated, at the bridge midline, with a metallophilic band called the midbody. In an effort to characterize midbody components, intercellular bridges were partially purified. The purification consisted of brief sonication of telophase populations of mouse L929 cells in order to shear intercellular bridges from daughter cells, digestion of chromatin by an excess of micrococcal nuclease, and differential centrifugation to enrich for intercellular bridges. Electron microscopy of these preparations substantiated the identity of the bulk of material as intercellular bridges. After solubilization with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the protein components of these preparations were iodinated with Na(125)I and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. From these analyses, the major polypeptide components of intercellular bridges appear to be tubulin, varying amounts of plasma membrane proteins, and a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000. Time-course studies reveal that this polypeptide is first detectable in a pelletable form approximately 30 min after cells are released from metaphase block, reaches maximal spot intensity in late telophase, and is no longer detectable in G1 populations. We interpret these data to suggest that the 42,000-dalton polypeptide is a component of the midbody."}
{"id": "PMID:283408", "title": "Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells: mutagenesis is independent of the amount of bromouracil in DNA.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine how a line of mutant Syrian hamster melanoma cells (HAB-2E) that displays unlimited growth potential when all of the thymine residues in nuclear DNA are replaced by bromouracil (BrUra) could avoid the deleterious effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) mutagenicity. It was found that BrdUrd could be mutagenic to these cells. However, there was a nonlinear relationship between mutagenicity and the amount of BrUra in the DNA of the HAB-2E cells. With these cells, mutagenicity apparently is determined by the concentration of BrdUrd to which the cells are exposed rather than the amount of BrUra in DNA. These results were obtained with both the induction of ouabain resistance and thioguanine resistance as markers for mutagenesis. The dependence of BrdUrd mutagenicity on BrdUrd concentration was also observed for the parental melanoma cells.", "contents": "Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells: mutagenesis is independent of the amount of bromouracil in DNA. Studies were undertaken to determine how a line of mutant Syrian hamster melanoma cells (HAB-2E) that displays unlimited growth potential when all of the thymine residues in nuclear DNA are replaced by bromouracil (BrUra) could avoid the deleterious effects of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) mutagenicity. It was found that BrdUrd could be mutagenic to these cells. However, there was a nonlinear relationship between mutagenicity and the amount of BrUra in the DNA of the HAB-2E cells. With these cells, mutagenicity apparently is determined by the concentration of BrdUrd to which the cells are exposed rather than the amount of BrUra in DNA. These results were obtained with both the induction of ouabain resistance and thioguanine resistance as markers for mutagenesis. The dependence of BrdUrd mutagenicity on BrdUrd concentration was also observed for the parental melanoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283409", "title": "Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "We have investigated the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. This activity is not induced at the nonpermissive temperature, although the synthesis of the majority of proteins is normal. From a combination of studies with inhibitors of mRNA synthesis and maturation (alpha-amanitin, and cordycepin) and of proteins synthesis (cycloheximide, diphtheria toxin, and emetine), we conclude that the temperature-sensitive block is at the level of translation of one or more specific mRNAs.", "contents": "Induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant of Chinese hamster cells. We have investigated the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activity in a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. This activity is not induced at the nonpermissive temperature, although the synthesis of the majority of proteins is normal. From a combination of studies with inhibitors of mRNA synthesis and maturation (alpha-amanitin, and cordycepin) and of proteins synthesis (cycloheximide, diphtheria toxin, and emetine), we conclude that the temperature-sensitive block is at the level of translation of one or more specific mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:283410", "title": "Differences in alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tubulin resolved by electron microscopy with image reconstruction.", "content": "Electron microscopic techniques have been used to reveal two classes of subunits of tubulin in ordered arrays. Presumably the two classes correspond to the alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tubulin that have been distinguished by chemical criteria. The two types of subunits alternate along individual protofilaments in microtubules, microtubule-precursor sheets, and extended zinc-tubulin sheets. The resolution of the two types of polypeptide chains is achieved by improved negative staining methods which produce micrographs with layer lines at 28 A(-1) and 84 A(-1) in optical or computed transforms, in addition to the layer lines at 21 A(-1) and 42 A(-1) described previously [Crepeau, R. H., McEwen, B., Dykes, G. & Edelstein, S. J. (1977) J Mol. Biol. 116, 301-315]. In microtubules or microtubule-precursor sheets, adjacent protofilaments are staggered by about 10 A, but parallel, in the sense that the alpha-beta vector points in the same direction for all of the protofilaments of the microtubule. However, for the sheets assembled in the presence of zinc, adjacent protofilaments are staggered by about 21 A and oriented in an antiparallel arrangement with alternate protofilaments related by a 2-fold screw axis. The antiparallel alignment of the protofilaments in the zinc-tubulin sheets accounts for their planarity (no tubular structures are found in the presence of moderate concentrations of zinc), since the intrinsic curvature found with parallel alignment of protofilaments in the absence of zinc would be cancelled by the antiparallel arrangement.", "contents": "Differences in alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tubulin resolved by electron microscopy with image reconstruction. Electron microscopic techniques have been used to reveal two classes of subunits of tubulin in ordered arrays. Presumably the two classes correspond to the alpha and beta polypeptide chains of tubulin that have been distinguished by chemical criteria. The two types of subunits alternate along individual protofilaments in microtubules, microtubule-precursor sheets, and extended zinc-tubulin sheets. The resolution of the two types of polypeptide chains is achieved by improved negative staining methods which produce micrographs with layer lines at 28 A(-1) and 84 A(-1) in optical or computed transforms, in addition to the layer lines at 21 A(-1) and 42 A(-1) described previously [Crepeau, R. H., McEwen, B., Dykes, G. & Edelstein, S. J. (1977) J Mol. Biol. 116, 301-315]. In microtubules or microtubule-precursor sheets, adjacent protofilaments are staggered by about 10 A, but parallel, in the sense that the alpha-beta vector points in the same direction for all of the protofilaments of the microtubule. However, for the sheets assembled in the presence of zinc, adjacent protofilaments are staggered by about 21 A and oriented in an antiparallel arrangement with alternate protofilaments related by a 2-fold screw axis. The antiparallel alignment of the protofilaments in the zinc-tubulin sheets accounts for their planarity (no tubular structures are found in the presence of moderate concentrations of zinc), since the intrinsic curvature found with parallel alignment of protofilaments in the absence of zinc would be cancelled by the antiparallel arrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:283411", "title": "Does 3'-terminal poly(A) stabilize human fibroblast interferon mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis?", "content": "Polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) purified from Escherichia coli was used enzymatically to deadenylate polyadenylated human fibroblast interferon mRNA preparations obtained from human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4 strain) induced by poly(I)-poly(C) (20 microgram/ml) in the presence of cycloheximide (50 microgram/ml, 4 hr). Both the polyadenylated and the deadenylated interferon mRNA preparations were translated into biologically active human interferon when injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis. In the oocytes the functional stability of deadenylated interferon mRNA was indistinguishable from that of polyadenylated interferon mRNA.", "contents": "Does 3'-terminal poly(A) stabilize human fibroblast interferon mRNA in oocytes of Xenopus laevis? Polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) purified from Escherichia coli was used enzymatically to deadenylate polyadenylated human fibroblast interferon mRNA preparations obtained from human diploid fibroblasts (FS-4 strain) induced by poly(I)-poly(C) (20 microgram/ml) in the presence of cycloheximide (50 microgram/ml, 4 hr). Both the polyadenylated and the deadenylated interferon mRNA preparations were translated into biologically active human interferon when injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis. In the oocytes the functional stability of deadenylated interferon mRNA was indistinguishable from that of polyadenylated interferon mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:283412", "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum and autophagy in rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Electron microscopy of hepatocytes in both normal rat liver and rat liver treated to induce hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum shows that autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies (types of lysosomes) are continuous with endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Endoplasmic reticulum and autophagy in rat hepatocytes. Electron microscopy of hepatocytes in both normal rat liver and rat liver treated to induce hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum shows that autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies (types of lysosomes) are continuous with endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:283413", "title": "Inducers of DNA synthesis present during mitosis of mammalian cells lacking G1 and G2 phases.", "content": "The cell cycle analysis of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79-8 line by the premature chromosome condensation method has confirmed the absence of measurable G1 and G2 periods. Sendai virus-mediated fusion of mitotic V79-8 cells with G1 phase HeLa cells resulted in the induction of both DNA synthesis and premature chromosome condensation in the latter, indicating the presence of the inducers of DNA synthesis above the critical level not only throughout S phase, as it is in HeLa, but also during mitosis of V79-8 cells. No initiation of DNA synthesis was observed when G1 phase HeLa cells were fused with mitotic CHO cells. These results indicate that the presence or absence of a G1 period in the cell cycle depends on the levels of the inducers of DNA synthesis present in the cell during mitosis.", "contents": "Inducers of DNA synthesis present during mitosis of mammalian cells lacking G1 and G2 phases. The cell cycle analysis of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79-8 line by the premature chromosome condensation method has confirmed the absence of measurable G1 and G2 periods. Sendai virus-mediated fusion of mitotic V79-8 cells with G1 phase HeLa cells resulted in the induction of both DNA synthesis and premature chromosome condensation in the latter, indicating the presence of the inducers of DNA synthesis above the critical level not only throughout S phase, as it is in HeLa, but also during mitosis of V79-8 cells. No initiation of DNA synthesis was observed when G1 phase HeLa cells were fused with mitotic CHO cells. These results indicate that the presence or absence of a G1 period in the cell cycle depends on the levels of the inducers of DNA synthesis present in the cell during mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:283414", "title": "Sodium-dependent amino acid transport by cultured hamster cells: membrane vesicles retain transport changes due to glucose starvation and cycloheximide.", "content": "Enhanced alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport by hamster cells cultured in the absence of D-glucose has been demonstrated in isolated membrane vesicles. The observed enhancement was seen in the presence but not in the absence of Na+. Kinetic analysis of transport using both the intact cells and the membrane vesicles showed that the overall enhancement was associated with an increase in Vmax. Decreases in transport activity by intact cells resulting from extended exposure of the cells to inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as cycloheximide, were also evident in membrane vesicles. The use of metabolically inactive membrane vesicles demonstrated that amino acid uptake by intact cells is a transport property of the plasma membrane. In addition, this study shows that membrane vesicle preparations can be exploited for the purpose of studying the regulation of amino acid transport. Taken together, the data suggest that carrier turnover is involved in the regulation of amino acid transport in animal cells.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent amino acid transport by cultured hamster cells: membrane vesicles retain transport changes due to glucose starvation and cycloheximide. Enhanced alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport by hamster cells cultured in the absence of D-glucose has been demonstrated in isolated membrane vesicles. The observed enhancement was seen in the presence but not in the absence of Na+. Kinetic analysis of transport using both the intact cells and the membrane vesicles showed that the overall enhancement was associated with an increase in Vmax. Decreases in transport activity by intact cells resulting from extended exposure of the cells to inhibitors of protein synthesis, such as cycloheximide, were also evident in membrane vesicles. The use of metabolically inactive membrane vesicles demonstrated that amino acid uptake by intact cells is a transport property of the plasma membrane. In addition, this study shows that membrane vesicle preparations can be exploited for the purpose of studying the regulation of amino acid transport. Taken together, the data suggest that carrier turnover is involved in the regulation of amino acid transport in animal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283415", "title": "Human milk stimulates DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Human milk contains a mitogenic factor that stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in mouse and human fibroblasts in vitro. Milk at a concentration of 1% (vol/vol) is as active in stimulating DNA synthesis as is 5% (vol/vol) human serum and 10% (vol/vol) calf serum. The mitogenic activity of human milk is destroyed by incubation with trypsin and chymotrypsin. However, neither urea, guanidine hydrochloride-dithiothreitol, nor exposure to pH 1 will inactivate the milk-derived growth factor. Gel filtration and isoelectric focusing indicate that the mitogenic activity of human milk has a molecular weight between 14,000 and 18,000 and an isoelectric point between 4.4 and 4.7.", "contents": "Human milk stimulates DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation in cultured fibroblasts. Human milk contains a mitogenic factor that stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in mouse and human fibroblasts in vitro. Milk at a concentration of 1% (vol/vol) is as active in stimulating DNA synthesis as is 5% (vol/vol) human serum and 10% (vol/vol) calf serum. The mitogenic activity of human milk is destroyed by incubation with trypsin and chymotrypsin. However, neither urea, guanidine hydrochloride-dithiothreitol, nor exposure to pH 1 will inactivate the milk-derived growth factor. Gel filtration and isoelectric focusing indicate that the mitogenic activity of human milk has a molecular weight between 14,000 and 18,000 and an isoelectric point between 4.4 and 4.7."}
{"id": "PMID:283416", "title": "Asymmetric budding of viruses in epithelial monlayers: a model system for study of epithelial polarity.", "content": "Infection of two different lines of polarized epithelial cells grown as monolayers with several types of enveloped viruses results, for each virus type, in a characteristic asymmetric budding of virions. Influenza virus (WSN strain), simian virus 5, and Sendai virus bud exclusively from the free (apical) surface of the cells, while vesicular stomatitis virus acquires its envelope only from the basolateral plasma membrane. Because different viruses select specific domains of plasma membrane in the same cell type, virus-infected epithelial monolayers can provide an excellent model system for studies of the mechanisms that generate regional differences in the distribution of plasma membrane components of epithelial cells.", "contents": "Asymmetric budding of viruses in epithelial monlayers: a model system for study of epithelial polarity. Infection of two different lines of polarized epithelial cells grown as monolayers with several types of enveloped viruses results, for each virus type, in a characteristic asymmetric budding of virions. Influenza virus (WSN strain), simian virus 5, and Sendai virus bud exclusively from the free (apical) surface of the cells, while vesicular stomatitis virus acquires its envelope only from the basolateral plasma membrane. Because different viruses select specific domains of plasma membrane in the same cell type, virus-infected epithelial monolayers can provide an excellent model system for studies of the mechanisms that generate regional differences in the distribution of plasma membrane components of epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283417", "title": "Isolation of malaria merozoites: release of Plasmodium chabaudi merozoites from schizonts bound to immobilized concanavalin A.", "content": "The ability of concanavalin A to bind erythrocytes but not malarial parasites was used for the development of a method of merozoite isolation: cells from infected blood were allowed to bind to a column of concanavalin A linked to Sepharose beads and merozoites naturally released by maturation of the schizonts bound to the gel were collected. The principle of this method allows its application to several Plasmodium species. The kinetics of merozoite production and the quality of the preparations (purity, infectivity, and ultrastructural morphology) were investigated by using Plasmodium chabaudi.", "contents": "Isolation of malaria merozoites: release of Plasmodium chabaudi merozoites from schizonts bound to immobilized concanavalin A. The ability of concanavalin A to bind erythrocytes but not malarial parasites was used for the development of a method of merozoite isolation: cells from infected blood were allowed to bind to a column of concanavalin A linked to Sepharose beads and merozoites naturally released by maturation of the schizonts bound to the gel were collected. The principle of this method allows its application to several Plasmodium species. The kinetics of merozoite production and the quality of the preparations (purity, infectivity, and ultrastructural morphology) were investigated by using Plasmodium chabaudi."}
{"id": "PMID:283418", "title": "Extent of genetic variation at a highly polymorphic esterase locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "The esterase-5 locus of Drosophila pseudoobscura has been screened for variation by using a wide variety of electrophoretic conditions and by testing heat sensitivity. Among 50 isogenic lines from 17 populations, 21 genetic variants were found at the locus, 18 by electrophoresis and 3 by heat denaturation. Including alleles previously known, there are a total of 30 alleles at this locus in natural populations. This represents a doubling of the previous estimates of polymorphism at this locus. The study confirms that, in contrast to monomorphic loci, loci judged polymorphic under one detection procedure show large increases in polymorphism when examined extensively.", "contents": "Extent of genetic variation at a highly polymorphic esterase locus in Drosophila pseudoobscura. The esterase-5 locus of Drosophila pseudoobscura has been screened for variation by using a wide variety of electrophoretic conditions and by testing heat sensitivity. Among 50 isogenic lines from 17 populations, 21 genetic variants were found at the locus, 18 by electrophoresis and 3 by heat denaturation. Including alleles previously known, there are a total of 30 alleles at this locus in natural populations. This represents a doubling of the previous estimates of polymorphism at this locus. The study confirms that, in contrast to monomorphic loci, loci judged polymorphic under one detection procedure show large increases in polymorphism when examined extensively."}
{"id": "PMID:283419", "title": "Teratocarcinoma cells as vehicles for introducing specific mutant mitochondrial genes into mice.", "content": "The immediate purpose of the experiment was to establish a means of introducing specific mitochondrially encoded mutant genes into mice. Mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells were used as vehicles for the cytoplasmic markers because of their known capacity for normal somatic and germinal differentiation after injection into blastocysts. The mutation of choice, chloramphenicol resistance (CAP(R)), was first produced in a melanoma cell line by mutagenesis and selection. The CAP(R) trait was then transferred from a resistant melanoma cell to a sensitive (CAP(S)) teratocarcinoma cell by fusing to the latter only the cytoplasmic portion of the CAP(R) donor. This indirect route demonstrated the cytoplasmic provenance of the mutation. Protein synthesis in mitochondria isolated from the cybrid, or cytoplasmic hybrid, cells was barely affected by chloramphenicol, in contrast to the inhibitory influence of the drug on mitochondria of the parent teratocarcinoma line. Cells of the cybrid clone resembled teratocarcinoma cells and retained their ability to form diverse tissues in solid tumors produced from subcutaneous grafts. Cells from the tumors were retransplanted and were tested periodically by culture in chloramphenicol; they were found to be stably CAP(R) even after 16 weeks in vivo in the absence of the selective agent. The CAP(R) cybrids were microinjected into blastocysts of another inbred strain and, after transfer to foster mothers, mosaic mice were obtained. They comprised both cybrid- and blastocyst-derived cells in various tissues, as indicated by strain-specific nuclear markers. These results demonstrate successful normal differentiation of the CAP(R) lineage in vivo. Teratocarcinoma cybrids thus offer a practical portal of entry of preselected mitochondrial genes into mice. This will ultimately permit in vivo investigation of maternally transmitted traits, of mitochondrial genetic influences in specialized cells, and of possible roles of cytoplasmic genes in clinical and disease states.", "contents": "Teratocarcinoma cells as vehicles for introducing specific mutant mitochondrial genes into mice. The immediate purpose of the experiment was to establish a means of introducing specific mitochondrially encoded mutant genes into mice. Mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells were used as vehicles for the cytoplasmic markers because of their known capacity for normal somatic and germinal differentiation after injection into blastocysts. The mutation of choice, chloramphenicol resistance (CAP(R)), was first produced in a melanoma cell line by mutagenesis and selection. The CAP(R) trait was then transferred from a resistant melanoma cell to a sensitive (CAP(S)) teratocarcinoma cell by fusing to the latter only the cytoplasmic portion of the CAP(R) donor. This indirect route demonstrated the cytoplasmic provenance of the mutation. Protein synthesis in mitochondria isolated from the cybrid, or cytoplasmic hybrid, cells was barely affected by chloramphenicol, in contrast to the inhibitory influence of the drug on mitochondria of the parent teratocarcinoma line. Cells of the cybrid clone resembled teratocarcinoma cells and retained their ability to form diverse tissues in solid tumors produced from subcutaneous grafts. Cells from the tumors were retransplanted and were tested periodically by culture in chloramphenicol; they were found to be stably CAP(R) even after 16 weeks in vivo in the absence of the selective agent. The CAP(R) cybrids were microinjected into blastocysts of another inbred strain and, after transfer to foster mothers, mosaic mice were obtained. They comprised both cybrid- and blastocyst-derived cells in various tissues, as indicated by strain-specific nuclear markers. These results demonstrate successful normal differentiation of the CAP(R) lineage in vivo. Teratocarcinoma cybrids thus offer a practical portal of entry of preselected mitochondrial genes into mice. This will ultimately permit in vivo investigation of maternally transmitted traits, of mitochondrial genetic influences in specialized cells, and of possible roles of cytoplasmic genes in clinical and disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:283420", "title": "Serological analysis of cell surface antigens of malignant human brain tumors.", "content": "Sera from 30 patients with astrocytoma were tested for antibody reacting with cell surface antigens of cultured autologous astrocytoma cells. Ten percent of the patients had antibody detectable by mixed hemadsorption assays, approximately 50% by immune adherence and protein A assays, and 100% by anti-C3-mixed hemadsorption assays. Absorption analysis of reactive sera with autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cells permitted the definition of three classes of astrocytoma cell surface antigens. Class I antigens showed an absolute restriction to autologous astrocytoma cells. Class II antigens were shared by all astrocytomas tested and could be detected also on neuroblastoma, sarcoma, and some (but not all) melanoma cell lines; these antigens were not found on cell lines derived from carcinomas or normal tissues. Class III antigens were widely distributed on cultured normal and malignant cells of human and animal origin. In this series, sera from 2 patients recognized class I antigens, 4 patients' serum recognized class II antigens, and 13 patients' sera recognized class III antigens. Absorption tests have shown that the AJ (class II) antigen of astrocytoma is serologically related to the previously described AH (class II) antigen of melanoma; in tests of nine melanoma cell lines, there was a correspondence between the AJ and AH phenotypes. This method of autologous typing provides a way to classify the cell surface antigens of astrocytomas and to assess the clinical significance of humoral immunity to these antigens.", "contents": "Serological analysis of cell surface antigens of malignant human brain tumors. Sera from 30 patients with astrocytoma were tested for antibody reacting with cell surface antigens of cultured autologous astrocytoma cells. Ten percent of the patients had antibody detectable by mixed hemadsorption assays, approximately 50% by immune adherence and protein A assays, and 100% by anti-C3-mixed hemadsorption assays. Absorption analysis of reactive sera with autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cells permitted the definition of three classes of astrocytoma cell surface antigens. Class I antigens showed an absolute restriction to autologous astrocytoma cells. Class II antigens were shared by all astrocytomas tested and could be detected also on neuroblastoma, sarcoma, and some (but not all) melanoma cell lines; these antigens were not found on cell lines derived from carcinomas or normal tissues. Class III antigens were widely distributed on cultured normal and malignant cells of human and animal origin. In this series, sera from 2 patients recognized class I antigens, 4 patients' serum recognized class II antigens, and 13 patients' sera recognized class III antigens. Absorption tests have shown that the AJ (class II) antigen of astrocytoma is serologically related to the previously described AH (class II) antigen of melanoma; in tests of nine melanoma cell lines, there was a correspondence between the AJ and AH phenotypes. This method of autologous typing provides a way to classify the cell surface antigens of astrocytomas and to assess the clinical significance of humoral immunity to these antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:283421", "title": "Systemic bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) activates natural suppressor cells.", "content": "Addition of normal C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow cells to an in vitro culture of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells and allogeneic P815-Y tumor cells inhibited the development of cell-mediated immunity. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) enhanced the suppressive activity of these bone marrow cells as early as 2 days after its intravenous administration to donor mice and elicited similar activity in the spleen by 7 days. Concomitant with the appearance of suppressor cells in the spleen there was a decrease in bone cell number and an increase in spleen cell number. While normal spleen cells failed to inhibit immunization, spleen cells from thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice were inhibitory. Administration of BCG further increased the suppressive activity of spleen cells in these T cell-deprived mice. From this evidence it appears that systemic administration of BCG activates natural suppressor cells in the bone marrow and elicits suppressor cells in the spleen through the migration and colonization of the spleen by bone marrow elements.", "contents": "Systemic bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) activates natural suppressor cells. Addition of normal C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow cells to an in vitro culture of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells and allogeneic P815-Y tumor cells inhibited the development of cell-mediated immunity. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) enhanced the suppressive activity of these bone marrow cells as early as 2 days after its intravenous administration to donor mice and elicited similar activity in the spleen by 7 days. Concomitant with the appearance of suppressor cells in the spleen there was a decrease in bone cell number and an increase in spleen cell number. While normal spleen cells failed to inhibit immunization, spleen cells from thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice were inhibitory. Administration of BCG further increased the suppressive activity of spleen cells in these T cell-deprived mice. From this evidence it appears that systemic administration of BCG activates natural suppressor cells in the bone marrow and elicits suppressor cells in the spleen through the migration and colonization of the spleen by bone marrow elements."}
{"id": "PMID:283422", "title": "Appearance of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid upon analgesic electrical stimulation.", "content": "beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was measured with a specific radioimmunoassay. The subjects were undergoing a surgical procedure for relief of chronic intractable pain. This procedure involved the focal stimulation of a medial thalamic site adjacent to the wall of the third ventricle. Samples were collected before and during the analgesic stimulation. No beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity could be detected prior to stimulation, suggesting that baseline levels are below 25 fmol/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation led to substantial increases (13- to 20-fold) in immunoreactive material in every subject. These results suggest that beta-endorphin-like material can be released into the ventricular system and may contribute to the pain blockade that results from periventricular stimulation.", "contents": "Appearance of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid upon analgesic electrical stimulation. beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was measured with a specific radioimmunoassay. The subjects were undergoing a surgical procedure for relief of chronic intractable pain. This procedure involved the focal stimulation of a medial thalamic site adjacent to the wall of the third ventricle. Samples were collected before and during the analgesic stimulation. No beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity could be detected prior to stimulation, suggesting that baseline levels are below 25 fmol/ml of cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical stimulation led to substantial increases (13- to 20-fold) in immunoreactive material in every subject. These results suggest that beta-endorphin-like material can be released into the ventricular system and may contribute to the pain blockade that results from periventricular stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:283423", "title": "Influence of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and the route of glucose administration on splanchnic glucose exchange.", "content": "The effects of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and the route of glucose administration on total glucose utilization and on net splanchnic glucose exchange were studied in 20 normal volunteers with the hepatic venous catheter technique. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia [induced by a priming plus continuous infusion of insulin resulting in plasma insulin levels of 400-1200 muunits (international)/ml and a variable glucose infusion] caused a 5- to 6-fold increase above basal in total glucose turnover. However, net splanchnic glucose uptake (0.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg per min) accounted for only 4-5% of total glucose utilization. When hyperglycemia (223 +/- 1 mg/dl) was induced in addition to hyperinsulinemia by the intravenous infusion of glucose, splanchnic glucose uptake increased 100% to 1.0-1.1 mg/kg per min but was still responsible for only 10-14% of total glucose utilization. In other studies hyperglycemia (223 +/- 2 mg/dl) was maintained constant by a variable intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 hr and oral glucose (1.2 gm/kg) was administered at 1 hr. After the oral glucose, net splanchnic glucose uptake increased to values 6-fold higher than with intravenous glucose despite unchanged plasma glucose levels and plasma insulin concentrations well below those observed in the studies with euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. The results indicate that hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia induced by intravenous infusion of glucose or insulin causes minimal net uptake of glucose by the splanchnic bed despite marked stimulation of total glucose turnover. In contrast, administration of glucose by the oral route has a marked stimulatory effect on net splanchnic glucose uptake. These findings suggest that orally consumed glucose causes the release of a gastrointestinal factor that enhances insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the liver.", "contents": "Influence of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and the route of glucose administration on splanchnic glucose exchange. The effects of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and the route of glucose administration on total glucose utilization and on net splanchnic glucose exchange were studied in 20 normal volunteers with the hepatic venous catheter technique. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia [induced by a priming plus continuous infusion of insulin resulting in plasma insulin levels of 400-1200 muunits (international)/ml and a variable glucose infusion] caused a 5- to 6-fold increase above basal in total glucose turnover. However, net splanchnic glucose uptake (0.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg per min) accounted for only 4-5% of total glucose utilization. When hyperglycemia (223 +/- 1 mg/dl) was induced in addition to hyperinsulinemia by the intravenous infusion of glucose, splanchnic glucose uptake increased 100% to 1.0-1.1 mg/kg per min but was still responsible for only 10-14% of total glucose utilization. In other studies hyperglycemia (223 +/- 2 mg/dl) was maintained constant by a variable intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 hr and oral glucose (1.2 gm/kg) was administered at 1 hr. After the oral glucose, net splanchnic glucose uptake increased to values 6-fold higher than with intravenous glucose despite unchanged plasma glucose levels and plasma insulin concentrations well below those observed in the studies with euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. The results indicate that hyperinsulinemia or hyperglycemia induced by intravenous infusion of glucose or insulin causes minimal net uptake of glucose by the splanchnic bed despite marked stimulation of total glucose turnover. In contrast, administration of glucose by the oral route has a marked stimulatory effect on net splanchnic glucose uptake. These findings suggest that orally consumed glucose causes the release of a gastrointestinal factor that enhances insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:283424", "title": "Rescue by coenzyme Q10 from electrocardiographic abnormalities caused by the toxicity of adriamycin in the rat.", "content": "The administration of adriamycin to rates increased (P less than 0.01) the interval, measured in msec, of the electrocardiographic QRS traces in rats, and the magnitude of the increase was ca. 50%. The administration of coenzyme Q10 to such adriamycin-treated rats allowed \"rescue\" or restoration of a normal QRS complex after 7 days of administration of coenzyme Q10. The QRS complex then remained normalized during the subsequent period of 21-30 days, by which time the cumulative dose of adriamycin had reached 24 mg/kg. Also, the QRS interval was lower (P less than 0.01) on day 33 than it was for rats treated to the same day with adriamycin alone. Coenzyme Q10 offers promise of rescue from at least some of the cardiotoxicity occurring in adriamycin-treated cancer patients, probably by a similar mechanism to that of the clinical rescue from toxicity of methotrexate by a cofactor of folic acid (citrovorum factor).", "contents": "Rescue by coenzyme Q10 from electrocardiographic abnormalities caused by the toxicity of adriamycin in the rat. The administration of adriamycin to rates increased (P less than 0.01) the interval, measured in msec, of the electrocardiographic QRS traces in rats, and the magnitude of the increase was ca. 50%. The administration of coenzyme Q10 to such adriamycin-treated rats allowed \"rescue\" or restoration of a normal QRS complex after 7 days of administration of coenzyme Q10. The QRS complex then remained normalized during the subsequent period of 21-30 days, by which time the cumulative dose of adriamycin had reached 24 mg/kg. Also, the QRS interval was lower (P less than 0.01) on day 33 than it was for rats treated to the same day with adriamycin alone. Coenzyme Q10 offers promise of rescue from at least some of the cardiotoxicity occurring in adriamycin-treated cancer patients, probably by a similar mechanism to that of the clinical rescue from toxicity of methotrexate by a cofactor of folic acid (citrovorum factor)."}
{"id": "PMID:283425", "title": "Changes in transmitter release induced by ion-containing liposomes.", "content": "The changes in quantal transmitter release induced by egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes with different internal ionic composition were examined at the frog neuromuscular junction by using conventional electrophysiological techniques. It was found that liposomes containing calcium or sodium ions increase both evoked and spontaneous transmitter release, while liposomes containing potassium do not. The results suggest that phosphatidylcholine liposomes are able to transfer their aqueous medium into the presynaptic nerve terminal.", "contents": "Changes in transmitter release induced by ion-containing liposomes. The changes in quantal transmitter release induced by egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes with different internal ionic composition were examined at the frog neuromuscular junction by using conventional electrophysiological techniques. It was found that liposomes containing calcium or sodium ions increase both evoked and spontaneous transmitter release, while liposomes containing potassium do not. The results suggest that phosphatidylcholine liposomes are able to transfer their aqueous medium into the presynaptic nerve terminal."}
{"id": "PMID:283426", "title": "beta-Endorphin induces nonconvulsive limbic seizures.", "content": "The endogenous opioid peptide, beta-endorphin, induces nonconvulsive limbic epileptiform activity when administered intraventricularly to rats. Epileptiform activity is elicited by beta-endorphin in doses that are devoid of analgesic or behavioral signs. Equimolar intraventricular doses of morphine or of the enkephalin analog [DAIa2,Met5]enkephalin-NH2 fail to elicit this limbic epileptiform activity. These observations, together with the recent immunohistochemical localization of beta-endorphin to midline limbic structures, suggest that beta-endorphin may have an important role in the regulation of limbic excitability.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin induces nonconvulsive limbic seizures. The endogenous opioid peptide, beta-endorphin, induces nonconvulsive limbic epileptiform activity when administered intraventricularly to rats. Epileptiform activity is elicited by beta-endorphin in doses that are devoid of analgesic or behavioral signs. Equimolar intraventricular doses of morphine or of the enkephalin analog [DAIa2,Met5]enkephalin-NH2 fail to elicit this limbic epileptiform activity. These observations, together with the recent immunohistochemical localization of beta-endorphin to midline limbic structures, suggest that beta-endorphin may have an important role in the regulation of limbic excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:283427", "title": "Growth cone formation in cultures of sensory neurons.", "content": "Three experimental situations have been found in which cultured sensory neurons from embryonic chicken will form growth cones from positions along the length of the neurite. If the neurons are dissected with a remaining short axonal stump and plated into serum-free medium, they can form a morphologically normal growth cone from the stump within 15 min, even in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin. When neurites growing in culture media with low levels of serum are cut at any point with microneedles, growth cones are produced quickly from the amputated stump, usually within 20 min. Treatment of growing neurons with low concentrations of colchicine, Colcemid, or podophyllotoxin results in the progressive appearance of lateral filopodia and regions of flattened cytoplasm that closely resemble growth cones except for their preterminal positions. These observations show that the potential to form growth cones is distributed throughout the neuron and suggest that this normally repressed in some way by the neuronal microtubules.", "contents": "Growth cone formation in cultures of sensory neurons. Three experimental situations have been found in which cultured sensory neurons from embryonic chicken will form growth cones from positions along the length of the neurite. If the neurons are dissected with a remaining short axonal stump and plated into serum-free medium, they can form a morphologically normal growth cone from the stump within 15 min, even in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin. When neurites growing in culture media with low levels of serum are cut at any point with microneedles, growth cones are produced quickly from the amputated stump, usually within 20 min. Treatment of growing neurons with low concentrations of colchicine, Colcemid, or podophyllotoxin results in the progressive appearance of lateral filopodia and regions of flattened cytoplasm that closely resemble growth cones except for their preterminal positions. These observations show that the potential to form growth cones is distributed throughout the neuron and suggest that this normally repressed in some way by the neuronal microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:283428", "title": "Regeneration of olfactory axons and synapse formation in the forebrain after bulbectomy in neonatal mice.", "content": "We removed the right olfactory bulb in neonatal mice, leaving the bulb on the left side intact as an internal control. At 5 days of survival time, we observed that the right cerebral hemisphere was displaced forward to occupy the region made vacant by removal of the bulb. The frontal cortex was, consequently, in close proximity to the lamina cribrosa. As a result of bulb ablation and severance of the fila olfactoria, the sensory perikarya underwent total retrograde degeneration, which peaked at 8 days. New neurons differentiated in the neuroepithelium from basal stem cells and, at 30 days of survival, mature sensory neurons were reconstituted. These new elements sent their axons through the lamina cribrosa to reach the protruding cerebral hemisphere, penetrating it and forming glomeruli-like structures directly in the host tissue. The \"glomerulization\" of the sensory fibers persisted and actually expanded between 60 and 120 days. The new glomeruli were organized intimately within the brain tissue, and large neurons of the cortex were observed to be in close  proximity. Ultrastructural observations of the newly formed glomeruli demonstrated that typical sensory axon terminals profusely branched and synapsed with unidentified postsynaptic processes that penetrated the glomeruli from the surrounding cerebral tissue.", "contents": "Regeneration of olfactory axons and synapse formation in the forebrain after bulbectomy in neonatal mice. We removed the right olfactory bulb in neonatal mice, leaving the bulb on the left side intact as an internal control. At 5 days of survival time, we observed that the right cerebral hemisphere was displaced forward to occupy the region made vacant by removal of the bulb. The frontal cortex was, consequently, in close proximity to the lamina cribrosa. As a result of bulb ablation and severance of the fila olfactoria, the sensory perikarya underwent total retrograde degeneration, which peaked at 8 days. New neurons differentiated in the neuroepithelium from basal stem cells and, at 30 days of survival, mature sensory neurons were reconstituted. These new elements sent their axons through the lamina cribrosa to reach the protruding cerebral hemisphere, penetrating it and forming glomeruli-like structures directly in the host tissue. The \"glomerulization\" of the sensory fibers persisted and actually expanded between 60 and 120 days. The new glomeruli were organized intimately within the brain tissue, and large neurons of the cortex were observed to be in close  proximity. Ultrastructural observations of the newly formed glomeruli demonstrated that typical sensory axon terminals profusely branched and synapsed with unidentified postsynaptic processes that penetrated the glomeruli from the surrounding cerebral tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:283429", "title": "Sleep-promoting factor S: purification and properties.", "content": "Sleep-promoting factor was purified from acid/acetone extracts of whole brains of rabbits and from brainstems of slaughterhouse cattle. Intraventricular infusion of extracts purified by means of ion exchange and gel filtration induced excess slow-wave sleep in rabbits for 5-10 hr. The procedure is simple and provides material suitable for physiological studies. Further treatment by partition chromatography and electrophoresis yielded an active product that was purified at least 1 million-fold. This product was inactivated by incubation with mixed carboxypeptidases A and B. Amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates indicated that the effective dose was less than 150 pmol per rabbit and the original concentration in brain tissue was of the order of 30 pmol/g of brain.", "contents": "Sleep-promoting factor S: purification and properties. Sleep-promoting factor was purified from acid/acetone extracts of whole brains of rabbits and from brainstems of slaughterhouse cattle. Intraventricular infusion of extracts purified by means of ion exchange and gel filtration induced excess slow-wave sleep in rabbits for 5-10 hr. The procedure is simple and provides material suitable for physiological studies. Further treatment by partition chromatography and electrophoresis yielded an active product that was purified at least 1 million-fold. This product was inactivated by incubation with mixed carboxypeptidases A and B. Amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates indicated that the effective dose was less than 150 pmol per rabbit and the original concentration in brain tissue was of the order of 30 pmol/g of brain."}
{"id": "PMID:283430", "title": "Nature of differential sympathetic discharges in chemoreceptor reflexes.", "content": "In a study of autonomic reflexes it was found that some produce a generalized, bilaterally uniform response whereas others have an asymmetric or laterality of action. Recordings from vertebral nerve fibers (mainly vasoconstrictors to forelimb muscles), right and left cardiac sympathetics, and renal nerves show that baroreceptors evoke a bilaterally uniform inhibition but chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch initiate a differential discharge. In the chemoreceptor reflex the vagi are activated and bradycardia generally occurs. Vertebral and renal sympathetic fibers increase their activity bilaterally commensurate with the increase in arterial pressure. Sympathetic discharges to the heart, however, are not uniform; they show ipsilateral inhibition and a strong contralateral increase in activity. Stabilization of blood pressure or inactivation of baroreceptors abolishes the ipsilateral inhibition. In isolation, therefore, the chemoreceptor-induced cardiac sympathetic discharge is just quantitatively stronger contralaterally. In the absence of vagi, heart rate changes differ depending on which chemoreceptors are stimulated, because the pacemaker is on the right. Asymmetrical discharges do occur and, in the eventual response to stimulation of chemoreceptors, reflex interactions actually augment the laterality of effects. Peripheral interactions, in the sense that changes effected by one may induce another reflex, are responsible in part for the balances of autonomic activity ultimately seen as the body reacts to stimuli.", "contents": "Nature of differential sympathetic discharges in chemoreceptor reflexes. In a study of autonomic reflexes it was found that some produce a generalized, bilaterally uniform response whereas others have an asymmetric or laterality of action. Recordings from vertebral nerve fibers (mainly vasoconstrictors to forelimb muscles), right and left cardiac sympathetics, and renal nerves show that baroreceptors evoke a bilaterally uniform inhibition but chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch initiate a differential discharge. In the chemoreceptor reflex the vagi are activated and bradycardia generally occurs. Vertebral and renal sympathetic fibers increase their activity bilaterally commensurate with the increase in arterial pressure. Sympathetic discharges to the heart, however, are not uniform; they show ipsilateral inhibition and a strong contralateral increase in activity. Stabilization of blood pressure or inactivation of baroreceptors abolishes the ipsilateral inhibition. In isolation, therefore, the chemoreceptor-induced cardiac sympathetic discharge is just quantitatively stronger contralaterally. In the absence of vagi, heart rate changes differ depending on which chemoreceptors are stimulated, because the pacemaker is on the right. Asymmetrical discharges do occur and, in the eventual response to stimulation of chemoreceptors, reflex interactions actually augment the laterality of effects. Peripheral interactions, in the sense that changes effected by one may induce another reflex, are responsible in part for the balances of autonomic activity ultimately seen as the body reacts to stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:283452", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with direct evidence of organicity.", "content": "A severe manifestation of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) which developed about six months subsequent to angiographic complications is reported. Acute, post-angiographically derived neuropsychiatric symptoms which continually bridged the interval between central damage suffered, and the final onset of GTS strongly favored the case for underlying organicity. This case probably represents the first direct report of preceding brain lesion triggering off GTS and negates previous trends to attribute psychogenic causes to GTS. As to pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly governing hyperkinesias common in GTS, the neuronal functional rules of denervation and denervation supersensitivity are applied to striatal dopamine-facilitated nerve cell populations.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome with direct evidence of organicity. A severe manifestation of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) which developed about six months subsequent to angiographic complications is reported. Acute, post-angiographically derived neuropsychiatric symptoms which continually bridged the interval between central damage suffered, and the final onset of GTS strongly favored the case for underlying organicity. This case probably represents the first direct report of preceding brain lesion triggering off GTS and negates previous trends to attribute psychogenic causes to GTS. As to pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly governing hyperkinesias common in GTS, the neuronal functional rules of denervation and denervation supersensitivity are applied to striatal dopamine-facilitated nerve cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:283524", "title": "Primary treatment of craniofacial injuries.", "content": "This presentation offers analysis of findings and treatment of 15 patients who suffered cranio-facial injury. 4 of them sustained isolated fractures of the glabella and supra-orbital margin; the remainder suffered disruption of the facial and cranial skeleton. In all cases, the possibility of dural tear with C. S. F. leak, should be considered. The advantages of primary treatment of cranio-facial injuries by a joint neuro- and maxillo-facial team are as follows:--The risk of meningitis is greatly reduced.--The precise diagnosis of injury and maximum conservation of tissue is possible.--Most of the dissection necessary for repair is carried out by the force of impact and no fibrous tissue is present to hinder reconstruction.--Finally, primary surgery gives the best possible cosmetic results. Secondary skeletal surgery, even on the scale proposed by Tessier, often falls short of the results possible with adequate primary treatment.", "contents": "Primary treatment of craniofacial injuries. This presentation offers analysis of findings and treatment of 15 patients who suffered cranio-facial injury. 4 of them sustained isolated fractures of the glabella and supra-orbital margin; the remainder suffered disruption of the facial and cranial skeleton. In all cases, the possibility of dural tear with C. S. F. leak, should be considered. The advantages of primary treatment of cranio-facial injuries by a joint neuro- and maxillo-facial team are as follows:--The risk of meningitis is greatly reduced.--The precise diagnosis of injury and maximum conservation of tissue is possible.--Most of the dissection necessary for repair is carried out by the force of impact and no fibrous tissue is present to hinder reconstruction.--Finally, primary surgery gives the best possible cosmetic results. Secondary skeletal surgery, even on the scale proposed by Tessier, often falls short of the results possible with adequate primary treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:283525", "title": "[Study of the variability of pre-maxillary angulation in relation to maxillo-mandibular basal separation in an antero-posterior direction. 109 orthodontic cases (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of a routine study in 109 children of variations in pre-maxillary angulation, the authors feel that the pre-maxilla is a typical example of a basic osseous structure whose direction of growth is adapted to the muscular conditions which surround it.", "contents": "[Study of the variability of pre-maxillary angulation in relation to maxillo-mandibular basal separation in an antero-posterior direction. 109 orthodontic cases (author's transl)]. On the basis of a routine study in 109 children of variations in pre-maxillary angulation, the authors feel that the pre-maxilla is a typical example of a basic osseous structure whose direction of growth is adapted to the muscular conditions which surround it."}
{"id": "PMID:283526", "title": "[Desmoid fibroma of the mandible. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of desmoid fibroma of the mandible in a 75-years-old woman. This benign bone tumour, described for the first time by Jaffe in 1958, would seem to be rare in this site. Sixteen other cases have been found in the literature. The diagnosis is based upon histological examination of the operative specimen.", "contents": "[Desmoid fibroma of the mandible. One case (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of desmoid fibroma of the mandible in a 75-years-old woman. This benign bone tumour, described for the first time by Jaffe in 1958, would seem to be rare in this site. Sixteen other cases have been found in the literature. The diagnosis is based upon histological examination of the operative specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:283527", "title": "[About a cyst of frontal sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of true cyst of frontal sinus has been reported. The authors pointed out the good exposure given by the coronal incision approach. Differential diagnosis was discussed, no finding mentioned was pathognomonic. Difference with mucocele was made by microscopic examination. Because the bone destruction of posterior wall of the frontal sinus, an exclusion of the sinus was performed without filling of the cavity. Good result was obtained one year after operation.", "contents": "[About a cyst of frontal sinus (author's transl)]. A case of true cyst of frontal sinus has been reported. The authors pointed out the good exposure given by the coronal incision approach. Differential diagnosis was discussed, no finding mentioned was pathognomonic. Difference with mucocele was made by microscopic examination. Because the bone destruction of posterior wall of the frontal sinus, an exclusion of the sinus was performed without filling of the cavity. Good result was obtained one year after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:283528", "title": "[A case of epidermal cyst of the maxilla (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of one case of epidermal cyst of the maxilla, the authors emphasize the operative difficulties and the need, in the presence of a severe abnormality of the pedicles of the upper wisdom teeth, to perform a careful tomographic examination of the head.", "contents": "[A case of epidermal cyst of the maxilla (author's transl)]. In the light of one case of epidermal cyst of the maxilla, the authors emphasize the operative difficulties and the need, in the presence of a severe abnormality of the pedicles of the upper wisdom teeth, to perform a careful tomographic examination of the head."}
{"id": "PMID:283529", "title": "[A new case of basal cell naevomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors, in the light of a new case of naevomatosis, review the description of the disease, emphasising its symptoms and signs, and inheritance, drawing attention to the need for surveillance of such patients in view of the risk of malignant change in the naevi. The other signs of the disease must be sought following the discovery of multiple epidermal cysts of the maxilla and mandible.", "contents": "[A new case of basal cell naevomatosis (author's transl)]. The authors, in the light of a new case of naevomatosis, review the description of the disease, emphasising its symptoms and signs, and inheritance, drawing attention to the need for surveillance of such patients in view of the risk of malignant change in the naevi. The other signs of the disease must be sought following the discovery of multiple epidermal cysts of the maxilla and mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:283530", "title": "[Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "This rare condition associates a Pierre Robin syndrome with costal and intellectual abnormalities. It usually rapidly results in death from pulmonary complications.", "contents": "[Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (author's transl)]. This rare condition associates a Pierre Robin syndrome with costal and intellectual abnormalities. It usually rapidly results in death from pulmonary complications."}
{"id": "PMID:283531", "title": "[Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, of genetic origin, consists invariably of an association of finger malformations, changes in the hair system and nasal malformations. There may also be other facial abnormalities. Plastic surgery may improve the appearance of these subjects.", "contents": "[Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (author's transl)]. Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, of genetic origin, consists invariably of an association of finger malformations, changes in the hair system and nasal malformations. There may also be other facial abnormalities. Plastic surgery may improve the appearance of these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:283532", "title": "[Orbital fractures by blow-out (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevalence of orbital fractures by blow out remains open to discussion. Operative decisions are taken after clinical and radiological study, being based above all on evaluation of the forced duction tests and upon frontal tomographies.", "contents": "[Orbital fractures by blow-out (author's transl)]. The prevalence of orbital fractures by blow out remains open to discussion. Operative decisions are taken after clinical and radiological study, being based above all on evaluation of the forced duction tests and upon frontal tomographies."}
{"id": "PMID:283533", "title": "[Changes in compensatory inclination of the alveolar processes (author's transl)].", "content": "When facial growth occurs in a manner outside general rules, progressive adaptation of the dental system to slow modification in the anatomical relations of the upper and lower jaws occurs by means of progressive compensatory inclination of the alveolar processes. This results, according to the direction of movement, in an increase or decrease in the space available for the teeth. In the two cases presented as examples, teleradiography of the head in lateral and vertical views demonstrated changes in the length and width of the dental arcades.", "contents": "[Changes in compensatory inclination of the alveolar processes (author's transl)]. When facial growth occurs in a manner outside general rules, progressive adaptation of the dental system to slow modification in the anatomical relations of the upper and lower jaws occurs by means of progressive compensatory inclination of the alveolar processes. This results, according to the direction of movement, in an increase or decrease in the space available for the teeth. In the two cases presented as examples, teleradiography of the head in lateral and vertical views demonstrated changes in the length and width of the dental arcades."}
{"id": "PMID:283534", "title": "[The dysorexia-sialomegaly-amenorrhea syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The enlarged parotid glands seen in both poor nutritional states and in women with amenorrhea have always been considered to be separate entities. Thirteen observations are reported of a syndrome consisting of dysorexia (or anorexia), swelling of the salivary glands (sialomegaly), and menstrual disturbances (hypomenorrhea or amenorrhea). This syndrome can be defined as a clinical entity combining the symptomatology of parotid enlargements due to poor nutrition and those caused by sex-hormone disorders. In the Dysorexia-Sialomegaly-Amenorrhea syndrome, the salivary gland swellings are due to poor nutrition and the amenorrhea, which is of the hypothalamic type, is also secondary to poor nutrition.", "contents": "[The dysorexia-sialomegaly-amenorrhea syndrome (author's transl)]. The enlarged parotid glands seen in both poor nutritional states and in women with amenorrhea have always been considered to be separate entities. Thirteen observations are reported of a syndrome consisting of dysorexia (or anorexia), swelling of the salivary glands (sialomegaly), and menstrual disturbances (hypomenorrhea or amenorrhea). This syndrome can be defined as a clinical entity combining the symptomatology of parotid enlargements due to poor nutrition and those caused by sex-hormone disorders. In the Dysorexia-Sialomegaly-Amenorrhea syndrome, the salivary gland swellings are due to poor nutrition and the amenorrhea, which is of the hypothalamic type, is also secondary to poor nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:283535", "title": "[Traumatic lesions of the parotid salivary system. 15 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of 15 cases, the authors define their attitude to traumatic lesions of the parotid salivary system. In the first place, such lesions must be accurately diagnosed by careful examination and catheterisation of the papilla. This simple manoeuvre makes it possible to avoid emergency sialography. Secondly, treatment varies according to the type of lesion: with a lesion of the facial nerve, suture or nerve graft in the case of loss of substance; with a minimal parenchymatous lesion, observation is necessary after the avoidance of surgery or drainage; with a severe parenchymatous lesion, parotidectomy is necessary, with exploration of the facial nerve.", "contents": "[Traumatic lesions of the parotid salivary system. 15 cases (author's transl)]. On the basis of 15 cases, the authors define their attitude to traumatic lesions of the parotid salivary system. In the first place, such lesions must be accurately diagnosed by careful examination and catheterisation of the papilla. This simple manoeuvre makes it possible to avoid emergency sialography. Secondly, treatment varies according to the type of lesion: with a lesion of the facial nerve, suture or nerve graft in the case of loss of substance; with a minimal parenchymatous lesion, observation is necessary after the avoidance of surgery or drainage; with a severe parenchymatous lesion, parotidectomy is necessary, with exploration of the facial nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:283536", "title": "[A case of non-neuralgic facial pain (author's transl)].", "content": "The author wished to report the cure of a case of facial pain treated unsuccessfully for two years, during hospitalization for an acute melancholic episode.", "contents": "[A case of non-neuralgic facial pain (author's transl)]. The author wished to report the cure of a case of facial pain treated unsuccessfully for two years, during hospitalization for an acute melancholic episode."}
{"id": "PMID:283551", "title": "[Strampelli's osteoodontokeratoprosthesis--indications, personal surgical methods and clinical experiences].", "content": "Keratoprosthetics, twenty years ago, was regarded as technically without solution. Today, merely biological questions remain. Although clinical experience does not allow us to give a final judgement, it seems more than probable that osteoodontokeratoprosthesis will obtain its indication as last resort for otherwise hopeless cases.", "contents": "[Strampelli's osteoodontokeratoprosthesis--indications, personal surgical methods and clinical experiences]. Keratoprosthetics, twenty years ago, was regarded as technically without solution. Today, merely biological questions remain. Although clinical experience does not allow us to give a final judgement, it seems more than probable that osteoodontokeratoprosthesis will obtain its indication as last resort for otherwise hopeless cases."}
{"id": "PMID:283552", "title": "[Trends in dental radiology--a review of the literature].", "content": "Dental radiology is experiencing a marked improvement in equipment and its comfort of use. The production of intensifying screens with calcium tungstate stratification causes considerable diminution of radiation damage although at the price of changes in the structure of the picture. Xeroradiography is stagnating after promising beginnings. The protection of the patient against radiation has improved and recent work shows that in the dental field, more care must be given to preserve the lens of the eye from radiation hazard. Pantomography as a diagnostic means is progressing although it has not been able to substitute for the conventional radiography. TMJ radiography does not make exception in the same sense, so the knowledge of the correct use of special cranial radiographs remains.", "contents": "[Trends in dental radiology--a review of the literature]. Dental radiology is experiencing a marked improvement in equipment and its comfort of use. The production of intensifying screens with calcium tungstate stratification causes considerable diminution of radiation damage although at the price of changes in the structure of the picture. Xeroradiography is stagnating after promising beginnings. The protection of the patient against radiation has improved and recent work shows that in the dental field, more care must be given to preserve the lens of the eye from radiation hazard. Pantomography as a diagnostic means is progressing although it has not been able to substitute for the conventional radiography. TMJ radiography does not make exception in the same sense, so the knowledge of the correct use of special cranial radiographs remains."}
{"id": "PMID:283553", "title": "[Preventive extraction of the lower wisdom teeth: radiological criteria].", "content": "Many lower wisdom teeth are impacted. Various authors advocate systematic and prophylactic removal of all third molars. The reasons for such procedure are not always clear, and often, radiological evaluation is missing. A study of over 200 patients was carried out to determine whether systematic extraction of wisdom teeth is justified. Another study was undertaken, to observe the development of 42 lower impacted third molars. It was tried to find conclusions which might justify the radiological criteria for such an extraction. The factors, leading to diagnosis and radiographic analysis were discussed and four radiological criteria were finally established. In conclusion, it seems that early radiological evidence (age 16--17) is very important.", "contents": "[Preventive extraction of the lower wisdom teeth: radiological criteria]. Many lower wisdom teeth are impacted. Various authors advocate systematic and prophylactic removal of all third molars. The reasons for such procedure are not always clear, and often, radiological evaluation is missing. A study of over 200 patients was carried out to determine whether systematic extraction of wisdom teeth is justified. Another study was undertaken, to observe the development of 42 lower impacted third molars. It was tried to find conclusions which might justify the radiological criteria for such an extraction. The factors, leading to diagnosis and radiographic analysis were discussed and four radiological criteria were finally established. In conclusion, it seems that early radiological evidence (age 16--17) is very important."}
{"id": "PMID:283554", "title": "[Use of a semi-rigid plastic material: value and possibilities].", "content": "The use of semirigid plastic material is shown in its use in orthodontia, in the chair and in the laboratory. The products: vestibular screen, shaped in the mouth, the \"bumper\" for the correction of fan shaped lower anteriors, tooth positioners which serve to correct slight positional occlusal dysharmonies. The use of this material saves time for the practitioner while it allows to the devices thus obtained to retain their qualities and advantages within their respective indications.", "contents": "[Use of a semi-rigid plastic material: value and possibilities]. The use of semirigid plastic material is shown in its use in orthodontia, in the chair and in the laboratory. The products: vestibular screen, shaped in the mouth, the \"bumper\" for the correction of fan shaped lower anteriors, tooth positioners which serve to correct slight positional occlusal dysharmonies. The use of this material saves time for the practitioner while it allows to the devices thus obtained to retain their qualities and advantages within their respective indications."}
{"id": "PMID:283602", "title": "[Differential diagnostic significance of clinical gingival changes].", "content": "By way of introduction the author discusses the significance of periodontal disease symptoms in establishing a diagnosis and evaluates the various symptoms. The most important major and minor symptoms peculiar to the basic forms of periodontal disease are explained, and examples of the substantivation of clinical changes are given.", "contents": "[Differential diagnostic significance of clinical gingival changes]. By way of introduction the author discusses the significance of periodontal disease symptoms in establishing a diagnosis and evaluates the various symptoms. The most important major and minor symptoms peculiar to the basic forms of periodontal disease are explained, and examples of the substantivation of clinical changes are given."}
{"id": "PMID:283603", "title": "[Significance and evaluation of gingival and bony pockets].", "content": "The reproducibility of measurements of gingival pocket depth was tested on a total of 200 patients and assessed by statistical analysis. Significantly differing values were observed only in the region of the upper molars, whereas consistent values were found in all the other regions. The measurement of pocket depth is an easy-to-determine reproducible parameter in periodontal diagnostics. A gross information about the presence and depth of intrabony pockets cannot be obtained from clinical values for pocket depth.", "contents": "[Significance and evaluation of gingival and bony pockets]. The reproducibility of measurements of gingival pocket depth was tested on a total of 200 patients and assessed by statistical analysis. Significantly differing values were observed only in the region of the upper molars, whereas consistent values were found in all the other regions. The measurement of pocket depth is an easy-to-determine reproducible parameter in periodontal diagnostics. A gross information about the presence and depth of intrabony pockets cannot be obtained from clinical values for pocket depth."}
{"id": "PMID:283604", "title": "[Value and significance of tooth mobility measurements].", "content": "1. The measurement of tooth mobility by manual and instrumental techniques is necessary for establishing a diagnosis, since it is of considerable importance for decisions in the framework of prophylaxis and therapy. 2. The significance of the measurement of tooth mobility depends upon the respective problem and the sensitivity of the measuring technique used. 3. The specifications for the precision of the measuring technique will be determined by the specific objective of the examination. 4. The instrumental measuring techniques are reproducible and, therefore, imperative in scientific studies.", "contents": "[Value and significance of tooth mobility measurements]. 1. The measurement of tooth mobility by manual and instrumental techniques is necessary for establishing a diagnosis, since it is of considerable importance for decisions in the framework of prophylaxis and therapy. 2. The significance of the measurement of tooth mobility depends upon the respective problem and the sensitivity of the measuring technique used. 3. The specifications for the precision of the measuring technique will be determined by the specific objective of the examination. 4. The instrumental measuring techniques are reproducible and, therefore, imperative in scientific studies."}
{"id": "PMID:283605", "title": "[Evaluation of bone structure].", "content": "Changes in the bone structure, the periodontal space and the interdental alveolar septa are decisive criteria for evaluating the state of health of the alveolar bone. The pathological processes of alveolar bone destruction are subdivided into: reduction in height, vertical reduction and a mixed from resulting from these two.", "contents": "[Evaluation of bone structure]. Changes in the bone structure, the periodontal space and the interdental alveolar septa are decisive criteria for evaluating the state of health of the alveolar bone. The pathological processes of alveolar bone destruction are subdivided into: reduction in height, vertical reduction and a mixed from resulting from these two."}
{"id": "PMID:283607", "title": "[Relationship between diagnostic parameters and epidemiological findings in periodontology].", "content": "Numerous epidemiologic studies performed in the People's Republic of Poland during the years 1966-1975 make evident that the morbidity of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents, 7-18 years of age, varies from 5.5 to 66.6%. But the results from these studies could not be compared with each other, because there were considerable differences in group sizes, methods (as to indices) and the examinators' special training for epidemiologic investigations.", "contents": "[Relationship between diagnostic parameters and epidemiological findings in periodontology]. Numerous epidemiologic studies performed in the People's Republic of Poland during the years 1966-1975 make evident that the morbidity of periodontal diseases in children and adolescents, 7-18 years of age, varies from 5.5 to 66.6%. But the results from these studies could not be compared with each other, because there were considerable differences in group sizes, methods (as to indices) and the examinators' special training for epidemiologic investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:283608", "title": "[Plaque indices].", "content": "The objective quantitative evaluation of the extent of plaques is necessary for epidemiologic studies and for the estimation of the effects of various cleaning methods and agents. Numerous indices have been elaborated for this purpose. Relation planimetry is used for the detection and exact evaluation of small differences. The surfaces are measured with a compensating planimeter, the slides to be evaluated being projected on a white sheet by means of a microfilm reader. In this way, the plaque covered surfaces are determined as percentages of the total surfaces.", "contents": "[Plaque indices]. The objective quantitative evaluation of the extent of plaques is necessary for epidemiologic studies and for the estimation of the effects of various cleaning methods and agents. Numerous indices have been elaborated for this purpose. Relation planimetry is used for the detection and exact evaluation of small differences. The surfaces are measured with a compensating planimeter, the slides to be evaluated being projected on a white sheet by means of a microfilm reader. In this way, the plaque covered surfaces are determined as percentages of the total surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:283609", "title": "[Periodontal disease index].", "content": "Periodontal disease indices are a must in epidemiologic studies, analytical epidemiology making special demands. The indices hitherto commonly used do not meet all demands; consequently, they can be applied only in certain studies, especially in the sense of descriptive epidemiology. For 15 years, the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke has proved to be useful for large-scale correlation calculations, being well suited for making evident the effects of the most different factors. At the beginning of any experiment and investigation, exact considerations must be given to the aim and special objectives of an index.", "contents": "[Periodontal disease index]. Periodontal disease indices are a must in epidemiologic studies, analytical epidemiology making special demands. The indices hitherto commonly used do not meet all demands; consequently, they can be applied only in certain studies, especially in the sense of descriptive epidemiology. For 15 years, the periodontal disease index according to K\u00f6tzschke has proved to be useful for large-scale correlation calculations, being well suited for making evident the effects of the most different factors. At the beginning of any experiment and investigation, exact considerations must be given to the aim and special objectives of an index."}
{"id": "PMID:283610", "title": "[Formation of a computer-assisted register in periodontology - results of a study for evaluating a standardized examination chart].", "content": "On the basis of a co-ordinate study of 16 periodontal facilities in the GDR, a standardized documentation system was developed for recording and processing patient-oriented informations in periodontology. This documentation system is the basis for building-up a computer-based periodontal register in the GDR. This register might assume the following tasks: storage and management of data about patients subjected to specialized periodontal treatment, problem orientation methods of automated information processing, inquiries, scientific evaluation.", "contents": "[Formation of a computer-assisted register in periodontology - results of a study for evaluating a standardized examination chart]. On the basis of a co-ordinate study of 16 periodontal facilities in the GDR, a standardized documentation system was developed for recording and processing patient-oriented informations in periodontology. This documentation system is the basis for building-up a computer-based periodontal register in the GDR. This register might assume the following tasks: storage and management of data about patients subjected to specialized periodontal treatment, problem orientation methods of automated information processing, inquiries, scientific evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:283612", "title": "[The use of miniature plastic splints in dentistry].", "content": "The use of the miniature plastic splint, manufactured by means of deep-drawing, is illustrated by some examples: immobilization of subluxated teeth, treatment of fractures in the maxillofacial region, wound protection.", "contents": "[The use of miniature plastic splints in dentistry]. The use of the miniature plastic splint, manufactured by means of deep-drawing, is illustrated by some examples: immobilization of subluxated teeth, treatment of fractures in the maxillofacial region, wound protection."}
{"id": "PMID:283613", "title": "[General anesthesia in ambulatory dental and oral surgery interventions--report of experience].", "content": "General anaesthesia is also justifiable in dental and maxillofacial interventions on an outpatient basis. Having dealt with the indications, the authors concern themselves with preliminary examinations and premedications. Finally, they comment on, and evaluate from the viewpoint of practice-relevance, anaesthetizing methods, such as intravenous short anaesthesia, ketamine anaesthesia and mixed anaesthesia, which have proved a success for a total of 20 years of interdisciplinary co-operation of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons and anaesthetists.", "contents": "[General anesthesia in ambulatory dental and oral surgery interventions--report of experience]. General anaesthesia is also justifiable in dental and maxillofacial interventions on an outpatient basis. Having dealt with the indications, the authors concern themselves with preliminary examinations and premedications. Finally, they comment on, and evaluate from the viewpoint of practice-relevance, anaesthetizing methods, such as intravenous short anaesthesia, ketamine anaesthesia and mixed anaesthesia, which have proved a success for a total of 20 years of interdisciplinary co-operation of dentists and maxillofacial surgeons and anaesthetists."}
{"id": "PMID:283614", "title": "[Bony changes in chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis].", "content": "The authors undertook histological studies on the bone of the facial wall of the maxillary sinus from 64 out of 84 patients who had been operated on for chronic maxillary sinusitis of dental origin in the course of 16 months. Apart from mucosal changes, the specimens from 16 patients showed also osseous changes in the form of periosteal reactions of varying extent. With regard to therapy, it is concluded that patients suffering from odontogenic sinusitis should for preference be treated by surgical intervention, because the conservative treatment will not necessarily result in complete healing.", "contents": "[Bony changes in chronic odontogenic maxillary sinusitis]. The authors undertook histological studies on the bone of the facial wall of the maxillary sinus from 64 out of 84 patients who had been operated on for chronic maxillary sinusitis of dental origin in the course of 16 months. Apart from mucosal changes, the specimens from 16 patients showed also osseous changes in the form of periosteal reactions of varying extent. With regard to therapy, it is concluded that patients suffering from odontogenic sinusitis should for preference be treated by surgical intervention, because the conservative treatment will not necessarily result in complete healing."}
{"id": "PMID:283615", "title": "[Etiology and occurrence of lateral midfacial fractures].", "content": "The present paper deals with 198 cases of isolated lateral midfacial fracture treated at the Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology of the Magdeburg Medical Academy during the years 1966-1975. In view of a comparison with data from the literature, these cases were statistically analysed with regard to the frequency and the causes of this type of fracture and with regard to treatment.", "contents": "[Etiology and occurrence of lateral midfacial fractures]. The present paper deals with 198 cases of isolated lateral midfacial fracture treated at the Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology of the Magdeburg Medical Academy during the years 1966-1975. In view of a comparison with data from the literature, these cases were statistically analysed with regard to the frequency and the causes of this type of fracture and with regard to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:283616", "title": "[Intraosseous screw splinting of mandibular fragments].", "content": "Fractures in the frontal region of the mandible may be treated by intra-ossal splinting without the risk of injuring nerves or vessels. Function-stable fixation of the reposited fragments was achieved in 15 patients by means of a transfragmental screw with metric thread. The advantages of this procedure consist in the easy removability of the material and the superfluidity of new developments of material or instruments. As the possibility of early functional treatment prevents the late impairment of the articular function, this procedure is particularly indicated in case of concurrent paramedian and articular fractures.", "contents": "[Intraosseous screw splinting of mandibular fragments]. Fractures in the frontal region of the mandible may be treated by intra-ossal splinting without the risk of injuring nerves or vessels. Function-stable fixation of the reposited fragments was achieved in 15 patients by means of a transfragmental screw with metric thread. The advantages of this procedure consist in the easy removability of the material and the superfluidity of new developments of material or instruments. As the possibility of early functional treatment prevents the late impairment of the articular function, this procedure is particularly indicated in case of concurrent paramedian and articular fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:283617", "title": "[Studies on the setting behavior of dental gypsum. 1. Experimental characterization of the hardening process].", "content": "Using penetration tests, the authors studied the setting of dental gypsums (alpha- and beta-hemihydrate) under different conditions of processing (temperature of the mixing water, mixing time, addition of electrolytes). The suitability of penetrometry as a standardizable testing procedure for characterizing the setting process of gypsums is demonstrated and the effects of different materials and processing parameters on setting are discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the setting behavior of dental gypsum. 1. Experimental characterization of the hardening process]. Using penetration tests, the authors studied the setting of dental gypsums (alpha- and beta-hemihydrate) under different conditions of processing (temperature of the mixing water, mixing time, addition of electrolytes). The suitability of penetrometry as a standardizable testing procedure for characterizing the setting process of gypsums is demonstrated and the effects of different materials and processing parameters on setting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283618", "title": "[Does dental care influence the progression of caries in children and adolescents?].", "content": "The caries-statistical date from 1.500 subjects aged between 7 and 16 years showed that the caries incidence in children and adolescents who had received complete dental treatment was by 31% lower, after two years, than that in children and adolescents who had not received complete dental treatment. Thus, the restorative functions of single fillings are completed by a complex preventive aspect.", "contents": "[Does dental care influence the progression of caries in children and adolescents?]. The caries-statistical date from 1.500 subjects aged between 7 and 16 years showed that the caries incidence in children and adolescents who had received complete dental treatment was by 31% lower, after two years, than that in children and adolescents who had not received complete dental treatment. Thus, the restorative functions of single fillings are completed by a complex preventive aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:283619", "title": "[Glucocorticoids in dental surgery and maxillofacial surgery].", "content": "Indications for the use of glucocorticoids in surgical stomatology are: 1. emergencies, 2. bullous and allergic diseases of the oral mucosa and therapy-resistant cases of chronic recurrent aphthae, erosive lichen planus and sialoses (for systemic therapy), 3. therapy-resistant temporomandibular complaints and hyperplastic tissue responses and, in combination with an antibiotic, diseases of the maxillary sinus (for local therapy). Preliminary clinical examination, case controls at short intervals, and circadian or alternating prescription will help to reduce undesirable side-effects. In patients receiving sustained glucocorticoid therapy, dental-surgical procedures require special consideration of the change in reactivity.", "contents": "[Glucocorticoids in dental surgery and maxillofacial surgery]. Indications for the use of glucocorticoids in surgical stomatology are: 1. emergencies, 2. bullous and allergic diseases of the oral mucosa and therapy-resistant cases of chronic recurrent aphthae, erosive lichen planus and sialoses (for systemic therapy), 3. therapy-resistant temporomandibular complaints and hyperplastic tissue responses and, in combination with an antibiotic, diseases of the maxillary sinus (for local therapy). Preliminary clinical examination, case controls at short intervals, and circadian or alternating prescription will help to reduce undesirable side-effects. In patients receiving sustained glucocorticoid therapy, dental-surgical procedures require special consideration of the change in reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:283620", "title": "[Requirements and time factors in dental activities].", "content": "The exact determination of the demands on, and the allowed times for, the stomatological activity is an essential prerequisite of fixing measures for the increase in quality and efficiency of the stomatological care and for the control of their success. The results of a discriminating work analysis on the basis of an independent study on a representative sample of dentist-nurse collectives are compared with the findings of other authors. After resolution of the stomatological basic activities into partial activities and after calculations of the arithmetic means of the respective allowed times, the authors establish synthetic allowed times for the basic activities by summing up the adjustable, necessary and defined partial activities.", "contents": "[Requirements and time factors in dental activities]. The exact determination of the demands on, and the allowed times for, the stomatological activity is an essential prerequisite of fixing measures for the increase in quality and efficiency of the stomatological care and for the control of their success. The results of a discriminating work analysis on the basis of an independent study on a representative sample of dentist-nurse collectives are compared with the findings of other authors. After resolution of the stomatological basic activities into partial activities and after calculations of the arithmetic means of the respective allowed times, the authors establish synthetic allowed times for the basic activities by summing up the adjustable, necessary and defined partial activities."}
{"id": "PMID:283626", "title": "[Immunology and immunotherapy of leukemia (basic results of 8-years research)].", "content": "In the paper, the main results of some investigations, conducted in the Institute laboratories during 1969--77, are summarized. Special attention is given to the detected first phenomenon of functional antagonism of antibodies in leukemia and to the recognition of the specific humoral immune responsiveness of acute leukemia patients. The author reports the results of clinical trials of \"the method for regulation of the specific immunity\", which practically gives a 100% remission in comparatively short terms for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Also, a longer remission term and survival were gained in children, subjected in the remission period to chemotherapy in combination with BCG injections as compared with patients treated only by chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Immunology and immunotherapy of leukemia (basic results of 8-years research)]. In the paper, the main results of some investigations, conducted in the Institute laboratories during 1969--77, are summarized. Special attention is given to the detected first phenomenon of functional antagonism of antibodies in leukemia and to the recognition of the specific humoral immune responsiveness of acute leukemia patients. The author reports the results of clinical trials of \"the method for regulation of the specific immunity\", which practically gives a 100% remission in comparatively short terms for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Also, a longer remission term and survival were gained in children, subjected in the remission period to chemotherapy in combination with BCG injections as compared with patients treated only by chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:283651", "title": "Production and life-span of platelets and of fibrinogen in acute leukaemia. 75Se-selenomethionine- and 51Cr (Na-chromate)-studies.", "content": "The life-span of platelets and of fibrinogen was studied by the use of 75Se-selenomethionine and 51Cr in 28 cases of acute leukaemia (AL), and in 2 cases of chronic myelocytic leukaemia with blast-cell transformation. The patients were grouped on the basis of clinical remission or activity. In all groups, whether examined by means of 75Se or 51Cr, a reduction of variable degree was found in platelet life-span, and platelet turnover was reduced in the majority of the cases. The sequestration data were atypical. Simultaneous 75Se studies for platelet and fibrinogen life-span revealed a latent diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) in three cases, the process being still in progress in one case and in remission in two cases at the time of observation. Fibrinogen life-span was reduced in some of the cases. Thrombocytopenia in AL is attributed to a complex origin in which infiltration of the bone marrow, the destructive effect of antimetabolic therapy, abnormally increased consumption of storage of the functionally impaired platelets, possibly latent DIC or episodic excessive sequestration may be equally involved. Remission may be accompanied by normalization of both thrombopoiesis and platelet kinetics.", "contents": "Production and life-span of platelets and of fibrinogen in acute leukaemia. 75Se-selenomethionine- and 51Cr (Na-chromate)-studies. The life-span of platelets and of fibrinogen was studied by the use of 75Se-selenomethionine and 51Cr in 28 cases of acute leukaemia (AL), and in 2 cases of chronic myelocytic leukaemia with blast-cell transformation. The patients were grouped on the basis of clinical remission or activity. In all groups, whether examined by means of 75Se or 51Cr, a reduction of variable degree was found in platelet life-span, and platelet turnover was reduced in the majority of the cases. The sequestration data were atypical. Simultaneous 75Se studies for platelet and fibrinogen life-span revealed a latent diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC) in three cases, the process being still in progress in one case and in remission in two cases at the time of observation. Fibrinogen life-span was reduced in some of the cases. Thrombocytopenia in AL is attributed to a complex origin in which infiltration of the bone marrow, the destructive effect of antimetabolic therapy, abnormally increased consumption of storage of the functionally impaired platelets, possibly latent DIC or episodic excessive sequestration may be equally involved. Remission may be accompanied by normalization of both thrombopoiesis and platelet kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:283655", "title": "Continuous oxygen uptake determination.", "content": "A new, open-circuit, flow-through technique for frequently repeated measurements of energy expenditure is described. It is designed mainly for subjects lying in bed and can be applied to severely injured patients. The measurement will not cause any discomfort to the subject, who does not have to co-operate. The energy expenditure was assessed at +/- 2.6% when the pulse technique was used with ambient air as the calibration gas. No systematic error (95% tolerance limits) was found compared with the conventional Douglas-bag method. The technique described is flexible, because all calculations are performed in a computer connected to the system.", "contents": "Continuous oxygen uptake determination. A new, open-circuit, flow-through technique for frequently repeated measurements of energy expenditure is described. It is designed mainly for subjects lying in bed and can be applied to severely injured patients. The measurement will not cause any discomfort to the subject, who does not have to co-operate. The energy expenditure was assessed at +/- 2.6% when the pulse technique was used with ambient air as the calibration gas. No systematic error (95% tolerance limits) was found compared with the conventional Douglas-bag method. The technique described is flexible, because all calculations are performed in a computer connected to the system."}
{"id": "PMID:283678", "title": "The EEMG--a practical index of cortical activity and muscular relaxation.", "content": "In a continuing study of the EEG as a monitor of cortical activity during anesthesia using a time-domain wave analyzer, the contamination of the EEG by scalp muscle activity was observed. A measure of this EMG activity was extracted from the combined EEG/EMG wave obtained from two electrodes placed over the left frontalis muscle and right mastoid process. Clinical work with this variable showed that the EMG can serve both as a reliable guide to patient muscular relaxation and an indicator of unacceptable muscle contamination of the EEG. This extracted variable in conjunction with the analyzed EEG has served as a valid indicator in the assessment of the anesthetic state. The system has been successfully employed in the management of nearly 1000 surgical patients.", "contents": "The EEMG--a practical index of cortical activity and muscular relaxation. In a continuing study of the EEG as a monitor of cortical activity during anesthesia using a time-domain wave analyzer, the contamination of the EEG by scalp muscle activity was observed. A measure of this EMG activity was extracted from the combined EEG/EMG wave obtained from two electrodes placed over the left frontalis muscle and right mastoid process. Clinical work with this variable showed that the EMG can serve both as a reliable guide to patient muscular relaxation and an indicator of unacceptable muscle contamination of the EEG. This extracted variable in conjunction with the analyzed EEG has served as a valid indicator in the assessment of the anesthetic state. The system has been successfully employed in the management of nearly 1000 surgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:283679", "title": "Acute ascending poliomyelomalacia after treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "This paper reports the case of a 16-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received chemotherapy including intrathecal injections of methotrexate and preventive irradiation of the brain, but not of the spinal cord. Several months later, she died from an acute ascending poliomyelitic syndrome evolving during 10 days. Clinical, bacteriological, and viral investigations failed to demonstrate any pathological agent. Autopsy revealed an acute ischemic lesion involving both anterior horns of the whole spinal cord and extending from the lower segment up to the mesencephalic region, without significant alteration of the white matter. Neither tumoral invasion, nor vascular obstruction was found. The pathogenesis of this yet undescribed lesion remained unclear but a metabolic disorder seemed the most plausible pathological factor.", "contents": "Acute ascending poliomyelomalacia after treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. This paper reports the case of a 16-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received chemotherapy including intrathecal injections of methotrexate and preventive irradiation of the brain, but not of the spinal cord. Several months later, she died from an acute ascending poliomyelitic syndrome evolving during 10 days. Clinical, bacteriological, and viral investigations failed to demonstrate any pathological agent. Autopsy revealed an acute ischemic lesion involving both anterior horns of the whole spinal cord and extending from the lower segment up to the mesencephalic region, without significant alteration of the white matter. Neither tumoral invasion, nor vascular obstruction was found. The pathogenesis of this yet undescribed lesion remained unclear but a metabolic disorder seemed the most plausible pathological factor."}
{"id": "PMID:283685", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Interactions with other neuropsychiatric disorders.", "content": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disease with a childhood onset below age 16, characterized by chronic involuntary movements, obsessions, compulsions, utterances, echolalia, coprolalia and aggressive behavior symptoms. Two unique case histories are described in this report, one with an intercurrent history of primary anorexia nervosa and the other with rheumatic encephalitis. They were successfully treated; the former with chlorimipramine, and the latter with combination of L-tryptophan, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine HCl. These two cases illustrate the possibility that one neuropsychiatric syndrome may induce another during its evolution when the same anatomo-biochemical loci of the brain are involved.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Interactions with other neuropsychiatric disorders. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disease with a childhood onset below age 16, characterized by chronic involuntary movements, obsessions, compulsions, utterances, echolalia, coprolalia and aggressive behavior symptoms. Two unique case histories are described in this report, one with an intercurrent history of primary anorexia nervosa and the other with rheumatic encephalitis. They were successfully treated; the former with chlorimipramine, and the latter with combination of L-tryptophan, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine HCl. These two cases illustrate the possibility that one neuropsychiatric syndrome may induce another during its evolution when the same anatomo-biochemical loci of the brain are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:283688", "title": "Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense.", "content": "The role of anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense was studied by force-feeding infected mice to a normal energy intake. Their mortality and survival times were then compared with those of infected mice feeding ad libitum. Mortality was increased and survival time shortened in force fed animals. Our observations suggest that anorexia, by reducing energy intake, has a significant role in the early defense of the host.", "contents": "Anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense. The role of anorexia of infection as a mechanism of host defense was studied by force-feeding infected mice to a normal energy intake. Their mortality and survival times were then compared with those of infected mice feeding ad libitum. Mortality was increased and survival time shortened in force fed animals. Our observations suggest that anorexia, by reducing energy intake, has a significant role in the early defense of the host."}
{"id": "PMID:283689", "title": "A family with acute leukemia, hypoplastic anemia and cerebellar ataxia: association with bone marrow C-monosomy.", "content": "The eldest brother in a sibship of five children died of acute myelogenous leukemia at 10 years of age. The second and third eldest brothers died of hypoplastic anemia at ages five and nine years, respectively. A surviving 6 year old brother, the proband of the study, has abnormalities that suggest a preleukemic state: mild pancytopenia, platelet dysfunction, immunodeficiency, and bone marrow hypoplasia with approximately 18 per cent blast forms. His 17 year old sister has a mild normochromic normocytic anemia. Cytogenetic studies revealed C-group monosomy in the bone marrows of the proband and the third brother (45, XY, -C); band studies demonstrated that a No. 8 chromosome was missing in the proband (45, XY, -8). At least four of the siblings and their father had cerebellar ataxia, and evidence of a small cerebellum at autopsy examination or by computerized axial tomography. The disorder in this family has major features of two autosomal recessive preleukemic diseases, ataxia-telangiectasia and Fanconi's anemia. However, these and other inherited conditions were excluded by clinical or laboratory criteria, and no environmental causes of the familial disorder were found. The constellation of abnormalities in the family may constitute a new genetic syndrome.", "contents": "A family with acute leukemia, hypoplastic anemia and cerebellar ataxia: association with bone marrow C-monosomy. The eldest brother in a sibship of five children died of acute myelogenous leukemia at 10 years of age. The second and third eldest brothers died of hypoplastic anemia at ages five and nine years, respectively. A surviving 6 year old brother, the proband of the study, has abnormalities that suggest a preleukemic state: mild pancytopenia, platelet dysfunction, immunodeficiency, and bone marrow hypoplasia with approximately 18 per cent blast forms. His 17 year old sister has a mild normochromic normocytic anemia. Cytogenetic studies revealed C-group monosomy in the bone marrows of the proband and the third brother (45, XY, -C); band studies demonstrated that a No. 8 chromosome was missing in the proband (45, XY, -8). At least four of the siblings and their father had cerebellar ataxia, and evidence of a small cerebellum at autopsy examination or by computerized axial tomography. The disorder in this family has major features of two autosomal recessive preleukemic diseases, ataxia-telangiectasia and Fanconi's anemia. However, these and other inherited conditions were excluded by clinical or laboratory criteria, and no environmental causes of the familial disorder were found. The constellation of abnormalities in the family may constitute a new genetic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:283691", "title": "A radiographic evaluation of the response of previously avulsed teeth and partially avulsed teeth to orthodontic movement.", "content": "Orthodontic movement, as documented in this study, can be accomplished successfully in the case of completely avulsed and partially avulsed teeth which have been reimplanted. These teeth respond to normal orthodontic forces and duration of treatment time by conventional orthodontic techniques and retention. Apical root resorption does occur more readily in these teeth before, during, and after orthodontic treatment. Six of the eighty-one involved teeth were lost because of complete root dissolution. The involved teeth which were reimplanted immediately without pulpal treatment and their integrity protected as living tissue were successfully treated orthodontically with no known losses as of this writing. It will be interesting to observe the tissue response of these avulsed teeth in the years ahead. How will time and circumstances deal with these teeth?", "contents": "A radiographic evaluation of the response of previously avulsed teeth and partially avulsed teeth to orthodontic movement. Orthodontic movement, as documented in this study, can be accomplished successfully in the case of completely avulsed and partially avulsed teeth which have been reimplanted. These teeth respond to normal orthodontic forces and duration of treatment time by conventional orthodontic techniques and retention. Apical root resorption does occur more readily in these teeth before, during, and after orthodontic treatment. Six of the eighty-one involved teeth were lost because of complete root dissolution. The involved teeth which were reimplanted immediately without pulpal treatment and their integrity protected as living tissue were successfully treated orthodontically with no known losses as of this writing. It will be interesting to observe the tissue response of these avulsed teeth in the years ahead. How will time and circumstances deal with these teeth?"}
{"id": "PMID:283694", "title": "The maxillary orthopedic splint.", "content": "Craniomaxillary orthopedic correction of the skeletal imbalance of Class II malocclusions is often the desired method of treatment in these cases. The ability to apply a \"pure\" orthopedic force to the maxillary complex has so far eluded research efforts. However, the use of a maxillary splint with a high-pull extraoral traction assembly has been shown to be most effective in reducing Class II skeletal dysplasias through a combination of dentoalveolar and basal bone changes. Force delivery to the maxillary complex in Class II skeletal jaw disharmonies is through the teeth. The philosophy behind the use of the maxillary splint is that if the force delivered to the upper jaw involved the use of all the upper teeth (and hard palate) rather than only the maxillary first molars, as in conventional extraoral orthodontic therapy, the effect on the jaws would be more orthopedic than orthodontic in nature. The advantages of the use of the maxillary splint in the younger patient with a severe Class II malocclusion are that it reduces the vulnerability of the maxillary incisors to accidental fracture, while concomitantly reducing the Class II dysplasia, thereby effectively shortening the later-stage multiband corrective time and procedures. Further advantages of the maxillary splint described are ease of construction and clinical application, which makes it an attractive appliance for use in dental clinics or institutions in which patient volume, infrequent visits, and ecomomic factors are major considerations. This preliminary report on the philosophy of treatment procedure and description of the appliance design is to be followed by a further cephalometric and clinical evaluation of results achieved with its use.", "contents": "The maxillary orthopedic splint. Craniomaxillary orthopedic correction of the skeletal imbalance of Class II malocclusions is often the desired method of treatment in these cases. The ability to apply a \"pure\" orthopedic force to the maxillary complex has so far eluded research efforts. However, the use of a maxillary splint with a high-pull extraoral traction assembly has been shown to be most effective in reducing Class II skeletal dysplasias through a combination of dentoalveolar and basal bone changes. Force delivery to the maxillary complex in Class II skeletal jaw disharmonies is through the teeth. The philosophy behind the use of the maxillary splint is that if the force delivered to the upper jaw involved the use of all the upper teeth (and hard palate) rather than only the maxillary first molars, as in conventional extraoral orthodontic therapy, the effect on the jaws would be more orthopedic than orthodontic in nature. The advantages of the use of the maxillary splint in the younger patient with a severe Class II malocclusion are that it reduces the vulnerability of the maxillary incisors to accidental fracture, while concomitantly reducing the Class II dysplasia, thereby effectively shortening the later-stage multiband corrective time and procedures. Further advantages of the maxillary splint described are ease of construction and clinical application, which makes it an attractive appliance for use in dental clinics or institutions in which patient volume, infrequent visits, and ecomomic factors are major considerations. This preliminary report on the philosophy of treatment procedure and description of the appliance design is to be followed by a further cephalometric and clinical evaluation of results achieved with its use."}
{"id": "PMID:283695", "title": "A cephalometric study of the craniofacial skeleton in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome.", "content": "A prominent feature of the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome is a very characteristic facies. This study quantitates differences in craniofacial skeleton between affected and unaffected members of the same kindred. Standard scores for various measurements taken from lateral cephalometric radiographs were compared for statistical significance, and these were further correlated with similar data calculated from length measurements of the middle phalanx of the second digit. The affected group had a shortened posterior face height (p less than 0.01) associated with a short mandibular ramus (p less than 0.01) as well as a reduced and superiorly deflected posterior cranial base (p less than 0.01). These craniofacial changes result in a steep inclination of the lower border of the mandible (p less than 0.01) and suggest disturbances in the epiphyseal growth sites of the skull as demonstrated by a high degree of correlation between the dysplasia of the cranial base, shortening of the posterior portion of the face, and shortening of the middle phalanx of the second digit.", "contents": "A cephalometric study of the craniofacial skeleton in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome. A prominent feature of the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome is a very characteristic facies. This study quantitates differences in craniofacial skeleton between affected and unaffected members of the same kindred. Standard scores for various measurements taken from lateral cephalometric radiographs were compared for statistical significance, and these were further correlated with similar data calculated from length measurements of the middle phalanx of the second digit. The affected group had a shortened posterior face height (p less than 0.01) associated with a short mandibular ramus (p less than 0.01) as well as a reduced and superiorly deflected posterior cranial base (p less than 0.01). These craniofacial changes result in a steep inclination of the lower border of the mandible (p less than 0.01) and suggest disturbances in the epiphyseal growth sites of the skull as demonstrated by a high degree of correlation between the dysplasia of the cranial base, shortening of the posterior portion of the face, and shortening of the middle phalanx of the second digit."}
{"id": "PMID:283699", "title": "The 'ballista spring\" system for impacted teeth.", "content": "The ballista spring system is a simplified orthodontic system for treating impacted teeth. The impacted tooth is retracted by a spring that accumulates a continuous force from being twisted on its long axis. The necessary operation on the impacted tooth is simple and less traumatic. The force exerted on the tooth is vertical, without compressing the impacted tooth toward the adjacent roots. This force is well controlled and easily modified. By the lack of appliance on the front teeth during a great part of the treatment, the esthetic side of the treatment is respected. Complicated impacted teeth in adults can be treated.", "contents": "The 'ballista spring\" system for impacted teeth. The ballista spring system is a simplified orthodontic system for treating impacted teeth. The impacted tooth is retracted by a spring that accumulates a continuous force from being twisted on its long axis. The necessary operation on the impacted tooth is simple and less traumatic. The force exerted on the tooth is vertical, without compressing the impacted tooth toward the adjacent roots. This force is well controlled and easily modified. By the lack of appliance on the front teeth during a great part of the treatment, the esthetic side of the treatment is respected. Complicated impacted teeth in adults can be treated."}
{"id": "PMID:283700", "title": "The activated face-bow: simple, safe, extraoral traction.", "content": "A simple and safe extraoral traction model is described. This consists of a face-bow with activated outer arms and a neck strap or headgear without any elastic force, such as rubber bands, elastic ribbons, coil springs, etc. The appliance cannot be withdrawn from the mouth by acident; therefore, the patient is protected from possible injuries.", "contents": "The activated face-bow: simple, safe, extraoral traction. A simple and safe extraoral traction model is described. This consists of a face-bow with activated outer arms and a neck strap or headgear without any elastic force, such as rubber bands, elastic ribbons, coil springs, etc. The appliance cannot be withdrawn from the mouth by acident; therefore, the patient is protected from possible injuries."}
{"id": "PMID:283701", "title": "The proportionate template as a diagnostic aid.", "content": "Many traditional cephalometric analyses used do not consistently reflect the extent of anteroposterior or vertical jaw dysplasias. Nor do such analyses give accurate information as to which jaw(s) is at fault. The proportionate template is designed as a diagnostic aid which enables the clinician to identify and determine rapidly the extent of craniofacial skeletal jaw discrepancies in adults. The template is found to be particularly useful for orthodontists and surgeons engaged in orthognathic surgery. (Proportionate templates are available upon request from the author).", "contents": "The proportionate template as a diagnostic aid. Many traditional cephalometric analyses used do not consistently reflect the extent of anteroposterior or vertical jaw dysplasias. Nor do such analyses give accurate information as to which jaw(s) is at fault. The proportionate template is designed as a diagnostic aid which enables the clinician to identify and determine rapidly the extent of craniofacial skeletal jaw discrepancies in adults. The template is found to be particularly useful for orthodontists and surgeons engaged in orthognathic surgery. (Proportionate templates are available upon request from the author)."}
{"id": "PMID:283702", "title": "Avoiding patient relation stress in an orthodontic practice.", "content": "1. Consumer rights apply to the practice of orthodontics as well as other areas of health care. 2. To avoid consumer complaints, the orthodontist must be prepared to deal with personality problems as well as treatment complications in his practice. 3. Only by careful questioning of the patient before treatment will the orthodontist be able to detect possible future problems. 4. An explanation of informed consent by the orthodontist and an acknowledgement of it in writing, signed by the parent or responsible party, is now regarded as essential to avoid misunderstandings and complaints. 5. An informed patient leads to a better relationship with the orthodontist as well as a healthier atmosphere in which to practice.", "contents": "Avoiding patient relation stress in an orthodontic practice. 1. Consumer rights apply to the practice of orthodontics as well as other areas of health care. 2. To avoid consumer complaints, the orthodontist must be prepared to deal with personality problems as well as treatment complications in his practice. 3. Only by careful questioning of the patient before treatment will the orthodontist be able to detect possible future problems. 4. An explanation of informed consent by the orthodontist and an acknowledgement of it in writing, signed by the parent or responsible party, is now regarded as essential to avoid misunderstandings and complaints. 5. An informed patient leads to a better relationship with the orthodontist as well as a healthier atmosphere in which to practice."}
{"id": "PMID:283703", "title": "Interobserver reliability in xeroradiographic cephalometry.", "content": "Observer agreement on cephalometric landmarks was compared between xeroradiographs and conventional radiographs of twenty-nine patients. Of fourteen landmarks evaluated, four (condylion, infradentale, Ptm, and ANS) demonstrated clinical significance in favor of the xeroradiograph. In addition, six other landmarks favored the xeroradiograph but not to the degree of statistical significance.", "contents": "Interobserver reliability in xeroradiographic cephalometry. Observer agreement on cephalometric landmarks was compared between xeroradiographs and conventional radiographs of twenty-nine patients. Of fourteen landmarks evaluated, four (condylion, infradentale, Ptm, and ANS) demonstrated clinical significance in favor of the xeroradiograph. In addition, six other landmarks favored the xeroradiograph but not to the degree of statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:283705", "title": "The mandibular plane angle in activator treatment.", "content": "The long-term results of activator treatment were investigated in 15 subjects with a small and 13 subject with a large pretreatment mandibular plane angle. The results of the investigation revealed the following: 1. Activator treatment resulted in a general improvement in the sagittal and vertical incisor relationship in both large and small angle cases. 2. Overjet relapse was more frequent and overbite relapse less frequent in large angle cases than in small angle cases. 3. During the period before treatment follow-up examination the frequency of patients with open bite increased in the large angle group and decreased in the small angle group. 4. The mandibular intercanine arch width was smaller and the frequency of crowding in the mandibular incisor segment was higher in the large angle group than in the small angle group. 5. A large pretreatment mandibular plane angle, per se, was not a primary factor in treatment failure. However, an unfavourable mandibular growth in combination with an atypical tongue function seemed to be the main reason for the relapse found in the large angle subjects.", "contents": "The mandibular plane angle in activator treatment. The long-term results of activator treatment were investigated in 15 subjects with a small and 13 subject with a large pretreatment mandibular plane angle. The results of the investigation revealed the following: 1. Activator treatment resulted in a general improvement in the sagittal and vertical incisor relationship in both large and small angle cases. 2. Overjet relapse was more frequent and overbite relapse less frequent in large angle cases than in small angle cases. 3. During the period before treatment follow-up examination the frequency of patients with open bite increased in the large angle group and decreased in the small angle group. 4. The mandibular intercanine arch width was smaller and the frequency of crowding in the mandibular incisor segment was higher in the large angle group than in the small angle group. 5. A large pretreatment mandibular plane angle, per se, was not a primary factor in treatment failure. However, an unfavourable mandibular growth in combination with an atypical tongue function seemed to be the main reason for the relapse found in the large angle subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:283706", "title": "Effects of orthodontic intermaxillary Class III mechanics on craniofacial structures. Part I - photoerlastic analysis.", "content": "The relation between active growth and induced anatomic changes was examined using photoelastic stress techniques. The following can be concluded from this investigation: 1. Utilization of Class III mechanics on the photoelastic skull affected the zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofrontal and frontomaxillary sutures. 2. The stress trajectories observed in the mandible lead to the conclusion that Class III traction affects mandibular growth and opening, as well as condylar repositioning. 3. Evidence of stress was observed in a section of the condyle due to the external pterygoid muscle. 4. The stress concentrated at the outer surface of the pterygoid plate was due to the action of the external pterygoid muscle. 5. The effect of the simulated Class III traction created concentrations of stress mesial and distal of the second molars and at the apical and midroot areas of first molars.", "contents": "Effects of orthodontic intermaxillary Class III mechanics on craniofacial structures. Part I - photoerlastic analysis. The relation between active growth and induced anatomic changes was examined using photoelastic stress techniques. The following can be concluded from this investigation: 1. Utilization of Class III mechanics on the photoelastic skull affected the zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofrontal and frontomaxillary sutures. 2. The stress trajectories observed in the mandible lead to the conclusion that Class III traction affects mandibular growth and opening, as well as condylar repositioning. 3. Evidence of stress was observed in a section of the condyle due to the external pterygoid muscle. 4. The stress concentrated at the outer surface of the pterygoid plate was due to the action of the external pterygoid muscle. 5. The effect of the simulated Class III traction created concentrations of stress mesial and distal of the second molars and at the apical and midroot areas of first molars."}
{"id": "PMID:283707", "title": "Effects of orthodontic intermaxillary class III mechanics on craniofacial structures. Part II - computerized cephalometrics.", "content": "The relation between active growth and induced anatomic changes was examined using a computerized cephalometric analysis of ten Class III cases treated with intermaxillary traction. The following can be concluded from this investigation: 1. Mandibular growth was redirected and mandibular opening was observed due to maxillary molar extrusion and counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla. 2. Condylar repositioning was noted to occur in all cases due to the effect of the external pterygoid muscle and a possible translatory movement during mandibular rotation. 3. Counterclockwise palatal development occurred in most of the treated cases through vertical action of the Class III mechanism. 4. The effect of the Class III traction was also observed in the mandibular incisor and molar teeth. The incisors retruded and the molars either were located in the predicted position or farther distally. 5. The soft tissue profile was less concave than the predicted value due to less mandibular growth and more retruded incisors in the treated cases. 6. Evidence was shown that a positive relationship exists between computerized cephalometrics and photoelastic techniques in the analysis of ten treated cases. This relationship is based on the fact that specific changes which took place during treatment were found to be consistent with the results of the photoelastic analysis.", "contents": "Effects of orthodontic intermaxillary class III mechanics on craniofacial structures. Part II - computerized cephalometrics. The relation between active growth and induced anatomic changes was examined using a computerized cephalometric analysis of ten Class III cases treated with intermaxillary traction. The following can be concluded from this investigation: 1. Mandibular growth was redirected and mandibular opening was observed due to maxillary molar extrusion and counterclockwise rotation of the maxilla. 2. Condylar repositioning was noted to occur in all cases due to the effect of the external pterygoid muscle and a possible translatory movement during mandibular rotation. 3. Counterclockwise palatal development occurred in most of the treated cases through vertical action of the Class III mechanism. 4. The effect of the Class III traction was also observed in the mandibular incisor and molar teeth. The incisors retruded and the molars either were located in the predicted position or farther distally. 5. The soft tissue profile was less concave than the predicted value due to less mandibular growth and more retruded incisors in the treated cases. 6. Evidence was shown that a positive relationship exists between computerized cephalometrics and photoelastic techniques in the analysis of ten treated cases. This relationship is based on the fact that specific changes which took place during treatment were found to be consistent with the results of the photoelastic analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:283709", "title": "Facial growth associated with a cranial base defect - a case report.", "content": "A skull was described possessing posterior cranial base defect and resultant asymmetric growth of this structure. It was hypothesized that compensatory restraining influences of surrounding soft tissues prevented a more severe facial malformation from occurring.", "contents": "Facial growth associated with a cranial base defect - a case report. A skull was described possessing posterior cranial base defect and resultant asymmetric growth of this structure. It was hypothesized that compensatory restraining influences of surrounding soft tissues prevented a more severe facial malformation from occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:283711", "title": "Soft tissue changes associated with mandibular subapical osteotomy.", "content": "Sophisticated treatment planning for those individuals with severe dental and facial disproportions requires accurate prediction of posttreatment results. Preand posttreatment cephalometric X-rays for a group of twelve patients treated by a combined orthodontic-oral surgical approach were evaluated. The surgery was of either the standard mandibular subapical osteotomy or Kole type of procedure. Surgical repositioning of the anterior mandibular alveolus resulted in various changes in hard tissue and soft tissue profile. In summary, these changes were: 1. Decreased lower facial height. 2. More relaxed lip posture as revealed by an increased superior vermilion lip length and decreased inferior vermilion lip length. 3. Stomion moved inferior and posterior relative to the lower facial plane. 4. Superior labial sulcus became less concave. 5. Inferior labial sulcus became more concave. 6. Superior vermilion and inferior vermilion moved posterior relative to the lower facial plane. 7. Chin radius and lip-chin-throat angle decreased. 8. Overbite and overjet increased while Wits analysis decreased. 9. Facial contour angle was unchanged. Changes were similar for both standard subapical and Kole groups with the main difference being a greater reduction in facial height with the Kole group.", "contents": "Soft tissue changes associated with mandibular subapical osteotomy. Sophisticated treatment planning for those individuals with severe dental and facial disproportions requires accurate prediction of posttreatment results. Preand posttreatment cephalometric X-rays for a group of twelve patients treated by a combined orthodontic-oral surgical approach were evaluated. The surgery was of either the standard mandibular subapical osteotomy or Kole type of procedure. Surgical repositioning of the anterior mandibular alveolus resulted in various changes in hard tissue and soft tissue profile. In summary, these changes were: 1. Decreased lower facial height. 2. More relaxed lip posture as revealed by an increased superior vermilion lip length and decreased inferior vermilion lip length. 3. Stomion moved inferior and posterior relative to the lower facial plane. 4. Superior labial sulcus became less concave. 5. Inferior labial sulcus became more concave. 6. Superior vermilion and inferior vermilion moved posterior relative to the lower facial plane. 7. Chin radius and lip-chin-throat angle decreased. 8. Overbite and overjet increased while Wits analysis decreased. 9. Facial contour angle was unchanged. Changes were similar for both standard subapical and Kole groups with the main difference being a greater reduction in facial height with the Kole group."}
{"id": "PMID:283712", "title": "A study of craniofacial form.", "content": "There are differences in the craniofacial skeleton, dental arch, and tooth dimensions between brachycephalics and dolichocephalics. Furthermore, the craniofacial complex appears to be more intergrated biologically in dolichocephalics than brachycephalics.", "contents": "A study of craniofacial form. There are differences in the craniofacial skeleton, dental arch, and tooth dimensions between brachycephalics and dolichocephalics. Furthermore, the craniofacial complex appears to be more intergrated biologically in dolichocephalics than brachycephalics."}
{"id": "PMID:283728", "title": "Narcotism: dimensions of the problem.", "content": "It is evident that the indirect indicators that are used to provide some estimate of heroin use trends are susceptible to distortion by variables having little to do with total heroin use. A panel of indicators, employed together, moving in the same direction, are seen as the best information available, and confidence can be placed in their implications. We have witnessed a rapid increase in the use of heroin in the decade that began in 1960. From 1970 to 1973 a decrease occurred followed by an increase in prevalence that lasted about two years. Since 1975 there appears to have been a levelling off or even a slight decrease in heroin use with a shift of higher use patterns to the West Coast. These changes are the result of many factors on both the demand and the supply sides of the equation. There is reason to believe that the curve could slope sharply upward again if substantial efforts are not made to control the quantity of available heroin, to prevent the recruitment of new users and to treat those now overinvolved with the drug. However, heroin prevalence rates will not recede to the pre-1960 level in the foreseeable future, and immediate goals include lowering them even more.", "contents": "Narcotism: dimensions of the problem. It is evident that the indirect indicators that are used to provide some estimate of heroin use trends are susceptible to distortion by variables having little to do with total heroin use. A panel of indicators, employed together, moving in the same direction, are seen as the best information available, and confidence can be placed in their implications. We have witnessed a rapid increase in the use of heroin in the decade that began in 1960. From 1970 to 1973 a decrease occurred followed by an increase in prevalence that lasted about two years. Since 1975 there appears to have been a levelling off or even a slight decrease in heroin use with a shift of higher use patterns to the West Coast. These changes are the result of many factors on both the demand and the supply sides of the equation. There is reason to believe that the curve could slope sharply upward again if substantial efforts are not made to control the quantity of available heroin, to prevent the recruitment of new users and to treat those now overinvolved with the drug. However, heroin prevalence rates will not recede to the pre-1960 level in the foreseeable future, and immediate goals include lowering them even more."}
{"id": "PMID:283730", "title": "Malignant melanoma of choroid developing in the eye of a three-year-old boy.", "content": "An apparently normal, healthy 3-year-old boy developed redness of the left eye. An ophthalmologist discovered an intraocular tumor which he believed arose from the choroid. The child's 17-year-old mother developed osteosarcoma of the right femur during pregnancy and died a short while after his birth. Because of the rarity of malignant melanoma of the choroid in this age group, an exhaustive study was made resulting in firm evidence that this was probably a melanoma. The eye was enucleated. Pathologic study demonstrated a malignant melanoma with unusually pleomorphic cells.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of choroid developing in the eye of a three-year-old boy. An apparently normal, healthy 3-year-old boy developed redness of the left eye. An ophthalmologist discovered an intraocular tumor which he believed arose from the choroid. The child's 17-year-old mother developed osteosarcoma of the right femur during pregnancy and died a short while after his birth. Because of the rarity of malignant melanoma of the choroid in this age group, an exhaustive study was made resulting in firm evidence that this was probably a melanoma. The eye was enucleated. Pathologic study demonstrated a malignant melanoma with unusually pleomorphic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283735", "title": "Leukaemic hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after interruption of treatment.", "content": "A 7-year-old girl was successfully treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and remained in remission after treatment had been completed in 3 years. Four months after cessation of treatment, iridocyclitis with hypopyon developed in one eye. Exudate from the anterior chamber contained numerous lymphoblasts. Local radiotherapy led to complete resolution of the ocular lesions, and the patient remains well 22 months later.", "contents": "Leukaemic hypopyon in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after interruption of treatment. A 7-year-old girl was successfully treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and remained in remission after treatment had been completed in 3 years. Four months after cessation of treatment, iridocyclitis with hypopyon developed in one eye. Exudate from the anterior chamber contained numerous lymphoblasts. Local radiotherapy led to complete resolution of the ocular lesions, and the patient remains well 22 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:283759", "title": "An analysis of interdental cleaning habits.", "content": "A study using a method of questioning regarding the interdental cleaning habits of 766 patients in the Periodontics Department of the Brisbane Dental Hospital revealed: 1. Only 11.5 percent used an interdental aid once or more daily. 2. Only 14.3 percent of those who had received regular dental treatment used an aid at least once daily. 3. Thirty percent of patients who had received regular dental treatment had received some instruction in the use of interdental aids. 4. Significantly more patients receiving periodontal treatment used an aid once daily. 5. There was no difference between institutional and private practice patients in the use of an aid, but more of the last named continued to follow instructions in their use. 6. Significantly more daily users of woodsticks than of dental floss were found. These findings demonstrate a major defect in dental health communication in the sample studied which is probably reflected in a more widespread fashion in a broad cross section of the population.", "contents": "An analysis of interdental cleaning habits. A study using a method of questioning regarding the interdental cleaning habits of 766 patients in the Periodontics Department of the Brisbane Dental Hospital revealed: 1. Only 11.5 percent used an interdental aid once or more daily. 2. Only 14.3 percent of those who had received regular dental treatment used an aid at least once daily. 3. Thirty percent of patients who had received regular dental treatment had received some instruction in the use of interdental aids. 4. Significantly more patients receiving periodontal treatment used an aid once daily. 5. There was no difference between institutional and private practice patients in the use of an aid, but more of the last named continued to follow instructions in their use. 6. Significantly more daily users of woodsticks than of dental floss were found. These findings demonstrate a major defect in dental health communication in the sample studied which is probably reflected in a more widespread fashion in a broad cross section of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:283760", "title": "A modular approach to dental studies.", "content": "At the commencement of the 1979 Academic Year a \"modular approach\" to degree studies in Dentistry will be instituted at the University of Papua New Guinea. This course of studies will be comprised of four progression modules and includes a one-year programme of community service and clinical experience in a dental clinic of the Department of Health.", "contents": "A modular approach to dental studies. At the commencement of the 1979 Academic Year a \"modular approach\" to degree studies in Dentistry will be instituted at the University of Papua New Guinea. This course of studies will be comprised of four progression modules and includes a one-year programme of community service and clinical experience in a dental clinic of the Department of Health."}
{"id": "PMID:283761", "title": "A simple method of assessing community orthodontic needs.", "content": "A method based on a survey of 336 children is described for making measurements of occlusions and converting the results into a form which permits an assessment of the community's need for orthodontic treatment. Measurements of the incisal overjet and crowding are used to produce a score related to the severity of the malocclusion, and the results suggest further investigation is warranted.", "contents": "A simple method of assessing community orthodontic needs. A method based on a survey of 336 children is described for making measurements of occlusions and converting the results into a form which permits an assessment of the community's need for orthodontic treatment. Measurements of the incisal overjet and crowding are used to produce a score related to the severity of the malocclusion, and the results suggest further investigation is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:283762", "title": "University dental services.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to determine the appropriate dental services for a university using one university dental service as a model. After examination of the aims, population, demands and needs, possible alternative strategies were considered by comparing the organizational structure of three different types of university dental service.", "contents": "University dental services. An investigation was conducted to determine the appropriate dental services for a university using one university dental service as a model. After examination of the aims, population, demands and needs, possible alternative strategies were considered by comparing the organizational structure of three different types of university dental service."}
{"id": "PMID:283769", "title": "Effects of different diuretics on urinary calcium excretion in a general population.", "content": "Calcium excretion by users and non-users of thiazide diuretics and frusemide was studied during a health survey. Men taking thiazides excreted less calcium than age- and weight-matched controls. Both men and women taking thiazides excreted less calcium relative to sodium than controls. Women taking thiazides excreted significantly less calcium than women taking frusemide. Both men and women taking thiazides excreted less calcium relative to creatinine than sex-matched groups taking frusemide.", "contents": "Effects of different diuretics on urinary calcium excretion in a general population. Calcium excretion by users and non-users of thiazide diuretics and frusemide was studied during a health survey. Men taking thiazides excreted less calcium than age- and weight-matched controls. Both men and women taking thiazides excreted less calcium relative to sodium than controls. Women taking thiazides excreted significantly less calcium than women taking frusemide. Both men and women taking thiazides excreted less calcium relative to creatinine than sex-matched groups taking frusemide."}
{"id": "PMID:283770", "title": "Definite myocardial infarction in Auckland.", "content": "A 40% representative sample of definite myocardial infarctions in Auckland was studied to give incidence figures and data relating to demographic variables, personal characteristics and habits, cardiovascular history, the acute phase and events over the subsequent 28 days. The incidence results showed figures comparable with other centres in Europe and the USA, as expected from New Zealanders' high consumption of dietary saturated fats and westernized life style.", "contents": "Definite myocardial infarction in Auckland. A 40% representative sample of definite myocardial infarctions in Auckland was studied to give incidence figures and data relating to demographic variables, personal characteristics and habits, cardiovascular history, the acute phase and events over the subsequent 28 days. The incidence results showed figures comparable with other centres in Europe and the USA, as expected from New Zealanders' high consumption of dietary saturated fats and westernized life style."}
{"id": "PMID:283771", "title": "Sudden death in Auckland.", "content": "A representative sample of all sudden cardiac deaths occurring in Auckland in one year is reported. Data describing demographic variables, personal characteristics and habits, previous symptoms, prodromal symptoms, the acute phase and post mortem results, is presented. Incidence values are very close to those of other similar communities. The syndrome of \"sudden death\" probably defines a heterogenous group of cases. Deaths were significantly more common in the cooler months, and in the lowest social class. Some evidence is presented consistent with the hypothesis that a high alcohol intake is associated with sudden death. No differences were found between cases dying within five minutes and those dying later but within 24 hours, considering several variables. Myocardial fibrosis at post mortem was a common finding. The role of the coronary ambulance is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Sudden death in Auckland. A representative sample of all sudden cardiac deaths occurring in Auckland in one year is reported. Data describing demographic variables, personal characteristics and habits, previous symptoms, prodromal symptoms, the acute phase and post mortem results, is presented. Incidence values are very close to those of other similar communities. The syndrome of \"sudden death\" probably defines a heterogenous group of cases. Deaths were significantly more common in the cooler months, and in the lowest social class. Some evidence is presented consistent with the hypothesis that a high alcohol intake is associated with sudden death. No differences were found between cases dying within five minutes and those dying later but within 24 hours, considering several variables. Myocardial fibrosis at post mortem was a common finding. The role of the coronary ambulance is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:283772", "title": "Occurrence of large proximal splenic artery aneurysms in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Two cases are reported of large pre-splenic aneurysms of the splenic artery in patients with chronic liver disease, and three others cited from the literature. Four of the five died from rupture of the aneurysm. All patients were parous females with chronic liver disease, and in four of the five this was known to be present before pregnancy. It is suggested that proximal splenic artery aneurysms in such patients are due to both haemodynamic changes of portal hypertension and the endocrine changes of pregnancy. This concept may lead to early recognition of these lesions, although there are as yet no certain indications for investigation or surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "Occurrence of large proximal splenic artery aneurysms in chronic liver disease. Two cases are reported of large pre-splenic aneurysms of the splenic artery in patients with chronic liver disease, and three others cited from the literature. Four of the five died from rupture of the aneurysm. All patients were parous females with chronic liver disease, and in four of the five this was known to be present before pregnancy. It is suggested that proximal splenic artery aneurysms in such patients are due to both haemodynamic changes of portal hypertension and the endocrine changes of pregnancy. This concept may lead to early recognition of these lesions, although there are as yet no certain indications for investigation or surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:283773", "title": "Toxic autonomous thyroid nodule following neck irradiation.", "content": "A 37-year-old male with a history of neck irradiation in childhood presented with thyrotoxicosis due to an autonomous thyroid nodule. Adjacent to the nodule was a radiation scar from radiotherapy administered 35 years previously. Hemithyroidectomy was performed and histological examination excluded malignant change. Long term follow-up should continue to detect possible nodule formation in the contralateral lobe.", "contents": "Toxic autonomous thyroid nodule following neck irradiation. A 37-year-old male with a history of neck irradiation in childhood presented with thyrotoxicosis due to an autonomous thyroid nodule. Adjacent to the nodule was a radiation scar from radiotherapy administered 35 years previously. Hemithyroidectomy was performed and histological examination excluded malignant change. Long term follow-up should continue to detect possible nodule formation in the contralateral lobe."}
{"id": "PMID:283775", "title": "Iatrogenic fluorosis.", "content": "A 69-year-old spinster presented with a history of generalised bone pains in September 1977. She was asthmatic and had been treated with 60 mg sodium fluoride and three Calcium Sandoz tablets daily for three years in an attempt to minimize steroid-induced osteoporosis. She was subsequently found to have fluorosis as shown by radiological osteosclerosis in vertebrae and pelvis with histological changes of osteomalacia on bone biopsy and a high bone fluoride content. A trial regimen for osteoporosis which is currently being assessed in various centres includes fluoride along with supplementary calcium and Vit D to prevent the production of osteomalacia which may occur with the fluoride salt alone. The case described here emphasises the potential toxicity of therapeutic dosages of fluoride when prescribed with calcium alone and emphasises the need for careful clinical and biochemical monitoring in all patients receiving therapeutic dosages of fluoride.", "contents": "Iatrogenic fluorosis. A 69-year-old spinster presented with a history of generalised bone pains in September 1977. She was asthmatic and had been treated with 60 mg sodium fluoride and three Calcium Sandoz tablets daily for three years in an attempt to minimize steroid-induced osteoporosis. She was subsequently found to have fluorosis as shown by radiological osteosclerosis in vertebrae and pelvis with histological changes of osteomalacia on bone biopsy and a high bone fluoride content. A trial regimen for osteoporosis which is currently being assessed in various centres includes fluoride along with supplementary calcium and Vit D to prevent the production of osteomalacia which may occur with the fluoride salt alone. The case described here emphasises the potential toxicity of therapeutic dosages of fluoride when prescribed with calcium alone and emphasises the need for careful clinical and biochemical monitoring in all patients receiving therapeutic dosages of fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:283776", "title": "B cell leukaemia distinguished from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia by surface markers.", "content": "Four cases of lymphocytic leukaemia were distinguished from CLL by surface marker analysis. CLL cells have relatively little SIg and have the mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cells in these cases had denser Slg and lacked the mouse erythrocyte receptor. The group presented a fairly uniform picture with onset in sixth or seventh decade, very high lymphocyte counts, splenomegaly (gross in three), heavy infiltration of marrow, relative resistance to chemotherapy and response to splenectomy. The lymphocytes were somewhat larger than those usually found in CLL and histological examination showed a quasi-nodular pattern in lymph nodes with diffuse infiltration of the spleen. Difficulties of classification are discussed. The addition of surface marker analysis to clinical and morphological parameters allows these cases of B-lymphocytic leukaemia (mouse erythrocyte-negative B leukaemia) to be distinguished clearly from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The mouse erythrocyte receptor is particularly useful in making this distinction.", "contents": "B cell leukaemia distinguished from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia by surface markers. Four cases of lymphocytic leukaemia were distinguished from CLL by surface marker analysis. CLL cells have relatively little SIg and have the mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cells in these cases had denser Slg and lacked the mouse erythrocyte receptor. The group presented a fairly uniform picture with onset in sixth or seventh decade, very high lymphocyte counts, splenomegaly (gross in three), heavy infiltration of marrow, relative resistance to chemotherapy and response to splenectomy. The lymphocytes were somewhat larger than those usually found in CLL and histological examination showed a quasi-nodular pattern in lymph nodes with diffuse infiltration of the spleen. Difficulties of classification are discussed. The addition of surface marker analysis to clinical and morphological parameters allows these cases of B-lymphocytic leukaemia (mouse erythrocyte-negative B leukaemia) to be distinguished clearly from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The mouse erythrocyte receptor is particularly useful in making this distinction."}
{"id": "PMID:283777", "title": "Polymyositis presenting with severe weakness involving only one arm.", "content": "A woman presented with severe weakness and wasting involving only one arm. A definite diagnosis was not made until almost six years later when she developed proximal weakness in the legs as well, and a muscle biopsy showed changes of polymyositis. Asymmetry of weakness in polymyositis has been noted previously in the literature, but is rare. In previous reports asymmetry as marked as in the present case has not been noted.", "contents": "Polymyositis presenting with severe weakness involving only one arm. A woman presented with severe weakness and wasting involving only one arm. A definite diagnosis was not made until almost six years later when she developed proximal weakness in the legs as well, and a muscle biopsy showed changes of polymyositis. Asymmetry of weakness in polymyositis has been noted previously in the literature, but is rare. In previous reports asymmetry as marked as in the present case has not been noted."}
{"id": "PMID:283779", "title": "Emergency obstetric calls in the Wimmera.", "content": "This paper analyses emergency obstetric calls in the Wimmera Plains over the 10-year period, 1967-1976. There were 120 calls and 39 of these were managed at the local hospitals. In a district of this type there is a place for a visiting obstetric emergency service.", "contents": "Emergency obstetric calls in the Wimmera. This paper analyses emergency obstetric calls in the Wimmera Plains over the 10-year period, 1967-1976. There were 120 calls and 39 of these were managed at the local hospitals. In a district of this type there is a place for a visiting obstetric emergency service."}
{"id": "PMID:283780", "title": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein (SP-1) in normal and abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "Maternal serum levels of a pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (SP-1) were measured by radial-immunodiffusion in 369 normal pregnancies. Mean levels rose progressively to approximately 200 mg/l at 36 weeks of gestation followed by a plateau and a fall at term. The 95% confidence limits were established for SP-1 logarithmic correction of the positively skewed raw data and certain theoretical and practical advantages were demonstrated in the use of SP-1 compared with human placental lactogen (HPL) measurement in the assessment of fetal-placental growth and function. In a preliminary study of abnormal pregnancy states it was found that maternal serum SP-1 assay may aid in the early detection of retarded intrauterine growth, and that it provides a better monitoring system than HPL in this condition. SP-1 levles were normal in pregnancies complicated by hypertension without retarded intrauterine growth.", "contents": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein (SP-1) in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Maternal serum levels of a pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (SP-1) were measured by radial-immunodiffusion in 369 normal pregnancies. Mean levels rose progressively to approximately 200 mg/l at 36 weeks of gestation followed by a plateau and a fall at term. The 95% confidence limits were established for SP-1 logarithmic correction of the positively skewed raw data and certain theoretical and practical advantages were demonstrated in the use of SP-1 compared with human placental lactogen (HPL) measurement in the assessment of fetal-placental growth and function. In a preliminary study of abnormal pregnancy states it was found that maternal serum SP-1 assay may aid in the early detection of retarded intrauterine growth, and that it provides a better monitoring system than HPL in this condition. SP-1 levles were normal in pregnancies complicated by hypertension without retarded intrauterine growth."}
{"id": "PMID:283782", "title": "An assessment of vulval lichen sclerosus.", "content": "Vulval lichen sclerosus (L.S.) has been assessed clinically, colposcopically, and histologically to ascertain the suitability of including this condition in the nomenclature proposed by the International Society for the Study of Vulval Disease (I.S.S.V.D). In many cases the macroscopic appearance of lichen sclerosus is characteristic, but this is not always the case. Histologically, the appearances of the dermal hyaline change, the reduction in the length and the number of rete pegs, to a lesser extent thinning of the dermis and sometimes thinning of the epidermis are characteristics. The presence of dermal inflammatory cells and changes in the thickness of the keratin layer are, however, much more variable. Exact measurements of the various layers of the vulval skin are not necessary in the routine assessment of lichen sclerosus. The present study justifies the inclusion of lichen sclerosus on histological criteria in the I.S.S.V.D.'s nomenclature.", "contents": "An assessment of vulval lichen sclerosus. Vulval lichen sclerosus (L.S.) has been assessed clinically, colposcopically, and histologically to ascertain the suitability of including this condition in the nomenclature proposed by the International Society for the Study of Vulval Disease (I.S.S.V.D). In many cases the macroscopic appearance of lichen sclerosus is characteristic, but this is not always the case. Histologically, the appearances of the dermal hyaline change, the reduction in the length and the number of rete pegs, to a lesser extent thinning of the dermis and sometimes thinning of the epidermis are characteristics. The presence of dermal inflammatory cells and changes in the thickness of the keratin layer are, however, much more variable. Exact measurements of the various layers of the vulval skin are not necessary in the routine assessment of lichen sclerosus. The present study justifies the inclusion of lichen sclerosus on histological criteria in the I.S.S.V.D.'s nomenclature."}
{"id": "PMID:283783", "title": "The effect of oestradiol valerate therapy on coagulation factors and lipid and oestrogen levels in o\u00f6phorectomised women.", "content": "The effect of oestradiol valerate on levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, free oestradiol and coagulation factors, as well as on urinary oestrogens and free cortisol was measured in 10 o\u00f6phorectomised women. Despite the very high urinary oestrogen levles obtained, there was no significant change found in the other parameters during and after treatment. These findings are discussed, as is the significance of the metabolism of both endogenously produced and orally administered oestrogens in the menopausal woman.", "contents": "The effect of oestradiol valerate therapy on coagulation factors and lipid and oestrogen levels in o\u00f6phorectomised women. The effect of oestradiol valerate on levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, free oestradiol and coagulation factors, as well as on urinary oestrogens and free cortisol was measured in 10 o\u00f6phorectomised women. Despite the very high urinary oestrogen levles obtained, there was no significant change found in the other parameters during and after treatment. These findings are discussed, as is the significance of the metabolism of both endogenously produced and orally administered oestrogens in the menopausal woman."}
{"id": "PMID:283784", "title": "Clinical features and plasma hormone levels after surgical menopause.", "content": "This study reports the plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestradiol and testosterone in 43 women who had undergone bilateral o\u00f6phorectomy. Age was the only variable of those investigated which appeared to influence a hormone level; testosterone levels were found to decrease with increasing age. Two significant associations were found between clinical features of the menopause and the plasma hormone levels measured. Low levels of oestradiol were associated with pruritus vulvae and high levels of testerone were associated with headaches.", "contents": "Clinical features and plasma hormone levels after surgical menopause. This study reports the plasma levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, oestradiol and testosterone in 43 women who had undergone bilateral o\u00f6phorectomy. Age was the only variable of those investigated which appeared to influence a hormone level; testosterone levels were found to decrease with increasing age. Two significant associations were found between clinical features of the menopause and the plasma hormone levels measured. Low levels of oestradiol were associated with pruritus vulvae and high levels of testerone were associated with headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:283785", "title": "Relative bradycardia: a sign of acute intraperitoneal bleeding.", "content": "Acute intraperitoneal bleeding with hypotension may be accompanied by a relatively normal pulse rate instead of the tachycardia usually produced by blood loss. Four cases of intraperitoneal bleeding of diverse, though pelvic, origin, are described. In each patient, symptomatic hypotension occurred with a pulse rate less than 80 per minute, thereby initially confusing the diagnosis of internal bleeding. The hypotension and relative bradycardia responded to atropine followed by fluid replacement. Response to atropine implies that the reflex that produces bradycardia is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It is concluded that relative bradycardia occurring with intraperitoneal haemorrhage may be the cause of both diagnostic difficulty and disproportionately severe hypotension.", "contents": "Relative bradycardia: a sign of acute intraperitoneal bleeding. Acute intraperitoneal bleeding with hypotension may be accompanied by a relatively normal pulse rate instead of the tachycardia usually produced by blood loss. Four cases of intraperitoneal bleeding of diverse, though pelvic, origin, are described. In each patient, symptomatic hypotension occurred with a pulse rate less than 80 per minute, thereby initially confusing the diagnosis of internal bleeding. The hypotension and relative bradycardia responded to atropine followed by fluid replacement. Response to atropine implies that the reflex that produces bradycardia is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It is concluded that relative bradycardia occurring with intraperitoneal haemorrhage may be the cause of both diagnostic difficulty and disproportionately severe hypotension."}
{"id": "PMID:283786", "title": "Compound presentation following external version.", "content": "Two cases of compound presentation following external version are presented. The frequent combination of the feet with the vertex following this procedure and its association with a higher fetal mortality, interference rate, and obstructed labour than the hand and vertex combination are highlighted. The aetiology, problems in diagnosis, and management are discussed. Measured to prevent and deal with this complication are suggested.", "contents": "Compound presentation following external version. Two cases of compound presentation following external version are presented. The frequent combination of the feet with the vertex following this procedure and its association with a higher fetal mortality, interference rate, and obstructed labour than the hand and vertex combination are highlighted. The aetiology, problems in diagnosis, and management are discussed. Measured to prevent and deal with this complication are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:283787", "title": "Conjoined twins.", "content": "A case of thoracopagus conjoined twins is described in which ultrasonography was helpful in achieving an antenatal diagnosis and in allowing consultative decision on management.", "contents": "Conjoined twins. A case of thoracopagus conjoined twins is described in which ultrasonography was helpful in achieving an antenatal diagnosis and in allowing consultative decision on management."}
{"id": "PMID:283788", "title": "Duffy haemolytic disease of the newborn.", "content": "A case is reported of mild haemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Fya (Duffy). This brings to 19 the number of cases of Duffy haemolytic disease recorded in the English literature.", "contents": "Duffy haemolytic disease of the newborn. A case is reported of mild haemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Fya (Duffy). This brings to 19 the number of cases of Duffy haemolytic disease recorded in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:283791", "title": "Comparison of spontaneous and contraceptive menstrual cycles on a visual discrimination task.", "content": "21 women with spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles, and 7 women who were regular users of oral contraceptives were investigated over two consecutive menstrual cycles. There two groups were compared on their two flash threshold performance and on mood ratings. It was found that, for women with ovulatory menstrual cycles, visual sensitivity was enhanced during the late follicular phase of the cycle, as ovulation approached. At other phases of the menstrual cycle (paramenstrual and luteal) visual sensitivity remained constant and comparable to the values found in women who were taking to the values found in women who were taking contraceptives. Women who were taking contraceptives showed no significant variation in visual sensitivity with phase of the menstrual cycle. The overall level of anxiety, as reflected by mood ratings was higher in women with spontaneous cycles compared to those taking contraceptives. Neither group, however, showed significant variation in anxiety with phase of the cycle.", "contents": "Comparison of spontaneous and contraceptive menstrual cycles on a visual discrimination task. 21 women with spontaneous ovulatory menstrual cycles, and 7 women who were regular users of oral contraceptives were investigated over two consecutive menstrual cycles. There two groups were compared on their two flash threshold performance and on mood ratings. It was found that, for women with ovulatory menstrual cycles, visual sensitivity was enhanced during the late follicular phase of the cycle, as ovulation approached. At other phases of the menstrual cycle (paramenstrual and luteal) visual sensitivity remained constant and comparable to the values found in women who were taking to the values found in women who were taking contraceptives. Women who were taking contraceptives showed no significant variation in visual sensitivity with phase of the menstrual cycle. The overall level of anxiety, as reflected by mood ratings was higher in women with spontaneous cycles compared to those taking contraceptives. Neither group, however, showed significant variation in anxiety with phase of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:283792", "title": "A prospective study of premenstrual tension symptoms in healthy young Australians.", "content": "Thirty healthy young women volunteered to complete questionnaires concerning physical and psychological symptoms during a full menstrual cycle. A maximal incidence of minor physical and psychological symptoms was observed in the first few days of menstruation. This was preceded by a gradual rise in the level of symptomatology during the premenstruum.", "contents": "A prospective study of premenstrual tension symptoms in healthy young Australians. Thirty healthy young women volunteered to complete questionnaires concerning physical and psychological symptoms during a full menstrual cycle. A maximal incidence of minor physical and psychological symptoms was observed in the first few days of menstruation. This was preceded by a gradual rise in the level of symptomatology during the premenstruum."}
{"id": "PMID:283793", "title": "Mothers and children in hospital.", "content": "Between 1965-1972 244 individual mothers were admitted on 283 occasions accompanied by 287 children to a general hospital unit. This cohort has been followed up to ascertain re-admission to any New Zealand psychiatric facility for two follow-ups at 1-8 years and 5-12 years. A postal survey of attitudes was also carried out. The content of the replies has been analysed, with statistical and anecdotal accounts of patients' and husbands' expressed feelings and attitudes. These are compared with observations in the literature about themes of hostility and anxiety. The circumstances surrounding the homicide of a baby in this series together with our various rationalisations, value judgements and assessment of the situations are described.", "contents": "Mothers and children in hospital. Between 1965-1972 244 individual mothers were admitted on 283 occasions accompanied by 287 children to a general hospital unit. This cohort has been followed up to ascertain re-admission to any New Zealand psychiatric facility for two follow-ups at 1-8 years and 5-12 years. A postal survey of attitudes was also carried out. The content of the replies has been analysed, with statistical and anecdotal accounts of patients' and husbands' expressed feelings and attitudes. These are compared with observations in the literature about themes of hostility and anxiety. The circumstances surrounding the homicide of a baby in this series together with our various rationalisations, value judgements and assessment of the situations are described."}
{"id": "PMID:283795", "title": "Family structure and relationships of 50 female anorexia nervosa patients.", "content": "Family features of the first 50 anorexia nervosa patients referred to a psychiatrist from a defined geographic area are documented. Information about the families was obtained from personal interviews with the parents during the course of the patients' treatment. High socio-economic class, absence of non-white population, older age of parents, instability factors in the parents' backgrounds and high incidence of both physical and psychiatric illness in the parents suggest multiple factors may be aetiological. Possible pathogenic factors are equally distributed between mothers and fathers.", "contents": "Family structure and relationships of 50 female anorexia nervosa patients. Family features of the first 50 anorexia nervosa patients referred to a psychiatrist from a defined geographic area are documented. Information about the families was obtained from personal interviews with the parents during the course of the patients' treatment. High socio-economic class, absence of non-white population, older age of parents, instability factors in the parents' backgrounds and high incidence of both physical and psychiatric illness in the parents suggest multiple factors may be aetiological. Possible pathogenic factors are equally distributed between mothers and fathers."}
{"id": "PMID:283796", "title": "Marital interaction in depression.", "content": "The great majority of depressed patients are currently married or formerly married and depression is commonest at ages when marital satisfaction is least. Study of patterns of marital interaction in depression may provide useful leads for understanding the aetiology and therapy of depressive syndromes. Theoretical views of depression as loss, as coerced behaviour and as coercive behaviour suggest useful hypotheses. Both marital interaction and depression are complex variables to define and measure. A literature review suggests reduced general affective involvement, reduced expressions of affection, increased criticism, increased husband domination and a marked struggle for interpersonal control in the marriages of depressed persons. Marital therapy may be the most useful psychotherapeutic approach for depression.", "contents": "Marital interaction in depression. The great majority of depressed patients are currently married or formerly married and depression is commonest at ages when marital satisfaction is least. Study of patterns of marital interaction in depression may provide useful leads for understanding the aetiology and therapy of depressive syndromes. Theoretical views of depression as loss, as coerced behaviour and as coercive behaviour suggest useful hypotheses. Both marital interaction and depression are complex variables to define and measure. A literature review suggests reduced general affective involvement, reduced expressions of affection, increased criticism, increased husband domination and a marked struggle for interpersonal control in the marriages of depressed persons. Marital therapy may be the most useful psychotherapeutic approach for depression."}
{"id": "PMID:283797", "title": "Urban-rural differences in student mental health: the Hong Kong scene.", "content": "Student mental health of Hong Kong urban and rural fifth formers and sixth-formers was assessed by examining their scores obtained from the General Health Questionnaire twice administered. The first administration was done soon after commencement of a school term and served as a baseline measure, and the second was done six weeks before the fifth-formers took an important public examination, a significantly stressful event. The results indicated that all groups of fifth-formers showed an increase in mean scores, reaching statistical significance only in urban boys and rural girls. The latter finding was used to explain urban-rural differences in mean scores. The significance of severe examination distress and its possible late psychiatric sequelae remained unanswered.", "contents": "Urban-rural differences in student mental health: the Hong Kong scene. Student mental health of Hong Kong urban and rural fifth formers and sixth-formers was assessed by examining their scores obtained from the General Health Questionnaire twice administered. The first administration was done soon after commencement of a school term and served as a baseline measure, and the second was done six weeks before the fifth-formers took an important public examination, a significantly stressful event. The results indicated that all groups of fifth-formers showed an increase in mean scores, reaching statistical significance only in urban boys and rural girls. The latter finding was used to explain urban-rural differences in mean scores. The significance of severe examination distress and its possible late psychiatric sequelae remained unanswered."}
{"id": "PMID:283798", "title": "Posted summaries of marital therapy.", "content": "Summaries of marital therapy sessions, similar to those used in group psychotherapy by Yalom, were posted to reach couples three or four days after each session. The summaries of 600 to 4,000 words included a narrative account of the session and some editorial comment by the therapist. Couples completed a questionnaire assessing the use of the summaries. Replies to questionnaires and clinical impressions indicate the summaries had good acceptability. Couples felt the summaries increased their focus on marital problems between the sessions and provided helpful clarification.", "contents": "Posted summaries of marital therapy. Summaries of marital therapy sessions, similar to those used in group psychotherapy by Yalom, were posted to reach couples three or four days after each session. The summaries of 600 to 4,000 words included a narrative account of the session and some editorial comment by the therapist. Couples completed a questionnaire assessing the use of the summaries. Replies to questionnaires and clinical impressions indicate the summaries had good acceptability. Couples felt the summaries increased their focus on marital problems between the sessions and provided helpful clarification."}
{"id": "PMID:283799", "title": "Time--a neglected aspect of psychiatric treatments.", "content": "This review attempts to deal with the complex issues involved in the time to heal, with special reference to psychological processes. The questions of convalescence and relapse in organic medicine are explored and extrapolated to psychiatric processes. The concept of a latency period of change in treatment outcome is discussed with reference to both less complicated reactive states as well as highly charged neurotic processes. The problems of recognizing slow but perceptible change and separating it from failure to respond is analysed. The value of long-term psychotherapy is assessed and comparison made with the newer concept of short-term therapy. Crisis therapy and disaster reactions are discussed within the concept of time to heal. Finally the difficult issue of \"miraculous cure\" with its therapeutic implications is evaluated.", "contents": "Time--a neglected aspect of psychiatric treatments. This review attempts to deal with the complex issues involved in the time to heal, with special reference to psychological processes. The questions of convalescence and relapse in organic medicine are explored and extrapolated to psychiatric processes. The concept of a latency period of change in treatment outcome is discussed with reference to both less complicated reactive states as well as highly charged neurotic processes. The problems of recognizing slow but perceptible change and separating it from failure to respond is analysed. The value of long-term psychotherapy is assessed and comparison made with the newer concept of short-term therapy. Crisis therapy and disaster reactions are discussed within the concept of time to heal. Finally the difficult issue of \"miraculous cure\" with its therapeutic implications is evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:283800", "title": "Personality of a group of grossly obese women.", "content": "The current view that the morbidly obese do not show a unique personality pattern is challenged. A sample of 91 obese female patients at a general practice are identified as having a significant personality pattern using the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF) and the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (N.S.Q.). Further the personality factors are consistent with a model that explains aspects of morbid exogenous obesity.", "contents": "Personality of a group of grossly obese women. The current view that the morbidly obese do not show a unique personality pattern is challenged. A sample of 91 obese female patients at a general practice are identified as having a significant personality pattern using the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF) and the Neuroticism Scale Questionnaire (N.S.Q.). Further the personality factors are consistent with a model that explains aspects of morbid exogenous obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:283834", "title": "The Ph1 chromosome in childhood leukaemia.", "content": "Ph1 positive leukaemia was diagnosed in eight of 123 (6.5%) consecutive new cases of childhood leukaemia. Four patients presented as typical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and four as acute leukaemia, two of the four children with CGL have since developed blast crisis. Morphological and immunological characterization of the blasts in these six acute cases was suggestive of a lymphoid crisis in three, a mixed crisis in two, and a myeloid crisis in one. Remission was achieved in five of the six patients but lasted more than a year in only two; in one of these two patients the blasts at the time of crisis lacked the Ph1 chromosome and in the other, who presented in myeloid crisis, remission ended in a lymphoid crisis. Cytogenetic studies showed unusual translocations in two of the eight children. Serial examination showed that three children the proportion of Ph1 positive cells in the marrow was reduced to less than 6% at the time of remission from acute leukaemia. We conclude that Ph1 positive leukaemia in childhood presents frequently as acute leukaemia and may even mimic 'good risk' acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The response to treatment cannot be predicted by morphological or immunological characterization of blast cells. Storage of bone marrow for possible autologous transplantation should be considered in children who achieve remission.", "contents": "The Ph1 chromosome in childhood leukaemia. Ph1 positive leukaemia was diagnosed in eight of 123 (6.5%) consecutive new cases of childhood leukaemia. Four patients presented as typical chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and four as acute leukaemia, two of the four children with CGL have since developed blast crisis. Morphological and immunological characterization of the blasts in these six acute cases was suggestive of a lymphoid crisis in three, a mixed crisis in two, and a myeloid crisis in one. Remission was achieved in five of the six patients but lasted more than a year in only two; in one of these two patients the blasts at the time of crisis lacked the Ph1 chromosome and in the other, who presented in myeloid crisis, remission ended in a lymphoid crisis. Cytogenetic studies showed unusual translocations in two of the eight children. Serial examination showed that three children the proportion of Ph1 positive cells in the marrow was reduced to less than 6% at the time of remission from acute leukaemia. We conclude that Ph1 positive leukaemia in childhood presents frequently as acute leukaemia and may even mimic 'good risk' acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The response to treatment cannot be predicted by morphological or immunological characterization of blast cells. Storage of bone marrow for possible autologous transplantation should be considered in children who achieve remission."}
{"id": "PMID:283835", "title": "Y chromosome loss in childhood leukaemias.", "content": "During the past 3 1/2 years cytogenetic studies have been performed on all children with leukaemia prior to treatment. Loss of the Y chromosome documented by chromosome banding techniques, was observed in bone marrow blast cells from two of II consecutive male children. On patient had acute myeloblastic leukaemia of t(8;21) type. The other patient was diagnosed as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our studies provide evidence that Y loss occurs in childhood leukemias and is not necessarily related to an ageing process as suggested by others. Futhermore, this study demonstrates that Y loss can occur as a sole abnormality in non-myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Y chromosome loss in childhood leukaemias. During the past 3 1/2 years cytogenetic studies have been performed on all children with leukaemia prior to treatment. Loss of the Y chromosome documented by chromosome banding techniques, was observed in bone marrow blast cells from two of II consecutive male children. On patient had acute myeloblastic leukaemia of t(8;21) type. The other patient was diagnosed as acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Our studies provide evidence that Y loss occurs in childhood leukemias and is not necessarily related to an ageing process as suggested by others. Futhermore, this study demonstrates that Y loss can occur as a sole abnormality in non-myeloid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:283836", "title": "Defective hydrogen peroxide production in chronic granulocytic leukaemia neutrophils.", "content": "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) during phagocytosis was fluorometrically vestimated over an incubation period of 80 min during which dead Candida guilliermondii were ingested. Ten patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were tested and compared with 15 normal subjects. The production of H2O2 by CGL neutrophils was about 29% of normal. There was no correlation between H2O2 production and the impaired killing of Candida guilliermondii by the neutrophils of CGL patients.", "contents": "Defective hydrogen peroxide production in chronic granulocytic leukaemia neutrophils. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) during phagocytosis was fluorometrically vestimated over an incubation period of 80 min during which dead Candida guilliermondii were ingested. Ten patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were tested and compared with 15 normal subjects. The production of H2O2 by CGL neutrophils was about 29% of normal. There was no correlation between H2O2 production and the impaired killing of Candida guilliermondii by the neutrophils of CGL patients."}
{"id": "PMID:283873", "title": "Infiltration of central nervous system in adult acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Out of 64 consecutive unselected patients with acute myeloid leukaemia studied during 1973-6, five developed clinical evidence of spread to the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroradiological examination showed cerebral deposits in three, in whom rapid symptomatic relief was obtained with radiotherapy. In two of these patients who developed solid intracranial deposits haematological remission could be reinduced or maintained; they were still alive 86 and 134 weeks later. When patients presented with spread to the CNS complicating generalised uncontrolled leukaemia they had short survivals. CNS infiltration may respond dramatically to appropriate treatment provided that it is not associated with generalised uncontrolled leukaemia, which has a poor prognosis. In view of this, routine \"prophylaxis\" of the CNS in adult acute myeloid leukaemia does not seem justified at present.", "contents": "Infiltration of central nervous system in adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Out of 64 consecutive unselected patients with acute myeloid leukaemia studied during 1973-6, five developed clinical evidence of spread to the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroradiological examination showed cerebral deposits in three, in whom rapid symptomatic relief was obtained with radiotherapy. In two of these patients who developed solid intracranial deposits haematological remission could be reinduced or maintained; they were still alive 86 and 134 weeks later. When patients presented with spread to the CNS complicating generalised uncontrolled leukaemia they had short survivals. CNS infiltration may respond dramatically to appropriate treatment provided that it is not associated with generalised uncontrolled leukaemia, which has a poor prognosis. In view of this, routine \"prophylaxis\" of the CNS in adult acute myeloid leukaemia does not seem justified at present."}
{"id": "PMID:283874", "title": "Evolution of karyotypes in Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Ten of 55 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) diagnosed between 1972 and 1977 were found to lack the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. Serial clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic studies of patients with Ph1-negative CML showed that 30% of them had chromosomal abnormalities. Two had an extra chromosome No. 8 at the time of blast crisis, with a morphological picture of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. A third patient had a 6:14 translocation initially Abnormalities of chromosome No. 14 are frequently seen in lymphoproliferative disorders, and the bone marrow and peripheral blood contained a significant population of lymphoblasts as well as myeloblasts. The median survival for the 10 patients was 19 months. The exact nature of Ph1-negative CML is not yet clear; disease appears to be a distinct entity among the myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Evolution of karyotypes in Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia. Ten of 55 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) diagnosed between 1972 and 1977 were found to lack the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. Serial clinical, morphologic, and cytogenetic studies of patients with Ph1-negative CML showed that 30% of them had chromosomal abnormalities. Two had an extra chromosome No. 8 at the time of blast crisis, with a morphological picture of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. A third patient had a 6:14 translocation initially Abnormalities of chromosome No. 14 are frequently seen in lymphoproliferative disorders, and the bone marrow and peripheral blood contained a significant population of lymphoblasts as well as myeloblasts. The median survival for the 10 patients was 19 months. The exact nature of Ph1-negative CML is not yet clear; disease appears to be a distinct entity among the myeloproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:283875", "title": "Relation of \"lymphoid\" phenotype and response to chemotherapy incorporating vincristine-prednisolone in the acute phase of Ph1 positive leukemia.", "content": "Forty-four patients with Ph positive leukemia (36 developing blast crisis after chronic phase and eight presenting in acute leukemia) were classified into subgroups on the basis of reactivity of blasts with an anti-serum made against non-T,non-B acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL+), levels of terminal transferase enzyme (TdT+) and morphology. Positivity with anti-ALL serum was the most sensitive and reliable marker, and TdT was an important aid. The presence of \"lymphoid\" blasts in blast crisis of CML was related to the response to chemotherapy incorporating Vincristine and Prednisolone (VP). Patients with ALL+ blasts frequently (14 of 15 cases) responded to therapy while 21 of 25 patients who had no ALL+ blasts failed to respond. The clinical course of the ALL+ patients was variable: eight patients remitted with return to the appearances of the chronic phase; four patients demonstrated elimination of the Ph1 positive clone with hypoplasia and this was followed by normal (Ph1 negative) marrow regeneration in two. Subsequent relapse was of either the ALL+ \"lymphoid\" or the ALL-myeloid type. A regimen incorporating VP should be the treatment of choice in \"lymphoid\" blast crisis of CML.", "contents": "Relation of \"lymphoid\" phenotype and response to chemotherapy incorporating vincristine-prednisolone in the acute phase of Ph1 positive leukemia. Forty-four patients with Ph positive leukemia (36 developing blast crisis after chronic phase and eight presenting in acute leukemia) were classified into subgroups on the basis of reactivity of blasts with an anti-serum made against non-T,non-B acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL+), levels of terminal transferase enzyme (TdT+) and morphology. Positivity with anti-ALL serum was the most sensitive and reliable marker, and TdT was an important aid. The presence of \"lymphoid\" blasts in blast crisis of CML was related to the response to chemotherapy incorporating Vincristine and Prednisolone (VP). Patients with ALL+ blasts frequently (14 of 15 cases) responded to therapy while 21 of 25 patients who had no ALL+ blasts failed to respond. The clinical course of the ALL+ patients was variable: eight patients remitted with return to the appearances of the chronic phase; four patients demonstrated elimination of the Ph1 positive clone with hypoplasia and this was followed by normal (Ph1 negative) marrow regeneration in two. Subsequent relapse was of either the ALL+ \"lymphoid\" or the ALL-myeloid type. A regimen incorporating VP should be the treatment of choice in \"lymphoid\" blast crisis of CML."}
{"id": "PMID:283876", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the significance of nuclear convolutions.", "content": "Because of the significance attributed by some investigators to the presence of cells with convoluted nuclei in lymphoblastic lymphoma, and the absence of any information on the presence and significance of such cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we reviewed the blood, bone marrow films, and clinical records of 101 children with ALL. We attempted to determine whether leukemic cells with convoluted nuclei can be recognized in such films, and if so, whether this observation has clinical significance. In fifty-seven of the patients the leukemic cells had convoluted nuclei. For the purposes of this study, our patients were divided into three groups: Group I, 44 patients without cells having convoluted nuclei: Group II, 30 patients with 10% or fewer convoluted nucleus cells (CNC); and Group III, 27 patients with more than 10% CNC. Clinical comparison of the three groups with respect to age and sex distribution, physical and hematologic findings at presentation, response to therapy and survival showed no significant differences. Patients with a mediastinal mass had a significantly shorter survival compared to those without a mediastinal mass, regardless of the presence or absence of CNC (p = 0.0001). Our results indicate that the nuclear convolutions can easily be recognized in blood or bone marrow films of patients with ALL, and that their presence has no provable clinical significance.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the significance of nuclear convolutions. Because of the significance attributed by some investigators to the presence of cells with convoluted nuclei in lymphoblastic lymphoma, and the absence of any information on the presence and significance of such cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we reviewed the blood, bone marrow films, and clinical records of 101 children with ALL. We attempted to determine whether leukemic cells with convoluted nuclei can be recognized in such films, and if so, whether this observation has clinical significance. In fifty-seven of the patients the leukemic cells had convoluted nuclei. For the purposes of this study, our patients were divided into three groups: Group I, 44 patients without cells having convoluted nuclei: Group II, 30 patients with 10% or fewer convoluted nucleus cells (CNC); and Group III, 27 patients with more than 10% CNC. Clinical comparison of the three groups with respect to age and sex distribution, physical and hematologic findings at presentation, response to therapy and survival showed no significant differences. Patients with a mediastinal mass had a significantly shorter survival compared to those without a mediastinal mass, regardless of the presence or absence of CNC (p = 0.0001). Our results indicate that the nuclear convolutions can easily be recognized in blood or bone marrow films of patients with ALL, and that their presence has no provable clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:283877", "title": "Chromosome abnormalities in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).", "content": "Sixteen patients, 15 adults and one child, with APL have been studied cytogenetically; 14 of these had an abnormal karyotype (87%). Eleven of these consistently showed a t(15;17)(q26;q22) structural anomaly, one patient showed a 47,+8 karyotype, one a rearrangement of chromosomes No. 15 and No. 17, apparently different from that in the other patients, and one a No. 17 deletion without a demonstrable translocation. as an additional chromosome change trisomy No. 8 was found in 5 cases and monosomy No. 7 in two. The t)15;17)(q26;q22) structural anomaly is highly characteristic of APL, is found in APL of children and adults, but it is apparently not associated with a clinically different form of APL.", "contents": "Chromosome abnormalities in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Sixteen patients, 15 adults and one child, with APL have been studied cytogenetically; 14 of these had an abnormal karyotype (87%). Eleven of these consistently showed a t(15;17)(q26;q22) structural anomaly, one patient showed a 47,+8 karyotype, one a rearrangement of chromosomes No. 15 and No. 17, apparently different from that in the other patients, and one a No. 17 deletion without a demonstrable translocation. as an additional chromosome change trisomy No. 8 was found in 5 cases and monosomy No. 7 in two. The t)15;17)(q26;q22) structural anomaly is highly characteristic of APL, is found in APL of children and adults, but it is apparently not associated with a clinically different form of APL."}
{"id": "PMID:283878", "title": "Typhlitis in acute leukemia: successful treatment by early surgical intervention.", "content": "Inflammation of the cecum (\"typhlitis\") has been an unusual, but generally fatal complication of severe granulocytopenia and immunosuppression, occurring during the therapy of hematological malignancies. The diagnosis has usually been made only at autopsy, and early surgical intervention has often been withheld because of the patient's precarious hematological status. We report here a patient in whom the clinical diagnosis of typhlitis led to early operation, with intensive blood component support. The successful outcome suggests that such an approach might improve the usually grim prognosis in patients whose underlying malignancy offers a clear chance for remission.", "contents": "Typhlitis in acute leukemia: successful treatment by early surgical intervention. Inflammation of the cecum (\"typhlitis\") has been an unusual, but generally fatal complication of severe granulocytopenia and immunosuppression, occurring during the therapy of hematological malignancies. The diagnosis has usually been made only at autopsy, and early surgical intervention has often been withheld because of the patient's precarious hematological status. We report here a patient in whom the clinical diagnosis of typhlitis led to early operation, with intensive blood component support. The successful outcome suggests that such an approach might improve the usually grim prognosis in patients whose underlying malignancy offers a clear chance for remission."}
{"id": "PMID:283879", "title": "Metastatic osteogenic sarcoma to the brain.", "content": "The radiographic appearances of intracranial metastases from primary osteogenic sarcomas in three patients are presented. In two patients, the diagnosis of metastatic disease could be made on conventional roentgenograms of the skull since mineralization of tumor osteoid could be seen within the brain parenchyma. This had a similar appearance to the primary bone tumor. Angiography in two of the three patients revealed the cerebral metastases to be hypervascular with tumor vessels, tumor stain and early draining veins.", "contents": "Metastatic osteogenic sarcoma to the brain. The radiographic appearances of intracranial metastases from primary osteogenic sarcomas in three patients are presented. In two patients, the diagnosis of metastatic disease could be made on conventional roentgenograms of the skull since mineralization of tumor osteoid could be seen within the brain parenchyma. This had a similar appearance to the primary bone tumor. Angiography in two of the three patients revealed the cerebral metastases to be hypervascular with tumor vessels, tumor stain and early draining veins."}
{"id": "PMID:283880", "title": "Management of asparaginase induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis complicated by pseudocyst.", "content": "Asparaginase induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis is a rare but serious development occurring in less than 0.5% of patients treated with this drug. Severe pancreatitis with progressive abdominal distention, toxemia, hypotension and respiratory insufficiency occurred in an 18-year-old patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment with asparaginase. There was a dramatic response to high flow peritoneal lavage with rapid recovery within 24 hours from a moribund state. The subsequent development of a pseudocyst, with progressive increase in size and development of obstructive symptoms, required surgical decompression. Transgastric cystogastrostomy was successfully carried out.", "contents": "Management of asparaginase induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis complicated by pseudocyst. Asparaginase induced hemorrhagic pancreatitis is a rare but serious development occurring in less than 0.5% of patients treated with this drug. Severe pancreatitis with progressive abdominal distention, toxemia, hypotension and respiratory insufficiency occurred in an 18-year-old patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment with asparaginase. There was a dramatic response to high flow peritoneal lavage with rapid recovery within 24 hours from a moribund state. The subsequent development of a pseudocyst, with progressive increase in size and development of obstructive symptoms, required surgical decompression. Transgastric cystogastrostomy was successfully carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:283881", "title": "Neutropenic enterocolitis: two case reports of long-term survival following surgery.", "content": "We report two cases of neutropenic enterocolitis with long-term survival following surgery. This favorable outcome was related to three major factors: recognition of the acute surgical abdomen, appropriately timed surgical intervention, and a prompt postoperative return of normal circulating white cells.", "contents": "Neutropenic enterocolitis: two case reports of long-term survival following surgery. We report two cases of neutropenic enterocolitis with long-term survival following surgery. This favorable outcome was related to three major factors: recognition of the acute surgical abdomen, appropriately timed surgical intervention, and a prompt postoperative return of normal circulating white cells."}
{"id": "PMID:283882", "title": "Palmar flexion creases in childhood neoplasia.", "content": "About 90% of Caucasian individuals in the general population may observe two transverse palmar flexion creases when their fingers are slightly bent. A small minority may find in one hand a single transverse crease or the usual two creases, of which one seems to cut across the palm to the ulnar margin. Those unusual creases are called simian- or Sydney-creases, respectively. Normal healthy people hardly ever observe them in both hands. We observed those unusual creases, however, in more than 50% of children suffering from different type of malignant neoplasia, quite often in both hands. The difference between patients and controls of similar ages is highly significant. Among patient with childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia the variant creases were mostly of the Sydney type. They most frequently occurred in those patients in whom the disease had become manifest at an early age. Since fathers as well as mothers of the patients showed significantly higher frequencies of unusual creases, the phenomenon seems to be a familial one. A most singular effect is the striking incidence of those creases in younger siblings of the patients. With regard to crease variance our data are essentially similar for lymphoproliferative disorders (ALL and NHML) and embryonic malignant tumors. This might be the first indication of a common host factor in patients with ALL or embryonic tumors occurring in early childhood. We have postulated that this factor may be a regulatory one associated with cellular growth and differentiation in early fetal palmar pads as well as with cell-mediated immune response to early pediatric tumors. The observation of palmar flexion creases may prove to be rewarding in future studies of cellular defense mechanisms in young patients with neoplasia.", "contents": "Palmar flexion creases in childhood neoplasia. About 90% of Caucasian individuals in the general population may observe two transverse palmar flexion creases when their fingers are slightly bent. A small minority may find in one hand a single transverse crease or the usual two creases, of which one seems to cut across the palm to the ulnar margin. Those unusual creases are called simian- or Sydney-creases, respectively. Normal healthy people hardly ever observe them in both hands. We observed those unusual creases, however, in more than 50% of children suffering from different type of malignant neoplasia, quite often in both hands. The difference between patients and controls of similar ages is highly significant. Among patient with childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia the variant creases were mostly of the Sydney type. They most frequently occurred in those patients in whom the disease had become manifest at an early age. Since fathers as well as mothers of the patients showed significantly higher frequencies of unusual creases, the phenomenon seems to be a familial one. A most singular effect is the striking incidence of those creases in younger siblings of the patients. With regard to crease variance our data are essentially similar for lymphoproliferative disorders (ALL and NHML) and embryonic malignant tumors. This might be the first indication of a common host factor in patients with ALL or embryonic tumors occurring in early childhood. We have postulated that this factor may be a regulatory one associated with cellular growth and differentiation in early fetal palmar pads as well as with cell-mediated immune response to early pediatric tumors. The observation of palmar flexion creases may prove to be rewarding in future studies of cellular defense mechanisms in young patients with neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:283883", "title": "Systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula in osteogenic sarcoma of the chest wall.", "content": "An arteriovenous fistula between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may be congenital, as in bronchopulmonary sequestration, or the communication may be acquired. Inflammatory disease, trauma, and, rarely, neoplasm have been implicated as possible causes of acquired communications. We describe a patient who had a systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula that was secondary to a recurrent sarcoma of the chest wall. Review of the literature failed to reveal a previous report of a similar case.", "contents": "Systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula in osteogenic sarcoma of the chest wall. An arteriovenous fistula between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may be congenital, as in bronchopulmonary sequestration, or the communication may be acquired. Inflammatory disease, trauma, and, rarely, neoplasm have been implicated as possible causes of acquired communications. We describe a patient who had a systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula that was secondary to a recurrent sarcoma of the chest wall. Review of the literature failed to reveal a previous report of a similar case."}
{"id": "PMID:283899", "title": "Bone scanning in management of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Bone scan findings are presented from five consecutive cases of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Every patient had pulmonary metastases which concentrated the bone imaging radiopharmaceutical to some degree. In one patient, the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was made prior to our seeing any radiographic abnormalities. The mechanism by which skeletal imaging agents localize in pulmonary lesions is not clear. Unsuspected skeletal metastases were also discovered on scans in two patients, both of whom had normal radiographs. Diagnosis of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy was made in one patient with normal radiographs. These findings indicate that bone scans as well as radiographs should be performed routinely in preoperative staging and followup of patients with osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Bone scanning in management of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Bone scan findings are presented from five consecutive cases of metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. Every patient had pulmonary metastases which concentrated the bone imaging radiopharmaceutical to some degree. In one patient, the diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was made prior to our seeing any radiographic abnormalities. The mechanism by which skeletal imaging agents localize in pulmonary lesions is not clear. Unsuspected skeletal metastases were also discovered on scans in two patients, both of whom had normal radiographs. Diagnosis of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy was made in one patient with normal radiographs. These findings indicate that bone scans as well as radiographs should be performed routinely in preoperative staging and followup of patients with osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:283930", "title": "Effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavior and raphe unit activity in freely moving cats.", "content": "5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the discharge rate of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of freely moving cats. This ranged from a 15% decrease at 10 microgran/kg, i.m., to a virtual complete depression of activity at 250 microgram/kg. 5-MeODMT's effects on raphe units occurred with a very short latency (3-5 min) and its duration of action was dose-dependent and limited to an hour or less. The degree of depression of raphe unit activity was directly related to the frequency of occurrence of a number of hallucinogen-specific cat behaviors such as limb flick and abortive groom. There was also a close temporal correlation between the depression of raphe unit activity and the occurrence of these behaviors. These data indicate that the effects of 5-MeODMT may be primarily dependent on its actions upon brain serotonin neurons.", "contents": "Effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavior and raphe unit activity in freely moving cats. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the discharge rate of serotonin-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of freely moving cats. This ranged from a 15% decrease at 10 microgran/kg, i.m., to a virtual complete depression of activity at 250 microgram/kg. 5-MeODMT's effects on raphe units occurred with a very short latency (3-5 min) and its duration of action was dose-dependent and limited to an hour or less. The degree of depression of raphe unit activity was directly related to the frequency of occurrence of a number of hallucinogen-specific cat behaviors such as limb flick and abortive groom. There was also a close temporal correlation between the depression of raphe unit activity and the occurrence of these behaviors. These data indicate that the effects of 5-MeODMT may be primarily dependent on its actions upon brain serotonin neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:283931", "title": "Morphological evidence for the presence of the endogenous guinea-pig retravirus in the lymphoblasts of L2C leukemia.", "content": "Peripheral blood samples of a transplantable guinea-pig leukemia revealed that, only during the terminal stages of the disease, leukemic cells produce virus particles indistinguishable from the RNA tumor viruses of the Retraviridae family genus Oncorna virus B.", "contents": "Morphological evidence for the presence of the endogenous guinea-pig retravirus in the lymphoblasts of L2C leukemia. Peripheral blood samples of a transplantable guinea-pig leukemia revealed that, only during the terminal stages of the disease, leukemic cells produce virus particles indistinguishable from the RNA tumor viruses of the Retraviridae family genus Oncorna virus B."}
{"id": "PMID:283932", "title": "Use of albumin gradients for X and Y sperm separation and clinical experience with male sex preselection.", "content": "Semen samples obtained from 18 normal males and 37 husbands requesting male child preselection were separated on concentration gradients of human serum albumin. Separated semen obtained from the husbands was then used for artificial homologous insemination (AIH). A significant increase in the sperm motility, progressive drive, and percentage of Y-bearing sperm along with a decrease in the total sperm count and percentage of abnormal forms were observed in separated specimens. Fathers of three or more female children had a slightly smaller but statistically significant percentage of Y-bearing sperm in their semen samples than did normal males. Ten conceptions were achieved with separated semen. Seven pregnancies terminated in normal deliveries of five male and two female infants, one ended in a spontaneous abortion of a male fetus, and two patients are still expecting. The ratio of male to female conceptions in this small study parallels the ratio of Y to X sperm in the final specimen used for AIH.", "contents": "Use of albumin gradients for X and Y sperm separation and clinical experience with male sex preselection. Semen samples obtained from 18 normal males and 37 husbands requesting male child preselection were separated on concentration gradients of human serum albumin. Separated semen obtained from the husbands was then used for artificial homologous insemination (AIH). A significant increase in the sperm motility, progressive drive, and percentage of Y-bearing sperm along with a decrease in the total sperm count and percentage of abnormal forms were observed in separated specimens. Fathers of three or more female children had a slightly smaller but statistically significant percentage of Y-bearing sperm in their semen samples than did normal males. Ten conceptions were achieved with separated semen. Seven pregnancies terminated in normal deliveries of five male and two female infants, one ended in a spontaneous abortion of a male fetus, and two patients are still expecting. The ratio of male to female conceptions in this small study parallels the ratio of Y to X sperm in the final specimen used for AIH."}
{"id": "PMID:283968", "title": "Relationship between serum copper and bone marrow blasts in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Investigation of serum copper level (SCL) and bone marrow obtained on the same day from 45 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) showed a highly significant correlation between SCL and marrow blasts. The increase of SCL was associated with the progress of ALL and the elevation of the marrow parablast percentage. The highest mean SCL level was observed in cases displaying full marrow involvement with concomitant hyperleukocytosis and/or leukaemic tumours. These observations suggest that SCL can be useful in the management of children with acute leukemia.", "contents": "Relationship between serum copper and bone marrow blasts in acute leukaemia. Investigation of serum copper level (SCL) and bone marrow obtained on the same day from 45 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) showed a highly significant correlation between SCL and marrow blasts. The increase of SCL was associated with the progress of ALL and the elevation of the marrow parablast percentage. The highest mean SCL level was observed in cases displaying full marrow involvement with concomitant hyperleukocytosis and/or leukaemic tumours. These observations suggest that SCL can be useful in the management of children with acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:283969", "title": "Critical issues in the JCAH accreditation program for community mental health services.", "content": "Since its introduction in 1976, the accreditation program for community mental health centers and services has been the focus of considerable comment, both positive and negative. Much of the criticism of the program derives from its theoretical framework, the Balanced Service System, with its unfamiliar service structure and terminology. The author, who played a leading role in developing the accreditation program, discusses the major concerns of the critics and the program revisions that have been made to deal with them while retaining the benefits of the BSS model. He emphasizes the importance of the model in providing a way to uniformly review the widely varying program and administrative configurations that operate as community mental health service programs.", "contents": "Critical issues in the JCAH accreditation program for community mental health services. Since its introduction in 1976, the accreditation program for community mental health centers and services has been the focus of considerable comment, both positive and negative. Much of the criticism of the program derives from its theoretical framework, the Balanced Service System, with its unfamiliar service structure and terminology. The author, who played a leading role in developing the accreditation program, discusses the major concerns of the critics and the program revisions that have been made to deal with them while retaining the benefits of the BSS model. He emphasizes the importance of the model in providing a way to uniformly review the widely varying program and administrative configurations that operate as community mental health service programs."}
{"id": "PMID:283972", "title": "A new chromosome anomaly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "A new chromosome anomaly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is reported. Three, possibly four, patients showed an identical karyotype anomaly, characterized by a (4;11)(q13;q22) reciprocal translocation. This anomaly has not so far been found in lymphoproliferative disorders other than ALL. Two of the patients had congenital leukemia, but the anomaly described appears to be more characteristic of ALL than of congenital leukemia, and may help the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of ALL.", "contents": "A new chromosome anomaly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A new chromosome anomaly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is reported. Three, possibly four, patients showed an identical karyotype anomaly, characterized by a (4;11)(q13;q22) reciprocal translocation. This anomaly has not so far been found in lymphoproliferative disorders other than ALL. Two of the patients had congenital leukemia, but the anomaly described appears to be more characteristic of ALL than of congenital leukemia, and may help the clinician in establishing the diagnosis of ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:283996", "title": "Tomography of the lamina dura.", "content": "Tomographic technics are based on the principle that when the X-ray source is moved in relation to the object the speed of the projection of different parts of the object on a plane will be different. By selecting the projections which have a certain speed, an image of a selected plane of the object can be obtained. Two principles have to be considered: 1. the image of a curved surface will only show the surface area where the rays form a tangent to the surface; 2. in tomography the blurring of the image increases with an increase of the tomographic angle and the distance of the object to the plane in focus. The image formation of curved bony surfaces, such as the lamina dura, is discussed in detail. The specific properties of the spatial model of the lamina dura requires another approach to explain the image formation. Diagrams and graphs illustrate the effect of the tomographic movement of the X-ray source on the movement of the projected image. Limits for the misalignment permitting an interpretable image are given, as well as an explanation of the images obtained when these limits are exceeded.", "contents": "Tomography of the lamina dura. Tomographic technics are based on the principle that when the X-ray source is moved in relation to the object the speed of the projection of different parts of the object on a plane will be different. By selecting the projections which have a certain speed, an image of a selected plane of the object can be obtained. Two principles have to be considered: 1. the image of a curved surface will only show the surface area where the rays form a tangent to the surface; 2. in tomography the blurring of the image increases with an increase of the tomographic angle and the distance of the object to the plane in focus. The image formation of curved bony surfaces, such as the lamina dura, is discussed in detail. The specific properties of the spatial model of the lamina dura requires another approach to explain the image formation. Diagrams and graphs illustrate the effect of the tomographic movement of the X-ray source on the movement of the projected image. Limits for the misalignment permitting an interpretable image are given, as well as an explanation of the images obtained when these limits are exceeded."}
{"id": "PMID:283997", "title": "Applications of xeroradiography in dentistry-a review.", "content": "Xeroradiography is the technique in which electrostatically charged plates sensitive to X-rays are used in diagnostic radiology in place of conventional film. There has however been anxiety that radiation dosage for xeroradiography may be at unacceptably high levels. James et al., however, in 1973 showed that by increasing the kilovoltage to at least 120 the exposure could be reduced by 60 per cent. Using higher kV lateral oblique jaw and lateral and anteroposterior skull xeroradiographs have been produced with lower radiation exposure than conventional film. Bony detail is much more sharply delineated on xeroradiographs and soft tissues are visible on the same picture without use of a grid or wedge filter. These features are of obvious advantage in cephalometrics and orthognathic surgery. Panoramic techniques are potentially the most useful way of applying xeroradiography. The combination of full jaw coverage with the sharp definition only possible at present with intra-oral radiographs would provide more information for the dentist, save time for the radiographer and reduce the dose to the patient. Excellent results have been obtained with autopsy specimens on machines which develop 90kVp, but optimal exposure for a normal adult requires a panoramic X-ray machine development 120 kVp. Xeroradiography has the advantage, therefore, of providing more detail of diagnostic value with lower radiation exposure to the patient. The process requires no silver, which is in increasingly short supply.", "contents": "Applications of xeroradiography in dentistry-a review. Xeroradiography is the technique in which electrostatically charged plates sensitive to X-rays are used in diagnostic radiology in place of conventional film. There has however been anxiety that radiation dosage for xeroradiography may be at unacceptably high levels. James et al., however, in 1973 showed that by increasing the kilovoltage to at least 120 the exposure could be reduced by 60 per cent. Using higher kV lateral oblique jaw and lateral and anteroposterior skull xeroradiographs have been produced with lower radiation exposure than conventional film. Bony detail is much more sharply delineated on xeroradiographs and soft tissues are visible on the same picture without use of a grid or wedge filter. These features are of obvious advantage in cephalometrics and orthognathic surgery. Panoramic techniques are potentially the most useful way of applying xeroradiography. The combination of full jaw coverage with the sharp definition only possible at present with intra-oral radiographs would provide more information for the dentist, save time for the radiographer and reduce the dose to the patient. Excellent results have been obtained with autopsy specimens on machines which develop 90kVp, but optimal exposure for a normal adult requires a panoramic X-ray machine development 120 kVp. Xeroradiography has the advantage, therefore, of providing more detail of diagnostic value with lower radiation exposure to the patient. The process requires no silver, which is in increasingly short supply."}
{"id": "PMID:284002", "title": "Inheritance of allozymes of a marine snail (Urosalpinx cinerea).", "content": "Crosses using virgin oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea) show that both the ODH and LAP loci of foot muscle tissue have two co-dominant alleles segregating in Mendelian fashion. This constitutes the first demonstration of allozyme inheritance in a marine gastropod.", "contents": "Inheritance of allozymes of a marine snail (Urosalpinx cinerea). Crosses using virgin oyster drills (Urosalpinx cinerea) show that both the ODH and LAP loci of foot muscle tissue have two co-dominant alleles segregating in Mendelian fashion. This constitutes the first demonstration of allozyme inheritance in a marine gastropod."}
{"id": "PMID:284003", "title": "Genetics of hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes in the mouse: localisation of Hao-2 on linkage group XVI.", "content": "Electrophoretic variants of individual isozymes of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase (HAOX-B4) and amylase (AMY-A) in an Asian subspecies of mouse, Mus musculus castaneus, have been used to localise the gene encoding the HAOX B subunit. The structural gene loci for these isozymes (Hao-2 and Amy-1) are apparently linked (4.9 +/- 2.4 per cent recombinants) in this organism, which places Hao-2 on linkage group XVI, since previous studies by Eicher and co-workers (1976) have localised Amy-1 on this chromosome.", "contents": "Genetics of hydroxyacid oxidase isozymes in the mouse: localisation of Hao-2 on linkage group XVI. Electrophoretic variants of individual isozymes of L-alpha-hydroxyacid oxidase (HAOX-B4) and amylase (AMY-A) in an Asian subspecies of mouse, Mus musculus castaneus, have been used to localise the gene encoding the HAOX B subunit. The structural gene loci for these isozymes (Hao-2 and Amy-1) are apparently linked (4.9 +/- 2.4 per cent recombinants) in this organism, which places Hao-2 on linkage group XVI, since previous studies by Eicher and co-workers (1976) have localised Amy-1 on this chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:284009", "title": "Osteosarcoma with small cells simulating Ewing's tumor.", "content": "Twenty-four patients who had osseous lesions with histological features of both Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma were studied. Because of their appearance, these lesions have been labeled small-cell osteosarcomas. They appear to represent a definite histological entity and the prognosis may be worse for these lesions than for conventional osteosarcomas. It is most important not to misdiagnose this tumor as Ewing's sarcoma because it appears not to be radiosensitive. Radical surgery and modern adjuvant chemotherapy seem to offer the best chance of cure.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma with small cells simulating Ewing's tumor. Twenty-four patients who had osseous lesions with histological features of both Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma were studied. Because of their appearance, these lesions have been labeled small-cell osteosarcomas. They appear to represent a definite histological entity and the prognosis may be worse for these lesions than for conventional osteosarcomas. It is most important not to misdiagnose this tumor as Ewing's sarcoma because it appears not to be radiosensitive. Radical surgery and modern adjuvant chemotherapy seem to offer the best chance of cure."}
{"id": "PMID:284019", "title": "Comparison of chloride transport in mouse erythrocytes and Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemic cells.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemic cells, which grow continuously in tissue culture, resemble in many respects early precursors of mouse erythrocytes. To determine whether or not the membranes of these cells exhibit the rapid and selective exchange of chloride, a specialized feature of the mature erythrocyte membrane, anion fluxes were compared in Friend cells and mouse erythrocytes. The chloride flux in Friend cells at 37 degrees C was about 800-fold lower than in mouse erythrocytes (extrapolated from data at lower temperatures). This difference could not be accounted for by the somewhat lower chloride concentration in Friend cells relative to erythrocytes. Comparison of chloride and sulfate fluxes revealed that the Friend cells had over a 1,000-fold lower selectivity for chloride versus sulphate than did the mouse red cells. The temperature dependence of chloride fluxes in Friend cells corresponded to an Arrhenius activation energy of 17.9 kcal/mol, in contrast to over 30 kcal/mol for mature red cells. The chloride flux in Friend cells was also 10-fold less sensitive to the inhibitor, furosemide, than was the flux in mature red cells. The selective chloride exchange system of the mature erythrocyte therefore does not seem to be functional at the stage represented by the Friend cell, and must appear at some later stage of erythroid maturation.", "contents": "Comparison of chloride transport in mouse erythrocytes and Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemic cells. Friend erythroleukemic cells, which grow continuously in tissue culture, resemble in many respects early precursors of mouse erythrocytes. To determine whether or not the membranes of these cells exhibit the rapid and selective exchange of chloride, a specialized feature of the mature erythrocyte membrane, anion fluxes were compared in Friend cells and mouse erythrocytes. The chloride flux in Friend cells at 37 degrees C was about 800-fold lower than in mouse erythrocytes (extrapolated from data at lower temperatures). This difference could not be accounted for by the somewhat lower chloride concentration in Friend cells relative to erythrocytes. Comparison of chloride and sulfate fluxes revealed that the Friend cells had over a 1,000-fold lower selectivity for chloride versus sulphate than did the mouse red cells. The temperature dependence of chloride fluxes in Friend cells corresponded to an Arrhenius activation energy of 17.9 kcal/mol, in contrast to over 30 kcal/mol for mature red cells. The chloride flux in Friend cells was also 10-fold less sensitive to the inhibitor, furosemide, than was the flux in mature red cells. The selective chloride exchange system of the mature erythrocyte therefore does not seem to be functional at the stage represented by the Friend cell, and must appear at some later stage of erythroid maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:284036", "title": "The effectiveness of dental floss in reducing gingival inflammation.", "content": "Unwaxed and waxed dental floss were clinically evaluated for effectiveness in reducing gingival inflammation. Two different scoring methods were employed. Both types of floss, when administered by a dental hygienist, were very effective, but no significant differences between them could be found. Both scoring methods led to the same conclusions, but one was more sensitive and provided more detailed information.", "contents": "The effectiveness of dental floss in reducing gingival inflammation. Unwaxed and waxed dental floss were clinically evaluated for effectiveness in reducing gingival inflammation. Two different scoring methods were employed. Both types of floss, when administered by a dental hygienist, were very effective, but no significant differences between them could be found. Both scoring methods led to the same conclusions, but one was more sensitive and provided more detailed information."}
{"id": "PMID:284037", "title": "The appearances of common dental diseases on radionuclide bone images of the jaws.", "content": "Radionuclide images of hospital patients were examined for abnormal areas within the jaws. Fourteen of 25 subjects studied showed one or more abnormal image areas, most of which were attributable to common dental lesions revealed by oral examinations. The lesions detectable on images included healing bone sites, periodontal and pulpal disease, residual osteitis and irritations caused by ill-fitting dentures.", "contents": "The appearances of common dental diseases on radionuclide bone images of the jaws. Radionuclide images of hospital patients were examined for abnormal areas within the jaws. Fourteen of 25 subjects studied showed one or more abnormal image areas, most of which were attributable to common dental lesions revealed by oral examinations. The lesions detectable on images included healing bone sites, periodontal and pulpal disease, residual osteitis and irritations caused by ill-fitting dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:284038", "title": "Analysis of the Iraqi dentition: mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth.", "content": "Plaster casts of the permanent dentition of 161 Iraqis were subjected to odontometric analysis. Sex dimorphism was clear in all teeth, the highest being in the canines and lower first molar. Comparisons of the Iraqi dentition with similar population groups were made.", "contents": "Analysis of the Iraqi dentition: mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth. Plaster casts of the permanent dentition of 161 Iraqis were subjected to odontometric analysis. Sex dimorphism was clear in all teeth, the highest being in the canines and lower first molar. Comparisons of the Iraqi dentition with similar population groups were made."}
{"id": "PMID:284040", "title": "The hydration of dental cements.", "content": "A study was made of the hydration of dental cements, water being classified as \"non-evaporable\" and \"evaporable\". The ratio of these two types of water was found to vary greatly among different cement types, being lesser in zinc oxide and ionic polymer cements and greater in ion-leachable glass and phosphoric acid cements. The cement with the least \"non-evaporable\" water, i.e., showing least hydration (the zinc polycarboxylate cement), had the lowest strength and modulus and the greatest deformation at failure. A linear relationship was found to exist between strength and the degree of hydration of dental cements. All the cements were found to become more highly hydrated and stronger as they aged.", "contents": "The hydration of dental cements. A study was made of the hydration of dental cements, water being classified as \"non-evaporable\" and \"evaporable\". The ratio of these two types of water was found to vary greatly among different cement types, being lesser in zinc oxide and ionic polymer cements and greater in ion-leachable glass and phosphoric acid cements. The cement with the least \"non-evaporable\" water, i.e., showing least hydration (the zinc polycarboxylate cement), had the lowest strength and modulus and the greatest deformation at failure. A linear relationship was found to exist between strength and the degree of hydration of dental cements. All the cements were found to become more highly hydrated and stronger as they aged."}
{"id": "PMID:284041", "title": "The structure of a glass-ionomer cement and its relationship to the setting process.", "content": "The G-200 glass of the glass-ionomer cement has two phases: a continuous calcium aluminosilicate matrix and partly crystalline calcium fluoride-rich droplets, the nature of which depend on the thermal history of the glass. The setting process of the cement takes place when the glass is mixed with poly(acrylic acid). It has two overlapping stages corresponding to the rapid leaching of calcium ions from the uncrystalline part of the droplets, followed by the slower release of aluminum (and some calcium) from the main glass phase. These processes are affected by the microstructure and microcomposition of the glass.", "contents": "The structure of a glass-ionomer cement and its relationship to the setting process. The G-200 glass of the glass-ionomer cement has two phases: a continuous calcium aluminosilicate matrix and partly crystalline calcium fluoride-rich droplets, the nature of which depend on the thermal history of the glass. The setting process of the cement takes place when the glass is mixed with poly(acrylic acid). It has two overlapping stages corresponding to the rapid leaching of calcium ions from the uncrystalline part of the droplets, followed by the slower release of aluminum (and some calcium) from the main glass phase. These processes are affected by the microstructure and microcomposition of the glass."}
{"id": "PMID:284042", "title": "A study of high copper amalgams. IV. Formation of eta Cu-Sn (Cu6Sn5) crystals in a high copper dispersant amalgam matrix.", "content": "In an HCD amalgam, eta Cu-Sn crystals were found dispersed within gamma1 matrix areas. Previously, eta Cu-Sn phase was thought to form only as part of a reaction zone surrounding Ag-Cu dispersant particles. The eta Cu-Sn crystals found in matrix areas of this HCD amalgam are smaller and more widely scattered than eta Cu-Sn crystals dispersed in the gamma1 matrix of HCSC amalgams.", "contents": "A study of high copper amalgams. IV. Formation of eta Cu-Sn (Cu6Sn5) crystals in a high copper dispersant amalgam matrix. In an HCD amalgam, eta Cu-Sn crystals were found dispersed within gamma1 matrix areas. Previously, eta Cu-Sn phase was thought to form only as part of a reaction zone surrounding Ag-Cu dispersant particles. The eta Cu-Sn crystals found in matrix areas of this HCD amalgam are smaller and more widely scattered than eta Cu-Sn crystals dispersed in the gamma1 matrix of HCSC amalgams."}
{"id": "PMID:284043", "title": "Compressive fatigue limits of composite restorative materials.", "content": "Compressive fatigue limits at 5,000 stress cycles have been measured for seven commercial composite restorative materials. The average of the ratios between fatigue limit and compressive strengths is 0.64.", "contents": "Compressive fatigue limits of composite restorative materials. Compressive fatigue limits at 5,000 stress cycles have been measured for seven commercial composite restorative materials. The average of the ratios between fatigue limit and compressive strengths is 0.64."}
{"id": "PMID:284044", "title": "Wear of composites by abrasives of varying hardness.", "content": "The relationship between the wear of three composite resins and the hardness of the abrasive was studied by a two-body abrasion test. The wear rates of the composites increased linearly with abrasive hardness from 530 to 2080 KHN. Measurement of the slope of the wear rate versus abrasive hardness over this range provided a sensitive method for ranking the composites.", "contents": "Wear of composites by abrasives of varying hardness. The relationship between the wear of three composite resins and the hardness of the abrasive was studied by a two-body abrasion test. The wear rates of the composites increased linearly with abrasive hardness from 530 to 2080 KHN. Measurement of the slope of the wear rate versus abrasive hardness over this range provided a sensitive method for ranking the composites."}
{"id": "PMID:284045", "title": "Influence of lithium upon dental caries in the rat.", "content": "Two studies were performed on rats to determine the post-eruptive cariostatic effects of lithium alone and in combination with fluoride. The results failed to demonstrate any cariostatic effects of lithium when evaluated in this manner, nor any enhancement by lithium of the cariostatic activity of fluoride.", "contents": "Influence of lithium upon dental caries in the rat. Two studies were performed on rats to determine the post-eruptive cariostatic effects of lithium alone and in combination with fluoride. The results failed to demonstrate any cariostatic effects of lithium when evaluated in this manner, nor any enhancement by lithium of the cariostatic activity of fluoride."}
{"id": "PMID:284046", "title": "Localized fluoride release from fluorine-carrying polyphosphonates.", "content": "Fluoride release from fluorine-carrying copolymers of vinylphosphonate induced by calcium apatite and tooth enamel has been investigated. Fluoride ions were determined potentiometrically in the study of calcium hydroxyapatite, and Auger spectroscopy was used to study the fluoride release to enamel. The adsorbed copolymer of vinylphosphonic acid and vinylphosphonyl thiofluoride was shown to release fluoride to calcium hydroxyapatite and to enamel. The oxygen analog has shown a similar behavior  with calcium hydroxyapatite, but not with tooth enamel. The results suggest a potential application of such copolymers as caries preventive agents which combine the effects of polyphosphonates and of fluoride ions.", "contents": "Localized fluoride release from fluorine-carrying polyphosphonates. Fluoride release from fluorine-carrying copolymers of vinylphosphonate induced by calcium apatite and tooth enamel has been investigated. Fluoride ions were determined potentiometrically in the study of calcium hydroxyapatite, and Auger spectroscopy was used to study the fluoride release to enamel. The adsorbed copolymer of vinylphosphonic acid and vinylphosphonyl thiofluoride was shown to release fluoride to calcium hydroxyapatite and to enamel. The oxygen analog has shown a similar behavior  with calcium hydroxyapatite, but not with tooth enamel. The results suggest a potential application of such copolymers as caries preventive agents which combine the effects of polyphosphonates and of fluoride ions."}
{"id": "PMID:284047", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns of proteins from the dentary, vertebra and scale in the ayu fish, Plecoglossus altivelis, Temminck et Schlegel.", "content": "The electrophoretic patterns of the proteins extracted from dentary, vertebra and scale with the phosphate buffer, 0.1 NHcl and SDS solution were studied to investigate their molecular aspects. The banding patterns and relative amounts of the proteins from dentary, vertebra and scale showed a basic similarity.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns of proteins from the dentary, vertebra and scale in the ayu fish, Plecoglossus altivelis, Temminck et Schlegel. The electrophoretic patterns of the proteins extracted from dentary, vertebra and scale with the phosphate buffer, 0.1 NHcl and SDS solution were studied to investigate their molecular aspects. The banding patterns and relative amounts of the proteins from dentary, vertebra and scale showed a basic similarity."}
{"id": "PMID:284064", "title": "The effects of systematic human relations training on freshman dental students.", "content": "Freshman dental students received training in communication skills via a systematic human relations model. The 35 students participating in the program substantially improved their ability to discern feelings of patients and to communicate with patients in a more understanding and accepting manner. The students thought that the training was beneficial and highly relevant to their future roles as dentists. This kind of training could be offered successfully to other dental health professionals through programs in continuing education.", "contents": "The effects of systematic human relations training on freshman dental students. Freshman dental students received training in communication skills via a systematic human relations model. The 35 students participating in the program substantially improved their ability to discern feelings of patients and to communicate with patients in a more understanding and accepting manner. The students thought that the training was beneficial and highly relevant to their future roles as dentists. This kind of training could be offered successfully to other dental health professionals through programs in continuing education."}
{"id": "PMID:284065", "title": "The caries-preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use.", "content": "The study groups using a dentifrice and mouthrinse both containing fluorides, a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride, or a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride with a placebo dentifrice had a 20.7% to 29.0% lower DMF increment than the control group after 30 months. These differences were significant. The study groups using a dentifrice containing amine fluorides and a placebo mouthrinse, a mouthrinse containing amine fluorides and a placebo dentifrice, or a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a placebo mouthrinse had a 13.6% to 22.4% lower DMF increment than the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in effectiveness against caries between the use of the organic or inorganic fluoride products.", "contents": "The caries-preventive effect of amine fluorides and inorganic fluorides in a mouthrinse or dentifrice after 30 months of use. The study groups using a dentifrice and mouthrinse both containing fluorides, a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride, or a mouthrinse containing sodium fluoride with a placebo dentifrice had a 20.7% to 29.0% lower DMF increment than the control group after 30 months. These differences were significant. The study groups using a dentifrice containing amine fluorides and a placebo mouthrinse, a mouthrinse containing amine fluorides and a placebo dentifrice, or a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride and a placebo mouthrinse had a 13.6% to 22.4% lower DMF increment than the control group. These differences were not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in effectiveness against caries between the use of the organic or inorganic fluoride products."}
{"id": "PMID:284066", "title": "Perceptions of dentofacial morphology by laypersons, general dentists, and orthodontists.", "content": "Line drawings of facial profiles and color photographs of dentitions were evaluated subjectively by 1,150 parents, 72 general practictioners of dentistry, and 54 orthodontists with regard to the normality and abnormality in dentofacial morphology and the need for orthodontic treatment. A significant difference was found between the evaluations of the parents and the professional groups in ten of the 11 facial profiles and in seven of the 11 photographs of dentitions. In general, the parents considered more of the examples acceptable and not requiring orthodontic treatment than did the professional groups. The dentists and orthodontists deviated significantly in their ratings onjy in their judgement of \"ugly duckling\" example (picture 22, higher abnormal rating by the dentists) and the profile example 10 (higher abnormal rating by orthodontists).  number of orthondontists may have associated the conditions in picture 10 with a Class II, Division 2 malocclusion and, as such, scored it abnormal.", "contents": "Perceptions of dentofacial morphology by laypersons, general dentists, and orthodontists. Line drawings of facial profiles and color photographs of dentitions were evaluated subjectively by 1,150 parents, 72 general practictioners of dentistry, and 54 orthodontists with regard to the normality and abnormality in dentofacial morphology and the need for orthodontic treatment. A significant difference was found between the evaluations of the parents and the professional groups in ten of the 11 facial profiles and in seven of the 11 photographs of dentitions. In general, the parents considered more of the examples acceptable and not requiring orthodontic treatment than did the professional groups. The dentists and orthodontists deviated significantly in their ratings onjy in their judgement of \"ugly duckling\" example (picture 22, higher abnormal rating by the dentists) and the profile example 10 (higher abnormal rating by orthodontists).  number of orthondontists may have associated the conditions in picture 10 with a Class II, Division 2 malocclusion and, as such, scored it abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:284067", "title": "Murocmycotic slough of nasal floor and palate in the anephric patient.", "content": "A case of nasopalatine mucormycosis in a patient with chronic renal failure is reported. Early recognition is contingent on histopathological examination of tissue and culturing. Vigorous treatment with amphotericin B and surgical intervention averted possible orbital-cranial involvement and effected a cure. When a chronically debilitated patient has signs of intraoral necrosis or facial swelling and necrosis, or both, the clinician should be alert to the possibility of a mucormycotic infection.", "contents": "Murocmycotic slough of nasal floor and palate in the anephric patient. A case of nasopalatine mucormycosis in a patient with chronic renal failure is reported. Early recognition is contingent on histopathological examination of tissue and culturing. Vigorous treatment with amphotericin B and surgical intervention averted possible orbital-cranial involvement and effected a cure. When a chronically debilitated patient has signs of intraoral necrosis or facial swelling and necrosis, or both, the clinician should be alert to the possibility of a mucormycotic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:284068", "title": "Rhinolithiasis: a disorder not to be approached transorally.", "content": "Rhinolithiasis is a disorder that results from the calcification of intranasal foreign bodies. An unusual case is presented in which a rhinolith was discovered on a maxillary occlusal radiograph. The rhinolith was initially confused with a lesion of the palate. Precise localization of lesions is mandatory before transoral exploration is attempted.", "contents": "Rhinolithiasis: a disorder not to be approached transorally. Rhinolithiasis is a disorder that results from the calcification of intranasal foreign bodies. An unusual case is presented in which a rhinolith was discovered on a maxillary occlusal radiograph. The rhinolith was initially confused with a lesion of the palate. Precise localization of lesions is mandatory before transoral exploration is attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:284069", "title": "Transoral removal of a fractured odontoid process.", "content": "The indications for an anterior approach are lesions located predominantly in the body of the vertebra or intervertebral disks. Among these are spondylolisthesis, tuberculosis of the spine, prolapsed intervertebral disks, neoplasms, spinal biopsies, correction of fixed spinal curves, fractures, and fracture dislocations of the spine. Despite many indications, this approach is rarely used, primarily because of unfamiliarity with the surgical field, instrumentation, and oral microbiota. Use of appropriate disciplines and consultations enabled this patient to receive comprehensive treatment from a community of health care specialists.", "contents": "Transoral removal of a fractured odontoid process. The indications for an anterior approach are lesions located predominantly in the body of the vertebra or intervertebral disks. Among these are spondylolisthesis, tuberculosis of the spine, prolapsed intervertebral disks, neoplasms, spinal biopsies, correction of fixed spinal curves, fractures, and fracture dislocations of the spine. Despite many indications, this approach is rarely used, primarily because of unfamiliarity with the surgical field, instrumentation, and oral microbiota. Use of appropriate disciplines and consultations enabled this patient to receive comprehensive treatment from a community of health care specialists."}
{"id": "PMID:284076", "title": "Human serum hexosaminidase: elevated B form isozyme in cancer patients.", "content": "The activity of N-acetyl hexosaminidase (beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside:N-acetamido-deoxyglucohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.30) was significantly greater in sera of patients with solid malignant tumors than in sera of healthy volunteers or of patients with nonmalignant ailments. The increased activity was found in the two major isozymes, hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B, but the increase in the latter isozyme was more prominent than in the former. Measurement of the levels of the hexosaminidase isozymes may provide an ancillary diagnostic test for malignancy.", "contents": "Human serum hexosaminidase: elevated B form isozyme in cancer patients. The activity of N-acetyl hexosaminidase (beta-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside:N-acetamido-deoxyglucohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.30) was significantly greater in sera of patients with solid malignant tumors than in sera of healthy volunteers or of patients with nonmalignant ailments. The increased activity was found in the two major isozymes, hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B, but the increase in the latter isozyme was more prominent than in the former. Measurement of the levels of the hexosaminidase isozymes may provide an ancillary diagnostic test for malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:284077", "title": "Coenzyme Q deficiency in aged mice.", "content": "The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q reductase were determined in mitochondria from the thymus and the spleen of aged mice (20, 22 and 24 months) as compared with young mice (10 weeks). Significant steep escalation of the deficiency of coenzyme Q-enzyme activity was observed in the thymus of all three groups of aged mice. No significant deficiency was found in the mitochondria of the spleen. The ratios between the liver weight:body weight and the spleen weight:body weight in young and aged mice are practically unchanged, but the thymus weight:body weight ratio decreases significantly in all three groups of aged mice. The described age-dependent anatomical and functional alterations in the thymus most likely form the base for the development of the T cell determined suppression of the immunological responsiveness, present in aged mice.", "contents": "Coenzyme Q deficiency in aged mice. The specific activities of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q reductase were determined in mitochondria from the thymus and the spleen of aged mice (20, 22 and 24 months) as compared with young mice (10 weeks). Significant steep escalation of the deficiency of coenzyme Q-enzyme activity was observed in the thymus of all three groups of aged mice. No significant deficiency was found in the mitochondria of the spleen. The ratios between the liver weight:body weight and the spleen weight:body weight in young and aged mice are practically unchanged, but the thymus weight:body weight ratio decreases significantly in all three groups of aged mice. The described age-dependent anatomical and functional alterations in the thymus most likely form the base for the development of the T cell determined suppression of the immunological responsiveness, present in aged mice."}
{"id": "PMID:284078", "title": "Dupuytren's disease presenting as palmar pits.", "content": "A 37 year old man with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a history of heavy alcohol use presented with bilateral palmar pits. Similar lesions were noted in several family members, some of whom had limited use of the hands. Although the patient was referred for evaluation of the palmar pits of the basal cell nevus syndrome, close evaluation revealed the diagnosis of Dupuytren's disease.", "contents": "Dupuytren's disease presenting as palmar pits. A 37 year old man with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a history of heavy alcohol use presented with bilateral palmar pits. Similar lesions were noted in several family members, some of whom had limited use of the hands. Although the patient was referred for evaluation of the palmar pits of the basal cell nevus syndrome, close evaluation revealed the diagnosis of Dupuytren's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:284079", "title": "Mucosal iron binding proteins in sex-linked anemia and microcytic anemia of the mouse.", "content": "The duodenal mucosa of genotypically normal iron replete and iron deficient mice and mice with sex-linked (sla) and microcytic anemias (mk) was examined for the presence of iron-binding proteins. Following continuous, 15 or 120 minute, in vivo intraenteric exposure of a closed duodenal loop to 59Fe, a high speed supernatant of homogenized mucosal tissue was chromatographed on G-200 Sephadex. Two major peaks of 59Fe activity were observed. The molecular weight, and immunological properties of peak I were similar to ferritin whilst those of peak II were similar to transferrin. The distribution of 59Fe between peaks I and II in mk/mk animals was similar to that in genotypically normal iron deficient animals indicating that the intramucosal mechanisms for iron transport were reacting appropriately to the iron deficient state of mice with microcytic anemia. In contrast, the distribution of 59Fe between peaks I and II in sla/Y animals was the reverse of that found in genotypically normal iron deficient animals suggesting the possibility of an intramucosal iron binding protein defect in sex-linked anemia.", "contents": "Mucosal iron binding proteins in sex-linked anemia and microcytic anemia of the mouse. The duodenal mucosa of genotypically normal iron replete and iron deficient mice and mice with sex-linked (sla) and microcytic anemias (mk) was examined for the presence of iron-binding proteins. Following continuous, 15 or 120 minute, in vivo intraenteric exposure of a closed duodenal loop to 59Fe, a high speed supernatant of homogenized mucosal tissue was chromatographed on G-200 Sephadex. Two major peaks of 59Fe activity were observed. The molecular weight, and immunological properties of peak I were similar to ferritin whilst those of peak II were similar to transferrin. The distribution of 59Fe between peaks I and II in mk/mk animals was similar to that in genotypically normal iron deficient animals indicating that the intramucosal mechanisms for iron transport were reacting appropriately to the iron deficient state of mice with microcytic anemia. In contrast, the distribution of 59Fe between peaks I and II in sla/Y animals was the reverse of that found in genotypically normal iron deficient animals suggesting the possibility of an intramucosal iron binding protein defect in sex-linked anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:284080", "title": "Treatment of hyperinsulinism after partial pancreatectomy: medical or surgical?", "content": "A 21 year old male patient with hypoglycemia secondary to hyperinsulinism had no palpable adenoma at surgery, and failed to respond to a partial (75%) pancreatectomy. Subsequently, he was begun on oral Diazoxide. Soon after initiation of Diazoxide he developed a viral pneumonitis, and because of hyperglycemia, the Diazoxide was temporarily discontinued. He has been treated since June of 1975 with Diazoxide, 100 mg, three times daily. He is asymptomatic, completely rehabilitated, and physically active at work for 10 hours daily. Diazoxide therapy may be an option worth considering even in benign states of hyperinsulinism when surgery has failed to correct the process.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperinsulinism after partial pancreatectomy: medical or surgical? A 21 year old male patient with hypoglycemia secondary to hyperinsulinism had no palpable adenoma at surgery, and failed to respond to a partial (75%) pancreatectomy. Subsequently, he was begun on oral Diazoxide. Soon after initiation of Diazoxide he developed a viral pneumonitis, and because of hyperglycemia, the Diazoxide was temporarily discontinued. He has been treated since June of 1975 with Diazoxide, 100 mg, three times daily. He is asymptomatic, completely rehabilitated, and physically active at work for 10 hours daily. Diazoxide therapy may be an option worth considering even in benign states of hyperinsulinism when surgery has failed to correct the process."}
{"id": "PMID:284113", "title": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part I. Patient profile.", "content": "A large group of patients (236) was examined for myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. The parameters used for diagnosis of the syndrome were pain and tenderness in the head and neck muscles and temporomandibular joint, joint sounds, and limited function. It was found that the demographic profile of our patient population did not vary greatly from those reported previously in other studies. However, we did examine more details of the patients' backgrounds than any other single study. The relationships of age, sex, occupation, marital status, emotional stress, and head trauma were discussed.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part I. Patient profile. A large group of patients (236) was examined for myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. The parameters used for diagnosis of the syndrome were pain and tenderness in the head and neck muscles and temporomandibular joint, joint sounds, and limited function. It was found that the demographic profile of our patient population did not vary greatly from those reported previously in other studies. However, we did examine more details of the patients' backgrounds than any other single study. The relationships of age, sex, occupation, marital status, emotional stress, and head trauma were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284114", "title": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part II. Patient symptomatology.", "content": "A large group of patients (236) was examined for Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome. The symptoms of the patients were recorded, using as a guide the classic parameters of pain and tenderness to the head and neck muscles and temporomandibular joint, joint sounds, and limited function. Our basic data were similar to those of other studies. The significant difference of this study is the detail with which the symptoms were studied. The relationships of suspected etiology and symptoms were compared and discussed. This paper is the second of a three part series. The first part dealt with the demographic profile of our patient population. The third part will present the data dealing with treatment modalities and relief.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part II. Patient symptomatology. A large group of patients (236) was examined for Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome. The symptoms of the patients were recorded, using as a guide the classic parameters of pain and tenderness to the head and neck muscles and temporomandibular joint, joint sounds, and limited function. Our basic data were similar to those of other studies. The significant difference of this study is the detail with which the symptoms were studied. The relationships of suspected etiology and symptoms were compared and discussed. This paper is the second of a three part series. The first part dealt with the demographic profile of our patient population. The third part will present the data dealing with treatment modalities and relief."}
{"id": "PMID:284115", "title": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part III. Treatment modalities.", "content": "Data collected from standardized temporomandibular joint examination forms and treatment records of patients diagnosed as having Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome and treated using occlusal adjustment as the primary mode have been presented. A higher success rate was found in those patients: (1) with a chief complaint of pain confined to the area of one or both temporomandibular joints only, (2) whose answer to location of pain  on initial examination was identified as confined solely to the region of one or both temporomandibular joints, (3) with muscle tenderness to palpation to one or both lateral pterygoid muscles with no other muscle involvement, (4) recorded as having a centric discrepancy in the absence of a balancing side prematurity, and (5) in the 31 to 40-year-old age group.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part III. Treatment modalities. Data collected from standardized temporomandibular joint examination forms and treatment records of patients diagnosed as having Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome and treated using occlusal adjustment as the primary mode have been presented. A higher success rate was found in those patients: (1) with a chief complaint of pain confined to the area of one or both temporomandibular joints only, (2) whose answer to location of pain  on initial examination was identified as confined solely to the region of one or both temporomandibular joints, (3) with muscle tenderness to palpation to one or both lateral pterygoid muscles with no other muscle involvement, (4) recorded as having a centric discrepancy in the absence of a balancing side prematurity, and (5) in the 31 to 40-year-old age group."}
{"id": "PMID:284116", "title": "The prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and gingival recession in children and young adults in Lagos, Nigeria.", "content": "The prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and gingival recession were studied in 820 Nigerians aged 15, 19, 20 and 21 years sampled from Lagos educational establishments. The prevalence of gingivitis was relatively high at all ages. There was a high degree of correlation between the prevalence of gingivitis affecting mouths, papillae and margins. It therefore would appear that in those mouths with gingivitis, the proportion of affected papillae or margins to those not affected varies only within narrow limits. Although the peak prevalance of gingivitis was observed in the 15-year olds, the prevalence of gingival recession was higher in the 21-year-old students than in those aged 15 years. Gingival recession may be a sequel of gingivitis resulting from apical proliferation of the epithelial attachment with destruction of the subjacent periodontal tissues. Hence gingivitis should be distinguished from gingival recession in its prevalence and distribution.", "contents": "The prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and gingival recession in children and young adults in Lagos, Nigeria. The prevalence and distribution of gingivitis and gingival recession were studied in 820 Nigerians aged 15, 19, 20 and 21 years sampled from Lagos educational establishments. The prevalence of gingivitis was relatively high at all ages. There was a high degree of correlation between the prevalence of gingivitis affecting mouths, papillae and margins. It therefore would appear that in those mouths with gingivitis, the proportion of affected papillae or margins to those not affected varies only within narrow limits. Although the peak prevalance of gingivitis was observed in the 15-year olds, the prevalence of gingival recession was higher in the 21-year-old students than in those aged 15 years. Gingival recession may be a sequel of gingivitis resulting from apical proliferation of the epithelial attachment with destruction of the subjacent periodontal tissues. Hence gingivitis should be distinguished from gingival recession in its prevalence and distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:284118", "title": "Oral discoid lupus erythematosus. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Literature on systemic and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus has been reviewed. The clinical and histopathologic changes in the oral cavity produced by these disorders are emphasized. A case of chronic lupus erythematosus with oral lesions is reported.", "contents": "Oral discoid lupus erythematosus. A case report and review of the literature. Literature on systemic and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus has been reviewed. The clinical and histopathologic changes in the oral cavity produced by these disorders are emphasized. A case of chronic lupus erythematosus with oral lesions is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:284119", "title": "The influence of heat treatments on several types of base-metal removable partial denture alloys.", "content": "Four removable partial denture alloys, Vitallium (Co-Cr alloy), Dentillium P.D. (Fe-Cr alloy), Durallium L.G. (Co-Cr-Ni alloy), and Ticonium 100 (Ni-Cr alloy), were evaluated in the as-cast condition and after heat treatment for 15 minutes at 1,300 degrees, 1,600 degrees, 1,900 degrees, and 2,200 degrees F followed by quenching in water. The following properties were determined and compared for each alloy at each heat treatment condition: the yield strengths at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.2% offsets, the ultimate tensile strength, the percent elongation, the modulus of elasticity, and the Knoop microhardness. The results were statistically analyzed. Photomicrographs were examined for each alloy and test condition. The following conclusions were made: 1. The \"highest values\" were exhibited by the as-cast alloy. 2. Heat treatment of the partial denture alloys tested resulted in reductions in strength, while the elongations varied. This study demonstrates that, in practice, one should avoid (a) prolonged \"heat-soaking\" while soldering and (b) grinding or polishing of the casting until the alloy is \"red hot\". 3. Durallium L.G. was the least affected by the various heat treatment conditions. 4. Conventional reporting of the yield strength at 0.2% offset, the ultimate tensile strength, and percent elongation are not adequate to completely describe and compare the mechanical behavior of alloys. The reporting of the yield strength at 0.01% offset, in addition to the other reported properties, will provide a more complete description of the behavior of the dental alloys.", "contents": "The influence of heat treatments on several types of base-metal removable partial denture alloys. Four removable partial denture alloys, Vitallium (Co-Cr alloy), Dentillium P.D. (Fe-Cr alloy), Durallium L.G. (Co-Cr-Ni alloy), and Ticonium 100 (Ni-Cr alloy), were evaluated in the as-cast condition and after heat treatment for 15 minutes at 1,300 degrees, 1,600 degrees, 1,900 degrees, and 2,200 degrees F followed by quenching in water. The following properties were determined and compared for each alloy at each heat treatment condition: the yield strengths at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.2% offsets, the ultimate tensile strength, the percent elongation, the modulus of elasticity, and the Knoop microhardness. The results were statistically analyzed. Photomicrographs were examined for each alloy and test condition. The following conclusions were made: 1. The \"highest values\" were exhibited by the as-cast alloy. 2. Heat treatment of the partial denture alloys tested resulted in reductions in strength, while the elongations varied. This study demonstrates that, in practice, one should avoid (a) prolonged \"heat-soaking\" while soldering and (b) grinding or polishing of the casting until the alloy is \"red hot\". 3. Durallium L.G. was the least affected by the various heat treatment conditions. 4. Conventional reporting of the yield strength at 0.2% offset, the ultimate tensile strength, and percent elongation are not adequate to completely describe and compare the mechanical behavior of alloys. The reporting of the yield strength at 0.01% offset, in addition to the other reported properties, will provide a more complete description of the behavior of the dental alloys."}
{"id": "PMID:284122", "title": "Custom-made perforated cyst decompression stents.", "content": "A method of facilitating cyst decompression has been presented. By using available materials and equipment, perforated silicone stents can be made to specific dimensions in a relatively short time period for this purpose.", "contents": "Custom-made perforated cyst decompression stents. A method of facilitating cyst decompression has been presented. By using available materials and equipment, perforated silicone stents can be made to specific dimensions in a relatively short time period for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:284123", "title": "Use of silicone in treatment phase of radiotherapy.", "content": "The usefulness of silicone has been demonstrated. No special materials are necessary, as those which are already present in the dental office are adequate. The silicone will not distort over the treatment period and can be repositioned accurately to ensure uniformity of the dose. It is also easily cleaned and stored for daily use. It can be used to improve the plane of the surface tissue and provide \"buildup\" to fill \"dead space,\" which helps assure accurate assessment of the magnitude and distribution of the desired radiation dose.", "contents": "Use of silicone in treatment phase of radiotherapy. The usefulness of silicone has been demonstrated. No special materials are necessary, as those which are already present in the dental office are adequate. The silicone will not distort over the treatment period and can be repositioned accurately to ensure uniformity of the dose. It is also easily cleaned and stored for daily use. It can be used to improve the plane of the surface tissue and provide \"buildup\" to fill \"dead space,\" which helps assure accurate assessment of the magnitude and distribution of the desired radiation dose."}
{"id": "PMID:284124", "title": "A clinical study of rest position using the Kinesiograph and Myomonitor.", "content": "The clinical study was designed to study the vertical dimension of rest position and mandibular closure to maximum intercuspation of the teeth before, during, and after relaxation procedures on 14 subjects with stable dentitions. The findings call attention to the potential of both the Myomonitor and the Kinesiograph for research and clinical use, to the physiologic need for flexibility of the vertical dimension of rest position, and to the importance of measuring all three dimensions when examining the rest position.", "contents": "A clinical study of rest position using the Kinesiograph and Myomonitor. The clinical study was designed to study the vertical dimension of rest position and mandibular closure to maximum intercuspation of the teeth before, during, and after relaxation procedures on 14 subjects with stable dentitions. The findings call attention to the potential of both the Myomonitor and the Kinesiograph for research and clinical use, to the physiologic need for flexibility of the vertical dimension of rest position, and to the importance of measuring all three dimensions when examining the rest position."}
{"id": "PMID:284125", "title": "Computer-monitored radionuclide tracking of three-dimensional mandibular movements. Part II: experimental setup and preliminary results--Posselt diagram.", "content": "This article described a new method to track mandibular movements using a computer-assisted radionuclide kinematics technique. The usefulness of various image-enhancement techniques is discussed, and the reproduction of physiologic displacements is shown. Vertical, lateral, and protrusive envelopes of motion of a point on a tooth of a complete denture mounted on a semiadjustable articulator were measured. A demonstrative example of the validity of this approach is reproducing the motion of the mental point, which clearly evidences the Posselt diagram.", "contents": "Computer-monitored radionuclide tracking of three-dimensional mandibular movements. Part II: experimental setup and preliminary results--Posselt diagram. This article described a new method to track mandibular movements using a computer-assisted radionuclide kinematics technique. The usefulness of various image-enhancement techniques is discussed, and the reproduction of physiologic displacements is shown. Vertical, lateral, and protrusive envelopes of motion of a point on a tooth of a complete denture mounted on a semiadjustable articulator were measured. A demonstrative example of the validity of this approach is reproducing the motion of the mental point, which clearly evidences the Posselt diagram."}
{"id": "PMID:284129", "title": "Aspects of planning and evaluation of children's dental care in Appalachia.", "content": "The dental public health literature contains almost no information on caries experience and treatment needs of Appalachian children, and little information concerning resource requirements for children's dental care programs in general. Data from three dental treatment programs in Appalachia are summarized for purposes of planning and evaluation of similar programs. Age specific caries and service experiences are presented, and evaluation criteria and planning considerations are discussed. Resource requirements, including time, cost and manpower are also presented, and special considerations for planning programs are discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of planning and evaluation of children's dental care in Appalachia. The dental public health literature contains almost no information on caries experience and treatment needs of Appalachian children, and little information concerning resource requirements for children's dental care programs in general. Data from three dental treatment programs in Appalachia are summarized for purposes of planning and evaluation of similar programs. Age specific caries and service experiences are presented, and evaluation criteria and planning considerations are discussed. Resource requirements, including time, cost and manpower are also presented, and special considerations for planning programs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284130", "title": "The HSA: a focus for advancing primary preventive dental programs.", "content": "In conclusion, as community agencies under P.L. 93-641 embark upon the definition of health status goals, health system goals, and program implementation, dentists have the opportunity to clarify and assist in developing a vigorous approach to meeting dental health needs through primary prevention. Insofar as public health dentistry is able to provide technical assistance and leadership at the local HSA and SHPDA levels, the powerful tools for change embodied in this law can be a force for promoting the oral health of our population.", "contents": "The HSA: a focus for advancing primary preventive dental programs. In conclusion, as community agencies under P.L. 93-641 embark upon the definition of health status goals, health system goals, and program implementation, dentists have the opportunity to clarify and assist in developing a vigorous approach to meeting dental health needs through primary prevention. Insofar as public health dentistry is able to provide technical assistance and leadership at the local HSA and SHPDA levels, the powerful tools for change embodied in this law can be a force for promoting the oral health of our population."}
{"id": "PMID:284134", "title": "Osteosarcoma in a patient with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria.", "content": "A 13-year-old female with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, who developed an osteosarcoma of the right chest wall, is reported. This is the first reported association of a malignant neoplasm with this syndrome.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma in a patient with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria. A 13-year-old female with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, who developed an osteosarcoma of the right chest wall, is reported. This is the first reported association of a malignant neoplasm with this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:284158", "title": "Lipoidal bladder concretion: an unusual autopsy finding in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The occurrence of a large (2.3 gm.), wax-like, creamy white concretion in the bladder of a 7-year-old girl who died of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is reported. Lipids constituted 40% of the total weight and triglycerides accounted for 95% of the total lipids. The fatty acid composition of the individual lipid classes showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids (75 to 80%). Factors influencing the pathogenesis of the material are discussed. A review of the literature on childhood leukemia showed no reference to such lipid abnormalities and the occurrence of this type of concretion has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Lipoidal bladder concretion: an unusual autopsy finding in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The occurrence of a large (2.3 gm.), wax-like, creamy white concretion in the bladder of a 7-year-old girl who died of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is reported. Lipids constituted 40% of the total weight and triglycerides accounted for 95% of the total lipids. The fatty acid composition of the individual lipid classes showed a predominance of saturated fatty acids (75 to 80%). Factors influencing the pathogenesis of the material are discussed. A review of the literature on childhood leukemia showed no reference to such lipid abnormalities and the occurrence of this type of concretion has not been reported previously."}
{"id": "PMID:284165", "title": "Bone marrow polyamines in children with acute leukemia as related to remission status, therapy, and cellularity of specimens.", "content": "Measurements of polyamines have potential practicality as biochemical markers of disease activity in adult cancer patients. On this basis, similar measurements were made in children with leukemia and solid tumors. Fluctuations in blood polyamine concentration were studied in relationship to chemotherapy schematics, cellularity and composition of blood and bone marrow specimens, and remission status of patients. Our results indicate that each of these factors may influence these determinations and consequently their clinical usefulness.", "contents": "Bone marrow polyamines in children with acute leukemia as related to remission status, therapy, and cellularity of specimens. Measurements of polyamines have potential practicality as biochemical markers of disease activity in adult cancer patients. On this basis, similar measurements were made in children with leukemia and solid tumors. Fluctuations in blood polyamine concentration were studied in relationship to chemotherapy schematics, cellularity and composition of blood and bone marrow specimens, and remission status of patients. Our results indicate that each of these factors may influence these determinations and consequently their clinical usefulness."}
{"id": "PMID:284166", "title": "Dissimilar courses of twins with leukemia.", "content": "Twin girls, genetically identical, probably experienced different leukemogenic events and presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia 6 years apart. Their clinical presentations were similar, but they received significantly different therapy. The first twin died 34 months after diagnosis following multiple remissions and relapses, having received single-drug maintenance. The second twin remains free of apparent disease 60 months after diagnosis, following vincristine and prednisone induction, 6-mercaptopurine maintenance, methotrexate and prednisone reinforcement, and central nervous system treatment of occult disease. Their dissimilar clinical courses may have been due to different leukemogenic events and/or markedly different therapeutic programs.", "contents": "Dissimilar courses of twins with leukemia. Twin girls, genetically identical, probably experienced different leukemogenic events and presented with acute lymphocytic leukemia 6 years apart. Their clinical presentations were similar, but they received significantly different therapy. The first twin died 34 months after diagnosis following multiple remissions and relapses, having received single-drug maintenance. The second twin remains free of apparent disease 60 months after diagnosis, following vincristine and prednisone induction, 6-mercaptopurine maintenance, methotrexate and prednisone reinforcement, and central nervous system treatment of occult disease. Their dissimilar clinical courses may have been due to different leukemogenic events and/or markedly different therapeutic programs."}
{"id": "PMID:284167", "title": "Adriamycin in combination chemotherapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Eighteen (72%) of 25 evaluable and previously untreated patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia entered complete remission (CR) following induction therapy with adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone in a Southwest Oncology Group study. Remission maintenance therapy with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine resulted in a median duration of CR of 10.2 months. The addition of Adriamycin to prednisone and vincristine may be beneficial in slow responders or nonresponders to these two drugs and in patients with initially high peripheral blood blast counts.", "contents": "Adriamycin in combination chemotherapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Eighteen (72%) of 25 evaluable and previously untreated patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia entered complete remission (CR) following induction therapy with adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone in a Southwest Oncology Group study. Remission maintenance therapy with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine resulted in a median duration of CR of 10.2 months. The addition of Adriamycin to prednisone and vincristine may be beneficial in slow responders or nonresponders to these two drugs and in patients with initially high peripheral blood blast counts."}
{"id": "PMID:284168", "title": "Clinical and cytokinetic aspects of remission induction of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): addition of an anthracycline to vincristine and prednisone.", "content": "Fifty-six untreated patients with childhood with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were randomized to receive one of three remission induction regimens: vincristine and prednisone (VP), vincristine, prednisone and daunorubicin (VPD), or vincristine, prednisone and adriamycin (VPA). The complete remission rate was similar for all three groups. Although the anthracycline regimens caused somewhat more rapid leukemic cell reduction than the VP only group, this difference was not significant. Labeling index reduction between study days 1 and 5 was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) with an anthracycline than for the VP group, but there was no difference between the two anthracyclines. Granulocytopenia during induction was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in both the VPD and VPA groups as compared with VP alone. A significantly higher rate of infectious morbidity (p less than 0.01) was associated with the addition of either anthracycline, but to date no significant differences in remission duration or survival have been observed. The addition of anthracyclines to VP for remission induction in childhood ALL has theoretical advantages, but may be undesirable because of increased morbidity.", "contents": "Clinical and cytokinetic aspects of remission induction of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): addition of an anthracycline to vincristine and prednisone. Fifty-six untreated patients with childhood with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were randomized to receive one of three remission induction regimens: vincristine and prednisone (VP), vincristine, prednisone and daunorubicin (VPD), or vincristine, prednisone and adriamycin (VPA). The complete remission rate was similar for all three groups. Although the anthracycline regimens caused somewhat more rapid leukemic cell reduction than the VP only group, this difference was not significant. Labeling index reduction between study days 1 and 5 was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) with an anthracycline than for the VP group, but there was no difference between the two anthracyclines. Granulocytopenia during induction was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in both the VPD and VPA groups as compared with VP alone. A significantly higher rate of infectious morbidity (p less than 0.01) was associated with the addition of either anthracycline, but to date no significant differences in remission duration or survival have been observed. The addition of anthracyclines to VP for remission induction in childhood ALL has theoretical advantages, but may be undesirable because of increased morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:284169", "title": "Characteristics of long-term survivors in AML.", "content": "We examined the records of all patients with a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia or acute myelo-monocytic leukemia seen between 1963--1975. Of 211 patients, 12 are alive and in complete remission from 179--48 months since diagnosis. Life table analysis reveals a survival plateau of 4--5% after five years. Three of the survivors have suffered relapses but still survive without evidence of disease. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of all the survivors are presented. The survivors have a significantly younger age at diagnosis than the nonsurvivors (P less than 0.005). However, no other factors could be identified as characteristic of the survivors' group.", "contents": "Characteristics of long-term survivors in AML. We examined the records of all patients with a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia or acute myelo-monocytic leukemia seen between 1963--1975. Of 211 patients, 12 are alive and in complete remission from 179--48 months since diagnosis. Life table analysis reveals a survival plateau of 4--5% after five years. Three of the survivors have suffered relapses but still survive without evidence of disease. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of all the survivors are presented. The survivors have a significantly younger age at diagnosis than the nonsurvivors (P less than 0.005). However, no other factors could be identified as characteristic of the survivors' group."}
{"id": "PMID:284170", "title": "The lack of correlation of gallium (67Ga) scans with known prognostic indicators in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "67Gallium-citrate scans were performed on 45 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at the time of diagnosis. The extent of uptake and distribution of gallium were compared to known prognostic indicators of age, initial white count, and bone marrow lymphoblast immune markers (T, B, and null cell). Selective increased uptake was noted in bone, kidney, liver/spleen, lymph nodes, or other sites in 29 patients, and 16 patients had \"normal\" scans. A scoring system giving one point for selective uptake in each organ system was used. Patients were grouped according to scores of zero, 1--2, and 3 or greater. There was no significant correlation found between total gallium scores and any of the three prognostic indicators. There was also no significant correlation when prognostic factors were compared to uptake in the individual organ systems except that T cell disease was associated with a significantly greater propensity for lymph node uptake. There was a suggestion that children with \"normal\" gallium scans may have a better long-term prognosis, since 6 of 7 nonrelapsers observed for longer than 18 months had scores of zero at diagnosis compared to 4 of 6 early deaths with scores greater than zero. This study indicates that the 67Ga scan does not significantly correlate with known prognostic indicators, with the possible exception of lymph node uptake in T cell disease, and its value as an independent indicator of long-term survival will require longer follow-up.", "contents": "The lack of correlation of gallium (67Ga) scans with known prognostic indicators in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. 67Gallium-citrate scans were performed on 45 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at the time of diagnosis. The extent of uptake and distribution of gallium were compared to known prognostic indicators of age, initial white count, and bone marrow lymphoblast immune markers (T, B, and null cell). Selective increased uptake was noted in bone, kidney, liver/spleen, lymph nodes, or other sites in 29 patients, and 16 patients had \"normal\" scans. A scoring system giving one point for selective uptake in each organ system was used. Patients were grouped according to scores of zero, 1--2, and 3 or greater. There was no significant correlation found between total gallium scores and any of the three prognostic indicators. There was also no significant correlation when prognostic factors were compared to uptake in the individual organ systems except that T cell disease was associated with a significantly greater propensity for lymph node uptake. There was a suggestion that children with \"normal\" gallium scans may have a better long-term prognosis, since 6 of 7 nonrelapsers observed for longer than 18 months had scores of zero at diagnosis compared to 4 of 6 early deaths with scores greater than zero. This study indicates that the 67Ga scan does not significantly correlate with known prognostic indicators, with the possible exception of lymph node uptake in T cell disease, and its value as an independent indicator of long-term survival will require longer follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:284171", "title": "Ph1-positive CML in a 13;14 translocation carrier.", "content": "A 63-year-old woman with Ph1-positive CML and a constitutional 13;14 Robertsonian translocation is described. The rarity of this cytogenetic combination and the significance of the D/D translocation in the genesis of the Ph1 and other chromosome anomalies in myeloproliferative disorders is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the occurrence of the two cytogenetic anomalies and the clinical states is coincidental.", "contents": "Ph1-positive CML in a 13;14 translocation carrier. A 63-year-old woman with Ph1-positive CML and a constitutional 13;14 Robertsonian translocation is described. The rarity of this cytogenetic combination and the significance of the D/D translocation in the genesis of the Ph1 and other chromosome anomalies in myeloproliferative disorders is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the occurrence of the two cytogenetic anomalies and the clinical states is coincidental."}
{"id": "PMID:284172", "title": "Accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine.", "content": "Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases. Its neurotoxicity after therapeutic and pharmacologic doses has been well documented. We report a case of accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine in order to describe the complications seen, discuss possible means of therapeutic intervention, and serve as a reminder that preventive measures are mandatory to avoid such accidents in the future.", "contents": "Accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine. Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases. Its neurotoxicity after therapeutic and pharmacologic doses has been well documented. We report a case of accidental intrathecal administration of vincristine in order to describe the complications seen, discuss possible means of therapeutic intervention, and serve as a reminder that preventive measures are mandatory to avoid such accidents in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:284174", "title": "[Free gingival graft in mucogingival surgery].", "content": "Palatine grafts, which today represent the simplest and most reliable technique for enhancing the adherent gum--a problem of great importance in periodontal treatment--are discussed together with other techniques designed for the same purpose. Bone site palatine grafts which restore adherent gum on the alveolar bone, are distinguished from osteo-dental site grafts which are proposed for the treatment of split gums and which only take partially on the radicular surface.", "contents": "[Free gingival graft in mucogingival surgery]. Palatine grafts, which today represent the simplest and most reliable technique for enhancing the adherent gum--a problem of great importance in periodontal treatment--are discussed together with other techniques designed for the same purpose. Bone site palatine grafts which restore adherent gum on the alveolar bone, are distinguished from osteo-dental site grafts which are proposed for the treatment of split gums and which only take partially on the radicular surface."}
{"id": "PMID:284175", "title": "[Cancer of the tongue. Anatomopathological and clinical considerations].", "content": "Reference is made to the percent incidence of malignant tumours of the tongue and its increase. Several anatomical features of this form are described, with particular regard to the lymphatic pathways. Turning to questions of classification, attention is given to cancer of the soft and fixed parts of the tongue in the light of the clinical stages and TNM system (1973) with the aim of making statistical comparisons more uniform, especially those concerning the approach adopted and the results achieved by modern, interdisciplinary therapy.", "contents": "[Cancer of the tongue. Anatomopathological and clinical considerations]. Reference is made to the percent incidence of malignant tumours of the tongue and its increase. Several anatomical features of this form are described, with particular regard to the lymphatic pathways. Turning to questions of classification, attention is given to cancer of the soft and fixed parts of the tongue in the light of the clinical stages and TNM system (1973) with the aim of making statistical comparisons more uniform, especially those concerning the approach adopted and the results achieved by modern, interdisciplinary therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:284177", "title": "[Synthetic materials in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery].", "content": "Surgical or traumatic losses of substances should preferably be made good by autografts, though \"alloplastic implants\" are a sound alternative. An account is given of the chemical and physical properties of intrinsic and manmade synthetic polymers. The best polymers for the preparation of endoprostheses are indicated, and reference is made to their more common indications in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "[Synthetic materials in reconstructive maxillofacial surgery]. Surgical or traumatic losses of substances should preferably be made good by autografts, though \"alloplastic implants\" are a sound alternative. An account is given of the chemical and physical properties of intrinsic and manmade synthetic polymers. The best polymers for the preparation of endoprostheses are indicated, and reference is made to their more common indications in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:284173", "title": "[Lateral sliding flaps in mucogingival surgery].", "content": "Reference is made to parodontal surgery techniques employing lateral sliding flaps mucogingival for the treatment of gingival schisis. Grupe & Warren (1965) proposed the use of a flap from the parts contiguous to that affected by the schisis. The technique was then developed by the introduction of bipapillar flaps and a flap taken from a toothless saddle. All operations using sliding flaps form part of the most difficult area in mucogingival surgery, due to difficulty of securing the \"taking\" of the flap on the root cement of the parts affected by schisis.", "contents": "[Lateral sliding flaps in mucogingival surgery]. Reference is made to parodontal surgery techniques employing lateral sliding flaps mucogingival for the treatment of gingival schisis. Grupe & Warren (1965) proposed the use of a flap from the parts contiguous to that affected by the schisis. The technique was then developed by the introduction of bipapillar flaps and a flap taken from a toothless saddle. All operations using sliding flaps form part of the most difficult area in mucogingival surgery, due to difficulty of securing the \"taking\" of the flap on the root cement of the parts affected by schisis."}
{"id": "PMID:284178", "title": "[Computerized axial tomography in dentistry. Preliminary note].", "content": "Early results in the use of computerized axial tomography (C.A.T.) in odontostomatology are reported. The results obtained with this new technique open new horizons in the clinico-radiological diagnosis of maxillofacial conditions.", "contents": "[Computerized axial tomography in dentistry. Preliminary note]. Early results in the use of computerized axial tomography (C.A.T.) in odontostomatology are reported. The results obtained with this new technique open new horizons in the clinico-radiological diagnosis of maxillofacial conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:284176", "title": "[A case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle].", "content": "A case of mandibular condyle osteochondroma is reported, special attention being paid to radiographic aspects and to the functional changes brought on by this neoplasia. Surgical and meta-operative treatment to correct residual latero-deviation and occlusal relations are described.", "contents": "[A case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle]. A case of mandibular condyle osteochondroma is reported, special attention being paid to radiographic aspects and to the functional changes brought on by this neoplasia. Surgical and meta-operative treatment to correct residual latero-deviation and occlusal relations are described."}
{"id": "PMID:284200", "title": "Cranial computed tomography in leukaemia.", "content": "The computed tomograms performed on a series of 41 patients during the course of prolonged treatment for acute leukaemia were reviewed. Thirty-one of these cases were referred for some neurological disturbance, the remainder for routine assessment. Abnormalities were present in 59%. In two cases there were leukaemic deposits, four were due to infection and four to necrotising leucoencephalopathy. Diffuse cerebral swelling occurred in three patients, and ventricular dilatation in 15, associated with enlarged cortical sulci in 13. The relationship of these findings to drug therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography in leukaemia. The computed tomograms performed on a series of 41 patients during the course of prolonged treatment for acute leukaemia were reviewed. Thirty-one of these cases were referred for some neurological disturbance, the remainder for routine assessment. Abnormalities were present in 59%. In two cases there were leukaemic deposits, four were due to infection and four to necrotising leucoencephalopathy. Diffuse cerebral swelling occurred in three patients, and ventricular dilatation in 15, associated with enlarged cortical sulci in 13. The relationship of these findings to drug therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284201", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy.", "content": "Following 6 years of continuous chlorpromazine therapy for schizophrenia, a young woman developed multifocal tics and vocalizations characteristic of Tourette syndrome. The symptoms first appeared when chlorpromazine was withdrawn. They were permanent, although partially ameliorated by chronic haloperidol therapy. Because of her age and past history, these symptoms were attributed to chronic neuroleptic therapy analogous to neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, rather than to Tourette syndrome per se. These symptoms suggest that chronic receptor-site blockade can result in hypersensitivity of dopamine receptor sites, and that this may play a role in the pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. This is the first evidence that hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors is involved in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Following 6 years of continuous chlorpromazine therapy for schizophrenia, a young woman developed multifocal tics and vocalizations characteristic of Tourette syndrome. The symptoms first appeared when chlorpromazine was withdrawn. They were permanent, although partially ameliorated by chronic haloperidol therapy. Because of her age and past history, these symptoms were attributed to chronic neuroleptic therapy analogous to neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, rather than to Tourette syndrome per se. These symptoms suggest that chronic receptor-site blockade can result in hypersensitivity of dopamine receptor sites, and that this may play a role in the pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. This is the first evidence that hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors is involved in the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:284202", "title": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.", "content": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) were examined from 11 individuals with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, 10 of their first- or second-degree relatives, and 3 normal controls. It has been suggested that in some self-mutilating Tourette patients, HGPRT shows a time-related loss of activity at 4 degrees C, and an unusual isoelectrofocusing pattern. Although 3 patients experienced self-mutilation, no consistent abnormalities were found in the temperature-stability of their HGPRT at 4 degrees C and 70 degrees C, or in isoelectrofocusing of HGPRT purified by immunoprecipitation. An alteration of the purine metabolic pathway in Tourette syndrome has not been established.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) were examined from 11 individuals with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, 10 of their first- or second-degree relatives, and 3 normal controls. It has been suggested that in some self-mutilating Tourette patients, HGPRT shows a time-related loss of activity at 4 degrees C, and an unusual isoelectrofocusing pattern. Although 3 patients experienced self-mutilation, no consistent abnormalities were found in the temperature-stability of their HGPRT at 4 degrees C and 70 degrees C, or in isoelectrofocusing of HGPRT purified by immunoprecipitation. An alteration of the purine metabolic pathway in Tourette syndrome has not been established."}
{"id": "PMID:284224", "title": "The Milton Survey. 2. Blood pressure and heart rate.", "content": "Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 1,206 adult inhabitants of Milton, about 82 percent of the adult population. Mean blood pressure for the various 10 year age groups was very similar to that found in other comparable societies. There was quite a high prevalence of blood pressure levels of 160/95 mmHg or over, especially in the older age groups. Blood pressure was lower in young women than in young men but rose more steeply with age in women than in men, so that in old age it was higher in women than men even though antihypertensive treatment was much more common in the women. Heart rate was higher in women than in men; in both sexes, heart rate correlated strongly with blood pressure. Quetelet's index (weight/height) also correlated strongly with blood pressure; this suggests once again that the amount of hypertension in the community might be reduced if body weight could be kept at desirable levels.", "contents": "The Milton Survey. 2. Blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in 1,206 adult inhabitants of Milton, about 82 percent of the adult population. Mean blood pressure for the various 10 year age groups was very similar to that found in other comparable societies. There was quite a high prevalence of blood pressure levels of 160/95 mmHg or over, especially in the older age groups. Blood pressure was lower in young women than in young men but rose more steeply with age in women than in men, so that in old age it was higher in women than men even though antihypertensive treatment was much more common in the women. Heart rate was higher in women than in men; in both sexes, heart rate correlated strongly with blood pressure. Quetelet's index (weight/height) also correlated strongly with blood pressure; this suggests once again that the amount of hypertension in the community might be reduced if body weight could be kept at desirable levels."}
{"id": "PMID:284225", "title": "Intentional paraquat poisoning: case report.", "content": "A case of intentional paraquat poisoning is presented. Early treatment was instituted. At four-month follow-up, the patient was well.", "contents": "Intentional paraquat poisoning: case report. A case of intentional paraquat poisoning is presented. Early treatment was instituted. At four-month follow-up, the patient was well."}
{"id": "PMID:284226", "title": "Testicular infarction with incarcerated inguinal hernia in infants.", "content": "Three male babies presenting with incarcerated inguinal hernias in the first year of life were found to have infarction of the ipselateral testis at operation. This is a well recognised complication of indirect inguinal hernia and a common complication of incarceration.", "contents": "Testicular infarction with incarcerated inguinal hernia in infants. Three male babies presenting with incarcerated inguinal hernias in the first year of life were found to have infarction of the ipselateral testis at operation. This is a well recognised complication of indirect inguinal hernia and a common complication of incarceration."}
{"id": "PMID:284270", "title": "Immunological properties of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes in children with acute lymphatic or undifferentiated leukemia.", "content": "In 35 children with acute lymphatic or undifferentiated leukemia, immunological properties of normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts were investigated. In most cases the number of circulating normal lymphocytes with surface or B markers and delayed type hypersensitivity was depressed. On the other hand, the response to mitogenic stimulation with PHA as well as the antibody and immunoglobulin serum concentrations were found to be normal. Lymphoblasts did not exhibit surface receptors in any but four patients, who showed 10--18% of leukemic blasts being positive for E-rosette formation at 0 degree but not at 37 degrees.", "contents": "Immunological properties of lymphoblasts and lymphocytes in children with acute lymphatic or undifferentiated leukemia. In 35 children with acute lymphatic or undifferentiated leukemia, immunological properties of normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts were investigated. In most cases the number of circulating normal lymphocytes with surface or B markers and delayed type hypersensitivity was depressed. On the other hand, the response to mitogenic stimulation with PHA as well as the antibody and immunoglobulin serum concentrations were found to be normal. Lymphoblasts did not exhibit surface receptors in any but four patients, who showed 10--18% of leukemic blasts being positive for E-rosette formation at 0 degree but not at 37 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:284271", "title": "Intraoral second division nerve block.", "content": "The second division of the trigeminal nerve can be easily blocked by the intraoral route. The technique presented involves entering the greater palatine foramen, traversing the pterygopalatine canal with a needle, and depositing the local anesthetic solution into the superior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa, where the trunk of the second division lies after the nerve exits the foramen rotundum. The indications, contraindications, technique, and anatomic considerations are presented. This is followed by a discussion of the possible complications as well as their prevention and remedy should they occur. While this is not a new technique, it as been a forgotten one.", "contents": "Intraoral second division nerve block. The second division of the trigeminal nerve can be easily blocked by the intraoral route. The technique presented involves entering the greater palatine foramen, traversing the pterygopalatine canal with a needle, and depositing the local anesthetic solution into the superior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa, where the trunk of the second division lies after the nerve exits the foramen rotundum. The indications, contraindications, technique, and anatomic considerations are presented. This is followed by a discussion of the possible complications as well as their prevention and remedy should they occur. While this is not a new technique, it as been a forgotten one."}
{"id": "PMID:284272", "title": "Cryosurgical and thermal monitoring system for management of malignancy.", "content": "A comprehensive evaluation of the major aspects of cryosurgery has been explored in this preliminary study. A thermal monitoring system has been used concomitantly with cryosurgery, and characteristic freezing pattern differences between normal and malignant tissue have been demonstrated. Morphologic examination of the sections from the control and experimental animals subjected to cryosurgery has been valuable to demonstrate consistent tissue damage. This study has also shown the feasibility of implementing a thermodynamic mathematical model to establish the basis for clinical application of cryosurgery on a more rational therapeutic basis.", "contents": "Cryosurgical and thermal monitoring system for management of malignancy. A comprehensive evaluation of the major aspects of cryosurgery has been explored in this preliminary study. A thermal monitoring system has been used concomitantly with cryosurgery, and characteristic freezing pattern differences between normal and malignant tissue have been demonstrated. Morphologic examination of the sections from the control and experimental animals subjected to cryosurgery has been valuable to demonstrate consistent tissue damage. This study has also shown the feasibility of implementing a thermodynamic mathematical model to establish the basis for clinical application of cryosurgery on a more rational therapeutic basis."}
{"id": "PMID:284274", "title": "Temporomandibular joint synovitis with effusion in familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "A unique case of TMJ synovitis with effusion associated with FMF is described. This effusion was treated by aspiration, once the diagnosis was established. It is believed that aspiration is the most effective way of avoiding aseptic necrosis and should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis is established. The posterior portion of the compartment is easier to find with the aspirating needle. The use of a corticosteroid in conjunction with aspiration is of questionable benefit in FMF but may play a more important part in effusion from other causes.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint synovitis with effusion in familial Mediterranean fever. A unique case of TMJ synovitis with effusion associated with FMF is described. This effusion was treated by aspiration, once the diagnosis was established. It is believed that aspiration is the most effective way of avoiding aseptic necrosis and should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis is established. The posterior portion of the compartment is easier to find with the aspirating needle. The use of a corticosteroid in conjunction with aspiration is of questionable benefit in FMF but may play a more important part in effusion from other causes."}
{"id": "PMID:284275", "title": "Unilateral fracture of the pterygoid process. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual case of an isolated unilateral fracture of the pterygoid process is presented. The symptoms include a primary malocclusion as well as paresthesia of the major part of the maxillary nerve, indicating maxillary and/or mandibular fracture with dislocation of the fragments. The symptoms related to the regional anatomy as well as the mechanism of origin of the fracture are discussed.", "contents": "Unilateral fracture of the pterygoid process. Report of a case. An unusual case of an isolated unilateral fracture of the pterygoid process is presented. The symptoms include a primary malocclusion as well as paresthesia of the major part of the maxillary nerve, indicating maxillary and/or mandibular fracture with dislocation of the fragments. The symptoms related to the regional anatomy as well as the mechanism of origin of the fracture are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284276", "title": "Reduction of mouth opening due to mandibular coronoid progess enlargement. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of unilateral mandibular coronoid enlargement associated with facial asymmetry and severe limitation of mandibular movement in a 19-year-old male patient is described. The indications for treatment and the types of surgical approach for removal of the enlarged process are discussed. The dual surgical approach required for resection of the coronoid in this case is described.", "contents": "Reduction of mouth opening due to mandibular coronoid progess enlargement. Report of a case. A case of unilateral mandibular coronoid enlargement associated with facial asymmetry and severe limitation of mandibular movement in a 19-year-old male patient is described. The indications for treatment and the types of surgical approach for removal of the enlarged process are discussed. The dual surgical approach required for resection of the coronoid in this case is described."}
{"id": "PMID:284277", "title": "Amelogenesis imperfecta among Israeli Jews and the description of a new type of local hypoplastic autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) was detected in nine of 70,359 school children surveyed, a prevalence approximating 1:8,000. Of these cases, eight were the hypoplastic type and one the snow-capped hypomaturation type. Family studies demonstrated that hypoplastic AI was an autosomal dominant trait in two children and an autosomal recessive in six. Of three additional families referred to our clinic, two had autosomal recessive hypoplastic AI and one the hypocalcified type, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In four families, a new type of local hypoplastic autosomal recessive AI was observed, characterized by horizontal pitting and grooving more pronounced in the middle third of the crowns of most teeth in both dentitions.", "contents": "Amelogenesis imperfecta among Israeli Jews and the description of a new type of local hypoplastic autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) was detected in nine of 70,359 school children surveyed, a prevalence approximating 1:8,000. Of these cases, eight were the hypoplastic type and one the snow-capped hypomaturation type. Family studies demonstrated that hypoplastic AI was an autosomal dominant trait in two children and an autosomal recessive in six. Of three additional families referred to our clinic, two had autosomal recessive hypoplastic AI and one the hypocalcified type, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In four families, a new type of local hypoplastic autosomal recessive AI was observed, characterized by horizontal pitting and grooving more pronounced in the middle third of the crowns of most teeth in both dentitions."}
{"id": "PMID:284278", "title": "Blastomycosis with oral lesions. Report of two cases.", "content": "The recent literature suggests that blastomycosis (previously known as North American blastomycosis) with oral lesions may be more common than is generally realized. This report discusses two cases of blastomycosis in which oral lesions played a critical role in the ultimate diagnosis of the disease. The potential importance or oral lesions in early diagnosis and the necessity of culturing the organisms for definitive diagnosis are emphasized.", "contents": "Blastomycosis with oral lesions. Report of two cases. The recent literature suggests that blastomycosis (previously known as North American blastomycosis) with oral lesions may be more common than is generally realized. This report discusses two cases of blastomycosis in which oral lesions played a critical role in the ultimate diagnosis of the disease. The potential importance or oral lesions in early diagnosis and the necessity of culturing the organisms for definitive diagnosis are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:284279", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia affecting the minor labial glands.", "content": "A case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the lower lip, a previously unreported location for this lesion, is presented. In the past, other cases of this benign process occuring in this site may have been confused with squamous-cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In order to arrive at the correct diagnosis, an ample biopsy of the lesion is mandatory.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia affecting the minor labial glands. A case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the lower lip, a previously unreported location for this lesion, is presented. In the past, other cases of this benign process occuring in this site may have been confused with squamous-cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In order to arrive at the correct diagnosis, an ample biopsy of the lesion is mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:284280", "title": "Fibrosarcoma of maxilla. Report of a case with histochemical studies.", "content": "A case of fibrosarcoma of the maxilla with strong alkaline phosphatase activity in the tumor cells is described, and the significance of this enzyme is discussed.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma of maxilla. Report of a case with histochemical studies. A case of fibrosarcoma of the maxilla with strong alkaline phosphatase activity in the tumor cells is described, and the significance of this enzyme is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284281", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "content": "An example of palatal necrotizing sialometaplasia is presented, and the clinical and microscopic features suggestive of squamous-cell carcinoma and mucoepidermal carcinoma are noted. The patient's health status, as shown by a rather thorough work-up, was unremarkable during the period which would seem to preclude a systemic etiology of this disease. The resolution of the lesion with minimal therapy is documented.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. An example of palatal necrotizing sialometaplasia is presented, and the clinical and microscopic features suggestive of squamous-cell carcinoma and mucoepidermal carcinoma are noted. The patient's health status, as shown by a rather thorough work-up, was unremarkable during the period which would seem to preclude a systemic etiology of this disease. The resolution of the lesion with minimal therapy is documented."}
{"id": "PMID:284282", "title": "The prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth with fracture of the enamel and dentin.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine, in the light of a 2-year follow-up, the diagnostic and prognostic value of vitality tests in teeth which had suffered fracture of the enamel and dentin without pulp exposure, to assess the period in which late pathologic changes may occur, and to determine the recommended time intervals for follow-up examinations. Eighty-four childred, 6 to 14 years of age, with 123 traumatized teeth were included in the study. Of these teeth, 87 percent were \"vital\" at the initial examination, and most of these remained vital throughout the 2 years. Most pathologic changes occur within 6 months after trauma. It is recommended that follow-up examinations be performed 3 and 6 months after the trauma. Root canal treatment is usually necessary in teeth which have no vital response by the 3- and 6-month examinations.", "contents": "The prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth with fracture of the enamel and dentin. The purpose of this study was to examine, in the light of a 2-year follow-up, the diagnostic and prognostic value of vitality tests in teeth which had suffered fracture of the enamel and dentin without pulp exposure, to assess the period in which late pathologic changes may occur, and to determine the recommended time intervals for follow-up examinations. Eighty-four childred, 6 to 14 years of age, with 123 traumatized teeth were included in the study. Of these teeth, 87 percent were \"vital\" at the initial examination, and most of these remained vital throughout the 2 years. Most pathologic changes occur within 6 months after trauma. It is recommended that follow-up examinations be performed 3 and 6 months after the trauma. Root canal treatment is usually necessary in teeth which have no vital response by the 3- and 6-month examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:284283", "title": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. III. Effect of debris and pressure filling.", "content": "Root canals of dog premolar teeth with or without debris were filled with calcium hydroxide with or without pressure. The histologic results, 90 days after treatment, showed better results in the specimens without debris. More favorable results were obtained with the pressure filling when debris was present in small amounts.", "contents": "Root canal treatment with calcium hydroxide. III. Effect of debris and pressure filling. Root canals of dog premolar teeth with or without debris were filled with calcium hydroxide with or without pressure. The histologic results, 90 days after treatment, showed better results in the specimens without debris. More favorable results were obtained with the pressure filling when debris was present in small amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:284284", "title": "Space age cassettes can lower radiation dose requirements.", "content": "In radiation health principles it is important to increase information per unit of radiation or to decrease radiation per unit of information. This study shows that the use of a new materal for cassette faceplates can provide the radiologist with identical radiographs while exposing the patient to significantly less radiation. The amount of reduction will depend upon the KVP used and the thickness of the material between the patient and the film. It should be possible to reduce radiation up to 90 percent in some x-ray procedures with this new sophisticated Space Age material.", "contents": "Space age cassettes can lower radiation dose requirements. In radiation health principles it is important to increase information per unit of radiation or to decrease radiation per unit of information. This study shows that the use of a new materal for cassette faceplates can provide the radiologist with identical radiographs while exposing the patient to significantly less radiation. The amount of reduction will depend upon the KVP used and the thickness of the material between the patient and the film. It should be possible to reduce radiation up to 90 percent in some x-ray procedures with this new sophisticated Space Age material."}
{"id": "PMID:284285", "title": "The length of teeth. A statistical analysis of the differences in length of human teeth for radiologic purposes.", "content": "Intraoral radiograms can be made according to the long tube paralleling technique utilizing aiming devices. An important factor in the design of these instruments is the length of the teeth to be radiographed. Reliable data regarding the length of the teeth in the different regions of the mouth are not available. Information on the length of teeth was therefore collected by measuring 1,400 extracted teeth. A statistical analysis of the data finally resulted for each region of the mouth and for both sexes in length value which could be used for the design of aiming devices.", "contents": "The length of teeth. A statistical analysis of the differences in length of human teeth for radiologic purposes. Intraoral radiograms can be made according to the long tube paralleling technique utilizing aiming devices. An important factor in the design of these instruments is the length of the teeth to be radiographed. Reliable data regarding the length of the teeth in the different regions of the mouth are not available. Information on the length of teeth was therefore collected by measuring 1,400 extracted teeth. A statistical analysis of the data finally resulted for each region of the mouth and for both sexes in length value which could be used for the design of aiming devices."}
{"id": "PMID:284318", "title": "[Disease and dental health. Opinions of institutional dental care in a group of health personnel].", "content": "It is reasonable to expect that dental care for institutionalized persons in Norway will be considerably improved in the near future. Opinions and attitudes towards dentistry of the health personel working in the institutions, will, therefore, be of great interest. The present study which was performed by self-administered questionnaires, showed that most of the health personel at Lier sykehus, a mental hospital near Oslo, were willing to and interested in doing active preventive work. There was, however, lack of knowledge about how to perform preventive dentistry. In the future, information and instruction concerning how to prevent oral disease, will be a meaningful task for the dental health team.", "contents": "[Disease and dental health. Opinions of institutional dental care in a group of health personnel]. It is reasonable to expect that dental care for institutionalized persons in Norway will be considerably improved in the near future. Opinions and attitudes towards dentistry of the health personel working in the institutions, will, therefore, be of great interest. The present study which was performed by self-administered questionnaires, showed that most of the health personel at Lier sykehus, a mental hospital near Oslo, were willing to and interested in doing active preventive work. There was, however, lack of knowledge about how to perform preventive dentistry. In the future, information and instruction concerning how to prevent oral disease, will be a meaningful task for the dental health team."}
{"id": "PMID:284320", "title": "In vitro DNA dependent synthesis of globin RNA sequences from erythroleukemic cell chromatin.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemic cells in culture accumulate cytoplasmic globin mRNA during differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)1. Chromatin was prepared from DMSO induced erythroleukemic cells that were transcribing globin RNA in order to determine whether in vitro synthesis of globin RNA sequences was possible from chromatin. RNA was synthesized in vitro using 5-mercuriuridine triphosphate and exogenous Escheria coli RNA polymerase. Newly synthesized mercurated RNA was purified from endogenous chromatin associated RNA by affinity chromatography on a sepharose sulfhydryl column, and the globin RNA sequence content of the mercurated RNA was assayed by hybridization to cDNA globin. The synthesis of globin RNA sequences was shown to occur and to be sensitive to actinomycin and rifampicin and insensitive to alpha-amanitin. In contrast, synthesis of globin RNA sequence synthesis was not detected in significant amounts from chromatin prepared from uninduced erythroleukemic cells, nor from uninduced cell chromatin to which globin RNA was added prior to transcription. Isolated RNA:cDNA globin hybrids were shown to contain mercurated RNA by affinity chromatography. These results indicated that synthesis of globin RNA sequences from chromatin can be performed by E. coli RNA polymerase.", "contents": "In vitro DNA dependent synthesis of globin RNA sequences from erythroleukemic cell chromatin. Murine erythroleukemic cells in culture accumulate cytoplasmic globin mRNA during differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)1. Chromatin was prepared from DMSO induced erythroleukemic cells that were transcribing globin RNA in order to determine whether in vitro synthesis of globin RNA sequences was possible from chromatin. RNA was synthesized in vitro using 5-mercuriuridine triphosphate and exogenous Escheria coli RNA polymerase. Newly synthesized mercurated RNA was purified from endogenous chromatin associated RNA by affinity chromatography on a sepharose sulfhydryl column, and the globin RNA sequence content of the mercurated RNA was assayed by hybridization to cDNA globin. The synthesis of globin RNA sequences was shown to occur and to be sensitive to actinomycin and rifampicin and insensitive to alpha-amanitin. In contrast, synthesis of globin RNA sequence synthesis was not detected in significant amounts from chromatin prepared from uninduced erythroleukemic cells, nor from uninduced cell chromatin to which globin RNA was added prior to transcription. Isolated RNA:cDNA globin hybrids were shown to contain mercurated RNA by affinity chromatography. These results indicated that synthesis of globin RNA sequences from chromatin can be performed by E. coli RNA polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:284324", "title": "DNA sequencing and melting curve.", "content": "The dependence of DNA absorbance (for light at about 260 nm) on temperature is related to a specific DNA sequence structure in the vicinity of DNA thermal denaturation (the so-called DNA melting or coiling). A straightforward analysis of the experimental DNA melting curve allows us to determine the lengths, the A+T content, and the location in DNA of certain domains. In the case of a specific DNA fragmentation, the order of fragments in DNA can be learned from this analysis, nondestructively and quickly, without fractionating the fragments and other methods of fragmentation. If the DNA nucleotide sequence is known except for some sites and uncertain portions, the analysis determines these sites and the accuracy of the sequence at the portions. This information may complement exact methods of DNA sequencing. The proposed analysis is applied to bacteriophage phiX174, whose melting curve is known. The results are compared to and found to be in an excellent agreement with the known phiX174 nucleotide sequence.", "contents": "DNA sequencing and melting curve. The dependence of DNA absorbance (for light at about 260 nm) on temperature is related to a specific DNA sequence structure in the vicinity of DNA thermal denaturation (the so-called DNA melting or coiling). A straightforward analysis of the experimental DNA melting curve allows us to determine the lengths, the A+T content, and the location in DNA of certain domains. In the case of a specific DNA fragmentation, the order of fragments in DNA can be learned from this analysis, nondestructively and quickly, without fractionating the fragments and other methods of fragmentation. If the DNA nucleotide sequence is known except for some sites and uncertain portions, the analysis determines these sites and the accuracy of the sequence at the portions. This information may complement exact methods of DNA sequencing. The proposed analysis is applied to bacteriophage phiX174, whose melting curve is known. The results are compared to and found to be in an excellent agreement with the known phiX174 nucleotide sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:284325", "title": "Transcription of cloned Xenopus 5S RNA genes by X. laevis RNA polymerase III in reconstituted systems.", "content": "When incubated with a soluble extract from large oocytes of Xenopus laevis, recombinant DNA plasmids containing either X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA or X. borealis oocyte 5S DNA direct the synthesis of discrete 5S RNAs, which by size and sequence analysis are similar or identical to the corresponding 5S RNAs synthesized in vivo. Synthesis of the 5S RNAs is mediated by a soluble endogenous RNA polymerase III (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6), which presumably recognizes specific initiation and termination sites in the 5S genes. Optimal conditions for accurate synthesis and the kinetics of the reactions have been determined. A soluble postchromatin supernatant fraction has also been isolated from immature oocytes. Although devoid of a functional endogenous RNA polymerase III, this extract contains a component(s) that effects the accurate transcription of 5S genes (in a plasmid) by a purified RNA polymerase III.", "contents": "Transcription of cloned Xenopus 5S RNA genes by X. laevis RNA polymerase III in reconstituted systems. When incubated with a soluble extract from large oocytes of Xenopus laevis, recombinant DNA plasmids containing either X. laevis oocyte 5S DNA or X. borealis oocyte 5S DNA direct the synthesis of discrete 5S RNAs, which by size and sequence analysis are similar or identical to the corresponding 5S RNAs synthesized in vivo. Synthesis of the 5S RNAs is mediated by a soluble endogenous RNA polymerase III (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6), which presumably recognizes specific initiation and termination sites in the 5S genes. Optimal conditions for accurate synthesis and the kinetics of the reactions have been determined. A soluble postchromatin supernatant fraction has also been isolated from immature oocytes. Although devoid of a functional endogenous RNA polymerase III, this extract contains a component(s) that effects the accurate transcription of 5S genes (in a plasmid) by a purified RNA polymerase III."}
{"id": "PMID:284326", "title": "Lateral diffusion in binary mixtures of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines.", "content": "The lateral diffusion of a fluorescent-labeled phospholipid, phosphatidyl-N-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3,-diazole)ethanolamine, has been measured in binary mixtures of cholesterol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at temperatures both above and below 23.8 degrees C, the chain-melting transition temperature of this phosphatidylcholine. There is a temperature-composition region, approximately temperature less than 23 degrees C and mole fraction of cholesterol (X) less than 0.20, in which the lateral diffusion coefficient of the fluorescent probe is at least an order of magnitude smaller than it is at points outside of this temperature-composition region. At temperatures above approximately 23 degrees C there is a significant increasing cholesterol concentration, for X greater than 0.2.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion in binary mixtures of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines. The lateral diffusion of a fluorescent-labeled phospholipid, phosphatidyl-N-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3,-diazole)ethanolamine, has been measured in binary mixtures of cholesterol and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at temperatures both above and below 23.8 degrees C, the chain-melting transition temperature of this phosphatidylcholine. There is a temperature-composition region, approximately temperature less than 23 degrees C and mole fraction of cholesterol (X) less than 0.20, in which the lateral diffusion coefficient of the fluorescent probe is at least an order of magnitude smaller than it is at points outside of this temperature-composition region. At temperatures above approximately 23 degrees C there is a significant increasing cholesterol concentration, for X greater than 0.2."}
{"id": "PMID:284327", "title": "Location of the regulatory site for establishment of repression by bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "During the lysogenic response to infection by bacteriophage lambda, the phage-specified cII and cIII proteins provide for the coordinate establishment of repression and integration of the viral DNA. One critical regulatory function of cII/cIII is an activation of synthesis of the cI protein, the repressor that maintains lysogeny. The mechanism and site for regulation of the cI gene by cII/cIII have been a subject of controversy. The two principal hypotheses for cII/cIII action are: initiation of new RNA chains in the y region of lambda DNA just to the left of the cII gene; or antitermination of a short leader RNA (4S or oop RNA) initiated to the right of the cII gene. In an effort to distinguish between these hypotheses, we have studied the cII-mediated turn-on of cI protein synthesis in three classes of prophage deletion strains: deletions of the 4S RNA promoter but not the y region, deletions that remove both regions, and deletions that leave both intact. We find that an intact y region is required for normal regulation of the cI gene by cII, but the 4S RNA promoter is not. From experiments with other mutants, we conclude that rightward transcription from the early lytic promoter is also not necessary for positive regulation. Our results suggest that positive regulation by cII/cIII involves initiation of new RNA chains through activation of promoter sites.", "contents": "Location of the regulatory site for establishment of repression by bacteriophage lambda. During the lysogenic response to infection by bacteriophage lambda, the phage-specified cII and cIII proteins provide for the coordinate establishment of repression and integration of the viral DNA. One critical regulatory function of cII/cIII is an activation of synthesis of the cI protein, the repressor that maintains lysogeny. The mechanism and site for regulation of the cI gene by cII/cIII have been a subject of controversy. The two principal hypotheses for cII/cIII action are: initiation of new RNA chains in the y region of lambda DNA just to the left of the cII gene; or antitermination of a short leader RNA (4S or oop RNA) initiated to the right of the cII gene. In an effort to distinguish between these hypotheses, we have studied the cII-mediated turn-on of cI protein synthesis in three classes of prophage deletion strains: deletions of the 4S RNA promoter but not the y region, deletions that remove both regions, and deletions that leave both intact. We find that an intact y region is required for normal regulation of the cI gene by cII, but the 4S RNA promoter is not. From experiments with other mutants, we conclude that rightward transcription from the early lytic promoter is also not necessary for positive regulation. Our results suggest that positive regulation by cII/cIII involves initiation of new RNA chains through activation of promoter sites."}
{"id": "PMID:284328", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei: in vitro initiation of adenovirus 2 major late mRNA precursor.", "content": "We have analyzed the RNA produced in vitro by incubating nuclei from HeLa cells infected with adenovirus serotype 2. Our results show that adenovirus-specific RNA is produced at a linear rate for up to 2.5 hr. Hybridization analysis of RNA produced in nuclei isolated 18 hr after infection indicated that transcription begins at the \"late promoter\" at map position 16.5. Sequence analysis of the 5' termini of the in vitro transcripts showed that this system initiates RNA chains de novo at the correct promoter and that the 5' terminus is capped.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei: in vitro initiation of adenovirus 2 major late mRNA precursor. We have analyzed the RNA produced in vitro by incubating nuclei from HeLa cells infected with adenovirus serotype 2. Our results show that adenovirus-specific RNA is produced at a linear rate for up to 2.5 hr. Hybridization analysis of RNA produced in nuclei isolated 18 hr after infection indicated that transcription begins at the \"late promoter\" at map position 16.5. Sequence analysis of the 5' termini of the in vitro transcripts showed that this system initiates RNA chains de novo at the correct promoter and that the 5' terminus is capped."}
{"id": "PMID:284329", "title": "Caulobacter crescentus nucleoid: analysis of sedimentation behavior and protein composition during the cell cycle.", "content": "The envelope-associated nucleoid (EAN) of Caulobacter crescentus has been isolated during major developmental stages in the cell cycle. The sedimentation coefficient of the Caulobacter EAN changes as a function of development and is closely correlated with the periodicity of DNA synthesis in this bacterium. The contribution of proteins to the structure of the Caulobacter nucleoid has been analyzed by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled both for short intervals and continuously throughout the cell cycle. The EAN proteins are derived primarily from membranes and are sequentially associated with the EAN during the cell cycle. Several distinct proteins are isolated with the EAN at specific stages of differentiation. A 26,000 Mr protein, which appears uniquely associated with the swarmer cell EANs, was identified and shown to segregate preferentially with the swarmer cell EAN at cell division.", "contents": "Caulobacter crescentus nucleoid: analysis of sedimentation behavior and protein composition during the cell cycle. The envelope-associated nucleoid (EAN) of Caulobacter crescentus has been isolated during major developmental stages in the cell cycle. The sedimentation coefficient of the Caulobacter EAN changes as a function of development and is closely correlated with the periodicity of DNA synthesis in this bacterium. The contribution of proteins to the structure of the Caulobacter nucleoid has been analyzed by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labeled both for short intervals and continuously throughout the cell cycle. The EAN proteins are derived primarily from membranes and are sequentially associated with the EAN during the cell cycle. Several distinct proteins are isolated with the EAN at specific stages of differentiation. A 26,000 Mr protein, which appears uniquely associated with the swarmer cell EANs, was identified and shown to segregate preferentially with the swarmer cell EAN at cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:284330", "title": "Sterigmatocystin-DNA interactions: identification of a major adduct formed after metabolic activation in vitro.", "content": "Sterigmatocystin (ST), a potent hepatocarcinogen, was covalently bound to calf thymus DNA by incubation in the presence of phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes. Acid hydrolysis of ST-modified DNA liberated a major guanine-containing adduct, present in DNA at an estimated level of 1 ST residue per 100-150 nucleotides. The adduct was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and subjected to structural analysis. Spectral and chemical data identified the adduct as 1,2-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-1-hydroxysterigmatocystin, the guanine and hydroxyl moieties being in a trans configuration. The structure and stereochemistry of this adduct indicated that the exo-ST-1,2-oxide was the metabolite that reacted with DNA, and the quantitative yield of adduct indicated that this metabolite was a major product of the in vitro metabolism of ST.", "contents": "Sterigmatocystin-DNA interactions: identification of a major adduct formed after metabolic activation in vitro. Sterigmatocystin (ST), a potent hepatocarcinogen, was covalently bound to calf thymus DNA by incubation in the presence of phenobarbital-induced rat liver microsomes. Acid hydrolysis of ST-modified DNA liberated a major guanine-containing adduct, present in DNA at an estimated level of 1 ST residue per 100-150 nucleotides. The adduct was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and subjected to structural analysis. Spectral and chemical data identified the adduct as 1,2-dihydro-2-(N(7)-guanyl)-1-hydroxysterigmatocystin, the guanine and hydroxyl moieties being in a trans configuration. The structure and stereochemistry of this adduct indicated that the exo-ST-1,2-oxide was the metabolite that reacted with DNA, and the quantitative yield of adduct indicated that this metabolite was a major product of the in vitro metabolism of ST."}
{"id": "PMID:284331", "title": "Conformations of twisted parallel beta-sheets and the origin of chirality in protein structures.", "content": "An analysis of the conformational properties of parallel beta-pleated sheets suggests that an important factor in the generation of beta-sheet twist is the preference for nonplanar peptide bond distortions that impart local left-handed helical character to polypeptide chains. It is demonstrated that the introduction of such chiral distortions, which result from the tetrahedral deformation of the peptide nitrogen atoms, naturally produces right-twisted beta-sheet structures with optimal hydrogen bond geometry.", "contents": "Conformations of twisted parallel beta-sheets and the origin of chirality in protein structures. An analysis of the conformational properties of parallel beta-pleated sheets suggests that an important factor in the generation of beta-sheet twist is the preference for nonplanar peptide bond distortions that impart local left-handed helical character to polypeptide chains. It is demonstrated that the introduction of such chiral distortions, which result from the tetrahedral deformation of the peptide nitrogen atoms, naturally produces right-twisted beta-sheet structures with optimal hydrogen bond geometry."}
{"id": "PMID:284332", "title": "Helical repeat of DNA in solution.", "content": "The helical repeat of DNA in solution has been measured directly by analyzing the gel electrophoretic patterns of pairs of covalently closed DNAs with length differences between 1 and 58 base pairs, out of a total length of about 4350 base pairs per DNA molecule. The method is based on the observation that for a covalently closed DNA of a fixed size of n base pairs (n of the order of several thousand), under appropriate conditions, two topological isomers (topoisomers) differing by 1 in their linking numbers are well resolved by gel electrophoresis. If the size of the DNA is increased to n + x base pairs, unless x is an integral multiple of the helical repeat h, the bands of the topoisomers with n + x base pairs per molecule are all shifted relative to the bands of the topoisomers with n base pairs per molecule. The magnitude of the shift is directly related to the nonintegral residual of x/n. Analysis of the set with x ranging from 1 to 58 gives the DNA helix repeat in solution as 10.4 base pairs per turn under physiological conditions, with an estimated probable error of +/- 0.1. This result strongly supports the double helix structure of DNA and rejects the side-by-side model of Rodley et al. [Rodley, G.A., Scobie, R.S., Bates, R.H. T & Lewitt, R.M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2959-2963]. The helical repeat of DNA measured in solution is significantly different from the value 10.0 base pairs per turn for the B form fiber structure.", "contents": "Helical repeat of DNA in solution. The helical repeat of DNA in solution has been measured directly by analyzing the gel electrophoretic patterns of pairs of covalently closed DNAs with length differences between 1 and 58 base pairs, out of a total length of about 4350 base pairs per DNA molecule. The method is based on the observation that for a covalently closed DNA of a fixed size of n base pairs (n of the order of several thousand), under appropriate conditions, two topological isomers (topoisomers) differing by 1 in their linking numbers are well resolved by gel electrophoresis. If the size of the DNA is increased to n + x base pairs, unless x is an integral multiple of the helical repeat h, the bands of the topoisomers with n + x base pairs per molecule are all shifted relative to the bands of the topoisomers with n base pairs per molecule. The magnitude of the shift is directly related to the nonintegral residual of x/n. Analysis of the set with x ranging from 1 to 58 gives the DNA helix repeat in solution as 10.4 base pairs per turn under physiological conditions, with an estimated probable error of +/- 0.1. This result strongly supports the double helix structure of DNA and rejects the side-by-side model of Rodley et al. [Rodley, G.A., Scobie, R.S., Bates, R.H. T & Lewitt, R.M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 2959-2963]. The helical repeat of DNA measured in solution is significantly different from the value 10.0 base pairs per turn for the B form fiber structure."}
{"id": "PMID:284333", "title": "Resolution of adenylate cyclase sensitive and insensitive to Ca2+ and calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR) by CDR-sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "Partially purified adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] from bovine brain cortex was fractionated into two separate forms by calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR)-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The major form of the enzyme, comprising approximately 80% of the applied activity, did not bind to the affinity column in the presence of Ca2+ and was insensitive to the CDR. Approximately 20% of adenylate cyclase activity was absorbed to CDR-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+. This activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and CDR. This study directly demonstrates that brain cortex contains Ca2+-CDR-sensitive and -insensitive forms of adenylate cyclase and indicates that CDR-Sepharose may be a useful tool for purification of adenylate cyclase. The Ca2+ -stimulated adenylate cyclase was purified at least 55-fold with a 13% yield.", "contents": "Resolution of adenylate cyclase sensitive and insensitive to Ca2+ and calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR) by CDR-sepharose affinity chromatography. Partially purified adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] from bovine brain cortex was fractionated into two separate forms by calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR)-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The major form of the enzyme, comprising approximately 80% of the applied activity, did not bind to the affinity column in the presence of Ca2+ and was insensitive to the CDR. Approximately 20% of adenylate cyclase activity was absorbed to CDR-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+. This activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and CDR. This study directly demonstrates that brain cortex contains Ca2+-CDR-sensitive and -insensitive forms of adenylate cyclase and indicates that CDR-Sepharose may be a useful tool for purification of adenylate cyclase. The Ca2+ -stimulated adenylate cyclase was purified at least 55-fold with a 13% yield."}
{"id": "PMID:284334", "title": "Biosynthesis and self-assembly of protein S, a development-specific protein of Myxococcus xanthus.", "content": "Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a complex life cycle including a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation, mound formation, and myxosporulation. During development, protein S (molecuar weight 23,000) is induced and accumulates in very large amounts. Protein S was found in the soluble fraction of early developmental extracts and in the insoluble fraction in later extracts. This insoluble form of protein S can be solubilized by the addition of 1 M NaCl at 0 degrees C to extracts from aggregated cells (mound stage) or by the addition of 1 M NaCl at 30 degrees C to mature spores. Salt extraction (1 M NaCl) of protein S from mature spores was partially inhibited by the addition of Mg(2+) and almost completely inhibited by the addition of Ca(2+). The viability of spores was not changed by a salt extraction that removed their protein S. Examination of thin sections of mature spores and extracted spores by electron microscopy suggested that the protein S-deficient spores lacked a spore surface coat about 300 A thick. Purified protein S will spontaneously self-assemble onto protein S-deficient spores after removal of the NaCl by dialysis or by addition of 10 mM Ca(2+) to undialyzed samples. Glycerol-induced spores did not contain protein S and did not serve as primers for assembly of protein S. Quantitation of the self-assembly process showed almost stoichiometric binding of protein S to the protein S-deficient spores until saturation at 3.3 x 10(6) molecules per spore, a value 1.35 times higher than the normal level of proteins S found in mature spores. Protein S in the \"reconstituted\" spores was as protease resistant and sonication resistant as the protein S of native spores. Electron microscopy of the reconstituted spores revealed the assembly of new material on the spore surface. Adjacent spores were sometimes observed to be fused to each other through a common protein S layer. These results suggest that protein S serves a function in spore-spore interaction in the fruiting body.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and self-assembly of protein S, a development-specific protein of Myxococcus xanthus. Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a complex life cycle including a temporal sequence of cellular aggregation, mound formation, and myxosporulation. During development, protein S (molecuar weight 23,000) is induced and accumulates in very large amounts. Protein S was found in the soluble fraction of early developmental extracts and in the insoluble fraction in later extracts. This insoluble form of protein S can be solubilized by the addition of 1 M NaCl at 0 degrees C to extracts from aggregated cells (mound stage) or by the addition of 1 M NaCl at 30 degrees C to mature spores. Salt extraction (1 M NaCl) of protein S from mature spores was partially inhibited by the addition of Mg(2+) and almost completely inhibited by the addition of Ca(2+). The viability of spores was not changed by a salt extraction that removed their protein S. Examination of thin sections of mature spores and extracted spores by electron microscopy suggested that the protein S-deficient spores lacked a spore surface coat about 300 A thick. Purified protein S will spontaneously self-assemble onto protein S-deficient spores after removal of the NaCl by dialysis or by addition of 10 mM Ca(2+) to undialyzed samples. Glycerol-induced spores did not contain protein S and did not serve as primers for assembly of protein S. Quantitation of the self-assembly process showed almost stoichiometric binding of protein S to the protein S-deficient spores until saturation at 3.3 x 10(6) molecules per spore, a value 1.35 times higher than the normal level of proteins S found in mature spores. Protein S in the \"reconstituted\" spores was as protease resistant and sonication resistant as the protein S of native spores. Electron microscopy of the reconstituted spores revealed the assembly of new material on the spore surface. Adjacent spores were sometimes observed to be fused to each other through a common protein S layer. These results suggest that protein S serves a function in spore-spore interaction in the fruiting body."}
{"id": "PMID:284335", "title": "Partial primary structure of bacteriorhodopsin: sequencing methods for membrane proteins.", "content": "The sequence of 102 amino acid residues from the NH2 terminus and that of 39 amino acid residues from the COOH terminus of bacteriorhodopsin have been determined. These results are in agreement with those recently published by Ovchinnikov and coworkers [Ovchinnikov, Y.A., Abdulaey, N.G., Feigina, M.Y., Kiselev, A.V. & Lobanov, N.A. (1977) FEBS Lett. 84, 1-4]. Chymotryptic cleavage of bacteriorhodopsin produced two fragments, C-1 (Mr 19,000) and C-2 (Mr 6900), the latter containing the blocked NH2 terminus (pyroglutamic acid). Further fragmentation with CNBr gave mostly hydrophobic fragments, which were separated by gel permeation and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in formic acid/ethanol/water mixtures. The fragments were sequenced by a judicious combination of mass spectrometric peptide sequencing and automated Edman degradation. The C-2 fragments were ordered on the basis of methionine-containing peptides identified by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry, while C-1 and C-2 were arranged by analysis of an overlapping CNBr fragment.", "contents": "Partial primary structure of bacteriorhodopsin: sequencing methods for membrane proteins. The sequence of 102 amino acid residues from the NH2 terminus and that of 39 amino acid residues from the COOH terminus of bacteriorhodopsin have been determined. These results are in agreement with those recently published by Ovchinnikov and coworkers [Ovchinnikov, Y.A., Abdulaey, N.G., Feigina, M.Y., Kiselev, A.V. & Lobanov, N.A. (1977) FEBS Lett. 84, 1-4]. Chymotryptic cleavage of bacteriorhodopsin produced two fragments, C-1 (Mr 19,000) and C-2 (Mr 6900), the latter containing the blocked NH2 terminus (pyroglutamic acid). Further fragmentation with CNBr gave mostly hydrophobic fragments, which were separated by gel permeation and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in formic acid/ethanol/water mixtures. The fragments were sequenced by a judicious combination of mass spectrometric peptide sequencing and automated Edman degradation. The C-2 fragments were ordered on the basis of methionine-containing peptides identified by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry, while C-1 and C-2 were arranged by analysis of an overlapping CNBr fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:284336", "title": "Coupled enzyme systems in a vesicular membrane: oxidative phosphorylation as an example.", "content": "We consider a small vesicle whose membrane transports a ligand L into the vesicle through enzymatic units of type A and transports L out of the vesicle through units of type B. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria provides an example, in which L is H+. The kinetics of the two membrane systems (A and B) are coupled through the concentration of L in the vesicle. This interdependence causes the combined membrane system (A plus B) to simulate a single system whenever the net ligand transport into the vesicle is zero. For example, in oxidative phosphorylation, it was thought for some time that ATP was synthesized by the respiratory chain system (via an \"active intermediate\"). We give the simplest possible analyses of this kind of coupled system, which is very common, by using two-state enzymes for both A and B above. A numerical example is included that illustrates respiratory control in a qualitative way: although the respiratory chain flux by itself does not depend on ADP concentration, the steady-state flux of the coupled systems (respiratory chain and reverse ATPase) does depend on ADP concentration through the interior ligand (H+) concentration.", "contents": "Coupled enzyme systems in a vesicular membrane: oxidative phosphorylation as an example. We consider a small vesicle whose membrane transports a ligand L into the vesicle through enzymatic units of type A and transports L out of the vesicle through units of type B. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria provides an example, in which L is H+. The kinetics of the two membrane systems (A and B) are coupled through the concentration of L in the vesicle. This interdependence causes the combined membrane system (A plus B) to simulate a single system whenever the net ligand transport into the vesicle is zero. For example, in oxidative phosphorylation, it was thought for some time that ATP was synthesized by the respiratory chain system (via an \"active intermediate\"). We give the simplest possible analyses of this kind of coupled system, which is very common, by using two-state enzymes for both A and B above. A numerical example is included that illustrates respiratory control in a qualitative way: although the respiratory chain flux by itself does not depend on ADP concentration, the steady-state flux of the coupled systems (respiratory chain and reverse ATPase) does depend on ADP concentration through the interior ligand (H+) concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:284337", "title": "Steroid diamine-nucleic acid interactions: partial insertion of dipyrandium between unstacked base pairs of the poly(dA-dT) duplex in solution.", "content": "We report on an NMR investigation of steroid diamine.nucleic acid complexes as a function of phosphate-to-drug ratios in aqueous solution in order to evaluate the structural and kinetic aspects of the binding of a nonintercalative drug to a synthetic DNA in solution. The nonexchangeable proton chemical shift parameters for the dipyrandium.poly(dA-dT) complex demonstrate unstacking of base pairs and partial insertion of the steroid diamine at the complexation site. The chemical shifts and linewidths of the exchangeable protons as a function of pH demonstrate that the base pairs are intact but partially exposed to solvent at the steroid diamine binding site. The phosphorus chemical shifts suggest that the base pairs unstack upon complex formation without changes in the omega,omega' polynucleotide backbone torsion angles. The NMR line shape parameters require rapid exchange of the steroid diamine among potential binding sites and are consistent with greater segmental flexibility in the complex compared to the synthetic DNA in solution. The NMR experiments are discussed in relation to Sobell's proposed model [Sobell, H.M., Tsai, C.C., Gilbert, S.G., Jain, S.C. & Sakore, T.D. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 73, 3068-3072] for the steroid diamine-DNA complex.", "contents": "Steroid diamine-nucleic acid interactions: partial insertion of dipyrandium between unstacked base pairs of the poly(dA-dT) duplex in solution. We report on an NMR investigation of steroid diamine.nucleic acid complexes as a function of phosphate-to-drug ratios in aqueous solution in order to evaluate the structural and kinetic aspects of the binding of a nonintercalative drug to a synthetic DNA in solution. The nonexchangeable proton chemical shift parameters for the dipyrandium.poly(dA-dT) complex demonstrate unstacking of base pairs and partial insertion of the steroid diamine at the complexation site. The chemical shifts and linewidths of the exchangeable protons as a function of pH demonstrate that the base pairs are intact but partially exposed to solvent at the steroid diamine binding site. The phosphorus chemical shifts suggest that the base pairs unstack upon complex formation without changes in the omega,omega' polynucleotide backbone torsion angles. The NMR line shape parameters require rapid exchange of the steroid diamine among potential binding sites and are consistent with greater segmental flexibility in the complex compared to the synthetic DNA in solution. The NMR experiments are discussed in relation to Sobell's proposed model [Sobell, H.M., Tsai, C.C., Gilbert, S.G., Jain, S.C. & Sakore, T.D. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 73, 3068-3072] for the steroid diamine-DNA complex."}
{"id": "PMID:284338", "title": "Isolation of a 7S particle from Xenopus laevis oocytes: a 5S RNA-protein complex.", "content": "Previtellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis contain a free 5S RNA-protein complex sedimentating at 7 S. This particle consists of one molecule of 5S RNA and one 45,000-dalton protein. The protein of the 7S particle and the protein that is released in association with 5S RNA when the ribosome is treated with EDTA are unrelated. Because the 5S RNA accumulated by small oocytes in storage particles is incorporated into the ribosome later in oogenesis, we conclude that 5S RNA is succesively associated with two proteins during the life span of the oocyte.", "contents": "Isolation of a 7S particle from Xenopus laevis oocytes: a 5S RNA-protein complex. Previtellogenic oocytes of Xenopus laevis contain a free 5S RNA-protein complex sedimentating at 7 S. This particle consists of one molecule of 5S RNA and one 45,000-dalton protein. The protein of the 7S particle and the protein that is released in association with 5S RNA when the ribosome is treated with EDTA are unrelated. Because the 5S RNA accumulated by small oocytes in storage particles is incorporated into the ribosome later in oogenesis, we conclude that 5S RNA is succesively associated with two proteins during the life span of the oocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:284339", "title": "Differences in intracellular distribution of plasminogen activator in growing, confluent, and transformed 3T3 cells.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of plasminogen activator in growing, confluent, and transformed 3T3 cells was investigated by using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In confluent cells, which do not release plasminogen activator extracellularly, most of the activity was found in a heavy membrane fraction. In growing and transformed 3T3 cells, which do release plasminogen activator extracellularly in large amounts, most of the activity was found in lighter, plasma membrane-enriched fractions. A correlation between its presence in the light membrane fractions and the ability of the cells to release the plasminogen activator extracellularly is made.", "contents": "Differences in intracellular distribution of plasminogen activator in growing, confluent, and transformed 3T3 cells. The intracellular distribution of plasminogen activator in growing, confluent, and transformed 3T3 cells was investigated by using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In confluent cells, which do not release plasminogen activator extracellularly, most of the activity was found in a heavy membrane fraction. In growing and transformed 3T3 cells, which do release plasminogen activator extracellularly in large amounts, most of the activity was found in lighter, plasma membrane-enriched fractions. A correlation between its presence in the light membrane fractions and the ability of the cells to release the plasminogen activator extracellularly is made."}
{"id": "PMID:284340", "title": "Conformational properties of the acetylcholine receptor as revealed by studies with constrained depolarizing ligands.", "content": "Conformational aspects of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Electrophorus electricus have been examined by studies of its interaction with structurally related, constrained aromatic bis quaternary compounds. Among the compounds synthesized was 3,3'-bis[alpha-(trimethylammonium)-methyl]azobenzene dibromide (3,3'-bisQ). This compound is photochromic and can exist in a cis or trans isomeric form, both of which have now been isolated in pure form. Trans-3,3'-bisQ is the most potent activator known, producing a 60-mV depolarization at 0.2 muM and 50% activity at 0.06 muM. The cis isomer is less than 1% as active. Its high activity and constrained structure suggest that trans-3,3'-bisQ can be considered to be a \"template\" of the combining site of AcChoR, when the latter is in the activated state. The following conclusions can then be drawn concerning the AcChoR binding site. (i) Depolarization can occur by interaction with reagents that are essentially inflexible. (ii) The binding site has a planar hydrophobic region that interacts with methylene groups of acetylcholine and with hydrophobic areas in general. (iii) In the same plane as the hydrophobic area is a site that interacts with electron-donating functional groups including the carbonyl oxygen of acetylcholine and the azo nitrogens of trans-3,3'-bisQ. (iv) About 1.5 A out of the plane of the hydrophobic and the electron acceptor site is an anionic site; when the AcChoR is in the activated state, this site is separated from the electron acceptor site by 5.2 A and from another anionic site by 11 A. (v) The anionic sites are located within a cleft of limited size, sufficient to accommodate quaternary methyl groups. (vi) Although depolarization can occur with reagents that possess only hydrophobic and cationic groups if their geometric arrangement is proper, the highest activity resides in compounds capable of all of the interactions cited above.", "contents": "Conformational properties of the acetylcholine receptor as revealed by studies with constrained depolarizing ligands. Conformational aspects of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Electrophorus electricus have been examined by studies of its interaction with structurally related, constrained aromatic bis quaternary compounds. Among the compounds synthesized was 3,3'-bis[alpha-(trimethylammonium)-methyl]azobenzene dibromide (3,3'-bisQ). This compound is photochromic and can exist in a cis or trans isomeric form, both of which have now been isolated in pure form. Trans-3,3'-bisQ is the most potent activator known, producing a 60-mV depolarization at 0.2 muM and 50% activity at 0.06 muM. The cis isomer is less than 1% as active. Its high activity and constrained structure suggest that trans-3,3'-bisQ can be considered to be a \"template\" of the combining site of AcChoR, when the latter is in the activated state. The following conclusions can then be drawn concerning the AcChoR binding site. (i) Depolarization can occur by interaction with reagents that are essentially inflexible. (ii) The binding site has a planar hydrophobic region that interacts with methylene groups of acetylcholine and with hydrophobic areas in general. (iii) In the same plane as the hydrophobic area is a site that interacts with electron-donating functional groups including the carbonyl oxygen of acetylcholine and the azo nitrogens of trans-3,3'-bisQ. (iv) About 1.5 A out of the plane of the hydrophobic and the electron acceptor site is an anionic site; when the AcChoR is in the activated state, this site is separated from the electron acceptor site by 5.2 A and from another anionic site by 11 A. (v) The anionic sites are located within a cleft of limited size, sufficient to accommodate quaternary methyl groups. (vi) Although depolarization can occur with reagents that possess only hydrophobic and cationic groups if their geometric arrangement is proper, the highest activity resides in compounds capable of all of the interactions cited above."}
{"id": "PMID:284341", "title": "Quaternary enhancement in binding of oxygen by human hemoglobin.", "content": "From an experimental study on the linkage between dimer-tetramer association and oxygen binding in human hemoglobin it is found that triliganded tetramers alpha(2)beta(2)(O(2))(3) have an affinity for oxygen that is significantly higher than that of alpha(1)beta(1) dimers (superscripts denote intersubunit contacts). This conclusion is based upon a newly determined series of accurate oxygen binding isotherms, which were analyzed in conjunction with independently determined values of the dimer-tetramer equilibrium constants in the unliganded and fully oxygenated states [Ip, S. H. C. & Ackers, G. K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 82-87]. The results imply that in the molecule alpha(2)beta(2)(O(2))(3) the interactions at the alpha(1)beta(2) intersubunit contacts are propagated to the unliganded heme in a manner that increases its affinity for oxygen. This effect contrasts sharply with the well-known reduction in oxygen affinity arising from these same contacts when unliganded dimers are assembled to form unliganded alpha(2)beta(2) tetramers. The magnitude of the enhancement in affinity at the unliganded site in triliganded tetramers (0.81 kcal, 3.39 kJ) is approximately one-fourth as great as the reduction in affinity on each heme site that arises from subunit assembly of the unliganded tetramer. The terms \"quaternary constraint\" and \"quaternary enhancement\" are employed to describe these oppositely directed effects of intersubunit interaction upon heme-site affinity. Experimental results also suggest that dimers bind oxygen with a higher affinity than monomeric alpha and beta chains do under the same temperature and buffer conditions (21.5 degrees C, pH 7.40, 0.1 M Tris.Hcl/0.1 M NaCl/1 mM Na(2)EDTA). Thus quaternary enhancement may be manifested at the alpha(1)beta(1) contacts. Implications of these results for models of the cooperative mechanism are discussed.", "contents": "Quaternary enhancement in binding of oxygen by human hemoglobin. From an experimental study on the linkage between dimer-tetramer association and oxygen binding in human hemoglobin it is found that triliganded tetramers alpha(2)beta(2)(O(2))(3) have an affinity for oxygen that is significantly higher than that of alpha(1)beta(1) dimers (superscripts denote intersubunit contacts). This conclusion is based upon a newly determined series of accurate oxygen binding isotherms, which were analyzed in conjunction with independently determined values of the dimer-tetramer equilibrium constants in the unliganded and fully oxygenated states [Ip, S. H. C. & Ackers, G. K. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 82-87]. The results imply that in the molecule alpha(2)beta(2)(O(2))(3) the interactions at the alpha(1)beta(2) intersubunit contacts are propagated to the unliganded heme in a manner that increases its affinity for oxygen. This effect contrasts sharply with the well-known reduction in oxygen affinity arising from these same contacts when unliganded dimers are assembled to form unliganded alpha(2)beta(2) tetramers. The magnitude of the enhancement in affinity at the unliganded site in triliganded tetramers (0.81 kcal, 3.39 kJ) is approximately one-fourth as great as the reduction in affinity on each heme site that arises from subunit assembly of the unliganded tetramer. The terms \"quaternary constraint\" and \"quaternary enhancement\" are employed to describe these oppositely directed effects of intersubunit interaction upon heme-site affinity. Experimental results also suggest that dimers bind oxygen with a higher affinity than monomeric alpha and beta chains do under the same temperature and buffer conditions (21.5 degrees C, pH 7.40, 0.1 M Tris.Hcl/0.1 M NaCl/1 mM Na(2)EDTA). Thus quaternary enhancement may be manifested at the alpha(1)beta(1) contacts. Implications of these results for models of the cooperative mechanism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284342", "title": "Reconstitution of membranes and embryonic development in dissociated blastula cells of the sea urchin by reinsertion of aggregation-promoting membrane proteins extracted with butanol.", "content": "Blastula embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, when dissociated into single cells by exposure to Ca2+- and Mg2+-free sea water, reassociate spontaneously to form aggregates capable of development to the final larval form (pluteus). This aggregation is prevented by Fab fragments obtained by immunization with purified membranes from blastula embryos. The inhibition was reversed by soluble proteins extracted with butanol from purified membranes or from intact cells. These extracts also strongly stimulated the rate of reaggregation of dissociated cells in the absence of Fab fragments. Exposure of dissociated cells to 2.5% (vol/vol) butanol removed completely the protein(s) responsible for reaggregation of the cells without impairing their viability. Reaggregation and embryonic development were completely restored to the extracted cells by readdition of the proteins extracted from either membranes or cells. Extracted cells from Paracentrotus could be reconstituted with proteins from Arbacia.", "contents": "Reconstitution of membranes and embryonic development in dissociated blastula cells of the sea urchin by reinsertion of aggregation-promoting membrane proteins extracted with butanol. Blastula embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, when dissociated into single cells by exposure to Ca2+- and Mg2+-free sea water, reassociate spontaneously to form aggregates capable of development to the final larval form (pluteus). This aggregation is prevented by Fab fragments obtained by immunization with purified membranes from blastula embryos. The inhibition was reversed by soluble proteins extracted with butanol from purified membranes or from intact cells. These extracts also strongly stimulated the rate of reaggregation of dissociated cells in the absence of Fab fragments. Exposure of dissociated cells to 2.5% (vol/vol) butanol removed completely the protein(s) responsible for reaggregation of the cells without impairing their viability. Reaggregation and embryonic development were completely restored to the extracted cells by readdition of the proteins extracted from either membranes or cells. Extracted cells from Paracentrotus could be reconstituted with proteins from Arbacia."}
{"id": "PMID:284343", "title": "Photobilirubin: an early bilirubin photoproduct detected by absorbance difference spectroscopy.", "content": "Absorption of light converts bilirubin-IXalpha in solution to a mixture of what are probably cis-trans geometric isomers. This reaction is much faster than other photochemical reactions of bilirubin and reaches photoequilibrium before losses due to photooxidation are significant. At room temperature in the dark in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid or iodine or simply on standing, the photoproducts revert to the natural isomer. They also revert under visible light. Their formation and reversion can be followed by chromatography on polyamide and by absorbance difference spectroscopy.", "contents": "Photobilirubin: an early bilirubin photoproduct detected by absorbance difference spectroscopy. Absorption of light converts bilirubin-IXalpha in solution to a mixture of what are probably cis-trans geometric isomers. This reaction is much faster than other photochemical reactions of bilirubin and reaches photoequilibrium before losses due to photooxidation are significant. At room temperature in the dark in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid or iodine or simply on standing, the photoproducts revert to the natural isomer. They also revert under visible light. Their formation and reversion can be followed by chromatography on polyamide and by absorbance difference spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:284344", "title": "Self-assembly of microtubules in extracts of cultured HeLa cells and the identification of HeLa microtubule-associated proteins.", "content": "Microtubule protein from HeLa cell extracts was purified by multiple cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in the absence of glycerol or other exogenous polymerization-stimulatory agents. Approximately 4-5% of the extract protein was tubulin, of which more than one-half was competent to participate in polymerization-depolymerization cycles. The purified HeLa microtubule protein preparations contained 95% tubulin after the second cycle of polymerization and depolymerization. Additional protein species bound specifically to and copurified quantitatively with microtubules throughout at least four cycles of polymerization and depolymerization. These microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were separated from tubulin by DEAE column chromatography. When added to purified brain or HeLa tubulin, these MAPs stimulated the polymerization of microtubules as assayed by electron microscopy and a quantitative sedimentation assay. The most prominent HeLa MAPs had molecular weights of approximately 210,000 and 120,000.", "contents": "Self-assembly of microtubules in extracts of cultured HeLa cells and the identification of HeLa microtubule-associated proteins. Microtubule protein from HeLa cell extracts was purified by multiple cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in the absence of glycerol or other exogenous polymerization-stimulatory agents. Approximately 4-5% of the extract protein was tubulin, of which more than one-half was competent to participate in polymerization-depolymerization cycles. The purified HeLa microtubule protein preparations contained 95% tubulin after the second cycle of polymerization and depolymerization. Additional protein species bound specifically to and copurified quantitatively with microtubules throughout at least four cycles of polymerization and depolymerization. These microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were separated from tubulin by DEAE column chromatography. When added to purified brain or HeLa tubulin, these MAPs stimulated the polymerization of microtubules as assayed by electron microscopy and a quantitative sedimentation assay. The most prominent HeLa MAPs had molecular weights of approximately 210,000 and 120,000."}
{"id": "PMID:284345", "title": "mRNA-directed biosynthesis of alpha subunit of thyrotropin: translation in cell-free and whole-cell systems.", "content": "mRNA from mouse thyrotropic pituitary tumors was translated in frog oocytes (a whole-cell system) and in wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate (cell-free systems) in the presence of [(35)S]methionine. Synthesized peptides related to thyrotropin were identified in the three systems by immunoprecipitation with subunit-specific antisera developed against the alpha subunit of ovine lutropin (luteinizing hormone) and the beta subunit of bovine thyrotropin. In wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate, a single immunoprecipitable form of the alpha subunit of thyrotropin was synthesized with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the frog oocyte, three forms of immunoprecipitable alpha subunit of thyrotropin were synthesized with apparent molecular weights of 20,000, 14,000, and 10,000. The 20,000 form is similar to unlabeled rat pituitary standard alpha subunit and (35)S-labeled mouse tumor alpha subunit in cell cultures (20,000-21,000); thus, it may represent a precursor-cleaved and glycosylated form. The 14,000 form synthesized in all three systems probably represents the pre-alpha subunit of thyrotropin; the 10,000 form, synthesized only in the frog oocyte, could be a proteolytically cleaved but unglycosylated form. Because only the alpha subunit of thyrotropin was identified and no larger molecular weight immunoprecipitable form of either subunit was detected in any of the translation systems, alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin appear to be translated from separate mRNAs.", "contents": "mRNA-directed biosynthesis of alpha subunit of thyrotropin: translation in cell-free and whole-cell systems. mRNA from mouse thyrotropic pituitary tumors was translated in frog oocytes (a whole-cell system) and in wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate (cell-free systems) in the presence of [(35)S]methionine. Synthesized peptides related to thyrotropin were identified in the three systems by immunoprecipitation with subunit-specific antisera developed against the alpha subunit of ovine lutropin (luteinizing hormone) and the beta subunit of bovine thyrotropin. In wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate, a single immunoprecipitable form of the alpha subunit of thyrotropin was synthesized with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the frog oocyte, three forms of immunoprecipitable alpha subunit of thyrotropin were synthesized with apparent molecular weights of 20,000, 14,000, and 10,000. The 20,000 form is similar to unlabeled rat pituitary standard alpha subunit and (35)S-labeled mouse tumor alpha subunit in cell cultures (20,000-21,000); thus, it may represent a precursor-cleaved and glycosylated form. The 14,000 form synthesized in all three systems probably represents the pre-alpha subunit of thyrotropin; the 10,000 form, synthesized only in the frog oocyte, could be a proteolytically cleaved but unglycosylated form. Because only the alpha subunit of thyrotropin was identified and no larger molecular weight immunoprecipitable form of either subunit was detected in any of the translation systems, alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin appear to be translated from separate mRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:284346", "title": "Interaction of wild-type and variant mouse 3T3 cells with lectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds.", "content": "An isolectin (BS I-B4) derived from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds and specific for terminal alpha-D-galactopyranosyl groups was found to be cytotoxic to Swiss 3T3 mouse cells. After mutagenesis and selection with BS I-B4, a variant clonal cell line resistant to both this isolectin and the alpha-D- and beta-D-galactose-binding lectin abrin was isolated. The parental cell line showed homogeneous and noninteracting binding sites for BS I-B4, whereas the variant cells exhibited a curved plot with a reduced number of binding regions. Another lectin, BS II, which is derived from the same seeds by specific for terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl groups, was cytotoxic to the variant but not the parental cells. These results suggest a possible lesion in the biosynthesis of cell surface structures resulting in the exposure of subterminal N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl moieties in the variant line.", "contents": "Interaction of wild-type and variant mouse 3T3 cells with lectins from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds. An isolectin (BS I-B4) derived from Bandeiraea simplicifolia seeds and specific for terminal alpha-D-galactopyranosyl groups was found to be cytotoxic to Swiss 3T3 mouse cells. After mutagenesis and selection with BS I-B4, a variant clonal cell line resistant to both this isolectin and the alpha-D- and beta-D-galactose-binding lectin abrin was isolated. The parental cell line showed homogeneous and noninteracting binding sites for BS I-B4, whereas the variant cells exhibited a curved plot with a reduced number of binding regions. Another lectin, BS II, which is derived from the same seeds by specific for terminal N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl groups, was cytotoxic to the variant but not the parental cells. These results suggest a possible lesion in the biosynthesis of cell surface structures resulting in the exposure of subterminal N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl moieties in the variant line."}
{"id": "PMID:284347", "title": "Procollagen segment-long-spacing crystallites: their role in collagen fibrillogenesis.", "content": "Naturally occurring segment-long-spacing crystallites of procollagen collagen have been found in the culture medium of fibroblasts from chick embryo tendon, human skin, and dermatosparaxic calf skin; in whole-mount preparations of cultured human skin fibroblasts; in homogenates of lathyritic chick embryo tendon, cartilage, and cornea; and in a partially purified preparation of procollagen. Bundles of similar aggregates occurred within secretory vacuoles of collagen-synthesizing fibroblasts and chondrocytes. These observations suggest that fibroblasts and chondrocytes secrete procollagen assemblies that are stable in the extracellular environment. We propose that subsequent enzymatic processing is accompanied by direct incorporation of such structures into the assembling fibril, which then may be considered as an n X 67 nm staggered array of segment-long-spacing crystallites.", "contents": "Procollagen segment-long-spacing crystallites: their role in collagen fibrillogenesis. Naturally occurring segment-long-spacing crystallites of procollagen collagen have been found in the culture medium of fibroblasts from chick embryo tendon, human skin, and dermatosparaxic calf skin; in whole-mount preparations of cultured human skin fibroblasts; in homogenates of lathyritic chick embryo tendon, cartilage, and cornea; and in a partially purified preparation of procollagen. Bundles of similar aggregates occurred within secretory vacuoles of collagen-synthesizing fibroblasts and chondrocytes. These observations suggest that fibroblasts and chondrocytes secrete procollagen assemblies that are stable in the extracellular environment. We propose that subsequent enzymatic processing is accompanied by direct incorporation of such structures into the assembling fibril, which then may be considered as an n X 67 nm staggered array of segment-long-spacing crystallites."}
{"id": "PMID:284348", "title": "Conservative segregation of parental histones during replication in the presence of cycloheximide.", "content": "Long stretches of protein-free, nonbeaded DNA were observed electron microscopically in nuclear spreads prepared from cells that had replicated their DNA in the absence of protein synthesis. The amount of this DNA increased with increasing time of replication in the presence of cycloheximide and was greatly decreased when replication was inhibited with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytosine arabinoside). This DNA is considered to be \"free\" DNA because it has the same diameter as marker PM2 DNA and it is preferentially sensitive to DNase I digestion. Reversal of the cycloheximide block resulted in a burst of histone synthesis and repair of the depleted chromatin within 5 min. In addition, 26 presumptive replication forks were observed with beaded chromatin on two arms and free DNA on the third. These results suggest that new histones are usually deposited onto new DNA, that the cellular histone pool is very small, that histone migration is minimal in vivo for at least 18 hr, that for most fibers nuclesome assembly and segregation is conservative for stretches of DNA as long as 100 kbases, and that some part of the octameric histone core may remain bound to DNA during the replication process. The regularity we have observed for the assembly and segregation of nucleosomes is likely to be important for our understanding of how chromosomal information is segregated during development.", "contents": "Conservative segregation of parental histones during replication in the presence of cycloheximide. Long stretches of protein-free, nonbeaded DNA were observed electron microscopically in nuclear spreads prepared from cells that had replicated their DNA in the absence of protein synthesis. The amount of this DNA increased with increasing time of replication in the presence of cycloheximide and was greatly decreased when replication was inhibited with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (cytosine arabinoside). This DNA is considered to be \"free\" DNA because it has the same diameter as marker PM2 DNA and it is preferentially sensitive to DNase I digestion. Reversal of the cycloheximide block resulted in a burst of histone synthesis and repair of the depleted chromatin within 5 min. In addition, 26 presumptive replication forks were observed with beaded chromatin on two arms and free DNA on the third. These results suggest that new histones are usually deposited onto new DNA, that the cellular histone pool is very small, that histone migration is minimal in vivo for at least 18 hr, that for most fibers nuclesome assembly and segregation is conservative for stretches of DNA as long as 100 kbases, and that some part of the octameric histone core may remain bound to DNA during the replication process. The regularity we have observed for the assembly and segregation of nucleosomes is likely to be important for our understanding of how chromosomal information is segregated during development."}
{"id": "PMID:284349", "title": "Resonance Raman studies of bathorhodopsin: evidence for a protonated Schiff base linkage.", "content": "A dual beam pump/probe technique has been used with a 585-nm probe wavelength to obtain maximal resonance enhancement of the Raman lines of bathorhodopsin in a photostationary steady-state mixture at -160 degrees C. These studies show that bathorhodopsin has a protonated Schiff base vibration at 1657 cm(-1) which shifts upon deuteration to 1625 cm(-1). Within our experimental error (+/-2 cm(-1)) these frequencies are identical to those observed in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. These effects show that the strength of the C=N bond and the degree of protonation of the Schiff base nitrogen are the same in bathorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and isorhodopsin. The implication of these results for the structure of the retinal chromophore in bathorhodopsin are discussed. The resonance Raman spectrum of pure bathorhodopsin has been generated by accurately subtracting the residual contributions of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin from spectra of the low temperature photostationary mixture. Bathorhodopsin is found to have lines at 853, 875, 920, 1006, 1166, 1210, 1278, 1323, 1536, and 1657 cm(-1). Also, by using an intensified vidicon detector, we have observed Raman scattering from bathorhodopsin at room temperature by generating a photostationary steady state with pulsed laser excitation. At room temperature the three characteristic lines of bathorhodopsin are found at 858, 873, and 920 cm(-1). The fact that the frequencies of these bathorhodopsin lines are nearly identical at both temperatures implies that the retinal conformation in bathorhodopsin formed at -160 degrees C is the same as that formed at room temperature.", "contents": "Resonance Raman studies of bathorhodopsin: evidence for a protonated Schiff base linkage. A dual beam pump/probe technique has been used with a 585-nm probe wavelength to obtain maximal resonance enhancement of the Raman lines of bathorhodopsin in a photostationary steady-state mixture at -160 degrees C. These studies show that bathorhodopsin has a protonated Schiff base vibration at 1657 cm(-1) which shifts upon deuteration to 1625 cm(-1). Within our experimental error (+/-2 cm(-1)) these frequencies are identical to those observed in rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. These effects show that the strength of the C=N bond and the degree of protonation of the Schiff base nitrogen are the same in bathorhodopsin, rhodopsin, and isorhodopsin. The implication of these results for the structure of the retinal chromophore in bathorhodopsin are discussed. The resonance Raman spectrum of pure bathorhodopsin has been generated by accurately subtracting the residual contributions of rhodopsin and isorhodopsin from spectra of the low temperature photostationary mixture. Bathorhodopsin is found to have lines at 853, 875, 920, 1006, 1166, 1210, 1278, 1323, 1536, and 1657 cm(-1). Also, by using an intensified vidicon detector, we have observed Raman scattering from bathorhodopsin at room temperature by generating a photostationary steady state with pulsed laser excitation. At room temperature the three characteristic lines of bathorhodopsin are found at 858, 873, and 920 cm(-1). The fact that the frequencies of these bathorhodopsin lines are nearly identical at both temperatures implies that the retinal conformation in bathorhodopsin formed at -160 degrees C is the same as that formed at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:284350", "title": "High affinity binding of chylomicron remnants to rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "The binding of chylomicron remnants rat liver plasma membranes was studied. Liver membranes bound up to 8 times more remnants than they bound chylomicrons. The remnant particle appeared to bind to the membrane as a unit. Remnant binding was greatest to liver plasma membrane; only one third as much binding was observed with whole liver homogenate, and virtually no binding occurred to erythrocyte membranes or glass. Binding was saturable and had kinetics compatible with the existence of a high affinity site. Half-maximal binding occurred at 27 micron. Competitive binding studies revealed no competition with albumin, a triglyceride dispersion, cholesterol/lecithin vesicles, very low density lipoprotein, or low density lipoprotein. Some displacement of remnant binding was observed with chylomicrons and high density lipoprotein. Binding was decreased by treatment of the membranes with trypsin or the presence of heparin in the incubation medium. These studies suggest that there is a high affinity receptor for the chylomicron remnant on the surface of the hepatocyte.", "contents": "High affinity binding of chylomicron remnants to rat liver plasma membranes. The binding of chylomicron remnants rat liver plasma membranes was studied. Liver membranes bound up to 8 times more remnants than they bound chylomicrons. The remnant particle appeared to bind to the membrane as a unit. Remnant binding was greatest to liver plasma membrane; only one third as much binding was observed with whole liver homogenate, and virtually no binding occurred to erythrocyte membranes or glass. Binding was saturable and had kinetics compatible with the existence of a high affinity site. Half-maximal binding occurred at 27 micron. Competitive binding studies revealed no competition with albumin, a triglyceride dispersion, cholesterol/lecithin vesicles, very low density lipoprotein, or low density lipoprotein. Some displacement of remnant binding was observed with chylomicrons and high density lipoprotein. Binding was decreased by treatment of the membranes with trypsin or the presence of heparin in the incubation medium. These studies suggest that there is a high affinity receptor for the chylomicron remnant on the surface of the hepatocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:284351", "title": "Glycoprotein, elastin, and collagen secretion by rat smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Smooth muscle cells from rat heart secreted extracellular matrix components at high rates for many generations in culture. The matrix proteins remained anchored to the culture dish and were characterized after removal of cellular material with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sequential enzyme digestion demonstrated the presence of at least three components, including glycoprotein(s), elastin, and collagen. Prolonged extraction of the matrix with detergent under reducing conditions solubilized a fucosylated glycoprotein having an apparent molecular weight of 250,000 and two other proteins with molecular weights of 72,000 and 45,000, respectively. Sublines derived from discrete colonies of smooth muscle cells synthesized all of the matrix components, and the proportion of collagen secreted by some sublines increased with time in culture. The biosynthesis of a mixed extracellular matrix and the relationships among the component proteins were therefore studied in one system producing milligram quantities of material.", "contents": "Glycoprotein, elastin, and collagen secretion by rat smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells from rat heart secreted extracellular matrix components at high rates for many generations in culture. The matrix proteins remained anchored to the culture dish and were characterized after removal of cellular material with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sequential enzyme digestion demonstrated the presence of at least three components, including glycoprotein(s), elastin, and collagen. Prolonged extraction of the matrix with detergent under reducing conditions solubilized a fucosylated glycoprotein having an apparent molecular weight of 250,000 and two other proteins with molecular weights of 72,000 and 45,000, respectively. Sublines derived from discrete colonies of smooth muscle cells synthesized all of the matrix components, and the proportion of collagen secreted by some sublines increased with time in culture. The biosynthesis of a mixed extracellular matrix and the relationships among the component proteins were therefore studied in one system producing milligram quantities of material."}
{"id": "PMID:284352", "title": "Relationship between RNA content and progression of lymphocytes through S phase of cell cycle.", "content": "A flow cytometric technique for simultaneous measurements of RNA and DNA in individual cells has been applied to correlate the content of cellular RNA with the rate of progression of cells through the S phase. Human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin were blocked at the G1/S phase boundary by hydroxyurea or 5-fluorodeoxy-uridine treatment. Cells in the G1 phase as well as cells blocked at the G1/S phase boundary showed high heterogeneity with respect to stainable RNA content. After release from the block, the cells traversed the S phase at rates proportional to the quantity of stainable RNA per cell. Cells with the highest RNA content completed DNA replication 5 hr after release from the block; the cells with minimal RNA traversed the S phase at one-fifth of this rate. The large intercellular variation in stainable RNA and length of the S phase may be due to functional heterogeneity in the lymphocyte population. Our results suggest a correlation between the number of ribosomes and the rate of DNA replication in lymphocytes.", "contents": "Relationship between RNA content and progression of lymphocytes through S phase of cell cycle. A flow cytometric technique for simultaneous measurements of RNA and DNA in individual cells has been applied to correlate the content of cellular RNA with the rate of progression of cells through the S phase. Human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin were blocked at the G1/S phase boundary by hydroxyurea or 5-fluorodeoxy-uridine treatment. Cells in the G1 phase as well as cells blocked at the G1/S phase boundary showed high heterogeneity with respect to stainable RNA content. After release from the block, the cells traversed the S phase at rates proportional to the quantity of stainable RNA per cell. Cells with the highest RNA content completed DNA replication 5 hr after release from the block; the cells with minimal RNA traversed the S phase at one-fifth of this rate. The large intercellular variation in stainable RNA and length of the S phase may be due to functional heterogeneity in the lymphocyte population. Our results suggest a correlation between the number of ribosomes and the rate of DNA replication in lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:284353", "title": "Monoclonal antibodies reacting with murine teratocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Monoclonal antibodies were produced in vitro by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a rat immunized with the C3H mouse teratocarcinoma C86-S1. After the fusion two clones were chosen for further analysis. The first clone, 3C4-10, produced an antibody recognizing an antigen with a distribution restricted to teratocarcinoma cell lines, an endoderm cell line, and a neuroblastoma. The second clone, 4A1-9, produced an antibody that reacted with all cultured murine cells tested and adult brain. Neither antibody reacted with preimplantation embryos. The 3C4-10 antibody recognized an antigen associated with proteins. The apparent molecular weight of the 3C4-10 antigen was greater than 100,000.", "contents": "Monoclonal antibodies reacting with murine teratocarcinoma cells. Monoclonal antibodies were produced in vitro by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a rat immunized with the C3H mouse teratocarcinoma C86-S1. After the fusion two clones were chosen for further analysis. The first clone, 3C4-10, produced an antibody recognizing an antigen with a distribution restricted to teratocarcinoma cell lines, an endoderm cell line, and a neuroblastoma. The second clone, 4A1-9, produced an antibody that reacted with all cultured murine cells tested and adult brain. Neither antibody reacted with preimplantation embryos. The 3C4-10 antibody recognized an antigen associated with proteins. The apparent molecular weight of the 3C4-10 antigen was greater than 100,000."}
{"id": "PMID:284354", "title": "Evolutionary change in 5S RNA secondary structure and a phylogenic tree of 54 5S RNA species.", "content": "Secondary structure models of 54 5S RNA species are constructed based on the comparative analyses of their primary structure. All 5S RNAs examined have essentially the same secondary structure. However, there are revealing characteristic differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic types. The prokaryotic 5S RNAs may be further classified into two types, one having 120 nucleotides (120-N type) and another having 116 (116-N type). A possible mechanism for the conversion of the prokaryotic 116-N type to the 120-N type 5S RNAs (or vice versa) is discussed on the basis of their nucleotide alignments. Finally, by comparing the nucleotide alignments, we propose a phylogenic tree of the 54 5S RNA species.", "contents": "Evolutionary change in 5S RNA secondary structure and a phylogenic tree of 54 5S RNA species. Secondary structure models of 54 5S RNA species are constructed based on the comparative analyses of their primary structure. All 5S RNAs examined have essentially the same secondary structure. However, there are revealing characteristic differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic types. The prokaryotic 5S RNAs may be further classified into two types, one having 120 nucleotides (120-N type) and another having 116 (116-N type). A possible mechanism for the conversion of the prokaryotic 116-N type to the 120-N type 5S RNAs (or vice versa) is discussed on the basis of their nucleotide alignments. Finally, by comparing the nucleotide alignments, we propose a phylogenic tree of the 54 5S RNA species."}
{"id": "PMID:284355", "title": "Genetic translocation in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A 5.2-kilobase pair transposon, Tn551, has been found in Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium. Initially detected on plasmid pI258, it undergoes rec-independent transposition to multiple chromosomal and plasmid sites, sometimes causing insertional inactivation. Unlike most other transposons, Tn551 undergoes apparently precise excision as a rule. The initial observation of Tn551 transition involved UV inactivation of the carrier plasmid; this would appear to be a general means of detecting transposable elements.", "contents": "Genetic translocation in Staphylococcus aureus. A 5.2-kilobase pair transposon, Tn551, has been found in Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium. Initially detected on plasmid pI258, it undergoes rec-independent transposition to multiple chromosomal and plasmid sites, sometimes causing insertional inactivation. Unlike most other transposons, Tn551 undergoes apparently precise excision as a rule. The initial observation of Tn551 transition involved UV inactivation of the carrier plasmid; this would appear to be a general means of detecting transposable elements."}
{"id": "PMID:284356", "title": "Genetic control of cobalamin binding in normal and mutant cells: assignment of the gene for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase to human chromosome 1.", "content": "When extracts prepared from cultured human or rodent fibroblasts grown in medium containing [(57)Co]cobalamin were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the intracellular radioactivity migrated with the activity of the cobalamin-dependent enzyme 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13). Because the rodent and human forms of this enzyme are electrophoretically different, we used the binding of [(57)Co]cobalamin to detect the presence of the human methyltransferase isozyme in rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. As expected, binding and methyltransferase activities were found to cosegregate, thus confirming genetically their electrophoretic identity. Accordingly, we examined the [(57)Co]cobalamin-binding patterns and human chromosome contents of a panel of 12 rodent-human hybrid clones, and concluded that the gene for the methyltransferase (designated Mtr) is located on human chromosome 1. Using this information, we probed the nature of the molecular defect exhibited by fibroblasts cultured from patients expressing the cbl C mutation. Although these cells are unable to associate newly taken up [(57)Co]cobalamin with the methyltransferase, hybrids of mouse L-cells and cbl C cells containing chromosome 1 show a \"reappearance\" of the human [(57)Co]cobalamin-methyltransferase. These results indicate that the cbl C mutation does not affect the methyltransferase apoprotein, but rather some metabolic step that must convert cobalamin to a chemical form capable of attaching to the enzyme.", "contents": "Genetic control of cobalamin binding in normal and mutant cells: assignment of the gene for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase to human chromosome 1. When extracts prepared from cultured human or rodent fibroblasts grown in medium containing [(57)Co]cobalamin were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the intracellular radioactivity migrated with the activity of the cobalamin-dependent enzyme 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:L-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13). Because the rodent and human forms of this enzyme are electrophoretically different, we used the binding of [(57)Co]cobalamin to detect the presence of the human methyltransferase isozyme in rodent-human somatic cell hybrids. As expected, binding and methyltransferase activities were found to cosegregate, thus confirming genetically their electrophoretic identity. Accordingly, we examined the [(57)Co]cobalamin-binding patterns and human chromosome contents of a panel of 12 rodent-human hybrid clones, and concluded that the gene for the methyltransferase (designated Mtr) is located on human chromosome 1. Using this information, we probed the nature of the molecular defect exhibited by fibroblasts cultured from patients expressing the cbl C mutation. Although these cells are unable to associate newly taken up [(57)Co]cobalamin with the methyltransferase, hybrids of mouse L-cells and cbl C cells containing chromosome 1 show a \"reappearance\" of the human [(57)Co]cobalamin-methyltransferase. These results indicate that the cbl C mutation does not affect the methyltransferase apoprotein, but rather some metabolic step that must convert cobalamin to a chemical form capable of attaching to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:284357", "title": "Emetine resistance in Chinese hamster cells is linked genetically with an altered 40S ribosomal subunit protein, S20.", "content": "Emr-2 is an emetine-resistant (Emr) Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant that contains a single electrophoretically altered ribosomal protein, a component of its 40S ribosomal subunit [Boersma, D., McGill, S., Mollenkamp, J. & Roufa, D.J. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, in press]. This report describes a genetic experiment designed to test linkage between the genes that specify the altered ribosomal protein, S20*, and emetine resistance in Emr clones that segregated from cultures of Emr-2 cells hybridized with emetine-sensitive cells. The data described indicate that Emr and S20* phenotypes are due to mutations linked to the same chromosome in the Chinese hamster genome; most likely they are due to the same mutation. The data also confirm earlier speculations by others that the Emr locus in Chinese hamster cells is hemizygous.", "contents": "Emetine resistance in Chinese hamster cells is linked genetically with an altered 40S ribosomal subunit protein, S20. Emr-2 is an emetine-resistant (Emr) Chinese hamster ovary cell mutant that contains a single electrophoretically altered ribosomal protein, a component of its 40S ribosomal subunit [Boersma, D., McGill, S., Mollenkamp, J. & Roufa, D.J. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, in press]. This report describes a genetic experiment designed to test linkage between the genes that specify the altered ribosomal protein, S20*, and emetine resistance in Emr clones that segregated from cultures of Emr-2 cells hybridized with emetine-sensitive cells. The data described indicate that Emr and S20* phenotypes are due to mutations linked to the same chromosome in the Chinese hamster genome; most likely they are due to the same mutation. The data also confirm earlier speculations by others that the Emr locus in Chinese hamster cells is hemizygous."}
{"id": "PMID:284358", "title": "Evolutionary effects of contagious and familial transmission.", "content": "Two models involving non-Mendelian transmission of a discrete valued trait through within- and across-generation contagion are proposed in an investigation of the joint evolution of phenotype and genotype. A single locus with two alleles determines susceptibility to contagion. The incorporation of within-generation contagious transmission extends the parameter ranges allowing phenotypic polymorphism and introduces a new phenotypic equilibrium configuration. The latter is characterized by a threshold in the initial value of the trait which determines whether the trait can increase. Phenotypic evolution is accelerated by within-generation contagion, but the rate of genetic evolution is retarded relative to that under uniparental transmission across generations. The second model studied allows the trait to be acquired, at genotype-dependent rates, even if the transmitting parent does not have the trait. Both the pattern of phenotypic transmission and the selection on the trait influence the course of evolution. Some important aspects of the structure of the one locus-two allele model are shown to be preserved with more alleles. At equilibrium, the leading eigenvalue of the transmission-selection matrix assumes the role of genotypic fitness.", "contents": "Evolutionary effects of contagious and familial transmission. Two models involving non-Mendelian transmission of a discrete valued trait through within- and across-generation contagion are proposed in an investigation of the joint evolution of phenotype and genotype. A single locus with two alleles determines susceptibility to contagion. The incorporation of within-generation contagious transmission extends the parameter ranges allowing phenotypic polymorphism and introduces a new phenotypic equilibrium configuration. The latter is characterized by a threshold in the initial value of the trait which determines whether the trait can increase. Phenotypic evolution is accelerated by within-generation contagion, but the rate of genetic evolution is retarded relative to that under uniparental transmission across generations. The second model studied allows the trait to be acquired, at genotype-dependent rates, even if the transmitting parent does not have the trait. Both the pattern of phenotypic transmission and the selection on the trait influence the course of evolution. Some important aspects of the structure of the one locus-two allele model are shown to be preserved with more alleles. At equilibrium, the leading eigenvalue of the transmission-selection matrix assumes the role of genotypic fitness."}
{"id": "PMID:284359", "title": "Identification of a non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) influencing recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex.", "content": "The dominant C57BL/10 allele of a single autosomal, non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) was found to be required for recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex in H-2b/b mice. In H-2a/a mice, the Rfv-3 gene apparently influenced recovery from viremia in the presence of persistent leukemia because these mice lacked the appropriate H-2 genotype for recovery from leukemia. The Rfv-3 gene was distinct from the Fv-2 gene because recovery from viremia was seen in recombinant-inbred mice with the Fv-2s/s genotype. Furthermore, backcross studies indicated that Rfv-3 and Fv-2 were not linked. The Rfv-3 gene may act by influencing the specific anti-FV humoral antibody response.", "contents": "Identification of a non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) influencing recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex. The dominant C57BL/10 allele of a single autosomal, non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) was found to be required for recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex in H-2b/b mice. In H-2a/a mice, the Rfv-3 gene apparently influenced recovery from viremia in the presence of persistent leukemia because these mice lacked the appropriate H-2 genotype for recovery from leukemia. The Rfv-3 gene was distinct from the Fv-2 gene because recovery from viremia was seen in recombinant-inbred mice with the Fv-2s/s genotype. Furthermore, backcross studies indicated that Rfv-3 and Fv-2 were not linked. The Rfv-3 gene may act by influencing the specific anti-FV humoral antibody response."}
{"id": "PMID:284360", "title": "Genetic lesions induced by chemicals in spermatozoa and spermatids of mice are repaired in the egg.", "content": "Conclusive proof that the mouse egg is capable of carrying out repair of genetic lesions present in the male genome was obtained through dominant-lethal studies of chemically treated spermatozoa and spermatids and through cytological analysis of first-cleavage metaphases. The maximum difference in repair capability between stocks of females, found for isopropyl methanesulfonate treatment, was large; considerably smaller differences were found for ethyl methanesulfonate, triethylenemelamine, and benzo[a]pyrene treatments; and no difference was found for x-ray treatment.", "contents": "Genetic lesions induced by chemicals in spermatozoa and spermatids of mice are repaired in the egg. Conclusive proof that the mouse egg is capable of carrying out repair of genetic lesions present in the male genome was obtained through dominant-lethal studies of chemically treated spermatozoa and spermatids and through cytological analysis of first-cleavage metaphases. The maximum difference in repair capability between stocks of females, found for isopropyl methanesulfonate treatment, was large; considerably smaller differences were found for ethyl methanesulfonate, triethylenemelamine, and benzo[a]pyrene treatments; and no difference was found for x-ray treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:284361", "title": "Another approach to in vivo estimation of genetic damage in humans.", "content": "Direct measurements of the genetic hazards to man have been determined previously by the appearance of elevated in vivo levels of chromosome aberrations. Here we report that interindividual variations in N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis values parallel the actual in vivo levels of chromosome damage and, therefore, may be a rapid useful supplement in genetic risk assessment for humans.", "contents": "Another approach to in vivo estimation of genetic damage in humans. Direct measurements of the genetic hazards to man have been determined previously by the appearance of elevated in vivo levels of chromosome aberrations. Here we report that interindividual variations in N-acetoxy-2-acetyl-aminofluorene-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis values parallel the actual in vivo levels of chromosome damage and, therefore, may be a rapid useful supplement in genetic risk assessment for humans."}
{"id": "PMID:284362", "title": "Incorporation of glucocerebrosidase into Gaucher's disease monocytes in vitro.", "content": "Several carriers were evaluated for use in the delivery of exogenous glucocerebrosidase to monocytes from Gaucher's disease patients. Only gamma globulin-coated, resealed erythrocytes proved to be an effective vehicle for enzyme delivery. Glucocerebrosidase added in this manner normalized intracellular enzyme levels for at least 18 hr. In this model system for the study of enzyme replacement therapy, soluble enzyme, enzyme in uncoated resealed erythrocytes, and enzyme incorporated into liposomes were ineffective.", "contents": "Incorporation of glucocerebrosidase into Gaucher's disease monocytes in vitro. Several carriers were evaluated for use in the delivery of exogenous glucocerebrosidase to monocytes from Gaucher's disease patients. Only gamma globulin-coated, resealed erythrocytes proved to be an effective vehicle for enzyme delivery. Glucocerebrosidase added in this manner normalized intracellular enzyme levels for at least 18 hr. In this model system for the study of enzyme replacement therapy, soluble enzyme, enzyme in uncoated resealed erythrocytes, and enzyme incorporated into liposomes were ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:284363", "title": "Modification of the blood-brain barrier: increased concentration and fate of enzymes entering the brain.", "content": "The blood-brain barrier of rats was opened reversibly by infusing a hyperosmotic solution of arabinose into the external carotid artery. Permeability was increased maximally in the first 15 min and remained slightly elevated at 1 hr. Osmotic barrier opening significantly increased brain uptake of intravenously injected alpha-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.2.4) (derived from human placenta) and horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7). By injection of 4 X 10(5) units of alpha-mannosidase into an animal, brain activity rose to about twice the normal control activity of the enzyme. After 30 min, activity of administered enzyme in the extracellular space of the brain was calculated to be 30% of the serum concentration. Biochemical and histological studies with horseradish peroxidase showed that exogenously administered enzyme entered the brain extracellular space immediately after barrier opening and was incorporated within neuronal lysosomal packets during the next 24 hr. Measurable peroxidase activity was found in brain as much as 72 hr after osmotic treatment. The results demonstrate that the blood-brain barrier can be reversibly opened to enzymes, that a glycoprotein enzyme is incorporated into neuronal lysosomes, and that the brain may now be considered a potential target for enzyme replacement therapy in heritable metabolic disorders.", "contents": "Modification of the blood-brain barrier: increased concentration and fate of enzymes entering the brain. The blood-brain barrier of rats was opened reversibly by infusing a hyperosmotic solution of arabinose into the external carotid artery. Permeability was increased maximally in the first 15 min and remained slightly elevated at 1 hr. Osmotic barrier opening significantly increased brain uptake of intravenously injected alpha-mannosidase (alpha-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.2.4) (derived from human placenta) and horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7). By injection of 4 X 10(5) units of alpha-mannosidase into an animal, brain activity rose to about twice the normal control activity of the enzyme. After 30 min, activity of administered enzyme in the extracellular space of the brain was calculated to be 30% of the serum concentration. Biochemical and histological studies with horseradish peroxidase showed that exogenously administered enzyme entered the brain extracellular space immediately after barrier opening and was incorporated within neuronal lysosomal packets during the next 24 hr. Measurable peroxidase activity was found in brain as much as 72 hr after osmotic treatment. The results demonstrate that the blood-brain barrier can be reversibly opened to enzymes, that a glycoprotein enzyme is incorporated into neuronal lysosomes, and that the brain may now be considered a potential target for enzyme replacement therapy in heritable metabolic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:284364", "title": "Metal-binding and detoxification effect of synthetic oligopeptides containing three cysteinyl residues.", "content": "Metallothionein is a naturally occurring metal-binding protein with high cysteine content. Oligopeptides containing three cysteinyl residues and having amino acid sequences analogous to portions of this protein were synthesized by the solid-phase method. Strong affinity of the synthetic peptides to Cd2+ and Zn2+ was observed, and the dissociation constants of the peptide-metal complexes were 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than those of cysteine-metal and dithioerythritol-metal complexes. Effectiveness of detoxification of the peptides against Cd toxicity was demonstrated by the higher survival rates of mice treated with the peptides and by the neutralization of Cd toxicity by the peptides in tissue cultures.", "contents": "Metal-binding and detoxification effect of synthetic oligopeptides containing three cysteinyl residues. Metallothionein is a naturally occurring metal-binding protein with high cysteine content. Oligopeptides containing three cysteinyl residues and having amino acid sequences analogous to portions of this protein were synthesized by the solid-phase method. Strong affinity of the synthetic peptides to Cd2+ and Zn2+ was observed, and the dissociation constants of the peptide-metal complexes were 2-4 orders of magnitude lower than those of cysteine-metal and dithioerythritol-metal complexes. Effectiveness of detoxification of the peptides against Cd toxicity was demonstrated by the higher survival rates of mice treated with the peptides and by the neutralization of Cd toxicity by the peptides in tissue cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:284365", "title": "Humoral factor that specifically regulates prothrombin (factor II) levels (coagulopoietin-II).", "content": "Prothrombin (Factor II) was decreased in rabbits by injection of a goat antiserum to prothrombin. When plasma from these rabbits was injected into normal animals, circulating prothrombin increased in the recipients, suggesting transfer of a humoral regulating factor (\"coagulopoietin-II\"). This coagulopoietin-II resisted boiling for 20 min. On Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, it remained in the retained volume, suggesting a molecular weight of less than 30,000. In an in vitro liver system, prothrombin increased in the incubation medium in the presence of coagulopoietin-II.", "contents": "Humoral factor that specifically regulates prothrombin (factor II) levels (coagulopoietin-II). Prothrombin (Factor II) was decreased in rabbits by injection of a goat antiserum to prothrombin. When plasma from these rabbits was injected into normal animals, circulating prothrombin increased in the recipients, suggesting transfer of a humoral regulating factor (\"coagulopoietin-II\"). This coagulopoietin-II resisted boiling for 20 min. On Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, it remained in the retained volume, suggesting a molecular weight of less than 30,000. In an in vitro liver system, prothrombin increased in the incubation medium in the presence of coagulopoietin-II."}
{"id": "PMID:284366", "title": "Utilization of trimethylamine and other N-methyl compounds for growth and methane formation by Methanosarcina barkeri.", "content": "A number of N-methyl compounds, including several methylamines, creatine, sarcosine, choline, and betaine, were readily fermented by enrichment cultures yielding methane as a major product. Methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and ethyldimethylamine were fermented by pure cultures of Methanosarcina barkeri; except for ethyldimethylamine, these amines are considered important substrates of this methanogenic microorganism. Creatine, sarcosine, choline, and betaine were fermented to methane only by mixed cultures. During growth of M. barkeri on methyl-, dimethyl-, or trimethylamine, methanol was not excreted into the medium. The fermentation of trimethylamine gave rise to an intermediary accumulation of methyl- and dimethylamine in the medium. An accumulation of methylamine during the fermentation of dimethylamine was not observed. Methane and ammonia were produced from the three methylamines by M. barkeri in amounts expected on the basis of the appropriate fermentation equations. The growth yield was 5.8 mg of cells (dry weight) per mmol of methane and was not dependent on the kind of methyl compound used as substrate.", "contents": "Utilization of trimethylamine and other N-methyl compounds for growth and methane formation by Methanosarcina barkeri. A number of N-methyl compounds, including several methylamines, creatine, sarcosine, choline, and betaine, were readily fermented by enrichment cultures yielding methane as a major product. Methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and ethyldimethylamine were fermented by pure cultures of Methanosarcina barkeri; except for ethyldimethylamine, these amines are considered important substrates of this methanogenic microorganism. Creatine, sarcosine, choline, and betaine were fermented to methane only by mixed cultures. During growth of M. barkeri on methyl-, dimethyl-, or trimethylamine, methanol was not excreted into the medium. The fermentation of trimethylamine gave rise to an intermediary accumulation of methyl- and dimethylamine in the medium. An accumulation of methylamine during the fermentation of dimethylamine was not observed. Methane and ammonia were produced from the three methylamines by M. barkeri in amounts expected on the basis of the appropriate fermentation equations. The growth yield was 5.8 mg of cells (dry weight) per mmol of methane and was not dependent on the kind of methyl compound used as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:284367", "title": "Distribution of binding sites for 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin in normal and deafferented antennal lobes of Manduca sexta.", "content": "125I-Labeled alpha-bungarotoxin has been used to determine the distribution of putative acetylcholine receptors in normal and chronically deafferented antennal lobes in the brain of the moth Manduca sexta. Toxin-binding sites are confined to synaptic regions in deafferented lobes. These findings suggest that receptors can develop in the insect central nervous system independently of normal synaptic influences.", "contents": "Distribution of binding sites for 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin in normal and deafferented antennal lobes of Manduca sexta. 125I-Labeled alpha-bungarotoxin has been used to determine the distribution of putative acetylcholine receptors in normal and chronically deafferented antennal lobes in the brain of the moth Manduca sexta. Toxin-binding sites are confined to synaptic regions in deafferented lobes. These findings suggest that receptors can develop in the insect central nervous system independently of normal synaptic influences."}
{"id": "PMID:284368", "title": "Complementary carrier peptide synthesis: general strategy and implications for prebiotic origin of peptide synthesis.", "content": "A method for peptide synthesis is proposed based on a template-directed scheme that parallels that of the native ribosomal mechanism. In this procedure, peptide bond formation is facilitated by the juxtaposition of aminoacyl and peptidyl oligonucleotide carriers bound adjacent to one another on an oligonucleotide template. The general strategy of the synthesis and relevant model studies are described. The scheme provides an intrinsic mechanism by which oligonucleotides can direct the synthesis of polypeptides in the absence of protein or ribosomal machinery and, as such, suggests a model for the origin of prebiotic protein synthesis.", "contents": "Complementary carrier peptide synthesis: general strategy and implications for prebiotic origin of peptide synthesis. A method for peptide synthesis is proposed based on a template-directed scheme that parallels that of the native ribosomal mechanism. In this procedure, peptide bond formation is facilitated by the juxtaposition of aminoacyl and peptidyl oligonucleotide carriers bound adjacent to one another on an oligonucleotide template. The general strategy of the synthesis and relevant model studies are described. The scheme provides an intrinsic mechanism by which oligonucleotides can direct the synthesis of polypeptides in the absence of protein or ribosomal machinery and, as such, suggests a model for the origin of prebiotic protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:284369", "title": "Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium.", "content": "The rat neuroblastoma B104 cell line, which  originated in the central nervous system, was able to proliferate in the absence of serum in synthetic medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, progesterone, selenium, and putrescine. When added individually, each supplement had little or no effect; however, in combination there was a marked synergistic effect on cell number. The cells attained the same saturation density in this medium as in medium with 10% fetal calf serum added. More extensive process formation was observed in the supplemented medium, and other differentiated properties were retained as well.", "contents": "Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium. The rat neuroblastoma B104 cell line, which  originated in the central nervous system, was able to proliferate in the absence of serum in synthetic medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, progesterone, selenium, and putrescine. When added individually, each supplement had little or no effect; however, in combination there was a marked synergistic effect on cell number. The cells attained the same saturation density in this medium as in medium with 10% fetal calf serum added. More extensive process formation was observed in the supplemented medium, and other differentiated properties were retained as well."}
{"id": "PMID:284370", "title": "Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide, cyclo(leucylglycine), and derivatives block development of physical dependence on morphine in mice.", "content": "Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (MIF) and several structural analogues, all injected in 50-microgram doses daily in mice receiving morphine chronically, were found to prevent development of physical dependence as measured by changes in body temperature associated with naloxone-induced withdrawal. Dose-response studies, using again a protocol of daily injections of peptide at 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005 microgram per mouse revealed MIF and cyclo(Leu-Gly) to be the most potent peptides and to be effective in blocking physical dependence to morphine at a dose as low as 0.5 and 0.05 microgram per mouse, respectively. The benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of MIF, Pro-Leu, and Pro- -Leu exhibited significant activities down to a dose of 5 microgram of peptide per mouse.", "contents": "Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide, cyclo(leucylglycine), and derivatives block development of physical dependence on morphine in mice. Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (MIF) and several structural analogues, all injected in 50-microgram doses daily in mice receiving morphine chronically, were found to prevent development of physical dependence as measured by changes in body temperature associated with naloxone-induced withdrawal. Dose-response studies, using again a protocol of daily injections of peptide at 50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005 microgram per mouse revealed MIF and cyclo(Leu-Gly) to be the most potent peptides and to be effective in blocking physical dependence to morphine at a dose as low as 0.5 and 0.05 microgram per mouse, respectively. The benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of MIF, Pro-Leu, and Pro- -Leu exhibited significant activities down to a dose of 5 microgram of peptide per mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:284371", "title": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide-like immunoreactivity: histochemical localization in rat brain.", "content": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide-like (CCK-OP-like) immunoreactivity was localized in the rat brain by using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Specificity in immunohistochemical studies was demonstrated by the virtual elimination of staining with either preimmune sera or sera preadsorbed with CCK-OP and by the achievement of similar fluorescent patterns with two different primary anti-CCK-OP sera. CCK-OP-like fluorescence was localized in neuronal cell bodies, fibers, and varicose terminals. The most dense collections of CCK-OP cells occurred in the periaqueductal gray and in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Substantial numbers of cells and fibers also were present in the medial/dorsal and perirhinal cortex; more limited groups of cells were found in the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus and in the dorsal raphe.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin octapeptide-like immunoreactivity: histochemical localization in rat brain. Cholecystokinin octapeptide-like (CCK-OP-like) immunoreactivity was localized in the rat brain by using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Specificity in immunohistochemical studies was demonstrated by the virtual elimination of staining with either preimmune sera or sera preadsorbed with CCK-OP and by the achievement of similar fluorescent patterns with two different primary anti-CCK-OP sera. CCK-OP-like fluorescence was localized in neuronal cell bodies, fibers, and varicose terminals. The most dense collections of CCK-OP cells occurred in the periaqueductal gray and in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Substantial numbers of cells and fibers also were present in the medial/dorsal and perirhinal cortex; more limited groups of cells were found in the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus and in the dorsal raphe."}
{"id": "PMID:284372", "title": "Tetraethylammonium: voltage-dependent action on endplate conductance and inhibition of ligand binding to postsynaptic proteins.", "content": "Tetraethylammonium (Et(4)N(+)) ions depressed the amplitude and accelerated the decay rate of spontaneously occurring and nerve-evoked endplate currents (EPCs) in frog sartorius muscle. The relationship between peak EPC amplitude and membrane potential became nonlinear in the presence of 100 muM Et(4)N(+), and with drug concentrations of 250 muM or greater the current-voltage relationship exhibited negative conductance in the hyperpolarized region. Et(4)N(+) modified the exponential dependence of the EPC decay on membrane potential such that the decays between -150 and -50 mV were abbreviated and voltage independent but remained near control levels at more positive membrane potentials. The minimal effective concentration of Et(4)N(+) for altering the EPC time course was 10, and maximal effects were attained with 100 muM. Little additional shortening in the EPC decay phase was detected on raising the drug concentration to 1000 muM. Acetylcholine noise analysis revealed a voltage-dependent reduction in the mean channel open time, which was comparable in magnitude to the shortening in the EPC decay, and a depression of single-channel conductance. In concomitant biochemical studies, Et(4)N(+) was found to inhibit the binding of both [(3)H]acetylcholine and [(3)H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to receptor-rich membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo ocellata with K(i) values of 200 muM and 280 muM, respectively. These results suggest that Et(4)N(+) interacts with both the acetylcholine receptor and its associated ionic channel. The voltage-dependent actions of Et(4)N(+) are attributed to blockade of the ionic channel in closed as well as open conformation.", "contents": "Tetraethylammonium: voltage-dependent action on endplate conductance and inhibition of ligand binding to postsynaptic proteins. Tetraethylammonium (Et(4)N(+)) ions depressed the amplitude and accelerated the decay rate of spontaneously occurring and nerve-evoked endplate currents (EPCs) in frog sartorius muscle. The relationship between peak EPC amplitude and membrane potential became nonlinear in the presence of 100 muM Et(4)N(+), and with drug concentrations of 250 muM or greater the current-voltage relationship exhibited negative conductance in the hyperpolarized region. Et(4)N(+) modified the exponential dependence of the EPC decay on membrane potential such that the decays between -150 and -50 mV were abbreviated and voltage independent but remained near control levels at more positive membrane potentials. The minimal effective concentration of Et(4)N(+) for altering the EPC time course was 10, and maximal effects were attained with 100 muM. Little additional shortening in the EPC decay phase was detected on raising the drug concentration to 1000 muM. Acetylcholine noise analysis revealed a voltage-dependent reduction in the mean channel open time, which was comparable in magnitude to the shortening in the EPC decay, and a depression of single-channel conductance. In concomitant biochemical studies, Et(4)N(+) was found to inhibit the binding of both [(3)H]acetylcholine and [(3)H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin to receptor-rich membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo ocellata with K(i) values of 200 muM and 280 muM, respectively. These results suggest that Et(4)N(+) interacts with both the acetylcholine receptor and its associated ionic channel. The voltage-dependent actions of Et(4)N(+) are attributed to blockade of the ionic channel in closed as well as open conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:284373", "title": "Mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen gels: transepithelial ion transport and effects of prolactin.", "content": "Epithelial cells dissociated from midpregnant BALB/c mouse mammary glands were cultured for as long as 20 days as confluent monolayers on floating collagen gels. Detached gels bearing monolayers were placed in lucite Ussing ch\u00e0mbers for measurement of transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (I(sc)), resistance (R), and unidirectional fluxes of Na(+) and Cl(-) during short-circuit current conditions (PD = 0). With Hanks' solution bathing both sides of cultures maintained with insulin and cortisol, PD = -12.8 mV (serosal side ground), I(sc) = 24.6 muA/cm(2), and R = 507 omega.cm(2). Net absorption of Na(+) equaled I(sc), and there was no net Cl(-) transport. PD and I(sc) were reduced 50% by mucosal addition of 10 muM amiloride and to zero by metabolic inhibition with nitrogen gas or by serosal addition of 0.1 mM ouabain. In similar cultures supplemented with prolactin, PD and I(sc) increased to -15.8 mV and 48.0 muA/cm(2), respectively, and R decreased to 374 omega.cm(2). Inhibitor effects were similar to those seen in prolactin-free cultures. Prolactin exposure resulted in a 3-fold increase in net absorption of Na(+). Na(+) absorption was not equivalent to I(sc), and there was little Cl(-) absorption; therefore, prolactin induced active transport of other, as yet unidentified, ions. These effects of prolactin require at least 3 days to occur and cannot be attributed to the known contamination with neurohypophysial hormones. The prolactin-induced increase in Na(+) absorption parallels its Na(+)-retaining ability in lower vertebrates and could be part of the mechanism that keeps milk Na(+) concentration low in intact glands.", "contents": "Mouse mammary epithelial cells on floating collagen gels: transepithelial ion transport and effects of prolactin. Epithelial cells dissociated from midpregnant BALB/c mouse mammary glands were cultured for as long as 20 days as confluent monolayers on floating collagen gels. Detached gels bearing monolayers were placed in lucite Ussing ch\u00e0mbers for measurement of transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (I(sc)), resistance (R), and unidirectional fluxes of Na(+) and Cl(-) during short-circuit current conditions (PD = 0). With Hanks' solution bathing both sides of cultures maintained with insulin and cortisol, PD = -12.8 mV (serosal side ground), I(sc) = 24.6 muA/cm(2), and R = 507 omega.cm(2). Net absorption of Na(+) equaled I(sc), and there was no net Cl(-) transport. PD and I(sc) were reduced 50% by mucosal addition of 10 muM amiloride and to zero by metabolic inhibition with nitrogen gas or by serosal addition of 0.1 mM ouabain. In similar cultures supplemented with prolactin, PD and I(sc) increased to -15.8 mV and 48.0 muA/cm(2), respectively, and R decreased to 374 omega.cm(2). Inhibitor effects were similar to those seen in prolactin-free cultures. Prolactin exposure resulted in a 3-fold increase in net absorption of Na(+). Na(+) absorption was not equivalent to I(sc), and there was little Cl(-) absorption; therefore, prolactin induced active transport of other, as yet unidentified, ions. These effects of prolactin require at least 3 days to occur and cannot be attributed to the known contamination with neurohypophysial hormones. The prolactin-induced increase in Na(+) absorption parallels its Na(+)-retaining ability in lower vertebrates and could be part of the mechanism that keeps milk Na(+) concentration low in intact glands."}
{"id": "PMID:284374", "title": "Subnanosecond motions of tryptophan residues in proteins.", "content": "The dynamics of protein molecules in the subnanosecond and nanosecond time range were investigated by time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Synchrotron radiation from a storage ring was used as a pulsed light source to excite the single tryptophan residue in a series of proteins. The full width at half maximum of the detected light pulse was 0.65 nsec, making it feasible to measure emission anisotropy kinetics in the subnanosecond time range and thereby to resolve internal rotational motions. The proteins investigated exhibit different degrees of rotational freedom of their tryptophan residue, ranging from almost no mobility to nearly complete freedom in the subnanosecond time range. The tryptophan residue of Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B (20,000 daltons) has a single rotational correlation time (varphi) of 9.9 nsec at 20 degrees C, corresponding to a rotation of the whole protein molecule. By contrast, bovine basic A1 myelin protein (18,000 daltons) exhibits varphi of 0.09 and 1.26 nsec, showing that the tryptophan residue in this protein is highly flexible. The single tryptophan of human serum albumin (69,000 daltons) has almost no rotational freedom at 8 degrees C (varphi = 31.4 nsec), whereas at 43 degrees C it rotates rapidly (varphi(1) = 0.14 nsec) within a cone of semiangle 26 degrees in addition to rotating together with the whole protein (varphi(2) = 14 nsec). Of particular interest in the large angular range (semiangle, 34 degrees ) and fast rate (varphi(1) = 0.51 nsec) of the rotational motion of the tryptophan residue in Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (14,000 daltons). This residue is known to be located in the hydrophobic interior of the protein. The observed amplitudes and rates of these internal motions of tryptophan residues suggest that elementary steps in functionally significant conformational changes may take place in the subnanosecond time range.", "contents": "Subnanosecond motions of tryptophan residues in proteins. The dynamics of protein molecules in the subnanosecond and nanosecond time range were investigated by time-resolved fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Synchrotron radiation from a storage ring was used as a pulsed light source to excite the single tryptophan residue in a series of proteins. The full width at half maximum of the detected light pulse was 0.65 nsec, making it feasible to measure emission anisotropy kinetics in the subnanosecond time range and thereby to resolve internal rotational motions. The proteins investigated exhibit different degrees of rotational freedom of their tryptophan residue, ranging from almost no mobility to nearly complete freedom in the subnanosecond time range. The tryptophan residue of Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B (20,000 daltons) has a single rotational correlation time (varphi) of 9.9 nsec at 20 degrees C, corresponding to a rotation of the whole protein molecule. By contrast, bovine basic A1 myelin protein (18,000 daltons) exhibits varphi of 0.09 and 1.26 nsec, showing that the tryptophan residue in this protein is highly flexible. The single tryptophan of human serum albumin (69,000 daltons) has almost no rotational freedom at 8 degrees C (varphi = 31.4 nsec), whereas at 43 degrees C it rotates rapidly (varphi(1) = 0.14 nsec) within a cone of semiangle 26 degrees in addition to rotating together with the whole protein (varphi(2) = 14 nsec). Of particular interest in the large angular range (semiangle, 34 degrees ) and fast rate (varphi(1) = 0.51 nsec) of the rotational motion of the tryptophan residue in Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (14,000 daltons). This residue is known to be located in the hydrophobic interior of the protein. The observed amplitudes and rates of these internal motions of tryptophan residues suggest that elementary steps in functionally significant conformational changes may take place in the subnanosecond time range."}
{"id": "PMID:284375", "title": "Chicken lysozyme gene contains several intervening sequences.", "content": "The organization of the chicken lysozyme gene and its neighboring sequences was examined by a comparison of the restriction map of the lysozyme structural gene with the map of the lysozyme gene in genomic DNA. Chicken DNA was cleaved with restriction endonucleases and the DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. After transfer of the fragments onto nitrocellulose filters, those fragments that contain lysozyme mRNA sequences were detected by hybridization of the filters to labeled probes generated from pls-1, a recombinant plasmid carrying the lysozyme structural gene. This analysis revealed the presence of at least three intervening sequences, two of which interrupt the protein coding region and one of which is located in the 3' untranslated region. When oviduct DNA and sperm DNA were compared, no difference was observed in the size and number of restriction fragments that contain either lysozyme or ovalbumin structural gene sequences.", "contents": "Chicken lysozyme gene contains several intervening sequences. The organization of the chicken lysozyme gene and its neighboring sequences was examined by a comparison of the restriction map of the lysozyme structural gene with the map of the lysozyme gene in genomic DNA. Chicken DNA was cleaved with restriction endonucleases and the DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. After transfer of the fragments onto nitrocellulose filters, those fragments that contain lysozyme mRNA sequences were detected by hybridization of the filters to labeled probes generated from pls-1, a recombinant plasmid carrying the lysozyme structural gene. This analysis revealed the presence of at least three intervening sequences, two of which interrupt the protein coding region and one of which is located in the 3' untranslated region. When oviduct DNA and sperm DNA were compared, no difference was observed in the size and number of restriction fragments that contain either lysozyme or ovalbumin structural gene sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:284376", "title": "Identification of the polypeptide chains in Torpedo californica electroplax membranes that interact with a local anesthetic analog.", "content": "Procaine amide azide, a derivative of the local anesthetic procaine amide, was prepared and its interactions with acetylcholine receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo californica electroplax were studied. Procaine amide azide was radiolabeled by a method that may be of general use for the preparation of other radioactive tertiary amines. When low concentrations of 3H-labeled procaine amide azide were photolyzed in the presence of receptor-rich membrane preparations, a simple pattern of incorporated radioactivity was seen after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Only two major labeled bands were seen, corresponding to apparent Mr of about 43,000 and 90,000. When the length of the gels was increased, the labeled band of lower Mr was resolved into two labeled proteins, one major and one minor, with apparent Mr of 43,000 and 40,000, respectively. The radioactivity incorporated into the protein of Mr 40,000 could be attributed to interaction of [3H]procaine amide azide with cholinergic ligand-binding sites, whereas labeling of the polypeptide of Mr 43,000 appears to represent interaction of the photolabile derivative with another class of sites. The labeling component of 90,000 Mr could be removed by preparation of membrane fragments in iodoacetamide-containing buffer and therefore appeared unrelated to the acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "Identification of the polypeptide chains in Torpedo californica electroplax membranes that interact with a local anesthetic analog. Procaine amide azide, a derivative of the local anesthetic procaine amide, was prepared and its interactions with acetylcholine receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo californica electroplax were studied. Procaine amide azide was radiolabeled by a method that may be of general use for the preparation of other radioactive tertiary amines. When low concentrations of 3H-labeled procaine amide azide were photolyzed in the presence of receptor-rich membrane preparations, a simple pattern of incorporated radioactivity was seen after electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Only two major labeled bands were seen, corresponding to apparent Mr of about 43,000 and 90,000. When the length of the gels was increased, the labeled band of lower Mr was resolved into two labeled proteins, one major and one minor, with apparent Mr of 43,000 and 40,000, respectively. The radioactivity incorporated into the protein of Mr 40,000 could be attributed to interaction of [3H]procaine amide azide with cholinergic ligand-binding sites, whereas labeling of the polypeptide of Mr 43,000 appears to represent interaction of the photolabile derivative with another class of sites. The labeling component of 90,000 Mr could be removed by preparation of membrane fragments in iodoacetamide-containing buffer and therefore appeared unrelated to the acetylcholine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:284377", "title": "Competitive inhibition of colchicine binding to tubulin by microtubule-associated proteins.", "content": "Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) promote tubulin polymerization, whereas colchicine inhibits this process. In this paper, MAPs have been shown to inhibit colchicine binding to tubulin in a competitive manner. Attempts were made to identify which of the MAPs fraction(s) was responsible; both tau protein (a thermostable molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000) and a high molecular weight fraction (HMW) were able to compete with colchicine. In contrast, Mg2+, which also induces microtubule assembly in vitro, had no effect on colchicine binding to tubulin.", "contents": "Competitive inhibition of colchicine binding to tubulin by microtubule-associated proteins. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) promote tubulin polymerization, whereas colchicine inhibits this process. In this paper, MAPs have been shown to inhibit colchicine binding to tubulin in a competitive manner. Attempts were made to identify which of the MAPs fraction(s) was responsible; both tau protein (a thermostable molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 70,000) and a high molecular weight fraction (HMW) were able to compete with colchicine. In contrast, Mg2+, which also induces microtubule assembly in vitro, had no effect on colchicine binding to tubulin."}
{"id": "PMID:284378", "title": "Stimulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding by gamma-aminobutyric acid.", "content": "The effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on high-affinity binding of benzodiazepines to brain membranes has been investigated. GABA stimulated [3H]diazepam binding by more than 100% when extensively washed membranes from brain tissue were used. This GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding occurred in all brain regions examined. The stimulation was specific for GABA agonist. It was inhibited by the GABA receptor blocker bicuculline methiodide. A large number of compounds structurally closely related to GABA but without direct effect on the GABA receptor failed to enhance [3H]diazepam binding. The stimulation of benzodiazepine binding was caused by an increase in affinity; the number of binding sites remained unchanged. Half-maximal activation of [3H]diazepam binding occurred in the presence of 300 nM muscimol or 900 nM GABA. beta-Guanidinopropionic acid and imidazoleacetic acid were much weaker activators. It is suggested that the described stimulation of benzodiazepine high-affinity binding is mediated by a receptor for GABA. This site of GABA action exhibits different properties when compared to GABA receptors, as characterized by high-affinity binding of GABA agonists.", "contents": "Stimulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding by gamma-aminobutyric acid. The effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on high-affinity binding of benzodiazepines to brain membranes has been investigated. GABA stimulated [3H]diazepam binding by more than 100% when extensively washed membranes from brain tissue were used. This GABA-stimulated benzodiazepine binding occurred in all brain regions examined. The stimulation was specific for GABA agonist. It was inhibited by the GABA receptor blocker bicuculline methiodide. A large number of compounds structurally closely related to GABA but without direct effect on the GABA receptor failed to enhance [3H]diazepam binding. The stimulation of benzodiazepine binding was caused by an increase in affinity; the number of binding sites remained unchanged. Half-maximal activation of [3H]diazepam binding occurred in the presence of 300 nM muscimol or 900 nM GABA. beta-Guanidinopropionic acid and imidazoleacetic acid were much weaker activators. It is suggested that the described stimulation of benzodiazepine high-affinity binding is mediated by a receptor for GABA. This site of GABA action exhibits different properties when compared to GABA receptors, as characterized by high-affinity binding of GABA agonists."}
{"id": "PMID:284379", "title": "Absence of heme-localized strain in T state hemoglobin: insensitivity of heme-imidazole resonance Raman frequencies to quaternary structure.", "content": "Substitution of pentadeuterated 2-methylimidazole in (2-methylimidazole)-Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX, a model complex for deoxyHb, shifts three bands in the low-frequency resonance Raman spectrum 380 leads to 373 cm-1, 348 leads to 345 cm-1, and 220 leads to 218 cm-1. The first of these is assigned primarily to Fe-imidazole stretching, and the other two are assigned to porphyrin deformation modes with substantial Fe-pyrrole stretching contributions. The three bands are observed in deoxyHb and Mb. The Fe-pyrrole modes are at essentially the same frequencies in the two proteins, but the Fe-imidazole mode is 6 cm-1 lower in deoxyHb than Mb, implying a slight alteration in the heme-imidazole linkage. No change greater than 2 cm-1 is observed when Hb Kempsey is switched from the R to the T state. This observation places an upper limit on the energy stored in the Fe-imidazole bond of T state deoxyHb, which is estimated to be less than 0.2 kcal/mol (less than 836.8 J/mol).", "contents": "Absence of heme-localized strain in T state hemoglobin: insensitivity of heme-imidazole resonance Raman frequencies to quaternary structure. Substitution of pentadeuterated 2-methylimidazole in (2-methylimidazole)-Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX, a model complex for deoxyHb, shifts three bands in the low-frequency resonance Raman spectrum 380 leads to 373 cm-1, 348 leads to 345 cm-1, and 220 leads to 218 cm-1. The first of these is assigned primarily to Fe-imidazole stretching, and the other two are assigned to porphyrin deformation modes with substantial Fe-pyrrole stretching contributions. The three bands are observed in deoxyHb and Mb. The Fe-pyrrole modes are at essentially the same frequencies in the two proteins, but the Fe-imidazole mode is 6 cm-1 lower in deoxyHb than Mb, implying a slight alteration in the heme-imidazole linkage. No change greater than 2 cm-1 is observed when Hb Kempsey is switched from the R to the T state. This observation places an upper limit on the energy stored in the Fe-imidazole bond of T state deoxyHb, which is estimated to be less than 0.2 kcal/mol (less than 836.8 J/mol)."}
{"id": "PMID:284380", "title": "Conformation of nucleosides: circular dichroism study on the syn-anti conformational equilibrium of 2-substituted benzimidazole nucleosides.", "content": "The solution conformations of 2-substituted derivatives of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole have been determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. It is shown that analogs with methyl, amino, or methylamino substituents at position 2 of the benzimidazole ring (position 8 of the purine ring) have predominantly anti conformations, whereas analogs with chloro, aza, methoxy, or methylmercapto substituents have predominantly syn conformations. The preferred solution conformations of the benzimidazole nucleosides and analogous purine nucleosides are compared. The results demonstrate that the replacement of nitrogen by carbon at position 3 of the purine ring of purine (beta) nucleosides leads to important conformational consequences, which are strengthened or neutralized by substituents at position 8 of the purine ring.", "contents": "Conformation of nucleosides: circular dichroism study on the syn-anti conformational equilibrium of 2-substituted benzimidazole nucleosides. The solution conformations of 2-substituted derivatives of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole have been determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy in aqueous solutions. It is shown that analogs with methyl, amino, or methylamino substituents at position 2 of the benzimidazole ring (position 8 of the purine ring) have predominantly anti conformations, whereas analogs with chloro, aza, methoxy, or methylmercapto substituents have predominantly syn conformations. The preferred solution conformations of the benzimidazole nucleosides and analogous purine nucleosides are compared. The results demonstrate that the replacement of nitrogen by carbon at position 3 of the purine ring of purine (beta) nucleosides leads to important conformational consequences, which are strengthened or neutralized by substituents at position 8 of the purine ring."}
{"id": "PMID:284381", "title": "Do cleavages of amides by serine proteases occur through a stepwise pathway involving tetrahedral intermediates?", "content": "The mechanism of the serine protease-catalyzed cleavage of amides (acylation) was examined in terms of the basicity of the functional groups participating in the catalysis. It is proposed that the reaction does not proceed through a stepwise pathway, as opposed to the cleavage of esters and anilides, which start with general base-catalyzed formation of the tetrahedral intermediate followed by its general acid-catalyzed breakdown. Instead, the proton abstracted from the hydroxyl group of the serine by the imidazolyl group of the histidine is donated to the nitrogen atom of the leaving group of the amide before the bond between the carbonyl carbon atom of the amide and the attacking serine oxygen atom is completed. Reactions proceed by a SN2-like reaction through the cooperation of acid catalysis by the imidazolyl cation and nucleophilic attack by the serine. The mechanisms of the enzymatic hydrolyses of anilides and esters proceed through a discrete tetrahedral intermediate, but the enzymatic hydrolyses of amides probably do not.", "contents": "Do cleavages of amides by serine proteases occur through a stepwise pathway involving tetrahedral intermediates? The mechanism of the serine protease-catalyzed cleavage of amides (acylation) was examined in terms of the basicity of the functional groups participating in the catalysis. It is proposed that the reaction does not proceed through a stepwise pathway, as opposed to the cleavage of esters and anilides, which start with general base-catalyzed formation of the tetrahedral intermediate followed by its general acid-catalyzed breakdown. Instead, the proton abstracted from the hydroxyl group of the serine by the imidazolyl group of the histidine is donated to the nitrogen atom of the leaving group of the amide before the bond between the carbonyl carbon atom of the amide and the attacking serine oxygen atom is completed. Reactions proceed by a SN2-like reaction through the cooperation of acid catalysis by the imidazolyl cation and nucleophilic attack by the serine. The mechanisms of the enzymatic hydrolyses of anilides and esters proceed through a discrete tetrahedral intermediate, but the enzymatic hydrolyses of amides probably do not."}
{"id": "PMID:284382", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of Tetrahymena histone H4 differs from that of higher eukaryotes.", "content": "A partial amino-acid sequence of Tetrahymena histone H4 has been determined and differs significantly from the sequence of calf or pea H4. The amino terminus of Tetrahymena H4, unlike that of other H4s so far examined, is not acetylated. Of 66 residues determined, one is a single-residue insertion, one a single-residue deletion, and thirteen are amino-acid replacements with respect to the calf thymus H4 sequence. Most of the amino-acid replacements are nonconservative and are distributed nonrandomly, with a strong concentration in the amino-terminal arm. The first four lysines are partially acetylated. All but two of the replacements can be explained by single nucleotide substitutions at the level of the gene. The similarity in sequence of calf and pea H4 coupled with the substantial differences displayed  by Tetrahymena H4 suggest that the divergence of protozoa and higher eukaryotes substantially antedates the divergence of plants and animals. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the data requires either that the rate of H4 evolution be considerably more rapid than previously thought or that the rate be different for different periods of evolution or for different lines of descent.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of Tetrahymena histone H4 differs from that of higher eukaryotes. A partial amino-acid sequence of Tetrahymena histone H4 has been determined and differs significantly from the sequence of calf or pea H4. The amino terminus of Tetrahymena H4, unlike that of other H4s so far examined, is not acetylated. Of 66 residues determined, one is a single-residue insertion, one a single-residue deletion, and thirteen are amino-acid replacements with respect to the calf thymus H4 sequence. Most of the amino-acid replacements are nonconservative and are distributed nonrandomly, with a strong concentration in the amino-terminal arm. The first four lysines are partially acetylated. All but two of the replacements can be explained by single nucleotide substitutions at the level of the gene. The similarity in sequence of calf and pea H4 coupled with the substantial differences displayed  by Tetrahymena H4 suggest that the divergence of protozoa and higher eukaryotes substantially antedates the divergence of plants and animals. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the data requires either that the rate of H4 evolution be considerably more rapid than previously thought or that the rate be different for different periods of evolution or for different lines of descent."}
{"id": "PMID:284383", "title": "Sodium-calcium ion exchange in cardiac membrane vesicles.", "content": "Membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit ventricular tissue rapidly accumulated Ca2+ when an outwardly directed Na+ gradient was formed across the vesicle membrane. Vesicles loaded internally with K+ showed only 10% of the Ca2+ uptake activity observed with Na+-loaded vesicles. Dissipation of the Na+ gradient with the monovalent cation exchange ionophores nigericin or narasin caused a rapid decline in Ca2+ uptake activity. The Ca2+-ionophore A23187 inhibited Ca2+ uptake by Na+-loaded vesicles and enhanced the rate of Ca2+ loss from the vesicles after uptake. Efflux of preaccumulated Ca2+ from the vesicles was stimulated 30-fold by the presence of 50 mM Na+ in the external medium. Na+-dependent uptake and efflux of Ca2+ were both inhibited by La3+. The results indicate that cardiac membrane vesicles exhibit Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity. Fractionation of the vesicles by density gradient centrifugation revealed a close correspondence between Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity and specific ouabain-binding activity among the various fractions. This relationship suggests that the observed Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity derives from the sarcolemmal membranes within the vesicle preparation.", "contents": "Sodium-calcium ion exchange in cardiac membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit ventricular tissue rapidly accumulated Ca2+ when an outwardly directed Na+ gradient was formed across the vesicle membrane. Vesicles loaded internally with K+ showed only 10% of the Ca2+ uptake activity observed with Na+-loaded vesicles. Dissipation of the Na+ gradient with the monovalent cation exchange ionophores nigericin or narasin caused a rapid decline in Ca2+ uptake activity. The Ca2+-ionophore A23187 inhibited Ca2+ uptake by Na+-loaded vesicles and enhanced the rate of Ca2+ loss from the vesicles after uptake. Efflux of preaccumulated Ca2+ from the vesicles was stimulated 30-fold by the presence of 50 mM Na+ in the external medium. Na+-dependent uptake and efflux of Ca2+ were both inhibited by La3+. The results indicate that cardiac membrane vesicles exhibit Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity. Fractionation of the vesicles by density gradient centrifugation revealed a close correspondence between Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity and specific ouabain-binding activity among the various fractions. This relationship suggests that the observed Na+-Ca2+ exchange activity derives from the sarcolemmal membranes within the vesicle preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:284384", "title": "Mechanism of interferon action: phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 in interferon-treated human cells by a ribosome-associated kinase processing site specificity similar to hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase.", "content": "The phosphorylation of purified protein synthesis factors catalyzed by protein kinase preparations isolated from interferon-treated human amnion cells was examined. Ribosomal salt-wash fractions prepared from interferon-treated human cells contained a protein kinase that catalyzed the [gamma-(32)P]ATP-mediated phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha); this kinase activity was significantly enhanced in interferon-treated as compared to untreated cells. The tryptic [(32)P]phosphopeptide pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the interferon-mediated human kinase was indistinguishable from the pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography with three different solvent systems and by high-voltage electrophoresis. O-[(32)P]Phosphoserine was liberated by partial acid hydrolysis from eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by either the human or the rabbit kinase. In addition to the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha, interferon treatment of human cells enhanced the phosphorylation of two additional ribosome-associated proteins designated P(1) and P(f). The major phosphoester linkage observed for the human, as well as murine, phosphoprotein P(1) was O-phosphoserine. The interferon-mediated phosphorylation of both eIF-2alpha and protein P(1) was dependent upon the presence of RNA with double-stranded character; P(f) phosphorylation was not affected by double-stranded RNA. These results suggest that the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated human protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha in a site-specific manner that is apparently identical with the reaction catalyzed by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase; hence, the phosphorylation of eIF-2 may play a role in regulating the initiation of translation in interferon-treated cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of interferon action: phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 in interferon-treated human cells by a ribosome-associated kinase processing site specificity similar to hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase. The phosphorylation of purified protein synthesis factors catalyzed by protein kinase preparations isolated from interferon-treated human amnion cells was examined. Ribosomal salt-wash fractions prepared from interferon-treated human cells contained a protein kinase that catalyzed the [gamma-(32)P]ATP-mediated phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha); this kinase activity was significantly enhanced in interferon-treated as compared to untreated cells. The tryptic [(32)P]phosphopeptide pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the interferon-mediated human kinase was indistinguishable from the pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography with three different solvent systems and by high-voltage electrophoresis. O-[(32)P]Phosphoserine was liberated by partial acid hydrolysis from eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by either the human or the rabbit kinase. In addition to the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha, interferon treatment of human cells enhanced the phosphorylation of two additional ribosome-associated proteins designated P(1) and P(f). The major phosphoester linkage observed for the human, as well as murine, phosphoprotein P(1) was O-phosphoserine. The interferon-mediated phosphorylation of both eIF-2alpha and protein P(1) was dependent upon the presence of RNA with double-stranded character; P(f) phosphorylation was not affected by double-stranded RNA. These results suggest that the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated human protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha in a site-specific manner that is apparently identical with the reaction catalyzed by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase; hence, the phosphorylation of eIF-2 may play a role in regulating the initiation of translation in interferon-treated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284385", "title": "Preparative and analytical purification of DNA from agarose.", "content": "Two procedures were developed for removing DNA from agarose after electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments according to size. Both involve dissolving the DNA-containing agarose in NaI. The preparative technique uses binding of DNA to glass in the presence of NaI. The method is rapid and convenient, and DNA of all molecular weight ranges can be recovered in high yield and without degradation. The DNA is free of agarose and remains susceptible to digestion by restriction enzymes. The analytical technique uses selective precipitation of DNA with acetone and has been adapted to molecular hybridization scans of sequences in agarose gels. The sequence-monitoring system is quantitative, directly measuring the proportion of the probe complementary to a given DNA fragment and vice versa. It is especially suitable for analyzing restriction enzyme digests of DNA in mapping experiments.", "contents": "Preparative and analytical purification of DNA from agarose. Two procedures were developed for removing DNA from agarose after electrophoretic separation of DNA fragments according to size. Both involve dissolving the DNA-containing agarose in NaI. The preparative technique uses binding of DNA to glass in the presence of NaI. The method is rapid and convenient, and DNA of all molecular weight ranges can be recovered in high yield and without degradation. The DNA is free of agarose and remains susceptible to digestion by restriction enzymes. The analytical technique uses selective precipitation of DNA with acetone and has been adapted to molecular hybridization scans of sequences in agarose gels. The sequence-monitoring system is quantitative, directly measuring the proportion of the probe complementary to a given DNA fragment and vice versa. It is especially suitable for analyzing restriction enzyme digests of DNA in mapping experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:284386", "title": "Effect of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide on infectivity and in vitro translation of phage MS2 RNA.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that alkylation of MS2 RNA by certain derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons renders it noninfectious. Since phage RNA serves as a template for translation and transcription, either of these RNA-directed processes, or both, could be responsible in vivo for the inhibition of phage replication by metabolically activated hydrocarbons. The present study correlates the degree of inhibition of MS2 RNA infectivity, at various levels of alkylation by (+/-)-trans, 7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene, with the translation efficiency in vitro of the same alkylated RNA for the synthesis of viral synthetase and of maturation and coat proteins. The results indicate that dihydroxyepoxy-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene modification of MS2 RNA impairs its template capacity for the synthesis of phage-specific proteins; this inhibition is insufficient, however, to account for the loss of RNA infectivity at lower molar ratios of alkylation. For the three viral proteins synthesized in vitro, the translation of RNA synthetase is much more sensitive to MS2 RNA modification than either coat or maturation protein synthesis. Our results also indicate that the loss of viral RNA infectivity follows a single-hit inactivation mechanism, whereas several alkylation events in the viral RNA synthetase cistron may be necessary to block translation of this gene product.", "contents": "Effect of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide on infectivity and in vitro translation of phage MS2 RNA. Previous studies have shown that alkylation of MS2 RNA by certain derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons renders it noninfectious. Since phage RNA serves as a template for translation and transcription, either of these RNA-directed processes, or both, could be responsible in vivo for the inhibition of phage replication by metabolically activated hydrocarbons. The present study correlates the degree of inhibition of MS2 RNA infectivity, at various levels of alkylation by (+/-)-trans, 7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene, with the translation efficiency in vitro of the same alkylated RNA for the synthesis of viral synthetase and of maturation and coat proteins. The results indicate that dihydroxyepoxy-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene modification of MS2 RNA impairs its template capacity for the synthesis of phage-specific proteins; this inhibition is insufficient, however, to account for the loss of RNA infectivity at lower molar ratios of alkylation. For the three viral proteins synthesized in vitro, the translation of RNA synthetase is much more sensitive to MS2 RNA modification than either coat or maturation protein synthesis. Our results also indicate that the loss of viral RNA infectivity follows a single-hit inactivation mechanism, whereas several alkylation events in the viral RNA synthetase cistron may be necessary to block translation of this gene product."}
{"id": "PMID:284387", "title": "Isolation of a subclass of nuclear proteins responsible for conferring a DNase I-sensitive structure on globin chromatin.", "content": "The globin gene is preferentially sensitive to digestion by DNase I in erythrocyte chromatin but not in brain, fibroblast, or oviduct chromatin. Elution of the erythrocyte chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl leads to no detectable change in the gross structure of individual nucleosomes; however, in this depleted chromatin the globin gene is no longer preferentially sensitive to DNase I. Reconstitution of the depleted chromatin with either the entire 0.35 M NaCl fraction or a subclass from this fraction greatly enriched in two high mobility group proteins (nos. 14 and 17) results in the successful reconstitution of DNase I sensitivity of the globin gene. For all of these preparations, the inactive ovalbumin gene exhibited no preferential sensitivity to DNase I. Reconstitution of the erythrocyte 0.35 M NaCl fraction with depleted brain chromatin resulted in no preferential sensitivity of the globin gene in brain chromatin; however, reconstitution of the brain 0.35 M NaCl fraction with depleted erythrocyte chromatin led to successful reconstitution of DNase I sensitivity of the globin gene. Thus, the eluted proteins responsible for conferring DNase I sensitivity are probably not tissue-specific and probably do not recognize specific DNA sequences.", "contents": "Isolation of a subclass of nuclear proteins responsible for conferring a DNase I-sensitive structure on globin chromatin. The globin gene is preferentially sensitive to digestion by DNase I in erythrocyte chromatin but not in brain, fibroblast, or oviduct chromatin. Elution of the erythrocyte chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl leads to no detectable change in the gross structure of individual nucleosomes; however, in this depleted chromatin the globin gene is no longer preferentially sensitive to DNase I. Reconstitution of the depleted chromatin with either the entire 0.35 M NaCl fraction or a subclass from this fraction greatly enriched in two high mobility group proteins (nos. 14 and 17) results in the successful reconstitution of DNase I sensitivity of the globin gene. For all of these preparations, the inactive ovalbumin gene exhibited no preferential sensitivity to DNase I. Reconstitution of the erythrocyte 0.35 M NaCl fraction with depleted brain chromatin resulted in no preferential sensitivity of the globin gene in brain chromatin; however, reconstitution of the brain 0.35 M NaCl fraction with depleted erythrocyte chromatin led to successful reconstitution of DNase I sensitivity of the globin gene. Thus, the eluted proteins responsible for conferring DNase I sensitivity are probably not tissue-specific and probably do not recognize specific DNA sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:284388", "title": "Initial site of insulin cleavage by insulin protease.", "content": "Exposure of insulin to insulin protease (insulinase, EC 3.4.22.11), a degradative enzyme with considerable specificity toward insulin, results in alterations in the properties of the insulin molecule. Limited degradation by the enzyme results in a decrease in the ability of insulin to bind to membrane receptors with less change in the immunoprecipitability or trichloracetic acid precipitability of the hormone. Limited degradation by insulin protease also alters insulin so that the molecule becomes susceptible to attack by nonspecific endopeptidases which have no effect on unaltered insulin. These data demonstrate the production of an intermediate in the proteolytic degradation of insulin. By labeling with [14C]dansyl chloride, an insulin intermediate with three amino-terminal residues, glycine, phenylalanine, and leucine, was identified. Analysis of this intermediate demonstrated that it was composed of an intact A chain and a B chain cleaved between residues B16 and B17, with the three peptide chains held together by disulfide bonds. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a stepwise degradation of insulin occurs in vivo and that an early step in the process is the cleavage between B16 and B17 that renders the molecule sucseptible to further degradation by nonspecific proteases.", "contents": "Initial site of insulin cleavage by insulin protease. Exposure of insulin to insulin protease (insulinase, EC 3.4.22.11), a degradative enzyme with considerable specificity toward insulin, results in alterations in the properties of the insulin molecule. Limited degradation by the enzyme results in a decrease in the ability of insulin to bind to membrane receptors with less change in the immunoprecipitability or trichloracetic acid precipitability of the hormone. Limited degradation by insulin protease also alters insulin so that the molecule becomes susceptible to attack by nonspecific endopeptidases which have no effect on unaltered insulin. These data demonstrate the production of an intermediate in the proteolytic degradation of insulin. By labeling with [14C]dansyl chloride, an insulin intermediate with three amino-terminal residues, glycine, phenylalanine, and leucine, was identified. Analysis of this intermediate demonstrated that it was composed of an intact A chain and a B chain cleaved between residues B16 and B17, with the three peptide chains held together by disulfide bonds. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that a stepwise degradation of insulin occurs in vivo and that an early step in the process is the cleavage between B16 and B17 that renders the molecule sucseptible to further degradation by nonspecific proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:284389", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon: production, purification to homogeneity, and initial characterization.", "content": "A method of fractionating proteins by high-performance liquid partition chromatography has been developed and used for isolation and purification to homogeneity of one of the species of human leukocyte interferon. The homogeneous interferon exhibited a sharp peak on high-performance liquid chromatography and a single narrow band on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Extraction of the gel gave a single sharp peak of antiviral activity coinciding with the protein band. The specific activity of pure interferon was found to be 2--4 X 10(8) units/mg, based on amino acid analysis. The molecular weight is 17,500--18,000.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon: production, purification to homogeneity, and initial characterization. A method of fractionating proteins by high-performance liquid partition chromatography has been developed and used for isolation and purification to homogeneity of one of the species of human leukocyte interferon. The homogeneous interferon exhibited a sharp peak on high-performance liquid chromatography and a single narrow band on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Extraction of the gel gave a single sharp peak of antiviral activity coinciding with the protein band. The specific activity of pure interferon was found to be 2--4 X 10(8) units/mg, based on amino acid analysis. The molecular weight is 17,500--18,000."}
{"id": "PMID:284390", "title": "Use of a lipophilic cation for determination of membrane potential in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell suspensions.", "content": "Neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) in suspension accumulate the permeant lipophilic cation [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+)) against a concentration gradient. The steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation is about twice as great in physiological media of low K(+) concentration (i.e., 5 mM K(+)/135 mM Na(+)) than in a medium of high K(+) concentration (i.e., 121 mM K(+)/13.5 mM Na(+)). The latter manipulation depolarizes the NG108-15 plasma membrane and indicates that the resting membrane potential (DeltaPsi) is due primarily to a K(+) diffusion gradient (K(in) (+) --> K(out) (+)). TPP(+) accumulation is time and temperature dependent, achieving a steady state in 15-20 min at 37 degrees C, and is a linear function of cell number and TPP(+) concentration (i.e., the concentration gradient is constant). The difference in TPP(+) accumulation in low and high K(+) media under various conditions has been used to calculate mean (+/-SD) DeltaPsi values of -56 +/- 3, -63 +/- 4, and -66 +/- 5 mV at 26, 33, and 37 degrees C, respectively. Importantly, these values are virtually identical to those obtained by direct electrophysiological measurements made under the same conditions. TPP(+) accumulation is abolished by the protonophore carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, whereas the neurotoxic alkaloid veratridine diminishes uptake to the same level as that observed in high K(+) media. In addition, the effect of veratridine is dependent upon the presence of external Na(+) and is blocked by tetrodotoxin. The steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation is enhanced by monensin, indicating that this ionophore induces hyperpolarization under appropriate conditions. Finally, ouabain has essentially no effect on the steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation in short-term experiments, suggesting that Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity makes little contribution to the resting potential in these cells. Because many of these observations are corroborated by intracellular recording techniques, it is concluded that TPP(+) distribution measurements can provide a biochemical method for determining membrane potentials in populations of cultured neuronal cells.", "contents": "Use of a lipophilic cation for determination of membrane potential in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell suspensions. Neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) in suspension accumulate the permeant lipophilic cation [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+)) against a concentration gradient. The steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation is about twice as great in physiological media of low K(+) concentration (i.e., 5 mM K(+)/135 mM Na(+)) than in a medium of high K(+) concentration (i.e., 121 mM K(+)/13.5 mM Na(+)). The latter manipulation depolarizes the NG108-15 plasma membrane and indicates that the resting membrane potential (DeltaPsi) is due primarily to a K(+) diffusion gradient (K(in) (+) --> K(out) (+)). TPP(+) accumulation is time and temperature dependent, achieving a steady state in 15-20 min at 37 degrees C, and is a linear function of cell number and TPP(+) concentration (i.e., the concentration gradient is constant). The difference in TPP(+) accumulation in low and high K(+) media under various conditions has been used to calculate mean (+/-SD) DeltaPsi values of -56 +/- 3, -63 +/- 4, and -66 +/- 5 mV at 26, 33, and 37 degrees C, respectively. Importantly, these values are virtually identical to those obtained by direct electrophysiological measurements made under the same conditions. TPP(+) accumulation is abolished by the protonophore carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, whereas the neurotoxic alkaloid veratridine diminishes uptake to the same level as that observed in high K(+) media. In addition, the effect of veratridine is dependent upon the presence of external Na(+) and is blocked by tetrodotoxin. The steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation is enhanced by monensin, indicating that this ionophore induces hyperpolarization under appropriate conditions. Finally, ouabain has essentially no effect on the steady-state level of TPP(+) accumulation in short-term experiments, suggesting that Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity makes little contribution to the resting potential in these cells. Because many of these observations are corroborated by intracellular recording techniques, it is concluded that TPP(+) distribution measurements can provide a biochemical method for determining membrane potentials in populations of cultured neuronal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284391", "title": "Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro.", "content": "A soluble extract from the nuclei of HeLa cells infected with adenovirus 5 (Ad5) carries out the semiconservative replication of exogenously added Ad5 DNA in vitro. Maximal DNA synthesis is observed when DNA-protein complex, isolated from Ad5 virions, is added as template. DNA-protein complex from virions of the closely related virus, adenovirus 2, is also active. In contrast, very little in vitro DNA synthesis is observed when deproteinized Ad5 DNA or DNA from a heterologous source (bacteriophage T7) is added as template. The product of the in vitro reaction consists of long Ad5 DNA strands that are hydrogen-bonded, but not covalently linked, to the input DNA template. During the course of the in vitro reaction, branched molecules with structural features identical to in vivo replication intermediates are formed. These findings support the conclusion that replication in the in vitro system closely resembles adenovirus DNA replication in vivo. The system provides an assay that should be useful for the purification and subsequent characterization of viral and cellular proteins involved in DNA replication.", "contents": "Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro. A soluble extract from the nuclei of HeLa cells infected with adenovirus 5 (Ad5) carries out the semiconservative replication of exogenously added Ad5 DNA in vitro. Maximal DNA synthesis is observed when DNA-protein complex, isolated from Ad5 virions, is added as template. DNA-protein complex from virions of the closely related virus, adenovirus 2, is also active. In contrast, very little in vitro DNA synthesis is observed when deproteinized Ad5 DNA or DNA from a heterologous source (bacteriophage T7) is added as template. The product of the in vitro reaction consists of long Ad5 DNA strands that are hydrogen-bonded, but not covalently linked, to the input DNA template. During the course of the in vitro reaction, branched molecules with structural features identical to in vivo replication intermediates are formed. These findings support the conclusion that replication in the in vitro system closely resembles adenovirus DNA replication in vivo. The system provides an assay that should be useful for the purification and subsequent characterization of viral and cellular proteins involved in DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:284392", "title": "Structural bases of the inhibitory effects of hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 on the polymerization of hemoglobin S.", "content": "We have previously found that the inhibitory effect of hemoglobin F (Hb F) on the polymerization of Hb S proceeds via the formation of asymmetrical hybrid tetramers of the type alpha2betasgamma. Examination of the gelling properties of binary mixtures of Hb S and several Hb variants now shows that, among the gamma chain amino acid residues that differ from those of the beta chain, residues gamma80 (EF4) and gamma87 (F3) are at least partly responsible for this inhibition. Furthermore, we find that mixing Hb A2(alpha2delta2) with Hb S strongly inhibits gelling to an extent similar to that seen with Hb S/Hb F mixtures; this inhibition is attributable to amino acid differences between the delta and beta chain sequences at positions delta22 (B4) and delta87 (F3). Therefore, residues 22, 80, and 87 of the beta chain appear to be involved in intermolecular contact sites that stabilize the deoxy Hb S polymers.", "contents": "Structural bases of the inhibitory effects of hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 on the polymerization of hemoglobin S. We have previously found that the inhibitory effect of hemoglobin F (Hb F) on the polymerization of Hb S proceeds via the formation of asymmetrical hybrid tetramers of the type alpha2betasgamma. Examination of the gelling properties of binary mixtures of Hb S and several Hb variants now shows that, among the gamma chain amino acid residues that differ from those of the beta chain, residues gamma80 (EF4) and gamma87 (F3) are at least partly responsible for this inhibition. Furthermore, we find that mixing Hb A2(alpha2delta2) with Hb S strongly inhibits gelling to an extent similar to that seen with Hb S/Hb F mixtures; this inhibition is attributable to amino acid differences between the delta and beta chain sequences at positions delta22 (B4) and delta87 (F3). Therefore, residues 22, 80, and 87 of the beta chain appear to be involved in intermolecular contact sites that stabilize the deoxy Hb S polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:284393", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutation in the initiation codon of the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "We have determined the sequence of a ribosome-protected region of T4 rIIB mRNA labeled in vivo. The rIIB mutant HD263, which is temperature sensitive for translation, has an altered initiation codon (AUA instead of AUG). Because wild-type and HD263 proteins have the same fMet peptide, this AUA is used to initiate translation in the mutant rIIB mRNA. We have also identified a six-base sequence which is complementary to the 3\" end of the 16S rRNA.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutation in the initiation codon of the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4. We have determined the sequence of a ribosome-protected region of T4 rIIB mRNA labeled in vivo. The rIIB mutant HD263, which is temperature sensitive for translation, has an altered initiation codon (AUA instead of AUG). Because wild-type and HD263 proteins have the same fMet peptide, this AUA is used to initiate translation in the mutant rIIB mRNA. We have also identified a six-base sequence which is complementary to the 3\" end of the 16S rRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:284394", "title": "Degradation of abnormal proteins in intact mouse reticulocytes: accumulation of intermediates in the presence of bestatin.", "content": "Incubation of intact mouse reticulocytes with bestatin (a competitive inhibitor of aminopeptidases) produced the accumulation of low molecular weight intermediates in the degradation of puromycinyl-peptides or analog-containing proteins that had been pulse labeled with L-[1-14C]leucine. A large fraction of the radioactive protein was degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products within 10 min. In the presence of bestatin (0.5 mg/ml), one-fourth of these products appeared to be dipeptides, tripeptides, or both: they were resistant to ninhydrin at acid pH (a treatment that decarboxylates only free amino acids) except after intensive acid hydrolysis, and they eluted from a Sephadex G-10 column with an apparent average size of 300 daltons. These radioactive products did not appear if incorporation of the tracer was prevented by prior treatment with cycloheximide, demonstrating that they originated from polypeptide precursors. Thus, a peptidase inhibitor has been successfully used in the production of low molecular weight intermediates in the in vivo degradation of cellular proteins.", "contents": "Degradation of abnormal proteins in intact mouse reticulocytes: accumulation of intermediates in the presence of bestatin. Incubation of intact mouse reticulocytes with bestatin (a competitive inhibitor of aminopeptidases) produced the accumulation of low molecular weight intermediates in the degradation of puromycinyl-peptides or analog-containing proteins that had been pulse labeled with L-[1-14C]leucine. A large fraction of the radioactive protein was degraded to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products within 10 min. In the presence of bestatin (0.5 mg/ml), one-fourth of these products appeared to be dipeptides, tripeptides, or both: they were resistant to ninhydrin at acid pH (a treatment that decarboxylates only free amino acids) except after intensive acid hydrolysis, and they eluted from a Sephadex G-10 column with an apparent average size of 300 daltons. These radioactive products did not appear if incorporation of the tracer was prevented by prior treatment with cycloheximide, demonstrating that they originated from polypeptide precursors. Thus, a peptidase inhibitor has been successfully used in the production of low molecular weight intermediates in the in vivo degradation of cellular proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:284395", "title": "Labeling of complex III, with [35S]diazobenzenesulfonate: orientation of this electron transfer segment in the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "content": "[34S]Diazobenzenesulfonate has been used to tag the surface-exposed polypeptides of isolated complex III. All nine different component polypeptides were labeled, indicating that each is at least partially exposed on the surface of the isolated, detergent-dispersed complex. Labeling studies were also conducted on the membrane-bound complex. Preparations of intact mitochondria and submitochondrial particles were separately labeled with [35S]diazobenzenesulfonate in order to determine the distribution of the polypeptides of complex III between the outer (cytoplasmic) and inner (matrix) surfaces of the mitochondrial inner membrane, respectively. Polypeptides II and III were the only components labeled in a significant amount in submitochondrial particles (i.e., from the matrix side). Polypeptides III, IV, and VI were heavily labeled in mitochondria (i.e., from the cytoplasmic side). Polypeptides I,II, V, and VII were also labeled in mitochondria but to a much lesser extent. Polypeptides VIII and IX were not significantly labeled from either side of the membrane. The labeling data and information obtained from previous crosslinking studies [Smith, R.J. & Capaldi, R.A. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 2629-2633] are used to derive a picture of the arrangement of complex III in the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "Labeling of complex III, with [35S]diazobenzenesulfonate: orientation of this electron transfer segment in the mitochondrial inner membrane. [34S]Diazobenzenesulfonate has been used to tag the surface-exposed polypeptides of isolated complex III. All nine different component polypeptides were labeled, indicating that each is at least partially exposed on the surface of the isolated, detergent-dispersed complex. Labeling studies were also conducted on the membrane-bound complex. Preparations of intact mitochondria and submitochondrial particles were separately labeled with [35S]diazobenzenesulfonate in order to determine the distribution of the polypeptides of complex III between the outer (cytoplasmic) and inner (matrix) surfaces of the mitochondrial inner membrane, respectively. Polypeptides II and III were the only components labeled in a significant amount in submitochondrial particles (i.e., from the matrix side). Polypeptides III, IV, and VI were heavily labeled in mitochondria (i.e., from the cytoplasmic side). Polypeptides I,II, V, and VII were also labeled in mitochondria but to a much lesser extent. Polypeptides VIII and IX were not significantly labeled from either side of the membrane. The labeling data and information obtained from previous crosslinking studies [Smith, R.J. & Capaldi, R.A. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 2629-2633] are used to derive a picture of the arrangement of complex III in the mitochondrial inner membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:284396", "title": "Self-catalyzed destruction of cytochrome P-450: covalent binding of ethynyl sterols to prosthetic heme.", "content": "The hepatic pigment accumulated as a consequence of the self-catalyzed destruction of cytochrome P-450 by norethisterone (17-hydroxy-19-nor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one), after acidic methylation and purification, consists of two virtually identical, probably isomeric, porphyrins. Radiolabeled norethisterone is incorporated into both porphyrin products. The major of the two porphyrins exhibits a mass spectrometric molecular ion exactly equivalent to the sum of norethisterone and dimethylprotoporphyrin IX, less two hydrogen atoms: unequivocably demonstrating covalent association of the sterol with this porphyrin in a 1:1 ratio. Cytochrome P-450 is therefore destroyed by self-catalyzed addition of norethisterone to its heme prosthetic group. Cytochrome P-450 is also destroyed by norgestrel (13-ethyl-17-hydroxyl-18, 19-dinor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) and by 1-ethynylcyclohexanol but not by 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4,20-dien-3-one. The destructive potential is thus clearly a property of the propargylic alcohol function. A mechanism involving enzymatic oxidation of the triple bond is postulated.", "contents": "Self-catalyzed destruction of cytochrome P-450: covalent binding of ethynyl sterols to prosthetic heme. The hepatic pigment accumulated as a consequence of the self-catalyzed destruction of cytochrome P-450 by norethisterone (17-hydroxy-19-nor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one), after acidic methylation and purification, consists of two virtually identical, probably isomeric, porphyrins. Radiolabeled norethisterone is incorporated into both porphyrin products. The major of the two porphyrins exhibits a mass spectrometric molecular ion exactly equivalent to the sum of norethisterone and dimethylprotoporphyrin IX, less two hydrogen atoms: unequivocably demonstrating covalent association of the sterol with this porphyrin in a 1:1 ratio. Cytochrome P-450 is therefore destroyed by self-catalyzed addition of norethisterone to its heme prosthetic group. Cytochrome P-450 is also destroyed by norgestrel (13-ethyl-17-hydroxyl-18, 19-dinor-17 alpha-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one) and by 1-ethynylcyclohexanol but not by 17-hydroxy-19-nor-17alpha-pregn-4,20-dien-3-one. The destructive potential is thus clearly a property of the propargylic alcohol function. A mechanism involving enzymatic oxidation of the triple bond is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:284397", "title": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA double-stranded regions probed in living HeLa cells by crosslinking with the psoralen derivative aminomethyltrioxsalen.", "content": "The psoralen derivative aminomethyltrioxsalen (AMT, 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) has been employed as a probe for heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) double-stranded regions in experiments with living HeLa cells. hnRNA ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles were purified from untreated or AMT-treated cells after irradiation with 365-nm light, and double-stranded hnRNA regions (dsRNA) were isolated by RNase A + T1 digestion of hnRNP, followed by preparative Cs2SO4 isopycnic centrifugation. The purified, hnRNP-derived dsRNA was then assayed for interstrand crosslinks by measurement of its \"snapback\" to RNase-resistant form after thermal denaturation. By this procedure, the amount of crosslinked dsRNA was found to be increased 3- to 7-fold in cells exposed to AMT in vivo. The levels of crosslinking in vivo compared favorably with those observed in model experiments with pure dsRNA in vitro. These results establish that double-stranded hnRNA regions exist in the living cell, and they further demonstrate that these base-paired regions are organized as rather accessible sites within the nucleus.", "contents": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA double-stranded regions probed in living HeLa cells by crosslinking with the psoralen derivative aminomethyltrioxsalen. The psoralen derivative aminomethyltrioxsalen (AMT, 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) has been employed as a probe for heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) double-stranded regions in experiments with living HeLa cells. hnRNA ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles were purified from untreated or AMT-treated cells after irradiation with 365-nm light, and double-stranded hnRNA regions (dsRNA) were isolated by RNase A + T1 digestion of hnRNP, followed by preparative Cs2SO4 isopycnic centrifugation. The purified, hnRNP-derived dsRNA was then assayed for interstrand crosslinks by measurement of its \"snapback\" to RNase-resistant form after thermal denaturation. By this procedure, the amount of crosslinked dsRNA was found to be increased 3- to 7-fold in cells exposed to AMT in vivo. The levels of crosslinking in vivo compared favorably with those observed in model experiments with pure dsRNA in vitro. These results establish that double-stranded hnRNA regions exist in the living cell, and they further demonstrate that these base-paired regions are organized as rather accessible sites within the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:284398", "title": "Stability of lipid vesicles in tissues of the mouse: a gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation study.", "content": "The rate of phospholipid vesicle disruption in specific tissues of the mouse was followed by gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy. In these studies, high levels of 111In-nitrilotriacetic acid complex are contained in unilamellar vesicles consisting of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and small amounts of other lipids which modify the surface properties. The PAC technique monitors the extent of vesicle breakup by measuring a time-integrated perturbation factor, less than G22 (infinity) greater than. As the vesicles are broken open in vivo, the released 111In3+ ions quickly bind to macromolecules and the less than G22 (infinity) greater than value decreases substantially. After administration of vesicles by various routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral), the radioactivity and less than G22 (infinity) greater than values were determined for several tissues at intervals up to 24 hr. We conclude from these data that (i) the PAC technique in conjunction with standard gamma counting methods provides unique information on the condition and location of vesicles in specific tissues, (ii) significant differences in vesicle integrity are found in various tissues, and (iii) both the means of administration and the presence of surface charge affect the vesicle stability and distribution. The carbohydrate analogues of cholesterol affect vesicle stability but not distribution.", "contents": "Stability of lipid vesicles in tissues of the mouse: a gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation study. The rate of phospholipid vesicle disruption in specific tissues of the mouse was followed by gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy. In these studies, high levels of 111In-nitrilotriacetic acid complex are contained in unilamellar vesicles consisting of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and small amounts of other lipids which modify the surface properties. The PAC technique monitors the extent of vesicle breakup by measuring a time-integrated perturbation factor, less than G22 (infinity) greater than. As the vesicles are broken open in vivo, the released 111In3+ ions quickly bind to macromolecules and the less than G22 (infinity) greater than value decreases substantially. After administration of vesicles by various routes (intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral), the radioactivity and less than G22 (infinity) greater than values were determined for several tissues at intervals up to 24 hr. We conclude from these data that (i) the PAC technique in conjunction with standard gamma counting methods provides unique information on the condition and location of vesicles in specific tissues, (ii) significant differences in vesicle integrity are found in various tissues, and (iii) both the means of administration and the presence of surface charge affect the vesicle stability and distribution. The carbohydrate analogues of cholesterol affect vesicle stability but not distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:284399", "title": "Collagen reduces glycosaminoglycan degradation by cultured mammary epithelial cells: possible mechanism for basal lamina formation.", "content": "Collagenous substrates are reported to promote the accumulation of extracellular matrix materials by epithelia in culture. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism is compared in secondary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells maintained on plastic or type I collagen gel substrates. The incorporation of 35SO42- into GAG during brief labeling indicates no difference between substrates in the rate of GAG synthesis. During prolonged labeling, however, accumulation of [35S]GAG in cultures on colllagen exceeds that of cultures on plastic. This increased accumulation is due to a markedly reduced rate of GAG degradation. GAG degradation does not occur in the medium, indicating that degradation is localized to the cells. The cultures on collagen contain a slowly degrading cell-associated [35S]GAG pool and a ruthenium red-stained basal lamina, neither of which is present in cultures on plastic. The cell-associated [35S]GAG in cultures on collagen is, in part, localized to the site of the ultrastructurally identified basal lamina. Formation of the basal lamina, therefore, may result from collagen-mediated reduction in the degradation of GAG-containing molecules.", "contents": "Collagen reduces glycosaminoglycan degradation by cultured mammary epithelial cells: possible mechanism for basal lamina formation. Collagenous substrates are reported to promote the accumulation of extracellular matrix materials by epithelia in culture. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism is compared in secondary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells maintained on plastic or type I collagen gel substrates. The incorporation of 35SO42- into GAG during brief labeling indicates no difference between substrates in the rate of GAG synthesis. During prolonged labeling, however, accumulation of [35S]GAG in cultures on colllagen exceeds that of cultures on plastic. This increased accumulation is due to a markedly reduced rate of GAG degradation. GAG degradation does not occur in the medium, indicating that degradation is localized to the cells. The cultures on collagen contain a slowly degrading cell-associated [35S]GAG pool and a ruthenium red-stained basal lamina, neither of which is present in cultures on plastic. The cell-associated [35S]GAG in cultures on collagen is, in part, localized to the site of the ultrastructurally identified basal lamina. Formation of the basal lamina, therefore, may result from collagen-mediated reduction in the degradation of GAG-containing molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:284400", "title": "Change in nuclear potassium electrochemical activity and puffing of potassium-sensitive salivary chromosome regions during Chironomus development.", "content": "Changes in nuclear K+ electrochemical activity and total nuclear K+ content in salivary glands of Chironomus tentans were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes based on valinomycin and with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The K+ activity increased by a factor of 2.6 and the total K+, by a factor of 1.5 as oligopausing larvae developed into prepupae. The extent of decondensation (puffing) of K+-sensitive regions in the polytene chromosomes underwent a parallel increase during this developmental event. In vitro culture of glands from oligopausing larvae resulted in similar changes with respect to nuclear K+ activity and puffing.", "contents": "Change in nuclear potassium electrochemical activity and puffing of potassium-sensitive salivary chromosome regions during Chironomus development. Changes in nuclear K+ electrochemical activity and total nuclear K+ content in salivary glands of Chironomus tentans were measured with ion-selective microelectrodes based on valinomycin and with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The K+ activity increased by a factor of 2.6 and the total K+, by a factor of 1.5 as oligopausing larvae developed into prepupae. The extent of decondensation (puffing) of K+-sensitive regions in the polytene chromosomes underwent a parallel increase during this developmental event. In vitro culture of glands from oligopausing larvae resulted in similar changes with respect to nuclear K+ activity and puffing."}
{"id": "PMID:284401", "title": "Desensitization of the insulin receptor at an early postreceptor step by prolonged exposure to antireceptor antibody.", "content": "We have used an adipocyte-like cell line, the 3T3-L1 fatty fibroblasts, to compare acute and chronic effects of autoantibodies directed against the insulin receptor. Acute exposure of the cells in tissue culture to the antibodies resulted in a blockade of insulin binding and stimulation of 2-deoxy-glucose transport and glucose oxidation. Maximal acute effects were reached within 30-120 min. Subsequently, the stimulatory response decayed and, after 6 hr in the continuous presence of the antibodies, basal glucose metabolism had returned to the level observed with unexposed cells and a state of severe insulin resistance prevailed. In contrast to the decay of bioresponse, no change in insulin binding was detectable over the same time period. The mechanism of desensitization seemed to involve events early after insulin binding to receptor because cells exposed to antibody for prolonged periods of time, although unresponsive to insulin and antireceptor antibodies, responded normally to both spermine and vitamin K(5), agents that stimulate glucose metabolism independently of the insulin receptor. These data suggest that prolonged or continuous occupancy of the insulin receptor by a ligand, in this case antireceptor antibodies, does not produce a continuous biological response. Instead, there is desensitization at some early step in the pathway for insulin action. These observations have important implications with respect to the mechanism of insulin action and to other situations in which there is long-term exposure of cells to antibodies that react with membrane components.", "contents": "Desensitization of the insulin receptor at an early postreceptor step by prolonged exposure to antireceptor antibody. We have used an adipocyte-like cell line, the 3T3-L1 fatty fibroblasts, to compare acute and chronic effects of autoantibodies directed against the insulin receptor. Acute exposure of the cells in tissue culture to the antibodies resulted in a blockade of insulin binding and stimulation of 2-deoxy-glucose transport and glucose oxidation. Maximal acute effects were reached within 30-120 min. Subsequently, the stimulatory response decayed and, after 6 hr in the continuous presence of the antibodies, basal glucose metabolism had returned to the level observed with unexposed cells and a state of severe insulin resistance prevailed. In contrast to the decay of bioresponse, no change in insulin binding was detectable over the same time period. The mechanism of desensitization seemed to involve events early after insulin binding to receptor because cells exposed to antibody for prolonged periods of time, although unresponsive to insulin and antireceptor antibodies, responded normally to both spermine and vitamin K(5), agents that stimulate glucose metabolism independently of the insulin receptor. These data suggest that prolonged or continuous occupancy of the insulin receptor by a ligand, in this case antireceptor antibodies, does not produce a continuous biological response. Instead, there is desensitization at some early step in the pathway for insulin action. These observations have important implications with respect to the mechanism of insulin action and to other situations in which there is long-term exposure of cells to antibodies that react with membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:284402", "title": "Decreased fidelity of DNA polymerase activity during N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "alpha and beta DNA polymerases (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) were isolated from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of rat livers exposed to a carcinogenic regimen with the hepatocarcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide and from 24-hr regenerating liver. The fidelity of polymerization of these enzymes was compared by determining the incorporation of noncomplementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (misincorporation) on a poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) template, with MnCl2 and MgCl2 as divalent cations. Our initial studies indicate that the cytoplasmic alpha polymerases from carcinogen-exposed rat livers were strikingly error-prone whereas the nuclear and cytoplasmic beta polymerases retained their fidelity throughout the feeding cycles. The misincorporation was significantly accentuated by MnCl2 compared with that obtained with MgCl2 as divalent cation. The products were sensitive to pancreatic DNase I digestion, indicating that the noncomplementary bases had been incorporated by the polymerization process. Nuclear alpha polymerase showed some degree of infidelity but less than that of cytoplasmic alpha polymerase.", "contents": "Decreased fidelity of DNA polymerase activity during N-2-fluorenylacetamide hepatocarcinogenesis. alpha and beta DNA polymerases (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) were isolated from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of rat livers exposed to a carcinogenic regimen with the hepatocarcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide and from 24-hr regenerating liver. The fidelity of polymerization of these enzymes was compared by determining the incorporation of noncomplementary deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (misincorporation) on a poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) template, with MnCl2 and MgCl2 as divalent cations. Our initial studies indicate that the cytoplasmic alpha polymerases from carcinogen-exposed rat livers were strikingly error-prone whereas the nuclear and cytoplasmic beta polymerases retained their fidelity throughout the feeding cycles. The misincorporation was significantly accentuated by MnCl2 compared with that obtained with MgCl2 as divalent cation. The products were sensitive to pancreatic DNase I digestion, indicating that the noncomplementary bases had been incorporated by the polymerization process. Nuclear alpha polymerase showed some degree of infidelity but less than that of cytoplasmic alpha polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:284403", "title": "Phosphorylation of subunit proteins of intermediate filaments from chicken muscle and nonmuscle cells.", "content": "The phosphorylation of the subunit proteins of intermediate (10-nm) filaments has been investigated in chicken muscle and nonmuscle cells by using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system. Desmin, the 50,000-dalton subunit protein of the intermediate filaments of muscle, had previously been shown to exist as two major isoelectric variants-alpha and beta-in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac chicken muscle. Incubation of skeletal and smooth muscle tissue with (32)PO(4) (3-) reveals that the acidic variant, alpha-desmin, and three other desmin variants are phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro. Under the same conditions, minor components of alpha- and beta-tropomyosin from skeletal muscle, but not smooth muscle, are also phosphorylated. Both the phosphorylated desmin variants and the nonphosphorylated beta-desmin variant remain insoluble under conditions that solubilize actin and myosin filaments, but leave Z-discs and intermediate filaments insoluble. Primary cultures of embryonic chicken muscle labeled with (32)PO(4) (3-) possess, in addition to the desmin variants described above, a major nonphosphorylated and multiple phosphorylated variants of the 52,000-dalton, fibroblast-type intermediate filament protein (IFP). Filamentous cytoskeletons, prepared from primary myogenic cultures by Triton X-100 extraction, contain actin and all of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated variants of both desmin and the IFP. Similarly, these proteins are the major components of the caps of aggregated 10-nm filaments isolated from the same cell cultures previously exposed to Colcemid. These results demonstrate that a nonphosphorylated and several phosphorylated variants of desmin and IFP are present in assembled structures in muscle and nonmuscle cells.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of subunit proteins of intermediate filaments from chicken muscle and nonmuscle cells. The phosphorylation of the subunit proteins of intermediate (10-nm) filaments has been investigated in chicken muscle and nonmuscle cells by using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system. Desmin, the 50,000-dalton subunit protein of the intermediate filaments of muscle, had previously been shown to exist as two major isoelectric variants-alpha and beta-in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac chicken muscle. Incubation of skeletal and smooth muscle tissue with (32)PO(4) (3-) reveals that the acidic variant, alpha-desmin, and three other desmin variants are phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro. Under the same conditions, minor components of alpha- and beta-tropomyosin from skeletal muscle, but not smooth muscle, are also phosphorylated. Both the phosphorylated desmin variants and the nonphosphorylated beta-desmin variant remain insoluble under conditions that solubilize actin and myosin filaments, but leave Z-discs and intermediate filaments insoluble. Primary cultures of embryonic chicken muscle labeled with (32)PO(4) (3-) possess, in addition to the desmin variants described above, a major nonphosphorylated and multiple phosphorylated variants of the 52,000-dalton, fibroblast-type intermediate filament protein (IFP). Filamentous cytoskeletons, prepared from primary myogenic cultures by Triton X-100 extraction, contain actin and all of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated variants of both desmin and the IFP. Similarly, these proteins are the major components of the caps of aggregated 10-nm filaments isolated from the same cell cultures previously exposed to Colcemid. These results demonstrate that a nonphosphorylated and several phosphorylated variants of desmin and IFP are present in assembled structures in muscle and nonmuscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284404", "title": "Comparison of primary and secondary stimulation of male rats by estradiol in terms of prolactin synthesis and mRNA accumulation in the pituitary.", "content": "Male rats received acute or chronic primary or acute secondary stimulation with estradiol, and the effects on pituitary prolactin synthesis and its mRNA accumulation were examined. Prolactin synthesis was determined by the in vitro incorporation of [(3)H]leucine into prolactin over a period of 1 hr. Prolactin mRNA was measured both by cell-free translation in a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate and by hybridization to the complementary DNA. The latter two methods gave similar results under all experimental conditions. Acute primary stimulation with estradiol produced a significant increase in pituitary prolactin mRNA accumulation at 12 hr, which further increased by 2- to 3-fold over the next 48 hr. In contrast, no increase in prolactin synthesis was observed during the first 24 hr. Chronic stimulation with estradiol induced increases of both prolactin synthesis and prolactin mRNA that were quantitatively indistinguishable over the period of 1-4 weeks, reaching a plateau at 5-fold the basal values. By the 13th day after withdrawal of therapy both prolactin synthesis and mRNA had returned to the prestimulation levels. When the effects of estradiol on previously unexposed and estrogen withdrawn animals were compared, it was found that secondary stimulation not only produced a more rapid accumulation of the prolactin mRNA but also abolished the lag period of prolactin synthesis observed during the primary estrogen stimulation. These data demonstrate a lag in the endogenous translation of newly accumulated pituitary prolactin mRNA translatable in vitro after primary estrogen stimulation of male rats. The mechanism for the abolition of this lag during the secondary stimulation is now known.", "contents": "Comparison of primary and secondary stimulation of male rats by estradiol in terms of prolactin synthesis and mRNA accumulation in the pituitary. Male rats received acute or chronic primary or acute secondary stimulation with estradiol, and the effects on pituitary prolactin synthesis and its mRNA accumulation were examined. Prolactin synthesis was determined by the in vitro incorporation of [(3)H]leucine into prolactin over a period of 1 hr. Prolactin mRNA was measured both by cell-free translation in a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate and by hybridization to the complementary DNA. The latter two methods gave similar results under all experimental conditions. Acute primary stimulation with estradiol produced a significant increase in pituitary prolactin mRNA accumulation at 12 hr, which further increased by 2- to 3-fold over the next 48 hr. In contrast, no increase in prolactin synthesis was observed during the first 24 hr. Chronic stimulation with estradiol induced increases of both prolactin synthesis and prolactin mRNA that were quantitatively indistinguishable over the period of 1-4 weeks, reaching a plateau at 5-fold the basal values. By the 13th day after withdrawal of therapy both prolactin synthesis and mRNA had returned to the prestimulation levels. When the effects of estradiol on previously unexposed and estrogen withdrawn animals were compared, it was found that secondary stimulation not only produced a more rapid accumulation of the prolactin mRNA but also abolished the lag period of prolactin synthesis observed during the primary estrogen stimulation. These data demonstrate a lag in the endogenous translation of newly accumulated pituitary prolactin mRNA translatable in vitro after primary estrogen stimulation of male rats. The mechanism for the abolition of this lag during the secondary stimulation is now known."}
{"id": "PMID:284405", "title": "Sodium ascorbate potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of certain agents on neuroblastoma cells in culture.", "content": "Mouse neuroblastoma (NB) cells in culture were more sensitive to sodium L-ascorbate than were rat glioma cells by the criterion of growth inhibition (due to cell death and reduction in cell division). Sodium L-ascorbate at nonlethal concentrations potentiated the effect of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), x-irradiation, bleomycin, RO20-1724, prostaglandin E1, and sodium butyrate on NB cells but did not produce such an effect on glioma cells. Sodium L-ascorbate did not enhance the effect of vincristine, 6-thioguanine, or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) except at higher drug doses and it reduced the cytotoxic effect of methotrexate and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) on NB cells. Sodium D-ascorbate produced effects similar to those produced by sodium L-ascorbate on NB cells. L-Ascorbic acid-2-sulfate (barium salt) affected neither the growth rate nor the effect of 5-FUra on NB cells. Glutathione, a reducing agent, was more toxic to NB cells in comparison to D- OR L-ascorbate; however, at a similar concentration it failed to potentiate the effect of 5-FUra on NB cells.", "contents": "Sodium ascorbate potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of certain agents on neuroblastoma cells in culture. Mouse neuroblastoma (NB) cells in culture were more sensitive to sodium L-ascorbate than were rat glioma cells by the criterion of growth inhibition (due to cell death and reduction in cell division). Sodium L-ascorbate at nonlethal concentrations potentiated the effect of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), x-irradiation, bleomycin, RO20-1724, prostaglandin E1, and sodium butyrate on NB cells but did not produce such an effect on glioma cells. Sodium L-ascorbate did not enhance the effect of vincristine, 6-thioguanine, or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) except at higher drug doses and it reduced the cytotoxic effect of methotrexate and 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) on NB cells. Sodium D-ascorbate produced effects similar to those produced by sodium L-ascorbate on NB cells. L-Ascorbic acid-2-sulfate (barium salt) affected neither the growth rate nor the effect of 5-FUra on NB cells. Glutathione, a reducing agent, was more toxic to NB cells in comparison to D- OR L-ascorbate; however, at a similar concentration it failed to potentiate the effect of 5-FUra on NB cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284406", "title": "Heme biosynthesis in Friend erythroleukemia cells: control by ferrochelatase.", "content": "The activities of the enzymes of heme biosynthesis (except protoporphyrin oxidase) have been followed during the induction of Friend cells in culture. All the enzyme activities increased after induction with dimethyl sulfoxide. The activities of the intermediate enzymes were much higher than those of delta-aminolevulinate synthase [succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37], the initial enzyme, or ferrochelatase (protoheme ferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1), the final enzyme of the pathway. Ferrochelatase activity was not detectable in the uninduced cell. delta-Aminolevulinate synthase activity increased during the first 24 hr of induction; porphobilinogen deaminase activity began to increase after 48 hr and ferrochelatase activity, after 72 hr. However, the induction of heme synthesis followed the same time course as that of ferrochelatase activity, not that of delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity. The cellular growth medium was found to contain traces of protoporphyrins. Thus, ferrochelatase is shown to be rate limiting for heme synthesis during early stages of Friend cell induction. A Friend cell variant (Fw), which is not inducible except in the presence of exogenous hemin, was also studied. All the enzymes of heme synthesis except ferrochelatase were inducible by butyric acid. Ferrochelatase was not inducible by butyric acid or hemin plus butyric acid. These cells also excrete protoporphyrin, The failure to induce ferrochelatase activity is believed to be the cause of, not a consequence of, the noninducibility of this cell line.", "contents": "Heme biosynthesis in Friend erythroleukemia cells: control by ferrochelatase. The activities of the enzymes of heme biosynthesis (except protoporphyrin oxidase) have been followed during the induction of Friend cells in culture. All the enzyme activities increased after induction with dimethyl sulfoxide. The activities of the intermediate enzymes were much higher than those of delta-aminolevulinate synthase [succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37], the initial enzyme, or ferrochelatase (protoheme ferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1), the final enzyme of the pathway. Ferrochelatase activity was not detectable in the uninduced cell. delta-Aminolevulinate synthase activity increased during the first 24 hr of induction; porphobilinogen deaminase activity began to increase after 48 hr and ferrochelatase activity, after 72 hr. However, the induction of heme synthesis followed the same time course as that of ferrochelatase activity, not that of delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity. The cellular growth medium was found to contain traces of protoporphyrins. Thus, ferrochelatase is shown to be rate limiting for heme synthesis during early stages of Friend cell induction. A Friend cell variant (Fw), which is not inducible except in the presence of exogenous hemin, was also studied. All the enzymes of heme synthesis except ferrochelatase were inducible by butyric acid. Ferrochelatase was not inducible by butyric acid or hemin plus butyric acid. These cells also excrete protoporphyrin, The failure to induce ferrochelatase activity is believed to be the cause of, not a consequence of, the noninducibility of this cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:284407", "title": "Electrical currents through full-grown and maturing Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "An extracellular vibrating electrode was used to map the current pattern around Xenopus laevis oocytes. Current was found to enter the animal hemisphere and leave the vegetal hemisphere; in fully grown oocytes from which the follicle cells had been removed, the maximal current density was about 1 microamperemeter/cm2. This current decreased to nearly zero in response to progesterone and several other maturation-producing agents. In the case of progesterone, the decline began within a few minutes of the addition of the hormone and proceeded with a half-time of about 20 min. An analysis of the effects on the current of the removal or addition of various ions and drugs led to the inference that the major current-carrying ion was chloride and that the chloride permeability was controlled by calcium.", "contents": "Electrical currents through full-grown and maturing Xenopus oocytes. An extracellular vibrating electrode was used to map the current pattern around Xenopus laevis oocytes. Current was found to enter the animal hemisphere and leave the vegetal hemisphere; in fully grown oocytes from which the follicle cells had been removed, the maximal current density was about 1 microamperemeter/cm2. This current decreased to nearly zero in response to progesterone and several other maturation-producing agents. In the case of progesterone, the decline began within a few minutes of the addition of the hormone and proceeded with a half-time of about 20 min. An analysis of the effects on the current of the removal or addition of various ions and drugs led to the inference that the major current-carrying ion was chloride and that the chloride permeability was controlled by calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:284408", "title": "Molecular evolution of biomembranes: structural equivalents and phylogenetic precursors of sterols.", "content": "Derivatives of one triterpene family, the hopane family, are widely distributed in prokaryotes; they may be localized in membranes, playing there the same role as sterols play in eukaryotes, as a result of their similar size, rigidity, and amphiphilic character. Their biosynthesis embodies many primitive features compared to that of sterols and could have evolved toward the latter once aerobic conditions had been established. Membrane reinforcement appears to be achieved in other prokaryotes by other mechanisms, involving either approximately 40-A-long rigid hydrocarbon chains terminated by one polar group acting like a peg through the double-layer or similar chains terminated by two polar groups acting like tie-bars across the membrane. These inserts can be tetraterpenes (e.g., carotenoids). The biophysical function of membrane optimizers appears to have evolved toward sterols by changes limited to only a few enzymatic steps of the same fundamental biosynthetic processes.", "contents": "Molecular evolution of biomembranes: structural equivalents and phylogenetic precursors of sterols. Derivatives of one triterpene family, the hopane family, are widely distributed in prokaryotes; they may be localized in membranes, playing there the same role as sterols play in eukaryotes, as a result of their similar size, rigidity, and amphiphilic character. Their biosynthesis embodies many primitive features compared to that of sterols and could have evolved toward the latter once aerobic conditions had been established. Membrane reinforcement appears to be achieved in other prokaryotes by other mechanisms, involving either approximately 40-A-long rigid hydrocarbon chains terminated by one polar group acting like a peg through the double-layer or similar chains terminated by two polar groups acting like tie-bars across the membrane. These inserts can be tetraterpenes (e.g., carotenoids). The biophysical function of membrane optimizers appears to have evolved toward sterols by changes limited to only a few enzymatic steps of the same fundamental biosynthetic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:284409", "title": "Genetic heterogeneity of \"normal\" human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: an isoelectrophoretic polymorphism.", "content": "Quantitative determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) activity was carried out in 214 male Nigerian children of 84 mothers with known Gd genotype. The relative intrasibship difference in G6PD activity (normalized to the lowest value within the sibship) was below 0.18 in all cases but one when the children were known to have the same Gd+ allele (identical by descent); whereas it was higher than 0.18 in 18 out of 33 sibships in which children might have had either of the two maternal (electrophoretically identical) Gd+ alleles. G6PD from 10 (8 G6PD B and 2 G6PD A) children belonging to four of the sibships possessing high quantitative variation in G6PD activity was partially purified and extensively characterized. The 8 G6PD type B samples fell unambiguously into two classes on the basis of Km values for glucose 6-phosphate (determined at variuos pH values), and KCl gradient elution from DEAE-Sephadex columns. The two types of G6PD B were resolved from an artificial mixture on a DEAE-Sephacel column. The two G6PD type A samples were also different from each other by the same criteria. We conclude that \"normal\" G6PD is genetically heterogeneous and that the structural Gd alleles concerned are all polymorphic in the Nigerian population. In this instance, a human enzyme polymorphism, not associated with enzyme deficiency, is revealed by an approach other than electrophoresis.", "contents": "Genetic heterogeneity of \"normal\" human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: an isoelectrophoretic polymorphism. Quantitative determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) activity was carried out in 214 male Nigerian children of 84 mothers with known Gd genotype. The relative intrasibship difference in G6PD activity (normalized to the lowest value within the sibship) was below 0.18 in all cases but one when the children were known to have the same Gd+ allele (identical by descent); whereas it was higher than 0.18 in 18 out of 33 sibships in which children might have had either of the two maternal (electrophoretically identical) Gd+ alleles. G6PD from 10 (8 G6PD B and 2 G6PD A) children belonging to four of the sibships possessing high quantitative variation in G6PD activity was partially purified and extensively characterized. The 8 G6PD type B samples fell unambiguously into two classes on the basis of Km values for glucose 6-phosphate (determined at variuos pH values), and KCl gradient elution from DEAE-Sephadex columns. The two types of G6PD B were resolved from an artificial mixture on a DEAE-Sephacel column. The two G6PD type A samples were also different from each other by the same criteria. We conclude that \"normal\" G6PD is genetically heterogeneous and that the structural Gd alleles concerned are all polymorphic in the Nigerian population. In this instance, a human enzyme polymorphism, not associated with enzyme deficiency, is revealed by an approach other than electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:284410", "title": "Resolution of products of the duplicated hemoglobin alpha-chain loci by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Using a high-resolution isoelectric focusing system, we have been able to separate the products of the individual \"nonallelic+ mouse hemoglobin alpha-chain genes. The hemoglobins of mice of inbred strains that make two structurally different, but electrophoretically identical, alpha chains resolve into two bands on isoelectric focusing. The hemoglobin from other strains that make only one type of alpha chain forms a single band. Two new \"alleles\" of haplotypes of Hba (the alpha-chain complex locus) are described that code for hemoglobins with solubilities similar to that of the hemoglobin of strain C57BL/6J, but that give demonstrably different isoelectric focusing patterns. Because this method allows Hba typing of strains with the Hbbd or \"diffuse\" allele at the hemoglobin beta-chain locus, we have also been able to classify a number of previously untyped stocks, including some recently derived from feral populations. Among these mice we have found new representatives of most of the extant Hba genotypes. The demonstration that it is possible to detect genetic differences involving only neutral amino acid substitutions between proteins suggest that careful application of appropriate isoelectric focusing systems to the analysis of other proteins will greatly increase the sensitivity of our ability to detect genetic variation.", "contents": "Resolution of products of the duplicated hemoglobin alpha-chain loci by isoelectric focusing. Using a high-resolution isoelectric focusing system, we have been able to separate the products of the individual \"nonallelic+ mouse hemoglobin alpha-chain genes. The hemoglobins of mice of inbred strains that make two structurally different, but electrophoretically identical, alpha chains resolve into two bands on isoelectric focusing. The hemoglobin from other strains that make only one type of alpha chain forms a single band. Two new \"alleles\" of haplotypes of Hba (the alpha-chain complex locus) are described that code for hemoglobins with solubilities similar to that of the hemoglobin of strain C57BL/6J, but that give demonstrably different isoelectric focusing patterns. Because this method allows Hba typing of strains with the Hbbd or \"diffuse\" allele at the hemoglobin beta-chain locus, we have also been able to classify a number of previously untyped stocks, including some recently derived from feral populations. Among these mice we have found new representatives of most of the extant Hba genotypes. The demonstration that it is possible to detect genetic differences involving only neutral amino acid substitutions between proteins suggest that careful application of appropriate isoelectric focusing systems to the analysis of other proteins will greatly increase the sensitivity of our ability to detect genetic variation."}
{"id": "PMID:284411", "title": "Xenogeneic gene expression in chimeric mice derived from rat--mouse hybrid cells.", "content": "Thymidine kinase-deficient OTT6050 mouse teratocarcinoma cells were fused with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells by means of inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting hybrid cells, which were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium, retained almost all of the mouse chromosomes and various numbers of rat chromosomes, and showed many chromosomal rearrangements. The hybrid cells, as well as both parental lines, formed tumors after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. Single rat--mouse hybrid cells from a clonally established subline were transplanted into C57BL6/J mouse blastocysts carrying many genetic markers suitable for the detection of hybrid cell-derived tissue contributions. From 144 blastocysts, each of which was injected with a hybrid cell and then surgically transferred to the uterus of a pseudopregnant foster mother, 62 adult mice developed without any visible coat mosaicism. However, three of these mice showed internal hybrid-cell participation in their livers and a limited number of organs of endomesodermal origin. A tumor classifiable as hemangio endothelioma was found in the liver, the only mosaic tissue, of one of the chimeric mice. Nine different rat-specific enzyme variants were detected in the mosaic organs. A considerable number of variations concerning the presence and quantitative activity of the foreign gene products probably resulted from chromosomal segregation, tissue-specific gene activity, or dosage compensation during differentiation in vivo. Our results demonstrate that cultured malignant rat--mouse hybrid cells differentiate normally and become functionally integrated during development. The appearacne in vivo of certain rat-specific gene products that are not found in the hybrid cells under conditions in vitro indicates differential gene expression of the introduced xenogeneic chromosomes.", "contents": "Xenogeneic gene expression in chimeric mice derived from rat--mouse hybrid cells. Thymidine kinase-deficient OTT6050 mouse teratocarcinoma cells were fused with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells by means of inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting hybrid cells, which were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium, retained almost all of the mouse chromosomes and various numbers of rat chromosomes, and showed many chromosomal rearrangements. The hybrid cells, as well as both parental lines, formed tumors after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. Single rat--mouse hybrid cells from a clonally established subline were transplanted into C57BL6/J mouse blastocysts carrying many genetic markers suitable for the detection of hybrid cell-derived tissue contributions. From 144 blastocysts, each of which was injected with a hybrid cell and then surgically transferred to the uterus of a pseudopregnant foster mother, 62 adult mice developed without any visible coat mosaicism. However, three of these mice showed internal hybrid-cell participation in their livers and a limited number of organs of endomesodermal origin. A tumor classifiable as hemangio endothelioma was found in the liver, the only mosaic tissue, of one of the chimeric mice. Nine different rat-specific enzyme variants were detected in the mosaic organs. A considerable number of variations concerning the presence and quantitative activity of the foreign gene products probably resulted from chromosomal segregation, tissue-specific gene activity, or dosage compensation during differentiation in vivo. Our results demonstrate that cultured malignant rat--mouse hybrid cells differentiate normally and become functionally integrated during development. The appearacne in vivo of certain rat-specific gene products that are not found in the hybrid cells under conditions in vitro indicates differential gene expression of the introduced xenogeneic chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:284412", "title": "Regulation of macrophage migration by products of the complement system.", "content": "Agents formerly shown to induce rapid macrophage spreading were examined for their ability to modify the migration of macrophages in the capillary tube assay. Products of the activation of the contact phase of blood coagulation as well as the purified component Bb, the large cleavage fragment of factor B of the alternative complement pathway produced a dose-dependent inhibition of migration. In addition, inflammatory macrophages elicited with either a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin or thioglycollate medium exhibited rapid spreading and inhibited migration, whereas resident cells did not. A close correlation existed, therefore, between enhanced spreading and inhibited migration under both in vitro induced and in vivo situations. Cleavage products of component C5 of the classical complement pathway enhanced macrophage migration and did not alter spreading. In mixtures of C5 cleavage products and Bb, the predominant peptide determined the outcome of the reaction. Factor B, a normal secretory product of macrophages, may represent a common substrate for several of the proteases that induce spreading, inhibit migration, and lead to the generation of the enzymatically active fragment Bb.", "contents": "Regulation of macrophage migration by products of the complement system. Agents formerly shown to induce rapid macrophage spreading were examined for their ability to modify the migration of macrophages in the capillary tube assay. Products of the activation of the contact phase of blood coagulation as well as the purified component Bb, the large cleavage fragment of factor B of the alternative complement pathway produced a dose-dependent inhibition of migration. In addition, inflammatory macrophages elicited with either a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin or thioglycollate medium exhibited rapid spreading and inhibited migration, whereas resident cells did not. A close correlation existed, therefore, between enhanced spreading and inhibited migration under both in vitro induced and in vivo situations. Cleavage products of component C5 of the classical complement pathway enhanced macrophage migration and did not alter spreading. In mixtures of C5 cleavage products and Bb, the predominant peptide determined the outcome of the reaction. Factor B, a normal secretory product of macrophages, may represent a common substrate for several of the proteases that induce spreading, inhibit migration, and lead to the generation of the enzymatically active fragment Bb."}
{"id": "PMID:284413", "title": "Nucleolar antigen found in several human tumors but not in the nontumor tissues studied.", "content": "Rabbit antibodies to nucleoli isolated from HeLa cells produced bright nucleolar fluorescence in HeLa cells by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. After absorption with fetal bovine serum and placental nuclei, the IgG still produced bright nucleolar fluorescence in 12 human tumor cells including HeLa, HEp-2, cultures of prostate and mammary carcinomas, the Goldenberg GW-39 colon tumor, and biopsy specimens of prostatic, adrenal cortical, thyroid, and squamous cell carcinomas, a hairy cell leukemia of the spleen, a hepatic metastasis of an adenocarcinoma of the colon, and an osteogenic sarcoma. Bright nucleolar fluorescence was not produced in nine nontumor human cells including biopsy specimens of bone marrow, kidney, placenta, thyroid, liver, and prostate, peripheral blood buffy coat, and cultures of normal skin fibroblasts. Nucleolar fluorescence with the absorbed IgG was prevented in HeLa cells by pretreatment of the cells with acid, base, and proteases but not by pretreatment with nucleases; absorption of this IgG with extracts of HeLa nucleoli prevented the nucleolor fluorescence in HeLa and other human tumor cells.", "contents": "Nucleolar antigen found in several human tumors but not in the nontumor tissues studied. Rabbit antibodies to nucleoli isolated from HeLa cells produced bright nucleolar fluorescence in HeLa cells by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. After absorption with fetal bovine serum and placental nuclei, the IgG still produced bright nucleolar fluorescence in 12 human tumor cells including HeLa, HEp-2, cultures of prostate and mammary carcinomas, the Goldenberg GW-39 colon tumor, and biopsy specimens of prostatic, adrenal cortical, thyroid, and squamous cell carcinomas, a hairy cell leukemia of the spleen, a hepatic metastasis of an adenocarcinoma of the colon, and an osteogenic sarcoma. Bright nucleolar fluorescence was not produced in nine nontumor human cells including biopsy specimens of bone marrow, kidney, placenta, thyroid, liver, and prostate, peripheral blood buffy coat, and cultures of normal skin fibroblasts. Nucleolar fluorescence with the absorbed IgG was prevented in HeLa cells by pretreatment of the cells with acid, base, and proteases but not by pretreatment with nucleases; absorption of this IgG with extracts of HeLa nucleoli prevented the nucleolor fluorescence in HeLa and other human tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284414", "title": "Membrane attack complex of complement: generation of high-affinity phospholipid binding sites by fusion of five hydrophilic plasma proteins.", "content": "The molecular basis of the membranolytic activity of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement was investigated. By using density gradient equilibrium ultracentrifugation, the binding of egg yolk lecithin to the isolated MAC and to its intermediate complexes and precursor proteins was measured. No stable phospholipid--protein complexes were formed with the MAC precursor components C5b--6, C7, C8, and C9. Stable complexes of phospholipid and protein were formed by C5b--7, C5b--8, C5b--9, and the MAC (C5b--9 dimer) and they exhibited densities of 1.2164, 1.184, 1.2055, and 1.2275 g/ml, respectively. The molar phospholipid/protein ratios for the four complexes were determined to be: C5b--7, 399:1, C5b--5, 841:1; C5b--9, 918:1; and C5b--9 dimer, 1460:1. Electron microscopy of the isolated phospholipid--protein complexes revealed no lipid bilayer structures. The magnitude of the phospholipid binding capacity of the MAC is consistent with the interpretation that the MAC forms phospholipid--protein mixed in micelles in lipid bilayers and biological membranes and thus causes formation of hydrophilic lipid channels.", "contents": "Membrane attack complex of complement: generation of high-affinity phospholipid binding sites by fusion of five hydrophilic plasma proteins. The molecular basis of the membranolytic activity of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement was investigated. By using density gradient equilibrium ultracentrifugation, the binding of egg yolk lecithin to the isolated MAC and to its intermediate complexes and precursor proteins was measured. No stable phospholipid--protein complexes were formed with the MAC precursor components C5b--6, C7, C8, and C9. Stable complexes of phospholipid and protein were formed by C5b--7, C5b--8, C5b--9, and the MAC (C5b--9 dimer) and they exhibited densities of 1.2164, 1.184, 1.2055, and 1.2275 g/ml, respectively. The molar phospholipid/protein ratios for the four complexes were determined to be: C5b--7, 399:1, C5b--5, 841:1; C5b--9, 918:1; and C5b--9 dimer, 1460:1. Electron microscopy of the isolated phospholipid--protein complexes revealed no lipid bilayer structures. The magnitude of the phospholipid binding capacity of the MAC is consistent with the interpretation that the MAC forms phospholipid--protein mixed in micelles in lipid bilayers and biological membranes and thus causes formation of hydrophilic lipid channels."}
{"id": "PMID:284415", "title": "Insertion of Ia and H-2 alloantigens into model membranes.", "content": "The study of immune phenomena dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) would be greatly simplified by the use of MHC antigen-containing liposomes in various functional systems. Towards this end, we have constructed unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing H-2 and Ia antigens. These molecules were not simply trapped within the aqueous compartment of the liposome as assessed by their accessibility to papain digestion. They were shown to be integrally inserted in the liposome bilayer because they could not be dissociated from the liposome with high salt and EDTA concentrations but could be solubilized by detergent. A sensitive radioimmunoassay showed that the Ia molecules were antigenically active in the liposome environment. Both Ia and H-2 antigens could be immunoprecipitated from detergent-solubilized liposomes. By comparing liposome-associated Ia activity in the presence and absence of detergent and by showing accessibility of the Ia antigens to papain, it was concluded that the majority of Ia antigens were exposed on the external surface of the liposome. These results suggest that the orientation of MHC antigens in liposomes closely parallels their natural orientation in the cell membrane.", "contents": "Insertion of Ia and H-2 alloantigens into model membranes. The study of immune phenomena dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) would be greatly simplified by the use of MHC antigen-containing liposomes in various functional systems. Towards this end, we have constructed unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing H-2 and Ia antigens. These molecules were not simply trapped within the aqueous compartment of the liposome as assessed by their accessibility to papain digestion. They were shown to be integrally inserted in the liposome bilayer because they could not be dissociated from the liposome with high salt and EDTA concentrations but could be solubilized by detergent. A sensitive radioimmunoassay showed that the Ia molecules were antigenically active in the liposome environment. Both Ia and H-2 antigens could be immunoprecipitated from detergent-solubilized liposomes. By comparing liposome-associated Ia activity in the presence and absence of detergent and by showing accessibility of the Ia antigens to papain, it was concluded that the majority of Ia antigens were exposed on the external surface of the liposome. These results suggest that the orientation of MHC antigens in liposomes closely parallels their natural orientation in the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:284416", "title": "IgM receptors on human lymphocytes: detection by direct binding.", "content": "Radioiodinated IgM isolated from a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia binds with high avidity (apparent Ka = 2.5 x 10(9) M-1) to freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Binding occurred through the Fc region of the molecule and involved a receptor specific for immunoglobulins of the IgM class. The avidity and specificity of this binding are consistent with a biologic role for IgM receptors on lymphocytes.", "contents": "IgM receptors on human lymphocytes: detection by direct binding. Radioiodinated IgM isolated from a patient with Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia binds with high avidity (apparent Ka = 2.5 x 10(9) M-1) to freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Binding occurred through the Fc region of the molecule and involved a receptor specific for immunoglobulins of the IgM class. The avidity and specificity of this binding are consistent with a biologic role for IgM receptors on lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:284417", "title": "Chemical carcinogens produce mutations to ouabain resistance in transformable C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Chemical carcinogens induce mutations to ouabain resistance in the transformable mouse fibroblast cell line C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8. The mutant phenotype is stable and heritable in the absence of selective agent, and dose--response curves for mutant frequency were obtained with N-menthyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]-pyrene, N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene, and the anti-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene. The ratio of the malignant transformation frequency to the mutation frequency was 12 for benzo[a]pyrene and 21 for N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. The development of the mutational assay reported here allows the use of this permanent cell line for comparison of mutation and transfomration frequencies and as a screening system for xenobiotics that pose mutagenic or carcinogenic hazards to mammalian cells.", "contents": "Chemical carcinogens produce mutations to ouabain resistance in transformable C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8 mouse fibroblasts. Chemical carcinogens induce mutations to ouabain resistance in the transformable mouse fibroblast cell line C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8. The mutant phenotype is stable and heritable in the absence of selective agent, and dose--response curves for mutant frequency were obtained with N-menthyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]-pyrene, N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene, and the anti-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide of benzo[a]pyrene. The ratio of the malignant transformation frequency to the mutation frequency was 12 for benzo[a]pyrene and 21 for N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. The development of the mutational assay reported here allows the use of this permanent cell line for comparison of mutation and transfomration frequencies and as a screening system for xenobiotics that pose mutagenic or carcinogenic hazards to mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284418", "title": "Comparison of structure and function of human erythrocyte and human muscle actin.", "content": "Human erythrocyte actin and human skeletal muscle actin were purified by acetone powder extraction and gel filtration. Pure human erythrocyte actin resembles muscle actin in its polymerization and depolymerization by phalloidin, cytochalasin B, and DNase I, in its peptide mapping pattern, and in the amino acid composition of corresponding peptides. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis showed that human erythrocyte actin exists in the beta/gamma form, but muscle actin is in the alpha form. Abnormal deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes was observed after incorporation of the actin-specific agents, phalloidin and DNase I, suggesting that erythrocyte actin might function as a membrane structural element to maintain erythrocyte membrane deformability.", "contents": "Comparison of structure and function of human erythrocyte and human muscle actin. Human erythrocyte actin and human skeletal muscle actin were purified by acetone powder extraction and gel filtration. Pure human erythrocyte actin resembles muscle actin in its polymerization and depolymerization by phalloidin, cytochalasin B, and DNase I, in its peptide mapping pattern, and in the amino acid composition of corresponding peptides. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis showed that human erythrocyte actin exists in the beta/gamma form, but muscle actin is in the alpha form. Abnormal deformability of resealed erythrocyte membranes was observed after incorporation of the actin-specific agents, phalloidin and DNase I, suggesting that erythrocyte actin might function as a membrane structural element to maintain erythrocyte membrane deformability."}
{"id": "PMID:284419", "title": "Quantitative studies of ferritinlike iron in erythrocytes of thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, and hemoglobin Hammersmith with M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy.", "content": "By using the technique of recoil-free absorption (M\u00f6ssbauer effect) in iron, we found large amounts of iron, yielding a well-defined spectrum different from that of oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin, in whole erythrocytes of 13 patients with beta-thalassemia major and intermedia, 3 with hemoglobin H disease, 2 with sickle-cell anemia, and 1 with unstable hemoglobin Hammersmith. The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra at various temperatures of this additional component of iron were found to be identical to spectra obtained from isolated ferritin or hemosiderin. This observation, together with additional arguments, strongly suggests that the compound responsible for the additional subspectrum is an iron storage protein, ferritin or hemosiderin. The amounts of ferritinlike iron were comparable to those of hemoglobin iron and were particularly large in reticulocytes. No ferritinlike iron was detected in patients with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pernicious anemia. The large quantities of ferritinlike iron in hemoglobinopathies are probably due to intracellular hemoglobin denaturation and the consequent release of excess iron.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of ferritinlike iron in erythrocytes of thalassemia, sickle-cell anemia, and hemoglobin Hammersmith with M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy. By using the technique of recoil-free absorption (M\u00f6ssbauer effect) in iron, we found large amounts of iron, yielding a well-defined spectrum different from that of oxy- or deoxyhemoglobin, in whole erythrocytes of 13 patients with beta-thalassemia major and intermedia, 3 with hemoglobin H disease, 2 with sickle-cell anemia, and 1 with unstable hemoglobin Hammersmith. The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra at various temperatures of this additional component of iron were found to be identical to spectra obtained from isolated ferritin or hemosiderin. This observation, together with additional arguments, strongly suggests that the compound responsible for the additional subspectrum is an iron storage protein, ferritin or hemosiderin. The amounts of ferritinlike iron were comparable to those of hemoglobin iron and were particularly large in reticulocytes. No ferritinlike iron was detected in patients with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pernicious anemia. The large quantities of ferritinlike iron in hemoglobinopathies are probably due to intracellular hemoglobin denaturation and the consequent release of excess iron."}
{"id": "PMID:284420", "title": "Interactions among Hageman factor, plasma prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, and plasma thromboplastin antecedent.", "content": "To investigate the earliest steps of the intrinsic clotting pathway, Hageman factor (Factor XII) was exposed to Sephadex gels to which ellagic acid had been adsorbed; Hageman factor was then separated from the gels and studied in the fluid phase. Sephadex-ellagic acid-exposed Hageman factor, whether purified or in plasma, activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent, but only when high molecular weight kininogen was presnet. In the absence of plasma prekallikrein, maximal activation of plasma thromboplastin antecedent was slightly delayed in plasma, a delay not observed with similarly treated purified Hageman factor. Thus, high molecular weight kininogen was needed for expression of Hageman factor's clot-promoting properties and plasma prekallikrein played a minor role in the interaction of ellagic acid-treated Hageman factor and plasma thromboplastin antecedent.", "contents": "Interactions among Hageman factor, plasma prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, and plasma thromboplastin antecedent. To investigate the earliest steps of the intrinsic clotting pathway, Hageman factor (Factor XII) was exposed to Sephadex gels to which ellagic acid had been adsorbed; Hageman factor was then separated from the gels and studied in the fluid phase. Sephadex-ellagic acid-exposed Hageman factor, whether purified or in plasma, activated plasma thromboplastin antecedent, but only when high molecular weight kininogen was presnet. In the absence of plasma prekallikrein, maximal activation of plasma thromboplastin antecedent was slightly delayed in plasma, a delay not observed with similarly treated purified Hageman factor. Thus, high molecular weight kininogen was needed for expression of Hageman factor's clot-promoting properties and plasma prekallikrein played a minor role in the interaction of ellagic acid-treated Hageman factor and plasma thromboplastin antecedent."}
{"id": "PMID:284421", "title": "Transformation of DBA/2 mouse fetal liver cells infected in vitro by the anemic strain of Friend leukemia virus.", "content": "Fetal liver cells of DBA/2 mice were infected with the anemic strain of Friend leukemia virus (FLV-A), which has no spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) activity. The infected cells were grown in medium with or without erythropoietin. Transformed lines were isolated only from the infected cultures that had been treated with erythropoietin at the time of their initiation. The properties of three permanent cell lines in serial passage for over 2 years are described. Each has an aneuploid karyotype. Only the immature hematopoietic cells of the first line have metacentric chromosomes. They grow in suspension, as do the erythroleukemic lines derived from leukemic spleens of FLV-infected mice, and clone on agar. They produce tumors resembling reticulum cell sarcomas upon subcutaneous inoculation into syngeneic hosts. Stimulation of differentiation induced after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide identifies the cells of the first line as being erythroid in origin. The two other lines are adherent and epithelioid in appearance. These lines may have originated from the nonhematopoietic cells present in fetal liver. No tumors were produced after the subcutaneous inoculation of 10(6) cells. All three lines synthesize virus. The virus is attenuated for leukemogenicity and has no SFFV activity. The transforming event appears to be specific, because fetal liver cells from C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to the induction of leukemia by FLV, were not affected by the virus. Malignant transformation of erythroid cells by FLV-A in vitro confirms the in vivo findings that SFFV may not be a necessary prerequisite for the induction of erythroleukemia in susceptible hosts.", "contents": "Transformation of DBA/2 mouse fetal liver cells infected in vitro by the anemic strain of Friend leukemia virus. Fetal liver cells of DBA/2 mice were infected with the anemic strain of Friend leukemia virus (FLV-A), which has no spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) activity. The infected cells were grown in medium with or without erythropoietin. Transformed lines were isolated only from the infected cultures that had been treated with erythropoietin at the time of their initiation. The properties of three permanent cell lines in serial passage for over 2 years are described. Each has an aneuploid karyotype. Only the immature hematopoietic cells of the first line have metacentric chromosomes. They grow in suspension, as do the erythroleukemic lines derived from leukemic spleens of FLV-infected mice, and clone on agar. They produce tumors resembling reticulum cell sarcomas upon subcutaneous inoculation into syngeneic hosts. Stimulation of differentiation induced after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide identifies the cells of the first line as being erythroid in origin. The two other lines are adherent and epithelioid in appearance. These lines may have originated from the nonhematopoietic cells present in fetal liver. No tumors were produced after the subcutaneous inoculation of 10(6) cells. All three lines synthesize virus. The virus is attenuated for leukemogenicity and has no SFFV activity. The transforming event appears to be specific, because fetal liver cells from C57BL/6 mice, which are resistant to the induction of leukemia by FLV, were not affected by the virus. Malignant transformation of erythroid cells by FLV-A in vitro confirms the in vivo findings that SFFV may not be a necessary prerequisite for the induction of erythroleukemia in susceptible hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:284422", "title": "Identification of inosine and hypoxanthine as endogenous ligands for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites.", "content": "Two endogenous ligands for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites were isolated from bovine brain through gel filtration, paper electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. These ligands were identified as inosine and hypoxanthine, and both had a higher affinity for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites than for benzodiazepine sites in some peripheral tissues. They did not bind to any other receptors tested, such as the opiate, muscarinic cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Both inosine and hypoxanthine competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]diazepam to the brain binding site.", "contents": "Identification of inosine and hypoxanthine as endogenous ligands for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites. Two endogenous ligands for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites were isolated from bovine brain through gel filtration, paper electrophoresis, and paper chromatography. These ligands were identified as inosine and hypoxanthine, and both had a higher affinity for the brain benzodiazepine-binding sites than for benzodiazepine sites in some peripheral tissues. They did not bind to any other receptors tested, such as the opiate, muscarinic cholinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and beta-adrenergic receptors. Both inosine and hypoxanthine competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]diazepam to the brain binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:284423", "title": "Intradendritic recordings from hippocampal neurons.", "content": "Dendritic activity in guinea pig hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons was examined by using an in vitro preparation. Histologically confirmed intradendritic recordings showed that dendrites had an average input resistance of 47.0 M omega and average membrane time constant of 33.3 msec. Active spike responses could be evoked by intracellular injection of outward current or by the activation of synaptic inputs. The predominant activity was burst firing. A typical intracellularly recorded dendritic burst consisted o spikes on a slowly increasing depolarizing potential. The spike components of the burst were of two distinct types: low threshold, fast spikes; and high threshold, slow spikes. Tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) blocked the fast spikes, but slow spikes could still be evoked with direct intracellular stimulation. In contrast to dendritic responses, direct depolarization of CA1 somata did not give rise to burst generation. Orthodromic stimuli evoked large-amplitude excitatory postsynaptic potentials, followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in dendrites of CA1 and CA3 neurons. In two instances, simultaneous recordings were obtained from coupled pairs of elements that were presumed to be soma and dendrite of the same CA3 pyramidal neuron. Depolarization of either element led to burst generation at that site, and the underlying slow depolarization appeared to evoke a burst at the other site. This potential postsynaptic amplifying mecahnism was not ordinarily functional because even suprathreshold orthodromic activation did not normally evoke bursting in dendrites.", "contents": "Intradendritic recordings from hippocampal neurons. Dendritic activity in guinea pig hippocampal CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons was examined by using an in vitro preparation. Histologically confirmed intradendritic recordings showed that dendrites had an average input resistance of 47.0 M omega and average membrane time constant of 33.3 msec. Active spike responses could be evoked by intracellular injection of outward current or by the activation of synaptic inputs. The predominant activity was burst firing. A typical intracellularly recorded dendritic burst consisted o spikes on a slowly increasing depolarizing potential. The spike components of the burst were of two distinct types: low threshold, fast spikes; and high threshold, slow spikes. Tetrodotoxin (1 microgram/ml) blocked the fast spikes, but slow spikes could still be evoked with direct intracellular stimulation. In contrast to dendritic responses, direct depolarization of CA1 somata did not give rise to burst generation. Orthodromic stimuli evoked large-amplitude excitatory postsynaptic potentials, followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in dendrites of CA1 and CA3 neurons. In two instances, simultaneous recordings were obtained from coupled pairs of elements that were presumed to be soma and dendrite of the same CA3 pyramidal neuron. Depolarization of either element led to burst generation at that site, and the underlying slow depolarization appeared to evoke a burst at the other site. This potential postsynaptic amplifying mecahnism was not ordinarily functional because even suprathreshold orthodromic activation did not normally evoke bursting in dendrites."}
{"id": "PMID:284424", "title": "Nonlinear systems analysis: comparison of white noise and sum of sinusoids in a biological system.", "content": "The Gaussian white noise and the sum-of-sinusoids methods of systems analysis provide equivalent descriptions of nearly linear and strongly nonlinear transductions in the cat retina. Smoothness in the frequency domain is a common characteristic of biological transductions. This permits a substantial improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by using the sum-of-sinusoids method, as is demonstrated for the transductions of the cat retina.", "contents": "Nonlinear systems analysis: comparison of white noise and sum of sinusoids in a biological system. The Gaussian white noise and the sum-of-sinusoids methods of systems analysis provide equivalent descriptions of nearly linear and strongly nonlinear transductions in the cat retina. Smoothness in the frequency domain is a common characteristic of biological transductions. This permits a substantial improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by using the sum-of-sinusoids method, as is demonstrated for the transductions of the cat retina."}
{"id": "PMID:284425", "title": "The pineal gland: a pacemaker within the circadian system of the house sparrow.", "content": "Transplantation of pineal tissue into the anterior chamber of the eye rapidly reestablishes rhythmicity in arhythmic pinealectomized sparrows and also transfers the phase of the donor bird's rhythm to the host. Thus, the transplanted pineal does not merely permit rhythmicity to be expressed but rather transfers an oscillation that controls the remainder of the circadian system and restores the capacity for self-sustained rhythmicity. Long-term recordings, during which sparrosw were exposed to various lighting conditions, demonstrate a remarkable similarity between the circadian system in normal birds and that in birds bearing pineal transplants.", "contents": "The pineal gland: a pacemaker within the circadian system of the house sparrow. Transplantation of pineal tissue into the anterior chamber of the eye rapidly reestablishes rhythmicity in arhythmic pinealectomized sparrows and also transfers the phase of the donor bird's rhythm to the host. Thus, the transplanted pineal does not merely permit rhythmicity to be expressed but rather transfers an oscillation that controls the remainder of the circadian system and restores the capacity for self-sustained rhythmicity. Long-term recordings, during which sparrosw were exposed to various lighting conditions, demonstrate a remarkable similarity between the circadian system in normal birds and that in birds bearing pineal transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:284426", "title": "Effects of a diazoxide inhibition of insulin release on food intake of normal and hyperphagic hypothalamic rats.", "content": "In order to clarify the role of endogenous insulin in generating normal and pathological feeding behaviors, the effect of an anti-insulin drug, Diazoxide, on the meal pattern has been investigated in both normal and VMH rats. A dose-dependent reduction of food intake under Diazoxide treatment was found in normal rats. The same percentage reduction was obtained at night with a higher dose than required in the daytime. Conversely, hyperphagic VMH rats exhibited a dose-dependent reduction which was identical in the two portions of the diurnal cycle. The dose effective in entirely suppressing eating in VMH rats was twice that required for normal rats in the daytime period and identical at night. The results are discussed in relation to earlier findings concerning the diurnal insulino-secretory pattern in normal and VMH rats.", "contents": "Effects of a diazoxide inhibition of insulin release on food intake of normal and hyperphagic hypothalamic rats. In order to clarify the role of endogenous insulin in generating normal and pathological feeding behaviors, the effect of an anti-insulin drug, Diazoxide, on the meal pattern has been investigated in both normal and VMH rats. A dose-dependent reduction of food intake under Diazoxide treatment was found in normal rats. The same percentage reduction was obtained at night with a higher dose than required in the daytime. Conversely, hyperphagic VMH rats exhibited a dose-dependent reduction which was identical in the two portions of the diurnal cycle. The dose effective in entirely suppressing eating in VMH rats was twice that required for normal rats in the daytime period and identical at night. The results are discussed in relation to earlier findings concerning the diurnal insulino-secretory pattern in normal and VMH rats."}
{"id": "PMID:284505", "title": "[Interrelationship between purine, carbohydrate, lipid and aminoacid metabolism, in hyperuricaemia and gout (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA, have studied the literature concerning the interrelationship between purine, carbohydrate, lipid and aminoacid metabolism, in hyperuricaemia and gout. The behaviour of uricaemia and purine metabolism in the glycogen storage disease type I, in the glutathione reductase variant, after ethanol ingestion, after fructose load, the levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides in gouty patients and the reason for their increase, have been taken into special consideration. The AA. underline the evidence that gout and hyperuricaemia are metabolic defects which are not limited to purine biosynthesis, but involve also other sections of metabolism. Only some of these alterations are known; this interrelationship must be further investigated from a biochemical and genetic point of view.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between purine, carbohydrate, lipid and aminoacid metabolism, in hyperuricaemia and gout (author's transl)]. The AA, have studied the literature concerning the interrelationship between purine, carbohydrate, lipid and aminoacid metabolism, in hyperuricaemia and gout. The behaviour of uricaemia and purine metabolism in the glycogen storage disease type I, in the glutathione reductase variant, after ethanol ingestion, after fructose load, the levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides in gouty patients and the reason for their increase, have been taken into special consideration. The AA. underline the evidence that gout and hyperuricaemia are metabolic defects which are not limited to purine biosynthesis, but involve also other sections of metabolism. Only some of these alterations are known; this interrelationship must be further investigated from a biochemical and genetic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:284519", "title": "[Comparative studies between various amalgams].", "content": "A number of dental amalgam products have been compared in the context of a thesis. Four products, each of them possessing different characteristics, have been selected. Six Eighty Amalgam Alloy is a conventional product; Fluor Alloy contains a quantity of SnF2; Amalcap non gamma2 belongs to the group of the so-called non gamma2-alloys; Indiloy is spherical and contains indium. Each product was subjected to a series of tests and investigations: structure, dimensional changes after condensation, compressive strength, behaviour during a relaxation-test and resistance to corrosion. Indiloy was the product with the most interesting structure and it could be ascertained the mercury especially attacked silver and indium of the original alloy. Thus a sort of matrix is formed. The measuring of the dimensional changes was done by introducing a new method. Fluor Alloy and Indiloy present a behaviour that differs a lot from the expected one: at first a contraction followed by a more important expansion. A relaxation-test is an alternative to the creep-test and the connection between both is demonstrated. Combining the results of the resistances to the compressive forces with those of the relaxation-tests shows Indiloy possesses superior mechanical properties while those of Six Eighty Amalgam Alloy are rather inferior. A final series of tests concerns the resistance to corrosion. Amalcap non gamma2 and Indiloy have a much greater rough resistance to corrosion than the two other ones.", "contents": "[Comparative studies between various amalgams]. A number of dental amalgam products have been compared in the context of a thesis. Four products, each of them possessing different characteristics, have been selected. Six Eighty Amalgam Alloy is a conventional product; Fluor Alloy contains a quantity of SnF2; Amalcap non gamma2 belongs to the group of the so-called non gamma2-alloys; Indiloy is spherical and contains indium. Each product was subjected to a series of tests and investigations: structure, dimensional changes after condensation, compressive strength, behaviour during a relaxation-test and resistance to corrosion. Indiloy was the product with the most interesting structure and it could be ascertained the mercury especially attacked silver and indium of the original alloy. Thus a sort of matrix is formed. The measuring of the dimensional changes was done by introducing a new method. Fluor Alloy and Indiloy present a behaviour that differs a lot from the expected one: at first a contraction followed by a more important expansion. A relaxation-test is an alternative to the creep-test and the connection between both is demonstrated. Combining the results of the resistances to the compressive forces with those of the relaxation-tests shows Indiloy possesses superior mechanical properties while those of Six Eighty Amalgam Alloy are rather inferior. A final series of tests concerns the resistance to corrosion. Amalcap non gamma2 and Indiloy have a much greater rough resistance to corrosion than the two other ones."}
{"id": "PMID:284566", "title": "Ultrastructure of the subgingival microflora in juvenile periodontitis.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the subgingival deposits on the root surfaces of teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis was studied on 12 teeth from nine individuals, 15--30 years of age. The deposits consisted of either microbial masses associated with a pellicle, or of a cuticular material almost free of bacteria. Gram-negative rods and filaments were the predominant microorganisms. \"Corncob\" configurations consisting of filamentous bacteria surrounded by Gram-positive cocci, and \"bristle brush\" formations comprising corncobs surrounded by long rods were observed in the superficial layer of the plaque. Spirochetes and flagellated rods constituted a major segment of the microflora. The present data indicated that the deep pockets in juvenile periodontitis harbor a sparse but relatively characteristic microbial population.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the subgingival microflora in juvenile periodontitis. The ultrastructure of the subgingival deposits on the root surfaces of teeth affected by juvenile periodontitis was studied on 12 teeth from nine individuals, 15--30 years of age. The deposits consisted of either microbial masses associated with a pellicle, or of a cuticular material almost free of bacteria. Gram-negative rods and filaments were the predominant microorganisms. \"Corncob\" configurations consisting of filamentous bacteria surrounded by Gram-positive cocci, and \"bristle brush\" formations comprising corncobs surrounded by long rods were observed in the superficial layer of the plaque. Spirochetes and flagellated rods constituted a major segment of the microflora. The present data indicated that the deep pockets in juvenile periodontitis harbor a sparse but relatively characteristic microbial population."}
{"id": "PMID:284567", "title": "Salivary agglutinin and secretory IgA reactions with oral streptococci.", "content": "S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. sanguis strains were isolated from three subjects of blood groups A, B and O. Parotid saliva samples obtained from the same subjects induced aggregation of some of the bacteria, the S. sanguis and the S. mutans strains in particular. While parotid saliva from the three subjects gave almost identical reactions, slight interindividual differences were observed for a few strains with the submandibular sublingual salivas. In parotid saliva, secretory antibodies reacting with all strains were present. The antibody levels differed between the three subjects but no specific pattern was observed when homologous strains were compared with heterologous strains.", "contents": "Salivary agglutinin and secretory IgA reactions with oral streptococci. S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. mitis and S. sanguis strains were isolated from three subjects of blood groups A, B and O. Parotid saliva samples obtained from the same subjects induced aggregation of some of the bacteria, the S. sanguis and the S. mutans strains in particular. While parotid saliva from the three subjects gave almost identical reactions, slight interindividual differences were observed for a few strains with the submandibular sublingual salivas. In parotid saliva, secretory antibodies reacting with all strains were present. The antibody levels differed between the three subjects but no specific pattern was observed when homologous strains were compared with heterologous strains."}
{"id": "PMID:284568", "title": "Histomorphologic investigations of dentinogenesis in incisors of offspring of cyclophosphamide-treated pregnant rats.", "content": "Eight days old offspring of six rats treated with single doses of 40 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide on the 20th day of pregnancy constituted two experimental groups. Group 1 (40 mg/kg) comprised 21 animals, Group 2 (50 mg/kg) 14 animals. Histomorphologic investigations of the maxillary and mandibular incisors revealed the following changes: (1) dental constrictions, (2) niche-like dentinal defects, (3) scalloping of the amelodentinal junction, (4) incremental line in the pre-experimental tooth segment, (5) external resorptions, and (6) diffuse edema in the pre-experimental part of pulp. Constrictions and niches qualitatively concurred with those previously observed in adult rats of the same strain, but the lesion frequency was essentially higher in the offspring. Further, the additional change of external resorptions was evinced by the offspring incisors, and changes only rarely observed in adults, such as scalloping of the dentinoenamel junction and a dentinal incremental line, constituted frequent findings in the offspring material.", "contents": "Histomorphologic investigations of dentinogenesis in incisors of offspring of cyclophosphamide-treated pregnant rats. Eight days old offspring of six rats treated with single doses of 40 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide on the 20th day of pregnancy constituted two experimental groups. Group 1 (40 mg/kg) comprised 21 animals, Group 2 (50 mg/kg) 14 animals. Histomorphologic investigations of the maxillary and mandibular incisors revealed the following changes: (1) dental constrictions, (2) niche-like dentinal defects, (3) scalloping of the amelodentinal junction, (4) incremental line in the pre-experimental tooth segment, (5) external resorptions, and (6) diffuse edema in the pre-experimental part of pulp. Constrictions and niches qualitatively concurred with those previously observed in adult rats of the same strain, but the lesion frequency was essentially higher in the offspring. Further, the additional change of external resorptions was evinced by the offspring incisors, and changes only rarely observed in adults, such as scalloping of the dentinoenamel junction and a dentinal incremental line, constituted frequent findings in the offspring material."}
{"id": "PMID:284569", "title": "Combined extracellular sucrolytic enzyme power from a strain of Streptococcus mutans, and purification results.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans has been shown to produce extracellular invertase, dextransucrase, and levansucrase. The purpose of this work was to study the relative quantities of these enzymes in pure culture supernatant, and in samples from commonly used purification methods. The strain \"Ingbritt\" was selected because it is a well-defined human strain, available, and with well-known growth requirements. The samples were incubated with sucrose for the determination of free monohexoses, and the polysaccharide from ethanol precipitation was hydrolyzed as previously described. In cell supernatant the inversion effect exerted 75% of total sucrolytic power, the dextransucrase 20% and the levansucrase 5%. No method, tested in this work, could separate all the activities completely.", "contents": "Combined extracellular sucrolytic enzyme power from a strain of Streptococcus mutans, and purification results. Streptococcus mutans has been shown to produce extracellular invertase, dextransucrase, and levansucrase. The purpose of this work was to study the relative quantities of these enzymes in pure culture supernatant, and in samples from commonly used purification methods. The strain \"Ingbritt\" was selected because it is a well-defined human strain, available, and with well-known growth requirements. The samples were incubated with sucrose for the determination of free monohexoses, and the polysaccharide from ethanol precipitation was hydrolyzed as previously described. In cell supernatant the inversion effect exerted 75% of total sucrolytic power, the dextransucrase 20% and the levansucrase 5%. No method, tested in this work, could separate all the activities completely."}
{"id": "PMID:284570", "title": "Sex and age differences in bone morphology of mandibles.", "content": "Histomorphometric analysis of mandibular specimens has been performed in order to demonstrate possible sex and age differences in percent bone mass and bone activity in the mandible. The material consisted of 32 autopsy specimens from the right premolar region of the mandibular body in subjects with sudden unexpected death and without known bone disease. The subjects were divided in a young group (20--43 years of age) and an old group (60--90 years of age); each group consisted of eight females and eight males. Microradiograms of buccolingual ground sections of 100 micron were used. Quantitation of (1) percent bone area of cortical and trabecular bone and (2) total bone surface/bone area and resorption surfaces/total bone surface in trabecular bone, were done by electronic point-counting. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex or age differences in the trabecular bone with respect to percent bone mass, trabecular coarseness and bone activity. In the buccal and lingual cortices a significant age difference was demonstrated, but there was no sex difference in percnet bone mass. Cortical porosity in mandibles clearly increases with increasing age, but seems to be independent of sex.", "contents": "Sex and age differences in bone morphology of mandibles. Histomorphometric analysis of mandibular specimens has been performed in order to demonstrate possible sex and age differences in percent bone mass and bone activity in the mandible. The material consisted of 32 autopsy specimens from the right premolar region of the mandibular body in subjects with sudden unexpected death and without known bone disease. The subjects were divided in a young group (20--43 years of age) and an old group (60--90 years of age); each group consisted of eight females and eight males. Microradiograms of buccolingual ground sections of 100 micron were used. Quantitation of (1) percent bone area of cortical and trabecular bone and (2) total bone surface/bone area and resorption surfaces/total bone surface in trabecular bone, were done by electronic point-counting. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex or age differences in the trabecular bone with respect to percent bone mass, trabecular coarseness and bone activity. In the buccal and lingual cortices a significant age difference was demonstrated, but there was no sex difference in percnet bone mass. Cortical porosity in mandibles clearly increases with increasing age, but seems to be independent of sex."}
{"id": "PMID:284571", "title": "Distortion of mandibular kinesthesia induced by vibration of human jaw muscles.", "content": "Kinesthetic experience accompanying vibration of human jaw muscles was investigated in 12 healthy subjects. Vibration of the masseter muscle with the jaw in a 20-mm opened position caused the subjects either to underestimate jaw closing effects or to experience jaw opening movements depending on whether the mandible was free to move or kept in a constant position. During vibration of the depressor muscles with the mandible in its rest position the subjects underestimated an opening movement, but fixation of the mandible caused no illusions of movement. All kinesthetic illusions perceived during vibration corresponded to elongation of the muscles under study beyond their actual length. Distortion of kinesthesia was independent of the amplitude and frequency of vibration and it persisted during anesthesia of the temporomandibular joints and loading of the mandible. It can be concluded that jaw muscle receptors may contribute to mandibular kinesthesia.", "contents": "Distortion of mandibular kinesthesia induced by vibration of human jaw muscles. Kinesthetic experience accompanying vibration of human jaw muscles was investigated in 12 healthy subjects. Vibration of the masseter muscle with the jaw in a 20-mm opened position caused the subjects either to underestimate jaw closing effects or to experience jaw opening movements depending on whether the mandible was free to move or kept in a constant position. During vibration of the depressor muscles with the mandible in its rest position the subjects underestimated an opening movement, but fixation of the mandible caused no illusions of movement. All kinesthetic illusions perceived during vibration corresponded to elongation of the muscles under study beyond their actual length. Distortion of kinesthesia was independent of the amplitude and frequency of vibration and it persisted during anesthesia of the temporomandibular joints and loading of the mandible. It can be concluded that jaw muscle receptors may contribute to mandibular kinesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:284572", "title": "Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in occlusal fissures.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluated the microleakage around preventive composite fillings used in occlusal fissures with incipient caries, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel of 30 extracted maxillary premolars were partially removed using a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2). Dentin was not exposed. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with different amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not etched before filling, and served as a control group. The teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions and the marginal penetration of dye was evaluated by examining sections of the crowns in a dissection microscope. Marginal leakage occurred in all the control teeth and in none of the acid-etched teeth. It may be concluded that the preventive composite filling therapy provides good sealing of pits and fissures with incipient caries, and that the consistency of the composite used is not of primary importance.", "contents": "Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in occlusal fissures. The purpose of this study was to evaluated the microleakage around preventive composite fillings used in occlusal fissures with incipient caries, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel of 30 extracted maxillary premolars were partially removed using a small round bur (Ash No. 1/2). Dentin was not exposed. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with different amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not etched before filling, and served as a control group. The teeth were cycled thermally between two dye solutions and the marginal penetration of dye was evaluated by examining sections of the crowns in a dissection microscope. Marginal leakage occurred in all the control teeth and in none of the acid-etched teeth. It may be concluded that the preventive composite filling therapy provides good sealing of pits and fissures with incipient caries, and that the consistency of the composite used is not of primary importance."}
{"id": "PMID:284573", "title": "Relation between symphyseal and condylar developmental stages in the human fetus.", "content": "In 51 human fetuses from the first half of the prenatal period, developmental stages in the symphysis menti and the mandibular condyle were assessed by histochemical reactions. The study showed the association between the timing of the developmental stages in the two mandibular growth zones.", "contents": "Relation between symphyseal and condylar developmental stages in the human fetus. In 51 human fetuses from the first half of the prenatal period, developmental stages in the symphysis menti and the mandibular condyle were assessed by histochemical reactions. The study showed the association between the timing of the developmental stages in the two mandibular growth zones."}
{"id": "PMID:284574", "title": "Fluoride concentrations in saliva in relation to chewing of various supplementary fluoride preparations.", "content": "Fluoride concentrations were measured in whole saliva samples collected from 16 subjects at different intervals up to 60 min after chewing of various supplementary F preparations: chewable F tablets (0.21 mg F), plain F tablets (0.25 mg F) or F-containing chewing gum (0.25 mg F). Each of the F preparations was administered in a low dose (0.21--0.25 mg F) or in a high dose (0.42--0.50 mg F). Mean resting levels of fluoride in saliva ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 parts/10(6). Peak values averaging 15--25 parts F/10(6) in the low-dose group and 25--40 parts F/10(6) in the high-dose group were recorded within 5 min after intake. After 30 min, the salivary fluoride concentrations in both groups had decreased to levels below 1 part/10(6) and approached resting levels 60 min after intake. The availability of fluoride in saliva, as estimated from AUC values (areas under curves, relating fluoride concentrations to the time from 0 to 60 min), was similar with each of the preparations applied in the low dose. When used in the high dose, the chewing gum and also the plain tablets provided significantly more fluoride in saliva than the chewable tablets. The data may suggest that unflavored plain F tablets are equally suitable as a vehicle for fluoride aiming at a topical cariostatic effect as specially designed chewable tablets or chewing gum.", "contents": "Fluoride concentrations in saliva in relation to chewing of various supplementary fluoride preparations. Fluoride concentrations were measured in whole saliva samples collected from 16 subjects at different intervals up to 60 min after chewing of various supplementary F preparations: chewable F tablets (0.21 mg F), plain F tablets (0.25 mg F) or F-containing chewing gum (0.25 mg F). Each of the F preparations was administered in a low dose (0.21--0.25 mg F) or in a high dose (0.42--0.50 mg F). Mean resting levels of fluoride in saliva ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 parts/10(6). Peak values averaging 15--25 parts F/10(6) in the low-dose group and 25--40 parts F/10(6) in the high-dose group were recorded within 5 min after intake. After 30 min, the salivary fluoride concentrations in both groups had decreased to levels below 1 part/10(6) and approached resting levels 60 min after intake. The availability of fluoride in saliva, as estimated from AUC values (areas under curves, relating fluoride concentrations to the time from 0 to 60 min), was similar with each of the preparations applied in the low dose. When used in the high dose, the chewing gum and also the plain tablets provided significantly more fluoride in saliva than the chewable tablets. The data may suggest that unflavored plain F tablets are equally suitable as a vehicle for fluoride aiming at a topical cariostatic effect as specially designed chewable tablets or chewing gum."}
{"id": "PMID:284576", "title": "Vincristine's effect on dentinogenesis in rat incisor.", "content": "Vincristine was administered to 60 rats in four groups in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg. Histomorphologic investigation of the dentin and odontoblasts in the maxillary incisors after 1, 2 and 3 weeks revealed a moderate to severe disturbance of dentin production in some parts of the incisors. In some of the affected areas the effect seemed to be reversible in that normal-appearing dentin was found pulpal to the dentinal derangements after 2 and 3 weeks. The distribution and severity of the lesions were similar to those previously observed 3 days after injection of the same doses of vincristine.", "contents": "Vincristine's effect on dentinogenesis in rat incisor. Vincristine was administered to 60 rats in four groups in doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mg/kg. Histomorphologic investigation of the dentin and odontoblasts in the maxillary incisors after 1, 2 and 3 weeks revealed a moderate to severe disturbance of dentin production in some parts of the incisors. In some of the affected areas the effect seemed to be reversible in that normal-appearing dentin was found pulpal to the dentinal derangements after 2 and 3 weeks. The distribution and severity of the lesions were similar to those previously observed 3 days after injection of the same doses of vincristine."}
{"id": "PMID:284577", "title": "Denture stomatitis with multiple intramucosal fistulae.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed clinical and histologic entity occurring in the palate of 13 denture-wearing patients is described. Clinically it is characterized by the presence of small yellowish areas in the hard palate, which on pressure yield a whitish creamy material through multiple openings. The surrounding mucosa may exhibit various degrees of erythema. The histologic changes are characterized by the presence of intramucosal fistulae lined with unkeratinized squamous epithelium. The content of the fistulae, which corresponds to the creamy material expelled, consists of desquamated epithelial cells. These changes have mostly been noticed in elderly females, all wearing maxillary dentures for many years. This entity is considered a type of denture stomatitis characterized by intramucosal proliferation of epithelium, possibly because of long-standing chronic irritation from dentures. The origin of the intramucosal fistulae is unknown. The fistulae are believed to originate either from the ductus of the minor salivary glands or from the surface epithelium of the palate.", "contents": "Denture stomatitis with multiple intramucosal fistulae. A hitherto undescribed clinical and histologic entity occurring in the palate of 13 denture-wearing patients is described. Clinically it is characterized by the presence of small yellowish areas in the hard palate, which on pressure yield a whitish creamy material through multiple openings. The surrounding mucosa may exhibit various degrees of erythema. The histologic changes are characterized by the presence of intramucosal fistulae lined with unkeratinized squamous epithelium. The content of the fistulae, which corresponds to the creamy material expelled, consists of desquamated epithelial cells. These changes have mostly been noticed in elderly females, all wearing maxillary dentures for many years. This entity is considered a type of denture stomatitis characterized by intramucosal proliferation of epithelium, possibly because of long-standing chronic irritation from dentures. The origin of the intramucosal fistulae is unknown. The fistulae are believed to originate either from the ductus of the minor salivary glands or from the surface epithelium of the palate."}
{"id": "PMID:284578", "title": "Saliva secretion following long-term antidepressant treatment with nortriptyline controlled by plasma levels.", "content": "Eight patients undergoing antidepressant therapy with nortriptyline for 1--4 years were investigated. The period of the investigation was 7 weeks and included a 2-week placebo period, blind for the patients. Total saliva secretion measurement, the nortriptyline plasma level, and signs and symptoms of depression and side effects were obtained once a week during the study. The results of the investigation were: (1) long-term treatment with nortriptyline is followed by hyposecretion or xerostomia, (2) the reduction of the secretion is reversible, (3) re-establishment of treatment with dosage leading to the same serum level of nortriptyline is immediately followed by a drop in saliva secretion, and (4) the changes in salivary secretion are useful as an indicator of side effects. The practical importance of the investigation is discussed.", "contents": "Saliva secretion following long-term antidepressant treatment with nortriptyline controlled by plasma levels. Eight patients undergoing antidepressant therapy with nortriptyline for 1--4 years were investigated. The period of the investigation was 7 weeks and included a 2-week placebo period, blind for the patients. Total saliva secretion measurement, the nortriptyline plasma level, and signs and symptoms of depression and side effects were obtained once a week during the study. The results of the investigation were: (1) long-term treatment with nortriptyline is followed by hyposecretion or xerostomia, (2) the reduction of the secretion is reversible, (3) re-establishment of treatment with dosage leading to the same serum level of nortriptyline is immediately followed by a drop in saliva secretion, and (4) the changes in salivary secretion are useful as an indicator of side effects. The practical importance of the investigation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284580", "title": "A case of pure monocytic leukaemia in a child - characterization of cellular morphology, membrane markers, surface glycoproteins and karyotype.", "content": "A case of pure monocytic, 'Schilling-Type' leukaemia in a 9-year-old boy is described. The leukaemic cells resembled monocytes and were abundantly present in blood and bone marrow. They were strongly alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase positive, contained fine PAS-positive granules and did not stain by Sudan B. They were negative for surface bound and intracytoplasmic IgG, but had a high density of membrane Fc-receptors and showed phagocytosis. The surface glycoprotein pattern resembled that of monocytes, but was clearly different from those of lymphocytic and myelocytic cells or those of acute lymphocytic leukaemia cells. The karyotype of bone marrow cells was 44,X, -15, -21, +mar,del(2)(p11), with the missing Y-chromosome located in the marker chromosome. Especially the surface glycoprotein and membrane receptor analyses aided in the accurate classification of the monocytic origin of the leukaemic cells.", "contents": "A case of pure monocytic leukaemia in a child - characterization of cellular morphology, membrane markers, surface glycoproteins and karyotype. A case of pure monocytic, 'Schilling-Type' leukaemia in a 9-year-old boy is described. The leukaemic cells resembled monocytes and were abundantly present in blood and bone marrow. They were strongly alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase positive, contained fine PAS-positive granules and did not stain by Sudan B. They were negative for surface bound and intracytoplasmic IgG, but had a high density of membrane Fc-receptors and showed phagocytosis. The surface glycoprotein pattern resembled that of monocytes, but was clearly different from those of lymphocytic and myelocytic cells or those of acute lymphocytic leukaemia cells. The karyotype of bone marrow cells was 44,X, -15, -21, +mar,del(2)(p11), with the missing Y-chromosome located in the marker chromosome. Especially the surface glycoprotein and membrane receptor analyses aided in the accurate classification of the monocytic origin of the leukaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284581", "title": "Development of acute myeloid leukaemia in a patient with psoriasis treated with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Acute myeloid leukaemia developed in a patient with psoriasis treated with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA) 2 years earlier. Attention is called to the possibility that the effect of PUVA on DNA synthesis may not be limited to the areas of the skin being treated but - through damage to circulating multipotential stem cells - may also lead to haematological malignancies.", "contents": "Development of acute myeloid leukaemia in a patient with psoriasis treated with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light. Acute myeloid leukaemia developed in a patient with psoriasis treated with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA) 2 years earlier. Attention is called to the possibility that the effect of PUVA on DNA synthesis may not be limited to the areas of the skin being treated but - through damage to circulating multipotential stem cells - may also lead to haematological malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:284582", "title": "Morphologic studies of the erythropoietic part of bone marrow in myeloid leukaemias.", "content": "The erythropoietic part of the bone marrow has been morphologically analyzed in 147 patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemias and in 20 healthy controls. In all the patients the percentage of basophilic erythroblasts was abnormally high and correlated to elevated mitotic indices. Megaloblastic changes were found to be  relatively common in the patients. All these findings are compatible with an ineffective erythropoiesis where the normal differentiation towards more mature erythroblasts becomes in creasingly blocked during the course of the disease regardless of the type of myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Morphologic studies of the erythropoietic part of bone marrow in myeloid leukaemias. The erythropoietic part of the bone marrow has been morphologically analyzed in 147 patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemias and in 20 healthy controls. In all the patients the percentage of basophilic erythroblasts was abnormally high and correlated to elevated mitotic indices. Megaloblastic changes were found to be  relatively common in the patients. All these findings are compatible with an ineffective erythropoiesis where the normal differentiation towards more mature erythroblasts becomes in creasingly blocked during the course of the disease regardless of the type of myeloid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:284583", "title": "Cytogenetic remission in a Ph1-positive case of chronic myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Unusual cytogenetic findings in a case of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in the course of an aplastic crisis induced by busulfan therapy are reported. The proportion of Ph1-positive cells in bone marrow aspirates fell from 100% before treatment to 8.6% following aplasia. It increased gradually during recovery, and normal cells still represented 25.7% of the metaphases 20 months later. After a 38-months' remission without therapy the disease relapsed and the Ph1 chromosome was found in 100% of the bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic remission in a Ph1-positive case of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Unusual cytogenetic findings in a case of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in the course of an aplastic crisis induced by busulfan therapy are reported. The proportion of Ph1-positive cells in bone marrow aspirates fell from 100% before treatment to 8.6% following aplasia. It increased gradually during recovery, and normal cells still represented 25.7% of the metaphases 20 months later. After a 38-months' remission without therapy the disease relapsed and the Ph1 chromosome was found in 100% of the bone marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:284587", "title": "Control of oscillations in hematopoiesis.", "content": "Results of a mathematical analysis of models of hematopoietic systems introduced by Mackey and Glass are given. The models include a constant time lag, and it is shown that this lag has a critical value above which oscillations in blood cell concentration occur. To reduce the likelihood of disease associated with such oscillations, physiologists should seek to learn how to increase this critical value of the lag.", "contents": "Control of oscillations in hematopoiesis. Results of a mathematical analysis of models of hematopoietic systems introduced by Mackey and Glass are given. The models include a constant time lag, and it is shown that this lag has a critical value above which oscillations in blood cell concentration occur. To reduce the likelihood of disease associated with such oscillations, physiologists should seek to learn how to increase this critical value of the lag."}
{"id": "PMID:284592", "title": "Childhood and adult acute leukaemia in Johannesburg blacks.", "content": "Thirty-four Black patients (14 children and 20 adults) suffering from acute leukaemia were assessed at the haematology clinics of Baragwanath Hospital and Johannesburg General Hospital during a recent 2-year period. It is evident that acute leukaemia in Blacks has become more prevalent in the Johannesburg area than it was 20 years ago, the increase being most striking in the younger age group. The incidence of acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukaemia in Black children was the same. In adults acute myelocytic leukaemia predominated. The remission rate of 90% achieved in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was similar to the rates described in Europe and the USA. Results in patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia were less favourable (35% with initial complete remission). The problems of management (limited isolation facilities), complications related to prolonged hospitalization (loss of earnings, problems of visiting), and difficulties with follow-up examination are outlined. In underdeveloped and developing countries, training paramedical personnel to assist with the outpatient care of patients with neoplastic disease might alleviate some of these problems.", "contents": "Childhood and adult acute leukaemia in Johannesburg blacks. Thirty-four Black patients (14 children and 20 adults) suffering from acute leukaemia were assessed at the haematology clinics of Baragwanath Hospital and Johannesburg General Hospital during a recent 2-year period. It is evident that acute leukaemia in Blacks has become more prevalent in the Johannesburg area than it was 20 years ago, the increase being most striking in the younger age group. The incidence of acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukaemia in Black children was the same. In adults acute myelocytic leukaemia predominated. The remission rate of 90% achieved in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was similar to the rates described in Europe and the USA. Results in patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia were less favourable (35% with initial complete remission). The problems of management (limited isolation facilities), complications related to prolonged hospitalization (loss of earnings, problems of visiting), and difficulties with follow-up examination are outlined. In underdeveloped and developing countries, training paramedical personnel to assist with the outpatient care of patients with neoplastic disease might alleviate some of these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:284643", "title": "[Spleen irradiation and splenectomy for treatment of hypersplenism in chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypersplenism is characterized by cytopenia, splenomegaly (possibly hyperplastic bone-marrow), and lienal hypersequestration. It is necessary, in view of the rather important surgical risks of splenectomy, to clarify if the hypersplenism may be influenced by splenic irradiation in case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). References in literature are rare and do not present a reliable differentiation of the syndrome, according to its present definition. Of our patients, three cases with hypersplenism verified by radioiron studies are reported: in one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia, irradiation of the spleen had no effect, whereas pancytopenia was completely repaired by means of splenectomy. The same results were seen in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. In the last patient, however, who had chronic lymphatic leukemia, fractionated irradiation of the spleen led to a distinct improvement of anemia and thrombopenia, but the recovery lasted only six months. This effect is due to transient normalization of the lienal hypersequestration.", "contents": "[Spleen irradiation and splenectomy for treatment of hypersplenism in chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia (author's transl)]. Hypersplenism is characterized by cytopenia, splenomegaly (possibly hyperplastic bone-marrow), and lienal hypersequestration. It is necessary, in view of the rather important surgical risks of splenectomy, to clarify if the hypersplenism may be influenced by splenic irradiation in case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). References in literature are rare and do not present a reliable differentiation of the syndrome, according to its present definition. Of our patients, three cases with hypersplenism verified by radioiron studies are reported: in one patient with chronic myeloid leukemia, irradiation of the spleen had no effect, whereas pancytopenia was completely repaired by means of splenectomy. The same results were seen in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. In the last patient, however, who had chronic lymphatic leukemia, fractionated irradiation of the spleen led to a distinct improvement of anemia and thrombopenia, but the recovery lasted only six months. This effect is due to transient normalization of the lienal hypersequestration."}
{"id": "PMID:284662", "title": "[Clinical morphological, cytogenetic and genealogical studies of patients with chronic monocytic leukemia].", "content": "The introduction in clinical practice of modern methods of cytogenetic assays offers new opportunities in studying the nature of leukemia. Up to date, however, no due attention was given to the recognition of chromosome disorders in patients with chronic monocytic leukemia (CML). Study on the karyotype in 20 patients with chronic monocytic leukemia indicated that chromosome anomalies lie in both the changed chromosome number and their structure, in the phase of marked clinical manifestations these changes being increased, while in the stage of remission--being reduced. A rather high incidence of malignancies in near relations of patients with CML supports a suggestion of the related pathogenetic mechanisms underlying leukemia and malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological, cytogenetic and genealogical studies of patients with chronic monocytic leukemia]. The introduction in clinical practice of modern methods of cytogenetic assays offers new opportunities in studying the nature of leukemia. Up to date, however, no due attention was given to the recognition of chromosome disorders in patients with chronic monocytic leukemia (CML). Study on the karyotype in 20 patients with chronic monocytic leukemia indicated that chromosome anomalies lie in both the changed chromosome number and their structure, in the phase of marked clinical manifestations these changes being increased, while in the stage of remission--being reduced. A rather high incidence of malignancies in near relations of patients with CML supports a suggestion of the related pathogenetic mechanisms underlying leukemia and malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:284663", "title": "[Ultrastructure of a giant cell tumor of the bones and of osteogenic sarcoma].", "content": "A comparative electrone microscopic investigation of osteogenic sarcomas and giant-cell bone tumors has revealed the ultrastructural differences between a mononuclear component of the giant-cell tumor and the most frequently observed type of osteogenic sarcoma cells (a well-developed ergastoplasma in cells of osteogenic sarcoma and moderately developed one- in the giant-cell tumor of bones, different rate of development of the mitochondrial apparatus, the character of nuclei) that indicates different genesis of these two tumor types. In giant-cell bone tumors a definite ultrastructural similarily between some mono- and multinuclear cells (a large number of mitochondrial, similar character of nuclei) may speak in favour of the common source of their development and explains the high activity of oxidoreduction enzymes in them revealed histochemically.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of a giant cell tumor of the bones and of osteogenic sarcoma]. A comparative electrone microscopic investigation of osteogenic sarcomas and giant-cell bone tumors has revealed the ultrastructural differences between a mononuclear component of the giant-cell tumor and the most frequently observed type of osteogenic sarcoma cells (a well-developed ergastoplasma in cells of osteogenic sarcoma and moderately developed one- in the giant-cell tumor of bones, different rate of development of the mitochondrial apparatus, the character of nuclei) that indicates different genesis of these two tumor types. In giant-cell bone tumors a definite ultrastructural similarily between some mono- and multinuclear cells (a large number of mitochondrial, similar character of nuclei) may speak in favour of the common source of their development and explains the high activity of oxidoreduction enzymes in them revealed histochemically."}
{"id": "PMID:284668", "title": "[Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias].", "content": "In a survey report pathological aspects and clinical importance of the secondary forms of hyperlipoproteinaemia are dealt with. At first are taken into consideration the relations between hyperlipoproteinaemia and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore is referred to the secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias in kidney diseases, pancreatitis, alcoholism, thesaurismoses, endocrine diseases and liver diseases as well as under different medicaments. Finally the therapeutic problems of the secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias are concerned.", "contents": "[Secondary hyperlipoproteinemias]. In a survey report pathological aspects and clinical importance of the secondary forms of hyperlipoproteinaemia are dealt with. At first are taken into consideration the relations between hyperlipoproteinaemia and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore is referred to the secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias in kidney diseases, pancreatitis, alcoholism, thesaurismoses, endocrine diseases and liver diseases as well as under different medicaments. Finally the therapeutic problems of the secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:284661", "title": "[Glycogen disease caused by disorders in the liver phosphorylase system].", "content": "Concentration of glycogen and activity of enzymes, participating in its metabolism, were studied in punctates of liver tissue obtained from three patients with clinical manifestations of hepatic forms of glycogenosis. Accumulation of glycogen in liver tissue of the patients was caused by distinct decrease in the phosphorylase activity. In two patients low activity of phosphorylase A was due to impairment of one of the enzymes, activating the phosphorylase in liver tissue, and in one patient phosphorylase B itself exhibited low activity. The in vitro data on glycogen metabolism were correlated with those, obtained in study of glycogen turnover in vivo, after loading with adrenaline. The data obtained enable to develop methods for treatment of the patients with impairments in activity of liver phosphorylase.", "contents": "[Glycogen disease caused by disorders in the liver phosphorylase system]. Concentration of glycogen and activity of enzymes, participating in its metabolism, were studied in punctates of liver tissue obtained from three patients with clinical manifestations of hepatic forms of glycogenosis. Accumulation of glycogen in liver tissue of the patients was caused by distinct decrease in the phosphorylase activity. In two patients low activity of phosphorylase A was due to impairment of one of the enzymes, activating the phosphorylase in liver tissue, and in one patient phosphorylase B itself exhibited low activity. The in vitro data on glycogen metabolism were correlated with those, obtained in study of glycogen turnover in vivo, after loading with adrenaline. The data obtained enable to develop methods for treatment of the patients with impairments in activity of liver phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:284704", "title": "Skeletal maturation of the hand in Iceland.", "content": "The mean time at onset of the stages of skeletal maturation of the hand, PP2=, MP3=, S, MP3cap, DP3u, PP3u, and MP3u, in a cross-sectional sample of Icelandic school chidren in Reykjav\u00edk, a total of 1426 (690 boys and 736 girls), was assessed on radiographs of the hand and compared with results published from Denmark and Greenland. On the whole, the Icelandic children were most ahead, while S appeared at about the same time in all three nations. Otherwise, the mutual relationship between the skeletal stages was very similar. Girls reached all stages significantly sooner than boys, and this agrees with the findings in Denmark and in Greenland. The sex difference was most marked in the Icelandic material. The accidental error due to method in assessing the differences in skeletal maturation proved to be less than 5%, similar to that reported by others.", "contents": "Skeletal maturation of the hand in Iceland. The mean time at onset of the stages of skeletal maturation of the hand, PP2=, MP3=, S, MP3cap, DP3u, PP3u, and MP3u, in a cross-sectional sample of Icelandic school chidren in Reykjav\u00edk, a total of 1426 (690 boys and 736 girls), was assessed on radiographs of the hand and compared with results published from Denmark and Greenland. On the whole, the Icelandic children were most ahead, while S appeared at about the same time in all three nations. Otherwise, the mutual relationship between the skeletal stages was very similar. Girls reached all stages significantly sooner than boys, and this agrees with the findings in Denmark and in Greenland. The sex difference was most marked in the Icelandic material. The accidental error due to method in assessing the differences in skeletal maturation proved to be less than 5%, similar to that reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:284705", "title": "Matrix formation in craniofacial cartilages of the rat. [35S]-sulfate incorporation studies.", "content": "Various cartilaginous zones in the craniofacial region of rats were studied using radioactive sulfate incorporation. Chondroitinsulfate represents a major part of the cartilaginous matrix. By measuring the cpm/DNA ratio in the tissue samples, one will get an expression of the matrix formation activity of the zones investigated. An increase in the cpm/DNA ratio was found in all zones between the 14th and the 17th day. This increase corresponds with a period of great proliferative activity. Autoradiography of the mandibular condyle revealed no sulfate labelling centrally indicating that this structure grows purely by surface apposition.", "contents": "Matrix formation in craniofacial cartilages of the rat. [35S]-sulfate incorporation studies. Various cartilaginous zones in the craniofacial region of rats were studied using radioactive sulfate incorporation. Chondroitinsulfate represents a major part of the cartilaginous matrix. By measuring the cpm/DNA ratio in the tissue samples, one will get an expression of the matrix formation activity of the zones investigated. An increase in the cpm/DNA ratio was found in all zones between the 14th and the 17th day. This increase corresponds with a period of great proliferative activity. Autoradiography of the mandibular condyle revealed no sulfate labelling centrally indicating that this structure grows purely by surface apposition."}
{"id": "PMID:284706", "title": "Fractured and avulsed permanent incisors in Finnish children. A retrospective study.", "content": "The frequency of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors was studied in a sample of 1614 children from the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. The children, 801 girls and 813 boys, ranged in age from 6 to 16 years. Injuries to hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. The prevalence of injuries was 19.8%--14.6% in girls and 25.0% in boys. A rapid growth in the prevalence rates was found at the ages of 9--11 years, at which the estimated mean annual incidence was about 5% in girls and 7% in boys. In 78.4% of the children with injured incisors, one tooth only was injured. The teeth most commonly injured were the upper central incisors, 81.7%; and the most frequent type of injury was an uncomplicated crown fracture, 90.5%.", "contents": "Fractured and avulsed permanent incisors in Finnish children. A retrospective study. The frequency of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors was studied in a sample of 1614 children from the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. The children, 801 girls and 813 boys, ranged in age from 6 to 16 years. Injuries to hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. The prevalence of injuries was 19.8%--14.6% in girls and 25.0% in boys. A rapid growth in the prevalence rates was found at the ages of 9--11 years, at which the estimated mean annual incidence was about 5% in girls and 7% in boys. In 78.4% of the children with injured incisors, one tooth only was injured. The teeth most commonly injured were the upper central incisors, 81.7%; and the most frequent type of injury was an uncomplicated crown fracture, 90.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:284707", "title": "Inverse relationship between fluoride and cancer in mouth and throat?", "content": "For all the 121 municipalities in Southern Norway where 60% or more of the inhabitants get water from registered water supplies, the municipal average concentration of natural fluoride in the water has been determined and the municipalities divided into three groups with fluoride level 0--0.05 mg/1, 0.06--0.10 mg/1, and 0.11--0.50 mg/1, respectively. The average, age-adjusted municipal mortality rate of cancer in the mouth and throat was then determined for each of these groups by sex. The resulting figures show that the mortality rate declines for both sexes with increasing fluoride level: For males from 4.7 deaths per 100 000 per year on the low fluoride level, to 3.9 deaths per 100 000 per year on the medium fluoride level, and to 3.1 deaths per 100 000 per year on the high fluoride level. For females the corresponding figures are 1.5, 1.3 and 0.5. Arguments to show that these figures are unbiased from different tobacco consumption habits, differences between urban and rural municipalities, and differences in population size are presented. Possible, explicatory models are discussed.", "contents": "Inverse relationship between fluoride and cancer in mouth and throat? For all the 121 municipalities in Southern Norway where 60% or more of the inhabitants get water from registered water supplies, the municipal average concentration of natural fluoride in the water has been determined and the municipalities divided into three groups with fluoride level 0--0.05 mg/1, 0.06--0.10 mg/1, and 0.11--0.50 mg/1, respectively. The average, age-adjusted municipal mortality rate of cancer in the mouth and throat was then determined for each of these groups by sex. The resulting figures show that the mortality rate declines for both sexes with increasing fluoride level: For males from 4.7 deaths per 100 000 per year on the low fluoride level, to 3.9 deaths per 100 000 per year on the medium fluoride level, and to 3.1 deaths per 100 000 per year on the high fluoride level. For females the corresponding figures are 1.5, 1.3 and 0.5. Arguments to show that these figures are unbiased from different tobacco consumption habits, differences between urban and rural municipalities, and differences in population size are presented. Possible, explicatory models are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284708", "title": "The effect of different sulfonamides on phenytoin metabolism in man.", "content": "The influence on the metabolism of phenytoin of some sulfonamides given in common clinical doses has been studied. In single dose experiments sulfaphenazole increased phenytoin half-life (T/2) by 237% and decreased phenytoin metabolic clearance rate (MCR) by 67%. Sulfadiazine, sulfamethiazole, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and trimethoprim increased phenytoin T/2 by 80, 66, 39 and 51% respectively, and decreased phenytoin MCR by 45, 36, 27 and 30% respectively. Sulfamethoxazole gave a small but significant increase in phenytoin T/2 but not a corresponding fall in phenytoin MCR. No changes were found in phenytoin T/2 and MCR after treatment with sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxydiazine. Steady state experiments confirmed the findings of the single dose experiments. It is suggested that sulfaphenazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and trimethoprim inhibit hepatic metabolism of phenytoin.", "contents": "The effect of different sulfonamides on phenytoin metabolism in man. The influence on the metabolism of phenytoin of some sulfonamides given in common clinical doses has been studied. In single dose experiments sulfaphenazole increased phenytoin half-life (T/2) by 237% and decreased phenytoin metabolic clearance rate (MCR) by 67%. Sulfadiazine, sulfamethiazole, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and trimethoprim increased phenytoin T/2 by 80, 66, 39 and 51% respectively, and decreased phenytoin MCR by 45, 36, 27 and 30% respectively. Sulfamethoxazole gave a small but significant increase in phenytoin T/2 but not a corresponding fall in phenytoin MCR. No changes were found in phenytoin T/2 and MCR after treatment with sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxydiazine. Steady state experiments confirmed the findings of the single dose experiments. It is suggested that sulfaphenazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim and trimethoprim inhibit hepatic metabolism of phenytoin."}
{"id": "PMID:284709", "title": "Radioimmunoassays of T3, r-T3 and r-T'2 in human serum.", "content": "Simple radioimmunoassays for 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-reverse-triiodothyronine (r-T3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (r-T'2) in human serum are described. The princple of the methods is the same and based on a system using 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid as an inhibitor of nonspecific protein binding, a simultaneous addition of the antibody and the labelled hormone, an overnight incubation at room temperature and a separation of bound and free hormone with dextran-coated charcoal. The methods require 15 microliter, 50 microliter and 100 microliter (or 333 microliter for ethanol extraction) serum respectively. Serum concentrations (mean +/- SD) of T3, r-T3 and r-T'2 from normal subjects are 144 +/- 19 ng T3/100 ml (n = 52), 32 +/- 7 ng r-T3/100 ml (n = 36), 3.8 +/- 0.7  ng r-T'2/100 ml (ethanol extraction, n = 18) and 8.2 +/- 1.6 ng r-T'2/100 ml (unextracted, n = 16).", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays of T3, r-T3 and r-T'2 in human serum. Simple radioimmunoassays for 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-reverse-triiodothyronine (r-T3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (r-T'2) in human serum are described. The princple of the methods is the same and based on a system using 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid as an inhibitor of nonspecific protein binding, a simultaneous addition of the antibody and the labelled hormone, an overnight incubation at room temperature and a separation of bound and free hormone with dextran-coated charcoal. The methods require 15 microliter, 50 microliter and 100 microliter (or 333 microliter for ethanol extraction) serum respectively. Serum concentrations (mean +/- SD) of T3, r-T3 and r-T'2 from normal subjects are 144 +/- 19 ng T3/100 ml (n = 52), 32 +/- 7 ng r-T3/100 ml (n = 36), 3.8 +/- 0.7  ng r-T'2/100 ml (ethanol extraction, n = 18) and 8.2 +/- 1.6 ng r-T'2/100 ml (unextracted, n = 16)."}
{"id": "PMID:284710", "title": "The effect of suppressive therapy of nontoxic diffuse goiter on serum levels of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine.", "content": "We studied the effect of suppressive therapy with graded doses of thyroxine (T4) on serum levels of T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine [rT3] in patients with diffuse, nontoxic goiter. For comparison and in order to elucidate the degree of suppression of the pituitary thyroid axis by T3 the effect of suppressive therapy with T3 was studied in the same type of patients. We found that T4 in serum rose significantly to a constant level during T4 treatment (0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/day). Dose-related rises in T4  were only seen after 3 months of treatment. T3 and rT3 only changed minimally. The T4/T3 ratio rose to a constant level during the initial 3 months of treatment. T3/rT3 ratio remained unchanged. No dose-related differences in T4/T3 and T3/rT3 ratio were observed. Treatment with T3 in doses of 0.06 mg per day caused a significant but slow fall in T4  and rT3 to hypothroid levels while T3 only rose slightly. The T4/T3 ratio dropped significantly during T3 therapy.", "contents": "The effect of suppressive therapy of nontoxic diffuse goiter on serum levels of thyroxine, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine. We studied the effect of suppressive therapy with graded doses of thyroxine (T4) on serum levels of T4, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine [rT3] in patients with diffuse, nontoxic goiter. For comparison and in order to elucidate the degree of suppression of the pituitary thyroid axis by T3 the effect of suppressive therapy with T3 was studied in the same type of patients. We found that T4 in serum rose significantly to a constant level during T4 treatment (0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/day). Dose-related rises in T4  were only seen after 3 months of treatment. T3 and rT3 only changed minimally. The T4/T3 ratio rose to a constant level during the initial 3 months of treatment. T3/rT3 ratio remained unchanged. No dose-related differences in T4/T3 and T3/rT3 ratio were observed. Treatment with T3 in doses of 0.06 mg per day caused a significant but slow fall in T4  and rT3 to hypothroid levels while T3 only rose slightly. The T4/T3 ratio dropped significantly during T3 therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:284711", "title": "The influence of propranolol on the extrathyroidal metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3).", "content": "The effect of propranolol 80 mg daily on the metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was studied by means of a non compartmental kinetic method in seven females with severe pretreatment hypothyroidism. The patients were maintained euthyroid on a constant L-T4 replacement therapy. Serum rT3 levels increased significantly during propranolol (p less than 0.02). This increase was explained by a decrease in metabolic clearance rate (MCR) (p less than 0.02), since the conversion rate from T4 and the distribution volume of rT3 were unchanged. By contrast the decreased serum levels of T3 were due to a significant decreased conversion from T4 (p less than 0.02) in spite of a decreased MCR. The results are compatible with the assumption of two different monodeiodinating enzymes, a 5-deiodinase responsible for the diodination of T4 to rT3 and a 5'-deiodinase responsible for the deiodination of T4 to T3.", "contents": "The influence of propranolol on the extrathyroidal metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3). The effect of propranolol 80 mg daily on the metabolism of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) was studied by means of a non compartmental kinetic method in seven females with severe pretreatment hypothyroidism. The patients were maintained euthyroid on a constant L-T4 replacement therapy. Serum rT3 levels increased significantly during propranolol (p less than 0.02). This increase was explained by a decrease in metabolic clearance rate (MCR) (p less than 0.02), since the conversion rate from T4 and the distribution volume of rT3 were unchanged. By contrast the decreased serum levels of T3 were due to a significant decreased conversion from T4 (p less than 0.02) in spite of a decreased MCR. The results are compatible with the assumption of two different monodeiodinating enzymes, a 5-deiodinase responsible for the diodination of T4 to rT3 and a 5'-deiodinase responsible for the deiodination of T4 to T3."}
{"id": "PMID:284712", "title": "TSH and thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) activate thyroid adenylate cyclase through different pathways.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid homogenates was studied after stimulation with thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb). The results show: 1) TSAb prepared from different patients with Graves' disease show different adenylate cyclase activation patterns and a lag phase is frequently observed. 2) TSH and TSAb appear to cause mutually inhibitory activation of thyroid adenylate cyclase. 3] The maximal adenylate cyclase activation is higher with TSH than with TSAb, but this could possibly be due to contamination of TSAb preparations with an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. 4) There is no absolute copurification of TSH sensitive and TSAb sensitive adenylate cyclase in various subcellular fractions of thyroid homogenate. 5) Incubation of thyroid homogenate with cortisol cause a dose dependent decrease in the adenylate cyclase response to TSAb whereas the response to TSH is either increased or unchanged. The results indicate that TSH and TSAb activate thyroid adenylate cyclase through different pathways in the plasma membrane.", "contents": "TSH and thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) activate thyroid adenylate cyclase through different pathways. Adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid homogenates was studied after stimulation with thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb). The results show: 1) TSAb prepared from different patients with Graves' disease show different adenylate cyclase activation patterns and a lag phase is frequently observed. 2) TSH and TSAb appear to cause mutually inhibitory activation of thyroid adenylate cyclase. 3] The maximal adenylate cyclase activation is higher with TSH than with TSAb, but this could possibly be due to contamination of TSAb preparations with an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. 4) There is no absolute copurification of TSH sensitive and TSAb sensitive adenylate cyclase in various subcellular fractions of thyroid homogenate. 5) Incubation of thyroid homogenate with cortisol cause a dose dependent decrease in the adenylate cyclase response to TSAb whereas the response to TSH is either increased or unchanged. The results indicate that TSH and TSAb activate thyroid adenylate cyclase through different pathways in the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:284713", "title": "Development of ketonemia in fasting patients with hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Concentrations of ketone bodies, free fatty acids, glycerol, lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon and cortisol were determined 6-hourly during 36 hours of fasting in 4 hyperthyroid patients and in 4 euthyroid controls. The concentrations of ketone bodies were elevated in hyperthyroid patients from the beginning and increased during fasting more rapidly and to higher values as compared to the controls. After 6 hours of fasting the blood ketone concentrations were 1.1--1.8 mM in hyperthyroid patients and 0.3--0.6 mM in the controls. After 36 hours the concentrations had increased to about 3.5 mM and 1.4 mM in hyperthyroid and control subjects, respectively. The concentrations of free fatty acids were identical in the groups compared postprandially, but increased significantly more in the hyperthyroid patients than in the controls during fasting. The glycerol concentration was higher in the hyperthyroid group throughout the observation period. The concentrations of insulin were slightly higher in the hyperthyroid group than in the control, whereas the concentrations of the \"ketogenic\" hormones, glucagon and cortisol were identical in the compared groups. It is concluded that hyperthyroidism leads to an increased tendency to ketosis, that is partly explained by increased concentrations of free fatty acids and that might also involve a direct action of long term thyroid hormone excess on enzyme activities (e.g. carnitine acyltransferase in liver).", "contents": "Development of ketonemia in fasting patients with hyperthyroidism. Concentrations of ketone bodies, free fatty acids, glycerol, lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon and cortisol were determined 6-hourly during 36 hours of fasting in 4 hyperthyroid patients and in 4 euthyroid controls. The concentrations of ketone bodies were elevated in hyperthyroid patients from the beginning and increased during fasting more rapidly and to higher values as compared to the controls. After 6 hours of fasting the blood ketone concentrations were 1.1--1.8 mM in hyperthyroid patients and 0.3--0.6 mM in the controls. After 36 hours the concentrations had increased to about 3.5 mM and 1.4 mM in hyperthyroid and control subjects, respectively. The concentrations of free fatty acids were identical in the groups compared postprandially, but increased significantly more in the hyperthyroid patients than in the controls during fasting. The glycerol concentration was higher in the hyperthyroid group throughout the observation period. The concentrations of insulin were slightly higher in the hyperthyroid group than in the control, whereas the concentrations of the \"ketogenic\" hormones, glucagon and cortisol were identical in the compared groups. It is concluded that hyperthyroidism leads to an increased tendency to ketosis, that is partly explained by increased concentrations of free fatty acids and that might also involve a direct action of long term thyroid hormone excess on enzyme activities (e.g. carnitine acyltransferase in liver)."}
{"id": "PMID:284714", "title": "Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (0--29 years at onset) in Denmark.", "content": "Incidence data from Denmark on the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the age group 0--29 years have been collected in two different geographical areas (West and South Jutland plus Copenhagen and North Zealand). An incidence of 13.3 per 100,000 per year (range 12.5--13.6) was registered (N = 792). No difference was found between the two areas. The male incidence exceeded the female incidence by 25.4 per cent. The age distribution showed rising values until a peak in the early puberty with a decline until a rather constant level after puberty. From year to year a seasonal variation of onset was demonstrable with maximum in the winter and minimum in the summer for males only. Ascertainment was found to be between 87.7 and 98.6 per cent and the annual number of new insulin-dependent diabetics in Denmark in the age group 0--29 years can be calculated to 310-350.", "contents": "Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (0--29 years at onset) in Denmark. Incidence data from Denmark on the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the age group 0--29 years have been collected in two different geographical areas (West and South Jutland plus Copenhagen and North Zealand). An incidence of 13.3 per 100,000 per year (range 12.5--13.6) was registered (N = 792). No difference was found between the two areas. The male incidence exceeded the female incidence by 25.4 per cent. The age distribution showed rising values until a peak in the early puberty with a decline until a rather constant level after puberty. From year to year a seasonal variation of onset was demonstrable with maximum in the winter and minimum in the summer for males only. Ascertainment was found to be between 87.7 and 98.6 per cent and the annual number of new insulin-dependent diabetics in Denmark in the age group 0--29 years can be calculated to 310-350."}
{"id": "PMID:284715", "title": "Sexual function and pituitary axis in insulin treated diabetic men.", "content": "The prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the pituitary-gonadal function were studied in 72 consecutive diabetic male patients. Sexual dysfunction was found in 43% and in these patients peripheral neuropathy was significantly more frequent than in patients with normal sexual function. Sexual dysfunction was more frequent in patients at the age of 50--55 years than in young diabetics (age 25--30 years). No significant correlation between sexual dysfunction and the duration of the disease and no difference in the serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol-17beta between patients with normal and reduced sexual function was found. It is concluded, that sexual dysfunction is not accompanied by altered serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol 17beta, gonadotrophins or prolactin. Sexual dysfunction correlates with peripheral neuropathy, but the high prevalence of dysfunction in males with short duration of diabetes without neuropathy makes other causes likely.", "contents": "Sexual function and pituitary axis in insulin treated diabetic men. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction and the pituitary-gonadal function were studied in 72 consecutive diabetic male patients. Sexual dysfunction was found in 43% and in these patients peripheral neuropathy was significantly more frequent than in patients with normal sexual function. Sexual dysfunction was more frequent in patients at the age of 50--55 years than in young diabetics (age 25--30 years). No significant correlation between sexual dysfunction and the duration of the disease and no difference in the serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol-17beta between patients with normal and reduced sexual function was found. It is concluded, that sexual dysfunction is not accompanied by altered serum concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol 17beta, gonadotrophins or prolactin. Sexual dysfunction correlates with peripheral neuropathy, but the high prevalence of dysfunction in males with short duration of diabetes without neuropathy makes other causes likely."}
{"id": "PMID:284716", "title": "Protein correction of serum calcium in mild primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Simultaneous determinations of serum total calcium(TOCa), protein corrected total calcium (TOCac), ultrafiltrable calcium (UFCa) and ionised calcium (Ca++) were undertaken in 63 controls and in 76 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Raised levels of Ca++ were used as one criterion of the diagnosis which was confirmed by operation in all. For the purpose of estimating the relative value of TOCa and TOCac in the detection of mild hyperparathyroidism we selected all patients with TOCa values below 3.00 mmol/l (n = 46). As a group these patients turned out to be mildly hypoproteinaemic (p less than 0.01), probably because of high age and complicating conditions. Further subdivision of this group into frank hypercalcaemia, borderline hypercalcaemia and normocalcaemia was undertaken according to the respective 99% and 95% confidence limits of normal. Twenty-seven patients were classified as frankly hypercalcaemic by TOCa as well as by TOCac. The distribution of the remaining 19 patients within the three categories was 1:6:12 as judged from TOCa while TOCac gave a better distinction from normal, 9:4:6 (p less than 0.01). This compared well with the classification obtained by UFCa, 10:5:4. It is concluded that TOCac is definitely advantageous to TOCa in the detection of hypercalcaemia in mild primary hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Protein correction of serum calcium in mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Simultaneous determinations of serum total calcium(TOCa), protein corrected total calcium (TOCac), ultrafiltrable calcium (UFCa) and ionised calcium (Ca++) were undertaken in 63 controls and in 76 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Raised levels of Ca++ were used as one criterion of the diagnosis which was confirmed by operation in all. For the purpose of estimating the relative value of TOCa and TOCac in the detection of mild hyperparathyroidism we selected all patients with TOCa values below 3.00 mmol/l (n = 46). As a group these patients turned out to be mildly hypoproteinaemic (p less than 0.01), probably because of high age and complicating conditions. Further subdivision of this group into frank hypercalcaemia, borderline hypercalcaemia and normocalcaemia was undertaken according to the respective 99% and 95% confidence limits of normal. Twenty-seven patients were classified as frankly hypercalcaemic by TOCa as well as by TOCac. The distribution of the remaining 19 patients within the three categories was 1:6:12 as judged from TOCa while TOCac gave a better distinction from normal, 9:4:6 (p less than 0.01). This compared well with the classification obtained by UFCa, 10:5:4. It is concluded that TOCac is definitely advantageous to TOCa in the detection of hypercalcaemia in mild primary hyperparathyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:284717", "title": "Impairment of vitamin D and bone metabolism in patients with bypass operation for obesity.", "content": "Thirty-four patients were studied 2--6 years after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were reduced and related to the frequency fo stools and to the weight reduction. Fifteen patients were not able to normalize serum 25-OHD following a long-term regular vitamin D intake. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (iPTH) and the alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in this group, indicating a secondary hyperparathyroidism. The mean bone mineral content of the forearm was reduced 3--6 years after the operation, most severely in those with elevated serum iPTH. The desired weight reduction by jejunoileal shunt was obtained at the expense of a severely disturbed vitamin D metabolism. We suggest, that all patients with an intestinal bypass for obesity should receive regular vitamin D supplement, and serum 25-OHD should be measured in order to monitor the effect of therapy.", "contents": "Impairment of vitamin D and bone metabolism in patients with bypass operation for obesity. Thirty-four patients were studied 2--6 years after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) were reduced and related to the frequency fo stools and to the weight reduction. Fifteen patients were not able to normalize serum 25-OHD following a long-term regular vitamin D intake. The serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (iPTH) and the alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in this group, indicating a secondary hyperparathyroidism. The mean bone mineral content of the forearm was reduced 3--6 years after the operation, most severely in those with elevated serum iPTH. The desired weight reduction by jejunoileal shunt was obtained at the expense of a severely disturbed vitamin D metabolism. We suggest, that all patients with an intestinal bypass for obesity should receive regular vitamin D supplement, and serum 25-OHD should be measured in order to monitor the effect of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:284718", "title": "Clinical evaluation of hepatic scintigraphy.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of liver scintigraphy concerning focal liver diseases was evaluated. Two groups of patients were examined. The first group was examined with a rectilinear scanner and a definite diagnosis was obtained in 176 cases. The predictive diagnostic values of the scintigraphic diagnosis: focal liver lesion present (PV pos.) was 71% (57--83), focal liver lesion not present (PV neg.) was 84% (76--90) (95% confidence limits in brackets). The second group was examined with a gamma camera and a definite diagnosis was obtained in 41 cases. Here the PV pos. was 56% (21--86) and the PV neg. 97% (84--100). A motion correction devise did not improve the interpretation. A survey of the literature indicates that the accuracy despite progressive technological development has not improved during the last 6 or 7 years. Despite its limitations the author finds liver scintigraphy indicated in patients with suspected or proven cancer.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of hepatic scintigraphy. The diagnostic accuracy of liver scintigraphy concerning focal liver diseases was evaluated. Two groups of patients were examined. The first group was examined with a rectilinear scanner and a definite diagnosis was obtained in 176 cases. The predictive diagnostic values of the scintigraphic diagnosis: focal liver lesion present (PV pos.) was 71% (57--83), focal liver lesion not present (PV neg.) was 84% (76--90) (95% confidence limits in brackets). The second group was examined with a gamma camera and a definite diagnosis was obtained in 41 cases. Here the PV pos. was 56% (21--86) and the PV neg. 97% (84--100). A motion correction devise did not improve the interpretation. A survey of the literature indicates that the accuracy despite progressive technological development has not improved during the last 6 or 7 years. Despite its limitations the author finds liver scintigraphy indicated in patients with suspected or proven cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:284719", "title": "Kinetics of propylthiouracil in the elderly.", "content": "The pharmakokinetics of propylthiouracil was evaluated in 9 elderly patients and compared to previous results from 6 younger subjects. By giving the drug both by the intravenous and oral route of administration it was possible to estimate the rate and extent of bioavailability. The various kinetic parameters were calculated according to a two-compartment model by use of two different methods: a graphical hand drawn one and by a special developed computer program based on a least squares minimalisation. While no significant differences could be demonstrated between the two age groups concerning volumes of distribution, clearance and extent of absorption, a large difference was found with regard to the absorption rate constant ka, which was about 3 times higher in the younger than in the elderly subjects, presumably due a reduced gastric emptying time. Considering the comparison between the two methods of calculations all the kinetics parameters were similar except ka and the slow disposition rate constant betw which were underestimated by the graphical method. It is concluded that no-age dependent changes exist concerning the kinetics of propylthiouracil except for a decreased rate of absorption. Graphical methods in pharmacokinetics are useful in obtaining distribution and elimination data but seem often biased for the evaluation of absorption rate constants.", "contents": "Kinetics of propylthiouracil in the elderly. The pharmakokinetics of propylthiouracil was evaluated in 9 elderly patients and compared to previous results from 6 younger subjects. By giving the drug both by the intravenous and oral route of administration it was possible to estimate the rate and extent of bioavailability. The various kinetic parameters were calculated according to a two-compartment model by use of two different methods: a graphical hand drawn one and by a special developed computer program based on a least squares minimalisation. While no significant differences could be demonstrated between the two age groups concerning volumes of distribution, clearance and extent of absorption, a large difference was found with regard to the absorption rate constant ka, which was about 3 times higher in the younger than in the elderly subjects, presumably due a reduced gastric emptying time. Considering the comparison between the two methods of calculations all the kinetics parameters were similar except ka and the slow disposition rate constant betw which were underestimated by the graphical method. It is concluded that no-age dependent changes exist concerning the kinetics of propylthiouracil except for a decreased rate of absorption. Graphical methods in pharmacokinetics are useful in obtaining distribution and elimination data but seem often biased for the evaluation of absorption rate constants."}
{"id": "PMID:284720", "title": "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) clearance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol were studied in 11 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and 12 controls. The average biological half-life after oral administration of 1 g paracetamol was significantly prolonged in patients with hepatic cirrhosis compared to the controls (3.7 hr vs.2.1 hr) and, correspondingly, the average  plasma clearance was significantly reduced from 337 ml x min-1 in the controls to 162 ml x min-1 in the patients with cirrhosis of the liver. After subchronic dosing of paracetamol with 1 g paracetamol t. i. d. the plasma half-lives of paracetamol remained unchanged. Steady-state levels of paracetamol were significantly increased in the patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A significant correlation between the values of plasma clearance of paracetamol and prothrombin time (r = +0.88), galactose elimination capacity (r = +0.66), plasma albumin (r = +0.85) was found. No clinical or biochemical signs of hepatotoxicity were observed during the study.", "contents": "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) clearance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol were studied in 11 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and 12 controls. The average biological half-life after oral administration of 1 g paracetamol was significantly prolonged in patients with hepatic cirrhosis compared to the controls (3.7 hr vs.2.1 hr) and, correspondingly, the average  plasma clearance was significantly reduced from 337 ml x min-1 in the controls to 162 ml x min-1 in the patients with cirrhosis of the liver. After subchronic dosing of paracetamol with 1 g paracetamol t. i. d. the plasma half-lives of paracetamol remained unchanged. Steady-state levels of paracetamol were significantly increased in the patients with cirrhosis of the liver. A significant correlation between the values of plasma clearance of paracetamol and prothrombin time (r = +0.88), galactose elimination capacity (r = +0.66), plasma albumin (r = +0.85) was found. No clinical or biochemical signs of hepatotoxicity were observed during the study."}
{"id": "PMID:284722", "title": "Urinary excretion of dimethyltryptamine in liver disease.", "content": "The urinary excretion of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was higher in patients with severe liver disease than in normal subjects. This difference remained significant when patients with all grades of hepatic encephalopathy were excluded. Patients with liver disease whose mental states were normal excreted amounts of DMT similar to those of patients with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of dimethyltryptamine in liver disease. The urinary excretion of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was higher in patients with severe liver disease than in normal subjects. This difference remained significant when patients with all grades of hepatic encephalopathy were excluded. Patients with liver disease whose mental states were normal excreted amounts of DMT similar to those of patients with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:284760", "title": "Pretherapeutic morbidity in the prognostic staging of acute leukemia.", "content": "To classify the clinical severity of acute leukemia, we have used the degrees of pretherapeutic infection and hemorrhage to construct a taxonomy containing three \"stages\". The stages are associated with survival gradients that are clinically and statistically distinctive in both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Median survival ranged from 64.0 months for stage 1 to 10.5 months for stage 3 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and from 7.1 months for stage 1 to 1.2 months for stage 3 in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. The gradients, which persist when other prognostic factors and secular therapeutic changes are taken into account, are more distinctive than those found with other forms of stratification.", "contents": "Pretherapeutic morbidity in the prognostic staging of acute leukemia. To classify the clinical severity of acute leukemia, we have used the degrees of pretherapeutic infection and hemorrhage to construct a taxonomy containing three \"stages\". The stages are associated with survival gradients that are clinically and statistically distinctive in both acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Median survival ranged from 64.0 months for stage 1 to 10.5 months for stage 3 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and from 7.1 months for stage 1 to 1.2 months for stage 3 in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. The gradients, which persist when other prognostic factors and secular therapeutic changes are taken into account, are more distinctive than those found with other forms of stratification."}
{"id": "PMID:284761", "title": "Nervous system involvement in type IV glycogenosis.", "content": "A 30-month-old girl exhibited the 19th known case of type IV glycogenosis. Extensive involvement of the nervous system was found at autopsy. This represents only the second patient in whom the fine structure of the CNS and skeletal muscle has been described. We have also identified the abnormal polysaccharide in peripheral nerve, a finding that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Our review of the literature indicates that approximately 50% of these patients exhibit signs or symptoms referable to the neuromuscular system. Most clinical and pathologic studies have focused on the severe liver involvement; insufficient attention has been directed toward the nervous system. This emphasizes the need for more detailed neurologic and neuropathologic examinations of children with type IV glycogenosis.", "contents": "Nervous system involvement in type IV glycogenosis. A 30-month-old girl exhibited the 19th known case of type IV glycogenosis. Extensive involvement of the nervous system was found at autopsy. This represents only the second patient in whom the fine structure of the CNS and skeletal muscle has been described. We have also identified the abnormal polysaccharide in peripheral nerve, a finding that, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. Our review of the literature indicates that approximately 50% of these patients exhibit signs or symptoms referable to the neuromuscular system. Most clinical and pathologic studies have focused on the severe liver involvement; insufficient attention has been directed toward the nervous system. This emphasizes the need for more detailed neurologic and neuropathologic examinations of children with type IV glycogenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:284758", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible.", "content": "Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible occurs rarely; there have been less than 50 reported cases in the past 30 years and none of these have been in the otolaryngologic literature. They usually present in the second decade of life with pain and swelling of the soft tissue overlying the mandible. The diagnosis can only be made by an adequate mandibular biopsy, although x-rays and clinical presentation are helpful. Current treatment consists of radiation therapy and sequential adjuvant chemotherapy.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible. Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible occurs rarely; there have been less than 50 reported cases in the past 30 years and none of these have been in the otolaryngologic literature. They usually present in the second decade of life with pain and swelling of the soft tissue overlying the mandible. The diagnosis can only be made by an adequate mandibular biopsy, although x-rays and clinical presentation are helpful. Current treatment consists of radiation therapy and sequential adjuvant chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:284762", "title": "Serum ferritin in pregnancy.", "content": "Serum ferritin levels were measured in 200 consecutive pregnant women at their first antenatal visit; 64 (32%) were found to have levels below the normal range. The results were correlated with haemoglobin concentration, serum iron levels, gestation, parity, and social class. The results indicate that low iron stores occur with increasing frequency as gestation advances, that ferritin assay is a better indicator of iron status than serum iron and haemoglobin levels, and that all patients should be given iron supplements in pregnancy, irrespective of social class or parity.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in pregnancy. Serum ferritin levels were measured in 200 consecutive pregnant women at their first antenatal visit; 64 (32%) were found to have levels below the normal range. The results were correlated with haemoglobin concentration, serum iron levels, gestation, parity, and social class. The results indicate that low iron stores occur with increasing frequency as gestation advances, that ferritin assay is a better indicator of iron status than serum iron and haemoglobin levels, and that all patients should be given iron supplements in pregnancy, irrespective of social class or parity."}
{"id": "PMID:284764", "title": "Antepartum stress cardiotocography using buccal oxytocin.", "content": "The use of buccal pitocin in the performance of stressed antenatal cardiotocography was studied. Sixty-three tests were performed on 40 patients. All the patients were followed through labour and delivery. The results were evaluated and compared with those where an intravenous oxytocin infusion was used. Buccal pitocin produced comparable uterine contractions to those obtained by intravenous oxytocin, with similar test results. The avoidance of venepuncture and infusion was a positive advantage of this method of applying the stress.", "contents": "Antepartum stress cardiotocography using buccal oxytocin. The use of buccal pitocin in the performance of stressed antenatal cardiotocography was studied. Sixty-three tests were performed on 40 patients. All the patients were followed through labour and delivery. The results were evaluated and compared with those where an intravenous oxytocin infusion was used. Buccal pitocin produced comparable uterine contractions to those obtained by intravenous oxytocin, with similar test results. The avoidance of venepuncture and infusion was a positive advantage of this method of applying the stress."}
{"id": "PMID:284765", "title": "A review of the use of Barton's forceps for the rotation of the fetal head from the transverse position.", "content": "The technique of use of Barton's forceps is described. A series of 248 patients in a 4-year period has been assessed to determine the safety of the instrument. It is concluded that the forceps can be used with safety for both mother and baby under pudendal block anaesthesia, in mid-cavity and low-cavity deliveries.", "contents": "A review of the use of Barton's forceps for the rotation of the fetal head from the transverse position. The technique of use of Barton's forceps is described. A series of 248 patients in a 4-year period has been assessed to determine the safety of the instrument. It is concluded that the forceps can be used with safety for both mother and baby under pudendal block anaesthesia, in mid-cavity and low-cavity deliveries."}
{"id": "PMID:284766", "title": "Placenta accreta, percreta and praevia accreta.", "content": "Placenta accreta is a rare complication of pregnancy which contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Five cases are presented which illustrate different modes of presentation and problems of management; one of the patients (with placenta praevia accreta) died following Caesarean section and subtotal hysterectomy.", "contents": "Placenta accreta, percreta and praevia accreta. Placenta accreta is a rare complication of pregnancy which contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Five cases are presented which illustrate different modes of presentation and problems of management; one of the patients (with placenta praevia accreta) died following Caesarean section and subtotal hysterectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:284767", "title": "An hypothesis for high multiple pregnancies after clomiphene.", "content": "A triplet and a quadruplet pregnancy following induction of ovulation with clomiphene are described; in each patient secondary amenorrhoea followed oral contraceptive use and several anovulatory or inadequate menstrual cycles had occurred on initial clomiphene therapy. Conception occurred in the first cycle after increasing drug dosage or the addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to the treatment regimen. We suggest, in explanation of these pregnancies, that repeated suboptimal stimulation of the ovaries as a result of clomiphene therapy develops several follicles to a critical stage; a subsequent greater ovulatory stimulus allows for synchronous development of several large follicles and multiple ovulation.", "contents": "An hypothesis for high multiple pregnancies after clomiphene. A triplet and a quadruplet pregnancy following induction of ovulation with clomiphene are described; in each patient secondary amenorrhoea followed oral contraceptive use and several anovulatory or inadequate menstrual cycles had occurred on initial clomiphene therapy. Conception occurred in the first cycle after increasing drug dosage or the addition of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to the treatment regimen. We suggest, in explanation of these pregnancies, that repeated suboptimal stimulation of the ovaries as a result of clomiphene therapy develops several follicles to a critical stage; a subsequent greater ovulatory stimulus allows for synchronous development of several large follicles and multiple ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:284768", "title": "Effects of Danazol on pituitary gonadotrophins in post-menopausal women.", "content": "Multiple sampling was carried out in 4 postmenopausal women for measurement of LH and FSH before and at the end of a 1-week treatment period with Danazol (400 mg daily). A small but significant depression of FSH was found in 3 of 4 subjects, while a significant depression of LH was only seen in 1 subject. In view of the very modest gonadotrophin suppression demonstrated in these women it is possible that Danazol also exerts its profound and sometimes rapid effects through inhibition of positive oestrogen feedback and by direct actions on the ovaries and endometrium.", "contents": "Effects of Danazol on pituitary gonadotrophins in post-menopausal women. Multiple sampling was carried out in 4 postmenopausal women for measurement of LH and FSH before and at the end of a 1-week treatment period with Danazol (400 mg daily). A small but significant depression of FSH was found in 3 of 4 subjects, while a significant depression of LH was only seen in 1 subject. In view of the very modest gonadotrophin suppression demonstrated in these women it is possible that Danazol also exerts its profound and sometimes rapid effects through inhibition of positive oestrogen feedback and by direct actions on the ovaries and endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:284769", "title": "Sexual counselling--a dual counselling approach.", "content": "A technique has been described which utilises a dual counselling approach to handle problems of a sexual nature. The methods used to structure counselling sessions are discussed as well as the benefits and the drawbacks of using a male and female counsellor to assist people who have some failure in their sexual lifestyle.", "contents": "Sexual counselling--a dual counselling approach. A technique has been described which utilises a dual counselling approach to handle problems of a sexual nature. The methods used to structure counselling sessions are discussed as well as the benefits and the drawbacks of using a male and female counsellor to assist people who have some failure in their sexual lifestyle."}
{"id": "PMID:284770", "title": "Prognostic aspects of endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 91 patients with endometrial carcinoma is presented with emphasis on important factors in relation to survival. Patients with Stage 1 carcinoma were treated with a standardized mode of preoperative radiation and extended abdominal hysterectomy. An 87.1% 5-year survival rate was obtained for patients with well differentiated lesions, with only 1 patient developing a vault metastasis. The assessment of residual tumour after intracavity radiotherapy proved reliable in predicting prognosis and should prove of benefit in directing additional therapy for endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "Prognostic aspects of endometrial carcinoma. A retrospective analysis of 91 patients with endometrial carcinoma is presented with emphasis on important factors in relation to survival. Patients with Stage 1 carcinoma were treated with a standardized mode of preoperative radiation and extended abdominal hysterectomy. An 87.1% 5-year survival rate was obtained for patients with well differentiated lesions, with only 1 patient developing a vault metastasis. The assessment of residual tumour after intracavity radiotherapy proved reliable in predicting prognosis and should prove of benefit in directing additional therapy for endometrial carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:284771", "title": "Urinary stress incontinence and common sense.", "content": "Retropubic bladder neck suspension has been used to treat 352 women presenting with the primary complaint of urinary stress incontinence. The author's concept of the proper assessment and management of such patients, in whom previous surgical treatment has failed, is stated. A plea is made for the abandonment of traumatic surgical methods and the confusing multiplicity of names that accompanies them.", "contents": "Urinary stress incontinence and common sense. Retropubic bladder neck suspension has been used to treat 352 women presenting with the primary complaint of urinary stress incontinence. The author's concept of the proper assessment and management of such patients, in whom previous surgical treatment has failed, is stated. A plea is made for the abandonment of traumatic surgical methods and the confusing multiplicity of names that accompanies them."}
{"id": "PMID:284772", "title": "A survey of tubal ectopic pregnancy, with particular reference to cases following sterilization.", "content": "In a series of 47 ectopic pregnancies occurring over a 2-year period, 5 followed tubal sterilization. Foreknowledge of the previous sterilization resulted in delay of surgical management. Sterilization techniques should be revised to prevent the incidence of ectopic pregnancy.", "contents": "A survey of tubal ectopic pregnancy, with particular reference to cases following sterilization. In a series of 47 ectopic pregnancies occurring over a 2-year period, 5 followed tubal sterilization. Foreknowledge of the previous sterilization resulted in delay of surgical management. Sterilization techniques should be revised to prevent the incidence of ectopic pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:284773", "title": "The incarcerated intrauterine device.", "content": "Complete embedding or incarceration of the IUD is likely to cause difficulty at removal. Attempts at vaginal removal with 'heavy' instrumentation are hazardous and should be abandoned in favour of an abdominal approach. A trial demonstrating the superiority of the latter approach is described. The characteristics of patients with an incarcerated loop make concomitant tubal ligation possible in most instances.", "contents": "The incarcerated intrauterine device. Complete embedding or incarceration of the IUD is likely to cause difficulty at removal. Attempts at vaginal removal with 'heavy' instrumentation are hazardous and should be abandoned in favour of an abdominal approach. A trial demonstrating the superiority of the latter approach is described. The characteristics of patients with an incarcerated loop make concomitant tubal ligation possible in most instances."}
{"id": "PMID:284776", "title": "Fallopian tube presenting as a uterine polyp.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who presented with the clinical diagnosis of a uterine polyp extruded through the cervix. Subsequently, the \"polyp\" was found to be a Fallopian tube which had been pulled into the uterus through a fundal perforation of curettage performed 10 months previously.", "contents": "Fallopian tube presenting as a uterine polyp. A case is reported of a patient who presented with the clinical diagnosis of a uterine polyp extruded through the cervix. Subsequently, the \"polyp\" was found to be a Fallopian tube which had been pulled into the uterus through a fundal perforation of curettage performed 10 months previously."}
{"id": "PMID:284778", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on AMML and ocular granulocytic sarcoma.", "content": "The ultrastructural analysis of the leukemic cells in twelve cases with AMML was considered a valuable tool in the diagnosis of this type of leukemia. Furthermore intracytoplasmic structure resembling virus like particles were observed in three bone marrow and one eye sample of the patients studied. The role of C-type RNA viruses in the etiology of leukemia was discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on AMML and ocular granulocytic sarcoma. The ultrastructural analysis of the leukemic cells in twelve cases with AMML was considered a valuable tool in the diagnosis of this type of leukemia. Furthermore intracytoplasmic structure resembling virus like particles were observed in three bone marrow and one eye sample of the patients studied. The role of C-type RNA viruses in the etiology of leukemia was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284779", "title": "Diagnostic use of an antiserum made against acute lymphoid leukemia associated antigen.", "content": "Anti-ALL serum is used to distinguish common non-T, non-B ALL from Thy-ALL and \"lymphoid\" from myeloid blast crisis in Ph1-positive leukemia. This has prognostic and therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Diagnostic use of an antiserum made against acute lymphoid leukemia associated antigen. Anti-ALL serum is used to distinguish common non-T, non-B ALL from Thy-ALL and \"lymphoid\" from myeloid blast crisis in Ph1-positive leukemia. This has prognostic and therapeutic implications."}
{"id": "PMID:284782", "title": "Hematologic and cytologic characterization of 8/21 translocation acute granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were performed in 546 patients with acute leukemia between 1968 and 1975. Two hundred thirty-four patients were aneuploid (42.9%), and 312 patients were diploid (57.1%). Among these, 32 patients were found to exhibit similar chromosomal alterations that appeared to involve specifically chromosomes 8 and 21. Banding studies in at least 15 of these patients confirmed the presence of a translocation between these two chromosomes. The cytogenetic findings were correlated with the hematologic and clinical data. It was found that each of these individuals had a typical picture of acute granulocytic leukemia with Auer rod-positive and peroxidase-positive cells. Ultrastructurally, the patients in this group also consistently demonstrated the presence of a nuclear bleb that has been positively associated with aneuploidy in acute leukemia. Clinically, they seemed to respond better to therapy than other adult patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. It is proposed that the 8/21 translocation acute leukemia represents a definite subgroup within the general category of acute granulocytic leukemia, with an incidence of approximately 7.3%.", "contents": "Hematologic and cytologic characterization of 8/21 translocation acute granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenetic studies were performed in 546 patients with acute leukemia between 1968 and 1975. Two hundred thirty-four patients were aneuploid (42.9%), and 312 patients were diploid (57.1%). Among these, 32 patients were found to exhibit similar chromosomal alterations that appeared to involve specifically chromosomes 8 and 21. Banding studies in at least 15 of these patients confirmed the presence of a translocation between these two chromosomes. The cytogenetic findings were correlated with the hematologic and clinical data. It was found that each of these individuals had a typical picture of acute granulocytic leukemia with Auer rod-positive and peroxidase-positive cells. Ultrastructurally, the patients in this group also consistently demonstrated the presence of a nuclear bleb that has been positively associated with aneuploidy in acute leukemia. Clinically, they seemed to respond better to therapy than other adult patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. It is proposed that the 8/21 translocation acute leukemia represents a definite subgroup within the general category of acute granulocytic leukemia, with an incidence of approximately 7.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:284783", "title": "Emergence of a cell line with extreme hypodiploidy in blast crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) demonstrated the emergence of an extremely hypodiploid cell line at the time of blast crisis, a modal chromosome number of 35, with the modal karyotype 35,XY, -3, -4, -5, -7, -9, -11, -12, -13, -15, -16, -17, -19, -20, -22, + t(9;22) (q34;q11, + Mar1, + Mar2, + Mar3. Giemsa-banding confirmed complex chromosome rearrangements and demonstrated distinct banding patterns for the marker chromosomes. Cytologic characteristics of the leukemia blasts were predominantly myeloid. There was no important clinical response to chemotherapy, including vincristine and prednisone, or to radiotherapy.", "contents": "Emergence of a cell line with extreme hypodiploidy in blast crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. Cytogenetic studies in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) demonstrated the emergence of an extremely hypodiploid cell line at the time of blast crisis, a modal chromosome number of 35, with the modal karyotype 35,XY, -3, -4, -5, -7, -9, -11, -12, -13, -15, -16, -17, -19, -20, -22, + t(9;22) (q34;q11, + Mar1, + Mar2, + Mar3. Giemsa-banding confirmed complex chromosome rearrangements and demonstrated distinct banding patterns for the marker chromosomes. Cytologic characteristics of the leukemia blasts were predominantly myeloid. There was no important clinical response to chemotherapy, including vincristine and prednisone, or to radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:284788", "title": "Unusual angiographic appearances of the left ventricle in 2 cases of Pompe's disease (glycogenosis type II).", "content": "The angiographic and haemodynamic findings in 2 cases of Pompe's disease (glycogenosis type II) indicated an abnormal trabecular pattern, not previously reported, on the left ventricular angiogram of both patients. This feature may be helpful in distinguishing Pompe's disease from other forms of myocardial abnormality.", "contents": "Unusual angiographic appearances of the left ventricle in 2 cases of Pompe's disease (glycogenosis type II). The angiographic and haemodynamic findings in 2 cases of Pompe's disease (glycogenosis type II) indicated an abnormal trabecular pattern, not previously reported, on the left ventricular angiogram of both patients. This feature may be helpful in distinguishing Pompe's disease from other forms of myocardial abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:284789", "title": "Leukaemia classification: a study of the accuracy of diagnosis in 456 patients.", "content": "A panel of five haematologists has examined, without consultation or prior knowledge of the diagnosis, blood films and bone marrow smears from 456 patients with a diagnosis of leukaemia. A diagnostic classification which recognized various subtypes of acute myelogenous leukaemia was used but no attempt was made to subdivide acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Complete agreement with the initial diagnosis was low (56.4%) and was particularly poor (45.7%) when the patient had one of the forms of acute leukaemia. However, disagreements which would have involved the patient in a change of treatment were unusual (2.0%). We conclude that a high degree of diagnostic agreement for patients with leukaemia is unlikely from morphological classifications alone.", "contents": "Leukaemia classification: a study of the accuracy of diagnosis in 456 patients. A panel of five haematologists has examined, without consultation or prior knowledge of the diagnosis, blood films and bone marrow smears from 456 patients with a diagnosis of leukaemia. A diagnostic classification which recognized various subtypes of acute myelogenous leukaemia was used but no attempt was made to subdivide acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Complete agreement with the initial diagnosis was low (56.4%) and was particularly poor (45.7%) when the patient had one of the forms of acute leukaemia. However, disagreements which would have involved the patient in a change of treatment were unusual (2.0%). We conclude that a high degree of diagnostic agreement for patients with leukaemia is unlikely from morphological classifications alone."}
{"id": "PMID:284790", "title": "New translocations in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: t(X;22)(p22;q11) and t(15;22)(q26;q11).", "content": "Two cases of Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia with hitherto undescribed translocations are presented. In case 1 the deleted part of chromosome number 22q- was translocated to the short arm of the X chromosome, t(X;22)(p22;q11). Pronounced basophilia, trisomy 19 in the majority of metaphases, and a partial cytogenetic normalization of the bone marrow during busulphan induced remission were additional remarkable features of this case. In case 2 a translocation t(15;22)(q26;q11) was found. In this case the disease was characterized by an increase of unusually small megakaryocytes, thrombocytosis, and an accelerated course.", "contents": "New translocations in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: t(X;22)(p22;q11) and t(15;22)(q26;q11). Two cases of Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia with hitherto undescribed translocations are presented. In case 1 the deleted part of chromosome number 22q- was translocated to the short arm of the X chromosome, t(X;22)(p22;q11). Pronounced basophilia, trisomy 19 in the majority of metaphases, and a partial cytogenetic normalization of the bone marrow during busulphan induced remission were additional remarkable features of this case. In case 2 a translocation t(15;22)(q26;q11) was found. In this case the disease was characterized by an increase of unusually small megakaryocytes, thrombocytosis, and an accelerated course."}
{"id": "PMID:284791", "title": "Diagnosis of haematological disease using anti-i. II. Distinction between acute myeloblastic and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Leukaemic blast cells were obtained from the blood of six patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 15 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). The blasts were compared with lymphocytes from normal subjects in cytotoxicity and 125I-labelled antibody binding tests using several examples of anti-i. As much i antigen was detected on ALL blasts as on normal lymphocytes; much less i antigen was detected on AML blasts. Studies of three patients with morphologically undifferentiated acute leukaemia suggest that, in tests with anti-i, blasts from such patients react either like lymphoblasts or myeloblasts despite the absence of the corresponding morphological features.", "contents": "Diagnosis of haematological disease using anti-i. II. Distinction between acute myeloblastic and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukaemic blast cells were obtained from the blood of six patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 15 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML). The blasts were compared with lymphocytes from normal subjects in cytotoxicity and 125I-labelled antibody binding tests using several examples of anti-i. As much i antigen was detected on ALL blasts as on normal lymphocytes; much less i antigen was detected on AML blasts. Studies of three patients with morphologically undifferentiated acute leukaemia suggest that, in tests with anti-i, blasts from such patients react either like lymphoblasts or myeloblasts despite the absence of the corresponding morphological features."}
{"id": "PMID:284807", "title": "Distinctive properties of mammalian DNA polymerases.", "content": "DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta can be distinguished from one another by the differential effects of N-ethylmaleimide, KCl, ara-CTP and temperature, as well as on the basis of sedimentation. The sensitivity of DNA polymerase-beta to elevated temperatures as compared to DNA polymerase-alpha provides a new means of distinguishing between these two enzymes even in crude extracts and a possible probe for determining their function. DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta share several properties in common, including the ability to readily incorporate dUTP in place of dTTP. The Km for dUTP varies from 10 to 30 micron with different preparations of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta. Thus, in mammalian cells, dUMP could be incorporated into DNA, and if excised by an endonuclease, would lead to discontinuities. Initial analyses of fidelity in direct comparative studies indicate that beta-class DNA polymerases are highly accurate in base selection when copying poly[d(A-T)]. Less than one molecule of dGMP is incorporated for every 12 000-45 000 molecules of dAMP and dTMP polymerized. DNA polymerase-alpha is somewhat less accurate, making one mistake for every 4000-10 000 correct nucleotides incorporated. Since both polymerases lack an exonucleolytic activity, this accuracy must be the result of selectivity for the complementary nucleotide by the polymerase.", "contents": "Distinctive properties of mammalian DNA polymerases. DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta can be distinguished from one another by the differential effects of N-ethylmaleimide, KCl, ara-CTP and temperature, as well as on the basis of sedimentation. The sensitivity of DNA polymerase-beta to elevated temperatures as compared to DNA polymerase-alpha provides a new means of distinguishing between these two enzymes even in crude extracts and a possible probe for determining their function. DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta share several properties in common, including the ability to readily incorporate dUTP in place of dTTP. The Km for dUTP varies from 10 to 30 micron with different preparations of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta. Thus, in mammalian cells, dUMP could be incorporated into DNA, and if excised by an endonuclease, would lead to discontinuities. Initial analyses of fidelity in direct comparative studies indicate that beta-class DNA polymerases are highly accurate in base selection when copying poly[d(A-T)]. Less than one molecule of dGMP is incorporated for every 12 000-45 000 molecules of dAMP and dTMP polymerized. DNA polymerase-alpha is somewhat less accurate, making one mistake for every 4000-10 000 correct nucleotides incorporated. Since both polymerases lack an exonucleolytic activity, this accuracy must be the result of selectivity for the complementary nucleotide by the polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:284808", "title": "Quantitative assay of the N-methylated metabolites of tryptamine and serotonin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry as applied to the determination of lung indoleethylamine N-methyltransferase activity.", "content": "A specific and sensitive method is described for the identifcation and quantification of the N-mono- and dimethylated derivatives of tryptamine and serotonin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Deuterated analogues of the amines have been prepared for use as internal standards. The technique has been applied to the determination of indoleethylamine N-methyltransferase activity in rabbit and human lung. No interference from the beta-carboline formation or other side reactions between the substrates and the methyl donor was observed.", "contents": "Quantitative assay of the N-methylated metabolites of tryptamine and serotonin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry as applied to the determination of lung indoleethylamine N-methyltransferase activity. A specific and sensitive method is described for the identifcation and quantification of the N-mono- and dimethylated derivatives of tryptamine and serotonin by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Deuterated analogues of the amines have been prepared for use as internal standards. The technique has been applied to the determination of indoleethylamine N-methyltransferase activity in rabbit and human lung. No interference from the beta-carboline formation or other side reactions between the substrates and the methyl donor was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:284809", "title": "Analysis of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "A quantitative gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method using a deuterated analogue as internal standard were developed for the analysis of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain. The internal standard was synthesized in two steps and possessed high isotopic purity. The analytical procedure involves the addition of the internal standard to the homogenizing medium containing the tissue, followed by homogenization, extraction with chloroform and derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The identification and quantitation of 5-methoxytryptamine is based on monitoring the ions at m/z 306, 319 and 482 for the pentafluoropropionyl derivative of 5-methoxytryptamine and m/z 308, 322 and 486 for the internal standard. Using this procedure 5-methoxytryptamine was identified and quantitated in the sheep pineal gland. The mean 5-methoxytryptamine level (N = 12) was 545 +/- 180 pmol g-1.", "contents": "Analysis of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. A quantitative gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method using a deuterated analogue as internal standard were developed for the analysis of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain. The internal standard was synthesized in two steps and possessed high isotopic purity. The analytical procedure involves the addition of the internal standard to the homogenizing medium containing the tissue, followed by homogenization, extraction with chloroform and derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The identification and quantitation of 5-methoxytryptamine is based on monitoring the ions at m/z 306, 319 and 482 for the pentafluoropropionyl derivative of 5-methoxytryptamine and m/z 308, 322 and 486 for the internal standard. Using this procedure 5-methoxytryptamine was identified and quantitated in the sheep pineal gland. The mean 5-methoxytryptamine level (N = 12) was 545 +/- 180 pmol g-1."}
{"id": "PMID:284810", "title": "Terminal erythroid differentiation in normal and leukemic mouse cells.", "content": "Friend virus-transformed murine erythroleukemic cells (FL cells) have been used as an in vitro model for the study of the expression of the genetic program involved in the final stages of erythroid differentiation. Treatment of the FL cells with chemical inducers such as dimethylsulfoxide results in their differentiation from 'pro-erythroblasts' to orthochromatic normoblasts and the appearance of several erythroid markers including hemoglobin, enzymes of the heme pathway, heme, glycophorin, and spectrin. These markers appear in an ordered sequence, suggesting that two genetic programs are involved in the erythroid differentiation of the cells. Preliminary studies with erythropoietin-stimulated fetal liver cultures in vitro suggest that the same is true for normal erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Terminal erythroid differentiation in normal and leukemic mouse cells. Friend virus-transformed murine erythroleukemic cells (FL cells) have been used as an in vitro model for the study of the expression of the genetic program involved in the final stages of erythroid differentiation. Treatment of the FL cells with chemical inducers such as dimethylsulfoxide results in their differentiation from 'pro-erythroblasts' to orthochromatic normoblasts and the appearance of several erythroid markers including hemoglobin, enzymes of the heme pathway, heme, glycophorin, and spectrin. These markers appear in an ordered sequence, suggesting that two genetic programs are involved in the erythroid differentiation of the cells. Preliminary studies with erythropoietin-stimulated fetal liver cultures in vitro suggest that the same is true for normal erythroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:284840", "title": "Methotrexate and asparaginase combination chemotherapy in refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood.", "content": "Two groups of children with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a regimen of methotrexate (MTX) and asparaginase (Asn'ase) based on studies of the effect of MTX in vitro on human lymphoblasts exposed to Asn'ase. Induction therapy in 12 children produced 4 complete remissions, 3 partial remissions, and 5 failures. Responsiveness to Asn'ase seemed necessary for successful induction with the drug combinations. Maintenance therapy in 18 children produced a median hematologic remission of 31 weeks (range 3-85 weeks). During remission, 2 children developed central nervous system leukemia and 2 died of infection. The mean maximally tolerated dose of MTX was 361 mg/m2. The results of this trial suggest therapeutic synergy in maintenance therapy and the capability of Asn'ase to attenuate MTX toxicity.", "contents": "Methotrexate and asparaginase combination chemotherapy in refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Two groups of children with refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a regimen of methotrexate (MTX) and asparaginase (Asn'ase) based on studies of the effect of MTX in vitro on human lymphoblasts exposed to Asn'ase. Induction therapy in 12 children produced 4 complete remissions, 3 partial remissions, and 5 failures. Responsiveness to Asn'ase seemed necessary for successful induction with the drug combinations. Maintenance therapy in 18 children produced a median hematologic remission of 31 weeks (range 3-85 weeks). During remission, 2 children developed central nervous system leukemia and 2 died of infection. The mean maximally tolerated dose of MTX was 361 mg/m2. The results of this trial suggest therapeutic synergy in maintenance therapy and the capability of Asn'ase to attenuate MTX toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:284841", "title": "Internal hemipelvectomy--excision of the hemipelvis with limb preservation. An alternative to hemipelvectomy.", "content": "Our results indicate that it is technically possible to resect the hemipelvis and maintain a viable extremity. Functional results are remarkably good and tumor control has been equivalent to standard hemipelvectomy. Excision of the ilium with preservation of the extremity in selected cases would appear to be a reasonable alternative to the standard hemipelvectomy, which involves amputation of the extremity.", "contents": "Internal hemipelvectomy--excision of the hemipelvis with limb preservation. An alternative to hemipelvectomy. Our results indicate that it is technically possible to resect the hemipelvis and maintain a viable extremity. Functional results are remarkably good and tumor control has been equivalent to standard hemipelvectomy. Excision of the ilium with preservation of the extremity in selected cases would appear to be a reasonable alternative to the standard hemipelvectomy, which involves amputation of the extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:284842", "title": "Evaluation of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary metastases: a prospective study.", "content": "Conventional linear x-ray tomography is often used to search for pulmonary metastases but tends to underestimate extent of disease when compared with operative findings. In a prospective study, operative findings were correlated with computed axial tomography and conventional linear tomography performed on 25 patients with a history of extrathoracic malignancy and pulmonary nodules. Computed tomography detected 69 nodules of which 31 proved to be metastases. Conventional linear tomography detected 38 nodules of which 25 were metastases. Of the 54 resected nodules measuring greater than 3 mm, computed tomography detected 42; whereas conventional tomography detected 32. Only six of the 31 additional nodules (20%) detected by computed tomography and not by conventional tomography proved to be metastases. These results suggest that computed tomography is more sensitive than conventional tomography in detecting small pulmonary nodules; however, there is diminished specificity in identifying metastatic nodules.", "contents": "Evaluation of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary metastases: a prospective study. Conventional linear x-ray tomography is often used to search for pulmonary metastases but tends to underestimate extent of disease when compared with operative findings. In a prospective study, operative findings were correlated with computed axial tomography and conventional linear tomography performed on 25 patients with a history of extrathoracic malignancy and pulmonary nodules. Computed tomography detected 69 nodules of which 31 proved to be metastases. Conventional linear tomography detected 38 nodules of which 25 were metastases. Of the 54 resected nodules measuring greater than 3 mm, computed tomography detected 42; whereas conventional tomography detected 32. Only six of the 31 additional nodules (20%) detected by computed tomography and not by conventional tomography proved to be metastases. These results suggest that computed tomography is more sensitive than conventional tomography in detecting small pulmonary nodules; however, there is diminished specificity in identifying metastatic nodules."}
{"id": "PMID:284843", "title": "Leukemic host influence on normal erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation in in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "The effect of a leukemic environment on normal erythroid and granulocytic colony formation was examined in in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures implanted into Shay chloroleukemic rat hosts at varying stages of the disease. Normal bone marrow cells isolated in plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures in leukemic hosts displayed significant differences in the pattern of normal bone marrow colony growth. Granulocyte colony-forming units were significantly inhibited by leukemic hosts throughout the course of the disease. The size of developing colonies was reduced to under 100 cells; however, maturation within these clusters appeared unaffected. Erythroid colonies showed a slight inhibition during the early stages of the leukemia, a significant stimulation of 100 to 350% in the midleukemic period, and a significant inhibition of 50 to 65% during the terminal stages of the disease. Burst formation was also inhibited in the late leukemic stages. The transient increase in erythroid colony-forming units on Days 7 and 8 of the leukemia was concomitant with the onset of the anemia associated with the disease. Since the normal bone marrow cells were compartmentalized within the plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures, the suppression of erythroid and granulocytic colony development appears to be directly due to the release of diffusible inhibitory substances from the leukemic animal.", "contents": "Leukemic host influence on normal erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation in in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures. The effect of a leukemic environment on normal erythroid and granulocytic colony formation was examined in in vivo plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures implanted into Shay chloroleukemic rat hosts at varying stages of the disease. Normal bone marrow cells isolated in plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures in leukemic hosts displayed significant differences in the pattern of normal bone marrow colony growth. Granulocyte colony-forming units were significantly inhibited by leukemic hosts throughout the course of the disease. The size of developing colonies was reduced to under 100 cells; however, maturation within these clusters appeared unaffected. Erythroid colonies showed a slight inhibition during the early stages of the leukemia, a significant stimulation of 100 to 350% in the midleukemic period, and a significant inhibition of 50 to 65% during the terminal stages of the disease. Burst formation was also inhibited in the late leukemic stages. The transient increase in erythroid colony-forming units on Days 7 and 8 of the leukemia was concomitant with the onset of the anemia associated with the disease. Since the normal bone marrow cells were compartmentalized within the plasma clot diffusion chamber cultures, the suppression of erythroid and granulocytic colony development appears to be directly due to the release of diffusible inhibitory substances from the leukemic animal."}
{"id": "PMID:284844", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia during pregnancy: three case reports.", "content": "The cases of three patients with acute myelocytic leukemia presenting during the second trimester of pregnancy are summarized. All three patients were treated with combination chemotherapy. One patient, while in remission, underwent elective abortion of an apparently normal fetus. This patient is alive and free of disease 2 years after bone marrow transplantation. Each of the other two patients was spontaneously delivered of a premature infant. Transient bone marrow suppression occurred in one of these infants. Both children were small for their gestational age. One patient died 9 days after her infant was delivered and the other survived for 13 months.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia during pregnancy: three case reports. The cases of three patients with acute myelocytic leukemia presenting during the second trimester of pregnancy are summarized. All three patients were treated with combination chemotherapy. One patient, while in remission, underwent elective abortion of an apparently normal fetus. This patient is alive and free of disease 2 years after bone marrow transplantation. Each of the other two patients was spontaneously delivered of a premature infant. Transient bone marrow suppression occurred in one of these infants. Both children were small for their gestational age. One patient died 9 days after her infant was delivered and the other survived for 13 months."}
{"id": "PMID:284845", "title": "Age-related pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate in patients with osteosarcoma.", "content": "Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were determined in 52 patients after 409 infusions of high-dose (HD) (50-250 mg/kg) MTX with citrovorum factor (CF) rescue. In addition, detailed pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in nine of these patients. Plasma drug levels were compared at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours from the start of MTX infusions in four different age groups (less than or equal to 10, 11-14, 15-17, and greater than or equal to 18 years of age). At the same drug dose, the younger patients had lower plasma MTX levels than the older patients at 6 and 24 hours. This difference increased in significance with increasing MTX dose. However, MTX plasma levels became similar at 48 and 72 hours, regardless of age. The half-life for the first phase of biphasic MTX clearance in children was shorter than that in adults. In addition, the urinary excretion of MTX was faster in younger children at all doses. The younger patients had a greater apparent volume of distribution of MTX after HD infusion. These results indicate that the age-dependent pharmacokinetics can be attributed to greater distribution and elimination of MTX in the younger patients. The potential difference in the metabolism of MTX between children and adults is currently under investigation. Our observations suggest that age exerts a dominant effect on the pharmacokinetics of HD-MTX.", "contents": "Age-related pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate in patients with osteosarcoma. Plasma methotrexate (MTX) concentrations were determined in 52 patients after 409 infusions of high-dose (HD) (50-250 mg/kg) MTX with citrovorum factor (CF) rescue. In addition, detailed pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in nine of these patients. Plasma drug levels were compared at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours from the start of MTX infusions in four different age groups (less than or equal to 10, 11-14, 15-17, and greater than or equal to 18 years of age). At the same drug dose, the younger patients had lower plasma MTX levels than the older patients at 6 and 24 hours. This difference increased in significance with increasing MTX dose. However, MTX plasma levels became similar at 48 and 72 hours, regardless of age. The half-life for the first phase of biphasic MTX clearance in children was shorter than that in adults. In addition, the urinary excretion of MTX was faster in younger children at all doses. The younger patients had a greater apparent volume of distribution of MTX after HD infusion. These results indicate that the age-dependent pharmacokinetics can be attributed to greater distribution and elimination of MTX in the younger patients. The potential difference in the metabolism of MTX between children and adults is currently under investigation. Our observations suggest that age exerts a dominant effect on the pharmacokinetics of HD-MTX."}
{"id": "PMID:284846", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of 3-deazauridine-5'-triphosphate in human cancer cells.", "content": "A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for the detection and quantitation of 3-deazauridine-5'-triphosphate (deazaUTP), the active metabolite of the anticancer drug 3-deazauridine (deazaUrd), in cell extracts is described. This procedure permits the simultaneous detection and quantitation of CTP, the cellular concentration of which is affected by treatment with deazaUrd. Human lymphoblastoid cells (line CCRF-CEM) treated with 100 nmols of deazaUrd/ml in culture accumulate deazaUTP to greater than 25 nmols/10(7) cells after 4 hours. The concentration of CTP in these cells decreased exponentially with a half-life of 1.1 hours. After these cells had been incubated with 100 nmols of deazaUrd/ml and were resuspended in drug-free medium, the intracellular deazaUTP concentration decreased exponentially with a half-life of 3.4 hours. This assay has been applied to clinical studies of deazaUrd; high cellular deazaUTP concentrations have been detected in brain tumor tissue after deazaUrd infusion.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of 3-deazauridine-5'-triphosphate in human cancer cells. A rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for the detection and quantitation of 3-deazauridine-5'-triphosphate (deazaUTP), the active metabolite of the anticancer drug 3-deazauridine (deazaUrd), in cell extracts is described. This procedure permits the simultaneous detection and quantitation of CTP, the cellular concentration of which is affected by treatment with deazaUrd. Human lymphoblastoid cells (line CCRF-CEM) treated with 100 nmols of deazaUrd/ml in culture accumulate deazaUTP to greater than 25 nmols/10(7) cells after 4 hours. The concentration of CTP in these cells decreased exponentially with a half-life of 1.1 hours. After these cells had been incubated with 100 nmols of deazaUrd/ml and were resuspended in drug-free medium, the intracellular deazaUTP concentration decreased exponentially with a half-life of 3.4 hours. This assay has been applied to clinical studies of deazaUrd; high cellular deazaUTP concentrations have been detected in brain tumor tissue after deazaUrd infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:284859", "title": "Levels of resistance to six synthetic insecticides in the Borneo housefly.", "content": "The resistant levels of the 4 strains of the housefly collected in Borneo to six insecticides, namely DDT, Chrysron, DDVP, Baytex, Sumithion and Diazinon, were examined. It was found that most housefly population in Borneo showed a higher susceptibility than that of the Takatsuki strain of Japan, especially to DDT.", "contents": "Levels of resistance to six synthetic insecticides in the Borneo housefly. The resistant levels of the 4 strains of the housefly collected in Borneo to six insecticides, namely DDT, Chrysron, DDVP, Baytex, Sumithion and Diazinon, were examined. It was found that most housefly population in Borneo showed a higher susceptibility than that of the Takatsuki strain of Japan, especially to DDT."}
{"id": "PMID:284860", "title": "Effect of cardiac output on pulmonary shunt.", "content": "The effect of cardiac output on pulmonary shunt was studied in living lungs of human patients and dogs which had alveoli and blood vessels, and also in artificial lung (bubble-type oxygenator) which had no such structural factors. In spite of such a structural difference, quite similar results were observed in both living and artificial lungs, and this suggests that some common factors other than the change in blood vessels result in the change in pulmonary shunt. It was observed that pulmonary shunt increased as the saturation of mixed venous blood became higher.  It was clarified that the oxygen-receiving capacity of blood decreased as the oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood became higher. It was clarified that the oxygen-receiving capacity of blood decreased as the oxygen saturation became higher, i.e., the amount of reduced hemoglobin became less. The reduction in oxygen-receiving capacity of blood results in the reduction in oxygen-transfer efficiency from alveoli to blood and hence pulmonary shunt increases, and this can be regarded as a kind of shunt-like effect. It can be concluded that the change in pulmonary shunt by cardiac output is not due to the change in the lung function but is caused by the change in the oxygen-receiving capacity of the mixed venous blood.", "contents": "Effect of cardiac output on pulmonary shunt. The effect of cardiac output on pulmonary shunt was studied in living lungs of human patients and dogs which had alveoli and blood vessels, and also in artificial lung (bubble-type oxygenator) which had no such structural factors. In spite of such a structural difference, quite similar results were observed in both living and artificial lungs, and this suggests that some common factors other than the change in blood vessels result in the change in pulmonary shunt. It was observed that pulmonary shunt increased as the saturation of mixed venous blood became higher.  It was clarified that the oxygen-receiving capacity of blood decreased as the oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood became higher. It was clarified that the oxygen-receiving capacity of blood decreased as the oxygen saturation became higher, i.e., the amount of reduced hemoglobin became less. The reduction in oxygen-receiving capacity of blood results in the reduction in oxygen-transfer efficiency from alveoli to blood and hence pulmonary shunt increases, and this can be regarded as a kind of shunt-like effect. It can be concluded that the change in pulmonary shunt by cardiac output is not due to the change in the lung function but is caused by the change in the oxygen-receiving capacity of the mixed venous blood."}
{"id": "PMID:284861", "title": "A preliminary key to the common calliphorid flies of peninsular Malaysia (Insecta: Diptera).", "content": "A key to the common Calliphorid flies of Peninsular Malaysia is presented. Illustrations of the genitalia of some rare species, list of new localities, altitudes and other ecological data are also presented. The following species were recorded for the first time from Peninsular Malaysia; Catapicephala sinica, C. kurahashii, Taninanina javanica, Hemipyrellia tagaliana, Lucilia sinensis, Blaesoxipha kasterni, Boettcherisca javanica, Parasarcophaga misera, P. orchidea, P. albicephs, Sarcosolomonia crinita, Thyrsocnema bornensis, Sarcorohdendorfia antilope and Lioproctia pattoni.", "contents": "A preliminary key to the common calliphorid flies of peninsular Malaysia (Insecta: Diptera). A key to the common Calliphorid flies of Peninsular Malaysia is presented. Illustrations of the genitalia of some rare species, list of new localities, altitudes and other ecological data are also presented. The following species were recorded for the first time from Peninsular Malaysia; Catapicephala sinica, C. kurahashii, Taninanina javanica, Hemipyrellia tagaliana, Lucilia sinensis, Blaesoxipha kasterni, Boettcherisca javanica, Parasarcophaga misera, P. orchidea, P. albicephs, Sarcosolomonia crinita, Thyrsocnema bornensis, Sarcorohdendorfia antilope and Lioproctia pattoni."}
{"id": "PMID:284862", "title": "The relationship between lip pressure and facial growth after cleft lip repair: an experimental study.", "content": "Two different methods of lip repair were used on rabbits with surgically created unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate. Control groups involved both unoperated animals and those with unrepaired surgically created clefts. The resulting lip pressure in the rabbits with repaired cleft lips was found to be significantly higher than in the control groups. Direct skull measurements showed that the rabbits whose lips had been surgically repaired also had significantly shorter maxillae that did the control groups. The correlation found between the amount of lip pressure and the degree of growth inhibition indicated a causal relationship.", "contents": "The relationship between lip pressure and facial growth after cleft lip repair: an experimental study. Two different methods of lip repair were used on rabbits with surgically created unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate. Control groups involved both unoperated animals and those with unrepaired surgically created clefts. The resulting lip pressure in the rabbits with repaired cleft lips was found to be significantly higher than in the control groups. Direct skull measurements showed that the rabbits whose lips had been surgically repaired also had significantly shorter maxillae that did the control groups. The correlation found between the amount of lip pressure and the degree of growth inhibition indicated a causal relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:284863", "title": "TONAR calibration: a brief note.", "content": "Measurements were made of the frequency response characteristics of the microphone-separator components of TONAR II instrumentation. The results of our calibration studies revealed 1) appreciable non-uniformity in frequency response of the two microphones, 2) a considerable degree of mismatch in frequency response between the microphones and, 3) dynamic interactions among microphone, separator cavity, and talker cavity resonant characteristics. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications regarding the validity of TONAR II based nasalance ratio measures.", "contents": "TONAR calibration: a brief note. Measurements were made of the frequency response characteristics of the microphone-separator components of TONAR II instrumentation. The results of our calibration studies revealed 1) appreciable non-uniformity in frequency response of the two microphones, 2) a considerable degree of mismatch in frequency response between the microphones and, 3) dynamic interactions among microphone, separator cavity, and talker cavity resonant characteristics. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications regarding the validity of TONAR II based nasalance ratio measures."}
{"id": "PMID:284864", "title": "The types of hearing loss and ear pathology noted in screening craniofacial patients.", "content": "Seventy patients who underwent craniofacial reconstruction were screened by otological and audiological examinations. Thirty-seven patients had visible ear pathology, thirty-six had conductive hearing impairments. No sensorineural losses were detected. The high incidence of otological pathology in craniofacial patients emphasizes the importance of multi-disciplinary care. Otological rehabilitation should be integrated into the treatment plan to provide maximum function throughout the period of craniofacial reconstruction. Suggestions are made to facilitate communication in the immediate post operative period.", "contents": "The types of hearing loss and ear pathology noted in screening craniofacial patients. Seventy patients who underwent craniofacial reconstruction were screened by otological and audiological examinations. Thirty-seven patients had visible ear pathology, thirty-six had conductive hearing impairments. No sensorineural losses were detected. The high incidence of otological pathology in craniofacial patients emphasizes the importance of multi-disciplinary care. Otological rehabilitation should be integrated into the treatment plan to provide maximum function throughout the period of craniofacial reconstruction. Suggestions are made to facilitate communication in the immediate post operative period."}
{"id": "PMID:284865", "title": "Accuracy of birth certificate data for detecting facial cleft defects in Arkansas children.", "content": "A comparison of facial cleft defects reported on birth certificates during the period 1943 to 1974 that were reported on birth certificates was made with records maintained by the Arkansas Crippled Childrens Services (CCS). A total of 506 cases were reported of which 331 (65%) were recorded on the birth certificate. Moreover, the accuracy of the reporting was not good. Only 243 (48%) cleft malformations were correctly classified on the birth certificate. Birth certificate information is an inadequate measure of the true facial cleft occurrence in Arkansas. Caution must be exercised when this data source is used in epidemiological surveys because over one-third of such defects were not recorded. These findings serve to reemphasize the national need to improve the quality of such vital health statistics sources.", "contents": "Accuracy of birth certificate data for detecting facial cleft defects in Arkansas children. A comparison of facial cleft defects reported on birth certificates during the period 1943 to 1974 that were reported on birth certificates was made with records maintained by the Arkansas Crippled Childrens Services (CCS). A total of 506 cases were reported of which 331 (65%) were recorded on the birth certificate. Moreover, the accuracy of the reporting was not good. Only 243 (48%) cleft malformations were correctly classified on the birth certificate. Birth certificate information is an inadequate measure of the true facial cleft occurrence in Arkansas. Caution must be exercised when this data source is used in epidemiological surveys because over one-third of such defects were not recorded. These findings serve to reemphasize the national need to improve the quality of such vital health statistics sources."}
{"id": "PMID:284866", "title": "Self concept of the cleft lip and or palate child.", "content": "This investigation examined the relationship of the self-concept of children with cleft lip and/or palate to the self-concept of noncleft children. Thirty-four cleft lip and/or palate children between the ages of 11 and 13 were individually matched with thirty-four noncleft school children. Each child was given the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Children with clefts, regardless of sex, reported a significantly greater dissatisfaction with physical appearance. A significant interaction effect between sex and presence or absence of cleft was found on three cluster scores with cleft girls reporting greater unhappiness and dissatisfaction, less success in school, and more anxiety.", "contents": "Self concept of the cleft lip and or palate child. This investigation examined the relationship of the self-concept of children with cleft lip and/or palate to the self-concept of noncleft children. Thirty-four cleft lip and/or palate children between the ages of 11 and 13 were individually matched with thirty-four noncleft school children. Each child was given the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Children with clefts, regardless of sex, reported a significantly greater dissatisfaction with physical appearance. A significant interaction effect between sex and presence or absence of cleft was found on three cluster scores with cleft girls reporting greater unhappiness and dissatisfaction, less success in school, and more anxiety."}
{"id": "PMID:284867", "title": "Cognitive, self-concept, and body image measures of normal, cleft palate, and obese adolescents.", "content": "Using discriminant function analyses, this study attempted to establish linear combinations of variables that would identify group membership correctly. Groups of normal (N = 100), cleft palate (N = 51), and obese (N = 22) adolescents responded to measures of cognitive sytle and structure, body image, and self-concept. Linear combinations of congitive measures were not effective in differentiating group membership. Body image measures, in combination, clearly distinguished obese adolescents from the other two groups. A linear combination of self-concept measures differentiated adolescents with clefts from normals, with the former group having a pattern of higher self-esteem and lower perceived acceptability by their parents.", "contents": "Cognitive, self-concept, and body image measures of normal, cleft palate, and obese adolescents. Using discriminant function analyses, this study attempted to establish linear combinations of variables that would identify group membership correctly. Groups of normal (N = 100), cleft palate (N = 51), and obese (N = 22) adolescents responded to measures of cognitive sytle and structure, body image, and self-concept. Linear combinations of congitive measures were not effective in differentiating group membership. Body image measures, in combination, clearly distinguished obese adolescents from the other two groups. A linear combination of self-concept measures differentiated adolescents with clefts from normals, with the former group having a pattern of higher self-esteem and lower perceived acceptability by their parents."}
{"id": "PMID:284868", "title": "Maternal and child locus of control and field-dependence in cleft palate children.", "content": "The cleft palate experience includes events which are beyond the control of cleft palate children and their mothers. To investigate whether the experiences relate to other maternal and child variables, 44 cleft palate children, 9--18 years of age, and their mothers were compared to 61 control children and their mothers. Maternal variables included locus of control and perceived reactions to the child's birth. Child variables included locus of control, field dependence, parental perceptions, and teacher ratings. Mothers of children with cleft palates indicated a significantly greater negative impact at their children's births but did not indicate greater externality. Children with clefts were significantly more external in control, were more field-dependent, perceived parental reactions as more negative, and had more negative academic ratings. Mothers who were more external in locus of control had children who were more field-dependent and had more external control.", "contents": "Maternal and child locus of control and field-dependence in cleft palate children. The cleft palate experience includes events which are beyond the control of cleft palate children and their mothers. To investigate whether the experiences relate to other maternal and child variables, 44 cleft palate children, 9--18 years of age, and their mothers were compared to 61 control children and their mothers. Maternal variables included locus of control and perceived reactions to the child's birth. Child variables included locus of control, field dependence, parental perceptions, and teacher ratings. Mothers of children with cleft palates indicated a significantly greater negative impact at their children's births but did not indicate greater externality. Children with clefts were significantly more external in control, were more field-dependent, perceived parental reactions as more negative, and had more negative academic ratings. Mothers who were more external in locus of control had children who were more field-dependent and had more external control."}
{"id": "PMID:284869", "title": "Parental needs and professional responses: a parental perspective.", "content": "Parental needs are discussed as they have been revealed during a six-year period in a Boston parents' group, Prescription Parents, Inc. In addition, professional responses at various stressful periods during cleft palate rehabilitation are examined and certain responses suggested. Emphasis is given to the professional-parent partnership in developing the child's self-image and also to the relationship between professionals and the patient, particularly from age six through adolescence. The role of the peer group as it interacts with the home environment is also stressed. Specific suggestions are offered concerning the influence of a parents' group and the specific services such groups can provide.", "contents": "Parental needs and professional responses: a parental perspective. Parental needs are discussed as they have been revealed during a six-year period in a Boston parents' group, Prescription Parents, Inc. In addition, professional responses at various stressful periods during cleft palate rehabilitation are examined and certain responses suggested. Emphasis is given to the professional-parent partnership in developing the child's self-image and also to the relationship between professionals and the patient, particularly from age six through adolescence. The role of the peer group as it interacts with the home environment is also stressed. Specific suggestions are offered concerning the influence of a parents' group and the specific services such groups can provide."}
{"id": "PMID:284870", "title": "A racial comparison of cleft patients in a clinic population: associated anomalies and recurrence rates.", "content": "Clinical files of 22 black and 88 white cleft palate patients, under 16 years of age, were studied. Data on the distribution of cleft types, associated birth defects and recurrence rates were obtained for the two racial groups and analyzed through the use of the X2 test. It was found that blacks had a significantly higher (p less than .005) rate of associated birth defects when compared to whites. No significant differences were found in recurrence rates between the racial groups.", "contents": "A racial comparison of cleft patients in a clinic population: associated anomalies and recurrence rates. Clinical files of 22 black and 88 white cleft palate patients, under 16 years of age, were studied. Data on the distribution of cleft types, associated birth defects and recurrence rates were obtained for the two racial groups and analyzed through the use of the X2 test. It was found that blacks had a significantly higher (p less than .005) rate of associated birth defects when compared to whites. No significant differences were found in recurrence rates between the racial groups."}
{"id": "PMID:284871", "title": "Information and experience with cleft palate: students, parents, professionals.", "content": "More than 1,200 students, parents, and professionals completed a questionnaire designed to assess knowledge and experience with cleft palate. Professionals knew more about cleft palate and had had more experience with it than either parents or students. Parents, however, knew more about cleft palate and had had more experience with it than had students. There was also an apparent relationship between knowledge and experience because those who knew more about cleft palate had also had more experience and training.  The results reemphasize the need for pre-professional and continuing-education programs.", "contents": "Information and experience with cleft palate: students, parents, professionals. More than 1,200 students, parents, and professionals completed a questionnaire designed to assess knowledge and experience with cleft palate. Professionals knew more about cleft palate and had had more experience with it than either parents or students. Parents, however, knew more about cleft palate and had had more experience with it than had students. There was also an apparent relationship between knowledge and experience because those who knew more about cleft palate had also had more experience and training.  The results reemphasize the need for pre-professional and continuing-education programs."}
{"id": "PMID:284877", "title": "Caries experience of Danish children evaluated by the child dental health recording system.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to describe certain features of the child dental health care in Denmark. The caries picture and the caries distribution pattern in Danish children aged 2--15 years are demonstrated and some regional variations are analyzed. The study is based on epidemiologic data collected in the school year 1977--78 from about 500 000 children being treated in accordance with the Child Dental Care Act. The data collection is being effectuated annually under a child dental health recording system, and the aim and function of this system is discussed. The mean defs- and DMFS-indices are illustrated for individual age groups reflecting the natural history of dental caries. Certain trends in relation to different geographical distributions of caries and in relation to different cohorts of children from 1972 to 1977 are discussed. The analysis of the caries picture is extended by means of the distribution pattern according to caries severity zones. Finally, the use of caries epidemiologic data for planning and resource allocation purposes is illustrated and some policy implications for the development of the child dental health services in Denmark are discussed.", "contents": "Caries experience of Danish children evaluated by the child dental health recording system. The purpose of this report is to describe certain features of the child dental health care in Denmark. The caries picture and the caries distribution pattern in Danish children aged 2--15 years are demonstrated and some regional variations are analyzed. The study is based on epidemiologic data collected in the school year 1977--78 from about 500 000 children being treated in accordance with the Child Dental Care Act. The data collection is being effectuated annually under a child dental health recording system, and the aim and function of this system is discussed. The mean defs- and DMFS-indices are illustrated for individual age groups reflecting the natural history of dental caries. Certain trends in relation to different geographical distributions of caries and in relation to different cohorts of children from 1972 to 1977 are discussed. The analysis of the caries picture is extended by means of the distribution pattern according to caries severity zones. Finally, the use of caries epidemiologic data for planning and resource allocation purposes is illustrated and some policy implications for the development of the child dental health services in Denmark are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:284878", "title": "Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mallow (a non-fluoridated area), Cork, Ireland.", "content": "295 5-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork to ascertain the dental status of children commencing first level education. The results were compared with those found in Baja, Hungary and in Barnsley, England. The def in Mallow was found to be 5.15 and the Met Need Index 14%. The authors suggest that the programmes of dental care should be re-examined in the light of these findings and more emphasis placed on the prevention and treatment of caries at an earlier age.", "contents": "Dental caries prevalence in 5-year-old children in Mallow (a non-fluoridated area), Cork, Ireland. 295 5-year-old children were examined in Mallow, a non-fluoridated town in North Cork to ascertain the dental status of children commencing first level education. The results were compared with those found in Baja, Hungary and in Barnsley, England. The def in Mallow was found to be 5.15 and the Met Need Index 14%. The authors suggest that the programmes of dental care should be re-examined in the light of these findings and more emphasis placed on the prevention and treatment of caries at an earlier age."}
{"id": "PMID:284879", "title": "Comparison of two groups of patients with TMJ-disorder.", "content": "A total of 49 patients seeking treatment for TMJ-disorders in a district in Northern Norway during a period of 3 months, were described according to social, medical and dental characteristics, amount and type of symptoms, and clinical findings. Data were compared with those obtained from a group of TMJ-patients at the Dental Faculty, University of Oslo. In both materials women were heavily overrepresented. In the group presently studied, the age profile and the amount of reported stressors were higher, and the social class composition somewhat lower, than those in the material obtained at the University. These inequalities should be seen in context with the demographic composition of the two communities. It is anticipated that the main characteristics of the university group are generally valid for patients with TMJ-disorders in Norway.", "contents": "Comparison of two groups of patients with TMJ-disorder. A total of 49 patients seeking treatment for TMJ-disorders in a district in Northern Norway during a period of 3 months, were described according to social, medical and dental characteristics, amount and type of symptoms, and clinical findings. Data were compared with those obtained from a group of TMJ-patients at the Dental Faculty, University of Oslo. In both materials women were heavily overrepresented. In the group presently studied, the age profile and the amount of reported stressors were higher, and the social class composition somewhat lower, than those in the material obtained at the University. These inequalities should be seen in context with the demographic composition of the two communities. It is anticipated that the main characteristics of the university group are generally valid for patients with TMJ-disorders in Norway."}
{"id": "PMID:284880", "title": "Public opinions on dentists in Norway.", "content": "Interviews on the dentist-patient relationship were carried out among 1,221 persons representing the dentulous part of the Norwegian population aged 15 and over. Two thirds of the interviewees said that their dentists explained the treatment plan, and of these, every second interviewee received reasons for the treatment. One third said they discussed different treatment alternatives with the dentist. One third of the respondents said that the dentist had urged them to clean their teeth thoroughly and to use fluoride. Inly a minority thought that the dentist had sought to influence their dietary habits. When asked to give priority to alternative characteristics and qualities of dentists, accuracy and professional skills were those ranked the highest. Carefulness, willingness to listen and to discuss dental problems, and finally effective working habits were the qualities ranked thereafter. Out of the sample, 96% thought that their dentist did very good or good work, and 82% wanted to choose their own dentist.", "contents": "Public opinions on dentists in Norway. Interviews on the dentist-patient relationship were carried out among 1,221 persons representing the dentulous part of the Norwegian population aged 15 and over. Two thirds of the interviewees said that their dentists explained the treatment plan, and of these, every second interviewee received reasons for the treatment. One third said they discussed different treatment alternatives with the dentist. One third of the respondents said that the dentist had urged them to clean their teeth thoroughly and to use fluoride. Inly a minority thought that the dentist had sought to influence their dietary habits. When asked to give priority to alternative characteristics and qualities of dentists, accuracy and professional skills were those ranked the highest. Carefulness, willingness to listen and to discuss dental problems, and finally effective working habits were the qualities ranked thereafter. Out of the sample, 96% thought that their dentist did very good or good work, and 82% wanted to choose their own dentist."}
{"id": "PMID:284881", "title": "Attitudes concerning water fluoridation among graduating Swedish dentists.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to assess the attitudes concerning water fluoridation among Swedish dentists just having completed their dental education. All senior dental students (168) at the four Swedish dental schools were handed a questionnaire during the last week of November 1974. By the end of February 1975, 98% of the respondents, now dentists, had returned their questionnaires. Water fluoridation was considered by the average respondent to be quite economical and effective but only slightly advisable; 72% expressed approval and support of water fluoridation; 15% expressed indecisiveness; 12% expressed negative views. The negative attitudes were associated with misconceptions concerning economy, technical efficiency, safety and effectiveness. Many respondents, even those who expressed support of water fluoridation, displayed misconceptions concerning the effectiveness of water fluoridation in relation to topical application of fluorides and to the administration of fluoride tablets.", "contents": "Attitudes concerning water fluoridation among graduating Swedish dentists. The purpose of the investigation was to assess the attitudes concerning water fluoridation among Swedish dentists just having completed their dental education. All senior dental students (168) at the four Swedish dental schools were handed a questionnaire during the last week of November 1974. By the end of February 1975, 98% of the respondents, now dentists, had returned their questionnaires. Water fluoridation was considered by the average respondent to be quite economical and effective but only slightly advisable; 72% expressed approval and support of water fluoridation; 15% expressed indecisiveness; 12% expressed negative views. The negative attitudes were associated with misconceptions concerning economy, technical efficiency, safety and effectiveness. Many respondents, even those who expressed support of water fluoridation, displayed misconceptions concerning the effectiveness of water fluoridation in relation to topical application of fluorides and to the administration of fluoride tablets."}
{"id": "PMID:284882", "title": "Recent reorganization of the public dental health service in Greenland in favor of caries prevention.", "content": "The Danish dental health service in Greenland has not succeeded in its attempts to subdue a steadily growing caries problem in this rapidly changing society; surveys from 1974 and 1977 show that DMFS indices in this country are among the highest in the world. A comparison between the 1974 and 1977 surveys indicates that the DMFS indices reached a maximum around 1974. Pressing needs for other health services have left only small resources for a reorganization of the dental health service; at the same time, a certain lack of initial administrative support has hampered design and implementation of an adequate preventive program. Recently, a comprehensive plan for the training in Greenland of Greenlandic auxiliary personnel was put into effect, but at a time of economic depression. As a consequence, the dental health service now finds itself compelled to limit its previous scope of \"comprehensive care\", to be able to spend a reasonable part of existing resources on preventive programs utilizing indigenous auxiliary personnel.", "contents": "Recent reorganization of the public dental health service in Greenland in favor of caries prevention. The Danish dental health service in Greenland has not succeeded in its attempts to subdue a steadily growing caries problem in this rapidly changing society; surveys from 1974 and 1977 show that DMFS indices in this country are among the highest in the world. A comparison between the 1974 and 1977 surveys indicates that the DMFS indices reached a maximum around 1974. Pressing needs for other health services have left only small resources for a reorganization of the dental health service; at the same time, a certain lack of initial administrative support has hampered design and implementation of an adequate preventive program. Recently, a comprehensive plan for the training in Greenland of Greenlandic auxiliary personnel was put into effect, but at a time of economic depression. As a consequence, the dental health service now finds itself compelled to limit its previous scope of \"comprehensive care\", to be able to spend a reasonable part of existing resources on preventive programs utilizing indigenous auxiliary personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:284884", "title": "Validity of information concerning the use of dental services obtained in interviews.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty-two persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed concerning their use of dental services. The validity of the information was tested by comparing the answers from each respondent with the contents of his/her dental treatment record. Replies to a question about the time interval since the last dental visit showed a high degree of validity. The validity of information concerning the type of treatment received at the last course of dental visits showed high validity for a single treatment and low validity when the treatment services were mixed. Responses about the regularity of treatment attendance demonstrated decreasing degree of validity with increasing number of dental visits during the last 5 years. The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents showed little relation to the validity of their answers. However, the degree of validity decreased with increasing number of teeth.", "contents": "Validity of information concerning the use of dental services obtained in interviews. Two hundred and fifty-two persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed concerning their use of dental services. The validity of the information was tested by comparing the answers from each respondent with the contents of his/her dental treatment record. Replies to a question about the time interval since the last dental visit showed a high degree of validity. The validity of information concerning the type of treatment received at the last course of dental visits showed high validity for a single treatment and low validity when the treatment services were mixed. Responses about the regularity of treatment attendance demonstrated decreasing degree of validity with increasing number of dental visits during the last 5 years. The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents showed little relation to the validity of their answers. However, the degree of validity decreased with increasing number of teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:284885", "title": "Evaluation of periodontal status in a Finnish industrial population.", "content": "Occurrence of periodontal disease was investigated in an industrial population by a modified Peridontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). The study comprised an initial clinical examination and a follow-up examination of 165 persons 1 year later. The reproducibility of the modified PTNS was satisfactory; in a subsample studied twice the weighted kappa with its 99% confidence limits was 0.80 +/- 0.18. Only 3% of the dentulous subjects had no treatment need because of gingival or periodontal disease in the first clinical examination, in spite of the low mean age (33.2 years) of the population. The periodontium of the maxillary teeth was significantly (P less than 0.001) than that in the mandibular teeth, but there were no significant differences between right and left side of jaws. During the 1-year follow-up period the periodontal condition of 23% of subjects improved, whereas in 9% it deteriorated.", "contents": "Evaluation of periodontal status in a Finnish industrial population. Occurrence of periodontal disease was investigated in an industrial population by a modified Peridontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). The study comprised an initial clinical examination and a follow-up examination of 165 persons 1 year later. The reproducibility of the modified PTNS was satisfactory; in a subsample studied twice the weighted kappa with its 99% confidence limits was 0.80 +/- 0.18. Only 3% of the dentulous subjects had no treatment need because of gingival or periodontal disease in the first clinical examination, in spite of the low mean age (33.2 years) of the population. The periodontium of the maxillary teeth was significantly (P less than 0.001) than that in the mandibular teeth, but there were no significant differences between right and left side of jaws. During the 1-year follow-up period the periodontal condition of 23% of subjects improved, whereas in 9% it deteriorated."}
{"id": "PMID:284897", "title": "[Dental caries and the necessity of treatment in pre-school children].", "content": "A study concerning the intensity of caries, the oral hygiene, and the necessity for treatment was carried out with 816 children between the ages of three and five. The findings indicated age-related relationships, which are independent of sex and kindergarten enrollment. On the basis of the results, the conclusion was drawn that prophylactic measures for caries should be instituted as early as possible; kindergarten teachers and the parents should be instructed in the essentials of oral hygiene.", "contents": "[Dental caries and the necessity of treatment in pre-school children]. A study concerning the intensity of caries, the oral hygiene, and the necessity for treatment was carried out with 816 children between the ages of three and five. The findings indicated age-related relationships, which are independent of sex and kindergarten enrollment. On the basis of the results, the conclusion was drawn that prophylactic measures for caries should be instituted as early as possible; kindergarten teachers and the parents should be instructed in the essentials of oral hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:284898", "title": "[The effect of knowledge of caries prevention on oral hygiene].", "content": "The Quigley-Hein Index was determined and knowledge of prophylactic treatment for caries was tested in 171 senior high school students between the ages of 15 and 17. The findings indicated that the knowledge of caries prophylaxis was good; oral hygiene however was found to be poor (mean Quigley-Hein Index: 3.1). The correlation between plaque index and number of incorrect answers on the test of the knowledge of prophylactic treatment for caries was extremely low.", "contents": "[The effect of knowledge of caries prevention on oral hygiene]. The Quigley-Hein Index was determined and knowledge of prophylactic treatment for caries was tested in 171 senior high school students between the ages of 15 and 17. The findings indicated that the knowledge of caries prophylaxis was good; oral hygiene however was found to be poor (mean Quigley-Hein Index: 3.1). The correlation between plaque index and number of incorrect answers on the test of the knowledge of prophylactic treatment for caries was extremely low."}
{"id": "PMID:284900", "title": "[Caries-statistical results after 15 years of fluoridation in Basle].", "content": "Fluoride (1 ppm) has been added to the drinking water in Basel, Switzerland, since May of 1962. The effects of this fluoridation on the teeth was studied at five year intervals in a total of 9042 school children between the ages of seven and fifteen. During the course of the control examinations, a statistically significant reduction in the frequency and experience of caries for all age groups was observed. Caries were reduced by 60% and more. The increase in the number of children with caries-free teeth in all age groups was statistically significant.", "contents": "[Caries-statistical results after 15 years of fluoridation in Basle]. Fluoride (1 ppm) has been added to the drinking water in Basel, Switzerland, since May of 1962. The effects of this fluoridation on the teeth was studied at five year intervals in a total of 9042 school children between the ages of seven and fifteen. During the course of the control examinations, a statistically significant reduction in the frequency and experience of caries for all age groups was observed. Caries were reduced by 60% and more. The increase in the number of children with caries-free teeth in all age groups was statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:284901", "title": "[Teratological aspects of CaF2 medication].", "content": "CaF2 was studied in animal experiments to determine its effect over a period of several generations. The negative effects of AcF2 on embryogenesis increase as the dosage is increased. The effects however are slight compared with other fluorides.", "contents": "[Teratological aspects of CaF2 medication]. CaF2 was studied in animal experiments to determine its effect over a period of several generations. The negative effects of AcF2 on embryogenesis increase as the dosage is increased. The effects however are slight compared with other fluorides."}
{"id": "PMID:284902", "title": "[Follow-up studies on 50 pulpotomies (tricresol-formaldehyde method) after 3 years].", "content": "Fifty pulpotomies were carried out on the deciduous teeth of 39 children. Three years later the children were examined clinically and radiologically. Treatment appeared to be successful in 78% of the cases. Success of treatment seemed to be related to meticulousness of the treatment and number of appointments.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies on 50 pulpotomies (tricresol-formaldehyde method) after 3 years]. Fifty pulpotomies were carried out on the deciduous teeth of 39 children. Three years later the children were examined clinically and radiologically. Treatment appeared to be successful in 78% of the cases. Success of treatment seemed to be related to meticulousness of the treatment and number of appointments."}
{"id": "PMID:284903", "title": "[Functional disorders in juvenile jaws].", "content": "A wide variety of symptoms and findings taken from 172 patients between the ages of 10 and 26, who presented for diagnostic examinations of function, were compared. The amazingly high frequency of functional disturbances appearing in this age group demands special study.", "contents": "[Functional disorders in juvenile jaws]. A wide variety of symptoms and findings taken from 172 patients between the ages of 10 and 26, who presented for diagnostic examinations of function, were compared. The amazingly high frequency of functional disturbances appearing in this age group demands special study."}
{"id": "PMID:284904", "title": "[Problems of conservative and surgical therapy of juvenile jaw fractures].", "content": "Fractures of the mandible in children represent a special problem in the therapeutic concept of traumatology. These injuries differ from similar injuries in adults in terms of the mechanism of the fracture, therapeutic possibilities, elasticity of the bone, healing of the mandibular fracture, presence of tooth buds, and cooperativeness of the patient. Operative procedures should be carried out if necessary, but treatment should basically be as conservative as possible. The primary principle for therapeutic procedures on growing maxillofacial bones is avoidance of late sequelae and restoration of function.", "contents": "[Problems of conservative and surgical therapy of juvenile jaw fractures]. Fractures of the mandible in children represent a special problem in the therapeutic concept of traumatology. These injuries differ from similar injuries in adults in terms of the mechanism of the fracture, therapeutic possibilities, elasticity of the bone, healing of the mandibular fracture, presence of tooth buds, and cooperativeness of the patient. Operative procedures should be carried out if necessary, but treatment should basically be as conservative as possible. The primary principle for therapeutic procedures on growing maxillofacial bones is avoidance of late sequelae and restoration of function."}
{"id": "PMID:284905", "title": "[State of the dentition in 3--10 years old children in the Munich region].", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to the parents of 1000 3- to 7-year-old children in and around Munich whose teeth we had examined. We inquired as to the oral hygiene and the socioeconomic conditions. The def and DMF mean values were evaluated according to the age group. The results indicate that the condition of the teeth of our young people can only be improved if measures for dental hygiene and caries prophylaxis in general are intensified and improved at the kindergarten level.", "contents": "[State of the dentition in 3--10 years old children in the Munich region]. A questionnaire was sent to the parents of 1000 3- to 7-year-old children in and around Munich whose teeth we had examined. We inquired as to the oral hygiene and the socioeconomic conditions. The def and DMF mean values were evaluated according to the age group. The results indicate that the condition of the teeth of our young people can only be improved if measures for dental hygiene and caries prophylaxis in general are intensified and improved at the kindergarten level."}
{"id": "PMID:284906", "title": "[Blood pressure and pulse in treatment resisting children].", "content": "Cardiovascular parameters increase as the fear of dental treatment increases. Recordings of pulse rate and blood pressure were used to illustrate the various situations (i.e., children willing to be treated and children unwilling to be treated).", "contents": "[Blood pressure and pulse in treatment resisting children]. Cardiovascular parameters increase as the fear of dental treatment increases. Recordings of pulse rate and blood pressure were used to illustrate the various situations (i.e., children willing to be treated and children unwilling to be treated)."}
{"id": "PMID:284907", "title": "[Experimental studies on root canal fillings with addition of corticoids].", "content": "No clinical symptoms are usually produced by dental procedures utilizing endodontic medicines with corticoid additives. Root fillin pastes with corticoid are particularly deserving of attention. Whether the effect of such root filling pastes is limited to the apical tissue or whether endocrine reactions are also evoked was studied in animal experiments. The possibility of endocrine reactions cannot be definitely excluded. Given the possibility of such counter effects and their sequelae, the discussion of the indications and/or the counterindications for the use of root filling paste with corticoid additives for permanent treatment of root canals should in no way be considered concluded.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on root canal fillings with addition of corticoids]. No clinical symptoms are usually produced by dental procedures utilizing endodontic medicines with corticoid additives. Root fillin pastes with corticoid are particularly deserving of attention. Whether the effect of such root filling pastes is limited to the apical tissue or whether endocrine reactions are also evoked was studied in animal experiments. The possibility of endocrine reactions cannot be definitely excluded. Given the possibility of such counter effects and their sequelae, the discussion of the indications and/or the counterindications for the use of root filling paste with corticoid additives for permanent treatment of root canals should in no way be considered concluded."}
{"id": "PMID:284908", "title": "[Critical evaluation of the endodontic treatment administered in 1975 by students of the dental department, Mainz].", "content": "The endodontic work of students in the department for tooth conservation at the Dental Hospital in Mainz, FRG, during 1975 was described. A total of 850 cases were studied in regard to the following: 1)  cause and type of endodontic treatment, 2) type of root filling material, 3) number of appointments, 4) temporary root canal filling with limited period of storage, 5) degree and homogeneity of the filling.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of the endodontic treatment administered in 1975 by students of the dental department, Mainz]. The endodontic work of students in the department for tooth conservation at the Dental Hospital in Mainz, FRG, during 1975 was described. A total of 850 cases were studied in regard to the following: 1)  cause and type of endodontic treatment, 2) type of root filling material, 3) number of appointments, 4) temporary root canal filling with limited period of storage, 5) degree and homogeneity of the filling."}
{"id": "PMID:284909", "title": "[The wall of the root canal after treatment with various instruments].", "content": "Root canal walls of freshly extracted teeth were examined with a scanning electron microscope before and after routine instrumental treatment of the root canal. The results indicated that the root canal wall must be freed of soft-tissue remnants and smoothed, and the orifices of the dental tubules blocked via meticulous use of broaches and files if the material used for a root canal filling is to be properly sealed.", "contents": "[The wall of the root canal after treatment with various instruments]. Root canal walls of freshly extracted teeth were examined with a scanning electron microscope before and after routine instrumental treatment of the root canal. The results indicated that the root canal wall must be freed of soft-tissue remnants and smoothed, and the orifices of the dental tubules blocked via meticulous use of broaches and files if the material used for a root canal filling is to be properly sealed."}
{"id": "PMID:284910", "title": "[Plaque flora and dental caries. I. Occurrence of Streptococcus sanguis types in caries-free and caries susceptible school children].", "content": "The reported results suggest that changes in dental plaque flora and its importance for cariesinitiation in man can only be learned about by 1) investigation into different pre- and early caries phases, 2) by still more differentiation of potentially cariogenic microorganisms, according to their biochemical behavior, and 3) by considering other factors influencing the dental plaque flora like toothbrushing habits. The data presented suggest that Strep. sanguis type I and IIW might cause cariesinitiation with daily toothbrushing individuals.", "contents": "[Plaque flora and dental caries. I. Occurrence of Streptococcus sanguis types in caries-free and caries susceptible school children]. The reported results suggest that changes in dental plaque flora and its importance for cariesinitiation in man can only be learned about by 1) investigation into different pre- and early caries phases, 2) by still more differentiation of potentially cariogenic microorganisms, according to their biochemical behavior, and 3) by considering other factors influencing the dental plaque flora like toothbrushing habits. The data presented suggest that Strep. sanguis type I and IIW might cause cariesinitiation with daily toothbrushing individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:284911", "title": "[Biochemical studies on the metabolic behavior of the human salivary and plaque microflora towards L-sorbose].", "content": "Whether and if so to what extent the microflora in human saliva and plaque metabolizes L sorbitol, a sugar exchange substance, was studied. The Warburg technique was used for this investigation. It was established that only traces of L sorbitol were present in the saliva and the plaque deposits. It may therefore be assumed that L sorbitol has an extremely low cariogenic effect.", "contents": "[Biochemical studies on the metabolic behavior of the human salivary and plaque microflora towards L-sorbose]. Whether and if so to what extent the microflora in human saliva and plaque metabolizes L sorbitol, a sugar exchange substance, was studied. The Warburg technique was used for this investigation. It was established that only traces of L sorbitol were present in the saliva and the plaque deposits. It may therefore be assumed that L sorbitol has an extremely low cariogenic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:284913", "title": "[Microstructural studies on abraded facettes in the dentin].", "content": "Using transmission electorn microscopy, a homogeneous deposition on abrasion facets in the dentin was observed in sections. This deposition ranged between 0.2 and 0.74 micrometer in thickness. In the area of the dental tubules, this layer may be dissolved with a 5% solution of acetic acid. It however is basically preserved in the region of the intertubular dentine.", "contents": "[Microstructural studies on abraded facettes in the dentin]. Using transmission electorn microscopy, a homogeneous deposition on abrasion facets in the dentin was observed in sections. This deposition ranged between 0.2 and 0.74 micrometer in thickness. In the area of the dental tubules, this layer may be dissolved with a 5% solution of acetic acid. It however is basically preserved in the region of the intertubular dentine."}
{"id": "PMID:284914", "title": "[The surface structure of dentin after routine treatments].", "content": "A scanning electron microscopic study was made of the dentinal surface following preparation with various devices used routinely in the dental practice. The dentine prepared with diamond points showed deep fissured tracks from the individual diamond crystals, even when only slightly magnified. Compared with the untreated dentinal fracture surface, the orifices of the dentine tubules were crushed and obstructed. The surface is smoothed via finishing; the orifices of the dental tubules are no longer present. The picture remained unchanged after washing with H2O2 and cauterization with Ca(OH)2.", "contents": "[The surface structure of dentin after routine treatments]. A scanning electron microscopic study was made of the dentinal surface following preparation with various devices used routinely in the dental practice. The dentine prepared with diamond points showed deep fissured tracks from the individual diamond crystals, even when only slightly magnified. Compared with the untreated dentinal fracture surface, the orifices of the dentine tubules were crushed and obstructed. The surface is smoothed via finishing; the orifices of the dental tubules are no longer present. The picture remained unchanged after washing with H2O2 and cauterization with Ca(OH)2."}
{"id": "PMID:284915", "title": "[Variations of the etching patterns of enamel surfaces after treatment with various caustics].", "content": "Conditioning the enamel is extremely important for the prophylactic treatment of caries with sealers. The possibility of dentition depends on the depth and pattern of etching. Incisors and molars were etched with seven etching agents. The depth of etching was examined via microradiography; the etching pattern, with the scanning electron microscope. The best etching agent proved to be a 50% solution of H3PO4 + 2% solution of NaF; The depth of etching was greater in the molars than in the incisors. The etching pattern produced with this agent was also the most even. The etching pattern could not be predicted on the basis of the etching agent.", "contents": "[Variations of the etching patterns of enamel surfaces after treatment with various caustics]. Conditioning the enamel is extremely important for the prophylactic treatment of caries with sealers. The possibility of dentition depends on the depth and pattern of etching. Incisors and molars were etched with seven etching agents. The depth of etching was examined via microradiography; the etching pattern, with the scanning electron microscope. The best etching agent proved to be a 50% solution of H3PO4 + 2% solution of NaF; The depth of etching was greater in the molars than in the incisors. The etching pattern produced with this agent was also the most even. The etching pattern could not be predicted on the basis of the etching agent."}
{"id": "PMID:284916", "title": "[The effect of methyl-methacrylate monomer on L-cell metabolism].", "content": "The total serum protein synthesis, amino acid assimilation, rate of cell division, and DNA synthesis with various concentrations of methyl methacrylate monomer in medium was determined in a culture of L 929 fibroblasts of the mouse. DNA synthesis was inhibited after 12 hours of incubation. The normal course of cell division was completely supressed with a concentration of 3.2 . 10(-2) mol/l. A decrease in protein synthesis was observed after 24 hours of incubation. This decrease may be considered the result of DNA inhibition.", "contents": "[The effect of methyl-methacrylate monomer on L-cell metabolism]. The total serum protein synthesis, amino acid assimilation, rate of cell division, and DNA synthesis with various concentrations of methyl methacrylate monomer in medium was determined in a culture of L 929 fibroblasts of the mouse. DNA synthesis was inhibited after 12 hours of incubation. The normal course of cell division was completely supressed with a concentration of 3.2 . 10(-2) mol/l. A decrease in protein synthesis was observed after 24 hours of incubation. This decrease may be considered the result of DNA inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:284917", "title": "[The reproducibility of bite registrations].", "content": "The results indicate that the reproducibility of the hinge axis of mandibular movement with an accuracy of less than a few millimeters is almost impossible. The results also show that a facebow constructed on the basis of the average measurements is adequate for the general dental practice.", "contents": "[The reproducibility of bite registrations]. The results indicate that the reproducibility of the hinge axis of mandibular movement with an accuracy of less than a few millimeters is almost impossible. The results also show that a facebow constructed on the basis of the average measurements is adequate for the general dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:284918", "title": "[Relationship between pathological changes in the lipid and protein metabolism and the occurrence of odontogenic jaw cysts].", "content": "Compared with a control group, cholesterol and triglyceride values are significantly elevated (chi2 = 14.52 and 21.65) in patients with odontogenous cysts. No statistically significant difference could be established in terms of the enzyme work-up (lipase). No statistically significant differences could be established in fractions of protein metabolism via electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Relationship between pathological changes in the lipid and protein metabolism and the occurrence of odontogenic jaw cysts]. Compared with a control group, cholesterol and triglyceride values are significantly elevated (chi2 = 14.52 and 21.65) in patients with odontogenous cysts. No statistically significant difference could be established in terms of the enzyme work-up (lipase). No statistically significant differences could be established in fractions of protein metabolism via electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:284919", "title": "[Disorders of the coordination of masticatory muscles in lesions of the brain stem].", "content": "Observations of 10 patients were reported. In addition to other neurologic deficits, coordination of the trigeminus, a motor nerve, may also be disturbed with brain lesions. Disturbance of bilateral synergism can be demonstrated with the EMG. The muscles closing the jaw on the affected side are paradoxically innervated when the jaw is opened, i.e., they function like antagonists to the muscles responsible for jaw closure on the opposite side. This condition may produce trismus. Similar central disturbances in bilateral coordination of the ocular muscles have also been established. Bilateral synergism of the trigeminus is also controlled via a center in the brain stem.", "contents": "[Disorders of the coordination of masticatory muscles in lesions of the brain stem]. Observations of 10 patients were reported. In addition to other neurologic deficits, coordination of the trigeminus, a motor nerve, may also be disturbed with brain lesions. Disturbance of bilateral synergism can be demonstrated with the EMG. The muscles closing the jaw on the affected side are paradoxically innervated when the jaw is opened, i.e., they function like antagonists to the muscles responsible for jaw closure on the opposite side. This condition may produce trismus. Similar central disturbances in bilateral coordination of the ocular muscles have also been established. Bilateral synergism of the trigeminus is also controlled via a center in the brain stem."}
{"id": "PMID:284920", "title": "[Data on the preventive removal of wisdom tooth germs].", "content": "Prophylactic removal of wisdom teeth was carried out in 559 children during a five-year period in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Orthodontic indications were present in 525 of the children (94%). The number of removed teeth, the operative procedure, the anesthesia, the medication, and the postoperative complications were discussed. The survey points out the focal points of operative prophylaxis in adolescents between the ages of 14 and 16.", "contents": "[Data on the preventive removal of wisdom tooth germs]. Prophylactic removal of wisdom teeth was carried out in 559 children during a five-year period in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Orthodontic indications were present in 525 of the children (94%). The number of removed teeth, the operative procedure, the anesthesia, the medication, and the postoperative complications were discussed. The survey points out the focal points of operative prophylaxis in adolescents between the ages of 14 and 16."}
{"id": "PMID:284921", "title": "[Preventive removal of displaced teeth].", "content": "Using the data acquired from our catamnestic survey, we were able to establish a broad catalogue of complications involved with impacted and displaced teeth. Given these complications, it is not medically responsible to leave impacted and displaced teeth in the jaw, even if they are asymptomatic. The risks increase considerably with age. Late operative removal of such teeth can be a dangerous intervention due to local complications such as abscesses, cysts, osteomyelitis, tumors, systemic diseases, and age-related changes in the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "[Preventive removal of displaced teeth]. Using the data acquired from our catamnestic survey, we were able to establish a broad catalogue of complications involved with impacted and displaced teeth. Given these complications, it is not medically responsible to leave impacted and displaced teeth in the jaw, even if they are asymptomatic. The risks increase considerably with age. Late operative removal of such teeth can be a dangerous intervention due to local complications such as abscesses, cysts, osteomyelitis, tumors, systemic diseases, and age-related changes in the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:284922", "title": "[Postoperative complications after Caldwell-Luc radical surgery and possibilities of surgical therapy].", "content": "The causes for and the avoidance of postoperative complaints following operations on the maxillary sinus were discussed. Additional surgery following the Caldwell-Luc operation is meaningful only in connection with the secondary coverage of defects of the facial wall of the maxillary sinus. Dura is used for coverage. Mucosa from the palate, which is positioned with a new balloon tamponade, is used for larger defects.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications after Caldwell-Luc radical surgery and possibilities of surgical therapy]. The causes for and the avoidance of postoperative complaints following operations on the maxillary sinus were discussed. Additional surgery following the Caldwell-Luc operation is meaningful only in connection with the secondary coverage of defects of the facial wall of the maxillary sinus. Dura is used for coverage. Mucosa from the palate, which is positioned with a new balloon tamponade, is used for larger defects."}
{"id": "PMID:284923", "title": "[Acute necrotizing-ulcerative gingivitis in young men].", "content": "Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a disease in which the bacilli of the flora normally found in the buccal cavity (fusiform bacilli and spirochetae) play a role. This type of gingivitis occurs relatively frequently in young men. The frequency of the disease tends to peak in the winter. We examined 72 young men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, fever and swelling of the regional lymph nodes for possible noxas. All of the individuals were smokers: approximately 3/4s of the group smoked more than 60 cigarettes per day. Roughly half of the individuals examined showed extremely poor oral hygiene or underlying psychological or physical stress at the onset of the disease. Dentitio difficilis and alcohol abuse however appeared to be less important factors. Symptomatic measures, such as mouthwash and oral hygiene, proved to be effective therapy. Diseases and disorders of internal structures of the body could not be diagnosed in any of these individuals.", "contents": "[Acute necrotizing-ulcerative gingivitis in young men]. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a disease in which the bacilli of the flora normally found in the buccal cavity (fusiform bacilli and spirochetae) play a role. This type of gingivitis occurs relatively frequently in young men. The frequency of the disease tends to peak in the winter. We examined 72 young men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, fever and swelling of the regional lymph nodes for possible noxas. All of the individuals were smokers: approximately 3/4s of the group smoked more than 60 cigarettes per day. Roughly half of the individuals examined showed extremely poor oral hygiene or underlying psychological or physical stress at the onset of the disease. Dentitio difficilis and alcohol abuse however appeared to be less important factors. Symptomatic measures, such as mouthwash and oral hygiene, proved to be effective therapy. Diseases and disorders of internal structures of the body could not be diagnosed in any of these individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:284924", "title": "[The routine use of the orthopantomograph as a diagnostic aid in dental practice].", "content": "An amount of 667 radiographs, taken by the Orthopantomograph (OPG) has been examined concerning their pathological statements--as there are restrained and displaced wisdom-teeth, apical granuloma, radices relictae, displaced dentes canini and premolars. The Orthopantomograph, by it's clear graph of maxilla and jaw, turns out to be a diagnostic means of high value. The high amount of pathological statements makes the routine use of the apparatus for the first examination of new patients in the dental praxis an indispensable necessity.", "contents": "[The routine use of the orthopantomograph as a diagnostic aid in dental practice]. An amount of 667 radiographs, taken by the Orthopantomograph (OPG) has been examined concerning their pathological statements--as there are restrained and displaced wisdom-teeth, apical granuloma, radices relictae, displaced dentes canini and premolars. The Orthopantomograph, by it's clear graph of maxilla and jaw, turns out to be a diagnostic means of high value. The high amount of pathological statements makes the routine use of the apparatus for the first examination of new patients in the dental praxis an indispensable necessity."}
{"id": "PMID:284925", "title": "[Tasks of pedodontics from the viewpoint of maxillofacial development].", "content": "Out of every 100 children, only two to four develop a set of teeth which is free of disturbances. Eugnathia is common, but the condition does not require orthodontic treatment. The beginning stages of maldevelopment may be overlooked if the parents do not take their children to the dentist regularly. The consequences of premature teeth loss for the first and particularly the second dentition may be considerable; the sensitive development of dentition may be disturbed. Maldevelopment in the mixed dentition period however may be the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the erupting teeth. On the one hand, this loss tends to increase the lack of space and therefore all the detrimental consequences. Dental care of children requires the knowledge necessary to directly establish and immediately correct incipient disturbances in development in addition to the recognition and treatment of diseases of the teeth and the periodontium.", "contents": "[Tasks of pedodontics from the viewpoint of maxillofacial development]. Out of every 100 children, only two to four develop a set of teeth which is free of disturbances. Eugnathia is common, but the condition does not require orthodontic treatment. The beginning stages of maldevelopment may be overlooked if the parents do not take their children to the dentist regularly. The consequences of premature teeth loss for the first and particularly the second dentition may be considerable; the sensitive development of dentition may be disturbed. Maldevelopment in the mixed dentition period however may be the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the cause of early space loss. If lack of space is severe, the neighboring deciduous teeth are also forced out by the erupting teeth. On the one hand, this loss tends to increase the lack of space and therefore all the detrimental consequences. Dental care of children requires the knowledge necessary to directly establish and immediately correct incipient disturbances in development in addition to the recognition and treatment of diseases of the teeth and the periodontium."}
{"id": "PMID:285022", "title": "Human biochemical genetics of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase.", "content": "The purpose of the studies reviewed here was to investigate the role of inheritance in the regulation of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and human erythrocyte (RBC) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activities. DBH is a catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme and COMT is catecholamine metabolic enzyme. It has been suggested that the level of the activities of these enzymes in human blood might reflect the function or status of the adrenergic nervous system. Both enzyme activities were measured in blood samples from large, randomly selected populations of children, adolescents, and adults, and in the blood of first-degree relatives of subjects with either very low plasma DBH activity (less than 50 U/ml) or very low RBC COMT activity (less than 8U/ml). A radioimmunoassay for human plasma DBH was also used in these studies. The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of data from families of probands with very low enzyme activities were compatible with the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for very low plasma DBH activity that results in a decrease in DBH protein in plasma, and the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low erythrocyte COMT activity.", "contents": "Human biochemical genetics of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase. The purpose of the studies reviewed here was to investigate the role of inheritance in the regulation of human plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and human erythrocyte (RBC) catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activities. DBH is a catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme and COMT is catecholamine metabolic enzyme. It has been suggested that the level of the activities of these enzymes in human blood might reflect the function or status of the adrenergic nervous system. Both enzyme activities were measured in blood samples from large, randomly selected populations of children, adolescents, and adults, and in the blood of first-degree relatives of subjects with either very low plasma DBH activity (less than 50 U/ml) or very low RBC COMT activity (less than 8U/ml). A radioimmunoassay for human plasma DBH was also used in these studies. The results of sibship and pedigree analyses of data from families of probands with very low enzyme activities were compatible with the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for very low plasma DBH activity that results in a decrease in DBH protein in plasma, and the autosomal recessive inheritance of an allele for low erythrocyte COMT activity."}
{"id": "PMID:285025", "title": "Genetic aspects of induced mutation.", "content": "Genetic variability within the human species as well as within animal species used for mutagenicity testing may lead to misclassification of potentially mutagenic agents. Such genetic variability should be considered on three levels: uptake of the agent, its metabolism, and its action on the DNA. Testing of a possibly mutagenic agent in vitro on cells of the individuals to whom the agent is to be administered would help to avoid part of the hazard.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of induced mutation. Genetic variability within the human species as well as within animal species used for mutagenicity testing may lead to misclassification of potentially mutagenic agents. Such genetic variability should be considered on three levels: uptake of the agent, its metabolism, and its action on the DNA. Testing of a possibly mutagenic agent in vitro on cells of the individuals to whom the agent is to be administered would help to avoid part of the hazard."}
{"id": "PMID:285029", "title": "Bioethical problems in pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics.", "content": "Many societal and bioethical problems are raised when our knowledge of genetic variation is translated into public policy. The various dilemmas faced by imperfect knowledge are discussed. The difficulties of issuing regulations in the face of uncertain scientific knowledge are considerable. Potential variation in nutritional requirements due to biochemical variation needs to be faced by nutritional scientists and policy makers. The problems of discrimination against carriers of the currently testable genetic traits are discussed. Screening of workers susceptible to industrial injury for genetic reasons is being started. However, industry may escape its responsibilities for industrial hygiene by concentrating on susceptibility testing--often in the face of poor data. A variety of other issues such as the \"false positive\" test and genetic identity cards are discussed. Public policy dealing with human genetic variation must be based on accurate genetic data. At that point, careful assessment of the societal impact of the policy needs to be considered before implementation. Problems of coping with human genetic variation are of increasing importance for developed societies but remain a low priority item for developing societies that face current problems of malnutrition and infectious disease.", "contents": "Bioethical problems in pharmacogenetics and ecogenetics. Many societal and bioethical problems are raised when our knowledge of genetic variation is translated into public policy. The various dilemmas faced by imperfect knowledge are discussed. The difficulties of issuing regulations in the face of uncertain scientific knowledge are considerable. Potential variation in nutritional requirements due to biochemical variation needs to be faced by nutritional scientists and policy makers. The problems of discrimination against carriers of the currently testable genetic traits are discussed. Screening of workers susceptible to industrial injury for genetic reasons is being started. However, industry may escape its responsibilities for industrial hygiene by concentrating on susceptibility testing--often in the face of poor data. A variety of other issues such as the \"false positive\" test and genetic identity cards are discussed. Public policy dealing with human genetic variation must be based on accurate genetic data. At that point, careful assessment of the societal impact of the policy needs to be considered before implementation. Problems of coping with human genetic variation are of increasing importance for developed societies but remain a low priority item for developing societies that face current problems of malnutrition and infectious disease."}
{"id": "PMID:285045", "title": "Results of the therapy of acute leukemia. A cooperative trial by the Italian Association Against Leukemias.", "content": "Protocol 7401 for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was carried out by the study group of the Italian Association Against Leukemias. The 157 patients studied were divided into two groups--over and under 20 years of age. Patients reaching complete remission were then randomized into one of the two maintenance chemotherapy regimens (A or B). Complete remission was attained in 92.3% of 117 evaluated patients. Ninety-five patients aged under 20 years entered the maintenance regimen; 60% were in complete remission after three years. Computer processing and multiple regression analysis have shown that age, lymph node involvement and the percentage of periodic acid-Schiff-positive blast cells may have prognostic value. However, with the Logrank test it was possible to compare the two maintenance regimens in each group for each prognostic factor. Patients aged between 2 and 10 years responded better to regimen A than to regimen B, as did patients with mild lymph node enlargement. Since some of the host-related factors studied emerged as significant for remission duration, three new protocols taking these prognostic factors into account were started. After one year, actuarial curves showed that 91% of 80 patients in Protocol 7601, 70% of 32 patients in Protocol 7602, and 82% of 33 patients in Protocol 7603 were in complete remission.", "contents": "Results of the therapy of acute leukemia. A cooperative trial by the Italian Association Against Leukemias. Protocol 7401 for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was carried out by the study group of the Italian Association Against Leukemias. The 157 patients studied were divided into two groups--over and under 20 years of age. Patients reaching complete remission were then randomized into one of the two maintenance chemotherapy regimens (A or B). Complete remission was attained in 92.3% of 117 evaluated patients. Ninety-five patients aged under 20 years entered the maintenance regimen; 60% were in complete remission after three years. Computer processing and multiple regression analysis have shown that age, lymph node involvement and the percentage of periodic acid-Schiff-positive blast cells may have prognostic value. However, with the Logrank test it was possible to compare the two maintenance regimens in each group for each prognostic factor. Patients aged between 2 and 10 years responded better to regimen A than to regimen B, as did patients with mild lymph node enlargement. Since some of the host-related factors studied emerged as significant for remission duration, three new protocols taking these prognostic factors into account were started. After one year, actuarial curves showed that 91% of 80 patients in Protocol 7601, 70% of 32 patients in Protocol 7602, and 82% of 33 patients in Protocol 7603 were in complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:285047", "title": "In vitro growth of human myeloid leukemia bone marrow cells in liquid culture.", "content": "The myelopoietic cell growth, proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow cells from 20 acute leukemia patients and 12 control subjects were studied by the diffusion chamber technique. The differences in proliferation patterns between normal and leukemic marrow cells are reported. Acute nonlymphatic leukemia cells do not differentiate in vitro, and retain the cytochemical characteristics of the inoculated cells. Leukemic blasts grow to form agglomerates while normal or more differentiated cells produce a population diffused over the membrane. No colony-stimulating factor is necessary for growth to occur, even for the leukemic population, which is unable to produce colony-stimulating activity.", "contents": "In vitro growth of human myeloid leukemia bone marrow cells in liquid culture. The myelopoietic cell growth, proliferation and differentiation of human bone marrow cells from 20 acute leukemia patients and 12 control subjects were studied by the diffusion chamber technique. The differences in proliferation patterns between normal and leukemic marrow cells are reported. Acute nonlymphatic leukemia cells do not differentiate in vitro, and retain the cytochemical characteristics of the inoculated cells. Leukemic blasts grow to form agglomerates while normal or more differentiated cells produce a population diffused over the membrane. No colony-stimulating factor is necessary for growth to occur, even for the leukemic population, which is unable to produce colony-stimulating activity."}
{"id": "PMID:285048", "title": "A retrospective study of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center during the years 1966-76.", "content": "Forty patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, during the period 1966-76 were reviewed. All the patients were treated initially with busulfan (MYLERAN). Asymptomatic patients or those whose blood counts were stable and remained below 50,000/microliter were not treated. Maintenance therapy was not prescribed as a routine. The median survival time of all the patients was over 60 months--longer than reported in the literature. Prognostic parameters for longer survival were found to be Hb level greater than 10 g/dl at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.04) and duration of first remission in the chronic stage more than six months (P = 0.03). A borderline trend for better survival was found in patients with initial platelet counts above 100,000/microliter (P = 0.07).", "contents": "A retrospective study of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center during the years 1966-76. Forty patients with chronic myeloid leukemia diagnosed and treated at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, during the period 1966-76 were reviewed. All the patients were treated initially with busulfan (MYLERAN). Asymptomatic patients or those whose blood counts were stable and remained below 50,000/microliter were not treated. Maintenance therapy was not prescribed as a routine. The median survival time of all the patients was over 60 months--longer than reported in the literature. Prognostic parameters for longer survival were found to be Hb level greater than 10 g/dl at the time of diagnosis (P = 0.04) and duration of first remission in the chronic stage more than six months (P = 0.03). A borderline trend for better survival was found in patients with initial platelet counts above 100,000/microliter (P = 0.07)."}
{"id": "PMID:285070", "title": "[Alveolysis in adolescents: prevalence and correlation with the DMF index, the OHI-S index and the PM index according to sex, age and occupation (Geneva 1970-1972)].", "content": "A randomized sample of 1392 girls and boys, 16 to 20 years old and living in the canton of Geneva have been studied through their own history, clinically and radiologically in 1970-72 during an epidemiological and socio-economical study. The rate of alveolar bone resorption (radiographic method of Marshall-Day and Shourie, with Schei grid), the degree of gingival inflammation (PM index), the oral health (OHI-S index) and the carious frequency (DMFS index) have been determined. For the same sample, an indication of the duration of caries prevention through fluoride tablets, the frequency of daily toothbrushing and the dento-facial anomalies (Angle classes) were known. Through statistical analysis, it was shown that the mean rate of alveolar resorption was 0.85 (standard deviation 1,99) for the whole sample, that 24,16% of the subjects had a zero rate, 90% of the children having a rate of no more than 3,74 and that the maximum observed rate was 20. On the other hand, this bone resorption rate was statistically significantly correlated with the PM index and the OHI-S index. However no significant correlation has been shown between alveolar resorption and the other oral characteristics such as carious attack, toothbrushing, duration of caries prevention, dento-facial anomalies.", "contents": "[Alveolysis in adolescents: prevalence and correlation with the DMF index, the OHI-S index and the PM index according to sex, age and occupation (Geneva 1970-1972)]. A randomized sample of 1392 girls and boys, 16 to 20 years old and living in the canton of Geneva have been studied through their own history, clinically and radiologically in 1970-72 during an epidemiological and socio-economical study. The rate of alveolar bone resorption (radiographic method of Marshall-Day and Shourie, with Schei grid), the degree of gingival inflammation (PM index), the oral health (OHI-S index) and the carious frequency (DMFS index) have been determined. For the same sample, an indication of the duration of caries prevention through fluoride tablets, the frequency of daily toothbrushing and the dento-facial anomalies (Angle classes) were known. Through statistical analysis, it was shown that the mean rate of alveolar resorption was 0.85 (standard deviation 1,99) for the whole sample, that 24,16% of the subjects had a zero rate, 90% of the children having a rate of no more than 3,74 and that the maximum observed rate was 20. On the other hand, this bone resorption rate was statistically significantly correlated with the PM index and the OHI-S index. However no significant correlation has been shown between alveolar resorption and the other oral characteristics such as carious attack, toothbrushing, duration of caries prevention, dento-facial anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:285071", "title": "Radioautographic studies on amelogenesis.", "content": "Radioautography has been used to visualize various aspects of morphogenesis and differentiation in the continuously erupting rat incisor. Formation of the entire incisor involves continuous production of \"tooth segments\" at the growing end of the tooth, each of which undergoes a similar history of development as it is carried by eruption towards the oral cavity. The sequence of differentiation which characterizes the life cycle of the ameloblasts was timed using 3H-thymidine, a precursor of DNA. The cells pass through presecretory, secretory and maturative stages whose collective activity results in the layer of mature enamel. 3H-Amino acids, as precursors of proteins were used to evaluate the protein synthetic activity of ameloblasts, before, during and after they produced the layer of enamel. Quantitative analysis (grain counts) of the differential utilization of 3H-proline and 3H-tyrosine by the various types of ameloblasts suggests that the cells produce structural proteins throughout their life cycle, but they produce enamel proteins only in the zone of secretion. The data further suggest that near the end of the presecretory zone structural proteins are used in the formation of Tomes' processes and that during secretion structural proteins contribute to the persistent growth of those processes as the rods are lengthening. Sugars such as 3H-N-acetylmannosamine and 3H-fucose were used to examine glycoprotein formation by ameloblasts. In the secretion zone labeled glycoproteins were not present in the enamel layer, but were confined to the cell bodies and Tomes' processes of ameloblasts at time intervals up to 4 hours after injection. This was contrary to the behaviour of extracellular proteins labeled with 3H-amino acids which left the cell and were present in the enamel at similar time intervals. The distribution of labeled sugars was indicative of turnover of membrane-associated glycoprotein possibly related to growth. This was interpreted as further support for the concept of a lengthening Tomes' process which remains embedded in the enamel until it is obliterated by the forming rod. Preliminary attempts were made to define the role of hormones in tooth development. Specific receptor sites for 125I-insulin were localized to the endothelial lining of capillaries in the papillary layer during maturation. Although the significance is unclear, the potential of this tool in studying dental morphogenesis is considerable.", "contents": "Radioautographic studies on amelogenesis. Radioautography has been used to visualize various aspects of morphogenesis and differentiation in the continuously erupting rat incisor. Formation of the entire incisor involves continuous production of \"tooth segments\" at the growing end of the tooth, each of which undergoes a similar history of development as it is carried by eruption towards the oral cavity. The sequence of differentiation which characterizes the life cycle of the ameloblasts was timed using 3H-thymidine, a precursor of DNA. The cells pass through presecretory, secretory and maturative stages whose collective activity results in the layer of mature enamel. 3H-Amino acids, as precursors of proteins were used to evaluate the protein synthetic activity of ameloblasts, before, during and after they produced the layer of enamel. Quantitative analysis (grain counts) of the differential utilization of 3H-proline and 3H-tyrosine by the various types of ameloblasts suggests that the cells produce structural proteins throughout their life cycle, but they produce enamel proteins only in the zone of secretion. The data further suggest that near the end of the presecretory zone structural proteins are used in the formation of Tomes' processes and that during secretion structural proteins contribute to the persistent growth of those processes as the rods are lengthening. Sugars such as 3H-N-acetylmannosamine and 3H-fucose were used to examine glycoprotein formation by ameloblasts. In the secretion zone labeled glycoproteins were not present in the enamel layer, but were confined to the cell bodies and Tomes' processes of ameloblasts at time intervals up to 4 hours after injection. This was contrary to the behaviour of extracellular proteins labeled with 3H-amino acids which left the cell and were present in the enamel at similar time intervals. The distribution of labeled sugars was indicative of turnover of membrane-associated glycoprotein possibly related to growth. This was interpreted as further support for the concept of a lengthening Tomes' process which remains embedded in the enamel until it is obliterated by the forming rod. Preliminary attempts were made to define the role of hormones in tooth development. Specific receptor sites for 125I-insulin were localized to the endothelial lining of capillaries in the papillary layer during maturation. Although the significance is unclear, the potential of this tool in studying dental morphogenesis is considerable."}
{"id": "PMID:285072", "title": "Correlation between calculus index and acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases activities of dental plaque and saliva.", "content": "The activities of acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases were measured in human plaque of thirty subjects and saliva of twenty-two subjects. A study of correlation and analysis of variance were done between the pyrophosphatasic activity and the calculus index. A significant positive relationship has been established.", "contents": "Correlation between calculus index and acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases activities of dental plaque and saliva. The activities of acid and alkaline pyrophosphatases were measured in human plaque of thirty subjects and saliva of twenty-two subjects. A study of correlation and analysis of variance were done between the pyrophosphatasic activity and the calculus index. A significant positive relationship has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:285073", "title": "Distribution patterns of DNA template activity in the embryonic tooth organ: an acridine orange ultracytochemical study.", "content": "The ultracytochemical acridine orange (AO) method has been employed to demonstrate DNA template activity within embryonic incisor tooth organs excised from New Zealand White rabbits during the 25th day of gestation. Survey ultrastructural examination revealed characteristic distribution patterns of AO positive cell populations in the inner and outer enamel epithelium and the adjacent ectomesenchyme of the cervical loop region and in populations of fibroblast-like cells connecting as a band the outer AO positive cell groups. With increasing differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts the number of AO positive cells as well as the number of AO chromatin interaction products per single cell nucleus decreased. Treatment with RNase prior to incubation with AO did not result in a noticeable loss of AO chromatin interaction products suggesting that RNA is negligible as a target for AO. The present results and comparison with other biological system indicated that interaction of AO with DNA sites coding for RNA appears to be restricted to specific templates in particular physiological conditions, e.g., stimulation of cells prior to differentiation by extracellular factors.", "contents": "Distribution patterns of DNA template activity in the embryonic tooth organ: an acridine orange ultracytochemical study. The ultracytochemical acridine orange (AO) method has been employed to demonstrate DNA template activity within embryonic incisor tooth organs excised from New Zealand White rabbits during the 25th day of gestation. Survey ultrastructural examination revealed characteristic distribution patterns of AO positive cell populations in the inner and outer enamel epithelium and the adjacent ectomesenchyme of the cervical loop region and in populations of fibroblast-like cells connecting as a band the outer AO positive cell groups. With increasing differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts the number of AO positive cells as well as the number of AO chromatin interaction products per single cell nucleus decreased. Treatment with RNase prior to incubation with AO did not result in a noticeable loss of AO chromatin interaction products suggesting that RNA is negligible as a target for AO. The present results and comparison with other biological system indicated that interaction of AO with DNA sites coding for RNA appears to be restricted to specific templates in particular physiological conditions, e.g., stimulation of cells prior to differentiation by extracellular factors."}
{"id": "PMID:285074", "title": "Tooth morphogenesis: the role of the innervation during induction and pattern formation.", "content": "The hypothesis is discussed that the innervation of the early mandibular and maxillary processes influences the initiation and patterning of tooth germs. Silver staining of embryonic mouse tissue supports the notion that the innervation is present before tooth buds appear. Data from other experimental studies is discussed in support of this hypothesis. The importance of the early events of tooth morphogenesis in initiating and patterning the dentition is discussed in the context of tooth morphogenesis as a whole. The processes involved in odontogenesis are categorized as Phase I: Initiating events; Phase II: Histogenetic events; and Phase III: Cytodifferentiative events. The complications of the interrelationship of these three seemingly discrete segments of tooth development are discussed in the context of inductive tissue interaction.", "contents": "Tooth morphogenesis: the role of the innervation during induction and pattern formation. The hypothesis is discussed that the innervation of the early mandibular and maxillary processes influences the initiation and patterning of tooth germs. Silver staining of embryonic mouse tissue supports the notion that the innervation is present before tooth buds appear. Data from other experimental studies is discussed in support of this hypothesis. The importance of the early events of tooth morphogenesis in initiating and patterning the dentition is discussed in the context of tooth morphogenesis as a whole. The processes involved in odontogenesis are categorized as Phase I: Initiating events; Phase II: Histogenetic events; and Phase III: Cytodifferentiative events. The complications of the interrelationship of these three seemingly discrete segments of tooth development are discussed in the context of inductive tissue interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:285075", "title": "Buccal organogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (urodele amphibian). Study by intrablastocelic transplantation and in vitro culture.", "content": "Various embryonic areas liable to take part in the mouth's formation are extirpated from neurulae of Pleurodeles at stages 15 and 18 and tested either separately or in association with others. The comparison of the results obtained by the transplantation into the gastrula blastocele of the same species and in vitro culture allows us to define the conditions for organogenesis of buccal structures. The formation of complete mouths can be obtained by association of the stomodeal area with neural fold, precordal mesoderm and lateral cephalic mesoderm. The formation of opening alone can only be obtained in transplantation through interaction of stomodeum with lateral mesoderm of the host. The mouth opening and complete mouth formation therefore can be dissociated and seem to be two different steps. The buccal structures (bones, cartilages and teeth) were never produced separately. Their differentiation depends on interactions of the stomodeal endoderm together with the neural fold. The neural crest is the source of the one hand of mesenchyme operating in the formation of the buccal opening and on the other hand of cells predetermined to provide chondroblasts and odontoblasts. The differentiation of chondroblasts and odontoblasts is dependent on the stomodeal endoderm. The latter also induces the ectoderm to form a buccal opening. The schema of the Pleurodeles buccal organogenesis we propose is compared to that of Cusimano (1972) for Discoglossus.", "contents": "Buccal organogenesis in Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (urodele amphibian). Study by intrablastocelic transplantation and in vitro culture. Various embryonic areas liable to take part in the mouth's formation are extirpated from neurulae of Pleurodeles at stages 15 and 18 and tested either separately or in association with others. The comparison of the results obtained by the transplantation into the gastrula blastocele of the same species and in vitro culture allows us to define the conditions for organogenesis of buccal structures. The formation of complete mouths can be obtained by association of the stomodeal area with neural fold, precordal mesoderm and lateral cephalic mesoderm. The formation of opening alone can only be obtained in transplantation through interaction of stomodeum with lateral mesoderm of the host. The mouth opening and complete mouth formation therefore can be dissociated and seem to be two different steps. The buccal structures (bones, cartilages and teeth) were never produced separately. Their differentiation depends on interactions of the stomodeal endoderm together with the neural fold. The neural crest is the source of the one hand of mesenchyme operating in the formation of the buccal opening and on the other hand of cells predetermined to provide chondroblasts and odontoblasts. The differentiation of chondroblasts and odontoblasts is dependent on the stomodeal endoderm. The latter also induces the ectoderm to form a buccal opening. The schema of the Pleurodeles buccal organogenesis we propose is compared to that of Cusimano (1972) for Discoglossus."}
{"id": "PMID:285076", "title": "Pattern formation in the molar dentition of the mouse.", "content": "The developing molar tissues of 10 to 16 day mouse embryos have been dissected from the lower jaws and cultured for periods of up to four weeks in the anterior eye chambers of homologous adult hosts. Grafts of 10 and 11 day presumptive molar tissues developed two complete tooth crowns identifiable as M1 and M2. Grafts of 12 day (dental lamina) and later stages produced similar results but in many cases all three molar teeth were developed, in their normal sequence and with normal crown shapes and proportions. From 12 days and probably earlier the complete molar dentition is represented by a discrete group of cells whose later growth and differentiation are already determined. The fact that individual primordia for the second and third molars are not yet present at this stage suggests that neither their appearance nor their normal differentiation in the jaws requires a morphogenetic gradient field, an extrinsic control which has been proposed and is often assumed to exist. The results are consistent with developmental theories which propose that gradations of shape and size in the individual sequentially initiated elements of a series are expressions of intrinsic time-dependent alterations in the growing cell population which forms them.", "contents": "Pattern formation in the molar dentition of the mouse. The developing molar tissues of 10 to 16 day mouse embryos have been dissected from the lower jaws and cultured for periods of up to four weeks in the anterior eye chambers of homologous adult hosts. Grafts of 10 and 11 day presumptive molar tissues developed two complete tooth crowns identifiable as M1 and M2. Grafts of 12 day (dental lamina) and later stages produced similar results but in many cases all three molar teeth were developed, in their normal sequence and with normal crown shapes and proportions. From 12 days and probably earlier the complete molar dentition is represented by a discrete group of cells whose later growth and differentiation are already determined. The fact that individual primordia for the second and third molars are not yet present at this stage suggests that neither their appearance nor their normal differentiation in the jaws requires a morphogenetic gradient field, an extrinsic control which has been proposed and is often assumed to exist. The results are consistent with developmental theories which propose that gradations of shape and size in the individual sequentially initiated elements of a series are expressions of intrinsic time-dependent alterations in the growing cell population which forms them."}
{"id": "PMID:285077", "title": "Human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Purification and characterization of the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase from acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A new fast assay procedure for increasing deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity was developed. With this assay procedure, this enzyme derived from blast cells of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was purified at least 1218-fold. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 43,000. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity over a pH range of 7 to 8 and the activation energy was estimated to be 6.5 kcal/mol at pH 7.5. While the enzyme had activity in the absence of added divalent cations, the activity could be inhibited by EDTA but not by phenanthroline. The inhibition caused by EDTA could be reversed by Mg2+ or Zn2+. The enzyme had maximal activity in the presence of Mg2+ (40 muM) and Mg2+ (4 mM) stabilized the enzyme at 37 degrees C. Cupric ion (0.5 mM) inhibited (50%) enzyme activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. The substrate for the enzyme was dUTP and the apparent Km was 1 muM. No other deoxyribonucleoside or ribonucleoside triphosphate served as a substrate for the enzyme.", "contents": "Human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Purification and characterization of the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase from acute lymphocytic leukemia. A new fast assay procedure for increasing deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase activity was developed. With this assay procedure, this enzyme derived from blast cells of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia was purified at least 1218-fold. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration to be 43,000. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity over a pH range of 7 to 8 and the activation energy was estimated to be 6.5 kcal/mol at pH 7.5. While the enzyme had activity in the absence of added divalent cations, the activity could be inhibited by EDTA but not by phenanthroline. The inhibition caused by EDTA could be reversed by Mg2+ or Zn2+. The enzyme had maximal activity in the presence of Mg2+ (40 muM) and Mg2+ (4 mM) stabilized the enzyme at 37 degrees C. Cupric ion (0.5 mM) inhibited (50%) enzyme activity in the presence or absence of Mg2+. The substrate for the enzyme was dUTP and the apparent Km was 1 muM. No other deoxyribonucleoside or ribonucleoside triphosphate served as a substrate for the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:285079", "title": "Mucogingival surgery. The subperiosteal vestibule extension. Clinical results 2 years after surgery.", "content": "A surgical technique to establish wide zones of attached mucosa was performed in 28 patients presenting with inadequate amounts of attached gingiva. The clinical results of the procedure were monitored over a period of 2 years. Biometric assessment of 112 mucogingival units immediately before and at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery revealed that the mean width of attached gingiva changed from 1.1 mm to 5.3 mm of attached tissue (gingiva plus vestibular mucosa). A surgically produced increase of 4.9 mm in width (P less than 0.001) and subsequent shrinkage of 0.7 mm or 14% (P less than 0.001) resulted in a total average gain of 4.2 mm of attached mucosa 2 years after surgery (P less than 0.001). A begin/end analysis of the coronal level of clinical periodontal attachment and the extent of gingival recession showed no clinically significant changes. The mean width of keratinized gingiva increased 0.8 mm during the 2-year postoperative period. The subperiosteal vestibule extension is recommended as an alternative to the free autogenous mucosa graft for establishing wide bands of attached mucosa in areas where loss of attached gingiva is associated with mechanical or microbial irritation of the marginal periodontium.", "contents": "Mucogingival surgery. The subperiosteal vestibule extension. Clinical results 2 years after surgery. A surgical technique to establish wide zones of attached mucosa was performed in 28 patients presenting with inadequate amounts of attached gingiva. The clinical results of the procedure were monitored over a period of 2 years. Biometric assessment of 112 mucogingival units immediately before and at 1, 3, 6, and 24 months after surgery revealed that the mean width of attached gingiva changed from 1.1 mm to 5.3 mm of attached tissue (gingiva plus vestibular mucosa). A surgically produced increase of 4.9 mm in width (P less than 0.001) and subsequent shrinkage of 0.7 mm or 14% (P less than 0.001) resulted in a total average gain of 4.2 mm of attached mucosa 2 years after surgery (P less than 0.001). A begin/end analysis of the coronal level of clinical periodontal attachment and the extent of gingival recession showed no clinically significant changes. The mean width of keratinized gingiva increased 0.8 mm during the 2-year postoperative period. The subperiosteal vestibule extension is recommended as an alternative to the free autogenous mucosa graft for establishing wide bands of attached mucosa in areas where loss of attached gingiva is associated with mechanical or microbial irritation of the marginal periodontium."}
{"id": "PMID:285080", "title": "Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with clinically healthy gingivae.", "content": "Thirty-six subjects with no evidence of clinical gingival inflammation underwent a standardized toothbrushing procedure. Blood specimens, obtained from a vein in the antecubital fossa during the last 30 seconds of brushing, were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. Three subjects exhibited detectable bacteraemias, Propionibacterium sp. being isolated from two of the subjects, while Actinomyces sp., Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis were isolated from the third. The implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental transient bacteraemias in human subjects with clinically healthy gingivae. Thirty-six subjects with no evidence of clinical gingival inflammation underwent a standardized toothbrushing procedure. Blood specimens, obtained from a vein in the antecubital fossa during the last 30 seconds of brushing, were cultured under aerobic and stringent anaerobic conditions. Three subjects exhibited detectable bacteraemias, Propionibacterium sp. being isolated from two of the subjects, while Actinomyces sp., Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis were isolated from the third. The implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285081", "title": "The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. I. During initial therapy.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess whether fixed splinting aided in the reduction of posterior tooth mobility during initial therapy. A \"split-mouth\" approach was used in order to compare splinted segments with similar unsplinted segments. Seven patients were selected, all of whom demonstrated chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. Initial therapy, consisting of oral hygiene instruction, root curettage and occlusal adjustment, was performed over a 2-week period. At the time of initial therapy, teeth in contralateral segments were splinted with an intracoronal wire-and-acrylic splint. Tooth mobility and gingival inflammation were recorded in all four segments every 3 weeks for a 15-week monitoring period following initial therapy. The splints were removed before each data recording session and then replaced and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every second week throughout the monitoring period. The reduction in the mobility of teeth splinted during the entire therapy period did not differ from the reduction observed in the unsplinted segments. The reduction in tooth mobility observed in both the splinted and unsplinted segments over the 17-week period can be attributed to the improved occlusal relationships and reduction in inflammation.", "contents": "The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. I. During initial therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess whether fixed splinting aided in the reduction of posterior tooth mobility during initial therapy. A \"split-mouth\" approach was used in order to compare splinted segments with similar unsplinted segments. Seven patients were selected, all of whom demonstrated chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. Initial therapy, consisting of oral hygiene instruction, root curettage and occlusal adjustment, was performed over a 2-week period. At the time of initial therapy, teeth in contralateral segments were splinted with an intracoronal wire-and-acrylic splint. Tooth mobility and gingival inflammation were recorded in all four segments every 3 weeks for a 15-week monitoring period following initial therapy. The splints were removed before each data recording session and then replaced and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every second week throughout the monitoring period. The reduction in the mobility of teeth splinted during the entire therapy period did not differ from the reduction observed in the unsplinted segments. The reduction in tooth mobility observed in both the splinted and unsplinted segments over the 17-week period can be attributed to the improved occlusal relationships and reduction in inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:285087", "title": "Radiographic features of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma).", "content": "The computed tomographic (CT) findings in two patients in whom intracranial granulocytic sarcomas preceded the onset of systemic myelogenous leukemia are presented. On CT, granulocytic sarcomas may be indistinguishable from meningiomas and difficult to differentiate from primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma and eosinophilic granuloma.", "contents": "Radiographic features of granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma). The computed tomographic (CT) findings in two patients in whom intracranial granulocytic sarcomas preceded the onset of systemic myelogenous leukemia are presented. On CT, granulocytic sarcomas may be indistinguishable from meningiomas and difficult to differentiate from primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma and eosinophilic granuloma."}
{"id": "PMID:285101", "title": "Evaluation of commercial and newly-synthesized amine accelerators for dental composites.", "content": "The characteristics of newly synthesized tertiary aromatic amines as accelerators for restorative resins have been evaluated. Comparison of the composites prepared with these and presently used accelerators indicate that resins formulated with 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid, its methyl ester or N,N-dimethylaminoglutethimide have properties generally better than comparable resins prepared with commercially used amines.", "contents": "Evaluation of commercial and newly-synthesized amine accelerators for dental composites. The characteristics of newly synthesized tertiary aromatic amines as accelerators for restorative resins have been evaluated. Comparison of the composites prepared with these and presently used accelerators indicate that resins formulated with 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid, its methyl ester or N,N-dimethylaminoglutethimide have properties generally better than comparable resins prepared with commercially used amines."}
{"id": "PMID:285102", "title": "Suppression of Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of humans by a dental prophylaxis and topically-applied iodine.", "content": "A prophylaxis followed by three topical applications of an iodine-potassium iodide solution significantly reduced the levels of Streptococcus mutans in fissure and approximal plaques and in saliva. Reductions persisted 20--24 weeks after treatment in salivary and approximal samples. A prophylaxis alone exerted a small and temporary reduction of S. mutans in occlusal fissure plaque, but did not reduce the levels of this organism in approximal plaque or in saliva. A significant relationship existed between the levels of S. mutans in saliva and the proportions of this organism in plaque. The dorsum of the tongue does not appear to constitute a significant reservoir for S. mutans following disinfecting procedures.", "contents": "Suppression of Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of humans by a dental prophylaxis and topically-applied iodine. A prophylaxis followed by three topical applications of an iodine-potassium iodide solution significantly reduced the levels of Streptococcus mutans in fissure and approximal plaques and in saliva. Reductions persisted 20--24 weeks after treatment in salivary and approximal samples. A prophylaxis alone exerted a small and temporary reduction of S. mutans in occlusal fissure plaque, but did not reduce the levels of this organism in approximal plaque or in saliva. A significant relationship existed between the levels of S. mutans in saliva and the proportions of this organism in plaque. The dorsum of the tongue does not appear to constitute a significant reservoir for S. mutans following disinfecting procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:285103", "title": "Sucrose taste functions and dental caries in children.", "content": "Sweetness detection threshold, suprathreshold estimation, and preference were evaluated in caries-free and caries-susceptible children aged 7 to 15 years. The two caries groups appeared similar on all measures. This report contrasts with previous adult studies indicating a relationship between sweet taste sensitivity and caries status.", "contents": "Sucrose taste functions and dental caries in children. Sweetness detection threshold, suprathreshold estimation, and preference were evaluated in caries-free and caries-susceptible children aged 7 to 15 years. The two caries groups appeared similar on all measures. This report contrasts with previous adult studies indicating a relationship between sweet taste sensitivity and caries status."}
{"id": "PMID:285104", "title": "Predictability of treatment outcome in patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome.", "content": "Responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were used to develop a 29-item scale designed to predict the treatment outcome of 135 patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome. The results suggested that a single scale to predict treatment outcome would be ineffective due to the absence of consistent personality differences in MPD patients.", "contents": "Predictability of treatment outcome in patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. Responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were used to develop a 29-item scale designed to predict the treatment outcome of 135 patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome. The results suggested that a single scale to predict treatment outcome would be ineffective due to the absence of consistent personality differences in MPD patients."}
{"id": "PMID:285105", "title": "Evaluating dimensional accuracy of stone models.", "content": "An optical feeler measuring technique was introduced for evaluating the dimensional accuracy of indirect stone models. It presents the following advantages being able to measure the diameter of specimens in detail at various heights, indicating good reproducibility of the data; and hardly injuring the surface of the stone casts.", "contents": "Evaluating dimensional accuracy of stone models. An optical feeler measuring technique was introduced for evaluating the dimensional accuracy of indirect stone models. It presents the following advantages being able to measure the diameter of specimens in detail at various heights, indicating good reproducibility of the data; and hardly injuring the surface of the stone casts."}
{"id": "PMID:285106", "title": "A crevice corrosion cell configuration.", "content": "An occluded corrosion cell configuration and polarization program were developed in order to measure the crevice corrosion resistance of implant alloys. 316 L stainless steel was used in establishing that the crevice cell configuration was convenient, reproducible, free of unwanted crevices, and suitable for laboratory measurements requiring relatively short times.", "contents": "A crevice corrosion cell configuration. An occluded corrosion cell configuration and polarization program were developed in order to measure the crevice corrosion resistance of implant alloys. 316 L stainless steel was used in establishing that the crevice cell configuration was convenient, reproducible, free of unwanted crevices, and suitable for laboratory measurements requiring relatively short times."}
{"id": "PMID:285107", "title": "Modifying the setting rate of an addition-type silicone impression material.", "content": "Two methods for controlling the working time of an addition-type silicone impression material are presented. The progress of the polymerization reaction of this modified system was studied using viscosity and a new \"compression set\" technique. The physical properties are presented and compared to those typical of condensation silicones, and a method of clinical use is suggested.", "contents": "Modifying the setting rate of an addition-type silicone impression material. Two methods for controlling the working time of an addition-type silicone impression material are presented. The progress of the polymerization reaction of this modified system was studied using viscosity and a new \"compression set\" technique. The physical properties are presented and compared to those typical of condensation silicones, and a method of clinical use is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:285108", "title": "Analysis and purification of eugenol.", "content": "The purity of several brands of eugenol was compared by using high performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector. Greater than 95% of the impurities seen in the USP eugenols were removed by preparative liquid chromatography. NMR spectroscopy suggests that there may be a difference in chemical reactivity between purified and stock eugenol.", "contents": "Analysis and purification of eugenol. The purity of several brands of eugenol was compared by using high performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector. Greater than 95% of the impurities seen in the USP eugenols were removed by preparative liquid chromatography. NMR spectroscopy suggests that there may be a difference in chemical reactivity between purified and stock eugenol."}
{"id": "PMID:285110", "title": "Cariostatic activity of (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]-hexane) in conventional rats.", "content": "The antimicrobial and cariostatic activities of the dihydrochloride and dihydrofluoride salts of alexidine (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]hexane) were compared to those of chlorhexidine acetate and sodium fluoride in rats implanted orally with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a cariogenic diet. Experimental caries was significantly reduced by the continuous administration of low concentrations of biguanides via the drinking water, but this was accompanied by increased staining of the molars. Very high biguanide concentrations, applied infrequently, directly to the molars, effectively reduced caries and resulted in less staining. A combination of alexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride offered no advantage over either drug alone. Alexidine salts prevented the progressive increase in implanted S. mutans, whereas chlorhexidine acetate practically eliminated the micro-organism from the oral cavity. Sodium fluoride had no effect on the implanted flora. It was concluded that alexidine salts are comparable in cariostatic activity to chlorhexidine. The tooth staining accompanying the use of bisbiguanides can be reduced by adjusting the concentration of the drug and its frequency of application.", "contents": "Cariostatic activity of (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]-hexane) in conventional rats. The antimicrobial and cariostatic activities of the dihydrochloride and dihydrofluoride salts of alexidine (1,6-bis-[2-ethylhexylbiguanido]hexane) were compared to those of chlorhexidine acetate and sodium fluoride in rats implanted orally with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a cariogenic diet. Experimental caries was significantly reduced by the continuous administration of low concentrations of biguanides via the drinking water, but this was accompanied by increased staining of the molars. Very high biguanide concentrations, applied infrequently, directly to the molars, effectively reduced caries and resulted in less staining. A combination of alexidine dihydrochloride and sodium fluoride offered no advantage over either drug alone. Alexidine salts prevented the progressive increase in implanted S. mutans, whereas chlorhexidine acetate practically eliminated the micro-organism from the oral cavity. Sodium fluoride had no effect on the implanted flora. It was concluded that alexidine salts are comparable in cariostatic activity to chlorhexidine. The tooth staining accompanying the use of bisbiguanides can be reduced by adjusting the concentration of the drug and its frequency of application."}
{"id": "PMID:285112", "title": "Cell-to-cell communication of osteoblasts.", "content": "Osteoblasts were investigated by two methods, electrical conductance and dye injection. Current injection into one cell caused a change in the recorded transmembrane potential of a second cell, indicating high conductance pathways between the two cells. Dyes injected into a single osteoblast were transmitted to numerous surrounding cells.", "contents": "Cell-to-cell communication of osteoblasts. Osteoblasts were investigated by two methods, electrical conductance and dye injection. Current injection into one cell caused a change in the recorded transmembrane potential of a second cell, indicating high conductance pathways between the two cells. Dyes injected into a single osteoblast were transmitted to numerous surrounding cells."}
{"id": "PMID:285118", "title": "A study of the impact of Project ACORDE on dental education in the United States.", "content": "As part of an evaluation of Project ACCORDE a questionnaire survey was conducted of all U.S. dental school deans, heads, and selected faculty of operative dentistry departments, and selected directors and key faculty of dental hygiene and assisting programs. The survey was supplemented by on-site visits to four dental school operative dentistry departments and five dental auxiliary training programs where the Restoration of Cavity Preparations with Amalgam and Tooth-Colored Materials package was used. The visits included observation of instruction and interviews with faculty and students. This paper summarizes the results including: the extent to which the materials have been adopted, user and nonuser reactions, perceived costs and benefits, and implications for the future of Project ACORDE.", "contents": "A study of the impact of Project ACORDE on dental education in the United States. As part of an evaluation of Project ACCORDE a questionnaire survey was conducted of all U.S. dental school deans, heads, and selected faculty of operative dentistry departments, and selected directors and key faculty of dental hygiene and assisting programs. The survey was supplemented by on-site visits to four dental school operative dentistry departments and five dental auxiliary training programs where the Restoration of Cavity Preparations with Amalgam and Tooth-Colored Materials package was used. The visits included observation of instruction and interviews with faculty and students. This paper summarizes the results including: the extent to which the materials have been adopted, user and nonuser reactions, perceived costs and benefits, and implications for the future of Project ACORDE."}
{"id": "PMID:285120", "title": "Oral histology and embryology: an integrated educational program.", "content": "Since 1976 dental students in The University of Western Australia have undertaken a revised course in oral histology and embryology taught within the framework of an oral biology program. The new course includes clinic sessions, which are presented prior to scheduled lecture and laboratory instruction on a particular tissue, and are intended to familiarize students with the clinical appearance of that tissue. Participating staff include members from the divisions of oral biology, oral pathology, periodontics, pedodontics, and preventive dentistry, Examination of histologic slides during laboratory sessions is supplemented by use of dental radiographs in order to achieve a close correlation between histologic structure and radiographic appearance. The use of the dental clinic environment to teach basic and applied microanatomy, and inclusion of clinical data such as radiographs, has strengthened the link between basic biological science and clinical dentistry.", "contents": "Oral histology and embryology: an integrated educational program. Since 1976 dental students in The University of Western Australia have undertaken a revised course in oral histology and embryology taught within the framework of an oral biology program. The new course includes clinic sessions, which are presented prior to scheduled lecture and laboratory instruction on a particular tissue, and are intended to familiarize students with the clinical appearance of that tissue. Participating staff include members from the divisions of oral biology, oral pathology, periodontics, pedodontics, and preventive dentistry, Examination of histologic slides during laboratory sessions is supplemented by use of dental radiographs in order to achieve a close correlation between histologic structure and radiographic appearance. The use of the dental clinic environment to teach basic and applied microanatomy, and inclusion of clinical data such as radiographs, has strengthened the link between basic biological science and clinical dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:285129", "title": "An admissions interview to measure \"good\" dentist attributes.", "content": "This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized interview designed for selecting applicants for dental schools. The interview provides a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions and was based on characteristics of successful dentists. A class of 86 fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa was interviewed. Sufficient validity was found to justify the use of the interview for admissions purposes for the 1978 class.", "contents": "An admissions interview to measure \"good\" dentist attributes. This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized interview designed for selecting applicants for dental schools. The interview provides a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions and was based on characteristics of successful dentists. A class of 86 fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa was interviewed. Sufficient validity was found to justify the use of the interview for admissions purposes for the 1978 class."}
{"id": "PMID:285130", "title": "Absorbed bone marrow dose in certain dental radiographic techniques.", "content": "Dosages of radiation absorbed in the bone marrow of the calvaria, mandible, and cervical spine were measured during dental diagnostic exposures using intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographic techniques. The use of rectangular collimation in intraoral radiography reduced the total absorbed dose to the bone marrow of the mandible and cervical spine. Doses from the dental radiographic techniques are compared with environmental levels of background irradiation.", "contents": "Absorbed bone marrow dose in certain dental radiographic techniques. Dosages of radiation absorbed in the bone marrow of the calvaria, mandible, and cervical spine were measured during dental diagnostic exposures using intraoral, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographic techniques. The use of rectangular collimation in intraoral radiography reduced the total absorbed dose to the bone marrow of the mandible and cervical spine. Doses from the dental radiographic techniques are compared with environmental levels of background irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:285131", "title": "The Revenue Act of 1978: tax reform legislation continues.", "content": "The Revenue Act of 1978 contains several changes in the federal tax laws that affect the business aspects of dental practice as well as the dentist as a individual taxpayer. The dentist as a business person should be aware of the provisions affecting the investment credit, simplified pensions plans, the corporate tax rates, the jobs tax credit, and subchapter S corporations. The dentist as an individual taxpayer should be aware of the new individual tax rates, the general tax credit, changes in the itemized deductions, and the capital gains tax. In addition, all dentists must be aware of the changes in the social security laws. The provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978 presented do not represent every new provision, only those that most directly affect the dentist. Several other provisions of the act must not be overlooked in tax planning or tax preparation. With the changes in the tax laws in mind, the dentist, working with an attornye, accountant, or business advisor, could plan the advantageous ways to expand the practice, purchase new equipment, or shorten the time of tax return preparation.", "contents": "The Revenue Act of 1978: tax reform legislation continues. The Revenue Act of 1978 contains several changes in the federal tax laws that affect the business aspects of dental practice as well as the dentist as a individual taxpayer. The dentist as a business person should be aware of the provisions affecting the investment credit, simplified pensions plans, the corporate tax rates, the jobs tax credit, and subchapter S corporations. The dentist as an individual taxpayer should be aware of the new individual tax rates, the general tax credit, changes in the itemized deductions, and the capital gains tax. In addition, all dentists must be aware of the changes in the social security laws. The provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978 presented do not represent every new provision, only those that most directly affect the dentist. Several other provisions of the act must not be overlooked in tax planning or tax preparation. With the changes in the tax laws in mind, the dentist, working with an attornye, accountant, or business advisor, could plan the advantageous ways to expand the practice, purchase new equipment, or shorten the time of tax return preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:285132", "title": "A clinical evaluation of a radiopaque material in the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth.", "content": "The clinical performances of Adaptic and Radiopaque Adaptic restorative materials are compared according to their properties of retention, marginal integrity, and color change. The advantage of radiopacity in Class I and Class IV restorations of anterior and posterior teeth is discussed.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of a radiopaque material in the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth. The clinical performances of Adaptic and Radiopaque Adaptic restorative materials are compared according to their properties of retention, marginal integrity, and color change. The advantage of radiopacity in Class I and Class IV restorations of anterior and posterior teeth is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285133", "title": "Production-economic effects of delegation and practice size in a private dental office.", "content": "Practicing dentists, researchers, and a computer analyzed data from phases of use of expanded function dental auxiliaries in a private dental office. Increases in production and net income were related to the delegation of more complex functions in the expanded practice.", "contents": "Production-economic effects of delegation and practice size in a private dental office. Practicing dentists, researchers, and a computer analyzed data from phases of use of expanded function dental auxiliaries in a private dental office. Increases in production and net income were related to the delegation of more complex functions in the expanded practice."}
{"id": "PMID:285134", "title": "Root-end induction.", "content": "A root-end induction procedure was used to treat a nonvital tooth with an open apex. This procedure was relatively fast and simple and did not require special instruments or medicaments. The procedure improved the prognosis of the involved tooth and reduced the trauma associated with surgical endodontic treatment.", "contents": "Root-end induction. A root-end induction procedure was used to treat a nonvital tooth with an open apex. This procedure was relatively fast and simple and did not require special instruments or medicaments. The procedure improved the prognosis of the involved tooth and reduced the trauma associated with surgical endodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:285135", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "A case has been presented that illustrates successful managment of a patient with suspected malignant hyperthermia. The causes of this disorder are uncertain. If screening procedures identify a patient as susceptible to this disorder, careful planning in the preoperative stage is indicated. Preparedness during the operative procedure for any emergency is mandatory. Early and effective treatment seems to be the only method of preventing mortality with patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. A case has been presented that illustrates successful managment of a patient with suspected malignant hyperthermia. The causes of this disorder are uncertain. If screening procedures identify a patient as susceptible to this disorder, careful planning in the preoperative stage is indicated. Preparedness during the operative procedure for any emergency is mandatory. Early and effective treatment seems to be the only method of preventing mortality with patients experiencing malignant hyperthermia."}
{"id": "PMID:285136", "title": "Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown, and tooth loss in a snuff dipper.", "content": "Dentists should be aware that snuff dipping or chewing is increasing in southern states and perhaps in other sections of the United States. These habits can lead to clinical leukoplakia, gingival recession, tooth abrasion, and periodontal bone destruction. The possibility also exists that a malignant transformation of leukoplakia can develop in persons who use snuff and other forms of tobacco.", "contents": "Intraoral leukoplakia, abrasion, periodontal breakdown, and tooth loss in a snuff dipper. Dentists should be aware that snuff dipping or chewing is increasing in southern states and perhaps in other sections of the United States. These habits can lead to clinical leukoplakia, gingival recession, tooth abrasion, and periodontal bone destruction. The possibility also exists that a malignant transformation of leukoplakia can develop in persons who use snuff and other forms of tobacco."}
{"id": "PMID:285186", "title": "Subacromial bursography.", "content": "Subacromial bursography was performed on 250 patients with following results. Bursographically, the subacromial bursa was found to have three intercommunicating portions with various frequency; subacromial, subdeltoid and subcoracoid. In complete rotator cuff ruptures, the contrast medium leaked into the shoulder joint. In 'frozen shoulder' the subacromial bursa is reduced in size according to the degree of contracture. The intrabursal injections of steroid hormone and Lidocaine proved to have definite therapeutic and pain alleviating effects.", "contents": "Subacromial bursography. Subacromial bursography was performed on 250 patients with following results. Bursographically, the subacromial bursa was found to have three intercommunicating portions with various frequency; subacromial, subdeltoid and subcoracoid. In complete rotator cuff ruptures, the contrast medium leaked into the shoulder joint. In 'frozen shoulder' the subacromial bursa is reduced in size according to the degree of contracture. The intrabursal injections of steroid hormone and Lidocaine proved to have definite therapeutic and pain alleviating effects."}
{"id": "PMID:285212", "title": "Cellular regulation in Friend virus induced erythroleukemia. Studies with anemic mice of genotype Sl/Sld.", "content": "Genetically anemic SI/SI(d) mice have been shown previously to have a defective hematopoietic environment which prevents extensive erythroid differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and also confers resistance to the erythroleukemia-inducing virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). In this study, we show that the relative resistance of SI/SI(d) mice to transformation by SFFV is not due to the inability of SFFV to replicate, nor is it because SFFV cannot transform erythroid cells, in the spleens of these mice. Injection of syngeneic +/+ mouse spleen cells, previously infected in vivo with SFFV, into secondary SI/SI(d) recipients resulted in marked splenic enlargement, and the appearance of large numbers of erythropoietin (Epo)-independent erythroid colonies in plasma clot culture. The cellular proliferation observed in these SI/SI(d) secondary recipients appeared to be due to infection and transformation of host SI/SI(d) cells rather than the growth of possible tumor colony-forming units (TCFU) present in the infected +/+ spleens, because preirradiation of the SI/SI(d) recipients abolished the splenomegaly and appearance of Epo- independent erythroid colonies. Furthermore, prior irradiation (1,200 rads) of donor spleen cells from SFFV-infected +/+ mice only slightly reduced spleen focus formation in unirradiated SI/SI(d) recipients. The conclusion that SI/SI(d) target cells could be infected and transformed by SFFV was confirmed directly by injecting a high titered preparation of SFFV into SI/SI(d) mice. SI/SI(d) mice were not absolutely resistant to infection or transformation by SFFV. Nevertheless, cells from the spleens of SFFV-infected mice were unable to form tumor colonies (TCFU) in irradiated SI/SI(d) recipients, suggesting that TCFU are either present at an undetectably low frequency in these spleens, or that they are still subject to the regulatory influences of the Steel locus.", "contents": "Cellular regulation in Friend virus induced erythroleukemia. Studies with anemic mice of genotype Sl/Sld. Genetically anemic SI/SI(d) mice have been shown previously to have a defective hematopoietic environment which prevents extensive erythroid differentiation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and also confers resistance to the erythroleukemia-inducing virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV). In this study, we show that the relative resistance of SI/SI(d) mice to transformation by SFFV is not due to the inability of SFFV to replicate, nor is it because SFFV cannot transform erythroid cells, in the spleens of these mice. Injection of syngeneic +/+ mouse spleen cells, previously infected in vivo with SFFV, into secondary SI/SI(d) recipients resulted in marked splenic enlargement, and the appearance of large numbers of erythropoietin (Epo)-independent erythroid colonies in plasma clot culture. The cellular proliferation observed in these SI/SI(d) secondary recipients appeared to be due to infection and transformation of host SI/SI(d) cells rather than the growth of possible tumor colony-forming units (TCFU) present in the infected +/+ spleens, because preirradiation of the SI/SI(d) recipients abolished the splenomegaly and appearance of Epo- independent erythroid colonies. Furthermore, prior irradiation (1,200 rads) of donor spleen cells from SFFV-infected +/+ mice only slightly reduced spleen focus formation in unirradiated SI/SI(d) recipients. The conclusion that SI/SI(d) target cells could be infected and transformed by SFFV was confirmed directly by injecting a high titered preparation of SFFV into SI/SI(d) mice. SI/SI(d) mice were not absolutely resistant to infection or transformation by SFFV. Nevertheless, cells from the spleens of SFFV-infected mice were unable to form tumor colonies (TCFU) in irradiated SI/SI(d) recipients, suggesting that TCFU are either present at an undetectably low frequency in these spleens, or that they are still subject to the regulatory influences of the Steel locus."}
{"id": "PMID:285227", "title": "The effects of local hypothermia on odontogenesis.", "content": "Cryosurgery, with temperatures ranging from -40 C to -140 C, was performed on 32 developing mandibular third and fourth premolar buds of dogs. Evaluations were made on clinical, radiographic, and histologic bases at prescribed time intervals. There was complete inhibition of odontogenesis in 62.5% of third premolars and 25% of fourth premolars. There was 25% partial inhibition of third premolars and a 56.25% inhibition of fourth premolars. The adjacent developing tooth buds and bone were not affected.", "contents": "The effects of local hypothermia on odontogenesis. Cryosurgery, with temperatures ranging from -40 C to -140 C, was performed on 32 developing mandibular third and fourth premolar buds of dogs. Evaluations were made on clinical, radiographic, and histologic bases at prescribed time intervals. There was complete inhibition of odontogenesis in 62.5% of third premolars and 25% of fourth premolars. There was 25% partial inhibition of third premolars and a 56.25% inhibition of fourth premolars. The adjacent developing tooth buds and bone were not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:285228", "title": "Substitution of a muscle of the leg for a suprahyoid muscle in rats.", "content": "Free muscle grafts were used in this investigation as an alternative approach to the treatment of injuries to muscles in the oral region. The grafted muscles regenerated fully. Histochemical and histological examination disclosed that the grafted muscles closely resembled those of normal control muscles. Evidence is presented to show the potential use of this technique in the treatment of injuries to oral muscles.", "contents": "Substitution of a muscle of the leg for a suprahyoid muscle in rats. Free muscle grafts were used in this investigation as an alternative approach to the treatment of injuries to muscles in the oral region. The grafted muscles regenerated fully. Histochemical and histological examination disclosed that the grafted muscles closely resembled those of normal control muscles. Evidence is presented to show the potential use of this technique in the treatment of injuries to oral muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:285229", "title": "Mouthwash and oral cancer: carcinogen or coincidence?", "content": "Among 200 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, 11 persons abstained from all alcoholic beverages and tobacco. All but one of these 11 patients had used mouthwash many times daily for more than 20 years. Most of them used a brand of mouthwash that contained 25% alcohol. This evidence, along with information from other patients, may be used to confirm or refute the theory that mouthwash may be carcinogenic for susceptible persons.", "contents": "Mouthwash and oral cancer: carcinogen or coincidence? Among 200 patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, 11 persons abstained from all alcoholic beverages and tobacco. All but one of these 11 patients had used mouthwash many times daily for more than 20 years. Most of them used a brand of mouthwash that contained 25% alcohol. This evidence, along with information from other patients, may be used to confirm or refute the theory that mouthwash may be carcinogenic for susceptible persons."}
{"id": "PMID:285230", "title": "Technetium 99m bone imaging in the evaluation of cancer of the maxillofacial region.", "content": "Technetium 99m bone images were obtained from five patients with mandibular gingival carcinoma and six patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma. Ten to 15 mCi of 99mTc-polyphosphate was administered intravenously, and imaging was performed three hours after injection. The anterior and lateral views of the maxillofacial skeleton were obtained with a gamma camera. Resultant gamma camera images were compared with the radiographic skeletal survey. 99mTc bone survey is a safe and simple diagnostic technique that can demonstrate abnormality of the bone with greater sensitivity than routine radiographs.", "contents": "Technetium 99m bone imaging in the evaluation of cancer of the maxillofacial region. Technetium 99m bone images were obtained from five patients with mandibular gingival carcinoma and six patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma. Ten to 15 mCi of 99mTc-polyphosphate was administered intravenously, and imaging was performed three hours after injection. The anterior and lateral views of the maxillofacial skeleton were obtained with a gamma camera. Resultant gamma camera images were compared with the radiographic skeletal survey. 99mTc bone survey is a safe and simple diagnostic technique that can demonstrate abnormality of the bone with greater sensitivity than routine radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:285231", "title": "An evaluation of enflurane combined with nitrous oxide as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery.", "content": "Nitrous oxide has been added to a technique for anesthesia, allowing the concentration of enflurane to be reduced by a third while retaining the amnesic properties, stable physiologic parameters, rapid recovery, and excellent acceptance by the patient.", "contents": "An evaluation of enflurane combined with nitrous oxide as an amnesic agent for outpatient oral surgery. Nitrous oxide has been added to a technique for anesthesia, allowing the concentration of enflurane to be reduced by a third while retaining the amnesic properties, stable physiologic parameters, rapid recovery, and excellent acceptance by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:285233", "title": "Epidermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth.", "content": "The characteristics and incidence of dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth are reviewed. The epidermoid cyst in the sublingual (genioglossal) position is unique because of its size and the advanced age of presentation. The use of preoperative lateral xerography was beneficial in determining the extent of the lesion and in visualizing the partial obstruction of the upper airway. An intraoral surgical technique was used to treat the cyst.", "contents": "Epidermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth. The characteristics and incidence of dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth are reviewed. The epidermoid cyst in the sublingual (genioglossal) position is unique because of its size and the advanced age of presentation. The use of preoperative lateral xerography was beneficial in determining the extent of the lesion and in visualizing the partial obstruction of the upper airway. An intraoral surgical technique was used to treat the cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:285234", "title": "The reduction of zygomatic fractures using a straight mouth gag.", "content": "A technique is described for the elevation of depressed fractures of the zygoma using the straight mouth gag of Terrier, which is especially suitable for treatment of partly healed fractures.", "contents": "The reduction of zygomatic fractures using a straight mouth gag. A technique is described for the elevation of depressed fractures of the zygoma using the straight mouth gag of Terrier, which is especially suitable for treatment of partly healed fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:285239", "title": "Treatment of initially infected mandibular fractures with bone plates.", "content": "Use of the self-compression plate has proved to be a reliable method for treatment of various mandibular fractures. It has been uncommon, however, to use the plates in preoperatively infected mandibular fractures. Based on acceptable results in general traumatology for cases with open-wound fractures, I inserted bone plates into initially infected mandibular fracture sites. The purpose of this paper is to report the results.", "contents": "Treatment of initially infected mandibular fractures with bone plates. Use of the self-compression plate has proved to be a reliable method for treatment of various mandibular fractures. It has been uncommon, however, to use the plates in preoperatively infected mandibular fractures. Based on acceptable results in general traumatology for cases with open-wound fractures, I inserted bone plates into initially infected mandibular fracture sites. The purpose of this paper is to report the results."}
{"id": "PMID:285240", "title": "Combined adenosquamous carcinoma and ductal adenoma of the hard and soft palate: report of case.", "content": "Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare pathologic entity of the head and neck; only ten cases have been documented. In combination with a benign ductal adenoma, it produced an interesting and difficult case from both diagnostic and surgical aspects.", "contents": "Combined adenosquamous carcinoma and ductal adenoma of the hard and soft palate: report of case. Adenosquamous carcinoma is a rare pathologic entity of the head and neck; only ten cases have been documented. In combination with a benign ductal adenoma, it produced an interesting and difficult case from both diagnostic and surgical aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:285242", "title": "Benign (true) cementoblastoma: report of cases.", "content": "Two cases of benign cementoblastoma are presented. A pathological fracture resulted in the removal of the very large lesion. Results of complete histological examination are presented.", "contents": "Benign (true) cementoblastoma: report of cases. Two cases of benign cementoblastoma are presented. A pathological fracture resulted in the removal of the very large lesion. Results of complete histological examination are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:285244", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the mouth.", "content": "This report described primary malignant melanoma of the maxilla in the region of the palate and gingiva, the two most common locations of oral melanoma. It fulfilled the three criteria for a primary lesion as described by Greene and others, that is, malignant melanoma was demonstrated in the oral mucosa by biopsy examination, intraepidermal activity was present, and melanoma was not present at any other site. Treatment consisted of partial maxillectomy and the immediate use of maxillofacial prosthetics to offer the patient the maximum comfort in early rehabilitation.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the mouth. This report described primary malignant melanoma of the maxilla in the region of the palate and gingiva, the two most common locations of oral melanoma. It fulfilled the three criteria for a primary lesion as described by Greene and others, that is, malignant melanoma was demonstrated in the oral mucosa by biopsy examination, intraepidermal activity was present, and melanoma was not present at any other site. Treatment consisted of partial maxillectomy and the immediate use of maxillofacial prosthetics to offer the patient the maximum comfort in early rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:285245", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "content": "Three additional cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia are discussed. Clinical appearance of the lesion is not diagnostic. Microscopy shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and acinar necrosis. No atypia is seen. Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinoma are frequent wrong diagnoses. All reported lesions have healed without recurrence regardless of therapy.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Three additional cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia are discussed. Clinical appearance of the lesion is not diagnostic. Microscopy shows pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and acinar necrosis. No atypia is seen. Mucoepidermoid and squamous cell carcinoma are frequent wrong diagnoses. All reported lesions have healed without recurrence regardless of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:285246", "title": "Removal of a medially attached, fractured condyle via an intraoral approach: report of case.", "content": "A case of a medially displaced, fractured condyle is presented; closed reduction was the initial treatment. Fifteen years later, radiographs showed a \"double condyle\"; there were pain and limitation of motion of the mandible. The displaced fragment was removed via an intraoral approach with resulting improvement in function and complete elimination of pain.", "contents": "Removal of a medially attached, fractured condyle via an intraoral approach: report of case. A case of a medially displaced, fractured condyle is presented; closed reduction was the initial treatment. Fifteen years later, radiographs showed a \"double condyle\"; there were pain and limitation of motion of the mandible. The displaced fragment was removed via an intraoral approach with resulting improvement in function and complete elimination of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:285247", "title": "Use of lateral alotomy to facilitate closure of an anterior oronasal fistula.", "content": "Surgical treatment of a large anterior oronasal fistula is reported. The advantages of a lateral alotomy are discussed. Functional and esthetic results and ease of closure justify the use of this approach.", "contents": "Use of lateral alotomy to facilitate closure of an anterior oronasal fistula. Surgical treatment of a large anterior oronasal fistula is reported. The advantages of a lateral alotomy are discussed. Functional and esthetic results and ease of closure justify the use of this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:285248", "title": "The infraorbital rim staple--a new method of treating displaced and comminuted trimalar fractures.", "content": "This report describes a simple, effective technique that has been used on 12 patients to correct unstable rotated trimalar fractures, with or without comminution of the infraorbital rim. Eleven of the patients were followed up to 46 months, and all showed satisfactory results.", "contents": "The infraorbital rim staple--a new method of treating displaced and comminuted trimalar fractures. This report describes a simple, effective technique that has been used on 12 patients to correct unstable rotated trimalar fractures, with or without comminution of the infraorbital rim. Eleven of the patients were followed up to 46 months, and all showed satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:285249", "title": "Oral surgeons in full-time private practice.", "content": "The most prevalent type of practice of oral surgeons is full-time private practice. Its characteristics as obtained from data of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 are described in this article. The number of offices or type of practice (solo or group) was not correlated significantly with the age of oral surgeons. The factor of reason for practice location had no influence on the factors of size of population where the practice was located, size of the trade area where practice was located, or annual income. The factor of average annual income indicated that the greatest income was earned by oral surgeons who were between the ages of 40 and 50 and whose practice was located in a population area of between 250,000 and 500,000. Annual income was also influenced by number of years in a practice location up to about five years. After that, years in a location had little influence. The question of adding a partner influenced younger oral surgeons more than older ones. More oral surgeons in solo practice intended to add a partner than oral surgeons in group practice. Neither the population of the city where a practice was located nor the waiting period for admission to a hospital for patients who needed elective surgery influenced significantly the plans of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to the addition of an associate. The opinion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to methods of increasing the effectiveness of practice also was reviewed. A large proportion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice believed that they needed more training in outpatient ambulatory general anesthesia and more time rotating in internal medicine and general surgery. They stated that, in general, their preparation in activities of a professional nature was adequate but that their preparation in activities of an administrative nature was inadequate. Attendance of oral surgeons at professional meetings was not influenced by age, population of the city where their practice was located, population of trade area where their practice was located, or professional income. The majority of oral surgeons thought that there was enough dental manpower to meet the demand for oral surgery service. Age had no significant influence on this opinion. Oral surgeons in population areas of less than 150,000 were less inclined to think there was excessive manpower in the dental specialties than those in population areas of more than 150,000.", "contents": "Oral surgeons in full-time private practice. The most prevalent type of practice of oral surgeons is full-time private practice. Its characteristics as obtained from data of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 are described in this article. The number of offices or type of practice (solo or group) was not correlated significantly with the age of oral surgeons. The factor of reason for practice location had no influence on the factors of size of population where the practice was located, size of the trade area where practice was located, or annual income. The factor of average annual income indicated that the greatest income was earned by oral surgeons who were between the ages of 40 and 50 and whose practice was located in a population area of between 250,000 and 500,000. Annual income was also influenced by number of years in a practice location up to about five years. After that, years in a location had little influence. The question of adding a partner influenced younger oral surgeons more than older ones. More oral surgeons in solo practice intended to add a partner than oral surgeons in group practice. Neither the population of the city where a practice was located nor the waiting period for admission to a hospital for patients who needed elective surgery influenced significantly the plans of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to the addition of an associate. The opinion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice with regard to methods of increasing the effectiveness of practice also was reviewed. A large proportion of oral surgeons in full-time private practice believed that they needed more training in outpatient ambulatory general anesthesia and more time rotating in internal medicine and general surgery. They stated that, in general, their preparation in activities of a professional nature was adequate but that their preparation in activities of an administrative nature was inadequate. Attendance of oral surgeons at professional meetings was not influenced by age, population of the city where their practice was located, population of trade area where their practice was located, or professional income. The majority of oral surgeons thought that there was enough dental manpower to meet the demand for oral surgery service. Age had no significant influence on this opinion. Oral surgeons in population areas of less than 150,000 were less inclined to think there was excessive manpower in the dental specialties than those in population areas of more than 150,000."}
{"id": "PMID:285250", "title": "Oral surgeons in full-time teaching.", "content": "The average income of full-time teachers of oral surgery was summarized in this article of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 and can be compared to that of the general membership as described in the third article (JOURNAL OF ORAL SURGERY 35: Special Issue A, August 1977). The attitudes of 157 full-time teachers toward the time they spent in training are noted. Although 68.1% stated it was good, 26.6% thought it was too short or that the emphasis was wrong. Thus a substantial number of teachers expressed a need for improvement in their training. Concern also was evident about the time spent on rotations. More time was considered necessary in internal medicine, general surgery, outpatient anesthesiology, surgery in the operating room, research, and neurosurgery. Concern was expressed in another way in that 29.8% of the oral surgery teachers thought that their training was only adequate or poor in surgical skills and 27.3% thought it was adequate or poor in diagnostic skills.", "contents": "Oral surgeons in full-time teaching. The average income of full-time teachers of oral surgery was summarized in this article of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 and can be compared to that of the general membership as described in the third article (JOURNAL OF ORAL SURGERY 35: Special Issue A, August 1977). The attitudes of 157 full-time teachers toward the time they spent in training are noted. Although 68.1% stated it was good, 26.6% thought it was too short or that the emphasis was wrong. Thus a substantial number of teachers expressed a need for improvement in their training. Concern also was evident about the time spent on rotations. More time was considered necessary in internal medicine, general surgery, outpatient anesthesiology, surgery in the operating room, research, and neurosurgery. Concern was expressed in another way in that 29.8% of the oral surgery teachers thought that their training was only adequate or poor in surgical skills and 27.3% thought it was adequate or poor in diagnostic skills."}
{"id": "PMID:285252", "title": "Oral surgeons in geographic regions and selected metropolitan areas.", "content": "Region of practice location and size of the metropolitan area where a practice is located have been considered important manpower variables. This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 described the relationship of these two variables to various other characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. Geographic region of the respondents and population of the practice location appeared to influence each other to some extent. There was a small but significant relationship between geographic region and age for 2,251 oral surgeons as well as for the 1,584 in full-time private practice. A similar relationship was observed between population of trade area and age. In each situation, the relationship was not consistent enough to describe a definite trend in the relationship. Both geographic region and population of trade area were associated to a small extent with variations in the professional income of oral surgeons. In New England oral surgeons seemed to earn less than expected whereas in the East North Central states they earned more than expected. There was a significant relationship between geographic region, population of trade area, and type of practice. In the eastern part of the United States, there was a tendency for fewer oral surgeons than statistically expected to establish a solo practice. There was some relationship between geographic region and hours devoted to practice for all oral surgeons as well as for those in full-time private practice. Three regions, West North Central, West South Central, and South Atlantic, had significantly more oral surgeons than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week, whereas three other regions, East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific, had significantly fewer than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week. In most areas except New England and the West North Central states, geographic region had no association with the average amount of inpatient or outpatient services the respondents provided. Geographic region appeared to influence the average number of surgical procedures performed. It also had some relationship to the incorporation of dental practice and the distribution of dental staff at the principle hospital used by the respondents. According to the 1974 estimated population for calculating the expected frequencies, there were more active members than expected in the American Society of Oral Surgeons in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific states and fewer than expected in the West North Central, East South Central, and Mountain states. More respondents than expected on the west coast took two weeks or less of vacation whereas more respondents than statistically expected on the east coast took more than three weeks of vacation.", "contents": "Oral surgeons in geographic regions and selected metropolitan areas. Region of practice location and size of the metropolitan area where a practice is located have been considered important manpower variables. This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 described the relationship of these two variables to various other characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. Geographic region of the respondents and population of the practice location appeared to influence each other to some extent. There was a small but significant relationship between geographic region and age for 2,251 oral surgeons as well as for the 1,584 in full-time private practice. A similar relationship was observed between population of trade area and age. In each situation, the relationship was not consistent enough to describe a definite trend in the relationship. Both geographic region and population of trade area were associated to a small extent with variations in the professional income of oral surgeons. In New England oral surgeons seemed to earn less than expected whereas in the East North Central states they earned more than expected. There was a significant relationship between geographic region, population of trade area, and type of practice. In the eastern part of the United States, there was a tendency for fewer oral surgeons than statistically expected to establish a solo practice. There was some relationship between geographic region and hours devoted to practice for all oral surgeons as well as for those in full-time private practice. Three regions, West North Central, West South Central, and South Atlantic, had significantly more oral surgeons than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week, whereas three other regions, East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific, had significantly fewer than statistically expected working more than 50 hours/week. In most areas except New England and the West North Central states, geographic region had no association with the average amount of inpatient or outpatient services the respondents provided. Geographic region appeared to influence the average number of surgical procedures performed. It also had some relationship to the incorporation of dental practice and the distribution of dental staff at the principle hospital used by the respondents. According to the 1974 estimated population for calculating the expected frequencies, there were more active members than expected in the American Society of Oral Surgeons in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific states and fewer than expected in the West North Central, East South Central, and Mountain states. More respondents than expected on the west coast took two weeks or less of vacation whereas more respondents than statistically expected on the east coast took more than three weeks of vacation."}
{"id": "PMID:285253", "title": "Comparisons of solo practices and group practices.", "content": "This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 showed that the type of practice, namely solo practice or group practice, had many effects on the characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. It affected significantly the number of offices an oral surgeon had. More oral surgeons in solo practice tended to have a single office than those in group practice. Oral surgeons over 35 years of age and in group practice tended, in general, to have a higher income than those in solo practice. There was a slight tendency for group practices to increase with the size of trade area served. Oral surgeons in group practices reported that they employed more full-time equivalent staff, but there were proportionately fewer full-time equivalent staff members per oral surgeon. Group practices tended to be located in metropolitan areas. Oral surgeons in group practice seemed to perform a larger number of surgical procedures than those in solo practice. They also seemed to spend more time in travel between home and place of work. More oral surgeons under 40 years of age in solo practice indicated that they planned to add an associate or partner in the next five years than those over 40 years of age or those in group practice.", "contents": "Comparisons of solo practices and group practices. This report of The Manpower Survey of Oral Surgery in 1974 showed that the type of practice, namely solo practice or group practice, had many effects on the characteristics of the practice of oral surgery. It affected significantly the number of offices an oral surgeon had. More oral surgeons in solo practice tended to have a single office than those in group practice. Oral surgeons over 35 years of age and in group practice tended, in general, to have a higher income than those in solo practice. There was a slight tendency for group practices to increase with the size of trade area served. Oral surgeons in group practices reported that they employed more full-time equivalent staff, but there were proportionately fewer full-time equivalent staff members per oral surgeon. Group practices tended to be located in metropolitan areas. Oral surgeons in group practice seemed to perform a larger number of surgical procedures than those in solo practice. They also seemed to spend more time in travel between home and place of work. More oral surgeons under 40 years of age in solo practice indicated that they planned to add an associate or partner in the next five years than those over 40 years of age or those in group practice."}
{"id": "PMID:285260", "title": "Effect of carrageenan-induced inflammation on the binucleate keratinocytes of guinea pig palatal mucosa.", "content": "A 1% carrageenan solution was injected into the palatal mucosa of male guinea pigs between the two first molars. Biopsy specimens were taken 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the injection. Control specimens with healthy mucosa and tyrode injected mucosa were used in order to evaluate the carrageenan-induced inflammation. An intense inflammatory reaction occurred within hours after the carrageenan solution injection. The palatal epithelium exhibited a considerable increase in the number of binucleate cells (P less than 0.001). As proposed by several authors, the inflammation of the underlying connective tissue might explain this phenomenon. The presence of binucleate cells would be an indication that the migration of epidermal cells from the basal to the horny layer proceeds in a hasty and immature fashion.", "contents": "Effect of carrageenan-induced inflammation on the binucleate keratinocytes of guinea pig palatal mucosa. A 1% carrageenan solution was injected into the palatal mucosa of male guinea pigs between the two first molars. Biopsy specimens were taken 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the injection. Control specimens with healthy mucosa and tyrode injected mucosa were used in order to evaluate the carrageenan-induced inflammation. An intense inflammatory reaction occurred within hours after the carrageenan solution injection. The palatal epithelium exhibited a considerable increase in the number of binucleate cells (P less than 0.001). As proposed by several authors, the inflammation of the underlying connective tissue might explain this phenomenon. The presence of binucleate cells would be an indication that the migration of epidermal cells from the basal to the horny layer proceeds in a hasty and immature fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:285261", "title": "The relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support.", "content": "A method to study the relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support was developed. The results of this study would indicate that: (1) The supracrestal fibers do not contribute significantly to the support of a normal premolar tooth. (2) As a human premolar tooth develops moderate to severe loss of osseous support, the relative contribution of the supracrestal fibers to the support of the tooth increases significantly.", "contents": "The relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support. A method to study the relationship between the mobility of human teeth and their supracrestal fiber support was developed. The results of this study would indicate that: (1) The supracrestal fibers do not contribute significantly to the support of a normal premolar tooth. (2) As a human premolar tooth develops moderate to severe loss of osseous support, the relative contribution of the supracrestal fibers to the support of the tooth increases significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:285262", "title": "The hypermineralization of diseased root surfaces.", "content": "Root surfaces which have lost their attachment due to chronic inflammatory periodontal disease present significant increases in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and fluoride. The clinical significance of this effect is not known in regards to wound healing, but it may be helpful in control of cervical sensitivity.", "contents": "The hypermineralization of diseased root surfaces. Root surfaces which have lost their attachment due to chronic inflammatory periodontal disease present significant increases in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and fluoride. The clinical significance of this effect is not known in regards to wound healing, but it may be helpful in control of cervical sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:285263", "title": "The healing extraction site: a donor area for periodontal grafting material.", "content": "In cases of advanced periodontal disease, it is likely that vertical osseous defects will be present and that selected teeth will require extraction. The healing extraction site provides a source of vital osseous grafting material for the treatment of these infrabony defects. The preparation and grafting of the recipient site, as well as the management of the donor area, are described in detail. Three cases are presented which illustrate the efficacy of this type of therapy.", "contents": "The healing extraction site: a donor area for periodontal grafting material. In cases of advanced periodontal disease, it is likely that vertical osseous defects will be present and that selected teeth will require extraction. The healing extraction site provides a source of vital osseous grafting material for the treatment of these infrabony defects. The preparation and grafting of the recipient site, as well as the management of the donor area, are described in detail. Three cases are presented which illustrate the efficacy of this type of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:285264", "title": "The effect of cigarette smoking on plaque formation.", "content": "A total of 495 patients, including 237 smokers, participated in this controlled study of the effect of cigarette smoking on plaque accumulation. Clinical examination revealed no significant differences in plaque formation whether the subjects were nonsmokers or smoked an average of 10, 20, 30 or 40 or more cigarettes daily.", "contents": "The effect of cigarette smoking on plaque formation. A total of 495 patients, including 237 smokers, participated in this controlled study of the effect of cigarette smoking on plaque accumulation. Clinical examination revealed no significant differences in plaque formation whether the subjects were nonsmokers or smoked an average of 10, 20, 30 or 40 or more cigarettes daily."}
{"id": "PMID:285265", "title": "A laboratory technique for teaching root resection.", "content": "A simple inexpensive method of making a laboratory model for the teaching of root resection has been presented. The technique of fabrication of the models requires only a rubber dental model mold, extracted or dentiform teeth, laboratory wax, and laboratory stone or plaster. This is one attempt to fulfill the need for developing laboratory exercises for the teaching of the various periodontal procedures.", "contents": "A laboratory technique for teaching root resection. A simple inexpensive method of making a laboratory model for the teaching of root resection has been presented. The technique of fabrication of the models requires only a rubber dental model mold, extracted or dentiform teeth, laboratory wax, and laboratory stone or plaster. This is one attempt to fulfill the need for developing laboratory exercises for the teaching of the various periodontal procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:285273", "title": "Effect of dose on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in F344 rats by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide.", "content": "Because of the utility of the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) rat model in the study of bladder cancer, the effect of dose on FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated. Weaning male F344 rats were given FANFT in the diet at doses of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005% for 30 weeks and then a control diet for 22 weeks. A control group received only the control diet throughout the experiment. Papillary tumors were present at the higher doses, hyperplasia of various degrees of severly was present at the intermediate doses, and minimal hyperplasia was observed in 4 of 16 rats at the 0.005% dose; no mucosal abnormalities were observed at the two lower doses or in the control group. Bladder epithelium from selected animals was also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 10 weeks and again at the end of the experiment. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli similar to that previously demonstrated for 0.2% FANFT was observed at 10 weeks in rats fed 0.1% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli was also observed at 52 weeks in rats fed 0.1% and 0.05% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa without pleomorphic microvilli was observed in rats fed 0.01 and 0.005% FANFT. The bladder appeared normal by light microscopy and SEM at the two lower doses and in the control group at both the 10- and 52-week intervals. A dose relationship was thus demonstrated for FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats, and more severe surface changes were observed by SEM as the dose increased.", "contents": "Effect of dose on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in F344 rats by N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide. Because of the utility of the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) rat model in the study of bladder cancer, the effect of dose on FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis was evaluated. Weaning male F344 rats were given FANFT in the diet at doses of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005% for 30 weeks and then a control diet for 22 weeks. A control group received only the control diet throughout the experiment. Papillary tumors were present at the higher doses, hyperplasia of various degrees of severly was present at the intermediate doses, and minimal hyperplasia was observed in 4 of 16 rats at the 0.005% dose; no mucosal abnormalities were observed at the two lower doses or in the control group. Bladder epithelium from selected animals was also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after 10 weeks and again at the end of the experiment. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli similar to that previously demonstrated for 0.2% FANFT was observed at 10 weeks in rats fed 0.1% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa with pleomorphic microvilli was also observed at 52 weeks in rats fed 0.1% and 0.05% FANFT. Hyperplastic mucosa without pleomorphic microvilli was observed in rats fed 0.01 and 0.005% FANFT. The bladder appeared normal by light microscopy and SEM at the two lower doses and in the control group at both the 10- and 52-week intervals. A dose relationship was thus demonstrated for FANFT-induced bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats, and more severe surface changes were observed by SEM as the dose increased."}
{"id": "PMID:285274", "title": "Effect of acrylonitrile on primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells in culture: transformation and DNA fragmentation.", "content": "Application of acrylonitrile to primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells (HEC) in culture produced foci of morphologically transformed cells. When similar cells were pretreated with simian adenovirus (SA7) and subsequently treated with acrylonitrile, up to an 8.9-fold increase in frequency of virus-transformed foci was noted over frequency noted for cultures treated only with SA7. When [3H]thymidine-labeled primary Syrian golden HEC were treated with acrylonitrile and cellular DNA was subsequently subjected to alkaline sucrose gradients, a shift in the sedimentation pattern reminiscent of that observed for chemical carcinogens was noted. These observations added support to recent studies indicating that acrylonitrile may be carcinogenic.", "contents": "Effect of acrylonitrile on primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells in culture: transformation and DNA fragmentation. Application of acrylonitrile to primary Syrian golden hamster embryo cells (HEC) in culture produced foci of morphologically transformed cells. When similar cells were pretreated with simian adenovirus (SA7) and subsequently treated with acrylonitrile, up to an 8.9-fold increase in frequency of virus-transformed foci was noted over frequency noted for cultures treated only with SA7. When [3H]thymidine-labeled primary Syrian golden HEC were treated with acrylonitrile and cellular DNA was subsequently subjected to alkaline sucrose gradients, a shift in the sedimentation pattern reminiscent of that observed for chemical carcinogens was noted. These observations added support to recent studies indicating that acrylonitrile may be carcinogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:285275", "title": "Peroxidase activity and iodide uptake in hormone-responsive and hormone-independent GR mouse mammary tumors.", "content": "Transplanted mammary tumors growing in the inbred GR/AFib mouse were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to concentrate injected 125I. Both tumor peroxidase activity and iodide uptake were about ten times greater in the hormone-resonsive (HR) tumors than in the hormone-independent tumors. However, although peroxidases are known for their ability to participate in the iodination of proteins, over 90% of the radioactive iodine found in the tumors was shown to be free iodide. This finding suggests that these two parameters may be independent of each other, but both are higher in HR tumors.", "contents": "Peroxidase activity and iodide uptake in hormone-responsive and hormone-independent GR mouse mammary tumors. Transplanted mammary tumors growing in the inbred GR/AFib mouse were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to concentrate injected 125I. Both tumor peroxidase activity and iodide uptake were about ten times greater in the hormone-resonsive (HR) tumors than in the hormone-independent tumors. However, although peroxidases are known for their ability to participate in the iodination of proteins, over 90% of the radioactive iodine found in the tumors was shown to be free iodide. This finding suggests that these two parameters may be independent of each other, but both are higher in HR tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:285277", "title": "Association of malignancy with rapid growth in early lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin.", "content": "Epithelial lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin were studied to determine a) the relationship of malignancy to dose, b) the types of lesions and circumstances leading to overt malignancy, and c) the growth rates of lesions progressing to malignancy versus those of lesions remaining benign. High doses of radiation were shown to be associated with the production of epidermal cancers, the maximum yield being obtained at 6,400 rads. Conversely, a peak yield of noncancerous lesions was obtained at 1,600 rads. This association between malignancy and high dose was consistent for cancers evolving from warts, cysts, and chrnoic ulcers. Although the proportion of warts among the induced lesions was much higher than that of the cysts or chronic ulcers (76, 14, and 10%, respectively), the likelihood of warts becoming cancerous was substantially lower (14, 23, and 21%). The combined data for all doses showed that the latency period of the epidermal cancers was significantly (P = 0.015) shorter than that of the benign tumors. Rapid growth rates were observed for warts, cysts, and chronic ulcers progressing to overt cancer, and these did not overlap at any point on the growth scale with rates for benign tumors. This finding suggested that the potential for malignant development had been established early in the carcinogenic process, very likely at induction.", "contents": "Association of malignancy with rapid growth in early lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin. Epithelial lesions induced by irradiation of rat skin were studied to determine a) the relationship of malignancy to dose, b) the types of lesions and circumstances leading to overt malignancy, and c) the growth rates of lesions progressing to malignancy versus those of lesions remaining benign. High doses of radiation were shown to be associated with the production of epidermal cancers, the maximum yield being obtained at 6,400 rads. Conversely, a peak yield of noncancerous lesions was obtained at 1,600 rads. This association between malignancy and high dose was consistent for cancers evolving from warts, cysts, and chrnoic ulcers. Although the proportion of warts among the induced lesions was much higher than that of the cysts or chronic ulcers (76, 14, and 10%, respectively), the likelihood of warts becoming cancerous was substantially lower (14, 23, and 21%). The combined data for all doses showed that the latency period of the epidermal cancers was significantly (P = 0.015) shorter than that of the benign tumors. Rapid growth rates were observed for warts, cysts, and chronic ulcers progressing to overt cancer, and these did not overlap at any point on the growth scale with rates for benign tumors. This finding suggested that the potential for malignant development had been established early in the carcinogenic process, very likely at induction."}
{"id": "PMID:285278", "title": "Chromosome studies of two transplantable leukemias of BN mice.", "content": "Karyotypes of two transplantable murine ascites leukemias, LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, were studied with the use of the trypsin-Giemsa technique. The original tumors arose in adult female mice of strains BN/a and BN/b after prolonged antilymphocyte globulin administration. The karyotypes of both leukemias showed similar patterns. Both were hyperdiploid with modal chromosome numbers of 41 and 42 in LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, respectively. The cells consisted of an average of 37 normal chromosomes and 4--5 abnormal chromosomes. The most consistent karyotype deviation was monosomy of the X-chromosome and of several autosomes:  no. 9, 14, and 7 in the LBN/a2 line and  no. 7, 12, 14, and 9 in the LBN/b3 line. In most LBN/b3 cells and in a lower proportion of LBN/a2 cells, trisomy of chromosome  no. 15 was found. With regard to the occurrence of abnormal marker chromosomes, both tumors exhibited great cell-to-cell variation. Two of the markers were common to both leukemia lines.", "contents": "Chromosome studies of two transplantable leukemias of BN mice. Karyotypes of two transplantable murine ascites leukemias, LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, were studied with the use of the trypsin-Giemsa technique. The original tumors arose in adult female mice of strains BN/a and BN/b after prolonged antilymphocyte globulin administration. The karyotypes of both leukemias showed similar patterns. Both were hyperdiploid with modal chromosome numbers of 41 and 42 in LBN/a2 and LBN/b3, respectively. The cells consisted of an average of 37 normal chromosomes and 4--5 abnormal chromosomes. The most consistent karyotype deviation was monosomy of the X-chromosome and of several autosomes:  no. 9, 14, and 7 in the LBN/a2 line and  no. 7, 12, 14, and 9 in the LBN/b3 line. In most LBN/b3 cells and in a lower proportion of LBN/a2 cells, trisomy of chromosome  no. 15 was found. With regard to the occurrence of abnormal marker chromosomes, both tumors exhibited great cell-to-cell variation. Two of the markers were common to both leukemia lines."}
{"id": "PMID:285280", "title": "Neoplasms and pigmentation of thyroid glands in F344 rats exposed to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, a hair dye component.", "content": "2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate was fed at dietary levels of 0.12% (low dose) or 0.5% (high dose) to groups of 50 male and 50 female inbred F344 rats for 78 weeks. By 107 weeks after the initial exposure, 58% of the male rats and 42% of the female rats administered the high dose had thyroid neoplasms, whereas only 7--8% of the controls developed them. Follicular cell carcinomas were the primary type of neoplasm induced. None of the controls had these tumors. The carcinomas, which were papillary, cystic, or solid, were highly invasive but did not metastasize. A brown pigment was present as granules primarily in thyroid follicular cells in all exposed rats. The amount of pigment as determined by an image-analyzing computer revealed that the cross-sectional area occupied by the pigment granules and the optical density of the granules were dose related.", "contents": "Neoplasms and pigmentation of thyroid glands in F344 rats exposed to 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate, a hair dye component. 2,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate was fed at dietary levels of 0.12% (low dose) or 0.5% (high dose) to groups of 50 male and 50 female inbred F344 rats for 78 weeks. By 107 weeks after the initial exposure, 58% of the male rats and 42% of the female rats administered the high dose had thyroid neoplasms, whereas only 7--8% of the controls developed them. Follicular cell carcinomas were the primary type of neoplasm induced. None of the controls had these tumors. The carcinomas, which were papillary, cystic, or solid, were highly invasive but did not metastasize. A brown pigment was present as granules primarily in thyroid follicular cells in all exposed rats. The amount of pigment as determined by an image-analyzing computer revealed that the cross-sectional area occupied by the pigment granules and the optical density of the granules were dose related."}
{"id": "PMID:285281", "title": "Skin cancer development in mice exposed chronically to immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "Inbred female C3Hf/HeN, murine mammary tumor virus-negative mice exposed to either UV light or benzo[a]pyrene (BP), were subjected to four different chronic immunosuppressive regimens to determine their effect on skin cancer development. The immunosuppressive agents were cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cortisone, and heterologous antilymphocyte globulin. Because of an unexpectedly high morbidity and mortality of mice exposed to chronic immunosuppressive measures, the dosages were kept at a level that permitted them to survive but did not prolong allogeneic skin graft survival and lower antibody titers, nor did this level diminish proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the latency periods (time interval between beginning of medication and appearance of skin tumors) of tumors in mice exposed to immunosuppressant measures were significantly shortened in several groups of mice exposed to UV and subjected to cyclophosphamide, cortisone, or antilymphocyte globulin and mice exposed to BP and subjected to cortisone acetate. In 3 groups, spindle cell tumors (fibrosarcomas) shifted to squamous cell carcinomas. A suppressed immune function would not be regarded as the mechanism for the observed responses because immunosuppression was not detected in the experimental mice.", "contents": "Skin cancer development in mice exposed chronically to immunosuppressive agents. Inbred female C3Hf/HeN, murine mammary tumor virus-negative mice exposed to either UV light or benzo[a]pyrene (BP), were subjected to four different chronic immunosuppressive regimens to determine their effect on skin cancer development. The immunosuppressive agents were cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cortisone, and heterologous antilymphocyte globulin. Because of an unexpectedly high morbidity and mortality of mice exposed to chronic immunosuppressive measures, the dosages were kept at a level that permitted them to survive but did not prolong allogeneic skin graft survival and lower antibody titers, nor did this level diminish proliferative responses of lymphocytes to mitogens or allogeneic lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the latency periods (time interval between beginning of medication and appearance of skin tumors) of tumors in mice exposed to immunosuppressant measures were significantly shortened in several groups of mice exposed to UV and subjected to cyclophosphamide, cortisone, or antilymphocyte globulin and mice exposed to BP and subjected to cortisone acetate. In 3 groups, spindle cell tumors (fibrosarcomas) shifted to squamous cell carcinomas. A suppressed immune function would not be regarded as the mechanism for the observed responses because immunosuppression was not detected in the experimental mice."}
{"id": "PMID:285282", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol in male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters.", "content": "The tumorigenic effects of sc-implanted diethylstilbestrol (DES) on male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters were compared. The adenohypophyses, kidneys, and testes of both species showed neoplastic responses to DES treatment. European hamsters were more sensitive than were Syrian hamsters, inasmuch as the European hamsters had a higher tumor incidence. The testicular tumors were all Leydig cell adenomas and seemed to depend on the coincident occurrence of hypophyseal neoplasms (all composed of gonadotropic cells). Of the European hamsters tested, 29% also developed liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and cholangiocarcinomas.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol in male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters. The tumorigenic effects of sc-implanted diethylstilbestrol (DES) on male Syrian golden hamsters and European hamsters were compared. The adenohypophyses, kidneys, and testes of both species showed neoplastic responses to DES treatment. European hamsters were more sensitive than were Syrian hamsters, inasmuch as the European hamsters had a higher tumor incidence. The testicular tumors were all Leydig cell adenomas and seemed to depend on the coincident occurrence of hypophyseal neoplasms (all composed of gonadotropic cells). Of the European hamsters tested, 29% also developed liver tumors (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and cholangiocarcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:285283", "title": "Effect of dietary fiber on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "The effect of alfalfa, bran, and cellulose on intestinal tumor formation and fecal billary steroid levels was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given injections of azoxymethane (AOM). Animals received weekly injections of 8 mg AOM/kg and were fed diets containing 10% fiber (wt/wt) and 35% beef fat or 20 or 30% fiber and about 6% beef fat. Control animals in each instance were fed fiber-free diets. The addition of 10% fiber to the high-fat diet did not significantly reduce the intestinal tumor frequency (average No. of tumors/rat). However, addition of 20 or 30% fiber to the 6% fat diet significantly reduced the intestinal tumor frequency. The concentration of fecal biliary steroids (mg/g dry feces) was significantly lowered in the groups with reduced tumor frequencies, whereas the total excretion of fecal biliary steroids (mg/day) did not show a similar correlation. These observations suggest that intestinal tumor frequency can be reduced by increased dietary fiber only when fat intake is not at a high level. The effect of fiber may be due to dilution of promoters and/or carcinogens in the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fiber on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in rats. The effect of alfalfa, bran, and cellulose on intestinal tumor formation and fecal billary steroid levels was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given injections of azoxymethane (AOM). Animals received weekly injections of 8 mg AOM/kg and were fed diets containing 10% fiber (wt/wt) and 35% beef fat or 20 or 30% fiber and about 6% beef fat. Control animals in each instance were fed fiber-free diets. The addition of 10% fiber to the high-fat diet did not significantly reduce the intestinal tumor frequency (average No. of tumors/rat). However, addition of 20 or 30% fiber to the 6% fat diet significantly reduced the intestinal tumor frequency. The concentration of fecal biliary steroids (mg/g dry feces) was significantly lowered in the groups with reduced tumor frequencies, whereas the total excretion of fecal biliary steroids (mg/day) did not show a similar correlation. These observations suggest that intestinal tumor frequency can be reduced by increased dietary fiber only when fat intake is not at a high level. The effect of fiber may be due to dilution of promoters and/or carcinogens in the intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:285284", "title": "Neoplastic effects of oral administration of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and their inhibition by butylated hydroxyanisole.", "content": "The neoplastic effects of administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-dihydrodiol) by oral intubation to noninbred female Ha:ICR mice have been determined. Under the experimental conditions, BP induced papillomas of the forestomach. BP 7,8-dihydrodiol also induced papillomas of the forestomach and was more potent than BP. In addition, administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused a large number of pulmonary adenomas and lymphomas. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) added to the diet at a concentration of 5 mg/g inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. BHA also inhibited neoplasia of the forestomach, lungs, and lymphoid tissues that was caused by administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of BHA on BP carcinogenesis may entail events that occur subsequent to the formation of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol.", "contents": "Neoplastic effects of oral administration of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and their inhibition by butylated hydroxyanisole. The neoplastic effects of administration of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-dihydrodiol) by oral intubation to noninbred female Ha:ICR mice have been determined. Under the experimental conditions, BP induced papillomas of the forestomach. BP 7,8-dihydrodiol also induced papillomas of the forestomach and was more potent than BP. In addition, administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol caused a large number of pulmonary adenomas and lymphomas. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) added to the diet at a concentration of 5 mg/g inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. BHA also inhibited neoplasia of the forestomach, lungs, and lymphoid tissues that was caused by administration of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of BHA on BP carcinogenesis may entail events that occur subsequent to the formation of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol."}
{"id": "PMID:285285", "title": "Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 2,4-toluenediamine in F344 rats.", "content": "The aromatic amine 2,4-toluenediamine was fed at levels of 50 and 100 ppm to inbred, barrier-raised F344 rats for 2 years. The high dose induced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatic neoplasia in males, and it induced a significant dose-related positive trend in the incidence of liver neoplasms in both sexes. Hepatocellular changes considered to be associated with neoplasia were increased at a high level of statistical significance in both sexes. In addition, the compound caused statistically significant increases in the incidence of mammary tumors in females and an increase of mammary tumors in males which, although not significant statistically, was nevertheless considered to be related to the chemical. The compound was hepatotoxic and accelerated the development of chronic renal disease in this strain, an effect that contributed to a marked decrease in the survival of dosed animals.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 2,4-toluenediamine in F344 rats. The aromatic amine 2,4-toluenediamine was fed at levels of 50 and 100 ppm to inbred, barrier-raised F344 rats for 2 years. The high dose induced a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatic neoplasia in males, and it induced a significant dose-related positive trend in the incidence of liver neoplasms in both sexes. Hepatocellular changes considered to be associated with neoplasia were increased at a high level of statistical significance in both sexes. In addition, the compound caused statistically significant increases in the incidence of mammary tumors in females and an increase of mammary tumors in males which, although not significant statistically, was nevertheless considered to be related to the chemical. The compound was hepatotoxic and accelerated the development of chronic renal disease in this strain, an effect that contributed to a marked decrease in the survival of dosed animals."}
{"id": "PMID:285287", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in human osteosarcoma.", "content": "Sera from 8 patients with osteosarcoma and 64 normal individuals were examined by C1q and Raji cell radioimmunoassays for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Of the 8 patients with osteosarcoma, 6 had elevated levels of immune complexes in their sera. The elevated levels of immune complexes were demonstrated by both the C1q radioimmunoassay and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. The amount of immune complexes was quantitated by Raji cell radioimmunoassay; the mean plus or minus the standard error of the amount of aggregated human IgG equivalent per milliliter of serum was 80.12+/-72.64 micrograms for patients with osteosarcoma and 23.07+/-6.2 micrograms for normal individuals. The blocking effect of sera from patients with osteosarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity against cultured osteosarcoma cells (TE-85) was examined. The result indicated that sera with elevated amounts of immune complexes also had increased levels of blocking activity. Sera were fractionated to separate immune complexes from gamma-globulins. No free tumor-specific antibody could be detected in fractionated gamma-globulin fractions from 2 patients with osteosarcoma. The sera of these patients had high amounts of immune complexes and high blocking activities.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in human osteosarcoma. Sera from 8 patients with osteosarcoma and 64 normal individuals were examined by C1q and Raji cell radioimmunoassays for the presence of circulating immune complexes. Of the 8 patients with osteosarcoma, 6 had elevated levels of immune complexes in their sera. The elevated levels of immune complexes were demonstrated by both the C1q radioimmunoassay and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. The amount of immune complexes was quantitated by Raji cell radioimmunoassay; the mean plus or minus the standard error of the amount of aggregated human IgG equivalent per milliliter of serum was 80.12+/-72.64 micrograms for patients with osteosarcoma and 23.07+/-6.2 micrograms for normal individuals. The blocking effect of sera from patients with osteosarcoma on lymphocyte cytotoxicity against cultured osteosarcoma cells (TE-85) was examined. The result indicated that sera with elevated amounts of immune complexes also had increased levels of blocking activity. Sera were fractionated to separate immune complexes from gamma-globulins. No free tumor-specific antibody could be detected in fractionated gamma-globulin fractions from 2 patients with osteosarcoma. The sera of these patients had high amounts of immune complexes and high blocking activities."}
{"id": "PMID:285289", "title": "Rising lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers.", "content": "On the basis of data available from two representative samples of lung cancer deaths in the United States as well as national mortality statistics and other epidemiologic studies, the lung cancer mortality rate has risen substantially between 1914 and 1968 among persons who never smoked cigarettes. For white males the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about 15-fold; the relative increase for ages 65--84 years has been about 30-fold. For white females the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about sevenfold. Most of the relative increase occurred before 1935 and was probably due to changes in diagnostic criteria. However, increases have continued up to the present for male nonsmokers, who now apparently have an annual age-adjusted lung cancer death rate of about 25 per 100,000 persons between the ages 35--84 years. The rising lung cancer rate among nonsmokers indicates that factors in addition to personal cigarette smoking have had a significant effect on the mortality rate from this disease. In spite of the limited quality of these data, they suggest that a more complete understanding of lung cancer etiology is needed.", "contents": "Rising lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers. On the basis of data available from two representative samples of lung cancer deaths in the United States as well as national mortality statistics and other epidemiologic studies, the lung cancer mortality rate has risen substantially between 1914 and 1968 among persons who never smoked cigarettes. For white males the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about 15-fold; the relative increase for ages 65--84 years has been about 30-fold. For white females the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about sevenfold. Most of the relative increase occurred before 1935 and was probably due to changes in diagnostic criteria. However, increases have continued up to the present for male nonsmokers, who now apparently have an annual age-adjusted lung cancer death rate of about 25 per 100,000 persons between the ages 35--84 years. The rising lung cancer rate among nonsmokers indicates that factors in addition to personal cigarette smoking have had a significant effect on the mortality rate from this disease. In spite of the limited quality of these data, they suggest that a more complete understanding of lung cancer etiology is needed."}
{"id": "PMID:285290", "title": "Growth and metastasis of human melanoma xenografts in the hamster host.", "content": "Cells from three human melanoma cell culture lines (UCLASO-M-12, UCLASO-M-7, and WEG-1) were transplanted into the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed hamsters. Tumor nodules were found in the cheek pouches of hamsters receiving any one of these lines, and by 90--100 days after transplantation, nearly all hamsters had grossly visible lung metastases. Metastases were noted only in hamsters receiving continuous immunosuppression during the transplant period.", "contents": "Growth and metastasis of human melanoma xenografts in the hamster host. Cells from three human melanoma cell culture lines (UCLASO-M-12, UCLASO-M-7, and WEG-1) were transplanted into the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed hamsters. Tumor nodules were found in the cheek pouches of hamsters receiving any one of these lines, and by 90--100 days after transplantation, nearly all hamsters had grossly visible lung metastases. Metastases were noted only in hamsters receiving continuous immunosuppression during the transplant period."}
{"id": "PMID:285291", "title": "Natural cytotoxicity of mouse, rat, and human lymphocytes against heterologous target cells.", "content": "Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by a particular subpopulation of lymphocytes [designated natural killer (NK) cells] in NIH Swiss nude and CBA/N mice, WF rats, and humans was demonstrated against tumor cells in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. In most studies, only reactivity against target cells of the homologous species was examined. In the present studies, mouse NK activity also was found against a rat lymphoma tissue culture cell line and against human tissue culture lines. Rat NK cells reacted not only against syngeneic tumor cells but also against heterologous tumor cell lines. In contrast to the heterologous NK activity in rodents, no significant NK activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against heterologous targets was found in the present studies. In mice and rats the effector cells that mediated the cytotoxicity against heterologous target cells were indistinguishable from NK cells, the effector cells being nonadherent and nonphagocytic. In addition, the mouse effector cells for heterologous activity as well as mouse NK cells were sensitive to repeated treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement. The specificities of these reactions were indicated by a cold target inhibition assay. The results indicated a sharing of specificities between homologous and heterologous tumor cells recognized by mouse and rat NK cells. In contrast, only the human cell lines were able to appreciably inhibit the cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxicity of mouse, rat, and human lymphocytes against heterologous target cells. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by a particular subpopulation of lymphocytes [designated natural killer (NK) cells] in NIH Swiss nude and CBA/N mice, WF rats, and humans was demonstrated against tumor cells in 4-hour 51Cr release assays. In most studies, only reactivity against target cells of the homologous species was examined. In the present studies, mouse NK activity also was found against a rat lymphoma tissue culture cell line and against human tissue culture lines. Rat NK cells reacted not only against syngeneic tumor cells but also against heterologous tumor cell lines. In contrast to the heterologous NK activity in rodents, no significant NK activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes against heterologous targets was found in the present studies. In mice and rats the effector cells that mediated the cytotoxicity against heterologous target cells were indistinguishable from NK cells, the effector cells being nonadherent and nonphagocytic. In addition, the mouse effector cells for heterologous activity as well as mouse NK cells were sensitive to repeated treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum plus complement. The specificities of these reactions were indicated by a cold target inhibition assay. The results indicated a sharing of specificities between homologous and heterologous tumor cells recognized by mouse and rat NK cells. In contrast, only the human cell lines were able to appreciably inhibit the cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:285292", "title": "Comparison of procoagulant activities in extracts of normal and malignant human tissue.", "content": "Cancer procoagulant A (CPA) was originally described in extracts of tumor tissue, but whether this represented a quantitative and/or a qualitative difference from procoagulant activity in normal tissue extracts was not clear. Procoagulant activity was quantitated in extracts of 12 matched normal and malignant human tissue samples from the large intestine, breast, lung, and kidney. The specific activity of procoagulants in the tumor extracts was not greater than that in the extracts of normal tissue. Two enzymatic characteristics of CPA that distinguish it from tissue thromboplastin are its inhibition by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its lack of dependence on factor VII. These specific tests were used to evaluate qualitative differences between procoagulants from normal and malignant intestinal tissues. In the paired normal and malignant tissue extracts, all tumor samples were inhibited by DFP and were active in factor VII-depleted bovine plasma (F7D-BP). In contrast, the extracts of normal tissue were insensitive to DFP and, except for one extract, were inactive in F7D-BP. Four of 9 other tumor extracts (44%) were positive for both of these tests for CPA, whereas the other 5 extracts were positive for only one of the two tests. The results suggest that extracts of normal and malignant tissues contained similar levels of procoagulant. However, malignant tissue contained a procoagulant enzymatically different from normal tissue thromboplastin. Furthermore, most of the malignant tissue extracts seemed to contain little or no thromboplastin.", "contents": "Comparison of procoagulant activities in extracts of normal and malignant human tissue. Cancer procoagulant A (CPA) was originally described in extracts of tumor tissue, but whether this represented a quantitative and/or a qualitative difference from procoagulant activity in normal tissue extracts was not clear. Procoagulant activity was quantitated in extracts of 12 matched normal and malignant human tissue samples from the large intestine, breast, lung, and kidney. The specific activity of procoagulants in the tumor extracts was not greater than that in the extracts of normal tissue. Two enzymatic characteristics of CPA that distinguish it from tissue thromboplastin are its inhibition by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its lack of dependence on factor VII. These specific tests were used to evaluate qualitative differences between procoagulants from normal and malignant intestinal tissues. In the paired normal and malignant tissue extracts, all tumor samples were inhibited by DFP and were active in factor VII-depleted bovine plasma (F7D-BP). In contrast, the extracts of normal tissue were insensitive to DFP and, except for one extract, were inactive in F7D-BP. Four of 9 other tumor extracts (44%) were positive for both of these tests for CPA, whereas the other 5 extracts were positive for only one of the two tests. The results suggest that extracts of normal and malignant tissues contained similar levels of procoagulant. However, malignant tissue contained a procoagulant enzymatically different from normal tissue thromboplastin. Furthermore, most of the malignant tissue extracts seemed to contain little or no thromboplastin."}
{"id": "PMID:285293", "title": "Efficiency of single-view mammography: rate of interval cancer cases.", "content": "A nonselected population of women screened by single-view mammography was followed up to 2 years after screening, and breast carcinoma cases diagnosed were registered; 28,350 women were followed for 1 year. At screening, 132 invasive carcinoma cases were detected, and during the first year after screening, 10 cases were detected. According to an efficiency index, which takes into consideration both detections at screening and interval cases, the 1-year efficiency was 93%. The efficiency of single-view mammography for breast cancer screening was found to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Efficiency of single-view mammography: rate of interval cancer cases. A nonselected population of women screened by single-view mammography was followed up to 2 years after screening, and breast carcinoma cases diagnosed were registered; 28,350 women were followed for 1 year. At screening, 132 invasive carcinoma cases were detected, and during the first year after screening, 10 cases were detected. According to an efficiency index, which takes into consideration both detections at screening and interval cases, the 1-year efficiency was 93%. The efficiency of single-view mammography for breast cancer screening was found to be satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:285294", "title": "Bioassay procedure for the detection of mutagenic metabolites in human urine with the use of sister chromatid exchange analysis.", "content": "A short-term bioassay system for the detection of activated mutagenic metabolites in urine from humans exposed to promutagens was described. Human diploid fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 5--20% urine from smokers, from nonsmokers, and from individuals undergoing cyclophosphamide (Cp) chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. The cells were then subjected to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Activated Cp metabolic products in urine specimens produced up to a ten-fold increase in SCE's over preinjection SCE levels for the same individuals. Linear dose-response curves over a urine concentration range from 5 to 20% in culture medium were obtained from cells grown in urine specimens from 7 nonsmokers and 8 cigarette smokers. This test system proved to be sensitive to ambient exposure levels of environmental mutagens and demonstrated that urine from smokers was significantly more mutagenic than was urine from nonsmokers. Replicate experiments showed highly reproducible SCE values for each individual as well as for average SCE values for each group of subjects. The ability of this bioassay system to detect trace mutagenic activity in human urine reproducibly makes it an attractive choice for the monitoring of humans who have been exposed to environmental and/or industrial mutagens.", "contents": "Bioassay procedure for the detection of mutagenic metabolites in human urine with the use of sister chromatid exchange analysis. A short-term bioassay system for the detection of activated mutagenic metabolites in urine from humans exposed to promutagens was described. Human diploid fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 5--20% urine from smokers, from nonsmokers, and from individuals undergoing cyclophosphamide (Cp) chemotherapy for treatment of cancer. The cells were then subjected to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Activated Cp metabolic products in urine specimens produced up to a ten-fold increase in SCE's over preinjection SCE levels for the same individuals. Linear dose-response curves over a urine concentration range from 5 to 20% in culture medium were obtained from cells grown in urine specimens from 7 nonsmokers and 8 cigarette smokers. This test system proved to be sensitive to ambient exposure levels of environmental mutagens and demonstrated that urine from smokers was significantly more mutagenic than was urine from nonsmokers. Replicate experiments showed highly reproducible SCE values for each individual as well as for average SCE values for each group of subjects. The ability of this bioassay system to detect trace mutagenic activity in human urine reproducibly makes it an attractive choice for the monitoring of humans who have been exposed to environmental and/or industrial mutagens."}
{"id": "PMID:285295", "title": "Nonproliferating neoplastic cells in culture: behavior of the adenine nucleotides.", "content": "The intracellular concentrations of the adenine nucleotides were determined in suspension cultures of WRL-10A cells, a subline of the L-929 mouse fibroblasts, during the progression of the cells from exponential growth to high-density, nonproliferating populations. The development of the nonproliferating state was associated with a 50% reduction of the adenine nucleotide pool, whereas the energy charge remained at values above 0.90. This change was also observed in the early phase of starvation of low-density cultures and could be reproduced by selective simultaneous withdrawal of glucose and glutamine, which indicated interference with the de novo synthesis of purines. In this respect, therefore, nonproliferating populations of WRL-10A cells resemble purine-limited bacterial systems but not density-inhibited normal fibroblasts in which the size of the adenine nucleotide pool is known to remain unchanged. This difference in the physiologic state of nonproliferating normal and neoplastic cells is potentially significant for tumor chemotherapy.", "contents": "Nonproliferating neoplastic cells in culture: behavior of the adenine nucleotides. The intracellular concentrations of the adenine nucleotides were determined in suspension cultures of WRL-10A cells, a subline of the L-929 mouse fibroblasts, during the progression of the cells from exponential growth to high-density, nonproliferating populations. The development of the nonproliferating state was associated with a 50% reduction of the adenine nucleotide pool, whereas the energy charge remained at values above 0.90. This change was also observed in the early phase of starvation of low-density cultures and could be reproduced by selective simultaneous withdrawal of glucose and glutamine, which indicated interference with the de novo synthesis of purines. In this respect, therefore, nonproliferating populations of WRL-10A cells resemble purine-limited bacterial systems but not density-inhibited normal fibroblasts in which the size of the adenine nucleotide pool is known to remain unchanged. This difference in the physiologic state of nonproliferating normal and neoplastic cells is potentially significant for tumor chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:285296", "title": "Blood flow and heat transfer in Walker 256 mammary carcinoma.", "content": "True thermal conductivity of 13 Walker 256 mammary carcinomas in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats averaged 3.2+/-0.9 mW/cm/degrees C under physiologic conditions. A comparison of the effective thermal conductivity in 4 tumors with and without blood flow revealed large differences ranging from 14 to 132%. When the blood supply to the tumor was doubled or reduced to one-half, the effective thermal conductivity varied proportionally to the square root of the perfusion rate. The values of thermal conductivity were obtained from a tumor preparation in which blood flow was monitored continuously during temperature changes. These changes were measured by thermistors and produced by thermal probes incorporated by the growing tumor, not surgically inserted within the tissue at the time of measurement. Inasmuch as tissue necrosis was not a dominant factor, the data are interpreted to reflect the degree of difference in local perfusion of the neoplastic tissue.", "contents": "Blood flow and heat transfer in Walker 256 mammary carcinoma. True thermal conductivity of 13 Walker 256 mammary carcinomas in noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats averaged 3.2+/-0.9 mW/cm/degrees C under physiologic conditions. A comparison of the effective thermal conductivity in 4 tumors with and without blood flow revealed large differences ranging from 14 to 132%. When the blood supply to the tumor was doubled or reduced to one-half, the effective thermal conductivity varied proportionally to the square root of the perfusion rate. The values of thermal conductivity were obtained from a tumor preparation in which blood flow was monitored continuously during temperature changes. These changes were measured by thermistors and produced by thermal probes incorporated by the growing tumor, not surgically inserted within the tissue at the time of measurement. Inasmuch as tissue necrosis was not a dominant factor, the data are interpreted to reflect the degree of difference in local perfusion of the neoplastic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:285297", "title": "Statistical issues in interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity.", "content": "The interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity requires that the data be appropriately recorded. A \"case history\" for each animal links the pathology data for each organ of each animal to the length of its life. This information can be used in interpretation of the tumor incidences in light of the survival information. The role of historical controls was discussed, and the use of significance tests in a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of the pattern of tumor response was suggested. Multiple comparison methods valid for the interpretation of continuous (or measurement) data do not apply to the discrete data analyses used in these studies. The ideas and methods of these studies were applied to an animal study of chloroform.", "contents": "Statistical issues in interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity. The interpretation of chronic bioassay tests for carcinogenicity requires that the data be appropriately recorded. A \"case history\" for each animal links the pathology data for each organ of each animal to the length of its life. This information can be used in interpretation of the tumor incidences in light of the survival information. The role of historical controls was discussed, and the use of significance tests in a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of the pattern of tumor response was suggested. Multiple comparison methods valid for the interpretation of continuous (or measurement) data do not apply to the discrete data analyses used in these studies. The ideas and methods of these studies were applied to an animal study of chloroform."}
{"id": "PMID:285298", "title": "Comparative effects of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, 4-methylcyclophosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard on murine hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells.", "content": "The effects of equimolal doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), isophosphamide (IP), 4-methylcyclophosphamide (4-MCY), and phosphoramide mustard (PM) on murine hematopoietic spleen colonies and adoptively transferred antibody-forming cells in vivo were compared. Equimolal doses of the drugs produced significantly different effects. All the drugs exerted an increasing effect against the ability of adoptively transferred immunocompetent cells to produce a significant anti-sheep red blood cell titer as the length of time between cell transfer and drug administration was increased. The maximum effect was seen when a drug was given 48--72 hours after antigen and spleen cell transfer. CY and IP produced significantly greater immunosuppressive effects than did the other drugs at all times after cell transfer and at all doses administered. PM had the least immunosuppressive effect at each dose evaluated. Against hematopoietic spleen colonies, the cytotoxic effects of 4-MCY and PM were similar and, at most doses studied, significantly greater than the effect of either CY or IP. Inasmuch as PM is an active metabolite of CY, it appeared either that one of the prior metabolites of CY was responsible for this marked immunosuppressive effect or that due to differences in polarity, PM was differentially distributed within the two cell systems as compared to CY. The differences in hematopoietic effects among all drugs were much less than those seen against immunocompetent cells and were not dependent on time of drug administration.", "contents": "Comparative effects of cyclophosphamide, isophosphamide, 4-methylcyclophosphamide, and phosphoramide mustard on murine hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells. The effects of equimolal doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), isophosphamide (IP), 4-methylcyclophosphamide (4-MCY), and phosphoramide mustard (PM) on murine hematopoietic spleen colonies and adoptively transferred antibody-forming cells in vivo were compared. Equimolal doses of the drugs produced significantly different effects. All the drugs exerted an increasing effect against the ability of adoptively transferred immunocompetent cells to produce a significant anti-sheep red blood cell titer as the length of time between cell transfer and drug administration was increased. The maximum effect was seen when a drug was given 48--72 hours after antigen and spleen cell transfer. CY and IP produced significantly greater immunosuppressive effects than did the other drugs at all times after cell transfer and at all doses administered. PM had the least immunosuppressive effect at each dose evaluated. Against hematopoietic spleen colonies, the cytotoxic effects of 4-MCY and PM were similar and, at most doses studied, significantly greater than the effect of either CY or IP. Inasmuch as PM is an active metabolite of CY, it appeared either that one of the prior metabolites of CY was responsible for this marked immunosuppressive effect or that due to differences in polarity, PM was differentially distributed within the two cell systems as compared to CY. The differences in hematopoietic effects among all drugs were much less than those seen against immunocompetent cells and were not dependent on time of drug administration."}
{"id": "PMID:285299", "title": "Suppressive effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata.", "content": "The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata was investigated. Macrophages were maintained in glass scintillation vials or on cover slips in Leighton tubes with the use of Hanks' balanced salt solution plus 30% horse serum. Graded amounts of MCA were incorporated into the medium and the macrophages were parasitized with viable cells of T. glabrata. Macrophages from C3H mice, a strain highly susceptible to MCA carcinogenesis, were more prone to the suppressive effect of MCA than were the macrophages from CFW mice, a relatively resistant strain. Significant suppressive effect on phagocytosis of macrophages from C3H mice was observed with 5 micrograms MCA/ml, whereas up to 50 micrograms MCA/ml did not alter the phagocytic activity of CFW macrophages. However, 100 micrograms MCA/ml also suppressed the phagocytosis of CFW macrophages. Suppression in phagocytosis of C3H macrophages was observed after 6 hours' exposure to MCA, whereas a similar effect on CFW macrophages was seen after 12 hours. Treatment with 100 micrograms MCA/ml imparied the fungicidal activity of both C3H and CFW macrophages. These results indicate a correlation between the suppressive effect of MCA on macrophage activity and the strain susceptibility of mice to chemical carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata. The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages for Torulopsis glabrata was investigated. Macrophages were maintained in glass scintillation vials or on cover slips in Leighton tubes with the use of Hanks' balanced salt solution plus 30% horse serum. Graded amounts of MCA were incorporated into the medium and the macrophages were parasitized with viable cells of T. glabrata. Macrophages from C3H mice, a strain highly susceptible to MCA carcinogenesis, were more prone to the suppressive effect of MCA than were the macrophages from CFW mice, a relatively resistant strain. Significant suppressive effect on phagocytosis of macrophages from C3H mice was observed with 5 micrograms MCA/ml, whereas up to 50 micrograms MCA/ml did not alter the phagocytic activity of CFW macrophages. However, 100 micrograms MCA/ml also suppressed the phagocytosis of CFW macrophages. Suppression in phagocytosis of C3H macrophages was observed after 6 hours' exposure to MCA, whereas a similar effect on CFW macrophages was seen after 12 hours. Treatment with 100 micrograms MCA/ml imparied the fungicidal activity of both C3H and CFW macrophages. These results indicate a correlation between the suppressive effect of MCA on macrophage activity and the strain susceptibility of mice to chemical carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:285300", "title": "The respiratory epithelium. VII. Epidermoid metaplasia of hamster tracheal epithelium during regeneration following mechanical injury.", "content": "Regeneration was studied in female Syrian golden hamster tracheal epithelium. The epithelium was focally removed in vivo by scraping it with a blunt probe. At 2 hours, virtually all cells had sloughed from the injured area leaving a bare basal lamina. At 6 and 12 hours, flattened cells that migrated from adjacent uninjured epithelium partially covered the denuded basal lamina. Increased cell division did not occur at these times. Many of the simple squamous cells contained well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mucous granules. Other cells resembled basal cells. At 24 hours the defect was covered by one or two layers of simple squamous cells. At that time, many of those cells were in division, and cell division was also greatly increased in mucous cells and basal cells in the uninjured epithelium distant from the defect. At 48 hours the epithelium was stratified, composed of four or five layers of polygonal to flattened cells, typical of nonkeratinizing epidermoid metaplasia. The cells contained many tonofilament bundles, a large Golgi apparatus, and many tiny mucous granules. Mitoses were seen in all cell layers. At 72 hours, the surface layer of cells was undifferentiated (indifferent cells) overlying an epithelium that otherwise retained its epidermoid character. Indifferent cells were characterized by an electron-lucent cytoplasm and a lack of tonofilament bundles, mucous granules, or cilla. Cells similar in other respects to indifferent cells were seen that possessed mucous granules or early signs of cilla formation. Some cells showed mucous granules and cilla developing in the same cell. By 96 hours, the regenerated epithelium was fully differentiated and was indistinguishable from the normal epithelium. These observations show that mucous cells have a significant role in the regenerative response. Mucous cells have a dual potential; they can undergo epidermoid metaplasia and still retain the ability to secrete mucus. The study explains the universal occurrence of mucosubstances in areas of epidermoid metaplasia and makes more understandable the previously reported fact that many bronchogenic carcinomas are combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. In the presence of a carcinogen, the hypothesis has been forwarded that initiation of mucous cells and basal cells occurs, which leads to malignant transformation and produces tumors that show active secretory activity and keratinization, often in the same cell.", "contents": "The respiratory epithelium. VII. Epidermoid metaplasia of hamster tracheal epithelium during regeneration following mechanical injury. Regeneration was studied in female Syrian golden hamster tracheal epithelium. The epithelium was focally removed in vivo by scraping it with a blunt probe. At 2 hours, virtually all cells had sloughed from the injured area leaving a bare basal lamina. At 6 and 12 hours, flattened cells that migrated from adjacent uninjured epithelium partially covered the denuded basal lamina. Increased cell division did not occur at these times. Many of the simple squamous cells contained well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mucous granules. Other cells resembled basal cells. At 24 hours the defect was covered by one or two layers of simple squamous cells. At that time, many of those cells were in division, and cell division was also greatly increased in mucous cells and basal cells in the uninjured epithelium distant from the defect. At 48 hours the epithelium was stratified, composed of four or five layers of polygonal to flattened cells, typical of nonkeratinizing epidermoid metaplasia. The cells contained many tonofilament bundles, a large Golgi apparatus, and many tiny mucous granules. Mitoses were seen in all cell layers. At 72 hours, the surface layer of cells was undifferentiated (indifferent cells) overlying an epithelium that otherwise retained its epidermoid character. Indifferent cells were characterized by an electron-lucent cytoplasm and a lack of tonofilament bundles, mucous granules, or cilla. Cells similar in other respects to indifferent cells were seen that possessed mucous granules or early signs of cilla formation. Some cells showed mucous granules and cilla developing in the same cell. By 96 hours, the regenerated epithelium was fully differentiated and was indistinguishable from the normal epithelium. These observations show that mucous cells have a significant role in the regenerative response. Mucous cells have a dual potential; they can undergo epidermoid metaplasia and still retain the ability to secrete mucus. The study explains the universal occurrence of mucosubstances in areas of epidermoid metaplasia and makes more understandable the previously reported fact that many bronchogenic carcinomas are combined epidermoid and adenocarcinomas. In the presence of a carcinogen, the hypothesis has been forwarded that initiation of mucous cells and basal cells occurs, which leads to malignant transformation and produces tumors that show active secretory activity and keratinization, often in the same cell."}
{"id": "PMID:285301", "title": "Terminal Ph1-positive monocytic crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia providing evidence for the promyelocytic origin of monocytes.", "content": "A case of Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia in described in which a terminal monocytic crisis developed. The case still was Ph1-positive at the time of the monocyte crisis. Bone marrow smears contained promyelocytes  and early granulocytes, but most of the cells belonged to the monocyte series as cytochemistry disclosed. No blast cells could be detected. Cytochemically, transitions between promyelocytes and promonocytes could be demonstrated. From these findings and those from the literature it is concluded that the monocytes of the terminal crisis in our case belonged to the leukemic cell strain and that these monocytes developed from non-specific promyelocytes like granulocytes. Our observation does not provide evidence for the existence of a separate monoblast which would implicate disparity of granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis already at the level of undifferentiated blast cells. This, in turn, would be equal to a re-introduction of a modified polyphyletic theory of white blood cell formation.", "contents": "Terminal Ph1-positive monocytic crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia providing evidence for the promyelocytic origin of monocytes. A case of Ph1-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia in described in which a terminal monocytic crisis developed. The case still was Ph1-positive at the time of the monocyte crisis. Bone marrow smears contained promyelocytes  and early granulocytes, but most of the cells belonged to the monocyte series as cytochemistry disclosed. No blast cells could be detected. Cytochemically, transitions between promyelocytes and promonocytes could be demonstrated. From these findings and those from the literature it is concluded that the monocytes of the terminal crisis in our case belonged to the leukemic cell strain and that these monocytes developed from non-specific promyelocytes like granulocytes. Our observation does not provide evidence for the existence of a separate monoblast which would implicate disparity of granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis already at the level of undifferentiated blast cells. This, in turn, would be equal to a re-introduction of a modified polyphyletic theory of white blood cell formation."}
{"id": "PMID:285312", "title": "Detection of cancer-associated antigen(s) in urine of sarcoma patients.", "content": "Tumor-associated antigens were demonstrated in concentrated and dialyzed urine of several sarcoma patients with large tumor burden. The antigens were detected by complement fixation using autologous and allogeneic sera from sarcoma patients. The antigenic activity in three patients who were studied sequentially disappeared after surgical ablation of tumor. In two of these three patients, the antigenic activity reappeared before tumor recurrence. The reactivity of the sarcoma sera to the urine could be abolished by absorption of the sera with human sarcoma cells but not by normal human liver cells, which indicates that the same antigen was present in the urine and on biopsy-obtained sarcoma cells. Urine from cancer patients with high tumor burden may be useful as a source of tumor-associated antigen. Further studies on the presence of these antigens in urine of sarcoma patients may lead to a method for detecting subclinical tumor recurrence.", "contents": "Detection of cancer-associated antigen(s) in urine of sarcoma patients. Tumor-associated antigens were demonstrated in concentrated and dialyzed urine of several sarcoma patients with large tumor burden. The antigens were detected by complement fixation using autologous and allogeneic sera from sarcoma patients. The antigenic activity in three patients who were studied sequentially disappeared after surgical ablation of tumor. In two of these three patients, the antigenic activity reappeared before tumor recurrence. The reactivity of the sarcoma sera to the urine could be abolished by absorption of the sera with human sarcoma cells but not by normal human liver cells, which indicates that the same antigen was present in the urine and on biopsy-obtained sarcoma cells. Urine from cancer patients with high tumor burden may be useful as a source of tumor-associated antigen. Further studies on the presence of these antigens in urine of sarcoma patients may lead to a method for detecting subclinical tumor recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:285315", "title": "Multiple integration sites for the lactose transposon Tn 951 on plasmid RP 1 and establishment of a coordinate system for Tn 951.", "content": "Various molecules generated by transposition of the lactose transposon Tn 951 from plasmid pGC1 to plasmid RP1 were examined by DNA heteroduplex and restriction endonuclease analysis. Tn 951 was found to transpose to at least eight different sites on RP 1 in both possible orientations. A coordinate system for the lactose transposon Tn 951 is constructed.", "contents": "Multiple integration sites for the lactose transposon Tn 951 on plasmid RP 1 and establishment of a coordinate system for Tn 951. Various molecules generated by transposition of the lactose transposon Tn 951 from plasmid pGC1 to plasmid RP1 were examined by DNA heteroduplex and restriction endonuclease analysis. Tn 951 was found to transpose to at least eight different sites on RP 1 in both possible orientations. A coordinate system for the lactose transposon Tn 951 is constructed."}
{"id": "PMID:285316", "title": "An endonuclease cleavage map of the plasmid pWWO-8, a derivative of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2.", "content": "Cleavage sites on the pWWO-8 plasmid were determined for the restriction endonucleases HindIII and XhoI. Terminal labelling using DNA polymerase I was particularly useful both for the characterisation of the smaller cleavage products and for confirmation of the order of fragments in the intact plasmid.", "contents": "An endonuclease cleavage map of the plasmid pWWO-8, a derivative of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida mt-2. Cleavage sites on the pWWO-8 plasmid were determined for the restriction endonucleases HindIII and XhoI. Terminal labelling using DNA polymerase I was particularly useful both for the characterisation of the smaller cleavage products and for confirmation of the order of fragments in the intact plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:285319", "title": "Altered chloroplast ribosomal proteins in a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii.", "content": "Ribosomes and ribosomal proteins from wild-type and a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were analysed and compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mixothrophycally grown yellow-27 mutant differs from wild-type cells in lowered chlorophyll content and grana formation of the chloroplast. Analytical ultracentrifuge analyses of cell extracts show a reduced amount of free 70S ribosomes and increased level of 50S subunits in the mutant cells. Similar results were obtained by electronmicroscopical method. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis shows alterations in protein composition of 70S ribosomes of the mutant. Two proteins of 70S ribosomes have been altered. One of them with high molecular weight is practically absent while there is an additional, intensively stained spot in the mutant. Since the mutation is inherited in a non-Mendelian manner it is possible that the protein alterations in 70S ribosome are localized in the chloroplast DNA.", "contents": "Altered chloroplast ribosomal proteins in a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Ribosomes and ribosomal proteins from wild-type and a yellow mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardii were analysed and compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mixothrophycally grown yellow-27 mutant differs from wild-type cells in lowered chlorophyll content and grana formation of the chloroplast. Analytical ultracentrifuge analyses of cell extracts show a reduced amount of free 70S ribosomes and increased level of 50S subunits in the mutant cells. Similar results were obtained by electronmicroscopical method. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis shows alterations in protein composition of 70S ribosomes of the mutant. Two proteins of 70S ribosomes have been altered. One of them with high molecular weight is practically absent while there is an additional, intensively stained spot in the mutant. Since the mutation is inherited in a non-Mendelian manner it is possible that the protein alterations in 70S ribosome are localized in the chloroplast DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:285327", "title": "Calcitonin therapy in Paget's sarcoma.", "content": "A 68-year-old white male patient suffering from Paget's disease of bone developed a sarcoma in the sacroiliac region during treatment with calcitonin. There was no evidence of its presence before treatment. Progression of the sarcoma did not appear to be influenced by calcitonin therapy.", "contents": "Calcitonin therapy in Paget's sarcoma. A 68-year-old white male patient suffering from Paget's disease of bone developed a sarcoma in the sacroiliac region during treatment with calcitonin. There was no evidence of its presence before treatment. Progression of the sarcoma did not appear to be influenced by calcitonin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:285328", "title": "[Inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency: II. Density-layer centrifugation of erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "Heterogeneous clinical features of inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency were observed in three related homozygous patients. Erythrocytes were separated into old and young cells by means of density-layer centrifugation using a new supporting medium: Stractan-Urografin gradients. Those fractions containing older RBC disclosed defective PK which resulted in an impaired metabolism. Following an intake of chloramphenicol the clinical course of one female family member converted to acute monocytic leukemia. Thus, the report of a PK instability trait, in one family member associated with pancytopenia which converted in leukemia, suggests that inherited red cell enzyme deficiency might be also an expression of the vulnerability of the hematopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "[Inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency: II. Density-layer centrifugation of erythrocytes (author's transl)]. Heterogeneous clinical features of inherited hemolytic anemia due to pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency were observed in three related homozygous patients. Erythrocytes were separated into old and young cells by means of density-layer centrifugation using a new supporting medium: Stractan-Urografin gradients. Those fractions containing older RBC disclosed defective PK which resulted in an impaired metabolism. Following an intake of chloramphenicol the clinical course of one female family member converted to acute monocytic leukemia. Thus, the report of a PK instability trait, in one family member associated with pancytopenia which converted in leukemia, suggests that inherited red cell enzyme deficiency might be also an expression of the vulnerability of the hematopoietic stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:285332", "title": "[Clinical trial of an amoxicillin and a tetracycline in dental infections].", "content": "Student's test was used to show that the symptomatological improvement obtained with amoxycillin (Velamox, Zambelletti) in 64% of patients with dental infection was significantly greater (p 0.05) than the 28% improvement given by a tetracycline (Ambramicina P vitaminica, Lepetit) in another group. Attention is also drawn to the fact that all forms of medical management in such cases must be regarded as coadjuvant to the treatment given by the dentist.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of an amoxicillin and a tetracycline in dental infections]. Student's test was used to show that the symptomatological improvement obtained with amoxycillin (Velamox, Zambelletti) in 64% of patients with dental infection was significantly greater (p 0.05) than the 28% improvement given by a tetracycline (Ambramicina P vitaminica, Lepetit) in another group. Attention is also drawn to the fact that all forms of medical management in such cases must be regarded as coadjuvant to the treatment given by the dentist."}
{"id": "PMID:285333", "title": "[Clinical studies of the therapeutic effect of the combination of spiramycin and metronidazole in dental and stomatological diseases].", "content": "The therapeutic effect and clinical tolerance of an association of spiramycin and metronidazole were assessed in 20 patients with odontostomatological inflammation. The results were regarded as satisfactory with regard to the length of treatment and the progression of the clinical picture in 90% of the cases treated. Unwanted side-effects, not sufficiently severe to stop the treatment, were noted in only 2 cases. Comparison with the results obtained in a control series treated with spiramycin only showed that the combination was more effective, though the difference was not significant, and letter tolerated.", "contents": "[Clinical studies of the therapeutic effect of the combination of spiramycin and metronidazole in dental and stomatological diseases]. The therapeutic effect and clinical tolerance of an association of spiramycin and metronidazole were assessed in 20 patients with odontostomatological inflammation. The results were regarded as satisfactory with regard to the length of treatment and the progression of the clinical picture in 90% of the cases treated. Unwanted side-effects, not sufficiently severe to stop the treatment, were noted in only 2 cases. Comparison with the results obtained in a control series treated with spiramycin only showed that the combination was more effective, though the difference was not significant, and letter tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:285338", "title": "Nonmetastatic superior sagittal sinus thrombosis complicating systemic cancer.", "content": "Seven patients with cancer complicated by nonmetastatic sagittal sinus thrombosis were encountered in a 7-year period. Five had hematologic malignancies and two had solid tumors. There were two different presentations. In the first, neurologic signs and symptoms (e.g., headaches, seizures, hemiparesis, lethargy) occurred suddenly in five patients shortly after initiation of cancer therapy. Four of these five patients recovered with minimal residua; the fifth died as a direct result of the sinus thrombosis. The second presentation occurred in the two patients with terminal cancer who declined gradually without focal signs; both patients died. Only arteriography can reliably establish the diagnosis of sagittal sinus occlusion. In patients with cancer, sagittal sinus occlusion probably results from a \"hypercoagulable state\" associated with the systemic neoplasm.", "contents": "Nonmetastatic superior sagittal sinus thrombosis complicating systemic cancer. Seven patients with cancer complicated by nonmetastatic sagittal sinus thrombosis were encountered in a 7-year period. Five had hematologic malignancies and two had solid tumors. There were two different presentations. In the first, neurologic signs and symptoms (e.g., headaches, seizures, hemiparesis, lethargy) occurred suddenly in five patients shortly after initiation of cancer therapy. Four of these five patients recovered with minimal residua; the fifth died as a direct result of the sinus thrombosis. The second presentation occurred in the two patients with terminal cancer who declined gradually without focal signs; both patients died. Only arteriography can reliably establish the diagnosis of sagittal sinus occlusion. In patients with cancer, sagittal sinus occlusion probably results from a \"hypercoagulable state\" associated with the systemic neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:285339", "title": "McArdle disease: phosphorylase activity in regenerating muscle fibers.", "content": "Phosphorylase activity was found histochemically in regenerating muscle fibers in biopsied muscle from a patient with otherwise typical McArdle disease. Phosphorylase activity, shortly after episodes of muscle necrosis, was identified in this patient and in others reported in the literature. Detection of phosphorylase activity accompanied histologic evidence of regenerating muscle fibers and excessive glycogen accumulation. The biopsied muscle had virtually no biochemical enzyme activity. The present study supports a recently introduced hypothesis stating that in McArdle disease there is a lack of \"mature\" phosphorylase, but skeletal muscle cells are able to manufacture \"fetal\" phosphorylase isoenzyme during muscle regeneration.", "contents": "McArdle disease: phosphorylase activity in regenerating muscle fibers. Phosphorylase activity was found histochemically in regenerating muscle fibers in biopsied muscle from a patient with otherwise typical McArdle disease. Phosphorylase activity, shortly after episodes of muscle necrosis, was identified in this patient and in others reported in the literature. Detection of phosphorylase activity accompanied histologic evidence of regenerating muscle fibers and excessive glycogen accumulation. The biopsied muscle had virtually no biochemical enzyme activity. The present study supports a recently introduced hypothesis stating that in McArdle disease there is a lack of \"mature\" phosphorylase, but skeletal muscle cells are able to manufacture \"fetal\" phosphorylase isoenzyme during muscle regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:285362", "title": "Prospective study of convulsions in childhood.", "content": "One hundred and five children admitted to hospital with convulsions were studied prospectively. A convulsion was designated febrile if an axillary temperature of 38 degrees C or more occurred after the fit. Twenty-two children had an initial non-febrile convulsion and five of them (22.7 percent) have developed recurrent nonfebrile seizures. In the febrile group of 83 only two children (2.4 percent) have so far had non-febrile convulsions. Both their initial convulsions were uncomplicated. There was no difference between the groups of convulsion or EEG result. Investigations in hospital, including lumbar puncture, rarely revealed a diagnosis not clinically suspected. In previously healthy children with convulsions that are not prolonged, pyrexia is the only factor of prognostic significance by 12 months follow up.", "contents": "Prospective study of convulsions in childhood. One hundred and five children admitted to hospital with convulsions were studied prospectively. A convulsion was designated febrile if an axillary temperature of 38 degrees C or more occurred after the fit. Twenty-two children had an initial non-febrile convulsion and five of them (22.7 percent) have developed recurrent nonfebrile seizures. In the febrile group of 83 only two children (2.4 percent) have so far had non-febrile convulsions. Both their initial convulsions were uncomplicated. There was no difference between the groups of convulsion or EEG result. Investigations in hospital, including lumbar puncture, rarely revealed a diagnosis not clinically suspected. In previously healthy children with convulsions that are not prolonged, pyrexia is the only factor of prognostic significance by 12 months follow up."}
{"id": "PMID:285363", "title": "Urinary arsenic levels in timber treatment operators.", "content": "An investigation was carried out into arsenic levels in urine of timber treatment operators at six treatment plants in the Waikato-Rotorua area. The mean arsenic level for treatment operators was 222 migrograms/l compared with the normal range of 5-40 micrograms/l. In order to reduce the present significant exposure to treatment chemicals such as arsenic and chromium, it is recommended that the wood preservation industry take engineering measures to reduce the present air emissions and adopt strict work practices in hygiene and protective clothing in similar manner to those handling mercury and lead.", "contents": "Urinary arsenic levels in timber treatment operators. An investigation was carried out into arsenic levels in urine of timber treatment operators at six treatment plants in the Waikato-Rotorua area. The mean arsenic level for treatment operators was 222 migrograms/l compared with the normal range of 5-40 micrograms/l. In order to reduce the present significant exposure to treatment chemicals such as arsenic and chromium, it is recommended that the wood preservation industry take engineering measures to reduce the present air emissions and adopt strict work practices in hygiene and protective clothing in similar manner to those handling mercury and lead."}
{"id": "PMID:285366", "title": "Adjunctive trance and family therapy for terminal cancer.", "content": "The combined use of trance (hypnosis) and conjoint family therapy to meet certain needs of a patient with terminal cancer and her family is described. The potential value of these two approaches used in conjunction with normal medical management is shown.", "contents": "Adjunctive trance and family therapy for terminal cancer. The combined use of trance (hypnosis) and conjoint family therapy to meet certain needs of a patient with terminal cancer and her family is described. The potential value of these two approaches used in conjunction with normal medical management is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:285370", "title": "Survey into the eating and exercise habits of New Zealand pre-adolescents in relation to overweight and obesity.", "content": "Over one quarter of boys and girls were more than 20 percent heavier than British children of the same height; 17 percent of girls and 10 percent of boys were found to be obese in a sample of 334 children from an intermediate school in Dunedin. Increased exercise and a change from high to low energy density foods sold at school tuckshops are offered as some of the solutions to the problem.", "contents": "Survey into the eating and exercise habits of New Zealand pre-adolescents in relation to overweight and obesity. Over one quarter of boys and girls were more than 20 percent heavier than British children of the same height; 17 percent of girls and 10 percent of boys were found to be obese in a sample of 334 children from an intermediate school in Dunedin. Increased exercise and a change from high to low energy density foods sold at school tuckshops are offered as some of the solutions to the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:285371", "title": "A survey of airborne pollen and spores in Auckland: its use in the diagnosis of seasonal allergies.", "content": "A survey of airborne pollen and spores is being undertaken in Auckland. The results for the 15-month period from November 1976 to February 1978 are presented. Even at the height of the flowering seasons meteorological factors greatly influence the concentration of pollen and spores in the atmosphere. Consideration of these factors is therefore essential when assessing the allergic patients' symptoms and treatment. A flowering calendar for Auckland of common anemophilous plants (many of which produce allergenic pollen) is presented.", "contents": "A survey of airborne pollen and spores in Auckland: its use in the diagnosis of seasonal allergies. A survey of airborne pollen and spores is being undertaken in Auckland. The results for the 15-month period from November 1976 to February 1978 are presented. Even at the height of the flowering seasons meteorological factors greatly influence the concentration of pollen and spores in the atmosphere. Consideration of these factors is therefore essential when assessing the allergic patients' symptoms and treatment. A flowering calendar for Auckland of common anemophilous plants (many of which produce allergenic pollen) is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:285372", "title": "Smoking during pregnancy.", "content": "The paper examines smoking amongst a sample of 1248 women giving birth to live-born infants. The findings show: 1. That about 26 percent of women smoked throughout pregnancy and a further 8.0 percent smoked at some time during pregnancy. 2. Smoking during pregnancy was realted to the mother's social background: younger mothers, non-European mothers, mothers with no formal educational qualifications, mothers of low socioeconomic background and mothers of ex-nuptial infants tended to smoke more during pregnancy. 3. Smoking was associated with a decrease in birth weight, a greater risk of low birth weight (less than 2500g) infants and a greater risk of spontaneous abortion. There was no statistically significant relationship between smoking during pregnancy and: the risk of complicated labour, time to the onset of neonatal respiration, the use of active resuscitation or the risk of neonatal infection.", "contents": "Smoking during pregnancy. The paper examines smoking amongst a sample of 1248 women giving birth to live-born infants. The findings show: 1. That about 26 percent of women smoked throughout pregnancy and a further 8.0 percent smoked at some time during pregnancy. 2. Smoking during pregnancy was realted to the mother's social background: younger mothers, non-European mothers, mothers with no formal educational qualifications, mothers of low socioeconomic background and mothers of ex-nuptial infants tended to smoke more during pregnancy. 3. Smoking was associated with a decrease in birth weight, a greater risk of low birth weight (less than 2500g) infants and a greater risk of spontaneous abortion. There was no statistically significant relationship between smoking during pregnancy and: the risk of complicated labour, time to the onset of neonatal respiration, the use of active resuscitation or the risk of neonatal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:285373", "title": "Fluctuating ovarian function in a perimenopausal women.", "content": "Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations, and pregnanediol and oestrogen excretion rates, were measured in a perimenopausal woman from the first appearance of oligomenorrhoea until the onset of severe and persistent hot flushes two years later. Postmenopausal episodes characterised by hot flashes, amenorrhoea, high FSH levels (greater than or equal to 5IU/L) and low urinary oestrogens (less than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr), were followed by menstrual cycles in which the FSH levels were low (less than 5 IU/L) and there was an ovulatory pattern of oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. An unusual association of high urinary oestrogens (greater than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr) with high gonadotrophin levels was observed on several occasions. The transient postmenopausal episodes were biochemically and symptomatically indistinguishable from the permanent amenorrhoea of postmenopausal women.", "contents": "Fluctuating ovarian function in a perimenopausal women. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations, and pregnanediol and oestrogen excretion rates, were measured in a perimenopausal woman from the first appearance of oligomenorrhoea until the onset of severe and persistent hot flushes two years later. Postmenopausal episodes characterised by hot flashes, amenorrhoea, high FSH levels (greater than or equal to 5IU/L) and low urinary oestrogens (less than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr), were followed by menstrual cycles in which the FSH levels were low (less than 5 IU/L) and there was an ovulatory pattern of oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. An unusual association of high urinary oestrogens (greater than or equal to 50 nmol/24hr) with high gonadotrophin levels was observed on several occasions. The transient postmenopausal episodes were biochemically and symptomatically indistinguishable from the permanent amenorrhoea of postmenopausal women."}
{"id": "PMID:285374", "title": "Vasculitis in a patient receiving naproxen.", "content": "A case is described of a 44-years-old woman who developed cutaneous vasculitis, nephritis and paralytic ileus after three years' treatment with naproxen. All these features were thought to be attributable to a naproxen induced vasculitis and all resolved spontaneously after the drug was stopped.", "contents": "Vasculitis in a patient receiving naproxen. A case is described of a 44-years-old woman who developed cutaneous vasculitis, nephritis and paralytic ileus after three years' treatment with naproxen. All these features were thought to be attributable to a naproxen induced vasculitis and all resolved spontaneously after the drug was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:285377", "title": "The pseudo-boutonniere deformity.", "content": "The pseudo-boutonniere deformity is a boutonneire-like deformity resulting from a hyperextension injury to the proximal interphalangeal joint causing tearing of the volar soft tissues. It is seen almost exclusively in the little and ring fingers. The features, pathomechanics and prophylaxis of the condition are described. The treatment is by dynamic splintage and the importance of distinguishing the deformity from the true boutonniere deformity is emphasised.", "contents": "The pseudo-boutonniere deformity. The pseudo-boutonniere deformity is a boutonneire-like deformity resulting from a hyperextension injury to the proximal interphalangeal joint causing tearing of the volar soft tissues. It is seen almost exclusively in the little and ring fingers. The features, pathomechanics and prophylaxis of the condition are described. The treatment is by dynamic splintage and the importance of distinguishing the deformity from the true boutonniere deformity is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:285378", "title": "Peripheral early stage lung cancer: superiority of six-monthly over random chest films.", "content": "An analysis of 100 biopsy-proven lung cancers found by chance chest films and treated by resection have been collected over a 20 year period. Data relating to sex of patients, smoking habits, age groups, lung and lobar sites, cell type, treatment and survival are stated and discussed in relation to the findings of a known planned study for detecting early stage lung cancer by chest films. It is concluded that, if a person at lung cancer risk is genuinely interested in having regular checks to catch early, operable disease, then his chances are best with six-monthly chest films.", "contents": "Peripheral early stage lung cancer: superiority of six-monthly over random chest films. An analysis of 100 biopsy-proven lung cancers found by chance chest films and treated by resection have been collected over a 20 year period. Data relating to sex of patients, smoking habits, age groups, lung and lobar sites, cell type, treatment and survival are stated and discussed in relation to the findings of a known planned study for detecting early stage lung cancer by chest films. It is concluded that, if a person at lung cancer risk is genuinely interested in having regular checks to catch early, operable disease, then his chances are best with six-monthly chest films."}
{"id": "PMID:285397", "title": "Frontal lobe abscess of dental origin. Report of a case.", "content": "A 52-year-old white man came to our hospital with obscure signs of disease. Multiple laboratory tests, radiographs, and examinations ruled out aseptic meningitis, bacterial endocarditis, cerebral artery aneurysm, and other possibilities. A brain abscess was finally diagnosed. The teeth and their surrounding tissues were implicated as the etiologic factors. The importance of odontogenic sources as potential foci of infection is emphasized. This sequel to odontogenic infection is quite rare, but it can be prevented by removal of chronically carious teeth and periapical pathosis.", "contents": "Frontal lobe abscess of dental origin. Report of a case. A 52-year-old white man came to our hospital with obscure signs of disease. Multiple laboratory tests, radiographs, and examinations ruled out aseptic meningitis, bacterial endocarditis, cerebral artery aneurysm, and other possibilities. A brain abscess was finally diagnosed. The teeth and their surrounding tissues were implicated as the etiologic factors. The importance of odontogenic sources as potential foci of infection is emphasized. This sequel to odontogenic infection is quite rare, but it can be prevented by removal of chronically carious teeth and periapical pathosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285398", "title": "Cherubism: a study of twenty cases from one family.", "content": "A study involving twenty cherubs, members of one family, is presented. The autosomal dominance pattern of inheritance is confirmed, while the penetrance is shown to be 80 percent. Clinical presentation and characteristics are discussed, together with histologic findings which reveal the giant-cell nature of the lesions. Conservative management is advocated, with emphasis placed on avoidance of radiotherapy.", "contents": "Cherubism: a study of twenty cases from one family. A study involving twenty cherubs, members of one family, is presented. The autosomal dominance pattern of inheritance is confirmed, while the penetrance is shown to be 80 percent. Clinical presentation and characteristics are discussed, together with histologic findings which reveal the giant-cell nature of the lesions. Conservative management is advocated, with emphasis placed on avoidance of radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:285399", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Report of five cases.", "content": "A brief review of the literature concerning fibrous dysplasia and fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws is presented. Five cases of fibrous dysplasia are described. The manner of presentation, diagnosis, histologic appearance, and treatment of this disease entity are discussed in light of previously published data. Histologically, two cases showed the \"classic\" features of woven bone in the fibrous stroma. The remaining three cases showed variable amounts of lamellar bone. The presence of lamellar bone is not considered incompatible with a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia of the jaw, especially in older patients and in those in whom the lesion is of longer duration.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Report of five cases. A brief review of the literature concerning fibrous dysplasia and fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws is presented. Five cases of fibrous dysplasia are described. The manner of presentation, diagnosis, histologic appearance, and treatment of this disease entity are discussed in light of previously published data. Histologically, two cases showed the \"classic\" features of woven bone in the fibrous stroma. The remaining three cases showed variable amounts of lamellar bone. The presence of lamellar bone is not considered incompatible with a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia of the jaw, especially in older patients and in those in whom the lesion is of longer duration."}
{"id": "PMID:285401", "title": "Delayed extraoral hypersensitivity to dental composite material.", "content": "Despite their similarities to acrylic resins, composite resins have not been reported to cause allergies. This report documents the case of a patient who experienced several delayed hypersensitivity reactions associated with epoxy-based materials, including dental composite resin. Patch testing confirmed her hypersensitivity to the composite materials. Removal of the composite restorations and replacement with acrylic restorations did not trigger further allergic reactions. Dentists using composite resin materials should be aware of both the possibility of delayed extraoral manifestations of hypersensitivity to those materials and the management of these patients.", "contents": "Delayed extraoral hypersensitivity to dental composite material. Despite their similarities to acrylic resins, composite resins have not been reported to cause allergies. This report documents the case of a patient who experienced several delayed hypersensitivity reactions associated with epoxy-based materials, including dental composite resin. Patch testing confirmed her hypersensitivity to the composite materials. Removal of the composite restorations and replacement with acrylic restorations did not trigger further allergic reactions. Dentists using composite resin materials should be aware of both the possibility of delayed extraoral manifestations of hypersensitivity to those materials and the management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:285402", "title": "Oral leiomyomas.", "content": "Oral leiomyomas are considered to be rare neoplasms, but they may be encountered more frequently than generally believed. Three types of leiomyomas are commonly described: solid leiomyomas, angiomyomas, and epithelioid leiomyomas. Three cases of solid leiomyoma are presented, all of which occurred in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold. Leiomyomas can be easily confused with other spindle-cell tumors. The necessity of using special stains, especially Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, is discussed.", "contents": "Oral leiomyomas. Oral leiomyomas are considered to be rare neoplasms, but they may be encountered more frequently than generally believed. Three types of leiomyomas are commonly described: solid leiomyomas, angiomyomas, and epithelioid leiomyomas. Three cases of solid leiomyoma are presented, all of which occurred in the anterior mandibular mucobuccal fold. Leiomyomas can be easily confused with other spindle-cell tumors. The necessity of using special stains, especially Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285403", "title": "Squamous odontogenic tumorlike proliferations in odontogenic cysts.", "content": "Five cases of squamous odontogenic tumorlike proliferations occurring in the walls of odontogenic cysts are presented. These lesions showed no more aggressive potential than the cysts, if taken alone, in which they occurred. The lesions showed no tendency to develop into solid tumors and, on the basis of this limited series of cases, conservative surgery appears to be the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Squamous odontogenic tumorlike proliferations in odontogenic cysts. Five cases of squamous odontogenic tumorlike proliferations occurring in the walls of odontogenic cysts are presented. These lesions showed no more aggressive potential than the cysts, if taken alone, in which they occurred. The lesions showed no tendency to develop into solid tumors and, on the basis of this limited series of cases, conservative surgery appears to be the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:285404", "title": "Arteriovenous shunts demonstrated in the apical circulation of rat incisor teeth by the use of radio-labeled microspheres.", "content": "The distribution of systemically introduced 85Sr-labeled tracer microspheres to unexposed and previously exposed rat lower incisor tooth pulps was investigated. Fewer tracer microspheres entered the microcirculation of pulps that had been previously exposed as compared to control unexposed pulps. The presence of large numbers of dilated blood vessels in the apical tissues of teeth with exposed pulps was observed, and it is postulated that these vessels may be operating as arteriovenous anastomoses so that the pulpal microcirculation of teeth with inflamed pulps is bypassed by the tracer microspheres. The possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Arteriovenous shunts demonstrated in the apical circulation of rat incisor teeth by the use of radio-labeled microspheres. The distribution of systemically introduced 85Sr-labeled tracer microspheres to unexposed and previously exposed rat lower incisor tooth pulps was investigated. Fewer tracer microspheres entered the microcirculation of pulps that had been previously exposed as compared to control unexposed pulps. The presence of large numbers of dilated blood vessels in the apical tissues of teeth with exposed pulps was observed, and it is postulated that these vessels may be operating as arteriovenous anastomoses so that the pulpal microcirculation of teeth with inflamed pulps is bypassed by the tracer microspheres. The possible clinical significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285405", "title": "Factors influencing the design of aiming devices for intraoral radiography and their practical application.", "content": "Intraoral roentgenograms can be made according to the long-tube paralleling technique utilizing aiming devices. These instruments consist of a bite block, an indicator rod, and a collimator plate. For the position of the film in relation to the bite block surface, the following data are decisive and therefore studied: the length of the teeth to be radiographed, the enlargement as a result of the divergence of the x-ray beam, and the periapical area necessary for the interpretation and mounting of the roentgenograms. As a result, the bite blocks of the instruments were provided with three vertical steps to permit different film positions needed for the specific situation in the different regions of the mouth. The use of the correct film positions results in roentgenograms with a high diagnostic value. In order to reduce the patients radiation dose the aiming devices include a collimator plate. A description is given of the data used for the design of the plate.", "contents": "Factors influencing the design of aiming devices for intraoral radiography and their practical application. Intraoral roentgenograms can be made according to the long-tube paralleling technique utilizing aiming devices. These instruments consist of a bite block, an indicator rod, and a collimator plate. For the position of the film in relation to the bite block surface, the following data are decisive and therefore studied: the length of the teeth to be radiographed, the enlargement as a result of the divergence of the x-ray beam, and the periapical area necessary for the interpretation and mounting of the roentgenograms. As a result, the bite blocks of the instruments were provided with three vertical steps to permit different film positions needed for the specific situation in the different regions of the mouth. The use of the correct film positions results in roentgenograms with a high diagnostic value. In order to reduce the patients radiation dose the aiming devices include a collimator plate. A description is given of the data used for the design of the plate."}
{"id": "PMID:285411", "title": "The appearance of bisporocytic oocysts of Eimeria maxima in drug-treated chicks.", "content": "A line of Eimeria maxima acquired resistance to Lerbek (a mixture of clopidol and methyl benzoquate) after serial passage against rising drug levels. Abnormal bisporocystic oocysts which appeared throughout this series were picked out individually and these produced infections in further groups of chicks. Serial passages of selected bisporocystic forms raised their proportion in oocyst yields to about 80% after 10-14 passages, but a few normal oocysts were still present.", "contents": "The appearance of bisporocytic oocysts of Eimeria maxima in drug-treated chicks. A line of Eimeria maxima acquired resistance to Lerbek (a mixture of clopidol and methyl benzoquate) after serial passage against rising drug levels. Abnormal bisporocystic oocysts which appeared throughout this series were picked out individually and these produced infections in further groups of chicks. Serial passages of selected bisporocystic forms raised their proportion in oocyst yields to about 80% after 10-14 passages, but a few normal oocysts were still present."}
{"id": "PMID:285451", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A primary malignant bone disease can generally be suspected on the basis of x-ray findings and may be even highly probable if several signs of malignancy are seen on one and the same film. Such changes include bone lesions larger than 6 cm on the first film with blurred outlines, showing patterns of destruction resembling moth-eaten textiles, the covering periosteum revealing spicula or Codman's triangles. Rapidly growing tumours can break cortex components from the continuous layer and shift them outwards. Roentgenological case controls are useless and must be replaced by a sample excision, since x-ray malignancy signs have no absolute value as decisive criteria in view of the fact that they are seen, inter alia, also in osteomyelitis, myositis ossificans and callus formations.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteosarcoma (author's transl)]. A primary malignant bone disease can generally be suspected on the basis of x-ray findings and may be even highly probable if several signs of malignancy are seen on one and the same film. Such changes include bone lesions larger than 6 cm on the first film with blurred outlines, showing patterns of destruction resembling moth-eaten textiles, the covering periosteum revealing spicula or Codman's triangles. Rapidly growing tumours can break cortex components from the continuous layer and shift them outwards. Roentgenological case controls are useless and must be replaced by a sample excision, since x-ray malignancy signs have no absolute value as decisive criteria in view of the fact that they are seen, inter alia, also in osteomyelitis, myositis ossificans and callus formations."}
{"id": "PMID:285455", "title": "The colony forming cell in the myeloproliferative disorders and aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow colony forming cell (CFC) concentration and the proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis were studied in myeloproliferative disorders and aplastic anaemia. Growth patterns of bone marrow cells in agar cultures were able to supplement traditional morphological and clinical criteria in the diagnosis of these haematological conditions. Bone marrow CFC concentration tended to be increased in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and polycythaemia vera (PV), but decreased in myelofibrosis, erythroleukaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and the aplastic phase of aplastic anaemia. The proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis was decreased in CML, myelofibrosis and aplastic anaemia, but increased in blastic transformation, PV, PNH and during regeneration from aplastic anaemia. The proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis in bone marrow from patients with CML in blastic transformation was directly related to the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. CFC kinetics in blastic transformation have been demonstrated to be different from those in acute leukaemia.", "contents": "The colony forming cell in the myeloproliferative disorders and aplastic anaemia. Bone marrow colony forming cell (CFC) concentration and the proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis were studied in myeloproliferative disorders and aplastic anaemia. Growth patterns of bone marrow cells in agar cultures were able to supplement traditional morphological and clinical criteria in the diagnosis of these haematological conditions. Bone marrow CFC concentration tended to be increased in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and polycythaemia vera (PV), but decreased in myelofibrosis, erythroleukaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and the aplastic phase of aplastic anaemia. The proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis was decreased in CML, myelofibrosis and aplastic anaemia, but increased in blastic transformation, PV, PNH and during regeneration from aplastic anaemia. The proportion of CFC in DNA synthesis in bone marrow from patients with CML in blastic transformation was directly related to the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. CFC kinetics in blastic transformation have been demonstrated to be different from those in acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:285454", "title": "Study of some erythrocytic enzymes in extracorpuscular hemolytic anemias.", "content": "Investigations on the activity of three erythrocytic enzymes i.e., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), catalase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in 20 patients with extracorpuscular hemolytic anemias of various origins showed a general tendency to decrease of G-6-PDH and catalase, with a concomitant increase in LDH. These results are interpreted as due to metabolic disturbances induced by hemolysis in the erythroblastic series and/or to possible perturbations specific for each type of anemia.", "contents": "Study of some erythrocytic enzymes in extracorpuscular hemolytic anemias. Investigations on the activity of three erythrocytic enzymes i.e., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), catalase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in 20 patients with extracorpuscular hemolytic anemias of various origins showed a general tendency to decrease of G-6-PDH and catalase, with a concomitant increase in LDH. These results are interpreted as due to metabolic disturbances induced by hemolysis in the erythroblastic series and/or to possible perturbations specific for each type of anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:285471", "title": "[Viral hepatitis and dental practice].", "content": "A description of the clinical features and epidemiology of viral hepatitis is followed by a literature survey of the problems concerning the relevance of viral hepatitis to dental practice. Most investigators have found, that in comparison to the general population dentists do have an increased risk of viral hepatitis. The probability of acquiring hepatitis increases linearly with the duration of professional activity, it is highest in dental surgeons. A recent increase of the risks seems to be related to the growing problem of drug abuse and to the increasing carrier rate of hepatitis antigen in certain sections of the population. Isolated epidemics of viral hepatitis in patients of dentists who were hepatitis antigen positive have been described. Careful prospective studies suggest however, that overall hepatitis antigen positive dentists or physicians do not present a serious health hazard to their patients. The prophylactic measures useful in dental practice are discussed.", "contents": "[Viral hepatitis and dental practice]. A description of the clinical features and epidemiology of viral hepatitis is followed by a literature survey of the problems concerning the relevance of viral hepatitis to dental practice. Most investigators have found, that in comparison to the general population dentists do have an increased risk of viral hepatitis. The probability of acquiring hepatitis increases linearly with the duration of professional activity, it is highest in dental surgeons. A recent increase of the risks seems to be related to the growing problem of drug abuse and to the increasing carrier rate of hepatitis antigen in certain sections of the population. Isolated epidemics of viral hepatitis in patients of dentists who were hepatitis antigen positive have been described. Careful prospective studies suggest however, that overall hepatitis antigen positive dentists or physicians do not present a serious health hazard to their patients. The prophylactic measures useful in dental practice are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285472", "title": "[Arteriovenous angioma in the maxillofacial region].", "content": "Congenital arteriovenous angiomas are seldom observed in the maxillofacial region. Because of their hemodynamic-active Shunt volumina, they tend towards progressive and difforming increase in volume. Clinical differentiation from other angiodysplasias is obtained by serial angiography. Therapy in the facial region consists of either a direct and mostly subtotal interruption of the short circuit by embolization of the AV shunts and selective ligature of the hemodynamically important vessels, or in a total removal of the involved region by extensive plastic-reconstructive measures. The latter particularly applies to hemodynamic shunt volumina with general cardiovascular feedback, grave recidivating bleeding, important defiguration and recidives after selective ligature operation.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous angioma in the maxillofacial region]. Congenital arteriovenous angiomas are seldom observed in the maxillofacial region. Because of their hemodynamic-active Shunt volumina, they tend towards progressive and difforming increase in volume. Clinical differentiation from other angiodysplasias is obtained by serial angiography. Therapy in the facial region consists of either a direct and mostly subtotal interruption of the short circuit by embolization of the AV shunts and selective ligature of the hemodynamically important vessels, or in a total removal of the involved region by extensive plastic-reconstructive measures. The latter particularly applies to hemodynamic shunt volumina with general cardiovascular feedback, grave recidivating bleeding, important defiguration and recidives after selective ligature operation."}
{"id": "PMID:285473", "title": "[Extended fissure sealing--a review for the dental practitioner].", "content": "There is scientific proof that destructive processes of the oral cavity can be avoided through a combination of general prophylaxis with individual preventive care. In children with few or no carious lesions in the deciduous dentition a complete eradication of caries of the permanent teeth should definitely be attempted. Pits and fissures of premolars and molars should therefore be individually sealed within six months after tooth eruption. In cases of incipient occlusal caries preventive resin restorations allow the repair with a minimum of tooth removal, i.e. therapeutic preventive dentistry. The use of the somewhat destructive conventional restorative techniques including prophylactic odontotomy, fissure eradication and extension for prevention that are unfortunately favored by the common dental fee policy should be strictly limited to cases where better alternatives are as yet unpracticable.", "contents": "[Extended fissure sealing--a review for the dental practitioner]. There is scientific proof that destructive processes of the oral cavity can be avoided through a combination of general prophylaxis with individual preventive care. In children with few or no carious lesions in the deciduous dentition a complete eradication of caries of the permanent teeth should definitely be attempted. Pits and fissures of premolars and molars should therefore be individually sealed within six months after tooth eruption. In cases of incipient occlusal caries preventive resin restorations allow the repair with a minimum of tooth removal, i.e. therapeutic preventive dentistry. The use of the somewhat destructive conventional restorative techniques including prophylactic odontotomy, fissure eradication and extension for prevention that are unfortunately favored by the common dental fee policy should be strictly limited to cases where better alternatives are as yet unpracticable."}
{"id": "PMID:285477", "title": "[Side effects and late results of the combined radio- and chemotherapy of the brain in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In case of lymphoblastic leukemia, acute general side effects of the therapy phase II which occured, mostly in the form of gastric troubles, in 42,0% of the 50 children, have to be attributed to the skull irradiation as well as to the intrathecal MTX injections. Irritations of the meninges provoked in the course of phase II appeared in the form of a liquor pleocytosis in 44,7% of 38 children and in the form of an augmentation of the liquor proteins in 23,6%. Considering the success of the meningiosis prophylaxis, alopecia must be tolerated. In 66,0% of the 50 cases, the syndrome of somnolescence was found two to nine weeks after phase II; this syndrome is considered to be reversible, and no late damages are known until now. A therapy control is possible by periodical neurologic examinations and electroencephalography: after phase II, a normal EEG is found in 66,7% of 39 cases; a pathological EEG is found in 28,2% of the cases with preliminary EEG and in 5,1% of the cases without preliminary EEG. The psychic development of the children submitted to a central nervous system prophylaxis can only be judged in a reliable manner if comparative tests are executed. The irradiation dose to the skull during phase II is within the generally accepted tolerable values; seven children were dissected, and the neurohistologic examinations produced no evidence of late irradiation damages.", "contents": "[Side effects and late results of the combined radio- and chemotherapy of the brain in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. In case of lymphoblastic leukemia, acute general side effects of the therapy phase II which occured, mostly in the form of gastric troubles, in 42,0% of the 50 children, have to be attributed to the skull irradiation as well as to the intrathecal MTX injections. Irritations of the meninges provoked in the course of phase II appeared in the form of a liquor pleocytosis in 44,7% of 38 children and in the form of an augmentation of the liquor proteins in 23,6%. Considering the success of the meningiosis prophylaxis, alopecia must be tolerated. In 66,0% of the 50 cases, the syndrome of somnolescence was found two to nine weeks after phase II; this syndrome is considered to be reversible, and no late damages are known until now. A therapy control is possible by periodical neurologic examinations and electroencephalography: after phase II, a normal EEG is found in 66,7% of 39 cases; a pathological EEG is found in 28,2% of the cases with preliminary EEG and in 5,1% of the cases without preliminary EEG. The psychic development of the children submitted to a central nervous system prophylaxis can only be judged in a reliable manner if comparative tests are executed. The irradiation dose to the skull during phase II is within the generally accepted tolerable values; seven children were dissected, and the neurohistologic examinations produced no evidence of late irradiation damages."}
{"id": "PMID:285478", "title": "[Vertification of the age dependence of salivary gland function by means of 99 Tc sialadenoscintigraphy].", "content": "The authors describe the salivary gland function diagnostics by means of 99mTc-pertechnetate under the conditions of computer scintigraphy. Parameters suited for numerical evaluation were selected. The age-dependence of the parotid gland function was studied in 49 healthy subjects of different age-groups. The present results permit to exclude such a dependence. The values obtained may be used as basic documentation in evaluating pathological conditions of the parotid gland by means of function diagnostics.", "contents": "[Vertification of the age dependence of salivary gland function by means of 99 Tc sialadenoscintigraphy]. The authors describe the salivary gland function diagnostics by means of 99mTc-pertechnetate under the conditions of computer scintigraphy. Parameters suited for numerical evaluation were selected. The age-dependence of the parotid gland function was studied in 49 healthy subjects of different age-groups. The present results permit to exclude such a dependence. The values obtained may be used as basic documentation in evaluating pathological conditions of the parotid gland by means of function diagnostics."}
{"id": "PMID:285479", "title": "[Improvement of stomatological diagnosis by means of the II operating microscope].", "content": "The author verified the possibilities of the in vivo use of the Zeiss Operating Microscope II for stomatological diagnosis and therapy control in conservative stomatology. It was found that this microscope provides better information about morphological details and the efficiency of therapeutical measures (fillings) as the hitherto commonly used tools, mirror and probe.", "contents": "[Improvement of stomatological diagnosis by means of the II operating microscope]. The author verified the possibilities of the in vivo use of the Zeiss Operating Microscope II for stomatological diagnosis and therapy control in conservative stomatology. It was found that this microscope provides better information about morphological details and the efficiency of therapeutical measures (fillings) as the hitherto commonly used tools, mirror and probe."}
{"id": "PMID:285480", "title": "[The use of vasoconstrictor agents in low concentration as additives to local anesthetics in ambulatory maxillofacial interventions].", "content": "The authors studied in several test series the suitability of adrenaline and noradrenaline as vasoconstrictor additives to 2% Xylocitin, in a concentration of 1:100,000. At this concentration, noradrenaline proved well suited in tooth extractions. The vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline is sufficient in all maxillofacial interventions on an outpatient basis.", "contents": "[The use of vasoconstrictor agents in low concentration as additives to local anesthetics in ambulatory maxillofacial interventions]. The authors studied in several test series the suitability of adrenaline and noradrenaline as vasoconstrictor additives to 2% Xylocitin, in a concentration of 1:100,000. At this concentration, noradrenaline proved well suited in tooth extractions. The vasoconstrictor effect of adrenaline is sufficient in all maxillofacial interventions on an outpatient basis."}
{"id": "PMID:285481", "title": "[Mandibular refractures].", "content": "The portion of individuals with mandibular refractures in traumatized patients is but small. During a period of more than 10 years, 16 male patients presented once more with a mandibular fracture. In five of these patients, the mandibular fracture was a true refracture. Apart from problems by which experts are confronted in such cases, special attention is given to the epileptic who is at risk of trauma.", "contents": "[Mandibular refractures]. The portion of individuals with mandibular refractures in traumatized patients is but small. During a period of more than 10 years, 16 male patients presented once more with a mandibular fracture. In five of these patients, the mandibular fracture was a true refracture. Apart from problems by which experts are confronted in such cases, special attention is given to the epileptic who is at risk of trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:285482", "title": "[Incisions for apicoectomy with a limited range of indications].", "content": "The author deals with certain incision techniques for the purpose of apicectomy that that are but rarely used due to their relatively limited range of indications. Furthermore, he describes and recommends two new incision techniques. The first is a variant of the V-incision at the labial frenum; the second is a Y-incision to be employed when there is a flat oral vestibule or an interfering frenulum of the cheek.", "contents": "[Incisions for apicoectomy with a limited range of indications]. The author deals with certain incision techniques for the purpose of apicectomy that that are but rarely used due to their relatively limited range of indications. Furthermore, he describes and recommends two new incision techniques. The first is a variant of the V-incision at the labial frenum; the second is a Y-incision to be employed when there is a flat oral vestibule or an interfering frenulum of the cheek."}
{"id": "PMID:285483", "title": "[Somatic radiation load by radiography of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "660 exposures were performed on an Alderson phantom to determine the somatic radiation exposure values for standard examinations of the temporomandibular joint. Comparative examinations with the classic contact technique according to Parma served to make clear the results obtained. The lowest amount of surface exposure was observed in contact examinations of the temporomandibular joint. The use of a flat tube leads to a 13-fold reduction in surface exposure compared to contact examinations according to Parma. Furthermore, a heavy gradient of radiation exposure from the area of exposure to the environment was stated in using a tube (flat tube and ear tube).", "contents": "[Somatic radiation load by radiography of the temporomandibular joint]. 660 exposures were performed on an Alderson phantom to determine the somatic radiation exposure values for standard examinations of the temporomandibular joint. Comparative examinations with the classic contact technique according to Parma served to make clear the results obtained. The lowest amount of surface exposure was observed in contact examinations of the temporomandibular joint. The use of a flat tube leads to a 13-fold reduction in surface exposure compared to contact examinations according to Parma. Furthermore, a heavy gradient of radiation exposure from the area of exposure to the environment was stated in using a tube (flat tube and ear tube)."}
{"id": "PMID:285484", "title": "[A case contribution to the Gardner syndrome].", "content": "As to its course the Gardner syndrome is similar to a chronic disease and has the following symptoms: 1. Fibro-epithelial tumours of the skin with first symptoms in early childhood. 2. Osteomes, osteofibromas, desmoids mainly located in the cranial region. 3. Disturbances of the dental development in the form of tooth retentions, persistence of milk teeth and supernumerary tooth germs. 4. Intra- and retroperitoneal or intramesenteric fibromatoses which scarcely become clinically manifest. 5. Intestinal polyposis occurring in most cases only in the third decade of life. The tumours of the skin, of the connective tissue and of the bone are always benign, whereas the intestinal polypi show a considerable tendency toward malignant degeneration. For this reason, the prognosis of the Gardner syndrome must be considered unfavourable. On the basis of a case report, the clinical symptoms and findings in the maxillofacial region are outlined.", "contents": "[A case contribution to the Gardner syndrome]. As to its course the Gardner syndrome is similar to a chronic disease and has the following symptoms: 1. Fibro-epithelial tumours of the skin with first symptoms in early childhood. 2. Osteomes, osteofibromas, desmoids mainly located in the cranial region. 3. Disturbances of the dental development in the form of tooth retentions, persistence of milk teeth and supernumerary tooth germs. 4. Intra- and retroperitoneal or intramesenteric fibromatoses which scarcely become clinically manifest. 5. Intestinal polyposis occurring in most cases only in the third decade of life. The tumours of the skin, of the connective tissue and of the bone are always benign, whereas the intestinal polypi show a considerable tendency toward malignant degeneration. For this reason, the prognosis of the Gardner syndrome must be considered unfavourable. On the basis of a case report, the clinical symptoms and findings in the maxillofacial region are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:285485", "title": "[The possible development of non-academic professions in stomatology].", "content": "The dental care of the population may be considerably inproved by the further development of non-academic careers in stomatology. Past experience has shown that, in the majority of cases, the dental care of the children is jeopardized if the ratio of dentists to population is low, and the need for care is great. Therefore, the employment of specialized nurses with appropriate duties is of particular importance in paedodontics. The possibilities and variants are discussed in the light of international trends.", "contents": "[The possible development of non-academic professions in stomatology]. The dental care of the population may be considerably inproved by the further development of non-academic careers in stomatology. Past experience has shown that, in the majority of cases, the dental care of the children is jeopardized if the ratio of dentists to population is low, and the need for care is great. Therefore, the employment of specialized nurses with appropriate duties is of particular importance in paedodontics. The possibilities and variants are discussed in the light of international trends."}
{"id": "PMID:285486", "title": "[Ambulatory dental care of school children in the Soviet Union].", "content": "The great prevalence of dental and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents requires systematical registration and care. The authors describe an organizational system practised in the Soviet Union and demonstrate its efficacy. The necessity for the dental care of children at the earliest possible age is emphasized.", "contents": "[Ambulatory dental care of school children in the Soviet Union]. The great prevalence of dental and periodontal diseases in children and adolescents requires systematical registration and care. The authors describe an organizational system practised in the Soviet Union and demonstrate its efficacy. The necessity for the dental care of children at the earliest possible age is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:285487", "title": "[The posture of the dentist].", "content": "Using the multi-moment recording technique, the authors examined in 23 dentists from territorial health services the frequency of certain postures and attitudes during working time as related to working procedure. It was stated that in case of the conventional standing dentistry the dentists assume a forced attitude in 37.7% of working time. On contrast, the values found for dentists practising almost exclusively sit-down dentistry were considerably more favourable (4.2% of working time). The results are discussed, and relevant conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "[The posture of the dentist]. Using the multi-moment recording technique, the authors examined in 23 dentists from territorial health services the frequency of certain postures and attitudes during working time as related to working procedure. It was stated that in case of the conventional standing dentistry the dentists assume a forced attitude in 37.7% of working time. On contrast, the values found for dentists practising almost exclusively sit-down dentistry were considerably more favourable (4.2% of working time). The results are discussed, and relevant conclusions are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:285488", "title": "[Hydantoin hyperplasia--the interesting case].", "content": "The author describes a case of excessive gingival hyperplasia in a 9-year-old girl under hydantoin medication. The hyperplasia of the gingivae inhibited the regular uptake of food and the eruption of the permanent teeth.", "contents": "[Hydantoin hyperplasia--the interesting case]. The author describes a case of excessive gingival hyperplasia in a 9-year-old girl under hydantoin medication. The hyperplasia of the gingivae inhibited the regular uptake of food and the eruption of the permanent teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:285490", "title": "Herpes simplex kerato-uveitis and glaucoma.", "content": "We present a retrospective study of fifty patients who developed raised intraocular pressure in association with herpes simplex kerato-uveitis. We consider the incidence, clinical features, management and prognosis, and discuss the mechanisms which may be responsible.", "contents": "Herpes simplex kerato-uveitis and glaucoma. We present a retrospective study of fifty patients who developed raised intraocular pressure in association with herpes simplex kerato-uveitis. We consider the incidence, clinical features, management and prognosis, and discuss the mechanisms which may be responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:285491", "title": "Aphakic glaucoma. Prophylaxis and management.", "content": "Glaucoma secondary to angle closure is a not infrequent complication of cataract extraction. The incidence may be reduced by preventing or accurately treating those conditions causing shallowing of the anterior chamber in the postoperative period. Once established, however, management follows the principles used in managing chronic simple glaucoma.", "contents": "Aphakic glaucoma. Prophylaxis and management. Glaucoma secondary to angle closure is a not infrequent complication of cataract extraction. The incidence may be reduced by preventing or accurately treating those conditions causing shallowing of the anterior chamber in the postoperative period. Once established, however, management follows the principles used in managing chronic simple glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:285494", "title": "Role of cardiovascular disease in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.", "content": "In 100 patients with fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachments complete ocular and physical examinations including electrocardiograms were carried out. The incidence of coronary artery disease and systemic hypertension in these patients with retinal detachments was much greater than that found in the general population of similar age and sex. A vascular theory is proposed to explain these findings in light of our current concepts of the pathogenesis of retinal detachments. It is also suggested that retinal detachments may be one element of a generalized vasculopathy that involves the coronary arteries, the pulmonary vasculature, and perhaps the renal circulation in patients with systemic hypertension.", "contents": "Role of cardiovascular disease in the pathogenesis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. In 100 patients with fresh rhegmatogenous retinal detachments complete ocular and physical examinations including electrocardiograms were carried out. The incidence of coronary artery disease and systemic hypertension in these patients with retinal detachments was much greater than that found in the general population of similar age and sex. A vascular theory is proposed to explain these findings in light of our current concepts of the pathogenesis of retinal detachments. It is also suggested that retinal detachments may be one element of a generalized vasculopathy that involves the coronary arteries, the pulmonary vasculature, and perhaps the renal circulation in patients with systemic hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:285495", "title": "Fluorescent infra-red angiography of the fundus oculi using indocyanine green dye.", "content": "This article describes the infra-red fluorescent angiographic technique to study the choroidal circulation in normal and pathological conditions. The standard Zeiss fundus camera was modified to hold suitable excitation and barrier filters. The dye used was indocyanine green, which has been proved to be free from any untoward reaction and has less tendency to leak from the fenestrated choriocapillaris, unlike fluorescein. Results obtained in pathological conditions like temporal arteritis, choroidal naevus, malignant melanoma, and choroidal angiomas were better shown by this technique than by fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Fluorescent infra-red angiography of the fundus oculi using indocyanine green dye. This article describes the infra-red fluorescent angiographic technique to study the choroidal circulation in normal and pathological conditions. The standard Zeiss fundus camera was modified to hold suitable excitation and barrier filters. The dye used was indocyanine green, which has been proved to be free from any untoward reaction and has less tendency to leak from the fenestrated choriocapillaris, unlike fluorescein. Results obtained in pathological conditions like temporal arteritis, choroidal naevus, malignant melanoma, and choroidal angiomas were better shown by this technique than by fluorescein angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:285496", "title": "Selection of type of operation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.", "content": "Primary success in scleral buckling operations may be enhanced by ophthalmoscopically locating all retinal breaks and accurately localizing the posterior margin of the retinal breaks at the time of operation. A scleral buckle created by either an explant or an implant must be large enough to seal the retinal break completely. In 95 per cent of retinal detachments this may be accomplished by using 7 to 7.5 mm wide buckling material in a 10.5 to 11 mm wide scleral bed which creates a buckle extending from the ora serrata to a point 5 mm posterior to the localized posterior margin of the retinal break. Although in selected cases localized scleral buckles may successfully cure a retinal separation, greater initial success will usually be obtained by a buckle which covers the greater portion of the circumferential extent of the retinal detachment.", "contents": "Selection of type of operation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Primary success in scleral buckling operations may be enhanced by ophthalmoscopically locating all retinal breaks and accurately localizing the posterior margin of the retinal breaks at the time of operation. A scleral buckle created by either an explant or an implant must be large enough to seal the retinal break completely. In 95 per cent of retinal detachments this may be accomplished by using 7 to 7.5 mm wide buckling material in a 10.5 to 11 mm wide scleral bed which creates a buckle extending from the ora serrata to a point 5 mm posterior to the localized posterior margin of the retinal break. Although in selected cases localized scleral buckles may successfully cure a retinal separation, greater initial success will usually be obtained by a buckle which covers the greater portion of the circumferential extent of the retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:285497", "title": "Hospitalization for retinal surgery.", "content": "Recovery from general anaesthetic and ocular discomfort may be the only logical reasons for hospitalization after retinal surgery, and 3 days should be sufficient for this--24 hours in most cases. Some patients, discreetly chosen, could be managed on a day case basis, having surgery under local anaesthetic.", "contents": "Hospitalization for retinal surgery. Recovery from general anaesthetic and ocular discomfort may be the only logical reasons for hospitalization after retinal surgery, and 3 days should be sufficient for this--24 hours in most cases. Some patients, discreetly chosen, could be managed on a day case basis, having surgery under local anaesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:285498", "title": "Partial central retinal artery occlusion.", "content": "The clinical picture of multiple circumpapillary cotton-wool spots and mild ischaemic swelling of the inner retina is attributed to partial occlusion of the central retinal artery. The pathophysiological basis of the fundus signs is discussed and the role of interrupted axoplasmic transport in the development of the cotton-wool spots is emphasized.", "contents": "Partial central retinal artery occlusion. The clinical picture of multiple circumpapillary cotton-wool spots and mild ischaemic swelling of the inner retina is attributed to partial occlusion of the central retinal artery. The pathophysiological basis of the fundus signs is discussed and the role of interrupted axoplasmic transport in the development of the cotton-wool spots is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:285500", "title": "Presumed inflammatory maculopathies.", "content": "The macular disorders are classified according to the originally affected layer and the probable cause of the disease: presumed inflammatory or traumatic, iatrogenic, toxic, metabolic or trophic, and hereditary. Three young female patients are reported who had presumed inflammatory diseases: CBPE-complex (APMPPE), pigment epithelium (pigment epitheliitis), and neuroretina (acute macular neuroretinopathy). APMPPE is considered to be a choriocapillaritis closely related to a soft photocoagulate. They recommend careful follow-up of acute neuroretinopathy because through \"disuse\" a disease of one layer may progress to other layers as they are metabolically interdependent.", "contents": "Presumed inflammatory maculopathies. The macular disorders are classified according to the originally affected layer and the probable cause of the disease: presumed inflammatory or traumatic, iatrogenic, toxic, metabolic or trophic, and hereditary. Three young female patients are reported who had presumed inflammatory diseases: CBPE-complex (APMPPE), pigment epithelium (pigment epitheliitis), and neuroretina (acute macular neuroretinopathy). APMPPE is considered to be a choriocapillaritis closely related to a soft photocoagulate. They recommend careful follow-up of acute neuroretinopathy because through \"disuse\" a disease of one layer may progress to other layers as they are metabolically interdependent."}
{"id": "PMID:285501", "title": "Long-term follow-up of patients after retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "The value of long-term follow-up of patients after retinal detachment surgery depends on the number of further detachments prevented. This in turn depends on the frequency with which predisposing lesions are found and treated and also the risk of leaving them untreated. In a retrospective study of 128 patients who had attended the Retina Clinic at Moorfields, High Holborn, for at least 10 years, the frequency with which asymptomatic retinal breaks were detected was less than two per hundred patients per year of follow-up. The risk of such lesions progressing to detachment if left untreated is estimated to be no more than 12 per cent and on this basis it is likely that no more than four or five detachments were prevented in our series. During the same period 66 new or re-detachments occurred, in spite of regular examination and treatment of predisposing lesions found, and it is concluded that long-term follow-up is of doubtful value in the prevention of further detachments.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of patients after retinal detachment surgery. The value of long-term follow-up of patients after retinal detachment surgery depends on the number of further detachments prevented. This in turn depends on the frequency with which predisposing lesions are found and treated and also the risk of leaving them untreated. In a retrospective study of 128 patients who had attended the Retina Clinic at Moorfields, High Holborn, for at least 10 years, the frequency with which asymptomatic retinal breaks were detected was less than two per hundred patients per year of follow-up. The risk of such lesions progressing to detachment if left untreated is estimated to be no more than 12 per cent and on this basis it is likely that no more than four or five detachments were prevented in our series. During the same period 66 new or re-detachments occurred, in spite of regular examination and treatment of predisposing lesions found, and it is concluded that long-term follow-up is of doubtful value in the prevention of further detachments."}
{"id": "PMID:285504", "title": "Intrascleral thermocautery.", "content": "Because of failure of trabeculectomy to normalize intraocular pressure in a significant number of patients, intrascleral thermocautery has been preferred since 1972. Over 200 eyes have been operated on and the results so far are satisfactory regarding the control of intraocular pressure and the absence of complications.", "contents": "Intrascleral thermocautery. Because of failure of trabeculectomy to normalize intraocular pressure in a significant number of patients, intrascleral thermocautery has been preferred since 1972. Over 200 eyes have been operated on and the results so far are satisfactory regarding the control of intraocular pressure and the absence of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:285505", "title": "Congenital anophthalmos. Problems in management.", "content": "The management of congenital anophthalmos is difficult under the best of circumstances. Therapy is directed towards enlargement of the sorbet by expansion and/or surgical techniques. Early expansion therapy within the first year of life appears to be warranted in view of the differential orbital growth rates.", "contents": "Congenital anophthalmos. Problems in management. The management of congenital anophthalmos is difficult under the best of circumstances. Therapy is directed towards enlargement of the sorbet by expansion and/or surgical techniques. Early expansion therapy within the first year of life appears to be warranted in view of the differential orbital growth rates."}
{"id": "PMID:285507", "title": "Ultrasonic examination of the traumatized eye.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination may be used to assess ocular damage if the media are opaque after blunt or penetrating injury. In eyes with retained foreign material, ultrasound may also be used to aid localization of the foreign body.", "contents": "Ultrasonic examination of the traumatized eye. Ultrasonic examination may be used to assess ocular damage if the media are opaque after blunt or penetrating injury. In eyes with retained foreign material, ultrasound may also be used to aid localization of the foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:285508", "title": "Vitreous morphology after perforating injury treated by primary vitrectomy.", "content": "Perforating eye injuries result in patterns of damage which vary greatly in extent and severity. In undertaking reconstruction of the injured eye the ophthalmologist requires instruments and materials designed for handling each type of traumatized tissue. Problems associated with injury to the vitreous are logically dealt with by purpose-built vitrectomy instruments with the object of attaining a satisfactory and safe vitreous configuration in a visually useful eye.", "contents": "Vitreous morphology after perforating injury treated by primary vitrectomy. Perforating eye injuries result in patterns of damage which vary greatly in extent and severity. In undertaking reconstruction of the injured eye the ophthalmologist requires instruments and materials designed for handling each type of traumatized tissue. Problems associated with injury to the vitreous are logically dealt with by purpose-built vitrectomy instruments with the object of attaining a satisfactory and safe vitreous configuration in a visually useful eye."}
{"id": "PMID:285509", "title": "Intraocular foreign bodies. Indications for lensectomy and vitrectomy.", "content": "This review of the outcome of the conventional management of magnetic foreign bodies shows that, with the exception of the severe open-eye injuries associated with large foriegn bodies, where immediate lensectomy and vitrectomy is required, conventional magnetic extraction should be performed as close to the foreign body as is feasible. It is important to assess posterior segment damage both before and after extraction of the foreign body, as the subsequent management will depend on the presence of vitreous haemorrhage and retinal damage.", "contents": "Intraocular foreign bodies. Indications for lensectomy and vitrectomy. This review of the outcome of the conventional management of magnetic foreign bodies shows that, with the exception of the severe open-eye injuries associated with large foriegn bodies, where immediate lensectomy and vitrectomy is required, conventional magnetic extraction should be performed as close to the foreign body as is feasible. It is important to assess posterior segment damage both before and after extraction of the foreign body, as the subsequent management will depend on the presence of vitreous haemorrhage and retinal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:285510", "title": "Repair of corneal wounds and the elimination of astigmatism.", "content": "The modern management of corneal incisions and lacerations, in addition to their accurate repair, necessarily includes the prevention or subsequent correction of induced astigmatism and axial errors. This is yet another important aspect of the new and burgeoning field of refractive corneal microsurgery.", "contents": "Repair of corneal wounds and the elimination of astigmatism. The modern management of corneal incisions and lacerations, in addition to their accurate repair, necessarily includes the prevention or subsequent correction of induced astigmatism and axial errors. This is yet another important aspect of the new and burgeoning field of refractive corneal microsurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:285511", "title": "Closed vitrectomy after trauma.", "content": "The results of vitrectomy in fifty traumatized eyes were assessed, and six types of pathological change resulting from trauma identified. The anatomical and visual results were good except where surface vitreo-retinal traction was present either at the vitreous base or posteriorly.", "contents": "Closed vitrectomy after trauma. The results of vitrectomy in fifty traumatized eyes were assessed, and six types of pathological change resulting from trauma identified. The anatomical and visual results were good except where surface vitreo-retinal traction was present either at the vitreous base or posteriorly."}
{"id": "PMID:285513", "title": "Ocular effects of hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "A series of 26 patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy for more than a month was examined. Eighteen of them showed a definite change in their refraction towards myopia. The amount of myopia varied from 0.5 to 5.5 dioptres. No other ocular effects were observed. It is considered that the change in refraction is due to increased refractive index of the lens.", "contents": "Ocular effects of hyperbaric oxygen. A series of 26 patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy for more than a month was examined. Eighteen of them showed a definite change in their refraction towards myopia. The amount of myopia varied from 0.5 to 5.5 dioptres. No other ocular effects were observed. It is considered that the change in refraction is due to increased refractive index of the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:285514", "title": "Investigation and treatment of epiphora due to lid laxity.", "content": "Many patients with lid laxity, in spite of reasonable punctal and lid-globe apposition, may have tearing because of a \"lacrimal pump\" dysfunction. Dacryocystography and nuclear lacrimal scanning aid when the diagnosis is not obvious clinically. The punctal stenosis, which is almost always secondary to punctal eversion, is treated by dilatation and a punctal inversion procedure. The lax lids are treated with a modified Bick procedure, and in cases of co-existent medial lid laxity, a medial canthoplasty is performed.", "contents": "Investigation and treatment of epiphora due to lid laxity. Many patients with lid laxity, in spite of reasonable punctal and lid-globe apposition, may have tearing because of a \"lacrimal pump\" dysfunction. Dacryocystography and nuclear lacrimal scanning aid when the diagnosis is not obvious clinically. The punctal stenosis, which is almost always secondary to punctal eversion, is treated by dilatation and a punctal inversion procedure. The lax lids are treated with a modified Bick procedure, and in cases of co-existent medial lid laxity, a medial canthoplasty is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:285515", "title": "Total transplantation of the superior rectus muscle for ptosis. A new surgical approach.", "content": "In cases of ptosis 45 per cent are severe in degree with poor levator function, 25 per cent are bilateral, and 60 per cent have good superior rectus function. Ptosis with the jaw-winking phenomenon accounts for 6 per cent of cases of congenital ptosis (Berke, 1949), and in these the levator palpebrae is either poorly functioning or has to be sacrificed. Total transplantation of the superior rectus muscle into the eye lid has been specifically designed for cases of severe ptosis with poor levator function. Embryological, anatomical, and physiological similarities make the superior rectus the most natural substitute for a defunct levator muscle. In the last 2 1/2 years, we have operated upon fifteen severely ptotic lids (four bilateral and seven unilateral) by transplantation of the superior rectus muscle. The results were satisfactory in thirteen cases, with slight undercorrection in two.", "contents": "Total transplantation of the superior rectus muscle for ptosis. A new surgical approach. In cases of ptosis 45 per cent are severe in degree with poor levator function, 25 per cent are bilateral, and 60 per cent have good superior rectus function. Ptosis with the jaw-winking phenomenon accounts for 6 per cent of cases of congenital ptosis (Berke, 1949), and in these the levator palpebrae is either poorly functioning or has to be sacrificed. Total transplantation of the superior rectus muscle into the eye lid has been specifically designed for cases of severe ptosis with poor levator function. Embryological, anatomical, and physiological similarities make the superior rectus the most natural substitute for a defunct levator muscle. In the last 2 1/2 years, we have operated upon fifteen severely ptotic lids (four bilateral and seven unilateral) by transplantation of the superior rectus muscle. The results were satisfactory in thirteen cases, with slight undercorrection in two."}
{"id": "PMID:285516", "title": "Cryosurgery for trichiasis.", "content": "A series of 41 cases of trichiasis was treated with cryosurgery using a standard retinal cryoprobe. The failure rate was approximately 50 per cent. The results should be improved by using properly designed equipment capable of cooling the lash follicles to -20 degrees C, and ensuring that this temperature is achieved by using a tissue thermocouple. A double freeze-thaw cycle should be used and a long-acting local anaesthetic containing adrenaline. The main complication is depigmentation which is a problem only with heavily pigmented patients. Cryosurgery does have potential for the treatment of trichiasis.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for trichiasis. A series of 41 cases of trichiasis was treated with cryosurgery using a standard retinal cryoprobe. The failure rate was approximately 50 per cent. The results should be improved by using properly designed equipment capable of cooling the lash follicles to -20 degrees C, and ensuring that this temperature is achieved by using a tissue thermocouple. A double freeze-thaw cycle should be used and a long-acting local anaesthetic containing adrenaline. The main complication is depigmentation which is a problem only with heavily pigmented patients. Cryosurgery does have potential for the treatment of trichiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:285517", "title": "Variable focus spectacles.", "content": "The history of prostheses for presbyopia is reviewed with an account of the development of variable focus spectacles. They have fluid-filled cells, with one flexible wall on the back of the base lens. The curvature of the flexible wall can be varied by operating a bellows in one side-arm. Their use for presbyopia, aphakia, and glaucoma is considered. The spectacles are believed to have reached a stage where they are ready for commercial production.", "contents": "Variable focus spectacles. The history of prostheses for presbyopia is reviewed with an account of the development of variable focus spectacles. They have fluid-filled cells, with one flexible wall on the back of the base lens. The curvature of the flexible wall can be varied by operating a bellows in one side-arm. Their use for presbyopia, aphakia, and glaucoma is considered. The spectacles are believed to have reached a stage where they are ready for commercial production."}
{"id": "PMID:285518", "title": "Pretrabecular filtration for secondary glaucoma.", "content": "The available drainage procedures in cases of glaucoma cause many early and late postoperative problems, including non-formation of the anterior chamber, excessive hypotony, changes in the lens, and unsafe filtering blebs. New microsurgical techniques involving the area of trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal include trabeculotomy, sinusotomy, and trabeculectomy. In a new drainage procedure devised by us a covered filtering track is created, which opens in front of the trabecular meshwork. This procedure, designated \"pretrabecular filtration\", has been a standard primary procedure in all types of glaucoma in our hospital for the last 3 years.", "contents": "Pretrabecular filtration for secondary glaucoma. The available drainage procedures in cases of glaucoma cause many early and late postoperative problems, including non-formation of the anterior chamber, excessive hypotony, changes in the lens, and unsafe filtering blebs. New microsurgical techniques involving the area of trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal include trabeculotomy, sinusotomy, and trabeculectomy. In a new drainage procedure devised by us a covered filtering track is created, which opens in front of the trabecular meshwork. This procedure, designated \"pretrabecular filtration\", has been a standard primary procedure in all types of glaucoma in our hospital for the last 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:285519", "title": "Peripheral retinal cryotherapy as a treatment for neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "This treatment does have a place in the management of the established conditions because, when it is successful, some guiding vision is maintained; this is potentially important, as a central retinal vein thrombosis may affect the second eye. Restoring a normotensive eye has other long-term advantages; it is cosmetically better, and is unlikely to lead to a degenerate cornea, which would otherwise occur, and might lead to late endophalmitis.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal cryotherapy as a treatment for neovascular glaucoma. This treatment does have a place in the management of the established conditions because, when it is successful, some guiding vision is maintained; this is potentially important, as a central retinal vein thrombosis may affect the second eye. Restoring a normotensive eye has other long-term advantages; it is cosmetically better, and is unlikely to lead to a degenerate cornea, which would otherwise occur, and might lead to late endophalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:285522", "title": "[Characteristics of the occurrence and development of tumors in rats depending on age and the nature of the strontium-90 exposure].", "content": "In chronic strontium-90 administration into rats aged 8--10 months osteosarcomas did not develop, while in animals at the age of 3--4  months osteosarcomas incidence was 6.7%. In single injection of the radionuclide in 8--10 months old animals osteosarcomas developed in 2.2% of observations, whereas in 3--4 months old animals--in 45.7%. The most early appearance of osteosarcomas (at the 193d--316th day) was noted in 3--4 months old animals subjected to a single exposure to strontium-90.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the occurrence and development of tumors in rats depending on age and the nature of the strontium-90 exposure]. In chronic strontium-90 administration into rats aged 8--10 months osteosarcomas did not develop, while in animals at the age of 3--4  months osteosarcomas incidence was 6.7%. In single injection of the radionuclide in 8--10 months old animals osteosarcomas developed in 2.2% of observations, whereas in 3--4 months old animals--in 45.7%. The most early appearance of osteosarcomas (at the 193d--316th day) was noted in 3--4 months old animals subjected to a single exposure to strontium-90."}
{"id": "PMID:285523", "title": "[Clinical cytological characteristics of osteogenic sarcoma].", "content": "The authors report the data on the disease clinical course being dependent on the peculiarities of tumor differentiation. The work is based on the findings of treatment and dynamic follow-up of 156 patients with osteogenic sarcoma of extremity bones. Distant gammatherapy, as the principal method of treatment, was employed in all patients. A cytological test was used to determine the morphological character of the tumor. It was shown that clinico-cytological correlations sometimes help to reveal significant differences in development of the disease. In groups of patients with signs of primary tumor anaplasia male individuals showing acute pains, prompt tumor growth and marked general intoxication phenomena were predominating. In radiotherapy of this group of patients a positive response, which may allow a continuous dynamic observation, is more rarely gained.", "contents": "[Clinical cytological characteristics of osteogenic sarcoma]. The authors report the data on the disease clinical course being dependent on the peculiarities of tumor differentiation. The work is based on the findings of treatment and dynamic follow-up of 156 patients with osteogenic sarcoma of extremity bones. Distant gammatherapy, as the principal method of treatment, was employed in all patients. A cytological test was used to determine the morphological character of the tumor. It was shown that clinico-cytological correlations sometimes help to reveal significant differences in development of the disease. In groups of patients with signs of primary tumor anaplasia male individuals showing acute pains, prompt tumor growth and marked general intoxication phenomena were predominating. In radiotherapy of this group of patients a positive response, which may allow a continuous dynamic observation, is more rarely gained."}
{"id": "PMID:285525", "title": "[Diagnostic value of alkaline leucocyte phosphatase in hematology (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of the Alkaline Leucocyte Phosphatase (ALP) was checked on the basis of the patients of a hematologic department. Reliable data can only be obtained for the differential diagnosis of polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia, not however for the differential diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelofibrosis. In CML the ALP is an aid for evaluating the course of the disease and its remissions. In Hodgkin's disease it is an objective parameter for actiivty of the disease. The leucocyte concentration method can be used for evaluation of the ALP.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of alkaline leucocyte phosphatase in hematology (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of the Alkaline Leucocyte Phosphatase (ALP) was checked on the basis of the patients of a hematologic department. Reliable data can only be obtained for the differential diagnosis of polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia, not however for the differential diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelofibrosis. In CML the ALP is an aid for evaluating the course of the disease and its remissions. In Hodgkin's disease it is an objective parameter for actiivty of the disease. The leucocyte concentration method can be used for evaluation of the ALP."}
{"id": "PMID:285549", "title": "Absence of prognostic features in the cytology of effusions due to mammary cancer.", "content": "Malignant effusions from 150 patients with breast carcinoma were examined to determine whether cytologic features could be related to prognosis. Four features were studied: tumor cellularity and frequency of mitoses in tumor cells as an indication of their proliferative activity, leukocytic (lymphocytic) background as a possible measure of host reaction and tumor cell cluster formation as an indication of the tumor growth pattern. The clinical outlook was poor in all the patients with effusions due to breast cancer, and we found no good relationship between any of these four cytologic features and prognosis.", "contents": "Absence of prognostic features in the cytology of effusions due to mammary cancer. Malignant effusions from 150 patients with breast carcinoma were examined to determine whether cytologic features could be related to prognosis. Four features were studied: tumor cellularity and frequency of mitoses in tumor cells as an indication of their proliferative activity, leukocytic (lymphocytic) background as a possible measure of host reaction and tumor cell cluster formation as an indication of the tumor growth pattern. The clinical outlook was poor in all the patients with effusions due to breast cancer, and we found no good relationship between any of these four cytologic features and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285551", "title": "Carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis of the uterine cervix a report of three cases.", "content": "As part of a mass cytologic screening program, cervical scrapings and endocervical/endometrial aspirations were taken from 1,250 women with systemic schistosomiasis. Ova of S. mansoni were found associated with two cases of carcinoma in situ and one case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In a fourth case, the ova were associated with a benign cervical lesion.", "contents": "Carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis of the uterine cervix a report of three cases. As part of a mass cytologic screening program, cervical scrapings and endocervical/endometrial aspirations were taken from 1,250 women with systemic schistosomiasis. Ova of S. mansoni were found associated with two cases of carcinoma in situ and one case of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In a fourth case, the ova were associated with a benign cervical lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:285552", "title": "Occurrence and identification of intracellular calcium crystals in pulmonary specimens.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray analysis studies and histochemical techniques have identified unusual birefringent intracellular calcium carbonate crystals seen in the sputum specimens of a 68-year-old man with cavitary pulmonary lesions. He was clinically diagnosed and treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Although other etiologies are possible, we contend that the calcium salt crystals identified in the sputum in this patient represent a peripheral manifestation of tuberculosis which is rarely noticed in the sputum specimens.", "contents": "Occurrence and identification of intracellular calcium crystals in pulmonary specimens. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray analysis studies and histochemical techniques have identified unusual birefringent intracellular calcium carbonate crystals seen in the sputum specimens of a 68-year-old man with cavitary pulmonary lesions. He was clinically diagnosed and treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Although other etiologies are possible, we contend that the calcium salt crystals identified in the sputum in this patient represent a peripheral manifestation of tuberculosis which is rarely noticed in the sputum specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:285550", "title": "Eosinophilic pleural effusions.", "content": "Forty-three pleural fluids from 30 patients with eosinophilic pleural effusion (EPE) were examined and correlated with biochemical and clinical findings. The percentage of eosinophiles ranged from 12% to 83%, averaged 38% and was accompanied by a high lymphocyte count, averaging 34%. The fluids were shown to be exudates. A history of allergy or immune disorders was elicited from seven patients and allergy to drug from one patient. Eight patients gave a history of thoracic trauma unrelated in time to the effusion. Three patients received transvenous pacemakers. In the remaining 11 patients the presence of the eosinophilic pleural effusion could not be correlated with any clinical data. Regardless of clinical setting, which in six patients included a past history of cancer, EPE proved to be a self-limiting disease with a favorable outcome. Thus, this diagnosis by cytologic examination of the sediment is of considerable prognostic significance even in patients with a history of other disorders that may give rise to effusions. Possibly the most significant observation recorded was the presence of a large population of lymphocytes in EPE. The role of these cells in the mechanism of EPE is discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophilic pleural effusions. Forty-three pleural fluids from 30 patients with eosinophilic pleural effusion (EPE) were examined and correlated with biochemical and clinical findings. The percentage of eosinophiles ranged from 12% to 83%, averaged 38% and was accompanied by a high lymphocyte count, averaging 34%. The fluids were shown to be exudates. A history of allergy or immune disorders was elicited from seven patients and allergy to drug from one patient. Eight patients gave a history of thoracic trauma unrelated in time to the effusion. Three patients received transvenous pacemakers. In the remaining 11 patients the presence of the eosinophilic pleural effusion could not be correlated with any clinical data. Regardless of clinical setting, which in six patients included a past history of cancer, EPE proved to be a self-limiting disease with a favorable outcome. Thus, this diagnosis by cytologic examination of the sediment is of considerable prognostic significance even in patients with a history of other disorders that may give rise to effusions. Possibly the most significant observation recorded was the presence of a large population of lymphocytes in EPE. The role of these cells in the mechanism of EPE is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285553", "title": "Diagnostic value of calcium oxalate crystals in respiratory and pleural fluid cytology. A case report.", "content": "A 56-year-old man presented with massive, left-sided pleural empyema. Sputa, pleural fluids, a bronchial washing and a bronchial biopsy revealed acute inflammatory exudate and numerous birefringent calcium oxalate crystals. One pleural fluid also showed occasional mycelia and rare conidiophores of Aspergillus niger. The fungus was abundantly cultured from all cytology specimens. Other oxalosis-related conditions were not identified in this patient. The finding of calcium oxalate crystals associated with a background of acute inflammatory cells in cellular samples of respiratory secretions and pleural fluid should be regarded as a clue to the diagnosis of infection with Aspergillus niger.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of calcium oxalate crystals in respiratory and pleural fluid cytology. A case report. A 56-year-old man presented with massive, left-sided pleural empyema. Sputa, pleural fluids, a bronchial washing and a bronchial biopsy revealed acute inflammatory exudate and numerous birefringent calcium oxalate crystals. One pleural fluid also showed occasional mycelia and rare conidiophores of Aspergillus niger. The fungus was abundantly cultured from all cytology specimens. Other oxalosis-related conditions were not identified in this patient. The finding of calcium oxalate crystals associated with a background of acute inflammatory cells in cellular samples of respiratory secretions and pleural fluid should be regarded as a clue to the diagnosis of infection with Aspergillus niger."}
{"id": "PMID:285554", "title": "Choriocarcinoma of the esophagus: histologic and cytologic findings. A case report.", "content": "The present report is that of a 40-year-old woman admitted with hematemesis and epigastric pain. Endoscopy revealed a fungating mass in the lower esophagus. Esophageal brushing revealed clustered and single malignant cells with ample cytoplasm, large bizarre nuclei and prominent, irregular nucleoli; the chromatin was irregular with clumping at the nuclear borders. Giant multinucleated malignant cells were numerous. These cells had nuclear molding and abundant acidophilic cytoplasm. Autopsy findings included a large tumor in the lower esophagus and metastases to lung, liver and kidneys. Microscopically, the fungating esophageal tumor and metastases were composed of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblastic elements. Choriocarcinoma of the esophagus is a rarity, and only two cases were found in the literature. The diagnosis, however, can be achieved by brush biopsy since the characteristic cyto- and syncytiotrophoblastic cells can be readily identified, provided that the possibility of this ectopic occurrence is recognized.", "contents": "Choriocarcinoma of the esophagus: histologic and cytologic findings. A case report. The present report is that of a 40-year-old woman admitted with hematemesis and epigastric pain. Endoscopy revealed a fungating mass in the lower esophagus. Esophageal brushing revealed clustered and single malignant cells with ample cytoplasm, large bizarre nuclei and prominent, irregular nucleoli; the chromatin was irregular with clumping at the nuclear borders. Giant multinucleated malignant cells were numerous. These cells had nuclear molding and abundant acidophilic cytoplasm. Autopsy findings included a large tumor in the lower esophagus and metastases to lung, liver and kidneys. Microscopically, the fungating esophageal tumor and metastases were composed of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblastic elements. Choriocarcinoma of the esophagus is a rarity, and only two cases were found in the literature. The diagnosis, however, can be achieved by brush biopsy since the characteristic cyto- and syncytiotrophoblastic cells can be readily identified, provided that the possibility of this ectopic occurrence is recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:285555", "title": "The relation of prognosis to the nuclear diameter of breast cancer cells obtained by cytologic aspiration.", "content": "Nuclear diameters of breast cancer cells obtained by aspiration cytology from 245 patients were measured by ocular micrometry. The nuclei of 50 benign lesions were also measured. Cancers with 80% or more of their nuclei larger than 12 mu were classified as \"large nuclear type\" (LN). Those with nuclei of 12 mu or less were considered \"small nuclear type\" (SN). One hundred forty-nine cases of the former and 96 of the latter were evaluated. There was significant overlap in nuclear diameter of benign lesions and SN cancers but minimal overlap between SN and LN cancers. Thirty-eight percent of SN cancers were staged as T1 as compared to only 20% of LN tumors. Survival, free of disease, at five years was 90% for the SN cancers and 58% for the LN cancers (p less than 0.001). Intervals between completion of treatment, appearance of metastases and death were longer for patients with SN cancers. Measurement of nuclear diameters of cells obtained by aspiration cytology may, therefore, be useful in determining the prognosis.", "contents": "The relation of prognosis to the nuclear diameter of breast cancer cells obtained by cytologic aspiration. Nuclear diameters of breast cancer cells obtained by aspiration cytology from 245 patients were measured by ocular micrometry. The nuclei of 50 benign lesions were also measured. Cancers with 80% or more of their nuclei larger than 12 mu were classified as \"large nuclear type\" (LN). Those with nuclei of 12 mu or less were considered \"small nuclear type\" (SN). One hundred forty-nine cases of the former and 96 of the latter were evaluated. There was significant overlap in nuclear diameter of benign lesions and SN cancers but minimal overlap between SN and LN cancers. Thirty-eight percent of SN cancers were staged as T1 as compared to only 20% of LN tumors. Survival, free of disease, at five years was 90% for the SN cancers and 58% for the LN cancers (p less than 0.001). Intervals between completion of treatment, appearance of metastases and death were longer for patients with SN cancers. Measurement of nuclear diameters of cells obtained by aspiration cytology may, therefore, be useful in determining the prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285559", "title": "Endocrinology of reproduction in the female beagle dog and its significance in mammary gland tumorigenesis.", "content": "On the basis of the results of investigations from systemic tolerance tests (and carcinogenicity studies), an attempt is made to evaluate the effects of various progestagens, oestrogens and progestagen-oestrogen combinations on the mammary gland of the dog. The interpretation of such effects in the dog and its relevance in predicting a tumorigenic effect of contraceptive steroids in man is discussed in the light of comparative endocrinology of reproduction. The induction of mammary gland tumours in dogs by certain progestagens or progestagen-oestrogen combinations must be considered as being a species-specific effect, related to the high hormonal potency (progestational activity) of these compounds in the dog and their stimulatory effect on canine growth hormone. Based on the present state of our knowledge and because of the marked interspecies differences of action of contraceptive steroids in dog and man, the steroid-related canine mammary tumours, especially with regard to the doses necessary for contraception, are unlikely to be indicative of a potential hazard to the human female.", "contents": "Endocrinology of reproduction in the female beagle dog and its significance in mammary gland tumorigenesis. On the basis of the results of investigations from systemic tolerance tests (and carcinogenicity studies), an attempt is made to evaluate the effects of various progestagens, oestrogens and progestagen-oestrogen combinations on the mammary gland of the dog. The interpretation of such effects in the dog and its relevance in predicting a tumorigenic effect of contraceptive steroids in man is discussed in the light of comparative endocrinology of reproduction. The induction of mammary gland tumours in dogs by certain progestagens or progestagen-oestrogen combinations must be considered as being a species-specific effect, related to the high hormonal potency (progestational activity) of these compounds in the dog and their stimulatory effect on canine growth hormone. Based on the present state of our knowledge and because of the marked interspecies differences of action of contraceptive steroids in dog and man, the steroid-related canine mammary tumours, especially with regard to the doses necessary for contraception, are unlikely to be indicative of a potential hazard to the human female."}
{"id": "PMID:285556", "title": "Ultrastruct of oral cells with bar-shaped nuclear chromatin.", "content": "Scrapings were taken from the frenulum of the lower lip to obtain cells with bar-shaped nuclear chromatin. They were subjected to routine electron microscope processing, sectioning and visualization. Specimens from the lower frenulum of autopsy patients were prepared for light microscope identification of the bar-chromatin cell in tissue. The ultrastructure of the bar-chromatin cell cytoplasm resembled that of normal squamous intermediate cells, but the nuclear chromatin was composed of pleomorphic masses which formed an irregular band on the long axis of the nucleus. In the normal intermediate cell the clumps of chromatin were dispersed randomly. Cells with bar chromatin were found in the stratum spinosum of the oral squamous epithelium.", "contents": "Ultrastruct of oral cells with bar-shaped nuclear chromatin. Scrapings were taken from the frenulum of the lower lip to obtain cells with bar-shaped nuclear chromatin. They were subjected to routine electron microscope processing, sectioning and visualization. Specimens from the lower frenulum of autopsy patients were prepared for light microscope identification of the bar-chromatin cell in tissue. The ultrastructure of the bar-chromatin cell cytoplasm resembled that of normal squamous intermediate cells, but the nuclear chromatin was composed of pleomorphic masses which formed an irregular band on the long axis of the nucleus. In the normal intermediate cell the clumps of chromatin were dispersed randomly. Cells with bar chromatin were found in the stratum spinosum of the oral squamous epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:285557", "title": "The normal exfoliative cytology of menstrual blood.", "content": "The exfoliative cytology of menstrual blood obtained from 10 women by the use of a new vaginal tampon device is described. Endometrial, squamous metaplastic, parabasal, and superficial and intermediate squamous epithelial cells were observed. The quality and quantity of the exfoliated cells of the female genital tract seen in menstrual blood preparations are comparable with the results obtained by the conventionally used cellular collection methods. Furthermore, the vaginal tampon technique has certain advantages over the conventionally used cellular collection methods, since it is noninvasive, convenient and reliable and allows direct delivery of the sample from the patient to the laboratory.", "contents": "The normal exfoliative cytology of menstrual blood. The exfoliative cytology of menstrual blood obtained from 10 women by the use of a new vaginal tampon device is described. Endometrial, squamous metaplastic, parabasal, and superficial and intermediate squamous epithelial cells were observed. The quality and quantity of the exfoliated cells of the female genital tract seen in menstrual blood preparations are comparable with the results obtained by the conventionally used cellular collection methods. Furthermore, the vaginal tampon technique has certain advantages over the conventionally used cellular collection methods, since it is noninvasive, convenient and reliable and allows direct delivery of the sample from the patient to the laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:285562", "title": "[Phagocytic ability of blast cells in acute leukemia].", "content": "In 31 cases of acute leukaemia in adults the ability of leukaemic cells to phagocytize latex was investigated. This ability was confirmed in nearly all cases of monocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia, in over 1/3 of cases of myeloblastic leukaemia and in one out of 9 cases of lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Phagocytic ability of blast cells in acute leukemia]. In 31 cases of acute leukaemia in adults the ability of leukaemic cells to phagocytize latex was investigated. This ability was confirmed in nearly all cases of monocytic and myelomonocytic leukaemia, in over 1/3 of cases of myeloblastic leukaemia and in one out of 9 cases of lymphoblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:285569", "title": "On the pathogenetic role of prostaglandins in Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "Two patients, one with Bartter's syndrome and one with severe abuse of diuretics, were investigated before and after indomethacin treatment. Before indomethacin the two patients showed a similar pattern of hypokalaemic alcalosis, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and increased urinary excretion of PGE2 and kallikrein. After a few days on peroral indomethacin medication the hypokalaemia was significantly improved, the plasma renin activity, and the urinary excretion of aldosterone, PGE2 and kallikrein were normalized in both patients. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of indomethacin cannot be used as a proof of prostaglandin overproduction as the primary defect in Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "On the pathogenetic role of prostaglandins in Bartter's syndrome. Two patients, one with Bartter's syndrome and one with severe abuse of diuretics, were investigated before and after indomethacin treatment. Before indomethacin the two patients showed a similar pattern of hypokalaemic alcalosis, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and increased urinary excretion of PGE2 and kallikrein. After a few days on peroral indomethacin medication the hypokalaemia was significantly improved, the plasma renin activity, and the urinary excretion of aldosterone, PGE2 and kallikrein were normalized in both patients. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of indomethacin cannot be used as a proof of prostaglandin overproduction as the primary defect in Bartter's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:285606", "title": "Increased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity following transfusion of leukocytes from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Neutrophils from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and typically low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity markedly increased in LAP content following transfusion to and circulation in an infected neutropenic recipient. Incubation of the recipient's serum and plasma with normal neutrophils failed to alter their LAP activity. This observation suggests that LAP activity is inducible by as yet unknown \"environmental\" factors, and possible mechanisms for this are discussed.", "contents": "Increased leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity following transfusion of leukocytes from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Neutrophils from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and typically low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity markedly increased in LAP content following transfusion to and circulation in an infected neutropenic recipient. Incubation of the recipient's serum and plasma with normal neutrophils failed to alter their LAP activity. This observation suggests that LAP activity is inducible by as yet unknown \"environmental\" factors, and possible mechanisms for this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285607", "title": "Effect of metabolic alteration of periodontal fibers on orthodontic tooth movement. An experimental study.", "content": "In the present study orthodontic force was applied to the molars of rats treated with the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). New bone formation was measured at two alveolar locations after 9 days of force application. Observation resulted in the following conclusions: 1. New alveolar bone formation in response to orthodontic force in BAPN-treated rats statistically exceeded corresponding bone formation in control animals when measured at two tension sites in the periodontal ligament. 2. BAPN administration produced disorganization of the collagenous fibers of the periodontium of experimental animals. Multiple eosinophilic cell-free areas were found distributed throughout the radicular portions of affected periodontal ligaments. Normal ligament function architecture was disrupted in treated animals. The areas of periodontium surrounding orthodontically treated teeth exhibited relatively normal organization under these conditions, while the periodontium of adjacent nonorthodontically treated teeth was markedly disorganized. Orthodontic stimulation of the periodontium of BAPN-treated rats may have disrupted the formation of eosinophilic cell-free areas characteristically seen in the periodontium of the experimental group. 3. The present results suggest that the typical histologic response to orthodontic force application can occur in the presence of a chemically and physically altered periodontium. The quantitative data collected infer that fiber tension on the alveolus may not be absolutely necessary to stimulate bone formation. Distortion of the alveolus related to force application may be a more important factor initiating bone response. However, the fibers of the periodontium may play a passive role in transferring orthodontic force to the alveolus.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic alteration of periodontal fibers on orthodontic tooth movement. An experimental study. In the present study orthodontic force was applied to the molars of rats treated with the lathyrogen beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). New bone formation was measured at two alveolar locations after 9 days of force application. Observation resulted in the following conclusions: 1. New alveolar bone formation in response to orthodontic force in BAPN-treated rats statistically exceeded corresponding bone formation in control animals when measured at two tension sites in the periodontal ligament. 2. BAPN administration produced disorganization of the collagenous fibers of the periodontium of experimental animals. Multiple eosinophilic cell-free areas were found distributed throughout the radicular portions of affected periodontal ligaments. Normal ligament function architecture was disrupted in treated animals. The areas of periodontium surrounding orthodontically treated teeth exhibited relatively normal organization under these conditions, while the periodontium of adjacent nonorthodontically treated teeth was markedly disorganized. Orthodontic stimulation of the periodontium of BAPN-treated rats may have disrupted the formation of eosinophilic cell-free areas characteristically seen in the periodontium of the experimental group. 3. The present results suggest that the typical histologic response to orthodontic force application can occur in the presence of a chemically and physically altered periodontium. The quantitative data collected infer that fiber tension on the alveolus may not be absolutely necessary to stimulate bone formation. Distortion of the alveolus related to force application may be a more important factor initiating bone response. However, the fibers of the periodontium may play a passive role in transferring orthodontic force to the alveolus."}
{"id": "PMID:285610", "title": "The Michigan School Study cephalometric norms expressed in template form.", "content": "User-calibrated cephalometric templates have been presented for boys and girls at the ages of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 years. The templates were derived by geometric triangulation from normative data published in An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. A technique for using the templates diagnostically has also been presented.", "contents": "The Michigan School Study cephalometric norms expressed in template form. User-calibrated cephalometric templates have been presented for boys and girls at the ages of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 years. The templates were derived by geometric triangulation from normative data published in An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth. A technique for using the templates diagnostically has also been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:285611", "title": "Soft-tissue change as a result of maxillary surgery. A preliminary study.", "content": "A retrospective investigation of soft-tissue changes following two types of maxillary surgical procedure (anterior alveolar segmental, LeForte I) in nineteen adult patients was undertaken. Several hard-tissue coordinates were correlated to each coordinate of eleven soft-tissue points by multivariate regression analysis. This new method was compared to a previously derived nonsurgical prediction method (Ricketts). The following results were observed: 1. For eight horizontal and vertical coordinates (Glh, Glv, Nah, Av, Nch, Ncv, Pnh, and Pnv), neither method was accurate. 2. For ten horizontal and vertical coordinates (Snh, Snv, Ah, Av, ULh, ULv, Stv, LLh, Bv, and Pogv), the mean prediction residuals for the multivariate method were significantly smaller than those for the modified nonsurgical method. 3. For three horizontal and vertical coordinates (LLv, Bh, and Pogh), there were no significant differences between the mean prediction residuals of both methods. Two additional cases were used to test the new method for general applicability. Visual examination reveals that the predictions for these cases are clinicallly acceptable. Only further testing can establish the true validity of the new method.", "contents": "Soft-tissue change as a result of maxillary surgery. A preliminary study. A retrospective investigation of soft-tissue changes following two types of maxillary surgical procedure (anterior alveolar segmental, LeForte I) in nineteen adult patients was undertaken. Several hard-tissue coordinates were correlated to each coordinate of eleven soft-tissue points by multivariate regression analysis. This new method was compared to a previously derived nonsurgical prediction method (Ricketts). The following results were observed: 1. For eight horizontal and vertical coordinates (Glh, Glv, Nah, Av, Nch, Ncv, Pnh, and Pnv), neither method was accurate. 2. For ten horizontal and vertical coordinates (Snh, Snv, Ah, Av, ULh, ULv, Stv, LLh, Bv, and Pogv), the mean prediction residuals for the multivariate method were significantly smaller than those for the modified nonsurgical method. 3. For three horizontal and vertical coordinates (LLv, Bh, and Pogh), there were no significant differences between the mean prediction residuals of both methods. Two additional cases were used to test the new method for general applicability. Visual examination reveals that the predictions for these cases are clinicallly acceptable. Only further testing can establish the true validity of the new method."}
{"id": "PMID:285613", "title": "A key to the understanding of extraoral forces.", "content": "By following certain basic principles, the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of the wide assortment of extraoral assemblies marketed are easily understood. The key to this understanding is the appreciation of the relationship of the line of action of the force application to the center of resistance of the tooth. These principles are discussed in three planes of space: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. Because of the many variables and complexity of mathematically computing the force effects of unilateral or asymmetric extraoral assemblies on molar teeth, a mechanical testing apparatus was designed to accommodate the various face-bows. Not all the designs proved effective, and many of the clinical side effects of the respective face-bow designs became manifest on mechanical testing.", "contents": "A key to the understanding of extraoral forces. By following certain basic principles, the effects, advantages, and disadvantages of the wide assortment of extraoral assemblies marketed are easily understood. The key to this understanding is the appreciation of the relationship of the line of action of the force application to the center of resistance of the tooth. These principles are discussed in three planes of space: sagittal, coronal, and transverse. Because of the many variables and complexity of mathematically computing the force effects of unilateral or asymmetric extraoral assemblies on molar teeth, a mechanical testing apparatus was designed to accommodate the various face-bows. Not all the designs proved effective, and many of the clinical side effects of the respective face-bow designs became manifest on mechanical testing."}
{"id": "PMID:285614", "title": "A comparison of four methods of predicting arch length.", "content": "1. Four arch length prediction equations (Nance, Johnston-Tanaka, Moyers, and Hixon-Oldfather) were compared by examining pretreatment casts, pretreatment intraoral radiographs, and posttreatment casts of forty-one patients of mixed-dentition age. 2. A comparison of correlation coefficients and slopes of the predicted arch length versus the actual arch lengths revealed that the Hixon-Oldfather method conformed closest to the ideal. 3. No combination of the four methods produced a more accurate equation than the single most accurate method. 4. Neither the sex of the patient nor the type of occlusion affected the prediction accuracy of any of the four equations. 5. All methods tend to overpredict the arch length size by 1 to 3 mm., with the exception of the Hixon-Oldfather equation, which underpredicted by approximately 0.5 mm. 6. An analysis of the intrainvestigator error showed a very low standard error of estimate for individual tooth measurements and for the prediction values. 7. A variance analysis showed that most of the variation was due to arch length (85%), a slight amount was due to the prediction method (8%), and 6% of the variation was due to the rater. 8. A low correlation was found between space available versus actual discrepancy and space available versus actual arch length. 9. High correlation coefficients were found for the predicted arch lengths when compared with the actual arch lengths. As expected, the correlation coefficients for the predicted widths of only the canines and premolars compared with the actual widths were not quite as high.", "contents": "A comparison of four methods of predicting arch length. 1. Four arch length prediction equations (Nance, Johnston-Tanaka, Moyers, and Hixon-Oldfather) were compared by examining pretreatment casts, pretreatment intraoral radiographs, and posttreatment casts of forty-one patients of mixed-dentition age. 2. A comparison of correlation coefficients and slopes of the predicted arch length versus the actual arch lengths revealed that the Hixon-Oldfather method conformed closest to the ideal. 3. No combination of the four methods produced a more accurate equation than the single most accurate method. 4. Neither the sex of the patient nor the type of occlusion affected the prediction accuracy of any of the four equations. 5. All methods tend to overpredict the arch length size by 1 to 3 mm., with the exception of the Hixon-Oldfather equation, which underpredicted by approximately 0.5 mm. 6. An analysis of the intrainvestigator error showed a very low standard error of estimate for individual tooth measurements and for the prediction values. 7. A variance analysis showed that most of the variation was due to arch length (85%), a slight amount was due to the prediction method (8%), and 6% of the variation was due to the rater. 8. A low correlation was found between space available versus actual discrepancy and space available versus actual arch length. 9. High correlation coefficients were found for the predicted arch lengths when compared with the actual arch lengths. As expected, the correlation coefficients for the predicted widths of only the canines and premolars compared with the actual widths were not quite as high."}
{"id": "PMID:285615", "title": "Maxillary diastema: indications for treatment.", "content": "1. In comparing characteristics associated with the presence or absence of diastema at the age of 16 years, generalized spacing was the only significant factor. 2. In the 230 children who had a diastema of 0.5 mm. or greater at age 9, there was a significant association between the diastema and the amounts of crowding or spacing at age 16. 3. A clinician must analyze the individual case in order to determine whether the diastema is to close through normal development or if there exists a likelihood of its persistence.", "contents": "Maxillary diastema: indications for treatment. 1. In comparing characteristics associated with the presence or absence of diastema at the age of 16 years, generalized spacing was the only significant factor. 2. In the 230 children who had a diastema of 0.5 mm. or greater at age 9, there was a significant association between the diastema and the amounts of crowding or spacing at age 16. 3. A clinician must analyze the individual case in order to determine whether the diastema is to close through normal development or if there exists a likelihood of its persistence."}
{"id": "PMID:285618", "title": "Adhesion of mesh-base direct-bonding brackets.", "content": "The bond strength of mesh-base and metal-base brackets to human enamel was investigated for different adhesive systems. The bond strengths were determined by means of tension, shear, and torsion tests. The data were statistically analyzed and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. An adhesive system (bracket base and adhesive) cannot be selected on the basis of one test (tension, shear, or torque) alone. The various systems generally ranked differently, depending upon the test method utilized. 2. Mesh-base brackets were more retentive than the metal-base brackets in tension, while metal-base brackets were more retentive in shear. 3. For the metal-base brackets, Bond-Eze was the most retentive material, Adaptic and Orthomite followed narrowly behind, and Genie was the least retentive. 4. For the mesh-base bracket in tension and shear, Bond-Eze, Adaptic, and Solo-Tach were the most retentive materials when used with the 60-mesh base, and Genie was the least retentive. Torsion values  were not useful because of a large number of bracket wing failures.", "contents": "Adhesion of mesh-base direct-bonding brackets. The bond strength of mesh-base and metal-base brackets to human enamel was investigated for different adhesive systems. The bond strengths were determined by means of tension, shear, and torsion tests. The data were statistically analyzed and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. An adhesive system (bracket base and adhesive) cannot be selected on the basis of one test (tension, shear, or torque) alone. The various systems generally ranked differently, depending upon the test method utilized. 2. Mesh-base brackets were more retentive than the metal-base brackets in tension, while metal-base brackets were more retentive in shear. 3. For the metal-base brackets, Bond-Eze was the most retentive material, Adaptic and Orthomite followed narrowly behind, and Genie was the least retentive. 4. For the mesh-base bracket in tension and shear, Bond-Eze, Adaptic, and Solo-Tach were the most retentive materials when used with the 60-mesh base, and Genie was the least retentive. Torsion values  were not useful because of a large number of bracket wing failures."}
{"id": "PMID:285619", "title": "Standardization for serial intraoral photography.", "content": "A recently developed system of mirror holders which makes the taking of standardized intraoral photographs less time consuming and more precise has been described. By fixing the relationship of the intraoral mirror to the camera, all that is necessary is to consistently orient the mirror to the teeth being photographed. Because the operator no longer has to position the mirror with one hand while holding the camera in the other hand, the whole operation of intraoral photography is greatly simplified. By producing serial slides of the progress of orthodontic treatment, a visual sequence of treatment can be prepared for viewing by patients, for educational purposes, and for showing at meetings and study clubs.", "contents": "Standardization for serial intraoral photography. A recently developed system of mirror holders which makes the taking of standardized intraoral photographs less time consuming and more precise has been described. By fixing the relationship of the intraoral mirror to the camera, all that is necessary is to consistently orient the mirror to the teeth being photographed. Because the operator no longer has to position the mirror with one hand while holding the camera in the other hand, the whole operation of intraoral photography is greatly simplified. By producing serial slides of the progress of orthodontic treatment, a visual sequence of treatment can be prepared for viewing by patients, for educational purposes, and for showing at meetings and study clubs."}
{"id": "PMID:285621", "title": "Developing an effective oral hygiene program for the orthodontic patient: review, rationale, and recommendations.", "content": "This article demonstrates the importance of good oral hygiene during and after orthodontic treatment. The attitude of all parties involved toward oral hygiene contributes to the dentition's future. Several means of assisting the patient to maintain good oral hygiene are discussed. It has been emphasized throughout the article that correcting malocclusions is important, but if the result of this effort is lost in a few years because of periodontal disease or caries the patient has not been helped. However, if the patient learns to practice effective plaque control, he may keep his teeth for a lifetime.", "contents": "Developing an effective oral hygiene program for the orthodontic patient: review, rationale, and recommendations. This article demonstrates the importance of good oral hygiene during and after orthodontic treatment. The attitude of all parties involved toward oral hygiene contributes to the dentition's future. Several means of assisting the patient to maintain good oral hygiene are discussed. It has been emphasized throughout the article that correcting malocclusions is important, but if the result of this effort is lost in a few years because of periodontal disease or caries the patient has not been helped. However, if the patient learns to practice effective plaque control, he may keep his teeth for a lifetime."}
{"id": "PMID:285625", "title": "[H.R.P.-J.M.V.-200. A device for the simple adoption of modern ventilation techniques with various, even old, mechanical ventilators (author's transl)].", "content": "A new constructed device (H.R.P.-I.M.V.-2000) is presented. New techniques of artificial respiration such as E.S.-I.M.V., I.D.V., I.P.P.B. + P.E.E.P. compl., C.P.A.P. ect. can now be used with different types of respirators (pressure-, pressure-flow- and volume-time cycled) even older models. No constructional modifications, are necessary. To perform these techniques manipulation of only two control elements are necessary. Additionally hand ventilation is possible without any further device by the use of the H.R.P.-Respiration-Sets. The significance of E.S.-I.M.V. compared with I.M.V. and I.D.V. has between demonstrated. E.S.-I.M.V. has proved very valuable, because a basic mandatory respiratory is combined with the possibility of a patient-triggered expiration phase. Therefore fighting against the respirator is avoided. In addition the I.M.V.-device is the universal adapter for a new developed respiratory system (H.R.P.-System 2000) for different types of respirators. These sets (including a heated humidifier) are available as disposables or reusables and guarantee optimum hygiene during artificial respiration.", "contents": "[H.R.P.-J.M.V.-200. A device for the simple adoption of modern ventilation techniques with various, even old, mechanical ventilators (author's transl)]. A new constructed device (H.R.P.-I.M.V.-2000) is presented. New techniques of artificial respiration such as E.S.-I.M.V., I.D.V., I.P.P.B. + P.E.E.P. compl., C.P.A.P. ect. can now be used with different types of respirators (pressure-, pressure-flow- and volume-time cycled) even older models. No constructional modifications, are necessary. To perform these techniques manipulation of only two control elements are necessary. Additionally hand ventilation is possible without any further device by the use of the H.R.P.-Respiration-Sets. The significance of E.S.-I.M.V. compared with I.M.V. and I.D.V. has between demonstrated. E.S.-I.M.V. has proved very valuable, because a basic mandatory respiratory is combined with the possibility of a patient-triggered expiration phase. Therefore fighting against the respirator is avoided. In addition the I.M.V.-device is the universal adapter for a new developed respiratory system (H.R.P.-System 2000) for different types of respirators. These sets (including a heated humidifier) are available as disposables or reusables and guarantee optimum hygiene during artificial respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:285626", "title": "Induction of general anesthesia with diazepam or thiopental: a comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects.", "content": "Detailed cardiorespiratory studies were performed in 10 volunteers in whom general anesthesia was induced with thiopental 3 mg/kg and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg.Minimal changes in blood pressure were noted with both agents. Depression of total peripheral resistance lasted in excess of 20 minutes with diazepam but had returned to control levels with thiopental, elevations in cardiac rate and output were most evident and lasted longer with diazepam. In the healthy volunteer induction of anesthesia with diazepam causes alterations in cardiovascular parameters which are more profound than with thiopental. The data presented is in contrast to that obtained when patients with cariovascular disease are studied.With diazepam, considerable individual variation and long recovery times were confirmed.Following extensive clinical use, a detailed study demonstrated minimal cardiovascular depression following intravenous induction of sedation with diazepam, in patients who had prior cardiovascular disease. Subsequent studies suggested that diazepam would be a more suitable alternative for induction of general anesthesia in patients with cardiovascular disease. This was confirmed by Ikram and Rubin. It has been used extensively for sedative techniques in dentistry, and therefore it was logical to extend this concept to the induction of general anesthesia by intravenous diazepam. It was decided to evaluate the use of intravenous diazepam for induction of general anesthesia and to compare the detailed cardiovascular and respiratory effects of this drug with thiopental.", "contents": "Induction of general anesthesia with diazepam or thiopental: a comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects. Detailed cardiorespiratory studies were performed in 10 volunteers in whom general anesthesia was induced with thiopental 3 mg/kg and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg.Minimal changes in blood pressure were noted with both agents. Depression of total peripheral resistance lasted in excess of 20 minutes with diazepam but had returned to control levels with thiopental, elevations in cardiac rate and output were most evident and lasted longer with diazepam. In the healthy volunteer induction of anesthesia with diazepam causes alterations in cardiovascular parameters which are more profound than with thiopental. The data presented is in contrast to that obtained when patients with cariovascular disease are studied.With diazepam, considerable individual variation and long recovery times were confirmed.Following extensive clinical use, a detailed study demonstrated minimal cardiovascular depression following intravenous induction of sedation with diazepam, in patients who had prior cardiovascular disease. Subsequent studies suggested that diazepam would be a more suitable alternative for induction of general anesthesia in patients with cardiovascular disease. This was confirmed by Ikram and Rubin. It has been used extensively for sedative techniques in dentistry, and therefore it was logical to extend this concept to the induction of general anesthesia by intravenous diazepam. It was decided to evaluate the use of intravenous diazepam for induction of general anesthesia and to compare the detailed cardiovascular and respiratory effects of this drug with thiopental."}
{"id": "PMID:285635", "title": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in acute leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in serum and urine was appreciated in 184 cases of acute leukemia. The levels were decreased in the lymphoblastic, mainly of the non B-non T type, and undifferenciated varieties, markedly raised in the monoblastic and myelo-monocytic varieties, while in the myeloblastic ones they were found normal, decreased or slightly increased, and, on the average, significantly higher in the well differenciated than in the poorly differenciated types. For a given cytological type, the level of lysozyme is not correlated with the frequency of the induction of complete remission. However, in the acute myeloblastic leukemia, a significantly higher frequency of infection during or after the induction treatment was observed in the cases presenting initially without a raised serum lysozyme level.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in acute leukemia (author's transl)]. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the assay of lysozyme in serum and urine was appreciated in 184 cases of acute leukemia. The levels were decreased in the lymphoblastic, mainly of the non B-non T type, and undifferenciated varieties, markedly raised in the monoblastic and myelo-monocytic varieties, while in the myeloblastic ones they were found normal, decreased or slightly increased, and, on the average, significantly higher in the well differenciated than in the poorly differenciated types. For a given cytological type, the level of lysozyme is not correlated with the frequency of the induction of complete remission. However, in the acute myeloblastic leukemia, a significantly higher frequency of infection during or after the induction treatment was observed in the cases presenting initially without a raised serum lysozyme level."}
{"id": "PMID:285636", "title": "[Osteogenic cranial sarcoma in Paget's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Sarcomatous changes in Paget's disease are known to occur, but cranial localization with invasion of cerebral parenchyma is rarely seen. A case is reported of osteogenic sarcoma occurring during Paget's disease, which was diagnosed from neurological signs, and on which a complete anatomical study was made.", "contents": "[Osteogenic cranial sarcoma in Paget's disease (author's transl)]. Sarcomatous changes in Paget's disease are known to occur, but cranial localization with invasion of cerebral parenchyma is rarely seen. A case is reported of osteogenic sarcoma occurring during Paget's disease, which was diagnosed from neurological signs, and on which a complete anatomical study was made."}
{"id": "PMID:285644", "title": "The study of phagocytic activity of granulocytes during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The phagocytic function of granulocytes from peripheral blood of 14 children with ALL before and during therapy was studied. The children were treated according Pinkel's Protocol VIII. Peripheral blood granulocytes were evaluated for their phagocytic activity by tube phagocytosis test with Staphylococcus aureus. The transient decrease of phagocytic activity after cranial irradiation was noted. This impairment was coupled with increased incidence of infections.", "contents": "The study of phagocytic activity of granulocytes during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The phagocytic function of granulocytes from peripheral blood of 14 children with ALL before and during therapy was studied. The children were treated according Pinkel's Protocol VIII. Peripheral blood granulocytes were evaluated for their phagocytic activity by tube phagocytosis test with Staphylococcus aureus. The transient decrease of phagocytic activity after cranial irradiation was noted. This impairment was coupled with increased incidence of infections."}
{"id": "PMID:285665", "title": "Eye injuries and the dentist.", "content": "The risk of damage to the eyes of the patient, the dentist and his assistant should be recognized. Protection can be achieved by the wearing of specially designed spectacles using CR 39 plastic tinted lenses. Contact lenses should be removed by patients who are to undergo general anaesthesia.", "contents": "Eye injuries and the dentist. The risk of damage to the eyes of the patient, the dentist and his assistant should be recognized. Protection can be achieved by the wearing of specially designed spectacles using CR 39 plastic tinted lenses. Contact lenses should be removed by patients who are to undergo general anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:285666", "title": "Surgical access: the access-line concept.", "content": "Adequacy of surgical access is determined by the position of the access line and not by the size of the flap as commonly believed. The case for small flaps in surgery is strongly argued for.", "contents": "Surgical access: the access-line concept. Adequacy of surgical access is determined by the position of the access line and not by the size of the flap as commonly believed. The case for small flaps in surgery is strongly argued for."}
{"id": "PMID:285668", "title": "Ten years of fluoridation in Perth, Western Australia.", "content": "The caries experience of children aged six, eight, and ten years, examined in Perth after ten years of fluoridation was less than half that of children examined before fluoridation. In a concurrent survey, the caries experience of children examined in two unfluoridated towns was double that of the Perth children.", "contents": "Ten years of fluoridation in Perth, Western Australia. The caries experience of children aged six, eight, and ten years, examined in Perth after ten years of fluoridation was less than half that of children examined before fluoridation. In a concurrent survey, the caries experience of children examined in two unfluoridated towns was double that of the Perth children."}
{"id": "PMID:285670", "title": "Analysis of the effects of treatment on some reflexes of human jaw elevator muscles.", "content": "Electromyographic analysis was carried out prior to occlusal equilibration for patients who had some form of TMJ dysfunction and again after treatment. The results were compared with similar analyses for patients without any symptoms of dysfunction (controls) and for patients who had been wearing some kind of occlusal appliance as treatment for dysfunction. The parameters measured were the period of minimal activity (inactive phase of jaw elevators sometimes referred to as the inactive phase), the duration of muscle contraction before tooth contact (DMC), the period of muscle activity after tooth contact (latency), the inhibitory response, and the duration of the clench phase of the temporal and masseter muscles. In general the pathological series had longer cycles, longer DMC, longer clench phases and less significant correlation coefficients than the controls. The results indicated a dominance of the closing muscles in the pathological groups over the other parameters of the cycle during metronome monitoring. Also, the controls and the POST equilibration group yielded readily to cortical command. The parameters of the cycle in the POST-equilibration group were facilitated as compared to the other groups.", "contents": "Analysis of the effects of treatment on some reflexes of human jaw elevator muscles. Electromyographic analysis was carried out prior to occlusal equilibration for patients who had some form of TMJ dysfunction and again after treatment. The results were compared with similar analyses for patients without any symptoms of dysfunction (controls) and for patients who had been wearing some kind of occlusal appliance as treatment for dysfunction. The parameters measured were the period of minimal activity (inactive phase of jaw elevators sometimes referred to as the inactive phase), the duration of muscle contraction before tooth contact (DMC), the period of muscle activity after tooth contact (latency), the inhibitory response, and the duration of the clench phase of the temporal and masseter muscles. In general the pathological series had longer cycles, longer DMC, longer clench phases and less significant correlation coefficients than the controls. The results indicated a dominance of the closing muscles in the pathological groups over the other parameters of the cycle during metronome monitoring. Also, the controls and the POST equilibration group yielded readily to cortical command. The parameters of the cycle in the POST-equilibration group were facilitated as compared to the other groups."}
{"id": "PMID:285671", "title": "The effect of aluminium on the metallography of a nickel base removable partial denture casting alloy.", "content": "Three special nickel-chromium alloys were prepared in which the aluminum levels were adjusted both above and below that of a commercial nickel base dental casting alloy. Tensile and metallographic evaluation of representative samples of the alloys were made and the changes in the properties of the alloys are reported.", "contents": "The effect of aluminium on the metallography of a nickel base removable partial denture casting alloy. Three special nickel-chromium alloys were prepared in which the aluminum levels were adjusted both above and below that of a commercial nickel base dental casting alloy. Tensile and metallographic evaluation of representative samples of the alloys were made and the changes in the properties of the alloys are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:285672", "title": "Hypnotherapy in the treatment of oro-facial pain.", "content": "A continuing study at the Oro-Facial Pain Clinic. The Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne has demonstrated that hypnotherapy is a useful tool in the management of previously resistant, chronic facial pain disorders, discomfort conditions and dental phobic illness.", "contents": "Hypnotherapy in the treatment of oro-facial pain. A continuing study at the Oro-Facial Pain Clinic. The Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne has demonstrated that hypnotherapy is a useful tool in the management of previously resistant, chronic facial pain disorders, discomfort conditions and dental phobic illness."}
{"id": "PMID:285680", "title": "Intermittent atrioventricular block: procainamide administration as a provocative test.", "content": "Twelve patients with clinical features suggesting possible intermittent high degree atrioventricular block were studied. All 12 patients had basic 1:1 atrioventricular conduction but nine had an electrocardiographic pattern of bifascicular distal conduction disease (right bundle branch block with left anterior or posterior hemiblock, or left bundle branch block). Intracardiac conduction was assessed by recording of the His bundle electrocardiogram and atrial pacing techniques, before and 20 minutes after intravenous administration of procainamide, in a dose of up to 10 mg/kg. Before procainamide administration, seven of the 12 patients had a prolonged H-V interval (greater than 55 ms). Procainamide administration lengthened the H-V interval in all 12 patients by 5--40 ms. In five patients, procainamide induced second or third degree AV block below the level of the bundle of His. It was concluded that the administration of procainamide may be a useful provocative test of distal conduction in patients with possible intermittent AV block.", "contents": "Intermittent atrioventricular block: procainamide administration as a provocative test. Twelve patients with clinical features suggesting possible intermittent high degree atrioventricular block were studied. All 12 patients had basic 1:1 atrioventricular conduction but nine had an electrocardiographic pattern of bifascicular distal conduction disease (right bundle branch block with left anterior or posterior hemiblock, or left bundle branch block). Intracardiac conduction was assessed by recording of the His bundle electrocardiogram and atrial pacing techniques, before and 20 minutes after intravenous administration of procainamide, in a dose of up to 10 mg/kg. Before procainamide administration, seven of the 12 patients had a prolonged H-V interval (greater than 55 ms). Procainamide administration lengthened the H-V interval in all 12 patients by 5--40 ms. In five patients, procainamide induced second or third degree AV block below the level of the bundle of His. It was concluded that the administration of procainamide may be a useful provocative test of distal conduction in patients with possible intermittent AV block."}
{"id": "PMID:285682", "title": "Ultrasound tomography of the liver: Non-invasive method of choice for the differential diagnosis of jaundice.", "content": "Grey-scale ultrasound tomography was used to examine the liver and biliary tree of 100 consecutive unselected jaundiced patients in a prospective study. It was successful in differentiating between hepato-cellular and obstructive jaundice in 94%. It precisely localised the site of obstruction in 75% of those patients with enlargement of the head of the pancreas from either carcinoma or gall-stones impacted in the Ampulla of Vater. This figure was reduced to 60% when all cases of obstruction were considered. Cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis were found to be associated with an abnormal pattern of echoes within the liver. These echoes were stronger and more numerous than normal. This association was not apparent with drug-induced cholestasis or acute viral hepatitis. Grey-scale ultrasound tomography is quick, safe and completely non-invasive. It should be the initial investigation of choice in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. When precise localisation of an obstruction is not possible after a repeat attempt, then percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography should be considered.", "contents": "Ultrasound tomography of the liver: Non-invasive method of choice for the differential diagnosis of jaundice. Grey-scale ultrasound tomography was used to examine the liver and biliary tree of 100 consecutive unselected jaundiced patients in a prospective study. It was successful in differentiating between hepato-cellular and obstructive jaundice in 94%. It precisely localised the site of obstruction in 75% of those patients with enlargement of the head of the pancreas from either carcinoma or gall-stones impacted in the Ampulla of Vater. This figure was reduced to 60% when all cases of obstruction were considered. Cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis were found to be associated with an abnormal pattern of echoes within the liver. These echoes were stronger and more numerous than normal. This association was not apparent with drug-induced cholestasis or acute viral hepatitis. Grey-scale ultrasound tomography is quick, safe and completely non-invasive. It should be the initial investigation of choice in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. When precise localisation of an obstruction is not possible after a repeat attempt, then percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:285683", "title": "Some observations on the immunological status in scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis).", "content": "A variety of tests were performed to determine the immune status of a group of patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). Sera of 11 of 35 patients showed autoantibodies by an immunofluorescent technique. There was no significant difference between the C3 and C4 components of complement in 12 patients tested and laboratory controls. IgM levels were raised in 24 of 34 sera. Four of ten patients showed some deficiency of phagocytic function in the leucocyte iodination test. B cell and T cell numbers were normal in the eight patients tested. Reactivity to mitogens was usually normal in ten patients tested with a deficient response to one of the three mitogens in two patients. In skin reactivity tests in 23 patients, only one was anergic to all of the four antigens tested. It is concluded that although some immune abnormalities are common in scleroderma there is no consistent abnormality in any of the tests used. This does not exclude the possibility that immune factors may be involved in systemic manifestations of the disease, or that there may be some subtle specific abnormality not revealed by the tests performed.", "contents": "Some observations on the immunological status in scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). A variety of tests were performed to determine the immune status of a group of patients with scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). Sera of 11 of 35 patients showed autoantibodies by an immunofluorescent technique. There was no significant difference between the C3 and C4 components of complement in 12 patients tested and laboratory controls. IgM levels were raised in 24 of 34 sera. Four of ten patients showed some deficiency of phagocytic function in the leucocyte iodination test. B cell and T cell numbers were normal in the eight patients tested. Reactivity to mitogens was usually normal in ten patients tested with a deficient response to one of the three mitogens in two patients. In skin reactivity tests in 23 patients, only one was anergic to all of the four antigens tested. It is concluded that although some immune abnormalities are common in scleroderma there is no consistent abnormality in any of the tests used. This does not exclude the possibility that immune factors may be involved in systemic manifestations of the disease, or that there may be some subtle specific abnormality not revealed by the tests performed."}
{"id": "PMID:285684", "title": "Progesterone and oestrogen receptors in human breast cancer.", "content": "Receptors for progesterone were found in 27% of 98 human breast tumours, and for oestrogen in 57% of 191 tumours. With one exception, progesterone receptors were found only in tumours which also contained oestrogen receptors. Levels of oestrogen receptor in positive tumours rose significantly with patient age whereas progesterone receptors were unchanged. Progesterone receptor levels were lower in lymph node metastases than in primary tumours, and oestrogen receptor levels were lower in large tumours (greater than 5 cm diameter) compared to small lesions. Receptor levels were not significantly correlated with circulating concentrations of either oestrogen or prolactin. The implications of receptor measurements in assessing hormone responsiveness of breast tumours are discussed.", "contents": "Progesterone and oestrogen receptors in human breast cancer. Receptors for progesterone were found in 27% of 98 human breast tumours, and for oestrogen in 57% of 191 tumours. With one exception, progesterone receptors were found only in tumours which also contained oestrogen receptors. Levels of oestrogen receptor in positive tumours rose significantly with patient age whereas progesterone receptors were unchanged. Progesterone receptor levels were lower in lymph node metastases than in primary tumours, and oestrogen receptor levels were lower in large tumours (greater than 5 cm diameter) compared to small lesions. Receptor levels were not significantly correlated with circulating concentrations of either oestrogen or prolactin. The implications of receptor measurements in assessing hormone responsiveness of breast tumours are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285685", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes and pyridoxal.", "content": "Serum pyridoxal concentrations were estimated in 13 patients who had both diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome. The clinical features and response to treatment in these patients did not differ from that seen in non-diabetic patients with this syndrome. No significant difference in mean serum pyridoxal concentrations was noted between diabetics with carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetics without neuropathy, and normal subjects. These results indicate that carpal tunnel syndrome in diabetics is distinct from polyneuropathy in that it is not associated with a reduction in serum pyridoxal levels which is a feature of diabetic polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes and pyridoxal. Serum pyridoxal concentrations were estimated in 13 patients who had both diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome. The clinical features and response to treatment in these patients did not differ from that seen in non-diabetic patients with this syndrome. No significant difference in mean serum pyridoxal concentrations was noted between diabetics with carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetics without neuropathy, and normal subjects. These results indicate that carpal tunnel syndrome in diabetics is distinct from polyneuropathy in that it is not associated with a reduction in serum pyridoxal levels which is a feature of diabetic polyneuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:285686", "title": "Migraine attacks and increased platelet aggregability induced by oral contraceptives.", "content": "A case where common and complicated migraine attacks appeared during the course of oral contraception is reported. The attacks of complicated migraine also continued to appear after the contraceptives were stopped. Increased platelet aggregability was found at the time when the complicated migraine attacks were frequent and, therefore, treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin was given. At the time when a gradual reduction of the platelet aggregability was observed, a decrease in the frequency, and eventual disappearance of the complicated migraine attacks was simultaneously seen. Causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and complicated migraine attacks is suggested.", "contents": "Migraine attacks and increased platelet aggregability induced by oral contraceptives. A case where common and complicated migraine attacks appeared during the course of oral contraception is reported. The attacks of complicated migraine also continued to appear after the contraceptives were stopped. Increased platelet aggregability was found at the time when the complicated migraine attacks were frequent and, therefore, treatment with dipyridamole and aspirin was given. At the time when a gradual reduction of the platelet aggregability was observed, a decrease in the frequency, and eventual disappearance of the complicated migraine attacks was simultaneously seen. Causal relationship between increased platelet aggregability and complicated migraine attacks is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:285687", "title": "Surgical division of an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region following ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "A young man presented with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Electrophysiological study demonstrated an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region. This was sectioned to prevent recurrence of his arrhythmia. Post-operative electrophysiological study demonstrated that the surgical section was successful.", "contents": "Surgical division of an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region following ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A young man presented with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation. Electrophysiological study demonstrated an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region. This was sectioned to prevent recurrence of his arrhythmia. Post-operative electrophysiological study demonstrated that the surgical section was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:285688", "title": "The association of chronic active hepatitis with pyoderma gangrenosum.", "content": "This report deals with a 25-year-old man with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis who developed the rare complication of pyoderma gangrenosum which improved rapidly following the commencement of prednisolone.", "contents": "The association of chronic active hepatitis with pyoderma gangrenosum. This report deals with a 25-year-old man with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis who developed the rare complication of pyoderma gangrenosum which improved rapidly following the commencement of prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:285693", "title": "The non-operative management of gallstones.", "content": "During the last decade the non-surgical management of gallbladder stones has become possible. Oral chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and more recently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), have proved to be safe and effective. For the treatment of bile duct stones, various methods including flushing, chemical dissolution and mechanical procedures are now available. A combination of these techniques can be used in a logical sequence and should enable the successful treatment of most patients with bile ducts stones.", "contents": "The non-operative management of gallstones. During the last decade the non-surgical management of gallbladder stones has become possible. Oral chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and more recently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), have proved to be safe and effective. For the treatment of bile duct stones, various methods including flushing, chemical dissolution and mechanical procedures are now available. A combination of these techniques can be used in a logical sequence and should enable the successful treatment of most patients with bile ducts stones."}
{"id": "PMID:285694", "title": "Planning for better standards in the care of the neurological sequelae of trauma.", "content": "Injuries of the nervous system are common, and cause many deaths and much permanent disability. They inflict an enormous financial burden on the national economy; in Australia, adequate data are at present lacking, but a simple extrapolation from Canadian statistic suggests an estimate of more than $500,000,000 annually for the injuries resulting from road traffic accidents alone; if other causes of injury are included, the figure may reach one billion dollars. The neurosurgeon is specifically trained to undertake the management of all forms of neurological trauma; however, in Australia, and in many other countries, only a small minority of such injuries receive neurosurgical care. This is chiefly because the number of neurosurgeons at present available is small in relation to the tasks. Many cases must therefore be in the care of general or orthopaedic surgeons, especially in country centres, and it is important that these surgeons should have some basic neurosurgical training. The Neurosurgical Society of Australasia wishes to formulate a programme to ensure that opportunities for such training are available throughout Australia. This programme should also embody a national plan for research into the treatment and prevention of neurological trauma.", "contents": "Planning for better standards in the care of the neurological sequelae of trauma. Injuries of the nervous system are common, and cause many deaths and much permanent disability. They inflict an enormous financial burden on the national economy; in Australia, adequate data are at present lacking, but a simple extrapolation from Canadian statistic suggests an estimate of more than $500,000,000 annually for the injuries resulting from road traffic accidents alone; if other causes of injury are included, the figure may reach one billion dollars. The neurosurgeon is specifically trained to undertake the management of all forms of neurological trauma; however, in Australia, and in many other countries, only a small minority of such injuries receive neurosurgical care. This is chiefly because the number of neurosurgeons at present available is small in relation to the tasks. Many cases must therefore be in the care of general or orthopaedic surgeons, especially in country centres, and it is important that these surgeons should have some basic neurosurgical training. The Neurosurgical Society of Australasia wishes to formulate a programme to ensure that opportunities for such training are available throughout Australia. This programme should also embody a national plan for research into the treatment and prevention of neurological trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:285695", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the biliary tract.", "content": "An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with presumed functional disorders of the biliary tract (biliary dyskinesia) is described. The current diagnostic criteria are pain compatible with biliary pain in the absence of gallstones and other organic gastrointestinal disease, or other disorders which might produce abdominal pain, together with reproduction of the patient's symptoms by cholecystokinin, or morphine, or both. Other diagnostic methods are described together with their limitations. The results of operation in 38 of 45 patients seen in this Unit during the past six years are presented. The results were poor in 20% of patients, but two-thirds of the group have had good results in the short term.", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the biliary tract. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with presumed functional disorders of the biliary tract (biliary dyskinesia) is described. The current diagnostic criteria are pain compatible with biliary pain in the absence of gallstones and other organic gastrointestinal disease, or other disorders which might produce abdominal pain, together with reproduction of the patient's symptoms by cholecystokinin, or morphine, or both. Other diagnostic methods are described together with their limitations. The results of operation in 38 of 45 patients seen in this Unit during the past six years are presented. The results were poor in 20% of patients, but two-thirds of the group have had good results in the short term."}
{"id": "PMID:285696", "title": "Operative liver biopsy abnormalities in patients with functional disorders of the biliary tract.", "content": "The group of conditions variously termed biliary dyskinesia, acalculous cholecystitis, biliary pain without stones, or functional disorders of the biliary tract, is poorly defined clinically, and no consistent pathological abnormalities have been previously described in patients with this diagnosis. In this paper we report histological abnormalities encountered in operative live biopsies in such patients. The criteria for the diagnosis of a functional biliary tract disorders were: pain typical of biliary pain, negative results of investigations for organic biliary tract or other gastrointestinal disease, and reproduction of the patient's symptoms by cholecystokinin, or morphine, or both. Twenty of 45 patients with a presumptive diagnosis satisfied these criteria, and had a wedge liver biopsy at the time of operation. The 20 liver biopsy specimens were compared in a blind fashion with similar ones taken from patients having diagnostic laparotomies; patients with stones confined to the gallbladder; patients with gallstone pancreatitis; and patients with proven common bile duct stones. The biopsy findings were found to be similar to those in the latter two groups. Thus the abnormalities were similar to those found in partial or intermittent biliary obstruction, and it is suggested that they may be due to intermittent increases in biliary pressure.", "contents": "Operative liver biopsy abnormalities in patients with functional disorders of the biliary tract. The group of conditions variously termed biliary dyskinesia, acalculous cholecystitis, biliary pain without stones, or functional disorders of the biliary tract, is poorly defined clinically, and no consistent pathological abnormalities have been previously described in patients with this diagnosis. In this paper we report histological abnormalities encountered in operative live biopsies in such patients. The criteria for the diagnosis of a functional biliary tract disorders were: pain typical of biliary pain, negative results of investigations for organic biliary tract or other gastrointestinal disease, and reproduction of the patient's symptoms by cholecystokinin, or morphine, or both. Twenty of 45 patients with a presumptive diagnosis satisfied these criteria, and had a wedge liver biopsy at the time of operation. The 20 liver biopsy specimens were compared in a blind fashion with similar ones taken from patients having diagnostic laparotomies; patients with stones confined to the gallbladder; patients with gallstone pancreatitis; and patients with proven common bile duct stones. The biopsy findings were found to be similar to those in the latter two groups. Thus the abnormalities were similar to those found in partial or intermittent biliary obstruction, and it is suggested that they may be due to intermittent increases in biliary pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:285697", "title": "Recurrent biliary calculi due to non-absorbable cystic duct ligatures.", "content": "A non-absorbable cystic duct ligature may migrate into the common bile duct and act as a nidus for recurrent stone formation. Four case histories are presented and the problem is discussed. This sequel may be prevented by the use of absorbable sutures to ligate the cystic duct, thereby reducing the number of patients facing the hazards of recurrent biliary surgery.", "contents": "Recurrent biliary calculi due to non-absorbable cystic duct ligatures. A non-absorbable cystic duct ligature may migrate into the common bile duct and act as a nidus for recurrent stone formation. Four case histories are presented and the problem is discussed. This sequel may be prevented by the use of absorbable sutures to ligate the cystic duct, thereby reducing the number of patients facing the hazards of recurrent biliary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:285698", "title": "Choledochal cyst: a review of seven cases from Auckland.", "content": "This is a short review of the operative experience during the last decade with seven patients who presented with a choledochal cyst. A choledochal cyst is reported for the first time in a Polynesian. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed, with particular attention to operative management, which was found to carry a 10% mortality.", "contents": "Choledochal cyst: a review of seven cases from Auckland. This is a short review of the operative experience during the last decade with seven patients who presented with a choledochal cyst. A choledochal cyst is reported for the first time in a Polynesian. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed, with particular attention to operative management, which was found to carry a 10% mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:285699", "title": "Posttraumatic vascular malformations of the orbit.", "content": "The close association of the external and internal carotid circulations in the orbital cavity is well recognized. Two cases are presented in which local trauma to the orbit apparently resulted in the formation of an arteriovenous fistula. These lesions progressively expanded, producing classical features of proptosis, chemosis, and bruit. The investigation by selective angiograms and the surgical management of these malformations are discussed. A further case is presented in which an early lesion was noted in angiography after a head injury, with subsequent disappearance of the lesion some weeks later.", "contents": "Posttraumatic vascular malformations of the orbit. The close association of the external and internal carotid circulations in the orbital cavity is well recognized. Two cases are presented in which local trauma to the orbit apparently resulted in the formation of an arteriovenous fistula. These lesions progressively expanded, producing classical features of proptosis, chemosis, and bruit. The investigation by selective angiograms and the surgical management of these malformations are discussed. A further case is presented in which an early lesion was noted in angiography after a head injury, with subsequent disappearance of the lesion some weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:285700", "title": "Supraclavicular traction injuries of the brachial plexus.", "content": "Thirty supraclavicular traction injuries of the brachial plexus are reported. Young motor cyclists are frequently involved. Recovery is slow and often incomplete. Myelography remains the most useful investigation for prognostic purposes. The management of intractable pain is discussed. An early assessment of prognosis is an important fact in planning and supervising the long-term management of these patients.", "contents": "Supraclavicular traction injuries of the brachial plexus. Thirty supraclavicular traction injuries of the brachial plexus are reported. Young motor cyclists are frequently involved. Recovery is slow and often incomplete. Myelography remains the most useful investigation for prognostic purposes. The management of intractable pain is discussed. An early assessment of prognosis is an important fact in planning and supervising the long-term management of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:285701", "title": "Traumatic haemobilia treated by hepatic artery ligation.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman developed haemobilia following suture of an apparently superficial liver injury. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical features, duodenoscopy, and liver function test. Selective hepatic angiography and liver scintiscan demonstrated a cavity in the right lobe on the liver, with the bleeding arising from a branch of the right hepatic artery. She was treated by cholescystectomy, exploration of the common bile duct with removal of clots, and ligation of the right hepatic artery. Subsequent T tube cholangiography and liver scintiscans demonstrated complete resolution of the cavity, and there was no further bleeding. Experience with this patient suggests that contrary to previous recommendations, haemobilia associated with an intrahepatic cavity may be successfully treated by hepatic artery ligation.", "contents": "Traumatic haemobilia treated by hepatic artery ligation. A 22-year-old woman developed haemobilia following suture of an apparently superficial liver injury. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical features, duodenoscopy, and liver function test. Selective hepatic angiography and liver scintiscan demonstrated a cavity in the right lobe on the liver, with the bleeding arising from a branch of the right hepatic artery. She was treated by cholescystectomy, exploration of the common bile duct with removal of clots, and ligation of the right hepatic artery. Subsequent T tube cholangiography and liver scintiscans demonstrated complete resolution of the cavity, and there was no further bleeding. Experience with this patient suggests that contrary to previous recommendations, haemobilia associated with an intrahepatic cavity may be successfully treated by hepatic artery ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:285702", "title": "Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct: report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported of spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in a 59-year-old woman. Recurrent episodes of epigastric and right hypochondriac pain over one year culminated in the onset of obstructive jaundice. There were not signs of peritonitis, and laparotomy revealed an abscess surrounding a perforation in the common bile duct just distal to the cystic duct. A cholesterol gallstone was present at the site of perforation. A paracolon bacterium, providence alcalifaciens, was isolated from the abscess. The patient made an uncomplicated recovery after cholecystectomy and drainage of the bile duct.", "contents": "Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct: report of a case. A case is reported of spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in a 59-year-old woman. Recurrent episodes of epigastric and right hypochondriac pain over one year culminated in the onset of obstructive jaundice. There were not signs of peritonitis, and laparotomy revealed an abscess surrounding a perforation in the common bile duct just distal to the cystic duct. A cholesterol gallstone was present at the site of perforation. A paracolon bacterium, providence alcalifaciens, was isolated from the abscess. The patient made an uncomplicated recovery after cholecystectomy and drainage of the bile duct."}
{"id": "PMID:285703", "title": "Bronchobiliary fistula due to hydatid disease: a case report.", "content": "A case of bronchobiliary fistula due to transdiaphragmatic rupture of hepatic echinococcal cyst is described. The importance of excluding associated extrahepatic biliary obstruction is emphasized. Successful treatment involves relief of this obstruction as well as management of both the pleural space and pulmonary complications.", "contents": "Bronchobiliary fistula due to hydatid disease: a case report. A case of bronchobiliary fistula due to transdiaphragmatic rupture of hepatic echinococcal cyst is described. The importance of excluding associated extrahepatic biliary obstruction is emphasized. Successful treatment involves relief of this obstruction as well as management of both the pleural space and pulmonary complications."}
{"id": "PMID:285704", "title": "Avulsion of the ampulla of Vater: an isolated injury following blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A case of avulsion of the ampulla of Vater from the duodenum due to blunt trauma is presented. In patients in whom leakage is confined to the extra peritoneal tissues, the condition can be insidious, making diagnosis difficult.", "contents": "Avulsion of the ampulla of Vater: an isolated injury following blunt abdominal trauma. A case of avulsion of the ampulla of Vater from the duodenum due to blunt trauma is presented. In patients in whom leakage is confined to the extra peritoneal tissues, the condition can be insidious, making diagnosis difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:285706", "title": "Instrumental removal of retained stones after choledochotomy.", "content": "Despite the widespread use of operative cholangiography and choledoschoscopy, stones are still left behind after exploration of the common bile duct. Reoperation is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. The use of a steerable catheter-basket technique has enabled stones to be removed from the biliary tract in the vast majority of cases without significant complications and has practically eliminated the need for further surgery.", "contents": "Instrumental removal of retained stones after choledochotomy. Despite the widespread use of operative cholangiography and choledoschoscopy, stones are still left behind after exploration of the common bile duct. Reoperation is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. The use of a steerable catheter-basket technique has enabled stones to be removed from the biliary tract in the vast majority of cases without significant complications and has practically eliminated the need for further surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:285707", "title": "Some specific anatomical features of the atlas and axis: dens, epitransverse process and articular facets.", "content": "Metrical and morphological findings, based on 107 human vertebral columns, related to the variations of the dens are given, and differences in the depth of the superior articular facets of the atlas and specific pertinent details related to the os odontoideum and epitransverse process are also provided and their possible clinical relevance indicated. Findings reveal considerable variation in the height of the dens (11 to 18 mm), but remarkably little in its anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the root. The use of the term \"hypoplasia\" with reference to the dens is discussed, and a need for more rigid criterian in the use of this term stressed. It is also suggested that there may be sufficient radiological evidence in a lateral radiography to lead one to suspect the presence of an os odontoideum or a separate dens caused by trauma in the distant past.", "contents": "Some specific anatomical features of the atlas and axis: dens, epitransverse process and articular facets. Metrical and morphological findings, based on 107 human vertebral columns, related to the variations of the dens are given, and differences in the depth of the superior articular facets of the atlas and specific pertinent details related to the os odontoideum and epitransverse process are also provided and their possible clinical relevance indicated. Findings reveal considerable variation in the height of the dens (11 to 18 mm), but remarkably little in its anteroposterior and transverse diameters at the root. The use of the term \"hypoplasia\" with reference to the dens is discussed, and a need for more rigid criterian in the use of this term stressed. It is also suggested that there may be sufficient radiological evidence in a lateral radiography to lead one to suspect the presence of an os odontoideum or a separate dens caused by trauma in the distant past."}
{"id": "PMID:285708", "title": "The effect of insulin and hydrocortisone on the isolated rat liver.", "content": "Isolated rat livers were perfused at 35 degrees C with bovine serum albumin (40 g/l) in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer, or with the same solution containing insulin (0.22 x 10(-6) mol/l), hydrocortisone (0.068 x 10(-3) mol/l), or both hormones together. Observations on the synthesis of bile and on perfusate levels of potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and glucose showed that the presence of insulin and/or hydrocortisone had no beneficial effect on the perfused rat liver in vitro. There is little justification of the isolated liver.", "contents": "The effect of insulin and hydrocortisone on the isolated rat liver. Isolated rat livers were perfused at 35 degrees C with bovine serum albumin (40 g/l) in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer, or with the same solution containing insulin (0.22 x 10(-6) mol/l), hydrocortisone (0.068 x 10(-3) mol/l), or both hormones together. Observations on the synthesis of bile and on perfusate levels of potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and glucose showed that the presence of insulin and/or hydrocortisone had no beneficial effect on the perfused rat liver in vitro. There is little justification of the isolated liver."}
{"id": "PMID:285709", "title": "The experimental assessment of techniques of measuring biliary pressure.", "content": "A variety of different methods have been used for the measurement of pressures during operations on the biliary tract. However, there are few data on the experimental evaluation of the methods, and there has been no controlled comparative evaluation of the most commonly used techniques. In these experiments, we have compared the manometric technique of Caroli, the syringe barrel method of Daniel and White et alii, and the constant infusion apparatus of Cushieri. The experiments were performed in pigs because of the similarity of their biliary tract to that of man. Resting and opening pressures were recorded, and flow into the duodenum via the ampulla was measured simultaneously. The manometric and syringe barrel techniques gave highly reproducible measurements of resting and opening pressure, and valid measurements of opening pressure. The constant infusion apparatus gave reproducible measurements of resting pressure, but did not measure opening pressure. The manometric technique was shown to measure changes in the resistance of the choledochoduodenal junction in response to morphine and atropine.", "contents": "The experimental assessment of techniques of measuring biliary pressure. A variety of different methods have been used for the measurement of pressures during operations on the biliary tract. However, there are few data on the experimental evaluation of the methods, and there has been no controlled comparative evaluation of the most commonly used techniques. In these experiments, we have compared the manometric technique of Caroli, the syringe barrel method of Daniel and White et alii, and the constant infusion apparatus of Cushieri. The experiments were performed in pigs because of the similarity of their biliary tract to that of man. Resting and opening pressures were recorded, and flow into the duodenum via the ampulla was measured simultaneously. The manometric and syringe barrel techniques gave highly reproducible measurements of resting and opening pressure, and valid measurements of opening pressure. The constant infusion apparatus gave reproducible measurements of resting pressure, but did not measure opening pressure. The manometric technique was shown to measure changes in the resistance of the choledochoduodenal junction in response to morphine and atropine."}
{"id": "PMID:285719", "title": "A paediatric ventilator with a fluidic control system.", "content": "A paediatric ventilator has been designed basically as a fluidic-logic controlled T-piece occluder. Inspiratory and expiratory time, inflation pressure limit, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and inspiratory flow-rate are controlled independently and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is available. Warning systems are provided for failure of the driving as, low airway pressure and inspiratory pressure limit. The breathing circuit is isolated from the control and warning systems for ease of sterilization.", "contents": "A paediatric ventilator with a fluidic control system. A paediatric ventilator has been designed basically as a fluidic-logic controlled T-piece occluder. Inspiratory and expiratory time, inflation pressure limit, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and inspiratory flow-rate are controlled independently and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is available. Warning systems are provided for failure of the driving as, low airway pressure and inspiratory pressure limit. The breathing circuit is isolated from the control and warning systems for ease of sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:285720", "title": "Studies on the subcellular organelles of neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia with special reference to alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The organelle pathology of neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) was investigated by analytical subcellular fractionation. There were minor reductions in activity of some granule enzymes with an abnormal distribution in sucrose density gradients of the specific granules. There was a marked reduction of 5'-nucleotidase activity but this is probably related to the relative reduction of the mononuclear cell contamination of the neutrophils isolated from leukaemic patients compared with controls. Another plasma membrane enzyme, NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium reductase, which has a microbicidal role, had increased activity. Neutrophils from patients with CGL had 13% the alkaline phosphatase activity of controls and were compared with neutrophils from women in the third trimester of pregnancy when the activity was increased to 8 times the control level. The latent activity, per cent inhibition by Levamisole, kinetic constants and subcellular distribution of alkaline phosphatase were similar in the three groups. It is suggested that the properties and intracellular localization of alkaline phosphatase are normal in CGL and that there is a quantitative lack of enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on the subcellular organelles of neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia with special reference to alkaline phosphatase. The organelle pathology of neutrophils in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) was investigated by analytical subcellular fractionation. There were minor reductions in activity of some granule enzymes with an abnormal distribution in sucrose density gradients of the specific granules. There was a marked reduction of 5'-nucleotidase activity but this is probably related to the relative reduction of the mononuclear cell contamination of the neutrophils isolated from leukaemic patients compared with controls. Another plasma membrane enzyme, NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium reductase, which has a microbicidal role, had increased activity. Neutrophils from patients with CGL had 13% the alkaline phosphatase activity of controls and were compared with neutrophils from women in the third trimester of pregnancy when the activity was increased to 8 times the control level. The latent activity, per cent inhibition by Levamisole, kinetic constants and subcellular distribution of alkaline phosphatase were similar in the three groups. It is suggested that the properties and intracellular localization of alkaline phosphatase are normal in CGL and that there is a quantitative lack of enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:285721", "title": "The use of proplast in oral and maxillo-facial surgery.", "content": "The use of Proplast in the restoration of contour defects and for reconstruction of alveolar ridges is described. An evaluation of the results of treatment suggests it is a useful material for the restoration of facial contour, but that there is a significant risk of infection when the intra-oral approach is adopted.", "contents": "The use of proplast in oral and maxillo-facial surgery. The use of Proplast in the restoration of contour defects and for reconstruction of alveolar ridges is described. An evaluation of the results of treatment suggests it is a useful material for the restoration of facial contour, but that there is a significant risk of infection when the intra-oral approach is adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:285722", "title": "Florid focal epithelial hyperplasia in Fanconi's syndrome.", "content": "Florid focal epithelial hyperplasia of at least 5 years' duration in a Cape Coloured boy aged 12 years and suffering from Fanconi's syndrome is reported.", "contents": "Florid focal epithelial hyperplasia in Fanconi's syndrome. Florid focal epithelial hyperplasia of at least 5 years' duration in a Cape Coloured boy aged 12 years and suffering from Fanconi's syndrome is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:285723", "title": "Atypical odontalgia.", "content": "Forty-four cases of odontalgia are described which are considered to be a painful migraine-like disturbance of the blood vessels of the dental pulp and periodontal membrane. The condition appears to be a manifestation of depression and other personality disorders and responds well to antidepressant drug therapy (75 per cent of the patients). The recognition and proper management of this atypical ondontalgia is of crucial importance in preventing unnecessary surgery.", "contents": "Atypical odontalgia. Forty-four cases of odontalgia are described which are considered to be a painful migraine-like disturbance of the blood vessels of the dental pulp and periodontal membrane. The condition appears to be a manifestation of depression and other personality disorders and responds well to antidepressant drug therapy (75 per cent of the patients). The recognition and proper management of this atypical ondontalgia is of crucial importance in preventing unnecessary surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:285724", "title": "Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting with oral lesions - report of a case.", "content": "A case of disseminated histoplasmosis is presented in which the initial diagnosis was made on the histology from oral lesions. The clinical and microscopical differential diagnoses are discussed. Including the present case, 12 of the 13 subjects with disseminated histoplasmosis initially diagnosed in Great Britain have given a history of residence in an area where the disease is endemic. Many years of good health may intervene between the original infection and its subsequent reactivation. A diminished cellular immune response may precipitate this reactivation but could also facilitate the possibility of exogenous reinfection. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting with oral lesions - report of a case. A case of disseminated histoplasmosis is presented in which the initial diagnosis was made on the histology from oral lesions. The clinical and microscopical differential diagnoses are discussed. Including the present case, 12 of the 13 subjects with disseminated histoplasmosis initially diagnosed in Great Britain have given a history of residence in an area where the disease is endemic. Many years of good health may intervene between the original infection and its subsequent reactivation. A diminished cellular immune response may precipitate this reactivation but could also facilitate the possibility of exogenous reinfection. The literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:285725", "title": "Maxillary African histoplasmosis mimicking malignant jaw tumour.", "content": "An account is given of an unusual presentation of solitary Histoplasmosis duboisii of the jaw simulating a malignant neoplasm. This report is of interest for two reasons; firstly, the rarity of such a presentation and secondly, the extensive search of the literature which has failed to produce another case. The rationale for our treatment is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Maxillary African histoplasmosis mimicking malignant jaw tumour. An account is given of an unusual presentation of solitary Histoplasmosis duboisii of the jaw simulating a malignant neoplasm. This report is of interest for two reasons; firstly, the rarity of such a presentation and secondly, the extensive search of the literature which has failed to produce another case. The rationale for our treatment is also briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:285726", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaws.", "content": "Two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are recorded. In the first there is clinical evidence to suggest that the lesion had been present for an unusually long period while incomplete clinical records of the other also indicate an unusual history. Histologically both lesions show a paucity of giant cells. It is not possible to make significant observations on aetiology other than support the theory that the lesion arises as a result of altered haemodynamics.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaws. Two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are recorded. In the first there is clinical evidence to suggest that the lesion had been present for an unusually long period while incomplete clinical records of the other also indicate an unusual history. Histologically both lesions show a paucity of giant cells. It is not possible to make significant observations on aetiology other than support the theory that the lesion arises as a result of altered haemodynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:285727", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaws: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible in a 21-year-old female has been presented, and the pertinent literature reviewed. Conservative surgery in the treatment of this type of jaw lesion is recommended.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cysts of the jaws: a case report and review of the literature. A case of aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible in a 21-year-old female has been presented, and the pertinent literature reviewed. Conservative surgery in the treatment of this type of jaw lesion is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:285728", "title": "Two atypical solitary bone cysts.", "content": "Two atypical solitary bone cysts occurring posterior to the angle of the mandible, and in each case showing delayed healing, are reported. Some speculations are made on the possible aetiology of these lesions in general.", "contents": "Two atypical solitary bone cysts. Two atypical solitary bone cysts occurring posterior to the angle of the mandible, and in each case showing delayed healing, are reported. Some speculations are made on the possible aetiology of these lesions in general."}
{"id": "PMID:285729", "title": "Bilateral haemorrhagic bone cysts of the mandible: a case report.", "content": "A case report is presented of a patient found to have bilateral haemorrhagic bone cysts. There have only been two previous reports of such an occurrence.", "contents": "Bilateral haemorrhagic bone cysts of the mandible: a case report. A case report is presented of a patient found to have bilateral haemorrhagic bone cysts. There have only been two previous reports of such an occurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:285734", "title": "Interrelationship of immunologic characteristics, proliferation pattern, and prednisone sensitivity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood.", "content": "In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) the effect of prednisone therapy on the cell-cycle phase distribution of leukemic bone marrow cells was determined with pulse cytophotometry at the time of diagnosis. Also, the interrelationship with the presence of the sheep erythrocyte receptor as a marker for T cells was investigated. In 17 or 21 patients prednisone treatment caused a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S+G2+M phases. In 11 of 12 adult patients with ALL the same result was obtained. In a group of 31 children with ALL, 6 cases of T-cell ALL occurred in combination with intermediate or high WBC counts. The 3 patients with the highest E-rosetting percentages had rather high proportions of bone marrow cells in the S+G2+M phases. No correlation could be established between the WBC count or the E-rosetting percentage and the chance for complete remission.", "contents": "Interrelationship of immunologic characteristics, proliferation pattern, and prednisone sensitivity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) the effect of prednisone therapy on the cell-cycle phase distribution of leukemic bone marrow cells was determined with pulse cytophotometry at the time of diagnosis. Also, the interrelationship with the presence of the sheep erythrocyte receptor as a marker for T cells was investigated. In 17 or 21 patients prednisone treatment caused a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S+G2+M phases. In 11 of 12 adult patients with ALL the same result was obtained. In a group of 31 children with ALL, 6 cases of T-cell ALL occurred in combination with intermediate or high WBC counts. The 3 patients with the highest E-rosetting percentages had rather high proportions of bone marrow cells in the S+G2+M phases. No correlation could be established between the WBC count or the E-rosetting percentage and the chance for complete remission."}
{"id": "PMID:285735", "title": "Clonal identification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "In a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two distinct types of leukemia blast cells could be identified throughout the course of the disease. The initially dominant type of blast cell was sensitive to chemotherapy; the other was drug-resistant, gradually becoming dominant as the disease progressed. The cell types could be clearly separated by their morphologic and surface membrane marker characteristics. The same chromosomal constitution was present in both types of blast cells, indicating a common clonal origin. Additional chromosomal abnormalities were present in the later stages of the disease, demonstrating that a distinct subclone had proliferated. This study illustrates that in some cases of acute leukemia, disease relapse is caused by growth of drug-resistant subclones that may be clearly identified by changes in morphology and surface membrane marker characteristics.", "contents": "Clonal identification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two distinct types of leukemia blast cells could be identified throughout the course of the disease. The initially dominant type of blast cell was sensitive to chemotherapy; the other was drug-resistant, gradually becoming dominant as the disease progressed. The cell types could be clearly separated by their morphologic and surface membrane marker characteristics. The same chromosomal constitution was present in both types of blast cells, indicating a common clonal origin. Additional chromosomal abnormalities were present in the later stages of the disease, demonstrating that a distinct subclone had proliferated. This study illustrates that in some cases of acute leukemia, disease relapse is caused by growth of drug-resistant subclones that may be clearly identified by changes in morphology and surface membrane marker characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:285748", "title": "Case report: osteolytic osteosarcoma in a German Shepherd bitch.", "content": "Necropsy of a six year old female German Shepherd revealed the presence of a large oval mass in the thoracic cavity originating from the thickened proximal portion of the right fourth rib. Osteolytic osteosarcoma was diagnosed on the basis of gross appearance, presence of many pleomorphic spindle cells, containing pink stained intracytoplasmic granules in cytological preparations of impression smears of the tumor and histopathology. The tumor was considered highly malignant and was characterized by an abundant osteoblastic and connective tissue stroma with extreme cellular pleomorphism including giant cells, atypical mitoses and occasional trabeculae of tumor bone and osteoid. Metastases were found in the lung and spleen. Electron microscopy was carried out to support the diagnosis.", "contents": "Case report: osteolytic osteosarcoma in a German Shepherd bitch. Necropsy of a six year old female German Shepherd revealed the presence of a large oval mass in the thoracic cavity originating from the thickened proximal portion of the right fourth rib. Osteolytic osteosarcoma was diagnosed on the basis of gross appearance, presence of many pleomorphic spindle cells, containing pink stained intracytoplasmic granules in cytological preparations of impression smears of the tumor and histopathology. The tumor was considered highly malignant and was characterized by an abundant osteoblastic and connective tissue stroma with extreme cellular pleomorphism including giant cells, atypical mitoses and occasional trabeculae of tumor bone and osteoid. Metastases were found in the lung and spleen. Electron microscopy was carried out to support the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285749", "title": "Tumour-promoting phorbol diester induces substrate-adhesion and growth inhibition in lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "The treatment of human lymphoblastoid cell cultures with the phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, a tumour promoter, caused at nM concentration surface structural changes associated with altered adhesion properties. The effect was observed in several cell lines from normal or leukaemic origin. In addition, the tumour promoter induced an early and transitory growth inhibition which was observed in all tested B-characteristic cells. The phorbol diester, 4-O-methyl-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, which is devoid of tumour-promoting activity, was much less effective in altering cell adhesion properties and cell growth than the active derivative. These observations suggest that lymphoblastoid cells may be a useful model for studying the molecular alterations at the membrane level resulting from the action of tumour-promoting phorbol diesters.", "contents": "Tumour-promoting phorbol diester induces substrate-adhesion and growth inhibition in lymphoblastoid cells. The treatment of human lymphoblastoid cell cultures with the phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, a tumour promoter, caused at nM concentration surface structural changes associated with altered adhesion properties. The effect was observed in several cell lines from normal or leukaemic origin. In addition, the tumour promoter induced an early and transitory growth inhibition which was observed in all tested B-characteristic cells. The phorbol diester, 4-O-methyl-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, which is devoid of tumour-promoting activity, was much less effective in altering cell adhesion properties and cell growth than the active derivative. These observations suggest that lymphoblastoid cells may be a useful model for studying the molecular alterations at the membrane level resulting from the action of tumour-promoting phorbol diesters."}
{"id": "PMID:285766", "title": "The relevance of cell kinetics for optimal scheduling of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine and methotrexate in a slow growing acute myeloid leukemia (BNML).", "content": "1-beta-D-Arabinosyl cytosine and methotrexate were studied for their antitumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia of the BN rat (BNML), which is characterized by a slow growth rate due to the presence of a high proportion of nonproliferating cells. It was found that the two drugs showed the maximal cytotoxic action when given separately. The effect was highly dependent on the interval between the administration of each drug. The variation of the cell kinetic parameters produced by the recruitment into cycle of the resting population, as determined by labeling indices, correlates well with the antileukemic action of the drug combination.", "contents": "The relevance of cell kinetics for optimal scheduling of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine and methotrexate in a slow growing acute myeloid leukemia (BNML). 1-beta-D-Arabinosyl cytosine and methotrexate were studied for their antitumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia of the BN rat (BNML), which is characterized by a slow growth rate due to the presence of a high proportion of nonproliferating cells. It was found that the two drugs showed the maximal cytotoxic action when given separately. The effect was highly dependent on the interval between the administration of each drug. The variation of the cell kinetic parameters produced by the recruitment into cycle of the resting population, as determined by labeling indices, correlates well with the antileukemic action of the drug combination."}
{"id": "PMID:285767", "title": "An improved thin-layer chromatographic method for urinary oligosaccharide screening.", "content": "A modified thin-layer chromatographic screening method is presented for the rapid diagnosis of glycoprotein storage disorders based upon excess oligosaccharide excretion. The system has been used successfully in the diagnosis of mannosidosis, GM1 gangliosidosis, mucolipidoses types I and III, aspartyl-glycosaminuria and fucosidosis.", "contents": "An improved thin-layer chromatographic method for urinary oligosaccharide screening. A modified thin-layer chromatographic screening method is presented for the rapid diagnosis of glycoprotein storage disorders based upon excess oligosaccharide excretion. The system has been used successfully in the diagnosis of mannosidosis, GM1 gangliosidosis, mucolipidoses types I and III, aspartyl-glycosaminuria and fucosidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285768", "title": "Trisomy 13 in bone marrow cells in acute myelocytic leukemia and myelofibrosis.", "content": "We have identified trisomy 13 in two additional patients with hematologic malignancies involving the hematopoietic stem cell: a 75-year-old female with acute myelocytic leukemia and a 64-year-old female with agnogenic myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Chromosome analysis of the direct bone-marrow preparation showed 100% of cells with trisomy 13 in the first and 10% of cells in the second. We also previously reported a patient with Ph1 negative chronic myelogenous leukemia in whom 100% of the marrow cells showed an identical trisomy. The probability of finding three such patients in our case material was calculated to be 0.05--0.08, implying that trisomy 13 may be another nonrandom chromosomal aberration associated with malignancies of hematopoietic pluri-potent stem cell.", "contents": "Trisomy 13 in bone marrow cells in acute myelocytic leukemia and myelofibrosis. We have identified trisomy 13 in two additional patients with hematologic malignancies involving the hematopoietic stem cell: a 75-year-old female with acute myelocytic leukemia and a 64-year-old female with agnogenic myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Chromosome analysis of the direct bone-marrow preparation showed 100% of cells with trisomy 13 in the first and 10% of cells in the second. We also previously reported a patient with Ph1 negative chronic myelogenous leukemia in whom 100% of the marrow cells showed an identical trisomy. The probability of finding three such patients in our case material was calculated to be 0.05--0.08, implying that trisomy 13 may be another nonrandom chromosomal aberration associated with malignancies of hematopoietic pluri-potent stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:285769", "title": "Organ distribution of natural cytotoxicity in the rat.", "content": "The natural (spontaneous) cytotoxicity (NC) of cell populations from different lymphoid organs of the rat were examined using a human myeloid cell line (K562) and a rat fibrosarcoma cell line (Mc40) as target cells. Rat blood and spleen lymphoid cell populations gave high cytotoxicity against K562, while lymph node cells and bone-marrow cells gave low levels of cytotoxicity and thymus cells virtually no activity. Addition of thymus or lymph node cells to spleen effector cells did not suppress the high cytotoxicity of spleen cells. A similar organ distribution of reactivity was observed against Mc40 cells, but the levels of cytotoxicity were much lower than for K562. A strain difference was monitored in the levels of natural cytotoxicity and cell populations from inbred Wistar rats consistently gave higher activity on a cell-to-cell basis than the corresponding population from PVG/c rats. Natural cytotoxicity was not removed when spleen cell populations were depleted of cells adhering to nylon-fibre columns or plastic surfaces, or depleted of cells ingesting carbonyl iron. In agreement with other studies using human and animal lymphoid cells, the natural killer cell in this system was found to be non-adherent and non-phagocytic and its distribution did not correspond to the established organ distribution of T or B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Organ distribution of natural cytotoxicity in the rat. The natural (spontaneous) cytotoxicity (NC) of cell populations from different lymphoid organs of the rat were examined using a human myeloid cell line (K562) and a rat fibrosarcoma cell line (Mc40) as target cells. Rat blood and spleen lymphoid cell populations gave high cytotoxicity against K562, while lymph node cells and bone-marrow cells gave low levels of cytotoxicity and thymus cells virtually no activity. Addition of thymus or lymph node cells to spleen effector cells did not suppress the high cytotoxicity of spleen cells. A similar organ distribution of reactivity was observed against Mc40 cells, but the levels of cytotoxicity were much lower than for K562. A strain difference was monitored in the levels of natural cytotoxicity and cell populations from inbred Wistar rats consistently gave higher activity on a cell-to-cell basis than the corresponding population from PVG/c rats. Natural cytotoxicity was not removed when spleen cell populations were depleted of cells adhering to nylon-fibre columns or plastic surfaces, or depleted of cells ingesting carbonyl iron. In agreement with other studies using human and animal lymphoid cells, the natural killer cell in this system was found to be non-adherent and non-phagocytic and its distribution did not correspond to the established organ distribution of T or B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:285770", "title": "Pneumatosis coli in adult acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Three cases of pneumatosis coli (PC) in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia seen over the last five years in Hammersmith Hospital are reported. Although definite conclusions are impossible, we suggest that that pneumatosis could be due to damage to the bowel mucosa as a result of the disease or the treatment. The literature is reviewed and discussed in an inconclusive attempt to discover the source of the gas.", "contents": "Pneumatosis coli in adult acute myeloid leukaemia. Three cases of pneumatosis coli (PC) in adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia seen over the last five years in Hammersmith Hospital are reported. Although definite conclusions are impossible, we suggest that that pneumatosis could be due to damage to the bowel mucosa as a result of the disease or the treatment. The literature is reviewed and discussed in an inconclusive attempt to discover the source of the gas."}
{"id": "PMID:285799", "title": "[A comparison of light-hardened and UV-polymerizable sealants and composites].", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation has been used for the photopolymerization of composites and sealers. As new initiators were developed, the effectivity of this system was extended into the visible spectral region. Photo-sensitivity probably only limits the processing period slightly, at least under these conditions relevant for the dental practice. One important advantage is the extension of the maximal tempering depth (2 to 3 times, compared to ultraviolet polymerization). The improved penetrability of the dental substance with increasing wave lengths also reduces the risk of portions of the undercuts not being polymerized.", "contents": "[A comparison of light-hardened and UV-polymerizable sealants and composites]. Ultraviolet irradiation has been used for the photopolymerization of composites and sealers. As new initiators were developed, the effectivity of this system was extended into the visible spectral region. Photo-sensitivity probably only limits the processing period slightly, at least under these conditions relevant for the dental practice. One important advantage is the extension of the maximal tempering depth (2 to 3 times, compared to ultraviolet polymerization). The improved penetrability of the dental substance with increasing wave lengths also reduces the risk of portions of the undercuts not being polymerized."}
{"id": "PMID:285800", "title": "[Mandibular movements during sleep].", "content": "Measurement methods using digital evaluation are suitable for determining spacing. Important parameters, such as distribution of spacing during the night, frequency and duration of grinding movements, mean and most frequent spacing, were calculated. We also used the same method to measure pressure exerted on the headgear and the activator as well as to evaluate the interocclusal spacing in subjects wearing orthodontic apparatuses. Additional studies are planned in regard to teeth grinding, individuals with unusual habits, distinctive sleeping positions, and obstructed occlusion.", "contents": "[Mandibular movements during sleep]. Measurement methods using digital evaluation are suitable for determining spacing. Important parameters, such as distribution of spacing during the night, frequency and duration of grinding movements, mean and most frequent spacing, were calculated. We also used the same method to measure pressure exerted on the headgear and the activator as well as to evaluate the interocclusal spacing in subjects wearing orthodontic apparatuses. Additional studies are planned in regard to teeth grinding, individuals with unusual habits, distinctive sleeping positions, and obstructed occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:285801", "title": "[Ectodermal dysplasia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency--a familial syndrome].", "content": "A syndrome was observed in two sisters which was characterized by a median defect of the hair of the head, hypoplasia of the ala nasi, absence of the permanent teeth, microdontia of the deciduous teeth, and exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas. This syndrome is probably autosomal regressive; the symptoms are similar to those of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome.", "contents": "[Ectodermal dysplasia and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency--a familial syndrome]. A syndrome was observed in two sisters which was characterized by a median defect of the hair of the head, hypoplasia of the ala nasi, absence of the permanent teeth, microdontia of the deciduous teeth, and exocrine insufficiency of the pancreas. This syndrome is probably autosomal regressive; the symptoms are similar to those of Johanson-Blizzard syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:285802", "title": "[Reproducibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region. 4].", "content": "The reproducibility of plaque was quantitatively determined in three twelve-day examination periods. The periodontium of the subjects was healthy; tendencies for plaque formation were extreme or slight. Plaque formation was studied on teeth 33 to 43; the vestibular surface was divided into 1,600 areas, according to topographic factors. The absence and appearance of plaque three times tends to indicate a causal event in that particular area. The results were as follows:1) The reproducibility of plaque formation with \"slight\" plaque patterns is no lower than with \"severe\" plaque patterns. 2) The dominating influence of the microrelief (surface roughness) compared with the macrorelief (form of the tooth, tooth position) and other factors holds true for subjects with a tendency for severe and slight plaque formation. 3) Plaque may be formed by several different factors; these factors will affect various topographic zones of the tooth surface differently. Many other differences were reported in subjects with severe or weak plaque formation. 4) Terms of preventive dentistry, the evaluation of surface roughness of the teeth, particularly with adolescents, is necessary in each dental practice.", "contents": "[Reproducibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region. 4]. The reproducibility of plaque was quantitatively determined in three twelve-day examination periods. The periodontium of the subjects was healthy; tendencies for plaque formation were extreme or slight. Plaque formation was studied on teeth 33 to 43; the vestibular surface was divided into 1,600 areas, according to topographic factors. The absence and appearance of plaque three times tends to indicate a causal event in that particular area. The results were as follows:1) The reproducibility of plaque formation with \"slight\" plaque patterns is no lower than with \"severe\" plaque patterns. 2) The dominating influence of the microrelief (surface roughness) compared with the macrorelief (form of the tooth, tooth position) and other factors holds true for subjects with a tendency for severe and slight plaque formation. 3) Plaque may be formed by several different factors; these factors will affect various topographic zones of the tooth surface differently. Many other differences were reported in subjects with severe or weak plaque formation. 4) Terms of preventive dentistry, the evaluation of surface roughness of the teeth, particularly with adolescents, is necessary in each dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:285804", "title": "[The Silcadraht adhesive splint--a new methods for the treatment of luxated teeth].", "content": "Splints for the immobilization of dislocated teeth have been attached to teeth with the enamal-cauterization-cement technique for the last six years at the Innsbruck Hospital. Semicircular silica wires proved to be so satisfactory with 92 patients that this method has now replaced the traditional splinting methods at our hospital. The secondary advantages are the simple production of the splint, painless application and removal, and complete protection of the periodontium. Occlusal disturbances are avoided, because the splints do not cover any of the occluding tooth surfaces.", "contents": "[The Silcadraht adhesive splint--a new methods for the treatment of luxated teeth]. Splints for the immobilization of dislocated teeth have been attached to teeth with the enamal-cauterization-cement technique for the last six years at the Innsbruck Hospital. Semicircular silica wires proved to be so satisfactory with 92 patients that this method has now replaced the traditional splinting methods at our hospital. The secondary advantages are the simple production of the splint, painless application and removal, and complete protection of the periodontium. Occlusal disturbances are avoided, because the splints do not cover any of the occluding tooth surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:285805", "title": "[The necessity of bite wing registration for the diagnosis of caries].", "content": "This study points out the importance of the radiograph, particularly bitewing films, for diagnosing caries in interproximal regions. The assertion that interproximal caries may be optimally diagnosed without radiographs was investigated. Two clinical examinations of the same patient were compared with two evaluations of the bitewing film.", "contents": "[The necessity of bite wing registration for the diagnosis of caries]. This study points out the importance of the radiograph, particularly bitewing films, for diagnosing caries in interproximal regions. The assertion that interproximal caries may be optimally diagnosed without radiographs was investigated. Two clinical examinations of the same patient were compared with two evaluations of the bitewing film."}
{"id": "PMID:285806", "title": "[The patient's motivation for oral hygiene--a psychological consideration].", "content": "The kernel of the patient's motivation for oral hygiene should be the conversation which the dentist has with his patient. He should conduct this conversation factually, carefully, without loud or shrill tones. The patient must be told: concerns your own personal interest. The necessary detailed information and technical hints may be left to the assistant or the dental technicians, additional leaflets and even audiovisual aids may supplement the patient's information. The members of the practice must be in agreement on the questions of motivation and information of the patient, so that one does not destroy what another has built up.", "contents": "[The patient's motivation for oral hygiene--a psychological consideration]. The kernel of the patient's motivation for oral hygiene should be the conversation which the dentist has with his patient. He should conduct this conversation factually, carefully, without loud or shrill tones. The patient must be told: concerns your own personal interest. The necessary detailed information and technical hints may be left to the assistant or the dental technicians, additional leaflets and even audiovisual aids may supplement the patient's information. The members of the practice must be in agreement on the questions of motivation and information of the patient, so that one does not destroy what another has built up."}
{"id": "PMID:285808", "title": "[Pathology of the bone pocket].", "content": "Inflammatory periodontal destruction includes periodontal bone destruction. In addition to etiologic factors which contribute to the formation of gingival pockets, cell-mediated immune reactions apparently play a special role in osteoclastic processes. Apart from coincidental events, the form of osteoclasia is influenced in the beginning by the form and position of the tooth. Vertical osteoclasia, a variant form, is more frequently observed in connection with juvenile periodontitis. Occlusal periodontal trauma and general primary diseases may possibly also influence the pattern of periodontal bone destruction.", "contents": "[Pathology of the bone pocket]. Inflammatory periodontal destruction includes periodontal bone destruction. In addition to etiologic factors which contribute to the formation of gingival pockets, cell-mediated immune reactions apparently play a special role in osteoclastic processes. Apart from coincidental events, the form of osteoclasia is influenced in the beginning by the form and position of the tooth. Vertical osteoclasia, a variant form, is more frequently observed in connection with juvenile periodontitis. Occlusal periodontal trauma and general primary diseases may possibly also influence the pattern of periodontal bone destruction."}
{"id": "PMID:285809", "title": "[Possibilities of healing of periodontal injuries in the apical region--an animal experimental study].", "content": "A histologic study of the healing of periodontal injuries in the area of the roots was carried out using beagle dogs. Mucobuccal injuries were inflicted in the dentoaveolar region with a saw. Polychromatic fluorescence labeling was selected to observe the reparative processes. Combined with polarization, it was possible to obtain a good evaluation of the unstained microsection. The course of healing was favorable, and the original condition was completely restored. When pure saw injuries were limited to the periodontium, we found that saw cuts extending into the dentin always left defects in the hard substance which, under favorable conditions, functionally adapted to the attachment apparatus of the teeth.", "contents": "[Possibilities of healing of periodontal injuries in the apical region--an animal experimental study]. A histologic study of the healing of periodontal injuries in the area of the roots was carried out using beagle dogs. Mucobuccal injuries were inflicted in the dentoaveolar region with a saw. Polychromatic fluorescence labeling was selected to observe the reparative processes. Combined with polarization, it was possible to obtain a good evaluation of the unstained microsection. The course of healing was favorable, and the original condition was completely restored. When pure saw injuries were limited to the periodontium, we found that saw cuts extending into the dentin always left defects in the hard substance which, under favorable conditions, functionally adapted to the attachment apparatus of the teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:285811", "title": "[Nomenclature of regional tissue changes in periodontal diseases].", "content": "The nomenclature of periodontal diseases has undergone repeated alterations in the course of time. An important reason for this was the difficulty of reconciling the clinical symptomatology, which must always be the basis of a classification, with the nature of the tissue changes, i.e. with the pathogenetic principles underlying them.", "contents": "[Nomenclature of regional tissue changes in periodontal diseases]. The nomenclature of periodontal diseases has undergone repeated alterations in the course of time. An important reason for this was the difficulty of reconciling the clinical symptomatology, which must always be the basis of a classification, with the nature of the tissue changes, i.e. with the pathogenetic principles underlying them."}
{"id": "PMID:285812", "title": "[The Edlan-Mejchar modified surgical method].", "content": "In addition to free grafts of mucosa, the method for widening attached gingiva developed by Edlan and Mejchar appears to be the most successful of all operative procedures described during the last 25 years. Of all known procedures, it has the lowest percentage of recurrence. Over a period of years, my coworkers and I modified the procedure described by these two authors so that it is now a feasible procedure for the daily dental practice which, with a little practice, can easily be carried out without risk. It is well tolerated by all patients. This method is most frequently employed in the context of periodontal treatment, but it also lends itself well as an effective preprosthetic procedure.", "contents": "[The Edlan-Mejchar modified surgical method]. In addition to free grafts of mucosa, the method for widening attached gingiva developed by Edlan and Mejchar appears to be the most successful of all operative procedures described during the last 25 years. Of all known procedures, it has the lowest percentage of recurrence. Over a period of years, my coworkers and I modified the procedure described by these two authors so that it is now a feasible procedure for the daily dental practice which, with a little practice, can easily be carried out without risk. It is well tolerated by all patients. This method is most frequently employed in the context of periodontal treatment, but it also lends itself well as an effective preprosthetic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:285813", "title": "[The coronal flap with integrated gingival graft for the covering of receded gingiva].", "content": "Surgical correction (50 operations) was carried out for 113 recurrences using the two-phase operative procedure described. Follow-up examinations one month after surgery indicated that--the initial average depth of recurrence was reduced from 2.67 to 0.56 mm; --maximal coverage success was 5 mm; --sixty-two recurrences of various depths were covered 100%.", "contents": "[The coronal flap with integrated gingival graft for the covering of receded gingiva]. Surgical correction (50 operations) was carried out for 113 recurrences using the two-phase operative procedure described. Follow-up examinations one month after surgery indicated that--the initial average depth of recurrence was reduced from 2.67 to 0.56 mm; --maximal coverage success was 5 mm; --sixty-two recurrences of various depths were covered 100%."}
{"id": "PMID:285814", "title": "[Comparative clinical and histological studies on keratinized and non-keratinized tissues transplanted onto the periosteum and the denuded alveolar bone].", "content": "Our clinical and histological investigations in humans and beagle dogs in a unilateral trial with free and pedicled grafts applied to the periosteum and to exposed alveolar bone established that from the clinical aspect it is better to place the graft on the exposed bone to obtain a firmly fixed base instead of a movable periosteal one.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and histological studies on keratinized and non-keratinized tissues transplanted onto the periosteum and the denuded alveolar bone]. Our clinical and histological investigations in humans and beagle dogs in a unilateral trial with free and pedicled grafts applied to the periosteum and to exposed alveolar bone established that from the clinical aspect it is better to place the graft on the exposed bone to obtain a firmly fixed base instead of a movable periosteal one."}
{"id": "PMID:285815", "title": "[Comparative studies of the hardness of dental calculus after the use of 2 dentifrices].", "content": "A method was described for recording the mechanical characteristics of tartar using objectively comparable test data. This method was used to study tartar which had formed when different tooth pastes were used. The results of this study indicate that 1. Tartar formed when different tooth pastes are used may exhibit different characteristics; 2. The dynamic measurement of indentation is suitable for quantitative determination of the mechanical characteristics of tartar. These mechanical characteristics have not been ascertainable until now.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the hardness of dental calculus after the use of 2 dentifrices]. A method was described for recording the mechanical characteristics of tartar using objectively comparable test data. This method was used to study tartar which had formed when different tooth pastes were used. The results of this study indicate that 1. Tartar formed when different tooth pastes are used may exhibit different characteristics; 2. The dynamic measurement of indentation is suitable for quantitative determination of the mechanical characteristics of tartar. These mechanical characteristics have not been ascertainable until now."}
{"id": "PMID:285817", "title": "[Retrograde movement of upper incisors].", "content": "Labial stress of 1 to 8 n(102-815 Pond) was exerted on free-standing upper incisors, both healthy teeth and teeth damaged by progressive marginal periodontitis, until all creeping movement subsided and constant guidance was achieved. The teeth were then freed, and the resetting movements were measured without inertia and free of effect. The dampening characteristics of healthy and diseased teeth differed qualitatively in the first few milliseconds. Construction of a diagnostic device of determination of periodontal disease suitable for the general practice therefore ought to be possible.", "contents": "[Retrograde movement of upper incisors]. Labial stress of 1 to 8 n(102-815 Pond) was exerted on free-standing upper incisors, both healthy teeth and teeth damaged by progressive marginal periodontitis, until all creeping movement subsided and constant guidance was achieved. The teeth were then freed, and the resetting movements were measured without inertia and free of effect. The dampening characteristics of healthy and diseased teeth differed qualitatively in the first few milliseconds. Construction of a diagnostic device of determination of periodontal disease suitable for the general practice therefore ought to be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:285818", "title": "[Functional aspects of injuries to the incisors].", "content": "A demonstrable causal relationship between occlusal and articular interference was established for periodontal and pathologic symptoms of the maxillary anterior teeth. The study was based on the localization of the periodontal pathology, marking of occlusal interference, and analysis of the sequences on the repantographs with occlusal and articular guidance.", "contents": "[Functional aspects of injuries to the incisors]. A demonstrable causal relationship between occlusal and articular interference was established for periodontal and pathologic symptoms of the maxillary anterior teeth. The study was based on the localization of the periodontal pathology, marking of occlusal interference, and analysis of the sequences on the repantographs with occlusal and articular guidance."}
{"id": "PMID:285819", "title": "[The value of functional analyses for systematic periodontal treatment (clinical study)].", "content": "The relationship between periodontal disease and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system was examined with the usual analysis of function in the context of a clinical study. In addition to neuromuscular incoordination, premature centric contacts deflect the mandible from a muscularly stable contact position and traumatize the periodontium mechanically. After suitable treatment, the causes of functional damage to the tooth attachment apparatus may be demonstrated in connection with an exact clinical registration of the findings by a simple instrumental analysis of function. This analysis may be adequately carried out with a semiadjustable articulator together with a rapidly transmitted curve.", "contents": "[The value of functional analyses for systematic periodontal treatment (clinical study)]. The relationship between periodontal disease and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system was examined with the usual analysis of function in the context of a clinical study. In addition to neuromuscular incoordination, premature centric contacts deflect the mandible from a muscularly stable contact position and traumatize the periodontium mechanically. After suitable treatment, the causes of functional damage to the tooth attachment apparatus may be demonstrated in connection with an exact clinical registration of the findings by a simple instrumental analysis of function. This analysis may be adequately carried out with a semiadjustable articulator together with a rapidly transmitted curve."}
{"id": "PMID:285820", "title": "[The use of periodic forces of various frequencies for the study of the visco-elastic properties of the gingiva].", "content": "The examination of interdental papilla using the turgometric procedure with forced oscillations in the frequency range between 30 Hz and 330 Hz provides diagnostically valuable information. With a relatively simple evaluation procedure, a quantitative value for the degree of inflammation in each interdental papilla can be obtained directly.", "contents": "[The use of periodic forces of various frequencies for the study of the visco-elastic properties of the gingiva]. The examination of interdental papilla using the turgometric procedure with forced oscillations in the frequency range between 30 Hz and 330 Hz provides diagnostically valuable information. With a relatively simple evaluation procedure, a quantitative value for the degree of inflammation in each interdental papilla can be obtained directly."}
{"id": "PMID:285821", "title": "[The effect of vascular injuries on the healing of experimental gingival wounds].", "content": "Following experimental infliction of stab wounds, the blood circulation in mandibular gingiva attached to the labium was studied in 31 subjects with fluorescence angiography. Ischemic circulatory disturbances six hours after infliction of the wound and enlargement of the wound three days post operationem were all directed cranially. Blood flow in this area of the gingiva seems to have a strictly caudocranial orientation; the ability to develop collateral circulation is also limited. Ischemia was significantly increased in the stab wounds set axially over the roots of the incisors. Three and seven days later, the wound surface was considerably larger than that of papillar wounds inflicted at the same level. The attached gingiva appears to be more susceptible to injury over the roots of the lower incisors than in the neighboring papillary regions.", "contents": "[The effect of vascular injuries on the healing of experimental gingival wounds]. Following experimental infliction of stab wounds, the blood circulation in mandibular gingiva attached to the labium was studied in 31 subjects with fluorescence angiography. Ischemic circulatory disturbances six hours after infliction of the wound and enlargement of the wound three days post operationem were all directed cranially. Blood flow in this area of the gingiva seems to have a strictly caudocranial orientation; the ability to develop collateral circulation is also limited. Ischemia was significantly increased in the stab wounds set axially over the roots of the incisors. Three and seven days later, the wound surface was considerably larger than that of papillar wounds inflicted at the same level. The attached gingiva appears to be more susceptible to injury over the roots of the lower incisors than in the neighboring papillary regions."}
{"id": "PMID:285822", "title": "[The presentation of the periodontal blood vessels. Histological studies in perfused rats].", "content": "Unbroken series of sections taken from various areas of the periodontium of vitally fixed rats were prepared as the basis for constructing a model for the morphology of the vessels and for planimetric evaluation. Using this material, we were successfully able to validate a technique for localization, course, and distribution of vessels and of capillary anastomoses.", "contents": "[The presentation of the periodontal blood vessels. Histological studies in perfused rats]. Unbroken series of sections taken from various areas of the periodontium of vitally fixed rats were prepared as the basis for constructing a model for the morphology of the vessels and for planimetric evaluation. Using this material, we were successfully able to validate a technique for localization, course, and distribution of vessels and of capillary anastomoses."}
{"id": "PMID:285824", "title": "New developments in the clinical application of evoked potentials.", "content": "The introduction of the pattern-evoked response and of far field recording of the auditory and somatosensory short latency responses has provided to major advances in the clinical application of evoked potentials. The sensitivity of the pattern response in the detection of minimal lesions of the visual pathways is now well established, and makes the test of particular value in the diagnosis of demyelinating disease and in the early detection of compressive lesions. The short latency auditory and somatosensory responses also show a high incidence of abnormalities in demyelinating disease. The technique will not compete directly with such well established methods as audiometry and perimetry, but it can provide valuable additional information, not accessible to these methods, particularly where the lesions are clinically silent or inconspicuous.", "contents": "New developments in the clinical application of evoked potentials. The introduction of the pattern-evoked response and of far field recording of the auditory and somatosensory short latency responses has provided to major advances in the clinical application of evoked potentials. The sensitivity of the pattern response in the detection of minimal lesions of the visual pathways is now well established, and makes the test of particular value in the diagnosis of demyelinating disease and in the early detection of compressive lesions. The short latency auditory and somatosensory responses also show a high incidence of abnormalities in demyelinating disease. The technique will not compete directly with such well established methods as audiometry and perimetry, but it can provide valuable additional information, not accessible to these methods, particularly where the lesions are clinically silent or inconspicuous."}
{"id": "PMID:285829", "title": "Computed EEG topography.", "content": "Using the method of sequential analysis, clinical EEGs are transformed into a temporal sequence of individual events with specification of amplitude, wave or segment interval, channel of origin and paroxysmal character in relation to background activity. These data can be viewed immediately in graphic form and stored for subsequent display or numerical analysis. The speed, format, and high information content of this method of data reduction allow real time topographic display of individual background and paroxysmal events - computed EEG topography (CET). Alpha asymmetry, slow activity, paroxysmal events and bilateral spike-wave activity are vividly represented and distinguished. There appears to be a close correlation between the usual method of EEG interpretation and the independent interpretation of a very compact quasi-anatomic CET with respect to nature and localization of normal and abnormal EEG activity. Initial observations suggest particular value of the CET in defining the extent of functional disturbance related to an anatomical lesion and in communicating this information to the electroencephalographer and to the clinician.", "contents": "Computed EEG topography. Using the method of sequential analysis, clinical EEGs are transformed into a temporal sequence of individual events with specification of amplitude, wave or segment interval, channel of origin and paroxysmal character in relation to background activity. These data can be viewed immediately in graphic form and stored for subsequent display or numerical analysis. The speed, format, and high information content of this method of data reduction allow real time topographic display of individual background and paroxysmal events - computed EEG topography (CET). Alpha asymmetry, slow activity, paroxysmal events and bilateral spike-wave activity are vividly represented and distinguished. There appears to be a close correlation between the usual method of EEG interpretation and the independent interpretation of a very compact quasi-anatomic CET with respect to nature and localization of normal and abnormal EEG activity. Initial observations suggest particular value of the CET in defining the extent of functional disturbance related to an anatomical lesion and in communicating this information to the electroencephalographer and to the clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:285830", "title": "Spectral analysis of alpha rhythm during Schultz's autogenic training. A tentative approach to rapid visualization.", "content": "The records from experimental sessions including autogenic standard exercises and other conscious states, in two long-term trainees, were treated by using a frequency analysis programme. Starting from a synoptic reduced representation of the data and selecting sequences for the building of histograms of averaged energy levels in limited frequency bands, the authors describe the progressive spread of a dominant alpha band all over the scalp during autogenic training.", "contents": "Spectral analysis of alpha rhythm during Schultz's autogenic training. A tentative approach to rapid visualization. The records from experimental sessions including autogenic standard exercises and other conscious states, in two long-term trainees, were treated by using a frequency analysis programme. Starting from a synoptic reduced representation of the data and selecting sequences for the building of histograms of averaged energy levels in limited frequency bands, the authors describe the progressive spread of a dominant alpha band all over the scalp during autogenic training."}
{"id": "PMID:285831", "title": "Recent advances in EEG data processing.", "content": "It is argued that the most interesting advances in EEG signal processing are with methods based on descriptive mathematical models of the process. Formulation of auto-regressive (AR) and mixed autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) models is reviewed for the scalar and the multidimensional cases and extensions to allow time-varying coefficients are pointed out. Data processing with parametric models, DPPM, involves parameter estimation and a large number of algorithms are available. Emphasis is put on those that are simple to apply and require a modest amount of computation. A recursive algorithm by Levinson, Robinson and Durbin is well suited for estimation of the coefficients in the AR model and for tests of model order. It is applicable to both the scalar and multidimensional cases. The ARMA model can be handled by approximation of an AR model or by nonlinear optimization. Recursive estimation with AR and ARMA models is reviewed and the connection with the Kalman filter pointed out. In this way processes with time-varying properties may be handled and a stationarity index is defined. The recursive algorithms can deal with AR or ARMA models in the same way. A reformulation of the algorithm to include sparsely updated parameter estimates significantly speeds up the calculations. It will allow several EEG channels to be handled simultaneously in real time on a modern minicomputer installation. DPPM has been particularly successful in the areas of spectral analysis and detection of short transients such as spikes and sharp waves. Recently some interesting attempts have been made to apply classification algorithms to estimated parameters. A brief review is made of the main results in these areas.", "contents": "Recent advances in EEG data processing. It is argued that the most interesting advances in EEG signal processing are with methods based on descriptive mathematical models of the process. Formulation of auto-regressive (AR) and mixed autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) models is reviewed for the scalar and the multidimensional cases and extensions to allow time-varying coefficients are pointed out. Data processing with parametric models, DPPM, involves parameter estimation and a large number of algorithms are available. Emphasis is put on those that are simple to apply and require a modest amount of computation. A recursive algorithm by Levinson, Robinson and Durbin is well suited for estimation of the coefficients in the AR model and for tests of model order. It is applicable to both the scalar and multidimensional cases. The ARMA model can be handled by approximation of an AR model or by nonlinear optimization. Recursive estimation with AR and ARMA models is reviewed and the connection with the Kalman filter pointed out. In this way processes with time-varying properties may be handled and a stationarity index is defined. The recursive algorithms can deal with AR or ARMA models in the same way. A reformulation of the algorithm to include sparsely updated parameter estimates significantly speeds up the calculations. It will allow several EEG channels to be handled simultaneously in real time on a modern minicomputer installation. DPPM has been particularly successful in the areas of spectral analysis and detection of short transients such as spikes and sharp waves. Recently some interesting attempts have been made to apply classification algorithms to estimated parameters. A brief review is made of the main results in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:285837", "title": "Neuroelectric measures of lateral specialization in relation to performance.", "content": "Four experiments were undertaken to study EEG asymmetry in relation to cognitive specialization of the hemispheres of the human brain and in relation to the proficiency of behavioral performance. Individual differences in the functional significance of alpha lateralization were noted, but there were, within subjects, consistent indications of lateral specialization and of the influence of alpha asymmetry on reaction time. Simultaneous demands for both input processing and motor output control by a given hemisphere caused a decrement in reaction time performance. The decrement appeared to involve impaired perceptual processing, as indicated by factor analysis of the evoked potential. A factor identified as P300 was least represented in the wave forms associated with conditions leading to long reaction times.", "contents": "Neuroelectric measures of lateral specialization in relation to performance. Four experiments were undertaken to study EEG asymmetry in relation to cognitive specialization of the hemispheres of the human brain and in relation to the proficiency of behavioral performance. Individual differences in the functional significance of alpha lateralization were noted, but there were, within subjects, consistent indications of lateral specialization and of the influence of alpha asymmetry on reaction time. Simultaneous demands for both input processing and motor output control by a given hemisphere caused a decrement in reaction time performance. The decrement appeared to involve impaired perceptual processing, as indicated by factor analysis of the evoked potential. A factor identified as P300 was least represented in the wave forms associated with conditions leading to long reaction times."}
{"id": "PMID:285839", "title": "Ionic changes during experimentally induced seizure activity.", "content": "Changes in intra- and extracellular ionic activity and their relation to generation and termination of seizure phenomena can be studied with the help of ion-selective microelectrodes. Transient changes in extracellular potassium activity (aK) of the cortex regularly accompany paroxysmal activity induced by electrical stimulation and pentylenetetrazol injections or occur within active penicillin and aluminum foci. A rise of aK from baseline levels of about 3 mmoles/l up to ceiling levels of 8--12 mmoles/l, followed by subnormal K activity, is typically found during seizure discharge. Extracellular K accumulation during seizures facilitates the spread into extrafocal regions. Ceiling levels of extracellular aK are characterized by pronounced K reabsorption which is probably a limiting mechanism for the rise in extracellular aK. It may be a consequence of a simultaneous rise in intracellular Na activity that an electrogenic Na--K exchange process is involved in the termination of ictal activity. Seizures are also accompanied by significant reductions in extracellular Ca2+ activity (aCa) to as low as 0.7 mmoles/l (resting aCa 1.25 mmoles/l). There is no critical level of lowered aCa at which a seizure ultimately results. However, unlike changes in aK reductions in aCa can precede ictal activity. Thus, a fall of aCa occurs before the onset of paroxysmal periods during cyclical spike driving in a penicillin focus and before seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol. Ca2+-dependent mechanisms may contribute to seizure generation. In addition to changes in aK and aCa, intracellular chloride activity (aCl) can increase during seizure activity, as a result of an impaired chloride extrusion mechanism, which would lead to a reduced efficacy of inhibitory synaptic transmission and, therefore, to facilitation of seizure generation.", "contents": "Ionic changes during experimentally induced seizure activity. Changes in intra- and extracellular ionic activity and their relation to generation and termination of seizure phenomena can be studied with the help of ion-selective microelectrodes. Transient changes in extracellular potassium activity (aK) of the cortex regularly accompany paroxysmal activity induced by electrical stimulation and pentylenetetrazol injections or occur within active penicillin and aluminum foci. A rise of aK from baseline levels of about 3 mmoles/l up to ceiling levels of 8--12 mmoles/l, followed by subnormal K activity, is typically found during seizure discharge. Extracellular K accumulation during seizures facilitates the spread into extrafocal regions. Ceiling levels of extracellular aK are characterized by pronounced K reabsorption which is probably a limiting mechanism for the rise in extracellular aK. It may be a consequence of a simultaneous rise in intracellular Na activity that an electrogenic Na--K exchange process is involved in the termination of ictal activity. Seizures are also accompanied by significant reductions in extracellular Ca2+ activity (aCa) to as low as 0.7 mmoles/l (resting aCa 1.25 mmoles/l). There is no critical level of lowered aCa at which a seizure ultimately results. However, unlike changes in aK reductions in aCa can precede ictal activity. Thus, a fall of aCa occurs before the onset of paroxysmal periods during cyclical spike driving in a penicillin focus and before seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol. Ca2+-dependent mechanisms may contribute to seizure generation. In addition to changes in aK and aCa, intracellular chloride activity (aCl) can increase during seizure activity, as a result of an impaired chloride extrusion mechanism, which would lead to a reduced efficacy of inhibitory synaptic transmission and, therefore, to facilitation of seizure generation."}
{"id": "PMID:285840", "title": "EEG synchronization in seizures: facts and models.", "content": "In topographic studies of seizure patterns in the rabbit, the phenomenon of synchronization has turned out to be characterized by regular propagation of the potential fields underlying the raphoelements observed in the EEG: in most cases these potential fields describe circular paths within the cortex. Moreover, a multielectrode was developed to explore the different layers of the cortex simultaneously. Both approaches brought enough material to put forward a hypothesis on the origin and the maintenance of so-called synchronized activities.", "contents": "EEG synchronization in seizures: facts and models. In topographic studies of seizure patterns in the rabbit, the phenomenon of synchronization has turned out to be characterized by regular propagation of the potential fields underlying the raphoelements observed in the EEG: in most cases these potential fields describe circular paths within the cortex. Moreover, a multielectrode was developed to explore the different layers of the cortex simultaneously. Both approaches brought enough material to put forward a hypothesis on the origin and the maintenance of so-called synchronized activities."}
{"id": "PMID:285845", "title": "EEG and psychopharmacology.", "content": "The waking EEG bears direct relations to chemical changes in the brain induced by drugs. The waking EEG is responsive to the unique characteristics of psychoactive drugs. Their EEG signatures are predictive of their short-term behavioral effects and of their clinical efficacy. This association has led to the development of cerebral electrometry - a technique to predict a drug's clinical profile from experimental trials in normal volunteers. The technique is also useful in pharmacodynamic studies. Cerebral electrometry depends on careful control of behavioral variables, quantification of EEG effects and statistical processing of the data. The EEG-behavioral associations do not depend on a single method of quantification. Behavioral association is predicted for animal studies as well. Lacking, however, are studies in animals with adequate behavioral controls, clinical correlations of direct use to the individual patient and robust tests of this association hypothesis. The past decade has shown the utility of quantitative EEG studies and improved the methodology to a practical art. The next decade should see the techniques used by classical pharmacologists, mindful of the restraints inherent in animal models of the mental aspects of behavior.", "contents": "EEG and psychopharmacology. The waking EEG bears direct relations to chemical changes in the brain induced by drugs. The waking EEG is responsive to the unique characteristics of psychoactive drugs. Their EEG signatures are predictive of their short-term behavioral effects and of their clinical efficacy. This association has led to the development of cerebral electrometry - a technique to predict a drug's clinical profile from experimental trials in normal volunteers. The technique is also useful in pharmacodynamic studies. Cerebral electrometry depends on careful control of behavioral variables, quantification of EEG effects and statistical processing of the data. The EEG-behavioral associations do not depend on a single method of quantification. Behavioral association is predicted for animal studies as well. Lacking, however, are studies in animals with adequate behavioral controls, clinical correlations of direct use to the individual patient and robust tests of this association hypothesis. The past decade has shown the utility of quantitative EEG studies and improved the methodology to a practical art. The next decade should see the techniques used by classical pharmacologists, mindful of the restraints inherent in animal models of the mental aspects of behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:285846", "title": "Kinesiology: with special reference to electromyographic kinesiology.", "content": "A brief review of kinesiological research with special reference to electromyographic kinesiology is presented. The review deals with, among other things, the use of electromyography in functional anatomical studies, in biomechanical studies on muscular force, in neurophysiological studies on muscular fatigue, in applied kinesiologic studies and in vocational studies.", "contents": "Kinesiology: with special reference to electromyographic kinesiology. A brief review of kinesiological research with special reference to electromyographic kinesiology is presented. The review deals with, among other things, the use of electromyography in functional anatomical studies, in biomechanical studies on muscular force, in neurophysiological studies on muscular fatigue, in applied kinesiologic studies and in vocational studies."}
{"id": "PMID:285848", "title": "Biochemical relationships between muscle and erythrocyte membrane. Interpretations with respect to Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Whether Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease of primary myogenic, secondary neuropathic, vascular or membrane etiology is the subject of some debate. Using the erythrocyte membrane as a biopsy tissue we present biochemical data that support the possibility of a defect in myosin as the genetic defect in DMD. Peptide analysis of hydrolyzed erythrocyte spectrin supports previous data demonstrating an alteration in DMD spectrin. The biochemical and biophysical similarities between spectrin and myosin can be tested with available technology. The hypothesis that a defect in myosin may be responsible for DMD is attractive because it is testable.", "contents": "Biochemical relationships between muscle and erythrocyte membrane. Interpretations with respect to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Whether Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease of primary myogenic, secondary neuropathic, vascular or membrane etiology is the subject of some debate. Using the erythrocyte membrane as a biopsy tissue we present biochemical data that support the possibility of a defect in myosin as the genetic defect in DMD. Peptide analysis of hydrolyzed erythrocyte spectrin supports previous data demonstrating an alteration in DMD spectrin. The biochemical and biophysical similarities between spectrin and myosin can be tested with available technology. The hypothesis that a defect in myosin may be responsible for DMD is attractive because it is testable."}
{"id": "PMID:285849", "title": "Structure and function of the motor unit. Effects of immobilization, monoparesis or paraplegia.", "content": "Single motor units have been studied in the medial gastrocnemius muscle in cat following acute or chronic unilateral hind limb immobilization or antero-lateral spinal cord section. Immobilization produces muscle atrophy by 5 weeks and in the chronic phase (4-6 months) is characterized functionally by reduced twitch and tetanus tensions and structurally by fiber atrophy without type grouping or preponderance. Antero-lateral cord section with minimal motor dysfunction does not produce muscle atrophy or change in tension but in the chronic animals there is a slight decrease in twitch-tetanus ratios. Changes in the functional properties of motor units reflect changes in structure and both may result from secondary effects (i.e., type and amount of muscle activity, muscle length, pain, etc.) of a neuromuscular disease on muscle.", "contents": "Structure and function of the motor unit. Effects of immobilization, monoparesis or paraplegia. Single motor units have been studied in the medial gastrocnemius muscle in cat following acute or chronic unilateral hind limb immobilization or antero-lateral spinal cord section. Immobilization produces muscle atrophy by 5 weeks and in the chronic phase (4-6 months) is characterized functionally by reduced twitch and tetanus tensions and structurally by fiber atrophy without type grouping or preponderance. Antero-lateral cord section with minimal motor dysfunction does not produce muscle atrophy or change in tension but in the chronic animals there is a slight decrease in twitch-tetanus ratios. Changes in the functional properties of motor units reflect changes in structure and both may result from secondary effects (i.e., type and amount of muscle activity, muscle length, pain, etc.) of a neuromuscular disease on muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:285850", "title": "Diagnostic value of quantitative electromyography. Its scope and limitations.", "content": "On the evidence of 951 cases of the 10,500 investigated with the aid of quantitative electromyography the author shows the value of the method for diagnosing muscle activity. Statistical analysis was applied to check the diagnostic value of EMG parameters separately and jointly in the identification of the pathology and its classification as either neurogenic or myogenic. Also surveyed are the sources of the discrepancies between the electromyographic and the histopathological results in very early and very advanced cases. Examples are given that show electromyographic findings as nosologically non-specific and the method as inferior to the morphological in this respect. On the other hand the method is stressed as one that permits it to (a) tell a malignant and rapid process from a slow one, (b) obtain evidence of repair and (c) prove generalization of processes considered to be local or the progressive character of processes considered to be non-progressive. The author also refers to the added scope given to electromyography by such developments as automatic recording, SFEMG, and determination of motor unit territory with the aid of multielectrodes.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of quantitative electromyography. Its scope and limitations. On the evidence of 951 cases of the 10,500 investigated with the aid of quantitative electromyography the author shows the value of the method for diagnosing muscle activity. Statistical analysis was applied to check the diagnostic value of EMG parameters separately and jointly in the identification of the pathology and its classification as either neurogenic or myogenic. Also surveyed are the sources of the discrepancies between the electromyographic and the histopathological results in very early and very advanced cases. Examples are given that show electromyographic findings as nosologically non-specific and the method as inferior to the morphological in this respect. On the other hand the method is stressed as one that permits it to (a) tell a malignant and rapid process from a slow one, (b) obtain evidence of repair and (c) prove generalization of processes considered to be local or the progressive character of processes considered to be non-progressive. The author also refers to the added scope given to electromyography by such developments as automatic recording, SFEMG, and determination of motor unit territory with the aid of multielectrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:285851", "title": "Modifications of ongoing tremors and locomotion by sensory feedback.", "content": "In principle tremors can be produced by (1) mechanical oscillators (combination of masses and springs), (2) reflex oscillators arising from sensory feedback pathways, or (3) central oscillators generated by single \"pacemaker\" neurones or interconnected networks. Recent studies supporting each of these mechanisms under certain conditions are discussed. Differences between these mechanisms are clarified by recent studies in Edmonton on the premammillary cat. This preparation shows a prominent reflexly-induced tremor which can be modified by mechanical loading and electrical stimulation. It also shows spontaneous stepping on a treadmill which is known to be produced by a spinal \"stepping generator\", but can be modified in interesting ways by sensory perturbations. The applicability of these animal studies to human tremors is considered in relation to preliminary studies in Calgary on patients with Parkinson's disease or essential tremor. We have attempted to modify these tremors by application of torque pulses applied to the wrist. The results are described in terms of a normalized \"resetting\" index which has a high value (greater than 0.6) for all essential tremor patients studied, and a wide range of values for different parkinsonian patients. The resetting index may be useful in determining the relative importance of peripheral and central factors in producing tremor in a variety of patients.", "contents": "Modifications of ongoing tremors and locomotion by sensory feedback. In principle tremors can be produced by (1) mechanical oscillators (combination of masses and springs), (2) reflex oscillators arising from sensory feedback pathways, or (3) central oscillators generated by single \"pacemaker\" neurones or interconnected networks. Recent studies supporting each of these mechanisms under certain conditions are discussed. Differences between these mechanisms are clarified by recent studies in Edmonton on the premammillary cat. This preparation shows a prominent reflexly-induced tremor which can be modified by mechanical loading and electrical stimulation. It also shows spontaneous stepping on a treadmill which is known to be produced by a spinal \"stepping generator\", but can be modified in interesting ways by sensory perturbations. The applicability of these animal studies to human tremors is considered in relation to preliminary studies in Calgary on patients with Parkinson's disease or essential tremor. We have attempted to modify these tremors by application of torque pulses applied to the wrist. The results are described in terms of a normalized \"resetting\" index which has a high value (greater than 0.6) for all essential tremor patients studied, and a wide range of values for different parkinsonian patients. The resetting index may be useful in determining the relative importance of peripheral and central factors in producing tremor in a variety of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:285852", "title": "Reciprocal Ia inhibition in spastic paralysis in man.", "content": "Reciprocal reflex connections were studied in capsular hemiplegia and spastic paresis with spinal cord lesions, using Lloyd's technique. Effects of conditioning stimulation of the tibial or peroneal nerve on the H reflex in the antagonists were examined. Stimulus intensity was controlled with reference to the threshold of the M wave. Weaker stimulation than this threshold was regarded as stimulation of group I afferents. It aroused no subjection sensation in intact subjects. Early and strong inhibition, comparable to Ia inhibition in the cat (Lloyd 1946), was observed from weak stimulation of the tibial nerve on the pre-tibial (flexor) H reflex, but not from the peroneal nerve on the triceps surae (extensor) H reflex in capsular hemiplegia. Alcohol block of extensor motor points resulted in reduction of spasticity without further paralysis in the blocked muscle and a remarkable increase in strength of the antagonist pre-tibial muscles. These results suggest that an extensor spasticity withe flexor weakness, which is common in capsular hemiplegia, may be due to an imbalance of reflex activities via Ia muscle afferents, and that a part of flexor weakness can be restored by \"disinhibition' by reduction of Ia inflow from extensor muscles. Ia inhibition was also observed in one third of cases with spinal cord lesions at rest. It returned to normal after recovery from spastic paresis by radical therapy in some cases.", "contents": "Reciprocal Ia inhibition in spastic paralysis in man. Reciprocal reflex connections were studied in capsular hemiplegia and spastic paresis with spinal cord lesions, using Lloyd's technique. Effects of conditioning stimulation of the tibial or peroneal nerve on the H reflex in the antagonists were examined. Stimulus intensity was controlled with reference to the threshold of the M wave. Weaker stimulation than this threshold was regarded as stimulation of group I afferents. It aroused no subjection sensation in intact subjects. Early and strong inhibition, comparable to Ia inhibition in the cat (Lloyd 1946), was observed from weak stimulation of the tibial nerve on the pre-tibial (flexor) H reflex, but not from the peroneal nerve on the triceps surae (extensor) H reflex in capsular hemiplegia. Alcohol block of extensor motor points resulted in reduction of spasticity without further paralysis in the blocked muscle and a remarkable increase in strength of the antagonist pre-tibial muscles. These results suggest that an extensor spasticity withe flexor weakness, which is common in capsular hemiplegia, may be due to an imbalance of reflex activities via Ia muscle afferents, and that a part of flexor weakness can be restored by \"disinhibition' by reduction of Ia inflow from extensor muscles. Ia inhibition was also observed in one third of cases with spinal cord lesions at rest. It returned to normal after recovery from spastic paresis by radical therapy in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:285855", "title": "Muscle membrane chloride conductance and the myotonic syndromes.", "content": "The myotonic syndrome of delayed relaxation in striated muscle associated with repetitive membrane electrical activity is characteristic of a number of hereditary disorders in animals and man. This state of pathologic membrane hyperexcitability is also seen as a consequence of intoxication with several classes of chemicals. In most of these states an increase in muscle membrane resistance due to a specific reduction in sarcolemmal GCl can be demonstrated. Computer simulations have indicated that such a reduction in GCl alone could account for the observed repetitive electrical activity. Controlled reduction of GCl in normal muscle, using aromatic monocarboxylic acids, produces a myotonic syndrome. This myotonia resembles that seen in hereditary disease in its contractile characteristics, its intracellular electrical behavior and its response to diphenylhydantoin and procainamide. The effects of variations in temperature and divalent cation concentration seen in this system parallel those predicted by computer models of myotonia based on the chloride hypothesis. Comparison of the behavior of this and similar model systems with the hereditary myotonias of man and goat allow conclusions to be drawn concerning the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms at work in the hereditary disorders. The concept of an abnormally reduced GCl as the final common factor in many of these disorders emerges as the most tenable hypothesis, although the mechanism by which this conductance is altered may be unique in each case.", "contents": "Muscle membrane chloride conductance and the myotonic syndromes. The myotonic syndrome of delayed relaxation in striated muscle associated with repetitive membrane electrical activity is characteristic of a number of hereditary disorders in animals and man. This state of pathologic membrane hyperexcitability is also seen as a consequence of intoxication with several classes of chemicals. In most of these states an increase in muscle membrane resistance due to a specific reduction in sarcolemmal GCl can be demonstrated. Computer simulations have indicated that such a reduction in GCl alone could account for the observed repetitive electrical activity. Controlled reduction of GCl in normal muscle, using aromatic monocarboxylic acids, produces a myotonic syndrome. This myotonia resembles that seen in hereditary disease in its contractile characteristics, its intracellular electrical behavior and its response to diphenylhydantoin and procainamide. The effects of variations in temperature and divalent cation concentration seen in this system parallel those predicted by computer models of myotonia based on the chloride hypothesis. Comparison of the behavior of this and similar model systems with the hereditary myotonias of man and goat allow conclusions to be drawn concerning the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms at work in the hereditary disorders. The concept of an abnormally reduced GCl as the final common factor in many of these disorders emerges as the most tenable hypothesis, although the mechanism by which this conductance is altered may be unique in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:285858", "title": "Models of the dynamics of neural populations.", "content": "Three requirements are posed for constructing models to simulate EEG dynamics. The element of the model should be an interactive ensemble of neurons and not single neurons. The observations must be statistical, such as EEG waves and averages of unit activity over time and over local neighborhoods containing neural subsets. The state variables and operations of the model must be clearly related to behavioral functions such as sensory reception and perception. A model is presented that exemplifies these requirements. Its key feature is the dependence of its levels of interaction on the level of its input, so that with each burst of input the model switches from an equilibrium state to a limit cycle state. A mechanism is described for coding sensory input into the spatial modulation of the limit cycle activity viewed as a carrier. It is suggested that sensory recepts and percepts exist at different hierarchical levels in the brain, recepts at the level of single neurones, and percepts at the level of neural ensembles, the latter being possibly manifested in the EEG.", "contents": "Models of the dynamics of neural populations. Three requirements are posed for constructing models to simulate EEG dynamics. The element of the model should be an interactive ensemble of neurons and not single neurons. The observations must be statistical, such as EEG waves and averages of unit activity over time and over local neighborhoods containing neural subsets. The state variables and operations of the model must be clearly related to behavioral functions such as sensory reception and perception. A model is presented that exemplifies these requirements. Its key feature is the dependence of its levels of interaction on the level of its input, so that with each burst of input the model switches from an equilibrium state to a limit cycle state. A mechanism is described for coding sensory input into the spatial modulation of the limit cycle activity viewed as a carrier. It is suggested that sensory recepts and percepts exist at different hierarchical levels in the brain, recepts at the level of single neurones, and percepts at the level of neural ensembles, the latter being possibly manifested in the EEG."}
{"id": "PMID:285859", "title": "Communicating hydrocephalus in treated leukemic patients.", "content": "7 brains out of a series of 124 necropsies of treated leukemic patients show a communicating hydrocephalus, without invasion of the central nervous system by the malignant blood cells. In 4 cases it is proven that the hydrocephalus is due to obstruction of the liquor drainage at the level of the arachnoidal villi and dural sinuses, by the leukemic invasion of these structures. It is shown that, even in case of preventive brain irradiation and intrathecal-administered cytotoxic drugs, these structures remain areas, in which the leukemic cells are difficult to destroy.", "contents": "Communicating hydrocephalus in treated leukemic patients. 7 brains out of a series of 124 necropsies of treated leukemic patients show a communicating hydrocephalus, without invasion of the central nervous system by the malignant blood cells. In 4 cases it is proven that the hydrocephalus is due to obstruction of the liquor drainage at the level of the arachnoidal villi and dural sinuses, by the leukemic invasion of these structures. It is shown that, even in case of preventive brain irradiation and intrathecal-administered cytotoxic drugs, these structures remain areas, in which the leukemic cells are difficult to destroy."}
{"id": "PMID:285896", "title": "Centric relation. Its effect on occluso-muscle harmony.", "content": "The most common cause of pain in the region of the temporomandibular joint is occluso-muscle imbalance. This results most often from disharmony between the articulation of the teeth and the centric relation of the condyles. Muscle tenderness of palpation indicates that muscle is involved. An examination must then be done to determine the cause of the muscle tenderness. Before the condyle-occlusion relationship can be evaluated, an accurate centric relation must be determined and verified. The condyles are in centric relation when they are in the most superior position possible in the fossae. From that apex of force position, the condyle can travel neither forward nor backward without moving downward. This position can be located with careful bilateral manipulation and then verified if it can resist firm pressure with no tension or tenderness. Until this correct centric relation is located and verified, it is not possible to properly evaluate the occlusal relationship to the temporomandibular joints. If the occlusion is harmonized to a centric related condyle that can resist firm pressure with pressure with no discomfort, there will be no reason for the muscles to protect either the teeth or the joints. If an occlusion is adjusted to a malrelated condylar position, the occluso-muscle imbalance will be perpetuated and often intensified. Centric relation is the starting point of occlusal contact. Incline interferences in excusive movements must also be eliminated and the occlusion must be harmonized to the envelope of function for each patient. If centric relation is not properly located, occlusal interferences will remain regardless of what procedures are used to record or adjust excursive movements.", "contents": "Centric relation. Its effect on occluso-muscle harmony. The most common cause of pain in the region of the temporomandibular joint is occluso-muscle imbalance. This results most often from disharmony between the articulation of the teeth and the centric relation of the condyles. Muscle tenderness of palpation indicates that muscle is involved. An examination must then be done to determine the cause of the muscle tenderness. Before the condyle-occlusion relationship can be evaluated, an accurate centric relation must be determined and verified. The condyles are in centric relation when they are in the most superior position possible in the fossae. From that apex of force position, the condyle can travel neither forward nor backward without moving downward. This position can be located with careful bilateral manipulation and then verified if it can resist firm pressure with no tension or tenderness. Until this correct centric relation is located and verified, it is not possible to properly evaluate the occlusal relationship to the temporomandibular joints. If the occlusion is harmonized to a centric related condyle that can resist firm pressure with pressure with no discomfort, there will be no reason for the muscles to protect either the teeth or the joints. If an occlusion is adjusted to a malrelated condylar position, the occluso-muscle imbalance will be perpetuated and often intensified. Centric relation is the starting point of occlusal contact. Incline interferences in excusive movements must also be eliminated and the occlusion must be harmonized to the envelope of function for each patient. If centric relation is not properly located, occlusal interferences will remain regardless of what procedures are used to record or adjust excursive movements."}
{"id": "PMID:285900", "title": "Mandibular movement recordings and articulator adjustments simplified.", "content": "Research data from several hundred patient recordings using the Lee method have been utilized to design a simplified jaw movement analyzer and articulator. The study also shows that most patient's movement characteristics can be satisfied with standard preformed articulator controls.", "contents": "Mandibular movement recordings and articulator adjustments simplified. Research data from several hundred patient recordings using the Lee method have been utilized to design a simplified jaw movement analyzer and articulator. The study also shows that most patient's movement characteristics can be satisfied with standard preformed articulator controls."}
{"id": "PMID:285901", "title": "The Denar system and its application in everyday dentistry.", "content": "The Denar System is far more than just a pantograph and a fully adjustable articulator. These are just a small portion of the system. Today and system includes instruments for occlusal treatment, educational programs, protocol for dentist-laboratory relations, and laboratory support. Prior to the Denar System, effective occlusal treatment was available only to a select few and it was rendered with the expenditure of considerable time and expense by those few dentists who, after many years of concentrated effort, developed the required skills and eventually overcome the obstacles to providing this service. Today, the Denar System provides the profession not only with the tools but also with the means to acquire, in a few short months, basic occlusal treatment and management skills that took predecessors many years of concentrated effort to develop. Because of the continuing efforts of many of our colleagues in dental education there is currently an increasing level of awareness of the role of occlusion in modern dental practice. These significant educational activities can now be supported by commercial organizations, such as the Denar Corporation, who possess the resources needed to develop whatever instruments or services are required to enable more dentists to implement principles of occlusion in their treatments on a routine basis and to enable them to do so within the economic framework of a modern dental practice.", "contents": "The Denar system and its application in everyday dentistry. The Denar System is far more than just a pantograph and a fully adjustable articulator. These are just a small portion of the system. Today and system includes instruments for occlusal treatment, educational programs, protocol for dentist-laboratory relations, and laboratory support. Prior to the Denar System, effective occlusal treatment was available only to a select few and it was rendered with the expenditure of considerable time and expense by those few dentists who, after many years of concentrated effort, developed the required skills and eventually overcome the obstacles to providing this service. Today, the Denar System provides the profession not only with the tools but also with the means to acquire, in a few short months, basic occlusal treatment and management skills that took predecessors many years of concentrated effort to develop. Because of the continuing efforts of many of our colleagues in dental education there is currently an increasing level of awareness of the role of occlusion in modern dental practice. These significant educational activities can now be supported by commercial organizations, such as the Denar Corporation, who possess the resources needed to develop whatever instruments or services are required to enable more dentists to implement principles of occlusion in their treatments on a routine basis and to enable them to do so within the economic framework of a modern dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:285913", "title": "[Possible mechanism of morphine-induced Straub tail reaction (STR) (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical contraction of the dorsal sarco-cocygeus muscle and electrical stimulation of spinal cord elicited tail elevation such as straub tail reaction (STR). When morphine, 0.25 approximately 0.5 microgram, was injected into the lumbothecal space, STR was produced dose-dependently and such was the same as that produced by systemic injection of morphine. STR was not observed, when morphine was injected into the lumbo-thecal space in spinal mice. STR was antagonized by tubocurarine given subcutaneously and by naloxone injected into the lumbothecal space. STR was not antagonized by the right, left or both dorsal spinal lesion at C5 approximately 6 as well as by the right or both dorsal spinal lesion at T11 approximately 12. However, STR was antagonized by the spinal transection at T11 approximately 12. The lesion of spinal serotonergic neurons enhanced STR. These results suggest that morphine acts on both the lumbo-sacral nerve cell bodies and the nerve terminals descending via the spinal ventral horn, by which the morphine-induced contraction of dorsal sarco-coccygeus muscle tendons produce STR.", "contents": "[Possible mechanism of morphine-induced Straub tail reaction (STR) (author's transl)]. Mechanical contraction of the dorsal sarco-cocygeus muscle and electrical stimulation of spinal cord elicited tail elevation such as straub tail reaction (STR). When morphine, 0.25 approximately 0.5 microgram, was injected into the lumbothecal space, STR was produced dose-dependently and such was the same as that produced by systemic injection of morphine. STR was not observed, when morphine was injected into the lumbo-thecal space in spinal mice. STR was antagonized by tubocurarine given subcutaneously and by naloxone injected into the lumbothecal space. STR was not antagonized by the right, left or both dorsal spinal lesion at C5 approximately 6 as well as by the right or both dorsal spinal lesion at T11 approximately 12. However, STR was antagonized by the spinal transection at T11 approximately 12. The lesion of spinal serotonergic neurons enhanced STR. These results suggest that morphine acts on both the lumbo-sacral nerve cell bodies and the nerve terminals descending via the spinal ventral horn, by which the morphine-induced contraction of dorsal sarco-coccygeus muscle tendons produce STR."}
{"id": "PMID:285925", "title": "Cell surface glycoprotein analysis: a diagnostic tool in human leukemias.", "content": "We have radiolabelled surface glycoproteins of different types of leukemic cell. The labelled proteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Surface glycoprotein patterns discriminatory for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were found. We conclude that the analysis of the surface glycoprotein profile provides a useful method for the classification of leukemic cells according to cell type and stage of differentiation.", "contents": "Cell surface glycoprotein analysis: a diagnostic tool in human leukemias. We have radiolabelled surface glycoproteins of different types of leukemic cell. The labelled proteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by fluorography. Surface glycoprotein patterns discriminatory for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were found. We conclude that the analysis of the surface glycoprotein profile provides a useful method for the classification of leukemic cells according to cell type and stage of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:285933", "title": "Extra-osseous osteosarcoma: a clinical and histopathological study of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of extra-osseous osteosarcoma were found among 242 cases recorded as osteosarcoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry during the years 1958 to 1968. The tumours occurred in middle-aged and elderly patients. Three of the tumours were situated in the proximal part of the thigh and one in the scapular region. Histopathologically, all tumours were subclassified as osteoblastic osteosarcomas. The patients were treated by primary local excision which in one case was followed by a radical en bloc excision of the entire tumour bed. All cases subjected to simple excision died of metastatic disease five to twenty-four months after diagnosis. The patient treated by en bloc excision is alive and apparently free from disease fourteen years after diagnosis.", "contents": "Extra-osseous osteosarcoma: a clinical and histopathological study of four cases. Four cases of extra-osseous osteosarcoma were found among 242 cases recorded as osteosarcoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry during the years 1958 to 1968. The tumours occurred in middle-aged and elderly patients. Three of the tumours were situated in the proximal part of the thigh and one in the scapular region. Histopathologically, all tumours were subclassified as osteoblastic osteosarcomas. The patients were treated by primary local excision which in one case was followed by a radical en bloc excision of the entire tumour bed. All cases subjected to simple excision died of metastatic disease five to twenty-four months after diagnosis. The patient treated by en bloc excision is alive and apparently free from disease fourteen years after diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285934", "title": "The effect of biopsy on survival of patients with osteosarcoma.", "content": "A retrospective study of patients with osteosarcoma was undertaken to determine whether there was a relationship between biopsy and survival. Fifty-seven patients treated at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, between 1938 and 1959 were included in this study, all of whom were less than thirty years old, had a metaphysial osteosarcoma in a long bone but had no pulmonary metastases at the time of diagnosis; all were treated by amputation. No clinical variants of osteosarcoma were included. Twenty-four of the fifty-seven patients had an amputation without a prior biopsy; the others had biopsies before amputation. These two groups were fairly closely matched in age, sex, site and size of tumour, and in the level of amputation; some patients in each group received radiation before operation. Evaluation of these two groups of patients revealed that the performance of a biopsy, with or without a delay of not more than thirty days between the biopsy and the definitive operation, had no adverse effect on survival.", "contents": "The effect of biopsy on survival of patients with osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of patients with osteosarcoma was undertaken to determine whether there was a relationship between biopsy and survival. Fifty-seven patients treated at the Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, between 1938 and 1959 were included in this study, all of whom were less than thirty years old, had a metaphysial osteosarcoma in a long bone but had no pulmonary metastases at the time of diagnosis; all were treated by amputation. No clinical variants of osteosarcoma were included. Twenty-four of the fifty-seven patients had an amputation without a prior biopsy; the others had biopsies before amputation. These two groups were fairly closely matched in age, sex, site and size of tumour, and in the level of amputation; some patients in each group received radiation before operation. Evaluation of these two groups of patients revealed that the performance of a biopsy, with or without a delay of not more than thirty days between the biopsy and the definitive operation, had no adverse effect on survival."}
{"id": "PMID:285941", "title": "Periodic acid-Schiff reaction and prognosis in lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Diagnostic bone marrow smears from 132 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, (ALL) were stained simultaneously by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, and the blast cell positivity was assessed quantitatively. The patients fell naturally into two unequal groups: those with more than 20% PAS-positive blast cells (44 patients) and those with less (88 patients). There was no relation between the degree of positivity and age, sex, or presenting leucocyte count. Actuarial survival studies showed that the group with more than 20% PAS-positive blast cells survived longer, but that this difference assumed statistical significance only after the exclusion of patients over 14 years old and those with high white cell counts at the time of diagnosis. It appears that the PAS reaction can identify long survivors among patients with ALL, but not in the absence of features strongly associated with a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Periodic acid-Schiff reaction and prognosis in lymphoblastic leukaemia. Diagnostic bone marrow smears from 132 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, (ALL) were stained simultaneously by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, and the blast cell positivity was assessed quantitatively. The patients fell naturally into two unequal groups: those with more than 20% PAS-positive blast cells (44 patients) and those with less (88 patients). There was no relation between the degree of positivity and age, sex, or presenting leucocyte count. Actuarial survival studies showed that the group with more than 20% PAS-positive blast cells survived longer, but that this difference assumed statistical significance only after the exclusion of patients over 14 years old and those with high white cell counts at the time of diagnosis. It appears that the PAS reaction can identify long survivors among patients with ALL, but not in the absence of features strongly associated with a poor prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:285945", "title": "The effect of instruction and supervised toothbrushing on the reduction of dental plaque in kindergarten children.", "content": "Based upon the present study the following conclusions were reached: Supervised toothbrushing with instruction for preschool children significantly and consistently decreased dental plaque scores, when compared to the control group of the same children who had only supervision. While those subjects receiving toothbrushing instructions and supervision had significant plaque reductions, at no time did the plaque scores reach zero. A symmetrical but nonuniform distribution of dental plaque prior to toothbrushing was noted as follows: Posterior teeth had higher dental plaque scores than anterior teeth. More dental plaque was present on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary teeth than on the lingual surfaces. More dental plaque was present on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth than on the buccal surfaces. The distribution of dental plaque following toothbrushing remained the same as the prebrushing pattern, but the amount of dental plaque was reduced by 31 percent. Constant reinforcement is necessary to maintain effective plaque control in pre-school children.", "contents": "The effect of instruction and supervised toothbrushing on the reduction of dental plaque in kindergarten children. Based upon the present study the following conclusions were reached: Supervised toothbrushing with instruction for preschool children significantly and consistently decreased dental plaque scores, when compared to the control group of the same children who had only supervision. While those subjects receiving toothbrushing instructions and supervision had significant plaque reductions, at no time did the plaque scores reach zero. A symmetrical but nonuniform distribution of dental plaque prior to toothbrushing was noted as follows: Posterior teeth had higher dental plaque scores than anterior teeth. More dental plaque was present on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary teeth than on the lingual surfaces. More dental plaque was present on the lingual surfaces of the mandibular teeth than on the buccal surfaces. The distribution of dental plaque following toothbrushing remained the same as the prebrushing pattern, but the amount of dental plaque was reduced by 31 percent. Constant reinforcement is necessary to maintain effective plaque control in pre-school children."}
{"id": "PMID:285944", "title": "An evaluation of the behavioral aspect of a prevention-oriented oral health program.", "content": "The teaching and learning program is not effective in the behavioral dimension, given the data of this evaluation. The Navy Plaque Index was shown to be an unreliable instrument, when utilized with a relatively large number of upper elementary level students by more than one dentist, due to differences in the level of plaque recorded by the dentists.", "contents": "An evaluation of the behavioral aspect of a prevention-oriented oral health program. The teaching and learning program is not effective in the behavioral dimension, given the data of this evaluation. The Navy Plaque Index was shown to be an unreliable instrument, when utilized with a relatively large number of upper elementary level students by more than one dentist, due to differences in the level of plaque recorded by the dentists."}
{"id": "PMID:285956", "title": "Personality characteristics of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome unresponsive to conventional therapy.", "content": "The composite MMPI profiles of 42 successfully-treated and 42 unsuccessfully-treated female patients with MPD syndrome were compared statistically. The profiles did not differ in configuration, but that of the unsuccessful patients was significantly higher than that of the successful group, indicating a greater degree of emotional distress. The pattern of deviation from normal for both groups was diagnostic of a psychophysiological disorder marked by repression and somatization.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome unresponsive to conventional therapy. The composite MMPI profiles of 42 successfully-treated and 42 unsuccessfully-treated female patients with MPD syndrome were compared statistically. The profiles did not differ in configuration, but that of the unsuccessful patients was significantly higher than that of the successful group, indicating a greater degree of emotional distress. The pattern of deviation from normal for both groups was diagnostic of a psychophysiological disorder marked by repression and somatization."}
{"id": "PMID:285957", "title": "Relation between integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during voluntary isometric contraction in human masticatory muscles.", "content": "The relation between integrated electromyographic activity and computed biting force during voluntary isometric contraction was evaluated in the masticatory muscles of healthy subjects. The slopes of the curves relating integrated electromyographic activity to computed biting force in masseter muscles were steeper on the non-preferred chewing side than on the preferred chewing side, and they progressively became steeper during the course of continuous isometric contraction of a given biting force.", "contents": "Relation between integrated electromyographic activity and biting force during voluntary isometric contraction in human masticatory muscles. The relation between integrated electromyographic activity and computed biting force during voluntary isometric contraction was evaluated in the masticatory muscles of healthy subjects. The slopes of the curves relating integrated electromyographic activity to computed biting force in masseter muscles were steeper on the non-preferred chewing side than on the preferred chewing side, and they progressively became steeper during the course of continuous isometric contraction of a given biting force."}
{"id": "PMID:285958", "title": "Color stability of a pigmented elastomer for maxillofacial appliances.", "content": "The color stability of a series of eleven maxillofacial pigments was determined after accelerated aging using reflection spectrophotometry. The results indicate that seven of the pigments demonstrated good to excellent color stability, while four of the pigments were less promising for clinical use.", "contents": "Color stability of a pigmented elastomer for maxillofacial appliances. The color stability of a series of eleven maxillofacial pigments was determined after accelerated aging using reflection spectrophotometry. The results indicate that seven of the pigments demonstrated good to excellent color stability, while four of the pigments were less promising for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:285959", "title": "Stain resistance of maxillofacial materials.", "content": "The resistance of three silicone and one polyvinyl chloride maxillofacial materials to staining by tea, lipstick, and disclosing solution was measured by reflectance spectrophotometry. Changes in color caused by staining were larger than changes caused by color instability of the base elastomers or pigments under conditions of accelerated aging.", "contents": "Stain resistance of maxillofacial materials. The resistance of three silicone and one polyvinyl chloride maxillofacial materials to staining by tea, lipstick, and disclosing solution was measured by reflectance spectrophotometry. Changes in color caused by staining were larger than changes caused by color instability of the base elastomers or pigments under conditions of accelerated aging."}
{"id": "PMID:285960", "title": "A new type of hydraulic dental cement.", "content": "A new type of hydraulic cement has been developed. This cement consists of a mixture of cement powder and setting agent powder and therefore has only to be kneaded with a little amount of water when being used.", "contents": "A new type of hydraulic dental cement. A new type of hydraulic cement has been developed. This cement consists of a mixture of cement powder and setting agent powder and therefore has only to be kneaded with a little amount of water when being used."}
{"id": "PMID:285961", "title": "The uptake of sugars by isolated rat parotid acinar cells.", "content": "This study presents the basic transport mechanisms of the uptake of D-glucose and 3-0-methyl-D-glucose by isolated rat parotid acinar cells. The transport characteristics were studied in vitro using 14C-labeled isotopic analogues of these sugars.", "contents": "The uptake of sugars by isolated rat parotid acinar cells. This study presents the basic transport mechanisms of the uptake of D-glucose and 3-0-methyl-D-glucose by isolated rat parotid acinar cells. The transport characteristics were studied in vitro using 14C-labeled isotopic analogues of these sugars."}
{"id": "PMID:285982", "title": "Avoiding perforation during endodontic access.", "content": "Planning for endodontic access should be as precise as possible and the dentist should consider several factors in his preoperative evaluation of teeth to avoid perforations. Anatomical characteristics of teeth can be helpful in establishing endodontic access, and valid and invalid points for orientation have been discussed. Seven suggestions have been offered for the establishment of access on difficult teeth. The ideal in establishing endodontic access can only be achieved by the deliberate, conscious application of a thorough knowledge of dental anatomy, and of possible variations from the norm, coupled with a thorough preoperative examination of the tooth. Although a casual approach may not be unsuccessful, precision will certainly yield a higher percentage of successful cases.", "contents": "Avoiding perforation during endodontic access. Planning for endodontic access should be as precise as possible and the dentist should consider several factors in his preoperative evaluation of teeth to avoid perforations. Anatomical characteristics of teeth can be helpful in establishing endodontic access, and valid and invalid points for orientation have been discussed. Seven suggestions have been offered for the establishment of access on difficult teeth. The ideal in establishing endodontic access can only be achieved by the deliberate, conscious application of a thorough knowledge of dental anatomy, and of possible variations from the norm, coupled with a thorough preoperative examination of the tooth. Although a casual approach may not be unsuccessful, precision will certainly yield a higher percentage of successful cases."}
{"id": "PMID:285983", "title": "Medications and health histories: a survey of 4,365 dental patients.", "content": "Dental patients were surveyed to determine the medications they were using and to compile information on their medical histories. Complete survey forms were obtained from 4,365 patients who were seen for emergency treatment or for diagnosis and treatment planning between August 1975 and July 1976. Of the patients surveyed, 1,833 (42%) were taking medications. The frequency of intake of different drug groups was: analgesics, 14.2%; oral contraceptives, 12.1%; antihypertensives, 9.4%; miscellaneous (vitamins, antacids, anorectics, nonprescription cold remedies), 9.4%; psychotherapeutic agents, 7.6%; hormones, 6.6%; antibiotics, 4.9%; antihistamines, 3.8%; cardiac agents, 3.1%; hypoglycemics, 2.0%; anticonvulsants, 0.9%; antiasthmatics, 0.6%; and anticoagulants, 0.2%. At least one significant medical problem was reported by 2.989 patients (68.5%). The frequency of positive responses in the various groups was: hospitalizations, 40.5%; genitourinary problems, 19.8%; allergies, 19.2%; respiratory problems, 17.9%; gastrointestinal problems, 15.5%; cardiovascular disorders, 15.1%; musculoskeletal disorders, 12.6%; eye and ear afflictions, 8.3%; endocrine disorders, 6.5%;  serious illness, 6.5%; disorders of the central nervous system, 5.9%; and disorders of integument, 4.9%", "contents": "Medications and health histories: a survey of 4,365 dental patients. Dental patients were surveyed to determine the medications they were using and to compile information on their medical histories. Complete survey forms were obtained from 4,365 patients who were seen for emergency treatment or for diagnosis and treatment planning between August 1975 and July 1976. Of the patients surveyed, 1,833 (42%) were taking medications. The frequency of intake of different drug groups was: analgesics, 14.2%; oral contraceptives, 12.1%; antihypertensives, 9.4%; miscellaneous (vitamins, antacids, anorectics, nonprescription cold remedies), 9.4%; psychotherapeutic agents, 7.6%; hormones, 6.6%; antibiotics, 4.9%; antihistamines, 3.8%; cardiac agents, 3.1%; hypoglycemics, 2.0%; anticonvulsants, 0.9%; antiasthmatics, 0.6%; and anticoagulants, 0.2%. At least one significant medical problem was reported by 2.989 patients (68.5%). The frequency of positive responses in the various groups was: hospitalizations, 40.5%; genitourinary problems, 19.8%; allergies, 19.2%; respiratory problems, 17.9%; gastrointestinal problems, 15.5%; cardiovascular disorders, 15.1%; musculoskeletal disorders, 12.6%; eye and ear afflictions, 8.3%; endocrine disorders, 6.5%;  serious illness, 6.5%; disorders of the central nervous system, 5.9%; and disorders of integument, 4.9%"}
{"id": "PMID:285984", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic management of an unerupted maxillary incisor.", "content": "Satisfactory functional and esthetic results were attained, with proper consideration of surgical, periodontal, and orthodontic principles in the treatment of a patient with an unerupted maxillary central incisor. Gingival attachment was maintained and integrity of the dental arch was restored.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic management of an unerupted maxillary incisor. Satisfactory functional and esthetic results were attained, with proper consideration of surgical, periodontal, and orthodontic principles in the treatment of a patient with an unerupted maxillary central incisor. Gingival attachment was maintained and integrity of the dental arch was restored."}
{"id": "PMID:285985", "title": "Eleven-year follow-up of tooth replantation.", "content": "An 11-year clinical and radiographic follow-up of an avulsed tooth, replanted within 15 minutes, has been presented. The periodontal membrane can be traced around the replanted central incisor, indicating the tooth is not ankylosed and is functionally attached. It is not anchored immutably to the bone. The tooth has responded dynamically to growth and development of the maxilla and now abuts and aligns well with the other teeth in the arch.", "contents": "Eleven-year follow-up of tooth replantation. An 11-year clinical and radiographic follow-up of an avulsed tooth, replanted within 15 minutes, has been presented. The periodontal membrane can be traced around the replanted central incisor, indicating the tooth is not ankylosed and is functionally attached. It is not anchored immutably to the bone. The tooth has responded dynamically to growth and development of the maxilla and now abuts and aligns well with the other teeth in the arch."}
{"id": "PMID:285986", "title": "Aspirin idiosyncrasy.", "content": "Aspirin idiosyncrasy is infrequently discussed in the dental literature. The severity of the case described illustrates the importance of complete familiarity with the syndrome. Because the patient who is sensitive to the drug may not volunteer this information, the dentist must include specific questions about asthma, nasal polyps, and adverse clinical reaction to aspirin in the initial interview of the patient. Suspicion of this idiosyncrasy will result in avoidance of aspirin; this may well prevent a life-threatening reaction. Acetaminophen is a safe alternative analgesic agent for such patients.", "contents": "Aspirin idiosyncrasy. Aspirin idiosyncrasy is infrequently discussed in the dental literature. The severity of the case described illustrates the importance of complete familiarity with the syndrome. Because the patient who is sensitive to the drug may not volunteer this information, the dentist must include specific questions about asthma, nasal polyps, and adverse clinical reaction to aspirin in the initial interview of the patient. Suspicion of this idiosyncrasy will result in avoidance of aspirin; this may well prevent a life-threatening reaction. Acetaminophen is a safe alternative analgesic agent for such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:285987", "title": "The Oregon lesson: results of postelection research. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research.", "content": "Definite issues are involved in the denturism controversy, such as consumerism/economics, sympathy for the elderly population, freedom of choice, and acceptance of paraprofessionals. The dental profession must deal with these issues. Its concern for oral health and quality of training can only be presented (and accepted) if it is placed within the context of the issues as the public sees them.", "contents": "The Oregon lesson: results of postelection research. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research. Definite issues are involved in the denturism controversy, such as consumerism/economics, sympathy for the elderly population, freedom of choice, and acceptance of paraprofessionals. The dental profession must deal with these issues. Its concern for oral health and quality of training can only be presented (and accepted) if it is placed within the context of the issues as the public sees them."}
{"id": "PMID:285994", "title": "Reimplantation of the mandibular condyle in cases of intraoral resection and reconstruction of the mandible.", "content": "A new technique for the reconstruction of the disarticulated ramus is presented. From an intra-oral approach the mandible is resected, and if the posterior part of the ramus and the neck of the condyle are not involved by the tumour, this part is preserved. It is then fixed to the bone graft from the iliac crest bridging the remaining defect. The procedure is outlined, based on the experience of 4 cases which have been successfully operated on according to this technique. The earliest of them has been followed-up for seven years.", "contents": "Reimplantation of the mandibular condyle in cases of intraoral resection and reconstruction of the mandible. A new technique for the reconstruction of the disarticulated ramus is presented. From an intra-oral approach the mandible is resected, and if the posterior part of the ramus and the neck of the condyle are not involved by the tumour, this part is preserved. It is then fixed to the bone graft from the iliac crest bridging the remaining defect. The procedure is outlined, based on the experience of 4 cases which have been successfully operated on according to this technique. The earliest of them has been followed-up for seven years."}
{"id": "PMID:285995", "title": "Reconstruction of labial commissure by a sliding U-shaped cheek flap.", "content": "Repair of the labial commissure following tumour removal is performed with a U-shaped posteriorly based cheek advancement flap. With such a method a very good reconstruction of this delicate area can be achieved and it has no tendency to dehiscence or scar contracture at the vermillion border of the lip. Best results are of course obtained when reconstruction is performed in three layers (skin, muscle, mucosa).", "contents": "Reconstruction of labial commissure by a sliding U-shaped cheek flap. Repair of the labial commissure following tumour removal is performed with a U-shaped posteriorly based cheek advancement flap. With such a method a very good reconstruction of this delicate area can be achieved and it has no tendency to dehiscence or scar contracture at the vermillion border of the lip. Best results are of course obtained when reconstruction is performed in three layers (skin, muscle, mucosa)."}
{"id": "PMID:285996", "title": "Carcinoma of the oral cavity: on the prognostic significance of the primary tumour site (by levels and areas).", "content": "The prognostic significance of primary tumour site in carcinomas of the oral cavity was investigated in a series of 585 cases. For the subsamples (levels and areas of oral cavity) studied, the numerical distribution of TNM categories, life tables and life table comparisons were computed. This produced the following results: Given an identical extension and analogous metastazising rate, there is no computationally demonstrable difference in prognosis between primary tumours sited at different levels and areas of the oral cavity. The exception are the T1Nx categories, for which a difference exists between precanine and retromolar sites. These results should be re-examined on the basis of a larger series.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oral cavity: on the prognostic significance of the primary tumour site (by levels and areas). The prognostic significance of primary tumour site in carcinomas of the oral cavity was investigated in a series of 585 cases. For the subsamples (levels and areas of oral cavity) studied, the numerical distribution of TNM categories, life tables and life table comparisons were computed. This produced the following results: Given an identical extension and analogous metastazising rate, there is no computationally demonstrable difference in prognosis between primary tumours sited at different levels and areas of the oral cavity. The exception are the T1Nx categories, for which a difference exists between precanine and retromolar sites. These results should be re-examined on the basis of a larger series."}
{"id": "PMID:285997", "title": "Branchiogenic carcinoma -- fact or fallacy?", "content": "The ongoing debate concerning the existence of malignant transformation of branchial cleft cysts has been analyzed, with the aid of previous reports and reviews in the literature. Six new cases are presented and illustrated. These occurred in 4 male and 2 female patients, having an average age of 60 years. Two of the lesions were within the parotid salivary gland. The longest period of survival was 3 1/2 years. New criteria for the acceptability of tumors as primary branchiogenic cancers are proposed. We believe that, using these strict criteria, rare examples of primary branchiogenic carcinomas do exist; their treatment should include whide local excision, followed by ipsilateral radical neck dissection.", "contents": "Branchiogenic carcinoma -- fact or fallacy? The ongoing debate concerning the existence of malignant transformation of branchial cleft cysts has been analyzed, with the aid of previous reports and reviews in the literature. Six new cases are presented and illustrated. These occurred in 4 male and 2 female patients, having an average age of 60 years. Two of the lesions were within the parotid salivary gland. The longest period of survival was 3 1/2 years. New criteria for the acceptability of tumors as primary branchiogenic cancers are proposed. We believe that, using these strict criteria, rare examples of primary branchiogenic carcinomas do exist; their treatment should include whide local excision, followed by ipsilateral radical neck dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:285998", "title": "Two-stage closure of cleft palate (progress report).", "content": "In order to achieve palatal closure with the least possible impediment to maxillary growth, the two-stage repair seems to be the best procedure in our hands. The technique and timing of closure of soft and hard palate are described. For soft palate closure a modification of Widmaier's (1959) technique is used. Of the 216 cases operated upon this manner, usually at the age of 18 months (total and partial clefts included), the great majority show a soft palate of sufficient length and good elevation, a definite improvement in comparison with the one-stage procedure used formerly. Hard palate closure is postponed until between 5 and 8 years, the timing of surgery is chosen individually on the assessments of speech and dento-maxillary development.", "contents": "Two-stage closure of cleft palate (progress report). In order to achieve palatal closure with the least possible impediment to maxillary growth, the two-stage repair seems to be the best procedure in our hands. The technique and timing of closure of soft and hard palate are described. For soft palate closure a modification of Widmaier's (1959) technique is used. Of the 216 cases operated upon this manner, usually at the age of 18 months (total and partial clefts included), the great majority show a soft palate of sufficient length and good elevation, a definite improvement in comparison with the one-stage procedure used formerly. Hard palate closure is postponed until between 5 and 8 years, the timing of surgery is chosen individually on the assessments of speech and dento-maxillary development."}
{"id": "PMID:285999", "title": "A morphological substantiation of mental fractures. Clinical and experimental study.", "content": "The clinical impressions and the study performed in connection with them on cadaveric material with a view to clarifying morphologically the \"mental fracture\" concept is reported. Mental fractures are classified on the basis of muscle interaction on the fragments, used as an objective criterion for fracture classification. Against the background of the data obtained a morphologically substantiated definition of mental fractures is proposed.", "contents": "A morphological substantiation of mental fractures. Clinical and experimental study. The clinical impressions and the study performed in connection with them on cadaveric material with a view to clarifying morphologically the \"mental fracture\" concept is reported. Mental fractures are classified on the basis of muscle interaction on the fragments, used as an objective criterion for fracture classification. Against the background of the data obtained a morphologically substantiated definition of mental fractures is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:286000", "title": "Reconstructive surgery of the mandible by means of metal plates.", "content": "Reconstructive operations for defects of the mandible arising as a consequence of tumour operations and after trauma, add considerably to the improvement of aesthetics and masticatory function. Here, we have found methods of stable osteosynthesis for transplant fixation to be very useful. The most favourable results were achieved by the application of special mandibular plates. Only homologous spongy bone of the crest of filium was used as the transplant material. The primary temporary bridging of the defect by alloplastic material after mandibular resection in cancer therapy proved very advantageous. The results of treatment permit practical conclusions.", "contents": "Reconstructive surgery of the mandible by means of metal plates. Reconstructive operations for defects of the mandible arising as a consequence of tumour operations and after trauma, add considerably to the improvement of aesthetics and masticatory function. Here, we have found methods of stable osteosynthesis for transplant fixation to be very useful. The most favourable results were achieved by the application of special mandibular plates. Only homologous spongy bone of the crest of filium was used as the transplant material. The primary temporary bridging of the defect by alloplastic material after mandibular resection in cancer therapy proved very advantageous. The results of treatment permit practical conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:286003", "title": "Unilateral condylar hyperplasia and acromegaly (case report).", "content": "A case of a 57-years-old caucasian male with unilateral condylar hyperplasia and proven acromegaly is presented.", "contents": "Unilateral condylar hyperplasia and acromegaly (case report). A case of a 57-years-old caucasian male with unilateral condylar hyperplasia and proven acromegaly is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:286004", "title": "The alveolar flap for the repair of the cleft alveolus -- related to the development of the upper jaw.", "content": "A new method for the repair of the cleft alveolus employing the alvolar flap, was carried out in 33 patients with a unilateral total cleft. Alternating primary osteoplastic repairs were performed in in aqual number of patients. The postoperative interval varies between 8 and 9 years. The patients were followed up with attention beng paid to the further growth of the upper jaw.", "contents": "The alveolar flap for the repair of the cleft alveolus -- related to the development of the upper jaw. A new method for the repair of the cleft alveolus employing the alvolar flap, was carried out in 33 patients with a unilateral total cleft. Alternating primary osteoplastic repairs were performed in in aqual number of patients. The postoperative interval varies between 8 and 9 years. The patients were followed up with attention beng paid to the further growth of the upper jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:286018", "title": "Behavioral treatment of night terrors in a child with acute leukemia.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia presented with a 1-month history of recurrent nightmares. Symptoms of the disturbance conformed to a clinical picture of slow wave arousal night terrors, or pavor nocturnus. Behavioral treatment aimed at reducing anxiety related to maternal separation and medical procedures, and at reinforcing appropriate sleep patterns was effective in reducing and eventually eliminating the symptoms. Follow-up revealed no return of nightmares or existence of new problems. A brief review of descriptive, etiological and treatment aspects of night terrors is presented and the hypothesis is put forth that such episodes represent a psychological reaction to trauma. The importance of being aware of age variables in the expression of children's anxiety is noted as is the value of careful tabulation of outcome data.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of night terrors in a child with acute leukemia. A 3-year-old girl diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia presented with a 1-month history of recurrent nightmares. Symptoms of the disturbance conformed to a clinical picture of slow wave arousal night terrors, or pavor nocturnus. Behavioral treatment aimed at reducing anxiety related to maternal separation and medical procedures, and at reinforcing appropriate sleep patterns was effective in reducing and eventually eliminating the symptoms. Follow-up revealed no return of nightmares or existence of new problems. A brief review of descriptive, etiological and treatment aspects of night terrors is presented and the hypothesis is put forth that such episodes represent a psychological reaction to trauma. The importance of being aware of age variables in the expression of children's anxiety is noted as is the value of careful tabulation of outcome data."}
{"id": "PMID:286019", "title": "Short term evaluation of counselling and occlusal adjustment in patients with mandibular dysfunction involving the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The effect of counselling and occlusal adjustment was investigated in thirty patients with mandibular dysfunction involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The patients were examined at three visits 6 weeks apart. At the first visit all patients received counselling. At the second visit they were divided into two groups, one receiving occlusal adjustment and the other not receiving treatment. The degree of mandibular dysfunction was assessed by the patients according to a five grade scale and by the clinical dysfunction index according to Helkimo (1974a). The score of subjective dysfunction was reduced significantly during the period following counselling and 60% of the patients improved. No effect was found on the clinical dysfunction score. The score of clinical dysfunction was reduced significantly during the period following occlusal adjustment and 67% of the patients improved. No further effect could be detected on the subjective dysfunction score. The correlation between changes in subjective and clinical dysfunction was poor, but changes in the subjective score were generally associated with changes in the clinical score. It was concluded that counselling may reduce the subjective symptoms; and occlusal adjustment the clinical signs of mandibular dysfunction involving the TMJ, but that the individual variation in response is substantial.", "contents": "Short term evaluation of counselling and occlusal adjustment in patients with mandibular dysfunction involving the temporomandibular joint. The effect of counselling and occlusal adjustment was investigated in thirty patients with mandibular dysfunction involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The patients were examined at three visits 6 weeks apart. At the first visit all patients received counselling. At the second visit they were divided into two groups, one receiving occlusal adjustment and the other not receiving treatment. The degree of mandibular dysfunction was assessed by the patients according to a five grade scale and by the clinical dysfunction index according to Helkimo (1974a). The score of subjective dysfunction was reduced significantly during the period following counselling and 60% of the patients improved. No effect was found on the clinical dysfunction score. The score of clinical dysfunction was reduced significantly during the period following occlusal adjustment and 67% of the patients improved. No further effect could be detected on the subjective dysfunction score. The correlation between changes in subjective and clinical dysfunction was poor, but changes in the subjective score were generally associated with changes in the clinical score. It was concluded that counselling may reduce the subjective symptoms; and occlusal adjustment the clinical signs of mandibular dysfunction involving the TMJ, but that the individual variation in response is substantial."}
{"id": "PMID:286020", "title": "Some subjective-experiential parameters in experimental tooth clenching in man.", "content": "Experimental tooth clenching was performed by fourteen human subjects in order to determine the onset of the subjective sensations of jaw muscle fatigue and jaw muscle pains, the ability to endure jaw muscle pains, and other discomforts. During production of maximal voluntary isometric tension by the elevator jaw muscles the fatigue threshold (x = 31 s), the pain threshold (x = 55 s), and the pain tolerance (x = 118 s) of tooth clenching did not vary significantly intraindividually, whereas this was so interindividually. There might have existed psychological relationships between the three parameters, but they might also have been influenced by the same physiological cause. The weak to intense discomforts were localized to the face, and primarily to the jaw muscles, and after determination of the pain tolerance they disappeared in about 90 s.", "contents": "Some subjective-experiential parameters in experimental tooth clenching in man. Experimental tooth clenching was performed by fourteen human subjects in order to determine the onset of the subjective sensations of jaw muscle fatigue and jaw muscle pains, the ability to endure jaw muscle pains, and other discomforts. During production of maximal voluntary isometric tension by the elevator jaw muscles the fatigue threshold (x = 31 s), the pain threshold (x = 55 s), and the pain tolerance (x = 118 s) of tooth clenching did not vary significantly intraindividually, whereas this was so interindividually. There might have existed psychological relationships between the three parameters, but they might also have been influenced by the same physiological cause. The weak to intense discomforts were localized to the face, and primarily to the jaw muscles, and after determination of the pain tolerance they disappeared in about 90 s."}
{"id": "PMID:286021", "title": "Diametral tensile strength of twenty-three hardened commercial amalgams.", "content": "In view of the ever increasing number of high copper alloys, it was the aim of this study to investigate the tensile strength property of some of the new alloy systems. The factors alloy system and heat treatment were investigated in relation to the tensile strength. The factors alloy system as well as the heat treatment turned out to be significant. The study suggests that the introduction of \"dispersion\" alloys did not change the dental picture as to the property of the tensile strength. The selection of strength values in the range of 35-55 MN/m2 for the diametral tensile strength probably have no clinical relevancy as to the prevention of bulk fractures of amalgam restorations under oral conditions.", "contents": "Diametral tensile strength of twenty-three hardened commercial amalgams. In view of the ever increasing number of high copper alloys, it was the aim of this study to investigate the tensile strength property of some of the new alloy systems. The factors alloy system and heat treatment were investigated in relation to the tensile strength. The factors alloy system as well as the heat treatment turned out to be significant. The study suggests that the introduction of \"dispersion\" alloys did not change the dental picture as to the property of the tensile strength. The selection of strength values in the range of 35-55 MN/m2 for the diametral tensile strength probably have no clinical relevancy as to the prevention of bulk fractures of amalgam restorations under oral conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:286022", "title": "Oral temperatures in young and old people.", "content": "Oral temperatures were measured in ten young females and ten young males, and compared to oral temperatures measured in ten elderly females and ten elderly males. Each subject had a complete natural dentition. When analysed by sex, it was found that the temperatures in elderly males were lower than in young males (P less than 0.001), while temperatures in young and elderly females did not differ. Concerning sublingual temperatures, a difference of approximately one-third of a degree centigrade was demonstrated between the two age groups (P less than 0.005).", "contents": "Oral temperatures in young and old people. Oral temperatures were measured in ten young females and ten young males, and compared to oral temperatures measured in ten elderly females and ten elderly males. Each subject had a complete natural dentition. When analysed by sex, it was found that the temperatures in elderly males were lower than in young males (P less than 0.001), while temperatures in young and elderly females did not differ. Concerning sublingual temperatures, a difference of approximately one-third of a degree centigrade was demonstrated between the two age groups (P less than 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:286023", "title": "The sagittal condylar movements of the clicking temporomandibular joint.", "content": "An analysis of the sagittal condylar pathways in patients with clicking temporomandibular joints is presented in relation to the mechanism of this symptom which is still hypothetical. The condylar movements of five healthy subjects are compared with the pathways of five patients with unilateral or bilateral clicking joints. The results indicate that in the latter group there are clearly perceivable deviations from the movement pattern as found in the group of the healthy subjects.", "contents": "The sagittal condylar movements of the clicking temporomandibular joint. An analysis of the sagittal condylar pathways in patients with clicking temporomandibular joints is presented in relation to the mechanism of this symptom which is still hypothetical. The condylar movements of five healthy subjects are compared with the pathways of five patients with unilateral or bilateral clicking joints. The results indicate that in the latter group there are clearly perceivable deviations from the movement pattern as found in the group of the healthy subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:286024", "title": "A comparison of dentine abrasion data generated by radiotracer and surface profilometer methods.", "content": "Six toothpastes were despatched to two research stations where a radiotracer method of dentine abrasion measurement is used (British Standards, 1974: Hefferren, 1976) and three research stations where a surface profile method is used (Ashmore, Van Abb\u00e9 & Wilson, 1972). Each station measured the abrasivities of the pastes with respect to dentine by their own method. The ranges of abrasion data were found to be wider from the surface profile method than from the radiotracer method.", "contents": "A comparison of dentine abrasion data generated by radiotracer and surface profilometer methods. Six toothpastes were despatched to two research stations where a radiotracer method of dentine abrasion measurement is used (British Standards, 1974: Hefferren, 1976) and three research stations where a surface profile method is used (Ashmore, Van Abb\u00e9 & Wilson, 1972). Each station measured the abrasivities of the pastes with respect to dentine by their own method. The ranges of abrasion data were found to be wider from the surface profile method than from the radiotracer method."}
{"id": "PMID:286025", "title": "Qualitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures.", "content": "A study was performed on the microbial composition of dental plaque developing on fifteen abutment teeth in nine partially edentulous subjects. Bacteria were counted in samples of plaque which had formed on vestibular surfaces, and on proximal surfaces facing edentulous spaces, during a period  when dentures were not worn, and then for a period when dentures were being worn. It was found that the presence of removable partial dentures favoured a proliferation of spiral organisms.", "contents": "Qualitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures. A study was performed on the microbial composition of dental plaque developing on fifteen abutment teeth in nine partially edentulous subjects. Bacteria were counted in samples of plaque which had formed on vestibular surfaces, and on proximal surfaces facing edentulous spaces, during a period  when dentures were not worn, and then for a period when dentures were being worn. It was found that the presence of removable partial dentures favoured a proliferation of spiral organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:286027", "title": "Comparison of recovery tests after intravenous sedation with diazepam-methohexital and diazepam-methohexital and fentanyl.", "content": "A model for the assessment of recovery to street fitness from two commonly used techniques for intravenous sedation is described. Well-known psychometric research methods and simple paper-and-pencil tests that could be given by interested clinicians were used. The speed of recovery from diazepam-methohexital, and diazepam-methohexital and fentanyl (with naloxine reversal), did not differ significantly. Psychomotor skills were recovered before both perceptual and cognitive functions. Two simple paper-and-pencil tests easily identified perceptual and cognitive deficits at least three hours postoperatively.", "contents": "Comparison of recovery tests after intravenous sedation with diazepam-methohexital and diazepam-methohexital and fentanyl. A model for the assessment of recovery to street fitness from two commonly used techniques for intravenous sedation is described. Well-known psychometric research methods and simple paper-and-pencil tests that could be given by interested clinicians were used. The speed of recovery from diazepam-methohexital, and diazepam-methohexital and fentanyl (with naloxine reversal), did not differ significantly. Psychomotor skills were recovered before both perceptual and cognitive functions. Two simple paper-and-pencil tests easily identified perceptual and cognitive deficits at least three hours postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:286028", "title": "Collateral circulation in the rabbit tongue after common carotid ligation.", "content": "A study was undertaken to ascertain the microvascular pattern of the collateral circulation of the tongue after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. The right common carotid artery was ligated in 25 New Zealand White male rabbits. These animals were killed in groups of five at intervals of an hour, six hours, 24 hours, one week, and two weeks. The vasculature in the head and neck of these animals was flushed with heparinized saline solution and perfused with latex. The results show that circulation was present but signifincatly reduced in the one-hour group, slightly reduced in the six-hour and 24-hour groups, and normal in the one- and two-week groups. This study indicates that the collateral circulation of the tongue is extensive and that a normal vascular pattern returns within a week after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery.", "contents": "Collateral circulation in the rabbit tongue after common carotid ligation. A study was undertaken to ascertain the microvascular pattern of the collateral circulation of the tongue after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery. The right common carotid artery was ligated in 25 New Zealand White male rabbits. These animals were killed in groups of five at intervals of an hour, six hours, 24 hours, one week, and two weeks. The vasculature in the head and neck of these animals was flushed with heparinized saline solution and perfused with latex. The results show that circulation was present but signifincatly reduced in the one-hour group, slightly reduced in the six-hour and 24-hour groups, and normal in the one- and two-week groups. This study indicates that the collateral circulation of the tongue is extensive and that a normal vascular pattern returns within a week after unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery."}
{"id": "PMID:286029", "title": "The bacteriology of perimandibular space infections.", "content": "The bacteriology of 21 perimandibular clised-space infections was studied prospectively using optimal bacteriological techniques to collect, transport, and process specimens. There was an average of six microbial species per specimen, including approximately four anaerobes and two aerobes. The predominant aerobes were alpha-hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci; the predominant anaerobes were peptostreptococci, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. These findings indicate that most perimandibular space infections involve a polymicrobial flora in which anaerobic bacteria are the dominant isolates. Antimicrobial decisions should account for these observations, particularly in cases where cultural data are not available or when anaerobic cultures are not performed with optimal techniques.", "contents": "The bacteriology of perimandibular space infections. The bacteriology of 21 perimandibular clised-space infections was studied prospectively using optimal bacteriological techniques to collect, transport, and process specimens. There was an average of six microbial species per specimen, including approximately four anaerobes and two aerobes. The predominant aerobes were alpha-hemolytic and non-hemolytic streptococci; the predominant anaerobes were peptostreptococci, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. These findings indicate that most perimandibular space infections involve a polymicrobial flora in which anaerobic bacteria are the dominant isolates. Antimicrobial decisions should account for these observations, particularly in cases where cultural data are not available or when anaerobic cultures are not performed with optimal techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:286030", "title": "Immediate mandibular reconstruction after resection using a modified Kirschner wire splint.", "content": "The use of a modified Kirschner wire splint is described and our experience with this procedure in 25 patients is reviewed. The splint is intended to be a temporary method of maintaining bone fragments in the correct position while intraoral seal is established. After sufficient healing has occurred, a final reconstruction is done by bone grafting.", "contents": "Immediate mandibular reconstruction after resection using a modified Kirschner wire splint. The use of a modified Kirschner wire splint is described and our experience with this procedure in 25 patients is reviewed. The splint is intended to be a temporary method of maintaining bone fragments in the correct position while intraoral seal is established. After sufficient healing has occurred, a final reconstruction is done by bone grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:286031", "title": "Median mandibular cyst.", "content": "A case of median mandibular cyst in a 22-year-old man is presented and various aspects of its pathogenesis are discussed. Five points which should be taken into account when a lesion is diagnosed as median mandibular cyst are suggested.", "contents": "Median mandibular cyst. A case of median mandibular cyst in a 22-year-old man is presented and various aspects of its pathogenesis are discussed. Five points which should be taken into account when a lesion is diagnosed as median mandibular cyst are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:286033", "title": "Prolonged apnea of an oral surgery patient after administration of succinylcholine.", "content": "To properly diagnose the presence of a genetic pseudocholinesterase variation, the family history is important. Furthermore, the DN and pseudocholinesterase tests are most useful, but if facilities for these are not available, one should be wary of patients with abnormal liver function tests. Certainly medical history, family medical history, laboratory evaluation, and knowledge of the disease processes should avoid unnecessary complications.", "contents": "Prolonged apnea of an oral surgery patient after administration of succinylcholine. To properly diagnose the presence of a genetic pseudocholinesterase variation, the family history is important. Furthermore, the DN and pseudocholinesterase tests are most useful, but if facilities for these are not available, one should be wary of patients with abnormal liver function tests. Certainly medical history, family medical history, laboratory evaluation, and knowledge of the disease processes should avoid unnecessary complications."}
{"id": "PMID:286034", "title": "Ameloblastic sarcoma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of ameloblastic sarcoma of the mandible in a 19-year-old man is presented. Pain, paresthesia, and rapidity of growth were features of the lesion. Successful excision was followed by death from secondary hemorrhage.", "contents": "Ameloblastic sarcoma of the mandible: report of case. A case of ameloblastic sarcoma of the mandible in a 19-year-old man is presented. Pain, paresthesia, and rapidity of growth were features of the lesion. Successful excision was followed by death from secondary hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:286035", "title": "The office emergency cart.", "content": "Two mobile emergency resuscitative carts have been described. One, in use in a major dental school in the United States, has been estimated to cost $8,000 to $10,000. The second, with essentially the same equipment and drugs, costs about $2,800 and is feasible for an office situation. It helps to solve two problems. First, it provides a ready, compact, and organized method for the storage and maintenance of emergency resuscitative drugs and equipment. Second, it provides a vehicle by which the medical emergency resuscitative expertise of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon may be extended and utilized.", "contents": "The office emergency cart. Two mobile emergency resuscitative carts have been described. One, in use in a major dental school in the United States, has been estimated to cost $8,000 to $10,000. The second, with essentially the same equipment and drugs, costs about $2,800 and is feasible for an office situation. It helps to solve two problems. First, it provides a ready, compact, and organized method for the storage and maintenance of emergency resuscitative drugs and equipment. Second, it provides a vehicle by which the medical emergency resuscitative expertise of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon may be extended and utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:286037", "title": "Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: a protocol for management.", "content": "Two cases have been presented: one shows complications when a latent form of sickle cell disease was manifested after orthognathic surgery; the other illustrates a protocol for management of patients with abnormal hemoglobins who are candidates for orthognathic surgery. The protocol includes an initial screening test for all black patients who are hospitalized for elective orthognathic surgery. When the screening test is positive, afollow-up hemoglobin electrophoresis is obtained to identify the specific hemoglobinopathy. Transfusions, when indicated, are given to alter the percentages so that the patient has no greater than 40% abnormal hemoglobin. Precautions are taken during anesthesia and after surgery to ensure that the patient is well oxygenated and is not in a hypothermic state. Serial electrophoreses are performed and transfusions, if indicated, are given during the postoperative and healing phases according to the postoperative status.", "contents": "Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: a protocol for management. Two cases have been presented: one shows complications when a latent form of sickle cell disease was manifested after orthognathic surgery; the other illustrates a protocol for management of patients with abnormal hemoglobins who are candidates for orthognathic surgery. The protocol includes an initial screening test for all black patients who are hospitalized for elective orthognathic surgery. When the screening test is positive, afollow-up hemoglobin electrophoresis is obtained to identify the specific hemoglobinopathy. Transfusions, when indicated, are given to alter the percentages so that the patient has no greater than 40% abnormal hemoglobin. Precautions are taken during anesthesia and after surgery to ensure that the patient is well oxygenated and is not in a hypothermic state. Serial electrophoreses are performed and transfusions, if indicated, are given during the postoperative and healing phases according to the postoperative status."}
{"id": "PMID:286038", "title": "Physiologic dimensions of the periodontium significant to the restorative dentist.", "content": "When treating patients, the objectives of restorative therapy must be clear. The first and most basic objective is preservation of the teeth. The attainment of this objective would be far less complex if it could be considered independent of restoration of function, comfort and esthetics, but such is not the case. The latter objectives usually require sophisticated restorative dentistry and often include restorations with intracrevicular margins. Although it is widely accepted that the best restorative margin is one that is placed coronal to marginal tissue, most restorations have margins in the gingival crevice, and permanent tissue damage is common. In attempting to reach his objective, the restorative dentist must remember the fundamental precept of the health professions, which is: Do no harm. Daily observation of the three physiologic dimensions permits the therapist to restore teeth with minimal injury to the periodontium.", "contents": "Physiologic dimensions of the periodontium significant to the restorative dentist. When treating patients, the objectives of restorative therapy must be clear. The first and most basic objective is preservation of the teeth. The attainment of this objective would be far less complex if it could be considered independent of restoration of function, comfort and esthetics, but such is not the case. The latter objectives usually require sophisticated restorative dentistry and often include restorations with intracrevicular margins. Although it is widely accepted that the best restorative margin is one that is placed coronal to marginal tissue, most restorations have margins in the gingival crevice, and permanent tissue damage is common. In attempting to reach his objective, the restorative dentist must remember the fundamental precept of the health professions, which is: Do no harm. Daily observation of the three physiologic dimensions permits the therapist to restore teeth with minimal injury to the periodontium."}
{"id": "PMID:286040", "title": "Fiber glass splints.", "content": "Temporary splints to immobilize periodontally diseased teeth were made by fiber glass bonded and attached to the teeth with acid-etch technique with BIS-GMA resin. Twenty-one splints were made. Observation time ranged from 4 to 14 months. During the observation only one splint fractured and was repaired while the others functioned without failure.", "contents": "Fiber glass splints. Temporary splints to immobilize periodontally diseased teeth were made by fiber glass bonded and attached to the teeth with acid-etch technique with BIS-GMA resin. Twenty-one splints were made. Observation time ranged from 4 to 14 months. During the observation only one splint fractured and was repaired while the others functioned without failure."}
{"id": "PMID:286041", "title": "Bone defects repaired with dentin matrix.", "content": "The results of this study summarized in the Table 1 indicate that both allogenic and xenogenic dentin matrix stimulated sufficient new bone formation to bridge the gap between the two cut ends of a bone (rat fibula). Allogenic bone grafts appeared to be successful in restoring resected bone more often than did xenografts.", "contents": "Bone defects repaired with dentin matrix. The results of this study summarized in the Table 1 indicate that both allogenic and xenogenic dentin matrix stimulated sufficient new bone formation to bridge the gap between the two cut ends of a bone (rat fibula). Allogenic bone grafts appeared to be successful in restoring resected bone more often than did xenografts."}
{"id": "PMID:286043", "title": "Effects of subgingival restorations in beagle dogs. Part II: Gingivitis.", "content": "For the materials and time period used in this study it was found that: 1. At the end of the study there were no significant differences recorded between the restored teeth with either the gingival index or the histologic inflammation index. 2. The gingival index showed that during the study the overall gingival health of the control teeth had improved significantly, while the overall gingival health of the restored teeth had improved only slightly. 3. At the end of the study the histologic inflammation index, but not the gingival index, showed significantly more gingivitis overall for the restored teeth than for the control teeth. 4. A comparison of the gingival, histologic inflammation, and microorganism (from Part I) indices, used to assess either the gingival condition or the amount of subgingival plaque on the restored teeth, showed no association between any of them. 5. In general, the degree of clinical and histologic gingivitis associated with the restored teeth was slight.", "contents": "Effects of subgingival restorations in beagle dogs. Part II: Gingivitis. For the materials and time period used in this study it was found that: 1. At the end of the study there were no significant differences recorded between the restored teeth with either the gingival index or the histologic inflammation index. 2. The gingival index showed that during the study the overall gingival health of the control teeth had improved significantly, while the overall gingival health of the restored teeth had improved only slightly. 3. At the end of the study the histologic inflammation index, but not the gingival index, showed significantly more gingivitis overall for the restored teeth than for the control teeth. 4. A comparison of the gingival, histologic inflammation, and microorganism (from Part I) indices, used to assess either the gingival condition or the amount of subgingival plaque on the restored teeth, showed no association between any of them. 5. In general, the degree of clinical and histologic gingivitis associated with the restored teeth was slight."}
{"id": "PMID:286044", "title": "Fluoride treatment and microhardness of dentin.", "content": "Effects of various fluoride treatments on the microhardness of human dentin were determined. Treatment with acidulated phosphate-fluoride at pH 3.0 induced a significant (p less than .05) softening when compared to treatment with water. APF at pH 4.0 did not bring about a significant change. Response to treatment with 0.4% SnF2 did not differ significantly from water treatment. Sequential treatment with APF (pH 4.0) followed by SnF2 produced significant (p less than .05) hardening of dentin. This hardening with APF-SnF2 differed at a high level of significance (p less than .001) from the softening produced by the pH 3.0 APF. A similarly significant difference was found between this single APF treatment and the single SnF2 treatment. When hardening of exposed dentin surfaces is desired, the sequential treatment method should be employed.", "contents": "Fluoride treatment and microhardness of dentin. Effects of various fluoride treatments on the microhardness of human dentin were determined. Treatment with acidulated phosphate-fluoride at pH 3.0 induced a significant (p less than .05) softening when compared to treatment with water. APF at pH 4.0 did not bring about a significant change. Response to treatment with 0.4% SnF2 did not differ significantly from water treatment. Sequential treatment with APF (pH 4.0) followed by SnF2 produced significant (p less than .05) hardening of dentin. This hardening with APF-SnF2 differed at a high level of significance (p less than .001) from the softening produced by the pH 3.0 APF. A similarly significant difference was found between this single APF treatment and the single SnF2 treatment. When hardening of exposed dentin surfaces is desired, the sequential treatment method should be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:286045", "title": "Iatrogenic TMJ difficulty: cervical traction may be the etiology.", "content": "Patients in cervical traction for the treatment of cervical spine syndromes frequently complain that the traction makes them worse. It is possible that such patients may be suffering from TMJ symptoms. The physician treating a patient with cervical traction should consider prescribing an occlusal splint for patients without posterior teeth. The splint should be designed to distribute the stresses through the mandible to the maxillae via the teeth, splint, and TMJ.", "contents": "Iatrogenic TMJ difficulty: cervical traction may be the etiology. Patients in cervical traction for the treatment of cervical spine syndromes frequently complain that the traction makes them worse. It is possible that such patients may be suffering from TMJ symptoms. The physician treating a patient with cervical traction should consider prescribing an occlusal splint for patients without posterior teeth. The splint should be designed to distribute the stresses through the mandible to the maxillae via the teeth, splint, and TMJ."}
{"id": "PMID:286047", "title": "Accessory retention for a facial prosthesis.", "content": "A possible means of retaining a nasal prosthesis by utilizing newly designed eyeglass frames has been proposed. In many situations, this procedure can enhance the successful rehabilitation of a patient by the maxillofacial prosthodontist.", "contents": "Accessory retention for a facial prosthesis. A possible means of retaining a nasal prosthesis by utilizing newly designed eyeglass frames has been proposed. In many situations, this procedure can enhance the successful rehabilitation of a patient by the maxillofacial prosthodontist."}
{"id": "PMID:286048", "title": "Inferior joint space arthrography and characteristics of condylar paths in internal derangements of the TMJ.", "content": "Inferior joint space arthrography and measurements of the condylar path provide scientific documentation of derangement of the TMJ disc and condyle. These derangements are described as an anterior displacement of the disk associated with posterior-superior displacement of the condyle when the teeth are closed into the intercuspal position. Clinical studies demonstrate that approximately 70% of a TMJ patient population present with some type or stage of these derangements. These observations have far-reaching implications regarding contemporary dental curriculum, particularly concerning exegesis of the MPD syndrome theory and concepts of dysfunctional dental occlusion.", "contents": "Inferior joint space arthrography and characteristics of condylar paths in internal derangements of the TMJ. Inferior joint space arthrography and measurements of the condylar path provide scientific documentation of derangement of the TMJ disc and condyle. These derangements are described as an anterior displacement of the disk associated with posterior-superior displacement of the condyle when the teeth are closed into the intercuspal position. Clinical studies demonstrate that approximately 70% of a TMJ patient population present with some type or stage of these derangements. These observations have far-reaching implications regarding contemporary dental curriculum, particularly concerning exegesis of the MPD syndrome theory and concepts of dysfunctional dental occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:286050", "title": "The reproducibility of pantographic tracings on medicated and nonmedicated subjects.", "content": "Tracings were made on three patients using a modified pantographic device. The tracings were made on glass flags with wax, etched, and superimposed. The effects of body position and modification were investigated. From this research project the following can be concluded: 1. A precise method has been developed which permits superimposition of pantographic tracings for analysis. 2. There is a significant difference in reproducibility between medicated and nonmedicated subjects. 3. The percentage coincidence of border tracings increases significantly when the patient is pantographed while under the influence of medication (Valium). 4. The angulation of the body does not appear to be significant for reproducing border tracings. 5. There appears to be no significant difference in the reproducibility of the border tracings relative to time (1, 1 1/2, 2, and 2 1/2 hours) after medication. 6. The lateral side shift of the jaw cannot always be reproduced accurately. 7. The neuromusculature appears to be the overriding factor governing border movements.", "contents": "The reproducibility of pantographic tracings on medicated and nonmedicated subjects. Tracings were made on three patients using a modified pantographic device. The tracings were made on glass flags with wax, etched, and superimposed. The effects of body position and modification were investigated. From this research project the following can be concluded: 1. A precise method has been developed which permits superimposition of pantographic tracings for analysis. 2. There is a significant difference in reproducibility between medicated and nonmedicated subjects. 3. The percentage coincidence of border tracings increases significantly when the patient is pantographed while under the influence of medication (Valium). 4. The angulation of the body does not appear to be significant for reproducing border tracings. 5. There appears to be no significant difference in the reproducibility of the border tracings relative to time (1, 1 1/2, 2, and 2 1/2 hours) after medication. 6. The lateral side shift of the jaw cannot always be reproduced accurately. 7. The neuromusculature appears to be the overriding factor governing border movements."}
{"id": "PMID:286052", "title": "Multisectional mold for fabrication of prosthetic ears.", "content": "The use of a multisectional stone mold is advocated for the fabrication of prosthetic ears. Less force is required in the deflasking procedure with this technique, reducing the risk of fracturing the mold or tearing the prosthesis. This technique requires more time and care in the flasking procedure. Convergence of the sections is of particular importance. The potential for multiple section lines may result in a need for more surface finishing of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Multisectional mold for fabrication of prosthetic ears. The use of a multisectional stone mold is advocated for the fabrication of prosthetic ears. Less force is required in the deflasking procedure with this technique, reducing the risk of fracturing the mold or tearing the prosthesis. This technique requires more time and care in the flasking procedure. Convergence of the sections is of particular importance. The potential for multiple section lines may result in a need for more surface finishing of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:286053", "title": "Posterior maxillary osteotomies: an aid for a difficult prosthodontic problem.", "content": "Patients who have supereruption of posterior dentoalveolar segments provide an interesting challenge to the dentisr. The severe problems require a team approach to achieve the best results. Factors influencing the treatment include the periodontal status of the involved teeth as well as the concern of the patient. The posterior maxillary osteotomy provides the chance to maintain the vital functional teeth in an otherwise difficult situation. It must be emphasized that the patient must wear an opposing splint or prosthesis following surgery to prevent relapse. This conservative approach maintains the teeth and their vitality and anatomically repositions the supererupted segment to an improved functional position.", "contents": "Posterior maxillary osteotomies: an aid for a difficult prosthodontic problem. Patients who have supereruption of posterior dentoalveolar segments provide an interesting challenge to the dentisr. The severe problems require a team approach to achieve the best results. Factors influencing the treatment include the periodontal status of the involved teeth as well as the concern of the patient. The posterior maxillary osteotomy provides the chance to maintain the vital functional teeth in an otherwise difficult situation. It must be emphasized that the patient must wear an opposing splint or prosthesis following surgery to prevent relapse. This conservative approach maintains the teeth and their vitality and anatomically repositions the supererupted segment to an improved functional position."}
{"id": "PMID:286054", "title": "Variations in organic occlusion.", "content": "The principles of organic occlusion were illustrated and described as neutroclusion. Variations of occlusion in a mesial and distal position were described as distoclusion and mesioclusion. The potential areas of conflict in these variations were described, and the methods for correction were shown so that the principles of organic occlusion would not be compromised even in these variations.", "contents": "Variations in organic occlusion. The principles of organic occlusion were illustrated and described as neutroclusion. Variations of occlusion in a mesial and distal position were described as distoclusion and mesioclusion. The potential areas of conflict in these variations were described, and the methods for correction were shown so that the principles of organic occlusion would not be compromised even in these variations."}
{"id": "PMID:286057", "title": "Reflectance spectra of composite resins on liners.", "content": "The reflectance spectra of two types of composite resins were determined on various backgrounds. It was found that the shade differences caused by different \"whitish\" liners were perceptible only for thin resin specimens and were smaller than those caused by varying the resin type and thickness. Employing a light brown liner gave rise to a difference in shade which was also perceptible on resin specimens of 2.5 mm thickness. Shade differences due to varying the thickness of the specimens were more pronounced on white than on black backgrounds. The clinical significance and the qualitative physical interpretation of the results were discussed.", "contents": "Reflectance spectra of composite resins on liners. The reflectance spectra of two types of composite resins were determined on various backgrounds. It was found that the shade differences caused by different \"whitish\" liners were perceptible only for thin resin specimens and were smaller than those caused by varying the resin type and thickness. Employing a light brown liner gave rise to a difference in shade which was also perceptible on resin specimens of 2.5 mm thickness. Shade differences due to varying the thickness of the specimens were more pronounced on white than on black backgrounds. The clinical significance and the qualitative physical interpretation of the results were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286058", "title": "Simplified Class V matrix for resin restorations.", "content": "A matrix technique and its modifications to assist in the restoration of Class V lesions occurring in the gingival third of the teeth are described. This technique is applicable for filled and unfilled restorative resins.", "contents": "Simplified Class V matrix for resin restorations. A matrix technique and its modifications to assist in the restoration of Class V lesions occurring in the gingival third of the teeth are described. This technique is applicable for filled and unfilled restorative resins."}
{"id": "PMID:286059", "title": "A technique for the removal of provisionally placed cast restorations.", "content": "A technique has been described to quickly and safely remove castings following the initial trial evaluation or provisional cementation.", "contents": "A technique for the removal of provisionally placed cast restorations. A technique has been described to quickly and safely remove castings following the initial trial evaluation or provisional cementation."}
{"id": "PMID:286089", "title": "Changing incidence of thyroid cancer.", "content": "The incidence of thyroid cancer was examined temporally and geographically by age and sex from data provided by tumor registries in the United States and abroad. The temporal trends in Connecticut showed an increase in annual incidence after 1945, with an especially sudden increase in incidence in females. The increase occurred predominantly in older males and younger females. The increase in young females was confirmed by cohort analysis. The rates rose with age in both sexes, but recently females have developed a secondary peak in the fourth decade of life. The same phenomenon was observed in other U.S. data but not as clearly in data from ten foreign registries. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that X-radiation therapy for benign conditions of the head and neck in childhood was a factor in the increased incidence of thyroid cancer in U.S. females, but some other etiologic or modifying factor should be sought to explain the increased incidence in U.S. males.", "contents": "Changing incidence of thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer was examined temporally and geographically by age and sex from data provided by tumor registries in the United States and abroad. The temporal trends in Connecticut showed an increase in annual incidence after 1945, with an especially sudden increase in incidence in females. The increase occurred predominantly in older males and younger females. The increase in young females was confirmed by cohort analysis. The rates rose with age in both sexes, but recently females have developed a secondary peak in the fourth decade of life. The same phenomenon was observed in other U.S. data but not as clearly in data from ten foreign registries. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that X-radiation therapy for benign conditions of the head and neck in childhood was a factor in the increased incidence of thyroid cancer in U.S. females, but some other etiologic or modifying factor should be sought to explain the increased incidence in U.S. males."}
{"id": "PMID:286093", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange and cell cycle progression in cultured lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was significantly increased in patients who had chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and who had received therapy compared with untreated patients and normal controls. Elevated SCE appeared to be a function of the therapy and not the leukemia. Differential chromatid staining was used to identify successive cell reproduction cycles. In comparison to normal lymphocytes, the cells responding to phytohemagglutinin in CLL cultures showed no evidence of retarded progression through successive cell cycles.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange and cell cycle progression in cultured lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was significantly increased in patients who had chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and who had received therapy compared with untreated patients and normal controls. Elevated SCE appeared to be a function of the therapy and not the leukemia. Differential chromatid staining was used to identify successive cell reproduction cycles. In comparison to normal lymphocytes, the cells responding to phytohemagglutinin in CLL cultures showed no evidence of retarded progression through successive cell cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:286095", "title": "Cytogenetic study of a European Burkitt's lymphoma cell line.", "content": "The chromosomes of an Epstein-Barr virus-negative European Burkitt's lymphoma cell line were studied. All the cells carried the t(8;14) translocation. One clone had 51 chromosomes and was (+1,+7,+16,+15,+21), whereas another clone also had 51 chromosomes but was (+1q+,+7,+16,+15,+21). A third clone had 46 chromosomes (4q+/-).", "contents": "Cytogenetic study of a European Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. The chromosomes of an Epstein-Barr virus-negative European Burkitt's lymphoma cell line were studied. All the cells carried the t(8;14) translocation. One clone had 51 chromosomes and was (+1,+7,+16,+15,+21), whereas another clone also had 51 chromosomes but was (+1q+,+7,+16,+15,+21). A third clone had 46 chromosomes (4q+/-)."}
{"id": "PMID:286096", "title": "Offspring of patients treated for cancer in childhood.", "content": "Genetic effects of cancer in childhood were examined among offspring of patients enrolled in the tumor registries of the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute and the Kansas University Medical Center. For 146 patients, 84 women and 62 men, 293 pregnancies were reported after cessation of treatment of diverse neoplasms. The outcomes of 286 completed pregnancies were as follows: 242 live births (1 set of twins), 1 stillbirth, 25 spontaneous abortions, and 19 therapeutic abortions. Seven live-born infants died during the first 2 years of life, a frequency in accord with expectation. Two offspring have developed cancer. One girl and her father had bilateral hereditary retinoblastoma. A second girl developed acute myelocytic leukemia; her mother had received radiotherapy during childhood for a brain tumor. Compared with their cousins and with published figures for the general population, the study progeny had no excess of congenital anomalies or other diseases. Chromosome and immunoglobulin studies of a few offspring did not reveal damage from preconception exposure to cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Findings indicated that large collaborative studies are needed to monitor the offspring of childhood cancer survivors for inherited traits associated with the parental tumors and for mutagenic effects of therapy, particularly intense multimodality treatments.", "contents": "Offspring of patients treated for cancer in childhood. Genetic effects of cancer in childhood were examined among offspring of patients enrolled in the tumor registries of the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute and the Kansas University Medical Center. For 146 patients, 84 women and 62 men, 293 pregnancies were reported after cessation of treatment of diverse neoplasms. The outcomes of 286 completed pregnancies were as follows: 242 live births (1 set of twins), 1 stillbirth, 25 spontaneous abortions, and 19 therapeutic abortions. Seven live-born infants died during the first 2 years of life, a frequency in accord with expectation. Two offspring have developed cancer. One girl and her father had bilateral hereditary retinoblastoma. A second girl developed acute myelocytic leukemia; her mother had received radiotherapy during childhood for a brain tumor. Compared with their cousins and with published figures for the general population, the study progeny had no excess of congenital anomalies or other diseases. Chromosome and immunoglobulin studies of a few offspring did not reveal damage from preconception exposure to cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Findings indicated that large collaborative studies are needed to monitor the offspring of childhood cancer survivors for inherited traits associated with the parental tumors and for mutagenic effects of therapy, particularly intense multimodality treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:286098", "title": "Comparison and evaluation of some experimental designs for use in carcinogen screening.", "content": "The development and evaluation of experimental designs for routine in vivo screening of chemicals for potential carcinogenic activity were considered. Such designs have played an important role in the Carcinogenesis Bloassay Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In particular, the current one-stage 50-animal/group screen used by the NCI was considered. A specific two-stage alternative was proposed in which 35 animals/group were used; this alternative allowed for retesting of equivocal compounds. The proposed designs were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and throughout. Despite the large number of tests made for each compound, the false-positive rate was found to be less than 0.07 for the current screen and less than 0.05 for the proposed two-stage alternative. The power of the one-stage and two-stage screens was comparable. The two-stage screen was shown to make about 30% more decisions per test period with a savings of around 28% in the expected number of animals needed per compound tested.", "contents": "Comparison and evaluation of some experimental designs for use in carcinogen screening. The development and evaluation of experimental designs for routine in vivo screening of chemicals for potential carcinogenic activity were considered. Such designs have played an important role in the Carcinogenesis Bloassay Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In particular, the current one-stage 50-animal/group screen used by the NCI was considered. A specific two-stage alternative was proposed in which 35 animals/group were used; this alternative allowed for retesting of equivocal compounds. The proposed designs were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and throughout. Despite the large number of tests made for each compound, the false-positive rate was found to be less than 0.07 for the current screen and less than 0.05 for the proposed two-stage alternative. The power of the one-stage and two-stage screens was comparable. The two-stage screen was shown to make about 30% more decisions per test period with a savings of around 28% in the expected number of animals needed per compound tested."}
{"id": "PMID:286099", "title": "Entry of metastatic malignant cells into the circulation from a subcutaneously growing myelogenous tumor.", "content": "The initial stage of metastasis formation, i.e., the entry of metastatic cells from a malignant subcutaneously growing myelogenous tumor into the circulation, was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in Long-Evans rats. The transmural passage of malignant cells occurred through the walls of intact venules within the tumor. The malignant cell penetrated the endothelial cell body by making a temporary migration pore. The migration pore closed after the malignant cell entered the vascular lumen. The endothelial vascular lining remained continuous. The entry of malignant cells into the circulation was not the result of the general invasive and destructive properties of malignant tumor cells, but the consequence of a specific action of the tumor cells on the abluminal plasma membrane of the endothelium.", "contents": "Entry of metastatic malignant cells into the circulation from a subcutaneously growing myelogenous tumor. The initial stage of metastasis formation, i.e., the entry of metastatic cells from a malignant subcutaneously growing myelogenous tumor into the circulation, was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in Long-Evans rats. The transmural passage of malignant cells occurred through the walls of intact venules within the tumor. The malignant cell penetrated the endothelial cell body by making a temporary migration pore. The migration pore closed after the malignant cell entered the vascular lumen. The endothelial vascular lining remained continuous. The entry of malignant cells into the circulation was not the result of the general invasive and destructive properties of malignant tumor cells, but the consequence of a specific action of the tumor cells on the abluminal plasma membrane of the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:286100", "title": "A tumor-associated organ-specific antigen characteristic of spontaneously metastatic rat mammary carcinomas.", "content": "An organ-specific tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was present in several metastatic and nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas induced in WF female rats by 3-methylcholanthrene. The level of TAA was high in 2 metastatic carcinomas tested (TMT-081 and SMT-2A) and much lower--by a factor of 50--200--in 2 nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas (MT-100 and MT-W9B). The TAA in the 2 metastatic tumors was identical, as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and supported by cross-reactivity with antibody against TAA from TMT-081 in a binding inhibition radioimmunoassay. The TAA was shed in relatively large amounts by the metastatic tumors maintained in short-term organ culture. The high level and shedding of TAA thus appeared to be characteristics of the metastatic tumors but not of the nonmetastatic ones. This suggests that TAA on the cell membrane or in the circulation may be involved in the metastatic process as a factor blocking potentially cytotoxic cells or in other ways leading to suppression of the immune response against the tumor.", "contents": "A tumor-associated organ-specific antigen characteristic of spontaneously metastatic rat mammary carcinomas. An organ-specific tumor-associated antigen (TAA) was present in several metastatic and nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas induced in WF female rats by 3-methylcholanthrene. The level of TAA was high in 2 metastatic carcinomas tested (TMT-081 and SMT-2A) and much lower--by a factor of 50--200--in 2 nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas (MT-100 and MT-W9B). The TAA in the 2 metastatic tumors was identical, as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and supported by cross-reactivity with antibody against TAA from TMT-081 in a binding inhibition radioimmunoassay. The TAA was shed in relatively large amounts by the metastatic tumors maintained in short-term organ culture. The high level and shedding of TAA thus appeared to be characteristics of the metastatic tumors but not of the nonmetastatic ones. This suggests that TAA on the cell membrane or in the circulation may be involved in the metastatic process as a factor blocking potentially cytotoxic cells or in other ways leading to suppression of the immune response against the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:286101", "title": "Enhancement of erythroid target cells for Friend murine leukemia virus by intravenous pyran treatment.", "content": "Male BALB/c mice that received prophylactic iv treatment with pyran had significantly enhanced splenomegaly, an increased number of splenic foci induced by the spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) in the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) complex, and a slightly decreased mean survival time as compared with untreated controls infected with F-MuLV. A corresponding increase in the lymphatic leukemia virus component of the F-MuLV complex was not observed, which suggests that the enhancement of the disease was due primarily to a selective increase in the SFFV component of the F-MuLV complex. That the enhancement was related to an increased number of target cells for SFFV was substantiated by data concerning erythropoiesis in iv pyran-treated animals. Increases in splenic hematocrits and in uptake of 59Fe in the spleens of animals treated iv with pyran provided quantitative evidence for the histologic finding of increased erythroid precursors in the spleens.", "contents": "Enhancement of erythroid target cells for Friend murine leukemia virus by intravenous pyran treatment. Male BALB/c mice that received prophylactic iv treatment with pyran had significantly enhanced splenomegaly, an increased number of splenic foci induced by the spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) in the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) complex, and a slightly decreased mean survival time as compared with untreated controls infected with F-MuLV. A corresponding increase in the lymphatic leukemia virus component of the F-MuLV complex was not observed, which suggests that the enhancement of the disease was due primarily to a selective increase in the SFFV component of the F-MuLV complex. That the enhancement was related to an increased number of target cells for SFFV was substantiated by data concerning erythropoiesis in iv pyran-treated animals. Increases in splenic hematocrits and in uptake of 59Fe in the spleens of animals treated iv with pyran provided quantitative evidence for the histologic finding of increased erythroid precursors in the spleens."}
{"id": "PMID:286102", "title": "In vitro inhibitory effects of polymer-linked methotrexate derivatives on tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and murine L5178Y cells.", "content": "In vitro studies were made on four synthetic polymeric derivatives of the antitumor agent methotrexate (MTX): 1) divinylether-maleic anhydride-MTX (DIVEMA-MTX), 2) poly-L-lysine-MTX (PL-MTX), 3) polyethyleneimine-MTX (PEI-MTX), and 4) carboxymethyl cellulose-MTX (CMC-MTX). They were tested for their ability to inhibit tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (dihydrofolate reductase). Their growth inhibition of murine L5178Y leukemia cells was also studied. 1wo of these polymers, DIVEMA-MTX and PEI-MTX, had similar or only slightly reduced activity compared to equivalent concentrations of MTX, whereas PL-MTX and CMC-MTX had significantly higher (1--3 logs) minimal inhibitory concentrations.", "contents": "In vitro inhibitory effects of polymer-linked methotrexate derivatives on tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and murine L5178Y cells. In vitro studies were made on four synthetic polymeric derivatives of the antitumor agent methotrexate (MTX): 1) divinylether-maleic anhydride-MTX (DIVEMA-MTX), 2) poly-L-lysine-MTX (PL-MTX), 3) polyethyleneimine-MTX (PEI-MTX), and 4) carboxymethyl cellulose-MTX (CMC-MTX). They were tested for their ability to inhibit tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (dihydrofolate reductase). Their growth inhibition of murine L5178Y leukemia cells was also studied. 1wo of these polymers, DIVEMA-MTX and PEI-MTX, had similar or only slightly reduced activity compared to equivalent concentrations of MTX, whereas PL-MTX and CMC-MTX had significantly higher (1--3 logs) minimal inhibitory concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:286103", "title": "Response of two rodents, Mastomys natalensis and Mystromys albicaudatus, to the pancreatic carcinogen azaserine.", "content": "The response of two rodents to azaserine carcinogenicity for the pancreas was evaluated. Mystromys albicaudatus was not responsive; however, Mastomys natalensis developed large numbers of atypical acinar cell nodules and several adenomas in a 6-month study. Mastomys is the most responsive of several animals in which azaserine has been studied as a pancreatic carcinogen.", "contents": "Response of two rodents, Mastomys natalensis and Mystromys albicaudatus, to the pancreatic carcinogen azaserine. The response of two rodents to azaserine carcinogenicity for the pancreas was evaluated. Mystromys albicaudatus was not responsive; however, Mastomys natalensis developed large numbers of atypical acinar cell nodules and several adenomas in a 6-month study. Mastomys is the most responsive of several animals in which azaserine has been studied as a pancreatic carcinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:286104", "title": "Classification of mouse mammary tumors in Dunn's miscellaneous group including recently reported types.", "content": "A classification of mouse mammary tumors in Dunn's miscellaneous group including recently reported types is presented. Adenocarcinoma type Y, first reported in (C3H X Y)F1 mice, is characterized by tubules that branch at acute angles and are lined by cuboidal epithelium. Adenocarcinoma type L is characterized by alcelike appearance and has projections of tumor cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles into lumina. Undifferentiated carcinomas in strains SWR/J and BABL/c contain sheetlike masses of epithelial cells with very little tendency to form glands but which may contain foci of cells with keratohyaline granules. Pale cell carcinomas, which occur in strain GR mice, are hormonally responsive and are characterized by the presence of pale cells and cystic spaces lined by basophilic cells. Foci of cells with acidophilic hyaline bodies and keratohyaline granules and with intercellular bridges distinguish this neoplasm from adenocarcinoma type B. A second hormonally responsive mammary tumor in strain GR mice is adenocarcinoma type P, which consists mainly of acini lined by a single layer of polyhedral cells. Carcinosarcomas of BALB/c mice have a myxoid stoma and, also containing glands, resemble mixed mammary tumors of the bitch. Criteria for differentiating trichoepitheliomas from mammary tumors are discussed.", "contents": "Classification of mouse mammary tumors in Dunn's miscellaneous group including recently reported types. A classification of mouse mammary tumors in Dunn's miscellaneous group including recently reported types is presented. Adenocarcinoma type Y, first reported in (C3H X Y)F1 mice, is characterized by tubules that branch at acute angles and are lined by cuboidal epithelium. Adenocarcinoma type L is characterized by alcelike appearance and has projections of tumor cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles into lumina. Undifferentiated carcinomas in strains SWR/J and BABL/c contain sheetlike masses of epithelial cells with very little tendency to form glands but which may contain foci of cells with keratohyaline granules. Pale cell carcinomas, which occur in strain GR mice, are hormonally responsive and are characterized by the presence of pale cells and cystic spaces lined by basophilic cells. Foci of cells with acidophilic hyaline bodies and keratohyaline granules and with intercellular bridges distinguish this neoplasm from adenocarcinoma type B. A second hormonally responsive mammary tumor in strain GR mice is adenocarcinoma type P, which consists mainly of acini lined by a single layer of polyhedral cells. Carcinosarcomas of BALB/c mice have a myxoid stoma and, also containing glands, resemble mixed mammary tumors of the bitch. Criteria for differentiating trichoepitheliomas from mammary tumors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286106", "title": "Malignant breast tumors among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-74.", "content": "For 1950-74, 360 cases of malignant breast tumors were identified among the 63,000 females of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation's (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) Extended Life-Span Study sample of survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; 288 of these females were residing in one of these two cities at the time of bombing (ATB). Two-thirds of all cases were classified as breast cancers on the basis of microscopic review of slides, and 108 cases received an estimated breast tissue dose of at least 10 rads. The number of cases of radiogenic breast cancer could be well estimated by a linear function of radiation dose for tissue doses below 200 rads. Excess risk estimates, based on this function, for women 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, and 50 years old or older ATB were 7.3, 4.2, 2.6, and 4.7 cases per million women per year per rad, respectively. Women irradiated in their forties showed no dose effect. Among all women who received at least 10 rads, those irradiated before age 20 years will have experienced the highest rates of breast cancer throughout their lifetimes. Separate excess risk estimates for Hiroshima and Nagasaki did not differ significantly, which indicates that for radiogenic breast cancer the effects of neutrons (emitted only in the Hiroshima explosion) and gamma radiation were about equal. Radiation did not reduce the latency period for the development of breast cancer, which was at least 10 years. The distribution of histologic types of cancers did not vary significantly with radiation dose. The data suggested that irradiation prior to menarche conferred a greater risk than irradiation after menarche.", "contents": "Malignant breast tumors among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-74. For 1950-74, 360 cases of malignant breast tumors were identified among the 63,000 females of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation's (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) Extended Life-Span Study sample of survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; 288 of these females were residing in one of these two cities at the time of bombing (ATB). Two-thirds of all cases were classified as breast cancers on the basis of microscopic review of slides, and 108 cases received an estimated breast tissue dose of at least 10 rads. The number of cases of radiogenic breast cancer could be well estimated by a linear function of radiation dose for tissue doses below 200 rads. Excess risk estimates, based on this function, for women 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, and 50 years old or older ATB were 7.3, 4.2, 2.6, and 4.7 cases per million women per year per rad, respectively. Women irradiated in their forties showed no dose effect. Among all women who received at least 10 rads, those irradiated before age 20 years will have experienced the highest rates of breast cancer throughout their lifetimes. Separate excess risk estimates for Hiroshima and Nagasaki did not differ significantly, which indicates that for radiogenic breast cancer the effects of neutrons (emitted only in the Hiroshima explosion) and gamma radiation were about equal. Radiation did not reduce the latency period for the development of breast cancer, which was at least 10 years. The distribution of histologic types of cancers did not vary significantly with radiation dose. The data suggested that irradiation prior to menarche conferred a greater risk than irradiation after menarche."}
{"id": "PMID:286107", "title": "Role of antibodies in the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Freshly isolated effector cells expressing natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) against cultured target cells possessed antibodies attached to Fc receptors on their cell surfaces. A wide variety of natural antibodies in the circulation combined with the receptors on effector cells to allow recognition of the many specificities on cultured target cells and resulted in reactions with an overall appearance of nonselectiveness. The role of antibodies in the specificity of NCMC was demonstrated by recovery of NCMC by trypsinized effector cells when incubated in serum. With absorbed serum, activity was selectively weaker against the absorbing target cell. When effector cells were reconstituted with antibodies eluted from the absorbing cells, selective cytotoxicity for that cell was detected. The specificity of effector cells reconstituted with eluted antibodies confirmed the results from previous studies on specificity by direct cytotoxicity and by competitive inhibition of cytotoxicity and supported the role of antibodies in NCMC.", "contents": "Role of antibodies in the specificity of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Freshly isolated effector cells expressing natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) against cultured target cells possessed antibodies attached to Fc receptors on their cell surfaces. A wide variety of natural antibodies in the circulation combined with the receptors on effector cells to allow recognition of the many specificities on cultured target cells and resulted in reactions with an overall appearance of nonselectiveness. The role of antibodies in the specificity of NCMC was demonstrated by recovery of NCMC by trypsinized effector cells when incubated in serum. With absorbed serum, activity was selectively weaker against the absorbing target cell. When effector cells were reconstituted with antibodies eluted from the absorbing cells, selective cytotoxicity for that cell was detected. The specificity of effector cells reconstituted with eluted antibodies confirmed the results from previous studies on specificity by direct cytotoxicity and by competitive inhibition of cytotoxicity and supported the role of antibodies in NCMC."}
{"id": "PMID:286108", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen-binding immunoglobulin isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A human immunoglobulin that binds carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was isolated from four individual normal human sera by affinity chromatography with the use of a CEA-Sepharose solid adsorbent. The yield of isolated protein, termed human CEA-binding protein (HCBP), ranged from 1.8 to 10 microgram/ml serum. HCBP is a gamma-globulin of restricted electrophoretic heterogeneity as shown by immunoelectrophoresis. HCBP was shown to bind radioiodine-labeled CEA both by a radioimmune precipitation assay and by a radioimmunoelectrophoresis assay. This protein was of practical interest because of its potential usefulness as a carrier of radioactivity or therapeutic agents to a CEA-producing tumor for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen-binding immunoglobulin isolated from normal human serum by affinity chromatography. A human immunoglobulin that binds carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was isolated from four individual normal human sera by affinity chromatography with the use of a CEA-Sepharose solid adsorbent. The yield of isolated protein, termed human CEA-binding protein (HCBP), ranged from 1.8 to 10 microgram/ml serum. HCBP is a gamma-globulin of restricted electrophoretic heterogeneity as shown by immunoelectrophoresis. HCBP was shown to bind radioiodine-labeled CEA both by a radioimmune precipitation assay and by a radioimmunoelectrophoresis assay. This protein was of practical interest because of its potential usefulness as a carrier of radioactivity or therapeutic agents to a CEA-producing tumor for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:286109", "title": "Population screening for breast cancer by single-view mammography in a geographic region in Sweden.", "content": "Single-view mammography was used for the screening of a total population of women living in a defined geographic region in Sweden; 37,640 women were invited and 31,074 participated. The average participation rate was 82.6%, and in the age group 40-69 years it was 91.7%. The rate of referrals from screening to clinical examination was 1.2%. Of 209 surgical biopsies performed, 130 primary mammary carcinomas were detected, 91% of which had no clinically detectable metastatic nodes. Because of the few false-positive cases, the low rate of benign biopsy specimens, the high rate of early detected carcinomas, and the low costs, screening by single-view mammography is considered a satisfactory method, provided the positioning of the oblique view is correct and the image quality is high.", "contents": "Population screening for breast cancer by single-view mammography in a geographic region in Sweden. Single-view mammography was used for the screening of a total population of women living in a defined geographic region in Sweden; 37,640 women were invited and 31,074 participated. The average participation rate was 82.6%, and in the age group 40-69 years it was 91.7%. The rate of referrals from screening to clinical examination was 1.2%. Of 209 surgical biopsies performed, 130 primary mammary carcinomas were detected, 91% of which had no clinically detectable metastatic nodes. Because of the few false-positive cases, the low rate of benign biopsy specimens, the high rate of early detected carcinomas, and the low costs, screening by single-view mammography is considered a satisfactory method, provided the positioning of the oblique view is correct and the image quality is high."}
{"id": "PMID:286111", "title": "Preparation of concanavalin A-ricin A-chain conjugate and its biologic activity against various cultured cells.", "content": "For the development of therapeutic agents that possess tissue-specific carriers, a method was devised to synthesize an artificial protein hybrid conjugate containing a moiety which binds to a cell membrane receptor and an active fragment of a toxic protein. By the introduction of an activated sulfhydryl group into concanavalin A (Con A), a conjugate of Con A and the ricin A-chain cross-linked with a disulfide linkage was synthesized. The purified conjugate was studied with regard to its inhibitory activity against protein synthesis in cell-free and cultured cell systems. The Con A-rich A-chain conjugate retained about one-third the inhibitory activity of ricin in a cell-free protein synthesis system. It also was highly toxic to cultured normal cells. These results indicate that the conjugate is a structural and functional analog of ricin and that the original membrane-binding chain (B-chain of ricin) could be replaced by Con A. Transformed cells were insensitive to this conjugate and required a longer preincubation time. The sensitivity of the normal cells was reduced in the presence of local anesthetics.", "contents": "Preparation of concanavalin A-ricin A-chain conjugate and its biologic activity against various cultured cells. For the development of therapeutic agents that possess tissue-specific carriers, a method was devised to synthesize an artificial protein hybrid conjugate containing a moiety which binds to a cell membrane receptor and an active fragment of a toxic protein. By the introduction of an activated sulfhydryl group into concanavalin A (Con A), a conjugate of Con A and the ricin A-chain cross-linked with a disulfide linkage was synthesized. The purified conjugate was studied with regard to its inhibitory activity against protein synthesis in cell-free and cultured cell systems. The Con A-rich A-chain conjugate retained about one-third the inhibitory activity of ricin in a cell-free protein synthesis system. It also was highly toxic to cultured normal cells. These results indicate that the conjugate is a structural and functional analog of ricin and that the original membrane-binding chain (B-chain of ricin) could be replaced by Con A. Transformed cells were insensitive to this conjugate and required a longer preincubation time. The sensitivity of the normal cells was reduced in the presence of local anesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:286112", "title": "Use of artificial sweeteners by cancer patients.", "content": "Current daily use of artificial sweeteners (AS) and diet drinks was evaluated for 1,862 patients hospitalized for cancer and for 10,874 \"control\" patients hospitalized for other conditions believed not to be associated with use of these substances. The data were derived from an ongoing survey in seven countries. For cancer of most sites, the age-standardized proportion of users of AS was somewhat less than that for controls. A greater proportion of users among cancer patients than among controls was noted only for cancer of the stomach among women. Little information on urinary tract cancer was available; there were no users of AS among 13 patients with cancer of the bladder, 5 with cancer of the renal pelvis, and 2 with cancer of the ureter. There were 455 cancer patients known to have been interviewed during their initial hospitalization for the disease. Based on these cases, an age-sex-country-standardized estimate of cancer incidence for users of AS, relative to nonusers, was 1.0. Only a very small proportion of patients reported daily use of diet drinks, and the proportion of users did not differ substantially between cancer patients and controls. The present data provide virtually no support for an overall positive association of AS with cancer.", "contents": "Use of artificial sweeteners by cancer patients. Current daily use of artificial sweeteners (AS) and diet drinks was evaluated for 1,862 patients hospitalized for cancer and for 10,874 \"control\" patients hospitalized for other conditions believed not to be associated with use of these substances. The data were derived from an ongoing survey in seven countries. For cancer of most sites, the age-standardized proportion of users of AS was somewhat less than that for controls. A greater proportion of users among cancer patients than among controls was noted only for cancer of the stomach among women. Little information on urinary tract cancer was available; there were no users of AS among 13 patients with cancer of the bladder, 5 with cancer of the renal pelvis, and 2 with cancer of the ureter. There were 455 cancer patients known to have been interviewed during their initial hospitalization for the disease. Based on these cases, an age-sex-country-standardized estimate of cancer incidence for users of AS, relative to nonusers, was 1.0. Only a very small proportion of patients reported daily use of diet drinks, and the proportion of users did not differ substantially between cancer patients and controls. The present data provide virtually no support for an overall positive association of AS with cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:286113", "title": "Cancer in families with xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "In 31 families of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, significantly more blood relatives than spouse controls had had nonmelanoma skin cancer. These family data support the hypothesis that heterozygosity for XP genes may predispose persons to skin cancer, particularly in association with substantial exposure to sunlight.", "contents": "Cancer in families with xeroderma pigmentosum. In 31 families of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients, significantly more blood relatives than spouse controls had had nonmelanoma skin cancer. These family data support the hypothesis that heterozygosity for XP genes may predispose persons to skin cancer, particularly in association with substantial exposure to sunlight."}
{"id": "PMID:286114", "title": "Linoleic acid inhibition of naturally occurring lymphocytotoxicity to breast cancer-derived cells measured by a chromium-51 release assay.", "content": "Long-chain unsaturated free fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the immune responses of lymphocytes in vivo and in transformation and macrophage inhibition factor assays in vitro. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of linoleic acid on naturally occurring lymphocytotoxicity in a 51Cr release microcytotoxicity assay with the use of a human breast carcinoma cell line (AlAb) as source of the target cells. In the presence of increasing concentrations of linoleic acid, a linear decrease in lymphocytotoxicity was observed with complete inhibition at concentrations of 0.05-0.07 mg/ml. Concentrations of linoleic acid greater than 0.07 mg/ml resulted in nonspecific toxicity to target cells but not to lymphocytes as determined by trypan blue exclusion tests. When lymphocytes were pretreated with linoleic acid, washed, and then tested for cytotoxicity in the absence of linoleic acid, suppression of lymphocytotoxicity was still demonstrated. When leukocytes were depleted of macrophages, cytotoxicity in the absence of linoleic acid was enhanced 50-100%; complete inhibition of cytotoxicity was still observed at 0.05 mg linoleic acid/ml. When B- and T-cell populations were separated, each population showed typical decreases in lymphocytotoxicity in the presence of linoleic acid; however, the B-cell fraction (containing \"null\" cells) was two to three times more efficient at cell killing than was the T-cell fraction.", "contents": "Linoleic acid inhibition of naturally occurring lymphocytotoxicity to breast cancer-derived cells measured by a chromium-51 release assay. Long-chain unsaturated free fatty acids have been shown to inhibit the immune responses of lymphocytes in vivo and in transformation and macrophage inhibition factor assays in vitro. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of linoleic acid on naturally occurring lymphocytotoxicity in a 51Cr release microcytotoxicity assay with the use of a human breast carcinoma cell line (AlAb) as source of the target cells. In the presence of increasing concentrations of linoleic acid, a linear decrease in lymphocytotoxicity was observed with complete inhibition at concentrations of 0.05-0.07 mg/ml. Concentrations of linoleic acid greater than 0.07 mg/ml resulted in nonspecific toxicity to target cells but not to lymphocytes as determined by trypan blue exclusion tests. When lymphocytes were pretreated with linoleic acid, washed, and then tested for cytotoxicity in the absence of linoleic acid, suppression of lymphocytotoxicity was still demonstrated. When leukocytes were depleted of macrophages, cytotoxicity in the absence of linoleic acid was enhanced 50-100%; complete inhibition of cytotoxicity was still observed at 0.05 mg linoleic acid/ml. When B- and T-cell populations were separated, each population showed typical decreases in lymphocytotoxicity in the presence of linoleic acid; however, the B-cell fraction (containing \"null\" cells) was two to three times more efficient at cell killing than was the T-cell fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:286115", "title": "Vitamin A and lung cancer.", "content": "Retrospective dietary and smoking data were gathered by interview of 292 white male patients with lung cancer and 801 control patients with nonrespiratory, nonneoplastic diseases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York. A computed index of vitamin A intake was used to differentiate lung cancer patients from controls. Lung cancer patients had lower values than did controls. The reduced relative risk (RR) of lung cancer associated with vitamin A was most evident among men who smoked heavily. For them, a dose-response relationship increasing to an RR of 2.4 for low values of the index was observed. Frequency of daily milk drinking was lower among patients with lung cancer. Lower RR was found among the men who smoked heavily and frequently consumed carrots. These findings are consistent with evidence from animal studies on inhibition of tumor incidence by retinoids and with previous findings in prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies.", "contents": "Vitamin A and lung cancer. Retrospective dietary and smoking data were gathered by interview of 292 white male patients with lung cancer and 801 control patients with nonrespiratory, nonneoplastic diseases at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York. A computed index of vitamin A intake was used to differentiate lung cancer patients from controls. Lung cancer patients had lower values than did controls. The reduced relative risk (RR) of lung cancer associated with vitamin A was most evident among men who smoked heavily. For them, a dose-response relationship increasing to an RR of 2.4 for low values of the index was observed. Frequency of daily milk drinking was lower among patients with lung cancer. Lower RR was found among the men who smoked heavily and frequently consumed carrots. These findings are consistent with evidence from animal studies on inhibition of tumor incidence by retinoids and with previous findings in prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:286116", "title": "Increased \"pregnancy-specific\" beta1-glycoprotein in certain nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.", "content": "Schwangerschafts (pregnancy) protein No. 1 (SP1), a recently identified beta1-glycoprotein that occurs during pregnancy, was assayed in the sera of 97 men with germ cell tumors of the testis. SP1 was elevated at 11-440 ng/ml in 3 of 6 men with choriocarcinomas, in 5 of 17 men with teratomas or \"teratocarcinomas\" (embryonal carcinomas and teratomas), and in 5 of 50 men with embryonal carcinomas; the highest value in 143 patients with nonmalignant diseases was 9.1 ng/ml. None of 24 sera from men with seminomas and none of 5 sera from men with orchitis had elevated SP1. In the 1 patient examined, testicular choriocarcinoma SP1 had immunochemical and gel chromatographic properties similar to those of highly purified SP1 of placental origin.", "contents": "Increased \"pregnancy-specific\" beta1-glycoprotein in certain nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. Schwangerschafts (pregnancy) protein No. 1 (SP1), a recently identified beta1-glycoprotein that occurs during pregnancy, was assayed in the sera of 97 men with germ cell tumors of the testis. SP1 was elevated at 11-440 ng/ml in 3 of 6 men with choriocarcinomas, in 5 of 17 men with teratomas or \"teratocarcinomas\" (embryonal carcinomas and teratomas), and in 5 of 50 men with embryonal carcinomas; the highest value in 143 patients with nonmalignant diseases was 9.1 ng/ml. None of 24 sera from men with seminomas and none of 5 sera from men with orchitis had elevated SP1. In the 1 patient examined, testicular choriocarcinoma SP1 had immunochemical and gel chromatographic properties similar to those of highly purified SP1 of placental origin."}
{"id": "PMID:286118", "title": "Fibrin gel investment associated with line 1 and line 10 solid tumor growth, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia in guinea pigs. Role of cellular immunity, myofibroblasts, microvascular damage, and infarction in line 1 tumor regression.", "content": "Line 1 and line 10 tumors became invested in a fibrin-gel cocoon within hours after transplantation to the subcutaneous spaces of unsensitized syngeneic inbred Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs. The fibrin gel comprised more than 80% of the line 1 tumor mass and, after day 3, became organized and was subsequently replaced by fibrous connective tissue, which gave the tumor the appearance of a scirrhous carcinoma. A cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes and basophils developed at the periphery of line 1 tumors after day 8, and tumors regressed by day 13. The fibrin gel investing the highly malignant line 10 tumors accounted for less than 10% of the tumor mass and persisted without fibrous organization as a tumor grew progressively and invaded adjacent tissues. These data provide new and potentially important insights into the biology of solid tumor growth and the mechanisms of immunologic tumor rejection. Envelopment of tumors in a fibrin gel created an anatomic barrier separating the tumors from the host. Neovascularization mimicking that about line 1 and line 10 tumors was induced by sc fibrin implants; these data suggest that activation of the clotting and/or fibrinolytic systems by tumor cells may itself provide sufficient stimulus for induction of tumor angiogenesis without requiring a separate tumor angiogenesis factor. The scirrhous pattern of growth characteristic of line 1 tumors apparently was achieved by organization of an abundant fibrin gel. Line 1 tumor regression did not for the most part involve direct contacts between tumor cells and any type of inflammatory cell, including macrophages; rather, tumor destruction was effected by ischemic necrosis secondary to widespread microvascular injury. The mechanisms of such injury are uncertain, but tumor rejection was correlated with evidence of developing cellular immunity and anatomic associations between lymphocytes and myofibroblasts. Further experiments will be necessary before these findings can be generalized to other tumor systems.", "contents": "Fibrin gel investment associated with line 1 and line 10 solid tumor growth, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia in guinea pigs. Role of cellular immunity, myofibroblasts, microvascular damage, and infarction in line 1 tumor regression. Line 1 and line 10 tumors became invested in a fibrin-gel cocoon within hours after transplantation to the subcutaneous spaces of unsensitized syngeneic inbred Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs. The fibrin gel comprised more than 80% of the line 1 tumor mass and, after day 3, became organized and was subsequently replaced by fibrous connective tissue, which gave the tumor the appearance of a scirrhous carcinoma. A cellular infiltrate of lymphocytes and basophils developed at the periphery of line 1 tumors after day 8, and tumors regressed by day 13. The fibrin gel investing the highly malignant line 10 tumors accounted for less than 10% of the tumor mass and persisted without fibrous organization as a tumor grew progressively and invaded adjacent tissues. These data provide new and potentially important insights into the biology of solid tumor growth and the mechanisms of immunologic tumor rejection. Envelopment of tumors in a fibrin gel created an anatomic barrier separating the tumors from the host. Neovascularization mimicking that about line 1 and line 10 tumors was induced by sc fibrin implants; these data suggest that activation of the clotting and/or fibrinolytic systems by tumor cells may itself provide sufficient stimulus for induction of tumor angiogenesis without requiring a separate tumor angiogenesis factor. The scirrhous pattern of growth characteristic of line 1 tumors apparently was achieved by organization of an abundant fibrin gel. Line 1 tumor regression did not for the most part involve direct contacts between tumor cells and any type of inflammatory cell, including macrophages; rather, tumor destruction was effected by ischemic necrosis secondary to widespread microvascular injury. The mechanisms of such injury are uncertain, but tumor rejection was correlated with evidence of developing cellular immunity and anatomic associations between lymphocytes and myofibroblasts. Further experiments will be necessary before these findings can be generalized to other tumor systems."}
{"id": "PMID:286120", "title": "Failure of cryosurgical treatment of experimental intradermal tumors to eradicate microscopic lymph node metastases in guinea pigs.", "content": "Inbred Sewall Wright strain 2 male guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic lymph node metastases were treated either by local excision, cryosurgery, or intralesional injection of BCG. Cryosurgery and local excision were effective in eliminating growth of the primary tumor but failed to prevent growth of lymph node metastases. In contrast, intralesional injection of BCG caused regression of primary tumors and prevented growth of lymph node metastases.", "contents": "Failure of cryosurgical treatment of experimental intradermal tumors to eradicate microscopic lymph node metastases in guinea pigs. Inbred Sewall Wright strain 2 male guinea pigs with established intradermal tumors and microscopic lymph node metastases were treated either by local excision, cryosurgery, or intralesional injection of BCG. Cryosurgery and local excision were effective in eliminating growth of the primary tumor but failed to prevent growth of lymph node metastases. In contrast, intralesional injection of BCG caused regression of primary tumors and prevented growth of lymph node metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:286121", "title": "A microsomal butyrylesterase appearing in rat livers during development, regeneration, and carcinogenesis, and after phenobarbital treatment.", "content": "A microsomal butyrylesterase (L-I) was purified from the livers of male W rats treated with phenobarbital, and an antiserum against this purified L-I was raised in a rabbit. By the Ouchteriony double-diffusion test, a precipitin line was observed between the anti-L-I antiserum and each Triton X-100 extract of livers during development, regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and carcinogenesis and of hyperplastic nodules and hepatomas, all of which revealed L-I in their esterase isoenzyme patterns. These precipitin lines exhibited esterase activity. The fusion of the lines of these tissue extracts and that of the purified L-I indicated the presence of an antigen site common to their esterases. The extracts of adult and fetal livers and also of hepatomas resembling fetal liver in the esterase isoenzyme pattern did not produce a precipitin line with anti-L-I antiserum.", "contents": "A microsomal butyrylesterase appearing in rat livers during development, regeneration, and carcinogenesis, and after phenobarbital treatment. A microsomal butyrylesterase (L-I) was purified from the livers of male W rats treated with phenobarbital, and an antiserum against this purified L-I was raised in a rabbit. By the Ouchteriony double-diffusion test, a precipitin line was observed between the anti-L-I antiserum and each Triton X-100 extract of livers during development, regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and carcinogenesis and of hyperplastic nodules and hepatomas, all of which revealed L-I in their esterase isoenzyme patterns. These precipitin lines exhibited esterase activity. The fusion of the lines of these tissue extracts and that of the purified L-I indicated the presence of an antigen site common to their esterases. The extracts of adult and fetal livers and also of hepatomas resembling fetal liver in the esterase isoenzyme pattern did not produce a precipitin line with anti-L-I antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:286123", "title": "Carcinogenicity test of six nitrosamides and a nitrosocyanamide administered orally to rats.", "content": "Six nitrosamides [ethylnitrosourea (ENU), 2-hydroxyethylnitrosourea (HENU), carboxymethylnitrosourea, 1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil (NDHU), 1-nitrosohydantoin, and N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzamide (MNB)] and ethylnitrosocyanamide (ENC) were administered chronically in sodium citrate-buffered drinking water to MRC Wistar rats. ENU induced tumors of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (50% incidence), mammary glands, and large intestine. NDHU in drinking water produced hepatocellular carcinomas (96% incidence), but NDHU injected ip caused mostly tumors at the injection sites (54% incidence). HENU produced bone tumors (38% incidence) and RES tumors (28% incidence). ENC produced nasal cavity tumors (36% incidence). Papillomas and/or carcinomas of the forestomach, tongue, and pharynx were induced by most of the compounds, with the highest incidence in the forestomach (47% for MNB); these tumors were attributed to local action when the compounds were ingested. Carcinogenicity was not quantitatively correlated with direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity test of six nitrosamides and a nitrosocyanamide administered orally to rats. Six nitrosamides [ethylnitrosourea (ENU), 2-hydroxyethylnitrosourea (HENU), carboxymethylnitrosourea, 1-nitroso-5,6-dihydrouracil (NDHU), 1-nitrosohydantoin, and N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzamide (MNB)] and ethylnitrosocyanamide (ENC) were administered chronically in sodium citrate-buffered drinking water to MRC Wistar rats. ENU induced tumors of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (50% incidence), mammary glands, and large intestine. NDHU in drinking water produced hepatocellular carcinomas (96% incidence), but NDHU injected ip caused mostly tumors at the injection sites (54% incidence). HENU produced bone tumors (38% incidence) and RES tumors (28% incidence). ENC produced nasal cavity tumors (36% incidence). Papillomas and/or carcinomas of the forestomach, tongue, and pharynx were induced by most of the compounds, with the highest incidence in the forestomach (47% for MNB); these tumors were attributed to local action when the compounds were ingested. Carcinogenicity was not quantitatively correlated with direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535."}
{"id": "PMID:286124", "title": "Complement-dependent cytotoxic antitumor antibody. II. Quantitative determination of cell-bound immunoglobulin M1.", "content": "A method for the quantitative determination of rabbit IgM bound to cell surfaces has been developed. This method was based on the ability of goat IgG specific for rabbit IgM heavy chains to bind 125I-labeled protein A when bound to the antigen. With the use of this technique the production of specific IgM antitumor antibodies in New Zealand White rabbits after immunization with guinea pig hepatoma cells line-1 and line-10 was followed. Differences in the production of IgM were observed between the different bleedings from rabbits immunized with line-1. No significant IgM antibody was produced following immunization of rabbits with line-10 tumor cells. This indirect method for determining IgM on the cell surfaces was objective, easy to perform, and detected complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing antibodies. In addition, this technique could be applied to quantify other components on the cell surface for which a suitable specific antibody was available.", "contents": "Complement-dependent cytotoxic antitumor antibody. II. Quantitative determination of cell-bound immunoglobulin M1. A method for the quantitative determination of rabbit IgM bound to cell surfaces has been developed. This method was based on the ability of goat IgG specific for rabbit IgM heavy chains to bind 125I-labeled protein A when bound to the antigen. With the use of this technique the production of specific IgM antitumor antibodies in New Zealand White rabbits after immunization with guinea pig hepatoma cells line-1 and line-10 was followed. Differences in the production of IgM were observed between the different bleedings from rabbits immunized with line-1. No significant IgM antibody was produced following immunization of rabbits with line-10 tumor cells. This indirect method for determining IgM on the cell surfaces was objective, easy to perform, and detected complement-fixing and noncomplement-fixing antibodies. In addition, this technique could be applied to quantify other components on the cell surface for which a suitable specific antibody was available."}
{"id": "PMID:286126", "title": "Lung tumorigenesis in mice after chronic exposure in early life to a low dose of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Strain A female mice were exposed to 10 ppb dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in their drinking water for 4 weeks before mating. Treatment was continued through pregnancy and lactation and after weaning until the progeny were 22 weeks old. The incidence of primary lung tumors among the treated progeny (23%) was significantly higher (P less than 0.021) than that among controls (8%). The effect of the DMN was greatest among the males: 32% had lung tumors, compared with 4% of the control males (P less than 0.016). The DMN-exposed females also had a higher lung tumor incidence than did the controls, but the difference was not of statistical significance. These results demonstrate carcinogenicity of DMN at a dose approaching amounts possibly encountered by the human population as a result of environmental exposure.", "contents": "Lung tumorigenesis in mice after chronic exposure in early life to a low dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Strain A female mice were exposed to 10 ppb dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in their drinking water for 4 weeks before mating. Treatment was continued through pregnancy and lactation and after weaning until the progeny were 22 weeks old. The incidence of primary lung tumors among the treated progeny (23%) was significantly higher (P less than 0.021) than that among controls (8%). The effect of the DMN was greatest among the males: 32% had lung tumors, compared with 4% of the control males (P less than 0.016). The DMN-exposed females also had a higher lung tumor incidence than did the controls, but the difference was not of statistical significance. These results demonstrate carcinogenicity of DMN at a dose approaching amounts possibly encountered by the human population as a result of environmental exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:286127", "title": "Increased levels of lipid-bound sialic acid in thymic lymphocytes and plasma from leukemic AKR/J mice.", "content": "Lipid-bound sialic acid levels for thymic lymphocytes and plasma were elevated twofold in leukemic AKR/J mice as compared to the levels observed in young, nonleukemic mice. In contrast, lipid-bound phosphorus levels were similar for thymic lymphocytes from both groups of mice.", "contents": "Increased levels of lipid-bound sialic acid in thymic lymphocytes and plasma from leukemic AKR/J mice. Lipid-bound sialic acid levels for thymic lymphocytes and plasma were elevated twofold in leukemic AKR/J mice as compared to the levels observed in young, nonleukemic mice. In contrast, lipid-bound phosphorus levels were similar for thymic lymphocytes from both groups of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:286128", "title": "Remissions of mammary adenocarcinoma in hypothyroid mice given 5-fluorouracil and chloroquine phosphate.", "content": "In two separate experiments, treatment of C3H/He mice bearing transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas (C3HBA) with a regimen of 6-propylthiouracil (PTUra) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) plus chloroquine phosphate (CP) resulted in complete remissions of 77 and 65%, respectively. Treatment with PTUra alone resulted in 41% remissions in experiment 1 and 35% remissions in experiment 2. None of the nontreated control mice in either experiment had spontaneous remissions, and all controls died in each experiment. The principal effect was apparently due to the treatment with PTUra, inasmuch as most of the tumors disappeared during the 21-day treatment period. This observation indicated that the proper timing of the thyroid treatment with PTUra was crucial to achieve the best results. The combined FUra+CP regimen augmented the effects of the thyroid treatment and resulted in an increase in remissions.", "contents": "Remissions of mammary adenocarcinoma in hypothyroid mice given 5-fluorouracil and chloroquine phosphate. In two separate experiments, treatment of C3H/He mice bearing transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas (C3HBA) with a regimen of 6-propylthiouracil (PTUra) and 5-fluorouracil (FUra) plus chloroquine phosphate (CP) resulted in complete remissions of 77 and 65%, respectively. Treatment with PTUra alone resulted in 41% remissions in experiment 1 and 35% remissions in experiment 2. None of the nontreated control mice in either experiment had spontaneous remissions, and all controls died in each experiment. The principal effect was apparently due to the treatment with PTUra, inasmuch as most of the tumors disappeared during the 21-day treatment period. This observation indicated that the proper timing of the thyroid treatment with PTUra was crucial to achieve the best results. The combined FUra+CP regimen augmented the effects of the thyroid treatment and resulted in an increase in remissions."}
{"id": "PMID:286129", "title": "Transplantable tumor cell line derived from a spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a gerbil.", "content": "A cultured tumor cell line was derived from a spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The cell line consistently produced large tumors with a high incidence of metastases in gerbils of all ages and in both sexes.", "contents": "Transplantable tumor cell line derived from a spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a gerbil. A cultured tumor cell line was derived from a spontaneous fibrosarcoma in a gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The cell line consistently produced large tumors with a high incidence of metastases in gerbils of all ages and in both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:286131", "title": "[Reversible visual impairment caused by leukemic fundus changes (author's transl)].", "content": "Monocular impaired visual acuity was the initial symptom of chronic myeloic leukemia in a 41 year old man. A subretinal infiltration had caused foveal retinal thinning. 3 1/2 months after the onset of therapy retinal thickness had normalized and the vision was fully restored.", "contents": "[Reversible visual impairment caused by leukemic fundus changes (author's transl)]. Monocular impaired visual acuity was the initial symptom of chronic myeloic leukemia in a 41 year old man. A subretinal infiltration had caused foveal retinal thinning. 3 1/2 months after the onset of therapy retinal thickness had normalized and the vision was fully restored."}
{"id": "PMID:286143", "title": "Recombination in phage T4 gene-43 (DNA polymerase) mutants.", "content": "The effect of phage T4 gene 43 (DNA polymerase) mutations on recombination between adjacent base pairs was measured in rII amber and opal mutants. The mutator allele tsL56 did not promote recombination frequencies at the two sites in which its effect was studied. The antimutator allele tsCB87 caused slight or no reduction in recombination frequencies at five sites.", "contents": "Recombination in phage T4 gene-43 (DNA polymerase) mutants. The effect of phage T4 gene 43 (DNA polymerase) mutations on recombination between adjacent base pairs was measured in rII amber and opal mutants. The mutator allele tsL56 did not promote recombination frequencies at the two sites in which its effect was studied. The antimutator allele tsCB87 caused slight or no reduction in recombination frequencies at five sites."}
{"id": "PMID:286144", "title": "Proposed uniform nomenclature for mammalian ribosomal proteins.", "content": "The numbering systems for mammalian ribosomal proteins used in several laboratories have been correlated and a proposal for a standard system is presented.", "contents": "Proposed uniform nomenclature for mammalian ribosomal proteins. The numbering systems for mammalian ribosomal proteins used in several laboratories have been correlated and a proposal for a standard system is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:286145", "title": "Construction and some properties of packageable plasmid F.", "content": "A derivative of plasmid F which is packageable in lambda phage coat was constructed using techniques of in vitro recombination. This plasmid is composed of three DNA fragments generated by restriction enzyme EcoRI: a miniF fragment (fragment f5 of F'lac) which is able to replicate autonomously, a DNA fragment from Staphylococcus plasmid that carries the beta-lactamase gene, and a portion of guaA  (B) transducing lambda phage DNA carrying lambda cohesive ends (cos site) along with almost all the late genes but devoid of all those genes and sites that are needed for replication, regulation, and recombination. The hybrid plasmid has a molecular weight of 2.7 x 10(7) daltons, about 84% size of lambda phage genome, and can be packaged in lambda coat when helper phage replicates in the plasmid-carrier cell. The packaged plasmid and the helper lambda phage particles are separated by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. The replication characteristics of the recombinant plasmid are all those of F including the copy number, incompatibility, and curing with acidine orange. The packaged plasmid is injected into an F- cell and establishes a plasmid state with normal efficiency. In F+ or Hfr cells, the resident F factor hinders this process.", "contents": "Construction and some properties of packageable plasmid F. A derivative of plasmid F which is packageable in lambda phage coat was constructed using techniques of in vitro recombination. This plasmid is composed of three DNA fragments generated by restriction enzyme EcoRI: a miniF fragment (fragment f5 of F'lac) which is able to replicate autonomously, a DNA fragment from Staphylococcus plasmid that carries the beta-lactamase gene, and a portion of guaA  (B) transducing lambda phage DNA carrying lambda cohesive ends (cos site) along with almost all the late genes but devoid of all those genes and sites that are needed for replication, regulation, and recombination. The hybrid plasmid has a molecular weight of 2.7 x 10(7) daltons, about 84% size of lambda phage genome, and can be packaged in lambda coat when helper phage replicates in the plasmid-carrier cell. The packaged plasmid and the helper lambda phage particles are separated by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. The replication characteristics of the recombinant plasmid are all those of F including the copy number, incompatibility, and curing with acidine orange. The packaged plasmid is injected into an F- cell and establishes a plasmid state with normal efficiency. In F+ or Hfr cells, the resident F factor hinders this process."}
{"id": "PMID:286146", "title": "Construction in vitro of \"phage-plasmid\" chimerae: a new tool to analyse the mechanism of plasmid maintenance.", "content": "In this paper, we report the construction in vitro of chimerae between lambdoid replacement vectors (Murray et al., 1977) and the miniF Apr plasmid: pSC138 (Timmis et al., 1975). lambdaF recombinants were shown to be chimerae between the lambda and the F replicons. By genetical tests, we have demonstrated that both lambda and F replication mechanisms are functional: the lambdaF recombinant behaves as a non defective plaque forming phage on lambda sensitive bacteria and establishes itself as a stable plasmid on recA F- homoimmune bacteria. In the extra-chromosomal state, the lambdaF recombinant apparently retains the controlled autonomous replication and the FI incompatibility characteristics of the F plasmid. The potential experimental uses of these phages are discussed.", "contents": "Construction in vitro of \"phage-plasmid\" chimerae: a new tool to analyse the mechanism of plasmid maintenance. In this paper, we report the construction in vitro of chimerae between lambdoid replacement vectors (Murray et al., 1977) and the miniF Apr plasmid: pSC138 (Timmis et al., 1975). lambdaF recombinants were shown to be chimerae between the lambda and the F replicons. By genetical tests, we have demonstrated that both lambda and F replication mechanisms are functional: the lambdaF recombinant behaves as a non defective plaque forming phage on lambda sensitive bacteria and establishes itself as a stable plasmid on recA F- homoimmune bacteria. In the extra-chromosomal state, the lambdaF recombinant apparently retains the controlled autonomous replication and the FI incompatibility characteristics of the F plasmid. The potential experimental uses of these phages are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286147", "title": "In vitro constructed plasmids containing both ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA express phage functions.", "content": "The construction of a plasmid carrying the right end PstI . B fragment of bacteriophage Mu DNA and of plasmids containing in addition the left end EcoRI.C fragment of Mu DNA into the vector pBR322 is described. Inversion of the G segment still occurs in all these plasmids. By marker rescue and complementation experiments the right PstI cleavage site was located to the left of gene Q. The composite plasmids inheriting also the left end EcoRI fragment of Mu DNA express both the immunity and killing functions of Mu and direct the in vitro synthesis of presumably Mu-specific polypeptides. These results demonstrates that Mu-specific functions can be analyzed from cloned fragments.", "contents": "In vitro constructed plasmids containing both ends of bacteriophage Mu DNA express phage functions. The construction of a plasmid carrying the right end PstI . B fragment of bacteriophage Mu DNA and of plasmids containing in addition the left end EcoRI.C fragment of Mu DNA into the vector pBR322 is described. Inversion of the G segment still occurs in all these plasmids. By marker rescue and complementation experiments the right PstI cleavage site was located to the left of gene Q. The composite plasmids inheriting also the left end EcoRI fragment of Mu DNA express both the immunity and killing functions of Mu and direct the in vitro synthesis of presumably Mu-specific polypeptides. These results demonstrates that Mu-specific functions can be analyzed from cloned fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:286148", "title": "Transposon-facilitated recombination in Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Improved Vibrio cholerae donors were constructed by introducing the ampicillin transposon, Tn1, into both the conjugative plasmid, P, and the bacterial chromosome to provide \"portable regions of homology.\" The resulting Tfr (Transposon-facilitated recombination) donors transferred genes at high frequency from origins specified by the chromosomally inserted Tn1 copies. Tn1 was transposed into the chromosome from a deleted P::Tn1 vector, which was eliminated from the cells by superinfection with a thermosensitive P::Tn9 (chloramphenicol) mutant plasmid. After eliminating the thermosensitive plasmid, the chromosomally resistant isolates were converted into donors with a P::Tn1 conjugative plasmid. Tfr donors were also obtained by isolating Tn1 insertion mutations in a gene for thymine biosynthesis. Chromosomal sites of Tn1 relative to bacterial genes were determined by measuring gene transfer frequencies and genetic linkage. In one case, linkage of the amp gene to the chromosomal genes that defined its location was demonstrated. Chromosomal transfer by Tfr donors was reversed by isolating P::Tn1 plasmids that contained Tn1 inserted in the opposite orientation.", "contents": "Transposon-facilitated recombination in Vibrio cholerae. Improved Vibrio cholerae donors were constructed by introducing the ampicillin transposon, Tn1, into both the conjugative plasmid, P, and the bacterial chromosome to provide \"portable regions of homology.\" The resulting Tfr (Transposon-facilitated recombination) donors transferred genes at high frequency from origins specified by the chromosomally inserted Tn1 copies. Tn1 was transposed into the chromosome from a deleted P::Tn1 vector, which was eliminated from the cells by superinfection with a thermosensitive P::Tn9 (chloramphenicol) mutant plasmid. After eliminating the thermosensitive plasmid, the chromosomally resistant isolates were converted into donors with a P::Tn1 conjugative plasmid. Tfr donors were also obtained by isolating Tn1 insertion mutations in a gene for thymine biosynthesis. Chromosomal sites of Tn1 relative to bacterial genes were determined by measuring gene transfer frequencies and genetic linkage. In one case, linkage of the amp gene to the chromosomal genes that defined its location was demonstrated. Chromosomal transfer by Tfr donors was reversed by isolating P::Tn1 plasmids that contained Tn1 inserted in the opposite orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:286149", "title": "A method which facilitates the ordering of DNA restriction fragments.", "content": "The Southern transfer technique has been used to provide a generally applicable method for ordering DNA restriction fragments. It involves electrophoresis of partially digested DNA, transfer to nitrocellulose filter paper and annealing to a 32P-labelled fragment. Only those partials containing that particular fragment will reanneal to the probe and produce bands on autoradiography. The size of each partial in the labelled set is the sum of the sizes of the fragment used as probe and of one or more adjacent fragments. Thus the size of the adjacent fragments can be determined from the size increments of this set of partials. The method is illustrated by the mapping of certain BamHI sites on coliphage 186 DNA.", "contents": "A method which facilitates the ordering of DNA restriction fragments. The Southern transfer technique has been used to provide a generally applicable method for ordering DNA restriction fragments. It involves electrophoresis of partially digested DNA, transfer to nitrocellulose filter paper and annealing to a 32P-labelled fragment. Only those partials containing that particular fragment will reanneal to the probe and produce bands on autoradiography. The size of each partial in the labelled set is the sum of the sizes of the fragment used as probe and of one or more adjacent fragments. Thus the size of the adjacent fragments can be determined from the size increments of this set of partials. The method is illustrated by the mapping of certain BamHI sites on coliphage 186 DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:286150", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 rIIB protein synthesis with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the rIIB initiation codon.", "content": "In protein synthesis, the incorporation of an N-terminal formylmethionine residue is directed by an initiation codon. The most frequently used codon is AUG, although initiation at GUG and UUG codons has also been observed. The HD263 mutation is an AUG to AUA change in the rIIB initiation codon. Evidence is presented here that wild type and HD263 rIIB proteins, whether synthesized in vivo or in vitro, have identical fmet peptides. It is concluded that translation began at the AUA mutant initiation codon in vitro and in phage T4 infected cells. In the in vitro translation system used in these studies, the rIIB protein synthesized at 25 degrees no longer contains the N-terminal formyl group whereas a large proportion of the formyl group is retained at 37 degrees.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 rIIB protein synthesis with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the rIIB initiation codon. In protein synthesis, the incorporation of an N-terminal formylmethionine residue is directed by an initiation codon. The most frequently used codon is AUG, although initiation at GUG and UUG codons has also been observed. The HD263 mutation is an AUG to AUA change in the rIIB initiation codon. Evidence is presented here that wild type and HD263 rIIB proteins, whether synthesized in vivo or in vitro, have identical fmet peptides. It is concluded that translation began at the AUA mutant initiation codon in vitro and in phage T4 infected cells. In the in vitro translation system used in these studies, the rIIB protein synthesized at 25 degrees no longer contains the N-terminal formyl group whereas a large proportion of the formyl group is retained at 37 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:286151", "title": "Analysis of lethal events induced by ultraviolet in a heterokaryon of Neurospora.", "content": "The relative frequencies of heterokaryons and the two kinds of homokaryons have been scored among colonies from conidia harvested from a heterokaryon and treated with UV, in order to determine which kinds of lethal mutations were induced. Recessive lethal mutations were scored directly. The pattern of surviving types indicated that recessive lethals and mitotic lethals (events destroying whole nuclei) occurred with similar frequencies. But the absolute frequency of these mutations was not sufficient to account for the observed kill, suggesting that dominant lethals and/or cytoplasmic lethals were also induced at a similar rate.", "contents": "Analysis of lethal events induced by ultraviolet in a heterokaryon of Neurospora. The relative frequencies of heterokaryons and the two kinds of homokaryons have been scored among colonies from conidia harvested from a heterokaryon and treated with UV, in order to determine which kinds of lethal mutations were induced. Recessive lethal mutations were scored directly. The pattern of surviving types indicated that recessive lethals and mitotic lethals (events destroying whole nuclei) occurred with similar frequencies. But the absolute frequency of these mutations was not sufficient to account for the observed kill, suggesting that dominant lethals and/or cytoplasmic lethals were also induced at a similar rate."}
{"id": "PMID:286152", "title": "Restriction cleavage maps of coliphages 186 and P2.", "content": "The restriction enzymes BamHI, Bg/II, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, XbaI and XhoI have been used to cleave DNA isolated from the related coliphages P2 and 186 for analysis on 1% agarose gels. Three approaches were used to map the sites of cleavage: a) analysis dependent upon the existence of cohesive termini and availability of viable P2-186 hybrids; b) analysis of double digests and redigests of isolated fragments with a second enzyme and c) analysis of partial digests by transfer to nitrocellulose and hybridization with a single fragment. This last approach and the results obtained from it are detailed in a separate paper (Saint and Egan, 1979). The number of sites of each enzyme are as follows: a) 186, BamHI-7, Bg/II-1, EcoRI-3, HindIII-2, PstI-22, XbaI-0 and Xho-I-1; b) P2, BamHI-3, Bg/II-2, EcoRI-3, HindIII-0, PstI-O, XbaI-1 and XhoI-O. All of these sites have been mapped with the exception of PstI for 186, where only the five sites in the right 35% (the control region) have been mapped.", "contents": "Restriction cleavage maps of coliphages 186 and P2. The restriction enzymes BamHI, Bg/II, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, XbaI and XhoI have been used to cleave DNA isolated from the related coliphages P2 and 186 for analysis on 1% agarose gels. Three approaches were used to map the sites of cleavage: a) analysis dependent upon the existence of cohesive termini and availability of viable P2-186 hybrids; b) analysis of double digests and redigests of isolated fragments with a second enzyme and c) analysis of partial digests by transfer to nitrocellulose and hybridization with a single fragment. This last approach and the results obtained from it are detailed in a separate paper (Saint and Egan, 1979). The number of sites of each enzyme are as follows: a) 186, BamHI-7, Bg/II-1, EcoRI-3, HindIII-2, PstI-22, XbaI-0 and Xho-I-1; b) P2, BamHI-3, Bg/II-2, EcoRI-3, HindIII-0, PstI-O, XbaI-1 and XhoI-O. All of these sites have been mapped with the exception of PstI for 186, where only the five sites in the right 35% (the control region) have been mapped."}
{"id": "PMID:286153", "title": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of bacteriophage P2.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of phage P2 was constructed. The enzymes used and, within parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P2 lg cc DNA molecule were: AvaI(3), BalI(1), BAMI(3), BglII(3), HaeIII (more than 40; only three were mapped), HindIII(0), HpaI(10), KpnI(3), PstI(3), SalI(2) and SmaI(2). The EcoRI cleavage sites (3), as determined earlier, were used as reference points for this study. The DNAs of a variety of P2 mutants carrying chromosomal aberrations (dell, del2, del3, del6, vir22, vir37(2), vir79 and vir94) were also similarly examined.", "contents": "A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of bacteriophage P2. A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of phage P2 was constructed. The enzymes used and, within parenthesis, the number of their cleavage sites on the P2 lg cc DNA molecule were: AvaI(3), BalI(1), BAMI(3), BglII(3), HaeIII (more than 40; only three were mapped), HindIII(0), HpaI(10), KpnI(3), PstI(3), SalI(2) and SmaI(2). The EcoRI cleavage sites (3), as determined earlier, were used as reference points for this study. The DNAs of a variety of P2 mutants carrying chromosomal aberrations (dell, del2, del3, del6, vir22, vir37(2), vir79 and vir94) were also similarly examined."}
{"id": "PMID:286154", "title": "Spot position of rat liver ribosomal proteins by four different two-dimensional electrophoreses in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Separation of the proteins from rat liver 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits and polysomes was done in four different two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The first dimension was run at acidic or basic pH, the second dimension either with sodium dodecyl sulphate or at acidic pH in 18% acrylamide. The position of each individual protein of both subunits and polysomes was determined in each system. This identification resulted from a new method avoiding any pervious purification of individual proteins. The new \"proposed uniform nomenclature for mammalian ribosomal proteins\" (McConkey et al. in press) was used for numbering the proteins in the four systems.", "contents": "Spot position of rat liver ribosomal proteins by four different two-dimensional electrophoreses in polyacrylamide gel. Separation of the proteins from rat liver 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits and polysomes was done in four different two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The first dimension was run at acidic or basic pH, the second dimension either with sodium dodecyl sulphate or at acidic pH in 18% acrylamide. The position of each individual protein of both subunits and polysomes was determined in each system. This identification resulted from a new method avoiding any pervious purification of individual proteins. The new \"proposed uniform nomenclature for mammalian ribosomal proteins\" (McConkey et al. in press) was used for numbering the proteins in the four systems."}
{"id": "PMID:286156", "title": "The prognostic significance of radiological and symptomatic bone involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Full skeletal survey was performed on 193 consecutive children presenting over a 6-year period with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). A record was made of the degree of bone pain in these patients and 60 others presenting immediately prior to the availability of skeletal surveys. Bone pain was present in 76 out of 253 patients (30%) and radiological bone changes characteristic of leukaemia in 125 out of 193 (65%). A significant correlation was found between the severity of bone pain and the number of bones involved on X ray (r = 0.25, P = less than 0.001), but not between initial white cell counts and bone score (r = -0.14, P = 0.08). There was no significant correlation between the degree of bone pain and survival or length of first remission (P = 0.29 and 0.86). Similarly, the extent of radiological bone disease was of no prognostic significance with relation to survival (P = 0.41) or length of first remission (P = 0.21).", "contents": "The prognostic significance of radiological and symptomatic bone involvement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Full skeletal survey was performed on 193 consecutive children presenting over a 6-year period with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). A record was made of the degree of bone pain in these patients and 60 others presenting immediately prior to the availability of skeletal surveys. Bone pain was present in 76 out of 253 patients (30%) and radiological bone changes characteristic of leukaemia in 125 out of 193 (65%). A significant correlation was found between the severity of bone pain and the number of bones involved on X ray (r = 0.25, P = less than 0.001), but not between initial white cell counts and bone score (r = -0.14, P = 0.08). There was no significant correlation between the degree of bone pain and survival or length of first remission (P = 0.29 and 0.86). Similarly, the extent of radiological bone disease was of no prognostic significance with relation to survival (P = 0.41) or length of first remission (P = 0.21)."}
{"id": "PMID:286210", "title": "Keeping abreast of the times: the Tauranga Infant Feeding Survey.", "content": "An infant feeding survey revealed that 77% of 187 mothers, whose babies were born over a three month period in the Tauranga maternity annexe, were breast feeding on discharge. Fifty-seven percent of the total breast fed for at least three months. The feeding pattern did not vary with ethnic group nor with previous breast feeding experience. Short-term breast feeders were younger and had fewer children than either the bottle feeders or long-term breast feeders. Bottle feeding tended to occur with extremes of maternal age. Breast feeders sought more advice during pregnancy and confinement. Overall, the most common reason for changing to bottle feeding was \"insufficient lactation\", although this reason rarely stood alone. Many mothers experienced difficulties with artifical feeds and made at least one milk change, nearly half receiving no advice. Solid food was most commonly introduced at three months.", "contents": "Keeping abreast of the times: the Tauranga Infant Feeding Survey. An infant feeding survey revealed that 77% of 187 mothers, whose babies were born over a three month period in the Tauranga maternity annexe, were breast feeding on discharge. Fifty-seven percent of the total breast fed for at least three months. The feeding pattern did not vary with ethnic group nor with previous breast feeding experience. Short-term breast feeders were younger and had fewer children than either the bottle feeders or long-term breast feeders. Bottle feeding tended to occur with extremes of maternal age. Breast feeders sought more advice during pregnancy and confinement. Overall, the most common reason for changing to bottle feeding was \"insufficient lactation\", although this reason rarely stood alone. Many mothers experienced difficulties with artifical feeds and made at least one milk change, nearly half receiving no advice. Solid food was most commonly introduced at three months."}
{"id": "PMID:286211", "title": "Mode of delivery and developmental characteristics in a thousand Dunedin three year olds: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study.", "content": "A study of 1037 representative Dunedin children delivered by a variety of modes was described. The results showed that there were no significant differences in maternal general mental ability, training in child development, or background of child experiences among the five delivery groups studied. Also, there were no significant differences between children who were spontaneous deliveries or any of the other groups in age at which the developmental milestones were achieved, nor in any of the developmental characteristics assessed.", "contents": "Mode of delivery and developmental characteristics in a thousand Dunedin three year olds: a report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Child Development Study. A study of 1037 representative Dunedin children delivered by a variety of modes was described. The results showed that there were no significant differences in maternal general mental ability, training in child development, or background of child experiences among the five delivery groups studied. Also, there were no significant differences between children who were spontaneous deliveries or any of the other groups in age at which the developmental milestones were achieved, nor in any of the developmental characteristics assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:286212", "title": "Hypothyroidism in elderly hospital patients.", "content": "Three hundred and ninety-six patients aged 65 years and over who were admitted to Waitakere Hospital in 1967-77 were screened for hypothyroidism using an adjusted serum thyroxine, serum thyrotrophin, or both. Nine new cases were found. Eleven other patients were already under treatment with thyroxine, though one had defaulted; in six of these the validity of the diagnosis was confirmed. A further five patients had marginally raised levels of serum thyrotrophin, of doubtful significance. There were therefore 15 proven cases of hypothyroidism, an incidence of 3.8%.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism in elderly hospital patients. Three hundred and ninety-six patients aged 65 years and over who were admitted to Waitakere Hospital in 1967-77 were screened for hypothyroidism using an adjusted serum thyroxine, serum thyrotrophin, or both. Nine new cases were found. Eleven other patients were already under treatment with thyroxine, though one had defaulted; in six of these the validity of the diagnosis was confirmed. A further five patients had marginally raised levels of serum thyrotrophin, of doubtful significance. There were therefore 15 proven cases of hypothyroidism, an incidence of 3.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:286213", "title": "In-vitro activity of cefoxitin against recent clinical bacterial isolates.", "content": "The susceptibility of 635 clinical isolates of bacteria to cefoxitin was determined. Isolates from the urinary tract showed 97% sensitivity, isolates from infected wounds showed 93% sensitivity and 82% of blood culture isolates were sensitive. Streptococcus faecalis isolates showed only 50% sensitivity and pseudomonas organisms were predominantly resistant. Bacteria isolated from unprepared heart valves submitted for use as homografts showed only 71% sensitivity due to the large proportion of Streptococcus and Pseudomonas species isolated.", "contents": "In-vitro activity of cefoxitin against recent clinical bacterial isolates. The susceptibility of 635 clinical isolates of bacteria to cefoxitin was determined. Isolates from the urinary tract showed 97% sensitivity, isolates from infected wounds showed 93% sensitivity and 82% of blood culture isolates were sensitive. Streptococcus faecalis isolates showed only 50% sensitivity and pseudomonas organisms were predominantly resistant. Bacteria isolated from unprepared heart valves submitted for use as homografts showed only 71% sensitivity due to the large proportion of Streptococcus and Pseudomonas species isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:286214", "title": "Fulminant pneumococcal septicaemia in an adult following splenectomy: case report.", "content": "A case is reported of fulminant pneumococcal septicaemia occurring in a 22-year-old male six years after surgical removal of the spleen.", "contents": "Fulminant pneumococcal septicaemia in an adult following splenectomy: case report. A case is reported of fulminant pneumococcal septicaemia occurring in a 22-year-old male six years after surgical removal of the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:286215", "title": "Piretanide (HOE 118): a new potent diuretic: preliminary communication.", "content": "A preliminary study of piretanide (HOE 118) on healthy subjects indicates it was as effective as frusemide for diuresis.", "contents": "Piretanide (HOE 118): a new potent diuretic: preliminary communication. A preliminary study of piretanide (HOE 118) on healthy subjects indicates it was as effective as frusemide for diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:286218", "title": "Rising cervical cancer mortality in young New Zealand women.", "content": "New Zealand age-standardised mortality rates for cervical cancer in women 20-34, 35-64 and 65 years and older show that mortality has been falling steadily for women 35 years and older ever since 1941, 14 years before cytology screening was introduced. Mortality has risen significantly since about 1959 in women 20-34 years old. These findings cast doubt on the value of screening. Possible causes of the increased mortality in young women include a cohort effect, increased promiscuity, and the effect of steroidal compounds on cervical epithelium.", "contents": "Rising cervical cancer mortality in young New Zealand women. New Zealand age-standardised mortality rates for cervical cancer in women 20-34, 35-64 and 65 years and older show that mortality has been falling steadily for women 35 years and older ever since 1941, 14 years before cytology screening was introduced. Mortality has risen significantly since about 1959 in women 20-34 years old. These findings cast doubt on the value of screening. Possible causes of the increased mortality in young women include a cohort effect, increased promiscuity, and the effect of steroidal compounds on cervical epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:286250", "title": "Mandibular odontogenic infection with serious complications.", "content": "Orbital cellulitis usually begins as an infection of the paranasal sinuses. While a small percentage of cases are of dental origin, these usually involve the maxillary teeth. In the case reported here orbital cellulitis originated from an infection in the mandible and spread through the pananasal sinuses, deep facial circulation, and orbital tissues, resulting in unilateral blindness. Principles of management and possible pathways for the spread of the infection are discussed.", "contents": "Mandibular odontogenic infection with serious complications. Orbital cellulitis usually begins as an infection of the paranasal sinuses. While a small percentage of cases are of dental origin, these usually involve the maxillary teeth. In the case reported here orbital cellulitis originated from an infection in the mandible and spread through the pananasal sinuses, deep facial circulation, and orbital tissues, resulting in unilateral blindness. Principles of management and possible pathways for the spread of the infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286251", "title": "Pedunculated pharyngeal lesions.", "content": "Dentists enjoy a unique position in the health care field because they examine and treat more intraoral disease than any other specialty. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the dentist to examine the entire oral cavity and not just the teeth. Thorough intraoral examination may reveal undiagnosed pathological lesions which arise outside the oral cavity but are pedunculated and present in the mouth or oropharynx. The article presents three cases of such lesions which are potentially life threatening but may be cured if detected and treated early.", "contents": "Pedunculated pharyngeal lesions. Dentists enjoy a unique position in the health care field because they examine and treat more intraoral disease than any other specialty. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the dentist to examine the entire oral cavity and not just the teeth. Thorough intraoral examination may reveal undiagnosed pathological lesions which arise outside the oral cavity but are pedunculated and present in the mouth or oropharynx. The article presents three cases of such lesions which are potentially life threatening but may be cured if detected and treated early."}
{"id": "PMID:286252", "title": "Peridontal manifestations and treatment in a case of Sturge-Weber syndrome.", "content": "A case of Sturge-Weber syndrome, uncommon in its intraoral extent, is presented. The pathologic process involved both the soft and osseous tissues of both the maxilla and mandible of the affected side. The first known histopathologic description of alveolar bone involvement is presented. The patients was treated by means of extractions and periodontal flap surgery on both an outpatient and an inpatient basis, with good results and no untoward sequelae. common clinical findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome and specific signs and symptoms manifested by this patient are discussed.", "contents": "Peridontal manifestations and treatment in a case of Sturge-Weber syndrome. A case of Sturge-Weber syndrome, uncommon in its intraoral extent, is presented. The pathologic process involved both the soft and osseous tissues of both the maxilla and mandible of the affected side. The first known histopathologic description of alveolar bone involvement is presented. The patients was treated by means of extractions and periodontal flap surgery on both an outpatient and an inpatient basis, with good results and no untoward sequelae. common clinical findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome and specific signs and symptoms manifested by this patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286253", "title": "Sensory deprivation.", "content": "The loss of vision, hearing, and speech, even on a temporary basis, may be responsible for strange, unpredictable, or bizarre behavior. The placement of obtundent surgical dressings may be responsible for the symptoms of sensory deprivation.", "contents": "Sensory deprivation. The loss of vision, hearing, and speech, even on a temporary basis, may be responsible for strange, unpredictable, or bizarre behavior. The placement of obtundent surgical dressings may be responsible for the symptoms of sensory deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:286254", "title": "An unusual case of trismus.", "content": "Described is a case in which a patient suffered multiple facial injuries resulting in significant trismuss. Many extracapsular factors have been reported to results in trismus. Most common are those involving the coronoid process and fibrous tissue adhesions of associated structures. This case involves a situation in which multiple foreign-body fragments led to this patient's being unable to open his mouth adequately.", "contents": "An unusual case of trismus. Described is a case in which a patient suffered multiple facial injuries resulting in significant trismuss. Many extracapsular factors have been reported to results in trismus. Most common are those involving the coronoid process and fibrous tissue adhesions of associated structures. This case involves a situation in which multiple foreign-body fragments led to this patient's being unable to open his mouth adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:286255", "title": "Retained tooth vitality after 15 years' displacement into floor of mouth. Report of a case.", "content": "A case in which a tooth traumatically displaced into the floor of the mouth retained its vitality for 15 years is reported. Although the presence of the tooth and soft-tissue cuff which appeared to represent the original attached gingiva presented a source for complications, no significant pathologic changes were noted. The requirement for a thorough radiographic examination before definitive treatment of maxillofacial injuries is emphasized.", "contents": "Retained tooth vitality after 15 years' displacement into floor of mouth. Report of a case. A case in which a tooth traumatically displaced into the floor of the mouth retained its vitality for 15 years is reported. Although the presence of the tooth and soft-tissue cuff which appeared to represent the original attached gingiva presented a source for complications, no significant pathologic changes were noted. The requirement for a thorough radiographic examination before definitive treatment of maxillofacial injuries is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:286256", "title": "Postinjection trismus due to formation of fibrous band.", "content": "A persistent form of trismus which sometimes follows inferior alveolar nerve block is described. Clinical data from sixteen cases indicate that in most cases the condition responds to conservative therapy.", "contents": "Postinjection trismus due to formation of fibrous band. A persistent form of trismus which sometimes follows inferior alveolar nerve block is described. Clinical data from sixteen cases indicate that in most cases the condition responds to conservative therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:286257", "title": "Tuberculosis of the tongue. A case report with immunologic study.", "content": "A case of tuberculosis of the tongue in a 59-year-old woman with active pulmonary tuberculosis is described. The lingual tuberculosis was considered to be a secondary infection from the pulmonary disease, but the oral lesions were, in fact, noticed prior to recognition of the pulmonary lesion. This case was marked by a multiplicity or oral lesions arising on the bilateral surfaces of the tongue. Immunologic investigation revealed that cell-mediated immune responses in the patient were within the normal range in terms of the PPD skin test, DNCB skin test, lymphocyte transformation test, and subpopulation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Rosette-forming assay on the frozen sections disclosed that T-lymphocytes and macrophages were predominant in the lymphoid cells infiltrating the tuberculous lesion.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the tongue. A case report with immunologic study. A case of tuberculosis of the tongue in a 59-year-old woman with active pulmonary tuberculosis is described. The lingual tuberculosis was considered to be a secondary infection from the pulmonary disease, but the oral lesions were, in fact, noticed prior to recognition of the pulmonary lesion. This case was marked by a multiplicity or oral lesions arising on the bilateral surfaces of the tongue. Immunologic investigation revealed that cell-mediated immune responses in the patient were within the normal range in terms of the PPD skin test, DNCB skin test, lymphocyte transformation test, and subpopulation of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Rosette-forming assay on the frozen sections disclosed that T-lymphocytes and macrophages were predominant in the lymphoid cells infiltrating the tuberculous lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:286258", "title": "Unusual gingival epithelial proliferation: primary pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia.", "content": "A primary pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia arising in the gingiva of a 9-year-old-boy with histologic features of carcinoma was surgically excised and has not recurred after 2 years. It is suggested that the histogenesis is atypical proliferation of an aborted gingival cyst arising from dental lamina.", "contents": "Unusual gingival epithelial proliferation: primary pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. A primary pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia arising in the gingiva of a 9-year-old-boy with histologic features of carcinoma was surgically excised and has not recurred after 2 years. It is suggested that the histogenesis is atypical proliferation of an aborted gingival cyst arising from dental lamina."}
{"id": "PMID:286259", "title": "Benign nerve sheath myxoma: light and electron microscopic features of two cases.", "content": "Two new cases of the rare benign nerve sheath myxoma (NSM) are presented. The light microscopic findings are compared with previously reported cases. In addition, the ultrastructural features of three constitutent cell types are described. The lesion is confirmed as a neural sheath neoplasm, and its similarities to other myxomas are discussed.", "contents": "Benign nerve sheath myxoma: light and electron microscopic features of two cases. Two new cases of the rare benign nerve sheath myxoma (NSM) are presented. The light microscopic findings are compared with previously reported cases. In addition, the ultrastructural features of three constitutent cell types are described. The lesion is confirmed as a neural sheath neoplasm, and its similarities to other myxomas are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286260", "title": "Submucous fibrosis in Taiwan.", "content": "Thirty-five cases of submucous fibrosis have been collected in Taiwan. The fibrotic changes occurred most often in the buccal and palatal mucosa, and between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The occurrence of the disease correlated highly with the habit of betel nut chewing. Tobacco, hot spicy foods, and liquor were not important etiologic factors.", "contents": "Submucous fibrosis in Taiwan. Thirty-five cases of submucous fibrosis have been collected in Taiwan. The fibrotic changes occurred most often in the buccal and palatal mucosa, and between the ages of 30 and 50 years. The occurrence of the disease correlated highly with the habit of betel nut chewing. Tobacco, hot spicy foods, and liquor were not important etiologic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:286261", "title": "Ultrastructural features of monomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland.", "content": "A monomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland (basaloid type) was studied with the electron microscope. In general, the tumor consisted of a single cell type, except in areas of squamous metaplasia. The cells were polygonal with prominent nuclei and scant cytoplasmic organelles. Intercellular junctions and plasmalemmal projections (filopodia) were conspicuous. Myoepithelial cells and secretory granules were absent. On the basis of these ultrastructural features, it is proposed that the interlobular duct, rather than the intercalated duct, is the probable site of origin of this tumor.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of monomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland. A monomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland (basaloid type) was studied with the electron microscope. In general, the tumor consisted of a single cell type, except in areas of squamous metaplasia. The cells were polygonal with prominent nuclei and scant cytoplasmic organelles. Intercellular junctions and plasmalemmal projections (filopodia) were conspicuous. Myoepithelial cells and secretory granules were absent. On the basis of these ultrastructural features, it is proposed that the interlobular duct, rather than the intercalated duct, is the probable site of origin of this tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:286263", "title": "Endodontic perforations which resulted in alveolar bone loss. Report of five cases.", "content": "Five cases in which perforations of mandibular molars into the furca occurred during endodontic instrumentation of the canal are presented. This resulted in alveolar bone loss. All were relatively asymptomatic, which could present a problem in diagnosis of the periodontal defect. The prognosis is questionable. The only tooth retained was treated surgically by an apically positioned flap and opening of the furca area to make it accessible to cleansing. The best treatment is the avoidance of the perforation. This is accomplished by considering the configuration of the canals and the size of the reamer than can follow it. Overinstrumentation with an endodontic instrument that is too large in diameter should be avoided.", "contents": "Endodontic perforations which resulted in alveolar bone loss. Report of five cases. Five cases in which perforations of mandibular molars into the furca occurred during endodontic instrumentation of the canal are presented. This resulted in alveolar bone loss. All were relatively asymptomatic, which could present a problem in diagnosis of the periodontal defect. The prognosis is questionable. The only tooth retained was treated surgically by an apically positioned flap and opening of the furca area to make it accessible to cleansing. The best treatment is the avoidance of the perforation. This is accomplished by considering the configuration of the canals and the size of the reamer than can follow it. Overinstrumentation with an endodontic instrument that is too large in diameter should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:286264", "title": "Antimicrobial effectiveness in endodontic therapy using formocresol and two new alcoformal agents. Mechanical preparation during the second visit.", "content": "Antimicrobial effectiveness of alcoformol two agents (AF 8.85 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, one of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. It was found that AF containing 3.5 percent formaldehyde is a satisfactory disinfectant for root canals of vital teeth. A concentration of 8.75 percent was needed for disinfection of teeth with necrotic pulps.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effectiveness in endodontic therapy using formocresol and two new alcoformal agents. Mechanical preparation during the second visit. Antimicrobial effectiveness of alcoformol two agents (AF 8.85 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, one of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. It was found that AF containing 3.5 percent formaldehyde is a satisfactory disinfectant for root canals of vital teeth. A concentration of 8.75 percent was needed for disinfection of teeth with necrotic pulps."}
{"id": "PMID:286265", "title": "Antimicrobial effectiveness in endodontic therapy using formocresol and two new alcoformol agents. Mechanical preparation during the first visit.", "content": "Antimicrobial effectiveness of two alcoformol agents (AF 8.75 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. One of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, a third culture was taken. No statistically significant differences were found between the effectiveness of the disinfectants; the cumulative effect of mechanical preparation and disinfection was such that initially positive teeth did not differ significantly from initially negative teeth when treated by this procedure.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effectiveness in endodontic therapy using formocresol and two new alcoformol agents. Mechanical preparation during the first visit. Antimicrobial effectiveness of two alcoformol agents (AF 8.75 and AF 3.5) was studied in a clinical trial by means of bacteriologic examination of the root canals. After the initial culture was taken, the root canal was reamed and a second culture was taken. One of the disinfectants was sealed in the pulp chamber for one week. At the second visit, a third culture was taken. No statistically significant differences were found between the effectiveness of the disinfectants; the cumulative effect of mechanical preparation and disinfection was such that initially positive teeth did not differ significantly from initially negative teeth when treated by this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:286266", "title": "Stress relaxation of interim restoratives.", "content": "Stress relaxation of four temporary restoratives was studied. In the vicinity of ambient mouth temperature, the relaxation characteristics of an unmodified zinc oxide-eugenol cement were more favorable than those of IRM and Cavit. The plastic behavior of gutta-percha temporary stopping precluded assessment of its relaxation at temperatures in excess of 22 degrees C.", "contents": "Stress relaxation of interim restoratives. Stress relaxation of four temporary restoratives was studied. In the vicinity of ambient mouth temperature, the relaxation characteristics of an unmodified zinc oxide-eugenol cement were more favorable than those of IRM and Cavit. The plastic behavior of gutta-percha temporary stopping precluded assessment of its relaxation at temperatures in excess of 22 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:286267", "title": "Xeroradiographic detection of tooth and bone pathology.", "content": "Xeoradiography has gained limited use in oral surgery and orthodontics. Its wide exposure latitude, detailed image, and low operating costs recommend its use in general dentistry. In studies on real and simulted hard-tissue lesions, it was found to be slightly superior to conventional radiography in the detection of small lesions. When intraoral plates are marketed and low-KVP techniques are perfected, xeroradiography could assume an important role in dental radiology.", "contents": "Xeroradiographic detection of tooth and bone pathology. Xeoradiography has gained limited use in oral surgery and orthodontics. Its wide exposure latitude, detailed image, and low operating costs recommend its use in general dentistry. In studies on real and simulted hard-tissue lesions, it was found to be slightly superior to conventional radiography in the detection of small lesions. When intraoral plates are marketed and low-KVP techniques are perfected, xeroradiography could assume an important role in dental radiology."}
{"id": "PMID:286268", "title": "Radiopacity of impression materials.", "content": "The radiographic densitites of twenty-six impression materials were measured and the values expressed as an equivalent thickness of aluminum. Under simulated clinical conditions, only ten of the materials tested could be consistently distinguished from the bone structure in periapical radiographs. It was far more dificult to detect objects with beveled margins than objects of uniform thickness. The minimum radiopacity of a material which could be detected in the periodontal tissue on a periapical radiograph was estimated.", "contents": "Radiopacity of impression materials. The radiographic densitites of twenty-six impression materials were measured and the values expressed as an equivalent thickness of aluminum. Under simulated clinical conditions, only ten of the materials tested could be consistently distinguished from the bone structure in periapical radiographs. It was far more dificult to detect objects with beveled margins than objects of uniform thickness. The minimum radiopacity of a material which could be detected in the periodontal tissue on a periapical radiograph was estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:286271", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a lateral periodontal cyst.", "content": "A rare case of well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma arising in the epithelial lining of a lateral periodontal cyst is reported. Submission of surgically removed tissues for histopathologic evaluation is emphasized. The surgical site has been reconstructed and functions well. Because of early diagnosis and treatment, the patient has no evidence of clinical disease 2 1/2 years postoperatively.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma arising in a lateral periodontal cyst. A rare case of well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma arising in the epithelial lining of a lateral periodontal cyst is reported. Submission of surgically removed tissues for histopathologic evaluation is emphasized. The surgical site has been reconstructed and functions well. Because of early diagnosis and treatment, the patient has no evidence of clinical disease 2 1/2 years postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:286272", "title": "Congenital granular-cell epulis. Report of a case.", "content": "The congenital granular-cell epulis is an uncommon pedunculated tumor of the alveolar mucosa found only in newborn infants. This lesion can present an alarming appearance and interfere with efforts at nursing. The generally accepted treatment is excision through the pedicle, and recurrence is not to be anticipated. An example of a tumor fulfilling the clinical and histopathologic criteria of this lesion is reported.", "contents": "Congenital granular-cell epulis. Report of a case. The congenital granular-cell epulis is an uncommon pedunculated tumor of the alveolar mucosa found only in newborn infants. This lesion can present an alarming appearance and interfere with efforts at nursing. The generally accepted treatment is excision through the pedicle, and recurrence is not to be anticipated. An example of a tumor fulfilling the clinical and histopathologic criteria of this lesion is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:286273", "title": "Talon cusps: a dental anomaly in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.", "content": "Dental casts of fourteen cases of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) were studied. Two exhibited talon cusps, a dental anomaly which is rare in the normal population. Three others exhibited prominent cingula, which were interpreted as representing a tendency toward talon cusp formation. While additional cases should be examined for this anomaly to determine its frequency in RTS, the presence of talon cusps in a suspected case supports that diagnosis. Teeth exhibiting talon cusps are especially prone to caries and often require early treatment if they are to be retained.", "contents": "Talon cusps: a dental anomaly in the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Dental casts of fourteen cases of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) were studied. Two exhibited talon cusps, a dental anomaly which is rare in the normal population. Three others exhibited prominent cingula, which were interpreted as representing a tendency toward talon cusp formation. While additional cases should be examined for this anomaly to determine its frequency in RTS, the presence of talon cusps in a suspected case supports that diagnosis. Teeth exhibiting talon cusps are especially prone to caries and often require early treatment if they are to be retained."}
{"id": "PMID:286274", "title": "Neurofibroma and schwannoma of the oral cavity. A clinical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The clinical parameters of fifty-five cases accessioned as neurofibroma and schwannoma of the oral cavity were reviewed. An electron microscope study was performed on several cases. The component cells of neurofibroma were spindle shaped, with bundles of collagen fibrils between cells. Junctional complexes were observed between adjacent cells. Component cells of the schwannoma showed numerous convoluted cytoplasmic processes. Reduplication of basal lamina was frequently observed and formed the material in the hyalinized area of Verocay bodies.", "contents": "Neurofibroma and schwannoma of the oral cavity. A clinical and ultrastructural study. The clinical parameters of fifty-five cases accessioned as neurofibroma and schwannoma of the oral cavity were reviewed. An electron microscope study was performed on several cases. The component cells of neurofibroma were spindle shaped, with bundles of collagen fibrils between cells. Junctional complexes were observed between adjacent cells. Component cells of the schwannoma showed numerous convoluted cytoplasmic processes. Reduplication of basal lamina was frequently observed and formed the material in the hyalinized area of Verocay bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:286275", "title": "Acquired toxoplasma lymphadenitis.", "content": "Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic infection that is widely distributed throughout the world, including the United States. Its occurrence in the oral cavity, however, is uncommon. This report concerns a case of toxoplasmosis that manifested as an intraoral lymphadenitis in a 14-year-old white girl. The etiology, clinical, microscopic, and laboratory findings, and treatment are reviewed. The importance of recognizing lymphadenopathy as a clinical sign of this disorder is discussed.", "contents": "Acquired toxoplasma lymphadenitis. Toxoplasmosis is a common parasitic infection that is widely distributed throughout the world, including the United States. Its occurrence in the oral cavity, however, is uncommon. This report concerns a case of toxoplasmosis that manifested as an intraoral lymphadenitis in a 14-year-old white girl. The etiology, clinical, microscopic, and laboratory findings, and treatment are reviewed. The importance of recognizing lymphadenopathy as a clinical sign of this disorder is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286276", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils in oral mucosa.", "content": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils is a rare, benign angioproliferative lesion with a predilection for the facial skin. A unique instance of the lesion in oral mucosa is described, and the classification, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of the lesion are reviewed.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils in oral mucosa. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophils is a rare, benign angioproliferative lesion with a predilection for the facial skin. A unique instance of the lesion in oral mucosa is described, and the classification, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis of the lesion are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:286277", "title": "The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on fixed and unfixed necrotic tissue.", "content": "This study was carried out to answer the questions concerning the percentage of sodium hypochlorite needed to dissolve necrotic tissue and parachlorophenol- or formaldehyde-fixed necrotic tissue and the effect of the combined use of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. The results of this investigation indicate that a 3 percent concentration of sodium hypochlorite is optimum for the production of an adequate solvent action on necrotic tissue. A combination of sodium hypochlorite with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide did not result in an increased solvent action; therefore, their simultaneous use is not recommended.", "contents": "The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on fixed and unfixed necrotic tissue. This study was carried out to answer the questions concerning the percentage of sodium hypochlorite needed to dissolve necrotic tissue and parachlorophenol- or formaldehyde-fixed necrotic tissue and the effect of the combined use of sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. The results of this investigation indicate that a 3 percent concentration of sodium hypochlorite is optimum for the production of an adequate solvent action on necrotic tissue. A combination of sodium hypochlorite with 3 percent hydrogen peroxide did not result in an increased solvent action; therefore, their simultaneous use is not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:286280", "title": "Use of an inclined footrest for panoramic dental radiography.", "content": "An inclined footrest was evaluated as a positioning aid for dental panoramic radiography. Experimental and control groups of students were examined by a conventional panoramic technique, with and without the addition of an inclined footrest. All radiographs obtained were evaluated for six parameters in a single-blind fashion by three dentists. Results indicated that the inclined footrest reduced spinal-shadow artifacts and improved over-all image quality.", "contents": "Use of an inclined footrest for panoramic dental radiography. An inclined footrest was evaluated as a positioning aid for dental panoramic radiography. Experimental and control groups of students were examined by a conventional panoramic technique, with and without the addition of an inclined footrest. All radiographs obtained were evaluated for six parameters in a single-blind fashion by three dentists. Results indicated that the inclined footrest reduced spinal-shadow artifacts and improved over-all image quality."}
{"id": "PMID:286284", "title": "[A variant of the Eggens filmholder for use in the posterior molar region].", "content": "Dr. Eggen's filmholder for long-cone-paralleling-technique is today available in two new, supplementary devices. These devices have an angulation in the metal rod, see fig. 1, and are meant to facilitate the film-positioning in the 3rd-molar area. A test was carried out to evaluate the new film-holders. Pairs of radiographs were taken in all 3rd-molar-areas, one radiograph with the straight film-holder, one with the angled device. Difference in horizontal film-position was measured. The results showed that in 93% the most posterior film-position was obtained with the angled film-holder.", "contents": "[A variant of the Eggens filmholder for use in the posterior molar region]. Dr. Eggen's filmholder for long-cone-paralleling-technique is today available in two new, supplementary devices. These devices have an angulation in the metal rod, see fig. 1, and are meant to facilitate the film-positioning in the 3rd-molar area. A test was carried out to evaluate the new film-holders. Pairs of radiographs were taken in all 3rd-molar-areas, one radiograph with the straight film-holder, one with the angled device. Difference in horizontal film-position was measured. The results showed that in 93% the most posterior film-position was obtained with the angled film-holder."}
{"id": "PMID:286287", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.) and fibrinolysis in patients with acute leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Biological symptoms of D.I.C. were investigated in 43 patients with acute leukemia. Ten of them were found to be positive either at the onset or at the relapse of the disease and in some cases D.I.C. was triggered by chemotherapy. Among the ten positive cases 3 patients had an acute promyelocytic leukemia, 4 had an acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 a myeloblastic and 1 a monoblastic leukemia. D.I.C. was found either in patients with an hypercellular form of the disease or in patients with a normal or low white cell count. Symptoms of D.I.C. in acute leukemia must be systematicaly sought at the onset and during treatment by chemotherapy and treated with heparin and platelet transfusions as it is now admitted for acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation (D.I.C.) and fibrinolysis in patients with acute leukemia (author's transl)]. Biological symptoms of D.I.C. were investigated in 43 patients with acute leukemia. Ten of them were found to be positive either at the onset or at the relapse of the disease and in some cases D.I.C. was triggered by chemotherapy. Among the ten positive cases 3 patients had an acute promyelocytic leukemia, 4 had an acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 a myeloblastic and 1 a monoblastic leukemia. D.I.C. was found either in patients with an hypercellular form of the disease or in patients with a normal or low white cell count. Symptoms of D.I.C. in acute leukemia must be systematicaly sought at the onset and during treatment by chemotherapy and treated with heparin and platelet transfusions as it is now admitted for acute promyelocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286289", "title": "Approximate steady-state properties of lattices of interacting three-state enzyme molecules: a novel phase transition.", "content": "Previous work on the cooperative behavior of lattices of interacting two-state enzyme molecules at steady state is extended here to interacting three-state enzyme molecules with a one-way cycle. The Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation is used. A phase-transition example with a bifurcation point is discussed. Compared to conventional phase transitions (with a van der Waals loop),  several new and complicated features appear. A second paper on this subject will contain a number of other examples of three-state systems.", "contents": "Approximate steady-state properties of lattices of interacting three-state enzyme molecules: a novel phase transition. Previous work on the cooperative behavior of lattices of interacting two-state enzyme molecules at steady state is extended here to interacting three-state enzyme molecules with a one-way cycle. The Bragg-Williams (mean field) approximation is used. A phase-transition example with a bifurcation point is discussed. Compared to conventional phase transitions (with a van der Waals loop),  several new and complicated features appear. A second paper on this subject will contain a number of other examples of three-state systems."}
{"id": "PMID:286290", "title": "Interferon induction: a conformational hypothesis.", "content": "The ability of polynucleotides or polynucleotide duplexes such as poly(I).poly(C) to induce interferon production is proposed to depend on the existence of certain stable glycosidic orientations. It appears that a slight increase in instability of 1--3 kcal/mole (1 cal = 4.184 J) in the conformational regions near 20 degrees, 80 degrees, and 160 degrees leads to a loss of potency with respect to interferon induction. Thus, it is proposed that, for a polynucleotide to exist in the overall conformation necessary for interferon induction, stability of glycosidic orientations near 20 degrees, 80 degrees, and 160 degrees may be necessary to confer flexibility and activity on polynucleotide structures. This proposed conformational triad of stable conformational regions essential to interferon induction is based on the results of conformational energy calculations of the glycoside rotational profiles of adenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, inosine, and 7-deazainosine, as well as the conformational properties of other purine nucleoside analogs, and on inferences derived from calculations about the conformational effect in polynucleotides of removing the 2'-OH group.", "contents": "Interferon induction: a conformational hypothesis. The ability of polynucleotides or polynucleotide duplexes such as poly(I).poly(C) to induce interferon production is proposed to depend on the existence of certain stable glycosidic orientations. It appears that a slight increase in instability of 1--3 kcal/mole (1 cal = 4.184 J) in the conformational regions near 20 degrees, 80 degrees, and 160 degrees leads to a loss of potency with respect to interferon induction. Thus, it is proposed that, for a polynucleotide to exist in the overall conformation necessary for interferon induction, stability of glycosidic orientations near 20 degrees, 80 degrees, and 160 degrees may be necessary to confer flexibility and activity on polynucleotide structures. This proposed conformational triad of stable conformational regions essential to interferon induction is based on the results of conformational energy calculations of the glycoside rotational profiles of adenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, inosine, and 7-deazainosine, as well as the conformational properties of other purine nucleoside analogs, and on inferences derived from calculations about the conformational effect in polynucleotides of removing the 2'-OH group."}
{"id": "PMID:286291", "title": "Semihistone protein A24 replaces H2A as an integral component of the nucleosome histone core.", "content": "The semihistone protein, A24, was shown to be a stable minor component of purified salt-washed nucleosome core particles. A24 was also shown to become integrated into nucleohistone during reconstitution in a manner characteristic of the core histones. Purified A24 in solution was shown to exhibit the same specificity of interaction with histone H2B as is exhibited by histone H2A. We conclude that A24 in chromatin replaces H2A as a stable integral component of certain nucleosome histone cores.", "contents": "Semihistone protein A24 replaces H2A as an integral component of the nucleosome histone core. The semihistone protein, A24, was shown to be a stable minor component of purified salt-washed nucleosome core particles. A24 was also shown to become integrated into nucleohistone during reconstitution in a manner characteristic of the core histones. Purified A24 in solution was shown to exhibit the same specificity of interaction with histone H2B as is exhibited by histone H2A. We conclude that A24 in chromatin replaces H2A as a stable integral component of certain nucleosome histone cores."}
{"id": "PMID:286292", "title": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in chicken oviduct: evidence for transcriptional control of ovalbumin gene.", "content": "The transcription of structural and intervening sequences of the chicken ovalbumin gene was studied in nuclei isolated from the oviduct, liver, and spleen of chickens in different states of estrogen simulation. The concentration of transcripts of structural and intervening DNA sequences was determined by hybridizing the newly synthesized [(3)H]RNA to filters containing cloned ovalbumin cDNA (pOV230) or fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene (pOV2.4 and pOV1.8). Of the RNA synthesized by oviduct nuclei from chickens chronically stimulated with diethylstilbestrol, 0.23% corresponded to ovalbumin mRNA and 0.17% were transcripts of intervening sequences. No detectable ovalbumin mRNA sequences were synthesized by nuclei from spleen and liver. After 60 hr of hormone withdrawal, synthesis of ovalbumin mRNA by oviduct nuclei could not be detected. After readministration of estrogen, a gradual increase in ovalbumin mRNA synthesis was observed which began at 1 hr and reached a plateau by 8 hr. For the intervening sequences, similar kinetics were observed for the initial 4 hr. Previously we had identified multiple species of putative precursors of ovalbumin mRNA in oviduct nuclei from chickens chronically stimulated with diethylstilbestrol. We demonstrate here that withdrawal of diethylstilbestrol resulted in a depletion of high-molecular-weight ovalbumin RNA and of mature ovalbumin mRNA and that readministration of the estrogen induced the nuclear accumulation of both forms of ovalbumin RNA. These findings indicate that: (i) a method exists to assay synthesis of hormone-inducible specific eukaryotic [(3)H]mRNA in vitro; (ii) the estrogen-mediated preferential expression of the ovalbumin gene is maintained in isolated oviduct nuclei; (iii) after hormone withdrawal, a single injection of diethylstilbestrol induces transcription of ovalbumin structural and intervening sequences, with nuclear accumulation of high-molecular-weight ovalbumin RNA and mature ovalbumin mRNA; and (iv) these results are consistent with regulation of ovalbumin mRNA at the level of ovalbumin gene transcription.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression in chicken oviduct: evidence for transcriptional control of ovalbumin gene. The transcription of structural and intervening sequences of the chicken ovalbumin gene was studied in nuclei isolated from the oviduct, liver, and spleen of chickens in different states of estrogen simulation. The concentration of transcripts of structural and intervening DNA sequences was determined by hybridizing the newly synthesized [(3)H]RNA to filters containing cloned ovalbumin cDNA (pOV230) or fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene (pOV2.4 and pOV1.8). Of the RNA synthesized by oviduct nuclei from chickens chronically stimulated with diethylstilbestrol, 0.23% corresponded to ovalbumin mRNA and 0.17% were transcripts of intervening sequences. No detectable ovalbumin mRNA sequences were synthesized by nuclei from spleen and liver. After 60 hr of hormone withdrawal, synthesis of ovalbumin mRNA by oviduct nuclei could not be detected. After readministration of estrogen, a gradual increase in ovalbumin mRNA synthesis was observed which began at 1 hr and reached a plateau by 8 hr. For the intervening sequences, similar kinetics were observed for the initial 4 hr. Previously we had identified multiple species of putative precursors of ovalbumin mRNA in oviduct nuclei from chickens chronically stimulated with diethylstilbestrol. We demonstrate here that withdrawal of diethylstilbestrol resulted in a depletion of high-molecular-weight ovalbumin RNA and of mature ovalbumin mRNA and that readministration of the estrogen induced the nuclear accumulation of both forms of ovalbumin RNA. These findings indicate that: (i) a method exists to assay synthesis of hormone-inducible specific eukaryotic [(3)H]mRNA in vitro; (ii) the estrogen-mediated preferential expression of the ovalbumin gene is maintained in isolated oviduct nuclei; (iii) after hormone withdrawal, a single injection of diethylstilbestrol induces transcription of ovalbumin structural and intervening sequences, with nuclear accumulation of high-molecular-weight ovalbumin RNA and mature ovalbumin mRNA; and (iv) these results are consistent with regulation of ovalbumin mRNA at the level of ovalbumin gene transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:286293", "title": "Aliphatic groups of sperm whale myoglobin: 13C NMR study.", "content": "The aliphatic region of the 13C NMR spectrum of sperm whale cyanoferrimyoglobin has been examined at 67.9 MHz. Fifty partially resolved or well-resolved resonances, representing at least half of the aliphatic carbons in the molecule, are observed in the spectral region from 9 to 29 ppm downfield of tetramethylsilane. Analyses of the spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements for these resonances reveal considerable motion freedom of the aliphatic side chains. In the spectral region from 9 to 15 ppm, eight single carbon resonances are observed and tentatively assigned to Cdelta 1 of eight of the nine isoleucine residues. In at least five cases the reorientational motion of the isoleucine side chains could not be characterized solely by rotation of the Cdelta 1 methyl groups. The simplest model consistent with the data is a restricted diffusion model with two degrees of internal rotation [Wittenbort, R. J. & Szabo, A. (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1722--1736]. In light of the packing densities within the myoglobin molecule these results are taken to imply concerted motions of the buried aliphatic residues.", "contents": "Aliphatic groups of sperm whale myoglobin: 13C NMR study. The aliphatic region of the 13C NMR spectrum of sperm whale cyanoferrimyoglobin has been examined at 67.9 MHz. Fifty partially resolved or well-resolved resonances, representing at least half of the aliphatic carbons in the molecule, are observed in the spectral region from 9 to 29 ppm downfield of tetramethylsilane. Analyses of the spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements for these resonances reveal considerable motion freedom of the aliphatic side chains. In the spectral region from 9 to 15 ppm, eight single carbon resonances are observed and tentatively assigned to Cdelta 1 of eight of the nine isoleucine residues. In at least five cases the reorientational motion of the isoleucine side chains could not be characterized solely by rotation of the Cdelta 1 methyl groups. The simplest model consistent with the data is a restricted diffusion model with two degrees of internal rotation [Wittenbort, R. J. & Szabo, A. (1978) J. Chem. Phys. 69, 1722--1736]. In light of the packing densities within the myoglobin molecule these results are taken to imply concerted motions of the buried aliphatic residues."}
{"id": "PMID:286294", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: additional initiation factor required for formation of ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAf) and demonstration of inhibitory effect of heme-regulated protein kinase.", "content": "Heme deficiency in rabbit reticulocytes and their lysates leads to the activation of a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) which causes the cessation of polypeptide initiation. HRI is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). eIF-2 binds Met-tRNA(f) and GTP in ternary complex. As a continuation of the studies on the molecular basis of the inhibition of the formation of 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNA(f) complexes by HRI [Ranu, R. S., London, I. M., Das, A., Dasgupta, A., Majumdar, A., Ralston, R., Roy, R. & Gupta, N. K. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 745-749], we describe here the isolation and some characteristics of a factor that is required for the HRI-catalyzed inhibition of eIF-2-promoted ternary complex formation. In the presence of 1 mM Mg(2+), ternary complex formation by eIF-2 is dependent on the presence of this stabilization factor (SF). Under these conditions, SF increases the rate and the extent of ternary complex formation. This finding suggests that the interaction of SF with eIF-2 causes a conformational change that stabilizes eIF-2 and promotes efficient ternary complex formation by increasing the affinity of eIF-2 for GTP and Met-tRNA(f). In the absence of Mg(2+), however, eIF-2 efficiently forms the ternary complex and SF has little effect on its ternary complex formation capacity-hence, the name eIF-2 stabilization factor (SF). In the presence of SF, HRI markedly inhibits (70-80%) the ternary complex formation capacity of eIF-2. The inhibitory effect requires both HRI and ATP. Under these conditions, HRI phosphorylates only the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. Both the rate and the extent of the SF-dependent ternary complex formation are inhibited. These findings are consistent with the idea that phosphorylation causes a conformational change in eIF-2 such that its interactions with other initiation factors in the formation and the binding of ternary complex to 40S ribosomal subunits are inhibited.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: additional initiation factor required for formation of ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAf) and demonstration of inhibitory effect of heme-regulated protein kinase. Heme deficiency in rabbit reticulocytes and their lysates leads to the activation of a heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) which causes the cessation of polypeptide initiation. HRI is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). eIF-2 binds Met-tRNA(f) and GTP in ternary complex. As a continuation of the studies on the molecular basis of the inhibition of the formation of 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNA(f) complexes by HRI [Ranu, R. S., London, I. M., Das, A., Dasgupta, A., Majumdar, A., Ralston, R., Roy, R. & Gupta, N. K. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 745-749], we describe here the isolation and some characteristics of a factor that is required for the HRI-catalyzed inhibition of eIF-2-promoted ternary complex formation. In the presence of 1 mM Mg(2+), ternary complex formation by eIF-2 is dependent on the presence of this stabilization factor (SF). Under these conditions, SF increases the rate and the extent of ternary complex formation. This finding suggests that the interaction of SF with eIF-2 causes a conformational change that stabilizes eIF-2 and promotes efficient ternary complex formation by increasing the affinity of eIF-2 for GTP and Met-tRNA(f). In the absence of Mg(2+), however, eIF-2 efficiently forms the ternary complex and SF has little effect on its ternary complex formation capacity-hence, the name eIF-2 stabilization factor (SF). In the presence of SF, HRI markedly inhibits (70-80%) the ternary complex formation capacity of eIF-2. The inhibitory effect requires both HRI and ATP. Under these conditions, HRI phosphorylates only the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. Both the rate and the extent of the SF-dependent ternary complex formation are inhibited. These findings are consistent with the idea that phosphorylation causes a conformational change in eIF-2 such that its interactions with other initiation factors in the formation and the binding of ternary complex to 40S ribosomal subunits are inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:286295", "title": "Structure of the A2m(1) allotype of human IgA--a recombinant molecule.", "content": "The complete amino-acid sequence of the constant (C) region of the alpha2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 protein of the A2m(1) allotype has been determined. Excluding the hinge region and the carbohydrate content, this alpha2 allotype differs from the alpha1 chain in only 14 amino-acid positions; all of these are identical to the A2m(2) allotype of the alpha2 chain and confer subclass (or isotypic) character on the alpha2 chains. However, the A2m(2) allotype differs in six positions where A2m(1) and alpha1 are identical; the first two are just before the hinge and the other four are in the last (C(H)3) domain. The A2m allotypic character of alpha2 chains is attributed to several conformational factors in the sequence at positions 211-221, just before the hinge. The isoallotypic determinant shared by alpha1 chains and the A2m(1) allotype of alpha2 resides in the identity of their C(H)3 domains. Thus, the A2m(1) allotype appears to be a hybrid chain that is identical with alpha1 in the C(H)3 domain and identical with the A2m(2) alpha2 chain in the C(H)1 and C(H)2 domains and in the hinge, except for the allotypic determinants arising from four structural differences from residues 211-221. The genetic origin of isotypes, allotypes, and isoallotypes of the alpha chain has involved several events of homologous crossing over and neutral point mutations accumulated late in the evolutionary development of IgA immunoglobulins. Since the crossing over appears to occur between C(H)2 and C(H)3, heavy chain domains may be coded for by independent units in embryonic DNA that are analogous to the variable (V) and C segments of light-chain genes.", "contents": "Structure of the A2m(1) allotype of human IgA--a recombinant molecule. The complete amino-acid sequence of the constant (C) region of the alpha2 heavy chain of a human IgA2 protein of the A2m(1) allotype has been determined. Excluding the hinge region and the carbohydrate content, this alpha2 allotype differs from the alpha1 chain in only 14 amino-acid positions; all of these are identical to the A2m(2) allotype of the alpha2 chain and confer subclass (or isotypic) character on the alpha2 chains. However, the A2m(2) allotype differs in six positions where A2m(1) and alpha1 are identical; the first two are just before the hinge and the other four are in the last (C(H)3) domain. The A2m allotypic character of alpha2 chains is attributed to several conformational factors in the sequence at positions 211-221, just before the hinge. The isoallotypic determinant shared by alpha1 chains and the A2m(1) allotype of alpha2 resides in the identity of their C(H)3 domains. Thus, the A2m(1) allotype appears to be a hybrid chain that is identical with alpha1 in the C(H)3 domain and identical with the A2m(2) alpha2 chain in the C(H)1 and C(H)2 domains and in the hinge, except for the allotypic determinants arising from four structural differences from residues 211-221. The genetic origin of isotypes, allotypes, and isoallotypes of the alpha chain has involved several events of homologous crossing over and neutral point mutations accumulated late in the evolutionary development of IgA immunoglobulins. Since the crossing over appears to occur between C(H)2 and C(H)3, heavy chain domains may be coded for by independent units in embryonic DNA that are analogous to the variable (V) and C segments of light-chain genes."}
{"id": "PMID:286296", "title": "Rapid helix--coil transitions in the S-2 region of myosin.", "content": "Temperature-jump studies on the long S-2 fragment (100,000 daltons) isolated from myosin show that this structure can undergo alpha-helix--random coil transitions in a time range approximating the cycle time of a crossbridge. Two relaxation times are observed after temperature jumps of 5 degrees C over the range 35--55 degrees C, one in the submillisecond (tau f) and the other in the millisecond (tau s) time ranges. Both processes exhibit maxima near the midpoint of the helix--coil transition (tm = 45 +/- 2 degrees C) as determined by optical rotation melt experiments. Similar results were observed for the low temperature transition (tm = 45 degrees C) of the myosin rod. Viscosity studies reveal that the S-2 particles has significant flexibility at physiological temperature. Results are considered in terms of the Huxley--Simmons and helix--coil transition models for force generation in muscle.", "contents": "Rapid helix--coil transitions in the S-2 region of myosin. Temperature-jump studies on the long S-2 fragment (100,000 daltons) isolated from myosin show that this structure can undergo alpha-helix--random coil transitions in a time range approximating the cycle time of a crossbridge. Two relaxation times are observed after temperature jumps of 5 degrees C over the range 35--55 degrees C, one in the submillisecond (tau f) and the other in the millisecond (tau s) time ranges. Both processes exhibit maxima near the midpoint of the helix--coil transition (tm = 45 +/- 2 degrees C) as determined by optical rotation melt experiments. Similar results were observed for the low temperature transition (tm = 45 degrees C) of the myosin rod. Viscosity studies reveal that the S-2 particles has significant flexibility at physiological temperature. Results are considered in terms of the Huxley--Simmons and helix--coil transition models for force generation in muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:286297", "title": "Asymmetric lateral distribution of unshielded phosphate groups in nucleosomal DNA and its role in DNA bending.", "content": "We suggest that an asymmetric charge neutralization of DNA phosphate groups produces part of the driving force for nucleosome folding. In nucleosome core particle DNA, many of the phosphate groups are neutralized by histones, and a lateral alignment of these histones along the core DNA has been demonstrated [Mirzabekov A. D., Shick, V. V., Belyavsky, A. V. & Bavykin, S. G. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4184--4189]. Histones appear to shield DNA phosphatases asymmetrically at one side of the surface of the DNA double helix along all its length inside the core. The external side of the DNA helix remains unneutralized. The electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged unneutralized phosphates may fold the nucleosomal DNA towards the side occupied by histones.", "contents": "Asymmetric lateral distribution of unshielded phosphate groups in nucleosomal DNA and its role in DNA bending. We suggest that an asymmetric charge neutralization of DNA phosphate groups produces part of the driving force for nucleosome folding. In nucleosome core particle DNA, many of the phosphate groups are neutralized by histones, and a lateral alignment of these histones along the core DNA has been demonstrated [Mirzabekov A. D., Shick, V. V., Belyavsky, A. V. & Bavykin, S. G. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4184--4189]. Histones appear to shield DNA phosphatases asymmetrically at one side of the surface of the DNA double helix along all its length inside the core. The external side of the DNA helix remains unneutralized. The electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged unneutralized phosphates may fold the nucleosomal DNA towards the side occupied by histones."}
{"id": "PMID:286298", "title": "Interaction of papain with derivatives of phenylalanylglycinal: fluorescence studies.", "content": "Fluorescence studies have been performed on the interaction of papain with active-site-directed inhibitors of the type mansyl-(Gly)n-Phe-glycinal, where n = 0, 1, 2. It has been found that whereas the mansyl [6-(N-methylantilino)-2-naphthalene sulfonyl] fluorescence of mansyl-Phe-glycinal is greatly enhanced, that of the two longer mansyl compounds is not, although all three are equally effective as inhibitors of papain action. Measurements of fluorescence polarization and rotational relaxation time support the conclusion that the fluorescent probe group of the two longer mansyl compounds protrudes into the solvent to a greater degree than that of mansyl-Phe-glycinal. Considerable energy transfer from papain tryptophan to the mansyl group is evident for all three inhibitors, however, although it is most marked with mansyl-Phe-glycinal. Stopped-flow fluorescence measurements have shown that, after initial rapid interaction, the first-order conformational changes in the active-site region of papain in the complex with mansyl-Phe-glycinal are approximately 1/10(4) those observed with comparable mansyl oligopeptide substrates, and approximately 1/10(2) those with acetyl-Phe-glycinal.", "contents": "Interaction of papain with derivatives of phenylalanylglycinal: fluorescence studies. Fluorescence studies have been performed on the interaction of papain with active-site-directed inhibitors of the type mansyl-(Gly)n-Phe-glycinal, where n = 0, 1, 2. It has been found that whereas the mansyl [6-(N-methylantilino)-2-naphthalene sulfonyl] fluorescence of mansyl-Phe-glycinal is greatly enhanced, that of the two longer mansyl compounds is not, although all three are equally effective as inhibitors of papain action. Measurements of fluorescence polarization and rotational relaxation time support the conclusion that the fluorescent probe group of the two longer mansyl compounds protrudes into the solvent to a greater degree than that of mansyl-Phe-glycinal. Considerable energy transfer from papain tryptophan to the mansyl group is evident for all three inhibitors, however, although it is most marked with mansyl-Phe-glycinal. Stopped-flow fluorescence measurements have shown that, after initial rapid interaction, the first-order conformational changes in the active-site region of papain in the complex with mansyl-Phe-glycinal are approximately 1/10(4) those observed with comparable mansyl oligopeptide substrates, and approximately 1/10(2) those with acetyl-Phe-glycinal."}
{"id": "PMID:286299", "title": "Cross-sectional views of hemoglobin S fibers by electron microscopy and computer modeling.", "content": "Fibers of deoxyHb S have been investigated by thin-section electron microscopy, utilizing a tannic acid embedding procedure. On the basis of numerous measurements of cross-sectional center-to-center distances for adjacent fibers in pairs or arrays, fiber diameters (mean +/- SD) of 205 +/- 5 A in embedded cells and 212 +/- 8 A in embedded hemolysates were obtained. This is an agreement with values obtained by conventional embedding procedures [Crepeau, R. H., Dykes, G., Garrell, R. L. & Edelstein, S. J. (1978) Nature (London) 274, 616--617]. The use of tannic acid has resulted in improved resolution of fiber cross sections, revealing individual strands of Hb S molecules. Because the section thickness corresponds to approximately one-fifth of the fiber helical repeat distance, the strands in projection superimpose to form characteristic image patterns. Additional superposition patterns arise in sections taken at small deviations from perpendicularity to the longitudinal fiber axis. These patterns are consistent with the 14-strand structure for hemoglobin S fibers [Dykes, G., Crepeau, R. H. & Edelstein, S. J. (1978) Nature (London) 272, 506--510], as indicated by computer models of cross-sectional patterns for various thicknesses and angular deviations of sections.", "contents": "Cross-sectional views of hemoglobin S fibers by electron microscopy and computer modeling. Fibers of deoxyHb S have been investigated by thin-section electron microscopy, utilizing a tannic acid embedding procedure. On the basis of numerous measurements of cross-sectional center-to-center distances for adjacent fibers in pairs or arrays, fiber diameters (mean +/- SD) of 205 +/- 5 A in embedded cells and 212 +/- 8 A in embedded hemolysates were obtained. This is an agreement with values obtained by conventional embedding procedures [Crepeau, R. H., Dykes, G., Garrell, R. L. & Edelstein, S. J. (1978) Nature (London) 274, 616--617]. The use of tannic acid has resulted in improved resolution of fiber cross sections, revealing individual strands of Hb S molecules. Because the section thickness corresponds to approximately one-fifth of the fiber helical repeat distance, the strands in projection superimpose to form characteristic image patterns. Additional superposition patterns arise in sections taken at small deviations from perpendicularity to the longitudinal fiber axis. These patterns are consistent with the 14-strand structure for hemoglobin S fibers [Dykes, G., Crepeau, R. H. & Edelstein, S. J. (1978) Nature (London) 272, 506--510], as indicated by computer models of cross-sectional patterns for various thicknesses and angular deviations of sections."}
{"id": "PMID:286300", "title": "Prostaglandin synthesis in isolated rat kidney glomeruli.", "content": "Isolated rat kidney glomeruli converted octatritiated arachidonic acid to several prostaglandins whose production was inhibited by meclofenamate. These were, in order of decreasing abundance, prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostaglandin E2, 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and prostaglandin D2. These products were identified by thin-layer chromatography, before and after treatment with potassium hydroxide or sodium borohydride. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 were also determined by radioimmunoassay. The major product made by glomeruli was an unidentified substance(s), whose appearance was partially inhibited by meclofenamate, and was likely to be a hydroxylated fatty acid(s). The specific activity of glomerular fatty acid cyclo-oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1), based on radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha, was 10- to 40-fold higher than that of cortical tubular enzyme. These data demonstrate that glomeruli have the capability of synthesizing an array of end-products from arachidonic acid. These prostaglandins may exert important physiologic effects, because renin secretion and arteriolar resistance are regulated by the glomerulus and the afferent and efferent arterioles.", "contents": "Prostaglandin synthesis in isolated rat kidney glomeruli. Isolated rat kidney glomeruli converted octatritiated arachidonic acid to several prostaglandins whose production was inhibited by meclofenamate. These were, in order of decreasing abundance, prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostaglandin E2, 6-oxo-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2, and prostaglandin D2. These products were identified by thin-layer chromatography, before and after treatment with potassium hydroxide or sodium borohydride. Prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 were also determined by radioimmunoassay. The major product made by glomeruli was an unidentified substance(s), whose appearance was partially inhibited by meclofenamate, and was likely to be a hydroxylated fatty acid(s). The specific activity of glomerular fatty acid cyclo-oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1), based on radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha, was 10- to 40-fold higher than that of cortical tubular enzyme. These data demonstrate that glomeruli have the capability of synthesizing an array of end-products from arachidonic acid. These prostaglandins may exert important physiologic effects, because renin secretion and arteriolar resistance are regulated by the glomerulus and the afferent and efferent arterioles."}
{"id": "PMID:286301", "title": "Identification and isolation of a collagen-binding fragment of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin.", "content": "We have identified and purified a polypeptide region containing the collagen-binding site of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. Chicken cellular fibronectin isolated from cultured embryonic fibroblasts was permitted to bind to gelatin coupled to agarose beads and was then digested extensively with chymotrypsin. A prominent 40,000-dalton fragment of fibronectin consisting of a single polypeptide chain was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material remaining bound to the gelatin-agarose. This fragment appeared within 10 min after the digestion was initiated and persisted for more than 20 hr. This proteolytic fragment was isolated in electrophoretically pure form and retained its affinity for collagen. Plasma fibronectins from chicken and human blood also contained collagen-binding proteolytic fragments of similar size. This finding suggest that the collagen-binding sites of cellular and plasma fibronectins are homologous.", "contents": "Identification and isolation of a collagen-binding fragment of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. We have identified and purified a polypeptide region containing the collagen-binding site of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. Chicken cellular fibronectin isolated from cultured embryonic fibroblasts was permitted to bind to gelatin coupled to agarose beads and was then digested extensively with chymotrypsin. A prominent 40,000-dalton fragment of fibronectin consisting of a single polypeptide chain was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of material remaining bound to the gelatin-agarose. This fragment appeared within 10 min after the digestion was initiated and persisted for more than 20 hr. This proteolytic fragment was isolated in electrophoretically pure form and retained its affinity for collagen. Plasma fibronectins from chicken and human blood also contained collagen-binding proteolytic fragments of similar size. This finding suggest that the collagen-binding sites of cellular and plasma fibronectins are homologous."}
{"id": "PMID:286302", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase of mouse teratoma stem cells: immunochemical and structural evidence for its identity as a somatic gene product.", "content": "The immunochemical and structural characteristics of the alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from mouse teratoma stem cells derived from the OTT-6050 teratoma (ascitic and solid tumors and the F9 and PCC4 cell lines) have been compared to those of the alkaline phosphatases expressed in normal mouse placenta and several adult organs. Crossreactivity of the stem cell alkaline phosphatase with antisera reacting with placental, kidney, liver, and brain alkaline phosphatases indicated that the stem cell enzyme had common antigenic determinants. Structural studies utilizing two-dimensional electrophoresis of the (32)P-labeled alkaline phosphatase subunits showed that the stem cell, placental, and kidney alkaline phosphatases differed only in their sialic acid content and comigrated after removal of terminal sialic acid by neuraminidase digestion. Furthermore, one-dimensional peptide mapping of partial proteolysis fragments from (32)P-labeled enzymes demonstrated identical fragmentation patterns for the stem cell and somatic enzymes. These immunochemical and structural data indicate that the stem cell alkaline phosphatase is the same core enzyme as that produced in the mouse placenta and kidney, with different amounts of terminal sialic acid. The one mouse alkaline phosphatase examined that differed from the other enzymes was the intestinal alkaline phosphatase. This isoenzyme was not immunochemically crossreactive with the other alkaline phosphatases, did not comigrate in two-dimensional electrophoresis after neuraminidase digestion, and did not give identical peptide maps after partial proteolysis.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase of mouse teratoma stem cells: immunochemical and structural evidence for its identity as a somatic gene product. The immunochemical and structural characteristics of the alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from mouse teratoma stem cells derived from the OTT-6050 teratoma (ascitic and solid tumors and the F9 and PCC4 cell lines) have been compared to those of the alkaline phosphatases expressed in normal mouse placenta and several adult organs. Crossreactivity of the stem cell alkaline phosphatase with antisera reacting with placental, kidney, liver, and brain alkaline phosphatases indicated that the stem cell enzyme had common antigenic determinants. Structural studies utilizing two-dimensional electrophoresis of the (32)P-labeled alkaline phosphatase subunits showed that the stem cell, placental, and kidney alkaline phosphatases differed only in their sialic acid content and comigrated after removal of terminal sialic acid by neuraminidase digestion. Furthermore, one-dimensional peptide mapping of partial proteolysis fragments from (32)P-labeled enzymes demonstrated identical fragmentation patterns for the stem cell and somatic enzymes. These immunochemical and structural data indicate that the stem cell alkaline phosphatase is the same core enzyme as that produced in the mouse placenta and kidney, with different amounts of terminal sialic acid. The one mouse alkaline phosphatase examined that differed from the other enzymes was the intestinal alkaline phosphatase. This isoenzyme was not immunochemically crossreactive with the other alkaline phosphatases, did not comigrate in two-dimensional electrophoresis after neuraminidase digestion, and did not give identical peptide maps after partial proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:286303", "title": "Molecules in mammalian brain that interact with the colchicine site on tubulin.", "content": "Colchicine, a plant alkaloid, is a potent inhibitor of mitosis and other physiological processes that involve microtubules. These effects are mediated by the specific binding of colchicine to a high-affinity receptor site on tubulin, the major protein of microtubules. It seemed possible that the colchicine site on tubulin might also be the receptor for endogenous cellular molecules. We now report that mammalian brain does, in fact, contain a class of molecules that interact with the colchicine site on tubulin. Tubulin-agarose affinity chromatography has been used to isolate factors from soluble extracts of bovine brain that interact with tubulin. Certain of these factors inhibit the binding of [3H]colchicine to tubulin. Using the inhibition of colchicine binding as an assay, I have partially resolved at least two species. One is a protein and another may be a heat-stable peptide. In parallel to the action of colchicine, the smaller species inhibits the assembly of isolated microtubules. This class of molecules may include the endogenous ligands for which the colchicine site on tubulin is the receptor. They may have a significant role in the regulation of cellular microtubule function and assembly.", "contents": "Molecules in mammalian brain that interact with the colchicine site on tubulin. Colchicine, a plant alkaloid, is a potent inhibitor of mitosis and other physiological processes that involve microtubules. These effects are mediated by the specific binding of colchicine to a high-affinity receptor site on tubulin, the major protein of microtubules. It seemed possible that the colchicine site on tubulin might also be the receptor for endogenous cellular molecules. We now report that mammalian brain does, in fact, contain a class of molecules that interact with the colchicine site on tubulin. Tubulin-agarose affinity chromatography has been used to isolate factors from soluble extracts of bovine brain that interact with tubulin. Certain of these factors inhibit the binding of [3H]colchicine to tubulin. Using the inhibition of colchicine binding as an assay, I have partially resolved at least two species. One is a protein and another may be a heat-stable peptide. In parallel to the action of colchicine, the smaller species inhibits the assembly of isolated microtubules. This class of molecules may include the endogenous ligands for which the colchicine site on tubulin is the receptor. They may have a significant role in the regulation of cellular microtubule function and assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:286304", "title": "Models of fibrin.", "content": "High-symmetry models of the fibrin fiber are proposed that reproduce the experimentally observed high specific volume of the fiber. The models meet the following criteria: fibrin monomers have the three-domain Hall and Slayter structure; the monomers are arranged lengthwise into strands (protofibrils) in which successive monomers half overlap; the monomers' alignment is nearly parallel to the fiber axis; and the monomers make adequate longitudinal and lateral contacts, as required by observed fiber properties and the high affinity of monomers for one another. All the models contain helical protofibrils related to each other by rotation axes parallel to the fiber axis; as a consequence the protofibrils are in register in the fiber direction. The protofibrils may contain two, three, or four monomers per helical turn and can be packed in four different symmetries (space groups). A large specific volume is achieved only if the D-domain (which are presumed to contain the lateral polymerization sites) are somewhat displaced from the helical axes of the protofibrils. This displacement may involve either a lateral shift of the monomers away from the helix axis or a tilt of the monomers, which swings the D-domains away from the helix axis. It is shown that the fiber containing tilted monomers is more highly interconnected; the two D-domains of each tilted monomer form lateral contacts with different adjacent protofibrils, whereas the two D-domains of each nontilted monomer contact the same adjacent protofibril(s).", "contents": "Models of fibrin. High-symmetry models of the fibrin fiber are proposed that reproduce the experimentally observed high specific volume of the fiber. The models meet the following criteria: fibrin monomers have the three-domain Hall and Slayter structure; the monomers are arranged lengthwise into strands (protofibrils) in which successive monomers half overlap; the monomers' alignment is nearly parallel to the fiber axis; and the monomers make adequate longitudinal and lateral contacts, as required by observed fiber properties and the high affinity of monomers for one another. All the models contain helical protofibrils related to each other by rotation axes parallel to the fiber axis; as a consequence the protofibrils are in register in the fiber direction. The protofibrils may contain two, three, or four monomers per helical turn and can be packed in four different symmetries (space groups). A large specific volume is achieved only if the D-domain (which are presumed to contain the lateral polymerization sites) are somewhat displaced from the helical axes of the protofibrils. This displacement may involve either a lateral shift of the monomers away from the helix axis or a tilt of the monomers, which swings the D-domains away from the helix axis. It is shown that the fiber containing tilted monomers is more highly interconnected; the two D-domains of each tilted monomer form lateral contacts with different adjacent protofibrils, whereas the two D-domains of each nontilted monomer contact the same adjacent protofibril(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:286305", "title": "Subcellular localization of acyl carrier protein in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea.", "content": "This communication demonstrates that all de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in spinach leaf cells requires acyl carrier protein (ACP) and occurs specifically in the chloroplasts. Antibodies raised to purified spinach ACP inhibited at least 98% of malonyl CoA-dependent fatty acid synthesis by spinach leaf homogenates. Therefore, the presence of ACP in a compartment of the spinach leaf cell would serve as a marker for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. A radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 10(15) mol (10(-11) g) of spinach ACP was developed to measure the levels of ACP in leaf cell components isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation of a gentle lysate of spinach leaf protoplasts. All of the ACP of the leaf cell could be attributed to the chloroplast. Less than 1% of the ACP associated with chloroplasts resulted from binding of free ACP to chloroplasts. Of interest, ACP from Escherichia coli, soybean, and sunflower showed only partial crossreactivity with spinach ACP by the radioimmunoassay. These results strongly suggest that, in the leaf cell, chloroplasts are the sole site for the de novo synthesis of C16 and C18 fatty acids. These fatty acids are then transported into the cytoplasm for further modification and are either inserted into extrachloroplastic membrane lipids or returned to the chloroplast for insertion into lamellar membrane lipids.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of acyl carrier protein in leaf protoplasts of Spinacia oleracea. This communication demonstrates that all de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in spinach leaf cells requires acyl carrier protein (ACP) and occurs specifically in the chloroplasts. Antibodies raised to purified spinach ACP inhibited at least 98% of malonyl CoA-dependent fatty acid synthesis by spinach leaf homogenates. Therefore, the presence of ACP in a compartment of the spinach leaf cell would serve as a marker for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. A radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 10(15) mol (10(-11) g) of spinach ACP was developed to measure the levels of ACP in leaf cell components isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation of a gentle lysate of spinach leaf protoplasts. All of the ACP of the leaf cell could be attributed to the chloroplast. Less than 1% of the ACP associated with chloroplasts resulted from binding of free ACP to chloroplasts. Of interest, ACP from Escherichia coli, soybean, and sunflower showed only partial crossreactivity with spinach ACP by the radioimmunoassay. These results strongly suggest that, in the leaf cell, chloroplasts are the sole site for the de novo synthesis of C16 and C18 fatty acids. These fatty acids are then transported into the cytoplasm for further modification and are either inserted into extrachloroplastic membrane lipids or returned to the chloroplast for insertion into lamellar membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:286306", "title": "Glycosylation of human chorionic gonadotropin in mRNA-dependent cell-free extracts: post-translational processing of an asparagine-linked mannose-rich oligosaccharide.", "content": "Placental RNA has previously been shown to direct the synthesis of an asparagine-linked mannose-rich glycosylated form of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-alpha) in lysates derived from mouse ascites tumor cells. Glycosylation was dependent on the presence of homologous microsomal membranes, and the glycosylated protein was sequestered into the microsomal vesicles. Here we show that when Triton X-100 is added after 60 min of translation and the incubation is continued, there is a shift of this glycosylated form to new discrete lower molecular weight proteins. The formation of these new proteins was not the apparent result of proteolysis because (i) treatment of the fully glycosylated protein or the proteins formed in the presence of Triton with endoglycosidase H resulted in the formation of a single protein migrating at the same rate on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels; (ii) the migration of nonglycosylated hCG-alpha synthesized in the presence of membranes isolated from tunicamycin-pretreated ascites tumor cells was not changed upon Triton addition; and (iii) the Triton-induced change was inhibited by mannonolactone, yeast mannan, and purified mannose oligosaccharides. It was also shown that little processing of the mannose-rich glycoprotein occurred in the presence of microsomal membranes alone. However, addition of the ribosome-free supernatant fraction to the glycoprotein resulted in processing. These data suggest that processing of the oligosaccharide core is a compartmentalized process in which removal of sugar, presumably mannose, requires a transfer of the glycoprotein from the endoplasmic reticulum to another component of the secretory cascade.", "contents": "Glycosylation of human chorionic gonadotropin in mRNA-dependent cell-free extracts: post-translational processing of an asparagine-linked mannose-rich oligosaccharide. Placental RNA has previously been shown to direct the synthesis of an asparagine-linked mannose-rich glycosylated form of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-alpha) in lysates derived from mouse ascites tumor cells. Glycosylation was dependent on the presence of homologous microsomal membranes, and the glycosylated protein was sequestered into the microsomal vesicles. Here we show that when Triton X-100 is added after 60 min of translation and the incubation is continued, there is a shift of this glycosylated form to new discrete lower molecular weight proteins. The formation of these new proteins was not the apparent result of proteolysis because (i) treatment of the fully glycosylated protein or the proteins formed in the presence of Triton with endoglycosidase H resulted in the formation of a single protein migrating at the same rate on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels; (ii) the migration of nonglycosylated hCG-alpha synthesized in the presence of membranes isolated from tunicamycin-pretreated ascites tumor cells was not changed upon Triton addition; and (iii) the Triton-induced change was inhibited by mannonolactone, yeast mannan, and purified mannose oligosaccharides. It was also shown that little processing of the mannose-rich glycoprotein occurred in the presence of microsomal membranes alone. However, addition of the ribosome-free supernatant fraction to the glycoprotein resulted in processing. These data suggest that processing of the oligosaccharide core is a compartmentalized process in which removal of sugar, presumably mannose, requires a transfer of the glycoprotein from the endoplasmic reticulum to another component of the secretory cascade."}
{"id": "PMID:286307", "title": "Correlation between structure and function of heparin.", "content": "We have fractionated crude porcine heparin to obtain highly active as well as relatively inactive species of molecular weight approximately 7000 with specific anticoagulant activities of 360 and 12 units/mg, respectively. Nitrous acid degradation of both of these polymers yielded a tetrasaccharide fraction, 1beta, that contained equimolar amounts of iduronic and glucuronic acids, possessed an internal N-acetylated glucosamine, and carried anhydromannitol at the reducing end position. The 1beta tetrasaccharide derived from the highly active heparin, 1betaa, was recovered in a yield of 1.1 mol/7000 daltons. Our analyses indicate that at least 95% of the 1betaa is a single structure that consists of the following unique monosaccharide sequence: L-iduronic acid --> N-acetylated D-glucosamine-6-sulfate --> D-glucuronic acid --> N-sulfate D-glucosamine-6-sulfate. The 1beta tetrasaccharide fraction from relatively inactive mucopolysaccharide, 1betai, was recovered in a yield of 0.3 mol/7000 daltons and was a mixture of several components. Only 8.5% of the 1betai tetrasaccharide fraction exhibited the same uronic acid placement and sulfate group position found in 1betaa. Thus, 2.6% of relatively inactive mucopolysaccharide molecules contain the unique tetrasaccharide sequence found within each molecule of highly active heparin. Given the correlation between abundance of this unique 1betaa tetrasaccharide sequence and biologic potency, we suggest that this structure represents the critical site responsible for anticoagulant activity.", "contents": "Correlation between structure and function of heparin. We have fractionated crude porcine heparin to obtain highly active as well as relatively inactive species of molecular weight approximately 7000 with specific anticoagulant activities of 360 and 12 units/mg, respectively. Nitrous acid degradation of both of these polymers yielded a tetrasaccharide fraction, 1beta, that contained equimolar amounts of iduronic and glucuronic acids, possessed an internal N-acetylated glucosamine, and carried anhydromannitol at the reducing end position. The 1beta tetrasaccharide derived from the highly active heparin, 1betaa, was recovered in a yield of 1.1 mol/7000 daltons. Our analyses indicate that at least 95% of the 1betaa is a single structure that consists of the following unique monosaccharide sequence: L-iduronic acid --> N-acetylated D-glucosamine-6-sulfate --> D-glucuronic acid --> N-sulfate D-glucosamine-6-sulfate. The 1beta tetrasaccharide fraction from relatively inactive mucopolysaccharide, 1betai, was recovered in a yield of 0.3 mol/7000 daltons and was a mixture of several components. Only 8.5% of the 1betai tetrasaccharide fraction exhibited the same uronic acid placement and sulfate group position found in 1betaa. Thus, 2.6% of relatively inactive mucopolysaccharide molecules contain the unique tetrasaccharide sequence found within each molecule of highly active heparin. Given the correlation between abundance of this unique 1betaa tetrasaccharide sequence and biologic potency, we suggest that this structure represents the critical site responsible for anticoagulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:286308", "title": "Nerve growth factor-induced transformation of immature chromaffin cells in vivo into sympathetic neurons: effect of antiserum to nerve growth factor.", "content": "Pre- and postnatal injections of nerve growth factor, initiated with one dose on day 17 of gestation and continued after birth with daily subcutaneous administration until day 10 of life, produce massive transformation of chromaffin in sympathetic nerve cells in the rat adrenal medulla. Large sympathetic ganglia, absent in controls, adhere to the medial external surface of the gland. Nerve fibers produced by the transformed chromaffin cells invade the inner and outer cortical zones of the organ, producing cell depletion and substantial alteration of the structure of the cortical layers. When the growth factor treatment is initiated after birth, only a partial replacement of chromaffin with nerve cells takes place. The treatment is ineffective after the second postnatal week. Injections of a specific antiserum to nerve growth factor in 17-day-old rat fetuses, which were continued after birth, produce progressive and massive destruction of chromaffin cell precursors and of immature chromaffin cells in the adrenal medullary gland.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor-induced transformation of immature chromaffin cells in vivo into sympathetic neurons: effect of antiserum to nerve growth factor. Pre- and postnatal injections of nerve growth factor, initiated with one dose on day 17 of gestation and continued after birth with daily subcutaneous administration until day 10 of life, produce massive transformation of chromaffin in sympathetic nerve cells in the rat adrenal medulla. Large sympathetic ganglia, absent in controls, adhere to the medial external surface of the gland. Nerve fibers produced by the transformed chromaffin cells invade the inner and outer cortical zones of the organ, producing cell depletion and substantial alteration of the structure of the cortical layers. When the growth factor treatment is initiated after birth, only a partial replacement of chromaffin with nerve cells takes place. The treatment is ineffective after the second postnatal week. Injections of a specific antiserum to nerve growth factor in 17-day-old rat fetuses, which were continued after birth, produce progressive and massive destruction of chromaffin cell precursors and of immature chromaffin cells in the adrenal medullary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:286309", "title": "Nerve growth factor in the nucleus: interaction with receptors on the nuclear membrane.", "content": "Cells of a continuous line of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) were incubated with 125I-labeled beta nerve growth factor (beta NGF), and at given time intervals the cell nuclei were isolated by a procedure that used the detergent Triton X-100. NGF was detectable in the nucleus after 20 min and continued to accumulate in a linear fashion for several hours after the total binding to the cell had reached steady state. After 17 hr at 37 degrees C, about 60% of the NGF bound to the cell was in the nucleus, NGF was not translocated to the nucleus at 4 degrees C. When nuclei were purified from PC12 cells and incubated with 125I-labeled beta NGF, specific binding sites were found. Binding was saturable and consistent with two sites: a high-affinity site with a Kd of 0.08 nM (+/- nM) and a lower-affinity site with a Kd of 9.0 nM (+/- 2.0 nM). The receptors in the nucleus were shown to be localized to the nuclear membrane. Membrane-free chromatin did not bind NGF specifically. The translocation of NGF to the nucleus was accompanied by a commensurate decrease in the cell-surface binding capacity. In the nucleus, however, the receptor capacities of both sites were increased when PC12 cells were grown in the presence of NGF.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor in the nucleus: interaction with receptors on the nuclear membrane. Cells of a continuous line of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) were incubated with 125I-labeled beta nerve growth factor (beta NGF), and at given time intervals the cell nuclei were isolated by a procedure that used the detergent Triton X-100. NGF was detectable in the nucleus after 20 min and continued to accumulate in a linear fashion for several hours after the total binding to the cell had reached steady state. After 17 hr at 37 degrees C, about 60% of the NGF bound to the cell was in the nucleus, NGF was not translocated to the nucleus at 4 degrees C. When nuclei were purified from PC12 cells and incubated with 125I-labeled beta NGF, specific binding sites were found. Binding was saturable and consistent with two sites: a high-affinity site with a Kd of 0.08 nM (+/- nM) and a lower-affinity site with a Kd of 9.0 nM (+/- 2.0 nM). The receptors in the nucleus were shown to be localized to the nuclear membrane. Membrane-free chromatin did not bind NGF specifically. The translocation of NGF to the nucleus was accompanied by a commensurate decrease in the cell-surface binding capacity. In the nucleus, however, the receptor capacities of both sites were increased when PC12 cells were grown in the presence of NGF."}
{"id": "PMID:286310", "title": "Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro.", "content": "Fibroblasts can condense a hydrated collagen lattice to a tissue-like structure 1/28th the area of the starting gel in 24 hr. The rate of the process can be regulated by varying the protein content of the lattice, the cell number, or the concentration of an inhibitor such as Colcemid. Fibroblasts of high population doubling level propagated in vitro, which have left the cell cycle, can carry out the contraction at least as efficiently as cycling cells. The potential uses of the system as an immunologically tolerated \"tissue\" for wound healing and as a model for studying fibroblast function are discussed.", "contents": "Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Fibroblasts can condense a hydrated collagen lattice to a tissue-like structure 1/28th the area of the starting gel in 24 hr. The rate of the process can be regulated by varying the protein content of the lattice, the cell number, or the concentration of an inhibitor such as Colcemid. Fibroblasts of high population doubling level propagated in vitro, which have left the cell cycle, can carry out the contraction at least as efficiently as cycling cells. The potential uses of the system as an immunologically tolerated \"tissue\" for wound healing and as a model for studying fibroblast function are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286311", "title": "Induction of terminal differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor-promoting agents.", "content": "Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) were induced to differentiate into mature cells by the tumor-promoting agent phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and other related phorbol diesters. Differentiation was determined by an increase in the percent of myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and other mature myeloid cells as well as by an increase in the percent of phagocytizing cells. Induction of differentiation could be determined after 2 days of treatment with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate at a dose as low as 6 X 10(11) M. A correlation was found between reported tumor-promoting activity of a series of phorbol esters and their ability to induce myeloid differentiation and to inhibit cell growth. It is suggested that tumor-promoting agents like chemicals that induce terminal differentiation in these cells, at extremely low concentrations, may be used as a tool in the study of the control of cell growth, cell differentiation, and malignancy in human leukemic cells.", "contents": "Induction of terminal differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor-promoting agents. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) were induced to differentiate into mature cells by the tumor-promoting agent phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and other related phorbol diesters. Differentiation was determined by an increase in the percent of myelocytes, metamyelocytes, and other mature myeloid cells as well as by an increase in the percent of phagocytizing cells. Induction of differentiation could be determined after 2 days of treatment with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate at a dose as low as 6 X 10(11) M. A correlation was found between reported tumor-promoting activity of a series of phorbol esters and their ability to induce myeloid differentiation and to inhibit cell growth. It is suggested that tumor-promoting agents like chemicals that induce terminal differentiation in these cells, at extremely low concentrations, may be used as a tool in the study of the control of cell growth, cell differentiation, and malignancy in human leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:286312", "title": "Changes in the synthesis of actin and other cell proteins after stimulation of serum-arrested cells.", "content": "The synthesis of both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins has been studied as quiescent, serum-deprived Swiss mouse 3T3 cells are stimulated to transit the cell cycle. In serum-arrested cells a 200,000 dalton cytoplasmic protein and a 51,000 dalton nuclear protein were found to be preferentially synthesized. In serum-stimulated cells the first major protein whose synthesis was seen to increase had a molecular mass of 42,000 daltons. This protein also showed the greatest change in synthesis during the transit from G0 to S phase. Its synthesis rose to a maximum 4--6 hr after stimulation and then declined as cells entered S phase. The protein was present in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. It was identified as actin on the basis of its mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels. Other proteins synthesized preferentially by stimulated cells had molecular masses of 57,000 daltons (cytoplasmic), 33,000 daltons (cytoplasmic and nuclear), and 15,000 daltons (nuclear). The synthesis of the 57,000 and 33,000 dalton proteins increased gradually after stimulation and remained high during S phase. The 15,000 dalton proteins began to be synthesized as cells entered S phase. The preferential synthesis of these proteins provides biochemical markers for the transition from quiescence to proliferation.", "contents": "Changes in the synthesis of actin and other cell proteins after stimulation of serum-arrested cells. The synthesis of both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins has been studied as quiescent, serum-deprived Swiss mouse 3T3 cells are stimulated to transit the cell cycle. In serum-arrested cells a 200,000 dalton cytoplasmic protein and a 51,000 dalton nuclear protein were found to be preferentially synthesized. In serum-stimulated cells the first major protein whose synthesis was seen to increase had a molecular mass of 42,000 daltons. This protein also showed the greatest change in synthesis during the transit from G0 to S phase. Its synthesis rose to a maximum 4--6 hr after stimulation and then declined as cells entered S phase. The protein was present in both nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. It was identified as actin on the basis of its mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels. Other proteins synthesized preferentially by stimulated cells had molecular masses of 57,000 daltons (cytoplasmic), 33,000 daltons (cytoplasmic and nuclear), and 15,000 daltons (nuclear). The synthesis of the 57,000 and 33,000 dalton proteins increased gradually after stimulation and remained high during S phase. The 15,000 dalton proteins began to be synthesized as cells entered S phase. The preferential synthesis of these proteins provides biochemical markers for the transition from quiescence to proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:286313", "title": "Separate roles for calcium and magnesium in their synergistic effect on uridine uptake by cultured cells: significance for growth control.", "content": "The uptake of uridine by BALB/c3T3 cells is markedly inhibited by reducing the concentration of Mg(2+) in medium containing only traces of Ca(2+). When physiological [Ca(2+)] is present in the medium, omission of Mg(2+) has no effect on uridine uptake, and when Mg(2+) is present, omission of Ca(2+) has only a slight inhibitory effect. When both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) are omitted, the concentration of Ca(2+) in the cells is not reduced, but that of Mg(2+) is reduced to about one-half in 3 hr. The concentration of K(+) is also reduced, and that of Na(+) is increased, suggesting increased membrane permeability to cations. The rate of diffusion of the nontransported hexose, L-glucose, into the cells is greatly increased. Changes in intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations do not in themselves affect uridine uptake. When Ca(2+) alone is restored to the medium of cells that had been deprived of both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), there is no increase in the greatly depressed rate of uridine uptake, but when Mg(2+) alone is restored, the rate of uridine uptake returns to control values. We conclude that the omission of Ca(2+) from the medium has no direct effect on uridine uptake, but acts by increasing the exchange of Mg(2+) between cells and medium and by otherwise altering the availability of Mg(2+) for this reaction. A similar conclusion is reached in considering the role of these ions in the regulation of other reactions of the coordinate response, including the initiation of DNA synthesis and the control growth.", "contents": "Separate roles for calcium and magnesium in their synergistic effect on uridine uptake by cultured cells: significance for growth control. The uptake of uridine by BALB/c3T3 cells is markedly inhibited by reducing the concentration of Mg(2+) in medium containing only traces of Ca(2+). When physiological [Ca(2+)] is present in the medium, omission of Mg(2+) has no effect on uridine uptake, and when Mg(2+) is present, omission of Ca(2+) has only a slight inhibitory effect. When both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) are omitted, the concentration of Ca(2+) in the cells is not reduced, but that of Mg(2+) is reduced to about one-half in 3 hr. The concentration of K(+) is also reduced, and that of Na(+) is increased, suggesting increased membrane permeability to cations. The rate of diffusion of the nontransported hexose, L-glucose, into the cells is greatly increased. Changes in intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations do not in themselves affect uridine uptake. When Ca(2+) alone is restored to the medium of cells that had been deprived of both Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), there is no increase in the greatly depressed rate of uridine uptake, but when Mg(2+) alone is restored, the rate of uridine uptake returns to control values. We conclude that the omission of Ca(2+) from the medium has no direct effect on uridine uptake, but acts by increasing the exchange of Mg(2+) between cells and medium and by otherwise altering the availability of Mg(2+) for this reaction. A similar conclusion is reached in considering the role of these ions in the regulation of other reactions of the coordinate response, including the initiation of DNA synthesis and the control growth."}
{"id": "PMID:286314", "title": "Intact microtubules are required for rapid turnover of carboxyl-terminal tyrosine of alpha-tubulin in cell cultures.", "content": "In cultured muscle cells the carboxyl-terminal tyrosine of alpha-tubulin was shown to exchange rapidly with free tyrosine. The rapid turnover of this residue was dependent upon the presence of intact microtubules. Half-life determinations were made by two methods: (i) the cells were pulse-labeled in hypertonic medium, in which the major tyrosine incorporation was post-translational, and then chased with isotonic medium; and (ii) the cells were pulsed and chased in isotonic medium, and the post-translational component of the radioactivity of purified alpha-tubulin was calculated. Both methods yielded a half-life of 37 min or less for the terminal tyrosine residue, whereas the half-life of tubulin itself was shown to be greater than 48 hr.", "contents": "Intact microtubules are required for rapid turnover of carboxyl-terminal tyrosine of alpha-tubulin in cell cultures. In cultured muscle cells the carboxyl-terminal tyrosine of alpha-tubulin was shown to exchange rapidly with free tyrosine. The rapid turnover of this residue was dependent upon the presence of intact microtubules. Half-life determinations were made by two methods: (i) the cells were pulse-labeled in hypertonic medium, in which the major tyrosine incorporation was post-translational, and then chased with isotonic medium; and (ii) the cells were pulsed and chased in isotonic medium, and the post-translational component of the radioactivity of purified alpha-tubulin was calculated. Both methods yielded a half-life of 37 min or less for the terminal tyrosine residue, whereas the half-life of tubulin itself was shown to be greater than 48 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:286315", "title": "Analysis of the constancy of DNA sequences during development and evolution of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "In order to test for the occurrence of rearrangements in DNA during development and to assess the rate of DNA divergence during evolution, we have compared restriction fragments derived from DNA from four sources: sperm cells and somatic tissues of one strain of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, somatic tissues of a second strain of the same species, and whole animals of a closely related species. Restriction fragments were detected by hybridizing radioactive cloned fragments to restriction digests that had been fractionated by size on agarose gels and transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. In this way, approximately 50 BamHI restriction fragments were visualized and compared. Fragments from sperm and somatic DNAs were found to be identical; 15% differed in size between the two strains. Little cross homology was found between the two species. We conclude that, if rearrangements occur in C. elegans DNA during development, they must affect fewer than a few percent of the restriction fragments or restriction sites. The difference found between the two strains and the two species is surprisingly great.", "contents": "Analysis of the constancy of DNA sequences during development and evolution of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In order to test for the occurrence of rearrangements in DNA during development and to assess the rate of DNA divergence during evolution, we have compared restriction fragments derived from DNA from four sources: sperm cells and somatic tissues of one strain of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, somatic tissues of a second strain of the same species, and whole animals of a closely related species. Restriction fragments were detected by hybridizing radioactive cloned fragments to restriction digests that had been fractionated by size on agarose gels and transferred to nitrocellulose sheets. In this way, approximately 50 BamHI restriction fragments were visualized and compared. Fragments from sperm and somatic DNAs were found to be identical; 15% differed in size between the two strains. Little cross homology was found between the two species. We conclude that, if rearrangements occur in C. elegans DNA during development, they must affect fewer than a few percent of the restriction fragments or restriction sites. The difference found between the two strains and the two species is surprisingly great."}
{"id": "PMID:286316", "title": "Gene localization by chromosome fractionation: globin genes are on at least two chromosomes and three estrogen-inducible genes are on three chromosomes.", "content": "Chicken metaphase chromosomes were partially purified by rate zonal centrifugation, and DNA was prepared from each of the fractions of the sucrose gradient. The DNA was digested with various restriction enzymes and subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels. The DNA was transferred to nitrocellulose filters (as described by Southern), and the filters were hybridized with cDNA probes. Four globin genes alpha A, alpha D, beta, and rho or epsilon are located on at least two chromosomes, and three of the estrogen-inducible genes of the hen oviduct--ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and transferrin--are on three different chromosomes. These experiments also confirm our earlier assignment of the endogenous viral sequence related to Rous-associated virus-0 to a separate (and larger) chromosome than the cellular sequence related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus (cellular sarc), although it now appears that cellular sarc is on a small macrochromosome, rather than on a microchromosome.", "contents": "Gene localization by chromosome fractionation: globin genes are on at least two chromosomes and three estrogen-inducible genes are on three chromosomes. Chicken metaphase chromosomes were partially purified by rate zonal centrifugation, and DNA was prepared from each of the fractions of the sucrose gradient. The DNA was digested with various restriction enzymes and subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels. The DNA was transferred to nitrocellulose filters (as described by Southern), and the filters were hybridized with cDNA probes. Four globin genes alpha A, alpha D, beta, and rho or epsilon are located on at least two chromosomes, and three of the estrogen-inducible genes of the hen oviduct--ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and transferrin--are on three different chromosomes. These experiments also confirm our earlier assignment of the endogenous viral sequence related to Rous-associated virus-0 to a separate (and larger) chromosome than the cellular sequence related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus (cellular sarc), although it now appears that cellular sarc is on a small macrochromosome, rather than on a microchromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:286317", "title": "Mutations in nine chloroplast loci of Chlamydomonas affecting different photosynthetic functions.", "content": "Chloroplast components known to be coded by chloroplast DNA include chloroplast rRNAs, tRNAs, and the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Because these components comprise less than 3% of the estimated coding capacity of the chloroplast genome, most chloroplast gene functions have yet to be identified. One approach to this problem is the isolation and characterization of mutations in the chloroplast genome affecting specific photosynthetic functions. Recently we have found that such mutations can be preferentially recovered by using arsenate selection on cells previously grown in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Sixteen mutants thus isolated have been localized into nine chloroplast loci, based on their ability to recombine and produce photosynthetically competent progeny. Mutants at two loci show the characteristic syndrome of photosynthetic defects that results from a deficiency in chloroplast protein synthesis. These have been found to lack chloroplast ribosome monomers. Mutants at three loci are missing chlorophyll-protein complex I in their thylakoid membranes. Mutants at three other loci are deficient in membrane polypeptides known to be associated with the chloroplast coupling factor.", "contents": "Mutations in nine chloroplast loci of Chlamydomonas affecting different photosynthetic functions. Chloroplast components known to be coded by chloroplast DNA include chloroplast rRNAs, tRNAs, and the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase. Because these components comprise less than 3% of the estimated coding capacity of the chloroplast genome, most chloroplast gene functions have yet to be identified. One approach to this problem is the isolation and characterization of mutations in the chloroplast genome affecting specific photosynthetic functions. Recently we have found that such mutations can be preferentially recovered by using arsenate selection on cells previously grown in 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Sixteen mutants thus isolated have been localized into nine chloroplast loci, based on their ability to recombine and produce photosynthetically competent progeny. Mutants at two loci show the characteristic syndrome of photosynthetic defects that results from a deficiency in chloroplast protein synthesis. These have been found to lack chloroplast ribosome monomers. Mutants at three loci are missing chlorophyll-protein complex I in their thylakoid membranes. Mutants at three other loci are deficient in membrane polypeptides known to be associated with the chloroplast coupling factor."}
{"id": "PMID:286318", "title": "Measurement of mutagenesis in mammalian cells.", "content": "A method using mammalian cells in vitro for detection and quantitation of mutagenic actions that appears to be useful for screening for carcinogenesis and genetic damage by environmental agents is presented. The method involves use of stable human--Chinese hamster ovary hybrid cells that have retained a single human chromosome not necessary for cell reproduction. Forward mutations are detected in genes necessary for production of specific human cell surface antigens. Such mutants form colonies in the presence of specific antisera and complement that destroy the unmutagenized cells. Use of the method is illustrated for the action of x-irradiation, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and caffeine. The method appears to be unique in that it permits assessment of lesions that cause loss of all or most of the chromosome as well as various localized gene mutations. The former action is particularly important because of the major involvement of chromosomal lesions in an extremely important class of human genetic disease.", "contents": "Measurement of mutagenesis in mammalian cells. A method using mammalian cells in vitro for detection and quantitation of mutagenic actions that appears to be useful for screening for carcinogenesis and genetic damage by environmental agents is presented. The method involves use of stable human--Chinese hamster ovary hybrid cells that have retained a single human chromosome not necessary for cell reproduction. Forward mutations are detected in genes necessary for production of specific human cell surface antigens. Such mutants form colonies in the presence of specific antisera and complement that destroy the unmutagenized cells. Use of the method is illustrated for the action of x-irradiation, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and caffeine. The method appears to be unique in that it permits assessment of lesions that cause loss of all or most of the chromosome as well as various localized gene mutations. The former action is particularly important because of the major involvement of chromosomal lesions in an extremely important class of human genetic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:286319", "title": "DNA-mediated transfer of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus into mammalian cells.", "content": "In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of transforming mouse cells deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt; AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) to the aprt+ phenotype by means of DNA-mediated gene transfer. Transformation was effected by using unfractionated high molecular weight genomic DNA from Chinese hamster, human, and mouse cells and restriction endonuclease-digested DNA from rabbit liver. The transformation frequency observed was between 1 and 10 colonies per 10(6) cells per 20 microgram of donor DNA. Transformants displayed enzymatic activity that was donor derived as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing of cytoplasmic extracts. These transformants fall into two classes: those that are phenotypically stable when grown in the absence of selective pressure and those that are phenotypically unstable under the same conditions.", "contents": "DNA-mediated transfer of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus into mammalian cells. In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of transforming mouse cells deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt; AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) to the aprt+ phenotype by means of DNA-mediated gene transfer. Transformation was effected by using unfractionated high molecular weight genomic DNA from Chinese hamster, human, and mouse cells and restriction endonuclease-digested DNA from rabbit liver. The transformation frequency observed was between 1 and 10 colonies per 10(6) cells per 20 microgram of donor DNA. Transformants displayed enzymatic activity that was donor derived as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing of cytoplasmic extracts. These transformants fall into two classes: those that are phenotypically stable when grown in the absence of selective pressure and those that are phenotypically unstable under the same conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:286320", "title": "Measurement and purification of human chromosomes by flow cytometry and sorting.", "content": "The 24 human chromosome types of normal diploid fibroblast cell strain were classified into 15 groups by high-resolution flow cytometry on the basis of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. Chromosomes associated with each group were flow sorted onto microscope slides and identified by quinacrine banding analysis. DNA cytophotometry of metaphase chromosomes from the same cell strain supported and extended this identification. Four of the groups purified were due to chromosomes of a single type--namely, chromosomes 5, 6, 13, and 17. Eight additional groups were also separated and found to contain the following chromosomes: 1 and 2; 3 and 4; 7, 8, and X; 9--12; 14 and 15; 16 and 18; 20 and Y; and 19, 21, and 22. The average purity for the 12 sorted fractions was 78%.", "contents": "Measurement and purification of human chromosomes by flow cytometry and sorting. The 24 human chromosome types of normal diploid fibroblast cell strain were classified into 15 groups by high-resolution flow cytometry on the basis of 33258 Hoechst fluorescence. Chromosomes associated with each group were flow sorted onto microscope slides and identified by quinacrine banding analysis. DNA cytophotometry of metaphase chromosomes from the same cell strain supported and extended this identification. Four of the groups purified were due to chromosomes of a single type--namely, chromosomes 5, 6, 13, and 17. Eight additional groups were also separated and found to contain the following chromosomes: 1 and 2; 3 and 4; 7, 8, and X; 9--12; 14 and 15; 16 and 18; 20 and Y; and 19, 21, and 22. The average purity for the 12 sorted fractions was 78%."}
{"id": "PMID:286321", "title": "DNA fragments of the Mus musculus beta globin haplotypes Hbbs and Hbbd.", "content": "Two alternative haplotypes at the complex locus controlling hemoglobin beta chain synthesis in Mus musculus were compared at the DNA level. As expected, Hbbd homozygotes--which as adults synthesize two species of beta chain--have two genes for beta globin. Adult mice homozygous for the Hbbs haplotype make only a single type of beta polypeptide, yet they also have two beta globin genes. Apparently the two Hbbs genes encode identical proteins, or one of the two genes is not detectably expressed. The Hbbs and Hbbd haplotypes are thus more similar at the DNA level than studies of their polypeptide products have indicated.", "contents": "DNA fragments of the Mus musculus beta globin haplotypes Hbbs and Hbbd. Two alternative haplotypes at the complex locus controlling hemoglobin beta chain synthesis in Mus musculus were compared at the DNA level. As expected, Hbbd homozygotes--which as adults synthesize two species of beta chain--have two genes for beta globin. Adult mice homozygous for the Hbbs haplotype make only a single type of beta polypeptide, yet they also have two beta globin genes. Apparently the two Hbbs genes encode identical proteins, or one of the two genes is not detectably expressed. The Hbbs and Hbbd haplotypes are thus more similar at the DNA level than studies of their polypeptide products have indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:286322", "title": "Role of methylation in the modification and restriction of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas.", "content": "The different metabolic paths followed by homologous chloroplast DNAs of maternal and paternal origins in zygotes of Chlamydomonas were examined by prelabeling parental cells, before mating them, with [3H]adenine, [3H]thymidine, and [3H]deoxycytidine. Within 6 hr after mating, maternal chloroplast DNA was extensively methylated to 5-methylcytosine and its bouyant density decreased. Paternal chloroplast DNA was largely degraded. Some radioactivity from deoxycytidine of maternal origin reappeared in thymine, and residual paternal DNA contained radioactivity in a base tentatively identified as uracil. These results confirm and extend our previous findings and support our hypothesis that modification (methylation) and restriction enzymes determine maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and that the two parental DNAs have different metabolic fates within the zygote.", "contents": "Role of methylation in the modification and restriction of chloroplast DNA in Chlamydomonas. The different metabolic paths followed by homologous chloroplast DNAs of maternal and paternal origins in zygotes of Chlamydomonas were examined by prelabeling parental cells, before mating them, with [3H]adenine, [3H]thymidine, and [3H]deoxycytidine. Within 6 hr after mating, maternal chloroplast DNA was extensively methylated to 5-methylcytosine and its bouyant density decreased. Paternal chloroplast DNA was largely degraded. Some radioactivity from deoxycytidine of maternal origin reappeared in thymine, and residual paternal DNA contained radioactivity in a base tentatively identified as uracil. These results confirm and extend our previous findings and support our hypothesis that modification (methylation) and restriction enzymes determine maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and that the two parental DNAs have different metabolic fates within the zygote."}
{"id": "PMID:286323", "title": "Fc-receptor variants of a mouse macrophage cell line.", "content": "Variants of the J774 mouse macrophage cell line that lack immunologically important membrane receptors were isolated. After mutagenesis, variants were selected in a metrizamide gradient that separated cells heavily rosetted with sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with rabbit anti-E IgG (EIgG) from poorly rosetted cells. Stable variants that exhibited altered binding were found with a frequency of <10(-7), and five clones were studied in detail. The variants failed to bind E opsonized with a monoclonal mouse IgG2b anti-E antibody but bound monomeric IgG2a normally when compared to the parental J774 line (K(a) 4 degrees C= approximately 1x10(8) M(-1); approximately 2x10(5) sites per cell). This demonstrates the independence of the receptor for mouse IgG2b complexes (FcRII) from the trypsin-sensitive receptor for mouse IgG2a monomer (FcRI). The variants bound an average of 10-15 EIgG per cell, compared to >20 per cell for J774. After trypsinization, three variants bound only three to five EIgG per cell; the J774 line was not affected by this treatment. Monomeric IgG2a could inhibit the binding of soluble rabbit IgG-antigen complexes to the variants but not to the parent line. Finally, E coated with IgM and complement (EIgMC) were bound poorly by all the variants, relative to the J774 parent. These results show that rabbit IgG complexes are bound by both FcRI and FcRII on mouse macrophages. The impairment of EIgMC rosetting in the variants suggests that the C3b receptor and FcRII are related.", "contents": "Fc-receptor variants of a mouse macrophage cell line. Variants of the J774 mouse macrophage cell line that lack immunologically important membrane receptors were isolated. After mutagenesis, variants were selected in a metrizamide gradient that separated cells heavily rosetted with sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with rabbit anti-E IgG (EIgG) from poorly rosetted cells. Stable variants that exhibited altered binding were found with a frequency of <10(-7), and five clones were studied in detail. The variants failed to bind E opsonized with a monoclonal mouse IgG2b anti-E antibody but bound monomeric IgG2a normally when compared to the parental J774 line (K(a) 4 degrees C= approximately 1x10(8) M(-1); approximately 2x10(5) sites per cell). This demonstrates the independence of the receptor for mouse IgG2b complexes (FcRII) from the trypsin-sensitive receptor for mouse IgG2a monomer (FcRI). The variants bound an average of 10-15 EIgG per cell, compared to >20 per cell for J774. After trypsinization, three variants bound only three to five EIgG per cell; the J774 line was not affected by this treatment. Monomeric IgG2a could inhibit the binding of soluble rabbit IgG-antigen complexes to the variants but not to the parent line. Finally, E coated with IgM and complement (EIgMC) were bound poorly by all the variants, relative to the J774 parent. These results show that rabbit IgG complexes are bound by both FcRI and FcRII on mouse macrophages. The impairment of EIgMC rosetting in the variants suggests that the C3b receptor and FcRII are related."}
{"id": "PMID:286324", "title": "Biochemical characterization of alien H-2 antigens expressed on a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.", "content": "A methylcholanthrene-induced tumor of BALB/c (H-2d) origin had been shown to express H-2 antigens normally associated with the H-2k haplotype. The molecules expressing the alien antigens have been partially purified and shown to be distinct from molecules expressing normal H-2d antigens. Like normal H-2 antigens, the alien antigens have a molecular weight of 48,000, are glycoproteins, and are noncovalently bound to beta 2-microglobulin. The alien antigens differ from normal H-2 antigens in their susceptibility to papain digestion, behavior during gel filtration, and overall stability. Possible mechanisms accounting for the expression of the alien antigen are discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of alien H-2 antigens expressed on a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor. A methylcholanthrene-induced tumor of BALB/c (H-2d) origin had been shown to express H-2 antigens normally associated with the H-2k haplotype. The molecules expressing the alien antigens have been partially purified and shown to be distinct from molecules expressing normal H-2d antigens. Like normal H-2 antigens, the alien antigens have a molecular weight of 48,000, are glycoproteins, and are noncovalently bound to beta 2-microglobulin. The alien antigens differ from normal H-2 antigens in their susceptibility to papain digestion, behavior during gel filtration, and overall stability. Possible mechanisms accounting for the expression of the alien antigen are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286325", "title": "Detection of specific hybridoma clones by replica immunoadsorption of their secreted antibodies.", "content": "A sensitive and rapid method for the detection of monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridomas is described. Mouse myeloma cells are fused with spleen cells from immunized mice and directly cloned in soft agarose containing selective medium; hybrid clones can be seen after a week. Nitro-cellulose filters that have been coated with a specific protein antigen, with antigen-coupled erythrocyte ghosts, or with other cells used as antigens are then placed on the agarose surface. After incubation to allow immunoadsorption of any secreted antibodies specific for the filter-bound antigen, the filter is removed and overlaid with a suspension of antigen-coupled erythrocytes that react with the adsorbed antibodies; after unbound erythrocytes are allowed to fall off the filter, red spots delineate the sites at which antibody-forming clones are present in the agarose. Alternatively, the filter may be treated with radiolabeled antigen followed by autoradiography. The reliability and sensitivity of the method are demonstrated with alpha-(1 leads to 3)-specific antidextran myeloma J558, and the method's applicability is established by detecting hybridomas with specificities for sheep erythrocytes and for alpha-(1 leads to 3) dextran.", "contents": "Detection of specific hybridoma clones by replica immunoadsorption of their secreted antibodies. A sensitive and rapid method for the detection of monoclonal antibodies secreted by hybridomas is described. Mouse myeloma cells are fused with spleen cells from immunized mice and directly cloned in soft agarose containing selective medium; hybrid clones can be seen after a week. Nitro-cellulose filters that have been coated with a specific protein antigen, with antigen-coupled erythrocyte ghosts, or with other cells used as antigens are then placed on the agarose surface. After incubation to allow immunoadsorption of any secreted antibodies specific for the filter-bound antigen, the filter is removed and overlaid with a suspension of antigen-coupled erythrocytes that react with the adsorbed antibodies; after unbound erythrocytes are allowed to fall off the filter, red spots delineate the sites at which antibody-forming clones are present in the agarose. Alternatively, the filter may be treated with radiolabeled antigen followed by autoradiography. The reliability and sensitivity of the method are demonstrated with alpha-(1 leads to 3)-specific antidextran myeloma J558, and the method's applicability is established by detecting hybridomas with specificities for sheep erythrocytes and for alpha-(1 leads to 3) dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:286326", "title": "Immunological tolerance to allergenic protein determinants: a therapeutic approach for selective inhibition of IgE antibody production.", "content": "Administration of stable conjugates prepared by coupling protein antigens such as ovalbumin or antigen E of ragweed extract to the synthetic random copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL) is effective in inducing a state of long-lasting, antigen-specific immunological tolerance in experimental animals. A striking aspect of the tolerance induced by protein-D-GL conjugates is the remarkable selectivity of the tolerance for antibody responses of the IgE class. Protein-D-GL conjugates of either type were capable of inducing such tolerance both in unsensitized and in previously sensitized animals when administered in appropriate doses. Comparable doses of unconjugated proteins were likewise capable of suppressing IgE antibody production, although the duration of suppression in these cases was significantly less than that observed with protein-D-GL conjugates. If such conjugates act in man as they do in experimental animals, they could be of great value as therapeutic agents in selectively diminishing IgE antibody production while sparing antibody production in the IgG class.", "contents": "Immunological tolerance to allergenic protein determinants: a therapeutic approach for selective inhibition of IgE antibody production. Administration of stable conjugates prepared by coupling protein antigens such as ovalbumin or antigen E of ragweed extract to the synthetic random copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL) is effective in inducing a state of long-lasting, antigen-specific immunological tolerance in experimental animals. A striking aspect of the tolerance induced by protein-D-GL conjugates is the remarkable selectivity of the tolerance for antibody responses of the IgE class. Protein-D-GL conjugates of either type were capable of inducing such tolerance both in unsensitized and in previously sensitized animals when administered in appropriate doses. Comparable doses of unconjugated proteins were likewise capable of suppressing IgE antibody production, although the duration of suppression in these cases was significantly less than that observed with protein-D-GL conjugates. If such conjugates act in man as they do in experimental animals, they could be of great value as therapeutic agents in selectively diminishing IgE antibody production while sparing antibody production in the IgG class."}
{"id": "PMID:286327", "title": "Influence of major histocompatibility haplotype on autoimmune disease varies in different inbred families of chickens.", "content": "Three partially inbred substrains of Obese strain chickens were studied for the spontaneous development of autoimmune thyroiditis. The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (B haplotype) was marked in one, less marked but still significant in a second, and barely detectable and transient in a third substrain. These differences in the effect of B haplotype may be due to the overriding action of genes other than those within the B haplotype.", "contents": "Influence of major histocompatibility haplotype on autoimmune disease varies in different inbred families of chickens. Three partially inbred substrains of Obese strain chickens were studied for the spontaneous development of autoimmune thyroiditis. The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (B haplotype) was marked in one, less marked but still significant in a second, and barely detectable and transient in a third substrain. These differences in the effect of B haplotype may be due to the overriding action of genes other than those within the B haplotype."}
{"id": "PMID:286328", "title": "Colorectal carcinoma-specific antigen: detection by means of monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Fusion of P3 X 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes obtained from mice immunized with cells derived from human colorectal carcinomas resulted in the production of antibody-secreting hybridomas. Two hybridomas (1083-17 and 1116-56) and their clones secreted antibodies binding specifically to human colorectal carcinoma cells either grown in culture or obtained from patients, but did not bind to normal colonic mucosa or other normal and malignant human cells. The binding specificity was consistent in three assays: radioimmunoassay, mixed hemadsorption, and immunofluorescence. Adsorption of these antibodies to colorectal carcinoma cell lines totally eliminated their specific binding.", "contents": "Colorectal carcinoma-specific antigen: detection by means of monoclonal antibodies. Fusion of P3 X 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes obtained from mice immunized with cells derived from human colorectal carcinomas resulted in the production of antibody-secreting hybridomas. Two hybridomas (1083-17 and 1116-56) and their clones secreted antibodies binding specifically to human colorectal carcinoma cells either grown in culture or obtained from patients, but did not bind to normal colonic mucosa or other normal and malignant human cells. The binding specificity was consistent in three assays: radioimmunoassay, mixed hemadsorption, and immunofluorescence. Adsorption of these antibodies to colorectal carcinoma cell lines totally eliminated their specific binding."}
{"id": "PMID:286329", "title": "Neurotoxicity of human eosinophils.", "content": "Eosinophils contain a substance that is neurotoxic when injected intracerebrally or intrathecally into laboratory animals-an effect known as the \"Gordon phenomenon.\" We found neurotoxic activity in eosinophils from three patients with eosinophilic syndromes by injecting cell preparations into rabbits and guinea pigs. These animals developed a syndrome of muscular rigidity and ataxia, progressing to severe paralysis. No neurotoxic activity was found in preparations of polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytes from normal donors. Examination of the brains of affected animals confirmed widespread loss of Purkinje cells, as described by earlier investigators. A new finding was severe spongy change occurring in the white matter of the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Electron microscopic examination showed that vacuoles formed within the myelin sheaths of axons by separation of lamellae. Associated axonal degeneration was common and was also seen occasionally in peripheral nerves. Gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord was normal. This eosinophil-derived neurotoxin was partially purified by ultracentrifugation of sonicated eosinophils and fractionation of the supernate by gel filtration. Fractions with neurotoxic activity eluted at a position consistent with a molecular weight of approximately 15,000. The neurotoxic activity of this material withstood lyophilization and dialysis but was destroyed by heating to 90 degrees C. Injection of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin into laboratory animals may provide a useful short-term experimental model for study of mechanisms of damage to myelinated nerve fibers. The clinical significance of the Gordon phenomenon has yet to be established.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity of human eosinophils. Eosinophils contain a substance that is neurotoxic when injected intracerebrally or intrathecally into laboratory animals-an effect known as the \"Gordon phenomenon.\" We found neurotoxic activity in eosinophils from three patients with eosinophilic syndromes by injecting cell preparations into rabbits and guinea pigs. These animals developed a syndrome of muscular rigidity and ataxia, progressing to severe paralysis. No neurotoxic activity was found in preparations of polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytes from normal donors. Examination of the brains of affected animals confirmed widespread loss of Purkinje cells, as described by earlier investigators. A new finding was severe spongy change occurring in the white matter of the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Electron microscopic examination showed that vacuoles formed within the myelin sheaths of axons by separation of lamellae. Associated axonal degeneration was common and was also seen occasionally in peripheral nerves. Gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord was normal. This eosinophil-derived neurotoxin was partially purified by ultracentrifugation of sonicated eosinophils and fractionation of the supernate by gel filtration. Fractions with neurotoxic activity eluted at a position consistent with a molecular weight of approximately 15,000. The neurotoxic activity of this material withstood lyophilization and dialysis but was destroyed by heating to 90 degrees C. Injection of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin into laboratory animals may provide a useful short-term experimental model for study of mechanisms of damage to myelinated nerve fibers. The clinical significance of the Gordon phenomenon has yet to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:286330", "title": "Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.", "content": "Fetal cells, potentially usable for prenatal diagnosis, were sorted from maternal blood samples taken as early as 15 weeks of gestation. Immunogenetic and cytogenic criteria established the fetal origin of the observed cells: Y-chromatin-containing (male) cells were detected in the sorted sample if and only if the newborn proved to be male and carried cell-surface antigens detected by the fluorescent-labeled antibody used for sorting with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "contents": "Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Fetal cells, potentially usable for prenatal diagnosis, were sorted from maternal blood samples taken as early as 15 weeks of gestation. Immunogenetic and cytogenic criteria established the fetal origin of the observed cells: Y-chromatin-containing (male) cells were detected in the sorted sample if and only if the newborn proved to be male and carried cell-surface antigens detected by the fluorescent-labeled antibody used for sorting with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter."}
{"id": "PMID:286331", "title": "Amidolytic properties of single-chain activated Hageman factor.", "content": "Activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII) upon exposure to negatively charged agents has been attributed to proteolytic cleavage of this molecule. To examine this question, purified Hageman factor was exposed to Sephadex gels to which ellagic acid had been adsorbed. Such Hageman factor, separated from the gels and studied in the fluid phase, was amidolytic. Nonetheless, no cleavage of Hageman factor treated in this way could be demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, activation of Hageman factor by negatively charged agents was not necessarily accompanied by molecular scission.", "contents": "Amidolytic properties of single-chain activated Hageman factor. Activation of Hageman factor (Factor XII) upon exposure to negatively charged agents has been attributed to proteolytic cleavage of this molecule. To examine this question, purified Hageman factor was exposed to Sephadex gels to which ellagic acid had been adsorbed. Such Hageman factor, separated from the gels and studied in the fluid phase, was amidolytic. Nonetheless, no cleavage of Hageman factor treated in this way could be demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, activation of Hageman factor by negatively charged agents was not necessarily accompanied by molecular scission."}
{"id": "PMID:286332", "title": "Evidence for internal homology in bovine preproparathyroid hormone.", "content": "By means of a statistical method for detecting distant evolutionary relationships between proteins, we found a high probability that internal homologies exist in preproparathyroid hormone, the biological precursor of proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone. The regions so defined were -27 to +22 of preproparathyroid hormone vs. +26 to +74 parathyroid hormone and -23 to +29 of preproparathyroid hormone vs. +30 to +81 of parathyroid hormone. Examination of these regions for possible similarities of internal secondary structure (beta turns, alpha helix, and beta sheet) by a second type of predictive formulation indicated that most of the regions calculated to be related on an evolutionary basis were likewise homologous in terms of structure. These results and other considerations suggest that a primitive form of parathyroid hormone, possibly of pituitary origin, existed (or still exists). Parathyroid hormone of higher species likely was formed by gene doubling and fusion of the primitive gene.", "contents": "Evidence for internal homology in bovine preproparathyroid hormone. By means of a statistical method for detecting distant evolutionary relationships between proteins, we found a high probability that internal homologies exist in preproparathyroid hormone, the biological precursor of proparathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone. The regions so defined were -27 to +22 of preproparathyroid hormone vs. +26 to +74 parathyroid hormone and -23 to +29 of preproparathyroid hormone vs. +30 to +81 of parathyroid hormone. Examination of these regions for possible similarities of internal secondary structure (beta turns, alpha helix, and beta sheet) by a second type of predictive formulation indicated that most of the regions calculated to be related on an evolutionary basis were likewise homologous in terms of structure. These results and other considerations suggest that a primitive form of parathyroid hormone, possibly of pituitary origin, existed (or still exists). Parathyroid hormone of higher species likely was formed by gene doubling and fusion of the primitive gene."}
{"id": "PMID:286333", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in cultures of hepatic erythroid cells from the human fetus.", "content": "A recent theory of the control of human fetal hemoglobin synthesis, based on studies in cultured adult marrow, proposes that the phenotypic expression of fetal hemoglobin is largely dependent on the level of differentiation of the parental stem cells; that is, the earlier the progenitor, the greater the ability of its progeny to express fetal hemoglobin [Papayannopoulou, Th., Brice, M. & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2923-2927]. To test this relationship with fetal tissue, we have studied hemoglobin synthesis in cultured human fetal liver, comparing gamma chain synthesis in the descendants of the early progenitors (\"bursts\") with that in the descendants of the later progenitors (\"colonies\"). Cells from the livers of midtrimester fetuses were cultured in methylcellulose with erythropoietin. The beta/(beta + gamma) globin synthetic ratio on days 5 to 7, when colonies predominated, was 0.09-0.11, a value characteristic of fetal reticulocytes, and on days 11 and 12, when bursts predominated, was 0.15-0.17. Thus, in fetal liver, the descendants of the earlier progenitor, the burst-forming unit, may be making more beta chains rather than more gamma chains, compared to descendants of the later progenitor, the colonyforming unit. Our data on fetal liver, taken together with the data on adult marrow by others, suggest that the erythroid colonies express the gene characteristic of the age of the organism to a greater degree than bursts, which express beta and gamma genes less specifically. Thus, the capacity for highly selective gene expression characteristic of differentiated cells appears to be less well developed in the burst-forming unit than in the colony-forming unit.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in cultures of hepatic erythroid cells from the human fetus. A recent theory of the control of human fetal hemoglobin synthesis, based on studies in cultured adult marrow, proposes that the phenotypic expression of fetal hemoglobin is largely dependent on the level of differentiation of the parental stem cells; that is, the earlier the progenitor, the greater the ability of its progeny to express fetal hemoglobin [Papayannopoulou, Th., Brice, M. & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 2923-2927]. To test this relationship with fetal tissue, we have studied hemoglobin synthesis in cultured human fetal liver, comparing gamma chain synthesis in the descendants of the early progenitors (\"bursts\") with that in the descendants of the later progenitors (\"colonies\"). Cells from the livers of midtrimester fetuses were cultured in methylcellulose with erythropoietin. The beta/(beta + gamma) globin synthetic ratio on days 5 to 7, when colonies predominated, was 0.09-0.11, a value characteristic of fetal reticulocytes, and on days 11 and 12, when bursts predominated, was 0.15-0.17. Thus, in fetal liver, the descendants of the earlier progenitor, the burst-forming unit, may be making more beta chains rather than more gamma chains, compared to descendants of the later progenitor, the colonyforming unit. Our data on fetal liver, taken together with the data on adult marrow by others, suggest that the erythroid colonies express the gene characteristic of the age of the organism to a greater degree than bursts, which express beta and gamma genes less specifically. Thus, the capacity for highly selective gene expression characteristic of differentiated cells appears to be less well developed in the burst-forming unit than in the colony-forming unit."}
{"id": "PMID:286334", "title": "Sparing of metabolic stress in Purkinje cells after maximal electroshock.", "content": "Experimental seizures were induced in mice by application of 50 mA for 0.2 sec via corneal electrodes. The reproducible conclusive behavior was characterized by a sequence of 2 sec of tonic flexion, 13 sec of tonic extension, and 8 sec of clonus followed by a postictal depressive stage. The animals were frozen and tissues were prepared for analysis according to Lowry and Passonneau [Lowry, O. H. & Passonneau, J. V. (1972) A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis (Academic, New York)]. Freeze-dried samples (1-10 ng) of pyramidal cell bodies and adjacent neuropil from the parietal cortex and of Purkinje cell bodies and adjacent neuropil from the cerebellum were analyzed for glucose, ATP, and P-creatine (0.01-0.05 pmol). There were marked decreases in these energy stores after the maximal electroshock in three of the areas examined. In the Purkinje cell bodies, however, the metabolic stress was dampened; glucose concentrations decreased, but the levels of ATP were maintained and, to a lesser extent, those of P-creatine. The results indicate that the output from the Purkinje cells is less than in the other regions examined in the excitable stages of the convulsion. The lesser energy debt probably reflects lower energy demand as well as a lower discharge intensity. The fact that Purkinje cells are spared from the metabolic stress imposed on other regions may be a partial explanation of the seizure activity. A diminished output from the Purkinje cells could be a situation that permits cortical convulsive activity.", "contents": "Sparing of metabolic stress in Purkinje cells after maximal electroshock. Experimental seizures were induced in mice by application of 50 mA for 0.2 sec via corneal electrodes. The reproducible conclusive behavior was characterized by a sequence of 2 sec of tonic flexion, 13 sec of tonic extension, and 8 sec of clonus followed by a postictal depressive stage. The animals were frozen and tissues were prepared for analysis according to Lowry and Passonneau [Lowry, O. H. & Passonneau, J. V. (1972) A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis (Academic, New York)]. Freeze-dried samples (1-10 ng) of pyramidal cell bodies and adjacent neuropil from the parietal cortex and of Purkinje cell bodies and adjacent neuropil from the cerebellum were analyzed for glucose, ATP, and P-creatine (0.01-0.05 pmol). There were marked decreases in these energy stores after the maximal electroshock in three of the areas examined. In the Purkinje cell bodies, however, the metabolic stress was dampened; glucose concentrations decreased, but the levels of ATP were maintained and, to a lesser extent, those of P-creatine. The results indicate that the output from the Purkinje cells is less than in the other regions examined in the excitable stages of the convulsion. The lesser energy debt probably reflects lower energy demand as well as a lower discharge intensity. The fact that Purkinje cells are spared from the metabolic stress imposed on other regions may be a partial explanation of the seizure activity. A diminished output from the Purkinje cells could be a situation that permits cortical convulsive activity."}
{"id": "PMID:286335", "title": "Retrograde transport of nerve growth factor in chicken embryo.", "content": "We have demonstrated retrograde transport of nerve growth factor to the dorsal root ganglia in the chicken embryo. Polyacrylamide gel pellets impregnated with 125I-labeled nerve growth factor were implanted subcutaneously in the leg of stage 36 (10-day) chicken embryos. The embryos were killed 8 hr after implantation and were processed for routine autoradiography. Examination revealed significant labeling of all lumbar dorsal root ganglia on the side of the implanted pellet. The lateral motor columns and ventral roots as well as the dorsal roots on both sides were unlabeled. These observations show that in the chicken embryo, during the period of sensory cell sensitivity to nerve growth factor, there is a selective uptake and retrograde transport of nerve growth factor from the target area to the dorsal root ganglia. These observations supplement reports from other laboratories in which selective retrograde transport of nerve growth factor in neonatal and adult rodents has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Retrograde transport of nerve growth factor in chicken embryo. We have demonstrated retrograde transport of nerve growth factor to the dorsal root ganglia in the chicken embryo. Polyacrylamide gel pellets impregnated with 125I-labeled nerve growth factor were implanted subcutaneously in the leg of stage 36 (10-day) chicken embryos. The embryos were killed 8 hr after implantation and were processed for routine autoradiography. Examination revealed significant labeling of all lumbar dorsal root ganglia on the side of the implanted pellet. The lateral motor columns and ventral roots as well as the dorsal roots on both sides were unlabeled. These observations show that in the chicken embryo, during the period of sensory cell sensitivity to nerve growth factor, there is a selective uptake and retrograde transport of nerve growth factor from the target area to the dorsal root ganglia. These observations supplement reports from other laboratories in which selective retrograde transport of nerve growth factor in neonatal and adult rodents has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:286336", "title": "Inactivation of Ca conductance dependent on entry of Ca ions in molluscan neurons.", "content": "Inactivation of the Ca channel of Aplysia neurons was studied in the absence of potassium current in cells that were cesium-loaded with the aid of the ionophore nystatin. Inactivation was substantially decreased by methods that limited Ca entry. Depolarizations commensurate with the equilibrium potential of Ca resulted in minimal inactivation. Replacement of extracellular Ca by Ba also decreased inactivation. It is concluded that inactivation of the Ca channel is a function of the extent of Ca entry rather than membrane potential, thus differing fundamentally from the purely voltage-dependent mechanism for sodium inactivation.", "contents": "Inactivation of Ca conductance dependent on entry of Ca ions in molluscan neurons. Inactivation of the Ca channel of Aplysia neurons was studied in the absence of potassium current in cells that were cesium-loaded with the aid of the ionophore nystatin. Inactivation was substantially decreased by methods that limited Ca entry. Depolarizations commensurate with the equilibrium potential of Ca resulted in minimal inactivation. Replacement of extracellular Ca by Ba also decreased inactivation. It is concluded that inactivation of the Ca channel is a function of the extent of Ca entry rather than membrane potential, thus differing fundamentally from the purely voltage-dependent mechanism for sodium inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:286337", "title": "Inosine, an endogenous ligand of the brain benzodiazepine receptor, antagonizes pentylenetetrazole-evoked seizures.", "content": "Partially purified extracts of bovine brain were previously found to inhibit competitively the binding of [3H]-diazepam to rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The purines inosine and hypoxanthine were subsequently identified as the compounds responsible for this inhibitory activity. Intracerebroventricular administration of inosine to mice of the C3H/HEN and NIH general purpose strains caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the latency to clonicotonic seizures produced by intraperitoneal administration of the convulsant pentylenetetrazole. Intracerebroventricular administration of equimolar doses of 2'-deoxyinosine, which is more potent than inosine in inhibiting the binding of [3H]diazepam in vitro, significantly increased pentylenetetrazole-evoked seizure latency. In contrast, both 7-methylinosine and thymidine were ineffective in inhibiting the in vitro binding of [3H]diazepam and increasing the latency to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in vivo. These results suggest that endogenously occurring purines such as inosine exhibit diazepam like effects when administered intracerebroventricularly, and these effects may be related to the interaction of inosine and related compounds with benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Inosine, an endogenous ligand of the brain benzodiazepine receptor, antagonizes pentylenetetrazole-evoked seizures. Partially purified extracts of bovine brain were previously found to inhibit competitively the binding of [3H]-diazepam to rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The purines inosine and hypoxanthine were subsequently identified as the compounds responsible for this inhibitory activity. Intracerebroventricular administration of inosine to mice of the C3H/HEN and NIH general purpose strains caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the latency to clonicotonic seizures produced by intraperitoneal administration of the convulsant pentylenetetrazole. Intracerebroventricular administration of equimolar doses of 2'-deoxyinosine, which is more potent than inosine in inhibiting the binding of [3H]diazepam in vitro, significantly increased pentylenetetrazole-evoked seizure latency. In contrast, both 7-methylinosine and thymidine were ineffective in inhibiting the in vitro binding of [3H]diazepam and increasing the latency to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in vivo. These results suggest that endogenously occurring purines such as inosine exhibit diazepam like effects when administered intracerebroventricularly, and these effects may be related to the interaction of inosine and related compounds with benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:286338", "title": "Evidence for selection by male mating success in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "Gene arrangement frequencies were determined at two stages in the life history of Drosophila pseudoobscura taken from nature. Three populations in the central highlands of Mexico were each sampled twice during 1976. Gene arrangement frequencies were measured in adult males and in larvae that were the offspring of females collected at the same time. The adult males were in all likelihood a representative sample of those who fathered the larvae produced by the wild females. Differences in gene arrangement frequency between these two life stages should indicate the operation of natural selection. One-third of our comparisons of common gene arrangement frequencies in males and in larvae from the next generation were statistically significant, as were one-third of our comparisons of total frequency arrays in the two life stages. We consider the components of selection that could produce such frequency changes and reason that male mating success must be the major one. Gene arrangement frequencies in the Mexican populations fluctuate within wide bounds. Selection must act to retain the polymorphism in the face of this flux in gene arrangement frequencies, and we suggest that male mating success plays an important role.", "contents": "Evidence for selection by male mating success in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Gene arrangement frequencies were determined at two stages in the life history of Drosophila pseudoobscura taken from nature. Three populations in the central highlands of Mexico were each sampled twice during 1976. Gene arrangement frequencies were measured in adult males and in larvae that were the offspring of females collected at the same time. The adult males were in all likelihood a representative sample of those who fathered the larvae produced by the wild females. Differences in gene arrangement frequency between these two life stages should indicate the operation of natural selection. One-third of our comparisons of common gene arrangement frequencies in males and in larvae from the next generation were statistically significant, as were one-third of our comparisons of total frequency arrays in the two life stages. We consider the components of selection that could produce such frequency changes and reason that male mating success must be the major one. Gene arrangement frequencies in the Mexican populations fluctuate within wide bounds. Selection must act to retain the polymorphism in the face of this flux in gene arrangement frequencies, and we suggest that male mating success plays an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:286368", "title": "Extrahepatic tissue distribution, covalent binding, and toxicity of halothane in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats.", "content": "Single anesthetic (11.5 mmole/kg) and nonanesthetic (4.6 mmole/kg) doses of 1-14C-halothane were administered separately to control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats by the intraperitoneal route. Tissue distribution and covalent binding of the anesthetic agent in the liver, lung, and kidney were determined at 4 and 24 hours after administration. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed that halothane produced necrosis only in the livers of phenobarbital-pretreated rats and only after a period of 24 hours following the anesthetic dose. The lung and kidney appeared normal in all test animals. The liver was the major organ for the uptake, metabolism, and covalent binding of halothane metabolites to tissue proteins. Although similar metabolic activity was observed in the kidney and lung, toxic levels of the halothane metabolites were apparently not attained in these extrahepatic tissues in either control or phenobarbital-pretreated rats.", "contents": "Extrahepatic tissue distribution, covalent binding, and toxicity of halothane in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Single anesthetic (11.5 mmole/kg) and nonanesthetic (4.6 mmole/kg) doses of 1-14C-halothane were administered separately to control and phenobarbital-pretreated rats by the intraperitoneal route. Tissue distribution and covalent binding of the anesthetic agent in the liver, lung, and kidney were determined at 4 and 24 hours after administration. Histopathological examination of the tissues revealed that halothane produced necrosis only in the livers of phenobarbital-pretreated rats and only after a period of 24 hours following the anesthetic dose. The lung and kidney appeared normal in all test animals. The liver was the major organ for the uptake, metabolism, and covalent binding of halothane metabolites to tissue proteins. Although similar metabolic activity was observed in the kidney and lung, toxic levels of the halothane metabolites were apparently not attained in these extrahepatic tissues in either control or phenobarbital-pretreated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:286369", "title": "Chlorhexidine feeding and its effect on growth and intestinal microflora in rats.", "content": "Chlorhexidine digluconate was administered to rats by incorporating the drug in drinking water and by regular gastric intubation. Incorporating the drug in the drinking water resulted in feed and water rejection. Relatively high doses (30 mg/day) could be administered over a period of 30 to 45 days without apparent effect on feed and water intake and growth. The total number of bacteria as well as the number of colony-forming units from cecal samples were determined. Chlorhexidine intake did not reduce the cultivable or total intestinal flora.", "contents": "Chlorhexidine feeding and its effect on growth and intestinal microflora in rats. Chlorhexidine digluconate was administered to rats by incorporating the drug in drinking water and by regular gastric intubation. Incorporating the drug in the drinking water resulted in feed and water rejection. Relatively high doses (30 mg/day) could be administered over a period of 30 to 45 days without apparent effect on feed and water intake and growth. The total number of bacteria as well as the number of colony-forming units from cecal samples were determined. Chlorhexidine intake did not reduce the cultivable or total intestinal flora."}
{"id": "PMID:286370", "title": "Caries prediction from initial measurements in clinical trial subjects.", "content": "The correlation between future caries activity and predictor variables of initial caries experience and surfaces at risk was examined in control-group adolescents in two clinical trials conducted over three years. By modifying and combining the predictors in accordance with clinical observation, 25% of the variance of the DMFS increment was explained compared with the 13% attributable to initial DMFS alone. Seventy percent of the variability in DMFS experience at 14 to 15 years of age was accounted for by caries experience two years earlier.", "contents": "Caries prediction from initial measurements in clinical trial subjects. The correlation between future caries activity and predictor variables of initial caries experience and surfaces at risk was examined in control-group adolescents in two clinical trials conducted over three years. By modifying and combining the predictors in accordance with clinical observation, 25% of the variance of the DMFS increment was explained compared with the 13% attributable to initial DMFS alone. Seventy percent of the variability in DMFS experience at 14 to 15 years of age was accounted for by caries experience two years earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:286371", "title": "Sucrose and sucrose substitutes. Industrial considerations.", "content": "The problem of reducing the sugar content of sugary foods is presented from the food manufacturer's point of view. The distinction is made between the need for artificial sweeteners and the more pressing need for bulking agents with at least some of the technological properties of sugar. In view of the considerable sales success of sugarless confections, accounting for over an estimated 30,000,000 lbs. of sorbitol per annum, the clouded prospect for more general sugar substitution in other food categories is discussed with especial reference to the consequent problems in product claims and nomenclature, and the enormous expense of proving safety and dental claims. Finally, an overview of the competitive consumer and regulatory pressures is given, with an urgent appeal to the dental profession to take the initiative for guiding the food processor to dentally improved foods.", "contents": "Sucrose and sucrose substitutes. Industrial considerations. The problem of reducing the sugar content of sugary foods is presented from the food manufacturer's point of view. The distinction is made between the need for artificial sweeteners and the more pressing need for bulking agents with at least some of the technological properties of sugar. In view of the considerable sales success of sugarless confections, accounting for over an estimated 30,000,000 lbs. of sorbitol per annum, the clouded prospect for more general sugar substitution in other food categories is discussed with especial reference to the consequent problems in product claims and nomenclature, and the enormous expense of proving safety and dental claims. Finally, an overview of the competitive consumer and regulatory pressures is given, with an urgent appeal to the dental profession to take the initiative for guiding the food processor to dentally improved foods."}
{"id": "PMID:286372", "title": "Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment.", "content": "The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book. Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary. Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection. This presentation mainly concerns sugar alcohols and related substances, primarily sorbitol, xylitol and Lycasin. Monosaccharides and other saccharides are not dealt with in this presentation even if some of them are of considerable interest; for example fructose, invert sugar and others. Sugar alcohols are used as substitutes because they cannot be utilized by the vast majority of oral organisms for fermentation, acid production or production of polysaccharides. There is a risk that the oral flora will adapt to these products and that such a substitute, which is originally nonacidogenic, may subsequently be utilized for fermentation and may even induce dental caries.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment. The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book. Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary. Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection. This presentation mainly concerns sugar alcohols and related substances, primarily sorbitol, xylitol and Lycasin. Monosaccharides and other saccharides are not dealt with in this presentation even if some of them are of considerable interest; for example fructose, invert sugar and others. Sugar alcohols are used as substitutes because they cannot be utilized by the vast majority of oral organisms for fermentation, acid production or production of polysaccharides. There is a risk that the oral flora will adapt to these products and that such a substitute, which is originally nonacidogenic, may subsequently be utilized for fermentation and may even induce dental caries."}
{"id": "PMID:286374", "title": "Sugar substitutes in relation to the incidence of clinical and experimental caries.", "content": "Examination of several human studies shows the relationship between sugar intake and dental caries to be complex and partly independent of dosage. Under certain conditions frequent consumption, even in combination with surprisingly low dosage, may lead to high caries incidence. The potential use of sugar substitutes may be based on the concept of replacing sucrose particularly in foodstuffs proven to be highly cariogenic. So far, the evaluation of the cariogenicity of specific sugar substitutes has usually been carried out in comparison to sucrose. Glucose and fructose have thus been found somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. Some polyols, however, may be considered virtually or completely noncariogenic in man. The low caries incidence observed in the clinical trials and most of the experimental studies have to be viewed as a natural consequence of the microbiological and biochemical behavior of these substances. As an entity, perorally administered polyols should be considered to stimulate a number of existing defense mechanisms to caries.", "contents": "Sugar substitutes in relation to the incidence of clinical and experimental caries. Examination of several human studies shows the relationship between sugar intake and dental caries to be complex and partly independent of dosage. Under certain conditions frequent consumption, even in combination with surprisingly low dosage, may lead to high caries incidence. The potential use of sugar substitutes may be based on the concept of replacing sucrose particularly in foodstuffs proven to be highly cariogenic. So far, the evaluation of the cariogenicity of specific sugar substitutes has usually been carried out in comparison to sucrose. Glucose and fructose have thus been found somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. Some polyols, however, may be considered virtually or completely noncariogenic in man. The low caries incidence observed in the clinical trials and most of the experimental studies have to be viewed as a natural consequence of the microbiological and biochemical behavior of these substances. As an entity, perorally administered polyols should be considered to stimulate a number of existing defense mechanisms to caries."}
{"id": "PMID:286376", "title": "Computed tomography of long-bone osteosarcoma.", "content": "Six cases of osteosarcoma, including medullary, parosteal, periosteal, and intracortical types, were studied by computed tomography (CT). In selected cases, CT provided additional preoperative information as to osseous size and soft-tissue extent. CT helped determine intramedullary involvement and specific sites of cortical destruction and thereby helped to plan the surgical approach to biopsy and the definitive excision.", "contents": "Computed tomography of long-bone osteosarcoma. Six cases of osteosarcoma, including medullary, parosteal, periosteal, and intracortical types, were studied by computed tomography (CT). In selected cases, CT provided additional preoperative information as to osseous size and soft-tissue extent. CT helped determine intramedullary involvement and specific sites of cortical destruction and thereby helped to plan the surgical approach to biopsy and the definitive excision."}
{"id": "PMID:286377", "title": "Lymphographic patterns in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs.", "content": "Lymphography revealed the nature of diffuse lymph node involvement in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs, similar to that seen in some malignant hematological diseases or in osteomyelosclerosis. The final stages of transformation into acute lymphoblastic leukemia must also be considered.", "contents": "Lymphographic patterns in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs. Lymphography revealed the nature of diffuse lymph node involvement in systemic mastocytosis with diffuse bone involvement and hematological signs, similar to that seen in some malignant hematological diseases or in osteomyelosclerosis. The final stages of transformation into acute lymphoblastic leukemia must also be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:286415", "title": "[Induced malignant hemopathies. 6 new cases with 1 patient surviving 45 months].", "content": "Among 246 patients (49 with Hodgkin's disease, 29 with multiple myeloma, 75 with other lympho- and immunoproliferative syndromes, 70 with carcinomas and 23 with non-malignant affections) treated by cytostatic or immunosuppressive chemotherapy, 6 developed malignant hemopathy (acute myeloblastic leukemia, erythroleukemia and erythremia) apparently induced during the last 7 1/2 years. In addition, 2 carcinomas have been noted. All have received melphalan or chlorambucil, alone or associated with other cytostatic drugs. 5 out of these 6 patients also underwent radiotherapy. The lenght of chemotherapy ranged between 7 and 110 months and the latency between 45 and 110 months. A \"preleukemic\" cytopenia phase was observed in 4 out of 6 cases. An exceptional 45-month survival was secured in case 1 (acute myeloblastic leukemia in a patient probably cured of Hodgkin's disease IIIB). Observation 2 is the 3rd case ever published of induced acute leukemia in disseminated lupus erythematosus. All these observations are compared with the latest findings in the literature. To the very extent that the utilization of cytostatic drugs produces improvement in the prognosis of very serious diseases, their leukemogenic potential becomes more dangerous and demands limitation of their use.", "contents": "[Induced malignant hemopathies. 6 new cases with 1 patient surviving 45 months]. Among 246 patients (49 with Hodgkin's disease, 29 with multiple myeloma, 75 with other lympho- and immunoproliferative syndromes, 70 with carcinomas and 23 with non-malignant affections) treated by cytostatic or immunosuppressive chemotherapy, 6 developed malignant hemopathy (acute myeloblastic leukemia, erythroleukemia and erythremia) apparently induced during the last 7 1/2 years. In addition, 2 carcinomas have been noted. All have received melphalan or chlorambucil, alone or associated with other cytostatic drugs. 5 out of these 6 patients also underwent radiotherapy. The lenght of chemotherapy ranged between 7 and 110 months and the latency between 45 and 110 months. A \"preleukemic\" cytopenia phase was observed in 4 out of 6 cases. An exceptional 45-month survival was secured in case 1 (acute myeloblastic leukemia in a patient probably cured of Hodgkin's disease IIIB). Observation 2 is the 3rd case ever published of induced acute leukemia in disseminated lupus erythematosus. All these observations are compared with the latest findings in the literature. To the very extent that the utilization of cytostatic drugs produces improvement in the prognosis of very serious diseases, their leukemogenic potential becomes more dangerous and demands limitation of their use."}
{"id": "PMID:286421", "title": "Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor promoters.", "content": "Phorbol diester tumor promoters and the promoter mezerein convert human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture into adherent, nonproliferating cells with many of the characteristics of macrophages. Other types of promoters such as anthralin, phenobarbital, and saccharin do not have this effect. Various compounds that can inhibit some of the biological and biochemical effects of tumor promoters do not interfere with the induction of cell adherence and differentiation by the effective promoters.", "contents": "Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor promoters. Phorbol diester tumor promoters and the promoter mezerein convert human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture into adherent, nonproliferating cells with many of the characteristics of macrophages. Other types of promoters such as anthralin, phenobarbital, and saccharin do not have this effect. Various compounds that can inhibit some of the biological and biochemical effects of tumor promoters do not interfere with the induction of cell adherence and differentiation by the effective promoters."}
{"id": "PMID:286447", "title": "Complications of optic disc pits.", "content": "Sixteen cases of optic disc pits have been examined during the past eight years at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital. All but one had visual loss because of macular involvement, ranging from shallow serous detachment to macular hole. The pit was found to be only a part of the optic disc abnormalities and its direct role as a channel for accumulating retinal and subretinal extracellular fluid is being questioned.", "contents": "Complications of optic disc pits. Sixteen cases of optic disc pits have been examined during the past eight years at the Birmingham and Midland Eye Hospital. All but one had visual loss because of macular involvement, ranging from shallow serous detachment to macular hole. The pit was found to be only a part of the optic disc abnormalities and its direct role as a channel for accumulating retinal and subretinal extracellular fluid is being questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:286449", "title": "Postoperative pain in ophthalmology.", "content": "A survey of 100 consecutive patients suggests that, overall, ophthalmic surgery is not as painful postoperatively as general surgery. Cataracts are largely painless. Retinal detachments may sometimes give rise to postoperative pain like that in general surgery, but the numbers available are not yet sufficient for statistical analysis. Routine postoperative analgesia for encirclement procedures in retinal detachment patients should be considered for at least the first 18 hours after operation.", "contents": "Postoperative pain in ophthalmology. A survey of 100 consecutive patients suggests that, overall, ophthalmic surgery is not as painful postoperatively as general surgery. Cataracts are largely painless. Retinal detachments may sometimes give rise to postoperative pain like that in general surgery, but the numbers available are not yet sufficient for statistical analysis. Routine postoperative analgesia for encirclement procedures in retinal detachment patients should be considered for at least the first 18 hours after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:286450", "title": "New hypothesis of developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with glaucoma.", "content": "The group of congenital and developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with increased intraocular pressure has been difficult to interpret from an embryologic perspective which would take into account the ocular defects as well as associated systemic abnormalities. A new hypothesis is presented which suggests that the ocular and systemic defects can be explained by abnormalities in migration or terminal induction of neural-crest cells. These cells represent the initial population which differentiates into the diversity of cell types that appear to be involved in both the ocular and systemic manifestation of this group of anterior chamber anomalies.", "contents": "New hypothesis of developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with glaucoma. The group of congenital and developmental anomalies of the anterior chamber associated with increased intraocular pressure has been difficult to interpret from an embryologic perspective which would take into account the ocular defects as well as associated systemic abnormalities. A new hypothesis is presented which suggests that the ocular and systemic defects can be explained by abnormalities in migration or terminal induction of neural-crest cells. These cells represent the initial population which differentiates into the diversity of cell types that appear to be involved in both the ocular and systemic manifestation of this group of anterior chamber anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:286456", "title": "Histological changes in the internal retinal layers produced by concussive injuries to the globe. An experimental study.", "content": "The level of lesions within the human retina causing transient post-concussive retinal opacification (Berlin's oedema) remains unclear, as histological examination of this tissue is rarely  possible before the ophthalmoscopic changes resolve. Studies in vivo of retinae in man and experimental animals previously subjected to blunt, nonperforating mechanical injuries suggest that the development of intracellular oedema may be the principal reason why the retina becomes opaque. The retinae of experimental animals (pigs), whose eyes had been subjected to concussive injuries, were examined histologically after the removal and fixation of the globes, at periods ranging from a few minutes to 7 days after trauma. Disturbances were noted in the inner retinal layers immediately after trauma, which included transient swelling of the mitochondria in the nerve fibres lasting for only a few hours, and marked intracellular oedema of the glial elements which took 2 to 3 days to resolve.", "contents": "Histological changes in the internal retinal layers produced by concussive injuries to the globe. An experimental study. The level of lesions within the human retina causing transient post-concussive retinal opacification (Berlin's oedema) remains unclear, as histological examination of this tissue is rarely  possible before the ophthalmoscopic changes resolve. Studies in vivo of retinae in man and experimental animals previously subjected to blunt, nonperforating mechanical injuries suggest that the development of intracellular oedema may be the principal reason why the retina becomes opaque. The retinae of experimental animals (pigs), whose eyes had been subjected to concussive injuries, were examined histologically after the removal and fixation of the globes, at periods ranging from a few minutes to 7 days after trauma. Disturbances were noted in the inner retinal layers immediately after trauma, which included transient swelling of the mitochondria in the nerve fibres lasting for only a few hours, and marked intracellular oedema of the glial elements which took 2 to 3 days to resolve."}
{"id": "PMID:286461", "title": "The solution of the problem.", "content": "Diabetic retinopathy is now a treatable condition, in which blindness can be prevented in a large number of patients. To achieve this, physicians have to screen patients for retinopathy and control diabetes adequately. Ophthalmologists should acquire the expertise of photocoagulation and instruct others in the assessment of retinopathy. Regional centres (one or more per Region) should be set up around interested individuals. These centres' main function is to give prompt treatment facilities to patients and to educate ophthalmologists and physicians in the management of retinopathy. They should also be the centres of advances in treatment. If physicians and ophthalmologists work together, blindness may indeed be prevented in diabetic patients.", "contents": "The solution of the problem. Diabetic retinopathy is now a treatable condition, in which blindness can be prevented in a large number of patients. To achieve this, physicians have to screen patients for retinopathy and control diabetes adequately. Ophthalmologists should acquire the expertise of photocoagulation and instruct others in the assessment of retinopathy. Regional centres (one or more per Region) should be set up around interested individuals. These centres' main function is to give prompt treatment facilities to patients and to educate ophthalmologists and physicians in the management of retinopathy. They should also be the centres of advances in treatment. If physicians and ophthalmologists work together, blindness may indeed be prevented in diabetic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:286464", "title": "Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa is considered in three stages: what can be done at present; what is likely to be achieved within the next few years; and what can be envisaged for the more distant future.", "contents": "Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa. Prevention of blindness from retinitis pigmentosa is considered in three stages: what can be done at present; what is likely to be achieved within the next few years; and what can be envisaged for the more distant future."}
{"id": "PMID:286467", "title": "In vitro function of chronic myelocytic leukemia granulocytes. Effects of irradiation and storage.", "content": "Granulocyte function was studied in 9 patients with untreated, Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by stimulated granulocytes was impaired in all patients; 4 patients also had diminished phagocytosis and 2 others defective chemotaxis. In spite of this variety of polymorphonuclear (PMN) functional impairments, there is little evidence of increased susceptibility to infections in CML patients. This suggests that CML-PMN leucocytes (PMNs) may be successfully used for transfusion into neutropenic recipients, as previously reported. To evaluate the effects of irradiation and liquid storage on CML-PMNs, 5 of our patients were subjected to leukapheresis by continuous-flow centrifugation in the Aminco Celltrifuge, and granulocyte functional capacities were also evaluated on the cell-rich plasma immediately after collection and after short-term storage at 4 degrees C with or without irradiation (1500 rads). As evaluated by in vitro studies, granulocytes maintained, even after irradiation, functional activities similar to those found immediately after collection up to 24 h of storage at 4 degrees C and presented a moderate loss of function after 48 h. Chemotaxis appeared to be the most sensitive detector for cellular damage of stored leucocytes, irradiated and non-irradiated, so that it might be used for assessment of leucocyte function before transfusion.", "contents": "In vitro function of chronic myelocytic leukemia granulocytes. Effects of irradiation and storage. Granulocyte function was studied in 9 patients with untreated, Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by stimulated granulocytes was impaired in all patients; 4 patients also had diminished phagocytosis and 2 others defective chemotaxis. In spite of this variety of polymorphonuclear (PMN) functional impairments, there is little evidence of increased susceptibility to infections in CML patients. This suggests that CML-PMN leucocytes (PMNs) may be successfully used for transfusion into neutropenic recipients, as previously reported. To evaluate the effects of irradiation and liquid storage on CML-PMNs, 5 of our patients were subjected to leukapheresis by continuous-flow centrifugation in the Aminco Celltrifuge, and granulocyte functional capacities were also evaluated on the cell-rich plasma immediately after collection and after short-term storage at 4 degrees C with or without irradiation (1500 rads). As evaluated by in vitro studies, granulocytes maintained, even after irradiation, functional activities similar to those found immediately after collection up to 24 h of storage at 4 degrees C and presented a moderate loss of function after 48 h. Chemotaxis appeared to be the most sensitive detector for cellular damage of stored leucocytes, irradiated and non-irradiated, so that it might be used for assessment of leucocyte function before transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:286469", "title": "Acute monocytic leukemia in an irradiated Beagle.", "content": "A purebred female Beagle dog that had received 2,000 R of protracted wholebody gamma-irradiation from 60Co when 14 months old had hematologic changes consistent with a myeloproliferative disorder 3 years after the termination of radiation exposure. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings during the 7-month period before death showed progressive anemia with increased numbers of platelets; immature granulocytes, monocytes and promonocytes. A period of partial remission occurred during which time the peripheral blood was aleukemic, although there was marked thrombocytosis and abnormal erythropoiesis which was evidenced by bizarre circulating nucleated red cells, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. The dog had a terminal crisis with marked leukocytosis, most cells in the peripheral blood being bizarre monocytes and promonocytes. Tissues obtained at necropsy showed diffuse as well as focal infiltration of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal wall with immature neoplastic cells resembling monocytes and monocytic precursors. The monocytic differentiation of the invasive cell population was confirmed by morphological, cytochemical, histological, ultrastructural and in vitro cell culture studies.", "contents": "Acute monocytic leukemia in an irradiated Beagle. A purebred female Beagle dog that had received 2,000 R of protracted wholebody gamma-irradiation from 60Co when 14 months old had hematologic changes consistent with a myeloproliferative disorder 3 years after the termination of radiation exposure. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings during the 7-month period before death showed progressive anemia with increased numbers of platelets; immature granulocytes, monocytes and promonocytes. A period of partial remission occurred during which time the peripheral blood was aleukemic, although there was marked thrombocytosis and abnormal erythropoiesis which was evidenced by bizarre circulating nucleated red cells, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. The dog had a terminal crisis with marked leukocytosis, most cells in the peripheral blood being bizarre monocytes and promonocytes. Tissues obtained at necropsy showed diffuse as well as focal infiltration of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal wall with immature neoplastic cells resembling monocytes and monocytic precursors. The monocytic differentiation of the invasive cell population was confirmed by morphological, cytochemical, histological, ultrastructural and in vitro cell culture studies."}
{"id": "PMID:286487", "title": "Amyloid fibril proteins found in Papua New Guinean and other amyloidoses.", "content": "Recent studies have established that amyloid fibrils found in different clinical conditions differ in the nature of their constituent proteins. In primary amyloidosis and in amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinaemia the amyloid fibrils are usually largely composed of fragments of immunoglobulin light chains. In secondary amyloidosis, protein AA, a unique protein unrelated to immunoglobulins, is the major component of the fibrils. Other chemical types of amyloid have been described in primary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in senile cardiac amyloidosis. In Papua New Guinea amyloidosis is seen secondary to chronic infections such as leprosy and tuberculosis as well as in patients without an apparent predisposing disease. The amyloid proteins obtained from a representative range of Papua New Guinean patients have been characterised and in all cases examined the amyloid was found to be of the protein AA or secondary type. Current research into the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis centres on the mechanisms whereby protein AA is derived from the presumed precursor molecule, protein SAA, which is a normal acute-phase reactant.", "contents": "Amyloid fibril proteins found in Papua New Guinean and other amyloidoses. Recent studies have established that amyloid fibrils found in different clinical conditions differ in the nature of their constituent proteins. In primary amyloidosis and in amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma or macroglobulinaemia the amyloid fibrils are usually largely composed of fragments of immunoglobulin light chains. In secondary amyloidosis, protein AA, a unique protein unrelated to immunoglobulins, is the major component of the fibrils. Other chemical types of amyloid have been described in primary medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and in senile cardiac amyloidosis. In Papua New Guinea amyloidosis is seen secondary to chronic infections such as leprosy and tuberculosis as well as in patients without an apparent predisposing disease. The amyloid proteins obtained from a representative range of Papua New Guinean patients have been characterised and in all cases examined the amyloid was found to be of the protein AA or secondary type. Current research into the pathogenesis of secondary amyloidosis centres on the mechanisms whereby protein AA is derived from the presumed precursor molecule, protein SAA, which is a normal acute-phase reactant."}
{"id": "PMID:286488", "title": "The conflicting role of parasitic infections in modulating the prevalence of asthma.", "content": "Nothwithstanding difficulties associated with the limitations of survey techniques and methodology employed to define asthma, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that the reported differences in the prevalence rates of this disease from country to country and within local populations of the one country are real. It is accepted that allergy is not the sole cause of asthma but nonetheless hypersensitivity to environmental allergens is a significant triggering factor in most countries of the world. Comparisons between countries might therefore be influenced by the time of the year when the survey is taken since the prevalence of seasonal asthma would be higher in the period of pollinosis. Environmental factors, and in particular the relative atmospheric concentrations of pollens and the density of house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) in dwellings, must therefore be considered when accumulating prevalence data. The prevalence rate for childhood asthma is high in Australia, United Kingdom, United States of America and New Zealand, and medium to low in the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. It is not clear what factors contribute toward these differences since several studies indicate that racial characteristics per se are not pre-eminent in defining susceptibility to asthma. Most surveys indicate that the prevalence of childhood asthma is low to very low among low-income populations living in tropical areas. While it is possible to implicate inadequate diagnosis, genetic factors, nutritional status and allergen exposure as factors contributing towards the low prevalence, it has become fashionable to attribute this observation to the influence of certain helminthic infections. Parasites stimulate the production of high levels of serum IgE, the bulk of which has as yet an undetermined specificity. The suggestion that this IgE blocks mast cell receptors leaving insufficient sites available for sensitization by allergen-specific IgE antibody is attractive. However, since the kinetics of binding to mast cell receptors is unlikely to be the same for all IgE molecules, irrespective of their specificity, this hypothesis appears to be an oversimplification of the problem. It is more likely that parasitic infections repress the synthesis of IgE antibody to environmental allergens, although the mechanism for this is unclear. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the time course of exposure to parasites versus sensitization by environmental allergens may be critical. Another possibility is that parasitic infections in some way nullify the effect of allergens at the level of the target organ, perhaps through the modulating role of eosinophils. If it is established that parasitic infections, particularly in early childhood, suppress the capacity of potentially atopic children to develop asthma and other allergic disorders, there would be some justification in attempting to circumvent allergic disorders in susceptible individuals by a harmless preparation of parasite antigens.", "contents": "The conflicting role of parasitic infections in modulating the prevalence of asthma. Nothwithstanding difficulties associated with the limitations of survey techniques and methodology employed to define asthma, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that the reported differences in the prevalence rates of this disease from country to country and within local populations of the one country are real. It is accepted that allergy is not the sole cause of asthma but nonetheless hypersensitivity to environmental allergens is a significant triggering factor in most countries of the world. Comparisons between countries might therefore be influenced by the time of the year when the survey is taken since the prevalence of seasonal asthma would be higher in the period of pollinosis. Environmental factors, and in particular the relative atmospheric concentrations of pollens and the density of house dust mite (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) in dwellings, must therefore be considered when accumulating prevalence data. The prevalence rate for childhood asthma is high in Australia, United Kingdom, United States of America and New Zealand, and medium to low in the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. It is not clear what factors contribute toward these differences since several studies indicate that racial characteristics per se are not pre-eminent in defining susceptibility to asthma. Most surveys indicate that the prevalence of childhood asthma is low to very low among low-income populations living in tropical areas. While it is possible to implicate inadequate diagnosis, genetic factors, nutritional status and allergen exposure as factors contributing towards the low prevalence, it has become fashionable to attribute this observation to the influence of certain helminthic infections. Parasites stimulate the production of high levels of serum IgE, the bulk of which has as yet an undetermined specificity. The suggestion that this IgE blocks mast cell receptors leaving insufficient sites available for sensitization by allergen-specific IgE antibody is attractive. However, since the kinetics of binding to mast cell receptors is unlikely to be the same for all IgE molecules, irrespective of their specificity, this hypothesis appears to be an oversimplification of the problem. It is more likely that parasitic infections repress the synthesis of IgE antibody to environmental allergens, although the mechanism for this is unclear. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the time course of exposure to parasites versus sensitization by environmental allergens may be critical. Another possibility is that parasitic infections in some way nullify the effect of allergens at the level of the target organ, perhaps through the modulating role of eosinophils. If it is established that parasitic infections, particularly in early childhood, suppress the capacity of potentially atopic children to develop asthma and other allergic disorders, there would be some justification in attempting to circumvent allergic disorders in susceptible individuals by a harmless preparation of parasite antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:286498", "title": "Progeny of survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Eight successful pregnancies and one spontaneous abortion have been observed in 5 women belonging to a group of 212 Nordic children who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued before January 1, 1978. Furthermore a young leukemic man was the father of a healthy child after 4 years of intensive cytostatic therapy. No malformations have been observed in the progeny of these treated individuals.", "contents": "Progeny of survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Eight successful pregnancies and one spontaneous abortion have been observed in 5 women belonging to a group of 212 Nordic children who had their antileukemic therapy discontinued before January 1, 1978. Furthermore a young leukemic man was the father of a healthy child after 4 years of intensive cytostatic therapy. No malformations have been observed in the progeny of these treated individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:286502", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of aortic obstruction.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of aortic obstruction occurring at multiple levels of the left ventricular outflow tract are discribed. Specific pathologic entities considered include coarctation of the aorta, supravalvular, valvular, and discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, as well as functional or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. At each of these levels the cross-sectional method permits direct visualization of the obstructing lesion, it's morphologic characteristics, and extent. In addition the relationship of the area of obstruction to more normal surrounding areas of the outflow tract can be assessed. Studies at the supravalvular and valvular levels indicate the direct imaging of the stenotic area may permit estimation of severity. At the subvalvular level the patterns of development of functional obstruction can be examined and the mechanisms of this type of obstruction further illucidated. Finally in addition to direct visualization of individual areas of obstruction it is possible to detect or exclude areas of concommittant obstruction at other levels of the outflow tract. Cross-sectional echocardiography therefore represents a rapid, non-invasive method for visualizing the location, extent, severity, and dynamic nature of lesions producing obstruction to left ventricular outflow.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic assessment of aortic obstruction. Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of aortic obstruction occurring at multiple levels of the left ventricular outflow tract are discribed. Specific pathologic entities considered include coarctation of the aorta, supravalvular, valvular, and discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, as well as functional or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. At each of these levels the cross-sectional method permits direct visualization of the obstructing lesion, it's morphologic characteristics, and extent. In addition the relationship of the area of obstruction to more normal surrounding areas of the outflow tract can be assessed. Studies at the supravalvular and valvular levels indicate the direct imaging of the stenotic area may permit estimation of severity. At the subvalvular level the patterns of development of functional obstruction can be examined and the mechanisms of this type of obstruction further illucidated. Finally in addition to direct visualization of individual areas of obstruction it is possible to detect or exclude areas of concommittant obstruction at other levels of the outflow tract. Cross-sectional echocardiography therefore represents a rapid, non-invasive method for visualizing the location, extent, severity, and dynamic nature of lesions producing obstruction to left ventricular outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:286505", "title": "Accuracy and usefulness of echoventriculography in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Echoventriculography is a noninvasive and three-dimensional ultrasonic technique capable to assess in detail the regional performance of the left ventricle. Therefore the mechanical performance of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction is informatively assessed by the composite contributions made by infarcted and noninfarcted segments. Its reliability has been confirmed by direct cineangiographic and autopsy correlations. In clinical decision making such direct information is of great value both for diagnosis and therapeutic selection. In the coronary care unit echoventriculography provides most information obtained by the less feasible invasive cineangiographic examinations.", "contents": "Accuracy and usefulness of echoventriculography in acute myocardial infarction. Echoventriculography is a noninvasive and three-dimensional ultrasonic technique capable to assess in detail the regional performance of the left ventricle. Therefore the mechanical performance of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction is informatively assessed by the composite contributions made by infarcted and noninfarcted segments. Its reliability has been confirmed by direct cineangiographic and autopsy correlations. In clinical decision making such direct information is of great value both for diagnosis and therapeutic selection. In the coronary care unit echoventriculography provides most information obtained by the less feasible invasive cineangiographic examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:286508", "title": "Pulmonary valve motion in valvular pulmonary stenosis in childhood.", "content": "Echocardiography tracings of the pulmonary valve was recorded in 16 patients with pulmonic stenosis (PS) ranging in ages from 6 to 14 years (average 10 years). 11 patients had an isolated PS and 5 had a PS associated with atrial septal defect. In 2 patients with mild PS (gradient 15 mm Hg) the depth of the \"a\" wave  was normal: 3 and 4 mm. In 14 patients with moderate or severe PS (gradient 40 mm to 200 mm Hg), the maximal depth of the \"a\" wave was less than 6 mm in 2 patients, and more than 6 mm in 12 patients (range 7 to 15 mm, average 10 mm). The motion of both anterior and posterior pulmonary valve leaflets was well recorded in 3 patients with severe PS. The \"a\" wave showed a posterior motion of the posterior leaflets and an anterior motion of the anterior leaflet. This motion is due to the premature pulmonary valve opening.", "contents": "Pulmonary valve motion in valvular pulmonary stenosis in childhood. Echocardiography tracings of the pulmonary valve was recorded in 16 patients with pulmonic stenosis (PS) ranging in ages from 6 to 14 years (average 10 years). 11 patients had an isolated PS and 5 had a PS associated with atrial septal defect. In 2 patients with mild PS (gradient 15 mm Hg) the depth of the \"a\" wave  was normal: 3 and 4 mm. In 14 patients with moderate or severe PS (gradient 40 mm to 200 mm Hg), the maximal depth of the \"a\" wave was less than 6 mm in 2 patients, and more than 6 mm in 12 patients (range 7 to 15 mm, average 10 mm). The motion of both anterior and posterior pulmonary valve leaflets was well recorded in 3 patients with severe PS. The \"a\" wave showed a posterior motion of the posterior leaflets and an anterior motion of the anterior leaflet. This motion is due to the premature pulmonary valve opening."}
{"id": "PMID:286510", "title": "Two-dimensional echocardiography in atrioventricular canal malformation: a diagnostic approach.", "content": "Two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 20 children with various forms of atrio-ventricular canal malformation. Both sagittal and transverse cross-sections were evaluated. The most typical finding in all patients was the visualization of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet (AML) represented by a diastolic break of AML echoes in the sagittal cross-section. - In cases where the AML is attached to the interventricular septum, varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract narrowing and elongation were observed. In the transverse cross-section mitral-tricuspid alignment could be observed at the level of the aortic root. The ventricular septal defect in complete AVC was visualized as an echo-free space between the common anterior leaflet and the interventricular septum.", "contents": "Two-dimensional echocardiography in atrioventricular canal malformation: a diagnostic approach. Two-dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 20 children with various forms of atrio-ventricular canal malformation. Both sagittal and transverse cross-sections were evaluated. The most typical finding in all patients was the visualization of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet (AML) represented by a diastolic break of AML echoes in the sagittal cross-section. - In cases where the AML is attached to the interventricular septum, varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract narrowing and elongation were observed. In the transverse cross-section mitral-tricuspid alignment could be observed at the level of the aortic root. The ventricular septal defect in complete AVC was visualized as an echo-free space between the common anterior leaflet and the interventricular septum."}
{"id": "PMID:286515", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in ventricular septal rupture and anterior wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction.", "content": "Echocardiographic findings in a patient with ventricular septal rupture and anterolateral wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction are presented. The findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization and surgery. Using M-mode ultrasonocardiography one was able to demonstrate and localize the aneurysm as well as the ventricular septal defect which presented as an oblique interventricular communication appearing only during systole. Thus echocardiography supplemented the invasive examinations in exactly revealing the site of ventricular septal rupture. Other echocardiographic features of ventricular septal rupture were right ventricular dilatation, pathological septal motion and abnormal tricuspid valve motion as recently reported by other authors.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in ventricular septal rupture and anterior wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction. Echocardiographic findings in a patient with ventricular septal rupture and anterolateral wall aneurysm complicating myocardial infarction are presented. The findings were confirmed by cardiac catheterization and surgery. Using M-mode ultrasonocardiography one was able to demonstrate and localize the aneurysm as well as the ventricular septal defect which presented as an oblique interventricular communication appearing only during systole. Thus echocardiography supplemented the invasive examinations in exactly revealing the site of ventricular septal rupture. Other echocardiographic features of ventricular septal rupture were right ventricular dilatation, pathological septal motion and abnormal tricuspid valve motion as recently reported by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:286519", "title": "Ultrasound fluoroscopy--what is it, and our approach to your requirements.", "content": "A discussion on Ultrasound Fluoroscopy and how it relates to the traditional Real Time Instrumentation. This paper covers the various types of Ultrasound Fluoroscopy Instrumentation, a few of the advantages and disadvantages of each and Unirad Corporation's approach to Ultrasound Fluoroscopy. Also detailed discussions on the technical differences between their approach and the traditional Real Time Instrumentation itemizing electronic beam resolution control in some detail as to its advantages, complexity and comparison to Real Time (Non-focused) and the traditional single element Ultrasound Instruments.", "contents": "Ultrasound fluoroscopy--what is it, and our approach to your requirements. A discussion on Ultrasound Fluoroscopy and how it relates to the traditional Real Time Instrumentation. This paper covers the various types of Ultrasound Fluoroscopy Instrumentation, a few of the advantages and disadvantages of each and Unirad Corporation's approach to Ultrasound Fluoroscopy. Also detailed discussions on the technical differences between their approach and the traditional Real Time Instrumentation itemizing electronic beam resolution control in some detail as to its advantages, complexity and comparison to Real Time (Non-focused) and the traditional single element Ultrasound Instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:286520", "title": "Phased array cardiac imaging: system operation, results and clinical role.", "content": "Proper clinical use of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography depends upon three major factors: the clinical questions posed of these imaging devices, the interrelationship of this technique with other imaging techniques and the quality of the ultrasonic image. The Duke experience with this technique has been primarily based on results obtained with a focused, phased array imaging system over the last three years. During this period of time we have observed that high-resolution, cross-sectional ultrasonic images of cardiac structures provide unique diagnostic information that is not possible by any other method. Similarly, this type of information allows the clinician to pose new questions concerning the use of diagnostic ultrasound in patient care. Improvements in image quality that have accompanied the addition of new scan formats and a broad-band transducer have enhanced the clinical reliability of diagnostic information.", "contents": "Phased array cardiac imaging: system operation, results and clinical role. Proper clinical use of real-time, two-dimensional echocardiography depends upon three major factors: the clinical questions posed of these imaging devices, the interrelationship of this technique with other imaging techniques and the quality of the ultrasonic image. The Duke experience with this technique has been primarily based on results obtained with a focused, phased array imaging system over the last three years. During this period of time we have observed that high-resolution, cross-sectional ultrasonic images of cardiac structures provide unique diagnostic information that is not possible by any other method. Similarly, this type of information allows the clinician to pose new questions concerning the use of diagnostic ultrasound in patient care. Improvements in image quality that have accompanied the addition of new scan formats and a broad-band transducer have enhanced the clinical reliability of diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:286523", "title": "Technical aspects of single transducer echocardiography.", "content": "In echocardiographic recordings optimal amplification and A-mode control should be used. In wall motion analysis greater accuracy is obtained by utilization of enlarged display scale. When these technical aspects are taken into consideration accurate and reproducible recordings are obtained.", "contents": "Technical aspects of single transducer echocardiography. In echocardiographic recordings optimal amplification and A-mode control should be used. In wall motion analysis greater accuracy is obtained by utilization of enlarged display scale. When these technical aspects are taken into consideration accurate and reproducible recordings are obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:286549", "title": "Iris involvement in granulocytic sarcoma.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with a diagnosis of acute myeoblastic leukemia in remission developed iris infiltration accompanied by uveitis, hypopyon, and vitreous hemorrhage, which was initially unilateral, later becoming bilateral. Pathologically, the eyes showed leukemic infiltrates in the conjunctiva, episclera, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, canal of Schlemm, choroid, vitreous, and the iris. Leder stain studies showed positive esterase activity, indicating granulocytic sarcoma. Granulocytic sarcoma may appear intraocularly as iris nodules. These iris nodules may be the initial manifestation of granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Iris involvement in granulocytic sarcoma. A 6-year-old boy with a diagnosis of acute myeoblastic leukemia in remission developed iris infiltration accompanied by uveitis, hypopyon, and vitreous hemorrhage, which was initially unilateral, later becoming bilateral. Pathologically, the eyes showed leukemic infiltrates in the conjunctiva, episclera, sclera, ciliary body, trabecular meshwork, canal of Schlemm, choroid, vitreous, and the iris. Leder stain studies showed positive esterase activity, indicating granulocytic sarcoma. Granulocytic sarcoma may appear intraocularly as iris nodules. These iris nodules may be the initial manifestation of granulocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286550", "title": "Second tumors in nonirradiated bilateral retinoblastoma.", "content": "We reviewed the records of 1,323 patients with retinoblastoma treated here between 1922 and 1978. Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral enucleation alone and received no additional treatment for their advanced tumors. Of the 28 patients, 22 (92%) survived. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and two died of metastatic retinoblastoma. Of 22 survivors of bilateral retinoblastoma treated with enucleation alone, three developed second tumors at a mean of 15.3 years after bilateral enucleation. One patient developed a rhabdomyosarcoma in the left temple region, the second patient developed an osteogenic sarcoma of the right femur, and the third developed a malignant melanoma of the left thigh. All three patients died of their disease. The incidence of second tumors in patients who survived bilateral retinoblastoma treated without radiation was 14% (three patients), which is comparable to a series previously reported in which patients were treated with enucleation and irradiation.", "contents": "Second tumors in nonirradiated bilateral retinoblastoma. We reviewed the records of 1,323 patients with retinoblastoma treated here between 1922 and 1978. Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral enucleation alone and received no additional treatment for their advanced tumors. Of the 28 patients, 22 (92%) survived. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and two died of metastatic retinoblastoma. Of 22 survivors of bilateral retinoblastoma treated with enucleation alone, three developed second tumors at a mean of 15.3 years after bilateral enucleation. One patient developed a rhabdomyosarcoma in the left temple region, the second patient developed an osteogenic sarcoma of the right femur, and the third developed a malignant melanoma of the left thigh. All three patients died of their disease. The incidence of second tumors in patients who survived bilateral retinoblastoma treated without radiation was 14% (three patients), which is comparable to a series previously reported in which patients were treated with enucleation and irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:286551", "title": "Combined orthodontic-surgical correction of moderate mandibular deficiency.", "content": "Carefully planned, coordinated, and executed orthodontic and surgical treatment is a viable alternative to traditional orthodontic treatment of patients with moderate mandibular deficiency. Recognition of their clinical manifestations is essential to distinguish between relative and absolute mandibular deficiency. If after clinical analysis of the Class II patient, esthetic priorities are established to maintain a balanced relationship between the upper lip and nose and not reduce the prominence of the upper lip, mandibular deficiency must be treated by surgical advancement of the mandible, superior repositioning of the maxilla, and consequent autorotational movement of the mandible forward and upward, or a combination of these procedures. The common denominator of successful therapy of absolute mandibular deficiency involves surgery to advance the mandible; relative mandibular deficiency, on the other hand, is treated by maxillary surgery to reposition the maxilla superiorly to allow forward and upward movement of the retropositioned mandible (autorotation). In actual clinical practice many patients manifest a combination of absolute and relative mandibular deficiency and are treated by maxillary and mandibular surgery. Lateral maxillary osteotomies, in concert with rapid maxillary expansion and genioplasty to alter the dimensions of the chin, are essential adjunctive surgical procedures to achieve three-dimensional esthetic and occlusal balance.", "contents": "Combined orthodontic-surgical correction of moderate mandibular deficiency. Carefully planned, coordinated, and executed orthodontic and surgical treatment is a viable alternative to traditional orthodontic treatment of patients with moderate mandibular deficiency. Recognition of their clinical manifestations is essential to distinguish between relative and absolute mandibular deficiency. If after clinical analysis of the Class II patient, esthetic priorities are established to maintain a balanced relationship between the upper lip and nose and not reduce the prominence of the upper lip, mandibular deficiency must be treated by surgical advancement of the mandible, superior repositioning of the maxilla, and consequent autorotational movement of the mandible forward and upward, or a combination of these procedures. The common denominator of successful therapy of absolute mandibular deficiency involves surgery to advance the mandible; relative mandibular deficiency, on the other hand, is treated by maxillary surgery to reposition the maxilla superiorly to allow forward and upward movement of the retropositioned mandible (autorotation). In actual clinical practice many patients manifest a combination of absolute and relative mandibular deficiency and are treated by maxillary and mandibular surgery. Lateral maxillary osteotomies, in concert with rapid maxillary expansion and genioplasty to alter the dimensions of the chin, are essential adjunctive surgical procedures to achieve three-dimensional esthetic and occlusal balance."}
{"id": "PMID:286552", "title": "Body image, self-concept, and the orthodontic patient.", "content": "Four major criterion groups--orthodontic retention patients, prospective orthodontic patients, a population sample, and mothers of prospective patients--were established. Appropriate relationships between groups and subgroups were studied with regard to body-image and self-concept satisfaction, to body-image and self-concept importance, and other factors. The findings include the following: 1. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction of importance between prospective orthodontic patients and the population sample. 2. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance between prospective orthodontic patients and orthodontic patients in retention. 3. There was a significant difference between prospective orthodontic patients' self-concept importance and their mother's perception of self-concept importance. There teen-agers placed more emphasis on their self-concept than did their mothers. 4. There was no significant difference between any of the groups in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance with change in age (11 to 16 years). 5. Girls scored significantly lower in both body-image and self-concept satisfaction than did the boys at these ages (11 to 16 years). 6. Patients with Class III malocclusion scored significantly lower than the other malocclusion groups in all categories of body-image and self-concept satisfaction and importance.", "contents": "Body image, self-concept, and the orthodontic patient. Four major criterion groups--orthodontic retention patients, prospective orthodontic patients, a population sample, and mothers of prospective patients--were established. Appropriate relationships between groups and subgroups were studied with regard to body-image and self-concept satisfaction, to body-image and self-concept importance, and other factors. The findings include the following: 1. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction of importance between prospective orthodontic patients and the population sample. 2. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance between prospective orthodontic patients and orthodontic patients in retention. 3. There was a significant difference between prospective orthodontic patients' self-concept importance and their mother's perception of self-concept importance. There teen-agers placed more emphasis on their self-concept than did their mothers. 4. There was no significant difference between any of the groups in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance with change in age (11 to 16 years). 5. Girls scored significantly lower in both body-image and self-concept satisfaction than did the boys at these ages (11 to 16 years). 6. Patients with Class III malocclusion scored significantly lower than the other malocclusion groups in all categories of body-image and self-concept satisfaction and importance."}
{"id": "PMID:286553", "title": "Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic headgear.", "content": "Since successful orthodontic treatment depends upon patient cooperation, it would be useful to assess variables associated with cooperation so that the orthodontist might engender cooperation based on that understanding. Headgear wear was timed for twenty adolescent patients. The variables included overt measures, ratings of cooperation and malocclusion, various patient attitudes, and locus of control. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed four meaningful factors. Of greatest salience to encouraging headgear wear were sex differences and the interrelationship of malocclusion and patient attitudes. Patients who most needed to wear their headgear had a greater potential for troublesome attitudes. Girls were more cooperative in wearing headgear, which was related to their more general attitude of cooperation. Girls were motivated by dentofacial esthetics more than boys, who were more inclined to perceive the consequences of their actions as their personal responsibility. Orthodontists can promote headgear wear by taking sex differences into account, by sensitizing patients to their malocclusions, and by increasing their appreciation for treatment.", "contents": "Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic headgear. Since successful orthodontic treatment depends upon patient cooperation, it would be useful to assess variables associated with cooperation so that the orthodontist might engender cooperation based on that understanding. Headgear wear was timed for twenty adolescent patients. The variables included overt measures, ratings of cooperation and malocclusion, various patient attitudes, and locus of control. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed four meaningful factors. Of greatest salience to encouraging headgear wear were sex differences and the interrelationship of malocclusion and patient attitudes. Patients who most needed to wear their headgear had a greater potential for troublesome attitudes. Girls were more cooperative in wearing headgear, which was related to their more general attitude of cooperation. Girls were motivated by dentofacial esthetics more than boys, who were more inclined to perceive the consequences of their actions as their personal responsibility. Orthodontists can promote headgear wear by taking sex differences into account, by sensitizing patients to their malocclusions, and by increasing their appreciation for treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:286556", "title": "Orthodontic relapse in subjects with varying degrees of anteroposterior and vertical dysplasia.", "content": "Fifty seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases were studied by means of pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention dental casts, lateral cephalograms, and other orthodontic records. The sample was restricted to cases exhibiting anteroposterior and/or vertical dysplasia as revealed by pretreatment dental casts. The sample was divided into a stable group and a relapse group. Each group contained twenty-five cases. A double-blind design was used. The raw data were analyzed by the stepwise discriminant analysis and by the multivariate analysis of variance. On the basis of the results obtained from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases, relapse or stability can neither be predicted nor judged from one set of records alone. 2. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be predicted by comparing the posttreatment variables with the pretreatment variables. 3. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be judged by comparing the postretention variables to the posttreatment variables. 4. The PP-GoGn angle and the mandibular intercanine width are the two most important variables associated with orthodontic relapse. 5. Changing the PP-GoGn angle, either by treatment or by growth, was associated with relapse. In other words, changes in the PP-GoGn angle tended to be unstable. This suggests that decreasing the PP-GoGn angle should be avoided. 6. In both the stable and the relapse groups, the mandibular intercanine width decreased postretention. This decrease was associated more with the relapse group than with the stable group. 7. The mandibular intercanine width tended to relapse toward its original pretreatment value. This suggests that, at the end of active treatment, the mandibular intercanine width should be maintained as originally presented. 8. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and Angle Class I and II cases. 9. There was no significant interaction between relapse (or stability), of an orthodontic case, and the sex of the patient. 10. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and whether or not extraction was included as a part of the mechanotherapy. Thus, the pretreatment deep overbite is not necessarily a contraindication to extraction.", "contents": "Orthodontic relapse in subjects with varying degrees of anteroposterior and vertical dysplasia. Fifty seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases were studied by means of pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention dental casts, lateral cephalograms, and other orthodontic records. The sample was restricted to cases exhibiting anteroposterior and/or vertical dysplasia as revealed by pretreatment dental casts. The sample was divided into a stable group and a relapse group. Each group contained twenty-five cases. A double-blind design was used. The raw data were analyzed by the stepwise discriminant analysis and by the multivariate analysis of variance. On the basis of the results obtained from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In seemingly well-treated orthodontic cases, relapse or stability can neither be predicted nor judged from one set of records alone. 2. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be predicted by comparing the posttreatment variables with the pretreatment variables. 3. Relapse or stability of an orthodontic case can be judged by comparing the postretention variables to the posttreatment variables. 4. The PP-GoGn angle and the mandibular intercanine width are the two most important variables associated with orthodontic relapse. 5. Changing the PP-GoGn angle, either by treatment or by growth, was associated with relapse. In other words, changes in the PP-GoGn angle tended to be unstable. This suggests that decreasing the PP-GoGn angle should be avoided. 6. In both the stable and the relapse groups, the mandibular intercanine width decreased postretention. This decrease was associated more with the relapse group than with the stable group. 7. The mandibular intercanine width tended to relapse toward its original pretreatment value. This suggests that, at the end of active treatment, the mandibular intercanine width should be maintained as originally presented. 8. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and Angle Class I and II cases. 9. There was no significant interaction between relapse (or stability), of an orthodontic case, and the sex of the patient. 10. There was no significant interaction between orthodontic relapse (or stability) and whether or not extraction was included as a part of the mechanotherapy. Thus, the pretreatment deep overbite is not necessarily a contraindication to extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:286557", "title": "Orthodontic attitudes toward national health insurance.", "content": "Data were obtained by surveying North Carolina orthodontists by means of a mailed questionnaire. Their responses were coded to make possible analysis by computer and were compared to responses from a national sample of dentists in the 1975 Survey of Dentists. Both North Carolina orthodontists and dentists nationwide agreed that some form of dental care should be provided if a national health insurance system were established. Compared to the dentists surveyed nationwide, the orthodontists favored a wider range of coverages but advocated providing a narrower scope of dental services. They indicated more strongly their general belief that a government health program would lead to regulation outside the private sector. The orthodontists disagreed more strongly with the claim that government health programs could provide more people with high-quality dental care. Both groups anticipated that comprehensive dental care in a national health insurance system would result in fixed fees set by the government. Only 62 percent of the orthodontists polled were familiar with HMOs. Of this group, nearly 90 percent chose not to contract with these organizations.", "contents": "Orthodontic attitudes toward national health insurance. Data were obtained by surveying North Carolina orthodontists by means of a mailed questionnaire. Their responses were coded to make possible analysis by computer and were compared to responses from a national sample of dentists in the 1975 Survey of Dentists. Both North Carolina orthodontists and dentists nationwide agreed that some form of dental care should be provided if a national health insurance system were established. Compared to the dentists surveyed nationwide, the orthodontists favored a wider range of coverages but advocated providing a narrower scope of dental services. They indicated more strongly their general belief that a government health program would lead to regulation outside the private sector. The orthodontists disagreed more strongly with the claim that government health programs could provide more people with high-quality dental care. Both groups anticipated that comprehensive dental care in a national health insurance system would result in fixed fees set by the government. Only 62 percent of the orthodontists polled were familiar with HMOs. Of this group, nearly 90 percent chose not to contract with these organizations."}
{"id": "PMID:286561", "title": "Inspired oxygen and Cape Bristol ventilators.", "content": "The Cape Bristol ventilator is a volume-preset machine which utilises oxygen from a flowmeter and air-entrainment attachment to provide a known inspired oxygen level. The level can be calculated from the oxygen flow rate and the patient's minute ventilation using a nomogram supplied by the manufacturers. Serious discrepancies between predicted and measured inspired oxygen levels delivered by these machines can occur and the advisability of using air entrainment devices in high oxygen dependent patients is questioned. Modification to the Cape Bristol ventilator to limit these errors are discussed and the more frequent use of oxygen monitors recommended.", "contents": "Inspired oxygen and Cape Bristol ventilators. The Cape Bristol ventilator is a volume-preset machine which utilises oxygen from a flowmeter and air-entrainment attachment to provide a known inspired oxygen level. The level can be calculated from the oxygen flow rate and the patient's minute ventilation using a nomogram supplied by the manufacturers. Serious discrepancies between predicted and measured inspired oxygen levels delivered by these machines can occur and the advisability of using air entrainment devices in high oxygen dependent patients is questioned. Modification to the Cape Bristol ventilator to limit these errors are discussed and the more frequent use of oxygen monitors recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:286562", "title": "The influence of preloading on stress relaxation of orthodontic elastic polymers.", "content": "The main objective of the investigation was the determination of whether prestretching would decrease the rapid force loss of the elastic polymers. The results indicated that Alastik CK chains showed a significant decrease in force loss whereas the C2 chains were unaffected. Since overextending the chain to compensate for force loss during clinical placement could result in capillary bed ischemia, increasing the force loss of the CK chains must be done before application. To accomplish this the chains should be prestretched by the manufacturer or operator. An improvement in the material component or manufacturing process would provide a more lasting solution to a material for which orthodontists have found increasing use.", "contents": "The influence of preloading on stress relaxation of orthodontic elastic polymers. The main objective of the investigation was the determination of whether prestretching would decrease the rapid force loss of the elastic polymers. The results indicated that Alastik CK chains showed a significant decrease in force loss whereas the C2 chains were unaffected. Since overextending the chain to compensate for force loss during clinical placement could result in capillary bed ischemia, increasing the force loss of the CK chains must be done before application. To accomplish this the chains should be prestretched by the manufacturer or operator. An improvement in the material component or manufacturing process would provide a more lasting solution to a material for which orthodontists have found increasing use."}
{"id": "PMID:286563", "title": "Analysis of panoramic cephalometrics using s skeletal cephalostat.", "content": "A panoramic head positioning device, the S.C., was tested for magnification production of radiographs and for repositioning. Ten skeletal Class I dentulous skulls with uniform metal markers were examined. The purpose was to see if a skeletal analysis could be obtained from panoramic radiographs. Basal skeletal magnification varied anatomically both vertically and horizontally, but the magnification percentages and their ranges, for the most part, were calculable. The few exceptions were believed due to lack of proper alignment of the S.C. and the General Electric Panelipse. Proper alignment could also correct the right to left asymmetrical magnification differences. Means and standard errors from 290 skeletal measurements were calculated and could serve as standards for skeletal analysis using panoramic cephalometrics.", "contents": "Analysis of panoramic cephalometrics using s skeletal cephalostat. A panoramic head positioning device, the S.C., was tested for magnification production of radiographs and for repositioning. Ten skeletal Class I dentulous skulls with uniform metal markers were examined. The purpose was to see if a skeletal analysis could be obtained from panoramic radiographs. Basal skeletal magnification varied anatomically both vertically and horizontally, but the magnification percentages and their ranges, for the most part, were calculable. The few exceptions were believed due to lack of proper alignment of the S.C. and the General Electric Panelipse. Proper alignment could also correct the right to left asymmetrical magnification differences. Means and standard errors from 290 skeletal measurements were calculated and could serve as standards for skeletal analysis using panoramic cephalometrics."}
{"id": "PMID:286568", "title": "A comparative cephalometric study of Class II, Division 1 nonextraction and extraction cases.", "content": "1. Cephalometric tracings of thirty Class II, Division 1 cases without extraction and twenty-five Class II, Division 1 cases with extraction were evaluated and statistically compared by means of the overbite depth indicator (ODI) and the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI). 2. The mean ODI in the nonextraction group, in particular, was significantly higher than that of the extraction group. 3. Three clinical examples were presented to demonstrate the values of ODI and APDI as adjuncts to cephalometric differential diagnosis. 4. With respect to the vertical component it may be concluded that the lower the ODI value from the normal mean a case presents, the greater the incidence of an extraction procedure as a compromise for the poor skeletal pattern. 5. With respect to the horizontal component the initial APDI reading indicates the severity of skeletal discrepancy. When the posttreatment APDI reading falls below the normal mean, a relapse is probable: the lower the figure a case possesses, the greater the chance of relapse. In such incidences an extraction procedure must be provided to ensure the stability of occlusion.", "contents": "A comparative cephalometric study of Class II, Division 1 nonextraction and extraction cases. 1. Cephalometric tracings of thirty Class II, Division 1 cases without extraction and twenty-five Class II, Division 1 cases with extraction were evaluated and statistically compared by means of the overbite depth indicator (ODI) and the anteroposterior dysplasia indicator (APDI). 2. The mean ODI in the nonextraction group, in particular, was significantly higher than that of the extraction group. 3. Three clinical examples were presented to demonstrate the values of ODI and APDI as adjuncts to cephalometric differential diagnosis. 4. With respect to the vertical component it may be concluded that the lower the ODI value from the normal mean a case presents, the greater the incidence of an extraction procedure as a compromise for the poor skeletal pattern. 5. With respect to the horizontal component the initial APDI reading indicates the severity of skeletal discrepancy. When the posttreatment APDI reading falls below the normal mean, a relapse is probable: the lower the figure a case possesses, the greater the chance of relapse. In such incidences an extraction procedure must be provided to ensure the stability of occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:286570", "title": "Resting tongue pressures.", "content": "A specially-designed force transducer was used to measure lateral resting-tongue pressure in 23 subjects. Seventeen subjects had normal occlusion and six had dental open-bite conditions. Three sensing tips with different contact areas were used to study the relationship between sensor area and measured force. The average force of the resting tongue was 0.8 g when measured with a 4.9 mm diameter sensor (pressure = 0.039 g/mm2). When the size of the sensor tip was increased, the force of the tongue increased in a nonlinear manner. Controlled incremental lingual constrictions of 6 mm resulted in an average increase in lingual force of 230 percent. The mean rate of change, measured in deflection gradient, was 0.34 g/mm. The mean stiffness of the lingual musculature was 2.30 g/mm. A correlation of r = --0.4 was found between resting-tongue pressure and mandibular intercanine width.", "contents": "Resting tongue pressures. A specially-designed force transducer was used to measure lateral resting-tongue pressure in 23 subjects. Seventeen subjects had normal occlusion and six had dental open-bite conditions. Three sensing tips with different contact areas were used to study the relationship between sensor area and measured force. The average force of the resting tongue was 0.8 g when measured with a 4.9 mm diameter sensor (pressure = 0.039 g/mm2). When the size of the sensor tip was increased, the force of the tongue increased in a nonlinear manner. Controlled incremental lingual constrictions of 6 mm resulted in an average increase in lingual force of 230 percent. The mean rate of change, measured in deflection gradient, was 0.34 g/mm. The mean stiffness of the lingual musculature was 2.30 g/mm. A correlation of r = --0.4 was found between resting-tongue pressure and mandibular intercanine width."}
{"id": "PMID:286571", "title": "Facial deformity: a preventable disease?", "content": "By training, the orthodontist is uniquely qualified to be the primary monitor of facial growth. He should assess the mode of respiration at approximately two years of age and confer with the pediatrician, allergist and otolaryngologist to institute appropriate medical management of any developing problems. He must educate his colleagues in medicine and dentistry to recognize those conditions that can produce facial deformity. The primary care physician should appreciate that obstruction of the nasal airway is an important dysfunction. Medical and surgical intervention and, above all, good preventive management must be instituted to promote patency of the nasal airway. Allergy is a disease of modern man. It is possible that better prenatal care, breastfeeding, the avoidance of common allergens, and appropriate surgical and medical management to reduce the incidence of respiratory obstruction in growing children will result in fewer cases of cleft lip and palate and other craniofacial anomalies.", "contents": "Facial deformity: a preventable disease? By training, the orthodontist is uniquely qualified to be the primary monitor of facial growth. He should assess the mode of respiration at approximately two years of age and confer with the pediatrician, allergist and otolaryngologist to institute appropriate medical management of any developing problems. He must educate his colleagues in medicine and dentistry to recognize those conditions that can produce facial deformity. The primary care physician should appreciate that obstruction of the nasal airway is an important dysfunction. Medical and surgical intervention and, above all, good preventive management must be instituted to promote patency of the nasal airway. Allergy is a disease of modern man. It is possible that better prenatal care, breastfeeding, the avoidance of common allergens, and appropriate surgical and medical management to reduce the incidence of respiratory obstruction in growing children will result in fewer cases of cleft lip and palate and other craniofacial anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:286572", "title": "Beneficial effects of hepatitis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Of 50 consecutive patients admitted with acute myelogenous leukemia, 30 developed complete remissions on antileukemic therapy. Nineteen of the 30 repeatedly had elevated serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) concentrations 3 to 14 weeks after the start of therapy. Patients with SGOT elevations had a significantly greater chance of remission and a longer survival (76 +/- 11 weeks) than those with normal SGOT levels (39 +/- 5 weeks), suggesting that hepatitis may have a beneficial effect in acute myelogenous leukemia. The hepatitis was mild in all patients. Review of patients at this institution alive 2 years after the diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia showed that they repeatedly had elevated SGOT levels. We believe that most had non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis, which may have a beneficial effect on the leukemia or serve as an indicator of patients who have greater immunocompetence and thus a better prognosis.", "contents": "Beneficial effects of hepatitis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Of 50 consecutive patients admitted with acute myelogenous leukemia, 30 developed complete remissions on antileukemic therapy. Nineteen of the 30 repeatedly had elevated serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) concentrations 3 to 14 weeks after the start of therapy. Patients with SGOT elevations had a significantly greater chance of remission and a longer survival (76 +/- 11 weeks) than those with normal SGOT levels (39 +/- 5 weeks), suggesting that hepatitis may have a beneficial effect in acute myelogenous leukemia. The hepatitis was mild in all patients. Review of patients at this institution alive 2 years after the diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia showed that they repeatedly had elevated SGOT levels. We believe that most had non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis, which may have a beneficial effect on the leukemia or serve as an indicator of patients who have greater immunocompetence and thus a better prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:286576", "title": "Increased excretion of dimethyltryptamine and certain features of psychosis: a possible association.", "content": "The excretion of the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its precursor N-methyltryptamine (NMT) was studied among 74 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 19 normal persons. Both compounds were detected in 24-hour urine samples from all subjects. Dimethyltryptamine excretion was greatest in schizophrenia, mania, and \"other psychosis\" and tended to decline as clinical state improved. Psychotic depressives excreted smaller amounts of DMT more akin to those excreted by neurotic and normal subjects. Urinary NMT excretion was unrelated to psychiatric diagnosis. Ratings on the Present State Examination (PSE) also indicated that increased excretion of DMT was associated with psychotic rather than neurotic psychopathology. Forty-three percent of the variance in urinary DMT levels could be explained in terms of six of the 38 PSE syndromes. Syndromes suggesting elation, perceptual abnormalities, and difficulty in thinking and communicating were most correlated with raised urinary DMT excretion.", "contents": "Increased excretion of dimethyltryptamine and certain features of psychosis: a possible association. The excretion of the hallucinogen dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and its precursor N-methyltryptamine (NMT) was studied among 74 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 19 normal persons. Both compounds were detected in 24-hour urine samples from all subjects. Dimethyltryptamine excretion was greatest in schizophrenia, mania, and \"other psychosis\" and tended to decline as clinical state improved. Psychotic depressives excreted smaller amounts of DMT more akin to those excreted by neurotic and normal subjects. Urinary NMT excretion was unrelated to psychiatric diagnosis. Ratings on the Present State Examination (PSE) also indicated that increased excretion of DMT was associated with psychotic rather than neurotic psychopathology. Forty-three percent of the variance in urinary DMT levels could be explained in terms of six of the 38 PSE syndromes. Syndromes suggesting elation, perceptual abnormalities, and difficulty in thinking and communicating were most correlated with raised urinary DMT excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:286591", "title": "Radiolucent and radio-opaque images of the jaws.", "content": "A discussion of the value of radiography as an aid in the field of oral diagnosis, based upon an accurate radiographic technique and a sound knowledge of normal anatomy and of pathology in the interpretation of the resulting radiographic image.", "contents": "Radiolucent and radio-opaque images of the jaws. A discussion of the value of radiography as an aid in the field of oral diagnosis, based upon an accurate radiographic technique and a sound knowledge of normal anatomy and of pathology in the interpretation of the resulting radiographic image."}
{"id": "PMID:286592", "title": "A survey of the elemental composition of alloy for dental amalgam.", "content": "Analyses of 51 alloys (conventional, 41, and high-copper, 10) currently available in Australia were made. A rapid and precise procedure was developed that relied on wet-way methods for silver and tin while copper, zinc, mercury, indium and low-level constituents, such as lead, cadmium and antimony, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The conventional alloys, with two minor exceptions, all complied with the compositional requirements of modern standards and little quantitative variations was noted when the range of the major component was compared with the values obtained in two surveys made over thirty years ago. The high-copper contained, among other factors, an average copper concentration about four times that of conventional alloys. Rather surprising were the contents of mercury, indium, and cadmium found in some of the alloys as well as the low-level concentration of lead, and in a few cases antimony. Other elements were not detected by the sensitive technique used. It is justifiable to recommend that the maximum zinc content to be permitted in zinc-free type alloys should not be greater than 0.01%, and this value was subsequently incorporated in the revised Australian standard 2110-1977: Alloy for Dental Amalgam.", "contents": "A survey of the elemental composition of alloy for dental amalgam. Analyses of 51 alloys (conventional, 41, and high-copper, 10) currently available in Australia were made. A rapid and precise procedure was developed that relied on wet-way methods for silver and tin while copper, zinc, mercury, indium and low-level constituents, such as lead, cadmium and antimony, were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The conventional alloys, with two minor exceptions, all complied with the compositional requirements of modern standards and little quantitative variations was noted when the range of the major component was compared with the values obtained in two surveys made over thirty years ago. The high-copper contained, among other factors, an average copper concentration about four times that of conventional alloys. Rather surprising were the contents of mercury, indium, and cadmium found in some of the alloys as well as the low-level concentration of lead, and in a few cases antimony. Other elements were not detected by the sensitive technique used. It is justifiable to recommend that the maximum zinc content to be permitted in zinc-free type alloys should not be greater than 0.01%, and this value was subsequently incorporated in the revised Australian standard 2110-1977: Alloy for Dental Amalgam."}
{"id": "PMID:286593", "title": "Upper airway problems associated with facio-maxillary trauma. Traumatic intermaxillary fixation. Case report.", "content": "An unusual case of facio-maxillary trauma is presented. Its management is outlined and discussed. The experience of the Royal Newcastle Hospital Dental Department with facial trauma as it effects airway patency is examined in order to find indications for tracheostomy in facio-maxillary trauma.", "contents": "Upper airway problems associated with facio-maxillary trauma. Traumatic intermaxillary fixation. Case report. An unusual case of facio-maxillary trauma is presented. Its management is outlined and discussed. The experience of the Royal Newcastle Hospital Dental Department with facial trauma as it effects airway patency is examined in order to find indications for tracheostomy in facio-maxillary trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:286594", "title": "Preparation of uniform cylindrical amalgam test pieces.", "content": "A simple die made from inexpensive materials for use in the preparation of uniform test pieces of amalgam is described.", "contents": "Preparation of uniform cylindrical amalgam test pieces. A simple die made from inexpensive materials for use in the preparation of uniform test pieces of amalgam is described."}
{"id": "PMID:286595", "title": "Incisor caries in Western Australian children.", "content": "In a comparison of caries of the incisor teeth of ten year old children living in a fluoridated area and those living in a non-fluoridated area, the prevalence of proximal lesions was found to be low (three teeth per 100 children) in the fluoridated area.", "contents": "Incisor caries in Western Australian children. In a comparison of caries of the incisor teeth of ten year old children living in a fluoridated area and those living in a non-fluoridated area, the prevalence of proximal lesions was found to be low (three teeth per 100 children) in the fluoridated area."}
{"id": "PMID:286596", "title": "Dental health in Australian society. A first-year elective subject in the undergraduate curriculum.", "content": "Because a percentage of undergraduate students in their clinical years were dissatisfied or undecided with their career choice, a first-year elective subject was introduced to increase their sociodental awareness at the earliest opportunity. The course content, student reaction over a four-year period, and a profile of the attitudes and aspirations of first-year students are described.", "contents": "Dental health in Australian society. A first-year elective subject in the undergraduate curriculum. Because a percentage of undergraduate students in their clinical years were dissatisfied or undecided with their career choice, a first-year elective subject was introduced to increase their sociodental awareness at the earliest opportunity. The course content, student reaction over a four-year period, and a profile of the attitudes and aspirations of first-year students are described."}
{"id": "PMID:286597", "title": "The inapplicability of formulae to determine vertical dimension.", "content": "The accuracy and precision of certain external cephalometric measurements were investigated on a subject presenting optimal conditions, using ten operators. Due to difficulties in identifying landmarks and tissue compressibility, the standard deviation of a measurement for ten replications ranged from 0 . 3 to 1 . 7 mm, while the \"between operators\" standard deviation was no better than 2 . 0 mm. Measurement accuracy was also poor: that of primary interest, subnasale-gnathion, had a bias of the order of 7 mm, judged by a radiographic determination. A minimum denture success rate of 97% is equated with a standard deviation of 1 mm in the design freeway space. A recently published regression equation for predicting occlusal vertical dimension has a minimum error of prediction of 5 . 8 mm and thus is considered an inadequate predictive tool. The errors demonstrated in facial measurements suggest that using formulae to predict occlusal vertical dimension is unlikely to produce clinically acceptable results.", "contents": "The inapplicability of formulae to determine vertical dimension. The accuracy and precision of certain external cephalometric measurements were investigated on a subject presenting optimal conditions, using ten operators. Due to difficulties in identifying landmarks and tissue compressibility, the standard deviation of a measurement for ten replications ranged from 0 . 3 to 1 . 7 mm, while the \"between operators\" standard deviation was no better than 2 . 0 mm. Measurement accuracy was also poor: that of primary interest, subnasale-gnathion, had a bias of the order of 7 mm, judged by a radiographic determination. A minimum denture success rate of 97% is equated with a standard deviation of 1 mm in the design freeway space. A recently published regression equation for predicting occlusal vertical dimension has a minimum error of prediction of 5 . 8 mm and thus is considered an inadequate predictive tool. The errors demonstrated in facial measurements suggest that using formulae to predict occlusal vertical dimension is unlikely to produce clinically acceptable results."}
{"id": "PMID:286604", "title": "Inhibition of Friend erythroleukaemia-cell tumours in vivo by a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The effect of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester (di-M-PGE2), a long-acting synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, on the replication of Friend erythroleukaemia cells (FLC) in vivo has been studied. Pre-treatment in vitro of both undifferentiated and differentiated FLC with di-M-PGE2 (1 microgram/ml) did not alter rates of tumour appearance or growth, but increased the median survival of DBA/2J mice. Systemic administration of di-M-PGE2 (10 microgram/mouse/day) was not toxic to the mice, but significantly inhibited tumour growth and increased median survival in mice injected s.c. with undifferentiated FLC. These effects of di-M-PGE2 were much more pronounced in mice receiving differentiated (DMSO-treated) FLC. In this latter group, the appearance of tumour was also significantly delayed by di-M-PGE2. The different effects of di-M-PGE2 treatment on tumours derived from undifferentiated and differentiated cells suggest that the analogue is acting directly on tumour-cell replication rather than on factors related to the host response.", "contents": "Inhibition of Friend erythroleukaemia-cell tumours in vivo by a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2. The effect of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2-methyl ester (di-M-PGE2), a long-acting synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, on the replication of Friend erythroleukaemia cells (FLC) in vivo has been studied. Pre-treatment in vitro of both undifferentiated and differentiated FLC with di-M-PGE2 (1 microgram/ml) did not alter rates of tumour appearance or growth, but increased the median survival of DBA/2J mice. Systemic administration of di-M-PGE2 (10 microgram/mouse/day) was not toxic to the mice, but significantly inhibited tumour growth and increased median survival in mice injected s.c. with undifferentiated FLC. These effects of di-M-PGE2 were much more pronounced in mice receiving differentiated (DMSO-treated) FLC. In this latter group, the appearance of tumour was also significantly delayed by di-M-PGE2. The different effects of di-M-PGE2 treatment on tumours derived from undifferentiated and differentiated cells suggest that the analogue is acting directly on tumour-cell replication rather than on factors related to the host response."}
{"id": "PMID:286607", "title": "Tn polyagglutination preceding acute leukemia.", "content": "Tn polyagglutination (persistent mixed-field polyagglutination) was detected in the blood of a 66-yr-old male laborer at the time of a splenectomy for life-threatening thrombocytopenia. Confirmation that the polyagglutination was caused by Tn activation was established by the use of lectins, by failure of the patient's red cells to react with sera from other patients with Tn polyagglutination, by weak aggregation with polybrene, by low red cell sialic acid levels, and by the persistence of polyagglutination over several years of testing. Two years after the discovery of the Tn polyagglutination, the patient developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Vigorous chemotherapy regimens resulted in clinical remission of the leukemia and the Tn polyagglutination. This report describes the first known case of Tn polyagglutination preceding the development of acute myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Tn polyagglutination preceding acute leukemia. Tn polyagglutination (persistent mixed-field polyagglutination) was detected in the blood of a 66-yr-old male laborer at the time of a splenectomy for life-threatening thrombocytopenia. Confirmation that the polyagglutination was caused by Tn activation was established by the use of lectins, by failure of the patient's red cells to react with sera from other patients with Tn polyagglutination, by weak aggregation with polybrene, by low red cell sialic acid levels, and by the persistence of polyagglutination over several years of testing. Two years after the discovery of the Tn polyagglutination, the patient developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Vigorous chemotherapy regimens resulted in clinical remission of the leukemia and the Tn polyagglutination. This report describes the first known case of Tn polyagglutination preceding the development of acute myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286608", "title": "Shifts in expression of cell membrane phenotypes in childhood lymphoid malignancies at relapse.", "content": "To determine if cell membrane phenotypes change under the selective pressures of therapy we have conducted a prospective study of 54 children with lymphoid malignancies of T-like, B-like, common, and null cell types. Membrane phenotypes were determined at diagnosis in all patients and again 1-24 mo later in 18 children who either failed induction therapy or had one or more relapses. In 7 patients the cells tested were from relapse sites different than those of the original diagnoses. The data indicate that at relapse most children with lymphoid neoplasias had the same cell membrane phenotype as established at diagnosis, and suggest that the site of relapse did not affect the expression of cell surface markers. However, there were three exceptions: (1) a child initially diagnosed as having null cell acute lymphocytic leukemia had 90% T-antigen-positive blasts in her second-relapse bone marrow; (2) only membrane IgM was present on relapse blasts from a B-cell lymphoma that had both membrane IgM and IgD before initiation of treatment; (3) at diagnosis, bone marrow blasts from a child with T-like leukemia expressed both T antigen and E receptors, but at relapse, bone marrow and pleural fluid cells expressed only T antigens. We postulate that these phenotype shifts may be due to selective effects of therapy on cells at different stages of differentiattion.", "contents": "Shifts in expression of cell membrane phenotypes in childhood lymphoid malignancies at relapse. To determine if cell membrane phenotypes change under the selective pressures of therapy we have conducted a prospective study of 54 children with lymphoid malignancies of T-like, B-like, common, and null cell types. Membrane phenotypes were determined at diagnosis in all patients and again 1-24 mo later in 18 children who either failed induction therapy or had one or more relapses. In 7 patients the cells tested were from relapse sites different than those of the original diagnoses. The data indicate that at relapse most children with lymphoid neoplasias had the same cell membrane phenotype as established at diagnosis, and suggest that the site of relapse did not affect the expression of cell surface markers. However, there were three exceptions: (1) a child initially diagnosed as having null cell acute lymphocytic leukemia had 90% T-antigen-positive blasts in her second-relapse bone marrow; (2) only membrane IgM was present on relapse blasts from a B-cell lymphoma that had both membrane IgM and IgD before initiation of treatment; (3) at diagnosis, bone marrow blasts from a child with T-like leukemia expressed both T antigen and E receptors, but at relapse, bone marrow and pleural fluid cells expressed only T antigens. We postulate that these phenotype shifts may be due to selective effects of therapy on cells at different stages of differentiattion."}
{"id": "PMID:286609", "title": "Self-renewal in culture of proliferative blast progenitor cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "We have proposed that colonies of cells with blastlike morphology growing in culture are derived from a blast subpopulation with high proliferative potential. To test whether or not these blast progenitors have the capacity for self-renewal, blast colonies grown from the peripheral blood of the 21 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were replated; secondary colonies were observed in 17 instances, and these were similar  to primary colonies in size, morphology, and culture requirements. Great patient-to-patient variation was observed in the frequency of secondary colonies, but low secondary plating efficiency was significantly correlated with successful remission induction. We conclude that the blast progenitors detected in the assay have at least limited self-renewal capacity and that this capacity may, along with other risk factors, contribute to clinical outcome.", "contents": "Self-renewal in culture of proliferative blast progenitor cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. We have proposed that colonies of cells with blastlike morphology growing in culture are derived from a blast subpopulation with high proliferative potential. To test whether or not these blast progenitors have the capacity for self-renewal, blast colonies grown from the peripheral blood of the 21 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were replated; secondary colonies were observed in 17 instances, and these were similar  to primary colonies in size, morphology, and culture requirements. Great patient-to-patient variation was observed in the frequency of secondary colonies, but low secondary plating efficiency was significantly correlated with successful remission induction. We conclude that the blast progenitors detected in the assay have at least limited self-renewal capacity and that this capacity may, along with other risk factors, contribute to clinical outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:286610", "title": "[Normal and modified nucleobases excreted in urine of patients with chronic nyeloproliferative disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of the normal and modiefied nucleobases excreted in urine represents a new and versatile tool, especially in oncology. The excretion of 2 normal (adenine, guanine) and 4 modified nucleobases (methylated guanine derivatives) in urine was measured by cation exchange LC. All chronic myeloproliferative syndromes showed highly elevated total excretion values of all determined nucleobases, the \"pattern\" being characteristic with N2, N2-dimethylguanine most prominent (up to 29.8 S.D. above the pertinent normal value). A follow-up study of a case of CML with two episodes of extreme leukocytosis showed a correlation of the nucleobases excretion with the number of leukocytes. Thus, a method has been established which permits the assessment of myeloproliferation and probably therapy effects.", "contents": "[Normal and modified nucleobases excreted in urine of patients with chronic nyeloproliferative disorders (author's transl)]. The qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of the normal and modiefied nucleobases excreted in urine represents a new and versatile tool, especially in oncology. The excretion of 2 normal (adenine, guanine) and 4 modified nucleobases (methylated guanine derivatives) in urine was measured by cation exchange LC. All chronic myeloproliferative syndromes showed highly elevated total excretion values of all determined nucleobases, the \"pattern\" being characteristic with N2, N2-dimethylguanine most prominent (up to 29.8 S.D. above the pertinent normal value). A follow-up study of a case of CML with two episodes of extreme leukocytosis showed a correlation of the nucleobases excretion with the number of leukocytes. Thus, a method has been established which permits the assessment of myeloproliferation and probably therapy effects."}
{"id": "PMID:286622", "title": "Cryopreserved peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation.", "content": "Six patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in transformation were treated with cytotoxic drugs or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation, followed by infusion of reconstituted autologous peripheral blood cells that had been collected from them at diagnosis and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 58 months. In four cases the blood and bone-marrow appearances were rapidly restored to those of typical chronic-phase disease. In three of these patients transformation recurred at 74, 32, and 26 weeks respectively. One patient was still in second chronic phase at eight weeks. One of the patients who entered a second transformation was restored to a third chronic phase by further treatment with cytotoxic drugs and a second autograft. Cryopreserved autologous blood cells may thus restore some patients with CGL in transformation to chronic-phase disease and so may help to prolong life.", "contents": "Cryopreserved peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation. Six patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in transformation were treated with cytotoxic drugs or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation, followed by infusion of reconstituted autologous peripheral blood cells that had been collected from them at diagnosis and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 58 months. In four cases the blood and bone-marrow appearances were rapidly restored to those of typical chronic-phase disease. In three of these patients transformation recurred at 74, 32, and 26 weeks respectively. One patient was still in second chronic phase at eight weeks. One of the patients who entered a second transformation was restored to a third chronic phase by further treatment with cytotoxic drugs and a second autograft. Cryopreserved autologous blood cells may thus restore some patients with CGL in transformation to chronic-phase disease and so may help to prolong life."}
{"id": "PMID:286623", "title": "Systolic time interval as index of schedule--dependent doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP:LVET) was measured in two groups of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) receiving the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DXR). Patients receiving high doses of DXR per course (about 90 mg/m2) showed a significant increase in the PEP:LVET ratio irrespective of the total cumulative dose. At a lower dose per course (less than 50mg/m2) only patients who had a total cumulative dose of over 450 mg/m2 showed significant increases in ratio. ECG changes were seen in both groups of patients but did not correlate significantly with the dosage. These findings, which suggest that DXR cardiotoxicity is schedule dependent, are important in the design of schedules of DXR for treating cancer and in interpreting the changes in systolic time intervals (STIs) observed with different schedules. Measurement of the STI is a simple and convenient method of assessing DXR cardiotoxicity. While a total DXR dose of 550 mg/m2 should not normally be exceeded, by carefully monitoring the STI the recommended total dose may be exceeded safely in selected patients.", "contents": "Systolic time interval as index of schedule--dependent doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP:LVET) was measured in two groups of patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) receiving the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DXR). Patients receiving high doses of DXR per course (about 90 mg/m2) showed a significant increase in the PEP:LVET ratio irrespective of the total cumulative dose. At a lower dose per course (less than 50mg/m2) only patients who had a total cumulative dose of over 450 mg/m2 showed significant increases in ratio. ECG changes were seen in both groups of patients but did not correlate significantly with the dosage. These findings, which suggest that DXR cardiotoxicity is schedule dependent, are important in the design of schedules of DXR for treating cancer and in interpreting the changes in systolic time intervals (STIs) observed with different schedules. Measurement of the STI is a simple and convenient method of assessing DXR cardiotoxicity. While a total DXR dose of 550 mg/m2 should not normally be exceeded, by carefully monitoring the STI the recommended total dose may be exceeded safely in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:286631", "title": "Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia developing in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission for over five years and with no systemic chemotherapy for over two years developed a peripheral blood and bone marrow granulocytosis. While in remission from the ALL, cytogenetic studies revealed a normal karyotype. With the development of peripheral and marrow granulocytosis, repeat cytogenetic preparations demonstrated the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. The long interval between the onset of ALL and GML, as well as the normal karyotype during remission from the ALL, causes us to favor the hypothesis that two separate diseases are present.", "contents": "Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia developing in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission for over five years and with no systemic chemotherapy for over two years developed a peripheral blood and bone marrow granulocytosis. While in remission from the ALL, cytogenetic studies revealed a normal karyotype. With the development of peripheral and marrow granulocytosis, repeat cytogenetic preparations demonstrated the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. The long interval between the onset of ALL and GML, as well as the normal karyotype during remission from the ALL, causes us to favor the hypothesis that two separate diseases are present."}
{"id": "PMID:286632", "title": "Polycythemia vera in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy, who had been in an uninterrupted remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) for six years, developed polycythemia vera (PV). One and a half months after detection of PV, he was found to have active leukemia. Both the polycythemia and leukemia receded with anti-leukemia therapy. Three possible explanations for the development of PV in a child with ALL are discussed: 1) PV was a part of his original ALL and recurred whtn patient relapsed. The PV phase was detected only during relapse because the patient was under close observation. 2) PV was a second neoplasm independent of ALL. 3) PV was part of a second leukemia which was different from the original leukemia; this new ALL was derived from a pluripotential cell line involving both erythroid and lymphoid elements. A precedent for this explanation has been observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A 10-year-old boy, who had been in an uninterrupted remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) for six years, developed polycythemia vera (PV). One and a half months after detection of PV, he was found to have active leukemia. Both the polycythemia and leukemia receded with anti-leukemia therapy. Three possible explanations for the development of PV in a child with ALL are discussed: 1) PV was a part of his original ALL and recurred whtn patient relapsed. The PV phase was detected only during relapse because the patient was under close observation. 2) PV was a second neoplasm independent of ALL. 3) PV was part of a second leukemia which was different from the original leukemia; this new ALL was derived from a pluripotential cell line involving both erythroid and lymphoid elements. A precedent for this explanation has been observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286633", "title": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria terminating as erythroleukemia.", "content": "A case of a patient who developed erythroleukemia 3 years into the course of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is presented. A case of erythroleukemia with a positive sucrose lysis test has been reported, but our case appears to be the first with a long clinical course of PNH evolving into erythroleukemia. The association between these two diseases, their possible clonal origin, and how they fit into the myelodysplastic syndromes are discussed.", "contents": "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria terminating as erythroleukemia. A case of a patient who developed erythroleukemia 3 years into the course of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is presented. A case of erythroleukemia with a positive sucrose lysis test has been reported, but our case appears to be the first with a long clinical course of PNH evolving into erythroleukemia. The association between these two diseases, their possible clonal origin, and how they fit into the myelodysplastic syndromes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286634", "title": "Psychological aspects of anorexia: areas for study.", "content": "Anorexia and weight loss are frequently the first manifestations of cancer. Although psychological reasons are frequently included as a partial explanation for loss of appetite and weight in the cancer patient, there have been no systematic studies which establish the nature of this relationship. It is proposed that anorexia and cachexia are at times somatic consequences of the cancer patient's beliefs and attitudes about their disease and its treatments. The inability to overcome a sense of hopelessness leads to an adaptive biological reaction called conservation-withdrawal. The effects of the reaction of disengagement and inactivity in relation to the external world which includes external nutriment may be constructive or destructive depending on when it is experienced and the length of time the reaction continues. How this reaction is initiated and mediated biologically and how it may be related to and can be reversed by a shift in motivation are questions of great importance.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of anorexia: areas for study. Anorexia and weight loss are frequently the first manifestations of cancer. Although psychological reasons are frequently included as a partial explanation for loss of appetite and weight in the cancer patient, there have been no systematic studies which establish the nature of this relationship. It is proposed that anorexia and cachexia are at times somatic consequences of the cancer patient's beliefs and attitudes about their disease and its treatments. The inability to overcome a sense of hopelessness leads to an adaptive biological reaction called conservation-withdrawal. The effects of the reaction of disengagement and inactivity in relation to the external world which includes external nutriment may be constructive or destructive depending on when it is experienced and the length of time the reaction continues. How this reaction is initiated and mediated biologically and how it may be related to and can be reversed by a shift in motivation are questions of great importance."}
{"id": "PMID:286636", "title": "Detection of sequences in human leukemic cell DNA homologous with moloney mouse leukemia viral RNA.", "content": "DNA complementary to Moloney murine leukemia viral RNA was annealed with DNA isolated from peripheral leukocytes of twelve patients with leukemia. Six to 10% of the complementary DNA annealed to the DNA of one patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. The level of annealing of the complementary DNA to the other leukemic DNA's did not differ significantly from that to normal human spleen DNA. This result is consistent with reports of occasional positive results from other laboratories, but the significance, especially in reference to a causal role for RNA tumor viruses in human leukemia, remains unclear.", "contents": "Detection of sequences in human leukemic cell DNA homologous with moloney mouse leukemia viral RNA. DNA complementary to Moloney murine leukemia viral RNA was annealed with DNA isolated from peripheral leukocytes of twelve patients with leukemia. Six to 10% of the complementary DNA annealed to the DNA of one patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. The level of annealing of the complementary DNA to the other leukemic DNA's did not differ significantly from that to normal human spleen DNA. This result is consistent with reports of occasional positive results from other laboratories, but the significance, especially in reference to a causal role for RNA tumor viruses in human leukemia, remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:286638", "title": "Circulating colony-forming cells in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "The incidence of circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-c) was determined in 60 patients in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Like others, we found uniformly increased circulating CFU-c during the uncontrolled chronic stage, decreasing to values indistinguishable from those of healthy controls during remission. Unlike some investigators who described grossly deficient colony formation during the blastic stage of CML, we found normal to greatly increased colony formation in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages. The fact that laboratories using somewhat different culture techniques obtain similar results with specimens from the chronic stage of CML but divergent results with specimens from terminal stage disease suggests that CFU-c from blastic disease have more fastidious growth requirements than do those from chronic stage disease or from normal subjects. In contrast to the correlation between CFU-c and disease status in the chronic stage of CML, CFU-c incidence in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages of the disease did not correlate with white blood cell count, percentage of immature cells, clinical status, or survival. There was no correlation between the percentage of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in circulating blood and the incidence of CFU-c in any stage of CML, which suggests that no direct relationship exists between clonogenic units and the number of identifiable proliferating cells.", "contents": "Circulating colony-forming cells in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia. The incidence of circulating granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-c) was determined in 60 patients in different stages of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Like others, we found uniformly increased circulating CFU-c during the uncontrolled chronic stage, decreasing to values indistinguishable from those of healthy controls during remission. Unlike some investigators who described grossly deficient colony formation during the blastic stage of CML, we found normal to greatly increased colony formation in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages. The fact that laboratories using somewhat different culture techniques obtain similar results with specimens from the chronic stage of CML but divergent results with specimens from terminal stage disease suggests that CFU-c from blastic disease have more fastidious growth requirements than do those from chronic stage disease or from normal subjects. In contrast to the correlation between CFU-c and disease status in the chronic stage of CML, CFU-c incidence in the accelerated-resistant and blastic stages of the disease did not correlate with white blood cell count, percentage of immature cells, clinical status, or survival. There was no correlation between the percentage of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in circulating blood and the incidence of CFU-c in any stage of CML, which suggests that no direct relationship exists between clonogenic units and the number of identifiable proliferating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:286640", "title": "Acute leukemia as a complication of long-term treatment of advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurred in four women after long-term therapy for advanced breast cancer. The patients had inoperable/metastatic breast cancer that had been well-controlled with chemotherapy for many years (7 years and 4 months, 7 years and 1 month, 6 years and 3 months, and 4 years and 7 months, respectively). Two of the patients had also received extensive radiotherapy. The chemotherapeutic agent that all four patients had received in common was cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Acute leukemia as a complication of long-term treatment of advanced breast cancer. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurred in four women after long-term therapy for advanced breast cancer. The patients had inoperable/metastatic breast cancer that had been well-controlled with chemotherapy for many years (7 years and 4 months, 7 years and 1 month, 6 years and 3 months, and 4 years and 7 months, respectively). Two of the patients had also received extensive radiotherapy. The chemotherapeutic agent that all four patients had received in common was cyclophosphamide."}
{"id": "PMID:286647", "title": "Study on incorporation of homologous serum albumin into the developing rabbit incisor.", "content": "The incorporation pattern of the rabbit albumin labelled with Lissamine Rhodamine B200 or 125I into the rabbit dentine and the enamel matrices was studied by fluorescence microscopy and/or autoradiography. The fluorescence of the fluorochrome-labelled albumin was observed in the dentine at 6 hours and 3 days. Autoradiographic silver grains were observed over the predentine at 1 hour after the injection. They were found over the dentine matrix adjacent to the predentine-dentine junction at 6 hours. The silver grain band was concentrated over the internal dentine matrix at 3 days. However, an appreciable amount of the fluorescence could not be seen in the enamel at any time after the injection. Also, no significant differences in the number of autoradiographic silver grains were found over the enamel matrix between the experimental groups and the background at any time after the injection. These results suggested that albumin was incorporated into the developing dentine matrix but not into the developing enamel matrix.", "contents": "Study on incorporation of homologous serum albumin into the developing rabbit incisor. The incorporation pattern of the rabbit albumin labelled with Lissamine Rhodamine B200 or 125I into the rabbit dentine and the enamel matrices was studied by fluorescence microscopy and/or autoradiography. The fluorescence of the fluorochrome-labelled albumin was observed in the dentine at 6 hours and 3 days. Autoradiographic silver grains were observed over the predentine at 1 hour after the injection. They were found over the dentine matrix adjacent to the predentine-dentine junction at 6 hours. The silver grain band was concentrated over the internal dentine matrix at 3 days. However, an appreciable amount of the fluorescence could not be seen in the enamel at any time after the injection. Also, no significant differences in the number of autoradiographic silver grains were found over the enamel matrix between the experimental groups and the background at any time after the injection. These results suggested that albumin was incorporated into the developing dentine matrix but not into the developing enamel matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:286648", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. VI. Reports on 48 species of sarcophagid flies, including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).", "content": "Flies from different geographical parts of Thailand were collected to study their medical importance as well as to make a zoogeographical study. After examination, 48 species of 19 genera, Kanomyia, Hosarcophaga, Blaesoxipha, Bercaea, Boettcherisca, Fengia, Lioproctia, Parasarcophaga, Phallosphaera, Rosellea, Sarcorohdendorfia, Sarcosolomonia, Sinonipponia, Pierretia, Thyrsocnema, Phytosarcophaga, Harpagophalla, Seniorwhitea, and Leucomyia belonging to Sarcophagidae were identified and those are reported in this paper. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. VI. Reports on 48 species of sarcophagid flies, including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Flies from different geographical parts of Thailand were collected to study their medical importance as well as to make a zoogeographical study. After examination, 48 species of 19 genera, Kanomyia, Hosarcophaga, Blaesoxipha, Bercaea, Boettcherisca, Fengia, Lioproctia, Parasarcophaga, Phallosphaera, Rosellea, Sarcorohdendorfia, Sarcosolomonia, Sinonipponia, Pierretia, Thyrsocnema, Phytosarcophaga, Harpagophalla, Seniorwhitea, and Leucomyia belonging to Sarcophagidae were identified and those are reported in this paper. This study is based on the specimens available in the authors' collection."}
{"id": "PMID:286649", "title": "Biological activity of secretory IgA--comparison of agglutinating specificity with SIgA and Ca++-dependent agglutinin--.", "content": "Ca++-dependent bacterial agglutinin was isolated from the human parotid saliva by gel filtration of Sepharose 2B. The agglutinin appeared in the void volume fractions. Treatment of this agglutinin with EDTA resulted in the loss of its ability to agglutinate the bacteria. Standardized solutions of the agglutinin were tested for the agglutinating activity against 18 strains of oral indigenous bacteria. It was found that the agglutinin exhibited varying degrees of activity to all the test strains and the activity was generally higher than that of secretory IgA. It was also found that the receptor sites of the Ca++-dependent agglutinin for Str. sanguis and Str. mitis were identical whereas SIgA contained a number of available binding sites, for different bacterial species.", "contents": "Biological activity of secretory IgA--comparison of agglutinating specificity with SIgA and Ca++-dependent agglutinin--. Ca++-dependent bacterial agglutinin was isolated from the human parotid saliva by gel filtration of Sepharose 2B. The agglutinin appeared in the void volume fractions. Treatment of this agglutinin with EDTA resulted in the loss of its ability to agglutinate the bacteria. Standardized solutions of the agglutinin were tested for the agglutinating activity against 18 strains of oral indigenous bacteria. It was found that the agglutinin exhibited varying degrees of activity to all the test strains and the activity was generally higher than that of secretory IgA. It was also found that the receptor sites of the Ca++-dependent agglutinin for Str. sanguis and Str. mitis were identical whereas SIgA contained a number of available binding sites, for different bacterial species."}
{"id": "PMID:286650", "title": "Growth behaviour of condylar cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage on the different medium of the organ culture.", "content": "In order to compare histological differences between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, an organ culture system was employed. Materials from 36 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on three different, chemically defined media (Ham F12, Medium 199, and Eagle's minimum essential medium) with the addition of various concentrations of ascorbic acid, fetal calf serum and NaHCO3. The epiphyseal cartilage was maintained in situ histological and biochemical features better than the condylar cartilage on any of the medium used. The maximum sensitivity to Toluidine Blue staining of the cultured condylar cartilage was observed on Ham F12. For both the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, Ham F12 with the addition of 50 microgram/ml ascorbic acid and higher concentration of NaHCO3 was more effective on the maintenance of cell organization. However, effect of the addition of fetal calf serum to the medium was quite different between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, that is, the former showed better histological features without the addition, but the latter showed features similar to that in situ with 20% addition of fetal calf serum.", "contents": "Growth behaviour of condylar cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage on the different medium of the organ culture. In order to compare histological differences between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, an organ culture system was employed. Materials from 36 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on three different, chemically defined media (Ham F12, Medium 199, and Eagle's minimum essential medium) with the addition of various concentrations of ascorbic acid, fetal calf serum and NaHCO3. The epiphyseal cartilage was maintained in situ histological and biochemical features better than the condylar cartilage on any of the medium used. The maximum sensitivity to Toluidine Blue staining of the cultured condylar cartilage was observed on Ham F12. For both the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, Ham F12 with the addition of 50 microgram/ml ascorbic acid and higher concentration of NaHCO3 was more effective on the maintenance of cell organization. However, effect of the addition of fetal calf serum to the medium was quite different between the condylar and epiphyseal cartilages, that is, the former showed better histological features without the addition, but the latter showed features similar to that in situ with 20% addition of fetal calf serum."}
{"id": "PMID:286652", "title": "Effects of diazepam (cercine) on the somatosensory evoked responses following tooth pulp stimulation in rat.", "content": "Effect of diazepam on the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) following tooth pulp stimulation was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The SERs were recorded from the contralateral surface of the skull with a silver ball electrode and 200 responses were averaged with a medical computer. Generally, SERs were found to be composed of a sequence of four components named P1 (first positive wave), N1 (first negative wave), P2 (second positive wave), and N2 (second negative wave) in a 100 msec analysis time. Diazepam enhanced only the amplitude of the P1 component to about 500% of the control, while it suppressed other N1, P2, and N2 components to about 30, 40, and 20% of the control, respectively. The maximum suppressed effect appeared about 30 min after the diazepam injection and the effect was maintained for about 150 min. One possible explanation for the present result is that the activities of the synapses mostly in cortical layter IV evoked by tooth pulp stimulation may be enhanced but the activities of the cortical cells may be suppressed by diazepam injection.", "contents": "Effects of diazepam (cercine) on the somatosensory evoked responses following tooth pulp stimulation in rat. Effect of diazepam on the somatosensory evoked responses (SER) following tooth pulp stimulation was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The SERs were recorded from the contralateral surface of the skull with a silver ball electrode and 200 responses were averaged with a medical computer. Generally, SERs were found to be composed of a sequence of four components named P1 (first positive wave), N1 (first negative wave), P2 (second positive wave), and N2 (second negative wave) in a 100 msec analysis time. Diazepam enhanced only the amplitude of the P1 component to about 500% of the control, while it suppressed other N1, P2, and N2 components to about 30, 40, and 20% of the control, respectively. The maximum suppressed effect appeared about 30 min after the diazepam injection and the effect was maintained for about 150 min. One possible explanation for the present result is that the activities of the synapses mostly in cortical layter IV evoked by tooth pulp stimulation may be enhanced but the activities of the cortical cells may be suppressed by diazepam injection."}
{"id": "PMID:286653", "title": "Cerebral vascular changes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Cerebral vascular lesions of 26 cases in systemic lupus erythematosus during a period from 1963 to 1978 were examined histologically and the following conclusions were made: 1. The prominent vascular changes of the brain were thrombosis, fibrinoid degeneration, endothelial swelling and proliferation, arteriolosclerosis, and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. 2. From clinico-pathological viewpoints, thrombosis seemed to play an important role in the development of neurological signs. In five cases, characteristic granular or homogeneous thrombi were observed in the small blood vessels including venule. Infarct without proved vascular obstruction but probably due to thrombosis was seen in four cases. The true character of the granular thrombi was not determined, either electronmicroscopically or immunohistochemically. These suggested the presence of a tendency for in situ formation of thrombus. 3. Fibrinoid degeneration seen in four cases mainly affected arterile of less than 50 micrometer in diameter in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and brain stem. This change of arteriole did not play a significant role in neurological signs. 4. Endothelial swelling and proliferation of the small blood vessels were prominent in the cases with thrombosis and fibrinoid degeneration. 5. Perivascular infiltration of the inflammatory cells was observed in about one-half of the cases but its significance was not clear.", "contents": "Cerebral vascular changes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cerebral vascular lesions of 26 cases in systemic lupus erythematosus during a period from 1963 to 1978 were examined histologically and the following conclusions were made: 1. The prominent vascular changes of the brain were thrombosis, fibrinoid degeneration, endothelial swelling and proliferation, arteriolosclerosis, and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells. 2. From clinico-pathological viewpoints, thrombosis seemed to play an important role in the development of neurological signs. In five cases, characteristic granular or homogeneous thrombi were observed in the small blood vessels including venule. Infarct without proved vascular obstruction but probably due to thrombosis was seen in four cases. The true character of the granular thrombi was not determined, either electronmicroscopically or immunohistochemically. These suggested the presence of a tendency for in situ formation of thrombus. 3. Fibrinoid degeneration seen in four cases mainly affected arterile of less than 50 micrometer in diameter in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and brain stem. This change of arteriole did not play a significant role in neurological signs. 4. Endothelial swelling and proliferation of the small blood vessels were prominent in the cases with thrombosis and fibrinoid degeneration. 5. Perivascular infiltration of the inflammatory cells was observed in about one-half of the cases but its significance was not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:286665", "title": "Possible role of glucocorticoid receptors in globin gene expression in differentiating Friend cells.", "content": "Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the expression of globin genes during the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of T3C12 Friend erythroleukemia cells in inhibited by dexamethasone and related glucocorticoids. The present report shows that dexamethasone exerts a similar effect on the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in differentiating GM86 Friend cells, but that these cells are less sensitive to this hormone. The higher sensitivity of T3C12 cells has been correlated with the presence of 6 times as many cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors as in the GM86 cells. The receptors of T3C12 cells have been shown to have properties in common with glucocorticoid receptors found in other tissues. It is proposed that these receptors may be responsible for the steroid control of the globin genes in Friend cells.", "contents": "Possible role of glucocorticoid receptors in globin gene expression in differentiating Friend cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that the expression of globin genes during the dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of T3C12 Friend erythroleukemia cells in inhibited by dexamethasone and related glucocorticoids. The present report shows that dexamethasone exerts a similar effect on the accumulation of globin mRNA and hemoglobin in differentiating GM86 Friend cells, but that these cells are less sensitive to this hormone. The higher sensitivity of T3C12 cells has been correlated with the presence of 6 times as many cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors as in the GM86 cells. The receptors of T3C12 cells have been shown to have properties in common with glucocorticoid receptors found in other tissues. It is proposed that these receptors may be responsible for the steroid control of the globin genes in Friend cells."}
{"id": "PMID:286666", "title": "Inhibition of functional and morphological differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells by tumor promoters.", "content": "Addition of a potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), to mouse myeloid leukemia line cells (Ml) in suspension cultures inhibited both functional and morphological differentiation of the cells induced by dexamethasone or protein inducer. A positive correlation was found between the tumor-promoting activities of several plant diterpenes and their inhibition of cell differentiation. The inhibition of cell differentiation by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to its cytotoxic action.", "contents": "Inhibition of functional and morphological differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells by tumor promoters. Addition of a potent tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), to mouse myeloid leukemia line cells (Ml) in suspension cultures inhibited both functional and morphological differentiation of the cells induced by dexamethasone or protein inducer. A positive correlation was found between the tumor-promoting activities of several plant diterpenes and their inhibition of cell differentiation. The inhibition of cell differentiation by TPA was reversible and was unrelated to its cytotoxic action."}
{"id": "PMID:286667", "title": "Overshoot phenomenon of phytohemagglutinin response after chemotherapy and its relationship to remission in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "To define the relationship between cell-mediated immunity and responses to chemotherapy or prognosis, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, E- and active E-rosette tests, and mitogenic responses of lymphocytes were examined in 15 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Its results indicated that cell-mediated immunity before remission induction chemotherapy did not correlate with the outcome of treatment. In contrast, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and mitogenic response tested after remission induction correlated with therepeutic effect. Further a \"rebound\" or overshoot of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness was observed in patients achieving remission. Serial studies on cell-mediated immunity may be useful for predicting therapuetic efficacy and prognosis in patients with acute leukemia.", "contents": "Overshoot phenomenon of phytohemagglutinin response after chemotherapy and its relationship to remission in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. To define the relationship between cell-mediated immunity and responses to chemotherapy or prognosis, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, E- and active E-rosette tests, and mitogenic responses of lymphocytes were examined in 15 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Its results indicated that cell-mediated immunity before remission induction chemotherapy did not correlate with the outcome of treatment. In contrast, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and mitogenic response tested after remission induction correlated with therepeutic effect. Further a \"rebound\" or overshoot of phytohemagglutinin responsiveness was observed in patients achieving remission. Serial studies on cell-mediated immunity may be useful for predicting therapuetic efficacy and prognosis in patients with acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286692", "title": "Thiamin deprivation in ventromedial hypothalamic hyperphagic rats: anorexia, specificity of food aversion, and a dietary consideration.", "content": "The anorexic consequence of thiamin deprivation was investigated in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) hyperphagic rats under either high-fat or low-fat thiamin-free diet conditions. The low-fat diet maintained feeding significantly longer in thiamin-deprived VMH rats than in intact rats, whereas the hig-fat diet sustained feeding in thiamin-deficient intact rats and accelerated anorexia onset in vitamin B1 deprived VMH rats. This effect was noted under both ad lib and pair-feeding conditions. Thiamin-deprived VMH rats subjected to weight control developed anorexia sooner than intact subjects regardless of the diet employed. The VMH rats fed a high-fat diet failed to resume feeding after thiamin readministration, which was interpreted as a permanent aversion to this diet. The relation between dietary intake and conditioned taste aversion is discussed with reference to the VMH and intact rat.", "contents": "Thiamin deprivation in ventromedial hypothalamic hyperphagic rats: anorexia, specificity of food aversion, and a dietary consideration. The anorexic consequence of thiamin deprivation was investigated in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) hyperphagic rats under either high-fat or low-fat thiamin-free diet conditions. The low-fat diet maintained feeding significantly longer in thiamin-deprived VMH rats than in intact rats, whereas the hig-fat diet sustained feeding in thiamin-deficient intact rats and accelerated anorexia onset in vitamin B1 deprived VMH rats. This effect was noted under both ad lib and pair-feeding conditions. Thiamin-deprived VMH rats subjected to weight control developed anorexia sooner than intact subjects regardless of the diet employed. The VMH rats fed a high-fat diet failed to resume feeding after thiamin readministration, which was interpreted as a permanent aversion to this diet. The relation between dietary intake and conditioned taste aversion is discussed with reference to the VMH and intact rat."}
{"id": "PMID:286705", "title": "The quantitative measurement of the opacity of aesthetic dental filling materials.", "content": "A method is described for measuring the opacity of anesthetic dental filling materials using a goniophotometer. Procedures are given for converting measured opacity values to those referred to a 70% reflectance background (C0.7 values) as required by existing specifications. The conversion is involved, and, since most available white surfaces have reflectance of about 80%, it is recommended that in future specifications opacity be recorded as C0.8 values. Opacity values for 28 materials are reported. It was found that the opacity of dental cement decreases for several days following preparation and that powder/liquid ratio has little effect, while pigmentation has a marked effect on opacity.", "contents": "The quantitative measurement of the opacity of aesthetic dental filling materials. A method is described for measuring the opacity of anesthetic dental filling materials using a goniophotometer. Procedures are given for converting measured opacity values to those referred to a 70% reflectance background (C0.7 values) as required by existing specifications. The conversion is involved, and, since most available white surfaces have reflectance of about 80%, it is recommended that in future specifications opacity be recorded as C0.8 values. Opacity values for 28 materials are reported. It was found that the opacity of dental cement decreases for several days following preparation and that powder/liquid ratio has little effect, while pigmentation has a marked effect on opacity."}
{"id": "PMID:286706", "title": "Glass ionomer cement formulations: I. The preparation of novel fluoroaluminosilicate glasses high in fluorine.", "content": "The preparation of a large number of novel fluorine-containing aluminosilicate glasses is reported along with the properties of cements formed by their reaction to aqueous solutions of poly- (acrylic acid) (PAA).", "contents": "Glass ionomer cement formulations: I. The preparation of novel fluoroaluminosilicate glasses high in fluorine. The preparation of a large number of novel fluorine-containing aluminosilicate glasses is reported along with the properties of cements formed by their reaction to aqueous solutions of poly- (acrylic acid) (PAA)."}
{"id": "PMID:286707", "title": "The concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in submandibular salivary glands of rats in essential fatty acid deficiency.", "content": "EFA deficiency was created in young weanling rats by feeding for 16 weeks purified diets containing 0% fat or 7% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). Control rats were fed similar diets which contained 7% corn oil or 5% HCO + 2% corn oil. Submandibular salivary gland (SMSG) lipids were extracted and analyzed for the concentration of the free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), total lipid P and the proportions of various phospholipids. In EFA-deficient SMSG, the concentrations of FFA and TG fractions were lower compared to those of the controls. Total lipid P was either unaffected or slightly increased; the proportion of phospholipids was not changed. Possible reasons for these changes in SMSG lipids are discussed.", "contents": "The concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in submandibular salivary glands of rats in essential fatty acid deficiency. EFA deficiency was created in young weanling rats by feeding for 16 weeks purified diets containing 0% fat or 7% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). Control rats were fed similar diets which contained 7% corn oil or 5% HCO + 2% corn oil. Submandibular salivary gland (SMSG) lipids were extracted and analyzed for the concentration of the free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), total lipid P and the proportions of various phospholipids. In EFA-deficient SMSG, the concentrations of FFA and TG fractions were lower compared to those of the controls. Total lipid P was either unaffected or slightly increased; the proportion of phospholipids was not changed. Possible reasons for these changes in SMSG lipids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286708", "title": "Polyamine metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated mouse salivary glands.", "content": "Isoproterenol (0.3 micronmole/gm body weight) was injected intraperitoneally every 24 h for three days. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, the concentration of putrescine, spermidine and spermine and the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were measured in parotid and submandibular glands at 4 to 8 h after each injection. The parotid glands responded with peaks of DNA synthesis at 24 and 72 h and peaks of putrescine content and decarboxylase activities 8 to 12 h after each injection. Spermidine increased steadily in the parotid, whereas there was little change in the spermine concentration throughout the 72 h. Polyamine metabolism showed much less response in the submandibular gland, and little or no increase in spermidine or spermine levels or in DNA synthesis was observed.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated mouse salivary glands. Isoproterenol (0.3 micronmole/gm body weight) was injected intraperitoneally every 24 h for three days. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, the concentration of putrescine, spermidine and spermine and the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were measured in parotid and submandibular glands at 4 to 8 h after each injection. The parotid glands responded with peaks of DNA synthesis at 24 and 72 h and peaks of putrescine content and decarboxylase activities 8 to 12 h after each injection. Spermidine increased steadily in the parotid, whereas there was little change in the spermine concentration throughout the 72 h. Polyamine metabolism showed much less response in the submandibular gland, and little or no increase in spermidine or spermine levels or in DNA synthesis was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:286711", "title": "Studies of prophylaxis pastes containing sodium-potassium aluminum silicate and fluoride.", "content": "A sodium-potassium aluminum silicate cleaning and polishing agent was compared with conventional prophylaxis abrasives and was found to be highly compatible with fluoride. When formulated into a fluoride prophylaxis paste, especially with stannous fluoride, a larger reduction in enamel solubility and greater fluoride uptake were obtained with representative commercial prophylaxis pastes.", "contents": "Studies of prophylaxis pastes containing sodium-potassium aluminum silicate and fluoride. A sodium-potassium aluminum silicate cleaning and polishing agent was compared with conventional prophylaxis abrasives and was found to be highly compatible with fluoride. When formulated into a fluoride prophylaxis paste, especially with stannous fluoride, a larger reduction in enamel solubility and greater fluoride uptake were obtained with representative commercial prophylaxis pastes."}
{"id": "PMID:286712", "title": "Behaviorally based measures for assessing the non-clinical performance of expanded function dental auxiliaries in team settings.", "content": "Retranslation of expectations technique was used to develop behaviorally-anchored scales for evaluating the performance effectiveness of expanded function dental auxiliaries (EFDAs) working in extended dental health teams. The resulting instrument focuses on the evaluator's judgment of specific acts in eight dimensions of performance.", "contents": "Behaviorally based measures for assessing the non-clinical performance of expanded function dental auxiliaries in team settings. Retranslation of expectations technique was used to develop behaviorally-anchored scales for evaluating the performance effectiveness of expanded function dental auxiliaries (EFDAs) working in extended dental health teams. The resulting instrument focuses on the evaluator's judgment of specific acts in eight dimensions of performance."}
{"id": "PMID:286715", "title": "Extrusion of rheometry of fluid materials.", "content": "A capillary extrusion rheometer was developed and tested using Newtonian oils of known viscosity and seven endodontic sealers. The described apparatus and technique appear appropriate for comparative assessment of the rheological characteristics of a variety of fluid dental materials.", "contents": "Extrusion of rheometry of fluid materials. A capillary extrusion rheometer was developed and tested using Newtonian oils of known viscosity and seven endodontic sealers. The described apparatus and technique appear appropriate for comparative assessment of the rheological characteristics of a variety of fluid dental materials."}
{"id": "PMID:286716", "title": "Measurement of bending deformation for small diameter orthodontic wires.", "content": "The stiffness tester and torque meter were found to yield nearly the same measurements of bending deformation for orthodontic wires as small as .007 inch diameter, provided the different bending apparatus are calibrated to each other. Although frictional losses in the test apparatus did not appear to be significant, the test span length does significantly affect measured values of Young's modulus and flexural yield strength, in a manner similar to that previously found for larger-diameter wires.", "contents": "Measurement of bending deformation for small diameter orthodontic wires. The stiffness tester and torque meter were found to yield nearly the same measurements of bending deformation for orthodontic wires as small as .007 inch diameter, provided the different bending apparatus are calibrated to each other. Although frictional losses in the test apparatus did not appear to be significant, the test span length does significantly affect measured values of Young's modulus and flexural yield strength, in a manner similar to that previously found for larger-diameter wires."}
{"id": "PMID:286717", "title": "IgG subclasses in human periodontal disease: III. Serum concentrations of IgG subclass immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes.", "content": "No quantitative changes in serum IgG subclass concentrations could be correlated clinically with periodontal disease, despite evidence of restrictive IgG sublcass antibody responses in inflamed gingiva. Serum from periodontal patients also lacked circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "IgG subclasses in human periodontal disease: III. Serum concentrations of IgG subclass immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes. No quantitative changes in serum IgG subclass concentrations could be correlated clinically with periodontal disease, despite evidence of restrictive IgG sublcass antibody responses in inflamed gingiva. Serum from periodontal patients also lacked circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:286718", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in a strain of Bacterionema matruchotii.", "content": "Protein from the soluble fraction of Bacterium matruchotii cells propagated in a medium containing no added inorganic phosphate was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. The bulk of phosphatase activity assayed at pH 8.0 was found in fractions equivalent to a molecular weight of 6 x 10(5) daltons. Substrate saturation kinetics indicate at Km of 0.75 mM for p-nitrophenylphosphate. Activity was stimulated more than two-fold by Zn++ at 1 mM, but was significantly reduced by EDTA, Ca++ and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme(s) shows negligible activity at pH below 6.0 and has a narrow optimum between 7.5 and 8.5.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in a strain of Bacterionema matruchotii. Protein from the soluble fraction of Bacterium matruchotii cells propagated in a medium containing no added inorganic phosphate was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. The bulk of phosphatase activity assayed at pH 8.0 was found in fractions equivalent to a molecular weight of 6 x 10(5) daltons. Substrate saturation kinetics indicate at Km of 0.75 mM for p-nitrophenylphosphate. Activity was stimulated more than two-fold by Zn++ at 1 mM, but was significantly reduced by EDTA, Ca++ and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme(s) shows negligible activity at pH below 6.0 and has a narrow optimum between 7.5 and 8.5."}
{"id": "PMID:286719", "title": "Formation of Bacterionema matruchotii protoplast.", "content": "Protoplast formation with Bacterionema matruchotii was studied turbidimetrically and microscopically. The protoplasts were inducible during culture by addition of glycine, lysozyme and Ficoll to a medium containing Tween-80 and polyethylene glycol.", "contents": "Formation of Bacterionema matruchotii protoplast. Protoplast formation with Bacterionema matruchotii was studied turbidimetrically and microscopically. The protoplasts were inducible during culture by addition of glycine, lysozyme and Ficoll to a medium containing Tween-80 and polyethylene glycol."}
{"id": "PMID:286720", "title": "Antibacterial susceptibility of plaque bacteria.", "content": "Selected anaerobic, capnophilic and facultative bacteria isolated from patients with various forms of periodontal health and disease were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Specific bactericidal and minimum inhibitory concentrations were compared to disc zone diameters, thereby generating new standards for the potential selection of antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Antibacterial susceptibility of plaque bacteria. Selected anaerobic, capnophilic and facultative bacteria isolated from patients with various forms of periodontal health and disease were tested for their susceptibility to antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. Specific bactericidal and minimum inhibitory concentrations were compared to disc zone diameters, thereby generating new standards for the potential selection of antimicrobial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:286722", "title": "Palate morphology and fetal movements in mice after DPH.", "content": "Effects of DPH on fetal development were studied using a dose which produced 65% cleft palate in the CD-1 strain. Generalized developmental retardation and diminution of fetal muscular movements occurred at the early fetal stage. Intermediate stages of palate closure persisted to term, indicating interference with palatine shelf rotation.", "contents": "Palate morphology and fetal movements in mice after DPH. Effects of DPH on fetal development were studied using a dose which produced 65% cleft palate in the CD-1 strain. Generalized developmental retardation and diminution of fetal muscular movements occurred at the early fetal stage. Intermediate stages of palate closure persisted to term, indicating interference with palatine shelf rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:286727", "title": "Responsibility quotient: a method for the quantification of actual teaching loads.", "content": "Dental school administrators must make judgements concerning the relative teaching load of each department as they attempt to distribute scarce institutional resources in an equitable manner across departmental lines. A formula is offered that allows for quantification and direct comparison of relative teaching loads of faculty.", "contents": "Responsibility quotient: a method for the quantification of actual teaching loads. Dental school administrators must make judgements concerning the relative teaching load of each department as they attempt to distribute scarce institutional resources in an equitable manner across departmental lines. A formula is offered that allows for quantification and direct comparison of relative teaching loads of faculty."}
{"id": "PMID:286731", "title": "Teaching clinical problem solving in preclinical occlusion courses.", "content": "The teaching of the basic principles and concepts of occlusion can be enhanced. Preclinical occlusion courses are made relevant to the clinical experience by introducing clinically related problem-solving exercises. These exercises develop a student's clinical problem-solving skill and create an excitement for active learning in the preclinical laboratory. Examples of these exercises are presented.", "contents": "Teaching clinical problem solving in preclinical occlusion courses. The teaching of the basic principles and concepts of occlusion can be enhanced. Preclinical occlusion courses are made relevant to the clinical experience by introducing clinically related problem-solving exercises. These exercises develop a student's clinical problem-solving skill and create an excitement for active learning in the preclinical laboratory. Examples of these exercises are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:286732", "title": "Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis: an experiment for the dental biochemistry laboratory.", "content": "A simple experiment is described for demonstrating the formation of a high molecular-weight polysaccharide from sucrose by a bacterial enzyme. The polysaccharide confers high viscosity on solutions. Dental students are encouraged to consider this as a component of the system leading to the formation of dental plaque and the initiation of carious lesions.", "contents": "Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis: an experiment for the dental biochemistry laboratory. A simple experiment is described for demonstrating the formation of a high molecular-weight polysaccharide from sucrose by a bacterial enzyme. The polysaccharide confers high viscosity on solutions. Dental students are encouraged to consider this as a component of the system leading to the formation of dental plaque and the initiation of carious lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:286739", "title": "[Oxygen contents and casting porosities in Ag alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "Although pure Ag has a large casting porosity near the sprue attachment, Ag-Zn and Ag-Cu alloys have small or no porosities. The casting porosities of Ag-Au alloys are similar to that of pure Ag. These experimental results were discussed using the calculated oxygen contents in molten state and the measured oxygen contents of castings, and related to the capacity for deoxidization of additive elements. In the present study the casting porosities in pure Ag and Ag-Au alloys are considered to be not shrinkage porosities, but porosities due to discharged oxygen gas. In spite of high oxygen contents of molten state and castings, the casting porosity was not observed in pure Cu. This may be due to the fact that the occluded oxygen atoms exist as copper oxide (Cu2O) in solid Cu.", "contents": "[Oxygen contents and casting porosities in Ag alloys (author's transl)]. Although pure Ag has a large casting porosity near the sprue attachment, Ag-Zn and Ag-Cu alloys have small or no porosities. The casting porosities of Ag-Au alloys are similar to that of pure Ag. These experimental results were discussed using the calculated oxygen contents in molten state and the measured oxygen contents of castings, and related to the capacity for deoxidization of additive elements. In the present study the casting porosities in pure Ag and Ag-Au alloys are considered to be not shrinkage porosities, but porosities due to discharged oxygen gas. In spite of high oxygen contents of molten state and castings, the casting porosity was not observed in pure Cu. This may be due to the fact that the occluded oxygen atoms exist as copper oxide (Cu2O) in solid Cu."}
{"id": "PMID:286740", "title": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of new restorative resins (in vitro) (author's transl)].", "content": "Biocompatibility of restorative resins, i.e., Isopast, Clearfil bond system F, Compodent II and Adaptic, was investigated by using cell nuclei counting and agar diffusion method of L cells. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Isopast showed moderate cytotoxicity immediately after mixing, followed by marked decrease of cytotoxicity during setting process. Cytotoxicity as a whole was the least as compared to the other tested. 2) Clearfil restorative resin showed severe cytotoxicity immediately after mixing. Decrease of cytotoxicity similar to Compodent II was found. However, it was found that set material had mild cytotoxicity even after three exchanges of the extract. 3) Bonding agent and catalyst of Clearfil bond system F showed severe cytotoxicity. 4) Change of cytotoxicity of Compodent II and Adaptic was reconfirmed.", "contents": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of new restorative resins (in vitro) (author's transl)]. Biocompatibility of restorative resins, i.e., Isopast, Clearfil bond system F, Compodent II and Adaptic, was investigated by using cell nuclei counting and agar diffusion method of L cells. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Isopast showed moderate cytotoxicity immediately after mixing, followed by marked decrease of cytotoxicity during setting process. Cytotoxicity as a whole was the least as compared to the other tested. 2) Clearfil restorative resin showed severe cytotoxicity immediately after mixing. Decrease of cytotoxicity similar to Compodent II was found. However, it was found that set material had mild cytotoxicity even after three exchanges of the extract. 3) Bonding agent and catalyst of Clearfil bond system F showed severe cytotoxicity. 4) Change of cytotoxicity of Compodent II and Adaptic was reconfirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:286741", "title": "[Study of gold-nickel alloy. (Part 1) The properties of gold-nickel binary alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "To research the possibility of a new dental Au base alloy, Au-Ni alloys were examined. Comospitions were 82.5% Au-17.5% Ni alloy, 77% Au-23% Ni alloy and 70% Au-30% Ni alloy. Mechanical properties of these alloys were equal to those of hardened Au added Pt alloy or type IV Au alloy. And these alloys have shown no tarnish and corrosion in 0.1% NaS solution, 0.05% HC1 solution or 1% Lactic acid solution after 21 days. Especially 77% Au-23% Ni alloy was the best among them.", "contents": "[Study of gold-nickel alloy. (Part 1) The properties of gold-nickel binary alloys (author's transl)]. To research the possibility of a new dental Au base alloy, Au-Ni alloys were examined. Comospitions were 82.5% Au-17.5% Ni alloy, 77% Au-23% Ni alloy and 70% Au-30% Ni alloy. Mechanical properties of these alloys were equal to those of hardened Au added Pt alloy or type IV Au alloy. And these alloys have shown no tarnish and corrosion in 0.1% NaS solution, 0.05% HC1 solution or 1% Lactic acid solution after 21 days. Especially 77% Au-23% Ni alloy was the best among them."}
{"id": "PMID:286742", "title": "[Physical properties of resins for veneer crown. (Part 1) Bending strength of thermosetting methacrylic resins (author's transl)].", "content": "The physical properties of thermosetting methacrylic resins contain a kind or more than two kinds of cross linking agents were investigated. Knoop hardness and bending strength after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling were listed in table 4 and 5. Hydrophilic resins absorbed water about 3 times as much as hydrophobic resins. The materials contain a small amount of hydrophobic cross linking agents in MMA indicate comparatively excellent properties after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling. Knoop hardness of resins generally reduced by water sorption, especially in the case of the resin contains a large amount of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate.", "contents": "[Physical properties of resins for veneer crown. (Part 1) Bending strength of thermosetting methacrylic resins (author's transl)]. The physical properties of thermosetting methacrylic resins contain a kind or more than two kinds of cross linking agents were investigated. Knoop hardness and bending strength after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling were listed in table 4 and 5. Hydrophilic resins absorbed water about 3 times as much as hydrophobic resins. The materials contain a small amount of hydrophobic cross linking agents in MMA indicate comparatively excellent properties after drying, water sorption and thermal cycling. Knoop hardness of resins generally reduced by water sorption, especially in the case of the resin contains a large amount of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate."}
{"id": "PMID:286744", "title": "Anti-Friend virus antibody is associated with recovery from viremia and loss of viral leukemia cell-surface antigens in leukemic mice. Identification of Rfv-3 as a gene locus influencing antibody production.", "content": "A single genetic locus, Rfv-3, influenced Friend virus (FV) viremia, loss of FV-induced cell-surface antigens from leukemia cells, and generation of anti-FV antibodies. 30--90 d after FV infection leukemic spleen cells from (B10.A X A)F1 and (B10.A X A.BY)F1 mice (Rfv-3r/s) were found to have low FV-induced cell-surface antigen expression compared to leukemic spleen cells from A and A.BY mice (Rfv-3s/s). In addition, these F1 mice recovered from viremia and generated cytotoxic anti-FV antibodies. A and A.BY mice did not recover from viremia and failed to generate anti-FV antibodies. Anti-FV leukemia cell antibody appeared to mediate FV-antigen loss because decrease of FV cell-surface antigens occurred at the same time as anti-FV antibody appeared in the plasma of F1 mice, and passive transfer of anti-FV antisera induced modulation of FV cell-surface antigens. Rfv-3 did not influence an intrinsic ability of FV antigens to be modulated from Rfv-3s/s leukemia cells because FV antigen loss from Rfv-3s/s spleen cells occurred after transfer of cells to an immune environment.", "contents": "Anti-Friend virus antibody is associated with recovery from viremia and loss of viral leukemia cell-surface antigens in leukemic mice. Identification of Rfv-3 as a gene locus influencing antibody production. A single genetic locus, Rfv-3, influenced Friend virus (FV) viremia, loss of FV-induced cell-surface antigens from leukemia cells, and generation of anti-FV antibodies. 30--90 d after FV infection leukemic spleen cells from (B10.A X A)F1 and (B10.A X A.BY)F1 mice (Rfv-3r/s) were found to have low FV-induced cell-surface antigen expression compared to leukemic spleen cells from A and A.BY mice (Rfv-3s/s). In addition, these F1 mice recovered from viremia and generated cytotoxic anti-FV antibodies. A and A.BY mice did not recover from viremia and failed to generate anti-FV antibodies. Anti-FV leukemia cell antibody appeared to mediate FV-antigen loss because decrease of FV cell-surface antigens occurred at the same time as anti-FV antibody appeared in the plasma of F1 mice, and passive transfer of anti-FV antisera induced modulation of FV cell-surface antigens. Rfv-3 did not influence an intrinsic ability of FV antigens to be modulated from Rfv-3s/s leukemia cells because FV antigen loss from Rfv-3s/s spleen cells occurred after transfer of cells to an immune environment."}
{"id": "PMID:286760", "title": "Local reaction to gingival injections of MER/BCG in guinea pigs.", "content": "The local reaction to gingival injections of methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER/BCG) was investigated in guinea pigs to help determine the potential of this agent in treating oral carcinoma. The drug was used in a standard and diluted form. Both concentrations were well tolerated and caused no ulceration or necrosis. Histological examinations performed at predetermined intervals showed an inflammatory response to the standard and the diluted solution. This reaction was more pronounced when the higher concentration was used. No changes in the alveolar bone were found in either of the groups. Complete healing with scar formation was evident four to six weeks later. The absence of severe reactions after injections of MER should encourage further investigations of this agent in the local treatment of neoplastic processes in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Local reaction to gingival injections of MER/BCG in guinea pigs. The local reaction to gingival injections of methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER/BCG) was investigated in guinea pigs to help determine the potential of this agent in treating oral carcinoma. The drug was used in a standard and diluted form. Both concentrations were well tolerated and caused no ulceration or necrosis. Histological examinations performed at predetermined intervals showed an inflammatory response to the standard and the diluted solution. This reaction was more pronounced when the higher concentration was used. No changes in the alveolar bone were found in either of the groups. Complete healing with scar formation was evident four to six weeks later. The absence of severe reactions after injections of MER should encourage further investigations of this agent in the local treatment of neoplastic processes in the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:286762", "title": "Postinjection infection-two unusual cases.", "content": "Two unusual forms of infection after local anesthesia have been presented. The first, a case of cellulitis, was thought initially to be a hypersensitivity reaction. The second, a case of impetigo, might prove difficult to diagnose because of its relative rarity.", "contents": "Postinjection infection-two unusual cases. Two unusual forms of infection after local anesthesia have been presented. The first, a case of cellulitis, was thought initially to be a hypersensitivity reaction. The second, a case of impetigo, might prove difficult to diagnose because of its relative rarity."}
{"id": "PMID:286764", "title": "Treatment of osteoradionecrosis by transoral hemimandibulectomy: report of case.", "content": "A case of progressive osteoradionecrosis after cobalt-60 radiation has been presented. A rational, but aggressive, treatment has been described. The morbidity of the procedure is minimal when proper instrumentation is available. The postoperative results are esthetically pleasing because, with radiation, there is so much fibrosis that facial contour is satisfactory even after a hemimandibulectomy.", "contents": "Treatment of osteoradionecrosis by transoral hemimandibulectomy: report of case. A case of progressive osteoradionecrosis after cobalt-60 radiation has been presented. A rational, but aggressive, treatment has been described. The morbidity of the procedure is minimal when proper instrumentation is available. The postoperative results are esthetically pleasing because, with radiation, there is so much fibrosis that facial contour is satisfactory even after a hemimandibulectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:286765", "title": "Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis accompanying lesions on fingers: report of case.", "content": "A case is presented of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis with herpes simplex virus infection involving the right thumb and little finger of an 18-year-old white man. The lesions all started at the same time. The disease was allowed to run its course except for symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis was made both from clinical signs and laboratory isolation of the virus.", "contents": "Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis accompanying lesions on fingers: report of case. A case is presented of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis with herpes simplex virus infection involving the right thumb and little finger of an 18-year-old white man. The lesions all started at the same time. The disease was allowed to run its course except for symptomatic treatment. The diagnosis was made both from clinical signs and laboratory isolation of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:286766", "title": "Repair of oronasal fistula with mucoperiosteal island flap: report of case.", "content": "This is a report of a little-known technique of closing an oral nasal fistula and an unusual case of anosmia which resolved after the palatal closure.", "contents": "Repair of oronasal fistula with mucoperiosteal island flap: report of case. This is a report of a little-known technique of closing an oral nasal fistula and an unusual case of anosmia which resolved after the palatal closure."}
{"id": "PMID:286767", "title": "Hemarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint in a patient with hemophilia B: report of case.", "content": "A case of hemophilia B with hemarthrosis in the TMJ, which led to pain and limitation of jaw movement, was successfully controlled by transfusion of Konyne.", "contents": "Hemarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint in a patient with hemophilia B: report of case. A case of hemophilia B with hemarthrosis in the TMJ, which led to pain and limitation of jaw movement, was successfully controlled by transfusion of Konyne."}
{"id": "PMID:286768", "title": "False aneurysm of the cheek: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of false aneurysm that occurred in the cheek are described. The clinical and histological findings indicated the lesions were due to hemorrhage caused by blunt and iatrogenic trauma. In addition, a continuous supply of blood into the cystic spaces through small veins or dilated capillaries in the wall was possibly a contributing factor to their pathogenesis. The lesions were successfully treated by surgical excision.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the cheek: report of two cases. Two cases of false aneurysm that occurred in the cheek are described. The clinical and histological findings indicated the lesions were due to hemorrhage caused by blunt and iatrogenic trauma. In addition, a continuous supply of blood into the cystic spaces through small veins or dilated capillaries in the wall was possibly a contributing factor to their pathogenesis. The lesions were successfully treated by surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:286770", "title": "Congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia--a new possibly autosomal recessive disorder.", "content": "Two siblings, a 3-month-old white male infant and a 12-day-old female infant, had an anterior mandibular bony lesion that, in both cases, had been present at birth. After evaluation of clinical, physical, radiographic, laboratory, and histologic findings, a diagnosis of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia was made. Thorough review of the literature on fibrous dysplasia yielded no similar cases. The two cases presented appear to be the first reported examples of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia in siblings. The parents said there was no consanguinity. The possibility of a new autosomal-recessive disorder is likely.", "contents": "Congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia--a new possibly autosomal recessive disorder. Two siblings, a 3-month-old white male infant and a 12-day-old female infant, had an anterior mandibular bony lesion that, in both cases, had been present at birth. After evaluation of clinical, physical, radiographic, laboratory, and histologic findings, a diagnosis of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia was made. Thorough review of the literature on fibrous dysplasia yielded no similar cases. The two cases presented appear to be the first reported examples of congenital monostotic fibrous dysplasia in siblings. The parents said there was no consanguinity. The possibility of a new autosomal-recessive disorder is likely."}
{"id": "PMID:286773", "title": "Respiratory effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital sedation.", "content": "The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital were studied in 18 patients who were breathing room air. Two patients had 70% oxygen supplementation administered by a nasal inhaler. Varying degrees of hypoxia occurred when the narcotic was given but hypoxia was not seen in patients who received diazepam alone. The hypoxic changes may be attributed to various physiological responses and can probably be prevented with administration of adequate oxygen.", "contents": "Respiratory effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital sedation. The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl, diazepam, and methohexital were studied in 18 patients who were breathing room air. Two patients had 70% oxygen supplementation administered by a nasal inhaler. Varying degrees of hypoxia occurred when the narcotic was given but hypoxia was not seen in patients who received diazepam alone. The hypoxic changes may be attributed to various physiological responses and can probably be prevented with administration of adequate oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:286775", "title": "Human bites of the face.", "content": "A series of 25 cases of human bites of the facial region has been presented. Treatment procedure has been outlined for use in both infected and noninfected cases. Three case histories have been outlined.", "contents": "Human bites of the face. A series of 25 cases of human bites of the facial region has been presented. Treatment procedure has been outlined for use in both infected and noninfected cases. Three case histories have been outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:286776", "title": "Treatment of the fractured edentulous mandible.", "content": "Fifty-three cases of fractures of edentulous mandibles were reviewed and analyzed. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to assess the entire treatment course. Two nonunions were identified. Major factors contributing to the difficulty of repair of fractures include the location of the fracture, the height of the horizontal ramus, and the patient's systemic condition. Closed reduction of fractures of atrophic mandibular bodies is advocated. Although anatomical alignment may not be achieved by this approach, it may preclude nonunion and a prolonged clinical course.", "contents": "Treatment of the fractured edentulous mandible. Fifty-three cases of fractures of edentulous mandibles were reviewed and analyzed. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to assess the entire treatment course. Two nonunions were identified. Major factors contributing to the difficulty of repair of fractures include the location of the fracture, the height of the horizontal ramus, and the patient's systemic condition. Closed reduction of fractures of atrophic mandibular bodies is advocated. Although anatomical alignment may not be achieved by this approach, it may preclude nonunion and a prolonged clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:286777", "title": "Gingival involvement in mycosis fungoides: report of case.", "content": "A case of mycosis fungoides of the gingiva is reported. Mycosis fungoides is a lymphoproliferative disease that primarily affects the skin. Systemic dissemination is a distinct aspect of the natural course of mycosis fungoides and usually involves the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. The diagnosis of mycosis fungoides depends on the presence of a variety of atypical cells, including small and large variants of the mycosis cell with an infiltrate of polymorphous inflammatory cells in both the dermis and epidermis. Various modes of treatment have been used. In the current case, remission was achieved with radiation therapy.", "contents": "Gingival involvement in mycosis fungoides: report of case. A case of mycosis fungoides of the gingiva is reported. Mycosis fungoides is a lymphoproliferative disease that primarily affects the skin. Systemic dissemination is a distinct aspect of the natural course of mycosis fungoides and usually involves the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. The diagnosis of mycosis fungoides depends on the presence of a variety of atypical cells, including small and large variants of the mycosis cell with an infiltrate of polymorphous inflammatory cells in both the dermis and epidermis. Various modes of treatment have been used. In the current case, remission was achieved with radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:286778", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia: review of the literature and report of nonulcerative case.", "content": "A review of the literature and a report of a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the hard palate is presented. Because necrotizing sialometaplasia may be misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma, it is important that the clinician and pathologist take the necessary precautions to prevent any further mutilative surgery for this benign disease entity.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia: review of the literature and report of nonulcerative case. A review of the literature and a report of a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the hard palate is presented. Because necrotizing sialometaplasia may be misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma, it is important that the clinician and pathologist take the necessary precautions to prevent any further mutilative surgery for this benign disease entity."}
{"id": "PMID:286779", "title": "Intraosseous liposarcoma of the maxilla and mandible: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of liposarcoma of the jaws were reported. These appear to be the first cases of their kind in the literature. Pathological and clinical features were discussed. Early diagnosis and radical treatment after accurate histological typing were stressed.", "contents": "Intraosseous liposarcoma of the maxilla and mandible: report of two cases. Two cases of liposarcoma of the jaws were reported. These appear to be the first cases of their kind in the literature. Pathological and clinical features were discussed. Early diagnosis and radical treatment after accurate histological typing were stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:286780", "title": "Delayed rupture of the spleen in a patient with mandibular fracture.", "content": "A case of blunt abdominal trauma with subsequent damage to and rupture of the spleen is presented. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and sequelae and complications of injury are discussed. This case report demonstrates the insidious nature of trauma to the spleen and the ultimate dangers of delayed rupture. Treatment and disposition of the case are discussed and recommendations for physical examination of the patient who has suffered trauma to the abdomen are outlined.", "contents": "Delayed rupture of the spleen in a patient with mandibular fracture. A case of blunt abdominal trauma with subsequent damage to and rupture of the spleen is presented. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and sequelae and complications of injury are discussed. This case report demonstrates the insidious nature of trauma to the spleen and the ultimate dangers of delayed rupture. Treatment and disposition of the case are discussed and recommendations for physical examination of the patient who has suffered trauma to the abdomen are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:286782", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of pansinusitis: report of case.", "content": "A case of acute pansinusitis with the complication of orbital cellulitis has been described. The patient initially had pain around the maxillary right first molar. Accurate diagnosis allowed for prompt, vigorous treatment, culminating in surgical intervention. The need for dental and oral surgical practitioners to be thoroughly familiar with all of the manifestations of paranasal sinus disease cannot be overemphasized.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of pansinusitis: report of case. A case of acute pansinusitis with the complication of orbital cellulitis has been described. The patient initially had pain around the maxillary right first molar. Accurate diagnosis allowed for prompt, vigorous treatment, culminating in surgical intervention. The need for dental and oral surgical practitioners to be thoroughly familiar with all of the manifestations of paranasal sinus disease cannot be overemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:286820", "title": "Multiple melanomas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum.", "content": "Multiple melanophoromas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum were characterized by cell anaplasia and polymorphism. Pigment spots may be the first stage of tumor development.", "contents": "Multiple melanomas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum. Multiple melanophoromas in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum were characterized by cell anaplasia and polymorphism. Pigment spots may be the first stage of tumor development."}
{"id": "PMID:286821", "title": "Philadelphia chromosome in human multiple myeloma.", "content": "Four patients with multiple myeloma in whom a Ph1 chromosome was found were described; 1 patient had a (9;22) translocation, 2 had no evidence of a translocation, and 1 had a complex translocation (3;8;22). Ph1 chromosomes with standard (9;22) or with unusual translocations were recently found in various myeloproliferative disorders (other than chronic myelogenous leukemia) and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These findings point to the genesis of a Ph1 chromosome in diseases other than chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Philadelphia chromosome in human multiple myeloma. Four patients with multiple myeloma in whom a Ph1 chromosome was found were described; 1 patient had a (9;22) translocation, 2 had no evidence of a translocation, and 1 had a complex translocation (3;8;22). Ph1 chromosomes with standard (9;22) or with unusual translocations were recently found in various myeloproliferative disorders (other than chronic myelogenous leukemia) and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These findings point to the genesis of a Ph1 chromosome in diseases other than chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:286822", "title": "Histopathology of neoplastic and nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in mice fed diets containing tetrachlorvinphos.", "content": "Tetrachlorvinphos was fed at 8,000 or 16,000 ppm in diets to male and female (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice for 80 weeks. Surviving mice were killed at 92 weeks, and all mice were completely necropsied. A high incidence of unusual nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in treated mice was present and characterized by pericellular fibrosis, hepatocyte nuclear pleomorphism, and intrasinusoidal foci of macrophages with intracytoplasmic crystalline structures. From 84 to 94% of the treated male mice and from 21 to 23% of the treated females had hepatocellular neoplasms. Only 17% of the control males and 7% of the control females had liver tumors. The induced tumors were frequently multiple in the liver, whereas the tumors in the controls were usually singular. The morphology of 241 liver tumors in 110 treated mice was different from that of tumors in controls. Liver tumors in control mice were generally composed of small basophillic hepatocytes. In treated mice, tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas composed of solid sheets of large basophilic or eosinophilic hepatocytes. Foci of prominent trabecular formation were seen in 51 tumors. Fifteen tumors were composed of small basophilic hepatocytes with oval cells interposed among them. Foci of capillary formation were noted in 3 of these tumors. In addition, 7 more typical hemangiosarcomas forming sinusoids and with thrombosis were observed.", "contents": "Histopathology of neoplastic and nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in mice fed diets containing tetrachlorvinphos. Tetrachlorvinphos was fed at 8,000 or 16,000 ppm in diets to male and female (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice for 80 weeks. Surviving mice were killed at 92 weeks, and all mice were completely necropsied. A high incidence of unusual nonneoplastic hepatic lesions in treated mice was present and characterized by pericellular fibrosis, hepatocyte nuclear pleomorphism, and intrasinusoidal foci of macrophages with intracytoplasmic crystalline structures. From 84 to 94% of the treated male mice and from 21 to 23% of the treated females had hepatocellular neoplasms. Only 17% of the control males and 7% of the control females had liver tumors. The induced tumors were frequently multiple in the liver, whereas the tumors in the controls were usually singular. The morphology of 241 liver tumors in 110 treated mice was different from that of tumors in controls. Liver tumors in control mice were generally composed of small basophillic hepatocytes. In treated mice, tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas composed of solid sheets of large basophilic or eosinophilic hepatocytes. Foci of prominent trabecular formation were seen in 51 tumors. Fifteen tumors were composed of small basophilic hepatocytes with oval cells interposed among them. Foci of capillary formation were noted in 3 of these tumors. In addition, 7 more typical hemangiosarcomas forming sinusoids and with thrombosis were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:286823", "title": "Nasal carcinomas in beagles after inhalation of relatively soluble forms of beta-emitting radionuclides.", "content": "Beagles were exposed by inhalation to relatively soluble forms of single beta-emitting radionuclides and are being held for life-span observation to evaluate biologic hazards associated with nuclear power production. The dogs were exposed to graded activity levels of 91YCl3, 144CeCl3, or 90SrCl2. With 91YCl3 and 144CeCl3, a significant radiation dose was delivered to the respiratory tract, liver, and skeleton. With 90SrCl2, the dose was almost totally to the skeleton. Squamous cell carcinomas associated with the nasal cavity have been the most frequently observed neoplasms in the 91YCl3 study and one of the most frequent in the 144CeCl3 study, whereas few squamous cell carcainomas have been seen in the 90SrCl2 study. One hemanglosarcoma in the nasal cavity was also seen in the 144Ce study. The incidence of nasal carcinomas may be related to higher relative concentrations of the radionuclides 91Y and 144Ce associated with the nasal turbinates. This relatively high risk of nasal cavity neoplasms suggests that standards for human exposure to these radionuclides should included a consideration of the nasal cavity epithelium as a major target tissue.", "contents": "Nasal carcinomas in beagles after inhalation of relatively soluble forms of beta-emitting radionuclides. Beagles were exposed by inhalation to relatively soluble forms of single beta-emitting radionuclides and are being held for life-span observation to evaluate biologic hazards associated with nuclear power production. The dogs were exposed to graded activity levels of 91YCl3, 144CeCl3, or 90SrCl2. With 91YCl3 and 144CeCl3, a significant radiation dose was delivered to the respiratory tract, liver, and skeleton. With 90SrCl2, the dose was almost totally to the skeleton. Squamous cell carcinomas associated with the nasal cavity have been the most frequently observed neoplasms in the 91YCl3 study and one of the most frequent in the 144CeCl3 study, whereas few squamous cell carcainomas have been seen in the 90SrCl2 study. One hemanglosarcoma in the nasal cavity was also seen in the 144Ce study. The incidence of nasal carcinomas may be related to higher relative concentrations of the radionuclides 91Y and 144Ce associated with the nasal turbinates. This relatively high risk of nasal cavity neoplasms suggests that standards for human exposure to these radionuclides should included a consideration of the nasal cavity epithelium as a major target tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:286824", "title": "Effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on azoxymethane-or methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats.", "content": "The effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on colon carcinogenesis was studied in female inbred F344 rats. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 or 15% alfalfa, pectin, or wheat bran. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given azoxymethane (AOM) sc at a dose rate of 8 mg/kg body weight/week for 10 weeks or methylnitrosourea (MNU) intrarectally at a dose rate of 2 mg/rat twice a week for 3 weeks. The AOM-treated group was autopsied 40 weeks and the MNU-treated group 30 weeks after the first injection of the carcinogen. No tumors were observed in the colon or other organs of untreated rats fed the various diets. The animals fed the alfalfa diet and treated with MNU had a higher incidence of colon tumors than did those fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. The incidence of MNU-induced colon tumors did not differ between the animals fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. However, the incidence of AOM-induced colon tumors in rats fed diets containing pectin or wheat bran was lower than that in rats fed the control diet or the alfalfa diet. These results thus indicate that the effect of fiber in colon carcinogenesis depends on the type of fiber and, possibly, the fiber's mode of action.", "contents": "Effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on azoxymethane-or methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. The effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on colon carcinogenesis was studied in female inbred F344 rats. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 or 15% alfalfa, pectin, or wheat bran. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given azoxymethane (AOM) sc at a dose rate of 8 mg/kg body weight/week for 10 weeks or methylnitrosourea (MNU) intrarectally at a dose rate of 2 mg/rat twice a week for 3 weeks. The AOM-treated group was autopsied 40 weeks and the MNU-treated group 30 weeks after the first injection of the carcinogen. No tumors were observed in the colon or other organs of untreated rats fed the various diets. The animals fed the alfalfa diet and treated with MNU had a higher incidence of colon tumors than did those fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. The incidence of MNU-induced colon tumors did not differ between the animals fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran. However, the incidence of AOM-induced colon tumors in rats fed diets containing pectin or wheat bran was lower than that in rats fed the control diet or the alfalfa diet. These results thus indicate that the effect of fiber in colon carcinogenesis depends on the type of fiber and, possibly, the fiber's mode of action."}
{"id": "PMID:286825", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of an epiglycanin-like glycoprotein from a new non-strain-specific subline of TA3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "A new non-strain-specific ascites subline of the TA3 mammary adenocarcinoma TA3-MM, which arose in vivo from the strain-specific TA3-St subline during an acute respiratory illness of the syngeneic mouse strain A/HeHa hosts, possessed at its surface a glycoprotein not found on the parent TA3-St cell. This glycoprotein, termed TA3-MM epiglycanin, was characterized by a high molecular weight (500,000), by potent inhibition of hemagglutination by the Vicia gramines lectin, and by carbohydrate and amino acid compositions nearly identical to those of the glycoprotein epiglycanin present at the surface of the allotransplantable TA3-Ha ascites cell. By electron microscopic examination, TA3-MM epiglycanin appeared as long extended rods with widths (2.5 nm) and lengths (450--500 nm) similar to those of TA3-Ha epiglycanin. Incubation of each of two sublines of the TA3-MM ascites cell, TA3-MM/1 and TA3-MM/2, with a modified trypsin followed by column chromatography produced approximately 1.0- and 0.2-fold as much epiglycanin-like material, respectively, as was obtained from the TA3--a ascites cell. Continuous growth of the TA3-MM cell in suspension culture resulted in an almost complete disappearance of epiglycanin in a manner demonstrated earlier for the TA3-Ha cell grown under similar conditions. Allotransplantability in the TA3-MM cell may be due, at least in part, to masking a histocompatibility antigens by epiglycanin-like molecules.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of an epiglycanin-like glycoprotein from a new non-strain-specific subline of TA3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma. A new non-strain-specific ascites subline of the TA3 mammary adenocarcinoma TA3-MM, which arose in vivo from the strain-specific TA3-St subline during an acute respiratory illness of the syngeneic mouse strain A/HeHa hosts, possessed at its surface a glycoprotein not found on the parent TA3-St cell. This glycoprotein, termed TA3-MM epiglycanin, was characterized by a high molecular weight (500,000), by potent inhibition of hemagglutination by the Vicia gramines lectin, and by carbohydrate and amino acid compositions nearly identical to those of the glycoprotein epiglycanin present at the surface of the allotransplantable TA3-Ha ascites cell. By electron microscopic examination, TA3-MM epiglycanin appeared as long extended rods with widths (2.5 nm) and lengths (450--500 nm) similar to those of TA3-Ha epiglycanin. Incubation of each of two sublines of the TA3-MM ascites cell, TA3-MM/1 and TA3-MM/2, with a modified trypsin followed by column chromatography produced approximately 1.0- and 0.2-fold as much epiglycanin-like material, respectively, as was obtained from the TA3--a ascites cell. Continuous growth of the TA3-MM cell in suspension culture resulted in an almost complete disappearance of epiglycanin in a manner demonstrated earlier for the TA3-Ha cell grown under similar conditions. Allotransplantability in the TA3-MM cell may be due, at least in part, to masking a histocompatibility antigens by epiglycanin-like molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:286826", "title": "Malignant mesotheliomas in a small village in the Anatolian region of Turkey: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "An epidemiologic and cause-related study was done in Tuzk\u00f6y, a small village in the city of Nev\u015fehir, in the Anatolian region of Turkey. The neighboring village of Kizilb\u00f6y was used as a control. People 25 years of age or older were studied: 312 persons (145 males and 167 females) from Tuzk\u00f6y and 95 persons (45 males and 50 females) from the control village. The annual incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) was found to be 6.5 cases (22 cases per 10,000 people) in Tuzk\u00f6y. Several other respiratory disorders were detected as well. Although no type of asbestos could be found in Tuzk\u00f6y and its vicinity, the asbestiform mineral zeolite was found in soil samples from the roads and fields of Tuzk\u00f6y, in its building stones, and in lung tissues of the villagers. Chest X-rays revealed no cases of MPM or other respiratory abnormalities in the control group. No zeolite could be found in the control village. Therefore, zeolite was thought to be the cause of MPM and the other respiratory disorders in Tuzk\u00f6y.", "contents": "Malignant mesotheliomas in a small village in the Anatolian region of Turkey: an epidemiologic study. An epidemiologic and cause-related study was done in Tuzk\u00f6y, a small village in the city of Nev\u015fehir, in the Anatolian region of Turkey. The neighboring village of Kizilb\u00f6y was used as a control. People 25 years of age or older were studied: 312 persons (145 males and 167 females) from Tuzk\u00f6y and 95 persons (45 males and 50 females) from the control village. The annual incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) was found to be 6.5 cases (22 cases per 10,000 people) in Tuzk\u00f6y. Several other respiratory disorders were detected as well. Although no type of asbestos could be found in Tuzk\u00f6y and its vicinity, the asbestiform mineral zeolite was found in soil samples from the roads and fields of Tuzk\u00f6y, in its building stones, and in lung tissues of the villagers. Chest X-rays revealed no cases of MPM or other respiratory abnormalities in the control group. No zeolite could be found in the control village. Therefore, zeolite was thought to be the cause of MPM and the other respiratory disorders in Tuzk\u00f6y."}
{"id": "PMID:286827", "title": "Sequential histopathology and cell kinetic changes in rat pyloric mucosa during gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The effect of administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at a dose level of 83 mg/liter in the drinking water was followed in the pyloric mucosae of male noninbred Wistar rats. Autoradiographic studies were done on animals killed after 10, 15, 26, and 36 weeks of treatment. In the normal-appearing mucosae of the rats treated with MNNG for 10 weeks, the number of epithelial cells per pit column was significantly increased over that in control rats. Simultaneously, a shift in the major zone of epithelial cell proliferation was noted in the treated rats. Along with the formation of a longer pit in MNNG-treated rats, the greatest number of DNA-synthesizing cells was displaced from the middle third of the pit in a downward direction toward the muscularis mucosa. In addition, at this early experimental time period, pits lined with more immature, cuboidal, mucus-depleted cells were recognizable. These pits not only had higher labeling indices than normal-appearing pits of the same animals but also expressed a dual nature with increased proliferative activity extending either upward to the luminal surface or further in a downward direction. Focal areas of cellular atypism were present by week 10 of treatment with a threefold to sevenfold greater DNA synthesis activity than that found in the normal-appearing mucosa of the same animal. A wide range of values in proliferative activity was found not only among invasive pyloric tumors within the same animal but also within different areas of the same tumor. The mechanism for the formation of adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is believed to be related to the dual character of the hyperplastic pits described.", "contents": "Sequential histopathology and cell kinetic changes in rat pyloric mucosa during gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The effect of administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at a dose level of 83 mg/liter in the drinking water was followed in the pyloric mucosae of male noninbred Wistar rats. Autoradiographic studies were done on animals killed after 10, 15, 26, and 36 weeks of treatment. In the normal-appearing mucosae of the rats treated with MNNG for 10 weeks, the number of epithelial cells per pit column was significantly increased over that in control rats. Simultaneously, a shift in the major zone of epithelial cell proliferation was noted in the treated rats. Along with the formation of a longer pit in MNNG-treated rats, the greatest number of DNA-synthesizing cells was displaced from the middle third of the pit in a downward direction toward the muscularis mucosa. In addition, at this early experimental time period, pits lined with more immature, cuboidal, mucus-depleted cells were recognizable. These pits not only had higher labeling indices than normal-appearing pits of the same animals but also expressed a dual nature with increased proliferative activity extending either upward to the luminal surface or further in a downward direction. Focal areas of cellular atypism were present by week 10 of treatment with a threefold to sevenfold greater DNA synthesis activity than that found in the normal-appearing mucosa of the same animal. A wide range of values in proliferative activity was found not only among invasive pyloric tumors within the same animal but also within different areas of the same tumor. The mechanism for the formation of adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas is believed to be related to the dual character of the hyperplastic pits described."}
{"id": "PMID:286828", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine in MRC rats.", "content": "Weekly sc injections of equitoxic doses of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) to Wister-derived MRC rats induced tumors. The incidence, latency, multiplicity, morphologic type, and distribution of these tumors varied according to the compound given. The esophagus was the main target organ for BHP (100%), followed by the respiratory tract (87%), pharynx (80%), colon and liver (each 73%), kidneys (20%), thyroid gland (20%), and urinary bladder and urethra (each 7%). BOP was ineffective in the esophagus and pharynx but induced a higher incidence of tumors in the kidneys (27%), thyroid gland (60%), urinary bladder (33%), and urethra (73%) and fewer neoplasms in the respiratory tract (20%), colon (67%), and liver (53%). In addition, BOP caused a few, apparently primary, prostate squamous cell carcinomas. The results are compared with results of BHP treatment in Sprague-Dawley rats and with results of BHP and BOP treatment in Syrian golden hamsters.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine in MRC rats. Weekly sc injections of equitoxic doses of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) to Wister-derived MRC rats induced tumors. The incidence, latency, multiplicity, morphologic type, and distribution of these tumors varied according to the compound given. The esophagus was the main target organ for BHP (100%), followed by the respiratory tract (87%), pharynx (80%), colon and liver (each 73%), kidneys (20%), thyroid gland (20%), and urinary bladder and urethra (each 7%). BOP was ineffective in the esophagus and pharynx but induced a higher incidence of tumors in the kidneys (27%), thyroid gland (60%), urinary bladder (33%), and urethra (73%) and fewer neoplasms in the respiratory tract (20%), colon (67%), and liver (53%). In addition, BOP caused a few, apparently primary, prostate squamous cell carcinomas. The results are compared with results of BHP treatment in Sprague-Dawley rats and with results of BHP and BOP treatment in Syrian golden hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:286829", "title": "Tumorigenicity of the diastereomeric benz[a]anthracene 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides and the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of benz[a]anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol in newborn mice.", "content": "The tumorigenic activity of benz[a]anthracene (BA), the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz[a]anthracene (BA 3,4-dihydrodiol), and the racemic diastereomers of the BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides [i.e., either or both of the diastereomeric 1,2-epoxides derived from BA 3,4-dihydrodiol in which the epoxide oxygen is cis (diol epoxide-1) or trans (diol epoxide-2) to the benzylic 4-hydroxyl group) was examined in newborn Swiss-Webster mice. The mice were administered ip a total dose of 280 nmoles of compound in divided doses consisting of 40 nmoles within 24 hours of birth, 80 nmoles at 8 days of age, and 160 nmoles at 15 days of age. The experiment was terminated when the animals were 26 weeks of age. BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 was the most potent compound tested. All animals treated with BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 developed pulmonary tumors with an average of 13.3 tumors per mouse. BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-1 produced pulmonary tumors in 42% of the mice with an average of only 0.56 tumors per mouse. The (-)-enantiomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol with [3R,4R] absolute stereochemistry was the second most tumorigenic derivative of BA tested; it produced pulmonary tumors in 71% of the mice with an average of 1.88 tumors per mouse. BA and the (+)-enantiomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol had little or no tumorigenic activity at the dose tested. A comparison of the average number of pulmonary tumors per mouse revealed that BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 was about 30-fold more tumorigenic than was BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-1, 8-fold more tumorigenic than was (-)-BA 3,4-dihydrodiol, and greater than 85-fold more tumorigenic than was BA. These data indicate that in newborn mice BA 3,4-dihydrodiol and a BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide are proximate and ultimate carcinogenic metabolites of BA, respectively.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of the diastereomeric benz[a]anthracene 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides and the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of benz[a]anthracene 3,4-dihydrodiol in newborn mice. The tumorigenic activity of benz[a]anthracene (BA), the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenz[a]anthracene (BA 3,4-dihydrodiol), and the racemic diastereomers of the BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides [i.e., either or both of the diastereomeric 1,2-epoxides derived from BA 3,4-dihydrodiol in which the epoxide oxygen is cis (diol epoxide-1) or trans (diol epoxide-2) to the benzylic 4-hydroxyl group) was examined in newborn Swiss-Webster mice. The mice were administered ip a total dose of 280 nmoles of compound in divided doses consisting of 40 nmoles within 24 hours of birth, 80 nmoles at 8 days of age, and 160 nmoles at 15 days of age. The experiment was terminated when the animals were 26 weeks of age. BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 was the most potent compound tested. All animals treated with BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 developed pulmonary tumors with an average of 13.3 tumors per mouse. BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-1 produced pulmonary tumors in 42% of the mice with an average of only 0.56 tumors per mouse. The (-)-enantiomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol with [3R,4R] absolute stereochemistry was the second most tumorigenic derivative of BA tested; it produced pulmonary tumors in 71% of the mice with an average of 1.88 tumors per mouse. BA and the (+)-enantiomer of BA 3,4-dihydrodiol had little or no tumorigenic activity at the dose tested. A comparison of the average number of pulmonary tumors per mouse revealed that BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-2 was about 30-fold more tumorigenic than was BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide-1, 8-fold more tumorigenic than was (-)-BA 3,4-dihydrodiol, and greater than 85-fold more tumorigenic than was BA. These data indicate that in newborn mice BA 3,4-dihydrodiol and a BA 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide are proximate and ultimate carcinogenic metabolites of BA, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:286830", "title": "Renal carcinogenic and nephrotoxic effects of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate in F344 rats and (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice.", "content": "Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBP) was administered in the feed at one of two concentrations to groups of 55 male and 55 female inbred F344 rats and to 50 male and 50 female (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice. The high and low dietary concentrations of TBP administered orally were 100 and 50 ppm for the rats, respectively, and 1,000 and 500 ppm for the mice, respectively. For each rodent type, 55 animals of each sex were used as contols. In both rodent types, renal epithelial tumors developed at incidences that were significant for male and female rats and mice that received the doses. These tumors included renal tubular cell adenomas and carcinomas that developed from the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium. Among female mice and rats, hyperplasia and/or dysplasia of the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium with or without cystic dilatation of the tubules and increase in the size of cell nuclei were dose dependent and recognized as preneoplastic and/or toxic lesions. The comparative histogenesis of renal tubular neoplasms was discussed.", "contents": "Renal carcinogenic and nephrotoxic effects of the flame retardant tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate in F344 rats and (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice. Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TBP) was administered in the feed at one of two concentrations to groups of 55 male and 55 female inbred F344 rats and to 50 male and 50 female (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice. The high and low dietary concentrations of TBP administered orally were 100 and 50 ppm for the rats, respectively, and 1,000 and 500 ppm for the mice, respectively. For each rodent type, 55 animals of each sex were used as contols. In both rodent types, renal epithelial tumors developed at incidences that were significant for male and female rats and mice that received the doses. These tumors included renal tubular cell adenomas and carcinomas that developed from the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium. Among female mice and rats, hyperplasia and/or dysplasia of the proximal convoluted tubular epithelium with or without cystic dilatation of the tubules and increase in the size of cell nuclei were dose dependent and recognized as preneoplastic and/or toxic lesions. The comparative histogenesis of renal tubular neoplasms was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286831", "title": "Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix in Buffalo, New York.", "content": "An investigation was done to determine whether patients with cancer of the cervix from Buffalo and Kenmore, New York, differed from a random sample of women from the same communities on a variety of parameters associated with marital and reproductive history. A comparison of the 285 patients and 1,620 controls showed that patients were more likely than controls to have been black and non-Jewish, to have married young, to have had more than one husband, and to have been young at the time of their first pregnancy. In addition, they were more likely to have frequently used the vaginal douche and to have used it over many years. As frequency of douche increased, so did risk of cervix cancer.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix in Buffalo, New York. An investigation was done to determine whether patients with cancer of the cervix from Buffalo and Kenmore, New York, differed from a random sample of women from the same communities on a variety of parameters associated with marital and reproductive history. A comparison of the 285 patients and 1,620 controls showed that patients were more likely than controls to have been black and non-Jewish, to have married young, to have had more than one husband, and to have been young at the time of their first pregnancy. In addition, they were more likely to have frequently used the vaginal douche and to have used it over many years. As frequency of douche increased, so did risk of cervix cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:286834", "title": "Inhibition of human leukocyte migration in agar by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of stomach, colon, and lung cancers.", "content": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose-agar was used as a probe for tumor-associated antigen in 3-M KCl solubilized extracts of gastric, colon, and lung cancers from humans. Twelve of 40 (30%) leukocyte preparations from gastric cancer patients, 10 of 21 (48%) from colon cancer patients, and 7 of 14 (50%) from lung cancer patients were inhibited by their respective histologically homologus cancer extract. However, among 75 preparations from various cancer patients, leukocytes from only 2 gastric cancer patients were inhibited by paired normal gastric tissue extracts. Only 2 of 68 preparations from normal individuals and none of 67 preparations from patients with nonmalignant diseases, such as gastric peptic ulcer, gastritis, colon polyposis, colitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, and sarcoidosis, were inhibited by cancer extracts. These findings suggest the presence in KCl extracts of gastric cancer of presumed tumor-associated antigen(s) that is antigenically distinct from that of either colon or lung cancer.", "contents": "Inhibition of human leukocyte migration in agar by 3-M potassium chloride extracts of stomach, colon, and lung cancers. Inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose-agar was used as a probe for tumor-associated antigen in 3-M KCl solubilized extracts of gastric, colon, and lung cancers from humans. Twelve of 40 (30%) leukocyte preparations from gastric cancer patients, 10 of 21 (48%) from colon cancer patients, and 7 of 14 (50%) from lung cancer patients were inhibited by their respective histologically homologus cancer extract. However, among 75 preparations from various cancer patients, leukocytes from only 2 gastric cancer patients were inhibited by paired normal gastric tissue extracts. Only 2 of 68 preparations from normal individuals and none of 67 preparations from patients with nonmalignant diseases, such as gastric peptic ulcer, gastritis, colon polyposis, colitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, and sarcoidosis, were inhibited by cancer extracts. These findings suggest the presence in KCl extracts of gastric cancer of presumed tumor-associated antigen(s) that is antigenically distinct from that of either colon or lung cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:286836", "title": "Inhibition of thymidine incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA of HRS/J mice after a Colcemid pulse.", "content": "The introduction of a Colcemid pulse, which is known to inhibit microtubulin assembly and thereby influence cellular events dependent on the assembly, delayed the normal passage of G1 cells to S-phase. Experimental support for this hypothesis was obtained by the pulsing of cultured inbred HRS/J mouse skin for 30 minutes with 20 micrograms Colcemid/ml and by measurement of thymidine (dThd) incorporation for a 4-hour incubation period at different intervals after the pulse. Incorporation of dThd into epidermal and dermal DNA was maximally inhibited 9.5 and 17.5 hours after the Colcemid pulse. Maximal inhibition and minimal inhibition of dThd incorporation were observed 17.5 hours after different concentrations of Colcemid (1--30 micrograms/ml) were pulsed. Maximal inhibition of dThd incorporation occurred after pulsing with 20 micrograms Colcemid/ml. The acceleration of G0 or G1 events to S-phase in proliferative cells caused by mild epidermal stripping was also inhibited after the addition of the Colcemid pulse. The data suggest a time relationship between the Colcemid pulse, the subsequent disruption of microtubulin structure, and the inhibition of dThd incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA. The intact microtubulin structure is apparently essential for the normal intracellular dependency among the cell membrane, the cytoskeleton structure, and the cell nucleus and occurs when the cells transit from G1 to S-phase.", "contents": "Inhibition of thymidine incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA of HRS/J mice after a Colcemid pulse. The introduction of a Colcemid pulse, which is known to inhibit microtubulin assembly and thereby influence cellular events dependent on the assembly, delayed the normal passage of G1 cells to S-phase. Experimental support for this hypothesis was obtained by the pulsing of cultured inbred HRS/J mouse skin for 30 minutes with 20 micrograms Colcemid/ml and by measurement of thymidine (dThd) incorporation for a 4-hour incubation period at different intervals after the pulse. Incorporation of dThd into epidermal and dermal DNA was maximally inhibited 9.5 and 17.5 hours after the Colcemid pulse. Maximal inhibition and minimal inhibition of dThd incorporation were observed 17.5 hours after different concentrations of Colcemid (1--30 micrograms/ml) were pulsed. Maximal inhibition of dThd incorporation occurred after pulsing with 20 micrograms Colcemid/ml. The acceleration of G0 or G1 events to S-phase in proliferative cells caused by mild epidermal stripping was also inhibited after the addition of the Colcemid pulse. The data suggest a time relationship between the Colcemid pulse, the subsequent disruption of microtubulin structure, and the inhibition of dThd incorporation into epidermal and dermal DNA. The intact microtubulin structure is apparently essential for the normal intracellular dependency among the cell membrane, the cytoskeleton structure, and the cell nucleus and occurs when the cells transit from G1 to S-phase."}
{"id": "PMID:286838", "title": "Effect of palytoxin and serotonin on murine tumor cells.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo effects of two fractions of a crude extract from the marine invertebrate Palythoa were investigated in Novikoff hepatoma and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. These fractions, previously identified as serotonin and a partially purified toxin, inhibited thymidine incorporation into acid-precipitable material by tumor cells. Results from respiration studies indicated that the inhibitory effect was not toxic. The data suggested that: a) The partially purified toxin exerted its inhibitory effect at the membrane level; b) this inhibitory effect might have been accomplished through the Na+K+ transport mechanism, this conclusion being supported by data on the uptake of labeled amino acids by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; and c) in an unconfirmed experiment, the partially purified toxin increased the survival time of 50% of 6 palytoxin-treated mice at least three times as long as 6 untreated control mice. All 12 mice had received 1 X 10(6) viable Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "contents": "Effect of palytoxin and serotonin on murine tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo effects of two fractions of a crude extract from the marine invertebrate Palythoa were investigated in Novikoff hepatoma and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. These fractions, previously identified as serotonin and a partially purified toxin, inhibited thymidine incorporation into acid-precipitable material by tumor cells. Results from respiration studies indicated that the inhibitory effect was not toxic. The data suggested that: a) The partially purified toxin exerted its inhibitory effect at the membrane level; b) this inhibitory effect might have been accomplished through the Na+K+ transport mechanism, this conclusion being supported by data on the uptake of labeled amino acids by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; and c) in an unconfirmed experiment, the partially purified toxin increased the survival time of 50% of 6 palytoxin-treated mice at least three times as long as 6 untreated control mice. All 12 mice had received 1 X 10(6) viable Ehrlich ascites tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:286839", "title": "Effect of inhibitory and stimulatory agents on protein synthesis in hepatomas and host livers of rats.", "content": "Female inbred BUF rats bearing intrahepatically transplanted hepatomas (5123 or 19) were subjected to acute exposure to a variety of hepatotoxic agents (actinomycin D, aflatoxin B1, CCl4, dimethylnitrosamine, ethionine, puromycin, or sparsomycin) or of stimulatory agents (hydrocortisone, phenobarbital, or whole-body X-ray). The responses in terms of changes in polyribosomes and protein synthesis (in vitro and in vivo) of host liver and hepatoma were evaluated. The responses of the host livers and hepatomas to the different agents varied. In general, the host livers responded much more than did the hepatomas. Of the two hepatomas, hepatoma 19 responded less (particularly in terms of polyribosome changes) than did hepatoma 5123. In a few experiments, different doses of actinomycin D, ethionine, or sparsomycin were used and in all instances the host livers responded more than did the hepatomas.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitory and stimulatory agents on protein synthesis in hepatomas and host livers of rats. Female inbred BUF rats bearing intrahepatically transplanted hepatomas (5123 or 19) were subjected to acute exposure to a variety of hepatotoxic agents (actinomycin D, aflatoxin B1, CCl4, dimethylnitrosamine, ethionine, puromycin, or sparsomycin) or of stimulatory agents (hydrocortisone, phenobarbital, or whole-body X-ray). The responses in terms of changes in polyribosomes and protein synthesis (in vitro and in vivo) of host liver and hepatoma were evaluated. The responses of the host livers and hepatomas to the different agents varied. In general, the host livers responded much more than did the hepatomas. Of the two hepatomas, hepatoma 19 responded less (particularly in terms of polyribosome changes) than did hepatoma 5123. In a few experiments, different doses of actinomycin D, ethionine, or sparsomycin were used and in all instances the host livers responded more than did the hepatomas."}
{"id": "PMID:286840", "title": "Histopathology of liver carcinomas in (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice ingesting chlordane.", "content": "(C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 male mice that ingested 30 or 56 ppm chlordane and female mice that ingested 30 or 64 ppm chlordane in the diet had highly significant incidences of carcinomas of the liver. The carcinomas varied from well differentiated to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated and were capable of invasion and metastasis. They were more poorly differentiated in mice receiving chlordane than in controls.", "contents": "Histopathology of liver carcinomas in (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 mice ingesting chlordane. (C57BL/6N X C3H/HeN)F1 male mice that ingested 30 or 56 ppm chlordane and female mice that ingested 30 or 64 ppm chlordane in the diet had highly significant incidences of carcinomas of the liver. The carcinomas varied from well differentiated to poorly differentiated and undifferentiated and were capable of invasion and metastasis. They were more poorly differentiated in mice receiving chlordane than in controls."}
{"id": "PMID:286842", "title": "[ALL therapy study 1971-1974 of the German working group for leukemia research and therapy in childhood: prognostic significance of initial features and different therapeutic modalities (author's transl)].", "content": "495 children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia entered a non-randomized therapy study between January 1st, 1971, and December 31st, 1974. They were treated at 40 pediatric clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany according to the protocol of the Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Leuk\u00e4mieforschung und -Behandlung im Kindesalter, which was closely adapted to the Memphis protocol VII. These patients were analyzed retrospectively, data of evaluation was July 31st, 1978. 7 patients (1.4%) did not achieve remission, 14 patients (2.8%) died during the induction period, and another 37 patients (7.5%) died in continuous complete remission (CCR). For purposes of comparison only the remaining 437 patients were evaluated (remission group). The 7 1/2 years' probability of CCR is 0.33 +/- 0.02 for the total group (495 patients) and 0.37 +/- 0.03 for the remission group. The probability of survival for these groups is 0.40 +/- 0.03 and 0.45 +/- 0.03, respectively. After relapse the 5 years' probability of survival is 0.03 +/- 0.02. Patients with testicular relapse have a markedly better prognosis compared to those with bone-marrow or central nervous system relapses. The most important prognostic factor was found to be the white blood count at diagnosis. There is a negative correlation between the initial white blood count and the probability of CCR. Girls fared significantly better than boys (0.46 +/- 0.04 vs 0.31 +/- 0.03 in CCR, p less than 0.01). There is convincing evidence that the impaired prognosis in boys is at least partly due to the incidence of testicular relapses (36 of 268 relapses were found to be testicular, isolated in 20 patients and combined with bone-marrow relapse in 16 patients). Patients with thymic involvement and/or positive reaction of the acid phosphatase in their blast cell did significantly worse (0.12 +/- 0.05 in CCR). Irradiation of the skull was performed in two different doses (1800 and 2400 rads). Concerning the incidence of relapses primarily located in the central nervous system patients with low-dose irradiation had no worse prognosis than those with high-dose irradiation but the incidence of bone-marrow relapses was found to be higher in the 2400 rad group (50.5% vs. 41.7% in the 1800 rad group), possibly due to the higher initial white blood count (median 8900/mul vs. 6500/mul). The addition of vincristine/prednisone reinduction courses during the first year of continuation therapy showed no significant advantage.", "contents": "[ALL therapy study 1971-1974 of the German working group for leukemia research and therapy in childhood: prognostic significance of initial features and different therapeutic modalities (author's transl)]. 495 children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia entered a non-randomized therapy study between January 1st, 1971, and December 31st, 1974. They were treated at 40 pediatric clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany according to the protocol of the Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Leuk\u00e4mieforschung und -Behandlung im Kindesalter, which was closely adapted to the Memphis protocol VII. These patients were analyzed retrospectively, data of evaluation was July 31st, 1978. 7 patients (1.4%) did not achieve remission, 14 patients (2.8%) died during the induction period, and another 37 patients (7.5%) died in continuous complete remission (CCR). For purposes of comparison only the remaining 437 patients were evaluated (remission group). The 7 1/2 years' probability of CCR is 0.33 +/- 0.02 for the total group (495 patients) and 0.37 +/- 0.03 for the remission group. The probability of survival for these groups is 0.40 +/- 0.03 and 0.45 +/- 0.03, respectively. After relapse the 5 years' probability of survival is 0.03 +/- 0.02. Patients with testicular relapse have a markedly better prognosis compared to those with bone-marrow or central nervous system relapses. The most important prognostic factor was found to be the white blood count at diagnosis. There is a negative correlation between the initial white blood count and the probability of CCR. Girls fared significantly better than boys (0.46 +/- 0.04 vs 0.31 +/- 0.03 in CCR, p less than 0.01). There is convincing evidence that the impaired prognosis in boys is at least partly due to the incidence of testicular relapses (36 of 268 relapses were found to be testicular, isolated in 20 patients and combined with bone-marrow relapse in 16 patients). Patients with thymic involvement and/or positive reaction of the acid phosphatase in their blast cell did significantly worse (0.12 +/- 0.05 in CCR). Irradiation of the skull was performed in two different doses (1800 and 2400 rads). Concerning the incidence of relapses primarily located in the central nervous system patients with low-dose irradiation had no worse prognosis than those with high-dose irradiation but the incidence of bone-marrow relapses was found to be higher in the 2400 rad group (50.5% vs. 41.7% in the 1800 rad group), possibly due to the higher initial white blood count (median 8900/mul vs. 6500/mul). The addition of vincristine/prednisone reinduction courses during the first year of continuation therapy showed no significant advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:286843", "title": "[The prognostic value of measuring cell size in acute childhood leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Prior to treatment we studied leukemia cell diameters in bone marrows of 89 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 26 children with myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Patients were treated according to the West-Berlin protocol. The median cell diameter (+/- S) in ALL measures 11,3 (+/- 1,1)mu, in AML 15,3 (+/- 1,1)mu. Both forms of leukemia show some overlapping of cell diameters in the range of 13,8--14,3 mu. with ALL, no difference is shown in the cell diameters of those who remained in complete remission or went into relapse. Likewise, there is no significant difference in cell-diameter, when correlating them to the following parameters: initial peripheral leucocyte count, acid  phosphatase- and PAS-reaction, T-cellmarkers. The risk of relapse is the same in patients with more than 20% macrolymphoblasts (diameter greater than 12mu) and in those less than 20% macrolymphoblasts. In 11 patients with ALL cellmeasuring was performed during the first hematological relapse. The median cell-diameter in 10 of these cases is higher than in the initial bone marrow.", "contents": "[The prognostic value of measuring cell size in acute childhood leukemia (author's transl)]. Prior to treatment we studied leukemia cell diameters in bone marrows of 89 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 26 children with myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Patients were treated according to the West-Berlin protocol. The median cell diameter (+/- S) in ALL measures 11,3 (+/- 1,1)mu, in AML 15,3 (+/- 1,1)mu. Both forms of leukemia show some overlapping of cell diameters in the range of 13,8--14,3 mu. with ALL, no difference is shown in the cell diameters of those who remained in complete remission or went into relapse. Likewise, there is no significant difference in cell-diameter, when correlating them to the following parameters: initial peripheral leucocyte count, acid  phosphatase- and PAS-reaction, T-cellmarkers. The risk of relapse is the same in patients with more than 20% macrolymphoblasts (diameter greater than 12mu) and in those less than 20% macrolymphoblasts. In 11 patients with ALL cellmeasuring was performed during the first hematological relapse. The median cell-diameter in 10 of these cases is higher than in the initial bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:286844", "title": "[Concordant leukemia in identical twins (author's transl)].", "content": "We report female monozygous twins who developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the age of 5 1/2 years. The diagnosis in the first twin was made after pallor, lethargy, and petechiae developed. The diagnosis in the second twin was made two days later when a whole blood count was taken. The lymphoblasts of both patients showed with the exception of the PAS-reaction identical morphological, cytochemical, and immunological results. The PAS-reaction was positive in 55% of the lymphoblasts in one twin, negativ in the lymphoblasts of the other twin. Both patients are in continuous complete remission 14 months after diagnosis. The risk of leukemia is high in the other monozygous twin when one of the twins has already developed leukemia. In the literature it is estimated to be 1 : 5. The diagnosis after the second year of life is rarely made at the same time. There is only one previous report of this occuring in a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia in 4 1/2 year old monozygous twins.", "contents": "[Concordant leukemia in identical twins (author's transl)]. We report female monozygous twins who developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the age of 5 1/2 years. The diagnosis in the first twin was made after pallor, lethargy, and petechiae developed. The diagnosis in the second twin was made two days later when a whole blood count was taken. The lymphoblasts of both patients showed with the exception of the PAS-reaction identical morphological, cytochemical, and immunological results. The PAS-reaction was positive in 55% of the lymphoblasts in one twin, negativ in the lymphoblasts of the other twin. Both patients are in continuous complete remission 14 months after diagnosis. The risk of leukemia is high in the other monozygous twin when one of the twins has already developed leukemia. In the literature it is estimated to be 1 : 5. The diagnosis after the second year of life is rarely made at the same time. There is only one previous report of this occuring in a case of acute myeloblastic leukemia in 4 1/2 year old monozygous twins."}
{"id": "PMID:286845", "title": "[Occurrence of thyroid carcinoma after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 21 month old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed on 17th September 1971, was treated according to the Memphis Study VII of Pinkel. Bone marrow examination, 39 days after treatment, showed complete remission. The patient has since then been in continuous complete remission. Therapy was suspended twice (29 days and 18 days) because of interstitial pneumonia. The treatment was terminated on 9th October 1974 nearly 3 years after onset of the disease. Because of papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases in the regional lymph nodes, a total thyreoidectomy with removal of lymphnodes was performed on 30th April 1977. Because of a relapse in the neck lymphnodes, the patient was treated in December 1977 with radioiodine. The prognosis is however not discouraging.", "contents": "[Occurrence of thyroid carcinoma after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. A 21 month old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed on 17th September 1971, was treated according to the Memphis Study VII of Pinkel. Bone marrow examination, 39 days after treatment, showed complete remission. The patient has since then been in continuous complete remission. Therapy was suspended twice (29 days and 18 days) because of interstitial pneumonia. The treatment was terminated on 9th October 1974 nearly 3 years after onset of the disease. Because of papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases in the regional lymph nodes, a total thyreoidectomy with removal of lymphnodes was performed on 30th April 1977. Because of a relapse in the neck lymphnodes, the patient was treated in December 1977 with radioiodine. The prognosis is however not discouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:286846", "title": "[Clinical trials with mercapto polycytidylic acid in the treatment of acute childhood leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Mercapto Polycytidylic acid (MPC) is a potent inhibitor of oncornaviral reverse transcriptase. The fact that this enzyme has been found in human leukemic cells, has let to the clinical trials of MPC in the treatment of childhood acute leukemia. This report discribes the first pilot clinical trial on 23 patients. The results are encouraging, and have let to a second pilot study including other clinical centers on the clinical efficacy of MPC in the treatment of leukemia.", "contents": "[Clinical trials with mercapto polycytidylic acid in the treatment of acute childhood leukemia (author's transl)]. Mercapto Polycytidylic acid (MPC) is a potent inhibitor of oncornaviral reverse transcriptase. The fact that this enzyme has been found in human leukemic cells, has let to the clinical trials of MPC in the treatment of childhood acute leukemia. This report discribes the first pilot clinical trial on 23 patients. The results are encouraging, and have let to a second pilot study including other clinical centers on the clinical efficacy of MPC in the treatment of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:286847", "title": "[Common ALL-associated antigen on cells and in the serum of common ALL patients: clinical relevance and biochemical characterization (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical application of an antiserum recognizing common ALL associated antigen (cALL-AG) is very useful in classifying leukemias and diagnosing bone marrow relapse as well as CNS-leukemia. We could demonstrate that sera of common ALL (cALL) patients contain cALL-AG; its partial biochemical characterization is described. The anti cALL serum (cALL-AS) was raised in rabbits with cALL-cells precoated with rabbit antiserum against normal human lymphocytes. After appropriate absorbtion the cALL-AS was highly specific for cALL cells. The isolation of serum cALL-AG was performed by ammoniumsulfat precipitation, gel chromatography and affinity chromatography on agarose lens culinaris hemagglutinin A (lentil lectin). The apparent molecular-weight of the serum glycoprotein is 125 000. Two cALL-AG active structures could be solubilized from cALL cell membrane. The apparent molecular-weights were calculated to be 55 000 and 110 000.", "contents": "[Common ALL-associated antigen on cells and in the serum of common ALL patients: clinical relevance and biochemical characterization (author's transl)]. The clinical application of an antiserum recognizing common ALL associated antigen (cALL-AG) is very useful in classifying leukemias and diagnosing bone marrow relapse as well as CNS-leukemia. We could demonstrate that sera of common ALL (cALL) patients contain cALL-AG; its partial biochemical characterization is described. The anti cALL serum (cALL-AS) was raised in rabbits with cALL-cells precoated with rabbit antiserum against normal human lymphocytes. After appropriate absorbtion the cALL-AS was highly specific for cALL cells. The isolation of serum cALL-AG was performed by ammoniumsulfat precipitation, gel chromatography and affinity chromatography on agarose lens culinaris hemagglutinin A (lentil lectin). The apparent molecular-weight of the serum glycoprotein is 125 000. Two cALL-AG active structures could be solubilized from cALL cell membrane. The apparent molecular-weights were calculated to be 55 000 and 110 000."}
{"id": "PMID:286848", "title": "[Prognosis improvements in children with acute myelocytic leucemia after more intensive induction therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Between October 1974 and October 1978 23 children with acute myelocytic leucemia (AML) received intensive therapy in the Univ.-Kinderklinik M\u00fcnster: 4 children were treated according to the ALGB-protocol consisting of 5-7 day courses of ARA-C-infusion and 3 DNR-injections. 19 patients received the West-Berlin-protocol: The first 7 the original ALL protocol, 11 the modified form of AML, which will be presented here as AML-therapy-study BFM 78. 4 of the 23 patients died with early acute cerebral bleeding. 2 patients were nonresponders. 17 children went into remission. One girl died in remission of septicemic aspergillosis. 4 children had a relapse. In November 1978 there were still 12 patients in continuous complete remission, 3 of them already without therapy. 13 of the 19 patients, who were treated with the West-Berlin-protocol went into remission. 1 had a relapse. At present there are 11 patients in continuous complete remission. The above results and those found in the literature could signify that the long term prognosis of children with AML will be improved. To coordinate efforts toward this goal a cooperative AML-therapy-study in the \"Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Leuk\u00e4mieforschung\" (BFM-group) using the here presented therapy protocol was formed in November 1978.", "contents": "[Prognosis improvements in children with acute myelocytic leucemia after more intensive induction therapy (author's transl)]. Between October 1974 and October 1978 23 children with acute myelocytic leucemia (AML) received intensive therapy in the Univ.-Kinderklinik M\u00fcnster: 4 children were treated according to the ALGB-protocol consisting of 5-7 day courses of ARA-C-infusion and 3 DNR-injections. 19 patients received the West-Berlin-protocol: The first 7 the original ALL protocol, 11 the modified form of AML, which will be presented here as AML-therapy-study BFM 78. 4 of the 23 patients died with early acute cerebral bleeding. 2 patients were nonresponders. 17 children went into remission. One girl died in remission of septicemic aspergillosis. 4 children had a relapse. In November 1978 there were still 12 patients in continuous complete remission, 3 of them already without therapy. 13 of the 19 patients, who were treated with the West-Berlin-protocol went into remission. 1 had a relapse. At present there are 11 patients in continuous complete remission. The above results and those found in the literature could signify that the long term prognosis of children with AML will be improved. To coordinate efforts toward this goal a cooperative AML-therapy-study in the \"Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Leuk\u00e4mieforschung\" (BFM-group) using the here presented therapy protocol was formed in November 1978."}
{"id": "PMID:286849", "title": "[Bleeding complications in acute myeloblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Bleeding is common in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). At the time of diagnosis, the danger of bleeding cannot be predicted by laboratory means. However, the following factors represent increased risks: Promyeloblastic leukemia, high blast count, low fibrinogen, low plasminogen. From coagulation studies performed at the time of bleeding complications, the pathomechanism leading to bleeding complications usually cannot be detected. The question whether impairment of production, consumption coagulopathy, or primary fibrinolysis causes the bleeding complications can only be answered by controlling frequently clinical and hemostatic criteria, which include the thrombocytic stystem as well as plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis. At the present time, the therapy of bleeding complications in AML is symptomatic. It consists of transfusion with thrombocytes or fresh whole blood, respectively. Coagulation factor concentrates should only be given in combination with Heparin to prevent the deterioration of consumption coagulopathy.", "contents": "[Bleeding complications in acute myeloblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. Bleeding is common in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). At the time of diagnosis, the danger of bleeding cannot be predicted by laboratory means. However, the following factors represent increased risks: Promyeloblastic leukemia, high blast count, low fibrinogen, low plasminogen. From coagulation studies performed at the time of bleeding complications, the pathomechanism leading to bleeding complications usually cannot be detected. The question whether impairment of production, consumption coagulopathy, or primary fibrinolysis causes the bleeding complications can only be answered by controlling frequently clinical and hemostatic criteria, which include the thrombocytic stystem as well as plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis. At the present time, the therapy of bleeding complications in AML is symptomatic. It consists of transfusion with thrombocytes or fresh whole blood, respectively. Coagulation factor concentrates should only be given in combination with Heparin to prevent the deterioration of consumption coagulopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:286865", "title": "Nocturnal intragastric therapy in type I glycogen storage disease: effect on hormonal and amino acid metabolism.", "content": "The acute hormonal and amino acid responses to differing food substrates were examined in type 1 glycogen storage disease. Ingestion of a glucose load or a glucose-plus-beef meal caused an acute fall in the initially elevated plasma glucagon, alanine, proline, and lactate. Ingestion of beef alone caused a sharp rise in these parameters. Long term nocturnal intragastric therapy of a high carbohydrate and moderate amino acid content resulted in a similar fall in these parameters as well as a fall in the elevated plasma glutamate, uric acid, triglycerides, and RBC-reduced glutathione. A remarkable clinical improvement and growth spurt accompanied the improvement in these biochemical values. The possible relation between the disturbed plasma hormonal and amino acid findings and growth failure and hyperuricemia is discussed.", "contents": "Nocturnal intragastric therapy in type I glycogen storage disease: effect on hormonal and amino acid metabolism. The acute hormonal and amino acid responses to differing food substrates were examined in type 1 glycogen storage disease. Ingestion of a glucose load or a glucose-plus-beef meal caused an acute fall in the initially elevated plasma glucagon, alanine, proline, and lactate. Ingestion of beef alone caused a sharp rise in these parameters. Long term nocturnal intragastric therapy of a high carbohydrate and moderate amino acid content resulted in a similar fall in these parameters as well as a fall in the elevated plasma glutamate, uric acid, triglycerides, and RBC-reduced glutathione. A remarkable clinical improvement and growth spurt accompanied the improvement in these biochemical values. The possible relation between the disturbed plasma hormonal and amino acid findings and growth failure and hyperuricemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286866", "title": "N-independent leftward transcription in coliphage lambda: deletions, insertions and new promoters bypassing termination functions.", "content": "Lambda mutants capable of N-independent red-gam gene expression were isolated by selecting Fec+ plaque-forming derivatives of lambda N+ nutL- (Fec-) strains. In addition to true nutL+ reversions, three classes of second-site mutations were identified: (1) ninL deletions that remove a region containing either tL1 or both tL1 and tL2 termination signals, or only a small region (defining the rut site) just upstream from tL1, (2) new constitutive promoters that map just upstream from the tL2 termination site and which are created either by point mutations (hip) or by short insertion sequences (isp), (3) small internal deletions in gene cro. The positions and individual effects of these mutations, some of which only partially abolish termination function, provide evidence for a complex multipartite structure of the termination signals.", "contents": "N-independent leftward transcription in coliphage lambda: deletions, insertions and new promoters bypassing termination functions. Lambda mutants capable of N-independent red-gam gene expression were isolated by selecting Fec+ plaque-forming derivatives of lambda N+ nutL- (Fec-) strains. In addition to true nutL+ reversions, three classes of second-site mutations were identified: (1) ninL deletions that remove a region containing either tL1 or both tL1 and tL2 termination signals, or only a small region (defining the rut site) just upstream from tL1, (2) new constitutive promoters that map just upstream from the tL2 termination site and which are created either by point mutations (hip) or by short insertion sequences (isp), (3) small internal deletions in gene cro. The positions and individual effects of these mutations, some of which only partially abolish termination function, provide evidence for a complex multipartite structure of the termination signals."}
{"id": "PMID:286867", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. I. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "Mitochondrial (Mt) DNA from Podospora anserina was isolated and characterized with respect to density in CsCl, contour length and endonuclease restriction enzymes. The density of Mt DNA for four races examined was 1.694 g/cm3, compared with 1.712 g/cm3 for nuclear DNA. Extraction in the presence of a nuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid and isolation in DAPI CsCl gradients allowed us to isolate high molecular weight DNA. Mt DNA isolated by total DNA extraction contained ca. 1% of circular molecules, 31 micron in contour length; Mt DNA isolated from purified mitochondria contained 2--4% of these 31 micron circles. Analysis with Eco RI restriction endonuclease revealed that each of the four races examined, s, A, T and E had a characteristic fragment pattern. Races s and A Mt DNA differed by only one fragment after Eco RI enzymatic digestion; similarly, these two DNA differed by only one or two fragments after Hae III digestion.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. I. Isolation and characterization. Mitochondrial (Mt) DNA from Podospora anserina was isolated and characterized with respect to density in CsCl, contour length and endonuclease restriction enzymes. The density of Mt DNA for four races examined was 1.694 g/cm3, compared with 1.712 g/cm3 for nuclear DNA. Extraction in the presence of a nuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid and isolation in DAPI CsCl gradients allowed us to isolate high molecular weight DNA. Mt DNA isolated by total DNA extraction contained ca. 1% of circular molecules, 31 micron in contour length; Mt DNA isolated from purified mitochondria contained 2--4% of these 31 micron circles. Analysis with Eco RI restriction endonuclease revealed that each of the four races examined, s, A, T and E had a characteristic fragment pattern. Races s and A Mt DNA differed by only one fragment after Eco RI enzymatic digestion; similarly, these two DNA differed by only one or two fragments after Hae III digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:286868", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. II. Properties of mutant DNA and multimeric circular DNA from senescent cultures.", "content": "Mitochondrial (Mt) DNA from mitochondrial mutants of race s Podospora anserina and from senescent cultures of races s and A was examined. In mutants, we observed that fewer full length circles (31 mu) were present; instead, smaller circles characteristic for each mutant studied were found. Eco R1 digestion of these mutant MtDNAs indicated that in certain mutants, although specific fragments were absent, the total molecular weight of the fragments was not much different than wild-type. The properties of senescent MtDNA was strikingly different from either wild-type or mutant Mt DNA. First, a multimeric set of circular DNA was observed for both race s and A, with a monomeric repeat size of 0.89 mu. These circles ranged in size from 0.89 mu to greater than 20 mu; only one molecule out of some 200 molecules was thought to be of full length (31 mu). Density gradient analysis showed that there were two density species: a majority were at the same density as wild-type (1.694 g/cm3) and a second at 1.699 g/cm3. Most of the circular molecules from MtDNA isolated by either total DNA extraction or by extraction of DNA from isolated mitochondria were contained in the heavy DNA fraction. Eco R1 enzymatic digestion indicated that the light DNA had several fragments (amounting to about 23 x 10(6) daltons) missing, compared with young, wild-type MtDNA. Heavy senescent MtDNA was not cleaved by Eco R1. Analysis with Hae III restriction endonuclease showed also that light senescent MtDNA was missing certain fragments. Heavy MtDNA of average size 20 x 10(6) daltons, yielded only one fragment, 2,500 bp long, by digestion with Hae III restriction endonuclease. Digestion of heavy DNA with Alu I enzyme yielded 10 fragments totalling 2,570 bp. By three criteria, electron-microscopy, Eco R1 and Hae digestion, we conclude that the heavy MtDNA isolated from senescent cultures of Podospora anserina consisted of a monomeric tandemly repeating subunit of about 2,600 bp length. These results on the properties of senescent MtDNA are discussed with regard to the published properties of the rho- mutation in the yeast, S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA from Podospora anserina. II. Properties of mutant DNA and multimeric circular DNA from senescent cultures. Mitochondrial (Mt) DNA from mitochondrial mutants of race s Podospora anserina and from senescent cultures of races s and A was examined. In mutants, we observed that fewer full length circles (31 mu) were present; instead, smaller circles characteristic for each mutant studied were found. Eco R1 digestion of these mutant MtDNAs indicated that in certain mutants, although specific fragments were absent, the total molecular weight of the fragments was not much different than wild-type. The properties of senescent MtDNA was strikingly different from either wild-type or mutant Mt DNA. First, a multimeric set of circular DNA was observed for both race s and A, with a monomeric repeat size of 0.89 mu. These circles ranged in size from 0.89 mu to greater than 20 mu; only one molecule out of some 200 molecules was thought to be of full length (31 mu). Density gradient analysis showed that there were two density species: a majority were at the same density as wild-type (1.694 g/cm3) and a second at 1.699 g/cm3. Most of the circular molecules from MtDNA isolated by either total DNA extraction or by extraction of DNA from isolated mitochondria were contained in the heavy DNA fraction. Eco R1 enzymatic digestion indicated that the light DNA had several fragments (amounting to about 23 x 10(6) daltons) missing, compared with young, wild-type MtDNA. Heavy senescent MtDNA was not cleaved by Eco R1. Analysis with Hae III restriction endonuclease showed also that light senescent MtDNA was missing certain fragments. Heavy MtDNA of average size 20 x 10(6) daltons, yielded only one fragment, 2,500 bp long, by digestion with Hae III restriction endonuclease. Digestion of heavy DNA with Alu I enzyme yielded 10 fragments totalling 2,570 bp. By three criteria, electron-microscopy, Eco R1 and Hae digestion, we conclude that the heavy MtDNA isolated from senescent cultures of Podospora anserina consisted of a monomeric tandemly repeating subunit of about 2,600 bp length. These results on the properties of senescent MtDNA are discussed with regard to the published properties of the rho- mutation in the yeast, S. cerevisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:286869", "title": "The nucleotide sequence of the region surrounding the replication origin of an R100 resistance factor derivative.", "content": "The replication origin of a group of small plasmids derived from R100 was previously determined by electron microscopy (Ohtsubo et al., 1977). This region was subjected to extensive restriction enzyme analysis and the nucleotide sequence of the region containing the replication origin was determined using the Maxam and Gilbert sequencing technique. Various characteristics of this sequence, including a very interesting secondary structure are described and discussed.", "contents": "The nucleotide sequence of the region surrounding the replication origin of an R100 resistance factor derivative. The replication origin of a group of small plasmids derived from R100 was previously determined by electron microscopy (Ohtsubo et al., 1977). This region was subjected to extensive restriction enzyme analysis and the nucleotide sequence of the region containing the replication origin was determined using the Maxam and Gilbert sequencing technique. Various characteristics of this sequence, including a very interesting secondary structure are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286870", "title": "Bacterial DNA synthesized under phage control in a DNA-defective Salmonella-mutant and packaged into a special fraction of transducing particles of phage P22.", "content": "Lysates of P22 contain a small fraction of transducing particles with bacterial DNA replicated semiconservatively after the time of infection. It was demonstrated that the presence and relative amount of this class of transducing particles was unchanged, if infection of Salmonella occured under a condition nonpermissive for bacterial DNA replication. Analysis of particles with DNA fragments derived from different regions of the Salmonella chromosome indicated that the replication of the bacterial DNA carried by these transducing particles was not initiated specifically at the normal origin for bacterial chromosome replication.", "contents": "Bacterial DNA synthesized under phage control in a DNA-defective Salmonella-mutant and packaged into a special fraction of transducing particles of phage P22. Lysates of P22 contain a small fraction of transducing particles with bacterial DNA replicated semiconservatively after the time of infection. It was demonstrated that the presence and relative amount of this class of transducing particles was unchanged, if infection of Salmonella occured under a condition nonpermissive for bacterial DNA replication. Analysis of particles with DNA fragments derived from different regions of the Salmonella chromosome indicated that the replication of the bacterial DNA carried by these transducing particles was not initiated specifically at the normal origin for bacterial chromosome replication."}
{"id": "PMID:286871", "title": "Polar uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and subsequent reassembly of partially stripped TMV.", "content": "Increasing concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) strip tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) stepwise from the 3'end. The RNA tail increases in length up to 2,000 nucleotides (nu) reaching a region of very strong protein-RNA affinity. Thereafter, uncoating occurs from the other end and produces a second RNA tail 500 nu long. Further stripping of TMV proceeds from both ends, the long tail increasing in length up to 4,000 nu and the short one increasing more moderately and remaining below 2,000 nu. The region of strongest protein-RNA affinity is located between 4,000 and 5,000 nu away from the 3' end. Using the same conditions as for in vitro TMV reassembly, it is possible to recoat the RNA tails with viral protein preferentially in the 5' direction. The advantages of DMSO in studies of TMV protein-RNA interactions are discussed.", "contents": "Polar uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and subsequent reassembly of partially stripped TMV. Increasing concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) strip tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) stepwise from the 3'end. The RNA tail increases in length up to 2,000 nucleotides (nu) reaching a region of very strong protein-RNA affinity. Thereafter, uncoating occurs from the other end and produces a second RNA tail 500 nu long. Further stripping of TMV proceeds from both ends, the long tail increasing in length up to 4,000 nu and the short one increasing more moderately and remaining below 2,000 nu. The region of strongest protein-RNA affinity is located between 4,000 and 5,000 nu away from the 3' end. Using the same conditions as for in vitro TMV reassembly, it is possible to recoat the RNA tails with viral protein preferentially in the 5' direction. The advantages of DMSO in studies of TMV protein-RNA interactions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286872", "title": "The arrangement of nucleotides in the coding regions of natural templates.", "content": "The relation of the nucleotide sequences in the coding regions of natural templates and of the short nucleotide sequence in 3' terminus of 16 S ribosomal RNA was found to differ from random pattern. The observation is interpreted in terms of both the ribosomal interactions and the molecular evolution.", "contents": "The arrangement of nucleotides in the coding regions of natural templates. The relation of the nucleotide sequences in the coding regions of natural templates and of the short nucleotide sequence in 3' terminus of 16 S ribosomal RNA was found to differ from random pattern. The observation is interpreted in terms of both the ribosomal interactions and the molecular evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:286873", "title": "Gene expression in Drosophila: post-translational modification of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase.", "content": "Maroon-like homozygotes are completely deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (AO), however, ma-l is not a structural locus for either enzyme. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of ma-l and wild type extracts suggests that the ma-l function must be post-translational. To determine whether the ma-l function involves some direct physical changes in XDH and/or AO the enzymes were characterized with respect to temperature sensitivity and behavior in gel sieving electrophoresis. Since the XDH and AO from complementary ma-l heterozygotes is more thermolabile and different in shape from wild type XDH and AO, we conclude that ma-l is involved in a post-translational modification of these enzymes.", "contents": "Gene expression in Drosophila: post-translational modification of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase. Maroon-like homozygotes are completely deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and aldehyde oxidase (AO), however, ma-l is not a structural locus for either enzyme. Quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of ma-l and wild type extracts suggests that the ma-l function must be post-translational. To determine whether the ma-l function involves some direct physical changes in XDH and/or AO the enzymes were characterized with respect to temperature sensitivity and behavior in gel sieving electrophoresis. Since the XDH and AO from complementary ma-l heterozygotes is more thermolabile and different in shape from wild type XDH and AO, we conclude that ma-l is involved in a post-translational modification of these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:286882", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: expression in cells restricted to granulocytic and monocytic differentiation.", "content": "Two patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia who were heterozygous for the X-chromosome-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied to determine the number and type of cells in which the disease arises. Both type A and B isoenzymes were found in normal tissues, but the myeloblasts showed only one enzyme type, indicating that at the time of study, the disease had a clonal origin. The observation in one patient that erythroid cells did not arise  from this clone contrasts with conclusions reached in patients previously studied with chromosomal markers. The results suggest that in this patient, the leukemic clone suppressed expression of normal granulopoiesis but did not inhibit erythroid differentiation from normal progenitors. They suggest also that the disease is heterogeneous. In some patients, the disease is expressed in cells with differentiation restricted to the granulocyte-macrophage pathway; in others, it involves stem cells that also differentiate into erythrocytes. This heterogeneity may reflect differences in causation and could have prognostic importance.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: expression in cells restricted to granulocytic and monocytic differentiation. Two patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia who were heterozygous for the X-chromosome-linked enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied to determine the number and type of cells in which the disease arises. Both type A and B isoenzymes were found in normal tissues, but the myeloblasts showed only one enzyme type, indicating that at the time of study, the disease had a clonal origin. The observation in one patient that erythroid cells did not arise  from this clone contrasts with conclusions reached in patients previously studied with chromosomal markers. The results suggest that in this patient, the leukemic clone suppressed expression of normal granulopoiesis but did not inhibit erythroid differentiation from normal progenitors. They suggest also that the disease is heterogeneous. In some patients, the disease is expressed in cells with differentiation restricted to the granulocyte-macrophage pathway; in others, it involves stem cells that also differentiate into erythrocytes. This heterogeneity may reflect differences in causation and could have prognostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:286886", "title": "[The fine structure of granulocytic sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Granulocytic sarcoma, a rare manifestation of leukemia, can present as solid and invasive tumors in the central nervous system. We report electron microscopic findings in two such cases of granulocytic sarcoma in this communication. The first case is a granulocytic sarcoma involving mainly the left frontal dura with invasion of the underlying leptomeninges and brain. This was the initial presentation of acute myelogenous leukemia that became apparent seven months later. The second case is a granulocytic sarcoma involving the cervical spine and epidural soft tissue in a known case of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Electron microscopic studies confirm the presence of immatuure granulocytic cells with specific granules which distinguish these cases from other tumors such as a malignant lymphoma. Granulocytic sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurosurgical cases which present clinically as acute intracranial dural or spinal epidural tumors.", "contents": "[The fine structure of granulocytic sarcoma (author's transl)]. Granulocytic sarcoma, a rare manifestation of leukemia, can present as solid and invasive tumors in the central nervous system. We report electron microscopic findings in two such cases of granulocytic sarcoma in this communication. The first case is a granulocytic sarcoma involving mainly the left frontal dura with invasion of the underlying leptomeninges and brain. This was the initial presentation of acute myelogenous leukemia that became apparent seven months later. The second case is a granulocytic sarcoma involving the cervical spine and epidural soft tissue in a known case of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Electron microscopic studies confirm the presence of immatuure granulocytic cells with specific granules which distinguish these cases from other tumors such as a malignant lymphoma. Granulocytic sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurosurgical cases which present clinically as acute intracranial dural or spinal epidural tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:286892", "title": "The correlation of the computer quantitated treadmill exercise electrocardiogram with cinearteriographic assessment of coronary artery disease.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients being submitted for coronary cinearteriography were subjected to preliminary graded exercise testing using a Quinton treadmill and ECG data computer. Patients with disease of the left main coronary artery are at particular risk during coronary arteriography and it was hoped that exercise testing might identify these patients. This hope was not realised. A satisfactory end point to the exercise test was either the attainment of 85% of the maximal heart rate assessed for age, or ST segment depression greater than 2 mm. Exercise induced angina also formed an end point to the test and was considered a positive result. Results were determined by McHenry's discriminant analysis. The sensitivity of the exercise test was 66, 88 and 92% for one, two and three vessel disease respectively. Specificity was at least 83%. Exercise induced ST segment elevation occurred in four patients all of whom had previous extensive anterior wall infarction. Exercise testing is without risk in patients with ischaemic heart disease provided well defined precautions are taken.", "contents": "The correlation of the computer quantitated treadmill exercise electrocardiogram with cinearteriographic assessment of coronary artery disease. One hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients being submitted for coronary cinearteriography were subjected to preliminary graded exercise testing using a Quinton treadmill and ECG data computer. Patients with disease of the left main coronary artery are at particular risk during coronary arteriography and it was hoped that exercise testing might identify these patients. This hope was not realised. A satisfactory end point to the exercise test was either the attainment of 85% of the maximal heart rate assessed for age, or ST segment depression greater than 2 mm. Exercise induced angina also formed an end point to the test and was considered a positive result. Results were determined by McHenry's discriminant analysis. The sensitivity of the exercise test was 66, 88 and 92% for one, two and three vessel disease respectively. Specificity was at least 83%. Exercise induced ST segment elevation occurred in four patients all of whom had previous extensive anterior wall infarction. Exercise testing is without risk in patients with ischaemic heart disease provided well defined precautions are taken."}
{"id": "PMID:286893", "title": "A surgical approach to primary hyperparathyroidism, 1971-1976.", "content": "Forty-two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were seen in Auckland Hospital between 1971-1976. These patients were reviewed as to age, sex, mode of presentation, pathology and location of lesions. All were treated surgically. There were two deaths due to severe hypercalcaemia. The value of parathyroid hormone assay and neck vein catheterisation is assessed. The practical aspects of neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism are outlined. The two problems of the treatment of chemical hyperparathyroidism and the recognition and treatment of parathyroid hyperplasia are discussed.", "contents": "A surgical approach to primary hyperparathyroidism, 1971-1976. Forty-two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were seen in Auckland Hospital between 1971-1976. These patients were reviewed as to age, sex, mode of presentation, pathology and location of lesions. All were treated surgically. There were two deaths due to severe hypercalcaemia. The value of parathyroid hormone assay and neck vein catheterisation is assessed. The practical aspects of neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism are outlined. The two problems of the treatment of chemical hyperparathyroidism and the recognition and treatment of parathyroid hyperplasia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286894", "title": "Upper limb replantation: a 3-year follow-up.", "content": "A case report of an upper limb replantation is presented detailing the initial treatment and the functional results three years later. Although wasted in appearance, the limb is very useful and the patient has been able to successfully adapt to his resulting residual disability.", "contents": "Upper limb replantation: a 3-year follow-up. A case report of an upper limb replantation is presented detailing the initial treatment and the functional results three years later. Although wasted in appearance, the limb is very useful and the patient has been able to successfully adapt to his resulting residual disability."}
{"id": "PMID:286895", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip over a ten-year period.", "content": "A Malmo type neonatal screening programme for congenital dislocation of the hip has been conducted in New Plymouth by orthopaedic surgeons from 1964 to 1975 including 10 103 births. Follow-up for the 11-year period appears complete. Treatment by a Von Rosen type splint for six weeks instituted within seven days of birth appears to prevent established late CDH. Subluxation at six months, however, occurred twice and a longer period of splintage might be advisable. Fourteen cases of \"walking\" CDH have been prevented, with a 92% success rate, with five and 10-year x-ray follow-up demonstrating good hip development in treated cases.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip over a ten-year period. A Malmo type neonatal screening programme for congenital dislocation of the hip has been conducted in New Plymouth by orthopaedic surgeons from 1964 to 1975 including 10 103 births. Follow-up for the 11-year period appears complete. Treatment by a Von Rosen type splint for six weeks instituted within seven days of birth appears to prevent established late CDH. Subluxation at six months, however, occurred twice and a longer period of splintage might be advisable. Fourteen cases of \"walking\" CDH have been prevented, with a 92% success rate, with five and 10-year x-ray follow-up demonstrating good hip development in treated cases."}
{"id": "PMID:286896", "title": "Bacterial contamination of radial artery catheters.", "content": "A prospective survey of 113 radial artery catheters showed a total contamination rate using an enrichment media culturing technique of 39%. The yield from routine culturing alone was only 9%. In six cases pathogenic bacteria were isolated. In this study no correlation between contamination and aspects of catheter insertion and management was shown.", "contents": "Bacterial contamination of radial artery catheters. A prospective survey of 113 radial artery catheters showed a total contamination rate using an enrichment media culturing technique of 39%. The yield from routine culturing alone was only 9%. In six cases pathogenic bacteria were isolated. In this study no correlation between contamination and aspects of catheter insertion and management was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:286898", "title": "Planning services for the intellectually handicapped in North Canterbury.", "content": "The development of a wider range of service alternatives for the care of the intellectually handicapped (IH) has led to the establishment of multiple agencies in the field of service provision. A multi-agency, multi-disciplinary working party has undertaken a survey of all IH persons in the area, including an assessment of problems in service provision. There were a total of 2330 IH persons in the area. The prevalence rate for North Canterbury is 3.94 per 1000 which is substantially higher than the New Zealand figure of 3.29 of a previous survey. The working party has sponsored communication and mutual understanding and support through workshops, the formation of a parents committee and an information exchange system.", "contents": "Planning services for the intellectually handicapped in North Canterbury. The development of a wider range of service alternatives for the care of the intellectually handicapped (IH) has led to the establishment of multiple agencies in the field of service provision. A multi-agency, multi-disciplinary working party has undertaken a survey of all IH persons in the area, including an assessment of problems in service provision. There were a total of 2330 IH persons in the area. The prevalence rate for North Canterbury is 3.94 per 1000 which is substantially higher than the New Zealand figure of 3.29 of a previous survey. The working party has sponsored communication and mutual understanding and support through workshops, the formation of a parents committee and an information exchange system."}
{"id": "PMID:286899", "title": "Meniscectomy.", "content": "Meniscectomy will predispose to degenerative osteoarthritis. To reduce the incidence of long-term morbidity the removal of normal menisci must be kept ot a minimum. The value of arthrography and arthroscopy in establishing a diagnosis and reducing the incidence of arthrotomy, is well recognised. Arthrography and arthroscopy are complementary and in many diagnostic knee problem both are indicated.", "contents": "Meniscectomy. Meniscectomy will predispose to degenerative osteoarthritis. To reduce the incidence of long-term morbidity the removal of normal menisci must be kept ot a minimum. The value of arthrography and arthroscopy in establishing a diagnosis and reducing the incidence of arthrotomy, is well recognised. Arthrography and arthroscopy are complementary and in many diagnostic knee problem both are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:286904", "title": "Bereavement in the elderly.", "content": "One hundred bereaved spouses aged 65 and over were interviewed six months after the death for symptoms of depression. Twenty-nine were still depressed. Depression was not commoner with advancing age but was more frequent in men. Unexpected death was associated with more depression than if it was expected. Many derived benefit from supporting services.", "contents": "Bereavement in the elderly. One hundred bereaved spouses aged 65 and over were interviewed six months after the death for symptoms of depression. Twenty-nine were still depressed. Depression was not commoner with advancing age but was more frequent in men. Unexpected death was associated with more depression than if it was expected. Many derived benefit from supporting services."}
{"id": "PMID:286905", "title": "Hypertension in valvar aortic stenosis.", "content": "The indirect arterial blood pressure in 50 cases of catheter-proven aortic stenosis without significant incompetence was examined. Defining the upper limit of normal blood pressure as 140/90mmHg, 14 percent had borderline, 18 percent had mild and 8 percent had severe hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with age; ie pressures rose with age. The rate of increase was virtually identical with that of the normal population except for those over 70. Hypertension interferes with reliable clinical and haemodynamic quantitation of the valve lesion. The two lesions summate to increase the systolic burden on left ventricle.", "contents": "Hypertension in valvar aortic stenosis. The indirect arterial blood pressure in 50 cases of catheter-proven aortic stenosis without significant incompetence was examined. Defining the upper limit of normal blood pressure as 140/90mmHg, 14 percent had borderline, 18 percent had mild and 8 percent had severe hypertension. There was a significant positive correlation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with age; ie pressures rose with age. The rate of increase was virtually identical with that of the normal population except for those over 70. Hypertension interferes with reliable clinical and haemodynamic quantitation of the valve lesion. The two lesions summate to increase the systolic burden on left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:286906", "title": "Spitz Naevi.", "content": "Twenty-four benign melanocytic tumours from children and adults (range 1-31 years of age) excised at Auckland Hospital between 1967-1977 are defined as Spitz naevi. The necessary to differentiate these tumours from malignant melanoma is stressed.", "contents": "Spitz Naevi. Twenty-four benign melanocytic tumours from children and adults (range 1-31 years of age) excised at Auckland Hospital between 1967-1977 are defined as Spitz naevi. The necessary to differentiate these tumours from malignant melanoma is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:286907", "title": "Pregancy complicated by acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Combination cytotoxic chemotherapy was used to treat a case of acute myeloid leukaemia presenting in the 25th week of pregnancy with a sustained complete remission of the leukaemia and the successful delivery of a normal infant. The management of leukaemia presenting in pregnancy is discussed.", "contents": "Pregancy complicated by acute myeloid leukaemia. Combination cytotoxic chemotherapy was used to treat a case of acute myeloid leukaemia presenting in the 25th week of pregnancy with a sustained complete remission of the leukaemia and the successful delivery of a normal infant. The management of leukaemia presenting in pregnancy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286914", "title": "Factors associated with ex-nuptial birth.", "content": "The paper examines the background to 210 live exnuptial births studied in the first phase of the Christ-church Child Development Study. The results show: 1. That nearly half of the children had been conceived within cohabiting situations. 2. That nearly one in five ex-nuptial children was the result of a planned pregnancy. 3. Maternal reactions to the birth and pregnancy varied with the mother's situation: cohabiting mothers reported considerably less adverse reaction to the birth than did non-cohabiting mothers. 4. Overall, mothers of ex-nuptial children had a fairly sophisticated appreciation of contraceptive methods. 5. One quarter of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were the result of contraceptive failure and three-quarters were the result of contraceptive non-usage. 6. In common with previous findings for nuptial pregnancies, about 35 percent of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were ascribed to a breakdown in the mother's pattern of usage of the contraceptive pill.", "contents": "Factors associated with ex-nuptial birth. The paper examines the background to 210 live exnuptial births studied in the first phase of the Christ-church Child Development Study. The results show: 1. That nearly half of the children had been conceived within cohabiting situations. 2. That nearly one in five ex-nuptial children was the result of a planned pregnancy. 3. Maternal reactions to the birth and pregnancy varied with the mother's situation: cohabiting mothers reported considerably less adverse reaction to the birth than did non-cohabiting mothers. 4. Overall, mothers of ex-nuptial children had a fairly sophisticated appreciation of contraceptive methods. 5. One quarter of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were the result of contraceptive failure and three-quarters were the result of contraceptive non-usage. 6. In common with previous findings for nuptial pregnancies, about 35 percent of unplanned ex-nuptial pregnancies were ascribed to a breakdown in the mother's pattern of usage of the contraceptive pill."}
{"id": "PMID:286915", "title": "Ultrasound diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "The gray-scale ultrasound features of the normal and pathological pancreas are presented in 37 patients, 25 of whom presented with jaundice, and 12 of whom had abdominal pain suspected to be of pancreatic origin. The ultrasound criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinomata, acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts are illustrated. The correlation with findings at laparotomy and post-mortem are shown, suggesting that ultrasound is the best method of pancreatic imaging available in New Zealand at this time.", "contents": "Ultrasound diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The gray-scale ultrasound features of the normal and pathological pancreas are presented in 37 patients, 25 of whom presented with jaundice, and 12 of whom had abdominal pain suspected to be of pancreatic origin. The ultrasound criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinomata, acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts are illustrated. The correlation with findings at laparotomy and post-mortem are shown, suggesting that ultrasound is the best method of pancreatic imaging available in New Zealand at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:286916", "title": "Cerebral embolisation of a shotgun pellet: case report.", "content": "An 18-year-old male sustained a shotgun injury to his chest with the entry of pellets into both the heart and lungs. Cerebral embolisation of a pellet caused a dense hemiplegia. The literature is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Cerebral embolisation of a shotgun pellet: case report. An 18-year-old male sustained a shotgun injury to his chest with the entry of pellets into both the heart and lungs. Cerebral embolisation of a pellet caused a dense hemiplegia. The literature is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:286917", "title": "Overdosage of buprenorphine: case report.", "content": "A recent addition to the list of analgesics, buprenorphine, is still under trial. This paper reports the ingestion of a large dose taken with suicidal intent. Symptoms were minimal and recovery complete.", "contents": "Overdosage of buprenorphine: case report. A recent addition to the list of analgesics, buprenorphine, is still under trial. This paper reports the ingestion of a large dose taken with suicidal intent. Symptoms were minimal and recovery complete."}
{"id": "PMID:286918", "title": "Trichobezoar in an infant: case report.", "content": "A case of a trichobezoar in an infant is reported. This was caused by nursing the child on a sheep skin rug.", "contents": "Trichobezoar in an infant: case report. A case of a trichobezoar in an infant is reported. This was caused by nursing the child on a sheep skin rug."}
{"id": "PMID:286923", "title": "Acebutolol in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment.", "content": "Eleven patients with hypertension and varying degrees of stable renal functional impairment were treated with the beta adrenoreceptor blocking drug, acebutolol (Sectral). Parameters of renal, cardiovascular and respiratory function were measured immediately prior to treatment and again after four and 12 weeks. In five patients the blood pressure was well controlled throughout the 12-week period on 400mg of acebutolol each morning, in three the blood pressure was satisfactory after four weeks treatment with 400mg each morning but control had been lost by 12 weeks, while in the remaining three patients 800mg each morning was ineffective. There was no significant change in the mean glomerular filtration rate of the 11 patients but in two of these patients with severe, but stable, chronic renal failure the introduction of acebutolol was associated with a decline in renal function and the onset of uraemic symptoms. One of these patients showed an improvement when the acebutolol was discontinued but the other required regular dialysis treatment. Beta adrenoreceptor blockers should be used cautiously in severe renal failure.", "contents": "Acebutolol in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. Eleven patients with hypertension and varying degrees of stable renal functional impairment were treated with the beta adrenoreceptor blocking drug, acebutolol (Sectral). Parameters of renal, cardiovascular and respiratory function were measured immediately prior to treatment and again after four and 12 weeks. In five patients the blood pressure was well controlled throughout the 12-week period on 400mg of acebutolol each morning, in three the blood pressure was satisfactory after four weeks treatment with 400mg each morning but control had been lost by 12 weeks, while in the remaining three patients 800mg each morning was ineffective. There was no significant change in the mean glomerular filtration rate of the 11 patients but in two of these patients with severe, but stable, chronic renal failure the introduction of acebutolol was associated with a decline in renal function and the onset of uraemic symptoms. One of these patients showed an improvement when the acebutolol was discontinued but the other required regular dialysis treatment. Beta adrenoreceptor blockers should be used cautiously in severe renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:286924", "title": "The first year of metroprolol (Lopresor): an analysis of a newly released drug in general practice.", "content": "In 95 hypertensive patients treated in general practice, metoprolol given once daily was as effective as other beta-blockers given in an equivalent daily dose two or three times daily (P less than 0.001) and was well tolerated. Follow-up a year later produced no evidence of unusual side effects but there was a reduction in the mean daily dosage without loss of efficacy. Problems associated with surveys carried out in general practice and with the retrieval of information on the effects of long term administration in an identifiable patient population are discussed.", "contents": "The first year of metroprolol (Lopresor): an analysis of a newly released drug in general practice. In 95 hypertensive patients treated in general practice, metoprolol given once daily was as effective as other beta-blockers given in an equivalent daily dose two or three times daily (P less than 0.001) and was well tolerated. Follow-up a year later produced no evidence of unusual side effects but there was a reduction in the mean daily dosage without loss of efficacy. Problems associated with surveys carried out in general practice and with the retrieval of information on the effects of long term administration in an identifiable patient population are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286925", "title": "Water intoxication after oxytocin-induced midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Two cases of water intoxication assoicated with midtrimester induction of abortion with oxytocin are presented. Both patients recovered from this potentially fatal condition which is associated with acute hyponatraemia. Some of the pertinent literature is reviewed and the possible mechanisms of causation and measures for prevention and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Water intoxication after oxytocin-induced midtrimester abortion. Two cases of water intoxication assoicated with midtrimester induction of abortion with oxytocin are presented. Both patients recovered from this potentially fatal condition which is associated with acute hyponatraemia. Some of the pertinent literature is reviewed and the possible mechanisms of causation and measures for prevention and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286927", "title": "Detecting areas of deficiency in factual knowledge of general practitioners.", "content": "Approximately one-third of all general practitioners returned a multiple choice questionnaire covering general medical knowledge. The overall average score was 63.6 percent and a definite fall off was observed with advancing age. It was also found that those who worked in group practices did rather better than those in single-handed practice--similarly full-time general practitioners performed rather better than part-time general practitioners. The proportion of respondents who were members of a recognised college of general practitioners approximates to the proportion of all general practitioners in New Zealand who are college members. The average mark for college members was exactly the same as the average mark for the group as a whole, suggesting that college members represent a typical cross section of the general practitioner community. This survey could be a useful baseline for further studies in the future should continuing education become obligatory for maintaining college membership.", "contents": "Detecting areas of deficiency in factual knowledge of general practitioners. Approximately one-third of all general practitioners returned a multiple choice questionnaire covering general medical knowledge. The overall average score was 63.6 percent and a definite fall off was observed with advancing age. It was also found that those who worked in group practices did rather better than those in single-handed practice--similarly full-time general practitioners performed rather better than part-time general practitioners. The proportion of respondents who were members of a recognised college of general practitioners approximates to the proportion of all general practitioners in New Zealand who are college members. The average mark for college members was exactly the same as the average mark for the group as a whole, suggesting that college members represent a typical cross section of the general practitioner community. This survey could be a useful baseline for further studies in the future should continuing education become obligatory for maintaining college membership."}
{"id": "PMID:286967", "title": "Osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "We report a case of osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta. The characteristic radiographic and pathological findings are discussed and emphasized to warrant a biopsy.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta. We report a case of osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta. The characteristic radiographic and pathological findings are discussed and emphasized to warrant a biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:286979", "title": "[Therapeutics future of liposomes (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility to use the liposomes as drug vehicles has been largely investigated in recent years. Most of the studies have been carried out in animals and are related to disease involving predominantly the reticulohistiocytic system. Attempts to use these liposomes orally (induced diabetes) or locally (induced arthritis) are also reported. Further trials are required to get a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the exchanges between the cell membrane and the liposome the latter being variable as regards its composition, size and permeability according to the various investigators; the adjustment to the liposome of a complex capable to electively direct it towards the target organ is studied.", "contents": "[Therapeutics future of liposomes (author's transl)]. The possibility to use the liposomes as drug vehicles has been largely investigated in recent years. Most of the studies have been carried out in animals and are related to disease involving predominantly the reticulohistiocytic system. Attempts to use these liposomes orally (induced diabetes) or locally (induced arthritis) are also reported. Further trials are required to get a better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the exchanges between the cell membrane and the liposome the latter being variable as regards its composition, size and permeability according to the various investigators; the adjustment to the liposome of a complex capable to electively direct it towards the target organ is studied."}
{"id": "PMID:286996", "title": "Protein-lipid interactions in bilayer membranes: a lattice model.", "content": "A lattice model has been developed to study the effects of intrinsic membrane proteins upon the thermodynamic properties of a lipid bilayer membrane. We assume that only nearest-neighbor van der Waals and steric interactions are important and that the polar group interactions can be represented by effective pressure-area terms. Phase diagrams, the temperature T(0), which locates the gel-fluid melting, the transition enthalpy, and correlations were calculated by mean field and cluster approximations. Average lipid chain areas and chain areas when the lipid is in a given protein environment were obtained. Proteins that have a \"smooth\" homogeneous surface (\"cholesterol-like\") and those that have inhomogeneous surfaces or that bind lipids specifically were considered. We find that T(0) can vary depending upon the interactions and that another peak can appear upon the shoulder of the main peak which reflects the melting of a eutectic mixture. The transition enthalpy decreases generally, as was found before, but when a second peak appears departures from this behavior reflect aspects of the eutectic mixture. We find that proteins have significant nonzero probabilities for being adjacent to one another so that no unbroken \"annulus\" of lipid necessarily exists around a protein. If T(0) does not increase much, or decreases, with increasing c, then lipids adjacent to a protein cannot all be all-trans on the time scale (10(-7) sec) of our system. Around a protein the lipid correlation depth is about one lipid layer, and this increases with c. Possible consequences of ignoring changes in polar group interactions due to clustering of proteins are discussed.", "contents": "Protein-lipid interactions in bilayer membranes: a lattice model. A lattice model has been developed to study the effects of intrinsic membrane proteins upon the thermodynamic properties of a lipid bilayer membrane. We assume that only nearest-neighbor van der Waals and steric interactions are important and that the polar group interactions can be represented by effective pressure-area terms. Phase diagrams, the temperature T(0), which locates the gel-fluid melting, the transition enthalpy, and correlations were calculated by mean field and cluster approximations. Average lipid chain areas and chain areas when the lipid is in a given protein environment were obtained. Proteins that have a \"smooth\" homogeneous surface (\"cholesterol-like\") and those that have inhomogeneous surfaces or that bind lipids specifically were considered. We find that T(0) can vary depending upon the interactions and that another peak can appear upon the shoulder of the main peak which reflects the melting of a eutectic mixture. The transition enthalpy decreases generally, as was found before, but when a second peak appears departures from this behavior reflect aspects of the eutectic mixture. We find that proteins have significant nonzero probabilities for being adjacent to one another so that no unbroken \"annulus\" of lipid necessarily exists around a protein. If T(0) does not increase much, or decreases, with increasing c, then lipids adjacent to a protein cannot all be all-trans on the time scale (10(-7) sec) of our system. Around a protein the lipid correlation depth is about one lipid layer, and this increases with c. Possible consequences of ignoring changes in polar group interactions due to clustering of proteins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:286998", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rat ventral prostate: cell-free translation of mRNA.", "content": "Androgenic steroids regulate both a class of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA and four major proteins secreted by the rat ventral prostate. That this class of RNA was mRNA coding for the major proteins was demonstrated by translating total poly(A)-containing RNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system and using the technique of hybrid arrested translation. RNA alone resulted in the synthesis of four major translation products, whereas RNA hybridized with DNA complementary to the class of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA failed to direct their cell-free synthesis. The synthesis of the polypeptides was androgen dependent, but their relative mobilities on denaturing acrylamide gels were not identical to those of the polypeptides synthesized in whole cells. Because these polypeptides are secreted to form part of the prostatic fluid, the possibility that the immediate translation products are precursors to the polypeptides was investigated. Prostatic RNA, translated in an L-cell cell-free system supplemented with microsomal membranes isolated from dog pancreas and rat prostate, caused the appearance of four translation products with relative mobilities similar to those of the androgen-dependent polypeptides synthesized in whole cells. The relationship of one of the polypeptides synthesized in minced tissue with the immediate translation products and processed polypeptides was further investigated by tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis, which revealed identical peptide maps.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rat ventral prostate: cell-free translation of mRNA. Androgenic steroids regulate both a class of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA and four major proteins secreted by the rat ventral prostate. That this class of RNA was mRNA coding for the major proteins was demonstrated by translating total poly(A)-containing RNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system and using the technique of hybrid arrested translation. RNA alone resulted in the synthesis of four major translation products, whereas RNA hybridized with DNA complementary to the class of abundant poly(A)-containing RNA failed to direct their cell-free synthesis. The synthesis of the polypeptides was androgen dependent, but their relative mobilities on denaturing acrylamide gels were not identical to those of the polypeptides synthesized in whole cells. Because these polypeptides are secreted to form part of the prostatic fluid, the possibility that the immediate translation products are precursors to the polypeptides was investigated. Prostatic RNA, translated in an L-cell cell-free system supplemented with microsomal membranes isolated from dog pancreas and rat prostate, caused the appearance of four translation products with relative mobilities similar to those of the androgen-dependent polypeptides synthesized in whole cells. The relationship of one of the polypeptides synthesized in minced tissue with the immediate translation products and processed polypeptides was further investigated by tryptic peptide fingerprint analysis, which revealed identical peptide maps."}
{"id": "PMID:286997", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: immune serum inhibits heme-regulated protein kinase activity and differentiates heme-regulated protein kinase from double-stranded RNA-induced protein kinase.", "content": "A specific immune serum to the heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) has been prepared by immunizing chickens with highly purified reversible HRI prepared from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Studies with this immune serum demonstrate that the behavior of purified reversible HRI is similar to that of the inhibitor activated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: the immune serum (i) inhibits the phosphorylation of the small subunit (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; (ii) prevents the concomitant inhibition of protein synthesis by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; and (iii) prevents the autophosphorylation of the 95,000-dalton polypeptide in purified and crude HRI preparations. The protein kinase and inhibitory activities of crude and partially purified preparations of the double-stranded RNA-induced inhibitor of protein synthesis are not affected by the immune serum prepared to reversible HRI. These results indicate that the inhibitor induced by double-stranded RNA is antigenically distinct from the reversible HRI.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates: immune serum inhibits heme-regulated protein kinase activity and differentiates heme-regulated protein kinase from double-stranded RNA-induced protein kinase. A specific immune serum to the heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) has been prepared by immunizing chickens with highly purified reversible HRI prepared from rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Studies with this immune serum demonstrate that the behavior of purified reversible HRI is similar to that of the inhibitor activated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: the immune serum (i) inhibits the phosphorylation of the small subunit (38,000 daltons) of the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2 by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; (ii) prevents the concomitant inhibition of protein synthesis by both crude and purified inhibitor preparations; and (iii) prevents the autophosphorylation of the 95,000-dalton polypeptide in purified and crude HRI preparations. The protein kinase and inhibitory activities of crude and partially purified preparations of the double-stranded RNA-induced inhibitor of protein synthesis are not affected by the immune serum prepared to reversible HRI. These results indicate that the inhibitor induced by double-stranded RNA is antigenically distinct from the reversible HRI."}
{"id": "PMID:286999", "title": "Isolation of maxicircle component of kinetoplast DNA from hemoflagellate protozoa.", "content": "Maxicircle DNA has been isolated from the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae culture forms by bouyant separation in CsCl in the presence of the A + T-binding dye Hoechst 33258, after liberation from the kinetoplast DNA network by cleavage with the single-hit restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The purified linearized maxicircle DNA has a density in CsCl of 1.681 g/cm3 (79% A + T) and a molecular weight of approximately 18-20 x 10(6). The maxicircle molecule exhibited intramolecular base composition heterogeneity ranging from 85% A + T to 74% A + T.", "contents": "Isolation of maxicircle component of kinetoplast DNA from hemoflagellate protozoa. Maxicircle DNA has been isolated from the kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tarentolae culture forms by bouyant separation in CsCl in the presence of the A + T-binding dye Hoechst 33258, after liberation from the kinetoplast DNA network by cleavage with the single-hit restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The purified linearized maxicircle DNA has a density in CsCl of 1.681 g/cm3 (79% A + T) and a molecular weight of approximately 18-20 x 10(6). The maxicircle molecule exhibited intramolecular base composition heterogeneity ranging from 85% A + T to 74% A + T."}
{"id": "PMID:287000", "title": "Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBx).", "content": "A stable free-radical polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1 (PGBx) has been synthesized that exhibits regenerative effects on oxidative phosphorylation in aged mitochondria. The molecular weights of the most active preparations fall between 2000 and 2600. PGBx is characterized by a single-line electron spin resonance spectrum that is stable at room temperature. PGBx restores phosphorylating ability and net ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria aged for 4 days at 0 degrees C and protects against further degradation of phosphorylating activity when such aged mitochondria are preincubated at 28 degrees C in the absence of adenine nucleotide phosphate acceptors. This compound has been reported to exert beneficial effects in vivo in experimental pathological conditions, such as regional ischemia, in which the mitochondria of the ischemic region may have been damaged.", "contents": "Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBx). A stable free-radical polymeric derivative of prostaglandin B1 (PGBx) has been synthesized that exhibits regenerative effects on oxidative phosphorylation in aged mitochondria. The molecular weights of the most active preparations fall between 2000 and 2600. PGBx is characterized by a single-line electron spin resonance spectrum that is stable at room temperature. PGBx restores phosphorylating ability and net ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria aged for 4 days at 0 degrees C and protects against further degradation of phosphorylating activity when such aged mitochondria are preincubated at 28 degrees C in the absence of adenine nucleotide phosphate acceptors. This compound has been reported to exert beneficial effects in vivo in experimental pathological conditions, such as regional ischemia, in which the mitochondria of the ischemic region may have been damaged."}
{"id": "PMID:287001", "title": "13C NMR studies of gluconeogenesis in rat liver cells: utilization of labeled glycerol by cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats.", "content": "The gluconeogenic pathway from [2-13C]glycerol and [1,3-13C]glycerol has been followed in suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes at 25 degrees C by 13C NMR at 90.5 MHz. The flow of label through the major pathway from glycerol to L-glycerol 3-phosphate and into glucose was followed in cells from control and triiodothyronine-treated rats. Treatment increased the rates of glucose formation and glycerol consumption 2-fold and decreased the alphaGP level to 40%. We calculate that approximately 60% of the flux is through the mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in cells from triiodothyronine-treated rats, compared with approximately 15% in cells from the controls. Equal distribution of label between the trioses of glucose was obtained and, because the C3-C4 spin-spin coupling gives the distribution of labeled carbons in the same molecule, it was possible to measure the amount of triose from unlabeled fructose incorporated into the glucose labeled at carbons 1, 3, 4, and 6. About 10% of the hexoses had flowed through the pentose cycle and back into the hexose pathway in cells from fasted rats. From the distribution of label at glucose carbons not labeled via the major pathway and from the carbon spin-spin splitting patterns observed, we conclude that transketolase is reversible whereas transaldolase is essentially irreversible in the nonoxidative pentose branch.", "contents": "13C NMR studies of gluconeogenesis in rat liver cells: utilization of labeled glycerol by cells from euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats. The gluconeogenic pathway from [2-13C]glycerol and [1,3-13C]glycerol has been followed in suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes at 25 degrees C by 13C NMR at 90.5 MHz. The flow of label through the major pathway from glycerol to L-glycerol 3-phosphate and into glucose was followed in cells from control and triiodothyronine-treated rats. Treatment increased the rates of glucose formation and glycerol consumption 2-fold and decreased the alphaGP level to 40%. We calculate that approximately 60% of the flux is through the mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in cells from triiodothyronine-treated rats, compared with approximately 15% in cells from the controls. Equal distribution of label between the trioses of glucose was obtained and, because the C3-C4 spin-spin coupling gives the distribution of labeled carbons in the same molecule, it was possible to measure the amount of triose from unlabeled fructose incorporated into the glucose labeled at carbons 1, 3, 4, and 6. About 10% of the hexoses had flowed through the pentose cycle and back into the hexose pathway in cells from fasted rats. From the distribution of label at glucose carbons not labeled via the major pathway and from the carbon spin-spin splitting patterns observed, we conclude that transketolase is reversible whereas transaldolase is essentially irreversible in the nonoxidative pentose branch."}
{"id": "PMID:287002", "title": "The lambda repressor contains two domains.", "content": "Papain digestion of the lambda phage repressor produces two fragments that are relatively resistant to further digestion. One includes the amino terminus (residues 1-92) and the other the carboxyl terminus (residues 132-236). Calorimetry shows that the amino-terminal fragment denatures near 50 degrees C and that the carboxyl-terminal fragment denatures near 70 degrees C. Intact repressor undergoes two denaturations, one near 50 degrees C and another near 70 degrees C. These and other data show that lambda repressor consists of two domains joined by a \"connector\" 40 amino acids long that is sensitive to proteases. The amino-terminal domain binds DNA, and the carboxyl-terminal domain oligomerizes.", "contents": "The lambda repressor contains two domains. Papain digestion of the lambda phage repressor produces two fragments that are relatively resistant to further digestion. One includes the amino terminus (residues 1-92) and the other the carboxyl terminus (residues 132-236). Calorimetry shows that the amino-terminal fragment denatures near 50 degrees C and that the carboxyl-terminal fragment denatures near 70 degrees C. Intact repressor undergoes two denaturations, one near 50 degrees C and another near 70 degrees C. These and other data show that lambda repressor consists of two domains joined by a \"connector\" 40 amino acids long that is sensitive to proteases. The amino-terminal domain binds DNA, and the carboxyl-terminal domain oligomerizes."}
{"id": "PMID:287003", "title": "Transfer of 5'-terminal cap of globin mRNA to influenza viral complementary RNA during transcription in vitro.", "content": "We have recently demonstrated that globin mRNAs are effective primers for influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro catalyzed by the virion transcriptase [Bouloy, M., Plotch, S. J. & Krug, R. M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4886-4890]. Here, we present direct evidence that the 5'-terminal methylated cap of the globin mRNAs is transferred to viral complementary RNA (cRNA) during transcription. Chemical (beta-elimination) or enzymatic removal of the cap of globin mRNAs eliminated essentially all their priming activity. Much of this activity could be restored by recapping the beta-eliminated globin mRNAs with the vaccinia virus guanylyl and methyl transferases. Globin mRNAs containing (32)P label only in the cap (m(7)G(32)pppm(6)A(m)-) were prepared by recapping beta-eliminated globin mRNAs with the vaccinia virus enzymes, [alpha-(32)P]GTP, and unlabeled S-adenosylmethionine. By using this labeled globin mRNA as primer and unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates as precursors, the viral cRNA segments that were synthesized were shown to contain a (32)P-labeled 5'-terminal cap structure. Gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that the globin mRNA-primed cRNA segments were 10-15 nucleotides longer at their 5' end than ApG-primed cRNA segments, which initiate exactly at the 3' end of the virion RNA templates. This suggests that, in addition to the cap, about 10-15 other nucleotides are also transferred from the globin mRNA to viral cRNA. A mechanism for the priming of influenza viral cRNA synthesis by globin mRNA is proposed.", "contents": "Transfer of 5'-terminal cap of globin mRNA to influenza viral complementary RNA during transcription in vitro. We have recently demonstrated that globin mRNAs are effective primers for influenza viral RNA transcription in vitro catalyzed by the virion transcriptase [Bouloy, M., Plotch, S. J. & Krug, R. M. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4886-4890]. Here, we present direct evidence that the 5'-terminal methylated cap of the globin mRNAs is transferred to viral complementary RNA (cRNA) during transcription. Chemical (beta-elimination) or enzymatic removal of the cap of globin mRNAs eliminated essentially all their priming activity. Much of this activity could be restored by recapping the beta-eliminated globin mRNAs with the vaccinia virus guanylyl and methyl transferases. Globin mRNAs containing (32)P label only in the cap (m(7)G(32)pppm(6)A(m)-) were prepared by recapping beta-eliminated globin mRNAs with the vaccinia virus enzymes, [alpha-(32)P]GTP, and unlabeled S-adenosylmethionine. By using this labeled globin mRNA as primer and unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates as precursors, the viral cRNA segments that were synthesized were shown to contain a (32)P-labeled 5'-terminal cap structure. Gel electrophoretic analysis indicated that the globin mRNA-primed cRNA segments were 10-15 nucleotides longer at their 5' end than ApG-primed cRNA segments, which initiate exactly at the 3' end of the virion RNA templates. This suggests that, in addition to the cap, about 10-15 other nucleotides are also transferred from the globin mRNA to viral cRNA. A mechanism for the priming of influenza viral cRNA synthesis by globin mRNA is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:287004", "title": "Regulation of DNA replication in S phase nuclei by ATP and ADP pools.", "content": "Synchronized 3T6 (mouse fibroblast) ghost monolayers (isolated nuclei) were utilized to study the effects of ATP and ADP levels on DNA replication in vitro. A system yielding discontinuous semiconservative DNA replication (without any detectable repair) in synchronized S phase nuclei has been developed. Lack of initiation of new sites has been observed in isolated S phase 3T6 nuclei without the presence of cytoplasmic material; DNA synthesis is comprised only of elongation at sites where initiation had previously taken place. DNA synthesis in S phase nuclei proceeded optimally at an ATP concentration of 4-5 mM. High ATP levels as well as high ATP/ADP ratios (produced by an ATP-regenerating system at a variety of ATP concentrations) yielded marked inhibition of [(3)H]dTTP incorporation. The cellular and nuclear pools of ATP and ADP in intact synchronized 3T6 cells were accurately determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A good correlation with the studies on isolated nuclei has been observed. Whereas total cellular ATP pools increase during the progression of 3T6 cells from G(1) to S phase of the cell cycle, nuclear ATP pools do not increase, and the nuclear ATP/ADP ratios decrease once the cells enter the S phase of their cycle. These experiments suggest that nuclear ATP pools and ATP/ADP ratios act as S phase controls, regulating DNA elongation at sites where its synthesis has previously been initiated by cytoplasmic factors.", "contents": "Regulation of DNA replication in S phase nuclei by ATP and ADP pools. Synchronized 3T6 (mouse fibroblast) ghost monolayers (isolated nuclei) were utilized to study the effects of ATP and ADP levels on DNA replication in vitro. A system yielding discontinuous semiconservative DNA replication (without any detectable repair) in synchronized S phase nuclei has been developed. Lack of initiation of new sites has been observed in isolated S phase 3T6 nuclei without the presence of cytoplasmic material; DNA synthesis is comprised only of elongation at sites where initiation had previously taken place. DNA synthesis in S phase nuclei proceeded optimally at an ATP concentration of 4-5 mM. High ATP levels as well as high ATP/ADP ratios (produced by an ATP-regenerating system at a variety of ATP concentrations) yielded marked inhibition of [(3)H]dTTP incorporation. The cellular and nuclear pools of ATP and ADP in intact synchronized 3T6 cells were accurately determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A good correlation with the studies on isolated nuclei has been observed. Whereas total cellular ATP pools increase during the progression of 3T6 cells from G(1) to S phase of the cell cycle, nuclear ATP pools do not increase, and the nuclear ATP/ADP ratios decrease once the cells enter the S phase of their cycle. These experiments suggest that nuclear ATP pools and ATP/ADP ratios act as S phase controls, regulating DNA elongation at sites where its synthesis has previously been initiated by cytoplasmic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:287005", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of a histidine-rich proteolytic fragment of human ceruloplasmin.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence has been determined for a fragment of human ceruloplasmin [ferroxidase; iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1]. The fragment (designated Cp F5) contains 159 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 18,650; it lacks carbohydrate, is rich in histidine, and contains one free cysteine that may be part of a copper-binding site. This fragment is present in most commercial preparations of ceruloplasmin, probably owing to proteolytic degradation, but can also be obtained by limited cleavage of single-chain ceruloplasmin with plasmin. Cp F5 probably is an intact domain attached to the COOH-terminal end of single-chain ceruloplasmin via a labile interdomain peptide bond. A model of the secondary structure predicted by empirical methods suggests that almost one-third of the amino acid residues are distributed in alpha helices, about a third in beta-sheet structure, and the remainder in beta turns and unidentified structures. Computer analysis of the amino acid sequence has not demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between this ceruloplasmin fragment and any other protein, but there is some evidence for an internal duplication.", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of a histidine-rich proteolytic fragment of human ceruloplasmin. The complete amino acid sequence has been determined for a fragment of human ceruloplasmin [ferroxidase; iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.16.3.1]. The fragment (designated Cp F5) contains 159 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 18,650; it lacks carbohydrate, is rich in histidine, and contains one free cysteine that may be part of a copper-binding site. This fragment is present in most commercial preparations of ceruloplasmin, probably owing to proteolytic degradation, but can also be obtained by limited cleavage of single-chain ceruloplasmin with plasmin. Cp F5 probably is an intact domain attached to the COOH-terminal end of single-chain ceruloplasmin via a labile interdomain peptide bond. A model of the secondary structure predicted by empirical methods suggests that almost one-third of the amino acid residues are distributed in alpha helices, about a third in beta-sheet structure, and the remainder in beta turns and unidentified structures. Computer analysis of the amino acid sequence has not demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between this ceruloplasmin fragment and any other protein, but there is some evidence for an internal duplication."}
{"id": "PMID:287006", "title": "Choleragen (cholera toxin): a bacterial lectin.", "content": "Choleragen (cholera toxin) agglutinated erythrocytes and liposomes containing the toxin receptor, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (ganglioside GM1). Cells that had been exposed to GM1 were agglutinated, but agglutination was not observed when cells had been exposed to other gangliosides (GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b). Choleragen-dependent agglutination of liposomes was slightly less specific, because liposomes containing either GM1 or GD1b, but neither GM2, GD1a, nor GM3 were agglutinated. The oligosaccharide isolated from GM1 inhibited both the agglutination of cells and liposomes containing GM1 and the binding of choleragen to liposomes containing GM1. Galactose and sialic acid were less effective inhibitors of liposomal agglutination and did not inhibit cellular agglutination or binding of choleragen to liposomes. Liposomal agglutination was dependent on choleragen concentration and occurred with the B but not the A protomer of choleragen. These results suggest that choleragen, through its binding to the oligosaccharide portion of a glycolipid, exhibits lectinlike activity, which results in agglutination of liposomes and erythrocytes.", "contents": "Choleragen (cholera toxin): a bacterial lectin. Choleragen (cholera toxin) agglutinated erythrocytes and liposomes containing the toxin receptor, galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (ganglioside GM1). Cells that had been exposed to GM1 were agglutinated, but agglutination was not observed when cells had been exposed to other gangliosides (GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b). Choleragen-dependent agglutination of liposomes was slightly less specific, because liposomes containing either GM1 or GD1b, but neither GM2, GD1a, nor GM3 were agglutinated. The oligosaccharide isolated from GM1 inhibited both the agglutination of cells and liposomes containing GM1 and the binding of choleragen to liposomes containing GM1. Galactose and sialic acid were less effective inhibitors of liposomal agglutination and did not inhibit cellular agglutination or binding of choleragen to liposomes. Liposomal agglutination was dependent on choleragen concentration and occurred with the B but not the A protomer of choleragen. These results suggest that choleragen, through its binding to the oligosaccharide portion of a glycolipid, exhibits lectinlike activity, which results in agglutination of liposomes and erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:287007", "title": "Limited action of micrococcal nuclease on trout testis nuclei generates two mononucleosome subsets enriched in transcribed DNA sequences.", "content": "Hybridization experiments show that DNA extracted from two distinct subsets of mononucleosomes (MNI and MN2) generated by a limited action of micrococcal nuclease on trout testis nuclei is enriched approximately 7-fold in sequences that are transcribed into cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA in trout testis cells. Both subsets of mononucleosomes contain eight core histones, but MNI also possesses one or two molecules of a small, basic, high-mobility-group (HMG) protein H6 [Levy W., B., Connor, W. & Dixon, G. H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 609-620], bound to a DNA fragment of 140 base pairs. In contrast, MN2 contains 1 molecule of H1 but no H6, and its DNA length is somewhat longer at 140-190 base pairs. The preferential release of these two subsets of mononucleosomes is correlated with the presence of a second larger HMG protein, HMG-T, in the linker regions flanking both types of mononucleosomes. The HMG-T-containing linker regions appear to be considerably more susceptible to attack by micrococcal nuclease than H1-containing linkers. Cross-reassociation reactions between the DNA from MN1 and MN2 subsets indicate that they share a significant extent of sequence overlap but also that each subset contains specific sequences that are absent in the other subset.", "contents": "Limited action of micrococcal nuclease on trout testis nuclei generates two mononucleosome subsets enriched in transcribed DNA sequences. Hybridization experiments show that DNA extracted from two distinct subsets of mononucleosomes (MNI and MN2) generated by a limited action of micrococcal nuclease on trout testis nuclei is enriched approximately 7-fold in sequences that are transcribed into cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA in trout testis cells. Both subsets of mononucleosomes contain eight core histones, but MNI also possesses one or two molecules of a small, basic, high-mobility-group (HMG) protein H6 [Levy W., B., Connor, W. & Dixon, G. H. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 609-620], bound to a DNA fragment of 140 base pairs. In contrast, MN2 contains 1 molecule of H1 but no H6, and its DNA length is somewhat longer at 140-190 base pairs. The preferential release of these two subsets of mononucleosomes is correlated with the presence of a second larger HMG protein, HMG-T, in the linker regions flanking both types of mononucleosomes. The HMG-T-containing linker regions appear to be considerably more susceptible to attack by micrococcal nuclease than H1-containing linkers. Cross-reassociation reactions between the DNA from MN1 and MN2 subsets indicate that they share a significant extent of sequence overlap but also that each subset contains specific sequences that are absent in the other subset."}
{"id": "PMID:287008", "title": "Evidence for covalent attachment of fatty acids to Sindbis virus glycoproteins.", "content": "Selective binding of lipid to glycoprotein was detected when [3H]palmitate-labeled Sindbis virus particles or viral-infected cells were disrupted by heating with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and glycoproteins were isolated by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/10% polyacrylamide gels. The smaller glycoprotein (E2) retained 2 to 3 times more labeled lipid than did the larger EI glycoprotein, and the cell-associated glycoprotein precursor (PE2) bound even less lipid. No lipid was associated with the nonglycosylated glycoproteins that accumulated in infected cells treated with tunicamycin. The labeled lipid remained bound to the glycoproteins after exhaustive extraction with chloroform/methanol of virus particles, infected-cell extracts, or isolated glycoproteins, but it could be extracted by chloroform/methanol after treating glycoproteins with mild alkali. Analysis by gas/liquid chromatography showed that 60% of the label was in palmitate and the balance of label was distributed between oleate and stearate. There were approximately 2 mol of fatty acid bound per mol of E1 glycoprotein. Proteolysis of the fatty acid-labeled glycoprotein with pepsin, thermolysin, and Pronase degraded the polypeptide to fragments that retained the fatty acids in an alkali-labile state. These data suggest that a covalent attachment of fatty acid may occur during maturation of the viral glycoproteins.", "contents": "Evidence for covalent attachment of fatty acids to Sindbis virus glycoproteins. Selective binding of lipid to glycoprotein was detected when [3H]palmitate-labeled Sindbis virus particles or viral-infected cells were disrupted by heating with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and glycoproteins were isolated by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/10% polyacrylamide gels. The smaller glycoprotein (E2) retained 2 to 3 times more labeled lipid than did the larger EI glycoprotein, and the cell-associated glycoprotein precursor (PE2) bound even less lipid. No lipid was associated with the nonglycosylated glycoproteins that accumulated in infected cells treated with tunicamycin. The labeled lipid remained bound to the glycoproteins after exhaustive extraction with chloroform/methanol of virus particles, infected-cell extracts, or isolated glycoproteins, but it could be extracted by chloroform/methanol after treating glycoproteins with mild alkali. Analysis by gas/liquid chromatography showed that 60% of the label was in palmitate and the balance of label was distributed between oleate and stearate. There were approximately 2 mol of fatty acid bound per mol of E1 glycoprotein. Proteolysis of the fatty acid-labeled glycoprotein with pepsin, thermolysin, and Pronase degraded the polypeptide to fragments that retained the fatty acids in an alkali-labile state. These data suggest that a covalent attachment of fatty acid may occur during maturation of the viral glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:287009", "title": "Biochemical studies of taste sensation: binding to taste tissue of 3H-labeled monellin, a sweet-tasting protein.", "content": "Binding of 3H-labeled methylated monellin to taste receptor tissue was demonstrated in vitro. Preparation of bovine and human circumvallate (taste) papillae bound more of the ligand  than did lingual and nonlingual epithelial preparations devoid of taste buds. Binding to the taste preparations saturated at high ligand concentrations. Furthermore, sugars and other sweet-tasting molecules appeared to compete to some extent with this sweet-tasting protein for its binding sites. These binding measurements of the intensity sweet-tasting protein monellin to taste receptor preparations help to establish the binding interactions as an initial step taste sensation.", "contents": "Biochemical studies of taste sensation: binding to taste tissue of 3H-labeled monellin, a sweet-tasting protein. Binding of 3H-labeled methylated monellin to taste receptor tissue was demonstrated in vitro. Preparation of bovine and human circumvallate (taste) papillae bound more of the ligand  than did lingual and nonlingual epithelial preparations devoid of taste buds. Binding to the taste preparations saturated at high ligand concentrations. Furthermore, sugars and other sweet-tasting molecules appeared to compete to some extent with this sweet-tasting protein for its binding sites. These binding measurements of the intensity sweet-tasting protein monellin to taste receptor preparations help to establish the binding interactions as an initial step taste sensation."}
{"id": "PMID:287010", "title": "Regulation of the threonine operon: tandem threonine and isoleucine codons in the control region and translational control of transcription termination.", "content": "The DNA sequence of 178 base pairs preceding the first structural gene of the threonine operon of Escherichia coli has been determined. A region of perfect 2-fold rotational symmetry, involving 28 base pairs, precedes the first structural gene. The structural similarity of this sequence to known RNA polymerase termination sites suggests that this region is the termination site of the threonine operon leader RNA. Moreover a mutation (thr 79-20), which confers a depressed, constitutive phenotype, was sequenced and found to be a G.C insertion in the putative terminator. A potential coding region for a 21-amino acid leader peptide ends approximately 18 base pairs before the terminator. This peptide contains eight threonine and four isoleucine codons. Eleven of these codons are in tandem. A model for threonine operon regulation, involving alternative secondary RNA structures and translation of leader RNA, is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of the threonine operon: tandem threonine and isoleucine codons in the control region and translational control of transcription termination. The DNA sequence of 178 base pairs preceding the first structural gene of the threonine operon of Escherichia coli has been determined. A region of perfect 2-fold rotational symmetry, involving 28 base pairs, precedes the first structural gene. The structural similarity of this sequence to known RNA polymerase termination sites suggests that this region is the termination site of the threonine operon leader RNA. Moreover a mutation (thr 79-20), which confers a depressed, constitutive phenotype, was sequenced and found to be a G.C insertion in the putative terminator. A potential coding region for a 21-amino acid leader peptide ends approximately 18 base pairs before the terminator. This peptide contains eight threonine and four isoleucine codons. Eleven of these codons are in tandem. A model for threonine operon regulation, involving alternative secondary RNA structures and translation of leader RNA, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287011", "title": "Presence of chondroitin sulfate in the neuronal cytoplasm.", "content": "The distribution of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins has been studied in cytoplasmic and particulate fractions of neurons isolated in bulk from rat cerebrum. Lysis of the neurons in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 released 20% of the protein and over 90% of the lactate dehydrogenase in a soluble form. Eighty-two percent of the chondroitin sulfate was also released, together with 55% of the heparan sulfate and 24-25% of the hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins. The chondroitin sulfate remaining in the membranes was completely depolymerized to disaccharides after treatment with chondroitinase ABC, and treatment of the neuronal membranes with 0.1% trypsin removed 55-63% of the chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate but only 25% of the sulfated glycoproteins. The results reported here support our previous conclusion that the soluble chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain is largely a cytoplasmic constitutent of neurons (and astrocytes) and is not primarily present in nervous tissue as an extracellular ground substance.", "contents": "Presence of chondroitin sulfate in the neuronal cytoplasm. The distribution of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins has been studied in cytoplasmic and particulate fractions of neurons isolated in bulk from rat cerebrum. Lysis of the neurons in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 released 20% of the protein and over 90% of the lactate dehydrogenase in a soluble form. Eighty-two percent of the chondroitin sulfate was also released, together with 55% of the heparan sulfate and 24-25% of the hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins. The chondroitin sulfate remaining in the membranes was completely depolymerized to disaccharides after treatment with chondroitinase ABC, and treatment of the neuronal membranes with 0.1% trypsin removed 55-63% of the chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate but only 25% of the sulfated glycoproteins. The results reported here support our previous conclusion that the soluble chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan of brain is largely a cytoplasmic constitutent of neurons (and astrocytes) and is not primarily present in nervous tissue as an extracellular ground substance."}
{"id": "PMID:287012", "title": "In vitro regulation of DNA-dependent synthesis of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12.", "content": "The DNA of the transducing phage lambdarifd18 contains, among others, the genes for the ribosomal proteins L11, L1, L10, and L12 and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). In a coupled in vitro protein-synthesis system, lambdarifd18 DNA directs the synthesis of about four to five molecules of L12 per molecule of L10. This is consistent with the finding that there are four copies of L12 per ribosome. The ratio of L12/L10 was also examined from an EcoRI fragment of lambdarifd18 that contains the L10 gene and about 50% of the L12 gene. A significantly lower ratio of truncated L12/L10 was observed compared to the intact phage. The binding of RNA polymerase to various lambdarifd18 DNA restriction fragments was used to locate possible promoter sites. These binding experiments suggest that the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase are cotranscribed with at least ribosomal protein L12 and, also, that there may be an additional promoter site for the L12 gene within the structural gene for L10.", "contents": "In vitro regulation of DNA-dependent synthesis of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L12. The DNA of the transducing phage lambdarifd18 contains, among others, the genes for the ribosomal proteins L11, L1, L10, and L12 and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). In a coupled in vitro protein-synthesis system, lambdarifd18 DNA directs the synthesis of about four to five molecules of L12 per molecule of L10. This is consistent with the finding that there are four copies of L12 per ribosome. The ratio of L12/L10 was also examined from an EcoRI fragment of lambdarifd18 that contains the L10 gene and about 50% of the L12 gene. A significantly lower ratio of truncated L12/L10 was observed compared to the intact phage. The binding of RNA polymerase to various lambdarifd18 DNA restriction fragments was used to locate possible promoter sites. These binding experiments suggest that the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase are cotranscribed with at least ribosomal protein L12 and, also, that there may be an additional promoter site for the L12 gene within the structural gene for L10."}
{"id": "PMID:287013", "title": "Interactions of a photosensitive analog of cholesterol with hydroxymethyglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase.", "content": "25-Azido[25-(3)H]norcholesten-3beta-ol, a radioactive photosensitive analog of cholesterol, was synthesized as a probe to study lipid-protein interactions [Stoffel, W. & Klotzb\u00fccher, R. (1978) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol Chem. 359, 199-209]. Upon UV irradiation a reactive nitrene is generated which can insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds of proteins to form covalent linkages. The compound has properties similar to those of cholesterol. When administered intravenously to rats it was transported to the liver, and within 4 hr it was found in all of the subcellular fractions, accounting for 8% of the microsomal sterol content. Concomitantly, it altered the activities of two membrane-bound enzymes. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA (NADPH) reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] activity was reduced to 20% of control values, and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.26) was stimulated at least 2-fold. Esterified products of the analog were found in both blood and liver, and no evidence was obtained for production of any hydroxylated or polar derivatives. UV irradiation of microsomes increased the radioactivity bound to the protein fraction and decreased it in the total lipid extract; in parallel a sharp decline in ACAT activity but unaltered HMG-CoA reductase activity was observed. These results are interpreted as a possible consequence of crosslinking of the sterol to the enzyme proteins and discussed in view of the evidence that HMG-CoA reductase is an extrinsic and ACAT an intrinsic membrane protein.", "contents": "Interactions of a photosensitive analog of cholesterol with hydroxymethyglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. 25-Azido[25-(3)H]norcholesten-3beta-ol, a radioactive photosensitive analog of cholesterol, was synthesized as a probe to study lipid-protein interactions [Stoffel, W. & Klotzb\u00fccher, R. (1978) Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol Chem. 359, 199-209]. Upon UV irradiation a reactive nitrene is generated which can insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds of proteins to form covalent linkages. The compound has properties similar to those of cholesterol. When administered intravenously to rats it was transported to the liver, and within 4 hr it was found in all of the subcellular fractions, accounting for 8% of the microsomal sterol content. Concomitantly, it altered the activities of two membrane-bound enzymes. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA (NADPH) reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] activity was reduced to 20% of control values, and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.26) was stimulated at least 2-fold. Esterified products of the analog were found in both blood and liver, and no evidence was obtained for production of any hydroxylated or polar derivatives. UV irradiation of microsomes increased the radioactivity bound to the protein fraction and decreased it in the total lipid extract; in parallel a sharp decline in ACAT activity but unaltered HMG-CoA reductase activity was observed. These results are interpreted as a possible consequence of crosslinking of the sterol to the enzyme proteins and discussed in view of the evidence that HMG-CoA reductase is an extrinsic and ACAT an intrinsic membrane protein."}
{"id": "PMID:287014", "title": "Release of in vitro-synthesized poly(A)-containing RNA from isolated rat liver nuclei: characterization of the ribonucleoprotein particles involved.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from rat liver were incubated under conditions in which RNA continued to be labeled with precursors for long periods. After 1 hr, during which the rate of RNA synthesis was constant, 25-30% of the newly synthesized RNA was recovered in the postnuclear supernatant. About 3-5% of this fraction was characterized as poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins by the following criteria: (i) characteristic elution profile in oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography; (ii) size distribution of the molecules and their deproteinized RNAs; (iii) buoyant densities in CsCl gradients; (iv) presence of RNaseresistant fragments resembling poly(A)-protein complexes; and (v) identification of the protein components by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of labeling of the RNA synthesized and released from the nuclei to low doses of alpha-amanitin suggests the presence of polymerase II products in the particles. Comparison of the sizes of proteins in these particles with those of free and polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins as well as with heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins indicates that the released particles contain a protein of 78,000 daltons, which is also present in the other three classes of ribonucleoproteins, presumably at the 3'-poly(A) segments. In addition, a few other proteins, similar in size to those found in the cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, were also present in the released particles. It is suggested that proteins associated with heterogenous nuclear RNA are mostly exchanged before or at the time of release of mRNA from the nucleus; the remaining mRNA-associated proteins are added in the cytoplasm, possibly in relation to cytoskeleton attachment, followed by the removal of most of these proteins during polysome formation.", "contents": "Release of in vitro-synthesized poly(A)-containing RNA from isolated rat liver nuclei: characterization of the ribonucleoprotein particles involved. Nuclei isolated from rat liver were incubated under conditions in which RNA continued to be labeled with precursors for long periods. After 1 hr, during which the rate of RNA synthesis was constant, 25-30% of the newly synthesized RNA was recovered in the postnuclear supernatant. About 3-5% of this fraction was characterized as poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins by the following criteria: (i) characteristic elution profile in oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography; (ii) size distribution of the molecules and their deproteinized RNAs; (iii) buoyant densities in CsCl gradients; (iv) presence of RNaseresistant fragments resembling poly(A)-protein complexes; and (v) identification of the protein components by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of labeling of the RNA synthesized and released from the nuclei to low doses of alpha-amanitin suggests the presence of polymerase II products in the particles. Comparison of the sizes of proteins in these particles with those of free and polysomal messenger ribonucleoproteins as well as with heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins indicates that the released particles contain a protein of 78,000 daltons, which is also present in the other three classes of ribonucleoproteins, presumably at the 3'-poly(A) segments. In addition, a few other proteins, similar in size to those found in the cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, were also present in the released particles. It is suggested that proteins associated with heterogenous nuclear RNA are mostly exchanged before or at the time of release of mRNA from the nucleus; the remaining mRNA-associated proteins are added in the cytoplasm, possibly in relation to cytoskeleton attachment, followed by the removal of most of these proteins during polysome formation."}
{"id": "PMID:287015", "title": "Prostaglandin D2 formation by malignant melanoma cells correlates inversely with cellular metastatic potential.", "content": "B16 malignant melanoma cell lines transform arachidonic acid and its transient metabolite, prostaglandin endoperoxide H2, into prostaglandin D2. The highly metastatic line, B16 F10, forms less prostaglandin D2 compared to the moderately metastatic parent line, B16 F1. Since platelet aggregation may be one factor involved in B16 metastasis and since prostaglandin D2 inhibits platelet aggregation, this prostaglandin could affect the outcome of platelet-tumour interactions, which may contribute ultimately to metastasis. Arachidonic acid metabolism may be another one of the intrinsic biochemical properties of tumor cells that affects their metastasis. Our results suggest that quantitative release of unusual prostaglandins must be considered in this context.", "contents": "Prostaglandin D2 formation by malignant melanoma cells correlates inversely with cellular metastatic potential. B16 malignant melanoma cell lines transform arachidonic acid and its transient metabolite, prostaglandin endoperoxide H2, into prostaglandin D2. The highly metastatic line, B16 F10, forms less prostaglandin D2 compared to the moderately metastatic parent line, B16 F1. Since platelet aggregation may be one factor involved in B16 metastasis and since prostaglandin D2 inhibits platelet aggregation, this prostaglandin could affect the outcome of platelet-tumour interactions, which may contribute ultimately to metastasis. Arachidonic acid metabolism may be another one of the intrinsic biochemical properties of tumor cells that affects their metastasis. Our results suggest that quantitative release of unusual prostaglandins must be considered in this context."}
{"id": "PMID:287016", "title": "Conformation of an oligopeptide in phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "To demonstrate a method by which the conformation of membrane proteins may be determined spectroscopically in model membranes, we determined the structure of a hydrophobic oligopeptide, t-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucylvalylmethyl ester, in phospholipid vesicles by nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism techniques demonstrated that the conformation of this peptide in linear hydrocarbon solutions was essentially identical to its conformation in lipid vesicles. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy of the peptide in hydrocarbon solution then provided additional high-resolution information concerning the structure of the peptide as found in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer. The conformation of this peptide in hydrophobic media a differs from its structure in hydrophilic solvents, not only in bond angles and the proportion of cis/trans isomers about the X-proline bond, but also in its intermolecular associations.", "contents": "Conformation of an oligopeptide in phospholipid vesicles. To demonstrate a method by which the conformation of membrane proteins may be determined spectroscopically in model membranes, we determined the structure of a hydrophobic oligopeptide, t-butyloxycarbonylprolylleucylvalylmethyl ester, in phospholipid vesicles by nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism techniques demonstrated that the conformation of this peptide in linear hydrocarbon solutions was essentially identical to its conformation in lipid vesicles. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy of the peptide in hydrocarbon solution then provided additional high-resolution information concerning the structure of the peptide as found in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer. The conformation of this peptide in hydrophobic media a differs from its structure in hydrophilic solvents, not only in bond angles and the proportion of cis/trans isomers about the X-proline bond, but also in its intermolecular associations."}
{"id": "PMID:287017", "title": "Ultrasonic absorption evidence of structural fluctuations in viral capsids.", "content": "When the coat protein of the small icosahedral virus, brome mosaic virus, reassembles into capsids, the ultrasonic absorption of the solution greatly increases. Submitting the solution to an ultrasonic field thus appears to reveal spontaneous molecular motions within a protein assembly. Confirmatory evidence of a dynamics of a protein shell comes from measurements on brome mosaic virus at various degrees of swelling and on tomato bushy stunt virus treated with the crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde. The detected fluctuations may be related either with cooperative deformational motion in the capsid or with more localized structural changes. Such structural changes may help liberate the RNA at an early stage of viral infection.", "contents": "Ultrasonic absorption evidence of structural fluctuations in viral capsids. When the coat protein of the small icosahedral virus, brome mosaic virus, reassembles into capsids, the ultrasonic absorption of the solution greatly increases. Submitting the solution to an ultrasonic field thus appears to reveal spontaneous molecular motions within a protein assembly. Confirmatory evidence of a dynamics of a protein shell comes from measurements on brome mosaic virus at various degrees of swelling and on tomato bushy stunt virus treated with the crosslinking agent glutaraldehyde. The detected fluctuations may be related either with cooperative deformational motion in the capsid or with more localized structural changes. Such structural changes may help liberate the RNA at an early stage of viral infection."}
{"id": "PMID:287018", "title": "Direct measurement of changes in sodium pump current in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers.", "content": "Purkinje fibers from dog hearts may have either a \"high\" resting potential of about -90 mV or a \"low\" resting potential of about -40 mV when immersed in low-Cl(-) solution containing 4 mM K(+). Brief exposure of Purkinje fibers at the low level of resting potential to K(+)-free fluid causes further depolarization, and return to K(+)-containing solution elicits a transient hyperpolarization which reaches a peak within a few seconds and then declines within a few minutes. Repeating these changes in K(+) concentration after clamping the membrane potential at its steady resting level in K(+)-containing fluid allows the changes in net membrane current presumably underlying the depolarization and transient hyperpolarization to be measured. Net inward current is recorded when the fiber is exposed to K(+)-free solution, and a transient net outward current arises when it is returned to K(+)-containing solution. The transient net outward current reflects a temporary increase in the rate of electrogenic Na(+) extrusion caused by the rise in intracellular Na(+) concentration that occurs while the sodium pump is slowed in K(+)-free fluid. Sodium extrusion remains enhanced, presumably until the internal Na(+) concentration has been brought back to its resting level. The transient outward current is completely abolished by the cardiac steroid acetylstrophanthidin, and its amplitude is increased as the prior exposure to K(+)-free fluid is prolonged. The decay of the transient outward current and the decline in intracellular Na(+) concentration both appear to follow first-order kinetics.", "contents": "Direct measurement of changes in sodium pump current in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. Purkinje fibers from dog hearts may have either a \"high\" resting potential of about -90 mV or a \"low\" resting potential of about -40 mV when immersed in low-Cl(-) solution containing 4 mM K(+). Brief exposure of Purkinje fibers at the low level of resting potential to K(+)-free fluid causes further depolarization, and return to K(+)-containing solution elicits a transient hyperpolarization which reaches a peak within a few seconds and then declines within a few minutes. Repeating these changes in K(+) concentration after clamping the membrane potential at its steady resting level in K(+)-containing fluid allows the changes in net membrane current presumably underlying the depolarization and transient hyperpolarization to be measured. Net inward current is recorded when the fiber is exposed to K(+)-free solution, and a transient net outward current arises when it is returned to K(+)-containing solution. The transient net outward current reflects a temporary increase in the rate of electrogenic Na(+) extrusion caused by the rise in intracellular Na(+) concentration that occurs while the sodium pump is slowed in K(+)-free fluid. Sodium extrusion remains enhanced, presumably until the internal Na(+) concentration has been brought back to its resting level. The transient outward current is completely abolished by the cardiac steroid acetylstrophanthidin, and its amplitude is increased as the prior exposure to K(+)-free fluid is prolonged. The decay of the transient outward current and the decline in intracellular Na(+) concentration both appear to follow first-order kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:287019", "title": "Autotrophic growth of H2-uptake-positive strains of Rhizobium japonicum in an atmosphere supplied with hydrogen gas.", "content": "Previous research from this laboratory has demonstrated CO(2)-fixing and H(2)-uptake capacities of certain strains of Rhizobium japonicum. In this report we have shown that SR, a H(2)-uptake-positive (Hup(+)) strain of R. japonicum, is capable of autotrophic growth with H(2) as the energy source. Growth occurred on mineral salts/vitamins/Noble agar, mineral salts/vitamins liquid medium (0.27 mug of C as vitamins per ml), and in mineral salts liquid medium with no added vitamins when cultures were provided with NH(4)Cl and incubated in an atmosphere containing H(2), CO(2), O(2), and N(2). Little or no growth occurred when either H(2) or CO(2) was omitted from the atmosphere or when the culture was inoculated with SR3, a Hup(-) mutant of SR. Growth was measured by protein synthesis, fixed organic carbon, and increase in cell number in liquid cultures. The organism that grew autotrophically was verified as R. japonicum by (i) apparent purity on streak plates; (ii) retention of the double antibiotic resistance markers; and (iii) its capability to nodulate soybeans. H(2)- and CO(2)-supported growth was demonstrated for three additional Hup(+) wild-type R. japonicum strains (USDA 136, 3I1b 6, and 3I1b 143), while three Hup(-) wild-type strains (USDA 120, 3I1b 144, and USDA 117) were incapable of growth on the Noble agar medium containing mineral salts/vitamins in the H(2)/CO(2)/O(2)/N(2) atmosphere. This demonstrated capability of Hup(+)R. japonicum strains to grow autotrophically requires revision of current concepts regarding conditions for survival and competition of these bacteria in the soil and their relationships to other microorganisms.", "contents": "Autotrophic growth of H2-uptake-positive strains of Rhizobium japonicum in an atmosphere supplied with hydrogen gas. Previous research from this laboratory has demonstrated CO(2)-fixing and H(2)-uptake capacities of certain strains of Rhizobium japonicum. In this report we have shown that SR, a H(2)-uptake-positive (Hup(+)) strain of R. japonicum, is capable of autotrophic growth with H(2) as the energy source. Growth occurred on mineral salts/vitamins/Noble agar, mineral salts/vitamins liquid medium (0.27 mug of C as vitamins per ml), and in mineral salts liquid medium with no added vitamins when cultures were provided with NH(4)Cl and incubated in an atmosphere containing H(2), CO(2), O(2), and N(2). Little or no growth occurred when either H(2) or CO(2) was omitted from the atmosphere or when the culture was inoculated with SR3, a Hup(-) mutant of SR. Growth was measured by protein synthesis, fixed organic carbon, and increase in cell number in liquid cultures. The organism that grew autotrophically was verified as R. japonicum by (i) apparent purity on streak plates; (ii) retention of the double antibiotic resistance markers; and (iii) its capability to nodulate soybeans. H(2)- and CO(2)-supported growth was demonstrated for three additional Hup(+) wild-type R. japonicum strains (USDA 136, 3I1b 6, and 3I1b 143), while three Hup(-) wild-type strains (USDA 120, 3I1b 144, and USDA 117) were incapable of growth on the Noble agar medium containing mineral salts/vitamins in the H(2)/CO(2)/O(2)/N(2) atmosphere. This demonstrated capability of Hup(+)R. japonicum strains to grow autotrophically requires revision of current concepts regarding conditions for survival and competition of these bacteria in the soil and their relationships to other microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:287020", "title": "Induction of rat sarcomas in rats treated with antithymocyte sera after transplantation of human cancer cells.", "content": "Human cancer cells that had had high (greater than 160) tissue culture passages, when transplanted into antithymocyte-treated F344 newborn rats, caused induction of rat sarcomas in the rats within 2 or 3 subcultures, whereas human cancer cells with low (5-33) passages in vitro did not cause overt induction of rat sarcomas until after 5-10 subtransplantations. Because oncornavirus activity was not detected in either rat or human tumors, it is suggested that transforming sequences located on the human tumor cells may have been transferred to supporting rat reticulum cells in close contact with the human cancer cells.", "contents": "Induction of rat sarcomas in rats treated with antithymocyte sera after transplantation of human cancer cells. Human cancer cells that had had high (greater than 160) tissue culture passages, when transplanted into antithymocyte-treated F344 newborn rats, caused induction of rat sarcomas in the rats within 2 or 3 subcultures, whereas human cancer cells with low (5-33) passages in vitro did not cause overt induction of rat sarcomas until after 5-10 subtransplantations. Because oncornavirus activity was not detected in either rat or human tumors, it is suggested that transforming sequences located on the human tumor cells may have been transferred to supporting rat reticulum cells in close contact with the human cancer cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287021", "title": "Conditions for inhibiting and enhancing effects of the protease inhibitor antipain on x-ray-induced neoplastic transformation in hamster and mouse cells.", "content": "Using cultured normal hamster embryo cells and the heterploid mouse C3H cell line 10T1/2, clone 8, we have studied the effect of the protease inhibitor antipain on x-ray-induced neoplastic transformation. We found in both cell systems that, while there was no effect on cell survival as compared to irradiated controls, the addition of antipain at a concentration of 6 microgram/ml to the cultures 24 hr prior to irradiation resulted in enhanced transformation as compared to the frequency in cultures exposed to radiation alone. Yet the addition of antipain to cultures 10 min after irradiation resulted in a decreased transformation rate. This decrease was not found when antipain was added to the mouse cells 24 hr after irradiation or to the hamster cells 48 hr after irradiation. These results suggest that the protease inhibitor antipain has more than one mechanism of action in modulating the fixation and expression of transformation by x-irradiation, possibly by the modification of DNA repair.", "contents": "Conditions for inhibiting and enhancing effects of the protease inhibitor antipain on x-ray-induced neoplastic transformation in hamster and mouse cells. Using cultured normal hamster embryo cells and the heterploid mouse C3H cell line 10T1/2, clone 8, we have studied the effect of the protease inhibitor antipain on x-ray-induced neoplastic transformation. We found in both cell systems that, while there was no effect on cell survival as compared to irradiated controls, the addition of antipain at a concentration of 6 microgram/ml to the cultures 24 hr prior to irradiation resulted in enhanced transformation as compared to the frequency in cultures exposed to radiation alone. Yet the addition of antipain to cultures 10 min after irradiation resulted in a decreased transformation rate. This decrease was not found when antipain was added to the mouse cells 24 hr after irradiation or to the hamster cells 48 hr after irradiation. These results suggest that the protease inhibitor antipain has more than one mechanism of action in modulating the fixation and expression of transformation by x-irradiation, possibly by the modification of DNA repair."}
{"id": "PMID:287022", "title": "Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor.", "content": "Human platelets contain a polypeptide growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of connective tissue cells. Purification of this platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was accomplished by heat (100 degrees C) treatment of washed platelets and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration in 1 M acetic acid, isoelectric focusing, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PDGF has an isoelectric point of 9.8 and a molecular weight ranging from 13,000 to 16,000 as judged by gel filtration in 1 M acetic acid or analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The specific activity of the purified PDGF is 20 million times greater than that found in unfractionated human serum. Purified PDGF stimulates replicative DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in quiescent density-arrested cultures of BALB/c 3T3 cells at concentrations of 1 ng/ml (0.1 nM).", "contents": "Purification of human platelet-derived growth factor. Human platelets contain a polypeptide growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of connective tissue cells. Purification of this platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was accomplished by heat (100 degrees C) treatment of washed platelets and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration in 1 M acetic acid, isoelectric focusing, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PDGF has an isoelectric point of 9.8 and a molecular weight ranging from 13,000 to 16,000 as judged by gel filtration in 1 M acetic acid or analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The specific activity of the purified PDGF is 20 million times greater than that found in unfractionated human serum. Purified PDGF stimulates replicative DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in quiescent density-arrested cultures of BALB/c 3T3 cells at concentrations of 1 ng/ml (0.1 nM)."}
{"id": "PMID:287023", "title": "Fibroblast interferon induces synthesis of four proteins in human fibroblast cells.", "content": "Treatment of human diploid fibroblasts with fibroblast interferon for 8 hr inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. When the total cell protein of cells treated with interferon for 8 hr was compared to the total cell protein of untreated cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the interferon-treated cells were found to contain four proteins not found in untreated cells. Addition of actinomycin D to the cells concurrently with interferon inhibited the synthesis of the four proteins. We conclude that these proteins are induced by interferon and that they may be involved in the inhibition of virus replication.", "contents": "Fibroblast interferon induces synthesis of four proteins in human fibroblast cells. Treatment of human diploid fibroblasts with fibroblast interferon for 8 hr inhibited replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. When the total cell protein of cells treated with interferon for 8 hr was compared to the total cell protein of untreated cells by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the interferon-treated cells were found to contain four proteins not found in untreated cells. Addition of actinomycin D to the cells concurrently with interferon inhibited the synthesis of the four proteins. We conclude that these proteins are induced by interferon and that they may be involved in the inhibition of virus replication."}
{"id": "PMID:287024", "title": "Stimulation of Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release and presynaptic nerve terminal protein phosphorylation by calmodulin and a calmodulin-like protein isolated from synaptic vesicles.", "content": "Synaptic vesicles have a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase system that may play a role in mediating Ca(2+)-stimulated neurotransmitter release and vesicle function. Calcium's ability to initiate norepinephrine release and protein phosphorylation in synaptic vesicle preparations was shown to be stimulated by the presence of an endogenous heat-stable vesicle protein fraction. The heat stability and characteristics of this endogenous vesicle fraction were similar to those of calmodulin (Ca(2+)-dependent regular protein) isolated from rat and bovine brain. Calmodulin, like endogenous heat-stable vesicle factor, restored calcium's ability to stimulate vesicle neurotransmitter release and protein kinase activity. Calmodulin-like vesicle protein and purified calmodulin were also equally effective in stimulating cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphodiesterase, further indicating that these two proteins are functionally equivalent. Depolarization-dependent Ca(2+) uptake in intact synaptosomes simultaneously stimulated release of neurotransmitter and phosphorylation of particular synaptic vesicle proteins that were shown in the isolated vesicle preparation to be dependent on Ca(2+) and calmodulin. The results suggest that calcium's effects on neurotransmitter release and presynaptic nerve terminal protein phosphorylation may be mediated by endogenous calmodulin-like proteins.", "contents": "Stimulation of Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitter release and presynaptic nerve terminal protein phosphorylation by calmodulin and a calmodulin-like protein isolated from synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicles have a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase system that may play a role in mediating Ca(2+)-stimulated neurotransmitter release and vesicle function. Calcium's ability to initiate norepinephrine release and protein phosphorylation in synaptic vesicle preparations was shown to be stimulated by the presence of an endogenous heat-stable vesicle protein fraction. The heat stability and characteristics of this endogenous vesicle fraction were similar to those of calmodulin (Ca(2+)-dependent regular protein) isolated from rat and bovine brain. Calmodulin, like endogenous heat-stable vesicle factor, restored calcium's ability to stimulate vesicle neurotransmitter release and protein kinase activity. Calmodulin-like vesicle protein and purified calmodulin were also equally effective in stimulating cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphodiesterase, further indicating that these two proteins are functionally equivalent. Depolarization-dependent Ca(2+) uptake in intact synaptosomes simultaneously stimulated release of neurotransmitter and phosphorylation of particular synaptic vesicle proteins that were shown in the isolated vesicle preparation to be dependent on Ca(2+) and calmodulin. The results suggest that calcium's effects on neurotransmitter release and presynaptic nerve terminal protein phosphorylation may be mediated by endogenous calmodulin-like proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:287025", "title": "Migratory patterns of cloned neural crest melanocytes injected into host chicken embryos.", "content": "Cloned quail melanocytes grown in tissue culture for 8 days or more were injected into 2 1/2-day-old chicken embryos. The pigment cells were placed directly into the somitic lumen by means of an injection micropipette. This technique for introducing marked neural crest cells into host embryos causes far less damage than previous methods which require extirpation and replacement of the neural tube. In addition, small numbers of homogeneous cells can be implanted by this procedure. When injected into one of the posterior somites, cultured pigment cells migrated along the ventral neural crest pathway. Three days after injection the melanocytes had migrated ventral to the dorsal root ganglia and prevertebral and primary sympathetic chain ganglia and were seen associated with the adrenal gland and aortic plexi. Melanocytes were frequently found in or adjacent to the gonads and often had migrated as far as the gut.", "contents": "Migratory patterns of cloned neural crest melanocytes injected into host chicken embryos. Cloned quail melanocytes grown in tissue culture for 8 days or more were injected into 2 1/2-day-old chicken embryos. The pigment cells were placed directly into the somitic lumen by means of an injection micropipette. This technique for introducing marked neural crest cells into host embryos causes far less damage than previous methods which require extirpation and replacement of the neural tube. In addition, small numbers of homogeneous cells can be implanted by this procedure. When injected into one of the posterior somites, cultured pigment cells migrated along the ventral neural crest pathway. Three days after injection the melanocytes had migrated ventral to the dorsal root ganglia and prevertebral and primary sympathetic chain ganglia and were seen associated with the adrenal gland and aortic plexi. Melanocytes were frequently found in or adjacent to the gonads and often had migrated as far as the gut."}
{"id": "PMID:287026", "title": "Most myosin heavy chain mRNA in L6E9 rat myotubes has a short poly(A) tail.", "content": "The mRNA for rat muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) was isolated from L6E9 myotubes by two rounds of sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by fractionation on an agarose/polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the mRNA isolated was determined by translation in vitro, peptide analysis of the in vitro product and comparison with authentic MHC, analysis of the kinetics of hybridization with cDNA prepared with this RNA, and titration analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA from muscle and nonmuscle sources. By using the MHC cDNA as probe of myogenic differentiation, it was observed that the level of cytoplasmic MHC mRNA increased approximately 200-fold as the dividing myoblast differentiated into the fused myotube. Titration analysis of RNAs fractionated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography indicated that the majority of the increase occurred in that RNA population that failed to bind to an oligo(dT)-cellulose column.", "contents": "Most myosin heavy chain mRNA in L6E9 rat myotubes has a short poly(A) tail. The mRNA for rat muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) was isolated from L6E9 myotubes by two rounds of sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by fractionation on an agarose/polyacrylamide gel. The purity of the mRNA isolated was determined by translation in vitro, peptide analysis of the in vitro product and comparison with authentic MHC, analysis of the kinetics of hybridization with cDNA prepared with this RNA, and titration analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA from muscle and nonmuscle sources. By using the MHC cDNA as probe of myogenic differentiation, it was observed that the level of cytoplasmic MHC mRNA increased approximately 200-fold as the dividing myoblast differentiated into the fused myotube. Titration analysis of RNAs fractionated by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography indicated that the majority of the increase occurred in that RNA population that failed to bind to an oligo(dT)-cellulose column."}
{"id": "PMID:287027", "title": "Growth and morphology of colonies of Chinese hamster ovary cells growing on agar is affected by insulin.", "content": "As a model for the effect of hormones and growth factors on three-dimensional growth of mammalian cells, we have analyzed the effect of insulin on the three-dimensional growth and morphology of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) colonies grown on the surface of agar. Sequential photographs in dark-field illumination of growing colonies have been analyzed with computer-assisted techniques. In this analysis the entire shape of each colony in a sizeable population (up to 10(5) colonies per experiment) can be measured and distributions of parameters derived from these measurements can be studied. In fetal calf serum (FCS), insulin has a dose-related stimulatory effect on cell growth that is most pronounced when growth has slowed down. In 10% FCS, insulin has a similar but diminished effect. When CHO cells are grown conventionally on plastic substrata or in suspension, insulin has little effect on cell growth at 4% serum concentration. Computer analysis of changes in the distribution of colony morphology proved to be a sensitive, dose-dependent, and reproducible assay of a hormonal effect. As little as 5 ng of insulin per ml added to 10% FCS causes a shift in the distribution of colony morphologies. In 4% FCS, 50 ng of insulin per ml is required to produce a detectable change in the colony morphology distribution. Computer analysis of cells grown three-dimensionally on agar provides a powerful approach to studying the effects of hormones and provides observations not available when cells are grown on plastic substrata.", "contents": "Growth and morphology of colonies of Chinese hamster ovary cells growing on agar is affected by insulin. As a model for the effect of hormones and growth factors on three-dimensional growth of mammalian cells, we have analyzed the effect of insulin on the three-dimensional growth and morphology of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) colonies grown on the surface of agar. Sequential photographs in dark-field illumination of growing colonies have been analyzed with computer-assisted techniques. In this analysis the entire shape of each colony in a sizeable population (up to 10(5) colonies per experiment) can be measured and distributions of parameters derived from these measurements can be studied. In fetal calf serum (FCS), insulin has a dose-related stimulatory effect on cell growth that is most pronounced when growth has slowed down. In 10% FCS, insulin has a similar but diminished effect. When CHO cells are grown conventionally on plastic substrata or in suspension, insulin has little effect on cell growth at 4% serum concentration. Computer analysis of changes in the distribution of colony morphology proved to be a sensitive, dose-dependent, and reproducible assay of a hormonal effect. As little as 5 ng of insulin per ml added to 10% FCS causes a shift in the distribution of colony morphologies. In 4% FCS, 50 ng of insulin per ml is required to produce a detectable change in the colony morphology distribution. Computer analysis of cells grown three-dimensionally on agar provides a powerful approach to studying the effects of hormones and provides observations not available when cells are grown on plastic substrata."}
{"id": "PMID:287028", "title": "Catabolic control of the enhanced alanine-preferring system for amino acid transport in glucose-starved hamster cells requires protein synthesis.", "content": "In cultured hamster cells starved for glucose for 24 hr there is an enhancement of the rate of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport (\"shiftup\"). When the starved cells are re-fed with glucose, the rate of transport shifts back down to the low, \"regulated\" rate typical of cells continuously fed with medium containing glucose (\"shiftdown\"). The high, deregulated rate of transport is maintained, however, when cycloheximide is present for 24 hr during the re-feeding with glucose. Maintenance of the high transport rate is evident only when the cells are incubated in amino acid-free medium just prior to the transport assay or when the assays are conducted with isolated membrane vesicles. A premature, pseudoshiftdown was observed in intact cells within as little as 2 hr after re-feeding when care was not taken to deplete the amino acid pool prior to the transport assay. In addition, a cycloheximide-insensitive increase in transport was observed when cultures were re-fed for 2 hr with amino acid-free medium containing fresh serum. These results emphasize the often overlooked precautions that should be taken to guard against artifacts that could mislead interpretations of amino acid transport data. More important, however, is the finding that Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport in cultured animal cells is regulated in part by a factor (or factors) that becomes inactivated when the cells are maintained under nonglycolytic culture conditions. In order to reactivate the control mechanism, starved cells that have been re-fed with glucose must resynthesize the regulatory factor(s). Thus, in at least cultured hamster cells, Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport regulation is much like the hexose transport regulation in that catabolic control (shiftdown) requires protein synthesis.", "contents": "Catabolic control of the enhanced alanine-preferring system for amino acid transport in glucose-starved hamster cells requires protein synthesis. In cultured hamster cells starved for glucose for 24 hr there is an enhancement of the rate of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid transport (\"shiftup\"). When the starved cells are re-fed with glucose, the rate of transport shifts back down to the low, \"regulated\" rate typical of cells continuously fed with medium containing glucose (\"shiftdown\"). The high, deregulated rate of transport is maintained, however, when cycloheximide is present for 24 hr during the re-feeding with glucose. Maintenance of the high transport rate is evident only when the cells are incubated in amino acid-free medium just prior to the transport assay or when the assays are conducted with isolated membrane vesicles. A premature, pseudoshiftdown was observed in intact cells within as little as 2 hr after re-feeding when care was not taken to deplete the amino acid pool prior to the transport assay. In addition, a cycloheximide-insensitive increase in transport was observed when cultures were re-fed for 2 hr with amino acid-free medium containing fresh serum. These results emphasize the often overlooked precautions that should be taken to guard against artifacts that could mislead interpretations of amino acid transport data. More important, however, is the finding that Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport in cultured animal cells is regulated in part by a factor (or factors) that becomes inactivated when the cells are maintained under nonglycolytic culture conditions. In order to reactivate the control mechanism, starved cells that have been re-fed with glucose must resynthesize the regulatory factor(s). Thus, in at least cultured hamster cells, Na(+)-dependent amino acid transport regulation is much like the hexose transport regulation in that catabolic control (shiftdown) requires protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:287029", "title": "Tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation: suppression of the expression of erythroid functions in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Previous studies demonstrated that 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter, is a potent inhibitor of inducer-mediated differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Inhibition of cell differentiation was associated with inhibition of cell growth. The present studies, employing a cell line adapted for growth in TPA, demonstrate that inhibition of differentiation is not dependent upon inhibition of cell growth or a change in the cell division cycle; neither is inhibition of differentiation accompanied by detectable effect on cell uptake of [3H]hexamethylene bisacetamide, the inducer used in these studies. TPA causes an inhibition of expression of all hexamethylene bisacetamide-inducible erythroid characteristics measured, including commitment to terminal cell division, accumulation of globin mRNA, and synthesis of globins, spectrin, heme synthetic enzymes (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I synthase) and heme. A hypothetical model for the inhibitory action of tumor promoters on terminal cell differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Tumor promoter-mediated inhibition of cell differentiation: suppression of the expression of erythroid functions in murine erythroleukemia cells. Previous studies demonstrated that 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter, is a potent inhibitor of inducer-mediated differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. Inhibition of cell differentiation was associated with inhibition of cell growth. The present studies, employing a cell line adapted for growth in TPA, demonstrate that inhibition of differentiation is not dependent upon inhibition of cell growth or a change in the cell division cycle; neither is inhibition of differentiation accompanied by detectable effect on cell uptake of [3H]hexamethylene bisacetamide, the inducer used in these studies. TPA causes an inhibition of expression of all hexamethylene bisacetamide-inducible erythroid characteristics measured, including commitment to terminal cell division, accumulation of globin mRNA, and synthesis of globins, spectrin, heme synthetic enzymes (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen-I synthase) and heme. A hypothetical model for the inhibitory action of tumor promoters on terminal cell differentiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287030", "title": "Isolation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "A method is presented for detection of lysosomal hydrolase activity in situ in colonies of Chinese hamster ovary cells. This method was used to screen for mutants deficient in lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. Mutagenized cells were replicated onto filter papers [Esko, J. D. & Raetz, C. R. H. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1190-1193] and allowed to divide for 11-14 days; cells on the filter replicas were lysed, and the filters were incubated with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside at pH 4.4 and then photographed under UV light. Colonies for which the replicas exhibited little or no fluorescence were picked from the master plates and purified; mutants with decreased alpha-mannosidase activity were obtained at a frequency of 1 per 1500 mutagenized cells. Analysis of one of these mutants showed that lysosomal alpha-mannosidase activity was 18% of that from wild-type cells, whereas the activities of alpha-mannosidases not of lysosomal origin were similar in the wild type and mutant (these included both Golgi-associated and cytosolic enzymes as well as a novel acid alpha-mannosidase seen only in cells from confluent culture). The mutant contained normal levels of other lysosomal hydrolases. Both wild-type and mutant cells secreted alpha-mannosidase into the medium at levels proportional to those found inside the cells. Incubation of mutant cells with secretions from the wild type resulted in partial restoration of enzyme activity. Added enzyme was localized in the lysosomal fractions; uptake of added enzyme was inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate, which are known to inhibit uptake of lysosomal enzymes into human diploid fibroblasts.", "contents": "Isolation of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. A method is presented for detection of lysosomal hydrolase activity in situ in colonies of Chinese hamster ovary cells. This method was used to screen for mutants deficient in lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. Mutagenized cells were replicated onto filter papers [Esko, J. D. & Raetz, C. R. H. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1190-1193] and allowed to divide for 11-14 days; cells on the filter replicas were lysed, and the filters were incubated with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside at pH 4.4 and then photographed under UV light. Colonies for which the replicas exhibited little or no fluorescence were picked from the master plates and purified; mutants with decreased alpha-mannosidase activity were obtained at a frequency of 1 per 1500 mutagenized cells. Analysis of one of these mutants showed that lysosomal alpha-mannosidase activity was 18% of that from wild-type cells, whereas the activities of alpha-mannosidases not of lysosomal origin were similar in the wild type and mutant (these included both Golgi-associated and cytosolic enzymes as well as a novel acid alpha-mannosidase seen only in cells from confluent culture). The mutant contained normal levels of other lysosomal hydrolases. Both wild-type and mutant cells secreted alpha-mannosidase into the medium at levels proportional to those found inside the cells. Incubation of mutant cells with secretions from the wild type resulted in partial restoration of enzyme activity. Added enzyme was localized in the lysosomal fractions; uptake of added enzyme was inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate, which are known to inhibit uptake of lysosomal enzymes into human diploid fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:287031", "title": "Biochemical and electron microscopic evidence that cell nucleus negatively controls mitochondrial genomic activity in early sea urchin development.", "content": "Enucleated halves of sea urchin eggs obtained by centrifugation contain almost all the mitochondrial population of the egg. Removal of the nucleus followed by parthenogenetic activation stimulates the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the mitochondrial DNA, whereas no such incorportion is observed in activated whole eggs. The block is not the result of a modification in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated duplication of mitochondrial DNA molecules in activated enucleated halves. No duplication was found in the mitochondrial DNA from activated whole eggs or from nonactivated enucleated halves. We conclude that the cell nucleus exerts a negative control on the activity of the mitochondrial genome through some short-lived nuclear substance(s).", "contents": "Biochemical and electron microscopic evidence that cell nucleus negatively controls mitochondrial genomic activity in early sea urchin development. Enucleated halves of sea urchin eggs obtained by centrifugation contain almost all the mitochondrial population of the egg. Removal of the nucleus followed by parthenogenetic activation stimulates the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the mitochondrial DNA, whereas no such incorportion is observed in activated whole eggs. The block is not the result of a modification in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated duplication of mitochondrial DNA molecules in activated enucleated halves. No duplication was found in the mitochondrial DNA from activated whole eggs or from nonactivated enucleated halves. We conclude that the cell nucleus exerts a negative control on the activity of the mitochondrial genome through some short-lived nuclear substance(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:287032", "title": "Contrasted modes of evolution in the same genome: allozymes and adaptive change in Heliconius.", "content": "Butterflies in the South American genus Heliconius have undergone a spectacular adaptive radiation (with convergent evolution between some lines) in their color patterns; this has been produced by natural selection for muellerian mimicry. The genetic basis of this radiation, shown by crossing highly differentiated races within two of the species, is homozygosity for alternative alleles at some half dozen loci. In complete contrast, allozyme loci in these butterflies are strongly heterozygous and show only frequency differences (never amounting to homozygosity of alternative alleles) between races; the amount of allozyme divergence is the same between races of H. erato and H. sara, although in color pattern the first forms marked races and the other does not. For the allozymes, there is a strong correlation over loci for rate of divergence between species and average heterozygosity. This is not true of the genes controlling color pattern. Heterozygosity of the enzymes is correlated with subunit molecular weight. Thus, different parts of the genome can evolve in different ways simultaneously; genes controlling color pattern in the \"classical\" mode, and allozymes in a different mode in which the rate of evolution is related to their heterozygosity (a \"balance\" or \"neutral\" mode).", "contents": "Contrasted modes of evolution in the same genome: allozymes and adaptive change in Heliconius. Butterflies in the South American genus Heliconius have undergone a spectacular adaptive radiation (with convergent evolution between some lines) in their color patterns; this has been produced by natural selection for muellerian mimicry. The genetic basis of this radiation, shown by crossing highly differentiated races within two of the species, is homozygosity for alternative alleles at some half dozen loci. In complete contrast, allozyme loci in these butterflies are strongly heterozygous and show only frequency differences (never amounting to homozygosity of alternative alleles) between races; the amount of allozyme divergence is the same between races of H. erato and H. sara, although in color pattern the first forms marked races and the other does not. For the allozymes, there is a strong correlation over loci for rate of divergence between species and average heterozygosity. This is not true of the genes controlling color pattern. Heterozygosity of the enzymes is correlated with subunit molecular weight. Thus, different parts of the genome can evolve in different ways simultaneously; genes controlling color pattern in the \"classical\" mode, and allozymes in a different mode in which the rate of evolution is related to their heterozygosity (a \"balance\" or \"neutral\" mode)."}
{"id": "PMID:287033", "title": "Molecular model for the transposition and replication of bacteriophage Mu and other transposable elements.", "content": "A series of molecular events will explain how genetic elements can transpose from one DNA site to another, generate a short oligonucleotide duplication at both ends of the new insertion site, and replicate in the transposition process. These events include the formation of recombinant molecules which have been postulated to be intermediates in the transposition process. The model explains how the replication of bacteriophage Mu is obligatorily associated with movement to new genetic sites. It postulates that all transposable elements replicate in the transposition process so that they remain at their original site while moving to new sites. According to this model, the mechanism of transposition is very different from the insertion and excision of bacteriophage lambda.", "contents": "Molecular model for the transposition and replication of bacteriophage Mu and other transposable elements. A series of molecular events will explain how genetic elements can transpose from one DNA site to another, generate a short oligonucleotide duplication at both ends of the new insertion site, and replicate in the transposition process. These events include the formation of recombinant molecules which have been postulated to be intermediates in the transposition process. The model explains how the replication of bacteriophage Mu is obligatorily associated with movement to new genetic sites. It postulates that all transposable elements replicate in the transposition process so that they remain at their original site while moving to new sites. According to this model, the mechanism of transposition is very different from the insertion and excision of bacteriophage lambda."}
{"id": "PMID:287034", "title": "Germ line integration of Moloney leukemia virus: identification of the chromosomal integration site.", "content": "The chromosomal integration site of the structural gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) in the genome of BALB/Mo mice was mapped genetically. These mice transmit the exogenous M-MuLV as an endogenous virus at a single Mendelian locus. Two independent experimental approaches were used: (i) Non-virus-producing fibroblasts prepared from homozygous BALB/Mo embryos were fused to Chinese hamster Wg3-h-o cells. In an analysis of 30 independent mouse-Chinese hamster cell hybrid clones, the segregation of the viral genome measured by molecular hybridization and enzymes assigned to 16 different mouse chromosomes were compared. We found a highly concordant segregation of M-MuLV sequences and the mouse enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1), whose gene has been assigned to chromosome 6. A further karyotype analysis of 9 clones, in which the chromosomes were identified cytochemically, supported this result. (ii) The segregation of the viral genome was studied in backcrosses of BALB/Mo with ABP/J mice. In the backcross ABP/Jx(ABP/JxBALB/Mo) a linkage of the M-MuLV genome to the morphological marker wa-1 on mouse chromosome 6 was found. This confirmed the conclusion that the M-MuLV genome is integrated in mouse chromosome 6. These experiments define the genetic locus Mov-1, denoting the genetically transmitted structural gene of M-MuLV in BALB/Mo mice.", "contents": "Germ line integration of Moloney leukemia virus: identification of the chromosomal integration site. The chromosomal integration site of the structural gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) in the genome of BALB/Mo mice was mapped genetically. These mice transmit the exogenous M-MuLV as an endogenous virus at a single Mendelian locus. Two independent experimental approaches were used: (i) Non-virus-producing fibroblasts prepared from homozygous BALB/Mo embryos were fused to Chinese hamster Wg3-h-o cells. In an analysis of 30 independent mouse-Chinese hamster cell hybrid clones, the segregation of the viral genome measured by molecular hybridization and enzymes assigned to 16 different mouse chromosomes were compared. We found a highly concordant segregation of M-MuLV sequences and the mouse enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1), whose gene has been assigned to chromosome 6. A further karyotype analysis of 9 clones, in which the chromosomes were identified cytochemically, supported this result. (ii) The segregation of the viral genome was studied in backcrosses of BALB/Mo with ABP/J mice. In the backcross ABP/Jx(ABP/JxBALB/Mo) a linkage of the M-MuLV genome to the morphological marker wa-1 on mouse chromosome 6 was found. This confirmed the conclusion that the M-MuLV genome is integrated in mouse chromosome 6. These experiments define the genetic locus Mov-1, denoting the genetically transmitted structural gene of M-MuLV in BALB/Mo mice."}
{"id": "PMID:287035", "title": "Effect of tumor promoters, protease inhibitors, and repair processes on x-ray-induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells.", "content": "The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the second postirradiation mitosis was studied in mouse 10T1/2 cells irradiated with 400 rads (4 grays) and maintained in stationary growth for several hours after x-ray exposure (similar to liquid holding recovery experiments in bacterial cells). X-irradiation with no recovery period induced few SCE. With short recovery intervals, however, the SCE frequency rose in parallel with the increase in survival, reaching a maximum increase of 2-fold after 4 hr; SCE declined with longer recovery intervals. The influence of postirradiation incubation with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and with the protease inhibitors antipain and leupeptin was studied on spontaneous, x-ray-induced (no recovery), and recovery-induced (4 hr) SCE. TPA (0.1 microgram/ml and 1.0 microgram/ml) increased the frequency of both spontaneous and direct x-ray-induced SCE, but not of recovery-induced SCE. Incubation with the protease inhibitors suppressed both TPA- and recovery-induced SCE, but had no effect on direct x-ray-induced SCE. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that promotional events in carcinogenesis may involve the expression of mutational damage in cells by mitotic segregation.", "contents": "Effect of tumor promoters, protease inhibitors, and repair processes on x-ray-induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells. The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in the second postirradiation mitosis was studied in mouse 10T1/2 cells irradiated with 400 rads (4 grays) and maintained in stationary growth for several hours after x-ray exposure (similar to liquid holding recovery experiments in bacterial cells). X-irradiation with no recovery period induced few SCE. With short recovery intervals, however, the SCE frequency rose in parallel with the increase in survival, reaching a maximum increase of 2-fold after 4 hr; SCE declined with longer recovery intervals. The influence of postirradiation incubation with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and with the protease inhibitors antipain and leupeptin was studied on spontaneous, x-ray-induced (no recovery), and recovery-induced (4 hr) SCE. TPA (0.1 microgram/ml and 1.0 microgram/ml) increased the frequency of both spontaneous and direct x-ray-induced SCE, but not of recovery-induced SCE. Incubation with the protease inhibitors suppressed both TPA- and recovery-induced SCE, but had no effect on direct x-ray-induced SCE. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that promotional events in carcinogenesis may involve the expression of mutational damage in cells by mitotic segregation."}
{"id": "PMID:287036", "title": "Lack of homology between dog and human placental alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatases [ALPases; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from dog and human placenta, liver, bone, kidney, and intestine were investigated by inhibition studies with L-homoarginine, L-phenylalanine, and L-phenylalanylglycyl-glycine; by thermostability studies; and by electrophoresis, both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. The inhibitions obtained for each inhibitor with dog placental ALPase closely match those obtained with dog and human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, but are quite different from those obtained with human placental ALPase. Dog placental ALPase is thermolabile, as are dog and human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, in marked contrast to human placental ALPase, which is very thermostable. Dog placental ALPase has the same electrophoretic mobility as dog liver, bone, and kidney ALPases after removal of sialic acid residues with neuraminidase. Desialated human placental ALPase differs electrophoretically from desialated human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, which show the same mobilities. Dog and human intestinal ALPases are distinguished by these various criteria from the liver, bone, kidney, and placental ALPases of both species, but are similar to each other. These results suggest that the ALPase gene locus expressed in dog placenta is not homologous to that expressed in human placenta. Rather, it appears to be homologous to the ALPase locus expressed in dog and human liver and possibly also bone and kidney. Other incomplete data suggest that this may also be true for placental ALPase in other mammalian species. One possible explanation is that human placental ALPase, a relatively recent newcomer on the evolutionary scene, arose from a gene duplication that occurred subsequent to the evolutionary divergence of many other mammalian species.", "contents": "Lack of homology between dog and human placental alkaline phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatases [ALPases; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] from dog and human placenta, liver, bone, kidney, and intestine were investigated by inhibition studies with L-homoarginine, L-phenylalanine, and L-phenylalanylglycyl-glycine; by thermostability studies; and by electrophoresis, both before and after treatment with neuraminidase. The inhibitions obtained for each inhibitor with dog placental ALPase closely match those obtained with dog and human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, but are quite different from those obtained with human placental ALPase. Dog placental ALPase is thermolabile, as are dog and human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, in marked contrast to human placental ALPase, which is very thermostable. Dog placental ALPase has the same electrophoretic mobility as dog liver, bone, and kidney ALPases after removal of sialic acid residues with neuraminidase. Desialated human placental ALPase differs electrophoretically from desialated human liver, bone, and kidney ALPases, which show the same mobilities. Dog and human intestinal ALPases are distinguished by these various criteria from the liver, bone, kidney, and placental ALPases of both species, but are similar to each other. These results suggest that the ALPase gene locus expressed in dog placenta is not homologous to that expressed in human placenta. Rather, it appears to be homologous to the ALPase locus expressed in dog and human liver and possibly also bone and kidney. Other incomplete data suggest that this may also be true for placental ALPase in other mammalian species. One possible explanation is that human placental ALPase, a relatively recent newcomer on the evolutionary scene, arose from a gene duplication that occurred subsequent to the evolutionary divergence of many other mammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:287037", "title": "Antigen-specific identification and cloning of hybridomas with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter.", "content": "Myeloma-spleen cell hybrids (hybridomas) producing antibody to mouse immunoglobulin allotypes have been labeled with fluorescent microspheres coupled with myeloma protein antigens. The ratio of specific to nonspecific microsphere binding by viable hybridoma cells was about 100:1. By using a modified fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), selected hybridoma cells in a mixture have been sorted individually into media in microculture wells, where, with thymocyte feeder cells, they developed into clones producing a desired monoclonal antibody. Viable cells were selected by measurement of their light scattering and autofluorescence properties. Rare antibody-producing clones were obtained without laborious screening and repeated subculturing. This technique should expand the range of monoclonal antibodies readily obtained from hybridomas and greatly facilitate the process of obtaining desired hybridomas.", "contents": "Antigen-specific identification and cloning of hybridomas with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Myeloma-spleen cell hybrids (hybridomas) producing antibody to mouse immunoglobulin allotypes have been labeled with fluorescent microspheres coupled with myeloma protein antigens. The ratio of specific to nonspecific microsphere binding by viable hybridoma cells was about 100:1. By using a modified fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), selected hybridoma cells in a mixture have been sorted individually into media in microculture wells, where, with thymocyte feeder cells, they developed into clones producing a desired monoclonal antibody. Viable cells were selected by measurement of their light scattering and autofluorescence properties. Rare antibody-producing clones were obtained without laborious screening and repeated subculturing. This technique should expand the range of monoclonal antibodies readily obtained from hybridomas and greatly facilitate the process of obtaining desired hybridomas."}
{"id": "PMID:287038", "title": "Chemotactic factor for tumor cells derived from the C5a fragment of complement component C5.", "content": "Previously, we have stablished that the fifth component of complement (C5) serves as an important source of mediators that have locomotory (chemotactic) activity for leukocytes and tumor cells. C5a, a fragment (Mr 11,200) derived from the NH2-terminal portion of the alpha chain of C5, is the major chemotactic peptide for leukocytes. The present studies demonstrate that cleavage of C5a with trypsin generates a derivative peptide that is chemotactic for tumor cells (Walker carcinosarcoma). This fragment has an estimated Mr of 6000 as assessed by gel filtration and does not require the COOH-terminal arginine of C5a, because equivalent amounts of chemotactic activity for tumor cells can be generated from des-Arg-C5a by digestion with trypsin. The C5a-derived chemotactic peptide for tumor cells demonstrates peak activity at approximately 1 pM. These studies emphasize the key role of the C5a region of the C5 molecule in the generation of peptides that affect locomotory responses of cells.", "contents": "Chemotactic factor for tumor cells derived from the C5a fragment of complement component C5. Previously, we have stablished that the fifth component of complement (C5) serves as an important source of mediators that have locomotory (chemotactic) activity for leukocytes and tumor cells. C5a, a fragment (Mr 11,200) derived from the NH2-terminal portion of the alpha chain of C5, is the major chemotactic peptide for leukocytes. The present studies demonstrate that cleavage of C5a with trypsin generates a derivative peptide that is chemotactic for tumor cells (Walker carcinosarcoma). This fragment has an estimated Mr of 6000 as assessed by gel filtration and does not require the COOH-terminal arginine of C5a, because equivalent amounts of chemotactic activity for tumor cells can be generated from des-Arg-C5a by digestion with trypsin. The C5a-derived chemotactic peptide for tumor cells demonstrates peak activity at approximately 1 pM. These studies emphasize the key role of the C5a region of the C5 molecule in the generation of peptides that affect locomotory responses of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287039", "title": "Biliary transport of IgA: role of secretory component.", "content": "Biliary transport of rat immunoglobulin was studied by perfusion of isolated rat liver with blood containing radiolabeled immunoglobulin. Transport to bile was selective for polymeric IgA. Between 15 and 27% of polymeric IgA was transported from blood to bile during a 210-min perfusion period, and approximately 60% of the IgA transported to bile bore secretory component. Small quantities of IgM (0.12%) were transported; transport of IgG2 alpha, IgE, or monomeric IgA was not detected. Purification of radiolabeled polymeric IgA by affinity chromatography on human secretory component-Sepharose yielded a fraction that was transported more efficiently (i.e., up to 40% transported). In contrast, secretory IgA (colostral or biliary) was transported 1/25th to 1/12th as well as polymeric IgA myeloma protein. Complexes of 125I-labeled secretory component and polymeric IgA formed in vitro were transported poorly (0.1%) compared to polymeric IgA (26%). It was concluded that biliary transport of polymeric IgA requires combination of it with secretory component in the liver. In support of this hypothesis, rabbit IgG anti-rat secretory component antibodies were also transported to bile but normal rabbit IgG was not.", "contents": "Biliary transport of IgA: role of secretory component. Biliary transport of rat immunoglobulin was studied by perfusion of isolated rat liver with blood containing radiolabeled immunoglobulin. Transport to bile was selective for polymeric IgA. Between 15 and 27% of polymeric IgA was transported from blood to bile during a 210-min perfusion period, and approximately 60% of the IgA transported to bile bore secretory component. Small quantities of IgM (0.12%) were transported; transport of IgG2 alpha, IgE, or monomeric IgA was not detected. Purification of radiolabeled polymeric IgA by affinity chromatography on human secretory component-Sepharose yielded a fraction that was transported more efficiently (i.e., up to 40% transported). In contrast, secretory IgA (colostral or biliary) was transported 1/25th to 1/12th as well as polymeric IgA myeloma protein. Complexes of 125I-labeled secretory component and polymeric IgA formed in vitro were transported poorly (0.1%) compared to polymeric IgA (26%). It was concluded that biliary transport of polymeric IgA requires combination of it with secretory component in the liver. In support of this hypothesis, rabbit IgG anti-rat secretory component antibodies were also transported to bile but normal rabbit IgG was not."}
{"id": "PMID:287040", "title": "Protective effect of immunization with nonviral antigens against Friend leukemia virus in mice.", "content": "DBA/2 mice immunized with poly(A).poly(U) complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin and emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant were protected against challenge with Friend leukemia virus. There was no correlation between the level of antibody to the immunogen in the prechallenge serum and induced resistance to the virus. Although prechallenge sera of mice given the same amount of the duplex in a single inoculum bound 9.7% of poly(A).poly([(3)H]U) input, as compared to 45.3% bound by the prechallenge sera of mice given the immunogen in divided doses, both groups of mice were equally resistant to infection. Immunization with two other nonviral agents, bovine serum albumin fraction V or dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin, induced the same level of protection. A sparing effect of approximately 10(1.5) in infectivity was afforded the immunized mice. Immunization with either poly(A).poly(U) alone or with the carrier methylated bovine serum albumin was ineffective. In addition to antibodies to the respective immunogens, the prechallenge sera of the immunized mice also contained antibody to Friend leukemia virus gp71. The presence of such viral antibodies was not always related to resistance to infection by Friend virus. Some immunized mice that survived infection did not have gp71 antibody in their serum before challenge, and mice immunized with poly(A).poly(U) alone were susceptible to infection, although their prechallenge sera contained antibody to gp71. The mechanism involved in the induction of resistance to infection is not known. The effect may be mediated through a modification of the expression of both endogenous and exogenous type C viruses and affect immunological mechanisms controlling cellular responses.", "contents": "Protective effect of immunization with nonviral antigens against Friend leukemia virus in mice. DBA/2 mice immunized with poly(A).poly(U) complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin and emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant were protected against challenge with Friend leukemia virus. There was no correlation between the level of antibody to the immunogen in the prechallenge serum and induced resistance to the virus. Although prechallenge sera of mice given the same amount of the duplex in a single inoculum bound 9.7% of poly(A).poly([(3)H]U) input, as compared to 45.3% bound by the prechallenge sera of mice given the immunogen in divided doses, both groups of mice were equally resistant to infection. Immunization with two other nonviral agents, bovine serum albumin fraction V or dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin, induced the same level of protection. A sparing effect of approximately 10(1.5) in infectivity was afforded the immunized mice. Immunization with either poly(A).poly(U) alone or with the carrier methylated bovine serum albumin was ineffective. In addition to antibodies to the respective immunogens, the prechallenge sera of the immunized mice also contained antibody to Friend leukemia virus gp71. The presence of such viral antibodies was not always related to resistance to infection by Friend virus. Some immunized mice that survived infection did not have gp71 antibody in their serum before challenge, and mice immunized with poly(A).poly(U) alone were susceptible to infection, although their prechallenge sera contained antibody to gp71. The mechanism involved in the induction of resistance to infection is not known. The effect may be mediated through a modification of the expression of both endogenous and exogenous type C viruses and affect immunological mechanisms controlling cellular responses."}
{"id": "PMID:287041", "title": "Retrovirus sequences in a leukemic gibbon and its contact: evidence for partial provirus in the nonleukemic gibbon.", "content": "Integrated viral DNA sequences were detected in tissues from two gibbon apes, a leukemic gibbon (6G-1) from whose leukocytes a distinct strain of gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLVH) was isolated, and gibbon 6G-4, a contact of 6G-1 from the same colony that had uremia and cachexia of unknown origin. Although 6G-4 had no detectable neoplasia or viral proteins, its serum contained persistent antibody against GaLV antigens. Whereas DNA from most of the tissues of 6G-1 contained GaLV provirus, DNA from only three tissues (kidney, spleen, and liver) from 6G-4 showed detectable viral sequences, and the extent of hybridization in each case was lower than with 6G-1. After cleavage with BamHI, two virus-specific DNA fragments were detected in tissues of 6G-1. Only one of these fragments was detected in the positive tissues of 6G-4. The results indicate that: (i) 6G-4 was exposed to and infected by GaLV; (ii) early target sites for infection of gibbon by GaLV may be limited to a few tissues; and (iii) infection can be contained by integration of only partial provirus in a few tissues.", "contents": "Retrovirus sequences in a leukemic gibbon and its contact: evidence for partial provirus in the nonleukemic gibbon. Integrated viral DNA sequences were detected in tissues from two gibbon apes, a leukemic gibbon (6G-1) from whose leukocytes a distinct strain of gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLVH) was isolated, and gibbon 6G-4, a contact of 6G-1 from the same colony that had uremia and cachexia of unknown origin. Although 6G-4 had no detectable neoplasia or viral proteins, its serum contained persistent antibody against GaLV antigens. Whereas DNA from most of the tissues of 6G-1 contained GaLV provirus, DNA from only three tissues (kidney, spleen, and liver) from 6G-4 showed detectable viral sequences, and the extent of hybridization in each case was lower than with 6G-1. After cleavage with BamHI, two virus-specific DNA fragments were detected in tissues of 6G-1. Only one of these fragments was detected in the positive tissues of 6G-4. The results indicate that: (i) 6G-4 was exposed to and infected by GaLV; (ii) early target sites for infection of gibbon by GaLV may be limited to a few tissues; and (iii) infection can be contained by integration of only partial provirus in a few tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:287042", "title": "Measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus proteins: lack of antibodies to the M protein in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Studies on the immunoprecipitation of the proteins of several different measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus strains from lysates of infected cells have revealed a relative lack of antibodies to the nonglycosylated viral membrane protein (M) in the sera of patients with SSPE, in contrast to a high level of antibodies to other viral proteins. No evidence was found for the existence of a large number of antigenically unique M proteins. In contrast to SSPE sera, other hyperimmune human or rabbit sera precipitated M protein as well as the other viral proteins. The results suggest that in patients with SSPE there is either diminished synthesis of M, or it is not recognized normally by the immune system, and that an abnormality in M protein is involved in the pathogenesis of SSPE. Although differences in electrophoretic mobility of the M proteins and several other viral proteins were observed among different SSPE and measles strains, there was no pattern characteristic of SSPE strains, nor could these strains be distinguished by peptide mapping.", "contents": "Measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus proteins: lack of antibodies to the M protein in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Studies on the immunoprecipitation of the proteins of several different measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus strains from lysates of infected cells have revealed a relative lack of antibodies to the nonglycosylated viral membrane protein (M) in the sera of patients with SSPE, in contrast to a high level of antibodies to other viral proteins. No evidence was found for the existence of a large number of antigenically unique M proteins. In contrast to SSPE sera, other hyperimmune human or rabbit sera precipitated M protein as well as the other viral proteins. The results suggest that in patients with SSPE there is either diminished synthesis of M, or it is not recognized normally by the immune system, and that an abnormality in M protein is involved in the pathogenesis of SSPE. Although differences in electrophoretic mobility of the M proteins and several other viral proteins were observed among different SSPE and measles strains, there was no pattern characteristic of SSPE strains, nor could these strains be distinguished by peptide mapping."}
{"id": "PMID:287043", "title": "Avermectin B1a irreversibly blocks postsynaptic potentials at the lobster neuromuscular junction by reducing muscle membrane resistance.", "content": "Avermectin B1a, a macrocyclic lactone with broad spectrum anthelmintic activity, affects neuromuscular transmission in the lobster stretcher muscle. Perfusion of the muscle with 1-10 microgram of the drug per ml eliminates inhibitory postsynaptic potentials within a few minutes. Intracellularly recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials are gradually reduced in amplitude over 20-30 min, and their falling phases become faster; there is no effect, however, on extracellularly recorded excitatory potentials. Avermectin B1a reduced the input resistance of the muscle fibers with a time course similar to that of the reduction of excitatory potentials. Washing for up to 2 hr with drug-free solution fails to reverse the drug's effects. However, perfusion with 20 microgram of picrotoxin per ml results in recovery of the excitatory potentials and input resistance. Avermectin B1a also blocks the firing of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron, and this block is also reversed by picrotoxin. We hypothesize that the reduction in excitatory postsynaptic potentials after avermectin B1a treatment is caused solely by reduction in membrane resistance; additional experiments suggest that the reduction in membrane resistance is due to the opening of membrane Cl- channels, perhaps including those regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid at the inhibitory synapse.", "contents": "Avermectin B1a irreversibly blocks postsynaptic potentials at the lobster neuromuscular junction by reducing muscle membrane resistance. Avermectin B1a, a macrocyclic lactone with broad spectrum anthelmintic activity, affects neuromuscular transmission in the lobster stretcher muscle. Perfusion of the muscle with 1-10 microgram of the drug per ml eliminates inhibitory postsynaptic potentials within a few minutes. Intracellularly recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials are gradually reduced in amplitude over 20-30 min, and their falling phases become faster; there is no effect, however, on extracellularly recorded excitatory potentials. Avermectin B1a reduced the input resistance of the muscle fibers with a time course similar to that of the reduction of excitatory potentials. Washing for up to 2 hr with drug-free solution fails to reverse the drug's effects. However, perfusion with 20 microgram of picrotoxin per ml results in recovery of the excitatory potentials and input resistance. Avermectin B1a also blocks the firing of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron, and this block is also reversed by picrotoxin. We hypothesize that the reduction in excitatory postsynaptic potentials after avermectin B1a treatment is caused solely by reduction in membrane resistance; additional experiments suggest that the reduction in membrane resistance is due to the opening of membrane Cl- channels, perhaps including those regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid at the inhibitory synapse."}
{"id": "PMID:287044", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase at cellular and ultrastructural levels.", "content": "gamma-Aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-Tase; 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxaglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.19) immunoreactivity in the rat's cerebellum was studied by light and electron microscopy with indirect immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. Evidence is presented for neuronal and neuroglial compartments of GABA-Tase. Labeled neurons included stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells of the cortex and a few large neurons in the deep nuclei. Labeled neuroglia included those surrounding Purkinje cells, their radial fibers in the molecular layer, and astrocytes in the granular layer and deep nuclei. No evidence for sagittal microzonation was found. At the ultrastructural level, GABA-Tase immunoreactive sites were localized to cell surface membranes, intracellular organelles, and the cytoplasmic matrix. GABA-Tase immunoreactivity at synapses could be localized precisely to pre- and postsynaptic membranes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing as well as non-GABA-containing neurons. Specific label was absent from tissues treated with normal rabbit preimmune sera. GABA-Tase labeling was more intense in tissues from animals anesthetized with ether than with barbiturates and after formaldehyde fixation without glutaraldehyde. Increased GABA-Tase immunoreactivity was observed on treatment with colchicine, GABA with oxamic acid, GABA, harmaline, norepinephrine and glutamate, or diazepam (in order of decreasing effectiveness). Serotonin produced no detectable change, and apomorphine and muscimol decreased the immunoreactivity.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase at cellular and ultrastructural levels. gamma-Aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-Tase; 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxaglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.19) immunoreactivity in the rat's cerebellum was studied by light and electron microscopy with indirect immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase methods. Evidence is presented for neuronal and neuroglial compartments of GABA-Tase. Labeled neurons included stellate, basket, Purkinje, and Golgi cells of the cortex and a few large neurons in the deep nuclei. Labeled neuroglia included those surrounding Purkinje cells, their radial fibers in the molecular layer, and astrocytes in the granular layer and deep nuclei. No evidence for sagittal microzonation was found. At the ultrastructural level, GABA-Tase immunoreactive sites were localized to cell surface membranes, intracellular organelles, and the cytoplasmic matrix. GABA-Tase immunoreactivity at synapses could be localized precisely to pre- and postsynaptic membranes in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing as well as non-GABA-containing neurons. Specific label was absent from tissues treated with normal rabbit preimmune sera. GABA-Tase labeling was more intense in tissues from animals anesthetized with ether than with barbiturates and after formaldehyde fixation without glutaraldehyde. Increased GABA-Tase immunoreactivity was observed on treatment with colchicine, GABA with oxamic acid, GABA, harmaline, norepinephrine and glutamate, or diazepam (in order of decreasing effectiveness). Serotonin produced no detectable change, and apomorphine and muscimol decreased the immunoreactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:287045", "title": "Inhibition of neuronal acetylcholine sensitivity by alpha-toxins from Bungarus multicinctus venom.", "content": "Bungarus multicinctus venom contains several alpha-toxins in addition to the widely used alpha-bungarotoxin (Bgt 2.2). We have found that two of the alpha-toxins (Bgt 3.1 and 3.3) inhibit neuronal acetylcholine (AcCho) sensitivity when tested on ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture. Over 90% of the AcCho sensitivity recorded in response to iontophoretic application of AcCho was blocked when the neurons were incubated with either of the toxins at 10(-7) M for 1 hr at 37 degrees C. The blockade could be partially reversed by incubating the neurons for 1-2 hr in medium lacking the toxins. The neurons also had a high-affinity binding site for Bgt 2.2, as indicated by binding studies with rhodamine-labeled Bgt 2.2. Concentrations of Bgt 2.2(10(-7) M) that should be nearly adequate to saturate the high-affinity site, however, had no detectable effect on AcCho sensitivity of the neurons. Higher concentrations of Bgt 2.2(10(-5) M) produced a partial inhibition of AcCho sensitivity, suggesting either that the neurons had two classes of binding sites for Bgt 2.2 (with the low-affinity site affecting AcCho sensitivity) or that the preparation of Bgt 2.2 contained minor components (e.g., Bgt 3.1 or 3.3) that were responsible for the blockade. The mechanisms by which Bgt 3.1 and 3.3 inhibit neuronal AcCho sensitivity remain unknown. If they bind specifically to the AcCho receptor, they will be useful agents for studying the distribution and regulation of this membrane component.", "contents": "Inhibition of neuronal acetylcholine sensitivity by alpha-toxins from Bungarus multicinctus venom. Bungarus multicinctus venom contains several alpha-toxins in addition to the widely used alpha-bungarotoxin (Bgt 2.2). We have found that two of the alpha-toxins (Bgt 3.1 and 3.3) inhibit neuronal acetylcholine (AcCho) sensitivity when tested on ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture. Over 90% of the AcCho sensitivity recorded in response to iontophoretic application of AcCho was blocked when the neurons were incubated with either of the toxins at 10(-7) M for 1 hr at 37 degrees C. The blockade could be partially reversed by incubating the neurons for 1-2 hr in medium lacking the toxins. The neurons also had a high-affinity binding site for Bgt 2.2, as indicated by binding studies with rhodamine-labeled Bgt 2.2. Concentrations of Bgt 2.2(10(-7) M) that should be nearly adequate to saturate the high-affinity site, however, had no detectable effect on AcCho sensitivity of the neurons. Higher concentrations of Bgt 2.2(10(-5) M) produced a partial inhibition of AcCho sensitivity, suggesting either that the neurons had two classes of binding sites for Bgt 2.2 (with the low-affinity site affecting AcCho sensitivity) or that the preparation of Bgt 2.2 contained minor components (e.g., Bgt 3.1 or 3.3) that were responsible for the blockade. The mechanisms by which Bgt 3.1 and 3.3 inhibit neuronal AcCho sensitivity remain unknown. If they bind specifically to the AcCho receptor, they will be useful agents for studying the distribution and regulation of this membrane component."}
{"id": "PMID:287046", "title": "Opioid peptides and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice during development.", "content": "Compared to littermate controls (C57BL/6J ob/?), body weights of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice are significantly higher at 1-6 months of age; the greatest percentage weight gain of the ob/ob group occurs during the first 3 months of life. Levels of pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin and immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are also significantly elevated in ob/ob animals compared to controls. However, these pharmacological differences only emerge at 4-6 months of age--3 months after the appearance of obesity. High levels of immunoreactive endorphin in the pituitary are, therefore, more likely to be a consequence than a cause of obesity. Furthermore, numerous other neurologic abnormalities, which may or may not play a role in the obesity syndrome, are evident in ob/ob mice. Compared to controls, ob/ob total brain, hypothalamus, and pituitary weights are 11%, 16%, and 23% less, respectively. Levels of immunoreactive Leu5-enkephalin in pars nervous are also 200% higher in ob/ob mice; this increase is apparent at 1-6 months of age and is highly correlated with changes in body weight.", "contents": "Opioid peptides and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice during development. Compared to littermate controls (C57BL/6J ob/?), body weights of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice are significantly higher at 1-6 months of age; the greatest percentage weight gain of the ob/ob group occurs during the first 3 months of life. Levels of pituitary immunoreactive beta-endorphin and immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are also significantly elevated in ob/ob animals compared to controls. However, these pharmacological differences only emerge at 4-6 months of age--3 months after the appearance of obesity. High levels of immunoreactive endorphin in the pituitary are, therefore, more likely to be a consequence than a cause of obesity. Furthermore, numerous other neurologic abnormalities, which may or may not play a role in the obesity syndrome, are evident in ob/ob mice. Compared to controls, ob/ob total brain, hypothalamus, and pituitary weights are 11%, 16%, and 23% less, respectively. Levels of immunoreactive Leu5-enkephalin in pars nervous are also 200% higher in ob/ob mice; this increase is apparent at 1-6 months of age and is highly correlated with changes in body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:287047", "title": "Release of catecholamines from perfused cat adrenal gland by veratridine.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to verify the existence of fast sodium channels in the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane and to assess their contribution to the physiological release of catecholamines. We have used veratridine to activate sodium channels. Veratridine causes secretion of catecholamines from perfused cat adrenal gland. Secretory response to veratridine is calcium dependent and abolished by tetrodotoxin. Secretion of catecholamines by acetylcholine is only partially blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane contains fast sodium channels directly comparable to those of impulse-propagating neurons, but they do not appear to be essential in the secretory response to acetylcholine or splanchnic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Release of catecholamines from perfused cat adrenal gland by veratridine. Experiments were undertaken to verify the existence of fast sodium channels in the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane and to assess their contribution to the physiological release of catecholamines. We have used veratridine to activate sodium channels. Veratridine causes secretion of catecholamines from perfused cat adrenal gland. Secretory response to veratridine is calcium dependent and abolished by tetrodotoxin. Secretion of catecholamines by acetylcholine is only partially blocked by tetrodotoxin. It is concluded that the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane contains fast sodium channels directly comparable to those of impulse-propagating neurons, but they do not appear to be essential in the secretory response to acetylcholine or splanchnic nerve stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:287048", "title": "Coevolution in structured demes.", "content": "A simple model of coevolution in a subdivided population is considered. It is shown that, when there are frequency- and density-dependent interactions in each site, the sampling variation in numbers in each local site can lead to selection both through the dispersal process and through indirect effects. The model predicts that coevolved relationships between species can result from various interactions other than direct forms of competition and predation.", "contents": "Coevolution in structured demes. A simple model of coevolution in a subdivided population is considered. It is shown that, when there are frequency- and density-dependent interactions in each site, the sampling variation in numbers in each local site can lead to selection both through the dispersal process and through indirect effects. The model predicts that coevolved relationships between species can result from various interactions other than direct forms of competition and predation."}
{"id": "PMID:287049", "title": "Geometric and electronic structure of oxyhemocyanin: spectral and chemical correlations to met apo, half met, met, and dimer active sites.", "content": "The chemical and spectral properties of a series of hemocyanin derivatives were systematically compared to provide insight into the geometric and electronic structure of the oxyhemocyanin active site. The binuclear copper site is characterized as two tetragonal Cu(II) atoms bridged by both an endogenous protein ligand and the exogenous ligand (i.e., peroxide), with the lack of an electron paramagnetic resonance signal being the result of antiferromagnetic exchange via the endogenous bridge. A transition dipole-vector coupling model is used to assign the unique absorption spectral properties of oxyhemocyanin: the bands at 570 and 486 nm are assigned as components of the peroxide pi v* to copper dx2-y2 charge transfer. The 345-nm band is one component of the pi sigma* leads to dx2-y2 charge transfer. The model also predicts an end-to-end bridging geometry for the peroxide in oxyhemocyanin.", "contents": "Geometric and electronic structure of oxyhemocyanin: spectral and chemical correlations to met apo, half met, met, and dimer active sites. The chemical and spectral properties of a series of hemocyanin derivatives were systematically compared to provide insight into the geometric and electronic structure of the oxyhemocyanin active site. The binuclear copper site is characterized as two tetragonal Cu(II) atoms bridged by both an endogenous protein ligand and the exogenous ligand (i.e., peroxide), with the lack of an electron paramagnetic resonance signal being the result of antiferromagnetic exchange via the endogenous bridge. A transition dipole-vector coupling model is used to assign the unique absorption spectral properties of oxyhemocyanin: the bands at 570 and 486 nm are assigned as components of the peroxide pi v* to copper dx2-y2 charge transfer. The 345-nm band is one component of the pi sigma* leads to dx2-y2 charge transfer. The model also predicts an end-to-end bridging geometry for the peroxide in oxyhemocyanin."}
{"id": "PMID:287050", "title": "In situ phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in reticulocyte lysates inhibited by heme deficiency, double-stranded RNA, oxidized glutathione, or the heme-regulated protein kinase.", "content": "Protein synthesis initiation in reticulocyte lysates is inhibited by heme deficiency, low levels of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or the purified kinase (HRI) that acts on the alpha polypeptide of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha). The phosphoprotein profiles produced in lysates in response to these various conditions have been monitored directly in lysates after labeling for brief periods with pulses of [gamma-(32)P]ATP. The [(32)P]phosphoprotein profiles were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gels under conditions in which the HRI and eIF-2alpha polypeptides were clearly distinguished. All four modes of inhibition produced a rapid phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha compared to control lysates, which displayed little or no phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha. In heme-deficient lysates, phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha occurred rapidly both before and after the shut-off of protein synthesis; the delayed addition of hemin to these lysates resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha and the subsequent restoration of protein synthesis. These data suggest that rapid turnover of phosphate occurs at the site(s) of eIF-2alpha phosphorylation. In lysates inhibited by heme deficiency, GSSG, or added HRI, the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha was accompanied by the rapid in situ phosphorylation of HRI. The inhibition of initiation induced by dsRNA was accompanied by the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha and a 67,000-dalton polypeptide but not HRI. These observations in situ indicate that (i) the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha is the critical event in these inhibitions of protein chain initiation, and (ii) the phosphorylation of HRI is associated with its activation in heme deficiency.", "contents": "In situ phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 in reticulocyte lysates inhibited by heme deficiency, double-stranded RNA, oxidized glutathione, or the heme-regulated protein kinase. Protein synthesis initiation in reticulocyte lysates is inhibited by heme deficiency, low levels of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), or the purified kinase (HRI) that acts on the alpha polypeptide of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha). The phosphoprotein profiles produced in lysates in response to these various conditions have been monitored directly in lysates after labeling for brief periods with pulses of [gamma-(32)P]ATP. The [(32)P]phosphoprotein profiles were analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gels under conditions in which the HRI and eIF-2alpha polypeptides were clearly distinguished. All four modes of inhibition produced a rapid phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha compared to control lysates, which displayed little or no phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha. In heme-deficient lysates, phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha occurred rapidly both before and after the shut-off of protein synthesis; the delayed addition of hemin to these lysates resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha and the subsequent restoration of protein synthesis. These data suggest that rapid turnover of phosphate occurs at the site(s) of eIF-2alpha phosphorylation. In lysates inhibited by heme deficiency, GSSG, or added HRI, the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha was accompanied by the rapid in situ phosphorylation of HRI. The inhibition of initiation induced by dsRNA was accompanied by the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha and a 67,000-dalton polypeptide but not HRI. These observations in situ indicate that (i) the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha is the critical event in these inhibitions of protein chain initiation, and (ii) the phosphorylation of HRI is associated with its activation in heme deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:287051", "title": "Albumin microspheres as carrier of an inhibitor of leukocyte elastase: potential therapeutic agent for emphysema.", "content": "Methods are described for the covalent attachment of succinoyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl, an active site-directed inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.11), to microspheres of human albumin. The insertion of side arms of various lengths revealed that maximum inhibition of this enzyme was obtained when the spacer arm was at least 24.3 A in length. Approximately 30 molecules of the inhibitor could be attached to each molecule of albumin. Such derivatized microspheres were capable of inhibiting approximately one mole of elastase per mole of albumin, which is comparable to the inhibitory activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Experiments in vivo in which rats were injected intravenously with radiolabeled microspheres to which the inhibitor had been attached showed a rapid and exclusive uptake by the lungs. About 40--50% of the injected microspheres subsequently remained in the lungs with a half-life of approximately 17 days. These derivatized microspheres thus appear to offer promise as a therapeutic agent for emphysema.", "contents": "Albumin microspheres as carrier of an inhibitor of leukocyte elastase: potential therapeutic agent for emphysema. Methods are described for the covalent attachment of succinoyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl, an active site-directed inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase (EC 3.4.21.11), to microspheres of human albumin. The insertion of side arms of various lengths revealed that maximum inhibition of this enzyme was obtained when the spacer arm was at least 24.3 A in length. Approximately 30 molecules of the inhibitor could be attached to each molecule of albumin. Such derivatized microspheres were capable of inhibiting approximately one mole of elastase per mole of albumin, which is comparable to the inhibitory activity of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Experiments in vivo in which rats were injected intravenously with radiolabeled microspheres to which the inhibitor had been attached showed a rapid and exclusive uptake by the lungs. About 40--50% of the injected microspheres subsequently remained in the lungs with a half-life of approximately 17 days. These derivatized microspheres thus appear to offer promise as a therapeutic agent for emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:287052", "title": "Reaction of nucleosome DNA with dimethyl sulfate.", "content": "We have measured the effect of the histones in the nucleosome core particle on methylation of purines in nucleosome DNA by dimethyl sulfate. By using 32P terminally labeled nucleosome cores, we have examined the pattern of strand cleavage at methylated sites in the nucleosome DNA and compared it to the pattern observed in histone-free DNA. We are unable to detect any significant difference between the reactivity of N7 of guanines in nucleosome DNA and of that in naked DNA, with the exception of a single site of enhanced reactivity at approximately nucleotide 62 from the 5' end of the nucleosome. Contrary to our expectation, there is no detectable periodic modulation of reactivity corresponding to the twist of the DNA on the nucleosome surface. We are able to place a low upper limit on the extent to which the histones of the nucleosome can protect N7 of guanine in the large groove. With somewhat less precision, we also conclude that the N3 of adenine in the small groove is largely unprotected. These results indicate that in nucleosome DNA the bases are nearly as accessible to solvent as they are in DNA free of protein.", "contents": "Reaction of nucleosome DNA with dimethyl sulfate. We have measured the effect of the histones in the nucleosome core particle on methylation of purines in nucleosome DNA by dimethyl sulfate. By using 32P terminally labeled nucleosome cores, we have examined the pattern of strand cleavage at methylated sites in the nucleosome DNA and compared it to the pattern observed in histone-free DNA. We are unable to detect any significant difference between the reactivity of N7 of guanines in nucleosome DNA and of that in naked DNA, with the exception of a single site of enhanced reactivity at approximately nucleotide 62 from the 5' end of the nucleosome. Contrary to our expectation, there is no detectable periodic modulation of reactivity corresponding to the twist of the DNA on the nucleosome surface. We are able to place a low upper limit on the extent to which the histones of the nucleosome can protect N7 of guanine in the large groove. With somewhat less precision, we also conclude that the N3 of adenine in the small groove is largely unprotected. These results indicate that in nucleosome DNA the bases are nearly as accessible to solvent as they are in DNA free of protein."}
{"id": "PMID:287053", "title": "Further studies on the mode of action of the heme-controlled translational inhibitor: stimulating protein acts at level of binary complex formation.", "content": "Previous work has shown that (i) at physiological concentrations of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), formation of the ternary complex eIF-2-GTP-Met-tRNAi, which precedes the assembly of a 40S initiation complex, requires the presence of eIF-2 stimulating protein (ESP) and (ii) the interaction of eIF-2 with ESP is blocked by the translational inhibitor which, in reticulocyte lysates, is activated in the absence of hemin. Present evidence indicates that formation of the ternary complex is preceded by formation of the binary complex eIF-2-GTP and that ESP acts at the level of binary complex formation.", "contents": "Further studies on the mode of action of the heme-controlled translational inhibitor: stimulating protein acts at level of binary complex formation. Previous work has shown that (i) at physiological concentrations of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2), formation of the ternary complex eIF-2-GTP-Met-tRNAi, which precedes the assembly of a 40S initiation complex, requires the presence of eIF-2 stimulating protein (ESP) and (ii) the interaction of eIF-2 with ESP is blocked by the translational inhibitor which, in reticulocyte lysates, is activated in the absence of hemin. Present evidence indicates that formation of the ternary complex is preceded by formation of the binary complex eIF-2-GTP and that ESP acts at the level of binary complex formation."}
{"id": "PMID:287054", "title": "Methods for identifying proteins by using partial sequences.", "content": "Methods for the identification of a protein segment by using the information from partial sequence analyses are described. If the protein sequence is known, a segment can usually be identified with confidence through comparison with the data file of all known sequences when the identity and position of only seven amino acid residues (not necessarily contiguous) are known. Partial sequences are obtained from extremely sensitive microsequencing procedures. Tissue is incubated with amino acids, one or more of which are distinctively radiolabeled. Proteins of interest are isolated and a sequenator experiment performed to locate the positions of radioactivity in an NH(2)-terminal segment of approximately 30 residues. We derive and investigate an equation for the probability of finding a unique match to any pattern of radioactivity. From this we suggest a new strategy. In one incubation, several amino acids are labeled with each kind of isotope. The most information is contained in patterns in which approximately equal numbers of positions are occupied by residues distinguished by different labels (including no label). The amino acid composition of the segment will typically not be known in advance. Labeling residues expected to occupy 36% of the positions suffices for a 98% chance of success in uniquely characterizing any human segment. Such a strategy will permit the identification of most proteins from a single tissue incubation. The mathematical discussion is general and applies to any segment from a sequence and to sequences obtained by any method. Improved identification procedures should expedite the accumulation of information on the expression and function of proteins.", "contents": "Methods for identifying proteins by using partial sequences. Methods for the identification of a protein segment by using the information from partial sequence analyses are described. If the protein sequence is known, a segment can usually be identified with confidence through comparison with the data file of all known sequences when the identity and position of only seven amino acid residues (not necessarily contiguous) are known. Partial sequences are obtained from extremely sensitive microsequencing procedures. Tissue is incubated with amino acids, one or more of which are distinctively radiolabeled. Proteins of interest are isolated and a sequenator experiment performed to locate the positions of radioactivity in an NH(2)-terminal segment of approximately 30 residues. We derive and investigate an equation for the probability of finding a unique match to any pattern of radioactivity. From this we suggest a new strategy. In one incubation, several amino acids are labeled with each kind of isotope. The most information is contained in patterns in which approximately equal numbers of positions are occupied by residues distinguished by different labels (including no label). The amino acid composition of the segment will typically not be known in advance. Labeling residues expected to occupy 36% of the positions suffices for a 98% chance of success in uniquely characterizing any human segment. Such a strategy will permit the identification of most proteins from a single tissue incubation. The mathematical discussion is general and applies to any segment from a sequence and to sequences obtained by any method. Improved identification procedures should expedite the accumulation of information on the expression and function of proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:287055", "title": "Mechanisms and prevention of trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis.", "content": "A novel mechanism for trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis, independent of the coupling step, has been elucidated. It involves the presence of trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups on the resin support, which react with resin-bound amines by an intersite nucleophilic reaction. The trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups are generated from preexisting hydroxymethyl sites during treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or by acidolysis of the benzyl ester bond between the peptide and the resin. The transfer of trifluoroacetyl from hydroxyl to amine occurs during the subsequent neutralization with tertiary amine. The mechanism was first elucidated by model studies with aminomethyl-resins. Then the expected transfer of trifluoroacetyl groups from trifluoroacetoxymethyl-resin to the alpha-amino group of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyllysine benzyl ester in solution was demonstrated; k(2), 6 x 10(-4) M(-1). Lysine-resins were used to examine the extent of trifluoroacetylation under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis. After a series of acid/base cycles simulating synthetic conditions but without coupling, the poorly nucleophilic alpha-amino group was approximately 1-2% trifluoroacetylated per cycle when attached to resins already containing hydroxymethyl groups. Standard benzyl ester resins without preexisting hydroxymethyl groups gave comparable levels of trifluoroacetylation after the first few synthetic cycles because of gradual acid cleavage of the ester and accumulation of trifluoroacetoxymethyl sites. Peptide chain termination resulting from trifluoroacetylation by this mechanism could be prevented (<0.02% per cycle) by the use of the aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamidomethyl-resin support, which can be synthesized free from extraneous functionalities and which is stable to trifluoroacetic acid under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanisms and prevention of trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis. A novel mechanism for trifluoroacetylation in solid-phase peptide synthesis, independent of the coupling step, has been elucidated. It involves the presence of trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups on the resin support, which react with resin-bound amines by an intersite nucleophilic reaction. The trifluoroacetoxymethyl groups are generated from preexisting hydroxymethyl sites during treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or by acidolysis of the benzyl ester bond between the peptide and the resin. The transfer of trifluoroacetyl from hydroxyl to amine occurs during the subsequent neutralization with tertiary amine. The mechanism was first elucidated by model studies with aminomethyl-resins. Then the expected transfer of trifluoroacetyl groups from trifluoroacetoxymethyl-resin to the alpha-amino group of N(epsilon)-benzyloxycarbonyllysine benzyl ester in solution was demonstrated; k(2), 6 x 10(-4) M(-1). Lysine-resins were used to examine the extent of trifluoroacetylation under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis. After a series of acid/base cycles simulating synthetic conditions but without coupling, the poorly nucleophilic alpha-amino group was approximately 1-2% trifluoroacetylated per cycle when attached to resins already containing hydroxymethyl groups. Standard benzyl ester resins without preexisting hydroxymethyl groups gave comparable levels of trifluoroacetylation after the first few synthetic cycles because of gradual acid cleavage of the ester and accumulation of trifluoroacetoxymethyl sites. Peptide chain termination resulting from trifluoroacetylation by this mechanism could be prevented (<0.02% per cycle) by the use of the aminoacyl-4-(oxymethyl)-phenylacetamidomethyl-resin support, which can be synthesized free from extraneous functionalities and which is stable to trifluoroacetic acid under the conditions of solid-phase peptide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:287056", "title": "Activation of phenotypic expression of human globin genes from nonerythroid cells by chromosome-dependent transfer to tetraploid mouse erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Chromosome-dependent gene transfer mediated by cell fusion was used to show that it is possible to activate phenotypic expression of human alpha globin genes derived from nonerythroid cells. Hybrid cells containing the human alpha globin structural genes were derived by fusion of populations of adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (devoid of identifiable erythroid cells) with adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase-deficient mouse erythroleukemia cells that contained close to a tetraploid complement of mouse chromosomes. The hybrid cells retained a near tetraploid complement of mouse chromosomes but had lost 80% of the chromosomes of the human parent cell. All of these hybrid cells and their subclones, which contained human chromosome 16, exhibited synthesis of human alpha globin chains. Human alpha globin mRNA was also demonstrated to be present in one of these hybrid cells by RNA.cDNA molecular hybridization analysis. We conclude that the mechanism responsible for restricting expression of the human globin genes in nonerthroid cells is not irreversible, at least for those globin structural genes that are actively transcribed in erythroid cells during adult life. Moreover, some genetic factor or process in the tetraploid mouse erythroleukemia cell is, under the conditions of our experiments, capable of reactivating phenotypic expression (production of globin chains) of human globin genes derived from nonerythroid hematopoietic cells after chromosome-dependent gene transfer.", "contents": "Activation of phenotypic expression of human globin genes from nonerythroid cells by chromosome-dependent transfer to tetraploid mouse erythroleukemia cells. Chromosome-dependent gene transfer mediated by cell fusion was used to show that it is possible to activate phenotypic expression of human alpha globin genes derived from nonerythroid cells. Hybrid cells containing the human alpha globin structural genes were derived by fusion of populations of adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (devoid of identifiable erythroid cells) with adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase-deficient mouse erythroleukemia cells that contained close to a tetraploid complement of mouse chromosomes. The hybrid cells retained a near tetraploid complement of mouse chromosomes but had lost 80% of the chromosomes of the human parent cell. All of these hybrid cells and their subclones, which contained human chromosome 16, exhibited synthesis of human alpha globin chains. Human alpha globin mRNA was also demonstrated to be present in one of these hybrid cells by RNA.cDNA molecular hybridization analysis. We conclude that the mechanism responsible for restricting expression of the human globin genes in nonerthroid cells is not irreversible, at least for those globin structural genes that are actively transcribed in erythroid cells during adult life. Moreover, some genetic factor or process in the tetraploid mouse erythroleukemia cell is, under the conditions of our experiments, capable of reactivating phenotypic expression (production of globin chains) of human globin genes derived from nonerythroid hematopoietic cells after chromosome-dependent gene transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:287057", "title": "Histone 1 is proximal to histone 2A and to A24.", "content": "Water-soluble carbodiimide crosslinks histones 1A and 1B to histone 2A and to semi-histone A24 in chromatin from mouse cells. The identities of the histone species present in the crosslinked dimers were determined by fingerprinting. The molar ratio of H1--A24 to H2A is the same as the molar ratio of A24 to H2A in these cells. The H1-H2A crosslinks form equally well in whole nuclei, lysed nuclei, and H1-containing mononucleosomes isolated from a sucrose gradient. These results suggest that there exist major H1 interactions within the nucleosome.", "contents": "Histone 1 is proximal to histone 2A and to A24. Water-soluble carbodiimide crosslinks histones 1A and 1B to histone 2A and to semi-histone A24 in chromatin from mouse cells. The identities of the histone species present in the crosslinked dimers were determined by fingerprinting. The molar ratio of H1--A24 to H2A is the same as the molar ratio of A24 to H2A in these cells. The H1-H2A crosslinks form equally well in whole nuclei, lysed nuclei, and H1-containing mononucleosomes isolated from a sucrose gradient. These results suggest that there exist major H1 interactions within the nucleosome."}
{"id": "PMID:287058", "title": "Organization of a hybrid between phage f1 and plasmid pSC101.", "content": "We have characterized the 200-nucleotide-long insertion found in f1 after segregation of a chimeric phage containing the genomes of f1 and pSC101 [Ohsumi, M., Vovis, G.F. & Zinder, N.D. (1978) Virology 89, 438--449]. The insertion in this novel f1 species, called f1', is derived from pSC101 and has the potential to form an extended base-paired secondary structure, as determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. A five-nucleotide direct repeat, derived from f1 sequences, is present in f1'. The 200 additional nucleotides that are inserted into the DNA sequence coding for the carboxy terminus of f1 gene IV protein have generated a novel carboxy terminus for the f1' gene IV protein. In vitro transcription--translation studies demonstrate that a read-through protein can be expressed, as predicted from the f1' nucleotide sequence results. This 200-nucleotide-long sequence appears to be a transposable element found within pSC101 and is similar in sequence to the inverted repeat found in Tn3. Restriction enzyme analysis of the chimeric phage DNA, coupled with the nucleotide sequencing results, allows us to predict a structure for the genomic organization of this chimera.", "contents": "Organization of a hybrid between phage f1 and plasmid pSC101. We have characterized the 200-nucleotide-long insertion found in f1 after segregation of a chimeric phage containing the genomes of f1 and pSC101 [Ohsumi, M., Vovis, G.F. & Zinder, N.D. (1978) Virology 89, 438--449]. The insertion in this novel f1 species, called f1', is derived from pSC101 and has the potential to form an extended base-paired secondary structure, as determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. A five-nucleotide direct repeat, derived from f1 sequences, is present in f1'. The 200 additional nucleotides that are inserted into the DNA sequence coding for the carboxy terminus of f1 gene IV protein have generated a novel carboxy terminus for the f1' gene IV protein. In vitro transcription--translation studies demonstrate that a read-through protein can be expressed, as predicted from the f1' nucleotide sequence results. This 200-nucleotide-long sequence appears to be a transposable element found within pSC101 and is similar in sequence to the inverted repeat found in Tn3. Restriction enzyme analysis of the chimeric phage DNA, coupled with the nucleotide sequencing results, allows us to predict a structure for the genomic organization of this chimera."}
{"id": "PMID:287059", "title": "Effect of Cibacron blue F3GA on oligonucleotide binding site of estradiol--receptor complexes of mouse uterine cytosol.", "content": "The binding of estradiol--receptor complexes of mouse uterine cytosol to oligodeoxynucleotide celluloses is inhibited by the sulfonated polyaromatic dye Cibacron blue F3GA. The dye does not have any effect on the estradiol binding site. Additon of the dye to preformed estradiol--receptor--oligo(dT)-cellulose complex results in the release of estradiol--receptor. The inhibition of binding is competitive with respect to oligo(dT)- or oligo(dA)-Celluloses, suggesting that the effect of the dye is directly on the polynucleotide binding site of the receptor. The observed inhibitory effect of Cibacron blue is not a simple electrostatic effect of polyanions because heparin and polyglutamic acid are much less effective. The selective inhibition by Cibacron blue suggests that the polynucleotide binding domain of estradiol--receptor possesses a special \"supersecondary\" structure [Stellwagen, E. (1977) Acc. Chem. Res. 10, 92--98].", "contents": "Effect of Cibacron blue F3GA on oligonucleotide binding site of estradiol--receptor complexes of mouse uterine cytosol. The binding of estradiol--receptor complexes of mouse uterine cytosol to oligodeoxynucleotide celluloses is inhibited by the sulfonated polyaromatic dye Cibacron blue F3GA. The dye does not have any effect on the estradiol binding site. Additon of the dye to preformed estradiol--receptor--oligo(dT)-cellulose complex results in the release of estradiol--receptor. The inhibition of binding is competitive with respect to oligo(dT)- or oligo(dA)-Celluloses, suggesting that the effect of the dye is directly on the polynucleotide binding site of the receptor. The observed inhibitory effect of Cibacron blue is not a simple electrostatic effect of polyanions because heparin and polyglutamic acid are much less effective. The selective inhibition by Cibacron blue suggests that the polynucleotide binding domain of estradiol--receptor possesses a special \"supersecondary\" structure [Stellwagen, E. (1977) Acc. Chem. Res. 10, 92--98]."}
{"id": "PMID:287060", "title": "Cellular retinol-binding protein allows specific interaction of retinol with the nucleus in vitro.", "content": "Purified cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), a potential mediator of vitamin A action, was found to enable retinol to bind in a specific manner to isolated nuclei from livers of vitamin A deficient rats. Binding was followed after complexing [3H]retinol with CRBP. The binding was specific, saturable, and temperature dependent. CRBP charged with unlabeled retinol or CRBP without retinol diminished binding of radioactivity whereas free retinol did not. No specific binding sites could be detected for free retinol. Purified cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABI) complexed with retinoic acid did not diminish the amount of retinol bound to nuclei. Approximately 3 x 10(5) specific binding sites per nucleus could be detected. Fewer binding sites were found in nuclei isolated from livers of control (chow-fed) rats and also from livers of vitamin A-deficient rats 2 hr after refeeding with retinylacetate.", "contents": "Cellular retinol-binding protein allows specific interaction of retinol with the nucleus in vitro. Purified cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), a potential mediator of vitamin A action, was found to enable retinol to bind in a specific manner to isolated nuclei from livers of vitamin A deficient rats. Binding was followed after complexing [3H]retinol with CRBP. The binding was specific, saturable, and temperature dependent. CRBP charged with unlabeled retinol or CRBP without retinol diminished binding of radioactivity whereas free retinol did not. No specific binding sites could be detected for free retinol. Purified cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABI) complexed with retinoic acid did not diminish the amount of retinol bound to nuclei. Approximately 3 x 10(5) specific binding sites per nucleus could be detected. Fewer binding sites were found in nuclei isolated from livers of control (chow-fed) rats and also from livers of vitamin A-deficient rats 2 hr after refeeding with retinylacetate."}
{"id": "PMID:287061", "title": "Distinct single-copy sequence sets in sea urchin nuclear RNAs.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether nuclear RNAs (nRNA) of sea urchin embryos and adult tissues contain identical or partially distinct sets of single-copy sequence transcripts. A DNA tracer was prepared consisting mainly of sequences absent from gastrula nRNA; 3.6% of this tracer reacted with adult intestine nRNA but not with gastrula nRNA. The existence of a differentially transcribed DNA fraction was verified by its partial purification and rehybridization to intestine and gastrula nRNAs. About one-third of the genomic single-copy sequence is represented in both nRNAs, or about 2 x 10(8) nucleotides. The differentially transcribed portion of the single-copy genome identified in this work includes about 3.5 x 10(7) nucleotides.", "contents": "Distinct single-copy sequence sets in sea urchin nuclear RNAs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nuclear RNAs (nRNA) of sea urchin embryos and adult tissues contain identical or partially distinct sets of single-copy sequence transcripts. A DNA tracer was prepared consisting mainly of sequences absent from gastrula nRNA; 3.6% of this tracer reacted with adult intestine nRNA but not with gastrula nRNA. The existence of a differentially transcribed DNA fraction was verified by its partial purification and rehybridization to intestine and gastrula nRNAs. About one-third of the genomic single-copy sequence is represented in both nRNAs, or about 2 x 10(8) nucleotides. The differentially transcribed portion of the single-copy genome identified in this work includes about 3.5 x 10(7) nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:287062", "title": "Inhibition of human neuroblastoma DNA polymerase activities by plant lectins and toxins.", "content": "The effects of concanavalin A and ricin (RCAII, Mr 65,000) on [3H]thymidine incorporation into human neuroblastoma IMR-32 DNA showed reduction of total DNA synthesis to 50% and 70% of control, respectively. Two DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7.) activities (alpha and beta) involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of DNA were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from IMR-32 cell homogenate. The DNA polymerase alpha activity was also purified by selective precipitation with polyethylene glycol (Mr 6000) followed by agarose-concanavalin A column chromatography. The activities of both DNA polymerases were examined at various concentrations of mutagenic and nonmutagenic plant agglutinins and the toxin ricin. Concanavalin A and ricin specifically inhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity (activity reduced to 19% and 10%, respectively), whereas DNA polymerase beta activity was inhibited (reduced to 16%) by red kidney bean agglutinin (PHA-P).", "contents": "Inhibition of human neuroblastoma DNA polymerase activities by plant lectins and toxins. The effects of concanavalin A and ricin (RCAII, Mr 65,000) on [3H]thymidine incorporation into human neuroblastoma IMR-32 DNA showed reduction of total DNA synthesis to 50% and 70% of control, respectively. Two DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7.) activities (alpha and beta) involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of DNA were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from IMR-32 cell homogenate. The DNA polymerase alpha activity was also purified by selective precipitation with polyethylene glycol (Mr 6000) followed by agarose-concanavalin A column chromatography. The activities of both DNA polymerases were examined at various concentrations of mutagenic and nonmutagenic plant agglutinins and the toxin ricin. Concanavalin A and ricin specifically inhibited DNA polymerase alpha activity (activity reduced to 19% and 10%, respectively), whereas DNA polymerase beta activity was inhibited (reduced to 16%) by red kidney bean agglutinin (PHA-P)."}
{"id": "PMID:287063", "title": "Structure-independent nucleotide sequence analysis.", "content": "Substitution of inosine for granosine in the nucleic acid fragments synthesized for the sequencing of RNA effectively prevents the formation of secondary structures during electrophoretic analysis. Consequently, the mobility of each fragment in the sequencing gel is a strict function of its molecular weight. Inosine substitution should markedly improve the resolution that can be obtained in the sequencing of DNA as well as RNA.", "contents": "Structure-independent nucleotide sequence analysis. Substitution of inosine for granosine in the nucleic acid fragments synthesized for the sequencing of RNA effectively prevents the formation of secondary structures during electrophoretic analysis. Consequently, the mobility of each fragment in the sequencing gel is a strict function of its molecular weight. Inosine substitution should markedly improve the resolution that can be obtained in the sequencing of DNA as well as RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:287064", "title": "Steady-state coupling of four membrane systems in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "According to Alexandre, Reynafarje, and Lehninger, four different membrane systems are involved, with definite stoichiometry, in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP by electron transport, via proton transport. We adopt this model and pursue some of its thermodynamic consequences. At steady state, each of the four systems must have the same flux J through the membrane and the overall thermodynamic force X for oxidative phosphorylation is the sum of the four separate forces. From these properties, using an empirical linear flux-force relation for each system, it is easy to obtain J as a function of X. In turn, X depends on the inside [NAD+]/[NADH] and the outside [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] quotients (and on the pH inside). Thus, J is related to these quotients. The relationship we derive is similar to that described by Ereci\u0144ska and Wilson, as deduced from a quite different model of oxidative phosphorylation. Proton transport is involved explicitly in three of the four systems of the present model. However, because of the steady-state stoichiometric coupling of the four systems, proton transport does not appear in the overall reaction. On the other hand, Ereci\u0144ska and Wilson use, in their model, a direct connection between electron transport and ATP synthesis. The present paper demonstrates that J can be related to the quotients mentioned above without this direct connection.", "contents": "Steady-state coupling of four membrane systems in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. According to Alexandre, Reynafarje, and Lehninger, four different membrane systems are involved, with definite stoichiometry, in the mitochondrial synthesis of ATP by electron transport, via proton transport. We adopt this model and pursue some of its thermodynamic consequences. At steady state, each of the four systems must have the same flux J through the membrane and the overall thermodynamic force X for oxidative phosphorylation is the sum of the four separate forces. From these properties, using an empirical linear flux-force relation for each system, it is easy to obtain J as a function of X. In turn, X depends on the inside [NAD+]/[NADH] and the outside [ATP]/[ADP][Pi] quotients (and on the pH inside). Thus, J is related to these quotients. The relationship we derive is similar to that described by Ereci\u0144ska and Wilson, as deduced from a quite different model of oxidative phosphorylation. Proton transport is involved explicitly in three of the four systems of the present model. However, because of the steady-state stoichiometric coupling of the four systems, proton transport does not appear in the overall reaction. On the other hand, Ereci\u0144ska and Wilson use, in their model, a direct connection between electron transport and ATP synthesis. The present paper demonstrates that J can be related to the quotients mentioned above without this direct connection."}
{"id": "PMID:287065", "title": "Thermotropic behavior of some fluorodimyristoylphosphatidylcholines.", "content": "The thermotropic behavior of three fluorinated phospholipids has been studied by means of high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The three lipids are 1,2-di(X,X-difluoromyristovyl)phosphatidylcholine with X = 4,8, or 12. The compound with X = 4 has a higher transition temperature than dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine whereas the other two have lower values. All three lipids have transition enthalpies approximately twice that of the unsubstituted lipid. It was found the substituted lipids form strikingly nonideal mixtures with the parent compound. In view of these observations it is evident that results obtained using these or related compounds as probes of bilayer or membrane behavior must be interpreted with due caution. Some of the properties exhibited by geminal fluorine atoms in fluorinated phospholipids appear to be similar to those of cis double bonds in lipids.", "contents": "Thermotropic behavior of some fluorodimyristoylphosphatidylcholines. The thermotropic behavior of three fluorinated phospholipids has been studied by means of high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The three lipids are 1,2-di(X,X-difluoromyristovyl)phosphatidylcholine with X = 4,8, or 12. The compound with X = 4 has a higher transition temperature than dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine whereas the other two have lower values. All three lipids have transition enthalpies approximately twice that of the unsubstituted lipid. It was found the substituted lipids form strikingly nonideal mixtures with the parent compound. In view of these observations it is evident that results obtained using these or related compounds as probes of bilayer or membrane behavior must be interpreted with due caution. Some of the properties exhibited by geminal fluorine atoms in fluorinated phospholipids appear to be similar to those of cis double bonds in lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:287066", "title": "The ovalbumin gene: cloning and molecular organization of the entire natural gene.", "content": "We report the analyses of recently cloned restriction fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene that overlap in part with previously cloned DNA fragments but extend further into the flanking sequences of the gene. These clones now permit us to identify the DNA sequence that codes for the 5' end of ovalbumin mRNA. Based on these and previous results, the molecular organization of the entire ovalbumin gene was established. The entire gene is composed of eight structural DNA sequences separated by seven intervening sequences that are not present in the mature mRNA. In addition, an ovalbumin gene clone has been obtained from a chicken gene library. Analysis of DNA isolated from this particular clone by molecular hybridization and electron microscopic mapping revealed that it contains the entire ovalbumin gene a single segment of DNA and its structure was consistent with that predicted from our physical map constructed from individually cloned fragments of the gene.", "contents": "The ovalbumin gene: cloning and molecular organization of the entire natural gene. We report the analyses of recently cloned restriction fragments of the natural ovalbumin gene that overlap in part with previously cloned DNA fragments but extend further into the flanking sequences of the gene. These clones now permit us to identify the DNA sequence that codes for the 5' end of ovalbumin mRNA. Based on these and previous results, the molecular organization of the entire ovalbumin gene was established. The entire gene is composed of eight structural DNA sequences separated by seven intervening sequences that are not present in the mature mRNA. In addition, an ovalbumin gene clone has been obtained from a chicken gene library. Analysis of DNA isolated from this particular clone by molecular hybridization and electron microscopic mapping revealed that it contains the entire ovalbumin gene a single segment of DNA and its structure was consistent with that predicted from our physical map constructed from individually cloned fragments of the gene."}
{"id": "PMID:287067", "title": "Cell-free translation of the mRNAs for the heavy and light chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens.", "content": "Cell-free translation of poly(A)-containing RNA from the JY lymphoblastoid cell line followed by immunoprecipitation has indicated the presence of mRNAs for both the heavy and light chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in these preparations. Both chains are synthesized with an NH2-terminal extension, approximately 20 residues in length for the light chain, and 20 or 24 residues for the heavy chains. The precursors can be processed by dog pancreatic microsomes to products similar to those obtained in vivo. Immunoprecipitation of the cell-free products has been employed as an assay for partial purification of the mRNAs. Investigation of the Daudi cell line, which cannot synthesize the small subunit, beta 2-microglobin, has indicated that the heavy chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens are synthesized intracellularly in vivo and can also be translated from their cognate RNAs in vitro. The implications of these findings for biosynthesis of membrane proteins in general and multimeric membrane proteins in particular, as well as the role of beta 2-microglobulin in expression of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, are discussed.", "contents": "Cell-free translation of the mRNAs for the heavy and light chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens. Cell-free translation of poly(A)-containing RNA from the JY lymphoblastoid cell line followed by immunoprecipitation has indicated the presence of mRNAs for both the heavy and light chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in these preparations. Both chains are synthesized with an NH2-terminal extension, approximately 20 residues in length for the light chain, and 20 or 24 residues for the heavy chains. The precursors can be processed by dog pancreatic microsomes to products similar to those obtained in vivo. Immunoprecipitation of the cell-free products has been employed as an assay for partial purification of the mRNAs. Investigation of the Daudi cell line, which cannot synthesize the small subunit, beta 2-microglobin, has indicated that the heavy chains of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens are synthesized intracellularly in vivo and can also be translated from their cognate RNAs in vitro. The implications of these findings for biosynthesis of membrane proteins in general and multimeric membrane proteins in particular, as well as the role of beta 2-microglobulin in expression of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287068", "title": "Macrophage response to concanavalin A: effect of surface crosslinking on the electrophoretic mobility distribution.", "content": "Electrophoretic light scattering (laser Doppler electrophoresis) has been employed to study the effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and succinyl-Con A on the electrophoretic mobility distribution of resident guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Con A, a tetrameric lectin, decreases slightly the mean mobility and increases by approximately 3-fold the width of the electrophoretic mobility distribution of resident macrophages. This effect can be abolished by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, a hapten sugar of Con A. These effects were present in both low (0.010 M) and high (physiological, 0.15 M) ionic-strength media. Since lower ionic strengths correspond to a larger Debye screening distance, these data suggest that the alterations in the electrophoretic mobility distribution are not restricted to the outer portion of the glycocalyx. Succinyl-Con A, a dimeric derivative, was found to have no effect on the mobility distribution. However, the mean mobility decreased and the width increased over 4-fold when succinyl-Con A-treated macrophages were exposed to anti-Con A. These observations indicate that cross-linking of Con A receptors is an important process in the electrokinetic alterations of the macrophage surface. These results may have important consequences for the elucidation of the details of the endocytic mechanism.", "contents": "Macrophage response to concanavalin A: effect of surface crosslinking on the electrophoretic mobility distribution. Electrophoretic light scattering (laser Doppler electrophoresis) has been employed to study the effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and succinyl-Con A on the electrophoretic mobility distribution of resident guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Con A, a tetrameric lectin, decreases slightly the mean mobility and increases by approximately 3-fold the width of the electrophoretic mobility distribution of resident macrophages. This effect can be abolished by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, a hapten sugar of Con A. These effects were present in both low (0.010 M) and high (physiological, 0.15 M) ionic-strength media. Since lower ionic strengths correspond to a larger Debye screening distance, these data suggest that the alterations in the electrophoretic mobility distribution are not restricted to the outer portion of the glycocalyx. Succinyl-Con A, a dimeric derivative, was found to have no effect on the mobility distribution. However, the mean mobility decreased and the width increased over 4-fold when succinyl-Con A-treated macrophages were exposed to anti-Con A. These observations indicate that cross-linking of Con A receptors is an important process in the electrokinetic alterations of the macrophage surface. These results may have important consequences for the elucidation of the details of the endocytic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:287069", "title": "The rate of access to the organic ligand-binding region of serum albumin is entropy controlled.", "content": "The technique of real time dielectric relaxation measurement coupled with a conventional stopped-flow device has made it possible to measure the rates of association and dissociation of the complex of human serum albumin with its most prevalent ligands, the long-chain fatty acids. This association was previously shown to proceed in two steps: a fast, probably diffusion-controlled, nonspecific association, followed by a slower (approximately 3 sec--1) rearrangement of the intermediate protein--ligand configuration, whose kinetics is first order. By use of the Arrhenius relation and standard theory of rate processes it is determined that there is virtually no activation enthalpy in the forward binding reaction and that the rate of access to the interior hydrophobic binding region of serum albumin is controlled by a negative entropy of activation, reflecting a high degree of ordering in the transition state. A complete thermodynamic and kinetic profile of the association reaction is given.", "contents": "The rate of access to the organic ligand-binding region of serum albumin is entropy controlled. The technique of real time dielectric relaxation measurement coupled with a conventional stopped-flow device has made it possible to measure the rates of association and dissociation of the complex of human serum albumin with its most prevalent ligands, the long-chain fatty acids. This association was previously shown to proceed in two steps: a fast, probably diffusion-controlled, nonspecific association, followed by a slower (approximately 3 sec--1) rearrangement of the intermediate protein--ligand configuration, whose kinetics is first order. By use of the Arrhenius relation and standard theory of rate processes it is determined that there is virtually no activation enthalpy in the forward binding reaction and that the rate of access to the interior hydrophobic binding region of serum albumin is controlled by a negative entropy of activation, reflecting a high degree of ordering in the transition state. A complete thermodynamic and kinetic profile of the association reaction is given."}
{"id": "PMID:287071", "title": "Diamagnetic anisotropy of the peptide group.", "content": "A simple theory of the diamagnetic anisotropy of noncyclic planar groups of atoms with resonance structures (mobile electrons)leads to the value --5.36 x 10(-6) cm-g-sec electromagnetic units for the molar diamagnetic anisotropy of the peptide group.", "contents": "Diamagnetic anisotropy of the peptide group. A simple theory of the diamagnetic anisotropy of noncyclic planar groups of atoms with resonance structures (mobile electrons)leads to the value --5.36 x 10(-6) cm-g-sec electromagnetic units for the molar diamagnetic anisotropy of the peptide group."}
{"id": "PMID:287070", "title": "Complexity transmission during replication.", "content": "The transmission of complexity during DNA replication has been investigated to clarify the significance of this molecular property in a deterministic process. Complexity was equated with the amount of randomness within an ordered molecular structure and measured by the entropy of a posteriori probabilities for discrete (monomer sequences, atomic bonds) and continuous (torsion angle sequences) structural parameters in polynucleotides, proteins, and ligand molecules. A theoretical analysis revealed that sequence complexity decreases during transmission from DNA to protein. It was also found that sequence complexity limits the attainable complexity in the folding of a polypeptide chain and that a protein cannot interact with a ligand moiety of higher complexity. The analysis indicated, furthermore, that in any deterministic molecular process a cause possesses more complexity than its effect. This outcome broadly complies with Curie's symmetry principle. Results from an analysis of an extensive set of experimental data are presented; they corroborate these findings. It is suggested, therefore, that complexity governs the direction of order-order molecular transformations. Two biological implications are (i) replication of DNA in a stepwise, repetitive manner by a polymerase appears to be a necessary consequence of structural constraints imposed by complexity, and (ii) during evolution, increases in complexity had to involve a nondeterministic mechanism. This latter requirement apparently applied also to development of the first replicating system on earth.", "contents": "Complexity transmission during replication. The transmission of complexity during DNA replication has been investigated to clarify the significance of this molecular property in a deterministic process. Complexity was equated with the amount of randomness within an ordered molecular structure and measured by the entropy of a posteriori probabilities for discrete (monomer sequences, atomic bonds) and continuous (torsion angle sequences) structural parameters in polynucleotides, proteins, and ligand molecules. A theoretical analysis revealed that sequence complexity decreases during transmission from DNA to protein. It was also found that sequence complexity limits the attainable complexity in the folding of a polypeptide chain and that a protein cannot interact with a ligand moiety of higher complexity. The analysis indicated, furthermore, that in any deterministic molecular process a cause possesses more complexity than its effect. This outcome broadly complies with Curie's symmetry principle. Results from an analysis of an extensive set of experimental data are presented; they corroborate these findings. It is suggested, therefore, that complexity governs the direction of order-order molecular transformations. Two biological implications are (i) replication of DNA in a stepwise, repetitive manner by a polymerase appears to be a necessary consequence of structural constraints imposed by complexity, and (ii) during evolution, increases in complexity had to involve a nondeterministic mechanism. This latter requirement apparently applied also to development of the first replicating system on earth."}
{"id": "PMID:287072", "title": "Upper surfaces of epithelial sheets and of fluid lipid films are nonadhesive for platelets.", "content": "Platelet-rich rabbit plasma was incubated with surfaces of two different types--sheets of cultured mouse kidney epithelium and films of different lipids. The upper surface of epithelial sheets was found to be nonadhesive for platelets; in the same cultures, the platelets attached easily to the glass surface not covered by epithelial cells. Platelets did not attach to the surface of lipids (egg lecthin and dioleoyllecithin) that were in the liquid-crystalline state at 23 degrees C. In contrast, the surface of the films made of lipids (dipalmitoyl- and distearoyllecithin) that were in the crystalline state at 23 degrees C was adhesive for platelets. It had been found previously that the surfaces of epithelial sheets and of liquid lipid films are nonadhesive for fibroblasts. Possible mechanisms responsible for the nonadhesiveness of these surfaces are discussed. It is stressed that the factors responsible for nonadhesiveness of epithelial surfaces may be similar to those responsible for nonadhesiveness of the luminal surface of endothelium in blood vessels.", "contents": "Upper surfaces of epithelial sheets and of fluid lipid films are nonadhesive for platelets. Platelet-rich rabbit plasma was incubated with surfaces of two different types--sheets of cultured mouse kidney epithelium and films of different lipids. The upper surface of epithelial sheets was found to be nonadhesive for platelets; in the same cultures, the platelets attached easily to the glass surface not covered by epithelial cells. Platelets did not attach to the surface of lipids (egg lecthin and dioleoyllecithin) that were in the liquid-crystalline state at 23 degrees C. In contrast, the surface of the films made of lipids (dipalmitoyl- and distearoyllecithin) that were in the crystalline state at 23 degrees C was adhesive for platelets. It had been found previously that the surfaces of epithelial sheets and of liquid lipid films are nonadhesive for fibroblasts. Possible mechanisms responsible for the nonadhesiveness of these surfaces are discussed. It is stressed that the factors responsible for nonadhesiveness of epithelial surfaces may be similar to those responsible for nonadhesiveness of the luminal surface of endothelium in blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:287073", "title": "Appearance in confluent vascular endothelial cell monolayers of a specific cell surface protein (CSP-60) not detected in actively growing endothelial cells or in cell types growing in multiple layers.", "content": "The formation of a highly organized vascular and corneal endothelial cell monolayer is associated with the appearance of a 60,000-dalton cell surface protein (CSP-60) (30,000 daltons after reduction with dithiothreitol) which is not detectable in rapidly growing endothelial cells and in subconfluent cultures that do not yet exhibit the strict morphology of a confluent monolayer. It is also absent from vascular smooth muscle cells and from endothelial cultures that are maintained in the absence of fibroblast growth factor and grow on top of each other at confluence. After disorganization of cells in a confluent endothelial monolayer by urea, EDTA, or trypsin, CPS-60 is no longer exposed on the cell surface, but it reappears as soon as the cells readopt their characteristic two-dimensional configuration. This reorganization can be achieved in the presence of cycloheximide and despite removal of fibronectin by urea, EDTA, or trypsin. Maximal amounts of fibronectin and no CSP-60 are detected in subconfluent, but not yet organized, endothelial cultures or in endothelial cells that no longer form a monolayer of nonoverlapping cells at confluence. Likewise, cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells contain fibronectin but no CSP-60. These results suggest that CSP-60, rather than fibronectin, could be involved in the adoption of a monolayer configuration by confluent endothelial cells.", "contents": "Appearance in confluent vascular endothelial cell monolayers of a specific cell surface protein (CSP-60) not detected in actively growing endothelial cells or in cell types growing in multiple layers. The formation of a highly organized vascular and corneal endothelial cell monolayer is associated with the appearance of a 60,000-dalton cell surface protein (CSP-60) (30,000 daltons after reduction with dithiothreitol) which is not detectable in rapidly growing endothelial cells and in subconfluent cultures that do not yet exhibit the strict morphology of a confluent monolayer. It is also absent from vascular smooth muscle cells and from endothelial cultures that are maintained in the absence of fibroblast growth factor and grow on top of each other at confluence. After disorganization of cells in a confluent endothelial monolayer by urea, EDTA, or trypsin, CPS-60 is no longer exposed on the cell surface, but it reappears as soon as the cells readopt their characteristic two-dimensional configuration. This reorganization can be achieved in the presence of cycloheximide and despite removal of fibronectin by urea, EDTA, or trypsin. Maximal amounts of fibronectin and no CSP-60 are detected in subconfluent, but not yet organized, endothelial cultures or in endothelial cells that no longer form a monolayer of nonoverlapping cells at confluence. Likewise, cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells contain fibronectin but no CSP-60. These results suggest that CSP-60, rather than fibronectin, could be involved in the adoption of a monolayer configuration by confluent endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287074", "title": "Functional roles of DNA polymerases beta and gamma.", "content": "The physiological functions of DNA polymerases (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) beta and gamma were investigated by using neuronal nuclei and synaptosomes isolated from rat brain. UV irradiation of neuronal nuclei from 60-day-old rats resulted in a 7- to 10-fold stimulation of DNA repair synthesis attributable to DNA polymerase beta which, at this developmental stage, is virtually the only DNA polymerase present in the nuclei. No repair synthesis could be elicited by treating the nuclei with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, but this way probably due to the inability of brain tissues to excise alkylated bases from DNA. The role of DNA polymerase gamma was studied in synaptosomes by using a system mimicking in vivo mitochondrial DNA synthesis. By showing that, under these conditions, DNA replication occurs in mitochondria, and exploiting the fact that DNA polymerase gama is the only DNA polymerase present in mitochondria, evidence was obtained for a role of DNA polymerase gamma in mitochondrial DNA replication. Based on these results and on the wealth of literature on DNA polymerase alpha, we conclude that DNA polymerase alpha is mainly responsible for DNA replication in nuclei, DNA polymerase beta is involved in nuclear DNA repair, and DNA polymerase gamma is the mitochondrial replicating enzyme. However, minor roles for DNA polymerase alpha in DNA repair or for DNA polymerase beta in DNA replication cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Functional roles of DNA polymerases beta and gamma. The physiological functions of DNA polymerases (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) beta and gamma were investigated by using neuronal nuclei and synaptosomes isolated from rat brain. UV irradiation of neuronal nuclei from 60-day-old rats resulted in a 7- to 10-fold stimulation of DNA repair synthesis attributable to DNA polymerase beta which, at this developmental stage, is virtually the only DNA polymerase present in the nuclei. No repair synthesis could be elicited by treating the nuclei with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, but this way probably due to the inability of brain tissues to excise alkylated bases from DNA. The role of DNA polymerase gamma was studied in synaptosomes by using a system mimicking in vivo mitochondrial DNA synthesis. By showing that, under these conditions, DNA replication occurs in mitochondria, and exploiting the fact that DNA polymerase gama is the only DNA polymerase present in mitochondria, evidence was obtained for a role of DNA polymerase gamma in mitochondrial DNA replication. Based on these results and on the wealth of literature on DNA polymerase alpha, we conclude that DNA polymerase alpha is mainly responsible for DNA replication in nuclei, DNA polymerase beta is involved in nuclear DNA repair, and DNA polymerase gamma is the mitochondrial replicating enzyme. However, minor roles for DNA polymerase alpha in DNA repair or for DNA polymerase beta in DNA replication cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:287075", "title": "Villin: the major microfilament-associated protein of the intestinal microvillus.", "content": "The major protein associated with actin in the microfilament core of intestinal microvilli has been purified. This protein, for which we propose the name villin, has a polypeptide molecular weight of approximately 95,000. Two arguments suggest that villin may be the microvillus crossfilament protein that links the microfilament core laterally down its length to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. First, electron microscopy shows that crossfilaments stay attached to isolated membrane-free microvillus cores. Calculation of the expected abundance of the crossfilament protein shows that only villin is present in sufficient quantity to account for these structures. Second, decoration of microvillus cores by antibodies to either actin or villin, followed by ferritin-labeled second antibody in a sandwich procedure, results in specific labeling of the cores in both cases. The antivillin decoration, however, gives rise to a greater increase in diameter, in agreement with a model in which villin projects from the F-actin microfilament core. Villin is distinct from alpha-actinin, a protein suggested to be involved in membrane anchorage of microfilaments in nonmuscle cells. The two proteins differ in molecular weight. Specific antibodies against villin and alpha-actinin show no immunological crossreactivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that villin is located in the microvilli of the brush border whereas alpha-actinin is absent from the microvilli but is found in the terminal web. In addition, villin is not found in microfilament bundles of tissue culture cells, which are rich in alpha-actinin. Thus, villin and alpha-actinin appear to be immunologically and functionally different proteins.", "contents": "Villin: the major microfilament-associated protein of the intestinal microvillus. The major protein associated with actin in the microfilament core of intestinal microvilli has been purified. This protein, for which we propose the name villin, has a polypeptide molecular weight of approximately 95,000. Two arguments suggest that villin may be the microvillus crossfilament protein that links the microfilament core laterally down its length to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. First, electron microscopy shows that crossfilaments stay attached to isolated membrane-free microvillus cores. Calculation of the expected abundance of the crossfilament protein shows that only villin is present in sufficient quantity to account for these structures. Second, decoration of microvillus cores by antibodies to either actin or villin, followed by ferritin-labeled second antibody in a sandwich procedure, results in specific labeling of the cores in both cases. The antivillin decoration, however, gives rise to a greater increase in diameter, in agreement with a model in which villin projects from the F-actin microfilament core. Villin is distinct from alpha-actinin, a protein suggested to be involved in membrane anchorage of microfilaments in nonmuscle cells. The two proteins differ in molecular weight. Specific antibodies against villin and alpha-actinin show no immunological crossreactivity. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that villin is located in the microvilli of the brush border whereas alpha-actinin is absent from the microvilli but is found in the terminal web. In addition, villin is not found in microfilament bundles of tissue culture cells, which are rich in alpha-actinin. Thus, villin and alpha-actinin appear to be immunologically and functionally different proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:287076", "title": "Direct demonstration of binding of a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase, to receptors on cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Receptor-binding of \"high-uptake\" forms of lysosomal enzymes to human diploid skin fibroblasts had been predicted from the Michaelis--Menten kinetics of uptake of these enzymes [e.g., Sando, G.N. & Neufeld, E.F. (1977) Cell 12, 619--627]. We have now demonstrated such binding directly by using a sensitive assay for the bound enzyme. Cells deficient in alpha-L-iduronidase were detached from plastic dishes by mild trypsinization, allowed to recover, and used in suspension. They were incubated with urinary alpha-L-iduronidase at 0 degrees C for 90 minutes and then washed by centrifugation through concentrated bovine serum albumin; the activity of the cell-associated enzyme was measured with 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide as substrate. A Scatchard analysis showed 14,000 binding sites per cell and a Kd of 1 x 10(-9) M for high-uptake alpha-L-iduronidase; binding of the low-uptake form was barely detectable. Mannose 6-phosphate, a known competitive inhibitor of uptake, inhibited the binding competitively, with Ki = 1 x 10(-4) M. Unexpectedly, mannose 6-phosphate greatly accelerated the dissociation of bound enzyme. During uptake of alpha-L-iduronidase at 35 degrees C, the receptors were regenerated every few minutes, even in the absence of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Direct demonstration of binding of a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-L-iduronidase, to receptors on cultured fibroblasts. Receptor-binding of \"high-uptake\" forms of lysosomal enzymes to human diploid skin fibroblasts had been predicted from the Michaelis--Menten kinetics of uptake of these enzymes [e.g., Sando, G.N. & Neufeld, E.F. (1977) Cell 12, 619--627]. We have now demonstrated such binding directly by using a sensitive assay for the bound enzyme. Cells deficient in alpha-L-iduronidase were detached from plastic dishes by mild trypsinization, allowed to recover, and used in suspension. They were incubated with urinary alpha-L-iduronidase at 0 degrees C for 90 minutes and then washed by centrifugation through concentrated bovine serum albumin; the activity of the cell-associated enzyme was measured with 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-L-iduronide as substrate. A Scatchard analysis showed 14,000 binding sites per cell and a Kd of 1 x 10(-9) M for high-uptake alpha-L-iduronidase; binding of the low-uptake form was barely detectable. Mannose 6-phosphate, a known competitive inhibitor of uptake, inhibited the binding competitively, with Ki = 1 x 10(-4) M. Unexpectedly, mannose 6-phosphate greatly accelerated the dissociation of bound enzyme. During uptake of alpha-L-iduronidase at 35 degrees C, the receptors were regenerated every few minutes, even in the absence of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:287077", "title": "Syndeins: the spectrin-binding protein(s) of the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Two-dimensional tryptic and chymotryptic analyses of all the major bands in a sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel of the human erythrocyte membrane show that each band has a characteristic map. However, band 2.1 (nomenclature of T. L. Steck) and several polypeptides below this band exhibit similar tryptic and chymotryptic peptide maps and thus appear to be a family of closely related proteins or degradation products. Furthermore, they all contain a subset of peptides that are accounted for by the peptides from two known spectrin-binding fragments. We show that both fragments derive from 2.1-related proteins and conclude that band 2.1 and its related proteins, which we name \"syndeins\", bind spectrin and connect it to the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Syndeins: the spectrin-binding protein(s) of the human erythrocyte membrane. Two-dimensional tryptic and chymotryptic analyses of all the major bands in a sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel of the human erythrocyte membrane show that each band has a characteristic map. However, band 2.1 (nomenclature of T. L. Steck) and several polypeptides below this band exhibit similar tryptic and chymotryptic peptide maps and thus appear to be a family of closely related proteins or degradation products. Furthermore, they all contain a subset of peptides that are accounted for by the peptides from two known spectrin-binding fragments. We show that both fragments derive from 2.1-related proteins and conclude that band 2.1 and its related proteins, which we name \"syndeins\", bind spectrin and connect it to the erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:287078", "title": "Actin polymerization induced by a motility-related high-affinity cytochalasin binding complex from human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "A high molecular weight complex (sedimentation coefficient approximately 27 S) containing high-affinity binding site(s) for [(3)H]dihydrocytochalasin B has been isolated from a low ionic strength extract of human erythrocyte membranes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that actin, spectrin, and other minor components, including two polypeptides with the electrophoretic mobility of band 4.1, were present in the complex-containing fraction. Addition of this complex to a solution of muscle monomeric actin (G-actin) in a low ionic strength medium resulted in a rapid increase in viscosity to a level comparable to that of a solution of filamentous actin (F-actin). Electron microscopy showed that the viscosity increase reflected actin filament formation. The rate of induced actin polymerization was dependent on the amount of complex added to the G-actin; in less than 1 hr, less than 1 mug of protein from the complex-containing fraction induced the conversion of 0.4 mg of G-actin to the \"F\" from. Binding studies indicated that, upon polymerization of the actin, the cytochalasin binding complex became associated with the actin filaments. Low concentrations of cytochalasins D and E and dihydrocytochalasin B inhibited actin polymerization induced by the complex; the relative potencies of the drugs in inhibiting this process corresponded to their relative affinities for the complex, as well as their relative potencies in affecting cell motility. These results suggest that the cytochalasin binding complex functions as a regulatory site for cell motility by controlling formation and membrane attachment of actin-containing microfilaments in the cell.", "contents": "Actin polymerization induced by a motility-related high-affinity cytochalasin binding complex from human erythrocyte membrane. A high molecular weight complex (sedimentation coefficient approximately 27 S) containing high-affinity binding site(s) for [(3)H]dihydrocytochalasin B has been isolated from a low ionic strength extract of human erythrocyte membranes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that actin, spectrin, and other minor components, including two polypeptides with the electrophoretic mobility of band 4.1, were present in the complex-containing fraction. Addition of this complex to a solution of muscle monomeric actin (G-actin) in a low ionic strength medium resulted in a rapid increase in viscosity to a level comparable to that of a solution of filamentous actin (F-actin). Electron microscopy showed that the viscosity increase reflected actin filament formation. The rate of induced actin polymerization was dependent on the amount of complex added to the G-actin; in less than 1 hr, less than 1 mug of protein from the complex-containing fraction induced the conversion of 0.4 mg of G-actin to the \"F\" from. Binding studies indicated that, upon polymerization of the actin, the cytochalasin binding complex became associated with the actin filaments. Low concentrations of cytochalasins D and E and dihydrocytochalasin B inhibited actin polymerization induced by the complex; the relative potencies of the drugs in inhibiting this process corresponded to their relative affinities for the complex, as well as their relative potencies in affecting cell motility. These results suggest that the cytochalasin binding complex functions as a regulatory site for cell motility by controlling formation and membrane attachment of actin-containing microfilaments in the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:287079", "title": "Sodium-induced calcium release from mitochondria in brown adipose tissue.", "content": "Coupled mitochondria of brown adipose tissue can accumulate Ca2+ if a substrate is present. The Ca2+ is released by addition of 20 mM Na+, but not by addition of K+ or choline +. Energy-dissipating Na+-induced Ca2+ cycling occurs maximally with 20 mM Na+ and 10 microM Ca2+. In brown adipocytes, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and the Na+ ionophore monensin increase respiration if substrate is added, and incubation in a low-Na+ buffer decreases norepinephrine-induced respiration. Thus Na+-induced Ca2+ release takes place in brown adipose tissue; released Ca2+ could have a regulatory or thermogenic role or both.", "contents": "Sodium-induced calcium release from mitochondria in brown adipose tissue. Coupled mitochondria of brown adipose tissue can accumulate Ca2+ if a substrate is present. The Ca2+ is released by addition of 20 mM Na+, but not by addition of K+ or choline +. Energy-dissipating Na+-induced Ca2+ cycling occurs maximally with 20 mM Na+ and 10 microM Ca2+. In brown adipocytes, the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 and the Na+ ionophore monensin increase respiration if substrate is added, and incubation in a low-Na+ buffer decreases norepinephrine-induced respiration. Thus Na+-induced Ca2+ release takes place in brown adipose tissue; released Ca2+ could have a regulatory or thermogenic role or both."}
{"id": "PMID:287080", "title": "Partial deletion of beta-globin gene DNA in certain patients with beta 0-thalassemia.", "content": "We have used restriction endonuclease mapping of cell DNA to investigate the structure of the beta-globin gene in beta-thalassemias. Among 17 individuals with beta +- and beta 0-thalassemia, we observed three patients of Indian origin with beta 0-thalassemia whose DNA revealed a consistent mapping abnormality. In one beta allele in each diploid cell, 0.6 kilobase of DNA was deleted from  beta-specific Pst I and Bgl II restriction fragments. This deletion involved 3' beta-globin gene sequences and eliminated the EcoRI site normally present at codons 121/122, but it did not extend to the BamHI site at codons 98--100 on the 5' side of the 0.90-kilobase intervening sequence normally present in beta-globin genes. Partial beta-globin gene deletion appears, therefore, to be a primary molecular defect seen in certain patients with beta 0-thalassemia.", "contents": "Partial deletion of beta-globin gene DNA in certain patients with beta 0-thalassemia. We have used restriction endonuclease mapping of cell DNA to investigate the structure of the beta-globin gene in beta-thalassemias. Among 17 individuals with beta +- and beta 0-thalassemia, we observed three patients of Indian origin with beta 0-thalassemia whose DNA revealed a consistent mapping abnormality. In one beta allele in each diploid cell, 0.6 kilobase of DNA was deleted from  beta-specific Pst I and Bgl II restriction fragments. This deletion involved 3' beta-globin gene sequences and eliminated the EcoRI site normally present at codons 121/122, but it did not extend to the BamHI site at codons 98--100 on the 5' side of the 0.90-kilobase intervening sequence normally present in beta-globin genes. Partial beta-globin gene deletion appears, therefore, to be a primary molecular defect seen in certain patients with beta 0-thalassemia."}
{"id": "PMID:287081", "title": "Pregnant mice are not primed but can be primed to fetal alloantigens.", "content": "In this report we present evidence gathered from various stages of murine pregnancy that indicates that pregnant females have no demonstrable immune effector function directed against their semiallogeneic fetuses. Specifically, by using in vitro assays we found that cytotoxic lymphocytes were not present in pregnant mice, and pregnant mice challenged with radiolabeled paternal strain leukemia cells showed no evidence of immune elimination. Nonetheless, immunity measurable both in vitro and in vivo was readily induced by priming with the paternal strain cells. No harm to the fetus was observed in primed mothers. These results cast doubt on the relevance of mechanisms proposed that involve systemic active suppression during pregnancy. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the placenta acts as a barrier, preventing fetal cells from priming the mother.", "contents": "Pregnant mice are not primed but can be primed to fetal alloantigens. In this report we present evidence gathered from various stages of murine pregnancy that indicates that pregnant females have no demonstrable immune effector function directed against their semiallogeneic fetuses. Specifically, by using in vitro assays we found that cytotoxic lymphocytes were not present in pregnant mice, and pregnant mice challenged with radiolabeled paternal strain leukemia cells showed no evidence of immune elimination. Nonetheless, immunity measurable both in vitro and in vivo was readily induced by priming with the paternal strain cells. No harm to the fetus was observed in primed mothers. These results cast doubt on the relevance of mechanisms proposed that involve systemic active suppression during pregnancy. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the placenta acts as a barrier, preventing fetal cells from priming the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:287082", "title": "Serum iron levels and response to hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs)], serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, hematological status (erythrocytes, Hb, and hematocrit), and evidence of liver damage (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; aspartate aminotransferase, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) were determined for 201 patients on chronic renal dialysis. Four factors-serum iron level, transminase level, sex, and HBV response [i.e., infected-HBsAg(+) (HBsAg positive), anti-HBs(+) (anti-HBs positive), or no response]-were analyzed simultaneously to test the hypothesis that serum iron is higher in those with HBsAg in their serum than in those without HBsAg, independent of the transaminase level. Four independent, statistically significant two-factor interactions were identified. (i) Serum iron is higher in those HBsAg(+). (ii) Serum iron is higher in those with increased transaminase. (iii) Transaminase is higher in those HBsAg(+). (iv) Males are more likely to be HbsAg(+) and females are more likely to be anti-HBs(+). Also, those who are HBsAg(+) have significantly higher percent iron saturation (serum iron/total iron-binding capacity). That is, the hypothesis was supported by the findings. Several additional biological hypotheses are suggested, including a possible role of increased iron levels in susceptibility and response to HBV infection and the possible relationship between higher iron levels and the likelihood of HBV infection progressing to primary hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, further tests of the initial hypothesis in nonhospitalized populations with endemic HBV infection are proposed.", "contents": "Serum iron levels and response to hepatitis B virus. Response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs)], serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, hematological status (erythrocytes, Hb, and hematocrit), and evidence of liver damage (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; aspartate aminotransferase, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) were determined for 201 patients on chronic renal dialysis. Four factors-serum iron level, transminase level, sex, and HBV response [i.e., infected-HBsAg(+) (HBsAg positive), anti-HBs(+) (anti-HBs positive), or no response]-were analyzed simultaneously to test the hypothesis that serum iron is higher in those with HBsAg in their serum than in those without HBsAg, independent of the transaminase level. Four independent, statistically significant two-factor interactions were identified. (i) Serum iron is higher in those HBsAg(+). (ii) Serum iron is higher in those with increased transaminase. (iii) Transaminase is higher in those HBsAg(+). (iv) Males are more likely to be HbsAg(+) and females are more likely to be anti-HBs(+). Also, those who are HBsAg(+) have significantly higher percent iron saturation (serum iron/total iron-binding capacity). That is, the hypothesis was supported by the findings. Several additional biological hypotheses are suggested, including a possible role of increased iron levels in susceptibility and response to HBV infection and the possible relationship between higher iron levels and the likelihood of HBV infection progressing to primary hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, further tests of the initial hypothesis in nonhospitalized populations with endemic HBV infection are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:287083", "title": "Release and distribution of [3H]norepinephrine in nonpigmented and pigmented rabbit iris.", "content": "Unequal accumulation of drugs in pigmented and nonpigmented iris has been known for some time. However, at low concentrations of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, the accumulation is equal in both types of irides. The spontaneous and potassium-induced release of 3H was studied in isolated rabbit irides labeled with 0.1 micron [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE). The spontaneous outflow and the tissue 3H content were similar in both types of irides, but the potassium-induced release was significantly higher in nonpigmented iris. When irides were labeled with [3H]NE in the presence of 1 micron desmethylimipramine, the potassium-induced release was still significantly higher in nonpigmented than in pigmented iris, although the tissue 3H content was higher in the latter. Subcellular distribution of [3H]NE in both types of irides is presented. The data indicate that [3H]NE is distributed unequally in both types of irides in spite of equal tissue accumulation. The binding of NE by the pigment cell suggests an additional site of loss, or site of uptake, of the transmitter in melanin-containing tissues. The physiological significance of such an unequal release in relation to the evolutionary adaptation of the eye to light is discussed.", "contents": "Release and distribution of [3H]norepinephrine in nonpigmented and pigmented rabbit iris. Unequal accumulation of drugs in pigmented and nonpigmented iris has been known for some time. However, at low concentrations of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, the accumulation is equal in both types of irides. The spontaneous and potassium-induced release of 3H was studied in isolated rabbit irides labeled with 0.1 micron [3H]norepinephrine ([3H]NE). The spontaneous outflow and the tissue 3H content were similar in both types of irides, but the potassium-induced release was significantly higher in nonpigmented iris. When irides were labeled with [3H]NE in the presence of 1 micron desmethylimipramine, the potassium-induced release was still significantly higher in nonpigmented than in pigmented iris, although the tissue 3H content was higher in the latter. Subcellular distribution of [3H]NE in both types of irides is presented. The data indicate that [3H]NE is distributed unequally in both types of irides in spite of equal tissue accumulation. The binding of NE by the pigment cell suggests an additional site of loss, or site of uptake, of the transmitter in melanin-containing tissues. The physiological significance of such an unequal release in relation to the evolutionary adaptation of the eye to light is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287084", "title": "A sciatic nerve protein has a trophic effect on development and maintenance of skeletal muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Citrate-soluble extracts of chicken sciatic nerve were fractionated biochemically and added to cultures of embryonic chicken skeletal muscle in order to identify the component that exerted trophic influences on the muscle. A protein fraction that expressed trophic activity was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 superfine. This fraction enhanced the rate and degree of morphological maturation and the level of protein synthesis in embryonic muscle cells. Muscle fibers treated with this fraction after maturation in culture survived for longer periods in vitro than did comparable controls. Characterization of the active protein fraction by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one major protein (molecular weight 84,000) and three minor proteins. Electrophoretic analysis of biologically inactive gel filtration fractions indicated that the three minor proteins were contaminants and that biological activity was associated with the protein of molecular weight 84,000. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed that the active protein was acidic and focused as four species with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.74, 5.77, 5.92, and 6.15. Maximal incorporation of [14C]-leucine into muscle cell protein was elicited by 20 microgram of active protein per culture dish. These data suggest that an acidic protein having trophic influences upon muscle has been identified and partially purified.", "contents": "A sciatic nerve protein has a trophic effect on development and maintenance of skeletal muscle cells in culture. Citrate-soluble extracts of chicken sciatic nerve were fractionated biochemically and added to cultures of embryonic chicken skeletal muscle in order to identify the component that exerted trophic influences on the muscle. A protein fraction that expressed trophic activity was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 superfine. This fraction enhanced the rate and degree of morphological maturation and the level of protein synthesis in embryonic muscle cells. Muscle fibers treated with this fraction after maturation in culture survived for longer periods in vitro than did comparable controls. Characterization of the active protein fraction by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one major protein (molecular weight 84,000) and three minor proteins. Electrophoretic analysis of biologically inactive gel filtration fractions indicated that the three minor proteins were contaminants and that biological activity was associated with the protein of molecular weight 84,000. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed that the active protein was acidic and focused as four species with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.74, 5.77, 5.92, and 6.15. Maximal incorporation of [14C]-leucine into muscle cell protein was elicited by 20 microgram of active protein per culture dish. These data suggest that an acidic protein having trophic influences upon muscle has been identified and partially purified."}
{"id": "PMID:287128", "title": "[An extraosseous osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the breast mimicking a pulmonary coin lesion on the chest radiograph (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the breast, which in addition to its unusual presentation caused some differential diagnostic problems initially because it mimicked a pulmonary coin lesion. One year later a metastasis was noted which had the same x-ray features as the primary tumor.", "contents": "[An extraosseous osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the breast mimicking a pulmonary coin lesion on the chest radiograph (author's transl)]. Case report of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the breast, which in addition to its unusual presentation caused some differential diagnostic problems initially because it mimicked a pulmonary coin lesion. One year later a metastasis was noted which had the same x-ray features as the primary tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:287188", "title": "Liver abnormalities in penicillamine treated rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Liver enzymes were followed in 99 patients treated with D-penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis. In six abnormalities were found which consisted of elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase. ALAT/ASAT, alkaline phosphatases or combinations of these. The changes were reversible on stopping the drug with one possible exception. No evidence of biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or HBag-associated hepatitis was found. Liver biopsy was performed in 4 cases--one was taken 2 months after the treatment was discontinued, and was normal. One biopsy showed mild inflammatory changes, whereas in two histologic evidence of toxic liver necrosis was present. Liver damage should be included among possible complications of D-PA treatment.", "contents": "Liver abnormalities in penicillamine treated rheumatoid arthritis. Liver enzymes were followed in 99 patients treated with D-penicillamine for rheumatoid arthritis. In six abnormalities were found which consisted of elevated levels of lactic dehydrogenase. ALAT/ASAT, alkaline phosphatases or combinations of these. The changes were reversible on stopping the drug with one possible exception. No evidence of biliary cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or HBag-associated hepatitis was found. Liver biopsy was performed in 4 cases--one was taken 2 months after the treatment was discontinued, and was normal. One biopsy showed mild inflammatory changes, whereas in two histologic evidence of toxic liver necrosis was present. Liver damage should be included among possible complications of D-PA treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:287191", "title": "The inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, the antagonistic action of L-cysteine and synergistic inhibition by copper sulphate.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of D-penicillamine (D-Pen) on lymphocyte activation by PHA are found to be dose-dependent, showing significant effects above a concentration of 50 microgram/ml. The cells show a diminished sensitivity to D-Pen added after 24 hours in culture, although the dose-response relationship is maintained. L-cysteine is usually found to have an insignificant effect on PHA stimulation, although enhancement and inhibition are also sometimes observed. The supplementation of culture medium with L-cysteine abolishes the inhibitory effect of D-Pen, whilst copper sulphate synergistically inhibits PHA-induced transformation. The balance between the availability of naturally occurring thiols, copper ions and administered D-Pen may be critical in determining the eventual effect of the drug on the lymphoid system. Lymphocyte suppressive soluble factors appear in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and are modified by treatment with D-Pen. Although our experiments suggest possible modes of action of the drug on the immune system as a therapeutic agent as well as a potent inducer of autoimmunity in its own right, further work is required to delineate its precise mechanism of action.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of D-penicillamine on human lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin, the antagonistic action of L-cysteine and synergistic inhibition by copper sulphate. The inhibitory effects of D-penicillamine (D-Pen) on lymphocyte activation by PHA are found to be dose-dependent, showing significant effects above a concentration of 50 microgram/ml. The cells show a diminished sensitivity to D-Pen added after 24 hours in culture, although the dose-response relationship is maintained. L-cysteine is usually found to have an insignificant effect on PHA stimulation, although enhancement and inhibition are also sometimes observed. The supplementation of culture medium with L-cysteine abolishes the inhibitory effect of D-Pen, whilst copper sulphate synergistically inhibits PHA-induced transformation. The balance between the availability of naturally occurring thiols, copper ions and administered D-Pen may be critical in determining the eventual effect of the drug on the lymphoid system. Lymphocyte suppressive soluble factors appear in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and are modified by treatment with D-Pen. Although our experiments suggest possible modes of action of the drug on the immune system as a therapeutic agent as well as a potent inducer of autoimmunity in its own right, further work is required to delineate its precise mechanism of action."}
{"id": "PMID:287192", "title": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical pharmacology and biochemical properties.", "content": "The current status of the clinical pharmacology of penicillamine was reviewed. Its indications in the therapy of RA were defined, and current principles of dosage were presented. The autoimmune side effects were discussed in the light of their possible implication with regard to a locus of action of the drug on the immunological system. A comparison was presented of the biochemical properties of penicillamine and 5-thiopyridoxine, another mercaptan compound which appears to demonstrate a penicillamine-like action in patients with RA. It was found that 5-thiopyridoxine did not possess copper chelating properties, it failed to form a mixed disulfide with cystine, it did not induce dermolathyrism in the weanling rat, and it was not a vitamin B6 antagonist. If both of these compounds do work by a common mechanism in RA, then the aforementioned biochemical properties of penicillamine must be presumed to be not relevant to its fundamental action in this disease.", "contents": "Penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical pharmacology and biochemical properties. The current status of the clinical pharmacology of penicillamine was reviewed. Its indications in the therapy of RA were defined, and current principles of dosage were presented. The autoimmune side effects were discussed in the light of their possible implication with regard to a locus of action of the drug on the immunological system. A comparison was presented of the biochemical properties of penicillamine and 5-thiopyridoxine, another mercaptan compound which appears to demonstrate a penicillamine-like action in patients with RA. It was found that 5-thiopyridoxine did not possess copper chelating properties, it failed to form a mixed disulfide with cystine, it did not induce dermolathyrism in the weanling rat, and it was not a vitamin B6 antagonist. If both of these compounds do work by a common mechanism in RA, then the aforementioned biochemical properties of penicillamine must be presumed to be not relevant to its fundamental action in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:287194", "title": "Penicillamine and collagen metabolism.", "content": "Penicillamine blocks the crosslinking of collagen in man and in all the animal species it has been tested in. At the standard dose in which it is used it binds to the aldehydes present in collagen and prevents them from forming crosslinks. It is more efficient in inhibiting the crosslinking of soft tissues, where the aldehydes are derived from lysine, and less effective in preventing crosslinking of bone, where the aldehydes involved are primarily those derived from hydroxylysine. At very high doses it can inhibit lysyloxidase activity by making Cu unavailable to the enzyme.", "contents": "Penicillamine and collagen metabolism. Penicillamine blocks the crosslinking of collagen in man and in all the animal species it has been tested in. At the standard dose in which it is used it binds to the aldehydes present in collagen and prevents them from forming crosslinks. It is more efficient in inhibiting the crosslinking of soft tissues, where the aldehydes are derived from lysine, and less effective in preventing crosslinking of bone, where the aldehydes involved are primarily those derived from hydroxylysine. At very high doses it can inhibit lysyloxidase activity by making Cu unavailable to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:287200", "title": "Spleen size and chromosome analysis as prognostic factors in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Of 72 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 37 were Ph1 positive, eight were negative, and 27 were not evaluated for the Ph1 chromosome. Of the 37 patients positive for Ph1, 31 had adequate evaluation. These 31 patients were reviewed for survival with reference to spleen size. Seventeen patients with spleens 3 cm or less below the left costal margin had a 50% survival of 75 months, with a mean survival of 53.9 months. Fourteen patients with spleens greater than 3 cm below the left costal margin had a 50% survival of 21 months, with a mean survival of 19 months (P = .0014). It is concluded that small splenic size in CML is associated with longer survival. It may be that this observation should be taken into consideration when considering splenectomy in the management of patients with CML.", "contents": "Spleen size and chromosome analysis as prognostic factors in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Of 72 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), 37 were Ph1 positive, eight were negative, and 27 were not evaluated for the Ph1 chromosome. Of the 37 patients positive for Ph1, 31 had adequate evaluation. These 31 patients were reviewed for survival with reference to spleen size. Seventeen patients with spleens 3 cm or less below the left costal margin had a 50% survival of 75 months, with a mean survival of 53.9 months. Fourteen patients with spleens greater than 3 cm below the left costal margin had a 50% survival of 21 months, with a mean survival of 19 months (P = .0014). It is concluded that small splenic size in CML is associated with longer survival. It may be that this observation should be taken into consideration when considering splenectomy in the management of patients with CML."}
{"id": "PMID:287201", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia: long-term remission in a patient with familial sarcoidosis.", "content": "A patient is described who has chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) and familial sarcoidosis, and who has been in complete remission for six years after a single course of busulfan therapy. Her bone marrow Philadelphia chromosome persists and the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity remains subnormal. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in nine white patients with sarcoidosis were all found to be low. Bone marrow chromosomes from two patients with active sarcoidosis showed no Philadelphia chromosome, but one of them, and our patient with CGL, exhibited a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia: long-term remission in a patient with familial sarcoidosis. A patient is described who has chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) and familial sarcoidosis, and who has been in complete remission for six years after a single course of busulfan therapy. Her bone marrow Philadelphia chromosome persists and the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity remains subnormal. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in nine white patients with sarcoidosis were all found to be low. Bone marrow chromosomes from two patients with active sarcoidosis showed no Philadelphia chromosome, but one of them, and our patient with CGL, exhibited a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9."}
{"id": "PMID:287202", "title": "Protection of the intestine during radiation of the pelvic bone.", "content": "We have given a short course of intensive radiotherapy to two patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the right iliac bone while protecting the intestine by displacement. With the follow-up period now being a year and a half and two years, there is no evidence of injury to the intestine. Insertion of the pack does not require major dissection, and its removal is not traumatic. Both patients had displacement of viscera on the right side, but there is no reason anatomically why this procedure cannot be applied for similar lesions on the left side.", "contents": "Protection of the intestine during radiation of the pelvic bone. We have given a short course of intensive radiotherapy to two patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the right iliac bone while protecting the intestine by displacement. With the follow-up period now being a year and a half and two years, there is no evidence of injury to the intestine. Insertion of the pack does not require major dissection, and its removal is not traumatic. Both patients had displacement of viscera on the right side, but there is no reason anatomically why this procedure cannot be applied for similar lesions on the left side."}
{"id": "PMID:287216", "title": "Excretion of glucose-containing oligosaccharides in urines of orthopedic patients.", "content": "Urinary neutral oligosaccharides of various connective tissue diseases were studied by gel-filtration through Sephadex G--10 after treatments with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Dowex 50 (H+ form) and Dowex 1 (Cl- form), in succession. Increased excretion of urinary glucose-containing oligosaccharides, specifically glucosylgalactose was observed in most of the patients with chondrosarcoma, rheumatoid arthritis, Werner's syndrome, Rothmund Thomson syndrome and Morquio's disease. However, urinary excretion of neutral oligosaccharides in the patients with osteosarcoma and other tumorous conditions, and some systemic disorders in the connective tissues, examined in the present study, showed almost normal values. It is indicated, therefore, that the activity of glucosidase in insufficient for the glucose-containing oligosaccharides produced from the ground substance(s) in the former type connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Excretion of glucose-containing oligosaccharides in urines of orthopedic patients. Urinary neutral oligosaccharides of various connective tissue diseases were studied by gel-filtration through Sephadex G--10 after treatments with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Dowex 50 (H+ form) and Dowex 1 (Cl- form), in succession. Increased excretion of urinary glucose-containing oligosaccharides, specifically glucosylgalactose was observed in most of the patients with chondrosarcoma, rheumatoid arthritis, Werner's syndrome, Rothmund Thomson syndrome and Morquio's disease. However, urinary excretion of neutral oligosaccharides in the patients with osteosarcoma and other tumorous conditions, and some systemic disorders in the connective tissues, examined in the present study, showed almost normal values. It is indicated, therefore, that the activity of glucosidase in insufficient for the glucose-containing oligosaccharides produced from the ground substance(s) in the former type connective tissue diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:287247", "title": "[Fissure contents in rodent molars].", "content": "The fissure contents in rodent molars were examined by means of a stereomicroscope and compared with those in caries-free human molars and premolars. As to colour, consistency and removableness, the fissure contents in the rodent molars were similar to those in human teeth. An orange substance as found in the fissures of human teeth was not detected in the fissures of rodent molars. This fact does not tell against the use of rodent molars as a study model for fissure contents.", "contents": "[Fissure contents in rodent molars]. The fissure contents in rodent molars were examined by means of a stereomicroscope and compared with those in caries-free human molars and premolars. As to colour, consistency and removableness, the fissure contents in the rodent molars were similar to those in human teeth. An orange substance as found in the fissures of human teeth was not detected in the fissures of rodent molars. This fact does not tell against the use of rodent molars as a study model for fissure contents."}
{"id": "PMID:287249", "title": "[Electromyographic studies of the oral region before and after treatment with the function regulator].", "content": "Electromyographic measurements of the activity of the lips were performed on 101 children with dental malocclusions. It was stated that the intensity of the tetanic activities depended on the type of malocclusion. On mouth closing the lower lip was in general more active than the upper lip. Electromyographic examinations before and after treatment with the function regulator showed a considerable decrease in muscular activity compared to the initial values. These results permit to conclude that the function regulator as a training tool in the oral vestibule exerts a beneficial effect on incorrect positions and parafunctions of the muscles of the lips.", "contents": "[Electromyographic studies of the oral region before and after treatment with the function regulator]. Electromyographic measurements of the activity of the lips were performed on 101 children with dental malocclusions. It was stated that the intensity of the tetanic activities depended on the type of malocclusion. On mouth closing the lower lip was in general more active than the upper lip. Electromyographic examinations before and after treatment with the function regulator showed a considerable decrease in muscular activity compared to the initial values. These results permit to conclude that the function regulator as a training tool in the oral vestibule exerts a beneficial effect on incorrect positions and parafunctions of the muscles of the lips."}
{"id": "PMID:287251", "title": "[Dental treatment of kindergarteners at Halle].", "content": "A 3-year longitudinal study on kindergarteners revealed an increase in the number of children having need for dental treatment, from 30.1% in the youngest age-group to 58.7% in the oldest age-group. In the framework of a program of general dental treatment, dental examinations were conducted by stomatologists of Halle on the oldest age-groups. The following results were obtained: children who had received complete dental treatment, 71%; children who had received partial dental treatment, 13%; and children who had received no dental treatment, 16%. As only group treatment will ensure optimal treatment results, whereby the attitude of the kindergarten teachers is of considerable importance, its inclusion in the educational programs of the kindergartens is advocated.", "contents": "[Dental treatment of kindergarteners at Halle]. A 3-year longitudinal study on kindergarteners revealed an increase in the number of children having need for dental treatment, from 30.1% in the youngest age-group to 58.7% in the oldest age-group. In the framework of a program of general dental treatment, dental examinations were conducted by stomatologists of Halle on the oldest age-groups. The following results were obtained: children who had received complete dental treatment, 71%; children who had received partial dental treatment, 13%; and children who had received no dental treatment, 16%. As only group treatment will ensure optimal treatment results, whereby the attitude of the kindergarten teachers is of considerable importance, its inclusion in the educational programs of the kindergartens is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:287253", "title": "[Effect of subjective evaluation on the reproducibility of the gingivitis indices].", "content": "The gingival index, gingivitis score, sulcus bleeding index, PM(A) index, selective gingiva index, periodontal index and periodontal disease index were verified with regard to the effect of subjective evaluation on their reproducibility. The authors studied in particular the utility of these indices in case controls and in the detection of minimal changes in the inflammatory process. Due to the numerical classification, the evaluation of the extent and of the degree of severity of the gingivitis requires an subjective decision and, consequently, the choice of an index depends on the objective of the examination. For the purpose of comparison with biometrical parameters, the authors presented an index (selective gingiva index) elaborated by themselves.", "contents": "[Effect of subjective evaluation on the reproducibility of the gingivitis indices]. The gingival index, gingivitis score, sulcus bleeding index, PM(A) index, selective gingiva index, periodontal index and periodontal disease index were verified with regard to the effect of subjective evaluation on their reproducibility. The authors studied in particular the utility of these indices in case controls and in the detection of minimal changes in the inflammatory process. Due to the numerical classification, the evaluation of the extent and of the degree of severity of the gingivitis requires an subjective decision and, consequently, the choice of an index depends on the objective of the examination. For the purpose of comparison with biometrical parameters, the authors presented an index (selective gingiva index) elaborated by themselves."}
{"id": "PMID:287254", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapy-assessing studies of gingival capillary function by photoplethysmography (preliminary report)].", "content": "In the sense of relation pathology, the local peripheral blood supply plays a decisive role also in periodontal diseases. Thus, the differentiation of local circulatory disturbances is of great importance in diagnosis and early detection as well as in therapeutical decisions. Photoplethysmography is well suited for this purpose, especially in evaluating the curves by determining the time of inclination and the plateau index (if necessary, with resort to the nitrangin test). The indicated method also permits to assess the success of therapeutical measures.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapy-assessing studies of gingival capillary function by photoplethysmography (preliminary report)]. In the sense of relation pathology, the local peripheral blood supply plays a decisive role also in periodontal diseases. Thus, the differentiation of local circulatory disturbances is of great importance in diagnosis and early detection as well as in therapeutical decisions. Photoplethysmography is well suited for this purpose, especially in evaluating the curves by determining the time of inclination and the plateau index (if necessary, with resort to the nitrangin test). The indicated method also permits to assess the success of therapeutical measures."}
{"id": "PMID:287255", "title": "[Microbiological studies in maxillofacial inflammations].", "content": "297 materials from 446 patients with pyogenic infections were microbiologically evaluated. It was stated that Staphylococcus aureus is still the main causative organism (in spite of a downward tendency) and that its penicillin resistance is again increasing. The other gram-positive cocci occurred less frequently as pure cultures and more often as mixed cultures. The gram-negative germs increased with the increase in sensitivity to chemotherapeutical agents. 159 materials remained sterile. It must be assumed that this is in part attributable to anaerobes so far not determined. These results permit to draw the following practice-relevant conclusions: The territorial resistogram determines the use of chemotherapeutical agents; and it seems advisable not to employ penicillin in outpatient practice. Where the use of an antibiotic is indicated, treatment with oxytetracycline or gentamycin should be started.", "contents": "[Microbiological studies in maxillofacial inflammations]. 297 materials from 446 patients with pyogenic infections were microbiologically evaluated. It was stated that Staphylococcus aureus is still the main causative organism (in spite of a downward tendency) and that its penicillin resistance is again increasing. The other gram-positive cocci occurred less frequently as pure cultures and more often as mixed cultures. The gram-negative germs increased with the increase in sensitivity to chemotherapeutical agents. 159 materials remained sterile. It must be assumed that this is in part attributable to anaerobes so far not determined. These results permit to draw the following practice-relevant conclusions: The territorial resistogram determines the use of chemotherapeutical agents; and it seems advisable not to employ penicillin in outpatient practice. Where the use of an antibiotic is indicated, treatment with oxytetracycline or gentamycin should be started."}
{"id": "PMID:287260", "title": "[Comparative materials science studies of Evicrol plastic filling material].", "content": "The water absorption of Evicrol, its hardness, flexural strength and abrasion resistance were measured and compared with the values found for Adaptic and those for Kallocryl A as a non-filled polymethyl methacrylate plastic. The flexural strength and the abrasion resistance of Evicrol amount to those of Adaptic. The hardness of Evicrol falls also short of that of Adaptic. On the contrary, Evicrol behaves quite differently under water. It was found that the amound of water absorbed by Evicrol is some 3-fold greater than that absorbed by Adaptic, and that saturation is reached considerably slower.", "contents": "[Comparative materials science studies of Evicrol plastic filling material]. The water absorption of Evicrol, its hardness, flexural strength and abrasion resistance were measured and compared with the values found for Adaptic and those for Kallocryl A as a non-filled polymethyl methacrylate plastic. The flexural strength and the abrasion resistance of Evicrol amount to those of Adaptic. The hardness of Evicrol falls also short of that of Adaptic. On the contrary, Evicrol behaves quite differently under water. It was found that the amound of water absorbed by Evicrol is some 3-fold greater than that absorbed by Adaptic, and that saturation is reached considerably slower."}
{"id": "PMID:287261", "title": "[Surface problems in preparing Evicrol fillings].", "content": "The polymerization of Evicrol, like that of other composites, is adversely affected by atmospheric oxygen. This negative effect may be avoided by the use of matrices. On filling class V cavities, the utilization of well adaptable cellophane, aluminium and tin foils is justified. To obtain satisfactory results in final polishing, it is necessary to employ polishing disks suited for polishing the anorganic fillers contained in this restorative plastic.", "contents": "[Surface problems in preparing Evicrol fillings]. The polymerization of Evicrol, like that of other composites, is adversely affected by atmospheric oxygen. This negative effect may be avoided by the use of matrices. On filling class V cavities, the utilization of well adaptable cellophane, aluminium and tin foils is justified. To obtain satisfactory results in final polishing, it is necessary to employ polishing disks suited for polishing the anorganic fillers contained in this restorative plastic."}
{"id": "PMID:287262", "title": "[Occurrence of vascular canals in alveolar bone].", "content": "The authors present the results from the investigation of 414 full-mouth X-rays from periodontally diseased individuals for the occurrence of visible bone canals. The frequency, the form the most frequent location and the age-distribution of the vascular canals as well as the possibility of classifying them according to type and severity of the periodontal disease are discussed. Follow-up examinations in 18 patients, on an average 15 years after the first examination, permit the conclusion that the bone canals cannot be influenced by periodontal treatment, and that they are not associated with the periodontal disease.", "contents": "[Occurrence of vascular canals in alveolar bone]. The authors present the results from the investigation of 414 full-mouth X-rays from periodontally diseased individuals for the occurrence of visible bone canals. The frequency, the form the most frequent location and the age-distribution of the vascular canals as well as the possibility of classifying them according to type and severity of the periodontal disease are discussed. Follow-up examinations in 18 patients, on an average 15 years after the first examination, permit the conclusion that the bone canals cannot be influenced by periodontal treatment, and that they are not associated with the periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:287264", "title": "[Interferences with the development of the jaws and teeth in mixed dentition].", "content": "On the basis of results from animal experiments, the authors emphasize a series of factors interfering considerably with tooth eruption. It is dealt with tooth eruption disorders and dental malformations due to premature loss of teeth, fused deciduous teeth, certain dystrophies, submersion of deciduous teeth, dysembryoplasias, and rickets.", "contents": "[Interferences with the development of the jaws and teeth in mixed dentition]. On the basis of results from animal experiments, the authors emphasize a series of factors interfering considerably with tooth eruption. It is dealt with tooth eruption disorders and dental malformations due to premature loss of teeth, fused deciduous teeth, certain dystrophies, submersion of deciduous teeth, dysembryoplasias, and rickets."}
{"id": "PMID:287265", "title": "[Indication for anesthesia treatment in the oral surgery polyclinic].", "content": "On the basis of follow-up examinations in 126 patients, the indications for treatment under general anaesthesia at a maxillofacial clinic are verified, and relevant guidelines are indicated. Oral surgical treatment under general anaesthesia is mainly indicated in mentally defective patients and, if necessary, in over-anxious infants and infants with behaviour disorders.", "contents": "[Indication for anesthesia treatment in the oral surgery polyclinic]. On the basis of follow-up examinations in 126 patients, the indications for treatment under general anaesthesia at a maxillofacial clinic are verified, and relevant guidelines are indicated. Oral surgical treatment under general anaesthesia is mainly indicated in mentally defective patients and, if necessary, in over-anxious infants and infants with behaviour disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:287266", "title": "[Cryotherapy of benign neoplasms of the soft tissues in the maxillofacial area].", "content": "In the light of the relevant literature and of personal studies, the author deals with the possibilities of treating benign neoformations in the maxillofacial region by cryotherapy. The results are discussed from the aspects of cryophysical and cryobiological prerequisites. The extension in depth of the changes is the decisive criterion for cold application.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy of benign neoplasms of the soft tissues in the maxillofacial area]. In the light of the relevant literature and of personal studies, the author deals with the possibilities of treating benign neoformations in the maxillofacial region by cryotherapy. The results are discussed from the aspects of cryophysical and cryobiological prerequisites. The extension in depth of the changes is the decisive criterion for cold application."}
{"id": "PMID:287267", "title": "[Otorhinologic and endoscopic findings in cleft palate patients with special reference to velopharyngoplasty].", "content": "Our findings (190 patients of whom 45 underwent follow-up examination) permit the conclusion that the velopharyngoplasty according to the principle of Sanvenero-Roselli, as modified by Heiner, does not lead to an increase in tympanic findings (preoperatively, 73%; postoperatively, 71%). The evaluation of the results from tube function testing by means of the pressure difference method reveals an improvement in tuber aeration (preoperatively, 76% of pathological results of the hearing test; postoperatively, 55.6%). This is attributed to a functional improvement of the velopharyngeal mechanisms after velopharyngoplasty. The use of postrhinoscopic nasal endoscopy in the cleft patient and the results obtained are dealth with. The procedure permits to investigate the functional processes in the velopharyngeal region under the conditions of phonation.", "contents": "[Otorhinologic and endoscopic findings in cleft palate patients with special reference to velopharyngoplasty]. Our findings (190 patients of whom 45 underwent follow-up examination) permit the conclusion that the velopharyngoplasty according to the principle of Sanvenero-Roselli, as modified by Heiner, does not lead to an increase in tympanic findings (preoperatively, 73%; postoperatively, 71%). The evaluation of the results from tube function testing by means of the pressure difference method reveals an improvement in tuber aeration (preoperatively, 76% of pathological results of the hearing test; postoperatively, 55.6%). This is attributed to a functional improvement of the velopharyngeal mechanisms after velopharyngoplasty. The use of postrhinoscopic nasal endoscopy in the cleft patient and the results obtained are dealth with. The procedure permits to investigate the functional processes in the velopharyngeal region under the conditions of phonation."}
{"id": "PMID:287268", "title": "[Experience with the advanced training of the dental specialist for general stomatology].", "content": "In the urban area of Dresden, the need for continuing education and the programming of the advanced training for the diploma of dentist specialized in general stomatology were analyzed. It was stated that the introduction of the program of advanced training for the diploma of dentist specialized in general stomatology has led to the conceptual and methodological improvement of the educational and training processes. Nevertheless, it became evident that the responsible stomatologists have still to improve the management of the continuing education process.", "contents": "[Experience with the advanced training of the dental specialist for general stomatology]. In the urban area of Dresden, the need for continuing education and the programming of the advanced training for the diploma of dentist specialized in general stomatology were analyzed. It was stated that the introduction of the program of advanced training for the diploma of dentist specialized in general stomatology has led to the conceptual and methodological improvement of the educational and training processes. Nevertheless, it became evident that the responsible stomatologists have still to improve the management of the continuing education process."}
{"id": "PMID:287274", "title": "Engraftment with chronic granulocytic leukemia cells in acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "A deliberate engraftment with nonirradiated chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) cells was performed in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at a time when he was resistant to cytotoxic drug chemotherapy, pancytopenic and developed an infection. The CGL engraftment was confirmed by the presence of a Ph1-positive donor clone in the recipient's bone marrow and by the pattern of colony growth of the recipient's bone-marrow cells cultured in vitro. Bone marrow engraftment in the host helped in the resolution of infection and permitted the administration of further cytotoxic drugs, as a result of which a remission of AML occurred.", "contents": "Engraftment with chronic granulocytic leukemia cells in acute myeloid leukemia. A deliberate engraftment with nonirradiated chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) cells was performed in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at a time when he was resistant to cytotoxic drug chemotherapy, pancytopenic and developed an infection. The CGL engraftment was confirmed by the presence of a Ph1-positive donor clone in the recipient's bone marrow and by the pattern of colony growth of the recipient's bone-marrow cells cultured in vitro. Bone marrow engraftment in the host helped in the resolution of infection and permitted the administration of further cytotoxic drugs, as a result of which a remission of AML occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:287284", "title": "Primary renal osteosarcoma.", "content": "A recent case of primary osteosarcoma of the kidney prompted a review of the literature for this rare malignancy. Six cases have been recorded, and this case represents the seventh. The clinical and pathologic features of this lethal tumor are discussed. The presentation of flank pain, gross hematuria, a palpable mass, and a localized parenchymal calcification on x-ray film should alert the clinician to the possibility of renal osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Primary renal osteosarcoma. A recent case of primary osteosarcoma of the kidney prompted a review of the literature for this rare malignancy. Six cases have been recorded, and this case represents the seventh. The clinical and pathologic features of this lethal tumor are discussed. The presentation of flank pain, gross hematuria, a palpable mass, and a localized parenchymal calcification on x-ray film should alert the clinician to the possibility of renal osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:287306", "title": "[Quantitative and electron microscope study of the nerve in seven cases of sporadic idiopathic sensory neuropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "An electron microscope study and quantitation of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of seven nerve biopsies performed in sporadic cases of idiopathic sensory neuropathy is reported. The number of myelinated fibers is markedly decreased or absent in every case. On the contrary, the unmyelinated fiber numbers are normal or increased. In most cases, the small diameter myelinated and unmyelinated fibers proportions are higher than those of control biopsies. The electron microscope study discloses evidence of degeneration of Wallerian tye and regeneration is also indicated by quantitative studies. Regenerative phenomena seen more obvious in sporadic cases than in previously reported studies of familial cases.", "contents": "[Quantitative and electron microscope study of the nerve in seven cases of sporadic idiopathic sensory neuropathy (author's transl)]. An electron microscope study and quantitation of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of seven nerve biopsies performed in sporadic cases of idiopathic sensory neuropathy is reported. The number of myelinated fibers is markedly decreased or absent in every case. On the contrary, the unmyelinated fiber numbers are normal or increased. In most cases, the small diameter myelinated and unmyelinated fibers proportions are higher than those of control biopsies. The electron microscope study discloses evidence of degeneration of Wallerian tye and regeneration is also indicated by quantitative studies. Regenerative phenomena seen more obvious in sporadic cases than in previously reported studies of familial cases."}
{"id": "PMID:287308", "title": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part I: Radiographic visualization of the epidural catheters.", "content": "Two groups, each consisting of 20 parturients, were given a continuous infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine into the epidural space for pain relief, after test and loading doses. The analgesic effect was registered during labor. After delivery the course of the catheters in the epidural space was investigated radiologically. In the first group long catheters (mean 16.5 cm from the skin surface) and in the second group short catheters (mean 10.5 cm) were used. The medial approach in the epidural space was varied between the first and second lumbar interspaces. The relationship between the position of the catheter tip and the degree of analgesia was also studied. In two mothers with fetus mortuus ante partum, the spread of a radiopaque dye solution was followed during labor. Through the force of gravity and the mothers position, the spread of solution covered three segments within 30 minutes. It was concluded, that slow infusion of local anesthetic solution gives satisfactory pain relief if the catheter is inserted into the first lumbar interspace to a depth of 10--12 cm from the skin surface ending close to the Th12 level. Gradual raising of the mother from the supine to the semirecumbent position and regular change of sides during mini-infusion is important for an even spread of the analgesic solution and analgasia.", "contents": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part I: Radiographic visualization of the epidural catheters. Two groups, each consisting of 20 parturients, were given a continuous infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine into the epidural space for pain relief, after test and loading doses. The analgesic effect was registered during labor. After delivery the course of the catheters in the epidural space was investigated radiologically. In the first group long catheters (mean 16.5 cm from the skin surface) and in the second group short catheters (mean 10.5 cm) were used. The medial approach in the epidural space was varied between the first and second lumbar interspaces. The relationship between the position of the catheter tip and the degree of analgesia was also studied. In two mothers with fetus mortuus ante partum, the spread of a radiopaque dye solution was followed during labor. Through the force of gravity and the mothers position, the spread of solution covered three segments within 30 minutes. It was concluded, that slow infusion of local anesthetic solution gives satisfactory pain relief if the catheter is inserted into the first lumbar interspace to a depth of 10--12 cm from the skin surface ending close to the Th12 level. Gradual raising of the mother from the supine to the semirecumbent position and regular change of sides during mini-infusion is important for an even spread of the analgesic solution and analgasia."}
{"id": "PMID:287309", "title": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part II: Blood concentration of bupivacaine.", "content": "Mini-infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine plain into the epidural space was used in 16 healthy women for pain relief during labor. After a loading dose, continuous administration was ensured by using an automatic pump at an infusion rate of 5 or 8 ml per hour. Maternal venous blood concentrations of bupivacaine were determined 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the loading dose. Further samples were taken hourly until delivery. Fetal blood concentrations were determined from fetal scalp blood during mini-infusion, and from umbilical venous blood at delivery. Maternal blood levels averaged 206 ng/ml. The maximum concentration (604 ng/ml) did not exceed 30 per cent of the toxic level. The blood concentration of bupivacaine did not tend to increase during the course of continuous infusion. Tachyphylaxis could not be detected statistically. The fetal blood concentration during blockade averaged 58 ng/ml, giving a feto-maternal ratio of 0.28. The neonatal-maternal ratio, calculated from the umbilical venous blood, was 0.32. With a shift of the acid-base status towards acidosis in the neonate, the ration of bupivacaine slightly increased. Absence of maternal hypotension as well as absence of fetal heart irregularities during infusion may be attributed to the low and stable blood concentration of bupivacaine. The mean Apgar score was 9.5 at one minute and 9.9 at five minutes. The maternal arterial acid-base balance at delivery was normal. The fetal acid-base status at delivery showed wide variation, without any relation to the Apgar score or the total dose of bupivacaine. It is concluded that continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine by means of an automatic pump has advantages over intermittent administration.", "contents": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part II: Blood concentration of bupivacaine. Mini-infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine plain into the epidural space was used in 16 healthy women for pain relief during labor. After a loading dose, continuous administration was ensured by using an automatic pump at an infusion rate of 5 or 8 ml per hour. Maternal venous blood concentrations of bupivacaine were determined 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the loading dose. Further samples were taken hourly until delivery. Fetal blood concentrations were determined from fetal scalp blood during mini-infusion, and from umbilical venous blood at delivery. Maternal blood levels averaged 206 ng/ml. The maximum concentration (604 ng/ml) did not exceed 30 per cent of the toxic level. The blood concentration of bupivacaine did not tend to increase during the course of continuous infusion. Tachyphylaxis could not be detected statistically. The fetal blood concentration during blockade averaged 58 ng/ml, giving a feto-maternal ratio of 0.28. The neonatal-maternal ratio, calculated from the umbilical venous blood, was 0.32. With a shift of the acid-base status towards acidosis in the neonate, the ration of bupivacaine slightly increased. Absence of maternal hypotension as well as absence of fetal heart irregularities during infusion may be attributed to the low and stable blood concentration of bupivacaine. The mean Apgar score was 9.5 at one minute and 9.9 at five minutes. The maternal arterial acid-base balance at delivery was normal. The fetal acid-base status at delivery showed wide variation, without any relation to the Apgar score or the total dose of bupivacaine. It is concluded that continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine by means of an automatic pump has advantages over intermittent administration."}
{"id": "PMID:287310", "title": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part III: A clinical study of 225 patients.", "content": "Obstetric analgesia was accomplished by segmental continuous blockade in 225 women. The technique involved automatic pump infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine solution into the epidural space at a rate of 5 ml per hour after initial doses of 2 and 5 ml bupivacaine. If the analgesia was insufficient one or two single injections of 5 ml of bupivacaine were added. Statistical evaluation of the results could be carried out for 218 women, 158 of whom were nulliparae and 60 multiparae. Fully satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 96 per cent of the nulliparae and 88 per cent of the multiparae in the first stage of labor. In the second stage of labor 46 per cent of the mothers were given pudendal blockade to maintain statisfactory analgesia. The positioning of the patient in the first stage of labor from supine to semirecumbent was of importance to spread the analgesic agent caudally, to the sacral nerve roots, and to control the pain due to stretching of the vagina and perineum. In the total material 17 per cent of the neonates were delivered by vacuum extraction. When the infusion into the epidural space was started in early labor, the incidence of vacuum extraction was 9 per cent, as compared with 38 per cent when it was started at 6 cm cervical dilatation or later (p less than 0.01). 9.8 per cent of the neonates were delivered by cesarean section. Fetal head malposition occurred in 8.7 per cent. A drop in blood pressure was noted in 7 per cent of the women. The condition of the newborn was unaffected by the analgesia. The mini-infusion system minimized the risk for infection. The danger in case of accidental intravascular injection was reduced, due to slowly administered bupivacaine. At the maternity department this technique has created a positive attitude towards epidural blockade, as midwives and doctors have found it safe and easy.", "contents": "Continuous mini-infusion of bupivacaine into the epidural space during labor. Part III: A clinical study of 225 patients. Obstetric analgesia was accomplished by segmental continuous blockade in 225 women. The technique involved automatic pump infusion of 0.25 per cent bupivacaine solution into the epidural space at a rate of 5 ml per hour after initial doses of 2 and 5 ml bupivacaine. If the analgesia was insufficient one or two single injections of 5 ml of bupivacaine were added. Statistical evaluation of the results could be carried out for 218 women, 158 of whom were nulliparae and 60 multiparae. Fully satisfactory analgesia was achieved in 96 per cent of the nulliparae and 88 per cent of the multiparae in the first stage of labor. In the second stage of labor 46 per cent of the mothers were given pudendal blockade to maintain statisfactory analgesia. The positioning of the patient in the first stage of labor from supine to semirecumbent was of importance to spread the analgesic agent caudally, to the sacral nerve roots, and to control the pain due to stretching of the vagina and perineum. In the total material 17 per cent of the neonates were delivered by vacuum extraction. When the infusion into the epidural space was started in early labor, the incidence of vacuum extraction was 9 per cent, as compared with 38 per cent when it was started at 6 cm cervical dilatation or later (p less than 0.01). 9.8 per cent of the neonates were delivered by cesarean section. Fetal head malposition occurred in 8.7 per cent. A drop in blood pressure was noted in 7 per cent of the women. The condition of the newborn was unaffected by the analgesia. The mini-infusion system minimized the risk for infection. The danger in case of accidental intravascular injection was reduced, due to slowly administered bupivacaine. At the maternity department this technique has created a positive attitude towards epidural blockade, as midwives and doctors have found it safe and easy."}
{"id": "PMID:287313", "title": "Ripening of the cervix and induction of labor in patients at term by single intracervical application of prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel.", "content": "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in a viscous gel was deposited intracervically to 115 patients at term with an unripe cervix. 45 of these patients were given a single dose of 1.0 mg PGE2, whereas the remaining 70 received only half that dose, i.e. 0.5 mg. Irrespective of dose greater than 60 per cent of the patients were induced into labor and delivered without further stimulation within less than 24 hours. The mean induction delivery time was 10 hours. In the remaining patients a considerable ripening of the cervix was registered. Hypercontractility did occur in one patient given 1.0 mg PGE2, otherwise no maternal side effects were observed. There were no adverse effects on the fetuses. The number of instrumental deliveries was 19 per cent including 9 per cent cesarean sections. It is concluded that locally applied PGE2-gel can be used to produce ripening of the cervix and/or induce labor in patients at term with an unripe cervix. Since there was practically no difference in efficiency between the two doses but one case of hyperstimulation in patients given 1.0 mg PGE2, the smaller dose, i.e. 0.5 mg is recommended.", "contents": "Ripening of the cervix and induction of labor in patients at term by single intracervical application of prostaglandin E2 in viscous gel. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suspended in a viscous gel was deposited intracervically to 115 patients at term with an unripe cervix. 45 of these patients were given a single dose of 1.0 mg PGE2, whereas the remaining 70 received only half that dose, i.e. 0.5 mg. Irrespective of dose greater than 60 per cent of the patients were induced into labor and delivered without further stimulation within less than 24 hours. The mean induction delivery time was 10 hours. In the remaining patients a considerable ripening of the cervix was registered. Hypercontractility did occur in one patient given 1.0 mg PGE2, otherwise no maternal side effects were observed. There were no adverse effects on the fetuses. The number of instrumental deliveries was 19 per cent including 9 per cent cesarean sections. It is concluded that locally applied PGE2-gel can be used to produce ripening of the cervix and/or induce labor in patients at term with an unripe cervix. Since there was practically no difference in efficiency between the two doses but one case of hyperstimulation in patients given 1.0 mg PGE2, the smaller dose, i.e. 0.5 mg is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:287314", "title": "Aspects on ripening of the cervix and induction of labor by intracervical application of PGE2 in viscous gel.", "content": "In this survey the effect of intracervically applied prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the pregnant uterus is outlined. It is concluded that PGE2 decreases cervical resistance and stimulates the myometrium to contract. In small doses (0.25 mg and 0.5 mg) PGE2 produces a rapid and prominent ripening of the cervix without systemic side effects and indepedent of prominent uterine contractions. Prostaglandin E2 applied intracervically in viscous gel seems to be superior to previously used methods for treatment of patients with an unfavorable cervical state.", "contents": "Aspects on ripening of the cervix and induction of labor by intracervical application of PGE2 in viscous gel. In this survey the effect of intracervically applied prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the pregnant uterus is outlined. It is concluded that PGE2 decreases cervical resistance and stimulates the myometrium to contract. In small doses (0.25 mg and 0.5 mg) PGE2 produces a rapid and prominent ripening of the cervix without systemic side effects and indepedent of prominent uterine contractions. Prostaglandin E2 applied intracervically in viscous gel seems to be superior to previously used methods for treatment of patients with an unfavorable cervical state."}
{"id": "PMID:287315", "title": "Noise-induced hearing loss in Danish brewery workers.", "content": "An original computer-fitted diagnosis system for registration of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is presented and compared with the tested persons' subjective hardness of hearing. Among 6 904 brewery workers it was found that people below 40 years only contract little NIHL during the first 5 years of noise exposure. The NIHL after more than 5 years of noise exposure is of the same magnitude as the hearing loss resulting from 10--20 years of age. The NIHL in older age groups was of a minor degree. Permanent use of hearing protectors was associated with good hearing, but the data suggest that good hearing might be the cause and not the effect of the use of hearing protection.", "contents": "Noise-induced hearing loss in Danish brewery workers. An original computer-fitted diagnosis system for registration of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is presented and compared with the tested persons' subjective hardness of hearing. Among 6 904 brewery workers it was found that people below 40 years only contract little NIHL during the first 5 years of noise exposure. The NIHL after more than 5 years of noise exposure is of the same magnitude as the hearing loss resulting from 10--20 years of age. The NIHL in older age groups was of a minor degree. Permanent use of hearing protectors was associated with good hearing, but the data suggest that good hearing might be the cause and not the effect of the use of hearing protection."}
{"id": "PMID:287316", "title": "Comparison between stationary and personal noise dose measuring systems.", "content": "In most of the investigations which have been made to survey occupational noise, a stationary sound level meter has been used either alone, or in combination with a stationary dosimeter. In this investigation, which was performed in a ship-building yard, an ear-borne noise dosimeter has been used. The Leq values which were obtained have been compared with those of the pocket-borne dosimeters. In many processes, considerable differences exist between pocket-borne and ear-borne dosimeters.", "contents": "Comparison between stationary and personal noise dose measuring systems. In most of the investigations which have been made to survey occupational noise, a stationary sound level meter has been used either alone, or in combination with a stationary dosimeter. In this investigation, which was performed in a ship-building yard, an ear-borne noise dosimeter has been used. The Leq values which were obtained have been compared with those of the pocket-borne dosimeters. In many processes, considerable differences exist between pocket-borne and ear-borne dosimeters."}
{"id": "PMID:287317", "title": "Speech intelligibility in and speech interference levels of traffic noise in hearing-impaired and normal listeners.", "content": "Speech intelligibility (phonetically balanced monosyllables = PB words) in traffic-like noise (random noise) as well as the speech interference levels (75% intelligibility) of this noise were investigated in three common listening situations, two indoors and one outdoors. A total of 279 persons were examined; 56 had normal hearing, 90 a presbycusic-type hearing loss, 95 noise-induced hearing loss, and 38 conductive hearing loss. In the indoor situation the hearing-impaired groups mainly retained their intelligibility in 40 dBA. Lowering of the noise level to less than 40 dBA resulted in only a minor, mostly insignificant improvement in speech intelligibility. Normal-hearing listeners maintained good speech intelligibility in the outdoor listening situation with noise levels up to 60 dBA, without lip-reading. For hearing-impaired groups, representing more than 1/2 million (8% of the population) people in Sweden, with hearing loss due to age and/or noise, the noise level outdoors must be lowered to 45 dBA in order to achieve good speech intelligibility at 1 m, without lip-reading.", "contents": "Speech intelligibility in and speech interference levels of traffic noise in hearing-impaired and normal listeners. Speech intelligibility (phonetically balanced monosyllables = PB words) in traffic-like noise (random noise) as well as the speech interference levels (75% intelligibility) of this noise were investigated in three common listening situations, two indoors and one outdoors. A total of 279 persons were examined; 56 had normal hearing, 90 a presbycusic-type hearing loss, 95 noise-induced hearing loss, and 38 conductive hearing loss. In the indoor situation the hearing-impaired groups mainly retained their intelligibility in 40 dBA. Lowering of the noise level to less than 40 dBA resulted in only a minor, mostly insignificant improvement in speech intelligibility. Normal-hearing listeners maintained good speech intelligibility in the outdoor listening situation with noise levels up to 60 dBA, without lip-reading. For hearing-impaired groups, representing more than 1/2 million (8% of the population) people in Sweden, with hearing loss due to age and/or noise, the noise level outdoors must be lowered to 45 dBA in order to achieve good speech intelligibility at 1 m, without lip-reading."}
{"id": "PMID:287318", "title": "Binaural hearing spectacles with \"no mould\" by acoustic trauma.", "content": "Patients with selective hearing loss in the trebles, as commonly seen in acoustic trauma, often have a considerable hearing handicap. They seldom benefit from the usual hearing aids with closed ear moulds. When Ewertsen (1970) and Cortois (1972) reported their experiences with binaural fitting of hearing spectacles, using a free plastic tube in the ear canal (\"no mould\"), we at the Hearing Centre in Namsos began to fit such hearing aids to 33 patients with acoustic traumas. All of them were followed-up in February--March 1978. The results have been evaluated on the basis of answers from the patients entered on questionnaires, and speech audiometry in open field, monosyllable, with 60 dB wide-band background noise. 27 patients (80%) stated that they were greatly satisfied, and 7 (20%) well satisfied. The average daily use was 4 1/2 hrs. All of the patients emphasized the great benefit obtained with the hearing aid at conferences, meetings, social occasions, etc. The average hearing gain was 13 dB. Among those who had discrimination loss there was an average gain of 30% .", "contents": "Binaural hearing spectacles with \"no mould\" by acoustic trauma. Patients with selective hearing loss in the trebles, as commonly seen in acoustic trauma, often have a considerable hearing handicap. They seldom benefit from the usual hearing aids with closed ear moulds. When Ewertsen (1970) and Cortois (1972) reported their experiences with binaural fitting of hearing spectacles, using a free plastic tube in the ear canal (\"no mould\"), we at the Hearing Centre in Namsos began to fit such hearing aids to 33 patients with acoustic traumas. All of them were followed-up in February--March 1978. The results have been evaluated on the basis of answers from the patients entered on questionnaires, and speech audiometry in open field, monosyllable, with 60 dB wide-band background noise. 27 patients (80%) stated that they were greatly satisfied, and 7 (20%) well satisfied. The average daily use was 4 1/2 hrs. All of the patients emphasized the great benefit obtained with the hearing aid at conferences, meetings, social occasions, etc. The average hearing gain was 13 dB. Among those who had discrimination loss there was an average gain of 30% ."}
{"id": "PMID:287319", "title": "The noise protection effect of the stapedius reflex.", "content": "The purpose was to estimate the attenuation and protection effect of the acoustic stapedius reflex on the inner ear. The acoustic stapedius reflex was recorded by means of extratympanic manometry (ETM). This method was used, as it is able to differ between the stapedius and the tensor reflex. Patients with unilateral Bell's palsy were investigated during palsy time and after recovery. The amplitude of the contralateral acoustic stapedius reflex was used as a relative measure of the excitation of the cochlea on the affected side. The attenuation effect, 20 dB above the reflex threshold, was approximately 15 dB for all tested patients. After the ETM investigation a temporary threshold shift was shown on the affected side (average 34 dB). The hearing threshold on the healthy side was unchanged. Thus the attenuation effect of the acoustic stapedius reflex protects the inner ear from an acoustic damage. A protection effect of the tensor tympani was not demonstrated.", "contents": "The noise protection effect of the stapedius reflex. The purpose was to estimate the attenuation and protection effect of the acoustic stapedius reflex on the inner ear. The acoustic stapedius reflex was recorded by means of extratympanic manometry (ETM). This method was used, as it is able to differ between the stapedius and the tensor reflex. Patients with unilateral Bell's palsy were investigated during palsy time and after recovery. The amplitude of the contralateral acoustic stapedius reflex was used as a relative measure of the excitation of the cochlea on the affected side. The attenuation effect, 20 dB above the reflex threshold, was approximately 15 dB for all tested patients. After the ETM investigation a temporary threshold shift was shown on the affected side (average 34 dB). The hearing threshold on the healthy side was unchanged. Thus the attenuation effect of the acoustic stapedius reflex protects the inner ear from an acoustic damage. A protection effect of the tensor tympani was not demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:287320", "title": "The effect of the stapedius reflex on attenuation and poststimulatory auditory fatigue at different frequencies.", "content": "The effect of the stapedius reflex on attenuation was measured in patients with unilateral facial palsy (Bell's palsy) and stapedius muscle paralysis. Poststimulatory auditory fatigue was determined in the same patients and in a group of normal test subjects with a normal bilateral stapedius muscle function. The attenuation for a 0.5 kHz tone was found to begin at the reflex threshold, to increase about 7 dB per a 10 dB increase in the stimulus tone and to reach a maximum in the vicinity of 20 dB. When a 2.0 kHz tone was used, no attenuation of note appeared until the sound had risen to about 10 dB above reflex threshold. The attenuation reached a maximum at a little less than 10 dB. A properly functioning stapedius muscle significantly reduced poststimulatory auditory fatigue at 0.75 kHz while at 3.0 kHz, it could do so only if it was stimulated into action by low-frequency noise.", "contents": "The effect of the stapedius reflex on attenuation and poststimulatory auditory fatigue at different frequencies. The effect of the stapedius reflex on attenuation was measured in patients with unilateral facial palsy (Bell's palsy) and stapedius muscle paralysis. Poststimulatory auditory fatigue was determined in the same patients and in a group of normal test subjects with a normal bilateral stapedius muscle function. The attenuation for a 0.5 kHz tone was found to begin at the reflex threshold, to increase about 7 dB per a 10 dB increase in the stimulus tone and to reach a maximum in the vicinity of 20 dB. When a 2.0 kHz tone was used, no attenuation of note appeared until the sound had risen to about 10 dB above reflex threshold. The attenuation reached a maximum at a little less than 10 dB. A properly functioning stapedius muscle significantly reduced poststimulatory auditory fatigue at 0.75 kHz while at 3.0 kHz, it could do so only if it was stimulated into action by low-frequency noise."}
{"id": "PMID:287321", "title": "Nasocytologic examination of wood industry workers.", "content": "To establish a methodology for field examination for early diagnosis of ethmoidal cancer in workers in the furniture industry, two methods were compared, namely nasal rinsing and direct sample-taking from the middle meatus. The latter method proved superior, resulting in a high number of cylinder cells. This method was tried out in a field survey of 715 furniture workers. No tumours of precancerous changes were revealed. The investigation continues, by exposing the Syrian golden hamster to wood-dust and using, amongst other methods, quantitative nuclear morphometry for evaluation.", "contents": "Nasocytologic examination of wood industry workers. To establish a methodology for field examination for early diagnosis of ethmoidal cancer in workers in the furniture industry, two methods were compared, namely nasal rinsing and direct sample-taking from the middle meatus. The latter method proved superior, resulting in a high number of cylinder cells. This method was tried out in a field survey of 715 furniture workers. No tumours of precancerous changes were revealed. The investigation continues, by exposing the Syrian golden hamster to wood-dust and using, amongst other methods, quantitative nuclear morphometry for evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:287324", "title": "Occupational etiology and nasal cancer. An internordic project.", "content": "Reports from Britain and other countries have shown an increased frequency of adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses among workers exposed to fine wood dust. With support from the Nordic Council a joint project has been launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to single out occupations and exposures possibly associated with nasal cancer. The project is a prospective case-referent study with matched control cases of colon cnacer. Each new case of malignant eipthelial tumour of the nose and sinuses reported to the individual national cancer registries is interviewed concerning previous occupational exposures according to the program. The estimated duration of data collection is two years. This type of joint study is new to the Nordic countries and we hope to gain valuable experience in order to improve cooperation within this type of medical research. A retrospective study in Sweden has shown that 50% of all male cases of nasal adenocarcinoma from 1960 to 1972 were joiners, most of them cabinet makers. The duration of exposure to fine wood dust was known in 21 of 22 cases. The latency period varied from 22 to 70 years, with a mean value of 44.7 years. The exposure period varied from 9 to more than 30 years. The results correspond to those reported from Britain and Denmark.", "contents": "Occupational etiology and nasal cancer. An internordic project. Reports from Britain and other countries have shown an increased frequency of adenocarcinoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses among workers exposed to fine wood dust. With support from the Nordic Council a joint project has been launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to single out occupations and exposures possibly associated with nasal cancer. The project is a prospective case-referent study with matched control cases of colon cnacer. Each new case of malignant eipthelial tumour of the nose and sinuses reported to the individual national cancer registries is interviewed concerning previous occupational exposures according to the program. The estimated duration of data collection is two years. This type of joint study is new to the Nordic countries and we hope to gain valuable experience in order to improve cooperation within this type of medical research. A retrospective study in Sweden has shown that 50% of all male cases of nasal adenocarcinoma from 1960 to 1972 were joiners, most of them cabinet makers. The duration of exposure to fine wood dust was known in 21 of 22 cases. The latency period varied from 22 to 70 years, with a mean value of 44.7 years. The exposure period varied from 9 to more than 30 years. The results correspond to those reported from Britain and Denmark."}
{"id": "PMID:287325", "title": "Diagnostic procedures in chronic rhinitis.", "content": "Various methods of diagnosing allergic factors in chronic rhinitis are discussed. Among the procedures which aim at detecting specific allergens, i.e. skin testing, RAST, and nasal provocation tests, the last mentioned, as they are performed directly on the shock organ, have so far been found to give the most accurate picture of clinically dominant allergens and of the intensity and character of the rhinitis. However, information obtained by analysing the correlations between different procedures is not unanimous. As long as test techniques and allergen extracts have not been standardized, one particular test cannot be recommended as the method of choice.", "contents": "Diagnostic procedures in chronic rhinitis. Various methods of diagnosing allergic factors in chronic rhinitis are discussed. Among the procedures which aim at detecting specific allergens, i.e. skin testing, RAST, and nasal provocation tests, the last mentioned, as they are performed directly on the shock organ, have so far been found to give the most accurate picture of clinically dominant allergens and of the intensity and character of the rhinitis. However, information obtained by analysing the correlations between different procedures is not unanimous. As long as test techniques and allergen extracts have not been standardized, one particular test cannot be recommended as the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:287326", "title": "Mucus production in the nasal sinuses.", "content": "The density of goblet cells and glands was determined in the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, and sphenoidal sinuses. Goblet cells showed the highest density in the maxillary sinuses. 9700 per mm2, while in the other sinuses their density was approximately the same, from 5 900 to 6 500 cell per mm2. The density of glands was highest in the ethmoids, 0.5 gland/mm2, then in the maxillary sinuses, viz. 0.2 gland/mm2, while in the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses it was very low, 0.08 and 0.06 gland/mm2 respectively.", "contents": "Mucus production in the nasal sinuses. The density of goblet cells and glands was determined in the maxillary, ethmoidal, frontal, and sphenoidal sinuses. Goblet cells showed the highest density in the maxillary sinuses. 9700 per mm2, while in the other sinuses their density was approximately the same, from 5 900 to 6 500 cell per mm2. The density of glands was highest in the ethmoids, 0.5 gland/mm2, then in the maxillary sinuses, viz. 0.2 gland/mm2, while in the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses it was very low, 0.08 and 0.06 gland/mm2 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:287327", "title": "A population study of otitis media in childhood.", "content": "A total of 494 children with an average age of 3 1/2 years were studied with a view to elucidating the frequency of both acute and secretory otitis media and their relationship, if any, to a number of social factors. Of the children, 41% had had at least one attack of otitis media, in 49% of these associated with aural discharge. 70% of the children were attending day-care centres, and the incidence of otitis media was highest in this group. According to Jerger's classification of the tympanometric curves, 51% of these were of type A, 17% of type B, and 32% of type C. Significantly higher frequencies of types B and C curves were found among children attending day-care centres.", "contents": "A population study of otitis media in childhood. A total of 494 children with an average age of 3 1/2 years were studied with a view to elucidating the frequency of both acute and secretory otitis media and their relationship, if any, to a number of social factors. Of the children, 41% had had at least one attack of otitis media, in 49% of these associated with aural discharge. 70% of the children were attending day-care centres, and the incidence of otitis media was highest in this group. According to Jerger's classification of the tympanometric curves, 51% of these were of type A, 17% of type B, and 32% of type C. Significantly higher frequencies of types B and C curves were found among children attending day-care centres."}
{"id": "PMID:287328", "title": "Inflammatory middle ear diseases in patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "111 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), aged 7 months to 29 years, were examined to detect inflammatory middle ear diseases. 35% had a history of one or more attacks of acute otitis media, an incidence at the same level as in non-CF patients. None had chronic suppurative otitis. Only 4 out of the 88 patients able to cooperate in audiometry had a hearing impairment. In 2, the hearing loss was perceptive, in 3 very mild, and in the fourth case, moderately severe. The middle ear pressure was measured in 108 patients, in 86 of whom it proved normal. In 15 patients the middle ear pressure was lower than--100 mmH2O, indicating tubal occlusion, and in 7 patients the impedance minimum was lacking, indicating an accumulation of mucus. These 7 patients (6%) had secretory otitis media. Nasal polyps were or had been present in 32%. There was no correlation between nasal polyps and tubal occlusion or secretory otitis. The incidence of inflammatory middle ear diseases in CF patients was in the same range as in non-CF patients, a finding at variance with some previous investigations showing middle ear pathology in 25--48%.", "contents": "Inflammatory middle ear diseases in patients with cystic fibrosis. 111 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), aged 7 months to 29 years, were examined to detect inflammatory middle ear diseases. 35% had a history of one or more attacks of acute otitis media, an incidence at the same level as in non-CF patients. None had chronic suppurative otitis. Only 4 out of the 88 patients able to cooperate in audiometry had a hearing impairment. In 2, the hearing loss was perceptive, in 3 very mild, and in the fourth case, moderately severe. The middle ear pressure was measured in 108 patients, in 86 of whom it proved normal. In 15 patients the middle ear pressure was lower than--100 mmH2O, indicating tubal occlusion, and in 7 patients the impedance minimum was lacking, indicating an accumulation of mucus. These 7 patients (6%) had secretory otitis media. Nasal polyps were or had been present in 32%. There was no correlation between nasal polyps and tubal occlusion or secretory otitis. The incidence of inflammatory middle ear diseases in CF patients was in the same range as in non-CF patients, a finding at variance with some previous investigations showing middle ear pathology in 25--48%."}
{"id": "PMID:287329", "title": "Middle ear mechanics and Eustachian tube function in tympanoplasty.", "content": "In 100 patients with chronic otitis media, tubal function and volume was tested before operation. In a postoperative study on hearing and healing there was no positive correlation between these findings and the preoperative results. In 50 patients with healed ear drums, tubal function was retested in a pressure chamber with a flow volume technique. An improvement in Eustachian tube function could be demonstrated. These findings indicate that poor tubal function in chronic otitis media might be secondary to other factors responsible for the disease.", "contents": "Middle ear mechanics and Eustachian tube function in tympanoplasty. In 100 patients with chronic otitis media, tubal function and volume was tested before operation. In a postoperative study on hearing and healing there was no positive correlation between these findings and the preoperative results. In 50 patients with healed ear drums, tubal function was retested in a pressure chamber with a flow volume technique. An improvement in Eustachian tube function could be demonstrated. These findings indicate that poor tubal function in chronic otitis media might be secondary to other factors responsible for the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:287330", "title": "Middle ear pressure following tympanoplasty for various middle ear diseases. Pressure related to follow-up period and retractions.", "content": "In 512 ears with various middle ear diseases, the middle ear pressure was measured a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 10 years after tympanoplasty. The findings were related to the length of the follow-up period and to retractions of the drum and/or in the epitympanum. The tympanometric findings were best in sequelae to otitis with dry perforations, poorest in cholesteatomas and adhesive otitis. Tubal function had not further deteriorated 4 years after the operation. There was a highly significant correlation between the middle ear pressure and the frequency of retractions, which also does not essentially increase--except in the cholesteatoma cases.", "contents": "Middle ear pressure following tympanoplasty for various middle ear diseases. Pressure related to follow-up period and retractions. In 512 ears with various middle ear diseases, the middle ear pressure was measured a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 10 years after tympanoplasty. The findings were related to the length of the follow-up period and to retractions of the drum and/or in the epitympanum. The tympanometric findings were best in sequelae to otitis with dry perforations, poorest in cholesteatomas and adhesive otitis. Tubal function had not further deteriorated 4 years after the operation. There was a highly significant correlation between the middle ear pressure and the frequency of retractions, which also does not essentially increase--except in the cholesteatoma cases."}
{"id": "PMID:287331", "title": "Can an operation of deaf ear be dangerous for hearing?", "content": "After a single or modified radical mastoidectomy the hearing of the contralateral ear was followed by pure tone audiometry in 55 patients. In 12 patients a sensorineural--mostly high tone--hearing loss of at least 20 dB was found in the contralateral ear. In six cases this was persistent. The number of patients with hearing loss increased with increasing operation time. The cause of this hearing loss must be the noise of the bone-cutting burr.", "contents": "Can an operation of deaf ear be dangerous for hearing? After a single or modified radical mastoidectomy the hearing of the contralateral ear was followed by pure tone audiometry in 55 patients. In 12 patients a sensorineural--mostly high tone--hearing loss of at least 20 dB was found in the contralateral ear. In six cases this was persistent. The number of patients with hearing loss increased with increasing operation time. The cause of this hearing loss must be the noise of the bone-cutting burr."}
{"id": "PMID:287332", "title": "Hearing gain calculations after stapedectomy.", "content": "A comparison of the postoperative air-bone gaps to pre- and postoperative bone condition (BC) was made in two groups of patients with otosclerosis, 18 cases with poor preoperative BC thresholds and 15 cases with good preop, thresholds. The gaps to the postoperative BC showed less variation than the gaps to the preop. BC threshold, the postop. BC may therefore serve as a more stable and natural reference when calculating a postoperative air--bone gap.", "contents": "Hearing gain calculations after stapedectomy. A comparison of the postoperative air-bone gaps to pre- and postoperative bone condition (BC) was made in two groups of patients with otosclerosis, 18 cases with poor preoperative BC thresholds and 15 cases with good preop, thresholds. The gaps to the postoperative BC showed less variation than the gaps to the preop. BC threshold, the postop. BC may therefore serve as a more stable and natural reference when calculating a postoperative air--bone gap."}
{"id": "PMID:287333", "title": "The most important allergens in allergic rhinitis.", "content": "The distribution of allergens, found on thorough allergy work-up in a series of 770 patients with seasonal and perennial nasal symptoms, is reported. The percentages of positive reactions to grass, tree, and herb pollens were equally high (30--40%) but, clinically, pollens from grasses (Timothy, Alopecurus, Kentucky Blue and Meadow fescue), birch and mugwort (Artemisia) were the most important. In the Nordic countries house dust is evidently the commonest causative agent in perennial rhinitis but the heterogenous composition of house dust makes it difficult to determine potent allergenic factors. Sensitivity to house dust was present in 44% of the patients; a positive reaction to mite extract in only 10%. Animal danders were not found to be great importance in allergic rhinitis (13--18%). Reactions to moulds were observed in 9% of the patients.", "contents": "The most important allergens in allergic rhinitis. The distribution of allergens, found on thorough allergy work-up in a series of 770 patients with seasonal and perennial nasal symptoms, is reported. The percentages of positive reactions to grass, tree, and herb pollens were equally high (30--40%) but, clinically, pollens from grasses (Timothy, Alopecurus, Kentucky Blue and Meadow fescue), birch and mugwort (Artemisia) were the most important. In the Nordic countries house dust is evidently the commonest causative agent in perennial rhinitis but the heterogenous composition of house dust makes it difficult to determine potent allergenic factors. Sensitivity to house dust was present in 44% of the patients; a positive reaction to mite extract in only 10%. Animal danders were not found to be great importance in allergic rhinitis (13--18%). Reactions to moulds were observed in 9% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287334", "title": "Intra-arterial chemotherapy of malignant head and neck tumours with superselective angiographic technique.", "content": "A technique is described for repeated superselective angiographic infusion of anticancer drugs into advanced malignant tumours of the head and neck region. The technique allows for a high concentration of the drug in the tumour and, furthermore, it is possible to ensure that the infused anticancer drug adequately reaches the tumour. Mitomycin C was given to 15 patients with advanced malignant tumours of the head and neck region. In 16 patients a partial remission was seen, and in another 5 patients a subjective improvement was reported. No complications were observed.", "contents": "Intra-arterial chemotherapy of malignant head and neck tumours with superselective angiographic technique. A technique is described for repeated superselective angiographic infusion of anticancer drugs into advanced malignant tumours of the head and neck region. The technique allows for a high concentration of the drug in the tumour and, furthermore, it is possible to ensure that the infused anticancer drug adequately reaches the tumour. Mitomycin C was given to 15 patients with advanced malignant tumours of the head and neck region. In 16 patients a partial remission was seen, and in another 5 patients a subjective improvement was reported. No complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:287335", "title": "Irradiation-induced tumours of the head and neck.", "content": "Though irradiation-induced tumours are uncommon they represent a well defined entity. At this Hospital, 14 \"irradiation-induced\" head and neck tumours were encountered in 11 patients over a 10-year period. The irradiation had been given for tuberculous lymph-adenitis in 6 of the patients, for lupus vulgaris in one, and thyrotoxicosis in another; the other 3 patients had received radiotherapy for malignant tumours. The interval between the treatment and the diagnosis of the tumour disease ranged from 9 to 48 years (mean 32). The induced tumours included 10 squamous cell carcinomas of the hypopharynx (4 tumours), the buccal mucosa (3), the skin (2), and the larynx (1), one poorly differented carcinoma of the parotid gland, 2 thyroid carcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma of the stenocleidomastoid muscle. Three of the patients had multiple tumours. In view of the risk of cancer--albeit a small one--associated with radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy, these should be performed only on strict indications, especially in young patients.", "contents": "Irradiation-induced tumours of the head and neck. Though irradiation-induced tumours are uncommon they represent a well defined entity. At this Hospital, 14 \"irradiation-induced\" head and neck tumours were encountered in 11 patients over a 10-year period. The irradiation had been given for tuberculous lymph-adenitis in 6 of the patients, for lupus vulgaris in one, and thyrotoxicosis in another; the other 3 patients had received radiotherapy for malignant tumours. The interval between the treatment and the diagnosis of the tumour disease ranged from 9 to 48 years (mean 32). The induced tumours included 10 squamous cell carcinomas of the hypopharynx (4 tumours), the buccal mucosa (3), the skin (2), and the larynx (1), one poorly differented carcinoma of the parotid gland, 2 thyroid carcinomas and 1 fibrosarcoma of the stenocleidomastoid muscle. Three of the patients had multiple tumours. In view of the risk of cancer--albeit a small one--associated with radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy, these should be performed only on strict indications, especially in young patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287336", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity and capacity were studied in a group of 18 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology. The fibrinolytic activity and capacity were found reduced in 12 patients. No distinct changes in platelet aggregation in vitro could be demonstrated. Further, repeated studies in this category of patients should be performed.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Fibrinolytic activity and capacity were studied in a group of 18 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss of unknown etiology. The fibrinolytic activity and capacity were found reduced in 12 patients. No distinct changes in platelet aggregation in vitro could be demonstrated. Further, repeated studies in this category of patients should be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:287337", "title": "Ear damage due to diving.", "content": "Diving injury may affect all parts of the ear during all types of diving. Divers are regularly exposed to noise and 120 dB(A) is measured during ventilation of a hyperbaric chamber. Ear canal squeeze, possibly with drum perforation, may give a transient conductive hearing loss. Middle ear squeeze, possibly with drum perforation, also gives a transient conductive loss. Inner ear barotrauma, possibly with perilymph fistula, most often results in transient vertigo and lasting sensorineural high tone loss, often resembling a noise-induced loss. Decompression sickness and gas embolism can also damage the inner ear. A change of breathing gas during deep diving has damaged the labyrinth, most likely due to counter diffusion. The authors have seen two cases of over window perilymph fistula resulting from diving. One of them also suffered a burst ear drum on the same side. His hearing returned to normal after surgical repair.", "contents": "Ear damage due to diving. Diving injury may affect all parts of the ear during all types of diving. Divers are regularly exposed to noise and 120 dB(A) is measured during ventilation of a hyperbaric chamber. Ear canal squeeze, possibly with drum perforation, may give a transient conductive hearing loss. Middle ear squeeze, possibly with drum perforation, also gives a transient conductive loss. Inner ear barotrauma, possibly with perilymph fistula, most often results in transient vertigo and lasting sensorineural high tone loss, often resembling a noise-induced loss. Decompression sickness and gas embolism can also damage the inner ear. A change of breathing gas during deep diving has damaged the labyrinth, most likely due to counter diffusion. The authors have seen two cases of over window perilymph fistula resulting from diving. One of them also suffered a burst ear drum on the same side. His hearing returned to normal after surgical repair."}
{"id": "PMID:287338", "title": "Hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis. Immunotherapy. Indications and contra-indications.", "content": "Immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis should be initiated only when other efforts at elimination and treatment of symptoms prove ineffective. The indications become more convincing if symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma are also present. General preconditions which must be fulfilled prior to treatment are the establishing of a precise diagnosis, and that the allergen planned for treatment must play a decisive part in the disease. The main contra-indications are other, concurrent immunological diseases, and pregnancy.", "contents": "Hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis. Immunotherapy. Indications and contra-indications. Immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis should be initiated only when other efforts at elimination and treatment of symptoms prove ineffective. The indications become more convincing if symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma are also present. General preconditions which must be fulfilled prior to treatment are the establishing of a precise diagnosis, and that the allergen planned for treatment must play a decisive part in the disease. The main contra-indications are other, concurrent immunological diseases, and pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:287339", "title": "Impedance screening for middle ear disease.", "content": "Pure tone audiometry has hitherto been employed as the sole means of indentifying ear pathology. During the last decade it has been demonstrated that even hearing which is normal according to pure tone sweep check screening audiometry (20 dB) can be associated with middle ear pathology. With the intention of identifying cochlear as well as middle ear pathology, a study was initiated in which pure tone testing was combined with impedance measurements as a screening test. The intention has been to determine a screening level at which pathology is identified and the number of false-positive is minimized. A combination of tympanometry (less than or equal to -150 mm H2O) and pure tone screening at 0.5 and 3 kHz is recommended as a screening procedure for the identification of cochlear as well as middle ear pathology.", "contents": "Impedance screening for middle ear disease. Pure tone audiometry has hitherto been employed as the sole means of indentifying ear pathology. During the last decade it has been demonstrated that even hearing which is normal according to pure tone sweep check screening audiometry (20 dB) can be associated with middle ear pathology. With the intention of identifying cochlear as well as middle ear pathology, a study was initiated in which pure tone testing was combined with impedance measurements as a screening test. The intention has been to determine a screening level at which pathology is identified and the number of false-positive is minimized. A combination of tympanometry (less than or equal to -150 mm H2O) and pure tone screening at 0.5 and 3 kHz is recommended as a screening procedure for the identification of cochlear as well as middle ear pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:287340", "title": "Chronic secretory otitis media.", "content": "212 of 242 patients (88%) treated for chronic secretory otitis media in 1972 were re-examined 5 years later. A total of 668 otological procedures has been performed, 99 patients being treated only once, while one patient received 12 procedures. The pure tone threshold was 20 dB or less in 88% of the ears in 1977, whilst only 57% had a type A tympanogram. Normal otoscopy was found in 40.5% of the ears, persisting secretory otitis in 11%, atelectasis in 2.8% and chronic suppurative otitis in 2.6%; the remaining 42.9% showed varying degrees of scarring and myringosclerosis.", "contents": "Chronic secretory otitis media. 212 of 242 patients (88%) treated for chronic secretory otitis media in 1972 were re-examined 5 years later. A total of 668 otological procedures has been performed, 99 patients being treated only once, while one patient received 12 procedures. The pure tone threshold was 20 dB or less in 88% of the ears in 1977, whilst only 57% had a type A tympanogram. Normal otoscopy was found in 40.5% of the ears, persisting secretory otitis in 11%, atelectasis in 2.8% and chronic suppurative otitis in 2.6%; the remaining 42.9% showed varying degrees of scarring and myringosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:287341", "title": "The effect of adenoidectomy on secretory otitis media in children.", "content": "139 patients, 80 boys and 59 girls aged 1 1/4--13 1/2 years suffering from serous otitis media based on otoscopy and tympanometry had adenoidectomy performed and no other surgical measures taken. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed 2--4 months later. Intially flat tympanometry curves were found in 155 ears, negative middle ear pressure in 70 ears and low curves in 20 ears. 78% of all ears and 73% of the ears with flat curves were seen to normalize during the observation periods.", "contents": "The effect of adenoidectomy on secretory otitis media in children. 139 patients, 80 boys and 59 girls aged 1 1/4--13 1/2 years suffering from serous otitis media based on otoscopy and tympanometry had adenoidectomy performed and no other surgical measures taken. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed 2--4 months later. Intially flat tympanometry curves were found in 155 ears, negative middle ear pressure in 70 ears and low curves in 20 ears. 78% of all ears and 73% of the ears with flat curves were seen to normalize during the observation periods."}
{"id": "PMID:287342", "title": "Middle ear mucosa in cleft palate children. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Twenty-three promontory mucosal specimens from cleft palate children were studied by scanning electron microscope. Comparative studies were made, using light and transmission electron microscopy. The mucosal lining was pseudostratified columnar with microvilli, a few ciliated cells with secretory granules and numerous goblet cells. A few mucous glands, could be seen in certain areas. Microvilli with bulging tips and cilia with microknobs were common phenomena. The submucosa were inflamed, with leukocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, indicating the presence of both cellular and humeral defence mechanisms.", "contents": "Middle ear mucosa in cleft palate children. A scanning electron microscopic study. Twenty-three promontory mucosal specimens from cleft palate children were studied by scanning electron microscope. Comparative studies were made, using light and transmission electron microscopy. The mucosal lining was pseudostratified columnar with microvilli, a few ciliated cells with secretory granules and numerous goblet cells. A few mucous glands, could be seen in certain areas. Microvilli with bulging tips and cilia with microknobs were common phenomena. The submucosa were inflamed, with leukocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, indicating the presence of both cellular and humeral defence mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:287343", "title": "Tonsillectomy and immune responses.", "content": "Immune response were examined in 10-year-old boys just before and one month after tonsillectomy, and in young male adults tonsillectomized 10 years earlier. All the parameters studied were found to be quite normal.", "contents": "Tonsillectomy and immune responses. Immune response were examined in 10-year-old boys just before and one month after tonsillectomy, and in young male adults tonsillectomized 10 years earlier. All the parameters studied were found to be quite normal."}
{"id": "PMID:287344", "title": "A universal way to evaluate the curve in rhinomanometry.", "content": "A new way to evaluate the curve of nasal airway resistance has been developed. With polar coordinates, all curves can be described. Also, tightly closed or wide open noses can be compared with angles. The method is of value in clinical as well as in scientific work, especially when dealing with statistics.", "contents": "A universal way to evaluate the curve in rhinomanometry. A new way to evaluate the curve of nasal airway resistance has been developed. With polar coordinates, all curves can be described. Also, tightly closed or wide open noses can be compared with angles. The method is of value in clinical as well as in scientific work, especially when dealing with statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:287345", "title": "Hyposensitization in allergic seasonal rhinitis as evaluated by rhinomanometry.", "content": "Hyposensitization with Allpyral extracts was performed in 38 patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. An objective evaluation of the clinical course was obtained by rhinomanometry. After one year of hyposensitization therapy, 55% of the patients (21 out of 38) showed an improvement, and after the 3-year follow-up this figure had increased to 76% (19 out of 25 patients continuing with the treatment for this period). For the patients' subjective appraisal of the therapy the respective figures were 76 and 92%.", "contents": "Hyposensitization in allergic seasonal rhinitis as evaluated by rhinomanometry. Hyposensitization with Allpyral extracts was performed in 38 patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. An objective evaluation of the clinical course was obtained by rhinomanometry. After one year of hyposensitization therapy, 55% of the patients (21 out of 38) showed an improvement, and after the 3-year follow-up this figure had increased to 76% (19 out of 25 patients continuing with the treatment for this period). For the patients' subjective appraisal of the therapy the respective figures were 76 and 92%."}
{"id": "PMID:287346", "title": "Peroral chromones. A new way to treat allergic rhinitis?", "content": "Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) is well documented in the topical treatment of allergic rhinitis. Its use does not lead to any major side effects. FPL 57579 is a new chromone compound which is well absorbed after oral administration. In a clinical trial, patients with allergic rhinitis underwent a nasal challenge before and after ingestion of FPL 57579. the effect on nasal airway resistance (NAR) was determined by rhinomanometry. In all cases there was a smaller increase in NAR after the intake of FPL 57579.", "contents": "Peroral chromones. A new way to treat allergic rhinitis? Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) is well documented in the topical treatment of allergic rhinitis. Its use does not lead to any major side effects. FPL 57579 is a new chromone compound which is well absorbed after oral administration. In a clinical trial, patients with allergic rhinitis underwent a nasal challenge before and after ingestion of FPL 57579. the effect on nasal airway resistance (NAR) was determined by rhinomanometry. In all cases there was a smaller increase in NAR after the intake of FPL 57579."}
{"id": "PMID:287347", "title": "Parosmia.", "content": "Changes in the sense of smell may be quantitative. The latter are called parosmia. Various forms of central and peripheral parosmia are described. The treatment is mentioned.", "contents": "Parosmia. Changes in the sense of smell may be quantitative. The latter are called parosmia. Various forms of central and peripheral parosmia are described. The treatment is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:287348", "title": "Early, active diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "Since the introduction of the translabyrinthine approach in the treatment of acoustic neuromas in Denmark. 47 patients have been operated on, the series containing 2% small, 60% medium and 38% large tumours. This distribution differs significantly from previously published tumour series, where the large tumours dominated. The paper describes the various diagnostic procedures applied in the present active search for acoustic neuromas, and the reduction in tumour size is ascribed to information on the improved surgical results obtained by the translabyrinthine approach.", "contents": "Early, active diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. Since the introduction of the translabyrinthine approach in the treatment of acoustic neuromas in Denmark. 47 patients have been operated on, the series containing 2% small, 60% medium and 38% large tumours. This distribution differs significantly from previously published tumour series, where the large tumours dominated. The paper describes the various diagnostic procedures applied in the present active search for acoustic neuromas, and the reduction in tumour size is ascribed to information on the improved surgical results obtained by the translabyrinthine approach."}
{"id": "PMID:287349", "title": "Translabyrinthine surgery of acoustic neurinoma.", "content": "In translabyrinthine and translabyrinthine-suboccipital removal of 47 acoustic tumours, the mortality rate was 2.1%; among 18 large tumours, 5.6%. The facial nerve was preserved in 89%, and 80% had normal facial nerve function. 98% of the tumours were removed in toto, including 17% where the tumour remnant was removed by the suboccipital approach one week after the translabyrinthine operation.", "contents": "Translabyrinthine surgery of acoustic neurinoma. In translabyrinthine and translabyrinthine-suboccipital removal of 47 acoustic tumours, the mortality rate was 2.1%; among 18 large tumours, 5.6%. The facial nerve was preserved in 89%, and 80% had normal facial nerve function. 98% of the tumours were removed in toto, including 17% where the tumour remnant was removed by the suboccipital approach one week after the translabyrinthine operation."}
{"id": "PMID:287350", "title": "Recent expericience in the surgery of acoustic neurinomas.", "content": "A translabyrinthine method was used in 49 and a suboccipital approach in 55 cases, for the removal of an acoustic neuroma. The translabyrinthine procedure is well suited in cases with no pontine compression, whereas in large tumours the wide opening in the suboccipital method gives added safety to the procedure. The mortality rate was 3% and the facial nerve function after translabyrinthie surgery showed permanent paralysis in 4 patients. A team approach using the suboccipital route has been started in an attempt to save hearing in small- and medium-sized tumours.", "contents": "Recent expericience in the surgery of acoustic neurinomas. A translabyrinthine method was used in 49 and a suboccipital approach in 55 cases, for the removal of an acoustic neuroma. The translabyrinthine procedure is well suited in cases with no pontine compression, whereas in large tumours the wide opening in the suboccipital method gives added safety to the procedure. The mortality rate was 3% and the facial nerve function after translabyrinthie surgery showed permanent paralysis in 4 patients. A team approach using the suboccipital route has been started in an attempt to save hearing in small- and medium-sized tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:287351", "title": "Vestibular neurectomy.", "content": "Vestibular neurectomy technique used for the standard middle fossa approach and for a total translabyrithine VIII nerve section is described. The middle fossa approach has been used in 49 cases of mainly Meniere's disease and basically the same approach for nerve decompression has been used in 19 cases of facial paralysis, 15 being due to Bell's palsy, 2 to petrous pyramid cholesteatoma and 2 to facial nerve Schwannoma. In unilateral Meniere's disease with no further function in hearing, vestibular neurectomy gives good results in alleviating vertigo.", "contents": "Vestibular neurectomy. Vestibular neurectomy technique used for the standard middle fossa approach and for a total translabyrithine VIII nerve section is described. The middle fossa approach has been used in 49 cases of mainly Meniere's disease and basically the same approach for nerve decompression has been used in 19 cases of facial paralysis, 15 being due to Bell's palsy, 2 to petrous pyramid cholesteatoma and 2 to facial nerve Schwannoma. In unilateral Meniere's disease with no further function in hearing, vestibular neurectomy gives good results in alleviating vertigo."}
{"id": "PMID:287352", "title": "Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by pure-tone audiometry and by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry.", "content": "The hearing thresholds of 115 subjects, workers in a shipyard, were determined both by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry and by conventional individual pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The B\u00e9k\u00e9sy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment it has been established that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds, obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation, are about twice as large as those obtained in a B\u00e9k\u00e9sy investigation.", "contents": "Comparison of the hearing threshold measured by pure-tone audiometry and by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry. The hearing thresholds of 115 subjects, workers in a shipyard, were determined both by B\u00e9k\u00e9sy sweep audiometry and by conventional individual pure-tone audiometry at fixed audiometric frequencies. The B\u00e9k\u00e9sy method gave the lowest values for the hearing thresholds. It has been possible to find a useful linear relation between pure-tone and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy hearing thresholds. With the help of a retest experiment it has been established that the standard deviations of hearing thresholds, obtained under similar conditions in a pure-tone investigation, are about twice as large as those obtained in a B\u00e9k\u00e9sy investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:287353", "title": "BSER-audiometry in difficult-to-test patients.", "content": "The results of BSER audiometry in a group of 38 difficult-to-test patients are reported, and the response thresholds compared with previous assessments by conventional audiometric techniques. The frequently severe behavioural disorders of these patients necessitated the use of general anaesthesia. Myringotomy revealed middle ear fluid in 20% of the ears, whilst 26% had significant ocular pathology.", "contents": "BSER-audiometry in difficult-to-test patients. The results of BSER audiometry in a group of 38 difficult-to-test patients are reported, and the response thresholds compared with previous assessments by conventional audiometric techniques. The frequently severe behavioural disorders of these patients necessitated the use of general anaesthesia. Myringotomy revealed middle ear fluid in 20% of the ears, whilst 26% had significant ocular pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:287354", "title": "Chryotherapy in the treatment of subglottic hemangioma in infants.", "content": "Congenital laryngeal hemangioma in infants is situated typically in the subglottic region and causes respiratory obstruction at the age of 1--6 months. Hitherto fewer than one hundred cases have been reported. The mortality has been high and the therapy problematic. As a primary measure, tracheotomy must be performed. In the treatment of the tumour itself, large doses of corticosteroids, sclerosing agents, radiotherapy and surgical removal have been used. The results have hardly been encouraging. In five cases we have utilized cryotherapy. The hemangioma disappeared after 3--6 sessions. No therapeutic or late complications were connected with this mode of therapy.", "contents": "Chryotherapy in the treatment of subglottic hemangioma in infants. Congenital laryngeal hemangioma in infants is situated typically in the subglottic region and causes respiratory obstruction at the age of 1--6 months. Hitherto fewer than one hundred cases have been reported. The mortality has been high and the therapy problematic. As a primary measure, tracheotomy must be performed. In the treatment of the tumour itself, large doses of corticosteroids, sclerosing agents, radiotherapy and surgical removal have been used. The results have hardly been encouraging. In five cases we have utilized cryotherapy. The hemangioma disappeared after 3--6 sessions. No therapeutic or late complications were connected with this mode of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:287355", "title": "Diffuse sclerosing ostemyelitis of the mandible.", "content": "Diffuse, sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible is a disease which requires a synthesis of clinical, radiographic and histologic findings for a correct diagnosis. The biopsy technique is important. 99mTc-scintigraphy and enzyme histochemistry can assist the diagnosis. Antibiotics and cortisone are the treatments of choice. Decortication should be reserved for recalcitrant cases.", "contents": "Diffuse sclerosing ostemyelitis of the mandible. Diffuse, sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible is a disease which requires a synthesis of clinical, radiographic and histologic findings for a correct diagnosis. The biopsy technique is important. 99mTc-scintigraphy and enzyme histochemistry can assist the diagnosis. Antibiotics and cortisone are the treatments of choice. Decortication should be reserved for recalcitrant cases."}
{"id": "PMID:287356", "title": "Lateral fistulae and cysts of the neck. Heredity and diagnosis.", "content": "A family with congenital fistulae from the second cleft or pouch over four generations is described. In order to obtain some idea of how often anomalies are found in relatives of patients with this type of malformation a material embracing 114 patients has been examined. The investigation demonstrates that patients with a complete lateral fistula of the neck from the second cleft or pouch showed a heredity of 35%, whilst patients with lateral neck cysts did not show any recognizable familial tendency. Views on differential diagnosis are presented, including the value of fine-needle biopsy, where in 92% of the cases a diagnosis of branchial cysts of the neck was obtained.", "contents": "Lateral fistulae and cysts of the neck. Heredity and diagnosis. A family with congenital fistulae from the second cleft or pouch over four generations is described. In order to obtain some idea of how often anomalies are found in relatives of patients with this type of malformation a material embracing 114 patients has been examined. The investigation demonstrates that patients with a complete lateral fistula of the neck from the second cleft or pouch showed a heredity of 35%, whilst patients with lateral neck cysts did not show any recognizable familial tendency. Views on differential diagnosis are presented, including the value of fine-needle biopsy, where in 92% of the cases a diagnosis of branchial cysts of the neck was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:287357", "title": "Abscess tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de.", "content": "During recent years, primary tonsillectomy, tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud, has again become popular as the standard therapy for the peritonsillar abscess, whereas the traditional tonsillectomy \u00e0 froid, made 4--6 weeks after the incision, has been partially eclipsed. It seems, however, that the intermediate form between these two, tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de, an abscess tonsillectomy made 3--4 days after the incision, would be highly practical in many cases, compared with the other two mentioned above. The tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud requires such a high state of readiness for anaesthesia, even during the emergency hours, that it is not practical in all otolaryngological departments. Tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de needs a longer hospitalization, yet requires fewer days off work than does the classical tonsillectomy \u00e0 froid method. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the patients fail to present themselves for tonsillectomy at the agreed time and consequently get a recurrence of the disease later on. Tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de is almost as easy an operation as the normal tonsillectomy, both for the surgeon as for the patient. During the years 1976--77, 153 cases of peritonsillar abscess were seen. 105 cases were treated with the tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de method. The average duration of treatment was 6 1/2 days. The only complications were 6 cases of light secondary bleeding. A tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud was performed on 9 children in the age group 3--9 years.", "contents": "Abscess tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de. During recent years, primary tonsillectomy, tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud, has again become popular as the standard therapy for the peritonsillar abscess, whereas the traditional tonsillectomy \u00e0 froid, made 4--6 weeks after the incision, has been partially eclipsed. It seems, however, that the intermediate form between these two, tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de, an abscess tonsillectomy made 3--4 days after the incision, would be highly practical in many cases, compared with the other two mentioned above. The tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud requires such a high state of readiness for anaesthesia, even during the emergency hours, that it is not practical in all otolaryngological departments. Tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de needs a longer hospitalization, yet requires fewer days off work than does the classical tonsillectomy \u00e0 froid method. Furthermore, a significant proportion of the patients fail to present themselves for tonsillectomy at the agreed time and consequently get a recurrence of the disease later on. Tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de is almost as easy an operation as the normal tonsillectomy, both for the surgeon as for the patient. During the years 1976--77, 153 cases of peritonsillar abscess were seen. 105 cases were treated with the tonsillectomy \u00e0 ti\u00e8de method. The average duration of treatment was 6 1/2 days. The only complications were 6 cases of light secondary bleeding. A tonsillectomy \u00e0 chaud was performed on 9 children in the age group 3--9 years."}
{"id": "PMID:287358", "title": "Results of the treatment of achalasia by pneumatic dilatation.", "content": "Thirty-three patients treated at the Karolinska Hospital for achalasia of the esophagus during the period 1968--78 have been reexamined. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent pneumatic dilatation. Excellent and good results were obtained in 79% of cases; in 21% the result was considered poor. In 2 cases the esophagus was perforated during dilatation--a perforation rate of 5% of the total number of dilatations. In 6 cases the lower sphincteric pressure was calculated before and after dilatation. It was found to be higher than normal, preoperatively, but reduced to a near-normal value postoperatively.", "contents": "Results of the treatment of achalasia by pneumatic dilatation. Thirty-three patients treated at the Karolinska Hospital for achalasia of the esophagus during the period 1968--78 have been reexamined. Twenty-eight of these patients underwent pneumatic dilatation. Excellent and good results were obtained in 79% of cases; in 21% the result was considered poor. In 2 cases the esophagus was perforated during dilatation--a perforation rate of 5% of the total number of dilatations. In 6 cases the lower sphincteric pressure was calculated before and after dilatation. It was found to be higher than normal, preoperatively, but reduced to a near-normal value postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:287360", "title": "Physiological aspects of the effects of sound on man and animals.", "content": "A review of some short-term and long-term physiological effects of sound on non-auditory body functions is given. It is pointed out that the short-term effects depend closely on the acoustic properties of the sound. Habituation is rapid for steady signals but slow for interrupted ones. Irrelevant, meaningless sound, presented to rats over their life-time in such a way as to simulate an industrial acoustic environment, did not affect blood pressure, life-span or morbidity incidence. As far as the injurious effect of sound on the inner ear is concerned, it was shown that spontaneously hypertensive rats were considerably more susceptible to such impairment than were normotensive ones. Hence sound does not produce hypertension, but susceptibility to ear injury may be greater in hypertensive individuals. The protential role which individual variability in physiological properties of the sound conduction system might play for the observed individual variability in noise-induced hearing loss is also discussed.", "contents": "Physiological aspects of the effects of sound on man and animals. A review of some short-term and long-term physiological effects of sound on non-auditory body functions is given. It is pointed out that the short-term effects depend closely on the acoustic properties of the sound. Habituation is rapid for steady signals but slow for interrupted ones. Irrelevant, meaningless sound, presented to rats over their life-time in such a way as to simulate an industrial acoustic environment, did not affect blood pressure, life-span or morbidity incidence. As far as the injurious effect of sound on the inner ear is concerned, it was shown that spontaneously hypertensive rats were considerably more susceptible to such impairment than were normotensive ones. Hence sound does not produce hypertension, but susceptibility to ear injury may be greater in hypertensive individuals. The protential role which individual variability in physiological properties of the sound conduction system might play for the observed individual variability in noise-induced hearing loss is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287362", "title": "Psychological effect of noise.", "content": "The most frequent harmful effect of noise is its irritating psychological influence on the individual. This influence has been measured in laboratory situations and in daily life by careful sociological interviews of the inhabitants in noisy and in quiet residential areas. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the two areas regarding consumption of soporifics, tranquilizers, isolation against noise, etc.", "contents": "Psychological effect of noise. The most frequent harmful effect of noise is its irritating psychological influence on the individual. This influence has been measured in laboratory situations and in daily life by careful sociological interviews of the inhabitants in noisy and in quiet residential areas. Statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the two areas regarding consumption of soporifics, tranquilizers, isolation against noise, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:287364", "title": "Noise-induced hearing loss and the comprehension of speech in noise.", "content": "Subjects suffering from noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) with or without hearing loss at 2 kHz were examined by speech audiometry with a three-digit test, bisyllabic and monosyllabic PB word lists in silence, and in USASI noise with a masking effect of 44 dB and 68 dB at 1 kHz. Subjects with up to 20 dB hearing loss at 2 kHz had almost the same speech comprehension in noise as normal hearing subjects. Subjects with hearing loss greater than 20 dB at 2 kHz had increasing discrimination loss at increasing noise levels. They also needed a signal-to-noise ratio better than normal-hearing persons would yield at the noise levels used. The evaluation of hearing disablement in occupational noise-included hearing loss should therefore be based for one-half on the results of speech audiometry in silence, and for the other half, in noise.", "contents": "Noise-induced hearing loss and the comprehension of speech in noise. Subjects suffering from noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) with or without hearing loss at 2 kHz were examined by speech audiometry with a three-digit test, bisyllabic and monosyllabic PB word lists in silence, and in USASI noise with a masking effect of 44 dB and 68 dB at 1 kHz. Subjects with up to 20 dB hearing loss at 2 kHz had almost the same speech comprehension in noise as normal hearing subjects. Subjects with hearing loss greater than 20 dB at 2 kHz had increasing discrimination loss at increasing noise levels. They also needed a signal-to-noise ratio better than normal-hearing persons would yield at the noise levels used. The evaluation of hearing disablement in occupational noise-included hearing loss should therefore be based for one-half on the results of speech audiometry in silence, and for the other half, in noise."}
{"id": "PMID:287365", "title": "Military audiological aspects in noise-induced hearing losses.", "content": "The sound pressure of a single shot ranges from about 165 up to 190 dB, depending on the type of weapon. In general, most shooting practice is carried out from a sheltered shooting gallery. Groupshooting and multiple reverberations from sheltered galleries maximize the acoustic strain. Clinically the acoustic trauma can be considered to be a combination of both acute and chronic noise injury, because very intense impulse noise, such as gunfire, can injure the inner ear both mechanically and by mean of disturbances in metabolism. When the ears are not protected, acoustic trauma develops in about 10% of military conscripts and 60% of regular army personnel.", "contents": "Military audiological aspects in noise-induced hearing losses. The sound pressure of a single shot ranges from about 165 up to 190 dB, depending on the type of weapon. In general, most shooting practice is carried out from a sheltered shooting gallery. Groupshooting and multiple reverberations from sheltered galleries maximize the acoustic strain. Clinically the acoustic trauma can be considered to be a combination of both acute and chronic noise injury, because very intense impulse noise, such as gunfire, can injure the inner ear both mechanically and by mean of disturbances in metabolism. When the ears are not protected, acoustic trauma develops in about 10% of military conscripts and 60% of regular army personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:287366", "title": "Noise-induced hearing losses. Can they be explained by basilar membrane movement?", "content": "The development of noise-induced hearing losses must in some way be related to the basilar membrane movement. Our analysis of this relationship is based on M\u00f6ssbauer effect measurements of the basilar membrane movement in human temporal bone preparations. At a single basilar membrane position in each of seven preparations, the displacement frequency response was measured for a given sound pressure level at the ear drum. The measurements covered the place range 2.2--6.2 kHz. Despite the inadequacy of the experimental data, there seems to be no doubt that low frequency components contribute substantially to the displacement and mechanical strain of the hair cells near the 4 kHz location, where the hair cells are known to be most vulnerable to noise damage. In fact, the analysis performed indicates that these cells will suffer the greatest mechanical strain, almost irrespective of the spectrum shape of the stimulus noise.", "contents": "Noise-induced hearing losses. Can they be explained by basilar membrane movement? The development of noise-induced hearing losses must in some way be related to the basilar membrane movement. Our analysis of this relationship is based on M\u00f6ssbauer effect measurements of the basilar membrane movement in human temporal bone preparations. At a single basilar membrane position in each of seven preparations, the displacement frequency response was measured for a given sound pressure level at the ear drum. The measurements covered the place range 2.2--6.2 kHz. Despite the inadequacy of the experimental data, there seems to be no doubt that low frequency components contribute substantially to the displacement and mechanical strain of the hair cells near the 4 kHz location, where the hair cells are known to be most vulnerable to noise damage. In fact, the analysis performed indicates that these cells will suffer the greatest mechanical strain, almost irrespective of the spectrum shape of the stimulus noise."}
{"id": "PMID:287368", "title": "Gilles de la Tourett's disease, a single case study: a discussion on aetiology and treatment.", "content": "A case of Gille de la Tourett's syndrome is reported and discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that if Tourette's syndrome is to be considered as a sort of reaction against adaption to an unhealthy environment, this reaction and its continuity can be attributed to permanent CNS damage (Probably in the area of corpora striata) beginning in childhood. Treatment with haloperidol suggested as a most effective method of symptomatic treatment.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourett's disease, a single case study: a discussion on aetiology and treatment. A case of Gille de la Tourett's syndrome is reported and discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that if Tourette's syndrome is to be considered as a sort of reaction against adaption to an unhealthy environment, this reaction and its continuity can be attributed to permanent CNS damage (Probably in the area of corpora striata) beginning in childhood. Treatment with haloperidol suggested as a most effective method of symptomatic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:287369", "title": "Osteomalacic new bone formation during chemotherapy of acute granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "The development of a rapid rate of regeneration of osteomalacic bone in a patient treated for acute granulocytic leukemia has been demonstrated for the first time. This positive bone balance was most intense at the time of maximal depletion of leukemic tissue. The authors postulate that new formation of osteomalcic bone is due to inability to maintain the rate of calcification parallel to that of bone formation. A similar abnormality occurs in egg-laying birds, in rapidly growing children on a diet suboptimal in vitamin D who have rickets, and in some patients with osteoblastic metastases.", "contents": "Osteomalacic new bone formation during chemotherapy of acute granulocytic leukemia. The development of a rapid rate of regeneration of osteomalacic bone in a patient treated for acute granulocytic leukemia has been demonstrated for the first time. This positive bone balance was most intense at the time of maximal depletion of leukemic tissue. The authors postulate that new formation of osteomalcic bone is due to inability to maintain the rate of calcification parallel to that of bone formation. A similar abnormality occurs in egg-laying birds, in rapidly growing children on a diet suboptimal in vitamin D who have rickets, and in some patients with osteoblastic metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:287370", "title": "Acute lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as splenic rupture.", "content": "Pathologic rupture of the spleen is a rare phenomenon in acute lymphocytic leukemia, and its mechanism is unknown. This complication has been seen almost exclusively in men, and at ages much older than those of the majority of patients who have this leukemia; these unusual features are also unexplained. A case of acute lymphoctyic leukemia with pathologic rupture of the spleen in which the pathologic findings suggest that the splenic rupture was due to infiltration and destruction of the splenic capsule by leukemic cells is reported.", "contents": "Acute lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as splenic rupture. Pathologic rupture of the spleen is a rare phenomenon in acute lymphocytic leukemia, and its mechanism is unknown. This complication has been seen almost exclusively in men, and at ages much older than those of the majority of patients who have this leukemia; these unusual features are also unexplained. A case of acute lymphoctyic leukemia with pathologic rupture of the spleen in which the pathologic findings suggest that the splenic rupture was due to infiltration and destruction of the splenic capsule by leukemic cells is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:287371", "title": "Decreased ribosomal RNA content and in vitro RNA synthesis in purified bone marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis and DiGuglielmo disease.", "content": "Ribsomal RNA content and in vitro 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation with examined in purified marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis (IIE) and DiGuglielmo disease (DD) and compared with cells from normal marrows. Whereas 3H-thymidine incorporation rates were normal in all patients, 3H-uridine incorporation was 42%--75% of normal in cells from patients examined. Ribosomal RNA content was measured by spectrophotometric scanning of RNA electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and corrections made for contamination of the erythroblast preparations with ribosome bearing reticulocytes. In cells from every patient examined RNA content was decreased to 60--76% of normal. Uridine incorporation and rRNA content of patients with beta thalassemia minor and megaloblastic anemia were normal, suggesting that the defects observed in IIE and DD were not due to ineffective erythropoiesis per se. Since erythroblast ribosomes may be rate limiting in protein synthesis, we postulate that even a minor decrease in ribosome content might engender the ubiquitous abnormalities reported in erythroid cells in both IIE and DD.", "contents": "Decreased ribosomal RNA content and in vitro RNA synthesis in purified bone marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis and DiGuglielmo disease. Ribsomal RNA content and in vitro 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine incorporation with examined in purified marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis (IIE) and DiGuglielmo disease (DD) and compared with cells from normal marrows. Whereas 3H-thymidine incorporation rates were normal in all patients, 3H-uridine incorporation was 42%--75% of normal in cells from patients examined. Ribosomal RNA content was measured by spectrophotometric scanning of RNA electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and corrections made for contamination of the erythroblast preparations with ribosome bearing reticulocytes. In cells from every patient examined RNA content was decreased to 60--76% of normal. Uridine incorporation and rRNA content of patients with beta thalassemia minor and megaloblastic anemia were normal, suggesting that the defects observed in IIE and DD were not due to ineffective erythropoiesis per se. Since erythroblast ribosomes may be rate limiting in protein synthesis, we postulate that even a minor decrease in ribosome content might engender the ubiquitous abnormalities reported in erythroid cells in both IIE and DD."}
{"id": "PMID:287372", "title": "New leukemia in the course of therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "We have recently observed the development of second leukemia of a morphologically different type in three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) while on therapy. The \"second\" leukemia occurred while on therapy at 23, 27, and 32 months of initial remission. All three were receiving systemic chemotherapy (CT) and prophylactic fractional irradiation to the central nervous system (CNS). The second leukemias in these three cases were one case of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) and two cases of acute leukemia of the myeloblastic type by the usual morphologic criteria including the presence of Auer rods in one. In two cases a cytogenetically new clone was detected in the remission marrow 10 and 12 months preceding the overt change in clinical status. These three cases demonstrate that second leukemia occurs in patients with ALL and that some late \"relapses\" fall into this categpry. The possible etiologic role of modern intensive treatment regimens in the development of second leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "New leukemia in the course of therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We have recently observed the development of second leukemia of a morphologically different type in three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) while on therapy. The \"second\" leukemia occurred while on therapy at 23, 27, and 32 months of initial remission. All three were receiving systemic chemotherapy (CT) and prophylactic fractional irradiation to the central nervous system (CNS). The second leukemias in these three cases were one case of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) and two cases of acute leukemia of the myeloblastic type by the usual morphologic criteria including the presence of Auer rods in one. In two cases a cytogenetically new clone was detected in the remission marrow 10 and 12 months preceding the overt change in clinical status. These three cases demonstrate that second leukemia occurs in patients with ALL and that some late \"relapses\" fall into this categpry. The possible etiologic role of modern intensive treatment regimens in the development of second leukemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287373", "title": "Subacute myeloid leukemia: a clinical review.", "content": "The data on 31 patients who fit into the clinical spectrum of subacute myeloid leukemia have been reviewed. The majority of patients were male with a median age of 61 years. The interval from onset of symptoms to actual diagnosis was extremely variable, with a mean of 16 months and a median of six months. Most patients presented with anemia and thrombocytopenia, although the white blood cell count varied from striking leukopenia to marked leukocytosis. Examination of the bone marrow invariably revealed abnormalities of all cell lines with megaloblastoid erythrogenesis and dysplastic megakaryocytopoiesis. Although the white cell line showed prominence of immature forms, there was more maturation than is seen in acute myeloid leukemia. Survival from diagnosis was variable, from less than one month to greater than 68 months, with a median of only six months. Anemia and hepatosplenomegaly were prognosticators of a poor outlook; patients with hepatosplenomegaly in association with either leukocytosis or thrombocytopenia had a particularly poor outlook, with a median survival of only one and a half months. Approximately half the patients received chemotherapy with no demonstrated effect on survival.", "contents": "Subacute myeloid leukemia: a clinical review. The data on 31 patients who fit into the clinical spectrum of subacute myeloid leukemia have been reviewed. The majority of patients were male with a median age of 61 years. The interval from onset of symptoms to actual diagnosis was extremely variable, with a mean of 16 months and a median of six months. Most patients presented with anemia and thrombocytopenia, although the white blood cell count varied from striking leukopenia to marked leukocytosis. Examination of the bone marrow invariably revealed abnormalities of all cell lines with megaloblastoid erythrogenesis and dysplastic megakaryocytopoiesis. Although the white cell line showed prominence of immature forms, there was more maturation than is seen in acute myeloid leukemia. Survival from diagnosis was variable, from less than one month to greater than 68 months, with a median of only six months. Anemia and hepatosplenomegaly were prognosticators of a poor outlook; patients with hepatosplenomegaly in association with either leukocytosis or thrombocytopenia had a particularly poor outlook, with a median survival of only one and a half months. Approximately half the patients received chemotherapy with no demonstrated effect on survival."}
{"id": "PMID:287374", "title": "The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics.", "content": "1. Cephalometric conventions today may have little basis in either biology or biometrics. 2. There is no theory of cephalometrics, only conventions which involve landmarks and straight lines only. These fail to capture the curving of form and its changes, exclude proper measures of size for bent structures, and misrepresent growth, portraying it as vector displacement rather than a generalized distortion. 3. Conventional cephalometric procedures misinform by fabrication of misleading geometric quantities, by camouflage, particularly of remodeling, by confusion about what is happening (analysis of rotations, treating shape separately from size, and registering angles on landmarks as vertices), and by subtraction as a representation of growth. 4. We suggest that the present systems offer little real hope of improvement sufficient to meet our needs in craniofacial growth research. We call attention to three possible techniques to be included in future cephalometric conventions: (1) tangents and curvatures, (2) Blum's medial axis (\"skeleton\"), and (3) biorthogonal grids.", "contents": "The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. 1. Cephalometric conventions today may have little basis in either biology or biometrics. 2. There is no theory of cephalometrics, only conventions which involve landmarks and straight lines only. These fail to capture the curving of form and its changes, exclude proper measures of size for bent structures, and misrepresent growth, portraying it as vector displacement rather than a generalized distortion. 3. Conventional cephalometric procedures misinform by fabrication of misleading geometric quantities, by camouflage, particularly of remodeling, by confusion about what is happening (analysis of rotations, treating shape separately from size, and registering angles on landmarks as vertices), and by subtraction as a representation of growth. 4. We suggest that the present systems offer little real hope of improvement sufficient to meet our needs in craniofacial growth research. We call attention to three possible techniques to be included in future cephalometric conventions: (1) tangents and curvatures, (2) Blum's medial axis (\"skeleton\"), and (3) biorthogonal grids."}
{"id": "PMID:287376", "title": "Distal displacement of the maxilla and the upper first molar.", "content": "Data from a sample of 198 Class II cases treated with various appliances which deliver distally directed forces to the maxilla were examined to determine the frequency of absolute distal displacement of the upper first molar and of the maxilla. Analysis revealed that such distal displacement is possible and that it is, in fact, a frequent finding following treatment. Long-range stability of distal displacement was not assessed.", "contents": "Distal displacement of the maxilla and the upper first molar. Data from a sample of 198 Class II cases treated with various appliances which deliver distally directed forces to the maxilla were examined to determine the frequency of absolute distal displacement of the upper first molar and of the maxilla. Analysis revealed that such distal displacement is possible and that it is, in fact, a frequent finding following treatment. Long-range stability of distal displacement was not assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:287377", "title": "Craniofacial morphology: a principal component analysis.", "content": "A series of 56 measurements was derived from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a large sample of subjects. These measurements were subjected to a principal-component analysis which resulted in a series of six components (factors). These factors, represented in general terms and in rank order of their percentage sample variability were as follows: Factor 1. Vertical facial characteristics Factor 2. Anteroposterior aspects of facial morphology Factor 3. Midfacial and dental protrusion Factor 4. Relationship of the mandible and dentition to the profile Factor 5. Horizontal base-line relationships (internal or deep) Factor 6. Maxillary incisor relationships These principal components and the variables contained within them were shown to have sex and age interactions. A longitudinal study of the principal component changes with age was then undertaken. Demonstrable age changes were verified for Factors 1, 2, and 3, and Factors 1 and 3 were observed to show patterns of change which were statistically different from each other and the remaining principal components. An orthodontically treated sample of patients was also assessed for factor changes. Factors 1 and 2 were found to show statistically reliable changes resulting from treatment and/or growth. The remaining four factors showed no statistically supportable alteration. The data-reduction method involving a principal-component analysis would seem to have potential research and clinical applications.", "contents": "Craniofacial morphology: a principal component analysis. A series of 56 measurements was derived from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a large sample of subjects. These measurements were subjected to a principal-component analysis which resulted in a series of six components (factors). These factors, represented in general terms and in rank order of their percentage sample variability were as follows: Factor 1. Vertical facial characteristics Factor 2. Anteroposterior aspects of facial morphology Factor 3. Midfacial and dental protrusion Factor 4. Relationship of the mandible and dentition to the profile Factor 5. Horizontal base-line relationships (internal or deep) Factor 6. Maxillary incisor relationships These principal components and the variables contained within them were shown to have sex and age interactions. A longitudinal study of the principal component changes with age was then undertaken. Demonstrable age changes were verified for Factors 1, 2, and 3, and Factors 1 and 3 were observed to show patterns of change which were statistically different from each other and the remaining principal components. An orthodontically treated sample of patients was also assessed for factor changes. Factors 1 and 2 were found to show statistically reliable changes resulting from treatment and/or growth. The remaining four factors showed no statistically supportable alteration. The data-reduction method involving a principal-component analysis would seem to have potential research and clinical applications."}
{"id": "PMID:287379", "title": "The use of muscle forces by simple orthodontic appliances.", "content": "Orthodontic appliances of simple construction have been described. They are valuable in intercepting the deforming action of perioral muscle function or malfunction. The same muscles that have the deforming potential may be enlisted to correct dental malocclusions. Early interception often prevents a problem of considerably greater magnitude at a later date.", "contents": "The use of muscle forces by simple orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic appliances of simple construction have been described. They are valuable in intercepting the deforming action of perioral muscle function or malfunction. The same muscles that have the deforming potential may be enlisted to correct dental malocclusions. Early interception often prevents a problem of considerably greater magnitude at a later date."}
{"id": "PMID:287382", "title": "Morphologic evidence of muscle influence on dental arch width.", "content": "Tests on hypotheses to explain changes in arch width during correction of distoclusion with the activator appliance used in this study showed that statistically significant increases occurred in both maxillary and mandibular arch widths during treatment. The increase was substantially larger in the maxilla than in the mandible. The arch width showed no statistically significant decrease after completion of treatment. The activator designed for this study affected orofacial muscle balance. The findings suggest that there were changes in the influence of tongue and cheek muscles on the maxilla. Available experimental as well as clinical data support the assumption that the tongue had taken a higher and more anterior position in the palatal area and that the tension of the cheek muscles was reduced relative to the posterior part of the maxillary dental arch.", "contents": "Morphologic evidence of muscle influence on dental arch width. Tests on hypotheses to explain changes in arch width during correction of distoclusion with the activator appliance used in this study showed that statistically significant increases occurred in both maxillary and mandibular arch widths during treatment. The increase was substantially larger in the maxilla than in the mandible. The arch width showed no statistically significant decrease after completion of treatment. The activator designed for this study affected orofacial muscle balance. The findings suggest that there were changes in the influence of tongue and cheek muscles on the maxilla. Available experimental as well as clinical data support the assumption that the tongue had taken a higher and more anterior position in the palatal area and that the tension of the cheek muscles was reduced relative to the posterior part of the maxillary dental arch."}
{"id": "PMID:287383", "title": "An analysis of the relationship between posterior dental cross-bite and vertical palatal asymmetry.", "content": "The relationship between unilateral posterior cross-bite and vertical proportions of the palatal vault observed in the frontal plane was studied in twenty cross-bite cases wtih asymmetric palates and twenty control cases. The contour of the palate was registered from study models at three different anteroposterior levels with an adjustable template. The tracings of the contours obtained from roentgenograms of the instrument were used to measure the asymmetry of the palate.", "contents": "An analysis of the relationship between posterior dental cross-bite and vertical palatal asymmetry. The relationship between unilateral posterior cross-bite and vertical proportions of the palatal vault observed in the frontal plane was studied in twenty cross-bite cases wtih asymmetric palates and twenty control cases. The contour of the palate was registered from study models at three different anteroposterior levels with an adjustable template. The tracings of the contours obtained from roentgenograms of the instrument were used to measure the asymmetry of the palate."}
{"id": "PMID:287385", "title": "Photographic templates (the positive-negative technique).", "content": "Uses of the positive-negative technique are as follows: 1. Study of soft-tissue changes in purely orthodontic cases. 2. In conjunction with a visual treatment objective plan as presented by Reed Holdaway. 3. In the posteroanterior cephalogram, to study changes in the lip form and the alar base changes which occur in surgical and purely orthodontic procedures done to the maxilla when the vertical dimension is reduced or increase. 4. In prosthetic dentistry, for determining proper lip position. 5. In rhinoplasty procedures, to determine the most desirable profile for the patient. 6. In consultation, for better conveying to the patient what can possibly be done to change his dental-facial contours and also give the patient a choice as to how he might like to look. 7. In research, to study soft-tissue changes and long-term case results. 8. In teaching students of cephalometrics the location of the hard-tissue skeleton and its relationship to the soft tissue of the maxillofacial complex.", "contents": "Photographic templates (the positive-negative technique). Uses of the positive-negative technique are as follows: 1. Study of soft-tissue changes in purely orthodontic cases. 2. In conjunction with a visual treatment objective plan as presented by Reed Holdaway. 3. In the posteroanterior cephalogram, to study changes in the lip form and the alar base changes which occur in surgical and purely orthodontic procedures done to the maxilla when the vertical dimension is reduced or increase. 4. In prosthetic dentistry, for determining proper lip position. 5. In rhinoplasty procedures, to determine the most desirable profile for the patient. 6. In consultation, for better conveying to the patient what can possibly be done to change his dental-facial contours and also give the patient a choice as to how he might like to look. 7. In research, to study soft-tissue changes and long-term case results. 8. In teaching students of cephalometrics the location of the hard-tissue skeleton and its relationship to the soft tissue of the maxillofacial complex."}
{"id": "PMID:287387", "title": "Mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth in male American Negroes.", "content": "The mesiodistal crown diameters were measured in a group of fifty-six male American Negroes from the recruit population at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center and compared with previously reported data on Caucasians from the same population. The results indicate that tooth size is consistently larger in the Negro sample, averaging about 8.4 percent for the over-all maxillary and mandibular dentition, excluding third molars.", "contents": "Mesiodistal crown diameters of permanent teeth in male American Negroes. The mesiodistal crown diameters were measured in a group of fifty-six male American Negroes from the recruit population at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center and compared with previously reported data on Caucasians from the same population. The results indicate that tooth size is consistently larger in the Negro sample, averaging about 8.4 percent for the over-all maxillary and mandibular dentition, excluding third molars."}
{"id": "PMID:287388", "title": "Loaiasis (Loa loa) in an African student in Indiana.", "content": "Loaiasis was seen in an African student in Indiana, who had non-specific complaints, leukocyte count of 8,400/mm3, a 47% eosinophilia, and a high Loa loa microfilaremia. Successful treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) produced no allergic manifestations and no reactions to the adult parasites were evident.", "contents": "Loaiasis (Loa loa) in an African student in Indiana. Loaiasis was seen in an African student in Indiana, who had non-specific complaints, leukocyte count of 8,400/mm3, a 47% eosinophilia, and a high Loa loa microfilaremia. Successful treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) produced no allergic manifestations and no reactions to the adult parasites were evident."}
{"id": "PMID:287391", "title": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome after venous air embolism.", "content": "Venous air embolism is not commonly believed to produce the adult respiratory distress syndrome. We present a nonsurgical case of venous air embolism followed by the development of this syndrome. Other causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome were excluded. Physicians should be alerted to its possible occurrence and the need for appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Adult respiratory distress syndrome after venous air embolism. Venous air embolism is not commonly believed to produce the adult respiratory distress syndrome. We present a nonsurgical case of venous air embolism followed by the development of this syndrome. Other causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome were excluded. Physicians should be alerted to its possible occurrence and the need for appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:287395", "title": "Human health effects from accidental release of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at Seveso, Italy.", "content": "This paper is a progress report of the epidemiologic work carried out under the supervision of the Lombardy Regional Authority during the two years elapsed from the accident in a TCP-producing factory (ICMESA) in Meda (Italy), which resulted in the contamination of several towns of a large, densely populated area called the Brianza di Seveso with a total population of 220,000 inhabitants. A wide follow-up program is in progress in the Seveso area; it includes a clinical screening of the population living in the contaminated area and longitudinal and systematic health control of different groups at risk; a long-term morbidity cohort study has been also undertaken. TCDD exposure following the ICMESA accident resulted in an increased chloracne frequency. Neurologic examinations showed both signs of idiopathic subclinical neurologic damage and cases of clinically detectable idiopathic polyneuropathy in adults. A limited percentage of idiopathic hepatomegaly was reported to be present on clinical investigation; no information, however, is given on the criteria by which the hepatomegaly was investigated. Some alterations were observed in some exposed people in one or more liver tests (mainly transaminases and gamma-GT). So far, immunologic investigations, cytogenetic examination and embryomorphology analysis on cases of therapeutical or spontaneous abortions have not given abnormal results.", "contents": "Human health effects from accidental release of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) at Seveso, Italy. This paper is a progress report of the epidemiologic work carried out under the supervision of the Lombardy Regional Authority during the two years elapsed from the accident in a TCP-producing factory (ICMESA) in Meda (Italy), which resulted in the contamination of several towns of a large, densely populated area called the Brianza di Seveso with a total population of 220,000 inhabitants. A wide follow-up program is in progress in the Seveso area; it includes a clinical screening of the population living in the contaminated area and longitudinal and systematic health control of different groups at risk; a long-term morbidity cohort study has been also undertaken. TCDD exposure following the ICMESA accident resulted in an increased chloracne frequency. Neurologic examinations showed both signs of idiopathic subclinical neurologic damage and cases of clinically detectable idiopathic polyneuropathy in adults. A limited percentage of idiopathic hepatomegaly was reported to be present on clinical investigation; no information, however, is given on the criteria by which the hepatomegaly was investigated. Some alterations were observed in some exposed people in one or more liver tests (mainly transaminases and gamma-GT). So far, immunologic investigations, cytogenetic examination and embryomorphology analysis on cases of therapeutical or spontaneous abortions have not given abnormal results."}
{"id": "PMID:287398", "title": "Suspected link between exposure to hexachlorophene and malformed infants.", "content": "Retrospective studies, performed in 6 hospitals in Sweden, demonstrated that severe congenital malformations occurred more frequently in neonates born to mothers who used hexachlorophene soaps, 10--60 times a day by handwashing and hand-creams during at least the first trimester of pregnancy (25 severe malformations in 460 neonates), when compared to neonates born to similarly employed mothers who did not use hexachlorophene soaps (0 severe malformations in 233 neonates). Minor congenital anomalies were also more commonly noted in the hexachlorophene-exposed group when contrasted with controls. Other known adverse influences, such as age, infections during pregnancy, other drug usage, or smoking habits did not appear different in the two groups.", "contents": "Suspected link between exposure to hexachlorophene and malformed infants. Retrospective studies, performed in 6 hospitals in Sweden, demonstrated that severe congenital malformations occurred more frequently in neonates born to mothers who used hexachlorophene soaps, 10--60 times a day by handwashing and hand-creams during at least the first trimester of pregnancy (25 severe malformations in 460 neonates), when compared to neonates born to similarly employed mothers who did not use hexachlorophene soaps (0 severe malformations in 233 neonates). Minor congenital anomalies were also more commonly noted in the hexachlorophene-exposed group when contrasted with controls. Other known adverse influences, such as age, infections during pregnancy, other drug usage, or smoking habits did not appear different in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:287400", "title": "Laboratory studies on the immune effects of halogenated aromatics.", "content": "The effects of TCDD exposure on the developing immune system were investigated in Wistar/Fischer hybrid or Fischer rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 muk/kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group 1). Another group of neonatal rats was exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group 2). Variable but significant effects on body weights and thymus/body weight ratios were found up to 133 days of age. Cell mediated immune functions were depressed up to 133 days of age in both groups but less severely in animals exposed only postnatally. Furthermore, TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune functions without affecting humoral immune function. Adoptive cell transfer studies indicated suppression of T-cell functions was selective in that \"helper\" cell function was not suppressed. In other studies, the effects on lymphocyte function following brief exposure of spleens from B6C3F1 mice to TCDD in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were inhibited at concentrations less than 2 X 10(-7) M TCDD in DMSO. This concentration accounted for approximately 0.2 ng TCDD uptake per spleen. The structurally related chemicals 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 1-amino, 3,7,8-trichlorodibenzop-p-dioxin did not show significant lymphocyte effects even at two-fold higher concentrations. The ability of lymphocyte mitogens to bind to their cell surface receptors was not affected by TCDD treatment. TCDD was slightly cytolytic to lymphocytes after 48 hours of culture. DMSO treatment alone was also slightly toxic to lymphoid cells as indicated by a 10--20% loss of cell viability, although this occurred within 4 hours after DMSO exposure. Studies were performed to investigate the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on immune function in adult Hartley guinea pigs. Animals received 6 weekly doses of either 0, 0.05, 0.17, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram TCDF/kg body weight. TCDF slightly depressed cell-mediated immune functions, particularly at the higher dose levels as indicated by decreased lymphocyte blastogenesis, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and production of macrophage inhibitor factor. Additionally, thymus-to-body-weight ratios were slightly reduced in the 0.5 and 1.0 microgram dosage groups. Serum IgG levels and antibody titer to BGG did not differ from controls. These results indicate that TCDF-induced immunosuppression is similar to that of TCDD.", "contents": "Laboratory studies on the immune effects of halogenated aromatics. The effects of TCDD exposure on the developing immune system were investigated in Wistar/Fischer hybrid or Fischer rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 muk/kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group 1). Another group of neonatal rats was exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group 2). Variable but significant effects on body weights and thymus/body weight ratios were found up to 133 days of age. Cell mediated immune functions were depressed up to 133 days of age in both groups but less severely in animals exposed only postnatally. Furthermore, TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune functions without affecting humoral immune function. Adoptive cell transfer studies indicated suppression of T-cell functions was selective in that \"helper\" cell function was not suppressed. In other studies, the effects on lymphocyte function following brief exposure of spleens from B6C3F1 mice to TCDD in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were inhibited at concentrations less than 2 X 10(-7) M TCDD in DMSO. This concentration accounted for approximately 0.2 ng TCDD uptake per spleen. The structurally related chemicals 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 1-amino, 3,7,8-trichlorodibenzop-p-dioxin did not show significant lymphocyte effects even at two-fold higher concentrations. The ability of lymphocyte mitogens to bind to their cell surface receptors was not affected by TCDD treatment. TCDD was slightly cytolytic to lymphocytes after 48 hours of culture. DMSO treatment alone was also slightly toxic to lymphoid cells as indicated by a 10--20% loss of cell viability, although this occurred within 4 hours after DMSO exposure. Studies were performed to investigate the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) on immune function in adult Hartley guinea pigs. Animals received 6 weekly doses of either 0, 0.05, 0.17, 0.5 or 1.0 microgram TCDF/kg body weight. TCDF slightly depressed cell-mediated immune functions, particularly at the higher dose levels as indicated by decreased lymphocyte blastogenesis, delayed hypersensitivity reactions, and production of macrophage inhibitor factor. Additionally, thymus-to-body-weight ratios were slightly reduced in the 0.5 and 1.0 microgram dosage groups. Serum IgG levels and antibody titer to BGG did not differ from controls. These results indicate that TCDF-induced immunosuppression is similar to that of TCDD."}
{"id": "PMID:287401", "title": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on splenic lymphocyte transformation in mice after single and repeated exposures.", "content": "Male CD-1 mice were orally treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 micrograms TCDD/kg body wt./week for up to 8 weeks. Randomly selected animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of exposure. An additional group was given orally 10 micrograms TCDD/kg and the animals similarly sacrificed. Splenic lymphocytes from these animals were cultured in vitro with or without the presence of phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was measured as an indication of relative blast formation. Exposure of animals to TCDD, even at the lowest level (0.01 microgram/kg/wk for 2 weeks) caused a marked increase in the thymidine uptake by cultured lymphocytes. The blastogenic response of mitogens was reduced at high levels of TCDD exposure, indicating an immunosuppressive effect. Following a single treatment with 10 micrograms TCDD/kg, the increase in the blast formation was noted at 2 weeks, the effect reduced at 4 weeks, and no difference noticed in treated vs. control cultures 8 weeks after the treatment. Small doses of TCDD stimulate the splenic lymphocyte transformation and this effect, although somewhat dose-related, can be reversed in a relatively short period of time.", "contents": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on splenic lymphocyte transformation in mice after single and repeated exposures. Male CD-1 mice were orally treated with 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 micrograms TCDD/kg body wt./week for up to 8 weeks. Randomly selected animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of exposure. An additional group was given orally 10 micrograms TCDD/kg and the animals similarly sacrificed. Splenic lymphocytes from these animals were cultured in vitro with or without the presence of phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was measured as an indication of relative blast formation. Exposure of animals to TCDD, even at the lowest level (0.01 microgram/kg/wk for 2 weeks) caused a marked increase in the thymidine uptake by cultured lymphocytes. The blastogenic response of mitogens was reduced at high levels of TCDD exposure, indicating an immunosuppressive effect. Following a single treatment with 10 micrograms TCDD/kg, the increase in the blast formation was noted at 2 weeks, the effect reduced at 4 weeks, and no difference noticed in treated vs. control cultures 8 weeks after the treatment. Small doses of TCDD stimulate the splenic lymphocyte transformation and this effect, although somewhat dose-related, can be reversed in a relatively short period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:287402", "title": "Immunologic effects of vinyl chloride in mice.", "content": "Male CD-1 mice were exposed to 10, 100 or 1000 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) for 2--8 weeks at 6 hr/day, 5 days/week. A slight increase in the spleen weight of mice was noted at the highest exposure level. Spleens were obtained from these animals (4 mice/group after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of exposure) and their lymphocytes cultured in vitro with or without the presence of phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Relative blast formation and the DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the cultured cells. The response of splenic lymphocytes to the phytomitogens was increased several-fold by VC exposure. The effects were apparent at 1000 ppm VC after 2 weeks of exposure and at all levels of VC exposure after 4--8 weeks. The effects were generally more pronounced at 100 ppm VC exposure than those at 1000 ppm. In vitro culture of splenic lymphocytes from control or VC-exposed mice in the VC atmosphere did not show an enhancement of blast formation. Alteration of VC metabolism during the VC exposure in vivo yielded results that indicated that metabolites of VC may be responsible for the stimulation of lymphocyte transformation observed in splenic cultures.", "contents": "Immunologic effects of vinyl chloride in mice. Male CD-1 mice were exposed to 10, 100 or 1000 ppm vinyl chloride (VC) for 2--8 weeks at 6 hr/day, 5 days/week. A slight increase in the spleen weight of mice was noted at the highest exposure level. Spleens were obtained from these animals (4 mice/group after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of exposure) and their lymphocytes cultured in vitro with or without the presence of phytomitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Relative blast formation and the DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the cultured cells. The response of splenic lymphocytes to the phytomitogens was increased several-fold by VC exposure. The effects were apparent at 1000 ppm VC after 2 weeks of exposure and at all levels of VC exposure after 4--8 weeks. The effects were generally more pronounced at 100 ppm VC exposure than those at 1000 ppm. In vitro culture of splenic lymphocytes from control or VC-exposed mice in the VC atmosphere did not show an enhancement of blast formation. Alteration of VC metabolism during the VC exposure in vivo yielded results that indicated that metabolites of VC may be responsible for the stimulation of lymphocyte transformation observed in splenic cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:287403", "title": "Investigations on the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on parameters of various immune functions.", "content": "The effects of TCDD exposure on parameters of immune function during the developmental period were investigated. Exposures were performed in Fischer/Wistar rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 micrograms/Kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group 1). Another group of neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group 2). Body weights and relative thymus weights were found to be suppressed up to 135 days of age in group 1 but only up to 35 days of age in group 2. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune function without affecting humoral immune function. TCDD-exposed animals had recovered normal cell-mediated immune function by 270 days of age. A group of inbred Fischer rats was exposed to TCDD as described for group 1 above. At 45 days of age these animals were utilized in lymphocyte homing studies. It was found that TCDD exposure alters homing patterns of lymphocytes from exposed animals when adoptively transferred to untreated animals. In addition, lymphocytes from nonexposed animals did not home normally when injected into TCDD-exposed recipients.", "contents": "Investigations on the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on parameters of various immune functions. The effects of TCDD exposure on parameters of immune function during the developmental period were investigated. Exposures were performed in Fischer/Wistar rats. Fetal and neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing (5 micrograms/Kg) on day 18 of gestation and on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life (group 1). Another group of neonatal rats were exposed to TCDD through maternal dosing on days 0, 7, and 14 of postnatal life only (group 2). Body weights and relative thymus weights were found to be suppressed up to 135 days of age in group 1 but only up to 35 days of age in group 2. Parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immune function were investigated. TCDD suppressed cell-mediated immune function without affecting humoral immune function. TCDD-exposed animals had recovered normal cell-mediated immune function by 270 days of age. A group of inbred Fischer rats was exposed to TCDD as described for group 1 above. At 45 days of age these animals were utilized in lymphocyte homing studies. It was found that TCDD exposure alters homing patterns of lymphocytes from exposed animals when adoptively transferred to untreated animals. In addition, lymphocytes from nonexposed animals did not home normally when injected into TCDD-exposed recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:287414", "title": "Carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus.", "content": "From January, 1971, to January, 1977, 26 patients underwent surgical resection of a carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus. They ranged from 33 to 77 years old. All but 1 had symptoms characteristic of Pancoast's syndrome. The site of involvement was the right superior sulcus in 17 patients and the left superior sulcus in 9. All patients were treated by lobectomy and extended en bloc resection. Twenty-five patients survived operation. There was 1 early postoperative death. Twenty-two patients had been followed for at least 3 years, and 8 had survived for 5 years, at the time of writing. Nine patients died of recurrent disease from five months to 3 years after operation. Important considerations in postoperative care include routine use of continuous positive airway pressure and intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus. From January, 1971, to January, 1977, 26 patients underwent surgical resection of a carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus. They ranged from 33 to 77 years old. All but 1 had symptoms characteristic of Pancoast's syndrome. The site of involvement was the right superior sulcus in 17 patients and the left superior sulcus in 9. All patients were treated by lobectomy and extended en bloc resection. Twenty-five patients survived operation. There was 1 early postoperative death. Twenty-two patients had been followed for at least 3 years, and 8 had survived for 5 years, at the time of writing. Nine patients died of recurrent disease from five months to 3 years after operation. Important considerations in postoperative care include routine use of continuous positive airway pressure and intermittent mandatory ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:287415", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in basophilic chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Basophilia is found in association with many diseases and is commonly seen in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Substantial basophilia development during the course of CML has been considered to be a poor prognostic sign. Prominent basophilia occasionally has been seen in patients at the time of the original diagnosis. These cases have been classified as \"basophilic leukemia.\" A patient with a basophil count of 24,080/cu mm and myeloid immaturity in his peripheral blood had typical Ph1 chromosome in his bone marrow. G-banding studies showed typical 22q-;t(9q+;22q-) of CML. Since seven of the nine basophilic leukemias so far studied cytogenetically have Ph1 chromosomes and since Ph1 chromosomes are absent in the majority of eosinophilic leukemias, we believe it more appropriate to call basophilic leukemia basophilic CML.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in basophilic chronic myelocytic leukemia. Basophilia is found in association with many diseases and is commonly seen in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Substantial basophilia development during the course of CML has been considered to be a poor prognostic sign. Prominent basophilia occasionally has been seen in patients at the time of the original diagnosis. These cases have been classified as \"basophilic leukemia.\" A patient with a basophil count of 24,080/cu mm and myeloid immaturity in his peripheral blood had typical Ph1 chromosome in his bone marrow. G-banding studies showed typical 22q-;t(9q+;22q-) of CML. Since seven of the nine basophilic leukemias so far studied cytogenetically have Ph1 chromosomes and since Ph1 chromosomes are absent in the majority of eosinophilic leukemias, we believe it more appropriate to call basophilic leukemia basophilic CML."}
{"id": "PMID:287416", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia occurring in blast crisis.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of marrow using chromosomal banding techniques revealed the presence of the Philadelphia (PH1) chromosome in two patients with clinical and hematologic findings of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A review of the literature since the use of chromosomal banding techniques revealed about 15 patients with Ph1)-positive acute leukemia that we consider to be chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) occurring in blast crisis. We describe two additional patients, one of whom we believe is unique in that the initial blast crisis contained Auer's rod-positive cells.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia occurring in blast crisis. Cytogenetic studies of marrow using chromosomal banding techniques revealed the presence of the Philadelphia (PH1) chromosome in two patients with clinical and hematologic findings of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A review of the literature since the use of chromosomal banding techniques revealed about 15 patients with Ph1)-positive acute leukemia that we consider to be chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) occurring in blast crisis. We describe two additional patients, one of whom we believe is unique in that the initial blast crisis contained Auer's rod-positive cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287417", "title": "Mycotic wound infections. A new challenge of the surgeon.", "content": "Fungal wound infections have become more common because of the increased use of immunosuppressive and antineoplastic agents, prosthetic devices and grafts, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and hyperalimentation. Severe burns, renal failure, and other debilitating conditions also predispose to invasive mycoses. An aggressive diagnostic approach is particularly important, and tissue biopsy specimens are often necessary to establish a diagnosis. Meticulous surgical technique and minimization of the predisposing factors are crucial in the prevention of these infections, and prophylactic antimycotic agents may be of value in selected high-risk patients. Some mycotic wound infections can be managed effectively without systemic therapy; but when systemic agents are needed, combination antifungal therapy may provide improved results without increased drug toxicity.", "contents": "Mycotic wound infections. A new challenge of the surgeon. Fungal wound infections have become more common because of the increased use of immunosuppressive and antineoplastic agents, prosthetic devices and grafts, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and hyperalimentation. Severe burns, renal failure, and other debilitating conditions also predispose to invasive mycoses. An aggressive diagnostic approach is particularly important, and tissue biopsy specimens are often necessary to establish a diagnosis. Meticulous surgical technique and minimization of the predisposing factors are crucial in the prevention of these infections, and prophylactic antimycotic agents may be of value in selected high-risk patients. Some mycotic wound infections can be managed effectively without systemic therapy; but when systemic agents are needed, combination antifungal therapy may provide improved results without increased drug toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:287418", "title": "[Pathomorphology of the lymph nodes and the genesis of myeloid infiltrates in them in acute granulocyte-type leukemia].", "content": "Five hundred lymph nodes taken from various parts of the body in 89 patients who had died of acute granulocytic leukemia at the age of 3 to 71 years were examined. The degree of involvement of lymph nodes of the same patient was different and depended of their site: more frequent and pronounced changes were found in submaxillary, cervical, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, less marked in inguinal and mesenterial nodes. The earliest infiltrates of oxidase-positive cells appeared in hilus fat around small arteries, then in the medullary part and, finally, in the cortex. In sinuses, the oxidase-positive cells accumulated later than in the medullary part, were more mature and sometimes were phagocytized by histocytes. A direct correlation between the degree of myeloid infiltration in the lymph nodes and the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood was observed. These results and data of the literature suggest a metastatic genesis of myeloid infiltrates.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of the lymph nodes and the genesis of myeloid infiltrates in them in acute granulocyte-type leukemia]. Five hundred lymph nodes taken from various parts of the body in 89 patients who had died of acute granulocytic leukemia at the age of 3 to 71 years were examined. The degree of involvement of lymph nodes of the same patient was different and depended of their site: more frequent and pronounced changes were found in submaxillary, cervical, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, less marked in inguinal and mesenterial nodes. The earliest infiltrates of oxidase-positive cells appeared in hilus fat around small arteries, then in the medullary part and, finally, in the cortex. In sinuses, the oxidase-positive cells accumulated later than in the medullary part, were more mature and sometimes were phagocytized by histocytes. A direct correlation between the degree of myeloid infiltration in the lymph nodes and the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood was observed. These results and data of the literature suggest a metastatic genesis of myeloid infiltrates."}
{"id": "PMID:287437", "title": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible is a rare tumor, comprising less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors, and, even in large institutions, the experience in management of such tumors is limited. Current therapy for osteogenic sarcoma of the long bones is based on a more extensive experience in large centers and includes a major role for chemotherapy. We report two cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible that were treated by combined chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. The expected disease-free survival of patients with this disease, treated by surgery alone, would have been less then 50% in the first year. The survival of these two consecutive patients for more than one year, free of disease, is significant and encourages further use of this type of treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible. Osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible is a rare tumor, comprising less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors, and, even in large institutions, the experience in management of such tumors is limited. Current therapy for osteogenic sarcoma of the long bones is based on a more extensive experience in large centers and includes a major role for chemotherapy. We report two cases of osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible that were treated by combined chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. The expected disease-free survival of patients with this disease, treated by surgery alone, would have been less then 50% in the first year. The survival of these two consecutive patients for more than one year, free of disease, is significant and encourages further use of this type of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:287438", "title": "The leukaemias.", "content": "The leukaemias comprise a group of blood disorders which differ widely in regard to prognosis, the need for treatment and the intensity of treatment. A detailed understanding of them is necessary to decide which cases require treatment, and where the treatment is to be carried out. Such an understanding is also needed in counselling and advising patients, proper communication being a very important part of management. Acute leukaemia (with some exceptions) requires intensive and difficult treatment appropriate only in properly staffed hospital units. Chances of control range from reasonable to very good, especially in children, and significant prolongation of survival is seen in those who achieve remission. Future prospects for cure are promising. Chronic lymphatic leukaemia may be a very benign disease, though risk of infection increases as time passes. Chronic myeloid leukaemia, though initially benign, is less chronic than is generally believed and commonly the disease transforms to an acute pattern which cannot for long be controlled.", "contents": "The leukaemias. The leukaemias comprise a group of blood disorders which differ widely in regard to prognosis, the need for treatment and the intensity of treatment. A detailed understanding of them is necessary to decide which cases require treatment, and where the treatment is to be carried out. Such an understanding is also needed in counselling and advising patients, proper communication being a very important part of management. Acute leukaemia (with some exceptions) requires intensive and difficult treatment appropriate only in properly staffed hospital units. Chances of control range from reasonable to very good, especially in children, and significant prolongation of survival is seen in those who achieve remission. Future prospects for cure are promising. Chronic lymphatic leukaemia may be a very benign disease, though risk of infection increases as time passes. Chronic myeloid leukaemia, though initially benign, is less chronic than is generally believed and commonly the disease transforms to an acute pattern which cannot for long be controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:287440", "title": "The management of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "With the advent of serum parathyroid hormone assays the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism has become relatively straightforward. Current unresolved problems comprise the selection of patients for surgery, the pre-operative localization of lesions and the medical management of patients who, for one reason or another, are unsuitable for surgery.", "contents": "The management of primary hyperparathyroidism. With the advent of serum parathyroid hormone assays the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism has become relatively straightforward. Current unresolved problems comprise the selection of patients for surgery, the pre-operative localization of lesions and the medical management of patients who, for one reason or another, are unsuitable for surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:287441", "title": "Treatment of Paget's disease with the calcitonins.", "content": "Calcitonin has been used in the treatment of Paget's Disease of bone because of its ability to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. This results in a return of bone turnover towards normal, as reflected by urinary hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase. A plateau is reached with these parameters, at about 50% of the pre-treatment level. The cause of this plateau is unknown, but does not indicate resistance to treatment, since it occurs with all forms of calcitonin. Most treated patients experience pain relief, and there is radiological and histological evidence of arrested progression of Paget's Disease in patients treated with calcitonin. Both primary and secondary resistance to calcitonin occur with all calcitonins, including homologous hormone. Antibodies develop commonly in patients treated with pig or salmon calcitonin, but antibody-based clinical resistance has been demonstrated only in a few patients. Methods of selection of patients for treatment and of assessment of response are discussed, and treatment schedules summarized.", "contents": "Treatment of Paget's disease with the calcitonins. Calcitonin has been used in the treatment of Paget's Disease of bone because of its ability to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption. This results in a return of bone turnover towards normal, as reflected by urinary hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase. A plateau is reached with these parameters, at about 50% of the pre-treatment level. The cause of this plateau is unknown, but does not indicate resistance to treatment, since it occurs with all forms of calcitonin. Most treated patients experience pain relief, and there is radiological and histological evidence of arrested progression of Paget's Disease in patients treated with calcitonin. Both primary and secondary resistance to calcitonin occur with all calcitonins, including homologous hormone. Antibodies develop commonly in patients treated with pig or salmon calcitonin, but antibody-based clinical resistance has been demonstrated only in a few patients. Methods of selection of patients for treatment and of assessment of response are discussed, and treatment schedules summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:287442", "title": "Atheromatous coronary artery ectasia.", "content": "Of 431 consecutive patients who underwent coronary arteriography during the twelve month period ending December 1976, 23 (5%) had angiographically documented coronary artery ectasia. Of these only five had \"pure\" or isolated ectasia, whilst 18 had ectatic disease combined with coronary artery stenoses. Clinical findings that are significantly associated with ectasia are male predominance (96%), abnormal lipid patterns (64%), a positive family history of coronary artery disease (57%) and previous hypertension (50%). Anatomically, ectasia most often involved the right coronary artery (96%), then the circumflex artery (75%) and the left anterior descending artery (57%). Only seven (five with severe proximal stenoses) of the 28 patients had coronary artery bypass grafts. Care should be taken not to overdiagnose narrow segments between ectatic, dilated segments as being obstructions. Failure to appreciate this resulted in two patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia having bypass grafts performed with little relief of their symptoms.", "contents": "Atheromatous coronary artery ectasia. Of 431 consecutive patients who underwent coronary arteriography during the twelve month period ending December 1976, 23 (5%) had angiographically documented coronary artery ectasia. Of these only five had \"pure\" or isolated ectasia, whilst 18 had ectatic disease combined with coronary artery stenoses. Clinical findings that are significantly associated with ectasia are male predominance (96%), abnormal lipid patterns (64%), a positive family history of coronary artery disease (57%) and previous hypertension (50%). Anatomically, ectasia most often involved the right coronary artery (96%), then the circumflex artery (75%) and the left anterior descending artery (57%). Only seven (five with severe proximal stenoses) of the 28 patients had coronary artery bypass grafts. Care should be taken not to overdiagnose narrow segments between ectatic, dilated segments as being obstructions. Failure to appreciate this resulted in two patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia having bypass grafts performed with little relief of their symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:287443", "title": "Haemoglobin A1 in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "HbA1 was measured by a rapid method in a routine hospital laboratory. The normal range of 5.0--8.5% compares favourably with other studies. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes had levels of HbA1 of up to 20.5% while well controlled patients had levels of HbA1 in the normal range. The level of HbA1 is relatively stable in normal subjects and does not correlate with age, sex or weight. There was a correlation (p less than 0.001) with a 1-2 hour post-prandial, post-insulin blood sugar in insulin dependent diabetics. There was a relationship between type of therapy and HbA1 level at presentation. From the study of two ketoacidotic patients, it is apparent that the level of HbA1 decreases about six weeks after the decrease in blood sugar. It is concluded that the measurement of HbA1 is a useful adjunct in the assessment of diabetic control.", "contents": "Haemoglobin A1 in diabetes mellitus. HbA1 was measured by a rapid method in a routine hospital laboratory. The normal range of 5.0--8.5% compares favourably with other studies. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes had levels of HbA1 of up to 20.5% while well controlled patients had levels of HbA1 in the normal range. The level of HbA1 is relatively stable in normal subjects and does not correlate with age, sex or weight. There was a correlation (p less than 0.001) with a 1-2 hour post-prandial, post-insulin blood sugar in insulin dependent diabetics. There was a relationship between type of therapy and HbA1 level at presentation. From the study of two ketoacidotic patients, it is apparent that the level of HbA1 decreases about six weeks after the decrease in blood sugar. It is concluded that the measurement of HbA1 is a useful adjunct in the assessment of diabetic control."}
{"id": "PMID:287445", "title": "An outbreak of acute methyl alcohol intoxication.", "content": "An outbreak of acute methyl alcohol intoxication occurred in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, in March 1977. Twenty-eight young men attended a drinking party and drank methyl alcohol. The amount consumed by each individual ranged from an equivalent of 60--600 ml of pure methanol. Three had prior ethanol ingestion. All 28 became ill 8--36 hours after drinking and were hospitalized. The most commonly observed clinical syndromes were: acute metabolic acidosis, severe visual impairment and acute pancreatitis. Four died within 72 hours after admission to the hospital. All had severe metabolic acidosis and visual impairment and three pancreatitis. Of 24 who recovered, 16 showed no residual complications, six had bi-lateral visual impairment and two had difficulty in speech as well as visual impairment. A three month follow-up examination showed no change in the findings. Coma, seizures and prolonged acidosis were poor prognostic signs. The estimated amount of consumed methanol and the rapidity of the appearance of signs of toxicity following methanol ingestion did not seem to influence the outcome of poisoning. The treatment of acute methyl alcohol intoxication in centres where dialysis is not available is discussed.", "contents": "An outbreak of acute methyl alcohol intoxication. An outbreak of acute methyl alcohol intoxication occurred in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, in March 1977. Twenty-eight young men attended a drinking party and drank methyl alcohol. The amount consumed by each individual ranged from an equivalent of 60--600 ml of pure methanol. Three had prior ethanol ingestion. All 28 became ill 8--36 hours after drinking and were hospitalized. The most commonly observed clinical syndromes were: acute metabolic acidosis, severe visual impairment and acute pancreatitis. Four died within 72 hours after admission to the hospital. All had severe metabolic acidosis and visual impairment and three pancreatitis. Of 24 who recovered, 16 showed no residual complications, six had bi-lateral visual impairment and two had difficulty in speech as well as visual impairment. A three month follow-up examination showed no change in the findings. Coma, seizures and prolonged acidosis were poor prognostic signs. The estimated amount of consumed methanol and the rapidity of the appearance of signs of toxicity following methanol ingestion did not seem to influence the outcome of poisoning. The treatment of acute methyl alcohol intoxication in centres where dialysis is not available is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287446", "title": "Abdominal pain following intravenous benzyl penicillin administration.", "content": "The occurrence of abdominal pain (in three patients) and lower chest pain (in one patient) either during or immediately after the intravenous administration of high doses of benzyl penicillin is reported. All four patients were diagnosed as having bacterial endocarditis and had been receiving between 8 and 18 mega units of the drug per day for 2--3 weeks, when the symptoms were first noticed. A skin rash also appeared in each case, at this time. Both the rash and abdominal pain disappeared when an alternative antibiotic was substituted for the penicillin.", "contents": "Abdominal pain following intravenous benzyl penicillin administration. The occurrence of abdominal pain (in three patients) and lower chest pain (in one patient) either during or immediately after the intravenous administration of high doses of benzyl penicillin is reported. All four patients were diagnosed as having bacterial endocarditis and had been receiving between 8 and 18 mega units of the drug per day for 2--3 weeks, when the symptoms were first noticed. A skin rash also appeared in each case, at this time. Both the rash and abdominal pain disappeared when an alternative antibiotic was substituted for the penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:287447", "title": "Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy.", "content": "A 28-year-old woman with acute myeloblastic leukaemia was effectively treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine during the third trimester of pregnancy and a complete remission achieved. A normal infant was delivered at term. The patient survived for 27 months and the baby is now 2 1/2 years old with normal physical and mental development. The literature on management of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia during the second and third trimester of pregnancy is reviewed and it is concluded that effective combination chemotherapy improves fetal survival.", "contents": "Acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia in the third trimester of pregnancy. A 28-year-old woman with acute myeloblastic leukaemia was effectively treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine during the third trimester of pregnancy and a complete remission achieved. A normal infant was delivered at term. The patient survived for 27 months and the baby is now 2 1/2 years old with normal physical and mental development. The literature on management of acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia during the second and third trimester of pregnancy is reviewed and it is concluded that effective combination chemotherapy improves fetal survival."}
{"id": "PMID:287448", "title": "Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis.", "content": "A case of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, presenting in a Caucasian resident of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, is described. Diagnosis was supported by serological studies. This appears to be the first report of a case from New Britain.", "contents": "Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis. A case of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, presenting in a Caucasian resident of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea, is described. Diagnosis was supported by serological studies. This appears to be the first report of a case from New Britain."}
{"id": "PMID:287454", "title": "Ocular side effects with 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "The concentrations of 5-fluorouracil in tears and plasma were studied in eight patients receiving the drug for carcinoma of the colon. The drug was measured by a gas liquid chromatographic method and found to be present only in the tears of patients with excessive lacrimation. In three patients with watery eyes the peak concentration in tears (16-23.8 micrograms/ml) occurred 15 minutes after IV administration and this corresponded with the end of the distribution (alpha) phase in the plasma when the plasma levels ranged from 18-26 micrograms/ml. In five patients without eye symptoms the drug was undetectable in the lacrimal fluid even though they had similar plasma levels (15-25 micrograms/ml) of 5-fluorouracil. The volumes of distribution and plasma clearance rates were similar in the two groups [being 0.2-0.52 (mean = 0.33) 1/kg and 612-978 (mean = 850) ml/min respectively in patients with excessive lacrimation and 0.13-0.79 (mean = 0.36) 1/kg and 435-1138 (mean = 831) ml/min respectively in the five patients without symptoms.]. It appears that 5-fluorouracil produces irritation of the lacrimal apparatus in about 30% of patients on the drug and in association with this appears in the tears where it may be responsible for the reported irritation and fibrosis of the tear duct.", "contents": "Ocular side effects with 5-fluorouracil. The concentrations of 5-fluorouracil in tears and plasma were studied in eight patients receiving the drug for carcinoma of the colon. The drug was measured by a gas liquid chromatographic method and found to be present only in the tears of patients with excessive lacrimation. In three patients with watery eyes the peak concentration in tears (16-23.8 micrograms/ml) occurred 15 minutes after IV administration and this corresponded with the end of the distribution (alpha) phase in the plasma when the plasma levels ranged from 18-26 micrograms/ml. In five patients without eye symptoms the drug was undetectable in the lacrimal fluid even though they had similar plasma levels (15-25 micrograms/ml) of 5-fluorouracil. The volumes of distribution and plasma clearance rates were similar in the two groups [being 0.2-0.52 (mean = 0.33) 1/kg and 612-978 (mean = 850) ml/min respectively in patients with excessive lacrimation and 0.13-0.79 (mean = 0.36) 1/kg and 435-1138 (mean = 831) ml/min respectively in the five patients without symptoms.]. It appears that 5-fluorouracil produces irritation of the lacrimal apparatus in about 30% of patients on the drug and in association with this appears in the tears where it may be responsible for the reported irritation and fibrosis of the tear duct."}
{"id": "PMID:287455", "title": "Crohn's disease: a review of 122 cases.", "content": "One-hundred-and-twenty-two patients with Crohn's disease were admitted to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital from 1966 to 1977. Thirty-seven had disease confined to small bowel, 37 to colon and 48 had combined small and large bowel involvement. The disease was twice as common in females as in males. Pain was the major symptom in patients with small bowel disease and was associated with diarrhoea if both small and large bowel were involved. Disease confined to the colon most commonly produced diarrhoea with bleeding. Perianal disease occurred more often in patients with colonic disease. Systemic complications were also more frequent in the group with disease confined to colon, and these complications were often multiple. Medical treatment with corticosteroids, salazopyrine or azathioprine, was generally unsuccessful. One in two patients required surgery, usually in the form of resection. Following resection, recurrence occurrred in more than one half of the patients but was less frequent in those with colonic disease. Three-quarters of patients with a recurrence required a further resection, emphasising the unsatisfactory long-term results of surgery in this disease.", "contents": "Crohn's disease: a review of 122 cases. One-hundred-and-twenty-two patients with Crohn's disease were admitted to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital from 1966 to 1977. Thirty-seven had disease confined to small bowel, 37 to colon and 48 had combined small and large bowel involvement. The disease was twice as common in females as in males. Pain was the major symptom in patients with small bowel disease and was associated with diarrhoea if both small and large bowel were involved. Disease confined to the colon most commonly produced diarrhoea with bleeding. Perianal disease occurred more often in patients with colonic disease. Systemic complications were also more frequent in the group with disease confined to colon, and these complications were often multiple. Medical treatment with corticosteroids, salazopyrine or azathioprine, was generally unsuccessful. One in two patients required surgery, usually in the form of resection. Following resection, recurrence occurrred in more than one half of the patients but was less frequent in those with colonic disease. Three-quarters of patients with a recurrence required a further resection, emphasising the unsatisfactory long-term results of surgery in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:287456", "title": "Release of secretin--plasma levels reproduced by exogenous infusion.", "content": "Infusion of 0.1 M HCl (0.5 mmol/kg/hr over 20 minutes) into the duodenum of each of seven normal subjects led to a significant rise (P less than 0.05) in mean plasma secretion levels from 3.0 +/- 2.2 (SE) to 15 +/- 4.0 pmol/l. Intravenous infusion of secretin at a rate of 6.6 pmol/kg/hr (0.08 clinical units/kg/hr) reproduced the peak plasma levels of secretin observed during duodenal acidification. However, there was no detectable (2.5 pmol/l) change in plasma secretin after oral protein or glucose.", "contents": "Release of secretin--plasma levels reproduced by exogenous infusion. Infusion of 0.1 M HCl (0.5 mmol/kg/hr over 20 minutes) into the duodenum of each of seven normal subjects led to a significant rise (P less than 0.05) in mean plasma secretion levels from 3.0 +/- 2.2 (SE) to 15 +/- 4.0 pmol/l. Intravenous infusion of secretin at a rate of 6.6 pmol/kg/hr (0.08 clinical units/kg/hr) reproduced the peak plasma levels of secretin observed during duodenal acidification. However, there was no detectable (2.5 pmol/l) change in plasma secretin after oral protein or glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:287457", "title": "The effects of dietary fibre on glucose tolerance in healthy males.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that the addition of non-absorbable carbohydrate (NAC) to test meals decreases the glucose and and insulin response both in normal and diabetic subjects. However, these  studies appear to have used brain in the basic test meal without a knowledge of the effect of bran itself or of the added NAC alone. In the present investigation bran alone, pectin alone, guar alone and pectin with guar have been studied. Guar alone added to the test meal significantly lowered blood glucose at 90 minutes. Pectin alone did not have a significant effect. Pectin and guar together resulted in a blood glucose lower at 30 minutes and greater at 120 minutes. No significant changes in insulin response were noted to our study. It appears that NAC alters the glucose response to a given meal, but the extent to which this occurred in the present study was less than in previous studies. The differences may reflect synergism between bran and other NAC's to lower blood glucose response after a meal.", "contents": "The effects of dietary fibre on glucose tolerance in healthy males. Previous studies have shown that the addition of non-absorbable carbohydrate (NAC) to test meals decreases the glucose and and insulin response both in normal and diabetic subjects. However, these  studies appear to have used brain in the basic test meal without a knowledge of the effect of bran itself or of the added NAC alone. In the present investigation bran alone, pectin alone, guar alone and pectin with guar have been studied. Guar alone added to the test meal significantly lowered blood glucose at 90 minutes. Pectin alone did not have a significant effect. Pectin and guar together resulted in a blood glucose lower at 30 minutes and greater at 120 minutes. No significant changes in insulin response were noted to our study. It appears that NAC alters the glucose response to a given meal, but the extent to which this occurred in the present study was less than in previous studies. The differences may reflect synergism between bran and other NAC's to lower blood glucose response after a meal."}
{"id": "PMID:287458", "title": "Distribution and interrelations of coronary risk factors in a community sample of Auckland men.", "content": "Distributions and interrelations of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urate and glucose, cigarette and alcohol consumption and ECG characteristics were assessed in a community sample of 524 Auckland men aged 30-55. The distributions of these variables were generally similar to those found in other New Zealand samples, indicating that New Zealand levels of coronary risk factors lie in the upper reaches of the US and European range. Notable amongst the interrelations found were the pattern of relationships between serum cholesterol, triglycerides and urate, and the association of both body mass and alcohol intake urate level.", "contents": "Distribution and interrelations of coronary risk factors in a community sample of Auckland men. Distributions and interrelations of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urate and glucose, cigarette and alcohol consumption and ECG characteristics were assessed in a community sample of 524 Auckland men aged 30-55. The distributions of these variables were generally similar to those found in other New Zealand samples, indicating that New Zealand levels of coronary risk factors lie in the upper reaches of the US and European range. Notable amongst the interrelations found were the pattern of relationships between serum cholesterol, triglycerides and urate, and the association of both body mass and alcohol intake urate level."}
{"id": "PMID:287459", "title": "Exercise testing in congenital aortic stenosis.", "content": "Treadmill exercise testing was performed on 23 patients with isolated congenital aortic stenosis. It was found that eight patients, with a negative exercise test and a normal rise in systolic blood pressure on exercise, had gradients less than 45 mmHg. Fifteen patients with gradients greater than 50 mmHg had positive exercise tests and their systolic blood pressure did not rise normally. It is suggested that the left heart studies to measure aortic valve gradients can safely be postponed if an exercise test is negative. Serial exercise testing of such patients will give an indication when left heart catheterization should be considered.", "contents": "Exercise testing in congenital aortic stenosis. Treadmill exercise testing was performed on 23 patients with isolated congenital aortic stenosis. It was found that eight patients, with a negative exercise test and a normal rise in systolic blood pressure on exercise, had gradients less than 45 mmHg. Fifteen patients with gradients greater than 50 mmHg had positive exercise tests and their systolic blood pressure did not rise normally. It is suggested that the left heart studies to measure aortic valve gradients can safely be postponed if an exercise test is negative. Serial exercise testing of such patients will give an indication when left heart catheterization should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:287460", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus in Malaysia.", "content": "Findings are reviewed of isolated Patent Ductus Arteriosus after infancy as seen in 181 patients studied at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, during the period 1967 to 1975. The ages of patients ranged from nine months to 54 years. Eighty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization. More than 50% of patients were above ten years of age; the sex ratio was 1 male: 2.93 females. Thirty-two per cent of the patients had significant effort dyspnoea or were in heart failure. The complications noted were elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, Eisenmenger syndrome, bacterial endocarditis and cardiac failure.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus in Malaysia. Findings are reviewed of isolated Patent Ductus Arteriosus after infancy as seen in 181 patients studied at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, during the period 1967 to 1975. The ages of patients ranged from nine months to 54 years. Eighty-two patients underwent cardiac catheterization. More than 50% of patients were above ten years of age; the sex ratio was 1 male: 2.93 females. Thirty-two per cent of the patients had significant effort dyspnoea or were in heart failure. The complications noted were elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, Eisenmenger syndrome, bacterial endocarditis and cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:287461", "title": "The association of haemopoietic dysplasia (pre-leukaemia) and abnormal cell clone with connective tissue disease.", "content": "A 68-year-old man with haemotological features consistent with haemopoietic dysplasia (pre-leukaemia) and an abnormal cell clone in the marrow, 46, XY, -18, +t(13;18) (q11;123), developed acute connective tissue disease characterised by vasculitis, dermal changes, marked muscular weakness and serological features suggesting an auto-immune disturbance. Although four other cases of haemopoietic dysplasia (\"pre-leukaemia\") with unusual connective tissue disease had been reported since the recognition of haemopoietic dysplasia as a distinct entity, a definite association between these two disease states still awaits confirmation by further reports and investigations.", "contents": "The association of haemopoietic dysplasia (pre-leukaemia) and abnormal cell clone with connective tissue disease. A 68-year-old man with haemotological features consistent with haemopoietic dysplasia (pre-leukaemia) and an abnormal cell clone in the marrow, 46, XY, -18, +t(13;18) (q11;123), developed acute connective tissue disease characterised by vasculitis, dermal changes, marked muscular weakness and serological features suggesting an auto-immune disturbance. Although four other cases of haemopoietic dysplasia (\"pre-leukaemia\") with unusual connective tissue disease had been reported since the recognition of haemopoietic dysplasia as a distinct entity, a definite association between these two disease states still awaits confirmation by further reports and investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:287462", "title": "A case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria terminating in a myeloproliferative syndrome.", "content": "This report discusses the case of a 60-year-old man who presented in 1969 with thrombocytopenia and mild marrow hypoplasia. A diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), was established. The subsequent course included episodes of overt intravascular haemolysis. Thrombocytopenia reverted on several occasions during Oxymetholone therapy. The terminal phase of the illness was marked by the development of a leukocytosis and densely hypercellular bone marrow with splenomegaly. The features were those of a myeloproliferative disorder, although frank leukaemia did not develop.", "contents": "A case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria terminating in a myeloproliferative syndrome. This report discusses the case of a 60-year-old man who presented in 1969 with thrombocytopenia and mild marrow hypoplasia. A diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), was established. The subsequent course included episodes of overt intravascular haemolysis. Thrombocytopenia reverted on several occasions during Oxymetholone therapy. The terminal phase of the illness was marked by the development of a leukocytosis and densely hypercellular bone marrow with splenomegaly. The features were those of a myeloproliferative disorder, although frank leukaemia did not develop."}
{"id": "PMID:287463", "title": "Progressive polyradiculoneuropathy: treatment with Azathioprine.", "content": "A case is presented of a 64-year-old male with chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP) relentlessly progressing (despite steroids) to virtually complete quadriplegia over seven months. Once commenced on Azathioprine he dramatically improved over a six week period. The truly progressive form of CIP is rare. It is, however, immunologically similar to relapsing CIP and to the more common acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (AIP). Although the place of steroid therapy is still in doubt it would seem that cytotoxic immunosuppressives have something definite to offer in these conditions where there is progression beyond 4-5 weeks. In the largest series of CIP available (where the patients were untreated, or treated with steroids alone) the mortality rate was 11%, and the \"complete recovery\" rate only 5%. Although only isolated case reports are available, it would seem that if more aggressive immunosuppressive therapy was used more frequently, the prognosis might be considerably improved.", "contents": "Progressive polyradiculoneuropathy: treatment with Azathioprine. A case is presented of a 64-year-old male with chronic inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (CIP) relentlessly progressing (despite steroids) to virtually complete quadriplegia over seven months. Once commenced on Azathioprine he dramatically improved over a six week period. The truly progressive form of CIP is rare. It is, however, immunologically similar to relapsing CIP and to the more common acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (AIP). Although the place of steroid therapy is still in doubt it would seem that cytotoxic immunosuppressives have something definite to offer in these conditions where there is progression beyond 4-5 weeks. In the largest series of CIP available (where the patients were untreated, or treated with steroids alone) the mortality rate was 11%, and the \"complete recovery\" rate only 5%. Although only isolated case reports are available, it would seem that if more aggressive immunosuppressive therapy was used more frequently, the prognosis might be considerably improved."}
{"id": "PMID:287464", "title": "Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica.", "content": "The clinical, pathological and physiological features of two patients suffering from tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) are described. Unequivocal evidence of extrapulmonary airways obstruction was not able to be obtained by lung function testing, despite extensive central airway involvement in both patients. TO is a rare condition of which there is only one other clinical report from this country. As the bronchoscopic appearance may closely resemble that of endobronchial neoplasms, TO should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of patients with haemoptysis.", "contents": "Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. The clinical, pathological and physiological features of two patients suffering from tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) are described. Unequivocal evidence of extrapulmonary airways obstruction was not able to be obtained by lung function testing, despite extensive central airway involvement in both patients. TO is a rare condition of which there is only one other clinical report from this country. As the bronchoscopic appearance may closely resemble that of endobronchial neoplasms, TO should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of patients with haemoptysis."}
{"id": "PMID:287465", "title": "Juvenile Reiter's syndrome.", "content": "A case of Reiter's syndrome occurring in an 11-year-old, pre-pubertal boy is described. The boy was a heterozygote for the histocompatibility antigen B27 and other arthritic members of his family included his mother with colitic arthritis and an aunt with ankylosing spondylitis. His HLA-B27 negative sibs have remained well. Shigella Salmonella and Yersinia organisms have been previously incriminated as precipitating factors in some patients with Reiter's syndrome but no evidence of recent infection with any of these agents was found in this patient. The case is reported because of the rarity of the condition at this age.", "contents": "Juvenile Reiter's syndrome. A case of Reiter's syndrome occurring in an 11-year-old, pre-pubertal boy is described. The boy was a heterozygote for the histocompatibility antigen B27 and other arthritic members of his family included his mother with colitic arthritis and an aunt with ankylosing spondylitis. His HLA-B27 negative sibs have remained well. Shigella Salmonella and Yersinia organisms have been previously incriminated as precipitating factors in some patients with Reiter's syndrome but no evidence of recent infection with any of these agents was found in this patient. The case is reported because of the rarity of the condition at this age."}
{"id": "PMID:287518", "title": "A chemotactic inhibitor produced by blast cells and present in the serum of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A chemotactic factor inhibitor (CFI) was found in the serum of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The factor was characterized as heat-labile, with activity against complement-dependent chemotactic factors and against the chemotactic factor produced by Escherichia coli. Normal sera and sera from other patients with acute leukemia also demonstrate heat-labile inhibitory activity against complement-dependent chemotactic factors but not against the E. coli-derived chemotactic factor. Supernatants from cultured lymphoblasts of the patient also possessed CFI activity similar in character to that found in his serum. It is suggested that in vivo the lymphoblasts were responsible for the chemotactic defect observed in his serum, presumably by manufacturing and releasing a chemotactic factor inactivator.", "contents": "A chemotactic inhibitor produced by blast cells and present in the serum of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A chemotactic factor inhibitor (CFI) was found in the serum of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The factor was characterized as heat-labile, with activity against complement-dependent chemotactic factors and against the chemotactic factor produced by Escherichia coli. Normal sera and sera from other patients with acute leukemia also demonstrate heat-labile inhibitory activity against complement-dependent chemotactic factors but not against the E. coli-derived chemotactic factor. Supernatants from cultured lymphoblasts of the patient also possessed CFI activity similar in character to that found in his serum. It is suggested that in vivo the lymphoblasts were responsible for the chemotactic defect observed in his serum, presumably by manufacturing and releasing a chemotactic factor inactivator."}
{"id": "PMID:287519", "title": "Selective sensitivity of chronic myelogenous leukemia cell populations to alkyl-lysophospholipids.", "content": "In order to evaluate the specificity of alkyl-lysophospholipid-induced cell destruction, peripheral blood leukocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase of the disease as well as in blastic crisis have been separated by density centrifugation. These subpopulations, enriched for the different maturation stages, were tested for their sensitivity to alkyl-lysophospholipids. It is shown that myelocytes in chronic phase CML are resistant, but blast cells from both clinical stages as well as maturational defective myelocytes from blastic crisis CML are highly sensitive to these antimetabolites. In contrast to chronic phase CML myelocytes, these sensitive cells show a high lysophospholipid adsorption rate and lack an O-alkyl-cleavage enzyme.", "contents": "Selective sensitivity of chronic myelogenous leukemia cell populations to alkyl-lysophospholipids. In order to evaluate the specificity of alkyl-lysophospholipid-induced cell destruction, peripheral blood leukocytes from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in chronic phase of the disease as well as in blastic crisis have been separated by density centrifugation. These subpopulations, enriched for the different maturation stages, were tested for their sensitivity to alkyl-lysophospholipids. It is shown that myelocytes in chronic phase CML are resistant, but blast cells from both clinical stages as well as maturational defective myelocytes from blastic crisis CML are highly sensitive to these antimetabolites. In contrast to chronic phase CML myelocytes, these sensitive cells show a high lysophospholipid adsorption rate and lack an O-alkyl-cleavage enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:287520", "title": "Two cases of carcinoma of the lung characterized by a bone marrow agar culture pattern resembling acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "In vitro agar culture patterns of bone marrow cells in acute myeloid leukemia may show several growth patterns, including cultures where no colonies or clusters develop, cultures with varying numbers of clusters and no colonies, or colony and cluster formation with an extremely high ratio of clusters to colonies. Twelve cases of carcinoma of the lung are described, of which two show an in vitro growth pattern of cluster formation alone, characteristic of that seen in acute myeloid leukemia. The remaining ten patients showed slightly reduced colony numbers compared to normal.", "contents": "Two cases of carcinoma of the lung characterized by a bone marrow agar culture pattern resembling acute myeloid leukemia. In vitro agar culture patterns of bone marrow cells in acute myeloid leukemia may show several growth patterns, including cultures where no colonies or clusters develop, cultures with varying numbers of clusters and no colonies, or colony and cluster formation with an extremely high ratio of clusters to colonies. Twelve cases of carcinoma of the lung are described, of which two show an in vitro growth pattern of cluster formation alone, characteristic of that seen in acute myeloid leukemia. The remaining ten patients showed slightly reduced colony numbers compared to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:287547", "title": "Prognostic significance of alkaline phosphatase measurements in patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving chemotherapy.", "content": "During the period January 1975 to August 1977, alkaline phosphatase levels in 30 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were closely followed in an attempt to determine if these measurements had clinical value in predicting the course of patients with this disease. Of 17 patients with elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, 12 recurred. Of 13 patients with normal preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, only 4 recurred (p less than .05). Thus, alkaline phosphatase levels that were elevated preoperatively were correlated with poor prognosis. A similar correlation between postoperative alkaline phosphatase levels and prognosis could not be made.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of alkaline phosphatase measurements in patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving chemotherapy. During the period January 1975 to August 1977, alkaline phosphatase levels in 30 patients with osteogenic sarcoma were closely followed in an attempt to determine if these measurements had clinical value in predicting the course of patients with this disease. Of 17 patients with elevated preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, 12 recurred. Of 13 patients with normal preoperative alkaline phosphatase levels, only 4 recurred (p less than .05). Thus, alkaline phosphatase levels that were elevated preoperatively were correlated with poor prognosis. A similar correlation between postoperative alkaline phosphatase levels and prognosis could not be made."}
{"id": "PMID:287548", "title": "Eosinophilia, chloromas and a chromosome abnormality in a patient with a myeloproliferative syndrome.", "content": "The existence of eosinophilic leukemia remains controversial since many authors challenge the existence of this entity. We present a patient with a hypereosinophilic syndrome whose findings were consistent with a leukemic process. The patient's course was marked my signs and symptoms of myeloblastoma formation and his illness terminated in an acute blastic crisis. chromosome studies on peripheral blood leucocytes demonstrated aneuploidy and an abnormal number four chromosome with additional material on its long arm. This case appears to be an unusual example of a hypereosinophilic syndrome with both myeloblastoma formation and an abnormal leucocyte karyotype.", "contents": "Eosinophilia, chloromas and a chromosome abnormality in a patient with a myeloproliferative syndrome. The existence of eosinophilic leukemia remains controversial since many authors challenge the existence of this entity. We present a patient with a hypereosinophilic syndrome whose findings were consistent with a leukemic process. The patient's course was marked my signs and symptoms of myeloblastoma formation and his illness terminated in an acute blastic crisis. chromosome studies on peripheral blood leucocytes demonstrated aneuploidy and an abnormal number four chromosome with additional material on its long arm. This case appears to be an unusual example of a hypereosinophilic syndrome with both myeloblastoma formation and an abnormal leucocyte karyotype."}
{"id": "PMID:287549", "title": "Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in childhood.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies have been done on a group of childhood patients over a period of 3 1/2 years in which time Giemsa trypsin banding was applied to all specimens. Fifteen of the 107 patients (14%) were diagnosed as having acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Twelve of the 15 had chromosomal abnormalities. The most common was an involvement of the No. 7 chromosome which occurred in five patients. Three patients had trisomy 19. No correlation could be found between the disease subgroup and the karyotypic aberration in patients with anomalies involving a common chromosome.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Cytogenetic studies have been done on a group of childhood patients over a period of 3 1/2 years in which time Giemsa trypsin banding was applied to all specimens. Fifteen of the 107 patients (14%) were diagnosed as having acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Twelve of the 15 had chromosomal abnormalities. The most common was an involvement of the No. 7 chromosome which occurred in five patients. Three patients had trisomy 19. No correlation could be found between the disease subgroup and the karyotypic aberration in patients with anomalies involving a common chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:287550", "title": "Cytogenetic studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia in children and adolescents.", "content": "In a 3 1/2 year cytogenetic study of 107 leukemia patients diagnosed in childhood and adloescence, 8 presented with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Seven of the 8 had chromosomal abnormalities. Six had the Ph1 chromosome; 5 had the usual 9;22 translocation. Two patients had involvement with chromosome 15; one had a 9;15 translocation in Ph1 positive cells during remission while a second had a 1;15 translocation during blastic crisis. The 2 patients who did not have a Ph1 chromosome survived 13 and 30 months, respectively, considerably less time than the 4+ year survival in most of those with Ph1 positive CML.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia in children and adolescents. In a 3 1/2 year cytogenetic study of 107 leukemia patients diagnosed in childhood and adloescence, 8 presented with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Seven of the 8 had chromosomal abnormalities. Six had the Ph1 chromosome; 5 had the usual 9;22 translocation. Two patients had involvement with chromosome 15; one had a 9;15 translocation in Ph1 positive cells during remission while a second had a 1;15 translocation during blastic crisis. The 2 patients who did not have a Ph1 chromosome survived 13 and 30 months, respectively, considerably less time than the 4+ year survival in most of those with Ph1 positive CML."}
{"id": "PMID:287551", "title": "Respiratory distress of hyperleukocytic granulocytic leukemias.", "content": "The rapid appearance of acute respiratory distress during the course of 25 hyperleukocytic leukemias was associated with the rapid increase of the leukocytosis. The regression of the tachypnea was spectacular when treating hyperleukocytosis by exchange transfusion and chemotherapy. Blood gas studies, although blurred to some extent by in vitro blast consumption of oxygen, showed a hypoxemia with a hypo-or normocapnia. The symptoms seem to be related to the leukostasis by the mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary capillaries. This leukostasis was shown to be responsible for a septal and alveolar oedema. The high frequency of this syndrome during the course of AGL and of acute phase of CGL seems to be linked to the low deformability of the myeloblasts. In CGL at its chronic phase, CLL or even in ALL, the absence of this syndrome could be explained by the greater deformability of the circulating cells. The hyperleukocytic AGL patients which do not have this syndrome are all characterized by a stable or slowly increasing leukocytosis. Thus, this syndrome seems to characterized by hyperleukocytic granulocytic leukemias with a rapid blood leukocyte doubling rate. Treatment in such cases is an emergency.", "contents": "Respiratory distress of hyperleukocytic granulocytic leukemias. The rapid appearance of acute respiratory distress during the course of 25 hyperleukocytic leukemias was associated with the rapid increase of the leukocytosis. The regression of the tachypnea was spectacular when treating hyperleukocytosis by exchange transfusion and chemotherapy. Blood gas studies, although blurred to some extent by in vitro blast consumption of oxygen, showed a hypoxemia with a hypo-or normocapnia. The symptoms seem to be related to the leukostasis by the mechanical obstruction of the pulmonary capillaries. This leukostasis was shown to be responsible for a septal and alveolar oedema. The high frequency of this syndrome during the course of AGL and of acute phase of CGL seems to be linked to the low deformability of the myeloblasts. In CGL at its chronic phase, CLL or even in ALL, the absence of this syndrome could be explained by the greater deformability of the circulating cells. The hyperleukocytic AGL patients which do not have this syndrome are all characterized by a stable or slowly increasing leukocytosis. Thus, this syndrome seems to characterized by hyperleukocytic granulocytic leukemias with a rapid blood leukocyte doubling rate. Treatment in such cases is an emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:287552", "title": "Effects of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid on the clonogenicity of murine leukemic stem cells.", "content": "The effect of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) on the colony-forming ability of the progenitor cells (CFUC) of RF/Un leukemic mice was investigated using the plasma clot method in order to study the mode of action of the modified polynucleotide. The results showed that MPC inhibited the CFUC in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Once a maximum level of inhibition of CFUC (approximately 40%) was observed, no further inhibition occurred whether the concentration of MPC was increased or whether the duration of incubation was lengthened. High-specific-activity [3H]thymidine, an S-phase-specific agent, showed a similar inhibition profile on the CFUC as did MPC. When MPC and high-specific-activity [3H]thymidine were incubated together with the bone marrow cells, there was no additive or synergistic inhibitory effect on the CFUC. Thus, it appears that MPC is an S-phase-specific agent. When injected i.v. into the mice, MPC decreased the number of CFUC of both the bone marrow and the spleen significantly.", "contents": "Effects of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid on the clonogenicity of murine leukemic stem cells. The effect of partially thiolated polycytidylic acid (MPC) on the colony-forming ability of the progenitor cells (CFUC) of RF/Un leukemic mice was investigated using the plasma clot method in order to study the mode of action of the modified polynucleotide. The results showed that MPC inhibited the CFUC in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Once a maximum level of inhibition of CFUC (approximately 40%) was observed, no further inhibition occurred whether the concentration of MPC was increased or whether the duration of incubation was lengthened. High-specific-activity [3H]thymidine, an S-phase-specific agent, showed a similar inhibition profile on the CFUC as did MPC. When MPC and high-specific-activity [3H]thymidine were incubated together with the bone marrow cells, there was no additive or synergistic inhibitory effect on the CFUC. Thus, it appears that MPC is an S-phase-specific agent. When injected i.v. into the mice, MPC decreased the number of CFUC of both the bone marrow and the spleen significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:287553", "title": "Prolongation of survival time of mice inoculated with myeloid leukemia cells by inducers of normal differentiation.", "content": "Studies were made on the effects of inducers on the leukemogenicity of sensitive mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) that could be induced to undergo cell differentiation into mature granulocytes and macrophages in vitro by incubation with inducers (certain proteins, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, or glucocorticoids) and of resistant M1 cells that could not be induced to differentiate into mature cells. Inducers of cell differentiation significantly enhanced the survival times of mice inoculated with sensitive cells but scarcely affected the survival times of mice inoculated with resistant cells. Some mice inoculated with the sensitive cells and treated with lipopolysaccharide did not develop leukemia. The sensitive and resistant clone cells contained similar common tumor-related surface antigens. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide was also effective in athymic nude mice inoculated with the sensitive M1 cells. Lipopolysaccharide or glucocorticoid significantly stimulated differentiation of the sensitive cells cultured in a diffusion chamber in vivo but had little effect on differentiation of resistant cells. These results suggest the possibility of treating, with partial success, leukemia in vivo with differentiation inducers.", "contents": "Prolongation of survival time of mice inoculated with myeloid leukemia cells by inducers of normal differentiation. Studies were made on the effects of inducers on the leukemogenicity of sensitive mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) that could be induced to undergo cell differentiation into mature granulocytes and macrophages in vitro by incubation with inducers (certain proteins, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, or glucocorticoids) and of resistant M1 cells that could not be induced to differentiate into mature cells. Inducers of cell differentiation significantly enhanced the survival times of mice inoculated with sensitive cells but scarcely affected the survival times of mice inoculated with resistant cells. Some mice inoculated with the sensitive cells and treated with lipopolysaccharide did not develop leukemia. The sensitive and resistant clone cells contained similar common tumor-related surface antigens. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide was also effective in athymic nude mice inoculated with the sensitive M1 cells. Lipopolysaccharide or glucocorticoid significantly stimulated differentiation of the sensitive cells cultured in a diffusion chamber in vivo but had little effect on differentiation of resistant cells. These results suggest the possibility of treating, with partial success, leukemia in vivo with differentiation inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:287554", "title": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. II. Aggressive resection of pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated in a prospective protocol involving the use of adjuvant high-dose methotrexate, frequent screening for pulmonary metastases, and aggressive resection of all metastatic disease whenever possible. Twenty-two of these 39 patients have had recurrence and in 20 patients evidence of metastatic disease was confined to the lungs. Eighteen of the patients had thoracotomy, and in 11 patients all known disease was resected. Although four of these patients have required further thoracotomies, all 11 patients have no evidence of disease. Thus, of the original 39 patients, 30 (76.9%) are now alive and 28 (71.8%) have no evidence of disease, with a median followup of 27 months. Survival is significantly improved compared to historical control patients (P less than 0.001; one-sided Kruskal-Wallis test).", "contents": "Treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. II. Aggressive resection of pulmonary metastases. Thirty-nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma were treated in a prospective protocol involving the use of adjuvant high-dose methotrexate, frequent screening for pulmonary metastases, and aggressive resection of all metastatic disease whenever possible. Twenty-two of these 39 patients have had recurrence and in 20 patients evidence of metastatic disease was confined to the lungs. Eighteen of the patients had thoracotomy, and in 11 patients all known disease was resected. Although four of these patients have required further thoracotomies, all 11 patients have no evidence of disease. Thus, of the original 39 patients, 30 (76.9%) are now alive and 28 (71.8%) have no evidence of disease, with a median followup of 27 months. Survival is significantly improved compared to historical control patients (P less than 0.001; one-sided Kruskal-Wallis test)."}
{"id": "PMID:287555", "title": "Biochemical parameters of growth inhibition of human leukemia cells by antitumor anthracycline agents.", "content": "Ten antitumor anthracycline derivatives used in this study inhibit growth of a human leukemia cell line over a range of potencies exceeding four orders of magnitude. The agents vary from each other at C-4 and C-13, with stereochemical differences at C-4' and substitutions at C-14 and N. Drug retention, DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA synthesia are parameters used to express potency of the agents in a mathematic model. Estimates of DNA damage are sufficient, however, to describe growth inhibition by a single agent (4-demethoxydaunorubicin). It may be possible now to attempt to extend the model to predict therapeutic responses to a number of anthracyclines, thereby enhancing the clinical utility of this important class of agents.", "contents": "Biochemical parameters of growth inhibition of human leukemia cells by antitumor anthracycline agents. Ten antitumor anthracycline derivatives used in this study inhibit growth of a human leukemia cell line over a range of potencies exceeding four orders of magnitude. The agents vary from each other at C-4 and C-13, with stereochemical differences at C-4' and substitutions at C-14 and N. Drug retention, DNA damage, and inhibition of DNA synthesia are parameters used to express potency of the agents in a mathematic model. Estimates of DNA damage are sufficient, however, to describe growth inhibition by a single agent (4-demethoxydaunorubicin). It may be possible now to attempt to extend the model to predict therapeutic responses to a number of anthracyclines, thereby enhancing the clinical utility of this important class of agents."}
{"id": "PMID:287556", "title": "Clinical studies with daunorubicin-DNA and adriamycin-DNA complexes: a review.", "content": "The clinical results presently available on the use of daunorubicin (DNR)-DNA and Adriamycin (ADR)-DNA are reviewed in light of the most recent experimental data regarding the anthracycline-DNA complexes. Three randomized trials indicate that ADR-DNA is superior to DNR-DNA in combination therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, that DNR-DNA equals DNR in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, and that ADR-DNA might be equal to ADR in the chemotherapy for anaplastic bronchogenic carcinoma. Increasing evidence suggests that the anthracycline-DNA complexes are less cardiotoxic than the corresponding free drugs.", "contents": "Clinical studies with daunorubicin-DNA and adriamycin-DNA complexes: a review. The clinical results presently available on the use of daunorubicin (DNR)-DNA and Adriamycin (ADR)-DNA are reviewed in light of the most recent experimental data regarding the anthracycline-DNA complexes. Three randomized trials indicate that ADR-DNA is superior to DNR-DNA in combination therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, that DNR-DNA equals DNR in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, and that ADR-DNA might be equal to ADR in the chemotherapy for anaplastic bronchogenic carcinoma. Increasing evidence suggests that the anthracycline-DNA complexes are less cardiotoxic than the corresponding free drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:287557", "title": "Clinical studies with rubidazone.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-three patients, 94 with acute luekemia and 39 with solid tumors, received rubidazone, alone or in combination, at M. D. Anderson Hospital. The initial study, a phase I--II study carried out in 39 patients with acute leukemia, revealed substantial antileukemic activity with optimal results at a dose level of 450 mg/m2. Toxic manifestations included an acute reaction suggestive of histamine release with dose-limiting mucositis at a dose of 600 mg/m2. Forty-seven patients with acute leukemia were treated at phase II dose levels. Thirteen of 32 patients (42%) with acute myelogenous leukemia and seven of ten patients (70%) with acute lymphocytic leukemia achieved complete remission. Twenty-seven previously untreated patients with acute leukemia who were greater than 50 years old were treated with rubidazone in combination with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone. Fifteen patients (50%) achieved complete remission including 12 of 15 patients (73%) who were treated at a dose of 200 mg/m2 of rubidazone on Day 1 and a dose of 70 mg/m2/day X 7 days of cytosine arabinoside (continuous infusion). For patients with solid tumors, the dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression at a dose of 200 mg/m2. Other toxicity at that dose level was minimal. The best responses were seen in patients with carcinoma of the period with two of four evaluable patients showing objective tumor regression. Of six previously untreated patients with thyroid carcinoma none responded, and in a phase II study of patients with breast cancer there were no partial remissions among 13 patients. Cardiac toxicity, manifested by congestive heart failure, occurred in seven patients at cumulative doses of 1050--2600 mg/m2 of rubidazone; all patients had had prior anthracycline therapy at low doses. Rubidazone has been shown to be an active antileukemic agent, but appears to be less active than Adriamycin in our studies of patients with solid tumors.", "contents": "Clinical studies with rubidazone. One hundred and thirty-three patients, 94 with acute luekemia and 39 with solid tumors, received rubidazone, alone or in combination, at M. D. Anderson Hospital. The initial study, a phase I--II study carried out in 39 patients with acute leukemia, revealed substantial antileukemic activity with optimal results at a dose level of 450 mg/m2. Toxic manifestations included an acute reaction suggestive of histamine release with dose-limiting mucositis at a dose of 600 mg/m2. Forty-seven patients with acute leukemia were treated at phase II dose levels. Thirteen of 32 patients (42%) with acute myelogenous leukemia and seven of ten patients (70%) with acute lymphocytic leukemia achieved complete remission. Twenty-seven previously untreated patients with acute leukemia who were greater than 50 years old were treated with rubidazone in combination with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone. Fifteen patients (50%) achieved complete remission including 12 of 15 patients (73%) who were treated at a dose of 200 mg/m2 of rubidazone on Day 1 and a dose of 70 mg/m2/day X 7 days of cytosine arabinoside (continuous infusion). For patients with solid tumors, the dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression at a dose of 200 mg/m2. Other toxicity at that dose level was minimal. The best responses were seen in patients with carcinoma of the period with two of four evaluable patients showing objective tumor regression. Of six previously untreated patients with thyroid carcinoma none responded, and in a phase II study of patients with breast cancer there were no partial remissions among 13 patients. Cardiac toxicity, manifested by congestive heart failure, occurred in seven patients at cumulative doses of 1050--2600 mg/m2 of rubidazone; all patients had had prior anthracycline therapy at low doses. Rubidazone has been shown to be an active antileukemic agent, but appears to be less active than Adriamycin in our studies of patients with solid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:287566", "title": "Deficient heme synthesis as the cause of noninducibility of hemoglobin synthesis in a Friend erythroleukemia cell line.", "content": "Friend cells of the line Fw are not induced to accumulate substantial amounts of hemoglobin and to become benzidine-positive when treated with butyric acid or other inducers, except in the presence of exogenous hemin. The cells are shown to have a deficiency in heme synthesis since they require exogenous hemin during the period of maximal hemoglobin synthesis; since endogenous heme synthesis cannot be induced to the level found in normal inducible Friend cells, even after hemoglobin synthesis has been induced by hemin and butyric acid and the hemin has then been withdrawn; since they are not inducible for ferrochelatase (heme synthetase) activity; and since they accumulate free globin chains after stimulation with butyric acid in the absence of hemlin. Comparison of globin synthesis and globin mRNA content of the cells shows that globin synthesis is not controlled by the hemin-controlled repressor of protein synthesis (HCR) nor by any specific translational control of globin synthesis by hemlin.", "contents": "Deficient heme synthesis as the cause of noninducibility of hemoglobin synthesis in a Friend erythroleukemia cell line. Friend cells of the line Fw are not induced to accumulate substantial amounts of hemoglobin and to become benzidine-positive when treated with butyric acid or other inducers, except in the presence of exogenous hemin. The cells are shown to have a deficiency in heme synthesis since they require exogenous hemin during the period of maximal hemoglobin synthesis; since endogenous heme synthesis cannot be induced to the level found in normal inducible Friend cells, even after hemoglobin synthesis has been induced by hemin and butyric acid and the hemin has then been withdrawn; since they are not inducible for ferrochelatase (heme synthetase) activity; and since they accumulate free globin chains after stimulation with butyric acid in the absence of hemlin. Comparison of globin synthesis and globin mRNA content of the cells shows that globin synthesis is not controlled by the hemin-controlled repressor of protein synthesis (HCR) nor by any specific translational control of globin synthesis by hemlin."}
{"id": "PMID:287568", "title": "[Myelosarcoma as the 1st manifestation of myelosis].", "content": "Myelosarcoma of the nodes, middle ear, rib, and spinal epidural space was observed in five cases as preceding the diagnosis of myelosis. In two cases involving epidural localization malignant lymphoma was misdiagnosed and reclassification only at the time of postmortem. Myelosarcoma is best distinguished from other types of tumour by means of the histochemical proof of naphthol-AS-D-chloracetatesterase.", "contents": "[Myelosarcoma as the 1st manifestation of myelosis]. Myelosarcoma of the nodes, middle ear, rib, and spinal epidural space was observed in five cases as preceding the diagnosis of myelosis. In two cases involving epidural localization malignant lymphoma was misdiagnosed and reclassification only at the time of postmortem. Myelosarcoma is best distinguished from other types of tumour by means of the histochemical proof of naphthol-AS-D-chloracetatesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:287569", "title": "Phase-II trial with vindesine for regression induction in patients with leukemias and hematosarcomas.", "content": "Vindesine (VDS) has been submitted to a phase-II trial, the results of which were assessed in terms of regression induction. VDS was given weekly IV in doses of 2 mg/m2 on two consecutive days to 59 patients, 55 of whom were evaluable. A high proportion of complete (36%) and over 50% partial regressions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL) (overall response 63%) whatever the perceptible phase, in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid luekemia (55%), and some responses were recorded in lymphosarcoma (40%). No effect has so far been seen in acute myeloid keukemia or in Hodgkin's disease. Malignant neoplasms of the immunoblastic type seem to be particularly sensitive to VDS. Continuous 48 h IV infusion can induce a remission where an IV push administration of the same dose has failed. One remarkable characteristic of VDS is the apparent absence of cross-resistance with VCR: in acute leukemic forms, 55% of patients who failed to obtain remission induction after three weekly injections of VCR (used in combination chemotherapy) achieved a complete or partial remission with VDS. The toxicity was mainly neurologic (paralytic ileus, constipation, paresthesias, loss of reflexes) and hematologic (leukopenia and thrombopenia), and was not more significant than with the other agents: four patients died of infection or hemorrhage.", "contents": "Phase-II trial with vindesine for regression induction in patients with leukemias and hematosarcomas. Vindesine (VDS) has been submitted to a phase-II trial, the results of which were assessed in terms of regression induction. VDS was given weekly IV in doses of 2 mg/m2 on two consecutive days to 59 patients, 55 of whom were evaluable. A high proportion of complete (36%) and over 50% partial regressions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL) (overall response 63%) whatever the perceptible phase, in blastic crisis of chronic myeloid luekemia (55%), and some responses were recorded in lymphosarcoma (40%). No effect has so far been seen in acute myeloid keukemia or in Hodgkin's disease. Malignant neoplasms of the immunoblastic type seem to be particularly sensitive to VDS. Continuous 48 h IV infusion can induce a remission where an IV push administration of the same dose has failed. One remarkable characteristic of VDS is the apparent absence of cross-resistance with VCR: in acute leukemic forms, 55% of patients who failed to obtain remission induction after three weekly injections of VCR (used in combination chemotherapy) achieved a complete or partial remission with VDS. The toxicity was mainly neurologic (paralytic ileus, constipation, paresthesias, loss of reflexes) and hematologic (leukopenia and thrombopenia), and was not more significant than with the other agents: four patients died of infection or hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:287570", "title": "An initial report of a phase-III trial comparing vindesine and vincristine for acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood.", "content": "The initial results from the Children's Cancer Study Group (CCSG) study on vindesine are the subject of this report. Vindesine was shown to be active in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children in a phase-II clinical trial conducted by the CCSG. A phase-II trial is now in progress. The aim of this is to compare the use of vincristine and of vindesine with reference to induction rate, toxicity, and cross-resistance.", "contents": "An initial report of a phase-III trial comparing vindesine and vincristine for acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood. The initial results from the Children's Cancer Study Group (CCSG) study on vindesine are the subject of this report. Vindesine was shown to be active in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children in a phase-II clinical trial conducted by the CCSG. A phase-II trial is now in progress. The aim of this is to compare the use of vincristine and of vindesine with reference to induction rate, toxicity, and cross-resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:287571", "title": "Urinary excretion of thymine and uracil in a two-year-old child with a malignant tumor of the brain.", "content": "A two-year-old boy with a malignant tumor of the brain (medulloblastoma) excreted large amounts of thymine and uracil in his urine. The excretion was related to progress and regress of the disease, and reached a maximum of 3.0 mol of thymine per mole of creatinine and 2.6 mol of uracil per mole of creatinine. The excretion by 20 apparently normal children was less than 0.01 mol/mol of creatinine for each of the two pyrimidines. Three children with brain tumors, two with leukemias, and one with neuroblastoma were also studied; two of them had a moderate increase in urinary pyrimidine excretion, but only up to 0.07 mol/mol of creatinine. The activity of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.3.1.2) in cultured fibroblasts from the patient was somewhat lower than in control fibroblasts. The tumor was considered to be the likely cause of the increased excretion of pyrimidines, but an impaired degradation of pyrimidines in the liver could not be ruled out.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of thymine and uracil in a two-year-old child with a malignant tumor of the brain. A two-year-old boy with a malignant tumor of the brain (medulloblastoma) excreted large amounts of thymine and uracil in his urine. The excretion was related to progress and regress of the disease, and reached a maximum of 3.0 mol of thymine per mole of creatinine and 2.6 mol of uracil per mole of creatinine. The excretion by 20 apparently normal children was less than 0.01 mol/mol of creatinine for each of the two pyrimidines. Three children with brain tumors, two with leukemias, and one with neuroblastoma were also studied; two of them had a moderate increase in urinary pyrimidine excretion, but only up to 0.07 mol/mol of creatinine. The activity of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.3.1.2) in cultured fibroblasts from the patient was somewhat lower than in control fibroblasts. The tumor was considered to be the likely cause of the increased excretion of pyrimidines, but an impaired degradation of pyrimidines in the liver could not be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:287572", "title": "An anatomical study of the columella and the protruding premaxillae in a bilateral cleft lip and palate infant.", "content": "An anatomical reconstruction of the protruded premaxillary segment of an infant with bilateral cleft of the primary palate was made from serial histological sections and described in comparison with reconstruction columella, alar cartilages, nasal septum, and premaxillae of a neonatal control specimen. Most of the bilateral cleft abnormality was seen in the premaxillary bones which were advanced on the nasal septum and whose alveolar process protuded anteriorly into the columellar area. The medial crura of the alar cartilages and the nasal septum in the cleft specimen showed an essentially normal structure. Underdevelopment of the columbella was considered as primarily failure in the development of columellar skin caused by the invasive obstruction by the premaxillary bones.", "contents": "An anatomical study of the columella and the protruding premaxillae in a bilateral cleft lip and palate infant. An anatomical reconstruction of the protruded premaxillary segment of an infant with bilateral cleft of the primary palate was made from serial histological sections and described in comparison with reconstruction columella, alar cartilages, nasal septum, and premaxillae of a neonatal control specimen. Most of the bilateral cleft abnormality was seen in the premaxillary bones which were advanced on the nasal septum and whose alveolar process protuded anteriorly into the columellar area. The medial crura of the alar cartilages and the nasal septum in the cleft specimen showed an essentially normal structure. Underdevelopment of the columbella was considered as primarily failure in the development of columellar skin caused by the invasive obstruction by the premaxillary bones."}
{"id": "PMID:287573", "title": "Patterns of articulation abilities in speakers with cleft palate.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to report the articulation scores of 351 subjects with cleft palate from the ages of 2-6 to 18-0. Analysis of the data indicate that, as a group, subjects with cleft palate are retarded in articulation skills. However, they continue to improve in this regard past the age at which normal speakers have achieved articulation maturation. This information should be compared with that acquired from other centers in order to determine how typical these findings are.", "contents": "Patterns of articulation abilities in speakers with cleft palate. The purpose of this study was to report the articulation scores of 351 subjects with cleft palate from the ages of 2-6 to 18-0. Analysis of the data indicate that, as a group, subjects with cleft palate are retarded in articulation skills. However, they continue to improve in this regard past the age at which normal speakers have achieved articulation maturation. This information should be compared with that acquired from other centers in order to determine how typical these findings are."}
{"id": "PMID:287575", "title": "Perceptual preferences between compensatory articulation and nasal escape of air in children with velopharyngeal incompetence.", "content": "Three groups of children (eight with adequate velopharyngeal closure and normal speech, eight with velopharyngeal imcompetence and compensatory articulation patterns, and eight with velopharyngeal incompetence and compensatory articulation patterns, and eight with velopharyngeal incompetence and nasal escape of air) listened to 12 pairs of tape-recorded words. One word of each pair was produced with compensatory articulation, and the other was produced with audible nasal escape of air. Each subject indicated which word in each pair sounded better. The normal group and the group with velopharyngeal incompetence and nasal escape of air considered single words produced with compensatory articulation to be better than the same words produced with nasal escape of air. The group with velopharyngeal imcompetence associated with compensatory articulation patterns did not consider such productions to be better perceptual approximations of standard phonemes than the alternative distortion from nasal escape of air.", "contents": "Perceptual preferences between compensatory articulation and nasal escape of air in children with velopharyngeal incompetence. Three groups of children (eight with adequate velopharyngeal closure and normal speech, eight with velopharyngeal imcompetence and compensatory articulation patterns, and eight with velopharyngeal incompetence and compensatory articulation patterns, and eight with velopharyngeal incompetence and nasal escape of air) listened to 12 pairs of tape-recorded words. One word of each pair was produced with compensatory articulation, and the other was produced with audible nasal escape of air. Each subject indicated which word in each pair sounded better. The normal group and the group with velopharyngeal incompetence and nasal escape of air considered single words produced with compensatory articulation to be better than the same words produced with nasal escape of air. The group with velopharyngeal imcompetence associated with compensatory articulation patterns did not consider such productions to be better perceptual approximations of standard phonemes than the alternative distortion from nasal escape of air."}
{"id": "PMID:287576", "title": "A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study of implant stability and movement of segments in the maxilla of infants with cleft lip and palate.", "content": "Three implants (tantalum pins 1.5 x 0.5 mm) were inserted in each lateral segment of the cleft maxilla of ten infants aged three to 33 months. To check the stability of the implants in the bone the distances between the three implants within each segment were measured by means of roentgen stereophotogrammetry (accuracy 0.05 mm) at intervals of 7, 35, 63, 147, and 287 days after initial examination and at varying intervals thereafter (maximal observation time 833 days). No implants were lost and 18 of 60 measured distances were stable (final changes less than 0.2 mm). The three implants were regarded as a rigid-body model which represented the segment in the calculations of motion. In all infants with complete clefts, transverse narrowing occurred immediately after primary closure of the lip, or primary palate repair, while subsequent movement followed individual patterns.", "contents": "A roentgen stereophotogrammetric study of implant stability and movement of segments in the maxilla of infants with cleft lip and palate. Three implants (tantalum pins 1.5 x 0.5 mm) were inserted in each lateral segment of the cleft maxilla of ten infants aged three to 33 months. To check the stability of the implants in the bone the distances between the three implants within each segment were measured by means of roentgen stereophotogrammetry (accuracy 0.05 mm) at intervals of 7, 35, 63, 147, and 287 days after initial examination and at varying intervals thereafter (maximal observation time 833 days). No implants were lost and 18 of 60 measured distances were stable (final changes less than 0.2 mm). The three implants were regarded as a rigid-body model which represented the segment in the calculations of motion. In all infants with complete clefts, transverse narrowing occurred immediately after primary closure of the lip, or primary palate repair, while subsequent movement followed individual patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:287577", "title": "Perci: a method for rating palatal efficiency.", "content": "This paper describes a new, simple technique for instantaneously rating velopharyngeal competency during speech. The instrument, designed on the basis of data obtained from aerodynamic studies, provides an index of palatopharyngeal closure. Results from model studies and 75 cleft palate subjects demonstrate how the instrument is used to differentiate between problems related to velopharyngeal closure and those resulting from other variables which often influence the performance of speakers with cleft palate.", "contents": "Perci: a method for rating palatal efficiency. This paper describes a new, simple technique for instantaneously rating velopharyngeal competency during speech. The instrument, designed on the basis of data obtained from aerodynamic studies, provides an index of palatopharyngeal closure. Results from model studies and 75 cleft palate subjects demonstrate how the instrument is used to differentiate between problems related to velopharyngeal closure and those resulting from other variables which often influence the performance of speakers with cleft palate."}
{"id": "PMID:287579", "title": "The craniofacial complex in cleft lip and palate: an update review of anatomy and function.", "content": "This report has been prepared for the purpose of updating the previous State-of-the-Art reports on the status of research on the anatomy and physiology of cleft lip and palate (Dickson, et al,. 1974, 1975; Maude-Dickson, 1977). It covers the literature from August, 1976 to August, 1978, on middle ear musculature, the auditory tube, the velopharyngeal mechanism, the lip, mandible, tongue, nose, and larynx. It also includes a review of the literature from August, 1972, through August, 1978, on the growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the velopharyngeal mechanism and auditory tube. Further investigation is needed on the innervation and blood supply to the velopharyngeal mechanism and on the effects of age, race, and sex on the development of the craniofacial skeleton in both normal and cleft-palate individuals. There is a continued need for interdisciplinary research.", "contents": "The craniofacial complex in cleft lip and palate: an update review of anatomy and function. This report has been prepared for the purpose of updating the previous State-of-the-Art reports on the status of research on the anatomy and physiology of cleft lip and palate (Dickson, et al,. 1974, 1975; Maude-Dickson, 1977). It covers the literature from August, 1976 to August, 1978, on middle ear musculature, the auditory tube, the velopharyngeal mechanism, the lip, mandible, tongue, nose, and larynx. It also includes a review of the literature from August, 1972, through August, 1978, on the growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the velopharyngeal mechanism and auditory tube. Further investigation is needed on the innervation and blood supply to the velopharyngeal mechanism and on the effects of age, race, and sex on the development of the craniofacial skeleton in both normal and cleft-palate individuals. There is a continued need for interdisciplinary research."}
{"id": "PMID:287580", "title": "Patient dental values and their relationship to oral health status, dentist perceptions and quality of care.", "content": "In this study, 1287 patients completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge of home care procedures, adherence to home care instructions, obstacles presented to the dentist in delivering care, and ability to pay for optimal care. Ninety-seven dentists that provided treatment for these patients completed a parallel questionnaire. Measures of oral health and the quality of restorative care were based on clinical examinations. It was found that though patient values and dental perceptions were associated, dentist perceptions did not closely match patient dental values. Analysis of variance indicated that patient dental values were related positively to both oral health measures and the quality of restorations. Patient-reported compliance with home care recommendations showed the strongest relationship to both oral health and quality of restorations.", "contents": "Patient dental values and their relationship to oral health status, dentist perceptions and quality of care. In this study, 1287 patients completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge of home care procedures, adherence to home care instructions, obstacles presented to the dentist in delivering care, and ability to pay for optimal care. Ninety-seven dentists that provided treatment for these patients completed a parallel questionnaire. Measures of oral health and the quality of restorative care were based on clinical examinations. It was found that though patient values and dental perceptions were associated, dentist perceptions did not closely match patient dental values. Analysis of variance indicated that patient dental values were related positively to both oral health measures and the quality of restorations. Patient-reported compliance with home care recommendations showed the strongest relationship to both oral health and quality of restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:287581", "title": "A two-wave interview study of frequency of dental visits and dental complaints.", "content": "A panel of 268 persons were interviewed twice at an interval of 2 years concerning their visits to dentists and their dental status. The answers they gave on the two occasions agreed well, except for the year of the last visit if it had taken place long ago. This was true both for the people who had gone to the dentist between the interviews and for those who had not. The panel was also asked whether they had any dental complaints. Sixteen percent of them reported complaints at one or both interviews. Complaints were more common among persons who did not often go to the dentist. The persons with complaints did not always get rid of them by going to a dentist. It is concluded that interview data be used for investigating the dental health and behavior of people who do not often go to the dentist, and that dentists are more successful in maintaining good dental health in people who have no dental complaints than in people who report having complaints.", "contents": "A two-wave interview study of frequency of dental visits and dental complaints. A panel of 268 persons were interviewed twice at an interval of 2 years concerning their visits to dentists and their dental status. The answers they gave on the two occasions agreed well, except for the year of the last visit if it had taken place long ago. This was true both for the people who had gone to the dentist between the interviews and for those who had not. The panel was also asked whether they had any dental complaints. Sixteen percent of them reported complaints at one or both interviews. Complaints were more common among persons who did not often go to the dentist. The persons with complaints did not always get rid of them by going to a dentist. It is concluded that interview data be used for investigating the dental health and behavior of people who do not often go to the dentist, and that dentists are more successful in maintaining good dental health in people who have no dental complaints than in people who report having complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:287582", "title": "A longitudinal study of multiple approaches to dental health education.", "content": "An evaluation was made of the separate effects on oral hygiene of token reward treatments, discovery (project) learning, and plaque staining feedback demonstrations with children in the first through fifth grades. Both short- and long-term effects were assessed in an open classroom setting. Twenty classrooms were non-randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Plaque scores were recorded according to the Podshadley Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP) at time T0, before initiation of any of the educational interventions; and again at times T1, T2, and T3; 7 days, 74 days and 255 days, respectively, following cessation of the educational interventions. The combination of dental health interventions at this school had short-range effects at every grade level, and those effects persisted for 9 months among the third and fourth graders. It was not possible to identify which of the various treatments produced the observed differences, although the project learning method was generally less effective. A linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the shifts in oral hygiene behavior, a method not previously used in studies of this type.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of multiple approaches to dental health education. An evaluation was made of the separate effects on oral hygiene of token reward treatments, discovery (project) learning, and plaque staining feedback demonstrations with children in the first through fifth grades. Both short- and long-term effects were assessed in an open classroom setting. Twenty classrooms were non-randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Plaque scores were recorded according to the Podshadley Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHP) at time T0, before initiation of any of the educational interventions; and again at times T1, T2, and T3; 7 days, 74 days and 255 days, respectively, following cessation of the educational interventions. The combination of dental health interventions at this school had short-range effects at every grade level, and those effects persisted for 9 months among the third and fourth graders. It was not possible to identify which of the various treatments produced the observed differences, although the project learning method was generally less effective. A linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the shifts in oral hygiene behavior, a method not previously used in studies of this type."}
{"id": "PMID:287584", "title": "Intraindividual effect of daily supervised flossing on caries in schoolchildren.", "content": "The aim was to study the effect of flossing on proximal caries in children grouped according to different combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits. 140 12--13-year-old children flossed the right or the left lateral region of the mouth once every school-day for 2 years by pulling a waxed floss once up and down through the proximal contacts. Proximal caries was recorded on bitewing films, taken at the baseline and at the 2-year registration. Diet history was obtained four times during the period. Oral hygiene was classified according to the number of bleeding points registered with a feather-loaded probe at the final examination. Caries increments on the control side during the experimental period were calculated for groups with the same habits. A logical border with respect to the amount of new caries was then established between suitable and unsuitable dietary habits as well as between sufficient and insufficient oral hygiene. No statistically significant difference was found between the control and experimental subgroups in the different combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits, neither with respect to the whole material nor comparable contralateral surfaces. The numerical differences were so small that the technique of flossing studied here cannot be recommended.", "contents": "Intraindividual effect of daily supervised flossing on caries in schoolchildren. The aim was to study the effect of flossing on proximal caries in children grouped according to different combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits. 140 12--13-year-old children flossed the right or the left lateral region of the mouth once every school-day for 2 years by pulling a waxed floss once up and down through the proximal contacts. Proximal caries was recorded on bitewing films, taken at the baseline and at the 2-year registration. Diet history was obtained four times during the period. Oral hygiene was classified according to the number of bleeding points registered with a feather-loaded probe at the final examination. Caries increments on the control side during the experimental period were calculated for groups with the same habits. A logical border with respect to the amount of new caries was then established between suitable and unsuitable dietary habits as well as between sufficient and insufficient oral hygiene. No statistically significant difference was found between the control and experimental subgroups in the different combinations of dietary and oral hygiene habits, neither with respect to the whole material nor comparable contralateral surfaces. The numerical differences were so small that the technique of flossing studied here cannot be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:287585", "title": "Two years' effect on the primary dentition of mouthrinsing with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution.", "content": "The benefits to the primary teeth from a school-based fluoride mouthrinsing program are presented. Children in grades 1--4, residents of a fluoride-deficient community in New York, rinsed an average of 49 times during 2 school years using a 0.2% neutral NaF solution. Rinsing was done under the supervision of homeroom teachers. Differences in caries prevalence of 20.0% (dfs/child) or 23.8% (dfs/100s) were found in children who participated in the rinsing program for 2 years compared with baseline caries scores of children who never rinsed. Surface specific differences in caries prevalence after 2 years were: 27.5% for proximal surfaces, 24.1% for buccolingual surfaces, and 12.4% for occlusal surfaces.", "contents": "Two years' effect on the primary dentition of mouthrinsing with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution. The benefits to the primary teeth from a school-based fluoride mouthrinsing program are presented. Children in grades 1--4, residents of a fluoride-deficient community in New York, rinsed an average of 49 times during 2 school years using a 0.2% neutral NaF solution. Rinsing was done under the supervision of homeroom teachers. Differences in caries prevalence of 20.0% (dfs/child) or 23.8% (dfs/100s) were found in children who participated in the rinsing program for 2 years compared with baseline caries scores of children who never rinsed. Surface specific differences in caries prevalence after 2 years were: 27.5% for proximal surfaces, 24.1% for buccolingual surfaces, and 12.4% for occlusal surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:287586", "title": "Evaluation of a pit- and fissure-sealing program in a public dental health service after 2 years.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to test the caries-preventive effect of a bis-GMA type fissure sealant (Concise Enamel Bond System) in a public dental health service for children. The study compared one group of children, in which all sound permanent teeth were sealed, and a control group in which no sealants were placed. During the study period all children received systematic restorative care, while sealing was performed on the basis of diagnoses made at subsequent examinations by one of the authors. After 2 years a total of 187 children were available for re-examination. Sealant retention was comparable to that obtained in previous studies, but no statistically significant reduction in overall caries increment could be demonstrated. Further analysis showed that only 223 sites had been sealed, while the majority of all erupting sites (394) were either carious or filled before they were screened for the purpose of sealing. It is therefore assumed that only teeth less susceptible to occlusal decay were sealed, thereby explaining the lack of benefit derived from the sealing program.", "contents": "Evaluation of a pit- and fissure-sealing program in a public dental health service after 2 years. The aim of the present study was to test the caries-preventive effect of a bis-GMA type fissure sealant (Concise Enamel Bond System) in a public dental health service for children. The study compared one group of children, in which all sound permanent teeth were sealed, and a control group in which no sealants were placed. During the study period all children received systematic restorative care, while sealing was performed on the basis of diagnoses made at subsequent examinations by one of the authors. After 2 years a total of 187 children were available for re-examination. Sealant retention was comparable to that obtained in previous studies, but no statistically significant reduction in overall caries increment could be demonstrated. Further analysis showed that only 223 sites had been sealed, while the majority of all erupting sites (394) were either carious or filled before they were screened for the purpose of sealing. It is therefore assumed that only teeth less susceptible to occlusal decay were sealed, thereby explaining the lack of benefit derived from the sealing program."}
{"id": "PMID:287587", "title": "Dental caries in susceptible fissures after prolonged fluoride application.", "content": "A prolonged fluoride application (PFA) method was used to treat susceptible fissures in 210 permanent first molar teeth in 79 children living in a fluoridated community. The development of caries in these fissures was followed for periods ranging from 2 to 4 years. At the final examination, 82.8% of occlusal surfaces in the 2-year group and 8090% of those in the 3-year group were free of detectable lesions. The corresponding value for the 4-year group was 78.9%. The mean number of treatments of these surfaces with the PFA method ranged from 1.6 for the 2-year group to 2.9 for the 4-year group.", "contents": "Dental caries in susceptible fissures after prolonged fluoride application. A prolonged fluoride application (PFA) method was used to treat susceptible fissures in 210 permanent first molar teeth in 79 children living in a fluoridated community. The development of caries in these fissures was followed for periods ranging from 2 to 4 years. At the final examination, 82.8% of occlusal surfaces in the 2-year group and 8090% of those in the 3-year group were free of detectable lesions. The corresponding value for the 4-year group was 78.9%. The mean number of treatments of these surfaces with the PFA method ranged from 1.6 for the 2-year group to 2.9 for the 4-year group."}
{"id": "PMID:287588", "title": "A new method of direct computer entry for dental epidemiological data using an X-Y digitiser.", "content": "A method has been devised for obtaining a rapid and accurate transfer of dental epidemiological data directly from survey sheets or dental charts to computer records by using an X-Y digitiser. The technique involves modification of the conventional 'menu' approach to data entry via a digitiser.", "contents": "A new method of direct computer entry for dental epidemiological data using an X-Y digitiser. A method has been devised for obtaining a rapid and accurate transfer of dental epidemiological data directly from survey sheets or dental charts to computer records by using an X-Y digitiser. The technique involves modification of the conventional 'menu' approach to data entry via a digitiser."}
{"id": "PMID:287589", "title": "Dental caries status of Chinese children in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the dental health status of a representative sample of Johannesburg Chinese schoolchildren, all 250 attending the only Chinese school in the city. In 18 preschoolchildren, 3--5 years old, 16.7% were caries-free, mean dmft was 7.1 +/- 5.8 and labial caries was present in 33.3%. In 165 primary schoolchildren aged 5--16 years, the mean dmft was 590 +/- 3.2 with 20% of the primary dentition caries-free and the mean DMFT was 2.4 +/- 1.9 4.8% of the primary schoolchildren were caries-free. In 67 high school pupils of 11--17 years, 4.5% were caries-free and the mean DMFT score was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Caries prevalences among the Chinese were similar to corresponding groups of children of Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom and Malaysia.", "contents": "Dental caries status of Chinese children in Johannesburg, South Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the dental health status of a representative sample of Johannesburg Chinese schoolchildren, all 250 attending the only Chinese school in the city. In 18 preschoolchildren, 3--5 years old, 16.7% were caries-free, mean dmft was 7.1 +/- 5.8 and labial caries was present in 33.3%. In 165 primary schoolchildren aged 5--16 years, the mean dmft was 590 +/- 3.2 with 20% of the primary dentition caries-free and the mean DMFT was 2.4 +/- 1.9 4.8% of the primary schoolchildren were caries-free. In 67 high school pupils of 11--17 years, 4.5% were caries-free and the mean DMFT score was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Caries prevalences among the Chinese were similar to corresponding groups of children of Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom and Malaysia."}
{"id": "PMID:287590", "title": "Overjet values of children and young adults in Lagos.", "content": "Overjet values were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 820 Nigerians aged 15, 19, 20 and 21 years from Lagos educational establishments. There was no indication that between 15 and 21 years of age overjet values were age or sex dependent. The mean overjet value, which is one indication of antero-posterior occlusal relationship, is effectively the same in Lagos, Nigeria as it is in York, England.", "contents": "Overjet values of children and young adults in Lagos. Overjet values were studied in a stratified convenience sample of 820 Nigerians aged 15, 19, 20 and 21 years from Lagos educational establishments. There was no indication that between 15 and 21 years of age overjet values were age or sex dependent. The mean overjet value, which is one indication of antero-posterior occlusal relationship, is effectively the same in Lagos, Nigeria as it is in York, England."}
{"id": "PMID:287591", "title": "Functional disorders of the masticatory system in southwest Finland.", "content": "Functional disorders of the masticatory system in a working age population in Southwest Finland were investigated both by interview (subjective symptoms) and by clinical examination (objective symptoms). The randomized material consisted of 583 subjects. 58% had subjective symptoms of dysfunction. With certain exceptions, the symptoms did not correlate with age, sex or use of removable dentures. The number of subjects with symptoms was highest in the group with the highest number of occluding teeth. 5% of subjects with subjective symptoms had received treatment. Clinical examination revealed symptoms in 41%. Sex did not correlate with the findings. The percentage of subjects with clinical symptoms was higher among those over 35 than in the younger age groups; this correlation was not, however, observed in the full denture wearers. Full denture wearers had symptoms more often than the others. Although young persons with relatively good natural dentition showed objective symptoms less often than the elderly and those wearing full dentures or with incomplete dentition, they more frequently had subjective experiences. This perhaps explains why the findings based on patient materials differ from those reported from pure population studies.", "contents": "Functional disorders of the masticatory system in southwest Finland. Functional disorders of the masticatory system in a working age population in Southwest Finland were investigated both by interview (subjective symptoms) and by clinical examination (objective symptoms). The randomized material consisted of 583 subjects. 58% had subjective symptoms of dysfunction. With certain exceptions, the symptoms did not correlate with age, sex or use of removable dentures. The number of subjects with symptoms was highest in the group with the highest number of occluding teeth. 5% of subjects with subjective symptoms had received treatment. Clinical examination revealed symptoms in 41%. Sex did not correlate with the findings. The percentage of subjects with clinical symptoms was higher among those over 35 than in the younger age groups; this correlation was not, however, observed in the full denture wearers. Full denture wearers had symptoms more often than the others. Although young persons with relatively good natural dentition showed objective symptoms less often than the elderly and those wearing full dentures or with incomplete dentition, they more frequently had subjective experiences. This perhaps explains why the findings based on patient materials differ from those reported from pure population studies."}
{"id": "PMID:287592", "title": "Caries prevalence and oral contraception.", "content": "A pilot study to determine whether 452 regular oral contraceptive users had a higher caries prevalence than 114 women not using those preparations found no significant variation between groups. Thus assumptions drawn from previous rodent studies do not justify the initiation of more complex laboratory-based human investigations.", "contents": "Caries prevalence and oral contraception. A pilot study to determine whether 452 regular oral contraceptive users had a higher caries prevalence than 114 women not using those preparations found no significant variation between groups. Thus assumptions drawn from previous rodent studies do not justify the initiation of more complex laboratory-based human investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:287606", "title": "The binding of bull seminal ribonuclease and its carboxymethylated derivative to human leukaemic cells.", "content": "The binding of AS RNase and CM-AS RNase to leukaemic cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Leucocytes from normal donors or from patients with other hemoblastoses did not bind RNase. Experiments with lymphocytes from leukaemic patients and the lymphoblastoid cell lines in tissue culture revealed that both AS RNase solutions are probably bound mainly to leukaemic B lymphocytes.", "contents": "The binding of bull seminal ribonuclease and its carboxymethylated derivative to human leukaemic cells. The binding of AS RNase and CM-AS RNase to leukaemic cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Leucocytes from normal donors or from patients with other hemoblastoses did not bind RNase. Experiments with lymphocytes from leukaemic patients and the lymphoblastoid cell lines in tissue culture revealed that both AS RNase solutions are probably bound mainly to leukaemic B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:287650", "title": "How infection control can meet standards.", "content": "Important aspects and interpretations of JCAH standards on infection control are explained, and approaches to ensuring compliance are discussed.", "contents": "How infection control can meet standards. Important aspects and interpretations of JCAH standards on infection control are explained, and approaches to ensuring compliance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287651", "title": "Team provides dietary care in small hospital.", "content": "A team of food service professionals ensures high-quality food service and nutrition education for patients, as well as compliance with JCAH standards.", "contents": "Team provides dietary care in small hospital. A team of food service professionals ensures high-quality food service and nutrition education for patients, as well as compliance with JCAH standards."}
{"id": "PMID:287653", "title": "Inactive normal X in a female leukaemic patient with an acquired X/autosome translocation.", "content": "An X;9;22 translocation was detected in bone marrow cells of a female patient with blastic crisis of CML. A dynamic study following 5-BrdU treatment showed that the inactive late-replicating X chromosome was the normal one. This pattern of X-chromosome replication appears to be superimposable on the most usual model found in congenital X/autosome translocations. It is suggested that preferential autosome translocation onto the active X chromosome could be the general rule in acquired X/autosome translocations associated with long survival.", "contents": "Inactive normal X in a female leukaemic patient with an acquired X/autosome translocation. An X;9;22 translocation was detected in bone marrow cells of a female patient with blastic crisis of CML. A dynamic study following 5-BrdU treatment showed that the inactive late-replicating X chromosome was the normal one. This pattern of X-chromosome replication appears to be superimposable on the most usual model found in congenital X/autosome translocations. It is suggested that preferential autosome translocation onto the active X chromosome could be the general rule in acquired X/autosome translocations associated with long survival."}
{"id": "PMID:287654", "title": "Dental operating lights and illumination of the dental surgery.", "content": "The requirements laid down in national and international standards and draft standards provide helpful guidelines for optimum illumination (Fig. 1, Table I). General room illumination with 500 lx and illumination of the working area with 1000 lx are best achieved with a larger number of fluorescent lamps on the ceiling above and in front of the dental chair. Daylight white lamps with good colour rendering (e.g. Osram colour 19 or Philips colour 47) are a good combination with changing daylight and the colour of light of the operating light. The colour of external skin, mucous membrane and teeth appears natural. The eight surgical lights examined differ in quality (Figs. 2-9). The maximum illuminance is between 9000 and 21 000 lx and is thus sufficiently high. The evenness of light distribution within an ellipse 9 cm and 18 cm in diameter is between 1 : 4 and 1 : 15 (Figs. 10 and 11). Illuminance can be adjusted to the work in hand by means of controls. If the patient looks into the operating lights (Figs. 2c and 9c), maximum luminances of 5 cd/cm2-20 cd/cm2 occur 8 cm above the illuminance maximum in six operating lights. Luminances of more than 20 cd/cm2 cause squinting and running eyes. A light fitting with more than 200 cd/cm2 should not be used. A sharp fall in illuminance (distinct light/dark threshold) and low luminances to the patient's eyes can be achieved with very directed light. Very directed light leads to very heavy shadows. Similarly, less specifically directed light leads to softer shadows so that objects in the oral cavity can be discerned easily, but the patient is no longer dazzled. The following operating lights can be recommended if the patient is to suffer as little glare as possible: Den-Tel-Ez Daray, and Belmont Type 040, Faro Sunlight S 70, Ritter Super Starlite; as well as: Chirana Fax, Siemens Sirolux. The following can be recommended for good illumination of the oral cavity: Belmont Type 040, Chirana Fax, Emda Top Spot, Faro Sunlight S 70, Pelton and Crane Light Fantastic Plus, Ritter Super Starlite, Siemens Sirolux. The colour temperature, heat radiation, easy handling, stability and price are also important for qualitative assessment.", "contents": "Dental operating lights and illumination of the dental surgery. The requirements laid down in national and international standards and draft standards provide helpful guidelines for optimum illumination (Fig. 1, Table I). General room illumination with 500 lx and illumination of the working area with 1000 lx are best achieved with a larger number of fluorescent lamps on the ceiling above and in front of the dental chair. Daylight white lamps with good colour rendering (e.g. Osram colour 19 or Philips colour 47) are a good combination with changing daylight and the colour of light of the operating light. The colour of external skin, mucous membrane and teeth appears natural. The eight surgical lights examined differ in quality (Figs. 2-9). The maximum illuminance is between 9000 and 21 000 lx and is thus sufficiently high. The evenness of light distribution within an ellipse 9 cm and 18 cm in diameter is between 1 : 4 and 1 : 15 (Figs. 10 and 11). Illuminance can be adjusted to the work in hand by means of controls. If the patient looks into the operating lights (Figs. 2c and 9c), maximum luminances of 5 cd/cm2-20 cd/cm2 occur 8 cm above the illuminance maximum in six operating lights. Luminances of more than 20 cd/cm2 cause squinting and running eyes. A light fitting with more than 200 cd/cm2 should not be used. A sharp fall in illuminance (distinct light/dark threshold) and low luminances to the patient's eyes can be achieved with very directed light. Very directed light leads to very heavy shadows. Similarly, less specifically directed light leads to softer shadows so that objects in the oral cavity can be discerned easily, but the patient is no longer dazzled. The following operating lights can be recommended if the patient is to suffer as little glare as possible: Den-Tel-Ez Daray, and Belmont Type 040, Faro Sunlight S 70, Ritter Super Starlite; as well as: Chirana Fax, Siemens Sirolux. The following can be recommended for good illumination of the oral cavity: Belmont Type 040, Chirana Fax, Emda Top Spot, Faro Sunlight S 70, Pelton and Crane Light Fantastic Plus, Ritter Super Starlite, Siemens Sirolux. The colour temperature, heat radiation, easy handling, stability and price are also important for qualitative assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:287665", "title": "The intracranial injection of drug in goldfish. I: Hallucinogens and their antagonism to smooth muscle activity.", "content": "A simplified method of studying the surfacing reaction of goldfish to hallucinogens is described. Goldfish weighing up to three grams are injected intracranially. Employing this method, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), d-2-acetyl lysergic acid diethylamide (ALD-52), 1-methyl d-lysergic acid butano-lamide (UML-491), and 5-methoxy dimethyl tryptamine (5-MEO-DMT) were found to be as pharmacologically active as previously noted in fish and in man. The relationship of these drugs to their anti-serotonin activity is of particular interest to the allergist because of the way in which the congeners and derivatives of LSD block the action of serotonin on smooth muscle.", "contents": "The intracranial injection of drug in goldfish. I: Hallucinogens and their antagonism to smooth muscle activity. A simplified method of studying the surfacing reaction of goldfish to hallucinogens is described. Goldfish weighing up to three grams are injected intracranially. Employing this method, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), d-2-acetyl lysergic acid diethylamide (ALD-52), 1-methyl d-lysergic acid butano-lamide (UML-491), and 5-methoxy dimethyl tryptamine (5-MEO-DMT) were found to be as pharmacologically active as previously noted in fish and in man. The relationship of these drugs to their anti-serotonin activity is of particular interest to the allergist because of the way in which the congeners and derivatives of LSD block the action of serotonin on smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:287666", "title": "Collagen in dentin.", "content": "The collagen synthesized by cultured odontoblasts related to dentin, was identified as type I and as type I trimer in nearly equal amounts. Analysis of in vivo synthesized collagen extracted from unerupted bovine teeth confirmed that type I trimer is a constituent of dentin, but presumably in small amount compared to type I collagen.", "contents": "Collagen in dentin. The collagen synthesized by cultured odontoblasts related to dentin, was identified as type I and as type I trimer in nearly equal amounts. Analysis of in vivo synthesized collagen extracted from unerupted bovine teeth confirmed that type I trimer is a constituent of dentin, but presumably in small amount compared to type I collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:287667", "title": "The role of ascorbic acid on the structural integrity of developing tooth germs.", "content": "Tooth germs grown in ascorbate deficient medium for up to 20 days underwent progressive and widespread changes. Proliferation and differentiation of preameloblasts and preodontoblasts progressed normally. Newly differentiated odontoblasts, however, became vacuolated when they began secreting: this suggested a metabolic disturbance. Failure to maintain differentiated odontoblasts, ameloblasts and pulpal cells resulted in aberrant dentin matrix, cessation of dentin production, and finally overall structural collapse with loss of normal morphology. Biochemical studies then were undertaken to define the lesion involved. The relative rate of collagen synthesis in ascorbate deficient cultures was comparable to that of ascorbate supplemented cultures, but the collagen was found to be underhydroxylated. In this state it would be unstable at 37 degrees and subject to preferential degradation. This correlates with the observation that a major fraction of the hydroxyproline in the scorbutic cultures was found in the medium as small molecular weight peptides. The overall effect of ascorbate deficiency was to deprive the tooth germ of the normal quality and quantity of collagen resulting in the characteristic histological and structural abnormalities observed. Flattening and deterioration due to structural failure most likely resulted from abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis in the supportive pulp and dentin due to the aberrant collagen.", "contents": "The role of ascorbic acid on the structural integrity of developing tooth germs. Tooth germs grown in ascorbate deficient medium for up to 20 days underwent progressive and widespread changes. Proliferation and differentiation of preameloblasts and preodontoblasts progressed normally. Newly differentiated odontoblasts, however, became vacuolated when they began secreting: this suggested a metabolic disturbance. Failure to maintain differentiated odontoblasts, ameloblasts and pulpal cells resulted in aberrant dentin matrix, cessation of dentin production, and finally overall structural collapse with loss of normal morphology. Biochemical studies then were undertaken to define the lesion involved. The relative rate of collagen synthesis in ascorbate deficient cultures was comparable to that of ascorbate supplemented cultures, but the collagen was found to be underhydroxylated. In this state it would be unstable at 37 degrees and subject to preferential degradation. This correlates with the observation that a major fraction of the hydroxyproline in the scorbutic cultures was found in the medium as small molecular weight peptides. The overall effect of ascorbate deficiency was to deprive the tooth germ of the normal quality and quantity of collagen resulting in the characteristic histological and structural abnormalities observed. Flattening and deterioration due to structural failure most likely resulted from abnormal extracellular matrix synthesis in the supportive pulp and dentin due to the aberrant collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:287668", "title": "[Study of an oral protozoan Trichomonas tenax using scanning and transmission electron microscopy].", "content": "The study with scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Trichomonas tenax gave morphological information on this protozoon. The oval-shaped cell body showed at the anterior pole four free flagella and a trailing flagellum which had an undulating membrane. The axostyle which consisted of microtubules and produced the cellular rigidity emerged at the posterior pole. An ovoid nucleus and a well-developed Golgi apparatus were located at the anterior pole. At the latter, a pelta consisting of horizontal microtubulus surrounding the kinetoplats from which started the flagella was also found. No mitochondria were observed: they were replaced by chromatin granules or hydrogenosomes. Numerous vacuoles and developing vesicles were found in the cytoplasm. Phagocytized bacteria were in an advanced stage of lysis. Others seemed intact showing even division phases.", "contents": "[Study of an oral protozoan Trichomonas tenax using scanning and transmission electron microscopy]. The study with scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Trichomonas tenax gave morphological information on this protozoon. The oval-shaped cell body showed at the anterior pole four free flagella and a trailing flagellum which had an undulating membrane. The axostyle which consisted of microtubules and produced the cellular rigidity emerged at the posterior pole. An ovoid nucleus and a well-developed Golgi apparatus were located at the anterior pole. At the latter, a pelta consisting of horizontal microtubulus surrounding the kinetoplats from which started the flagella was also found. No mitochondria were observed: they were replaced by chromatin granules or hydrogenosomes. Numerous vacuoles and developing vesicles were found in the cytoplasm. Phagocytized bacteria were in an advanced stage of lysis. Others seemed intact showing even division phases."}
{"id": "PMID:287669", "title": "[Changes in the endosteal bone balance in periodontal disease induced in golden hamsters].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to analyze through morphometric analysis, the variations of the endosteal bone balance during experimental periodontal disease induced in the golden hamster. The results showed that the osteoclastic resorption is increased by a factor of 5 (p less than 0.01) and the bone formation reduced by about 50% (p less than 0.01). The bone volume decreased slightly (by 6%) but significantly (p less than 0.01). No correlation between respectively resorption and formation and bone volume was found.", "contents": "[Changes in the endosteal bone balance in periodontal disease induced in golden hamsters]. The purpose of this study was to analyze through morphometric analysis, the variations of the endosteal bone balance during experimental periodontal disease induced in the golden hamster. The results showed that the osteoclastic resorption is increased by a factor of 5 (p less than 0.01) and the bone formation reduced by about 50% (p less than 0.01). The bone volume decreased slightly (by 6%) but significantly (p less than 0.01). No correlation between respectively resorption and formation and bone volume was found."}
{"id": "PMID:287670", "title": "SnF2 treatment of enamel, hydroxyapatite or brushite at 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C: an infra-red investigation.", "content": "The effect of 4% SnF2 on brushite, hydroxyapatite and powdered bovine enamel applied for short, 15 or 30 minute, periods was investigated using infra-red spectroscopy. It was found that brushite was converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite, a reaction which was both time and temperature dependent. The reactions of hydroxyapatite and powdered enamel with SnF2 were similar. There was a drop in the OH- peak intesities. X-ray diffraction analysis of these samples showed that F- ions occupied mainly OH positions in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure. In all reactions an increase in temperature from 37 degrees C to 50 degrees C increased the reaction speed by at least a factor 2. The most probable result of in vivi SnF2 application on sound enamel is the formation of a fluoridated hydroxyapatite together wity stannous complexes and amorphous CaF2. In demineralized areas some of the brushite is converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite as is some of the remaining hydroxyapatite. In the more protected area of an enamel lesion these reactions may well continue for some time after the topical fluoride application; Sn2F3PO4 may also therefore be formed.", "contents": "SnF2 treatment of enamel, hydroxyapatite or brushite at 37 degrees C and 50 degrees C: an infra-red investigation. The effect of 4% SnF2 on brushite, hydroxyapatite and powdered bovine enamel applied for short, 15 or 30 minute, periods was investigated using infra-red spectroscopy. It was found that brushite was converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite, a reaction which was both time and temperature dependent. The reactions of hydroxyapatite and powdered enamel with SnF2 were similar. There was a drop in the OH- peak intesities. X-ray diffraction analysis of these samples showed that F- ions occupied mainly OH positions in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure. In all reactions an increase in temperature from 37 degrees C to 50 degrees C increased the reaction speed by at least a factor 2. The most probable result of in vivi SnF2 application on sound enamel is the formation of a fluoridated hydroxyapatite together wity stannous complexes and amorphous CaF2. In demineralized areas some of the brushite is converted into a fluoridated hydroxyapatite as is some of the remaining hydroxyapatite. In the more protected area of an enamel lesion these reactions may well continue for some time after the topical fluoride application; Sn2F3PO4 may also therefore be formed."}
{"id": "PMID:287671", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the connective corium in hereditary gingival hyperplasia].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the gingival lamina propria of 4 patients from the same family with hereditary gingival hyperplasia showed a density increase of the collagen fibres, a decrease in their mean diameter and the dissociation in sub-units of certain fibres whereas their periodicity was not altered. This study showed also the presence of elastic and oxytalan fibres in greater amounts than in normal gingiva, whereas the number of fibroblasts did not seem to increase. However these fibroblasts seemed to undergo modifications in relation to age and to secrete a large quantity of amyloid substance in the extracellular spaces. The glycoproteins and the glycosaminoglycans more abundant than in normal gingiva were not influenced by the age of the tissue.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the connective corium in hereditary gingival hyperplasia]. The ultrastructural study of the gingival lamina propria of 4 patients from the same family with hereditary gingival hyperplasia showed a density increase of the collagen fibres, a decrease in their mean diameter and the dissociation in sub-units of certain fibres whereas their periodicity was not altered. This study showed also the presence of elastic and oxytalan fibres in greater amounts than in normal gingiva, whereas the number of fibroblasts did not seem to increase. However these fibroblasts seemed to undergo modifications in relation to age and to secrete a large quantity of amyloid substance in the extracellular spaces. The glycoproteins and the glycosaminoglycans more abundant than in normal gingiva were not influenced by the age of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:287673", "title": "Perturbation of growth and differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in early S phase.", "content": "Cultured Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) are induced to undergo erythroid differentiation when grown in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and other compounds. The effects of unifilar substitution of bromouracil (BU) for thymidine in the DNA (BU-DNA) of Friend cells were examined. Cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine (BrdU) for one generation, then centrifuged and resuspended in medium containing DMSO without BrdU. These cells exhibited a delay in the appearance of heme-producing, benzidine-reative (B+) cells and a decreased rate of cell proliferation in comparison to the control not containing BU-DNA. A transient inhibition of entry into S phase was observed when control cells or cells containing BU-DNA were grown in the presence of DMSO) for 10 to 20 hours. This transient inhibition was increased in the BrdU culture. Thus BU-substitution in Friend cells alters other cellular functions in addition to erythroid differentiation. The rate of increase in the percent of cells committed to differentiate (those forming B+ colonies in plasma clots) was similar in the BrdU and control cultures until 40 to 50 hours. After this time, a delay in the appearance of committed cells was observed in the BrdU culture. The effect of BrdU on the appearance of B+ cells was more pronounced and occurred earlier than its effect on the rate of commitment. Therefore, the delay in the appearance of B+ cells in the BrdU culture was due primarily to perturbation of post-commitment events such as the accumulation of hemoglobin. We also examined the effect on growth and differentiation after BrdU was incorporated during different intervals of S phase in cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation or by double thymidine block and hydroxyurea treatment. The delay in the appearance of B+ cells and inhibition of cell proliferation were only observed when BrdU was incorporated in the first half of S phase. BrdU (10 muM) had no effect on growth or differentiation when present during late S or G1 and G2. These results, using two very different methods to achieve cell synchrony, indicate that the effects of BrdU on growth and differentiation described above are due to its incorporation into DNA sequences replicating during early S.", "contents": "Perturbation of growth and differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in early S phase. Cultured Friend murine erythroleukemia cells (Friend cells) are induced to undergo erythroid differentiation when grown in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and other compounds. The effects of unifilar substitution of bromouracil (BU) for thymidine in the DNA (BU-DNA) of Friend cells were examined. Cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxy-uridine (BrdU) for one generation, then centrifuged and resuspended in medium containing DMSO without BrdU. These cells exhibited a delay in the appearance of heme-producing, benzidine-reative (B+) cells and a decreased rate of cell proliferation in comparison to the control not containing BU-DNA. A transient inhibition of entry into S phase was observed when control cells or cells containing BU-DNA were grown in the presence of DMSO) for 10 to 20 hours. This transient inhibition was increased in the BrdU culture. Thus BU-substitution in Friend cells alters other cellular functions in addition to erythroid differentiation. The rate of increase in the percent of cells committed to differentiate (those forming B+ colonies in plasma clots) was similar in the BrdU and control cultures until 40 to 50 hours. After this time, a delay in the appearance of committed cells was observed in the BrdU culture. The effect of BrdU on the appearance of B+ cells was more pronounced and occurred earlier than its effect on the rate of commitment. Therefore, the delay in the appearance of B+ cells in the BrdU culture was due primarily to perturbation of post-commitment events such as the accumulation of hemoglobin. We also examined the effect on growth and differentiation after BrdU was incorporated during different intervals of S phase in cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation or by double thymidine block and hydroxyurea treatment. The delay in the appearance of B+ cells and inhibition of cell proliferation were only observed when BrdU was incorporated in the first half of S phase. BrdU (10 muM) had no effect on growth or differentiation when present during late S or G1 and G2. These results, using two very different methods to achieve cell synchrony, indicate that the effects of BrdU on growth and differentiation described above are due to its incorporation into DNA sequences replicating during early S."}
{"id": "PMID:287674", "title": "Alterations in chloride transport during differentiation of Friend virus-transformed cells.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemic cells can be induced by a variety of agents to synthesize hemoglobin and to exhibit other characteristics suggesting erythroid maturation. Upon induction of hemoglobin synthesis with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the chloride flux in Friend cells gradually increases, until after five days of exposure to DMSO (when the hemoglobin content of the cells approaches that of the mature erythrocyte) the flux is three times the value in non-induced cells. A similar flux increase is observed in the presence of a different type of inducer, hypoxanthine, but no increase in flux is seen in the mutant cell line, TG-13, which does not synthesize hemoglobin after DMSO treatment. Thus, the flux increase seems to be associate d with the induction process, rather than being a direct effect of the inducing agent. After DMSO treatment, the sulphate flux decreases and the chloride/sulphate selectivity increases, aswould be expected if the cells were becoming more like red cells. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the chloride flux to the inhibitor, furosemide, and to temperature is the same in the induced as in the non-induced Friend cells, and different from that of the mature red cell. Thus, the anion transport properties of the induced Friend cell are different from those of both the non-induced Friend cell and the mature erythrocyte. Either the system in the induced cell represents an intermediate stage in the development of the mature red cell characteristics, or else the maturation of transport function in the Friend cell differs from that in normal erythrocyte precursors.", "contents": "Alterations in chloride transport during differentiation of Friend virus-transformed cells. Friend erythroleukemic cells can be induced by a variety of agents to synthesize hemoglobin and to exhibit other characteristics suggesting erythroid maturation. Upon induction of hemoglobin synthesis with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the chloride flux in Friend cells gradually increases, until after five days of exposure to DMSO (when the hemoglobin content of the cells approaches that of the mature erythrocyte) the flux is three times the value in non-induced cells. A similar flux increase is observed in the presence of a different type of inducer, hypoxanthine, but no increase in flux is seen in the mutant cell line, TG-13, which does not synthesize hemoglobin after DMSO treatment. Thus, the flux increase seems to be associate d with the induction process, rather than being a direct effect of the inducing agent. After DMSO treatment, the sulphate flux decreases and the chloride/sulphate selectivity increases, aswould be expected if the cells were becoming more like red cells. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the chloride flux to the inhibitor, furosemide, and to temperature is the same in the induced as in the non-induced Friend cells, and different from that of the mature red cell. Thus, the anion transport properties of the induced Friend cell are different from those of both the non-induced Friend cell and the mature erythrocyte. Either the system in the induced cell represents an intermediate stage in the development of the mature red cell characteristics, or else the maturation of transport function in the Friend cell differs from that in normal erythrocyte precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:287675", "title": "Early decrease of 2-deoxy glucose and alpha-amino isobutyric acid transport are among the first events in differentiating synchronized murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemic cells were induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway by Me2SO and HMBA. These inducers caused an early decrease in the transport of glucose and amino acids, both in non-synchronized and in synchronized cultures. Careful analysis of the transport parameters in synchronized cultures showed a cyclic fluctuation of the Vmax but no significant change of the Km. in the presence of the inducers, however, a modification of the Km and Vmax of both carriers was observed which was not dependent on cell cycle. This modification is very early and procedes the transient arrest of the cells in G1 reported previously. In addition, a Me2SO-resistant cell line (DR10) does not show any changes in the transport of glucose and amino acids when incubated with Me2SO. However, there is an effect on the transport when incubated with HMBA which induces differentiation of 50% of the cells. These data support the hypothesis that an early effect of the inducers on the plasma membrane may be a necessary prerequisite for initiation of differentiation in murine erythroleukemic cells.", "contents": "Early decrease of 2-deoxy glucose and alpha-amino isobutyric acid transport are among the first events in differentiating synchronized murine erythroleukemia cells. Murine erythroleukemic cells were induced to differentiate along the erythroid pathway by Me2SO and HMBA. These inducers caused an early decrease in the transport of glucose and amino acids, both in non-synchronized and in synchronized cultures. Careful analysis of the transport parameters in synchronized cultures showed a cyclic fluctuation of the Vmax but no significant change of the Km. in the presence of the inducers, however, a modification of the Km and Vmax of both carriers was observed which was not dependent on cell cycle. This modification is very early and procedes the transient arrest of the cells in G1 reported previously. In addition, a Me2SO-resistant cell line (DR10) does not show any changes in the transport of glucose and amino acids when incubated with Me2SO. However, there is an effect on the transport when incubated with HMBA which induces differentiation of 50% of the cells. These data support the hypothesis that an early effect of the inducers on the plasma membrane may be a necessary prerequisite for initiation of differentiation in murine erythroleukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287677", "title": "The angular bone defect and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and downgrowth of subgingival plaque.", "content": "Sixty-four sets of human teeth were collected with the aim of evaluating the role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of destructive periodontal disease. Before the jaws were taken out, a careful bite analysis was carried out. After fixation of the jaws, impressions were taken and plaster of Paris models were made. Finally, a set of 14 radiographs were taken. On the basis of the \"clinical\" records postmortem, the study models and the radiographs, the jaws were sectioned. Only mesio-distal sections were included in the present analysis. The total number of interdental spaces examined was 106. The following observations were made: 1. Before any loss of periodontal fiber attachment has taken place, the configuration of the interdental septum is entirely dependent on the location of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) of the two neighboring teeth. The alveolar crest does not approach the apical border of the junctional epithelium closer than about 1 mm. Thus, if the CEJ is located at different levels on two neighboring teeth, the marginal termination of the interdental septum will be oblique, forming an acute angle with the \"lowest\" tooth. 2. Loss of periodontal fiber attachment could invariably be related to the apical growth of subgingival plaque, and downgrowth of plaque was always associated with an inflammatory process which involved lysis of the attachment fibers within a distance varying between 0.2 and 1.8 mm from the apical border of the plaque. Subsequently, the JE proliferated down to cover the denuded root surface. 3. Reduction in height of the alveolar crest could also be related to the downgrowth of plaque. The distance from plaque to bone was never found to be less than 0.5 mm and never more than 2.7 mm. The configuration of the interdental septum always seemed to be determined by the level of the plaque on the two neighboring tooth surfaces. Thus, if the plaque had reached the same level on both sides, the crest of the interdental septum assumed a horizontal outline; if plaque had proliferated down to different levels, the crest of the interdental septum was oblique and an angular defect hereby established. 4. In the present material no evidence was found to indicate that functional (traumatic) forces can act as a co-factor in the causation of angular defects. In fact, such defects were found equally often adjacent to \"nontraumatized\" as to \"traumatized\" teeth. 5. Infrabony pockets were invariably associated with downgrowth of subgingival plaque.", "contents": "The angular bone defect and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and downgrowth of subgingival plaque. Sixty-four sets of human teeth were collected with the aim of evaluating the role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of destructive periodontal disease. Before the jaws were taken out, a careful bite analysis was carried out. After fixation of the jaws, impressions were taken and plaster of Paris models were made. Finally, a set of 14 radiographs were taken. On the basis of the \"clinical\" records postmortem, the study models and the radiographs, the jaws were sectioned. Only mesio-distal sections were included in the present analysis. The total number of interdental spaces examined was 106. The following observations were made: 1. Before any loss of periodontal fiber attachment has taken place, the configuration of the interdental septum is entirely dependent on the location of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) of the two neighboring teeth. The alveolar crest does not approach the apical border of the junctional epithelium closer than about 1 mm. Thus, if the CEJ is located at different levels on two neighboring teeth, the marginal termination of the interdental septum will be oblique, forming an acute angle with the \"lowest\" tooth. 2. Loss of periodontal fiber attachment could invariably be related to the apical growth of subgingival plaque, and downgrowth of plaque was always associated with an inflammatory process which involved lysis of the attachment fibers within a distance varying between 0.2 and 1.8 mm from the apical border of the plaque. Subsequently, the JE proliferated down to cover the denuded root surface. 3. Reduction in height of the alveolar crest could also be related to the downgrowth of plaque. The distance from plaque to bone was never found to be less than 0.5 mm and never more than 2.7 mm. The configuration of the interdental septum always seemed to be determined by the level of the plaque on the two neighboring tooth surfaces. Thus, if the plaque had reached the same level on both sides, the crest of the interdental septum assumed a horizontal outline; if plaque had proliferated down to different levels, the crest of the interdental septum was oblique and an angular defect hereby established. 4. In the present material no evidence was found to indicate that functional (traumatic) forces can act as a co-factor in the causation of angular defects. In fact, such defects were found equally often adjacent to \"nontraumatized\" as to \"traumatized\" teeth. 5. Infrabony pockets were invariably associated with downgrowth of subgingival plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:287680", "title": "Assessing the periodontal treatment needs of a population.", "content": "A longitudinal study was conducted on 106 patients attending a dental school and undergoing periodontal treatment, to assess the relationship between some commonly used periodontal indices and the time taken to treat periodontal disease. The data were analysed by assessing the times taken for examination motivation, scaling and surgery for persons with ranges of indices such as D.I., C.I., O.H.I., G.P.I. (Ging), G.P.I. (Perio), G.P.I. (Comp) and P.I. A one-way analysis of variance was carried out to test the significance of trends. Next, a Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for each index and its components and treatment time. The index which correlated most closely with examination time was the P.I. The G.P.I. (Ging) was the best predictor of motivation time and three indices, C.I., G.P.I. (Perio) and P.I. correlated significantly with scaling times. The P.I. and G.P.I. (Perio) correlated with surgery time. By converting periodontal indices into treatment times, planners can estimate with a fair degree of accuracy the time and resources required to carry out periodontal treatment for a population.", "contents": "Assessing the periodontal treatment needs of a population. A longitudinal study was conducted on 106 patients attending a dental school and undergoing periodontal treatment, to assess the relationship between some commonly used periodontal indices and the time taken to treat periodontal disease. The data were analysed by assessing the times taken for examination motivation, scaling and surgery for persons with ranges of indices such as D.I., C.I., O.H.I., G.P.I. (Ging), G.P.I. (Perio), G.P.I. (Comp) and P.I. A one-way analysis of variance was carried out to test the significance of trends. Next, a Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for each index and its components and treatment time. The index which correlated most closely with examination time was the P.I. The G.P.I. (Ging) was the best predictor of motivation time and three indices, C.I., G.P.I. (Perio) and P.I. correlated significantly with scaling times. The P.I. and G.P.I. (Perio) correlated with surgery time. By converting periodontal indices into treatment times, planners can estimate with a fair degree of accuracy the time and resources required to carry out periodontal treatment for a population."}
{"id": "PMID:287682", "title": "Oral hygiene levels and behaviour in pre-clinical and final-year dental students.", "content": "The oral hygiene levels and behavior in pre-clinical and final-year dental students attending Birmingham University 1977 were investigated. Gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque and calculus accumulations were clinically recorded. Tooth cleaning habits were assessed by a questionnaire. Oral hygiene habits differed between the two groups and an improvement in oral hygiene levels was evident in the final-year students. Statistically significant differences (P is less than 0.05) were found between the plaque index scored of the pre-clinical and final-year students, and for the gingival and calculus index scores of the male students. Thus in this investigation it was possible to show that improvement in oral hygiene does occur between the pre-clinical and final year of the undergraduate course.", "contents": "Oral hygiene levels and behaviour in pre-clinical and final-year dental students. The oral hygiene levels and behavior in pre-clinical and final-year dental students attending Birmingham University 1977 were investigated. Gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque and calculus accumulations were clinically recorded. Tooth cleaning habits were assessed by a questionnaire. Oral hygiene habits differed between the two groups and an improvement in oral hygiene levels was evident in the final-year students. Statistically significant differences (P is less than 0.05) were found between the plaque index scored of the pre-clinical and final-year students, and for the gingival and calculus index scores of the male students. Thus in this investigation it was possible to show that improvement in oral hygiene does occur between the pre-clinical and final year of the undergraduate course."}
{"id": "PMID:287708", "title": "The role and responsibilities of a department of medicine in a school of dentistry.", "content": "In each school of dentistry there is a place for a department of medicine that can help prepare the dentist to provide dental care for the increasing number of patients with organic disease. The department of medicine can provide consultative services to the medical profession in the dentist's area of specialization.", "contents": "The role and responsibilities of a department of medicine in a school of dentistry. In each school of dentistry there is a place for a department of medicine that can help prepare the dentist to provide dental care for the increasing number of patients with organic disease. The department of medicine can provide consultative services to the medical profession in the dentist's area of specialization."}
{"id": "PMID:287709", "title": "Reliability of the medical history in identifying patients likely to place dentists at an increased hepatitis risk.", "content": "Blood was sampled for all new patients entering a dental school clinic to determine the presumed carrier prevalence in such a population. In a second portion of the study, serologic testing was completed for 140 patients who had a history of hepatitis infection or exposure to hepatitis, or who otherwise were part of a group likely to have a high incidence of hepatitis. The results from the test were compared with the information given by the patients.", "contents": "Reliability of the medical history in identifying patients likely to place dentists at an increased hepatitis risk. Blood was sampled for all new patients entering a dental school clinic to determine the presumed carrier prevalence in such a population. In a second portion of the study, serologic testing was completed for 140 patients who had a history of hepatitis infection or exposure to hepatitis, or who otherwise were part of a group likely to have a high incidence of hepatitis. The results from the test were compared with the information given by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287710", "title": "Self-regulation in the dental profession.", "content": "Structured and open-ended questions were posed in a survey of dentists in solo and nonsolo practices to test assumptions concerning clinical norms and the self-regulatory aspect of the health professions. The importance of autonomy in their perceptions of practice influenced the dentists' responses to several developments; among them are peer review and third party programs that affect the profession.", "contents": "Self-regulation in the dental profession. Structured and open-ended questions were posed in a survey of dentists in solo and nonsolo practices to test assumptions concerning clinical norms and the self-regulatory aspect of the health professions. The importance of autonomy in their perceptions of practice influenced the dentists' responses to several developments; among them are peer review and third party programs that affect the profession."}
{"id": "PMID:287711", "title": "Illumination of the dental operatory.", "content": "With the use of the two types of fixtures described in this paper and some precautions taken to reduce glare, the quality of lighting in the dental operatory can be improved.", "contents": "Illumination of the dental operatory. With the use of the two types of fixtures described in this paper and some precautions taken to reduce glare, the quality of lighting in the dental operatory can be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:287712", "title": "Transpositional flap technique for mandibular vestibuloplasty.", "content": "Various surgical techniques for a mandibular vestibuloplasty have been advocated. A transpositional labial flap technique used by us for 23 patients since May 1976, and based on a procedure described by Edlan, has been presented with results of nine-month follow-up examinations of six patients. Clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluations completed at three-month intervals showed that this transpositional vestibuloplasty compared favorably with other similar techniques in postoperative time of healing, condition of attached mucosa, stability of increased vestibular depth, and amount of resorption of labial bone. Advantages of this procedure over other mandibular vestibuloplasty techniques are its simplicity, low morbidity, decreased operating time, feasibility of use of local anesthesia and conscious sedation on an outpatient basis, and elimination of the need for a graft. The disadvantage of the procedure is that it requires healthy preexisting vestibular mucosa for optimal results.", "contents": "Transpositional flap technique for mandibular vestibuloplasty. Various surgical techniques for a mandibular vestibuloplasty have been advocated. A transpositional labial flap technique used by us for 23 patients since May 1976, and based on a procedure described by Edlan, has been presented with results of nine-month follow-up examinations of six patients. Clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluations completed at three-month intervals showed that this transpositional vestibuloplasty compared favorably with other similar techniques in postoperative time of healing, condition of attached mucosa, stability of increased vestibular depth, and amount of resorption of labial bone. Advantages of this procedure over other mandibular vestibuloplasty techniques are its simplicity, low morbidity, decreased operating time, feasibility of use of local anesthesia and conscious sedation on an outpatient basis, and elimination of the need for a graft. The disadvantage of the procedure is that it requires healthy preexisting vestibular mucosa for optimal results."}
{"id": "PMID:287713", "title": "Repair of gingival clefts.", "content": "Two cases of extensive gingival clefts are presented with surgical methods used for their correction. The theoretical basis for their pathogenesis is briefly described.", "contents": "Repair of gingival clefts. Two cases of extensive gingival clefts are presented with surgical methods used for their correction. The theoretical basis for their pathogenesis is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:287714", "title": "Immediate permanent reconstruction of a mandibular continuity defect with use of a prosthesis of chromium-cobalt alloy.", "content": "A report of ten-year follow-up examinations of a patient who had a hemimandibulectomy with disarticulation because of fibrous dysplasia and immediate permanent reconstruction of the mandible with a Vitallium custom-cast prosthesis is presented. Careful preoperative planning, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up examinations are essential for successful maintenance of the prosthesis. Autogenic bone grafts are, in general, superior to alloplasts in permanent reconstruction of defects in mandibular continuity after resection. However, there are indications for alloplastic reconstruction when the condyle is disarticulated with the resection.", "contents": "Immediate permanent reconstruction of a mandibular continuity defect with use of a prosthesis of chromium-cobalt alloy. A report of ten-year follow-up examinations of a patient who had a hemimandibulectomy with disarticulation because of fibrous dysplasia and immediate permanent reconstruction of the mandible with a Vitallium custom-cast prosthesis is presented. Careful preoperative planning, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up examinations are essential for successful maintenance of the prosthesis. Autogenic bone grafts are, in general, superior to alloplasts in permanent reconstruction of defects in mandibular continuity after resection. However, there are indications for alloplastic reconstruction when the condyle is disarticulated with the resection."}
{"id": "PMID:287724", "title": "The necessity of updating dental examining boards.", "content": "Though state boards may be necessary, let them be less anachronistic in the expectations they have for current graduates. Let us hope that the state and regional boards will change and keep pace with the current literature. The boards can have an influence on upgrading dentistry but only if they are progressive, and if they do not hold back the profession by demanding antiquated means of looking at dental care for the patients.", "contents": "The necessity of updating dental examining boards. Though state boards may be necessary, let them be less anachronistic in the expectations they have for current graduates. Let us hope that the state and regional boards will change and keep pace with the current literature. The boards can have an influence on upgrading dentistry but only if they are progressive, and if they do not hold back the profession by demanding antiquated means of looking at dental care for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287725", "title": "Model curriculum for forensic dentistry in US dental schools.", "content": "A model curriculum for forensic dentistry in US dental schools has been presented. This curriculum follows guidelines that will provide the dental student with practical training in specific forensic techniques, knowledge of general principles of forensic dentistry, and an appreciation for the dentist's responsibility within the legal community.", "contents": "Model curriculum for forensic dentistry in US dental schools. A model curriculum for forensic dentistry in US dental schools has been presented. This curriculum follows guidelines that will provide the dental student with practical training in specific forensic techniques, knowledge of general principles of forensic dentistry, and an appreciation for the dentist's responsibility within the legal community."}
{"id": "PMID:287726", "title": "Short-needle block anesthesia at the mandibular foramen.", "content": "Thirty-five cadavers were studied to determine the depth of penetration of the needle from the oral mucous membrane to the inferior alveolar nerve at the mandibular foramen. The depth of penetration at the narrowest anteroposterior width of the ramus and pterygotemporal depression was determined to be half the narrowest anteroposterior width of the ramus plus or minus 1 mm. This depth was within the limits of a short needle. It was easier to estimate the depth of penetration with a short needle than with a long needle. A short needle also was less likely to go too deep and deviate from its course than was a long needle.", "contents": "Short-needle block anesthesia at the mandibular foramen. Thirty-five cadavers were studied to determine the depth of penetration of the needle from the oral mucous membrane to the inferior alveolar nerve at the mandibular foramen. The depth of penetration at the narrowest anteroposterior width of the ramus and pterygotemporal depression was determined to be half the narrowest anteroposterior width of the ramus plus or minus 1 mm. This depth was within the limits of a short needle. It was easier to estimate the depth of penetration with a short needle than with a long needle. A short needle also was less likely to go too deep and deviate from its course than was a long needle."}
{"id": "PMID:287727", "title": "Concentrations of cephalexin in mandibular alveolar bone, blood, and oral fluids.", "content": "Results from this study of 16 patients who underwent extractions and alveoloplasty indicate that cephalexin effectively penetrates alveolar bone. After cephalexin had been administered, 500 mg four times a day for 48 hours, the average concentration in bone exceeded the average minimal inhibitory concentration of six organisms commonly encountered in infections and bacteremias of dental origin. These data and the current knowledge of cephalexin suggest that cephalosporins may have a unique use in dental infections or potentially harmful bacteremias caused by susceptible organisms.", "contents": "Concentrations of cephalexin in mandibular alveolar bone, blood, and oral fluids. Results from this study of 16 patients who underwent extractions and alveoloplasty indicate that cephalexin effectively penetrates alveolar bone. After cephalexin had been administered, 500 mg four times a day for 48 hours, the average concentration in bone exceeded the average minimal inhibitory concentration of six organisms commonly encountered in infections and bacteremias of dental origin. These data and the current knowledge of cephalexin suggest that cephalosporins may have a unique use in dental infections or potentially harmful bacteremias caused by susceptible organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:287728", "title": "Forensic identification of burn victims.", "content": "An explosion and fire that caused $25 million in damage caused the deaths of seven men, four of whom could not be identified through ordinary methods. Three of these four victims were positively identified through forensic dentistry techniques. Dental records, particularly radiographs, of all patients should be retained should the dentist be called on to aid in the task of identification.", "contents": "Forensic identification of burn victims. An explosion and fire that caused $25 million in damage caused the deaths of seven men, four of whom could not be identified through ordinary methods. Three of these four victims were positively identified through forensic dentistry techniques. Dental records, particularly radiographs, of all patients should be retained should the dentist be called on to aid in the task of identification."}
{"id": "PMID:287729", "title": "Accidental hydrofluoric acid burns of the hand.", "content": "A case report of accidental hydrofluoric acid burns that involve dermal tissue of the hand is presented. Prompt medical treatment for this accident resulted in minimal disfigurement and minimal paresthesia and disability. Protocols for essential treatment and precautions for personnel working in dental laboratories where hydrofluoric acid is used have been discussed.", "contents": "Accidental hydrofluoric acid burns of the hand. A case report of accidental hydrofluoric acid burns that involve dermal tissue of the hand is presented. Prompt medical treatment for this accident resulted in minimal disfigurement and minimal paresthesia and disability. Protocols for essential treatment and precautions for personnel working in dental laboratories where hydrofluoric acid is used have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287736", "title": "Physical evaluation system to determine medical risk and indicated dental therapy modifications.", "content": "The physical evaluation system allows the practitioner to rapidly classify each patient according to medical risk and thus to provide dental treatment comfortably and safely. The evaluation system serves as a guide to the level of dental therapy, deisions of management, and modification of treatment for the medically compromised patient. Extensive use of the ADA physical status classification system in dentistry would allow meaningful studies of morbidity and mortality that are related to various management protocols and could conceivably have an impact on insurance schedules associated with psychosedation modalities and general anethesia on an out patient basis. A physical evaluation system cannot substitute for knowledge and good judgment. Recommended categories of physical status and modification of treatment should not be considered as absolutes, but as guides. Wheras the guidelines may appear to be inflexible, they should not be considered as such. Deviation from recommendations is often justified and is expected.", "contents": "Physical evaluation system to determine medical risk and indicated dental therapy modifications. The physical evaluation system allows the practitioner to rapidly classify each patient according to medical risk and thus to provide dental treatment comfortably and safely. The evaluation system serves as a guide to the level of dental therapy, deisions of management, and modification of treatment for the medically compromised patient. Extensive use of the ADA physical status classification system in dentistry would allow meaningful studies of morbidity and mortality that are related to various management protocols and could conceivably have an impact on insurance schedules associated with psychosedation modalities and general anethesia on an out patient basis. A physical evaluation system cannot substitute for knowledge and good judgment. Recommended categories of physical status and modification of treatment should not be considered as absolutes, but as guides. Wheras the guidelines may appear to be inflexible, they should not be considered as such. Deviation from recommendations is often justified and is expected."}
{"id": "PMID:287737", "title": "Root canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar.", "content": "Four hundred maxillary first premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, cleared, and studied. The canal configurations were categorized as: 26% had one canal, 69% had two canals, and 5% had three canals at the apex. The relationship of canal configuration to number of roots per tooth was determined. Of the canals studied, 49.5% had lateral canals. They occured equally in all types of canals, were located mainly in the apical region, and exited from the main canal mostly in a palatal direction. Also, 11% of these canals extended from the floor of the pulp chamber to the furcation area. An accurate knowledge of the morphology of the pulp cavity is essential before endodontic procedure can be approached rationally. The frequency with which root canals unite should be considered during enlargement and filing procedures. The dentist also should be aware of the possible existence of bifurcated and double canals if root canal therapy should unexplainbly fail. A knowledge of these variations will assist the dentist in reaching conclusions when diagnosing and treating endodontic cases.", "contents": "Root canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar. Four hundred maxillary first premolars were decalcified, injected with dye, cleared, and studied. The canal configurations were categorized as: 26% had one canal, 69% had two canals, and 5% had three canals at the apex. The relationship of canal configuration to number of roots per tooth was determined. Of the canals studied, 49.5% had lateral canals. They occured equally in all types of canals, were located mainly in the apical region, and exited from the main canal mostly in a palatal direction. Also, 11% of these canals extended from the floor of the pulp chamber to the furcation area. An accurate knowledge of the morphology of the pulp cavity is essential before endodontic procedure can be approached rationally. The frequency with which root canals unite should be considered during enlargement and filing procedures. The dentist also should be aware of the possible existence of bifurcated and double canals if root canal therapy should unexplainbly fail. A knowledge of these variations will assist the dentist in reaching conclusions when diagnosing and treating endodontic cases."}
{"id": "PMID:287738", "title": "Enamel pearls as contributing factor in periodontal breakdown.", "content": "Removal and treatment of an enamel pearl, a contributing factor to periodontal disease because of its anatomy and location, are described.", "contents": "Enamel pearls as contributing factor in periodontal breakdown. Removal and treatment of an enamel pearl, a contributing factor to periodontal disease because of its anatomy and location, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:287753", "title": "The arrangement of muscle fibres in cleft lips.", "content": "A total of 63 laterally situated partial clefts of the lip were studied. The biopsies obtained during the first operation were evaluated histologically. With a special stain, the fibre of the orbicularis oris muscle were demonstrated and their arrangement in relation to the cleft lip was recorded. The results indicate a close relationship between type and degree of the cleft and the arrangement of the muscle bundles: In microforms like lip indentations and minor clefts of the lip the natural anatomy is almost unaltered. The muscle \"flows\" around the \"obstacle\". But the larger the cleft the more often the muscle fibres end right at the border of the cleft and insertions are often found here. In the remaining skin bridge the number of muscle fibres decreases and their arrangement deteriorates. In the extreme forms, i.e. the band of Simonart and the completely cleft lip, we must assume that most of the fibres stop at the border of the cleft as muscle no longer crosses the defect.", "contents": "The arrangement of muscle fibres in cleft lips. A total of 63 laterally situated partial clefts of the lip were studied. The biopsies obtained during the first operation were evaluated histologically. With a special stain, the fibre of the orbicularis oris muscle were demonstrated and their arrangement in relation to the cleft lip was recorded. The results indicate a close relationship between type and degree of the cleft and the arrangement of the muscle bundles: In microforms like lip indentations and minor clefts of the lip the natural anatomy is almost unaltered. The muscle \"flows\" around the \"obstacle\". But the larger the cleft the more often the muscle fibres end right at the border of the cleft and insertions are often found here. In the remaining skin bridge the number of muscle fibres decreases and their arrangement deteriorates. In the extreme forms, i.e. the band of Simonart and the completely cleft lip, we must assume that most of the fibres stop at the border of the cleft as muscle no longer crosses the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:287754", "title": "Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement.", "content": "This study was undertaken to evaluate the radiographic changes in the static velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. Records of 21 patients treated for maxillary retrusion were evaluated. Two groups were present: 13 non-cleft patients and 8 cleft-lip patients. The findings demonstrate an anatomical change in the velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. A similar change occurred in both groups; however, the magnitude is differed. The angle of the soft palate to hard palate increased with surgery (2 degrees per mm. advancement noncleft and 1 degree per mm. cleft). An increase in soft palate length was also seen (.5mm. per mm. advancement non-cleft and .4 mm. per mm. cleft). A pharyngeal need ratio prediction method was established (pharyngeal depth/soft palate length). A ratio of .68--.84 in this study was observed. A ratio greater than one was found to indicate probable velopharyngeal incompetence.", "contents": "Velopharyngeal anatomy and maxillary advancement. This study was undertaken to evaluate the radiographic changes in the static velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. Records of 21 patients treated for maxillary retrusion were evaluated. Two groups were present: 13 non-cleft patients and 8 cleft-lip patients. The findings demonstrate an anatomical change in the velopharyngeal mechanism following total maxillary advancement. A similar change occurred in both groups; however, the magnitude is differed. The angle of the soft palate to hard palate increased with surgery (2 degrees per mm. advancement noncleft and 1 degree per mm. cleft). An increase in soft palate length was also seen (.5mm. per mm. advancement non-cleft and .4 mm. per mm. cleft). A pharyngeal need ratio prediction method was established (pharyngeal depth/soft palate length). A ratio of .68--.84 in this study was observed. A ratio greater than one was found to indicate probable velopharyngeal incompetence."}
{"id": "PMID:287755", "title": "Incidence and clinical differentiation of odontogenic tumours.", "content": "The odontogenic tumours represent a group of interesting and fascinating changes in tissue which demonstrate a confusing picture of uncontrolled odontogenesis. A lack of knowledge of actiology, extraordinary rarity, polymorphism in their nature and lack of agreement on a commonly accepted nomenclature and classification put nearly insurmountable difficulties in the way of every experiment to gather and analyse the clinical behaviour of the different forms of these tumours. Initially, differential diagnostic criteria defining each form of tumour were derived from representative combined statistics in the world literature; simply registered findings as to age, sex, site and \"characteristic\" X-ray appearances were evaluated and registered tubularly. The \"Histological Tying of Odontogenic Tumours, Jaw Cysts, and Allied Lesions\", published by WHO in 1971, was chosen and taken as the basis for our evaluation, together with the sparse data in the literature concerning the absolute and relative frequency of these tumours.", "contents": "Incidence and clinical differentiation of odontogenic tumours. The odontogenic tumours represent a group of interesting and fascinating changes in tissue which demonstrate a confusing picture of uncontrolled odontogenesis. A lack of knowledge of actiology, extraordinary rarity, polymorphism in their nature and lack of agreement on a commonly accepted nomenclature and classification put nearly insurmountable difficulties in the way of every experiment to gather and analyse the clinical behaviour of the different forms of these tumours. Initially, differential diagnostic criteria defining each form of tumour were derived from representative combined statistics in the world literature; simply registered findings as to age, sex, site and \"characteristic\" X-ray appearances were evaluated and registered tubularly. The \"Histological Tying of Odontogenic Tumours, Jaw Cysts, and Allied Lesions\", published by WHO in 1971, was chosen and taken as the basis for our evaluation, together with the sparse data in the literature concerning the absolute and relative frequency of these tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:287756", "title": "Osteoma of the ethmoid and lacrimal bone.", "content": "The true osteoma is a benign tumour, which mainly occurs in the bones and cavities of the middle third of the face. This article discribes a case of a true osteoma of considerable size arising from the junction of the lacrimal and ethmoid bones of a 19-years-old boy causing limitation of the field of vision.", "contents": "Osteoma of the ethmoid and lacrimal bone. The true osteoma is a benign tumour, which mainly occurs in the bones and cavities of the middle third of the face. This article discribes a case of a true osteoma of considerable size arising from the junction of the lacrimal and ethmoid bones of a 19-years-old boy causing limitation of the field of vision."}
{"id": "PMID:287757", "title": "Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis secondary to heterotopic bone formation: combined treatment by surgery and radiation therapy--a case report.", "content": "Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis is a rare, extra-articular form of ankylosis of the jaws. An unusual case is presented in which true bony zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis was produced by a mass of heterotopic bone. Surgical treatment consisted of an oblique ostectomy across the mandibular ascending ramus, with interposition of Silastic sheeting to form a pseudarthrosis. Since surgery is often the stimulus for this condition, 2000 rads were delivered to the surgical site postoperatively in order to inhibit recurrent heterotopic bone formation. The rationale and indications for this form of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis secondary to heterotopic bone formation: combined treatment by surgery and radiation therapy--a case report. Zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis is a rare, extra-articular form of ankylosis of the jaws. An unusual case is presented in which true bony zygomatico-coronoid ankylosis was produced by a mass of heterotopic bone. Surgical treatment consisted of an oblique ostectomy across the mandibular ascending ramus, with interposition of Silastic sheeting to form a pseudarthrosis. Since surgery is often the stimulus for this condition, 2000 rads were delivered to the surgical site postoperatively in order to inhibit recurrent heterotopic bone formation. The rationale and indications for this form of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287758", "title": "Syndromology's message for craniofacial biology.", "content": "Syndromology is a misunderstood specialty that has much to contribute to the understanding of cranio-facial biology in general and the study of craniofacial anomalies in particular. An introduction to the practice of syndromology and the rudiments of syndrome delineation is presented. The aetiology and pathogenesis of selected craniofacial anomalies (Robin complex, hemifacial microsomia, and craniosynostosis) are considered from the perspective of syndromology.", "contents": "Syndromology's message for craniofacial biology. Syndromology is a misunderstood specialty that has much to contribute to the understanding of cranio-facial biology in general and the study of craniofacial anomalies in particular. An introduction to the practice of syndromology and the rudiments of syndrome delineation is presented. The aetiology and pathogenesis of selected craniofacial anomalies (Robin complex, hemifacial microsomia, and craniosynostosis) are considered from the perspective of syndromology."}
{"id": "PMID:287759", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on platelet thromboplastic function and thrombin activity.", "content": "Carbenicillin (CB-PC), sulphobenzylpenicillin (SB-PC), ampicillin (AB-PC), benzylpenicillin (PCG), cefazolin (CEZ), cephalothin (CET) and cephaloridine (CER) were used in vitro for the experiments. Recalcification time was prolonged by AB-PC, SB-PC, CB-PC and CER at the 10(-2) and 10(-3) M level. Prothrombin time (PT) was prolonged by AB-PC, CEZ, CET and CER at the 10(-2) M level. Plasma antithrombin activity was not affected by any antibiotics tested at the 10(-2) and 10(-3) M level. The platelet thromboplastic function of the human platelet suspension and free platelet factor III were reduced more than 40% by all antibiotics used except for PCG at the 10(-3) M level compared with controls, showing no significant difference in the degree of reduction between these two samples. When antibiotics were preincubated with albumin solution, the reduction of platelet thromboplastic function was greatly inhibited except with CB-PC and CER. Factors of bleeding caused by intramuscular injections of the antibiotics are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on platelet thromboplastic function and thrombin activity. Carbenicillin (CB-PC), sulphobenzylpenicillin (SB-PC), ampicillin (AB-PC), benzylpenicillin (PCG), cefazolin (CEZ), cephalothin (CET) and cephaloridine (CER) were used in vitro for the experiments. Recalcification time was prolonged by AB-PC, SB-PC, CB-PC and CER at the 10(-2) and 10(-3) M level. Prothrombin time (PT) was prolonged by AB-PC, CEZ, CET and CER at the 10(-2) M level. Plasma antithrombin activity was not affected by any antibiotics tested at the 10(-2) and 10(-3) M level. The platelet thromboplastic function of the human platelet suspension and free platelet factor III were reduced more than 40% by all antibiotics used except for PCG at the 10(-3) M level compared with controls, showing no significant difference in the degree of reduction between these two samples. When antibiotics were preincubated with albumin solution, the reduction of platelet thromboplastic function was greatly inhibited except with CB-PC and CER. Factors of bleeding caused by intramuscular injections of the antibiotics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287760", "title": "Carcinoma of unknown primary: natural history and response to therapy.", "content": "Twenty-three consecutive patients with metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary referred to a medical oncology service over the past two years were studied. In the majority of patients, death occurred within one year of diagnosis and a priamry site of disease was identified at postmortem examination. Of patients who had a primary site identified, findings suggestive of involvement of that site were present during the course of their illness. Survival was greatest in patients with adenocarcinoma histology, with lymph node site of presentation and in those treated with both radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the prolonged survival of a few patients, it is clear that failure to extensively evaluate subtle clinical findings and the lack of efficacious therapy for the malignancies commonly encountered seriously limit the survival of the vast majority of these patients. The identification of new tumor markers and the use of adjunctive chemo-immunotherapy to excisional surgery may ultimately improve to outlook for these patients.", "contents": "Carcinoma of unknown primary: natural history and response to therapy. Twenty-three consecutive patients with metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary referred to a medical oncology service over the past two years were studied. In the majority of patients, death occurred within one year of diagnosis and a priamry site of disease was identified at postmortem examination. Of patients who had a primary site identified, findings suggestive of involvement of that site were present during the course of their illness. Survival was greatest in patients with adenocarcinoma histology, with lymph node site of presentation and in those treated with both radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although these differences were not statistically significant. Despite the prolonged survival of a few patients, it is clear that failure to extensively evaluate subtle clinical findings and the lack of efficacious therapy for the malignancies commonly encountered seriously limit the survival of the vast majority of these patients. The identification of new tumor markers and the use of adjunctive chemo-immunotherapy to excisional surgery may ultimately improve to outlook for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287761", "title": "Blood effects of permanent normoxic hypercapnia in conventional rats.", "content": "Rats were exposed 24 hours a day to carbon dioxide, 8 +/- 1%, during 2 and 4 weeks under normoxic conditions (21% oxygen). On the last day, blood was taken from the abdominal aorta under anesthesia. Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume were electronically measured. Hematocit and Wintrobe indexes were calculated. Leukocyte differential counts and peroxidase activity were determined on blood smears. After 4 weeks of hypercapnia, a slight decrease of neutrophilic granulocytes was observed. In mature polymorphs, peroxidase activity (cytochemically demonstrated) simultaneously decreased. Erythrocyte counts and mean cell volume remained unchanged. The most important hematological disturbance was an hemoglobin concentration drop. Consequently, it was concluded that an hypochromic anemia characterized the permanent normoxic hypercapnia in rats.", "contents": "Blood effects of permanent normoxic hypercapnia in conventional rats. Rats were exposed 24 hours a day to carbon dioxide, 8 +/- 1%, during 2 and 4 weeks under normoxic conditions (21% oxygen). On the last day, blood was taken from the abdominal aorta under anesthesia. Leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and mean cell volume were electronically measured. Hematocit and Wintrobe indexes were calculated. Leukocyte differential counts and peroxidase activity were determined on blood smears. After 4 weeks of hypercapnia, a slight decrease of neutrophilic granulocytes was observed. In mature polymorphs, peroxidase activity (cytochemically demonstrated) simultaneously decreased. Erythrocyte counts and mean cell volume remained unchanged. The most important hematological disturbance was an hemoglobin concentration drop. Consequently, it was concluded that an hypochromic anemia characterized the permanent normoxic hypercapnia in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:287762", "title": "Comparative effects of canbra oil and butter on lipdemia, vitamin A tolerance and thrombosis factors in man.", "content": "In a five-day clinical test, the dietary effects of canbra oil and butter on normal human subjects were studied with special reference to lipid metabolism, clotting times and platelet functions. There was no difference between the canbra oil and butter diets as regard triglyceridemia or clotting times, but cholesterolemia and in vitro platelet aggregation by ADP dropped significantly in subjects fed the canbra oil diet. The platelet count did not change significantly. A possible explanation of these results might to be the difference in the fatty acid composition of canbra oil and butter.", "contents": "Comparative effects of canbra oil and butter on lipdemia, vitamin A tolerance and thrombosis factors in man. In a five-day clinical test, the dietary effects of canbra oil and butter on normal human subjects were studied with special reference to lipid metabolism, clotting times and platelet functions. There was no difference between the canbra oil and butter diets as regard triglyceridemia or clotting times, but cholesterolemia and in vitro platelet aggregation by ADP dropped significantly in subjects fed the canbra oil diet. The platelet count did not change significantly. A possible explanation of these results might to be the difference in the fatty acid composition of canbra oil and butter."}
{"id": "PMID:287763", "title": "The failure of long term effect of cyclophosphamide on systemic immunologic connective tissue disease in rabbit.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide is given intravenously in the high dose of 12 mg/kg/day during 2 months from the beginning of immunological systemic connective tissue disease in rabbits, according to the modified Glynn's model. The effects of this alkylating drug are studied after the termination of treatment. At short term (15 days), cyclophosphamide depresses the inflammation of synovia in stimulated and non-stimulated joints, the humoral and cellular immunities, but the drug does not modify the other systemic lesions. At long term (between 1 and 6 months), these effects of cyclophosphamide disappear completely.", "contents": "The failure of long term effect of cyclophosphamide on systemic immunologic connective tissue disease in rabbit. Cyclophosphamide is given intravenously in the high dose of 12 mg/kg/day during 2 months from the beginning of immunological systemic connective tissue disease in rabbits, according to the modified Glynn's model. The effects of this alkylating drug are studied after the termination of treatment. At short term (15 days), cyclophosphamide depresses the inflammation of synovia in stimulated and non-stimulated joints, the humoral and cellular immunities, but the drug does not modify the other systemic lesions. At long term (between 1 and 6 months), these effects of cyclophosphamide disappear completely."}
{"id": "PMID:287764", "title": "Lymphocyte functions in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "Lymphocyte function was examined in Wegener's granulomatosis patients and the following results were obtained. 1) The T and B lymphocyte subpopulation was within the normal range. 2) Lymphocyte blast formation was examined with the use of PHA-P, Con A or TAP (tuberculin active peptide). A decrease in responsiveness against TAP was found in four out of ten patients, but no decrease was observed in responsiveness agains Con A or PHA-P. 3) Skin tests were carried out on seven patients with six different antigens. In two out of seven patients, the skin reactions were decreased against all the antigens used. In the other five patients, skin reactions were observed against only one or two of the antigens used. These results suggest that Wegener's granulomatosis may be associated with a partial deficiency in the cellular immune mechanism.", "contents": "Lymphocyte functions in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lymphocyte function was examined in Wegener's granulomatosis patients and the following results were obtained. 1) The T and B lymphocyte subpopulation was within the normal range. 2) Lymphocyte blast formation was examined with the use of PHA-P, Con A or TAP (tuberculin active peptide). A decrease in responsiveness against TAP was found in four out of ten patients, but no decrease was observed in responsiveness agains Con A or PHA-P. 3) Skin tests were carried out on seven patients with six different antigens. In two out of seven patients, the skin reactions were decreased against all the antigens used. In the other five patients, skin reactions were observed against only one or two of the antigens used. These results suggest that Wegener's granulomatosis may be associated with a partial deficiency in the cellular immune mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:287768", "title": "Influence of muscle pain tolerance on muscle pain threshold in experimental tooth clenching in man.", "content": "Ten adults and ten children exercised maximal voluntary tooth clenching until pains appeared in the jaw muscles, i.e. the muscle pain threshold of tooth clenching was determined. Subsequently, the subjects were instructed to exercise tooth clenching until they were forced to stop because of intolerable pains and exhaustion of the contracting muscles, i.e. the muscle pain tolerance of tooth clenching was recorded, and during these bouts of clenching the pain tolerance of tooth clenching was recorded, and during these bouts of clenching the pain threshold was also determined. In adults, determination of the pain tolerance decreased the pain threshold by 19%, and in children it either decreased the pain threshold by 20% or increased it by 56%. It is proposed to introduce the muscle pain tolerance of tooth clenching as an adjunct in the clinical examination of cases of facial pains presumed to originate from the jaw muscles, but the test should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Influence of muscle pain tolerance on muscle pain threshold in experimental tooth clenching in man. Ten adults and ten children exercised maximal voluntary tooth clenching until pains appeared in the jaw muscles, i.e. the muscle pain threshold of tooth clenching was determined. Subsequently, the subjects were instructed to exercise tooth clenching until they were forced to stop because of intolerable pains and exhaustion of the contracting muscles, i.e. the muscle pain tolerance of tooth clenching was recorded, and during these bouts of clenching the pain tolerance of tooth clenching was recorded, and during these bouts of clenching the pain threshold was also determined. In adults, determination of the pain tolerance decreased the pain threshold by 19%, and in children it either decreased the pain threshold by 20% or increased it by 56%. It is proposed to introduce the muscle pain tolerance of tooth clenching as an adjunct in the clinical examination of cases of facial pains presumed to originate from the jaw muscles, but the test should be interpreted with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:287769", "title": "Change in the gonial angle.", "content": "Cross-sectional studies have promoted the view that the gonial angle is increased by age and by the edentulous state. Longitudinal studies do not support this view. It is proposed that the data support the concept that the gonial angle may show enlargement or reduction, as may be expected of any bony angular relationship, and that ageing and loss of teeth are not, and should not be expected to be, the sole determinants of such change.", "contents": "Change in the gonial angle. Cross-sectional studies have promoted the view that the gonial angle is increased by age and by the edentulous state. Longitudinal studies do not support this view. It is proposed that the data support the concept that the gonial angle may show enlargement or reduction, as may be expected of any bony angular relationship, and that ageing and loss of teeth are not, and should not be expected to be, the sole determinants of such change."}
{"id": "PMID:287770", "title": "Crevicular temperature rises stimulated by plaque formation.", "content": "In nineteen subjects, temperatures were recorded thermo-electrically in the vestibular and proximal crevices of fifty-nine teeth. It was found that the formation of a new plaque was followed by a rise in crevicular temperature. In addition, it was found that the normal as well as the abnormal crevicular temperatures were higher in the mandible than in the maxillae.", "contents": "Crevicular temperature rises stimulated by plaque formation. In nineteen subjects, temperatures were recorded thermo-electrically in the vestibular and proximal crevices of fifty-nine teeth. It was found that the formation of a new plaque was followed by a rise in crevicular temperature. In addition, it was found that the normal as well as the abnormal crevicular temperatures were higher in the mandible than in the maxillae."}
{"id": "PMID:287771", "title": "Investigation of the strain produced in maxillary complete dentures in function.", "content": "An experiment has been completed to investigate the strain levels obtained on polymethylmethacrylate dentures in function when biting and swallowing. The use of stacked, rosette strain gauges enabled the magnitude of strain in the material underlying the gauge to be calculated and, in addition, the direction of the principle maximum and minimum strain was also calculated. Strain in the denture base was measured in biting and swallowing with a normal occlusion, when the occlusal contact area was narrowed, and with the rosette gauges.", "contents": "Investigation of the strain produced in maxillary complete dentures in function. An experiment has been completed to investigate the strain levels obtained on polymethylmethacrylate dentures in function when biting and swallowing. The use of stacked, rosette strain gauges enabled the magnitude of strain in the material underlying the gauge to be calculated and, in addition, the direction of the principle maximum and minimum strain was also calculated. Strain in the denture base was measured in biting and swallowing with a normal occlusion, when the occlusal contact area was narrowed, and with the rosette gauges."}
{"id": "PMID:287772", "title": "Mucosal temperature rises following long-term use of full dentures.", "content": "Mucosal temperatures were studied in twenty-two subjects, who had worn full upper and lower dentures for at least 5 years. By comparing with a group of twenty-two fully dentate subjects, it was found that in the denture wearers, temperatures were increased significantly in the lower jaw, but not in the upper jaw.", "contents": "Mucosal temperature rises following long-term use of full dentures. Mucosal temperatures were studied in twenty-two subjects, who had worn full upper and lower dentures for at least 5 years. By comparing with a group of twenty-two fully dentate subjects, it was found that in the denture wearers, temperatures were increased significantly in the lower jaw, but not in the upper jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:287773", "title": "Oral recognition of forms and oral muscular coordination ability. A longitudinal study in young adults.", "content": "A study has been carried out to investigate the constancy of results in oral recognition of forms (RF-test) and in tests which demand a fine coordination of the oral muscular apparatus (MA-test). Twenty examinees with a mean age of 22.5 years were tested with both test forms in 1972 and retested 4 years later in 1976. The performances in the RF- as well as in the MA-test improved considerably. As to the learning (training) effect in both test forms, the test results acquired by training during the previous period have largely been preserved until the next test period 4 years later. Individuals with a given capacity to perform either the RF- or MA-test, showed about the same grade of ability 4 years later. The RF- as well as the MA-test seem to reflect a given ability, which, at least in this age-group, remained constant during a period of 4 years. These results may be explained by reference to the notion of schema in which some motor-sensory feed-back will be stored. The specificity of the perceptual and motor patterns used, may have produced schemata with good resistance against forgetting.", "contents": "Oral recognition of forms and oral muscular coordination ability. A longitudinal study in young adults. A study has been carried out to investigate the constancy of results in oral recognition of forms (RF-test) and in tests which demand a fine coordination of the oral muscular apparatus (MA-test). Twenty examinees with a mean age of 22.5 years were tested with both test forms in 1972 and retested 4 years later in 1976. The performances in the RF- as well as in the MA-test improved considerably. As to the learning (training) effect in both test forms, the test results acquired by training during the previous period have largely been preserved until the next test period 4 years later. Individuals with a given capacity to perform either the RF- or MA-test, showed about the same grade of ability 4 years later. The RF- as well as the MA-test seem to reflect a given ability, which, at least in this age-group, remained constant during a period of 4 years. These results may be explained by reference to the notion of schema in which some motor-sensory feed-back will be stored. The specificity of the perceptual and motor patterns used, may have produced schemata with good resistance against forgetting."}
{"id": "PMID:287775", "title": "Bone loss of edentulous alveolar ridges.", "content": "RRR is probably multifactorial process subject to a wide number of covariables. In any given patient, these convariables will be in a unique combination which will determine the rate of RRR for that patient at that time. If the variable change in any given patient, the rate of RRR may change. The dentist who wishes to help his edentulous patient should seek to be sensitive to all these variables, and to understand and treat that unique combination of factors which exists in that patient.", "contents": "Bone loss of edentulous alveolar ridges. RRR is probably multifactorial process subject to a wide number of covariables. In any given patient, these convariables will be in a unique combination which will determine the rate of RRR for that patient at that time. If the variable change in any given patient, the rate of RRR may change. The dentist who wishes to help his edentulous patient should seek to be sensitive to all these variables, and to understand and treat that unique combination of factors which exists in that patient."}
{"id": "PMID:287774", "title": "Unilateral optic neuropathy following vincristine chemotherapy.", "content": "Two subjects with acute lymphatic leukemia have been observed to have unilateral optic neuropathy five to seven days following administration of Vincristine (2.0 mg/sq m) during maintenance chemotherapy. Both subjects were in mission at the time their ocular problems developed. After discontinuance of Vincristine therapy, marked vision improvement in the affected eye occurred over the ensuing months. It is presumed that Vincristine therapy was the cause of toxic optic neuropathy in these patients.", "contents": "Unilateral optic neuropathy following vincristine chemotherapy. Two subjects with acute lymphatic leukemia have been observed to have unilateral optic neuropathy five to seven days following administration of Vincristine (2.0 mg/sq m) during maintenance chemotherapy. Both subjects were in mission at the time their ocular problems developed. After discontinuance of Vincristine therapy, marked vision improvement in the affected eye occurred over the ensuing months. It is presumed that Vincristine therapy was the cause of toxic optic neuropathy in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:287779", "title": "Untreated periodontal disease: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Thirty diagnosed but untreated patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease were examined a minimum of two times. The examination time intervals ranged between 18 and 115 months. 2. A total of 83 teeth were lost between examinations. 3. Excluding a patient who lost 25 teeth, a total of 58 teeth were lost. The adjusted tooth loss was 0.61 tooth per patient per year (or 0.36 with the elimination of 22 \"hopeless\" teeth). 4. The mandibular and maxillary molars had the greatest percentage of tooth loss between examinations. 5. All 29 patients completing the study had progessive increases in pocket depth during their time in the study. Increases in the mean annual pocket depths per tooth per patient varied from 0.24 millimeter per year to 2.46 millimeters per year. 6. The disto-lingual and mesio-lingual interproximal surfaces had the greatest increases in surface pocket depths. The lingual and buccal surfaces had the smallest increases in pocket depth. 7. The rate of increase in pocket depths was less in patients over 44 years of age. 8. The teeth which were lost had greater initial pocket depths and mobility scores than those which were present at both examinations. 9. There was no correlation between increases in pocket depth and changes in mobility. 10. All 29 patients showed radiographic evidence of progressive bone resorption between examinations. The posterior segments of the mouth had the largest amounts of bone loss between the first and last examinations.", "contents": "Untreated periodontal disease: a longitudinal study. Thirty diagnosed but untreated patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease were examined a minimum of two times. The examination time intervals ranged between 18 and 115 months. 2. A total of 83 teeth were lost between examinations. 3. Excluding a patient who lost 25 teeth, a total of 58 teeth were lost. The adjusted tooth loss was 0.61 tooth per patient per year (or 0.36 with the elimination of 22 \"hopeless\" teeth). 4. The mandibular and maxillary molars had the greatest percentage of tooth loss between examinations. 5. All 29 patients completing the study had progessive increases in pocket depth during their time in the study. Increases in the mean annual pocket depths per tooth per patient varied from 0.24 millimeter per year to 2.46 millimeters per year. 6. The disto-lingual and mesio-lingual interproximal surfaces had the greatest increases in surface pocket depths. The lingual and buccal surfaces had the smallest increases in pocket depth. 7. The rate of increase in pocket depths was less in patients over 44 years of age. 8. The teeth which were lost had greater initial pocket depths and mobility scores than those which were present at both examinations. 9. There was no correlation between increases in pocket depth and changes in mobility. 10. All 29 patients showed radiographic evidence of progressive bone resorption between examinations. The posterior segments of the mouth had the largest amounts of bone loss between the first and last examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:287780", "title": "Healing of the oral mucosa with the use of collagen artificial skin.", "content": "Wounds were prepared in the oral cavity of 15 rabbits and five dogs, and an enzyme-solubilized calfskin collagen was placed over the surgery sites on one side. The contralateral sides acted as controls. Results indicated that the membrane was biologically acceptable to the oral mucosa of rabbits and dogs. Th collagen did not cause any adverse reaction and may have been responsible for the clinical impression of slightly more rapid healing of the gingivae in dogs. Clinical implications of this material's utilization produce some exciting ideas for future research.", "contents": "Healing of the oral mucosa with the use of collagen artificial skin. Wounds were prepared in the oral cavity of 15 rabbits and five dogs, and an enzyme-solubilized calfskin collagen was placed over the surgery sites on one side. The contralateral sides acted as controls. Results indicated that the membrane was biologically acceptable to the oral mucosa of rabbits and dogs. Th collagen did not cause any adverse reaction and may have been responsible for the clinical impression of slightly more rapid healing of the gingivae in dogs. Clinical implications of this material's utilization produce some exciting ideas for future research."}
{"id": "PMID:287782", "title": "A laser instrument for measuring tooth movements.", "content": "An improved apparatus has been constructed which is based upon the laser reflexion method and is used in a highly accurate direct technique of measuring tooth movement without contact. The possibility of making clinical investigations of tooth movements with the equipment has been investigated by testing its various components. The most critical part of the system is the repositioning of the patient, which has been done with an accuracy of +/- 20 micron. The reflected pattern used during 3 months of experiments was the same. The instrument can be used for measurements down to 50 micron.", "contents": "A laser instrument for measuring tooth movements. An improved apparatus has been constructed which is based upon the laser reflexion method and is used in a highly accurate direct technique of measuring tooth movement without contact. The possibility of making clinical investigations of tooth movements with the equipment has been investigated by testing its various components. The most critical part of the system is the repositioning of the patient, which has been done with an accuracy of +/- 20 micron. The reflected pattern used during 3 months of experiments was the same. The instrument can be used for measurements down to 50 micron."}
{"id": "PMID:287781", "title": "Concentration of circulating hormones and metabolism of androgens by human gingiva.", "content": "The present study evaluates the relationship between periodontal status, concentration of circulating hormones and metabolism of androgens by human male and female gingiva in vitro. In both male and female patients with healthy gingiva the plasma concentration of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and steroid hormones (testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and cortisol) were in a normal range. However, an alteration in the plasma concentration of progesterone was found in both male and female patients with periodontal pathosis. Both androgens (testosterone and androstenedione) were readily metabolized by human gingiva tissue in vitro. The major pathway of the metabolism of testosterone was via the formation of 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-A-ring reduced androgens (5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha-, 3 beta-androstanediol). In contrast, androstenedione was metabolized mainly to 17-keto-5 alpha-A-ring reduced (5 alpha-androstanedione, androsterone and epiandrosterone) and 17 beta-oxidoreduced (testosterone) compounds. In addition both substrates were metabolized to 5 beta-A-ring reduced androgens (5 beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5 beta-androstanediol and 5 beta-androstanedione). A significant feature of the metabolism of testosterone and androstenedione by inflamed gingiva was an increase of 5 alpha-A-ring reductase activity (mainly the formation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstanedione) and 17 beta-oxidoreductase activity (mainly the formation of testosterone from androstenedione). The increase in 5 alpha-reductase activity also showed a significant correlation with the plasma progesterone concentration.", "contents": "Concentration of circulating hormones and metabolism of androgens by human gingiva. The present study evaluates the relationship between periodontal status, concentration of circulating hormones and metabolism of androgens by human male and female gingiva in vitro. In both male and female patients with healthy gingiva the plasma concentration of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and steroid hormones (testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol-17 beta, progesterone and cortisol) were in a normal range. However, an alteration in the plasma concentration of progesterone was found in both male and female patients with periodontal pathosis. Both androgens (testosterone and androstenedione) were readily metabolized by human gingiva tissue in vitro. The major pathway of the metabolism of testosterone was via the formation of 17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-A-ring reduced androgens (5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha-, 3 beta-androstanediol). In contrast, androstenedione was metabolized mainly to 17-keto-5 alpha-A-ring reduced (5 alpha-androstanedione, androsterone and epiandrosterone) and 17 beta-oxidoreduced (testosterone) compounds. In addition both substrates were metabolized to 5 beta-A-ring reduced androgens (5 beta-dihydrotestosterone, 5 beta-androstanediol and 5 beta-androstanedione). A significant feature of the metabolism of testosterone and androstenedione by inflamed gingiva was an increase of 5 alpha-A-ring reductase activity (mainly the formation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha-androstanedione) and 17 beta-oxidoreductase activity (mainly the formation of testosterone from androstenedione). The increase in 5 alpha-reductase activity also showed a significant correlation with the plasma progesterone concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:287783", "title": "Plasma female sex-hormone levels and gingivitis in pregnancy.", "content": "This investigation has confirmed that there is an increase in gingival inflammation between the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy and that this will occur despite a fall in the amount of plaque at the dento-gingival junction. This implicates a further factor in addition to plaque accumulation to explain the increased inflammmation. It was confirmed that there are marked increases in the plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone between the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy but it was not possible to demonstrate a direct association between these increases and the increase in gingival inflammation.", "contents": "Plasma female sex-hormone levels and gingivitis in pregnancy. This investigation has confirmed that there is an increase in gingival inflammation between the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy and that this will occur despite a fall in the amount of plaque at the dento-gingival junction. This implicates a further factor in addition to plaque accumulation to explain the increased inflammmation. It was confirmed that there are marked increases in the plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone between the 14th and 30th weeks of pregnancy but it was not possible to demonstrate a direct association between these increases and the increase in gingival inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:287784", "title": "An evaluation of the root topography following periodontal instrumentation--a scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Extraction was performed on 52 periodontally involved teeth. Of these, ten without any instrumentation served as controls, 19 were treated with hand instruments, and 23 with ultrasonics. The extent of cleaning and damage to teeth with the two treatment procedures employed were assessed by examining in the scanning electron microscope. Ultrasonics were superior in the treatment of incisor teeth but had no particular advantage over the hand instruments with respect to the treatment of molars. Also the microflora forming the bacterial plaque were visualized.", "contents": "An evaluation of the root topography following periodontal instrumentation--a scanning electron microscopic study. Extraction was performed on 52 periodontally involved teeth. Of these, ten without any instrumentation served as controls, 19 were treated with hand instruments, and 23 with ultrasonics. The extent of cleaning and damage to teeth with the two treatment procedures employed were assessed by examining in the scanning electron microscope. Ultrasonics were superior in the treatment of incisor teeth but had no particular advantage over the hand instruments with respect to the treatment of molars. Also the microflora forming the bacterial plaque were visualized."}
{"id": "PMID:287785", "title": "The lingual pedicle. Case reports.", "content": "Poorly constructed and inadequately fitting mandibular removable partial dentures may be etiologic factors in producing localized lingual gingival recession. Two cases presented show that despite the limitations of access and muscle pull in the lingual mandibular anterior region, both full and partial thickness lingually laterally rotated pedical flaps can be successful in repairing denuded roots by root coverage and by increasing the width of keratinized attached gingiva.", "contents": "The lingual pedicle. Case reports. Poorly constructed and inadequately fitting mandibular removable partial dentures may be etiologic factors in producing localized lingual gingival recession. Two cases presented show that despite the limitations of access and muscle pull in the lingual mandibular anterior region, both full and partial thickness lingually laterally rotated pedical flaps can be successful in repairing denuded roots by root coverage and by increasing the width of keratinized attached gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:287786", "title": "Edentulous area tissue graft correction of an esthetic defect. A case report.", "content": "A patient was left with a severe defect following the extraction of the right maxillary lateral and central incisors. A graft of epithelial and connective tissue was taken from the maxillary tuberosity and placed into the defect. This resulted in the filling of the defect and the correction of the esthetic problem.", "contents": "Edentulous area tissue graft correction of an esthetic defect. A case report. A patient was left with a severe defect following the extraction of the right maxillary lateral and central incisors. A graft of epithelial and connective tissue was taken from the maxillary tuberosity and placed into the defect. This resulted in the filling of the defect and the correction of the esthetic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:287787", "title": "Fabrication of a maxillary occlusal treatment splint.", "content": "A technique has been described which results in a high-quality occlusal splint by duplicating the centric relation record in acrylic resin. Each fabrication step has been thoroughly controlled. The major advantage of the technique is a reduction in clinical appointment time.", "contents": "Fabrication of a maxillary occlusal treatment splint. A technique has been described which results in a high-quality occlusal splint by duplicating the centric relation record in acrylic resin. Each fabrication step has been thoroughly controlled. The major advantage of the technique is a reduction in clinical appointment time."}
{"id": "PMID:287788", "title": "Flasking technique for large facial prostheses.", "content": "By utilizing the giant press and the plastic pipe flask, large facial prostheses can be flasked and processed to allow thin, well-adapted margins without distortion. The plastic flask is easily stored for a remake of the prosthesis at a future date if it should be necessary.", "contents": "Flasking technique for large facial prostheses. By utilizing the giant press and the plastic pipe flask, large facial prostheses can be flasked and processed to allow thin, well-adapted margins without distortion. The plastic flask is easily stored for a remake of the prosthesis at a future date if it should be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:287789", "title": "Heat-released stress in acrylic dentures.", "content": "Dimensional changes in an acrylic resin denture blank that are sufficient to cause changes in fit on a gypsum cast occur primarily when the dentures are heated in water to a temperature of 90 degrees C or more. The poor correlation between observed fit and the intermolar distance change indicates that the dimensional change of dentures is much more complex than suggested previously and may be the product of factors that are not as yet fully understood. Enough heat to cause distortion of the denture can be produced during the process of grinding the denture. It should be recognized by the dentist, the dental assistant, and the dental laboratory technician that denture resins are sensitive to the techniques that are used in finishing. Overheating even small regions may allow localized dimensional changes that result in distortion of the denture.", "contents": "Heat-released stress in acrylic dentures. Dimensional changes in an acrylic resin denture blank that are sufficient to cause changes in fit on a gypsum cast occur primarily when the dentures are heated in water to a temperature of 90 degrees C or more. The poor correlation between observed fit and the intermolar distance change indicates that the dimensional change of dentures is much more complex than suggested previously and may be the product of factors that are not as yet fully understood. Enough heat to cause distortion of the denture can be produced during the process of grinding the denture. It should be recognized by the dentist, the dental assistant, and the dental laboratory technician that denture resins are sensitive to the techniques that are used in finishing. Overheating even small regions may allow localized dimensional changes that result in distortion of the denture."}
{"id": "PMID:287790", "title": "Color stability of temporary restorative materials.", "content": "In this study it was shown that: 1. There was a statistically significant initial color difference in materials labeled shade 65. 2. Rough materials darkened significantly more than polished materials. 3. There was not statistically significant over all difference in the amount of staining between air-cured and pressure-cured samples. 4. The methyl methacrylates materials demonstrated that least darkening, followed closely by the ethyl-methyl methacrylate material. The vinyl-ethyl methacrylate material darkened consistently more in 14 and 30 days and significantly more at 60 days. The epimine material was consistently the least color stable and showed a significantly greater amount of darkening.", "contents": "Color stability of temporary restorative materials. In this study it was shown that: 1. There was a statistically significant initial color difference in materials labeled shade 65. 2. Rough materials darkened significantly more than polished materials. 3. There was not statistically significant over all difference in the amount of staining between air-cured and pressure-cured samples. 4. The methyl methacrylates materials demonstrated that least darkening, followed closely by the ethyl-methyl methacrylate material. The vinyl-ethyl methacrylate material darkened consistently more in 14 and 30 days and significantly more at 60 days. The epimine material was consistently the least color stable and showed a significantly greater amount of darkening."}
{"id": "PMID:287791", "title": "Crown-to-root ratio: its significance in restorative dentistry.", "content": "The definition of the crown-to-root ratio, its manifestation as a clinical problem, and associated problems were reviewed. Treatment possibilities were discussed in terms of plaque control, periodontal surgery, occlusal adjustment by selective grinding, splinting, restorative considerations, and extraction. The original guidelines for crown-to-root ratio in the selection of abutments were found to be exceptionally conservative and treatment limiting. New treatment modalities were considered in light of increased understanding of periodontal inflammation and its control. With inflammation controlled and with a carefully designed occlusion, some degree of mobility may be tolerated, thereby permitting the retention of teeth with minimal alveolar support.", "contents": "Crown-to-root ratio: its significance in restorative dentistry. The definition of the crown-to-root ratio, its manifestation as a clinical problem, and associated problems were reviewed. Treatment possibilities were discussed in terms of plaque control, periodontal surgery, occlusal adjustment by selective grinding, splinting, restorative considerations, and extraction. The original guidelines for crown-to-root ratio in the selection of abutments were found to be exceptionally conservative and treatment limiting. New treatment modalities were considered in light of increased understanding of periodontal inflammation and its control. With inflammation controlled and with a carefully designed occlusion, some degree of mobility may be tolerated, thereby permitting the retention of teeth with minimal alveolar support."}
{"id": "PMID:287792", "title": "Evaluation of clinical methods for assessing the surface roughness of restorations.", "content": "Using four different clinical methods to assess the surface roughness of Concise and Spheraloy samples finished with four different treatments, two dentists untrained as evaluators found the following: 1. Although the control profile measurements showed significant differences both between the two materials and the four surface treatments (p less than .001), no clinical assessment method differentiated clearly between all treatments, especially for Concise. 2. Differentiation between the surface treatments was shown best for Spheraloy by the clinical criteria, abraded glass blocks, and ranked photographic negatives. For Concise the best results were shown by the clinical criteria and abraded glass blocks. However, evaluator agreements were highest for Spheraloy with the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. For Concise the highest agreements were with the ranked replica profiles. 3. Differentiation between pairs of each material finished with the same surface treatment was shown best by the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. These two methods also gave the highest evaluator agreements. 4. Where possible, the use of suitable visual ranking assessment methods rather than clinical ratings or scores to assess surface roughness is preferred for dentists untrained as evaluators.", "contents": "Evaluation of clinical methods for assessing the surface roughness of restorations. Using four different clinical methods to assess the surface roughness of Concise and Spheraloy samples finished with four different treatments, two dentists untrained as evaluators found the following: 1. Although the control profile measurements showed significant differences both between the two materials and the four surface treatments (p less than .001), no clinical assessment method differentiated clearly between all treatments, especially for Concise. 2. Differentiation between the surface treatments was shown best for Spheraloy by the clinical criteria, abraded glass blocks, and ranked photographic negatives. For Concise the best results were shown by the clinical criteria and abraded glass blocks. However, evaluator agreements were highest for Spheraloy with the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. For Concise the highest agreements were with the ranked replica profiles. 3. Differentiation between pairs of each material finished with the same surface treatment was shown best by the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. These two methods also gave the highest evaluator agreements. 4. Where possible, the use of suitable visual ranking assessment methods rather than clinical ratings or scores to assess surface roughness is preferred for dentists untrained as evaluators."}
{"id": "PMID:287793", "title": "Vapor-deposited carbon-coated tooth root implants: preliminary evaluation of a stylized tooth implant system in dogs.", "content": "The results of this preliminary evaluation of a tooth implant model combining a stylized tooth root design and a thin, highly biocompatible microporous carbon coating, although tentative, add support to the feasibility of developing a statisfactory system for the immediate replacement of selected teeth in healthy bone.", "contents": "Vapor-deposited carbon-coated tooth root implants: preliminary evaluation of a stylized tooth implant system in dogs. The results of this preliminary evaluation of a tooth implant model combining a stylized tooth root design and a thin, highly biocompatible microporous carbon coating, although tentative, add support to the feasibility of developing a statisfactory system for the immediate replacement of selected teeth in healthy bone."}
{"id": "PMID:287794", "title": "Spectrophotometric study of five porcelain shades relative to the dimensions of color, porcelain thickness, and repeated firings.", "content": "A total of 125 ceramo-metal samples were used representing: 1. Five different porcelain shades a. Ceramco shades A3, B2, and D3. b. Vita B2. c. Biobond B62. 2. Thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm for each shade fired two times 3. Additional 2 mm samples for each shade fired five and 10 times. Each sample was analyzed by a recording spectrophotometer. Data received was converted to Munsell notation for evaluation of the dimensions of color, i.e., Hue, Chroma, and Value, as related to (1) shade differences, (2) thickness of porcelain, and (3) numbers of firings.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric study of five porcelain shades relative to the dimensions of color, porcelain thickness, and repeated firings. A total of 125 ceramo-metal samples were used representing: 1. Five different porcelain shades a. Ceramco shades A3, B2, and D3. b. Vita B2. c. Biobond B62. 2. Thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm for each shade fired two times 3. Additional 2 mm samples for each shade fired five and 10 times. Each sample was analyzed by a recording spectrophotometer. Data received was converted to Munsell notation for evaluation of the dimensions of color, i.e., Hue, Chroma, and Value, as related to (1) shade differences, (2) thickness of porcelain, and (3) numbers of firings."}
{"id": "PMID:287795", "title": "Hinge axis location on the articulator.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to determine the accuracy of hinge axis location using clinical methods on articulator. Errors were found to occur up to an area 2.4 mm in diameter, but most of results were more accurate than this. Results were better with an opening in the anterior region of the articulator of 15 mm rather than 10 mm. It would appear that better results could be obtained using a microdot pattern flag rather than a plain record blank to determine the rotation center. The first experiment gave good results, although only one participant had any previous experience of hinge axis location, and it is debatable whether or not this experience is necessary before satisfactory results can be obtained. The only statement which can really be made from these results concerning the value of previous experience is that with a plain flag, previous experience is more helpful for an articulator opening of 10 mm but not for an opening of 15 mm. The results of these experiments are in keeping with those of other investigators.", "contents": "Hinge axis location on the articulator. Experiments were undertaken to determine the accuracy of hinge axis location using clinical methods on articulator. Errors were found to occur up to an area 2.4 mm in diameter, but most of results were more accurate than this. Results were better with an opening in the anterior region of the articulator of 15 mm rather than 10 mm. It would appear that better results could be obtained using a microdot pattern flag rather than a plain record blank to determine the rotation center. The first experiment gave good results, although only one participant had any previous experience of hinge axis location, and it is debatable whether or not this experience is necessary before satisfactory results can be obtained. The only statement which can really be made from these results concerning the value of previous experience is that with a plain flag, previous experience is more helpful for an articulator opening of 10 mm but not for an opening of 15 mm. The results of these experiments are in keeping with those of other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:287796", "title": "Comparison of some properties of polyether and polysulfide materials.", "content": "Based on the present measurements on working time, setting time, and compression set of polyether and polysulfide materials, the following observations were made: 1. The manufacturer recommends a working time for polyether that is approximately 40 seconds more than that indicated by the clinical or ADA test. 2. Clinically, if more working time is desired, polysulfide impression material should be used. 3. Polysulfide material is more sensitive to temperature change than the polyether material. 4. If the material is allowed to set longer, the percentage change in compression set decreases. 5. For polyether, an increase in setting time of 2 minutes will significantly reduce the distortion of the impression upon removal.", "contents": "Comparison of some properties of polyether and polysulfide materials. Based on the present measurements on working time, setting time, and compression set of polyether and polysulfide materials, the following observations were made: 1. The manufacturer recommends a working time for polyether that is approximately 40 seconds more than that indicated by the clinical or ADA test. 2. Clinically, if more working time is desired, polysulfide impression material should be used. 3. Polysulfide material is more sensitive to temperature change than the polyether material. 4. If the material is allowed to set longer, the percentage change in compression set decreases. 5. For polyether, an increase in setting time of 2 minutes will significantly reduce the distortion of the impression upon removal."}
{"id": "PMID:287798", "title": "Surgery for internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-seven reconstructive arthroplasties and disk repositionings have been performed during the past 6 years at Montgomery Baptist Medical Center for patients with internal derangements of the TMJ. By our evaluation, 94% are remarkably successful, 4% are marginally successful, 1% are not improved, and less than 1% are failures. On the basis of these experiences, we believe that the surgical technique of reconstructive arthroplasty and disk repositioning has a definite place in the treatment of patients with internal derangements of the TMJ.", "contents": "Surgery for internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. Three hundred and twenty-seven reconstructive arthroplasties and disk repositionings have been performed during the past 6 years at Montgomery Baptist Medical Center for patients with internal derangements of the TMJ. By our evaluation, 94% are remarkably successful, 4% are marginally successful, 1% are not improved, and less than 1% are failures. On the basis of these experiences, we believe that the surgical technique of reconstructive arthroplasty and disk repositioning has a definite place in the treatment of patients with internal derangements of the TMJ."}
{"id": "PMID:287800", "title": "The need to use an arbitrary face-bow when remounting complete dentures with interocclusal records.", "content": "The need for the arbitrary face-bow during finished denture remount is demonstrated and advocated. The face-bow transfer allows a more accurate arc of closure on the articulator when the interocclusal records are removed and the articulator is closed.", "contents": "The need to use an arbitrary face-bow when remounting complete dentures with interocclusal records. The need for the arbitrary face-bow during finished denture remount is demonstrated and advocated. The face-bow transfer allows a more accurate arc of closure on the articulator when the interocclusal records are removed and the articulator is closed."}
{"id": "PMID:287803", "title": "Antecedents of dental fear.", "content": "Early dental experiences were described in essay form by 225 college students reporting either \"high\" or \"low\" fear of dentistry. Antecedent factors which appeared to differentiate the two groups most clearly included pain experiences and dentist behaviors. Results were interpreted as supportive of a social-learning model of dental fear acquisition and their implications for dental training and practice were discussed.", "contents": "Antecedents of dental fear. Early dental experiences were described in essay form by 225 college students reporting either \"high\" or \"low\" fear of dentistry. Antecedent factors which appeared to differentiate the two groups most clearly included pain experiences and dentist behaviors. Results were interpreted as supportive of a social-learning model of dental fear acquisition and their implications for dental training and practice were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287804", "title": "The quality of radiographs used in the pretreatment review of dental claims.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of radiographs accompanying claims submitted for pretreatment review, and to determine the relative importance of radiograph quality in dental consultants' decisions regarding the necessity and appropriateness of crown services. Findings indicate that: 1) the technical quality of radiographs in the sample is adequate for most criteria; and 2) radiograph quality, number, and type of film submitted do not explain much of the variation in disagreements between the direct and indirect assessments of crown services. The most important radiograph variables influencing pretreatment review decisions appear to be the number of periapical films submitted for review, and the density/contrast of the radiographs.", "contents": "The quality of radiographs used in the pretreatment review of dental claims. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of radiographs accompanying claims submitted for pretreatment review, and to determine the relative importance of radiograph quality in dental consultants' decisions regarding the necessity and appropriateness of crown services. Findings indicate that: 1) the technical quality of radiographs in the sample is adequate for most criteria; and 2) radiograph quality, number, and type of film submitted do not explain much of the variation in disagreements between the direct and indirect assessments of crown services. The most important radiograph variables influencing pretreatment review decisions appear to be the number of periapical films submitted for review, and the density/contrast of the radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:287805", "title": "The public health interest in assessment for orthodontic treatment.", "content": "In dental public health care programs the occlusion of the teeth is of interest from several different viewpoints: clinical treatment, screening for treatment need and priority, resource planning, and funding. Aspects of occlusion which are of interest are occlusal features, the need for treatment, the difficulty of treatment and the social factors affecting the practicability of treatment. Most of the interested parties are particularly concerned with the need for treatment--an area where objective assessment is not possible. Several methods of assessment of treatment need have been devised. Many of these are reasonably objective methods of assessing occlusal features, but involve the subjective concept that occlusal variation needs correction. In the absence of an objective measurement of treatment need, screening programs could be carried out by personnel who have training in the use of indices but not in clinical orthodontics. Resource planning, however, needs a knowledge of clinical orthodontics to determine types and relative difficulties of treatment required. For public health purposes there is a need for an assessment which would include the etiological factors of malocclusion which govern the difficulty of treatment, and the social factors governing the practicability of treatment.", "contents": "The public health interest in assessment for orthodontic treatment. In dental public health care programs the occlusion of the teeth is of interest from several different viewpoints: clinical treatment, screening for treatment need and priority, resource planning, and funding. Aspects of occlusion which are of interest are occlusal features, the need for treatment, the difficulty of treatment and the social factors affecting the practicability of treatment. Most of the interested parties are particularly concerned with the need for treatment--an area where objective assessment is not possible. Several methods of assessment of treatment need have been devised. Many of these are reasonably objective methods of assessing occlusal features, but involve the subjective concept that occlusal variation needs correction. In the absence of an objective measurement of treatment need, screening programs could be carried out by personnel who have training in the use of indices but not in clinical orthodontics. Resource planning, however, needs a knowledge of clinical orthodontics to determine types and relative difficulties of treatment required. For public health purposes there is a need for an assessment which would include the etiological factors of malocclusion which govern the difficulty of treatment, and the social factors governing the practicability of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:287808", "title": "Paternal age effect in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.", "content": "Analysis by the method of Smith (1972) of birth order and parental age data collected from 38 of 42 patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive shows a significant paternal age effect. This finding among the sporadically occurring cases would support the proposition that this condition usually arises as a new dominant mutation.", "contents": "Paternal age effect in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Analysis by the method of Smith (1972) of birth order and parental age data collected from 38 of 42 patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive shows a significant paternal age effect. This finding among the sporadically occurring cases would support the proposition that this condition usually arises as a new dominant mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:287820", "title": "Pediatric adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy--personal viewpoints.", "content": "A report on experience with adenoidectomies, tonsillectomies, and adenotonsillectomies carried out at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto in the period 1968-75. Operations were performed on 25,443 patients during this period. Reasons for the reduction in T&A operations in recent years are considered, and views are expressed regarding when such operations are indicated, age of patient for surgery, the allergic child, cleft palate patient, the presence of quinsy, cardiopulmonary changes, subluxation of cervical spines, anesthesia, and postoperative care and complications.", "contents": "Pediatric adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy--personal viewpoints. A report on experience with adenoidectomies, tonsillectomies, and adenotonsillectomies carried out at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto in the period 1968-75. Operations were performed on 25,443 patients during this period. Reasons for the reduction in T&A operations in recent years are considered, and views are expressed regarding when such operations are indicated, age of patient for surgery, the allergic child, cleft palate patient, the presence of quinsy, cardiopulmonary changes, subluxation of cervical spines, anesthesia, and postoperative care and complications."}
{"id": "PMID:287825", "title": "Reproducible metastatic growth of K-562 human myelogenous leukemia cells in nude mice.", "content": "A reproducible metastatic growth of K-562 human myelogenous leukemia cells occurred in immunodeficient athymic (nude) mice. Although previous studies have shown that K-562 cells grow as local subcutaneous myelosarcomas which continuously release leukemia cells into the systemic circulation in adult mice, metastases were not observed. However, the subcutaneous \"priming\" of newborn nude mice resulted in the metastatic proliferation of leukemia cells in the lungs, kidneys, brain, and lymph nodes. Three sc injections of 5 X 10(6) K-562 cells on days 1, 7, and 14 of life produced metastases in 51% of the mice. When the initial series of injections was followed by iv injections on days 35 and 42, the incidence of metastases increased to 67%. Karyotypes demonstrated that the tumor cells retained the same human chromosome markers as those in the human patient and tissue culture. These procedures may provide a model for study of the mechanisms of metastases and for chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic trials against metastases of neoplasms of human origin.", "contents": "Reproducible metastatic growth of K-562 human myelogenous leukemia cells in nude mice. A reproducible metastatic growth of K-562 human myelogenous leukemia cells occurred in immunodeficient athymic (nude) mice. Although previous studies have shown that K-562 cells grow as local subcutaneous myelosarcomas which continuously release leukemia cells into the systemic circulation in adult mice, metastases were not observed. However, the subcutaneous \"priming\" of newborn nude mice resulted in the metastatic proliferation of leukemia cells in the lungs, kidneys, brain, and lymph nodes. Three sc injections of 5 X 10(6) K-562 cells on days 1, 7, and 14 of life produced metastases in 51% of the mice. When the initial series of injections was followed by iv injections on days 35 and 42, the incidence of metastases increased to 67%. Karyotypes demonstrated that the tumor cells retained the same human chromosome markers as those in the human patient and tissue culture. These procedures may provide a model for study of the mechanisms of metastases and for chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic trials against metastases of neoplasms of human origin."}
{"id": "PMID:287826", "title": "Mitogen-induced changes in the fluorescence polarization of fluorescein in normal human lymphocytes: a membrane event?", "content": "The fluorescence polarization of human lymphocytes undergoing fluorescein fluorochromasia was measured in a system in which antifluorescein IgG was used to quench the extracellular emission of fluorescein leaked from the cells. The polarization values obtained from control cells were similar to those obtained by other investigators, as was the decrease in polarization in response to exposure to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. However, the changes in polarization resulting from mitogen stimulation depended on the amount of antibody used, which suggests an increased or altered permeability of the plasma membrane to fluorescein efflux rather than a cytoplasmic reorganization.", "contents": "Mitogen-induced changes in the fluorescence polarization of fluorescein in normal human lymphocytes: a membrane event? The fluorescence polarization of human lymphocytes undergoing fluorescein fluorochromasia was measured in a system in which antifluorescein IgG was used to quench the extracellular emission of fluorescein leaked from the cells. The polarization values obtained from control cells were similar to those obtained by other investigators, as was the decrease in polarization in response to exposure to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. However, the changes in polarization resulting from mitogen stimulation depended on the amount of antibody used, which suggests an increased or altered permeability of the plasma membrane to fluorescein efflux rather than a cytoplasmic reorganization."}
{"id": "PMID:287827", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of lymph node cellular activity in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Five hundred and two cells, selected at random within the pretreatment-involved lymph nodes of patients with the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease, were analyzed by electron microscopy for in vivo subcellular activity and intercellular interaction. Subpopulations of neoplastic cells and of lymphocytes were recognized by ultrastructural criteria. Neoplastic cells displayed definite sequences of cell maturation, whereas lymphocytes displayed definite sequences of cell activation. Active lymphocytes were most often found apposed to the more active of the neoplastic cells, and the nuclei of such apposed lymphocytes displayed a progressive preferential asymmetry of distribution of active DNA templates into that half of the lymphocyte nucleus closest to the neoplastic cell. Such close apposition of active polysomal lymphocytes to neoplastic cells may correlate with increased patient survival in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of lymph node cellular activity in Hodgkin's disease. Five hundred and two cells, selected at random within the pretreatment-involved lymph nodes of patients with the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease, were analyzed by electron microscopy for in vivo subcellular activity and intercellular interaction. Subpopulations of neoplastic cells and of lymphocytes were recognized by ultrastructural criteria. Neoplastic cells displayed definite sequences of cell maturation, whereas lymphocytes displayed definite sequences of cell activation. Active lymphocytes were most often found apposed to the more active of the neoplastic cells, and the nuclei of such apposed lymphocytes displayed a progressive preferential asymmetry of distribution of active DNA templates into that half of the lymphocyte nucleus closest to the neoplastic cell. Such close apposition of active polysomal lymphocytes to neoplastic cells may correlate with increased patient survival in Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:287828", "title": "Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The Tera-1 and Tera-2 cell lines, established from germ-cell tumors of the human testis, were examined by electron microscopy for particles with the morphology of retroviruses. Extracellular and budding particles were observed at low frequencies only in cultures of Tera-1 cells that had been treated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone. No particles were detected in untreated cultures of Tera-1 cells or in any preparations of Tera-2 cells.", "contents": "Induction of retrovirus particles in human testicular tumor (Tera-1) cell cultures: an electron microscopic study. The Tera-1 and Tera-2 cell lines, established from germ-cell tumors of the human testis, were examined by electron microscopy for particles with the morphology of retroviruses. Extracellular and budding particles were observed at low frequencies only in cultures of Tera-1 cells that had been treated with 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine and dexamethasone. No particles were detected in untreated cultures of Tera-1 cells or in any preparations of Tera-2 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:287829", "title": "Geographic patterns of renal cancer in the United States.", "content": "Mapping of the geographic distribution of renal cancer mortality for groupings of U.S. counties revealed clustering of elevated rates among white males and females in the upper north-central part of the country. Throughout the United States, mortality increased with urbanization for males only, whereas rates for both sexes showed positive correlations with socioeconomic status. The major correlate of the cancer rates was ethnicity. Mortality was elevated in counties with high percentages of residents of German, Scandinavian, and especially Russian descent. Ethnic susceptibility appears to account, at least partly, for the regional clustering of kidney cancer and may provide leads to environmental determinants.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of renal cancer in the United States. Mapping of the geographic distribution of renal cancer mortality for groupings of U.S. counties revealed clustering of elevated rates among white males and females in the upper north-central part of the country. Throughout the United States, mortality increased with urbanization for males only, whereas rates for both sexes showed positive correlations with socioeconomic status. The major correlate of the cancer rates was ethnicity. Mortality was elevated in counties with high percentages of residents of German, Scandinavian, and especially Russian descent. Ethnic susceptibility appears to account, at least partly, for the regional clustering of kidney cancer and may provide leads to environmental determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:287830", "title": "Odontomas in Peromyscus leucopus.", "content": "A colony of Peromyscus leucopus was established 15 years ago from animals trapped in the deciduous forest at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. A roentgenographic survey of the skeletons of 189 of these untreated animals dying during a 13-month period disclosed 48 odontogenic growths in 21 of the mice. These growths were diagnosed on histopathologic examination as complex odontomas, the incidence of which was higher in males than in females. In this relatively small sample, these benign tumors appeared to be associated with youth rather than old age.", "contents": "Odontomas in Peromyscus leucopus. A colony of Peromyscus leucopus was established 15 years ago from animals trapped in the deciduous forest at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. A roentgenographic survey of the skeletons of 189 of these untreated animals dying during a 13-month period disclosed 48 odontogenic growths in 21 of the mice. These growths were diagnosed on histopathologic examination as complex odontomas, the incidence of which was higher in males than in females. In this relatively small sample, these benign tumors appeared to be associated with youth rather than old age."}
{"id": "PMID:287831", "title": "Long-term effects of neonatal estrogen treatment on mitogen responsiveness of mouse spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "Neonatal female NMRI mice were given injections of olive oil (controls) or daily doses of corticosterone (10 micrograms), 17 beta-estradiol (10 micrograms), or diethylstilbestrol (DES) (0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 micrograms) for the first 5 days after birth. The 5-micrograms dose of DES resulted in a persistently reduced in vitro mitogen response to concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide of spleen lymphocytes from 6-, 10-, and 18-week-old or 17-month-old females. DES injections from day 6 through day 10 did not influence the later mitogen response. Treatment of ovariectomized 10-week-old females with 5 micrograms DES for 5 days resulted in a tendency to a reduced mitogen response (not statistically significant) 24 hours after the last DES injection. Four weeks later, the mitogen response was the same in experimental and control females. Different possible mechanisms for the persistent effect on the mitogen response are discussed. Neonatal DES treatment not only resulted in persistent changes in the cervicovaginal epithelium and in the hypothalamic-pituitary gland control system but also in the spleen lymphocyte mitogen response. The altered mitogen response should be a stimulus for a detailed analysis of the immune system in women exposed to DES during fetal life, some of whom develop later in life clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix and vagina.", "contents": "Long-term effects of neonatal estrogen treatment on mitogen responsiveness of mouse spleen lymphocytes. Neonatal female NMRI mice were given injections of olive oil (controls) or daily doses of corticosterone (10 micrograms), 17 beta-estradiol (10 micrograms), or diethylstilbestrol (DES) (0.01, 0.1, 1, or 5 micrograms) for the first 5 days after birth. The 5-micrograms dose of DES resulted in a persistently reduced in vitro mitogen response to concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide of spleen lymphocytes from 6-, 10-, and 18-week-old or 17-month-old females. DES injections from day 6 through day 10 did not influence the later mitogen response. Treatment of ovariectomized 10-week-old females with 5 micrograms DES for 5 days resulted in a tendency to a reduced mitogen response (not statistically significant) 24 hours after the last DES injection. Four weeks later, the mitogen response was the same in experimental and control females. Different possible mechanisms for the persistent effect on the mitogen response are discussed. Neonatal DES treatment not only resulted in persistent changes in the cervicovaginal epithelium and in the hypothalamic-pituitary gland control system but also in the spleen lymphocyte mitogen response. The altered mitogen response should be a stimulus for a detailed analysis of the immune system in women exposed to DES during fetal life, some of whom develop later in life clear cell adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix and vagina."}
{"id": "PMID:287832", "title": "Inhalation bioassay chemistry--Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine for inhalation exposure of rodents to cigarette smoke.", "content": "Studies of experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis have suffered from the lack of a conveniently available and well-characterized device for exposing animals to tobacco smoke for inhalation. The Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine, a commercially available system designed to expose up to 20 mice to the smoke of a single cigarette, may fulfill this need. This system produced a uniform smoke aerosol of predictable concentration and appropriate composition for cigarettes with high delivery of nicotine (40 mg total particulate matter, 2.6 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide per cigarette) and with low delivery of nicotine (30 mg total particulate matter, 0.3 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide). In this experiment C57BL and DBA/2Bd strains of mice were used. Limitations of the concept of exposing animals to standing smoke were defined.", "contents": "Inhalation bioassay chemistry--Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine for inhalation exposure of rodents to cigarette smoke. Studies of experimental tobacco smoke carcinogenesis have suffered from the lack of a conveniently available and well-characterized device for exposing animals to tobacco smoke for inhalation. The Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine, a commercially available system designed to expose up to 20 mice to the smoke of a single cigarette, may fulfill this need. This system produced a uniform smoke aerosol of predictable concentration and appropriate composition for cigarettes with high delivery of nicotine (40 mg total particulate matter, 2.6 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide per cigarette) and with low delivery of nicotine (30 mg total particulate matter, 0.3 mg nicotine, and 17 cm3 carbon monoxide). In this experiment C57BL and DBA/2Bd strains of mice were used. Limitations of the concept of exposing animals to standing smoke were defined."}
{"id": "PMID:287833", "title": "Spontaneous regression of Friend murine leukemia virus-induced erythroleukemia. IV. Effects of radiation and athymia on leukemia regression in mice.", "content": "The spontaneous regression of the erythroleukemia induced by the regressing Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) complex was inhibited by irradiation of the animals prior to F-MuLV inoculation. This inhibition was proportional to the dose of radiation used. Treatment of the mice with the bone-seeking isotope 89Sr also inhibited erythroleukemia regression, which implicates the same effector mechanisms involved in the resistance to F-MuLV or F-MuLV-induced immunosuprression. Erythroleukemias induced in athymic nude mice by the regressing F-MuLV complex exhibited higher rates of lethality than did the leukemias in heterozygous or homozygous thymus gland-containing controls. These data suggested the involvement of the immune system in erythroleukemia regression and the specific participation of thymus cells and an 89Sr-susceptible function, perhaps marrow-dependent cells, in the process of regression.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of Friend murine leukemia virus-induced erythroleukemia. IV. Effects of radiation and athymia on leukemia regression in mice. The spontaneous regression of the erythroleukemia induced by the regressing Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) complex was inhibited by irradiation of the animals prior to F-MuLV inoculation. This inhibition was proportional to the dose of radiation used. Treatment of the mice with the bone-seeking isotope 89Sr also inhibited erythroleukemia regression, which implicates the same effector mechanisms involved in the resistance to F-MuLV or F-MuLV-induced immunosuprression. Erythroleukemias induced in athymic nude mice by the regressing F-MuLV complex exhibited higher rates of lethality than did the leukemias in heterozygous or homozygous thymus gland-containing controls. These data suggested the involvement of the immune system in erythroleukemia regression and the specific participation of thymus cells and an 89Sr-susceptible function, perhaps marrow-dependent cells, in the process of regression."}
{"id": "PMID:287834", "title": "Transmission electron microscopy of fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in cell culture.", "content": "Fetal rat brain cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy during neoplastic transformation in long-term cell culture. Before transfer of the cells to culture, BD IX rat fetuses were treated with a single transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (75 micrograms/g body wt) on the 18th day of gestation. During the early stages (3--4 mo), both glia-like and neuron-like cells were present in the culture, and after 2 months they formed complex aggregates (\"nodules\"). In contrast, corresponding secondary control cultures consisted of flat, epithelioid neural cells without neuron or astrocyte differentiation. After 3 months, cells with neuron morphology gradually disappeared. Some of the remaining cells contained many autophagosomes. After 5 months, rapid proliferation of rather homogeneous, glia-like populations was accompanied by reduction of microfilament bundles and microtubules, as well as atypical nuclei. Ability to form tumors upon sc implantation into syngeneic hosts was not observed until about 3 months later.", "contents": "Transmission electron microscopy of fetal rat brain cells during neoplastic transformation in cell culture. Fetal rat brain cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy during neoplastic transformation in long-term cell culture. Before transfer of the cells to culture, BD IX rat fetuses were treated with a single transplacental pulse of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (75 micrograms/g body wt) on the 18th day of gestation. During the early stages (3--4 mo), both glia-like and neuron-like cells were present in the culture, and after 2 months they formed complex aggregates (\"nodules\"). In contrast, corresponding secondary control cultures consisted of flat, epithelioid neural cells without neuron or astrocyte differentiation. After 3 months, cells with neuron morphology gradually disappeared. Some of the remaining cells contained many autophagosomes. After 5 months, rapid proliferation of rather homogeneous, glia-like populations was accompanied by reduction of microfilament bundles and microtubules, as well as atypical nuclei. Ability to form tumors upon sc implantation into syngeneic hosts was not observed until about 3 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:287835", "title": "Induction of hepatic tumors in rats by senkirkine and symphytine.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids senkirkine and symphytine was studied in male inbred ACI rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups: Group I received ip injections of freshly prepared senkirkine at a dose of 10% of the median lethal dose (LD50) twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once a week for 52 weeks. Group II received ip injections of symphytine at a dose of 10% of the LD50 by the same injection schedule as in group I. The control group was given ip injections of a 0.9% NaCl solution following the same injection schedule as in experimental groups. All group I rats survived for more than 290 days after the start of injections, and 9 of 20 rats developed liver cell adenoma. All group II animals survived for more than 330 days after the start of injections. Of 20 rats, 4 had liver tumors, 3 had hemangioendothelial sarcomas, and 1 had liver cell adenoma. The hemangioendothelial sarcomas showed metastasis in the lungs of 2 rats. The control group had no liver tumors.", "contents": "Induction of hepatic tumors in rats by senkirkine and symphytine. The carcinogenicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids senkirkine and symphytine was studied in male inbred ACI rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups: Group I received ip injections of freshly prepared senkirkine at a dose of 10% of the median lethal dose (LD50) twice weekly for 4 weeks and then once a week for 52 weeks. Group II received ip injections of symphytine at a dose of 10% of the LD50 by the same injection schedule as in group I. The control group was given ip injections of a 0.9% NaCl solution following the same injection schedule as in experimental groups. All group I rats survived for more than 290 days after the start of injections, and 9 of 20 rats developed liver cell adenoma. All group II animals survived for more than 330 days after the start of injections. Of 20 rats, 4 had liver tumors, 3 had hemangioendothelial sarcomas, and 1 had liver cell adenoma. The hemangioendothelial sarcomas showed metastasis in the lungs of 2 rats. The control group had no liver tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:287836", "title": "Inhibition of promutagen activation by the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.", "content": "Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) exhibited antimutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion test. Both BHA and BHT reduced reversion induced by chemicals requiring metabolic activation for effectiveness. However, they did not affect reversion induced by direct-acting mutagens. These results suggested that BHA and BHT may inhibit the metabolic activation processes and demonstrated that the S. typhimurium reversion test may be used to identify inhibitors of the neoplastic process.", "contents": "Inhibition of promutagen activation by the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) exhibited antimutagenic activity in the Salmonella typhimurium reversion test. Both BHA and BHT reduced reversion induced by chemicals requiring metabolic activation for effectiveness. However, they did not affect reversion induced by direct-acting mutagens. These results suggested that BHA and BHT may inhibit the metabolic activation processes and demonstrated that the S. typhimurium reversion test may be used to identify inhibitors of the neoplastic process."}
{"id": "PMID:287837", "title": "Effect of cadmium exposure on primary tumor growth and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice bearing MSB sarcomas.", "content": "In vivo MSB tumor growth and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to MSB tumor cells in vitro were studied in male C57BL/6 mice exposed to 0, 3, 30, or 300 ppm Cd as CdCl2 in their drinking water for 21 weeks prior to and during tumor growth. CMC was assessed on days 5, 12, and 19 post injection with the use of both a 51Cr release assay and a 51Cr post-label assay. Cd exposure significantly inhibited the growth of MSB tumors in vivo and enhanced the levels of CMC in the tumor-bearing hosts. Peak levels of CMC on day 12 post tumor injection were significantly increased in Cd-exposed animals. However, whereas the inhibition of tumor growth was directly dependent on the dose of Cd, the enhancement of CMC was inversely related to dosage. These data suggested that other mechanisms in addition to increased CMC were involved in tumor growth inhibition. Possible factors such as direct inhibition of tumor growth by Cd and decreased serum blocking levels in Cd-exposed animals are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of cadmium exposure on primary tumor growth and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice bearing MSB sarcomas. In vivo MSB tumor growth and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to MSB tumor cells in vitro were studied in male C57BL/6 mice exposed to 0, 3, 30, or 300 ppm Cd as CdCl2 in their drinking water for 21 weeks prior to and during tumor growth. CMC was assessed on days 5, 12, and 19 post injection with the use of both a 51Cr release assay and a 51Cr post-label assay. Cd exposure significantly inhibited the growth of MSB tumors in vivo and enhanced the levels of CMC in the tumor-bearing hosts. Peak levels of CMC on day 12 post tumor injection were significantly increased in Cd-exposed animals. However, whereas the inhibition of tumor growth was directly dependent on the dose of Cd, the enhancement of CMC was inversely related to dosage. These data suggested that other mechanisms in addition to increased CMC were involved in tumor growth inhibition. Possible factors such as direct inhibition of tumor growth by Cd and decreased serum blocking levels in Cd-exposed animals are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287838", "title": "Interaction of retinoic acid and 3-methylcholanthrene on the fine structure of mouse prostate epithelium in vitro.", "content": "The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and retinoic acid (RA) on the fine structure of AKR mouse prostate epithelium in organ culture were correlated with changes in cell proliferation. In intact glands before explantation, the epithelial cytoplasm showed concentric flat or globular cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in both supranuclear and basal areas, a well-developed Golgi complex, secretory vesicles, and numerous microvilli at the luminal surface. After explantation, the cytoplasmic organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum, regressed and tonofilaments appeared. The regression was largely prevented by RA. MCA induced considerable epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The fine structure of the newly formed cells revealed a complete loss of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and microvilli, with the appearance of bundles of tonofilaments and a striking increase in the number of desmosomes. Administration of RA to explants pretreated with the carcinogen partially reversed the hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The tonofilaments disappeared and the number of desmosomes greatly decreased, whereas endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory vesicles, and microvilli were largely reestablished. Planimetric measurements of the alveolar epithelium showed that the squamous transformation and its partial reversal by RA coincide with the rise and decline of epithelial hyperplasia. The data suggest that the restoration of secretory differentiation by RA was responsible for the initial breakdown of the hyperplastic epithelium, whereas the lowering of DNA synthesis by RA prevented further hyperplasia and kept cell replication within normal limits.", "contents": "Interaction of retinoic acid and 3-methylcholanthrene on the fine structure of mouse prostate epithelium in vitro. The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) and retinoic acid (RA) on the fine structure of AKR mouse prostate epithelium in organ culture were correlated with changes in cell proliferation. In intact glands before explantation, the epithelial cytoplasm showed concentric flat or globular cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in both supranuclear and basal areas, a well-developed Golgi complex, secretory vesicles, and numerous microvilli at the luminal surface. After explantation, the cytoplasmic organelles, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum, regressed and tonofilaments appeared. The regression was largely prevented by RA. MCA induced considerable epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The fine structure of the newly formed cells revealed a complete loss of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and microvilli, with the appearance of bundles of tonofilaments and a striking increase in the number of desmosomes. Administration of RA to explants pretreated with the carcinogen partially reversed the hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia. The tonofilaments disappeared and the number of desmosomes greatly decreased, whereas endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory vesicles, and microvilli were largely reestablished. Planimetric measurements of the alveolar epithelium showed that the squamous transformation and its partial reversal by RA coincide with the rise and decline of epithelial hyperplasia. The data suggest that the restoration of secretory differentiation by RA was responsible for the initial breakdown of the hyperplastic epithelium, whereas the lowering of DNA synthesis by RA prevented further hyperplasia and kept cell replication within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:287839", "title": "Local tumor regression after intralesional injection of croton oil.", "content": "Intralesional administration of emulsified croton oil into established syngeneic transplants of murine firosarcoma no. 1023 caused complete regression of the injected tumors in C3H mice without recurrence during the period of observation. In Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs, in contrast to BCG cell wall vaccine which eradicated regional lymph node metastasis as well as dermal transplants, croton oil treatment only delayed the development of metastatic disease despite the fact that the injected skin tumors did not recur. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), the active principle of croton oil, incorporated in mineral oil droplets in aqueous suspension, caused regression of murine tumors when injected intralesionally. Aqueous suspensions of TPA failed to eliminate the tumors. Our results suggest that tumor regression induced by croton oil of TPA emulsions was due to indiscriminate destruction of the injected tissue.", "contents": "Local tumor regression after intralesional injection of croton oil. Intralesional administration of emulsified croton oil into established syngeneic transplants of murine firosarcoma no. 1023 caused complete regression of the injected tumors in C3H mice without recurrence during the period of observation. In Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs, in contrast to BCG cell wall vaccine which eradicated regional lymph node metastasis as well as dermal transplants, croton oil treatment only delayed the development of metastatic disease despite the fact that the injected skin tumors did not recur. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), the active principle of croton oil, incorporated in mineral oil droplets in aqueous suspension, caused regression of murine tumors when injected intralesionally. Aqueous suspensions of TPA failed to eliminate the tumors. Our results suggest that tumor regression induced by croton oil of TPA emulsions was due to indiscriminate destruction of the injected tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:287840", "title": "Adenosis-like lesions and other cervicovaginal abnormalities in mice treated perinatally with estrogen.", "content": "Female mice from three inbred strains (BALB/cCrgl, C3H/Crgl, and C57BL/Crgl) and one noninbred stock [RU:NCS (RU)] were treated perinatally with estradiol benzoate (EB), diethylstilbestrol (DES), or sesame oil and were killed on postnatal days 30--36. A combined prenatal and neonatal regime of EB injections resulted in the abnormal presence of columnar epithelium in the vaginal fornices of some of the mice from each strain or stock. The same epithelial abnormalities were also present in the vaginal fornices of 30-day-old RU:NCS(RU) mice that had been treated only neonatally with EB or DES. The incidence of these lesions was 40--67% in the mice treated prenatally and neonatally with EB, 68% in the neonatal EB treatment group, and 100% in the neonatal DES treatment group. The columnar cells were arranged either as single layers in areas of the fornical lining epithelium or as glandlike or cystic structures in the subepithelial stroma. No cells of this type were detected in any of the samples from sesame oil-inoculated control mice. No comparable epithelial lesions were detected in the common cervical canal of the perinatally estrogen-treated animals, but this treatment consistently resulted in gross structural abnormalities at this site.", "contents": "Adenosis-like lesions and other cervicovaginal abnormalities in mice treated perinatally with estrogen. Female mice from three inbred strains (BALB/cCrgl, C3H/Crgl, and C57BL/Crgl) and one noninbred stock [RU:NCS (RU)] were treated perinatally with estradiol benzoate (EB), diethylstilbestrol (DES), or sesame oil and were killed on postnatal days 30--36. A combined prenatal and neonatal regime of EB injections resulted in the abnormal presence of columnar epithelium in the vaginal fornices of some of the mice from each strain or stock. The same epithelial abnormalities were also present in the vaginal fornices of 30-day-old RU:NCS(RU) mice that had been treated only neonatally with EB or DES. The incidence of these lesions was 40--67% in the mice treated prenatally and neonatally with EB, 68% in the neonatal EB treatment group, and 100% in the neonatal DES treatment group. The columnar cells were arranged either as single layers in areas of the fornical lining epithelium or as glandlike or cystic structures in the subepithelial stroma. No cells of this type were detected in any of the samples from sesame oil-inoculated control mice. No comparable epithelial lesions were detected in the common cervical canal of the perinatally estrogen-treated animals, but this treatment consistently resulted in gross structural abnormalities at this site."}
{"id": "PMID:287841", "title": "Use of hamster hepatocytes to metabolize carcinogens in an in vitro bioassay.", "content": "Adult Syrian golden hamster hepatocytes were shown to have a high capacity to metabolize carcinogens, such as diethylnitrosamine, 2-nitrofluorene, and 4-aminoazobenzene, to a form that transforms mammalian cells. The addition of hepatocytes to the hamster embryo cell transformation system extends its range of usefulness for detecting carcinogens that require metabolic activation.", "contents": "Use of hamster hepatocytes to metabolize carcinogens in an in vitro bioassay. Adult Syrian golden hamster hepatocytes were shown to have a high capacity to metabolize carcinogens, such as diethylnitrosamine, 2-nitrofluorene, and 4-aminoazobenzene, to a form that transforms mammalian cells. The addition of hepatocytes to the hamster embryo cell transformation system extends its range of usefulness for detecting carcinogens that require metabolic activation."}
{"id": "PMID:287842", "title": "Impairment of red blood cell deformability by tumor growth.", "content": "Red blood cell deformability is a major determinant of capillary blood flow. In mice with L1210 leukemia and with Lewis lung carcinoma, red blood cell deformability was significantly decreased during tumor growth. In mice with L1210 leukemia, deformability was significantly decreased by day 5 after transplantation and progressively decreased through day 9. Terminally, red blood cell deformability returned to normal or above normal values. In mice with Lewis lung carcinoma, significant decreases in deformability were noted 21--28 days after transplantation and persisted throughout the remainder of the tumor course. Impaired capillary blood flow, secondary to abnormal red blood cell deformability, is therefore associated with advanced cancer.", "contents": "Impairment of red blood cell deformability by tumor growth. Red blood cell deformability is a major determinant of capillary blood flow. In mice with L1210 leukemia and with Lewis lung carcinoma, red blood cell deformability was significantly decreased during tumor growth. In mice with L1210 leukemia, deformability was significantly decreased by day 5 after transplantation and progressively decreased through day 9. Terminally, red blood cell deformability returned to normal or above normal values. In mice with Lewis lung carcinoma, significant decreases in deformability were noted 21--28 days after transplantation and persisted throughout the remainder of the tumor course. Impaired capillary blood flow, secondary to abnormal red blood cell deformability, is therefore associated with advanced cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:287850", "title": "Translocation of the pre-synaptic complex formed upon DNA uptake by Streptococcus sanguis and its inhibition by ethidium bromide.", "content": "Donor DNA in its initially bound, single-stranded form exists in a chromosomally-unassociated complex where it is resistant to exogenous DNase I but sensitive to micrococcal nuclease. Most of the complexes are readily recuperable from the supernatant of recipients converted into spheroplasts. Subsequent to formation of this superficially located complex, donor DNA progressively associates with the recipient chromosome into which it is eventually integrated. Treatment of recipients with ethidium bromide at various times after initial DNA binding almost immediately halts translocation of whatever donor material is not yet synapsed with the chromosome. On the other hand, donor DNA that has already synapsed experiences no difficulty in becoming genetically integrated. Some degradation occurs to DNA that fails to undergo translocation as a result of ethidium bromide treatment, the acid-soluble products appearing in the culture medium. DNA in untranslocated complexes surviving treatment is not appreciably different in single-strand length from that in untreated complexes. When these surviving complexes are isolated from a cell lysate, the contained DNA can be shown by spectrofluorometry to have bound the drug.", "contents": "Translocation of the pre-synaptic complex formed upon DNA uptake by Streptococcus sanguis and its inhibition by ethidium bromide. Donor DNA in its initially bound, single-stranded form exists in a chromosomally-unassociated complex where it is resistant to exogenous DNase I but sensitive to micrococcal nuclease. Most of the complexes are readily recuperable from the supernatant of recipients converted into spheroplasts. Subsequent to formation of this superficially located complex, donor DNA progressively associates with the recipient chromosome into which it is eventually integrated. Treatment of recipients with ethidium bromide at various times after initial DNA binding almost immediately halts translocation of whatever donor material is not yet synapsed with the chromosome. On the other hand, donor DNA that has already synapsed experiences no difficulty in becoming genetically integrated. Some degradation occurs to DNA that fails to undergo translocation as a result of ethidium bromide treatment, the acid-soluble products appearing in the culture medium. DNA in untranslocated complexes surviving treatment is not appreciably different in single-strand length from that in untreated complexes. When these surviving complexes are isolated from a cell lysate, the contained DNA can be shown by spectrofluorometry to have bound the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:287851", "title": "The structure of the phi 80d3 ilv+ Su+7 transducing phage and the origin of its Su+7 tRNA-gene containing fragment.", "content": "The Bam HI, XhoI, and EcoRI sites of the transducing phage phi 80d3Su+7ilv+ are located. The 1.2 x 10(6) MD EcoRI fragment which, when cloned, contains tRNAAsp and expresses the mutant tRNATry gene, Su+7, and which also relaxes control of stable RNA synthesis is found immediately adjacent to the rrnC region. Its tRNA genes, tRNAAsp and tRNATry, are transcribed in the same direction as the ribosomal RNA genes, though no mature rRNA subsequences are on the fragment. This fragment also exists as such in another F-prime factor derived from the same Hfr host, and therefore presumably also in the Hfr chromosome itself. It is composed of about half ordinary chromosomal and half F DNA sequences, the latter from the gamma-delta region of F. The advantages of a novel mapping method used are discussed.", "contents": "The structure of the phi 80d3 ilv+ Su+7 transducing phage and the origin of its Su+7 tRNA-gene containing fragment. The Bam HI, XhoI, and EcoRI sites of the transducing phage phi 80d3Su+7ilv+ are located. The 1.2 x 10(6) MD EcoRI fragment which, when cloned, contains tRNAAsp and expresses the mutant tRNATry gene, Su+7, and which also relaxes control of stable RNA synthesis is found immediately adjacent to the rrnC region. Its tRNA genes, tRNAAsp and tRNATry, are transcribed in the same direction as the ribosomal RNA genes, though no mature rRNA subsequences are on the fragment. This fragment also exists as such in another F-prime factor derived from the same Hfr host, and therefore presumably also in the Hfr chromosome itself. It is composed of about half ordinary chromosomal and half F DNA sequences, the latter from the gamma-delta region of F. The advantages of a novel mapping method used are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287855", "title": "An evaluation of Corynebacterium parvum during remission maintenance therapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The biologic impact and clinical toxicity of Corynebacterium parvum administered at a dose of 5 mg/M2 by intravenous or subcutaneous routes were evaluated in 18 children receiving combination chemotherapy for maintenance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission. Several nonspecific immunologic and hematologic parameters were evaluated. Patients were also monitored for changes in cutaneous sensitivity to histamine. No changes in any parameter were observed in patients after only one course of C parvum injection. However, after 6-10 courses, glass-adherent peripheral blood leukocytes of C parvum-treated patients augmented the response of PHA-stimulated autologous lymphocytes. In all nine patients studied who received C parvum injection subcutaneously for at least six months, there were significant increases in the mean bone marrow myelocyte-erythrocyte (ME) volumes compared to pretreatment values. These results suggest that periodic evaluations are desirable in patients receiving repeated administration of C parvum, since changes in immunologic and hematologic responses may be demonstrable only after several injections. In contrast to the reported experience in adults, subcutaneous C parvum administration children was not well tolerated, whereas intravenous infusion was generally well tolerated.", "contents": "An evaluation of Corynebacterium parvum during remission maintenance therapy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The biologic impact and clinical toxicity of Corynebacterium parvum administered at a dose of 5 mg/M2 by intravenous or subcutaneous routes were evaluated in 18 children receiving combination chemotherapy for maintenance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission. Several nonspecific immunologic and hematologic parameters were evaluated. Patients were also monitored for changes in cutaneous sensitivity to histamine. No changes in any parameter were observed in patients after only one course of C parvum injection. However, after 6-10 courses, glass-adherent peripheral blood leukocytes of C parvum-treated patients augmented the response of PHA-stimulated autologous lymphocytes. In all nine patients studied who received C parvum injection subcutaneously for at least six months, there were significant increases in the mean bone marrow myelocyte-erythrocyte (ME) volumes compared to pretreatment values. These results suggest that periodic evaluations are desirable in patients receiving repeated administration of C parvum, since changes in immunologic and hematologic responses may be demonstrable only after several injections. In contrast to the reported experience in adults, subcutaneous C parvum administration children was not well tolerated, whereas intravenous infusion was generally well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:287856", "title": "L-asparaginase used with cytosine arabinoside in treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia refractory to vincristine and prednisone.", "content": "Eleven patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in relapse were treated with L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) in induction therapy and the same drugs plus cyclophosphamide in maintenance therapy. Three patients had complete remissions lasting 6, 16, and 78+ weeks. One patient experienced partial remission and four had decreased bone marrow or peripheral blasts but were not clinically improved. The responses, which were brief, lasted 1-16 weeks with one exception of 78+ weeks. Four patients had allergic reactions to L-asparaginase that were unpredictable with assays of antibodies against L-asparaginase.", "contents": "L-asparaginase used with cytosine arabinoside in treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia refractory to vincristine and prednisone. Eleven patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in relapse were treated with L-asparaginase and cytosine arabinoside (1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine) in induction therapy and the same drugs plus cyclophosphamide in maintenance therapy. Three patients had complete remissions lasting 6, 16, and 78+ weeks. One patient experienced partial remission and four had decreased bone marrow or peripheral blasts but were not clinically improved. The responses, which were brief, lasted 1-16 weeks with one exception of 78+ weeks. Four patients had allergic reactions to L-asparaginase that were unpredictable with assays of antibodies against L-asparaginase."}
{"id": "PMID:287857", "title": "An autopsy study of eye involvement in acute leukemia of childhood.", "content": "The eyes of 60 children who had died of acute leukemia between 1968 and 1977 at the Children's Hospital Medical Center have been examined pathologically. An attempt has been made to relate eye findings to the state of the systemic disease at the time of death. Eight of the 60 patients had leukemic retinal infiltrates and all eight had fulminant disease with terminal leukocyte counts over 100,000 per cubic millimeter and a high percentage of \"blast\" cells. Twenty-six patients (43%) had leukemic infiltration of the choroid that was inapparent clinically. Choroidal involvement was not correlated with high terminal leukocyte counts but was invariably associated with widespread infiltration of other organs. Four patients had optic nerve involvement; all four had coexistent meningeal leukemia. Isolated retinal hemorrhages could not be correlated with other parameters of the leukemic process.", "contents": "An autopsy study of eye involvement in acute leukemia of childhood. The eyes of 60 children who had died of acute leukemia between 1968 and 1977 at the Children's Hospital Medical Center have been examined pathologically. An attempt has been made to relate eye findings to the state of the systemic disease at the time of death. Eight of the 60 patients had leukemic retinal infiltrates and all eight had fulminant disease with terminal leukocyte counts over 100,000 per cubic millimeter and a high percentage of \"blast\" cells. Twenty-six patients (43%) had leukemic infiltration of the choroid that was inapparent clinically. Choroidal involvement was not correlated with high terminal leukocyte counts but was invariably associated with widespread infiltration of other organs. Four patients had optic nerve involvement; all four had coexistent meningeal leukemia. Isolated retinal hemorrhages could not be correlated with other parameters of the leukemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:287929", "title": "Jogger's heat stroke.", "content": "Two patients developed heat stroke following jogging. Transient disturbance of cerebral function was the most dramatic clinical feature. Although haemorrhagic complications were not seen, marked changes in the haemostatic system occurred with both thrombocytopenia and a reduction of clotting factors synthesised by the liver. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found. Heat stroke must now be added to the list of jogging hazards.", "contents": "Jogger's heat stroke. Two patients developed heat stroke following jogging. Transient disturbance of cerebral function was the most dramatic clinical feature. Although haemorrhagic complications were not seen, marked changes in the haemostatic system occurred with both thrombocytopenia and a reduction of clotting factors synthesised by the liver. No evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation was found. Heat stroke must now be added to the list of jogging hazards."}
{"id": "PMID:287930", "title": "The effect of counselling on compliance-failure in patient drug therapy.", "content": "This paper reports the results of a study to determine the effects of counselling on patient compliance-failure in expected drug therapy. In patients discharged from acute general medical wards, counselling reduced compliance-failure for both patient non-compliance and error by approximately 40%. It was especially effective in reducing compliance-failure due to non-compliance where reasons were either the occurrence of adverse drug effects or patient belief that therapy was ineffective, and patient-error where this resulted from misinterpretation. The use of drug calendar cards did not minimise the incidence of non-compliance but was effective at reducing error, especially with Polynesian patients. It is concluded that prescribing clinicians can reduce compliance-failure by active drug-counselling.", "contents": "The effect of counselling on compliance-failure in patient drug therapy. This paper reports the results of a study to determine the effects of counselling on patient compliance-failure in expected drug therapy. In patients discharged from acute general medical wards, counselling reduced compliance-failure for both patient non-compliance and error by approximately 40%. It was especially effective in reducing compliance-failure due to non-compliance where reasons were either the occurrence of adverse drug effects or patient belief that therapy was ineffective, and patient-error where this resulted from misinterpretation. The use of drug calendar cards did not minimise the incidence of non-compliance but was effective at reducing error, especially with Polynesian patients. It is concluded that prescribing clinicians can reduce compliance-failure by active drug-counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:287931", "title": "Current trends in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in general practice.", "content": "Questionnaires were sent to 180 randomly selected general medical practitioners in the Auckland area, to determine the source of prescribing information and current drug prescribing pattern in general practice, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Medical journals were the main current source but postgraduate seminars and lectures were the preferred source of prescribing information. Aspirin remains the drug of first choice in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and along with indomethacin, phenylbutazone and prednisone (10 mg daily), considered to be more effective than the newer propionic acid derivatives. Enteric coated aspirin was preferred in the patient with an active peptic ulcer. Almost all of the replying doctors, endeavoured to give their patients an explanation as to the underlying nature of their disease and treatment, but had little confidence that they would comply with the therapeutic instructions.", "contents": "Current trends in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in general practice. Questionnaires were sent to 180 randomly selected general medical practitioners in the Auckland area, to determine the source of prescribing information and current drug prescribing pattern in general practice, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Medical journals were the main current source but postgraduate seminars and lectures were the preferred source of prescribing information. Aspirin remains the drug of first choice in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and along with indomethacin, phenylbutazone and prednisone (10 mg daily), considered to be more effective than the newer propionic acid derivatives. Enteric coated aspirin was preferred in the patient with an active peptic ulcer. Almost all of the replying doctors, endeavoured to give their patients an explanation as to the underlying nature of their disease and treatment, but had little confidence that they would comply with the therapeutic instructions."}
{"id": "PMID:287932", "title": "The silent ovary: a five year survey of cancer of the ovary at the Hutt Hospital 1973-1977.", "content": "Cancer of the ovary is the leading cause of death from gynaecological cancer. Forty-six cases are reported to re-emphasise certain features. These include the short history and the high mortality rate regardless of what treatment is used. Whereas improvement has occurred in the treatment of cancer of the corpus and the cervix, there has been no improvement over two decades in cancer of the ovary. The moral of this tale, is to advise your women folk to avoid cancer of the ovary.", "contents": "The silent ovary: a five year survey of cancer of the ovary at the Hutt Hospital 1973-1977. Cancer of the ovary is the leading cause of death from gynaecological cancer. Forty-six cases are reported to re-emphasise certain features. These include the short history and the high mortality rate regardless of what treatment is used. Whereas improvement has occurred in the treatment of cancer of the corpus and the cervix, there has been no improvement over two decades in cancer of the ovary. The moral of this tale, is to advise your women folk to avoid cancer of the ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:287933", "title": "The pathology of hysterectomy specimens.", "content": "Six hundred and twenty-one hysterectomies were performed at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, during 1975. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the clinical indication in 50.72% of the cases. Fibroids, pelvic mass, prolapse, stress incontinence and cervical neoplasia were the indication for 45.88% of the cases. Total hysterectomy was performed in 618 (99.5%) patients whilst sub-total hysterectomy was done in only three cases. Histopathological studies revealed that 567 (91.30%) specimens were pathological and there was multiple pathology in 55.87% of the specimens. Leiomyomas were present in 278 cases (44.76%); microleiomyomatosis in 178 specimens (22.66%); endometrial hyperplasia in 139 specimens (22.33%) adenomyosis in 87 cases (14.00%); malignant diseases in 76 cases (12.23%); and endometriosis in 40 specimens (6.44%). There were no histological abnormalities in 54 specimens, 8.69% of this series.", "contents": "The pathology of hysterectomy specimens. Six hundred and twenty-one hysterectomies were performed at National Women's Hospital, Auckland, during 1975. Abnormal vaginal bleeding was the clinical indication in 50.72% of the cases. Fibroids, pelvic mass, prolapse, stress incontinence and cervical neoplasia were the indication for 45.88% of the cases. Total hysterectomy was performed in 618 (99.5%) patients whilst sub-total hysterectomy was done in only three cases. Histopathological studies revealed that 567 (91.30%) specimens were pathological and there was multiple pathology in 55.87% of the specimens. Leiomyomas were present in 278 cases (44.76%); microleiomyomatosis in 178 specimens (22.66%); endometrial hyperplasia in 139 specimens (22.33%) adenomyosis in 87 cases (14.00%); malignant diseases in 76 cases (12.23%); and endometriosis in 40 specimens (6.44%). There were no histological abnormalities in 54 specimens, 8.69% of this series."}
{"id": "PMID:287934", "title": "Anorexia nervosa in a male: comment and illustration.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the possible diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in young males with weight loss. The symptoms and signs are described, along with the setting in which the condition may develop. These points are illustrated by reference to a recently treated case. The poor prognosis of anorexia nervosa in males is emphasised.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa in a male: comment and illustration. Attention is drawn to the possible diagnosis of anorexia nervosa in young males with weight loss. The symptoms and signs are described, along with the setting in which the condition may develop. These points are illustrated by reference to a recently treated case. The poor prognosis of anorexia nervosa in males is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:287935", "title": "Complications from prolonged catheterisation prior to prostatectomy.", "content": "This paper studies 46 patients with urinary retention who came to prostatic surgery some time later. With prophylactic antibiotics used in cases with urinary infection the risk of surgery is not increased, despite an average period between catheterisation and surgery of one month.", "contents": "Complications from prolonged catheterisation prior to prostatectomy. This paper studies 46 patients with urinary retention who came to prostatic surgery some time later. With prophylactic antibiotics used in cases with urinary infection the risk of surgery is not increased, despite an average period between catheterisation and surgery of one month."}
{"id": "PMID:287936", "title": "Pyloric obstruction caused by aspirin: case report.", "content": "A case of pyloric obstruction caused by ingestion of enteric-coated aspirin tablets is presented. The patient was predisposed by previous pyloric stenosis. A barium meal study was diagnostic. The patient later had a massive gastro-intestinal haemorrhage requiring surgical repair. The hazards of aspirin ingestion in such a patient are discussed.", "contents": "Pyloric obstruction caused by aspirin: case report. A case of pyloric obstruction caused by ingestion of enteric-coated aspirin tablets is presented. The patient was predisposed by previous pyloric stenosis. A barium meal study was diagnostic. The patient later had a massive gastro-intestinal haemorrhage requiring surgical repair. The hazards of aspirin ingestion in such a patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287939", "title": "The Northland Health Scheme.", "content": "The Northland Health Scheme, proposed by the Special Advisory Committee on Health Service Organisation (Sachso), is about to become a reality. On 20 February 1978 cabinet approved the setting up of a steering committe in Northland to propose a Health Board structure, establish further working parties to consider local aspects of the scheme, initiate the formation of service development groups, assist SACHSO in developing legislation, and take any other steps that seemed appropriate. The chairman of this committee was named on 1 March and others who have agreed to serve are listed in the New Zealand Medical Journal of 22 March (News, 1978). It is now, therefore, an appropriate moment to scrutinise carefully what is proposed and the principles that underlie the proposals.", "contents": "The Northland Health Scheme. The Northland Health Scheme, proposed by the Special Advisory Committee on Health Service Organisation (Sachso), is about to become a reality. On 20 February 1978 cabinet approved the setting up of a steering committe in Northland to propose a Health Board structure, establish further working parties to consider local aspects of the scheme, initiate the formation of service development groups, assist SACHSO in developing legislation, and take any other steps that seemed appropriate. The chairman of this committee was named on 1 March and others who have agreed to serve are listed in the New Zealand Medical Journal of 22 March (News, 1978). It is now, therefore, an appropriate moment to scrutinise carefully what is proposed and the principles that underlie the proposals."}
{"id": "PMID:287946", "title": "A study of asthma in a Dunedin suburban area.", "content": "Asthma was reported by 6.2 percent of 2347 inhabitants of a Dunedin residential area. Symptoms occurred within the past two years in 4.2 percent. In this group the majority showed evidence of atopy by skin reactivity and elevation of serum immunoglobulin E. Airways obstruction was detected by spirometry in 62 percent and 56 percent demonstrated increased bronchial reactivity to histamine aerosols. Less than half used bronchodilator aerosols for relief and only 18 per cent were treated with prophylactic disodium cromoglycate.", "contents": "A study of asthma in a Dunedin suburban area. Asthma was reported by 6.2 percent of 2347 inhabitants of a Dunedin residential area. Symptoms occurred within the past two years in 4.2 percent. In this group the majority showed evidence of atopy by skin reactivity and elevation of serum immunoglobulin E. Airways obstruction was detected by spirometry in 62 percent and 56 percent demonstrated increased bronchial reactivity to histamine aerosols. Less than half used bronchodilator aerosols for relief and only 18 per cent were treated with prophylactic disodium cromoglycate."}
{"id": "PMID:287947", "title": "Hospital admissions for wheezing in Polynesian children.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to establish a baseline of information about pre-school Polynesian children hospitalised with wheezing attacks. During a one year study period at Wellington Hospital, 19 percent of the acute paediatric admissions under five years were Polynesians with wheezing respiratory disease. Seventy percent of these admissions were in children under 18 months of age, and 38 percent of the children were readmitted during the year. These and other variables are compared to European children hospitalised with wheezing. We conclude that young Polynesian children in New Zealand are especially prone to a different pattern of asthma from European children.", "contents": "Hospital admissions for wheezing in Polynesian children. The purpose of this study is to establish a baseline of information about pre-school Polynesian children hospitalised with wheezing attacks. During a one year study period at Wellington Hospital, 19 percent of the acute paediatric admissions under five years were Polynesians with wheezing respiratory disease. Seventy percent of these admissions were in children under 18 months of age, and 38 percent of the children were readmitted during the year. These and other variables are compared to European children hospitalised with wheezing. We conclude that young Polynesian children in New Zealand are especially prone to a different pattern of asthma from European children."}
{"id": "PMID:287948", "title": "Geographic distribution of peptic ulcer disease in Western Samoa.", "content": "A survey of peptic ulcer disease in Western Samoa is described. As compared with New Zealand experience, an unusually high prevalence of peptic ulceration is documented. A remarkable and significant variation in the geographic distribution of cases is reported. Regions of high prevalence were significantly associated with disease onset at an earlier age and with increased frequency of a family history of ulcer disease. It is concluded that this genetic predisposition is unlikely to sufficiently account for the regional localisation of cases observed and environmental causes are under study.", "contents": "Geographic distribution of peptic ulcer disease in Western Samoa. A survey of peptic ulcer disease in Western Samoa is described. As compared with New Zealand experience, an unusually high prevalence of peptic ulceration is documented. A remarkable and significant variation in the geographic distribution of cases is reported. Regions of high prevalence were significantly associated with disease onset at an earlier age and with increased frequency of a family history of ulcer disease. It is concluded that this genetic predisposition is unlikely to sufficiently account for the regional localisation of cases observed and environmental causes are under study."}
{"id": "PMID:287949", "title": "Prognosis of completely healed gastric ulcer.", "content": "Eighty patients with chronic gastric ulcer, shown to have complete healing by gastric photography, were followed for 18 months to nine years. Ulceration recurred in 24, always at the site of the original ulcer, the majority (14) of relapses occurring within 12 months. Those with recurrent ulcers were more likely to show delayed healing of their initial ulcer, than the ulcers not shown to recur. At two months, this was statistically significant (P = 0.004) and even more so at three months (P = 0.004). Recurrences were more frequent in males (P = 0.09). There were no differences in ulcer site or size compared with those ulcers not known to have occurred. The appearance of complications such as perforation, haemorrhage, or malignancy was rare after complete healing.", "contents": "Prognosis of completely healed gastric ulcer. Eighty patients with chronic gastric ulcer, shown to have complete healing by gastric photography, were followed for 18 months to nine years. Ulceration recurred in 24, always at the site of the original ulcer, the majority (14) of relapses occurring within 12 months. Those with recurrent ulcers were more likely to show delayed healing of their initial ulcer, than the ulcers not shown to recur. At two months, this was statistically significant (P = 0.004) and even more so at three months (P = 0.004). Recurrences were more frequent in males (P = 0.09). There were no differences in ulcer site or size compared with those ulcers not known to have occurred. The appearance of complications such as perforation, haemorrhage, or malignancy was rare after complete healing."}
{"id": "PMID:287950", "title": "The passive hamstring stretch test: a comparison of clinical estimates with tension gauge measurements.", "content": "A comparison of the clinical estimate of the available passive stretch in the hamstring muscles is made against the changing tension in a spring gauge, as the leg is raised. It was found that the angle at which rotation was palpable in the contralateral anterior superior spine occurred after there was a sharp rise in the tension measurements. The spring gauge was incorporated in a pulley system which allowed the leg to be pulled up and the tension readings were taken at 5 degrees increments of raise. Comparison of the clinical estimates with the tension gauge measurements show the latter to be a more reliable and objective research tool.", "contents": "The passive hamstring stretch test: a comparison of clinical estimates with tension gauge measurements. A comparison of the clinical estimate of the available passive stretch in the hamstring muscles is made against the changing tension in a spring gauge, as the leg is raised. It was found that the angle at which rotation was palpable in the contralateral anterior superior spine occurred after there was a sharp rise in the tension measurements. The spring gauge was incorporated in a pulley system which allowed the leg to be pulled up and the tension readings were taken at 5 degrees increments of raise. Comparison of the clinical estimates with the tension gauge measurements show the latter to be a more reliable and objective research tool."}
{"id": "PMID:287951", "title": "An assessment of vulval pigmentation.", "content": "Thirty-five vulvectomy specimens were obtained from post-mortem material and studied to assess the distribution of melanin pigment. The information obtained was compared with the melanin distribution in melanoma-in-situ and melanosis vulvae. A lesion had to be larger than 3mm before it was recognised clinically. Melanosis vulvae is but an exaggeration of the normal distribution of melanin pigment. Melanoma-in-situ, however, cannot be reliably distinguished from the benign causes of pigmentation on clinical grounds. The correct diagnosis can only be made histologically. Other causes of vulval pigmentation are also discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of vulval pigmentation. Thirty-five vulvectomy specimens were obtained from post-mortem material and studied to assess the distribution of melanin pigment. The information obtained was compared with the melanin distribution in melanoma-in-situ and melanosis vulvae. A lesion had to be larger than 3mm before it was recognised clinically. Melanosis vulvae is but an exaggeration of the normal distribution of melanin pigment. Melanoma-in-situ, however, cannot be reliably distinguished from the benign causes of pigmentation on clinical grounds. The correct diagnosis can only be made histologically. Other causes of vulval pigmentation are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287975", "title": "Reticuloendothelial neoplasia of the female genital tract.", "content": "Twelve patients thought to have gynecologic tumors subsequently were found to have lymphoma or leukemia. Eleven tumors involved the genital organs; one involved the retroperitoneal pelvic lymph nodes. A lymphoma originated in the genital tract in 7 patients, and secondary involvement occurred in 2 patients. One patient with a previously treated lymphoma and 1 with leukemia in remission developed ovarian tumors as the first sign of relapse. The difficulty in diagnosis, need for appropriate treatment, and prognostic importance of the genital organs affected are discussed.", "contents": "Reticuloendothelial neoplasia of the female genital tract. Twelve patients thought to have gynecologic tumors subsequently were found to have lymphoma or leukemia. Eleven tumors involved the genital organs; one involved the retroperitoneal pelvic lymph nodes. A lymphoma originated in the genital tract in 7 patients, and secondary involvement occurred in 2 patients. One patient with a previously treated lymphoma and 1 with leukemia in remission developed ovarian tumors as the first sign of relapse. The difficulty in diagnosis, need for appropriate treatment, and prognostic importance of the genital organs affected are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:287983", "title": "Trismus after injection of local anesthetic.", "content": "Persistent pain at the site of injection is the most common complication of local anesthesia in the oral cavity. The complication of trismus after local anesthetic injection is rare and may be prevented by the use of short needles for maxillary posterior injections, and by the avoidance of multiple injections in  a short period time. Once trismus develops, its progression to chronic hypomobility and fibrous ankylosis may be prevented by the early institution of treatment consisting of heat, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and exercises.", "contents": "Trismus after injection of local anesthetic. Persistent pain at the site of injection is the most common complication of local anesthesia in the oral cavity. The complication of trismus after local anesthetic injection is rare and may be prevented by the use of short needles for maxillary posterior injections, and by the avoidance of multiple injections in  a short period time. Once trismus develops, its progression to chronic hypomobility and fibrous ankylosis may be prevented by the early institution of treatment consisting of heat, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:287984", "title": "Jawbone cavities and trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias.", "content": "The possible role of dental and oral disease in the etiology of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias has been examined. Among thirty-eight patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-three patients with atypical facial neuralgia, there was in nearly all instances a close relationship between pain experienced and the existence of cavities in alveolar bone and jawbone of the patients. The cavities were at the sites of previous tooth extractions and, although at times more than 1 cm. in a given diameter, were usually not detectable by x-rays. A new method for their detection and localization was developed empirically, based on the observation that peripheral infiltration of local anesthetic into or very close to the bone cavity rapidly abolished trigger and pain perception by patients during persistence of the anesthetic action. Histopathologic examination of bone removed from cavities by curettage revealed, in both idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, a similar pattern characterized by a highly vascular abnormal healing response of bone. Some lesions presented a mild chronic inflammatory (lymphocytic) infiltration. Preliminary microbiologic studies of material from the walls of the cavities showed the existence within them of a complex, mixed polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic flora. Treatment consisted of vigorous curettage of the bone cavities, repeated if necessary, plus administration of antibiotics to induce healing and filling-in of the cavities by new bone. Responses of patients to the above treatment consisted of marked to complete pain remissions, the longest of which has been for 9 years. Complete healing leads to complete and persistent pain remissions. It was concluded that in both idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, dental and oral pathoses may be major etiologic factors.", "contents": "Jawbone cavities and trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. The possible role of dental and oral disease in the etiology of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias has been examined. Among thirty-eight patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-three patients with atypical facial neuralgia, there was in nearly all instances a close relationship between pain experienced and the existence of cavities in alveolar bone and jawbone of the patients. The cavities were at the sites of previous tooth extractions and, although at times more than 1 cm. in a given diameter, were usually not detectable by x-rays. A new method for their detection and localization was developed empirically, based on the observation that peripheral infiltration of local anesthetic into or very close to the bone cavity rapidly abolished trigger and pain perception by patients during persistence of the anesthetic action. Histopathologic examination of bone removed from cavities by curettage revealed, in both idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, a similar pattern characterized by a highly vascular abnormal healing response of bone. Some lesions presented a mild chronic inflammatory (lymphocytic) infiltration. Preliminary microbiologic studies of material from the walls of the cavities showed the existence within them of a complex, mixed polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic flora. Treatment consisted of vigorous curettage of the bone cavities, repeated if necessary, plus administration of antibiotics to induce healing and filling-in of the cavities by new bone. Responses of patients to the above treatment consisted of marked to complete pain remissions, the longest of which has been for 9 years. Complete healing leads to complete and persistent pain remissions. It was concluded that in both idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, dental and oral pathoses may be major etiologic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:287985", "title": "Dental management for children with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy.", "content": "Patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing hemodialysis therapy demonstrate problems of significant importance for dental treatment. A case is presented in which secondard hyperparathyroidism, resulting from renal failure and hemodialysis, was noted in a child. Other relationships between renal failure, hemodialysis, and dental care were also presented.", "contents": "Dental management for children with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis therapy. Patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing hemodialysis therapy demonstrate problems of significant importance for dental treatment. A case is presented in which secondard hyperparathyroidism, resulting from renal failure and hemodialysis, was noted in a child. Other relationships between renal failure, hemodialysis, and dental care were also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:287986", "title": "Cold agglutinin disease. Report of a case.", "content": "Cold agglutinin disease is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia with varying causes. Two major types are recognized, with different clinical manifestations. Cold agglutinins are circulating antibodies capable of erythrocyte agglutination. However, the reaction is readily reversible. Treatment of the disease is variable. A case is presented to illustrate that minor oral surgical procedures are feasible, provided the proper precautions are taken.", "contents": "Cold agglutinin disease. Report of a case. Cold agglutinin disease is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia with varying causes. Two major types are recognized, with different clinical manifestations. Cold agglutinins are circulating antibodies capable of erythrocyte agglutination. However, the reaction is readily reversible. Treatment of the disease is variable. A case is presented to illustrate that minor oral surgical procedures are feasible, provided the proper precautions are taken."}
{"id": "PMID:287987", "title": "Simultaneous presence of partial anodontia and supernumerary teeth.", "content": "The literature is reviewed and three cases of simultaneous presence of partial anodontia and supernumerary teeth are reported. In all three cases the abnormality involved both the maxilla and the mandible. The role of the panoramic radiograph in the detection of rare cases of this kind is emphasized and illustrated.", "contents": "Simultaneous presence of partial anodontia and supernumerary teeth. The literature is reviewed and three cases of simultaneous presence of partial anodontia and supernumerary teeth are reported. In all three cases the abnormality involved both the maxilla and the mandible. The role of the panoramic radiograph in the detection of rare cases of this kind is emphasized and illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:287988", "title": "Ultrastructure of a plasma-cell myeloma in the mandible.", "content": "Tumor cells exhibited large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum arranged in a lamellar pattern, large numbers of mitochondria with a perinuclear distribution, and a prominent Golgi complex, but only a small number of immunoglobulin granules. No crystalline structures of immunoglobulins were observed. Nuclei exhibited patchy condensation of chromatin and large nucleoli. The ultrastructural features suggest that this case could be a \"resecretory\" myeloma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of a plasma-cell myeloma in the mandible. Tumor cells exhibited large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum arranged in a lamellar pattern, large numbers of mitochondria with a perinuclear distribution, and a prominent Golgi complex, but only a small number of immunoglobulin granules. No crystalline structures of immunoglobulins were observed. Nuclei exhibited patchy condensation of chromatin and large nucleoli. The ultrastructural features suggest that this case could be a \"resecretory\" myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:287990", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of a new irrigation method in endodontic treatment.", "content": "The effectiveness of a newly developed perforated endodontic irrigation needle, with its distal aperture sealed, was compared to conventional endodontic irrigation procedures. In all instances 5 percent sodium hypochlorite was used since the delivery system, rather than the irrigant, was being evaluated. A base line group in which all soft tissue was described was also included. The results indicate that the perforated endodontic irrigation needle is a very effective instrument for the cleansing of instrumented root canals.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of a new irrigation method in endodontic treatment. The effectiveness of a newly developed perforated endodontic irrigation needle, with its distal aperture sealed, was compared to conventional endodontic irrigation procedures. In all instances 5 percent sodium hypochlorite was used since the delivery system, rather than the irrigant, was being evaluated. A base line group in which all soft tissue was described was also included. The results indicate that the perforated endodontic irrigation needle is a very effective instrument for the cleansing of instrumented root canals."}
{"id": "PMID:287992", "title": "Clinical and radiographic study of dens invaginatus.", "content": "After a determination of the frequency of dens invaginatus by means of radiographic observations, various problems of its identification are discussed. The 188 teeth showing a distinct loop-shaped invagination apically on the radiograph were studied for the presence or absence of caries and periapical lesions. It was demonstrated that periapical lesions caused by caries are mostly due to interproximal caries and that the frequency of periapical lesions caused by caries in the dens invaginatus area was less than previously reported. Comments are made on the dens invaginatus cases having periapical lesions without caries and the parameters for future studies.", "contents": "Clinical and radiographic study of dens invaginatus. After a determination of the frequency of dens invaginatus by means of radiographic observations, various problems of its identification are discussed. The 188 teeth showing a distinct loop-shaped invagination apically on the radiograph were studied for the presence or absence of caries and periapical lesions. It was demonstrated that periapical lesions caused by caries are mostly due to interproximal caries and that the frequency of periapical lesions caused by caries in the dens invaginatus area was less than previously reported. Comments are made on the dens invaginatus cases having periapical lesions without caries and the parameters for future studies."}
{"id": "PMID:287993", "title": "Cephalometric studies of patients with ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint following surgical treatment.", "content": "Cephalometric studies of eighteen cases of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, treated surgically, were undertaken. Arthroplasty tended to correct the characteristic facial deviation of patients with ankylosis and approximate the facial features of these patients to those of a normal person. These changes were found to occur in a larger percentage of the patients and to a greater magnitude 6 months postoperatively than 1 week following surgery. These findings support the concept that the mandible grows in response to functional stimulation and emphasize the importance of early surgical treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint.", "contents": "Cephalometric studies of patients with ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint following surgical treatment. Cephalometric studies of eighteen cases of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, treated surgically, were undertaken. Arthroplasty tended to correct the characteristic facial deviation of patients with ankylosis and approximate the facial features of these patients to those of a normal person. These changes were found to occur in a larger percentage of the patients and to a greater magnitude 6 months postoperatively than 1 week following surgery. These findings support the concept that the mandible grows in response to functional stimulation and emphasize the importance of early surgical treatment of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint."}
{"id": "PMID:287998", "title": "Fibrositic myofascial pain in intermittent claudication. Effect of anesthetic block of trigger points on exercise tolerance.", "content": "The blocking of trigger points in the calf by the local injection of an anesthetic agent was performed in 15 patients with intermittent claudication. Reactive and exercise hyperemia, work load and duration of exercise were recorded before and after infiltration of the trigger points. Reactive hyperemia does not change, but the exercise tolerance of the leg significantly improves after local blocking of the trigger areas and the exercise hyperemia increases because of the higher work load. The pain pattern of intermittent claudication can be activated by the summation of abnormal input from muscles, due to contraction in the presence of anoxia, with activity from trigger points. Local infiltration of trigger areas blocks theirir activity. The vicious cycle of pain is interrupted and the exercise tolerance of the leg is increased, without improving blood circulation.", "contents": "Fibrositic myofascial pain in intermittent claudication. Effect of anesthetic block of trigger points on exercise tolerance. The blocking of trigger points in the calf by the local injection of an anesthetic agent was performed in 15 patients with intermittent claudication. Reactive and exercise hyperemia, work load and duration of exercise were recorded before and after infiltration of the trigger points. Reactive hyperemia does not change, but the exercise tolerance of the leg significantly improves after local blocking of the trigger areas and the exercise hyperemia increases because of the higher work load. The pain pattern of intermittent claudication can be activated by the summation of abnormal input from muscles, due to contraction in the presence of anoxia, with activity from trigger points. Local infiltration of trigger areas blocks theirir activity. The vicious cycle of pain is interrupted and the exercise tolerance of the leg is increased, without improving blood circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:287999", "title": "Osteosarcomas in NZBR/BI mice.", "content": "Osteosarcomas occurring in untreated and paraffin-treated NZBR/BI mice are described. Tumour tissue from one paraffin-treated animal was propagated by subcutaneous transplantation into young syngeneic male mice and the growth pattern and histological appearance of successive transplants were studied. The ability to form bone was retained and a propensity for metastasis to the lungs was observed. The latent period between the time of transplantation and clinical evidence of tumour formation diminished as passaging proceeded but there was no enhancement of the transplantability of osteosarcomas. The incidence of osteosarcomas in NZBR/BI mice is compared with that observed in other strains of mice.", "contents": "Osteosarcomas in NZBR/BI mice. Osteosarcomas occurring in untreated and paraffin-treated NZBR/BI mice are described. Tumour tissue from one paraffin-treated animal was propagated by subcutaneous transplantation into young syngeneic male mice and the growth pattern and histological appearance of successive transplants were studied. The ability to form bone was retained and a propensity for metastasis to the lungs was observed. The latent period between the time of transplantation and clinical evidence of tumour formation diminished as passaging proceeded but there was no enhancement of the transplantability of osteosarcomas. The incidence of osteosarcomas in NZBR/BI mice is compared with that observed in other strains of mice."}
{"id": "PMID:288025", "title": "[Cerebro-meningeal involvement in acute myeloblastic leukaemia and myeloproliferative syndromes in acute transformation. Cytological, histological and clinical study of 62 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and histopathologic study of central nervous system (CNS) was performed in 46 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 16 chronic granulocytic leukemia in the blastic phase (CGL). Involvement of the CNS developed in 28 cases. Eighteen patients out of these 28 had neurological symptoms. The frequency of meningeal leukemia depends on the number of lumbar punctures and on the survival time. Post-mortem examination was performed on 45 patients. Eighteen had evidence of CNS leukemic infiltration (18/45 arachnoid, 10/31 dura, 5/45 brain). Hemorrhages are frequent even without CNS involvement (19/27). CNS leukemic infiltration is common enough in AML and CGL to justify agressive diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic measures.", "contents": "[Cerebro-meningeal involvement in acute myeloblastic leukaemia and myeloproliferative syndromes in acute transformation. Cytological, histological and clinical study of 62 cases (author's transl)]. Clinical and histopathologic study of central nervous system (CNS) was performed in 46 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 16 chronic granulocytic leukemia in the blastic phase (CGL). Involvement of the CNS developed in 28 cases. Eighteen patients out of these 28 had neurological symptoms. The frequency of meningeal leukemia depends on the number of lumbar punctures and on the survival time. Post-mortem examination was performed on 45 patients. Eighteen had evidence of CNS leukemic infiltration (18/45 arachnoid, 10/31 dura, 5/45 brain). Hemorrhages are frequent even without CNS involvement (19/27). CNS leukemic infiltration is common enough in AML and CGL to justify agressive diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:288039", "title": "Photoisomerization, energy storage, and charge separation: a model for light energy transduction in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "A simple model for the early events in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin is proposed. The model makes use of the likelihood that a negatively charged amino acid forms a salt bridge with the positively charged nitrogen of the retinylic chromophore. The photochemical event is a cis-trans isomerization in visual pigments and a trans-cis isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin, which in each case cleaves the salt bridge and thus separates charge in the interior of the protein. We propose that this is how the energy of a photon is transduced into chemical free energy of the primary photoproduct. The use of photoisomerization of a flexible chromophore to achieve charge separation provides a general mechanism which may be applicable to other systems. Our model explains many of the fundamental properties of visual pigments and their photoproducts. First, the extraordinarily low rate of thermally populating the ground state of the primary photoproduct, as determined from psychophysical and electrophysiological measurements, is seen as resulting from the large barrier to thermal isomerization about a double bond, perhaps enhanced by electrostatic attraction in the salt bridge. Second, the increase in energy and the spectral red shift that characterize the primary photochemical events are natural consequences of the separation of charge. Proton-dependent processes detected with picosecond techniques are proposed to be ground-state relaxation processes following the primary photochemical event. Finally, the charged groups of the salt bridge, repositioned by photoisomerization, provide a simple mechanism for vectorial proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin.", "contents": "Photoisomerization, energy storage, and charge separation: a model for light energy transduction in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin. A simple model for the early events in visual pigments and bacteriorhodopsin is proposed. The model makes use of the likelihood that a negatively charged amino acid forms a salt bridge with the positively charged nitrogen of the retinylic chromophore. The photochemical event is a cis-trans isomerization in visual pigments and a trans-cis isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin, which in each case cleaves the salt bridge and thus separates charge in the interior of the protein. We propose that this is how the energy of a photon is transduced into chemical free energy of the primary photoproduct. The use of photoisomerization of a flexible chromophore to achieve charge separation provides a general mechanism which may be applicable to other systems. Our model explains many of the fundamental properties of visual pigments and their photoproducts. First, the extraordinarily low rate of thermally populating the ground state of the primary photoproduct, as determined from psychophysical and electrophysiological measurements, is seen as resulting from the large barrier to thermal isomerization about a double bond, perhaps enhanced by electrostatic attraction in the salt bridge. Second, the increase in energy and the spectral red shift that characterize the primary photochemical events are natural consequences of the separation of charge. Proton-dependent processes detected with picosecond techniques are proposed to be ground-state relaxation processes following the primary photochemical event. Finally, the charged groups of the salt bridge, repositioned by photoisomerization, provide a simple mechanism for vectorial proton translocation in bacteriorhodopsin."}
{"id": "PMID:288040", "title": "\"Alternating B-DNA\" conformation for the oligo(dG-dC) duplex in high-salt solution.", "content": "The high resolution 1H and 31P NMR spectra of the (dG-dC)8 duplex have been recorded in low- and high-salt solutions in order to evaluate the structural aspects of the salt-induced transition of oligo(dG-dC) in solution  [Pohl, F. M. & Jovin, T. M. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 67, 375-396]. The NMR data require that the (dG-dC)8 duplex in 4 M NaCl adopt an \"alternating B-DNA\" conformation for which the symmetry unit repeats every two base pairs. By contrast, the oligomer duplex in low-salt solution is of the regular B-DNA type in solution. The chemical shift parameters for oligo(dG-dC) in high-salt solution demonstrate that every other glycosidic torsion angle and phosphodiester linkage adopts a different conformation from that observed in regular B-DNA. We demonstrate further that the generation of the \"alternating B-DNA\" structure is facilitated by introduction of halogen atoms at the 5 position of pyrimidine and that this probably reflects the greater overlap of this position with adjacent base pairs in high salt solution. An \"alternating B-DNA\" model has recently been proposed for alternating deoxy purine-deoxy pyrimidine polynucleotides based on the x-ray structure of pdA-dT-dA-dT [Klug, A., Jack, A., Viswamitra, M.A., Kennard, O., Shakked, Z. & Steitz, T.A. (1979) J. Mol. Biol., in press].", "contents": "\"Alternating B-DNA\" conformation for the oligo(dG-dC) duplex in high-salt solution. The high resolution 1H and 31P NMR spectra of the (dG-dC)8 duplex have been recorded in low- and high-salt solutions in order to evaluate the structural aspects of the salt-induced transition of oligo(dG-dC) in solution  [Pohl, F. M. & Jovin, T. M. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 67, 375-396]. The NMR data require that the (dG-dC)8 duplex in 4 M NaCl adopt an \"alternating B-DNA\" conformation for which the symmetry unit repeats every two base pairs. By contrast, the oligomer duplex in low-salt solution is of the regular B-DNA type in solution. The chemical shift parameters for oligo(dG-dC) in high-salt solution demonstrate that every other glycosidic torsion angle and phosphodiester linkage adopts a different conformation from that observed in regular B-DNA. We demonstrate further that the generation of the \"alternating B-DNA\" structure is facilitated by introduction of halogen atoms at the 5 position of pyrimidine and that this probably reflects the greater overlap of this position with adjacent base pairs in high salt solution. An \"alternating B-DNA\" model has recently been proposed for alternating deoxy purine-deoxy pyrimidine polynucleotides based on the x-ray structure of pdA-dT-dA-dT [Klug, A., Jack, A., Viswamitra, M.A., Kennard, O., Shakked, Z. & Steitz, T.A. (1979) J. Mol. Biol., in press]."}
{"id": "PMID:288041", "title": "Cyclized dipeptide model for a beta-bend.", "content": "A cyclic dipeptide in which L-Ala-Gly was cyclized with epsilon-aminocaproic acid has been synthesized as a model for a beta-bend. Its conformational properties have been examined by means of conformational energy calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, Raman, and circular dichroism spectroscopy in various solvents. These calculations and experiments suggest that a type II beta-bend exists in the Ala-Glymoiety, with an NH...O = C hydrogen bond in the epsilon-aminocaproic acid portion of the molecule, and that the molecule adopts a unique conformation in solution. In contrast, an open-chain analog of this compound exists in solution as an ensemble of conformations but with a significant amount of a type II beta-bend structure in the ensemble.", "contents": "Cyclized dipeptide model for a beta-bend. A cyclic dipeptide in which L-Ala-Gly was cyclized with epsilon-aminocaproic acid has been synthesized as a model for a beta-bend. Its conformational properties have been examined by means of conformational energy calculations and nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, Raman, and circular dichroism spectroscopy in various solvents. These calculations and experiments suggest that a type II beta-bend exists in the Ala-Glymoiety, with an NH...O = C hydrogen bond in the epsilon-aminocaproic acid portion of the molecule, and that the molecule adopts a unique conformation in solution. In contrast, an open-chain analog of this compound exists in solution as an ensemble of conformations but with a significant amount of a type II beta-bend structure in the ensemble."}
{"id": "PMID:288042", "title": "Paracatalytic modification of aldolase: a side reaction of the catalytic cycle resulting in irreversible blocking of two active-site lysyl residues.", "content": "Paracatalytic enzyme modifications result from the oxidation of enzyme-substrate carbanions by extrinsic oxidants. During the oxidation of enzyme-activated substrates, transiently reactive intermediates are generated which, without being released from the enzyme, modify groups at the active site. For enzymes producing carbanion intermediates, the combination of the normal substrate with a suitable electron acceptor has thus been proposed as a highly specific binary system for their active site-directed modification. In this study, the structural features of paracatalytically modified fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) from rabbit muscle have been elucidated. This enzyme is completely inactivated within 60 min in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in saturating concentration and 0.5 mM hexacyanoferrate(III) (pH 7.6, 25 degrees C). The inactivation is caused by covalent incorporation of one triosephosphate derivative per subunit. Peptide analysis showed that the triosephosphate derivative forms an intrachain crosslink between lysine-146 and lysine-227. According to previous independent experimental evidence, both lysyl residues are located at the active site: the epsilon-amino group of lysine-227 forms a Schiff base intermediate with the carbonyl group of the substrate [Lai, C. Y., Nakai, N. & Chang, D. (1974) Science 183, 1204-1206] and alkylation of lysine-146 by the affinity labeling reagent N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate inactivates the enzyme [Hartman, F. C. & Brown, J. P. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3057-3062]. The present data thus establish paracatalytic modification as a mode of active site-directed enzyme modification.", "contents": "Paracatalytic modification of aldolase: a side reaction of the catalytic cycle resulting in irreversible blocking of two active-site lysyl residues. Paracatalytic enzyme modifications result from the oxidation of enzyme-substrate carbanions by extrinsic oxidants. During the oxidation of enzyme-activated substrates, transiently reactive intermediates are generated which, without being released from the enzyme, modify groups at the active site. For enzymes producing carbanion intermediates, the combination of the normal substrate with a suitable electron acceptor has thus been proposed as a highly specific binary system for their active site-directed modification. In this study, the structural features of paracatalytically modified fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) from rabbit muscle have been elucidated. This enzyme is completely inactivated within 60 min in the presence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in saturating concentration and 0.5 mM hexacyanoferrate(III) (pH 7.6, 25 degrees C). The inactivation is caused by covalent incorporation of one triosephosphate derivative per subunit. Peptide analysis showed that the triosephosphate derivative forms an intrachain crosslink between lysine-146 and lysine-227. According to previous independent experimental evidence, both lysyl residues are located at the active site: the epsilon-amino group of lysine-227 forms a Schiff base intermediate with the carbonyl group of the substrate [Lai, C. Y., Nakai, N. & Chang, D. (1974) Science 183, 1204-1206] and alkylation of lysine-146 by the affinity labeling reagent N-bromoacetylethanolamine phosphate inactivates the enzyme [Hartman, F. C. & Brown, J. P. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 3057-3062]. The present data thus establish paracatalytic modification as a mode of active site-directed enzyme modification."}
{"id": "PMID:288043", "title": "Polyamine-mediated phosphorylation of a nucleolar protein from Physarum polycephalum that stimulates rRNA synthesis.", "content": "An acidic nucleolar phosphoprotein with a subunit M(r) of 70,000 was purified as an apparent dimer of 139,000 from isolated nuclei of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The protein was purified without the aid of strong dissociating agents after its selective phosphorylation in isolated nuclei by a polyamine-mediated reaction. Its amino acid composition resembled that of a nucleolar phosphoprotein from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. The phosphoprotein stimulated rRNA synthesis 5-fold by RNA polymerase I within a nucleolar, ribosomal deoxyribonucleoprotein complex isolated from nucleoli of P. polycephalum. It was also identified as a component of the complex. It bound with high affinity and specificity to the palindromic ribosomal DNA of 38 x 10(6)M(r) from P. polycephalum, which contained two coding sequences for 5.8S, 19S, and 26S rRNA. It also bound to three fragments of ribosomal DNA of M(r) 21.2 x 10(6), 17.1 x 10(6), and 8.1 x 10(6), prepared by cleavage with restriction endonucleases HindIII, PstI, and BamHI, respectively. All of these fragments included the symmetry axis of the palindromic ribosomal DNA. The phosphoprotein that had been treated with alkaline phosphataseagarose to hydrolyze the phosphate groups did not stimulate transcription and did not bind to ribosomal DNA or to the restriction fragments indicated. We have thus isolated a specific phosphoprotein with the capacity to stimulate transcription of a specific set of genes in a eukaryote. These findings suggest that this phosphoprotein may specifically regulate functions of ribosomal DNA in a manner dependent on its degree of phosphorylation.", "contents": "Polyamine-mediated phosphorylation of a nucleolar protein from Physarum polycephalum that stimulates rRNA synthesis. An acidic nucleolar phosphoprotein with a subunit M(r) of 70,000 was purified as an apparent dimer of 139,000 from isolated nuclei of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The protein was purified without the aid of strong dissociating agents after its selective phosphorylation in isolated nuclei by a polyamine-mediated reaction. Its amino acid composition resembled that of a nucleolar phosphoprotein from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. The phosphoprotein stimulated rRNA synthesis 5-fold by RNA polymerase I within a nucleolar, ribosomal deoxyribonucleoprotein complex isolated from nucleoli of P. polycephalum. It was also identified as a component of the complex. It bound with high affinity and specificity to the palindromic ribosomal DNA of 38 x 10(6)M(r) from P. polycephalum, which contained two coding sequences for 5.8S, 19S, and 26S rRNA. It also bound to three fragments of ribosomal DNA of M(r) 21.2 x 10(6), 17.1 x 10(6), and 8.1 x 10(6), prepared by cleavage with restriction endonucleases HindIII, PstI, and BamHI, respectively. All of these fragments included the symmetry axis of the palindromic ribosomal DNA. The phosphoprotein that had been treated with alkaline phosphataseagarose to hydrolyze the phosphate groups did not stimulate transcription and did not bind to ribosomal DNA or to the restriction fragments indicated. We have thus isolated a specific phosphoprotein with the capacity to stimulate transcription of a specific set of genes in a eukaryote. These findings suggest that this phosphoprotein may specifically regulate functions of ribosomal DNA in a manner dependent on its degree of phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:288044", "title": "Asymmetric and globular forms of acetylcholinesterase in mammals and birds.", "content": "We have identified six molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AcChoE: acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in extracts from bovine superior cervical ganglia. We show that three of them resemble the collagen-tailed forms of Electrophorus AcChoE in their hydrodynamic parameters, low-salt aggregation properties, and collagenase sensitivity. The six molecular forms of bovine AcChoE appear structurally homologous to the six forms of electric fish AcChoE that have previously been characterized. They include globular molecules (monomers, dimers, and tetramers) and asymmetric aggregating molecules that possess a collagen-like tail associated with one, two, and three tetramers. We propose to call the globular forms G1, G2, and G4 and the asymmetric forms A4, A8, and A12, the subscripts indicating  the number of catalytic subunits. In spite of quantitative differences in their molecular parameters, the AcChoE forms from rat and chicken are clearly homologous to those of bovine AcChoE. Thus the nomenclature we introduce is very probably valid for the main AcChoE molecular forms, at least in vertebrates, and should help to clarify structural relationships and homologies among them. This model, however, does not claim to represent entirely the complex polymorphism of AcChoE, because more or less hydrophobic variants of the G forms have been observed, and because other molecular associations cannot be excluded. We discuss the significance of the globular and collagen-tailed structure for the molecular localization of AcChoE.", "contents": "Asymmetric and globular forms of acetylcholinesterase in mammals and birds. We have identified six molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AcChoE: acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) in extracts from bovine superior cervical ganglia. We show that three of them resemble the collagen-tailed forms of Electrophorus AcChoE in their hydrodynamic parameters, low-salt aggregation properties, and collagenase sensitivity. The six molecular forms of bovine AcChoE appear structurally homologous to the six forms of electric fish AcChoE that have previously been characterized. They include globular molecules (monomers, dimers, and tetramers) and asymmetric aggregating molecules that possess a collagen-like tail associated with one, two, and three tetramers. We propose to call the globular forms G1, G2, and G4 and the asymmetric forms A4, A8, and A12, the subscripts indicating  the number of catalytic subunits. In spite of quantitative differences in their molecular parameters, the AcChoE forms from rat and chicken are clearly homologous to those of bovine AcChoE. Thus the nomenclature we introduce is very probably valid for the main AcChoE molecular forms, at least in vertebrates, and should help to clarify structural relationships and homologies among them. This model, however, does not claim to represent entirely the complex polymorphism of AcChoE, because more or less hydrophobic variants of the G forms have been observed, and because other molecular associations cannot be excluded. We discuss the significance of the globular and collagen-tailed structure for the molecular localization of AcChoE."}
{"id": "PMID:288045", "title": "Staphylococcal nuclease: proposed mechanism of action based on structure of enzyme-thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate-calcium ion complex at 1.5-A resolution.", "content": "The structure of the staphylococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7)-thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate-Ca(2+) (enzyme-inhibitor) complex has been extended to 1.5-A resolution by using much additional data and a phase refinement scheme based on an electron-density map modification procedure. By correlating this structure with the known properties of the enzyme, a mechanism of action is proposed that involves nucleophilic attack on phosphorus by a water molecule, which is bound to Glu-43, in line with the 5'-CH(2)O(H) leaving group. The carboxylate of Glu-43 promotes this attack by acting as a general base for the abstraction of a proton from the attacking water molecule. Nucleophilic attack is further facilitated by polarization of the phosphodiester by an ionic interaction between a Ca(2+) ion and a phosphate oxygen atom and by four hydrogen bonds to phosphate oxygen atoms from guanidinium ions of Arg-35 and Arg-87. These interactions may also catalyze the reaction by lowering the energy of a trigonal bipyramidal transition state. The hydrolysis of nucleic acid substrate proceeds by cleavage of the 5'-P-O bond to yield a free 5'-hydroxyl group and a terminal, 3'-phosphate monoester group. In the inhibitor complex the only general acid group found in a position to donate a proton to the leaving 5'-oxygen is the guanidinium ion of Arg-87. Alternative proton donors, presently lacking direct structural support, could be the phenolic hydroxyl group of Tyr-113 or a water molecule. The precision and rigidity of the location of the reactants at the active site and the probable dual binding and catalytic roles of the guanidinium ions of Arg-35 and Arg-87 are especially noteworthy.", "contents": "Staphylococcal nuclease: proposed mechanism of action based on structure of enzyme-thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate-calcium ion complex at 1.5-A resolution. The structure of the staphylococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7)-thymidine 3',5'-bisphosphate-Ca(2+) (enzyme-inhibitor) complex has been extended to 1.5-A resolution by using much additional data and a phase refinement scheme based on an electron-density map modification procedure. By correlating this structure with the known properties of the enzyme, a mechanism of action is proposed that involves nucleophilic attack on phosphorus by a water molecule, which is bound to Glu-43, in line with the 5'-CH(2)O(H) leaving group. The carboxylate of Glu-43 promotes this attack by acting as a general base for the abstraction of a proton from the attacking water molecule. Nucleophilic attack is further facilitated by polarization of the phosphodiester by an ionic interaction between a Ca(2+) ion and a phosphate oxygen atom and by four hydrogen bonds to phosphate oxygen atoms from guanidinium ions of Arg-35 and Arg-87. These interactions may also catalyze the reaction by lowering the energy of a trigonal bipyramidal transition state. The hydrolysis of nucleic acid substrate proceeds by cleavage of the 5'-P-O bond to yield a free 5'-hydroxyl group and a terminal, 3'-phosphate monoester group. In the inhibitor complex the only general acid group found in a position to donate a proton to the leaving 5'-oxygen is the guanidinium ion of Arg-87. Alternative proton donors, presently lacking direct structural support, could be the phenolic hydroxyl group of Tyr-113 or a water molecule. The precision and rigidity of the location of the reactants at the active site and the probable dual binding and catalytic roles of the guanidinium ions of Arg-35 and Arg-87 are especially noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:288046", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation.", "content": "Pinane-thromboxane A2 (PTA2, [1alpha,2 beta(Z),-3 alpha (1E,3R*),5 alpha]-7-(3-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid) has been synthesized and tested for biological activity in systems responsive to thromboxane A2, stable prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) analogs, and prostatacyclin (PGI2). At low concentrations, PTA2 inhibited cat coronary artery constriction induced by stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs, and it stabilized liver lysosomes. At slightly higher concentrations, it inhibited platelet aggregation. At still higher concentrations, PTA2 inhibited thromboxane synthetase, but it had no effect on prostacyclin synthetase. The analog also had no effect on the inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGI2 or prostaglandin D2. It is suggested that PTA2 has a suitable biochemical profile for use as an antithrombotic agent.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of pinane-thromboxane A2, a selective inhibitor of coronary artery constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane formation. Pinane-thromboxane A2 (PTA2, [1alpha,2 beta(Z),-3 alpha (1E,3R*),5 alpha]-7-(3-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid) has been synthesized and tested for biological activity in systems responsive to thromboxane A2, stable prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) analogs, and prostatacyclin (PGI2). At low concentrations, PTA2 inhibited cat coronary artery constriction induced by stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs, and it stabilized liver lysosomes. At slightly higher concentrations, it inhibited platelet aggregation. At still higher concentrations, PTA2 inhibited thromboxane synthetase, but it had no effect on prostacyclin synthetase. The analog also had no effect on the inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGI2 or prostaglandin D2. It is suggested that PTA2 has a suitable biochemical profile for use as an antithrombotic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:288047", "title": "Specific binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Torpedo californica postsynaptic membrane fragments were treated with base, which resulted in membranes that were depleted of many nonacetylcholine receptor polypeptides and contained acetylcholine receptor subunits of Mr 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, and 65,000 (Raftery, M.A., Vandlen, R.L., Reed, K.L. & Lee T. (1975) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 40, 193-202). A 43,000-Mr polypeptide and some other components were quantitatively extracted. Base-treated membranes retained the capacity to bind [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin and the local anesthetics dibucaine and tetracaine. The regulation of this binding by carbamylcholine, as well as the kinetic mechanism of perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding, was unchanged. [3H]Perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding activity was largely reconstituted from 2% sodium cholate extracts of base-treated membranes. Therefore, the perhydrostrionicotoxin binding site appears to be located on one or more of the acetylcholine receptor polypeptides, and the reconstitution of that binding site from detergent extracts does not require the presence of a 43,000-Mr polypeptide.", "contents": "Specific binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to Torpedo acetylcholine receptor. Torpedo californica postsynaptic membrane fragments were treated with base, which resulted in membranes that were depleted of many nonacetylcholine receptor polypeptides and contained acetylcholine receptor subunits of Mr 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, and 65,000 (Raftery, M.A., Vandlen, R.L., Reed, K.L. & Lee T. (1975) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 40, 193-202). A 43,000-Mr polypeptide and some other components were quantitatively extracted. Base-treated membranes retained the capacity to bind [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin and the local anesthetics dibucaine and tetracaine. The regulation of this binding by carbamylcholine, as well as the kinetic mechanism of perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding, was unchanged. [3H]Perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding activity was largely reconstituted from 2% sodium cholate extracts of base-treated membranes. Therefore, the perhydrostrionicotoxin binding site appears to be located on one or more of the acetylcholine receptor polypeptides, and the reconstitution of that binding site from detergent extracts does not require the presence of a 43,000-Mr polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:288048", "title": "Mechanism of monensin-induced hyperpolarization of neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15.", "content": "Addition of the ionophore monensin to mouse neuroblastoma-rat glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells leads to a 20 to 30-mV increase in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane as shown by direct intracellular recording techniques and by distribution studies with the lipophilic cation [3H]-tetraphenylphosphonium+ (TPP+) [Lichtshtein, D., Kaback, H.R. & Blume, A.J. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 650-654]. The effect is not observed with cells suspended in high K+ medium, is dependent upon the presence of Na+ externally, and the concentration of monensin that induces half-maximal stimulation of TPP+ accumulation is approximately 1 microM. The ionophore also causes rapid influx of Na+, a transient increase in intracellular pH, and a decrease in extracellular pH, all of which are consistent with the known ability of monensin to catalyze the transmembrane exchange of H+ for Na+. Although ouabain has no immediate effect on the membrane potential, the cardiac glycoside completely blocks the increase in TPP+ accumulation observed in the presence of monensin. Thus, the hyperpolarizing effect of monensin is mediated apparently by an increase in intracellular Na+ that acts to stimulate the electrogenic activity of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Because monensin stimulates TPP+ accumulation in a number of other cultured cell lines in addition to NG108-15, the techniques described may be of general use for studying the Na+,K+ pump and its regulation in situ.", "contents": "Mechanism of monensin-induced hyperpolarization of neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid NG108-15. Addition of the ionophore monensin to mouse neuroblastoma-rat glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells leads to a 20 to 30-mV increase in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane as shown by direct intracellular recording techniques and by distribution studies with the lipophilic cation [3H]-tetraphenylphosphonium+ (TPP+) [Lichtshtein, D., Kaback, H.R. & Blume, A.J. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 650-654]. The effect is not observed with cells suspended in high K+ medium, is dependent upon the presence of Na+ externally, and the concentration of monensin that induces half-maximal stimulation of TPP+ accumulation is approximately 1 microM. The ionophore also causes rapid influx of Na+, a transient increase in intracellular pH, and a decrease in extracellular pH, all of which are consistent with the known ability of monensin to catalyze the transmembrane exchange of H+ for Na+. Although ouabain has no immediate effect on the membrane potential, the cardiac glycoside completely blocks the increase in TPP+ accumulation observed in the presence of monensin. Thus, the hyperpolarizing effect of monensin is mediated apparently by an increase in intracellular Na+ that acts to stimulate the electrogenic activity of the Na+,K+-ATPase. Because monensin stimulates TPP+ accumulation in a number of other cultured cell lines in addition to NG108-15, the techniques described may be of general use for studying the Na+,K+ pump and its regulation in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:288049", "title": "Delimitation of a promoter for RNA polymerase III by means of a functional test.", "content": "A Xenopus laevis DNA segment containing the structural gene for tRNA1Met and 22 base pairs at the 5' side of the gene is active in tRNA production. The DNA segment was ligated to sea urchin histone DNA and was also inserted into plasmid pCR1. Both recombinant DNAs were shown to produce mature tRNA1Met at a high rate when injected into centrifuged Xenopus oocytes.", "contents": "Delimitation of a promoter for RNA polymerase III by means of a functional test. A Xenopus laevis DNA segment containing the structural gene for tRNA1Met and 22 base pairs at the 5' side of the gene is active in tRNA production. The DNA segment was ligated to sea urchin histone DNA and was also inserted into plasmid pCR1. Both recombinant DNAs were shown to produce mature tRNA1Met at a high rate when injected into centrifuged Xenopus oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:288050", "title": "Intermolecular crosslinking of fatty acyl chains in phospholipids: use of photoactivable carbene precursors.", "content": "Phospholipids containing photolysable carbene precursors (beta-trifluoro-alpha-diazopropionoxy and m-diazirinophenoxy groups) in omega-positions of sn-2 fatty acyl chains were prepared. Photolysis of their vesicles produced crosslinked products in 40-60% yields. Crosslinking was mostly intermolecular and occurred by carbene insertion into the C-H bonds of a second fatty acyl chain. Crosslinking products were characterized by (i) their gel permeation behavior, (ii) analysis of products formed by base-catalyzed transesterification, (iii) degradation with phospholipases A2 and C, (iv) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and (v) use of mixtures of phospholipids carrying the carbene precursors and a phospholipid containing radioactively labeled fatty acyl groups. Nitrenes generated from the aliphatic or aromatic azido groups in phospholipids were unsatisfactory for forming crosslinks by insertion in C-H bonds.", "contents": "Intermolecular crosslinking of fatty acyl chains in phospholipids: use of photoactivable carbene precursors. Phospholipids containing photolysable carbene precursors (beta-trifluoro-alpha-diazopropionoxy and m-diazirinophenoxy groups) in omega-positions of sn-2 fatty acyl chains were prepared. Photolysis of their vesicles produced crosslinked products in 40-60% yields. Crosslinking was mostly intermolecular and occurred by carbene insertion into the C-H bonds of a second fatty acyl chain. Crosslinking products were characterized by (i) their gel permeation behavior, (ii) analysis of products formed by base-catalyzed transesterification, (iii) degradation with phospholipases A2 and C, (iv) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and (v) use of mixtures of phospholipids carrying the carbene precursors and a phospholipid containing radioactively labeled fatty acyl groups. Nitrenes generated from the aliphatic or aromatic azido groups in phospholipids were unsatisfactory for forming crosslinks by insertion in C-H bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:288051", "title": "Serum RNase in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Serum RNase (RNase I; ribonuclease 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) activity (mean +/- SD) with polycytidine as substrate was determined in normal individuals (24.9 +/- 3.0 units/ml) and in patients with pancreatic cancer (37.3 +/- 14.8), pancreatitis (38.5 +/- 12.6), nonpancreatic diseases (48.7 +/- 14.8), or renal failure (175.8 +/- 92.8). Patients with pancreatic cancer could not be distinguished from those with pancreatitis or with nonpancreatic disease, although the RNase activities in all of these differed from the activity in normal individuals. The serum RNase activities of four patients with resectable \"curable\") pancreatic carcinoma and two others with advanced pancreatic cancer without obstructive jaundice were normal. After total pancreatectomy, serum RNase activity remained in the high-normal range. The data presented here and data in the literature show that serum RNase cannot be of primarily pancreatic origin. The present study also demonstrates that measurement of its activity is not useful in early detection of pancreatic cancer.", "contents": "Serum RNase in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Serum RNase (RNase I; ribonuclease 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) activity (mean +/- SD) with polycytidine as substrate was determined in normal individuals (24.9 +/- 3.0 units/ml) and in patients with pancreatic cancer (37.3 +/- 14.8), pancreatitis (38.5 +/- 12.6), nonpancreatic diseases (48.7 +/- 14.8), or renal failure (175.8 +/- 92.8). Patients with pancreatic cancer could not be distinguished from those with pancreatitis or with nonpancreatic disease, although the RNase activities in all of these differed from the activity in normal individuals. The serum RNase activities of four patients with resectable \"curable\") pancreatic carcinoma and two others with advanced pancreatic cancer without obstructive jaundice were normal. After total pancreatectomy, serum RNase activity remained in the high-normal range. The data presented here and data in the literature show that serum RNase cannot be of primarily pancreatic origin. The present study also demonstrates that measurement of its activity is not useful in early detection of pancreatic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:288052", "title": "Chemoattractants stimulate degradation of methylated phospholipids and release of arachidonic acid in rabbit leukocytes.", "content": "When rabbit peritoneal leukocytes were treated with chemoattractants such as fMet-Leu-Phe, an apparent decrease of [3H]methyl incorporation into the lipid fraction from L-[methyl-3H]methionine was observed. This decrease was a result of increased degradation of methylated phospholipids, not of decreased synthesis. Chemotactic peptides did not affect the metabolism of the phospholipids in which [methyl-14C]choline was incorporated. The disappearance of the [3H]methyl group was associated with the release of [1-14C]arachidonic acid from phospholipids prelabeled with these compounds. These findings suggested the activation by chemoattractants of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that removes an unsaturated fatty acid from phospholipids. The order of potency of chemoattractants for the stimulated degradation of phospholipids was in good agreement with that for chemotaxis. Mepacrine (quinacrine) and hydrocortisone inhibited and a phorbol ester enhanced both chemotaxis and phospholipase A2 activity. These results, taken together, suggest close association of the metabolism of methylated phospholipids with chemotaxis in rabbit peritoneal leukocytes.", "contents": "Chemoattractants stimulate degradation of methylated phospholipids and release of arachidonic acid in rabbit leukocytes. When rabbit peritoneal leukocytes were treated with chemoattractants such as fMet-Leu-Phe, an apparent decrease of [3H]methyl incorporation into the lipid fraction from L-[methyl-3H]methionine was observed. This decrease was a result of increased degradation of methylated phospholipids, not of decreased synthesis. Chemotactic peptides did not affect the metabolism of the phospholipids in which [methyl-14C]choline was incorporated. The disappearance of the [3H]methyl group was associated with the release of [1-14C]arachidonic acid from phospholipids prelabeled with these compounds. These findings suggested the activation by chemoattractants of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that removes an unsaturated fatty acid from phospholipids. The order of potency of chemoattractants for the stimulated degradation of phospholipids was in good agreement with that for chemotaxis. Mepacrine (quinacrine) and hydrocortisone inhibited and a phorbol ester enhanced both chemotaxis and phospholipase A2 activity. These results, taken together, suggest close association of the metabolism of methylated phospholipids with chemotaxis in rabbit peritoneal leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:288053", "title": "Fibronectin and the multiple interaction model for platelet-collagen adhesion.", "content": "A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible assay to determine the adhesion of platelets to collagen has been developed. Collagen fibers and adherent platelets are retained on polycarbonate membrane filters. Chemical modification of collagen by acetylation and of platelets by treatment with chymotrypsin markedly reduces adhesion. The role of fibronectin in the collagen-platelet interaction has been examined. Treatment of platelets with purified antibody or Fab' fragments to fibronectin only slightly reduces adhesion. Preincubation of platelets with high concentrations of gelatin reduces adhesion by only 22% but fails to inhibit aggregation. Thus, fibronectin has only a limited role in the adhesion of platelets to collagen and is either not involved in the adhesion that leads to aggregation or is only one of several adhesion mechanisms, any of which alone can initiate aggregation.", "contents": "Fibronectin and the multiple interaction model for platelet-collagen adhesion. A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible assay to determine the adhesion of platelets to collagen has been developed. Collagen fibers and adherent platelets are retained on polycarbonate membrane filters. Chemical modification of collagen by acetylation and of platelets by treatment with chymotrypsin markedly reduces adhesion. The role of fibronectin in the collagen-platelet interaction has been examined. Treatment of platelets with purified antibody or Fab' fragments to fibronectin only slightly reduces adhesion. Preincubation of platelets with high concentrations of gelatin reduces adhesion by only 22% but fails to inhibit aggregation. Thus, fibronectin has only a limited role in the adhesion of platelets to collagen and is either not involved in the adhesion that leads to aggregation or is only one of several adhesion mechanisms, any of which alone can initiate aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:288054", "title": "Messenger RNA of opsin from bovine retina: isolation and partial sequence of the in vitro translation product.", "content": "Opsin, the apoprotein of the visual pigment rhodopsin, is synthesized on membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently passes through the Golgi apparatus to the rod outer segment. This pathway parallels the early stages of biosynthesis of some secretory proteins and viral membrane glycoproteins. Most of these proteins are initially synthesized as precursor molecules with a short-lived hydrophobic extra peptide segment at the NH(2) terminus. Therefore we investigated whether or not the immediate translation product of opsin mRNA contains a similar short-lived NH(2)-terminal extra peptide. The mRNA coding for opsin was isolated from bovine retina polysomes precipitated by antibodies to opsin. The mRNA directed the cell-free synthesis of a protein comparable in size to opsin that was specifically precipitated by anti-opsin antibodies. Sequence analyses of the immunoprecipitated protein labeled with six radioactive amino acids (Met, Asn, Pro, Phe, Tyr, Val) provided the following result: [Formula: see text] (X is unknown). This partial sequence of the cell-free product corresponds exactly to the published NH(2)-terminal segment of native opsin (21 residues long) and extends beyond this region. Met-1 was shown to be the initiator methionine residue, because only the initiator [(35)S]Met-tRNA(1) (Met)-not the internal [(35)S]Met-tRNA(2) (Met)-donated the NH(2)-terminal methionine. This finding essentially rules out the possibility that Met-1 was preceded by a peptide that was rapidly cleaved. Thus opsin, and not a precursor, is the immediate product of opsin mRNA translation.", "contents": "Messenger RNA of opsin from bovine retina: isolation and partial sequence of the in vitro translation product. Opsin, the apoprotein of the visual pigment rhodopsin, is synthesized on membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently passes through the Golgi apparatus to the rod outer segment. This pathway parallels the early stages of biosynthesis of some secretory proteins and viral membrane glycoproteins. Most of these proteins are initially synthesized as precursor molecules with a short-lived hydrophobic extra peptide segment at the NH(2) terminus. Therefore we investigated whether or not the immediate translation product of opsin mRNA contains a similar short-lived NH(2)-terminal extra peptide. The mRNA coding for opsin was isolated from bovine retina polysomes precipitated by antibodies to opsin. The mRNA directed the cell-free synthesis of a protein comparable in size to opsin that was specifically precipitated by anti-opsin antibodies. Sequence analyses of the immunoprecipitated protein labeled with six radioactive amino acids (Met, Asn, Pro, Phe, Tyr, Val) provided the following result: [Formula: see text] (X is unknown). This partial sequence of the cell-free product corresponds exactly to the published NH(2)-terminal segment of native opsin (21 residues long) and extends beyond this region. Met-1 was shown to be the initiator methionine residue, because only the initiator [(35)S]Met-tRNA(1) (Met)-not the internal [(35)S]Met-tRNA(2) (Met)-donated the NH(2)-terminal methionine. This finding essentially rules out the possibility that Met-1 was preceded by a peptide that was rapidly cleaved. Thus opsin, and not a precursor, is the immediate product of opsin mRNA translation."}
{"id": "PMID:288055", "title": "Determination of enzyme mechanisms by radiationless energy transfer kinetics.", "content": "Rigorous definition of the elementary steps of an enzymatic reaction requires visualization of transient enzyme-substrate (ES) complexes. Measurement of radiationless energy transfer (RET) between enzyme tryptophan residues and a fluorescent dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) substrate provides a sensitive means to observe ES complexes directly. Analysis of the rate of formation and breakdown of ES complexes by RET can serve as the basis of a rapid kinetic approach to enzyme mechanisms. Both pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics can be performed in the same RET experiment. Analysis at steady state precisely determines k(cat) and K(m) values by multiple means. Analysis at pre-steady state determines the number of intermediates, the type of reaction mechanism, and all the individual binding and rate constants. Chymotrypsin was chosen as a standard of reference for RET kinetics because extensive investigations have established both the existence of transient intermediates in the course of its catalytic process and the range of values to be expected for pertinent kinetic constants. As predicted, RET kinetics readily detects the two known intermediates in the alpha-chymotrypsincatalyzed hydrolysis of specific ester substrates. The results are both qualitatively and quantitatively in accord with data derived for this enzyme from classical kinetics. Hence, this experimental study both validates and demonstrates the theoretical advantages and potential of RET kinetics. The generality of the approach has been investigated by synthesizing a family of dansyl-labeled substrates designed to meet the specificity requirements of a number of metallo- and nonmetallo- exo- and endopeptidases. In all cases, the ES complex is observed readily at micromolar or lower concentrations of enzyme under stopped-flow conditions. The success of the RET kinetic approach on proteolytic enzymes shows its broad utility.", "contents": "Determination of enzyme mechanisms by radiationless energy transfer kinetics. Rigorous definition of the elementary steps of an enzymatic reaction requires visualization of transient enzyme-substrate (ES) complexes. Measurement of radiationless energy transfer (RET) between enzyme tryptophan residues and a fluorescent dansyl (5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl) substrate provides a sensitive means to observe ES complexes directly. Analysis of the rate of formation and breakdown of ES complexes by RET can serve as the basis of a rapid kinetic approach to enzyme mechanisms. Both pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics can be performed in the same RET experiment. Analysis at steady state precisely determines k(cat) and K(m) values by multiple means. Analysis at pre-steady state determines the number of intermediates, the type of reaction mechanism, and all the individual binding and rate constants. Chymotrypsin was chosen as a standard of reference for RET kinetics because extensive investigations have established both the existence of transient intermediates in the course of its catalytic process and the range of values to be expected for pertinent kinetic constants. As predicted, RET kinetics readily detects the two known intermediates in the alpha-chymotrypsincatalyzed hydrolysis of specific ester substrates. The results are both qualitatively and quantitatively in accord with data derived for this enzyme from classical kinetics. Hence, this experimental study both validates and demonstrates the theoretical advantages and potential of RET kinetics. The generality of the approach has been investigated by synthesizing a family of dansyl-labeled substrates designed to meet the specificity requirements of a number of metallo- and nonmetallo- exo- and endopeptidases. In all cases, the ES complex is observed readily at micromolar or lower concentrations of enzyme under stopped-flow conditions. The success of the RET kinetic approach on proteolytic enzymes shows its broad utility."}
{"id": "PMID:288056", "title": "De novo biosynthesis of an enzymatically active precursor form of bovine pancreatic RNase.", "content": "The de novo biosynthesis of RNase (ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) was studied in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte translation system using a polyadenylylated fraction of mRNA isolated from bovine pancreas. Analysis of the [35S]methionine-labeled translation products of pancreas mRNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of several proteins, one of which corresponded to 16,500 daltons, or approximately 2800 daltons greater than native RNase A. This protein was specifically precipitated from the mixture of products by anti-RNase antibodies. Partial sequence determination of the NH2-terminal region of the anti-RNase antibody-precipitable species indicated that it is a precursor form of RNase A with 25 additional amino acids on its NH2 terminus. The precursor nature of the protein was confirmed by demonstration that a mixture of RNase A and a glycosylated form of the enzyme, RNase B, is formed when translation of the mRNA is conducted in the presence of dog pancreas membranes. Assay of the putative precursor form of RNase for catalytic activity with polycytidylic acid as substrate indicated that the protein has a specific enzymatic activity identical to that of native RNase A.", "contents": "De novo biosynthesis of an enzymatically active precursor form of bovine pancreatic RNase. The de novo biosynthesis of RNase (ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) was studied in a cell-free rabbit reticulocyte translation system using a polyadenylylated fraction of mRNA isolated from bovine pancreas. Analysis of the [35S]methionine-labeled translation products of pancreas mRNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of several proteins, one of which corresponded to 16,500 daltons, or approximately 2800 daltons greater than native RNase A. This protein was specifically precipitated from the mixture of products by anti-RNase antibodies. Partial sequence determination of the NH2-terminal region of the anti-RNase antibody-precipitable species indicated that it is a precursor form of RNase A with 25 additional amino acids on its NH2 terminus. The precursor nature of the protein was confirmed by demonstration that a mixture of RNase A and a glycosylated form of the enzyme, RNase B, is formed when translation of the mRNA is conducted in the presence of dog pancreas membranes. Assay of the putative precursor form of RNase for catalytic activity with polycytidylic acid as substrate indicated that the protein has a specific enzymatic activity identical to that of native RNase A."}
{"id": "PMID:288057", "title": "Initial glycosylation of proteins with acetylgalactosaminylserine linkages.", "content": "Epithelial glycoprotein like that produced by the gastric surface consists of a polypeptide chain rich in serine and threonine; to these amino acid residues oligosaccharide chains of variable length are linked. The linking sugar is acetylgalactosamine. To find out whether the initial glycosylation takes place at the ribosomal level. I treated purified peptidyl-tRNA, derived from rat gastric membrane-bound polysomes, with alkali in the presence of boro[3H]hydride. Alkali specifically splits glycosidic bonds between serine or threonine and oligosaccharide side chains (beta-elimination reaction). The linking sugar is converted to an alditol and simultaneously labeled. GalNAc was identified as the linking sugar by paper chromatography. Furthermore, nascent peptides with lengths between 40 and 60 amino acid residues already contained this linking sugar. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 of 3H-labeled saccharides revealed that nascent chains contained mainly monosaccharides, but some di- or trisaccharides were found with GalNAc as the linkage sugar. These findings demonstrate that initial glycosylation of epithelial glycoprotein occurs at the ribosomal level rather shortly after the nascent peptide chain has reached the cisternal lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Initial glycosylation of proteins with acetylgalactosaminylserine linkages. Epithelial glycoprotein like that produced by the gastric surface consists of a polypeptide chain rich in serine and threonine; to these amino acid residues oligosaccharide chains of variable length are linked. The linking sugar is acetylgalactosamine. To find out whether the initial glycosylation takes place at the ribosomal level. I treated purified peptidyl-tRNA, derived from rat gastric membrane-bound polysomes, with alkali in the presence of boro[3H]hydride. Alkali specifically splits glycosidic bonds between serine or threonine and oligosaccharide side chains (beta-elimination reaction). The linking sugar is converted to an alditol and simultaneously labeled. GalNAc was identified as the linking sugar by paper chromatography. Furthermore, nascent peptides with lengths between 40 and 60 amino acid residues already contained this linking sugar. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 of 3H-labeled saccharides revealed that nascent chains contained mainly monosaccharides, but some di- or trisaccharides were found with GalNAc as the linkage sugar. These findings demonstrate that initial glycosylation of epithelial glycoprotein occurs at the ribosomal level rather shortly after the nascent peptide chain has reached the cisternal lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:288058", "title": "Helical parameters of DNA do not change when DNA fibers are wetted: X-ray diffraction study.", "content": "We have measured the helical parameters of DNA in concentrated solutions by x-ray fiber diffraction methods. Fibers of the sodium salt of DNA were swollen with water within capillaries; the capillary served to limit water uptake, slowing dissolution. Samples containing  up to 80% water gave essentially a B-form diffraction pattern and had virtually the same helical parameters [9.91 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.14); 3.34 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.019)] as did the initial fibers [9.95 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.15); 3.33 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.015)]. Hence, under highly solvated conditions in which the interactions between molecules should be greatly decreased, DNA maintains its classical B-form structure.", "contents": "Helical parameters of DNA do not change when DNA fibers are wetted: X-ray diffraction study. We have measured the helical parameters of DNA in concentrated solutions by x-ray fiber diffraction methods. Fibers of the sodium salt of DNA were swollen with water within capillaries; the capillary served to limit water uptake, slowing dissolution. Samples containing  up to 80% water gave essentially a B-form diffraction pattern and had virtually the same helical parameters [9.91 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.14); 3.34 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.019)] as did the initial fibers [9.95 base pairs per turn (SD = 0.15); 3.33 A axial rise per residue (SD = 0.015)]. Hence, under highly solvated conditions in which the interactions between molecules should be greatly decreased, DNA maintains its classical B-form structure."}
{"id": "PMID:288059", "title": "Arachidonic acid is responsible for the smooth muscle-contracting activity of G-acid.", "content": "G-acid, a smooth-muscle-contracting substance isolated from human blood plasma, was previously identified as 3-octadecenoic acid. Synthetic cis- and trans-3-octadecenoic acid, however, are biologically inactive. G-acid actually consists of a mixture of fatty acids, characteristic of animal tissues. The biological activity is caused by arachidonic acid, which contracts smooth muscle upon in situ conversion to prostaglandins.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid is responsible for the smooth muscle-contracting activity of G-acid. G-acid, a smooth-muscle-contracting substance isolated from human blood plasma, was previously identified as 3-octadecenoic acid. Synthetic cis- and trans-3-octadecenoic acid, however, are biologically inactive. G-acid actually consists of a mixture of fatty acids, characteristic of animal tissues. The biological activity is caused by arachidonic acid, which contracts smooth muscle upon in situ conversion to prostaglandins."}
{"id": "PMID:288060", "title": "Modulation of binding and bioactivity of insulin by anti-insulin antibody: relation to possible role of receptor self-aggregation in hormone action.", "content": "Incubation of physiological concentrations of 125I-labeled insulin with liver membranes in the presence of anti-insulin IgG results in a 7- to 15-fold increase in the specific binding of the hormone. The low-affinity/high-capacity binding sites are replaced by an apparently homogeneous class of high-affinity sites, and the nonlinear Scatchard plots are converted to linear plots without a change in the maximum number of binding sites. Similarly, the binding of insulin to receptors in 3T3 fibroblasts is increased substantially in the presence of anti-insulin antibody, and the biological activity of subactive concentrations of insulin is enhanced by antibody in these cells. However, the affinity of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factors (EGF) in fibroblasts is not affected by anti-EGF IgG. In adipocytes anti-insulin IgG in the same concentration range only inhibits the binding of insulin and suppresses insulin-mediated glucose oxidation. Monovalent Fab' fragments from anti-insulin IgG inhibit the binding of the hormone, indicating that the enhancement of binding in liver membranes and fibroblasts requires the bivalency of the antibody.", "contents": "Modulation of binding and bioactivity of insulin by anti-insulin antibody: relation to possible role of receptor self-aggregation in hormone action. Incubation of physiological concentrations of 125I-labeled insulin with liver membranes in the presence of anti-insulin IgG results in a 7- to 15-fold increase in the specific binding of the hormone. The low-affinity/high-capacity binding sites are replaced by an apparently homogeneous class of high-affinity sites, and the nonlinear Scatchard plots are converted to linear plots without a change in the maximum number of binding sites. Similarly, the binding of insulin to receptors in 3T3 fibroblasts is increased substantially in the presence of anti-insulin antibody, and the biological activity of subactive concentrations of insulin is enhanced by antibody in these cells. However, the affinity of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factors (EGF) in fibroblasts is not affected by anti-EGF IgG. In adipocytes anti-insulin IgG in the same concentration range only inhibits the binding of insulin and suppresses insulin-mediated glucose oxidation. Monovalent Fab' fragments from anti-insulin IgG inhibit the binding of the hormone, indicating that the enhancement of binding in liver membranes and fibroblasts requires the bivalency of the antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:288061", "title": "Tactoidal state and phase transitions in systems of linear polymers of variable length.", "content": "The tactoidal state in systems containing long, rod-like molecules consists of partially aligned solute molecules in equilibrium with and at a concentration not much higher than that in the conjugate isotropic phase. Under the liquid lattice model of Flory [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, (1956) 234, 73-89], as well as under other models, tactoid formation by molecules of fixed axial ratio depends on nonideality induced by excluded volumes; the process is wholly entropy driven and requires no direct interactions between rods. Many rod-like biological polymers exhibit reversible polymerization, so that axial ratio and length are not fixed. Polymerization and rod length will then not only induce nonideality, alignment, and phase separation, but will be affected by these. In this work these interrelations are treated under the model of Flory, modified to include a free energy of polymerization and to permit reversible changes in rod length. The primary conclusion is that, in contrast to the situation for fixed lengths, excluded volume-dependent nonideality alone does not suffice to induce a tactoidal phase separation. In the absence of attractions or repulsions between rods the anisotropic phase is highly concentrated. This phase only becomes tactoidal when a minimal level of repulsive interaction between rods is reached. Under this model, tactoid formation in systems such as deoxygenated hemoglobin S and tobacco mosaic virus depends on repulsive interactions or metastability or both. As a secondary result it is shown that rod length in the anisotropic phase is much greater than in the conjugate isotropic phase.", "contents": "Tactoidal state and phase transitions in systems of linear polymers of variable length. The tactoidal state in systems containing long, rod-like molecules consists of partially aligned solute molecules in equilibrium with and at a concentration not much higher than that in the conjugate isotropic phase. Under the liquid lattice model of Flory [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, (1956) 234, 73-89], as well as under other models, tactoid formation by molecules of fixed axial ratio depends on nonideality induced by excluded volumes; the process is wholly entropy driven and requires no direct interactions between rods. Many rod-like biological polymers exhibit reversible polymerization, so that axial ratio and length are not fixed. Polymerization and rod length will then not only induce nonideality, alignment, and phase separation, but will be affected by these. In this work these interrelations are treated under the model of Flory, modified to include a free energy of polymerization and to permit reversible changes in rod length. The primary conclusion is that, in contrast to the situation for fixed lengths, excluded volume-dependent nonideality alone does not suffice to induce a tactoidal phase separation. In the absence of attractions or repulsions between rods the anisotropic phase is highly concentrated. This phase only becomes tactoidal when a minimal level of repulsive interaction between rods is reached. Under this model, tactoid formation in systems such as deoxygenated hemoglobin S and tobacco mosaic virus depends on repulsive interactions or metastability or both. As a secondary result it is shown that rod length in the anisotropic phase is much greater than in the conjugate isotropic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:288062", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of tobacco mosaic virus assembly: direct measurement of relative rates of incorporation of 4S and 20S protein.", "content": "The mechanism of assembly of tobacco mosaic virus has been investigated under conditions in which the rates of incorporation of the 4S and 20S proteins can each be directly measured by analytical centfrifugation. Under these conditions, pH 6.5, 6.5 degrees C, 0.10 M ionic strength potassium orthophosphate, the protein can be made to exist as a metastable 20S aggregate that is necessary for efficient reconstitution. The overall assembly process consists of an initiation (nucleation) reaction that requires two to three 20S disk aggregates per RNA molecule and is followed by an elongation (growth) reaction. In the elongation phase of assembly the 4S protein is incorporated 50 to 70 times faster than the 20S disk, calculated on the basis of a steady-state kinetic analysis. Therefore, under these conditions, in which the rate of assembly is about 0.06 of that at pH 7, 20 degrees C, 0.10 M ionic strength orthophosphate, the 4S protein preferentially participates in the elongation phase. At this slow reconstitution rate intermediate assembly states (about 70-168 S) can be observed. The kinetics of both protein incorporation and nucleoprotein formation suggest that the elongation process is composed of at least two different, possibly sequential, rate-limiting reactions.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of tobacco mosaic virus assembly: direct measurement of relative rates of incorporation of 4S and 20S protein. The mechanism of assembly of tobacco mosaic virus has been investigated under conditions in which the rates of incorporation of the 4S and 20S proteins can each be directly measured by analytical centfrifugation. Under these conditions, pH 6.5, 6.5 degrees C, 0.10 M ionic strength potassium orthophosphate, the protein can be made to exist as a metastable 20S aggregate that is necessary for efficient reconstitution. The overall assembly process consists of an initiation (nucleation) reaction that requires two to three 20S disk aggregates per RNA molecule and is followed by an elongation (growth) reaction. In the elongation phase of assembly the 4S protein is incorporated 50 to 70 times faster than the 20S disk, calculated on the basis of a steady-state kinetic analysis. Therefore, under these conditions, in which the rate of assembly is about 0.06 of that at pH 7, 20 degrees C, 0.10 M ionic strength orthophosphate, the 4S protein preferentially participates in the elongation phase. At this slow reconstitution rate intermediate assembly states (about 70-168 S) can be observed. The kinetics of both protein incorporation and nucleoprotein formation suggest that the elongation process is composed of at least two different, possibly sequential, rate-limiting reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:288063", "title": "Measured work of deformation and repulsion of lecithin bilayers.", "content": "We used three complementary techniques to vary the chemical potential of water in lipid/water mixtures; we measured the work of removing water from the multilayer lattice formed in water by the zwitterionic phospholipid egg lecithin. By x-ray diffraction, we observed the structural consequences of water removal. There are no discrete classes of \"bound water\" in this system; the work of removal is a continuous function of water content and lattice repeat spacing. From 30 to 3 A separation between bilayers there exists an exponential \"hydration force\" repulsion with a 2.6 A decay length. This interaction translates into a very large force to prevent contact between vesicles and planar membranes. It may be an important feature in controlling vesicle-to-cell fusion. As water is removed, bilayers not only move closer, but thicken as the lipid polar groups on the same bilayer move closer together. It is possible to divide the applied work into that of direct bilayer repulsion and that of bilayer deformation. We thus obtained a first determination of the lateral pressure required to create large increases in bilayer thickness and concomitant decreases in bilayer area. The lateral pressure reaches 25 dynes/cm for a 25% decrease in bilayer area. Systematic measurements of the mechanical properties of bilayers suffering such large deformation will allow critical tests of theories on bilayer stability and phase transition.", "contents": "Measured work of deformation and repulsion of lecithin bilayers. We used three complementary techniques to vary the chemical potential of water in lipid/water mixtures; we measured the work of removing water from the multilayer lattice formed in water by the zwitterionic phospholipid egg lecithin. By x-ray diffraction, we observed the structural consequences of water removal. There are no discrete classes of \"bound water\" in this system; the work of removal is a continuous function of water content and lattice repeat spacing. From 30 to 3 A separation between bilayers there exists an exponential \"hydration force\" repulsion with a 2.6 A decay length. This interaction translates into a very large force to prevent contact between vesicles and planar membranes. It may be an important feature in controlling vesicle-to-cell fusion. As water is removed, bilayers not only move closer, but thicken as the lipid polar groups on the same bilayer move closer together. It is possible to divide the applied work into that of direct bilayer repulsion and that of bilayer deformation. We thus obtained a first determination of the lateral pressure required to create large increases in bilayer thickness and concomitant decreases in bilayer area. The lateral pressure reaches 25 dynes/cm for a 25% decrease in bilayer area. Systematic measurements of the mechanical properties of bilayers suffering such large deformation will allow critical tests of theories on bilayer stability and phase transition."}
{"id": "PMID:288064", "title": "Electron flow through plastoquinone and cytochromes b6 and f in chloroplasts.", "content": "With dark-adapted chloroplasts in which the plastoquinone was oxidized, a partial reduction of cytochrome b6 was obtained upon illumination with a pair of short saturating flashes. The second flash of the pair was much more effective than the first, and the reduction was inhibited by the system II inhibitor diuron. When the plastoquinone pool was reduced, both the reduction and the oxidation of cytochrome b6 were accelerated. The cytochrome b6 oxidation appeared to proceed in association with the reduction of cytochrome f, although these cytochromes are not simply connected in series. From these observations it is inferred that electron flow to the secondary donors of system I alternately caused the reduction and the oxidation of cytochrome b6. An interpretation is offered that also accounts for the transmembrane proton translocation that is associated with the oxidation of plastohydroquinone.", "contents": "Electron flow through plastoquinone and cytochromes b6 and f in chloroplasts. With dark-adapted chloroplasts in which the plastoquinone was oxidized, a partial reduction of cytochrome b6 was obtained upon illumination with a pair of short saturating flashes. The second flash of the pair was much more effective than the first, and the reduction was inhibited by the system II inhibitor diuron. When the plastoquinone pool was reduced, both the reduction and the oxidation of cytochrome b6 were accelerated. The cytochrome b6 oxidation appeared to proceed in association with the reduction of cytochrome f, although these cytochromes are not simply connected in series. From these observations it is inferred that electron flow to the secondary donors of system I alternately caused the reduction and the oxidation of cytochrome b6. An interpretation is offered that also accounts for the transmembrane proton translocation that is associated with the oxidation of plastohydroquinone."}
{"id": "PMID:288065", "title": "Selective hepatic uptake of human beta-hexosaminidase A by a specific glycoprotein recognition system on sinusoidal cells.", "content": "Intravenously administered (125)I-labeled human beta-hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) was rapidly cleared from the circulation of rats and accumulated in the liver. When hepatic cells were subsequently isolated, the label was recovered from both sinusoidal cells and, to a lesser extent, hepatocytes. Clearance was inhibited by the simultaneous infusion of mannan but not by a galactose-terminated glycoprotein. Studies in vitro, in which (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase was incubated with isolated hepatic cells, detected no uptake of the labeled ligand by hepatocytes. In contrast, uptake by sinusoidal cells was shown to be temperature dependent and approached saturability. Prior treatment of sinusoidal cells with Pronase resulted in markedly decreased uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase by these cells. Mannan and partially deglycosylated glycoproteins bearing terminal nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine or mannose residues were shown to be potent inhibitors of the cellular uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase; native orosomucoid and desialylated (galactoseterminated) orosomucoid were not inhibitory. Of six simple sugars tested, including N-acetylglucosamine, only mannose was an effective inhibitor of the cellular uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase. The kinetics of uptake of beta-hexosaminidase and mannose-terminated orosomucoid by sinusoidal cells were shown to be similar. These findings suggest that the hepatic uptake of the lysosomal glycosidase beta-hexosaminidase A is mediated by a receptor on sinusoidal cells which recognizes and binds mannose-terminated glycoproteins.", "contents": "Selective hepatic uptake of human beta-hexosaminidase A by a specific glycoprotein recognition system on sinusoidal cells. Intravenously administered (125)I-labeled human beta-hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) was rapidly cleared from the circulation of rats and accumulated in the liver. When hepatic cells were subsequently isolated, the label was recovered from both sinusoidal cells and, to a lesser extent, hepatocytes. Clearance was inhibited by the simultaneous infusion of mannan but not by a galactose-terminated glycoprotein. Studies in vitro, in which (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase was incubated with isolated hepatic cells, detected no uptake of the labeled ligand by hepatocytes. In contrast, uptake by sinusoidal cells was shown to be temperature dependent and approached saturability. Prior treatment of sinusoidal cells with Pronase resulted in markedly decreased uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase by these cells. Mannan and partially deglycosylated glycoproteins bearing terminal nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine or mannose residues were shown to be potent inhibitors of the cellular uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase; native orosomucoid and desialylated (galactoseterminated) orosomucoid were not inhibitory. Of six simple sugars tested, including N-acetylglucosamine, only mannose was an effective inhibitor of the cellular uptake of (125)I-beta-hexosaminidase. The kinetics of uptake of beta-hexosaminidase and mannose-terminated orosomucoid by sinusoidal cells were shown to be similar. These findings suggest that the hepatic uptake of the lysosomal glycosidase beta-hexosaminidase A is mediated by a receptor on sinusoidal cells which recognizes and binds mannose-terminated glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:288066", "title": "Human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture differentiate into macrophage-like cells when treated with a phorbol diester.", "content": "When suspension cultures of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (line HL60) were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA; 1.6-160 nM), more than 80% of the cells adhered to the plastic substrate within 24 hr. Within the same time period the immature azurophilic granulations typical of HL60 promyelocytic cells disappeared and the nuclear chromatin became more condensed, but the nucleolus was retained. The attached cells stopped dividing and synthesizing DNA. The phenomenon was irreversible and independent of the continuous presence of TPA. Approximately 60% of the untreated cells and of TPA-treated cells bore surface Fc receptors for IgG. Under the experimental conditions used, about 10% of the TPA-treated cells were also able to phagocytize IgG-coated erythrocytes and more than 80% were able to phagocytize latex beads, but untreated controls were unable to do so. Cellular levels of NADase, acid phosphatase, and non-specific esterase were markedly increased after treatment with TPA, whereas little or no increase was seen after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), a drug that induces myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells. Peroxidase activity was lower in TPA-treated and Me2SO-treated cells than in HL60 cells. More lysozyme was found in the medium of TPA-treated cells than in the medium of untreated or Me2SO-treated cells. These data indicate that, after treatment with TPA, human promyelocytic leukemia cells can differentiate into cells that have several characteristics of macrophages.", "contents": "Human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture differentiate into macrophage-like cells when treated with a phorbol diester. When suspension cultures of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (line HL60) were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA; 1.6-160 nM), more than 80% of the cells adhered to the plastic substrate within 24 hr. Within the same time period the immature azurophilic granulations typical of HL60 promyelocytic cells disappeared and the nuclear chromatin became more condensed, but the nucleolus was retained. The attached cells stopped dividing and synthesizing DNA. The phenomenon was irreversible and independent of the continuous presence of TPA. Approximately 60% of the untreated cells and of TPA-treated cells bore surface Fc receptors for IgG. Under the experimental conditions used, about 10% of the TPA-treated cells were also able to phagocytize IgG-coated erythrocytes and more than 80% were able to phagocytize latex beads, but untreated controls were unable to do so. Cellular levels of NADase, acid phosphatase, and non-specific esterase were markedly increased after treatment with TPA, whereas little or no increase was seen after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), a drug that induces myeloid differentiation of HL60 cells. Peroxidase activity was lower in TPA-treated and Me2SO-treated cells than in HL60 cells. More lysozyme was found in the medium of TPA-treated cells than in the medium of untreated or Me2SO-treated cells. These data indicate that, after treatment with TPA, human promyelocytic leukemia cells can differentiate into cells that have several characteristics of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:288067", "title": "Mitotic factors from mammalian cells induce germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation in amphibian oocytes.", "content": "Cytoplasmic extracts of HeLa cells synchronized in various phases of the cell cycle were injected into fully grown Xenopus laevis oocytes to monitor the presence of factors that can induce meiotic maturation: i.e., germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation. Extracts from GI and S phase cells had no activity. The maturation-inducing activity, which was found to be low during early and mid G2 phases, increased rapidly during late G2 and reached a peak in mitosis. The results of this study suggest that the factors that regulate the breakdown of nuclear membrane and chromosome condensation during mitosis, meiosis, and premature chromosome condensation appear to be very similar, if not identical, throughout the animal kingdom.", "contents": "Mitotic factors from mammalian cells induce germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation in amphibian oocytes. Cytoplasmic extracts of HeLa cells synchronized in various phases of the cell cycle were injected into fully grown Xenopus laevis oocytes to monitor the presence of factors that can induce meiotic maturation: i.e., germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation. Extracts from GI and S phase cells had no activity. The maturation-inducing activity, which was found to be low during early and mid G2 phases, increased rapidly during late G2 and reached a peak in mitosis. The results of this study suggest that the factors that regulate the breakdown of nuclear membrane and chromosome condensation during mitosis, meiosis, and premature chromosome condensation appear to be very similar, if not identical, throughout the animal kingdom."}
{"id": "PMID:288068", "title": "Intracellular localization of 125I-labeled insulin in hepatocytes from intact rat liver.", "content": "We have shown that 125I-labeled insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes. The ligand is subsequently internalized and preferentially localizes to lysosomal structures. Further, we have observed that labeled insulin localizes to regions of the cell rich in lysosomal and Golgi elements. In the present study in intact rat liver we found that, approximately 10 min after a pulse injection of 125I-labeled insulin, 56% of the label was internalized by the cell. When all grains are considered there is a preferential localization of grains to the biliary pole of the cell and these grains are almost all internalized and preferentially associated with lysosomes. These data, therefore, demonstrate that the lysosome-Golgi-rich area of the isolated hepatocyte corresponds to the biliary pole of the cell and there is a movement of the labeled hormone from its initial binding site on the plasma face of the cell membrane toward the biliary pole of the cell.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of 125I-labeled insulin in hepatocytes from intact rat liver. We have shown that 125I-labeled insulin initially localizes to the plasma membrane of isolated rat hepatocytes. The ligand is subsequently internalized and preferentially localizes to lysosomal structures. Further, we have observed that labeled insulin localizes to regions of the cell rich in lysosomal and Golgi elements. In the present study in intact rat liver we found that, approximately 10 min after a pulse injection of 125I-labeled insulin, 56% of the label was internalized by the cell. When all grains are considered there is a preferential localization of grains to the biliary pole of the cell and these grains are almost all internalized and preferentially associated with lysosomes. These data, therefore, demonstrate that the lysosome-Golgi-rich area of the isolated hepatocyte corresponds to the biliary pole of the cell and there is a movement of the labeled hormone from its initial binding site on the plasma face of the cell membrane toward the biliary pole of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:288069", "title": "Regulation of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis in an overproducing 3T6 cell line during transition from resting to growing state.", "content": "We have isolated a methotrexate (MTX)-resistant clone of mouse 3T6 cells, designated M50L3, which grows normally in the presence or absence of 50 muM MTX and produces a level of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) that is increased about 300-fold compared to the parental 3T6 cells. The cells retain the ability to rest in the G(0) state when maintained in medium containing 0.5% calf serum and can be stimulated to reenter the cell cycle by increasing the serum concentration to 10%. The rate of accumulation of DHFR in resting M50L3 cells is about 1/25th of that in exponentially growing cells. When resting cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle, the rate of accumulation of DHFR starts to increase at about 8 hr and reaches a maximum (25-fold increase) at about 16 hr after stimulation. Pulse-labeling experiments show that the increase in DHFR accumulation is due to an increased rate of synthesis. This increase occurs at about the same time the cells enter S phase. However, inhibitors of DNA synthesis have no effect on the increase in DHFR accumulation after serum stimulation, indicating that there is no tight coupling of the two events. Actinomycin D inhibits the subsequent increase in DHFR accumulation if added 8 hr after stimulation but has no effect if added 16 hr after stimulation. This is consistent with the idea that the increase in DHFR gene expression depends on transcription of the gene and that DHFR mRNA synthesis begins at about the time the cell initiates DNA replication. DHFR gene expression appears to be regulated in the same manner in the overproducing cells as we found in the parental 3T6 cells [Johnson, L. F., Fuhrman, C. L. & Wiedemann, L. M. (1978) J. Cell. Phys. 97, 397-406]. Therefore, the alterations that are responsible for DHFR overproduction (presumably DHFR gene amplification) do not interfere with the ability of the cell to regulate the rate of synthesis of the enzyme after serum stimulation.", "contents": "Regulation of dihydrofolate reductase synthesis in an overproducing 3T6 cell line during transition from resting to growing state. We have isolated a methotrexate (MTX)-resistant clone of mouse 3T6 cells, designated M50L3, which grows normally in the presence or absence of 50 muM MTX and produces a level of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3) that is increased about 300-fold compared to the parental 3T6 cells. The cells retain the ability to rest in the G(0) state when maintained in medium containing 0.5% calf serum and can be stimulated to reenter the cell cycle by increasing the serum concentration to 10%. The rate of accumulation of DHFR in resting M50L3 cells is about 1/25th of that in exponentially growing cells. When resting cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle, the rate of accumulation of DHFR starts to increase at about 8 hr and reaches a maximum (25-fold increase) at about 16 hr after stimulation. Pulse-labeling experiments show that the increase in DHFR accumulation is due to an increased rate of synthesis. This increase occurs at about the same time the cells enter S phase. However, inhibitors of DNA synthesis have no effect on the increase in DHFR accumulation after serum stimulation, indicating that there is no tight coupling of the two events. Actinomycin D inhibits the subsequent increase in DHFR accumulation if added 8 hr after stimulation but has no effect if added 16 hr after stimulation. This is consistent with the idea that the increase in DHFR gene expression depends on transcription of the gene and that DHFR mRNA synthesis begins at about the time the cell initiates DNA replication. DHFR gene expression appears to be regulated in the same manner in the overproducing cells as we found in the parental 3T6 cells [Johnson, L. F., Fuhrman, C. L. & Wiedemann, L. M. (1978) J. Cell. Phys. 97, 397-406]. Therefore, the alterations that are responsible for DHFR overproduction (presumably DHFR gene amplification) do not interfere with the ability of the cell to regulate the rate of synthesis of the enzyme after serum stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:288070", "title": "Induction by lithium ion of multiplication of mouse mammary epithelium in culture.", "content": "Lithium ion at concentrations between 2 and 20 mM simulated the stimulatory effects of insulin on the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, synthesis of RNA and DNA, and cell multiplication in mouse mammary gland explants cultured in a chemically defined synthetic medium. Other monovalent cations were virtually ineffective. In most instances the stimulatory effect of lithium ion was somewhat smaller than and additive to that of insulin. However, lithium ion was incapable of substituting for the action of insulin in augmenting milk protein synthesis in mammary explants cultured with other lactogenic hormones, prolactin, and glucocorticoid. The observed similarities of the responses of mammary cells to lithium and insulin suggest that possible importance of cation(s) in the regulation of mammary cell proliferation, which may be a common basis for the action of the two agents. On the other hand, the observed inability of lithium to mimic the lactogenic effect of insulin indicates a specific function of the hormone in the functional differentiation of mammary cells.", "contents": "Induction by lithium ion of multiplication of mouse mammary epithelium in culture. Lithium ion at concentrations between 2 and 20 mM simulated the stimulatory effects of insulin on the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, synthesis of RNA and DNA, and cell multiplication in mouse mammary gland explants cultured in a chemically defined synthetic medium. Other monovalent cations were virtually ineffective. In most instances the stimulatory effect of lithium ion was somewhat smaller than and additive to that of insulin. However, lithium ion was incapable of substituting for the action of insulin in augmenting milk protein synthesis in mammary explants cultured with other lactogenic hormones, prolactin, and glucocorticoid. The observed similarities of the responses of mammary cells to lithium and insulin suggest that possible importance of cation(s) in the regulation of mammary cell proliferation, which may be a common basis for the action of the two agents. On the other hand, the observed inability of lithium to mimic the lactogenic effect of insulin indicates a specific function of the hormone in the functional differentiation of mammary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288071", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid cell variants defective in cell-cell adhesion.", "content": "Adhesion mutants were selected from a human lymphoblastoid cell line. Initially, cells were selected on the basis of survival in serum-free medium. Subclones that grow as single cells rather than macroscopic aggregates were selected from the serum-independent variant. The defect in cell-cell adhesion is stable over many generations and is not corrected by growth in serum or the presence of serum in the culture medium. Analysis of mixed cultures composed of adhesive cells and nonadhesive cells indicates that the two cell types do not interact to form mixed aggregations. Furthermore, those results suggest that the adhesion-deficient phenotype does not result from the production of a transferable inhibitor. In a previous study [Whipple, A.P., Dalvin, M. & Millis, A.J.T. (1978) Exp. Cell Res. 116, 457-461], we found that the growth rate in serum-containing medium is identical for the two classes of cells. This suggests that cell-cell adhesion is not a critical factor in the growth of these cells.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid cell variants defective in cell-cell adhesion. Adhesion mutants were selected from a human lymphoblastoid cell line. Initially, cells were selected on the basis of survival in serum-free medium. Subclones that grow as single cells rather than macroscopic aggregates were selected from the serum-independent variant. The defect in cell-cell adhesion is stable over many generations and is not corrected by growth in serum or the presence of serum in the culture medium. Analysis of mixed cultures composed of adhesive cells and nonadhesive cells indicates that the two cell types do not interact to form mixed aggregations. Furthermore, those results suggest that the adhesion-deficient phenotype does not result from the production of a transferable inhibitor. In a previous study [Whipple, A.P., Dalvin, M. & Millis, A.J.T. (1978) Exp. Cell Res. 116, 457-461], we found that the growth rate in serum-containing medium is identical for the two classes of cells. This suggests that cell-cell adhesion is not a critical factor in the growth of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288072", "title": "Fixation of a deleterious allele at one of two \"duplicate\" loci by mutation pressure and random drift.", "content": "We consider a diploid population and assume two gene loci with two alleles each, A and a at one locus and B and b at the second locus. Mutation from wild-type alleles A and B to deleterious alleles a and b occurs with mutation rates va and vb, respectively. We assume that alleles are completely recessive and that only the double recessive genotype aabb shows a deleterious effect with relative fitness 1-epsilon. Then, it can be shown that if va greater than vb mutant a becomes fixed in the population by mutation pressure and a mutation-selection balance is ultimately attained with respect to the B/b locus alone. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the situation in which va = vb exactly. In this case a neutral equilibrium is attained and either locus can drift to fixation for the mutant allele. Diffusion models are developed to treat the stochastic process involved whereby the deleterious mutant eventually becomes fixed in one of the two duplicated loci by random sampling drift in finite populations. In particular, the equation for the average time until fixation of mutant a or b is derived, and this is solved numerically for some combinations of parameters 4Nev and 4Ne epsilon, where v is the mutation rate (va = vb = v) and Ne is the effective size of the population. Monte Carlo experiments have been performed (using a device termed \"pseudo sampling variable\") to supplement the numerical analysis.", "contents": "Fixation of a deleterious allele at one of two \"duplicate\" loci by mutation pressure and random drift. We consider a diploid population and assume two gene loci with two alleles each, A and a at one locus and B and b at the second locus. Mutation from wild-type alleles A and B to deleterious alleles a and b occurs with mutation rates va and vb, respectively. We assume that alleles are completely recessive and that only the double recessive genotype aabb shows a deleterious effect with relative fitness 1-epsilon. Then, it can be shown that if va greater than vb mutant a becomes fixed in the population by mutation pressure and a mutation-selection balance is ultimately attained with respect to the B/b locus alone. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the situation in which va = vb exactly. In this case a neutral equilibrium is attained and either locus can drift to fixation for the mutant allele. Diffusion models are developed to treat the stochastic process involved whereby the deleterious mutant eventually becomes fixed in one of the two duplicated loci by random sampling drift in finite populations. In particular, the equation for the average time until fixation of mutant a or b is derived, and this is solved numerically for some combinations of parameters 4Nev and 4Ne epsilon, where v is the mutation rate (va = vb = v) and Ne is the effective size of the population. Monte Carlo experiments have been performed (using a device termed \"pseudo sampling variable\") to supplement the numerical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:288073", "title": "Continuous variation caused by genes with graduated effects.", "content": "The classical polygenic theory of inheritance postulates a large number of genes with small, and essentially similar, effects. We propose instead a model with genes of gradually decreasing effects. The resulting phenotypic distribution is not normal; if the gene effects are geometrically decreasing, it can be triangular. The joint distribution of parent and offspring genic value is calculated. The most readily testable difference between the two models is that, in the decreasing-effect model, the variance of the offspring distribution from given parents depends on the parents' genic values. The more the parents deviate from the mean, the smaller the variance of the offspring should be. In the equal-effect model the offspring variance is independent of the parents' genic values.", "contents": "Continuous variation caused by genes with graduated effects. The classical polygenic theory of inheritance postulates a large number of genes with small, and essentially similar, effects. We propose instead a model with genes of gradually decreasing effects. The resulting phenotypic distribution is not normal; if the gene effects are geometrically decreasing, it can be triangular. The joint distribution of parent and offspring genic value is calculated. The most readily testable difference between the two models is that, in the decreasing-effect model, the variance of the offspring distribution from given parents depends on the parents' genic values. The more the parents deviate from the mean, the smaller the variance of the offspring should be. In the equal-effect model the offspring variance is independent of the parents' genic values."}
{"id": "PMID:288074", "title": "Familial hyperproinsulinemia: partial characterization of circulating proinsulin-like material.", "content": "Familial hyperproinsulinemia is an autosomal dominant defect that is associated with strikingly elevated levels of serum proinsulin-like material. Our studies show that trypsin converts familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin to insulin more slowly than it converts a 131I-labeled porcine proinsulin marker. Molar yields of insulin indicated that the material may be an intermediate proinsulin. Studies with two human C-peptide antisera that differ in their relative immunoreactivity with human C-peptide and proinsulin showed that the two antisera reacted equally with familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin, suggesting that it is a partially cleaved proinsulin intermediate. Sulfitolysis of highly purified material to break the inter- and intra-chain disulfide bridges and subsequent adsorption on a specific B-chain antibody covalently bound to Sepharose beads showed that the C-peptide was still connected to the B-chain. These data indicate that familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin is normally cleaved at the C-peptide-A-chain linkage site. A structural abnormality appears to underlie familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin, which impairs its cleavage at the B-chain-C-peptide linkage site.", "contents": "Familial hyperproinsulinemia: partial characterization of circulating proinsulin-like material. Familial hyperproinsulinemia is an autosomal dominant defect that is associated with strikingly elevated levels of serum proinsulin-like material. Our studies show that trypsin converts familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin to insulin more slowly than it converts a 131I-labeled porcine proinsulin marker. Molar yields of insulin indicated that the material may be an intermediate proinsulin. Studies with two human C-peptide antisera that differ in their relative immunoreactivity with human C-peptide and proinsulin showed that the two antisera reacted equally with familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin, suggesting that it is a partially cleaved proinsulin intermediate. Sulfitolysis of highly purified material to break the inter- and intra-chain disulfide bridges and subsequent adsorption on a specific B-chain antibody covalently bound to Sepharose beads showed that the C-peptide was still connected to the B-chain. These data indicate that familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin is normally cleaved at the C-peptide-A-chain linkage site. A structural abnormality appears to underlie familial hyperproinsulinemia proinsulin, which impairs its cleavage at the B-chain-C-peptide linkage site."}
{"id": "PMID:288075", "title": "Association of HLA antigens and total serum immunoglobulin E level with allergic response and failure to respond to ragweed allergen Ra3.", "content": "We have applied rigorous statistical analysis to human immune response and HLA data in allergic subjects having varying sensitivity to the minor ragweed allergen, Ra3. By using regression analysis on a series of subsets of Ra3 responders and nonresponders, we obtained data supporting the concept of discrete \"responder\" and \"nonresponder\" phenotypes. We found significant positive associations between Ra3 response and total serum IgE and the presence of HLA antigens of the A2 crossreacting group (A2 and A28), and significant negative associations with antigens of the A3 crossreacting group (A3 and A11). Our results suggest that alleles of the HLA-A locus may function either as immune response or immune suppressor genes or that such alleles are epistatic to the response or suppressor genes. Our data add further support to previous findings that HLA-associated specific IgE response is strongly influenced by genetic regulation of basal IgE level.", "contents": "Association of HLA antigens and total serum immunoglobulin E level with allergic response and failure to respond to ragweed allergen Ra3. We have applied rigorous statistical analysis to human immune response and HLA data in allergic subjects having varying sensitivity to the minor ragweed allergen, Ra3. By using regression analysis on a series of subsets of Ra3 responders and nonresponders, we obtained data supporting the concept of discrete \"responder\" and \"nonresponder\" phenotypes. We found significant positive associations between Ra3 response and total serum IgE and the presence of HLA antigens of the A2 crossreacting group (A2 and A28), and significant negative associations with antigens of the A3 crossreacting group (A3 and A11). Our results suggest that alleles of the HLA-A locus may function either as immune response or immune suppressor genes or that such alleles are epistatic to the response or suppressor genes. Our data add further support to previous findings that HLA-associated specific IgE response is strongly influenced by genetic regulation of basal IgE level."}
{"id": "PMID:288076", "title": "Phospholipid methylation in macrophages is inhibited by chemotactic factors.", "content": "Chemotaxis by human monocytes has been shown to require methylation mediated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine(AdoMet), but the specific transmethylation reaction necessary for this function was not elucidated. In an attempt to define the methylation requirement for chemotaxis, we examined the effect of chemotactic agonists and antagonists on protein carboxy-O-methylation of protein and methylation of phospholipid in guinea pig macrophages. Chemotactic agents tested over a wide dose and time range produced no alteration in carboxy-O-methylation. However, these agents did produce an effect on the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by macrophages. AdoMet-mediated phospholipid methylation was inhibited by as much as 73% by chemotactic factors, and there was excellent correlation (r = 0.99) between their concentrations for producing half-maximal chemotactic responses and for inhibiting phospholipid methylation. The inhibition of methylation by chemotactic factors was observed at all incubation times and could not be explained by an increased turnover of membrane phospholipid. Neither the chemotaxis antagonist fPhe-Met nor the nonchemotactic tripeptide Met-Met-Met significantly depressed phospholipid methylation. Immune phagocytosis by macrophages similarly did not alter phospholipid methylation. The chemotactic factors produced no alteration in total macrophage phospholipid synthesis or in the phospholipid methylation in a nonchemotactic cell type. The formation of newly methylated derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine in macrophages was decreased by a biologically active dose of chemotactic factor. These findings indicate that chemotactic factors are capable of altering the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in chemotactically responsive cells. The inhibition of phospholipid methylation by chemotactic factors may be necessary for the translation of a chemotactic signal on the surface of the cell into directional cell movement.", "contents": "Phospholipid methylation in macrophages is inhibited by chemotactic factors. Chemotaxis by human monocytes has been shown to require methylation mediated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine(AdoMet), but the specific transmethylation reaction necessary for this function was not elucidated. In an attempt to define the methylation requirement for chemotaxis, we examined the effect of chemotactic agonists and antagonists on protein carboxy-O-methylation of protein and methylation of phospholipid in guinea pig macrophages. Chemotactic agents tested over a wide dose and time range produced no alteration in carboxy-O-methylation. However, these agents did produce an effect on the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine by macrophages. AdoMet-mediated phospholipid methylation was inhibited by as much as 73% by chemotactic factors, and there was excellent correlation (r = 0.99) between their concentrations for producing half-maximal chemotactic responses and for inhibiting phospholipid methylation. The inhibition of methylation by chemotactic factors was observed at all incubation times and could not be explained by an increased turnover of membrane phospholipid. Neither the chemotaxis antagonist fPhe-Met nor the nonchemotactic tripeptide Met-Met-Met significantly depressed phospholipid methylation. Immune phagocytosis by macrophages similarly did not alter phospholipid methylation. The chemotactic factors produced no alteration in total macrophage phospholipid synthesis or in the phospholipid methylation in a nonchemotactic cell type. The formation of newly methylated derivatives of phosphatidylethanolamine in macrophages was decreased by a biologically active dose of chemotactic factor. These findings indicate that chemotactic factors are capable of altering the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in chemotactically responsive cells. The inhibition of phospholipid methylation by chemotactic factors may be necessary for the translation of a chemotactic signal on the surface of the cell into directional cell movement."}
{"id": "PMID:288077", "title": "Cell surface antigens of human melanoma identified by monoclonal antibody.", "content": "Mouse NS-1 myeloma cells were fused with spleen cells from mice that had been immunized with cells from a human melanoma, M1804. Hybrid cells were grown in selective medium and tested for production of antibody to surface antigens of M1804 cells. Three hybrids that produced antibodies that bound to the melanoma cells but not to autologous skin fibroblasts were cloned. Antibodies produced by two of the clones were cytotoxic to M1804 cells in the presence of rabbit complement. Extensive specificity tests showed that the antibodies produced by the clones bound strongly only to M1804 cells; significant, although weaker, binding occurred with 2 of 11 allogeneic melanomas. Apart from weak binding of the antibody produced by one of the clones to a breast carcinoma, binding assays of five carcinomas, one sarcoma, and fibroblasts from 17 individuals were negative, as were cytotoxic tests of 10 lymphoblastoid cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes from 68 normal donors and 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. This suggests that we have identified one or more determinants of a melanoma-associated antigen(s), whose expression is limited to a small proportion of melanomas.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens of human melanoma identified by monoclonal antibody. Mouse NS-1 myeloma cells were fused with spleen cells from mice that had been immunized with cells from a human melanoma, M1804. Hybrid cells were grown in selective medium and tested for production of antibody to surface antigens of M1804 cells. Three hybrids that produced antibodies that bound to the melanoma cells but not to autologous skin fibroblasts were cloned. Antibodies produced by two of the clones were cytotoxic to M1804 cells in the presence of rabbit complement. Extensive specificity tests showed that the antibodies produced by the clones bound strongly only to M1804 cells; significant, although weaker, binding occurred with 2 of 11 allogeneic melanomas. Apart from weak binding of the antibody produced by one of the clones to a breast carcinoma, binding assays of five carcinomas, one sarcoma, and fibroblasts from 17 individuals were negative, as were cytotoxic tests of 10 lymphoblastoid cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes from 68 normal donors and 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. This suggests that we have identified one or more determinants of a melanoma-associated antigen(s), whose expression is limited to a small proportion of melanomas."}
{"id": "PMID:288078", "title": "Clonal evolution of myeloma cells leads to quantitative changes in immunoglobulin secretion and surface antigen expression.", "content": "We report that a cloned population of tumor cells can rapidly produce variants that differ in their quantitative expression of surface proteins and in their rate of immunoglobulin secretion. A fresh clonal isolate of S107 myeloma cells possessing large amounts of surface IgA was continuously passaged in vitro for 2 years. During this period, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis indicated the development of subpopulations possessing decreased amounts of surface IgA. Cells from these variant subpopulations were isolated by first using the cell sorter to enrich for cells with decreased amounts of surface IgA and then cloning the selected population in soft agar. The 50 sublines that were isolated showed heritable differences in their levels of surface IgA and H-2 antigens and in their rates of myeloma protein secretion. Sublines having either large amounts, intermediate amounts, or absence of surface IgA also had corresponding large amounts, intermediate amounts, or absence of myeloma protein secretion. In contrast, a decrease or loss of surface Ig did not correlate with a decrease or loss of viral envelope glycoprotein gp71 and H-2 antigens. The variants did not resemble the phenotypes of less-differentiated normal lymphocyte populations of the B-cell lineage. The isolation and characterization of these variants allows us to explore the mechanisms and pathways of tumor cell differentiation as well as to study the regulation and function of cell surface proteins.", "contents": "Clonal evolution of myeloma cells leads to quantitative changes in immunoglobulin secretion and surface antigen expression. We report that a cloned population of tumor cells can rapidly produce variants that differ in their quantitative expression of surface proteins and in their rate of immunoglobulin secretion. A fresh clonal isolate of S107 myeloma cells possessing large amounts of surface IgA was continuously passaged in vitro for 2 years. During this period, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis indicated the development of subpopulations possessing decreased amounts of surface IgA. Cells from these variant subpopulations were isolated by first using the cell sorter to enrich for cells with decreased amounts of surface IgA and then cloning the selected population in soft agar. The 50 sublines that were isolated showed heritable differences in their levels of surface IgA and H-2 antigens and in their rates of myeloma protein secretion. Sublines having either large amounts, intermediate amounts, or absence of surface IgA also had corresponding large amounts, intermediate amounts, or absence of myeloma protein secretion. In contrast, a decrease or loss of surface Ig did not correlate with a decrease or loss of viral envelope glycoprotein gp71 and H-2 antigens. The variants did not resemble the phenotypes of less-differentiated normal lymphocyte populations of the B-cell lineage. The isolation and characterization of these variants allows us to explore the mechanisms and pathways of tumor cell differentiation as well as to study the regulation and function of cell surface proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:288079", "title": "Idiotypic analysis of monoclonal antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10).", "content": "Fifteen hybridoma anti-poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (anti-GAT) antibodies were analyzed for the presence of a common set of idiotypic specificities associated with murine anti-GAT antibodies, termed CGAT idiotype, which are present on the anti-GAT antibodies of all mouse strains. Thirteen of these monoclonal anti-GAT antibodies expressed a major fraction of CGAT idiotypic specificities. However, the remaining fraction of CGAT idiotypic specificities were not detected in individual or pooled hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antisera made against each of the 15 hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies preferentially bound homologous ligand and showed minimal binding activity to specifically purified serum anti-GAT antibodies. Furthermore, the diversity of the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies was demonstrated by the presence of individual idiotypic specificities on each of the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies. However, relatedness among some of the hybridoma antibodies was also apparent since idiotypic analysis revealed that some hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies shared cross-reactive idiotypic specificities not associated with CGAT idiotype. The genetic mechanisms which could account for the generation of such antibody diversity are discussed.", "contents": "Idiotypic analysis of monoclonal antibodies to poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10). Fifteen hybridoma anti-poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (anti-GAT) antibodies were analyzed for the presence of a common set of idiotypic specificities associated with murine anti-GAT antibodies, termed CGAT idiotype, which are present on the anti-GAT antibodies of all mouse strains. Thirteen of these monoclonal anti-GAT antibodies expressed a major fraction of CGAT idiotypic specificities. However, the remaining fraction of CGAT idiotypic specificities were not detected in individual or pooled hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies. Anti-idiotypic antisera made against each of the 15 hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies preferentially bound homologous ligand and showed minimal binding activity to specifically purified serum anti-GAT antibodies. Furthermore, the diversity of the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies was demonstrated by the presence of individual idiotypic specificities on each of the hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies. However, relatedness among some of the hybridoma antibodies was also apparent since idiotypic analysis revealed that some hybridoma anti-GAT antibodies shared cross-reactive idiotypic specificities not associated with CGAT idiotype. The genetic mechanisms which could account for the generation of such antibody diversity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288080", "title": "Structural analysis of human platelet membrane glycoprotein I complex.", "content": "The glycoprotein I complex, consisting of two polypeptides of Mr 210,000 and 150,000, was isolated from human platelet membranes by wheat germ lectin affinity chromatography. Glycocalicin, a soluble loosely bound membrane glycoprotein of Mr 150,000 related to the glycoprotein I system, was also purified. The isolated polypeptides were radioiodinated in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and digested with trypsin, and the labeled peptide digest was analyzed by two-dimensional high-voltage electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. The two polypeptides of Mr 210,000 and 150,000 in the glycoprotein I complex had essentially identical radioactive peptide maps. Glycocalicin had a completely different tryptic peptide map. These studies shed light on the molecular relationships of some of the components of the platelet membrane glycoprotein I system. The possibility is raised that the receptorlike function of the intrinsic platelet membrane glycoproteins may be related to the polymeric subunit associations of the constituent polypeptides.", "contents": "Structural analysis of human platelet membrane glycoprotein I complex. The glycoprotein I complex, consisting of two polypeptides of Mr 210,000 and 150,000, was isolated from human platelet membranes by wheat germ lectin affinity chromatography. Glycocalicin, a soluble loosely bound membrane glycoprotein of Mr 150,000 related to the glycoprotein I system, was also purified. The isolated polypeptides were radioiodinated in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and digested with trypsin, and the labeled peptide digest was analyzed by two-dimensional high-voltage electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. The two polypeptides of Mr 210,000 and 150,000 in the glycoprotein I complex had essentially identical radioactive peptide maps. Glycocalicin had a completely different tryptic peptide map. These studies shed light on the molecular relationships of some of the components of the platelet membrane glycoprotein I system. The possibility is raised that the receptorlike function of the intrinsic platelet membrane glycoproteins may be related to the polymeric subunit associations of the constituent polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:288081", "title": "Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from pigeon pancreas.", "content": "Most of the somatostatin-like activity from pigeon pancreas was found to correspond to small species with an apparent molecular weight of 1500--2500. This species was isolated under conditions minimizing intermolecular interactions and protease activities. The isolated product was characterized by two somatostatin radioimmunoassays, a bioassay, endgroup determination, and amino acid analysis. The structure of the isolated compound was determined to be H-Ala-Gly-cyclo-(Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys)-OH. Additionally, small amounts of des-Ala1-somatostatin, a possible degradation product of pancreatic somatostatin, and a large somatostatin-like species with an apparent molecular weight of 11,000--12,500 were detected. It is concluded that the main somatostatin-like polypeptide isolated from pigeon pancreas is identical to the mammalian hypothalamic tetradecapeptide somatostatin.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from pigeon pancreas. Most of the somatostatin-like activity from pigeon pancreas was found to correspond to small species with an apparent molecular weight of 1500--2500. This species was isolated under conditions minimizing intermolecular interactions and protease activities. The isolated product was characterized by two somatostatin radioimmunoassays, a bioassay, endgroup determination, and amino acid analysis. The structure of the isolated compound was determined to be H-Ala-Gly-cyclo-(Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys)-OH. Additionally, small amounts of des-Ala1-somatostatin, a possible degradation product of pancreatic somatostatin, and a large somatostatin-like species with an apparent molecular weight of 11,000--12,500 were detected. It is concluded that the main somatostatin-like polypeptide isolated from pigeon pancreas is identical to the mammalian hypothalamic tetradecapeptide somatostatin."}
{"id": "PMID:288082", "title": "Morphine and endorphins modulate dopamine turnover in rat median eminence.", "content": "The is evidence that some of the actions of both endogenous and exogenous opioids (e.g., stimulation of prolactin release) are mediated by interaction with catecholaminergic systems. Morphine (1.67, 5, and 15 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally) altered dopamine turnover as measured by the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine method in the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The turnover rate of dopamine was reduced in the median eminence and frontal cortex but accelerated in the neostriatum. In the frontal cortex all doses were effective in decreasing dopamine turnover; however, in the median eminence the lowest dose of morphine did not significantly alter dopamine turnover. All three doses accelerated dopamine turnover in the neostriatum. Naloxone effectively reversed the effects of morphine at all doses in all brain areas, whereas it had no effect on turnover when given alone. In the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex, intraventricular injection of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin (25 micrograms) or beta-endorphin (15 micrograms) produced the same effects on dopamine turnover as morphine. The actions of these peptides were blocked by naloxone. It is hypothesized that opiates and opioid peptides increase prolactin release by reducing the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Morphine and endorphins modulate dopamine turnover in rat median eminence. The is evidence that some of the actions of both endogenous and exogenous opioids (e.g., stimulation of prolactin release) are mediated by interaction with catecholaminergic systems. Morphine (1.67, 5, and 15 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally) altered dopamine turnover as measured by the alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine method in the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The turnover rate of dopamine was reduced in the median eminence and frontal cortex but accelerated in the neostriatum. In the frontal cortex all doses were effective in decreasing dopamine turnover; however, in the median eminence the lowest dose of morphine did not significantly alter dopamine turnover. All three doses accelerated dopamine turnover in the neostriatum. Naloxone effectively reversed the effects of morphine at all doses in all brain areas, whereas it had no effect on turnover when given alone. In the median eminence, neostriatum, and frontal cortex, intraventricular injection of [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin (25 micrograms) or beta-endorphin (15 micrograms) produced the same effects on dopamine turnover as morphine. The actions of these peptides were blocked by naloxone. It is hypothesized that opiates and opioid peptides increase prolactin release by reducing the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:288083", "title": "Iontophoresis of Li+ antagonizes noradrenergic synaptic inhibition of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells.", "content": "Li salts provide effective therapy for manic-depressive psychosis, but the site and mechanism of this effect are not known. We have tested the ability of Li, applied by microiontophoresis, to modify the responsiveness of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons to iontophoretic applications of norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyrate and to the inhibition produced by stimulation of the noradrenergic ceruleo-cerebellar pathway. As previously reported for rat hippocampal neurons, acute exposure to Li produces selective, reversible antagonism of the effects of norepinephrine and the noradrenergic pathway but does not affect inhibitory actions of gamma-aminobutyrate. Collectively, these selective antagonisms of noradrenergic sympatic inhibitions in the cerebellum and hippocampus may indicate a general effect of Li suitable for extended observations in rats exposed to Li for the chronic periods needed to achieve therapeutic effects in man.", "contents": "Iontophoresis of Li+ antagonizes noradrenergic synaptic inhibition of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Li salts provide effective therapy for manic-depressive psychosis, but the site and mechanism of this effect are not known. We have tested the ability of Li, applied by microiontophoresis, to modify the responsiveness of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons to iontophoretic applications of norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyrate and to the inhibition produced by stimulation of the noradrenergic ceruleo-cerebellar pathway. As previously reported for rat hippocampal neurons, acute exposure to Li produces selective, reversible antagonism of the effects of norepinephrine and the noradrenergic pathway but does not affect inhibitory actions of gamma-aminobutyrate. Collectively, these selective antagonisms of noradrenergic sympatic inhibitions in the cerebellum and hippocampus may indicate a general effect of Li suitable for extended observations in rats exposed to Li for the chronic periods needed to achieve therapeutic effects in man."}
{"id": "PMID:288084", "title": "Immunoreactive and biologically active somatostatin-like material in rat retina.", "content": "Somatostatin-like activity, as determined by radioimmunoassay and bioassay, is present in HCl extracts of rat retina. The concentrations of immunoreactive somatostatin are 612 +/- 43 (mean +/- SEM)pg per whole retina of 0.621 +/- 0.044 pg/microgram of protein in retinas from rats killed by decapitation, values which are not significantly different from those in retinas from rats killed by ether inhalation. The immunoreactive somatostatin was partially purified and concentrated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Both the crude retinal extracts and the immunoaffinity-purified immunoreactive somatostatin inhibited, in a dose-related manner, the release of rat growth hormone from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells in culture. When the immunoaffinity-purified immunoreactive somotostatin was subjected to gel filtration chromatography, 96% of the recovered somatostatin eluted as a peak corresponding in position to that of synthetic somatostatin. Retinas from a group of rats with hereditary degeneration of the photoreceptor cells and another group of rats studied 1 year after transection of the optic nerves demonstrated an increased concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin compared to controls.", "contents": "Immunoreactive and biologically active somatostatin-like material in rat retina. Somatostatin-like activity, as determined by radioimmunoassay and bioassay, is present in HCl extracts of rat retina. The concentrations of immunoreactive somatostatin are 612 +/- 43 (mean +/- SEM)pg per whole retina of 0.621 +/- 0.044 pg/microgram of protein in retinas from rats killed by decapitation, values which are not significantly different from those in retinas from rats killed by ether inhalation. The immunoreactive somatostatin was partially purified and concentrated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Both the crude retinal extracts and the immunoaffinity-purified immunoreactive somatostatin inhibited, in a dose-related manner, the release of rat growth hormone from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells in culture. When the immunoaffinity-purified immunoreactive somotostatin was subjected to gel filtration chromatography, 96% of the recovered somatostatin eluted as a peak corresponding in position to that of synthetic somatostatin. Retinas from a group of rats with hereditary degeneration of the photoreceptor cells and another group of rats studied 1 year after transection of the optic nerves demonstrated an increased concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:288085", "title": "Dissociation of action potentials from contraction in single crab muscle fibers.", "content": "In single crab fibers (Callinectes danae) bathed in Ca2+-free media, Ba2+ action potentials did not elicit tension. In contrast, Sr2+ spikes evoked twitches similar in amplitude to those accompanying the control Ca2+ spikes. Tension development in these fibers, therefore, depends on the ionic species carrying the inward current during membrane excitation. The Ca2\" or Sr2+ influx appears insufficient to evoke the observed twitch tensions, and it seems necessary to postulate mobilization of an intracellular source of Ca1+. Procaine, which suppresses release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum, depressed twitch tension but did not reduce the overshoot or duration of Ca2+ or Sr2+ spikes. This finding is compatible with the suggestion that the contractions results from release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiated by signals given by the influx of Ca2+ or Sr2+, but not Ba2+.", "contents": "Dissociation of action potentials from contraction in single crab muscle fibers. In single crab fibers (Callinectes danae) bathed in Ca2+-free media, Ba2+ action potentials did not elicit tension. In contrast, Sr2+ spikes evoked twitches similar in amplitude to those accompanying the control Ca2+ spikes. Tension development in these fibers, therefore, depends on the ionic species carrying the inward current during membrane excitation. The Ca2\" or Sr2+ influx appears insufficient to evoke the observed twitch tensions, and it seems necessary to postulate mobilization of an intracellular source of Ca1+. Procaine, which suppresses release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum, depressed twitch tension but did not reduce the overshoot or duration of Ca2+ or Sr2+ spikes. This finding is compatible with the suggestion that the contractions results from release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiated by signals given by the influx of Ca2+ or Sr2+, but not Ba2+."}
{"id": "PMID:288086", "title": "Middle ear muscles of the frog.", "content": "The anuran middle ear in its complete form includes two skeletal elements, the columella and operculum, each occupying a portion of the oval window of the otic capsule and each provided with a middle ear muscle. The two elements have an interlocking arrangement of a form that makes it possible for these muscles to exercise a high degree of control of sound transmission from tympanic membrane to inner ear receptors. From the anatomical relations it is inferred that the two muscles operate as antagonists so that contraction of the opercular muscle and relaxation of the columellar muscle leave the columella free to move in and out of the oval window in response to sound vibrations, whereas a contraction of the columellar muscle and relaxation of the opercular muscle tend to immobilize the columella and reduce the transmission inward. The frog thus achieves a degree of control of sound reception that probably is unmatched among vertebrate ears. The purpose of the middle ear mechanism is no doubt the protection of the inner ear receptors (the amphibian and basilar papillae) from overstimulation by sounds, including the animal's own cries and the intense clamor produced by a group of frogs calling in chorus.", "contents": "Middle ear muscles of the frog. The anuran middle ear in its complete form includes two skeletal elements, the columella and operculum, each occupying a portion of the oval window of the otic capsule and each provided with a middle ear muscle. The two elements have an interlocking arrangement of a form that makes it possible for these muscles to exercise a high degree of control of sound transmission from tympanic membrane to inner ear receptors. From the anatomical relations it is inferred that the two muscles operate as antagonists so that contraction of the opercular muscle and relaxation of the columellar muscle leave the columella free to move in and out of the oval window in response to sound vibrations, whereas a contraction of the columellar muscle and relaxation of the opercular muscle tend to immobilize the columella and reduce the transmission inward. The frog thus achieves a degree of control of sound reception that probably is unmatched among vertebrate ears. The purpose of the middle ear mechanism is no doubt the protection of the inner ear receptors (the amphibian and basilar papillae) from overstimulation by sounds, including the animal's own cries and the intense clamor produced by a group of frogs calling in chorus."}
{"id": "PMID:288087", "title": "Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation.", "content": "The time course of recovery from chromatic adaptation in human vision was tracked by determining the wavelength of light that appears uniquely yellow (neither red nor green) both before and after exposure to yellowish green and yellowish red adapting lights. Recovery is complete within 5 min after steady light exposure. After exposure to the alternating repeated sequence 10-sec light/10-sec dark, the initial magnitude of the aftereffect is reduced but recovery is retarded. The results are interpreted in terms of two processes located at different levels in the hierarchical organization of the visual system. One is a change in the balance of cone receptor sensitivities; the second is a shift in the equilibrium baseline between opposite-signed responses of the red/green channel at the opponent-process neural level. The baseline-shift mechanism is effective in the condition in which repeated input signals originating at the receptors are of sufficient strength to activate the system effectively. Hence, this process is revealed in the alternating adaptation condition when the receptors undergo partial recovery after each light exposure, but receptor adaptation during continued steady light exposure effectively protects the subsequent neural systems from continued strong activation.", "contents": "Receptoral and postreceptoral visual processes in recovery from chromatic adaptation. The time course of recovery from chromatic adaptation in human vision was tracked by determining the wavelength of light that appears uniquely yellow (neither red nor green) both before and after exposure to yellowish green and yellowish red adapting lights. Recovery is complete within 5 min after steady light exposure. After exposure to the alternating repeated sequence 10-sec light/10-sec dark, the initial magnitude of the aftereffect is reduced but recovery is retarded. The results are interpreted in terms of two processes located at different levels in the hierarchical organization of the visual system. One is a change in the balance of cone receptor sensitivities; the second is a shift in the equilibrium baseline between opposite-signed responses of the red/green channel at the opponent-process neural level. The baseline-shift mechanism is effective in the condition in which repeated input signals originating at the receptors are of sufficient strength to activate the system effectively. Hence, this process is revealed in the alternating adaptation condition when the receptors undergo partial recovery after each light exposure, but receptor adaptation during continued steady light exposure effectively protects the subsequent neural systems from continued strong activation."}
{"id": "PMID:288105", "title": "[2 cases of priapism treated by cavernous body shunts].", "content": "The authors present their personal experience in connection with two cases to priapism, one of which was solved by unilateral saphenocavernous anastomosis in a leukemic patient, and the second one by bilateral caverno-spongious anastomosis in a patient with idiopathic priapism. Both interventions had a good outcome. The emergency character is stressed, of this type of intervention, that should b performed bilaterally and followed by anticoagulant treatment.", "contents": "[2 cases of priapism treated by cavernous body shunts]. The authors present their personal experience in connection with two cases to priapism, one of which was solved by unilateral saphenocavernous anastomosis in a leukemic patient, and the second one by bilateral caverno-spongious anastomosis in a patient with idiopathic priapism. Both interventions had a good outcome. The emergency character is stressed, of this type of intervention, that should b performed bilaterally and followed by anticoagulant treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288152", "title": "[Malformations of the spino-cervical joint and of the cervical spine associated with Binder's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors found in 53.5% of the cases of Binder's Syndrome, where a radiological work up had been carried out on the cervical spine and the spino-cervical joint, malformations of varying importance in these related structures. This lesional association had not as yet been pointed out. After pathological groupings and an analytical study of the anomalies encountered, the question of a common inducer factor is raised, or at least a factor contemporary to the two dysplasias, maxillo-nasal and vertebral. In practical terms, it would seem vital that all individuals with Binder's syndrome have a radiological examination of the cervical spine and the spino-cervical joint. In those subjects presenting with malformations and in particular, complex corporeal dysplasias, the authors strongly insist on the necessity of regular follow up in order to make an early diagnosis of eventual neurological repercussion.", "contents": "[Malformations of the spino-cervical joint and of the cervical spine associated with Binder's syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors found in 53.5% of the cases of Binder's Syndrome, where a radiological work up had been carried out on the cervical spine and the spino-cervical joint, malformations of varying importance in these related structures. This lesional association had not as yet been pointed out. After pathological groupings and an analytical study of the anomalies encountered, the question of a common inducer factor is raised, or at least a factor contemporary to the two dysplasias, maxillo-nasal and vertebral. In practical terms, it would seem vital that all individuals with Binder's syndrome have a radiological examination of the cervical spine and the spino-cervical joint. In those subjects presenting with malformations and in particular, complex corporeal dysplasias, the authors strongly insist on the necessity of regular follow up in order to make an early diagnosis of eventual neurological repercussion."}
{"id": "PMID:288153", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems posed by a congenital lateral fistula of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Cysts and congenital lateral cervical fistulas are related to the persistance of the normally transitory branchial pouches and their embryologico-anatomic arrangement. Due to this fact they have a preferential topography. An atypical fistula of the second branchial cleft is reported. It is a congenital supra-hyoidian lateral cervical fistula with an intra-parotid route which terminates in the tonsils. The extreme variability of the external orifice, the pathogenic nature of the internal orifice and of the fistular route, as well as the initial discovery of the facial nerve and tonsillectomy in lateral fistulas of the neck are, by the same occasion, brought to mind.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems posed by a congenital lateral fistula of the neck (author's transl)]. Cysts and congenital lateral cervical fistulas are related to the persistance of the normally transitory branchial pouches and their embryologico-anatomic arrangement. Due to this fact they have a preferential topography. An atypical fistula of the second branchial cleft is reported. It is a congenital supra-hyoidian lateral cervical fistula with an intra-parotid route which terminates in the tonsils. The extreme variability of the external orifice, the pathogenic nature of the internal orifice and of the fistular route, as well as the initial discovery of the facial nerve and tonsillectomy in lateral fistulas of the neck are, by the same occasion, brought to mind."}
{"id": "PMID:288154", "title": "[Factors favouring necrosis after curietherapy for oral cavity epitheliomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the factors which favour necrosis after curietherapy, in a series of 82 patients with epithelioma of the oral cavity and a previous series of 280 cases. The principal factor is the size of the tumor. The other factors (macroscopic appearance, dose, quantity of radioactive material, degree of inhomogeneity, distance between the lines, association with external irradiation), are or only moderate importance, as shown by the variations observed, though they are difficult to evaluate in an exact manner, partly for methodological reasons. The frequency of necrosis of bone tissue is directly relaxed to the number of radioactive lines in contact with the maxilla. Alcohol and tabacco abuse have a definite influence but this cannot be calculated. In conclusion, therefore, it would appear possible to reduce the frequency of necrotic lesions by reducing the tumoral size by curietherapy, by applying no more than 2 lines in contact with the mandible for bony necrotic lesions, and by stopping the abuse of alcohol and tobacco.", "contents": "[Factors favouring necrosis after curietherapy for oral cavity epitheliomas (author's transl)]. The authors studied the factors which favour necrosis after curietherapy, in a series of 82 patients with epithelioma of the oral cavity and a previous series of 280 cases. The principal factor is the size of the tumor. The other factors (macroscopic appearance, dose, quantity of radioactive material, degree of inhomogeneity, distance between the lines, association with external irradiation), are or only moderate importance, as shown by the variations observed, though they are difficult to evaluate in an exact manner, partly for methodological reasons. The frequency of necrosis of bone tissue is directly relaxed to the number of radioactive lines in contact with the maxilla. Alcohol and tabacco abuse have a definite influence but this cannot be calculated. In conclusion, therefore, it would appear possible to reduce the frequency of necrotic lesions by reducing the tumoral size by curietherapy, by applying no more than 2 lines in contact with the mandible for bony necrotic lesions, and by stopping the abuse of alcohol and tobacco."}
{"id": "PMID:288155", "title": "[Dental complications of irradiation : fluoride prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review the studies describing dental changes after radiotherapy or curietherapy of the cervicofacial region published over the last 50 years. They discuss more particularly: --direct and indirect effects on the teeth,--lesions of the salivary glands,--dental lesions,--fluoride prophylaxis for dental lesions after irradiation.", "contents": "[Dental complications of irradiation : fluoride prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The authors review the studies describing dental changes after radiotherapy or curietherapy of the cervicofacial region published over the last 50 years. They discuss more particularly: --direct and indirect effects on the teeth,--lesions of the salivary glands,--dental lesions,--fluoride prophylaxis for dental lesions after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:288156", "title": "[Micrographic aspect of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Fragments of the lower jaw from 42 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx, and treated primarely with fraction radiotherapy, were excised for radiation osteonecrosis 6 month to 10 years after irradiations. The excised specimens are X-rayed before being coated with methylmetacrylate. They are then cut into thick sections along lines detailled on the X-ray films. The sections are trimmed to 80 microns and examined microradiographically. Two observations are sufficient to demonstrate destruction or reorganisation of the bone tissue. Reabsorption of unusual appearance is seen around the Haversian canals. The newly formed tissue resembles either embryonic bone matter, or lamellar tissue as seen in osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Micrographic aspect of mandibular osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)]. Fragments of the lower jaw from 42 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx, and treated primarely with fraction radiotherapy, were excised for radiation osteonecrosis 6 month to 10 years after irradiations. The excised specimens are X-rayed before being coated with methylmetacrylate. They are then cut into thick sections along lines detailled on the X-ray films. The sections are trimmed to 80 microns and examined microradiographically. Two observations are sufficient to demonstrate destruction or reorganisation of the bone tissue. Reabsorption of unusual appearance is seen around the Haversian canals. The newly formed tissue resembles either embryonic bone matter, or lamellar tissue as seen in osteomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:288157", "title": "[Recent advances in the therapy of osteoradionecrosis of the maxillomandibular bones (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of the considerable technical progress made over the last few years, no type of irradiation used at the present time for treating malignant tumors in the maxillofacial region can protect the patient from the always dreaded appearance of a secondary osteoradionecrosis of the maxillomandibular bones. Extablished osteoradionecrosis is not a \"true\" necrosis of these bones but a particularly severe osteitis which evolves in bone, which is pathological because it has been irradiated, and is surrounded by tissues which are also pathological for the same reason. Very high doses of antibiotics, comparable to those used in the treatment of osteomyelitis, mandibular resection by the endobuccal route, and the possibility of treating perimaxillomandibular tissues by reconstructive surgery, have completely transformed the prognosis of this dreaded affection, which is being increasingly prevented by daily fluoride applications applied locally.", "contents": "[Recent advances in the therapy of osteoradionecrosis of the maxillomandibular bones (author's transl)]. In spite of the considerable technical progress made over the last few years, no type of irradiation used at the present time for treating malignant tumors in the maxillofacial region can protect the patient from the always dreaded appearance of a secondary osteoradionecrosis of the maxillomandibular bones. Extablished osteoradionecrosis is not a \"true\" necrosis of these bones but a particularly severe osteitis which evolves in bone, which is pathological because it has been irradiated, and is surrounded by tissues which are also pathological for the same reason. Very high doses of antibiotics, comparable to those used in the treatment of osteomyelitis, mandibular resection by the endobuccal route, and the possibility of treating perimaxillomandibular tissues by reconstructive surgery, have completely transformed the prognosis of this dreaded affection, which is being increasingly prevented by daily fluoride applications applied locally."}
{"id": "PMID:288158", "title": "[Twenty-five cases of bone resection for mandibular osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Good morphological and functional results are obtained in lateral osteoradionecrosis after bone resection by the endobuccal route, and this operation should be performed at an earlier stage. Median resections give poor results and in these cases it is reasonable to temporize in the normal manner. Long-term prognosis is only moderate as tumoral recurrences are frequent in these patients.", "contents": "[Twenty-five cases of bone resection for mandibular osteoradionecrosis (author's transl)]. Good morphological and functional results are obtained in lateral osteoradionecrosis after bone resection by the endobuccal route, and this operation should be performed at an earlier stage. Median resections give poor results and in these cases it is reasonable to temporize in the normal manner. Long-term prognosis is only moderate as tumoral recurrences are frequent in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:288159", "title": "[Dystrophy and necrosis following radiotherapy for maxillary cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "About 10% of patients developed severe sequelae following radiotherapy, which had been associated with surgical treatment, even though they were, or appeared to be cured. Complications affected the skin and soft tissues (causing skin retraction, loss of substance, and sometimes trismus) and bone (necrosis required surgical treatment, and when there was associated cutaneous dystrophy, resulted in exposure of the bone and severe functional and esthetic problems). A critical study of the radiotherapeutic techniques used suggests that the dose given should be reduced, the fields modified, and Cobalt used in preference to electrons in most cases.", "contents": "[Dystrophy and necrosis following radiotherapy for maxillary cancer (author's transl)]. About 10% of patients developed severe sequelae following radiotherapy, which had been associated with surgical treatment, even though they were, or appeared to be cured. Complications affected the skin and soft tissues (causing skin retraction, loss of substance, and sometimes trismus) and bone (necrosis required surgical treatment, and when there was associated cutaneous dystrophy, resulted in exposure of the bone and severe functional and esthetic problems). A critical study of the radiotherapeutic techniques used suggests that the dose given should be reduced, the fields modified, and Cobalt used in preference to electrons in most cases."}
{"id": "PMID:288160", "title": "[Maxillodental problems after irradiation in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of a certain number of children with very severe dentomaxillary sequelae after radiotherapy for facial and intracranial lesions raises many problems. These include the type of reconstructive therapy, the protection of the maxillodental structures, the value of local and alimentary hygiene, and the quantity and quality of dental treatment needed. Further difficulties are encountered because of dental malformations (absence of roots), increased rate of eruption of the teeth in the arch (contrary to the accepted opinions), and objectives should be modest when attempting maxillofacial orthopedic procedures.", "contents": "[Maxillodental problems after irradiation in children (author's transl)]. The treatment of a certain number of children with very severe dentomaxillary sequelae after radiotherapy for facial and intracranial lesions raises many problems. These include the type of reconstructive therapy, the protection of the maxillodental structures, the value of local and alimentary hygiene, and the quantity and quality of dental treatment needed. Further difficulties are encountered because of dental malformations (absence of roots), increased rate of eruption of the teeth in the arch (contrary to the accepted opinions), and objectives should be modest when attempting maxillofacial orthopedic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:288161", "title": "[Disturbances in development of the maxilla following interstitial radium therapy for a facial rhabdomyosarcoma at the age of 3 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Radium therapy at the age of 3 years for an embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma of the paranasal fold resulted in severe cutaneous lesions but also relatively limited disturbances of growth of the corresponding maxilla: inclusion of the underlying canine and version of neighbouring teeth, very incomplete development of the nearest dental roots, absence of air filling of the maxillary sinus. The relatively slight nature of these developmental disturbances is certainly related to the techniques of interstitial radium therapy developed and used at the Gustave Roussy Institute. Routine orthodontic study of the cases of children surviving after treatment of a malignant tumor of the face would undoubtedly offer even more precise information concerning therapeutic indications.", "contents": "[Disturbances in development of the maxilla following interstitial radium therapy for a facial rhabdomyosarcoma at the age of 3 years (author's transl)]. Radium therapy at the age of 3 years for an embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma of the paranasal fold resulted in severe cutaneous lesions but also relatively limited disturbances of growth of the corresponding maxilla: inclusion of the underlying canine and version of neighbouring teeth, very incomplete development of the nearest dental roots, absence of air filling of the maxillary sinus. The relatively slight nature of these developmental disturbances is certainly related to the techniques of interstitial radium therapy developed and used at the Gustave Roussy Institute. Routine orthodontic study of the cases of children surviving after treatment of a malignant tumor of the face would undoubtedly offer even more precise information concerning therapeutic indications."}
{"id": "PMID:288162", "title": "[Maxillofacial radiation-induced cancers (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation-induced cancers are fortunately a very rare complication of radiotherapy for cancers. Sagerman, however, reported 21 cases in a series of 243 patients with retinoblastomas, examined after a period of at least 5 years, and 6 cases were observed in a similar series of 112 children seen at the Curie Institute. This report describes 10 cases of irradiation-induced cancers of the maxillofacial region seen at the Curie Institute over a period of 30 years. The exceptional nature of this risk is such that it cannot represent a contra-indication to irradiation therapy of a malignant tumor, especially now that low-energy radiation has been abandoned, and with the modern therapeutic procedures available. The risks of cancer are greater, however, after irradiation of benign bone lesions and benign affections of the cervico-facial region. Treatment of these benign affections in children or young adults by low or reduced doses of conventional low-energy radiations should be forbidden, and the indication for treatment with radiations, which must be of high voltage, should be exceptional.", "contents": "[Maxillofacial radiation-induced cancers (author's transl)]. Radiation-induced cancers are fortunately a very rare complication of radiotherapy for cancers. Sagerman, however, reported 21 cases in a series of 243 patients with retinoblastomas, examined after a period of at least 5 years, and 6 cases were observed in a similar series of 112 children seen at the Curie Institute. This report describes 10 cases of irradiation-induced cancers of the maxillofacial region seen at the Curie Institute over a period of 30 years. The exceptional nature of this risk is such that it cannot represent a contra-indication to irradiation therapy of a malignant tumor, especially now that low-energy radiation has been abandoned, and with the modern therapeutic procedures available. The risks of cancer are greater, however, after irradiation of benign bone lesions and benign affections of the cervico-facial region. Treatment of these benign affections in children or young adults by low or reduced doses of conventional low-energy radiations should be forbidden, and the indication for treatment with radiations, which must be of high voltage, should be exceptional."}
{"id": "PMID:288163", "title": "In vitro susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "In vitro susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria should be limited to isolates from persistent or recurrent infections that have been treated adequately and appropriately with antimicrobial agents and, in reference centers, to collections of isolates in order to monitor alterations in susceptibility of species to various antimicrobial agents. An agar dilution reference method is being evaluated currently; however, practicality limits sporadic testing of single isolates to disk elution or broth dilution techniques. No single disk diffusion method has yet been found to be acceptable for testing anaerobic bacteria, and the results obtained with standardized procedures for aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria are not applicable to anaerobic bacteria.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. In vitro susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria should be limited to isolates from persistent or recurrent infections that have been treated adequately and appropriately with antimicrobial agents and, in reference centers, to collections of isolates in order to monitor alterations in susceptibility of species to various antimicrobial agents. An agar dilution reference method is being evaluated currently; however, practicality limits sporadic testing of single isolates to disk elution or broth dilution techniques. No single disk diffusion method has yet been found to be acceptable for testing anaerobic bacteria, and the results obtained with standardized procedures for aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria are not applicable to anaerobic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:288164", "title": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis abscess in the rat liver.", "content": "Liver abscess was induced in rats by injecting a culture of B. fragilis ss. fragilis (approx. 5X10(6) cells) into devascularized liver tissue. Mixed infection with B. fragilis and aerobes occurred in all animals subjected to repeated laparotomies for bacteriological sampling (4, 7, 14 and 28 days after inoculation). In animals sampled only at 8 or at 42 days after injection, B. fragilis was isolated in pure culture from the majority of animals. The size of abscesses containing B. fragilis in pure culture decreased markedly between 8 and 42 days after inoculation. In inoculated animals and in sham-operated animals with secondary infection histological examination revealed an abscess containing necrotic liver tissue and numerous granulocytes. In sham-operated animals with no bacterial growth the histological examination microscopy revealed a liver infarct with incipient organization and no accumulation of granulocytes.", "contents": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis abscess in the rat liver. Liver abscess was induced in rats by injecting a culture of B. fragilis ss. fragilis (approx. 5X10(6) cells) into devascularized liver tissue. Mixed infection with B. fragilis and aerobes occurred in all animals subjected to repeated laparotomies for bacteriological sampling (4, 7, 14 and 28 days after inoculation). In animals sampled only at 8 or at 42 days after injection, B. fragilis was isolated in pure culture from the majority of animals. The size of abscesses containing B. fragilis in pure culture decreased markedly between 8 and 42 days after inoculation. In inoculated animals and in sham-operated animals with secondary infection histological examination revealed an abscess containing necrotic liver tissue and numerous granulocytes. In sham-operated animals with no bacterial growth the histological examination microscopy revealed a liver infarct with incipient organization and no accumulation of granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:288165", "title": "The humoral antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis infections in humans.", "content": "The humoral antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis infections in humans, with particular reference to ss. fragilis, was studied using an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). Phenol-water extracted polysaccharide fractions (PS) from B. fragilis ss. fragilis, ss. ovatus, ss. distasonis and ss. vulgatus were used as antigens. Antibody titer determinations were done on sera collected from 57 patients where B. fragilis had been cultured and from 50 controls. In patients with septicemia caused by B. fragilis ss. fragilis a significant titer increase (greater than or equal to doubling) against PS from strain 9343 was seen during the course of the illness. In sera from patients with appendicitis, and where B. fragilis was isolated from the appendix, a titer increase against B. fragilis ss. fragilis 9343 was observed for 6 of 17 patients. However, in sera from 9 of the 17 patients a titer increase against B. fragilis ss. ovatus was also seen. No titer increase was observed in sera from most of the patients with salpingitis where B. fragilis had been isolated. In sera from 10 patients with Crohn's disease the median antibody titer against all four B. fragilis antigens was slightly higher than in sera from the controls. The median antibody titer against B. fragilis ss. ovatus was, however, significantly higher. Our experience is that a humoral antibody response against B. fragilis ss. fragilis can be expected in patients where the organism is isolated from blood. In diseases like appendicitis and salpingitis titer increases are less common. When they occur they are not necessarily directed against ss. fragilis only but are as frequent against ss. ovatus. Titer increases against ss. vulgatus and ss. distasonis are also seen. This raises the question if the observed titer increases are a consequence of a specific pathogenic role of B. fragilis in these infections, or if they merely represent the result of an antigenic stimulus as a result of an increased permeability of the mucosal barriers caused by inflammation and/or surgical manipulation.", "contents": "The humoral antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis infections in humans. The humoral antibody response to Bacteroides fragilis infections in humans, with particular reference to ss. fragilis, was studied using an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA). Phenol-water extracted polysaccharide fractions (PS) from B. fragilis ss. fragilis, ss. ovatus, ss. distasonis and ss. vulgatus were used as antigens. Antibody titer determinations were done on sera collected from 57 patients where B. fragilis had been cultured and from 50 controls. In patients with septicemia caused by B. fragilis ss. fragilis a significant titer increase (greater than or equal to doubling) against PS from strain 9343 was seen during the course of the illness. In sera from patients with appendicitis, and where B. fragilis was isolated from the appendix, a titer increase against B. fragilis ss. fragilis 9343 was observed for 6 of 17 patients. However, in sera from 9 of the 17 patients a titer increase against B. fragilis ss. ovatus was also seen. No titer increase was observed in sera from most of the patients with salpingitis where B. fragilis had been isolated. In sera from 10 patients with Crohn's disease the median antibody titer against all four B. fragilis antigens was slightly higher than in sera from the controls. The median antibody titer against B. fragilis ss. ovatus was, however, significantly higher. Our experience is that a humoral antibody response against B. fragilis ss. fragilis can be expected in patients where the organism is isolated from blood. In diseases like appendicitis and salpingitis titer increases are less common. When they occur they are not necessarily directed against ss. fragilis only but are as frequent against ss. ovatus. Titer increases against ss. vulgatus and ss. distasonis are also seen. This raises the question if the observed titer increases are a consequence of a specific pathogenic role of B. fragilis in these infections, or if they merely represent the result of an antigenic stimulus as a result of an increased permeability of the mucosal barriers caused by inflammation and/or surgical manipulation."}
{"id": "PMID:288166", "title": "Anaerobic bacteria in maxillary sinusitis.", "content": "The anaerobic bacterial flora of purulent maxillary sinusitis was investigated in 30 patients and the different anaerobic species identified and tested with respect to antibiotic susceptibility. Most strains were identified as anaerobic cocci. Non-sporeforming Gram-positive rods and Gram-negative rods other than Bacteroides fragilis were also isolated. The majority of the strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, doxycycline, metronidazole and chloramphenicol.", "contents": "Anaerobic bacteria in maxillary sinusitis. The anaerobic bacterial flora of purulent maxillary sinusitis was investigated in 30 patients and the different anaerobic species identified and tested with respect to antibiotic susceptibility. Most strains were identified as anaerobic cocci. Non-sporeforming Gram-positive rods and Gram-negative rods other than Bacteroides fragilis were also isolated. The majority of the strains were susceptible to benzylpenicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, doxycycline, metronidazole and chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:288169", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. IV. A methodological evaluation of the vitagram index for measurement of quality of survival.", "content": "The validity of the Carlens Vitagram Index was tested by using the result of therapy in 48 patients with bronchial carcinoma in advanced disease, 54 patients with localized disease and 34 deceased treated surgically. The Carlens Vitagram Index, which is additional and composed of six items, was correlated to a set of additive indexes including the same items but other item weights, which were chosen with non-controversial pre-specified restrictions. The lowest correlation achieved was an indicator of the lowest degree of consistency that could be attributed to the Carlens Index given. The definition of the index was operationalized so far that each item in the set of six items included in the index was regarded as valid, and it was also considered reasonable that only these six items should be included; that each item had a weight; that the index was obtained as a product (weight x item value) sum and that the pre-specified conditions were accepted. By using restrictive conditions the lowest correlation between the index giving the lowest correlation and the Carlens Index for the 48 patients with localized disease was 0.98, for the 54 patients with localized disease 0.91 and for the surgically treated ones 0.83. In addition to the total index, the average index per month was also studied and the corresponding correlations were 0.96, 0.86 and 0.81 respectively. The Carlens Index and its application per month was found to have good validity for inoperable patients and acceptable validity for surgically treated patients. The Carlens Index was shown to be robust and there is reason to believe that it lies close to the optimal index.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. IV. A methodological evaluation of the vitagram index for measurement of quality of survival. The validity of the Carlens Vitagram Index was tested by using the result of therapy in 48 patients with bronchial carcinoma in advanced disease, 54 patients with localized disease and 34 deceased treated surgically. The Carlens Vitagram Index, which is additional and composed of six items, was correlated to a set of additive indexes including the same items but other item weights, which were chosen with non-controversial pre-specified restrictions. The lowest correlation achieved was an indicator of the lowest degree of consistency that could be attributed to the Carlens Index given. The definition of the index was operationalized so far that each item in the set of six items included in the index was regarded as valid, and it was also considered reasonable that only these six items should be included; that each item had a weight; that the index was obtained as a product (weight x item value) sum and that the pre-specified conditions were accepted. By using restrictive conditions the lowest correlation between the index giving the lowest correlation and the Carlens Index for the 48 patients with localized disease was 0.98, for the 54 patients with localized disease 0.91 and for the surgically treated ones 0.83. In addition to the total index, the average index per month was also studied and the corresponding correlations were 0.96, 0.86 and 0.81 respectively. The Carlens Index and its application per month was found to have good validity for inoperable patients and acceptable validity for surgically treated patients. The Carlens Index was shown to be robust and there is reason to believe that it lies close to the optimal index."}
{"id": "PMID:288170", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. V. A methodological evaluation of the vitagram index for measurements of quality of survival by means of the \"MaxMin\" correlation method.", "content": "The validity of the Carlens Vitagram Index for measuring the quality of survival in bronchial carcinoma was further tested on the basis of the result of therapy in 48 patients with advanced disease, 54 patients with localized disease and 34 deceased patients surgically. Different approaches for index construction are discussed and the \"MaxMin\" correlation method, in which the highest of the lowest correlations is sought, is presented. The principal algorithms of the method are given, and the mathematical proof and the procedures are described and exemplified. By finding the \"MaxMin\" correlation a new index was constructed with weights of 20, 12.36, 12.36, 8.18, -6.15 and 0 points. The corresponding weights of the Carlens index are 20, 16, 12, 8, -4 and -2 points. Thus the Carlens index lies very close to the optimal index found with the \"MaxMin\" method. This result gives further proof that the Carlens index is valid for use in the types of bronchial carcinoma described above.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. V. A methodological evaluation of the vitagram index for measurements of quality of survival by means of the \"MaxMin\" correlation method. The validity of the Carlens Vitagram Index for measuring the quality of survival in bronchial carcinoma was further tested on the basis of the result of therapy in 48 patients with advanced disease, 54 patients with localized disease and 34 deceased patients surgically. Different approaches for index construction are discussed and the \"MaxMin\" correlation method, in which the highest of the lowest correlations is sought, is presented. The principal algorithms of the method are given, and the mathematical proof and the procedures are described and exemplified. By finding the \"MaxMin\" correlation a new index was constructed with weights of 20, 12.36, 12.36, 8.18, -6.15 and 0 points. The corresponding weights of the Carlens index are 20, 16, 12, 8, -4 and -2 points. Thus the Carlens index lies very close to the optimal index found with the \"MaxMin\" method. This result gives further proof that the Carlens index is valid for use in the types of bronchial carcinoma described above."}
{"id": "PMID:288171", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. VI. Some aspects of the therapy of inoperable patients.", "content": "In small cell anaplastic carcinoma with localized disease the median survival for radiotherapy, single drug chemotherapy or operation was 10.1 months. The median survival for radiotherapy or single drug chemotherapy for small cell anaplastic carcinoma with extensive disease was 2.8 months and for untreated controls 0.5 months. The difference in the quality of survival was moderate, 2.0 vitagram points per month. Untreated epidermoid carcinoma patients with localized disease had a median survival of 11.4 months, which is the level reached by most non-surgical therapeutic regimes today.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. VI. Some aspects of the therapy of inoperable patients. In small cell anaplastic carcinoma with localized disease the median survival for radiotherapy, single drug chemotherapy or operation was 10.1 months. The median survival for radiotherapy or single drug chemotherapy for small cell anaplastic carcinoma with extensive disease was 2.8 months and for untreated controls 0.5 months. The difference in the quality of survival was moderate, 2.0 vitagram points per month. Untreated epidermoid carcinoma patients with localized disease had a median survival of 11.4 months, which is the level reached by most non-surgical therapeutic regimes today."}
{"id": "PMID:288172", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. I. A prospective five year study on an unselected carcinoma population in a Swedish county.", "content": "No prospective clinical investigations of unselected total materials of bronchial carcinoma have been reported. The clinical profile of 273 patients with histologically verified bronchial carcinoma from a Swedish county during 1971-1976 is presented. The difficulties in making valid comparisons with other literature reports makes it necessary to describe in detail the total material. Such a description is given in the present paper. In order to avoid different selection mechanisms an attempt was made to collect an almost total material. No patients were lost in the follow-up. Autopsy was performed in 95% of the deceased patients. The distribution of the histological WHO groups in the total material was: 44% group I, 18% group II, 29% group III and 9% group IV. The material was used for randomized investigations of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and placebo treatment in inoperable patients with the purpose of studying the quality of survival in addition to survival time. For the measurement of the quality of survival the Carlens vitagram index was used (Carlens et al. 1970). The influence of a general health survey with mass miniature chest X-ray was also studied, since such a survey was performed in the region of the study. The expected 5-year survival is estimated to be 7%. Only 20 patients with resectional therapy without known signs of metastases are expected to survive. Nine (45%) of these patients were discovered by mass miniature chest X-ray and thus for a limited number of patients the detection by the general health survey gives a better prognosis.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. I. A prospective five year study on an unselected carcinoma population in a Swedish county. No prospective clinical investigations of unselected total materials of bronchial carcinoma have been reported. The clinical profile of 273 patients with histologically verified bronchial carcinoma from a Swedish county during 1971-1976 is presented. The difficulties in making valid comparisons with other literature reports makes it necessary to describe in detail the total material. Such a description is given in the present paper. In order to avoid different selection mechanisms an attempt was made to collect an almost total material. No patients were lost in the follow-up. Autopsy was performed in 95% of the deceased patients. The distribution of the histological WHO groups in the total material was: 44% group I, 18% group II, 29% group III and 9% group IV. The material was used for randomized investigations of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and placebo treatment in inoperable patients with the purpose of studying the quality of survival in addition to survival time. For the measurement of the quality of survival the Carlens vitagram index was used (Carlens et al. 1970). The influence of a general health survey with mass miniature chest X-ray was also studied, since such a survey was performed in the region of the study. The expected 5-year survival is estimated to be 7%. Only 20 patients with resectional therapy without known signs of metastases are expected to survive. Nine (45%) of these patients were discovered by mass miniature chest X-ray and thus for a limited number of patients the detection by the general health survey gives a better prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:288173", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma. II. Quantitative measurements of the quality of survival. A prospective randomized study of the result of therapy in inoperable patients with advanced disease.", "content": "Forty-eight bronchial carcinoma patients in clinicoanatomical stage 4 of the disease (advanced disease) were randomly assigned to groups for radiotherapy, chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide) and placebo treatment, respectively. The results were assessed by the survival time and quality of survival. The median survival time was 4.7 months for radiotherapy, 4.7 months for cyclophosphamide and 1.7 months for placebo. The median total sum of vitagram points was 28.1 for radiotherapy, 20.7 for cyclophosphamide and 6.8 for placebo. When calculated per month, the median sum of vitagram points was 5.9 for radiotherapy, 5.7 for cyclophosphamide and 4.8 for placebo. Statistically the results give no reason to believe that placebo is better than radiotherapy, but it cannot be excluded that radiotherapy patients could have a much longer survival. As for cyclophosphamide versus radiotherapy, the differences are to uncertain for any conclusion to be drawn.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma. II. Quantitative measurements of the quality of survival. A prospective randomized study of the result of therapy in inoperable patients with advanced disease. Forty-eight bronchial carcinoma patients in clinicoanatomical stage 4 of the disease (advanced disease) were randomly assigned to groups for radiotherapy, chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide) and placebo treatment, respectively. The results were assessed by the survival time and quality of survival. The median survival time was 4.7 months for radiotherapy, 4.7 months for cyclophosphamide and 1.7 months for placebo. The median total sum of vitagram points was 28.1 for radiotherapy, 20.7 for cyclophosphamide and 6.8 for placebo. When calculated per month, the median sum of vitagram points was 5.9 for radiotherapy, 5.7 for cyclophosphamide and 4.8 for placebo. Statistically the results give no reason to believe that placebo is better than radiotherapy, but it cannot be excluded that radiotherapy patients could have a much longer survival. As for cyclophosphamide versus radiotherapy, the differences are to uncertain for any conclusion to be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:288177", "title": "Serologic analysis of human tumor antigens. II. Reactivity of sera from eleven osetogenic sarcoma patients against autologous and allogeneic tumor cells.", "content": "Sera from eleven patients bearing osteogenic sarcomas were tested for reactivity against autologous and allogeneic normal and tumor cells using a sensitive microcytotoxicity assay. Following absorption with human fetal tissue cultured lines, sera from all 11 patients lost reactivity to autologous and allogeneic normal fibroblasts in culture. However, sera from four patients retained reactivity against both autologous and allogeneic osteogenic sarcoma, sera from five patients retained reactivity to allogeneic but not autologous tumor, and sera from two patients lost all reactivity to tumor. Sera from nine normal individuals did not react with either normal or osteogenic sarcoma cells after fetal cell absorption. Thus it appears that nine of 11 patients bearing osteogenic sarcoma contained antibody to a common tumor-associated antigen. This tumor-associated antigen appears to be expressed on tumor cells and not normal cultured cells, and reactivity to it is present in tumor-bearing but not normal individuals.", "contents": "Serologic analysis of human tumor antigens. II. Reactivity of sera from eleven osetogenic sarcoma patients against autologous and allogeneic tumor cells. Sera from eleven patients bearing osteogenic sarcomas were tested for reactivity against autologous and allogeneic normal and tumor cells using a sensitive microcytotoxicity assay. Following absorption with human fetal tissue cultured lines, sera from all 11 patients lost reactivity to autologous and allogeneic normal fibroblasts in culture. However, sera from four patients retained reactivity against both autologous and allogeneic osteogenic sarcoma, sera from five patients retained reactivity to allogeneic but not autologous tumor, and sera from two patients lost all reactivity to tumor. Sera from nine normal individuals did not react with either normal or osteogenic sarcoma cells after fetal cell absorption. Thus it appears that nine of 11 patients bearing osteogenic sarcoma contained antibody to a common tumor-associated antigen. This tumor-associated antigen appears to be expressed on tumor cells and not normal cultured cells, and reactivity to it is present in tumor-bearing but not normal individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:288178", "title": "Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations. The effect of enclosing amalgam of initially high plasticity in intermediate depth or deep cavities.", "content": "From earlier studies using amalgam of known physical and sealing properties it was concluded that the initially high mercury content was the main reason for pulpal changes and that clinical leakage had been less important. The purpose of the present investigation was to study how a possible sealing insufficiency may contribute to the pulpal changes beneath restorations of silver amalgam. The influence of bacteria at the tooth/filling interface upon pulpal changes was also studied. The material consisted of 21 contralateral pairs of premolars. Intermediate depth cavities were prepared in 13 pairs and deep cavities in 8 pairs. All cavities were filled with silver amalgam by the wet technique. The restoration in one tooth of each pair was sealed off by glued metal foil protected by a cemented orthodontic band. After 1 week the teeth were extracted and examined histologically. In the pulp of teeth with restorations exposed to the oral environment, the frequency of dilated capillaries and inflammatory cells in the odontoblast - cell-rich zone boundary, associated with the dentinal tubules involved in the cavity preparation, was insignificantly higher statistically than in those with seal-off restorations. A few scattered bacteria were found on the cavity wall in some cases. It was concluded that, in the short run, the pulp reaction was influenced by sealing insufficiency, which may develop during the experimental period as a result of external factors such as tooth deformation and/or changes in temperature. No influence from bacteria on the cavity wall could be established.", "contents": "Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations. The effect of enclosing amalgam of initially high plasticity in intermediate depth or deep cavities. From earlier studies using amalgam of known physical and sealing properties it was concluded that the initially high mercury content was the main reason for pulpal changes and that clinical leakage had been less important. The purpose of the present investigation was to study how a possible sealing insufficiency may contribute to the pulpal changes beneath restorations of silver amalgam. The influence of bacteria at the tooth/filling interface upon pulpal changes was also studied. The material consisted of 21 contralateral pairs of premolars. Intermediate depth cavities were prepared in 13 pairs and deep cavities in 8 pairs. All cavities were filled with silver amalgam by the wet technique. The restoration in one tooth of each pair was sealed off by glued metal foil protected by a cemented orthodontic band. After 1 week the teeth were extracted and examined histologically. In the pulp of teeth with restorations exposed to the oral environment, the frequency of dilated capillaries and inflammatory cells in the odontoblast - cell-rich zone boundary, associated with the dentinal tubules involved in the cavity preparation, was insignificantly higher statistically than in those with seal-off restorations. A few scattered bacteria were found on the cavity wall in some cases. It was concluded that, in the short run, the pulp reaction was influenced by sealing insufficiency, which may develop during the experimental period as a result of external factors such as tooth deformation and/or changes in temperature. No influence from bacteria on the cavity wall could be established."}
{"id": "PMID:288179", "title": "Effect of flouride varnish (Duraphat) treatment every six months compared with weekly mouthrinses with 0.2 per cent NaF solution on dental caries.", "content": "Recent studies have shown a high fluorine uptake in the enamel and a considerable caries reduction following the application of varnished containing fluoride. As the application is easy to carry out it may in certain situations serve as an alternative to other topical fluoride school programmes. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to compare the caries increment in schoolchildren exposed to a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) every six months and in children receiving the conventional weekly fluoride mouthrinsing programme with 0.2 per cent sodium fluoride over a two-year period. Two hundred 14-year-old children, divided into one test and one control group took part in the study. They were clinically and radiographically examined every year. Preexperimental data revealed no differences between the groups. During the experimental period the children in the fluoride varnish group developed a statistically significant lower number of new carious lesions compared with those in the mouthrinsing group. The difference in caries increment was about 30 per cent. Further clinical studies to compare the effects of various topical fluoride programmes are recommended.", "contents": "Effect of flouride varnish (Duraphat) treatment every six months compared with weekly mouthrinses with 0.2 per cent NaF solution on dental caries. Recent studies have shown a high fluorine uptake in the enamel and a considerable caries reduction following the application of varnished containing fluoride. As the application is easy to carry out it may in certain situations serve as an alternative to other topical fluoride school programmes. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to compare the caries increment in schoolchildren exposed to a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) every six months and in children receiving the conventional weekly fluoride mouthrinsing programme with 0.2 per cent sodium fluoride over a two-year period. Two hundred 14-year-old children, divided into one test and one control group took part in the study. They were clinically and radiographically examined every year. Preexperimental data revealed no differences between the groups. During the experimental period the children in the fluoride varnish group developed a statistically significant lower number of new carious lesions compared with those in the mouthrinsing group. The difference in caries increment was about 30 per cent. Further clinical studies to compare the effects of various topical fluoride programmes are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:288180", "title": "Dental caries and restoration. IV. A six-year longitudinal study of the caries increment of proximal surfaces.", "content": "In order to study the progression of proximal caries lesions and the quality of restorations, a sample of individuals in Gothenburg, Sweden was radiographically examined at the ages of 16, 19 and 22. By means of an index system every proximal tooth surface was given a diagnosis and differences between examinations were evaluated by a score system. Of all decayed and filled surfaces observed at the age of 22 more than 70% were already established at the age of 16. During the 16--19 year interval more than twice as many new carious lesions were developed than during the 19--22 year interval. The decrease in the number of new lesions during the last interval was accompanied by a slower progression of already existing lesions. Both factors resulted in a lower mean value with regard to scores during the 19--22 year interval compared with the preceding one. However, great individual differences were noted and 22 percent of the individuals exhibited larger score values during the last interval than during the first. Relatively seen the number of restorations with overhanging margins was lower at the final examination than at the previous ones.", "contents": "Dental caries and restoration. IV. A six-year longitudinal study of the caries increment of proximal surfaces. In order to study the progression of proximal caries lesions and the quality of restorations, a sample of individuals in Gothenburg, Sweden was radiographically examined at the ages of 16, 19 and 22. By means of an index system every proximal tooth surface was given a diagnosis and differences between examinations were evaluated by a score system. Of all decayed and filled surfaces observed at the age of 22 more than 70% were already established at the age of 16. During the 16--19 year interval more than twice as many new carious lesions were developed than during the 19--22 year interval. The decrease in the number of new lesions during the last interval was accompanied by a slower progression of already existing lesions. Both factors resulted in a lower mean value with regard to scores during the 19--22 year interval compared with the preceding one. However, great individual differences were noted and 22 percent of the individuals exhibited larger score values during the last interval than during the first. Relatively seen the number of restorations with overhanging margins was lower at the final examination than at the previous ones."}
{"id": "PMID:288181", "title": "Lysozyme activity in saliva from children with various degree of gingivitis.", "content": "The lysozyme activity was determined in paraffin stimulated whole saliva from 51 randomly selected children. The average age was 6.5 years. The children were divided into four groups according to their degree of gingival inflammation. An agardiffusion method was used with Micrococcus lysodeikticus as indicator of the lysozyme activity. The mean value of the lysozyme activity was determined to 48.4 microgram/ml. In the non-inflamed group the enzyme activity was 8.7 microgram/ml, whereas it was lower, 31.5 microgram/ml, in children with inflamed gingiva. The correlation coefficient (p less than 0.05) suggest that there is a negative relationship between saliva lysozyme and the degree of gingival inflammation. Furthermore this study indicates that lysozyme acts as one of the resistant-factors against gingival inflammation in young individuals.", "contents": "Lysozyme activity in saliva from children with various degree of gingivitis. The lysozyme activity was determined in paraffin stimulated whole saliva from 51 randomly selected children. The average age was 6.5 years. The children were divided into four groups according to their degree of gingival inflammation. An agardiffusion method was used with Micrococcus lysodeikticus as indicator of the lysozyme activity. The mean value of the lysozyme activity was determined to 48.4 microgram/ml. In the non-inflamed group the enzyme activity was 8.7 microgram/ml, whereas it was lower, 31.5 microgram/ml, in children with inflamed gingiva. The correlation coefficient (p less than 0.05) suggest that there is a negative relationship between saliva lysozyme and the degree of gingival inflammation. Furthermore this study indicates that lysozyme acts as one of the resistant-factors against gingival inflammation in young individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:288224", "title": "[The pathophysiologic reactivity of the endodontium and periodontium].", "content": "The plaque-linked caries and gingivitis are attended by phlogogenic attacks to the endodontium and the periodontium. The knowledge of the morphology and pathomorphology as well as of the fundamental physiopathological reaction patterns leads to a reasonable organ-oriented diagnosis from which the regenerative power must be deducible. Experimental results are illustrated by the examples of vascularity and blood circulation. Further damage must be reduced to a minimum by sparing and safe conservative therapy.", "contents": "[The pathophysiologic reactivity of the endodontium and periodontium]. The plaque-linked caries and gingivitis are attended by phlogogenic attacks to the endodontium and the periodontium. The knowledge of the morphology and pathomorphology as well as of the fundamental physiopathological reaction patterns leads to a reasonable organ-oriented diagnosis from which the regenerative power must be deducible. Experimental results are illustrated by the examples of vascularity and blood circulation. Further damage must be reduced to a minimum by sparing and safe conservative therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:288226", "title": "[Myoarthropathies: findings and therapy].", "content": "Im myoarthropathies the interplay of the functions of articulation, mandibular joints, muscles and periodontium is disturbed. They are due to occlusal disorders. The oral examination is carried out according to Krogh-Poulsen. The therapeutic procedure involves three steps. Step 1 : elimination of gross occlusal disorders. Step 2: elimination of occlusal disorders after recording of the jaw relations and model analysis on the articulator. Step 3: prosthetic treatment.", "contents": "[Myoarthropathies: findings and therapy]. Im myoarthropathies the interplay of the functions of articulation, mandibular joints, muscles and periodontium is disturbed. They are due to occlusal disorders. The oral examination is carried out according to Krogh-Poulsen. The therapeutic procedure involves three steps. Step 1 : elimination of gross occlusal disorders. Step 2: elimination of occlusal disorders after recording of the jaw relations and model analysis on the articulator. Step 3: prosthetic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288227", "title": "[Position of the mandible, range of movement and temporomandibular joint noises in edentulous patients (proceedings)].", "content": "The authors present studies on lateral displacements and ranges of horizontal and vertical movements of the mandible. Theyy used a new device--deviatiometer (fig. 1--4)--for measuring the position and the movements of the mandible. They stated no significant differences in the frequency of temporomandibular joint noises with regard to sex, age, lateral displacement of the mandible and ranges of movements. Consequently, temporomandibular joint noises should not be overvalued in the edentulous patient.", "contents": "[Position of the mandible, range of movement and temporomandibular joint noises in edentulous patients (proceedings)]. The authors present studies on lateral displacements and ranges of horizontal and vertical movements of the mandible. Theyy used a new device--deviatiometer (fig. 1--4)--for measuring the position and the movements of the mandible. They stated no significant differences in the frequency of temporomandibular joint noises with regard to sex, age, lateral displacement of the mandible and ranges of movements. Consequently, temporomandibular joint noises should not be overvalued in the edentulous patient."}
{"id": "PMID:288228", "title": "[Mandibular positioning and movements relative to the pain dysfunction syndrome].", "content": "The movements and positions of the mandible are controlled by three guiding factors: tooth guidance, joint guidance, and muscle guidance. For this reason, the author proposes new, clearly delineated definitions for the terms \"central occlusion\", \"central relation\" and \"muscle guidance\". The unity of structure and function results from the harmony (biological equilibrium) between these three guiding factors. Deviations of the individual guiding factors (occlusal disorders, decentralized relations, malpositions and misguidances of the muscles) may be analyzed separately to begin with; thereupon, their interrelations will be elucidated. As not all of these three guiding factors are necessarily involved in an impairment (above all, the mandibular joints often show no abnormalities), and since pain is the principle sign in the clinical picture of a dysfunction of the orofacial organ, the author is of the opinion that the term \"pain-dysfunction syndrome\" (as coined by L. Schwarz) is more correct than such terms as \"Costen's syndrome\" or \"myoarthropathy\".", "contents": "[Mandibular positioning and movements relative to the pain dysfunction syndrome]. The movements and positions of the mandible are controlled by three guiding factors: tooth guidance, joint guidance, and muscle guidance. For this reason, the author proposes new, clearly delineated definitions for the terms \"central occlusion\", \"central relation\" and \"muscle guidance\". The unity of structure and function results from the harmony (biological equilibrium) between these three guiding factors. Deviations of the individual guiding factors (occlusal disorders, decentralized relations, malpositions and misguidances of the muscles) may be analyzed separately to begin with; thereupon, their interrelations will be elucidated. As not all of these three guiding factors are necessarily involved in an impairment (above all, the mandibular joints often show no abnormalities), and since pain is the principle sign in the clinical picture of a dysfunction of the orofacial organ, the author is of the opinion that the term \"pain-dysfunction syndrome\" (as coined by L. Schwarz) is more correct than such terms as \"Costen's syndrome\" or \"myoarthropathy\"."}
{"id": "PMID:288229", "title": "[Headache due to functional disorders of the masticatory organ. Headache due to tension of the masticatory muscles].", "content": "Headache in the temporal, frontal and suboccipital regions are described as to case history, findings and differential diagnosis. With due respect to possible further symptoms of dysfunction, the author indicates as principles to treatment: 1. restoration of the continuity of the rows of teeth, and of the occlusal relations; 2. restoration of correct jaw relations; 3. rehabilitation of masticatory muscles.", "contents": "[Headache due to functional disorders of the masticatory organ. Headache due to tension of the masticatory muscles]. Headache in the temporal, frontal and suboccipital regions are described as to case history, findings and differential diagnosis. With due respect to possible further symptoms of dysfunction, the author indicates as principles to treatment: 1. restoration of the continuity of the rows of teeth, and of the occlusal relations; 2. restoration of correct jaw relations; 3. rehabilitation of masticatory muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:288230", "title": "[Special radiographic characteristics of the temporomandibular joint in functional disorders of the masticatory organ].", "content": "The inclinations of the articular tubercles were measured on Sch\u00fcller radiographs of the temporomandibular joints. They were significantly flatter in patients than in control subjects. Patients having pain showed considerably more frequently right-left different angles of inclination than patients being free from pain. The widths of the interarticular spaces were subdivided into 3 classes as suggested by Kleinrok. Again it was found that right-left dissimilarity (class III) was significantly more frequent than right-left similarity (class II) only in patients having pain.", "contents": "[Special radiographic characteristics of the temporomandibular joint in functional disorders of the masticatory organ]. The inclinations of the articular tubercles were measured on Sch\u00fcller radiographs of the temporomandibular joints. They were significantly flatter in patients than in control subjects. Patients having pain showed considerably more frequently right-left different angles of inclination than patients being free from pain. The widths of the interarticular spaces were subdivided into 3 classes as suggested by Kleinrok. Again it was found that right-left dissimilarity (class III) was significantly more frequent than right-left similarity (class II) only in patients having pain."}
{"id": "PMID:288231", "title": "[Occluso-articular functional diagnosis].", "content": "The guiding factors of the movements of the mandible are dealt with, and problems arising in simulating these factors on an articulator are discussed. A technique for measuring the dimensional behaviour of the mandible during moving is presented, and the influence of this phenomenon on the determination of the terminal position of the hinge axis is discussed.", "contents": "[Occluso-articular functional diagnosis]. The guiding factors of the movements of the mandible are dealt with, and problems arising in simulating these factors on an articulator are discussed. A technique for measuring the dimensional behaviour of the mandible during moving is presented, and the influence of this phenomenon on the determination of the terminal position of the hinge axis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288232", "title": "[Prosthetic diagnosis within the framework of morbidity analyses].", "content": "In the framework of a morbidity analysis, the author determined in 500 subjects from the working population the frequency distribution of the various types of incomplete dentition and the proportion of actual prosthetic treatment. From this some suggestions were deduced for prosthetic treatment which should be considered in individual oral examination and treatment.", "contents": "[Prosthetic diagnosis within the framework of morbidity analyses]. In the framework of a morbidity analysis, the author determined in 500 subjects from the working population the frequency distribution of the various types of incomplete dentition and the proportion of actual prosthetic treatment. From this some suggestions were deduced for prosthetic treatment which should be considered in individual oral examination and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288233", "title": "[Apicoectomy].", "content": "Apicectomy is a supplement to conservative therapy in those cases in which the latter fails to achieve bacteria-proof obturation. Indications for it are presented. The technique of the procedure, which has widely been standardized in the last years, is appreciated in detail. Hints at the evaluation of the results of treatment are given.", "contents": "[Apicoectomy]. Apicectomy is a supplement to conservative therapy in those cases in which the latter fails to achieve bacteria-proof obturation. Indications for it are presented. The technique of the procedure, which has widely been standardized in the last years, is appreciated in detail. Hints at the evaluation of the results of treatment are given."}
{"id": "PMID:288239", "title": "[Infectious complications in acute and chronic leukemias].", "content": "Clinical and microbiological examinations of patients with acute leucosis and chronic myelo- and lympholeucosis were carried out aiming at the elucidation of incidence, localization and causative agents of the infectious diseases along with them. The infectious complications were concluded to present a serious problem in the treatment of leucosis, due to which their diagnosis is of essential importance for their early diagnosis, timely treatment and prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Infectious complications in acute and chronic leukemias]. Clinical and microbiological examinations of patients with acute leucosis and chronic myelo- and lympholeucosis were carried out aiming at the elucidation of incidence, localization and causative agents of the infectious diseases along with them. The infectious complications were concluded to present a serious problem in the treatment of leucosis, due to which their diagnosis is of essential importance for their early diagnosis, timely treatment and prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:288261", "title": "[Partial mechanical cardiac replacement in experimental cardiogenic shock].", "content": "The importance to evaluate artificial ventricles for left heart assist under cardiogenic shock conditions is emphasized. The main cardiogenic shock models currently used for assisted circulation research are mentioned. Our own method called selective peripheral coronary embolization is presented in detail with its anatomic, pathologic-histologic and electrocardiographic pattern. Polyester fibrils are embolized selectively to the posterior wall of the heart by direct puncture of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Shock hemodynamics and the effects of circulatory assist by the pneumatically driven ellipsoid ventricle (ELVAD) are demonstrated in 20 acute calf experiments. The artificial ventricle was inserted to the circulation between the natural left ventricle and the thoracic aorta in a paracorporeal and intrathoracic position. ELVAD activation was followed by a significant decrease of left ventricular pressure (-65%) and left atrial pressure (-35%). Cardiac index was increased by 10% and mean aortic pressure by 28% from their shock levels. Hemodynamics in irreversible ventricular fibrillation are analyzed in a calf experiment with a 40 hours survival only with ELVAD assist.", "contents": "[Partial mechanical cardiac replacement in experimental cardiogenic shock]. The importance to evaluate artificial ventricles for left heart assist under cardiogenic shock conditions is emphasized. The main cardiogenic shock models currently used for assisted circulation research are mentioned. Our own method called selective peripheral coronary embolization is presented in detail with its anatomic, pathologic-histologic and electrocardiographic pattern. Polyester fibrils are embolized selectively to the posterior wall of the heart by direct puncture of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Shock hemodynamics and the effects of circulatory assist by the pneumatically driven ellipsoid ventricle (ELVAD) are demonstrated in 20 acute calf experiments. The artificial ventricle was inserted to the circulation between the natural left ventricle and the thoracic aorta in a paracorporeal and intrathoracic position. ELVAD activation was followed by a significant decrease of left ventricular pressure (-65%) and left atrial pressure (-35%). Cardiac index was increased by 10% and mean aortic pressure by 28% from their shock levels. Hemodynamics in irreversible ventricular fibrillation are analyzed in a calf experiment with a 40 hours survival only with ELVAD assist."}
{"id": "PMID:288262", "title": "[Acute hypoxia and internal intensive care. IV. Results of respirator therapy in an internal intensive care unit].", "content": "In the fourth information on the topic acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine the results of an internal intensive unit in the respiration of internal emergencies during one year are described. Issuing from this, questions of the respiration in insufficiency of the left heart, acute and chronic obstruction of the respiratory tract, restrictive disturbances of the lung, of neurological pictures of the disease, intoxications and shock lung are in the centre of the treatise.", "contents": "[Acute hypoxia and internal intensive care. IV. Results of respirator therapy in an internal intensive care unit]. In the fourth information on the topic acute hypoxia and internal intensive medicine the results of an internal intensive unit in the respiration of internal emergencies during one year are described. Issuing from this, questions of the respiration in insufficiency of the left heart, acute and chronic obstruction of the respiratory tract, restrictive disturbances of the lung, of neurological pictures of the disease, intoxications and shock lung are in the centre of the treatise."}
{"id": "PMID:288263", "title": "[Difficult situations in diagnosis and therapy in nonmalignant bone tumours and similar disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and x-ray criteria for bone tumors should be analyzed very carefully. It is demonstrated that especially periosteal reactions are nor characteristic of any specific tumor but only of a certain type of stimulus upon the periost, which may be provoked by different agents such as tumor, pus, subperiosteal hematoma and others.", "contents": "[Difficult situations in diagnosis and therapy in nonmalignant bone tumours and similar disease (author's transl)]. Clinical and x-ray criteria for bone tumors should be analyzed very carefully. It is demonstrated that especially periosteal reactions are nor characteristic of any specific tumor but only of a certain type of stimulus upon the periost, which may be provoked by different agents such as tumor, pus, subperiosteal hematoma and others."}
{"id": "PMID:288292", "title": "Prostaglandin chemistry.", "content": "The prostaglandins and some related substances of biological importance constitute a rapidly growing family of compounds, all the members of which are oxygenated derivatives of certain polyunsaturated, essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. Most cell types possess the enzyme systems necessary for the conversion of the precursor fatty acids into these compounds. The first step in the conversion leads to the production of cyclic peroxides, and this step is readily inhibited by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The further metabolism of the endoperoxides leads to the formation of other potent compounds: the \"classical\" prostaglandins, the thromboxanes, and prostacyclin.", "contents": "Prostaglandin chemistry. The prostaglandins and some related substances of biological importance constitute a rapidly growing family of compounds, all the members of which are oxygenated derivatives of certain polyunsaturated, essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. Most cell types possess the enzyme systems necessary for the conversion of the precursor fatty acids into these compounds. The first step in the conversion leads to the production of cyclic peroxides, and this step is readily inhibited by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The further metabolism of the endoperoxides leads to the formation of other potent compounds: the \"classical\" prostaglandins, the thromboxanes, and prostacyclin."}
{"id": "PMID:288293", "title": "Determination of prostaglandins in body fluids and tissues.", "content": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins is a very rapid reaction. Since blood platelets, when disturbed, readily convert e.g. arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha, those compounds cannot be quantitated in body fluids or tissues which contain platelets. When present in the circulation, primary prostaglandins are rapidly inactivated to corresponding 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro metabolites which occur in plasma in about ten times higher concentrations than the primary prostaglandins. The basal plasma levels of these metabolites are lower than 100 picog/ml. Therefore highly sensitive and specific techniques are necessary for safe quantitation of prostaglandins. The rapid inactivation of prostaglandins also makes it necessary to carefully determine which metabolite should be quantitated in a given experimental situation. The complexity of prostaglandin biochemistry and its importance for accurate monitoring of prostaglandin synthesis in different experimental situations will be discussed in this article.", "contents": "Determination of prostaglandins in body fluids and tissues. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins is a very rapid reaction. Since blood platelets, when disturbed, readily convert e.g. arachidonic acid into prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha, those compounds cannot be quantitated in body fluids or tissues which contain platelets. When present in the circulation, primary prostaglandins are rapidly inactivated to corresponding 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro metabolites which occur in plasma in about ten times higher concentrations than the primary prostaglandins. The basal plasma levels of these metabolites are lower than 100 picog/ml. Therefore highly sensitive and specific techniques are necessary for safe quantitation of prostaglandins. The rapid inactivation of prostaglandins also makes it necessary to carefully determine which metabolite should be quantitated in a given experimental situation. The complexity of prostaglandin biochemistry and its importance for accurate monitoring of prostaglandin synthesis in different experimental situations will be discussed in this article."}
{"id": "PMID:288294", "title": "Effects of the prostaglandins on the uterus. Prostaglandins and uterine contractility.", "content": "The effect of intravenous and intrauterine administration of PGE1 or PGE2 and PGF2 alpha as well as oral administration of PGE2 on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus was studied. With the use of the flaccid microballoon technique or a micro transducer catheter, uterine recordings were made at frequent intervals throughout the menstrual cycle. Independently of the route of administration and of the phase of the cycle, treatment with PGF2 alpha invariably resulted in stimulation of uterine motility. A high sensitivity to PGF2 alpha was noted during the late secretory phase both in normal and dysmenorrheic women. A marked decrease in sensitivity to both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha administered by the intrauterine route was observed in the periovulatory phase. Inhibition of uterine contractility by PGE2 following both intrauterine and oral administration was noted during active menstrual bleeding in normal as well as in dysmenorrheic women. These findings suggest that endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of the normal uterine motility during the menstrual cycle and that the main reason for the abnormal contractility pattern seen in dysmenorrheic women during menstrual bleeding is an increased PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio.", "contents": "Effects of the prostaglandins on the uterus. Prostaglandins and uterine contractility. The effect of intravenous and intrauterine administration of PGE1 or PGE2 and PGF2 alpha as well as oral administration of PGE2 on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus was studied. With the use of the flaccid microballoon technique or a micro transducer catheter, uterine recordings were made at frequent intervals throughout the menstrual cycle. Independently of the route of administration and of the phase of the cycle, treatment with PGF2 alpha invariably resulted in stimulation of uterine motility. A high sensitivity to PGF2 alpha was noted during the late secretory phase both in normal and dysmenorrheic women. A marked decrease in sensitivity to both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha administered by the intrauterine route was observed in the periovulatory phase. Inhibition of uterine contractility by PGE2 following both intrauterine and oral administration was noted during active menstrual bleeding in normal as well as in dysmenorrheic women. These findings suggest that endogenous prostaglandins may play a role in the regulation of the normal uterine motility during the menstrual cycle and that the main reason for the abnormal contractility pattern seen in dysmenorrheic women during menstrual bleeding is an increased PGF2 alpha/PGE2 ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:288295", "title": "Dysmenorrhea during adolescence.", "content": "Different aspects of the menstrual pattern including dysmenorrhea, premenstrual tension and working performance during menstruation was studied in three different investigations. The first study includes 5458 adolescent girls aged 10 to 20. The incidence of invariably painful menstruation was 7.2 per cent during the first gynecological year and 26 per cent five years later. A correlation was found between mothers and daughters for dysmenorrhea as well as for premenstrual tension. In a second study including 331 girls aged 13 to 20 years the overall absence from school due to pain was 23.4 per cent. The frequency of dysmenorrhea increased from 36 per cent to 56.5 per cent between 13--14 years and 17--20 years. Socio-medical aspects of menstrual pattern were studied in 865 adult women. Approximately 88 per cent had premenstrual tension and almost 45 per cent had menstrual pain. Thus the treatment of menstrual distress during adolescence is of great importance and the use of modern prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors may be very useful.", "contents": "Dysmenorrhea during adolescence. Different aspects of the menstrual pattern including dysmenorrhea, premenstrual tension and working performance during menstruation was studied in three different investigations. The first study includes 5458 adolescent girls aged 10 to 20. The incidence of invariably painful menstruation was 7.2 per cent during the first gynecological year and 26 per cent five years later. A correlation was found between mothers and daughters for dysmenorrhea as well as for premenstrual tension. In a second study including 331 girls aged 13 to 20 years the overall absence from school due to pain was 23.4 per cent. The frequency of dysmenorrhea increased from 36 per cent to 56.5 per cent between 13--14 years and 17--20 years. Socio-medical aspects of menstrual pattern were studied in 865 adult women. Approximately 88 per cent had premenstrual tension and almost 45 per cent had menstrual pain. Thus the treatment of menstrual distress during adolescence is of great importance and the use of modern prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors may be very useful."}
{"id": "PMID:288296", "title": "Socioeconomic implications of dysmenorrhea.", "content": "Dysmenorrhea constitutes only a small fraction of the causes of absence from work among women of childbearing age. Nevertheless, every second woman in two Norwegian industrial companies experienced pain during menstruation and one in three had to stay in bed at least one day per month. Many women attend their jobs in spite of reduced capacity for work during periods of discomfort. The consequence for work output and hence economy may be impossible to estimate. Socially the perimenstrual period has a negative effect on many women. Poor results at examinations, greater risk of being injured and a tendency to commit offences seem to cluster at this time. The social implications of dysmenorrhea may be as important as the econonic ones.", "contents": "Socioeconomic implications of dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea constitutes only a small fraction of the causes of absence from work among women of childbearing age. Nevertheless, every second woman in two Norwegian industrial companies experienced pain during menstruation and one in three had to stay in bed at least one day per month. Many women attend their jobs in spite of reduced capacity for work during periods of discomfort. The consequence for work output and hence economy may be impossible to estimate. Socially the perimenstrual period has a negative effect on many women. Poor results at examinations, greater risk of being injured and a tendency to commit offences seem to cluster at this time. The social implications of dysmenorrhea may be as important as the econonic ones."}
{"id": "PMID:288297", "title": "Standard treatment of dysmenorrhea with special reference to treatment with spasmolytics and hormones.", "content": "A survey of the methods of treatment used in dysmenorrhea is given. Special importance is focused on most frequently used methods of treatment in recent years, e.g. treatment with spasmolytics and hormones. The spasmolytics are by no heans effective in all cases in treatment of dysmenorrhea and undesirable side-effects are of frequent occurrence. When oral contraceptives became available it was found that they represented an effective remedy for dysmenorrhea. Whether the Pill should be used for treatment of dysmenorrhea must depend on whether there is also a desire of contraception or not. It is not unusual that women with severe dysmenorrhea have to abandon oral contraceptives because of side-effects or possible risks of this treatment. There is a need for alternative treatment, and the new effective prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors may meet this need.", "contents": "Standard treatment of dysmenorrhea with special reference to treatment with spasmolytics and hormones. A survey of the methods of treatment used in dysmenorrhea is given. Special importance is focused on most frequently used methods of treatment in recent years, e.g. treatment with spasmolytics and hormones. The spasmolytics are by no heans effective in all cases in treatment of dysmenorrhea and undesirable side-effects are of frequent occurrence. When oral contraceptives became available it was found that they represented an effective remedy for dysmenorrhea. Whether the Pill should be used for treatment of dysmenorrhea must depend on whether there is also a desire of contraception or not. It is not unusual that women with severe dysmenorrhea have to abandon oral contraceptives because of side-effects or possible risks of this treatment. There is a need for alternative treatment, and the new effective prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors may meet this need."}
{"id": "PMID:288302", "title": "Hematological side effects from antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "To sum up, some hematological side effects are seen after antihypertensive drugs. They are, however, few, usually not severe and furthermore reversible. And so, from the viewpoint of the hematologist, there are no contraindications against antihypertensive treatment. The prevalence of side effects on blood and blood-forming organs from antihypertensive drugs is low. Of certain interest are 1) the tendency of modern diuretics (thiazides) to cause a moderate and reversible thrombocytopenia and 2) the positive antiglobulin reaction (Coomb's test) sometimes seen after alpha-methyldopa therapy and in a few cases causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Even though case reports have appeared on leukopenia/agranulocytosis related to almost all drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, none of these drugs seem to be especially prone to cause any damage to leukocytes and/or leukocyte production.", "contents": "Hematological side effects from antihypertensive drugs. To sum up, some hematological side effects are seen after antihypertensive drugs. They are, however, few, usually not severe and furthermore reversible. And so, from the viewpoint of the hematologist, there are no contraindications against antihypertensive treatment. The prevalence of side effects on blood and blood-forming organs from antihypertensive drugs is low. Of certain interest are 1) the tendency of modern diuretics (thiazides) to cause a moderate and reversible thrombocytopenia and 2) the positive antiglobulin reaction (Coomb's test) sometimes seen after alpha-methyldopa therapy and in a few cases causing autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Even though case reports have appeared on leukopenia/agranulocytosis related to almost all drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, none of these drugs seem to be especially prone to cause any damage to leukocytes and/or leukocyte production."}
{"id": "PMID:288303", "title": "Immunological side-effects of antihypertensive drugs.", "content": "The immunological side-effects under treatment with antihypertensive drugs are mainly limited to autoimmunity and autoimmune disease caused by alpha-methyldopa and hydralazine. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is more common during treatment with alpha-methyldopa. Hydralazine may induce antinuclear antibodies. Some patients develop a SLE-like syndrome. Its clinical picture is less severe and its prognosis is more favourable than that of spontaneous SLE. During treatment with low doses the disease develops exclusively in patients who are slow acetylators. It may appear also in rapid acetylators during the high dose treatment. The symptoms are usually reversible after withdrawal of the drug.", "contents": "Immunological side-effects of antihypertensive drugs. The immunological side-effects under treatment with antihypertensive drugs are mainly limited to autoimmunity and autoimmune disease caused by alpha-methyldopa and hydralazine. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is more common during treatment with alpha-methyldopa. Hydralazine may induce antinuclear antibodies. Some patients develop a SLE-like syndrome. Its clinical picture is less severe and its prognosis is more favourable than that of spontaneous SLE. During treatment with low doses the disease develops exclusively in patients who are slow acetylators. It may appear also in rapid acetylators during the high dose treatment. The symptoms are usually reversible after withdrawal of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:288306", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the cerebellum and meninges a case report.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy, having had headache and vomiting for one month, was operated for a tumour in the left side of the posterior fossa. The tumour, weighing 52 g, infiltrated the dura mater, leptomeninges, and also, superficially, the left cerebellar hemisphere. The patient died five weeks after operation. Light and electron microscopical examination revealed a granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma). Pre- and postoperative blood examinations, together with postoperative and autopsy bone marrow examinations, showed no sign of acute myelogenous leukaemia. This is the second reported case of primary intracranial chloroma with no preceding sign of acute myelogenous leukemia, and the first case with cerebellar infiltration.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the cerebellum and meninges a case report. A 7-year-old boy, having had headache and vomiting for one month, was operated for a tumour in the left side of the posterior fossa. The tumour, weighing 52 g, infiltrated the dura mater, leptomeninges, and also, superficially, the left cerebellar hemisphere. The patient died five weeks after operation. Light and electron microscopical examination revealed a granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma). Pre- and postoperative blood examinations, together with postoperative and autopsy bone marrow examinations, showed no sign of acute myelogenous leukaemia. This is the second reported case of primary intracranial chloroma with no preceding sign of acute myelogenous leukemia, and the first case with cerebellar infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:288309", "title": "Serial studies on in vitro colony formation in patients with acute leukemia in relation to the maintenance of remission.", "content": "For the purpose of preventing a relapse of acute leukemia which is currently the major problem in the successful treatment of the disease, repeated consolidation or intensification therapy during the first year following remission is important. To evaluate these therapies, we investigated the serial changes in CFU-C's of the marrow cells from 12 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in remission and tried to estimate the relationship between the intensity of consolidation or intensification therapy and the duration of remission, utilizing the degree of reduction in CFU-C's seven days after these treatments as an indicator. As a result, after 21 out of 22 courses of therapy where CFU-C's were reduced significantly after the therapy, the patients were still in remission at the time of the next intensificiation therapy (at most for about 100 days). On the other hand, after five out of ten courses where CFU-C's were not reduced significantly, the patients were in relapse at the time of the next intensification therapy. From these results, it may be inferred that cases whose CFU-C's are not reduced significantly should be treated intensively again within a short period.", "contents": "Serial studies on in vitro colony formation in patients with acute leukemia in relation to the maintenance of remission. For the purpose of preventing a relapse of acute leukemia which is currently the major problem in the successful treatment of the disease, repeated consolidation or intensification therapy during the first year following remission is important. To evaluate these therapies, we investigated the serial changes in CFU-C's of the marrow cells from 12 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in remission and tried to estimate the relationship between the intensity of consolidation or intensification therapy and the duration of remission, utilizing the degree of reduction in CFU-C's seven days after these treatments as an indicator. As a result, after 21 out of 22 courses of therapy where CFU-C's were reduced significantly after the therapy, the patients were still in remission at the time of the next intensificiation therapy (at most for about 100 days). On the other hand, after five out of ten courses where CFU-C's were not reduced significantly, the patients were in relapse at the time of the next intensification therapy. From these results, it may be inferred that cases whose CFU-C's are not reduced significantly should be treated intensively again within a short period."}
{"id": "PMID:288310", "title": "Erythroleukemia: in vitro studies of erythropoiesis.", "content": "We studied the growth of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) from bone marrow and blood in six patients with erythroleukemia. Five patients grew CFU-E, while BFU-E were found in the marrow of two and in the peripheral blood of only one patient. In all cases with colony growth, the numbers of colonies were markedly decreased with respect to normal controls. Patient BFU-E were composed of fewer clusters than those of controls. BFU-E and CFU-E growth was dependent on the addition of erythropoietin to the medium, and no growth was observed in absence of erythropoietin. At present it is not known if the growth obtained is derived from residual normal erythropoietic stem cells or from abnormal erythroid precursors of the leukemic cells.", "contents": "Erythroleukemia: in vitro studies of erythropoiesis. We studied the growth of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) and erythroid colony forming units (CFU-E) from bone marrow and blood in six patients with erythroleukemia. Five patients grew CFU-E, while BFU-E were found in the marrow of two and in the peripheral blood of only one patient. In all cases with colony growth, the numbers of colonies were markedly decreased with respect to normal controls. Patient BFU-E were composed of fewer clusters than those of controls. BFU-E and CFU-E growth was dependent on the addition of erythropoietin to the medium, and no growth was observed in absence of erythropoietin. At present it is not known if the growth obtained is derived from residual normal erythropoietic stem cells or from abnormal erythroid precursors of the leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288315", "title": "[Effects of ventilation with defined formaldehyde concentrations on lung function and lung structures. Animal experiments on the noxiousness of formaldehyde residues after disinfection in the aseptor (author's transl)].", "content": "Having seen the development of fatal pneumonias in ventilated patients, the cause of which was assumed to be the presence of residual traces of formaldehyde in the air in the respirator Kilian and Haug showed in 1973 initial formaldehyde concentrations up to 0.2 ppm in the ventilatory air of respirators correctly disinfected in the Aseptor. To study the effects of formaldehyde on lung function and lung structures, 23 young pigs were automatically ventilated with defined formaldehyde concentrations during 6 hours. The concentrations used were 0.02 ppm, 0.2 ppm and 2.0 ppm (double of the maximum permissible concentration). We found no differences in lung function, as shown by compliance measurements and arterial blood gas analysis. No radiological differences were in the thorax. Histologically, there were only slight alterations in lung structure in the group ventilated with double the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde. We conclude that the disinfection of respirators using formaldehyde in the Aseptor will remain the method of choice.", "contents": "[Effects of ventilation with defined formaldehyde concentrations on lung function and lung structures. Animal experiments on the noxiousness of formaldehyde residues after disinfection in the aseptor (author's transl)]. Having seen the development of fatal pneumonias in ventilated patients, the cause of which was assumed to be the presence of residual traces of formaldehyde in the air in the respirator Kilian and Haug showed in 1973 initial formaldehyde concentrations up to 0.2 ppm in the ventilatory air of respirators correctly disinfected in the Aseptor. To study the effects of formaldehyde on lung function and lung structures, 23 young pigs were automatically ventilated with defined formaldehyde concentrations during 6 hours. The concentrations used were 0.02 ppm, 0.2 ppm and 2.0 ppm (double of the maximum permissible concentration). We found no differences in lung function, as shown by compliance measurements and arterial blood gas analysis. No radiological differences were in the thorax. Histologically, there were only slight alterations in lung structure in the group ventilated with double the maximum permissible concentration of formaldehyde. We conclude that the disinfection of respirators using formaldehyde in the Aseptor will remain the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:288316", "title": "Problems in resection of chest wall sarcomas.", "content": "To illustrate the problems of reconstruction in major chest wall resection, five patients with a variety of soft tissue tumors of the chest wall, located at different sites, are presented. Patients, who underwent a lateral or posterolateral chest wall resection required removal of two to five ribs sequentially as well as the adjacent soft tissue. Those who underwent an anterior chest wall resection required resection of the manubrium or the body of sternum as well as of adjacent costal cartilages. To prevent instability of the chest, herniation, and to minimize flailing, the chest defect was bridged with the use of Marlex mesh. Whenever possible, the omentum was brought into the chest cavity to increase the vascularity of the reconstruction. Since, in most instances, the tumors involved the skin because of previous damage from radiation therapy, extensive skin coverage was planned well in advance of resection. Pedicle skin flaps or rotation flaps were used to cover the skin defect. Ventilatory support by volume respirator, was required for three to four days. In all patients, the chest wall was completeley stable after three to six weeks.", "contents": "Problems in resection of chest wall sarcomas. To illustrate the problems of reconstruction in major chest wall resection, five patients with a variety of soft tissue tumors of the chest wall, located at different sites, are presented. Patients, who underwent a lateral or posterolateral chest wall resection required removal of two to five ribs sequentially as well as the adjacent soft tissue. Those who underwent an anterior chest wall resection required resection of the manubrium or the body of sternum as well as of adjacent costal cartilages. To prevent instability of the chest, herniation, and to minimize flailing, the chest defect was bridged with the use of Marlex mesh. Whenever possible, the omentum was brought into the chest cavity to increase the vascularity of the reconstruction. Since, in most instances, the tumors involved the skin because of previous damage from radiation therapy, extensive skin coverage was planned well in advance of resection. Pedicle skin flaps or rotation flaps were used to cover the skin defect. Ventilatory support by volume respirator, was required for three to four days. In all patients, the chest wall was completeley stable after three to six weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:288318", "title": "Debrancher deficiency: neuromuscular disorder in 5 adults.", "content": "Five patients, 4 men and 1 woman, had adult-onset and slowly progressive weakness. There was distal wasting in 2, hepatomegaly in 3, and congestive heart failure in 2. Electromyography showed a mixed pattern with abundant fibrillations. Serum creatine phosphokinase was increased 5- to 45-fold. Blood glucose failed to respond to epinephrine or glucagon, and venous lactate did not rise after ischemic exercise. Muscle biopsy showed vacuolar myopathy affecting both fiber types. By electron microscopy the vacuoles corresponded to large pools of glycogen not limited by a membrane. Glycogen concentration was 3 to 5 times normal in muscle and 7 to 21 times normal in erythrocytes. In the presence of iodine, muscle glycogen showed a spectrum characteristic of phosphorylase-limit-dextrin. Debrancher activity was measured by a spectrophotometric assay and by a radioactive reverse reaction. The activity was lacking in muscle and erythrocytes of 4 patients according to both assays; in 1 patient the reverse reaction was not impaired. Though previously reported in only 5 patients, debrancher deficiency myopathy may not be rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult-onset hereditary myopathies.", "contents": "Debrancher deficiency: neuromuscular disorder in 5 adults. Five patients, 4 men and 1 woman, had adult-onset and slowly progressive weakness. There was distal wasting in 2, hepatomegaly in 3, and congestive heart failure in 2. Electromyography showed a mixed pattern with abundant fibrillations. Serum creatine phosphokinase was increased 5- to 45-fold. Blood glucose failed to respond to epinephrine or glucagon, and venous lactate did not rise after ischemic exercise. Muscle biopsy showed vacuolar myopathy affecting both fiber types. By electron microscopy the vacuoles corresponded to large pools of glycogen not limited by a membrane. Glycogen concentration was 3 to 5 times normal in muscle and 7 to 21 times normal in erythrocytes. In the presence of iodine, muscle glycogen showed a spectrum characteristic of phosphorylase-limit-dextrin. Debrancher activity was measured by a spectrophotometric assay and by a radioactive reverse reaction. The activity was lacking in muscle and erythrocytes of 4 patients according to both assays; in 1 patient the reverse reaction was not impaired. Though previously reported in only 5 patients, debrancher deficiency myopathy may not be rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult-onset hereditary myopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:288320", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum and myeloproliferative disorders. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "The exact mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) still remains unclear, yet there is an increasing number of reports associating PG with immunologic abnormalities. A correlation between PG and myeloproliferative disorders has also been described. We describe a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in whom PG developed during the course of illness. We present an immunologic analysis of this case, speculation on the pathogenesis of PG, and a review of the literature. We report the futility of current therapeutic modalities in the treatment of PG.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum and myeloproliferative disorders. Report of a case and review of the literature. The exact mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) still remains unclear, yet there is an increasing number of reports associating PG with immunologic abnormalities. A correlation between PG and myeloproliferative disorders has also been described. We describe a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia in whom PG developed during the course of illness. We present an immunologic analysis of this case, speculation on the pathogenesis of PG, and a review of the literature. We report the futility of current therapeutic modalities in the treatment of PG."}
{"id": "PMID:288321", "title": "[Foetal antigens on leukaemia cells (author's transl)].", "content": "An antiserum against human foetal liver cells reacted in in-vitro-cytotoxic test with the leukaemia cells of 6 out of 10 children with acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) and with the lymphoma cells of 1 out 2 children with lymphosarcoma (LS). No cytotoxic reactions were obtained against leukaemia cells of 5 children with acute myelogenic leukaemia (AML), leukaemia cells of 7 adults with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), bone marrow cells of 9 children in clinical remission and lymphocytes of normal donors. The cytotoxic activity of the anti-foetalserum was removed by absorption with foetal liver but not with adult liver. The results suggest that foetal antigens may occur on ALL-cells and LS-cells.", "contents": "[Foetal antigens on leukaemia cells (author's transl)]. An antiserum against human foetal liver cells reacted in in-vitro-cytotoxic test with the leukaemia cells of 6 out of 10 children with acute lymphocytic leukaemias (ALL) and with the lymphoma cells of 1 out 2 children with lymphosarcoma (LS). No cytotoxic reactions were obtained against leukaemia cells of 5 children with acute myelogenic leukaemia (AML), leukaemia cells of 7 adults with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), bone marrow cells of 9 children in clinical remission and lymphocytes of normal donors. The cytotoxic activity of the anti-foetalserum was removed by absorption with foetal liver but not with adult liver. The results suggest that foetal antigens may occur on ALL-cells and LS-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288324", "title": "Studies on the role of acetylhydrazine in isoniazid hepatotoxicity.", "content": "Some factors affecting the metabolism of acetylhydrazine were studied in rats. This compound, a potent hepatotoxin, is a metabolite of isoniazid in man and is thought to be responsible for the hepatotoxicity of the drug. Isoniazid inhibited both the microsomal metabolism of acetylhydrazine, in vitro, and the acetylation to diacetylhydrazine in vivo. The overall effect of isoniazid in vivo was to increase metabolism of acetylhydrazine through the microsomal pathway leading to increased covalent binding of the toxic reactive intermediate to liver protein. The results suggest that the metabolism of acetylhydrazine produced as a metabolite of isoniazid may be quantitatively different from the metabolism of the compound alone. Preliminary studies in patients suffering isoniazid related liver damage indicated that acetylation of acetylhydrazine may be one of the factors involved in the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in man.", "contents": "Studies on the role of acetylhydrazine in isoniazid hepatotoxicity. Some factors affecting the metabolism of acetylhydrazine were studied in rats. This compound, a potent hepatotoxin, is a metabolite of isoniazid in man and is thought to be responsible for the hepatotoxicity of the drug. Isoniazid inhibited both the microsomal metabolism of acetylhydrazine, in vitro, and the acetylation to diacetylhydrazine in vivo. The overall effect of isoniazid in vivo was to increase metabolism of acetylhydrazine through the microsomal pathway leading to increased covalent binding of the toxic reactive intermediate to liver protein. The results suggest that the metabolism of acetylhydrazine produced as a metabolite of isoniazid may be quantitatively different from the metabolism of the compound alone. Preliminary studies in patients suffering isoniazid related liver damage indicated that acetylation of acetylhydrazine may be one of the factors involved in the hepatotoxicity of isoniazid in man."}
{"id": "PMID:288325", "title": "Motility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine on hypophysectomized and on thyroidectomized rats.", "content": "The reduction of the hypermotility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine was used as a criterion for the effectiveness of neuroleptics. Considering the impact of neuroleptics on the hypophysis as well as the relationship between the hypophysis and the thyroid, motility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine was studied in both hypophysectomized and thyroidectomized rats. In the hypophysectomized rat, amphetamine-induced hypermotility, observed between 1 and 3 hours after administration, was almost 3 times greater than in normal animals. Thyroidectomy resulted in a reversal of the motility effect induced by amphetamine. The stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine was practically abolished in both hypophysectomized and thyroidectomized animals.", "contents": "Motility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine on hypophysectomized and on thyroidectomized rats. The reduction of the hypermotility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine was used as a criterion for the effectiveness of neuroleptics. Considering the impact of neuroleptics on the hypophysis as well as the relationship between the hypophysis and the thyroid, motility and stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamine and apomorphine was studied in both hypophysectomized and thyroidectomized rats. In the hypophysectomized rat, amphetamine-induced hypermotility, observed between 1 and 3 hours after administration, was almost 3 times greater than in normal animals. Thyroidectomy resulted in a reversal of the motility effect induced by amphetamine. The stereotyped behaviour induced by apomorphine was practically abolished in both hypophysectomized and thyroidectomized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:288328", "title": "Liver growth and tumorigenesis in rats.", "content": "Liver enlargement is frequently reported in studies on the short-term toxicity of chemicals. In many such studies no histological evidence of damage is present but biochemically there is often an increased microsomal enzyme activity (MEA) which is interpreted to represent a type of work hypertrophy. In a few instances, the MEA in the enlarged liver is either normal or less than normal. In such instances histochemical evidence of liver damage (depression of G-6-Pase and autophagy) is found. A compound which produced the latter changes is Ponceau MX. When administered for up to 21 months at a dose-level which produces biochemical and histochemical evidence of liver injury, a series of changes were observed consisting of progerssive diminution of MEA, areas of glycogen accumulation and centrilobular fatty change and these were followed first by nodular hyperplasia and then by frank carcinoma. The protective effect of increased MEA in carcinogenesis was shown by the reduction in tumour incidence on the administration of phenobarbitone simultaneously with acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethyl aminoazo benzene and diethylnitrosamine. But no such protective effect is seen if the phenobarbitone is administered after treatment with these carcinogens. In fact the number of tumours is enhanced presumably due to preferential stimulation of the growth of malignant cells.", "contents": "Liver growth and tumorigenesis in rats. Liver enlargement is frequently reported in studies on the short-term toxicity of chemicals. In many such studies no histological evidence of damage is present but biochemically there is often an increased microsomal enzyme activity (MEA) which is interpreted to represent a type of work hypertrophy. In a few instances, the MEA in the enlarged liver is either normal or less than normal. In such instances histochemical evidence of liver damage (depression of G-6-Pase and autophagy) is found. A compound which produced the latter changes is Ponceau MX. When administered for up to 21 months at a dose-level which produces biochemical and histochemical evidence of liver injury, a series of changes were observed consisting of progerssive diminution of MEA, areas of glycogen accumulation and centrilobular fatty change and these were followed first by nodular hyperplasia and then by frank carcinoma. The protective effect of increased MEA in carcinogenesis was shown by the reduction in tumour incidence on the administration of phenobarbitone simultaneously with acetylaminofluorene, 4-dimethyl aminoazo benzene and diethylnitrosamine. But no such protective effect is seen if the phenobarbitone is administered after treatment with these carcinogens. In fact the number of tumours is enhanced presumably due to preferential stimulation of the growth of malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288332", "title": "Pharmacokinetic parameters influencing tissue specificity in chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "Highly and specifically (3H)-labeled trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene was orally administered to female Wistar rats in doses ranging from 5 X 10(-10) to 2.5 X 10(-4) mol/kg. The following parameters were determined: tissue index in several tissues, binding index of liver proteins, rRNA, DNA, plasma proteins and haemoglobin and stomach proteins. Up to a dose of 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg all parameters remained constant, i.e. binding increased proportionately with the dose. It is concluded that simple and linear kinetics prevail and that a pharmacokinetic threshold does not exist in this dose range. At higher doses deviations from linearity were observed, however, the binding index decreased rather than increased with the dose. The results indicate that reactive metabolities are involved in the acute toxic effects observed in the rat stomach and that proximate or ultimate activation products are distributed in the circulation. Their concentration in the target tissue appears not be be specifically high to account for the tissue susceptibility.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic parameters influencing tissue specificity in chemical carcinogenesis. Highly and specifically (3H)-labeled trans-4-dimethylaminostilbene was orally administered to female Wistar rats in doses ranging from 5 X 10(-10) to 2.5 X 10(-4) mol/kg. The following parameters were determined: tissue index in several tissues, binding index of liver proteins, rRNA, DNA, plasma proteins and haemoglobin and stomach proteins. Up to a dose of 2.5 X 10(-6) mol/kg all parameters remained constant, i.e. binding increased proportionately with the dose. It is concluded that simple and linear kinetics prevail and that a pharmacokinetic threshold does not exist in this dose range. At higher doses deviations from linearity were observed, however, the binding index decreased rather than increased with the dose. The results indicate that reactive metabolities are involved in the acute toxic effects observed in the rat stomach and that proximate or ultimate activation products are distributed in the circulation. Their concentration in the target tissue appears not be be specifically high to account for the tissue susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:288333", "title": "Organ specificity of induction of activating and inactivating enzymes by cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke condensate.", "content": "Inhalation of cigarette smoke specifically induces the rat lung and kidney aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in less than 4 h. The epoxide hydratase (EH) and the glutathione S-transferase are not significantly modified by a similar treatment in any of the rat tissues. Compared to the kidney AHH, the lung hydroxylase is 3--4 times more sensitive to small concentrations of cigarette smoke and seems to have a longer biological half-life. In both tissues, the induced AHH presents the same in vitro sensitivity to various inhibitors as a polycyclic hydrocarbon induced AHH. In primary fetal rat liver cell culture, the cigarette smoke condensate fractions (CSCF) induce both the AHH and EH activity. Nevertheless, the AHH activity responds faster and to lower concentrations of CSCF than the EH activity. The liver cell culture constitutes a unique tool for a comparative study of the AHH and EH induction mechanism. Low concentration (10 muM) of benz(a)anthracene induces only the AHH activity while trans-stilbene oxide enhances selectively the EH activity. Appropriate concentrations of CSCF or of phenobarbital (PB) determine a parallel induction of both enzymes. The results are discussed on the basis of (a) the existence of specific mechanisms of AHH regulation in the lung and in the kidney and (b) the existence of coordinated or independent biochemical control of the AHH and EH activity.", "contents": "Organ specificity of induction of activating and inactivating enzymes by cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke condensate. Inhalation of cigarette smoke specifically induces the rat lung and kidney aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) in less than 4 h. The epoxide hydratase (EH) and the glutathione S-transferase are not significantly modified by a similar treatment in any of the rat tissues. Compared to the kidney AHH, the lung hydroxylase is 3--4 times more sensitive to small concentrations of cigarette smoke and seems to have a longer biological half-life. In both tissues, the induced AHH presents the same in vitro sensitivity to various inhibitors as a polycyclic hydrocarbon induced AHH. In primary fetal rat liver cell culture, the cigarette smoke condensate fractions (CSCF) induce both the AHH and EH activity. Nevertheless, the AHH activity responds faster and to lower concentrations of CSCF than the EH activity. The liver cell culture constitutes a unique tool for a comparative study of the AHH and EH induction mechanism. Low concentration (10 muM) of benz(a)anthracene induces only the AHH activity while trans-stilbene oxide enhances selectively the EH activity. Appropriate concentrations of CSCF or of phenobarbital (PB) determine a parallel induction of both enzymes. The results are discussed on the basis of (a) the existence of specific mechanisms of AHH regulation in the lung and in the kidney and (b) the existence of coordinated or independent biochemical control of the AHH and EH activity."}
{"id": "PMID:288334", "title": "DNA repair as regulatory factor in the organotropy of alkylating carcinogens.", "content": "Monofunctional alkylating agents which react predominantly at nitrogen atoms in DNA bases (e.g. alkyl methanesulphonates, dialkylsulfates) are generally weak carcinogens whereas compounds which lead extensively to oxygen alkylation (e.g. alkylnitrosoureas, dialkylnitrosamines, dialkyl-aryltriazenes) often exhibit a strong carcinogenic activity. O6-Alkylation of guanine is a promutagenic DNA modification possibly involved in the initiation of malignant transformation. O6-Alkylguanine can be enzymically excised and in the rat the induction of neural, renal and colonic tumors by alkylnitrosoureas, 3,3-dimethyll-phenyltriazene, dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine correlates with an excision repair deficiency in the target tissue. However, species and strain differences in the response to these carcinogens are not paralleled by differences in the excision repair capacity for O6-alkylguanine. Preliminary data suggest that in rat liver there is an inducible enzyme for the removal of O6-alkylguanine from DNA.", "contents": "DNA repair as regulatory factor in the organotropy of alkylating carcinogens. Monofunctional alkylating agents which react predominantly at nitrogen atoms in DNA bases (e.g. alkyl methanesulphonates, dialkylsulfates) are generally weak carcinogens whereas compounds which lead extensively to oxygen alkylation (e.g. alkylnitrosoureas, dialkylnitrosamines, dialkyl-aryltriazenes) often exhibit a strong carcinogenic activity. O6-Alkylation of guanine is a promutagenic DNA modification possibly involved in the initiation of malignant transformation. O6-Alkylguanine can be enzymically excised and in the rat the induction of neural, renal and colonic tumors by alkylnitrosoureas, 3,3-dimethyll-phenyltriazene, dimethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine correlates with an excision repair deficiency in the target tissue. However, species and strain differences in the response to these carcinogens are not paralleled by differences in the excision repair capacity for O6-alkylguanine. Preliminary data suggest that in rat liver there is an inducible enzyme for the removal of O6-alkylguanine from DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:288335", "title": "Modulation of the in vivo covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA by selective induction of microsomal and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity.", "content": "The influence of microsomal (mAHH) and nuclear (nAHH) aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity on the covalent binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA was evaluated in vivo. Induction of mAHH was obtained after phenobarbitone treatment (180% of control), which increased DNA binding to 210%, but left the nAHH unchanged. mAHH and nAHH were slightly induced with dieldrin (130% and 120%), but the binding remained unchanged. The increasing effect of mAHH as well as the possibly decreasing effect of nAHH induction on the binding became obvious when the data of 11 individual rats were used to solve the equation Binding = aX(mAHH) + bX(nAHH) + c. Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in positive values for a and c, a negative value for b, and a multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.82. An influence of other enzymes involved in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene cannot be excluded. The study shows clearly that the binding of a foreign compound to DNA in vivo is not only dependent on microsomal enzyme activities but also on nuclear activities even if the latter are considerably lower than those of microsomes.", "contents": "Modulation of the in vivo covalent binding of the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA by selective induction of microsomal and nuclear aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The influence of microsomal (mAHH) and nuclear (nAHH) aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity on the covalent binding of tritiated benzo(a)pyrene to rat liver DNA was evaluated in vivo. Induction of mAHH was obtained after phenobarbitone treatment (180% of control), which increased DNA binding to 210%, but left the nAHH unchanged. mAHH and nAHH were slightly induced with dieldrin (130% and 120%), but the binding remained unchanged. The increasing effect of mAHH as well as the possibly decreasing effect of nAHH induction on the binding became obvious when the data of 11 individual rats were used to solve the equation Binding = aX(mAHH) + bX(nAHH) + c. Multiple linear regression analysis resulted in positive values for a and c, a negative value for b, and a multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.82. An influence of other enzymes involved in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene cannot be excluded. The study shows clearly that the binding of a foreign compound to DNA in vivo is not only dependent on microsomal enzyme activities but also on nuclear activities even if the latter are considerably lower than those of microsomes."}
{"id": "PMID:288336", "title": "Estimation of the TCDD toxic potential in the light of the Seveso accident.", "content": "Two years after the TCDD release in Sevesco from the assessment of the acute and midterm effects on the health of the population exposed to known level of contamination the following facts emerged. Chloracne appeared mainly in a small nuber of children mostly with mild severity and quick recovery. Immunoresponse remained normal and susceptibility to infectious diseases was not increased. Peripheral nervous system was not affected in these children nor were the hepatic functions and the urinary porphyrin excretion. Fetal losses and birth defects remained within the expected rates. Newborn growth and development proceeded normally. Chromosome examinations did not reveal abnormalities in number and patterns. A case of intercurrent death provided for the first time TCDD tissue levels in man 6 months after the exposure.", "contents": "Estimation of the TCDD toxic potential in the light of the Seveso accident. Two years after the TCDD release in Sevesco from the assessment of the acute and midterm effects on the health of the population exposed to known level of contamination the following facts emerged. Chloracne appeared mainly in a small nuber of children mostly with mild severity and quick recovery. Immunoresponse remained normal and susceptibility to infectious diseases was not increased. Peripheral nervous system was not affected in these children nor were the hepatic functions and the urinary porphyrin excretion. Fetal losses and birth defects remained within the expected rates. Newborn growth and development proceeded normally. Chromosome examinations did not reveal abnormalities in number and patterns. A case of intercurrent death provided for the first time TCDD tissue levels in man 6 months after the exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:288337", "title": "Biological threshold limits for benzene based on pharmacokinetics of inhaled benzene in man.", "content": "Volunteers were exposed to benzene, 2--10 ppm, under controlled conditions up to 6 h a day during five consecutive days. The accumulation and elimination of benzene was measured by determination of benzene concentration -- down to 0.001 ppm -- in exhaled breath. From these observations, a multicompartment model, which approximately describes the kinetics of benzene elimination and accumulation has been designed. On the basis of this model, benzene concentrations in breath, corresponding to exposure levels of benzene, have been estimated. Thus, at a daily exposure to 10 ppm the exhaled benzene concentration in the morning after a day of exposure will not exceed 0.1 ppm.", "contents": "Biological threshold limits for benzene based on pharmacokinetics of inhaled benzene in man. Volunteers were exposed to benzene, 2--10 ppm, under controlled conditions up to 6 h a day during five consecutive days. The accumulation and elimination of benzene was measured by determination of benzene concentration -- down to 0.001 ppm -- in exhaled breath. From these observations, a multicompartment model, which approximately describes the kinetics of benzene elimination and accumulation has been designed. On the basis of this model, benzene concentrations in breath, corresponding to exposure levels of benzene, have been estimated. Thus, at a daily exposure to 10 ppm the exhaled benzene concentration in the morning after a day of exposure will not exceed 0.1 ppm."}
{"id": "PMID:288338", "title": "Toxic effects of di-n-octyltin dichloride on the thymus in mice.", "content": "The effects of di-n-octyltin dichloride (DOTC) on the thymus in mice were studied in dependence on the route of administration. Single administrations of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg of DOTC i.m. induced a dose-related decrease of the thymus weight and of the number of nucleated cells in the thymus of male mice. 4 days after intravenous injection of 8 mg/kg of DOTC the thymus weight and the number of thymocytes were reduced to 50 percent of the control. In oral route of administration higher doses of DOTC (300 mg/kg) were necessary to provoke a thymus atrophy. After pretreatment of mice with carbon tetrachloride the toxic effects of orally administered DOTC were increased. The reduction of the thymus weight and of the number of thymocytes in mice after parenteral administration was accompanied by a depression of thymus-dependent antibody formation against sheep red blood cells.", "contents": "Toxic effects of di-n-octyltin dichloride on the thymus in mice. The effects of di-n-octyltin dichloride (DOTC) on the thymus in mice were studied in dependence on the route of administration. Single administrations of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg of DOTC i.m. induced a dose-related decrease of the thymus weight and of the number of nucleated cells in the thymus of male mice. 4 days after intravenous injection of 8 mg/kg of DOTC the thymus weight and the number of thymocytes were reduced to 50 percent of the control. In oral route of administration higher doses of DOTC (300 mg/kg) were necessary to provoke a thymus atrophy. After pretreatment of mice with carbon tetrachloride the toxic effects of orally administered DOTC were increased. The reduction of the thymus weight and of the number of thymocytes in mice after parenteral administration was accompanied by a depression of thymus-dependent antibody formation against sheep red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288340", "title": "Accentuation of white phosphorus induced fatty liver by phenobarbitone in male rats compared to female rats.", "content": "The possible influence of a potent enzyme inducer, phenobarbitone, on white phosphorus fatty liver, was studied. Pretreatment by phenobarbitone for four days in white phosphorus poisoned rats provoked a decrease in mortality and an increase in hepatic triglycerides (fatty liver) in male rats. The activity of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT), an inducible enzyme, is not modified by this pretreatment in white phosphorus poisoned rats. The accentuation of white phosphorus fatty liver by phenobarbitone in male rats could be explained by an increased hydroxylation of testosterone, thus counteracting the protective effect of this hormone on fatty liver.", "contents": "Accentuation of white phosphorus induced fatty liver by phenobarbitone in male rats compared to female rats. The possible influence of a potent enzyme inducer, phenobarbitone, on white phosphorus fatty liver, was studied. Pretreatment by phenobarbitone for four days in white phosphorus poisoned rats provoked a decrease in mortality and an increase in hepatic triglycerides (fatty liver) in male rats. The activity of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT), an inducible enzyme, is not modified by this pretreatment in white phosphorus poisoned rats. The accentuation of white phosphorus fatty liver by phenobarbitone in male rats could be explained by an increased hydroxylation of testosterone, thus counteracting the protective effect of this hormone on fatty liver."}
{"id": "PMID:288341", "title": "Fatty liver induced by high doses of rifampicin in the rat: possible relation with an inhibition of RNA polymerases in eukariotic cells.", "content": "The steatogenic effect on the liver of Rifampicin, a potent inhibitor of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in bacteria, was investigated in male and female rats which received either 200 mg or 400 mg of Rifampicin/kg/24 h for 8 days. The determination of total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipids (PL) showed a significant increase of TL, TG and TC in the liver at a dose of 400 mg. There was better reproducibility in the male whose blood TG and PL were significantly decreased. These results showed that fatty liver can be induced by very high doses of Rifampicin in rats. A blockage of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) biosynthesis and/or secretion can be expected. As a potent steatogenic toxin, alpha-amanitin, is a strong inhibitor of RNA polymerase II in eukariotic cells, a relationship between the RNA polymerase inhibition induced by both of substances and a subsequent inhibition of the biosynthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins can be considered. Nevertheless Rifampicin is at present not considered as an inhibitor in eukariotic cells and it will be of great interest to test such a possibility with the high doses used in these experiments, in further work.", "contents": "Fatty liver induced by high doses of rifampicin in the rat: possible relation with an inhibition of RNA polymerases in eukariotic cells. The steatogenic effect on the liver of Rifampicin, a potent inhibitor of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in bacteria, was investigated in male and female rats which received either 200 mg or 400 mg of Rifampicin/kg/24 h for 8 days. The determination of total lipids (TL), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipids (PL) showed a significant increase of TL, TG and TC in the liver at a dose of 400 mg. There was better reproducibility in the male whose blood TG and PL were significantly decreased. These results showed that fatty liver can be induced by very high doses of Rifampicin in rats. A blockage of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) biosynthesis and/or secretion can be expected. As a potent steatogenic toxin, alpha-amanitin, is a strong inhibitor of RNA polymerase II in eukariotic cells, a relationship between the RNA polymerase inhibition induced by both of substances and a subsequent inhibition of the biosynthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins can be considered. Nevertheless Rifampicin is at present not considered as an inhibitor in eukariotic cells and it will be of great interest to test such a possibility with the high doses used in these experiments, in further work."}
{"id": "PMID:288342", "title": "Effects of subacute toluene inhalation on its metabolism and disposition in rat.", "content": "Exposure of adult male rats to 300 ppm of toluene for 1 to 15 weeks 6 h daily caused accumulation of the solvent in brain and in perirenal fat. The body solvent content tended to decrease during extended exposure which might be explained by the enhanced activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver. Our findings also indicate that metabolic and functional adaptation takes place in longer exposures to low levels of toluene vapour.", "contents": "Effects of subacute toluene inhalation on its metabolism and disposition in rat. Exposure of adult male rats to 300 ppm of toluene for 1 to 15 weeks 6 h daily caused accumulation of the solvent in brain and in perirenal fat. The body solvent content tended to decrease during extended exposure which might be explained by the enhanced activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver. Our findings also indicate that metabolic and functional adaptation takes place in longer exposures to low levels of toluene vapour."}
{"id": "PMID:288343", "title": "Drug-nitrite interactions: species and sex differences in the formation of dimethylnitrosamine and its effects on the hepatic enzyme activities.", "content": "Aminopyrine interacted with sodium nitrite in the stomachs of rats and guinea pigs forming dimethylnitrosamine, which affected the hepatic microsomal drug metabolism and certain hepatic enzyme activities. Sex and species differences in changes in the enzyme activities were observed after single or simultaneous administration of aminopyrine and sodium nitrite. A protective effect on dimethylnitrosamine formation with ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol was observed. The in vivo formation of dimethylnitrosamine by several antibiotics and an antihistaminic drug with tertiary amino group was also examined.", "contents": "Drug-nitrite interactions: species and sex differences in the formation of dimethylnitrosamine and its effects on the hepatic enzyme activities. Aminopyrine interacted with sodium nitrite in the stomachs of rats and guinea pigs forming dimethylnitrosamine, which affected the hepatic microsomal drug metabolism and certain hepatic enzyme activities. Sex and species differences in changes in the enzyme activities were observed after single or simultaneous administration of aminopyrine and sodium nitrite. A protective effect on dimethylnitrosamine formation with ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol was observed. The in vivo formation of dimethylnitrosamine by several antibiotics and an antihistaminic drug with tertiary amino group was also examined."}
{"id": "PMID:288344", "title": "Monoamine oxidase inhibiting and toxic effects of acetyl-phenylhydrazide on rat liver in vivo.", "content": "For induction of reticulocytosis, rats had been routinely treated with the haemolytic agent, acetyl-phenylhydrazide (APH), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in reticulocytes. Since hydrazines are known to be irreversible inhibitors of MAO, the MAO inhibiting potency of APH was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Only in vivo, an apparently organ-selective MAO inhibition was observed in rat liver; in addition, the rate of recovery of MAO activity in vivo after inhibition with APH was considerably prolonged, indicating a toxic effect of APH on this organ. However, clinical-chemical and pathohistological parameters did not reveal any signs of an overall liver parenchymal cell damage. Hence, a more specific interference of APH with mitochondrial enzyme synthesis must be postulated.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase inhibiting and toxic effects of acetyl-phenylhydrazide on rat liver in vivo. For induction of reticulocytosis, rats had been routinely treated with the haemolytic agent, acetyl-phenylhydrazide (APH), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined in reticulocytes. Since hydrazines are known to be irreversible inhibitors of MAO, the MAO inhibiting potency of APH was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Only in vivo, an apparently organ-selective MAO inhibition was observed in rat liver; in addition, the rate of recovery of MAO activity in vivo after inhibition with APH was considerably prolonged, indicating a toxic effect of APH on this organ. However, clinical-chemical and pathohistological parameters did not reveal any signs of an overall liver parenchymal cell damage. Hence, a more specific interference of APH with mitochondrial enzyme synthesis must be postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:288347", "title": "Entrance into brain of dextropropoxyphene and the toxic metabolite norpropoxyphene.", "content": "Several studies show that dextropropoxyphene after oral administration is intensively biotransformed to norpropoxyphene by first pass metabolism in the liver. While dextropropoxyphene is analgesic, cardiotoxic and shows CNS toxicity with convulsions and respiratory depression, norpropoxyphene is cardiotoxic to the same degree as dextropropoxyphene, but is without analgesic or CNS-toxic effects (Lund-Jacobsen, 1978). This principal difference between the effects of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene might be due to differences in penetration into the brain. We investigated the penetration of the two compounds in 14C-labelled moities into the brain of rats by the technique originally described by Oldendorf (1970). By this method the extraction of dextropropoxyphene was found extremely high, while it was much lower for the metabolite. The extraction percentage for dextropropoxyphene after 5 and 10 S was 350 +/- 34.1 and 164 +/- 15.2, respectively, while the values for norpropoxyphene was 62 +/- 6.2 and 44 +/- 4.1 (mean +/- S.E.M.), respectively. This difference may at least partly explain the missing CNS-symptoms with the metabolite.", "contents": "Entrance into brain of dextropropoxyphene and the toxic metabolite norpropoxyphene. Several studies show that dextropropoxyphene after oral administration is intensively biotransformed to norpropoxyphene by first pass metabolism in the liver. While dextropropoxyphene is analgesic, cardiotoxic and shows CNS toxicity with convulsions and respiratory depression, norpropoxyphene is cardiotoxic to the same degree as dextropropoxyphene, but is without analgesic or CNS-toxic effects (Lund-Jacobsen, 1978). This principal difference between the effects of dextropropoxyphene and norpropoxyphene might be due to differences in penetration into the brain. We investigated the penetration of the two compounds in 14C-labelled moities into the brain of rats by the technique originally described by Oldendorf (1970). By this method the extraction of dextropropoxyphene was found extremely high, while it was much lower for the metabolite. The extraction percentage for dextropropoxyphene after 5 and 10 S was 350 +/- 34.1 and 164 +/- 15.2, respectively, while the values for norpropoxyphene was 62 +/- 6.2 and 44 +/- 4.1 (mean +/- S.E.M.), respectively. This difference may at least partly explain the missing CNS-symptoms with the metabolite."}
{"id": "PMID:288348", "title": "Prostaglandins in rat placenta following acute and chronic administration of morphine.", "content": "The objective of the present study was to obtain information on prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in placenta following narcotic administration. PG biosynthetic capacity was determined in whole rat placenta homogenates in the presence of Na arachidonate, by evaluating net production of PGs assayed against PGE1 on rat stomach strips. An enhanced prostaglandin-like activity is shown in homogenates of placenta from rats treated subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg of morphine. This increase was prevented by naloxone pre-treatment. Continual morphine administration during gestation, results in a normalization of placental biosynthetic capacity thus suggesting the development of a tolerance to the narcotic effect.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in rat placenta following acute and chronic administration of morphine. The objective of the present study was to obtain information on prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis in placenta following narcotic administration. PG biosynthetic capacity was determined in whole rat placenta homogenates in the presence of Na arachidonate, by evaluating net production of PGs assayed against PGE1 on rat stomach strips. An enhanced prostaglandin-like activity is shown in homogenates of placenta from rats treated subcutaneously with 10 mg/kg of morphine. This increase was prevented by naloxone pre-treatment. Continual morphine administration during gestation, results in a normalization of placental biosynthetic capacity thus suggesting the development of a tolerance to the narcotic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:288349", "title": "Effects of two structurally different antispermatogenic compounds on the synthesis of steroids in rat testes.", "content": "The influence of two drugs with antispermatogenic properties on steroid biosynthesis has been studied in rat testes in vitro with pregnenolone as the substrate. 20-438, an indenopyridine derivative increased the relative conversion of pregnenolone to progestins and estradiol, whilst decreasing the conversion of substrate to testosterone and androstenedione. PMHI, a pipecolinoindane derivative, reduced testosterone levels in the testes without altering the relative conversion of pregnenolone to various steroids. This suggests that the agent is partially inhibiting the biosynthesis of androgen precursors leading to a testosterone deficiency in testicular tissue which may result in reduced spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of two structurally different antispermatogenic compounds on the synthesis of steroids in rat testes. The influence of two drugs with antispermatogenic properties on steroid biosynthesis has been studied in rat testes in vitro with pregnenolone as the substrate. 20-438, an indenopyridine derivative increased the relative conversion of pregnenolone to progestins and estradiol, whilst decreasing the conversion of substrate to testosterone and androstenedione. PMHI, a pipecolinoindane derivative, reduced testosterone levels in the testes without altering the relative conversion of pregnenolone to various steroids. This suggests that the agent is partially inhibiting the biosynthesis of androgen precursors leading to a testosterone deficiency in testicular tissue which may result in reduced spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:288351", "title": "Therapeutic effects of the bis-pyridinium salts HGG-12, HGG-42, and atropine, benactyzine in organophosphate poisoning of dogs.", "content": "Therapeutic properties of various combinations of the bispyridinium salts HGG-12 and HGG-42 against soman and sarin poisoning were investigated in male beagles. Best therapeutic efficiency was shown by HGG-42 in a dosage of 30 muMol/kg. Also good effects were produced by the combination of both oximes in a low dosage of 3 muMol/kg for each one. In soman poisoning no significant reactivation of cholinesterase in serum or erythrocytes was observed.", "contents": "Therapeutic effects of the bis-pyridinium salts HGG-12, HGG-42, and atropine, benactyzine in organophosphate poisoning of dogs. Therapeutic properties of various combinations of the bispyridinium salts HGG-12 and HGG-42 against soman and sarin poisoning were investigated in male beagles. Best therapeutic efficiency was shown by HGG-42 in a dosage of 30 muMol/kg. Also good effects were produced by the combination of both oximes in a low dosage of 3 muMol/kg for each one. In soman poisoning no significant reactivation of cholinesterase in serum or erythrocytes was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:288354", "title": "Ultrastructure of intermediate lobe of the pituitary and melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion in oestrogen-induced kidney tumours in male hamsters.", "content": "One group of male Syrian hamsters was killed after various periods of diethylstilboestrol (DES) treatment, ranging from 6 to 36 weeks. All developed renal tumours by 24 weeks. DES also induced hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the pars intermedia of the pituitary with proliferation of MSH-secreting cells and elevated serum MSH concentration. Another group of male Syrian hamsters was given DES for 36 weeks followed by cessation of hormone treatment. The animals were killed at various intervals from 12 to 36 weeks after DES withdrawal. In these animals the DES-induced renal tumours underwent regression whilst the pituitary changes persisted until the termination of the experiment. The findings suggested that the hormone MSH may be implicated in renal carcinogenesis but plays no role in the maintenance of the established tumours.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of intermediate lobe of the pituitary and melanocyte-stimulating hormone secretion in oestrogen-induced kidney tumours in male hamsters. One group of male Syrian hamsters was killed after various periods of diethylstilboestrol (DES) treatment, ranging from 6 to 36 weeks. All developed renal tumours by 24 weeks. DES also induced hyperplastic and neoplastic changes in the pars intermedia of the pituitary with proliferation of MSH-secreting cells and elevated serum MSH concentration. Another group of male Syrian hamsters was given DES for 36 weeks followed by cessation of hormone treatment. The animals were killed at various intervals from 12 to 36 weeks after DES withdrawal. In these animals the DES-induced renal tumours underwent regression whilst the pituitary changes persisted until the termination of the experiment. The findings suggested that the hormone MSH may be implicated in renal carcinogenesis but plays no role in the maintenance of the established tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:288355", "title": "In vivo covalent binding of chemicals to DNA as a short-term test for carcinogenicity.", "content": "The determination of a covalent binding of radioactive chemicals to DNA in intact mammalian organisms is proposed as a short-term test for carcinogenicity. The effectiveness of covalent binding to rat liver DNA correlates well with the hepatocarcinogenicity known from long-term bioassays. The binding indices range over more than five orders of magnitude between the strongest hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 and the limit of detection of a binding with 100 muCi 14C-labelled chemical. The order of magnitude of binding is therefore a surprisingly good quantitative measure for carcinogenicity. The pattern of DNA binding sites is important especially for small alkylating agents where the determination of total binding might indicate a higher carcinogenic potency than is actually observed.", "contents": "In vivo covalent binding of chemicals to DNA as a short-term test for carcinogenicity. The determination of a covalent binding of radioactive chemicals to DNA in intact mammalian organisms is proposed as a short-term test for carcinogenicity. The effectiveness of covalent binding to rat liver DNA correlates well with the hepatocarcinogenicity known from long-term bioassays. The binding indices range over more than five orders of magnitude between the strongest hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 and the limit of detection of a binding with 100 muCi 14C-labelled chemical. The order of magnitude of binding is therefore a surprisingly good quantitative measure for carcinogenicity. The pattern of DNA binding sites is important especially for small alkylating agents where the determination of total binding might indicate a higher carcinogenic potency than is actually observed."}
{"id": "PMID:288356", "title": "A dynamic system for long-term toxicity studies in fish under laboratory conditions.", "content": "For the evaluation of possible adverse effects of compounds in fish at sublethal doses a dynamic system is required. The design of such a system is presented including the methodology of performing long-term toxicity studies in fish using selected environmental chemicals (plant protection products). Chronic studies with Diazinon, Terburyn, Phosphamidon on carp and trout comprised 28 day treatment periods followed by 28-day recovery periods. In addition to the toxicity, the residues of the applied chemicals in fish, divided into muscle tissue and viscera, and in the test medium were determined during the experimental and recovery period. The results demostrate that the chemicals accumulated to a somewhat greater extent in the viscera than in the muscle tissue of the fish during exposure. In the course of the recovery period the concentration of the substances tested decreased to the limits of detection. It was concluded that following an adequate waiting period no measurable residues were formed from these plant protection products, that are carried in the food chain.", "contents": "A dynamic system for long-term toxicity studies in fish under laboratory conditions. For the evaluation of possible adverse effects of compounds in fish at sublethal doses a dynamic system is required. The design of such a system is presented including the methodology of performing long-term toxicity studies in fish using selected environmental chemicals (plant protection products). Chronic studies with Diazinon, Terburyn, Phosphamidon on carp and trout comprised 28 day treatment periods followed by 28-day recovery periods. In addition to the toxicity, the residues of the applied chemicals in fish, divided into muscle tissue and viscera, and in the test medium were determined during the experimental and recovery period. The results demostrate that the chemicals accumulated to a somewhat greater extent in the viscera than in the muscle tissue of the fish during exposure. In the course of the recovery period the concentration of the substances tested decreased to the limits of detection. It was concluded that following an adequate waiting period no measurable residues were formed from these plant protection products, that are carried in the food chain."}
{"id": "PMID:288358", "title": "Estrogenic partial effect of norethisterone enanthate in relation to tumor induction in rat mammary gland.", "content": "The tumorigenic effect of norethisterone enanthate (NE) on mammary glands in rat and mouse may be ascribed to its own inherent estrogenicity, which is especially pronounced in these species. Because of the estrogenic partial effect, NE stimulates tubulo-alveolar growth of rat mammary gland intensively as does an estrogen-progesterone combination. Although prolactin is known as one of the essential factors needed for development of rat mammary gland, NE causes only a slight increase in serum prolactin level in the rat. In contrast with rat and mouse, NE exerts only a progestational effect in the rabbit. Since the estrogenicity of NE has not been found in many clinical studies, the estrogenic partial effect of NE seems to have no significance in humans. Such a species difference is finally due to the fact that the optimal dose ratio between estrogens and progesterone for maintenance of physiological functions of target organs is quite different from species to species.", "contents": "Estrogenic partial effect of norethisterone enanthate in relation to tumor induction in rat mammary gland. The tumorigenic effect of norethisterone enanthate (NE) on mammary glands in rat and mouse may be ascribed to its own inherent estrogenicity, which is especially pronounced in these species. Because of the estrogenic partial effect, NE stimulates tubulo-alveolar growth of rat mammary gland intensively as does an estrogen-progesterone combination. Although prolactin is known as one of the essential factors needed for development of rat mammary gland, NE causes only a slight increase in serum prolactin level in the rat. In contrast with rat and mouse, NE exerts only a progestational effect in the rabbit. Since the estrogenicity of NE has not been found in many clinical studies, the estrogenic partial effect of NE seems to have no significance in humans. Such a species difference is finally due to the fact that the optimal dose ratio between estrogens and progesterone for maintenance of physiological functions of target organs is quite different from species to species."}
{"id": "PMID:288361", "title": "Microsomal vinyl oxide synthetase: modification of its kinetic parameters by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "The kinetic parameters of liver microsomal vinyl oxide synthetase as well as their modifications under the influence of various pretreatments have been evaluated, using 1,1,2-trichlorethylene (TCE) as a substrate. The results were correlated with those obtained using aldrin oxide synthetase and benzpyrene hydroxylase as typical cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymatic activity. The treatments of animals with chemical carcinogens selectively increase the affinity of those enzymes for their substrates.", "contents": "Microsomal vinyl oxide synthetase: modification of its kinetic parameters by chemical carcinogens. The kinetic parameters of liver microsomal vinyl oxide synthetase as well as their modifications under the influence of various pretreatments have been evaluated, using 1,1,2-trichlorethylene (TCE) as a substrate. The results were correlated with those obtained using aldrin oxide synthetase and benzpyrene hydroxylase as typical cytochrome P-450 dependent enzymatic activity. The treatments of animals with chemical carcinogens selectively increase the affinity of those enzymes for their substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:288362", "title": "Influence of drugs on activation and inactivation of hepatocarcinogenic nitrosamines.", "content": "The alkylation of liver macromolecules following in vivo administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was diminished after phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system, but increased after SKF 525 A pretreatment. Determination of CH2O and CH3+formation in microsomal incubation systems revealed the same results for low DMN concentrations. An interpretation is given on the basis of spectrophotometric data and electron spinresonance (EPR) measurements, by proposing that metabolic inactivation of nitrosamines is catalysed by a reduction process in which cyt. P 450 seems to be involved.", "contents": "Influence of drugs on activation and inactivation of hepatocarcinogenic nitrosamines. The alkylation of liver macromolecules following in vivo administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was diminished after phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene induction of the microsomal monooxygenase system, but increased after SKF 525 A pretreatment. Determination of CH2O and CH3+formation in microsomal incubation systems revealed the same results for low DMN concentrations. An interpretation is given on the basis of spectrophotometric data and electron spinresonance (EPR) measurements, by proposing that metabolic inactivation of nitrosamines is catalysed by a reduction process in which cyt. P 450 seems to be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:288363", "title": "Effect of DMN, phenobarbital and halothane on the sedimentation characteristics of rat liver DNA.", "content": "Viable rat liver cells were isolated, and the velocity sedimentation characteristics of DNA centrifuged through alkaline sucrose gradients were studied following the administration in vivo of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), phenobarbital and halothane. DMN application resulted in a strong decrease of sedimentation velocity, indicating generation of single strand breaks in DNA, whereas phenobarbital and halothane given in doses sufficient to induce liver enlargement did not alter the sedimentation behaviour of DNA from parenchymal or extraparenchymal liver cells.", "contents": "Effect of DMN, phenobarbital and halothane on the sedimentation characteristics of rat liver DNA. Viable rat liver cells were isolated, and the velocity sedimentation characteristics of DNA centrifuged through alkaline sucrose gradients were studied following the administration in vivo of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), phenobarbital and halothane. DMN application resulted in a strong decrease of sedimentation velocity, indicating generation of single strand breaks in DNA, whereas phenobarbital and halothane given in doses sufficient to induce liver enlargement did not alter the sedimentation behaviour of DNA from parenchymal or extraparenchymal liver cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288365", "title": "Demonstration of drug-ethanol interactions by changes in activity of hepatic microsomal oxidase/oxygenase cytochrome P-450 function.", "content": "\"Uncoupling\" of microsomal hepatic oxygenases is characterized by a situation in which microsomal monooxygenases exhibit more oxidase than oxygenase activity with an increased formation of hydrogen peroxide at the expense of O2, NADPH and substrate hydroxylation. The importance of such in vitro observations with respect to physiological conditions \"in vivo\" has been tested by investigating elimination kinetics of ethanol. If hexobarbital, a substrate of mixed function oxygenase as well as an \"uncoupler\", is given to guinea pigs together with ethanol, changes in the elimination of ethanol occur. It is suggested that this is the consequence of an increased formation of H2O2 which contributes via peroxidatic reaction of catalase to the elimination of ethanol. The results also show additional interactions of hexobarbital as well as of ethylmorphine with ethanol elimination. Both compounds increased the initial blood levels of ethanol which precede accelerated elimination, probably by a first pass effect. At low concentrations of ethanol, ethylmorphine inhibits ethanol elimination by inhibition of ADH.", "contents": "Demonstration of drug-ethanol interactions by changes in activity of hepatic microsomal oxidase/oxygenase cytochrome P-450 function. \"Uncoupling\" of microsomal hepatic oxygenases is characterized by a situation in which microsomal monooxygenases exhibit more oxidase than oxygenase activity with an increased formation of hydrogen peroxide at the expense of O2, NADPH and substrate hydroxylation. The importance of such in vitro observations with respect to physiological conditions \"in vivo\" has been tested by investigating elimination kinetics of ethanol. If hexobarbital, a substrate of mixed function oxygenase as well as an \"uncoupler\", is given to guinea pigs together with ethanol, changes in the elimination of ethanol occur. It is suggested that this is the consequence of an increased formation of H2O2 which contributes via peroxidatic reaction of catalase to the elimination of ethanol. The results also show additional interactions of hexobarbital as well as of ethylmorphine with ethanol elimination. Both compounds increased the initial blood levels of ethanol which precede accelerated elimination, probably by a first pass effect. At low concentrations of ethanol, ethylmorphine inhibits ethanol elimination by inhibition of ADH."}
{"id": "PMID:288367", "title": "Polycystic changes in rat kidney induced by biphenyl fed in different diets.", "content": "Groups of rats were fed biphenyl at various dose levels in a semisynthetic diet and in a commercial chow. The effect levels for induction of polycystic kidney lesions were established by means of urinalysis, organ weight changes, light and electron microscopy, and enzyme histochemistry. The no-effect level, was less than 50 mg/kg bw./day and 300 mg/kg bw./day, when feeding the semisynthetic diet and the commercial chow respectively. This difference in effect level due to the diet is an indication that the diet is of great influence on the results of toxicological experiments.", "contents": "Polycystic changes in rat kidney induced by biphenyl fed in different diets. Groups of rats were fed biphenyl at various dose levels in a semisynthetic diet and in a commercial chow. The effect levels for induction of polycystic kidney lesions were established by means of urinalysis, organ weight changes, light and electron microscopy, and enzyme histochemistry. The no-effect level, was less than 50 mg/kg bw./day and 300 mg/kg bw./day, when feeding the semisynthetic diet and the commercial chow respectively. This difference in effect level due to the diet is an indication that the diet is of great influence on the results of toxicological experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:288370", "title": "Computer analysis and integration of animal pathology data.", "content": "Computer storage of data from toxicology, biochemistry, haematology and pathology has been found necessary in our Laboratory in order to handle the vast amount of information generated by animal toxicology studies. The value of the system to pathology is enormous and its potential has not been exhausted. All finding, from organ weights and macroscopic observations made at autopsy, to the final histopathological diagnosis made by the pathologist are computerized. A modified version of the American College of Pathologists' systematized nomenclature of pathology is used. The pathologist recordtor whose role in the system is indispensable. The designation of a pathologist with special responsibility for supervising the computerisation and its scientific validity ensures its smooth running. The integration of data from haematology and clinical chemistry as a profile for each animal is available to the pathologist when making the final diagnosis. The system has resulted in a standardisation of pathological terminology, greater speed and improved accuracy in report formulation, the establishment of a readily retrievable in-house data bank and an enormous saving in the time of pathologists and secretaries.", "contents": "Computer analysis and integration of animal pathology data. Computer storage of data from toxicology, biochemistry, haematology and pathology has been found necessary in our Laboratory in order to handle the vast amount of information generated by animal toxicology studies. The value of the system to pathology is enormous and its potential has not been exhausted. All finding, from organ weights and macroscopic observations made at autopsy, to the final histopathological diagnosis made by the pathologist are computerized. A modified version of the American College of Pathologists' systematized nomenclature of pathology is used. The pathologist recordtor whose role in the system is indispensable. The designation of a pathologist with special responsibility for supervising the computerisation and its scientific validity ensures its smooth running. The integration of data from haematology and clinical chemistry as a profile for each animal is available to the pathologist when making the final diagnosis. The system has resulted in a standardisation of pathological terminology, greater speed and improved accuracy in report formulation, the establishment of a readily retrievable in-house data bank and an enormous saving in the time of pathologists and secretaries."}
{"id": "PMID:288371", "title": "Evaluation of the carcinogenic effects of estrogens, progestins and oral contraceptives on cervix, uterus and ovary of animals and man.", "content": "Estrogens do not have the general biological effect of increasing the occurrence of cancer in various species of laboratory animals. The neoplastic effect of estrogens in animals is strain and species dependent. Estrogens may increase the incidence of uterine cervical cancer in some strains of mice, but not in other strains or other animal species. The progestins and oral contraceptives (OC) have not induced cervical cancer in animals and most studies demonstrate that the steroid anovulants do not increase the occurrence of abnormal cervical smears or cervical cancer in women. Estrogens increase the occurrence of endometrial cancer in the rabbit, occasionally in the mouse, but apparently not in other species. Case-control studies in menopausal and postmenopausal women indicate an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC) associated with use of estrogen. However, in other studies estrogen has not been related to EC. Cases of EC have been reported in women using sequential OC but a causal relationship has not been established. Progestins alone may arrest progress or cause regression of EC in women. EC has not been related to use of the combination OC, and it is unlikely that use of these anovulants will lead to the development of endometrial cancer. Estrogens or OC do not induce a carcinogenic response in the ovary. A decrease in ovarian cysts, is observed during the clinical use of OC.", "contents": "Evaluation of the carcinogenic effects of estrogens, progestins and oral contraceptives on cervix, uterus and ovary of animals and man. Estrogens do not have the general biological effect of increasing the occurrence of cancer in various species of laboratory animals. The neoplastic effect of estrogens in animals is strain and species dependent. Estrogens may increase the incidence of uterine cervical cancer in some strains of mice, but not in other strains or other animal species. The progestins and oral contraceptives (OC) have not induced cervical cancer in animals and most studies demonstrate that the steroid anovulants do not increase the occurrence of abnormal cervical smears or cervical cancer in women. Estrogens increase the occurrence of endometrial cancer in the rabbit, occasionally in the mouse, but apparently not in other species. Case-control studies in menopausal and postmenopausal women indicate an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC) associated with use of estrogen. However, in other studies estrogen has not been related to EC. Cases of EC have been reported in women using sequential OC but a causal relationship has not been established. Progestins alone may arrest progress or cause regression of EC in women. EC has not been related to use of the combination OC, and it is unlikely that use of these anovulants will lead to the development of endometrial cancer. Estrogens or OC do not induce a carcinogenic response in the ovary. A decrease in ovarian cysts, is observed during the clinical use of OC."}
{"id": "PMID:288372", "title": "Neuroendocrine effects of neuropsychotropic drugs and their possible influence on toxic reactions in animals and man -- the role of the dopamine-prolactin system.", "content": "As an example for the importance of the neuroendocrine system in the toxicological evaluation of neuropsychotropic drugs, the influence of functional dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on the secretion of prolactin is studied. In rats, all functional dopamine antagonists (reserpine alone or combined with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or benserazide, haloperidol, spiroperidol, sulpiride) increased serum PRL levels. Dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine, piribedil, d-amphetamine, L-DOPA, and the ergot derivatives bromocriptine and lisuride) all caused a decrease of serum prolactin levels. The same effect could be observed also after treatment with other ergot derivatives such as d-LSD, methergoline, methysergide and ergotamine. Also in this case, the prolactin-lowering effect seems to be related to dopaminergic activity. This was suggested by the inhibitory effect of pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist spiroperidol or with sulpiride on the prolactin-lowering effect of lisuride. In dogs, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) increased and lisuride decreased serum prolactin levels determined with a new radioimmunoassay. As an example for the situation in humans, the effects of the dopamine antagonist sulpiride and of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine were described. The prolactin levels were higher in the presence of estrogens. The relevance of these neuroendocrine effects of neuropsychotropic drugs on physiological systmes in animals and man is discussed.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine effects of neuropsychotropic drugs and their possible influence on toxic reactions in animals and man -- the role of the dopamine-prolactin system. As an example for the importance of the neuroendocrine system in the toxicological evaluation of neuropsychotropic drugs, the influence of functional dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on the secretion of prolactin is studied. In rats, all functional dopamine antagonists (reserpine alone or combined with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or benserazide, haloperidol, spiroperidol, sulpiride) increased serum PRL levels. Dopaminergic agonists (apomorphine, piribedil, d-amphetamine, L-DOPA, and the ergot derivatives bromocriptine and lisuride) all caused a decrease of serum prolactin levels. The same effect could be observed also after treatment with other ergot derivatives such as d-LSD, methergoline, methysergide and ergotamine. Also in this case, the prolactin-lowering effect seems to be related to dopaminergic activity. This was suggested by the inhibitory effect of pretreatment with the dopamine antagonist spiroperidol or with sulpiride on the prolactin-lowering effect of lisuride. In dogs, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) increased and lisuride decreased serum prolactin levels determined with a new radioimmunoassay. As an example for the situation in humans, the effects of the dopamine antagonist sulpiride and of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine were described. The prolactin levels were higher in the presence of estrogens. The relevance of these neuroendocrine effects of neuropsychotropic drugs on physiological systmes in animals and man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288379", "title": "Adolescent dental care and the South Australian school dental programme.", "content": "The problems of continuing dental care once eligibility for school care ceases have been discussed. A questionnaire of 18,976 high school students at 29 South Australian schools indicated that, compared with students with no history of school care, fewer students treated by the School Dental Service reported visiting a dentist since leaving primary school. Several programmes designed to encourage continuing dental care have been described.", "contents": "Adolescent dental care and the South Australian school dental programme. The problems of continuing dental care once eligibility for school care ceases have been discussed. A questionnaire of 18,976 high school students at 29 South Australian schools indicated that, compared with students with no history of school care, fewer students treated by the School Dental Service reported visiting a dentist since leaving primary school. Several programmes designed to encourage continuing dental care have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:288380", "title": "The needs of the homebound and institutionalized in South Australia, 1977.", "content": "A survey of 1,658 homebound and institutionalized persons suggested that about 7,000 chronically ill South Australians may need dental care and that such treatment is currently unavailable to the great majority of them.", "contents": "The needs of the homebound and institutionalized in South Australia, 1977. A survey of 1,658 homebound and institutionalized persons suggested that about 7,000 chronically ill South Australians may need dental care and that such treatment is currently unavailable to the great majority of them."}
{"id": "PMID:288384", "title": "Maxillary osteotomies.", "content": "In the past decade, biological studies on the maxilla have led to variations in established maxillary osteotomy techniques. Three of these surgical innovations are presented with illustrative case histories.", "contents": "Maxillary osteotomies. In the past decade, biological studies on the maxilla have led to variations in established maxillary osteotomy techniques. Three of these surgical innovations are presented with illustrative case histories."}
{"id": "PMID:288385", "title": "The effect of carbon on the metallography of a nickel base removable partial denture casting alloy.", "content": "This study has demonstrated the pattern of carbide development associated with progressive increases in carbon content in a series of six nickel chromium alloys. The carbon content is critical since it influences the production and distribution of carbides, which have been shown to alter the mechanical properties, of the nickel chromium alloys, that are dependent upon the development of gamma prime. Furthermore, it has been shown that the attainment of suitable strength is invariably associated with an unacceptable level of ductility.", "contents": "The effect of carbon on the metallography of a nickel base removable partial denture casting alloy. This study has demonstrated the pattern of carbide development associated with progressive increases in carbon content in a series of six nickel chromium alloys. The carbon content is critical since it influences the production and distribution of carbides, which have been shown to alter the mechanical properties, of the nickel chromium alloys, that are dependent upon the development of gamma prime. Furthermore, it has been shown that the attainment of suitable strength is invariably associated with an unacceptable level of ductility."}
{"id": "PMID:288386", "title": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocryptine.", "content": "Twelve acromegalic patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of active disease were studied whilst on bromocryptine (Sandoz) at a maximum dosage of 10--60 mg. The patients were followed for a period of 9--23 months. Clinically, ten patients showed a reduction or disappearance of sweating and seven patients had a reduction in soft tissue mass. Of the five patients who had diabetes prior to treatment, three reverted to normal glucose tolerance during treatment. Biochemically, there was no difference between mean plasma levels of growth hormone (hGH) before and on maximum therapy with bromocryptine. There was a significant difference between fasting plasma hGH before treatment with bromocryptine and following treatment for 9--23 months in five individual patients. Side effects were not disabling in this series except for a reversible paranoid psychosis in one patient. The overall results are disappointing; although some clinical features improved, plasma hGH levels returned to normal in only three patients. Bromocryptine has a limited place in the management of acromegaly for those patients in whom conventional therapy has been ineffective or is contraindicated.", "contents": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocryptine. Twelve acromegalic patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of active disease were studied whilst on bromocryptine (Sandoz) at a maximum dosage of 10--60 mg. The patients were followed for a period of 9--23 months. Clinically, ten patients showed a reduction or disappearance of sweating and seven patients had a reduction in soft tissue mass. Of the five patients who had diabetes prior to treatment, three reverted to normal glucose tolerance during treatment. Biochemically, there was no difference between mean plasma levels of growth hormone (hGH) before and on maximum therapy with bromocryptine. There was a significant difference between fasting plasma hGH before treatment with bromocryptine and following treatment for 9--23 months in five individual patients. Side effects were not disabling in this series except for a reversible paranoid psychosis in one patient. The overall results are disappointing; although some clinical features improved, plasma hGH levels returned to normal in only three patients. Bromocryptine has a limited place in the management of acromegaly for those patients in whom conventional therapy has been ineffective or is contraindicated."}
{"id": "PMID:288387", "title": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine.", "content": "Five men and three women with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine. After three months' therapy (30 mg/day) mean GH during the day decreased by 50% in six out of eight subjects. In the remaining two subjects (non-responders) GH was persistently over 100 micrograms/l. Mean GH during glucose tolerance test were not significantly decreased in three out of the eight subjects, of whom two were the nonresponders. The minimum dose of bromocriptine required to achieve maximum GH suppression ranged from 7.5 to 20 mg/day. In contrast, serum prolactin (PRL) throughout the day suppressed significantly in all subjects after 5 mg/day bromocriptine. Decreases in clinical symptoms, hand volume, urinary hydroxyproline and calcium excretion were seen in about half of the subjects. Three of the four subjects with diabetes mellitus showed improvement in glucose tolerance. Although minor side effects were uncommon, one patient died because of massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Five men and three women with active acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine. After three months' therapy (30 mg/day) mean GH during the day decreased by 50% in six out of eight subjects. In the remaining two subjects (non-responders) GH was persistently over 100 micrograms/l. Mean GH during glucose tolerance test were not significantly decreased in three out of the eight subjects, of whom two were the nonresponders. The minimum dose of bromocriptine required to achieve maximum GH suppression ranged from 7.5 to 20 mg/day. In contrast, serum prolactin (PRL) throughout the day suppressed significantly in all subjects after 5 mg/day bromocriptine. Decreases in clinical symptoms, hand volume, urinary hydroxyproline and calcium excretion were seen in about half of the subjects. Three of the four subjects with diabetes mellitus showed improvement in glucose tolerance. Although minor side effects were uncommon, one patient died because of massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:288388", "title": "Some properties of the colony forming cell in adult acute leukaemia.", "content": "Variations in the concentration and physical characteristics of the bone marrow derived colony forming cell(CFC) have been studied in patients with acute leukaemia. Two-hundred-and-fifteen marrow samples from 83 patients provide the basis for this analysis. CFC concentration confirmed the clinical remission/relapse status and yielded some guidelines to prognosis in individual patients while the proportions of CFC in DNA synthesis also proved to be a most reliable indicator of disease status. In remission, CFC concentrations return to normal values whilst on presentation and in the relapse phase of acute leukaemia CFC numbers are reduced. Biophysical profiles of CFC established using albumin density gradient and velocity sedimentation studies also indicated the state of the leukaemic process in individual patients. By applying physical laws to the data obtained from such profiles, the mean volume, diameter, density and mass of CFC were calculated. CFC from leukaemic patients in relapse were up to twice the volume and mass although slightly less dense than CFC from normal patients. The reasons for these changes are explained and discussed.", "contents": "Some properties of the colony forming cell in adult acute leukaemia. Variations in the concentration and physical characteristics of the bone marrow derived colony forming cell(CFC) have been studied in patients with acute leukaemia. Two-hundred-and-fifteen marrow samples from 83 patients provide the basis for this analysis. CFC concentration confirmed the clinical remission/relapse status and yielded some guidelines to prognosis in individual patients while the proportions of CFC in DNA synthesis also proved to be a most reliable indicator of disease status. In remission, CFC concentrations return to normal values whilst on presentation and in the relapse phase of acute leukaemia CFC numbers are reduced. Biophysical profiles of CFC established using albumin density gradient and velocity sedimentation studies also indicated the state of the leukaemic process in individual patients. By applying physical laws to the data obtained from such profiles, the mean volume, diameter, density and mass of CFC were calculated. CFC from leukaemic patients in relapse were up to twice the volume and mass although slightly less dense than CFC from normal patients. The reasons for these changes are explained and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288389", "title": "A randomized study of factor VIII or prothrombin complex concentrate infusions in children with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII.", "content": "In four children with haemophilia A and antibodies to factor VIII, 18 bleeding episodes were randomized for treatment with factor VIII concentrate (30 units/kg) and 18 for treatment with a prothrombin-complex concentrate (prothrombinex) given in a dose of 30 units of factor IX/kg. Treatment with prothrombinex was associated with a better clinical response, a significantly greater shortening of the kaolin partial thromboplastin time and significantly lower incidence of post-infusion increase of levels of factor VIII antibodies. Although treatment with factor VIII concentrate was clinically successful in 15 episodes, treatment failures occurred in three instances leading to parental request for withdrawal from study in two families.", "contents": "A randomized study of factor VIII or prothrombin complex concentrate infusions in children with haemophilia and antibodies to factor VIII. In four children with haemophilia A and antibodies to factor VIII, 18 bleeding episodes were randomized for treatment with factor VIII concentrate (30 units/kg) and 18 for treatment with a prothrombin-complex concentrate (prothrombinex) given in a dose of 30 units of factor IX/kg. Treatment with prothrombinex was associated with a better clinical response, a significantly greater shortening of the kaolin partial thromboplastin time and significantly lower incidence of post-infusion increase of levels of factor VIII antibodies. Although treatment with factor VIII concentrate was clinically successful in 15 episodes, treatment failures occurred in three instances leading to parental request for withdrawal from study in two families."}
{"id": "PMID:288391", "title": "Osteomalacia due to unusual causes presenting in adults.", "content": "Severe osteomalacia due to causes other than malabsorption and, where renal function was impaired, disproportionate to the degree of renal failure, is described in 15 adults. Only one was younger than 46 years, the median age being 59 years. The diagnosis was not made for months in most patients. After investigation, the patients were grouped as follows: nutritional three cases, \"renal\" six cases, hypophosphataemia three cases, neurofibromatosis and primary hyperparathyroidism one each. The last patient was poorly nourished and had taken anticonvulsants and analgesics. Most patients responded well to treatment with calciferol. These cases indicate the need to be aware that osteomalacia may occur in previously healthy middle-aged or elderly subjects.", "contents": "Osteomalacia due to unusual causes presenting in adults. Severe osteomalacia due to causes other than malabsorption and, where renal function was impaired, disproportionate to the degree of renal failure, is described in 15 adults. Only one was younger than 46 years, the median age being 59 years. The diagnosis was not made for months in most patients. After investigation, the patients were grouped as follows: nutritional three cases, \"renal\" six cases, hypophosphataemia three cases, neurofibromatosis and primary hyperparathyroidism one each. The last patient was poorly nourished and had taken anticonvulsants and analgesics. Most patients responded well to treatment with calciferol. These cases indicate the need to be aware that osteomalacia may occur in previously healthy middle-aged or elderly subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:288392", "title": "Multiple myeloma--prognosis, treatment and survival in an eight year study.", "content": "Data are presented from an unselected group of 76 patients with multiple myeloma, diagnosed over an eight year period in Christchurch. The median survival time was 31 months from commencement of treatment. The median survival of patients with Bence Jones proteinuria (29 months) was significantly shorter than those without this feature (47 months). Patients with lambda proteinuria had a median survival of 25.5 months and those with kappa proteinuria 32 months, but this difference was not statistically significant. The correlation of presenting anaemia, azotaemia or hypoalbuminaemia with a bad prognosis was confirmed. Immunosuppression of nonmyeloma immunoglobulins in patients with IgA or IgG myeloma was associated with a significantly worse median survival. Chemotherapy was discontinued in 11 patients at a variable period after one year of remission. In six cases the disease did not relapse, but relapse occurred in four cases and in three of these control could not be reasserted. One patient developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia five months after treatment was discontinued.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma--prognosis, treatment and survival in an eight year study. Data are presented from an unselected group of 76 patients with multiple myeloma, diagnosed over an eight year period in Christchurch. The median survival time was 31 months from commencement of treatment. The median survival of patients with Bence Jones proteinuria (29 months) was significantly shorter than those without this feature (47 months). Patients with lambda proteinuria had a median survival of 25.5 months and those with kappa proteinuria 32 months, but this difference was not statistically significant. The correlation of presenting anaemia, azotaemia or hypoalbuminaemia with a bad prognosis was confirmed. Immunosuppression of nonmyeloma immunoglobulins in patients with IgA or IgG myeloma was associated with a significantly worse median survival. Chemotherapy was discontinued in 11 patients at a variable period after one year of remission. In six cases the disease did not relapse, but relapse occurred in four cases and in three of these control could not be reasserted. One patient developed acute myeloblastic leukaemia five months after treatment was discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:288393", "title": "Drug usage in a western Australian rural community.", "content": "Drug usage in two agricultural shires, Kondinin and Kulin, was surveyed by questionnaire. Both prescription and over the counter (OTC) drugs were recorded together with age, sex, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body weight, and 1284 people, or 55.8% of the eligible population over six years of age, participated. Approximately 35%, 53% and 12% of people said they were taking no drugs, one to two drugs and three or more drugs respectively, a result very similar to that found in an earlier urban study (Traralgon). The interaction of all five factors on drug consumption was studied jointly by multivariate analysis; FEV1, SBP and weight were normalised using standard tables. Prescription drug usage was directly related to obesity, respiratory impairment and sex (P less than 0.01) but not to age or SBP. People taking either OTC drugs or none at all differed only in sex, with females taking more than males (P less than 0.01). There were no differences in the factors studied between prescription only and prescription plus OTC drug users.", "contents": "Drug usage in a western Australian rural community. Drug usage in two agricultural shires, Kondinin and Kulin, was surveyed by questionnaire. Both prescription and over the counter (OTC) drugs were recorded together with age, sex, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body weight, and 1284 people, or 55.8% of the eligible population over six years of age, participated. Approximately 35%, 53% and 12% of people said they were taking no drugs, one to two drugs and three or more drugs respectively, a result very similar to that found in an earlier urban study (Traralgon). The interaction of all five factors on drug consumption was studied jointly by multivariate analysis; FEV1, SBP and weight were normalised using standard tables. Prescription drug usage was directly related to obesity, respiratory impairment and sex (P less than 0.01) but not to age or SBP. People taking either OTC drugs or none at all differed only in sex, with females taking more than males (P less than 0.01). There were no differences in the factors studied between prescription only and prescription plus OTC drug users."}
{"id": "PMID:288394", "title": "Drug compliance in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A study of drug compliance was carried out on 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-nine per cent were non-compliant with their antirheumatic medication, varying from occasional to complete failure to take the prescribed drugs. Compared with those taking their medication regularly, the non-compliant patients had a significantly lower mean active joint count and average pain severity and a significantly higher proportion had not received an adequate explanation of their disease. However, drug default does not appear to be a significant problem in management of rheumatoid arthritis, as over 90% of patients were taking their medications all or most of the time. Patients with this disease appear motivated to taking their medication regularly by the presence of chronic and often severe pain.", "contents": "Drug compliance in outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. A study of drug compliance was carried out on 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-nine per cent were non-compliant with their antirheumatic medication, varying from occasional to complete failure to take the prescribed drugs. Compared with those taking their medication regularly, the non-compliant patients had a significantly lower mean active joint count and average pain severity and a significantly higher proportion had not received an adequate explanation of their disease. However, drug default does not appear to be a significant problem in management of rheumatoid arthritis, as over 90% of patients were taking their medications all or most of the time. Patients with this disease appear motivated to taking their medication regularly by the presence of chronic and often severe pain."}
{"id": "PMID:288396", "title": "Coronary heart disease in tribal Aborigines--the West Kimberley survey.", "content": "Two-hundred-and-forty-eight full-blood tribal Aborigines from the West Kimberley region of Western Australia were surveyed for the prevalence of coronary heart disease, and compared with the known prevalence in whites in the country town of Busselton, WA. The prevalence was found to be greater among the Aborigines, with 7% of men, and 11% of women being found to have \"probable\" coronary heart disease. Seven per cent of the population had electrocardiographic changes characteristic of frank ischaemia. The major risk factors contributing to this high prevalence were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Thirty-seven per cent of the Aborigines were hypertensive, and 17% had diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease in tribal Aborigines--the West Kimberley survey. Two-hundred-and-forty-eight full-blood tribal Aborigines from the West Kimberley region of Western Australia were surveyed for the prevalence of coronary heart disease, and compared with the known prevalence in whites in the country town of Busselton, WA. The prevalence was found to be greater among the Aborigines, with 7% of men, and 11% of women being found to have \"probable\" coronary heart disease. Seven per cent of the population had electrocardiographic changes characteristic of frank ischaemia. The major risk factors contributing to this high prevalence were hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Thirty-seven per cent of the Aborigines were hypertensive, and 17% had diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:288397", "title": "Nifedipine in the treatment of life threatening Prinzmetal angina.", "content": "Nifedipine is a non-nitrate vasodilator which has proved effective, in oral form, in Europe, Japan, and the USA for treatment of Prinzmetal Angina. The drug has not been used before in Australia. We report a patient with Prinzmetal's variant angina, complicated by recurrent syncopal episodes due to ventricular arrhythmias. The attacks were resistant to standard therapy except sublingual nitroglycerin but ceased completely during treatment with nifedipine.", "contents": "Nifedipine in the treatment of life threatening Prinzmetal angina. Nifedipine is a non-nitrate vasodilator which has proved effective, in oral form, in Europe, Japan, and the USA for treatment of Prinzmetal Angina. The drug has not been used before in Australia. We report a patient with Prinzmetal's variant angina, complicated by recurrent syncopal episodes due to ventricular arrhythmias. The attacks were resistant to standard therapy except sublingual nitroglycerin but ceased completely during treatment with nifedipine."}
{"id": "PMID:288398", "title": "Carbamazepine therapy complicated by nodal bradycardia and water intoxication.", "content": "A case is reported of water intoxication and cardiac conduction disturbances occurring as a late complication of carbamazepine therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. These uncommon but potentially hazardous complications of therapy are reported because of the wide use of carbamazepine as the agent of choice for trigeminal neuralgia and as an anticonvulsant.", "contents": "Carbamazepine therapy complicated by nodal bradycardia and water intoxication. A case is reported of water intoxication and cardiac conduction disturbances occurring as a late complication of carbamazepine therapy for trigeminal neuralgia. These uncommon but potentially hazardous complications of therapy are reported because of the wide use of carbamazepine as the agent of choice for trigeminal neuralgia and as an anticonvulsant."}
{"id": "PMID:288399", "title": "Familial relative polycythaemia due to haemoglobin Heathrow.", "content": "Eleven affected members of a New Zealand family carrying the high oxygen affinity haemoglobin Heathrow are described. The detection of high oxygen affinity abnormal haemoglobins may be difficult as haemoglobin and red cell mass may both fall within the normal range and no abnormality may be detected on haemoglobin electrophoresis or by haemoglobin stability tests. The importance of oxygen affinity studies to establish the diagnosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Familial relative polycythaemia due to haemoglobin Heathrow. Eleven affected members of a New Zealand family carrying the high oxygen affinity haemoglobin Heathrow are described. The detection of high oxygen affinity abnormal haemoglobins may be difficult as haemoglobin and red cell mass may both fall within the normal range and no abnormality may be detected on haemoglobin electrophoresis or by haemoglobin stability tests. The importance of oxygen affinity studies to establish the diagnosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:288400", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar--septal amyloidosis associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and an unusual paraproteinaemia.", "content": "A patient is described who presented with mixed obstructive and restrictive lung disease, shown to be due to deposition of amyloid in an alveolar-septal distribution. An association with a plasma cell dyscrasia and pulmonary tuberculosis is discussed, as is the need for early diagnosis and a trial of aggressive cytotoxic therapy in primary amyloidosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar--septal amyloidosis associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and an unusual paraproteinaemia. A patient is described who presented with mixed obstructive and restrictive lung disease, shown to be due to deposition of amyloid in an alveolar-septal distribution. An association with a plasma cell dyscrasia and pulmonary tuberculosis is discussed, as is the need for early diagnosis and a trial of aggressive cytotoxic therapy in primary amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:288401", "title": "IgA deficiency, superior mediastinal tumour with unusual clinical manifestations.", "content": "The clinical course of a 17-year-old man with selective IgA deficiency and anaplastic carcinoma in the superior mediastinum is described. High swinging fevers, neutrophil leucocytosis reaching 60 x 10(9)/l, polyarthralgia and skin vasodilatation were unusual manifestations of the tumour. Marked tissue reactions in the neck and polyserositis occurred with a neutrophil granulocyte tissue reaction and progressed to fibrosis. Circulating immune complexes were present and IgE levels were grossly raised. It was not established whether the unusual clinical manifestations were due solely to the tumour or were an abnormal response of an IgA-deficient host. Review of the literature of malignancy in selective IgA deficiency casts doubt upon an increased incidence of neoplasm in this immune deficiency.", "contents": "IgA deficiency, superior mediastinal tumour with unusual clinical manifestations. The clinical course of a 17-year-old man with selective IgA deficiency and anaplastic carcinoma in the superior mediastinum is described. High swinging fevers, neutrophil leucocytosis reaching 60 x 10(9)/l, polyarthralgia and skin vasodilatation were unusual manifestations of the tumour. Marked tissue reactions in the neck and polyserositis occurred with a neutrophil granulocyte tissue reaction and progressed to fibrosis. Circulating immune complexes were present and IgE levels were grossly raised. It was not established whether the unusual clinical manifestations were due solely to the tumour or were an abnormal response of an IgA-deficient host. Review of the literature of malignancy in selective IgA deficiency casts doubt upon an increased incidence of neoplasm in this immune deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:288402", "title": "Gastro-colic fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer in analgesic abusers.", "content": "Two cases of gastro-colic fistula occurring in analgesic abusers are described. In both patients, the fistulous communication was diagnosed at endoscopy and subsequently verified by upper gastrointestinal tract barium studies. Gastro-colic fistula is a rare complication of benign peptic ulcer disease. Whilst salcylates and cortico-steroids have been implicated as aetiological agents, abuse of compound analgesics has not previously been reported. Since the first description of gastro-colic fistula in 1755, thirty documented cases associated with benign gastric ulcer have been reported. Most often, gastro-colic fistula occurs secondary to gastric or colonic malignancy. Barium enema examination is the most accurate diagnostic study. Endoscopy has been confined to the visual inspection of the ulcer and establishing the benign nature of these lesions.", "contents": "Gastro-colic fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer in analgesic abusers. Two cases of gastro-colic fistula occurring in analgesic abusers are described. In both patients, the fistulous communication was diagnosed at endoscopy and subsequently verified by upper gastrointestinal tract barium studies. Gastro-colic fistula is a rare complication of benign peptic ulcer disease. Whilst salcylates and cortico-steroids have been implicated as aetiological agents, abuse of compound analgesics has not previously been reported. Since the first description of gastro-colic fistula in 1755, thirty documented cases associated with benign gastric ulcer have been reported. Most often, gastro-colic fistula occurs secondary to gastric or colonic malignancy. Barium enema examination is the most accurate diagnostic study. Endoscopy has been confined to the visual inspection of the ulcer and establishing the benign nature of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:288403", "title": "Co-existing coeliac and inflammatory bowel disease in a patient with Turner's syndrome.", "content": "A patient, aged 20, with Turner's syndrome was found to have both coeliac disease and chronic ulcerative colitis. Although a gluten-free diet restored to normal the jejunal biopsy, persisting diarrhoea was found to be due to coexisting left-sided ulcerative colitis. A search of the literature revealed only three detailed reports of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in coeliac patients, one of coeliac disease in Turner's syndrome and three of inflammatory bowel disease in Turner's syndrome. Growth failure with coeliac or inflammatory bowel disease in females, may call for a chromosomal study, even in the absence of webbing of the neck. The reason for three uncommon disorders occurring in this patient remains obscure.", "contents": "Co-existing coeliac and inflammatory bowel disease in a patient with Turner's syndrome. A patient, aged 20, with Turner's syndrome was found to have both coeliac disease and chronic ulcerative colitis. Although a gluten-free diet restored to normal the jejunal biopsy, persisting diarrhoea was found to be due to coexisting left-sided ulcerative colitis. A search of the literature revealed only three detailed reports of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in coeliac patients, one of coeliac disease in Turner's syndrome and three of inflammatory bowel disease in Turner's syndrome. Growth failure with coeliac or inflammatory bowel disease in females, may call for a chromosomal study, even in the absence of webbing of the neck. The reason for three uncommon disorders occurring in this patient remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:288404", "title": "Thermometerphagophilia in M\u00fcnchausen syndrome.", "content": "M\u00fcnchausen syndrome is a medical curiosity. The presenting symptomatology is varied. An unusual presentation--thermometerphagophilia (swallowing of thermometers), is reported.", "contents": "Thermometerphagophilia in M\u00fcnchausen syndrome. M\u00fcnchausen syndrome is a medical curiosity. The presenting symptomatology is varied. An unusual presentation--thermometerphagophilia (swallowing of thermometers), is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:288410", "title": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna: a case report.", "content": "A case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna is described. The inevitability of dislocation of the radial head in the early years of life, is pointed out. Following dislocation of the radial head, creation of a stable single-bone forearm is necessary to prevent loss of hand function due to effective shortening of the long flexors. A method of radioulnar fusion is described. Following such fusion good hand function can be anticipated, as the vital humeroulna radiocarpal joints are intact.", "contents": "Congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna: a case report. A case of congenital pseudarthrosis of the ulna is described. The inevitability of dislocation of the radial head in the early years of life, is pointed out. Following dislocation of the radial head, creation of a stable single-bone forearm is necessary to prevent loss of hand function due to effective shortening of the long flexors. A method of radioulnar fusion is described. Following such fusion good hand function can be anticipated, as the vital humeroulna radiocarpal joints are intact."}
{"id": "PMID:288411", "title": "Congenital abduction contracture with dislocation of the shoulder in children: report of two cases.", "content": "Isolated congenital contracture of the deltoid muscle in children is uncommon. There are no reports in the literature of such cases associated with anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Two young girls with deltoid contracture and associated dislocation of the shoulder are reported.", "contents": "Congenital abduction contracture with dislocation of the shoulder in children: report of two cases. Isolated congenital contracture of the deltoid muscle in children is uncommon. There are no reports in the literature of such cases associated with anterior dislocations of the shoulder. Two young girls with deltoid contracture and associated dislocation of the shoulder are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:288412", "title": "Hip problems in a battered child: a case report.", "content": "A battered child with a stiff right hip, a pseudarthrosis of the left femoral neck, and a grossly shortened left femur, is described. Conservative care is suggested.", "contents": "Hip problems in a battered child: a case report. A battered child with a stiff right hip, a pseudarthrosis of the left femoral neck, and a grossly shortened left femur, is described. Conservative care is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:288413", "title": "The autosuture surgical stapling instruments: preliminary experience.", "content": "Stapling instruments for gastrointestinal surgery are relatively new in the surgical armamentarium of Australian surgeons. In an attempt to assess their safety and handling characteristics laboratory experience has been obtained in dogs. This has shown that these instruments are effective and easily handled, although costly in routine use. It seems likely that they will provide an appropriate alternative to certain conventional anastomotic techniques.", "contents": "The autosuture surgical stapling instruments: preliminary experience. Stapling instruments for gastrointestinal surgery are relatively new in the surgical armamentarium of Australian surgeons. In an attempt to assess their safety and handling characteristics laboratory experience has been obtained in dogs. This has shown that these instruments are effective and easily handled, although costly in routine use. It seems likely that they will provide an appropriate alternative to certain conventional anastomotic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:288414", "title": "The technique of advancement flap haemorrhoidectomy.", "content": "Surgery is still the mainstay of treatment for large, prolapsing haemorrhoids. The teaching of Sir Alan Parks, and more recently the work of W.H.F. Thompson, have shown that degeneration of the supportive tissue of the anal canal and the subsequent sliding of the anal lining, was the greatest contributing factor in the development of  haemorrhoids. The method of treatment described follows Sir Alan Park's principles of conservation of the anal canal mucosa and skin. This is then used to reline the anal canal after careful dissection and excision of the external and internal haemorrhoids. It therefore returns this prolapsed, sensitive epithelium to its original site. Wound healing is rapid and anal stenosis is avoided.", "contents": "The technique of advancement flap haemorrhoidectomy. Surgery is still the mainstay of treatment for large, prolapsing haemorrhoids. The teaching of Sir Alan Parks, and more recently the work of W.H.F. Thompson, have shown that degeneration of the supportive tissue of the anal canal and the subsequent sliding of the anal lining, was the greatest contributing factor in the development of  haemorrhoids. The method of treatment described follows Sir Alan Park's principles of conservation of the anal canal mucosa and skin. This is then used to reline the anal canal after careful dissection and excision of the external and internal haemorrhoids. It therefore returns this prolapsed, sensitive epithelium to its original site. Wound healing is rapid and anal stenosis is avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:288415", "title": "A simplified surgical approach for lumbar disc excision.", "content": "A simple approach to the distal lumbar spine for disc excision is described and the relevant surgical anatomy reviewed. The approach is considered to have many advantages over formal laminectomy for the same purpose in the majority of cases. The indications and contraindications for its use are discussed.", "contents": "A simplified surgical approach for lumbar disc excision. A simple approach to the distal lumbar spine for disc excision is described and the relevant surgical anatomy reviewed. The approach is considered to have many advantages over formal laminectomy for the same purpose in the majority of cases. The indications and contraindications for its use are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288416", "title": "Surgical training in France.", "content": "The French medical student does a six-year course before entering a compulsory \"intern\" year at the end of which he presents a thesis plus the results of all his University examinations for his medical degree. To become a surgeon he would spend four years as an \"intern\" in surgical posts then become a \"Chef-de-Clinique\" for two to four years before being accredited as a specialist. The differences and similarities of their system and ours fours years before being accredited as a specialist. The differences and similarities of their system and ours are highlighted.", "contents": "Surgical training in France. The French medical student does a six-year course before entering a compulsory \"intern\" year at the end of which he presents a thesis plus the results of all his University examinations for his medical degree. To become a surgeon he would spend four years as an \"intern\" in surgical posts then become a \"Chef-de-Clinique\" for two to four years before being accredited as a specialist. The differences and similarities of their system and ours fours years before being accredited as a specialist. The differences and similarities of their system and ours are highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:288417", "title": "The protective effect of cimetidine on stress-induced acute gastric ulceration in the rat.", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneal cimetidine, an H2 receptorantagonist, has been assessed on the development of cold-restraint induced acute gastric ulcers in rats. Cimetidine in doses ranging from 20-100 mg per kg body weight significantly reduced the incidence of acute gastric ulceration compared with saline controls in this model. The protective effect of cimetidine suggests a prophylactic role for this agent in stress-induced gastric or duodenal ulceration in man.", "contents": "The protective effect of cimetidine on stress-induced acute gastric ulceration in the rat. The effect of intraperitoneal cimetidine, an H2 receptorantagonist, has been assessed on the development of cold-restraint induced acute gastric ulcers in rats. Cimetidine in doses ranging from 20-100 mg per kg body weight significantly reduced the incidence of acute gastric ulceration compared with saline controls in this model. The protective effect of cimetidine suggests a prophylactic role for this agent in stress-induced gastric or duodenal ulceration in man."}
{"id": "PMID:288418", "title": "In vitro studies of gallstone dissolution using the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Scanning electron microscope studies on cholesterol gallstones, which had been subjected to, but had not been completely dissolved by, chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate salts, have indicated the presence of an insoluble organic matrix, probably a mucopolysaccharide. Solution of a gallstone in vitro is enhanced by the addition of heparin which dissolved this matrix, thus allowing complete dissolution of cholesterol in a gallstone.", "contents": "In vitro studies of gallstone dissolution using the scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope studies on cholesterol gallstones, which had been subjected to, but had not been completely dissolved by, chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate salts, have indicated the presence of an insoluble organic matrix, probably a mucopolysaccharide. Solution of a gallstone in vitro is enhanced by the addition of heparin which dissolved this matrix, thus allowing complete dissolution of cholesterol in a gallstone."}
{"id": "PMID:288419", "title": "A technique for the chronic study of the hepatic uptake and excretion of substances in the conscious pig.", "content": "The pig is an ideal animal for studies of hepatic metabolism and the handling of drugs by the liver because of the many similarities in liver function to that in man. In this report we describe for the first time, in this animal, methods for the chronic implantation of sampling catheters in the major hepatic vessels and for the construction of an external biliary shunt. This model has many advantages in that it permits in the conscious animal intermittent, simultaneous and precise sampling of the hepatic uptake and clearance of substances and intermittent sampling of bile, without permanent interruption of the enterophepatic circulation. The effectiveness of this preparation has been assessed in 55 pigs. It was demonstrated that the majority of catheters remained patent for at least three days and in many cases for much longer. No significant alteration in liver function could be shown for at least seven days after surgery.", "contents": "A technique for the chronic study of the hepatic uptake and excretion of substances in the conscious pig. The pig is an ideal animal for studies of hepatic metabolism and the handling of drugs by the liver because of the many similarities in liver function to that in man. In this report we describe for the first time, in this animal, methods for the chronic implantation of sampling catheters in the major hepatic vessels and for the construction of an external biliary shunt. This model has many advantages in that it permits in the conscious animal intermittent, simultaneous and precise sampling of the hepatic uptake and clearance of substances and intermittent sampling of bile, without permanent interruption of the enterophepatic circulation. The effectiveness of this preparation has been assessed in 55 pigs. It was demonstrated that the majority of catheters remained patent for at least three days and in many cases for much longer. No significant alteration in liver function could be shown for at least seven days after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:288420", "title": "The effects of experimental division of the vascular pedicle of a transposed subcutaneous ileal loop.", "content": "The effects of immediate division of the neurovascular pedicles of ileal loops implanted in the subcutaneous tissues for four weeks were studied in eight mongrel dogs. The structural and functional changes were studied by examining sections under light and electron microscopy and by comparing D-xylose absorption and motility patterns. Arteriograms were done to show the new subcutaneous collaterals supplying the loops. Of the eight dogs, four had loops showing normal histological appearances and D-xylose absorptive functions after division of the pedicles. In the remaining four dogs, the loops showed evidence of pseudomembranous changes in some areas, resulting in patching necrosis possibly due to inadequate collaterals. The absorption of D-xylose was impaired in these dogs. Perhaps a longer period of transposition and a gradual division of the vascular pedicle would improve the results. The motility pattern did not change after division of the pedicle, though the response to intravenous carbachol was significantly delayed.", "contents": "The effects of experimental division of the vascular pedicle of a transposed subcutaneous ileal loop. The effects of immediate division of the neurovascular pedicles of ileal loops implanted in the subcutaneous tissues for four weeks were studied in eight mongrel dogs. The structural and functional changes were studied by examining sections under light and electron microscopy and by comparing D-xylose absorption and motility patterns. Arteriograms were done to show the new subcutaneous collaterals supplying the loops. Of the eight dogs, four had loops showing normal histological appearances and D-xylose absorptive functions after division of the pedicles. In the remaining four dogs, the loops showed evidence of pseudomembranous changes in some areas, resulting in patching necrosis possibly due to inadequate collaterals. The absorption of D-xylose was impaired in these dogs. Perhaps a longer period of transposition and a gradual division of the vascular pedicle would improve the results. The motility pattern did not change after division of the pedicle, though the response to intravenous carbachol was significantly delayed."}
{"id": "PMID:288421", "title": "Bleeding stomal ulceration.", "content": "In a prospective study of patients with haematemesis and melaena, there were 22 admissions of patients with bleeding stomal ulceration, representing 2.5% of total admissions to the Unit. In 16 patients the bleeding was from superficial stomal lesions. These lesions, endoscopically and histologically, resembled alkaline reflux gastritis, a recently defined cause of postgastrectomy bile vomiting. Five patients presented with chronic ulceration following inadequate gastric surgery. One patient was admitted on two occasions. Nine patients received more than five units of blood and came to operation for continued bleeding. In seven of the surgical cases, the bleeding was from superficial stomal lesions. Our experience suggests that truncal vagotomy is necessary to control the bleeding in these patients. One patient presented with superficial stomal ulceration and carcinomatous change. This patient died. It is important to subject these lesions to biopsy, and biopsy with extension of a previous gastrectomy is indicated to control bleeding, and to exclude malignancy.", "contents": "Bleeding stomal ulceration. In a prospective study of patients with haematemesis and melaena, there were 22 admissions of patients with bleeding stomal ulceration, representing 2.5% of total admissions to the Unit. In 16 patients the bleeding was from superficial stomal lesions. These lesions, endoscopically and histologically, resembled alkaline reflux gastritis, a recently defined cause of postgastrectomy bile vomiting. Five patients presented with chronic ulceration following inadequate gastric surgery. One patient was admitted on two occasions. Nine patients received more than five units of blood and came to operation for continued bleeding. In seven of the surgical cases, the bleeding was from superficial stomal lesions. Our experience suggests that truncal vagotomy is necessary to control the bleeding in these patients. One patient presented with superficial stomal ulceration and carcinomatous change. This patient died. It is important to subject these lesions to biopsy, and biopsy with extension of a previous gastrectomy is indicated to control bleeding, and to exclude malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:288424", "title": "Acute suppurative cholecystitis: a retrospective study of 173 cases.", "content": "Over a 14-year period we treated 2,290 cases of non-malignant biliary tract conditions, and among them were 173 cases of acute suppurative cholecystitis, an incidence of 7.6%. A correct preoperative diagnosis of acute suppurative cholecystitis was made in only about half the cases because features of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis dominated the clinical picture on many occasions. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases at operation. Cholecystectomy (88%) was performed whenever this was found to be safe, and cholecystostomy (12%) was carried out only in poor-risk patients or when operative difficulties were encountered. The overall mortality of operation was 5.8%. Old age, preoperative shock, delay of operation and the presence of free perforation affected the prognosis adversely.", "contents": "Acute suppurative cholecystitis: a retrospective study of 173 cases. Over a 14-year period we treated 2,290 cases of non-malignant biliary tract conditions, and among them were 173 cases of acute suppurative cholecystitis, an incidence of 7.6%. A correct preoperative diagnosis of acute suppurative cholecystitis was made in only about half the cases because features of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis dominated the clinical picture on many occasions. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases at operation. Cholecystectomy (88%) was performed whenever this was found to be safe, and cholecystostomy (12%) was carried out only in poor-risk patients or when operative difficulties were encountered. The overall mortality of operation was 5.8%. Old age, preoperative shock, delay of operation and the presence of free perforation affected the prognosis adversely."}
{"id": "PMID:288425", "title": "Retained gallstones: the choice of the method of management.", "content": "The management of 26 patients with retained stones in the biliary tree after surgery is described. Various methods have been used, but intermittent rapid flushing with one litre of isotonic saline solution, together with a slow infusion of heparin solution via the T tube, was the most successful. It required no specialized equipment, and is recommended as the first choice in treatment.", "contents": "Retained gallstones: the choice of the method of management. The management of 26 patients with retained stones in the biliary tree after surgery is described. Various methods have been used, but intermittent rapid flushing with one litre of isotonic saline solution, together with a slow infusion of heparin solution via the T tube, was the most successful. It required no specialized equipment, and is recommended as the first choice in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288426", "title": "Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy: causes, prevention and surgical repair in 1979.", "content": "Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy is almost always a high injury of the proximal common hepatic duct, because the surgeon mistakes this duct for the cystic duct and a segment of it is removed with the gallbladder. Most of these injuries are preventable by following certain principles of careful surgical dissection of the ductal system during surgery. Surgical reconstruction is always difficult, and restricturing of the anastomosis remains the most important problem. Recent advances in surgical technique have minimized the risk of recurrent stricture formation. At present the most suitable reconstruction for the typical high common hepatic duct lesion is a hepaticojejunostomy Roux-en-Y, using transhepatic intubation and a \"mucosal graft\" type of procedure. Biliary reconstruction was performed on 32 patients referred to the writer during the past 13 years resulting in six recurrent strictures needing a second reconstruction. At the end of 1978, 10 patients are too early to evaluate, two are dead and 20 have obtained a good final result.", "contents": "Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy: causes, prevention and surgical repair in 1979. Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy is almost always a high injury of the proximal common hepatic duct, because the surgeon mistakes this duct for the cystic duct and a segment of it is removed with the gallbladder. Most of these injuries are preventable by following certain principles of careful surgical dissection of the ductal system during surgery. Surgical reconstruction is always difficult, and restricturing of the anastomosis remains the most important problem. Recent advances in surgical technique have minimized the risk of recurrent stricture formation. At present the most suitable reconstruction for the typical high common hepatic duct lesion is a hepaticojejunostomy Roux-en-Y, using transhepatic intubation and a \"mucosal graft\" type of procedure. Biliary reconstruction was performed on 32 patients referred to the writer during the past 13 years resulting in six recurrent strictures needing a second reconstruction. At the end of 1978, 10 patients are too early to evaluate, two are dead and 20 have obtained a good final result."}
{"id": "PMID:288428", "title": "Intrapancreatic cysts associated with relapsing pancreatitis.", "content": "Intrapancreatic cysts were demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (E.R.P.) in nine patients with a clinical diagnosis of relapsing pancreatitis. The cysts ranged in diameter from 0.6 cm to 5 cm and were frequently associated with a prolonged elevation of the serum amylase level. The complication of intracystic haemorrhage with obstructive jaundice developed in one patient requiring early surgical decompression and drainage. In four patients laparotomy was performed because of continuing abdominal pain. One patient was treated by cystogastrostomy and another by cyst aspiration, but in two patients the cyst could not be visualized or palpated. Four patients were observed without operation for periods of four to 24 months, and all showed improvement or resolution of symptoms. E.R.P. was repeated in one patient and the cyst could not be outlined, while in another an abnormal barium meal X-ray examination result reverted to normal. Intrapancreatic cysts can be managed non-operatively, since complications appear infrequent and spontaneous resolution may occur.", "contents": "Intrapancreatic cysts associated with relapsing pancreatitis. Intrapancreatic cysts were demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (E.R.P.) in nine patients with a clinical diagnosis of relapsing pancreatitis. The cysts ranged in diameter from 0.6 cm to 5 cm and were frequently associated with a prolonged elevation of the serum amylase level. The complication of intracystic haemorrhage with obstructive jaundice developed in one patient requiring early surgical decompression and drainage. In four patients laparotomy was performed because of continuing abdominal pain. One patient was treated by cystogastrostomy and another by cyst aspiration, but in two patients the cyst could not be visualized or palpated. Four patients were observed without operation for periods of four to 24 months, and all showed improvement or resolution of symptoms. E.R.P. was repeated in one patient and the cyst could not be outlined, while in another an abnormal barium meal X-ray examination result reverted to normal. Intrapancreatic cysts can be managed non-operatively, since complications appear infrequent and spontaneous resolution may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:288429", "title": "Colorectal cancer in New Zealand: a Wellington study.", "content": "A retrospective study of three hundred patients with colorectal cancer seen during a five-year period at Wellington Hospital is presented. The age incidence, anatomical distribution, tumour stage and incidence of intestinal obstruction differ from those reported in most other series. There is no correlation between delay in presentation and Dukes stage. It is suggested that colorectal cancer is a more aggressive disease in New Zealand than it is elsewhere in the world. The dangers of translating disease satistics from one country to another are emphasized.", "contents": "Colorectal cancer in New Zealand: a Wellington study. A retrospective study of three hundred patients with colorectal cancer seen during a five-year period at Wellington Hospital is presented. The age incidence, anatomical distribution, tumour stage and incidence of intestinal obstruction differ from those reported in most other series. There is no correlation between delay in presentation and Dukes stage. It is suggested that colorectal cancer is a more aggressive disease in New Zealand than it is elsewhere in the world. The dangers of translating disease satistics from one country to another are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:288431", "title": "Mortality and complications of large-bowel resection for carcinoma.", "content": "The mortality and complications of large-bowel resection for carcinoma performed at the Princess Alexandra Hospital since the Colorectal Project commenced in 1971 are reviewed and compared with the results in other published series. There were 443 patients in this prospective study, and 375 underwent resection of their tumour. The overall operative mortality was 6.4% - for colonic lesions it was 8.0% and for rectal 3.4%. The mortality for elective curative resections was 2.6%, and for emergency resections it was 10.8%. The anastomotic leak rate was 6.8%, but was higher (16.6%) when the anastomosis was done at the time of emergency resection. No patient whose anastomosis leaked but who had had a previous defunctioning proximal colostomy died. There was a wound infection rate of 15.1%.", "contents": "Mortality and complications of large-bowel resection for carcinoma. The mortality and complications of large-bowel resection for carcinoma performed at the Princess Alexandra Hospital since the Colorectal Project commenced in 1971 are reviewed and compared with the results in other published series. There were 443 patients in this prospective study, and 375 underwent resection of their tumour. The overall operative mortality was 6.4% - for colonic lesions it was 8.0% and for rectal 3.4%. The mortality for elective curative resections was 2.6%, and for emergency resections it was 10.8%. The anastomotic leak rate was 6.8%, but was higher (16.6%) when the anastomosis was done at the time of emergency resection. No patient whose anastomosis leaked but who had had a previous defunctioning proximal colostomy died. There was a wound infection rate of 15.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:288432", "title": "Elective resection for diverticular disease.", "content": "A series of 119 patients undergoing elective resection for diverticular disease has been reviewed. The indications for resection were classified into two major groups--those with severe infections (\"complicated\" diverticulitis), comprising 58 patients, and those with minimal infections, comprising 61 patients. The majority of the resections were limited to the sigmoid colon (101 patients). Fifteen patients underwent left hemicolectomy, whilst three had total colectomy. Thirty-six patients (30%) had a proximal defunctioning stoma--18 prior to resection and 19 at the time of resection. Anastomotic defects were noted in 15 patients (12.6%), but these were of clinical significance only in eight (6.7%). There were two deaths (1.7%) and 17 wound infections (14.3%). The group classified as \"complicated\" diverticulitis included the great majority of the patients requiring colostomy (32 out of 37), almost all those with anastomotic defects (14 out of 15), and most of the patients who had postoperative complications.", "contents": "Elective resection for diverticular disease. A series of 119 patients undergoing elective resection for diverticular disease has been reviewed. The indications for resection were classified into two major groups--those with severe infections (\"complicated\" diverticulitis), comprising 58 patients, and those with minimal infections, comprising 61 patients. The majority of the resections were limited to the sigmoid colon (101 patients). Fifteen patients underwent left hemicolectomy, whilst three had total colectomy. Thirty-six patients (30%) had a proximal defunctioning stoma--18 prior to resection and 19 at the time of resection. Anastomotic defects were noted in 15 patients (12.6%), but these were of clinical significance only in eight (6.7%). There were two deaths (1.7%) and 17 wound infections (14.3%). The group classified as \"complicated\" diverticulitis included the great majority of the patients requiring colostomy (32 out of 37), almost all those with anastomotic defects (14 out of 15), and most of the patients who had postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:288434", "title": "Rectal prolapse.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-seven patients with complete rectal prolapse have been reviewed. The condition occurred more commonly in females than males (105 to 22), and at an older age in females (mean age 55 years compared with 40 years for males). Although the diagnosis is usually obvious, the importance of recognizing occult prolapse is stressed, especially in association with benign rectal ulcer, localized proctitis and colitis cystica profunda. Examination of the patient in the squatting position may assit in showing occult prolapse. Associated incontinence occurred in 33 patients (26%). Since 1971 the policy of this Unit has been to perform a Ripstein repair for complete rectal prolapse wherever possible. One hundred and two Ripstein repairs have not been performed. A minimum follow-up period of two years is available for 53 patients, of whom 50 (94%) have had their prolapse cured. Control of prolapse usually improves continence; however, seven (13%) remained incontinent despite surgery. The Ripstein repair is strongly advocated as the most effective operation for cure of complete rectal prolapse.", "contents": "Rectal prolapse. One hundred and twenty-seven patients with complete rectal prolapse have been reviewed. The condition occurred more commonly in females than males (105 to 22), and at an older age in females (mean age 55 years compared with 40 years for males). Although the diagnosis is usually obvious, the importance of recognizing occult prolapse is stressed, especially in association with benign rectal ulcer, localized proctitis and colitis cystica profunda. Examination of the patient in the squatting position may assit in showing occult prolapse. Associated incontinence occurred in 33 patients (26%). Since 1971 the policy of this Unit has been to perform a Ripstein repair for complete rectal prolapse wherever possible. One hundred and two Ripstein repairs have not been performed. A minimum follow-up period of two years is available for 53 patients, of whom 50 (94%) have had their prolapse cured. Control of prolapse usually improves continence; however, seven (13%) remained incontinent despite surgery. The Ripstein repair is strongly advocated as the most effective operation for cure of complete rectal prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:288435", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Albright in 1944 described a syndrome of hypercalcaemia in patients immobilized following fractures through bones affected with Paget's disease. This paper reports a further two cases in which this syndrome was considered the cause of hypercalcaemia with fatal outcome. Both patients had parathyroid adenomata. The literature is reviewed, and it is argued that no firm evidence for the existence of this syndrome has ever been put forward. The finding of hypercalcaemia in Paget's disease of bone should prompt an exhaustive search for its cause.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in Paget's disease of bone. Albright in 1944 described a syndrome of hypercalcaemia in patients immobilized following fractures through bones affected with Paget's disease. This paper reports a further two cases in which this syndrome was considered the cause of hypercalcaemia with fatal outcome. Both patients had parathyroid adenomata. The literature is reviewed, and it is argued that no firm evidence for the existence of this syndrome has ever been put forward. The finding of hypercalcaemia in Paget's disease of bone should prompt an exhaustive search for its cause."}
{"id": "PMID:288436", "title": "The accessory soleus.", "content": "The literature relating to accessory soleus muscles has been reviewed, and two further cases are here presented. The appearance of two cases in one hospital within a four-year period would suggest that the condition is, after all, not uncommon; prior awareness of it may on occasions permit an expectant approach or (if symptoms related to exertion are present) a planned and conservative surgical procedure.", "contents": "The accessory soleus. The literature relating to accessory soleus muscles has been reviewed, and two further cases are here presented. The appearance of two cases in one hospital within a four-year period would suggest that the condition is, after all, not uncommon; prior awareness of it may on occasions permit an expectant approach or (if symptoms related to exertion are present) a planned and conservative surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:288437", "title": "Portal hypertension due to arteriovenous fistula of the gastroduodenal artery.", "content": "The record is presented of a patient with severe recurrent bleeding due to portal hypertension. Surgical control of the feeding vessels of a fistulous communication between the gastroduodenal artery and its companion vein arrested the haemorrhage and controlled the portal hypertension.", "contents": "Portal hypertension due to arteriovenous fistula of the gastroduodenal artery. The record is presented of a patient with severe recurrent bleeding due to portal hypertension. Surgical control of the feeding vessels of a fistulous communication between the gastroduodenal artery and its companion vein arrested the haemorrhage and controlled the portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:288438", "title": "Jejunal replacement of the second part of the duodenum following severe trauma.", "content": "Intestine can be devitalized by crushing injuries as readily as other soft tissues. The management of a patient with severe duodenal injury is presented. The importance of resecting avascular segments, rather than hoping for the best, is stressed.", "contents": "Jejunal replacement of the second part of the duodenum following severe trauma. Intestine can be devitalized by crushing injuries as readily as other soft tissues. The management of a patient with severe duodenal injury is presented. The importance of resecting avascular segments, rather than hoping for the best, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:288439", "title": "Intrarectal dermoid: report of a case.", "content": "Intrarectal dermoid is a rare clinical problem, mostly occurring in women. Though it is presumed that anterior rectal dermoids arise in the ovary and erode into the retum, up to date there has been no substantial evidence for this. A 26-year-old woman is described who presented to us with an intrarectal dermoid wherein the stalk connecting the rectal dermoid and the left ovary was clearly demonstrated.", "contents": "Intrarectal dermoid: report of a case. Intrarectal dermoid is a rare clinical problem, mostly occurring in women. Though it is presumed that anterior rectal dermoids arise in the ovary and erode into the retum, up to date there has been no substantial evidence for this. A 26-year-old woman is described who presented to us with an intrarectal dermoid wherein the stalk connecting the rectal dermoid and the left ovary was clearly demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:288445", "title": "The need for epidemiological research in road trauma.", "content": "This paper discusses the application of epidemiological methods to the public health problem of road trauma. The complex nature of the system is stressed, and some consequent difficulties in the formulation of appropriate hypotheses are outlined. Examples are given. To solve these problems, the paper proposes the formation of multidisciplinary full-time epidemiological research teams.", "contents": "The need for epidemiological research in road trauma. This paper discusses the application of epidemiological methods to the public health problem of road trauma. The complex nature of the system is stressed, and some consequent difficulties in the formulation of appropriate hypotheses are outlined. Examples are given. To solve these problems, the paper proposes the formation of multidisciplinary full-time epidemiological research teams."}
{"id": "PMID:288446", "title": "Data needs for research in road trauma.", "content": "This paper laments the existence of widespread \"instant\" expertise on road trauma; postulates the need for multidisciplinary epidemiological research teams to produce a more scientific approach to this problem, based on authoritative information and analysis; and suggests that any such teams will require accessible, comprehensive, compatible data. The paper describes some problems of existing data collections associated with the source of the data, the lack of compatibility and comprehensiveness, and the absence of data on exposure and on severity of injury. It is suggested that, in the context of these deficiencies, extensive development of new data is unrealistic. Instead, the paper concludes by recommending gradual expansion of currently available data on a national basis, under the control of the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is suggested that Section 51 of the Constitution provides the necessary head of power for this development.", "contents": "Data needs for research in road trauma. This paper laments the existence of widespread \"instant\" expertise on road trauma; postulates the need for multidisciplinary epidemiological research teams to produce a more scientific approach to this problem, based on authoritative information and analysis; and suggests that any such teams will require accessible, comprehensive, compatible data. The paper describes some problems of existing data collections associated with the source of the data, the lack of compatibility and comprehensiveness, and the absence of data on exposure and on severity of injury. It is suggested that, in the context of these deficiencies, extensive development of new data is unrealistic. Instead, the paper concludes by recommending gradual expansion of currently available data on a national basis, under the control of the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is suggested that Section 51 of the Constitution provides the necessary head of power for this development."}
{"id": "PMID:288447", "title": "Getting the evidence and using it to the best advantage.", "content": "The statistical information on blood alcohol levels in road crash fatalities and casualties together with screening breath tests (evidential and non-evidential) can be used to identify drink-drivers in a high alcohol consuming society which has the second highest vehicle ownership per head of population in the world. Control of the drink driving problem can be achieved by short and long term education, plus the deterrent effect of a high predictability of detection by the enforcement of legislation providing severe penalties backed by the courts. Some positive results have been achieved in Australia, particularly in the State of Victoria, where drink driving legislation has been more extensive than in other States.", "contents": "Getting the evidence and using it to the best advantage. The statistical information on blood alcohol levels in road crash fatalities and casualties together with screening breath tests (evidential and non-evidential) can be used to identify drink-drivers in a high alcohol consuming society which has the second highest vehicle ownership per head of population in the world. Control of the drink driving problem can be achieved by short and long term education, plus the deterrent effect of a high predictability of detection by the enforcement of legislation providing severe penalties backed by the courts. Some positive results have been achieved in Australia, particularly in the State of Victoria, where drink driving legislation has been more extensive than in other States."}
{"id": "PMID:288448", "title": "Abdominal injuries in survivors of road trauma before and since seat belt legislation in Victoria.", "content": "At St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, the number of patients admitted annually with road crash injuries has remained almost constant for the past 14 years. Comparing admissions in the seven years before and during the seven years since enactment of seat belt legislation in Victoria, there has been no change in the proportion of those admitted with abdominal injuries, in the number of associated non-abdominal severe injuries, or in the death rate of those admitted with abdominal injuries. There has, however, been a significant increase in the number of patients admitted with injuries of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm. It is suggested that this increase is due to incorrect wearing of the lap component of seat belts with resulting acute abdominal compression.", "contents": "Abdominal injuries in survivors of road trauma before and since seat belt legislation in Victoria. At St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, the number of patients admitted annually with road crash injuries has remained almost constant for the past 14 years. Comparing admissions in the seven years before and during the seven years since enactment of seat belt legislation in Victoria, there has been no change in the proportion of those admitted with abdominal injuries, in the number of associated non-abdominal severe injuries, or in the death rate of those admitted with abdominal injuries. There has, however, been a significant increase in the number of patients admitted with injuries of the gastrointestinal tract and diaphragm. It is suggested that this increase is due to incorrect wearing of the lap component of seat belts with resulting acute abdominal compression."}
{"id": "PMID:288449", "title": "The pattern of motor cycle injuries sustained by motor cyclists in Victoria in 1974 and 1975.", "content": "Motor cycle injuries and fatalities (2.4% annually) represent a serious threat to the youth of Australia. This survey outlines the pattern of injuries sustained by motor cyclists and highlights of the high percentage (73%) of serious local injuries to the lower extremities. The views of motor cyclist victims on preventive safety measures are also summarized.", "contents": "The pattern of motor cycle injuries sustained by motor cyclists in Victoria in 1974 and 1975. Motor cycle injuries and fatalities (2.4% annually) represent a serious threat to the youth of Australia. This survey outlines the pattern of injuries sustained by motor cyclists and highlights of the high percentage (73%) of serious local injuries to the lower extremities. The views of motor cyclist victims on preventive safety measures are also summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:288451", "title": "Arterial reconstruction with polytetrafluoroethylene: a preliminary report.", "content": "Early results of arterial reconstruction with reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the lower extremity have been obtained by reviewing 55 patients undergoing 59 operations - 38 femoropopliteal bypasses and 21 long bypasses distal to the popliteal artery. The one-year accumulated patency rates were 73% for the femoropopliteal bypass group and 50% for the long bypass group. Early results suggest that PTFE is superior to Dacron and is an acceptable substitute for autogenous saphenous vein when the latter is unavailable or of inadequate calibre.", "contents": "Arterial reconstruction with polytetrafluoroethylene: a preliminary report. Early results of arterial reconstruction with reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the lower extremity have been obtained by reviewing 55 patients undergoing 59 operations - 38 femoropopliteal bypasses and 21 long bypasses distal to the popliteal artery. The one-year accumulated patency rates were 73% for the femoropopliteal bypass group and 50% for the long bypass group. Early results suggest that PTFE is superior to Dacron and is an acceptable substitute for autogenous saphenous vein when the latter is unavailable or of inadequate calibre."}
{"id": "PMID:288452", "title": "Posttraumatic vascular malformations of the orbit.", "content": "The close association of the external and internal carotid circulations in the orbital cavity is well recognized. Two cases are presented in which local trauma to the orbit apparently resulted in the formation of an arteriovenous fistula. These lesions progressively expanded, producing classical features of proptosis, chemosis, and bruit. The investigation by selective angiograms and the surgical management of these malformations are discussed. A further case is presented in which an early lesion was noted in angiography after a head injury, with subsequent disappearance of the lesion some weeks later.", "contents": "Posttraumatic vascular malformations of the orbit. The close association of the external and internal carotid circulations in the orbital cavity is well recognized. Two cases are presented in which local trauma to the orbit apparently resulted in the formation of an arteriovenous fistula. These lesions progressively expanded, producing classical features of proptosis, chemosis, and bruit. The investigation by selective angiograms and the surgical management of these malformations are discussed. A further case is presented in which an early lesion was noted in angiography after a head injury, with subsequent disappearance of the lesion some weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:288453", "title": "Aneurysm of the right subclavian artery: an unusual cause of superior vena caval obstruction.", "content": "A case of superior vena caval (SVC) obstruction caused by an aneurysm of the right subclavian artery is presented. Malignant conditions are the commonest aetiological factors in SVC obstruction, but benign and potentially treatable lesions account for an important minority. The importance of attempting to establish a fully documented diagnosis, including histological proof, in all patients presenting with this syndrome is emphasized.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the right subclavian artery: an unusual cause of superior vena caval obstruction. A case of superior vena caval (SVC) obstruction caused by an aneurysm of the right subclavian artery is presented. Malignant conditions are the commonest aetiological factors in SVC obstruction, but benign and potentially treatable lesions account for an important minority. The importance of attempting to establish a fully documented diagnosis, including histological proof, in all patients presenting with this syndrome is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:288454", "title": "Embolization of traumatic aneurysm of the maxillary artery.", "content": "An expanding false aneurysm in the infratemporal fossa followed this patient's complicated jaw fracture. Successful Gelfoam embolization of the maxillary artery has controlled haemorrhage, treated the aneurysm, and avoided the hazards of local operative intervention. The technique of embolization has a place in the management of various difficult vascular problems.", "contents": "Embolization of traumatic aneurysm of the maxillary artery. An expanding false aneurysm in the infratemporal fossa followed this patient's complicated jaw fracture. Successful Gelfoam embolization of the maxillary artery has controlled haemorrhage, treated the aneurysm, and avoided the hazards of local operative intervention. The technique of embolization has a place in the management of various difficult vascular problems."}
{"id": "PMID:288455", "title": "Proximal tubular adenoma of the kidney.", "content": "A case of proximal tubular adenoma of the kidney (renal \"oncocytoma\"), confirmed by electron microscopy, is reported. This benign tumour has been mistaken for renal adenocarcinoma in the past by both surgeons and pathologists.", "contents": "Proximal tubular adenoma of the kidney. A case of proximal tubular adenoma of the kidney (renal \"oncocytoma\"), confirmed by electron microscopy, is reported. This benign tumour has been mistaken for renal adenocarcinoma in the past by both surgeons and pathologists."}
{"id": "PMID:288457", "title": "Easier operative cholangiography.", "content": "A simplified technique for operative cholangiography utilizing a cholangiogram clamp is described. The technique has been used without complications in over two hundred cholecystectomies and greatly reduces the time taken to perform an operative cholangiogram.", "contents": "Easier operative cholangiography. A simplified technique for operative cholangiography utilizing a cholangiogram clamp is described. The technique has been used without complications in over two hundred cholecystectomies and greatly reduces the time taken to perform an operative cholangiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:288458", "title": "Severe injuries to the cervical cord and spine: neurosurgical management in the acute and early stage.", "content": "The controversy of long standing in the management of cervical cord and spine injury in the acute stage ranges from an attitude of neurosurgical nihilism on the one hand, to indiscriminate, incompetent and routine \"explorative\" or \"diagnostic\" laminectomies on the other. Judicious neurosurgical management in the acute stage tends to overcome and eliminate the ill-advised extreme attitudes by careful neurological and neuroradiological diagnostic assessment. The indications and contraindications for surgical treatment are carefully weighed in each case and are based on neurosurgical criteria and experience. This communication is a summary of methods and experience evolved in the diagnostic and surgical management in the acute stage. Indications, contraindications and techniques are presented in detail.", "contents": "Severe injuries to the cervical cord and spine: neurosurgical management in the acute and early stage. The controversy of long standing in the management of cervical cord and spine injury in the acute stage ranges from an attitude of neurosurgical nihilism on the one hand, to indiscriminate, incompetent and routine \"explorative\" or \"diagnostic\" laminectomies on the other. Judicious neurosurgical management in the acute stage tends to overcome and eliminate the ill-advised extreme attitudes by careful neurological and neuroradiological diagnostic assessment. The indications and contraindications for surgical treatment are carefully weighed in each case and are based on neurosurgical criteria and experience. This communication is a summary of methods and experience evolved in the diagnostic and surgical management in the acute stage. Indications, contraindications and techniques are presented in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:288460", "title": "Primary osteosarcoma of the sternum of a dog.", "content": "Primary osteosarcoma of the fifth sternebra is reported in a 6-year-old male Great Dane. Presenting signs were suggestive of myocarditis and pulmonary congestion. Electrocardiography revealed R waves of low and variable amplitude and the plasma alpha-hydroxibutyrate dehydrogenase level was elevated. Radiography revealed neoplasia of the fifth sternebra with extensive bilaterial pulmonary metastases. Histologically the neoplasm showed typical osteosarcoma with plentiful osteoid production.", "contents": "Primary osteosarcoma of the sternum of a dog. Primary osteosarcoma of the fifth sternebra is reported in a 6-year-old male Great Dane. Presenting signs were suggestive of myocarditis and pulmonary congestion. Electrocardiography revealed R waves of low and variable amplitude and the plasma alpha-hydroxibutyrate dehydrogenase level was elevated. Radiography revealed neoplasia of the fifth sternebra with extensive bilaterial pulmonary metastases. Histologically the neoplasm showed typical osteosarcoma with plentiful osteoid production."}
{"id": "PMID:288462", "title": "A world of cities: dream or nightmare?", "content": "With the progress of civilization cities, many of which originally developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt, spread northwards into Europe to proliferate there and, later, in the New World. The industrial Revolution, a predominantly British phenomenon, was the original stimulus to Western urbanization, a process that continues to this day. City living has many advantages, but also many drawbacks including increased mortality and urban stress; psychiatry has had to concern itself with many of its difficulties. Rural-urban migration is also currently taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa; in these continents the problems of urbanization, exacerbated by indigenous factors, have proved to be considerable. Some remedies for overurbanization are considered, as is also city development in the future.", "contents": "A world of cities: dream or nightmare? With the progress of civilization cities, many of which originally developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt, spread northwards into Europe to proliferate there and, later, in the New World. The industrial Revolution, a predominantly British phenomenon, was the original stimulus to Western urbanization, a process that continues to this day. City living has many advantages, but also many drawbacks including increased mortality and urban stress; psychiatry has had to concern itself with many of its difficulties. Rural-urban migration is also currently taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa; in these continents the problems of urbanization, exacerbated by indigenous factors, have proved to be considerable. Some remedies for overurbanization are considered, as is also city development in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:288463", "title": "Negative capability as a factor of problem-solving within the psychotherapeutic process.", "content": "It is proposed that negative capability, that is, the capacity for tolerating uncertainty, doubt and not-knowing, is a factor that contributes to a problem-solving approach utilizable in some aspects of the psychotherapeutic process. Negative capability can be demonstrated both in therapists and patients. An analysis of the functions of negative capability within the psychotherapeutic process shows five stages in its utilization. These are the activation of therapist's negative capability; which is followed by observations about the patient's response to his perception of the therapist's negative capability; then the therapist's clarification of the patient's problem contained within the patient's response; followed by a working-through by the patient and therapist of the problems which are demonstrated and clarified; and lastly, a transfer to or enhancement of the patient's use of negative capability as a continuing behavioural mode. Some theoretical bases for the concept of negative capability and its application as a factor of problem-solving within the psychotherapeutic process, are proposed. Clinical excerpts from psychotherapeutic work are given to exemplify the stages as defined above.", "contents": "Negative capability as a factor of problem-solving within the psychotherapeutic process. It is proposed that negative capability, that is, the capacity for tolerating uncertainty, doubt and not-knowing, is a factor that contributes to a problem-solving approach utilizable in some aspects of the psychotherapeutic process. Negative capability can be demonstrated both in therapists and patients. An analysis of the functions of negative capability within the psychotherapeutic process shows five stages in its utilization. These are the activation of therapist's negative capability; which is followed by observations about the patient's response to his perception of the therapist's negative capability; then the therapist's clarification of the patient's problem contained within the patient's response; followed by a working-through by the patient and therapist of the problems which are demonstrated and clarified; and lastly, a transfer to or enhancement of the patient's use of negative capability as a continuing behavioural mode. Some theoretical bases for the concept of negative capability and its application as a factor of problem-solving within the psychotherapeutic process, are proposed. Clinical excerpts from psychotherapeutic work are given to exemplify the stages as defined above."}
{"id": "PMID:288467", "title": "Parental deprivation and depression in a non-clinical group.", "content": "Despite a large number of studies it remains unclear whether early parental loss or separation experiences from parents are associated with depression in adult life. In order to circumvent the possible confounding influence of psychiatric patients status, a non-clinical group was used to study any influence of early permanent parental loss and early parental separation on subsequent depressive experience in adulthood. The depressive experience of 236 post-graduate students was assessed using measures of trait depression, self-esteem, alienation, and incidence of depressive episodes. Depressive experience was not increased in those 27 subjects who had been permanently separated from a biological parent before the age of 16 years. When duration of separation from influential parent-figures was examined it was found that trait depression scores were increased in those who had experienced longer separation, but those subjects also rated their parent-figures as having been less caring. Findings are consistent with the view that it is the quality of any parental contribution, rather than its continuity, that is associated with subsequent depressive experience in adulthood.", "contents": "Parental deprivation and depression in a non-clinical group. Despite a large number of studies it remains unclear whether early parental loss or separation experiences from parents are associated with depression in adult life. In order to circumvent the possible confounding influence of psychiatric patients status, a non-clinical group was used to study any influence of early permanent parental loss and early parental separation on subsequent depressive experience in adulthood. The depressive experience of 236 post-graduate students was assessed using measures of trait depression, self-esteem, alienation, and incidence of depressive episodes. Depressive experience was not increased in those 27 subjects who had been permanently separated from a biological parent before the age of 16 years. When duration of separation from influential parent-figures was examined it was found that trait depression scores were increased in those who had experienced longer separation, but those subjects also rated their parent-figures as having been less caring. Findings are consistent with the view that it is the quality of any parental contribution, rather than its continuity, that is associated with subsequent depressive experience in adulthood."}
{"id": "PMID:288468", "title": "Onset of mania in bipolar manic-depressive patients.", "content": "Onset of mania was evaluated retrospectively in 48 bipolar manic-depressive patients. Mania occurred as the initial episode in 40% of cases. In patients with initial episode of depression, approximately 80% developed mania prior to their third episodes of depression and within 5 years from the onset of this illness. Differences in type of illness onset were related to family history of bipolar illness and sex of the proband. Male patients with a positive family history were significantly more likely to manifest mania at onset of illness.", "contents": "Onset of mania in bipolar manic-depressive patients. Onset of mania was evaluated retrospectively in 48 bipolar manic-depressive patients. Mania occurred as the initial episode in 40% of cases. In patients with initial episode of depression, approximately 80% developed mania prior to their third episodes of depression and within 5 years from the onset of this illness. Differences in type of illness onset were related to family history of bipolar illness and sex of the proband. Male patients with a positive family history were significantly more likely to manifest mania at onset of illness."}
{"id": "PMID:288469", "title": "Diethylpropion and paranoid psychosis.", "content": "The case of a 36-year old woman who developed a paranoid psychosis while abusing diethylpropion is reported. It is suggested that the newer appetite-suppressing drugs have a bigger abuse potential than eas previously thought and may therefore be a hazard for a minority of susceptible subjects. The need to test separately for diethylpropion in cases of suspected drug-induced psychosis is emphasized.", "contents": "Diethylpropion and paranoid psychosis. The case of a 36-year old woman who developed a paranoid psychosis while abusing diethylpropion is reported. It is suggested that the newer appetite-suppressing drugs have a bigger abuse potential than eas previously thought and may therefore be a hazard for a minority of susceptible subjects. The need to test separately for diethylpropion in cases of suspected drug-induced psychosis is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:288471", "title": "Length of residence, life change and psychiatric morbidity in an Australian urban population.", "content": "A component of a large population study of a random sample of 750 Canberra residents is described, in which length of residence in Canberra is related to the quality and quantity of recent life experiences, and to indices of minor psychiatric morbidity (the General Health Questionnair and the Zung Depression Scale). Life event frequency, but neither measure of morbidity, distinguished between persons with different lengths of residence in Canberra. It can be suggested that a random sample, containing an under-representation of migrants and persons moving from rural to urban environments, in whom the transition in shifting place of residence would be expected to be greatest, is an inappropriate sample to test hypotheses concerning length of residence and psychiatric morbidity, Future studies should give due emphasis to the adequate inclusion of these groups of persons.", "contents": "Length of residence, life change and psychiatric morbidity in an Australian urban population. A component of a large population study of a random sample of 750 Canberra residents is described, in which length of residence in Canberra is related to the quality and quantity of recent life experiences, and to indices of minor psychiatric morbidity (the General Health Questionnair and the Zung Depression Scale). Life event frequency, but neither measure of morbidity, distinguished between persons with different lengths of residence in Canberra. It can be suggested that a random sample, containing an under-representation of migrants and persons moving from rural to urban environments, in whom the transition in shifting place of residence would be expected to be greatest, is an inappropriate sample to test hypotheses concerning length of residence and psychiatric morbidity, Future studies should give due emphasis to the adequate inclusion of these groups of persons."}
{"id": "PMID:288485", "title": "Studies in acute leukemia. I. Antibody-dependent and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity by leukemic blasts from patients with acute nonlymphoid leukemia.", "content": "Leukemic blasts from patients with acute nonlymphoid leukemia were examined for the presence of Ig, receptors for IgGFc, and for their capacity to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken red blood cells (RBC) coated with IgG and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) against cells of K562 cell line. Leukemic blasts from acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients lacked both Fc receptors and Ig on their surface, had no SCMC activity and majority, but not all of them, lacked ADCC activity. Leukemic blasts from patients with acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL) had Fc receptors, and 50% had IgG on their surface. IgG was cytophilic and appeared not to be directed against cell-surface antigens. This antibody did not interfere with the ADCC activity of leukemic cells. Leukemic blasts from majority of patients with AMOL mediated ADCC, but had no SCMC activity. An association between ADCC and presence of Fc receptor was observed.", "contents": "Studies in acute leukemia. I. Antibody-dependent and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity by leukemic blasts from patients with acute nonlymphoid leukemia. Leukemic blasts from patients with acute nonlymphoid leukemia were examined for the presence of Ig, receptors for IgGFc, and for their capacity to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken red blood cells (RBC) coated with IgG and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) against cells of K562 cell line. Leukemic blasts from acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients lacked both Fc receptors and Ig on their surface, had no SCMC activity and majority, but not all of them, lacked ADCC activity. Leukemic blasts from patients with acute monocytic leukemia (AMOL) had Fc receptors, and 50% had IgG on their surface. IgG was cytophilic and appeared not to be directed against cell-surface antigens. This antibody did not interfere with the ADCC activity of leukemic cells. Leukemic blasts from majority of patients with AMOL mediated ADCC, but had no SCMC activity. An association between ADCC and presence of Fc receptor was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:288486", "title": "Lithium and granulocytopenia during induction therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients receiving a standard cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin regimen as induction of reinduction therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia were randomly assigned to receive lithium carbonate, 300 mg t.i.d., or no lithium. Treatment groups were comparable with respect to age and baseline granulocyte counts. All patients developed granulocyte nadirs below 100/cu mm. By actuarial analysis, the median duration of granulocytopenia, less than 1000/cu mm, was 16.0 days in the lithium group and 24.6 days in the no-lithium group, p = 0.013. The median duration of granulocytes less than 500/cu mm also favored the lithium group but only approached statistical significance: 14.0 days versus 20.5 days, p = 0.054. Lithium levels between 0.5 and 1.0 meq/liter were easily maintained in 11 of 12 patients receiving lithium, 300 mg t.i.d., and toxicity directly attributable to lithium was not observed. Despite the shortened duration of neutropenia, the incidence of infections and the rate of remission were not affected.", "contents": "Lithium and granulocytopenia during induction therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia. Twenty-seven patients receiving a standard cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin regimen as induction of reinduction therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia were randomly assigned to receive lithium carbonate, 300 mg t.i.d., or no lithium. Treatment groups were comparable with respect to age and baseline granulocyte counts. All patients developed granulocyte nadirs below 100/cu mm. By actuarial analysis, the median duration of granulocytopenia, less than 1000/cu mm, was 16.0 days in the lithium group and 24.6 days in the no-lithium group, p = 0.013. The median duration of granulocytes less than 500/cu mm also favored the lithium group but only approached statistical significance: 14.0 days versus 20.5 days, p = 0.054. Lithium levels between 0.5 and 1.0 meq/liter were easily maintained in 11 of 12 patients receiving lithium, 300 mg t.i.d., and toxicity directly attributable to lithium was not observed. Despite the shortened duration of neutropenia, the incidence of infections and the rate of remission were not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:288487", "title": "Hand-mirror cell leukemia associated with mental retardation: immunologic, chromosome, and morphological studies.", "content": "Cycochemical, morphological, immunologic, and cytogenetic studies were carried out on hand-mirror cells (HMC) from a mentally retarded patient with a constitutional chromosome abnormality, 46,XX,r(21), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Scanning electron and differential interference contrast microscopy showed microspikes on the uropodia, but little evidence of cellular motility, despite formation and disappearance of individual uropodia in cell suspensions. The cells rosetted with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting T-cell origin. Cells derived from the bone marrow (80% HMC) showed a high degree of polyploidy (60%) and a bimodal chromosome number of 49 (49,XX,+10,-21, +3 rings) and 94 (6 no. 10, 3 no. 18, 2 no. 21 chromosomes, 3 ring chromosomes, plus 4 copies of each other chromosome).", "contents": "Hand-mirror cell leukemia associated with mental retardation: immunologic, chromosome, and morphological studies. Cycochemical, morphological, immunologic, and cytogenetic studies were carried out on hand-mirror cells (HMC) from a mentally retarded patient with a constitutional chromosome abnormality, 46,XX,r(21), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Scanning electron and differential interference contrast microscopy showed microspikes on the uropodia, but little evidence of cellular motility, despite formation and disappearance of individual uropodia in cell suspensions. The cells rosetted with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting T-cell origin. Cells derived from the bone marrow (80% HMC) showed a high degree of polyploidy (60%) and a bimodal chromosome number of 49 (49,XX,+10,-21, +3 rings) and 94 (6 no. 10, 3 no. 18, 2 no. 21 chromosomes, 3 ring chromosomes, plus 4 copies of each other chromosome)."}
{"id": "PMID:288488", "title": "Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "In a prelminary communication, we described the establishment of a continuous human myeloid cell line (HL-60). Here we report the detailed properties of this cell line and document its derivation from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. As characterized by light and electron microscopy, the predominant cell type in both the fresh and cultured sources is a neutrophilic promyelocyte with prominent nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Up to 10% of the cultured cells spontaneously differentiate beyond the promyelocyte stage, and the proportion of terminally differentiated cells is markedly enhanced by compounds known to stimulate differentiation of mouse (Friend) erythroleukemia cells. The HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells, but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement (C3), which have been associated with differentiated granulocytes. They exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to a chemotactic stimulus commensurate with the proportion of mature cells. As characteristic of transformed cells, the HL-60 cells form colonies in semisolid medium and produce subcutaneous myeloid tumors (chloromas) in nude mice. A source of colony-stimulating activity stimulated the cloning efficiency in soft agar 5--30-fold. Despite adaptations to culture, the morphological phenotype and responsiveness to chemical induction of differentiation is essentially unchanged through at least 85 passages. Cytogenetic studies reveal aneuploidy. Metaphases with 44 chromosomes predominated in vivo and in early culture passages; however, clones with 45 or 46 chromosomes became predominant with continued passaging. The most consistent karyotypic abnormalities were the deletion of chromosomes 5, 8, and X and the addition of a marker resembling a D-group acrocentric and of a submetacentric marker, most likely an abnormal E-group chromosome. No DNA herpesvirus or RNA retrovirus was isolated in the fresh or cultured cells. The HL-60 cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of physiologic, pharmacologic, and virologic elements on this process.", "contents": "Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. In a prelminary communication, we described the establishment of a continuous human myeloid cell line (HL-60). Here we report the detailed properties of this cell line and document its derivation from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. As characterized by light and electron microscopy, the predominant cell type in both the fresh and cultured sources is a neutrophilic promyelocyte with prominent nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Up to 10% of the cultured cells spontaneously differentiate beyond the promyelocyte stage, and the proportion of terminally differentiated cells is markedly enhanced by compounds known to stimulate differentiation of mouse (Friend) erythroleukemia cells. The HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells, but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement (C3), which have been associated with differentiated granulocytes. They exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to a chemotactic stimulus commensurate with the proportion of mature cells. As characteristic of transformed cells, the HL-60 cells form colonies in semisolid medium and produce subcutaneous myeloid tumors (chloromas) in nude mice. A source of colony-stimulating activity stimulated the cloning efficiency in soft agar 5--30-fold. Despite adaptations to culture, the morphological phenotype and responsiveness to chemical induction of differentiation is essentially unchanged through at least 85 passages. Cytogenetic studies reveal aneuploidy. Metaphases with 44 chromosomes predominated in vivo and in early culture passages; however, clones with 45 or 46 chromosomes became predominant with continued passaging. The most consistent karyotypic abnormalities were the deletion of chromosomes 5, 8, and X and the addition of a marker resembling a D-group acrocentric and of a submetacentric marker, most likely an abnormal E-group chromosome. No DNA herpesvirus or RNA retrovirus was isolated in the fresh or cultured cells. The HL-60 cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of physiologic, pharmacologic, and virologic elements on this process."}
{"id": "PMID:288490", "title": "Library development and the joint commission on accreditation of hospitals standards.", "content": "The author traces the historical development of standards for library services prepared by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, emphasizing those elements of the present standards that auger well for the development of libraries in hospitals. Then examined are the role of librarians and new roles for libraries, stressing sound management practices that ensure continued development.", "contents": "Library development and the joint commission on accreditation of hospitals standards. The author traces the historical development of standards for library services prepared by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, emphasizing those elements of the present standards that auger well for the development of libraries in hospitals. Then examined are the role of librarians and new roles for libraries, stressing sound management practices that ensure continued development."}
{"id": "PMID:288514", "title": "5-Aminolevulinic acid stimulation of porphyrin and hemoglobin synthesis by uninduced Friend erythroleukemic cells.", "content": "Porphyrin synthesis and iron accumulation was stimulated by exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in uninduced Friend erythroleukemic cells (FELC). Uroporphyrin and protoporphyrin were the major intermediated precursors produced. All porphyrin types were conjugated to protein insoluble cellular components and could be extracted only by methanol sulfuric acid esterification. Heme content of the uninduced FELC was increased 6-fold in the presence of 5 x 10(-4) M ALA. As a consequence, the synthesis of the minor murine hemoglobin component was preferentially induced, an effect similar to that expressed by exogenous hemin. Addition of exogenous ALA to 0.5% DMSO-induced cells increased total hemoglobin synthesis with a higher efficiency of the minor hemoglobin. The endogenous synthesis of porphyrin from exogenous ALA was markedly reduced by hemin. Uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin and heme were equally repressed, indicating an inhibitory effect of hemin on ALA dehydrase and urosynthetase activities. In addition, hemin repressed [3H]leucine incorporation into protein by uninduced cells. Incubation of uninduced cells in culture medium without serum in the presence of hemin blocked their protein synthesis activity, whereas addition of serum exerted a protective effect on living FELC.", "contents": "5-Aminolevulinic acid stimulation of porphyrin and hemoglobin synthesis by uninduced Friend erythroleukemic cells. Porphyrin synthesis and iron accumulation was stimulated by exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in uninduced Friend erythroleukemic cells (FELC). Uroporphyrin and protoporphyrin were the major intermediated precursors produced. All porphyrin types were conjugated to protein insoluble cellular components and could be extracted only by methanol sulfuric acid esterification. Heme content of the uninduced FELC was increased 6-fold in the presence of 5 x 10(-4) M ALA. As a consequence, the synthesis of the minor murine hemoglobin component was preferentially induced, an effect similar to that expressed by exogenous hemin. Addition of exogenous ALA to 0.5% DMSO-induced cells increased total hemoglobin synthesis with a higher efficiency of the minor hemoglobin. The endogenous synthesis of porphyrin from exogenous ALA was markedly reduced by hemin. Uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin and heme were equally repressed, indicating an inhibitory effect of hemin on ALA dehydrase and urosynthetase activities. In addition, hemin repressed [3H]leucine incorporation into protein by uninduced cells. Incubation of uninduced cells in culture medium without serum in the presence of hemin blocked their protein synthesis activity, whereas addition of serum exerted a protective effect on living FELC."}
{"id": "PMID:288537", "title": "Changes in the skull in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood.", "content": "The changes in the skull in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were reviewed in 26 children. In nine cases typical abnormalities were seen. In this small series there were none with sutural diastasis.", "contents": "Changes in the skull in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood. The changes in the skull in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were reviewed in 26 children. In nine cases typical abnormalities were seen. In this small series there were none with sutural diastasis."}
{"id": "PMID:288556", "title": "[Acute lymphatic leukaemia in children: re-examination after remission of at least five years (author's transl)].", "content": "Full remission of more than five years was observed in nine of 24 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. They had been treated by a scheme similar to the Pinkel VII one, and all had been discharged from treatment. The immune status, bone marrow, radiological, neurological and psychosomatic studies, as well as various laboratory tests indicated that in seven of the children the findings, are essentially normal. But two children have lasting severe organ damage, portal fibrosis in one and bilateral intracerebral calcification in the other, both presumably due to the methotrexate treatment.", "contents": "[Acute lymphatic leukaemia in children: re-examination after remission of at least five years (author's transl)]. Full remission of more than five years was observed in nine of 24 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. They had been treated by a scheme similar to the Pinkel VII one, and all had been discharged from treatment. The immune status, bone marrow, radiological, neurological and psychosomatic studies, as well as various laboratory tests indicated that in seven of the children the findings, are essentially normal. But two children have lasting severe organ damage, portal fibrosis in one and bilateral intracerebral calcification in the other, both presumably due to the methotrexate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288557", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphoma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "28 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 7 with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphoma had a computerised tomography (CT) of the brain 2--84 months after the diagnosis was made. The treatment of these children included skull irradiation with a local dose of 1500--2400 R 60Co in the initial therapeutic phase and 4--5 intrathecal methotrexate injections in a dose of 10 mg/m2 body surface per dose during the phase of the skull irradiation. Abnormal CT results were found in 10 children. In some children CT investigations were also performed before the treatment to the CNS began. Abnormal findings before treatment remained unchanged in the follow-up investigations. Thus a large proportion of the abnormalities described had been present before treatment. It appears that pathological changes in the computer tomogram occur in a relatively large number of children after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma, and that most of these changes can be found before CNS treatment. It is unlikely that prophylactic treatment to the CNS can cause pathological changes in the brain detectable by computerised tomography.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphoma in childhood (author's transl)]. 28 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 7 with malignant non-Hodgkin-lymphoma had a computerised tomography (CT) of the brain 2--84 months after the diagnosis was made. The treatment of these children included skull irradiation with a local dose of 1500--2400 R 60Co in the initial therapeutic phase and 4--5 intrathecal methotrexate injections in a dose of 10 mg/m2 body surface per dose during the phase of the skull irradiation. Abnormal CT results were found in 10 children. In some children CT investigations were also performed before the treatment to the CNS began. Abnormal findings before treatment remained unchanged in the follow-up investigations. Thus a large proportion of the abnormalities described had been present before treatment. It appears that pathological changes in the computer tomogram occur in a relatively large number of children after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma, and that most of these changes can be found before CNS treatment. It is unlikely that prophylactic treatment to the CNS can cause pathological changes in the brain detectable by computerised tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:288558", "title": "[Developmental trends in dental amalgams].", "content": "The new copper-rich silver amalgams differ from the standard amalgams because the corrosive-prone gamma 2-phase is absent. They are also superior to standard amalgams in terms of creep values. Edge strength therefore is improved.", "contents": "[Developmental trends in dental amalgams]. The new copper-rich silver amalgams differ from the standard amalgams because the corrosive-prone gamma 2-phase is absent. They are also superior to standard amalgams in terms of creep values. Edge strength therefore is improved."}
{"id": "PMID:288559", "title": "[A scanning electromicroscopic determination of the depth of penetration of dental enamel adhesives in the etched enamel].", "content": "The surface tension of the liquid preservative was held responsible for the loss of plastic tags in the penetration zone between sealer and enamel due to the preparation. This loss is demonstrable with fluorescence, interference, and polarization microscopy. With the help of freeze-drying procedures, tags of approximately 200 mum could be exposed and photographed with the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "[A scanning electromicroscopic determination of the depth of penetration of dental enamel adhesives in the etched enamel]. The surface tension of the liquid preservative was held responsible for the loss of plastic tags in the penetration zone between sealer and enamel due to the preparation. This loss is demonstrable with fluorescence, interference, and polarization microscopy. With the help of freeze-drying procedures, tags of approximately 200 mum could be exposed and photographed with the scanning electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:288560", "title": "[Comparative study on the abrasion behavior of composite filling materials].", "content": "Twenty-two commercially available composites, a new resin without inorganic filler and two amalgams have been investigated to compare their abrasive behaviour. In laboratory tests, an abrasion model of tooth against filling has been simulated. The results indicate a dependence of the abrasive behaviour on the type of filler in the different composites. Composites with quartz as filler have the greatest resistance to abrasion, whereas those with lithium-aluminium-silicate show the strongest abrasion. Mean abrasion values are obtained for the composites with barium-glass or a mixture of barium-glass and quartz as filler. The resin and the two amalgams have abrasion values comparable to the abrasive resistant composites.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the abrasion behavior of composite filling materials]. Twenty-two commercially available composites, a new resin without inorganic filler and two amalgams have been investigated to compare their abrasive behaviour. In laboratory tests, an abrasion model of tooth against filling has been simulated. The results indicate a dependence of the abrasive behaviour on the type of filler in the different composites. Composites with quartz as filler have the greatest resistance to abrasion, whereas those with lithium-aluminium-silicate show the strongest abrasion. Mean abrasion values are obtained for the composites with barium-glass or a mixture of barium-glass and quartz as filler. The resin and the two amalgams have abrasion values comparable to the abrasive resistant composites."}
{"id": "PMID:288561", "title": "[Systematic studies on decision making in dental therapy].", "content": "The decision for restorative treatment was analyzed in this study, and models were discussed. As model of the first approach, the dental treatment was reproducible, but the findings should not be considered universally valid since psychic factors were not considered.", "contents": "[Systematic studies on decision making in dental therapy]. The decision for restorative treatment was analyzed in this study, and models were discussed. As model of the first approach, the dental treatment was reproducible, but the findings should not be considered universally valid since psychic factors were not considered."}
{"id": "PMID:288562", "title": "[Uses of the occlusal registration instrument (ORI)].", "content": "By means of the occlusal recording instrument (ORI), jaw models can be measured three-dimensionally and filed with respect to axes and skull. In clinical trials evaluated with the ORI, it was shown that the position of the maxilla in the skull can be transferred to the articulator with great accuracy. Suggestions are given for improvements to refine the method of measurement. If the third point of reference is also tattooed, the accuracy of the transference of the face-bow is considerably increased. Under these conditions the apparatus is suitable for checking the accuracy of the transference of the face-bow and for photographic documentation.", "contents": "[Uses of the occlusal registration instrument (ORI)]. By means of the occlusal recording instrument (ORI), jaw models can be measured three-dimensionally and filed with respect to axes and skull. In clinical trials evaluated with the ORI, it was shown that the position of the maxilla in the skull can be transferred to the articulator with great accuracy. Suggestions are given for improvements to refine the method of measurement. If the third point of reference is also tattooed, the accuracy of the transference of the face-bow is considerably increased. Under these conditions the apparatus is suitable for checking the accuracy of the transference of the face-bow and for photographic documentation."}
{"id": "PMID:288563", "title": "[Dental studies on the protective effect of breast feeding].", "content": "The frequency of disease for children who were breast fed as babies is lower than that for children who were bottle fed. Breast milk contains specific and nonspecific proteins which act against pathogens. The influence of breast milk on the development of juvenile periodontitis was examined. It was shown that, out of 55 children raised on bottle milk, 9 children up to 14 years of age showed inflammatory changes in the gingiva while only 1 child out of the 17 fed with breast milk during the first few months of life had gingivitis. The lower frequency of gingivitis can probably be explained by the immunopathology of periodontitis.", "contents": "[Dental studies on the protective effect of breast feeding]. The frequency of disease for children who were breast fed as babies is lower than that for children who were bottle fed. Breast milk contains specific and nonspecific proteins which act against pathogens. The influence of breast milk on the development of juvenile periodontitis was examined. It was shown that, out of 55 children raised on bottle milk, 9 children up to 14 years of age showed inflammatory changes in the gingiva while only 1 child out of the 17 fed with breast milk during the first few months of life had gingivitis. The lower frequency of gingivitis can probably be explained by the immunopathology of periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:288565", "title": "[Hypocycloidal tomography of the temporomandibular joint region].", "content": "Tomography has become an important diagnostic method today. Clinically it is necessary to recognize the interpretative problems with tomographs. The reason for and the development of a few frequent tomographic phenomena were described using the results of comparative anatomic and roentgenographic examinations.", "contents": "[Hypocycloidal tomography of the temporomandibular joint region]. Tomography has become an important diagnostic method today. Clinically it is necessary to recognize the interpretative problems with tomographs. The reason for and the development of a few frequent tomographic phenomena were described using the results of comparative anatomic and roentgenographic examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:288566", "title": "[In vitro experiments on plaque formation].", "content": "The mechanisms contributing to plaque formation have still not been adequately explained. An attempt therefore was made to form plaque in vitro in order to acquire a model for the processes and what influences them. Plaque forms in various stages, analogous to the natural condition when saliva and microorganisms are present on the surface of the teeth. Microorganisms from plaque formed in situ demonstrate a decreased ability for adhesion and cohesion when compared with free salivary microorganisms. Sucrose encourages more rapid and thicker plaque formation.", "contents": "[In vitro experiments on plaque formation]. The mechanisms contributing to plaque formation have still not been adequately explained. An attempt therefore was made to form plaque in vitro in order to acquire a model for the processes and what influences them. Plaque forms in various stages, analogous to the natural condition when saliva and microorganisms are present on the surface of the teeth. Microorganisms from plaque formed in situ demonstrate a decreased ability for adhesion and cohesion when compared with free salivary microorganisms. Sucrose encourages more rapid and thicker plaque formation."}
{"id": "PMID:288567", "title": "[Biochemical and morphologic studies on prostaglandins E and F in the normal and inflamed gingiva].", "content": "With the help of a radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins E and F, an attempt was made to determine the actual concentration of these substances in normal and inflammatorily altered gingival tissue. The content of PGE and PGF was significantly higher in the inflammatorily altered gingiva than in normal tissue. Morphologic examination using immunologic methods showed prostaglandin E particularly in the monocytes.", "contents": "[Biochemical and morphologic studies on prostaglandins E and F in the normal and inflamed gingiva]. With the help of a radioimmunoassay for prostaglandins E and F, an attempt was made to determine the actual concentration of these substances in normal and inflammatorily altered gingival tissue. The content of PGE and PGF was significantly higher in the inflammatorily altered gingiva than in normal tissue. Morphologic examination using immunologic methods showed prostaglandin E particularly in the monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:288568", "title": "[Patient motivation for oral hygiene from the dentist's viewpoint].", "content": "Inhibiting factors to patient motivation for oral hygiene are found both with the patient and the dentist. These factors were considered in terms of the daily practice. The concept of oral hygiene motivation, described used primarily with children was.", "contents": "[Patient motivation for oral hygiene from the dentist's viewpoint]. Inhibiting factors to patient motivation for oral hygiene are found both with the patient and the dentist. These factors were considered in terms of the daily practice. The concept of oral hygiene motivation, described used primarily with children was."}
{"id": "PMID:288570", "title": "[Methods for the partial preservation of teeth (hemisection etc.)].", "content": "The term hemisection, root amputation and tooth separation are defined. These methods of treatment should be employed after other proven therapeutic measures have failed and there is justification in the total situation for partial tooth preservation. Correct root canal filling of the remaining dental stumps is essential. Special indications exist in the molar region in the presence of deep parodontal disease. The technical details of the individual methods are described. Prognosis is good if the indications were correctly established.", "contents": "[Methods for the partial preservation of teeth (hemisection etc.)]. The term hemisection, root amputation and tooth separation are defined. These methods of treatment should be employed after other proven therapeutic measures have failed and there is justification in the total situation for partial tooth preservation. Correct root canal filling of the remaining dental stumps is essential. Special indications exist in the molar region in the presence of deep parodontal disease. The technical details of the individual methods are described. Prognosis is good if the indications were correctly established."}
{"id": "PMID:288571", "title": "[Antigenicity and resorptive behavior of the usual gelatin preparations and of dry fibrin foam].", "content": "Immunofluorescence studies of Gelastypt, Gelfoam, and Fibrospum showed species-specific, protein-dependent antigen characteristics. Additional experimental studies using guinea pigs revealed that, after subcutaneous implantation, these materials do not lose their antigen characteristics during the resorptive process. Remnants of subcutaneously implanted material could be demonstrated intracellularly (macrophages) in the spleens of the experimental animals four weeks later.", "contents": "[Antigenicity and resorptive behavior of the usual gelatin preparations and of dry fibrin foam]. Immunofluorescence studies of Gelastypt, Gelfoam, and Fibrospum showed species-specific, protein-dependent antigen characteristics. Additional experimental studies using guinea pigs revealed that, after subcutaneous implantation, these materials do not lose their antigen characteristics during the resorptive process. Remnants of subcutaneously implanted material could be demonstrated intracellularly (macrophages) in the spleens of the experimental animals four weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:288572", "title": "[Studies on cariogenicity of sugar substitutes in xerostomized rats].", "content": "A comparative study of the cariogenic characteristics of sugar substitutes Xylitol, L-sorbose, and Palatinit as well as saccharose and lactose was carried out in programmed feeding experiments with xerostomized and nonxerostomized rats. The xerostomized animals developed more caries with all substrates than did the nonxerostomized animals. The differences in the saccharose and the lactose groups however were significant. Compared with saccharose, it was confirmed with this method that the cariogenic characteristics of the sugar substitutes tested was low. Xylitol proved to be the least cariogenic.", "contents": "[Studies on cariogenicity of sugar substitutes in xerostomized rats]. A comparative study of the cariogenic characteristics of sugar substitutes Xylitol, L-sorbose, and Palatinit as well as saccharose and lactose was carried out in programmed feeding experiments with xerostomized and nonxerostomized rats. The xerostomized animals developed more caries with all substrates than did the nonxerostomized animals. The differences in the saccharose and the lactose groups however were significant. Compared with saccharose, it was confirmed with this method that the cariogenic characteristics of the sugar substitutes tested was low. Xylitol proved to be the least cariogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:288573", "title": "[The course of caries and frequency of dental restorations in low sugar diet].", "content": "The influence of a restricted low molecular carbohydrate diet was tested in 101 children and juveniles with diabetes mellitus. Due to the influence of this diet deep carious lesions develop more slowly. Children in whom the diabetes manifested itself at an early age had a lower index of filling and a higher index of defect. The degree of dental care was altogether alarmingly low.", "contents": "[The course of caries and frequency of dental restorations in low sugar diet]. The influence of a restricted low molecular carbohydrate diet was tested in 101 children and juveniles with diabetes mellitus. Due to the influence of this diet deep carious lesions develop more slowly. Children in whom the diabetes manifested itself at an early age had a lower index of filling and a higher index of defect. The degree of dental care was altogether alarmingly low."}
{"id": "PMID:288575", "title": "[Possibilities and limits in dental health education--experiences in a day nursery].", "content": "Purposeful and supervised oral hygiene in an institution such as a child day care center is successful and should be generally required. The desired long-term success however cannot be predicted if all persons involved in the program do not reorient their thinking and if sugar is not eliminated from the diet.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits in dental health education--experiences in a day nursery]. Purposeful and supervised oral hygiene in an institution such as a child day care center is successful and should be generally required. The desired long-term success however cannot be predicted if all persons involved in the program do not reorient their thinking and if sugar is not eliminated from the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:288582", "title": "Biochemical properties and localization of the chromosomal protein IP25.", "content": "The protein IP25, which has previously been reported to accumulate in the chromatin during erythroid differentiation of Friend-virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells (FL cells), is shown to behave like histone H1 without being structurally related to it. Like H1, IP25 is not released by digestion of FL cells nuclei with DNAse I. After micrococcal digestion IP25 and H1 are differentially distributed in the nucleosome monomers and dimers. This distribution suggests an internucleosomal location for IP25 and H1. Different rates of digestion are observed between nuclei of differentiating and non-differentiating FL cells with both DNAse I and micrococcal nuclease. These differences could be due to the presence of IP25 in the chromatin of differentiating cells.", "contents": "Biochemical properties and localization of the chromosomal protein IP25. The protein IP25, which has previously been reported to accumulate in the chromatin during erythroid differentiation of Friend-virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells (FL cells), is shown to behave like histone H1 without being structurally related to it. Like H1, IP25 is not released by digestion of FL cells nuclei with DNAse I. After micrococcal digestion IP25 and H1 are differentially distributed in the nucleosome monomers and dimers. This distribution suggests an internucleosomal location for IP25 and H1. Different rates of digestion are observed between nuclei of differentiating and non-differentiating FL cells with both DNAse I and micrococcal nuclease. These differences could be due to the presence of IP25 in the chromatin of differentiating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288583", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Friend leukemia virus-infected spleen cells.", "content": "Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infected splenocytes treated with rabbit anti-FLV serum and subsequently incubated with splenic lymphocytes from non-immune Balb/c mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Villous-covered lymphocytes adherred to the tumor cells and induced surface blebs, numerous membrane pores and eventual tumor cell lysis.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of Friend leukemia virus-infected spleen cells. Friend leukemia virus (FLV) infected splenocytes treated with rabbit anti-FLV serum and subsequently incubated with splenic lymphocytes from non-immune Balb/c mice were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Villous-covered lymphocytes adherred to the tumor cells and induced surface blebs, numerous membrane pores and eventual tumor cell lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:288671", "title": "Impacted canine teeth.", "content": "To correct pathologic conditions and to prevent future problems, all supernumerary, impacted, and malposed teeth should be evaluated with prospects of providing an anatomically acceptable solution. Through logical clinical and radiologic resources, localication of the malpositioned structure is possible. Correction or control of the affected tooth may follow the tenets of deft, delicate, and accurate surgery in consultation with an orthodontist, a cooperative relationship based on mutual respect.", "contents": "Impacted canine teeth. To correct pathologic conditions and to prevent future problems, all supernumerary, impacted, and malposed teeth should be evaluated with prospects of providing an anatomically acceptable solution. Through logical clinical and radiologic resources, localication of the malpositioned structure is possible. Correction or control of the affected tooth may follow the tenets of deft, delicate, and accurate surgery in consultation with an orthodontist, a cooperative relationship based on mutual respect."}
{"id": "PMID:288716", "title": "Decrease in insulin receptors during Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation.", "content": "The Friend erythroleukemia cell has an insulin receptor with all the properties of mammalian insulin receptors: rapid, reversible, and saturable binding of insulin; specific for insulin and insulin analogs; inversely proportional to temperatures; sharply pH dependent (optimum = 8.0); and demonstrated ligand-induced accelerated dissociation consistent with negative cooperativity. There were 17,200 sites per cell. After induction by dimethylsulfoxide, 80% of the cells became benzidine positive (i.e., contained hemoglobin). The receptor concentration dropped to 4300 sites per cell, while the remaining receptors retained all the initial binding characteristics. This loss of receptors could not be attributed directly to either dimethylsulfoxide or changes in cell size. Thus, during the process of differentiation, the concentration of insulin receptors in the Friend erythroleukemia cell decreases.", "contents": "Decrease in insulin receptors during Friend erythroleukemia cell differentiation. The Friend erythroleukemia cell has an insulin receptor with all the properties of mammalian insulin receptors: rapid, reversible, and saturable binding of insulin; specific for insulin and insulin analogs; inversely proportional to temperatures; sharply pH dependent (optimum = 8.0); and demonstrated ligand-induced accelerated dissociation consistent with negative cooperativity. There were 17,200 sites per cell. After induction by dimethylsulfoxide, 80% of the cells became benzidine positive (i.e., contained hemoglobin). The receptor concentration dropped to 4300 sites per cell, while the remaining receptors retained all the initial binding characteristics. This loss of receptors could not be attributed directly to either dimethylsulfoxide or changes in cell size. Thus, during the process of differentiation, the concentration of insulin receptors in the Friend erythroleukemia cell decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:288722", "title": "How to prepare for a JCAH evaluation.", "content": "A Hospital Survey Profile and presurvey conferences are offered by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals to help hospitals that are to be evaluated prepare for a survey.", "contents": "How to prepare for a JCAH evaluation. A Hospital Survey Profile and presurvey conferences are offered by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals to help hospitals that are to be evaluated prepare for a survey."}
{"id": "PMID:288723", "title": "Translocation between chromosome 7 and chromosome 22, t(7;22)(p22;q12), in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A 46-year-old man with chronic myelocytic leukemia had a new variant translocation between chromosome 22 and chromosome 7 in bone marrow cells. No involvement of chromosome 9 was seen. The patient entered blastic transformation within half a year, by which time he had acquired an isochromosome 17 in addition to the variant translocation.", "contents": "Translocation between chromosome 7 and chromosome 22, t(7;22)(p22;q12), in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia. A 46-year-old man with chronic myelocytic leukemia had a new variant translocation between chromosome 22 and chromosome 7 in bone marrow cells. No involvement of chromosome 9 was seen. The patient entered blastic transformation within half a year, by which time he had acquired an isochromosome 17 in addition to the variant translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:288724", "title": "Chromosomal marker 20q- in cases of osteomyelosclerosis and CML.", "content": "Two male patients with myeloproliferative disorders (osteomyelosclerosis in one and CML in the other) were found to have a chromosomal marker 20q- in blood cells (unstimulated short time cultures). Marked erythropoietic disturbances were not revealed in these cases. The specificity of the 20q- marker for red cell disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosomal marker 20q- in cases of osteomyelosclerosis and CML. Two male patients with myeloproliferative disorders (osteomyelosclerosis in one and CML in the other) were found to have a chromosomal marker 20q- in blood cells (unstimulated short time cultures). Marked erythropoietic disturbances were not revealed in these cases. The specificity of the 20q- marker for red cell disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288725", "title": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "The spontaneous cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations from normal donors for K562 target cells was examined. Effector cells were separated into SRBC rosette forming cell (RFC) and non-rosette forming cell (non-RFC) fractions using optimal and suboptimal rosetting procedures. RFC and non-RFC fractions both had high cytotoxic activity irrespective of the rosetting procedure. Owing to the larger size of the RFC fraction, it contained a higher proportion of the total activity in the preparation. Nylon fibre column adherent and non-adherent fractions also both produced cytotoxicity. Nylon fibre non-adherent cells separated by SRBC separation gave a RFC fraction with low activity and a non-RFC fraction with high activity. Separation of nylon fibre adherent cells gave RFC and non-RFC fractions with high cytotoxic activity. Therefore cytotoxic cells did not form a discrete subpopulation and either occur in several lymphocyte subsets or show a variable capacity to form SRBC rosettes and adhere to nylon fibre.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of human lymphocyte subpopulations. The spontaneous cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocyte preparations from normal donors for K562 target cells was examined. Effector cells were separated into SRBC rosette forming cell (RFC) and non-rosette forming cell (non-RFC) fractions using optimal and suboptimal rosetting procedures. RFC and non-RFC fractions both had high cytotoxic activity irrespective of the rosetting procedure. Owing to the larger size of the RFC fraction, it contained a higher proportion of the total activity in the preparation. Nylon fibre column adherent and non-adherent fractions also both produced cytotoxicity. Nylon fibre non-adherent cells separated by SRBC separation gave a RFC fraction with low activity and a non-RFC fraction with high activity. Separation of nylon fibre adherent cells gave RFC and non-RFC fractions with high cytotoxic activity. Therefore cytotoxic cells did not form a discrete subpopulation and either occur in several lymphocyte subsets or show a variable capacity to form SRBC rosettes and adhere to nylon fibre."}
{"id": "PMID:288726", "title": "Tourette's syndrome symptom onset at age thirty-five.", "content": "It is apparent to the authors that the primary factors influencing this particular case of Tourette's Syndrome are psychological. The condition appeared to result from threatening environmental conditions causing repression. The repressed material manifested itself in multiple tics, echolalia and coprolalia. Because of this patients's extreme resistance to accept the true conditions of his situation, individual and group psychotherapy have been difficult modes of treatment.", "contents": "Tourette's syndrome symptom onset at age thirty-five. It is apparent to the authors that the primary factors influencing this particular case of Tourette's Syndrome are psychological. The condition appeared to result from threatening environmental conditions causing repression. The repressed material manifested itself in multiple tics, echolalia and coprolalia. Because of this patients's extreme resistance to accept the true conditions of his situation, individual and group psychotherapy have been difficult modes of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:288727", "title": "Primary malignant mesenchymoma of bone (case report).", "content": "A case of primary malignant mesenchymoma of bone is reported. It's a very rare kind of tumor of which only four cases were previously reported in the literature. It's a malignant neoplasm where histological aspects of both liposarcoma and osteosarcoma coexist. Prognosis appears to be similar to that of osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Primary malignant mesenchymoma of bone (case report). A case of primary malignant mesenchymoma of bone is reported. It's a very rare kind of tumor of which only four cases were previously reported in the literature. It's a malignant neoplasm where histological aspects of both liposarcoma and osteosarcoma coexist. Prognosis appears to be similar to that of osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:288743", "title": "Mechanism of synergistic cell killing when methotrexate precedes cytosine arabinoside: study of L1210 and human leukemic cells.", "content": "Synergistic killing of L1210 cells occurs when methotrexate (MTX) is administered just before 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C). This pehnomenon is dependent upon both the dose and time of exposure to MTX. Such increased killing of cells can be explained by the enhanced intracellular accumulation of Ara-C in cells exposed to MTX. This enhancement of Ara-C entry into cells was only observed when the dose of MTX was high enough (1, 10, and 100 muM) to result in free intracellular nondihydrofolate reductase-bound MTX. At the highest doses of MTX (10 and 100 muM) Ara-C triphosphate was increased eightfold and deoxycytidine triphosphate was decreased by 50%. Therefore, the maximum synergistic cell kill when MTX precedes Ara-C may be the consequence of greater inhibition of DNA polymerase by th;e increased Ara-C triphosphate in the presence of the decreasing natural substrate of this enzyme, deoxycytidine triphosphate. Enhanced Ara-C accumulation after administration of MTX was also observed in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of synergistic cell killing when methotrexate precedes cytosine arabinoside: study of L1210 and human leukemic cells. Synergistic killing of L1210 cells occurs when methotrexate (MTX) is administered just before 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C). This pehnomenon is dependent upon both the dose and time of exposure to MTX. Such increased killing of cells can be explained by the enhanced intracellular accumulation of Ara-C in cells exposed to MTX. This enhancement of Ara-C entry into cells was only observed when the dose of MTX was high enough (1, 10, and 100 muM) to result in free intracellular nondihydrofolate reductase-bound MTX. At the highest doses of MTX (10 and 100 muM) Ara-C triphosphate was increased eightfold and deoxycytidine triphosphate was decreased by 50%. Therefore, the maximum synergistic cell kill when MTX precedes Ara-C may be the consequence of greater inhibition of DNA polymerase by th;e increased Ara-C triphosphate in the presence of the decreasing natural substrate of this enzyme, deoxycytidine triphosphate. Enhanced Ara-C accumulation after administration of MTX was also observed in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288744", "title": "A comparative study of chromosome G-banding using trypsin, papain, and pretreatment with emulphogene.", "content": "G-banding of chromosome metaphase preparations derived from haemic cells of healthy individuals and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia was performed with the aid of trypsin, papain, and pretreatment of the chromosome spreads with emulphogene before proteolytic digestion. Papain digestion revealed more distinguishable bands than did trypsin digestion. Pretreatment of the chromosome spreads with emulphogene greatly enhanced the number of distinguishable bands for both enzymes. The combination of pretreatment with emulphogene and digestion with papain revealed optimal numbers of bands for individual chromosomes essentially identical with those agreed at the Paris Conference 1971. The use of the emulphogene-papain technique appears also to offer an advantage in the banding of chromosomes from leukaemic cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of chromosome G-banding using trypsin, papain, and pretreatment with emulphogene. G-banding of chromosome metaphase preparations derived from haemic cells of healthy individuals and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia was performed with the aid of trypsin, papain, and pretreatment of the chromosome spreads with emulphogene before proteolytic digestion. Papain digestion revealed more distinguishable bands than did trypsin digestion. Pretreatment of the chromosome spreads with emulphogene greatly enhanced the number of distinguishable bands for both enzymes. The combination of pretreatment with emulphogene and digestion with papain revealed optimal numbers of bands for individual chromosomes essentially identical with those agreed at the Paris Conference 1971. The use of the emulphogene-papain technique appears also to offer an advantage in the banding of chromosomes from leukaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:288745", "title": "Assessing the periodontal treatment needs of a population.", "content": "A longitudinal study was conducted on 106 patients attending a dental school and undergoing periodontal treatment, to assess the relationship between some commonly used periodontal indices and the time taken to treat periodontal disease. The data were analysed by assessing the times taken for examination, motivation, scaling and surgery for persons with ranges of indices such as D.I., C.I., O.H.I., G.P.I. (Ging), G.P.U. (Perio), G.P.I. (Comp) and P.I. A one-way analysis of variance was carried out to test the significance of trends. Next, a Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for each index and its components and treatment time. The index which correlated most closely with examination time was the P.I. The G.P.I. (Ging) was the best predictor of motivation time and three indices, C.I., G.P.I. (Perio) and P.I. correlated significantly with scaling times. The P.I. and G.P.I. (Perio) correlated with surgery time. By converting periodontal indices into treatment times, planners can estimate with a fair degree of accuracy the time and resources required to carry out periodontal treatment for a population.", "contents": "Assessing the periodontal treatment needs of a population. A longitudinal study was conducted on 106 patients attending a dental school and undergoing periodontal treatment, to assess the relationship between some commonly used periodontal indices and the time taken to treat periodontal disease. The data were analysed by assessing the times taken for examination, motivation, scaling and surgery for persons with ranges of indices such as D.I., C.I., O.H.I., G.P.I. (Ging), G.P.U. (Perio), G.P.I. (Comp) and P.I. A one-way analysis of variance was carried out to test the significance of trends. Next, a Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for each index and its components and treatment time. The index which correlated most closely with examination time was the P.I. The G.P.I. (Ging) was the best predictor of motivation time and three indices, C.I., G.P.I. (Perio) and P.I. correlated significantly with scaling times. The P.I. and G.P.I. (Perio) correlated with surgery time. By converting periodontal indices into treatment times, planners can estimate with a fair degree of accuracy the time and resources required to carry out periodontal treatment for a population."}
{"id": "PMID:288747", "title": "Recession: a 4-year longitudinal study after free gingival grafts.", "content": "Free gingival grafts were performed on recession areas around 42 teeth in 12 patients, with postoperative evaluation of recurrent recession after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months. No changes in degree of recession were observed during the 4-year period. The vestibuloplasties, which were always wider than the transplants, exhibited recurrence up to the transplant margin 6 months after surgery, while the transplants themselves exhibited an average shrinkage of 25%. In addition, 25% of the increase in vestibular depth achieved by the surgery was lost 1 month postoperatively, but there was a tendency toward increasing vestibulum depth during the ensuing 47 months. Gingival sulcus depth was not affected by the surgery.", "contents": "Recession: a 4-year longitudinal study after free gingival grafts. Free gingival grafts were performed on recession areas around 42 teeth in 12 patients, with postoperative evaluation of recurrent recession after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months. No changes in degree of recession were observed during the 4-year period. The vestibuloplasties, which were always wider than the transplants, exhibited recurrence up to the transplant margin 6 months after surgery, while the transplants themselves exhibited an average shrinkage of 25%. In addition, 25% of the increase in vestibular depth achieved by the surgery was lost 1 month postoperatively, but there was a tendency toward increasing vestibulum depth during the ensuing 47 months. Gingival sulcus depth was not affected by the surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:288749", "title": "Oral hygiene levels and behavious in pre-clinical and final-year dental students.", "content": "The oral hygiene levels and behaviour in pre-clinical and final-year dental students attending Birmingham University 1977 were investigated. Gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque and calculus accumulations were clinically recorded. Tooth cleaning habits were assessed by a questionnaire. Oral hygiene habits differed between the two groups and an improvement in oral hygiene levels was evident in the final-year students. Statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) were found between the plaque index scores of the pre-clinical and final-year students, and for the gingival and calculus index scores of the male students. Thus in this investigation it was possible to show that improvement in oral hygiene does occur between the pre-clinical and final year of the undergraduate course.", "contents": "Oral hygiene levels and behavious in pre-clinical and final-year dental students. The oral hygiene levels and behaviour in pre-clinical and final-year dental students attending Birmingham University 1977 were investigated. Gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque and calculus accumulations were clinically recorded. Tooth cleaning habits were assessed by a questionnaire. Oral hygiene habits differed between the two groups and an improvement in oral hygiene levels was evident in the final-year students. Statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) were found between the plaque index scores of the pre-clinical and final-year students, and for the gingival and calculus index scores of the male students. Thus in this investigation it was possible to show that improvement in oral hygiene does occur between the pre-clinical and final year of the undergraduate course."}
{"id": "PMID:288752", "title": "The effect of time and force magnitude on orthodontic tooth movement.", "content": "The holographic technique, recently developed for precise and accurate measurement of tooth displacements, was used to study the three-dimensional motion of human teeth. Maxillary central incisors were loaded with forces of 300 grams and 500 grams. Translations and rotations in three-dimensions were measured over 45 seconds. The experimental results, presented as a function of time, indicate that the instantaneous centers of rotation can be represented by space centrodes that are characteristic for each patient and the applied force system.", "contents": "The effect of time and force magnitude on orthodontic tooth movement. The holographic technique, recently developed for precise and accurate measurement of tooth displacements, was used to study the three-dimensional motion of human teeth. Maxillary central incisors were loaded with forces of 300 grams and 500 grams. Translations and rotations in three-dimensions were measured over 45 seconds. The experimental results, presented as a function of time, indicate that the instantaneous centers of rotation can be represented by space centrodes that are characteristic for each patient and the applied force system."}
{"id": "PMID:288753", "title": "Intraoral transmission of Streptococcus mutans by a dental explorer.", "content": "A streptomycin-resistant strain of S. mutans was introduced into the mouth as adherent growth on an artificial fissure (AF). A second AF, which was initially sterile, was placed in a crown on the opposite side of the dentition. The labeled strain was not found in 8 initially-sterile AFs which were left in vivo for 2 to 6 days and were not examined with a dental explorer. The labeled strain was detected in 7 of 9 initially-sterile AFs which were probed with the dental explorer.", "contents": "Intraoral transmission of Streptococcus mutans by a dental explorer. A streptomycin-resistant strain of S. mutans was introduced into the mouth as adherent growth on an artificial fissure (AF). A second AF, which was initially sterile, was placed in a crown on the opposite side of the dentition. The labeled strain was not found in 8 initially-sterile AFs which were left in vivo for 2 to 6 days and were not examined with a dental explorer. The labeled strain was detected in 7 of 9 initially-sterile AFs which were probed with the dental explorer."}
{"id": "PMID:288754", "title": "The distribution of metallic constituents in dentin subjected to iontophoresis.", "content": "The concentration gradient and distribution of a metallic constituent in dentin which has been subjected to iontophoresis, using a water solution of silver diamine hydroxide and zinc chloride, were analyzed by means of EPMA as a basic study for pulp capping or cavity lining. Line scanning analyses parallel to the tooth axis showed that the transportation distance of metallic ions depends strongly on potential, period of iontophoresis and structural differences in dentin. Although metallic silver or zinc was found in the dentinal tubules, there was one case in which no metal was observed. The change in the distribution can be described as power function.", "contents": "The distribution of metallic constituents in dentin subjected to iontophoresis. The concentration gradient and distribution of a metallic constituent in dentin which has been subjected to iontophoresis, using a water solution of silver diamine hydroxide and zinc chloride, were analyzed by means of EPMA as a basic study for pulp capping or cavity lining. Line scanning analyses parallel to the tooth axis showed that the transportation distance of metallic ions depends strongly on potential, period of iontophoresis and structural differences in dentin. Although metallic silver or zinc was found in the dentinal tubules, there was one case in which no metal was observed. The change in the distribution can be described as power function."}
{"id": "PMID:288755", "title": "Cellular responses to the dispersion amalgams in vitro.", "content": "Three dispersion amalgams were tested in vitro. Spherical-D and Dialloy showed very similar effects on the cells as did the Spherical and fine cut amalgams. The other disperison amalgam, Dispersalloy, had intense and persistent cytotoxicity even 24 hours after trituration. Difference of the results was presumed to result from different alloy composition.", "contents": "Cellular responses to the dispersion amalgams in vitro. Three dispersion amalgams were tested in vitro. Spherical-D and Dialloy showed very similar effects on the cells as did the Spherical and fine cut amalgams. The other disperison amalgam, Dispersalloy, had intense and persistent cytotoxicity even 24 hours after trituration. Difference of the results was presumed to result from different alloy composition."}
{"id": "PMID:288756", "title": "Storage stability of dental composites.", "content": "Composites made from powder-liquid constituents and subjected to elevated temperatures during storage are more stable than those employing pastes. The decomposition of the benzoyl peroxide ingredient is mainly responsible for the increased setting time and the decreased mechanical properties of the resulting composite.", "contents": "Storage stability of dental composites. Composites made from powder-liquid constituents and subjected to elevated temperatures during storage are more stable than those employing pastes. The decomposition of the benzoyl peroxide ingredient is mainly responsible for the increased setting time and the decreased mechanical properties of the resulting composite."}
{"id": "PMID:288757", "title": "Viscoelastic and dynamic properties of soft liners and tissue conditioners.", "content": "The creep compliance and dynamic modulus of two tissue conditioners and five soft liners were determined after storage in water at 37 degrees C. Under static conditions the tissue conditioners functioned like viscous liquids, whereas the soft liners were more elastic. In general, linear viscoelasticity was not observed. Under dynamic conditions, the materials were stiffer.", "contents": "Viscoelastic and dynamic properties of soft liners and tissue conditioners. The creep compliance and dynamic modulus of two tissue conditioners and five soft liners were determined after storage in water at 37 degrees C. Under static conditions the tissue conditioners functioned like viscous liquids, whereas the soft liners were more elastic. In general, linear viscoelasticity was not observed. Under dynamic conditions, the materials were stiffer."}
{"id": "PMID:288761", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin induced gingival hyperplasia in ferrets: a precautionary note.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin appears to modify the tissue response in ferrets to a gingival irritant. In the present study, ferrets were tested for the tissue response to a local irritant in their maxillary right quadrant, while their maxillary left quadrant was the control. A low incidence of hyperplasia was induced only in irritated gingival tissue of animals receiving DPH. The problems encountered in comparing the hyperplasia produced in ferrets and humans were also discussed.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin induced gingival hyperplasia in ferrets: a precautionary note. Diphenylhydantoin appears to modify the tissue response in ferrets to a gingival irritant. In the present study, ferrets were tested for the tissue response to a local irritant in their maxillary right quadrant, while their maxillary left quadrant was the control. A low incidence of hyperplasia was induced only in irritated gingival tissue of animals receiving DPH. The problems encountered in comparing the hyperplasia produced in ferrets and humans were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288762", "title": "Sensitivity of human oral tumor cells to human adenovirus.", "content": "Human cells in early passage cultures of benign oral tumors, normal oral tissues, normal lung tissues and, especially, in long-term established oral carcinoma cultures were highly susceptible to infection by human adenovirus types 5, 21, and 31. In contrast, replication of each adenovirus type was markedly limited in inoculated cells of newly-established oral squamous cell carcinoma cultures.", "contents": "Sensitivity of human oral tumor cells to human adenovirus. Human cells in early passage cultures of benign oral tumors, normal oral tissues, normal lung tissues and, especially, in long-term established oral carcinoma cultures were highly susceptible to infection by human adenovirus types 5, 21, and 31. In contrast, replication of each adenovirus type was markedly limited in inoculated cells of newly-established oral squamous cell carcinoma cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:288763", "title": "The antimicrobial effect of fluorides (acidulated phosphate, sodium and stannous) on Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "The effect of three commercially prepared fluoride compounds (acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23% F-, stannous fluoride 0.4%, and sodium fluoride 0.05%) diluted to various concentrations with brain heart infusion broth, on the growth of five strains of Actinomyces viscosus following 1 and 24 hours' exposure to the fluorides was studied. Results demonstrated that SnF2 was the most effective growth inhibitor of the organisms at 500 ppm F- after 1 hour and at 100 ppm F- after 24 hours' exposure. APF and NaF were not effective within a 1 hour exposure period, but did suppress growth of the organisms at 200 ppm in the cultures exposed for 24 hours.", "contents": "The antimicrobial effect of fluorides (acidulated phosphate, sodium and stannous) on Actinomyces viscosus. The effect of three commercially prepared fluoride compounds (acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23% F-, stannous fluoride 0.4%, and sodium fluoride 0.05%) diluted to various concentrations with brain heart infusion broth, on the growth of five strains of Actinomyces viscosus following 1 and 24 hours' exposure to the fluorides was studied. Results demonstrated that SnF2 was the most effective growth inhibitor of the organisms at 500 ppm F- after 1 hour and at 100 ppm F- after 24 hours' exposure. APF and NaF were not effective within a 1 hour exposure period, but did suppress growth of the organisms at 200 ppm in the cultures exposed for 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:288764", "title": "Selenium uptake into teeth determined by fluorimetry.", "content": "Selenium concentrations in successive layers of bovine incisor enamel showed no concentration gradient and no increase with age. Selenium was taken upt into the continuously-growing rat incisor in proportion to the amount of selenium in the diet. A sensitive (approximately 1 ng Se) and relatively simple fluorimetric method for determining selenium in small amounts of hard tissues is presented.", "contents": "Selenium uptake into teeth determined by fluorimetry. Selenium concentrations in successive layers of bovine incisor enamel showed no concentration gradient and no increase with age. Selenium was taken upt into the continuously-growing rat incisor in proportion to the amount of selenium in the diet. A sensitive (approximately 1 ng Se) and relatively simple fluorimetric method for determining selenium in small amounts of hard tissues is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:288779", "title": "Positional changes in mesio-angular impacted mandibular third molars during a year.", "content": "The results of this study show that positional changes occur in the mandibular third molar at least until 20 years of age. A significant number of mandibular third molars in young adults in positions of mesio-angular impaction attain an upright position in a year. A significant relationship exists between the initial age of the patient and the amount of change in the inclination of the third molar. Initial inclination is closely related to the change in inclination in mandibular third molars.", "contents": "Positional changes in mesio-angular impacted mandibular third molars during a year. The results of this study show that positional changes occur in the mandibular third molar at least until 20 years of age. A significant number of mandibular third molars in young adults in positions of mesio-angular impaction attain an upright position in a year. A significant relationship exists between the initial age of the patient and the amount of change in the inclination of the third molar. Initial inclination is closely related to the change in inclination in mandibular third molars."}
{"id": "PMID:288780", "title": "Air sampling for hepatitis B surface antigen in a dental operatory.", "content": "Forty samples of air with a mean sample volume of 104 liters were collected during the treatment of patients whose blood was positive for HBsAG: no samples contained HBsAG and occult blood. These findings suggest that, if environmentally mediated transmission of hepatitis B occurs in the dental operatory, it is more likely to occur through contact with contaminated surfaces than through the airborne route.", "contents": "Air sampling for hepatitis B surface antigen in a dental operatory. Forty samples of air with a mean sample volume of 104 liters were collected during the treatment of patients whose blood was positive for HBsAG: no samples contained HBsAG and occult blood. These findings suggest that, if environmentally mediated transmission of hepatitis B occurs in the dental operatory, it is more likely to occur through contact with contaminated surfaces than through the airborne route."}
{"id": "PMID:288781", "title": "Linear dimensional change of copper-rich dental amalgam.", "content": "Copper-rich amalgams made from alloy mixtures have large expansions in air at 105 +/- 2 weeks that range from 100 to 194 micrometers/cm at 60 C, from 36 to 101 micrometers/cm at 37 C, and from 14 to 44 micrometers/cm at 23 C on unrestricted 8- x 4-mm cylinders (Dispersalloy, Micro II, and Optaloy II). Other copper-rich amalgams made from one alloy usually had a slight shrinkages at the three temperatures with an exception, a slight expansion of 12 micrometers/cm at 60 C (Aristaloy CR, Indilogy non-zinc, Sybraloy, and Tytin). Dimensional changes during hardening ranged,on the average, from -3 to +19 micrometers/cm when measured by ADA Specification methods and from -2 to +25 micrometers/cm when measured by an indirect method. The clinical significance of the foregoing findings is unknown; nor is a relationship known among dimensional change of unrestricted specimens, dimensional change of restricted specimens, creep value, and clinical behavior of amalgams generally. In specific instances, however, a relationship is sometimes shown.", "contents": "Linear dimensional change of copper-rich dental amalgam. Copper-rich amalgams made from alloy mixtures have large expansions in air at 105 +/- 2 weeks that range from 100 to 194 micrometers/cm at 60 C, from 36 to 101 micrometers/cm at 37 C, and from 14 to 44 micrometers/cm at 23 C on unrestricted 8- x 4-mm cylinders (Dispersalloy, Micro II, and Optaloy II). Other copper-rich amalgams made from one alloy usually had a slight shrinkages at the three temperatures with an exception, a slight expansion of 12 micrometers/cm at 60 C (Aristaloy CR, Indilogy non-zinc, Sybraloy, and Tytin). Dimensional changes during hardening ranged,on the average, from -3 to +19 micrometers/cm when measured by ADA Specification methods and from -2 to +25 micrometers/cm when measured by an indirect method. The clinical significance of the foregoing findings is unknown; nor is a relationship known among dimensional change of unrestricted specimens, dimensional change of restricted specimens, creep value, and clinical behavior of amalgams generally. In specific instances, however, a relationship is sometimes shown."}
{"id": "PMID:288782", "title": "Self-shearing retentive pins: a laboratory evaluation of pin channel penetration before shearing.", "content": "This laboratory study determined the depth reached by self-shearing pins in dentin pin channels. Pin channels were prepared with the self-limiting shoulder twist drill for each of the four systems tested. Mean channel depth reached for the various pin systems was: Stabilok (small), 2.31 mm; Stabilok (medium), 1.78 mm; Reten Pin, 1.40 mm; and TMS (Regular), 2.04 mm. A coparison was also made by calculating the mean percent of penetration in relation to the depth of prepared pin channel: Stabilok (small), 92.50%; Stabilok (medium), 63.62%; Reten Pin, 66.67%; and TMS (Regular) 81.75%.", "contents": "Self-shearing retentive pins: a laboratory evaluation of pin channel penetration before shearing. This laboratory study determined the depth reached by self-shearing pins in dentin pin channels. Pin channels were prepared with the self-limiting shoulder twist drill for each of the four systems tested. Mean channel depth reached for the various pin systems was: Stabilok (small), 2.31 mm; Stabilok (medium), 1.78 mm; Reten Pin, 1.40 mm; and TMS (Regular), 2.04 mm. A coparison was also made by calculating the mean percent of penetration in relation to the depth of prepared pin channel: Stabilok (small), 92.50%; Stabilok (medium), 63.62%; Reten Pin, 66.67%; and TMS (Regular) 81.75%."}
{"id": "PMID:288783", "title": "Pulpectomy procedure for deciduous teeth with severe pulpal necrosis.", "content": "Pulpectomies of deciduous teeth with severe pulpal necrosis should be considered as a possible treatment plan. Systemic and dental criteria have been devised to help the clinician to select cases in which successful results may be produced. A clinical success occurs when the pulpectomized tooth is painless, is firm in its alveolar socket, and is without a fistulous tract. Radiographically, any radiolucent area should be resolving with six months, and no pathologic root resorption should be observed. Research should determine whether pulpectomies may be done on children with severe systemic disease and should determine long-term consequences of underfilled and overfilled pulpectomies.", "contents": "Pulpectomy procedure for deciduous teeth with severe pulpal necrosis. Pulpectomies of deciduous teeth with severe pulpal necrosis should be considered as a possible treatment plan. Systemic and dental criteria have been devised to help the clinician to select cases in which successful results may be produced. A clinical success occurs when the pulpectomized tooth is painless, is firm in its alveolar socket, and is without a fistulous tract. Radiographically, any radiolucent area should be resolving with six months, and no pathologic root resorption should be observed. Research should determine whether pulpectomies may be done on children with severe systemic disease and should determine long-term consequences of underfilled and overfilled pulpectomies."}
{"id": "PMID:288784", "title": "Triple mesiodentes.", "content": "An unusual case of three mesiodentes has been reported. The mesiodentes resulted in the impaction of the left central incisor.", "contents": "Triple mesiodentes. An unusual case of three mesiodentes has been reported. The mesiodentes resulted in the impaction of the left central incisor."}
{"id": "PMID:288785", "title": "Fracture of the anterior nasal spine.", "content": "Fracture of the anterior nasal spine is so rare that clinicians do not specifically look for it if other fractures of the middle third of the face have been ruled out. However, as suggested by this case, the possibility of fracture of the nasal spine should not be overlooked.", "contents": "Fracture of the anterior nasal spine. Fracture of the anterior nasal spine is so rare that clinicians do not specifically look for it if other fractures of the middle third of the face have been ruled out. However, as suggested by this case, the possibility of fracture of the nasal spine should not be overlooked."}
{"id": "PMID:288787", "title": "Communication in patient management as seen in a patient with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "A case report has been presented showing the possible psychological impact of a debilitating disease, such as multiple sclerosis, on a patient. Medical and dental evaluations had determined that it was necessary to delay making dentures until oral conditions improved. As this did not satisfy the patient's immediate objectives of treatment, he chose not to follow the proposed treatment plan. Instead he searched to find someone who would give him what he wanted. Dentists must evaluate the patient's objectives in relation to the physical criteria for treatment and should not compromise standards of care to accommodate the patient's demands.", "contents": "Communication in patient management as seen in a patient with multiple sclerosis. A case report has been presented showing the possible psychological impact of a debilitating disease, such as multiple sclerosis, on a patient. Medical and dental evaluations had determined that it was necessary to delay making dentures until oral conditions improved. As this did not satisfy the patient's immediate objectives of treatment, he chose not to follow the proposed treatment plan. Instead he searched to find someone who would give him what he wanted. Dentists must evaluate the patient's objectives in relation to the physical criteria for treatment and should not compromise standards of care to accommodate the patient's demands."}
{"id": "PMID:288822", "title": "A method for obtaining human bone marrow specimens enriched for myeloblasts and promyelocytes.", "content": "A simple method has been developed for obtaining specimens of human marrow which are enriched for myeloblasts and promyelocytes. The erythrocytes are lysed, the marrow is incubated with iron particles, and the cells that phagocytize the iron are removed with a powerful magnet. The marrow is then subjected to a density-cut centrifugation using Ficol-Hypaque with a density of 1.084 gm/mm3. The cells that do not enter the Ficol-Hypaque are removed from the surface and studied. The proportion of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in this subpopulation of cells exceeds 50%. Total recovery of these immature myeloid progenitor cells is 50% of that in the original marrow specimen. This method has been used for cell suspensions containing as many as 10(9) cells. Cells prepared using this method incorporate 3H-TdR, 3H-UR, and 3H-Leu at a higher rate than the unseparated specimens and have a cloning efficiency of 2.0% to 19.4% compared with 0.1% to 2.17% for the unseparated marrows.", "contents": "A method for obtaining human bone marrow specimens enriched for myeloblasts and promyelocytes. A simple method has been developed for obtaining specimens of human marrow which are enriched for myeloblasts and promyelocytes. The erythrocytes are lysed, the marrow is incubated with iron particles, and the cells that phagocytize the iron are removed with a powerful magnet. The marrow is then subjected to a density-cut centrifugation using Ficol-Hypaque with a density of 1.084 gm/mm3. The cells that do not enter the Ficol-Hypaque are removed from the surface and studied. The proportion of myeloblasts and promyelocytes in this subpopulation of cells exceeds 50%. Total recovery of these immature myeloid progenitor cells is 50% of that in the original marrow specimen. This method has been used for cell suspensions containing as many as 10(9) cells. Cells prepared using this method incorporate 3H-TdR, 3H-UR, and 3H-Leu at a higher rate than the unseparated specimens and have a cloning efficiency of 2.0% to 19.4% compared with 0.1% to 2.17% for the unseparated marrows."}
{"id": "PMID:288847", "title": "Neuroendocrine effects of haloperidol in an adolescent with Gilles de la Tourette's disease and delayed onset of puberty.", "content": "The effects of haloperidol on the release of prolactin, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone during sleep were studied in an adolescent male who had Gilles de la Tourette's disease and delayed onset of puberty. At doses of 5 and 2 mg, haloperidol led to an increase of prolactin secretion and a suppression of luteinizing hormone release. Growth hormone was unaffected. Despite these changes, the patient had normal secondary sexual development consistent with puberty.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine effects of haloperidol in an adolescent with Gilles de la Tourette's disease and delayed onset of puberty. The effects of haloperidol on the release of prolactin, growth hormone, and luteinizing hormone during sleep were studied in an adolescent male who had Gilles de la Tourette's disease and delayed onset of puberty. At doses of 5 and 2 mg, haloperidol led to an increase of prolactin secretion and a suppression of luteinizing hormone release. Growth hormone was unaffected. Despite these changes, the patient had normal secondary sexual development consistent with puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:288848", "title": "Ontogenesis of circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in pineal gland of rat.", "content": "Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity regulates the circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in pineal gland. NAT rhythm persisted in continuous darkness or in blinded rats. Development of the circadian rhythm of NAT activity was followed in the infant rats raised under various lighting schedules. The pups born and raised in continuous darkness or under constant illumination showed a rhythmic change indicating that the biological clock for NAT is generated inborn independent of environmental light-dark schedules. In the absence of light, the rhythms of pups synchronized with mother's rhythm. When rats were maintained under a ultradian light-dark schedule (LD 6:6), NAT activity showed a circadian change increasing once a day. When pups were born and raised under the ultradian lighting condition, NAT activity rhythm coincided with mother's rhythm. When pups were raised by a foster mother who had an inverted rhythm from that of an original mother, the rhythm of the pups synchronized with that of the foster mother. Whe pups were separated from their mother daily for 12 hours, their NAT rhythms reappeared when they were separated from their mother. These observations indicated a novel mechanism that in the absence of light-dark schedule, mothers taught the circadian rhythm to the pups as they raised them.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in pineal gland of rat. Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity regulates the circadian rhythm of melatonin synthesis in pineal gland. NAT rhythm persisted in continuous darkness or in blinded rats. Development of the circadian rhythm of NAT activity was followed in the infant rats raised under various lighting schedules. The pups born and raised in continuous darkness or under constant illumination showed a rhythmic change indicating that the biological clock for NAT is generated inborn independent of environmental light-dark schedules. In the absence of light, the rhythms of pups synchronized with mother's rhythm. When rats were maintained under a ultradian light-dark schedule (LD 6:6), NAT activity showed a circadian change increasing once a day. When pups were born and raised under the ultradian lighting condition, NAT activity rhythm coincided with mother's rhythm. When pups were raised by a foster mother who had an inverted rhythm from that of an original mother, the rhythm of the pups synchronized with that of the foster mother. Whe pups were separated from their mother daily for 12 hours, their NAT rhythms reappeared when they were separated from their mother. These observations indicated a novel mechanism that in the absence of light-dark schedule, mothers taught the circadian rhythm to the pups as they raised them."}
{"id": "PMID:288851", "title": "Evidence for an endocrine function of the human pineal gland. Chairman's introduction.", "content": "Research to date indicates that the human pineal gland synthesizes and secretes hormones which probably influence the functioning of the neuroendocrine axis. There is no basis for the idea that the human pineal becomes less functional with age, or as it becomes calcified.", "contents": "Evidence for an endocrine function of the human pineal gland. Chairman's introduction. Research to date indicates that the human pineal gland synthesizes and secretes hormones which probably influence the functioning of the neuroendocrine axis. There is no basis for the idea that the human pineal becomes less functional with age, or as it becomes calcified."}
{"id": "PMID:288852", "title": "The measurement of melatonin in mammalian tissues and body fluids.", "content": "A quantitative bioassay for melatonin and a radioimmunoassay for melatonin are described and evaluated in terms of their specificity, sensitivity, and practicability. A thin-layer chromatographic method is presented whereby the specificity of the radioimmunoassay for melatonin in blood and tissue extract is affirmed and its specificity in the assay of urinary melatonin is described. Preliminary observations on the relationship between the rate of melatonin excretion and blood levels of melatonin are also reported.", "contents": "The measurement of melatonin in mammalian tissues and body fluids. A quantitative bioassay for melatonin and a radioimmunoassay for melatonin are described and evaluated in terms of their specificity, sensitivity, and practicability. A thin-layer chromatographic method is presented whereby the specificity of the radioimmunoassay for melatonin in blood and tissue extract is affirmed and its specificity in the assay of urinary melatonin is described. Preliminary observations on the relationship between the rate of melatonin excretion and blood levels of melatonin are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:288853", "title": "Melatonin assays in body fluids.", "content": "A variety of methods now exist for the assay of melatonin in body fluids. Their relative merits are compared and the validation of one in particular (RIA) described. Physiological studies of melatonin by RIA have shown probable modulation of its secretion by gonadal steroids. The circadian activity maximum in the dark phase of one of the pineal melatonin synthesizing enzymes, N-acetyltransferase, is reflected in peripheral melatonin levels. Man, like all other species studied so far, has a dark phase rise in circulating melatonin. During the menstrual cycle, melatonin shows a luteal phase rise. Further evidence of pineal rhythmicity is found in seasonal melatonin variations in man. The study of the rhythmic properties of peripheral melatonin in man may provide important information on central nervous function.", "contents": "Melatonin assays in body fluids. A variety of methods now exist for the assay of melatonin in body fluids. Their relative merits are compared and the validation of one in particular (RIA) described. Physiological studies of melatonin by RIA have shown probable modulation of its secretion by gonadal steroids. The circadian activity maximum in the dark phase of one of the pineal melatonin synthesizing enzymes, N-acetyltransferase, is reflected in peripheral melatonin levels. Man, like all other species studied so far, has a dark phase rise in circulating melatonin. During the menstrual cycle, melatonin shows a luteal phase rise. Further evidence of pineal rhythmicity is found in seasonal melatonin variations in man. The study of the rhythmic properties of peripheral melatonin in man may provide important information on central nervous function."}
{"id": "PMID:288854", "title": "The application of mass spectrometry to the study of the pineal gland.", "content": "This paper presents briefly the basic principles of operation for the mass spectrometer (MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectromtery (GCMS) systems as well as discuss some of the analytical and assay methods for indole compounds which utilize GCMS. Using 5-methoxytryptophol as an example, the development of such an assay method is examined in detail. Finally, some of the most recent methodological and instrumental developments in mass spectrometry, including field disorption mass spectrometry (FDMS), negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and isotope dilution techniques are discussed in view of the contributions they may be expected to make to the study of pineal chemistry.", "contents": "The application of mass spectrometry to the study of the pineal gland. This paper presents briefly the basic principles of operation for the mass spectrometer (MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectromtery (GCMS) systems as well as discuss some of the analytical and assay methods for indole compounds which utilize GCMS. Using 5-methoxytryptophol as an example, the development of such an assay method is examined in detail. Finally, some of the most recent methodological and instrumental developments in mass spectrometry, including field disorption mass spectrometry (FDMS), negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and isotope dilution techniques are discussed in view of the contributions they may be expected to make to the study of pineal chemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:288855", "title": "Cervical spinal cord lesions disrupt the rhythm in human melatonin excretion.", "content": "To determine whether spinal cord lesions disrupt the diurnal activity of the human pineal, urinary melatonin levels were measured over 24 hours (4 or 8-hourly intervals) in male patients with clinical evidence of cervical spinal cord transection. During the waking state, levels of melatonin in these subjects ranged from 3.2--13.5 ng/4 hours; during sleep and darkness, values ranged from 1.8--10.5 ng/4 hours. Levels of serum cortisol, aldosterone, and growth hormone showed rhythmic variations in these subjects. The absence of significant nocturnal melatonin increases distinguishes quadriplegic subjects from normal males and from one subject with a lesion of the lumbar spinal cord. These differences may be caused by \"decentralization\" of the pineal organ due to a lesion within the cervical spinal cord interrupting descending sympathetic fibers. If so, the human pineal, like that of other mammals, is regulated, at least in part, by activity within the central nervous system via sympathetic nervous connections.", "contents": "Cervical spinal cord lesions disrupt the rhythm in human melatonin excretion. To determine whether spinal cord lesions disrupt the diurnal activity of the human pineal, urinary melatonin levels were measured over 24 hours (4 or 8-hourly intervals) in male patients with clinical evidence of cervical spinal cord transection. During the waking state, levels of melatonin in these subjects ranged from 3.2--13.5 ng/4 hours; during sleep and darkness, values ranged from 1.8--10.5 ng/4 hours. Levels of serum cortisol, aldosterone, and growth hormone showed rhythmic variations in these subjects. The absence of significant nocturnal melatonin increases distinguishes quadriplegic subjects from normal males and from one subject with a lesion of the lumbar spinal cord. These differences may be caused by \"decentralization\" of the pineal organ due to a lesion within the cervical spinal cord interrupting descending sympathetic fibers. If so, the human pineal, like that of other mammals, is regulated, at least in part, by activity within the central nervous system via sympathetic nervous connections."}
{"id": "PMID:288856", "title": "Studies of the 24 hour rhythm of melatonin in man.", "content": "In a series of four separate studies of the 24-hour pattern of melatonin secretory function in man, the following results were obtained. Sequential measurement of the concentration of melatonin in plasma and urine demonstrated a 24-hour rhythm in which more melatonin is secreted during the sleep-lights off as compared to the waking-lights on period. However, during \"free-running\" and after an acute phase shift of the sleep-wake cycle, a melatonin rhythm can be dissociated from the sleep-lights out rhythm. A radioimmunoassayable plasma melatonin substance was found in significant amounts throughout the entire 24-hour day using a frequent sampling technique (every 20 min). Melatonin appears to be secreted into the blood in discrete brief episodes superimposed on a maintained \"baseline\" concentration. The half-life appears to be less than 30 min.", "contents": "Studies of the 24 hour rhythm of melatonin in man. In a series of four separate studies of the 24-hour pattern of melatonin secretory function in man, the following results were obtained. Sequential measurement of the concentration of melatonin in plasma and urine demonstrated a 24-hour rhythm in which more melatonin is secreted during the sleep-lights off as compared to the waking-lights on period. However, during \"free-running\" and after an acute phase shift of the sleep-wake cycle, a melatonin rhythm can be dissociated from the sleep-lights out rhythm. A radioimmunoassayable plasma melatonin substance was found in significant amounts throughout the entire 24-hour day using a frequent sampling technique (every 20 min). Melatonin appears to be secreted into the blood in discrete brief episodes superimposed on a maintained \"baseline\" concentration. The half-life appears to be less than 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:288858", "title": "Physiological control of melatonin synthesis and secretion: mechanisms, generating rhythms in melatonin, methoxytryptophol, and arginine vasotocin levels and effects on the pineal of endogenous catecholamines, the estrous cycle, and environmental lighting.", "content": "Daily rhythms in pineal methoxyindole metabolism have been described in rodents and humans: serotonin levels in rat pineals are highest during the daylight hours and fall markedly soon after the onset of darkness, coincident with increases in the levels of pineal melatonin and 5-methoxy-tryptophol and the activities of pineal serotonin-N--acetyltransferase (SNAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). The fact that the levels of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol vary in parallel suggests that the major factor generating the methoxyindole rhythms is not SNAT activity, as has been suggested, but a proximal step, perhaps a change in the availability (for metabolism) of \"stored\" serotonin. Melatonin levels in human serum and urine exhibit rhythms similar to those observed in rats, i.e., they rise sharply during the daily dark period. When the onset of darkness is delayed by 12 hours, human melatonin rhythms usually require 3 or 4 days to adjust to the new lighting regimen. Environmental factors, other than light, that activate the sympathetic nervous system or cause epinephrine to be secreted from the adrenal medulla (e.g., the stress of immobilization; insulin-induced hypoglycemia) can override the inhibitory effects of light and accelerate melatonin synthesis. Melatonin levels in rat blood and urine are lowest during the proestrous and estrous phases of the estrous cycle. Although this effect of the ovarian steroid hormones is accompanied by a reduction in urinary norepinephrine levels, it is not caused simply by a decrease in the quantity of norepinephrine acting on the pineal but also involves a direct action of the hormones.  Ovariectomy increases serum melatonin levels, whereas the administration of estradiol plus progesterone (to ovariectomized animals) lowers melatonin levels.  The spectral and intensity-response characteristics of the photic inhibition of melatonin synthesis have been established for the rat. Rhythms in melatonin synthesis apparently persist among animals placed in environments of continuous darkness; the source of the cyclic signal (mediated by the pineal sympathetic nerves) has not yet been identified. Preliminary evidence suggests that levels of a peptide hormone, arginine vasotocin, in rat pineals and sera also exhibit daily rhythms and are increased by norepinephrine.", "contents": "Physiological control of melatonin synthesis and secretion: mechanisms, generating rhythms in melatonin, methoxytryptophol, and arginine vasotocin levels and effects on the pineal of endogenous catecholamines, the estrous cycle, and environmental lighting. Daily rhythms in pineal methoxyindole metabolism have been described in rodents and humans: serotonin levels in rat pineals are highest during the daylight hours and fall markedly soon after the onset of darkness, coincident with increases in the levels of pineal melatonin and 5-methoxy-tryptophol and the activities of pineal serotonin-N--acetyltransferase (SNAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). The fact that the levels of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol vary in parallel suggests that the major factor generating the methoxyindole rhythms is not SNAT activity, as has been suggested, but a proximal step, perhaps a change in the availability (for metabolism) of \"stored\" serotonin. Melatonin levels in human serum and urine exhibit rhythms similar to those observed in rats, i.e., they rise sharply during the daily dark period. When the onset of darkness is delayed by 12 hours, human melatonin rhythms usually require 3 or 4 days to adjust to the new lighting regimen. Environmental factors, other than light, that activate the sympathetic nervous system or cause epinephrine to be secreted from the adrenal medulla (e.g., the stress of immobilization; insulin-induced hypoglycemia) can override the inhibitory effects of light and accelerate melatonin synthesis. Melatonin levels in rat blood and urine are lowest during the proestrous and estrous phases of the estrous cycle. Although this effect of the ovarian steroid hormones is accompanied by a reduction in urinary norepinephrine levels, it is not caused simply by a decrease in the quantity of norepinephrine acting on the pineal but also involves a direct action of the hormones.  Ovariectomy increases serum melatonin levels, whereas the administration of estradiol plus progesterone (to ovariectomized animals) lowers melatonin levels.  The spectral and intensity-response characteristics of the photic inhibition of melatonin synthesis have been established for the rat. Rhythms in melatonin synthesis apparently persist among animals placed in environments of continuous darkness; the source of the cyclic signal (mediated by the pineal sympathetic nerves) has not yet been identified. Preliminary evidence suggests that levels of a peptide hormone, arginine vasotocin, in rat pineals and sera also exhibit daily rhythms and are increased by norepinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:288888", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the oral cavity: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of hemangiopericytoma of the tongue has been described. The literature regarding hemangiopericytoma of the oral cavity has been reviewed; 35 cases have now been reported. There is essentially no difference in clinical behavior, treatment, or recurrence rate reported in the oral cavity and, because of the high recurrence rate and difficulty in predicting the clinical behavior of hemangiopericytoma, long-term follow-up care is important.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the oral cavity: report of case and review of the literature. A case of hemangiopericytoma of the tongue has been described. The literature regarding hemangiopericytoma of the oral cavity has been reviewed; 35 cases have now been reported. There is essentially no difference in clinical behavior, treatment, or recurrence rate reported in the oral cavity and, because of the high recurrence rate and difficulty in predicting the clinical behavior of hemangiopericytoma, long-term follow-up care is important."}
{"id": "PMID:288889", "title": "Extracapsular fibrous ankylosis of the mandible after open reduction of a zygomatic arch fracture: report of case.", "content": "A case of fibrous ankylosis of the coronoid process to either the zygomatic arch or maxilla, or both, as a complication after open reduction of a depressed zygomatic arch fracture is presented. The rationale for diagnosis and treatment is reviewed.", "contents": "Extracapsular fibrous ankylosis of the mandible after open reduction of a zygomatic arch fracture: report of case. A case of fibrous ankylosis of the coronoid process to either the zygomatic arch or maxilla, or both, as a complication after open reduction of a depressed zygomatic arch fracture is presented. The rationale for diagnosis and treatment is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:288890", "title": "A new surgical procedure for correction of lip deformity in cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia (whistling face syndrome).", "content": "A child with cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia or whistling face syndrome is described together with a new surgical procedure for the correction of the mouth deformity. The syndrome is rare; only approximately 40 cases have been described in the literature since 1938. Correction of the facial appearance is of great importance to the affected individuals because of emotional problems they may develop as a reaction of their anomalies. Although the majority of cases have been sporadic, the syndrome can be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Therefore, genetic counseling for affected persons should be offered.", "contents": "A new surgical procedure for correction of lip deformity in cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia (whistling face syndrome). A child with cranio-carpo-tarsal dysplasia or whistling face syndrome is described together with a new surgical procedure for the correction of the mouth deformity. The syndrome is rare; only approximately 40 cases have been described in the literature since 1938. Correction of the facial appearance is of great importance to the affected individuals because of emotional problems they may develop as a reaction of their anomalies. Although the majority of cases have been sporadic, the syndrome can be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Therefore, genetic counseling for affected persons should be offered."}
{"id": "PMID:288892", "title": "Esophageal achalasia after maxillofacial surgery.", "content": "An unusual, characteristic case of etiopathic achalasia of the esophagus is reported and the literature is reviewed. This disease has not previously been reported in the dental literature, but is well-known in the medical field. The case report illustrates the salient features of previosuly described achalasia in adults: vague history of asthma with respiratory symptoms of wheezing, obstruction to swallowing, regurgitation, intermittent pain, and peripheral neuritis in a thin patient who claims to be a light eater. The primary concern of the oral surgeon is the management of nutrition. In the case reported, to ingest food. After mobilization of the jaws, the patient could not longer eat the small amounts she could preoperatively. Suspected achalasiactic symptoms should be investigated thoroughly through proper work-up to rule out this disorder before elective surgery is performed. In nonelective cases, the practitioner must be prepared to manage the problems and complications and obtain the proper consultations.", "contents": "Esophageal achalasia after maxillofacial surgery. An unusual, characteristic case of etiopathic achalasia of the esophagus is reported and the literature is reviewed. This disease has not previously been reported in the dental literature, but is well-known in the medical field. The case report illustrates the salient features of previosuly described achalasia in adults: vague history of asthma with respiratory symptoms of wheezing, obstruction to swallowing, regurgitation, intermittent pain, and peripheral neuritis in a thin patient who claims to be a light eater. The primary concern of the oral surgeon is the management of nutrition. In the case reported, to ingest food. After mobilization of the jaws, the patient could not longer eat the small amounts she could preoperatively. Suspected achalasiactic symptoms should be investigated thoroughly through proper work-up to rule out this disorder before elective surgery is performed. In nonelective cases, the practitioner must be prepared to manage the problems and complications and obtain the proper consultations."}
{"id": "PMID:288893", "title": "Surgical recontouring of a panfacial fibro-osseous deformity.", "content": "A report of the surgical management of a patient with a panfacial fibro-osseous deformity resulting from fibrous dysplasia, hyperparathyroidism, or both, is presented as a sequel to a previous article discussing the initial work-up and diagnostic considerations. The literature pertinent to the surgical correction of fibro-osseous lesions irformed through an oral approach. Regrowth of the lesion after three years was minimal in the maxilla and approximately 20% in the mandible.", "contents": "Surgical recontouring of a panfacial fibro-osseous deformity. A report of the surgical management of a patient with a panfacial fibro-osseous deformity resulting from fibrous dysplasia, hyperparathyroidism, or both, is presented as a sequel to a previous article discussing the initial work-up and diagnostic considerations. The literature pertinent to the surgical correction of fibro-osseous lesions irformed through an oral approach. Regrowth of the lesion after three years was minimal in the maxilla and approximately 20% in the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:288900", "title": "Influence of plaque control on the healing of experimentally-induced bone defects in the dog.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to induce alveolar bone defects experimentally in dogs and to study the effects of mechanical tooth cleaning on their subsequent development. Thirty premolars from four beagle dogs were used. Bone defects were created by surgically exposing the adjacent alveolar bone and applying steel or silk ligatures around the roots of the chosen teeth. After 8 weeks the ligatures were removed. Dental plaque was allowed to accumulate on 20 premolars whereas daily plaque elimination by toothbrushing was carefully performed on 10 premolars. After 1, 3, and 6 months of plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket depth, gingival recession and the radiographically observed degree of bone destruction were registered. Histological examination was performed in conjunction with the registrations made 6 months after removal of the ligatures. The clinical, radiographic and histologic findings all confirm that a regeneration of the experimentally induced destruction of the periodontal tissues had taken place. This reaction was most evident in teeth exposed to mechanical plaque control. The remaining bone defects were consistently accompanied by recession of the gingival margin.", "contents": "Influence of plaque control on the healing of experimentally-induced bone defects in the dog. The aim of this investigation was to induce alveolar bone defects experimentally in dogs and to study the effects of mechanical tooth cleaning on their subsequent development. Thirty premolars from four beagle dogs were used. Bone defects were created by surgically exposing the adjacent alveolar bone and applying steel or silk ligatures around the roots of the chosen teeth. After 8 weeks the ligatures were removed. Dental plaque was allowed to accumulate on 20 premolars whereas daily plaque elimination by toothbrushing was carefully performed on 10 premolars. After 1, 3, and 6 months of plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, periodontal pocket depth, gingival recession and the radiographically observed degree of bone destruction were registered. Histological examination was performed in conjunction with the registrations made 6 months after removal of the ligatures. The clinical, radiographic and histologic findings all confirm that a regeneration of the experimentally induced destruction of the periodontal tissues had taken place. This reaction was most evident in teeth exposed to mechanical plaque control. The remaining bone defects were consistently accompanied by recession of the gingival margin."}
{"id": "PMID:288901", "title": "Longitudinal evaluation of the excisional new attachment procedure in humans.", "content": "Evaluation of the Excisional New Attachment Procedure (ENAP) was extended to 3 years postoperatively. Generally, there was an overall mean increase in sulcus depth of 0.5 mm; an overall mean increase in recession of 0.1 mm; and an overall mean decrease in the amount of previously gained new attachment of 0.6 mm between 1 year and 3 years after surgery. These values reflected a statistically significant, but clinically insignificant, difference in mean sulcus depth and mean attachment level between the two evaluation periods. Only one tooth site demonstrated clinical findings worse than those determined preoperatively. These results are similar to those of other longitudinal studies.", "contents": "Longitudinal evaluation of the excisional new attachment procedure in humans. Evaluation of the Excisional New Attachment Procedure (ENAP) was extended to 3 years postoperatively. Generally, there was an overall mean increase in sulcus depth of 0.5 mm; an overall mean increase in recession of 0.1 mm; and an overall mean decrease in the amount of previously gained new attachment of 0.6 mm between 1 year and 3 years after surgery. These values reflected a statistically significant, but clinically insignificant, difference in mean sulcus depth and mean attachment level between the two evaluation periods. Only one tooth site demonstrated clinical findings worse than those determined preoperatively. These results are similar to those of other longitudinal studies."}
{"id": "PMID:288902", "title": "Microscopic demonstration of the position of periodontal probes.", "content": "This study reported on the histometric evaluation and microscopic description of eight specimens obtained from six subjects. Blades from University of Michigan \"O\" periodontal probes were placed into sulci under standard pressures. With the metal probes in place, specimens were obtained in block sections, processed, stained and evaluated.", "contents": "Microscopic demonstration of the position of periodontal probes. This study reported on the histometric evaluation and microscopic description of eight specimens obtained from six subjects. Blades from University of Michigan \"O\" periodontal probes were placed into sulci under standard pressures. With the metal probes in place, specimens were obtained in block sections, processed, stained and evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:288905", "title": "The angiographic tension test in mucogingival surgery.", "content": "Attached gingiva's integrity was studied with the aid of fluorescein angiography and a standardized frenal tension test in 15 subjects aged between 19 and 41 years (9 female, 6 male) with mucogingival pathology in the region of the mandibular labial frenum. Each subject showed preoperatively gingival angiographic ischemia under 200 p frenal traction. The angiographic ischemia was in no case congruent to the clinical ischemia. One month after surgical enlargement of attached gingiva (eight grafts of palatal mucosa, seven subperiosteal vestibulum extension) both mucogingival surgery techniques successfully prevented the gingival blood circulation from showing ischemia clinically as well as angiographically under 200 p frenal traction.", "contents": "The angiographic tension test in mucogingival surgery. Attached gingiva's integrity was studied with the aid of fluorescein angiography and a standardized frenal tension test in 15 subjects aged between 19 and 41 years (9 female, 6 male) with mucogingival pathology in the region of the mandibular labial frenum. Each subject showed preoperatively gingival angiographic ischemia under 200 p frenal traction. The angiographic ischemia was in no case congruent to the clinical ischemia. One month after surgical enlargement of attached gingiva (eight grafts of palatal mucosa, seven subperiosteal vestibulum extension) both mucogingival surgery techniques successfully prevented the gingival blood circulation from showing ischemia clinically as well as angiographically under 200 p frenal traction."}
{"id": "PMID:288906", "title": "The papilla rotation flap.", "content": "A new technique is described for correction of specific mucogingival defects which is designed to encourage rapid healing of the defect and donor areas. Further, this approach often yields a greater width of attached gingiva than other techniques, and is well tolerated by the patient.", "contents": "The papilla rotation flap. A new technique is described for correction of specific mucogingival defects which is designed to encourage rapid healing of the defect and donor areas. Further, this approach often yields a greater width of attached gingiva than other techniques, and is well tolerated by the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:288907", "title": "Techniques for the protection and coverage of the donor sites in free soft tissue grafts.", "content": "Palatal donor sites used for free soft tissue grafts are commonly left exposed during healing which occurs by secondary intention. This often results in postoperative discomfort and pain and in some cases apparent delayed healing of the donor sites. Various techniques for the protection and coverage of donor sites have been presented and the rationale, advantages and disadvantages of coverage of gingival wounds have been discussed.", "contents": "Techniques for the protection and coverage of the donor sites in free soft tissue grafts. Palatal donor sites used for free soft tissue grafts are commonly left exposed during healing which occurs by secondary intention. This often results in postoperative discomfort and pain and in some cases apparent delayed healing of the donor sites. Various techniques for the protection and coverage of donor sites have been presented and the rationale, advantages and disadvantages of coverage of gingival wounds have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288908", "title": "Periodontosis: a case report with scanning electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A tooth and associated periodontal tissues from a patient with the diagnosis of periodontosis was subjected to scanning electron microscopic evaluation after reflection of the soft tissue portion of the lingual defect. The cemental surface of the apical portion of the lesion was found to be populated by markedly similar rod-shaped organisms. The microorganisms were observed to be continuously present in a coronal-apical direction as the transition from cementum to the attached soft tissues at the base of the defect were examined. These findings provide additional evidence that the lesion of periodontosis is characterized by a rather distinct microbial population of rod-shaped organisms located predominately at the base of the defect.", "contents": "Periodontosis: a case report with scanning electron microscopic observations. A tooth and associated periodontal tissues from a patient with the diagnosis of periodontosis was subjected to scanning electron microscopic evaluation after reflection of the soft tissue portion of the lingual defect. The cemental surface of the apical portion of the lesion was found to be populated by markedly similar rod-shaped organisms. The microorganisms were observed to be continuously present in a coronal-apical direction as the transition from cementum to the attached soft tissues at the base of the defect were examined. These findings provide additional evidence that the lesion of periodontosis is characterized by a rather distinct microbial population of rod-shaped organisms located predominately at the base of the defect."}
{"id": "PMID:288910", "title": "The true gingival fibroma. An analysis of 129 fibrous gingival lesions.", "content": "A histologic review of 129 circumscribed mesenchymal lesions of the gingivae was performed. Two cases were peripheral reparative giant cell granulomas; eight were peripheral odontogenic fibromas; 41 were inflammatory hyperplasias; 68 were pyogenic granulomas; 11 were \"hard fibromas\"; one lesion exhibited the histologic features of a true fibroma.", "contents": "The true gingival fibroma. An analysis of 129 fibrous gingival lesions. A histologic review of 129 circumscribed mesenchymal lesions of the gingivae was performed. Two cases were peripheral reparative giant cell granulomas; eight were peripheral odontogenic fibromas; 41 were inflammatory hyperplasias; 68 were pyogenic granulomas; 11 were \"hard fibromas\"; one lesion exhibited the histologic features of a true fibroma."}
{"id": "PMID:288911", "title": "A method for securing conservative block section in the mandibular anterior region.", "content": "A conservative method for removal of histologic block tissue sections has been presented. Its application permits the operator to conserve a portion of lingual alveolar bone in the mandibular anterior region to allow maintenance of a sufficient amount of ridge bone and tissue for construction of a functional and esthetic removable or fixed prosthetic appliance. This block section procedure may be modified to permit more conservation of human tissues in those studies involving human subjects.", "contents": "A method for securing conservative block section in the mandibular anterior region. A conservative method for removal of histologic block tissue sections has been presented. Its application permits the operator to conserve a portion of lingual alveolar bone in the mandibular anterior region to allow maintenance of a sufficient amount of ridge bone and tissue for construction of a functional and esthetic removable or fixed prosthetic appliance. This block section procedure may be modified to permit more conservation of human tissues in those studies involving human subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:288924", "title": "Detection of tumor antibodies in patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Metastatic tumors from livers of 5 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas and from the liver of 1 patient with malignant breast carcinoma were extracted with 3 M KCl; similar extracts were prepared from normal human colon and liver and from human fetal gut. The extracts were depleted of serum globulins by passage through reverse immunoadsorbent columns consisting of rabbit antibodies to the F(ab)2 fragment of human IgG and were then coupled to CNBr-activated paper disks. These \"antigen\" disks were used in a radioimmunoassay, with the aid of 125I-labeled rabbit antihuman F(ab')2 antibodies for the assay of circulating tumor antibodies produced by cancer patients. Statistical evaluation of the results with plasma samples from 47 patients with colorectal carcinomas and from 7 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders (polyps, villous papilloma, diverticulitis, and Crohn's disease) indicated that a significant number of patients had antibodies to cross-reactive tumor antigen(s). The cross-reactive tumor antigen(s) involved in the reaction was not detected in extracts of the gastrointestinal tract from 12-week human fetuses and did not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen.", "contents": "Detection of tumor antibodies in patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Metastatic tumors from livers of 5 patients with gastrointestinal carcinomas and from the liver of 1 patient with malignant breast carcinoma were extracted with 3 M KCl; similar extracts were prepared from normal human colon and liver and from human fetal gut. The extracts were depleted of serum globulins by passage through reverse immunoadsorbent columns consisting of rabbit antibodies to the F(ab)2 fragment of human IgG and were then coupled to CNBr-activated paper disks. These \"antigen\" disks were used in a radioimmunoassay, with the aid of 125I-labeled rabbit antihuman F(ab')2 antibodies for the assay of circulating tumor antibodies produced by cancer patients. Statistical evaluation of the results with plasma samples from 47 patients with colorectal carcinomas and from 7 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders (polyps, villous papilloma, diverticulitis, and Crohn's disease) indicated that a significant number of patients had antibodies to cross-reactive tumor antigen(s). The cross-reactive tumor antigen(s) involved in the reaction was not detected in extracts of the gastrointestinal tract from 12-week human fetuses and did not cross-react with carcinoembryonic antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:288925", "title": "Cancer incidence by marital status: U.S. Third National Cancer Survey.", "content": "Site-specific cancer incidence rates were computed by sex, age, and marital status for whites and blacks separately for ages 35-64 years with the use of population-based incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71) and with demographic data from the 1970 U.S. Census. Although rates were presented for all cancer sites combined and for 44 specific sites or rubrics, discussion focused on the 17 most common cancers. Within age, race, and sex groups, patterns of cancer incidence by marital status were compared by means of standardized incidence ratios, and the consistency of marital status patterns across age groups was assessed statistically. Among the most notable findings were: excess cancer rates across most sites and age groups in single black males, consistently high rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus in divorced white males and in single black females, low rates for the hormone-dependent reproductive tumors (prostate gland, breast, uterine corpus, and ovary) in separated white males and females, and high rates for cervical cancer among separated white women. Marital status patterns, where found, frequently differed between whites and blacks and between males and females.", "contents": "Cancer incidence by marital status: U.S. Third National Cancer Survey. Site-specific cancer incidence rates were computed by sex, age, and marital status for whites and blacks separately for ages 35-64 years with the use of population-based incidence data from the Third National Cancer Survey (1969-71) and with demographic data from the 1970 U.S. Census. Although rates were presented for all cancer sites combined and for 44 specific sites or rubrics, discussion focused on the 17 most common cancers. Within age, race, and sex groups, patterns of cancer incidence by marital status were compared by means of standardized incidence ratios, and the consistency of marital status patterns across age groups was assessed statistically. Among the most notable findings were: excess cancer rates across most sites and age groups in single black males, consistently high rates for cancer of the lung and bronchus in divorced white males and in single black females, low rates for the hormone-dependent reproductive tumors (prostate gland, breast, uterine corpus, and ovary) in separated white males and females, and high rates for cervical cancer among separated white women. Marital status patterns, where found, frequently differed between whites and blacks and between males and females."}
{"id": "PMID:288927", "title": "Detection and analysis of a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotype B cell line contamination.", "content": "Eight of approximately 100 cell lines derived at the Scott and White Clinic from human solid tumors were found to have the same phenotypes when analyzed for 15 polymorphic enzymes at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. These data were confirmed at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The similarity was supported by cytogenetic studies at both institutions. The chronology of the establishment of these cell lines and isoenzyme and cytogenetic studies indicated that six of these lines have cross cell contamination. These include SW-527 and SW-613 mammary carcinomas, SW-598 meningioma, SW-608 astrocytoma, SW-732 cervix carcinoma, and SW-733 bladder carcinoma. Our data supported the authenticity of SW-480 and SW-620, which were derived from a colon carcinoma and its metastasis, respectively, from the same patient.", "contents": "Detection and analysis of a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotype B cell line contamination. Eight of approximately 100 cell lines derived at the Scott and White Clinic from human solid tumors were found to have the same phenotypes when analyzed for 15 polymorphic enzymes at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. These data were confirmed at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute. The similarity was supported by cytogenetic studies at both institutions. The chronology of the establishment of these cell lines and isoenzyme and cytogenetic studies indicated that six of these lines have cross cell contamination. These include SW-527 and SW-613 mammary carcinomas, SW-598 meningioma, SW-608 astrocytoma, SW-732 cervix carcinoma, and SW-733 bladder carcinoma. Our data supported the authenticity of SW-480 and SW-620, which were derived from a colon carcinoma and its metastasis, respectively, from the same patient."}
{"id": "PMID:288928", "title": "N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced spinal tumors in an inbred strain of W albino rats.", "content": "Exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) either transplacentally via the maternal bloodstream or postnatally by direct injection into the cerebellum or the cisterna magna resulted in a high incidence of spinal tumors in an inbred strain of W albino rats. After prenatal exposure to 60 mg ENU/kg maternal body weight, as many as 92% of the offspring developed 1 or more tumors in the spinal cord, whereas after postnatal exposure to 0.2 mg ENU/animal, 50% of the animals eventually developed spinal tumors. These tumors included relatively pure oligodendrogllomas, astrocytomas, and the usual mixed gllomas. Obvious clinical symptoms of paralysis of the limbs and weight loss accompanying the high incidence of tumors in the spinal cord make this system pertinent to the study of carcinogenesis in the central nervous system as well as to the study of related problems to the incidence of these tumors are discussed.", "contents": "N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced spinal tumors in an inbred strain of W albino rats. Exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) either transplacentally via the maternal bloodstream or postnatally by direct injection into the cerebellum or the cisterna magna resulted in a high incidence of spinal tumors in an inbred strain of W albino rats. After prenatal exposure to 60 mg ENU/kg maternal body weight, as many as 92% of the offspring developed 1 or more tumors in the spinal cord, whereas after postnatal exposure to 0.2 mg ENU/animal, 50% of the animals eventually developed spinal tumors. These tumors included relatively pure oligodendrogllomas, astrocytomas, and the usual mixed gllomas. Obvious clinical symptoms of paralysis of the limbs and weight loss accompanying the high incidence of tumors in the spinal cord make this system pertinent to the study of carcinogenesis in the central nervous system as well as to the study of related problems to the incidence of these tumors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288929", "title": "Trisomy of chromosome No 13 in spontaneous mammary tumors of GR, C3H, and noninbred Swiss mice.", "content": "Karyotype analyses were conducted on spontaneous mammary tumors of 11 GR, 2 C3H, and 2 noninbred Swiss mice with the use of trypsin-Giemsa banding procedures. All tumors manifested trisomy of chromosome No 13 in most cells, and all except 1 tumor had cells with a model chromosome number of 40.", "contents": "Trisomy of chromosome No 13 in spontaneous mammary tumors of GR, C3H, and noninbred Swiss mice. Karyotype analyses were conducted on spontaneous mammary tumors of 11 GR, 2 C3H, and 2 noninbred Swiss mice with the use of trypsin-Giemsa banding procedures. All tumors manifested trisomy of chromosome No 13 in most cells, and all except 1 tumor had cells with a model chromosome number of 40."}
{"id": "PMID:288930", "title": "Cigarette smoke inhalation studies in inbred Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "Invasive carcinoma of the larynx was induced in 36.8% of inbred Syrian golden hamsters from strain B10 15.16, susceptible to this type of cancer when exposed to smoke from reference filter cigarettes for 59-80 weeks. Nearly half the animals (47.4%) showed laryngeal cancer, including noninvasive carcinoma and carcinoma in situ, which occurred with daily smoke exposures (twice a day for 12 min each time, for 27 sec out of each min) 7 days a week at smoke concentrations of 22%. When the smoke concentration was reduced to 11%, the number of induced lesions was reduced proprotionately. When a portion of tobacco was replaced in the cigarettes by a tobacco supplement, Cytrel (a trademark of the Celanese Corp., Charlotte, N.C.), a reduction of carcinogenesis proportionate to the Cytrel content of the cigarette took place. Smoke from cigarettes containing only Cytrel and no tobacco induced no carcinomas under the conditions used. Other dose-related changes observed were laryngeal papillomas, laryngeal epithelial hyperplasia, tracheal epithelial hyperplasia, and metaplasia and accumulation of alveolar macrophages. Tar deposition in lungs and accumulation of alveolar macrophages. Tar deposition in lungs and larynges was determined in a separate study by means of a marker, decachlorobiphenyl, added to the cigarettes. Admixture of Cytrel to cigarettes reduced tar deposition in the respiratory tract, which paralleled the decrease in the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma. However, the amounts of tar deposited in the larynx when 100% Cytrel was smoked were still significant, even though no carcinomas were observed. Thus smoke from Cytrel tobacco supplement may be less carcinogenic than equal amounts of tobacco smoke.", "contents": "Cigarette smoke inhalation studies in inbred Syrian golden hamsters. Invasive carcinoma of the larynx was induced in 36.8% of inbred Syrian golden hamsters from strain B10 15.16, susceptible to this type of cancer when exposed to smoke from reference filter cigarettes for 59-80 weeks. Nearly half the animals (47.4%) showed laryngeal cancer, including noninvasive carcinoma and carcinoma in situ, which occurred with daily smoke exposures (twice a day for 12 min each time, for 27 sec out of each min) 7 days a week at smoke concentrations of 22%. When the smoke concentration was reduced to 11%, the number of induced lesions was reduced proprotionately. When a portion of tobacco was replaced in the cigarettes by a tobacco supplement, Cytrel (a trademark of the Celanese Corp., Charlotte, N.C.), a reduction of carcinogenesis proportionate to the Cytrel content of the cigarette took place. Smoke from cigarettes containing only Cytrel and no tobacco induced no carcinomas under the conditions used. Other dose-related changes observed were laryngeal papillomas, laryngeal epithelial hyperplasia, tracheal epithelial hyperplasia, and metaplasia and accumulation of alveolar macrophages. Tar deposition in lungs and accumulation of alveolar macrophages. Tar deposition in lungs and larynges was determined in a separate study by means of a marker, decachlorobiphenyl, added to the cigarettes. Admixture of Cytrel to cigarettes reduced tar deposition in the respiratory tract, which paralleled the decrease in the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma. However, the amounts of tar deposited in the larynx when 100% Cytrel was smoked were still significant, even though no carcinomas were observed. Thus smoke from Cytrel tobacco supplement may be less carcinogenic than equal amounts of tobacco smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:288931", "title": "Morphologic and DNA autoradiographic studies of the microcirculation in a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma: growth phase.", "content": "The morphology and tritiated thymidine uptake of the vascular channels in a transplantable W rat fibrosarcoma sampled at various times during growth are documented. New vessels originated primarily from normal venules in the subcutaneous tissue surrounding the neoplastic implant and grew at least twofold faster than did wound-induced vessels. During the 4-week observation period, partial maturation of vascular channels newly induced by the neoplasm was seen. This partial maturation was evidenced by an increase in the concentration of micropinocytic vesicles, a reduction in concentration and localization of intraluminal processes at or near interendothelial cell junctions, changes in the endothelial cell nuclei, and partial deposition of basement membrane material. The development of smooth muscle and nerve tissue was not seen. The proportion (13%) of labeled endothelial cells in normal subcutaneous connective tissue surrounding the 3-day-old fibrosarcoma implant was significantly higher than that seen in controls, as was the labeling index (14-25%) for endothelial cells in the fibrosarcoma up to 2 weeks after implantation. Vascular channels in the established neoplasm were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture techniques, and a resemblance to venular morphology was detected.", "contents": "Morphologic and DNA autoradiographic studies of the microcirculation in a transplantable rat fibrosarcoma: growth phase. The morphology and tritiated thymidine uptake of the vascular channels in a transplantable W rat fibrosarcoma sampled at various times during growth are documented. New vessels originated primarily from normal venules in the subcutaneous tissue surrounding the neoplastic implant and grew at least twofold faster than did wound-induced vessels. During the 4-week observation period, partial maturation of vascular channels newly induced by the neoplasm was seen. This partial maturation was evidenced by an increase in the concentration of micropinocytic vesicles, a reduction in concentration and localization of intraluminal processes at or near interendothelial cell junctions, changes in the endothelial cell nuclei, and partial deposition of basement membrane material. The development of smooth muscle and nerve tissue was not seen. The proportion (13%) of labeled endothelial cells in normal subcutaneous connective tissue surrounding the 3-day-old fibrosarcoma implant was significantly higher than that seen in controls, as was the labeling index (14-25%) for endothelial cells in the fibrosarcoma up to 2 weeks after implantation. Vascular channels in the established neoplasm were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture techniques, and a resemblance to venular morphology was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:288932", "title": "Organ-selective action of an antitumor drug: pharmacologic studies of liposome-encapsulated beta-cytosine arabinoside administered via the respiratory system of the rat.", "content": "beta-Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in free and liposome encapsulated form was administered to Wistar rats by intratracheal institution. Free [3H]Ara-C administered in this manner rapidly left the lung and entered the systemic circulation. Liposome-encapsulated [3H]Ara-C persisted in the lung for a long period, with little redistribution to other tissues. Liposomes administered via the trachea became widely distributed throughout the lung air spaces, as evidenced by the histochemical localization of liposomes containing horse-radish peroxidase. Free Ara-C (5 mg/kg) administered into the trachea effectively suppressed macromolecular incorporation of [14C]thymidine ([14C]dThd) in the bone marrow and gut as well as in the lung. Liposome-encapsulated Ara-C (5 mg/kg) effectively suppressed macromolecular incorporation of [14C]dThd in the lung but had little effect on this process in the gut and bone marrow. Our results suggest that liposome-encapsulated Ara-C may be able to produce a local pharmacologic effect within the lung without producing adverse side effects in other tissues. This observation may be relevant to the chemotherapy of pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "Organ-selective action of an antitumor drug: pharmacologic studies of liposome-encapsulated beta-cytosine arabinoside administered via the respiratory system of the rat. beta-Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in free and liposome encapsulated form was administered to Wistar rats by intratracheal institution. Free [3H]Ara-C administered in this manner rapidly left the lung and entered the systemic circulation. Liposome-encapsulated [3H]Ara-C persisted in the lung for a long period, with little redistribution to other tissues. Liposomes administered via the trachea became widely distributed throughout the lung air spaces, as evidenced by the histochemical localization of liposomes containing horse-radish peroxidase. Free Ara-C (5 mg/kg) administered into the trachea effectively suppressed macromolecular incorporation of [14C]thymidine ([14C]dThd) in the bone marrow and gut as well as in the lung. Liposome-encapsulated Ara-C (5 mg/kg) effectively suppressed macromolecular incorporation of [14C]dThd in the lung but had little effect on this process in the gut and bone marrow. Our results suggest that liposome-encapsulated Ara-C may be able to produce a local pharmacologic effect within the lung without producing adverse side effects in other tissues. This observation may be relevant to the chemotherapy of pulmonary metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:288933", "title": "Capacity of mammary fat pads of adult C3H/HeMs mice to interact morphogenetically with fetal mammary epithelium.", "content": "When rudimentary mammary epithelium from 13- to 17-day female C3H/HeMs fetuses was transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old mice, organogenetic development of the grafts occurred, resembling that seen in normal mammary gland morphogenesis. Initial developmental growth did not require the reproductive hormones. Mammary fat pads of juvenile (3-wk-old), young adult (8- to 12-wk-old), and fully matured (40-wk-old) females had equal ability to interact morphogenetically with fetal mammary epithelium. Fetal pulmonary, pancreatic, and salivary gland epithella showed no morphogenetic response within adult mammary fat. An exception was rudimentary hair follicle epithellum, which underwent extensive development toward hair follicles within mammary fat. Mammary glands that developed from rudimentary mammary epithellum transplanted into gland-free fat pads underwent morphologic changes characteristic of lactation when the hosts bore young.", "contents": "Capacity of mammary fat pads of adult C3H/HeMs mice to interact morphogenetically with fetal mammary epithelium. When rudimentary mammary epithelium from 13- to 17-day female C3H/HeMs fetuses was transplanted into gland-free mammary fat pads of 3-week-old mice, organogenetic development of the grafts occurred, resembling that seen in normal mammary gland morphogenesis. Initial developmental growth did not require the reproductive hormones. Mammary fat pads of juvenile (3-wk-old), young adult (8- to 12-wk-old), and fully matured (40-wk-old) females had equal ability to interact morphogenetically with fetal mammary epithelium. Fetal pulmonary, pancreatic, and salivary gland epithella showed no morphogenetic response within adult mammary fat. An exception was rudimentary hair follicle epithellum, which underwent extensive development toward hair follicles within mammary fat. Mammary glands that developed from rudimentary mammary epithellum transplanted into gland-free fat pads underwent morphologic changes characteristic of lactation when the hosts bore young."}
{"id": "PMID:288934", "title": "Tumor-associated immunity in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma detected by leukocyte adherence inhibition microassay.", "content": "A microplate modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was used with blood leukocytes from cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC); control groups were cattle with ocular or cutaneous lesions (not carcinoma) and healthy normal cattle. For the assay, saline extracts of OSCC and skin from the same donor, lymphosarcoma, and mastocytoma (M) were used as antigens. Specific LAI reactivity to OSCC extract (but not to skin extract) was detected in 14 of 18 animals with squamous cell carcinoma. One animal with OSCC showed LAI reactivity to OSCC extract, but 1 clinically normal cow had LAI with the M-extract. Leukocyte adherence stimulation reactions with the various antigens were seen in all groups of animals.", "contents": "Tumor-associated immunity in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma detected by leukocyte adherence inhibition microassay. A microplate modification of the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was used with blood leukocytes from cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC); control groups were cattle with ocular or cutaneous lesions (not carcinoma) and healthy normal cattle. For the assay, saline extracts of OSCC and skin from the same donor, lymphosarcoma, and mastocytoma (M) were used as antigens. Specific LAI reactivity to OSCC extract (but not to skin extract) was detected in 14 of 18 animals with squamous cell carcinoma. One animal with OSCC showed LAI reactivity to OSCC extract, but 1 clinically normal cow had LAI with the M-extract. Leukocyte adherence stimulation reactions with the various antigens were seen in all groups of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:288935", "title": "Manifestation of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and mammary tumors in \"viable yellow\" and non-yellow mice.", "content": "The time course of appearance of hyperplastic alveolar nodule(s) (HAN) and mammary tumor(s) (MT) was determined in untreated virgin \"viable yellow\" (Avy/A) and non-yellow (A/a) (C3H/HeNIcrWf X VY/Wf)F1 female mice. The first HAN was detected in a yellow female at age 16 weeks, the first period in which mice were killed. HAN were not found in the non-yellow mice until they were 19 weeks old. The incidence of HAN increased to 92% among yellow females and to 75% among non-yellow females by 36 weeks of age. MT were first observed at age 22 weeks in yellow mice and at 28 weeks in non-yellow mice. The incidence of MT at 36 weeks was 75% among yellow mice and 22% among non-yellow mice. Type B adenocarcinoma was the predominant class of MT found in the yellow mice. The time courses of appearance and incidence of HAN and MT in the non-yellow F1 mice were similar to those observed in inbred C3H female mice. MT first appeared in each population when the incidence of HAN bearers had reached 40--45% regardless of age, body weight, or number of HAN per HAN bearer. Apparently, the phenotypic effects of the Avy gene primarily stimulated the multiplication of nodule-transformed cells to form HAN and thus indirectly enhanced MT formation.", "contents": "Manifestation of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and mammary tumors in \"viable yellow\" and non-yellow mice. The time course of appearance of hyperplastic alveolar nodule(s) (HAN) and mammary tumor(s) (MT) was determined in untreated virgin \"viable yellow\" (Avy/A) and non-yellow (A/a) (C3H/HeNIcrWf X VY/Wf)F1 female mice. The first HAN was detected in a yellow female at age 16 weeks, the first period in which mice were killed. HAN were not found in the non-yellow mice until they were 19 weeks old. The incidence of HAN increased to 92% among yellow females and to 75% among non-yellow females by 36 weeks of age. MT were first observed at age 22 weeks in yellow mice and at 28 weeks in non-yellow mice. The incidence of MT at 36 weeks was 75% among yellow mice and 22% among non-yellow mice. Type B adenocarcinoma was the predominant class of MT found in the yellow mice. The time courses of appearance and incidence of HAN and MT in the non-yellow F1 mice were similar to those observed in inbred C3H female mice. MT first appeared in each population when the incidence of HAN bearers had reached 40--45% regardless of age, body weight, or number of HAN per HAN bearer. Apparently, the phenotypic effects of the Avy gene primarily stimulated the multiplication of nodule-transformed cells to form HAN and thus indirectly enhanced MT formation."}
{"id": "PMID:288936", "title": "Quantitative comparison of BCG strains and preparations in immunotherapy of a rat sarcoma.", "content": "Ten preparations of BCG, six clinical vaccines, and four experimental preparations were compared for suppression of tumor growth by regional application. The preparations differed widely in their proportions of viable bacterial units and in bacterial unit:dry weight ratios. As assessed by their ability to suppress tumor development following direct admixtures with cell inocula of a rat sarcoma, one of the six clinical vaccines (Connaught) was significantly superior to Glaxo on any parameter (dry weight, No. of total units, or No. of viable units), immuno BCG Pasteur F was superior to Glaxo on two parameters (dry weight and No. of viable units), and Pasteur scarification was superior to Glaxo only on a viable unit basis. The Tice and Rijks Institute vaccines were not significantly different from Glaxo on any basis. Experimental vaccines from the Trudeau Mycobacterial Collection, stored as frozen liquid suspensions, showed a less marked variation in physical properties; here too, the Pasteur strain was superior to two other Trudeau preparations examined (Tice and Phipps). Viable organisms were not essential for tumor suppression, gamma-radiation-sterilized vaccine being equally effective. Tests with pulmonary tumor deposits, treated by iv BCG, and tests with pleural deposits, treated by intrapleural BCG, indicated that agents identified as superior in the subcutaneous screening system were also superior in the treatment of thoracic deposits.", "contents": "Quantitative comparison of BCG strains and preparations in immunotherapy of a rat sarcoma. Ten preparations of BCG, six clinical vaccines, and four experimental preparations were compared for suppression of tumor growth by regional application. The preparations differed widely in their proportions of viable bacterial units and in bacterial unit:dry weight ratios. As assessed by their ability to suppress tumor development following direct admixtures with cell inocula of a rat sarcoma, one of the six clinical vaccines (Connaught) was significantly superior to Glaxo on any parameter (dry weight, No. of total units, or No. of viable units), immuno BCG Pasteur F was superior to Glaxo on two parameters (dry weight and No. of viable units), and Pasteur scarification was superior to Glaxo only on a viable unit basis. The Tice and Rijks Institute vaccines were not significantly different from Glaxo on any basis. Experimental vaccines from the Trudeau Mycobacterial Collection, stored as frozen liquid suspensions, showed a less marked variation in physical properties; here too, the Pasteur strain was superior to two other Trudeau preparations examined (Tice and Phipps). Viable organisms were not essential for tumor suppression, gamma-radiation-sterilized vaccine being equally effective. Tests with pulmonary tumor deposits, treated by iv BCG, and tests with pleural deposits, treated by intrapleural BCG, indicated that agents identified as superior in the subcutaneous screening system were also superior in the treatment of thoracic deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:288937", "title": "Spontaneous tumors and common diseases in three types of hamsters.", "content": "Hamsters of three types designated as inbred cream (Epp/e/e), linebred white (EPP/cdcd/RB/A), and linebred albino (EPP/cdcde/e) were thoroughly examined histopathologically for spontaneous diseases. All hamsters were maintained simultaneously for life under identical standard laboratory conditions. Marked differences were found in longevity of the animals and in incidence, sites, patterns, and types of spontaneous diseases. In cream hamsters (CH), survival time was shorter than in white hamsters (WH) and albino hamsters (AH). More tumors and malignant lesions unrelated to survival were found in AH compared to CH and WH; also, the multiplicity of neoplasms were more pronounced in AH. The predominating tumor types differed in each line: Pancreatic islet cell neoplasms were most common in CH, adrenal gland tumors predominated in WH, and thyroid gland tumors in AH. Also, the relative incidence of spontaneous tumors varied among the lines. Some tumors seemed strain-specific and were not seen in other lines; malignant melanomas, for example, occurred only in CH and WH. Certain neoplasms, e.g., those of the thyroid and adrenal glands, were found more often in one sex than the other. The three hamster groups differed also in nonneoplastic diseases. Detailed histopathologic findings are presented and compared with data on the Syrian golden hamster, the ancestral line of these three groups.", "contents": "Spontaneous tumors and common diseases in three types of hamsters. Hamsters of three types designated as inbred cream (Epp/e/e), linebred white (EPP/cdcd/RB/A), and linebred albino (EPP/cdcde/e) were thoroughly examined histopathologically for spontaneous diseases. All hamsters were maintained simultaneously for life under identical standard laboratory conditions. Marked differences were found in longevity of the animals and in incidence, sites, patterns, and types of spontaneous diseases. In cream hamsters (CH), survival time was shorter than in white hamsters (WH) and albino hamsters (AH). More tumors and malignant lesions unrelated to survival were found in AH compared to CH and WH; also, the multiplicity of neoplasms were more pronounced in AH. The predominating tumor types differed in each line: Pancreatic islet cell neoplasms were most common in CH, adrenal gland tumors predominated in WH, and thyroid gland tumors in AH. Also, the relative incidence of spontaneous tumors varied among the lines. Some tumors seemed strain-specific and were not seen in other lines; malignant melanomas, for example, occurred only in CH and WH. Certain neoplasms, e.g., those of the thyroid and adrenal glands, were found more often in one sex than the other. The three hamster groups differed also in nonneoplastic diseases. Detailed histopathologic findings are presented and compared with data on the Syrian golden hamster, the ancestral line of these three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:288938", "title": "Partial deletion of chromosome No. 2 in myelocytic leukemias of irradiated C3H/He and RFM mice.", "content": "Chromosomes of mouse myelocytic leukemias that developed in 7 irradiated mice, 3 C3H/He males, 1 RFM female, and 3 RFM males were analyzed with chromosome-banding techniques. Chromosomes No. 2 were partially deleted in 6 of the 7 mice. Although the deleted No. 2 chromosomes varied in size in the 6 mice, one common characteristic was noted in all these deletions: A segment lying between a certain band in the region 2C and a band in the region 2E, including the whole region 2D, was missing. Another consistent abnormality was an addition or a loss of the Y-chromosomes in the fraction of cells in all 6 males. In addition to these consistent abnormalities, various chromosomes had structural abnormalities. The RFM female, which did not have the abnormal No. 2 chromosome, had abnormalities in chromosomes No. 3, 4, 11, 12 and 15 and in the X-chromosome. Of the 20 chromosome pairs, only such chromosomes as No. 1, 5, 8, 14, 17, and 19 and the Y-chromosome did not have the structural abnormalities. The possible role of the partial deletion of the No. 2 chromosome was considered in relation to the development of mouse myeloid leukemias.", "contents": "Partial deletion of chromosome No. 2 in myelocytic leukemias of irradiated C3H/He and RFM mice. Chromosomes of mouse myelocytic leukemias that developed in 7 irradiated mice, 3 C3H/He males, 1 RFM female, and 3 RFM males were analyzed with chromosome-banding techniques. Chromosomes No. 2 were partially deleted in 6 of the 7 mice. Although the deleted No. 2 chromosomes varied in size in the 6 mice, one common characteristic was noted in all these deletions: A segment lying between a certain band in the region 2C and a band in the region 2E, including the whole region 2D, was missing. Another consistent abnormality was an addition or a loss of the Y-chromosomes in the fraction of cells in all 6 males. In addition to these consistent abnormalities, various chromosomes had structural abnormalities. The RFM female, which did not have the abnormal No. 2 chromosome, had abnormalities in chromosomes No. 3, 4, 11, 12 and 15 and in the X-chromosome. Of the 20 chromosome pairs, only such chromosomes as No. 1, 5, 8, 14, 17, and 19 and the Y-chromosome did not have the structural abnormalities. The possible role of the partial deletion of the No. 2 chromosome was considered in relation to the development of mouse myeloid leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:288939", "title": "Neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in aging (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice.", "content": "Neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in untreated (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice used as controls in carcinogenesis tests were tabulated and evaluated. The most common neoplasms in 2,543 male mice were hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. In 2,522 female mice, common tumors were lymphomas, leukemias, pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, and pituitary adenomas. The risk of developing most neoplasms increased with the age of the mouse. Hepatocellular carcinomas metastasized in 12% of the animals with these tumors. Other than lymphomas and leukemias, few other tumors metastasized. Nonneoplastic lesions included cystic hyperplasia of the uterus, nephritis, ovarian and uterine cysts, inflammatory lesions of the lung, mineralization in the brain, and focal hyperplasias in several tissues. The focal hyperplasias in lung and pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands were suggestive of the early stages of neoplasia. Comparative aspects of lesions in aging mice and their interpretation in carcinogenesis tests are discussed.", "contents": "Neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in aging (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in untreated (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice used as controls in carcinogenesis tests were tabulated and evaluated. The most common neoplasms in 2,543 male mice were hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas. In 2,522 female mice, common tumors were lymphomas, leukemias, pulmonary adenomas and carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, and pituitary adenomas. The risk of developing most neoplasms increased with the age of the mouse. Hepatocellular carcinomas metastasized in 12% of the animals with these tumors. Other than lymphomas and leukemias, few other tumors metastasized. Nonneoplastic lesions included cystic hyperplasia of the uterus, nephritis, ovarian and uterine cysts, inflammatory lesions of the lung, mineralization in the brain, and focal hyperplasias in several tissues. The focal hyperplasias in lung and pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands were suggestive of the early stages of neoplasia. Comparative aspects of lesions in aging mice and their interpretation in carcinogenesis tests are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288941", "title": "Experimental induction of hepatomas, mammary tumors, and other tumors with metronidazole in noninbred Sas:MRC(WI)BR rats.", "content": "Metronidazole, a chemotherapeutic agent against trichomonas infection, was tested for carcinogenicity in noninbred Sas:MRC(WI)BR rats. Three groups were given the drug for life at dose levels of 0.6%, 0.3%, and 0.06% in a powdered diet. The incidence of mammary tumors (P less than 0.020) and hepatomas (P less than 0.050) increased significantly among females given the highest dose (0.6%). Also, the rates of Leydig cell tumors of the testes (P less than 0.040) and pituitary adenomas (P less than 0.040) were statistically significant among males given the highest dose (0.6%). Results are discussed in light of a possible hazard of this drug to humans.", "contents": "Experimental induction of hepatomas, mammary tumors, and other tumors with metronidazole in noninbred Sas:MRC(WI)BR rats. Metronidazole, a chemotherapeutic agent against trichomonas infection, was tested for carcinogenicity in noninbred Sas:MRC(WI)BR rats. Three groups were given the drug for life at dose levels of 0.6%, 0.3%, and 0.06% in a powdered diet. The incidence of mammary tumors (P less than 0.020) and hepatomas (P less than 0.050) increased significantly among females given the highest dose (0.6%). Also, the rates of Leydig cell tumors of the testes (P less than 0.040) and pituitary adenomas (P less than 0.040) were statistically significant among males given the highest dose (0.6%). Results are discussed in light of a possible hazard of this drug to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:288942", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma in siblings.", "content": "A brother and sister with osteogenic sarcoma are reported. A review of the literature reveals thirty additional cases of osteogenic sarcoma in familial aggregation, sixteen of sibling relationship. Genetic and environmental etiologic factors of osteogenic sarcoma are discussed.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma in siblings. A brother and sister with osteogenic sarcoma are reported. A review of the literature reveals thirty additional cases of osteogenic sarcoma in familial aggregation, sixteen of sibling relationship. Genetic and environmental etiologic factors of osteogenic sarcoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:288962", "title": "[Complete clinical remission over 50 months of a patient with acute monocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Schilling type pure acute monocytic leukaemia (M5 variety of the FAB classification) in a 38-year-old man is presented. The initial predominant clinical manifestation was an increase hypertrophic gingivitis. The cytological type was established according to the morphologic and cytochemical criteria currently in use. The patient was treated with daunomycin (60 mg/m2 one day) and ARA-C (100 mg/m2/12 hours for 7 days) in a 2-week interval cycles. Total remission was achieved after the fifth series. The series have been repeated over 4 years with intervals of up to 6 or 8 weeks. Complete haematologic remission has been constant, with normalization of the serum muramidase levels. A gingival biopsy taken at the same time has shown no evidence of leukaemic infiltration. The high incidence of malignancy in this cytological variety of acute leukaemia is pointed out; it is normally less sensitive to chemotherapy than the myeloid types. Remission has been total over a long period of time, which is exceptional in this type of leukaemia. The mean survival rate as recorded in the literature is only a little over 3 months.", "contents": "[Complete clinical remission over 50 months of a patient with acute monocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. A case of Schilling type pure acute monocytic leukaemia (M5 variety of the FAB classification) in a 38-year-old man is presented. The initial predominant clinical manifestation was an increase hypertrophic gingivitis. The cytological type was established according to the morphologic and cytochemical criteria currently in use. The patient was treated with daunomycin (60 mg/m2 one day) and ARA-C (100 mg/m2/12 hours for 7 days) in a 2-week interval cycles. Total remission was achieved after the fifth series. The series have been repeated over 4 years with intervals of up to 6 or 8 weeks. Complete haematologic remission has been constant, with normalization of the serum muramidase levels. A gingival biopsy taken at the same time has shown no evidence of leukaemic infiltration. The high incidence of malignancy in this cytological variety of acute leukaemia is pointed out; it is normally less sensitive to chemotherapy than the myeloid types. Remission has been total over a long period of time, which is exceptional in this type of leukaemia. The mean survival rate as recorded in the literature is only a little over 3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:288964", "title": "Ribosomal DNA of fly Sciara coprophila has a very small and homogeneous repeat unit.", "content": "In this report we show by hybridization of restriction fragments and by Miller spreads that the unit repeat of the fly Sciara coprophila is only 8.4 kb which is the smallest known for a multicellular eukaryote. The 8.4 kb EcoR1 fragment containing a complete unit of Sciara rDNA was cloned in pBR322, and mapped by the method of Parker (1977) and also by double digestions. The coding regions for 28S, 18S, and 5.8S RNA were localized by the method of Berk and Sharp (1977). From these data we conclude that the nontranscribed spacer, external transcribed spacer, and internal transcribed spacer are all shorter than in other organisms, thereby giving rise to the shorter overall rDNA repeat unit of Sciara. At least 90% of the Sciara rDNA repeats are homogeneous, with a length of 8.4 kb, but a 700 bp ladder of minor bands can also be found in digestions of total genome DNA. This profile of major and minor bands is identical between the X and X' chromosomes, as seen by a comparison of several genotypes. There are only 45 rRNA genes per X chromosome of Sciara (Gerbi and Crouse, 1976). These can easily be counted by low magnification Miller spreads which show that virtually all gene copies are actively being transcribed in the stage of spermatogenesis examined. This is the first demonstration for any reiterated gene family where all copies are shown to be simultaneously active.", "contents": "Ribosomal DNA of fly Sciara coprophila has a very small and homogeneous repeat unit. In this report we show by hybridization of restriction fragments and by Miller spreads that the unit repeat of the fly Sciara coprophila is only 8.4 kb which is the smallest known for a multicellular eukaryote. The 8.4 kb EcoR1 fragment containing a complete unit of Sciara rDNA was cloned in pBR322, and mapped by the method of Parker (1977) and also by double digestions. The coding regions for 28S, 18S, and 5.8S RNA were localized by the method of Berk and Sharp (1977). From these data we conclude that the nontranscribed spacer, external transcribed spacer, and internal transcribed spacer are all shorter than in other organisms, thereby giving rise to the shorter overall rDNA repeat unit of Sciara. At least 90% of the Sciara rDNA repeats are homogeneous, with a length of 8.4 kb, but a 700 bp ladder of minor bands can also be found in digestions of total genome DNA. This profile of major and minor bands is identical between the X and X' chromosomes, as seen by a comparison of several genotypes. There are only 45 rRNA genes per X chromosome of Sciara (Gerbi and Crouse, 1976). These can easily be counted by low magnification Miller spreads which show that virtually all gene copies are actively being transcribed in the stage of spermatogenesis examined. This is the first demonstration for any reiterated gene family where all copies are shown to be simultaneously active."}
{"id": "PMID:288965", "title": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal control of senescence in the ascomycete Podospora anserina.", "content": "In Podospora anserina senescence leading to cellular death occurs regularly after prolonged vegetative propagation. However, the life span of this ascomycete may be extended by various means: 1. Mutations in a least 8 morphogenetic genes belonging to 4 linkage groups postpone drastically or even prevent in certain pairwise combinations (e.g. i viv) the onset of senescence. 2. Inhibitors of mt DNA and of mitochondrial protein synthesis show a life prolonging effect when added in low concentrations to the growth medium. 3. A similar effect was found when mycelia were fed exclusively on non repressive carbon sources. Whereas the anti-aging effect of specific mutated genes is rather permanent, the life prolonging action of the inhibitors and carbon sources is restricted and temporary. These substances have no long lasting effect, since after their removal from the medium aging proceeds. Physiological experiments have further shown the existence of three phases in the life span of Podospora anserina. During the juvenile phase aging is prevented by all of these compounds; during the presenescent phase aging is prevented by inhibitors of mt DNA only, and during the senescent phase aging is irreversible. Senescence may be induced in juvenile protoplasts by DNA extracted from senescent mycelia. This, together with the well known fact that senescence is extrachromosomically inherited, points to extrachromosomal DNA as the causative agent of senescence. This kind of DNA may be connected with or perhaps located in the mitochondria. Collectively, the data are consistent in showing that the syndrome of senescence in Podospora anserina is controlled by a chromosomal-extrachromosomal interaction. In this system, extrachromosomal DNA, perhaps a mt DNA, is identical with the infectious principle initiating the decay of the cell, and nuclear genes supervise its expression.", "contents": "Chromosomal and extrachromosomal control of senescence in the ascomycete Podospora anserina. In Podospora anserina senescence leading to cellular death occurs regularly after prolonged vegetative propagation. However, the life span of this ascomycete may be extended by various means: 1. Mutations in a least 8 morphogenetic genes belonging to 4 linkage groups postpone drastically or even prevent in certain pairwise combinations (e.g. i viv) the onset of senescence. 2. Inhibitors of mt DNA and of mitochondrial protein synthesis show a life prolonging effect when added in low concentrations to the growth medium. 3. A similar effect was found when mycelia were fed exclusively on non repressive carbon sources. Whereas the anti-aging effect of specific mutated genes is rather permanent, the life prolonging action of the inhibitors and carbon sources is restricted and temporary. These substances have no long lasting effect, since after their removal from the medium aging proceeds. Physiological experiments have further shown the existence of three phases in the life span of Podospora anserina. During the juvenile phase aging is prevented by all of these compounds; during the presenescent phase aging is prevented by inhibitors of mt DNA only, and during the senescent phase aging is irreversible. Senescence may be induced in juvenile protoplasts by DNA extracted from senescent mycelia. This, together with the well known fact that senescence is extrachromosomically inherited, points to extrachromosomal DNA as the causative agent of senescence. This kind of DNA may be connected with or perhaps located in the mitochondria. Collectively, the data are consistent in showing that the syndrome of senescence in Podospora anserina is controlled by a chromosomal-extrachromosomal interaction. In this system, extrachromosomal DNA, perhaps a mt DNA, is identical with the infectious principle initiating the decay of the cell, and nuclear genes supervise its expression."}
{"id": "PMID:288967", "title": "Extreme leucocytosis and prognosis of newly diagnosed patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A group of 87 consecutive patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) who had been treated with large doses of hydroxyurea (HU) as a preliminary to protocol combination chemotherapy is reviewed. The outcome in patients whose initial leucocyte count was 100x10(9)/L or higher (HC group) is compared with that in the majority who had lower leucocyte counts. Contrary to reports in the literature, patients in the HC group had the same chance of achieving remission as the rest, and the survival of the responders was equally long in both groups. There were no deaths from intracerebral haemorrhage in the reportedly high-risk HC group, a fact which was attributed to the administration of HU to all new patients. Hydroxyurea rapidly lowered the leucocyte count in nearly all patients with ANLL and appeared to be a valuable addition to protocol therapy of this disease.", "contents": "Extreme leucocytosis and prognosis of newly diagnosed patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. A group of 87 consecutive patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) who had been treated with large doses of hydroxyurea (HU) as a preliminary to protocol combination chemotherapy is reviewed. The outcome in patients whose initial leucocyte count was 100x10(9)/L or higher (HC group) is compared with that in the majority who had lower leucocyte counts. Contrary to reports in the literature, patients in the HC group had the same chance of achieving remission as the rest, and the survival of the responders was equally long in both groups. There were no deaths from intracerebral haemorrhage in the reportedly high-risk HC group, a fact which was attributed to the administration of HU to all new patients. Hydroxyurea rapidly lowered the leucocyte count in nearly all patients with ANLL and appeared to be a valuable addition to protocol therapy of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:288968", "title": "The prognostic value of serum lysozyme activity in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from adult patients with acute leukemia, malignant tumors, and in normal adults. Twenty-eight adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) had significantly elevated levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the adults fell within the normal range. Thirty-two patients with AML in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal adults, whereas patients with AML in relapse (eight cases) also had abnormally high levels of lysozyme activity. Ten patients with AML in remission and off therapy also had normal lysozyme levels. Three patients with acute lymphatic leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while one child with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. It seems that in patients in remission and with normal blood values, the serum lysozyme activity is valuable for monitoring the remission.", "contents": "The prognostic value of serum lysozyme activity in acute myelogenous leukemia. Serum lysozyme activity was measured in samples from adult patients with acute leukemia, malignant tumors, and in normal adults. Twenty-eight adult patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) had significantly elevated levels of lysozyme at diagnosis, and none of the adults fell within the normal range. Thirty-two patients with AML in complete remission had lysozyme levels comparable to normal adults, whereas patients with AML in relapse (eight cases) also had abnormally high levels of lysozyme activity. Ten patients with AML in remission and off therapy also had normal lysozyme levels. Three patients with acute lymphatic leukemia had normal lysozyme levels, while one child with monomyelocytic leukemia had substantially elevated lysozyme levels before treatment. It seems that in patients in remission and with normal blood values, the serum lysozyme activity is valuable for monitoring the remission."}
{"id": "PMID:288969", "title": "Intraventricular versus intralumbar methotrexate for central-nervous-system leukemia: prolonged remission with the Ommaya reservoir.", "content": "Ten children had recurrence of central-nervous-system (CNS) leukemia despite monthly injections of methotrexate into their lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. Each child was then reinduced into remission and maintained with intraventricular methotrexate administered via an Ommaya reservoir and the length of this remission was compared with the duration of the child's previous intralumbar-treated remission. Of eight evaluable patients, seven had longer CNS remissions with intraventricular therapy than with intralumbar therapy (P less than 0.02). The median CNS remission duration in all patients was 475 days with intraventricular and 286 days with intralumbar therapy (P less than 0.05). The rate of CNS relapse was reduced from 2.94 relapses per thousand days at risk during intralumbar therapy to 0.93 relapse per thousand days of intraventricular therapy. We conclude that intraventricular chemotherapy is significantly more effective against CNS leukemia than the same therapy given by lumbar puncture.", "contents": "Intraventricular versus intralumbar methotrexate for central-nervous-system leukemia: prolonged remission with the Ommaya reservoir. Ten children had recurrence of central-nervous-system (CNS) leukemia despite monthly injections of methotrexate into their lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. Each child was then reinduced into remission and maintained with intraventricular methotrexate administered via an Ommaya reservoir and the length of this remission was compared with the duration of the child's previous intralumbar-treated remission. Of eight evaluable patients, seven had longer CNS remissions with intraventricular therapy than with intralumbar therapy (P less than 0.02). The median CNS remission duration in all patients was 475 days with intraventricular and 286 days with intralumbar therapy (P less than 0.05). The rate of CNS relapse was reduced from 2.94 relapses per thousand days at risk during intralumbar therapy to 0.93 relapse per thousand days of intraventricular therapy. We conclude that intraventricular chemotherapy is significantly more effective against CNS leukemia than the same therapy given by lumbar puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:288970", "title": "Localized bone marrow relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Localized bone marrow relapse is rare in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Discordant bone marrow specimens were found in an 11-year-old asymptomatic girl who had been in remission for six years and off chemotherapy for 2 1/2 years. One bone marrow sample showed marked leukemic infiltration, whereas marrow from another site was normal. Three months later, with normal peripheral blood counts, she developed severe back pain and x-ray evidence of vertebral collapse and periosteal changes in the pubic bone. At that time three of the four areas of bone marrow sampled showed leukemic involvement. Reinduction therapy was begun, and she is now in remission on maintenance chemotherapy. At this time, it is unclear whether routine performance of marrow aspirations and biopsies from multiple sites, in periodic follow-up examinations of patients with acute leukemia would allow earlier detection of relapse frequently enough to justify the procedure. The issue of localized bone marrow involvement, if more common than previously reported, should be addressed at the time a decision is being made to discontinue therapy.", "contents": "Localized bone marrow relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Localized bone marrow relapse is rare in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Discordant bone marrow specimens were found in an 11-year-old asymptomatic girl who had been in remission for six years and off chemotherapy for 2 1/2 years. One bone marrow sample showed marked leukemic infiltration, whereas marrow from another site was normal. Three months later, with normal peripheral blood counts, she developed severe back pain and x-ray evidence of vertebral collapse and periosteal changes in the pubic bone. At that time three of the four areas of bone marrow sampled showed leukemic involvement. Reinduction therapy was begun, and she is now in remission on maintenance chemotherapy. At this time, it is unclear whether routine performance of marrow aspirations and biopsies from multiple sites, in periodic follow-up examinations of patients with acute leukemia would allow earlier detection of relapse frequently enough to justify the procedure. The issue of localized bone marrow involvement, if more common than previously reported, should be addressed at the time a decision is being made to discontinue therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:288966", "title": "Clinical engineering standards, obligations, and accountability.", "content": "The growing volume and complexity of biomedical equipment in hospitals are creating legal implications for the clinical engineer. Statutory regulations, court decisions on product liability, and the patient's right to privacy and confidentially affect daily operations. The doctrines of agency, negligence, strict liability, and breach of contract, plus the medical Device Amendments of 1976 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals' 1976 standards, complicate the conventional clinical engineering functions. The need for the clinical engineer to be alert to his legal obligation is assessed.", "contents": "Clinical engineering standards, obligations, and accountability. The growing volume and complexity of biomedical equipment in hospitals are creating legal implications for the clinical engineer. Statutory regulations, court decisions on product liability, and the patient's right to privacy and confidentially affect daily operations. The doctrines of agency, negligence, strict liability, and breach of contract, plus the medical Device Amendments of 1976 to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals' 1976 standards, complicate the conventional clinical engineering functions. The need for the clinical engineer to be alert to his legal obligation is assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:288973", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of the accumulation of bacterial plaque on human enamel and on the surfaces of various materials used for esthetic fillings].", "content": "Accumulation of the bacterial plaque on materials used for cosmetic fillings was comparatively evaluated against that on the dental enamel of males and females aged 40-50 yr using the index of L\u00f6e & Sillness. Significantly greater accumulation was noted on filling materials.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of the accumulation of bacterial plaque on human enamel and on the surfaces of various materials used for esthetic fillings]. Accumulation of the bacterial plaque on materials used for cosmetic fillings was comparatively evaluated against that on the dental enamel of males and females aged 40-50 yr using the index of L\u00f6e & Sillness. Significantly greater accumulation was noted on filling materials."}
{"id": "PMID:288976", "title": "[Ambulatory therapy with fosfomycin in dentistry and stomatology].", "content": "1-2 g/day or 3-4 g/day phosphomycin were administered per os to children and adults respectively for an average of 5.2 days in the outpatient treatment of 28 males and 18 females with parodontitis, gingivitis and dysodontiasis of bacterial origin. All patients presented swelling of the soft parts and 34 (74%) had hyperpyrexia. A clinical cure was obtained after 9 days in all cases. Fever lasted an average of 2.4 days and disappeared after 6 days. Swelling lasted an average of 3.6 days and disappeared after 8 days. Tolerance was excellent. Two patients (4.3%) displayed diarrhoea and nausea and one (2.2%) pruritus. These side-effects did not necessitate the suspension of treatment. It is felt that phosphomycin may be regarded as a drug of choice in the treatment of odontostomatological infection of bacterial origin.", "contents": "[Ambulatory therapy with fosfomycin in dentistry and stomatology]. 1-2 g/day or 3-4 g/day phosphomycin were administered per os to children and adults respectively for an average of 5.2 days in the outpatient treatment of 28 males and 18 females with parodontitis, gingivitis and dysodontiasis of bacterial origin. All patients presented swelling of the soft parts and 34 (74%) had hyperpyrexia. A clinical cure was obtained after 9 days in all cases. Fever lasted an average of 2.4 days and disappeared after 6 days. Swelling lasted an average of 3.6 days and disappeared after 8 days. Tolerance was excellent. Two patients (4.3%) displayed diarrhoea and nausea and one (2.2%) pruritus. These side-effects did not necessitate the suspension of treatment. It is felt that phosphomycin may be regarded as a drug of choice in the treatment of odontostomatological infection of bacterial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:288978", "title": "[An unusual case of osteoclastoma of the mandible. Clinical and histological study].", "content": "The authors describe an interesting case of osteoclastoma of the mandible. After the clinical and anatomy-pathologic general picture, the problem of differential diagnosis between osteoclastoma and giant cell epulis is analysed.", "contents": "[An unusual case of osteoclastoma of the mandible. Clinical and histological study]. The authors describe an interesting case of osteoclastoma of the mandible. After the clinical and anatomy-pathologic general picture, the problem of differential diagnosis between osteoclastoma and giant cell epulis is analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:288993", "title": "[2 cases of hereditary recurrent neuropathy caused by compression of the peripheral nerves].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of recurrent neuropathy in members of two different families. Paresis of peroneal nerves was the only sign released by compression of the nerve during work in squatting or kneeling position. The members of one family had similar clinical and electrophysiological signs. The father of the second patient was clinically healthy but he had evidently reduced conduction velocity in peroneal nerves. The diagnosis was established after ruling out of exogenous and endogenous infectious and toxic factors, vitamin deficiency and allergy.", "contents": "[2 cases of hereditary recurrent neuropathy caused by compression of the peripheral nerves]. The authors describe two cases of recurrent neuropathy in members of two different families. Paresis of peroneal nerves was the only sign released by compression of the nerve during work in squatting or kneeling position. The members of one family had similar clinical and electrophysiological signs. The father of the second patient was clinically healthy but he had evidently reduced conduction velocity in peroneal nerves. The diagnosis was established after ruling out of exogenous and endogenous infectious and toxic factors, vitamin deficiency and allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:289005", "title": "Acute arsenical poisoning in Dunedin.", "content": "Four cases of acute poisoning with arsenic are described. Although no new approach to therapy is proposed it is suggested from the data of arsenic recovery from the dialysate of one of the patients studied, that peritoneal dialysis is unlikely to be satisfactory.", "contents": "Acute arsenical poisoning in Dunedin. Four cases of acute poisoning with arsenic are described. Although no new approach to therapy is proposed it is suggested from the data of arsenic recovery from the dialysate of one of the patients studied, that peritoneal dialysis is unlikely to be satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:289006", "title": "A comparison of des-amino arginine vasopressin with pitressin tannate as diagnostic agents.", "content": "A reappraisal of a previous opinion, and subsequent comparative work leads to the conclusion that 40 microgram desamino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) administered instransally, is a preferable dose to 20 microgram to use as a urinary concentrating agent in the diagnostic context, and that it is quite comparable to the standard agent, five units of pitressin tannate in oil.", "contents": "A comparison of des-amino arginine vasopressin with pitressin tannate as diagnostic agents. A reappraisal of a previous opinion, and subsequent comparative work leads to the conclusion that 40 microgram desamino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) administered instransally, is a preferable dose to 20 microgram to use as a urinary concentrating agent in the diagnostic context, and that it is quite comparable to the standard agent, five units of pitressin tannate in oil."}
{"id": "PMID:289007", "title": "Maternal and cord blood ascorbic acid levels at parturition.", "content": "A group of 50 healthy women and their newborn infants had leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) measurements carried out for after delivery. The mean corrected LAA level for mothers was 10.9 microgram/10(8)WBC and the newborn 17.1 microgram/10(8)WBC. A gradient between maternal and fetal levels was demonstrated.", "contents": "Maternal and cord blood ascorbic acid levels at parturition. A group of 50 healthy women and their newborn infants had leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) measurements carried out for after delivery. The mean corrected LAA level for mothers was 10.9 microgram/10(8)WBC and the newborn 17.1 microgram/10(8)WBC. A gradient between maternal and fetal levels was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:289008", "title": "Isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus at Auckland Hospital.", "content": "Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus were each isolated three times at Auckland Hospital, over a one year period. Relevant clinical particulars of the major cases are given, and problems of isolation, identity and treatment discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus at Auckland Hospital. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus were each isolated three times at Auckland Hospital, over a one year period. Relevant clinical particulars of the major cases are given, and problems of isolation, identity and treatment discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289014", "title": "Double contrast arthrography of the knee.", "content": "The author's experience with 280 double contrast knee arthrograms is presented. The accuracy of the procedure in 101 operated cases was 100 percent for normal menisci and 88 percent for abnormal. It is suggested that arthrography can be regarded as an integral part of the investigation of any knee in which a serious meniscal abnormality is suspected.", "contents": "Double contrast arthrography of the knee. The author's experience with 280 double contrast knee arthrograms is presented. The accuracy of the procedure in 101 operated cases was 100 percent for normal menisci and 88 percent for abnormal. It is suggested that arthrography can be regarded as an integral part of the investigation of any knee in which a serious meniscal abnormality is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:289015", "title": "The Tokelau Islands children's study: atoll and New Zealand comparisons: physical growth.", "content": "A comparison is made between the birth weights, weights, heights, skinfold thicknesses, and head circumferences of two groups of Tokelauan children aged under 15 years. One group was living in Tokelau on their three home atolls and the other group was living in New Zealand. The children living in New Zealand were in general heavier, taller, had more body fat and larger head circumferences than the children living in Tokelau.", "contents": "The Tokelau Islands children's study: atoll and New Zealand comparisons: physical growth. A comparison is made between the birth weights, weights, heights, skinfold thicknesses, and head circumferences of two groups of Tokelauan children aged under 15 years. One group was living in Tokelau on their three home atolls and the other group was living in New Zealand. The children living in New Zealand were in general heavier, taller, had more body fat and larger head circumferences than the children living in Tokelau."}
{"id": "PMID:289016", "title": "Serum bile acids and rountine liver function tests in patients with chronic liver disease and cholestasis.", "content": "Serum bile acids were measured in 28 patients with established liver disease. The peak serum level after a meal was as sensitive an index of liver disease as a combination of serum bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and was more often abnormal than any one of the four tests. Serum bile acid measurements may be of most value in detecting cirrhosis when the activity of disease is minimal.", "contents": "Serum bile acids and rountine liver function tests in patients with chronic liver disease and cholestasis. Serum bile acids were measured in 28 patients with established liver disease. The peak serum level after a meal was as sensitive an index of liver disease as a combination of serum bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and was more often abnormal than any one of the four tests. Serum bile acid measurements may be of most value in detecting cirrhosis when the activity of disease is minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:289019", "title": "Human sexuality: a survey of the knowledge of medical students.", "content": "A survey of New Zealand medical students is described in which knowledge of human sexuality is documented to vary with age, sex, marital status, participation in a human sexuality teaching programme and year of course. Whilst no group scored disastrously and all groups scored well in some areas of sexuality, most groups also demonstrated significant gaps in their knowledge. Within any large medical school it is likely that there will be student subgroups with widely different levels of knowledge and therefore different needs requiring to be met in terms of education. Knowledge of sexuality was demonstrated to increase during the Otago medical course and for this process to have been facilitated by a formal human sexuality teaching programme. Support is therefore given to the need for, and effectiveness of, such teaching programmes in medical schools.", "contents": "Human sexuality: a survey of the knowledge of medical students. A survey of New Zealand medical students is described in which knowledge of human sexuality is documented to vary with age, sex, marital status, participation in a human sexuality teaching programme and year of course. Whilst no group scored disastrously and all groups scored well in some areas of sexuality, most groups also demonstrated significant gaps in their knowledge. Within any large medical school it is likely that there will be student subgroups with widely different levels of knowledge and therefore different needs requiring to be met in terms of education. Knowledge of sexuality was demonstrated to increase during the Otago medical course and for this process to have been facilitated by a formal human sexuality teaching programme. Support is therefore given to the need for, and effectiveness of, such teaching programmes in medical schools."}
{"id": "PMID:289022", "title": "Health system implications of projected population trends for New Zealand 1978--2011.", "content": "Recent and projected demographic trends are reviewed and implications drawn for the health care system. Population per active doctor declines and both the total population and labour force age. This points to longterm change in the mix of health demands to be met, and raises socio-medical issues already the subject of public debate, for instance community versus institutional care of the elderly, ethical issues surrounding the prolongation of human life, and the cost of providing health care.", "contents": "Health system implications of projected population trends for New Zealand 1978--2011. Recent and projected demographic trends are reviewed and implications drawn for the health care system. Population per active doctor declines and both the total population and labour force age. This points to longterm change in the mix of health demands to be met, and raises socio-medical issues already the subject of public debate, for instance community versus institutional care of the elderly, ethical issues surrounding the prolongation of human life, and the cost of providing health care."}
{"id": "PMID:289023", "title": "Skin diving fatalities in New Zealand.", "content": "A review of skin diving fatalities in New Zealand for the period 1961--1973 revealed 28 deaths of which 21 were scuba divers. Two-thirds of the scuba deaths occurred in water less than 15m deep. Running out of air and lack of essential equipment were frequent contributory factors. The pathological findings are presented and show drowning to be the most common mode of death. Some deficiences in the assessment of these fatalities are discussed.", "contents": "Skin diving fatalities in New Zealand. A review of skin diving fatalities in New Zealand for the period 1961--1973 revealed 28 deaths of which 21 were scuba divers. Two-thirds of the scuba deaths occurred in water less than 15m deep. Running out of air and lack of essential equipment were frequent contributory factors. The pathological findings are presented and show drowning to be the most common mode of death. Some deficiences in the assessment of these fatalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289024", "title": "Operative cholangiography in a peripheral hospital.", "content": "The experience with operative cholangiography during cholecystectomy on 59 consecutive patients in a small peripheral hospital is presented. This investigation is feasible in a small hospital and can lead to visualisation of stones or abnormality of the lower end of the common bile duct, otherwise unsuspected, to the benefit of the patient.", "contents": "Operative cholangiography in a peripheral hospital. The experience with operative cholangiography during cholecystectomy on 59 consecutive patients in a small peripheral hospital is presented. This investigation is feasible in a small hospital and can lead to visualisation of stones or abnormality of the lower end of the common bile duct, otherwise unsuspected, to the benefit of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:289077", "title": "Maxillary osteotomy and vestibuloplasty for the correction of maxillary anterior atrophy: preliminary report.", "content": "A one-step procedure has been designed to help the patient with abnormal maxillary anterior alveolar atrophy. The technique combines an anterior maxillary osteotomy with a maxillary vestibuloplasty. Bone grafting and skin grafting are not required, and prosthetic rehabilitation can begin 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. This is a preliminary report; however, 18-month follow-up examinations show continued stability and minimal regression.", "contents": "Maxillary osteotomy and vestibuloplasty for the correction of maxillary anterior atrophy: preliminary report. A one-step procedure has been designed to help the patient with abnormal maxillary anterior alveolar atrophy. The technique combines an anterior maxillary osteotomy with a maxillary vestibuloplasty. Bone grafting and skin grafting are not required, and prosthetic rehabilitation can begin 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. This is a preliminary report; however, 18-month follow-up examinations show continued stability and minimal regression."}
{"id": "PMID:289078", "title": "Alterations in osseous crestal height following interdental osteotomies.", "content": "A study was performed to evaluate the osseous crestal changes following maxillary and mandibular segmental osteotomies. Ten patients with 22 osteotomy sites were evaluated prior to surgery and 6 months postsurgery. Periodontal sounding measurements along with plaque and gingival indices were used as parameters. Except for two patients whose osteotomies were carried out between closely approximated teeth, no patients experienced significant osseous crestal level changes during the investigation period. This leads the authors to believe that segmental osteotomies may be performed without significantly modifying the height of interproximal bone.", "contents": "Alterations in osseous crestal height following interdental osteotomies. A study was performed to evaluate the osseous crestal changes following maxillary and mandibular segmental osteotomies. Ten patients with 22 osteotomy sites were evaluated prior to surgery and 6 months postsurgery. Periodontal sounding measurements along with plaque and gingival indices were used as parameters. Except for two patients whose osteotomies were carried out between closely approximated teeth, no patients experienced significant osseous crestal level changes during the investigation period. This leads the authors to believe that segmental osteotomies may be performed without significantly modifying the height of interproximal bone."}
{"id": "PMID:289079", "title": "Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part I. A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases.", "content": "Pigmented nevi are much less common in the oral cavity than they are in the skin. The present study adds thirty-two new cases to the literature. The most common type of nevus was found to be the intramucosal, followed in decreasing order by the common blue nevus, compound nevus, and junctional nevus. The clinical and histologic features of the nevi are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Pigmented nevi of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases and review of 75 cases from the literature. Part I. A clinicopathologic study of 32 new cases. Pigmented nevi are much less common in the oral cavity than they are in the skin. The present study adds thirty-two new cases to the literature. The most common type of nevus was found to be the intramucosal, followed in decreasing order by the common blue nevus, compound nevus, and junctional nevus. The clinical and histologic features of the nevi are analyzed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289080", "title": "The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: an unusual clinical presentation.", "content": "An adenomatoid odontogenic tumor with an unusual clinical expression is presented. The tumor consisted of two lobes, one centrally situated in the maxilla and the other partially in bone and soft tissue.", "contents": "The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor: an unusual clinical presentation. An adenomatoid odontogenic tumor with an unusual clinical expression is presented. The tumor consisted of two lobes, one centrally situated in the maxilla and the other partially in bone and soft tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:289081", "title": "Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome: type II C, hypoglossia-hypodactylomelia.", "content": "A patient with oromandibular-limb syndrome, Type II C, hypoglossia-hypodactylomelia, is documented and the pertinent literature critically reviewed. In addition to limb and tongue anomalies the patient had hypognathia, microstomia, absent mandicular permanent incisors, and enamel dysplasia. Her unrelated parents and siblings are normal. Past medical history for drug exposure to the mother during pregnancy was negative.", "contents": "Oromandibular-limb hypogenesis syndrome: type II C, hypoglossia-hypodactylomelia. A patient with oromandibular-limb syndrome, Type II C, hypoglossia-hypodactylomelia, is documented and the pertinent literature critically reviewed. In addition to limb and tongue anomalies the patient had hypognathia, microstomia, absent mandicular permanent incisors, and enamel dysplasia. Her unrelated parents and siblings are normal. Past medical history for drug exposure to the mother during pregnancy was negative."}
{"id": "PMID:289082", "title": "Neurofibroma of the maxillary antrum.", "content": "A rare case of neurofibroma of the maxillary antrum is reported. The tumor was removed via a Caldwell-Luc approach. Its histopathologic characteristics are described.", "contents": "Neurofibroma of the maxillary antrum. A rare case of neurofibroma of the maxillary antrum is reported. The tumor was removed via a Caldwell-Luc approach. Its histopathologic characteristics are described."}
{"id": "PMID:289083", "title": "Analysis and comparison of root canal filling techniques.", "content": "Although much as been written about the filling of root canals, the subject is still dominated by vagueness, and there is no analytic and comparative study in the literature of the techniques in use. Furthermore, long-term results (not just for 2 or 3 years) are lacking. The inconveniences of all filling techniques, divided in three groups, are analyzed, pointing out their low percentages of success. Only precise and controllable techniques can achieve high percentages of success.", "contents": "Analysis and comparison of root canal filling techniques. Although much as been written about the filling of root canals, the subject is still dominated by vagueness, and there is no analytic and comparative study in the literature of the techniques in use. Furthermore, long-term results (not just for 2 or 3 years) are lacking. The inconveniences of all filling techniques, divided in three groups, are analyzed, pointing out their low percentages of success. Only precise and controllable techniques can achieve high percentages of success."}
{"id": "PMID:289084", "title": "Microbiologic evaluation of poly-HEMA root canal filling material.", "content": "This study was designed to determine whether poly-HEMA root canal filling material can support bacterial growth. Eight different microorganisms were tested against the polymerized material, as well as against the powder and paste components of the unpolymerized material. The results establish that this root canal filling material does not support bacterial growth.", "contents": "Microbiologic evaluation of poly-HEMA root canal filling material. This study was designed to determine whether poly-HEMA root canal filling material can support bacterial growth. Eight different microorganisms were tested against the polymerized material, as well as against the powder and paste components of the unpolymerized material. The results establish that this root canal filling material does not support bacterial growth."}
{"id": "PMID:289085", "title": "Evaluation of new radiographic screens for intraoral radiography.", "content": "The ability of screen-films to depict dental structures utilizing the parameters used in intraoral radiography is investigated. The resolution and contrast of a variety of screen-film combinations are determined. Radiographs made on a phantom and patient are evaluated by observers. Some film-screen combinations produce radiographs with qualities similar to conventional intraoral films and with less radiation.", "contents": "Evaluation of new radiographic screens for intraoral radiography. The ability of screen-films to depict dental structures utilizing the parameters used in intraoral radiography is investigated. The resolution and contrast of a variety of screen-film combinations are determined. Radiographs made on a phantom and patient are evaluated by observers. Some film-screen combinations produce radiographs with qualities similar to conventional intraoral films and with less radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:289086", "title": "The maxillary antrolith.", "content": "The case of a maxillary antrolith discovered as an incidental finding on a panoramic radiograph is presented. The literature is reviewed, with particular reference to etiology, clinical features, and radiographic findings. The value of facial tomographs taken in two directions pertaining to the present and similar cases is discussed.", "contents": "The maxillary antrolith. The case of a maxillary antrolith discovered as an incidental finding on a panoramic radiograph is presented. The literature is reviewed, with particular reference to etiology, clinical features, and radiographic findings. The value of facial tomographs taken in two directions pertaining to the present and similar cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289093", "title": "Lymphoblastic leukaemia and Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "The authors report the case of a young white girl in whom the diagnosis of lymphoblastic leukaemia was made at the age of 5 years. Chemotherapy induced remission and long term surveillance began. Seven years after the onset of the first disease this girl died of an undiagnosed illness characterised by multiple nodules in both lungs. The autopsy gave the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma.", "contents": "Lymphoblastic leukaemia and Kaposi's sarcoma. The authors report the case of a young white girl in whom the diagnosis of lymphoblastic leukaemia was made at the age of 5 years. Chemotherapy induced remission and long term surveillance began. Seven years after the onset of the first disease this girl died of an undiagnosed illness characterised by multiple nodules in both lungs. The autopsy gave the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:289098", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleucocytosis: an urgent problem during initial treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency and the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and of metabolic complications during the induction treatment were studied in 62 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia with initial white blood cell count over 100 000/cu mm. Transient DIC were noted in 20,5% of cases. Metabolic complications were frequent: hyper-uricemia noted in 62% of cases was not the chief problem. Hyperazotemia was noted in 33% of cases and hyperkaliemia in 26% of cases. Hypocalcemia, noted in 34% of cases, was always associated with hyperphosphoremia. Blood glucose was low in 4 cases and increased in 7 cases out of 39.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleucocytosis: an urgent problem during initial treatment (author's transl)]. The frequency and the severity of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and of metabolic complications during the induction treatment were studied in 62 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia with initial white blood cell count over 100 000/cu mm. Transient DIC were noted in 20,5% of cases. Metabolic complications were frequent: hyper-uricemia noted in 62% of cases was not the chief problem. Hyperazotemia was noted in 33% of cases and hyperkaliemia in 26% of cases. Hypocalcemia, noted in 34% of cases, was always associated with hyperphosphoremia. Blood glucose was low in 4 cases and increased in 7 cases out of 39."}
{"id": "PMID:289099", "title": "[Simultaneous discovery of a malignant histiocytosis in a newborn and a preleukemic syndrome in his mother (author's transl)].", "content": "A malignant histiocytosis in a newborn was found at the same time than a preleukemic syndrome in his mother (less than 10% myeloblasts with Auer rods). An overt myeloblastic leukemia occurs in the mother in the next four months. This uncommon association was presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous discovery of a malignant histiocytosis in a newborn and a preleukemic syndrome in his mother (author's transl)]. A malignant histiocytosis in a newborn was found at the same time than a preleukemic syndrome in his mother (less than 10% myeloblasts with Auer rods). An overt myeloblastic leukemia occurs in the mother in the next four months. This uncommon association was presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289100", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Possibility of treatment with glucocorticoids at high doses.", "content": "Seven patients affected by acute promyelocytic leukemia and presenting a hemorrhagic syndrome with hypofibrinogenemia have been treated with Daunorubicin and high doses of Glucocorticoids. In three out of the seven patients we also added an antiprotease agent (Trasylol, Bayer). Hemorrhagic diathesis has been controlled in all patients but one without massive platelet transfusions. A complete hematologic remission with prolonged survival was achieved in five patients.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Possibility of treatment with glucocorticoids at high doses. Seven patients affected by acute promyelocytic leukemia and presenting a hemorrhagic syndrome with hypofibrinogenemia have been treated with Daunorubicin and high doses of Glucocorticoids. In three out of the seven patients we also added an antiprotease agent (Trasylol, Bayer). Hemorrhagic diathesis has been controlled in all patients but one without massive platelet transfusions. A complete hematologic remission with prolonged survival was achieved in five patients."}
{"id": "PMID:289158", "title": "[Gingivectomies. Flap operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Peridontal surgery is only one of a series of treatments for peridontopathies. It is always dependent on buccal hygiene. Gingivectomies and especially flap operations, are one kind of therapeutic solution but not the only one; these are very efficient means to handle the clinical problems. The techniques (listed in the report) must be adapted to each particular circumstance (kind of bone and muco-gingival lesion, etiological factors, stage of disease) and when these techniques are used in their various ways for precise indications they will give the best results.", "contents": "[Gingivectomies. Flap operations (author's transl)]. Peridontal surgery is only one of a series of treatments for peridontopathies. It is always dependent on buccal hygiene. Gingivectomies and especially flap operations, are one kind of therapeutic solution but not the only one; these are very efficient means to handle the clinical problems. The techniques (listed in the report) must be adapted to each particular circumstance (kind of bone and muco-gingival lesion, etiological factors, stage of disease) and when these techniques are used in their various ways for precise indications they will give the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:289159", "title": "[Muco-gingival procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The gingival marginal region, in which the inflammatory processes of parodontal disease commence, needs to be protected by a sufficient height and thickness of attached gum. Surgical procedures for these lesions must, therefore, involve the attached gum. A variety of muco-gingival procedures have recently replaced the classical vestibular deepening operation which was always followed by a relapse.", "contents": "[Muco-gingival procedures (author's transl)]. The gingival marginal region, in which the inflammatory processes of parodontal disease commence, needs to be protected by a sufficient height and thickness of attached gum. Surgical procedures for these lesions must, therefore, involve the attached gum. A variety of muco-gingival procedures have recently replaced the classical vestibular deepening operation which was always followed by a relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:289161", "title": "[Facial artery injury from a bullet wound discovered after arteriography (author's transl)].", "content": "Signs of a fracture of the mandible and a submaxillary hematoma were present in a patient wounded by a bullet. Selective carotid arteriography by femoral catheterization revealed the presence of sectioning of the facial artery at its origin and underlying external carotid stenosis. Hemorrhagic complications or aneurysm formation could have occurred if the lesion had not been demonstrated. Though arteriography is not without risks, it is irreplaceable for investigating cervicofacial injuries when a vascular lesion is suspected.", "contents": "[Facial artery injury from a bullet wound discovered after arteriography (author's transl)]. Signs of a fracture of the mandible and a submaxillary hematoma were present in a patient wounded by a bullet. Selective carotid arteriography by femoral catheterization revealed the presence of sectioning of the facial artery at its origin and underlying external carotid stenosis. Hemorrhagic complications or aneurysm formation could have occurred if the lesion had not been demonstrated. Though arteriography is not without risks, it is irreplaceable for investigating cervicofacial injuries when a vascular lesion is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:289162", "title": "[Uranostaphytopharyngoplasty using an inferior pedicle (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of deficiencies of the soft palate is dependent upon its condition, and the plastic surgeon is guided in his therapy by its length and suppleness. This was also the case when, in the past, a prosthesis had to be applied. If it is sufficiently long and supple a simple velopharyngoplasty, followed by phonetic reeducation, has every chance of producing a good result, at least in cooperative children and adolescents. When the soft palate is very shortened, however, a simple velopharyngoplasty does not ensure effective rhinopharyngeal occlusion and lengthening of the soft palate and the palatine mucofibrous tissue must be performed at the same time by means of a uranostaphylopharyngoplasty. In practice, this latter procedure is preferable in the majority of cases. We have used either superior or inferior flaps but over the last 25 years we have preferred the latter type of flap (Rosenthal) which produces better results because: 1) it is retracted laterally to a lesser degree, 2) it is more supple, 3) it is attached below and posteriorly to the soft palate (which permits the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, during contraction, to apply pressure against the lateral borders of the flap, and thus avoid any nasal regurgitation).", "contents": "[Uranostaphytopharyngoplasty using an inferior pedicle (author's transl)]. Treatment of deficiencies of the soft palate is dependent upon its condition, and the plastic surgeon is guided in his therapy by its length and suppleness. This was also the case when, in the past, a prosthesis had to be applied. If it is sufficiently long and supple a simple velopharyngoplasty, followed by phonetic reeducation, has every chance of producing a good result, at least in cooperative children and adolescents. When the soft palate is very shortened, however, a simple velopharyngoplasty does not ensure effective rhinopharyngeal occlusion and lengthening of the soft palate and the palatine mucofibrous tissue must be performed at the same time by means of a uranostaphylopharyngoplasty. In practice, this latter procedure is preferable in the majority of cases. We have used either superior or inferior flaps but over the last 25 years we have preferred the latter type of flap (Rosenthal) which produces better results because: 1) it is retracted laterally to a lesser degree, 2) it is more supple, 3) it is attached below and posteriorly to the soft palate (which permits the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, during contraction, to apply pressure against the lateral borders of the flap, and thus avoid any nasal regurgitation)."}
{"id": "PMID:289165", "title": "[The value of surgery in parodontal treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of parodontal affections must include all therapeutic procedures available. Surgical treatment, which aims at suppressing the parodontal lesions and creating an architecture which avoids relapses, is still the principal weapon. As, however, in the last analysis, the causes of parodontal lesions are infection and constraint, occlusive treatment is an extremely important part of therapy, integrating occlusal equilibration, orthodontal procedures, and the prosthesis.", "contents": "[The value of surgery in parodontal treatment (author's transl)]. Treatment of parodontal affections must include all therapeutic procedures available. Surgical treatment, which aims at suppressing the parodontal lesions and creating an architecture which avoids relapses, is still the principal weapon. As, however, in the last analysis, the causes of parodontal lesions are infection and constraint, occlusive treatment is an extremely important part of therapy, integrating occlusal equilibration, orthodontal procedures, and the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:289167", "title": "Cell proliferation and DNA dependent DNA polymerase estimation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia during treatment with prednisone and vincristine.", "content": "The presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA in lymphoblast nuclei by measuring the in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5'-triphosphate (3H-TTP) was studied in 10 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Protein synthesis and various other cytokinetic parameters were also studied. After prednisone (P) administration a marked decrease in 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) was apparent together with an inhibition of 3H-leucine incorporation (3H-LEU LI) into lymphoblasts. A moderate decrease in 3H-TDR labelling index (3H-TDR LI) and a later decrease in mitotic index (MI) were seen. Single cell DNA measurements showed a depletion of 3H-TDR labelled lymphoblasts in early part of S-phase apparent at 24 h lasting up to 54 h after P administration. Vncristine given as a flash injection later in the study period caused an immediate rise of the MI, at the same time the P induced decline in 3H-TTP LI, 3H-TDR LI and 3H-LEU LI were continued in most patients. P is thought to damage the cells both in and outside the cell cycle. In the cell cycle the effect of P is an arresting effect in G1.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and DNA dependent DNA polymerase estimation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia during treatment with prednisone and vincristine. The presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA in lymphoblast nuclei by measuring the in vitro incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5'-triphosphate (3H-TTP) was studied in 10 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Protein synthesis and various other cytokinetic parameters were also studied. After prednisone (P) administration a marked decrease in 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) was apparent together with an inhibition of 3H-leucine incorporation (3H-LEU LI) into lymphoblasts. A moderate decrease in 3H-TDR labelling index (3H-TDR LI) and a later decrease in mitotic index (MI) were seen. Single cell DNA measurements showed a depletion of 3H-TDR labelled lymphoblasts in early part of S-phase apparent at 24 h lasting up to 54 h after P administration. Vncristine given as a flash injection later in the study period caused an immediate rise of the MI, at the same time the P induced decline in 3H-TTP LI, 3H-TDR LI and 3H-LEU LI were continued in most patients. P is thought to damage the cells both in and outside the cell cycle. In the cell cycle the effect of P is an arresting effect in G1."}
{"id": "PMID:289213", "title": "Role of tears in maintaining corneal integrity.", "content": "In addition to providing a smooth optical surface, the tear film moistens and protects the cornea by providing a wide variety of antimicrobial substances. Accessory secretions of the conjunctiva and tarsal glands play an important protective role in lubricating, promiting wetting of the corneal epithelium by tears, stabilizing the extremely thin precorneal film, and reducing evaporation.", "contents": "Role of tears in maintaining corneal integrity. In addition to providing a smooth optical surface, the tear film moistens and protects the cornea by providing a wide variety of antimicrobial substances. Accessory secretions of the conjunctiva and tarsal glands play an important protective role in lubricating, promiting wetting of the corneal epithelium by tears, stabilizing the extremely thin precorneal film, and reducing evaporation."}
{"id": "PMID:289214", "title": "Role of the ocular surface in destructive corneal disease.", "content": "Corneal destructive disease is related to the ocular surface in at least three ways. Firstly, the maintenance of surface integrity seems to protect the corneal stroma from ulceration. Such integrity is jeopardized if the corneal epithelial cells fail to replicate themselves, or if they fail to adhere tightly to the underlying stroma. Secondly, the ocular surface plays a role in ulceration. Elaboration of collagenolytic enzymes may occur in the abnormal ocular surface epithelial cells themselves. In addition, the surface may modulate the leucocytic response in the stroma, the leucocytes themselves being responsible for the ulceration of the stroma. Finally, the ocular surface appears to play a role in superficial vascularization of the cornea. When all of the corneal epithelium is lost, as is the case in widespread chemical injury, sluggish metabolic transformation of conjunctival cells is associated with vascularization.", "contents": "Role of the ocular surface in destructive corneal disease. Corneal destructive disease is related to the ocular surface in at least three ways. Firstly, the maintenance of surface integrity seems to protect the corneal stroma from ulceration. Such integrity is jeopardized if the corneal epithelial cells fail to replicate themselves, or if they fail to adhere tightly to the underlying stroma. Secondly, the ocular surface plays a role in ulceration. Elaboration of collagenolytic enzymes may occur in the abnormal ocular surface epithelial cells themselves. In addition, the surface may modulate the leucocytic response in the stroma, the leucocytes themselves being responsible for the ulceration of the stroma. Finally, the ocular surface appears to play a role in superficial vascularization of the cornea. When all of the corneal epithelium is lost, as is the case in widespread chemical injury, sluggish metabolic transformation of conjunctival cells is associated with vascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:289215", "title": "Aspects of corneal wound healing in health and disease.", "content": "The paper reviews current aspects of repair processes of the epithelial, stromal, and endothelial layers for both the normal and diseased cornea.", "contents": "Aspects of corneal wound healing in health and disease. The paper reviews current aspects of repair processes of the epithelial, stromal, and endothelial layers for both the normal and diseased cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:289217", "title": "How the cornea defends itself.", "content": "The normal cornea is a dense, firm structure through which few inflammatory molecules and micro-orgnaisms are admitted. It usually lacks at least one of the components necessary for immunological reactions. Thus, these reactions are unlikely to be initiated within the cornea. A look at the tissues surrounding the cornea shows that the conjunctiva is rich in inflammatory reactants. Blood and lymphatic vessels (and also the tears) provide important systems that transport immunological elements to the cornea. Thus, the main forces for corneal destruction--and defence--probably come from its surrounding tissues.", "contents": "How the cornea defends itself. The normal cornea is a dense, firm structure through which few inflammatory molecules and micro-orgnaisms are admitted. It usually lacks at least one of the components necessary for immunological reactions. Thus, these reactions are unlikely to be initiated within the cornea. A look at the tissues surrounding the cornea shows that the conjunctiva is rich in inflammatory reactants. Blood and lymphatic vessels (and also the tears) provide important systems that transport immunological elements to the cornea. Thus, the main forces for corneal destruction--and defence--probably come from its surrounding tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:289221", "title": "Corneal changes due to alkali burns.", "content": "Rabbit corneal epithelium and endothelium were destroyed in vivo with 0.5 normal sodium hydroxide applied to the anterior surface of the cornea for 1 minute. Specimens were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cellular necrosis is intense during the first day and healing begins on the third day on both surfaces of the cornea. The epithelial side is covered with new cells in 12 days and the eptihelium is normal on the 21st day, but there is a transformation of part of the corneal epithelium by conjunctival epithelium. On the endothelial side, healing is very slow and for this there seems to be two reasons: (1) Persistent cellular necrosis, (2) Inflammatory reaction which disorganizes the regenerating process. The overstimulation caused by this slow cicatrization leads to the formation of a retrocorneal membrane similar to those observed in human pathology.", "contents": "Corneal changes due to alkali burns. Rabbit corneal epithelium and endothelium were destroyed in vivo with 0.5 normal sodium hydroxide applied to the anterior surface of the cornea for 1 minute. Specimens were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Cellular necrosis is intense during the first day and healing begins on the third day on both surfaces of the cornea. The epithelial side is covered with new cells in 12 days and the eptihelium is normal on the 21st day, but there is a transformation of part of the corneal epithelium by conjunctival epithelium. On the endothelial side, healing is very slow and for this there seems to be two reasons: (1) Persistent cellular necrosis, (2) Inflammatory reaction which disorganizes the regenerating process. The overstimulation caused by this slow cicatrization leads to the formation of a retrocorneal membrane similar to those observed in human pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:289223", "title": "Systemic immunosuppression in marginal keratolysis.", "content": "Experience in the investigation and treatment of eleven patients with the peripheral corneal melting syndrome is described. It is considered that short-term treatment with non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive regimes should be tried in patients with severe progressive disease which may not respond to other methods of treatment.", "contents": "Systemic immunosuppression in marginal keratolysis. Experience in the investigation and treatment of eleven patients with the peripheral corneal melting syndrome is described. It is considered that short-term treatment with non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive regimes should be tried in patients with severe progressive disease which may not respond to other methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:289224", "title": "A pathological study of eye involvement in acute leukemia of childhood.", "content": "The eyes of 60 children dying of acute leukemia between 1968 and 1976 at the Children's Hospital Medical Center have been examined pathologically. An attempt has been made to relate eye findings to the state of the systemic disease at the time of death. Eight of the 60 patients had leukemia retinal infiltrates and all eight had fulminant disease with terminal leukocyte counts over 100,000 per cubic millimeter and a high percentage of \"blast\" cells. Twenty-six patients (43%) had leukemic infiltration of the choroid which was not apparent clinically, but which would require therapy in any effort to eradicate leukemic cells from the body. Five of six patients with optic nervic involvement had coexistant meningeal leukemia. Isolated retinal hemorrhages could not be correlated with other parameters of the leukemic process.", "contents": "A pathological study of eye involvement in acute leukemia of childhood. The eyes of 60 children dying of acute leukemia between 1968 and 1976 at the Children's Hospital Medical Center have been examined pathologically. An attempt has been made to relate eye findings to the state of the systemic disease at the time of death. Eight of the 60 patients had leukemia retinal infiltrates and all eight had fulminant disease with terminal leukocyte counts over 100,000 per cubic millimeter and a high percentage of \"blast\" cells. Twenty-six patients (43%) had leukemic infiltration of the choroid which was not apparent clinically, but which would require therapy in any effort to eradicate leukemic cells from the body. Five of six patients with optic nervic involvement had coexistant meningeal leukemia. Isolated retinal hemorrhages could not be correlated with other parameters of the leukemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:289225", "title": "Hematologic abnormalities preceding myeloid leukemia in three cats.", "content": "Cytopenia were recognized in three cats infected with feline leukemia virus. In one cat, marrow blast cells were increased in number, and a diagnosis of aleukemic leukemia was made. The disease progressed slowly for 3 1/2 months before terminating in acute myelomonocytic leukemia, recognized as a blast crisis in blood. In the other two cats, neutropenia and altered granulopoiesis in bone marrow preceded development of myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "Hematologic abnormalities preceding myeloid leukemia in three cats. Cytopenia were recognized in three cats infected with feline leukemia virus. In one cat, marrow blast cells were increased in number, and a diagnosis of aleukemic leukemia was made. The disease progressed slowly for 3 1/2 months before terminating in acute myelomonocytic leukemia, recognized as a blast crisis in blood. In the other two cats, neutropenia and altered granulopoiesis in bone marrow preceded development of myeloid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:289273", "title": "[Acute myeloid leukemia during Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "A patient with Hodgkin's disease is reported in whom 5 years after establishing of diagnosis acute myeloid leukaemia developed during multistage treatment. The patient died. The authors discuss the problem of leukaemia-inducing influence of intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Acute myeloid leukemia during Hodgkin's disease]. A patient with Hodgkin's disease is reported in whom 5 years after establishing of diagnosis acute myeloid leukaemia developed during multistage treatment. The patient died. The authors discuss the problem of leukaemia-inducing influence of intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:289274", "title": "Mathematical model of the proliferation cycle of lymphoblastic leukemia cells.", "content": "In the paper a system of equations is described, which enables computation of the mean number of leukemic cells in the blood as a function of time. After formulation of the problem in the form of cybernetical model, the equations are derived. Then the results of modeling obtained with the aid of a digital computer are described. The paper concludes with short summary.", "contents": "Mathematical model of the proliferation cycle of lymphoblastic leukemia cells. In the paper a system of equations is described, which enables computation of the mean number of leukemic cells in the blood as a function of time. After formulation of the problem in the form of cybernetical model, the equations are derived. Then the results of modeling obtained with the aid of a digital computer are described. The paper concludes with short summary."}
{"id": "PMID:289281", "title": "Evidence of active transport (filtration?) of plasma proteins across the capillary walls in muscle and subcutis.", "content": "Under slight lymphatic stasis (tilting the body 15 degrees) we measured the arrival of locally injected 131I-albumin in the plasma pool. From 30 min to 90 min after the injection the return rate was zero, i.e. local back transport in the two tissues studied, muscle and subcutaneous fat, is very small. Compared with a suggested steady state total 131I-albumin clearance of 1.7%/hour in the horizontal body position, we conclude that a maximum of 1% of the interstitial albumin can have a local transendothelial escape, i.e. can be handled by passive forces, such as diffusion and pinocytosis. Since passive flux is proportional to the concentration, and since the interstitial albumin concentration is about half the plasma concentration, then also diffusion and/or pinocytosis of albumin from the plasma is negligible in the resting normal human. We suggest that filtration through large leaks is the main mechanism for transendothelial protein transport.", "contents": "Evidence of active transport (filtration?) of plasma proteins across the capillary walls in muscle and subcutis. Under slight lymphatic stasis (tilting the body 15 degrees) we measured the arrival of locally injected 131I-albumin in the plasma pool. From 30 min to 90 min after the injection the return rate was zero, i.e. local back transport in the two tissues studied, muscle and subcutaneous fat, is very small. Compared with a suggested steady state total 131I-albumin clearance of 1.7%/hour in the horizontal body position, we conclude that a maximum of 1% of the interstitial albumin can have a local transendothelial escape, i.e. can be handled by passive forces, such as diffusion and pinocytosis. Since passive flux is proportional to the concentration, and since the interstitial albumin concentration is about half the plasma concentration, then also diffusion and/or pinocytosis of albumin from the plasma is negligible in the resting normal human. We suggest that filtration through large leaks is the main mechanism for transendothelial protein transport."}
{"id": "PMID:289282", "title": "Experimental and quantitative analysis of microcirculatory water exchange.", "content": "Quantitative and direct studies of microcirculatory fluid exchange phenomena provide evidence that fluid tissue balance in omentum and mesentery is achieved through lymphatic drainage. Fluid exchange in muscle appears to alternate between filtration and absorption from the capillaries in synchrony with arteriolar vasomotion. Detailed calculations show that, in the absence of hydraulic or osmotic pumping at the level of the terminal lymphatics, tissue pressures are of the order of +6 cm H2O for both visceral and muscle tissue. It is concluded that these microcirculatory beds represent two extreme types of mechanisms for achieving fluid balance, and that most other tissues, with the exception of liver and tumors, operate in between.", "contents": "Experimental and quantitative analysis of microcirculatory water exchange. Quantitative and direct studies of microcirculatory fluid exchange phenomena provide evidence that fluid tissue balance in omentum and mesentery is achieved through lymphatic drainage. Fluid exchange in muscle appears to alternate between filtration and absorption from the capillaries in synchrony with arteriolar vasomotion. Detailed calculations show that, in the absence of hydraulic or osmotic pumping at the level of the terminal lymphatics, tissue pressures are of the order of +6 cm H2O for both visceral and muscle tissue. It is concluded that these microcirculatory beds represent two extreme types of mechanisms for achieving fluid balance, and that most other tissues, with the exception of liver and tumors, operate in between."}
{"id": "PMID:289275", "title": "[Immunological characteristics of lymphocytes during intensive treatment maintaining remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and following withdrawal from chemotherapy].", "content": "In 22 children with lymphoblastic leukaemia peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied during 2.5 years of remission-maintaining treatment, and in 7 cases also after stopping treatment. Lymphocytes T and B were identified and lymphocyte surface receptors for complement and for the Fc fragment of IgF were determined. The immunological reactivity of lymphocytes was determined also using the test of PHA-induced blastic transformation. It was found that prolonged chemotherapy caused depression of lymphocytes B in the first place. A fall was observed also in the proportion of cells undergoing transformation. It was shown that after cessation of treatment PHA-reactivity and normal values of lymphocyte subpopulations returned.", "contents": "[Immunological characteristics of lymphocytes during intensive treatment maintaining remission of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and following withdrawal from chemotherapy]. In 22 children with lymphoblastic leukaemia peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied during 2.5 years of remission-maintaining treatment, and in 7 cases also after stopping treatment. Lymphocytes T and B were identified and lymphocyte surface receptors for complement and for the Fc fragment of IgF were determined. The immunological reactivity of lymphocytes was determined also using the test of PHA-induced blastic transformation. It was found that prolonged chemotherapy caused depression of lymphocytes B in the first place. A fall was observed also in the proportion of cells undergoing transformation. It was shown that after cessation of treatment PHA-reactivity and normal values of lymphocyte subpopulations returned."}
{"id": "PMID:289288", "title": "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia is a rare, infrequently recognized, myeloproliferative disorder. It usually manifests as a leukemoid reaction, with mostly mature granulocytes in the peripheral blood, with rare to occasional immature forms, and sometimes with normoblasts. The clinical manifestations also include hepatosplenomegaly, elevated leukocytic alkaline phosphatase, elevated serum vitamin B12 and serum vitamin B12 binder (\"R\" fraction), and elevated serum uric acid. Distinction from a leukemegaly, the absence of sepsis, usually normal erythrocytic sedimentation, and the absence of fever. Leukemoid reactions may be associated with elevated serum vitamin B12 and uric acid, but the levels are usually lower than those found in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Many patients have gouty symptoms, especially after treatment with Busulfan, and many have an unexplained hemorrhagic tendency, making major operations a risk. The authors add two cases to the 11 previously described.", "contents": "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia is a rare, infrequently recognized, myeloproliferative disorder. It usually manifests as a leukemoid reaction, with mostly mature granulocytes in the peripheral blood, with rare to occasional immature forms, and sometimes with normoblasts. The clinical manifestations also include hepatosplenomegaly, elevated leukocytic alkaline phosphatase, elevated serum vitamin B12 and serum vitamin B12 binder (\"R\" fraction), and elevated serum uric acid. Distinction from a leukemegaly, the absence of sepsis, usually normal erythrocytic sedimentation, and the absence of fever. Leukemoid reactions may be associated with elevated serum vitamin B12 and uric acid, but the levels are usually lower than those found in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Many patients have gouty symptoms, especially after treatment with Busulfan, and many have an unexplained hemorrhagic tendency, making major operations a risk. The authors add two cases to the 11 previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:289289", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed by acute granulocytic leukemia in a pediatric patient.", "content": "A 14-year-old white male patient had acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction, negative T and B cell markers, and negative nonspecific esterase and peroxidase reactions. Ten months after the initial diagnosis, the bone marrow appearance was compatible with acute granulocytic leukemia, with the presence of Auer rods, and with peroxidase-positive, nonspecific esterase-negative, and negative PAS reactions. Karyotyping and banding were not performed. The concurrence of both diseases in this patient is unique in pediatric oncology.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed by acute granulocytic leukemia in a pediatric patient. A 14-year-old white male patient had acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive reaction, negative T and B cell markers, and negative nonspecific esterase and peroxidase reactions. Ten months after the initial diagnosis, the bone marrow appearance was compatible with acute granulocytic leukemia, with the presence of Auer rods, and with peroxidase-positive, nonspecific esterase-negative, and negative PAS reactions. Karyotyping and banding were not performed. The concurrence of both diseases in this patient is unique in pediatric oncology."}
{"id": "PMID:289290", "title": "Chromosome changes in a patient achieving complete remission in the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) had a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph') [t(9q+;22q-)] in all cells and trisomy C in 13% of cells (later determined to be trisomy 8) at the time of diagnosis. After 21 months of intermittent treatment with busulfan, the acute phase developed with the appearance of an additional abnormality (trisomy ? 19). During a complete remission and reconversion to the chronic phase, trisomies 8 and ? 19 DISAPPEARed, although the Ph' remained. Following a period of marked thrombocytosis, a second relapse occurred with the reappearance of both marker chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosome changes in a patient achieving complete remission in the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) had a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph') [t(9q+;22q-)] in all cells and trisomy C in 13% of cells (later determined to be trisomy 8) at the time of diagnosis. After 21 months of intermittent treatment with busulfan, the acute phase developed with the appearance of an additional abnormality (trisomy ? 19). During a complete remission and reconversion to the chronic phase, trisomies 8 and ? 19 DISAPPEARed, although the Ph' remained. Following a period of marked thrombocytosis, a second relapse occurred with the reappearance of both marker chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:289292", "title": "The concept of pattern in craniofacial growth.", "content": "1. There are semantic and associated problems with the word pattern in biology, particularly in orthodontics and facial growth. 2. Pattern, as we use the term, is invariance of relationships--\"a set of constraints operating to preserve the integration of parts under varying conditions and through time.\" 3. Craniofacial pattern can be described and quantified by the identification of craniofacial constants, measures that are relatively invariant. 4. Growth is change and is best identified by studying those measures of size and shape that vary most sensitively through time over development stages. 5. The many traditional cephalometric measures that represent well neither pattern nor growth (mixed) are of less clinical utility than either pure pattern indices or growth indices. 6. The analytical and conceptual separation of pattern and growth seems useful in analysis of morphology, analysis of growth, prediction of growth, and clinical treatment planning.", "contents": "The concept of pattern in craniofacial growth. 1. There are semantic and associated problems with the word pattern in biology, particularly in orthodontics and facial growth. 2. Pattern, as we use the term, is invariance of relationships--\"a set of constraints operating to preserve the integration of parts under varying conditions and through time.\" 3. Craniofacial pattern can be described and quantified by the identification of craniofacial constants, measures that are relatively invariant. 4. Growth is change and is best identified by studying those measures of size and shape that vary most sensitively through time over development stages. 5. The many traditional cephalometric measures that represent well neither pattern nor growth (mixed) are of less clinical utility than either pure pattern indices or growth indices. 6. The analytical and conceptual separation of pattern and growth seems useful in analysis of morphology, analysis of growth, prediction of growth, and clinical treatment planning."}
{"id": "PMID:289293", "title": "Treatment of severe mandibular retrusion in class II, division 2 malocclusion.", "content": "The case of an adult patient with a severe mandibular retrusion of the Class II, Division 2 malocclusion type has been presented. The patient's marked anteroposterior discrepancy was complicated by the severe malocclusion. The solution to this case involved presurgical orthodontic treatment to allow for surgical mandibular advancement by a modified sagittal osteotomy and postsurgical orthodontic care for alignment of the dentition. A discussion of the importance of the patient's facial growth type for stable mandibular advancement has also been presented.", "contents": "Treatment of severe mandibular retrusion in class II, division 2 malocclusion. The case of an adult patient with a severe mandibular retrusion of the Class II, Division 2 malocclusion type has been presented. The patient's marked anteroposterior discrepancy was complicated by the severe malocclusion. The solution to this case involved presurgical orthodontic treatment to allow for surgical mandibular advancement by a modified sagittal osteotomy and postsurgical orthodontic care for alignment of the dentition. A discussion of the importance of the patient's facial growth type for stable mandibular advancement has also been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:289295", "title": "Cephalometric evaluation of surgical orthodontic treatment for the correction of anterior cross-bites.", "content": "Severe skeletal Class III malocclusion cases were treated by surgical orthodontic techniques. Surgical operations included alveolar osteotomy, horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular ramus, osteotomy of the mandibular body, and sagittal-split osteotomy of the mandibular ramus, according to the type of malocclusion. Comparisons between lateral cephalograms made before and after operation at the prognosis examination were made for the four surgical procedures.", "contents": "Cephalometric evaluation of surgical orthodontic treatment for the correction of anterior cross-bites. Severe skeletal Class III malocclusion cases were treated by surgical orthodontic techniques. Surgical operations included alveolar osteotomy, horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular ramus, osteotomy of the mandibular body, and sagittal-split osteotomy of the mandibular ramus, according to the type of malocclusion. Comparisons between lateral cephalograms made before and after operation at the prognosis examination were made for the four surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:289297", "title": "The orthodontic center of rotation of the maxillary central incisor.", "content": "The cephalometric records of sixty-four Class II, Division 1 cases treated exclusively with removable orthodontic appliances have been used in a study of the manner in which maxillary central incisors tilt. The center of rotation was most frequently located in the middle third of the incisor root. The longer the time interval between the pre- and posttreatment cephalograms, the more apical was the rotation axis likely to be, an effect ascribed to growth changes in the maxilla. If the effects of growth are taken into account, it seems that the maxillary central incisor seldom, if ever, tilts about the apical third of its root when force levels customarily recommended for tipping movements are employed. The results suggest that the instantaneous and orthodontic centers of rotation are one and the same and support the view that the manner in which incisor teeth move in response to a single applied force depends principally on the physical properties of the tooth root, supporting bone, and periodontal membrane. An unexplained correlation was found between the rate of incisor movement measured at the cervical margin of the tooth and the level of the rotation center.", "contents": "The orthodontic center of rotation of the maxillary central incisor. The cephalometric records of sixty-four Class II, Division 1 cases treated exclusively with removable orthodontic appliances have been used in a study of the manner in which maxillary central incisors tilt. The center of rotation was most frequently located in the middle third of the incisor root. The longer the time interval between the pre- and posttreatment cephalograms, the more apical was the rotation axis likely to be, an effect ascribed to growth changes in the maxilla. If the effects of growth are taken into account, it seems that the maxillary central incisor seldom, if ever, tilts about the apical third of its root when force levels customarily recommended for tipping movements are employed. The results suggest that the instantaneous and orthodontic centers of rotation are one and the same and support the view that the manner in which incisor teeth move in response to a single applied force depends principally on the physical properties of the tooth root, supporting bone, and periodontal membrane. An unexplained correlation was found between the rate of incisor movement measured at the cervical margin of the tooth and the level of the rotation center."}
{"id": "PMID:289303", "title": "Serum amyloid A to monitor cancer dissemination.", "content": "The level of serum amyloid A, a protein previously found to behave as an acute-phase reactant, was measured by a radioimmunoassay in 621 patients with various neoplastic diseases free of inflammatory processes. In all but eight of the 289 patients with solid tumors with distant metastases, in all patients with myelocytic leukemia with high leukocyte counts, and in all patients with advanced lymphoma, the serum amyloid A level was above 400 ng/mL. It was below this value in all tested patients with lymphocytic leukemia and in 250 of 270 patients with solid malignant tumors with localized or regional disease. Among the 20 patients from this latter group with levels higher than 400 ng/mL, 16 developed distant metastases within 214 days from the initial measurement. The serum amyloid A level decreased significantly in patients with lymphoma and those with metastatic solid tumors who responded to chemotherapy. Thus the level of serum amyloid A can be used as a biochemical marker that discriminates between disseminated and localized or regional disease, and monitors the response to therapy.", "contents": "Serum amyloid A to monitor cancer dissemination. The level of serum amyloid A, a protein previously found to behave as an acute-phase reactant, was measured by a radioimmunoassay in 621 patients with various neoplastic diseases free of inflammatory processes. In all but eight of the 289 patients with solid tumors with distant metastases, in all patients with myelocytic leukemia with high leukocyte counts, and in all patients with advanced lymphoma, the serum amyloid A level was above 400 ng/mL. It was below this value in all tested patients with lymphocytic leukemia and in 250 of 270 patients with solid malignant tumors with localized or regional disease. Among the 20 patients from this latter group with levels higher than 400 ng/mL, 16 developed distant metastases within 214 days from the initial measurement. The serum amyloid A level decreased significantly in patients with lymphoma and those with metastatic solid tumors who responded to chemotherapy. Thus the level of serum amyloid A can be used as a biochemical marker that discriminates between disseminated and localized or regional disease, and monitors the response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:289308", "title": "Histometric and electron cytochemical study of muscle in the dystrophic mouse.", "content": "A histometric analysis of the alterations at the motor end plate in dystrophic Bar Harbor mice has been performed. In both forms of mouse dystrophy, simplification and focal atrophy of the junctional folds and retraction of the nerve terminal represented the significant changes. The postsynaptic alterations were similar to those described in Duchenne dystrophy. In constrast, the presence of presynaptic alterations in these mice indicated the presence of both a neural and a muscular abnormality. The wedge-shaped focal lesions in the muscle of dystrophic mice were demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo HRP tracer techniques. These focal degenerative changes in muscle were similar to those described in Duchenne dystrophy. Employing the technique of extracellular space tracing, a comparison was made of the appearance of the transverse tubular system in the various types of dystrophic muscle fibers.", "contents": "Histometric and electron cytochemical study of muscle in the dystrophic mouse. A histometric analysis of the alterations at the motor end plate in dystrophic Bar Harbor mice has been performed. In both forms of mouse dystrophy, simplification and focal atrophy of the junctional folds and retraction of the nerve terminal represented the significant changes. The postsynaptic alterations were similar to those described in Duchenne dystrophy. In constrast, the presence of presynaptic alterations in these mice indicated the presence of both a neural and a muscular abnormality. The wedge-shaped focal lesions in the muscle of dystrophic mice were demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo HRP tracer techniques. These focal degenerative changes in muscle were similar to those described in Duchenne dystrophy. Employing the technique of extracellular space tracing, a comparison was made of the appearance of the transverse tubular system in the various types of dystrophic muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:289315", "title": "Therapeutic trials in hamster dystrophy.", "content": "Verapamil and prenylamine, which antagonize calcium influx into heart muscle cells, Dibenamine and propanolol, alpha and beta adrenergic bockers, respectively, and prostaglandin E1, which acts on permeability of cell membranes and on adrenergic neurotransmission, were all shown to markedly reduce the severity of heart lesions in UM-X7.1 cardiomyopathic hamsters. The beneficial effects of these compounds seen essentially preventive, in that they do not afford protection for fully developed skeletal muscle lesions. The occurrence of the pathologic changes in the myocardium coincides with an increased adrenergic nerve activity, and it is believed that these drugs function mainly by decreasing calcium conductivity across the sarcolemmal membranes of cardiocytes.", "contents": "Therapeutic trials in hamster dystrophy. Verapamil and prenylamine, which antagonize calcium influx into heart muscle cells, Dibenamine and propanolol, alpha and beta adrenergic bockers, respectively, and prostaglandin E1, which acts on permeability of cell membranes and on adrenergic neurotransmission, were all shown to markedly reduce the severity of heart lesions in UM-X7.1 cardiomyopathic hamsters. The beneficial effects of these compounds seen essentially preventive, in that they do not afford protection for fully developed skeletal muscle lesions. The occurrence of the pathologic changes in the myocardium coincides with an increased adrenergic nerve activity, and it is believed that these drugs function mainly by decreasing calcium conductivity across the sarcolemmal membranes of cardiocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:289317", "title": "Mechanism of action of penicillamine in the treatment of avian muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Penicillamine, a cysteine analog with a reduced sulfhydryl group, has been used in this laboratory for the treatment of hereditary avian dystrophy. The drug delays the onset of symptoms and alleviates the debilitating aspects of the disease. To study the mechanism of drug action, the effects of penicillamine on white and red muscles of dystrophic chickens were examined with regard to the specific activities of the soluble enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetylphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione preoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The sulfhydryl contents of the soluble proteins and the concentration of myoglobin were also determined. In white dystrophic muscle (pectoral), there were large alterations in the various enzymatic activities compared to normal levels. In the DISCUSSION, these changes are related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to the adaptive response for protection of the severely affected fast fibers. Red dystrophic muscles (thigh) were minimally involved, in accordance with the known sparing action of the slow fiber type. The results suggested that the disease process in dystrophic muscle may be due to oxidation of the essential sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Penicillamine may produce therapeutic effects by altering the intracellular redox status, thereby promoting better regulation of enzymatic activity, membrane stability, and improved muscle function.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of penicillamine in the treatment of avian muscular dystrophy. Penicillamine, a cysteine analog with a reduced sulfhydryl group, has been used in this laboratory for the treatment of hereditary avian dystrophy. The drug delays the onset of symptoms and alleviates the debilitating aspects of the disease. To study the mechanism of drug action, the effects of penicillamine on white and red muscles of dystrophic chickens were examined with regard to the specific activities of the soluble enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetylphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione preoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The sulfhydryl contents of the soluble proteins and the concentration of myoglobin were also determined. In white dystrophic muscle (pectoral), there were large alterations in the various enzymatic activities compared to normal levels. In the DISCUSSION, these changes are related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to the adaptive response for protection of the severely affected fast fibers. Red dystrophic muscles (thigh) were minimally involved, in accordance with the known sparing action of the slow fiber type. The results suggested that the disease process in dystrophic muscle may be due to oxidation of the essential sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Penicillamine may produce therapeutic effects by altering the intracellular redox status, thereby promoting better regulation of enzymatic activity, membrane stability, and improved muscle function."}
{"id": "PMID:289318", "title": "Penicillamine in the therapy of hereditary muscular dystrophy in chickens.", "content": "This was a brief 6-month study of the possible value of penicillamine in adult chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Detailed histologic investigation of various parameters of muscle architecture yielded no evidence of significant therapeutic effect. Several serious toxic symptoms were noted. It is suggested that in muscular dystrophy, a disease in which the main feature is profound alteration of muscle structure, histologic studies may be the best means of documenting response to therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Penicillamine in the therapy of hereditary muscular dystrophy in chickens. This was a brief 6-month study of the possible value of penicillamine in adult chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Detailed histologic investigation of various parameters of muscle architecture yielded no evidence of significant therapeutic effect. Several serious toxic symptoms were noted. It is suggested that in muscular dystrophy, a disease in which the main feature is profound alteration of muscle structure, histologic studies may be the best means of documenting response to therapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:289324", "title": "Cardiomyopathy of hamster dystrophy.", "content": "Investigations of the fine structural changes observed in the hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters at very early stages of the disease indicate that the initial changes involve the pericapillary mesenchymal cells. Other prominent features consist of hypercontraction of cardiocytes, disruption of intercalated disks, and eventual partitioning of cardiac cells, with myofibrillar lysis. The generalized plasma membrane defect allows a net increase in calcium influx and a depression in mitochondrial respiratory control ratios. These pathologic events are in accord with previously reported increases in myocardial sympathic nerve activity.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy of hamster dystrophy. Investigations of the fine structural changes observed in the hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters at very early stages of the disease indicate that the initial changes involve the pericapillary mesenchymal cells. Other prominent features consist of hypercontraction of cardiocytes, disruption of intercalated disks, and eventual partitioning of cardiac cells, with myofibrillar lysis. The generalized plasma membrane defect allows a net increase in calcium influx and a depression in mitochondrial respiratory control ratios. These pathologic events are in accord with previously reported increases in myocardial sympathic nerve activity."}
{"id": "PMID:289325", "title": "Muscle breakdown and lysosomal activation (biochemistry).", "content": "Muscle tissue levels of lysosomal catheptic enzymes, such as cathepsins D, A, B1, C, and dipeptidyl peptidase II, were measured in control subjects and patients with muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, and certain denervating diseases. The results show that, in general, the activities of these enzymes are increased in muscles of patients with muscular dystrophies and other diseases. The increases in cathepsin D and autolytic activities are not significant until the late stage of the disease process. Cathepsins A, B1, and C are, however, significantly elevated in mildly affected dystrophic and other diseased muscles. Of these catheptic enzymes, cathepsin B1 displays the highest rise at an early stage, suggesting that it may be one of the rate-controlling enzymes of proteolysis. Dipeptidyl peptidase II is increased slightly in dystrophic and other myopathic muscles but is unchanged in denervated muscle. These data clearly implicate the lysosomal group of proteinases as largely responsible for mediating muscle breakdown in the muscular dystrophies and certain other muscle and neuromuscular diseases in man.", "contents": "Muscle breakdown and lysosomal activation (biochemistry). Muscle tissue levels of lysosomal catheptic enzymes, such as cathepsins D, A, B1, C, and dipeptidyl peptidase II, were measured in control subjects and patients with muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, and certain denervating diseases. The results show that, in general, the activities of these enzymes are increased in muscles of patients with muscular dystrophies and other diseases. The increases in cathepsin D and autolytic activities are not significant until the late stage of the disease process. Cathepsins A, B1, and C are, however, significantly elevated in mildly affected dystrophic and other diseased muscles. Of these catheptic enzymes, cathepsin B1 displays the highest rise at an early stage, suggesting that it may be one of the rate-controlling enzymes of proteolysis. Dipeptidyl peptidase II is increased slightly in dystrophic and other myopathic muscles but is unchanged in denervated muscle. These data clearly implicate the lysosomal group of proteinases as largely responsible for mediating muscle breakdown in the muscular dystrophies and certain other muscle and neuromuscular diseases in man."}
{"id": "PMID:289330", "title": "Thymic changes in muscular dystrophy and evidence for an abnormality related to prostaglandin synthesis or action.", "content": "In Bar Harbor 129 dystrophic mice, thymic development is abnormal. Before weaning, the thymus is slightly smaller than in phenotypically normal littermates; after weaning, however, the lymphoid elements undergo rapid atrophy. The epithelial elements, in contrast, display hyperlasia. Thymectomy has no influence on the course of the disease, and it is possible that the thymic changes are a reflection of a fundamental metabolic abnormality. Thymic lymphoid tissue development seems to require normal levels of PGE1. Levels that are either too high or too low both result in abnormalities. We have investigated the effects of PGE1 in smooth muscle and have demonstrated that while some PGE1 is required for both calcium release and calcium removal, high levels of PGE1 block both processes. We propose that the muscular dystrophies are related to defects in PG synthesis and action. Myotonic dystrophy may be due to PGE11 excess, whereas Duchenne dystrophy may in part be due to PGE1 deficiency.", "contents": "Thymic changes in muscular dystrophy and evidence for an abnormality related to prostaglandin synthesis or action. In Bar Harbor 129 dystrophic mice, thymic development is abnormal. Before weaning, the thymus is slightly smaller than in phenotypically normal littermates; after weaning, however, the lymphoid elements undergo rapid atrophy. The epithelial elements, in contrast, display hyperlasia. Thymectomy has no influence on the course of the disease, and it is possible that the thymic changes are a reflection of a fundamental metabolic abnormality. Thymic lymphoid tissue development seems to require normal levels of PGE1. Levels that are either too high or too low both result in abnormalities. We have investigated the effects of PGE1 in smooth muscle and have demonstrated that while some PGE1 is required for both calcium release and calcium removal, high levels of PGE1 block both processes. We propose that the muscular dystrophies are related to defects in PG synthesis and action. Myotonic dystrophy may be due to PGE11 excess, whereas Duchenne dystrophy may in part be due to PGE1 deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:289335", "title": "Mosaic analysis of dystrophic embryos aggregated with normal chimeras: an approach to mapping the site of gene expression.", "content": "Genotypically dystrophic muscle in mouse chimeras of dystrophic leads to and comes from normal genotype has been influenced to develop normally and remain healthy. A significant extramuscular component that effects the expression of the muscle disease in homozygous dystrophic mice is thereby implicated. The potential application of the chimera preparation in further elucidating the source and the nature of that extramuscular influence is outlined.", "contents": "Mosaic analysis of dystrophic embryos aggregated with normal chimeras: an approach to mapping the site of gene expression. Genotypically dystrophic muscle in mouse chimeras of dystrophic leads to and comes from normal genotype has been influenced to develop normally and remain healthy. A significant extramuscular component that effects the expression of the muscle disease in homozygous dystrophic mice is thereby implicated. The potential application of the chimera preparation in further elucidating the source and the nature of that extramuscular influence is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:289341", "title": "The changing role of surgery for pulmonary metastases.", "content": "From 1960 to 1977, 663 resections for pulmonary metastases were performed in 448 patients, 202 with a sarcoma and 246 with a carcinoma. The majority of the patients (70%) had wedge resection or segmentectomy. Operative mortality was 1.0% (7 patients in 663 thoracotomies). With the increased effectiveness of chemotherapy in some specific areas--osteogenic sarcoma and carcinoma of the testis, breast, and colon--the role of surgery is changing. Surgery is now indicated to establish the histology of a solitary lesion, resect metastases unresponsive to chemotherapy, and to reclassify lesions that stabilize but do not disappear totally with chemotherapy.", "contents": "The changing role of surgery for pulmonary metastases. From 1960 to 1977, 663 resections for pulmonary metastases were performed in 448 patients, 202 with a sarcoma and 246 with a carcinoma. The majority of the patients (70%) had wedge resection or segmentectomy. Operative mortality was 1.0% (7 patients in 663 thoracotomies). With the increased effectiveness of chemotherapy in some specific areas--osteogenic sarcoma and carcinoma of the testis, breast, and colon--the role of surgery is changing. Surgery is now indicated to establish the histology of a solitary lesion, resect metastases unresponsive to chemotherapy, and to reclassify lesions that stabilize but do not disappear totally with chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:289342", "title": "Severe hypokalemia in hospitalized patients.", "content": "Profound hypokalemia was observed in 73 patients in a major university teaching hospital during a three-year period. When compared with hospitalized subjects used as controls, these patients experienced a greater mortality, were substantially more likely to be female, but were not more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease. Use of a diuretic appeared to precipitate profound hypokalemia infrequently, and when it did, the clinical situation was extremely complex. Over 10% of the patients with hypokalemia had acute myeloid leukemia, an incidence 22 times greater than that expected. Hypokalemia should be sought in all patients with this disease, since it is an avoidable cause of death. Further studies into the mechanism of hypokalemia are required to explain its striking preponderance in women.", "contents": "Severe hypokalemia in hospitalized patients. Profound hypokalemia was observed in 73 patients in a major university teaching hospital during a three-year period. When compared with hospitalized subjects used as controls, these patients experienced a greater mortality, were substantially more likely to be female, but were not more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease. Use of a diuretic appeared to precipitate profound hypokalemia infrequently, and when it did, the clinical situation was extremely complex. Over 10% of the patients with hypokalemia had acute myeloid leukemia, an incidence 22 times greater than that expected. Hypokalemia should be sought in all patients with this disease, since it is an avoidable cause of death. Further studies into the mechanism of hypokalemia are required to explain its striking preponderance in women."}
{"id": "PMID:289343", "title": "Osteosarcoma: histological evaluation and grading.", "content": "With 60 cases of osteosarcomas a histological evaluation from + to +++ carried out for mitoses, osteoid formation, presence of multinucleated giant cells, and tumor necrosis. A subclassification in osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and fibroblastic type of osteosarcoma (according to Dahlin) and a histological grading from + to +++ based on degree of cellular atypism was also done. In our material no relations between these three types of osteosarcoma and chance for survival became evident. There was, however, a significant correlation between grade of atypism and rate of mitoses. Grading of oestosarcomas from + to +++ showed that cases with grade III osteosarcoma remained only seldomly without metastases during the course of the disease. Grade I osteosarcomas and also grade II tumors showed a higher number of patients with 2-year survival. However, neither correlation between tumor grade and incidence of metastases, nor with chances for survival were statistically significant. Nevertheless, characterization of osteosarcomas, by a histological grading  from + to +++ based on cellular atypism and mitotic count is advisable, in addition to the TNM stages. This histological grading appeared to be more practicable than subclassifications of osteosarcoma by type which had been tested by us in a previous study (Konrad et al., in press).", "contents": "Osteosarcoma: histological evaluation and grading. With 60 cases of osteosarcomas a histological evaluation from + to +++ carried out for mitoses, osteoid formation, presence of multinucleated giant cells, and tumor necrosis. A subclassification in osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and fibroblastic type of osteosarcoma (according to Dahlin) and a histological grading from + to +++ based on degree of cellular atypism was also done. In our material no relations between these three types of osteosarcoma and chance for survival became evident. There was, however, a significant correlation between grade of atypism and rate of mitoses. Grading of oestosarcomas from + to +++ showed that cases with grade III osteosarcoma remained only seldomly without metastases during the course of the disease. Grade I osteosarcomas and also grade II tumors showed a higher number of patients with 2-year survival. However, neither correlation between tumor grade and incidence of metastases, nor with chances for survival were statistically significant. Nevertheless, characterization of osteosarcomas, by a histological grading  from + to +++ based on cellular atypism and mitotic count is advisable, in addition to the TNM stages. This histological grading appeared to be more practicable than subclassifications of osteosarcoma by type which had been tested by us in a previous study (Konrad et al., in press)."}
{"id": "PMID:289369", "title": "The diagnosis and management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia).", "content": "There are two major categories of post-traumatic pain syndroms: (1) causalgia; and (2) mimocausalgia states or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Vasoconstriction is usually present. Because of the pain, limitation of motion of the extremity occurs, and may result in permanent disability. There is often a great disparity between the apparent trauma and the severity of the pain. Sympathetic blocks and sympathectomy are definitive modes of therapy. In a series of 147 patients, 56% required surgical sympathectomy. The rest were treated by sympathetic blocks, physical therapy, and other medical measures. Eighty-two percent had excellent relief of pain, 11% had good relief, while 7% had no relief. Thirty-one percent of patients had residual symptoms resulting from the original injury, or from irreversible occurrences on the basis of pain and trophic changes. Emphasis is placed on early recognition and proper treatment.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia). There are two major categories of post-traumatic pain syndroms: (1) causalgia; and (2) mimocausalgia states or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Vasoconstriction is usually present. Because of the pain, limitation of motion of the extremity occurs, and may result in permanent disability. There is often a great disparity between the apparent trauma and the severity of the pain. Sympathetic blocks and sympathectomy are definitive modes of therapy. In a series of 147 patients, 56% required surgical sympathectomy. The rest were treated by sympathetic blocks, physical therapy, and other medical measures. Eighty-two percent had excellent relief of pain, 11% had good relief, while 7% had no relief. Thirty-one percent of patients had residual symptoms resulting from the original injury, or from irreversible occurrences on the basis of pain and trophic changes. Emphasis is placed on early recognition and proper treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:289371", "title": "The carcinoid tumour.", "content": "Carcinoid tumours are by no means rare. The wide range of sites in which they occur is explained by their origin from APUD cells of the neural crest. These cells migrate to all parts of the alimentary tract during embryonic life, and ultimately are found as well in various gut derivatives such as the respiratory, pancreatic and biliary systems. On the basis of a series of 31 carcinoid tumours seen at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in a five-year period, the distinctive clinical and histological features of carcinoids of foregut, midgut and hindgut origin are reviewed. Diagnosis, treatment and results are discussed, and recommendations regarding management of the patient with a carcinoid tumour are given.", "contents": "The carcinoid tumour. Carcinoid tumours are by no means rare. The wide range of sites in which they occur is explained by their origin from APUD cells of the neural crest. These cells migrate to all parts of the alimentary tract during embryonic life, and ultimately are found as well in various gut derivatives such as the respiratory, pancreatic and biliary systems. On the basis of a series of 31 carcinoid tumours seen at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in a five-year period, the distinctive clinical and histological features of carcinoids of foregut, midgut and hindgut origin are reviewed. Diagnosis, treatment and results are discussed, and recommendations regarding management of the patient with a carcinoid tumour are given."}
{"id": "PMID:289372", "title": "The current status of surgery for endometrial carcinoma: facts and fantasy.", "content": "Surgery is the prime method of therapy for endometrial carcinoma. However, in nearly all cases radiotherapy is combined with it either before or after operation. High risk factors include hyperoestrinism, cervical spread, myometrial invasion, cellular anaplasia, and metastatic spread to adnexa, vagina and the pelvic lymph nodes. The latter involvement of the last factor is analysed in some detail, on the base of 216 dissections with an incidence of 8%. Analysis of other authors' findings are reviewed on the basis of autopsy and selection. The place for Wertheim hysterectomy is discussed, also vaginal hysterectomy and the timing of surgery when irradiation is given preoperatively. The author's statistics are derived from a previous study of 468 patients treated between 1956 and 1971.", "contents": "The current status of surgery for endometrial carcinoma: facts and fantasy. Surgery is the prime method of therapy for endometrial carcinoma. However, in nearly all cases radiotherapy is combined with it either before or after operation. High risk factors include hyperoestrinism, cervical spread, myometrial invasion, cellular anaplasia, and metastatic spread to adnexa, vagina and the pelvic lymph nodes. The latter involvement of the last factor is analysed in some detail, on the base of 216 dissections with an incidence of 8%. Analysis of other authors' findings are reviewed on the basis of autopsy and selection. The place for Wertheim hysterectomy is discussed, also vaginal hysterectomy and the timing of surgery when irradiation is given preoperatively. The author's statistics are derived from a previous study of 468 patients treated between 1956 and 1971."}
{"id": "PMID:289373", "title": "Preoperative basal chemotherapy in the management of cancer of the stomach: a preliminary report.", "content": "Nine patients with advanced gastric carcinoma have been treated with a programme of chemotherapy as the first stage of management with the objective of reducing tumour extent and viability in preparation for subsequent surgery where feasible. In eight patients the chemotherapy was given by intraarterial infusion into the coeliac axis, and the remaining patient was given intravenous chemotherapy. Most patients gained symptomatic improvement, including pain relief, and in seven patients tumour regression was achieved. In six patients tumour regression was followed by gastrectomy. Residual tumour was found in five of these six patients, and was not found in one.", "contents": "Preoperative basal chemotherapy in the management of cancer of the stomach: a preliminary report. Nine patients with advanced gastric carcinoma have been treated with a programme of chemotherapy as the first stage of management with the objective of reducing tumour extent and viability in preparation for subsequent surgery where feasible. In eight patients the chemotherapy was given by intraarterial infusion into the coeliac axis, and the remaining patient was given intravenous chemotherapy. Most patients gained symptomatic improvement, including pain relief, and in seven patients tumour regression was achieved. In six patients tumour regression was followed by gastrectomy. Residual tumour was found in five of these six patients, and was not found in one."}
{"id": "PMID:289374", "title": "The survival of patients with malignant melanoma receiving BCG with or without chemotherapy.", "content": "The effects of treatment by immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were assessed in 31 non-randomized patients with melanoma; 16 received only BCG and 15 BCG and chemotherapy. For advanced cases, the times of survival for the two treatment groups did not differ significantly, nor did there appear to be any improvement in survival over that recorded for the natural course of the disease. The pretreatment immune status as judged by hyporeactivity or normal reactivity to skin tests for delayed type hypersensitivity did not appear to influence survival. This study, together with other reports, does not support the use of immunotherapy in advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy for early melanoma is still to be assessed.", "contents": "The survival of patients with malignant melanoma receiving BCG with or without chemotherapy. The effects of treatment by immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were assessed in 31 non-randomized patients with melanoma; 16 received only BCG and 15 BCG and chemotherapy. For advanced cases, the times of survival for the two treatment groups did not differ significantly, nor did there appear to be any improvement in survival over that recorded for the natural course of the disease. The pretreatment immune status as judged by hyporeactivity or normal reactivity to skin tests for delayed type hypersensitivity did not appear to influence survival. This study, together with other reports, does not support the use of immunotherapy in advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy for early melanoma is still to be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:289375", "title": "Ileostomy reconstruction.", "content": "A study of 47 patients undergoing ileostomy reconstruction is presented. The most common indications were recession (15 patients) and a desire for a continent type of ileostomy (12 patients). Less frequent indications were stenosis (6 patients), parastomal ulceration (6 patients), prolapse (4 patients), unsatisfactory siting (3 patients), and parastomal hernia (1 patient). Refashioning of the ileostomy at the same site was possible in 17 patients, whilst repositioning at a new site was required in 30 cases. In 28 of these laparotomy was carried out to enable repositioning, but in two cases resiting was performed without laparotomy. After the original operation, reconstruction may become necessary at any time from a few months to over 20 years.", "contents": "Ileostomy reconstruction. A study of 47 patients undergoing ileostomy reconstruction is presented. The most common indications were recession (15 patients) and a desire for a continent type of ileostomy (12 patients). Less frequent indications were stenosis (6 patients), parastomal ulceration (6 patients), prolapse (4 patients), unsatisfactory siting (3 patients), and parastomal hernia (1 patient). Refashioning of the ileostomy at the same site was possible in 17 patients, whilst repositioning at a new site was required in 30 cases. In 28 of these laparotomy was carried out to enable repositioning, but in two cases resiting was performed without laparotomy. After the original operation, reconstruction may become necessary at any time from a few months to over 20 years."}
{"id": "PMID:289376", "title": "The surgical treatment of anal incontinence.", "content": "This study is review of 31 patients undergoing surgery for anal incontinence. Three groups of patients are defined--those with incontinence due to trauma (nine patients), to a combination of trauma and degeneration (five patients), and to degeneration alone (17 patients). Two surgical techniques were used--either a direct repair of the anal sphincter or a postanal repair of the levator ani muscles and external sphincter (Parks operation). In the trauma group and the combined group the more common method used was a direct repair (ten patients)--five underwent a Parks operation. In the degeneration group all but one patient underwent a Parks operation. A defunctioning proximal colostomy was carried out in only four patients--all with incontinence due to trauma. Satisfactory continence was restored in 80% of these patients. Although this is a small series, the results are considered worthwhile and greater awareness and use of the above technique is recommended.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of anal incontinence. This study is review of 31 patients undergoing surgery for anal incontinence. Three groups of patients are defined--those with incontinence due to trauma (nine patients), to a combination of trauma and degeneration (five patients), and to degeneration alone (17 patients). Two surgical techniques were used--either a direct repair of the anal sphincter or a postanal repair of the levator ani muscles and external sphincter (Parks operation). In the trauma group and the combined group the more common method used was a direct repair (ten patients)--five underwent a Parks operation. In the degeneration group all but one patient underwent a Parks operation. A defunctioning proximal colostomy was carried out in only four patients--all with incontinence due to trauma. Satisfactory continence was restored in 80% of these patients. Although this is a small series, the results are considered worthwhile and greater awareness and use of the above technique is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:289377", "title": "Haemangiopericytoma: problems in diagnosis and management.", "content": "Three cases of haemangiopericytoma with diverse modes of presentation are reported. The difficulties with clinical diagnosis are emphasized. There is no consensus on the best mode of treatment, and we have chosen radical surgical excision in the first instance, but have not hesitated to employ radiotherapy or chemotherapy as adjunctive treatment if the need has arisen. The clinical behaviour of this tumour is unpredictable; therefore the prognosis for life must remain uncertain.", "contents": "Haemangiopericytoma: problems in diagnosis and management. Three cases of haemangiopericytoma with diverse modes of presentation are reported. The difficulties with clinical diagnosis are emphasized. There is no consensus on the best mode of treatment, and we have chosen radical surgical excision in the first instance, but have not hesitated to employ radiotherapy or chemotherapy as adjunctive treatment if the need has arisen. The clinical behaviour of this tumour is unpredictable; therefore the prognosis for life must remain uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:289378", "title": "Lysis of a superior mesenteric artery embolus following local infusion of streptokinase and heparin.", "content": "The successful lysis of a superior mesenteric artery embolus with streptokinase and heparin infused locally through catheter selectively placed in the superior mesenteric artery is described. There was minimal morbidity, and the hazards of surgical embolectomy were avoided.", "contents": "Lysis of a superior mesenteric artery embolus following local infusion of streptokinase and heparin. The successful lysis of a superior mesenteric artery embolus with streptokinase and heparin infused locally through catheter selectively placed in the superior mesenteric artery is described. There was minimal morbidity, and the hazards of surgical embolectomy were avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:289379", "title": "Intercostal herniation of abdominal contents following a penetrating chest injury.", "content": "A case of intercostal herniation of the greater omentum occurring 36 years after a penetrating chest injury is presented. The hernia was successfully treated by operative reduction and repair of the diaphragm and chest wall. This rare complication of thoracic injury is discussed and the literature reviewed.", "contents": "Intercostal herniation of abdominal contents following a penetrating chest injury. A case of intercostal herniation of the greater omentum occurring 36 years after a penetrating chest injury is presented. The hernia was successfully treated by operative reduction and repair of the diaphragm and chest wall. This rare complication of thoracic injury is discussed and the literature reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:289381", "title": "Colostomy closure: technique and morbidity.", "content": "A personal retrospective series of 100 consecutive colostomy closures performed between 1968 and 1978 is reviewed. Serious intraabdominal complications occurred in three patients. The total complication rate in this series was 29%. There were no deaths and no faecal fistulae. However, wound infection occurred in 22 patients.", "contents": "Colostomy closure: technique and morbidity. A personal retrospective series of 100 consecutive colostomy closures performed between 1968 and 1978 is reviewed. Serious intraabdominal complications occurred in three patients. The total complication rate in this series was 29%. There were no deaths and no faecal fistulae. However, wound infection occurred in 22 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:289382", "title": "Anticancer centres in France.", "content": "The system of anticancer centres in France is described, with a more detailed description of the largest of these, the Institute Gustave Roussy at Villejuif. The anticancer centres between them see and treat 20% to 25% of the cancer patients in France, control over 4,000 inpatients beds, and see over 75,000 new outpatients annually. The centres are staffed by a full-time multidisciplinary team, divided into \"communittees\" which deal with each individual type of malignancy. The committees have full secretarial and research staffs and regularly evaluate their progress at symposia. They provide a standard of excellence for the oncological services in France.", "contents": "Anticancer centres in France. The system of anticancer centres in France is described, with a more detailed description of the largest of these, the Institute Gustave Roussy at Villejuif. The anticancer centres between them see and treat 20% to 25% of the cancer patients in France, control over 4,000 inpatients beds, and see over 75,000 new outpatients annually. The centres are staffed by a full-time multidisciplinary team, divided into \"communittees\" which deal with each individual type of malignancy. The committees have full secretarial and research staffs and regularly evaluate their progress at symposia. They provide a standard of excellence for the oncological services in France."}
{"id": "PMID:289384", "title": "Do surgical packs cause peritoneal adhesions?", "content": "In spite of the growing variety of materials being used in the manufacture of intraabdominal packs (sponges), no data have been published on their adhesion-producing properties. We have shown that the Porton rat will reliably produce peritoneal adhesions in response to ischaemia and glove powder. In a randomized control trial using this rat model, we tested the adhesogenic potential of two commercially available surgical packs. Both brands of pack were shown to cause a significant incidence of postoperative peritoneal adhesions (P is less than 0.005), irrespective of whether the packs were used wet or dry. It is recommended that the adhesogenic potential of all products for use within the peritoneal cavity be established in an animal model prior to marketing.", "contents": "Do surgical packs cause peritoneal adhesions? In spite of the growing variety of materials being used in the manufacture of intraabdominal packs (sponges), no data have been published on their adhesion-producing properties. We have shown that the Porton rat will reliably produce peritoneal adhesions in response to ischaemia and glove powder. In a randomized control trial using this rat model, we tested the adhesogenic potential of two commercially available surgical packs. Both brands of pack were shown to cause a significant incidence of postoperative peritoneal adhesions (P is less than 0.005), irrespective of whether the packs were used wet or dry. It is recommended that the adhesogenic potential of all products for use within the peritoneal cavity be established in an animal model prior to marketing."}
{"id": "PMID:289385", "title": "[Generalized vaccinia in a child with acute leukemia].", "content": "The authors present a girl suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, which was diagnosed, after she was given the antivariolic vaccina. The clinical flow was very rapid, and was in the fulminant shape, which was presented in from of generalized vaccinia. Although the adequate therapy was given, according to the protocol for the treatment of ALL(08LA74), the child died on for the eight day of hospitalization. There was the evident immunodeficiency in our patient, and it is know that the vaccina with the alive viruses is contraindicated in the imunodeficietic diseases.", "contents": "[Generalized vaccinia in a child with acute leukemia]. The authors present a girl suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, which was diagnosed, after she was given the antivariolic vaccina. The clinical flow was very rapid, and was in the fulminant shape, which was presented in from of generalized vaccinia. Although the adequate therapy was given, according to the protocol for the treatment of ALL(08LA74), the child died on for the eight day of hospitalization. There was the evident immunodeficiency in our patient, and it is know that the vaccina with the alive viruses is contraindicated in the imunodeficietic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:289405", "title": "Family studies in acute leukaemia in childhood: a possible association with autoimmune disease.", "content": "Medical histories of themselves and their first-degree relatives were obtained from parents of 82 leukaemic children (54 acute lymphoblastic (ALL), 28 acute myeloblastic (AML)) and from control couples matched for age. The possibility of a primary familial immunological abnormality as an aetiological factor in childhood leukaemia was suggested by binding some infections significantly more frequently reported in parents than in controls, but more strongly supported by the finding of a significantly (P less than 0.02) increased prevalence of disorders associated with autoimmunity (but not of other conditions such as peptic ulceration, infective hepatitis, tuberculosis or malignancy) amongst members of ALL families compared to those of controls. Analogy with Down's syndrome and the strain of NZB mice, in which diminished T-cell function is associated with autoimmune disease and lymphoid neoplasia, is discussed. Varicella and herpes zoster occurred respectively in 2 ALL mothers during their pregnancies involving the patients and in none of the other 388 pregnancies here reported. This supports previous evidence that antenatal varicella infections may be of aetiological importance in some cases of ALL.", "contents": "Family studies in acute leukaemia in childhood: a possible association with autoimmune disease. Medical histories of themselves and their first-degree relatives were obtained from parents of 82 leukaemic children (54 acute lymphoblastic (ALL), 28 acute myeloblastic (AML)) and from control couples matched for age. The possibility of a primary familial immunological abnormality as an aetiological factor in childhood leukaemia was suggested by binding some infections significantly more frequently reported in parents than in controls, but more strongly supported by the finding of a significantly (P less than 0.02) increased prevalence of disorders associated with autoimmunity (but not of other conditions such as peptic ulceration, infective hepatitis, tuberculosis or malignancy) amongst members of ALL families compared to those of controls. Analogy with Down's syndrome and the strain of NZB mice, in which diminished T-cell function is associated with autoimmune disease and lymphoid neoplasia, is discussed. Varicella and herpes zoster occurred respectively in 2 ALL mothers during their pregnancies involving the patients and in none of the other 388 pregnancies here reported. This supports previous evidence that antenatal varicella infections may be of aetiological importance in some cases of ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:289406", "title": "The penetration of misonidazole into spontaneous canine tumours.", "content": "The hypoxic cell-radiosensitizing drug misonidazole (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxypropan -2 -ol, Ro 07-0582, MIS) was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg i.v. to 6 dogs bearing spontaneous tumours, and the resulting tumour concentrations were measured to HPLC analysis. In 4 dogs it was possible to obtain serial biopsy specimens up to 5 h. With the exception of a brain tumour, the tumour concentrations ranged between 47% and 95% of the plasma concentration, most of the values falling within the range 50--70%. Concentrations in the brain tumour were markedly lower. Barbiturate anaesthesia was necessary for the removal of the serial biopsy specimens, and the effects of sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of MIS were investigated in 2 dogs. After barbiturate anaesthesia peak plasma concontrations were raised and the availability of MIS was increased, although the biological half-life remained unaltered. The metabolism of MIS to the O-demethylated metabolite, Ro 05-9963, was delayed initially. The concentrations of MIS AND Ro 05-9963 in cerebrospinal fluid were also recorded in these dogs; MIS concentrations were found to approach those of the plasma, whereas the metabolite concentrations were considerably lower (0--58% of the plasma concentration).", "contents": "The penetration of misonidazole into spontaneous canine tumours. The hypoxic cell-radiosensitizing drug misonidazole (1-(2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-3-methoxypropan -2 -ol, Ro 07-0582, MIS) was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg i.v. to 6 dogs bearing spontaneous tumours, and the resulting tumour concentrations were measured to HPLC analysis. In 4 dogs it was possible to obtain serial biopsy specimens up to 5 h. With the exception of a brain tumour, the tumour concentrations ranged between 47% and 95% of the plasma concentration, most of the values falling within the range 50--70%. Concentrations in the brain tumour were markedly lower. Barbiturate anaesthesia was necessary for the removal of the serial biopsy specimens, and the effects of sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of MIS were investigated in 2 dogs. After barbiturate anaesthesia peak plasma concontrations were raised and the availability of MIS was increased, although the biological half-life remained unaltered. The metabolism of MIS to the O-demethylated metabolite, Ro 05-9963, was delayed initially. The concentrations of MIS AND Ro 05-9963 in cerebrospinal fluid were also recorded in these dogs; MIS concentrations were found to approach those of the plasma, whereas the metabolite concentrations were considerably lower (0--58% of the plasma concentration)."}
{"id": "PMID:289408", "title": "Membrane receptors of human leukaemic myeloid cells: sequential expression of the gamma Fc receptor.", "content": "An immunological surface marker study was performed on 13 patients with a variety of myeloid leukaemias. It was shown that expression of the receptor for the Fc of IgG (gamma FcR) starts to take place at the promyelocyte stage, and that the receptor is present on more mature granulocytic cells, but is absent from myeloblasts. Myeloblasts and promyelocytes are negative for the complement receptor CR2. Monoblasts, unlike myelobasts, were shown to express a gamma FcR and, to a lesser extent, CR2. Receptor expression therefore appears to be an earlier event in monocytic development. The possible diagnostic value of immunological marker studies in myeloid disorders is considered.", "contents": "Membrane receptors of human leukaemic myeloid cells: sequential expression of the gamma Fc receptor. An immunological surface marker study was performed on 13 patients with a variety of myeloid leukaemias. It was shown that expression of the receptor for the Fc of IgG (gamma FcR) starts to take place at the promyelocyte stage, and that the receptor is present on more mature granulocytic cells, but is absent from myeloblasts. Myeloblasts and promyelocytes are negative for the complement receptor CR2. Monoblasts, unlike myelobasts, were shown to express a gamma FcR and, to a lesser extent, CR2. Receptor expression therefore appears to be an earlier event in monocytic development. The possible diagnostic value of immunological marker studies in myeloid disorders is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:289409", "title": "Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Serial trephine biopsies were performed in 45 cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in order to determine the frequency and significance of secondary myelofibrosis in the evolution of the disease. Histological changes were graded 1-5b, ranging from no increase in reticulin to dense osteomyelosclerosis. Many cases showed a progressive increase from Grade 1 to Grade 3, and accelerated disease, or blast crisis, often supervened when Grade 3 changes were present. However, a significant number of cases showed Grade 4 and 5 changes, which were indistinguishable histologically from those found in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) (idiopathic myelofibrosis), at the time of diagnosis. These patients did not always show a rapidly fatal course and may be considered as an example of 'transitional myeloproliferative disorder', with features intermediate between CGL and AMM.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Serial trephine biopsies were performed in 45 cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in order to determine the frequency and significance of secondary myelofibrosis in the evolution of the disease. Histological changes were graded 1-5b, ranging from no increase in reticulin to dense osteomyelosclerosis. Many cases showed a progressive increase from Grade 1 to Grade 3, and accelerated disease, or blast crisis, often supervened when Grade 3 changes were present. However, a significant number of cases showed Grade 4 and 5 changes, which were indistinguishable histologically from those found in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) (idiopathic myelofibrosis), at the time of diagnosis. These patients did not always show a rapidly fatal course and may be considered as an example of 'transitional myeloproliferative disorder', with features intermediate between CGL and AMM."}
{"id": "PMID:289410", "title": "Acute leukaemia relapse presenting as ovarian tumour.", "content": "Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is described in a woman with a leukaemic ovarian tumour from which reseeding of the bone marrow had occurred. It is proposed that irradiation of the ovaries with the initial leukaemic therapy may prevent this form of relapse.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia relapse presenting as ovarian tumour. Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is described in a woman with a leukaemic ovarian tumour from which reseeding of the bone marrow had occurred. It is proposed that irradiation of the ovaries with the initial leukaemic therapy may prevent this form of relapse."}
{"id": "PMID:289411", "title": "Oral Crohn's disease and related conditions.", "content": "It has become widely recognised that oral lesions may occur in patients with Crohn's disease of the lower gastro-intestinal tract. Patients have also been described with oral lesions of this kind unassociated with gut lesions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of seven such patients. The resemblance of their lesions to those of the condition known as chronic granulomatous cheilitis is pointed out. The association between the oral lesions and those of the lower gut is discussed and it is reported that in one patient acute toxic dilation of the colon due to Crohn's disease followed a period in which oral lesions only were recognised.", "contents": "Oral Crohn's disease and related conditions. It has become widely recognised that oral lesions may occur in patients with Crohn's disease of the lower gastro-intestinal tract. Patients have also been described with oral lesions of this kind unassociated with gut lesions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of seven such patients. The resemblance of their lesions to those of the condition known as chronic granulomatous cheilitis is pointed out. The association between the oral lesions and those of the lower gut is discussed and it is reported that in one patient acute toxic dilation of the colon due to Crohn's disease followed a period in which oral lesions only were recognised."}
{"id": "PMID:289412", "title": "Degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint in young persons.", "content": "The majority of cases of temporomandibular joint pain that are referred to the consultant dental surgeon are diagnosed as pain-dysfunction syndrome, a term first suggested by Schwartz (1959) and now probably the most widely accepted. Another relatively common problem is degenerative disease or osteoarthrosis, and although this generally affects an older age group than pain-dysfunction syndrome, its occurance in the younger patient is by no means a rarity and is further evidence that the two conditions are expressions of the same problem, that is repetitive overloading of the joint. It is proposed that this should be termed mandibular stress syndrome.", "contents": "Degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint in young persons. The majority of cases of temporomandibular joint pain that are referred to the consultant dental surgeon are diagnosed as pain-dysfunction syndrome, a term first suggested by Schwartz (1959) and now probably the most widely accepted. Another relatively common problem is degenerative disease or osteoarthrosis, and although this generally affects an older age group than pain-dysfunction syndrome, its occurance in the younger patient is by no means a rarity and is further evidence that the two conditions are expressions of the same problem, that is repetitive overloading of the joint. It is proposed that this should be termed mandibular stress syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:289413", "title": "Pathological conditions involving the maxillary sinus: their appearance on panoramic dental radiographs.", "content": "Panoramic dental radiography does not replace conventional techniques for viewing the maxillary sinuses but is a useful adjunct. Unsuspected antral diseases, from innocuous mucosal cysts to insidious squamous carcinoma, may be detected during routine use of this procedure.", "contents": "Pathological conditions involving the maxillary sinus: their appearance on panoramic dental radiographs. Panoramic dental radiography does not replace conventional techniques for viewing the maxillary sinuses but is a useful adjunct. Unsuspected antral diseases, from innocuous mucosal cysts to insidious squamous carcinoma, may be detected during routine use of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:289414", "title": "Osteomyelitis of the mandible as a complicating factor in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with extensive Paget's disease of bone is presented. The changes in the bone with Paget's disease makes the diagnosis, clinical assessment and management of the osteomyelitis in such patients a difficult task.", "contents": "Osteomyelitis of the mandible as a complicating factor in Paget's disease of bone. A case of osteomyelitis of the mandible in a patient with extensive Paget's disease of bone is presented. The changes in the bone with Paget's disease makes the diagnosis, clinical assessment and management of the osteomyelitis in such patients a difficult task."}
{"id": "PMID:289415", "title": "Central giant-cell granuloma of the jaw - a hormonal influence.", "content": "A case is reported of the recurrence of a central giant-cell granuloma during pregnancy, six years after removal. It is suggested in view of possible hormonal reactivation, that careful follow-up is necessary for women of child-bearing age presenting with this type of lesion.", "contents": "Central giant-cell granuloma of the jaw - a hormonal influence. A case is reported of the recurrence of a central giant-cell granuloma during pregnancy, six years after removal. It is suggested in view of possible hormonal reactivation, that careful follow-up is necessary for women of child-bearing age presenting with this type of lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:289416", "title": "Warty dyskeratoma. A note concerning its occurrence on the oral mucosa, and its possible pathogenesis.", "content": "A case of warty dyskeratoma occurring in the oral mucosa is presented. Indirect immunofluorescence tests using the patient's serum showed the presence of IgG class antibodies reactive with intercellular material of guinea-pig lip mucosa and IgM class antinuclear antibodies. The patient did not have any clinical histopathological, haematological or serological evidence of other autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Warty dyskeratoma. A note concerning its occurrence on the oral mucosa, and its possible pathogenesis. A case of warty dyskeratoma occurring in the oral mucosa is presented. Indirect immunofluorescence tests using the patient's serum showed the presence of IgG class antibodies reactive with intercellular material of guinea-pig lip mucosa and IgM class antinuclear antibodies. The patient did not have any clinical histopathological, haematological or serological evidence of other autoimmune disease."}
{"id": "PMID:289417", "title": "Metronidazole in the prevention of 'dry socket'.", "content": "Prophylactic metronidazole was found to be an effective means of preventing 'dry socket' after routine dental extractions. The oral anaerobic bacterial may be implicated therefore in the development of the disorder. It has been confirmed in this study that 'dry socket' occurs following three per cent of routine dental extractions and almost exclusively in the mandible. The causes of the condition are probably numerous and may even vary from patient to patient, but the control of infection by anerobic organisms may be important in its prevention or early resolution. The prophylactic administration of metronidazole (Flagyl) has been shown to be a simple and effective method of prevention which would suggest the implication of anaerobic organisms in 'dry socket'. The drug appears to be free from side effects when a dosage of 200 mgs eight hourly for three days is given.", "contents": "Metronidazole in the prevention of 'dry socket'. Prophylactic metronidazole was found to be an effective means of preventing 'dry socket' after routine dental extractions. The oral anaerobic bacterial may be implicated therefore in the development of the disorder. It has been confirmed in this study that 'dry socket' occurs following three per cent of routine dental extractions and almost exclusively in the mandible. The causes of the condition are probably numerous and may even vary from patient to patient, but the control of infection by anerobic organisms may be important in its prevention or early resolution. The prophylactic administration of metronidazole (Flagyl) has been shown to be a simple and effective method of prevention which would suggest the implication of anaerobic organisms in 'dry socket'. The drug appears to be free from side effects when a dosage of 200 mgs eight hourly for three days is given."}
{"id": "PMID:289418", "title": "An apparatus for measuring the forces of dental extraction.", "content": "An apparatus is described which measures compressive and rotational forces during the extraction of teeth. It has been of value in propaedeutic and clinical instruction.", "contents": "An apparatus for measuring the forces of dental extraction. An apparatus is described which measures compressive and rotational forces during the extraction of teeth. It has been of value in propaedeutic and clinical instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:289420", "title": "Characterization of lysozyme synthesized by differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Lysozyme was induced by dexamethasone during normal differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. A large amount of lysozyme was produced by macrophage-like line cells (Mm-1), established from spontaneously differentiated macrophage-like cells from a clonal line of M1 cells. Lysozyme purified from the culture medium of these Mm-1 cells (Mm-1 lysozyme) had a molecular weight of 15,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and showed maximal activity at pH 6.6 with an optimal NaCl concentration of 0.04 M. Its mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 was distinctly lower than those of lysozymes from hen egg white and human urine. Rabbit anti-Mm-1 lysozyme serum inhibited the activities of lysozyme preparations from peritoneal macrophages of normal mice and rats and dexamethasone-induced differentiated M1 cells, but not those of preparations from hen egg white and human urine. Lysozyme was also purified from normal mouse lung, which is rich in alveolar macrophages and was found to be similar to lysozyme purified from the culture medium of Mm-1 cells in size and electrophoretic mobility and in its pH optimum, trypsin peptide map, and antigenicity. Thus the molecular structure of the lysozyme induced in differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells is similar to that of lysozyme produced by normal cells.", "contents": "Characterization of lysozyme synthesized by differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Lysozyme was induced by dexamethasone during normal differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. A large amount of lysozyme was produced by macrophage-like line cells (Mm-1), established from spontaneously differentiated macrophage-like cells from a clonal line of M1 cells. Lysozyme purified from the culture medium of these Mm-1 cells (Mm-1 lysozyme) had a molecular weight of 15,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and showed maximal activity at pH 6.6 with an optimal NaCl concentration of 0.04 M. Its mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 was distinctly lower than those of lysozymes from hen egg white and human urine. Rabbit anti-Mm-1 lysozyme serum inhibited the activities of lysozyme preparations from peritoneal macrophages of normal mice and rats and dexamethasone-induced differentiated M1 cells, but not those of preparations from hen egg white and human urine. Lysozyme was also purified from normal mouse lung, which is rich in alveolar macrophages and was found to be similar to lysozyme purified from the culture medium of Mm-1 cells in size and electrophoretic mobility and in its pH optimum, trypsin peptide map, and antigenicity. Thus the molecular structure of the lysozyme induced in differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells is similar to that of lysozyme produced by normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:289423", "title": "De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and metabolic availability of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in leukemic leukocytes.", "content": "Among normal peripheral blood leukocytes, lymphocytes were found to contain most of the de novo purine synthesizing capacity. The rate of purine synthesis de novo was accelerated in leukocytes from patients with acute and chronic myelocytic leukemias, chronic monocytic leukemia, myelofibrosis and plasma cell leukemia, but was normal in most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The rate of de novo purine synthesis exhibited positive correlation with the percentage of immature cells in the leukocyte population. The metabolic availability of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) exhibited positive correlation with the state of de novo purine synthesis. These finding suggest that the accelerated rate of de novo purine synthesis and the increased metabolic availability of PRPP are characteristic properties of the immature leukemic granulocyte.", "contents": "De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and metabolic availability of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in leukemic leukocytes. Among normal peripheral blood leukocytes, lymphocytes were found to contain most of the de novo purine synthesizing capacity. The rate of purine synthesis de novo was accelerated in leukocytes from patients with acute and chronic myelocytic leukemias, chronic monocytic leukemia, myelofibrosis and plasma cell leukemia, but was normal in most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The rate of de novo purine synthesis exhibited positive correlation with the percentage of immature cells in the leukocyte population. The metabolic availability of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) exhibited positive correlation with the state of de novo purine synthesis. These finding suggest that the accelerated rate of de novo purine synthesis and the increased metabolic availability of PRPP are characteristic properties of the immature leukemic granulocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:289422", "title": "Cytoplasmic labelling of eosinophils with tritiated thymidine triphosphate.", "content": "A new technique which detects the presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) showed cytoplasmic labelling of eosinophilic granulocytes and eosinophilic myelocytes in normals, in acute leukaemia, in chronic myeloid leukaemia and in patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic labelling of eosinophils with tritiated thymidine triphosphate. A new technique which detects the presence of DNA polymerase and primer-template DNA by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) showed cytoplasmic labelling of eosinophilic granulocytes and eosinophilic myelocytes in normals, in acute leukaemia, in chronic myeloid leukaemia and in patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin."}
{"id": "PMID:289424", "title": "Correlation between prognosis and bone marrow chromosomal patterns in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: similarities and differences compared to adults.", "content": "The chromosomal complement of 28 children with the diagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were examined. An abnormal cytogenetic pattern was found in 50% of these patients, which is similar to the results in adults with ANLL. Unlike the reports in adult patients, however, no specific chromosomal changes were found. This observation may imply that the etiology and mechanisms by which abnormal clones develop in ANLL could differ significantly between children and adults. Those patients with chromosomal abnormalities in their initial bone marrow sample had a median survival of 7.1 mo, whereas those with a normal diploid pattern in their bone marrow had a median survival of 20.5 mo (1-sided, p = 0.04). If all metaphases were abnormal, the median survival was only 3 mo.", "contents": "Correlation between prognosis and bone marrow chromosomal patterns in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: similarities and differences compared to adults. The chromosomal complement of 28 children with the diagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were examined. An abnormal cytogenetic pattern was found in 50% of these patients, which is similar to the results in adults with ANLL. Unlike the reports in adult patients, however, no specific chromosomal changes were found. This observation may imply that the etiology and mechanisms by which abnormal clones develop in ANLL could differ significantly between children and adults. Those patients with chromosomal abnormalities in their initial bone marrow sample had a median survival of 7.1 mo, whereas those with a normal diploid pattern in their bone marrow had a median survival of 20.5 mo (1-sided, p = 0.04). If all metaphases were abnormal, the median survival was only 3 mo."}
{"id": "PMID:289425", "title": "Pseudo-Chediak-Higashi anomaly in a case of acute myeloid leukemia: electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The formation and fine structure of giant granules in neutrophil promyelocytes of a patient with a variant of acute myelogenous leukemia were investigated by electron microscopy. The patient presented with large lymph nodes and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). By light microscopy, numerous giant granules, resembling those of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), were present, but Auer bodies could not be found. By electron microscopy, these giant granules were seen to be formed by fusion of azurophilic granules, as in CHS; however, they were different from the large granules of CHS, since they contained numerous microcrystalline structures like those of Auer bodies. However, the crystalline cores of these granules exhibited a periodicity different from that of Auer bodies of acute promyelocytic leukemia. This clinical and hematologic syndrome (giant granules, enlarged lymph nodes, and DIC may represent a variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Pseudo-Chediak-Higashi anomaly in a case of acute myeloid leukemia: electron microscopic studies. The formation and fine structure of giant granules in neutrophil promyelocytes of a patient with a variant of acute myelogenous leukemia were investigated by electron microscopy. The patient presented with large lymph nodes and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). By light microscopy, numerous giant granules, resembling those of Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS), were present, but Auer bodies could not be found. By electron microscopy, these giant granules were seen to be formed by fusion of azurophilic granules, as in CHS; however, they were different from the large granules of CHS, since they contained numerous microcrystalline structures like those of Auer bodies. However, the crystalline cores of these granules exhibited a periodicity different from that of Auer bodies of acute promyelocytic leukemia. This clinical and hematologic syndrome (giant granules, enlarged lymph nodes, and DIC may represent a variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:289426", "title": "Stability of alpha and beta globin messenger RNA during induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) are induced to express erythroid differentiation when cultured with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Newly synthesized alpha and beta globin mRNA are both relatively stable, half-life (t1/2) greater than 50 hr, early in the course of induced differentiation. In fully induced cells there is a decrease in stability of both newly synthesized alpha and beta globin mRNA. The decay of alpha mRNA is faster, (t 1/2, 10--12 hr) than beta globin mRNA (t1/2, 20--22 hr). Thus, differences in stability of alpha and beta globin mRNA plays a role in determining the ratio of alpha to beta mRNA content in differentiated erythroid cells.", "contents": "Stability of alpha and beta globin messenger RNA during induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells. Murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) are induced to express erythroid differentiation when cultured with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Newly synthesized alpha and beta globin mRNA are both relatively stable, half-life (t1/2) greater than 50 hr, early in the course of induced differentiation. In fully induced cells there is a decrease in stability of both newly synthesized alpha and beta globin mRNA. The decay of alpha mRNA is faster, (t 1/2, 10--12 hr) than beta globin mRNA (t1/2, 20--22 hr). Thus, differences in stability of alpha and beta globin mRNA plays a role in determining the ratio of alpha to beta mRNA content in differentiated erythroid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:289427", "title": "[On the existence of a myeloproliferative factor in patients with a myeloproliferative syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum of patients suffering from a chronic myeloproliferative disorder (polycythaemia, era, osteomyelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukaemia) and serum of lethally irradiated rats injected before application of a single doses of erythropoietin did not enhance the effect of erythropoietin -- measured with the iron incorporation rate of polycythemic mice. The rationale for these experiments is to try to find a \"myeloproliferative factor\", which augments the number of stem cells as described in sera of patients with polycythaemia vera, osteomyelofibrosis, and lethally irradiated mice.", "contents": "[On the existence of a myeloproliferative factor in patients with a myeloproliferative syndrome (author's transl)]. Serum of patients suffering from a chronic myeloproliferative disorder (polycythaemia, era, osteomyelofibrosis, chronic myeloid leukaemia) and serum of lethally irradiated rats injected before application of a single doses of erythropoietin did not enhance the effect of erythropoietin -- measured with the iron incorporation rate of polycythemic mice. The rationale for these experiments is to try to find a \"myeloproliferative factor\", which augments the number of stem cells as described in sera of patients with polycythaemia vera, osteomyelofibrosis, and lethally irradiated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:289428", "title": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: light and electron microscopy of the bone marrow.", "content": "Clinical data and light and electron microscopic findings are presented in a patient with chromic myelomonocytic leukemia of about 5 years' duration and no need for specific therapy. Cytogenetic studies failed to demonstrate a Philadelphia-chromosome. The leading clinical symptoms were anemia, moderate hepatomegaly, and leukocytosis with monocytes in the peripheral blood count. Light microscopy of bone marrow cores showed hypercellularity of neutrophil granulocytic and monocytic cell lines including some precursor forms. Electron microscopy confirmed the existence of a biphasic myelomonocytic cell proliferation with predominance of mature forms in both lineages; there were no gross cellular abnormalities and no \"hiatus leukaemicus\". Consupicuous were cells of an undeterminated origin apparently neither belonging to the neutrophil granulocytic nor monocytic series and large histiocytic cells, possibly corresponding to the so-called sea-blue histiocytes of light microscopy. The high degree of maturation of both cell lines in the bone marrow is in accordance with the relatively benign and prolongated course of this rare type of leukemia.", "contents": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: light and electron microscopy of the bone marrow. Clinical data and light and electron microscopic findings are presented in a patient with chromic myelomonocytic leukemia of about 5 years' duration and no need for specific therapy. Cytogenetic studies failed to demonstrate a Philadelphia-chromosome. The leading clinical symptoms were anemia, moderate hepatomegaly, and leukocytosis with monocytes in the peripheral blood count. Light microscopy of bone marrow cores showed hypercellularity of neutrophil granulocytic and monocytic cell lines including some precursor forms. Electron microscopy confirmed the existence of a biphasic myelomonocytic cell proliferation with predominance of mature forms in both lineages; there were no gross cellular abnormalities and no \"hiatus leukaemicus\". Consupicuous were cells of an undeterminated origin apparently neither belonging to the neutrophil granulocytic nor monocytic series and large histiocytic cells, possibly corresponding to the so-called sea-blue histiocytes of light microscopy. The high degree of maturation of both cell lines in the bone marrow is in accordance with the relatively benign and prolongated course of this rare type of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:289429", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: report of five cases in the Chinese.", "content": "Five cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in the Chinese are described. The onset, course, symptomatology and family psychopathology are similar to those reported in Caucasians. On the parameters of APGAR score, psychological testing, EEG and psychiatric examination all had at least one abnormality. The response to haloperidol was uniformly good. Follow-up results showed that all were able to lead a fairly normal life after treatment. Though the cases are few in number, the findings seem to support the hypothesis that the syndrome has an organic substratum subject to psychological influences.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: report of five cases in the Chinese. Five cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in the Chinese are described. The onset, course, symptomatology and family psychopathology are similar to those reported in Caucasians. On the parameters of APGAR score, psychological testing, EEG and psychiatric examination all had at least one abnormality. The response to haloperidol was uniformly good. Follow-up results showed that all were able to lead a fairly normal life after treatment. Though the cases are few in number, the findings seem to support the hypothesis that the syndrome has an organic substratum subject to psychological influences."}
{"id": "PMID:289431", "title": "Chromosome 1 in 26 carcinomas of the cervix uteri: structural and numerical changes.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on 26 carcinomas of the cervix showed that chromosome 1 was consistently involved in the changes: either one or more structurally abnormal chromosomes or a relative excess of normal chromosomes were present. Several types of structural change were repeatedly seen: short arm deletions (1p-, in seven tumors); long arm isochromosomes (i(1q), in six tumors); and translocations of unidentified chromosomal material onto one of the arms (possibly in eleven tumors; in four of these, there was an additional C-band on the long arm). In one tumor, there was a short arm isochromosome (i(1p)). The most consistent feature of the aneuploid complements of these tumors appeared to be the presence in excess of the centromeric region and at least part of the adjacent heterochromatin of chromosome 1.", "contents": "Chromosome 1 in 26 carcinomas of the cervix uteri: structural and numerical changes. Cytogenetic studies on 26 carcinomas of the cervix showed that chromosome 1 was consistently involved in the changes: either one or more structurally abnormal chromosomes or a relative excess of normal chromosomes were present. Several types of structural change were repeatedly seen: short arm deletions (1p-, in seven tumors); long arm isochromosomes (i(1q), in six tumors); and translocations of unidentified chromosomal material onto one of the arms (possibly in eleven tumors; in four of these, there was an additional C-band on the long arm). In one tumor, there was a short arm isochromosome (i(1p)). The most consistent feature of the aneuploid complements of these tumors appeared to be the presence in excess of the centromeric region and at least part of the adjacent heterochromatin of chromosome 1."}
{"id": "PMID:289432", "title": "Brain tryptophan and the neoplastic anorexia-cachexia syndrome.", "content": "The cause of anorexia associated with neoplasia is unknown, and some investigators have suggested a central mechanism. Recent neurophysiologic studies have revealed the possible role of serotoninergic system involving tryptophan (TRP) and its indole neurotransmitter metabolites in regulating particular aspects of feeding behavior. We therefore studied plasma and brain factors affecting TRP transport through the blood-brain barrier (plasma free and total TRP, albumin, nonesterified fatty acids, plasma neutral amino acids, brain uptake index [BUI] for TRP) and central serotonin metabolism (5-HT, 5-HIAA) in young, anorexic rats bearing the Walker-256 tumor injected intramuscularly. Plasma free TRP, but not plasma total TRP, and, more important, brain TRP and brain 5-HIAA were significantly higher in tumor-bearing rats than in pair-fed control animals. The results suggest an association between altered brain TRP metabolism and feeding behavior in tumor-related anorexia.", "contents": "Brain tryptophan and the neoplastic anorexia-cachexia syndrome. The cause of anorexia associated with neoplasia is unknown, and some investigators have suggested a central mechanism. Recent neurophysiologic studies have revealed the possible role of serotoninergic system involving tryptophan (TRP) and its indole neurotransmitter metabolites in regulating particular aspects of feeding behavior. We therefore studied plasma and brain factors affecting TRP transport through the blood-brain barrier (plasma free and total TRP, albumin, nonesterified fatty acids, plasma neutral amino acids, brain uptake index [BUI] for TRP) and central serotonin metabolism (5-HT, 5-HIAA) in young, anorexic rats bearing the Walker-256 tumor injected intramuscularly. Plasma free TRP, but not plasma total TRP, and, more important, brain TRP and brain 5-HIAA were significantly higher in tumor-bearing rats than in pair-fed control animals. The results suggest an association between altered brain TRP metabolism and feeding behavior in tumor-related anorexia."}
{"id": "PMID:289433", "title": "Prognostic factors affecting remission, remission duration, and survival in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The medical records of 94 consecutive patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were reviewed to identify significant prognostic factors. The data were analyzed using 1) Cox's linear hazard and linear logistic models, 2) chi-square comparison of the groups living longer than 2 years and those living less than 2 years, and 3) the Gehan-Breslow test of equal survival curves. The only statistically significant finding was that the presence of promyelocytic cell type and complete remission correlated with increased survival (p less than .05), but this was negated by the small number of patients with this cell type. There was a suggestive association between higher initial hemoglobin and survival (p = .09). The Gehan-Breslow test revealed a possible difference in survival between those patients more than 51 years of age and those less than 51 (p = .10). Thus none of the commonly accepted prognostic factors in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was definitely shown to be useful. The findings of this study support an aggressive approach toward all patients with this disease.", "contents": "Prognostic factors affecting remission, remission duration, and survival in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The medical records of 94 consecutive patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were reviewed to identify significant prognostic factors. The data were analyzed using 1) Cox's linear hazard and linear logistic models, 2) chi-square comparison of the groups living longer than 2 years and those living less than 2 years, and 3) the Gehan-Breslow test of equal survival curves. The only statistically significant finding was that the presence of promyelocytic cell type and complete remission correlated with increased survival (p less than .05), but this was negated by the small number of patients with this cell type. There was a suggestive association between higher initial hemoglobin and survival (p = .09). The Gehan-Breslow test revealed a possible difference in survival between those patients more than 51 years of age and those less than 51 (p = .10). Thus none of the commonly accepted prognostic factors in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was definitely shown to be useful. The findings of this study support an aggressive approach toward all patients with this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:289434", "title": "Improved survival in young children with acute granulocytic leukemia treated with combination therapy using cyclophosphamide, oncovin, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone.", "content": "Seven of 17 children (41%) under 5 years of age with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) treated with either cytosine arabinoside-cytoxan (CA-CYT) or Mini-COAP (CA-CYT with vincristine sulfate [VCR] and prednisone) have been in continuous complete remission 4 years or more. CA and CYT were each given in the dosage of 120 mg/m2 intravenously, daily in 3 divided doses, for 4 days. Induction consisted of two courses given at intervals of 2 weeks; during maintenance the courses were repeated at intervals of 4 weeks. In the Mini-COAP regimen, standard 28-day VCR-prednisone therapy was superimposed on CA-CYT induction and 4-day VCR-prednisone pulses were superimposed on CA-CYT maintenance. Transient moderate to severe myelosuppression was frequent; other manifestations of toxicity were mild. Administration of drugs at home was feasible in many instances. Mini-COAP was proved to be an effective therapeutic regimen for young children with AGL and should be considered as initial therapy.", "contents": "Improved survival in young children with acute granulocytic leukemia treated with combination therapy using cyclophosphamide, oncovin, cytosine arabinoside, and prednisone. Seven of 17 children (41%) under 5 years of age with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) treated with either cytosine arabinoside-cytoxan (CA-CYT) or Mini-COAP (CA-CYT with vincristine sulfate [VCR] and prednisone) have been in continuous complete remission 4 years or more. CA and CYT were each given in the dosage of 120 mg/m2 intravenously, daily in 3 divided doses, for 4 days. Induction consisted of two courses given at intervals of 2 weeks; during maintenance the courses were repeated at intervals of 4 weeks. In the Mini-COAP regimen, standard 28-day VCR-prednisone therapy was superimposed on CA-CYT induction and 4-day VCR-prednisone pulses were superimposed on CA-CYT maintenance. Transient moderate to severe myelosuppression was frequent; other manifestations of toxicity were mild. Administration of drugs at home was feasible in many instances. Mini-COAP was proved to be an effective therapeutic regimen for young children with AGL and should be considered as initial therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:289435", "title": "Ultrastructure and cytokinetics of leukemic myeloblasts containing giant granules.", "content": "Leukemic myeloblasts containing abnormal granules were studied with ultrastructural, cytochemical, and thymidine labeling techniques to evaluate defects in granulogenesis and proliferation. Giant granules (1 to 3 micron in diameter) and Auer rods were observed in leukemic cells from two patients, and only rarely were both abnormal granule types observed in the same cell. The lysosomal origin of these abnormal granules was demonstrated by their content of peroxidase, esterase, and anionic glycoconjugates. Fusion of small dense granules (less than 0.2 micron in diameter) appeared to be increased in cells containing Auer rods and/or giant granules, but fusion of intact primary granules (0.2 to 0.4 micron in diameter) and sequestration of cytoplasmic contents were observed only in giant granules and not in Auer rods. Although the small granules that fused to form giant granules and Auer rods appeared similar, there was no evidence for transformation of giant granules into Auer rods. In one patient, cells with abnormal granules could easily be distinguished from the larger population of cells that lacked abnormal granules. The perturbation of these two distinct populations by chemotherapy was evaluated with thymidine labeling experiments. A high percentage (2- or 3-fold greater) of the abnormally granulated myeloblasts incorporated tritiated thymidine when compared to myeloblasts without abnormal granules in the same specimen. This difference could have resulted from an underlying metabolic defect which affected both granulogenesis and cell division. These results demonstrate that the formation of giant granules in leukemic cells is morphologically similar to that observed in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and that leukemic cells with abnormal granules may differ cytokinetically from uninvolved leukemic cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and cytokinetics of leukemic myeloblasts containing giant granules. Leukemic myeloblasts containing abnormal granules were studied with ultrastructural, cytochemical, and thymidine labeling techniques to evaluate defects in granulogenesis and proliferation. Giant granules (1 to 3 micron in diameter) and Auer rods were observed in leukemic cells from two patients, and only rarely were both abnormal granule types observed in the same cell. The lysosomal origin of these abnormal granules was demonstrated by their content of peroxidase, esterase, and anionic glycoconjugates. Fusion of small dense granules (less than 0.2 micron in diameter) appeared to be increased in cells containing Auer rods and/or giant granules, but fusion of intact primary granules (0.2 to 0.4 micron in diameter) and sequestration of cytoplasmic contents were observed only in giant granules and not in Auer rods. Although the small granules that fused to form giant granules and Auer rods appeared similar, there was no evidence for transformation of giant granules into Auer rods. In one patient, cells with abnormal granules could easily be distinguished from the larger population of cells that lacked abnormal granules. The perturbation of these two distinct populations by chemotherapy was evaluated with thymidine labeling experiments. A high percentage (2- or 3-fold greater) of the abnormally granulated myeloblasts incorporated tritiated thymidine when compared to myeloblasts without abnormal granules in the same specimen. This difference could have resulted from an underlying metabolic defect which affected both granulogenesis and cell division. These results demonstrate that the formation of giant granules in leukemic cells is morphologically similar to that observed in the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and that leukemic cells with abnormal granules may differ cytokinetically from uninvolved leukemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:289436", "title": "Inhibition by dexamethasone of commitment to erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The inhibition of erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells by dexamethasone (DEX) has been investigated on a clonal basis. At concentrations which had no detectable effect on cell proliferation, DEX3 rapidly inhibited the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced commitment of individual murine erythroleukemia cells to the differentiation program. DEX did not prevent heme accumulation in cells already committed to the differentiation process. The rate of globin messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis was reduced in cells treated with DMSO and DEX compared to cells treated with DMSO alone. The reduction in the rate of globin mRNA synthesis was proportional to the reduction caused by DEX in the rate of commitment. DEX inhibition in the rate of commitment and of globin mRNA synthesis of DMSO-treated cells was reversible. Upon removal of DEX, continued DMSO treatment resulted in a rapid increase in both the rate of globin mRNA synthesis and the rate of commitment. The rate of globin mRNA synthesis after DEX release was also proportional to the rate of commitment. These results suggest that DEX exerts an inhibitory effect on heme and globin synthesis by blocking commitment to terminal erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Inhibition by dexamethasone of commitment to erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. The inhibition of erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells by dexamethasone (DEX) has been investigated on a clonal basis. At concentrations which had no detectable effect on cell proliferation, DEX3 rapidly inhibited the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced commitment of individual murine erythroleukemia cells to the differentiation program. DEX did not prevent heme accumulation in cells already committed to the differentiation process. The rate of globin messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis was reduced in cells treated with DMSO and DEX compared to cells treated with DMSO alone. The reduction in the rate of globin mRNA synthesis was proportional to the reduction caused by DEX in the rate of commitment. DEX inhibition in the rate of commitment and of globin mRNA synthesis of DMSO-treated cells was reversible. Upon removal of DEX, continued DMSO treatment resulted in a rapid increase in both the rate of globin mRNA synthesis and the rate of commitment. The rate of globin mRNA synthesis after DEX release was also proportional to the rate of commitment. These results suggest that DEX exerts an inhibitory effect on heme and globin synthesis by blocking commitment to terminal erythroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:289437", "title": "Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in the absence of cytokinesis.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemia cells grown in culture and induced to differentiate along the erythroid developmental pathway by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as a model system to investigate the requirement for cellular replication to express a differentiated erythroid phenotype. That cytokinesis is not essential for DMSO-induced erythroid differentiation as measured by the synthesis and accumulation of hemoglobin was shown by experiments using cytochalasin B. In these studies, hemoglobin was found to accumulate in Friend cells treated simultaneously with DMSO and cytochalasin B; such treatment caused cells to become enlarged and multinucleated due to inhibition of cytokinesis by cytochalasin B. In contrast, exposure of cells to cytochalasin B for at least 48 hr prior to DMSO caused significant inhibition of erythroid differentiation. The findings support the concept that cellular division and, thereby the production of new cellular types are not required for gene activation and the expression of an erythroid phenotype. These effects of cytochalasin B on DMSO-induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells also suggest plasma membrane-cytoskeleton involvement in the initiation of the erythroid maturation process in this system.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells in the absence of cytokinesis. Friend erythroleukemia cells grown in culture and induced to differentiate along the erythroid developmental pathway by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as a model system to investigate the requirement for cellular replication to express a differentiated erythroid phenotype. That cytokinesis is not essential for DMSO-induced erythroid differentiation as measured by the synthesis and accumulation of hemoglobin was shown by experiments using cytochalasin B. In these studies, hemoglobin was found to accumulate in Friend cells treated simultaneously with DMSO and cytochalasin B; such treatment caused cells to become enlarged and multinucleated due to inhibition of cytokinesis by cytochalasin B. In contrast, exposure of cells to cytochalasin B for at least 48 hr prior to DMSO caused significant inhibition of erythroid differentiation. The findings support the concept that cellular division and, thereby the production of new cellular types are not required for gene activation and the expression of an erythroid phenotype. These effects of cytochalasin B on DMSO-induced differentiation of Friend leukemia cells also suggest plasma membrane-cytoskeleton involvement in the initiation of the erythroid maturation process in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:289438", "title": "Stimulation of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic cells and induction of interferon in the cells by double-stranded polyribonucleotides.", "content": "Mouse myeloid leukemic MI cells can be induced to differentiate into mature macrophages and granulocytes by differentiation-stimulating factor (D-factor) in conditioned medium of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Double-stranded RNA's, such as the copolymers of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids and polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids, could not alone induce differentiation of the cells, but enhanced induction of differentiation by low concentrations of the D-factor and induced a significant amount of interferon. Rabbit antiserum to purified L-cell interferon neutralized the antiviral activity of interferon of MI cells. Simultaneous treatment of MI cells with the anti-interferon serum and copolymer of polyinosine and polycytidylic acids and D-factor abolished the enhancing effect of copolymer of polyinosine and polycytidylic acids on the action of the D-factor. These results suggest that the effect of double-stranded RNA's on induction of differentiation of MI cells is mediated by interferon produced by the cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemic cells and induction of interferon in the cells by double-stranded polyribonucleotides. Mouse myeloid leukemic MI cells can be induced to differentiate into mature macrophages and granulocytes by differentiation-stimulating factor (D-factor) in conditioned medium of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Double-stranded RNA's, such as the copolymers of polyinosinic and polycytidylic acids and polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids, could not alone induce differentiation of the cells, but enhanced induction of differentiation by low concentrations of the D-factor and induced a significant amount of interferon. Rabbit antiserum to purified L-cell interferon neutralized the antiviral activity of interferon of MI cells. Simultaneous treatment of MI cells with the anti-interferon serum and copolymer of polyinosine and polycytidylic acids and D-factor abolished the enhancing effect of copolymer of polyinosine and polycytidylic acids on the action of the D-factor. These results suggest that the effect of double-stranded RNA's on induction of differentiation of MI cells is mediated by interferon produced by the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:289439", "title": "Isolation of thymidine-resistant cells from a thymidine-sensitive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line.", "content": "Malignant cells have enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of growth by thymidine. Cell growth of the permanent lymphoid cell line CCRF-CEM, originating from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is inhibited by 3 x 10(-5) M thymidine, compared to 1 to 5 x 10(-3) M thymidine required to inhibit growth of normal lymphoid lines. Thymidine-resistant cells were isolated at a frequency of approximately 1/100,000 cells after cloning CCRF-CEM cells in medium containing 5 x 10(-4) M thymidine. The resistant cells lacked the enzyme thymidine kinase, had a 20-fold decrease of thymidine uptake, and were resistant to 1 x 10(-4) M 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. The cells were sensitive to 1 x 10(-5) M methotrexate, even in the presence of exogenously added thymidine and hypoxanthine. The data indicate that a small fraction of malignant cells may escape the toxic effect of high thymidine therapy and therefore, require additional chemotherapy for their control.", "contents": "Isolation of thymidine-resistant cells from a thymidine-sensitive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Malignant cells have enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of growth by thymidine. Cell growth of the permanent lymphoid cell line CCRF-CEM, originating from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is inhibited by 3 x 10(-5) M thymidine, compared to 1 to 5 x 10(-3) M thymidine required to inhibit growth of normal lymphoid lines. Thymidine-resistant cells were isolated at a frequency of approximately 1/100,000 cells after cloning CCRF-CEM cells in medium containing 5 x 10(-4) M thymidine. The resistant cells lacked the enzyme thymidine kinase, had a 20-fold decrease of thymidine uptake, and were resistant to 1 x 10(-4) M 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. The cells were sensitive to 1 x 10(-5) M methotrexate, even in the presence of exogenously added thymidine and hypoxanthine. The data indicate that a small fraction of malignant cells may escape the toxic effect of high thymidine therapy and therefore, require additional chemotherapy for their control."}
{"id": "PMID:289441", "title": "Use of vinblastine in the terminal phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Vinblastine (6 mg/m2) was given to 15 patients in the terminal phase of Ph1 chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia and to one patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. In each of these patients, there was prompt reduction in leukocyte counts (median, 80% decrease). Effects on platelet counts and hematocrit levels were inconsistent. Nine patients had decreases in the percentage of circulating blast cells. Reduction in splenomegaly and relief of bone pain were recorded in patients with these manifestations. Serious leukopenia was induced in only one patient, and was of brief duration. Additional doses of vinblastine at intervals of greater than or equal to 3 weeks were given to eight patients who had shown improvement in the differential cell count, as an adjunct to maintenance schedules of combination chemotherapy. Good results were obtained initially, but the quality and duration of responses decreased after two to six injections.", "contents": "Use of vinblastine in the terminal phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia. Vinblastine (6 mg/m2) was given to 15 patients in the terminal phase of Ph1 chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia and to one patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. In each of these patients, there was prompt reduction in leukocyte counts (median, 80% decrease). Effects on platelet counts and hematocrit levels were inconsistent. Nine patients had decreases in the percentage of circulating blast cells. Reduction in splenomegaly and relief of bone pain were recorded in patients with these manifestations. Serious leukopenia was induced in only one patient, and was of brief duration. Additional doses of vinblastine at intervals of greater than or equal to 3 weeks were given to eight patients who had shown improvement in the differential cell count, as an adjunct to maintenance schedules of combination chemotherapy. Good results were obtained initially, but the quality and duration of responses decreased after two to six injections."}
{"id": "PMID:289442", "title": "Reinduction therapy for adult acute leukemia with adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone: a Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "In an attempt to improve remissions and survivals in previously treated patients with adult acute leukemia, we gave Adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone for induction therapy, followed by 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate for maintenance therapy to patients attaining complete remission (CR). The study group consisted of 18 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), ten with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one with acute undifferentiated leukemia. Only one patient had previously received Adriamycin. Overall, there were ten CRs and two partial remissions. The five CRs and one partial remission in patients with AML occurred among those with one prior induction attempt; none of the eight AML patients with more than one prior induction attempt responded. The actuarial median duration of CR was 15 weeks and was similar for AML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Responders had a longer median survival (30 weeks) than nonresponders (9 weeks). Thus, although a reasonable number of responses in previously treated patients were obtained with this program, improvements in maintenance therapy are clearly needed.", "contents": "Reinduction therapy for adult acute leukemia with adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone: a Southwest Oncology Group study. In an attempt to improve remissions and survivals in previously treated patients with adult acute leukemia, we gave Adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone for induction therapy, followed by 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate for maintenance therapy to patients attaining complete remission (CR). The study group consisted of 18 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), ten with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one with acute undifferentiated leukemia. Only one patient had previously received Adriamycin. Overall, there were ten CRs and two partial remissions. The five CRs and one partial remission in patients with AML occurred among those with one prior induction attempt; none of the eight AML patients with more than one prior induction attempt responded. The actuarial median duration of CR was 15 weeks and was similar for AML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Responders had a longer median survival (30 weeks) than nonresponders (9 weeks). Thus, although a reasonable number of responses in previously treated patients were obtained with this program, improvements in maintenance therapy are clearly needed."}
{"id": "PMID:289443", "title": "Functional cell compartments in a rat model for human acute myelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Functional cell compartments were studied in a rat model for human acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML). This was done by tracing the distribution of injected 51Chromium-labelled leukaemic cells in the body. It was concluded that two functional compartments can be distinguished in acute leukaemia, i.e., a rapidly exchangeable pool of cells (including the circulating blood pool, the marginal noncirculating blood pool and the rapidly exchangeable tissue pool; RETP) and a slowly exchangeable tissue pool (SETP). The sizes of these various compartments were roughly quantified at various stages of the disease by calculations based on the principle of isotope dilution and organ weight measurements. As the leukaemia progresses, the size of the SETP increased significantly relative to the size of the RETP. Simultaneously, the exchange rates of leukaemic cells between the organs and the blood decrease. The blood transit time of leukaemic cells was also significantly prolonged, as is the case in human AML.", "contents": "Functional cell compartments in a rat model for human acute myelocytic leukaemia. Functional cell compartments were studied in a rat model for human acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML). This was done by tracing the distribution of injected 51Chromium-labelled leukaemic cells in the body. It was concluded that two functional compartments can be distinguished in acute leukaemia, i.e., a rapidly exchangeable pool of cells (including the circulating blood pool, the marginal noncirculating blood pool and the rapidly exchangeable tissue pool; RETP) and a slowly exchangeable tissue pool (SETP). The sizes of these various compartments were roughly quantified at various stages of the disease by calculations based on the principle of isotope dilution and organ weight measurements. As the leukaemia progresses, the size of the SETP increased significantly relative to the size of the RETP. Simultaneously, the exchange rates of leukaemic cells between the organs and the blood decrease. The blood transit time of leukaemic cells was also significantly prolonged, as is the case in human AML."}
{"id": "PMID:289444", "title": "Memory of MEL cells to a previous exposure to inducer.", "content": "The mechanism of commitment of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells to terminal differentiation has been examined. Before a significant proportion of cells becomes committed, a lag period of at least 9 hr of exposure to inducer is observed. Cells withdrawn from inducer can reinitiate commitment without a lag when reexposed. The proportion of committed cells in a culture discontinuously exposed to inducer is identical to that in a continuously exposed culture even if withdrawal from inducer lasts for 18 hr. The ability to tolerate an interruption in the exposure has been termed \"memory.\" The memory of a previous exposure to inducer is complete up to 18 hr. It is partially erased after 36 hr and completely erased after 72 hr. The length of time the memory persists is not affected by the length of the initial exposure to inducer. These results suggest that a cellular component necessary for the commitment event accumulates in response to inducer and that this component has a decay time on the order of 10 hr.", "contents": "Memory of MEL cells to a previous exposure to inducer. The mechanism of commitment of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells to terminal differentiation has been examined. Before a significant proportion of cells becomes committed, a lag period of at least 9 hr of exposure to inducer is observed. Cells withdrawn from inducer can reinitiate commitment without a lag when reexposed. The proportion of committed cells in a culture discontinuously exposed to inducer is identical to that in a continuously exposed culture even if withdrawal from inducer lasts for 18 hr. The ability to tolerate an interruption in the exposure has been termed \"memory.\" The memory of a previous exposure to inducer is complete up to 18 hr. It is partially erased after 36 hr and completely erased after 72 hr. The length of time the memory persists is not affected by the length of the initial exposure to inducer. These results suggest that a cellular component necessary for the commitment event accumulates in response to inducer and that this component has a decay time on the order of 10 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:289445", "title": "Hereditary perforating ulcers of the foot: \"hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy\".", "content": "In 4 cases of hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy the loss of pain and thermal sensibility resulting in perforating ulcers starts distally in lower extremities and progresses proximally. It has a sporadic and familial form as well as the hereditary type. In siblings inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant. By early recognition of the disease and removing pressure from the involved areas, or spreading pressure equally over the foot with proper footwear ulcers are preventable.", "contents": "Hereditary perforating ulcers of the foot: \"hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy\". In 4 cases of hereditary sensory radicular neuropathy the loss of pain and thermal sensibility resulting in perforating ulcers starts distally in lower extremities and progresses proximally. It has a sporadic and familial form as well as the hereditary type. In siblings inheritance appeared to be autosomal dominant. By early recognition of the disease and removing pressure from the involved areas, or spreading pressure equally over the foot with proper footwear ulcers are preventable."}
{"id": "PMID:289446", "title": "Preservation of the functional above knee stump following hip disarticulation by means of an Austin-Moore prosthesis.", "content": "Patients can be provided with a functional above-knee amputation stump when the tumor is not resectable. In order to do this and still remove the entire upper end of the femur a small Austin-Moore prosthesis with drill holes is inserted and enclosed in long anterior and posterior flaps. Muscle attachments are sutured into the distal stem to obtain the balance between abduction and extension of a functional stump.", "contents": "Preservation of the functional above knee stump following hip disarticulation by means of an Austin-Moore prosthesis. Patients can be provided with a functional above-knee amputation stump when the tumor is not resectable. In order to do this and still remove the entire upper end of the femur a small Austin-Moore prosthesis with drill holes is inserted and enclosed in long anterior and posterior flaps. Muscle attachments are sutured into the distal stem to obtain the balance between abduction and extension of a functional stump."}
{"id": "PMID:289461", "title": "Late replication and recombination in the vegetative pool of T4.", "content": "The rates and extents of replication are the same for all members of the vegetative pool, whether already residing (progeny) or newly entered (superinfecting). Thus, no member of the pool is sequestered in a replicative complex. Amber N82 infections of nonpermissive host result in extensive breakdown of phage DNA. The extent of fragmentation observed depends on the multiplicity of infection and whether phage ligase is present. Hence, parental DNA suffers single-strand nicks which can be repaired by ligase only if recombination does not interfere. The physiological role of ligase in compensating for such nicks is reemphasized. Superinfecting genomes recombine very rapidly with progeny molecules whose combined lengths are approximately six times that of the superinfecting genomic fragment. The superinfecting phage does not replicate before recombining. Therefore, the lack of replication poses no barrier to efficient recombination.", "contents": "Late replication and recombination in the vegetative pool of T4. The rates and extents of replication are the same for all members of the vegetative pool, whether already residing (progeny) or newly entered (superinfecting). Thus, no member of the pool is sequestered in a replicative complex. Amber N82 infections of nonpermissive host result in extensive breakdown of phage DNA. The extent of fragmentation observed depends on the multiplicity of infection and whether phage ligase is present. Hence, parental DNA suffers single-strand nicks which can be repaired by ligase only if recombination does not interfere. The physiological role of ligase in compensating for such nicks is reemphasized. Superinfecting genomes recombine very rapidly with progeny molecules whose combined lengths are approximately six times that of the superinfecting genomic fragment. The superinfecting phage does not replicate before recombining. Therefore, the lack of replication poses no barrier to efficient recombination."}
{"id": "PMID:289479", "title": "Aspergillus vegetative endocarditis and complete heart block in a patient with acute leukemia.", "content": "Aspergillus flavus vegetative endocarditis together with myocardial abscesses and pneumonitis developed in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The initial diagnosis was not suspected until 67gallium imaging revealed a radiographically undetectable thoracic abnormality. Despite apparently \"early\" diagnosis, antifungal therapy was inadequate to prevent disruption of the bundle of His, complete heart block and death.", "contents": "Aspergillus vegetative endocarditis and complete heart block in a patient with acute leukemia. Aspergillus flavus vegetative endocarditis together with myocardial abscesses and pneumonitis developed in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The initial diagnosis was not suspected until 67gallium imaging revealed a radiographically undetectable thoracic abnormality. Despite apparently \"early\" diagnosis, antifungal therapy was inadequate to prevent disruption of the bundle of His, complete heart block and death."}
{"id": "PMID:289484", "title": "[Relationship between endodontium and periodontium].", "content": "1. The dental pulp and periodontium have developmental connections. 2. Many of their functions intersect and are common to both tissues. 3. Their highly developed defence systems enable either to survive when the other has been destroyed.", "contents": "[Relationship between endodontium and periodontium]. 1. The dental pulp and periodontium have developmental connections. 2. Many of their functions intersect and are common to both tissues. 3. Their highly developed defence systems enable either to survive when the other has been destroyed."}
{"id": "PMID:289481", "title": "Reversed genetics: a new approach to the elucidation of structure--function relationship.", "content": "Methods for generating point mutations at predetermined sites of RNA or DNA genomes have been developed. With Qbeta RNA as a template, minus strands were synthesized in vitro in a stepwise, substrate-controlled reaction. The nucleotide analogue N4-hydorxyCMP was introduced in the desired position, the minus strands were completed with the four standard triphosphates and used as templates to synthesize plus strands; about 30% of the progeny plus strands showed a base transition at the position corresponding to the nucleotide analogue. Two mutant RNAs with extracistronic nucleotide substitutions have been generated; one of these was viable, albeit with a reduced propagation rate, while the other was non-infectious. Furthermore, mutants with changes at the initiation codon of the coat cistron were prepared. An analysis of ribosome binding to such mutant RNAs revealed the importance of the A-U-G region for the formation of the initiation complex. With a similar approach applied to the beta-globin complementary DNA (CDNA) plasmid PbetaG, point mutations have been introduced at the positions corresponding to amino acids 121 to 123.", "contents": "Reversed genetics: a new approach to the elucidation of structure--function relationship. Methods for generating point mutations at predetermined sites of RNA or DNA genomes have been developed. With Qbeta RNA as a template, minus strands were synthesized in vitro in a stepwise, substrate-controlled reaction. The nucleotide analogue N4-hydorxyCMP was introduced in the desired position, the minus strands were completed with the four standard triphosphates and used as templates to synthesize plus strands; about 30% of the progeny plus strands showed a base transition at the position corresponding to the nucleotide analogue. Two mutant RNAs with extracistronic nucleotide substitutions have been generated; one of these was viable, albeit with a reduced propagation rate, while the other was non-infectious. Furthermore, mutants with changes at the initiation codon of the coat cistron were prepared. An analysis of ribosome binding to such mutant RNAs revealed the importance of the A-U-G region for the formation of the initiation complex. With a similar approach applied to the beta-globin complementary DNA (CDNA) plasmid PbetaG, point mutations have been introduced at the positions corresponding to amino acids 121 to 123."}
{"id": "PMID:289485", "title": "[Results of follow-up studies of endodontically treated teeth based on punched-card records and visual comparison during systematic periodontal treatment].", "content": "The relationship between periodontal alterations in the marginal and the apical areas led us to question whether or not a tooth should be conserved when periodontal alterations are present in both areas. Comparison of edge-notched cards showed that the conservation of individual teeth and/or groups of teeth following periodontal treatment does not depend on endodontic care.", "contents": "[Results of follow-up studies of endodontically treated teeth based on punched-card records and visual comparison during systematic periodontal treatment]. The relationship between periodontal alterations in the marginal and the apical areas led us to question whether or not a tooth should be conserved when periodontal alterations are present in both areas. Comparison of edge-notched cards showed that the conservation of individual teeth and/or groups of teeth following periodontal treatment does not depend on endodontic care."}
{"id": "PMID:289487", "title": "[The fine structure of the dental pulp].", "content": "Root pulp usually contains more collagen fibrils than coronal pulp. The fibrils consolidate to form fibrinous bundles only to a very slight extent. Involution of the odontoblasts occurs with advancing age. If such involution is absent, an irregular layer of hard substance is deposited on the canal wall. A homogeneous line of adhesive can be seen on the wall at the border with the root pulp. The tissue character of the pulp however is preserved. Perineurium is absent around the nerves in human pulp.", "contents": "[The fine structure of the dental pulp]. Root pulp usually contains more collagen fibrils than coronal pulp. The fibrils consolidate to form fibrinous bundles only to a very slight extent. Involution of the odontoblasts occurs with advancing age. If such involution is absent, an irregular layer of hard substance is deposited on the canal wall. A homogeneous line of adhesive can be seen on the wall at the border with the root pulp. The tissue character of the pulp however is preserved. Perineurium is absent around the nerves in human pulp."}
{"id": "PMID:289482", "title": "Genetics in an oocyte.", "content": "The combination of DNA cloning in bacterial plasmids and DNA injection into frog oocyte nuclei permits a novel type of genetic analysis in which the function of defined sequences of DNA may be more readily and precisely investigated than before. Purified segments of chromosomal DNA containing 5S genes of Xenopus have been injected into the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes and the products of these genes recognized as labelled 5S RNA. Since short linear molecules of DNA are degraded in oocytes, the function of particular regions of DNA near a 5S gene is best determined by excising these regions and joining them to other kinds of DNA. This is achieved most simply by inserting regions of 5S DNA into a plasmid. Our results with alpha-amanitin show that the activity of a 5S DNA promoter inserted into a plasmid can be detected independently of the plasmid's own promoters, using DNA injection into oocytes. The observation that plasmids containing variant 5S genes result in the synthesis of abnormal 5S RNA molecules illustrates the possibility of mutanting recombinant plasmids and then testing the biological effect of these mutations by DNA injection.", "contents": "Genetics in an oocyte. The combination of DNA cloning in bacterial plasmids and DNA injection into frog oocyte nuclei permits a novel type of genetic analysis in which the function of defined sequences of DNA may be more readily and precisely investigated than before. Purified segments of chromosomal DNA containing 5S genes of Xenopus have been injected into the nuclei of Xenopus oocytes and the products of these genes recognized as labelled 5S RNA. Since short linear molecules of DNA are degraded in oocytes, the function of particular regions of DNA near a 5S gene is best determined by excising these regions and joining them to other kinds of DNA. This is achieved most simply by inserting regions of 5S DNA into a plasmid. Our results with alpha-amanitin show that the activity of a 5S DNA promoter inserted into a plasmid can be detected independently of the plasmid's own promoters, using DNA injection into oocytes. The observation that plasmids containing variant 5S genes result in the synthesis of abnormal 5S RNA molecules illustrates the possibility of mutanting recombinant plasmids and then testing the biological effect of these mutations by DNA injection."}
{"id": "PMID:289488", "title": "[The use of composite filling materials in endodontics (animal experimental, light and electron microscopic studies].", "content": "The tissue affinity of a composite used in root canals was studied in beagle dogs. No pathologic tissue response was observed in the areas surrounding the plastic eight weeks later. Newly formed connective tissue bordered the material. Comparative SEM investigations showed the marginal strength of this type of root filling.", "contents": "[The use of composite filling materials in endodontics (animal experimental, light and electron microscopic studies]. The tissue affinity of a composite used in root canals was studied in beagle dogs. No pathologic tissue response was observed in the areas surrounding the plastic eight weeks later. Newly formed connective tissue bordered the material. Comparative SEM investigations showed the marginal strength of this type of root filling."}
{"id": "PMID:289489", "title": "[Preparation of not completely accessible root canals by means of depot iontophoresis with an exterior iontrophoresis device].", "content": "The two depot ionophoresis processes (depot ionophoresis with the depot ionophoresis device is used here) are shown experimentally and argued theoretically to be capable of dissolving the content of the entire root canal system by alkaline proteolysis and of removing the oligopeptides (peptones) formed from the canal system via the apical foramen by electrophoresis. The canal is then freed from all organic residues. In this way the majority of roots which cannot be prepared mechanically are fundamentally treatable.", "contents": "[Preparation of not completely accessible root canals by means of depot iontophoresis with an exterior iontrophoresis device]. The two depot ionophoresis processes (depot ionophoresis with the depot ionophoresis device is used here) are shown experimentally and argued theoretically to be capable of dissolving the content of the entire root canal system by alkaline proteolysis and of removing the oligopeptides (peptones) formed from the canal system via the apical foramen by electrophoresis. The canal is then freed from all organic residues. In this way the majority of roots which cannot be prepared mechanically are fundamentally treatable."}
{"id": "PMID:289490", "title": "[Fluoride concentration of drinking water and fluoride content of the enamel in deciduous teeth].", "content": "The fluoride concentrations in the superficial enamel of deciduous teeth of children from areas with fluoridized drinking water (Basel, up to 1.00 ppm F-) and from a fluoride-deficient area (Hamburg, approx. 0.14 ppm F-) were measured and compared. The results of this investigation show that, if optimal accounts of fluoride are available, the fluoride content in the enamel of deciduous teeth is twice as high as that in teeth of children from areas without fluoridation. The relationship between the reduction of caries due to fluoridized drinking water and the significant increase in fluoride concentration in the enamel was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Fluoride concentration of drinking water and fluoride content of the enamel in deciduous teeth]. The fluoride concentrations in the superficial enamel of deciduous teeth of children from areas with fluoridized drinking water (Basel, up to 1.00 ppm F-) and from a fluoride-deficient area (Hamburg, approx. 0.14 ppm F-) were measured and compared. The results of this investigation show that, if optimal accounts of fluoride are available, the fluoride content in the enamel of deciduous teeth is twice as high as that in teeth of children from areas without fluoridation. The relationship between the reduction of caries due to fluoridized drinking water and the significant increase in fluoride concentration in the enamel was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:289491", "title": "[Comparison of embryotoxic effects of inorganic fluorides].", "content": "A comparison of the toxicity of SnF2, BaF2, KF, CaF2, and MgF2 shows that the hard-to-dissolve fluorides CaF2 and MgF2 are absolutely safe. The other fluorides tested showed no toxic effects in dosages relevant for caries prophylaxis and with oral application.", "contents": "[Comparison of embryotoxic effects of inorganic fluorides]. A comparison of the toxicity of SnF2, BaF2, KF, CaF2, and MgF2 shows that the hard-to-dissolve fluorides CaF2 and MgF2 are absolutely safe. The other fluorides tested showed no toxic effects in dosages relevant for caries prophylaxis and with oral application."}
{"id": "PMID:289492", "title": "[Solubility and absorption of magnesium fluoride in the intestinal tract].", "content": "The solubility rate of various substances was determined via solubility experiments using magnesium fluoride on various specific surfaces. This rate controls the resorption of fluorine ions from MgF2 during its passage through the intestinal tract. The solubility rate for MgF2, as for other hard-to-dissolve substances, is proportional to the specific surface and the mass of the substance. In light of this information, resorption tests with magnesium fluoride showed that this compound is \"biodisposable\". The amount of fluorine which will be resorbed from MgF2 can be estimated.", "contents": "[Solubility and absorption of magnesium fluoride in the intestinal tract]. The solubility rate of various substances was determined via solubility experiments using magnesium fluoride on various specific surfaces. This rate controls the resorption of fluorine ions from MgF2 during its passage through the intestinal tract. The solubility rate for MgF2, as for other hard-to-dissolve substances, is proportional to the specific surface and the mass of the substance. In light of this information, resorption tests with magnesium fluoride showed that this compound is \"biodisposable\". The amount of fluorine which will be resorbed from MgF2 can be estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:289493", "title": "[Measurement of the abrasive effect of tooth pastes after oral tooth cleaning experiments].", "content": "Since only relative results have been obtained with all in vitro investigations of tooth paste abrasiveness (i.e., dependent on the method of cleaning selected and the evaluation), an in vivo method was described with which absolute values may be obtained in the mouths of subjects participating in the cleaning tests.", "contents": "[Measurement of the abrasive effect of tooth pastes after oral tooth cleaning experiments]. Since only relative results have been obtained with all in vitro investigations of tooth paste abrasiveness (i.e., dependent on the method of cleaning selected and the evaluation), an in vivo method was described with which absolute values may be obtained in the mouths of subjects participating in the cleaning tests."}
{"id": "PMID:289494", "title": "[Closing of the filling cleft with copper and mercury compounds in fillings of silver-tin amalgams].", "content": "After measuring the tearing pressure of bubbles, the remaining marginal fissures (unavoidable with silver-tin amalgams) were completely eliminated by cauterizing cavities with an activated copper suspension. The effect is based on the activated copper forming voluminous basic Cu compounds. This procedure gives the silver-tin amalgam the bactericidal characteristics of a copper amalgam but essentially higher marginal strength. As expected, the teeth were not discolored. Measurement of mercury vapor showed a distinct decrease in the release of mercury vapor in the direction of the cavity.", "contents": "[Closing of the filling cleft with copper and mercury compounds in fillings of silver-tin amalgams]. After measuring the tearing pressure of bubbles, the remaining marginal fissures (unavoidable with silver-tin amalgams) were completely eliminated by cauterizing cavities with an activated copper suspension. The effect is based on the activated copper forming voluminous basic Cu compounds. This procedure gives the silver-tin amalgam the bactericidal characteristics of a copper amalgam but essentially higher marginal strength. As expected, the teeth were not discolored. Measurement of mercury vapor showed a distinct decrease in the release of mercury vapor in the direction of the cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:289495", "title": "[The effect of various ultrasonic tooth cleaning devices on dental filling materials].", "content": "The influence of various ultrasonic devices for cleaning teeth on the surfaces of different filling materials was studied in 300 extracted teeth. Special attention was directed to the cavity edge and the area immediately surrounding it. Alterations in surface roughness were determined and compared with an electromechanical stylus. The inflicted damage depends much more on the type of filling material than on the device. Distinct quantitative differences due to the devices however were observable.", "contents": "[The effect of various ultrasonic tooth cleaning devices on dental filling materials]. The influence of various ultrasonic devices for cleaning teeth on the surfaces of different filling materials was studied in 300 extracted teeth. Special attention was directed to the cavity edge and the area immediately surrounding it. Alterations in surface roughness were determined and compared with an electromechanical stylus. The inflicted damage depends much more on the type of filling material than on the device. Distinct quantitative differences due to the devices however were observable."}
{"id": "PMID:289497", "title": "Two chromatin fractions with different metabolic properties of non-histone proteins and of newly synthesized RNA.", "content": "Digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease under mild conditions results in the release of a minor chromatin fraction showing an increased RNA and non-histone protein content, a fast turnover of the non-histone proteins and the presence of rapidly labelled heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) with half-life of about 20 min. Further digestion of the chromatin leads to the elimination of about 19% of the initial chromosomal DNA, thus leaving a second chromatin fraction relatively resistant to nuclease attack. This fraction has a low protein and RNA content and contains only metabolically stable non-histone proteins. No differences in the histone complement of the two fractions was found except for a 40% deficiency of H1 in the minor fraction.", "contents": "Two chromatin fractions with different metabolic properties of non-histone proteins and of newly synthesized RNA. Digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease under mild conditions results in the release of a minor chromatin fraction showing an increased RNA and non-histone protein content, a fast turnover of the non-histone proteins and the presence of rapidly labelled heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) with half-life of about 20 min. Further digestion of the chromatin leads to the elimination of about 19% of the initial chromosomal DNA, thus leaving a second chromatin fraction relatively resistant to nuclease attack. This fraction has a low protein and RNA content and contains only metabolically stable non-histone proteins. No differences in the histone complement of the two fractions was found except for a 40% deficiency of H1 in the minor fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:289498", "title": "The effect of leukemic human serum on normal granulopoiesis.", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is often characterized by defective granulopoiesis during initial and relapse stages of the disease, resulting in absolute neutropenia in vivo and in low or absent production of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if serum from leukemic children with ALL could inhibit normal granulopoiesis. Several concentrations of serum from 12 leukemic patients were mixed with normal bone marrow cells and co-cultured by the double layer agar technique. Also, serum from normal individuals and from ALL patients in remission and relapse was examined for inhibitors. Cultures without serum served as controls. The majority of ALL (initial, relapse and remission) and normal sera either stimulated or had no effect on colony formation. These groups also had similar percentages of inhibitory sera, with the exception of the somewhat higher levels of inhibition found in the remission group. Thus, ALL serum resembled normal serum in its effect on in vitro granulopoiesis at the committed granulocyte-macrophage stem cell level. It is therefore unlikely that inhibition of in vivo granulopoiesis at the committed level by serum inhibitors is responsible for ALL-associated neutropenia.", "contents": "The effect of leukemic human serum on normal granulopoiesis. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is often characterized by defective granulopoiesis during initial and relapse stages of the disease, resulting in absolute neutropenia in vivo and in low or absent production of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if serum from leukemic children with ALL could inhibit normal granulopoiesis. Several concentrations of serum from 12 leukemic patients were mixed with normal bone marrow cells and co-cultured by the double layer agar technique. Also, serum from normal individuals and from ALL patients in remission and relapse was examined for inhibitors. Cultures without serum served as controls. The majority of ALL (initial, relapse and remission) and normal sera either stimulated or had no effect on colony formation. These groups also had similar percentages of inhibitory sera, with the exception of the somewhat higher levels of inhibition found in the remission group. Thus, ALL serum resembled normal serum in its effect on in vitro granulopoiesis at the committed granulocyte-macrophage stem cell level. It is therefore unlikely that inhibition of in vivo granulopoiesis at the committed level by serum inhibitors is responsible for ALL-associated neutropenia."}
{"id": "PMID:289499", "title": "[Effect of mexamine on arterial tonus in dogs].", "content": "The effect of mexamin (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the vascular tone of thoracic and abdominal cavity vessels and pelvic limbs was investigated by angiography in experiments on 19 mongrel dogs under nembutal anesthesia (30 mg/kg). 5-7 minutes after intramuscular administration of the drug there was a constriction of the aorta, of the hepatic, splenic, cranial mesenteric, internal and external iliac, branched femoral and tibial arteries by about 15-40% as compared to the initial diameter. Mexamin exerted no substantial vasoconstrictive action on the segmental (intercostal, lumbar, phrenoabdominal) and renal arteries.", "contents": "[Effect of mexamine on arterial tonus in dogs]. The effect of mexamin (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the vascular tone of thoracic and abdominal cavity vessels and pelvic limbs was investigated by angiography in experiments on 19 mongrel dogs under nembutal anesthesia (30 mg/kg). 5-7 minutes after intramuscular administration of the drug there was a constriction of the aorta, of the hepatic, splenic, cranial mesenteric, internal and external iliac, branched femoral and tibial arteries by about 15-40% as compared to the initial diameter. Mexamin exerted no substantial vasoconstrictive action on the segmental (intercostal, lumbar, phrenoabdominal) and renal arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:289612", "title": "[Correlation of heredity and environmental factors in the etiology of Vilyui encephalomyelitis. II. A population genetic study in districts of Vilyui encephalomyelitis distribution].", "content": "Population-genetic investigation was carried out in the regions endemic for Viljuisk encephalomyelitis (VE). The following indices were estimated: the relationship coefficient, the inbreeding coefficient, the intensity of migration, genetic structure of the population. The aim of the investigation was to explain causes of intrapopulational and, in some cases, of intragenus accumulation of the VE patients. No evidence of isolation or increased inbreeding were found in highly affected populations. The genetic structure of a group of VE patients tested for 9 polymorphic systems did not reveal any deviation from the control group. Several VE cases in healthy populations occured in some years after the immigration of a VE patient. These data confirm the hypothesis that VE is transmitted from a VE patient to healthy persons. Among these persons fall ill those who have a hereditary determined increased sensitivity to VE which results in intrapopulation and intragenus accumulation of VE cases.", "contents": "[Correlation of heredity and environmental factors in the etiology of Vilyui encephalomyelitis. II. A population genetic study in districts of Vilyui encephalomyelitis distribution]. Population-genetic investigation was carried out in the regions endemic for Viljuisk encephalomyelitis (VE). The following indices were estimated: the relationship coefficient, the inbreeding coefficient, the intensity of migration, genetic structure of the population. The aim of the investigation was to explain causes of intrapopulational and, in some cases, of intragenus accumulation of the VE patients. No evidence of isolation or increased inbreeding were found in highly affected populations. The genetic structure of a group of VE patients tested for 9 polymorphic systems did not reveal any deviation from the control group. Several VE cases in healthy populations occured in some years after the immigration of a VE patient. These data confirm the hypothesis that VE is transmitted from a VE patient to healthy persons. Among these persons fall ill those who have a hereditary determined increased sensitivity to VE which results in intrapopulation and intragenus accumulation of VE cases."}
{"id": "PMID:289624", "title": "The JCAH consolidated standards: questions and answers.", "content": "In early 1979 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals published a manual consolidating standards for adult psychiatric, child and adolescent, alcoholism, and drug abuse programs. The standards became effective on October 1, 1979. Instead of reviewing separately each kind of program within a facility, surveyors will conduct a simultaneous, four-part survey in which they review all aspects of services related to the four groups of standards: those for program management, patient management (intake, assessment, and treatment plans), patient services, and facility management. The new standards specify a minimum of six kinds of quality assurance activities and stress a clinical staff organization that has developed a comprehensive quality assurance system. They reflect a service-system concept more applicable to a variety of age and disability groups than to the treatment models on which the earlier adult psychiatric and child and adolescent standards were heavily based.", "contents": "The JCAH consolidated standards: questions and answers. In early 1979 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals published a manual consolidating standards for adult psychiatric, child and adolescent, alcoholism, and drug abuse programs. The standards became effective on October 1, 1979. Instead of reviewing separately each kind of program within a facility, surveyors will conduct a simultaneous, four-part survey in which they review all aspects of services related to the four groups of standards: those for program management, patient management (intake, assessment, and treatment plans), patient services, and facility management. The new standards specify a minimum of six kinds of quality assurance activities and stress a clinical staff organization that has developed a comprehensive quality assurance system. They reflect a service-system concept more applicable to a variety of age and disability groups than to the treatment models on which the earlier adult psychiatric and child and adolescent standards were heavily based."}
{"id": "PMID:289625", "title": "Partial trisomy 1 due to 1/17 translocation in Ph'-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) had the Philadelphia chromosome from the standard 9/22 translocation, a partial trisomy 1 secondary to an unbalanced 1/17 translocation, and a more recent clone with the addition of trisomy 22. This is the third case of partial trisomy 1 associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Trisomy 1 in haematological disorders is discussed with reference to its clinical significance in CML, the segment of chromosome no. 1 involved, and the mechanism of origin of the partial trisomies. Anomalies of chromosome 1, although not specific to any of them, seem to be important in the development of myeloproliferative disorders and of neoplasms in general.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 1 due to 1/17 translocation in Ph'-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia. A patient with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) had the Philadelphia chromosome from the standard 9/22 translocation, a partial trisomy 1 secondary to an unbalanced 1/17 translocation, and a more recent clone with the addition of trisomy 22. This is the third case of partial trisomy 1 associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Trisomy 1 in haematological disorders is discussed with reference to its clinical significance in CML, the segment of chromosome no. 1 involved, and the mechanism of origin of the partial trisomies. Anomalies of chromosome 1, although not specific to any of them, seem to be important in the development of myeloproliferative disorders and of neoplasms in general."}
{"id": "PMID:289626", "title": "Biochemical genetic markers in the Kadazans of Sabah, Malaysia.", "content": "Kadazans, the largest indigenous group in Sabah, northern Borneo, were surveyed for glyoxalase I, phosphoglucomutase I, red cell acid phosphatase, esterase D, adenosine deaminase, soluble glutamate pyruvate transaminase, soluble glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, uridine monophosphate kinase, adenylate kinase, peptidase B and D, superoxide dismutase, C5, group specific component, haptoglobin and transferrin. Kadazans were found to be polymorphic for GLO I, PGM I, RCAP, esterase D, ADA, s-Gpt, 6PGD, UMPK, Gc, C5, haptoglobin and peptidase B. Rare variants were found for transferrin and peptidase D. No variant was found for s-Got, SOD and AK.", "contents": "Biochemical genetic markers in the Kadazans of Sabah, Malaysia. Kadazans, the largest indigenous group in Sabah, northern Borneo, were surveyed for glyoxalase I, phosphoglucomutase I, red cell acid phosphatase, esterase D, adenosine deaminase, soluble glutamate pyruvate transaminase, soluble glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, uridine monophosphate kinase, adenylate kinase, peptidase B and D, superoxide dismutase, C5, group specific component, haptoglobin and transferrin. Kadazans were found to be polymorphic for GLO I, PGM I, RCAP, esterase D, ADA, s-Gpt, 6PGD, UMPK, Gc, C5, haptoglobin and peptidase B. Rare variants were found for transferrin and peptidase D. No variant was found for s-Got, SOD and AK."}
{"id": "PMID:289630", "title": "The management of fractures in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The results of the treatment of 89 fractures of bone affected by Paget's disease are presented. The typical features of these fractures, the common sites affected, the rate of healing and the complications involved, including the incidence of malignant change, are reviewed. The possible role of calcitonin in the prevention of these fractures is discussed.", "contents": "The management of fractures in Paget's disease of bone. The results of the treatment of 89 fractures of bone affected by Paget's disease are presented. The typical features of these fractures, the common sites affected, the rate of healing and the complications involved, including the incidence of malignant change, are reviewed. The possible role of calcitonin in the prevention of these fractures is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289631", "title": "Demonstration of antibody-associated cellular cytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia before and after chemotherapy.", "content": "This study demonstrates that a cytotoxic serum reactivity not requiring the presence of complement appears in the sera of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. The reaction is detected upon short-term incubation of sera in vitro with autochthonous mononuclear white blood cells from peripheral venous blood of patients at the acute stage of the disease. This reactivity was demonstrated in 18/18 patients. Generally, the cytotoxicity was low in patients at the acute stage of the disease, but increased after chemotherapy and reached the highest level at the onset of clinical remission or just before. No cytotoxicity could be demonstrated against autochthonous remission white blood cells. The serum activity could be absorbed and eluted from protein A-sepharose CL-4B and was recovered in the 7S-fraction of the sera after gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and ion exchange chromatography. This indicates that the demonstrated cytotoxicity is due to immunoglobulins of IgG-class. It is believed that Fc-receptor-bearing cells present in the target cell preparations function as effector cells. The reaction is designated antibody-associated cellular cytotoxicity (AACC).", "contents": "Demonstration of antibody-associated cellular cytotoxicity in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia before and after chemotherapy. This study demonstrates that a cytotoxic serum reactivity not requiring the presence of complement appears in the sera of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. The reaction is detected upon short-term incubation of sera in vitro with autochthonous mononuclear white blood cells from peripheral venous blood of patients at the acute stage of the disease. This reactivity was demonstrated in 18/18 patients. Generally, the cytotoxicity was low in patients at the acute stage of the disease, but increased after chemotherapy and reached the highest level at the onset of clinical remission or just before. No cytotoxicity could be demonstrated against autochthonous remission white blood cells. The serum activity could be absorbed and eluted from protein A-sepharose CL-4B and was recovered in the 7S-fraction of the sera after gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and ion exchange chromatography. This indicates that the demonstrated cytotoxicity is due to immunoglobulins of IgG-class. It is believed that Fc-receptor-bearing cells present in the target cell preparations function as effector cells. The reaction is designated antibody-associated cellular cytotoxicity (AACC)."}
{"id": "PMID:289632", "title": "Actinomycin D restores in vivo sensitivity to differentiation induction of non-differentiating mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Resistant mouse myeloid leukemia cells could not be induced to differentiate in vitro into mature macrophages and granulocytes by incubation with ascitic fluid or dexamethasone as inducer. Neither could endogenous inducers acting on resistant cells maintained in a diffusion chamber in syngeneic SL mice induce differentiation. However, when resistant cells were pretreated in vitro with low doses of actinomycin D they became sensitive to inducer in vitro or in vivo. The concentration of actinomycin D effective for this effect did not induce differentiation. The effect of actinomycin D was not due to inhibition of cell growth, since sensitivity was not observed when resistant cells were pretreated with the growth inhibitor 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. When resistant cells were kept in a diffusion chamber in mice injected with low doses of actinomycin D they showed significant differentiation, suggesting that the in vivo effect of actinomycin D is partly attributable to sensitization of the resistant cells to endogenous inducers.", "contents": "Actinomycin D restores in vivo sensitivity to differentiation induction of non-differentiating mouse myeloid leukemia cells. Resistant mouse myeloid leukemia cells could not be induced to differentiate in vitro into mature macrophages and granulocytes by incubation with ascitic fluid or dexamethasone as inducer. Neither could endogenous inducers acting on resistant cells maintained in a diffusion chamber in syngeneic SL mice induce differentiation. However, when resistant cells were pretreated in vitro with low doses of actinomycin D they became sensitive to inducer in vitro or in vivo. The concentration of actinomycin D effective for this effect did not induce differentiation. The effect of actinomycin D was not due to inhibition of cell growth, since sensitivity was not observed when resistant cells were pretreated with the growth inhibitor 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. When resistant cells were kept in a diffusion chamber in mice injected with low doses of actinomycin D they showed significant differentiation, suggesting that the in vivo effect of actinomycin D is partly attributable to sensitization of the resistant cells to endogenous inducers."}
{"id": "PMID:289634", "title": "In vitro evaluation of enamel and cementum abrasion after toothbrushing.", "content": "Abrasion in human teeth brushed with toothbrush and dentifrice was evaluated quantitatively by SEM. Specimens which included surface enamel and cementum were cut from unerupted wisdom teeth. Controlled brushing was carried out by a brushing machine, with dentifrice or saline, for periods of five and ten minutes. Scratches were counted using SE micrographs. No scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces, due probably to its hardness. The cementum surfaces revealed scratches, the number increasing with the duration of burshing. Brushing with saline was much less abrasive than with dentifrice. It was concluded that damage to the cementum is caused primarily by the dentifrice, brushing per se being a minor factor.", "contents": "In vitro evaluation of enamel and cementum abrasion after toothbrushing. Abrasion in human teeth brushed with toothbrush and dentifrice was evaluated quantitatively by SEM. Specimens which included surface enamel and cementum were cut from unerupted wisdom teeth. Controlled brushing was carried out by a brushing machine, with dentifrice or saline, for periods of five and ten minutes. Scratches were counted using SE micrographs. No scratches were observed on the enamel surfaces, due probably to its hardness. The cementum surfaces revealed scratches, the number increasing with the duration of burshing. Brushing with saline was much less abrasive than with dentifrice. It was concluded that damage to the cementum is caused primarily by the dentifrice, brushing per se being a minor factor."}
{"id": "PMID:289637", "title": "Loss of arch integrity due to interproximal caries.", "content": "A simple orthodontic procedure, utilising a fixed appliance, is described. The procedure is adopted to correct a problem commonly met with in conservative dentistry. It enables a correctly contoured restoration to be placed which will prevent the development of further dental problems.", "contents": "Loss of arch integrity due to interproximal caries. A simple orthodontic procedure, utilising a fixed appliance, is described. The procedure is adopted to correct a problem commonly met with in conservative dentistry. It enables a correctly contoured restoration to be placed which will prevent the development of further dental problems."}
{"id": "PMID:289647", "title": "Fatal pneumopathy after cytostatic treatment for leukemia in children.", "content": "Two cases of fatal pneumopathy during cytostatic therapy for acute lymphatic leukemia of childhood, are reported with pathoanatomical lung findings and general clinical features. Histology revealed massed atypical epithelial proliferation in the bronchiolar terminal pathways (tumourlets) with multinucleated polymorphic giant cells beside pulmonary fibrosis. As causative factors for pulmonary chages hypersensitivity reactions, direct toxicity, or pharmacologic effects are discussed. Formal pathogenesis is explained by an impairment of endothelial cells in alveolar capillaries followed by permeability disorders and interstitial edema with disturbed perfusion. Disseminated intravasal microthrombi are frequent. Restitution to integrity appears possible only under favorable conditions. If the exsudative turns into the proliferative phase, intraalveolar and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis may develop with atypical epithelial proliferations. The prognosis of cytostatics-induced pneumopathies depends essentially on the time when it is diagnosied.", "contents": "Fatal pneumopathy after cytostatic treatment for leukemia in children. Two cases of fatal pneumopathy during cytostatic therapy for acute lymphatic leukemia of childhood, are reported with pathoanatomical lung findings and general clinical features. Histology revealed massed atypical epithelial proliferation in the bronchiolar terminal pathways (tumourlets) with multinucleated polymorphic giant cells beside pulmonary fibrosis. As causative factors for pulmonary chages hypersensitivity reactions, direct toxicity, or pharmacologic effects are discussed. Formal pathogenesis is explained by an impairment of endothelial cells in alveolar capillaries followed by permeability disorders and interstitial edema with disturbed perfusion. Disseminated intravasal microthrombi are frequent. Restitution to integrity appears possible only under favorable conditions. If the exsudative turns into the proliferative phase, intraalveolar and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis may develop with atypical epithelial proliferations. The prognosis of cytostatics-induced pneumopathies depends essentially on the time when it is diagnosied."}
{"id": "PMID:289659", "title": "The accumulation of the base metals (copper, zinc and mercury) in the human body.", "content": "Overdramatized, unscientific investigations have contributed to the misconception that the cumulative effects of dental alloys are a serious threat to the clinician and other dental personnel. The reliability of the instrumentation and analytical techniques used for the analyses in this investigation has been well-documented. The following conclusions, therefore, may be drawn from the data: The absolute serum values for all groups involved in the study appear to be within the normal concentration range for the metals tested. Zinc concentrations appear to increase with the age of the individual; however, the values are still within the normal range. Copper and mercury serum-concentrations do not appear to increase with age; however, continued ingestion of foods contaminated with methyl mercury could lead to increased levels of this compound. There is no significant increase in serum copper or zinc in dentists who have been in active practice for twenty years; however, the increases in blood-mercury as measured in this study indicate that occupational exposure may not be as harmful as previously believed. When one considers that only a part of the total concentration is toxic organic mercury, the elevated value after twenty years of exposure appears to be insignificant in terms of danger to the clinician.", "contents": "The accumulation of the base metals (copper, zinc and mercury) in the human body. Overdramatized, unscientific investigations have contributed to the misconception that the cumulative effects of dental alloys are a serious threat to the clinician and other dental personnel. The reliability of the instrumentation and analytical techniques used for the analyses in this investigation has been well-documented. The following conclusions, therefore, may be drawn from the data: The absolute serum values for all groups involved in the study appear to be within the normal concentration range for the metals tested. Zinc concentrations appear to increase with the age of the individual; however, the values are still within the normal range. Copper and mercury serum-concentrations do not appear to increase with age; however, continued ingestion of foods contaminated with methyl mercury could lead to increased levels of this compound. There is no significant increase in serum copper or zinc in dentists who have been in active practice for twenty years; however, the increases in blood-mercury as measured in this study indicate that occupational exposure may not be as harmful as previously believed. When one considers that only a part of the total concentration is toxic organic mercury, the elevated value after twenty years of exposure appears to be insignificant in terms of danger to the clinician."}
{"id": "PMID:289661", "title": "Sedation of the autistic patient for dental procedures.", "content": "It would be wrong to draw firm conclusions in this paper, because the methodology was highly subjective. However, the authors are of the opinion that certain conclusions can be drawn: Autistic individuals, even those with wildly aberrant behavior, can frequently receive dental treatment in a routine manner, if adequately sedated. Various sedative drugs may be effective. Combinations of drugs may be successful, where individual drugs have failed. The authors found the combination of Nisentil and Phenergan, supplemented with Vistaril when needed, to be especially effective. N2O-O2 analgesia appears to be beneficial, either alone or as an adjunct to other medications.", "contents": "Sedation of the autistic patient for dental procedures. It would be wrong to draw firm conclusions in this paper, because the methodology was highly subjective. However, the authors are of the opinion that certain conclusions can be drawn: Autistic individuals, even those with wildly aberrant behavior, can frequently receive dental treatment in a routine manner, if adequately sedated. Various sedative drugs may be effective. Combinations of drugs may be successful, where individual drugs have failed. The authors found the combination of Nisentil and Phenergan, supplemented with Vistaril when needed, to be especially effective. N2O-O2 analgesia appears to be beneficial, either alone or as an adjunct to other medications."}
{"id": "PMID:289662", "title": "Von Gierke's disease: report of case.", "content": "Von Gierke's disease, or hepatorenal glycogenesis, type I, presents an interesting challenge to the dental practitioner. Showing an incidence of 1/400,000, it is a fairly rare occurrence. It indicates the importance of proper medical consultation in treating these children, and proper dental treatment and preventive programs to alleviate what could be dangerous for these patients.", "contents": "Von Gierke's disease: report of case. Von Gierke's disease, or hepatorenal glycogenesis, type I, presents an interesting challenge to the dental practitioner. Showing an incidence of 1/400,000, it is a fairly rare occurrence. It indicates the importance of proper medical consultation in treating these children, and proper dental treatment and preventive programs to alleviate what could be dangerous for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:289677", "title": "The general practice residency: its effect on specialization in dentistry.", "content": "The federal government has assumed an active role in the effort to increase the proportion of dentists choosing general dental practice as a career instead of specialty practice and has encouraged development and expansion of additional general practice residency training programs for this purpose. This paper reports on career decisions of graduates of one dental school for the past ten years. The findings suggest that general practice residencies may in fact lead to an increasing degree of specialization rather than enhancing long range career interests in general dentistry.", "contents": "The general practice residency: its effect on specialization in dentistry. The federal government has assumed an active role in the effort to increase the proportion of dentists choosing general dental practice as a career instead of specialty practice and has encouraged development and expansion of additional general practice residency training programs for this purpose. This paper reports on career decisions of graduates of one dental school for the past ten years. The findings suggest that general practice residencies may in fact lead to an increasing degree of specialization rather than enhancing long range career interests in general dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:289678", "title": "The admission interview: the validity question.", "content": "This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized admission interview for dentistry. An entire class of 86 fourth-year dental students at The University of Iowa was studied, and the relationships between information from the interview, faculty ratings, and numerous dental and predental academic data were compared. Many correlations were found to be significant, which permitted technical description of three aspects of validity: concurrent, content, and construct. Reliability of both the instrument and the interview method were shown to affect validity.", "contents": "The admission interview: the validity question. This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized admission interview for dentistry. An entire class of 86 fourth-year dental students at The University of Iowa was studied, and the relationships between information from the interview, faculty ratings, and numerous dental and predental academic data were compared. Many correlations were found to be significant, which permitted technical description of three aspects of validity: concurrent, content, and construct. Reliability of both the instrument and the interview method were shown to affect validity."}
{"id": "PMID:289679", "title": "Assessing the dependability of faculty observations using the generalizability coefficient.", "content": "Evaluating performance of dental students is often accomplished by faculty observation. Ratings are assigned and later translated into scores which form the basis for important decisions such as admission to dental school, course grades, or admission to graduate programs. Situational factors such as variability among faculty observers or day-to-day fluctuations in a student's performance may influence observational ratings. These situational factors can introduce error into the ratings and thereby reduce the dependability of decisions based upon the ratings. Generalizability coefficients are a recent development in educational measurement which can aid the dental educator in evaluating the degree of error present in ratings to be used for a specific purpose. In this study, dental school applicant ratings from an admissions interview are used to demonstrate the usefulness of generalizability coefficients in assessing the impact of interviewer disagreements on decisions based on these scores.", "contents": "Assessing the dependability of faculty observations using the generalizability coefficient. Evaluating performance of dental students is often accomplished by faculty observation. Ratings are assigned and later translated into scores which form the basis for important decisions such as admission to dental school, course grades, or admission to graduate programs. Situational factors such as variability among faculty observers or day-to-day fluctuations in a student's performance may influence observational ratings. These situational factors can introduce error into the ratings and thereby reduce the dependability of decisions based upon the ratings. Generalizability coefficients are a recent development in educational measurement which can aid the dental educator in evaluating the degree of error present in ratings to be used for a specific purpose. In this study, dental school applicant ratings from an admissions interview are used to demonstrate the usefulness of generalizability coefficients in assessing the impact of interviewer disagreements on decisions based on these scores."}
{"id": "PMID:289681", "title": "An analysis of behavioral contingencies in clinical teaching.", "content": "Principles of a contingency management were applied in analyzing student reports on clinical instruction. In behavioral science, a contingency is a relationship between a behavior and its effect. The analysis identifies contingencies arranged by clinical instructors that unintentionally interfere with learning. The faculty responded to the findings by planing changes to overcome the problems identified. Prior to the study, many of the problems uncovered were not recognized by the faculty. Students are usually not open about such sensitives areas of feedback. If dental faculty members of other institutions do not feel that similar findings apply to their schools, the authors recommend that they conduct an analogous study.", "contents": "An analysis of behavioral contingencies in clinical teaching. Principles of a contingency management were applied in analyzing student reports on clinical instruction. In behavioral science, a contingency is a relationship between a behavior and its effect. The analysis identifies contingencies arranged by clinical instructors that unintentionally interfere with learning. The faculty responded to the findings by planing changes to overcome the problems identified. Prior to the study, many of the problems uncovered were not recognized by the faculty. Students are usually not open about such sensitives areas of feedback. If dental faculty members of other institutions do not feel that similar findings apply to their schools, the authors recommend that they conduct an analogous study."}
{"id": "PMID:289682", "title": "An employment checklist for prospective dental educators.", "content": "Recent dental literature suggests that there is a shortage of dental educators and provides suggestions for dental schools to increase and improve recruitment efforts. However, little has been published to aid the prospective dental educator in finding the most appropriate position. A checklist to aid the prospective faculty member is proposed, which enumerates critical employment characteristics to be considered by the applicant during the recruitment process. Essential elements of the dental school environment, the department environment, the salary and benefits structure, and the community are discussed. Techniques for application of the checklist are also suggested.", "contents": "An employment checklist for prospective dental educators. Recent dental literature suggests that there is a shortage of dental educators and provides suggestions for dental schools to increase and improve recruitment efforts. However, little has been published to aid the prospective dental educator in finding the most appropriate position. A checklist to aid the prospective faculty member is proposed, which enumerates critical employment characteristics to be considered by the applicant during the recruitment process. Essential elements of the dental school environment, the department environment, the salary and benefits structure, and the community are discussed. Techniques for application of the checklist are also suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:289683", "title": "Teaching advanced life support to predoctoral dental students.", "content": "The purpose of this project was to determine if senior dental students were capable of meeting the rigid didactic and clinical performance requirements of the American Heart Association's course in advanced life support. The course includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, endotracheal intubation, intravenous cannulation, interpretation of certain electro-cardiographic dysrhythmias, synchronized cardioversion, defibrillation and the use of intravenous vasopressors, cardiotonics, and antiarhythmics. Of 30 students who were randomly selected from over 120 applicants for this senior elective course, 27 met the minimum proficiency requirement of 85 percent on a standardized written examination, and no one scored less than 78 percent. Of the students who were offered clinical testing stations, 19 out of 20 met the clinicae support can be considered a feasible addition to other instruction in emergency care in the undergraduate dental curriculum.", "contents": "Teaching advanced life support to predoctoral dental students. The purpose of this project was to determine if senior dental students were capable of meeting the rigid didactic and clinical performance requirements of the American Heart Association's course in advanced life support. The course includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, endotracheal intubation, intravenous cannulation, interpretation of certain electro-cardiographic dysrhythmias, synchronized cardioversion, defibrillation and the use of intravenous vasopressors, cardiotonics, and antiarhythmics. Of 30 students who were randomly selected from over 120 applicants for this senior elective course, 27 met the minimum proficiency requirement of 85 percent on a standardized written examination, and no one scored less than 78 percent. Of the students who were offered clinical testing stations, 19 out of 20 met the clinicae support can be considered a feasible addition to other instruction in emergency care in the undergraduate dental curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:289690", "title": "Preventive periodontics in the dental hygiene curriculum: results of a nationwide survey.", "content": "The contemporary concept of prevention for the dental hygienist incorporates detection and initial treatment of periodontal disease. A nationwide survey of 192 schools of dental hygiene indicates that nearly all of these schools have minimal requirements in preventive periodontics including didactic presentations, periodontal charting, and instruction in root planing techniques. Data from this survey suggest that schools of dental hygiene may not be fulfilling their responsibility in preventive dental health.", "contents": "Preventive periodontics in the dental hygiene curriculum: results of a nationwide survey. The contemporary concept of prevention for the dental hygienist incorporates detection and initial treatment of periodontal disease. A nationwide survey of 192 schools of dental hygiene indicates that nearly all of these schools have minimal requirements in preventive periodontics including didactic presentations, periodontal charting, and instruction in root planing techniques. Data from this survey suggest that schools of dental hygiene may not be fulfilling their responsibility in preventive dental health."}
{"id": "PMID:289691", "title": "Effectiveness of project ACORDE materials: applied evaluative research in a preclinical technique course.", "content": "Two instructional strategies, the traditional lecture method and a standardized self-instructional (ACORDE) format, were compared for efficiency and perceived usefulness in a preclinical restorative dentistry technique course through the use of a posttest-only control group research design. Control and experimental groups were compared on (a) technique grades, (b) didactic grades, (c) amount of time spent, (d) student and faculty perceptions, and (e) observation of social dynamics. The results of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of Project ACORDE materials in teaching dental students, provided an example of applied research designed to test contemplated instructional innovations prior to use and used a method which highlighted qualitative, as well as quantitative, techniques for data gathering in applied research.", "contents": "Effectiveness of project ACORDE materials: applied evaluative research in a preclinical technique course. Two instructional strategies, the traditional lecture method and a standardized self-instructional (ACORDE) format, were compared for efficiency and perceived usefulness in a preclinical restorative dentistry technique course through the use of a posttest-only control group research design. Control and experimental groups were compared on (a) technique grades, (b) didactic grades, (c) amount of time spent, (d) student and faculty perceptions, and (e) observation of social dynamics. The results of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of Project ACORDE materials in teaching dental students, provided an example of applied research designed to test contemplated instructional innovations prior to use and used a method which highlighted qualitative, as well as quantitative, techniques for data gathering in applied research."}
{"id": "PMID:289693", "title": "The AADS study on graduate (postdoctoral) dental education: a project update.", "content": "Information about the current status of the AADS Study of Graduate (Postdoctoral) Dental Education is presented. Past and future activities of the Task Force which is conducting the study are described, and ten discussion papers which have been circulated by the Task Force are summarized. Those interested in the issues under investigation in this study are urged to review and comment upon the preliminary recommendations which will be circulated this fall. The Task Force expects to conclude their discussions and complete the final report by spring 1980.", "contents": "The AADS study on graduate (postdoctoral) dental education: a project update. Information about the current status of the AADS Study of Graduate (Postdoctoral) Dental Education is presented. Past and future activities of the Task Force which is conducting the study are described, and ten discussion papers which have been circulated by the Task Force are summarized. Those interested in the issues under investigation in this study are urged to review and comment upon the preliminary recommendations which will be circulated this fall. The Task Force expects to conclude their discussions and complete the final report by spring 1980."}
{"id": "PMID:289694", "title": "Some dietary and food selection changes or jejunoileal bypass patients.", "content": "Twenty-seven persons who had undergone jejunoileal bypass surgery eight months or more previously returned a questionnaire which sought information about: (a) Demographic characteristics and weight loss; (b) pre- and postoperative eating behavior and food selection; (c) dietary instruction; (d) postoperative complications; and (e) postoperative attitudes. Twenty other patients were seen in a surgery clinic and interviewed informally to aid in the evaluation of data. Neither demographic characteristics nor weight loss correlated with other variables, including food selection, behavior, attitudes, or complications. Postoperative complications did relate to the consumption of green vegetables and \"snacking.\" Postoperative changes noted were diminished appetite and less use of alcoholic beverages. Changes in post-operative eating behavior were positively correlated with changes in patients' attitudes of self-confidence and self-esteem. Neither a dietitian nor a nutritionist had been available on a structured consultation basis. During the interviews, subjects did express a desire for dietary discussions with trained professionals. In spite of distress and complications, most subjects were satisfied with the operation and perceived an improvement in their lives.", "contents": "Some dietary and food selection changes or jejunoileal bypass patients. Twenty-seven persons who had undergone jejunoileal bypass surgery eight months or more previously returned a questionnaire which sought information about: (a) Demographic characteristics and weight loss; (b) pre- and postoperative eating behavior and food selection; (c) dietary instruction; (d) postoperative complications; and (e) postoperative attitudes. Twenty other patients were seen in a surgery clinic and interviewed informally to aid in the evaluation of data. Neither demographic characteristics nor weight loss correlated with other variables, including food selection, behavior, attitudes, or complications. Postoperative complications did relate to the consumption of green vegetables and \"snacking.\" Postoperative changes noted were diminished appetite and less use of alcoholic beverages. Changes in post-operative eating behavior were positively correlated with changes in patients' attitudes of self-confidence and self-esteem. Neither a dietitian nor a nutritionist had been available on a structured consultation basis. During the interviews, subjects did express a desire for dietary discussions with trained professionals. In spite of distress and complications, most subjects were satisfied with the operation and perceived an improvement in their lives."}
{"id": "PMID:289713", "title": "The effects of sodium pentosan polysulfate on triglyceride metabolism in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The human forearm technique was employed to determine changes in plasma levels and peripheral fluxes of TG, FFA and glycerol in a group of insulin independent diabetics before and after administration of sodium pentosan polysulphate. The forearm technique is based on simultaneous sampling of arterial and venous blood, and forearm flow measurement. Sodium pentosan is a heparinoid, hypolipidemic agent. Before drug administration it was observed that there was net TG uptake, and net glycerol and FFA release across the forearm. Following its injection, triglyceride uptake in the forearm progressively decreased. Sixty minutes after drug administration there was a release of TG into the circulation. Similarly, following sodium pentosan, glycerol release also decreased and culminated in eventual net glycerol uptake from the circulation. The release of TG showed significant correlations with the uptake of glycerol. As the phenomenon of net TG release was noted in more than one third of all significant exchanges across the forearm, these findings raise the possibility that TG release might, in part, contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic hyper-triglyceridemia.", "contents": "The effects of sodium pentosan polysulfate on triglyceride metabolism in diabetes mellitus. The human forearm technique was employed to determine changes in plasma levels and peripheral fluxes of TG, FFA and glycerol in a group of insulin independent diabetics before and after administration of sodium pentosan polysulphate. The forearm technique is based on simultaneous sampling of arterial and venous blood, and forearm flow measurement. Sodium pentosan is a heparinoid, hypolipidemic agent. Before drug administration it was observed that there was net TG uptake, and net glycerol and FFA release across the forearm. Following its injection, triglyceride uptake in the forearm progressively decreased. Sixty minutes after drug administration there was a release of TG into the circulation. Similarly, following sodium pentosan, glycerol release also decreased and culminated in eventual net glycerol uptake from the circulation. The release of TG showed significant correlations with the uptake of glycerol. As the phenomenon of net TG release was noted in more than one third of all significant exchanges across the forearm, these findings raise the possibility that TG release might, in part, contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic hyper-triglyceridemia."}
{"id": "PMID:289714", "title": "\"Outpatient hyperkalemia\" syndrome in renal and hypertensive patients with suppressed aldosterone production.", "content": "\"Outpatient hyperkalemia\" is a new clinical syndrome in which high serum potassium levels (SK) are found in the outpatient condition returning toward normal without any specific treatment after admission to the hospital. We report here of six patients with high blood pressure of various origin (chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, Gordon syndrome) in whom dietary and postural factors were found to be responsible for the outpatient hyperkalemia. The Na content of the \"ad libitum\" outpatient diet was definitely higher than that of the regular hospital diet. Increasing the Na intake from 120 mEq to 300 mEq induced a marked elevation of SK (from 5.21 +/- 0.16 to 6.34 +/- 0.40 mEq/l; p less than 0.001) in two hospitalized, recombent patients. On the other hand, Na restriction induced a dramatic improvement in hyperkalemia (from 5.89 +/- 0.11 mEq/l to 4.79 +/- 0.08 mEq/l:; p less than 0.001) in 4 patients in whom the effect was studied in the outpatient state. Although the mean plasma aldosterone (PA) was significantly lower in the patient group than in the healthy group, during normal Na intake there was a considerable overlap. A clearer distintion was made by using the new index of PA per SK ratio expressing the diminution in the apparently normal PA when related to the abnormally high SK. During high Na intake, PA was definitely suppressed and during Na restriction there was a dramatic relief from suppression. The present studies confirmed the previously described phenomenon of \"upright hyperkalemia\" which may have played an additional role in the development of outpatient elevation of SK. The knowledge of the clinical syndrome of \"outpatient hyperkalemia\" may be important to single out certain cases of easily correctable insufficient (suppressed) aldosterone production.", "contents": "\"Outpatient hyperkalemia\" syndrome in renal and hypertensive patients with suppressed aldosterone production. \"Outpatient hyperkalemia\" is a new clinical syndrome in which high serum potassium levels (SK) are found in the outpatient condition returning toward normal without any specific treatment after admission to the hospital. We report here of six patients with high blood pressure of various origin (chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, Gordon syndrome) in whom dietary and postural factors were found to be responsible for the outpatient hyperkalemia. The Na content of the \"ad libitum\" outpatient diet was definitely higher than that of the regular hospital diet. Increasing the Na intake from 120 mEq to 300 mEq induced a marked elevation of SK (from 5.21 +/- 0.16 to 6.34 +/- 0.40 mEq/l; p less than 0.001) in two hospitalized, recombent patients. On the other hand, Na restriction induced a dramatic improvement in hyperkalemia (from 5.89 +/- 0.11 mEq/l to 4.79 +/- 0.08 mEq/l:; p less than 0.001) in 4 patients in whom the effect was studied in the outpatient state. Although the mean plasma aldosterone (PA) was significantly lower in the patient group than in the healthy group, during normal Na intake there was a considerable overlap. A clearer distintion was made by using the new index of PA per SK ratio expressing the diminution in the apparently normal PA when related to the abnormally high SK. During high Na intake, PA was definitely suppressed and during Na restriction there was a dramatic relief from suppression. The present studies confirmed the previously described phenomenon of \"upright hyperkalemia\" which may have played an additional role in the development of outpatient elevation of SK. The knowledge of the clinical syndrome of \"outpatient hyperkalemia\" may be important to single out certain cases of easily correctable insufficient (suppressed) aldosterone production."}
{"id": "PMID:289715", "title": "Chloramphenicol and chromosomal morphology.", "content": "Eight-hundred mcg of chloramphenicol (CM) was added to 10 ml of normal phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte cultures at various stages of cell cycle. The diluent used to dissolve CM was added to the control cultures. The cultures were terminated for chromsomal analyses. More abnormalities were seen in the CM added cultures. The highest incidence was seen when CM was added at G0 and the lowest, at G2. These parallel well with the acidic residual chromosomal protein fraction in HeLa S-3 cells. It was concluded that CM is capable of inhibiting protein synthesis resulting in chromosomal protein deficiency. This deficiency produces \"weakness\" in the chromosomal backbone.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol and chromosomal morphology. Eight-hundred mcg of chloramphenicol (CM) was added to 10 ml of normal phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte cultures at various stages of cell cycle. The diluent used to dissolve CM was added to the control cultures. The cultures were terminated for chromsomal analyses. More abnormalities were seen in the CM added cultures. The highest incidence was seen when CM was added at G0 and the lowest, at G2. These parallel well with the acidic residual chromosomal protein fraction in HeLa S-3 cells. It was concluded that CM is capable of inhibiting protein synthesis resulting in chromosomal protein deficiency. This deficiency produces \"weakness\" in the chromosomal backbone."}
{"id": "PMID:289716", "title": "Chromosomal abnormalities in maintenance hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Forty bone marrow aspirates from maintenance hemodialysis patients were prepared for chromosomal analyses. Among the 1,187 metaphases studied, only 58% were diploidies. Other abnormalities included: pseudodiploidies (5.8%), acentric fragments (3.6%), translocated chromosomes (1.9%) and one dicentric chromosome. The abnormalities found may be due to abnormal DNA synthesis in chronic renal failure or uremia, or infusion of formaldehyde which can denature DNA. This chemical was used to sterilize dialysis equipment. Incomplete rinsing can introduce this substance into the circulation.", "contents": "Chromosomal abnormalities in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Forty bone marrow aspirates from maintenance hemodialysis patients were prepared for chromosomal analyses. Among the 1,187 metaphases studied, only 58% were diploidies. Other abnormalities included: pseudodiploidies (5.8%), acentric fragments (3.6%), translocated chromosomes (1.9%) and one dicentric chromosome. The abnormalities found may be due to abnormal DNA synthesis in chronic renal failure or uremia, or infusion of formaldehyde which can denature DNA. This chemical was used to sterilize dialysis equipment. Incomplete rinsing can introduce this substance into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:289717", "title": "Lymphocytic infiltration in murine tumors.", "content": "Histologic grading of the histiolymphocytic reaction in nodules of T241 or B16 murine tumors in 94 C57BL/6J mice was performed at various time intervals post-inoculation. The infiltrate occurring in the first four days was generally sparse and no significant difference was observed between two different dose control inocula, suggesting a weak primary localization. Comparison between control inocula, and challenge inocula in mice harboring the same tumor for 10 days, showed a somewhat denser infiltrate initially in the challenge inocula. Despite the immunogenicity of these tumors, as shown by concomitant immunity, lymphocytic infiltration was generally sparse, consistent with an hypothesis of deficient localization of immunocompetent cells at tumor sites.", "contents": "Lymphocytic infiltration in murine tumors. Histologic grading of the histiolymphocytic reaction in nodules of T241 or B16 murine tumors in 94 C57BL/6J mice was performed at various time intervals post-inoculation. The infiltrate occurring in the first four days was generally sparse and no significant difference was observed between two different dose control inocula, suggesting a weak primary localization. Comparison between control inocula, and challenge inocula in mice harboring the same tumor for 10 days, showed a somewhat denser infiltrate initially in the challenge inocula. Despite the immunogenicity of these tumors, as shown by concomitant immunity, lymphocytic infiltration was generally sparse, consistent with an hypothesis of deficient localization of immunocompetent cells at tumor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:289718", "title": "Hamartomatous adiposity of thyroid gland.", "content": "A rare case of hamartomatous adiposity of the thyroid gland was found incidentally in a 73 year old white female with adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Pressure symptoms related to the goiter (120 gms) were the only manifestations noted. Extensive laboratory investigations failed to reveal any demonstrable functional abnormality of the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Hamartomatous adiposity of thyroid gland. A rare case of hamartomatous adiposity of the thyroid gland was found incidentally in a 73 year old white female with adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Pressure symptoms related to the goiter (120 gms) were the only manifestations noted. Extensive laboratory investigations failed to reveal any demonstrable functional abnormality of the thyroid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:289719", "title": "The Friend virus genome: partial characterization of a complete DNA copy.", "content": "A complementary DNA probe has been prepared from the Friend murine erythroleukaemia virus complex released by Friend cells (FV cDNAD-) and Friend cells induced to differentiate (FV cDNAD+). Molecular hybridization analysis shows that: (a) FV cDNAD+ is close to being a complete copy of the virus genome and the distribution of sequences is uniform with respect to their distribution in the Friend virus genome. (b) Hybridization of 70S RNA from the cloned helper virus to the total FVc DNAD+ probe demonstrates that a large proportion of the cDNA is specific to the transforming spleen focus forming virus. (c) Hybridization of the probe to normal and transformed cell DNA shows that there are about seven Friend virus related genes in normal DNA and almost twice this amount in transformed cell DNA. A significant minor proportion (20%) of the cDNA probe anneals only to virus related sequences in the transformed cell DNA. (d) An analysis of the kinetics of annealing of the cDNA to an excess template RNA shows that the minimum base sequence complexity of the Friend virus complex is 4 x 10(6). (e) An analysis of the cross hybridization between FV cDNAD+ and 60 to 70S RNA isolated from virus released by uninduced and induced cells shows that the genome of the induced and uninduced Friend virus is almost identical.", "contents": "The Friend virus genome: partial characterization of a complete DNA copy. A complementary DNA probe has been prepared from the Friend murine erythroleukaemia virus complex released by Friend cells (FV cDNAD-) and Friend cells induced to differentiate (FV cDNAD+). Molecular hybridization analysis shows that: (a) FV cDNAD+ is close to being a complete copy of the virus genome and the distribution of sequences is uniform with respect to their distribution in the Friend virus genome. (b) Hybridization of 70S RNA from the cloned helper virus to the total FVc DNAD+ probe demonstrates that a large proportion of the cDNA is specific to the transforming spleen focus forming virus. (c) Hybridization of the probe to normal and transformed cell DNA shows that there are about seven Friend virus related genes in normal DNA and almost twice this amount in transformed cell DNA. A significant minor proportion (20%) of the cDNA probe anneals only to virus related sequences in the transformed cell DNA. (d) An analysis of the kinetics of annealing of the cDNA to an excess template RNA shows that the minimum base sequence complexity of the Friend virus complex is 4 x 10(6). (e) An analysis of the cross hybridization between FV cDNAD+ and 60 to 70S RNA isolated from virus released by uninduced and induced cells shows that the genome of the induced and uninduced Friend virus is almost identical."}
{"id": "PMID:289734", "title": "Dantrolene sodium in the management of patients at risk from malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is a dominantly inherited, usually subclinical, disease that occurs in individuals who have an underlying muscular disorder and connotes the gravest possible consequences. When it occurs, it is usually during the use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia and potent anesthetic agents such as halothane. Patients at risk must be identified through careful history and screening procedures; however, a patient susceptible to this condition may have had general anesthesia in the past without complications. A careful monitoring regimen must be established for the procedure and some means of cooling the patient must be ready in case pyrexia occurs. Dantrolene sodium is currently the preferred drug for prevention of the syndrome and may be valuable for its treatment.", "contents": "Dantrolene sodium in the management of patients at risk from malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia is a dominantly inherited, usually subclinical, disease that occurs in individuals who have an underlying muscular disorder and connotes the gravest possible consequences. When it occurs, it is usually during the use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia and potent anesthetic agents such as halothane. Patients at risk must be identified through careful history and screening procedures; however, a patient susceptible to this condition may have had general anesthesia in the past without complications. A careful monitoring regimen must be established for the procedure and some means of cooling the patient must be ready in case pyrexia occurs. Dantrolene sodium is currently the preferred drug for prevention of the syndrome and may be valuable for its treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:289735", "title": "Proliferative periostitis of Garr\u00e9: its differentiation from other neoperiostoses.", "content": "A review of 15 well-documented cases of proliferative periostitis reported in the literature and a description of six new cases, five fully documented, have shown the following: a variety of irritants both odontogenic and nondontogenic in origin may induce neoperiostosis in the mandible; radiographically, cortical redundancy and preservation of the original cortical outline are the most common findings; and microsocopically, a fibro-osseous pattern evincing one of the three trabecular orientations--parallel, retiform, or haphazard fibrous dysplasia-like--is featured. If other complicating factors are absent, after the suspected source of irritation has been eliminated, resolution takes place in six to 12 months in most instances.", "contents": "Proliferative periostitis of Garr\u00e9: its differentiation from other neoperiostoses. A review of 15 well-documented cases of proliferative periostitis reported in the literature and a description of six new cases, five fully documented, have shown the following: a variety of irritants both odontogenic and nondontogenic in origin may induce neoperiostosis in the mandible; radiographically, cortical redundancy and preservation of the original cortical outline are the most common findings; and microsocopically, a fibro-osseous pattern evincing one of the three trabecular orientations--parallel, retiform, or haphazard fibrous dysplasia-like--is featured. If other complicating factors are absent, after the suspected source of irritation has been eliminated, resolution takes place in six to 12 months in most instances."}
{"id": "PMID:289736", "title": "The relationship of smoking to localized osteitis.", "content": "The relationship between smoking and localized osteitis was studied in 200 patients who had 400 mandibular third molars removed. Information on how much patients smoked each day and whether cigaretts, cigars, or a pipe was smoked, as well as the postoperative smoking habits of each patient, was recorded. Results indicated that there is a signficant difference in the incidence of postoperative localized osteitis at extraction sites of mandibular third molars between smokers and nonsmokers; smoking after extraction caused a definite increase in the incidence of localized osteitis.", "contents": "The relationship of smoking to localized osteitis. The relationship between smoking and localized osteitis was studied in 200 patients who had 400 mandibular third molars removed. Information on how much patients smoked each day and whether cigaretts, cigars, or a pipe was smoked, as well as the postoperative smoking habits of each patient, was recorded. Results indicated that there is a signficant difference in the incidence of postoperative localized osteitis at extraction sites of mandibular third molars between smokers and nonsmokers; smoking after extraction caused a definite increase in the incidence of localized osteitis."}
{"id": "PMID:289737", "title": "Clinicopathological conference. Case 29, part 2. Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the mandible.", "content": "A case of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to the mandible is reported and the literature is reviewed. Present conventional methods for determining the presence of secondary deposits, both in living patients and in cadavers, may account, in part, for the small number of cases reported in the literature involving metastases to the jaws. Careful attention to the medical history, clinical examination, scintigraphy, and results of the biopsy will help to establish early diagnosis of which definitive treatment can be based.", "contents": "Clinicopathological conference. Case 29, part 2. Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the mandible. A case of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to the mandible is reported and the literature is reviewed. Present conventional methods for determining the presence of secondary deposits, both in living patients and in cadavers, may account, in part, for the small number of cases reported in the literature involving metastases to the jaws. Careful attention to the medical history, clinical examination, scintigraphy, and results of the biopsy will help to establish early diagnosis of which definitive treatment can be based."}
{"id": "PMID:289738", "title": "Unilateral mydriasis during general anesthesia.", "content": "A healthy 24-year-old woman was taken to the operating room for surgical removal of impacted third molars while under general anesthesia. During surgery, a local anesthetic was administered, resulting in mydriasis, which was initially mistaken for a central nervous system deficit secondary to a complication from general anesthetic.", "contents": "Unilateral mydriasis during general anesthesia. A healthy 24-year-old woman was taken to the operating room for surgical removal of impacted third molars while under general anesthesia. During surgery, a local anesthetic was administered, resulting in mydriasis, which was initially mistaken for a central nervous system deficit secondary to a complication from general anesthetic."}
{"id": "PMID:289741", "title": "Early unicystic ameloblastoma: report of case.", "content": "The occurrence of an atypical cystic lesion of the mandible in a 13-year-old boy is described. At first, a diagnosis could not be made. The biopsy specimen showed features resembling an ordinary follicular cyst, together with areas in which distinct alterations in the epithelium were noticed. These alterations seemed to be in accordance with findings of Vickers and Gorlin in cases of early or unicystic ameloblastoma. The lesion was treated by enucleation. After almost three years, no recurrence has been noticed. Long-term follow-up care is necessary. The case illustrates the obvious need for meticulous histologic examination of every cystic lesion of the jaw.", "contents": "Early unicystic ameloblastoma: report of case. The occurrence of an atypical cystic lesion of the mandible in a 13-year-old boy is described. At first, a diagnosis could not be made. The biopsy specimen showed features resembling an ordinary follicular cyst, together with areas in which distinct alterations in the epithelium were noticed. These alterations seemed to be in accordance with findings of Vickers and Gorlin in cases of early or unicystic ameloblastoma. The lesion was treated by enucleation. After almost three years, no recurrence has been noticed. Long-term follow-up care is necessary. The case illustrates the obvious need for meticulous histologic examination of every cystic lesion of the jaw."}
{"id": "PMID:289742", "title": "Condyloma acuminatum of the lip: report of case.", "content": "This case exemplifies the clinical and histomorphologic manifestations of a moist wart (condyloma acuminatum) and emphasizes the possibility of oral condylomas in patients with anogenital condyloma acuminatum.", "contents": "Condyloma acuminatum of the lip: report of case. This case exemplifies the clinical and histomorphologic manifestations of a moist wart (condyloma acuminatum) and emphasizes the possibility of oral condylomas in patients with anogenital condyloma acuminatum."}
{"id": "PMID:289743", "title": "Temporomandibular joint marking for radionuclide bone scintigraphy.", "content": "Anatomical marking of the temporomandibular joint has led to a practical method of delineating and evaluating the temporomandibular joint and glenoid fossa by radionuclide bone scintigraphy.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint marking for radionuclide bone scintigraphy. Anatomical marking of the temporomandibular joint has led to a practical method of delineating and evaluating the temporomandibular joint and glenoid fossa by radionuclide bone scintigraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:289753", "title": "Laterally repositioned \"stimulated\" osteoperiosteal pedicle grafts in the treatment of denuded roots. A preliminary report.", "content": "In order for successful coverage of denuded roots to be accomplished, correctly applied fundamental biological principles must be considered in the choice and utilization of the surgical modality. In this report some representative clinical cases are presented to indicate favorable results that may be achieved with stimulated osteoperiosteal pedicle flaps. These cases are part of an ongoing clinical and statistical evaluation.", "contents": "Laterally repositioned \"stimulated\" osteoperiosteal pedicle grafts in the treatment of denuded roots. A preliminary report. In order for successful coverage of denuded roots to be accomplished, correctly applied fundamental biological principles must be considered in the choice and utilization of the surgical modality. In this report some representative clinical cases are presented to indicate favorable results that may be achieved with stimulated osteoperiosteal pedicle flaps. These cases are part of an ongoing clinical and statistical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:289754", "title": "Supervised deplaquing and improved gingival health in a school program.", "content": "Following an intensive period of patient education, 205 school children, aged 12 to 16 years, under daily supervision removed stained deposits of plaque from their teeth with dental floss and toothbrushes. After 3 1/2 months there were clinically and statistically significantly reductions in mean plaque and gingivitis scores. In contrast, plaque and gingivitis scores increased significantly for 239 children not deplaquing daily in a nearby control school.", "contents": "Supervised deplaquing and improved gingival health in a school program. Following an intensive period of patient education, 205 school children, aged 12 to 16 years, under daily supervision removed stained deposits of plaque from their teeth with dental floss and toothbrushes. After 3 1/2 months there were clinically and statistically significantly reductions in mean plaque and gingivitis scores. In contrast, plaque and gingivitis scores increased significantly for 239 children not deplaquing daily in a nearby control school."}
{"id": "PMID:289755", "title": "Formation of salivary coating and dental plaque on two different supporting materials. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "The formation of salivary coating (SC) and dental plaque on top of Vestopal W and enamel inlays was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. No clear morphological differences were found between SC and dental plaque formed on either material. A thin continuous SC was formed on the supporting material in all volunteers within 30 minutes' oral exposure. The SC appeared smooth and contained numerous protruding small round bodies (40-200 nm in size), the numbers of which increased with increasing time. Bacterial colonization of the SC started between 6 and 12 hours' oral exposure. After 24 hours' oral exposure, bacterial colonies were confluenting and partly obscuring the subjacent SC. No evidence was obtained in this study contraindicating the use of Vestopal W as supporting material for experimental plaque studies.", "contents": "Formation of salivary coating and dental plaque on two different supporting materials. An electron microscopic study. The formation of salivary coating (SC) and dental plaque on top of Vestopal W and enamel inlays was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. No clear morphological differences were found between SC and dental plaque formed on either material. A thin continuous SC was formed on the supporting material in all volunteers within 30 minutes' oral exposure. The SC appeared smooth and contained numerous protruding small round bodies (40-200 nm in size), the numbers of which increased with increasing time. Bacterial colonization of the SC started between 6 and 12 hours' oral exposure. After 24 hours' oral exposure, bacterial colonies were confluenting and partly obscuring the subjacent SC. No evidence was obtained in this study contraindicating the use of Vestopal W as supporting material for experimental plaque studies."}
{"id": "PMID:289756", "title": "Calculus attachment. Review of the literature and new findings.", "content": "This study was undertaken in order to provide current information relative to the modes of calculus attachment to tooth surfaces. A total of 63 freshly extracted teeth were fixed, sectioned, and conventionally prepared for light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopic examination. Previously reported histologic findings of cuticular attachment, mechanical locking into undercuts, and direct attachment of calculus matrix to the tooth surface were affirmed. The claim of bacterial penetration as a mode of attachment has been rejected. Ultrastructural evidence of cuticular attachment has been presented for the first time via a series of scanning electron micrographs. The most frequently encountered method of attachment was found to be the apparent melding of calculus matrix to the surface of cementum. In many instances, these two substances were virtually indistinguishable.", "contents": "Calculus attachment. Review of the literature and new findings. This study was undertaken in order to provide current information relative to the modes of calculus attachment to tooth surfaces. A total of 63 freshly extracted teeth were fixed, sectioned, and conventionally prepared for light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopic examination. Previously reported histologic findings of cuticular attachment, mechanical locking into undercuts, and direct attachment of calculus matrix to the tooth surface were affirmed. The claim of bacterial penetration as a mode of attachment has been rejected. Ultrastructural evidence of cuticular attachment has been presented for the first time via a series of scanning electron micrographs. The most frequently encountered method of attachment was found to be the apparent melding of calculus matrix to the surface of cementum. In many instances, these two substances were virtually indistinguishable."}
{"id": "PMID:289757", "title": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. III. Toxic activity of the rat dental plaque.", "content": "The toxicity tests of the dental plaque from ODU plaque-susceptible rats showed strong lethal effect on mice, and abscess forming effect on guinea-pigs. Bacterial cells isolated from the rat dental plaque also showed strong toxicity on both animals and capillary permeable activity on rabbits. Among these bacterial cells, Corynebacterium showed the strongest toxic effects on these animals. These facts suggested an important role of the dental plaque on initiation and development of gingivitis and that especially Corynebacterium may play an important role on gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats.", "contents": "Experimental gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats. III. Toxic activity of the rat dental plaque. The toxicity tests of the dental plaque from ODU plaque-susceptible rats showed strong lethal effect on mice, and abscess forming effect on guinea-pigs. Bacterial cells isolated from the rat dental plaque also showed strong toxicity on both animals and capillary permeable activity on rabbits. Among these bacterial cells, Corynebacterium showed the strongest toxic effects on these animals. These facts suggested an important role of the dental plaque on initiation and development of gingivitis and that especially Corynebacterium may play an important role on gingivitis in ODU plaque-susceptible rats."}
{"id": "PMID:289758", "title": "Gingival flap-split thickness flap, a combined procedure. Clinical study in humans and dogs.", "content": "1. The combined procedure can be performed to handle the two very common periodontal problems (bone defect, high frenum, and/or high muscle insertion) when present in the same area. 2. Healing was uneventful, since only four postoperatory complications were observed in 40 surgeries performed, and none of these complications was in humans. 3. Macroscopically, the surgical area showed normalcy 1 week after the procedure. 4. It is a procedure very easy to perform and shows uneventful postoperative healing. There is no patient discomfort.", "contents": "Gingival flap-split thickness flap, a combined procedure. Clinical study in humans and dogs. 1. The combined procedure can be performed to handle the two very common periodontal problems (bone defect, high frenum, and/or high muscle insertion) when present in the same area. 2. Healing was uneventful, since only four postoperatory complications were observed in 40 surgeries performed, and none of these complications was in humans. 3. Macroscopically, the surgical area showed normalcy 1 week after the procedure. 4. It is a procedure very easy to perform and shows uneventful postoperative healing. There is no patient discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:289759", "title": "Dilemmas in diagnosis and treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.", "content": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder which has an inordinate risk of being diagnosed as psychogenic in nature because of commonly shared behavioral symptomes with syndromes of psychological origin. An overview of TS is presented including its history, symptomatology, and treatment of choice. The problems and pitfalls inherent in the diagnostic process which lead to psychogenic misconceptions are discussed. Treatment considerations include the secondary emotional problems and the negative consequences of the medication for TS. The implications for training professionals are discussed, but the essential point is that without an adequate history of the onset of symptoms, the potential for misdiagnosis is dramatically increased.", "contents": "Dilemmas in diagnosis and treatment of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder which has an inordinate risk of being diagnosed as psychogenic in nature because of commonly shared behavioral symptomes with syndromes of psychological origin. An overview of TS is presented including its history, symptomatology, and treatment of choice. The problems and pitfalls inherent in the diagnostic process which lead to psychogenic misconceptions are discussed. Treatment considerations include the secondary emotional problems and the negative consequences of the medication for TS. The implications for training professionals are discussed, but the essential point is that without an adequate history of the onset of symptoms, the potential for misdiagnosis is dramatically increased."}
{"id": "PMID:289760", "title": "The significance of articulator capability. Part II: The prevalence of immediate side shift.", "content": "The occurrence of immediate side shift of the mandible is frequent enough that the restorative dentist must either use an articular system that adjusts for its presence or must carefully check and adjusts for occlusal interferences intraorally at the time of try-in. However, the prevalence and degree of immediate side shift do not indicate that a fully adjustable articulator is required for all patients.", "contents": "The significance of articulator capability. Part II: The prevalence of immediate side shift. The occurrence of immediate side shift of the mandible is frequent enough that the restorative dentist must either use an articular system that adjusts for its presence or must carefully check and adjusts for occlusal interferences intraorally at the time of try-in. However, the prevalence and degree of immediate side shift do not indicate that a fully adjustable articulator is required for all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:289761", "title": "Tooth contacts and stability before and after occlusal adjustment.", "content": "A study was undertaken to analyze the possible relationship between the number and type of tooth contacts before, immediately after and 16 weeks after occlusal adjustment and their influence upon occlusal stability. The data collected from 10 adult subjects who required an occlusal adjustment indicated the following: 1. Six of the ten subjects had no clinically perceptible \"slide from centric relation\" 6 weeks after occlusal adjustment, and the number of teeth and number of contacts were virtually the same immediately after 6 weeks after occlusal adjustment. 2. The remaining four subjects, whose occlusions had relapsed after adjustment, had one dental arch that included a missing tooth. It would seem that dental arches interrupted with extraction spaces do not remain stable with occlusal adjustment alone. 3. The type of tooth contacts that are the most stable are those of a cup against a flat plane (e.g., bottom of a fossa or marginal ridge) or those of a combination of a cup against a flat plane and one or more inclined planes.", "contents": "Tooth contacts and stability before and after occlusal adjustment. A study was undertaken to analyze the possible relationship between the number and type of tooth contacts before, immediately after and 16 weeks after occlusal adjustment and their influence upon occlusal stability. The data collected from 10 adult subjects who required an occlusal adjustment indicated the following: 1. Six of the ten subjects had no clinically perceptible \"slide from centric relation\" 6 weeks after occlusal adjustment, and the number of teeth and number of contacts were virtually the same immediately after 6 weeks after occlusal adjustment. 2. The remaining four subjects, whose occlusions had relapsed after adjustment, had one dental arch that included a missing tooth. It would seem that dental arches interrupted with extraction spaces do not remain stable with occlusal adjustment alone. 3. The type of tooth contacts that are the most stable are those of a cup against a flat plane (e.g., bottom of a fossa or marginal ridge) or those of a combination of a cup against a flat plane and one or more inclined planes."}
{"id": "PMID:289763", "title": "Powder enrichment effects on film thickness of zinc phosphate cement.", "content": "The effects of powder erichment and subambiant mixing temperatures on the film thickness of three zinc phosphate cements were measured by two methods. A decrease in film thickness accompanied reduced mixing temperatures and standard powder-liquid ratios. Increased powder-liquid ratios with reduced mixing temperatures showed a decreased film thickness when measured according to ADA Material Specification No. 8. Both Fleck's and S. S. White cement showed an increased film thickness when measured by a tapered-die system. Because of the geometry of the preparations, small increases in cement film thickness can be clinically significant when cementing complete veneer crowns.", "contents": "Powder enrichment effects on film thickness of zinc phosphate cement. The effects of powder erichment and subambiant mixing temperatures on the film thickness of three zinc phosphate cements were measured by two methods. A decrease in film thickness accompanied reduced mixing temperatures and standard powder-liquid ratios. Increased powder-liquid ratios with reduced mixing temperatures showed a decreased film thickness when measured according to ADA Material Specification No. 8. Both Fleck's and S. S. White cement showed an increased film thickness when measured by a tapered-die system. Because of the geometry of the preparations, small increases in cement film thickness can be clinically significant when cementing complete veneer crowns."}
{"id": "PMID:289764", "title": "Palatal lift prostheses for treatment of palatopharyngeal incompetence.", "content": "It appears that the palatal lift prosthesis is an effective prosthesis to improve palatopharyngeal incompetence in selected patients. Despite the inconvenience and problems associated with a prosthesis, this procedure is indicated for selected patients who have anatomically normal palates that are dysfunctional. The ultimate benefit of the palatal lift prostheses to the speech of the patients is not the subject of this report. However, it should be noted that many patients can benefit from speech therapy after a satisfactory prosthetic result has been achieved.", "contents": "Palatal lift prostheses for treatment of palatopharyngeal incompetence. It appears that the palatal lift prosthesis is an effective prosthesis to improve palatopharyngeal incompetence in selected patients. Despite the inconvenience and problems associated with a prosthesis, this procedure is indicated for selected patients who have anatomically normal palates that are dysfunctional. The ultimate benefit of the palatal lift prostheses to the speech of the patients is not the subject of this report. However, it should be noted that many patients can benefit from speech therapy after a satisfactory prosthetic result has been achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:289765", "title": "Mouthstick prosthesis for a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.", "content": "An assembly of a mouthstick with a magnetic end and its implements held in a stand has been described. This prosthesis may be applied in the habilitation of any disabled person who needs such a mechanical aid.", "contents": "Mouthstick prosthesis for a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. An assembly of a mouthstick with a magnetic end and its implements held in a stand has been described. This prosthesis may be applied in the habilitation of any disabled person who needs such a mechanical aid."}
{"id": "PMID:289767", "title": "The effect of nonionic surfactants on bubble entrapment in elastomeric impression materials.", "content": "The incorporation of certain nonionic surfactants into silicone and polysulfide elastomers increases their wettability by gypsum products and consequently results in less bubble entrapment in poured casts. The choice of the most effective surfactant is critical and differs not only between types of elastomer, but also between brands of a single type. The beneficial effect of the optimal surfactant is not reduced by rinsing the impression prior to pouring. While the working time of silicone is increased by surfactant additions, that of polysulfide is essentially unaffected, as are the dimensional accuracies and permanent deformations of both materials.", "contents": "The effect of nonionic surfactants on bubble entrapment in elastomeric impression materials. The incorporation of certain nonionic surfactants into silicone and polysulfide elastomers increases their wettability by gypsum products and consequently results in less bubble entrapment in poured casts. The choice of the most effective surfactant is critical and differs not only between types of elastomer, but also between brands of a single type. The beneficial effect of the optimal surfactant is not reduced by rinsing the impression prior to pouring. While the working time of silicone is increased by surfactant additions, that of polysulfide is essentially unaffected, as are the dimensional accuracies and permanent deformations of both materials."}
{"id": "PMID:289773", "title": "Dental care in a socialized health system.", "content": "Given the chronic, all-pervasive nature of dental disease and given the currently available methods of prevention and treatment, the only rational approach is a public delivery system. Such a system will function best and will be most responsive to people's needs if based upon local community control. At the same time, financing and operational guidelines should be a federal responsibility. The Dellums bill for a National Health Service is such a plan. This socialized program need not result in mediocrity and can be cost-effective in the provision of high quality dental care. There is nothing inherent in either government control or salaries practice which will led to inefficient and ineffective dentistry. In particular, prevention and health promotion can be given their rightful prominent place in the dental system. The organic ties between delivery and education will lead to the training of more appropriate numbers and types of health professionals. Career ladders will provide for advancement of health workers based upon performance and additional training. Unfortunately, such a program cannot function properly within our existing governmental and social system. However, some of iits goals can be achieved and discussion of its concept can lead to heightened awareness of future possibilities.", "contents": "Dental care in a socialized health system. Given the chronic, all-pervasive nature of dental disease and given the currently available methods of prevention and treatment, the only rational approach is a public delivery system. Such a system will function best and will be most responsive to people's needs if based upon local community control. At the same time, financing and operational guidelines should be a federal responsibility. The Dellums bill for a National Health Service is such a plan. This socialized program need not result in mediocrity and can be cost-effective in the provision of high quality dental care. There is nothing inherent in either government control or salaries practice which will led to inefficient and ineffective dentistry. In particular, prevention and health promotion can be given their rightful prominent place in the dental system. The organic ties between delivery and education will lead to the training of more appropriate numbers and types of health professionals. Career ladders will provide for advancement of health workers based upon performance and additional training. Unfortunately, such a program cannot function properly within our existing governmental and social system. However, some of iits goals can be achieved and discussion of its concept can lead to heightened awareness of future possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:289776", "title": "Evaluation of community dental health curricula by baccalaureate dental hygiene graduates.", "content": "Three groups of University of Iowa dental hygiene graduates, designed as the Traditional, Transitional, and Experimental Groups, who experienced three types of curricula with increasingly greater emphasis on community dental health were surveyed. The purpose of the study was to determine the correlation between curricular emphasis in community dental health and graduate's perceptions of the adequacy of their educational preparation for public health employment, the percentage employed in public health programs, and their interest in pursuing public health employment in the future. 1. The results of the survey indicated that curricular emphasis was associated with graduates' perceptions of adequacy for public health roles. Specific findings of the study included: a. a greater percentage of the Experimental Group perceived that their education prepared them for state, county, and local public health employment. b. a greater percentage of the Transitional and Experimental Groups perceived and that their education prepared them for employment in elementary and secondary schools. 2. Curricular emphasis did not appear to affect employment patterns of this group of graduates. Public health employment experiences were not significantly different among groups. 3. Interest in future public health employment was affected by curricular emphasis. Findings indicated that a significantly greater percentage of Experimental subjects were interested in future employment positions in state, county, and local public health systems, hospitals, and dental hygiene programs.", "contents": "Evaluation of community dental health curricula by baccalaureate dental hygiene graduates. Three groups of University of Iowa dental hygiene graduates, designed as the Traditional, Transitional, and Experimental Groups, who experienced three types of curricula with increasingly greater emphasis on community dental health were surveyed. The purpose of the study was to determine the correlation between curricular emphasis in community dental health and graduate's perceptions of the adequacy of their educational preparation for public health employment, the percentage employed in public health programs, and their interest in pursuing public health employment in the future. 1. The results of the survey indicated that curricular emphasis was associated with graduates' perceptions of adequacy for public health roles. Specific findings of the study included: a. a greater percentage of the Experimental Group perceived that their education prepared them for state, county, and local public health employment. b. a greater percentage of the Transitional and Experimental Groups perceived and that their education prepared them for employment in elementary and secondary schools. 2. Curricular emphasis did not appear to affect employment patterns of this group of graduates. Public health employment experiences were not significantly different among groups. 3. Interest in future public health employment was affected by curricular emphasis. Findings indicated that a significantly greater percentage of Experimental subjects were interested in future employment positions in state, county, and local public health systems, hospitals, and dental hygiene programs."}
{"id": "PMID:289779", "title": "Effects of age and frequency of ejaculation on sperm production and extragonadal sperm reserves in stallions.", "content": "Extragonadal reserves totalled 89 X 10(9) spermatozoa for 5--16-year-old sexually rested stallions and 60 X 10(9) for 2--4-year-olds. Regardless of age, the cauda epididymidis contained 62% of the total reserves and the vas deferens, including the ampulla, contained 7% of the total reserves of spermatozoa. The caput plus corpus epididymidis from 5--16-year-old stallions (N = 41) contained 14.9 X 10(9) spermatozoa per side as compared (P less than 0.01) to 8.5 X 10(9) for 2--4-year olds (N = 30). Frequency of ejaculation did not influence the number of spermatozoa found in caput plus corpus epididymidis. Across all ages, the number of spermatozoa potentially available for ejaculation from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens on each side totalled 54 X 10(9). Collection of 5 successive ejaculates from sexually rested stallions removed 40--60% of the available spermatozoa while ejaculation every 2nd day reduced (P less than 0.05) the number of spermatozoa potentially available for ejaculation by 27%. Nevertheless, sufficient spermatozoa are produced daily (6.4 and 4.2 X 10(9) for 5--16-and 2--4-year-olds) to permit use of an average stallion once or twice daily, during spring and summer, providing sexual behaviour is adequate.", "contents": "Effects of age and frequency of ejaculation on sperm production and extragonadal sperm reserves in stallions. Extragonadal reserves totalled 89 X 10(9) spermatozoa for 5--16-year-old sexually rested stallions and 60 X 10(9) for 2--4-year-olds. Regardless of age, the cauda epididymidis contained 62% of the total reserves and the vas deferens, including the ampulla, contained 7% of the total reserves of spermatozoa. The caput plus corpus epididymidis from 5--16-year-old stallions (N = 41) contained 14.9 X 10(9) spermatozoa per side as compared (P less than 0.01) to 8.5 X 10(9) for 2--4-year olds (N = 30). Frequency of ejaculation did not influence the number of spermatozoa found in caput plus corpus epididymidis. Across all ages, the number of spermatozoa potentially available for ejaculation from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens on each side totalled 54 X 10(9). Collection of 5 successive ejaculates from sexually rested stallions removed 40--60% of the available spermatozoa while ejaculation every 2nd day reduced (P less than 0.05) the number of spermatozoa potentially available for ejaculation by 27%. Nevertheless, sufficient spermatozoa are produced daily (6.4 and 4.2 X 10(9) for 5--16-and 2--4-year-olds) to permit use of an average stallion once or twice daily, during spring and summer, providing sexual behaviour is adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:289780", "title": "Interaction of seasonal and ovarian factors in the regulation of LH and FSH secretion in the mare.", "content": "A working hypothesis for the regulation of LH secretion in the mare is postulated which involves the following two components: (1) a primary central nervous system (CNS)-pituitary component which is responsible for a basal circannual LH rhythm, entrained to an environmental 'Zeitgeber' (most probably photoperiod) and independent of ovarian influences, and (2) a secondary ovarian (steroidal) component which modifies the primary rhythm during the ovulatory season. This hypothesis does not seem to apply in its entirety to FSH secretion; the CNS-pituitary component is demonstrable within the first year after ovariectomy in mares and then seems to disappear, and the ovarian component probably involves factors other than steroids on the basis of present evidence.", "contents": "Interaction of seasonal and ovarian factors in the regulation of LH and FSH secretion in the mare. A working hypothesis for the regulation of LH secretion in the mare is postulated which involves the following two components: (1) a primary central nervous system (CNS)-pituitary component which is responsible for a basal circannual LH rhythm, entrained to an environmental 'Zeitgeber' (most probably photoperiod) and independent of ovarian influences, and (2) a secondary ovarian (steroidal) component which modifies the primary rhythm during the ovulatory season. This hypothesis does not seem to apply in its entirety to FSH secretion; the CNS-pituitary component is demonstrable within the first year after ovariectomy in mares and then seems to disappear, and the ovarian component probably involves factors other than steroids on the basis of present evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:289781", "title": "Testicular measurements and reproductive characteristics in stallions.", "content": "Factors affecting testicular measurements in situ and the relationships among the measurements and various reproductive characteristics were studied using data from 48 stallions. Mean values during the breeding season are provided for scrotal width, widths and lengths of individual testes, combined weight of testicular parenchyma, daily sperm production and daily sperm output. Testicular measurements were highly repeatable from day to day and for repeated measurements on a given day; technician provided the largest source of variation in the measurements of a given stallion. Age significantly affected all testicular measurements; testicular size for 2- to 3-year-old stallions did not differ (P greater than 0.05) from that for 4- to 6-year-olds, but was smaller (P less than 0.05) than testicular size of stallions greater than or equal to 7 years old. Scrotal width was correlated (P less than 0.01) with daily sperm production (r = 0.75) and daily sperm output (r = 0.55) and was generally the most repeatable measurement.", "contents": "Testicular measurements and reproductive characteristics in stallions. Factors affecting testicular measurements in situ and the relationships among the measurements and various reproductive characteristics were studied using data from 48 stallions. Mean values during the breeding season are provided for scrotal width, widths and lengths of individual testes, combined weight of testicular parenchyma, daily sperm production and daily sperm output. Testicular measurements were highly repeatable from day to day and for repeated measurements on a given day; technician provided the largest source of variation in the measurements of a given stallion. Age significantly affected all testicular measurements; testicular size for 2- to 3-year-old stallions did not differ (P greater than 0.05) from that for 4- to 6-year-olds, but was smaller (P less than 0.05) than testicular size of stallions greater than or equal to 7 years old. Scrotal width was correlated (P less than 0.01) with daily sperm production (r = 0.75) and daily sperm output (r = 0.55) and was generally the most repeatable measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:289782", "title": "Kinetics of gonadotrophins in the mare.", "content": "Isoelectric focussing of crude extracts of equine pituitaries was used to obtain fractions containing FSH and LH. By comparison with FSH, LH was distributed over a similar but wider pH range indicating more marked polymorphism as determined from their isoelectric point (pI). Molecules with more sialic acid showed lower pI consistent with the concept that sialic acid is the major factor in determining pI and polymorphism in FSH and LH. Appropriate fractions were labelled with 125I, purified further and used in kinetic studies. FSH and LH molecules of similar pI had similar kinetics; however, LH molecules of high pI disappeared from plasma more rapidly. This is attributed to the role of sialic acid in preventing hormone degradation by non-target tissues, thus increasing the half-life and therefore the biological potency of the hormone. Since the form in which gonadotrophins circulate is not known, data are presented using 2 forms of LH and one of FSH. While this provides information from which most kinetic parameters may be determined, meaningful production rates cannot be calculated until the circulating form is identified. Other experiments on gonadotrophin kinetics are reviewed critically in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Kinetics of gonadotrophins in the mare. Isoelectric focussing of crude extracts of equine pituitaries was used to obtain fractions containing FSH and LH. By comparison with FSH, LH was distributed over a similar but wider pH range indicating more marked polymorphism as determined from their isoelectric point (pI). Molecules with more sialic acid showed lower pI consistent with the concept that sialic acid is the major factor in determining pI and polymorphism in FSH and LH. Appropriate fractions were labelled with 125I, purified further and used in kinetic studies. FSH and LH molecules of similar pI had similar kinetics; however, LH molecules of high pI disappeared from plasma more rapidly. This is attributed to the role of sialic acid in preventing hormone degradation by non-target tissues, thus increasing the half-life and therefore the biological potency of the hormone. Since the form in which gonadotrophins circulate is not known, data are presented using 2 forms of LH and one of FSH. While this provides information from which most kinetic parameters may be determined, meaningful production rates cannot be calculated until the circulating form is identified. Other experiments on gonadotrophin kinetics are reviewed critically in the light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:289783", "title": "Episodic LH secretion patterns in the mare during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Jugular blood samples were obtained from 8 mares at 5- and/or 20-min intervals for 2 to 5 days during various phases of the oestrous cycle for plasma LH determination. An episodic release pattern was observed in 1 of 3 mares sampled during the ovulatory period. One mare had one secretory burst and the other mare had several periods of fluctuating plasma LH concentration. During dioestrus, episodic secretions were observed in 2 mares sampled 11 to 13 days before and, in 1 mare, 9 days after ovulation. During the 2 to 5-day period before ovulation, episodic secretion was not observed (3 mares) but plasma LH concentrations fluctuated as much as 6 ng/ml during a period of 3--4 h. Daily plasma samples were obtained form 10 mares (1--8 oestrous cycles/mare) during which 22 single, 18 double and 2 luteal-phase ovulations occurred. Dioestrous ovulations were accompanied by small increases in plasma LH (1--4 ng/ml), but many similar increases in LH were not accompanied by ovulation. No significant differences in secretory patterns were observed between single and multiple ovulations. In one mare, 4 ovulations occurred in the presence of a prolonged luteal phase; 3 were accompanied by increasing LH concentrations and the other occurred when LH was at a low concentration.", "contents": "Episodic LH secretion patterns in the mare during the oestrous cycle. Jugular blood samples were obtained from 8 mares at 5- and/or 20-min intervals for 2 to 5 days during various phases of the oestrous cycle for plasma LH determination. An episodic release pattern was observed in 1 of 3 mares sampled during the ovulatory period. One mare had one secretory burst and the other mare had several periods of fluctuating plasma LH concentration. During dioestrus, episodic secretions were observed in 2 mares sampled 11 to 13 days before and, in 1 mare, 9 days after ovulation. During the 2 to 5-day period before ovulation, episodic secretion was not observed (3 mares) but plasma LH concentrations fluctuated as much as 6 ng/ml during a period of 3--4 h. Daily plasma samples were obtained form 10 mares (1--8 oestrous cycles/mare) during which 22 single, 18 double and 2 luteal-phase ovulations occurred. Dioestrous ovulations were accompanied by small increases in plasma LH (1--4 ng/ml), but many similar increases in LH were not accompanied by ovulation. No significant differences in secretory patterns were observed between single and multiple ovulations. In one mare, 4 ovulations occurred in the presence of a prolonged luteal phase; 3 were accompanied by increasing LH concentrations and the other occurred when LH was at a low concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:289784", "title": "The mature mid-cycle follicle in the mare.", "content": "Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in blood and follicular fluid and blood levels of LH were determined in 426 mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Mature follicles occur at all stages of the cycle; they ovulate readily in early metoestrus, occasionally in late metoestrus and very rarely in dioestrus. Maturation of a mid-cycle follicle is associated with intermediate levels of LH, which are less than those found during oestrus. This lower level of LH together with a high level of progesterone are probably responsible for the failure of ovulation and regression of most of the mid-cycle mature follicles found in the mare.", "contents": "The mature mid-cycle follicle in the mare. Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in blood and follicular fluid and blood levels of LH were determined in 426 mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Mature follicles occur at all stages of the cycle; they ovulate readily in early metoestrus, occasionally in late metoestrus and very rarely in dioestrus. Maturation of a mid-cycle follicle is associated with intermediate levels of LH, which are less than those found during oestrus. This lower level of LH together with a high level of progesterone are probably responsible for the failure of ovulation and regression of most of the mid-cycle mature follicles found in the mare."}
{"id": "PMID:289785", "title": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of equine ovarian follicles as a function of their state of viability or atresia.", "content": "The histological features and hormonal content of follicular fluid of antral follicles during oestrus were correlated. As a result it was possible to characterize several categories of viable and atretic follicles. A seemingly important stage in maturation appeared to be at 3 cm in diameter since follicular oestrogens and androgens underwent a 3-fold increase in concentration at that size. Evidence was obtained to suggest that oestrogens are anti-atretogenic. However, a drop in oestrogens was not the cause of atresia since degeneration commenced when levels were high. Contrary to the concept that androgens are atretogenic in some species, it was also evident that elevated androgens did not precipitate spontaneous atresia. Theca epithelioid cells not only underwent histological luteinization in viable follicles as they matured toward ovulation but occasionally in atretic follicles as well. Elevated prostaglandin F levels were associated with follicles in the transitory states of either luteinization or atresia. Granulosa cells of viable follicles only were capable of specifically binding hCG. It was not determined whether loss of binding capacity or atresia occurred first. Follicular atresia in the mare appears to be a gradual process of which the initiating cause remains unknown.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of equine ovarian follicles as a function of their state of viability or atresia. The histological features and hormonal content of follicular fluid of antral follicles during oestrus were correlated. As a result it was possible to characterize several categories of viable and atretic follicles. A seemingly important stage in maturation appeared to be at 3 cm in diameter since follicular oestrogens and androgens underwent a 3-fold increase in concentration at that size. Evidence was obtained to suggest that oestrogens are anti-atretogenic. However, a drop in oestrogens was not the cause of atresia since degeneration commenced when levels were high. Contrary to the concept that androgens are atretogenic in some species, it was also evident that elevated androgens did not precipitate spontaneous atresia. Theca epithelioid cells not only underwent histological luteinization in viable follicles as they matured toward ovulation but occasionally in atretic follicles as well. Elevated prostaglandin F levels were associated with follicles in the transitory states of either luteinization or atresia. Granulosa cells of viable follicles only were capable of specifically binding hCG. It was not determined whether loss of binding capacity or atresia occurred first. Follicular atresia in the mare appears to be a gradual process of which the initiating cause remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:289788", "title": "Influence of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido of stallions.", "content": "The effect of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido was studied in 24 stallions. Based on pretreatment data, a stallion was assigned to 1 of 3 groups each containing 8 animals. One member of each group received 0 (Group 1), 50 (Group 2), or 200 micrograms (Group 3) testosterone propionate per kg body weight every 2 days for 88 days. The lower dose of testosterone had no significant effect on most of the parameters studied: the higher dose depressed total scrotal width at Day 90 post-treatment (P less than 0.01), total spermatozoa ejaculated between Days 60 and 90 (P less than 0.01) and 96 progressively motile spermatozoa between Days 60 and 90 (P less than 0.10). One half of the stallions from each treatment were castrated on Day 90. In the operated stallions, the mean number of spermatids per g testicular parenchyma in the controls (Group 1) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that in Group 3 whereas the difference between the number of spermatids/testis in the same stallions of these two groups was significant only at P less than 0.1. Testosterone propionate treatment did not influence time to erection, interval from first mount to ejaculation or number of mounts per ejaculation. The treatment of normal, intact stallions with testosterone propionate did not enhance libido and caused a severe depression of reproductive capacity.", "contents": "Influence of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido of stallions. The effect of exogenous testosterone on sperm production, seminal quality and libido was studied in 24 stallions. Based on pretreatment data, a stallion was assigned to 1 of 3 groups each containing 8 animals. One member of each group received 0 (Group 1), 50 (Group 2), or 200 micrograms (Group 3) testosterone propionate per kg body weight every 2 days for 88 days. The lower dose of testosterone had no significant effect on most of the parameters studied: the higher dose depressed total scrotal width at Day 90 post-treatment (P less than 0.01), total spermatozoa ejaculated between Days 60 and 90 (P less than 0.01) and 96 progressively motile spermatozoa between Days 60 and 90 (P less than 0.10). One half of the stallions from each treatment were castrated on Day 90. In the operated stallions, the mean number of spermatids per g testicular parenchyma in the controls (Group 1) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that in Group 3 whereas the difference between the number of spermatids/testis in the same stallions of these two groups was significant only at P less than 0.1. Testosterone propionate treatment did not influence time to erection, interval from first mount to ejaculation or number of mounts per ejaculation. The treatment of normal, intact stallions with testosterone propionate did not enhance libido and caused a severe depression of reproductive capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:289789", "title": "The effect of intrauterine and cervical manipulation on the equine oestrous cycle and hormone profiles.", "content": "Endometrial biopsy or endometrial biopsy and uterine culture taken on Day 4 after oestrus induced lysis of the corpus luteum (CL), resulting in a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and shortened the interoestrous interval in 8/12 and 32/33 oestrous cycles, respectively, during 2 experiments. Cervical dilatation 4 days after oestrus shortened the interoestrus interval in 5/10 and 0/5 oestrous cycles. Endometrial biopsy and culture on Days 1 and 3 after oestrus also induced CL lysis during 4 of 7 cycles. Total oestrogen (oestrone plus oestradiol) concentrations increased at the onset of the subsequent oestrus in mares biopsied on Day 4 of dioestrus or in control cycle oestrous periods. Endometrial biopsy also induced lysis of the CL in mares with persistent luteal function. It is postulated that intracervical or intrauterine manipulations during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle may directly, or indirectly, stimulate the release of an endogenous luteolysin (prostaglandin) resulting in CL regression, followed by oestrus and ovulation in the mare.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine and cervical manipulation on the equine oestrous cycle and hormone profiles. Endometrial biopsy or endometrial biopsy and uterine culture taken on Day 4 after oestrus induced lysis of the corpus luteum (CL), resulting in a sharp decline in serum progesterone concentration and shortened the interoestrous interval in 8/12 and 32/33 oestrous cycles, respectively, during 2 experiments. Cervical dilatation 4 days after oestrus shortened the interoestrus interval in 5/10 and 0/5 oestrous cycles. Endometrial biopsy and culture on Days 1 and 3 after oestrus also induced CL lysis during 4 of 7 cycles. Total oestrogen (oestrone plus oestradiol) concentrations increased at the onset of the subsequent oestrus in mares biopsied on Day 4 of dioestrus or in control cycle oestrous periods. Endometrial biopsy also induced lysis of the CL in mares with persistent luteal function. It is postulated that intracervical or intrauterine manipulations during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle may directly, or indirectly, stimulate the release of an endogenous luteolysin (prostaglandin) resulting in CL regression, followed by oestrus and ovulation in the mare."}
{"id": "PMID:289790", "title": "Catecholamines and equine luteal progestagens.", "content": "Corpora lutea (CL) from 7 mares were sliced and incubated for 2 h with ovine LH and various sympathomimetic agonists and blockers. None of these compounds was able to cause a significant increase in either progesterone or total progestagens by the luteal tissue. This is in contrast to earlier studies with bovine luteal tissue, and indicates that the equine CL is more refractory to exogenous stimulation than in the bovine CL.", "contents": "Catecholamines and equine luteal progestagens. Corpora lutea (CL) from 7 mares were sliced and incubated for 2 h with ovine LH and various sympathomimetic agonists and blockers. None of these compounds was able to cause a significant increase in either progesterone or total progestagens by the luteal tissue. This is in contrast to earlier studies with bovine luteal tissue, and indicates that the equine CL is more refractory to exogenous stimulation than in the bovine CL."}
{"id": "PMID:289791", "title": "Prolonged interovulatory interval after oestradiol treatment in mares.", "content": "This study was designed to test if oestradiol treatment would prevent or delay luteolysis in mares. Mares (5/group) received 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg oestradiol-17 beta daily from the day of ovulation until the next ovulation or for a maximum of 32 days. This treatment did not prevent luteolysis which occurred 15.8, 16.8, 15.8 and 17.3 days after the previous ovulation for the mares treated with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg oestradiol respectively. Although oestradiol treatment failed to alter oestrous behaviour after luteolysis, daily treatment with 10.0 mg oestradiol prevented follicular growth and inhibited ovulation.", "contents": "Prolonged interovulatory interval after oestradiol treatment in mares. This study was designed to test if oestradiol treatment would prevent or delay luteolysis in mares. Mares (5/group) received 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg oestradiol-17 beta daily from the day of ovulation until the next ovulation or for a maximum of 32 days. This treatment did not prevent luteolysis which occurred 15.8, 16.8, 15.8 and 17.3 days after the previous ovulation for the mares treated with 0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg oestradiol respectively. Although oestradiol treatment failed to alter oestrous behaviour after luteolysis, daily treatment with 10.0 mg oestradiol prevented follicular growth and inhibited ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:289792", "title": "Plasma progesterone concentrations derived from the administration of exogenous progesterone to ovariectomized mares.", "content": "Six ovariectomized mares were divided into 3 groups to determine the effects of exogenous progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone on plasma progesterone concentrations. Progesterone in oil was administered in 7 daily injections in Exp. I. Progesterone concentrations were not maintained greater than 1.0 ng/ml for 24 h with 50 mg/day. However, they remained greater than 1.0 ng/ml during the last 4 days of 100 mg/day and greater than 1.5 ng/ml throughout the injection sequence of 200 mg/day. Repositol progesterone was administered on Days 1 and 7 in Exp. II. At 500 mg, progesterone concentrations peaked in 6 h but returned to near 1.0 ng/ml in 2 days. At 1000 mg and 2000 mg, plasma progesterone was maintained at approximately 2.0 and 4.0 ng/ml respectively for 7 days after injection on Day 1 and was 1.5 and 3.5 ng/ml respectively, 11 days after injection on Day 7. An indication of a cumulative effect on plasma progesterone was observed following repeated dosages of both progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone concentrations derived from the administration of exogenous progesterone to ovariectomized mares. Six ovariectomized mares were divided into 3 groups to determine the effects of exogenous progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone on plasma progesterone concentrations. Progesterone in oil was administered in 7 daily injections in Exp. I. Progesterone concentrations were not maintained greater than 1.0 ng/ml for 24 h with 50 mg/day. However, they remained greater than 1.0 ng/ml during the last 4 days of 100 mg/day and greater than 1.5 ng/ml throughout the injection sequence of 200 mg/day. Repositol progesterone was administered on Days 1 and 7 in Exp. II. At 500 mg, progesterone concentrations peaked in 6 h but returned to near 1.0 ng/ml in 2 days. At 1000 mg and 2000 mg, plasma progesterone was maintained at approximately 2.0 and 4.0 ng/ml respectively for 7 days after injection on Day 1 and was 1.5 and 3.5 ng/ml respectively, 11 days after injection on Day 7. An indication of a cumulative effect on plasma progesterone was observed following repeated dosages of both progesterone in oil and repositol progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:289793", "title": "The control of oestrous behaviour in the mare.", "content": "Using a range of positive and negative sexual behaviour components, proceptivity of cycling, non-lactating mares and postpartum, lactating Pony mares was quantified around ovulation. Behavioural observations were compared to plasms concentrations of progesterone, total oestrogens and androstenedione. In addition, in cycling mares, comparison with plasma testosterone concentrations was carried out. Overall rejection behaviour by the mare was apparent both during dioestrus and during periods of basal plasma progesterone concentrations. Within cycling, non-lactating mares, and between postpartum ovulation associated with silent as opposed to overt oestrus, no consistent relationship existed between net behavioural scores and the circulating concentrations of oestrogens or androgens. The findings are taken to suggest that regulation of the signs of oestrus occurs to a large extent independently of circulating steroid concentrations.", "contents": "The control of oestrous behaviour in the mare. Using a range of positive and negative sexual behaviour components, proceptivity of cycling, non-lactating mares and postpartum, lactating Pony mares was quantified around ovulation. Behavioural observations were compared to plasms concentrations of progesterone, total oestrogens and androstenedione. In addition, in cycling mares, comparison with plasma testosterone concentrations was carried out. Overall rejection behaviour by the mare was apparent both during dioestrus and during periods of basal plasma progesterone concentrations. Within cycling, non-lactating mares, and between postpartum ovulation associated with silent as opposed to overt oestrus, no consistent relationship existed between net behavioural scores and the circulating concentrations of oestrogens or androgens. The findings are taken to suggest that regulation of the signs of oestrus occurs to a large extent independently of circulating steroid concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:289794", "title": "Sources of variation in response intervals after prostaglandin treatment in mares with functional corpora lutea.", "content": "Sixty-two non-cycling mares were classified according to the size of largest follicles at the time of treatment with Prostalene, an analogue of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha. Although oestrus occurred in only 77.4% of mares, 98.4% ovulated at an average of 6.8 days after treatment. Greatest variance of interval to ovulation was observed in mares having follicles greater than or equal to 40 mm at the time of treatment. This was due to regression of large follicles about one-third of the time and later ovulation of a succeeding follicle. This resulted also in greatest uncertainty of prediction of ovulation time based on ovarian palpation. Ninety foaling mares were given Prostalene at various days following the first ovulation post partum. Ovulation less than 6 days after treatment was strongly associated with the presence of a large follicle on the day of treatment. Otherwise most (72%) ovulations occurred 6--10 days after treatment. The distribution of interovulatory periods resulting from Prostalene on Day 6 after ovulation differed from that of Day 8 treatment.", "contents": "Sources of variation in response intervals after prostaglandin treatment in mares with functional corpora lutea. Sixty-two non-cycling mares were classified according to the size of largest follicles at the time of treatment with Prostalene, an analogue of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha. Although oestrus occurred in only 77.4% of mares, 98.4% ovulated at an average of 6.8 days after treatment. Greatest variance of interval to ovulation was observed in mares having follicles greater than or equal to 40 mm at the time of treatment. This was due to regression of large follicles about one-third of the time and later ovulation of a succeeding follicle. This resulted also in greatest uncertainty of prediction of ovulation time based on ovarian palpation. Ninety foaling mares were given Prostalene at various days following the first ovulation post partum. Ovulation less than 6 days after treatment was strongly associated with the presence of a large follicle on the day of treatment. Otherwise most (72%) ovulations occurred 6--10 days after treatment. The distribution of interovulatory periods resulting from Prostalene on Day 6 after ovulation differed from that of Day 8 treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:289796", "title": "Fertility of prostaglandin-induced oestrus compared to normal post-partum oestrus.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if fertility could be improved by increasing the interval from foaling to breeding. Forty-two mares, not bred during normal post-partum oestrus, were injected with a prostaglandin analogue on Day 6 or 7 following ovulation. Mares were mated artifically with antibiotic-treated semen during the resulting oestrus and, if necessary, for the following 4 cycles. Their fertility was compared, by cycles/pregnancy and rate of fetal loss, to mares bred by the same methods on 86 normal post-partum oestrous periods. The interval from foaling to the onset of breeding and the duration of oestrus were longer in the injected mares than the intervals observed in the untreated mares. Both groups averaged 1.3 breeding periods/pregnancy. The rate of fetal loss was not significantly different between the groups. Increasing the interval from foaling to breeding did not improve fertility.", "contents": "Fertility of prostaglandin-induced oestrus compared to normal post-partum oestrus. This study was undertaken to determine if fertility could be improved by increasing the interval from foaling to breeding. Forty-two mares, not bred during normal post-partum oestrus, were injected with a prostaglandin analogue on Day 6 or 7 following ovulation. Mares were mated artifically with antibiotic-treated semen during the resulting oestrus and, if necessary, for the following 4 cycles. Their fertility was compared, by cycles/pregnancy and rate of fetal loss, to mares bred by the same methods on 86 normal post-partum oestrous periods. The interval from foaling to the onset of breeding and the duration of oestrus were longer in the injected mares than the intervals observed in the untreated mares. Both groups averaged 1.3 breeding periods/pregnancy. The rate of fetal loss was not significantly different between the groups. Increasing the interval from foaling to breeding did not improve fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:289797", "title": "Disappearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates of geldings.", "content": "Twenty-three geldings were used to determine changes in seminal characteristics following castration and the effect of frequency of ejaculation on these seminal characteristics. In Exp. 1, semen was collected from 8 geldings every other day after castration until the number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was below 1% of the precastration value. An average of 3 ejaculates was required to reduce the number of spermatozoa below this level. In Exp. 2, 15 stallions were castrated and each stallion was assigned to 1 of 3 groups for seminal collection at 7, 14 or 21 days post-castration. The ejaculates collected on these days contained an average of 23, 14 and 2 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ejaculate, respectively. In both experiments, all spermatozoa in ejaculates collected 7 or 8 days after castration were non-motile. Frequency of ejaculation did not appear to hasten the disappearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates. It is considered that after castration several months may be required before the ampulla and vas deferens become devoid of spermatozoa and the ejaculates azoospermic, and that pregnancy is unlikely to result from mating or insemination 1 week after castration.", "contents": "Disappearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates of geldings. Twenty-three geldings were used to determine changes in seminal characteristics following castration and the effect of frequency of ejaculation on these seminal characteristics. In Exp. 1, semen was collected from 8 geldings every other day after castration until the number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was below 1% of the precastration value. An average of 3 ejaculates was required to reduce the number of spermatozoa below this level. In Exp. 2, 15 stallions were castrated and each stallion was assigned to 1 of 3 groups for seminal collection at 7, 14 or 21 days post-castration. The ejaculates collected on these days contained an average of 23, 14 and 2 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ejaculate, respectively. In both experiments, all spermatozoa in ejaculates collected 7 or 8 days after castration were non-motile. Frequency of ejaculation did not appear to hasten the disappearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates. It is considered that after castration several months may be required before the ampulla and vas deferens become devoid of spermatozoa and the ejaculates azoospermic, and that pregnancy is unlikely to result from mating or insemination 1 week after castration."}
{"id": "PMID:289798", "title": "Synchronization of oestus and timed insemination of mares.", "content": "Oestrus was synchronized in 116 mares by means of an i.m. injection of prostaglandin F-2 alpha (Day 0) and of fluprostenol (a PG analogue) on Day 16. Mares were then randomly divided into three groups. Group A mares (N = 30) were given 2500 i.u. hCG I.M. ON Day 20 and artificially inseminated on Day 21 without detection of oestrus. Group B mares (N = 32) were given 2500 i.u. hCG i.m. on Day 20 and inseminated on Days 21 and 23, also without oestrus detection. Group C mares (N = 54) were teased on Days 18, 19, 21, 23 and 25 and inseminated on Days 19, 21, 23 and 25 while they were in oestrus. Semen was collected by artificial vagina from 3 stallions. One-third of the mares in each group were assigned to each stallion at random. The gel-free fraction was divided equally among the mares, and used within 1 h of collection. Pregnancy rates at about 60 days of gestation were not significantly different. A high rate of synchronization of oestrus (80%) was attained within 48 h of treatment with fluprostenol.", "contents": "Synchronization of oestus and timed insemination of mares. Oestrus was synchronized in 116 mares by means of an i.m. injection of prostaglandin F-2 alpha (Day 0) and of fluprostenol (a PG analogue) on Day 16. Mares were then randomly divided into three groups. Group A mares (N = 30) were given 2500 i.u. hCG I.M. ON Day 20 and artificially inseminated on Day 21 without detection of oestrus. Group B mares (N = 32) were given 2500 i.u. hCG i.m. on Day 20 and inseminated on Days 21 and 23, also without oestrus detection. Group C mares (N = 54) were teased on Days 18, 19, 21, 23 and 25 and inseminated on Days 19, 21, 23 and 25 while they were in oestrus. Semen was collected by artificial vagina from 3 stallions. One-third of the mares in each group were assigned to each stallion at random. The gel-free fraction was divided equally among the mares, and used within 1 h of collection. Pregnancy rates at about 60 days of gestation were not significantly different. A high rate of synchronization of oestrus (80%) was attained within 48 h of treatment with fluprostenol."}
{"id": "PMID:289799", "title": "Reproductive management of mares without detection of oestrus.", "content": "The use of photoperiod, progestagen, prostaglandin and hCG treatments was investigated to obtain mating of mares at predetermined times. The objectives were: (1) synchronization of oestrus at an early time of the year, (2) simplification of treatment schedules by use of vaginal sponges, and (3) use of several controlled cycles by successive synchronization. The following conclusions were reached. First, after a 16 h photoperiod was applied beginning on 25 November, hormonal synchronization of oestrus and ovulation followed by cyclicity were obtained on 1 February; i.e. 2 months of light are essential as hormonal synchronization of ovulation was not obtained by 10 January. Second onset of oestrus was well synchronized after vaginal application of progestagens (3.75 days +/- 0.98 s.d. after withdrawal) and in spite of vaginal irritation, fertility was high (71%, N = 24) after mating every 48 h of the induced oestrus. Third, for synchronization of return to oestrus in mated non-conceiving mares, oral progestagens were given from Days 7 to 21 after mating. Predetermined mating (Days 27 and 29) and hCG injection (day 28) for non-pregnant animals were decided after a progesterone assay of Day 21 blood plasma. After 3 controlled mating periods, the cumulative fertility was 88% (N = 24) in non-lactating mares and 58% (N = 19) in lactating mares. Programmed reproductive management is possible in the horse.", "contents": "Reproductive management of mares without detection of oestrus. The use of photoperiod, progestagen, prostaglandin and hCG treatments was investigated to obtain mating of mares at predetermined times. The objectives were: (1) synchronization of oestrus at an early time of the year, (2) simplification of treatment schedules by use of vaginal sponges, and (3) use of several controlled cycles by successive synchronization. The following conclusions were reached. First, after a 16 h photoperiod was applied beginning on 25 November, hormonal synchronization of oestrus and ovulation followed by cyclicity were obtained on 1 February; i.e. 2 months of light are essential as hormonal synchronization of ovulation was not obtained by 10 January. Second onset of oestrus was well synchronized after vaginal application of progestagens (3.75 days +/- 0.98 s.d. after withdrawal) and in spite of vaginal irritation, fertility was high (71%, N = 24) after mating every 48 h of the induced oestrus. Third, for synchronization of return to oestrus in mated non-conceiving mares, oral progestagens were given from Days 7 to 21 after mating. Predetermined mating (Days 27 and 29) and hCG injection (day 28) for non-pregnant animals were decided after a progesterone assay of Day 21 blood plasma. After 3 controlled mating periods, the cumulative fertility was 88% (N = 24) in non-lactating mares and 58% (N = 19) in lactating mares. Programmed reproductive management is possible in the horse."}
{"id": "PMID:289800", "title": "Cytogenetic and clinical findings in mares with gonadal dysgenesis.", "content": "Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare is associated with several different karyotypes, including sex chromosome aneuploidy (63,X; 63,X/64,XX; 63,X/64,XY or 65,XXX), the normal male complement (64,XY) and autosomal deletion (64,XX?del2q-). The 63,X is the most common karyotype found in gonadal dysgenesis. Aneuploid cases probably represent spontaneous chromosome non-disjunction during oogenesis, spermatogenesis or early embryonic development. Cases with XY or autosomal deletion may be inherited defects or of spontaneous origin.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and clinical findings in mares with gonadal dysgenesis. Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare is associated with several different karyotypes, including sex chromosome aneuploidy (63,X; 63,X/64,XX; 63,X/64,XY or 65,XXX), the normal male complement (64,XY) and autosomal deletion (64,XX?del2q-). The 63,X is the most common karyotype found in gonadal dysgenesis. Aneuploid cases probably represent spontaneous chromosome non-disjunction during oogenesis, spermatogenesis or early embryonic development. Cases with XY or autosomal deletion may be inherited defects or of spontaneous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:289801", "title": "Clinical findings, pathological changes and endocrinological secretory patterns in mares with ovarian tumours.", "content": "The clinical, structural and functional characteristics of ovarian tumours were studied in 10 mares. Proliferation of the granulosa cells of large and small follicles and the presence of various numbers of Leydig-like cells in the theca interna were the predominant microscopic findings in 9 of the mares. All 9 of these animals had higher than normal (P less than 0.005) concentrations of testosterone in the peripheral plasma; 2 animals which exhibited male behaviour had testosterone concentrations greater than 100 pg/ml and the largest number of Leydig-like cells in the theca. Mares with lower testosterone concentrations (7/9) exhibited anoestrus or intermittent oestrous behaviour. The predominant microscopic changes in the other mare involved the proliferation of Sertoli-like cells; oestrogen concentrations were highest in this mare. Testosterone values were normal when no Leydig-like cells were observed in the theca. The unaffected ovary of all 10 mares was small and inactive. Eight mares resumed normal cyclic ovarian activity between 115 and 393 days after the removal of the affected ovary.", "contents": "Clinical findings, pathological changes and endocrinological secretory patterns in mares with ovarian tumours. The clinical, structural and functional characteristics of ovarian tumours were studied in 10 mares. Proliferation of the granulosa cells of large and small follicles and the presence of various numbers of Leydig-like cells in the theca interna were the predominant microscopic findings in 9 of the mares. All 9 of these animals had higher than normal (P less than 0.005) concentrations of testosterone in the peripheral plasma; 2 animals which exhibited male behaviour had testosterone concentrations greater than 100 pg/ml and the largest number of Leydig-like cells in the theca. Mares with lower testosterone concentrations (7/9) exhibited anoestrus or intermittent oestrous behaviour. The predominant microscopic changes in the other mare involved the proliferation of Sertoli-like cells; oestrogen concentrations were highest in this mare. Testosterone values were normal when no Leydig-like cells were observed in the theca. The unaffected ovary of all 10 mares was small and inactive. Eight mares resumed normal cyclic ovarian activity between 115 and 393 days after the removal of the affected ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:289802", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the endometrium of the cyclic mare.", "content": "Endometrial biopsies obtained from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle, during anoestrus and in various abnormal conditions were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Preliminary observations suggest that the patterns of secretory and ciliary activity in the uterine epithelium are similar to those observed by electron microscopical techniques in laboratory and other large domestic animals. The response of the epithelial cells to hormonal variations and infections is compared with that of the endometrium as seen with the light microscope.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of the endometrium of the cyclic mare. Endometrial biopsies obtained from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle, during anoestrus and in various abnormal conditions were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Preliminary observations suggest that the patterns of secretory and ciliary activity in the uterine epithelium are similar to those observed by electron microscopical techniques in laboratory and other large domestic animals. The response of the epithelial cells to hormonal variations and infections is compared with that of the endometrium as seen with the light microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:289803", "title": "The use of fibre-optic techniques in clinical diagnosis and visual assessment of experimental intrauterine therapy in mares.", "content": "Intrauterine fibroscopy was used in the clinical evaluation of 40 mares with established histories of subfertility. The average age of the mares was 12.2 years with a 2.8-year interval from last foaling in multiparous mares. Transluminal adhesions, endometrial cysts, diffuse fibrosis, fluid accumulation or myometrial tumours were found in 26 mares. When compared to other techniques, fibroscopy did not seem to be superior to uterine biopsy but had some advantage over rectal palpation as a single diagnostic technique. Only 3 mares failed to exhibit pathological findings when all 3 techniques were used. A second study was conducted to examine visually the effect of infusing various antibiotics and disinfectants into the uteri of clinically normal dioestrous mares. Fibre-optic examinations were performed before and after infusion of 3 mares/treatment. No gross pathological changes were seen 3 days after infusion of potassium penicillin, chloramphenicol succinate or a soluble oxytetracycline powder in a dextrose base. Lugol's solution caused severe inflammation, fibrin deposition, and ulceration of the endometrium. Ampicillin resulted in a white precipitate which adhered to the the endometrium for 10 days after treatment.", "contents": "The use of fibre-optic techniques in clinical diagnosis and visual assessment of experimental intrauterine therapy in mares. Intrauterine fibroscopy was used in the clinical evaluation of 40 mares with established histories of subfertility. The average age of the mares was 12.2 years with a 2.8-year interval from last foaling in multiparous mares. Transluminal adhesions, endometrial cysts, diffuse fibrosis, fluid accumulation or myometrial tumours were found in 26 mares. When compared to other techniques, fibroscopy did not seem to be superior to uterine biopsy but had some advantage over rectal palpation as a single diagnostic technique. Only 3 mares failed to exhibit pathological findings when all 3 techniques were used. A second study was conducted to examine visually the effect of infusing various antibiotics and disinfectants into the uteri of clinically normal dioestrous mares. Fibre-optic examinations were performed before and after infusion of 3 mares/treatment. No gross pathological changes were seen 3 days after infusion of potassium penicillin, chloramphenicol succinate or a soluble oxytetracycline powder in a dextrose base. Lugol's solution caused severe inflammation, fibrin deposition, and ulceration of the endometrium. Ampicillin resulted in a white precipitate which adhered to the the endometrium for 10 days after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:289804", "title": "Observations on the length and angle of declination of the vulva and its relation to fertility in the mare.", "content": "An instrument has been designed to measure the effective length (l) and angle of declination (a) of the vulva in the mare. The product, la, provides an index (Caslick Index) suitable for determining the necessity for Caslick's operation in mares not exhibiting the classical symptoms associated with pneumovagina. The value l showed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) with increased age in breeding mares. Studies on 9020 mares revealed that all caslicked mares, and mares with a Caslick Index of less than 150, had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-caslicked mares of similar age and a Caslick Index greater than 150. Values of 100 and over should be an indication for more careful clinical appraisal of the genital tract in those mares not as yet clinically affected. Nulliparous mares caslicked for racing had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-casliked maiden mares in their first year at stud.", "contents": "Observations on the length and angle of declination of the vulva and its relation to fertility in the mare. An instrument has been designed to measure the effective length (l) and angle of declination (a) of the vulva in the mare. The product, la, provides an index (Caslick Index) suitable for determining the necessity for Caslick's operation in mares not exhibiting the classical symptoms associated with pneumovagina. The value l showed a significant increase (P less than 0.05) with increased age in breeding mares. Studies on 9020 mares revealed that all caslicked mares, and mares with a Caslick Index of less than 150, had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-caslicked mares of similar age and a Caslick Index greater than 150. Values of 100 and over should be an indication for more careful clinical appraisal of the genital tract in those mares not as yet clinically affected. Nulliparous mares caslicked for racing had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than non-casliked maiden mares in their first year at stud."}
{"id": "PMID:289806", "title": "The epidemiology of contagious equine metritis (CEM) in England 1977--1978).", "content": "Following an outbreak of CEM in England during 1977 a Code of Practice was introduced to control the disease in 1978. The Code recommended a bacteriological screening programme for Thoroughbred mares and stallions and improved standards of hygiene on the stud farm. As a result of the implementation of the Code a number of asymptomatic carrier mares was detected. Stallions which had transmitted CEM in 2977 and were treated did not transmit the disease during 1978. Two small outbreaks of CEM were reported during the 1978 breeding season.", "contents": "The epidemiology of contagious equine metritis (CEM) in England 1977--1978). Following an outbreak of CEM in England during 1977 a Code of Practice was introduced to control the disease in 1978. The Code recommended a bacteriological screening programme for Thoroughbred mares and stallions and improved standards of hygiene on the stud farm. As a result of the implementation of the Code a number of asymptomatic carrier mares was detected. Stallions which had transmitted CEM in 2977 and were treated did not transmit the disease during 1978. Two small outbreaks of CEM were reported during the 1978 breeding season."}
{"id": "PMID:289807", "title": "Contagious equine metritis in Australia.", "content": "Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was first diagnosed in Australia in August 1977 and it has since been found on 6 farms in 3 states, having been isolated from about 24 mares and 2 stallions. Details are given of the epidemiology and control procedures used to combat CEM on one farm. Difficulty was experience in successfully treating one infected stallion; this was thought to be associated with inadequate cleaning and treating of the diverticulum of the urethral fossa. Introduction of the disease has had far-reaching consequences and may well result in the adoption of routine bacteriological tests on stallions and mares of unknown or dubious breeding history and other measures to minimize the possibility of spread between farms.", "contents": "Contagious equine metritis in Australia. Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was first diagnosed in Australia in August 1977 and it has since been found on 6 farms in 3 states, having been isolated from about 24 mares and 2 stallions. Details are given of the epidemiology and control procedures used to combat CEM on one farm. Difficulty was experience in successfully treating one infected stallion; this was thought to be associated with inadequate cleaning and treating of the diverticulum of the urethral fossa. Introduction of the disease has had far-reaching consequences and may well result in the adoption of routine bacteriological tests on stallions and mares of unknown or dubious breeding history and other measures to minimize the possibility of spread between farms."}
{"id": "PMID:289808", "title": "Epidemiological observations on contagious equine metritis in Kentucky, 1978.", "content": "Contagious equine metritis, introduced by importation of 2 comtaminated stallions from France, affected 54 Thoroughbred brood mares during the 1978 breeding season in Kentucky. The infection was diagnosed bacteriologically and by the use of a complement fixation test. Although lateral spread to stallions, and probably to a few mares, occurred through human agency in the breeding sheds of 2 stud farms, control measures instituted early in the epidemic confined the disease to brood mares bred by stallion on only these farms.", "contents": "Epidemiological observations on contagious equine metritis in Kentucky, 1978. Contagious equine metritis, introduced by importation of 2 comtaminated stallions from France, affected 54 Thoroughbred brood mares during the 1978 breeding season in Kentucky. The infection was diagnosed bacteriologically and by the use of a complement fixation test. Although lateral spread to stallions, and probably to a few mares, occurred through human agency in the breeding sheds of 2 stud farms, control measures instituted early in the epidemic confined the disease to brood mares bred by stallion on only these farms."}
{"id": "PMID:289809", "title": "An outbreak of contagious equine metritis in 1977 and its effect the following season.", "content": "An outbreak of contagious equine metritis occurred in Newmarket in 1977. This survey records the effect on fertility of 20 of the stallions which were infected. Swabbing of mares since then has detected 37 carrier mares harbouring the organism, most frequently in the clitoral area. This swabbing programme reduced the incidence of new cases in 1978 to 3 mares and 1 stallion.", "contents": "An outbreak of contagious equine metritis in 1977 and its effect the following season. An outbreak of contagious equine metritis occurred in Newmarket in 1977. This survey records the effect on fertility of 20 of the stallions which were infected. Swabbing of mares since then has detected 37 carrier mares harbouring the organism, most frequently in the clitoral area. This swabbing programme reduced the incidence of new cases in 1978 to 3 mares and 1 stallion."}
{"id": "PMID:289810", "title": "Endometrial biopsy findings in mares with contagious equine metritis.", "content": "Endometrial biopsy samples before and after treatment were obtained from 10 mares naturally infected and one Pony mare experimentally infected with Contagious Equine Metritis in 1977. The histopathological features were a short-lived polymorphonuclear cell infiltration of the luminal epithelium and stroma followed by a very early and marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the stroma, including many plasma cells. The luminal epithelium responded with cellular proliferation which may have reflected a regenerative response. Following the initial acute response, intercellular basal vacuoles containing amorphous and granular material and degenerate leucocytes, were seen in association with the basement membrane for several weeks following infection and apparent recovery. Specimens taken from 9 mares after treatment suggested a varied response. Endometrial biopsy was useful in demonstrating an endometrial response to infection in individual mares prior to the isolation of the causal organism. Its usefullness as a screening test was limited by the ability of mares to harbour the organism in the lower genital tract whilst showing little or no evidence of acute endometritis.", "contents": "Endometrial biopsy findings in mares with contagious equine metritis. Endometrial biopsy samples before and after treatment were obtained from 10 mares naturally infected and one Pony mare experimentally infected with Contagious Equine Metritis in 1977. The histopathological features were a short-lived polymorphonuclear cell infiltration of the luminal epithelium and stroma followed by a very early and marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the stroma, including many plasma cells. The luminal epithelium responded with cellular proliferation which may have reflected a regenerative response. Following the initial acute response, intercellular basal vacuoles containing amorphous and granular material and degenerate leucocytes, were seen in association with the basement membrane for several weeks following infection and apparent recovery. Specimens taken from 9 mares after treatment suggested a varied response. Endometrial biopsy was useful in demonstrating an endometrial response to infection in individual mares prior to the isolation of the causal organism. Its usefullness as a screening test was limited by the ability of mares to harbour the organism in the lower genital tract whilst showing little or no evidence of acute endometritis."}
{"id": "PMID:289811", "title": "Responses of pony mares to the agent of contagious equine metritis 1977.", "content": "Reproduction of contagious equine metritis 1977 in Pony mares was achieved with cultures of an unclassified Gram-negative coccobacillus. Infected mares developed a vaginal discharge and associated inflammatory changes of the cervix and vagina. There was evidence of variation in pathogenicity between different strains of the organism. Although all infected mares made spontaneous clinical recoveries, the Gram-negative coccobacillus persisted in the genital tracts of a considerable proportion for a variable period after challenge. Recovery of the organism was not associated solely with the occurrence of oestrus. None of the mares has carried over infection into the following breeding season. There was no evidence of localization of the organism in the urinary tract. Cytological examination of smears of cervical and urethral swabs was of diagnostic value only during the clinical phase of the infection. A serological response was demonstrable in all mares that became infected after exposure to the Gram-negative coccobacillus. The complement-fixation test gave more specific and clear-cut results than either the agglutination or the antiglobulin test, with which there was a problem with non-specific reactions. The experimental findings indicate the value of the complement-fixation test for confirming recent cases of contagious equine metritis in the mare.", "contents": "Responses of pony mares to the agent of contagious equine metritis 1977. Reproduction of contagious equine metritis 1977 in Pony mares was achieved with cultures of an unclassified Gram-negative coccobacillus. Infected mares developed a vaginal discharge and associated inflammatory changes of the cervix and vagina. There was evidence of variation in pathogenicity between different strains of the organism. Although all infected mares made spontaneous clinical recoveries, the Gram-negative coccobacillus persisted in the genital tracts of a considerable proportion for a variable period after challenge. Recovery of the organism was not associated solely with the occurrence of oestrus. None of the mares has carried over infection into the following breeding season. There was no evidence of localization of the organism in the urinary tract. Cytological examination of smears of cervical and urethral swabs was of diagnostic value only during the clinical phase of the infection. A serological response was demonstrable in all mares that became infected after exposure to the Gram-negative coccobacillus. The complement-fixation test gave more specific and clear-cut results than either the agglutination or the antiglobulin test, with which there was a problem with non-specific reactions. The experimental findings indicate the value of the complement-fixation test for confirming recent cases of contagious equine metritis in the mare."}
{"id": "PMID:289812", "title": "Survival of Haemophilus equigenitalis in different antibiotic-containing semen extenders.", "content": "The ability of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis 1977, to survive in various antibiotic-containing semen extenders was studied at different environmental temperatures. Gentamicin sulphate was found to be markedly superior to ampicillin or a combination of sodium benzyl penicillin and polymyxin B sulphate, Semen treated with the former antibiotic was either sterile at cultural examination or else yielded appreciably fewer colonies of H. equigenitalis than the untreated semen control. Ampicillin had no observable effect on the survival of this organism. Gentamicin was most effective when semen-extender mixtures were held at room temperature rather than at 37 or 4 degrees C. No detrimental effects on sperm motility were observed following the use of the different antibiotic-containing semen extenders in the presence or absence of H. equigenitalis.", "contents": "Survival of Haemophilus equigenitalis in different antibiotic-containing semen extenders. The ability of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis 1977, to survive in various antibiotic-containing semen extenders was studied at different environmental temperatures. Gentamicin sulphate was found to be markedly superior to ampicillin or a combination of sodium benzyl penicillin and polymyxin B sulphate, Semen treated with the former antibiotic was either sterile at cultural examination or else yielded appreciably fewer colonies of H. equigenitalis than the untreated semen control. Ampicillin had no observable effect on the survival of this organism. Gentamicin was most effective when semen-extender mixtures were held at room temperature rather than at 37 or 4 degrees C. No detrimental effects on sperm motility were observed following the use of the different antibiotic-containing semen extenders in the presence or absence of H. equigenitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:289813", "title": "Fertility of donor mares following nonsurgical collection of embryos.", "content": "Embryos were collected nonsurgically on Day 7 or 8 after ovulation from 7 Quarter horse mares using a modified 30-ml Foley catheter to flush the uterine horn ipsilateral to the recent ovulation with 500 ml TCM-199 containing Hepes buffer. After collection, the uteri were infused with nitrofurazone to reduce the chances of infection due to the procedure. Eleven collections from 7 mares resulted in recovery of 9 embryos and nonsurgical transfer of 4 of these resulted in the birth of one foal. After collections, 8 oestrous cycles averages 22.75 days and 2 extended oestrous cycles were 43 and 59 days long respectively. Of 6 mares mated after one or two embryo collections, 5 conceived to a single service and the sixth during the third oestrus in which she was covered.", "contents": "Fertility of donor mares following nonsurgical collection of embryos. Embryos were collected nonsurgically on Day 7 or 8 after ovulation from 7 Quarter horse mares using a modified 30-ml Foley catheter to flush the uterine horn ipsilateral to the recent ovulation with 500 ml TCM-199 containing Hepes buffer. After collection, the uteri were infused with nitrofurazone to reduce the chances of infection due to the procedure. Eleven collections from 7 mares resulted in recovery of 9 embryos and nonsurgical transfer of 4 of these resulted in the birth of one foal. After collections, 8 oestrous cycles averages 22.75 days and 2 extended oestrous cycles were 43 and 59 days long respectively. Of 6 mares mated after one or two embryo collections, 5 conceived to a single service and the sixth during the third oestrus in which she was covered."}
{"id": "PMID:289814", "title": "Embryo transport through the mare's oviduct depends upon cleavage and is independent of the ipsilateral corpus luteum.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted using 14 mares. In Exp. 1, mares were inseminated with semen treated with TEPA, which, in other species, has been shown to lead to an arrest in ovum cleavage at 2--4 cells. The oviducts and/or uterus were then flushed 7--10 days after ovulation in 6 mares (Group A) or 2--6 days after ovulation in 5 mares (Group B). Fresh eggs were found in the oviduct flushes of 5 Group A  and 5 Group B mares: 9 of the 10 eggs appeared to have cleaved, but none had developed beyond 16-cells. Seven eggs contained spermatozoa and 3 of 4 eggs from each group showed evidence of fertilization when examined ultrastructurally. Group A mares had thus retained fertilized eggs in the oviduct beyond the time at which they would normally have entered the uterus (6 days), indicating that development beyond at least the 2- to 4-cell stage is necessary for normal transport. In Exp. 2, 5 attempts were made to recover the embryo within 4 days of ovulation and transfer it to the contralateral oviduct. A single pregnancy resulted, indicating that a unilateral interaction with the corpus luteum was not necessary for the transport of the embryo to the uterus.", "contents": "Embryo transport through the mare's oviduct depends upon cleavage and is independent of the ipsilateral corpus luteum. Two experiments were conducted using 14 mares. In Exp. 1, mares were inseminated with semen treated with TEPA, which, in other species, has been shown to lead to an arrest in ovum cleavage at 2--4 cells. The oviducts and/or uterus were then flushed 7--10 days after ovulation in 6 mares (Group A) or 2--6 days after ovulation in 5 mares (Group B). Fresh eggs were found in the oviduct flushes of 5 Group A  and 5 Group B mares: 9 of the 10 eggs appeared to have cleaved, but none had developed beyond 16-cells. Seven eggs contained spermatozoa and 3 of 4 eggs from each group showed evidence of fertilization when examined ultrastructurally. Group A mares had thus retained fertilized eggs in the oviduct beyond the time at which they would normally have entered the uterus (6 days), indicating that development beyond at least the 2- to 4-cell stage is necessary for normal transport. In Exp. 2, 5 attempts were made to recover the embryo within 4 days of ovulation and transfer it to the contralateral oviduct. A single pregnancy resulted, indicating that a unilateral interaction with the corpus luteum was not necessary for the transport of the embryo to the uterus."}
{"id": "PMID:289815", "title": "Morphology of spermatozoa in semen from stallions of normal fertility.", "content": "Semen samples were collected from 3 fertile stallions by means of an 'open' artificial vagina and examined under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The stallion spermatozoon has many features in common with that of other mammals but differs specifically in that it has an asymmetric head, an abaxial position of the tail and an acrosome of small volume. The presence of microtubules in the neck is also a characteristic of stallion spermatozoa.", "contents": "Morphology of spermatozoa in semen from stallions of normal fertility. Semen samples were collected from 3 fertile stallions by means of an 'open' artificial vagina and examined under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The stallion spermatozoon has many features in common with that of other mammals but differs specifically in that it has an asymmetric head, an abaxial position of the tail and an acrosome of small volume. The presence of microtubules in the neck is also a characteristic of stallion spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:289816", "title": "The critical period for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in pony mares.", "content": "Two experiments were performed to deterine the critical time at which the equine blastocyst must be present within the uterus of the mare to prevent regression of the corpus luteum, and thus establish the critical time for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. A non-surgical blastocyst collection technique was developed to study this relationship between the blastocyst and the maternal ovary. Results from these experiments demonstrated that the cyclic life-span of the corpus luteum is not affected by the presence of the blastocyst within the mare's uterus until after Day 14 after ovulation. Luteal function was prolonged when blastocysts were removed on Day 15 or later. The critical period for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in the Pony mare appears to be confined to the period between Days 14 and 16 after ovulation.", "contents": "The critical period for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in pony mares. Two experiments were performed to deterine the critical time at which the equine blastocyst must be present within the uterus of the mare to prevent regression of the corpus luteum, and thus establish the critical time for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. A non-surgical blastocyst collection technique was developed to study this relationship between the blastocyst and the maternal ovary. Results from these experiments demonstrated that the cyclic life-span of the corpus luteum is not affected by the presence of the blastocyst within the mare's uterus until after Day 14 after ovulation. Luteal function was prolonged when blastocysts were removed on Day 15 or later. The critical period for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in the Pony mare appears to be confined to the period between Days 14 and 16 after ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:289817", "title": "An investigation of the uterine luminal environment of non-pregnant and pregnant pony mares.", "content": "Uterine flushings were collected from 30 non-pregnant Pony mares on Days 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 after oculation. Mares were allowed a recovery period of one oestrous cycle and were mated at the next oestrus. They were then ovario-hysterectomized on days which corresponded to the day of the oestrous cycle to which they were assigned. Uterine flushings were analysed for total recoverable protein and acid phosphatase activity. Least squares analysis indicated a status X day interaction for total protein (P less than 0.10) and acid phosphatase activity (P less than 0.005) in which the latter was higher in uterine flushings during pregnancy. Peripheral plasma oestrone and oestradiol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and results indicated that plasma oestrone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant mares were not different, and oestradiol was lower (P less then 0.005) in the peripheral plasma during pregnancy. conceptus membranes were incubated in vitro for 120 min in a chemically defined medium. Incubation medium was then assayed to assess oestrone and oestradiol production capacilities at Days 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of pregnancy. Conceptus membrane production of oestradios (pg/5 ml/h) increased (P less than 0.05) from Day 8 (243 pg/5 ml) to Day 20 (108 763 pg/5 ml). A similar trend, but of lower magnitude, existed for oestrone production.", "contents": "An investigation of the uterine luminal environment of non-pregnant and pregnant pony mares. Uterine flushings were collected from 30 non-pregnant Pony mares on Days 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 after oculation. Mares were allowed a recovery period of one oestrous cycle and were mated at the next oestrus. They were then ovario-hysterectomized on days which corresponded to the day of the oestrous cycle to which they were assigned. Uterine flushings were analysed for total recoverable protein and acid phosphatase activity. Least squares analysis indicated a status X day interaction for total protein (P less than 0.10) and acid phosphatase activity (P less than 0.005) in which the latter was higher in uterine flushings during pregnancy. Peripheral plasma oestrone and oestradiol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and results indicated that plasma oestrone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant mares were not different, and oestradiol was lower (P less then 0.005) in the peripheral plasma during pregnancy. conceptus membranes were incubated in vitro for 120 min in a chemically defined medium. Incubation medium was then assayed to assess oestrone and oestradiol production capacilities at Days 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 of pregnancy. Conceptus membrane production of oestradios (pg/5 ml/h) increased (P less than 0.05) from Day 8 (243 pg/5 ml) to Day 20 (108 763 pg/5 ml). A similar trend, but of lower magnitude, existed for oestrone production."}
{"id": "PMID:289818", "title": "Oestrogens and androgens in blastocoelic fluid and cultures of cells from equine conceptuses of 10-22 days gestation.", "content": "Six samples of blastocoele fluid recovered between 10 and 22 days gestation were tested in human clinical radioimmunoassay systems measuring total oestrogens and total androgens. The results were erratic but in 5 cases measurements for oestrogen equivalent to between 1000 and 70,000 pg/ml and for androgen between 1000 and 85,000 pg/ml were recorded. Cells from two blastocysts were cultured in medium 199 with and without horse serum. When the used media were assayed, values equivalent to at least 8000 pg oestrogen/ml were obtained on 7 of 11 occasions. In 9 of 11 samples the androgen concentration exceeded 700 pg/ml. In control media the oestrogen and androgen concentrations did not exceed 120 and 360 pg/ml respectively.", "contents": "Oestrogens and androgens in blastocoelic fluid and cultures of cells from equine conceptuses of 10-22 days gestation. Six samples of blastocoele fluid recovered between 10 and 22 days gestation were tested in human clinical radioimmunoassay systems measuring total oestrogens and total androgens. The results were erratic but in 5 cases measurements for oestrogen equivalent to between 1000 and 70,000 pg/ml and for androgen between 1000 and 85,000 pg/ml were recorded. Cells from two blastocysts were cultured in medium 199 with and without horse serum. When the used media were assayed, values equivalent to at least 8000 pg oestrogen/ml were obtained on 7 of 11 occasions. In 9 of 11 samples the androgen concentration exceeded 700 pg/ml. In control media the oestrogen and androgen concentrations did not exceed 120 and 360 pg/ml respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:289819", "title": "Specific PGF-2 alpha binding by the corpus luteum of the pregnant and non-pregnant mare.", "content": "The binding of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha to corpora lutea (CL) from pregnant and non-pregnant Pony mares was examined. Studies of the rates of association and dissociation indicated that [3H]PGF was bound specifically and reversibly to a luteal cell membrane preparation (MP) that was isolated by high speed (100,000 g) ultracentrifugation. Various PGs and PG metabolites displaced [3H]PGF from the receptors in the following decreasing order: PGF-2 alpha greater than 13, 14-dihydro-PGF-2 alpha = 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF-2 alpha greater than PGD-2 greater than PGF-1 alpha = PGE-2 greater than PGE-2 beta greater than PGE-1. These data implicate the 9 alpha-OH and 5,6 cis double bond as major contributors to PGF receptor recognition. The membrane preparation appeared to contain at least two receptor populations, a high affinity, low capacity and a low affinity, high capacity receptor. The binding of PGF (pg/mg MP protein +/- s.e.m. (n)) to CL of the non-pregnant mare increased from 4.09 +/- 11.6 (4), on Day 4 after ovulation, to reach maximal levels by Day 12, 15.01 +/- 2.5 (4), and declined thereafter. In pregnancy the binding of PGF continued to increase until Day 18, reaching 27.47 +/- 1.7 (3), before it declined on Day 20. The reduction in binding by Day 16 in the non-pregnant mare may reflect the process of luteolysis, while high PGF binding capacity of CL between Days 16 and 18 of pregnancy indicated that luteal maintenance during pregnancy is not associated with a reduction of PGF binding capabilities.", "contents": "Specific PGF-2 alpha binding by the corpus luteum of the pregnant and non-pregnant mare. The binding of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha to corpora lutea (CL) from pregnant and non-pregnant Pony mares was examined. Studies of the rates of association and dissociation indicated that [3H]PGF was bound specifically and reversibly to a luteal cell membrane preparation (MP) that was isolated by high speed (100,000 g) ultracentrifugation. Various PGs and PG metabolites displaced [3H]PGF from the receptors in the following decreasing order: PGF-2 alpha greater than 13, 14-dihydro-PGF-2 alpha = 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF-2 alpha greater than PGD-2 greater than PGF-1 alpha = PGE-2 greater than PGE-2 beta greater than PGE-1. These data implicate the 9 alpha-OH and 5,6 cis double bond as major contributors to PGF receptor recognition. The membrane preparation appeared to contain at least two receptor populations, a high affinity, low capacity and a low affinity, high capacity receptor. The binding of PGF (pg/mg MP protein +/- s.e.m. (n)) to CL of the non-pregnant mare increased from 4.09 +/- 11.6 (4), on Day 4 after ovulation, to reach maximal levels by Day 12, 15.01 +/- 2.5 (4), and declined thereafter. In pregnancy the binding of PGF continued to increase until Day 18, reaching 27.47 +/- 1.7 (3), before it declined on Day 20. The reduction in binding by Day 16 in the non-pregnant mare may reflect the process of luteolysis, while high PGF binding capacity of CL between Days 16 and 18 of pregnancy indicated that luteal maintenance during pregnancy is not associated with a reduction of PGF binding capabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:289820", "title": "Oestrogen pattern during early pregnancy in the mare.", "content": "Plasma total (conjugated + unconjugated) oestrogens were measured from Day 0 to 100 of pregnancy and compared with the levels found during the oestrous cycle. From Day 0 to 35 of gestation, the concentrations were similar to those during dioestrus. An increase in total oestrogens between Days 35 and 40 was followed by a plateau of 3 ng/ml between Days 40 and 60 which was slightly higher than preovulatory concentrations. This first increase in total oestrogen level was produced by the ovaries since values were suppressed after ovariectomy; stimulation may be due indirectly to PMSG causing follicular growth. After Day 60, a second increase was detected and considered to be of feto-placental origin as the levels at this time were not suppressed after ovariectomy. By Day 85, oestrogen concentrations exceeded thos detected in non-pregnant mares so that a direct measurement of total oestrogens in plasma by a simplified radioimmunoassay after Day 85 of gestation offers a reliable method of pregnancy diagnosis.", "contents": "Oestrogen pattern during early pregnancy in the mare. Plasma total (conjugated + unconjugated) oestrogens were measured from Day 0 to 100 of pregnancy and compared with the levels found during the oestrous cycle. From Day 0 to 35 of gestation, the concentrations were similar to those during dioestrus. An increase in total oestrogens between Days 35 and 40 was followed by a plateau of 3 ng/ml between Days 40 and 60 which was slightly higher than preovulatory concentrations. This first increase in total oestrogen level was produced by the ovaries since values were suppressed after ovariectomy; stimulation may be due indirectly to PMSG causing follicular growth. After Day 60, a second increase was detected and considered to be of feto-placental origin as the levels at this time were not suppressed after ovariectomy. By Day 85, oestrogen concentrations exceeded thos detected in non-pregnant mares so that a direct measurement of total oestrogens in plasma by a simplified radioimmunoassay after Day 85 of gestation offers a reliable method of pregnancy diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:289821", "title": "Ovulation and the movement of the conceptus in the first 35 days of pregnancy in thoroughbred mares.", "content": "Data from 937 Thoroughbred mares, when analysed as a single population, showed no significant difference between the activity of the right and left ovaries and the frequency of location of 35-day pregnancies in the right and left uterine horns. Nor were any differences shown when the data were analysed in years or sire groups. However, significantly more ovulations occurred in the right ovary in September and December and in the left ovary in October and November. Whereas the left and right ovulations were equal in lactating and dry mares, there was a highly significant increase in the number of pregnancies in the right uterine horn in dry mares and in the left uterine horn in lactating mares.", "contents": "Ovulation and the movement of the conceptus in the first 35 days of pregnancy in thoroughbred mares. Data from 937 Thoroughbred mares, when analysed as a single population, showed no significant difference between the activity of the right and left ovaries and the frequency of location of 35-day pregnancies in the right and left uterine horns. Nor were any differences shown when the data were analysed in years or sire groups. However, significantly more ovulations occurred in the right ovary in September and December and in the left ovary in October and November. Whereas the left and right ovulations were equal in lactating and dry mares, there was a highly significant increase in the number of pregnancies in the right uterine horn in dry mares and in the left uterine horn in lactating mares."}
{"id": "PMID:289822", "title": "Oestrus and fertility following progestagen treatment of mares showing clinical evidence of early pregnancy failure.", "content": "Of 383 mares showing clinical evidence of suspected early fetal resorption between 20 and 60 days after mating, 217 were treated with a single injection of 200 mg CAP (a synthetic progestagen); the remaining 166 mares served as untreated controls. Treatment had neither a beneficial nor a detrimental effect on the continuation of pregnancy. Conception rates following loss of the conceptus were higher in lactating than in non-lactating mares. No increase in number of twin or deformed foals was evident in the treated animals.", "contents": "Oestrus and fertility following progestagen treatment of mares showing clinical evidence of early pregnancy failure. Of 383 mares showing clinical evidence of suspected early fetal resorption between 20 and 60 days after mating, 217 were treated with a single injection of 200 mg CAP (a synthetic progestagen); the remaining 166 mares served as untreated controls. Treatment had neither a beneficial nor a detrimental effect on the continuation of pregnancy. Conception rates following loss of the conceptus were higher in lactating than in non-lactating mares. No increase in number of twin or deformed foals was evident in the treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:289823", "title": "Effect of ovariectomy on pregnancy in mares.", "content": "Pony mares were bilaterally ovariectomized at different stages of pregnancy between Days 25 and 210. Abortion or fetal resorption occurred within 2 to 6 days after operations in all 14 mares ovariectomized between Days 25 and 45 and after an interval of 10 to 15 days in 9 of 20 other ovariectomized between 50 and 70 days. All 12 mares ovariectomized on either 140 or 210 days carried their foals to normal term. The termination of early pregnancy was preceded by a loss of uterine tone and of a palpable uterine bulge. The mean length of gestation in all mares in which pregnancy was not interrupted by ovariectomy was not significantly different from that in a group of contemporary control mares. Plasma progestagen concentrations dropped to less than 2 ng/ml after ovariectomy, whether or not pregnancy was maintained. Mares ovariectomized on Day 25 and injected with 100 mg progesterone daily for 10 or 20 days remained pregnant during treatment but showed a loss of uterine tone and the fetal bulge disappeared within 4 to 6 days after the end of treatment. Non-pregnant ovariectomized or intact seasonally anoestrous mares injected i.m. with 50 or 100 mg progesterone daily for 8 weeks showed changes in uterine tone, length and thickness similar to those occurring in mares during early pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of ovariectomy on pregnancy in mares. Pony mares were bilaterally ovariectomized at different stages of pregnancy between Days 25 and 210. Abortion or fetal resorption occurred within 2 to 6 days after operations in all 14 mares ovariectomized between Days 25 and 45 and after an interval of 10 to 15 days in 9 of 20 other ovariectomized between 50 and 70 days. All 12 mares ovariectomized on either 140 or 210 days carried their foals to normal term. The termination of early pregnancy was preceded by a loss of uterine tone and of a palpable uterine bulge. The mean length of gestation in all mares in which pregnancy was not interrupted by ovariectomy was not significantly different from that in a group of contemporary control mares. Plasma progestagen concentrations dropped to less than 2 ng/ml after ovariectomy, whether or not pregnancy was maintained. Mares ovariectomized on Day 25 and injected with 100 mg progesterone daily for 10 or 20 days remained pregnant during treatment but showed a loss of uterine tone and the fetal bulge disappeared within 4 to 6 days after the end of treatment. Non-pregnant ovariectomized or intact seasonally anoestrous mares injected i.m. with 50 or 100 mg progesterone daily for 8 weeks showed changes in uterine tone, length and thickness similar to those occurring in mares during early pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:289824", "title": "Effect of diethylstilboestrol on the relationship between LH, PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in the mare.", "content": "Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between LH and progesterone and between PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in mares. In the first, samples of jugular blood were collected daily from 7 mares from the first day of oestrus until Day 28 of pregnancy, and in the second, samples were collected weekly from 14 mares from Day 35 of gestation until parturition. In an attempt to prolong secretion of progesterone from accessory corpora lutea, 7 of these 14 mares were injected with increasing doses (2--10 mg) of diethylstilboestrol (DES) between Days 84 and 142 of gestation. The remaining 7 mares received injections of vehicle. Concentrations of LH, PMSG and progesterone in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. From the onset of oestrus until Day 4 of gestation, serum concentrations of LH and progesterone were negatively correlated (r = 0.67, P less than 0.01), but from Days 5 to 28 a positive correlation (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) was noted. Likewise, serum concentrations of PMSG and progesterone were highly correlated between Days 35 and 196 in mares injected with DES (r = 0.72, P less than 0.01) and the vehicle (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01). Injections of DES did not influence serum concentrations of LH, PMSG or progesterone, or affect the length of gestation. It was concluded that DES does not influence the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare.", "contents": "Effect of diethylstilboestrol on the relationship between LH, PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in the mare. Two studies were conducted to determine the relationship between LH and progesterone and between PMSG and progesterone during pregnancy in mares. In the first, samples of jugular blood were collected daily from 7 mares from the first day of oestrus until Day 28 of pregnancy, and in the second, samples were collected weekly from 14 mares from Day 35 of gestation until parturition. In an attempt to prolong secretion of progesterone from accessory corpora lutea, 7 of these 14 mares were injected with increasing doses (2--10 mg) of diethylstilboestrol (DES) between Days 84 and 142 of gestation. The remaining 7 mares received injections of vehicle. Concentrations of LH, PMSG and progesterone in serum were determined by radioimmunoassay. From the onset of oestrus until Day 4 of gestation, serum concentrations of LH and progesterone were negatively correlated (r = 0.67, P less than 0.01), but from Days 5 to 28 a positive correlation (r = 0.80, P less than 0.01) was noted. Likewise, serum concentrations of PMSG and progesterone were highly correlated between Days 35 and 196 in mares injected with DES (r = 0.72, P less than 0.01) and the vehicle (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01). Injections of DES did not influence serum concentrations of LH, PMSG or progesterone, or affect the length of gestation. It was concluded that DES does not influence the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare."}
{"id": "PMID:289825", "title": "Centrifugation of stallion semen and its storage in large volume straws.", "content": "In a study of different methods of handling stallion semen for deep freezing, ejaculates were divided into 3 portions, the first of which was diluted 1:2 with lactose--egg yolk--glycerol diluent and frozen in pellet form. The second aliquot was centrifuged without any diluent and the third portion was initially diluted with an experimental diluent (Merck) and then centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 g. The second and third portions were frozen in large volume straws each of which contained one whole insemination dose of 1 or 2 X 10(8) progressively motile spermatozoa. The addition of a diluent to the semen before centrifugation and freezing (portion 3) resulted in an increase in sperm motility after thawing. Motility was further increased by the use of a recently developed diluent after centrifugation and before freezing. In one fertility trial, 12 of 19 mares (63%) conceived following a single insemination of frozen semen during one oestrous period.", "contents": "Centrifugation of stallion semen and its storage in large volume straws. In a study of different methods of handling stallion semen for deep freezing, ejaculates were divided into 3 portions, the first of which was diluted 1:2 with lactose--egg yolk--glycerol diluent and frozen in pellet form. The second aliquot was centrifuged without any diluent and the third portion was initially diluted with an experimental diluent (Merck) and then centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 g. The second and third portions were frozen in large volume straws each of which contained one whole insemination dose of 1 or 2 X 10(8) progressively motile spermatozoa. The addition of a diluent to the semen before centrifugation and freezing (portion 3) resulted in an increase in sperm motility after thawing. Motility was further increased by the use of a recently developed diluent after centrifugation and before freezing. In one fertility trial, 12 of 19 mares (63%) conceived following a single insemination of frozen semen during one oestrous period."}
{"id": "PMID:289827", "title": "Ultrastructural events in horse gonadal morphogenesis.", "content": "The establishment and sexual differentiation of the gonads of horse embryos were studied using high-resolution techniques. The most dramatic observation is the early cytodifferentiation of the somatic cells into steroidogenic cells which takes place before sexual differentiation of the gonads. A unique morphogenetic pattern is established during this process: the seminiferous cords of the testis are completely segregated from the steroidogenic tissue by a basal lamina, while in the medulla of the ovary, steroidogenic cells differentiate inside the epithelial cords which contain germ cells. This early difference in the topographical distribution of steroidogenic cells favours the hypothesis that the interactions between somatic and germ cells vary with the genetic sex. The possibility of finding qualitative differences in steroidogenesis before and during sexual differentiation of the gonad suggests the horse gonad as a good model for the study of the role of the steroid hormones in the sexual differentiation of the mammalian gonad.", "contents": "Ultrastructural events in horse gonadal morphogenesis. The establishment and sexual differentiation of the gonads of horse embryos were studied using high-resolution techniques. The most dramatic observation is the early cytodifferentiation of the somatic cells into steroidogenic cells which takes place before sexual differentiation of the gonads. A unique morphogenetic pattern is established during this process: the seminiferous cords of the testis are completely segregated from the steroidogenic tissue by a basal lamina, while in the medulla of the ovary, steroidogenic cells differentiate inside the epithelial cords which contain germ cells. This early difference in the topographical distribution of steroidogenic cells favours the hypothesis that the interactions between somatic and germ cells vary with the genetic sex. The possibility of finding qualitative differences in steroidogenesis before and during sexual differentiation of the gonad suggests the horse gonad as a good model for the study of the role of the steroid hormones in the sexual differentiation of the mammalian gonad."}
{"id": "PMID:289828", "title": "Histological development of the equine fetal adrenal gland.", "content": "The horse fetal adrenal gland was shown to begin to increase in weight from about the end of the 4th month of pregnancy when the fetus has a crown-rump length of about 20 cm. Growth then proceeds steadily to term but, in contrast to the adult horse, the medulla remains thicker than the cortex throughout fetal life. The cortex also becomes established around 20 cm crown-rump length and at the same time the glomerular and fascicular zones become distinguishable. In contrast the reticular zone is not differentiated until around 50 cm crown-rump length. In the fetal adrenal cortex, the fascicular zone is less prominent than in the adult horse although counts of cell nuclei in the cortical region indicate hypertrophy of the fascicular cells during the last third of gestation.", "contents": "Histological development of the equine fetal adrenal gland. The horse fetal adrenal gland was shown to begin to increase in weight from about the end of the 4th month of pregnancy when the fetus has a crown-rump length of about 20 cm. Growth then proceeds steadily to term but, in contrast to the adult horse, the medulla remains thicker than the cortex throughout fetal life. The cortex also becomes established around 20 cm crown-rump length and at the same time the glomerular and fascicular zones become distinguishable. In contrast the reticular zone is not differentiated until around 50 cm crown-rump length. In the fetal adrenal cortex, the fascicular zone is less prominent than in the adult horse although counts of cell nuclei in the cortical region indicate hypertrophy of the fascicular cells during the last third of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:289829", "title": "The role of the fetal gonads and placenta in steroid production, maintenance of pregnancy and parturition in the mare.", "content": "The effects of fetal gonadectomy on steroid production and the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare were studied. Removal of the fetal gonads resulted in an immediate fall in maternal plasma concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated oestrogens whereas progestagen levels remained unchanged. Hormone profiles in mares carrying sham-operated fetuses remained similar to those in unoperated control mares. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF-2 alpha (PGFM) were much lower, and uterine contractions weaker, during labour in mares carrying gonadectomized foals than in control mares. Pregnancy was maintained until parturition at term in the mares carrying gonadectomized fetuses. However, 3 of the 4 gonadectomized foals were dysmature and died during or soon after birth. The biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of oestrogens by the feto-placental unit and the possible role of oestrogens in fetal development in the pregnant mare are discussed.", "contents": "The role of the fetal gonads and placenta in steroid production, maintenance of pregnancy and parturition in the mare. The effects of fetal gonadectomy on steroid production and the maintenance of pregnancy in the mare were studied. Removal of the fetal gonads resulted in an immediate fall in maternal plasma concentrations of conjugated and unconjugated oestrogens whereas progestagen levels remained unchanged. Hormone profiles in mares carrying sham-operated fetuses remained similar to those in unoperated control mares. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF-2 alpha (PGFM) were much lower, and uterine contractions weaker, during labour in mares carrying gonadectomized foals than in control mares. Pregnancy was maintained until parturition at term in the mares carrying gonadectomized fetuses. However, 3 of the 4 gonadectomized foals were dysmature and died during or soon after birth. The biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of oestrogens by the feto-placental unit and the possible role of oestrogens in fetal development in the pregnant mare are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289830", "title": "The source of the 5-alpha-pregnanes that occur during gestation in mares.", "content": "[1,2,6,7-3H]Progesterone was injected into the uterine artery of umbilical vein of 4 pregnant Ponies to determine whether 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (DHP), 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one (20 alpha-ol), and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (3 beta-ol) are produced by the placenta, fetus, or mare during late gestation. Plasma samples were collected from indwelling catheters in the uterine artery and vein and the umbilical artery and vein at frequent intervals until 6 h after isotope injection. The plasma samples were extracted with organic solvents and the respective pregnanes were isolated by thin-layer chromatography. Mean plasma levels of radioactive DHP in the umbilical vein were greater (P less than 0.05) than those in the umbilical artery but were similar to those in the uterine artery and vein. Plasma levels of radioactive 20 alpha-ol in the umbilical artery and vein were less (P less than 0.05) than those in the uterine artery but similar to those in the uterine vein. Levels of radioactive 3 beta-ol in the umbilical artery were greater (P less than 0.05) than those in uterine artery and vein and similar to those in the umbilical vein. We suggest that DHP was produced by the placenta and a maternal source, that 20 alpha-ol was primarily of maternal origin, and that 3 beta-ol was formed primarily by the fetus.", "contents": "The source of the 5-alpha-pregnanes that occur during gestation in mares. [1,2,6,7-3H]Progesterone was injected into the uterine artery of umbilical vein of 4 pregnant Ponies to determine whether 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione (DHP), 20 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-3-one (20 alpha-ol), and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (3 beta-ol) are produced by the placenta, fetus, or mare during late gestation. Plasma samples were collected from indwelling catheters in the uterine artery and vein and the umbilical artery and vein at frequent intervals until 6 h after isotope injection. The plasma samples were extracted with organic solvents and the respective pregnanes were isolated by thin-layer chromatography. Mean plasma levels of radioactive DHP in the umbilical vein were greater (P less than 0.05) than those in the umbilical artery but were similar to those in the uterine artery and vein. Plasma levels of radioactive 20 alpha-ol in the umbilical artery and vein were less (P less than 0.05) than those in the uterine artery but similar to those in the uterine vein. Levels of radioactive 3 beta-ol in the umbilical artery were greater (P less than 0.05) than those in uterine artery and vein and similar to those in the umbilical vein. We suggest that DHP was produced by the placenta and a maternal source, that 20 alpha-ol was primarily of maternal origin, and that 3 beta-ol was formed primarily by the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:289831", "title": "The use of synthetic prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol) to induce foaling.", "content": "The synthetic prostaglandin (PG) analogue fluprostenol was used to induce parturition in mares and its mode of action was investigated by measuring endocrine changes before and during the induction period. Progestagens and unconjugated oestrogens showed little change during the induction period, but two different patterns in plasma PGFM levels were observed. The first was seen when foaling occurred within 90 min of injection; PGFM levels rose soon after injection and peaked during the maximum expulsive stage of labour, thus resembling events during natural foaling. The second occurred when foaling took longer than 90 min, and in these mares PGFM levels rose at various times after injection and peaked well before the onset of the expulsive stage of labour. It is suggested that these differences reflect the hormonal readiness of the mares to foal. Other procedures, such as rupture of the allantochorion, and dilatation of the cervix and injection of fluprostenol into the allantois, produced no uterine activity and did not stimulate labour or PGFM release.", "contents": "The use of synthetic prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol) to induce foaling. The synthetic prostaglandin (PG) analogue fluprostenol was used to induce parturition in mares and its mode of action was investigated by measuring endocrine changes before and during the induction period. Progestagens and unconjugated oestrogens showed little change during the induction period, but two different patterns in plasma PGFM levels were observed. The first was seen when foaling occurred within 90 min of injection; PGFM levels rose soon after injection and peaked during the maximum expulsive stage of labour, thus resembling events during natural foaling. The second occurred when foaling took longer than 90 min, and in these mares PGFM levels rose at various times after injection and peaked well before the onset of the expulsive stage of labour. It is suggested that these differences reflect the hormonal readiness of the mares to foal. Other procedures, such as rupture of the allantochorion, and dilatation of the cervix and injection of fluprostenol into the allantois, produced no uterine activity and did not stimulate labour or PGFM release."}
{"id": "PMID:289832", "title": "Evaluation of deep-frozen semen in stallions.", "content": "The sperm-rich fraction of stallion semen was collected in an AV and, after dilution in an extender, was cooled to 2--5 degrees C before placing in aluminium tubes for freezing in liquid nitrogen for several hours or months. The spermatozoa in about 200 ejaculates from 36 stallions were examined to compare their survival time, motility and velocity before and after thawing. According to the various indices used, 20% of stallions produced spermatozoa which were unaffected, 60% partly but not seriously affected and the remainder completely inactivated. The velocity of spermatozoa decreased from 51.4 micrometers/sec in the fresh semen to 36.8 micrometers/sec in the thawed semen. The fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa of frozen--thawed semen of 5 stallions was examined in 14 mares. In all, 65 inseminations were made and the blastocysts were recovered non-surgically from the uterus 7--9 days after ovulation. A 20% drop in blastocyst recovery occurred as the result of freezing and thawing, when the same mares were used for insemination of raw and frozen--thawed semen. The capacity to freeze sucessfully proved to be a specific characteristic of certain stallions. Degenerate blastocysts were not recovered but those resulting from artificial insemination of frozen semen were much smaller in diameter than those following insemination of raw semen.", "contents": "Evaluation of deep-frozen semen in stallions. The sperm-rich fraction of stallion semen was collected in an AV and, after dilution in an extender, was cooled to 2--5 degrees C before placing in aluminium tubes for freezing in liquid nitrogen for several hours or months. The spermatozoa in about 200 ejaculates from 36 stallions were examined to compare their survival time, motility and velocity before and after thawing. According to the various indices used, 20% of stallions produced spermatozoa which were unaffected, 60% partly but not seriously affected and the remainder completely inactivated. The velocity of spermatozoa decreased from 51.4 micrometers/sec in the fresh semen to 36.8 micrometers/sec in the thawed semen. The fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa of frozen--thawed semen of 5 stallions was examined in 14 mares. In all, 65 inseminations were made and the blastocysts were recovered non-surgically from the uterus 7--9 days after ovulation. A 20% drop in blastocyst recovery occurred as the result of freezing and thawing, when the same mares were used for insemination of raw and frozen--thawed semen. The capacity to freeze sucessfully proved to be a specific characteristic of certain stallions. Degenerate blastocysts were not recovered but those resulting from artificial insemination of frozen semen were much smaller in diameter than those following insemination of raw semen."}
{"id": "PMID:289833", "title": "Prostaglandins in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid during the second half of gestation in the mare.", "content": "The concentrations of the primary prostaglandins (PG) F-2alpha and E-2 and the metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin (PGFM) in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid were measured in chronically catheterized mares and fetuses. A gradual rise in all 3 PGs occurred with increasing gestational age. PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha levels were highest in the allantoic fluid and lowest in the maternal plasma, whereas PGFM concentrations were greatest in maternal plasma. Significant venous-arterial plasma differences in PGFM concentration were detected across the uterine circulation between 180 and 280 days gestation. The 3--5-fold rise in maternal PGFM associated with fasting or intrauterine surgery was virtually abolished by meclofenamic acid, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Increases in PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha in the fetal fluids preceded premature delivery of the foal, while PG changes in maternal plasma were minimal even 10--20 h before delivery.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid during the second half of gestation in the mare. The concentrations of the primary prostaglandins (PG) F-2alpha and E-2 and the metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin (PGFM) in maternal and fetal plasma and in allantoic fluid were measured in chronically catheterized mares and fetuses. A gradual rise in all 3 PGs occurred with increasing gestational age. PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha levels were highest in the allantoic fluid and lowest in the maternal plasma, whereas PGFM concentrations were greatest in maternal plasma. Significant venous-arterial plasma differences in PGFM concentration were detected across the uterine circulation between 180 and 280 days gestation. The 3--5-fold rise in maternal PGFM associated with fasting or intrauterine surgery was virtually abolished by meclofenamic acid, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. Increases in PGE-2 and PGF-2 alpha in the fetal fluids preceded premature delivery of the foal, while PG changes in maternal plasma were minimal even 10--20 h before delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:289834", "title": "Hormonal changes in the mare and foal associated with oxytocin induction of parturition.", "content": "Oxytocin was used to induce parturition in 6 mares and to determine the hormonal changes occurring during and for 72 h after parturition in the mares and their foals. Normal, healthy foals were born shortly (about 34 min) after a single i.m. injection of 40 or 60 i.u. oxytocin. There was no retention of fetal membranes and all mares produced ample milk. Immediately after foaling oestrogen and progesterone levels in the dam were 36 and 29% of preinjection means while the total corticoid levels remained relatively constant throughout the sampling period. The systemic levels of total oestrogens, progesterone and total corticoids immediately after birth were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater for the foal than the dam, and all declined in the foal throughout the 72-h sampling period. The levels of oestrogens and progesterone were greater (P less than 0.05) in the umbilical vein than umbilical artery, indicating the endocrine function of the placenta. However, total corticoids were greater in the umbilical artery than in the umbilical vein. The corticoid level in the jugular vein of the foal at birth was greater than that of the umbilical vein suggesting a fetal contribution to the total corticoid level.", "contents": "Hormonal changes in the mare and foal associated with oxytocin induction of parturition. Oxytocin was used to induce parturition in 6 mares and to determine the hormonal changes occurring during and for 72 h after parturition in the mares and their foals. Normal, healthy foals were born shortly (about 34 min) after a single i.m. injection of 40 or 60 i.u. oxytocin. There was no retention of fetal membranes and all mares produced ample milk. Immediately after foaling oestrogen and progesterone levels in the dam were 36 and 29% of preinjection means while the total corticoid levels remained relatively constant throughout the sampling period. The systemic levels of total oestrogens, progesterone and total corticoids immediately after birth were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater for the foal than the dam, and all declined in the foal throughout the 72-h sampling period. The levels of oestrogens and progesterone were greater (P less than 0.05) in the umbilical vein than umbilical artery, indicating the endocrine function of the placenta. However, total corticoids were greater in the umbilical artery than in the umbilical vein. The corticoid level in the jugular vein of the foal at birth was greater than that of the umbilical vein suggesting a fetal contribution to the total corticoid level."}
{"id": "PMID:289835", "title": "FSH and LH concentrations in periparturient mares.", "content": "The influence of the ovaries and presence of a foal on periparturient concentrations of FSH and LH were studied in 19 Pony mares. In intact and ovariectomized mares, mean concentrations of FSH fluctuated between 1.1and 9.9 ng/ml on Days -14 to-1 before parturition (Day 0). A surge of FSH occurred in all mares in association with parturition. From Days 1 to 10, the high levels of FSH gradually decreased in the intact group to the minimal concentrations that occur during oestrus, but remained elevated in the ovariectomized mares. There were no significant pre-partum changes in LH in either type of mare. Post-partum changes in LH concentrations increased at a similar rate in ovariectomized and intact mares. The presence of a foal significantly lengthened the interval to first oestrus, depressed LH levels on Days 6--10 and decreased the FSH concentrations as averaged over the 10 days before the first ovulation after parturition.", "contents": "FSH and LH concentrations in periparturient mares. The influence of the ovaries and presence of a foal on periparturient concentrations of FSH and LH were studied in 19 Pony mares. In intact and ovariectomized mares, mean concentrations of FSH fluctuated between 1.1and 9.9 ng/ml on Days -14 to-1 before parturition (Day 0). A surge of FSH occurred in all mares in association with parturition. From Days 1 to 10, the high levels of FSH gradually decreased in the intact group to the minimal concentrations that occur during oestrus, but remained elevated in the ovariectomized mares. There were no significant pre-partum changes in LH in either type of mare. Post-partum changes in LH concentrations increased at a similar rate in ovariectomized and intact mares. The presence of a foal significantly lengthened the interval to first oestrus, depressed LH levels on Days 6--10 and decreased the FSH concentrations as averaged over the 10 days before the first ovulation after parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:289836", "title": "Changes in mammary development and composition of secretion during late pregnancy in the mare.", "content": "Small samples of mammary secretion were taken for analysis from Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy up to the time of foaling. The concentrations of sodium and chloride decreased while those of lactose, potassium, citrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and protein increased. The time-course of these changes showed marked variation between animals. The concentration of whey proteins began to increase about 10 days before parturition. The appearance of the secretion and the size of the mammary glands increased in the last few days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the concentration of calcium in mammary secretion could provide the basis of a test for impending parturition in this species.", "contents": "Changes in mammary development and composition of secretion during late pregnancy in the mare. Small samples of mammary secretion were taken for analysis from Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy up to the time of foaling. The concentrations of sodium and chloride decreased while those of lactose, potassium, citrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and protein increased. The time-course of these changes showed marked variation between animals. The concentration of whey proteins began to increase about 10 days before parturition. The appearance of the secretion and the size of the mammary glands increased in the last few days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the concentration of calcium in mammary secretion could provide the basis of a test for impending parturition in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:289837", "title": "A radiographic study of the fetus in late pregnancy and during foaling.", "content": "The position, posture and presentation of the fetus were studied by serial radiography of the abdomen in 18 crossbred Pony mares near term and during first- and second-stage labour. In 3 mares the fetal position was assessed before and after induction of parturition with the synthetic prostaglandin, fluprostenol. In late gestation and up to the time of first-stage labour the fetus lay in ventral position with the forelimbs and poll flexed or partly flexed. At this time fetal movements were confined to flexion and extension of neck and forelimbs, but at parturition the head and limbs gradually extended the the forelimbs, head and neck rotated so that dorsal position and cranial extension were achieved. From this position, with the forelimbs and muzzle engaged in the cervical canal, delivery was quickly effected. The trunk and hindlimbs came into dorsal position during second-stage labour. The mechanics of these fetal movements and their relation to causes of dystocia are discussed.", "contents": "A radiographic study of the fetus in late pregnancy and during foaling. The position, posture and presentation of the fetus were studied by serial radiography of the abdomen in 18 crossbred Pony mares near term and during first- and second-stage labour. In 3 mares the fetal position was assessed before and after induction of parturition with the synthetic prostaglandin, fluprostenol. In late gestation and up to the time of first-stage labour the fetus lay in ventral position with the forelimbs and poll flexed or partly flexed. At this time fetal movements were confined to flexion and extension of neck and forelimbs, but at parturition the head and limbs gradually extended the the forelimbs, head and neck rotated so that dorsal position and cranial extension were achieved. From this position, with the forelimbs and muzzle engaged in the cervical canal, delivery was quickly effected. The trunk and hindlimbs came into dorsal position during second-stage labour. The mechanics of these fetal movements and their relation to causes of dystocia are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:289838", "title": "Clinical, microbiological and histological changes associated with uterine involution in the mare.", "content": "The surprisingly rapid rate of uterine involution detected is consistent with a high rate of conception as the first post-partum heat. Furthermore, many of the immediately post-partum features have attained the pregravid state by the end of the first post-partum oestrus and virtually all by the second post-partum oestrus. There was no specific cause detected for the higher rate of early embryonic death associated with conception at the foal heat.", "contents": "Clinical, microbiological and histological changes associated with uterine involution in the mare. The surprisingly rapid rate of uterine involution detected is consistent with a high rate of conception as the first post-partum heat. Furthermore, many of the immediately post-partum features have attained the pregravid state by the end of the first post-partum oestrus and virtually all by the second post-partum oestrus. There was no specific cause detected for the higher rate of early embryonic death associated with conception at the foal heat."}
{"id": "PMID:289839", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the equine uterus and placenta following parturition.", "content": "Post-partum placentae and uterine biopsy samples from mares after normal and abnormal foalings are described. After normal delivery there is little damage to fetal or maternal tissues. The villous epitheliochorial palcenta separates cleanly at the maternal-fetal interface and the afterbirth consists almost exclusively of fetal tissue. Uterine involution is well advanced by the 3rd and 4th days post partum and the changes are usually complete by the oestrus 7--10 days after parturition. Placental separation and involution of the uterus appear to proceed normally in malpresented foals and in otherwise viable foals with musculoskeletal defects. In aborted, stillborn or dysmature foals there are obvious signs of damage to both fetal and maternal tissues. It is generally accepted that the growth and development of the fetus is dependent upon a placenta of adequate functional capabilities. The observations suggest that the placenta is similarly dependent upon its association with a normal healthy fetus.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the equine uterus and placenta following parturition. Post-partum placentae and uterine biopsy samples from mares after normal and abnormal foalings are described. After normal delivery there is little damage to fetal or maternal tissues. The villous epitheliochorial palcenta separates cleanly at the maternal-fetal interface and the afterbirth consists almost exclusively of fetal tissue. Uterine involution is well advanced by the 3rd and 4th days post partum and the changes are usually complete by the oestrus 7--10 days after parturition. Placental separation and involution of the uterus appear to proceed normally in malpresented foals and in otherwise viable foals with musculoskeletal defects. In aborted, stillborn or dysmature foals there are obvious signs of damage to both fetal and maternal tissues. It is generally accepted that the growth and development of the fetus is dependent upon a placenta of adequate functional capabilities. The observations suggest that the placenta is similarly dependent upon its association with a normal healthy fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:289840", "title": "Plasma biochemistry changes in thoroughbred foals during the first 4 weeks of life.", "content": "Changes in plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, urea, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin, iron, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides were studied in 45 Thoroughbred foals 15 min to 28 days after birth. The results were analysed in 3 groups; Group 1 (0--12 h), Group 2 (12--36 h), Group 3 (1--4 weeks). When Group 2 was compared to Group 1, there were significant reductions of sodium, creatinine, iron and calcium and elevations of total protein and bilirubin. When Group 3 was compared to Group 1 there were significant reductions of sodium, chloride, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, iron and AP. Significant elevations occurred in glucose, total protein, AST, inorganic phosphorus and triglycerides.", "contents": "Plasma biochemistry changes in thoroughbred foals during the first 4 weeks of life. Changes in plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, urea, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin, iron, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides were studied in 45 Thoroughbred foals 15 min to 28 days after birth. The results were analysed in 3 groups; Group 1 (0--12 h), Group 2 (12--36 h), Group 3 (1--4 weeks). When Group 2 was compared to Group 1, there were significant reductions of sodium, creatinine, iron and calcium and elevations of total protein and bilirubin. When Group 3 was compared to Group 1 there were significant reductions of sodium, chloride, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, iron and AP. Significant elevations occurred in glucose, total protein, AST, inorganic phosphorus and triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:289841", "title": "The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion.", "content": "Successful unilateral extirpation of an inflamed seminal vesicle in a stallion led to systematic trials of the influence of a reduction and absence of the secretion of this gland upon semen characteristics. Operations were performed by the method described for the bull. The volume of ejaculates dropped and sperm concentration per ml increased in each of 2 stallions from which the seminal vesicles had been uni- or bi-laterally removed. Total sperm number and motility remained uninfluenced, but the percentage of eosin-stained spermatozoa increased in the unilaterally operated stallion and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa increased significantly in both. Concentration of citric acid per ml and per ejaculate was significantly reduced after bilateral vesiculectomy. Ergothioneine concentration per ml increased in the unilaterally and in the bilaterally operated stallion.", "contents": "The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion. Successful unilateral extirpation of an inflamed seminal vesicle in a stallion led to systematic trials of the influence of a reduction and absence of the secretion of this gland upon semen characteristics. Operations were performed by the method described for the bull. The volume of ejaculates dropped and sperm concentration per ml increased in each of 2 stallions from which the seminal vesicles had been uni- or bi-laterally removed. Total sperm number and motility remained uninfluenced, but the percentage of eosin-stained spermatozoa increased in the unilaterally operated stallion and the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa increased significantly in both. Concentration of citric acid per ml and per ejaculate was significantly reduced after bilateral vesiculectomy. Ergothioneine concentration per ml increased in the unilaterally and in the bilaterally operated stallion."}
{"id": "PMID:289842", "title": "Effect of successive ejaculation on stallion seminal characteristics.", "content": "Five ejaculates were collected at hourly intervals from 32 sexually rested stallions. Gel volume, total seminal volume, sperm concentration and spermatozoa per ejaculate declined (P less than 0.01) from the first to the second or third ejaculate. Gel-free seminal volume or percentage of motile spermatozoa did not vary (P less than 0.05) among ejaculates. Ejaculates from 2- to 3-year-old stallions contained less volume and fewer spermatozoa than those from 9- to 16-year-old stallions. Regardless of the stallion's age the first, first 2, first 3 and first 4 ejaculates represented 50, 74, 86 and 93% of the total numbers of spermatozoa contained in the 5 ejaculates. In addition, the number of spermatozoa that might be obtained in 5 ejaculates can be predicted by multiplying the total number of spermatozoa in two successive ejaculates by 1.35 +/- 0.03. Although some fifth ejaculates contained as few as 0.02 X 10(9) motile spermatozoa, the mean number of motile spermatozoa in fifth ejaculates from sexually rested stallions was 0.52 X 10(9) spermatozoa; presumably enough to impregnate a mare during natural service.", "contents": "Effect of successive ejaculation on stallion seminal characteristics. Five ejaculates were collected at hourly intervals from 32 sexually rested stallions. Gel volume, total seminal volume, sperm concentration and spermatozoa per ejaculate declined (P less than 0.01) from the first to the second or third ejaculate. Gel-free seminal volume or percentage of motile spermatozoa did not vary (P less than 0.05) among ejaculates. Ejaculates from 2- to 3-year-old stallions contained less volume and fewer spermatozoa than those from 9- to 16-year-old stallions. Regardless of the stallion's age the first, first 2, first 3 and first 4 ejaculates represented 50, 74, 86 and 93% of the total numbers of spermatozoa contained in the 5 ejaculates. In addition, the number of spermatozoa that might be obtained in 5 ejaculates can be predicted by multiplying the total number of spermatozoa in two successive ejaculates by 1.35 +/- 0.03. Although some fifth ejaculates contained as few as 0.02 X 10(9) motile spermatozoa, the mean number of motile spermatozoa in fifth ejaculates from sexually rested stallions was 0.52 X 10(9) spermatozoa; presumably enough to impregnate a mare during natural service."}
{"id": "PMID:289843", "title": "Influence of ovaries and photoperiod on reproductive function in the mare.", "content": "A 16 h daily photoperiod hastened the onset of the ovulatory season (first ovulation); gonadotrophin and follicular changes prior to the onset were similar in intact light-treated and control mares. A preovulatory decline in FSH concentrations before the onset of the ovulatory season preceded the decrease in number of follicles (15--25 mm) and the rise in LH concentrations which was temporally associated with the growth of an ovulatory follicle. Seasonal changes of FSH and LH concentrations were found in ovariectomized mares and were influenced by photoperiod. During the anovulatory season, there was no ovarian influence on gonadotrophin concentrations. However, during the ovulatory season the ovaries exerted a positive influence on seasonally elevated LH concentrations during oestrus and a negative influence during dioestrus. The ovaries exerted a negative influence on seasonally elevated FSH concentrations throughout the oestrous cycle. The onset of the ovulatory season occurred at the time of the first sustained increase in LH concentrations resulting from positive seasonal (increasing photoperiod) and ovarian influences.", "contents": "Influence of ovaries and photoperiod on reproductive function in the mare. A 16 h daily photoperiod hastened the onset of the ovulatory season (first ovulation); gonadotrophin and follicular changes prior to the onset were similar in intact light-treated and control mares. A preovulatory decline in FSH concentrations before the onset of the ovulatory season preceded the decrease in number of follicles (15--25 mm) and the rise in LH concentrations which was temporally associated with the growth of an ovulatory follicle. Seasonal changes of FSH and LH concentrations were found in ovariectomized mares and were influenced by photoperiod. During the anovulatory season, there was no ovarian influence on gonadotrophin concentrations. However, during the ovulatory season the ovaries exerted a positive influence on seasonally elevated LH concentrations during oestrus and a negative influence during dioestrus. The ovaries exerted a negative influence on seasonally elevated FSH concentrations throughout the oestrous cycle. The onset of the ovulatory season occurred at the time of the first sustained increase in LH concentrations resulting from positive seasonal (increasing photoperiod) and ovarian influences."}
{"id": "PMID:289844", "title": "Alteration of seasonal reproductive patterns in mares following superior cervical ganglionectomy.", "content": "Oestrous behaviour, ovarian follicular development, ovulation and changes in hair coat were observed in Pony mares which were unoperated, sham-ganglionectomized control or bilaterally superior cervical ganglionectomized. Surgery was performed during the winter anoestrus (1975--1976). Reproductive patterns in all groups were similar during the first breeding season (1976) after operation but in ganglionectomized mares the onset of the next breeding season (date of first ovulation in 1977), the pattern of follicular development, date of first oestrus and pattern of hair coat changes were all significantly delayed relative to those of the non-operated and sham-operated mares in 1976 and 1977 and relative to their own patterns in 1976. These results indicate that the pineal-hypothalamo-pituitary axis may regulate or moderate annual reproductive rhythms in mares.", "contents": "Alteration of seasonal reproductive patterns in mares following superior cervical ganglionectomy. Oestrous behaviour, ovarian follicular development, ovulation and changes in hair coat were observed in Pony mares which were unoperated, sham-ganglionectomized control or bilaterally superior cervical ganglionectomized. Surgery was performed during the winter anoestrus (1975--1976). Reproductive patterns in all groups were similar during the first breeding season (1976) after operation but in ganglionectomized mares the onset of the next breeding season (date of first ovulation in 1977), the pattern of follicular development, date of first oestrus and pattern of hair coat changes were all significantly delayed relative to those of the non-operated and sham-operated mares in 1976 and 1977 and relative to their own patterns in 1976. These results indicate that the pineal-hypothalamo-pituitary axis may regulate or moderate annual reproductive rhythms in mares."}
{"id": "PMID:289845", "title": "Follicular and gonadotrophic changes during transition from ovulatory to anovulatory seasons.", "content": "Observations of follicular and gonadotrophic changes were conducted on 14 Pony mares for 31-day periods beginning at the penultimate (second last) ovulation and at the last ovulation of the season. There were no main effects or interaction of day or period on the numbers of small follicles (less than 20 mm). Concentrations of FSH, numbers of large follicles (greater than 20 mm), and oestrous behaviour each showed an effect of day (P less than 0.01), but no effect of period. Concentrations of LH and diameter of the largest follicle each showed an interaction (P less than 0.01) between day and period attributable primarily to smaller values on Days 18--24 after the last ovulation than after the penultimate ovulation. It was concluded that, of the factors considered, failure of ovulation at the onset of the anovulatory season was due to lack of an adequate ovulatory LH surge and final growth of a preovulatory follicle.", "contents": "Follicular and gonadotrophic changes during transition from ovulatory to anovulatory seasons. Observations of follicular and gonadotrophic changes were conducted on 14 Pony mares for 31-day periods beginning at the penultimate (second last) ovulation and at the last ovulation of the season. There were no main effects or interaction of day or period on the numbers of small follicles (less than 20 mm). Concentrations of FSH, numbers of large follicles (greater than 20 mm), and oestrous behaviour each showed an effect of day (P less than 0.01), but no effect of period. Concentrations of LH and diameter of the largest follicle each showed an interaction (P less than 0.01) between day and period attributable primarily to smaller values on Days 18--24 after the last ovulation than after the penultimate ovulation. It was concluded that, of the factors considered, failure of ovulation at the onset of the anovulatory season was due to lack of an adequate ovulatory LH surge and final growth of a preovulatory follicle."}
{"id": "PMID:289859", "title": "Drug interactions with saralasin.", "content": "Diuretic and vasodilator drugs alter the BP response to saralasin causing drug interactions. Saralasin-induced BP reduction is related directly to PRA and intravascular volume. Diuretic agents deplete intravascular volume and elevate PRA, enhancing saralasin hypotension. Vasodilating agents increase PRA and may induce angiotensin dependence of BP. Thus, with potent vasodilators, saralasin can induce hypotension. Rebound hypertension has been reported after saralasin infusion in several patients with accelerated or malignant hypertension. Theoretically, this BP elevation could be related to sustained release of renin resulting from disinhibition of an intrarenal angiotensin receptor inhibitory to renin release. Since propranolol can block saralasin-induced renin release, angiotensin and beta-blockers could constitute a beneficial drug interaction.", "contents": "Drug interactions with saralasin. Diuretic and vasodilator drugs alter the BP response to saralasin causing drug interactions. Saralasin-induced BP reduction is related directly to PRA and intravascular volume. Diuretic agents deplete intravascular volume and elevate PRA, enhancing saralasin hypotension. Vasodilating agents increase PRA and may induce angiotensin dependence of BP. Thus, with potent vasodilators, saralasin can induce hypotension. Rebound hypertension has been reported after saralasin infusion in several patients with accelerated or malignant hypertension. Theoretically, this BP elevation could be related to sustained release of renin resulting from disinhibition of an intrarenal angiotensin receptor inhibitory to renin release. Since propranolol can block saralasin-induced renin release, angiotensin and beta-blockers could constitute a beneficial drug interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:289861", "title": "Structural features of angiotensin II which are important for biologic activity.", "content": "In summary, the aromatic ring of phenylalanine (COOH-terminus) is the key to the intrinsic activity with Tyr4, also involved in activation of a response. The NH2-terminal residue is a determinant of duration of action. The side chains of Tyr4 and His6 are key determinants for affinity, and the amino acids in the No. 1 and No. 2 position also contribute to receptor binding. Val3, Ile5, and Pro7 contain neutral side chains which probably establish and/or help maintain the appropriate distances among the key sidechains of Tyr4, His6, and Phe8. In other words, Val3, Ile5 (or Val), and Pro7 are key determinants of structural conformation.", "contents": "Structural features of angiotensin II which are important for biologic activity. In summary, the aromatic ring of phenylalanine (COOH-terminus) is the key to the intrinsic activity with Tyr4, also involved in activation of a response. The NH2-terminal residue is a determinant of duration of action. The side chains of Tyr4 and His6 are key determinants for affinity, and the amino acids in the No. 1 and No. 2 position also contribute to receptor binding. Val3, Ile5, and Pro7 contain neutral side chains which probably establish and/or help maintain the appropriate distances among the key sidechains of Tyr4, His6, and Phe8. In other words, Val3, Ile5 (or Val), and Pro7 are key determinants of structural conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:289878", "title": "Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma: case report.", "content": "Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma is a highly malignant tumor, and in order to improve the chances of survival of those who have it, aggressive surgical treatment, including major amputations, should be performed. Based on the results obtained in the treatment of its osseous counterpart, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy is strongly recommended. Evaluation should not be done because it is usually followed by local recurrence.", "contents": "Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma: case report. Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma is a highly malignant tumor, and in order to improve the chances of survival of those who have it, aggressive surgical treatment, including major amputations, should be performed. Based on the results obtained in the treatment of its osseous counterpart, the use of adjuvant chemotherapy is strongly recommended. Evaluation should not be done because it is usually followed by local recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:289886", "title": "Otolaryngologic presentation of tic-like disorders.", "content": "Common otolaryngologic symptoms such as coughing and sneezing may not be manifestations of disease of the upper respiratory tract. Two cases are reported in which these symptoms were the first evidence of tic-like disorders. A short discussion of one such disorder, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, is presented. The entity of paroxysmal sneezing is also mentioned. It is pointed out that, in the absence of otolaryngologic disease, these disorders may first present to an otolaryngologist for diagnosis.", "contents": "Otolaryngologic presentation of tic-like disorders. Common otolaryngologic symptoms such as coughing and sneezing may not be manifestations of disease of the upper respiratory tract. Two cases are reported in which these symptoms were the first evidence of tic-like disorders. A short discussion of one such disorder, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, is presented. The entity of paroxysmal sneezing is also mentioned. It is pointed out that, in the absence of otolaryngologic disease, these disorders may first present to an otolaryngologist for diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:289891", "title": "2 micrometer covalently closed non-mitochondrial circular DNA in the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "A population of small covalently closed non-mitochondrial circular DNA molecules was isolated from the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The mean length of these molecules, possessing the same density as nuclear DNA (1.695 g/cm3) is 1.95 +/- 0.18 micrometer. The presence of these minicircles in crude mitochondrial preparations indicates their tight association with mitochondrial particles. Their disappearance after DNase treatment of mitochondria demonstrates their extramitochondrial location.", "contents": "2 micrometer covalently closed non-mitochondrial circular DNA in the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A population of small covalently closed non-mitochondrial circular DNA molecules was isolated from the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The mean length of these molecules, possessing the same density as nuclear DNA (1.695 g/cm3) is 1.95 +/- 0.18 micrometer. The presence of these minicircles in crude mitochondrial preparations indicates their tight association with mitochondrial particles. Their disappearance after DNase treatment of mitochondria demonstrates their extramitochondrial location."}
{"id": "PMID:289892", "title": "The isolation and characterisation of a plaque-forming derivative of bacteriophage Mu carrying a fragment of Tn3 conferring ampicillin resistance.", "content": "We have isolated a plaque-forming derivative of phage Mu which carries a determinant for ApR. The biological properties of this MuAp phage are similar to those of normal Mu. Its genome contains a 1.1 kb substitution where Mu DNA from the right end of the G region has been replaced by a similar length of DNA from the transposon Tn3. This fragment of Tn3 DNA carries the ApR gene, but is no longer capable of independent transposition.", "contents": "The isolation and characterisation of a plaque-forming derivative of bacteriophage Mu carrying a fragment of Tn3 conferring ampicillin resistance. We have isolated a plaque-forming derivative of phage Mu which carries a determinant for ApR. The biological properties of this MuAp phage are similar to those of normal Mu. Its genome contains a 1.1 kb substitution where Mu DNA from the right end of the G region has been replaced by a similar length of DNA from the transposon Tn3. This fragment of Tn3 DNA carries the ApR gene, but is no longer capable of independent transposition."}
{"id": "PMID:289893", "title": "Evidence for mutations in the structural gene for homocitrate synthase in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "Eight strains devoid of homocitrate synthase activity were found among lysine requiring mutants of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. Genetic analysis of these strains showed that they were all affected at the same locus LYS 1. Three lines of evidence suggest that this locus defines a structural gene for homocitrate synthase. First, the mutations show various degrees of intragenic complementation; it could be shown in some cases that the hybrid enzyme formed in vivo displayed modified properties in vitro. Second, reversion of some of these mutations can result in a modified enzyme (desensitized). Third, a feedback mutant of homocitrate synthase was directly isolated from the wild type strain, and shown to carry a single mutation at of near LYS 1. We also present here the first attempts at genetic fine mapping in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "contents": "Evidence for mutations in the structural gene for homocitrate synthase in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. Eight strains devoid of homocitrate synthase activity were found among lysine requiring mutants of the yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. Genetic analysis of these strains showed that they were all affected at the same locus LYS 1. Three lines of evidence suggest that this locus defines a structural gene for homocitrate synthase. First, the mutations show various degrees of intragenic complementation; it could be shown in some cases that the hybrid enzyme formed in vivo displayed modified properties in vitro. Second, reversion of some of these mutations can result in a modified enzyme (desensitized). Third, a feedback mutant of homocitrate synthase was directly isolated from the wild type strain, and shown to carry a single mutation at of near LYS 1. We also present here the first attempts at genetic fine mapping in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica."}
{"id": "PMID:289895", "title": "Identification and nucleotide sequence of the sup8-e UGA-suppressor leucine tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Using the translation of rabbit globin mRNA in wheat germ extracts as an assay for ochre and opal suppression, a UGA suppressor tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombre strain sup8-e was purified by column chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The purified tRNA can be aminoacylated with leucine by a crude aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparation from a wild type S. pombe strain, and has high activity in the suppressor assay. By a combination of post-labeling fingerprinting and rapid gel sequencing methods the nucleotide sequence of this suppressor tRNA was determined to be: pG-C-G-G-C-U-A-U-G-C-C-ac4C-G-A-G-D-G-G-D-G-D-A-A-G-G-G-m22G-G-C-A-G-A-psi-U-U*-C-A-m1G-C-C-C-U-G-C-U-G-U-U-G-U-A-A-A-A-C-G-m5C-G-A-G-A-G-T-psi-C-G-m1A-A-C-C-U-C-U-C-U-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-C-C-AOH. The anticodon sequence U*CA is complementary to the UGA codon. An interesting feature of the suppressor tRNA is an expanded anticodon loop of nine nucleotides owing to an A-C nonpair at the first anticodon stem position.", "contents": "Identification and nucleotide sequence of the sup8-e UGA-suppressor leucine tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using the translation of rabbit globin mRNA in wheat germ extracts as an assay for ochre and opal suppression, a UGA suppressor tRNA from Schizosaccharomyces pombre strain sup8-e was purified by column chromatography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The purified tRNA can be aminoacylated with leucine by a crude aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase preparation from a wild type S. pombe strain, and has high activity in the suppressor assay. By a combination of post-labeling fingerprinting and rapid gel sequencing methods the nucleotide sequence of this suppressor tRNA was determined to be: pG-C-G-G-C-U-A-U-G-C-C-ac4C-G-A-G-D-G-G-D-G-D-A-A-G-G-G-m22G-G-C-A-G-A-psi-U-U*-C-A-m1G-C-C-C-U-G-C-U-G-U-U-G-U-A-A-A-A-C-G-m5C-G-A-G-A-G-T-psi-C-G-m1A-A-C-C-U-C-U-C-U-G-G-C-C-G-C-A-C-C-AOH. The anticodon sequence U*CA is complementary to the UGA codon. An interesting feature of the suppressor tRNA is an expanded anticodon loop of nine nucleotides owing to an A-C nonpair at the first anticodon stem position."}
{"id": "PMID:289897", "title": "Multiple physical differences in the genome structure of functionally related bacteriophages P1 and P7.", "content": "Comparative restriction cleavage analysis of the genomes of bacteriophage P7, of several recombinant phages between P7 and P1, and of bacteriophage P1 allowed to draw PstI, Bg/II, BamHI and HindIII cleavage maps of all genomes studied. The data obtained complement Yun and Vapnek's (1977) conclusions with regard to areas of major nonhomology based on electron microscopical heteroduplex analysis and they identify several additional minor differences between P1 and P7. The use of hybrid phage strains allowed to locate the genes for particular functions on the physical genome map.", "contents": "Multiple physical differences in the genome structure of functionally related bacteriophages P1 and P7. Comparative restriction cleavage analysis of the genomes of bacteriophage P7, of several recombinant phages between P7 and P1, and of bacteriophage P1 allowed to draw PstI, Bg/II, BamHI and HindIII cleavage maps of all genomes studied. The data obtained complement Yun and Vapnek's (1977) conclusions with regard to areas of major nonhomology based on electron microscopical heteroduplex analysis and they identify several additional minor differences between P1 and P7. The use of hybrid phage strains allowed to locate the genes for particular functions on the physical genome map."}
{"id": "PMID:289899", "title": "Dominant enhancer effect of the meiotic mei4 mutant on recombination frequencies restricted to linkage group VI in Podospora anserina.", "content": "A mutant which increases second division segregation (SDS) frequency of locus 110 (linkage group VI) was isolated. It was called mei4 because of its meiotic deficiency. The present paper deals with its effect on meiotic recombination when heterozygous. mei4 then only acts on linkage group VI. The SDS frequencies were increased for all markers used, except locus 5 located very close to the centromere. This quasi general enhancement results exclusively in an enlargement of map distance on linkage group VI's proximal part. Crosses involving three mutant genes allowed to check that the distances on the distal part were constant. This is due to a real lack of crossover frequency modification in this region and not to a change ofchiasma interference. Among the seven linkage groups of Podospora anserina, group VI exhibits several other particularities concerning meiotic recombination, especially a lower positive chiasma interference and a more regular crossover distribution, suggesting a particular recombination regulation.", "contents": "Dominant enhancer effect of the meiotic mei4 mutant on recombination frequencies restricted to linkage group VI in Podospora anserina. A mutant which increases second division segregation (SDS) frequency of locus 110 (linkage group VI) was isolated. It was called mei4 because of its meiotic deficiency. The present paper deals with its effect on meiotic recombination when heterozygous. mei4 then only acts on linkage group VI. The SDS frequencies were increased for all markers used, except locus 5 located very close to the centromere. This quasi general enhancement results exclusively in an enlargement of map distance on linkage group VI's proximal part. Crosses involving three mutant genes allowed to check that the distances on the distal part were constant. This is due to a real lack of crossover frequency modification in this region and not to a change ofchiasma interference. Among the seven linkage groups of Podospora anserina, group VI exhibits several other particularities concerning meiotic recombination, especially a lower positive chiasma interference and a more regular crossover distribution, suggesting a particular recombination regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:289900", "title": "Genetic transformation of Pseudomonas phaseolicola by R-factor DNA.", "content": "The bacterium Pseudomonas phaseolicola was successfully transformed, for the first time, with R-factors RSF1010 and pBR322 DNA by a calcium-shock and heat-pulse technique. Frequency of transformation for RSF1010 ranged from 0.8 x 10(-7) to 3.1 x 10(-6) and was ca. 0.4 x 10(-8) for pBR322.", "contents": "Genetic transformation of Pseudomonas phaseolicola by R-factor DNA. The bacterium Pseudomonas phaseolicola was successfully transformed, for the first time, with R-factors RSF1010 and pBR322 DNA by a calcium-shock and heat-pulse technique. Frequency of transformation for RSF1010 ranged from 0.8 x 10(-7) to 3.1 x 10(-6) and was ca. 0.4 x 10(-8) for pBR322."}
{"id": "PMID:289901", "title": "Regulation of s-amino acids biosynthesis in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica.", "content": "ATP-sulfurylase, cysteine synthase, homocysteine synthase, arylsulfatase and beta-cystathionase in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica are repressed on the addition of methionine, homocysteine or cysteine to the growth medium. The use of appropriate mutants enabled us to demonstrate that the synthesis of these enzymes is regulated by the system involving at least two low-molecular weight effectors--most likely cysteine and methionine (or their close derivatives).", "contents": "Regulation of s-amino acids biosynthesis in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. ATP-sulfurylase, cysteine synthase, homocysteine synthase, arylsulfatase and beta-cystathionase in Saccharomycopsis lipolytica are repressed on the addition of methionine, homocysteine or cysteine to the growth medium. The use of appropriate mutants enabled us to demonstrate that the synthesis of these enzymes is regulated by the system involving at least two low-molecular weight effectors--most likely cysteine and methionine (or their close derivatives)."}
{"id": "PMID:289902", "title": "Leukemic phase of malignant histiocytosis (arguments in favour of the histiomonocytic origin of the abnormal cells).", "content": "A 15-year-old female was treated for malignant histiocytosis. The occurrence of a leukemic phase (178,000 blasts/cu mm) during the follow up provided the opportunity of studying a large number of malignant cells by cytochemical electron microscopic, and cell membrane markers techniques. Acid phosphatase reaction was strongly positive and totally inhibited by tartaric acid. Nonspecific esterase reaction was moderately positive with inhibition by sodium fluorid. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of surface membrane pseudopods and the phagocytic activity of the cells. The leukemic cells had a receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG. These findings support the histiomonocytic origin of the abnormal cells in malignant histiocytosis.", "contents": "Leukemic phase of malignant histiocytosis (arguments in favour of the histiomonocytic origin of the abnormal cells). A 15-year-old female was treated for malignant histiocytosis. The occurrence of a leukemic phase (178,000 blasts/cu mm) during the follow up provided the opportunity of studying a large number of malignant cells by cytochemical electron microscopic, and cell membrane markers techniques. Acid phosphatase reaction was strongly positive and totally inhibited by tartaric acid. Nonspecific esterase reaction was moderately positive with inhibition by sodium fluorid. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of surface membrane pseudopods and the phagocytic activity of the cells. The leukemic cells had a receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG. These findings support the histiomonocytic origin of the abnormal cells in malignant histiocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:289903", "title": "Childhood multifocal osteosarcoma--diagnosis by 99mtechnetium bone scan: a case report.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy with osteosarcoma presented with evidence of a solitary bone lesion by clinical and radiographic examination. A preoperative 99mtechnetium bone scan revealed multiple skeletal osteoblastic abnormalities and upon biopsy of one of these lesions, the diagnosis of multifocal osteosarcoma was established. This unusual case dramatically illustrates the value of 99mtechnetium bone scan in preoperative staging of patients with osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Childhood multifocal osteosarcoma--diagnosis by 99mtechnetium bone scan: a case report. A 14-year-old boy with osteosarcoma presented with evidence of a solitary bone lesion by clinical and radiographic examination. A preoperative 99mtechnetium bone scan revealed multiple skeletal osteoblastic abnormalities and upon biopsy of one of these lesions, the diagnosis of multifocal osteosarcoma was established. This unusual case dramatically illustrates the value of 99mtechnetium bone scan in preoperative staging of patients with osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:289904", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for bone marrow relapse in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).", "content": "Thirty-four children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in relapse or resistant to initial induction received combination chemotherapy with prednisolone, vincristine, l-asparaginase, and daunorubicin. L-asparaginase was given subcutaneously on alternate days for four weeks and was well tolerated. A complete remission was achieved in 96% of children in relapse and in five out of six children resistant to induction. Remission was achieved without hospitalisation in over 60% of patients. The median duration of subsequent remission was only 13 weeks, but six out of eight children receiving a second course of the drug combination achieved a further remission. We conclude that prolonged l-asparaginase therapy in combination with an anthracycline might well be used in initial or consolidation therapy for childhood ALL.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for bone marrow relapse in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Thirty-four children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in relapse or resistant to initial induction received combination chemotherapy with prednisolone, vincristine, l-asparaginase, and daunorubicin. L-asparaginase was given subcutaneously on alternate days for four weeks and was well tolerated. A complete remission was achieved in 96% of children in relapse and in five out of six children resistant to induction. Remission was achieved without hospitalisation in over 60% of patients. The median duration of subsequent remission was only 13 weeks, but six out of eight children receiving a second course of the drug combination achieved a further remission. We conclude that prolonged l-asparaginase therapy in combination with an anthracycline might well be used in initial or consolidation therapy for childhood ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:289922", "title": "The use of hypnosis in treating the temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. Report of two cases.", "content": "This article, jointly authored by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and a psychiatrist, presents two case studies of conjoint treatment of the temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. The authors present a short review from the literature that supports the multifactorial etiology of temporomandibular joint dysfunction and provide, in two case studies, a combination of conservative dental treatment and hypnotherapy. The two case studies show a successful resolution of temporomandibular joint dysfunction with hypnosis in one case and failure of hypnotherapy to relieve the pain in a second case. Reasons for the success and failure are discussed. The article closes with some thoughts and ideas that dental practitioners can use in treating temporomandibular joint pain via hypnosis.", "contents": "The use of hypnosis in treating the temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. Report of two cases. This article, jointly authored by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and a psychiatrist, presents two case studies of conjoint treatment of the temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. The authors present a short review from the literature that supports the multifactorial etiology of temporomandibular joint dysfunction and provide, in two case studies, a combination of conservative dental treatment and hypnotherapy. The two case studies show a successful resolution of temporomandibular joint dysfunction with hypnosis in one case and failure of hypnotherapy to relieve the pain in a second case. Reasons for the success and failure are discussed. The article closes with some thoughts and ideas that dental practitioners can use in treating temporomandibular joint pain via hypnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:289923", "title": "Condylysis in a patient with a mixed collagen vascular disease.", "content": "Condylysis has not previously been described as a complication of a mixed collagen vascular disease. A case is presented in which apertognathia and mandibular retrognathism occurred secondary to condylysis in a 26-year-old woman with features of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The disease was manifested by polyarthritis, morning stiffnes, subcutaneous nodules, and acrosclerosis. Important laboratory findings included RA slide latex negative, increased DNA binding, ANA positive, ENA negative, and an abnormal parotid scan. The malocclusion secondary to condylysis was corrected by surgical procedures usually employed for the treatment of mandibular retrognathism and apertognathia on a developmental basis.", "contents": "Condylysis in a patient with a mixed collagen vascular disease. Condylysis has not previously been described as a complication of a mixed collagen vascular disease. A case is presented in which apertognathia and mandibular retrognathism occurred secondary to condylysis in a 26-year-old woman with features of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The disease was manifested by polyarthritis, morning stiffnes, subcutaneous nodules, and acrosclerosis. Important laboratory findings included RA slide latex negative, increased DNA binding, ANA positive, ENA negative, and an abnormal parotid scan. The malocclusion secondary to condylysis was corrected by surgical procedures usually employed for the treatment of mandibular retrognathism and apertognathia on a developmental basis."}
{"id": "PMID:289924", "title": "Extent of bacterial contamination in a nonrebreathing inhalation sedation machine.", "content": "In this study the extent of bacterial contamination in a nonrebreathing inhalation sedation unit was determined. Bacteriologic cultures of different areas of the Quantiflex MDM machine were obtained during successive week-long courses in conscious sedation at this institute. Results of the bacteriologic cultures revealed the microbial contamination of nasal hoods before and after attempted disinfection with alcohol. The other areas of the unit were shown to be free of bacteria. Since attempted alcohol disinfection of nasal hoods was found to be ineffective, autoclave sterilization is recommended.", "contents": "Extent of bacterial contamination in a nonrebreathing inhalation sedation machine. In this study the extent of bacterial contamination in a nonrebreathing inhalation sedation unit was determined. Bacteriologic cultures of different areas of the Quantiflex MDM machine were obtained during successive week-long courses in conscious sedation at this institute. Results of the bacteriologic cultures revealed the microbial contamination of nasal hoods before and after attempted disinfection with alcohol. The other areas of the unit were shown to be free of bacteria. Since attempted alcohol disinfection of nasal hoods was found to be ineffective, autoclave sterilization is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:289925", "title": "Lipoma of the tongue.", "content": "A case of an enormous lipoma of the tongue is presented. The absence of dentoalveolar changes and the complete adaption of the functions of the tongue are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Lipoma of the tongue. A case of an enormous lipoma of the tongue is presented. The absence of dentoalveolar changes and the complete adaption of the functions of the tongue are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:289926", "title": "Epithelial islands associated with mandibular nerves. Report of two cases in the walls of mandibular cysts.", "content": "Epithelial islands in association with nerve fibers in the jaw bones have been reported previously. We describe two such cases and present evidence that the epithelial structures as observed in this study are odontogenic rests and not neuroepithelial organs. Regardless of origin, it should be recognized that these epithelial islands do not represent neural invasion by carcinoma.", "contents": "Epithelial islands associated with mandibular nerves. Report of two cases in the walls of mandibular cysts. Epithelial islands in association with nerve fibers in the jaw bones have been reported previously. We describe two such cases and present evidence that the epithelial structures as observed in this study are odontogenic rests and not neuroepithelial organs. Regardless of origin, it should be recognized that these epithelial islands do not represent neural invasion by carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:289927", "title": "Chievitz's organ: a potential pitfall in oral cancer diagnosis.", "content": "It has been reported that epithelial nests associated with sensory nerve fibers may simulate perineural invasion and pose a potential diagnostic problem for surgical pathologists working on frozen tissue specimens from patients with oral cancer. The epithelial structures are not neoplastic, and no known pathologic condition has been associated with them. They are believed to be those structures described scantily in the English literature as Chievitz's organ. The fact that the epithelial nests lie near the plane of injection for the inferior alveolar nerve should be of special interest to dentists, especially oral surgeons and pathologists. Controversy exists as to the exact nature of Chievitz's organ, but the potential hazard of misdiagnosis exists nonetheless. This study of cadaver and autopsy material reaffirms the existence of the epithelial rests and outlines a simple technique for locating them.", "contents": "Chievitz's organ: a potential pitfall in oral cancer diagnosis. It has been reported that epithelial nests associated with sensory nerve fibers may simulate perineural invasion and pose a potential diagnostic problem for surgical pathologists working on frozen tissue specimens from patients with oral cancer. The epithelial structures are not neoplastic, and no known pathologic condition has been associated with them. They are believed to be those structures described scantily in the English literature as Chievitz's organ. The fact that the epithelial nests lie near the plane of injection for the inferior alveolar nerve should be of special interest to dentists, especially oral surgeons and pathologists. Controversy exists as to the exact nature of Chievitz's organ, but the potential hazard of misdiagnosis exists nonetheless. This study of cadaver and autopsy material reaffirms the existence of the epithelial rests and outlines a simple technique for locating them."}
{"id": "PMID:289928", "title": "Lateral periodontal cyst. An analysis of forty-six cases.", "content": "The clinical and histopathologic features of forty-six cases recorded as lateral periodontal cyst are reviewed. Three distinct types of epithelial lining were noted as well as varying degrees of inflammation. The data, although inconclusive, suggest that cysts arising in the lateral periodontal area may be of either an inflammatory or developmental odontogenic origin.", "contents": "Lateral periodontal cyst. An analysis of forty-six cases. The clinical and histopathologic features of forty-six cases recorded as lateral periodontal cyst are reviewed. Three distinct types of epithelial lining were noted as well as varying degrees of inflammation. The data, although inconclusive, suggest that cysts arising in the lateral periodontal area may be of either an inflammatory or developmental odontogenic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:289929", "title": "Melanotic macule of the oral mucosa. A clinicopathologic study of 105 cases.", "content": "A series of 105 cases of melanotic macule of the oral mucosa is analyzed, both clinically and histologically. In most patients the melanotic macule was a solitary lesion, and the most common location was the vermilion border, followed by the gingiva. Histologically, the melanotic macule is characterized by increased pigmentation in either the basal-cell layer, the lamina propria (mainly within melanophages), or in both locations. It is suggested that the term melanotic macule be reserved for lesions in which there is a definite clinicopathologic correlation between a clinically pigmented macule and the aforementioned histologic features and that the term focal melanosis be used only as a histologic designation when these features appear in clinically nonpigmented pathologic conditions.", "contents": "Melanotic macule of the oral mucosa. A clinicopathologic study of 105 cases. A series of 105 cases of melanotic macule of the oral mucosa is analyzed, both clinically and histologically. In most patients the melanotic macule was a solitary lesion, and the most common location was the vermilion border, followed by the gingiva. Histologically, the melanotic macule is characterized by increased pigmentation in either the basal-cell layer, the lamina propria (mainly within melanophages), or in both locations. It is suggested that the term melanotic macule be reserved for lesions in which there is a definite clinicopathologic correlation between a clinically pigmented macule and the aforementioned histologic features and that the term focal melanosis be used only as a histologic designation when these features appear in clinically nonpigmented pathologic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:289930", "title": "Dentinal dysplasia, Type I. Report of a case with endodontic therapy.", "content": "The first reported case of endodontic therapy in dentinal dysplasia, Type I, is described. The first histologic diagnosis of periapical granuloma instead of periapical cyst in dentinal dysplasia, Type I, is also reported.", "contents": "Dentinal dysplasia, Type I. Report of a case with endodontic therapy. The first reported case of endodontic therapy in dentinal dysplasia, Type I, is described. The first histologic diagnosis of periapical granuloma instead of periapical cyst in dentinal dysplasia, Type I, is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:289931", "title": "Accidental swallowing of an endodontic instrument. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of the accidental swallowing of endodontic instruments have been reported. The instrument passed naturally through the alimentary canal within 4 days in the first case and within 2 weeks in the second case. Routine use of the rubber dam will prevent this type of accident.", "contents": "Accidental swallowing of an endodontic instrument. A report of two cases. Two cases of the accidental swallowing of endodontic instruments have been reported. The instrument passed naturally through the alimentary canal within 4 days in the first case and within 2 weeks in the second case. Routine use of the rubber dam will prevent this type of accident."}
{"id": "PMID:289932", "title": "Radionuclide bone imaging in the differential diagnosis of head and neck lesions. A preliminary report.", "content": "The use of technetium 99m pyrophosphate (99mTcPP) imaging in the evaluation of benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck has been limited. In a clinical prospective study, twenty-one patients with suspected benign or malignant lesions of the temporomandibular joint, temporal bone, maxilla, or mandible were evaluated with regard to clinical presentation, radiographic findings, preoperative 99mTcPP bone scan, and final pathologic diagnosis. Eleven of twenty-one patients had positive scans at the site of biopsy-proven disease. In three cases, a bone scan was the single positive diagnostic test prior to surgical intervention. 99mTcPP imaging offers an additional noninvasive technique in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lesions of the osseous structures of the head and neck.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone imaging in the differential diagnosis of head and neck lesions. A preliminary report. The use of technetium 99m pyrophosphate (99mTcPP) imaging in the evaluation of benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck has been limited. In a clinical prospective study, twenty-one patients with suspected benign or malignant lesions of the temporomandibular joint, temporal bone, maxilla, or mandible were evaluated with regard to clinical presentation, radiographic findings, preoperative 99mTcPP bone scan, and final pathologic diagnosis. Eleven of twenty-one patients had positive scans at the site of biopsy-proven disease. In three cases, a bone scan was the single positive diagnostic test prior to surgical intervention. 99mTcPP imaging offers an additional noninvasive technique in the preoperative evaluation of patients with lesions of the osseous structures of the head and neck."}
{"id": "PMID:289933", "title": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. III. Pilot clinical studies.", "content": "A new experimental intraoral dental xeroradiographic system was evaluated for future application in dentistry. Similar projections on conventional film radiographs and experimental dental xeroradiographs were compared visually and radiation exposure for both techniques was measured by thermoluminescent dosimetry. The xeroradiographic system was judged superior for imaging most structures, especially oral soft tissues, subtle bony abnormalities, and fine calculus deposits. Furthermore, xeroradiography requires only one third the radiation exposure of corresponding conventional film techniques. Dental xeroradiography appears to have great promise in radiographic interpretation of oral disease.", "contents": "Xeroradiography of dental structures. III. Pilot clinical studies. A new experimental intraoral dental xeroradiographic system was evaluated for future application in dentistry. Similar projections on conventional film radiographs and experimental dental xeroradiographs were compared visually and radiation exposure for both techniques was measured by thermoluminescent dosimetry. The xeroradiographic system was judged superior for imaging most structures, especially oral soft tissues, subtle bony abnormalities, and fine calculus deposits. Furthermore, xeroradiography requires only one third the radiation exposure of corresponding conventional film techniques. Dental xeroradiography appears to have great promise in radiographic interpretation of oral disease."}
{"id": "PMID:289968", "title": "Eimeria maxima: the use of enzyme markers to detect the genetic transfer of drug resistance between lines.", "content": "Eimeria maxima (Weybridge) and E. maxima (indentata) were distinguished by the electrophoretic mobility of phosphoglucomutase. This enzyme was used as a marker to detect the transfer of methyl benzoquate resistance between resistant and sensitive lines of these parasites.", "contents": "Eimeria maxima: the use of enzyme markers to detect the genetic transfer of drug resistance between lines. Eimeria maxima (Weybridge) and E. maxima (indentata) were distinguished by the electrophoretic mobility of phosphoglucomutase. This enzyme was used as a marker to detect the transfer of methyl benzoquate resistance between resistant and sensitive lines of these parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:289980", "title": "Changes in brain levels of NE and 5-HT are not responsible for attenuation of audiogenic seizures by spinal cordotomy.", "content": "Spinal cord transection affords protection from audiogenic seizures (anterior to paralysis) in 21 day-old DBA/2J mice. To test the possibility that altered brain levels of NE or 5-HT are involved in mediating this effect, whole brain levels of these amines were assayed in cordotomized and control DBA/2J mice, aged 21 days. The assay revealed no significant differences between cordotomized and control mice. Therefore, cordotomy protects mice from seizures by mechanisms other than altering brain levels of NE or 5-HT.", "contents": "Changes in brain levels of NE and 5-HT are not responsible for attenuation of audiogenic seizures by spinal cordotomy. Spinal cord transection affords protection from audiogenic seizures (anterior to paralysis) in 21 day-old DBA/2J mice. To test the possibility that altered brain levels of NE or 5-HT are involved in mediating this effect, whole brain levels of these amines were assayed in cordotomized and control DBA/2J mice, aged 21 days. The assay revealed no significant differences between cordotomized and control mice. Therefore, cordotomy protects mice from seizures by mechanisms other than altering brain levels of NE or 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:290015", "title": "[The lacrimal ducts and maxillofacial traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "Microscopic study of the human lacrimal ducts places the emphasis on the delicacy and complexity of the relations between the lacrimal muscle and the mobile lacrimal tubular system. The fixed part of the lacrimal ducts (nasolacrimal duct) contracts with the anterior pillar of the face, a fixed relation which inevitably exposes this part to lesions by shearing in the case of anterior maxillofacial trauma. The proximity of the nasolacrimal duct to the piriform cover is such that the duct may be approached surgically by trepanation of the anterior bony surface of the anterior pillar of the face.", "contents": "[The lacrimal ducts and maxillofacial traumatology (author's transl)]. Microscopic study of the human lacrimal ducts places the emphasis on the delicacy and complexity of the relations between the lacrimal muscle and the mobile lacrimal tubular system. The fixed part of the lacrimal ducts (nasolacrimal duct) contracts with the anterior pillar of the face, a fixed relation which inevitably exposes this part to lesions by shearing in the case of anterior maxillofacial trauma. The proximity of the nasolacrimal duct to the piriform cover is such that the duct may be approached surgically by trepanation of the anterior bony surface of the anterior pillar of the face."}
{"id": "PMID:290016", "title": "[Dacryocytography in traumatology (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiological technique in the investigation of the lacrimal system has greatly benefited from various advances in radiology; techniques of catheterisation, contrast media, seriography, subtractions, associated complex tomography (dacryocystotomography), tomodensitometry. To these may be added the dynamic nature of isotope studies (cinegammadacrycystography). These different techniques may be used in the precise analysis of the morphology of the lacrimal system, from the canaliculi to the meatuses. After reviewing normal radiological anatomy, the authors describe morphological abnormalities, according to different forms of obstruction, according to their site. This morphological discovery requires possible changes in technique (additional tomography, for example). The quality of the preoperative morphological exploration influences the quality of the therapeutic results obtained.", "contents": "[Dacryocytography in traumatology (author's transl)]. Radiological technique in the investigation of the lacrimal system has greatly benefited from various advances in radiology; techniques of catheterisation, contrast media, seriography, subtractions, associated complex tomography (dacryocystotomography), tomodensitometry. To these may be added the dynamic nature of isotope studies (cinegammadacrycystography). These different techniques may be used in the precise analysis of the morphology of the lacrimal system, from the canaliculi to the meatuses. After reviewing normal radiological anatomy, the authors describe morphological abnormalities, according to different forms of obstruction, according to their site. This morphological discovery requires possible changes in technique (additional tomography, for example). The quality of the preoperative morphological exploration influences the quality of the therapeutic results obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:290017", "title": "[Value of dacryography in the exploration of injuries to the lacrimal ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "Dacryography is the only objective non-clinical method for studying the permeability of the lacrimal excretory ducts. Pre-operatively, it is an essential element for the choice of surgical intervention; post-operatively, it is always indicated if weeping persists. New surgical techniques such as arterial grafting have stimulated renewed interest in this method.", "contents": "[Value of dacryography in the exploration of injuries to the lacrimal ducts (author's transl)]. Dacryography is the only objective non-clinical method for studying the permeability of the lacrimal excretory ducts. Pre-operatively, it is an essential element for the choice of surgical intervention; post-operatively, it is always indicated if weeping persists. New surgical techniques such as arterial grafting have stimulated renewed interest in this method."}
{"id": "PMID:290018", "title": "[Reconstruction of the lacrimal ducts: results in a series of 102 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the lacrimal appartus falls into the realm of a paradox: paradoxical because of the means employed to repair an excretory apparatus which is not absolutely indispensable; paradoxical because of the great difficulty encountered in assessing results in operated patients with: obstruction without weeping or; weeping without obstruction. The indication for operation is related to two factors: that of the act itself--valid in new lesions, debatable in old lesions, doubtful in relapses; that of the technique used, which in the authors' view is mainly a function of the state of the lacrimal sac. An objective analysis of a series of 102 cases strengthened the authors' opinions but with a feeling of circumspection tainted with deception.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the lacrimal ducts: results in a series of 102 cases (author's transl)]. Surgery of the lacrimal appartus falls into the realm of a paradox: paradoxical because of the means employed to repair an excretory apparatus which is not absolutely indispensable; paradoxical because of the great difficulty encountered in assessing results in operated patients with: obstruction without weeping or; weeping without obstruction. The indication for operation is related to two factors: that of the act itself--valid in new lesions, debatable in old lesions, doubtful in relapses; that of the technique used, which in the authors' view is mainly a function of the state of the lacrimal sac. An objective analysis of a series of 102 cases strengthened the authors' opinions but with a feeling of circumspection tainted with deception."}
{"id": "PMID:290019", "title": "[Critical study of dacryorrhinostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Dacryorrhinostomy is a last-chance operation for severe palpebral and canalicular damage which can lead to loss of tissue. The reconstruction of a delicate tube remains a gamble because of the absence of normal structures. The multiplicity of the procedures proposed clearly demonstrates the difficulty in obtaining a functional result. The excellent results obtained with this procedure incited the authors to prolong their study and increase the number of cases in order to confirm the validity of their findings in a large series.", "contents": "[Critical study of dacryorrhinostomy (author's transl)]. Dacryorrhinostomy is a last-chance operation for severe palpebral and canalicular damage which can lead to loss of tissue. The reconstruction of a delicate tube remains a gamble because of the absence of normal structures. The multiplicity of the procedures proposed clearly demonstrates the difficulty in obtaining a functional result. The excellent results obtained with this procedure incited the authors to prolong their study and increase the number of cases in order to confirm the validity of their findings in a large series."}
{"id": "PMID:290020", "title": "[The value of ductostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "This procedure seems to be a valid one, as after using it in 21 cases over a period of one and a half years, there was only 1 failure due to a too hasty removal of the gauze wick. Furthermore, in 12 cases, a catheter was applied to the lacrimal puncta to irrigate the anastomosis with rifocin and hydrocortisone for several days. The advantages of this method appear to be simplification, and less risk of stenosis by using a full flap, when compared to dacryocystorrhinostomy.", "contents": "[The value of ductostomy (author's transl)]. This procedure seems to be a valid one, as after using it in 21 cases over a period of one and a half years, there was only 1 failure due to a too hasty removal of the gauze wick. Furthermore, in 12 cases, a catheter was applied to the lacrimal puncta to irrigate the anastomosis with rifocin and hydrocortisone for several days. The advantages of this method appear to be simplification, and less risk of stenosis by using a full flap, when compared to dacryocystorrhinostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:290021", "title": "[Long-term results of secondary surgical repair of the lacrimal duct with arterial grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "After 5 years of experience of surgical repair of the lacrimal duct, the authors consider that secondary repair using arterial grafts has now become a reliable and valid procedure in all cases where part of the duct, at least, still remains.", "contents": "[Long-term results of secondary surgical repair of the lacrimal duct with arterial grafts (author's transl)]. After 5 years of experience of surgical repair of the lacrimal duct, the authors consider that secondary repair using arterial grafts has now become a reliable and valid procedure in all cases where part of the duct, at least, still remains."}
{"id": "PMID:290022", "title": "[Treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "The present attitude towards the treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal ducts should be based on traditional methods, but modified to take into account recent advances which allow \"modern surgery\" to be applied. These new procedures are based on two relatively recent new acquisitions: 1) A precise knowledge of the physiology of the lacrimal pump, mainly due to the work of Lester T. Jones. It is important to know hen this pump has been destroyed as any attempt at repair is doomed to fail. We do not yet know how to reconstruct this pump. If minor damage has occurred however, attempts at repair operations may be successful. 2) Simplification of the operative procedure, both for dacryocystorhinostomies and lacodacryocystorhinostomies. Complex reconstructive procedures which often failed have been replaced by the application of a tube made of an inert material, and this is much simpler and gives much more constant results.", "contents": "[Treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal ducts (author's transl)]. The present attitude towards the treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal ducts should be based on traditional methods, but modified to take into account recent advances which allow \"modern surgery\" to be applied. These new procedures are based on two relatively recent new acquisitions: 1) A precise knowledge of the physiology of the lacrimal pump, mainly due to the work of Lester T. Jones. It is important to know hen this pump has been destroyed as any attempt at repair is doomed to fail. We do not yet know how to reconstruct this pump. If minor damage has occurred however, attempts at repair operations may be successful. 2) Simplification of the operative procedure, both for dacryocystorhinostomies and lacodacryocystorhinostomies. Complex reconstructive procedures which often failed have been replaced by the application of a tube made of an inert material, and this is much simpler and gives much more constant results."}
{"id": "PMID:290023", "title": "[Secondary functional cheilo-rhino-plastie (author's transl)].", "content": "Secondary functional cheilo-rhino-plastie consists of restoring the normal insertions and orientations of the labio-narinary muscles (which they do not usually have after an initial cheilo-plastie), and this during the period of growth. The resultant functional transformations avoid the worsening of dento-maxillary sequelae and greatly improve orthodontic possibilities.", "contents": "[Secondary functional cheilo-rhino-plastie (author's transl)]. Secondary functional cheilo-rhino-plastie consists of restoring the normal insertions and orientations of the labio-narinary muscles (which they do not usually have after an initial cheilo-plastie), and this during the period of growth. The resultant functional transformations avoid the worsening of dento-maxillary sequelae and greatly improve orthodontic possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:290024", "title": "[Results of a retrospective study of the primary treatment of labiopalatine clefts (author's transl)].", "content": "This study concerned a homogeneous series of 233 children operated upon between 1960 and 1972 by the same surgeon, with an unchanging therapeutic attitude and followed up by a permanent team including surgeon, paediatrician, orthodontist, speech therapist. It represents a first critical analysis of the results obtained, here in an age group representing a minimum of 7 years follow up. Computer cards were prepared for each patient involving analysis of more than 400 parameters, in association with ensuring that patients who had not been followed up regularly were sent for and subjected to a complete assussment. The following main areas are covered: anatomoclinical aspects of clefts, associated lesions, initial surgical techniques and the postoperative course, ENT and paediatric problems arising during early childhood, orthodontic needs, investigations and results of speech therapy, complete assessments at 4 and 7 years.", "contents": "[Results of a retrospective study of the primary treatment of labiopalatine clefts (author's transl)]. This study concerned a homogeneous series of 233 children operated upon between 1960 and 1972 by the same surgeon, with an unchanging therapeutic attitude and followed up by a permanent team including surgeon, paediatrician, orthodontist, speech therapist. It represents a first critical analysis of the results obtained, here in an age group representing a minimum of 7 years follow up. Computer cards were prepared for each patient involving analysis of more than 400 parameters, in association with ensuring that patients who had not been followed up regularly were sent for and subjected to a complete assussment. The following main areas are covered: anatomoclinical aspects of clefts, associated lesions, initial surgical techniques and the postoperative course, ENT and paediatric problems arising during early childhood, orthodontic needs, investigations and results of speech therapy, complete assessments at 4 and 7 years."}
{"id": "PMID:290025", "title": "[Harmonisation of the middle level of the face by Lefort type I osteotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Elongation of the middle level of the face which is characterised by a short upper lip and exposure of the superior alveolar process is an indication for resection of a boney segment of the maxilla. Planning of this operation and the surgical technique are described and it is shown that osteosynthesis using a miniplate makes it possible to avoid intermaxillary block but requires a strict surgical technique and a very careful therapeutic plan.", "contents": "[Harmonisation of the middle level of the face by Lefort type I osteotomy (author's transl)]. Elongation of the middle level of the face which is characterised by a short upper lip and exposure of the superior alveolar process is an indication for resection of a boney segment of the maxilla. Planning of this operation and the surgical technique are described and it is shown that osteosynthesis using a miniplate makes it possible to avoid intermaxillary block but requires a strict surgical technique and a very careful therapeutic plan."}
{"id": "PMID:290026", "title": "[A classification of parodontal surgical procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Parodontal surgery is a dynamic entity, which has evolved in a continuous manner since the beginning of the century, because of the increasing interest in parodontology itself, the growing importance of surgical treatment for parodontal diseases, and improved knowledge of biological processes involved in cicatrization. A new classification is suggested which should allow a more specific selection of indications for surgical treatment and thus to obtain a stable and long-lasting result.", "contents": "[A classification of parodontal surgical procedures (author's transl)]. Parodontal surgery is a dynamic entity, which has evolved in a continuous manner since the beginning of the century, because of the increasing interest in parodontology itself, the growing importance of surgical treatment for parodontal diseases, and improved knowledge of biological processes involved in cicatrization. A new classification is suggested which should allow a more specific selection of indications for surgical treatment and thus to obtain a stable and long-lasting result."}
{"id": "PMID:290028", "title": "Angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "The diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome has been confirmed by selective abdominal angiography in a consecutive series of 18 patients. In eight patients the primary carcinoid tumour was removed before angiography. The primary lesion was demonstrated in eight of ten cases. Metastases from the carcinoid tumours was present in all 18 patients. All cases of mesenteric metastases and 12 of 14 cases with liver metastases were visualized by angiography. All but one of the liver metastases were highly vascularized and therefore easy to recognize, making angiography a good monitor in the control of medical therapy or in planning of surgical intervention.", "contents": "Angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome. The diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome has been confirmed by selective abdominal angiography in a consecutive series of 18 patients. In eight patients the primary carcinoid tumour was removed before angiography. The primary lesion was demonstrated in eight of ten cases. Metastases from the carcinoid tumours was present in all 18 patients. All cases of mesenteric metastases and 12 of 14 cases with liver metastases were visualized by angiography. All but one of the liver metastases were highly vascularized and therefore easy to recognize, making angiography a good monitor in the control of medical therapy or in planning of surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:290029", "title": "Localization of hormone-producing gastrointestinal tumours by ultrasonic scanning.", "content": "The value of ultrasonic scanning in the localization of hormone producing gastrointestinal tumours was assessed in 16 patients. Fifteen patients had Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and one patient had a VIP tumour. In four patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ultrasonic scanning demonstrated a solid mass lesion of the head of the pancreas of 2.2.4 and 8 cm respectively. One of these diagnoses was verified by autopsy, one was also found by subsequent CT-scanning and angiography. In one patient ultrasonic scanning demonstrated a 3 cm tumour of the tail of the pancreas. At ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy tumour cells were aspirated. Biochemistry confirmed a VIP tumour. In 11 patients ultrasonic scanning was normal. By laparotomy in nine of these tumours of 1--3 cm were found in three patients 5.9 and 15 months after scanning and in two patients multiple 0.5 cm tumours within the duodenal wall were demonstrated one half and 9 months after ultrasound. In four patients tumours were not demonstrated by surgery. Two of the 11 patients were not operated upon, and the tumours have not been localized. The advantages of the complete atraumatic, rapid and relatively cheap ultrasound technique and the ability of an ultrasonically guided biopsy for the demonstration of malignancy justify ultrasonic scanning to be an initial method of investigation in the localization of hormone producing gastrointestinal tumours.", "contents": "Localization of hormone-producing gastrointestinal tumours by ultrasonic scanning. The value of ultrasonic scanning in the localization of hormone producing gastrointestinal tumours was assessed in 16 patients. Fifteen patients had Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and one patient had a VIP tumour. In four patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ultrasonic scanning demonstrated a solid mass lesion of the head of the pancreas of 2.2.4 and 8 cm respectively. One of these diagnoses was verified by autopsy, one was also found by subsequent CT-scanning and angiography. In one patient ultrasonic scanning demonstrated a 3 cm tumour of the tail of the pancreas. At ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy tumour cells were aspirated. Biochemistry confirmed a VIP tumour. In 11 patients ultrasonic scanning was normal. By laparotomy in nine of these tumours of 1--3 cm were found in three patients 5.9 and 15 months after scanning and in two patients multiple 0.5 cm tumours within the duodenal wall were demonstrated one half and 9 months after ultrasound. In four patients tumours were not demonstrated by surgery. Two of the 11 patients were not operated upon, and the tumours have not been localized. The advantages of the complete atraumatic, rapid and relatively cheap ultrasound technique and the ability of an ultrasonically guided biopsy for the demonstration of malignancy justify ultrasonic scanning to be an initial method of investigation in the localization of hormone producing gastrointestinal tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:290030", "title": "CT scanning in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "Computed tomography of the upper abdomen was performed in 11 patients with Z--E syndrome and 6 patients with carcinoid syndrome. The liver, pancreas, spleen and upper part of the retroperitoneal space were examined to localize a primary tumour and/or metastases. The CT findings were correlated to the final diagnoses obtained by operation or by other diagnostic procedures. The correlation between CT and the clinical findings was acceptable, and we are of the opinion that with further experience this new noninvasive radiological technique might be a helpful tool in the preoperative evaluation in these diseases. Furthermore, CT is an easy method in the control of a tumour or metastases during treatment.", "contents": "CT scanning in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and carcinoid syndrome. Computed tomography of the upper abdomen was performed in 11 patients with Z--E syndrome and 6 patients with carcinoid syndrome. The liver, pancreas, spleen and upper part of the retroperitoneal space were examined to localize a primary tumour and/or metastases. The CT findings were correlated to the final diagnoses obtained by operation or by other diagnostic procedures. The correlation between CT and the clinical findings was acceptable, and we are of the opinion that with further experience this new noninvasive radiological technique might be a helpful tool in the preoperative evaluation in these diseases. Furthermore, CT is an easy method in the control of a tumour or metastases during treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:290031", "title": "Direct selective catheterization of the portal venous system.", "content": "A short description is given of the techniques for percutaneous transhepatic (PTP) and transumbilical (TUP) portal Venous catheterization and their use for direct selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. PTP was successful in 181 of 184 attempts (98 per cent) and TUP in 283 of 301 attempts (96 per cent). The complications are discussed in details. Among the clinical implications of the methods is the diagnosis of hormone producing tumours.", "contents": "Direct selective catheterization of the portal venous system. A short description is given of the techniques for percutaneous transhepatic (PTP) and transumbilical (TUP) portal Venous catheterization and their use for direct selective catheterization of the portal vein and its tributaries. PTP was successful in 181 of 184 attempts (98 per cent) and TUP in 283 of 301 attempts (96 per cent). The complications are discussed in details. Among the clinical implications of the methods is the diagnosis of hormone producing tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:290032", "title": "Biochemical localization of pancreatico-enteric endocrine tumours.", "content": "Biochemical localization of pancreatico-enteric tumours has been proven useful, but the technique applied must be executed with great care. In this paper we present problems and some methodological demands for highly selective catheterizations within the portal system. Phlebography confirming the venous anatomy and exact position of the tip of the catheter during the bloodsampling is mandatory. Reasons for false positive and false negative investigations are discussed in order to facilitate the correct interpretation of catheterization results.", "contents": "Biochemical localization of pancreatico-enteric endocrine tumours. Biochemical localization of pancreatico-enteric tumours has been proven useful, but the technique applied must be executed with great care. In this paper we present problems and some methodological demands for highly selective catheterizations within the portal system. Phlebography confirming the venous anatomy and exact position of the tip of the catheter during the bloodsampling is mandatory. Reasons for false positive and false negative investigations are discussed in order to facilitate the correct interpretation of catheterization results."}
{"id": "PMID:290033", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization technique of the portal venous system.", "content": "The most widespread technique for catheterization of the portal venous system is the percutaneous transhepatic with selective catheterization of the portal tributaries. The procedure is most often used for portography in patients with liver cirrhosis, but can also be used for pharmacoligic, metabolic and hemodynamic studies. By selective catheterization of the gastrooesophageal veins varices can be obliterated. Selective catheterization of the pancreatic veins with blood sampling for hormone assay may diagnose and localize endocrine pancreatic tumours.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic catheterization technique of the portal venous system. The most widespread technique for catheterization of the portal venous system is the percutaneous transhepatic with selective catheterization of the portal tributaries. The procedure is most often used for portography in patients with liver cirrhosis, but can also be used for pharmacoligic, metabolic and hemodynamic studies. By selective catheterization of the gastrooesophageal veins varices can be obliterated. Selective catheterization of the pancreatic veins with blood sampling for hormone assay may diagnose and localize endocrine pancreatic tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:290034", "title": "Clinical diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumours.", "content": "Eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid tumours were admitted to surgical gastroenterological department of Rigshospitalet during the period 1974--1978. Thirteen had primary carcinoid tumours in the terminal ileum, two in the lungs, one in the pancreas, one in the testis, and one possibly in the retroperitoneum. All patients had distant metastases, 13 in the liver. Carcinoid syndrome with flusing and diarrhoea was present in 15 patients (83%). The time elapsing from onset of symptoms  until diagnosis was on an average 2 1/2 years. The most valuable screening test for carcinoid syndrome was determination of the excretion of 5-hydroxy-indol- acetic-acid. The most sensitive investigation for determination of primary tumour and/or metastases was abdominal angiography, which was positive in all cases. Other radiological investigations were less sensitive.", "contents": "Clinical diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumours. Eighteen patients with metastatic carcinoid tumours were admitted to surgical gastroenterological department of Rigshospitalet during the period 1974--1978. Thirteen had primary carcinoid tumours in the terminal ileum, two in the lungs, one in the pancreas, one in the testis, and one possibly in the retroperitoneum. All patients had distant metastases, 13 in the liver. Carcinoid syndrome with flusing and diarrhoea was present in 15 patients (83%). The time elapsing from onset of symptoms  until diagnosis was on an average 2 1/2 years. The most valuable screening test for carcinoid syndrome was determination of the excretion of 5-hydroxy-indol- acetic-acid. The most sensitive investigation for determination of primary tumour and/or metastases was abdominal angiography, which was positive in all cases. Other radiological investigations were less sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:290035", "title": "Prostaglandins and chronic diarrhoea: methodological problems.", "content": "In order to determine the arterio-venous difference in circulating prostaglandin levels the isotope derivative technique was applied to rat plasma for measurements of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No arterio-venous difference was observed if the blood was collected without precautions to avoid in vitro prostaglandin production in the sampling tube. In contrast, inhibition of the in vitro prostaglandin release by the infusion of indomethacin into the catheter from which the blood was drawn, showed PGE2 levels in the right atrium of 60 +/- 20 pg/ml (mean +/-SD; N = 8), and peripheral levels insignificantly different from zero. A significant difference in PGE2 levels of right atrial plasma from fed and fasted rats was observed without the use of in vitro indomethacin in blockade (210 +/- 70 pg/ml; N=4, and 330 +/- 35 pg/ml; N = 4, respectively). This difference could not be reproduced if indomethacin was infused into the catheter (60 +/- 20 pg/ml; N = 8 and 90 +/- 35 pg/ml; N = 5, for fed and fasted rats, respectively). Measurements by radio-gas-liquid-chromatography of the arachidonic acid plasma level showed values of 6.8 +/- 1.6 micrometers (N = 7) and 12.0 +/- 3.4 micrometers (N = 7) for fed and fasted rats, respectively. It is suggested that the higher level of PGE2 (without indomethacin) in fasted rats reflects that of arachidonic acid. The present available methods for the determination of primary prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites are discussed with respect to their value not only in physiological studies on fluid and electrolyte transport in the gut, but also for clinical use.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and chronic diarrhoea: methodological problems. In order to determine the arterio-venous difference in circulating prostaglandin levels the isotope derivative technique was applied to rat plasma for measurements of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). No arterio-venous difference was observed if the blood was collected without precautions to avoid in vitro prostaglandin production in the sampling tube. In contrast, inhibition of the in vitro prostaglandin release by the infusion of indomethacin into the catheter from which the blood was drawn, showed PGE2 levels in the right atrium of 60 +/- 20 pg/ml (mean +/-SD; N = 8), and peripheral levels insignificantly different from zero. A significant difference in PGE2 levels of right atrial plasma from fed and fasted rats was observed without the use of in vitro indomethacin in blockade (210 +/- 70 pg/ml; N=4, and 330 +/- 35 pg/ml; N = 4, respectively). This difference could not be reproduced if indomethacin was infused into the catheter (60 +/- 20 pg/ml; N = 8 and 90 +/- 35 pg/ml; N = 5, for fed and fasted rats, respectively). Measurements by radio-gas-liquid-chromatography of the arachidonic acid plasma level showed values of 6.8 +/- 1.6 micrometers (N = 7) and 12.0 +/- 3.4 micrometers (N = 7) for fed and fasted rats, respectively. It is suggested that the higher level of PGE2 (without indomethacin) in fasted rats reflects that of arachidonic acid. The present available methods for the determination of primary prostaglandins and prostaglandin metabolites are discussed with respect to their value not only in physiological studies on fluid and electrolyte transport in the gut, but also for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:290036", "title": "The clinical diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Recent clinical experiences with 34 Z-E patients indicates that the clinical features and course of the syndrome is less dramatic than described originally. Eighty-five per cent of the patients presented stories of abdominal complaints lasting more than five years and resembling the complaints presented by duodenal ulcer patients (DU). Ulcers were present in 91 per cent of the patients. Fifty-one per cent had either ectopic or multiple ulcers. One third had a single duodenal ulcer resembling an ordinary ulcer. No patients died from complications to the ulcer diathesis. Marked hypersecretion of acid and gastrin was present in the ZE group (BAO:33.7 +/- 7.4; PAO:62.8 +/- 6.1 meq H+/h; gastrin: 5094 pmol/l), but because of great individual variation in the ZE, some overlapping with the acid and gastrin measurements of the DU was seen. The diagnostic value of provocative tests using secretin, calcium, glucagon and food stimulations demonstrated a considerable overlapping between the two groups, indicating that these tests are of little clinical value. Tumours were found in half the patients, revealing malignancy in ten. The ZE can be diagnosed in most cases by combining symptomatology, with measurements of acid and gastrin.", "contents": "The clinical diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Recent clinical experiences with 34 Z-E patients indicates that the clinical features and course of the syndrome is less dramatic than described originally. Eighty-five per cent of the patients presented stories of abdominal complaints lasting more than five years and resembling the complaints presented by duodenal ulcer patients (DU). Ulcers were present in 91 per cent of the patients. Fifty-one per cent had either ectopic or multiple ulcers. One third had a single duodenal ulcer resembling an ordinary ulcer. No patients died from complications to the ulcer diathesis. Marked hypersecretion of acid and gastrin was present in the ZE group (BAO:33.7 +/- 7.4; PAO:62.8 +/- 6.1 meq H+/h; gastrin: 5094 pmol/l), but because of great individual variation in the ZE, some overlapping with the acid and gastrin measurements of the DU was seen. The diagnostic value of provocative tests using secretin, calcium, glucagon and food stimulations demonstrated a considerable overlapping between the two groups, indicating that these tests are of little clinical value. Tumours were found in half the patients, revealing malignancy in ten. The ZE can be diagnosed in most cases by combining symptomatology, with measurements of acid and gastrin."}
{"id": "PMID:290041", "title": "[A possible new prognostic criterium for acute myelocytic leukemia: speed of the titer increase of antiviral antibodies after virus oncolysate injections].", "content": "In a study conducted by the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, 28 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in complete remission were treated by chemotherapy and viral oncolysate (i.e. formalin treated fowl plague virus infected allogenous leukemia cells). Patients with a slow rise and low maximal titers of antiviral antibodies in the sera proved to have longer remissions than those with a prompt and high rise. Several patients showed association of antiviral antibody changes in the serum with the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Determination of the antiviral antibody titer slope after repeated immunization by viral oncolysate can therefore be used for prognosis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission, and may be helpful in detecting inadequately treated patients.", "contents": "[A possible new prognostic criterium for acute myelocytic leukemia: speed of the titer increase of antiviral antibodies after virus oncolysate injections]. In a study conducted by the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, 28 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in complete remission were treated by chemotherapy and viral oncolysate (i.e. formalin treated fowl plague virus infected allogenous leukemia cells). Patients with a slow rise and low maximal titers of antiviral antibodies in the sera proved to have longer remissions than those with a prompt and high rise. Several patients showed association of antiviral antibody changes in the serum with the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Determination of the antiviral antibody titer slope after repeated immunization by viral oncolysate can therefore be used for prognosis in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in remission, and may be helpful in detecting inadequately treated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:290047", "title": "Simultaneous disseminated aspergillosis and zygomycosis in a leukemic patient.", "content": "Although the incidence of fungal infections is increasing, infections caused by more than one fungus are rare. We have described the clinical, pathologic, and mycologic findings in a leukemic patient with simultaneous pulmonary infection and systemic dissemination caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus sp.", "contents": "Simultaneous disseminated aspergillosis and zygomycosis in a leukemic patient. Although the incidence of fungal infections is increasing, infections caused by more than one fungus are rare. We have described the clinical, pathologic, and mycologic findings in a leukemic patient with simultaneous pulmonary infection and systemic dissemination caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus sp."}
{"id": "PMID:290078", "title": "[Dental caries, periodontal diseases and salivary immunoglobulins].", "content": "The authors determined in 80 adolescents (subdivided into 4 groups) the mean content of IgA, IgG and IgM in mixed saliva and brought it in relation to the average caries experience (DMF index), the inflammatory condition of the gingivae, and other parameters. The immunoglobulin content in the saliva was significantly increased in case of high caries experience as well as of severe inflammation. There was no correlation with the OHI which is only increased in case of marked gingivitis.", "contents": "[Dental caries, periodontal diseases and salivary immunoglobulins]. The authors determined in 80 adolescents (subdivided into 4 groups) the mean content of IgA, IgG and IgM in mixed saliva and brought it in relation to the average caries experience (DMF index), the inflammatory condition of the gingivae, and other parameters. The immunoglobulin content in the saliva was significantly increased in case of high caries experience as well as of severe inflammation. There was no correlation with the OHI which is only increased in case of marked gingivitis."}
{"id": "PMID:290079", "title": "[Clinical experience with Knappwost's galvanic pin element].", "content": "Having dealt with the manufacture, application and mode of action of the pin element, the authors report of clinical and radiological findings (after six and twelve months) which they compare with corresponding results from the literature and experience gained with the treatment of apical periodontitis with iodoform paste. The paper ends with recommendations for practice.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with Knappwost's galvanic pin element]. Having dealt with the manufacture, application and mode of action of the pin element, the authors report of clinical and radiological findings (after six and twelve months) which they compare with corresponding results from the literature and experience gained with the treatment of apical periodontitis with iodoform paste. The paper ends with recommendations for practice."}
{"id": "PMID:290080", "title": "[Efficiency criteria and priorities in school age pedodontic care].", "content": "On the basis of findings in 1200 individuals aged between 7 to 16 years, the authors indicate priorities of dental care in the different age-groups. Apart from other criteria, the readiness for treatment and the disciplined behaviour of the children and adolescents during treatment may be used for assessing the dentist's achievements.", "contents": "[Efficiency criteria and priorities in school age pedodontic care]. On the basis of findings in 1200 individuals aged between 7 to 16 years, the authors indicate priorities of dental care in the different age-groups. Apart from other criteria, the readiness for treatment and the disciplined behaviour of the children and adolescents during treatment may be used for assessing the dentist's achievements."}
{"id": "PMID:290081", "title": "[Problems in the diagnosis of oral surgical diseases by means of histological studies].", "content": "On the basis of findings in 1,185 out-patients who had been to undergo biopsy, the author indicates the limitations of the treatment of tissue changes in stomatological practice. The comparison of the clinical diagnosis with the histological diagnosis demonstrated that there are various difficulties in evaluating oral surgical diseases associated with tissue changes. For this purpose, a specific scheme of differentiation was elaborated. Wrong diagnoses were most frequent in tumours (65.9%) and in affections of the oral mucosa (57.4%).", "contents": "[Problems in the diagnosis of oral surgical diseases by means of histological studies]. On the basis of findings in 1,185 out-patients who had been to undergo biopsy, the author indicates the limitations of the treatment of tissue changes in stomatological practice. The comparison of the clinical diagnosis with the histological diagnosis demonstrated that there are various difficulties in evaluating oral surgical diseases associated with tissue changes. For this purpose, a specific scheme of differentiation was elaborated. Wrong diagnoses were most frequent in tumours (65.9%) and in affections of the oral mucosa (57.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:290082", "title": "[Malignant degeneration of a residual radicular cyst].", "content": "The degeneration risk is extremely low for odontogenic cysts. The present communication deals with a squamous cell carcinoma of the left maxilla. Clinically, it showed all the symptoms of an infected cyst; but histologically, it presented carcinomatous degeneration on certain parts of the cystic epithelium. It was a true cystocarcinoma.", "contents": "[Malignant degeneration of a residual radicular cyst]. The degeneration risk is extremely low for odontogenic cysts. The present communication deals with a squamous cell carcinoma of the left maxilla. Clinically, it showed all the symptoms of an infected cyst; but histologically, it presented carcinomatous degeneration on certain parts of the cystic epithelium. It was a true cystocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:290083", "title": "[Experimental studies of various model materials. 1. Comparative study on linear dimension behavior].", "content": "The linear dimensional behaviour of the model materials Begolith, Dentaloc, Tewestone, Impredur and Keramik-Cement was investigated at various mixing temperature, the thickness of layer ranging from 3 to 5 mm. It seems that the model materials Begolith, Dentaloc and Tewestone will yield good results in practice. Impredur may be recommended on certain conditions. On the contrary, Keramik-Cement is not suited as a model material.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of various model materials. 1. Comparative study on linear dimension behavior]. The linear dimensional behaviour of the model materials Begolith, Dentaloc, Tewestone, Impredur and Keramik-Cement was investigated at various mixing temperature, the thickness of layer ranging from 3 to 5 mm. It seems that the model materials Begolith, Dentaloc and Tewestone will yield good results in practice. Impredur may be recommended on certain conditions. On the contrary, Keramik-Cement is not suited as a model material."}
{"id": "PMID:290084", "title": "[Addition cross-linked silicone impression materials].", "content": "The principle of the polyreactions \"polymerization\", \"polycondensation\" and \"polyaddition\" is explained and described in detail for silicone impression materials. In the light of laboratory findings (quasi-viscosity, plasto-elasticity, dimensional and weight behaviour), three alginate materials, one condensation cross-linked silicone material, two addition cross-linked silicone materials and one polyether material are compared and evaluated with regard to their clinic-relevant properties.", "contents": "[Addition cross-linked silicone impression materials]. The principle of the polyreactions \"polymerization\", \"polycondensation\" and \"polyaddition\" is explained and described in detail for silicone impression materials. In the light of laboratory findings (quasi-viscosity, plasto-elasticity, dimensional and weight behaviour), three alginate materials, one condensation cross-linked silicone material, two addition cross-linked silicone materials and one polyether material are compared and evaluated with regard to their clinic-relevant properties."}
{"id": "PMID:290085", "title": "[Further results from the Berlin morbidity study of 1972. 1. Educational level, knowledge of dental health and oral hygiene].", "content": "There are relationships between the general educational level and the extent of dental health knowledge on the one hand, and between the dental health knowledge and the oral hygiene condition on the other hand. A higher educational level is associated with a better dental health knowledge and, in most cases, the latter is connected with a lower oral hygiene index. School education exerts a greater effect on the level of dental health knowledge than higher or technical education. The state of dental health education and information of the population is not sufficient. Merely 25% of the interviewed graduates and 10% of the individuals having gained a school-leaving certificate reached maximum scores though only some few and easy questions (with a choice of incorrect and correct answers) had been put to evaluate dental health knowledge.", "contents": "[Further results from the Berlin morbidity study of 1972. 1. Educational level, knowledge of dental health and oral hygiene]. There are relationships between the general educational level and the extent of dental health knowledge on the one hand, and between the dental health knowledge and the oral hygiene condition on the other hand. A higher educational level is associated with a better dental health knowledge and, in most cases, the latter is connected with a lower oral hygiene index. School education exerts a greater effect on the level of dental health knowledge than higher or technical education. The state of dental health education and information of the population is not sufficient. Merely 25% of the interviewed graduates and 10% of the individuals having gained a school-leaving certificate reached maximum scores though only some few and easy questions (with a choice of incorrect and correct answers) had been put to evaluate dental health knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:290125", "title": "Influences of axial load and blood pressure on the position of the rabbit's incisor tooth.", "content": "Changes in the axial position of the left upper incisor in response to loading by 5-20 g were measured with ultrasonic technique in anesthetized rabbits. The time-response of the load-induced intrusion described a biphasic curve, with a steep initial part followed by a slower part. Maximum amplitudes after 20 s increased with increasing loads. A rise in arterial blood pressure (aortic balloon inflation) resulted in extrusion, while i.v. injection of noradrenaline or papaverine caused intrusion and extrusion, respectively. The responses to loading and changes in blood pressure were largely unaffected by transection of the root, but the effects of pressure changes were severely diminished by local infiltration of the periodontium with noradrenaline. Participation of periodontal blood vessels in the damping of load-induced intrusion was excluded by the finding of roughly equal intrusion curves at low, normal and high blood pressure and up to 38 h after death. We conclude that the resting position of the rabbit's incisor is greatly influenced by arterial blood pressure, via the periodontal vessels. The intrusion in response to loading by up to 20 g is resisted by periodontal fibers only, the blood vessels or the pulpal and periapical tissues and pressure taking no part.", "contents": "Influences of axial load and blood pressure on the position of the rabbit's incisor tooth. Changes in the axial position of the left upper incisor in response to loading by 5-20 g were measured with ultrasonic technique in anesthetized rabbits. The time-response of the load-induced intrusion described a biphasic curve, with a steep initial part followed by a slower part. Maximum amplitudes after 20 s increased with increasing loads. A rise in arterial blood pressure (aortic balloon inflation) resulted in extrusion, while i.v. injection of noradrenaline or papaverine caused intrusion and extrusion, respectively. The responses to loading and changes in blood pressure were largely unaffected by transection of the root, but the effects of pressure changes were severely diminished by local infiltration of the periodontium with noradrenaline. Participation of periodontal blood vessels in the damping of load-induced intrusion was excluded by the finding of roughly equal intrusion curves at low, normal and high blood pressure and up to 38 h after death. We conclude that the resting position of the rabbit's incisor is greatly influenced by arterial blood pressure, via the periodontal vessels. The intrusion in response to loading by up to 20 g is resisted by periodontal fibers only, the blood vessels or the pulpal and periapical tissues and pressure taking no part."}
{"id": "PMID:290126", "title": "Microvascular pressure in the dental pulp and gingiva in cats.", "content": "Pressure in selected microvessels was measured directly on the exposed coronal or apical pulp in one of the upper canine teeth or on the gingiva in a total of 36 cats. The vessels were punctured with glass micropipettes, diameter 1-4 micrometer, and the pressure measured with a modified Wiederhielm servocontrolled counter-pressure technique. Pressures in corresponding vessels in coronal and apical pulp were similar. The pressure in pulpal arterioles, diameter 10-70 micrometer averaged 43 mm Hg, or 36% of mean systemic arterial pressure (PA), while pressure in the pulpal venules, diameter 10-80 micrometer, was on an average 19 mm Hg or 16% of PA. Capillary pressure measured in the coronal pulp averaged 35 mm Hg. Mean arterial systemic pressure was 124 mm Hg. The total vascular pressure drop within the pulp was only 20% of the total systemic arteriovenous pressure difference. Accordingly, only one fifth of the vascular resistance governing pulpal blood flow is situated within the pulp itself. This means that blood flow in the dental pulp in cats may be influenced by mechanisms located extrapulpally. In gingiva only venular pressure was measured, which averaged 19 mm Hg.", "contents": "Microvascular pressure in the dental pulp and gingiva in cats. Pressure in selected microvessels was measured directly on the exposed coronal or apical pulp in one of the upper canine teeth or on the gingiva in a total of 36 cats. The vessels were punctured with glass micropipettes, diameter 1-4 micrometer, and the pressure measured with a modified Wiederhielm servocontrolled counter-pressure technique. Pressures in corresponding vessels in coronal and apical pulp were similar. The pressure in pulpal arterioles, diameter 10-70 micrometer averaged 43 mm Hg, or 36% of mean systemic arterial pressure (PA), while pressure in the pulpal venules, diameter 10-80 micrometer, was on an average 19 mm Hg or 16% of PA. Capillary pressure measured in the coronal pulp averaged 35 mm Hg. Mean arterial systemic pressure was 124 mm Hg. The total vascular pressure drop within the pulp was only 20% of the total systemic arteriovenous pressure difference. Accordingly, only one fifth of the vascular resistance governing pulpal blood flow is situated within the pulp itself. This means that blood flow in the dental pulp in cats may be influenced by mechanisms located extrapulpally. In gingiva only venular pressure was measured, which averaged 19 mm Hg."}
{"id": "PMID:290127", "title": "Relationship between radiographic signs in the temporomandibular joint and hand joints.", "content": "The temporomandibular joints of 64 patients and the hand joints of 62 patients with mandibular pain and/or dysfunction were exposed in oblique lateral transcranial, transmaxillary, and dorso-volar projections. The relationship between radiographic signs generally ascribed to osteoarthrosis was investigated. Indices were constructed to quantify the radiographic findings in the two joints. In the temporomandibular joint statistically significant age-independent correlations were found between flattening of the lateral part of the condyle, subcortical sclerosis of the condyle and reduced joint space. In the hand joints statistically significant age-independent correlations were found between osteophytes, subcortical sclerosis, eroded/absent cortical outlining, reduced/obliterated joint space and dislocations. No statistically significant correlation could be found between radiographic findings in the temporomandibular and hand joints. It is concluded that the radiographic signs in the temporomandibular joint of reduced joint space, subcortical sclerosis of the condyle and flattening of the lateral part of the condyle are interrelated and probably characteristic of osteoarthrosis, and that these relationships are similar to those that occur in the hand joints.", "contents": "Relationship between radiographic signs in the temporomandibular joint and hand joints. The temporomandibular joints of 64 patients and the hand joints of 62 patients with mandibular pain and/or dysfunction were exposed in oblique lateral transcranial, transmaxillary, and dorso-volar projections. The relationship between radiographic signs generally ascribed to osteoarthrosis was investigated. Indices were constructed to quantify the radiographic findings in the two joints. In the temporomandibular joint statistically significant age-independent correlations were found between flattening of the lateral part of the condyle, subcortical sclerosis of the condyle and reduced joint space. In the hand joints statistically significant age-independent correlations were found between osteophytes, subcortical sclerosis, eroded/absent cortical outlining, reduced/obliterated joint space and dislocations. No statistically significant correlation could be found between radiographic findings in the temporomandibular and hand joints. It is concluded that the radiographic signs in the temporomandibular joint of reduced joint space, subcortical sclerosis of the condyle and flattening of the lateral part of the condyle are interrelated and probably characteristic of osteoarthrosis, and that these relationships are similar to those that occur in the hand joints."}
{"id": "PMID:290129", "title": "Electrolytes and whole body potassium in acute leukemia.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 22 patients with acute leukemia, the total body potassium was studied in 18 patients on 39 occasions during relapse and remission. Total body water was also determined. A control group consisting of 88 age-matched healthy volunteers was also studied. The patients had a significantly lower mean potassium concentration, per kg body weight, per kg lean body mass and per kg water, than the controls (p less than 0.001). Individually, 11 out of the 18 patients had at least one value below the lower 95% confidence limit. Hypokalemia was frequent both in the patients with low (7/11) and normal (3/6) potassium per kg lean body mass. Five of 13 investigated patients showed laboratory indications of secondary hyperaldosteronism, which might be partly responsible for the hypokalemia. Increased serum or urine levels of lysozyme were found in 62% of the patients.", "contents": "Electrolytes and whole body potassium in acute leukemia. In a consecutive series of 22 patients with acute leukemia, the total body potassium was studied in 18 patients on 39 occasions during relapse and remission. Total body water was also determined. A control group consisting of 88 age-matched healthy volunteers was also studied. The patients had a significantly lower mean potassium concentration, per kg body weight, per kg lean body mass and per kg water, than the controls (p less than 0.001). Individually, 11 out of the 18 patients had at least one value below the lower 95% confidence limit. Hypokalemia was frequent both in the patients with low (7/11) and normal (3/6) potassium per kg lean body mass. Five of 13 investigated patients showed laboratory indications of secondary hyperaldosteronism, which might be partly responsible for the hypokalemia. Increased serum or urine levels of lysozyme were found in 62% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:290130", "title": "Expression of oncornavirus antigens in peripheral leucocytes of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Peripheral leucocytes from 16 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were examined for the presence of oncornavirus p30 antigens by indirect cytoplasmic immunofluorescence. The leucocytes of 12 patients who could be kept in balance by chemotherapy proved to be negative or contained the p30 antigen of mammalian endogenous oncornaviruses as the only viral antigen. In the leucocytes of four patients being in blastoid crisis, an antigen related to the p30 antigen of mammalian leukaemia-sarcoma viruses was detected. In five of six patients decrease in sensitivity to chemotherapy, or blastoid crisis, was preceded by expression of leukaemia-sarcoma virus p30 antigen(s). Leucocytes from 15 CML patients kept in balance by chemotherapy and those from seven being in blastoid crisis, were examined by indirect membrane immunofluorescence for the presence of antigen(s) related to the gp70 antigen of the simian and murine leukaemia-sarcoma virus. All tests proved to be negative.", "contents": "Expression of oncornavirus antigens in peripheral leucocytes of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Peripheral leucocytes from 16 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) were examined for the presence of oncornavirus p30 antigens by indirect cytoplasmic immunofluorescence. The leucocytes of 12 patients who could be kept in balance by chemotherapy proved to be negative or contained the p30 antigen of mammalian endogenous oncornaviruses as the only viral antigen. In the leucocytes of four patients being in blastoid crisis, an antigen related to the p30 antigen of mammalian leukaemia-sarcoma viruses was detected. In five of six patients decrease in sensitivity to chemotherapy, or blastoid crisis, was preceded by expression of leukaemia-sarcoma virus p30 antigen(s). Leucocytes from 15 CML patients kept in balance by chemotherapy and those from seven being in blastoid crisis, were examined by indirect membrane immunofluorescence for the presence of antigen(s) related to the gp70 antigen of the simian and murine leukaemia-sarcoma virus. All tests proved to be negative."}
{"id": "PMID:290132", "title": "CKBB-isoenzymes as a sign of cerebral injury.", "content": "CKBB-isoenzymes in serum and CSF have been shown to be raised in patients after head injury with objective signs of damaged brain tissues (contusio cerebri), but not in the absence of these signs (commotio cerebri).", "contents": "CKBB-isoenzymes as a sign of cerebral injury. CKBB-isoenzymes in serum and CSF have been shown to be raised in patients after head injury with objective signs of damaged brain tissues (contusio cerebri), but not in the absence of these signs (commotio cerebri)."}
{"id": "PMID:290139", "title": "Factors influencing the outcome of coma in severely injured patients.", "content": "From this analysis we may conclude that the most important factors influencing the outcome of coma due to injury are age, vegetative state, level of coma, decerebration, and hypocapnia. In all cases where a combination of four or more of any of the above-mentioned factors was present the patient died. EEG seems less predictive in the early period, but may give some information for late prognosis.", "contents": "Factors influencing the outcome of coma in severely injured patients. From this analysis we may conclude that the most important factors influencing the outcome of coma due to injury are age, vegetative state, level of coma, decerebration, and hypocapnia. In all cases where a combination of four or more of any of the above-mentioned factors was present the patient died. EEG seems less predictive in the early period, but may give some information for late prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:290156", "title": "Pentothal protection for delay cerebral revascularization.", "content": "Thiopentone (20 mg/kg/bolus and 20 mg/kg/three hours) was effective in preventing infarction in five dogs with six hours of middle cerebral occlusion. Nine control animals sustained massive to large infarctions. Utilizing this regime therapeutic blood levels were rapidly attained for over 12 hours without side effects. From the experimental and human experience with focal cerebral ischaemia, there appears to be a finite grace period in which cerebral revascularization can be undertaken. In canine and primate models this time has been about five hours, following which the infarction process may not be reversible (Sundt et al. 1977, Laha et al. 1978). Seeking to prolong this grace period, thiopentone was selected as an ideal drug for this purpose, and its effect on the revascularized canine middle cerebral distribution was evaluated at six hours following embolectomy.", "contents": "Pentothal protection for delay cerebral revascularization. Thiopentone (20 mg/kg/bolus and 20 mg/kg/three hours) was effective in preventing infarction in five dogs with six hours of middle cerebral occlusion. Nine control animals sustained massive to large infarctions. Utilizing this regime therapeutic blood levels were rapidly attained for over 12 hours without side effects. From the experimental and human experience with focal cerebral ischaemia, there appears to be a finite grace period in which cerebral revascularization can be undertaken. In canine and primate models this time has been about five hours, following which the infarction process may not be reversible (Sundt et al. 1977, Laha et al. 1978). Seeking to prolong this grace period, thiopentone was selected as an ideal drug for this purpose, and its effect on the revascularized canine middle cerebral distribution was evaluated at six hours following embolectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:290164", "title": "Surgical possibilities in the third portion of the vertebral artery (above C2). Anatomical study and report of a case of anastomosis between subclavian artery and vertebral artery at C1-C2 level.", "content": "A reappraisal of surgical possibilities in the third portion of the vertebral artery (VA) above C2, has been done from an anatomical study on twenty autopsy specimens. A route passing between the internal jugular vein and the Sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle allows a simple approach to the transverse process of C1. After division of two muscles attached to this process, 1.5 cm of the VA can be exposed. For larger exposure of the artery, the foramen transversarium of C1 must be unroofed and the artery dissected in the guttering of the posterior arch of the atlas. This surgical route was used in a case of aneurysmal dysplasia at the C3 level. An anastomosis between the subclavian artery and VA at the C1-C2 level was performed with an autologous saphenous vein graft. The key points are the highest possible freeing of the XI nerve and the head position. Rotation and extension move the transverse process and the posterior arch of the atlas superficially and anteriorly.", "contents": "Surgical possibilities in the third portion of the vertebral artery (above C2). Anatomical study and report of a case of anastomosis between subclavian artery and vertebral artery at C1-C2 level. A reappraisal of surgical possibilities in the third portion of the vertebral artery (VA) above C2, has been done from an anatomical study on twenty autopsy specimens. A route passing between the internal jugular vein and the Sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle allows a simple approach to the transverse process of C1. After division of two muscles attached to this process, 1.5 cm of the VA can be exposed. For larger exposure of the artery, the foramen transversarium of C1 must be unroofed and the artery dissected in the guttering of the posterior arch of the atlas. This surgical route was used in a case of aneurysmal dysplasia at the C3 level. An anastomosis between the subclavian artery and VA at the C1-C2 level was performed with an autologous saphenous vein graft. The key points are the highest possible freeing of the XI nerve and the head position. Rotation and extension move the transverse process and the posterior arch of the atlas superficially and anteriorly."}
{"id": "PMID:290168", "title": "The role of anastomoses in brain circulation.", "content": "Anastomoses in the arterial system of brain investigated on the computer model can be divided into three basic groups. Parasitical anastomoses diverting blood into affected regions and stealing it from the unaffected parts, compensating anastomoses delivering blood from extracranial sources, and redundant anastomoses protected the vital parts of the brain.", "contents": "The role of anastomoses in brain circulation. Anastomoses in the arterial system of brain investigated on the computer model can be divided into three basic groups. Parasitical anastomoses diverting blood into affected regions and stealing it from the unaffected parts, compensating anastomoses delivering blood from extracranial sources, and redundant anastomoses protected the vital parts of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:290173", "title": "Microsurgical approach to bilateral carotid artery occlusion.", "content": "Bilateral thromboses of the carotid artery present in the form of complete bilateral occlusion or in the form of unilateral occlusion associated with stenosis of the contralateral carotid artery. From our experience in a series of 20 patients extra-intracranial microanastomosis appears to be effective in both described groups.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to bilateral carotid artery occlusion. Bilateral thromboses of the carotid artery present in the form of complete bilateral occlusion or in the form of unilateral occlusion associated with stenosis of the contralateral carotid artery. From our experience in a series of 20 patients extra-intracranial microanastomosis appears to be effective in both described groups."}
{"id": "PMID:290184", "title": "Using the spectral analysis of the EEG for prognosis of severe brain injuries in the first post-traumatic week.", "content": "Fifty adult patients with severe brain injuries were examined with the EEG on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days. In 40 of these 50 cases a prognosis was given after 7 days as a result of the Fourier analysis of the EEG: 23 patients survived, 17 died. There are significant differences in the EEG's for these two groups: an increase of the absolute and relative amplitudes in the alpha and theta bands for the survivors, and a decrease or no change in the alpha and theta bands for the others, all during the first week. In 10 cases the correct prognosis could not be given: 5 patients showed spindle or alpha activity (alpha pattern coma) in the EEG; 4 cases had to be treated with barbiturates for focal seizures, and one suffered from secondary bleeding. In these cases computer tomography did not yield additional prognostic information.", "contents": "Using the spectral analysis of the EEG for prognosis of severe brain injuries in the first post-traumatic week. Fifty adult patients with severe brain injuries were examined with the EEG on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days. In 40 of these 50 cases a prognosis was given after 7 days as a result of the Fourier analysis of the EEG: 23 patients survived, 17 died. There are significant differences in the EEG's for these two groups: an increase of the absolute and relative amplitudes in the alpha and theta bands for the survivors, and a decrease or no change in the alpha and theta bands for the others, all during the first week. In 10 cases the correct prognosis could not be given: 5 patients showed spindle or alpha activity (alpha pattern coma) in the EEG; 4 cases had to be treated with barbiturates for focal seizures, and one suffered from secondary bleeding. In these cases computer tomography did not yield additional prognostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:290187", "title": "Prognostic information from EEG and ICP monitoring after severe closed head injuries in the early post-traumatic phase. A clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Neither the EEG investigations on the first post-traumatic day after severe enclosed brain injury nor evaluation of the clinical finding on the first day permit a pronosis. Measurement of intracranial pressure is necessary for monitoring of intracranial complications, but can only make a contribution to prognosis when a critical intracranial pressure is reached. There is a slight correlation between the severity of the EEG alteration and the later outcome on the second day. If an alpha EEG is found on the first day, the prognosis in all cases is not so poor as assumed by other authors.", "contents": "Prognostic information from EEG and ICP monitoring after severe closed head injuries in the early post-traumatic phase. A clinical and experimental study. Neither the EEG investigations on the first post-traumatic day after severe enclosed brain injury nor evaluation of the clinical finding on the first day permit a pronosis. Measurement of intracranial pressure is necessary for monitoring of intracranial complications, but can only make a contribution to prognosis when a critical intracranial pressure is reached. There is a slight correlation between the severity of the EEG alteration and the later outcome on the second day. If an alpha EEG is found on the first day, the prognosis in all cases is not so poor as assumed by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:290191", "title": "The prognostic value of intracranial pressure monitoring after severe head injuries.", "content": "ICP monitoring appears not to be essential for the prognosis of head injury patients, but it may be of some clinical value in association with the neurological status and other clinical data. The results of ICP measurement show that a high level in brain pressure and the poor outcome have a better correlation with one another than a lower level of brain pressure and a good recovery.", "contents": "The prognostic value of intracranial pressure monitoring after severe head injuries. ICP monitoring appears not to be essential for the prognosis of head injury patients, but it may be of some clinical value in association with the neurological status and other clinical data. The results of ICP measurement show that a high level in brain pressure and the poor outcome have a better correlation with one another than a lower level of brain pressure and a good recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:290192", "title": "Prognostic signs during continuous monitoring of the ventricular fluid pressure in patients with severe brain injury.", "content": "The presence of CSF in cases with intracranial hypertension is a favourable prognostic sign; its absence is indicative of a progressive and potentially lethal intracranial hypertension. 2. A series of characteristic changes in the absolute value of the VFP as well as in the amplitude and rate of the cerebral pulse can provide reliable evidence of the integrity of the cerebral circulation. 3. Short-lasting disappearance of the diastolic pressure towards the end of the ultimate plateau wave and subsequent significant lowering of both the systolic and diastolic pressures is an additional bad prognostic sign.", "contents": "Prognostic signs during continuous monitoring of the ventricular fluid pressure in patients with severe brain injury. The presence of CSF in cases with intracranial hypertension is a favourable prognostic sign; its absence is indicative of a progressive and potentially lethal intracranial hypertension. 2. A series of characteristic changes in the absolute value of the VFP as well as in the amplitude and rate of the cerebral pulse can provide reliable evidence of the integrity of the cerebral circulation. 3. Short-lasting disappearance of the diastolic pressure towards the end of the ultimate plateau wave and subsequent significant lowering of both the systolic and diastolic pressures is an additional bad prognostic sign."}
{"id": "PMID:290201", "title": "Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas in children.", "content": "This paper sets out the surgical difficulties and the results of treatment in 50 cases of craniopharyngiomas in children up to the age of 13. During surgery, 10 patients were in a sub-comatose state, while 4 had respiratory arrest. Two-thirds of the children under 10 were given an A-V shunt implant. Radical excisions were attempted in 20 cases but were executed in only 13. Three of these died. Separation of the upper and posterior part of the capsule from the hypothalamus had to be interrupted in seven cases. The object of the operation was the radical removal of the capsule. We failed in one-third of our cases. Tumour excision is always attempted unilaterally. When this proves impossible, a second operation is undertaken on the opposite side when the hypothalamic disturbance subsides. If repeated surgery is indicated, it is always performed on the opposite side of the primary operation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas in children. This paper sets out the surgical difficulties and the results of treatment in 50 cases of craniopharyngiomas in children up to the age of 13. During surgery, 10 patients were in a sub-comatose state, while 4 had respiratory arrest. Two-thirds of the children under 10 were given an A-V shunt implant. Radical excisions were attempted in 20 cases but were executed in only 13. Three of these died. Separation of the upper and posterior part of the capsule from the hypothalamus had to be interrupted in seven cases. The object of the operation was the radical removal of the capsule. We failed in one-third of our cases. Tumour excision is always attempted unilaterally. When this proves impossible, a second operation is undertaken on the opposite side when the hypothalamic disturbance subsides. If repeated surgery is indicated, it is always performed on the opposite side of the primary operation."}
{"id": "PMID:290204", "title": "Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas in adults.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients over the age of 21 were found to be suffering from craniopharyngiomas. According to the clinical symptoms, 8 tumours were of the juvenile type and 24 of the adult type. Thirty-four patients underwent direct surgery of the tumour. Ten were operated on unilaterally and then contra-laterally, as we were unable to remove the tumour in one go. Fifteen of the 24 adult type tumours were operated on radically, and five subtotally. Four patients were given an A-V shunt implant. The best results were obtained with subtotal excisions of adult suprasellar craniopharyngiomas.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas in adults. Thirty-eight patients over the age of 21 were found to be suffering from craniopharyngiomas. According to the clinical symptoms, 8 tumours were of the juvenile type and 24 of the adult type. Thirty-four patients underwent direct surgery of the tumour. Ten were operated on unilaterally and then contra-laterally, as we were unable to remove the tumour in one go. Fifteen of the 24 adult type tumours were operated on radically, and five subtotally. Four patients were given an A-V shunt implant. The best results were obtained with subtotal excisions of adult suprasellar craniopharyngiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:290205", "title": "CT follow-up studies in postoperative craniopharyngiomas.", "content": "Thirty patients with histologically proved craniopharyngiomas were controlled by CT after surgical excisions. Recurrence occurred in 70%. Of these tumours 33% were cystic, 30% were solid, and 12% were calcified. The ventricles were dilated in 67%, and postoperative cavities were found in 33%. The effectiveness of various forms of therapy has been monitored by CT. The purpose of our study is to investigate the value of early and long term CT scanning in craniopharyngiomas after surgical excision.", "contents": "CT follow-up studies in postoperative craniopharyngiomas. Thirty patients with histologically proved craniopharyngiomas were controlled by CT after surgical excisions. Recurrence occurred in 70%. Of these tumours 33% were cystic, 30% were solid, and 12% were calcified. The ventricles were dilated in 67%, and postoperative cavities were found in 33%. The effectiveness of various forms of therapy has been monitored by CT. The purpose of our study is to investigate the value of early and long term CT scanning in craniopharyngiomas after surgical excision."}
{"id": "PMID:290215", "title": "Microsurgical removal of large sphenoidal bone meningiomas.", "content": "At the Neurosurgical Department, University Medical Centre of Ljubljana, 10 extirpations of large meningiomas of the sphenoidal wing or tuberculum sellae were done during the period 1975-1978. Microsurgical technique, especially bipolar coagulation, made it possible to remove the tumourous mass from the cerebral tissue, cranial nerves, and arteries of the parasellar region. Out of 10 patients operated on, 2 died. The remainder, i.e. eight patients recovered. Only two showed any neurological signs.", "contents": "Microsurgical removal of large sphenoidal bone meningiomas. At the Neurosurgical Department, University Medical Centre of Ljubljana, 10 extirpations of large meningiomas of the sphenoidal wing or tuberculum sellae were done during the period 1975-1978. Microsurgical technique, especially bipolar coagulation, made it possible to remove the tumourous mass from the cerebral tissue, cranial nerves, and arteries of the parasellar region. Out of 10 patients operated on, 2 died. The remainder, i.e. eight patients recovered. Only two showed any neurological signs."}
{"id": "PMID:290224", "title": "Microsurgical approach to the parasellar region.", "content": "The anatomical structures of the parasellar region are described from the microsurgical point of view. The study was performed on 20 autopsied specimens.", "contents": "Microsurgical approach to the parasellar region. The anatomical structures of the parasellar region are described from the microsurgical point of view. The study was performed on 20 autopsied specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:290245", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension. A clinical evaluation of the CSF absorption mechanisms.", "content": "Fifteen patients suffering from Benign Intracranial Hypertension due to various causes were investigated by measuring the CSF resistance to flow, and the pressure difference between the CSF and the sagittal sinus. Isotope cisternography was also performed, and the patency of the dural sinuses was checked by both sinography and phlebography. In twelve the results confirm a defect in the resorption mechanism, the nature of which proved to be venous in six, and linked to impairment of subarachnoid villi in six others. Three patients could not be classified. The significance of normal isotope cisternography is discussed.", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension. A clinical evaluation of the CSF absorption mechanisms. Fifteen patients suffering from Benign Intracranial Hypertension due to various causes were investigated by measuring the CSF resistance to flow, and the pressure difference between the CSF and the sagittal sinus. Isotope cisternography was also performed, and the patency of the dural sinuses was checked by both sinography and phlebography. In twelve the results confirm a defect in the resorption mechanism, the nature of which proved to be venous in six, and linked to impairment of subarachnoid villi in six others. Three patients could not be classified. The significance of normal isotope cisternography is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290258", "title": "Newest ultrastructural findings after the use of a CO2-laser on CNS tissue.", "content": "The first use of a \"bloodless\" knife in neurosurgery was a real revolution in surgical technique. This innovation enables us to reach non-accessable regions of the brain with less damage to the surrounding tissue.", "contents": "Newest ultrastructural findings after the use of a CO2-laser on CNS tissue. The first use of a \"bloodless\" knife in neurosurgery was a real revolution in surgical technique. This innovation enables us to reach non-accessable regions of the brain with less damage to the surrounding tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:290259", "title": "Third ventriculostomy by microtechnique.", "content": "The microtechnical approach to third ventriculostomy is presented. Opening of the lamina terminalis and basal membrane of the floor of the third ventricle is combined with opening of the membrane of Liliequist. The technique was used in five cases of aqueductal stenosis. We stress the importance of the microscope, and opening of the membrane of Liliequist to gain additional access.", "contents": "Third ventriculostomy by microtechnique. The microtechnical approach to third ventriculostomy is presented. Opening of the lamina terminalis and basal membrane of the floor of the third ventricle is combined with opening of the membrane of Liliequist. The technique was used in five cases of aqueductal stenosis. We stress the importance of the microscope, and opening of the membrane of Liliequist to gain additional access."}
{"id": "PMID:290261", "title": "Functional and morphological motor regeneration after different periods of denervation and following microsurgical suture of the peroneal nerve. Experimental study in the rabbit.", "content": "The morphological and functional recovery of the peripheral nerve, motor endplate, and muscle has been studied in rabbits after different periods of denervation of the muscles and secondary suture of the supplying nerve, by electrophysiological (electromyography and electroneurography) and histological methods (electron microscopy, including freeze fracture techniques and histochemistry). In rabbit peroneal nerve, 10 months of denervation appears as the critical interval. Longer periods of denervation are not followed by a sufficient functional recovery.", "contents": "Functional and morphological motor regeneration after different periods of denervation and following microsurgical suture of the peroneal nerve. Experimental study in the rabbit. The morphological and functional recovery of the peripheral nerve, motor endplate, and muscle has been studied in rabbits after different periods of denervation of the muscles and secondary suture of the supplying nerve, by electrophysiological (electromyography and electroneurography) and histological methods (electron microscopy, including freeze fracture techniques and histochemistry). In rabbit peroneal nerve, 10 months of denervation appears as the critical interval. Longer periods of denervation are not followed by a sufficient functional recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:290262", "title": "Neurophysiological evaluation of microsurgically implanted grafts bridging peripheral nerve defects.", "content": "Measurement of motor and sensory conduction velocities, amplitude of M-wave and sensory nerve action potentials, and coaxial needle EMG were used to evaluate function of grafts bridging defects in median, ulnar, and radial nerves in 73 patients. The results show values only moderately lower than the normal limits.", "contents": "Neurophysiological evaluation of microsurgically implanted grafts bridging peripheral nerve defects. Measurement of motor and sensory conduction velocities, amplitude of M-wave and sensory nerve action potentials, and coaxial needle EMG were used to evaluate function of grafts bridging defects in median, ulnar, and radial nerves in 73 patients. The results show values only moderately lower than the normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:290265", "title": "Value of computed tomography for the diagnosis of arachnoid cysts and assessment of surgical treatment.", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings in 18 patients suffering from arachnoid cysts of the middle fossa (ACMF) are reported. The importance of computed tomography in diagnosis and in the assessment of surgical therapy in 15 cases is emphasized. The indication to operate upon ACMF and criteria of adequate surgical treatment are discussed. We want to point out the superiority of simple shunting procedures over craniotomies and removal of membranes.", "contents": "Value of computed tomography for the diagnosis of arachnoid cysts and assessment of surgical treatment. The clinical and radiological findings in 18 patients suffering from arachnoid cysts of the middle fossa (ACMF) are reported. The importance of computed tomography in diagnosis and in the assessment of surgical therapy in 15 cases is emphasized. The indication to operate upon ACMF and criteria of adequate surgical treatment are discussed. We want to point out the superiority of simple shunting procedures over craniotomies and removal of membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:290269", "title": "Transhepatic hormone levels in the portacaval shunted pig--the effects of arginine upon gastrin and glucagon release.", "content": "Hypergastrinemia and hyperglucagonemia follow portacaval shunt (PCS) or cirrhosis in man and experimental animals. The cause is unknown although portal diversion and hepatic dysfunction are suggested. In these studies transhepatic techniques were used to define the hepatic handling of basal and arginine-stimulated gastrin and glucagon levels in sham-operated and portacaval-shunted pigs and in a group of pair-fed sham-operated pigs. After PCS, basal gastrin levels were lower than those in sham-operated animals but were also lower in the pair-fed group, suggesting that the change resulted from partial starvation. Arginine-stimulation caused a rise in hepatic venous levels in PCS and in pair-fed pigs and in portal venous levels in sham-operated pigs. These data also suggested a response to diminished intake in PCS pigs. There was an immediate transitory rise in portal immunoreactive glucagon (Unger 30K) after PCS and a subsequent rise from the 4th postoperative day in all circulations. Arginine stimulation caused in sham-operated and PCS pigs a biphasic rise in the portal circulation and a later rise in the arterial circulation in PCS pigs. These data suggest that the effect of PCS upon gastrin levels is associated with the impaired appetite while the effect upon glucagon is the result of diversion past the liver.", "contents": "Transhepatic hormone levels in the portacaval shunted pig--the effects of arginine upon gastrin and glucagon release. Hypergastrinemia and hyperglucagonemia follow portacaval shunt (PCS) or cirrhosis in man and experimental animals. The cause is unknown although portal diversion and hepatic dysfunction are suggested. In these studies transhepatic techniques were used to define the hepatic handling of basal and arginine-stimulated gastrin and glucagon levels in sham-operated and portacaval-shunted pigs and in a group of pair-fed sham-operated pigs. After PCS, basal gastrin levels were lower than those in sham-operated animals but were also lower in the pair-fed group, suggesting that the change resulted from partial starvation. Arginine-stimulation caused a rise in hepatic venous levels in PCS and in pair-fed pigs and in portal venous levels in sham-operated pigs. These data also suggested a response to diminished intake in PCS pigs. There was an immediate transitory rise in portal immunoreactive glucagon (Unger 30K) after PCS and a subsequent rise from the 4th postoperative day in all circulations. Arginine stimulation caused in sham-operated and PCS pigs a biphasic rise in the portal circulation and a later rise in the arterial circulation in PCS pigs. These data suggest that the effect of PCS upon gastrin levels is associated with the impaired appetite while the effect upon glucagon is the result of diversion past the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:290270", "title": "Occlusion, arch dimensions, and craniofacial morphology after palatal surgery in a group of children with clefts in the secondary palate.", "content": "A mixed longitudinal study of the occlusion and arch dimensions from 4 to 11 years of age was made on fifty-five children with solitary palatal clefts. A cephalometric study was also made on thirty of these patients when they were approximately 10 years of age. The palatal closure was made by means of a modified von Langenbeck procedure at a mean age of 1 year 9 months. The frequency of cross-bite in the deciduous dentition was comparable with that in children without clefts. As in other studies, an impairment of the occlusion was seen with increasing age. The children showed retrognathic faces and the difference between the cleft children and the noncleft children was of the same magnitude as in other studies. It was found that the arch dimensions and the craniofacial morphology were influenced by the size of the cleft, while the occlusion was not. The craniofacial morphology in the present investigation was comparable to that in other studies where a push-back technique had been used, but the frequency of cross-bite was lower. Thus, it would appear that the type of surgery influences the occlusion more than it affects the craniofacial morphology.", "contents": "Occlusion, arch dimensions, and craniofacial morphology after palatal surgery in a group of children with clefts in the secondary palate. A mixed longitudinal study of the occlusion and arch dimensions from 4 to 11 years of age was made on fifty-five children with solitary palatal clefts. A cephalometric study was also made on thirty of these patients when they were approximately 10 years of age. The palatal closure was made by means of a modified von Langenbeck procedure at a mean age of 1 year 9 months. The frequency of cross-bite in the deciduous dentition was comparable with that in children without clefts. As in other studies, an impairment of the occlusion was seen with increasing age. The children showed retrognathic faces and the difference between the cleft children and the noncleft children was of the same magnitude as in other studies. It was found that the arch dimensions and the craniofacial morphology were influenced by the size of the cleft, while the occlusion was not. The craniofacial morphology in the present investigation was comparable to that in other studies where a push-back technique had been used, but the frequency of cross-bite was lower. Thus, it would appear that the type of surgery influences the occlusion more than it affects the craniofacial morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:290271", "title": "A cephalometric study of sexual dimorphism.", "content": "In general, female cranial dimensions are smaller than the corresponding dimensions in the male. The pattern of craniofacial morphology in males and females appears to be identical except in posterior facial height. In general, male skulls are 8.5 percent larger than female skulls.", "contents": "A cephalometric study of sexual dimorphism. In general, female cranial dimensions are smaller than the corresponding dimensions in the male. The pattern of craniofacial morphology in males and females appears to be identical except in posterior facial height. In general, male skulls are 8.5 percent larger than female skulls."}
{"id": "PMID:290272", "title": "May Johnny or Janie play the clarinet? The Eastman Study: a report on the orthodontic evaluations of college-level and professional musicians who play brass and woodwind instruments.", "content": "It is apparent from the findings in this study that although there are some significant differences in the incidence of certain pertinent oral and facial entities between some wind-instrument musicians and their counterpart controls, among mature persons, there is no reason to categorically prohibit all persons with potential malocclusions from studying music. On the other hand, it could be folly to permit any or all instrument pursuits without an extensive, complete, thorough orthodontic analysis. Each case must be counseled on its own merits. In addition, each orthodontically treated patient must be observed closely in the posttreatment retention phase, which should probably be much longer than usual, with particular attention devoted to prevention of lingual collapse or retroclination of the mandibular anterior teeth.", "contents": "May Johnny or Janie play the clarinet? The Eastman Study: a report on the orthodontic evaluations of college-level and professional musicians who play brass and woodwind instruments. It is apparent from the findings in this study that although there are some significant differences in the incidence of certain pertinent oral and facial entities between some wind-instrument musicians and their counterpart controls, among mature persons, there is no reason to categorically prohibit all persons with potential malocclusions from studying music. On the other hand, it could be folly to permit any or all instrument pursuits without an extensive, complete, thorough orthodontic analysis. Each case must be counseled on its own merits. In addition, each orthodontically treated patient must be observed closely in the posttreatment retention phase, which should probably be much longer than usual, with particular attention devoted to prevention of lingual collapse or retroclination of the mandibular anterior teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:290274", "title": "Traction--a surgical/orthodontic procedure.", "content": "Maxillary crowding may cause failure of eruption of the canine. The teeth so displaced are directed buccally or palatally. In both cases, surgical intervention is indicated after space has been made in the arch. Palatally displaced canines are treated by surgical excision of palatal mucosa to promote eruption. Wide excision is indicated to prevent the healing process from covering the exposed tooth crown. Because of the anatomy of the buccal mucosa, however, surgical excision of the crowns of buccally displaced canine frequently results in periodontal problems. An alternative technique is therefore presented; this involves the surgical exposure of the crowns of buccally displaced teeth to allow the attachment of a wire traction hook. The crown is then recovered. The traction hook provides a point of attachment, so that orthodontic forces may be applied to the unerupted tooth to guide its eruption. The preservation of the mucosal flap ensures a normal epithelial attachment develops on the buccal surface of the tooth, and the normal gingival anatomy of the buccal mucosa is maintained. The procedure may also be used in cases where upper incisors have been prevented from erupting because of the presence of supernumerary teeth. Even after surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth, the permanent incisors often fail to erupt. In such cases, the placement of traction hooks will enable the orthodontist to bring the unerupted teeth into their correct positions in the arch.", "contents": "Traction--a surgical/orthodontic procedure. Maxillary crowding may cause failure of eruption of the canine. The teeth so displaced are directed buccally or palatally. In both cases, surgical intervention is indicated after space has been made in the arch. Palatally displaced canines are treated by surgical excision of palatal mucosa to promote eruption. Wide excision is indicated to prevent the healing process from covering the exposed tooth crown. Because of the anatomy of the buccal mucosa, however, surgical excision of the crowns of buccally displaced canine frequently results in periodontal problems. An alternative technique is therefore presented; this involves the surgical exposure of the crowns of buccally displaced teeth to allow the attachment of a wire traction hook. The crown is then recovered. The traction hook provides a point of attachment, so that orthodontic forces may be applied to the unerupted tooth to guide its eruption. The preservation of the mucosal flap ensures a normal epithelial attachment develops on the buccal surface of the tooth, and the normal gingival anatomy of the buccal mucosa is maintained. The procedure may also be used in cases where upper incisors have been prevented from erupting because of the presence of supernumerary teeth. Even after surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth, the permanent incisors often fail to erupt. In such cases, the placement of traction hooks will enable the orthodontist to bring the unerupted teeth into their correct positions in the arch."}
{"id": "PMID:290275", "title": "Prediction of lower canine and premolar widths in the mixed dentition.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether, with multiple regression analysis, a more accurate method than is now available for predicting the widths of unerupted mandibular canines and premolars of mixed-dentition patients could be developed. Regression analyses were performed on data derived from 83 Caucasian subjects (42 males and 41 females) who participated in the Iowa Growth Study. Measurements were taken on plaster casts of the mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars. Measurements of the mandibular canines, premolars, and first molars were obtained from periapical radiographs taken with a long-cone technique. Newly developed regression equations for each sex had the highest correlation coefficients and smallest absolute errors of estimate when compared to previously published methods. The new equations and previous prediction methods were tested on a sample of 55 orthodontic patients (23 males and 32 females). The newly developed equations were also the most accurate method of prediction in the orthodontic patient sample.", "contents": "Prediction of lower canine and premolar widths in the mixed dentition. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether, with multiple regression analysis, a more accurate method than is now available for predicting the widths of unerupted mandibular canines and premolars of mixed-dentition patients could be developed. Regression analyses were performed on data derived from 83 Caucasian subjects (42 males and 41 females) who participated in the Iowa Growth Study. Measurements were taken on plaster casts of the mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars. Measurements of the mandibular canines, premolars, and first molars were obtained from periapical radiographs taken with a long-cone technique. Newly developed regression equations for each sex had the highest correlation coefficients and smallest absolute errors of estimate when compared to previously published methods. The new equations and previous prediction methods were tested on a sample of 55 orthodontic patients (23 males and 32 females). The newly developed equations were also the most accurate method of prediction in the orthodontic patient sample."}
{"id": "PMID:290277", "title": "Circadian periodicity of the cell kinetics of rat molar periodontal ligament.", "content": "Circadian periodicity of DNA synthesis (S) phase and mitosis over a complete 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle was studied in rat molar periodontal ligament (PDL) with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Maximum percent labeled cells was at 10 A.M. in all regions, and mean labeling (24-hour average) was 1.44, 0.93, and 1.46 percent for the crest, midroot, and apical areas of the PDL, respectively. Maximum percent mitotic figures were also at 10 A.M. in all areas studied, and the mean number of mitoses averaged over 24 hours was 0.19, 0.12, and 0.14, respectively for crest, midroot, and apical areas. Ratios of mean labeling and mitotic indices were 7.58, 7.75, and 10.43 from crest to apex. Duration of mitosis and S phase were estimated at 1.2 and 9 hours, respectively. Analysis of data suggested that stress/strain within the PDL, associated with masticatory function, has a regional influence on duration of S phase, mitotic rate, and percentage of cells in the S phase. These results help define an in vivo experimental model for assessing the PDL cellular response to biomechanically defined force systems. Clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Circadian periodicity of the cell kinetics of rat molar periodontal ligament. Circadian periodicity of DNA synthesis (S) phase and mitosis over a complete 12-hour light/12-hour dark cycle was studied in rat molar periodontal ligament (PDL) with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. Maximum percent labeled cells was at 10 A.M. in all regions, and mean labeling (24-hour average) was 1.44, 0.93, and 1.46 percent for the crest, midroot, and apical areas of the PDL, respectively. Maximum percent mitotic figures were also at 10 A.M. in all areas studied, and the mean number of mitoses averaged over 24 hours was 0.19, 0.12, and 0.14, respectively for crest, midroot, and apical areas. Ratios of mean labeling and mitotic indices were 7.58, 7.75, and 10.43 from crest to apex. Duration of mitosis and S phase were estimated at 1.2 and 9 hours, respectively. Analysis of data suggested that stress/strain within the PDL, associated with masticatory function, has a regional influence on duration of S phase, mitotic rate, and percentage of cells in the S phase. These results help define an in vivo experimental model for assessing the PDL cellular response to biomechanically defined force systems. Clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290278", "title": "Use of an incisor diagnostic triangle for evaluating incisor positions relative to the APo line.", "content": "Angular values of the upper and lower incisors to the APo line were measured in a sample of fifty subjects with clinically acceptable occlusions, ranging from 10 to 14 years of age. Correlations were high between both upper and lower incisor angulations to the APo line and the interincisal angle. The correlation was low between the upper incisor angulations to the APo line and the lower incisor angulations to the APo line. An incisor diagnostic triangle was introduced. This is made up of the interincisal angle and the intersection of the long axes of the upper and lower incisors to the APo line. Incisor diagnostic templates were introduced and their uses as diagnostic and visual aids were enumerated. These templates were constructed by using an idealized linear position of the tip of the lower incisors on the APo line, the upper incisor angulation to the APo line, and the interincisal angle. By relating both incisors to the APo line and to each other through the interincisal angle, the orthodontist is provided with a simple, specific diagnostic aid. The incisors are positioned in relation to a skeletal reference line (APo) which is more intimately associated with the patient's facial profile than more distant skeletal reference lines or planes, such as sella-nasion, Frankfort horizontal, or the mandibular plane.", "contents": "Use of an incisor diagnostic triangle for evaluating incisor positions relative to the APo line. Angular values of the upper and lower incisors to the APo line were measured in a sample of fifty subjects with clinically acceptable occlusions, ranging from 10 to 14 years of age. Correlations were high between both upper and lower incisor angulations to the APo line and the interincisal angle. The correlation was low between the upper incisor angulations to the APo line and the lower incisor angulations to the APo line. An incisor diagnostic triangle was introduced. This is made up of the interincisal angle and the intersection of the long axes of the upper and lower incisors to the APo line. Incisor diagnostic templates were introduced and their uses as diagnostic and visual aids were enumerated. These templates were constructed by using an idealized linear position of the tip of the lower incisors on the APo line, the upper incisor angulation to the APo line, and the interincisal angle. By relating both incisors to the APo line and to each other through the interincisal angle, the orthodontist is provided with a simple, specific diagnostic aid. The incisors are positioned in relation to a skeletal reference line (APo) which is more intimately associated with the patient's facial profile than more distant skeletal reference lines or planes, such as sella-nasion, Frankfort horizontal, or the mandibular plane."}
{"id": "PMID:290281", "title": "The human chin and its relationship to mandibular morphology.", "content": "This study evaluated the proportion of the external chin (protuberantia mentalia) in relation to the total symphyseal area in normal jaws and those with a diverse morphology. A sample of 60 cases was randomly selected and divided into three groups of 20 each on the basis of normal growth, horizontal growth and vertical growth with an open bite. Tracings of lateral dn frontal radiographs were used to describe general mandibular form and to determine the percentage of external/total symphyseal area. Dental casts were also examined to determine a basal arch form ratio. The results of this study indicate that the amount of bony chin present is related to certain morphologic features of the mandible. The most significant findings illustrate: 1. The chin increases in size as the mandibular type varies from a vertical type, to a normal type, to a horizontal type of growth pattern. 2. With dental \"hypofunction\" in combination with an exaggerated vertical development of the mandible, a smaller proportion of the protruding chin is present. 3. The chin increases in size as the mandibular basal arch form varies from a tapered shape for the vertical cases to a more square form in the horizontal cases. 4. The degree of lateral ramal flair does not appear to influence the proportion of protruding chin present. Several models have been presented which attempt to explain protuberantia mentalia variation. The evidence in this study supports the concept that mandibular morphology is the result of the action of compensative adaption in a developing structure. There appears to be an implied polygenic influence on symphyseal morphology operating from the cartilaginous cranial base and mandibular basilar bone. This may be manifested in the relative proportion of mandibular basal bone to cranial base width, and to the vector of cranial base growth. The ultimate proportion of the bony chin is viewed to be the result of mandibular adaption to a functional musculoskeletal balance in the craniofacial complex. The extreme variability of chin form in man may be considered to be the result of compensative growth developing in response to the most structurally efficient jaw form, the contiguous soft and hard tissue environment, and the intrinsic genotype of the mandible.", "contents": "The human chin and its relationship to mandibular morphology. This study evaluated the proportion of the external chin (protuberantia mentalia) in relation to the total symphyseal area in normal jaws and those with a diverse morphology. A sample of 60 cases was randomly selected and divided into three groups of 20 each on the basis of normal growth, horizontal growth and vertical growth with an open bite. Tracings of lateral dn frontal radiographs were used to describe general mandibular form and to determine the percentage of external/total symphyseal area. Dental casts were also examined to determine a basal arch form ratio. The results of this study indicate that the amount of bony chin present is related to certain morphologic features of the mandible. The most significant findings illustrate: 1. The chin increases in size as the mandibular type varies from a vertical type, to a normal type, to a horizontal type of growth pattern. 2. With dental \"hypofunction\" in combination with an exaggerated vertical development of the mandible, a smaller proportion of the protruding chin is present. 3. The chin increases in size as the mandibular basal arch form varies from a tapered shape for the vertical cases to a more square form in the horizontal cases. 4. The degree of lateral ramal flair does not appear to influence the proportion of protruding chin present. Several models have been presented which attempt to explain protuberantia mentalia variation. The evidence in this study supports the concept that mandibular morphology is the result of the action of compensative adaption in a developing structure. There appears to be an implied polygenic influence on symphyseal morphology operating from the cartilaginous cranial base and mandibular basilar bone. This may be manifested in the relative proportion of mandibular basal bone to cranial base width, and to the vector of cranial base growth. The ultimate proportion of the bony chin is viewed to be the result of mandibular adaption to a functional musculoskeletal balance in the craniofacial complex. The extreme variability of chin form in man may be considered to be the result of compensative growth developing in response to the most structurally efficient jaw form, the contiguous soft and hard tissue environment, and the intrinsic genotype of the mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:290286", "title": "Tooth migration subsequent to surgical treatment of mandibular protrusion.", "content": "Changes of the dental arch dimensions after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism are very limited. Except for a decrease of the mandibular intercanine width, an increase of the mandibular intermolar width, and a decrease of the maxillary dental arch length, the dentition remains remarkably stable. It thus seems that the changed function postoperatively does not result in great changes in the position of the teeth within the jaws.", "contents": "Tooth migration subsequent to surgical treatment of mandibular protrusion. Changes of the dental arch dimensions after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism are very limited. Except for a decrease of the mandibular intercanine width, an increase of the mandibular intermolar width, and a decrease of the maxillary dental arch length, the dentition remains remarkably stable. It thus seems that the changed function postoperatively does not result in great changes in the position of the teeth within the jaws."}
{"id": "PMID:290287", "title": "Remodelling of collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament and the supra-alveolar region.", "content": "Although the rate of turnover of collagen in the periodontal ligament may be somewhat higher than in the gingiva, it is doubtful whether this is the only factor that may explain why rearrangement of collagen fibers in the ligament occurs much more rapidly than in the supra-alveolar region under certain experimental conditions. It may well be that there are other factors that determine the ability of the periodontal tissues to rearrange themselves. On the basis of the distribution pattern of collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts and the pattern of incorporation of 3H-proline it seems that turnover of collagen, at least in the periodontal ligament is evenly distributed across the width of the tissue. However, local variations in the presence of cells containing intracellular collagen fibrils may occur, as indicated by the observation that a relatively high concentration of ingested collagen fibrils is seen in fibroblasts in the direct vicinity of osteoclasts. It is suggested that coordinated action of fibroblasts and osteoclasts near the alveolar bone surface may represent part of a local mechanism through which rapid remodelling of certain areas in the periodontal ligament may be accomplished.", "contents": "Remodelling of collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament and the supra-alveolar region. Although the rate of turnover of collagen in the periodontal ligament may be somewhat higher than in the gingiva, it is doubtful whether this is the only factor that may explain why rearrangement of collagen fibers in the ligament occurs much more rapidly than in the supra-alveolar region under certain experimental conditions. It may well be that there are other factors that determine the ability of the periodontal tissues to rearrange themselves. On the basis of the distribution pattern of collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts and the pattern of incorporation of 3H-proline it seems that turnover of collagen, at least in the periodontal ligament is evenly distributed across the width of the tissue. However, local variations in the presence of cells containing intracellular collagen fibrils may occur, as indicated by the observation that a relatively high concentration of ingested collagen fibrils is seen in fibroblasts in the direct vicinity of osteoclasts. It is suggested that coordinated action of fibroblasts and osteoclasts near the alveolar bone surface may represent part of a local mechanism through which rapid remodelling of certain areas in the periodontal ligament may be accomplished."}
{"id": "PMID:290288", "title": "[Leukemia and hypercalcemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of childhood leukemia with hypercalcemia are reported. In the first case who died by acute granulocytic leukemia, autopsy showed a generalized calcinosis. The other case was an acute lymphocitic leukemia with hypercalcemia and destructive lessions of bones with pathologic fractures. Response to chemotherapy was good. Literature about mechanismes which can induce hypercalcemia in malignancy is reviewed.", "contents": "[Leukemia and hypercalcemia (author's transl)]. Two cases of childhood leukemia with hypercalcemia are reported. In the first case who died by acute granulocytic leukemia, autopsy showed a generalized calcinosis. The other case was an acute lymphocitic leukemia with hypercalcemia and destructive lessions of bones with pathologic fractures. Response to chemotherapy was good. Literature about mechanismes which can induce hypercalcemia in malignancy is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:290324", "title": "Manpower for health services with special regard to primary health care.", "content": "The World Health Organization recently reoriented its HMD program. Its aim is to collaborate with the 150 member states in their efforts to make the HMD process (planning, \"production,\" management of health personnal) relevant to the needs of well planned health services. On the basis of this principle, properly planned PHC services should be manned by health teams in which each member is responsible for, and prepared to carry out, certain well-defined tasks to cover primary preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative health needs of the entire population. After an overview of the present situation and solutions which are often largely medically biased, a logical approach is proposed. On the basis of a functional analysis, job patterns should be defined for each worker in the PHC team on the principle that all health activities should be undertaken at the most peripheral level of the health activities as is practicable, by the workers most suitably, and not most highly, trained to carry out those activities. Health manpower plans should then be translated into training programs to help the learners to prepare themselves, and motivate them, to meet the challenges of PHC. Proper management of PHC teams is equally important to ensure both job satisfaction of team members and \"consumer\" satisfaction and improvement of health status for the people.", "contents": "Manpower for health services with special regard to primary health care. The World Health Organization recently reoriented its HMD program. Its aim is to collaborate with the 150 member states in their efforts to make the HMD process (planning, \"production,\" management of health personnal) relevant to the needs of well planned health services. On the basis of this principle, properly planned PHC services should be manned by health teams in which each member is responsible for, and prepared to carry out, certain well-defined tasks to cover primary preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative health needs of the entire population. After an overview of the present situation and solutions which are often largely medically biased, a logical approach is proposed. On the basis of a functional analysis, job patterns should be defined for each worker in the PHC team on the principle that all health activities should be undertaken at the most peripheral level of the health activities as is practicable, by the workers most suitably, and not most highly, trained to carry out those activities. Health manpower plans should then be translated into training programs to help the learners to prepare themselves, and motivate them, to meet the challenges of PHC. Proper management of PHC teams is equally important to ensure both job satisfaction of team members and \"consumer\" satisfaction and improvement of health status for the people."}
{"id": "PMID:290327", "title": "Primary care: contributions of nursing personnel.", "content": "The planning of primary care services should not represent singular attention on one provider group to the exclusion of others. Rather the principal focus should be on the development of a national system of interdependent health care roles with viable mechanisms for communication and collaboration among providers. However, when recommendations and plans for such systems are considered it is important to remember that though all the data are not in, those available, some of which have been cited, offer compelling support for the view that more appropriate and less costly primary care services can be provided by thoughtfully constructed inter-disciplinary systems in which nurse practitioners have key roles in the provision of primary care and in planning and evaluating services. It is further suggested that not only will nurses so prepared be able to offer a broader range of services themselves, but they will be in a stronger position to work effectively with nonprofessional personnel.", "contents": "Primary care: contributions of nursing personnel. The planning of primary care services should not represent singular attention on one provider group to the exclusion of others. Rather the principal focus should be on the development of a national system of interdependent health care roles with viable mechanisms for communication and collaboration among providers. However, when recommendations and plans for such systems are considered it is important to remember that though all the data are not in, those available, some of which have been cited, offer compelling support for the view that more appropriate and less costly primary care services can be provided by thoughtfully constructed inter-disciplinary systems in which nurse practitioners have key roles in the provision of primary care and in planning and evaluating services. It is further suggested that not only will nurses so prepared be able to offer a broader range of services themselves, but they will be in a stronger position to work effectively with nonprofessional personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:290330", "title": "Medical education for primary care.", "content": "Teaching primary care is an important, but as yet, incompletely fulfilled responsibility of medical schools. The current surge of interest will not provide the needed personnel if primary care is defined too broadly, and if it is made everybody's business, but nobody's in particular. Primary care must not neglect first-contact care; it must be taught by an independent department which itself practices the full range of primary care services in settings which exemplify such care and which exhibit a team approach. It may be useful to consider a special track leading to primary care which differs from preparation for specialist care.", "contents": "Medical education for primary care. Teaching primary care is an important, but as yet, incompletely fulfilled responsibility of medical schools. The current surge of interest will not provide the needed personnel if primary care is defined too broadly, and if it is made everybody's business, but nobody's in particular. Primary care must not neglect first-contact care; it must be taught by an independent department which itself practices the full range of primary care services in settings which exemplify such care and which exhibit a team approach. It may be useful to consider a special track leading to primary care which differs from preparation for specialist care."}
{"id": "PMID:290349", "title": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum, ovarian carcinoma treated with Melphalan and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia: report of one case and literature review (author's transl)].", "content": "A 67-year-old woman suffered from an ovarian carcinoma with lymph nodes metastasis. During 3 years, she was treated with alkylating agents (Melphalan). At the end of therapy, no recurrence was observed. Two years later, she developed concomitantly pyoderma gangrenosum and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Death occurred rapidly. The association between pyoderma gangrenosum and acute leukaemia is discussed in the light of 16 cases previously reported in the literature. In this case, an induction of leukaemia by cytostatic drugs seems likely. The authors conclude that pyoderma gangrenosum may be considered as a cutaneous signs of acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[Pyoderma gangrenosum, ovarian carcinoma treated with Melphalan and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia: report of one case and literature review (author's transl)]. A 67-year-old woman suffered from an ovarian carcinoma with lymph nodes metastasis. During 3 years, she was treated with alkylating agents (Melphalan). At the end of therapy, no recurrence was observed. Two years later, she developed concomitantly pyoderma gangrenosum and acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Death occurred rapidly. The association between pyoderma gangrenosum and acute leukaemia is discussed in the light of 16 cases previously reported in the literature. In this case, an induction of leukaemia by cytostatic drugs seems likely. The authors conclude that pyoderma gangrenosum may be considered as a cutaneous signs of acute leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:290351", "title": "Development of resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae infecting a human.", "content": "Candida lusitaniae associated with infection in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia developed resistance to amphotericin B during systemic treatment of the patient. The organism, when isolated initially, was inhibited by 0.31 mug of amphotericin B per ml in yeast nitrogen base agar, but when isolated (20 days later) just antemortem and postmortem, required 100 and 50 mug/ml, respectively, for complete inhibition at 48 h.", "contents": "Development of resistance to amphotericin B in Candida lusitaniae infecting a human. Candida lusitaniae associated with infection in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia developed resistance to amphotericin B during systemic treatment of the patient. The organism, when isolated initially, was inhibited by 0.31 mug of amphotericin B per ml in yeast nitrogen base agar, but when isolated (20 days later) just antemortem and postmortem, required 100 and 50 mug/ml, respectively, for complete inhibition at 48 h."}
{"id": "PMID:290352", "title": "Effective treatment for rhinopulmonary mucormycosis in a boy with leukaemia.", "content": "Lymphoblastic leukaemia in a 3-year-old child was complicated by rhinopulmonary mucormycosis. This was successfully treated by surgical resection of the nasal mass, pulmonary lobectomy, combined with amphotericin.", "contents": "Effective treatment for rhinopulmonary mucormycosis in a boy with leukaemia. Lymphoblastic leukaemia in a 3-year-old child was complicated by rhinopulmonary mucormycosis. This was successfully treated by surgical resection of the nasal mass, pulmonary lobectomy, combined with amphotericin."}
{"id": "PMID:290353", "title": "Effect of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and associated immune responses in rabbits. III: Reduction of the monoarticular arthritis.", "content": "Treatment of rabbits with D-penicillamine at doses up to 30 mg/kg, beginning either before or after the onset of antigen-induced experimental arthritis, diminished the severity of the inflammatory synovitis in a considerable proportion of animals as judged by both external joint measurements and terminal histopathological assessment. D-penicillamine treatment had no effect on serum haptoglobin concentration, haemoglobin concentration, or platelet count. The venous blood white cell count was raised when D-penicillamine treatment was started before immunisation but not when treatment began after the onset of arthritis. A transient loss of appetite was observed in animals starting D-penicillamine treatment.", "contents": "Effect of oral D-penicillamine treatment on experimental arthritis and associated immune responses in rabbits. III: Reduction of the monoarticular arthritis. Treatment of rabbits with D-penicillamine at doses up to 30 mg/kg, beginning either before or after the onset of antigen-induced experimental arthritis, diminished the severity of the inflammatory synovitis in a considerable proportion of animals as judged by both external joint measurements and terminal histopathological assessment. D-penicillamine treatment had no effect on serum haptoglobin concentration, haemoglobin concentration, or platelet count. The venous blood white cell count was raised when D-penicillamine treatment was started before immunisation but not when treatment began after the onset of arthritis. A transient loss of appetite was observed in animals starting D-penicillamine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:290355", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy study on Burkitt-like leukemia.", "content": "A young patient had Burkitt-like leukemia. The diagnosis was based on the presence of numerous vacuoles observed with the light microscope and confirmed by the finding of large lipid droplets and abundant ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the leukemic cells, seen with the transmission electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope examination of the leukemic cells showed the presence of a smaller number of microvilli and ruffles on the cell surface, which distinguished these cells from the blasts of other types of leukemia.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy study on Burkitt-like leukemia. A young patient had Burkitt-like leukemia. The diagnosis was based on the presence of numerous vacuoles observed with the light microscope and confirmed by the finding of large lipid droplets and abundant ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the leukemic cells, seen with the transmission electron microscope. Scanning electron microscope examination of the leukemic cells showed the presence of a smaller number of microvilli and ruffles on the cell surface, which distinguished these cells from the blasts of other types of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:290381", "title": "Cutaneous acute myeloblastic leukaemia and squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A patient developed a cutaneous deposit of leukaemic cells within a squamous cell carcinoma as the first presentation of acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "Cutaneous acute myeloblastic leukaemia and squamous cell carcinoma. A patient developed a cutaneous deposit of leukaemic cells within a squamous cell carcinoma as the first presentation of acute myeloblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:290382", "title": "Ocular complications in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "Three cases of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia are reported, all presenting to the ophthalmologist first. They all had ocular complications due either to direct involvement of the orbital bones or to secondary complications. Sphenoidal mucocele is added to the other complications previously reported, and accordingly a classification of the various ways that fibrous dysplasia can affect the ocular structures is proposed.", "contents": "Ocular complications in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Three cases of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia are reported, all presenting to the ophthalmologist first. They all had ocular complications due either to direct involvement of the orbital bones or to secondary complications. Sphenoidal mucocele is added to the other complications previously reported, and accordingly a classification of the various ways that fibrous dysplasia can affect the ocular structures is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:290396", "title": "Differentiation-associated changes in membrane proteins of mouse myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "The mouse myeloid leukemia cell line (M1) is known to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes upon treatment with various inducers including mouse ascitic fluid. Changes of cell surface proteins during differentiation of M1 cells were analyzed by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination method and SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Treatment of the cells with ascitic fluid changed the electrophoretic pattern of the iodinated proteins, the prominent change being the appearance of a new protein with a molecular weight of 180 000 (P180). Iodinated P180 was also detected in normal macrophages in granulocytes, which are similar to differentiated M1 cells. This protein was metabolically labeled with L-[14C]fucose, increasing with the period of the treatment. P180 was not expressed on ascitic fluid-treatment of a resistant clone of M1 cells that could not be induced to differentiate. These results indicate that P180 is a glycoprotein that is exposed on the outer surface of differentiated M1 cells, and that its expression is associated with differentiation of the cells. P180 was solubilized from 125I-labeled macrophages with detergents bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. This suggests that P180 is one of the receptors for concanavalin A. Therefore, P180 may contribute partly to the increases in agglutinability by concanavalin A and in the number of concanavalin A binding sites on the surface of M1 cells, which are known to be associated with differentiation of M1 cells.", "contents": "Differentiation-associated changes in membrane proteins of mouse myeloid leukemia cells. The mouse myeloid leukemia cell line (M1) is known to differentiate in vitro into macrophages and granulocytes upon treatment with various inducers including mouse ascitic fluid. Changes of cell surface proteins during differentiation of M1 cells were analyzed by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination method and SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Treatment of the cells with ascitic fluid changed the electrophoretic pattern of the iodinated proteins, the prominent change being the appearance of a new protein with a molecular weight of 180 000 (P180). Iodinated P180 was also detected in normal macrophages in granulocytes, which are similar to differentiated M1 cells. This protein was metabolically labeled with L-[14C]fucose, increasing with the period of the treatment. P180 was not expressed on ascitic fluid-treatment of a resistant clone of M1 cells that could not be induced to differentiate. These results indicate that P180 is a glycoprotein that is exposed on the outer surface of differentiated M1 cells, and that its expression is associated with differentiation of the cells. P180 was solubilized from 125I-labeled macrophages with detergents bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. This suggests that P180 is one of the receptors for concanavalin A. Therefore, P180 may contribute partly to the increases in agglutinability by concanavalin A and in the number of concanavalin A binding sites on the surface of M1 cells, which are known to be associated with differentiation of M1 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:290404", "title": "On the occurrence of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain.", "content": "A quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been used to determine 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in the CNS and pineal gland of various species. The mean +/- S.D. levels of 5-MT in sheep, pig and cow pineal glands was 545 +/- 180, 228 +/- 119 and 117 +/- 48 pmol/g, respectively. The postmortem levels of 5-MT in the pig pineal gland was stable for 2 h after death but decreased by more than 90% 24 h after death. In the CNS, 5-MT was found only in the sheep hypothalamus (28 +/- 4 pmol/g). Analysis of the rat pineal gland and CNS failed to detect any 5-MT at the limit of sensitivity of the method which is at variance with previously reported results.", "contents": "On the occurrence of 5-methoxytryptamine in brain. A quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method has been used to determine 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) in the CNS and pineal gland of various species. The mean +/- S.D. levels of 5-MT in sheep, pig and cow pineal glands was 545 +/- 180, 228 +/- 119 and 117 +/- 48 pmol/g, respectively. The postmortem levels of 5-MT in the pig pineal gland was stable for 2 h after death but decreased by more than 90% 24 h after death. In the CNS, 5-MT was found only in the sheep hypothalamus (28 +/- 4 pmol/g). Analysis of the rat pineal gland and CNS failed to detect any 5-MT at the limit of sensitivity of the method which is at variance with previously reported results."}
{"id": "PMID:290406", "title": "The \"D circle\": closed-circuit operation of the Bain circuit.", "content": "A method of converting a Mapleson D (Bain) circuit to closed-circuit operation is presented, utilizing a laboratory air pump and a Waters carbon dioxide absorber canister to recirculate exhaled gas. The elimination of carbon dioxide from the circuit was studied and found to be adequate. The circuit would allow the use of low fresh gas flows for the maintenance of anaesthesia without the danger of carbon dioxide rebreathing. We suggest that such a circuit could provide appropriate conditions of gas humidity and temperature for endotracheal anaesthesia, while realizing the advantage of a circulator in mask anaesthesia is possible. Further design considerations for a \"D circle\" breathing system for clinical use are discussed.", "contents": "The \"D circle\": closed-circuit operation of the Bain circuit. A method of converting a Mapleson D (Bain) circuit to closed-circuit operation is presented, utilizing a laboratory air pump and a Waters carbon dioxide absorber canister to recirculate exhaled gas. The elimination of carbon dioxide from the circuit was studied and found to be adequate. The circuit would allow the use of low fresh gas flows for the maintenance of anaesthesia without the danger of carbon dioxide rebreathing. We suggest that such a circuit could provide appropriate conditions of gas humidity and temperature for endotracheal anaesthesia, while realizing the advantage of a circulator in mask anaesthesia is possible. Further design considerations for a \"D circle\" breathing system for clinical use are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290409", "title": "The transcript from a DNA puff of Rhynchosciara and its migration to the cytoplasm.", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of 3H-RNA obtained from the proximal sections of Rhynchosciara salivary glands at two distinct developmental periods, one characterized by the presence and the other by the absence of the giant B-2 DNA puff, revealed that the appearance of a 14S poly(A)+ RNA is correlated with the opening of this puff. That this RNA species is transcribed from this puff is indicated by the fact that it is found in RNA extracted from B-2 puffs obtained by microdissection. This confirmed by the specific hybridization of the 14S poly(A)+ RNA to the B-2 locus. Our data indicate that the polyadenylation process takes place at the chromosome level, and that the nuclear sap is not an important compartment in the transport of polyadenylated RNA from the chromosome to the cytoplasm. The kinetics of migration of the 14S species to the cytoplasm were studied; the data indicate that this process is very rapid and, in addition, that the 14S RNA is unstable.", "contents": "The transcript from a DNA puff of Rhynchosciara and its migration to the cytoplasm. Electrophoretic analysis of 3H-RNA obtained from the proximal sections of Rhynchosciara salivary glands at two distinct developmental periods, one characterized by the presence and the other by the absence of the giant B-2 DNA puff, revealed that the appearance of a 14S poly(A)+ RNA is correlated with the opening of this puff. That this RNA species is transcribed from this puff is indicated by the fact that it is found in RNA extracted from B-2 puffs obtained by microdissection. This confirmed by the specific hybridization of the 14S poly(A)+ RNA to the B-2 locus. Our data indicate that the polyadenylation process takes place at the chromosome level, and that the nuclear sap is not an important compartment in the transport of polyadenylated RNA from the chromosome to the cytoplasm. The kinetics of migration of the 14S species to the cytoplasm were studied; the data indicate that this process is very rapid and, in addition, that the 14S RNA is unstable."}
{"id": "PMID:290410", "title": "Characterization of active transcription units in Balbiani rings of Chironomus tentans.", "content": "Specific active transcription units on chromosome IV in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans have been visualized by the Miller spreading technique and in situ by conventional electron microscopy. These units are likely to be located in the two most conspicuous puffs on chromosome IV, Balbiani ring 1 (BR 1) and Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2). The transcription units in these Balbiani rings generate 75S RNA molecules constituting putative messenger RNA species for the predominant cellular product, the salivary polypeptides. Solitary active transcription units with a mean length of 7.7 micron were observed most frequently. The lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibers of each unit formed a single length gradient. The number of fibers per unit was 123 (+/- 24), or about 16 growing RNP fibers per micron of chromosome fiber. The considerable variation in the number of RNP fibers per unit suggests that transcription can be modulated at the level of the individual gene. The modulation is probably achieved via the initiation event and/or via an early pretermination step, but a change in the elongation rate could not be excluded. The number of polymerases starting to traverse the whole gene was estimated to be six per min and transcription unit, and the rate of RNA chain elongation was calculated to be 31 nucleotides per second at 18 degrees C. The properties of the chromosome fiber within the active 75S RNA units and also within their vicinity were studied in the Miller spreads. The inactive chromosome fiber exhibited a uniform beaded conformation, while the active fiber was sparsely and irregularly beaded. Furthermore, the chromosome fiber was more extended in the active 75S RNA unit than in inactive regions (DNA packing ratios of 1.6 and 1.9, respectively). By comparing the properties of the active 75S RNA gene with those of active genes in other systems, it was inferred that the loss of beads and the extension of the fiber in the active unit is probably directly related to the level of transcriptive activity. Finally, a smooth nonbeaded segment of 0.18 micron in length was found to precede the RNP fiber gradient. This segment may have a role in the process of transcriptional regulation. On the basis of comparison with the active transcription units in spread preparations. It was possible to identify active units in the Balbiani rings in sectioned material using conventional electron microscopy. In both BR 1 and BR 2 an active unit appeared as a loop, consisting of a fiber axis and having RNP granules attached to the loop axis by stalks. The growing RNP fibers therefore seem to be organized into granular structures during the transcription process, and the final products in BR 1 and BR2 are granules, 500 A in diameter, each containing a 75S RNA molecule.", "contents": "Characterization of active transcription units in Balbiani rings of Chironomus tentans. Specific active transcription units on chromosome IV in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans have been visualized by the Miller spreading technique and in situ by conventional electron microscopy. These units are likely to be located in the two most conspicuous puffs on chromosome IV, Balbiani ring 1 (BR 1) and Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2). The transcription units in these Balbiani rings generate 75S RNA molecules constituting putative messenger RNA species for the predominant cellular product, the salivary polypeptides. Solitary active transcription units with a mean length of 7.7 micron were observed most frequently. The lateral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) fibers of each unit formed a single length gradient. The number of fibers per unit was 123 (+/- 24), or about 16 growing RNP fibers per micron of chromosome fiber. The considerable variation in the number of RNP fibers per unit suggests that transcription can be modulated at the level of the individual gene. The modulation is probably achieved via the initiation event and/or via an early pretermination step, but a change in the elongation rate could not be excluded. The number of polymerases starting to traverse the whole gene was estimated to be six per min and transcription unit, and the rate of RNA chain elongation was calculated to be 31 nucleotides per second at 18 degrees C. The properties of the chromosome fiber within the active 75S RNA units and also within their vicinity were studied in the Miller spreads. The inactive chromosome fiber exhibited a uniform beaded conformation, while the active fiber was sparsely and irregularly beaded. Furthermore, the chromosome fiber was more extended in the active 75S RNA unit than in inactive regions (DNA packing ratios of 1.6 and 1.9, respectively). By comparing the properties of the active 75S RNA gene with those of active genes in other systems, it was inferred that the loss of beads and the extension of the fiber in the active unit is probably directly related to the level of transcriptive activity. Finally, a smooth nonbeaded segment of 0.18 micron in length was found to precede the RNP fiber gradient. This segment may have a role in the process of transcriptional regulation. On the basis of comparison with the active transcription units in spread preparations. It was possible to identify active units in the Balbiani rings in sectioned material using conventional electron microscopy. In both BR 1 and BR 2 an active unit appeared as a loop, consisting of a fiber axis and having RNP granules attached to the loop axis by stalks. The growing RNP fibers therefore seem to be organized into granular structures during the transcription process, and the final products in BR 1 and BR2 are granules, 500 A in diameter, each containing a 75S RNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:290418", "title": "Evaluation of standard decompression schedule by agarose gel method.", "content": "The Standard Decompression Schedule was evaluated by the method of bubble formation in agarose gel, the result of which can be summarized as follows: 1) The number of bubbles formed in agarose gel corresponded well with the exposed pressure. 2) The technique of this method was simple and the number of bubbles was accurately counted. 3) Eventually, this method was useful for examining the decompression schedules. 4) It is not always safe to follow the Standard Decompression Schedule in some pressure conditions. 5) As to the period of time that a person is able to tolerate a high pressure condition, the prescription of the Standard Decompression Schedule is not necessarily correct. 6) The number of bubbles was small by the proper decompression schedule, for example, in the cases of exposure above the 60-meter depth of water. 7) This method can be applied for the prevention of decompression sickness when the agarose gel samples are attached to the workers during the compressed air work. 8) The number of bubbles was inconsistent with the coefficient of body pressure (1. N2 in the body), therefore it is not necessarily safe to rely only on the coefficient of body pressure. 9) To prevent osteonecrosis, the Standard Decompression Schedule is not proper, a deeper first stop and slower ascent being recommended.", "contents": "Evaluation of standard decompression schedule by agarose gel method. The Standard Decompression Schedule was evaluated by the method of bubble formation in agarose gel, the result of which can be summarized as follows: 1) The number of bubbles formed in agarose gel corresponded well with the exposed pressure. 2) The technique of this method was simple and the number of bubbles was accurately counted. 3) Eventually, this method was useful for examining the decompression schedules. 4) It is not always safe to follow the Standard Decompression Schedule in some pressure conditions. 5) As to the period of time that a person is able to tolerate a high pressure condition, the prescription of the Standard Decompression Schedule is not necessarily correct. 6) The number of bubbles was small by the proper decompression schedule, for example, in the cases of exposure above the 60-meter depth of water. 7) This method can be applied for the prevention of decompression sickness when the agarose gel samples are attached to the workers during the compressed air work. 8) The number of bubbles was inconsistent with the coefficient of body pressure (1. N2 in the body), therefore it is not necessarily safe to rely only on the coefficient of body pressure. 9) To prevent osteonecrosis, the Standard Decompression Schedule is not proper, a deeper first stop and slower ascent being recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:290419", "title": "Abrasive properties of commonly used dentifrices.", "content": "This study was conducted to examine the effect of various dentifrices on the abrasion of acrylic resin and extracted human tooth. The influence of the difference in the hardness of the filament of the toothbrush on the abrasion was also studied, using three kinds of toothbrushes. The specimens (acrylic resin and extracted human tooth) were brushed 3,000 times by the back- and -forth stroke movement using a toothbrushing machine for two hours. The surface irregularities of the specimen were analyzed by the surface analyzer and observed by the scanning electron microscopy before and after the brushing procedure. Moreover, the weight loss of the test specimens of the acrylic resin materials was determined, weighing them by a microbalance before and after brushing. The abrasiveness of the dentifrices showed a wide range, but the abrasiveness of the toothbrush itself was not observed. All dentifrices except one which did not contain the abrasive materials had abrasive effects on both the acrylic resin and human tooth. There was a high correlation (r = 0.96) between the weight loss and the surface irregularities in the case of acrylic resin.", "contents": "Abrasive properties of commonly used dentifrices. This study was conducted to examine the effect of various dentifrices on the abrasion of acrylic resin and extracted human tooth. The influence of the difference in the hardness of the filament of the toothbrush on the abrasion was also studied, using three kinds of toothbrushes. The specimens (acrylic resin and extracted human tooth) were brushed 3,000 times by the back- and -forth stroke movement using a toothbrushing machine for two hours. The surface irregularities of the specimen were analyzed by the surface analyzer and observed by the scanning electron microscopy before and after the brushing procedure. Moreover, the weight loss of the test specimens of the acrylic resin materials was determined, weighing them by a microbalance before and after brushing. The abrasiveness of the dentifrices showed a wide range, but the abrasiveness of the toothbrush itself was not observed. All dentifrices except one which did not contain the abrasive materials had abrasive effects on both the acrylic resin and human tooth. There was a high correlation (r = 0.96) between the weight loss and the surface irregularities in the case of acrylic resin."}
{"id": "PMID:290426", "title": "Nostril asymmetry: microform of cleft lip palate? An anthropometrical study of healthy North American caucasians.", "content": "Eight surface measurements of the nose and quality of nostril type and ala shape helped in the classification of 184 nostril asymmetries found in 1312 health North American Caucasians six to 18 years of age. Twenty-one of 1312 persons (1.6%) revealed severe degrees of nostril asymmetry characterized by uneven level of the alar base, asymmetries in the width of the nostril floor and length of the columella, and deviations in the columella and nasal bridge. This variation was most similar to the nasal disfigurement found in noncleft members of cleft families (Fukuhara and Saito, 1963; Tolarov\u00e1 et al., 1971). In order to accept this variation as a microform of the cleft anomaly, further anthropometrical study of the nose of noncleft members of cleft families will be required;", "contents": "Nostril asymmetry: microform of cleft lip palate? An anthropometrical study of healthy North American caucasians. Eight surface measurements of the nose and quality of nostril type and ala shape helped in the classification of 184 nostril asymmetries found in 1312 health North American Caucasians six to 18 years of age. Twenty-one of 1312 persons (1.6%) revealed severe degrees of nostril asymmetry characterized by uneven level of the alar base, asymmetries in the width of the nostril floor and length of the columella, and deviations in the columella and nasal bridge. This variation was most similar to the nasal disfigurement found in noncleft members of cleft families (Fukuhara and Saito, 1963; Tolarov\u00e1 et al., 1971). In order to accept this variation as a microform of the cleft anomaly, further anthropometrical study of the nose of noncleft members of cleft families will be required;"}
{"id": "PMID:290427", "title": "A malformation complex of ectrodactyly, clefting and hypomelanosis of ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromians).", "content": "A case is described which, at birth, had a bizarre pattern of hypopigmentation (incontinentia pigmenti achromians), ectrodactyly involving all four extremities, and unilateral cleft lip and palate. This patient does not have the seizures or other neurological and developmental anomalies previously described as associated with hypopigmentation of Ito. This condition is also clearly different from the syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC).", "contents": "A malformation complex of ectrodactyly, clefting and hypomelanosis of ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromians). A case is described which, at birth, had a bizarre pattern of hypopigmentation (incontinentia pigmenti achromians), ectrodactyly involving all four extremities, and unilateral cleft lip and palate. This patient does not have the seizures or other neurological and developmental anomalies previously described as associated with hypopigmentation of Ito. This condition is also clearly different from the syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC)."}
{"id": "PMID:290428", "title": "A comparison of intelligence and social maturity in children with unilateral complete clefts and those with isolated cleft palates.", "content": "Intelligence and social development were evaluated in 226 subjects with palatal clefts. The subjects were divided into four groups composed of 111 with unilateral complete clefts of the lip and palate (Unilateral Group); 16 with unilateral complete clefts with associated congenital malformations (Unilateral-C Group); 76 with clefts of the palate only (Palatal Group; and 39 with clefts of the palate only with other congenital malformations (Palatal-C Group). Comparisons among groups suggested that subjects in the Unilateral Group were most competent both mentally and socially followed by those in the Palatal, Unilateral-C, and Palatal-C Groups. The presence of congenital abnormalities other than cleft increased the risk of developmental disabilities, particularly in subjects with isolated palatal clefts.", "contents": "A comparison of intelligence and social maturity in children with unilateral complete clefts and those with isolated cleft palates. Intelligence and social development were evaluated in 226 subjects with palatal clefts. The subjects were divided into four groups composed of 111 with unilateral complete clefts of the lip and palate (Unilateral Group); 16 with unilateral complete clefts with associated congenital malformations (Unilateral-C Group); 76 with clefts of the palate only (Palatal Group; and 39 with clefts of the palate only with other congenital malformations (Palatal-C Group). Comparisons among groups suggested that subjects in the Unilateral Group were most competent both mentally and socially followed by those in the Palatal, Unilateral-C, and Palatal-C Groups. The presence of congenital abnormalities other than cleft increased the risk of developmental disabilities, particularly in subjects with isolated palatal clefts."}
{"id": "PMID:290429", "title": "Quantitative characterization of changes in cellularity and collagen fiber size in contracting palatal wounds.", "content": "Standard surgical wounds with either plain or undermined margins were created in the hard palates of 15 beagle pups by excising a strip of mucoperiosteum adjacent to molars. Healing was monitored, the pups were sacrificed at intervals from five to 31 days after surgery. Longitudinal data were collected for body weight and wound contraction. Examination of histologic sections of the wounds and adjacent tissues involved visual light microscopic assessments of fibroblast population density and computerized image analysis microscopy for quantification of population densities of three sizes of collagen fibers. Wounds with undermined margins showed less contraction than did those having plain margins. Findings on changes in the morphologic character of the maturing granulation tissues included quantitative documentation of (a) decreases in the population density of fibroblasts, (b) marked decreases in the number of thin (reticular) fibers, (c) marked increases in the number of medium sized fibers, and (d) slight increases in the number of coarse fibers.", "contents": "Quantitative characterization of changes in cellularity and collagen fiber size in contracting palatal wounds. Standard surgical wounds with either plain or undermined margins were created in the hard palates of 15 beagle pups by excising a strip of mucoperiosteum adjacent to molars. Healing was monitored, the pups were sacrificed at intervals from five to 31 days after surgery. Longitudinal data were collected for body weight and wound contraction. Examination of histologic sections of the wounds and adjacent tissues involved visual light microscopic assessments of fibroblast population density and computerized image analysis microscopy for quantification of population densities of three sizes of collagen fibers. Wounds with undermined margins showed less contraction than did those having plain margins. Findings on changes in the morphologic character of the maturing granulation tissues included quantitative documentation of (a) decreases in the population density of fibroblasts, (b) marked decreases in the number of thin (reticular) fibers, (c) marked increases in the number of medium sized fibers, and (d) slight increases in the number of coarse fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:290430", "title": "Longitudinal changes in the dento-facial relationships of unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects.", "content": "Nine male and nine female subjects with surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate were compared to 20 male and 15 female noncleft individuals. Different cephalometric landmarks were identified, and eighteen different measurements or calculations were used to describe the mandible, maxillary-mandibular complex, and dental relationships. Univariate longitudinal facial growth profiles and mean vector analyses as well as multivariate comparisons were performed between male, female, and combined non-cleft and cleft groups. Linear data comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the growth profile of those measurements describing the changes in the relationship of the lower border of the mandible (MP:SN angle) and the y-axis to the anterior cranial base (NSGn). The maxillary-mandibular relationship (angles ANB and NAPog) and dimensions (Ans-PTm/Pog) exhibited statistically significant differences in the growth profiles of the non-cleft and cleft groups. Such differences were also found in the relationship of the lower incisors to the mandibular plane (1:MP angle). The mean vector analysis for the dental measurements pointed to significant differences for all comparisons made, particularly in the combined non-cleft groups. These measurements were of larger magnitude in the non-cleft group than in the cleft group except for the interincisal angle (1:1), which was larger in clefts.", "contents": "Longitudinal changes in the dento-facial relationships of unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects. Nine male and nine female subjects with surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate were compared to 20 male and 15 female noncleft individuals. Different cephalometric landmarks were identified, and eighteen different measurements or calculations were used to describe the mandible, maxillary-mandibular complex, and dental relationships. Univariate longitudinal facial growth profiles and mean vector analyses as well as multivariate comparisons were performed between male, female, and combined non-cleft and cleft groups. Linear data comparisons indicated statistically significant differences in the growth profile of those measurements describing the changes in the relationship of the lower border of the mandible (MP:SN angle) and the y-axis to the anterior cranial base (NSGn). The maxillary-mandibular relationship (angles ANB and NAPog) and dimensions (Ans-PTm/Pog) exhibited statistically significant differences in the growth profiles of the non-cleft and cleft groups. Such differences were also found in the relationship of the lower incisors to the mandibular plane (1:MP angle). The mean vector analysis for the dental measurements pointed to significant differences for all comparisons made, particularly in the combined non-cleft groups. These measurements were of larger magnitude in the non-cleft group than in the cleft group except for the interincisal angle (1:1), which was larger in clefts."}
{"id": "PMID:290431", "title": "Influence of two-flap paltoplasty on facial growth in rabbits.", "content": "Three groups of rabbits were used in this study. Group I consisted of control rabbits who had had no surgery. Group II had surgically created but unrepaired clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate. Group III had surgically created clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate with the palatal clept having been repaired using a two-flap palatoplasty. At the end of the twentieth postoperative week, all animals were sacrificed. Results of the direct cephalometry of the skulls did not confirm the hypothesis that palatal repair inhibits overall facial growth. At the same time, certain asymmetries of the maxilla and mandible were found. These may have resulted from selective inhibition of certain growth processes.", "contents": "Influence of two-flap paltoplasty on facial growth in rabbits. Three groups of rabbits were used in this study. Group I consisted of control rabbits who had had no surgery. Group II had surgically created but unrepaired clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate. Group III had surgically created clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate with the palatal clept having been repaired using a two-flap palatoplasty. At the end of the twentieth postoperative week, all animals were sacrificed. Results of the direct cephalometry of the skulls did not confirm the hypothesis that palatal repair inhibits overall facial growth. At the same time, certain asymmetries of the maxilla and mandible were found. These may have resulted from selective inhibition of certain growth processes."}
{"id": "PMID:290432", "title": "Nasal air flow during normal speech production.", "content": "Nasal air flow was measured during the speech of 112 normal subjects (59 females and 53 males) ranging in age from three years to 37 years, six months. Flow was zero during nearly all oral consonant and vowel utterances, suggesting that velopharyngeal closure was air-tight. Flow occurred during all nasal consonants and during vowels adjacent to nasal consonants. These effects were interpreted as showing that progressively older subjects and female subjects demonstrate earlier anticipatory coarticulation in preparation for forthcoming nasal consonants.", "contents": "Nasal air flow during normal speech production. Nasal air flow was measured during the speech of 112 normal subjects (59 females and 53 males) ranging in age from three years to 37 years, six months. Flow was zero during nearly all oral consonant and vowel utterances, suggesting that velopharyngeal closure was air-tight. Flow occurred during all nasal consonants and during vowels adjacent to nasal consonants. These effects were interpreted as showing that progressively older subjects and female subjects demonstrate earlier anticipatory coarticulation in preparation for forthcoming nasal consonants."}
{"id": "PMID:290433", "title": "Articulation skills and oral-nasal resonance in children with pharyngeal flaps.", "content": "Longitudinal data on speech sound acquisition and oral-nasal balance were analyzed in 52 children who had had pharyngeal flaps for velopharyngeal incompetency. These data were compared to similar data for a group of 48 children with cleft palates who had not required secondary management. Comparisons were made also between the pre- and post surgical performance of the group who had had pharyngeal flaps. Further comparisons were made between children who had surgery before six years. Analysis of data revealed that the children who required pharyngeal flaps lagged behind the group who did not in the development of acceptable resonance and articulation patterns. Further analysis showed that, for the post-pharyngeal flap group, there was an acceleration in the acquisition of acceptable sound production in the year immediately following surgery. The data suggested that children who had flaps before six years of age made faster gains in the development of articulation and acceptable resonance than did children who were treated after the age of six years.", "contents": "Articulation skills and oral-nasal resonance in children with pharyngeal flaps. Longitudinal data on speech sound acquisition and oral-nasal balance were analyzed in 52 children who had had pharyngeal flaps for velopharyngeal incompetency. These data were compared to similar data for a group of 48 children with cleft palates who had not required secondary management. Comparisons were made also between the pre- and post surgical performance of the group who had had pharyngeal flaps. Further comparisons were made between children who had surgery before six years. Analysis of data revealed that the children who required pharyngeal flaps lagged behind the group who did not in the development of acceptable resonance and articulation patterns. Further analysis showed that, for the post-pharyngeal flap group, there was an acceleration in the acquisition of acceptable sound production in the year immediately following surgery. The data suggested that children who had flaps before six years of age made faster gains in the development of articulation and acceptable resonance than did children who were treated after the age of six years."}
{"id": "PMID:290434", "title": "A study of relationships between judgments of speech and appearance of patients with orofacial clefts.", "content": "A series of six studies was designed to examine the effects of subjects' appearance on listeners' judgments of nasal speech and to examine the effects of nasal speech on viewers' judgments of attractiveness. In three studies, pictures of male and female subjects with varying degrees of orofacial clefts were paired with tape-recorded speech samples with varying degrees of nasality, and judges rated speech acceptability. Results of two-way analysis of variance failed to support the idea that appearance has an effect on ratings of nasality. In three other studies, the same stimuli were used to examine the effects of nasal speech on judges' ratings of appearance. Results of a two-way analysis of variance indicated that nasality had an effect on ratings of appearance. As the severity of nasality increased, ratings of attractiveness decreased. Results imply that a decrease in nasality may enhance the way persons with cleft lips are perceived cosmetically.", "contents": "A study of relationships between judgments of speech and appearance of patients with orofacial clefts. A series of six studies was designed to examine the effects of subjects' appearance on listeners' judgments of nasal speech and to examine the effects of nasal speech on viewers' judgments of attractiveness. In three studies, pictures of male and female subjects with varying degrees of orofacial clefts were paired with tape-recorded speech samples with varying degrees of nasality, and judges rated speech acceptability. Results of two-way analysis of variance failed to support the idea that appearance has an effect on ratings of nasality. In three other studies, the same stimuli were used to examine the effects of nasal speech on judges' ratings of appearance. Results of a two-way analysis of variance indicated that nasality had an effect on ratings of appearance. As the severity of nasality increased, ratings of attractiveness decreased. Results imply that a decrease in nasality may enhance the way persons with cleft lips are perceived cosmetically."}
{"id": "PMID:290436", "title": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. III. Mapping of the locus controlling susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the mouse.", "content": "Acute susceptibility of the mouse to Leishmania donovani is largely determined by a single locus designated Lsh. Linkage between the Lsh locus and the Chromosome 1 marker Id-1 was detected using several sets of recombinant inbred strains. Chromosome 1 linkage was confirmed in backcross generations using isoenzymes and a cytogenetic marker. The data indicate that the gene order is centromere-Lsh-Id-1-ln-Dip-1. The estimated recombination frequency between Lsh and Id-1 is 0.12 +/- 0.04. This mapping is away from the known histocompatibility loci.", "contents": "Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. III. Mapping of the locus controlling susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the mouse. Acute susceptibility of the mouse to Leishmania donovani is largely determined by a single locus designated Lsh. Linkage between the Lsh locus and the Chromosome 1 marker Id-1 was detected using several sets of recombinant inbred strains. Chromosome 1 linkage was confirmed in backcross generations using isoenzymes and a cytogenetic marker. The data indicate that the gene order is centromere-Lsh-Id-1-ln-Dip-1. The estimated recombination frequency between Lsh and Id-1 is 0.12 +/- 0.04. This mapping is away from the known histocompatibility loci."}
{"id": "PMID:290453", "title": "New aspects of preleukemic disorders.", "content": "Preleukemic disorders are a controversial group of panmyelopathic disturbances that often precede the emergence of acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia. In most instances, these preleukemic disorders are characterized by slowly developing myeloblastosis of the bone marrow. They include preleukemia, primary acquired panmyelopathy with myeloblastosis or smouldering acute leukemia, erythroleukemia, and subacute myelomonocytic leukemia. Sometimes, transitions between these various preleukemic disorders may be observed in a single individual. Abnormalities in cellular differentiation are expressed in cytochemical aberrations and in elaboration of colony forming units by marrow cells of patients with preleukemic disorders. Cytogenic and cellular kinetic abnormalities link preleukemic disorders closely to acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia, although in many patients with preleukemic disorders, conversion to acute leukemia is not observed or perhaps not recognized. Understanding pathogenetic and pathophysiological aspects of preleukemic disorders may shed light on aspects of cellular proliferation and cellular differentiation in the acute leukemias.", "contents": "New aspects of preleukemic disorders. Preleukemic disorders are a controversial group of panmyelopathic disturbances that often precede the emergence of acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia. In most instances, these preleukemic disorders are characterized by slowly developing myeloblastosis of the bone marrow. They include preleukemia, primary acquired panmyelopathy with myeloblastosis or smouldering acute leukemia, erythroleukemia, and subacute myelomonocytic leukemia. Sometimes, transitions between these various preleukemic disorders may be observed in a single individual. Abnormalities in cellular differentiation are expressed in cytochemical aberrations and in elaboration of colony forming units by marrow cells of patients with preleukemic disorders. Cytogenic and cellular kinetic abnormalities link preleukemic disorders closely to acute myeloblastic or myelomonocytic leukemia, although in many patients with preleukemic disorders, conversion to acute leukemia is not observed or perhaps not recognized. Understanding pathogenetic and pathophysiological aspects of preleukemic disorders may shed light on aspects of cellular proliferation and cellular differentiation in the acute leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:290482", "title": "[The vertical relation].", "content": "A phonetic and relaxation method combined with teleoradiography was used to measure the interocclusal interval in five subjects. The action potential of the left and right masseter muscles were derived while the subject was drinking liquid. After fitting each subject with a Shore bite path plate which reduced the interocclusal interval to 0 mm, the same experimental procedure was carried out. No significant differenced could be established using a unidirectional lead with pseudointegration. In spite of the extremely small sample, the results tend to indicate that resting suspension changes corresponding to the vertical dimension.", "contents": "[The vertical relation]. A phonetic and relaxation method combined with teleoradiography was used to measure the interocclusal interval in five subjects. The action potential of the left and right masseter muscles were derived while the subject was drinking liquid. After fitting each subject with a Shore bite path plate which reduced the interocclusal interval to 0 mm, the same experimental procedure was carried out. No significant differenced could be established using a unidirectional lead with pseudointegration. In spite of the extremely small sample, the results tend to indicate that resting suspension changes corresponding to the vertical dimension."}
{"id": "PMID:290483", "title": "[Stability of temporomandibular joint relations in the edentulous].", "content": "Loss of teeth causes a change in the relationship of the mandibular condyles to the articular fossa of the temporal bone. The movement of the joint is pathologically restricted by the relation of the articular disc. The study showed that the function of the masseter muscles could be normalized with a modified Shore bite path plate. This normalized function was expressed by a change in jaw relation. The theoretical foundation was discussed and the results of preliminary investigations were presented.", "contents": "[Stability of temporomandibular joint relations in the edentulous]. Loss of teeth causes a change in the relationship of the mandibular condyles to the articular fossa of the temporal bone. The movement of the joint is pathologically restricted by the relation of the articular disc. The study showed that the function of the masseter muscles could be normalized with a modified Shore bite path plate. This normalized function was expressed by a change in jaw relation. The theoretical foundation was discussed and the results of preliminary investigations were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:290484", "title": "[Longitudinal study on the abrasion of plastic teeth in total prostheses].", "content": "After a period of two years, the abrasion rate for standard plastic lateral teeth is one-tenth of a millimeter. The abrasion rate is then one-tenth of a millimeter per year for each succeeding year. A vertical loss of approximately four-tenths of a millimeter, for example, occurs during a five-year period. The abrasion rate is not related to the position of the prosthesis. The molar region shows a lesser degree of abrasion than anterior sections of the dental arch.", "contents": "[Longitudinal study on the abrasion of plastic teeth in total prostheses]. After a period of two years, the abrasion rate for standard plastic lateral teeth is one-tenth of a millimeter. The abrasion rate is then one-tenth of a millimeter per year for each succeeding year. A vertical loss of approximately four-tenths of a millimeter, for example, occurs during a five-year period. The abrasion rate is not related to the position of the prosthesis. The molar region shows a lesser degree of abrasion than anterior sections of the dental arch."}
{"id": "PMID:290485", "title": "[Periodontal conditions in patients over 70 years old wearing removable partial dentures].", "content": "The periodontal state of 70-year-old patients was compared with that of patients 10 years younger. It was established that the, in part, significant differences in favor of the older patients were not attributable to the distribution of the remaining teeth, the type or support of the prosthetic device, oral hygeine, or general physical condition. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that only those patients in the group over 70 years of age were fitted with partial dentures whose teeth showed a lesser amount of previous periodontal damage and/or were periodontally more resistant. This contributed to a satisfactory prosthetic care.", "contents": "[Periodontal conditions in patients over 70 years old wearing removable partial dentures]. The periodontal state of 70-year-old patients was compared with that of patients 10 years younger. It was established that the, in part, significant differences in favor of the older patients were not attributable to the distribution of the remaining teeth, the type or support of the prosthetic device, oral hygeine, or general physical condition. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that only those patients in the group over 70 years of age were fitted with partial dentures whose teeth showed a lesser amount of previous periodontal damage and/or were periodontally more resistant. This contributed to a satisfactory prosthetic care."}
{"id": "PMID:290486", "title": "[Review of implantation materials].", "content": "The use of nonmetalic, ceramic materials has led to encouraging developments. Some metal implants have proved to be more reliable in general practice in respect to the mechanics and statics; part of the developmental goal however should include compound materials. Metal implants, tolerated by the organism under favorable conditions, were not accepted as well as the ceramic material. Recently, the long-term prognosis therefore has been viewed with reservation. Even though the tensile values were favorable, the mechanical properties were good, and the corrosion rate in terms of adequate tissue tolerance was generally satisfactorily low for metal, the organism still responded to metal as a foreign body.", "contents": "[Review of implantation materials]. The use of nonmetalic, ceramic materials has led to encouraging developments. Some metal implants have proved to be more reliable in general practice in respect to the mechanics and statics; part of the developmental goal however should include compound materials. Metal implants, tolerated by the organism under favorable conditions, were not accepted as well as the ceramic material. Recently, the long-term prognosis therefore has been viewed with reservation. Even though the tensile values were favorable, the mechanical properties were good, and the corrosion rate in terms of adequate tissue tolerance was generally satisfactorily low for metal, the organism still responded to metal as a foreign body."}
{"id": "PMID:290489", "title": "Clinical aspects of continuous neonatal oxygen monitoring.", "content": "Twenty newborn infants (gestational age 30--40 weeks, weight 980--3400 g) were studied in two groups to compare two commercially available systems for continuous in vivo oxygen monitoring: the So2 catheter and the transcutaneous Po2 (TcPo2) electrode, and their respective electronic systems. Measurements from these systems were correlated with determinations made from samples intermittently drawn and measured by conventional So2 and Pao2 in vitro methods , respectively. Information about these two in vivo oxygen monitoring systems was then related to our previous experience with the bare-wire earlobe O2a electrode. Measurements from the two in vivo monitoring techniques studied showed good correlations with their respective in vitro oxygen measurements: So2 catheter, y = x - 3.08, r = 0.98 (range studied 74% to 100%) and transcutaneous electrode, y = 0.98x + 0.57, r = 0.89 (range studied 34 to 92 mm Hg). It was concluded that all three systems give a good reflection of central arterial oxygen (either Sao2 or Pao2)). The system to be used in specific clinical situations should depend on condition of the baby and stage of treatment, need for an umbilical line to measure other variables, equipment available, and training of personnel.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of continuous neonatal oxygen monitoring. Twenty newborn infants (gestational age 30--40 weeks, weight 980--3400 g) were studied in two groups to compare two commercially available systems for continuous in vivo oxygen monitoring: the So2 catheter and the transcutaneous Po2 (TcPo2) electrode, and their respective electronic systems. Measurements from these systems were correlated with determinations made from samples intermittently drawn and measured by conventional So2 and Pao2 in vitro methods , respectively. Information about these two in vivo oxygen monitoring systems was then related to our previous experience with the bare-wire earlobe O2a electrode. Measurements from the two in vivo monitoring techniques studied showed good correlations with their respective in vitro oxygen measurements: So2 catheter, y = x - 3.08, r = 0.98 (range studied 74% to 100%) and transcutaneous electrode, y = 0.98x + 0.57, r = 0.89 (range studied 34 to 92 mm Hg). It was concluded that all three systems give a good reflection of central arterial oxygen (either Sao2 or Pao2)). The system to be used in specific clinical situations should depend on condition of the baby and stage of treatment, need for an umbilical line to measure other variables, equipment available, and training of personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:290487", "title": "[Effectiveness of hypoxic hypoxia as a means of protecting the body from ionizing radiation exposure with the use of sodium oxybutyrate and mexamine].", "content": "While exerting a pronounced antihypoxic action on the body of white mice under nypoxic hypoxia, a combination of sodium hydroxybutyrate and mexamine given in comparatively low doses (100 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) did not remove the radioprotective effect of hypoxic hypoxia. In hemic and histotoxic hypoxia the drugs did not exhibit any antihy-oxic action.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of hypoxic hypoxia as a means of protecting the body from ionizing radiation exposure with the use of sodium oxybutyrate and mexamine]. While exerting a pronounced antihypoxic action on the body of white mice under nypoxic hypoxia, a combination of sodium hydroxybutyrate and mexamine given in comparatively low doses (100 and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) did not remove the radioprotective effect of hypoxic hypoxia. In hemic and histotoxic hypoxia the drugs did not exhibit any antihy-oxic action."}
{"id": "PMID:290562", "title": "Structure and types of dental manpower.", "content": "The different categories of dental health personnel, professional, operating and non-operating auxiliary are defined and their roles examined. Where professional and auxiliary dental manpower is in short supply the use of non-dental personnel such as teachers and health educators should be emphasised as a means of providing firrst aid and preventive measures. Manpower remains the central problem in improving oral health. Although the number of dental schools and the total number of dentists has increased in the past two decades, the dentist/population ratio has declined. Considerable variations occur between countries and the geographical distribution within countries is very uneven, an undue proportion often practising within the large cities. A greater increase in numbers of dentists, though desirable, will not be sufficient to solve the problem of adequate dental health coverage in this century. The advanced skills of the dental graduate are not required for many routine procedures and greater use must be made of operating auxiliaries. More research is needed into the best composition of the dental team. Increased use of larger, more complex teams seems likely to be the most important development for the future. This will require a careful reappraisal of the curricula for all categories of personnel. WHO is actively engaged in formulating guidelines for dental administrators in the development of educational and planning criteria for the improvment of dental health.", "contents": "Structure and types of dental manpower. The different categories of dental health personnel, professional, operating and non-operating auxiliary are defined and their roles examined. Where professional and auxiliary dental manpower is in short supply the use of non-dental personnel such as teachers and health educators should be emphasised as a means of providing firrst aid and preventive measures. Manpower remains the central problem in improving oral health. Although the number of dental schools and the total number of dentists has increased in the past two decades, the dentist/population ratio has declined. Considerable variations occur between countries and the geographical distribution within countries is very uneven, an undue proportion often practising within the large cities. A greater increase in numbers of dentists, though desirable, will not be sufficient to solve the problem of adequate dental health coverage in this century. The advanced skills of the dental graduate are not required for many routine procedures and greater use must be made of operating auxiliaries. More research is needed into the best composition of the dental team. Increased use of larger, more complex teams seems likely to be the most important development for the future. This will require a careful reappraisal of the curricula for all categories of personnel. WHO is actively engaged in formulating guidelines for dental administrators in the development of educational and planning criteria for the improvment of dental health."}
{"id": "PMID:290563", "title": "Oral health programme of the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization.", "content": "The development of the WHO Western Pacific Regional Oral Health Programme was briefly traced through two of the three multi-phased periods (from 1971--77) of WHO collaboration. The third period of development (1978--83) is by a planning exercise referred to as 'the regional oral health medium-term programme'. This exercise takes into account the problem areas at the end of the second period. Twelve quantifiable targets for achievement by 1983 are identified. Specific and general activities, approaches and strategies for achieving targets are briefly outlined. It is expected that the programmes for prevention of dental diseases will be intensified in the region during the current five-year period. There is also a growing tendency for consultants from developing countries and areas to be utilized in the region under the concept of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC). Systems will also be developed to monitor the progress in achieving targets in the region and changes instituted where necessary.", "contents": "Oral health programme of the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization. The development of the WHO Western Pacific Regional Oral Health Programme was briefly traced through two of the three multi-phased periods (from 1971--77) of WHO collaboration. The third period of development (1978--83) is by a planning exercise referred to as 'the regional oral health medium-term programme'. This exercise takes into account the problem areas at the end of the second period. Twelve quantifiable targets for achievement by 1983 are identified. Specific and general activities, approaches and strategies for achieving targets are briefly outlined. It is expected that the programmes for prevention of dental diseases will be intensified in the region during the current five-year period. There is also a growing tendency for consultants from developing countries and areas to be utilized in the region under the concept of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC). Systems will also be developed to monitor the progress in achieving targets in the region and changes instituted where necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:290564", "title": "Preventive responses to various national problems.", "content": "The prevalence of dental disease appears to be increasing, especially in developing countries. The adoption of traditional Western-style oral health care delivery systems, which may be entirely inappropriate to the local circumstances, has resulted in the establishment of expensive and inefficient services in many parts of the world. In planning a realistic oral health service, administrators must first identify the problem, estimate available manpower in terms of number, type and distribution and identify the economic resources which can reasonably be allocated to oral health. Five categories of oral health status have been identified in various countries ranging from a situation characterized by very low, stable or increasing oral health problems with an acute shortage of manpower and almost non-existent dental care delivery system to the situation found in the most advanced countries where the oral health problem, though very high, may be already decreasing and where there is adequate manpower and delivery systems are highly developed. A preventive strategy for each of these five categories is presented which it is hoped would lead to an improvement of the oral status of the world's population as fast and as cheaply as possible.", "contents": "Preventive responses to various national problems. The prevalence of dental disease appears to be increasing, especially in developing countries. The adoption of traditional Western-style oral health care delivery systems, which may be entirely inappropriate to the local circumstances, has resulted in the establishment of expensive and inefficient services in many parts of the world. In planning a realistic oral health service, administrators must first identify the problem, estimate available manpower in terms of number, type and distribution and identify the economic resources which can reasonably be allocated to oral health. Five categories of oral health status have been identified in various countries ranging from a situation characterized by very low, stable or increasing oral health problems with an acute shortage of manpower and almost non-existent dental care delivery system to the situation found in the most advanced countries where the oral health problem, though very high, may be already decreasing and where there is adequate manpower and delivery systems are highly developed. A preventive strategy for each of these five categories is presented which it is hoped would lead to an improvement of the oral status of the world's population as fast and as cheaply as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:290566", "title": "Periodontal therapy for the ageing mouth.", "content": "Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and tooth loss increase with age. Other studies indicate that gingival recession becomes more prevalent as age progresses. In addition, it has been demonstrated experimentally that elderly individuals develop more rapid and severe gingivitis than young individuals following the abstention of oral hygiene. However, to date no one has established which changes associated with ageing are responsible for these clinical observations. A population of elderly patients (60 years or older) has been evaluated at Northwestern University as to the role of gingival recession and inadequate zones of attached gingiva in the development of dental plaque and gingivitis. The controls for this study consisted of a young population (under 25 years old) with similar gingival defects. In addition, we have found that elderly individuals need more frequent oral prophylaxis for the maintenance of gingival health and to prevent further loss of alveolar bone. This need for more frequent oral prophylaxis is due in large part to the increased incidence of exposed root surface which allows for more rapid plaque accumulation and calculus formation than do enamel surfaces. This and other preliminary evidence suggests that elderly patients with periodontal disease should receive more aggressive therapy than is commonly practised today.", "contents": "Periodontal therapy for the ageing mouth. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and tooth loss increase with age. Other studies indicate that gingival recession becomes more prevalent as age progresses. In addition, it has been demonstrated experimentally that elderly individuals develop more rapid and severe gingivitis than young individuals following the abstention of oral hygiene. However, to date no one has established which changes associated with ageing are responsible for these clinical observations. A population of elderly patients (60 years or older) has been evaluated at Northwestern University as to the role of gingival recession and inadequate zones of attached gingiva in the development of dental plaque and gingivitis. The controls for this study consisted of a young population (under 25 years old) with similar gingival defects. In addition, we have found that elderly individuals need more frequent oral prophylaxis for the maintenance of gingival health and to prevent further loss of alveolar bone. This need for more frequent oral prophylaxis is due in large part to the increased incidence of exposed root surface which allows for more rapid plaque accumulation and calculus formation than do enamel surfaces. This and other preliminary evidence suggests that elderly patients with periodontal disease should receive more aggressive therapy than is commonly practised today."}
{"id": "PMID:290567", "title": "Dental hygienists in Japan.", "content": "Suzuki and Sato (1978) reported data obtained from 410 dental hygienists aged 24--39 years of age. The most frequent reasons for leaving their jobs were difficulties in personal relations and then disappointment with the commercialism of dentists. Additional reasons included no fixed programme of the routine aspects of their work, compulsory duties beyond those legally permitted them and no leadership in the clinic. In contrast, many dental hygienists felt rewarded by the success achieved through health instruction of patients, appreciation of their work by patients and having the opportunity to demonstrate their professional abilities. Given these kinds of perceptions about the occupation of dental hygienists, expressed by hygienists themselves, it would appear imperative that the dental profession and health administrators in Japan consider the disincentives inherent in the jobs and attempt to convert these to incentives.", "contents": "Dental hygienists in Japan. Suzuki and Sato (1978) reported data obtained from 410 dental hygienists aged 24--39 years of age. The most frequent reasons for leaving their jobs were difficulties in personal relations and then disappointment with the commercialism of dentists. Additional reasons included no fixed programme of the routine aspects of their work, compulsory duties beyond those legally permitted them and no leadership in the clinic. In contrast, many dental hygienists felt rewarded by the success achieved through health instruction of patients, appreciation of their work by patients and having the opportunity to demonstrate their professional abilities. Given these kinds of perceptions about the occupation of dental hygienists, expressed by hygienists themselves, it would appear imperative that the dental profession and health administrators in Japan consider the disincentives inherent in the jobs and attempt to convert these to incentives."}
{"id": "PMID:290568", "title": "Some thoughts on epidemiologic indexes for assessing the need for treatment of periodontal diseases.", "content": "Various indexes have been developed and used to collect information on the prevalence, aetiology and prevention of periodontal disease, but few efforts have been made to utilize this information to assess treatment needs in the populations examined. Recently, Johansen et al. (1973) have developed the Periodontal Treatment Needs System and M\u00f8ller and Beck (1976) included an assessment of treatment requirements in the Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems sponsored by WHO and the USPHS. The value of these various indexes and the problems encountered in their application to field studies are discussed in detail. The lessons learned have been incorporated into the second edition of the booklet Oral Health Surveys (WHO, 1977), but it is contended that the methods advocated are still less than perfect. Particular doubt is cast on the recommendation for the use of a periodontal probe in field surveys often conducted in primitive conditions and by examiners with minimal training and experience. It is suggested that the critical depth of 3 mm is too small to be regarded as requiring radical treatment. The need for a treatment index is questioned in the light of the probability that treatment needs could not be fully met even in developed countries.", "contents": "Some thoughts on epidemiologic indexes for assessing the need for treatment of periodontal diseases. Various indexes have been developed and used to collect information on the prevalence, aetiology and prevention of periodontal disease, but few efforts have been made to utilize this information to assess treatment needs in the populations examined. Recently, Johansen et al. (1973) have developed the Periodontal Treatment Needs System and M\u00f8ller and Beck (1976) included an assessment of treatment requirements in the Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems sponsored by WHO and the USPHS. The value of these various indexes and the problems encountered in their application to field studies are discussed in detail. The lessons learned have been incorporated into the second edition of the booklet Oral Health Surveys (WHO, 1977), but it is contended that the methods advocated are still less than perfect. Particular doubt is cast on the recommendation for the use of a periodontal probe in field surveys often conducted in primitive conditions and by examiners with minimal training and experience. It is suggested that the critical depth of 3 mm is too small to be regarded as requiring radical treatment. The need for a treatment index is questioned in the light of the probability that treatment needs could not be fully met even in developed countries."}
{"id": "PMID:290570", "title": "Cytotoxicity against the K562 erythroleukemia cell line by human natural killer (NK) cells which do not bear free Fc receptors for IgG.", "content": "When Fc receptors (FcR) on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were induced to modulate by overnight (18 h) incubation in the presence of soluble or particulate immune complexes, the natural killer (NK) activity of the effector lymphocyte suspension, as measured against the K562 erythroleukemia cell line, was significantly, but only partially, inhibited. The NK activity which remained was always strong, and was not significantly inhibited by inclusion of antigen-antibody complexes in the cytotoxicity assay, nor was it further depleted by adsorbing the modulated cells on plastic surfaces coated with immobilized antigen-antibody complexes. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against rabbit antibody-sensitized Chang liver cells was totally abrogated following the modulation process, and could not be restored by exposure of modulated effector cells to trypsin, indicating that the FcR had actually been shed and were not merely being blocked with immune complexes. Although freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes active in natural (or \"spontaneous\") cytotoxicity have been shown to bear FcR, our data indicate that NK activity against the K562 cell line can be effectively mediated by NK cells which have lost their FcR. This supports the concept that NK activity against K562 is independent of FcR, and, therefore, of IgG.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity against the K562 erythroleukemia cell line by human natural killer (NK) cells which do not bear free Fc receptors for IgG. When Fc receptors (FcR) on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were induced to modulate by overnight (18 h) incubation in the presence of soluble or particulate immune complexes, the natural killer (NK) activity of the effector lymphocyte suspension, as measured against the K562 erythroleukemia cell line, was significantly, but only partially, inhibited. The NK activity which remained was always strong, and was not significantly inhibited by inclusion of antigen-antibody complexes in the cytotoxicity assay, nor was it further depleted by adsorbing the modulated cells on plastic surfaces coated with immobilized antigen-antibody complexes. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against rabbit antibody-sensitized Chang liver cells was totally abrogated following the modulation process, and could not be restored by exposure of modulated effector cells to trypsin, indicating that the FcR had actually been shed and were not merely being blocked with immune complexes. Although freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes active in natural (or \"spontaneous\") cytotoxicity have been shown to bear FcR, our data indicate that NK activity against the K562 cell line can be effectively mediated by NK cells which have lost their FcR. This supports the concept that NK activity against K562 is independent of FcR, and, therefore, of IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:290579", "title": "Etiology, pathogenesis and classifications of knee fractures.", "content": "Fractures of the knee include fractures of the lower end of the femur, upper end of tibia, and patella. The term articular fractures has been avoided in this text because it would exclude supracondylar fractures of the femur, fractures of the tibial spines, and epiphyseal separations in which the articular surfaces remain uninjured. By agreement with the other rapporteurs to this Congress, we excluded from our review separation of the apophysis of the tibial tubercle, fractures of the tibial spines, and osteochondral lesions.", "contents": "Etiology, pathogenesis and classifications of knee fractures. Fractures of the knee include fractures of the lower end of the femur, upper end of tibia, and patella. The term articular fractures has been avoided in this text because it would exclude supracondylar fractures of the femur, fractures of the tibial spines, and epiphyseal separations in which the articular surfaces remain uninjured. By agreement with the other rapporteurs to this Congress, we excluded from our review separation of the apophysis of the tibial tubercle, fractures of the tibial spines, and osteochondral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:290587", "title": "A gene that modifies the sex ratio in a bisexual strain of Sciara ocellaris.", "content": "The influence of an X-linked recessive mutation, sepia, on the sex determination of a bisexual strain of Sciara ocellaris was studied. It induces an alteration in the sex ratio, especially in the progeny of heterozygous females, increasing the proportion of males. These results cannot be explained by differential fecundity of the female parents of different genotypes nor by differential mortality between the sexes. The occurrence of gynandromorphs indicates that the mutant probably interferes with the processes of X-chromosome elimination. Observations that heterozygous females which received the sepia allele from their mothers produced a higher frequency of gynandromorphs than females which received the mutated allele from their male parents, suggest that the mutation is interfering with the mechanism of chromosome elimination present in the egg cytoplasm.", "contents": "A gene that modifies the sex ratio in a bisexual strain of Sciara ocellaris. The influence of an X-linked recessive mutation, sepia, on the sex determination of a bisexual strain of Sciara ocellaris was studied. It induces an alteration in the sex ratio, especially in the progeny of heterozygous females, increasing the proportion of males. These results cannot be explained by differential fecundity of the female parents of different genotypes nor by differential mortality between the sexes. The occurrence of gynandromorphs indicates that the mutant probably interferes with the processes of X-chromosome elimination. Observations that heterozygous females which received the sepia allele from their mothers produced a higher frequency of gynandromorphs than females which received the mutated allele from their male parents, suggest that the mutation is interfering with the mechanism of chromosome elimination present in the egg cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:290589", "title": "Sensitivy of mouse molar tooth germs to x-ray irradiation in vitro.", "content": "Molar tooth germs, extirpated from 18-day mouse fetuses were cultured on Millipore filter strips in Falcon organ culture dishes. The tooth germs were exposed to 250 kVcp X-rays at 106 R/min. for a total exposure of 1 600 R. Tissues were harvested on a daily basis for a total period of 12 days and were examined microscopically, utilizing H and E stain. Severe disorganization of the tooth germs was evident within 24 hours of irradiation. The basement membrane became hyalinized; pyknotic nuclei and lysed cells were observed throughout the dental papilla, but mostly in the regions of the presumptive cusps. Although a thin layer of predentin was elaborated by the odontoblasts, the matrix failed to calcify and enamel matrix was not produced. Cultures older than 10 days demonstrated extensive cell death. The entire pulp was reduced to a mass of necrotic cells and the ameloblastic layer consisted of an epithelial remnant covering the cuspal tips.", "contents": "Sensitivy of mouse molar tooth germs to x-ray irradiation in vitro. Molar tooth germs, extirpated from 18-day mouse fetuses were cultured on Millipore filter strips in Falcon organ culture dishes. The tooth germs were exposed to 250 kVcp X-rays at 106 R/min. for a total exposure of 1 600 R. Tissues were harvested on a daily basis for a total period of 12 days and were examined microscopically, utilizing H and E stain. Severe disorganization of the tooth germs was evident within 24 hours of irradiation. The basement membrane became hyalinized; pyknotic nuclei and lysed cells were observed throughout the dental papilla, but mostly in the regions of the presumptive cusps. Although a thin layer of predentin was elaborated by the odontoblasts, the matrix failed to calcify and enamel matrix was not produced. Cultures older than 10 days demonstrated extensive cell death. The entire pulp was reduced to a mass of necrotic cells and the ameloblastic layer consisted of an epithelial remnant covering the cuspal tips."}
{"id": "PMID:290590", "title": "3H-glucosamine electron microscope autoradiography after isolated labeling of the enamel organ or the dental papilla followed by reassociated toothgerm culture.", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiography was performed after isolated labeling with 3H-glucosamine of the enamel organ or the dental papilla of Swiss mice followed by reassociated toothgerm culture for 9.30 h and 19 h. After these two time intervals in case of an enamel organ labeling, numerous silver grains were observed in the intercellular spaces of the stellate reticulum indicating a concentrating and storing role of the latter. After dental papilla labeling, an almost complete absence of radioactivity was noted at 19 h. suggesting that 3H-glucosamine is not stored by the dental papilla. A clear labeling of the basement membrane area and of the adjacent aperiodic filamentous material found on the pulpal side was only observed after enamel organ labeling with 3H-glucosamine, suggesting an epithelial origin of the glycosaminoglycans found in these structures.", "contents": "3H-glucosamine electron microscope autoradiography after isolated labeling of the enamel organ or the dental papilla followed by reassociated toothgerm culture. Electron microscope autoradiography was performed after isolated labeling with 3H-glucosamine of the enamel organ or the dental papilla of Swiss mice followed by reassociated toothgerm culture for 9.30 h and 19 h. After these two time intervals in case of an enamel organ labeling, numerous silver grains were observed in the intercellular spaces of the stellate reticulum indicating a concentrating and storing role of the latter. After dental papilla labeling, an almost complete absence of radioactivity was noted at 19 h. suggesting that 3H-glucosamine is not stored by the dental papilla. A clear labeling of the basement membrane area and of the adjacent aperiodic filamentous material found on the pulpal side was only observed after enamel organ labeling with 3H-glucosamine, suggesting an epithelial origin of the glycosaminoglycans found in these structures."}
{"id": "PMID:290591", "title": "The growth of the autotransplanted rat incisor tooth odontogenic organ.", "content": "74 rat incisor odontogenic organs were autotransplanted intradermally into the auricle. The animals were killed in groups of four up to eight months after grafting. Out of 61 grafts examined from the third week onward, 46% exhibited a typical odontogenic organ or a well differentiated tooth with pulp, vessels and nerve fibers. In 33% only scattered epithelial islands were formed. 21% of the grafts ended as osteodentin. Following the initial trauma leading to aseptic necrosis, the most primitive odontogenic organ cells survive to generate a new tooth. The grafted odontogenic organ resumes its existence as a complex structure which mobilizes its own vascular and nervous supply from the host dermis as evident from nerve fibers which penetrated the tooth pulp. Since all original nerve fibers of the graft had to be disconnected from their cell bodies, they obviously degenerated. Thus any nerve fiber observed in the regenerating tooth pulp had to be of dermal origin.", "contents": "The growth of the autotransplanted rat incisor tooth odontogenic organ. 74 rat incisor odontogenic organs were autotransplanted intradermally into the auricle. The animals were killed in groups of four up to eight months after grafting. Out of 61 grafts examined from the third week onward, 46% exhibited a typical odontogenic organ or a well differentiated tooth with pulp, vessels and nerve fibers. In 33% only scattered epithelial islands were formed. 21% of the grafts ended as osteodentin. Following the initial trauma leading to aseptic necrosis, the most primitive odontogenic organ cells survive to generate a new tooth. The grafted odontogenic organ resumes its existence as a complex structure which mobilizes its own vascular and nervous supply from the host dermis as evident from nerve fibers which penetrated the tooth pulp. Since all original nerve fibers of the graft had to be disconnected from their cell bodies, they obviously degenerated. Thus any nerve fiber observed in the regenerating tooth pulp had to be of dermal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:290592", "title": "Electrophysiological properties of human dental pulp cells.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials and electrotonic potentials of human dental pulp cells (peripheral and inner cells) were recorded from intracellular measurements. The results show a high resting membrane potential (- 80 mV) for peripheral cells and a low resting membrane potential (- 30 mV) for inner cells. The peripheral cells present rectification properties (outward going rectification and delayed rectification) and a negative post potential at the end of the depolarizing current. These properties are similar to those found in some receptor cells. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, these peripheral cells are compared to odontoblasts in their early stage of development.", "contents": "Electrophysiological properties of human dental pulp cells. Resting membrane potentials and electrotonic potentials of human dental pulp cells (peripheral and inner cells) were recorded from intracellular measurements. The results show a high resting membrane potential (- 80 mV) for peripheral cells and a low resting membrane potential (- 30 mV) for inner cells. The peripheral cells present rectification properties (outward going rectification and delayed rectification) and a negative post potential at the end of the depolarizing current. These properties are similar to those found in some receptor cells. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, these peripheral cells are compared to odontoblasts in their early stage of development."}
{"id": "PMID:290593", "title": "Local analysis or the composition of amphibian and shark teeth using laser probe mass spectrometry.", "content": "In the intention of confirming and extending previous studies on the ultrastructure of the teeth of the lower vertebrates, we have performed analyses of the amounts of various chemical elements present in the teeth of two amphibians and a shark. For this purpose we employed a laser probe mass spectrometer, with which we were able to measure profiles of the variation of amount of the different elements with depth at the different points chosen for analysis. The results are expressed as relative abundances using phosphorus as reference. Differences in the relative amounts of many elements can be observed at different sample points on a tooth, and, for a given sample point, at different depths. These differences certainly reflect ultrastructural features, although some of these may not yet have been described. Fluorine has been found to be much abundant in the teeth of a shark than in those of amphibians.", "contents": "Local analysis or the composition of amphibian and shark teeth using laser probe mass spectrometry. In the intention of confirming and extending previous studies on the ultrastructure of the teeth of the lower vertebrates, we have performed analyses of the amounts of various chemical elements present in the teeth of two amphibians and a shark. For this purpose we employed a laser probe mass spectrometer, with which we were able to measure profiles of the variation of amount of the different elements with depth at the different points chosen for analysis. The results are expressed as relative abundances using phosphorus as reference. Differences in the relative amounts of many elements can be observed at different sample points on a tooth, and, for a given sample point, at different depths. These differences certainly reflect ultrastructural features, although some of these may not yet have been described. Fluorine has been found to be much abundant in the teeth of a shark than in those of amphibians."}
{"id": "PMID:290594", "title": "[Influence of inflammation on keratinocytes of the palatal mucosa of guinea pigs].", "content": "The palatal mucosa of the guinea pig contained in the normal state a certain number of binucleated cells. Injections of substances inducing inflammation (carrageenan, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, monosodium urate) were made in order to produce an inflammatory reaction in the palatal mucosa of young male and adult guinea pigs. The percentage of binucleated epithelial cells was estimated at different time intervals after injections. For the three injected substances, a significant increase of the binucleated epithelial cells was noted in the palatal injected mucosa, when compared with a healthy mucosa or a mucosa having been injected with saline.", "contents": "[Influence of inflammation on keratinocytes of the palatal mucosa of guinea pigs]. The palatal mucosa of the guinea pig contained in the normal state a certain number of binucleated cells. Injections of substances inducing inflammation (carrageenan, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, monosodium urate) were made in order to produce an inflammatory reaction in the palatal mucosa of young male and adult guinea pigs. The percentage of binucleated epithelial cells was estimated at different time intervals after injections. For the three injected substances, a significant increase of the binucleated epithelial cells was noted in the palatal injected mucosa, when compared with a healthy mucosa or a mucosa having been injected with saline."}
{"id": "PMID:290595", "title": "[Influence of culture media on the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 in the presence of various carbohydrates and their derivatives].", "content": "The growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25 175 has been studied in the presence of various sugars (sorbitol, mannitol, lycasin, sorbose and xylitol) and compared to sucrose, glucose and fructose, added to a complex and a synthetic culture medium. In these two media, the decrease in pH was related to the bacterial growth; this fact was confirmed by the dosages of the liberated lactic acid. In the complex medium, the different sugars influenced only slightly the bacterial growth, whereas in the synthetic medium the micro-organisms did not grow in the presence of sorbose, xylitol or lycasin 80/55. An adaptation period was necessary before the beginning of bacterial growth in the synthetic medium supplemented with sorbitol and mannitol.", "contents": "[Influence of culture media on the growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 in the presence of various carbohydrates and their derivatives]. The growth of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25 175 has been studied in the presence of various sugars (sorbitol, mannitol, lycasin, sorbose and xylitol) and compared to sucrose, glucose and fructose, added to a complex and a synthetic culture medium. In these two media, the decrease in pH was related to the bacterial growth; this fact was confirmed by the dosages of the liberated lactic acid. In the complex medium, the different sugars influenced only slightly the bacterial growth, whereas in the synthetic medium the micro-organisms did not grow in the presence of sorbose, xylitol or lycasin 80/55. An adaptation period was necessary before the beginning of bacterial growth in the synthetic medium supplemented with sorbitol and mannitol."}
{"id": "PMID:290641", "title": "Oligodontia: a study of its prevalence and variation in 4032 children.", "content": "The frequency of oligodontia in the study group was 4.34 percent; 79.82 percent of those with congenitally missing teeth lacked not more than two teeth. In terms of number of teeth missing, there was no significant difference between the maxilla and mandible. When considering the whole dentition, bilateral agenesis was more common than unilateral agenesis. The findings of this study largely confirm the results of previous studies of oligodontia.", "contents": "Oligodontia: a study of its prevalence and variation in 4032 children. The frequency of oligodontia in the study group was 4.34 percent; 79.82 percent of those with congenitally missing teeth lacked not more than two teeth. In terms of number of teeth missing, there was no significant difference between the maxilla and mandible. When considering the whole dentition, bilateral agenesis was more common than unilateral agenesis. The findings of this study largely confirm the results of previous studies of oligodontia."}
{"id": "PMID:290649", "title": "The effect of stannous fluoride on plaque scores.", "content": "A homogeneous group of 37 patients was chosen. The first six days involved brushing and rinsing with stannous fluoride compounds for the experimental group and placebo compounds for the control group. The next five days involved rinsing only. There was a significant difference in plaque scores during the period of rinsing only.", "contents": "The effect of stannous fluoride on plaque scores. A homogeneous group of 37 patients was chosen. The first six days involved brushing and rinsing with stannous fluoride compounds for the experimental group and placebo compounds for the control group. The next five days involved rinsing only. There was a significant difference in plaque scores during the period of rinsing only."}
{"id": "PMID:290642", "title": "A study of oligodontia in a sample of New Orleans children.", "content": "From this investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn. The prevalence of oligodontia in 847 New Orleans children was 7.44 +/- .9 percent with a total of 119 teeth absent in sixty-three subjects, excluding third molars. No statistically significant difference in prevalence occurred between the sexes. Difference in bilateral and unilateral tooth absence was not statistically significant. The teeth most frequently absent in decreasing order were the mandibular second premolar, maxillary lateral incisor, and maxillary second premolar. No statistically significant differences occurred in the frequency of absence of the mandibular second premolar and the maxillary lateral incisor. No statistically significant differences occurred in tooth absence for the following comparisons: Maxilla vs mandible . Bilateral vs unilateral . Right vs left.", "contents": "A study of oligodontia in a sample of New Orleans children. From this investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn. The prevalence of oligodontia in 847 New Orleans children was 7.44 +/- .9 percent with a total of 119 teeth absent in sixty-three subjects, excluding third molars. No statistically significant difference in prevalence occurred between the sexes. Difference in bilateral and unilateral tooth absence was not statistically significant. The teeth most frequently absent in decreasing order were the mandibular second premolar, maxillary lateral incisor, and maxillary second premolar. No statistically significant differences occurred in the frequency of absence of the mandibular second premolar and the maxillary lateral incisor. No statistically significant differences occurred in tooth absence for the following comparisons: Maxilla vs mandible . Bilateral vs unilateral . Right vs left."}
{"id": "PMID:290650", "title": "Ready-to-eat cereals and dental caries in children: a three-year study.", "content": "In a three-year study of 145 adolescent males in a boarding school in Wisconsin, there were no statistically significant differences in dental caries experience between a group consuming phosphates added to pre-sweetened and non-presweetened ready-to-eat cereals, and the control group, or between cereal eaters and non-cereal eaters.", "contents": "Ready-to-eat cereals and dental caries in children: a three-year study. In a three-year study of 145 adolescent males in a boarding school in Wisconsin, there were no statistically significant differences in dental caries experience between a group consuming phosphates added to pre-sweetened and non-presweetened ready-to-eat cereals, and the control group, or between cereal eaters and non-cereal eaters."}
{"id": "PMID:290651", "title": "The specificity of response to experimental stress in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "Comparison of autonomic and muscular response to experimentally induced stress in normal individuals and patients with myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome revealed greater masseter and frontalis activity in the patient group, higher gastrocnemius activity in control subjects, and no significant difference in skin conductance and heart rate. This specificity of response to stress supports the psychophysiologic theory of MPD syndrome.", "contents": "The specificity of response to experimental stress in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. Comparison of autonomic and muscular response to experimentally induced stress in normal individuals and patients with myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome revealed greater masseter and frontalis activity in the patient group, higher gastrocnemius activity in control subjects, and no significant difference in skin conductance and heart rate. This specificity of response to stress supports the psychophysiologic theory of MPD syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:290652", "title": "Electromyographic correlates of experimentally induced stress in diurnal bruxists and normals.", "content": "Diurnal bruxists and normals were compared in responsiveness to stress and on psychological status. Results indicated that masseter EMG activity was significantly higher at rest for bruxists than normals, that bruxists responded differentially more to stress than normals, and that no significant differences were present between bruxists and normals on the psychological measures.", "contents": "Electromyographic correlates of experimentally induced stress in diurnal bruxists and normals. Diurnal bruxists and normals were compared in responsiveness to stress and on psychological status. Results indicated that masseter EMG activity was significantly higher at rest for bruxists than normals, that bruxists responded differentially more to stress than normals, and that no significant differences were present between bruxists and normals on the psychological measures."}
{"id": "PMID:290653", "title": "New initiator systems for dental resins based on ascorbic acid.", "content": "Several promising initiator systems for the ambient polymerization of dental monomers were developed utilizing the oxidation-reduction reactions of certain organic peroxides and certain transition metal compounds with L(+) ascorbic acid and its derivatives.", "contents": "New initiator systems for dental resins based on ascorbic acid. Several promising initiator systems for the ambient polymerization of dental monomers were developed utilizing the oxidation-reduction reactions of certain organic peroxides and certain transition metal compounds with L(+) ascorbic acid and its derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:290661", "title": "Effects of nitrous oxide during organogenesis in the rat.", "content": "Susceptibility of the pregnant female rat to possible teratogenic effects from acute nitrous oxide exposure was studied. A statistically significant increase in fetal death rate (ranging from 19.1 to 7%) was observed with exposure during various periods of organogensis. No significant differences in fetal length, weight, or organ-to-body-weight ratio for spleen and liver were observed.", "contents": "Effects of nitrous oxide during organogenesis in the rat. Susceptibility of the pregnant female rat to possible teratogenic effects from acute nitrous oxide exposure was studied. A statistically significant increase in fetal death rate (ranging from 19.1 to 7%) was observed with exposure during various periods of organogensis. No significant differences in fetal length, weight, or organ-to-body-weight ratio for spleen and liver were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:290663", "title": "Sources of stress and interpersonal support among first-year dental students.", "content": "Sixty-three first-year dental students were surveyed to gather information regarding sources of stress within the dental school environment and sources of interpersonal support. The results indicated that, as a group, dental students feel most stressed in regard to demands on their time, mastery of the volume of material presented, and inconsistent feedback from faculty. Significant sex differences emerged, with women reporting more stress associated with peer competition, fear of failure, fear of falling behind, and lack of positive feedback. Analysis of interpersonal support data revealed that women reported fewer peers as part of their support networks, especially in regard to task-oriented interactions. Possible strategies for reducing environmental stress and the development of support services for female students are considered in light of the findings.", "contents": "Sources of stress and interpersonal support among first-year dental students. Sixty-three first-year dental students were surveyed to gather information regarding sources of stress within the dental school environment and sources of interpersonal support. The results indicated that, as a group, dental students feel most stressed in regard to demands on their time, mastery of the volume of material presented, and inconsistent feedback from faculty. Significant sex differences emerged, with women reporting more stress associated with peer competition, fear of failure, fear of falling behind, and lack of positive feedback. Analysis of interpersonal support data revealed that women reported fewer peers as part of their support networks, especially in regard to task-oriented interactions. Possible strategies for reducing environmental stress and the development of support services for female students are considered in light of the findings."}
{"id": "PMID:290664", "title": "Grade averages and DAT scores as predictors of performance in dental school.", "content": "Admission into dental faculties is based on preprofessional average, prerequisite average, and DAT scores among other criteria. This study investigated the predictive validity of these variables on success in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of British Columbia. Data on 312 students admitted between 1969 and 1976 were subjected to multiple regression analyses. Results showed that overall preprofessional average significantly correlated .17 to .29 with nine first- and second-year course grades, .36 with first-year average, and .29 with second-year average. DAT manual average correlated significantly with five course grades from .20 to .36, .20 with second-year average, and .30 with third-year average grades. Chalk carving correlated significantly .20 to .40 with five course grades and .24 with third-year average. It is recommended that overall average and chalk carving be given equal emphasis in the selection process.", "contents": "Grade averages and DAT scores as predictors of performance in dental school. Admission into dental faculties is based on preprofessional average, prerequisite average, and DAT scores among other criteria. This study investigated the predictive validity of these variables on success in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of British Columbia. Data on 312 students admitted between 1969 and 1976 were subjected to multiple regression analyses. Results showed that overall preprofessional average significantly correlated .17 to .29 with nine first- and second-year course grades, .36 with first-year average, and .29 with second-year average. DAT manual average correlated significantly with five course grades from .20 to .36, .20 with second-year average, and .30 with third-year average grades. Chalk carving correlated significantly .20 to .40 with five course grades and .24 with third-year average. It is recommended that overall average and chalk carving be given equal emphasis in the selection process."}
{"id": "PMID:290665", "title": "Period end clinical evaluation.", "content": "This paper describes the evolution and operation of a system of clinical evaluation which has been in use in the Faculty of Dentistry at McGill University since 19749 Students are evaluated for their overall performance throughout an entire clinical period rather than for individual treatment steps or units.", "contents": "Period end clinical evaluation. This paper describes the evolution and operation of a system of clinical evaluation which has been in use in the Faculty of Dentistry at McGill University since 19749 Students are evaluated for their overall performance throughout an entire clinical period rather than for individual treatment steps or units."}
{"id": "PMID:290666", "title": "Evaluation of predictor variables for a self-instructional preclinical course.", "content": "Several studies have shown that the Dental Admission Test and predental grade point average have validity in predicting performance in dental school. The purpose of this two-year study is to compare these predictors with a manual skill exercise to determine their usefulness in predicting manual dexterity success in operative dentistry. Sophomore students were instructed to make preparations on an Ivorine block following imprinted outlines. Correlation to performance on laboratory examinations was computed. Results indicate the traditional predictors have limited usefulness in manual skill prediction while the Ivorine block exercise demonstrated consistent correlation over both years. The emphasis on manual dexterity in preclinical dental courses requires that appropriate variables be used in selecting students.", "contents": "Evaluation of predictor variables for a self-instructional preclinical course. Several studies have shown that the Dental Admission Test and predental grade point average have validity in predicting performance in dental school. The purpose of this two-year study is to compare these predictors with a manual skill exercise to determine their usefulness in predicting manual dexterity success in operative dentistry. Sophomore students were instructed to make preparations on an Ivorine block following imprinted outlines. Correlation to performance on laboratory examinations was computed. Results indicate the traditional predictors have limited usefulness in manual skill prediction while the Ivorine block exercise demonstrated consistent correlation over both years. The emphasis on manual dexterity in preclinical dental courses requires that appropriate variables be used in selecting students."}
{"id": "PMID:290667", "title": "The improvement of technical skills in preclinical courses.", "content": "One hundred fifty-four freshmen dental students were administered a fine motor ability test prior to and at the completion of a series of preclinical technique courses. The pre- and posttest performances were compared for each student to determine whether an improvement of technical skill had occurred. The pre- and posttests were also graded using the rank ordered method. The number of students who demonstrated improvement in technical skill was compared to the number of students who improved in grades to establish whether the change in grades was indicative of the observed change in technical skill. Most students improved in technical skill; however, grades did not reflect this improvement.", "contents": "The improvement of technical skills in preclinical courses. One hundred fifty-four freshmen dental students were administered a fine motor ability test prior to and at the completion of a series of preclinical technique courses. The pre- and posttest performances were compared for each student to determine whether an improvement of technical skill had occurred. The pre- and posttests were also graded using the rank ordered method. The number of students who demonstrated improvement in technical skill was compared to the number of students who improved in grades to establish whether the change in grades was indicative of the observed change in technical skill. Most students improved in technical skill; however, grades did not reflect this improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:290675", "title": "Assessment of the impact of medical device legislation on the dental trade industry.", "content": "FDA authority over medical devices is a fact of life, certain to have an effect on the dental trade industry. Trends toward acquisitions and mergers of companies within the dental trade industry and the employment of additional personnel, in response to the regulations, have already become apparent. While some improvement in the quality of dental products can be anticipated, it is also expected that the regulations will result in fewer sources of dental products, higher costs for products fewer new products, and a reluctance to accept goods for return or repair. Whether the net impact of the Medical Device Amendments upon the industry will be positive or negative, remains to be seen.", "contents": "Assessment of the impact of medical device legislation on the dental trade industry. FDA authority over medical devices is a fact of life, certain to have an effect on the dental trade industry. Trends toward acquisitions and mergers of companies within the dental trade industry and the employment of additional personnel, in response to the regulations, have already become apparent. While some improvement in the quality of dental products can be anticipated, it is also expected that the regulations will result in fewer sources of dental products, higher costs for products fewer new products, and a reluctance to accept goods for return or repair. Whether the net impact of the Medical Device Amendments upon the industry will be positive or negative, remains to be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:290676", "title": "Imaging properties of intraoral dental xeroradiography.", "content": "A prototype imaging system for intraoral dental xeroradiography has been described. In vivo evaluations of image quality show that intraoral xeroradiographs are superior to conventional intraoral film radiographs primarily because of the wide latitude and edge enhancement properties of xeroradiography. In addition, intraoral xeroradiography requires only a third of the radiation dose of corresponding intraoral film techniques.", "contents": "Imaging properties of intraoral dental xeroradiography. A prototype imaging system for intraoral dental xeroradiography has been described. In vivo evaluations of image quality show that intraoral xeroradiographs are superior to conventional intraoral film radiographs primarily because of the wide latitude and edge enhancement properties of xeroradiography. In addition, intraoral xeroradiography requires only a third of the radiation dose of corresponding intraoral film techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:290677", "title": "Treatment and posttreatment effects of chewable fluoride tablets on dental caries: findings after 7 1/2 years.", "content": "The data from the Wayne County study indicate that administration of fluoride tablets in school should be recommended in nonfluoridated areas as an effective public health measure for the prevention of dental caries. The finding that benefits persist for at least 1 1/2 years after treatment is discontinued further accentuates the public health appeal of the procedure. As the data show no clear-cut superiority in posttreatment benefits for two fluoride tablets a day, a single tablet daily can be recommended as more suitable for school programs because of lower cost and greater feasibility.", "contents": "Treatment and posttreatment effects of chewable fluoride tablets on dental caries: findings after 7 1/2 years. The data from the Wayne County study indicate that administration of fluoride tablets in school should be recommended in nonfluoridated areas as an effective public health measure for the prevention of dental caries. The finding that benefits persist for at least 1 1/2 years after treatment is discontinued further accentuates the public health appeal of the procedure. As the data show no clear-cut superiority in posttreatment benefits for two fluoride tablets a day, a single tablet daily can be recommended as more suitable for school programs because of lower cost and greater feasibility."}
{"id": "PMID:290678", "title": "Perception of pain to three different intraoral penetrations of needles.", "content": "There are no significant differences in perception of pain produced by penetrations of 25-, 27-, and 30-gauge needles in the retromolar fossa. Six dentists received three series of six needle penetrations, three in each retromolar fossa, at one-week intervals. The penetrations were made to a depth of 2 to 3 mm with use of a rapid in-and-out motion by 25-, 27-, and 30-gauge needles in an alternating sequence. The perception of pain for each penetration was recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. There were no significant differences in the perception of pain elicited from the use of the three needles.", "contents": "Perception of pain to three different intraoral penetrations of needles. There are no significant differences in perception of pain produced by penetrations of 25-, 27-, and 30-gauge needles in the retromolar fossa. Six dentists received three series of six needle penetrations, three in each retromolar fossa, at one-week intervals. The penetrations were made to a depth of 2 to 3 mm with use of a rapid in-and-out motion by 25-, 27-, and 30-gauge needles in an alternating sequence. The perception of pain for each penetration was recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. There were no significant differences in the perception of pain elicited from the use of the three needles."}
{"id": "PMID:290679", "title": "Characterization of wear of tungsten carbide burs.", "content": "On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be made:--Although the primary cause of the diminution of cutting efficiency when composite restorations are cut is due to abrasion, a secondary cause is the adhesion of the melted resin to the flutes.--Amalgams and tooth structures cause significantly less wear to burs than composite restorations.--The design of burs currently used is probably a poor choice to remove composite restorations.", "contents": "Characterization of wear of tungsten carbide burs. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be made:--Although the primary cause of the diminution of cutting efficiency when composite restorations are cut is due to abrasion, a secondary cause is the adhesion of the melted resin to the flutes.--Amalgams and tooth structures cause significantly less wear to burs than composite restorations.--The design of burs currently used is probably a poor choice to remove composite restorations."}
{"id": "PMID:290680", "title": "C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars.", "content": "Three cases of C-shaped mandibular second molars are described. These clinical findings were similar for each case:--It was impossible to diagnose the condition on the preoperative radiograph.--All three cases had normal anatomy of the pulp floor and separate canal orifices.--Continuous hemorrhage and sensitivity were encountered when instruments were used.", "contents": "C-shaped canal configurations in mandibular molars. Three cases of C-shaped mandibular second molars are described. These clinical findings were similar for each case:--It was impossible to diagnose the condition on the preoperative radiograph.--All three cases had normal anatomy of the pulp floor and separate canal orifices.--Continuous hemorrhage and sensitivity were encountered when instruments were used."}
{"id": "PMID:290690", "title": "Fc receptors on myeloid leukaemic cells: comparison between assays of rosette-forming cells.", "content": "A comparison has been made between assays of Fc receptor bearing cells among blood leucocytes from normal individuals and from patients with myeloid leukaemia, using human anti-D coated erythrocytes (HEA) and sheep erythrocytes sensitised with a rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody (SEA). Differences were found between the assays in both groups, demonstrating the heterogeneity of Fc receptors with respect to affinity for marker, and for Fc bearing leucocytes. Monocytoid cells reacted more readily with both markers than myeloid cells. The HEA rosette assay may be useful selective diagnostic aid for Fc+ myeloid leukaemia since the SEA assay detects Fc receptors on mature granulocytes.", "contents": "Fc receptors on myeloid leukaemic cells: comparison between assays of rosette-forming cells. A comparison has been made between assays of Fc receptor bearing cells among blood leucocytes from normal individuals and from patients with myeloid leukaemia, using human anti-D coated erythrocytes (HEA) and sheep erythrocytes sensitised with a rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody (SEA). Differences were found between the assays in both groups, demonstrating the heterogeneity of Fc receptors with respect to affinity for marker, and for Fc bearing leucocytes. Monocytoid cells reacted more readily with both markers than myeloid cells. The HEA rosette assay may be useful selective diagnostic aid for Fc+ myeloid leukaemia since the SEA assay detects Fc receptors on mature granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:290704", "title": "[Isothermal ordering processes of equiatomic alloy CuPt (author's transl)].", "content": "Isothermal ordering processes of equiatomic alloy CuPt quenched from above the critical temperature were investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic observations. The main results obtained are as follows; (1) two different orderings are recognized at above and below 560 degrees C. Each main reaction is an ordering process having the activation energies of 30.6 and 17.4 kcal/mol, respectively. (2) In the early stage of ordering at the temperature below 200 degrees C the growth of disperse order is recognized by the increment of electrical resistivity, and has an activation energy of 30.1 kcal/mol. (3) At the temperature between 300 degrees C and 560 degrees C, the process of ordering consists of three stages having an activation energy of 17.4, 23.6 and 65.3 kcal/mol, respectively. These correspond to the ordering processes by the migration and the annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies, the annihilation of secondary defects and the diffusion of equilibrium vacancies, respectively. (4) At the temperature above 560 degrees C, the process of ordering consists of two stages. The bulk of the ordering is a homogenous ordering within the grain.", "contents": "[Isothermal ordering processes of equiatomic alloy CuPt (author's transl)]. Isothermal ordering processes of equiatomic alloy CuPt quenched from above the critical temperature were investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic observations. The main results obtained are as follows; (1) two different orderings are recognized at above and below 560 degrees C. Each main reaction is an ordering process having the activation energies of 30.6 and 17.4 kcal/mol, respectively. (2) In the early stage of ordering at the temperature below 200 degrees C the growth of disperse order is recognized by the increment of electrical resistivity, and has an activation energy of 30.1 kcal/mol. (3) At the temperature between 300 degrees C and 560 degrees C, the process of ordering consists of three stages having an activation energy of 17.4, 23.6 and 65.3 kcal/mol, respectively. These correspond to the ordering processes by the migration and the annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies, the annihilation of secondary defects and the diffusion of equilibrium vacancies, respectively. (4) At the temperature above 560 degrees C, the process of ordering consists of two stages. The bulk of the ordering is a homogenous ordering within the grain."}
{"id": "PMID:290705", "title": "[Order-hardening in equiatmic alloy CuPt (author's transl)].", "content": "The order-hardening and its modes of equiatomic alloy CuPt were investigated by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopic observations. The important results obtained are as follows; (1) Two different modes of order-hardening are recognized, namely at the temperature ranges of 400 degrees C-550 degrees C and 600 degrees C-700 degrees C. (2) The activation energies for order-hardening at lower and higher temperatures are 19.3 and 31.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The former corresponds to the migration and the annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies, the latter corresponding to the growth of ordered domain. (3) Heterogeneous ordering along the grain boundary at lower temperature and homogeneous ordering within the grain at higher temperature are the dominant reaction for hardening. But the ordering is achieved by the nucleation-and-growth process at all temperature.", "contents": "[Order-hardening in equiatmic alloy CuPt (author's transl)]. The order-hardening and its modes of equiatomic alloy CuPt were investigated by means of hardness test, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopic observations. The important results obtained are as follows; (1) Two different modes of order-hardening are recognized, namely at the temperature ranges of 400 degrees C-550 degrees C and 600 degrees C-700 degrees C. (2) The activation energies for order-hardening at lower and higher temperatures are 19.3 and 31.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The former corresponds to the migration and the annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies, the latter corresponding to the growth of ordered domain. (3) Heterogeneous ordering along the grain boundary at lower temperature and homogeneous ordering within the grain at higher temperature are the dominant reaction for hardening. But the ordering is achieved by the nucleation-and-growth process at all temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:290706", "title": "[Properties of polyfluoroethylene-copolymers for the denture base lining material (author's transl)].", "content": "Silicone rubber is conventionally used as a lining soft material for denture base. However it still has some properties to be improved, such as poor adhesive strenth with acrylic resin, discoloration, degradation and growth of candida. We attempted to apply chemically-stable polyfluoroethylene-copolymers for this purpose. The terpolymers consisting of difluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene (or hexafluoropropylene) were prepared and tested for tensile strenth, adhesive strength to acrylic resin, water sorption, contact angle, shore hardness, and toxicity by hemolysis test, cell culture test and extraction test. One of the selected terpolymer showed less water sorption (0.1 mg/cm2), stronger tensile strength (160 kg/cm2) and adhesive strength (110 kg/cm2) than the silicone rubber lining material. The toxicity test results suggested that the terpolymer will pose a low potential acute toxicity in vivo. All the test results seem to suggest that the polyfluoroethylene elastomer described here is a promising soft liner material for denture base.", "contents": "[Properties of polyfluoroethylene-copolymers for the denture base lining material (author's transl)]. Silicone rubber is conventionally used as a lining soft material for denture base. However it still has some properties to be improved, such as poor adhesive strenth with acrylic resin, discoloration, degradation and growth of candida. We attempted to apply chemically-stable polyfluoroethylene-copolymers for this purpose. The terpolymers consisting of difluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene and chlorotrifluoroethylene (or hexafluoropropylene) were prepared and tested for tensile strenth, adhesive strength to acrylic resin, water sorption, contact angle, shore hardness, and toxicity by hemolysis test, cell culture test and extraction test. One of the selected terpolymer showed less water sorption (0.1 mg/cm2), stronger tensile strength (160 kg/cm2) and adhesive strength (110 kg/cm2) than the silicone rubber lining material. The toxicity test results suggested that the terpolymer will pose a low potential acute toxicity in vivo. All the test results seem to suggest that the polyfluoroethylene elastomer described here is a promising soft liner material for denture base."}
{"id": "PMID:290707", "title": "[Analysis of eluate extracted from dental filling resin by high performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the residual monomer of cured filling resin has been implicated in toxicological effects, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the eluate of bisphenol A diglycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) type resins presently used. The main chemicals of the eluate from resin into three kinds of solution, water, 85% methanol water solution and 100% methanol were the residual monomers which formely were Bis-GMA, triethylenglycol dimethacrylate and latterly MMA. Residual initiators, benzoyl peroxide and hydroquinone were also determined. This investigation has  shown that HPLC is rapid, reliable and an acurate method to analyze the residual monomers of cured dental filling resins.", "contents": "[Analysis of eluate extracted from dental filling resin by high performance liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. Since the residual monomer of cured filling resin has been implicated in toxicological effects, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze the eluate of bisphenol A diglycidylmethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) type resins presently used. The main chemicals of the eluate from resin into three kinds of solution, water, 85% methanol water solution and 100% methanol were the residual monomers which formely were Bis-GMA, triethylenglycol dimethacrylate and latterly MMA. Residual initiators, benzoyl peroxide and hydroquinone were also determined. This investigation has  shown that HPLC is rapid, reliable and an acurate method to analyze the residual monomers of cured dental filling resins."}
{"id": "PMID:290708", "title": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part I) Thermal behavior in heating process(author's transl)].", "content": "The cause of the three shrinkages in the thermal expansion curves of gypsum bonded investments, which were characterized in the previous study, was examined mainly by means of TG-DTA method, X-ray diffraction method and SEM observation. The main results were as follows: 1. The first shrinkage between 100 degrees C and 200 degrees C was caused by the dehydration of gypsum. 2. The second shrinkage between 300 degrees C and 400 degrees C was due to the transformation of soluble anhydrite to insoluble anhydrite. 3. The third shrinkage beginning at the temperature range 700 degrees C approximately 800 degrees C is considered to be related to the sintering of insoluble anhydrite.", "contents": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part I) Thermal behavior in heating process(author's transl)]. The cause of the three shrinkages in the thermal expansion curves of gypsum bonded investments, which were characterized in the previous study, was examined mainly by means of TG-DTA method, X-ray diffraction method and SEM observation. The main results were as follows: 1. The first shrinkage between 100 degrees C and 200 degrees C was caused by the dehydration of gypsum. 2. The second shrinkage between 300 degrees C and 400 degrees C was due to the transformation of soluble anhydrite to insoluble anhydrite. 3. The third shrinkage beginning at the temperature range 700 degrees C approximately 800 degrees C is considered to be related to the sintering of insoluble anhydrite."}
{"id": "PMID:290709", "title": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part 2) Sintering phenomena of set plaster (author's transl)].", "content": "The sintering phenomena of set plaster on the heating process have been investigated by measuring shrinkage and apparent density and by observing the structure of fractured surface with SEM. As a result, it was found that the sintering shrinkage occurred in two stages for the temperature range from 500 degrees C to 900 degrees C. In the first stage between 500 degrees C and 800 degrees C, the skelton of needle-like crystals of gypsum remained and micro-grains were observed in it. In the second stage between 800 degrees C and 900 C, the skelton disappeared and the grain growth was remarkable. In addition, the rate of shrinkage was slow in the first stage, and was very fast in the second stage.", "contents": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part 2) Sintering phenomena of set plaster (author's transl)]. The sintering phenomena of set plaster on the heating process have been investigated by measuring shrinkage and apparent density and by observing the structure of fractured surface with SEM. As a result, it was found that the sintering shrinkage occurred in two stages for the temperature range from 500 degrees C to 900 degrees C. In the first stage between 500 degrees C and 800 degrees C, the skelton of needle-like crystals of gypsum remained and micro-grains were observed in it. In the second stage between 800 degrees C and 900 C, the skelton disappeared and the grain growth was remarkable. In addition, the rate of shrinkage was slow in the first stage, and was very fast in the second stage."}
{"id": "PMID:290710", "title": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part 3) Sintering kinetics of insoluble anhydrite (author's transl)].", "content": "The sintering kinetics of insoluble anhydrite were studied by measuring the isothermal shrinkage of compacts of insoluble anhydrite powders in air. The sintering process of insoluble anhydrite powders consisted of two stages for the temperature range from 630 degrees C to 720 degrees C. The first shrinkage could be described as a bulk diffusion model and followed the equation delta L/Lo infinity t 0.5l +/- 0.08, where delta L/Lo is fractional shrinkage and t is the sintering time. The apparent activation energy of the shringage was 130 kcal/mole. The second shrinkage followed the equation delta L/Lo infinity t 1.83 +/- 0.30, but could not be explained with reasonable model. However, the SEM observations of the fractured surface of compacts suggested that the second shrinkage corresponded to the grain growth of insoluble anhydrite.", "contents": "[Thermal behavior of gypsum bonded investments. (Part 3) Sintering kinetics of insoluble anhydrite (author's transl)]. The sintering kinetics of insoluble anhydrite were studied by measuring the isothermal shrinkage of compacts of insoluble anhydrite powders in air. The sintering process of insoluble anhydrite powders consisted of two stages for the temperature range from 630 degrees C to 720 degrees C. The first shrinkage could be described as a bulk diffusion model and followed the equation delta L/Lo infinity t 0.5l +/- 0.08, where delta L/Lo is fractional shrinkage and t is the sintering time. The apparent activation energy of the shringage was 130 kcal/mole. The second shrinkage followed the equation delta L/Lo infinity t 1.83 +/- 0.30, but could not be explained with reasonable model. However, the SEM observations of the fractured surface of compacts suggested that the second shrinkage corresponded to the grain growth of insoluble anhydrite."}
{"id": "PMID:290711", "title": "[Studies of dental methacrylic resin. (Part. 6) Adhesive strength of self-curing methacrylic resin to polymethylmetacrylates with various cross-linking density. (author's transl)].", "content": "The adhesive property of dental acrylic resin to resin teeth and denture base resins is an important property, in the case of preperating, repairing and rebasing denture. Then, as models of denture base resin and resin tooth, heat-curing methacrylic resins which were cross-linked with three kinds of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, i.e., EDMA, tri-EDMA, nona-EDMA, were prepared, and the tensile adhesive strengths of self-curing methacrylic resin to them were examined. The results were as follows. 1) The tensile adhesive strength under the dry condition was dependent on cross-linking density of adherent resin, and decreased according to the increase of concentration of cross-linking agent added in adherent resin. 2) The greater the number of chain members of cross-linking agent used to adherent resin was, the higher the adhesive strength was. In particular, the adhesive strength to adherent resin added with nona-EDMA in concentration from 16.7 to 30 mole%, agreed with the tensile strength of adherent resin itself indicating a favourable adhesion. 3) The adhesive strengths under the wet condition, that is, when specimens were immersed in water at 37 degrees C for 21 days, decreased from 30 to 50%, compared with that under the dry condition.", "contents": "[Studies of dental methacrylic resin. (Part. 6) Adhesive strength of self-curing methacrylic resin to polymethylmetacrylates with various cross-linking density. (author's transl)]. The adhesive property of dental acrylic resin to resin teeth and denture base resins is an important property, in the case of preperating, repairing and rebasing denture. Then, as models of denture base resin and resin tooth, heat-curing methacrylic resins which were cross-linked with three kinds of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, i.e., EDMA, tri-EDMA, nona-EDMA, were prepared, and the tensile adhesive strengths of self-curing methacrylic resin to them were examined. The results were as follows. 1) The tensile adhesive strength under the dry condition was dependent on cross-linking density of adherent resin, and decreased according to the increase of concentration of cross-linking agent added in adherent resin. 2) The greater the number of chain members of cross-linking agent used to adherent resin was, the higher the adhesive strength was. In particular, the adhesive strength to adherent resin added with nona-EDMA in concentration from 16.7 to 30 mole%, agreed with the tensile strength of adherent resin itself indicating a favourable adhesion. 3) The adhesive strengths under the wet condition, that is, when specimens were immersed in water at 37 degrees C for 21 days, decreased from 30 to 50%, compared with that under the dry condition."}
{"id": "PMID:290712", "title": "[Studies of dental methacrylic resin. (Part 7) Adhesive strength of fluid methacrylic resin to polymethylmethacrylates with various cross-linked density (author's transl)].", "content": "Heat-curing methacrylic resins cross-linked with three kinds of dimethacrylates, i.e. EDMA, tri-EDMA and nona-EDMA, were prepared, and the tensile adhesive strength of fluid methacrylic resin to them was examined. The results obtained were as follows. (1) To adherent resin cross-linked with EDMA, the adhesive strength of fluid resin showed the maximum at the concentration near 2 mole% and decreased with increasing the concentration. (2) To adherent resin cross-linked with tri-EDMA or nona-EDMA, the effect of the concentration of cross-linking agent on the adhesive strength was little, except that the adhesive strength to the latter adherent resin showed a steep increase in the range of lower concentration. (3) The adhesive strength did not appreciably change in the range of L/P ratio of fluid resin from 0.57 to 0.71 ml/g. (4) The adhesive strength under the wet condition decreased about 40 to 50% compared under the dry condition. (5) To cross-linked adherent resin, the adhesive strength of fluid resin was somewhat higher than that of self-curing resin under the dry condition. But, under the wet condition this difference was little. (6) Contrarily, to non-cross-linked adherent resin, the adhesive strength of fluid resin was somewhat lower than of self-curing resin. This may be because the cracks, which are occured on the surface of non-cross-linked adherent resin by contact with abundant MMA of fluid resin, work as defects to decrease the adhesive strength.", "contents": "[Studies of dental methacrylic resin. (Part 7) Adhesive strength of fluid methacrylic resin to polymethylmethacrylates with various cross-linked density (author's transl)]. Heat-curing methacrylic resins cross-linked with three kinds of dimethacrylates, i.e. EDMA, tri-EDMA and nona-EDMA, were prepared, and the tensile adhesive strength of fluid methacrylic resin to them was examined. The results obtained were as follows. (1) To adherent resin cross-linked with EDMA, the adhesive strength of fluid resin showed the maximum at the concentration near 2 mole% and decreased with increasing the concentration. (2) To adherent resin cross-linked with tri-EDMA or nona-EDMA, the effect of the concentration of cross-linking agent on the adhesive strength was little, except that the adhesive strength to the latter adherent resin showed a steep increase in the range of lower concentration. (3) The adhesive strength did not appreciably change in the range of L/P ratio of fluid resin from 0.57 to 0.71 ml/g. (4) The adhesive strength under the wet condition decreased about 40 to 50% compared under the dry condition. (5) To cross-linked adherent resin, the adhesive strength of fluid resin was somewhat higher than that of self-curing resin under the dry condition. But, under the wet condition this difference was little. (6) Contrarily, to non-cross-linked adherent resin, the adhesive strength of fluid resin was somewhat lower than of self-curing resin. This may be because the cracks, which are occured on the surface of non-cross-linked adherent resin by contact with abundant MMA of fluid resin, work as defects to decrease the adhesive strength."}
{"id": "PMID:290721", "title": "Onset of genetic obesity in the absence of hyperphagia during the first week of life in the Zucker rat (fa/fa).", "content": "The aim of this study was to discover which of three major abnormalities of the genetically obese Zucker rat (fa/fa), namely hyperphagia, excess adiposity, and hyperlipidemia, is the first to appear prior to manifest obesity, i.e., before weaning. Suckling fa/fa rats, bred from heterozygous parents, were detected by sizing fat cells obtained from an inguinal fat pad biopsy. Cell hypertrophy was observed in fa/fa rats, compared to Fa/-littermates of the same sex, as soon as 5-7 days after birth. Prediction of fa/fa genotype at this age by this method was assessed using a series of 80 pups and proved to be totally successful. The identity of the \"predicted\" obese pups was confirmed morphologically at 6 weeks of age. Food (milk) intake was estimated from water turnover rates determined on 86 pups aged 2-8 days using tritiated water. The results show that 7-day-old fa/fa rats had heavier inguinal fat pads with larger adipocytes and higher lipoprotein lipase activity than their lean controls. There was no genotype effect on water intake adjusted to body weight during the first week of life. Moreover weight of stomach contents and triglyceridemia were similar in all animals at 7 days. These results show that excess adiposity develops in the fa/fa rat during the first week of life, before hypertriglyceridemia and hyperphagia, and raises the question of whether this adiposity results from a defect in energy expenditure or an abnormality of fat cell storage capacity, or both.", "contents": "Onset of genetic obesity in the absence of hyperphagia during the first week of life in the Zucker rat (fa/fa). The aim of this study was to discover which of three major abnormalities of the genetically obese Zucker rat (fa/fa), namely hyperphagia, excess adiposity, and hyperlipidemia, is the first to appear prior to manifest obesity, i.e., before weaning. Suckling fa/fa rats, bred from heterozygous parents, were detected by sizing fat cells obtained from an inguinal fat pad biopsy. Cell hypertrophy was observed in fa/fa rats, compared to Fa/-littermates of the same sex, as soon as 5-7 days after birth. Prediction of fa/fa genotype at this age by this method was assessed using a series of 80 pups and proved to be totally successful. The identity of the \"predicted\" obese pups was confirmed morphologically at 6 weeks of age. Food (milk) intake was estimated from water turnover rates determined on 86 pups aged 2-8 days using tritiated water. The results show that 7-day-old fa/fa rats had heavier inguinal fat pads with larger adipocytes and higher lipoprotein lipase activity than their lean controls. There was no genotype effect on water intake adjusted to body weight during the first week of life. Moreover weight of stomach contents and triglyceridemia were similar in all animals at 7 days. These results show that excess adiposity develops in the fa/fa rat during the first week of life, before hypertriglyceridemia and hyperphagia, and raises the question of whether this adiposity results from a defect in energy expenditure or an abnormality of fat cell storage capacity, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:290722", "title": "Cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids of normal immature neutrophils: comparison with acute myeloblastic leukemia cells and normal neutrophils.", "content": "The lipid composition of immature myeloid cells from the bone marrow of normal persons and myeloblasts from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia was studied and compared with the lipid composition of normal mature human neutrophils. Total cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid composition was determined on each cell type. The leukemic cells showed decreased total cholesterol and cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio, increase phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, decreased phosphatidylethanolamine, and an increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids when compared to normal mature neutrophils. A nearly identical pattern was seen in the normal immature myeloid precursors from normal bone marrow. We conclude that the altered lipid composition of acute myeloblastic leukemia cells is related to unexplained factors related to cell age and not to malignancy per se.", "contents": "Cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids of normal immature neutrophils: comparison with acute myeloblastic leukemia cells and normal neutrophils. The lipid composition of immature myeloid cells from the bone marrow of normal persons and myeloblasts from patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia was studied and compared with the lipid composition of normal mature human neutrophils. Total cholesterol, phospholipid, and fatty acid composition was determined on each cell type. The leukemic cells showed decreased total cholesterol and cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio, increase phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, decreased phosphatidylethanolamine, and an increased percentage of unsaturated fatty acids when compared to normal mature neutrophils. A nearly identical pattern was seen in the normal immature myeloid precursors from normal bone marrow. We conclude that the altered lipid composition of acute myeloblastic leukemia cells is related to unexplained factors related to cell age and not to malignancy per se."}
{"id": "PMID:290723", "title": "Enhancement of ionizing radiation effect on the testes of rats by microwave or ultrasound-induced hyperthermia.", "content": "Hyperthermia induced from microwave 30 watts for 5 minutes or from ultrasound 1 watt/cm2 for 5 minutes as well as x-rays were destructive to the testes of rats. The combination of x-ray and hyperthermia enhanced the destructuve effect regarding the degree of reduction of spermatogenesis as well as the number of tubules affected.", "contents": "Enhancement of ionizing radiation effect on the testes of rats by microwave or ultrasound-induced hyperthermia. Hyperthermia induced from microwave 30 watts for 5 minutes or from ultrasound 1 watt/cm2 for 5 minutes as well as x-rays were destructive to the testes of rats. The combination of x-ray and hyperthermia enhanced the destructuve effect regarding the degree of reduction of spermatogenesis as well as the number of tubules affected."}
{"id": "PMID:290724", "title": "The importance of etiology for the successful treatment of secondary trigeminal neuralgia. Reviews of some clinical cases.", "content": "Incorrect etiopathological evaluation of trigeminal neuralgia could result in therapeutic mistakes. Some of the clinical cases encountered are reviewed to point out diagnosis leading to valid therapeutic approaches.", "contents": "The importance of etiology for the successful treatment of secondary trigeminal neuralgia. Reviews of some clinical cases. Incorrect etiopathological evaluation of trigeminal neuralgia could result in therapeutic mistakes. Some of the clinical cases encountered are reviewed to point out diagnosis leading to valid therapeutic approaches."}
{"id": "PMID:290725", "title": "Alterations of host defenses paralleling cholesterol-induced atherogenesis. I. Interactions of prolonged experimental hypercholesterolemia and infections.", "content": "Cholesterol may interfere with normal repair processes in the arterial wall. It is also possible that this same action occurs during inflammation and repair throughout the body. This hypothesis was tested by giving intravenous injections of Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterium that is innocuous for normal rabbits even when multiple large doses are given. Almost all cholesterol-fed rabbits developed significant pleuropulmonary infections with complications that included vasculitis, thrombosis, extrapulmonary infections, and significant mortality. More than half of this group was culturally positive for B. fragilis at the time of autopsy while cultures from control animals were sterile. These results suggest that cholesterol may interfere with the functions of those cells involved in host defense.", "contents": "Alterations of host defenses paralleling cholesterol-induced atherogenesis. I. Interactions of prolonged experimental hypercholesterolemia and infections. Cholesterol may interfere with normal repair processes in the arterial wall. It is also possible that this same action occurs during inflammation and repair throughout the body. This hypothesis was tested by giving intravenous injections of Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterium that is innocuous for normal rabbits even when multiple large doses are given. Almost all cholesterol-fed rabbits developed significant pleuropulmonary infections with complications that included vasculitis, thrombosis, extrapulmonary infections, and significant mortality. More than half of this group was culturally positive for B. fragilis at the time of autopsy while cultures from control animals were sterile. These results suggest that cholesterol may interfere with the functions of those cells involved in host defense."}
{"id": "PMID:290726", "title": "A multicenter study for analgesia involving fenoprofen, propoxyphene [alone or in combination] with placebo and aspirin controls in postpartum pain.", "content": "One investigator at each of 4 institutions followed the requirements of a core protocol designed to evaluate propoxyphene napsylate (50, 100 and 150 mg), fenoprofen calcium (200, 400 and 600 mg) and their combination (50/200, 100/400 and 150/600 mg) in patients reporting postpartum pain. Placebo and aspirin (650 mg) were included as control medications. Analyses were based on subgrouping which isolated individually the interactions between medications and the following factors: dose-observation criteria, the investigator-observer-institution differences, the intensity of pain at the time the medication was given, and postepisiotomy-wound compared to uterine-cramp pain. Each of these factors influenced the absolute scores for analgesia significantly, but had no significant influence on the relative rankings of the medications. The analgesia scores for individual patients in each subgroup were transformed to ridits and then pooled. A linear increase in effectiveness occurred in response to increasing doses of propoxyphene, fenoprofen, and their combination in this dose range. The dose responses were essentially parallel. The combination was more effective than either drug alone.", "contents": "A multicenter study for analgesia involving fenoprofen, propoxyphene [alone or in combination] with placebo and aspirin controls in postpartum pain. One investigator at each of 4 institutions followed the requirements of a core protocol designed to evaluate propoxyphene napsylate (50, 100 and 150 mg), fenoprofen calcium (200, 400 and 600 mg) and their combination (50/200, 100/400 and 150/600 mg) in patients reporting postpartum pain. Placebo and aspirin (650 mg) were included as control medications. Analyses were based on subgrouping which isolated individually the interactions between medications and the following factors: dose-observation criteria, the investigator-observer-institution differences, the intensity of pain at the time the medication was given, and postepisiotomy-wound compared to uterine-cramp pain. Each of these factors influenced the absolute scores for analgesia significantly, but had no significant influence on the relative rankings of the medications. The analgesia scores for individual patients in each subgroup were transformed to ridits and then pooled. A linear increase in effectiveness occurred in response to increasing doses of propoxyphene, fenoprofen, and their combination in this dose range. The dose responses were essentially parallel. The combination was more effective than either drug alone."}
{"id": "PMID:290734", "title": "Diurnal variations in plasma insulin concentrations in normal and cirrhotic subjects: effect of dietary protein.", "content": "Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin and of glucose were measured in plasma samples taken at 4-hour intervals from cirrhotic and normal control subjects ingesting diets containing various amounts of protein. In both groups, insulin levels were highest after meals, between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m.; in cirrhotic subjects, but not in controls, plasma glucose levels were also higher at these times. Insulin and glucose concentrations in plasma from cirrhotic subjects were higher than those from control subjects at all times measured. Peak daytime insulin levels were about 150 muU/ml in plasma from cirrhotic subjects, and 40--50 muU/ml in plasma from controls; nocturnal levels were 20--30 muU/ml in cirrhotics versus 10 muU/ml or less in controls. The protein content of the diet was unrelated to plasma insulin levels at all times of day or night examined. These data thus show that plasma insulin levels are persistently elevated in cirrhotics, remaining higher than normal throughout the 24-hour period.", "contents": "Diurnal variations in plasma insulin concentrations in normal and cirrhotic subjects: effect of dietary protein. Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin and of glucose were measured in plasma samples taken at 4-hour intervals from cirrhotic and normal control subjects ingesting diets containing various amounts of protein. In both groups, insulin levels were highest after meals, between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m.; in cirrhotic subjects, but not in controls, plasma glucose levels were also higher at these times. Insulin and glucose concentrations in plasma from cirrhotic subjects were higher than those from control subjects at all times measured. Peak daytime insulin levels were about 150 muU/ml in plasma from cirrhotic subjects, and 40--50 muU/ml in plasma from controls; nocturnal levels were 20--30 muU/ml in cirrhotics versus 10 muU/ml or less in controls. The protein content of the diet was unrelated to plasma insulin levels at all times of day or night examined. These data thus show that plasma insulin levels are persistently elevated in cirrhotics, remaining higher than normal throughout the 24-hour period."}
{"id": "PMID:290735", "title": "The effect of selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, clorgyline and deprenyl, upon tissue glycogen stores and blood glucose levels.", "content": "The effect of selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors clogyline and deprenyl upon glycogen stores in brain, heart and liver and upon blood glucose were examined for a possible link between the activity of the oxidase and metabolism of carbohydrates. The experiments were performed in normally fed rats and rats subjected to starvation for 24 hours. This study showed that selective inhibitors of MAO affect carbohydrate metabolism and that this may be the consequence of increased monoamines in the organs and circulation. However, there was no correlation between the selective inhibition of a particular form of MAO and glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors, clorgyline and deprenyl, upon tissue glycogen stores and blood glucose levels. The effect of selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors clogyline and deprenyl upon glycogen stores in brain, heart and liver and upon blood glucose were examined for a possible link between the activity of the oxidase and metabolism of carbohydrates. The experiments were performed in normally fed rats and rats subjected to starvation for 24 hours. This study showed that selective inhibitors of MAO affect carbohydrate metabolism and that this may be the consequence of increased monoamines in the organs and circulation. However, there was no correlation between the selective inhibition of a particular form of MAO and glycogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:290736", "title": "Toxic delirium after L-dopa medication.", "content": "L-DOPA-psychosis is a frequent side effect of the combined treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-DOPA and peripherally active decarboxylase inhibitors. Regional human post-mortem brain studies showed a significant increase of noradrenaline and serotonin particularly in extrastriatal areas, whereas the lenticular nuclei were not involved. The significance of extrastriatal neurotransmitter dysfunctions for psychiatric disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic delirium after L-dopa medication. L-DOPA-psychosis is a frequent side effect of the combined treatment of Parkinson's disease with L-DOPA and peripherally active decarboxylase inhibitors. Regional human post-mortem brain studies showed a significant increase of noradrenaline and serotonin particularly in extrastriatal areas, whereas the lenticular nuclei were not involved. The significance of extrastriatal neurotransmitter dysfunctions for psychiatric disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290737", "title": "Pathophysiology of delirious states.", "content": "MHPG concentration in CSF, urinary excretion of NA and A as well as activity of serum DBH were significantly elevated during alcohol delirium as compared to the recovery period. Urinary DA and HVA in CSF did not show any constant change. One single dosage of clozapine (100 mg orally) induces higher urinary NA and A excretion. There is a time course of clozapine action. MHPG in rat brain a single dosage (50 mg/kg) is elevated; after repeated administration (11 days) a decrease is observed. After 10 days of treatment with clozapine (300 mg/day) a decrease of MHPG in CSF can be seen. It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between delirious states and increases central NA turnover.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of delirious states. MHPG concentration in CSF, urinary excretion of NA and A as well as activity of serum DBH were significantly elevated during alcohol delirium as compared to the recovery period. Urinary DA and HVA in CSF did not show any constant change. One single dosage of clozapine (100 mg orally) induces higher urinary NA and A excretion. There is a time course of clozapine action. MHPG in rat brain a single dosage (50 mg/kg) is elevated; after repeated administration (11 days) a decrease is observed. After 10 days of treatment with clozapine (300 mg/day) a decrease of MHPG in CSF can be seen. It is hypothesized that there is a relationship between delirious states and increases central NA turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:290738", "title": "Brain energy metabolism and catecholaminergic activity in hypoxia, hypercapnia and ischemia.", "content": "A brief review is given of recent results which indicate that several stressful situations are accompanied by an increase in cerebral metabolic rate, mediated by extrinsic or intrinsic catecholamines. These situations include withdrawal of nitrous oxide supply in paralyzed animals (\"immobilization stress\"), amphetamine intoxication, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Studies of hypercapnia (and hypoxia) suggest that activity in cerebral noradrenergic systems is enhanced by cellular acidosis. Data obtained during recirculation, following severe, transient ischemia, indicate that in spite of a general depression of cerebral metabolism (and neuronal function) some neuronal systems, notably the noradrenergic ones, show evidence of increased activity.", "contents": "Brain energy metabolism and catecholaminergic activity in hypoxia, hypercapnia and ischemia. A brief review is given of recent results which indicate that several stressful situations are accompanied by an increase in cerebral metabolic rate, mediated by extrinsic or intrinsic catecholamines. These situations include withdrawal of nitrous oxide supply in paralyzed animals (\"immobilization stress\"), amphetamine intoxication, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Studies of hypercapnia (and hypoxia) suggest that activity in cerebral noradrenergic systems is enhanced by cellular acidosis. Data obtained during recirculation, following severe, transient ischemia, indicate that in spite of a general depression of cerebral metabolism (and neuronal function) some neuronal systems, notably the noradrenergic ones, show evidence of increased activity."}
{"id": "PMID:290739", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in cerebral infarction.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration was measured in 39 consecutive cases of hemispheric infarction, 7 cases of brainstem infarction, and in 16 controls. The CSF-HVA level was 38 +/- 15 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in the control patients, 15 +/- 6 ng/ml in patients with brainstem infarcts, and 49 +/- 41 ng/ml in those with hemispheric infarcts. The CSF-HVA levels were decreased in brainstem infarct cases (p less than 0.001) and greatly scattered in patients with hemispheric infarcts (range 4--207 ng/ml) when compared to controls. The decrease of levels of CSF-HVA in brainstem infarct cases may reflect interference with the dopaminergic pathways. CSF-HVA values in hemispheric infarction could not be related to the acuteness, location, nor severity of the lesion. The broad range of CSF-HVA values may be due to the interaction of multiple, as yet unknown factors. These findings suggest that dopamine metabolism is altered in many cases with acute brain infarction.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid in cerebral infarction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homovanillic acid (HVA) concentration was measured in 39 consecutive cases of hemispheric infarction, 7 cases of brainstem infarction, and in 16 controls. The CSF-HVA level was 38 +/- 15 ng/ml (mean +/- S.D.) in the control patients, 15 +/- 6 ng/ml in patients with brainstem infarcts, and 49 +/- 41 ng/ml in those with hemispheric infarcts. The CSF-HVA levels were decreased in brainstem infarct cases (p less than 0.001) and greatly scattered in patients with hemispheric infarcts (range 4--207 ng/ml) when compared to controls. The decrease of levels of CSF-HVA in brainstem infarct cases may reflect interference with the dopaminergic pathways. CSF-HVA values in hemispheric infarction could not be related to the acuteness, location, nor severity of the lesion. The broad range of CSF-HVA values may be due to the interaction of multiple, as yet unknown factors. These findings suggest that dopamine metabolism is altered in many cases with acute brain infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:290740", "title": "Cerebrovascular changes in migraine: secondary manifestations of a circulating humoral agent?", "content": "The cerebrovascular concomitants of migraine, initial vasoconstrictriction succeeded by vasodilatation, have long been considered the primary event in the pathogenesis of headache. In recent years, certain physicochemical concomitants of the attack have been identified, all involving blood platelets: these include hyperaggregability, decrease 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration and decreased monoamine oxidase activity. These changes may represent the response to a circulating humoral agent, deriving perhaps from the pulmonary vascular bed. The agent may not only bring about nonspecific damage of the kind described but be responsible for the cerebrovascular changes and stimulation of pain receptors characteristic of the disease. This circulating humoral agent may belong to the prostaglandin family.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular changes in migraine: secondary manifestations of a circulating humoral agent? The cerebrovascular concomitants of migraine, initial vasoconstrictriction succeeded by vasodilatation, have long been considered the primary event in the pathogenesis of headache. In recent years, certain physicochemical concomitants of the attack have been identified, all involving blood platelets: these include hyperaggregability, decrease 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration and decreased monoamine oxidase activity. These changes may represent the response to a circulating humoral agent, deriving perhaps from the pulmonary vascular bed. The agent may not only bring about nonspecific damage of the kind described but be responsible for the cerebrovascular changes and stimulation of pain receptors characteristic of the disease. This circulating humoral agent may belong to the prostaglandin family."}
{"id": "PMID:290741", "title": "Brain energy metabolism and alterations of transmitter profiles in acute hepatic coma.", "content": "Brain energy reserve, tricarboxylic cycle intermediate and some putative neurotransmitters were measured in a devascularisation model with portacaval shunt and hepatic artery ligation done in two interventions. Conditions were standardized in that physiologic parameters, i.e. body temperature, systemic arterial pressure, PO2, PCO2 and pH, were kept constant and brain tissue was obtained with the \"freeze-blowing\" technique designed for deep freezing brain substance in less than one second. 1. Measured values indicative of the brain energy reserve (glucose, glycogen, ATP and phosphocreatin) were not found to differ from those of sham-operated animals. 2. Of the stimulating neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acids were reduced with the exception of acetylcholine among the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and cAMP were unchanged, while all others including serotonin, octopamine, and phenylethanolamine were increased. 3. The results of these experiments suggest that an inbalance of amino acids with resultant changes in neurotransmitter profiles rather than an energy deficit constitutes the factor underlying hepatic coma.", "contents": "Brain energy metabolism and alterations of transmitter profiles in acute hepatic coma. Brain energy reserve, tricarboxylic cycle intermediate and some putative neurotransmitters were measured in a devascularisation model with portacaval shunt and hepatic artery ligation done in two interventions. Conditions were standardized in that physiologic parameters, i.e. body temperature, systemic arterial pressure, PO2, PCO2 and pH, were kept constant and brain tissue was obtained with the \"freeze-blowing\" technique designed for deep freezing brain substance in less than one second. 1. Measured values indicative of the brain energy reserve (glucose, glycogen, ATP and phosphocreatin) were not found to differ from those of sham-operated animals. 2. Of the stimulating neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine, glutamic acid and aspartic acids were reduced with the exception of acetylcholine among the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and cAMP were unchanged, while all others including serotonin, octopamine, and phenylethanolamine were increased. 3. The results of these experiments suggest that an inbalance of amino acids with resultant changes in neurotransmitter profiles rather than an energy deficit constitutes the factor underlying hepatic coma."}
{"id": "PMID:290742", "title": "Effects of portocaval anastomosis on behaviour and brain tryptophan metabolism.", "content": "The rat with portocaval anastomosis represents a convenient took for the investigation of (a) factors determining the availability of tryptophan to the brain and (b) the role, if any, that altered tryptophan metabolism may have in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. It was found that increases in brain tryptophan following anastomosis paralleled plasma free tryptophan rather than plasma total tryptophan regardless of whether or not correction for inhibition from amino acids competing with tryptophan for uptake into brain was applied. Nevertheless, while plasma free tryptophan exerts a major influence on brain tryptophan in both sham-operated and anastomosed rats, in the latter group brain tryptophan is raised further by some other mechanism. The anastomosed rat was also found to be behaviourally abnormal in a number of test situations. Thus, they were hypoactive during chronic exposure to an open-field and were less responsive to electric shock. Following the administration of tryptophan, sham-operated rats were also less active in an open-field and less responsive to electric shock when compared with saline-treated rats. Thus, anastomosed rats have behavioural abnormalities for which altered tryptophan metabolism might, to some extent, be responsible.", "contents": "Effects of portocaval anastomosis on behaviour and brain tryptophan metabolism. The rat with portocaval anastomosis represents a convenient took for the investigation of (a) factors determining the availability of tryptophan to the brain and (b) the role, if any, that altered tryptophan metabolism may have in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. It was found that increases in brain tryptophan following anastomosis paralleled plasma free tryptophan rather than plasma total tryptophan regardless of whether or not correction for inhibition from amino acids competing with tryptophan for uptake into brain was applied. Nevertheless, while plasma free tryptophan exerts a major influence on brain tryptophan in both sham-operated and anastomosed rats, in the latter group brain tryptophan is raised further by some other mechanism. The anastomosed rat was also found to be behaviourally abnormal in a number of test situations. Thus, they were hypoactive during chronic exposure to an open-field and were less responsive to electric shock. Following the administration of tryptophan, sham-operated rats were also less active in an open-field and less responsive to electric shock when compared with saline-treated rats. Thus, anastomosed rats have behavioural abnormalities for which altered tryptophan metabolism might, to some extent, be responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:290743", "title": "Tryptophan in hepatic coma.", "content": "The concentrations of tryptophan in serum and CSF, as well as that of 5-HIAA in CSF were investigated in various group of patients. Those with hepatic cirrhosis have normal total serum tryptophan. However, because of the low concentration of serum albumin the percentage of nonalbumin-bound tryptophan is elevated about 50 percent above the mean control value. By contrast tryptophan in the CSF was increased by 50 to over 800 percent. This suggests that there is also an increase in brain tryptophan and serotonin in the cirrhotic patients. No significant difference was found for the concentrations of tryptophan in CSF of patients in coma and those not in coma. Patients with hepatic coma had an elevated concentration of 5-HIAA in the lumbar CSF which may reflect the increase in this compound and in serotonin reported by Jellinger and Riederer (1977). However, following treatment with probenecid in order to block the egress of 5-HIAA from the CSF, the concentration of 5-HIAA in relation to that of probenecid was not significantly different for the group with hepatic coma as compared with the control group.", "contents": "Tryptophan in hepatic coma. The concentrations of tryptophan in serum and CSF, as well as that of 5-HIAA in CSF were investigated in various group of patients. Those with hepatic cirrhosis have normal total serum tryptophan. However, because of the low concentration of serum albumin the percentage of nonalbumin-bound tryptophan is elevated about 50 percent above the mean control value. By contrast tryptophan in the CSF was increased by 50 to over 800 percent. This suggests that there is also an increase in brain tryptophan and serotonin in the cirrhotic patients. No significant difference was found for the concentrations of tryptophan in CSF of patients in coma and those not in coma. Patients with hepatic coma had an elevated concentration of 5-HIAA in the lumbar CSF which may reflect the increase in this compound and in serotonin reported by Jellinger and Riederer (1977). However, following treatment with probenecid in order to block the egress of 5-HIAA from the CSF, the concentration of 5-HIAA in relation to that of probenecid was not significantly different for the group with hepatic coma as compared with the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:290744", "title": "Plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "In 75 cases of histologically verified liver cirrhosis the plasma amino acids were determined by ion exchange chromatography and the results were correlated with different liver function tests as prothrombin time, pseudocholinesterase, serum albumin, GOT, bilirubin and venous ammonia. Out of these parameters prothrombin time, pseudocholinesterase and serum albumin significantly correlated with the sum of branched-chain amino acids and with the Fischer's quotient (molar ratio of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids). Methionin and aromatic amino acids inversely correlated with these parameters, additionally methionin positively correlated with bilirubin and GOT. By comparing plasma amino acid levels in cirrhotics without and with hepatic encephalopathy (grade 3 or 4) no significant differences were found. \"Fischer's quotient\" showed an overlap in patients with and without encephalopathy. Therefore the precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy is not fully explained by the changes in plasma amino acids. Therapeutic administrations of specially mixtures of amino acids with a high content in branched-chain and a low content in aromatic amino acids correct the plasma amino inbalance for a short time and improves hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. In 75 cases of histologically verified liver cirrhosis the plasma amino acids were determined by ion exchange chromatography and the results were correlated with different liver function tests as prothrombin time, pseudocholinesterase, serum albumin, GOT, bilirubin and venous ammonia. Out of these parameters prothrombin time, pseudocholinesterase and serum albumin significantly correlated with the sum of branched-chain amino acids and with the Fischer's quotient (molar ratio of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids). Methionin and aromatic amino acids inversely correlated with these parameters, additionally methionin positively correlated with bilirubin and GOT. By comparing plasma amino acid levels in cirrhotics without and with hepatic encephalopathy (grade 3 or 4) no significant differences were found. \"Fischer's quotient\" showed an overlap in patients with and without encephalopathy. Therefore the precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy is not fully explained by the changes in plasma amino acids. Therapeutic administrations of specially mixtures of amino acids with a high content in branched-chain and a low content in aromatic amino acids correct the plasma amino inbalance for a short time and improves hepatic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:290745", "title": "The effect of serotonin on the blood-brain barrier to proteins.", "content": "Since increased concentration of serotonin (5-HT) has been demonstrated in areas of the brain exposed to ischemia and lesions, and since the elevation might be responsible for the enhanced permeability to proteins across cerebral vessels, studies were carried out to elucidate the effect of the amine, perfused through the cerebral ventricular system, on the transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from blood to brain. The amounts of 5-HT were large (50--800 microgram per mouse). The permeability across cerebral vessels was increased, especially across arterioles. The endothelium was intact. HRP did not form a continuous line between endothelial cells, from the vessel lumen to the subendothelial basement membrane. Furthermore, channels through the endothelium, that could allow HRP to pass, were not observed. However, several vesicles, filled with HRP were observed in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. They could be open to the vessel lumen or to the subendothelial basement membrane. Freely situated HRP-containing vesicles were also found. Based on the observations it is most reasonable to assume that the 5-HT, perfused through the cerebral ventricles increased the normally occurring vesicular transport of protein from blood to brain.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin on the blood-brain barrier to proteins. Since increased concentration of serotonin (5-HT) has been demonstrated in areas of the brain exposed to ischemia and lesions, and since the elevation might be responsible for the enhanced permeability to proteins across cerebral vessels, studies were carried out to elucidate the effect of the amine, perfused through the cerebral ventricular system, on the transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from blood to brain. The amounts of 5-HT were large (50--800 microgram per mouse). The permeability across cerebral vessels was increased, especially across arterioles. The endothelium was intact. HRP did not form a continuous line between endothelial cells, from the vessel lumen to the subendothelial basement membrane. Furthermore, channels through the endothelium, that could allow HRP to pass, were not observed. However, several vesicles, filled with HRP were observed in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. They could be open to the vessel lumen or to the subendothelial basement membrane. Freely situated HRP-containing vesicles were also found. Based on the observations it is most reasonable to assume that the 5-HT, perfused through the cerebral ventricles increased the normally occurring vesicular transport of protein from blood to brain."}
{"id": "PMID:290746", "title": "Human cerebral free amino acids in hepatic coma.", "content": "Free amino acids and some related compounds in autopsy specimens of different human brain areas have been determined by column chromatography. Only in patients with hepatic coma could a significant difference in the contents of tyrosine and lysine between caudate nucleus and N. amygdalae be found. In comparison with control subjects the brains of patients with hepatic coma contained significantly higher concentrations of glutamine, isoleucine, histidine and ammonia. In patients with hepatic coma after complete parenteral nutrition plus L-valine administration, dying from other causes, the brain levels of alanine and valine were decreased, while the content of taurine was significantly increased. However, most of the amino acid levels in brain tended toward lower levels. A very significant reduction after treatment with L-valine could be observed in glutamine and ammonia concentration. It is suggested that L-valine has some beneficial action on ammonia detoxification and has also a competing action on amino acid uptake mechanism (specially with the large neutral amino acids).", "contents": "Human cerebral free amino acids in hepatic coma. Free amino acids and some related compounds in autopsy specimens of different human brain areas have been determined by column chromatography. Only in patients with hepatic coma could a significant difference in the contents of tyrosine and lysine between caudate nucleus and N. amygdalae be found. In comparison with control subjects the brains of patients with hepatic coma contained significantly higher concentrations of glutamine, isoleucine, histidine and ammonia. In patients with hepatic coma after complete parenteral nutrition plus L-valine administration, dying from other causes, the brain levels of alanine and valine were decreased, while the content of taurine was significantly increased. However, most of the amino acid levels in brain tended toward lower levels. A very significant reduction after treatment with L-valine could be observed in glutamine and ammonia concentration. It is suggested that L-valine has some beneficial action on ammonia detoxification and has also a competing action on amino acid uptake mechanism (specially with the large neutral amino acids)."}
{"id": "PMID:290747", "title": "Interaction between parallel transport systems examined with tryptophan and related amino acids.", "content": "Most of the neutral amino acids are transported across the plasma membrane by two or more parallel transport systems. In this study, we have limited transport interactions to System A and L by studying amino acids not transported by System ASC. Results are presented to emphasize that such amino acids as leucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan do enter the Ehrlich cell to substantial degrees by System A. We show how the phenomenon of competitive stimulation presents a strong argument that these systems operate between the same two compartments, extracellular and cellular. To discover what is needed to bring two amino acids into the transport relation shown by tryptophan and methionine, we arbitrarily set up two classes of amino acids: (1) those whose steady-state gradients will be increased when System L is deleted; (2) those whose gradients will instead be decreased. On blockading System L with 2-aminorbornane-2-carboxylic acid applied in symmetry to the two sides of the plasma membrane, we show as predicted that the gradient maintained for methionine is strongly increased, that for trypotphan decreased. The initial rate of uptake of all the amino acids mentioned is highly sensitive to the nature of the cellular amino acid pool. A high influx by exchange, relative to net influx, appears to characterize the amino acids that respond to competitive stimulation. Albumin-bound tryptophan appears not directly accessible to the tested carriers.", "contents": "Interaction between parallel transport systems examined with tryptophan and related amino acids. Most of the neutral amino acids are transported across the plasma membrane by two or more parallel transport systems. In this study, we have limited transport interactions to System A and L by studying amino acids not transported by System ASC. Results are presented to emphasize that such amino acids as leucine, phenylalanine and tryptophan do enter the Ehrlich cell to substantial degrees by System A. We show how the phenomenon of competitive stimulation presents a strong argument that these systems operate between the same two compartments, extracellular and cellular. To discover what is needed to bring two amino acids into the transport relation shown by tryptophan and methionine, we arbitrarily set up two classes of amino acids: (1) those whose steady-state gradients will be increased when System L is deleted; (2) those whose gradients will instead be decreased. On blockading System L with 2-aminorbornane-2-carboxylic acid applied in symmetry to the two sides of the plasma membrane, we show as predicted that the gradient maintained for methionine is strongly increased, that for trypotphan decreased. The initial rate of uptake of all the amino acids mentioned is highly sensitive to the nature of the cellular amino acid pool. A high influx by exchange, relative to net influx, appears to characterize the amino acids that respond to competitive stimulation. Albumin-bound tryptophan appears not directly accessible to the tested carriers."}
{"id": "PMID:290748", "title": "Kinetics of tryptophan transport into the brain.", "content": "Tryptophan is transported into the brain by a complex system, experimental and kinetic analysis of which favours a carrier mechanism functioning in association with diffusion (3-paramater model), as distinct from a system comprising two carriers (4-parameter model). The Lineweaver-Burk method is limited as a means of distinguishing between these alternative models. A statistical (linerization) technique represents an improvement over the graphical method in providing the best estimates of the parameters, as well as a measure of the variance (error mean square) of each fit to the data. However, even with this a distinction between alternative models ultimately depends upon analysis of a variety of kinetic experiments.", "contents": "Kinetics of tryptophan transport into the brain. Tryptophan is transported into the brain by a complex system, experimental and kinetic analysis of which favours a carrier mechanism functioning in association with diffusion (3-paramater model), as distinct from a system comprising two carriers (4-parameter model). The Lineweaver-Burk method is limited as a means of distinguishing between these alternative models. A statistical (linerization) technique represents an improvement over the graphical method in providing the best estimates of the parameters, as well as a measure of the variance (error mean square) of each fit to the data. However, even with this a distinction between alternative models ultimately depends upon analysis of a variety of kinetic experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:290749", "title": "Structural specificity of the carrier for L-tryptophan in rat cerebral cortex slices.", "content": "The effect of a number of commonly occurring amino acids as well as metabolites originating in the pyrrolase pathway of tryptophan catabolism and in the serotonin pathway have been studied with regard to their effect on the net flux of tryptophan into rat brain cerebral cortex slices. Phenylalanine, p-chlorophenylalanine, tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and kynurenine as well as leucine, isoluecine and valine all inhibited the net uptake of tryptophan. It was concluded from these studies that tryptophan is transported into the cell via the large neutral amino acid carrier. Compounds lacking the aliphatic side chain carboxyl or alpha-amino group have no action on tryptophan transport.", "contents": "Structural specificity of the carrier for L-tryptophan in rat cerebral cortex slices. The effect of a number of commonly occurring amino acids as well as metabolites originating in the pyrrolase pathway of tryptophan catabolism and in the serotonin pathway have been studied with regard to their effect on the net flux of tryptophan into rat brain cerebral cortex slices. Phenylalanine, p-chlorophenylalanine, tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and kynurenine as well as leucine, isoluecine and valine all inhibited the net uptake of tryptophan. It was concluded from these studies that tryptophan is transported into the cell via the large neutral amino acid carrier. Compounds lacking the aliphatic side chain carboxyl or alpha-amino group have no action on tryptophan transport."}
{"id": "PMID:290750", "title": "Interactions between tryptophan, phenylalanine and sugar transport in the small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The kinetics of the influx of tryptophan and phenylalanine into guinea-pig intestinal rings have been examined. The transfer of these two amino acids can be described by a single transport system, each amino acid having an affinity constant, Kt, of about 4 mM for the influx mechanism. Mutual inhibition studies have shown that the inhibitory constant of each of the amino acids is also 4 mM. Although fully competitive inhibition between the two amino acids occurs, the inhibition of the influx of the amino acids by sugars exhibits kinetics of the \"pseudo-competitive\" type. Such behaviour is compatible with an allosteric interaction between two different binding sites, one for each class of compounds. The lack of correlation between the inhibitory potency of a given sugar and its rate of transfer, as testified by a comparison of the effects of galactose and beta-methyl-glucoside on phenylalanine influx, can be reconciled with the \"allosteric-interaction hypothesis\", but specifically repudiates any theory that attempts to explain such interactions in a way that requires such a correlation. The fact that allosteric interactions are retained in cells preloaded with sodium also precludes a primary role for sodium in the mechanism of such interactions.", "contents": "Interactions between tryptophan, phenylalanine and sugar transport in the small intestinal mucosa. The kinetics of the influx of tryptophan and phenylalanine into guinea-pig intestinal rings have been examined. The transfer of these two amino acids can be described by a single transport system, each amino acid having an affinity constant, Kt, of about 4 mM for the influx mechanism. Mutual inhibition studies have shown that the inhibitory constant of each of the amino acids is also 4 mM. Although fully competitive inhibition between the two amino acids occurs, the inhibition of the influx of the amino acids by sugars exhibits kinetics of the \"pseudo-competitive\" type. Such behaviour is compatible with an allosteric interaction between two different binding sites, one for each class of compounds. The lack of correlation between the inhibitory potency of a given sugar and its rate of transfer, as testified by a comparison of the effects of galactose and beta-methyl-glucoside on phenylalanine influx, can be reconciled with the \"allosteric-interaction hypothesis\", but specifically repudiates any theory that attempts to explain such interactions in a way that requires such a correlation. The fact that allosteric interactions are retained in cells preloaded with sodium also precludes a primary role for sodium in the mechanism of such interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:290751", "title": "Transport of tryptophan and other amino acids by mammalian erythrocytes.", "content": "Mammalian erythrocytes are known to have 4 distinct amino acid transport systems. The C system is found in sheep erythrocytes and is specific for neutral amino acids of intermediate size. Human cells lack the C system and have two alternative neutral amino acid transport mechanisms: the L system which is selective for large hydrophobic amino acids and a Na-dependent alanine-cysteine system. The L system is absent from ruminant and cat erythrocytes. Human rabbit and cat cells, but not sheep erythrocytes, have a specific dibasic amino acid transport mechanism (Ly system). L-Tryptophan uptake by human erythrocytes is mediated by two routes: a saturable high-affinity transport mechanism selective for L-tryptophan and a low affinity uptake mediated by the L system. The saturable component of L-tryptophan transport occurs by a previously unidentified uptake system, and is the major route for L-tryptophan uptake at physiological substrate concentrations. This system is absent from sheep and cat erythrocytes.", "contents": "Transport of tryptophan and other amino acids by mammalian erythrocytes. Mammalian erythrocytes are known to have 4 distinct amino acid transport systems. The C system is found in sheep erythrocytes and is specific for neutral amino acids of intermediate size. Human cells lack the C system and have two alternative neutral amino acid transport mechanisms: the L system which is selective for large hydrophobic amino acids and a Na-dependent alanine-cysteine system. The L system is absent from ruminant and cat erythrocytes. Human rabbit and cat cells, but not sheep erythrocytes, have a specific dibasic amino acid transport mechanism (Ly system). L-Tryptophan uptake by human erythrocytes is mediated by two routes: a saturable high-affinity transport mechanism selective for L-tryptophan and a low affinity uptake mediated by the L system. The saturable component of L-tryptophan transport occurs by a previously unidentified uptake system, and is the major route for L-tryptophan uptake at physiological substrate concentrations. This system is absent from sheep and cat erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:290752", "title": "A comparison of amino acid transport and ouabain binding in brain endothelium and salivary epithelium studied in vivo by rapid paired-tracer dilution.", "content": "Amino acid tmransport at the luminal side of brain capillary endothelium and the basal side of salivary epithelium were compared using a nondestructive, first-circulation, paired-tracer dilution method. In the brain, the reference molecule was an intravascular marker (Crone's method) whereas inthe salivary gland the reference was an extracellular marker of similar size to the test molecule. The unidirectional flux was related to a maximal uptake, U: U = 1 --test concentration/reference concentration Uptake and cross-inhibition experiments in brain suggest the presence of only a long-chain neutral L-amino acid transport system (leucine, phenyl-alanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, methionine). In contrast, results in the salivary gland suggest 4 transport systems: 1. large neutral, 2. small neutral (alanine, serine), 3. basic (lysine) and 4. acidic (aspartic, glutamic). The same method was applied to localize binding sites. Ouabain bound very significantly to the salivary epithelium but not at all to the brain endothelium. The method described is of interest since it can be extended to any organ and possibly to man.", "contents": "A comparison of amino acid transport and ouabain binding in brain endothelium and salivary epithelium studied in vivo by rapid paired-tracer dilution. Amino acid tmransport at the luminal side of brain capillary endothelium and the basal side of salivary epithelium were compared using a nondestructive, first-circulation, paired-tracer dilution method. In the brain, the reference molecule was an intravascular marker (Crone's method) whereas inthe salivary gland the reference was an extracellular marker of similar size to the test molecule. The unidirectional flux was related to a maximal uptake, U: U = 1 --test concentration/reference concentration Uptake and cross-inhibition experiments in brain suggest the presence of only a long-chain neutral L-amino acid transport system (leucine, phenyl-alanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, methionine). In contrast, results in the salivary gland suggest 4 transport systems: 1. large neutral, 2. small neutral (alanine, serine), 3. basic (lysine) and 4. acidic (aspartic, glutamic). The same method was applied to localize binding sites. Ouabain bound very significantly to the salivary epithelium but not at all to the brain endothelium. The method described is of interest since it can be extended to any organ and possibly to man."}
{"id": "PMID:290753", "title": "Zero-trans uptake of L-tryptophan in the human erythrocyte.", "content": "Some results from ongoing studies of the transport of some neutral amino acids across the human erythrocyte membrane (L-tryptophan and L-leucine) at 25 degrees C are presented. The unidirectional flux into the cell at initial rate as a function of the substrate concentration can be described by a 3-parameter model (i.e. a carrier in parallel with an apparent leak component). From the estimated kinetic parameters an apparent membrane permeability of the carrier (substrate concentrations S1 smaller than Kzt 12) has been calculated. The permeability of L-tryptophan (1.03 . 10(-8) cm/sec) was significantly lower than the permeability of L-leucine (2.36 . 10(-7) cm/sec). The contribution of the leak permeability to the total permeability at low concentrations was about 10% for L-tryptophan, but only 1% for L-leucine. From inhibition studies it is indicated that L-tryptophan passing the membrane via theapparent leak component is transported by the L-leucine carrier, the affinity being low. The saturable component of L-tryptophan transport does not correspond to any known amino acid transport system, and it is thus strongly suggested that a new L-tryptophan specific transport system operating at physyological concentrations has been described.", "contents": "Zero-trans uptake of L-tryptophan in the human erythrocyte. Some results from ongoing studies of the transport of some neutral amino acids across the human erythrocyte membrane (L-tryptophan and L-leucine) at 25 degrees C are presented. The unidirectional flux into the cell at initial rate as a function of the substrate concentration can be described by a 3-parameter model (i.e. a carrier in parallel with an apparent leak component). From the estimated kinetic parameters an apparent membrane permeability of the carrier (substrate concentrations S1 smaller than Kzt 12) has been calculated. The permeability of L-tryptophan (1.03 . 10(-8) cm/sec) was significantly lower than the permeability of L-leucine (2.36 . 10(-7) cm/sec). The contribution of the leak permeability to the total permeability at low concentrations was about 10% for L-tryptophan, but only 1% for L-leucine. From inhibition studies it is indicated that L-tryptophan passing the membrane via theapparent leak component is transported by the L-leucine carrier, the affinity being low. The saturable component of L-tryptophan transport does not correspond to any known amino acid transport system, and it is thus strongly suggested that a new L-tryptophan specific transport system operating at physyological concentrations has been described."}
{"id": "PMID:290754", "title": "Tryptophan accumulation by blood platelets of depressed patients.", "content": "The accumulation of tryptophan by blood platelets has been investigated in depressive patients and controls using short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. The accumulation of tryptophan by the platelet is significantly greater in the acutely depressed patients than the control group. The results are discussed with reference to tryptophan transport in depression and also to the regulation of plasma levels of tryptophan.", "contents": "Tryptophan accumulation by blood platelets of depressed patients. The accumulation of tryptophan by blood platelets has been investigated in depressive patients and controls using short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. The accumulation of tryptophan by the platelet is significantly greater in the acutely depressed patients than the control group. The results are discussed with reference to tryptophan transport in depression and also to the regulation of plasma levels of tryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:290755", "title": "Distribution of tryptophan in erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, and its binding to plasma albumin.", "content": "The extended theory about a dysfunction of the serotoninergic system in depression and schizophrenia includes the hypothesis of a disturbance in the transport systems of tryptophan and tyrosine from blood to brain. It would be interesting to know if blood cells may be used as a model for the central transport mechanisms of these amino acids. After an oral load, the in vivo distribution of L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg) was studied in the blood plasma, in the different blood cells and its binding to plasma albumin, in six healthy, seven schizophrenic and two depressive subjects. In all the compartments studied, tryptophan reached a peak, 1--2 hours after the load. Before and after the load, the variation of the tryptophan concentration in the erythrocytes was parallel to the plasma free tryptophan, whereas the uptake of this amino acid was higher in leukocytes and thrombocytes than in erythrocytes. However, this model does not show differences between schizophrenic and normal subjects with regard to the transport of tryptophan and tyrosine in these cells.", "contents": "Distribution of tryptophan in erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes, and its binding to plasma albumin. The extended theory about a dysfunction of the serotoninergic system in depression and schizophrenia includes the hypothesis of a disturbance in the transport systems of tryptophan and tyrosine from blood to brain. It would be interesting to know if blood cells may be used as a model for the central transport mechanisms of these amino acids. After an oral load, the in vivo distribution of L-tryptophan (50 mg/kg) was studied in the blood plasma, in the different blood cells and its binding to plasma albumin, in six healthy, seven schizophrenic and two depressive subjects. In all the compartments studied, tryptophan reached a peak, 1--2 hours after the load. Before and after the load, the variation of the tryptophan concentration in the erythrocytes was parallel to the plasma free tryptophan, whereas the uptake of this amino acid was higher in leukocytes and thrombocytes than in erythrocytes. However, this model does not show differences between schizophrenic and normal subjects with regard to the transport of tryptophan and tyrosine in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:290756", "title": "The influence of oral tryptophan on cortical evoked responses in normals and schizophrenics.", "content": "The cortical evoked responses to sensory stimulation were studied in order to evaluate the central effects of oral tryptophan in normals and schizophrenics. In the first study, seven volunteer male students were tested during four experimental sessions. Visual evoked responses to flashes were recorded at occiput and vertex, before and 1 1/2 hours after the ingestion of 35 mg/kg tryptophan in apple pur\u00e9e with 50 g glucose or placebo. Some significant modifications of evoked responses were observed after tryptophan ingestion: a decrease of amplitude and an increase of variability. The latencies were rather stable, presenting only minor modifications. From these results, corroborated by some data from literature, it may be supposed that tryptophan induces a decrease of arousal. In the second study, seven chronic schizophrenics and 6 volunteer controls were tested, using an analogous experimental design, however with some modifications: the tryptophan dose was increased to 50 mg/kg and administered in 200 ml of milk, instead of apple pur\u00e9e with glucose. The modifications of evoked responses recorded in the preceding study were no longer found. Probably, the substitution of milk for glucose resulted in an alteration of the transport of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier. The blood parameters were rather similar in the two studies; therefore, the central effects of tryptophan did not parallel its blood levels.", "contents": "The influence of oral tryptophan on cortical evoked responses in normals and schizophrenics. The cortical evoked responses to sensory stimulation were studied in order to evaluate the central effects of oral tryptophan in normals and schizophrenics. In the first study, seven volunteer male students were tested during four experimental sessions. Visual evoked responses to flashes were recorded at occiput and vertex, before and 1 1/2 hours after the ingestion of 35 mg/kg tryptophan in apple pur\u00e9e with 50 g glucose or placebo. Some significant modifications of evoked responses were observed after tryptophan ingestion: a decrease of amplitude and an increase of variability. The latencies were rather stable, presenting only minor modifications. From these results, corroborated by some data from literature, it may be supposed that tryptophan induces a decrease of arousal. In the second study, seven chronic schizophrenics and 6 volunteer controls were tested, using an analogous experimental design, however with some modifications: the tryptophan dose was increased to 50 mg/kg and administered in 200 ml of milk, instead of apple pur\u00e9e with glucose. The modifications of evoked responses recorded in the preceding study were no longer found. Probably, the substitution of milk for glucose resulted in an alteration of the transport of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier. The blood parameters were rather similar in the two studies; therefore, the central effects of tryptophan did not parallel its blood levels."}
{"id": "PMID:290757", "title": "Blood-brain movements of tryptophan and tyrosine in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia.", "content": "In order to investigate possible disturbances of the blood-brain transport mechanisms of monoamine precursors in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia, we have measured the brain arterio-venous difference of DOPA, or 5-HTP, or tyrosine and tryptophan in 36 patients, during the infusion of either L-DOPA or L-5-HTP. The infusion lasted for 30 min, and blood was sampled during and immediately after the infusion, simultaneously in the femoral artery, the jugular vein and a vein of the arm. During the infusion of L-DOPA, manic patients have a higher extraction of L-DOPA than depressive patients and controls. During the infusion of L-5-HTP, pdpressive patients have a higher brain extraction of 5-HTP than manic or schizophrenic patients. In depressive patients, a small uptake of tryptophan correlated with a large outflow of tyrosine was observed. The opposite was seen in manic patients, with an outflow of tryptophan correlated with an uptake of tyrosine. In schizophrenics, there was an outflow of tryptophan and random variations of tyrosine. These brain arterio-venous differences were not correlated with arterio-venous differences for peripheral tissues. Taken together, these results are compatible with a disturbance of the blood-brain transport of amino acids precursors of monoamines in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia.", "contents": "Blood-brain movements of tryptophan and tyrosine in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. In order to investigate possible disturbances of the blood-brain transport mechanisms of monoamine precursors in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia, we have measured the brain arterio-venous difference of DOPA, or 5-HTP, or tyrosine and tryptophan in 36 patients, during the infusion of either L-DOPA or L-5-HTP. The infusion lasted for 30 min, and blood was sampled during and immediately after the infusion, simultaneously in the femoral artery, the jugular vein and a vein of the arm. During the infusion of L-DOPA, manic patients have a higher extraction of L-DOPA than depressive patients and controls. During the infusion of L-5-HTP, pdpressive patients have a higher brain extraction of 5-HTP than manic or schizophrenic patients. In depressive patients, a small uptake of tryptophan correlated with a large outflow of tyrosine was observed. The opposite was seen in manic patients, with an outflow of tryptophan correlated with an uptake of tyrosine. In schizophrenics, there was an outflow of tryptophan and random variations of tyrosine. These brain arterio-venous differences were not correlated with arterio-venous differences for peripheral tissues. Taken together, these results are compatible with a disturbance of the blood-brain transport of amino acids precursors of monoamines in manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:290758", "title": "Distribution of tryptophan and tyrosine in unipolar affective disorders as defined by multicompartmental analysis.", "content": "As requirements for tryptophan for synthesis of protein and 5-hydroxytryptamine were comparable in rat brain, during depletion of tryptophan there could be competition between the two pathways for the amino acid. This implied that tryptophan should be rate-limiting for protein synthesis and this was found in the short term when concentrations of the amino acid were reduced in rats. Multicompartmental studies of tryptophan and tyrosine in controls and patients subject to unipolar depression defined two main pools of the amino acid provisionally assigned to extracellular and intracellular spaces. For tyrosine, mean values for the extracellular space were comparable to those of controls. The concentration of tyrosine was low in the intracellular space in both depressed and recovered patients, but the raised fractional clearance rates for this compartment during depression had returned to normal on remission. Plasma tryptophan concentrations were significantly reduced in depression with intermediate values after recovery. This suggested that the procedure used may have been mildly stressful and that this had evoked an idiosyncratic response to the stress in the depressed patients, which was characterized by inability to maintain concentrations of this amino acid in plasma. The findings for both amino acids may have a bearing on the aetiology of unipolar affective disorder.", "contents": "Distribution of tryptophan and tyrosine in unipolar affective disorders as defined by multicompartmental analysis. As requirements for tryptophan for synthesis of protein and 5-hydroxytryptamine were comparable in rat brain, during depletion of tryptophan there could be competition between the two pathways for the amino acid. This implied that tryptophan should be rate-limiting for protein synthesis and this was found in the short term when concentrations of the amino acid were reduced in rats. Multicompartmental studies of tryptophan and tyrosine in controls and patients subject to unipolar depression defined two main pools of the amino acid provisionally assigned to extracellular and intracellular spaces. For tyrosine, mean values for the extracellular space were comparable to those of controls. The concentration of tyrosine was low in the intracellular space in both depressed and recovered patients, but the raised fractional clearance rates for this compartment during depression had returned to normal on remission. Plasma tryptophan concentrations were significantly reduced in depression with intermediate values after recovery. This suggested that the procedure used may have been mildly stressful and that this had evoked an idiosyncratic response to the stress in the depressed patients, which was characterized by inability to maintain concentrations of this amino acid in plasma. The findings for both amino acids may have a bearing on the aetiology of unipolar affective disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:290759", "title": "Serotonergic mechanisms in myoclonus.", "content": "Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus is a specific myoclonic syndrome in which central serotonergic tone may be deficient. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan administration to patients with post-hypoxic intention myoclonus increases pre-existing low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the cerebrospinal bluid, and also suppresses myoclonus. Serotonin precursor administration does not help all patients with myoclonus and may actually worsen some myoclonic syndromes, including those secondary to lipid storage diseases. Treatments that alter serotonin metabolism can also produce myoclonus in experimental animals but their relevance to myoclonic syndromes in humans remains uncertain.", "contents": "Serotonergic mechanisms in myoclonus. Post-hypoxic intention myoclonus is a specific myoclonic syndrome in which central serotonergic tone may be deficient. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan administration to patients with post-hypoxic intention myoclonus increases pre-existing low levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the cerebrospinal bluid, and also suppresses myoclonus. Serotonin precursor administration does not help all patients with myoclonus and may actually worsen some myoclonic syndromes, including those secondary to lipid storage diseases. Treatments that alter serotonin metabolism can also produce myoclonus in experimental animals but their relevance to myoclonic syndromes in humans remains uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:290762", "title": "Kinetics of tryptophan transport across the blood-brain barrier.", "content": "The transport of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier in vivo has been analyzed kinetically to assess the influence upon it not only of the concentration of tryptophan in the blood plasma, but also of the inhibitory effect of fourteen other amino acids normally present in the circulation. The transport of tryptophan into the brain conforms to the equations of enzyme kinetics with competitive inhibition, provided appropriate modifications are made to take account of a non-saturable component (possibly passive diffusion) in the transport, and of the normal presence in the blood of other amino acids which act as competitive inhibitors. The inhibitor constant has been evaluated for each amino acid and in many cases it corresponds fairly closely with the Michaelis saturation constant for that amino acid, suggesting that tryptophan and these inhibitors share a common transport carrier. The implications of the kinetic analysis are considered for hormonal and metabolic disturbances which change the proportions of amino acids in the blood. The effect of an increase in competitive inhibition due to raised levels of amino acids is to make the tryptophan influx more directly dependent upon the level of tryptophan in the blood.", "contents": "Kinetics of tryptophan transport across the blood-brain barrier. The transport of tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier in vivo has been analyzed kinetically to assess the influence upon it not only of the concentration of tryptophan in the blood plasma, but also of the inhibitory effect of fourteen other amino acids normally present in the circulation. The transport of tryptophan into the brain conforms to the equations of enzyme kinetics with competitive inhibition, provided appropriate modifications are made to take account of a non-saturable component (possibly passive diffusion) in the transport, and of the normal presence in the blood of other amino acids which act as competitive inhibitors. The inhibitor constant has been evaluated for each amino acid and in many cases it corresponds fairly closely with the Michaelis saturation constant for that amino acid, suggesting that tryptophan and these inhibitors share a common transport carrier. The implications of the kinetic analysis are considered for hormonal and metabolic disturbances which change the proportions of amino acids in the blood. The effect of an increase in competitive inhibition due to raised levels of amino acids is to make the tryptophan influx more directly dependent upon the level of tryptophan in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:290763", "title": "Diet-induced changes in plasma amino acid pattern: effects on the brain uptake of large neutral amino acids, and on brain serotonin synthesis.", "content": "Tryptophan is transported into brain by a competitive carrier system it shares with such other large neutral amino acids as tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Physiologic variations in the plasma neutral amino acid pattern (either as a change in plasma tryptophan, or in the plasma concentration of one or more of its competitors) directly alter this competitive process, and thereby modify the uptake of tryptophan into brain. Such variations in tryptophan uptake influence brain tryptophan levels, and thus serotonin synthesis. Food intake, by influencing directly the plasma levels of large neutral amino acids, ca- therefore predictably modify brain trypotphan uptake and serotonin synthesis. The effect of food intake on the competitive uptake of tryptophan into brain, and on brain tryptophan levels, has recently been shown not to be limited to this amino acid, but also holds for other large  neutral amino acids, and for certain large neutral amino acid drugs (e.g., methyldopa). Hence, following a meal, the brain concentration of any large neutral amino acid appears to depend on how the food modifies the plasma level of that amino acid relative to the plasma concentrations of its competitors. The binding of tryptophan to albumin in blood has also been suggested to influence brain tryptophan uptake. However, this notion has not been sustained by the results of nutritional studies, in which meal-induced changes in brain tryptophan levels were readily shown not to be predicted by the alterations in the size of the serum free tryptophan pool. Taken together, these data affirm the importance of competitive transport in determining brain tryptophan uptake and levels, but question whether serum albumin binding and the size of the free tryptophan pool function physiologically to modulate brain tryptophan concentrations.", "contents": "Diet-induced changes in plasma amino acid pattern: effects on the brain uptake of large neutral amino acids, and on brain serotonin synthesis. Tryptophan is transported into brain by a competitive carrier system it shares with such other large neutral amino acids as tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Physiologic variations in the plasma neutral amino acid pattern (either as a change in plasma tryptophan, or in the plasma concentration of one or more of its competitors) directly alter this competitive process, and thereby modify the uptake of tryptophan into brain. Such variations in tryptophan uptake influence brain tryptophan levels, and thus serotonin synthesis. Food intake, by influencing directly the plasma levels of large neutral amino acids, ca- therefore predictably modify brain trypotphan uptake and serotonin synthesis. The effect of food intake on the competitive uptake of tryptophan into brain, and on brain tryptophan levels, has recently been shown not to be limited to this amino acid, but also holds for other large  neutral amino acids, and for certain large neutral amino acid drugs (e.g., methyldopa). Hence, following a meal, the brain concentration of any large neutral amino acid appears to depend on how the food modifies the plasma level of that amino acid relative to the plasma concentrations of its competitors. The binding of tryptophan to albumin in blood has also been suggested to influence brain tryptophan uptake. However, this notion has not been sustained by the results of nutritional studies, in which meal-induced changes in brain tryptophan levels were readily shown not to be predicted by the alterations in the size of the serum free tryptophan pool. Taken together, these data affirm the importance of competitive transport in determining brain tryptophan uptake and levels, but question whether serum albumin binding and the size of the free tryptophan pool function physiologically to modulate brain tryptophan concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:290764", "title": "Relationships between plasma, CSF and brain tryptophan.", "content": "In many circumstances plasma free tryptophan correlated better than plasma total tryptophan with brain tryptophan concentration (immobilization, fasting, acute liver failure, some drugs). Also, using a modified Oldendorf method it was found that changes of plasma tryptophan binding considerably affected brain tryptophan uptake. Usually, changes of plasma tryptophan binding and non-esterified fatty acid concentration were associated. This led either to changes of plasma free and brain tryptophan concentrations (see above) or to \"buffering\" in which the proportion of plasma tryptophan in the free state changed but not its concentration. The plasma free tryptophan-brain tryptophan relationship was confirmed in rats after portocaval anastomosis or sham operation. In these experiments brain tryptophan changes did not correlate with plasma amino acids competing with tryptophan for transport to the brain. Determinations on plasma, lumbar and ventricular CSF from psychiatric patients suggest that plasma free tryptophan concentration provides an index of CSF tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations and hence of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the human central nervous system.", "contents": "Relationships between plasma, CSF and brain tryptophan. In many circumstances plasma free tryptophan correlated better than plasma total tryptophan with brain tryptophan concentration (immobilization, fasting, acute liver failure, some drugs). Also, using a modified Oldendorf method it was found that changes of plasma tryptophan binding considerably affected brain tryptophan uptake. Usually, changes of plasma tryptophan binding and non-esterified fatty acid concentration were associated. This led either to changes of plasma free and brain tryptophan concentrations (see above) or to \"buffering\" in which the proportion of plasma tryptophan in the free state changed but not its concentration. The plasma free tryptophan-brain tryptophan relationship was confirmed in rats after portocaval anastomosis or sham operation. In these experiments brain tryptophan changes did not correlate with plasma amino acids competing with tryptophan for transport to the brain. Determinations on plasma, lumbar and ventricular CSF from psychiatric patients suggest that plasma free tryptophan concentration provides an index of CSF tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations and hence of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the human central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:290765", "title": "Ontogenesis of tryptophan transport in the rat brain.", "content": "During the first three postnatal weeks, the levels of tryptophan in the brain are exceptionally high, 2--4 times those found in adult rats. This is related to two main peculiarities concerning tryptophan transport in young animals: 1. the lack of tryptophan binding onto serum albumin which makes its diffusion from plasma to tissues easier for the  early life period; 2. the greater capacity of synaptosomes from neonates to accumulate tryptophan. Experiments consisting of electrolytic lesioning of the midbrain raph\u00e9 or 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment clearly demonstrate that the uptake or tryptophan during postnatal development is not more active in serotoninergic than in other types of nerve terminals. In adult rats, changing the concentration of tryptophan induces parallel modifications in the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the brain since the rate limiting enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase, is not saturated by its substrate. In contrast, neither tryptophan loading, nor parachlorophenylalanine administration (resulting in a marked decrease in brain tryptophan levels) alters the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the CNS of neonates, indicating that tryptophan hydroxylase is saturated during the early life period. These results are discussed in relation to the possible non-transmitter role of 5-HT during brain growth.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of tryptophan transport in the rat brain. During the first three postnatal weeks, the levels of tryptophan in the brain are exceptionally high, 2--4 times those found in adult rats. This is related to two main peculiarities concerning tryptophan transport in young animals: 1. the lack of tryptophan binding onto serum albumin which makes its diffusion from plasma to tissues easier for the  early life period; 2. the greater capacity of synaptosomes from neonates to accumulate tryptophan. Experiments consisting of electrolytic lesioning of the midbrain raph\u00e9 or 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine treatment clearly demonstrate that the uptake or tryptophan during postnatal development is not more active in serotoninergic than in other types of nerve terminals. In adult rats, changing the concentration of tryptophan induces parallel modifications in the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the brain since the rate limiting enzyme, tryptophan hydroxylase, is not saturated by its substrate. In contrast, neither tryptophan loading, nor parachlorophenylalanine administration (resulting in a marked decrease in brain tryptophan levels) alters the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the CNS of neonates, indicating that tryptophan hydroxylase is saturated during the early life period. These results are discussed in relation to the possible non-transmitter role of 5-HT during brain growth."}
{"id": "PMID:290769", "title": "Facilitated healing of osseous lesions in the canine mandible after electrical stimulation.", "content": "A study was performed to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on the repair of osseous lesions in the canine mandible. Results showed considerably more osteoblastic activity on the electrically stimulated side, with maximal growth nearest the negative electrode. Histologic examination showed healing consisted of the production of intramembranous bone, with no evidence of neoplastic changes. The practical uses of electrical stimulation in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery are discussed.", "contents": "Facilitated healing of osseous lesions in the canine mandible after electrical stimulation. A study was performed to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on the repair of osseous lesions in the canine mandible. Results showed considerably more osteoblastic activity on the electrically stimulated side, with maximal growth nearest the negative electrode. Histologic examination showed healing consisted of the production of intramembranous bone, with no evidence of neoplastic changes. The practical uses of electrical stimulation in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290770", "title": "Arthrotomographic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Thirty-five arthrotomograms of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were done on 33 patients who had chronic pain and dysfunction of the TMJ. All patients were refractory to conservative treatment. Five arthrotomograms were normal; abnormalities were observed in 30. Abnormalities of the meniscus were anterior dislocation, anterior subluxation, perforation, tenting, and degenerative changes and adhesions. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed. Arthrotomography was found to be an integral part of the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ disorders.", "contents": "Arthrotomographic evaluation of the temporomandibular joint. Thirty-five arthrotomograms of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were done on 33 patients who had chronic pain and dysfunction of the TMJ. All patients were refractory to conservative treatment. Five arthrotomograms were normal; abnormalities were observed in 30. Abnormalities of the meniscus were anterior dislocation, anterior subluxation, perforation, tenting, and degenerative changes and adhesions. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed. Arthrotomography was found to be an integral part of the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:290771", "title": "Primary tumors of the jaws in children.", "content": "Reports on primary tumors of the jaw in children are infrequent. This article reports 24 cases of primary tumors and tumor-like conditions of the jaws in children. All varieties of odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors are seen in the jaw; fibro-osseous lesions are the most common. A possible explanation for the high incidence of mesenchymal lesions in children may be related to the shedding and eruption of teeth. The differences between childhood and adult types of ameloblastomas are highlighted.", "contents": "Primary tumors of the jaws in children. Reports on primary tumors of the jaw in children are infrequent. This article reports 24 cases of primary tumors and tumor-like conditions of the jaws in children. All varieties of odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors are seen in the jaw; fibro-osseous lesions are the most common. A possible explanation for the high incidence of mesenchymal lesions in children may be related to the shedding and eruption of teeth. The differences between childhood and adult types of ameloblastomas are highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:290772", "title": "Metastatic tumors to the jaws and oral cavity.", "content": "Observations of the incidence of MT from distant organs and tissues to the maxillofacial region are presented on the basis of 13 cases (3.2% of the total number of patients with malignant tumors). Metastatic carcinomas are most frequently found in the mandible (61.5%). The primary locus is usually the breast, kidney, bronchus, or thyroid gland (61.5%), the diagnosis of metastasis aided in localization of the primary tumor. Successful results of radical treatment were obtained in only two cases; they survived for three and 11 years. The other 11 patients died within two months to a year. The function of maxillofacial surgeons in discovering primary and metastatic tumors of the jaws and face is emphasized.", "contents": "Metastatic tumors to the jaws and oral cavity. Observations of the incidence of MT from distant organs and tissues to the maxillofacial region are presented on the basis of 13 cases (3.2% of the total number of patients with malignant tumors). Metastatic carcinomas are most frequently found in the mandible (61.5%). The primary locus is usually the breast, kidney, bronchus, or thyroid gland (61.5%), the diagnosis of metastasis aided in localization of the primary tumor. Successful results of radical treatment were obtained in only two cases; they survived for three and 11 years. The other 11 patients died within two months to a year. The function of maxillofacial surgeons in discovering primary and metastatic tumors of the jaws and face is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:290773", "title": "Thrombophlebitis after intravenous use of anesthesia and sedation: its incidence and natural history.", "content": "A number of technical and clinical conditions reportedly associated with diazepam-related thrombophlebitis were investigated. Diazepam alone and in combination with fentanyl and methohexital was administered intravenously to 519 healthy, predominantly young adult patients undergoing routine oral surgery for removal of third molars. Indirect evidence is provided to show that two slightly different vasculopathies are involved: thrombophlebitis, in which pain and induration are both present but in which there is a slight delay in the time of inception of the condition; and phlebothrombosis, in which the reaction is almost immediate but pain is not significant and induration of the vein is the predominant feature. The overall incidence was 2.3% for thrombophlebitis and 9.8% for phlebothrombosis. There were four significant variables associated with phlebothrombosis: use of tobacco, use of oral contraceptives, multiple injections of diazepam, and pain during injection. The only significant variable associated with thrombophlebitis was the site of injection.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis after intravenous use of anesthesia and sedation: its incidence and natural history. A number of technical and clinical conditions reportedly associated with diazepam-related thrombophlebitis were investigated. Diazepam alone and in combination with fentanyl and methohexital was administered intravenously to 519 healthy, predominantly young adult patients undergoing routine oral surgery for removal of third molars. Indirect evidence is provided to show that two slightly different vasculopathies are involved: thrombophlebitis, in which pain and induration are both present but in which there is a slight delay in the time of inception of the condition; and phlebothrombosis, in which the reaction is almost immediate but pain is not significant and induration of the vein is the predominant feature. The overall incidence was 2.3% for thrombophlebitis and 9.8% for phlebothrombosis. There were four significant variables associated with phlebothrombosis: use of tobacco, use of oral contraceptives, multiple injections of diazepam, and pain during injection. The only significant variable associated with thrombophlebitis was the site of injection."}
{"id": "PMID:290774", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia after bronchoscopy.", "content": "Since the introduction of necrotizing sialometaplasia into the literature as a distinct pathologic entity in 1975, there have been several reports containing microscopic findings consistent with the disease primarily of the hard palate, but also of the soft palate, major salivary glands, retromolar pad of the mandible, and mucous glands of the nasal cavity. Localized ischemia appears to be a common link. All reported lesions heal with or without surgical intervention. Generous incisional biopsy specimens should be taken and aggressive surgery should be avoided.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia after bronchoscopy. Since the introduction of necrotizing sialometaplasia into the literature as a distinct pathologic entity in 1975, there have been several reports containing microscopic findings consistent with the disease primarily of the hard palate, but also of the soft palate, major salivary glands, retromolar pad of the mandible, and mucous glands of the nasal cavity. Localized ischemia appears to be a common link. All reported lesions heal with or without surgical intervention. Generous incisional biopsy specimens should be taken and aggressive surgery should be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:290775", "title": "Acinic cell carcinoma of the palate: report of case and review of the literature.", "content": "The literature regarding acinic cell carcinoma is reviewed, and a case of such a tumor located in the hard palate is described. Metastasis to lymph nodes in the neck occurred bilaterally, with early recurrence by direct infiltration.", "contents": "Acinic cell carcinoma of the palate: report of case and review of the literature. The literature regarding acinic cell carcinoma is reviewed, and a case of such a tumor located in the hard palate is described. Metastasis to lymph nodes in the neck occurred bilaterally, with early recurrence by direct infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:290776", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the maxilla: report of case.", "content": "Chondrosarcomas of the jaws are rare tumors; an additional case in the maxilla is described. The literature that discusses the pathogenesis of the tumor, its biological behavior, and the preferred treatment is reviewed. The histologic differentiation between chondrosarcoma and benign cartilagenous tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the maxilla: report of case. Chondrosarcomas of the jaws are rare tumors; an additional case in the maxilla is described. The literature that discusses the pathogenesis of the tumor, its biological behavior, and the preferred treatment is reviewed. The histologic differentiation between chondrosarcoma and benign cartilagenous tumors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290778", "title": "Phenomenon of mucous retention in the incisive canal.", "content": "Mucous glands are rarely found in the anterior palate but may be observed in the incisive canal. A case history is presented of a lesion that resembled a nasopalatine cyst both clinically and radiographically but which was in fact an intra-bony extravasation phenomenon.", "contents": "Phenomenon of mucous retention in the incisive canal. Mucous glands are rarely found in the anterior palate but may be observed in the incisive canal. A case history is presented of a lesion that resembled a nasopalatine cyst both clinically and radiographically but which was in fact an intra-bony extravasation phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:290781", "title": "Spontaneous-ventilation general anesthesia for outpatients using enflurane.", "content": "We have described our technique for general anesthesia for outpatients using a mixture of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and enflurane with spontaneous ventilation through a Bain anesthetic circuit. In our experience, surgical excision of impacted teeth, multiple extractions and alveoloplasty, enucleation of simple cysts, excision of benign tumors, and other similar operations have been done efficiently with these anesthetic techniques. More than 500 such cases have been managed without significant complication. The concepts of selection and preparation of patients, airway security and protection during surgery performed in the upper airway on an unconscious patient who is breathing spontaneously, continuous monitoring of vital functions, and rapid induction and recovery all combine to make this technique consistent with standards for excellence in anesthesia.", "contents": "Spontaneous-ventilation general anesthesia for outpatients using enflurane. We have described our technique for general anesthesia for outpatients using a mixture of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and enflurane with spontaneous ventilation through a Bain anesthetic circuit. In our experience, surgical excision of impacted teeth, multiple extractions and alveoloplasty, enucleation of simple cysts, excision of benign tumors, and other similar operations have been done efficiently with these anesthetic techniques. More than 500 such cases have been managed without significant complication. The concepts of selection and preparation of patients, airway security and protection during surgery performed in the upper airway on an unconscious patient who is breathing spontaneously, continuous monitoring of vital functions, and rapid induction and recovery all combine to make this technique consistent with standards for excellence in anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:290782", "title": "A follow-up report of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated leukemia. A report for Childrens Cancer Study Group.", "content": "From an original group of 229 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia diagnosed in 1963 and 1964, 15 patients who achieved greater than 2 1/2 years continued complete remission were assigned either to continue with maintenance therapy or to discontinue therapy. Five of the 15 patients have died after surviving from six to ten years from the time of diagnosis. Of the remaining ten patients, all are alive and free of disease for more than 14 years from diagnosis. No relapses or deaths have occurred in patients off therapy for greater than five years. In this small series of patients, there was no difference in survival in the continued or discontinued therapy groups. No overt adverse effects of therapy have been seen in the ten surviving patients. These encouraging data need to be extended and confirmed, utilizing patients treated with the more sophisticated therapeutic approaches employed in modern protocols for ALL/AUL. Identification of adverse effects of therapy will require appropriate and careful surveillance of large groups of successfully treated patients.", "contents": "A follow-up report of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated leukemia. A report for Childrens Cancer Study Group. From an original group of 229 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute undifferentiated leukemia diagnosed in 1963 and 1964, 15 patients who achieved greater than 2 1/2 years continued complete remission were assigned either to continue with maintenance therapy or to discontinue therapy. Five of the 15 patients have died after surviving from six to ten years from the time of diagnosis. Of the remaining ten patients, all are alive and free of disease for more than 14 years from diagnosis. No relapses or deaths have occurred in patients off therapy for greater than five years. In this small series of patients, there was no difference in survival in the continued or discontinued therapy groups. No overt adverse effects of therapy have been seen in the ten surviving patients. These encouraging data need to be extended and confirmed, utilizing patients treated with the more sophisticated therapeutic approaches employed in modern protocols for ALL/AUL. Identification of adverse effects of therapy will require appropriate and careful surveillance of large groups of successfully treated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:290786", "title": "A new reinforced intracoronal composite resin splint. Clinical results after 1 year.", "content": "An intracoronal technique for semipermanent splinting of mobile or migrating teeth is described and clinically evaluated. Circumferential grooves of 1 to 1.5 mm depth were cut into the enamel in the occlusal third of the teeth to be splinted. The teeth were splinted by placing a polyester ligature in two or more figure-8 loops along the grooves, and sealing the grooves and interproximal contact areas with an acid-etch composite resin system. A total of 51 splints involving 183 teeth and 132 interproximal contact areas were placed in 34 patients. One year after insertion, 46 splints were found intact. Five splints presented with one fractured interdental element, each. Average mobility of the splinted teeth was 51% below the preoperative level. Splinting improved the masticatory comfort. The esthetic results were satisfactory.", "contents": "A new reinforced intracoronal composite resin splint. Clinical results after 1 year. An intracoronal technique for semipermanent splinting of mobile or migrating teeth is described and clinically evaluated. Circumferential grooves of 1 to 1.5 mm depth were cut into the enamel in the occlusal third of the teeth to be splinted. The teeth were splinted by placing a polyester ligature in two or more figure-8 loops along the grooves, and sealing the grooves and interproximal contact areas with an acid-etch composite resin system. A total of 51 splints involving 183 teeth and 132 interproximal contact areas were placed in 34 patients. One year after insertion, 46 splints were found intact. Five splints presented with one fractured interdental element, each. Average mobility of the splinted teeth was 51% below the preoperative level. Splinting improved the masticatory comfort. The esthetic results were satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:290788", "title": "Measurement of the millimeter markings of periodontal probes.", "content": "All periodontal probes used by five periodontists were collected and their millimeter markings were measured for accuracy. It was found that most probes were not precise, especially those manufactured by Hu-Friedy more than 3 years ago. However, new probes manufactured by Hu-Friedy were shown to be more accurate. It is recommended ttht dentists use periodontal probes with accurate and consistent markings.", "contents": "Measurement of the millimeter markings of periodontal probes. All periodontal probes used by five periodontists were collected and their millimeter markings were measured for accuracy. It was found that most probes were not precise, especially those manufactured by Hu-Friedy more than 3 years ago. However, new probes manufactured by Hu-Friedy were shown to be more accurate. It is recommended ttht dentists use periodontal probes with accurate and consistent markings."}
{"id": "PMID:290790", "title": "Assessment of tissue conditioning materials for functional impressions.", "content": "The validity of two types of tissue conditioning materials was studied and compared with that of two commonly used impression materials. The effect of three important factors on the accuracy of the impressions was observed. These factors were thickness of the impression material, time of compression of the impression, and the time interval before pouring the impression. A chrome-cobalt master cast was specially designed and 500 impressions were made and poured, resulting in 900 casts. Conclusions reached from this investigation were that: 1. Visco-Gel and Coe-Comfort tissue conditioning materials can be used as impression materials. 2. The dimensional accuracy of Visco-Gel is better than that of the Coe-Comfort impressions. 3. There is no significant difference between using a tray with a space of 1.5 mm or 3.0 mm for the impression material. 4. The less bulky the impression, the less time is required for compression with fewer inaccuracies. 5. It is preferable to pour the cast in the impression immediately or within 2 hours. 6. Both kinds of materials tested can be used as duplicating materials under certain conditions.", "contents": "Assessment of tissue conditioning materials for functional impressions. The validity of two types of tissue conditioning materials was studied and compared with that of two commonly used impression materials. The effect of three important factors on the accuracy of the impressions was observed. These factors were thickness of the impression material, time of compression of the impression, and the time interval before pouring the impression. A chrome-cobalt master cast was specially designed and 500 impressions were made and poured, resulting in 900 casts. Conclusions reached from this investigation were that: 1. Visco-Gel and Coe-Comfort tissue conditioning materials can be used as impression materials. 2. The dimensional accuracy of Visco-Gel is better than that of the Coe-Comfort impressions. 3. There is no significant difference between using a tray with a space of 1.5 mm or 3.0 mm for the impression material. 4. The less bulky the impression, the less time is required for compression with fewer inaccuracies. 5. It is preferable to pour the cast in the impression immediately or within 2 hours. 6. Both kinds of materials tested can be used as duplicating materials under certain conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:290792", "title": "Replicability of chinpoint-guidance and anterior programmer for recording centric relation.", "content": "The chinpoint-guidance technique, using an anterior programmer, as performed in this study, seems to be a replicable method of locating centric relation. Sequential registration of centric relation was repeatable in 60% of the patients studied. The average variability found in 40% of the patients of this study was about +/- 0.20 mm at the level of the condyles.", "contents": "Replicability of chinpoint-guidance and anterior programmer for recording centric relation. The chinpoint-guidance technique, using an anterior programmer, as performed in this study, seems to be a replicable method of locating centric relation. Sequential registration of centric relation was repeatable in 60% of the patients studied. The average variability found in 40% of the patients of this study was about +/- 0.20 mm at the level of the condyles."}
{"id": "PMID:290793", "title": "Prosthetic treatment for electrical burns to the oral cavity.", "content": "A procedure was presented to provide an esthetic result in the treatment of electrical burns to the mouth. A removable prosthesis controls the degree of scarring, contracture, and deformity that often occurs from the surgical repair of these burns.", "contents": "Prosthetic treatment for electrical burns to the oral cavity. A procedure was presented to provide an esthetic result in the treatment of electrical burns to the mouth. A removable prosthesis controls the degree of scarring, contracture, and deformity that often occurs from the surgical repair of these burns."}
{"id": "PMID:290794", "title": "An evaluation of the cure of acrylic resin by three methods.", "content": "An investigation was designed and carried out to compare methyl acrylic resin processed by three methods--boiling, in the heat platen press, and a 9 hour, 75 degrees C cure. The material was cured in certain thicknesses in the heat platen press and by boiling without porosity. All samples cured for 9 hours at 75 degrees C had no porosity. The value of the heat platen press as a time-saving device and its applications in a maxillofacial laboratory were discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of the cure of acrylic resin by three methods. An investigation was designed and carried out to compare methyl acrylic resin processed by three methods--boiling, in the heat platen press, and a 9 hour, 75 degrees C cure. The material was cured in certain thicknesses in the heat platen press and by boiling without porosity. All samples cured for 9 hours at 75 degrees C had no porosity. The value of the heat platen press as a time-saving device and its applications in a maxillofacial laboratory were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290795", "title": "The validity of temporomandibular joint radiographs using the head positioner.", "content": "1. TMJ radiographs made using the head positioner provide a valuable adjunct to diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with MPD syndrome. 2. Where extensive restorative procedures are anticipated, TMJ radiographs can be useful before embarking on a treatment plan and in documenting the postoperative results. 3. Bilateral condylar symmetry is a reasonable objective of extensive restorative dentistry. 4. Radiographic retrusion is more frequently accompanied by signs and symptoms than bilateral condylar symmetry and protrusion.", "contents": "The validity of temporomandibular joint radiographs using the head positioner. 1. TMJ radiographs made using the head positioner provide a valuable adjunct to diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with MPD syndrome. 2. Where extensive restorative procedures are anticipated, TMJ radiographs can be useful before embarking on a treatment plan and in documenting the postoperative results. 3. Bilateral condylar symmetry is a reasonable objective of extensive restorative dentistry. 4. Radiographic retrusion is more frequently accompanied by signs and symptoms than bilateral condylar symmetry and protrusion."}
{"id": "PMID:290796", "title": "Tissue culture and histologic study of a new elastomer.", "content": "A new silicone material, Silastic MDX 4-4210, was tested by tissue culture and tissue implantation to compare host reaction with known toxic and nontoxic materials. It was not found to be toxic to a monolayer of HEL cells, and it evoked a minimal foreign body reaction when implanted in albino rats. Further clinical studies are indicated to evaluate host reaction of this silicone in long-term contact with human mucous membrane and skin tissue.", "contents": "Tissue culture and histologic study of a new elastomer. A new silicone material, Silastic MDX 4-4210, was tested by tissue culture and tissue implantation to compare host reaction with known toxic and nontoxic materials. It was not found to be toxic to a monolayer of HEL cells, and it evoked a minimal foreign body reaction when implanted in albino rats. Further clinical studies are indicated to evaluate host reaction of this silicone in long-term contact with human mucous membrane and skin tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:290797", "title": "Tissue damage from electrosurgical power output variations in hamster tongues.", "content": "An investigation was designed to determine the differences in the amount of tissue damage produced by variations in the amount of cutting power delivered to the hamster tongue with electrosurgery. By dividing the power of an electrosurgical instrument into 5 W intervals, from the lowest setting which would produce a cut up to the 50 W setting, histometric comparisons were made in the hamster tongue. Histologic analysis showed the following: 1. The 30 W power interval produced less tissue damage than any other power interval. 2. The 25 and 35 W intervals produced significantly greater damage than the intervals from 40 thorugh 50 W. 3. Histologically the experimental defect showed an area of coagulation necrosis approximately 50 mu wide along the margin of the incision. Tissue damage decreased laterally and inferiorly from the surface of the defect except at the 30 W setting, where the damage in the epithelium and the damage in the connective tissue were essentially equal. 4. There is some validity to the sparking-dragging test for setting the power interval of an electrosurgical instrument. 5. Higher power values which produce excessive sparking should be avoided by the clinician during electrosurgery due to the imprecise nature of the clinical incision.", "contents": "Tissue damage from electrosurgical power output variations in hamster tongues. An investigation was designed to determine the differences in the amount of tissue damage produced by variations in the amount of cutting power delivered to the hamster tongue with electrosurgery. By dividing the power of an electrosurgical instrument into 5 W intervals, from the lowest setting which would produce a cut up to the 50 W setting, histometric comparisons were made in the hamster tongue. Histologic analysis showed the following: 1. The 30 W power interval produced less tissue damage than any other power interval. 2. The 25 and 35 W intervals produced significantly greater damage than the intervals from 40 thorugh 50 W. 3. Histologically the experimental defect showed an area of coagulation necrosis approximately 50 mu wide along the margin of the incision. Tissue damage decreased laterally and inferiorly from the surface of the defect except at the 30 W setting, where the damage in the epithelium and the damage in the connective tissue were essentially equal. 4. There is some validity to the sparking-dragging test for setting the power interval of an electrosurgical instrument. 5. Higher power values which produce excessive sparking should be avoided by the clinician during electrosurgery due to the imprecise nature of the clinical incision."}
{"id": "PMID:290799", "title": "Geriatric nutrition II: Dehydration in the elderly.", "content": "Water balance in the elderly is critical in preventing tissue dehydration. Negative water balance, occurring when more water is lost than is retained, results in a severe decrease in all secretions. This \"drying out\" of tissues and organs, including muscles and joints, may lead to premature aging. Xerostomia is a major cause of denture discomfort and failure. The prosthodontist is advised to inspect and, if possible, correct dehydration of the oral tissues prior to constructing the denture. Denture failures may often result more from tissue deficiencies in the aged than from technical inadequacies. Water balance is efficiently achieved in the elderly through ingestion of soups containing many of the solubilized nutrients essential to tissue health. This is more beneficial than merely increasing the intake of plain water or beverages.", "contents": "Geriatric nutrition II: Dehydration in the elderly. Water balance in the elderly is critical in preventing tissue dehydration. Negative water balance, occurring when more water is lost than is retained, results in a severe decrease in all secretions. This \"drying out\" of tissues and organs, including muscles and joints, may lead to premature aging. Xerostomia is a major cause of denture discomfort and failure. The prosthodontist is advised to inspect and, if possible, correct dehydration of the oral tissues prior to constructing the denture. Denture failures may often result more from tissue deficiencies in the aged than from technical inadequacies. Water balance is efficiently achieved in the elderly through ingestion of soups containing many of the solubilized nutrients essential to tissue health. This is more beneficial than merely increasing the intake of plain water or beverages."}
{"id": "PMID:290800", "title": "The effect of anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal plane on biting force.", "content": "With the experimental design of this study the following conclusions were reached. 1. Biting force during maximum clenching was the greatest when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. It decreased when the occlusal plane was inclined about 5 degrees anteriorly or about 5 degrees posteriorly. 2. The efficiency of biting force exertion during maximum clenching showed the best value when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. 3. Muscle activity during clenching at various given forces was least when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. The anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal plane tends to affect the biting force, and the method with the ala-tragus line seems to be the most reasonable for occlusal plane orientation.", "contents": "The effect of anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal plane on biting force. With the experimental design of this study the following conclusions were reached. 1. Biting force during maximum clenching was the greatest when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. It decreased when the occlusal plane was inclined about 5 degrees anteriorly or about 5 degrees posteriorly. 2. The efficiency of biting force exertion during maximum clenching showed the best value when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. 3. Muscle activity during clenching at various given forces was least when the occlusal plane was made parallel to the ala-tragus line. The anteroposterior inclination of the occlusal plane tends to affect the biting force, and the method with the ala-tragus line seems to be the most reasonable for occlusal plane orientation."}
{"id": "PMID:290801", "title": "A spectrofluorometric protein assay of plaque on dentures and of denture cleaning efficacy.", "content": "A spectrofluorometric method of protein analysis using fluorescamine was shown to be a meaningful method of evaluating denture cleanser efficacy. This assay was useful in the presence of most currently used denture cleanser ingredients, materials which cause other protein assay methods to fail. The determination of dental plaque protein was shown to be an adequate measure of dental plaque dry weight.", "contents": "A spectrofluorometric protein assay of plaque on dentures and of denture cleaning efficacy. A spectrofluorometric method of protein analysis using fluorescamine was shown to be a meaningful method of evaluating denture cleanser efficacy. This assay was useful in the presence of most currently used denture cleanser ingredients, materials which cause other protein assay methods to fail. The determination of dental plaque protein was shown to be an adequate measure of dental plaque dry weight."}
{"id": "PMID:290802", "title": "A quantitative and subjective characterization of tarnishing in low-gold alloys.", "content": "1. The quantitative objective characterization of tarnish gave results which are identical with those obtained from a blind subjective analysis. 2. The low-gold alloys fall into three classes. The alloy Ney Cast III is superior in performance to the other low golds and approximately equivalent to the high-gold alloy Firmilay. The intermediate alloys, including Midacast, Stabilor G, Mowrey No. 46, Tiffany, and Midas are similar in performance to the high-gold alloy Rx O.R.Y. The low-gold alloys Dent Cast 44, Minigold, and Progold tarnish in a manner which, in our opinion, makes them unacceptable.", "contents": "A quantitative and subjective characterization of tarnishing in low-gold alloys. 1. The quantitative objective characterization of tarnish gave results which are identical with those obtained from a blind subjective analysis. 2. The low-gold alloys fall into three classes. The alloy Ney Cast III is superior in performance to the other low golds and approximately equivalent to the high-gold alloy Firmilay. The intermediate alloys, including Midacast, Stabilor G, Mowrey No. 46, Tiffany, and Midas are similar in performance to the high-gold alloy Rx O.R.Y. The low-gold alloys Dent Cast 44, Minigold, and Progold tarnish in a manner which, in our opinion, makes them unacceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:290805", "title": "Myofacial pain dysfunction: a manifestation of the short-face syndrome.", "content": "The practitioner who treats patients with MPD should be aware that certain anatomic variations may predispose a patient to developing the syndrome. We feel that the newly described entity, the short-face syndrome, is such an example. Patients exhibiting short-face syndrome are overclosed. Their condition appears to be improved by establishing an increased vertical dimension of occlusion. This is first accomplished with the use of a processed acrylic resin occlusal splint. If a patient has been asymptomatic at the new occlusal relationship, a maxillary osteotomy is recommended to achieve a more permanent functional and cosmetic result.", "contents": "Myofacial pain dysfunction: a manifestation of the short-face syndrome. The practitioner who treats patients with MPD should be aware that certain anatomic variations may predispose a patient to developing the syndrome. We feel that the newly described entity, the short-face syndrome, is such an example. Patients exhibiting short-face syndrome are overclosed. Their condition appears to be improved by establishing an increased vertical dimension of occlusion. This is first accomplished with the use of a processed acrylic resin occlusal splint. If a patient has been asymptomatic at the new occlusal relationship, a maxillary osteotomy is recommended to achieve a more permanent functional and cosmetic result."}
{"id": "PMID:290806", "title": "Immediate dental root implants from synthetic dense calcium hydroxylapatite.", "content": "In this article, root implants implanted directly after extraction of the natural teeth were described. The root implants were made of densely sintered or hot-pressed calcium hydroxylapatite (CHA). The significance of using such implants as a method of preserving the bulk of the alveolar ridge and as possible anchoring sites for a post and core for fixed partial dentures was discussed.", "contents": "Immediate dental root implants from synthetic dense calcium hydroxylapatite. In this article, root implants implanted directly after extraction of the natural teeth were described. The root implants were made of densely sintered or hot-pressed calcium hydroxylapatite (CHA). The significance of using such implants as a method of preserving the bulk of the alveolar ridge and as possible anchoring sites for a post and core for fixed partial dentures was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290807", "title": "A method to measure operating variables in electrosurgery.", "content": "Variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgical wounding have been identified and discussed. An electronic measuring device was designed and built to record actual power generated at the active electrode during surgical use of an electrosurgery instrument. In addition, this electronic device measures the amount of time the active electrode is in contact with tissue. Coupled with an electrosurgery unit producing a documented waveform and an electrosurgery electrode having a controlled-depth gauge, variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgery wounding may be measured.", "contents": "A method to measure operating variables in electrosurgery. Variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgical wounding have been identified and discussed. An electronic measuring device was designed and built to record actual power generated at the active electrode during surgical use of an electrosurgery instrument. In addition, this electronic device measures the amount of time the active electrode is in contact with tissue. Coupled with an electrosurgery unit producing a documented waveform and an electrosurgery electrode having a controlled-depth gauge, variables affecting tissue response to electrosurgery wounding may be measured."}
{"id": "PMID:290809", "title": "Stabilized record bases for complete dentures.", "content": "A step-by-step technique has been described to construct stabilized record bases which allows the dentist to take advantage of undercuts through the use of a resilient denture liner material in the undercut regions. The resilient denture liner material protects the rugae and prevents damage to the casts in the undercut regions during repeated placing and removal from the cast. Shellac denture base material at the posterior limit of the record base permits an easy method of checking the posterior palatal seal. The incorporation of the posterior palatal seal in the record base allows for adequate retention during the recording of the maxillomandibular jaw relation records and try-in procedures. The record bases made by the sprinkle-on technique are preferred to those made using the dough method. The bases are rigid, stable, not easily broken or warped, and fit accurately.", "contents": "Stabilized record bases for complete dentures. A step-by-step technique has been described to construct stabilized record bases which allows the dentist to take advantage of undercuts through the use of a resilient denture liner material in the undercut regions. The resilient denture liner material protects the rugae and prevents damage to the casts in the undercut regions during repeated placing and removal from the cast. Shellac denture base material at the posterior limit of the record base permits an easy method of checking the posterior palatal seal. The incorporation of the posterior palatal seal in the record base allows for adequate retention during the recording of the maxillomandibular jaw relation records and try-in procedures. The record bases made by the sprinkle-on technique are preferred to those made using the dough method. The bases are rigid, stable, not easily broken or warped, and fit accurately."}
{"id": "PMID:290810", "title": "Occlusal splint fabrication.", "content": "There are many methods of fabricating an occlusal splint. The advantages of the technique described are as follows: (1) little intraoral adjustment is required, (2) there is ease in construction, and (3) only one set of diagnostic casts can serve for both occlusal analysis and splint construction. The disadvantage is that an occlusion with group function cannot be produced by this method.", "contents": "Occlusal splint fabrication. There are many methods of fabricating an occlusal splint. The advantages of the technique described are as follows: (1) little intraoral adjustment is required, (2) there is ease in construction, and (3) only one set of diagnostic casts can serve for both occlusal analysis and splint construction. The disadvantage is that an occlusion with group function cannot be produced by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:290813", "title": "Undesirable effects of gold salts.", "content": "A review of recent studies of undesirable effects of gold salts is presented. Marrow aplasia is potentially the most serious side effect with a poor prognosis. Its prevalence is undetermined but may have been overestimated. Gold nephropathy and thrombocytopenia although more common usually have a good prognosis. Both can be satisfactorily treated without prolonged morbidity or mortality. Mucocutaneous reactions although more common are rarely of serious importance and need not necessarily prevent completion of a therapeutic course of gold salts. When indicated the side effects of gold salts can be adequately treated by cessation of therapy and use of corticosteroids. The value of chelating agents is desirable.", "contents": "Undesirable effects of gold salts. A review of recent studies of undesirable effects of gold salts is presented. Marrow aplasia is potentially the most serious side effect with a poor prognosis. Its prevalence is undetermined but may have been overestimated. Gold nephropathy and thrombocytopenia although more common usually have a good prognosis. Both can be satisfactorily treated without prolonged morbidity or mortality. Mucocutaneous reactions although more common are rarely of serious importance and need not necessarily prevent completion of a therapeutic course of gold salts. When indicated the side effects of gold salts can be adequately treated by cessation of therapy and use of corticosteroids. The value of chelating agents is desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:290814", "title": "The technique of electron probe x-ray analysis and the atomic composition of aurosomes.", "content": "Electron probe x-ray analysis is an exciting new method of elemental analysis at the ultrastructural level. This is a relatively non-destructive form of analysis by which elements from Na onwards (i.e. above Z number 10) can be simultaneously detected and displayed as a spectrum. The best spatial resolution that can be achieved is of the order of 20 nm. The sensitivity of detection varies with the elements but about 10-18 g of an element can be detected. With the available computer programs elemental ratios are readily determined without the need of standards. The special appeal of this technique stems from the fact that it is the only way of analyzing minute inclusions in situ within the cell and so correlate morphology with atomic composition. With this method, gold has been demonstrated in aurosomes produced in various sites after the administration of soluble gold salts to experimental animals and man. A more detailed analysis of aurosomes found in the synovial membrane 3 days and 18 months after injection of gold sodium thiomalate into the rabbit knee joint revealed that the aurosome contains gold, phosphorus, and sulphur, and that the atomic ratios of these elements do not alter over the above mentioned time interval.", "contents": "The technique of electron probe x-ray analysis and the atomic composition of aurosomes. Electron probe x-ray analysis is an exciting new method of elemental analysis at the ultrastructural level. This is a relatively non-destructive form of analysis by which elements from Na onwards (i.e. above Z number 10) can be simultaneously detected and displayed as a spectrum. The best spatial resolution that can be achieved is of the order of 20 nm. The sensitivity of detection varies with the elements but about 10-18 g of an element can be detected. With the available computer programs elemental ratios are readily determined without the need of standards. The special appeal of this technique stems from the fact that it is the only way of analyzing minute inclusions in situ within the cell and so correlate morphology with atomic composition. With this method, gold has been demonstrated in aurosomes produced in various sites after the administration of soluble gold salts to experimental animals and man. A more detailed analysis of aurosomes found in the synovial membrane 3 days and 18 months after injection of gold sodium thiomalate into the rabbit knee joint revealed that the aurosome contains gold, phosphorus, and sulphur, and that the atomic ratios of these elements do not alter over the above mentioned time interval."}
{"id": "PMID:290815", "title": "Trace element determination in serum by proton-induced x-ray emission.", "content": "We report the use of proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) as an analytical method in clinical research. The experimental set-up and target preparation procedures are briefly discussed together with the methods of automatic data acquisition and analysis. Results from a clinical project involving rheumatoid patients receiving chrysotherapy are presented.", "contents": "Trace element determination in serum by proton-induced x-ray emission. We report the use of proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) as an analytical method in clinical research. The experimental set-up and target preparation procedures are briefly discussed together with the methods of automatic data acquisition and analysis. Results from a clinical project involving rheumatoid patients receiving chrysotherapy are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:290816", "title": "X;15 translocation in a retarded girl: X inactivation pattern and attempt to localise the hexosaminidase A and other loci.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies on a retarded girl showed a complex S;15 translocation, karyotype 45,X,-15,+t(X15). The translocation X chromosome was non-randomly partially inactivated, the inactivation being mainly confined to the X segment and in some cells only to the X long arm. Gene marker studies failed to show anomalous segregation of the hexosaminidase A gene or any other gene markers tested.", "contents": "X;15 translocation in a retarded girl: X inactivation pattern and attempt to localise the hexosaminidase A and other loci. Cytogenetic studies on a retarded girl showed a complex S;15 translocation, karyotype 45,X,-15,+t(X15). The translocation X chromosome was non-randomly partially inactivated, the inactivation being mainly confined to the X segment and in some cells only to the X long arm. Gene marker studies failed to show anomalous segregation of the hexosaminidase A gene or any other gene markers tested."}
{"id": "PMID:290851", "title": "Isolation of a recombination deficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutant.", "content": "The isolation of a recombination deficient (Rec-) strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. Strain LBA 4011 was mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine and after segregation 18,000 colonies were replica plated and UV irradiated. Twentytwo UV sensitive strains were isolated and tested for methylmethanesulphonate (MMS) sensitivity. Six of these strains were more MMS-sensitive than LBA 4011. A Ti plasmid that was genetically marked with Tn 1 (CbR) was introduced in these strains and the rescue of the CbR marker during superinfection with an incompatible cointegrate plasmid Ti::R 702 was determined. One strain exhibited a large reduction in rescue frequency. It is concluded that the latter strain was recombination deficient. This property did not influence the induction of plant tumours.", "contents": "Isolation of a recombination deficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutant. The isolation of a recombination deficient (Rec-) strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is described. Strain LBA 4011 was mutagenized with nitrosoguanidine and after segregation 18,000 colonies were replica plated and UV irradiated. Twentytwo UV sensitive strains were isolated and tested for methylmethanesulphonate (MMS) sensitivity. Six of these strains were more MMS-sensitive than LBA 4011. A Ti plasmid that was genetically marked with Tn 1 (CbR) was introduced in these strains and the rescue of the CbR marker during superinfection with an incompatible cointegrate plasmid Ti::R 702 was determined. One strain exhibited a large reduction in rescue frequency. It is concluded that the latter strain was recombination deficient. This property did not influence the induction of plant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:290852", "title": "Rough and fine linkage mapping of the Rhizobium meliloti chromosome.", "content": "A circular linkage map of the Rhizobium meliloti chromosome, obtained from R68.45-mediated crosses, has been revised by cotransductional analysis, after general transduction by DF2 phage. Three short chromosomal regions have been mapped by cotransduction. Comparison between conjugal and cotransductional data suggests that R68.45-mediated linkage measures are indeed rough. Cotransduction seems to be a useful tool for improving the linkage map of R. meliloti.", "contents": "Rough and fine linkage mapping of the Rhizobium meliloti chromosome. A circular linkage map of the Rhizobium meliloti chromosome, obtained from R68.45-mediated crosses, has been revised by cotransductional analysis, after general transduction by DF2 phage. Three short chromosomal regions have been mapped by cotransduction. Comparison between conjugal and cotransductional data suggests that R68.45-mediated linkage measures are indeed rough. Cotransduction seems to be a useful tool for improving the linkage map of R. meliloti."}
{"id": "PMID:290855", "title": "Kinetics of hybridization to human DNA of heterogeneous nuclear RNA isolated from normal human lymphoblasts and acute leukemia blast cells.", "content": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA was extracted from normal PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes and acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. Experiments were performed to determine the hybridization kinetics of these RNA's to human DNA. The best least squares solutions indicate in the hybridization reaction of both normal and leukemic RNA two main components. For leukemic cell RNA the rate constants of both components were significantly different from that of normal cell RNA. In particular, the difference between the rate constants of the second lower component suggests that the slowly hybridizing sequences in leukemic cell RNA have a degree of repetition higher than of the corresponding sequences of normal cell RNA.", "contents": "Kinetics of hybridization to human DNA of heterogeneous nuclear RNA isolated from normal human lymphoblasts and acute leukemia blast cells. Heterogeneous nuclear RNA was extracted from normal PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes and acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. Experiments were performed to determine the hybridization kinetics of these RNA's to human DNA. The best least squares solutions indicate in the hybridization reaction of both normal and leukemic RNA two main components. For leukemic cell RNA the rate constants of both components were significantly different from that of normal cell RNA. In particular, the difference between the rate constants of the second lower component suggests that the slowly hybridizing sequences in leukemic cell RNA have a degree of repetition higher than of the corresponding sequences of normal cell RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:290856", "title": "[A contribution to hereditary sensory neuropathy. Electron microscopical studies (author's transl)].", "content": "A female infant nine months of age, hospitalized several times because of feeding and thriving problems as well as statomotoric retardation, at the occasion of a combustion showed no sign of perceiving pain. Based on clinical symptoms, histological and electron microscopical examinations the disease could be classified as hereditary sensory neuropathy type III.", "contents": "[A contribution to hereditary sensory neuropathy. Electron microscopical studies (author's transl)]. A female infant nine months of age, hospitalized several times because of feeding and thriving problems as well as statomotoric retardation, at the occasion of a combustion showed no sign of perceiving pain. Based on clinical symptoms, histological and electron microscopical examinations the disease could be classified as hereditary sensory neuropathy type III."}
{"id": "PMID:290884", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a New Zealand community: a review of 40 cases.", "content": "Forty cases of primary hyperparathyroidism presenting over a 15 year period, have been reviewed. The disease was equally prevalent in both sexes with highest incidence in the sixth decade. Most patients presented with renal colic or calculi (73 percent) and skeletal disease was found in only 13 percent. A single parathyroid adenoma was found in 32 cases and hyperplasia was diagnosed in only two cases. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to 32 patients, and in 27 of these a full clinical and laboratory assessment was undertaken. Of 26 patients with renal colic preoperatively only six continued to experience colic one year after parathyroid surgery. Thirty percent of all patients were hypertensive preoperatively, and in only two patients did blood pressure normalise after surgery. Fourteen of 27 patients followed-up were found to be hypertensive. A highly significant fall was noted in serum calcium, chloride, alkaline phosphatase and urine calcium excretion postoperatively. Recurrence of the disease was low and less than 8 percent in this series. The low incidence (1 per 10 000 population per year) suggests that primary hyperparathyroidism is under diagnosed in the Christchurch community.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism in a New Zealand community: a review of 40 cases. Forty cases of primary hyperparathyroidism presenting over a 15 year period, have been reviewed. The disease was equally prevalent in both sexes with highest incidence in the sixth decade. Most patients presented with renal colic or calculi (73 percent) and skeletal disease was found in only 13 percent. A single parathyroid adenoma was found in 32 cases and hyperplasia was diagnosed in only two cases. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to 32 patients, and in 27 of these a full clinical and laboratory assessment was undertaken. Of 26 patients with renal colic preoperatively only six continued to experience colic one year after parathyroid surgery. Thirty percent of all patients were hypertensive preoperatively, and in only two patients did blood pressure normalise after surgery. Fourteen of 27 patients followed-up were found to be hypertensive. A highly significant fall was noted in serum calcium, chloride, alkaline phosphatase and urine calcium excretion postoperatively. Recurrence of the disease was low and less than 8 percent in this series. The low incidence (1 per 10 000 population per year) suggests that primary hyperparathyroidism is under diagnosed in the Christchurch community."}
{"id": "PMID:290885", "title": "Blood selenium values in an adult Auckland population group.", "content": "New Zealand top soils are low in selenium with some regional variation. Grain and cereal products are the main source of dietary selenium intake but in New Zealand their content is low due to widespread top soil deficiency. Whole blood levels reported from Oago, 68 +/- 13ng/ml, are a half to one-third of those in North America and also lower than in Auckland residents, 79 +/- 15.7ng/ml. The variation between New Zealanders is due to regional differences in top soil levels and grass content affecting secondary selenium sources such as sheep meat and beef. Regular consumption of selenium rich chicken and fish is associated with a significant increase above average values, but age, sex, smoking, alcohol and the use of oral contraceptives, are unimportant factors.", "contents": "Blood selenium values in an adult Auckland population group. New Zealand top soils are low in selenium with some regional variation. Grain and cereal products are the main source of dietary selenium intake but in New Zealand their content is low due to widespread top soil deficiency. Whole blood levels reported from Oago, 68 +/- 13ng/ml, are a half to one-third of those in North America and also lower than in Auckland residents, 79 +/- 15.7ng/ml. The variation between New Zealanders is due to regional differences in top soil levels and grass content affecting secondary selenium sources such as sheep meat and beef. Regular consumption of selenium rich chicken and fish is associated with a significant increase above average values, but age, sex, smoking, alcohol and the use of oral contraceptives, are unimportant factors."}
{"id": "PMID:290895", "title": "Age, adiposity, blood pressure and blood lipids in a rural New Zealand population.", "content": "Multiple regression analysis of data on age, blood pressure, adiposity and blood lipids from a rural New Zealand population of over 1200 adults has been undertaken. The results show that rises in blood lipids over time in the population are independent of age and correlate significantly with adiposity. Thus plasma cholesterol and triglycerides correlate with adiposity (expressed as Quetelet's index or skinfold thickness) in men whereas significant correlation in women was only between adiposity and plasma triglycerides. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men was strongly correlated with their plasma triglycerides, but not cholesterol, when the effect of age and adiposity was removed. In women however only a weak correlation was observed between plasma triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. The significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Age, adiposity, blood pressure and blood lipids in a rural New Zealand population. Multiple regression analysis of data on age, blood pressure, adiposity and blood lipids from a rural New Zealand population of over 1200 adults has been undertaken. The results show that rises in blood lipids over time in the population are independent of age and correlate significantly with adiposity. Thus plasma cholesterol and triglycerides correlate with adiposity (expressed as Quetelet's index or skinfold thickness) in men whereas significant correlation in women was only between adiposity and plasma triglycerides. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men was strongly correlated with their plasma triglycerides, but not cholesterol, when the effect of age and adiposity was removed. In women however only a weak correlation was observed between plasma triglycerides and systolic blood pressure. The significance of the findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290896", "title": "Tokelau Islands Children's Study: scabies infestation in children.", "content": "Tokelau children have been examined for scabies infestation in three groups--those living in their home atolls--those living in New Zealand in 1972-73, and those living in New Zealand in 1975. There was less infestation in Tokelau than in New Zealand. In 1975 the rate of infestation in New Zealand had increased since 1972. The manifestation of the mite in children in New Zealand varied from the classical descriptions, in that the mite itself, and its burrows, were seldom found, and the skin lesions were more often seen on the body than on the wrists and hands. A treatment regime which was found satisfactory is described. It was found essential to treat the entire family at the same time.", "contents": "Tokelau Islands Children's Study: scabies infestation in children. Tokelau children have been examined for scabies infestation in three groups--those living in their home atolls--those living in New Zealand in 1972-73, and those living in New Zealand in 1975. There was less infestation in Tokelau than in New Zealand. In 1975 the rate of infestation in New Zealand had increased since 1972. The manifestation of the mite in children in New Zealand varied from the classical descriptions, in that the mite itself, and its burrows, were seldom found, and the skin lesions were more often seen on the body than on the wrists and hands. A treatment regime which was found satisfactory is described. It was found essential to treat the entire family at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:290897", "title": "Eye injuries: a twelve-month survey.", "content": "Patients who were admitted to Auckland Hospital with an eye injury during 1975 have been considered. The cause of injury, type of injury and visual outcome have been recorded. At least 60 percent of the eye injuries occurred during leisure activities. In this study more patients were admitted with an hyphaema following sports injuries and fewer admitted after motor mower injuries than in an earlier study. Some preventative measures in eye injury are discussed.", "contents": "Eye injuries: a twelve-month survey. Patients who were admitted to Auckland Hospital with an eye injury during 1975 have been considered. The cause of injury, type of injury and visual outcome have been recorded. At least 60 percent of the eye injuries occurred during leisure activities. In this study more patients were admitted with an hyphaema following sports injuries and fewer admitted after motor mower injuries than in an earlier study. Some preventative measures in eye injury are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290898", "title": "Fetal respiratory movements observed by ultrasound during abnormal pregnancies.", "content": "Observations of fetal respiratory movements were carried out during 35 pregnancies with complications likely to indicate increased fetal risk. Fetal breathing was demonstrated in 25 of 35 patients studied, and in 29 of 47 separate examinations. Of 17 patients delivering after 36 weeks gestation in whom observations were made with two weeks of delivery, three did not demonstrate fetal breathing. Infants born from these pregnancies were severely growth retarded in two instances and light for dates in the other. Although absent fetal breathing is likely to detect increased fetal hazard near term, the time and expense needed for accurate recording of fetal breathing will restrict application of the technique in the meantime.", "contents": "Fetal respiratory movements observed by ultrasound during abnormal pregnancies. Observations of fetal respiratory movements were carried out during 35 pregnancies with complications likely to indicate increased fetal risk. Fetal breathing was demonstrated in 25 of 35 patients studied, and in 29 of 47 separate examinations. Of 17 patients delivering after 36 weeks gestation in whom observations were made with two weeks of delivery, three did not demonstrate fetal breathing. Infants born from these pregnancies were severely growth retarded in two instances and light for dates in the other. Although absent fetal breathing is likely to detect increased fetal hazard near term, the time and expense needed for accurate recording of fetal breathing will restrict application of the technique in the meantime."}
{"id": "PMID:290899", "title": "Sequential complement changes after childhood acute nephritis.", "content": "A group of 29 children with acute nephritis have been studied in relation to complement changes during and after their illness. Eighty-two percent had evidence of a streptococcal aetiology. C3 levels were initially depressed in 96.5 percent, but by 12 months all children were normal clinically and had normal complement status. The role of complement is discussed in relation to acute nephritis.", "contents": "Sequential complement changes after childhood acute nephritis. A group of 29 children with acute nephritis have been studied in relation to complement changes during and after their illness. Eighty-two percent had evidence of a streptococcal aetiology. C3 levels were initially depressed in 96.5 percent, but by 12 months all children were normal clinically and had normal complement status. The role of complement is discussed in relation to acute nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:290909", "title": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis (PUVA).", "content": "Photochemotherapy for psoriasis using ordinary fluorescent blacklight combined with orally administered methoxalen was used in the treatment of 20 patients suffering from long standing psoriasis. Ten of the patients had complete clearing of their lesions, two had 75 percent or more clearance, one patient had 50 percent improvement and there was only slight improvement in two further cases. Side effects were minimal.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy of psoriasis (PUVA). Photochemotherapy for psoriasis using ordinary fluorescent blacklight combined with orally administered methoxalen was used in the treatment of 20 patients suffering from long standing psoriasis. Ten of the patients had complete clearing of their lesions, two had 75 percent or more clearance, one patient had 50 percent improvement and there was only slight improvement in two further cases. Side effects were minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:290910", "title": "Contraceptive practice among New Zealand women.", "content": "In May 1976 the contraceptive practices of New Zealand women were surveyed among a national random probability sample of 1200 women aged 15 years and over. The survey found 93 percent of women aged 15-44 years considered themselves at risk of pregnancy. Of all women surveyed, almost half (two-thirds of those at risk) currently practised contraception. The highest incidence was among women aged 25-44 years. Single women at risk contracepted less frequently than did married women. The most frequently used method was the contraceptive pill, favoured particularly by younger women. It was followed by sterilisation of either partner, which was most frequent among women aged 25-44 years.", "contents": "Contraceptive practice among New Zealand women. In May 1976 the contraceptive practices of New Zealand women were surveyed among a national random probability sample of 1200 women aged 15 years and over. The survey found 93 percent of women aged 15-44 years considered themselves at risk of pregnancy. Of all women surveyed, almost half (two-thirds of those at risk) currently practised contraception. The highest incidence was among women aged 25-44 years. Single women at risk contracepted less frequently than did married women. The most frequently used method was the contraceptive pill, favoured particularly by younger women. It was followed by sterilisation of either partner, which was most frequent among women aged 25-44 years."}
{"id": "PMID:290911", "title": "The investigation of colorectal disorders.", "content": "The investigation of colorectal disorders follows from a thorough clinical examination, examination of stools, and proctosigmoidoscopy. In many patients, barium enema examination will also be required, and the value of good air contrast examinations is stressed. Colonoscopy has revolutionised the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in colonic disease, but this examination is not readily available to all, its indications limited, and the risks and discomfort associated with it by no means small. In New Zealand, colorectal cancer is as common as anywhere else in the world, and the major hope of any improvement in this area is with preclinical diagnosis. This could be achieved by more widespread faecal occult blood testing especially in high risk groups (Table 2) and thorough investigation of those with positive results. Serological tests for colorectal cancer (carcino-embryonic antigen) have proved disappointing, and much less specific than originally hoped.", "contents": "The investigation of colorectal disorders. The investigation of colorectal disorders follows from a thorough clinical examination, examination of stools, and proctosigmoidoscopy. In many patients, barium enema examination will also be required, and the value of good air contrast examinations is stressed. Colonoscopy has revolutionised the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in colonic disease, but this examination is not readily available to all, its indications limited, and the risks and discomfort associated with it by no means small. In New Zealand, colorectal cancer is as common as anywhere else in the world, and the major hope of any improvement in this area is with preclinical diagnosis. This could be achieved by more widespread faecal occult blood testing especially in high risk groups (Table 2) and thorough investigation of those with positive results. Serological tests for colorectal cancer (carcino-embryonic antigen) have proved disappointing, and much less specific than originally hoped."}
{"id": "PMID:290920", "title": "Racial and environmental factors in acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in New Zealand.", "content": "Data on the hospital incidence of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in New Zealand children between 1965 and 1973 are presented. The incidence in Maori children is four times that in European children. The condition is more common in the North Island than the South Island, but this difference is mainly due to the distribution of the Maori people. Admissions to hospital are common in late summer and autumn. The relationship of osteomyelitis to skin and ear sepsis and some possible reasons for ethnic difference, are discussed.", "contents": "Racial and environmental factors in acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in New Zealand. Data on the hospital incidence of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in New Zealand children between 1965 and 1973 are presented. The incidence in Maori children is four times that in European children. The condition is more common in the North Island than the South Island, but this difference is mainly due to the distribution of the Maori people. Admissions to hospital are common in late summer and autumn. The relationship of osteomyelitis to skin and ear sepsis and some possible reasons for ethnic difference, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290921", "title": "Coconut water as a rehydration fluid.", "content": "The recent epidemic of cholera on the Pacific Ocean atoll of Tarawa, Gilbert Islands renewed interest in the use of coconut water as a rehydration fluid. Fifty-one samples of coconut water from Tarawa were analysed for a variety of constituents to assess its potential usefulness in the oral and parenteral rehydration of patients with cholera and other severe forms of gastroenteritis. Compared to oral rehydration fluids known to be effective in cholera, coconut water was found to have adequate potassium and glucose content, however was relatively deficient in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. The addition of table salt to the coconut water is suggested to compensate for the sodium and chloride deficiency. In areas of the world where coconuts are plentiful, the advantages of sterility, availability and acceptability make coconut water theoretically feasible for the oral rehydration of patients with severe gastroenteritis when conventional fluids are unavailable.", "contents": "Coconut water as a rehydration fluid. The recent epidemic of cholera on the Pacific Ocean atoll of Tarawa, Gilbert Islands renewed interest in the use of coconut water as a rehydration fluid. Fifty-one samples of coconut water from Tarawa were analysed for a variety of constituents to assess its potential usefulness in the oral and parenteral rehydration of patients with cholera and other severe forms of gastroenteritis. Compared to oral rehydration fluids known to be effective in cholera, coconut water was found to have adequate potassium and glucose content, however was relatively deficient in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. The addition of table salt to the coconut water is suggested to compensate for the sodium and chloride deficiency. In areas of the world where coconuts are plentiful, the advantages of sterility, availability and acceptability make coconut water theoretically feasible for the oral rehydration of patients with severe gastroenteritis when conventional fluids are unavailable."}
{"id": "PMID:290922", "title": "A screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism: preliminary results.", "content": "Highly sensitive and precise radioimmunoassays for thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) in dried blood spots on filter paper cards have been developed and are used to screen newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism. Blood spot TSH levels are measured in samples for which blood spot T4 levels fall in the lower 10 to 15 percent. There was a low recall rate of approximately one infant in every 550 screened. During a 17-month period 5225 infants have been screened for congenital hypothyroidism and two cretins have been detected. Due to very early diagnosis, both infants were commenced on T4 replacement therapy before the age of three weeks.", "contents": "A screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism: preliminary results. Highly sensitive and precise radioimmunoassays for thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) in dried blood spots on filter paper cards have been developed and are used to screen newborn infants for congenital hypothyroidism. Blood spot TSH levels are measured in samples for which blood spot T4 levels fall in the lower 10 to 15 percent. There was a low recall rate of approximately one infant in every 550 screened. During a 17-month period 5225 infants have been screened for congenital hypothyroidism and two cretins have been detected. Due to very early diagnosis, both infants were commenced on T4 replacement therapy before the age of three weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:290923", "title": "Susceptibility of New Zealand isolates to anaerobic bacteria to tinidazole.", "content": "Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of tinidazole for 80 New Zealand isolates of anaerobic bacteria were determined. Growth of 95 percent of the isolates was inhibited by 4 micrograms/ml or less of tinidazole. MBC values were the same as, or one dilution higher than, the MIC.", "contents": "Susceptibility of New Zealand isolates to anaerobic bacteria to tinidazole. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC, MBC) of tinidazole for 80 New Zealand isolates of anaerobic bacteria were determined. Growth of 95 percent of the isolates was inhibited by 4 micrograms/ml or less of tinidazole. MBC values were the same as, or one dilution higher than, the MIC."}
{"id": "PMID:290935", "title": "The effect of mandibular osteotomy in three patients with hypersomnia sleep apnea.", "content": "Hypersomnia sleep apnea (HSA) is characterized by apneic episodes during sleep and daytime hypersomnolence. Patients afflicted as a result of upper airway obstruction have been treated traditionally with permanent tracheostomy. Three patients with HSA and mandibular retrognathism are presented. Each patient had a retrognathic mandible that stemmed from a different cause. Surgical advancement of their underdeveloped mandibles corrected the symptoms of HSA rapidly. The literature concerning HSA is reviewed and the advantages of mandibular surgery in selected cases are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of mandibular osteotomy in three patients with hypersomnia sleep apnea. Hypersomnia sleep apnea (HSA) is characterized by apneic episodes during sleep and daytime hypersomnolence. Patients afflicted as a result of upper airway obstruction have been treated traditionally with permanent tracheostomy. Three patients with HSA and mandibular retrognathism are presented. Each patient had a retrognathic mandible that stemmed from a different cause. Surgical advancement of their underdeveloped mandibles corrected the symptoms of HSA rapidly. The literature concerning HSA is reviewed and the advantages of mandibular surgery in selected cases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290936", "title": "Comparative evaluation of the 30-gauge dental needle.", "content": "The results of these tests demonstrated that aspiration through 30-gauge needles is possible, but since the flow rate is so diminished its clinical application is questionable. The evaluation of the physical properties of these needles proved them to be tough, durable, and suprisingly resistant to breakage, even under the most extreme manipulations and stresses. The insertion of needles into the plastic material clearly showed that the needles are always deflected toward the side without the bevel (the side that contains the point). Finally, the deposition patterns of the injected fluid in tissue have no relationship to the bevel.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of the 30-gauge dental needle. The results of these tests demonstrated that aspiration through 30-gauge needles is possible, but since the flow rate is so diminished its clinical application is questionable. The evaluation of the physical properties of these needles proved them to be tough, durable, and suprisingly resistant to breakage, even under the most extreme manipulations and stresses. The insertion of needles into the plastic material clearly showed that the needles are always deflected toward the side without the bevel (the side that contains the point). Finally, the deposition patterns of the injected fluid in tissue have no relationship to the bevel."}
{"id": "PMID:290937", "title": "Apicoectomy and retrograde amalgam in mandibular molar teeth.", "content": "The apicoectomy with retrograde amalgam is an excellent and accepted surgical technique for salvaging teeth. Anatomic considerations in molar teeth are not a contraindication to this technique.", "contents": "Apicoectomy and retrograde amalgam in mandibular molar teeth. The apicoectomy with retrograde amalgam is an excellent and accepted surgical technique for salvaging teeth. Anatomic considerations in molar teeth are not a contraindication to this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:290938", "title": "Facial cellulitis caused by unrecognized foreign body.", "content": "Reported is a case of acute infection thought to be of odontogenic origin. The cause of the infection turned out to be a foreign body which had remained asymptomatic for more than 25 years.", "contents": "Facial cellulitis caused by unrecognized foreign body. Reported is a case of acute infection thought to be of odontogenic origin. The cause of the infection turned out to be a foreign body which had remained asymptomatic for more than 25 years."}
{"id": "PMID:290939", "title": "A bizarre penetrating head wound with intraoral communication. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of a transcervical-intraoral penetrating foreign body in a 49-year-old man is presented. This is of interest because of the unusual mechanism of this potentially fatal injury, including the oral cavity, and because of the absence of serious neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "A bizarre penetrating head wound with intraoral communication. Report of a case. A case of a transcervical-intraoral penetrating foreign body in a 49-year-old man is presented. This is of interest because of the unusual mechanism of this potentially fatal injury, including the oral cavity, and because of the absence of serious neurologic sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:290940", "title": "Anterior lingual mandibular bone concavity. Report of a case.", "content": "A lingual mandibular bone concavity in the region of the left canine is described. The radiographic appearance of the concavity in this anterior location is an uncommon finding. Seven similar bone cavities with soft-tissue contents beneath the periosteum have been reported in the literature. Surgical exploration revealed this cavity to have no contents subperiosteally.", "contents": "Anterior lingual mandibular bone concavity. Report of a case. A lingual mandibular bone concavity in the region of the left canine is described. The radiographic appearance of the concavity in this anterior location is an uncommon finding. Seven similar bone cavities with soft-tissue contents beneath the periosteum have been reported in the literature. Surgical exploration revealed this cavity to have no contents subperiosteally."}
{"id": "PMID:290942", "title": "Adenosine in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis.", "content": "The effectiveness of adenosine 5'-monophosphate was tested in thirty-six patients with recurrent herpes labialis. The compound displayed an immediate effect upon the healing of the recurrent lesions. Furthermore, twenty-three patients were free of recurrences for varying intervals extending over 2 years. In the remainder of the treated patients, a single recurrent episode was observed.", "contents": "Adenosine in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis. The effectiveness of adenosine 5'-monophosphate was tested in thirty-six patients with recurrent herpes labialis. The compound displayed an immediate effect upon the healing of the recurrent lesions. Furthermore, twenty-three patients were free of recurrences for varying intervals extending over 2 years. In the remainder of the treated patients, a single recurrent episode was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:290943", "title": "Hereditary angioedema controlled with danazol. Report of a case.", "content": "Hereditary angioedema is a condition which should be approached with caution and concern for the patient. The fact that the disease can be fatal cannot be overemphasized. The routine medical history should include questions aimed at identifying these patients. If the angioedema patient is to be treated, provisions must be made for maintenance of an adequate airway. This should include intubation if deemed necessary, and the practitioner should be prepared for a tracheostomy. Close observation following extubation is indicated. A case report in which the patient was controlled with danazol, a synthetic androgen, has been presented. The primary advantage of this drug is a decrease in the various side effects which have been associated with other therapeutic agents used previously in the treatment of hereditary angioedema.", "contents": "Hereditary angioedema controlled with danazol. Report of a case. Hereditary angioedema is a condition which should be approached with caution and concern for the patient. The fact that the disease can be fatal cannot be overemphasized. The routine medical history should include questions aimed at identifying these patients. If the angioedema patient is to be treated, provisions must be made for maintenance of an adequate airway. This should include intubation if deemed necessary, and the practitioner should be prepared for a tracheostomy. Close observation following extubation is indicated. A case report in which the patient was controlled with danazol, a synthetic androgen, has been presented. The primary advantage of this drug is a decrease in the various side effects which have been associated with other therapeutic agents used previously in the treatment of hereditary angioedema."}
{"id": "PMID:290944", "title": "Nodular fasciitis of the orofacial region.", "content": "The clinical and histologic findings from a study of forty-one cases of nodular fasciitis occurring in the orofacial region are presented. These findings reveal no essential differences in the biologic conduct of nodular fasciitis, whether it occurs in the orofacial area or in its preferred sites, i.e., the extremities and trunk. Various histologic findings are illustrated, none of which, including central necrosis, are indicative of any adverse biologic behavior. Accumulation of a large series of nodular fasciitis of the orofacial region indicates that this anatomic site is perhaps uncommonly but certainly not rarely affected. Pathologists, therefore, need not be so reluctant, as was found in this study, about assigning the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis to orofacial lesions.", "contents": "Nodular fasciitis of the orofacial region. The clinical and histologic findings from a study of forty-one cases of nodular fasciitis occurring in the orofacial region are presented. These findings reveal no essential differences in the biologic conduct of nodular fasciitis, whether it occurs in the orofacial area or in its preferred sites, i.e., the extremities and trunk. Various histologic findings are illustrated, none of which, including central necrosis, are indicative of any adverse biologic behavior. Accumulation of a large series of nodular fasciitis of the orofacial region indicates that this anatomic site is perhaps uncommonly but certainly not rarely affected. Pathologists, therefore, need not be so reluctant, as was found in this study, about assigning the diagnosis of nodular fasciitis to orofacial lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:290945", "title": "Prostatic carcinoma presenting as a primary parotid tumor.", "content": "A patient who presented with a clinically solitary intraparotid metastasis from a prostatic carcinoma is reported. The entity of metastatic disease in the parotid is reviewed. The importance of clinical and histologic distinction between primary and metastatic neoplasms of the parotid is stressed.", "contents": "Prostatic carcinoma presenting as a primary parotid tumor. A patient who presented with a clinically solitary intraparotid metastasis from a prostatic carcinoma is reported. The entity of metastatic disease in the parotid is reviewed. The importance of clinical and histologic distinction between primary and metastatic neoplasms of the parotid is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:290947", "title": "Pulpal responses to operative procedures in rats receiving systemic methotrexate.", "content": "The systemic administration of methotrexate in nonlethal doses impairs the ability of the laboratory rat to localize an inflammatory response to operative dental procedures that result in exposures within the pulpal tissue. The pulpal healing response within these animals is thus greatly compromised.", "contents": "Pulpal responses to operative procedures in rats receiving systemic methotrexate. The systemic administration of methotrexate in nonlethal doses impairs the ability of the laboratory rat to localize an inflammatory response to operative dental procedures that result in exposures within the pulpal tissue. The pulpal healing response within these animals is thus greatly compromised."}
{"id": "PMID:290948", "title": "Intraoral radiographic errors.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to investigate intraoral radiography in regards to the frequency of errors, the types of error necessitating retakes, and the relationship of error frequency to the teeth area examined and type x-ray cone used. The present study used 283 complete mouth radiographic surveys made, and 890 radiographs were found to be clinically unacceptable for one or more errors in technique. Thirteen and one-tenth errors per one hundred radiographs were found in this study. The three major radiographic errors occurring in this study were incorrect film placement (49.9 percent), cone-cutting (20.8 percent), and incorrect vertical angulation (12.5 percent).", "contents": "Intraoral radiographic errors. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate intraoral radiography in regards to the frequency of errors, the types of error necessitating retakes, and the relationship of error frequency to the teeth area examined and type x-ray cone used. The present study used 283 complete mouth radiographic surveys made, and 890 radiographs were found to be clinically unacceptable for one or more errors in technique. Thirteen and one-tenth errors per one hundred radiographs were found in this study. The three major radiographic errors occurring in this study were incorrect film placement (49.9 percent), cone-cutting (20.8 percent), and incorrect vertical angulation (12.5 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:290950", "title": "General legal aspects of diagnostic dental radiography.", "content": "Recent concern about the effect of ionizing radiation on man has focused attention on the frequent use of diagnostic radiographs in dentistry. The clinician is expected to conduct his actions according to guidelines which reflect new information and changing technology in diagnostic dental radiography. Failure to do so may have severe legal consequences. Protection of the patient must be a matter of normal course, for each time the federal or state governments legislate toward safety in the healing arts, health professionals lose credibility and the confidence of the public. Implications of the federal radiation protection guidelines are discussed.", "contents": "General legal aspects of diagnostic dental radiography. Recent concern about the effect of ionizing radiation on man has focused attention on the frequent use of diagnostic radiographs in dentistry. The clinician is expected to conduct his actions according to guidelines which reflect new information and changing technology in diagnostic dental radiography. Failure to do so may have severe legal consequences. Protection of the patient must be a matter of normal course, for each time the federal or state governments legislate toward safety in the healing arts, health professionals lose credibility and the confidence of the public. Implications of the federal radiation protection guidelines are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290962", "title": "[Autotransplantation of teeth: indication, technic and prognosis].", "content": "An account is given of the most important indications for tooth transplantation. The developmental stage of the tooth most suitable for transplantation and the special demands to the recipient site, are considered. Each main group of indication is illustrated with case reports. Finally, factors influencing the prognosis of the transplant are discussed.", "contents": "[Autotransplantation of teeth: indication, technic and prognosis]. An account is given of the most important indications for tooth transplantation. The developmental stage of the tooth most suitable for transplantation and the special demands to the recipient site, are considered. Each main group of indication is illustrated with case reports. Finally, factors influencing the prognosis of the transplant are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290972", "title": "[Parotidomegaly in psychiatric dysorexia. 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Had markedly anarchic dietary behaviour with alternating anorexia and bulimia, or even self-induced vomiting. These disturbances in dietary behaviour fall within the context of an unusual neurotic syndrome, predominantly hysterical. There were also menstrual problems, most often amenorrhoea. The physiopathological relations between these symptoms and signs may be envisaged as follows: the initial psychological problems explain the dysorexia; the menstrual difficulties are related at one and the same time to the psychological problems and the dysorexia; the latter is responsible for the parotidomegaly and for disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Parotidomegaly in psychiatric dysorexia. 10 cases (author's transl)]. Had markedly anarchic dietary behaviour with alternating anorexia and bulimia, or even self-induced vomiting. These disturbances in dietary behaviour fall within the context of an unusual neurotic syndrome, predominantly hysterical. There were also menstrual problems, most often amenorrhoea. The physiopathological relations between these symptoms and signs may be envisaged as follows: the initial psychological problems explain the dysorexia; the menstrual difficulties are related at one and the same time to the psychological problems and the dysorexia; the latter is responsible for the parotidomegaly and for disturbances in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:290975", "title": "[Quantitation of myelofibrosis in blood diseases by electronic image analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal and pathologic reticulin networks colored black by silver nitrate can be automatically quantitated by electronic image analysis. By using this technique, different parameters can be obtained, such as the average density, the surface of network meshes, the thickness of the fibers, the complexity of the reticulum, and the heterogeneity of the myelofibrosis distribution. All of these parameters were obtained in 83 osteomedullar biopsies of blood diseases (primary splenomegaly, chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythermia vera, acute leukemia, and aplastic anemia). We have shown that there is no relation between the different parameters obtained and the medullary richness, hematopoietic center, or patient survival. On the other hand, the histomorphometric parameters can be used to distinguish acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia myelofibrosis, while the parameters in primary splenomegaly are shown to be very heterogeneous.", "contents": "[Quantitation of myelofibrosis in blood diseases by electronic image analysis (author's transl)]. Normal and pathologic reticulin networks colored black by silver nitrate can be automatically quantitated by electronic image analysis. By using this technique, different parameters can be obtained, such as the average density, the surface of network meshes, the thickness of the fibers, the complexity of the reticulum, and the heterogeneity of the myelofibrosis distribution. All of these parameters were obtained in 83 osteomedullar biopsies of blood diseases (primary splenomegaly, chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythermia vera, acute leukemia, and aplastic anemia). We have shown that there is no relation between the different parameters obtained and the medullary richness, hematopoietic center, or patient survival. On the other hand, the histomorphometric parameters can be used to distinguish acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia myelofibrosis, while the parameters in primary splenomegaly are shown to be very heterogeneous."}
{"id": "PMID:290981", "title": "Some specific neurological complications of acute lymphocyte leukaemia of childhood.", "content": "Aggressive chemotherapy and prophylactic central nervous system irradiation have increased the survival time of children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. As a result of treatment complex neurological problems are appearing. Computerized axial tomography allows more definite elucidation of these problems. 7 of 11 treated patients studied by this technique showed the presence of intracranial calcification and patchy cerebral atrophy, raising the questions of the quality of survival and the relationship of the findings to the cytotoxic drugs used.", "contents": "Some specific neurological complications of acute lymphocyte leukaemia of childhood. Aggressive chemotherapy and prophylactic central nervous system irradiation have increased the survival time of children with acute lymphatic leukaemia. As a result of treatment complex neurological problems are appearing. Computerized axial tomography allows more definite elucidation of these problems. 7 of 11 treated patients studied by this technique showed the presence of intracranial calcification and patchy cerebral atrophy, raising the questions of the quality of survival and the relationship of the findings to the cytotoxic drugs used."}
{"id": "PMID:290986", "title": "L-glucosylceramide: synthesis, properties, and resistance to catabolism by glucocerebrosidase in vitro.", "content": "Procedures for the synthesis and radioactive labeling of L-glucosylceramide are described. This compound is a stereoisomeric analogue of D-glucosylceramide which occurs in nature and accumulates in pathological quantity in the organs and tissues of patients with Gaucher disease. The properties of L-glucosylceramide that have been examined so far have been found to be indistinguishable from those of the naturally occurring glycolipid. However, L-glucosylceramide is completely refractory to enzymatic hydrolysis by purified placental glucocerebrosidase and enzyme(s) present in whole tissue extracts. It is anticipated that L-glucosylceramide will be a uniquely useful substance for exploring pathogenetic processes in animal analogues of Gaucher disease.", "contents": "L-glucosylceramide: synthesis, properties, and resistance to catabolism by glucocerebrosidase in vitro. Procedures for the synthesis and radioactive labeling of L-glucosylceramide are described. This compound is a stereoisomeric analogue of D-glucosylceramide which occurs in nature and accumulates in pathological quantity in the organs and tissues of patients with Gaucher disease. The properties of L-glucosylceramide that have been examined so far have been found to be indistinguishable from those of the naturally occurring glycolipid. However, L-glucosylceramide is completely refractory to enzymatic hydrolysis by purified placental glucocerebrosidase and enzyme(s) present in whole tissue extracts. It is anticipated that L-glucosylceramide will be a uniquely useful substance for exploring pathogenetic processes in animal analogues of Gaucher disease."}
{"id": "PMID:290987", "title": "Polyadenylylation of proteins in reovirions.", "content": "The reovirus oligoadenylates exist in two states within the virion: free and bound to viral proteins. The latter class of oligonucleotides, after digestion with Penicillium (P1) nuclease, yields adenylic acid and an adenosine-containing compound that is positively charged at pH 1.7, 3.5, or 6.5. In a mixture of [35S]methionine- and [3H]adenosine-labeled reovirus disrupted by sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea, approximately 4% of the radioactivity in [35S]methionine-labeled proteins coelutes with [3H]adenosine-labeled material at a net charge of -1.5 when analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This material migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels with mu polypeptides and with a small protein, viii. Radioactivity is not released when the complex is boiled in buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea or boiled in 80% dimethyl sulfoxide or when viral RNA is extracted with phenol. Digestion with Pronase converts the [3H]adenosine-labeled compound to oligomers of net charge -8 to -12 which contain nuclease P1- and alkaline phosphatase-sensitive adenylic acid residues as well as adenosine in a P1- and phosphatase-resistant linkage. These data indicate that reovirus contains structural proteins that are covalently bound to an oligoadenylate moiety.", "contents": "Polyadenylylation of proteins in reovirions. The reovirus oligoadenylates exist in two states within the virion: free and bound to viral proteins. The latter class of oligonucleotides, after digestion with Penicillium (P1) nuclease, yields adenylic acid and an adenosine-containing compound that is positively charged at pH 1.7, 3.5, or 6.5. In a mixture of [35S]methionine- and [3H]adenosine-labeled reovirus disrupted by sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea, approximately 4% of the radioactivity in [35S]methionine-labeled proteins coelutes with [3H]adenosine-labeled material at a net charge of -1.5 when analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This material migrates in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels with mu polypeptides and with a small protein, viii. Radioactivity is not released when the complex is boiled in buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea or boiled in 80% dimethyl sulfoxide or when viral RNA is extracted with phenol. Digestion with Pronase converts the [3H]adenosine-labeled compound to oligomers of net charge -8 to -12 which contain nuclease P1- and alkaline phosphatase-sensitive adenylic acid residues as well as adenosine in a P1- and phosphatase-resistant linkage. These data indicate that reovirus contains structural proteins that are covalently bound to an oligoadenylate moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:290988", "title": "Sequence relationships among defective interfering influenza viral RNAs.", "content": "Each clone of ts-52 and ts+ WSN influenza virus, when serially passaged at high multiplicity, gives rise to defective interfering (DI) virus with a unique set of new RNA species. The new RNAs (DI RNA) from several DI viruses were examined by the technique of RNase T1 oligonucleotide two-dimensional electrophoresis. It was found that each DI RNA arises from a specific segment of standard viral RNA. All DI RNA studied arose from the viral polymerase genes (P1, P2, and P3). DI RNAs originating from the same polymerase gene were interrelated. Certain of these DI RNAs appeared to contain completely overlapping nucleotide sequences. Others contained both overlapping and nonoverlapping nucleotide sequences. The latter DI RNAs may be formed from the progenitor viral RNA segment by a mechanism other than a common initiation (or termination) point and a simple deletion from one end.", "contents": "Sequence relationships among defective interfering influenza viral RNAs. Each clone of ts-52 and ts+ WSN influenza virus, when serially passaged at high multiplicity, gives rise to defective interfering (DI) virus with a unique set of new RNA species. The new RNAs (DI RNA) from several DI viruses were examined by the technique of RNase T1 oligonucleotide two-dimensional electrophoresis. It was found that each DI RNA arises from a specific segment of standard viral RNA. All DI RNA studied arose from the viral polymerase genes (P1, P2, and P3). DI RNAs originating from the same polymerase gene were interrelated. Certain of these DI RNAs appeared to contain completely overlapping nucleotide sequences. Others contained both overlapping and nonoverlapping nucleotide sequences. The latter DI RNAs may be formed from the progenitor viral RNA segment by a mechanism other than a common initiation (or termination) point and a simple deletion from one end."}
{"id": "PMID:290989", "title": "Resolution of the ATP-dependent proteolytic system from reticulocytes: a component that interacts with ATP.", "content": "The ATP-dependent proteolytic cell-free system from reticulocytes has been resolved into three components, each of which is absolutely required for acid solubilization of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin radioactivity. In addition to the previously reported heat-stable polypeptide [Ciechanover, A., Hod, Y. & Hershko, A. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun. 81, 1100-1105], we now describe a protein of high molecular weight (approximately 450,000) that is labile at 42 degrees C. The extremely heat-labile factors is remarkably stabilized by ATP. GTP and CTP, which do not stimulate protolysis, do not stabilize this factor. Adenylate nucleotides such as ADP or the nonhydrolyzable beta,gamma imido or methylene analogues of ATP cause stabilization although they do not activate proteolysis. A third protein component of the protease system, stable at 42 degrees C, has been separated from the heat-labile species by salt precipitation. All three components are required with ATP for proteolytic activity, but thus far only the heat-labile factor has been shown to interact directly with ATP.", "contents": "Resolution of the ATP-dependent proteolytic system from reticulocytes: a component that interacts with ATP. The ATP-dependent proteolytic cell-free system from reticulocytes has been resolved into three components, each of which is absolutely required for acid solubilization of 125I-labeled bovine serum albumin radioactivity. In addition to the previously reported heat-stable polypeptide [Ciechanover, A., Hod, Y. & Hershko, A. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun. 81, 1100-1105], we now describe a protein of high molecular weight (approximately 450,000) that is labile at 42 degrees C. The extremely heat-labile factors is remarkably stabilized by ATP. GTP and CTP, which do not stimulate protolysis, do not stabilize this factor. Adenylate nucleotides such as ADP or the nonhydrolyzable beta,gamma imido or methylene analogues of ATP cause stabilization although they do not activate proteolysis. A third protein component of the protease system, stable at 42 degrees C, has been separated from the heat-labile species by salt precipitation. All three components are required with ATP for proteolytic activity, but thus far only the heat-labile factor has been shown to interact directly with ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:290990", "title": "Binding of ribosomes to 5'-terminal leader sequences of eukaryotic messenger RNAs.", "content": "Tobacco mosaic virus and turnip yellow mosaic virus genome RNAs, which have long (greater than or equal to 69 nucleotides) 5'-terminal leader sequences preceding the AUG initiation codon, can form disome initiation complexes when incubated with a wheat germ extract and sparsomycin. In tobacco mosaic virus RNA, whereas one ribosome in such complexes presumably occupies the AUG-containing initiation site, the other is located within the RNA leader sequence. The results favor a model of eukaryotic initiation in which ribosomes first bind to the 5' end of the mRNA independently of AUG, then advance to the AUG initiation codon, where protein synthesis ensues.", "contents": "Binding of ribosomes to 5'-terminal leader sequences of eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Tobacco mosaic virus and turnip yellow mosaic virus genome RNAs, which have long (greater than or equal to 69 nucleotides) 5'-terminal leader sequences preceding the AUG initiation codon, can form disome initiation complexes when incubated with a wheat germ extract and sparsomycin. In tobacco mosaic virus RNA, whereas one ribosome in such complexes presumably occupies the AUG-containing initiation site, the other is located within the RNA leader sequence. The results favor a model of eukaryotic initiation in which ribosomes first bind to the 5' end of the mRNA independently of AUG, then advance to the AUG initiation codon, where protein synthesis ensues."}
{"id": "PMID:290991", "title": "Structural studies of human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein).", "content": "Human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein) has been purified by affinity chromatography with aprotinin coupled to CH-Sepharose and by gel filtration. The isolation procedure, which was performed under mild conditions, was completed in a 36-hr period and yielded an overall recovery of more than 75% and a purification of 1727-fold. Homogeneity of the urokallikrein was demonstrated by three criteria: the coincidence of the stained protein band and functional urokallikrein in duplicate gels after alkaline disc gel electrophoresis; the appearance of a single stained band of molecular weight 48,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced and unreduced enzyme; and the finding of a single amino-terminal residue, namely alanine after dansylation and acid hydrolysis of purified enzyme. The Km of urokallikrein on N alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester was 400 microM, and the Vmax was 194 mumol/min per mg of protein, which is higher than that observed with any previous preparations. The molecular weight of 48,700 determined on gel filtration and the molecular weight of 48,000 observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are in good agreement with the molecular weight of 48,213 calculated from the amino acid composition. The finding of a molecular weight higher than those previously reported, namely 27,000-43,500, the increased functional activity on tosylarginine methyl ester, and the detection of a single amino-terminal residue are consistent with the isolation of a more native protein by the procedure described in this paper.", "contents": "Structural studies of human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein). Human urinary kallikrein (urokallikrein) has been purified by affinity chromatography with aprotinin coupled to CH-Sepharose and by gel filtration. The isolation procedure, which was performed under mild conditions, was completed in a 36-hr period and yielded an overall recovery of more than 75% and a purification of 1727-fold. Homogeneity of the urokallikrein was demonstrated by three criteria: the coincidence of the stained protein band and functional urokallikrein in duplicate gels after alkaline disc gel electrophoresis; the appearance of a single stained band of molecular weight 48,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced and unreduced enzyme; and the finding of a single amino-terminal residue, namely alanine after dansylation and acid hydrolysis of purified enzyme. The Km of urokallikrein on N alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester was 400 microM, and the Vmax was 194 mumol/min per mg of protein, which is higher than that observed with any previous preparations. The molecular weight of 48,700 determined on gel filtration and the molecular weight of 48,000 observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are in good agreement with the molecular weight of 48,213 calculated from the amino acid composition. The finding of a molecular weight higher than those previously reported, namely 27,000-43,500, the increased functional activity on tosylarginine methyl ester, and the detection of a single amino-terminal residue are consistent with the isolation of a more native protein by the procedure described in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:290992", "title": "Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and nonmandatory concurrent carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamic acid residues.", "content": "The pentapeptide Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, tritiated at the gamma carbon of each Glu residue, has been synthesized. In a system using microsomal preparations derived from rat liver, vitamin K-dependent tritium release from the L-Glu residues of this substrate can occur without the concurrent gamma-carboxylation of Glu. This tritium release reaction, which indicates cleavage of the gamma C-H bond, although easily uncoupled from CO2-dependent gamma C carboxylation, does require the reduced (hydroquinone) form of vitamin K and oxygen. The data argue against a concerted mechanism for the cleavage of the gamma C-H bond and carboxylation and against a mechanism in which the vitamin functions solely to transfer or activate CO2. Although the tritium release is related clearly to the oxidation of vitamin KH2, it is not yet established how the subsequent carboxylation proceeds. However, two carboxylation mechanisms compatible with the results are discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and nonmandatory concurrent carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamic acid residues. The pentapeptide Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu, tritiated at the gamma carbon of each Glu residue, has been synthesized. In a system using microsomal preparations derived from rat liver, vitamin K-dependent tritium release from the L-Glu residues of this substrate can occur without the concurrent gamma-carboxylation of Glu. This tritium release reaction, which indicates cleavage of the gamma C-H bond, although easily uncoupled from CO2-dependent gamma C carboxylation, does require the reduced (hydroquinone) form of vitamin K and oxygen. The data argue against a concerted mechanism for the cleavage of the gamma C-H bond and carboxylation and against a mechanism in which the vitamin functions solely to transfer or activate CO2. Although the tritium release is related clearly to the oxidation of vitamin KH2, it is not yet established how the subsequent carboxylation proceeds. However, two carboxylation mechanisms compatible with the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:290993", "title": "Purification and distribution of a major protein in rat prostate that binds estramustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol-17 beta.", "content": "A protein in rat ventral prostate cytosol that binds estramustine [estradiol 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate) was purified to homogeneity by using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 (superfine), octyl-Sepharose (CL-4B, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The estramustine-binding protein was found to have a Mr of 46,000 as estimated by gel filtration. After analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the protein was found to consist of two subunits with Mr of about 20,000 and 18,000. After reduction of disulfide bridges, the protein was decomposed into three components with Mr of about 12,000, 11,000, and 8000. Amino acid analysis indicated that the protein is a glycoprotein. Antibodies against the protein were raised in rabbits and a radioimmunoassay was developed for it. The estramustine-binding protein constituted about 18% of the total protein in rat ventral prostate cytosol, was present in the dorsal and lateral lobes of the prostate, and was also detected in the pituitary gland, cerebral cortex, submaxillary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, epididymis, and preputial gland of the male rat. In female rats the protein was detected in cerebral cortex. Because the estramustine-binding protein is predominantly found in the accessory sexual glands of the male rat, it may be of importance for maintaining male fertility.", "contents": "Purification and distribution of a major protein in rat prostate that binds estramustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol-17 beta. A protein in rat ventral prostate cytosol that binds estramustine [estradiol 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate) was purified to homogeneity by using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 (superfine), octyl-Sepharose (CL-4B, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The estramustine-binding protein was found to have a Mr of 46,000 as estimated by gel filtration. After analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the protein was found to consist of two subunits with Mr of about 20,000 and 18,000. After reduction of disulfide bridges, the protein was decomposed into three components with Mr of about 12,000, 11,000, and 8000. Amino acid analysis indicated that the protein is a glycoprotein. Antibodies against the protein were raised in rabbits and a radioimmunoassay was developed for it. The estramustine-binding protein constituted about 18% of the total protein in rat ventral prostate cytosol, was present in the dorsal and lateral lobes of the prostate, and was also detected in the pituitary gland, cerebral cortex, submaxillary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, seminal vesicle, coagulating gland, epididymis, and preputial gland of the male rat. In female rats the protein was detected in cerebral cortex. Because the estramustine-binding protein is predominantly found in the accessory sexual glands of the male rat, it may be of importance for maintaining male fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:290994", "title": "Glucagon-induced autophagy and proteolysis in rat liver: mediation by selective deprivation of intracellular amino acids.", "content": "Amino acid deprivation and glucagon are both potent inducers of autography and proteolysis in liver. Because glucagon enhanced the metabolic utilization of some amino acids, the catabolic response to both of these stimuli could be achieved by a lowering of intracellular amino acid pools. Alternatively, glucagon could act independently of amino acids. To clarify the mode of hormonal action and also the relationship between the two cellular responses, livers from fed rats were perfused, with and without glucagon, with plasma amino acids over a concentration range of 0 to 10 times normal. Individual amino acids constancy at each level was ensured by perfusion in the single-pass mode. Amino acids alone strongly regulated autophagy and proteolysis in a coordinated fashion; maximal suppression was achieved at twice normal concentration; both effects increased rapidly to maximum at less than normal concentration. Corresponding effects of glucagon, however, could be elicited only at intermediate amino acid levels. None was noted at 4 and 10 times normal; at 0, hormonal stimulation was minimal. The amino acid inhibition was selective because it did not block cyclic AMP production or glycogenolysis. Intracellular pool measurements and systematic alteration of perfusate amino acid composition indicated that the autophagic and proteolytic effects of glucagon are mediated by a hormonally induced depletion of glycine, alanine, glutamate, and glutamine; of these, glutamine alone is the most effective. We conclude that the stimulation of intracellular protein degradation in liver is a manifestation of deprivation-induced autophagy which results from a decrease in certain intracellular glucogenic amino acids, notably glutamine.", "contents": "Glucagon-induced autophagy and proteolysis in rat liver: mediation by selective deprivation of intracellular amino acids. Amino acid deprivation and glucagon are both potent inducers of autography and proteolysis in liver. Because glucagon enhanced the metabolic utilization of some amino acids, the catabolic response to both of these stimuli could be achieved by a lowering of intracellular amino acid pools. Alternatively, glucagon could act independently of amino acids. To clarify the mode of hormonal action and also the relationship between the two cellular responses, livers from fed rats were perfused, with and without glucagon, with plasma amino acids over a concentration range of 0 to 10 times normal. Individual amino acids constancy at each level was ensured by perfusion in the single-pass mode. Amino acids alone strongly regulated autophagy and proteolysis in a coordinated fashion; maximal suppression was achieved at twice normal concentration; both effects increased rapidly to maximum at less than normal concentration. Corresponding effects of glucagon, however, could be elicited only at intermediate amino acid levels. None was noted at 4 and 10 times normal; at 0, hormonal stimulation was minimal. The amino acid inhibition was selective because it did not block cyclic AMP production or glycogenolysis. Intracellular pool measurements and systematic alteration of perfusate amino acid composition indicated that the autophagic and proteolytic effects of glucagon are mediated by a hormonally induced depletion of glycine, alanine, glutamate, and glutamine; of these, glutamine alone is the most effective. We conclude that the stimulation of intracellular protein degradation in liver is a manifestation of deprivation-induced autophagy which results from a decrease in certain intracellular glucogenic amino acids, notably glutamine."}
{"id": "PMID:290995", "title": "Nucleoside triphosphate regeneration decreases the frequency of translation errors.", "content": "The addition of naturally occurring polyamines and inorganic ions to an in vitro protein-synthesizing system improved the extent and fidelity of translation. In such an optimized system, regeneration of the nucleoside triphosphates with phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) reduced further the missense error frequency to the in vivo level as well as enhanced the extent of translation. The effect of nucleoside triphosphate regeneration was shown to be due primarily to the increase in the ratio of adenosine and guanosine triphosphates to their hydrolysis products and only marginally due to the increase in the absolute concentrations of the nucleoside triphosphates.", "contents": "Nucleoside triphosphate regeneration decreases the frequency of translation errors. The addition of naturally occurring polyamines and inorganic ions to an in vitro protein-synthesizing system improved the extent and fidelity of translation. In such an optimized system, regeneration of the nucleoside triphosphates with phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) reduced further the missense error frequency to the in vivo level as well as enhanced the extent of translation. The effect of nucleoside triphosphate regeneration was shown to be due primarily to the increase in the ratio of adenosine and guanosine triphosphates to their hydrolysis products and only marginally due to the increase in the absolute concentrations of the nucleoside triphosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:290996", "title": "Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids.", "content": "An unstable intermediate was detected in the transformation of arachidonic acid into 5,6-dihydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (two isomers) and 5,12-dihydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (three isomers) in rabbit peritoneal (glycogen-induced) polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Addition of 10 vol of methanol, ethanol, or ethylene glycol to short-term incubations (30-45 sec) led to the formation of the corresponding 12-O-alkyl derivatives of the 5,12-dihydroxy acids. The time for 50% disappearance of the intermediate (37 degrees C), as measured by formation of 5-hydroxy-12-O-methylicosatetraenoic acids (two isomers) upon trapping with methanol, was about 1 min in live cell preparations (pH 7.4) and about 4 min in water/acetone (1:1), pH 7.4. At pH 6.0 or below, the hydrolysis of the intermediate was too rapid to be measured by the method employed. Data supporting both enzymatic and nonenzymatic hydrolysis of the intermediate into dihydroxy acids are presented. Incubation of the cells with arachidonic acid under an atmosphere of 18O2 led to incorporation of 18O into the 5,6-dihydroxy acids and 5,12-dihydroxy acids only at C-5. The 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid was also labeled at C-5. Considering the chemical reactivity of the intermediate and the structures of the derivatives obtained, it is proposed that the intermediate is 5(6)-oxido-7,9,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes: unstable intermediate in formation of dihydroxy acids. An unstable intermediate was detected in the transformation of arachidonic acid into 5,6-dihydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (two isomers) and 5,12-dihydroxyicosatetraenoic acids (three isomers) in rabbit peritoneal (glycogen-induced) polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Addition of 10 vol of methanol, ethanol, or ethylene glycol to short-term incubations (30-45 sec) led to the formation of the corresponding 12-O-alkyl derivatives of the 5,12-dihydroxy acids. The time for 50% disappearance of the intermediate (37 degrees C), as measured by formation of 5-hydroxy-12-O-methylicosatetraenoic acids (two isomers) upon trapping with methanol, was about 1 min in live cell preparations (pH 7.4) and about 4 min in water/acetone (1:1), pH 7.4. At pH 6.0 or below, the hydrolysis of the intermediate was too rapid to be measured by the method employed. Data supporting both enzymatic and nonenzymatic hydrolysis of the intermediate into dihydroxy acids are presented. Incubation of the cells with arachidonic acid under an atmosphere of 18O2 led to incorporation of 18O into the 5,6-dihydroxy acids and 5,12-dihydroxy acids only at C-5. The 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid was also labeled at C-5. Considering the chemical reactivity of the intermediate and the structures of the derivatives obtained, it is proposed that the intermediate is 5(6)-oxido-7,9,11,14-icosatetraenoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:290997", "title": "Developmental and mutational changes of glycoproteins in the mouse neuronal retina: studies with bovine galactosyltransferase.", "content": "Bovine galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; EC 2.4.1.22) which catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glycoproteins with N-acetylglucosamine as the terminal residue of their oligosaccharide side chains was used to label glycoproteins of mouse retina with [14C]galactose. The glycoproteins were separated by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. Their position on the gel was determined by autofluorography. With this method, quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the glycoprotein composition of the neuronal mouse retina during postnatal development were observed. Furthermore, it was found that the photoreceptor loss in mice with retinal degeneration was paralleled by the disappearance of certain glycoprotein bands.", "contents": "Developmental and mutational changes of glycoproteins in the mouse neuronal retina: studies with bovine galactosyltransferase. Bovine galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase; EC 2.4.1.22) which catalyzes the transfer of galactose from UDPgalactose to glycoproteins with N-acetylglucosamine as the terminal residue of their oligosaccharide side chains was used to label glycoproteins of mouse retina with [14C]galactose. The glycoproteins were separated by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. Their position on the gel was determined by autofluorography. With this method, quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the glycoprotein composition of the neuronal mouse retina during postnatal development were observed. Furthermore, it was found that the photoreceptor loss in mice with retinal degeneration was paralleled by the disappearance of certain glycoprotein bands."}
{"id": "PMID:290998", "title": "Inactivation of phage T7 by near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide: DNA-protein crosslinks prevent DNA injection.", "content": "A nonlethal concentration of H2O2 (0.05%) greatly enhances near-ultraviolet (NUV) inactivation of phage T7. Simultaneous treatment with H2O2 and NUV reduces the amount of DNA injected into the bacterial host, but not the number of phage adsorbed. Not only were recombination and gene expression of late markers reduced upon treatment of phage T7 with NUV plus H2O2, but also a gradient of recombination resulted, with markers injected first reduced to a lesser extent than those injected last. Double-strand DNA breaks were not detected; however, DNA-protein crosslinks were observed upon NUV plus H2O2 treatment of double-labeled T7. Previous studies demonstrated that single-strand DNA breaks did not account for phage death by NUV plus H2O2. It is concluded that the DNA-protein crosslinks prevent normal injection of T7 phage DNA; such crosslinks may be important lesions in NUV cellular damage.", "contents": "Inactivation of phage T7 by near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide: DNA-protein crosslinks prevent DNA injection. A nonlethal concentration of H2O2 (0.05%) greatly enhances near-ultraviolet (NUV) inactivation of phage T7. Simultaneous treatment with H2O2 and NUV reduces the amount of DNA injected into the bacterial host, but not the number of phage adsorbed. Not only were recombination and gene expression of late markers reduced upon treatment of phage T7 with NUV plus H2O2, but also a gradient of recombination resulted, with markers injected first reduced to a lesser extent than those injected last. Double-strand DNA breaks were not detected; however, DNA-protein crosslinks were observed upon NUV plus H2O2 treatment of double-labeled T7. Previous studies demonstrated that single-strand DNA breaks did not account for phage death by NUV plus H2O2. It is concluded that the DNA-protein crosslinks prevent normal injection of T7 phage DNA; such crosslinks may be important lesions in NUV cellular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:290999", "title": "Diglyceride lipase: a pathway for arachidonate release from human platelets.", "content": "We provide evidence that the mechanism for arachidonate release from stimulated human platelets involves two enzymes: a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.10) and a diglyceride lipase. After incubation of platelets with thrombin for 15 seconds, 1.2 nmol of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl diglyceride per 10(9) platelets, was isolated. Arachidonate was released from this substrate by the action of diglyceride lipase located in the particulate fraction of platelets. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 7.0, is stimulated by calcium ions and reduced glutathione, and liberates 31 nmol of fatty acid per min per mg of platelet particulate protein. The diglyceride lipase has sufficient activity to account for the 5-10 nmol of arachidonate released per 10(9) platelets upon thrombin stimulation. That only arachidonate is released upon thrombin stimulation may be explained by the fact that the diglyceride substrate in platelets contains only arachidonate in the 2 position. The lipase activity found in platelet membranes can also hydrolyze the 1-position fatty acid. Stearate is not released when intact platelets are stimulated with thrombin, and the fate of this fatty acid remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Diglyceride lipase: a pathway for arachidonate release from human platelets. We provide evidence that the mechanism for arachidonate release from stimulated human platelets involves two enzymes: a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.10) and a diglyceride lipase. After incubation of platelets with thrombin for 15 seconds, 1.2 nmol of 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl diglyceride per 10(9) platelets, was isolated. Arachidonate was released from this substrate by the action of diglyceride lipase located in the particulate fraction of platelets. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 7.0, is stimulated by calcium ions and reduced glutathione, and liberates 31 nmol of fatty acid per min per mg of platelet particulate protein. The diglyceride lipase has sufficient activity to account for the 5-10 nmol of arachidonate released per 10(9) platelets upon thrombin stimulation. That only arachidonate is released upon thrombin stimulation may be explained by the fact that the diglyceride substrate in platelets contains only arachidonate in the 2 position. The lipase activity found in platelet membranes can also hydrolyze the 1-position fatty acid. Stearate is not released when intact platelets are stimulated with thrombin, and the fate of this fatty acid remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:291000", "title": "Antineoplastic activity of poly(L-lysine) with some ascites tumor cells.", "content": "We have found that poly(L-lysine) can be a very effective agent in preventing the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice. When given optimal doses of poly(L-lysine) (Mr 60 x 10(3)) intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days, beginning on day 1 after inoculation with Ehrlich ascites cells. White Swiss mice show nearly a 100% remission from subsequent tumor growth. Rechallenge of \"cured\" animals with tumor cells, however shows no long-term immunological protection. In tissue culture, poly(L-lysine) shows a related potent cytotoxicity with HeLa cells; interestingly, the D isomer. In addition, there is a strong molecular weight dependence in that the small polylysine (Mr 3 x 10(3)) possesses less than 1/20th the cytotoxicity of large polymers (Mr 70 x 10(3)) on a weight basis in both cell culture and animal studies. At the same time, none of these lysine polymers gives any significant increase in life span to BDF1 mice infected with L1210 murine leukemia cells. We have also further explored the mechanism by which the polylysines express their cytotoxicity. These data indicate that lysine polymers show cell specificity in their action and in some cases they may be beneficial as potent antineoplastic agents, particularly when molecular weight is taken into consideration.", "contents": "Antineoplastic activity of poly(L-lysine) with some ascites tumor cells. We have found that poly(L-lysine) can be a very effective agent in preventing the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice. When given optimal doses of poly(L-lysine) (Mr 60 x 10(3)) intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days, beginning on day 1 after inoculation with Ehrlich ascites cells. White Swiss mice show nearly a 100% remission from subsequent tumor growth. Rechallenge of \"cured\" animals with tumor cells, however shows no long-term immunological protection. In tissue culture, poly(L-lysine) shows a related potent cytotoxicity with HeLa cells; interestingly, the D isomer. In addition, there is a strong molecular weight dependence in that the small polylysine (Mr 3 x 10(3)) possesses less than 1/20th the cytotoxicity of large polymers (Mr 70 x 10(3)) on a weight basis in both cell culture and animal studies. At the same time, none of these lysine polymers gives any significant increase in life span to BDF1 mice infected with L1210 murine leukemia cells. We have also further explored the mechanism by which the polylysines express their cytotoxicity. These data indicate that lysine polymers show cell specificity in their action and in some cases they may be beneficial as potent antineoplastic agents, particularly when molecular weight is taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:291001", "title": "A factor in serum and amniotic fluid is a substrate for the tRNA-modifying enzyme tRNA-guanine transferase.", "content": "Q factor, a substance found in animal serum that enables cultured mammalian cells (L-M) to produce tRNA containing queuine (the base of \"nucleoside Q\", queuosine), has been purified to homogeneity from bovine amniotic fluid. Q factor causes the appearance of Q-containing tRNAAsp in the L-M cells cultivated in serum-free medium, and this was used as an assay to monitor the purification of Q factor. Q factor is a competitive inhibitor of guanine for rabbit reticulocyte tRNA-guanine trnsferase, with a K1 of 4.5 x 10(-8) M. Q factor is inactivated in both the L-M cell and tRNA-guanine transferase assays by treatment with periodate or cyanogen bromide, both of which react with queuine. In L-M cells, nearly complete conversion of Q-free to Q-containing tRNAAsp is observed within 24 hr after addition of pure Q factor to the medium; actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and cycloleucine, inhibitors of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid methylation, respectively, do not inhibit this conversion. The product of the reaction, catalyzed by pure rabbit reticulocyte tRNA-guanine transferase, between Q factor and rabbit reticulocyte Q-free tRNAHis is chromatographyically indistinguishable from Q-containing tRNAHis.", "contents": "A factor in serum and amniotic fluid is a substrate for the tRNA-modifying enzyme tRNA-guanine transferase. Q factor, a substance found in animal serum that enables cultured mammalian cells (L-M) to produce tRNA containing queuine (the base of \"nucleoside Q\", queuosine), has been purified to homogeneity from bovine amniotic fluid. Q factor causes the appearance of Q-containing tRNAAsp in the L-M cells cultivated in serum-free medium, and this was used as an assay to monitor the purification of Q factor. Q factor is a competitive inhibitor of guanine for rabbit reticulocyte tRNA-guanine trnsferase, with a K1 of 4.5 x 10(-8) M. Q factor is inactivated in both the L-M cell and tRNA-guanine transferase assays by treatment with periodate or cyanogen bromide, both of which react with queuine. In L-M cells, nearly complete conversion of Q-free to Q-containing tRNAAsp is observed within 24 hr after addition of pure Q factor to the medium; actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and cycloleucine, inhibitors of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid methylation, respectively, do not inhibit this conversion. The product of the reaction, catalyzed by pure rabbit reticulocyte tRNA-guanine transferase, between Q factor and rabbit reticulocyte Q-free tRNAHis is chromatographyically indistinguishable from Q-containing tRNAHis."}
{"id": "PMID:291002", "title": "In vitro core particle and nucleosome assembly at physiological ionic strength.", "content": "Nucleosome core particles have been efficiently assembled in vitro by direct interaction of histones and DNA at physiological ionic strength, as assayed by digestion with DNases, supercoiling of relaxed circular DNA, and electron microscopy. Reconstitution was achieved either by the simultaneous addition of all core histones, or by the sequential binding of H3 . H4 tetramer and H2A . H2B dimer to DNA. Micrococcal nuclease digestion and electron microscopy studies indicated that there is heterogeneity in the spacings at which core particles are assembly on the DNA. Length measurements of oligomeric DNA produced during the course of the digestion suggest that the core histone octamer can organize 167 (+/- 4) rather than 145 base pairs of DNA, the extra 20 base pairs being quickly digested. Binding of histone H1 to core particles resulted in the protection of about 165 base pairs of DNA from nuclease attack. Because the core histone octamer is fully dissociated into H3 . H4 tetramer and H2A . H2B dimer at physiological ionic strength, our results would suggest that in vivo core particle assembly may also occur by interaction of these two complexes on the nascent DNA.", "contents": "In vitro core particle and nucleosome assembly at physiological ionic strength. Nucleosome core particles have been efficiently assembled in vitro by direct interaction of histones and DNA at physiological ionic strength, as assayed by digestion with DNases, supercoiling of relaxed circular DNA, and electron microscopy. Reconstitution was achieved either by the simultaneous addition of all core histones, or by the sequential binding of H3 . H4 tetramer and H2A . H2B dimer to DNA. Micrococcal nuclease digestion and electron microscopy studies indicated that there is heterogeneity in the spacings at which core particles are assembly on the DNA. Length measurements of oligomeric DNA produced during the course of the digestion suggest that the core histone octamer can organize 167 (+/- 4) rather than 145 base pairs of DNA, the extra 20 base pairs being quickly digested. Binding of histone H1 to core particles resulted in the protection of about 165 base pairs of DNA from nuclease attack. Because the core histone octamer is fully dissociated into H3 . H4 tetramer and H2A . H2B dimer at physiological ionic strength, our results would suggest that in vivo core particle assembly may also occur by interaction of these two complexes on the nascent DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:291003", "title": "Moloney murine sarcoma virions synthesize full-genome-length double-stranded DNA in vitro.", "content": "Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) virions incubated under optimal conditions were shown to support extensive synthesis of double-stranded DNA. The major product, a 5950-base-pair (6-kilobase-pair DNA) double-stranded DNA, was characterized by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and shown to contain a 600-nucleotide-long direct repeat at both ends of the MSV genome. Linear DNA molecules made in vivo shortly after infection were compared to the linear double-stranded DNA synthesized in vitro. The restriction maps of both viral DNA products were indistinguishable. The 600-base-pair repeat results in a progeny DNA molecule that is longer than the parental MSV genomic RNA. The generation of this repeat must involve a mechanism that allows the viral reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) to copy 5'- and 3'-terminal genomic (+) strand sequences twice.", "contents": "Moloney murine sarcoma virions synthesize full-genome-length double-stranded DNA in vitro. Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) virions incubated under optimal conditions were shown to support extensive synthesis of double-stranded DNA. The major product, a 5950-base-pair (6-kilobase-pair DNA) double-stranded DNA, was characterized by cleavage with restriction endonucleases and shown to contain a 600-nucleotide-long direct repeat at both ends of the MSV genome. Linear DNA molecules made in vivo shortly after infection were compared to the linear double-stranded DNA synthesized in vitro. The restriction maps of both viral DNA products were indistinguishable. The 600-base-pair repeat results in a progeny DNA molecule that is longer than the parental MSV genomic RNA. The generation of this repeat must involve a mechanism that allows the viral reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA nucleotidyltransferase) to copy 5'- and 3'-terminal genomic (+) strand sequences twice."}
{"id": "PMID:291004", "title": "Biofunctional evaluation of a hydrogen bond linking the ring and tail beta-turns of oxytocin.", "content": "Deamino-[8-N-methylleucine]oxytocin and deamino-[8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid]oxytocin were synthesized to study the importance of hydrogen bonding between the carboxamide carbonyl of asparagine and the peptide N-H of leucine in stabilizing the biologically active conformation of oxytocin. The analogs were synthesized by coupling deaminotocinoic acid with Pro-Leu(Me)-Gly-NH2 and Pro-HyIc-Gly-NH2, respectively. (HyIc is alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid). Deamino-[8-N-methylleucine]oxytocin was found to possess 48 +/- 7 units of uterotonic activity, 33 +/- 5 units of avian vasodepressor activity, and 3.15 +/- 1.5 units of antidiuretic activity per mg; deamino-[8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid]oxytocin possessed 134 +/- 12 units of uterotonic activity, 31 +/- 3 units of avian vasodepressor activity, 9.6 +/- 3.0 units of antidiuretic activity, and 0.26 +/- 0.02 unit of pressor activity per mg. Neither of the analogs possesses the peptide N-H at residue 8 required for the formation of a hydrogen bond with the asparagine carboxamide; however, both can assume the conformation needed to evoke the characteristic biological activities of oxytocin although in lower potency. It is concluded that such a hydrogen bond does not constitute a conformational constraint that is essential for hormone action.", "contents": "Biofunctional evaluation of a hydrogen bond linking the ring and tail beta-turns of oxytocin. Deamino-[8-N-methylleucine]oxytocin and deamino-[8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid]oxytocin were synthesized to study the importance of hydrogen bonding between the carboxamide carbonyl of asparagine and the peptide N-H of leucine in stabilizing the biologically active conformation of oxytocin. The analogs were synthesized by coupling deaminotocinoic acid with Pro-Leu(Me)-Gly-NH2 and Pro-HyIc-Gly-NH2, respectively. (HyIc is alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid). Deamino-[8-N-methylleucine]oxytocin was found to possess 48 +/- 7 units of uterotonic activity, 33 +/- 5 units of avian vasodepressor activity, and 3.15 +/- 1.5 units of antidiuretic activity per mg; deamino-[8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid]oxytocin possessed 134 +/- 12 units of uterotonic activity, 31 +/- 3 units of avian vasodepressor activity, 9.6 +/- 3.0 units of antidiuretic activity, and 0.26 +/- 0.02 unit of pressor activity per mg. Neither of the analogs possesses the peptide N-H at residue 8 required for the formation of a hydrogen bond with the asparagine carboxamide; however, both can assume the conformation needed to evoke the characteristic biological activities of oxytocin although in lower potency. It is concluded that such a hydrogen bond does not constitute a conformational constraint that is essential for hormone action."}
{"id": "PMID:291005", "title": "Membrane damage caused by irradiation of fluorescent concanavalin A.", "content": "Visible light irradiation of fluoresceinated concanavalin A (f-Con A) bound to the outside of resealed erythrocyte membranes caused crosslinking of as much as 50% of the membrane proteins. Crosslinking was absent in controls in which equivalent amounts of f-Con A were added to the membranes but prevented from binding by the presence of 10 mM alpha-methylmannoside. The photodamage was not accompanied by a change in the membrane permeability barrier or membrane shape. Although fluorescein bleaching accompanies the formation of protein aggregates, the amount of aggregated protein is not simply a function of the number of fluoresceins bleached. The percentage of aggregated protein decreases when the same dose of light is given in a shorter time. Although certain antioxidants and free-radical scavengers had no detected effect on the crosslinking, reducing agents such as cysteamine and reduced glutathione either blocked or reversed the protein crosslinking. The mechanism of photoinduced oxidation and the implications of these results for fluorescence studies of cell membranes are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane damage caused by irradiation of fluorescent concanavalin A. Visible light irradiation of fluoresceinated concanavalin A (f-Con A) bound to the outside of resealed erythrocyte membranes caused crosslinking of as much as 50% of the membrane proteins. Crosslinking was absent in controls in which equivalent amounts of f-Con A were added to the membranes but prevented from binding by the presence of 10 mM alpha-methylmannoside. The photodamage was not accompanied by a change in the membrane permeability barrier or membrane shape. Although fluorescein bleaching accompanies the formation of protein aggregates, the amount of aggregated protein is not simply a function of the number of fluoresceins bleached. The percentage of aggregated protein decreases when the same dose of light is given in a shorter time. Although certain antioxidants and free-radical scavengers had no detected effect on the crosslinking, reducing agents such as cysteamine and reduced glutathione either blocked or reversed the protein crosslinking. The mechanism of photoinduced oxidation and the implications of these results for fluorescence studies of cell membranes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291006", "title": "Acoustic microscopy: resolution of subcellular detail.", "content": "Recent advances now permit the use of scanning acoustic microscopy for the analysis of subcellular components. By sequential viewing of identified fixed cells with acoustic, light, and electron microscopy, we have established that the acoustic microscope can readily detect such features as nuclei and nucleoli, mitochondria, and actin cables. Under optimal conditions, images can even be obtained of filopodia, slender projections of the cell surface that are approximately 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter. Small objects separated by as little as 0.5-0.7 micron can successfully be resolved. Three aspects of the acoustic micrographs prepared in this preliminary survey seem especially prominent. These are, first, the extraordinary level of acoustic contrast that can differentiate the various cytoplasmic organelles, even in regions of very thin cytoplasm; second, the reversals in acoustic contrast that occur when altering the plane of focus; and third, the sensitivity of the acoustic response to overall cytoplasmic thickness. The acoustic microscope uses a novel source of contrast that is based on local mechanical properties. In addition, it can provide a degree of resolution that is comparable to that of the light microscope.", "contents": "Acoustic microscopy: resolution of subcellular detail. Recent advances now permit the use of scanning acoustic microscopy for the analysis of subcellular components. By sequential viewing of identified fixed cells with acoustic, light, and electron microscopy, we have established that the acoustic microscope can readily detect such features as nuclei and nucleoli, mitochondria, and actin cables. Under optimal conditions, images can even be obtained of filopodia, slender projections of the cell surface that are approximately 0.1-0.2 micron in diameter. Small objects separated by as little as 0.5-0.7 micron can successfully be resolved. Three aspects of the acoustic micrographs prepared in this preliminary survey seem especially prominent. These are, first, the extraordinary level of acoustic contrast that can differentiate the various cytoplasmic organelles, even in regions of very thin cytoplasm; second, the reversals in acoustic contrast that occur when altering the plane of focus; and third, the sensitivity of the acoustic response to overall cytoplasmic thickness. The acoustic microscope uses a novel source of contrast that is based on local mechanical properties. In addition, it can provide a degree of resolution that is comparable to that of the light microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:291007", "title": "Growth of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell (MDCK) line in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium.", "content": "Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells can grow in synthetic medium supplemented with five factors--insulin, transferrin, prostaglandin E1, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine--as a serum substitute. These five factors permit growth for 1 month in the absence of serum and a growth rate equivalent to that observed in serum-supplemented medium. Dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate substitutes for prostaglandin E1 in the medium. Potential applications of the serum-free medium are discussed. The medium permits a defined analysis of the mechanisms regulating hemicyst formation by hormones and permits the growth of primary kidney epithelial cell cultures in the absence of fibroblast overgrowth.", "contents": "Growth of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell (MDCK) line in hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells can grow in synthetic medium supplemented with five factors--insulin, transferrin, prostaglandin E1, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine--as a serum substitute. These five factors permit growth for 1 month in the absence of serum and a growth rate equivalent to that observed in serum-supplemented medium. Dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate substitutes for prostaglandin E1 in the medium. Potential applications of the serum-free medium are discussed. The medium permits a defined analysis of the mechanisms regulating hemicyst formation by hormones and permits the growth of primary kidney epithelial cell cultures in the absence of fibroblast overgrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:291008", "title": "Role of carbohydrate in biological function of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin.", "content": "We have investigated the role of the carbohydrate moiety in the biological activity of fibronectin in vitro by using tunicamycin to inhibit the glycosylation of this glycoprotein. Tunicamycin is a glucosamine-containing antibiotic that specifically inhibits glycosylation of protein asparaginyl residues mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate. Fibronectin synthesized in the presence of 0.5 microgram of tunicamycin per ml was not glycosylated, as determined by amino sugar analysis, lack of incorporation of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]mannose, and concanavalin A binding studies. Nonglycosylated fibronectin that was isolated from chicken embryo fibroblasts and added to transformed cells in vitro was as effective as the glycosylated protein in promoting a more normal fibroblastic phenotype, including cell flattening, elongation of cell processes, and parallel alignment of cells. The nonglycosylated protein was also as effective as the glycosylated species in mediating cell attachment to collagen and spreading on plastic, as well as in agglutination of formalin-fixed sheep erythrocytes. The nonglycosylated protein was twice as sensitive as the glycosylated protein to proteolytic hydrolysis in vitro as had been suggested by previous studies with intact cells [Olden, K., Pratt, R.M. & Yamada, K.M. (1978) Cell 13, 461-473]. We conclude that the carbohydrate moiety of fibronectin is not required for the mediation of a number of biological activities characteristic of this glycoprotein.", "contents": "Role of carbohydrate in biological function of the adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin. We have investigated the role of the carbohydrate moiety in the biological activity of fibronectin in vitro by using tunicamycin to inhibit the glycosylation of this glycoprotein. Tunicamycin is a glucosamine-containing antibiotic that specifically inhibits glycosylation of protein asparaginyl residues mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate. Fibronectin synthesized in the presence of 0.5 microgram of tunicamycin per ml was not glycosylated, as determined by amino sugar analysis, lack of incorporation of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]mannose, and concanavalin A binding studies. Nonglycosylated fibronectin that was isolated from chicken embryo fibroblasts and added to transformed cells in vitro was as effective as the glycosylated protein in promoting a more normal fibroblastic phenotype, including cell flattening, elongation of cell processes, and parallel alignment of cells. The nonglycosylated protein was also as effective as the glycosylated species in mediating cell attachment to collagen and spreading on plastic, as well as in agglutination of formalin-fixed sheep erythrocytes. The nonglycosylated protein was twice as sensitive as the glycosylated protein to proteolytic hydrolysis in vitro as had been suggested by previous studies with intact cells [Olden, K., Pratt, R.M. & Yamada, K.M. (1978) Cell 13, 461-473]. We conclude that the carbohydrate moiety of fibronectin is not required for the mediation of a number of biological activities characteristic of this glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:291009", "title": "Water permeability changes studied by 17O nuclear magnetic resonance during differentiation of Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "Water permeability of Friend leukemia cells was studied by 17O nuclear magnetic resonance during differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). While in noninduced cells water permeability was essentially constant during the growth period, in the Me2SO-induced cells there were two distinct periods at which the water permeability was increased by at least an order of magnitude. These periods correspond to approximately one doubling time and 6 days of growth. This change in water permeability is not due to direct interaction of Me2SO with the membrane but must be ascribed to structural changes in the membrane during the course of differentiation.", "contents": "Water permeability changes studied by 17O nuclear magnetic resonance during differentiation of Friend leukemia cells. Water permeability of Friend leukemia cells was studied by 17O nuclear magnetic resonance during differentiation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). While in noninduced cells water permeability was essentially constant during the growth period, in the Me2SO-induced cells there were two distinct periods at which the water permeability was increased by at least an order of magnitude. These periods correspond to approximately one doubling time and 6 days of growth. This change in water permeability is not due to direct interaction of Me2SO with the membrane but must be ascribed to structural changes in the membrane during the course of differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291010", "title": "Ganglioside inhibition of fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen.", "content": "Fibronectin mediates the adhesion of cells to collagen by first binding to the collagen substrate, followed by attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Bovine brain gangliosides were found to block fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen in a concentration-dependent manner. The gangliosides did not block the binding of fibronectin to collagen but did prevent the attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Of the individual gangliosides tested, GT1 and GD1a were the most effective inhibitors followed by GD1b greater than GM1 greater than GM2; GM3 was not an inhibitor. The inhibition of cell adhesion also was observed with the oligosaccharide portion of the gangliosides, but not with ceramides or with a variety of free sugars or glycosaminoglycans. Mild periodate oxidation of mixed gangliosides or of GD1a modified their sialic acid residues and the oxidized gangliosides were no longer inhibitory; subsequent reduction with NaBH4 did not restore the inhibitory activity of the modified gangliosides. These results suggest that specific gangliosides or related sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates on the cell surface may act as the receptors for fibronectin.", "contents": "Ganglioside inhibition of fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen. Fibronectin mediates the adhesion of cells to collagen by first binding to the collagen substrate, followed by attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Bovine brain gangliosides were found to block fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen in a concentration-dependent manner. The gangliosides did not block the binding of fibronectin to collagen but did prevent the attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Of the individual gangliosides tested, GT1 and GD1a were the most effective inhibitors followed by GD1b greater than GM1 greater than GM2; GM3 was not an inhibitor. The inhibition of cell adhesion also was observed with the oligosaccharide portion of the gangliosides, but not with ceramides or with a variety of free sugars or glycosaminoglycans. Mild periodate oxidation of mixed gangliosides or of GD1a modified their sialic acid residues and the oxidized gangliosides were no longer inhibitory; subsequent reduction with NaBH4 did not restore the inhibitory activity of the modified gangliosides. These results suggest that specific gangliosides or related sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates on the cell surface may act as the receptors for fibronectin."}
{"id": "PMID:291011", "title": "Bimane fluorescent labels: labeling of normal human red cells under physiological conditions.", "content": "The bimane fluorescent labels, monobromobimane, dibromobimane, and monobromotrimethylammoniobimane, are derivatives of syn-9,10-dioxabimane:1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3,6-diene-2,8-dione. They efficiently label hemoglobin (reactive thiol groups), membrane proteins, and glutathione of normal human red cells under physiological conditions. Monobromobimane and dibromobimane are effective on intact cells while red cell membranes may be impermeable to the positively charged monobromotrimethylammoniobimane, the latter being effective only on lysed cells. These bimane labels provide a class of labeling agents that may have wide applicability in biological materials.", "contents": "Bimane fluorescent labels: labeling of normal human red cells under physiological conditions. The bimane fluorescent labels, monobromobimane, dibromobimane, and monobromotrimethylammoniobimane, are derivatives of syn-9,10-dioxabimane:1,5-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octa-3,6-diene-2,8-dione. They efficiently label hemoglobin (reactive thiol groups), membrane proteins, and glutathione of normal human red cells under physiological conditions. Monobromobimane and dibromobimane are effective on intact cells while red cell membranes may be impermeable to the positively charged monobromotrimethylammoniobimane, the latter being effective only on lysed cells. These bimane labels provide a class of labeling agents that may have wide applicability in biological materials."}
{"id": "PMID:291012", "title": "Junctional modulation in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells by Fab fragments of rabbit anti-embryonal carcinoma cell serum.", "content": "Mouse embryonal carcinoma PCC4 cells are connected by extensive gap and tight junctions. When the cells are incubated in a medium containing Fab fragments against embryonal carcinoma F9 cells, they round up and a process of junctional removal is initiated. In particular, gap junctions are internalized and after 30 hr of incubation with the anti-F9 Fab fragments both tight and gap junctions are no longer present at the cell surface; however, the cells are still in contact by means of small attachment sites.", "contents": "Junctional modulation in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells by Fab fragments of rabbit anti-embryonal carcinoma cell serum. Mouse embryonal carcinoma PCC4 cells are connected by extensive gap and tight junctions. When the cells are incubated in a medium containing Fab fragments against embryonal carcinoma F9 cells, they round up and a process of junctional removal is initiated. In particular, gap junctions are internalized and after 30 hr of incubation with the anti-F9 Fab fragments both tight and gap junctions are no longer present at the cell surface; however, the cells are still in contact by means of small attachment sites."}
{"id": "PMID:291013", "title": "Transport of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by membrane vesicles from renal brush border.", "content": "The uptake of citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate by membrane vesicles from rabbit renal brush border was studied by a rapid filtration technique. Both compounds exhibited transport characteristics similar to those seen for the sodium-dependent cotransport systems previously described for sugars and amino acids in brush border membranes. The estimated sodium-dependent Vmax and Km were 17 nmol per mg of protein per min and 0.18 mM for citrate and 17 nmol per mg of protein per min and 1.0 mM for alpha-ketoglutarate. The initial rate of citrate transport was 5 times that of sugars and amino acids under comparable conditions. Uptake rates of 0.1 mM citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate were inhibited by greater than 90% by 10 mM succinate, malate, fumarate, or oxaloacetate, indicating the presence in the brush border membrane of a transport system highly specialized for the renal conservation of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "Transport of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by membrane vesicles from renal brush border. The uptake of citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate by membrane vesicles from rabbit renal brush border was studied by a rapid filtration technique. Both compounds exhibited transport characteristics similar to those seen for the sodium-dependent cotransport systems previously described for sugars and amino acids in brush border membranes. The estimated sodium-dependent Vmax and Km were 17 nmol per mg of protein per min and 0.18 mM for citrate and 17 nmol per mg of protein per min and 1.0 mM for alpha-ketoglutarate. The initial rate of citrate transport was 5 times that of sugars and amino acids under comparable conditions. Uptake rates of 0.1 mM citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate were inhibited by greater than 90% by 10 mM succinate, malate, fumarate, or oxaloacetate, indicating the presence in the brush border membrane of a transport system highly specialized for the renal conservation of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:291014", "title": "Sustained growth and three-dimensional organization of primary mammary tumor epithelial cells embedded in collagen gels.", "content": "We have developed a method for embedding cells within a collagen matrix which allows sustained growth of mouse mammary tumor epithelial cells in primary culture. A characteristic and reproducible pattern of organization and growth occurs: the cells rearrange themselves and produce duct-like structures extending into the matrix, resulting in a three-dimensional outgrowth. Autoradiography showed continuous [3H]thymidine incorporation during 8 weeks in culture. An increase in DNA content of the cultured cells as a function of time was observed. Mouse mammary tumor cells cultured in the conventional monolayer system failed to show any significant increase in cell number during a culture period of 6 weeks. In addition, in such monolayer systems, cells progressively became detached from the dishes in long-term culture. The mammary epithelial cell origin of the collagen gel cell outgrowths was shown by electron microscopic demonstration of polarized cells containing tight junctions and budding mammary tumor virus particles. In addition, in vivo transplantation of collagen gel outgrowths resulted in the development of mammary adenocarcinoma histologically similar to the donor tumor. Cellular outgrowth patterns resembling those from tumor cells were also seen in similar collagen gel cultures of normal mammary cells from mouse and human and of hyperplastic alveolar nodule cells from mouse. The significance and usefulness of this system in comparison to the conventional monolayer system are discussed.", "contents": "Sustained growth and three-dimensional organization of primary mammary tumor epithelial cells embedded in collagen gels. We have developed a method for embedding cells within a collagen matrix which allows sustained growth of mouse mammary tumor epithelial cells in primary culture. A characteristic and reproducible pattern of organization and growth occurs: the cells rearrange themselves and produce duct-like structures extending into the matrix, resulting in a three-dimensional outgrowth. Autoradiography showed continuous [3H]thymidine incorporation during 8 weeks in culture. An increase in DNA content of the cultured cells as a function of time was observed. Mouse mammary tumor cells cultured in the conventional monolayer system failed to show any significant increase in cell number during a culture period of 6 weeks. In addition, in such monolayer systems, cells progressively became detached from the dishes in long-term culture. The mammary epithelial cell origin of the collagen gel cell outgrowths was shown by electron microscopic demonstration of polarized cells containing tight junctions and budding mammary tumor virus particles. In addition, in vivo transplantation of collagen gel outgrowths resulted in the development of mammary adenocarcinoma histologically similar to the donor tumor. Cellular outgrowth patterns resembling those from tumor cells were also seen in similar collagen gel cultures of normal mammary cells from mouse and human and of hyperplastic alveolar nodule cells from mouse. The significance and usefulness of this system in comparison to the conventional monolayer system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291015", "title": "Human T gamma globin chain is a variant of A gamma chain (A gamma Sardinia).", "content": "Isoelectric focusing, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography in the presence of Nonidet P-40 allow the separation of pure gamma chains into two fractions. Amino acid analysis of their cyanogen bromide fragment 3 (gamma CB3) identifies these fractions as the separated G gamma (Gly-136) and A gamma (Ala-136) globin chains. Fingerprint and amino acid analyses of the gamma Tp9 tryptic peptide from the purified A gamma and G gamma fractions from two different patients demonstrate that the commonly occurring gamma Sardinia variant (gamma 75 isoleucine leads to threonine), also known as T gamma chain, has alanine in position 136. From this analysis we suggest that the T gamma gene is an allele of the A gamma locus (A gamma Sardinia) rather than a third gamma locus.", "contents": "Human T gamma globin chain is a variant of A gamma chain (A gamma Sardinia). Isoelectric focusing, cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and carboxymethylcellulose chromatography in the presence of Nonidet P-40 allow the separation of pure gamma chains into two fractions. Amino acid analysis of their cyanogen bromide fragment 3 (gamma CB3) identifies these fractions as the separated G gamma (Gly-136) and A gamma (Ala-136) globin chains. Fingerprint and amino acid analyses of the gamma Tp9 tryptic peptide from the purified A gamma and G gamma fractions from two different patients demonstrate that the commonly occurring gamma Sardinia variant (gamma 75 isoleucine leads to threonine), also known as T gamma chain, has alanine in position 136. From this analysis we suggest that the T gamma gene is an allele of the A gamma locus (A gamma Sardinia) rather than a third gamma locus."}
{"id": "PMID:291016", "title": "Attempt to immunize guinea pigs against L2C leukemia with leukemia cells inactivated by gamma irradiation.", "content": "In previous studies, intradermal inoculation of small doses of L2C leukemic cell suspensions into strain 2 guinea pigs induced immunity against challenging reinoculation with leukemic cells; however, 50% of the guinea pigs developed leukemia in the course of immunization. We have now attempted to induce immunity by inoculation of L2C leukemic cells inactivated by in vitro gamma irradiation ranging from 750 to 8000 rads (1 rad = 0.01 gray). In preliminary experiments, irradiation with 750 to 2750 rads had no significant effect on leukemogenic potency of leukemic cells; however, doses exceeding 3000 rads inactivated the leukemogenic potency of L2C cells. Eighty-nine guinea pigs that survived intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal inoculations with irradiated (1000-8000 rads) L2C cells were subsequently challenged by reinoculation with nonirradiated leukemic cells, and 83 of them (93%) developed leukemia. L2C leukemic cells contain spherical particles, about 103 nm in diameter; it is reasonable to assume that these particles represent the causative virus responsible for the development of L2C leukemia. Inactivation of leukemogenic potency of L2C leukemic cells by gamma irradiation in vitro does not necessarily imply that the virus particles consistently present in these cells were also inactivated. In previous experiments carried out on mouse leukemia, doses exceeding 1,000,000 rads were needed in order to inactivate the mouse leukemia virus in vitro.", "contents": "Attempt to immunize guinea pigs against L2C leukemia with leukemia cells inactivated by gamma irradiation. In previous studies, intradermal inoculation of small doses of L2C leukemic cell suspensions into strain 2 guinea pigs induced immunity against challenging reinoculation with leukemic cells; however, 50% of the guinea pigs developed leukemia in the course of immunization. We have now attempted to induce immunity by inoculation of L2C leukemic cells inactivated by in vitro gamma irradiation ranging from 750 to 8000 rads (1 rad = 0.01 gray). In preliminary experiments, irradiation with 750 to 2750 rads had no significant effect on leukemogenic potency of leukemic cells; however, doses exceeding 3000 rads inactivated the leukemogenic potency of L2C cells. Eighty-nine guinea pigs that survived intradermal, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal inoculations with irradiated (1000-8000 rads) L2C cells were subsequently challenged by reinoculation with nonirradiated leukemic cells, and 83 of them (93%) developed leukemia. L2C leukemic cells contain spherical particles, about 103 nm in diameter; it is reasonable to assume that these particles represent the causative virus responsible for the development of L2C leukemia. Inactivation of leukemogenic potency of L2C leukemic cells by gamma irradiation in vitro does not necessarily imply that the virus particles consistently present in these cells were also inactivated. In previous experiments carried out on mouse leukemia, doses exceeding 1,000,000 rads were needed in order to inactivate the mouse leukemia virus in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:291017", "title": "Light-induced damage to ocular lens cation pump: prevention by vitamin C.", "content": "The cation pump activity of the ocular lens was damaged by exposure to light in the presence of riboflavin phosphate. The intensity of light was similar to that used for reading purposes. The observed light-induced damage was due to superoxide or its derivatives, the superoxide being produced photochemically. Such damage was attenuated by vitamin C in amounts comparable to that in the aqueous humor. Thus, a new role for the high ascorbate level present in the anterior chamber fluid and the lens has been suggested. Ascorbate in other tissues also might have this novel physiological function of protecting against damage due to superoxide and its derivatives produced during normal cellular oxidation.", "contents": "Light-induced damage to ocular lens cation pump: prevention by vitamin C. The cation pump activity of the ocular lens was damaged by exposure to light in the presence of riboflavin phosphate. The intensity of light was similar to that used for reading purposes. The observed light-induced damage was due to superoxide or its derivatives, the superoxide being produced photochemically. Such damage was attenuated by vitamin C in amounts comparable to that in the aqueous humor. Thus, a new role for the high ascorbate level present in the anterior chamber fluid and the lens has been suggested. Ascorbate in other tissues also might have this novel physiological function of protecting against damage due to superoxide and its derivatives produced during normal cellular oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:291018", "title": "Tyrosine administration reduces blood pressure and enhances brain norepinephrine release in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Administration of L-tyrosine to normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure. The effect is maximal within 2 hr of injection. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, a dose of 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, reduces blood pressure by about 12 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 1.33 x 10(2) pascals); a dose of 200 mg/kg produces the maximal effect, a reduction of about 40 mm Hg. Tryptophan injection (225 mg/kg) also lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but only by about half as much as an equivalent dose of tyrosine. Other amino acids tested (leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, arginine, and aspartate) do not affect blood pressure. Tyrosine injection appears to reduce blood pressure via an action within the central nervous system, since the effect can be blocked by co-administering other large neutral amino acids that reduce tyrosine's uptake into the brain. That tyrosine's antihypertensive action is mediated by an acceleration in norepinephrine or epinephrine release within the central nervous system is suggested by the concurrent increase that its injection produces in brain levels of methoxyhydroxyphenylethylglycol sulfate.", "contents": "Tyrosine administration reduces blood pressure and enhances brain norepinephrine release in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Administration of L-tyrosine to normotensive or spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure. The effect is maximal within 2 hr of injection. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, a dose of 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, reduces blood pressure by about 12 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 1.33 x 10(2) pascals); a dose of 200 mg/kg produces the maximal effect, a reduction of about 40 mm Hg. Tryptophan injection (225 mg/kg) also lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but only by about half as much as an equivalent dose of tyrosine. Other amino acids tested (leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, arginine, and aspartate) do not affect blood pressure. Tyrosine injection appears to reduce blood pressure via an action within the central nervous system, since the effect can be blocked by co-administering other large neutral amino acids that reduce tyrosine's uptake into the brain. That tyrosine's antihypertensive action is mediated by an acceleration in norepinephrine or epinephrine release within the central nervous system is suggested by the concurrent increase that its injection produces in brain levels of methoxyhydroxyphenylethylglycol sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:291019", "title": "Detection of glucocorticoid receptors on Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The inhibition of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells by steroids led us to examine these cells for the presence of glucocorticoid receptors. Direct assessement of dexamethasone binding revealed high-affinity dexamethasone receptors on the untreated cells. The specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone was dose dependent. At a concentration of 10(-8) M, almost all binding sites were occupied. The mean number of binding sites per cell in two separate experiments was 8045 and 7191, respectively, and the Kd varied between 3.38 and 3.49 x 10(-9) M. Dimethyl sulfoxide treatment led to a decrease in the number of dexamethasone binding sites on the cells induced to differentiate. After 5 days of treatment, the mean number of sites per cell was reduced to 1216 and 896 in two experiments, with a Kd of 5 x 10(-9) M. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in a moderate decrease in the efficiency of colony formation within 72 hr after the cells were plated in methylcellulose. The mechanism of this inhibitory effect is unknown. However, it was also dose dependent and could be abrogated by appropriate concentrations of progesterone or 11-deoxycortisone. These results suggest that the steroid effects on growth and differentiation of the erythroleukemia cells may be mediated via glucocorticoid receptors.", "contents": "Detection of glucocorticoid receptors on Friend erythroleukemia cells. The inhibition of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells by steroids led us to examine these cells for the presence of glucocorticoid receptors. Direct assessement of dexamethasone binding revealed high-affinity dexamethasone receptors on the untreated cells. The specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone was dose dependent. At a concentration of 10(-8) M, almost all binding sites were occupied. The mean number of binding sites per cell in two separate experiments was 8045 and 7191, respectively, and the Kd varied between 3.38 and 3.49 x 10(-9) M. Dimethyl sulfoxide treatment led to a decrease in the number of dexamethasone binding sites on the cells induced to differentiate. After 5 days of treatment, the mean number of sites per cell was reduced to 1216 and 896 in two experiments, with a Kd of 5 x 10(-9) M. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in a moderate decrease in the efficiency of colony formation within 72 hr after the cells were plated in methylcellulose. The mechanism of this inhibitory effect is unknown. However, it was also dose dependent and could be abrogated by appropriate concentrations of progesterone or 11-deoxycortisone. These results suggest that the steroid effects on growth and differentiation of the erythroleukemia cells may be mediated via glucocorticoid receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:291020", "title": "Role of pain in placebo analgesia.", "content": "The hypothesis that perceived pain intensity can influence placebo analgesia was tested. One hundred and seven subjects rated their pain from from 0 to 10 on a visual analog scale after a standard wisdom tooth extraction. The expected course of such postoperative pain in the absence of therapy or placebo is a steady increase; this was confirmed by blind administration of the placebo. When placebos were given intravenously in view of the patients, some (placebo nonresponders) reported that their pain increased, whereas others (placebo responders) reported that their pain either decreased or remained the same over the next 60 min. A placebo response was more likely to occur if the pain rating 5 min prior to placebo administration (initial pain) was greater than 2.6. Furthermore, placebo responders with initial pain above this 2.6 level reported significantly greater mean analgesia than those with lower initial pain. Indeed, responders with initial pain less than 2.6 reported no change in pain during the 60 min after administration of a placebo. When their initial pain level was greater than 2.6, they reported a steady decline in pain over this period. However, above the 2.6 level there was no obvious relationship between the magnitude of the placebo analgesia and the initial pain.", "contents": "Role of pain in placebo analgesia. The hypothesis that perceived pain intensity can influence placebo analgesia was tested. One hundred and seven subjects rated their pain from from 0 to 10 on a visual analog scale after a standard wisdom tooth extraction. The expected course of such postoperative pain in the absence of therapy or placebo is a steady increase; this was confirmed by blind administration of the placebo. When placebos were given intravenously in view of the patients, some (placebo nonresponders) reported that their pain increased, whereas others (placebo responders) reported that their pain either decreased or remained the same over the next 60 min. A placebo response was more likely to occur if the pain rating 5 min prior to placebo administration (initial pain) was greater than 2.6. Furthermore, placebo responders with initial pain above this 2.6 level reported significantly greater mean analgesia than those with lower initial pain. Indeed, responders with initial pain less than 2.6 reported no change in pain during the 60 min after administration of a placebo. When their initial pain level was greater than 2.6, they reported a steady decline in pain over this period. However, above the 2.6 level there was no obvious relationship between the magnitude of the placebo analgesia and the initial pain."}
{"id": "PMID:291021", "title": "Isolation and culture of motoneurons from embryonic chicken spinal cords.", "content": "A method is described for isolating cholinergic alpha motoneurons from the spinal cord of chicken embryos at stage 17-18 (Hamburger and Hamilton numbering), at the time when it has been shown that motoneurons withdraw from the mitotic cycle but neurons of other types and glia are still mitotic. Fragments of the ventral half of the spinal cord are incubated for 24 hr in the presence of 10 microM 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in order to eliminate dividing cells and are subsequently dissociated into a suspension of single cells. The following evidence has been obtained and suggests that these cells are neuronal and appear to be alpha motoneurons: (i) they are resistant to the lethal effect of arabinofuranosylcytosine, and thus are postmitotic at stage 17-18; (ii) when grown in vitro, they exhibit morphological characteristics similar to those of ventral spinal neurons, which include the ability to be stained with silver, Nissl, methylene blue vital stain at pH 6.5-7.0, and choline acetyltransferase histochemistry; (iii) they have high choline acetyltransferase activity; (iv) they are capable of forming functional synapses with muscle.", "contents": "Isolation and culture of motoneurons from embryonic chicken spinal cords. A method is described for isolating cholinergic alpha motoneurons from the spinal cord of chicken embryos at stage 17-18 (Hamburger and Hamilton numbering), at the time when it has been shown that motoneurons withdraw from the mitotic cycle but neurons of other types and glia are still mitotic. Fragments of the ventral half of the spinal cord are incubated for 24 hr in the presence of 10 microM 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in order to eliminate dividing cells and are subsequently dissociated into a suspension of single cells. The following evidence has been obtained and suggests that these cells are neuronal and appear to be alpha motoneurons: (i) they are resistant to the lethal effect of arabinofuranosylcytosine, and thus are postmitotic at stage 17-18; (ii) when grown in vitro, they exhibit morphological characteristics similar to those of ventral spinal neurons, which include the ability to be stained with silver, Nissl, methylene blue vital stain at pH 6.5-7.0, and choline acetyltransferase histochemistry; (iii) they have high choline acetyltransferase activity; (iv) they are capable of forming functional synapses with muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:291022", "title": "Localization of horseradish peroxidase-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in crustacean axonal membrane vesicles and intact axons.", "content": "A conjugate of alpha-bungarotoxin with horseradish peroxidase was used to visualize alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites at the fine structural level in isolated axonal membrane vesicles from lobster walking leg nerve. These plasma membrane vesicles have previously been shown to exhibit saturable binding of [3H]nicotine and [3H]acetylcholine. Binding of the toxin was identified in the axon plasma membrane and could be blocked by pretreatment with excess free alpha-bungaratoxin or d-tubocurarine. Binding sites for alpha-bungarotoxin were identified by the same technique in sections of intact nerve fibers from both lobster and spider crab and were found to be localized primarily in the axolemma rather than in the Schwann cell membrane.", "contents": "Localization of horseradish peroxidase-alpha-bungarotoxin binding in crustacean axonal membrane vesicles and intact axons. A conjugate of alpha-bungarotoxin with horseradish peroxidase was used to visualize alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites at the fine structural level in isolated axonal membrane vesicles from lobster walking leg nerve. These plasma membrane vesicles have previously been shown to exhibit saturable binding of [3H]nicotine and [3H]acetylcholine. Binding of the toxin was identified in the axon plasma membrane and could be blocked by pretreatment with excess free alpha-bungaratoxin or d-tubocurarine. Binding sites for alpha-bungarotoxin were identified by the same technique in sections of intact nerve fibers from both lobster and spider crab and were found to be localized primarily in the axolemma rather than in the Schwann cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:291023", "title": "Degradation of junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors by developing rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "We have examined the rate of degradation of the total acetylcholine receptor content of diaphragm muscles of young rats and have found that even in muscles from 1-day-old rats some receptors are metabolically more stable than adult extrajunctional receptors. Further experiments have shown that acetylcholine receptors at junctional regions from young rats are degraded slowly, whereas those in extrajunctional regions are degraded rapidly. The results demonstrate that junctional acetylcholine receptors in rat diaphragm are degraded at a slow rate characteristic of adult junctional receptors at all ages after birth.", "contents": "Degradation of junctional and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors by developing rat skeletal muscle. We have examined the rate of degradation of the total acetylcholine receptor content of diaphragm muscles of young rats and have found that even in muscles from 1-day-old rats some receptors are metabolically more stable than adult extrajunctional receptors. Further experiments have shown that acetylcholine receptors at junctional regions from young rats are degraded slowly, whereas those in extrajunctional regions are degraded rapidly. The results demonstrate that junctional acetylcholine receptors in rat diaphragm are degraded at a slow rate characteristic of adult junctional receptors at all ages after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:291024", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of rat peripheral nervous system myelin proteins: P2 protein is not a component of all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths.", "content": "Specific antibodies have been developed against P1, P2, and P0 myelin proteins and were used to study the localization of these proteins in the rat peripheral nervous system. Both peripheral and central nervous system myelin sheaths contain P1 protein. P0 and P2 proteins are found exclusively in peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths. Antisera to P1 and P0 proteins stain all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths uniformly. P2 protein is not a component of all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths. In sheaths that do contain P2 protein, it is concentrated in the area of the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of rat peripheral nervous system myelin proteins: P2 protein is not a component of all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths. Specific antibodies have been developed against P1, P2, and P0 myelin proteins and were used to study the localization of these proteins in the rat peripheral nervous system. Both peripheral and central nervous system myelin sheaths contain P1 protein. P0 and P2 proteins are found exclusively in peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths. Antisera to P1 and P0 proteins stain all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths uniformly. P2 protein is not a component of all peripheral nervous system myelin sheaths. In sheaths that do contain P2 protein, it is concentrated in the area of the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures."}
{"id": "PMID:291025", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of cholinergic ligand binding to the acetylcholine receptor in its membrane environment.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance has been used to monitor binding of choline, a known partial agonist, to acetylcholine receptor-enriched membrane preparations from Torpedo californica electroplax. The interaction between choline and receptor led to a broadening of the resonance of the choline methyl groups and this effect was reversed by alpha-bungarotoxin, a quasi-irreversible antagonist of the acetylcholine receptor. From the concentration dependence of line broadening the equilibrium dissociation constant for choline was obtained (Kd = 190 +/- 65 microM). The temperature dependence of the parameters observed in the choline titrations gave an enthalpy of binding delta H less than 1.5 kcal/mol and allowed estimates for the dissociation rate constant of the receptor-choline complex (kdiss greater than 1.6 x 10(3) S(1) and the respective activation energy, Ea (Kdiss) approximately 5.5 kcal/mol. The association of other ligands with the membrane-bound receptor could also be studied by observing effects of varying concentrations of such ligands on the choline methyl group linewidth at a constant choline concentration.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of cholinergic ligand binding to the acetylcholine receptor in its membrane environment. Proton magnetic resonance has been used to monitor binding of choline, a known partial agonist, to acetylcholine receptor-enriched membrane preparations from Torpedo californica electroplax. The interaction between choline and receptor led to a broadening of the resonance of the choline methyl groups and this effect was reversed by alpha-bungarotoxin, a quasi-irreversible antagonist of the acetylcholine receptor. From the concentration dependence of line broadening the equilibrium dissociation constant for choline was obtained (Kd = 190 +/- 65 microM). The temperature dependence of the parameters observed in the choline titrations gave an enthalpy of binding delta H less than 1.5 kcal/mol and allowed estimates for the dissociation rate constant of the receptor-choline complex (kdiss greater than 1.6 x 10(3) S(1) and the respective activation energy, Ea (Kdiss) approximately 5.5 kcal/mol. The association of other ligands with the membrane-bound receptor could also be studied by observing effects of varying concentrations of such ligands on the choline methyl group linewidth at a constant choline concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:291026", "title": "Dynamics of activated processes in globular proteins.", "content": "A procedure for the dynamical simulation of activated processes, such as ligand binding and enzymatic reactions, in a globular protein is outlined. Preliminary calculations of the transition state geometry and barrier crossing trajectories are presented for a model reaction, the rotation of an aromatic ring in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The results show that repulsive nonbonded interactions between the ring atoms and the atoms in the surrounding protein matrix determine the dynamical character of the reorientation process; the nonbonded interactions are the source of the rotational barrier and of the impulses that speed up or slow down the ring motion during the barrier crossings.", "contents": "Dynamics of activated processes in globular proteins. A procedure for the dynamical simulation of activated processes, such as ligand binding and enzymatic reactions, in a globular protein is outlined. Preliminary calculations of the transition state geometry and barrier crossing trajectories are presented for a model reaction, the rotation of an aromatic ring in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The results show that repulsive nonbonded interactions between the ring atoms and the atoms in the surrounding protein matrix determine the dynamical character of the reorientation process; the nonbonded interactions are the source of the rotational barrier and of the impulses that speed up or slow down the ring motion during the barrier crossings."}
{"id": "PMID:291027", "title": "Photosensitized electron transport across lipid vesicle walls: quantum yield dependence on sensitizer concentration.", "content": "An amphiphilic tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) derivative that is incorporated into the walls of phosphatidylcholine vesicles photosensitizes the irreversible oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetate(3-) dissolved in the inner aqueous compartments of the vesicle suspension and the one-electron reduction of heptylviologen(2+) dissolved in the continuous aqueous phase. The quantum yield of viologen radical production depends on the phospholipid-to-ruthenium complex mole ratios. A kinetic model is used to derive an order-of-magnitude estimate for the rate constant of electron transport across the vesicle walls. The results are inconsistent with a diffusional mechanism for electron transport and are interpreted in terms of electron exchange.", "contents": "Photosensitized electron transport across lipid vesicle walls: quantum yield dependence on sensitizer concentration. An amphiphilic tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) derivative that is incorporated into the walls of phosphatidylcholine vesicles photosensitizes the irreversible oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetate(3-) dissolved in the inner aqueous compartments of the vesicle suspension and the one-electron reduction of heptylviologen(2+) dissolved in the continuous aqueous phase. The quantum yield of viologen radical production depends on the phospholipid-to-ruthenium complex mole ratios. A kinetic model is used to derive an order-of-magnitude estimate for the rate constant of electron transport across the vesicle walls. The results are inconsistent with a diffusional mechanism for electron transport and are interpreted in terms of electron exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:291028", "title": "Nick-free formation of reciprocal heteroduplexes: a simple solution to the topological problem.", "content": "Because the individual strands of DNA are intertwined, formation of heteroduplex structures between duplexes--as in presumed recombination intermediates--presents a topological puzzle, known as the winding problem. Previous approaches to this problem have assumed that single-strand breaks are required to permit formation of fully coiled heteroduplexes. This paper describes a simple, nick-free solution to the winding problem that satisfies all topological constraints. Homologous duplexes associated by their minor-groove surfaces can switch strand pairing to form reciprocal heteroduplexes that coil together into a compact, four-stranded helix throughout the region of pairing. Model building shows that this fused heteroduplex structure is plausible, being composed entirely of right-handed primary helices with Watson-Crick base pairing throughout. Its simplicity of formation, structural symmetry, and high degree of specificity are suggestive of a natural mechanism for alignment by base pairing between intact homologous duplexes. Implications for genetic recombination are discussed.", "contents": "Nick-free formation of reciprocal heteroduplexes: a simple solution to the topological problem. Because the individual strands of DNA are intertwined, formation of heteroduplex structures between duplexes--as in presumed recombination intermediates--presents a topological puzzle, known as the winding problem. Previous approaches to this problem have assumed that single-strand breaks are required to permit formation of fully coiled heteroduplexes. This paper describes a simple, nick-free solution to the winding problem that satisfies all topological constraints. Homologous duplexes associated by their minor-groove surfaces can switch strand pairing to form reciprocal heteroduplexes that coil together into a compact, four-stranded helix throughout the region of pairing. Model building shows that this fused heteroduplex structure is plausible, being composed entirely of right-handed primary helices with Watson-Crick base pairing throughout. Its simplicity of formation, structural symmetry, and high degree of specificity are suggestive of a natural mechanism for alignment by base pairing between intact homologous duplexes. Implications for genetic recombination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291029", "title": "Subunit interaction during catalysis: alternating site cooperativity in photophosphorylation shown by substrate modulation of [18O]ATP species formation.", "content": "Pronounced substrate modulation of incorporation of water oxygen into ATP formed by photophosphorylation is observed, as measured by 31P NMR analysis of products formed from ADP and highly 18O-labeled Pi. A marked increase occurs in oxygen exchange per ATP formed as ADP or Pi concentration is decreased. This is explainable by the binding-change mechanism for ATP synthesis, in which the energy-linked release of ATP from one site requires the binding of ADP and Pi at an alternate site. Analysis of the distribution of 18O-labeled species arising from the ATP formed eliminates explanations for substrate modulation based on preexisting or induced enzyme heterogeneity. Furthermore, the results, together with other related findings, make participation of control sites unlikely. The occurrence of alternating site catalysis cooperativity in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts thus appears to be reasonably well established.", "contents": "Subunit interaction during catalysis: alternating site cooperativity in photophosphorylation shown by substrate modulation of [18O]ATP species formation. Pronounced substrate modulation of incorporation of water oxygen into ATP formed by photophosphorylation is observed, as measured by 31P NMR analysis of products formed from ADP and highly 18O-labeled Pi. A marked increase occurs in oxygen exchange per ATP formed as ADP or Pi concentration is decreased. This is explainable by the binding-change mechanism for ATP synthesis, in which the energy-linked release of ATP from one site requires the binding of ADP and Pi at an alternate site. Analysis of the distribution of 18O-labeled species arising from the ATP formed eliminates explanations for substrate modulation based on preexisting or induced enzyme heterogeneity. Furthermore, the results, together with other related findings, make participation of control sites unlikely. The occurrence of alternating site catalysis cooperativity in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts thus appears to be reasonably well established."}
{"id": "PMID:291030", "title": "An adenovirus type 5 early gene function regulates expression of other early viral genes.", "content": "We have identified an adenovirus type 5(Ad5) early gene function located in early region 1 which is required for the production of early cytoplasmic mRNAs corresponding to early regions 2, 3, and 4. Mutant dl312 (lacks the segment between 1.5 and 4.5 map units) grows as well as wild-type  virus in 293 cells (Ad5-transformed human embryonic kidney cells), but its growth is severely restricted in HeLa cells. We detect no viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of dl312-infected HeLa cells. Viral RNA sequences are present, however, in dl312-infected HeLa cell nuclei.", "contents": "An adenovirus type 5 early gene function regulates expression of other early viral genes. We have identified an adenovirus type 5(Ad5) early gene function located in early region 1 which is required for the production of early cytoplasmic mRNAs corresponding to early regions 2, 3, and 4. Mutant dl312 (lacks the segment between 1.5 and 4.5 map units) grows as well as wild-type  virus in 293 cells (Ad5-transformed human embryonic kidney cells), but its growth is severely restricted in HeLa cells. We detect no viral RNAs in the cytoplasm of dl312-infected HeLa cells. Viral RNA sequences are present, however, in dl312-infected HeLa cell nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:291031", "title": "Adenine aminohydrolase: occurrence and possible significance in trypanosomid flagellates.", "content": "Adenine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.2) from four species of Leishmania and from Crithidia fasciculata was examined for specific activities, affinity for substrate (adenine), and stability to heat. All were found to be strongly and non-competitively inhibited by both coformycin and deoxycoformycin, two tight-binding inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4). Deoxycoformycin is the more potent inhibitor of the two. Neither inhibitor was active against the purine phosphoribosyltransferases. When deoxycoformycin was added to the defined growth medium containing hypoxanthine as the purine source, the growth of C. fasciculata was unaffected, but when adenine was the purine source for the organism, severe inhibition resulted. This implies that hypoxanthine is the obligatory base for nucleotide synthesis and that the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) is, in some manner,idenied access to exogenous substrate.", "contents": "Adenine aminohydrolase: occurrence and possible significance in trypanosomid flagellates. Adenine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.2) from four species of Leishmania and from Crithidia fasciculata was examined for specific activities, affinity for substrate (adenine), and stability to heat. All were found to be strongly and non-competitively inhibited by both coformycin and deoxycoformycin, two tight-binding inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4). Deoxycoformycin is the more potent inhibitor of the two. Neither inhibitor was active against the purine phosphoribosyltransferases. When deoxycoformycin was added to the defined growth medium containing hypoxanthine as the purine source, the growth of C. fasciculata was unaffected, but when adenine was the purine source for the organism, severe inhibition resulted. This implies that hypoxanthine is the obligatory base for nucleotide synthesis and that the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) is, in some manner,idenied access to exogenous substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:291032", "title": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of structural changes associated with cooperative oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin.", "content": "The structural changes associated with cooperative oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin as a function of oxygen saturation in aqueous media at neutral pH and at 25-27 degrees C have been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 and 360 MHz. By monitoring the intensities of two hyperfine shifted proton resonances (at about -12 and -18 ppm from H(2)O) and two exchangeable proton resonances (at about -6.4 and -9.4 ppm from H(2)O) as a function of oxygenation, the amount of oxygen bound to the alpha and beta chains of a hemoglobin molecule can be determined and the relationship between tertiary and quaternary structural changes under a given set of experimental conditions can be investigated. These results suggest that: (i) in the absence of organic phosphates, there is no preferential O(2) binding to the alpha or beta chains; (ii) in the presence of organic phosphates, the alpha hemes have a higher affinity for O(2) as compared to the beta hemes; (iii) the ligand-induced structural changes in the hemoglobin molecule are not concerted; and (iv) some cooperativity must be present within the deoxy quaternary state during the oxygenation process. The variations of the exchangeable proton resonances as a function of oxygenation strongly suggest that the breaking of one or more inter- or intrasubunit linkages of a ligated subunit can affect similar linkages in unligated subunits within a tetrameric hemoglobin molecule. Thus, the present results show that two-state allosteric models are not adequate to describe the cooperative oxygenation of hemoglobin. In addition, the present results provide direct correlation to the ligand-induced structural changes (such as in the heme pockets and subunit interfaces) observed to occur in the crystals of deoxy- and oxy-like hemoglobin molecules and in the solution state.", "contents": "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of structural changes associated with cooperative oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin. The structural changes associated with cooperative oxygenation of human adult hemoglobin as a function of oxygen saturation in aqueous media at neutral pH and at 25-27 degrees C have been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 and 360 MHz. By monitoring the intensities of two hyperfine shifted proton resonances (at about -12 and -18 ppm from H(2)O) and two exchangeable proton resonances (at about -6.4 and -9.4 ppm from H(2)O) as a function of oxygenation, the amount of oxygen bound to the alpha and beta chains of a hemoglobin molecule can be determined and the relationship between tertiary and quaternary structural changes under a given set of experimental conditions can be investigated. These results suggest that: (i) in the absence of organic phosphates, there is no preferential O(2) binding to the alpha or beta chains; (ii) in the presence of organic phosphates, the alpha hemes have a higher affinity for O(2) as compared to the beta hemes; (iii) the ligand-induced structural changes in the hemoglobin molecule are not concerted; and (iv) some cooperativity must be present within the deoxy quaternary state during the oxygenation process. The variations of the exchangeable proton resonances as a function of oxygenation strongly suggest that the breaking of one or more inter- or intrasubunit linkages of a ligated subunit can affect similar linkages in unligated subunits within a tetrameric hemoglobin molecule. Thus, the present results show that two-state allosteric models are not adequate to describe the cooperative oxygenation of hemoglobin. In addition, the present results provide direct correlation to the ligand-induced structural changes (such as in the heme pockets and subunit interfaces) observed to occur in the crystals of deoxy- and oxy-like hemoglobin molecules and in the solution state."}
{"id": "PMID:291033", "title": "Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate.", "content": "We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of double-stranded DNA from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper. Controlled cleavage of the DNA in situ by sequential treatment with dilute acid, which causes partial depurination, and dilute alkali, which causes cleavage and separation of the strands, allows the DNA to leave the gel rapidly and completely, with an efficiency independent of its size. Covalent attachment of DNA to paper prevents losses during subsequent hybridization and washing steps and allows a single paper to be reused many times. Ten percent dextran sulfate, originally found to accelerate DNA hybridization in solution by about 10-fold [J.G. Wetmur (1975) Biopolymers 14, 2517-2524], accelerates the rate of hybridization of randomly cleaved double-stranded DNA probes to immobilized nucleic acids by as much as 100-fold, without increasing the background significantly.", "contents": "Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate. We describe a technique for transferring electrophoretically separated bands of double-stranded DNA from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper. Controlled cleavage of the DNA in situ by sequential treatment with dilute acid, which causes partial depurination, and dilute alkali, which causes cleavage and separation of the strands, allows the DNA to leave the gel rapidly and completely, with an efficiency independent of its size. Covalent attachment of DNA to paper prevents losses during subsequent hybridization and washing steps and allows a single paper to be reused many times. Ten percent dextran sulfate, originally found to accelerate DNA hybridization in solution by about 10-fold [J.G. Wetmur (1975) Biopolymers 14, 2517-2524], accelerates the rate of hybridization of randomly cleaved double-stranded DNA probes to immobilized nucleic acids by as much as 100-fold, without increasing the background significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:291034", "title": "Titin: major myofibrillar components of striated muscle.", "content": "Electrophoretic analyses of protein components of striated muscle myofibril purified from various vertebrate and invertebrate species revealed that proteins much larger than myosin heavy chain are present in significant amounts. To define possible roles of these heretofore unidentified proteins, we purified a combination of two uncommonly large proteins, designated as titin, from chicken breast myofibrils. Chemical and immunological studies indicated that titin is distinct from myosin, actin, and filamin. Specific titin anti body crossreacts with similar protein in both skeletal and cardiac myofibrils of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. Immunofluorescent staining of glycerinated chicken breast myofibrils indicated that titin is present in M lines, Z lines, the junctions of A and I bands, and perhaps throughout the entire A bands. Similar staining studies of myofibrils from other species suggest that titinlike proteins may be organized in all myofibrils according to a common architectural plan. We conclude that titin is a structurally conserved myofibrillar component of vertebrate and invertebrate striated muscles.", "contents": "Titin: major myofibrillar components of striated muscle. Electrophoretic analyses of protein components of striated muscle myofibril purified from various vertebrate and invertebrate species revealed that proteins much larger than myosin heavy chain are present in significant amounts. To define possible roles of these heretofore unidentified proteins, we purified a combination of two uncommonly large proteins, designated as titin, from chicken breast myofibrils. Chemical and immunological studies indicated that titin is distinct from myosin, actin, and filamin. Specific titin anti body crossreacts with similar protein in both skeletal and cardiac myofibrils of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. Immunofluorescent staining of glycerinated chicken breast myofibrils indicated that titin is present in M lines, Z lines, the junctions of A and I bands, and perhaps throughout the entire A bands. Similar staining studies of myofibrils from other species suggest that titinlike proteins may be organized in all myofibrils according to a common architectural plan. We conclude that titin is a structurally conserved myofibrillar component of vertebrate and invertebrate striated muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:291035", "title": "Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to chicken type I collagen.", "content": "We have shown that lymphocyte-myeloma cell hybridization can be used to produce large amounts of extremely high-titer specific antibodies against type I collagen, a macromolecule normally of low immunogenicity. In a passive hemagglutination assay the antibody had a high titer against chicken type I collagen but showed no activity against chicken type II or rat type I collagen. By using a two-step fluorescence histochemical procedure on sections of embryonic chicken tibia, strong fluorescence was observed in the perichondrium and surrounding connective tissue (known to contain type I collagen) but not over the cartilage (characterized by type II collagen). When used in conjunction with Staphylococcus aureus as a solid phase immunoadsorbant, the antibody was shown to bind to labeled collagen synthesized in vitro by embryonic chicken calvaria.", "contents": "Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to chicken type I collagen. We have shown that lymphocyte-myeloma cell hybridization can be used to produce large amounts of extremely high-titer specific antibodies against type I collagen, a macromolecule normally of low immunogenicity. In a passive hemagglutination assay the antibody had a high titer against chicken type I collagen but showed no activity against chicken type II or rat type I collagen. By using a two-step fluorescence histochemical procedure on sections of embryonic chicken tibia, strong fluorescence was observed in the perichondrium and surrounding connective tissue (known to contain type I collagen) but not over the cartilage (characterized by type II collagen). When used in conjunction with Staphylococcus aureus as a solid phase immunoadsorbant, the antibody was shown to bind to labeled collagen synthesized in vitro by embryonic chicken calvaria."}
{"id": "PMID:291036", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon: relationship between molecular structure and species specificity.", "content": "Human leukocyte interferon can be separated into two classes of subspecies by polynucleotide-agarose affinity chromatography; 30-40% of the molecular species have the polynucleotide-binding property and 60-70% lack affinity for the polynucleotide ligand. When analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the former class of interferon has a slower mobility corresponding to the migration of a polypeptide of 21,000 daltons, while the latter class has a faster mobility corresponding to a polypeptide of 13,500-15,000 daltons. By analogy to the behavior of other interferons and a class of nucleotidyl transferases on the polynucleotide-agarose chromatography, we suggest that the human leukocyte interferon having the polynucleotide-binding site is in a possibly \"native\" conformation and the loss of affinity for polynucleotide results from a degradative alteration of the native molecules. Moreover, the alteration of interferon is accompanied by an increase in heterospecific activity on bovine cells. It is suggested that the polypeptide domain responsible for species specificity may be closely related to the polynucleotide binding area. The modified interferon molecule, however, still conserves its antiviral activity. The simplicity and the high capacity of polynucleotide-agarose chromatography make this a powerful technique for the purification of interferon. The easy separation of these two classes of human leukocyte interferon makes the purification procedures more rational and will facilitate the preparation of both subspecies to a high degree of molecular homogeneity.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon: relationship between molecular structure and species specificity. Human leukocyte interferon can be separated into two classes of subspecies by polynucleotide-agarose affinity chromatography; 30-40% of the molecular species have the polynucleotide-binding property and 60-70% lack affinity for the polynucleotide ligand. When analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the former class of interferon has a slower mobility corresponding to the migration of a polypeptide of 21,000 daltons, while the latter class has a faster mobility corresponding to a polypeptide of 13,500-15,000 daltons. By analogy to the behavior of other interferons and a class of nucleotidyl transferases on the polynucleotide-agarose chromatography, we suggest that the human leukocyte interferon having the polynucleotide-binding site is in a possibly \"native\" conformation and the loss of affinity for polynucleotide results from a degradative alteration of the native molecules. Moreover, the alteration of interferon is accompanied by an increase in heterospecific activity on bovine cells. It is suggested that the polypeptide domain responsible for species specificity may be closely related to the polynucleotide binding area. The modified interferon molecule, however, still conserves its antiviral activity. The simplicity and the high capacity of polynucleotide-agarose chromatography make this a powerful technique for the purification of interferon. The easy separation of these two classes of human leukocyte interferon makes the purification procedures more rational and will facilitate the preparation of both subspecies to a high degree of molecular homogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:291037", "title": "Platelet-derived growth factor: purification and partial characterization.", "content": "A cationic protein that stimulates DNA synthesis in human cultured cells was isolated from human platelets by ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel chromatography, and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The electrophoretic behavior of biologically active or radioiodinated and reduced growth factor indicated that the native protein (approximately 30,000 daltons) was composed of two different polypeptides (approximately 13,000-14,000 and 16,000-17,000 daltons, respectively) linked via reduction-susceptible bonds. The stimulatory activity on human glial cells of the purified product at a concentration of approximately 4 ng/ml (0.13 nM) was equal to that of 1% human serum.", "contents": "Platelet-derived growth factor: purification and partial characterization. A cationic protein that stimulates DNA synthesis in human cultured cells was isolated from human platelets by ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, gel chromatography, and gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The electrophoretic behavior of biologically active or radioiodinated and reduced growth factor indicated that the native protein (approximately 30,000 daltons) was composed of two different polypeptides (approximately 13,000-14,000 and 16,000-17,000 daltons, respectively) linked via reduction-susceptible bonds. The stimulatory activity on human glial cells of the purified product at a concentration of approximately 4 ng/ml (0.13 nM) was equal to that of 1% human serum."}
{"id": "PMID:291038", "title": "Covalently bound non-coenzyme phosphorus residues in flavoproteins: 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Azotobacter flavodoxin.", "content": "In addition to the 5'-phosphate ester on its flavin mononucleotide (FMN) moiety, flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii contains 2 moles of tightly bound phosphate. One non-coenzyme phosphate group is covalently bound to the protein, as it remains with the protein on acid precipitation, whereas the other phosphate is released. The invariance of the (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift of the covalently bound phosphate (-0.8 ppm relative to 85% phosphoric acid) with pH, even in the presence of protein denaturants, implies it is in a diester linkage to the protein. Because no evidence could be found for the presence of covalently bound sugars, nucleotides, or phospholipids, it is suggested that the phosphate residue forms a diester linkage with two hydroxyl amino acids in the protein. The only other suggestion of a phosphodiester linkage in proteins is from previous studies on pepsin and pepsinogen [Perlmann, G. E. (1955) Adv. Prot. Chem. 10, 1-30]. The observed changes in (31)P chemical shift with pH show that the covalent phosphorus in pepsinogen has ionization properties of a monoester rather than a diester. The (31)P resonance of the FMN phosphate occurs at -5.6 ppm in native Azotobacter flavodoxin. No ionization of the protein-bound FMN phosphate is observed since the chemical shift does not change appreciably in the pH range of 5.5-9.5. The chemical shift data suggest, but do not prove, that the coenzyme phosphate in its protein-bound form is dianionic. Chemical analysis of several other flavoenzymes from a variety of sources shows the presence of covalently bound phosphorus in quantities stoichiometric with the flavin content in most of the enzymes tested. Thus, the presence of covalent phosphorus in flavoenzymes may be a general phenomenon with currently unknown catalytic significance.", "contents": "Covalently bound non-coenzyme phosphorus residues in flavoproteins: 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Azotobacter flavodoxin. In addition to the 5'-phosphate ester on its flavin mononucleotide (FMN) moiety, flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii contains 2 moles of tightly bound phosphate. One non-coenzyme phosphate group is covalently bound to the protein, as it remains with the protein on acid precipitation, whereas the other phosphate is released. The invariance of the (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift of the covalently bound phosphate (-0.8 ppm relative to 85% phosphoric acid) with pH, even in the presence of protein denaturants, implies it is in a diester linkage to the protein. Because no evidence could be found for the presence of covalently bound sugars, nucleotides, or phospholipids, it is suggested that the phosphate residue forms a diester linkage with two hydroxyl amino acids in the protein. The only other suggestion of a phosphodiester linkage in proteins is from previous studies on pepsin and pepsinogen [Perlmann, G. E. (1955) Adv. Prot. Chem. 10, 1-30]. The observed changes in (31)P chemical shift with pH show that the covalent phosphorus in pepsinogen has ionization properties of a monoester rather than a diester. The (31)P resonance of the FMN phosphate occurs at -5.6 ppm in native Azotobacter flavodoxin. No ionization of the protein-bound FMN phosphate is observed since the chemical shift does not change appreciably in the pH range of 5.5-9.5. The chemical shift data suggest, but do not prove, that the coenzyme phosphate in its protein-bound form is dianionic. Chemical analysis of several other flavoenzymes from a variety of sources shows the presence of covalently bound phosphorus in quantities stoichiometric with the flavin content in most of the enzymes tested. Thus, the presence of covalent phosphorus in flavoenzymes may be a general phenomenon with currently unknown catalytic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:291039", "title": "The smallest genome RNA segment of influenza virus contains two genes that may overlap.", "content": "The genome of influenza virus consists of eight segments of single-stranded RNA, each of which encodes a different polypeptide. In addition to the eight recognized gene products, the virus specifies a distinct smaller nonstructural polypeptide (NS2), which is translated from a separate species of virus-specific mRNA. The location on the virus genome of the gene encoding this polypeptide was investigated by hybridization of the NS2 mRNA with isolated subgenomic RNA species, and by correlation of the inheritance of a strain-specific NS2 with inheritance of particular genome RNA segments during recombination between two different virus strains. The genetic information for NS2 was found to reside in the smallest genome RNA segment of the virion, which also encodes the NS1 polypeptide. Considering the sizes of the molecules involved, it is likely that the coding sequences for the two polypeptides overlap.", "contents": "The smallest genome RNA segment of influenza virus contains two genes that may overlap. The genome of influenza virus consists of eight segments of single-stranded RNA, each of which encodes a different polypeptide. In addition to the eight recognized gene products, the virus specifies a distinct smaller nonstructural polypeptide (NS2), which is translated from a separate species of virus-specific mRNA. The location on the virus genome of the gene encoding this polypeptide was investigated by hybridization of the NS2 mRNA with isolated subgenomic RNA species, and by correlation of the inheritance of a strain-specific NS2 with inheritance of particular genome RNA segments during recombination between two different virus strains. The genetic information for NS2 was found to reside in the smallest genome RNA segment of the virion, which also encodes the NS1 polypeptide. Considering the sizes of the molecules involved, it is likely that the coding sequences for the two polypeptides overlap."}
{"id": "PMID:291040", "title": "Immunological and chemical identification of a neurophysin-containing protein coded by messenger RNA from bovine hypothalamus.", "content": "The biosynthetic origin of the 10,000 molecular weight neurophysins, carriers of the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, has been studied by cell-free synthesis, Poly(A)-RNA was isolated from bovine hypothalamus and translated in a wheat germ system containing (35)S- or (3)H-labeled amino acids. A number of unique [(35)S]cysteine- but few [(35)S]-methionine-labeled proteins were coded by hypothalamic mRNA. A single, major, isotopically labeled protein (molecular weight 23,000-25,000) was immunoprecipitated from these translation mixtures by addition of purified antibodies against bovine neurophysin II and subsequent addition of Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Specificity of the immunoprecipitation was demonstrated by competition with unlabeled authentic neurophysins and the absence of competition with structurally unrelated ovalbumin. Furthermore, neither nonimmune serum nor purified antibodies against ribonuclease immunoprecipitated the protein. The [(35)S]cysteine-labeled protein that was specifically immunoprecipitated was oxidized with performic acid and digested with trypsin in the presence of unlabeled, authentic bovine neurophysin II. Peptide mapping revealed that most of the major [(35)S]cysteine-labeled peptides (of the translation product) were identical to major cysteine-containing peptides of authentic neurophysin. The data show that hypothalamic mRNA directs the translation of several unique cysteine-rich proteins in an in vitro cell-free system. Furthermore, one of these proteins, which has a higher molecular weight than authentic neurophysin, is recognized by purified antibodies to bovine neurophysin II and has cysteine-containing tryptic peptides in common with those of authentic neurophysin. The data suggest that this protein is the primary translation product, pre-pro-neurophysin.", "contents": "Immunological and chemical identification of a neurophysin-containing protein coded by messenger RNA from bovine hypothalamus. The biosynthetic origin of the 10,000 molecular weight neurophysins, carriers of the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, has been studied by cell-free synthesis, Poly(A)-RNA was isolated from bovine hypothalamus and translated in a wheat germ system containing (35)S- or (3)H-labeled amino acids. A number of unique [(35)S]cysteine- but few [(35)S]-methionine-labeled proteins were coded by hypothalamic mRNA. A single, major, isotopically labeled protein (molecular weight 23,000-25,000) was immunoprecipitated from these translation mixtures by addition of purified antibodies against bovine neurophysin II and subsequent addition of Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Specificity of the immunoprecipitation was demonstrated by competition with unlabeled authentic neurophysins and the absence of competition with structurally unrelated ovalbumin. Furthermore, neither nonimmune serum nor purified antibodies against ribonuclease immunoprecipitated the protein. The [(35)S]cysteine-labeled protein that was specifically immunoprecipitated was oxidized with performic acid and digested with trypsin in the presence of unlabeled, authentic bovine neurophysin II. Peptide mapping revealed that most of the major [(35)S]cysteine-labeled peptides (of the translation product) were identical to major cysteine-containing peptides of authentic neurophysin. The data show that hypothalamic mRNA directs the translation of several unique cysteine-rich proteins in an in vitro cell-free system. Furthermore, one of these proteins, which has a higher molecular weight than authentic neurophysin, is recognized by purified antibodies to bovine neurophysin II and has cysteine-containing tryptic peptides in common with those of authentic neurophysin. The data suggest that this protein is the primary translation product, pre-pro-neurophysin."}
{"id": "PMID:291041", "title": "Identification of separate mRNAs coding for the alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin.", "content": "A 9S mRNA, purified from mouse thyrotropic pituitary tumors by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of poly(A)-enriched mRNA, directed the synthesis of only alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin in the reticulocyte lysate translation system. Analysis of radioiodinated 9S mRNA, repurified by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation, yielded two species of RNA on urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major RNA species contained 620 nucleotides, and the minor RNA species contained 560 nucleotides. Unlabeled 9S mRNA was further purified by urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the mRNAs were separately eluted from slices of the gel containing material migrating with an apparent length of 620 and 560 nucleotides. Translation of these mRNAs in the reticulocyte lysate showed that the longer mRNA coded for the alpha subunit and the shorter mRNA coded for the beta subunit of mouse thyrotropin. Because more alpha than beta subunit of thyrotropin was consistently synthesized, unbalanced amounts of thyrotropin subunits appear to be synthesized by translation of unbalanced amounts of individual mRNAs. We have demonstrated that the synthesis of thyrotropin is directed by two separate mRNA molecules, each coding for a different subunit of the hormone.", "contents": "Identification of separate mRNAs coding for the alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin. A 9S mRNA, purified from mouse thyrotropic pituitary tumors by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of poly(A)-enriched mRNA, directed the synthesis of only alpha and beta subunits of thyrotropin in the reticulocyte lysate translation system. Analysis of radioiodinated 9S mRNA, repurified by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation, yielded two species of RNA on urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major RNA species contained 620 nucleotides, and the minor RNA species contained 560 nucleotides. Unlabeled 9S mRNA was further purified by urea/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the mRNAs were separately eluted from slices of the gel containing material migrating with an apparent length of 620 and 560 nucleotides. Translation of these mRNAs in the reticulocyte lysate showed that the longer mRNA coded for the alpha subunit and the shorter mRNA coded for the beta subunit of mouse thyrotropin. Because more alpha than beta subunit of thyrotropin was consistently synthesized, unbalanced amounts of thyrotropin subunits appear to be synthesized by translation of unbalanced amounts of individual mRNAs. We have demonstrated that the synthesis of thyrotropin is directed by two separate mRNA molecules, each coding for a different subunit of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:291042", "title": "In vivo distribution and turnover of fluorescently labeled actin microinjected into human fibroblasts.", "content": "Graessmann's microinjection technique was chosen to introduce fluorescently labeled muscle actin and other proteins into WI-38 human fibroblasts. The injected cells were examined during culture by fluorescence and reflection contrast microscopy. Within 30 min after injection, rhodamine-labeled actin was incorporated into a distinct network of fluorescent filaments, resembling the stress fibers observed by classical immunofluorescence microscopy. Cytochalasin b prevented the formation of these fibers, but colchicine did not. Neighboring fibers often converged into distinct focal points that appeared to be concentrated near the base of the cell. Examination of these fluorescent fibers and focal points by reflection contrast microscopy confirmed their close location to the substratum. After 6 hr of culture, fluorescent actin and the control proteins were segregated into granules located mainly near the cell nucleus. Thus, the injected actin both enters the intrinsic actin pool and participates in an assembly and disassembly of filamentous structures. Segregation into granules traces the natural turnover of this protein within the cell.", "contents": "In vivo distribution and turnover of fluorescently labeled actin microinjected into human fibroblasts. Graessmann's microinjection technique was chosen to introduce fluorescently labeled muscle actin and other proteins into WI-38 human fibroblasts. The injected cells were examined during culture by fluorescence and reflection contrast microscopy. Within 30 min after injection, rhodamine-labeled actin was incorporated into a distinct network of fluorescent filaments, resembling the stress fibers observed by classical immunofluorescence microscopy. Cytochalasin b prevented the formation of these fibers, but colchicine did not. Neighboring fibers often converged into distinct focal points that appeared to be concentrated near the base of the cell. Examination of these fluorescent fibers and focal points by reflection contrast microscopy confirmed their close location to the substratum. After 6 hr of culture, fluorescent actin and the control proteins were segregated into granules located mainly near the cell nucleus. Thus, the injected actin both enters the intrinsic actin pool and participates in an assembly and disassembly of filamentous structures. Segregation into granules traces the natural turnover of this protein within the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:291043", "title": "Primary structure of the NH2-terminal extra piece of the precursor to human placental lactogen.", "content": "The cell-free translation product of human placental lactogen mRNA is a precursor molecule larger than the mature hormone that circulates in plasma. To determine the structure of pre-placental lactogen, the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction of term placenta was isolated and translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. The mRNA programmed the synthesis of a major protein, 3000 daltons larger than placental lactogen, that was specifically precipitated by hormone antibodies. The immunoprecipitated protein was labeled separately with 20 radioactive amino acids and subjected to sequence analysis. The results showed the synthesis of pre-placental lactogen in which an extra piece 25 residues long preceded the NH2 terminus of the mature protein. The structure of the extra piece is as follows: Met-Pro-Gly-Ser-Arg-Thr-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ala-Phe-Ala-Leu-Leu-Cys-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-. Met1 is the initiator residue because only initiator [35S]Met-tRNAMet1, but not internal [35S]Met-tRNA2Met, donated NH2-terminal methionine. The structure of the extra piece showed little homology with that of unrelated hormones but striking homology (64%) with the extra piece of rat pre-growth hormone. Most amino acid substitutions involved a single base change in the codon. Mature human placental lactogen and rat growth hormone have 59% homology in sequence. Thus, our findings provide additional evidence to support the common evolutionary origin of these hormones, not only of the mature proteins but also of the extra piece segments.", "contents": "Primary structure of the NH2-terminal extra piece of the precursor to human placental lactogen. The cell-free translation product of human placental lactogen mRNA is a precursor molecule larger than the mature hormone that circulates in plasma. To determine the structure of pre-placental lactogen, the poly(A)-rich RNA fraction of term placenta was isolated and translated in a wheat germ cell-free system. The mRNA programmed the synthesis of a major protein, 3000 daltons larger than placental lactogen, that was specifically precipitated by hormone antibodies. The immunoprecipitated protein was labeled separately with 20 radioactive amino acids and subjected to sequence analysis. The results showed the synthesis of pre-placental lactogen in which an extra piece 25 residues long preceded the NH2 terminus of the mature protein. The structure of the extra piece is as follows: Met-Pro-Gly-Ser-Arg-Thr-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ala-Phe-Ala-Leu-Leu-Cys-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-. Met1 is the initiator residue because only initiator [35S]Met-tRNAMet1, but not internal [35S]Met-tRNA2Met, donated NH2-terminal methionine. The structure of the extra piece showed little homology with that of unrelated hormones but striking homology (64%) with the extra piece of rat pre-growth hormone. Most amino acid substitutions involved a single base change in the codon. Mature human placental lactogen and rat growth hormone have 59% homology in sequence. Thus, our findings provide additional evidence to support the common evolutionary origin of these hormones, not only of the mature proteins but also of the extra piece segments."}
{"id": "PMID:291044", "title": "Quantum chemical calculations of model systems for ascorbic acid adducts with Schiff bases of lysine side chains: possibility of internal charge transfer in proteins.", "content": "Ab initio self-consistent field calculations for neutral and cationic ascorbic acid and model compounds have been performed. Furthermore, the bicyclic addition products of alpha-hydroxytetronic acid with methylglyoxal and with the Schiff base formed between methylglyoxal and methylamine have been calculated, again in their neutral and cationic forms, respectively. The results indicate that the investigated cations can act as strong electron acceptors. With the help of space-filling molecular models it has been demonstrated that such conformations of the Schiff base formed between the primary amino group of lysine side chains in proteins and the ascorbic acid methylglyoxal acetal are possible in which the lactone carbonyl group comes near to the N atoms of the peptide groups, so that charge can be transferred between these subunits.", "contents": "Quantum chemical calculations of model systems for ascorbic acid adducts with Schiff bases of lysine side chains: possibility of internal charge transfer in proteins. Ab initio self-consistent field calculations for neutral and cationic ascorbic acid and model compounds have been performed. Furthermore, the bicyclic addition products of alpha-hydroxytetronic acid with methylglyoxal and with the Schiff base formed between methylglyoxal and methylamine have been calculated, again in their neutral and cationic forms, respectively. The results indicate that the investigated cations can act as strong electron acceptors. With the help of space-filling molecular models it has been demonstrated that such conformations of the Schiff base formed between the primary amino group of lysine side chains in proteins and the ascorbic acid methylglyoxal acetal are possible in which the lactone carbonyl group comes near to the N atoms of the peptide groups, so that charge can be transferred between these subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:291045", "title": "Pore formation in lipid membranes by alamethicin.", "content": "The conformation of the linear peptide antibiotic alamethicin in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayers was investigated in the absence of an electric field by means of infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Alamethicin was found to be incorporated into the lipid membrane not only in the dry state but also in an aqueous environment. Its molecular conformation, however, changed from a helix when dry to an extended chain when aqueous. The extended chain aggregated to di- and multimers spanning the lipid bilayer. The equilibrium concentration of alamethicin in the surrounding water was 90 nM, which is in the range of concentrations used in black film experiments. The corresponding molar ratio of lipid to peptide was 80:1. Concerning the molecular mechanism of electric field-induced pore formation, one has to conclude that the dipole model proposed by several authors is very unlikely because it is based on the assumption that the major part of alamethicin is adsorbed on the membrane surface, from which small amounts flip into the membrane under the influence of an electric field. An alternative mechanism is proposed, based on a field-induced conformational change of the peptide from the extended state to a helix. This transition is favored by the resulting dipole moment of the alamethicin helix.", "contents": "Pore formation in lipid membranes by alamethicin. The conformation of the linear peptide antibiotic alamethicin in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine multilayers was investigated in the absence of an electric field by means of infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. Alamethicin was found to be incorporated into the lipid membrane not only in the dry state but also in an aqueous environment. Its molecular conformation, however, changed from a helix when dry to an extended chain when aqueous. The extended chain aggregated to di- and multimers spanning the lipid bilayer. The equilibrium concentration of alamethicin in the surrounding water was 90 nM, which is in the range of concentrations used in black film experiments. The corresponding molar ratio of lipid to peptide was 80:1. Concerning the molecular mechanism of electric field-induced pore formation, one has to conclude that the dipole model proposed by several authors is very unlikely because it is based on the assumption that the major part of alamethicin is adsorbed on the membrane surface, from which small amounts flip into the membrane under the influence of an electric field. An alternative mechanism is proposed, based on a field-induced conformational change of the peptide from the extended state to a helix. This transition is favored by the resulting dipole moment of the alamethicin helix."}
{"id": "PMID:291046", "title": "On the molecular basis for chemomechanical energy transduction in muscle.", "content": "Herein it is developed that energy transduction in muscle is an activity of myosin S-1 and its ligands, actin (A) and nucleotide (N). S-1 shares with other molecular particles (e.g., hemoglobin) the property that binding events at one of its sites, the N-site, influences binding events at a remote site, the A site (specifically, influences both the actin affinity and actin attachment angle at the A site). However, there is a crucial difference between S-1 and the better-known systems. Because the N site is enzymatic, it has a temporal sequence of occupants; this imposes a temporal sequence of actin attitudes--i.e., a sequence of mechanical events.", "contents": "On the molecular basis for chemomechanical energy transduction in muscle. Herein it is developed that energy transduction in muscle is an activity of myosin S-1 and its ligands, actin (A) and nucleotide (N). S-1 shares with other molecular particles (e.g., hemoglobin) the property that binding events at one of its sites, the N-site, influences binding events at a remote site, the A site (specifically, influences both the actin affinity and actin attachment angle at the A site). However, there is a crucial difference between S-1 and the better-known systems. Because the N site is enzymatic, it has a temporal sequence of occupants; this imposes a temporal sequence of actin attitudes--i.e., a sequence of mechanical events."}
{"id": "PMID:291047", "title": "Coexistence of desmin and the fibroblastic intermediate filament subunit in muscle and nonmuscle cells: identification and comparative peptide analysis.", "content": "Extraction of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with 1% Triton X-100 and 0.6 M KCl leaves an insoluble cytoskeletal residue composed primarily of the 52,000 Mr subunit of intermediate filaments (F-IFP). In addition, CEF cytoskeletons exhibit a minor component with Mr of 50,000, identified as alpha-desmin, one of the two major isoelectric variants of the intermediate filament subunit from smooth muscle. BHK cytoskeletons contain the 50,000 Mr mammalian desmin variant. Cytoskeletons prepared from chicken embryonic myotubes contain F-IFP and both alpha- and beta-desmin. These data suggest that two distinct 10-nm filament subunits coexist in a single cell. One-dimensional peptide analysis of F-IFP and desmin from avian and mammalian cells reveals significant interspecies homology, as well as homology between F-IFP and desmin from the same species. Peptide analyses of 32P-labeled intermediate filament subunits suggest that there is considerable similarity in the phosphorylation sites of these proteins. These results indicate that F-IFP and desmin might be evolutionally related.", "contents": "Coexistence of desmin and the fibroblastic intermediate filament subunit in muscle and nonmuscle cells: identification and comparative peptide analysis. Extraction of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) or baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with 1% Triton X-100 and 0.6 M KCl leaves an insoluble cytoskeletal residue composed primarily of the 52,000 Mr subunit of intermediate filaments (F-IFP). In addition, CEF cytoskeletons exhibit a minor component with Mr of 50,000, identified as alpha-desmin, one of the two major isoelectric variants of the intermediate filament subunit from smooth muscle. BHK cytoskeletons contain the 50,000 Mr mammalian desmin variant. Cytoskeletons prepared from chicken embryonic myotubes contain F-IFP and both alpha- and beta-desmin. These data suggest that two distinct 10-nm filament subunits coexist in a single cell. One-dimensional peptide analysis of F-IFP and desmin from avian and mammalian cells reveals significant interspecies homology, as well as homology between F-IFP and desmin from the same species. Peptide analyses of 32P-labeled intermediate filament subunits suggest that there is considerable similarity in the phosphorylation sites of these proteins. These results indicate that F-IFP and desmin might be evolutionally related."}
{"id": "PMID:291048", "title": "Modulation of plasminogen activator secretion by activated macrophages: influence of serum factors and correlation with tumoricidal potential.", "content": "A high molecular weight fraction of human serum (Fr-1) was found to both inhibit macrophage tumoricidal activity and enhance plasminogen activator activity in supernates over activated macrophages in vitro. Conversely, a 40- to 90-kilodalton serine esterase (Fr-3) also found in normal human serum and endotoxin enhanced tumoricidal potential and suppressed the supernatant plasminogen activator activity. Inactivation of either Fr-1 or Fr-3 by 2-mercaptoethanol or diisopropyl fluorophosphate, respectively, abolished both biologic effects. Examination of cell-associated and culture medium plasminogen activator activity before and after acidification to inactivate proteinase inhibitors indicated that suppression of plasminogen activator activity by Fr-3 or endotoxin most likely represents modulation of macrophage plasminogen activator secretion. The findings demonstrate that activated macrophages are capable of highly coordinated biologic responses to alterations in their microenvironment and suggest that it is in fact the high potential for such responsiveness that reliably characterizes the activated macrophage. The results also suggest that an endogenous regulatory system dependent on the interaction of serine esterases may operate to regulate the functional capabilities of activated macrophages.", "contents": "Modulation of plasminogen activator secretion by activated macrophages: influence of serum factors and correlation with tumoricidal potential. A high molecular weight fraction of human serum (Fr-1) was found to both inhibit macrophage tumoricidal activity and enhance plasminogen activator activity in supernates over activated macrophages in vitro. Conversely, a 40- to 90-kilodalton serine esterase (Fr-3) also found in normal human serum and endotoxin enhanced tumoricidal potential and suppressed the supernatant plasminogen activator activity. Inactivation of either Fr-1 or Fr-3 by 2-mercaptoethanol or diisopropyl fluorophosphate, respectively, abolished both biologic effects. Examination of cell-associated and culture medium plasminogen activator activity before and after acidification to inactivate proteinase inhibitors indicated that suppression of plasminogen activator activity by Fr-3 or endotoxin most likely represents modulation of macrophage plasminogen activator secretion. The findings demonstrate that activated macrophages are capable of highly coordinated biologic responses to alterations in their microenvironment and suggest that it is in fact the high potential for such responsiveness that reliably characterizes the activated macrophage. The results also suggest that an endogenous regulatory system dependent on the interaction of serine esterases may operate to regulate the functional capabilities of activated macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:291049", "title": "Major intracellular cations and growth control: correspondence among magnesium content, protein synthesis, and the onset of DNA synthesis in BALB/c3T3 cells.", "content": "Omission of Ca(2+) from the medium of confluent BALB/c3T3 cells for a period of 17 hr causes a large decrease in the number of cells synthesizing DNA. This effect is reversed by raising the Mg(2+) concentration of the medium to 20 mM. However, if the [Mg(2+)] is greater than 20 mM (\"ultra-high\" Mg(2+)), there is again a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing DNA. The synthesis of protein has a similar dependence on Mg(2+) concentration in Ca(2+)-deficient medium, but it responds within 45 min of the shift in cation concentrations rather than the 10 hr that is required for the change in DNA synthesis to become apparent. Cells in the ultrahigh Mg(2+) concentrations that are at first inhibitory to protein synthesis later return to maximal protein synthesis. This delayed increase in protein synthesis is reflected in a delayed increase in DNA synthesis. Intracellular concentrations of Mg(2+) in Ca(2+)-deficient media increase in proportion to extracellular Mg(2+) concentrations. Cells in medium with 30 mM Mg(2+) have a high intracellular content of Mg(2+) at 3 hr but have decreased their intracellular content by 17 hr, a time at which protein synthesis has been restored to normal. Intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations also change in Ca(2+)-deficient medium, but independent variation of these ions shows that protein synthesis is relatively insensitive to their concentration. Intracellular Ca(2+) remains fairly constant under all these conditions. The rate of protein synthesis of intact cells changes as a function of intracellular Mg(2+) content in a manner very similar to that which has been reported for cell-free systems. We conclude that protein synthesis is very sensitive to small changes in intracellular [Mg(2+)] within physiological range and that the onset of DNA synthesis is dependent on the rate of protein synthesis. Regulation of the availability of Mg(2+) within the cell therefore presents a plausible mechanism for growth control.", "contents": "Major intracellular cations and growth control: correspondence among magnesium content, protein synthesis, and the onset of DNA synthesis in BALB/c3T3 cells. Omission of Ca(2+) from the medium of confluent BALB/c3T3 cells for a period of 17 hr causes a large decrease in the number of cells synthesizing DNA. This effect is reversed by raising the Mg(2+) concentration of the medium to 20 mM. However, if the [Mg(2+)] is greater than 20 mM (\"ultra-high\" Mg(2+)), there is again a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing DNA. The synthesis of protein has a similar dependence on Mg(2+) concentration in Ca(2+)-deficient medium, but it responds within 45 min of the shift in cation concentrations rather than the 10 hr that is required for the change in DNA synthesis to become apparent. Cells in the ultrahigh Mg(2+) concentrations that are at first inhibitory to protein synthesis later return to maximal protein synthesis. This delayed increase in protein synthesis is reflected in a delayed increase in DNA synthesis. Intracellular concentrations of Mg(2+) in Ca(2+)-deficient media increase in proportion to extracellular Mg(2+) concentrations. Cells in medium with 30 mM Mg(2+) have a high intracellular content of Mg(2+) at 3 hr but have decreased their intracellular content by 17 hr, a time at which protein synthesis has been restored to normal. Intracellular Na(+) and K(+) concentrations also change in Ca(2+)-deficient medium, but independent variation of these ions shows that protein synthesis is relatively insensitive to their concentration. Intracellular Ca(2+) remains fairly constant under all these conditions. The rate of protein synthesis of intact cells changes as a function of intracellular Mg(2+) content in a manner very similar to that which has been reported for cell-free systems. We conclude that protein synthesis is very sensitive to small changes in intracellular [Mg(2+)] within physiological range and that the onset of DNA synthesis is dependent on the rate of protein synthesis. Regulation of the availability of Mg(2+) within the cell therefore presents a plausible mechanism for growth control."}
{"id": "PMID:291050", "title": "Bioenergetic pattern of turtle brain and resistance to profound loss of mitochondrial ATP generation.", "content": "The adaptations in the freshwater turtle that permit survival despite prolonged loss of mitochondrial ATP generation were investigated by comparing the bioenergetics of turtle brain slices with rat brain slices. Aerobic turtle brain shows no significant difference in basal levels of total ATP generation compared to rat brain; levels in turtle brain and rat brain were 18.4 +/- 2.8 (SD) and 19.4 +/- 2.2 mumol (100 mg of tissue)-1 hr-1, respectively. However, in turtle brain, a significantly greater fraction of ATP is derived from glycolysis both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions [aerobic turtle (24%) and rat (13%), P less than 0.02; anaerobic, turtle (28%) and rat (18%), P less than 0.05]. The increased glycolytic capacity is related to high levels of rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). Turtle brain operates close to glycolytic capacity even under aerobic conditions, and no Pasteur effect can be demonstrated. Quantitatively, anaerobic glycolysis accounts for a maximum of 28% of basal aerobic ATP generation, suggesting that prolonged diving is also accompanied by a reduction in brain energy requirements. The adaptation subserving short-term (natural) diving is an increase in brain glycolytic capacity. The adaptation subserving prolonged diving (days to weeks) may be a reduction in the energy requirements of brain (and other cells).", "contents": "Bioenergetic pattern of turtle brain and resistance to profound loss of mitochondrial ATP generation. The adaptations in the freshwater turtle that permit survival despite prolonged loss of mitochondrial ATP generation were investigated by comparing the bioenergetics of turtle brain slices with rat brain slices. Aerobic turtle brain shows no significant difference in basal levels of total ATP generation compared to rat brain; levels in turtle brain and rat brain were 18.4 +/- 2.8 (SD) and 19.4 +/- 2.2 mumol (100 mg of tissue)-1 hr-1, respectively. However, in turtle brain, a significantly greater fraction of ATP is derived from glycolysis both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions [aerobic turtle (24%) and rat (13%), P less than 0.02; anaerobic, turtle (28%) and rat (18%), P less than 0.05]. The increased glycolytic capacity is related to high levels of rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). Turtle brain operates close to glycolytic capacity even under aerobic conditions, and no Pasteur effect can be demonstrated. Quantitatively, anaerobic glycolysis accounts for a maximum of 28% of basal aerobic ATP generation, suggesting that prolonged diving is also accompanied by a reduction in brain energy requirements. The adaptation subserving short-term (natural) diving is an increase in brain glycolytic capacity. The adaptation subserving prolonged diving (days to weeks) may be a reduction in the energy requirements of brain (and other cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:291051", "title": "Postreplication repair: questions of its definition and possible alteration in xeroderma pigmentosum cell strains.", "content": "DNA synthesis in normal cells and in excision-defective and variant xeroderma pigmentosum cells was investigated after irradiation with ultraviolet light. The sizes of DNA synthesized during brief pulses of [3H]thymidine 1-2 hr after irradiation were decreased, the xeroderma pigmentosum variant showing the smallest molecular weight. Once synthesized, however, labeled DNA increased in size at the same rat as control in all cell strains, and the rate was relatively insensitive to caffeine. After 2-3 hr, labeled DNA in each cell type reached a maximum size that was less than that in control cells, indicating the presence of long-lived blocks to DNA chain growth. This kind of experiment (pulse-chase) has in the past been used to investigate a repair process believed to be associated with the bypass of damaged sites in parental DNA: postreplication repair. We present an alternative model that does not involve a specific postreplication repair mechanism, but involve a specific postreplication repair mechanism, but involves normal chain elongation and termination mechanisms in which we conceive that dimers and other damaged sites act as well-or-nothing blocks to the progress of replication forks. No evidence could be found for any inducible process that enhanced the bypass of damaged sites.", "contents": "Postreplication repair: questions of its definition and possible alteration in xeroderma pigmentosum cell strains. DNA synthesis in normal cells and in excision-defective and variant xeroderma pigmentosum cells was investigated after irradiation with ultraviolet light. The sizes of DNA synthesized during brief pulses of [3H]thymidine 1-2 hr after irradiation were decreased, the xeroderma pigmentosum variant showing the smallest molecular weight. Once synthesized, however, labeled DNA increased in size at the same rat as control in all cell strains, and the rate was relatively insensitive to caffeine. After 2-3 hr, labeled DNA in each cell type reached a maximum size that was less than that in control cells, indicating the presence of long-lived blocks to DNA chain growth. This kind of experiment (pulse-chase) has in the past been used to investigate a repair process believed to be associated with the bypass of damaged sites in parental DNA: postreplication repair. We present an alternative model that does not involve a specific postreplication repair mechanism, but involve a specific postreplication repair mechanism, but involves normal chain elongation and termination mechanisms in which we conceive that dimers and other damaged sites act as well-or-nothing blocks to the progress of replication forks. No evidence could be found for any inducible process that enhanced the bypass of damaged sites."}
{"id": "PMID:291052", "title": "Epigenetic activation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in mouse erythroleukemia cells by the cytoplast of rat hepatoma cells.", "content": "Friend mouse erythroleukemia cells do not synthesize detectable levels of phenylalanine hydroxylase [phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; L-phenylalanine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.1] and hence are unable to grow in medium totally lacking tyrosine. These cells were fused with the cytoplasts of rat hepatoma cells that synthesize phenylalanine hydroxylase constitutively. Cytoplasmic hybrids [cybrids, Bunn, C. L., Douglas, C. W. & Eisenstadt, J. M. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1681--1685] were selecte in medium without tyrosine. Cybrid clones expressed phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, which was of mouse type as determined by immunotitration and isoelectric focusing. This phenotype has been mainta ined even in the absence of any selective pressure. In contrast, in whole cell hybrids derived between the same parents, the expression of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene was totally extinguished. One interpretation of these results is that the cytoplasm of rat hepatoma cells contain a positively acting factor(s) for the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene that brings about the activation of this gene in erythroleukemia cells.", "contents": "Epigenetic activation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in mouse erythroleukemia cells by the cytoplast of rat hepatoma cells. Friend mouse erythroleukemia cells do not synthesize detectable levels of phenylalanine hydroxylase [phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; L-phenylalanine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.1] and hence are unable to grow in medium totally lacking tyrosine. These cells were fused with the cytoplasts of rat hepatoma cells that synthesize phenylalanine hydroxylase constitutively. Cytoplasmic hybrids [cybrids, Bunn, C. L., Douglas, C. W. & Eisenstadt, J. M. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1681--1685] were selecte in medium without tyrosine. Cybrid clones expressed phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, which was of mouse type as determined by immunotitration and isoelectric focusing. This phenotype has been mainta ined even in the absence of any selective pressure. In contrast, in whole cell hybrids derived between the same parents, the expression of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene was totally extinguished. One interpretation of these results is that the cytoplasm of rat hepatoma cells contain a positively acting factor(s) for the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene that brings about the activation of this gene in erythroleukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291053", "title": "Isolation and characterization of germ line DNA from mouse sperm.", "content": "Mouse germ line DNA was isolated from sperm by a physicochemical procedure that preferentially destroys contaminating somatic cell DNA. The use of reducing conditions and chelating agents in combination with phenol permitted extraction of molecular weight DNA from mature sperm nuclei with approximately 80% efficiency. Less than 0.1% somatic cell DNA contamination remained in sperm DNA prepared by this method. Germ line DNA was characterized by determination of its ultraviolet absorbance spectrum, buoyant density in cesium chloride, and melting profile on a hydroxyapatite column. Contamination by mitochondrial DNA was assessed by cesium chloride/ethidium bromide gradient centrifugation. The significance of the mouse germ line DNA isolation procedure is discussed with respect to the possible genetic transmission of mammary tumor virus and leukemia virus, the origin of antibody diversity, and the origin of testicular teratomas.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of germ line DNA from mouse sperm. Mouse germ line DNA was isolated from sperm by a physicochemical procedure that preferentially destroys contaminating somatic cell DNA. The use of reducing conditions and chelating agents in combination with phenol permitted extraction of molecular weight DNA from mature sperm nuclei with approximately 80% efficiency. Less than 0.1% somatic cell DNA contamination remained in sperm DNA prepared by this method. Germ line DNA was characterized by determination of its ultraviolet absorbance spectrum, buoyant density in cesium chloride, and melting profile on a hydroxyapatite column. Contamination by mitochondrial DNA was assessed by cesium chloride/ethidium bromide gradient centrifugation. The significance of the mouse germ line DNA isolation procedure is discussed with respect to the possible genetic transmission of mammary tumor virus and leukemia virus, the origin of antibody diversity, and the origin of testicular teratomas."}
{"id": "PMID:291054", "title": "Multiple phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 during transition of quiescent 3T3 cells into early G1, and cellular compartmentalization of the phosphate donor.", "content": "At 5 min after quiescent cells are induced to enter G1 there is a large increase in the amount of 32P incorporated into 40S ribosomal protein S6. Here we show that changes in the specific activities of 32Pi and [gamma-32P]ATP in stimulated as compared to quiescent cultures do not account for this large increase. Instead, we demonstrate by decreased electrophoretic mobility on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels that this increase is due to a quantitative increase in the total amount of phosphate incorporated into S6. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments show that the phosphate that is incorporated into S6 is metabolically stable during at least the first 60 min of induction and that the incorporation of 32P into S6 responds immediately to the replacement of 32Pi by Pi in the medium, in contrast to [gamma-32P]ATP which changes very slowly. Thus, the S6 phosphate donor must be a compartment separate from that of the total cellular ATP.", "contents": "Multiple phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 during transition of quiescent 3T3 cells into early G1, and cellular compartmentalization of the phosphate donor. At 5 min after quiescent cells are induced to enter G1 there is a large increase in the amount of 32P incorporated into 40S ribosomal protein S6. Here we show that changes in the specific activities of 32Pi and [gamma-32P]ATP in stimulated as compared to quiescent cultures do not account for this large increase. Instead, we demonstrate by decreased electrophoretic mobility on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels that this increase is due to a quantitative increase in the total amount of phosphate incorporated into S6. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments show that the phosphate that is incorporated into S6 is metabolically stable during at least the first 60 min of induction and that the incorporation of 32P into S6 responds immediately to the replacement of 32Pi by Pi in the medium, in contrast to [gamma-32P]ATP which changes very slowly. Thus, the S6 phosphate donor must be a compartment separate from that of the total cellular ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:291055", "title": "Transcription of spacer sequences in genes coding for ribosomal RNA in Xenopus cells.", "content": "Untreated Xenopus cells synthesize RNA is increased and some sequences complementary to those of the nontranscribed spacer are found in the heavy shoulder of the 40S precursor rRNA peak. In such events transcription initiation seems to take place within the spacer because its middle and right BamHI endonuclease fragments are preferentially transcribed, whereas only few RNA sequences complementary to the left spacer fragment are found. It is concluded that at least some spacer regions contain promoters for transcription and can be transcribed either into a special class of \"spacer transcripts\" or into molecules covalently linked to rRNA precursor.", "contents": "Transcription of spacer sequences in genes coding for ribosomal RNA in Xenopus cells. Untreated Xenopus cells synthesize RNA is increased and some sequences complementary to those of the nontranscribed spacer are found in the heavy shoulder of the 40S precursor rRNA peak. In such events transcription initiation seems to take place within the spacer because its middle and right BamHI endonuclease fragments are preferentially transcribed, whereas only few RNA sequences complementary to the left spacer fragment are found. It is concluded that at least some spacer regions contain promoters for transcription and can be transcribed either into a special class of \"spacer transcripts\" or into molecules covalently linked to rRNA precursor."}
{"id": "PMID:291056", "title": "Microinjection of fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin into living fibroblasts.", "content": "alpha-Actinin from chicken gizzard labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate has been incorporated into living fibroblast cells by microinjection. Fluorescent labeling of alpha-actinin was carried out such that the conjugated protein was functional in vitro as shown by its ability to bind to F-actin. Within 1-2 hr after injection, diffuse fluorescence was observed throughout the cytoplasm and only faint fluorescence was apparently associated with the stress fibers. During the ensuing 2-15 hr, however, most of the fluorescence was seen as periodicities along the stress fibers and as foci of the microfilament polygonal networks. This distribution of alpha-actinin in the living cells was strikingly similar to that found by indirect immunofluorescence localization of endogenous alpha-actinin in fixed samples of the same cell type. Control studies in which heat-treated (100 degrees C, 2 min) fluorescent alpha-actinin or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate alone was injected into the cells indicated that the stress fiber and polygonal network labeling was specific for \"native\" fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin. These results suggest that the dynamic properties of proteins and structures in cultured mammalian cells can be studied with the use of microinjection and fluorescence microscopic techniques.", "contents": "Microinjection of fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin into living fibroblasts. alpha-Actinin from chicken gizzard labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate has been incorporated into living fibroblast cells by microinjection. Fluorescent labeling of alpha-actinin was carried out such that the conjugated protein was functional in vitro as shown by its ability to bind to F-actin. Within 1-2 hr after injection, diffuse fluorescence was observed throughout the cytoplasm and only faint fluorescence was apparently associated with the stress fibers. During the ensuing 2-15 hr, however, most of the fluorescence was seen as periodicities along the stress fibers and as foci of the microfilament polygonal networks. This distribution of alpha-actinin in the living cells was strikingly similar to that found by indirect immunofluorescence localization of endogenous alpha-actinin in fixed samples of the same cell type. Control studies in which heat-treated (100 degrees C, 2 min) fluorescent alpha-actinin or tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate alone was injected into the cells indicated that the stress fiber and polygonal network labeling was specific for \"native\" fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin. These results suggest that the dynamic properties of proteins and structures in cultured mammalian cells can be studied with the use of microinjection and fluorescence microscopic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:291057", "title": "Segregation of pre-stalk and pre-spore cells of Dictyostelium discoideum: observations consistent with selective cell cohesion.", "content": "Aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum cells were dissociated and separated into two populations, pre-stalk and pre-spore cells, by centrifugation in a Percoll gradient. After harvesting, one population of cells was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the other with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Equal numbers of the two cell populations were then mixed and observed while they aggregated and differentiated to form fruiting bodies. Within minutes after mixing, the two populations showed evidence of segregation and tended to form separate streams of cells as they migrated toward aggregation centers. Many separate clusters of tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled or fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled cells were found within an aggregation center. Thereafter there was further segregation. The denser cells from the gradient tended to assume the position of stalk cells whereas the lighter cells migrated to the position characteristic of spore cells. The patterns of segregation suggest that selective cohesiveness of one or both cell types plays a role in morphogenesis.", "contents": "Segregation of pre-stalk and pre-spore cells of Dictyostelium discoideum: observations consistent with selective cell cohesion. Aggregating Dictyostelium discoideum cells were dissociated and separated into two populations, pre-stalk and pre-spore cells, by centrifugation in a Percoll gradient. After harvesting, one population of cells was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and the other with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. Equal numbers of the two cell populations were then mixed and observed while they aggregated and differentiated to form fruiting bodies. Within minutes after mixing, the two populations showed evidence of segregation and tended to form separate streams of cells as they migrated toward aggregation centers. Many separate clusters of tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled or fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled cells were found within an aggregation center. Thereafter there was further segregation. The denser cells from the gradient tended to assume the position of stalk cells whereas the lighter cells migrated to the position characteristic of spore cells. The patterns of segregation suggest that selective cohesiveness of one or both cell types plays a role in morphogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:291058", "title": "Ultraviolet light induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts.", "content": "The UV induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTr) mutants in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts has been quantitatively characterized. A concentration of diphtheria toxin at which DTr cells are cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was determined and used in the selection of resistant mutants. Recovery of mutants was not influenced by the presence of wild-type cell densities of 1-8 x 10(5) per 9-cm plate, indicating no metabolic cooperation exists, in contrast to what is seen in the selection of some other variant phenotypes. Expression periods for UV-induced mutations differed with the severity of mutagen treatment and cell strain used. A relatively long (10-15 days after UV treatment) expression period was required for the maximum recovery of DTr mutants. Maximum recovery was followed by a decrease in mutation frequency on subsequent days evaluated. An apparent linear dose response within the dose range used was observed for UV-induced mutations in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. Our results indicate that xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts have higher UV-induced mutation frequencies per unit UV dose but similar frequencies per unit survival compared to normal cells within the range of UV doses tested.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts. The UV induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTr) mutants in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts has been quantitatively characterized. A concentration of diphtheria toxin at which DTr cells are cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was determined and used in the selection of resistant mutants. Recovery of mutants was not influenced by the presence of wild-type cell densities of 1-8 x 10(5) per 9-cm plate, indicating no metabolic cooperation exists, in contrast to what is seen in the selection of some other variant phenotypes. Expression periods for UV-induced mutations differed with the severity of mutagen treatment and cell strain used. A relatively long (10-15 days after UV treatment) expression period was required for the maximum recovery of DTr mutants. Maximum recovery was followed by a decrease in mutation frequency on subsequent days evaluated. An apparent linear dose response within the dose range used was observed for UV-induced mutations in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. Our results indicate that xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts have higher UV-induced mutation frequencies per unit UV dose but similar frequencies per unit survival compared to normal cells within the range of UV doses tested."}
{"id": "PMID:291059", "title": "Origins of metabolic diversity: evolutionary divergence by sequence repetition.", "content": "Recurring patterns of primary structure have been observed in enzymes that mediate sequential metabolic reactions in bacteria. The enzymes, muconolactone Delta-isomerase [(+)-4-hydroxy-4-carboxymethylisocrotonolactone Delta(2)-Delta(3)-isomerase, EC 5.3.3.4] and beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase [4-carboxymethylbut-3-enolide(1,4)enol-lactone-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.24], have been coselected in bacterial populations because the isomerase can confer no nutritional advantage in the absence of the hydrolase. Similar amino acid sequences recur within the structure of the isomerase, and the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the isomerase from Pseudomonas putida appears to be evolutionarily homologous with the corresponding sequence of a beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. One interpretation of the sequence repetitions is that they reflect tandem duplication mutations that took place early in the evolution of the proteins. According to this view, the mutations caused elongation of structural genes and the creation of duplicated genes as the metabolic pathways evolved. A review of the sequence data calls attention to a different hypothesis: repeated amino acid sequences were introduced in the course of the proteins' evolution by substitution of copies of DNA sequences into structural genes. Our observations are interpreted on the basis of a model proposing genetic exchange between misaligned DNA sequences. The model predicts that misalignments in one chromosomal region can influence the nature of mutations in another region. Thus, as often has been observed, the mutability of a base pair will be determined by its location in a DNA sequence. Furthermore, the intrachromosomal recombination of DNA sequences may account for complex genetic modifications that occur as new pathways evolve. The model provides an interpretation of an apparent paradox, the rapid creation of new metabolic traits by bacterial genomes that are remarkably resistant to genetic drift.", "contents": "Origins of metabolic diversity: evolutionary divergence by sequence repetition. Recurring patterns of primary structure have been observed in enzymes that mediate sequential metabolic reactions in bacteria. The enzymes, muconolactone Delta-isomerase [(+)-4-hydroxy-4-carboxymethylisocrotonolactone Delta(2)-Delta(3)-isomerase, EC 5.3.3.4] and beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase [4-carboxymethylbut-3-enolide(1,4)enol-lactone-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.24], have been coselected in bacterial populations because the isomerase can confer no nutritional advantage in the absence of the hydrolase. Similar amino acid sequences recur within the structure of the isomerase, and the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the isomerase from Pseudomonas putida appears to be evolutionarily homologous with the corresponding sequence of a beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. One interpretation of the sequence repetitions is that they reflect tandem duplication mutations that took place early in the evolution of the proteins. According to this view, the mutations caused elongation of structural genes and the creation of duplicated genes as the metabolic pathways evolved. A review of the sequence data calls attention to a different hypothesis: repeated amino acid sequences were introduced in the course of the proteins' evolution by substitution of copies of DNA sequences into structural genes. Our observations are interpreted on the basis of a model proposing genetic exchange between misaligned DNA sequences. The model predicts that misalignments in one chromosomal region can influence the nature of mutations in another region. Thus, as often has been observed, the mutability of a base pair will be determined by its location in a DNA sequence. Furthermore, the intrachromosomal recombination of DNA sequences may account for complex genetic modifications that occur as new pathways evolve. The model provides an interpretation of an apparent paradox, the rapid creation of new metabolic traits by bacterial genomes that are remarkably resistant to genetic drift."}
{"id": "PMID:291060", "title": "Population genetics of multigene family with special reference to decrease of genetic correlation with distance between gene members on a chromosome.", "content": "A mathematical method is developed which enables us to treat exactly the process of coincidental evolution under mutation, unequal intrachromosomal crossing-over as well as ordinary crossing-over between homologous chromosomes in a finite population of the effective size N. It makes use of finite difference equations involving two quantities denoted by fi and phi i, in which fi is the identity coefficient of two gene members that are i steps apart on the same chromosome and phi i is that of two members i steps apart on two homologous chromosomes. When the number of genes (n) per family is large, the finite difference equations can be approximately by ordinary second-order differential equations which can then be solved analytically. Results obtained by the present method are compared with the corresponding results previously obtained by one of us (T.O.) using conventional diffusion models of gene frequency changes in population genetics. It is shown that the previous results obtained by T.O. regarding second-order statistics are essentially valid, and they give good approximations particularly when N beta is small, where beta is the rate of ordinary interchromosomal crossing-over within the multigene family.", "contents": "Population genetics of multigene family with special reference to decrease of genetic correlation with distance between gene members on a chromosome. A mathematical method is developed which enables us to treat exactly the process of coincidental evolution under mutation, unequal intrachromosomal crossing-over as well as ordinary crossing-over between homologous chromosomes in a finite population of the effective size N. It makes use of finite difference equations involving two quantities denoted by fi and phi i, in which fi is the identity coefficient of two gene members that are i steps apart on the same chromosome and phi i is that of two members i steps apart on two homologous chromosomes. When the number of genes (n) per family is large, the finite difference equations can be approximately by ordinary second-order differential equations which can then be solved analytically. Results obtained by the present method are compared with the corresponding results previously obtained by one of us (T.O.) using conventional diffusion models of gene frequency changes in population genetics. It is shown that the previous results obtained by T.O. regarding second-order statistics are essentially valid, and they give good approximations particularly when N beta is small, where beta is the rate of ordinary interchromosomal crossing-over within the multigene family."}
{"id": "PMID:291061", "title": "Human cell lines expressing intestinal alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "At least three loci determine human alkaline phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1]: one coding for the placental form of the enzyme, at least one coding for the intestinal forms, and at least one for the liver, bone, and kidney forms. The alkaline phosphatase in cell line D98/AH-2 has been characterized by inhibition, thermostability, and electrophoretic studies. It is intestinal in type and resembles the fetal intestinal form somewhat more closely than the adult intestinal form. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was found in the related cell lines Detroit 98, D98/S, and D98/AH-R. No placental alkaline phosphatase could be detected in any of these cell lines. This series of cell lines are believed, on the basis of earlier investigations, to be HeLa in origin but other HeLa cell lines show placental alkaline phosphatase. Loss of expression of the placental alkaline phosphatase locus probably occurred prior to the separation of Detroit-98 from the lineage leading to other HeLa cell lines and this has persisted in the Detroit-98 derivatives D98/AH-2, D98/S, and D98/AH-R. Another possibility is that placental alkaline phosphatase expression only appeared in the HeLa lineage subsequent to the separation of Detroit-98.", "contents": "Human cell lines expressing intestinal alkaline phosphatase. At least three loci determine human alkaline phosphatases [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1]: one coding for the placental form of the enzyme, at least one coding for the intestinal forms, and at least one for the liver, bone, and kidney forms. The alkaline phosphatase in cell line D98/AH-2 has been characterized by inhibition, thermostability, and electrophoretic studies. It is intestinal in type and resembles the fetal intestinal form somewhat more closely than the adult intestinal form. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was found in the related cell lines Detroit 98, D98/S, and D98/AH-R. No placental alkaline phosphatase could be detected in any of these cell lines. This series of cell lines are believed, on the basis of earlier investigations, to be HeLa in origin but other HeLa cell lines show placental alkaline phosphatase. Loss of expression of the placental alkaline phosphatase locus probably occurred prior to the separation of Detroit-98 from the lineage leading to other HeLa cell lines and this has persisted in the Detroit-98 derivatives D98/AH-2, D98/S, and D98/AH-R. Another possibility is that placental alkaline phosphatase expression only appeared in the HeLa lineage subsequent to the separation of Detroit-98."}
{"id": "PMID:291062", "title": "Crystal structure of galactan-binding mouse immunoglobulin J539 Fab at 4.5-A resolution.", "content": "An electron-density map of the mouse galactan-binding immunoglobulin J539 (IgA2,kappa) Fab has been calculated to a resolution of 4.5 A by the method of heavy atom isomorphous replacement with four derivatives. The map has been interpreted with the aid of a computer program which systematically searched for the best fit between the electron-density map and the known coordinates of individual immunoglobulin domains. The quaternary structure of J539 Fab at this resolution appears similar to that of another mouse immunoglobulin, IgA2,kappa Fab, McPC603. The model coordinates for J539 Fab should allow us to proceed directly to a high-resolution structure determination without further heavy atom isomorphous replacement.", "contents": "Crystal structure of galactan-binding mouse immunoglobulin J539 Fab at 4.5-A resolution. An electron-density map of the mouse galactan-binding immunoglobulin J539 (IgA2,kappa) Fab has been calculated to a resolution of 4.5 A by the method of heavy atom isomorphous replacement with four derivatives. The map has been interpreted with the aid of a computer program which systematically searched for the best fit between the electron-density map and the known coordinates of individual immunoglobulin domains. The quaternary structure of J539 Fab at this resolution appears similar to that of another mouse immunoglobulin, IgA2,kappa Fab, McPC603. The model coordinates for J539 Fab should allow us to proceed directly to a high-resolution structure determination without further heavy atom isomorphous replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:291063", "title": "Evaluation of a common receptor-complement concept for predicting the antileukemic activity of nucleosides.", "content": "The triangulation arrangement of one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms proposed as a requirement for antileukemic activity involving a \"common receptor-complement feature\" has been reevaluated specifically as it applies to nucleosides. This re-evaluation has resulted in a rejection of the \"receptor-complement feature\" as a working model for the a priori design of nucleosides as compounds active against leukemia L-1210.", "contents": "Evaluation of a common receptor-complement concept for predicting the antileukemic activity of nucleosides. The triangulation arrangement of one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms proposed as a requirement for antileukemic activity involving a \"common receptor-complement feature\" has been reevaluated specifically as it applies to nucleosides. This re-evaluation has resulted in a rejection of the \"receptor-complement feature\" as a working model for the a priori design of nucleosides as compounds active against leukemia L-1210."}
{"id": "PMID:291064", "title": "Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mouse lung during virus infection.", "content": "Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indoleamine: oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity in the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of mouse lung homogenate increased approximately 120-fold after infection with PR8 influenza virus. Both specific and total enzyme activities started to increase linearly from the 5th day after infection, reached the highest level around the 11th day, and then gradually decreased to normal values in about 3 weeks. Other enzymes in the lung, such as certain lysosomal enzymes and monoamine oxidase, did not change significantly throughout the experiments. The time course of the increase in the enzyme activity was quite different from that of virus replication in the lung (a peak by the 3rd day and persistence until the 9th day) or that of serum antibody content (started to rise on the 9th day). Rather, it appeared to be closely related to the infiltrations of mononuclear and lymphocytic cells. When mice were exposed to a higher dose of virus and did not recuperate, the time course of the increase of the enzyme activity was essentially identical to that seen with a low concentration of virus. A maximum stimulation of the enzyme activity in the lung occurred on the 9th day after infection; the increase was approximately 100-fold. However, serum antibody content was slight and virus titer in the lung remained high.", "contents": "Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mouse lung during virus infection. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase [indoleamine: oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity in the supernatant fraction (30,000 X g, 30 min) of mouse lung homogenate increased approximately 120-fold after infection with PR8 influenza virus. Both specific and total enzyme activities started to increase linearly from the 5th day after infection, reached the highest level around the 11th day, and then gradually decreased to normal values in about 3 weeks. Other enzymes in the lung, such as certain lysosomal enzymes and monoamine oxidase, did not change significantly throughout the experiments. The time course of the increase in the enzyme activity was quite different from that of virus replication in the lung (a peak by the 3rd day and persistence until the 9th day) or that of serum antibody content (started to rise on the 9th day). Rather, it appeared to be closely related to the infiltrations of mononuclear and lymphocytic cells. When mice were exposed to a higher dose of virus and did not recuperate, the time course of the increase of the enzyme activity was essentially identical to that seen with a low concentration of virus. A maximum stimulation of the enzyme activity in the lung occurred on the 9th day after infection; the increase was approximately 100-fold. However, serum antibody content was slight and virus titer in the lung remained high."}
{"id": "PMID:291065", "title": "Specific changes in the surface glycoprotein pattern of human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60 during morphologic and functional differentiation.", "content": "The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 can be induced to undergo morphological and functional differentiation in vitro by various low molecular weight compounds. The cellular morphology changes from blastoid appearance to that of granulocytes and the cells acquire the ability to phagocytize. We here report that the surface glycoproteins specifically change during this differentiation, as shown by the neuraminidase/galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 surface-labeling technique followed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The most prominent change is the loss of the major glycoprotein band typical for the blast cells which has an apparent molecular weight of 160,000 and the appearance of a major surface glycoprotein band with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Expression of the 130,000 molecular weight band correlates with the appearance of phagocytic and chemotactic activities of the cells. It has the same molecular weight as the major surface glycoprotein of freshly isolated human blood granulocytes.", "contents": "Specific changes in the surface glycoprotein pattern of human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60 during morphologic and functional differentiation. The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 can be induced to undergo morphological and functional differentiation in vitro by various low molecular weight compounds. The cellular morphology changes from blastoid appearance to that of granulocytes and the cells acquire the ability to phagocytize. We here report that the surface glycoproteins specifically change during this differentiation, as shown by the neuraminidase/galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 surface-labeling technique followed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The most prominent change is the loss of the major glycoprotein band typical for the blast cells which has an apparent molecular weight of 160,000 and the appearance of a major surface glycoprotein band with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Expression of the 130,000 molecular weight band correlates with the appearance of phagocytic and chemotactic activities of the cells. It has the same molecular weight as the major surface glycoprotein of freshly isolated human blood granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:291066", "title": "13-Azaprostanoic acid: a specific antagonist of the human blood platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor.", "content": "A newly synthesized 13-aza derivative of prostanoic acid (13-APA) specifically inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, prostaglandin H2, or the stable endoperoxide analog (15S)-hydroxy-9 alpha,11 alpha-)epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid. 13-APA also inhibited [14C]serotonin release in response to arachidonic acid, ADP, or thrombin, but did not inhibit primary aggregation induced by ADP or thrombin. 13-APA completely blocked prostaglandin H2-induced aggregation in indomethacin-treated resuspended platelets but did not inhibit thromboxane synthesis. We therefore conclude that 13-APA acts as a direct antagonist of the platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor.", "contents": "13-Azaprostanoic acid: a specific antagonist of the human blood platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor. A newly synthesized 13-aza derivative of prostanoic acid (13-APA) specifically inhibited human platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, prostaglandin H2, or the stable endoperoxide analog (15S)-hydroxy-9 alpha,11 alpha-)epoxymethano)-prosta-5Z,13E-dienoic acid. 13-APA also inhibited [14C]serotonin release in response to arachidonic acid, ADP, or thrombin, but did not inhibit primary aggregation induced by ADP or thrombin. 13-APA completely blocked prostaglandin H2-induced aggregation in indomethacin-treated resuspended platelets but did not inhibit thromboxane synthesis. We therefore conclude that 13-APA acts as a direct antagonist of the platelet thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:291067", "title": "Quantitation of phosphatidylcholine secretion in lung slices and primary cultures of rat lung cells.", "content": "Rat lung slices and isolated rat lung cells were used to study the secretion of phosphatidylcholine by the lung in vitro. The rate of incorporation of [(3)H]choline by lung slices was 20-fold greater than by liver slices and 4-fold greater in lung cells compared to confluent skin fibroblasts. Labeling lung slices or cells with [(3)H]choline for up to 8 hr failed to reveal a significant amount of labeled phosphatidylcholine in the medium of either system compared to the medium from liver slice or fibroblast controls. Labeling of isolated lung cells for up to 24 hr, with or without 10% fetal calf serum, also showed no significant difference in the amount of labeled phosphatidylcholine in the medium compared to control fibroblast cultures. Washing labeled lung slices or cells with a nonlysing concentration of Triton X-100 (0.05%) did not selectively release labeled phosphatidylcholine, indicating that any secreted phosphatidylcholine did not adhere to the surface of the lung slices or cells. Experiments were performed to determine whether the small amount of phosphatidylcholine in the medium and detergent-released phosphatidylcholine was similar to the tissue and cell phosphatidylcholine. The saturated fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine released by Triton X-100 and in the medium (from lung slices) was identical to that of the tissue phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the relative labeling rates of the phospholipids released by Triton X-100 and in the medium (labeled with [(14)C]glycerol) were identical to those of the tissue and cell phospholipids. Based on these results, we conclude that phosphatidylcholine is not secreted by lung slices and lung cells in large amounts compared to controls. The implication of these data is that pulmonary surfactant material may actually not be secreted by the lung in vitro, and perhaps in vivo, in the manner that is currently generally accepted.", "contents": "Quantitation of phosphatidylcholine secretion in lung slices and primary cultures of rat lung cells. Rat lung slices and isolated rat lung cells were used to study the secretion of phosphatidylcholine by the lung in vitro. The rate of incorporation of [(3)H]choline by lung slices was 20-fold greater than by liver slices and 4-fold greater in lung cells compared to confluent skin fibroblasts. Labeling lung slices or cells with [(3)H]choline for up to 8 hr failed to reveal a significant amount of labeled phosphatidylcholine in the medium of either system compared to the medium from liver slice or fibroblast controls. Labeling of isolated lung cells for up to 24 hr, with or without 10% fetal calf serum, also showed no significant difference in the amount of labeled phosphatidylcholine in the medium compared to control fibroblast cultures. Washing labeled lung slices or cells with a nonlysing concentration of Triton X-100 (0.05%) did not selectively release labeled phosphatidylcholine, indicating that any secreted phosphatidylcholine did not adhere to the surface of the lung slices or cells. Experiments were performed to determine whether the small amount of phosphatidylcholine in the medium and detergent-released phosphatidylcholine was similar to the tissue and cell phosphatidylcholine. The saturated fatty acid composition of the phosphatidylcholine released by Triton X-100 and in the medium (from lung slices) was identical to that of the tissue phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the relative labeling rates of the phospholipids released by Triton X-100 and in the medium (labeled with [(14)C]glycerol) were identical to those of the tissue and cell phospholipids. Based on these results, we conclude that phosphatidylcholine is not secreted by lung slices and lung cells in large amounts compared to controls. The implication of these data is that pulmonary surfactant material may actually not be secreted by the lung in vitro, and perhaps in vivo, in the manner that is currently generally accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:291068", "title": "Release of platelet-derived growth factor from human platelets by arachidonic acid.", "content": "Platelet alpha-granules contain a factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells and may play a role in atherogenesis. We have studied the role of arachidonic acid in mediating the release of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from human platelets. PDGF was assayed by stimulating of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of mouse 3T3 cells. Platelet aggregation and the release of platelet factor 4,beta-thromboglobulin, and serotonin were also studied. A biphasic response pattern was observed when gel-filtered platelets were incubated with arachidonate over the concentration range 0.01-0.4 mM. At low arachidonate levels (approximately 0.025-0.1 mM), specific concentration-dependent aggregation and release of PDGF and of the other components were observed. This effect was not seen with any of five other fatty acids tested and was suppressed by indomethacin (25 muM). At higher arachidonate concentrations (approximately 0.15-0.35 mM), a concentration-dependent turn-off of both aggregation and release occurred. At these concentrations the platelets remained functional, and no release of lactate dehydrogenase was observed. A similar biphasic pattern of arachidonate-induced aggregation and release was observed with platelet-rich plasma, over a similar range of arachidonate to albumin mole ratios. These studies demonstrate that PDGF and other alpha-granule constituents can be released from platelets specifically by arachidonate via an indomethacin-sensitive pathway, most probably involving the platelet cyclooxygenase and conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin metabolities. The mechanisms responsible for the turn-off of the specific arachidonate-mediated responses at higher arachidonate concentrations remain to be defined.", "contents": "Release of platelet-derived growth factor from human platelets by arachidonic acid. Platelet alpha-granules contain a factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells and may play a role in atherogenesis. We have studied the role of arachidonic acid in mediating the release of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from human platelets. PDGF was assayed by stimulating of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of mouse 3T3 cells. Platelet aggregation and the release of platelet factor 4,beta-thromboglobulin, and serotonin were also studied. A biphasic response pattern was observed when gel-filtered platelets were incubated with arachidonate over the concentration range 0.01-0.4 mM. At low arachidonate levels (approximately 0.025-0.1 mM), specific concentration-dependent aggregation and release of PDGF and of the other components were observed. This effect was not seen with any of five other fatty acids tested and was suppressed by indomethacin (25 muM). At higher arachidonate concentrations (approximately 0.15-0.35 mM), a concentration-dependent turn-off of both aggregation and release occurred. At these concentrations the platelets remained functional, and no release of lactate dehydrogenase was observed. A similar biphasic pattern of arachidonate-induced aggregation and release was observed with platelet-rich plasma, over a similar range of arachidonate to albumin mole ratios. These studies demonstrate that PDGF and other alpha-granule constituents can be released from platelets specifically by arachidonate via an indomethacin-sensitive pathway, most probably involving the platelet cyclooxygenase and conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin metabolities. The mechanisms responsible for the turn-off of the specific arachidonate-mediated responses at higher arachidonate concentrations remain to be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:291069", "title": "Topological organization of proteins in an intracellular secretory organelle: the synaptic vesicle.", "content": "Intact synaptic vesicles prepared from the electric organ of the marine elasmobranch Narcine brasiliensis have eight major polypeptides demonstrable on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Six of these copurify with the synaptic vesicles during isolation of vesicles by chromatography on CPG-3000 and, by this criterion, are specific to vesicles. The other two are either shared by many membrane or are contaminants. One of these proteins comigrates with actin. Three different approaches were used to determine which proteins were exposed on the external, cytoplasmic surface of the vesicle and which were internal. The first was susceptibility to the proteases trypsin, Streptomyces griseus protease, and Pronase; the second was labeling by the membrane-impermeable reagent diazotized [125I]iodosulfanilic acid; and the third was iodination catalyzed by lactoperoxidase. In general, the three approaches give the same result: six of the eight proteins are on the external, cytoplasmic surface and two are accessible only after the vesicles are lysed by freezing and thawing or by detergents. Five of the vesicle-specific proteins are external and one is internal. The actin-like protein is internal. Proteins involved in the interaction of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane during exocytosis might be expected to be vesicle specific and external.", "contents": "Topological organization of proteins in an intracellular secretory organelle: the synaptic vesicle. Intact synaptic vesicles prepared from the electric organ of the marine elasmobranch Narcine brasiliensis have eight major polypeptides demonstrable on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Six of these copurify with the synaptic vesicles during isolation of vesicles by chromatography on CPG-3000 and, by this criterion, are specific to vesicles. The other two are either shared by many membrane or are contaminants. One of these proteins comigrates with actin. Three different approaches were used to determine which proteins were exposed on the external, cytoplasmic surface of the vesicle and which were internal. The first was susceptibility to the proteases trypsin, Streptomyces griseus protease, and Pronase; the second was labeling by the membrane-impermeable reagent diazotized [125I]iodosulfanilic acid; and the third was iodination catalyzed by lactoperoxidase. In general, the three approaches give the same result: six of the eight proteins are on the external, cytoplasmic surface and two are accessible only after the vesicles are lysed by freezing and thawing or by detergents. Five of the vesicle-specific proteins are external and one is internal. The actin-like protein is internal. Proteins involved in the interaction of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane during exocytosis might be expected to be vesicle specific and external."}
{"id": "PMID:291070", "title": "Decussion geometrics in the goldfish nervous system: correlation with probability of survival.", "content": "In the goldfish, the optic nerve decussation occurs without intermingling of fibers from the two eyes. In two-thirds of juvenile and adult specimens, the left optic nerve is dorsal at the midline. In about 60% of the specimens, the decussation of Mauthner's neuron also has a left-dorsal-to-right (L/R) configuration. Concordance for decussation geometry is greater than 80%, with smaller specimens accounting for a disproportionate number of discordant cases. In embryos and very young larvae, the L/R configuration occurs in slightly less than 50% of optic chiasmata and in slightly more than 50% of Mauthner's cell chiasmata, and there is no significant tendency toward concordance. However, larval specimens that survive 1 month after hatching are markedly skewed toward adult decussation patterns and somewhat skewed toward concordance. These observations, together with results of cannibalization and predation experiments, suggest that the adult population pattern can be achieved through selection pressures against discordant individuals and, perhaps separately, against individuals with right-dorsal-to-left (R/L) chiasmatic configurations. Decussation patterns correlate with embryonic postures, larval orientation preferences, and growth rates after hatching, which may themselves serve as a basis for selection.", "contents": "Decussion geometrics in the goldfish nervous system: correlation with probability of survival. In the goldfish, the optic nerve decussation occurs without intermingling of fibers from the two eyes. In two-thirds of juvenile and adult specimens, the left optic nerve is dorsal at the midline. In about 60% of the specimens, the decussation of Mauthner's neuron also has a left-dorsal-to-right (L/R) configuration. Concordance for decussation geometry is greater than 80%, with smaller specimens accounting for a disproportionate number of discordant cases. In embryos and very young larvae, the L/R configuration occurs in slightly less than 50% of optic chiasmata and in slightly more than 50% of Mauthner's cell chiasmata, and there is no significant tendency toward concordance. However, larval specimens that survive 1 month after hatching are markedly skewed toward adult decussation patterns and somewhat skewed toward concordance. These observations, together with results of cannibalization and predation experiments, suggest that the adult population pattern can be achieved through selection pressures against discordant individuals and, perhaps separately, against individuals with right-dorsal-to-left (R/L) chiasmatic configurations. Decussation patterns correlate with embryonic postures, larval orientation preferences, and growth rates after hatching, which may themselves serve as a basis for selection."}
{"id": "PMID:291071", "title": "Selection of variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels.", "content": "Neurotoxins that cause persistent activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels are highly cytotoxic to electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells. These toxins were used as selective agents to isolate variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels. Of ten resistant clones analyzed, seven lacked functional sodium channels and one had a specific 40-fold increase Kd for scorpion toxin and altered voltage dependence of scorpion toxin binding. The phenotypes of these cell clones were stable for more than 100 generations, indicating that they were the result of stable genetic change.", "contents": "Selection of variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels. Neurotoxins that cause persistent activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels are highly cytotoxic to electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells. These toxins were used as selective agents to isolate variant neuroblastoma clones with missing or altered sodium channels. Of ten resistant clones analyzed, seven lacked functional sodium channels and one had a specific 40-fold increase Kd for scorpion toxin and altered voltage dependence of scorpion toxin binding. The phenotypes of these cell clones were stable for more than 100 generations, indicating that they were the result of stable genetic change."}
{"id": "PMID:291072", "title": "The Bezold reflex: a special case of the left ventricular mechanoreceptor reflex.", "content": "Our previous finding that increasing myocardial contractility caused reflex systemic hypotension, the left ventricular (LV) mechanoreceptor reflex, suggested that the classical Bezold reflex (systemic hypotension and bradycardia after intracoronary administration of veratrum alkaloids) may be initiated by these same LV mechanoreceptors. In our working LV preparation with the coronary and systemic circulations isolated and perfused separately, intracoronary injection of veratrum alkaloids, like that of catecholamines or ouabain, had a positive inotropic effect which produced the hypotensive response typical of the LV mechanoreceptor reflex. To test directly if veratridine's positive inotropic effect initiates the Bezold reflex, verapamil, which blocks the slow Ca(2+) channels of myocardial cells but leaves intracardiac nerves unaffected, was injected by the intracoronary route to prevent the increased contractility from intracoronary injection of veratridine which also abolished the reflex hypotension, demonstrating conclusively that increasing myocardial contractility and thereby activating LV mechanoreceptors but not chemoreceptors initiates the Bezold reflex. Contrariwise, decreasing contractility or cardiac asystole by administration of tetrodotoxin, verapamil, or EDTA resulted in an increase in the systemic resistance, indicating that changes in the magnitude of the stimulus initiating the LV mechanoreceptor reflex (i.e., changes in myocardial contractility) lead to directionally opposite changes in peripheral resistance, as in the sino-aortic mechanoreflexes. Thus, it is concluded that the Bezold reflex is a special case of the LV mechanoreceptor reflex. The latter, by means of feedback mechanisms, functions normally by continuously matching the peripheral resistance to the LV contractile state so as to maintain the arterial pressure constant, thereby playing an important role in blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "The Bezold reflex: a special case of the left ventricular mechanoreceptor reflex. Our previous finding that increasing myocardial contractility caused reflex systemic hypotension, the left ventricular (LV) mechanoreceptor reflex, suggested that the classical Bezold reflex (systemic hypotension and bradycardia after intracoronary administration of veratrum alkaloids) may be initiated by these same LV mechanoreceptors. In our working LV preparation with the coronary and systemic circulations isolated and perfused separately, intracoronary injection of veratrum alkaloids, like that of catecholamines or ouabain, had a positive inotropic effect which produced the hypotensive response typical of the LV mechanoreceptor reflex. To test directly if veratridine's positive inotropic effect initiates the Bezold reflex, verapamil, which blocks the slow Ca(2+) channels of myocardial cells but leaves intracardiac nerves unaffected, was injected by the intracoronary route to prevent the increased contractility from intracoronary injection of veratridine which also abolished the reflex hypotension, demonstrating conclusively that increasing myocardial contractility and thereby activating LV mechanoreceptors but not chemoreceptors initiates the Bezold reflex. Contrariwise, decreasing contractility or cardiac asystole by administration of tetrodotoxin, verapamil, or EDTA resulted in an increase in the systemic resistance, indicating that changes in the magnitude of the stimulus initiating the LV mechanoreceptor reflex (i.e., changes in myocardial contractility) lead to directionally opposite changes in peripheral resistance, as in the sino-aortic mechanoreflexes. Thus, it is concluded that the Bezold reflex is a special case of the LV mechanoreceptor reflex. The latter, by means of feedback mechanisms, functions normally by continuously matching the peripheral resistance to the LV contractile state so as to maintain the arterial pressure constant, thereby playing an important role in blood pressure regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:291073", "title": "Prostaglandin A1 induces differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The effect of different prostaglandins and prostaglandin-metabolites on the growth and differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) was evaluated. The prostaglandin-metabolites, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha, were completely inactive, while PGE1 inhibited slightly and PGF2 alpha stimulated the replication of FLC. PGA1 was found to be the most active compound. It profoundly inhibited the replication of both DMSO-treated and undifferentiated FLC. Most importantly, PGA1 alone induced differentiation in FLC, stimulating hemoglobin production over a five-day period. PGA1-stimulated differentiation was completely suppressed by the addition of 10(-6)M hydrocortisone. Finally, treatment of DMSO-differentiated cells with PGA1 (but no DMSO) prevented the return to the undifferentiated state.", "contents": "Prostaglandin A1 induces differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells. The effect of different prostaglandins and prostaglandin-metabolites on the growth and differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) was evaluated. The prostaglandin-metabolites, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha, were completely inactive, while PGE1 inhibited slightly and PGF2 alpha stimulated the replication of FLC. PGA1 was found to be the most active compound. It profoundly inhibited the replication of both DMSO-treated and undifferentiated FLC. Most importantly, PGA1 alone induced differentiation in FLC, stimulating hemoglobin production over a five-day period. PGA1-stimulated differentiation was completely suppressed by the addition of 10(-6)M hydrocortisone. Finally, treatment of DMSO-differentiated cells with PGA1 (but no DMSO) prevented the return to the undifferentiated state."}
{"id": "PMID:291078", "title": "[Dental amalgam corrosion].", "content": "Corrosion of amalgam is a natural phenomenon of the behaviour of a metallic substance in the oral environment. Corrosion is a process in which we have a anodic reaction resulting in a loss of electrons and a cathodic reaction resulting in a captation of electrons. One single amalgam restoration in a electrolitic environment as the saliva shows areas acting as anode and others acting as cathode. Certain factors may influence the corrosion: they are the composition of the alloy, the particle size and form, the mercury content, the presence of more or less important quantity of gamma-2 phase, the degree of surface finishing, etc. It is likely that the dispersion phase alloy are more resistant to corrosion than the conventional alloys and that fluoridates amalgams are also more prone to corrosion.", "contents": "[Dental amalgam corrosion]. Corrosion of amalgam is a natural phenomenon of the behaviour of a metallic substance in the oral environment. Corrosion is a process in which we have a anodic reaction resulting in a loss of electrons and a cathodic reaction resulting in a captation of electrons. One single amalgam restoration in a electrolitic environment as the saliva shows areas acting as anode and others acting as cathode. Certain factors may influence the corrosion: they are the composition of the alloy, the particle size and form, the mercury content, the presence of more or less important quantity of gamma-2 phase, the degree of surface finishing, etc. It is likely that the dispersion phase alloy are more resistant to corrosion than the conventional alloys and that fluoridates amalgams are also more prone to corrosion."}
{"id": "PMID:291108", "title": "[Buccal lupus lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Lupus is a particularly polymorphic disease involving all medical disciplines and inciting the publication of an increasing number of papers. The two clinical types of lupus (acute disseminated lupus erythematosus and chronic lupus) have, until recently, led to doubts as to the unified nature of the disease. Grouping the symptoms and the results of their investigation in a computer has shown that there are 14 elements which occur most frequently, though there is no absolute pathognomonic sign of the disease. Oropharyngeal ulcerations, without being typical, are on of the fundamental signs and were found in 10% of cases of chronic lupus. The Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome is sometimes found, but it is not one of the fundamental signs : its existence, however, has enabled progress to be made during research into the auto-immune physiopathology of lupus disease.", "contents": "[Buccal lupus lesions (author's transl)]. Lupus is a particularly polymorphic disease involving all medical disciplines and inciting the publication of an increasing number of papers. The two clinical types of lupus (acute disseminated lupus erythematosus and chronic lupus) have, until recently, led to doubts as to the unified nature of the disease. Grouping the symptoms and the results of their investigation in a computer has shown that there are 14 elements which occur most frequently, though there is no absolute pathognomonic sign of the disease. Oropharyngeal ulcerations, without being typical, are on of the fundamental signs and were found in 10% of cases of chronic lupus. The Gougerot-Sj\u00f6gren syndrome is sometimes found, but it is not one of the fundamental signs : its existence, however, has enabled progress to be made during research into the auto-immune physiopathology of lupus disease."}
{"id": "PMID:291109", "title": "[Cowden's disease. A report on two cases in Swiss families (author's transl)].", "content": "Described by Lloyd and Dennis in 1963, Cowden's disease is a familial affection in which are found associated lesions of the buccopharyngeal mucosa (papillomatosis, papules, scrotal tongue), various types of skin lesions (verruciform keratotic papules, papilloma, lipoma, angioma, etc...), visceral manifestations usually related to lesions in the thyroid, breasts, or digestive tract (hamartoma or malignant tumors), and skeletal dysmorphism. The two patients were from different families, were aged 65 and 28 years, and had presented for consultation because of buccal mucous membrane papillomatosis, and in one case, hemorrhagic gingivitis. Cowden's disease was diagnosed from the clinical examination, past history, and investigations after hospital admission. The main value of the mucosal and cutaneous lesions is their diagnostic significance, enabling a synthesis of the multiple dispersed manifestations to be made, and a possible visceral tumor to be discovered in the early stages.", "contents": "[Cowden's disease. A report on two cases in Swiss families (author's transl)]. Described by Lloyd and Dennis in 1963, Cowden's disease is a familial affection in which are found associated lesions of the buccopharyngeal mucosa (papillomatosis, papules, scrotal tongue), various types of skin lesions (verruciform keratotic papules, papilloma, lipoma, angioma, etc...), visceral manifestations usually related to lesions in the thyroid, breasts, or digestive tract (hamartoma or malignant tumors), and skeletal dysmorphism. The two patients were from different families, were aged 65 and 28 years, and had presented for consultation because of buccal mucous membrane papillomatosis, and in one case, hemorrhagic gingivitis. Cowden's disease was diagnosed from the clinical examination, past history, and investigations after hospital admission. The main value of the mucosal and cutaneous lesions is their diagnostic significance, enabling a synthesis of the multiple dispersed manifestations to be made, and a possible visceral tumor to be discovered in the early stages."}
{"id": "PMID:291110", "title": "[Cowden's disease : multiple hamartomata syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The third case of Cowden's disease to be discovered in France is reported. The authors emphasize the means for the diagnosis of multiple hamartomata, the typical symptoms and signs in the case reported, and that the family history included a daughter aged 8 years with macrocephaly, and slight mental retardation, who had already been operated upon twice for tonsillectomy.", "contents": "[Cowden's disease : multiple hamartomata syndrome (author's transl)]. The third case of Cowden's disease to be discovered in France is reported. The authors emphasize the means for the diagnosis of multiple hamartomata, the typical symptoms and signs in the case reported, and that the family history included a daughter aged 8 years with macrocephaly, and slight mental retardation, who had already been operated upon twice for tonsillectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:291111", "title": "[Kaposi's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Kaposi's disease is reported with a lesion in the buccal mucosa, and the history, classification, signs and symptoms, and treatment of this disease are described.", "contents": "[Kaposi's disease (author's transl)]. A case of Kaposi's disease is reported with a lesion in the buccal mucosa, and the history, classification, signs and symptoms, and treatment of this disease are described."}
{"id": "PMID:291112", "title": "[Ulcerovegetating syphilid of the buccal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of ulcerovegetating lesions of the buccal mucosa in a patient with confirmed cutaneous and biological secondary syphilis, and discuss the diagnostic features of ulcerovegetating mucous syphilids which correspond to the lesion originally described by Milian, and to the diagram illustrating the work by Grinspan quoted in the references.", "contents": "[Ulcerovegetating syphilid of the buccal mucosa (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of ulcerovegetating lesions of the buccal mucosa in a patient with confirmed cutaneous and biological secondary syphilis, and discuss the diagnostic features of ulcerovegetating mucous syphilids which correspond to the lesion originally described by Milian, and to the diagram illustrating the work by Grinspan quoted in the references."}
{"id": "PMID:291113", "title": "[Gonococcal stomatitis or polymorphic erythema associated with a gonococcal urethritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of polymorphic erythema which could have been caused by a gonococcal infection is used as a basis for retracing the evolution of the gonococcus at the present time, describing the conditions necessary for its diagnosis, and discussing the possible interpretation of this case.", "contents": "[Gonococcal stomatitis or polymorphic erythema associated with a gonococcal urethritis (author's transl)]. A case of polymorphic erythema which could have been caused by a gonococcal infection is used as a basis for retracing the evolution of the gonococcus at the present time, describing the conditions necessary for its diagnosis, and discussing the possible interpretation of this case."}
{"id": "PMID:291114", "title": "[Buccal metastases from soft-tissue cancers. A report on 3 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological examination of the gingivovestibular lesion in the first case with known kidney cancer, confirmed the metastatic nature of the buccal tumor and its origin. The second case raised the problem of the diagnosis of a labial swelling occurring during widespread metastases from breast cancer. The third case was more complex as the palatine lesion was seen initially, and metastatic seeding extremely rapid. This led to the hypothesis only, that bronchial cancer was the primary lesion.", "contents": "[Buccal metastases from soft-tissue cancers. A report on 3 cases (author's transl)]. Histological examination of the gingivovestibular lesion in the first case with known kidney cancer, confirmed the metastatic nature of the buccal tumor and its origin. The second case raised the problem of the diagnosis of a labial swelling occurring during widespread metastases from breast cancer. The third case was more complex as the palatine lesion was seen initially, and metastatic seeding extremely rapid. This led to the hypothesis only, that bronchial cancer was the primary lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:291115", "title": "[Reconstruction of the frontal bone after trauma (author's transl)].", "content": "Reconstruction of the frontal bone after trauma has to be performed in a different manner according to whether the frontofacial lesions are associated or not with neurosurgical disturbances. The lesions in the first case mainly affect all the orbital borders and the anterior walls of the frontal sinuses. Reconstruction of the frontal bone usually requires osteosynthesis to the metallic threads of the various fragments applied, but the treatment of the frontal sinus region must be modulated in relation to the possible existence of posterior wall lesions. Frontofacial lesions associated with neurosurgical disorders require the combined efforts of a neurosurgical and maxillofacial team at the same time. The frontal sinus extends into the cranial region in all cases. Frontal bone reconstruction requires the use of various techniques (osteosynthesis to metallic threads, grafts taken from the iliac or other bones), according to the site and severity of the traumatic lesion.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the frontal bone after trauma (author's transl)]. Reconstruction of the frontal bone after trauma has to be performed in a different manner according to whether the frontofacial lesions are associated or not with neurosurgical disturbances. The lesions in the first case mainly affect all the orbital borders and the anterior walls of the frontal sinuses. Reconstruction of the frontal bone usually requires osteosynthesis to the metallic threads of the various fragments applied, but the treatment of the frontal sinus region must be modulated in relation to the possible existence of posterior wall lesions. Frontofacial lesions associated with neurosurgical disorders require the combined efforts of a neurosurgical and maxillofacial team at the same time. The frontal sinus extends into the cranial region in all cases. Frontal bone reconstruction requires the use of various techniques (osteosynthesis to metallic threads, grafts taken from the iliac or other bones), according to the site and severity of the traumatic lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:291116", "title": "[Hour-glass craniofacial teratoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A male infant was born with a voluminous left jugal swelling identified by biopsy on the 8th day as a mature benign teratoma. Further investigations were conducted because of mild exophthalmia, including an electro-encephalogram and craniofacial computer tomography. An enormous frontotemporal intracranial extension of the tumor was discovered on the same side. The tumor was completely excised at the age of 1 month by a two-stage operation : neurosurgical followed by maxillofacial eight days later. The postoperative course was uneventful. There was no relapse after one year but because of the consequences of intracranial excision the prognosis was very poor. The authors discuss this case and review those in the published literature in order to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this extremely rare craniofacial teratoma of the newborn.", "contents": "[Hour-glass craniofacial teratoma (author's transl)]. A male infant was born with a voluminous left jugal swelling identified by biopsy on the 8th day as a mature benign teratoma. Further investigations were conducted because of mild exophthalmia, including an electro-encephalogram and craniofacial computer tomography. An enormous frontotemporal intracranial extension of the tumor was discovered on the same side. The tumor was completely excised at the age of 1 month by a two-stage operation : neurosurgical followed by maxillofacial eight days later. The postoperative course was uneventful. There was no relapse after one year but because of the consequences of intracranial excision the prognosis was very poor. The authors discuss this case and review those in the published literature in order to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this extremely rare craniofacial teratoma of the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:291117", "title": "[Value of zonography in parotid sialography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a radiological technique for improved interpretation of parotid gland sialography, using thick section tomography (zonography).", "contents": "[Value of zonography in parotid sialography (author's transl)]. The authors describe a radiological technique for improved interpretation of parotid gland sialography, using thick section tomography (zonography)."}
{"id": "PMID:291118", "title": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum-associated tubular structures occurring in acute promyelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Intracytoplasmic tubular structures (TS) which have not yet been described were found electron microscopically in a large percentage (26.5%) of leukaemic cells from a 25-year-old female with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. The TS were bundles of tubules measuring about 90 nm in diameter and continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum, the maximum of the TS attaining 3.0 micron in length and 0.53 micron in width. The TS were mostly solitary, occasionally 2 or 3 within a cell in a plane of sectioning and were usually located around the Golgi region. By three-dimensional observation with a goniometer stage, it was confirmed that the TS showed latticework of rings in cross sections and fascicular tubular arrays in longitudinal sections. In the latter, some tubules exhibited meshworks of polygonal vesicles measuring about 20 nm and cross striations of filamentous bristles with the periodicity of about 22 nm. The origin and nature of the TS are discussed.", "contents": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum-associated tubular structures occurring in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Intracytoplasmic tubular structures (TS) which have not yet been described were found electron microscopically in a large percentage (26.5%) of leukaemic cells from a 25-year-old female with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. The TS were bundles of tubules measuring about 90 nm in diameter and continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum, the maximum of the TS attaining 3.0 micron in length and 0.53 micron in width. The TS were mostly solitary, occasionally 2 or 3 within a cell in a plane of sectioning and were usually located around the Golgi region. By three-dimensional observation with a goniometer stage, it was confirmed that the TS showed latticework of rings in cross sections and fascicular tubular arrays in longitudinal sections. In the latter, some tubules exhibited meshworks of polygonal vesicles measuring about 20 nm and cross striations of filamentous bristles with the periodicity of about 22 nm. The origin and nature of the TS are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291119", "title": "Periodic acid-Schiff reaction changes during the course of relapsing lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow smears taken at diagnosis and subsequent haematological relapse from 41 patients with lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were compared to assess the proportion of blast cells showing a positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction at different stages of the same disease. 20 patients never displayed more than 10% PAS positive blasts at any stage, and of these 8 never had any PAS positivity at all. 7 patients maintained a proportion of PAS positive cells over 10% of the total but with no loss or gain in the numbers of such cells. 14 patients showed a significant change in the PAS reaction during the course of their disease, 7 showing a marked reduction in PAS positive cells, and 7 showing an equally marked increase. From these results it seems that the PAS reaction does not identify a sub-type of ALL or mark the degree of differentiation of a given case. It could be indicative of a specific stage of the lymphoblast mitotic cycle.", "contents": "Periodic acid-Schiff reaction changes during the course of relapsing lymphoblastic leukaemia. Bone marrow smears taken at diagnosis and subsequent haematological relapse from 41 patients with lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were compared to assess the proportion of blast cells showing a positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction at different stages of the same disease. 20 patients never displayed more than 10% PAS positive blasts at any stage, and of these 8 never had any PAS positivity at all. 7 patients maintained a proportion of PAS positive cells over 10% of the total but with no loss or gain in the numbers of such cells. 14 patients showed a significant change in the PAS reaction during the course of their disease, 7 showing a marked reduction in PAS positive cells, and 7 showing an equally marked increase. From these results it seems that the PAS reaction does not identify a sub-type of ALL or mark the degree of differentiation of a given case. It could be indicative of a specific stage of the lymphoblast mitotic cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:291120", "title": "Fanconi's anaemia developing erythroleukaemia.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy with Fanconi's anaemia (FA) for 10 years developed acute erythroleukaemia. During the leukaemic phase, granulopoietic stem cells (CFUc) were absent from his bone marrow and blood, but proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells could be seen in semipermeable diffusion chambers in vivo, and globin synthesis of erythroblasts had become imbalanced. Chromosomal lesions of peripheral blood lymphocytes differed in the leukaemic phase from those in the pancytopenic phase. These data indicate that erythro-, myelo-, thrombo-, and lymphocytic cell lines all were involved in both the leukaemic and the pancytopenic process. It is suggested that terminal myeloproliferative disease developed as part of the natural history of FA.", "contents": "Fanconi's anaemia developing erythroleukaemia. A 15-year-old boy with Fanconi's anaemia (FA) for 10 years developed acute erythroleukaemia. During the leukaemic phase, granulopoietic stem cells (CFUc) were absent from his bone marrow and blood, but proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells could be seen in semipermeable diffusion chambers in vivo, and globin synthesis of erythroblasts had become imbalanced. Chromosomal lesions of peripheral blood lymphocytes differed in the leukaemic phase from those in the pancytopenic phase. These data indicate that erythro-, myelo-, thrombo-, and lymphocytic cell lines all were involved in both the leukaemic and the pancytopenic process. It is suggested that terminal myeloproliferative disease developed as part of the natural history of FA."}
{"id": "PMID:291121", "title": "Acute leukaemia and Gaucher's disease.", "content": "As association between Gaucher's disease and haematopoietic neoplasias has been reported in only a few instances. The authors recently encountered 2 cases of adult Gaucher's disease that developed acute myelogenous/myelomonocytic leukaemia. Both individuals had a pre-leukaemic phase. These cases are reported.", "contents": "Acute leukaemia and Gaucher's disease. As association between Gaucher's disease and haematopoietic neoplasias has been reported in only a few instances. The authors recently encountered 2 cases of adult Gaucher's disease that developed acute myelogenous/myelomonocytic leukaemia. Both individuals had a pre-leukaemic phase. These cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:291122", "title": "The effect of thioguanine on a combination of daunorubicine, cytarabine and prednisone in the treatment of acute leukaemia in adults. The Finnish Leukaemia Group.", "content": "194 adults with acute leukaemia were randomly allocated to be treated with a combination of daunorubicine, cytarabine and prednisone either with (RAP + T) or without (RAP) thioguanine. A remission was achieved in 37% of 101 patients treated with RAP and in 35% of 93 patients treated with RAP + T. The survival and length of remission were similar in both groups. Neither regimen was superior to the other in any type of leukaemia nor in any age group of patients. In 9 of the patients failing to remit with RAP treatment a remission was obtained with other chemotherapy, while none of the patients not responding to RAP + T achieved a remission with further chemotherapy.", "contents": "The effect of thioguanine on a combination of daunorubicine, cytarabine and prednisone in the treatment of acute leukaemia in adults. The Finnish Leukaemia Group. 194 adults with acute leukaemia were randomly allocated to be treated with a combination of daunorubicine, cytarabine and prednisone either with (RAP + T) or without (RAP) thioguanine. A remission was achieved in 37% of 101 patients treated with RAP and in 35% of 93 patients treated with RAP + T. The survival and length of remission were similar in both groups. Neither regimen was superior to the other in any type of leukaemia nor in any age group of patients. In 9 of the patients failing to remit with RAP treatment a remission was obtained with other chemotherapy, while none of the patients not responding to RAP + T achieved a remission with further chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291128", "title": "Codominant translational mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells selected with diphtheria toxin.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin-resistance markers in two translational mutants, CH-RE1.22c, possessing no toxin-sensitive EF-2 (class IIa), and CH-RE1.32, with 50% toxin-sensitive and 50% toxin-resistant EF-2 (class IIb), behaved codominantly in somatic cell hybrids. There was no complementation in hybrids formed between the two resistant mutants. The mutant parents and their hybrids, except those formed by fusion of CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells, grew in the presence of toxin. To explain these results we suggest that CHO-K1 cells possess two functional copies of the gene for EF-2 and that CH-RE1.22c and CH-RE1.32 represent the homozygous (R/R) and heterozygous (R/S) states of resistance at the EF-2 gene locus. The failure of hybrids formed between CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells to grow in toxin is a gene dosage effect. Codominant class IIa translational resistance is a selectable marker for the isolation of hybrids. It can be combined with a second, recessive, marker to provide a cell which is a \"universal hybridizer\" (10).", "contents": "Codominant translational mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells selected with diphtheria toxin. Diphtheria toxin-resistance markers in two translational mutants, CH-RE1.22c, possessing no toxin-sensitive EF-2 (class IIa), and CH-RE1.32, with 50% toxin-sensitive and 50% toxin-resistant EF-2 (class IIb), behaved codominantly in somatic cell hybrids. There was no complementation in hybrids formed between the two resistant mutants. The mutant parents and their hybrids, except those formed by fusion of CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells, grew in the presence of toxin. To explain these results we suggest that CHO-K1 cells possess two functional copies of the gene for EF-2 and that CH-RE1.22c and CH-RE1.32 represent the homozygous (R/R) and heterozygous (R/S) states of resistance at the EF-2 gene locus. The failure of hybrids formed between CH-RE1.32 and wild-type cells to grow in toxin is a gene dosage effect. Codominant class IIa translational resistance is a selectable marker for the isolation of hybrids. It can be combined with a second, recessive, marker to provide a cell which is a \"universal hybridizer\" (10)."}
{"id": "PMID:291129", "title": "Marsupial--mouse cell hybrids containing fragments of the marsupial X chromosome.", "content": "Hybrids were obtained from fusions of HPRT-deficient mouse fibroblasts and marsupial lymphocytes. These hybrids retained no identifiable marsupial chromosomes, but all expressed the marsupial form of HPRT. Half the clones also expressed marsupial PGK-A, and half of these also marsupial G6PD; no other marsupial allozyme markers were detected. Since G6PD is known to be sex linked in these species, we conclude that Hpt and Pgk-A are also located on the X chromosome and the markers lie in the order Hpt-Pgk-A-Gpd.", "contents": "Marsupial--mouse cell hybrids containing fragments of the marsupial X chromosome. Hybrids were obtained from fusions of HPRT-deficient mouse fibroblasts and marsupial lymphocytes. These hybrids retained no identifiable marsupial chromosomes, but all expressed the marsupial form of HPRT. Half the clones also expressed marsupial PGK-A, and half of these also marsupial G6PD; no other marsupial allozyme markers were detected. Since G6PD is known to be sex linked in these species, we conclude that Hpt and Pgk-A are also located on the X chromosome and the markers lie in the order Hpt-Pgk-A-Gpd."}
{"id": "PMID:291130", "title": "Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: IV. Chromosome reduction and marker segregation in progeny clones from Chinese hamster cell hybrids.", "content": "Hybrid cells produced by the fusion of pairs of cells, one a tumorigenic derivative of CHEF/16 and the other a nontumorigenic derivative of CHEF/18, give rise to clones which are largely tetraploid, but rare reduced hybrids with chromosome counts in the diploid range have been recovered from tumors of hybrid origin. This paper describes the recovery in cell culture of reduced hybrids in the diploid range by selection with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or methylcellulose as well as by growth in culture of cells from excised tumors. All selected subclones were tumorigenic and resistant to BrdU, but they segregated for resistance to 6-thioguanine. Unselected subclones were tetraploid, nontumorigenic, and sensitive to both drugs. These data show that chromosome reassortment as well as extensive chromosome reduction both occur in a small fraction of the population during growth of each hybrid clone.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: IV. Chromosome reduction and marker segregation in progeny clones from Chinese hamster cell hybrids. Hybrid cells produced by the fusion of pairs of cells, one a tumorigenic derivative of CHEF/16 and the other a nontumorigenic derivative of CHEF/18, give rise to clones which are largely tetraploid, but rare reduced hybrids with chromosome counts in the diploid range have been recovered from tumors of hybrid origin. This paper describes the recovery in cell culture of reduced hybrids in the diploid range by selection with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or methylcellulose as well as by growth in culture of cells from excised tumors. All selected subclones were tumorigenic and resistant to BrdU, but they segregated for resistance to 6-thioguanine. Unselected subclones were tetraploid, nontumorigenic, and sensitive to both drugs. These data show that chromosome reassortment as well as extensive chromosome reduction both occur in a small fraction of the population during growth of each hybrid clone."}
{"id": "PMID:291131", "title": "The influence of observer performance in radiographic caries diagnosis.", "content": "Experienced oral radiologists were asked to report whether the proximal surfaces of extracted permanent premolars were radiographically positive or not with regard to carious lesions. The percentages of true positive and false positive diagnoses for each observer were plotted in a graph, displaying a reciprocal relationship. On the basis of differences between observers theoretical calculations were made of the relative number of carious lesions that would have been reported by different observers in populations differing with respect to caries prevalence. It was shown that differences in reported prevalences do not only depend on variations between observers but also upon underlying true prevalences. The implications with regard to epidemiological studies are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of observer performance in radiographic caries diagnosis. Experienced oral radiologists were asked to report whether the proximal surfaces of extracted permanent premolars were radiographically positive or not with regard to carious lesions. The percentages of true positive and false positive diagnoses for each observer were plotted in a graph, displaying a reciprocal relationship. On the basis of differences between observers theoretical calculations were made of the relative number of carious lesions that would have been reported by different observers in populations differing with respect to caries prevalence. It was shown that differences in reported prevalences do not only depend on variations between observers but also upon underlying true prevalences. The implications with regard to epidemiological studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291132", "title": "Radiographic caries diagnosis and treatment decisions.", "content": "Data regarding the radiographical appearances of proximal permanent tooth surfaces with and without clinical cavities were collected from the dental literature. On the basis of these data, calculations were made of the probabilities that decisions to restore proximal surfaces coincided with the presence pf clinical cavities. Such calculations were made with respect to different prevalences of carious cavities as well as the extents of the radiographically registered lesions. In populations with low caries prevalences there is a considerable risk for overtreatment if all surfaces with radiographically registered lesions would be restoratively treated without consideration to the extent of the radiolucent area.", "contents": "Radiographic caries diagnosis and treatment decisions. Data regarding the radiographical appearances of proximal permanent tooth surfaces with and without clinical cavities were collected from the dental literature. On the basis of these data, calculations were made of the probabilities that decisions to restore proximal surfaces coincided with the presence pf clinical cavities. Such calculations were made with respect to different prevalences of carious cavities as well as the extents of the radiographically registered lesions. In populations with low caries prevalences there is a considerable risk for overtreatment if all surfaces with radiographically registered lesions would be restoratively treated without consideration to the extent of the radiolucent area."}
{"id": "PMID:291133", "title": "Ostectomy in the mandible.", "content": "Fourteen patients, diagnosed as cases of apertognathism, were subjected to ostectomy in the premolar or molar region on both sides. The operations were made with an intraoral approach in the premolar region anterior to the molar foramen and extraorally in the molar region. The mandibular segments were immobilized by cap-splints after the operations. A follow up, clinically and roentgenologically, was made after the splints had been removed and, in addition, one and five years later. The aesthetic as well as the functional results of the operations were very good. Only minor changes in the occlusion occurred during the follow up period. In a few patients minor unilateral decreases of sensibility were observed. The late results of the operations must therefore be regarded as good.", "contents": "Ostectomy in the mandible. Fourteen patients, diagnosed as cases of apertognathism, were subjected to ostectomy in the premolar or molar region on both sides. The operations were made with an intraoral approach in the premolar region anterior to the molar foramen and extraorally in the molar region. The mandibular segments were immobilized by cap-splints after the operations. A follow up, clinically and roentgenologically, was made after the splints had been removed and, in addition, one and five years later. The aesthetic as well as the functional results of the operations were very good. Only minor changes in the occlusion occurred during the follow up period. In a few patients minor unilateral decreases of sensibility were observed. The late results of the operations must therefore be regarded as good."}
{"id": "PMID:291134", "title": "Prevalences of removable dentures and edentulousness in an adult Swedish population.", "content": "In three geographic regions, urban, suburban and rural from the middle of Sweden 20,333 adults (over 15 yrs of age) were examined clinically regarding denture wearing and edentulousness. 30.3% had removable dentures of some kind and 1.0% were edentulous and did not wear any dentures. Removable dentures were significantly more common amongst females (33.8%) than amongst males (26.8%). For complete dentures in both jaws this sex differences was even more pronounced, 19.3% and 11.4%, respectively. The prevalence for removable dentures was highest in the rural region, and lowest in the suburban. This finding may, however, be partly explained by the different age distribution within the areas examined.", "contents": "Prevalences of removable dentures and edentulousness in an adult Swedish population. In three geographic regions, urban, suburban and rural from the middle of Sweden 20,333 adults (over 15 yrs of age) were examined clinically regarding denture wearing and edentulousness. 30.3% had removable dentures of some kind and 1.0% were edentulous and did not wear any dentures. Removable dentures were significantly more common amongst females (33.8%) than amongst males (26.8%). For complete dentures in both jaws this sex differences was even more pronounced, 19.3% and 11.4%, respectively. The prevalence for removable dentures was highest in the rural region, and lowest in the suburban. This finding may, however, be partly explained by the different age distribution within the areas examined."}
{"id": "PMID:291140", "title": "HLA-B17 and the HLA-A1, B17 haplotype in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Seventy-nine Caucasians with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were genotyped to determine whether AML, the induction of remission or patient survival were associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. HLA-B17 and B27 were increased in AML patients over 40 years of age. Combined analysis of four independent studies indicates that HLA-B17 is significantly but weakly associated with AML, relative risk = 1.48 (.01 less than P less than .025). The A1, B17 and Aw24, Bw35 haplotypes occurred more frequently in the AML group as compared to racial and geographic controls (uncorrected P = 0.0068 and 0.0098, respectively Fisher's Exact Test). Induction of remission occurred less frequently in patients with the B17 phenotype as compared to patients lacking this antigen (P = 0.047). Patient survival was associated with remission status (P = 0.002) but was not significantly associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. These results indicate that a gene or genes in the HLA-B region of the major histocompatibility complex can influence susceptibility to AML and also the response to chemotherapy.", "contents": "HLA-B17 and the HLA-A1, B17 haplotype in acute myelogenous leukemia. Seventy-nine Caucasians with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were genotyped to determine whether AML, the induction of remission or patient survival were associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. HLA-B17 and B27 were increased in AML patients over 40 years of age. Combined analysis of four independent studies indicates that HLA-B17 is significantly but weakly associated with AML, relative risk = 1.48 (.01 less than P less than .025). The A1, B17 and Aw24, Bw35 haplotypes occurred more frequently in the AML group as compared to racial and geographic controls (uncorrected P = 0.0068 and 0.0098, respectively Fisher's Exact Test). Induction of remission occurred less frequently in patients with the B17 phenotype as compared to patients lacking this antigen (P = 0.047). Patient survival was associated with remission status (P = 0.002) but was not significantly associated with particular HLA phenotypes or haplotypes. These results indicate that a gene or genes in the HLA-B region of the major histocompatibility complex can influence susceptibility to AML and also the response to chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291141", "title": "Shortened platelet survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A platelet kinetic study in 2 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) demonstrated that the platelet survival was characteristically shortened. These findings suggest increased platelet consumption during the process of DIC in APL.", "contents": "Shortened platelet survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia. A platelet kinetic study in 2 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) demonstrated that the platelet survival was characteristically shortened. These findings suggest increased platelet consumption during the process of DIC in APL."}
{"id": "PMID:291190", "title": "[A new method in plastic surgery for the correction of the lip red in bilateral labial clefts].", "content": "Having assessed the correcting operation according to Kapetansky and a modification according to Juri and co-workers, the author presents his own method designated by the term \"butterfly plasty\".", "contents": "[A new method in plastic surgery for the correction of the lip red in bilateral labial clefts]. Having assessed the correcting operation according to Kapetansky and a modification according to Juri and co-workers, the author presents his own method designated by the term \"butterfly plasty\"."}
{"id": "PMID:291189", "title": "[1st animal experimental results with Bio-Vitroceramic implantations].", "content": "In the framework of an expensive research project, the author made animal experiments to compare the bio-active behaviour of bio-vitroceramic implants with that of implants currently used. After experiments for more than a year, the author presents his first scanning electron microscopical findings that are indicative of direct binding of the implant to the bone.", "contents": "[1st animal experimental results with Bio-Vitroceramic implantations]. In the framework of an expensive research project, the author made animal experiments to compare the bio-active behaviour of bio-vitroceramic implants with that of implants currently used. After experiments for more than a year, the author presents his first scanning electron microscopical findings that are indicative of direct binding of the implant to the bone."}
{"id": "PMID:291191", "title": "[Therapy of the styloid syndrome].", "content": "Resection yields the best results in treating pain-producing megastyloids. With due regard to their courses, the extra-oral approach may be used for exposing them, but the intra-oral approach is very often more indicated. Due to the immediate proximity of the great cervical vessels, the resection in the high region, which is most likely to avoid failures, is not riskless. For this reason, the author uses for the intervention an instrumentarium developed on the basis of his own suggestions.", "contents": "[Therapy of the styloid syndrome]. Resection yields the best results in treating pain-producing megastyloids. With due regard to their courses, the extra-oral approach may be used for exposing them, but the intra-oral approach is very often more indicated. Due to the immediate proximity of the great cervical vessels, the resection in the high region, which is most likely to avoid failures, is not riskless. For this reason, the author uses for the intervention an instrumentarium developed on the basis of his own suggestions."}
{"id": "PMID:291192", "title": "[Problems in the admission to in-hospital oral surgical care from the patient's viewpoint--results of patient interviews in the hospital for dental and maxillo-facial surgery of the Karl Marx University, Leipzig].", "content": "The author deals with the results from the interviewing of oral surgery patients on their problems concerning the sending and the admission to the hospital, with special attention to the problems of waiting for admission, the familiarization with the clinical environment and the improvement suggestions of the patients. The conclusions concern tasks arising from the medical and dental care for inpatients as well as for outpatients.", "contents": "[Problems in the admission to in-hospital oral surgical care from the patient's viewpoint--results of patient interviews in the hospital for dental and maxillo-facial surgery of the Karl Marx University, Leipzig]. The author deals with the results from the interviewing of oral surgery patients on their problems concerning the sending and the admission to the hospital, with special attention to the problems of waiting for admission, the familiarization with the clinical environment and the improvement suggestions of the patients. The conclusions concern tasks arising from the medical and dental care for inpatients as well as for outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:291193", "title": "[Results of an analysis of waiting time at a maxillofacial surgery outpatient department of a university hospital].", "content": "Waiting periods in public health institutions not only stress the patients and the personnel, but they are also attended by considerable economic disadvantages. For this reason, the waiting periods of patients of a maxillofacial outpatient department in the various examination and treatment stations were analyzed with the help of accompanying leaflets. According to the results obtained, the sequence of examinations and treatments was verified and reorganized with regard to the three main processes: research, medical care, and education and training. The control by a second analysis evidenced a reduction of the total waiting period from 46.0 to 36.9 minutes per patient. Further possibilities of reducing the waiting periods are indicated, and reasons are given for the necessity for scientific work organization in public health institutions.", "contents": "[Results of an analysis of waiting time at a maxillofacial surgery outpatient department of a university hospital]. Waiting periods in public health institutions not only stress the patients and the personnel, but they are also attended by considerable economic disadvantages. For this reason, the waiting periods of patients of a maxillofacial outpatient department in the various examination and treatment stations were analyzed with the help of accompanying leaflets. According to the results obtained, the sequence of examinations and treatments was verified and reorganized with regard to the three main processes: research, medical care, and education and training. The control by a second analysis evidenced a reduction of the total waiting period from 46.0 to 36.9 minutes per patient. Further possibilities of reducing the waiting periods are indicated, and reasons are given for the necessity for scientific work organization in public health institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:291194", "title": "[Further results from the Berlin morbidity study 1972. 2. Educational level and incidence of periodontal diseases].", "content": "The ratio of subjects without periodontal diseases to those with periodontal diseases is 40:60 for individuals having gained a primary school-leaving certificate, and 53:47 for individuals with higher educational level.", "contents": "[Further results from the Berlin morbidity study 1972. 2. Educational level and incidence of periodontal diseases]. The ratio of subjects without periodontal diseases to those with periodontal diseases is 40:60 for individuals having gained a primary school-leaving certificate, and 53:47 for individuals with higher educational level."}
{"id": "PMID:291195", "title": "[Graduate teaching aspects to be considered in the planning of undergraduate dental courses].", "content": "The general part of the present paper deals with questions concerning the demanding conceptual design of teaching from the aspect of creative studying. The students' qualification for responsible scientific work and creative studying is considered to be an essential question of the conceptual design of the demanding process of learning and acquiring the scientific bases. Thus, it will be possible to improve effectively the attitude towards studying and the engagement in creative achievements (in a narrow sense or in explicit forms of organization). In the empirical part of the present paper, the results from the interviewing of 240 dental students on relevant conceptual factors of teaching are discussed. An analysis of situation led to valuable insights and conclusions as to more effective teaching in the framework of stomatological study.", "contents": "[Graduate teaching aspects to be considered in the planning of undergraduate dental courses]. The general part of the present paper deals with questions concerning the demanding conceptual design of teaching from the aspect of creative studying. The students' qualification for responsible scientific work and creative studying is considered to be an essential question of the conceptual design of the demanding process of learning and acquiring the scientific bases. Thus, it will be possible to improve effectively the attitude towards studying and the engagement in creative achievements (in a narrow sense or in explicit forms of organization). In the empirical part of the present paper, the results from the interviewing of 240 dental students on relevant conceptual factors of teaching are discussed. An analysis of situation led to valuable insights and conclusions as to more effective teaching in the framework of stomatological study."}
{"id": "PMID:291196", "title": "[Dental caries and pregnancy].", "content": "In a Berlin population comprising 588 women aged between 18 to 50 years, no increase of the DMF index was observed in multiparae. Nevertheless, complete dental treatment was stated in them less often.", "contents": "[Dental caries and pregnancy]. In a Berlin population comprising 588 women aged between 18 to 50 years, no increase of the DMF index was observed in multiparae. Nevertheless, complete dental treatment was stated in them less often."}
{"id": "PMID:291197", "title": "[How current is the rubber dam method?].", "content": "The coffer dam application is still a condition necessary for the successful treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis. It keeps the operating area perfectly dry and prevents incidents in endodontics. The various coffer dam techniques and their indications are described.", "contents": "[How current is the rubber dam method?]. The coffer dam application is still a condition necessary for the successful treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis. It keeps the operating area perfectly dry and prevents incidents in endodontics. The various coffer dam techniques and their indications are described."}
{"id": "PMID:291205", "title": "Prognostic factors and complications of vitreous surgery.", "content": "Vitrectomy has provided a means for the restoration or amelioration of drastically reduced visual acuity in selected patients. Many patients have, as a consequence of the deleterious natural history of their disease, suffered permanent impairment of vision, but in some cases even a relative therapeutic success is very gratifying. Nonetheless, in its present state, vitreous surgery is not without a significant incidence of complications which are enumerated in this paper.", "contents": "Prognostic factors and complications of vitreous surgery. Vitrectomy has provided a means for the restoration or amelioration of drastically reduced visual acuity in selected patients. Many patients have, as a consequence of the deleterious natural history of their disease, suffered permanent impairment of vision, but in some cases even a relative therapeutic success is very gratifying. Nonetheless, in its present state, vitreous surgery is not without a significant incidence of complications which are enumerated in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:291206", "title": "Closed vitrectomy surgery using modified Grieshaber apparatus.", "content": "A closed vitrectomy procedure was carried out on 32 eyes at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital between October, 1976, and February, 1978. The Grieshaber/Boston Retinal Foundation Vitreous Cutter was used exclusively for these operations. Details of the simplified surgical technique are described and illustrated. The results are assessed from the technical aspect (the achievement of a clear light path to the retina) and from the functional aspect (the postoperative visual acuity). The technical success was of the order of 80 per cent.", "contents": "Closed vitrectomy surgery using modified Grieshaber apparatus. A closed vitrectomy procedure was carried out on 32 eyes at the Manchester Royal Eye Hospital between October, 1976, and February, 1978. The Grieshaber/Boston Retinal Foundation Vitreous Cutter was used exclusively for these operations. Details of the simplified surgical technique are described and illustrated. The results are assessed from the technical aspect (the achievement of a clear light path to the retina) and from the functional aspect (the postoperative visual acuity). The technical success was of the order of 80 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:291207", "title": "Anterior segment applications of vitrectomy techniques.", "content": "We have used vitrectomy instrumentation and techniques to treat a variety of conditions affecting the anterior segment, including: (1) Various conditions causing an occluded or inadequate pupillary space, (2) Complications of vitreous gel in the anterior chamber, (3) Growth of epithelium into the anterior chamber, (4) Selected indications for lens surgery, (5) Flat anterior chamber, (6) Total hyphaema. The vitrectomy methods provided improved capabilities, including controlled excision of intraocular tissues under optimum visualization using a closed-eye system with normal intraocular pressure and the ability to use accessory techniques such as intraocular diathermy. Although new difficulties are introduced by reliance on complex instrumentation and possible complications from excessive traction or use of large volumes of intraocular irrigating solution, our experience in using these techniques to treat selected anterior segment conditions has been, favourable.", "contents": "Anterior segment applications of vitrectomy techniques. We have used vitrectomy instrumentation and techniques to treat a variety of conditions affecting the anterior segment, including: (1) Various conditions causing an occluded or inadequate pupillary space, (2) Complications of vitreous gel in the anterior chamber, (3) Growth of epithelium into the anterior chamber, (4) Selected indications for lens surgery, (5) Flat anterior chamber, (6) Total hyphaema. The vitrectomy methods provided improved capabilities, including controlled excision of intraocular tissues under optimum visualization using a closed-eye system with normal intraocular pressure and the ability to use accessory techniques such as intraocular diathermy. Although new difficulties are introduced by reliance on complex instrumentation and possible complications from excessive traction or use of large volumes of intraocular irrigating solution, our experience in using these techniques to treat selected anterior segment conditions has been, favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:291209", "title": "Glaucoma implants. Their use in difficult cases of glaucoma.", "content": "Implants with a regime of fibrosis suppression (prednisolone 30 mg daily plus fluphenamic acid 200 mg three times a day for 6 to 8 weeks) controlled the intraocular pressure (applanation tonometry (AT) less than 21 mm Hg) in seven out of ten patients with different types of glaucoma. One implant was removed after erosion of the conjunctiva and sclera; there were no other serious complications. Use of the implant is indicated after failed drainage operations or as a primary procedure in glaucoma associated with aphakia, chronic uveitis, vitreous in the anterior chamber, and scarring of the conjunctiva.", "contents": "Glaucoma implants. Their use in difficult cases of glaucoma. Implants with a regime of fibrosis suppression (prednisolone 30 mg daily plus fluphenamic acid 200 mg three times a day for 6 to 8 weeks) controlled the intraocular pressure (applanation tonometry (AT) less than 21 mm Hg) in seven out of ten patients with different types of glaucoma. One implant was removed after erosion of the conjunctiva and sclera; there were no other serious complications. Use of the implant is indicated after failed drainage operations or as a primary procedure in glaucoma associated with aphakia, chronic uveitis, vitreous in the anterior chamber, and scarring of the conjunctiva."}
{"id": "PMID:291210", "title": "Field defect due to posterior cortical paraxial lens opacity. A case report.", "content": "A 60-year-old man had variable visual acuity especially in the right eye for 2 years. The right field of vision showed a hemianopic defect on the nasal side (in addition to reduced visual acuity which was due to nuclear cataract). A localized posterior cortical cataract on the temporal side of the right lens accounted for the nasal field defect since the defect disappeared almost completely on dilatation of the pupil, and completely after cataract extraction. Asymmetrical opacities in the optical media far enough anterior or posterior to the plane of the pupil will produce asymmetrical field defects. (An opacity close to the plane of the pupil will produce concentric constriction.)", "contents": "Field defect due to posterior cortical paraxial lens opacity. A case report. A 60-year-old man had variable visual acuity especially in the right eye for 2 years. The right field of vision showed a hemianopic defect on the nasal side (in addition to reduced visual acuity which was due to nuclear cataract). A localized posterior cortical cataract on the temporal side of the right lens accounted for the nasal field defect since the defect disappeared almost completely on dilatation of the pupil, and completely after cataract extraction. Asymmetrical opacities in the optical media far enough anterior or posterior to the plane of the pupil will produce asymmetrical field defects. (An opacity close to the plane of the pupil will produce concentric constriction.)"}
{"id": "PMID:291211", "title": "Optochiasmal arachnoiditis after rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm.", "content": "This paper reports two cases of optochiasmal arachnoiditis which followed subarachnoid haemorrhage. In one case the visual deterioration was arrested and improved by the administration of systemic steroids.", "contents": "Optochiasmal arachnoiditis after rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. This paper reports two cases of optochiasmal arachnoiditis which followed subarachnoid haemorrhage. In one case the visual deterioration was arrested and improved by the administration of systemic steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:291212", "title": "Effects of ultrasonication of the rabbit lens in situ as evaluated by analysis of crystallin composition.", "content": "Ultrasonication and aspiration is a recently developed method of lens extraction. We have attempted todetermine whether extraction by this procedure is total or partial and, if so, whether certain regions or components are preferentially removed, and also whether the contents of the lens are physico-chemically modified by the process of extraction. The water-soluble and urea-soluble protein fractions from the ultrasonicated lenses and the contra-lateral intact lenses of six rabbits were analysed by isoelectric focusing. Differences are found in the crystallin content which indicate that extraction is frequently non-representative and that beta- and gamma- crystallins are modified by the process.", "contents": "Effects of ultrasonication of the rabbit lens in situ as evaluated by analysis of crystallin composition. Ultrasonication and aspiration is a recently developed method of lens extraction. We have attempted todetermine whether extraction by this procedure is total or partial and, if so, whether certain regions or components are preferentially removed, and also whether the contents of the lens are physico-chemically modified by the process of extraction. The water-soluble and urea-soluble protein fractions from the ultrasonicated lenses and the contra-lateral intact lenses of six rabbits were analysed by isoelectric focusing. Differences are found in the crystallin content which indicate that extraction is frequently non-representative and that beta- and gamma- crystallins are modified by the process."}
{"id": "PMID:291217", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is not a disease but a pathological process with widespread thrombus formation in small vessels; it occurs in many systemic conditions that stimulate the intravascular clotting mechanism. There may be widespread tissue involvement, and any tissue in the body may be affected, especially in the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and lungs. This abnormal coagulation is now commonly referred to as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. It is prone to occur in obstetrical complications, in cancer, after transplantations, and where there has been tissue damage, such as burning, crushing, and surgery, all of which release thromboplastin into the circulation. It may also occur in Gram negative bacterial systemic infections, in antigen-antibody reactions, and in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. When the eye is involved, the thrombi occur in the choriocapillaris, and are usually limited to the submacular and peripapillary choroid. The anterior parts of the eye generally escape involvement. Visual symptoms may be early, and may be due to central choroidopathy or to secondary retinal detachment.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is not a disease but a pathological process with widespread thrombus formation in small vessels; it occurs in many systemic conditions that stimulate the intravascular clotting mechanism. There may be widespread tissue involvement, and any tissue in the body may be affected, especially in the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and lungs. This abnormal coagulation is now commonly referred to as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. It is prone to occur in obstetrical complications, in cancer, after transplantations, and where there has been tissue damage, such as burning, crushing, and surgery, all of which release thromboplastin into the circulation. It may also occur in Gram negative bacterial systemic infections, in antigen-antibody reactions, and in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. When the eye is involved, the thrombi occur in the choriocapillaris, and are usually limited to the submacular and peripapillary choroid. The anterior parts of the eye generally escape involvement. Visual symptoms may be early, and may be due to central choroidopathy or to secondary retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:291223", "title": "[Polymorphism of a tumor cell population and selective processes. III. A change in the correlation of tumor cell subpopulations of the ascitic strain of Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. under the influence of glucose and sodium succinate].", "content": "A study was made of the action of glucose or sodium succinate on subpopulations of the Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. ascite strain characterised by markers \"A1\" and \"A\", resp. After i.p. injection of glucose the amount of \"A1\"-cell reached 50 and almost 100% on the 5th and 7th day of tumor growth. After the transplantation of \"A1\"-cells into intact animals, a homogenous cytogenetic feature of subpopulation persisted during 2 passages only. Kinetics studies of a subvariance of the Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. tumor containing \"A1\"-cells show that the tumor growth rate and grade of malignancy slightly differ from those seen in the controls.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of a tumor cell population and selective processes. III. A change in the correlation of tumor cell subpopulations of the ascitic strain of Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. under the influence of glucose and sodium succinate]. A study was made of the action of glucose or sodium succinate on subpopulations of the Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. ascite strain characterised by markers \"A1\" and \"A\", resp. After i.p. injection of glucose the amount of \"A1\"-cell reached 50 and almost 100% on the 5th and 7th day of tumor growth. After the transplantation of \"A1\"-cells into intact animals, a homogenous cytogenetic feature of subpopulation persisted during 2 passages only. Kinetics studies of a subvariance of the Ehrlich-I.Ch.Ph. tumor containing \"A1\"-cells show that the tumor growth rate and grade of malignancy slightly differ from those seen in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:291224", "title": "Giant-cell pneumonia and lung tumorlets in a leukemic four-year-old child.", "content": "The authors report a case of a 4-year-old child whose death resulted from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and giant-cell pneumonia. Typical lung tumorlets were occasionally observed. On electron microscopy study it was possible to demonstrate a large number of neurosecretory granules in the tumorlet's cells, identical to those present in Kulchitsky's cells. These studies suggest the occurrence of an abnormal immunitary process.", "contents": "Giant-cell pneumonia and lung tumorlets in a leukemic four-year-old child. The authors report a case of a 4-year-old child whose death resulted from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and giant-cell pneumonia. Typical lung tumorlets were occasionally observed. On electron microscopy study it was possible to demonstrate a large number of neurosecretory granules in the tumorlet's cells, identical to those present in Kulchitsky's cells. These studies suggest the occurrence of an abnormal immunitary process."}
{"id": "PMID:291225", "title": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activity and the content of adenosine triphosphate in the erythrocytes of leukemic patients].", "content": "The activity of G-6PD and PK in erythrocytes and ATP content in erythrocyte hemolysate in patients with leucosis (acute, chronic myelo- and chronic lympholeucosis) was investigated. A reduced G-6PD activity was found in the majority of the patients examined, being most markedly manifested in the patients with chronic lympholeucosis and least--in the patients with chronic myeloleucosis. About 50 per cent of the patients with acute leucosis and chronic lympholeucosis have reduced PK activity and in those with chronic myeloleucosis -- increased. ATP content is increased in patients with chronic myeloleucosis and in the rest of the patients -- normal. A disturbance of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes in patients with leucosis is concluded to exist.", "contents": "[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase activity and the content of adenosine triphosphate in the erythrocytes of leukemic patients]. The activity of G-6PD and PK in erythrocytes and ATP content in erythrocyte hemolysate in patients with leucosis (acute, chronic myelo- and chronic lympholeucosis) was investigated. A reduced G-6PD activity was found in the majority of the patients examined, being most markedly manifested in the patients with chronic lympholeucosis and least--in the patients with chronic myeloleucosis. About 50 per cent of the patients with acute leucosis and chronic lympholeucosis have reduced PK activity and in those with chronic myeloleucosis -- increased. ATP content is increased in patients with chronic myeloleucosis and in the rest of the patients -- normal. A disturbance of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes in patients with leucosis is concluded to exist."}
{"id": "PMID:291235", "title": "Initiation in Papua New Guinea: psychohygienic and ethnopsychiatric aspects.", "content": "Initiation ceremonials in traditional Papua New Guinea and North American Indian cultures serve important psychohygienic functions in establishing the youth's final identity and thereby warding off the frustration, anxiety, and depression which are associated with anomie and role confusion. Inititations in Papua New Guinea are presented as a process of social learning in which group consciousness and loyalty are established through revelation of ancestral secrets, testing by ordeals, and ego-stregthening rewards. Structually patterned archetypal collective symbols gain direct access to the young person's unconscious when skillfully transmitted in the initiatory psychodrama of death and rebirth. Medical complications occuring during initiation procedures are rare accidents which have to be weighed against the psychological and social benefits for individual and group. Initiation ceremonials help the young to achieve a sense of sexual and socio-cultural identity from which feelings of emotional security and social belonging are derived.", "contents": "Initiation in Papua New Guinea: psychohygienic and ethnopsychiatric aspects. Initiation ceremonials in traditional Papua New Guinea and North American Indian cultures serve important psychohygienic functions in establishing the youth's final identity and thereby warding off the frustration, anxiety, and depression which are associated with anomie and role confusion. Inititations in Papua New Guinea are presented as a process of social learning in which group consciousness and loyalty are established through revelation of ancestral secrets, testing by ordeals, and ego-stregthening rewards. Structually patterned archetypal collective symbols gain direct access to the young person's unconscious when skillfully transmitted in the initiatory psychodrama of death and rebirth. Medical complications occuring during initiation procedures are rare accidents which have to be weighed against the psychological and social benefits for individual and group. Initiation ceremonials help the young to achieve a sense of sexual and socio-cultural identity from which feelings of emotional security and social belonging are derived."}
{"id": "PMID:291240", "title": "Properdin factor B-polymorphism. An indication for the existence of a Bf O-allele.", "content": "The polymorphism of the properdin factor B (Bf, C3-proactivator, GBG = glycin-rich-beta-glycoprotein) has been investigated by high voltage agarose gel immunofixation electrophoresis in 1115 unrelated persons from Southern Germany. Seven phenotypes were observed; the allele frequencies were calculated as BfS = 0.8094, BfF = 0.1790, BfSI = 0.0094, BfFI = 0.0022. A study of 94 parents with 98 children and 420 mother-child combinations showed no deviation from the assumed autosomal codominant mode of inheritance. In one additional family the findings suggested the existence of a silent allele at the Bf-locus.", "contents": "Properdin factor B-polymorphism. An indication for the existence of a Bf O-allele. The polymorphism of the properdin factor B (Bf, C3-proactivator, GBG = glycin-rich-beta-glycoprotein) has been investigated by high voltage agarose gel immunofixation electrophoresis in 1115 unrelated persons from Southern Germany. Seven phenotypes were observed; the allele frequencies were calculated as BfS = 0.8094, BfF = 0.1790, BfSI = 0.0094, BfFI = 0.0022. A study of 94 parents with 98 children and 420 mother-child combinations showed no deviation from the assumed autosomal codominant mode of inheritance. In one additional family the findings suggested the existence of a silent allele at the Bf-locus."}
{"id": "PMID:291244", "title": "[Pathogenesis of hyperkinesis in children].", "content": "Pheylalanine metabolism was studied in 56 children with various forms of hyperkinesias. It was found that in the development of slow and fast hyperkinesias a certain role belongs to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is probable, that in patients with Turett's syndrome the synthesis of DOPA is increased while in patients the excretion of phenylacetylglutamine was found to be disturbed: it was decreased in the patients with the fast and increased in the children with the slow hyperkinesias. Phenylalanine load led to a lowering of the DOPA level in the patients with Turett's syndrome; an intensification of the synthesis of phenylacetylglutamine and diminution of the intensity of hyperkinesias. L-glutamine load resulted in detoxication of the toxic phenylalanine metabolites which inhibited the DOPA synthesis, as well as in a short-time increase in the phenylacetylglutamine excretion and a moderation of tonic hyperkinesias that manifested by athetosis and dystonia. All this points out that in the development of various forms of hyperkinesias a certain role belongs to amino acid metabolites.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of hyperkinesis in children]. Pheylalanine metabolism was studied in 56 children with various forms of hyperkinesias. It was found that in the development of slow and fast hyperkinesias a certain role belongs to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is probable, that in patients with Turett's syndrome the synthesis of DOPA is increased while in patients the excretion of phenylacetylglutamine was found to be disturbed: it was decreased in the patients with the fast and increased in the children with the slow hyperkinesias. Phenylalanine load led to a lowering of the DOPA level in the patients with Turett's syndrome; an intensification of the synthesis of phenylacetylglutamine and diminution of the intensity of hyperkinesias. L-glutamine load resulted in detoxication of the toxic phenylalanine metabolites which inhibited the DOPA synthesis, as well as in a short-time increase in the phenylacetylglutamine excretion and a moderation of tonic hyperkinesias that manifested by athetosis and dystonia. All this points out that in the development of various forms of hyperkinesias a certain role belongs to amino acid metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:291248", "title": "The extent of muscle tissue damage following missile trauma one, six and twelve hours after the infliction of trauma, studied by the current method of debridement.", "content": "Spherical missiles with velocities around 1000 m/s were used to inflict missile trauma to one thigh of pigs. The determination of the impact and exit velocities made it possible to calculate the extent of energy transferred to the tissue. About one third of the pigs were treated surgically within one hour after the trauma, one third after a delay of 6 hours and one third after 12 hours. The surgical procedure consisted of debriding muscle tissue which showed impaired contractility and/or consistency and discoloration and/or lack of capillary bleeding - the current criteria of non-viability. The amount of debrided muscle tissue from each wound was weighed and the amount of debrided muscle tissue per joule transferred to the tissue was calculated. As compared to operations performed within one hour the average of the debrided muscle tissue per joule was greater after 6 hours delay and even still greater after 12 hours. However, the difference between the averages after 6 and 12 hours were not statistically significant.", "contents": "The extent of muscle tissue damage following missile trauma one, six and twelve hours after the infliction of trauma, studied by the current method of debridement. Spherical missiles with velocities around 1000 m/s were used to inflict missile trauma to one thigh of pigs. The determination of the impact and exit velocities made it possible to calculate the extent of energy transferred to the tissue. About one third of the pigs were treated surgically within one hour after the trauma, one third after a delay of 6 hours and one third after 12 hours. The surgical procedure consisted of debriding muscle tissue which showed impaired contractility and/or consistency and discoloration and/or lack of capillary bleeding - the current criteria of non-viability. The amount of debrided muscle tissue from each wound was weighed and the amount of debrided muscle tissue per joule transferred to the tissue was calculated. As compared to operations performed within one hour the average of the debrided muscle tissue per joule was greater after 6 hours delay and even still greater after 12 hours. However, the difference between the averages after 6 and 12 hours were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:291254", "title": "Experimental soft tissue wounds caused by standard military rifles.", "content": "Soft tissue wounds were caused by penetration of a bullet through both thighs in 42 pigs, fired from N48, M70, M16A1 and FAL rifles at 50 meter range. Four comparable groups of wounds, consisting mainly of injured muscle, were examined. Primary debridement was carried out 5-6 hours following wounding, multiple muscle biopsies up to 40 mm sidewise of permanent wound channel were taken for HE and histochemistry. Primary contamination was traced using marker aerobic bacteria. Bullet velocities at impact and exit were measured and transfer of energy to liver tissue calculated when feasible. The condition of the bullet after exit was precised. The surgical estimation of tissue injury, the mass of excised tissue and microsections have served to evaluate the extent of tissue injury. For 22.5 cm mean channel length the most injury was caused by the FAL, followed by M16, M70 and M48 rifles in declining order. Local effects are ascribed to bullet tumbling, break-up and energy transfer of corresponding missiles. Correlation of surgical and pathology methods is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental soft tissue wounds caused by standard military rifles. Soft tissue wounds were caused by penetration of a bullet through both thighs in 42 pigs, fired from N48, M70, M16A1 and FAL rifles at 50 meter range. Four comparable groups of wounds, consisting mainly of injured muscle, were examined. Primary debridement was carried out 5-6 hours following wounding, multiple muscle biopsies up to 40 mm sidewise of permanent wound channel were taken for HE and histochemistry. Primary contamination was traced using marker aerobic bacteria. Bullet velocities at impact and exit were measured and transfer of energy to liver tissue calculated when feasible. The condition of the bullet after exit was precised. The surgical estimation of tissue injury, the mass of excised tissue and microsections have served to evaluate the extent of tissue injury. For 22.5 cm mean channel length the most injury was caused by the FAL, followed by M16, M70 and M48 rifles in declining order. Local effects are ascribed to bullet tumbling, break-up and energy transfer of corresponding missiles. Correlation of surgical and pathology methods is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291258", "title": "The general and local response to injury related to complement activation.", "content": "Injury can activate the complement system as well in vivo as in vitro. This activation might contribute to some of the phenomena seen after large injuries. Such general effects as fall in blood pressure, impaired ability to oxygenate blood and local effects such as accumulation of granulocytes and oedema formation might be influenced by complement activity. The in vitro experiments indicated an alternative pathway activation of whole complement by injured tissue or endotoxin.", "contents": "The general and local response to injury related to complement activation. Injury can activate the complement system as well in vivo as in vitro. This activation might contribute to some of the phenomena seen after large injuries. Such general effects as fall in blood pressure, impaired ability to oxygenate blood and local effects such as accumulation of granulocytes and oedema formation might be influenced by complement activity. The in vitro experiments indicated an alternative pathway activation of whole complement by injured tissue or endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:291259", "title": "Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in bullet wounding.", "content": "Anesthetized pigs were wounded in the thigh with a spherical missile at an impact velocity of 1500 m/sec. Arterial blood samples were taken before injury and at frequent intervals up to 12 hours after injury. Unbound (free) and total kallikrein (kallikrein + prekallikrein) were analyzed with a chromogenic substrate (S-2302, Kabi, Sweden) in which enzyme activity is determined spectrophotometrically by the development of a yellow colour. The results indicate an activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in bullet wounding, the significance of which remains to be determined.", "contents": "Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in bullet wounding. Anesthetized pigs were wounded in the thigh with a spherical missile at an impact velocity of 1500 m/sec. Arterial blood samples were taken before injury and at frequent intervals up to 12 hours after injury. Unbound (free) and total kallikrein (kallikrein + prekallikrein) were analyzed with a chromogenic substrate (S-2302, Kabi, Sweden) in which enzyme activity is determined spectrophotometrically by the development of a yellow colour. The results indicate an activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in bullet wounding, the significance of which remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:291260", "title": "Hemodilution and oxygen transport to tissue in shock.", "content": "Shock was induced in sixty dogs by laparotomy, splenectomy and exteriorization of the small intestine for three hours. Resuscitation following different plasma substitutes was assessed by measuring hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial blood pressure, plasma volume, oxygen consumption, cardiac output and hematocrit). To justify a comparison, the colloids (albumin, ACD-plasma, dextran 40, dextran 70, gelatine) were given at the same concentration and dose (3.5 % solutions in saline at a dose of 1.5 g/kg or 43 ml/kg). Ringer's acetate was given in a three times larger volume (129 ml/kg). After reposition of the intestine, the infusion was given over a 20 minute period. During shock hemoconcentration developed, increasing from 50 to 59 % in hematocrit; mean arterial blood pressure dropped from 144 to 95 mm Hg; plasma volume decreased to 67 %; total body oxygen consumption decreased to 59 % and cardiac output to 21 % of initial values. Reposition of the intestine did not in itself improve these values. Ringer's acetate was effective up to about 30 minutes after infusion but did not differ from no infusion at four hours. Gelatine and ACD-Plasma had a similar effect up to two hours. Albumin, dextran 40 and dextran 70 increased and maintained plasma volume and oxygen consumption at preexperimental levels for up to at least four hours. It is concluded that a single infusion of albumin, dextran 40 or dextran 70 is superior to ACD-plasma gelatine or Ringer's acetate in restoring and maintaining oxygen consumption and hemodynamic functions, when given in comparable doses and volumes.", "contents": "Hemodilution and oxygen transport to tissue in shock. Shock was induced in sixty dogs by laparotomy, splenectomy and exteriorization of the small intestine for three hours. Resuscitation following different plasma substitutes was assessed by measuring hemodynamic parameters (mean arterial blood pressure, plasma volume, oxygen consumption, cardiac output and hematocrit). To justify a comparison, the colloids (albumin, ACD-plasma, dextran 40, dextran 70, gelatine) were given at the same concentration and dose (3.5 % solutions in saline at a dose of 1.5 g/kg or 43 ml/kg). Ringer's acetate was given in a three times larger volume (129 ml/kg). After reposition of the intestine, the infusion was given over a 20 minute period. During shock hemoconcentration developed, increasing from 50 to 59 % in hematocrit; mean arterial blood pressure dropped from 144 to 95 mm Hg; plasma volume decreased to 67 %; total body oxygen consumption decreased to 59 % and cardiac output to 21 % of initial values. Reposition of the intestine did not in itself improve these values. Ringer's acetate was effective up to about 30 minutes after infusion but did not differ from no infusion at four hours. Gelatine and ACD-Plasma had a similar effect up to two hours. Albumin, dextran 40 and dextran 70 increased and maintained plasma volume and oxygen consumption at preexperimental levels for up to at least four hours. It is concluded that a single infusion of albumin, dextran 40 or dextran 70 is superior to ACD-plasma gelatine or Ringer's acetate in restoring and maintaining oxygen consumption and hemodynamic functions, when given in comparable doses and volumes."}
{"id": "PMID:291263", "title": "Effect of dextran infusion on the phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system in man.", "content": "The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is part of the host defence and consequently plays an important role in shock and trauma, conditions often requiring volume replacement. Experimental studies have shown that the functions of the RES are hampered by plasma substitutes such as gelatin, starch and dextran. In this study six patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were given 500 ml dextran just before the operation. At the end of the operation the phagocytic and metabolic functions were tested with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with I125. The results indicate that there is a significant impairment of the phagocytic activitity of the RES in patients given dextran compared to controls not given dextran but saline. The metabolic activity was not significantly affected by dextran, however, suggesting that moderate dosage of dextran is not of great disadvantage to patients undergoing major surgery.", "contents": "Effect of dextran infusion on the phagocytic and metabolic functions of the reticuloendothelial system in man. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) is part of the host defence and consequently plays an important role in shock and trauma, conditions often requiring volume replacement. Experimental studies have shown that the functions of the RES are hampered by plasma substitutes such as gelatin, starch and dextran. In this study six patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy were given 500 ml dextran just before the operation. At the end of the operation the phagocytic and metabolic functions were tested with microaggregated human serum albumin labelled with I125. The results indicate that there is a significant impairment of the phagocytic activitity of the RES in patients given dextran compared to controls not given dextran but saline. The metabolic activity was not significantly affected by dextran, however, suggesting that moderate dosage of dextran is not of great disadvantage to patients undergoing major surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:291264", "title": "Human granulocyte function during dextran infusion.", "content": "The granulocyte function was determined in healthy persons before and immediately after the infusion of 500 ml of dextran for 4 hours. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction reflecting the metabolic activity of these cells was measured both in cells at rest and after stimulation with E. coli, as well as with and without the addition of plasma. In 13 persons, the NBT-reduction was slightly but significantly increased in all four types of experiments after the dextran infusion. When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes from normal volunteers, the NBT reduction of these cells was increased and the effect was dose-dependent. A surface effect of dextran together with phagocytosis of dextran molecules are the most probable reasons for the elevated NBT-reduction. - In 9 persons tested, the bactericidal capacity was not significantly influenced by dextran infusion. - When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes neither the bactericidal capacity nor the chemotactic and random migration of the cells were changed. -", "contents": "Human granulocyte function during dextran infusion. The granulocyte function was determined in healthy persons before and immediately after the infusion of 500 ml of dextran for 4 hours. The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction reflecting the metabolic activity of these cells was measured both in cells at rest and after stimulation with E. coli, as well as with and without the addition of plasma. In 13 persons, the NBT-reduction was slightly but significantly increased in all four types of experiments after the dextran infusion. When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes from normal volunteers, the NBT reduction of these cells was increased and the effect was dose-dependent. A surface effect of dextran together with phagocytosis of dextran molecules are the most probable reasons for the elevated NBT-reduction. - In 9 persons tested, the bactericidal capacity was not significantly influenced by dextran infusion. - When dextran was added in vitro to granulocytes neither the bactericidal capacity nor the chemotactic and random migration of the cells were changed. -"}
{"id": "PMID:291265", "title": "A gelatin energy methodology for estimating vulnerability of personnel to military rifle systems.", "content": "Since 1965, estimates of bullet lethality have been obtained by firing the bullet of interest into a gelatin tissue simulant, measuring the energy deposited in the simulant and then relating the kinetic energy deposited to some previously determined empirical relationship between energy and P (I/H), the probability of incapacitation an infantry soldier, given a hit. Although the methods for recording the energy in the gelatin block have changed and the empirical relationships between P (I/H) and energy have undergone varying changes in sophistication and complexity, kinetic energy still remains the measure for quantifying the destructive physical damage which a high velocity military rifle bullet can inflict in biological tissues. It is the purpose of this paper to review the several gelatin correlation methodologies promulgated over the two decades, and through analysis of results of a recently completed study which evaluated these several methodologies, compare the precision of measurement techniques and evaluate the sensitivity of lethality predictions of each of the analytical models to the energy input parameters.", "contents": "A gelatin energy methodology for estimating vulnerability of personnel to military rifle systems. Since 1965, estimates of bullet lethality have been obtained by firing the bullet of interest into a gelatin tissue simulant, measuring the energy deposited in the simulant and then relating the kinetic energy deposited to some previously determined empirical relationship between energy and P (I/H), the probability of incapacitation an infantry soldier, given a hit. Although the methods for recording the energy in the gelatin block have changed and the empirical relationships between P (I/H) and energy have undergone varying changes in sophistication and complexity, kinetic energy still remains the measure for quantifying the destructive physical damage which a high velocity military rifle bullet can inflict in biological tissues. It is the purpose of this paper to review the several gelatin correlation methodologies promulgated over the two decades, and through analysis of results of a recently completed study which evaluated these several methodologies, compare the precision of measurement techniques and evaluate the sensitivity of lethality predictions of each of the analytical models to the energy input parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:291267", "title": "Steel ball effect-investigation of shooting at blocks of soap.", "content": "Standard commercial glycerin soap was penetrated using 6 mm steel spheres. The impact velocities (VU) varied from 240 to 1700 m/s. The velocity of sphere within the soap (v), resistance force (F), cavity in soap (Z), and the maximal cavity diameter (D) were evaluated. Within the range of impact velocities used, the following functions have been determined F = a v2 X = b Vun, and D = c + d Vu Based on experimental evidence, the values a, b, c, d and n have been determined.", "contents": "Steel ball effect-investigation of shooting at blocks of soap. Standard commercial glycerin soap was penetrated using 6 mm steel spheres. The impact velocities (VU) varied from 240 to 1700 m/s. The velocity of sphere within the soap (v), resistance force (F), cavity in soap (Z), and the maximal cavity diameter (D) were evaluated. Within the range of impact velocities used, the following functions have been determined F = a v2 X = b Vun, and D = c + d Vu Based on experimental evidence, the values a, b, c, d and n have been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:291268", "title": "Break-up behaviour of some small calibre projectiles when penetrating a dense medium.", "content": "A study of the break-up patterns of two types of standard ball small calibre bullets fired from a range of 100 meters against targets made of soft soap was performed. A flash X-ray set-up was used to study the behaviour of the bullets while penetrating the soap. A simplified calculation of the stresses affecting the bullets was performed. It turns out that one predominant factor in the break-up process is the tumbling of the projectile. The longitudinal rotation velocity of the bullets is often so great that this is sufficient to cause-centrifugal stresses of high enough magnitude to cause rupture of the bullet lead core. This in combination with the high retardation forces acting on a bullet penetrating a dense medium at large angles of yaw is sufficient to cause an almost inevitable break-up for fast-tumbling bullets.", "contents": "Break-up behaviour of some small calibre projectiles when penetrating a dense medium. A study of the break-up patterns of two types of standard ball small calibre bullets fired from a range of 100 meters against targets made of soft soap was performed. A flash X-ray set-up was used to study the behaviour of the bullets while penetrating the soap. A simplified calculation of the stresses affecting the bullets was performed. It turns out that one predominant factor in the break-up process is the tumbling of the projectile. The longitudinal rotation velocity of the bullets is often so great that this is sufficient to cause-centrifugal stresses of high enough magnitude to cause rupture of the bullet lead core. This in combination with the high retardation forces acting on a bullet penetrating a dense medium at large angles of yaw is sufficient to cause an almost inevitable break-up for fast-tumbling bullets."}
{"id": "PMID:291272", "title": "Experimental studies on artificial ventilation using a tidal volume ventilator. Mechanics and dynamics of ventilation.", "content": "In 24 piglets (2.7-24.5 kg b.w.), the mechanics of ventilation, the accuracy of dosage of respiratory volumes, and the influence of the ventilator's volume/pressure characteristics (Cvent, \"internal compliance\") on the dynamic course of insufflation were studied. A linear relationship was shown to exist between tidal volume and end-inspiratory tracheal pressure and between tidal volume and insufflation time. The insufflation time was reduced to about 50% of previously registered values. The error between set and registered tidal volume was found to be 6.0 +/- 2.7%. During the insufflation a linear relationship was found between the instant amount of delivered breathing gas and the corresponding endotracheal pressure change. The ventilator's Cvent did (and body size, total compliance and tidal volume did not) significantly influence the size of the direction coefficient for the linear instantaneous volume/pressure relationship, the magnitude of tracheal peak pressure and a short insufflation time, and vice versa. The use of greater power from the ventilator resulted in a significant shortening of the duration of insufflation and vice versa. The duration of insufflation is the parameter of choice in evaluating the efficiency of the ventilatory equipment. When the ventilator's performance is defined, measurements of the duration of insufflation may enable evaluation of conditions within the lungs.", "contents": "Experimental studies on artificial ventilation using a tidal volume ventilator. Mechanics and dynamics of ventilation. In 24 piglets (2.7-24.5 kg b.w.), the mechanics of ventilation, the accuracy of dosage of respiratory volumes, and the influence of the ventilator's volume/pressure characteristics (Cvent, \"internal compliance\") on the dynamic course of insufflation were studied. A linear relationship was shown to exist between tidal volume and end-inspiratory tracheal pressure and between tidal volume and insufflation time. The insufflation time was reduced to about 50% of previously registered values. The error between set and registered tidal volume was found to be 6.0 +/- 2.7%. During the insufflation a linear relationship was found between the instant amount of delivered breathing gas and the corresponding endotracheal pressure change. The ventilator's Cvent did (and body size, total compliance and tidal volume did not) significantly influence the size of the direction coefficient for the linear instantaneous volume/pressure relationship, the magnitude of tracheal peak pressure and a short insufflation time, and vice versa. The use of greater power from the ventilator resulted in a significant shortening of the duration of insufflation and vice versa. The duration of insufflation is the parameter of choice in evaluating the efficiency of the ventilatory equipment. When the ventilator's performance is defined, measurements of the duration of insufflation may enable evaluation of conditions within the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:291273", "title": "The circulatory response to specific ventilatory patterns using a tidal volume ventilator.", "content": "The circulatory response to different ventilatory patterns during artificial ventilation was examined in 17 sternotomized piglets. A constant CO2-tension level was maintained in all investigations by reference to analyses of the end-tidal infra-red CO2 fraction and arterial CO2-tension. The greatest variation in mean values for end-tidal CO2-tension was 0.2 kPa. Total compliance and lung compliance were lower at a ventilator volume/pressure quotient of 20 compared to those at 80 ml/kPa, and at f = 30 compared to f = 11 cycles/min. Higher cardiac output, lower pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance were measured at f = 11 (inspiration 20%) than at f = 30 (inspiration 50%). An increase in inspiration time by about 100% at the lower ventilatory frequency (f = 11) resulted in a significant but uncompensated decrease in cardiac output and stroke volume. These results demonstrate the value of a rapid insufflation in order to give longer expiration time per minute for the benefit of the venous return and cardiac output.", "contents": "The circulatory response to specific ventilatory patterns using a tidal volume ventilator. The circulatory response to different ventilatory patterns during artificial ventilation was examined in 17 sternotomized piglets. A constant CO2-tension level was maintained in all investigations by reference to analyses of the end-tidal infra-red CO2 fraction and arterial CO2-tension. The greatest variation in mean values for end-tidal CO2-tension was 0.2 kPa. Total compliance and lung compliance were lower at a ventilator volume/pressure quotient of 20 compared to those at 80 ml/kPa, and at f = 30 compared to f = 11 cycles/min. Higher cardiac output, lower pulmonary vascular resistance and systemic vascular resistance were measured at f = 11 (inspiration 20%) than at f = 30 (inspiration 50%). An increase in inspiration time by about 100% at the lower ventilatory frequency (f = 11) resulted in a significant but uncompensated decrease in cardiac output and stroke volume. These results demonstrate the value of a rapid insufflation in order to give longer expiration time per minute for the benefit of the venous return and cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:291274", "title": "Influence of ventilatory frequencies and ventilator volume/pressure quotients on pulmonary ventilation using a tidal volume ventilator.", "content": "The influence of ventilatory frequency and the ventilator's \"internal state of gas compression\" (Cvent) on mechanics of ventilation, pulmonary ventilation, gas distribution, gas exchange and lung perfusion was studied with free airway and experimental regional airway obstruction in 10 piglets (7-12 kg b. w. ), using a tidal volume ventilator. The VDphy/VTexp ratio was greater at f = 30 than at f = 10.3 cycles/min. This could be related to a significant increase in the VDanat/VTexp ratio at f = 30, while VDc/VTexp and VDlav/VTexp were unchanged at both frequencies. With regional ventilation and perfusion within the obstructed pulmonary field were reduced, compared to the values at f = 10.3 cycles/min. With Cvent 20 ml/kPa, the tidal volumes were insufflated in a shorter time and with a higher initial tracheal peak pressure than with Cvent 80 ml/kPa. Following bronchial obstruction, VA, RQ and Pao2 were greater with Cvent 20 than with Cvent 80 ml/kPa. With Cvent 20, the ventilation of the lung bases was reduced, which was compensated for by a large increase in ventilation within the apical areas of the lungs, while gas distribution within the unobstructed areas was more evenly distributed with Cvent 80. Ventilation at Cvent 20 showed no essential advantage over Cvent 80. Only in lungs extremely difficult to ventilate and with ventilatory frequencies over 50 cycles/min could possible indications for Cvent 20 be seen.", "contents": "Influence of ventilatory frequencies and ventilator volume/pressure quotients on pulmonary ventilation using a tidal volume ventilator. The influence of ventilatory frequency and the ventilator's \"internal state of gas compression\" (Cvent) on mechanics of ventilation, pulmonary ventilation, gas distribution, gas exchange and lung perfusion was studied with free airway and experimental regional airway obstruction in 10 piglets (7-12 kg b. w. ), using a tidal volume ventilator. The VDphy/VTexp ratio was greater at f = 30 than at f = 10.3 cycles/min. This could be related to a significant increase in the VDanat/VTexp ratio at f = 30, while VDc/VTexp and VDlav/VTexp were unchanged at both frequencies. With regional ventilation and perfusion within the obstructed pulmonary field were reduced, compared to the values at f = 10.3 cycles/min. With Cvent 20 ml/kPa, the tidal volumes were insufflated in a shorter time and with a higher initial tracheal peak pressure than with Cvent 80 ml/kPa. Following bronchial obstruction, VA, RQ and Pao2 were greater with Cvent 20 than with Cvent 80 ml/kPa. With Cvent 20, the ventilation of the lung bases was reduced, which was compensated for by a large increase in ventilation within the apical areas of the lungs, while gas distribution within the unobstructed areas was more evenly distributed with Cvent 80. Ventilation at Cvent 20 showed no essential advantage over Cvent 80. Only in lungs extremely difficult to ventilate and with ventilatory frequencies over 50 cycles/min could possible indications for Cvent 20 be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:291275", "title": "Frequency of hepatitis in dental health personnel in Norway.", "content": "Hepatitis B infection is considered a risk to dentists and their ancillary staff. To evaluate the magnitude of the risk for personnel in dental practice in Norway a questionnaire survey and a serologic investigation was performed, both disclosing frequencies of hepatitis B insignificantly higher than those in the general Norwegian population. The occurrence of anti-HBs in the general population, represented by 800 sera, appeared to be lower than the corresponding values found in Sweden and Denmark.", "contents": "Frequency of hepatitis in dental health personnel in Norway. Hepatitis B infection is considered a risk to dentists and their ancillary staff. To evaluate the magnitude of the risk for personnel in dental practice in Norway a questionnaire survey and a serologic investigation was performed, both disclosing frequencies of hepatitis B insignificantly higher than those in the general Norwegian population. The occurrence of anti-HBs in the general population, represented by 800 sera, appeared to be lower than the corresponding values found in Sweden and Denmark."}
{"id": "PMID:291276", "title": "Functional state, bite force and postural muscle activity in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges.", "content": "The function of the masticatory system of 13 women, aged 42-59 years, with osseointegrated oral implant bridges (OIB) made within the last seven years was compared with that of 10 matched dentate controls by means of a questionnaire, clinical examination, bite force measurements and electromyographic recordings of biting and of postural muscle activity. Both groups were satisfied with their masticatory capacity according to the questionnaire. The clinically determined state of the masticatory system, as judged from the clinical dysfunction index, was normal in both groups. Three levels of bite force 1) gentle biting, 2) biting as when chewing and 3) maximal biting, were recorded with a bite force apparatus and electromyographically. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups at any level of bite force for any of the methods of registration. Nor was there any difference of the two groups in the activity of the masticatory muscles with the mandible in the postural position. It is concluded that patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges have a masticatory muscle function equal to or approaching that of patients with natural teeth, or with tooth-supported bridges, with the same number of chewing units as the OIB-patients.", "contents": "Functional state, bite force and postural muscle activity in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges. The function of the masticatory system of 13 women, aged 42-59 years, with osseointegrated oral implant bridges (OIB) made within the last seven years was compared with that of 10 matched dentate controls by means of a questionnaire, clinical examination, bite force measurements and electromyographic recordings of biting and of postural muscle activity. Both groups were satisfied with their masticatory capacity according to the questionnaire. The clinically determined state of the masticatory system, as judged from the clinical dysfunction index, was normal in both groups. Three levels of bite force 1) gentle biting, 2) biting as when chewing and 3) maximal biting, were recorded with a bite force apparatus and electromyographically. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups at any level of bite force for any of the methods of registration. Nor was there any difference of the two groups in the activity of the masticatory muscles with the mandible in the postural position. It is concluded that patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges have a masticatory muscle function equal to or approaching that of patients with natural teeth, or with tooth-supported bridges, with the same number of chewing units as the OIB-patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291277", "title": "Muscle function during chewing and swallowing in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges. An electromyographic study.", "content": "The activity of the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, the masseter and the upper lip has been studied with electromyography in 13 women with osseointegrated oral implant bridges and compared with that in 10 subjects with natural teeth. The functions examined were chewing and swallowing of apple, bread and peanuts. There was no difference between implant and control subjects in the number of chewing cycles nor in duration of the act of chewing or in the amplitude of the muscle activity during chewing and swallowing. However, the duration of the activity during chewing was longer in the implant than in the control subjects. The number of years of wearing a maxillary implant bridge was found to be of importance for the number of chewing cycles during an act of chewing and for the muscle activity during chewing. Other factors influencing the muscle activity were age, number of occluding tooth units and the extension of the lower implant bridge. It was concluded that patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges have a masticatory muscle function equal to or approaching that in patients with natural teeth or with bridges supported on natural teeth with the same extension of the dentition.", "contents": "Muscle function during chewing and swallowing in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges. An electromyographic study. The activity of the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, the masseter and the upper lip has been studied with electromyography in 13 women with osseointegrated oral implant bridges and compared with that in 10 subjects with natural teeth. The functions examined were chewing and swallowing of apple, bread and peanuts. There was no difference between implant and control subjects in the number of chewing cycles nor in duration of the act of chewing or in the amplitude of the muscle activity during chewing and swallowing. However, the duration of the activity during chewing was longer in the implant than in the control subjects. The number of years of wearing a maxillary implant bridge was found to be of importance for the number of chewing cycles during an act of chewing and for the muscle activity during chewing. Other factors influencing the muscle activity were age, number of occluding tooth units and the extension of the lower implant bridge. It was concluded that patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges have a masticatory muscle function equal to or approaching that in patients with natural teeth or with bridges supported on natural teeth with the same extension of the dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:291278", "title": "Taste acuity of the human palate. II. Studies with electrogustometry on subjects in different age groups.", "content": "The electrical taste acuity on the hard and soft palate and the tip of the tongue was determined in 140 subjects aged 13-81 years using an electrogustometer constructed for the study. The possible influence of several variables including age, sex, wearing of a full upper denture, smoking as well as medical and social factors on the threshold values was also studied. Taste perception was demonstrated on the soft palate and on an area of the hard palate close to the junction of the hard and soft palate in most subjects. No perception of the electrical taste was found in eleven subjects (8%) on either the hard or the soft palate and in an additional 33 subjects (24%) on the hard palate alone and 2 subjects (1%) on the soft palate alone. The taste thresholds on the hard palate were very high compared to those on the soft palate and those on the tongue. Older subjects generally had higher thresholds than did younger subjects and the differences were greater for the thresholds on the hard and soft palate than for those on the tongue. No statistically significant differences in threshold values were found between women and men, denture wearers and non-denture wearers or smokers and non-smokers.", "contents": "Taste acuity of the human palate. II. Studies with electrogustometry on subjects in different age groups. The electrical taste acuity on the hard and soft palate and the tip of the tongue was determined in 140 subjects aged 13-81 years using an electrogustometer constructed for the study. The possible influence of several variables including age, sex, wearing of a full upper denture, smoking as well as medical and social factors on the threshold values was also studied. Taste perception was demonstrated on the soft palate and on an area of the hard palate close to the junction of the hard and soft palate in most subjects. No perception of the electrical taste was found in eleven subjects (8%) on either the hard or the soft palate and in an additional 33 subjects (24%) on the hard palate alone and 2 subjects (1%) on the soft palate alone. The taste thresholds on the hard palate were very high compared to those on the soft palate and those on the tongue. Older subjects generally had higher thresholds than did younger subjects and the differences were greater for the thresholds on the hard and soft palate than for those on the tongue. No statistically significant differences in threshold values were found between women and men, denture wearers and non-denture wearers or smokers and non-smokers."}
{"id": "PMID:291279", "title": "Taste acuity of the human palate. III. Studies with taste solutions on subjects in different age groups.", "content": "The taste acuity at the midline of the hard and soft palate near their junction and, for comparison, on representative areas of the tongue was determined in 80 subjects aged 11-79 years by applying test solutions of the four basic tastes. Twenty-one subjects (26%) could identify at least one taste on the hard palate but none could recognize all four tastes. Seventy subjects (87%) could identify at least one taste on the soft palate and 37 subjects (46%) could recognize all four tastes. Taste thresholds were much higher on the hard palate than on the tongue and were in most cases higher on the soft palate than on the tongue. The ability to recognize all four tastes was less frequent in older than in younger subjects and the difference was greatest on the soft palate and least at the foliate papillae. The differences were greatest for citric acid and least for sucrose. There was a tendency to lower thresholds for women compared to men for all four tastes on all areas examined which was most pronounced on the soft palate. No differences in taste thresholds were found between denture wearers and subjects with natural dentition. Smokers had higher thresholds than non-smokers only for salt on the soft palate and the base of the tongue.", "contents": "Taste acuity of the human palate. III. Studies with taste solutions on subjects in different age groups. The taste acuity at the midline of the hard and soft palate near their junction and, for comparison, on representative areas of the tongue was determined in 80 subjects aged 11-79 years by applying test solutions of the four basic tastes. Twenty-one subjects (26%) could identify at least one taste on the hard palate but none could recognize all four tastes. Seventy subjects (87%) could identify at least one taste on the soft palate and 37 subjects (46%) could recognize all four tastes. Taste thresholds were much higher on the hard palate than on the tongue and were in most cases higher on the soft palate than on the tongue. The ability to recognize all four tastes was less frequent in older than in younger subjects and the difference was greatest on the soft palate and least at the foliate papillae. The differences were greatest for citric acid and least for sucrose. There was a tendency to lower thresholds for women compared to men for all four tastes on all areas examined which was most pronounced on the soft palate. No differences in taste thresholds were found between denture wearers and subjects with natural dentition. Smokers had higher thresholds than non-smokers only for salt on the soft palate and the base of the tongue."}
{"id": "PMID:291281", "title": "Child-environment supervisors--a new strategy for prevention of childhood accidents.", "content": "This paper is a provisional report from an ongoing field experiment in Uppsala, Sweden, with the aim to reduce the number of serious childhood accidents. Groups of parents have been systematically trained to function as child-environment supervisors. The experiences have been very positive so far. The child-environment supervisors have proved to possess good knowledge about how to prevent accidents. A large number of hazards have been detected and successfully eliminated. The groups are now taking an active part in the planning of new housing estates. The findings also indicate that the Child Health Organization should be able to play a more active role in the work of environmental improvement for the safety of children. A suggestion for a collective strategy for such activity has been worked out.", "contents": "Child-environment supervisors--a new strategy for prevention of childhood accidents. This paper is a provisional report from an ongoing field experiment in Uppsala, Sweden, with the aim to reduce the number of serious childhood accidents. Groups of parents have been systematically trained to function as child-environment supervisors. The experiences have been very positive so far. The child-environment supervisors have proved to possess good knowledge about how to prevent accidents. A large number of hazards have been detected and successfully eliminated. The groups are now taking an active part in the planning of new housing estates. The findings also indicate that the Child Health Organization should be able to play a more active role in the work of environmental improvement for the safety of children. A suggestion for a collective strategy for such activity has been worked out."}
{"id": "PMID:291282", "title": "Child abuse in Malm\u00f6. A comparison between the periods 1967--1974 and 1975--1978.", "content": "In 1976 a survey was made of all children with a diagnosis of suspected or verified child abuse registered at the Department of Paediatrics in Malm\u00f6 from 1967 through 1974. Some of the results have been compared with more recent data collected during the years 1975 through 1978. Registered incidents of child abuse were found to have increased markedly during the later period, to a great extent due to the increased number of older children being registered in 1975--1978. A steep increase in cases was observed in 1976 coinciding with intensified efforts to inform and educate personnel responsible for the care or welfare of children. The larger number of incidents registered during the later period is thus considered to most likely have been caused by greater vigilance on the part of personnel responsible for children and not due to an increase in the real incidence of child abuse. A comparison between the two periods regarding the type of injuries recorded shows a five-fold increase in the yearly rate of less severe lesions, as contrasted with a two-fold increase in more severe lesions. During both periods, slight injuries represented a majority of all cases.", "contents": "Child abuse in Malm\u00f6. A comparison between the periods 1967--1974 and 1975--1978. In 1976 a survey was made of all children with a diagnosis of suspected or verified child abuse registered at the Department of Paediatrics in Malm\u00f6 from 1967 through 1974. Some of the results have been compared with more recent data collected during the years 1975 through 1978. Registered incidents of child abuse were found to have increased markedly during the later period, to a great extent due to the increased number of older children being registered in 1975--1978. A steep increase in cases was observed in 1976 coinciding with intensified efforts to inform and educate personnel responsible for the care or welfare of children. The larger number of incidents registered during the later period is thus considered to most likely have been caused by greater vigilance on the part of personnel responsible for children and not due to an increase in the real incidence of child abuse. A comparison between the two periods regarding the type of injuries recorded shows a five-fold increase in the yearly rate of less severe lesions, as contrasted with a two-fold increase in more severe lesions. During both periods, slight injuries represented a majority of all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:291283", "title": "Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Retrospective and prospective studies.", "content": "Retrospective and prospective investigations of children to alcoholic women gave an incidence of fetal alcohol lesion of one per 300 deliveries of whom half had the complete fetal alcohol syndrome. Perinatal and infant mortalities were increased seven to tenfold and low birth weight (less than or equal to 2 500 g), preterm deliveries (less than 37 weeks) and smallness for gestational age (less than -2 S.D.) were increased eightfold, threefold and twelvefold, respectively. Small size at birth correlated with reduced mental performance later in life, 58% had IQ below 85 and 19% below 70.8% had cerebral palsy. The incidence of cerebral palsy associated with maternal inebriety was 1/5 000 deliveries, i.e. every sixth case of cerebral palsy. Tracing of alcoholic women during pregnancy and treatment gave favourable effect on intrauterine growth when sobriety could be induced early in pregnancy but could not protect from functional brain disturbance measured by neurological performance and be evoked response electroencephalography. Damage to the fetus by alcohol is now the largest known health hazard by a noxious agent that is preventable.", "contents": "Effects on the child of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Retrospective and prospective studies. Retrospective and prospective investigations of children to alcoholic women gave an incidence of fetal alcohol lesion of one per 300 deliveries of whom half had the complete fetal alcohol syndrome. Perinatal and infant mortalities were increased seven to tenfold and low birth weight (less than or equal to 2 500 g), preterm deliveries (less than 37 weeks) and smallness for gestational age (less than -2 S.D.) were increased eightfold, threefold and twelvefold, respectively. Small size at birth correlated with reduced mental performance later in life, 58% had IQ below 85 and 19% below 70.8% had cerebral palsy. The incidence of cerebral palsy associated with maternal inebriety was 1/5 000 deliveries, i.e. every sixth case of cerebral palsy. Tracing of alcoholic women during pregnancy and treatment gave favourable effect on intrauterine growth when sobriety could be induced early in pregnancy but could not protect from functional brain disturbance measured by neurological performance and be evoked response electroencephalography. Damage to the fetus by alcohol is now the largest known health hazard by a noxious agent that is preventable."}
{"id": "PMID:291284", "title": "Breast feeding trends and recent information activities in Sweden.", "content": "The breast feeding rate has been declining steadily in Sweden since the 1930's up to the early 1970's. It is suggested that this was linked to the changing role of women, the development towards the nuclear family, the changing way of living, the influence of strict routines at the maternities and many other factors. A Committee was appointed in 1973 by the National Board of Health and Welfare, which initiated a number of breast feeding promoting activities: the editing of a Manual for health personnel, and booklets for mothers, the systematic arranging of workshops for key personnel in each county, stimulation to more flexible and breast feeding favouring maternity routines, backing of working groups of La Leche League-type, etc. Coinciding with these activities and probably a result of changed breast feeding attitudes among mothers, the breast feeding rate has increased considerably--at 2 months from an all time low of 31% in 1972 to 62% in 1976/77, and at 6 months from 6% to 20%.", "contents": "Breast feeding trends and recent information activities in Sweden. The breast feeding rate has been declining steadily in Sweden since the 1930's up to the early 1970's. It is suggested that this was linked to the changing role of women, the development towards the nuclear family, the changing way of living, the influence of strict routines at the maternities and many other factors. A Committee was appointed in 1973 by the National Board of Health and Welfare, which initiated a number of breast feeding promoting activities: the editing of a Manual for health personnel, and booklets for mothers, the systematic arranging of workshops for key personnel in each county, stimulation to more flexible and breast feeding favouring maternity routines, backing of working groups of La Leche League-type, etc. Coinciding with these activities and probably a result of changed breast feeding attitudes among mothers, the breast feeding rate has increased considerably--at 2 months from an all time low of 31% in 1972 to 62% in 1976/77, and at 6 months from 6% to 20%."}
{"id": "PMID:291285", "title": "Collaboration in practice. Experiences from a multidisciplinary research project on child abuse and neglect.", "content": "This paper describes experiences from a three-year research project concerning questions of child abuse and neglect. The emphasis is placed on an attempt to define the real difficulties that have arisen during the course of this work, e.g. group pressure, breaks in continuity, goal heterogeneity, role conflicts and differences in frames of reference. Collaboration problems must be taken seriously and deserve systematic investigation. Multidisciplinary collaboration in different connections within medical, health and social care is of particular importance at this time when the care resources are limited. At the same time it is of decisive importance that the members of the team clarify their attitudes towards certain fundamental questions.", "contents": "Collaboration in practice. Experiences from a multidisciplinary research project on child abuse and neglect. This paper describes experiences from a three-year research project concerning questions of child abuse and neglect. The emphasis is placed on an attempt to define the real difficulties that have arisen during the course of this work, e.g. group pressure, breaks in continuity, goal heterogeneity, role conflicts and differences in frames of reference. Collaboration problems must be taken seriously and deserve systematic investigation. Multidisciplinary collaboration in different connections within medical, health and social care is of particular importance at this time when the care resources are limited. At the same time it is of decisive importance that the members of the team clarify their attitudes towards certain fundamental questions."}
{"id": "PMID:291286", "title": "Perinatal mortality in Sweden. Analyses with international aspects.", "content": "The perinatal mortality in Sweden has been decreasing during the last four decades. From available vital statistics in 1976 Sweden's figures are the lowest internationally. The decline continues and in 1978 the figure was as low as 10.0 per thousand. The five-year period 1973--1977 has been specially analysed using medical birth records from all births. Data from an international perinatal study in 1973 coordinated by WHO have been treated in the same way. With birth weight (BW) specific mortality rates in groups of 250 g it is shown that late fetal deaths (LFD) are related to BW only for high BW and that early neonatal deaths (END) are inversly related to BW. There is no sex difference in LFD but a marked male dominance in END, with one third higher rate for the boys. BW specific mortality rates in BW groups of 250 g, separated in LFD and END can be used as a tool for evaluating the quality of perinatal care. The influence oof factors related to patterns and standards of living is emphasized. It is suggested that perinatal mortality should be given in its two components separately late fetal death rates (LFD) and early neonatal death rates (END).", "contents": "Perinatal mortality in Sweden. Analyses with international aspects. The perinatal mortality in Sweden has been decreasing during the last four decades. From available vital statistics in 1976 Sweden's figures are the lowest internationally. The decline continues and in 1978 the figure was as low as 10.0 per thousand. The five-year period 1973--1977 has been specially analysed using medical birth records from all births. Data from an international perinatal study in 1973 coordinated by WHO have been treated in the same way. With birth weight (BW) specific mortality rates in groups of 250 g it is shown that late fetal deaths (LFD) are related to BW only for high BW and that early neonatal deaths (END) are inversly related to BW. There is no sex difference in LFD but a marked male dominance in END, with one third higher rate for the boys. BW specific mortality rates in BW groups of 250 g, separated in LFD and END can be used as a tool for evaluating the quality of perinatal care. The influence oof factors related to patterns and standards of living is emphasized. It is suggested that perinatal mortality should be given in its two components separately late fetal death rates (LFD) and early neonatal death rates (END)."}
{"id": "PMID:291287", "title": "Analysis of perinatal mortality rate in the Stockholm area.", "content": "During the period 1973--1976, a significant decrease in perinatal mortality from 14.2 to 10.4/10 newborns occurred in Sweden. In the Stockholm area, the mean perinatal mortality during the same period varied significantly between the different maternity hospitals, even when pre-term and high risk pregnancies were excluded from the comparison. The majority of hospitals with fewer deliveries and without pediatric wards had a perinatal mortality above the mean. Some explanations of these differences were also looked for in differences between the total population of the referral area of each maternity hospital. In the referral areas of the hospitals with a perinatal mortality above the mean, there were higher percentages of low-income households and over-crowded dwellings and fewer professional people than in the other area. The results suggest a need for analysis of individually-based data to find etiological factors which account for differences in perinatal mortality.", "contents": "Analysis of perinatal mortality rate in the Stockholm area. During the period 1973--1976, a significant decrease in perinatal mortality from 14.2 to 10.4/10 newborns occurred in Sweden. In the Stockholm area, the mean perinatal mortality during the same period varied significantly between the different maternity hospitals, even when pre-term and high risk pregnancies were excluded from the comparison. The majority of hospitals with fewer deliveries and without pediatric wards had a perinatal mortality above the mean. Some explanations of these differences were also looked for in differences between the total population of the referral area of each maternity hospital. In the referral areas of the hospitals with a perinatal mortality above the mean, there were higher percentages of low-income households and over-crowded dwellings and fewer professional people than in the other area. The results suggest a need for analysis of individually-based data to find etiological factors which account for differences in perinatal mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:291288", "title": "Perinatal mortality among children of immigrant mothers in Sweden.", "content": "The perinatal mortality among the infants of foreign and Swedish mothers was studied with the help of the data submitted to the medical birth register in 1973--1976. Unexpectedly, the perinatal mortality was slightly lower among the infants of the immigrant mothers. This difference could not be explained by differences in the distribution by age or parity of the mothers or by the length of gestation of the infants. A conceivable explanation is that the foreign mothers constituted a favorably selected group.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality among children of immigrant mothers in Sweden. The perinatal mortality among the infants of foreign and Swedish mothers was studied with the help of the data submitted to the medical birth register in 1973--1976. Unexpectedly, the perinatal mortality was slightly lower among the infants of the immigrant mothers. This difference could not be explained by differences in the distribution by age or parity of the mothers or by the length of gestation of the infants. A conceivable explanation is that the foreign mothers constituted a favorably selected group."}
{"id": "PMID:291289", "title": "Paediatric services within the primary health care system in suburban areas.", "content": "Results from a few studies on community paediatrics in suburbs of Stockholm are presented. Pattern of diagnoses, utilization of care and social and psychological team work are discussed. Goals of the paediatric service in the primary care are set up and a distribution of duties between different professionals is suggested.", "contents": "Paediatric services within the primary health care system in suburban areas. Results from a few studies on community paediatrics in suburbs of Stockholm are presented. Pattern of diagnoses, utilization of care and social and psychological team work are discussed. Goals of the paediatric service in the primary care are set up and a distribution of duties between different professionals is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:291290", "title": "Case report of a Swedish school health clinic.", "content": "The work in the school health services, which, according to regulations, should be only preventive, has developed into a mixture of preventive and curative care with strong features of social paediatrics and treatment of minor complaints. Together, the nurse and the physician make an important contribution to pupil welfare in school, providing a sense of security for children, teachers and parents. On the other hand, it is evident that the resources are not used optimally. Too much time and effort are spent on routine class examinations, which yield very little benefit, while other important tasks are neglected, e.g. co-ordination of treatment and education of chronically ill or handicapped children and health education of children and teachers. This study reports the health problems that a physician and nurse encounter during one year in their daily work at a medium sized school in a medium sized city in Sweden.", "contents": "Case report of a Swedish school health clinic. The work in the school health services, which, according to regulations, should be only preventive, has developed into a mixture of preventive and curative care with strong features of social paediatrics and treatment of minor complaints. Together, the nurse and the physician make an important contribution to pupil welfare in school, providing a sense of security for children, teachers and parents. On the other hand, it is evident that the resources are not used optimally. Too much time and effort are spent on routine class examinations, which yield very little benefit, while other important tasks are neglected, e.g. co-ordination of treatment and education of chronically ill or handicapped children and health education of children and teachers. This study reports the health problems that a physician and nurse encounter during one year in their daily work at a medium sized school in a medium sized city in Sweden."}
{"id": "PMID:291291", "title": "Dealing with suspicions of malformation frequency increase. Experience with the Swedish register of congenital malformations.", "content": "Strategies in dealing with data obtained from malformation monitoring based on experiences with the Swedish monitoring systems, operating since 1965 (Register of Congenital Malformations) and 1973 (Medical Birth Register) are discussed. The importance of checking data that have sounded an alarm is stressed. Experience has shown that false alarms due to artefacts, such as changed diagnostic routines, changed reporting or registration of malformations, or random fluctuations, comprise most suspected changes in incidence. If a true increase in malformation frequency or a local cluster is observed, a hint of possible aetiological factors can be obtained from studies of maternal age distribution, seasonal viriation, geographical distribution, etc. The last step of the analysis consists of a case-control or a cohort study, aimed at revealing a specific teratogen. The importance of locating limited research resources to well-defined problems using high quality data is stressed.", "contents": "Dealing with suspicions of malformation frequency increase. Experience with the Swedish register of congenital malformations. Strategies in dealing with data obtained from malformation monitoring based on experiences with the Swedish monitoring systems, operating since 1965 (Register of Congenital Malformations) and 1973 (Medical Birth Register) are discussed. The importance of checking data that have sounded an alarm is stressed. Experience has shown that false alarms due to artefacts, such as changed diagnostic routines, changed reporting or registration of malformations, or random fluctuations, comprise most suspected changes in incidence. If a true increase in malformation frequency or a local cluster is observed, a hint of possible aetiological factors can be obtained from studies of maternal age distribution, seasonal viriation, geographical distribution, etc. The last step of the analysis consists of a case-control or a cohort study, aimed at revealing a specific teratogen. The importance of locating limited research resources to well-defined problems using high quality data is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:291293", "title": "Mentally retarded children and young people in Sweden. Integration into society: the progress in the last decade.", "content": "The services for the mentally retarded follow the principle of normalization, with integration as the most important means towards achieving this goal. A total of 0.44% of the population are mentally retarded. This number is decreasing. Only 23% of these are midly mentally retarded. The number living in different forms of institutions, is given by age and grade of retardation as well as the number of integrated school classes, and the changes in these respects since 1970 are described.", "contents": "Mentally retarded children and young people in Sweden. Integration into society: the progress in the last decade. The services for the mentally retarded follow the principle of normalization, with integration as the most important means towards achieving this goal. A total of 0.44% of the population are mentally retarded. This number is decreasing. Only 23% of these are midly mentally retarded. The number living in different forms of institutions, is given by age and grade of retardation as well as the number of integrated school classes, and the changes in these respects since 1970 are described."}
{"id": "PMID:291294", "title": "Social adaptation in juvenile diabetes.", "content": "A sample of 36 juvenile diabetics, age 19--28 years, and with a duration of diabetes of 14--17 years were interviewed with regard to their social adaptation. Five patients could not be traced and six patients did not want to participate. Educational and professional careers were normal. However, none had received individual diabetes-oriented vocational guidance. A majority of patients was unsatisfied with the information given at the diabetic clinics, and a negative attitude towards society and its institutions was common. Patients often felt that as children they had been neglected by the diabetic team, while their parents received all information. It is concluded that diabetic children and adolescents require continuous socio-psychological support, that psychologists and/or social workers should be permanent members of the diabetic teams, and that paediatricians should follow diabetic patients until they are fully grown up.", "contents": "Social adaptation in juvenile diabetes. A sample of 36 juvenile diabetics, age 19--28 years, and with a duration of diabetes of 14--17 years were interviewed with regard to their social adaptation. Five patients could not be traced and six patients did not want to participate. Educational and professional careers were normal. However, none had received individual diabetes-oriented vocational guidance. A majority of patients was unsatisfied with the information given at the diabetic clinics, and a negative attitude towards society and its institutions was common. Patients often felt that as children they had been neglected by the diabetic team, while their parents received all information. It is concluded that diabetic children and adolescents require continuous socio-psychological support, that psychologists and/or social workers should be permanent members of the diabetic teams, and that paediatricians should follow diabetic patients until they are fully grown up."}
{"id": "PMID:291295", "title": "Prevention of childhood accidents in Sweden. With special attention to the Work of the Joint Committee for Prevention of Accidents.", "content": "In the industrialized countries accidents constitute one of the greatest threats to children and Sweden was no exception to this. A joint committee was thus formed in 1954 to co-ordinate preventive work. Official bodies for health and education, safety organizations, some professional groups and voluntary organizations, were members of the Committee from the beginning. The Committee's role has been to stimulate investigations and research in safety, to work for a safer environment through planning and safety regulations and to provide information to parents and other key-groups. An important part of the preventive effort has been research, which has emphasized the seriousness of the problem and provided a basis for sefety work and subsequent information. Information has been channeled through the mass media as well as child welfare centres, schools and local groups which have become involved in safety matters. In order to make the environment safer the Swedish Board for Consumer Policy has a programme to test household equipment. The National Board of Urban Planning has drawn up regulations for the design of homes and their immediate surrounding. There seems to be a better understanding today of this important health problem. A tendency toward a lower number of fatal accidents can also be seen through the last few decades.", "contents": "Prevention of childhood accidents in Sweden. With special attention to the Work of the Joint Committee for Prevention of Accidents. In the industrialized countries accidents constitute one of the greatest threats to children and Sweden was no exception to this. A joint committee was thus formed in 1954 to co-ordinate preventive work. Official bodies for health and education, safety organizations, some professional groups and voluntary organizations, were members of the Committee from the beginning. The Committee's role has been to stimulate investigations and research in safety, to work for a safer environment through planning and safety regulations and to provide information to parents and other key-groups. An important part of the preventive effort has been research, which has emphasized the seriousness of the problem and provided a basis for sefety work and subsequent information. Information has been channeled through the mass media as well as child welfare centres, schools and local groups which have become involved in safety matters. In order to make the environment safer the Swedish Board for Consumer Policy has a programme to test household equipment. The National Board of Urban Planning has drawn up regulations for the design of homes and their immediate surrounding. There seems to be a better understanding today of this important health problem. A tendency toward a lower number of fatal accidents can also be seen through the last few decades."}
{"id": "PMID:291296", "title": "Accidental poisoning in pre-school children in the Stockholm area. Medical, psychosocial and preventive aspects.", "content": "Accidental poisoning in pre-school children requiring hospital admission has increased sixfold from 1955 to 1975 in the Stockholm area. The mortality from this accident has decreased from 0.5 to less than 0.1 per 100 000 pre-school children in the whole of Sweden during the same period. Medical and psychosocial background factors were investigated in 104 consecutive in-patients (0--6 years old) with accidental poisoning and compared to an out-patient group, a group of patients who only had called the poison control centre, and a matched control group from Child Health Centres. There were no difference between the groups regarding health and history of earlier accidents except that 20--25% of the families of the poisoned children and 7% of the control families had called the Poison Control Centre before. Change of residence during the last 6 months was much commoner among families of poisoned children than of nonpoisoned. Other social stress factors were more common among in-patients than out-patients. The measures taken by the parents to combat the poisoning were adequate in most cases. The decrease in mortality inspite of the increase in potentially dangerous accidental poisonings may be attributed to a good knowledge among parents about adequate measures and where to seek advice resulting in early treatment, and to intensive care and antidote therapy.", "contents": "Accidental poisoning in pre-school children in the Stockholm area. Medical, psychosocial and preventive aspects. Accidental poisoning in pre-school children requiring hospital admission has increased sixfold from 1955 to 1975 in the Stockholm area. The mortality from this accident has decreased from 0.5 to less than 0.1 per 100 000 pre-school children in the whole of Sweden during the same period. Medical and psychosocial background factors were investigated in 104 consecutive in-patients (0--6 years old) with accidental poisoning and compared to an out-patient group, a group of patients who only had called the poison control centre, and a matched control group from Child Health Centres. There were no difference between the groups regarding health and history of earlier accidents except that 20--25% of the families of the poisoned children and 7% of the control families had called the Poison Control Centre before. Change of residence during the last 6 months was much commoner among families of poisoned children than of nonpoisoned. Other social stress factors were more common among in-patients than out-patients. The measures taken by the parents to combat the poisoning were adequate in most cases. The decrease in mortality inspite of the increase in potentially dangerous accidental poisonings may be attributed to a good knowledge among parents about adequate measures and where to seek advice resulting in early treatment, and to intensive care and antidote therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291298", "title": "Studies on vagal activation of gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "Vagal activation produces a gastric acid secretory response by direct nervous stimulation of the parietal cell area and, at least in dogs, by gastrin released mainly from the antrum. In duodenal ulcer (DU) patients antrectomy reduces the acid response to sham feeding slightly more than the maximal acid output in response to pentagastrin, indicating that an antral factor contributes to the acid secretion induced by sham feeding. The marked acid response to sham feeding in antrectomized patients suggests that the direct nervous stimulation of the acid-secreting glands is the predominating stimulus in the vagal activation of acid secretion in man. In the present study vagal activation has been induced by adequate and modified sham feeding and insulin hypoglycemia in DU patients and healthy subjects. The acid response to adequate and modified sham feeding amounted to about 50% of the peak acid output in response to pentagastrin and corresponded to the acid response to an insulin dose of 0.1 U/kg b.w. Modified sham feeding seems to be a simple method of inducing physiological vagal activation of acid secretion. Sham feeding for 15 min increased only insignificantly the plasma concentrations of total gastrin immunoreactivity or heptadecapeptide gastrin. Prolonged sham feeding during intragastric neutralization or sham feeding after proximal gastric vagotomy did not significantly increase the plasma gastrin concentrations. Sham feeding is obviously a poor stimulus for release of gastrin in man. Either release effect of very small amounts of gastrin-17 or release of non-established gastrins may explain the biological effect of an antral factor. Pretreatment with benzilonium, an anticholinergic drug with minimal cerebral actions, increased the gastrin concentration after sham feeding in about half the experiments. This heterogeneous effect supports a non-cholinergic vagal release of gastrin and a cholinergic inhibition of gastrin release but also indicates a complex interaction at the level of the gastrin cells during vagal activation. Evidence for an inhibitory vagogastrone mechanism in DU patients has been found but its effect is weak and transient. Proximal gastric vagotomy abolished the acid responses to both insulin hypoglycemia and sham feeding, in accordance with the view that the direct nervous excitation of the acid-secreting glands is the predominating stimulus in the vagal activation of gastric acid secretion in man. Atropine in low doses or benzilonium inhibited the acid response to sham feeding by only 65%. This finding suggests that the direct vagal excitation of the acid-secreting glands is mediated only partially by cholinergic neurotransmission. Gastric acidification inhibited the gastric acid secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia both in healthy subjects and in DU patients. The inhibitory effect was significantly less in DU patients, however, supporting the concept of a defective inhibition by antral acidification in DU patients.", "contents": "Studies on vagal activation of gastric acid secretion in man. Vagal activation produces a gastric acid secretory response by direct nervous stimulation of the parietal cell area and, at least in dogs, by gastrin released mainly from the antrum. In duodenal ulcer (DU) patients antrectomy reduces the acid response to sham feeding slightly more than the maximal acid output in response to pentagastrin, indicating that an antral factor contributes to the acid secretion induced by sham feeding. The marked acid response to sham feeding in antrectomized patients suggests that the direct nervous stimulation of the acid-secreting glands is the predominating stimulus in the vagal activation of acid secretion in man. In the present study vagal activation has been induced by adequate and modified sham feeding and insulin hypoglycemia in DU patients and healthy subjects. The acid response to adequate and modified sham feeding amounted to about 50% of the peak acid output in response to pentagastrin and corresponded to the acid response to an insulin dose of 0.1 U/kg b.w. Modified sham feeding seems to be a simple method of inducing physiological vagal activation of acid secretion. Sham feeding for 15 min increased only insignificantly the plasma concentrations of total gastrin immunoreactivity or heptadecapeptide gastrin. Prolonged sham feeding during intragastric neutralization or sham feeding after proximal gastric vagotomy did not significantly increase the plasma gastrin concentrations. Sham feeding is obviously a poor stimulus for release of gastrin in man. Either release effect of very small amounts of gastrin-17 or release of non-established gastrins may explain the biological effect of an antral factor. Pretreatment with benzilonium, an anticholinergic drug with minimal cerebral actions, increased the gastrin concentration after sham feeding in about half the experiments. This heterogeneous effect supports a non-cholinergic vagal release of gastrin and a cholinergic inhibition of gastrin release but also indicates a complex interaction at the level of the gastrin cells during vagal activation. Evidence for an inhibitory vagogastrone mechanism in DU patients has been found but its effect is weak and transient. Proximal gastric vagotomy abolished the acid responses to both insulin hypoglycemia and sham feeding, in accordance with the view that the direct nervous excitation of the acid-secreting glands is the predominating stimulus in the vagal activation of gastric acid secretion in man. Atropine in low doses or benzilonium inhibited the acid response to sham feeding by only 65%. This finding suggests that the direct vagal excitation of the acid-secreting glands is mediated only partially by cholinergic neurotransmission. Gastric acidification inhibited the gastric acid secretory response to insulin hypoglycemia both in healthy subjects and in DU patients. The inhibitory effect was significantly less in DU patients, however, supporting the concept of a defective inhibition by antral acidification in DU patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291301", "title": "Kallikrein system during treatment of hematological malignancies.", "content": "Factors of the plasma kallikrein system have been evaluated following the course of 48 patients with hematological malignancies which consisted of 15 cases of AML, 6 cases of myeloproliferative disorders, 14 of lymphoproliferative disorders, 8 of multiple myeloma and 5 of bone marrow carcinomatoses. Normal range of spontaneous activity was 11.4 +/- 3.0 micronM/ml TAMe hydrolyzed, kallikreinogen was 115.8 +/- 26.2 micronM/ml.h and enzyme inhibitor was 1.02 +/- 0.37 unit. Lower kallikreinogen level of the range was from 77.2 to 93.1; higher spontaneous activity, 8.4 to 18.0 and lower enzyme inhibitor activity of 0.46 to 0.92 was seen before treatment. Kallikreinogen increased up to the range of 95.6 to 120.1 at complete remission and decreased down to 63.1 - 76.5 prior to death. The causes of the change in these factors were discussed.", "contents": "Kallikrein system during treatment of hematological malignancies. Factors of the plasma kallikrein system have been evaluated following the course of 48 patients with hematological malignancies which consisted of 15 cases of AML, 6 cases of myeloproliferative disorders, 14 of lymphoproliferative disorders, 8 of multiple myeloma and 5 of bone marrow carcinomatoses. Normal range of spontaneous activity was 11.4 +/- 3.0 micronM/ml TAMe hydrolyzed, kallikreinogen was 115.8 +/- 26.2 micronM/ml.h and enzyme inhibitor was 1.02 +/- 0.37 unit. Lower kallikreinogen level of the range was from 77.2 to 93.1; higher spontaneous activity, 8.4 to 18.0 and lower enzyme inhibitor activity of 0.46 to 0.92 was seen before treatment. Kallikreinogen increased up to the range of 95.6 to 120.1 at complete remission and decreased down to 63.1 - 76.5 prior to death. The causes of the change in these factors were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291303", "title": "Influence on thromboxane and malondialdehyde synthesis in human thrombocytes by various inhibitors of platelet function.", "content": "The effects of various inhibitors of platelet function have been compared with respect to the minimal effective concentration required to inhibit platelet aggregation and the thromboxane (TXA2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis in washed platelets. The potencies of the agents in the different platelet function tests showed no consistent correlation. The most striking difference was found between the prostaglandins and the adenine nucleotides. The prostaglandins PGE1 and PGI2 inhibited all platelet reactions (10(-7) - 10(-8) g/ml) which may be explained by their stimulation of adenylcyclase. In contrast, the adenine nucleotides adenosine and AMP which are supposed to raise cAMP platelets via the same mechanism and strongly inhibited primary and secondary platelet aggregation (3 x 10(-6) - 3 x 10(-7) g/ml) had no effect on TXA2 and MDA synthesis. The results suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of platelet function may not act via a uniform mechanism controlled by the arachidonate pathway.", "contents": "Influence on thromboxane and malondialdehyde synthesis in human thrombocytes by various inhibitors of platelet function. The effects of various inhibitors of platelet function have been compared with respect to the minimal effective concentration required to inhibit platelet aggregation and the thromboxane (TXA2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) synthesis in washed platelets. The potencies of the agents in the different platelet function tests showed no consistent correlation. The most striking difference was found between the prostaglandins and the adenine nucleotides. The prostaglandins PGE1 and PGI2 inhibited all platelet reactions (10(-7) - 10(-8) g/ml) which may be explained by their stimulation of adenylcyclase. In contrast, the adenine nucleotides adenosine and AMP which are supposed to raise cAMP platelets via the same mechanism and strongly inhibited primary and secondary platelet aggregation (3 x 10(-6) - 3 x 10(-7) g/ml) had no effect on TXA2 and MDA synthesis. The results suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of platelet function may not act via a uniform mechanism controlled by the arachidonate pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:291305", "title": "Arachidonic acid induced mortality in animals - an appropriate model for the evaluation of antithrombotic drugs?", "content": "Sodium arachidonate (1.1 mg/kg b.w.) was injected into a marginal ear vein of rabbits according to SILVER M.J. et al. (1). 94% of the animals died within a few minutes. We investigated to what extent these lethal effects of arachidonic acid (possibly caused by embolizing platelet thrombi) can be prevented by potential antithrombotic drugs. As indicated in the tables the animals are protected by some compounds, especially the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, in a dose-dependent manner. However, the results of this in vivo model showed no correlation with the potency of the drugs for inhibiting platelet aggregation and inhibition of experimental thrombosis. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the drug effects in this model reflect an overall inhibition of prostaglandins including thromboxanes.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid induced mortality in animals - an appropriate model for the evaluation of antithrombotic drugs? Sodium arachidonate (1.1 mg/kg b.w.) was injected into a marginal ear vein of rabbits according to SILVER M.J. et al. (1). 94% of the animals died within a few minutes. We investigated to what extent these lethal effects of arachidonic acid (possibly caused by embolizing platelet thrombi) can be prevented by potential antithrombotic drugs. As indicated in the tables the animals are protected by some compounds, especially the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, in a dose-dependent manner. However, the results of this in vivo model showed no correlation with the potency of the drugs for inhibiting platelet aggregation and inhibition of experimental thrombosis. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the drug effects in this model reflect an overall inhibition of prostaglandins including thromboxanes."}
{"id": "PMID:291312", "title": "Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.", "content": "In order to study the mechanism of steroid-induced inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) secretion, we have used rat renomedullary interstitial cells grown in tissue culture as an in vitro model. These cells have been shown by radio-immunoassay to produce high amounts of prostaglandins, mainly PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. Using (3H) dexamethasone, we have demonstrated in our cultures the existence of glucocorticoid binding sites which exhibit all the characteristics of physiological glucocorticoid receptors. Comparison between the biological activity (i.e. the ability to inhibit PG secretion) of the various steroids tested (dexamethasone, corticosterone, aldosterone, progesterone and estradiol) and their affinities for the glucocorticoid binding sites reveals a striking correlation between these two parameters. Steroids which bind to the receptors also inhibit prostaglandin secretion whereas testosterone and estradiol, which have a very weak affinity for the glucocorticoid binding sites do not inhibit PG secretion. In addition, actinomycin D (0.1 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (0.1 microgram/ml) are able to abolish the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on PG secretion. Our results indicate that the action of corticosteroids on prostaglandin secretion, which is believed to be the basis of their anti-inflammatory properties, is mediated through receptor occupancy and requires RNA and protein synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In order to study the mechanism of steroid-induced inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) secretion, we have used rat renomedullary interstitial cells grown in tissue culture as an in vitro model. These cells have been shown by radio-immunoassay to produce high amounts of prostaglandins, mainly PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. Using (3H) dexamethasone, we have demonstrated in our cultures the existence of glucocorticoid binding sites which exhibit all the characteristics of physiological glucocorticoid receptors. Comparison between the biological activity (i.e. the ability to inhibit PG secretion) of the various steroids tested (dexamethasone, corticosterone, aldosterone, progesterone and estradiol) and their affinities for the glucocorticoid binding sites reveals a striking correlation between these two parameters. Steroids which bind to the receptors also inhibit prostaglandin secretion whereas testosterone and estradiol, which have a very weak affinity for the glucocorticoid binding sites do not inhibit PG secretion. In addition, actinomycin D (0.1 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (0.1 microgram/ml) are able to abolish the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on PG secretion. Our results indicate that the action of corticosteroids on prostaglandin secretion, which is believed to be the basis of their anti-inflammatory properties, is mediated through receptor occupancy and requires RNA and protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:291334", "title": "Nonspecific esterases in leukemic blasts. Characterization by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Using high-resolution technics of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of nonspecific esterases extracted from various cytologic types of leukemic blasts were visualized using alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrates. For each cytologic type of leukemic blast, consistent and distinctive patterns of nonspecific esterase activity were visualized. These studies provide further evidence for heterogeneity of nonspecific esterases, and for elaboration of isoenzymatic components as a reflection of cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Nonspecific esterases in leukemic blasts. Characterization by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Using high-resolution technics of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of nonspecific esterases extracted from various cytologic types of leukemic blasts were visualized using alpha-naphthyl acetate and alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrates. For each cytologic type of leukemic blast, consistent and distinctive patterns of nonspecific esterase activity were visualized. These studies provide further evidence for heterogeneity of nonspecific esterases, and for elaboration of isoenzymatic components as a reflection of cellular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291337", "title": "Childhood leukemia-lymphoma. Heterogeneity of phenotypes and prognoses.", "content": "Results are reported on 724 children and adolescents with acute leukemia-lymphoma. One hundred patients had immunologic marker analysis that defined the major phenotypic groups, i.e., T-cell, B-cell (Burkitt), myeloid, and the most frequent form, non-T, non-T \"common\" or \"undifferentiated\" acute leukemia. Pre-T, pre-B, and \"null\" leukemias are included in the latter group. Response to therapy and survival was best in non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia, intermediate in T-cell disease, and worst in B-cell (Burkitt) disease. Additional factors resulting in decreased survival include elevated peripheral leukocyte count, presence of enlarged nodes, less depression of hemoglobin and platelets, and age greater than 7 years (all associated with 'lymphomatous\" disease). Other factors resulting in decreased survival include age under 3 years and depression of serum immunoglobulins. Definition of the heterogeneity of childhood leukemia-lymphoma dictates differing forms of therapy for the various types of these diseases.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia-lymphoma. Heterogeneity of phenotypes and prognoses. Results are reported on 724 children and adolescents with acute leukemia-lymphoma. One hundred patients had immunologic marker analysis that defined the major phenotypic groups, i.e., T-cell, B-cell (Burkitt), myeloid, and the most frequent form, non-T, non-T \"common\" or \"undifferentiated\" acute leukemia. Pre-T, pre-B, and \"null\" leukemias are included in the latter group. Response to therapy and survival was best in non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia, intermediate in T-cell disease, and worst in B-cell (Burkitt) disease. Additional factors resulting in decreased survival include elevated peripheral leukocyte count, presence of enlarged nodes, less depression of hemoglobin and platelets, and age greater than 7 years (all associated with 'lymphomatous\" disease). Other factors resulting in decreased survival include age under 3 years and depression of serum immunoglobulins. Definition of the heterogeneity of childhood leukemia-lymphoma dictates differing forms of therapy for the various types of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:291338", "title": "Reversible respiratory failure due to intravascular leukostasis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Relationship of oxygen transfer to leukocyte count.", "content": "In a 49 year old man with blast crisis and massive leukocytosis due to chronic myelogenous leukemia, severe hypoxic respiratory failure developed despite a normal chest film. Correction of hypoxemia was observed after reduction of the white blood cell count by hydroxy-urea therapy. A similar episode occurred prior to death, and necropsy examination revealed extensive plugging of the pulmonary vasculature by leukemic blast cells but no infection or pulmonary edema. An inverse linear correlation was demonstrated between the peripheral white blood cell count and the efficiency of oxygen transfer in the lung as determined by the arterial to alveolar oxygen tension ratio. We postulate that mechanical obstruction and/or leukocyte mediated capillary endothelial injury caused the severe leukocyte mediated capillary endothelial injury caused the severe hypoxemia. Abnormalities of pulmonary gas exchange may be common in leukemic patients with markedly increased leukocyte counts.", "contents": "Reversible respiratory failure due to intravascular leukostasis in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Relationship of oxygen transfer to leukocyte count. In a 49 year old man with blast crisis and massive leukocytosis due to chronic myelogenous leukemia, severe hypoxic respiratory failure developed despite a normal chest film. Correction of hypoxemia was observed after reduction of the white blood cell count by hydroxy-urea therapy. A similar episode occurred prior to death, and necropsy examination revealed extensive plugging of the pulmonary vasculature by leukemic blast cells but no infection or pulmonary edema. An inverse linear correlation was demonstrated between the peripheral white blood cell count and the efficiency of oxygen transfer in the lung as determined by the arterial to alveolar oxygen tension ratio. We postulate that mechanical obstruction and/or leukocyte mediated capillary endothelial injury caused the severe leukocyte mediated capillary endothelial injury caused the severe hypoxemia. Abnormalities of pulmonary gas exchange may be common in leukemic patients with markedly increased leukocyte counts."}
{"id": "PMID:291339", "title": "Spontaneous remission in acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult.", "content": "A spontaneous complete remission of 17 months duration was observed in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Resolution of all clinical and morphologic abnormalities occurred. The remission was apparently associated with an acute pulmonary infection. At relapse, remission induction was accomplished with cystosine arabinoside and daunorubicin therapy. In vitro granulocyte-macrophage agar culture studies (CFU-c) showed an abnormal growth pattern at presentation, which persisted during the period of spontaneous remission. Reports of spontaneous remissions of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults have become increasingly rare, and the remissions themselves are short-lived. Despite the association between spontaneous remissions and acute infections or febrile episodes, attempts at remission induction with infectious agents have been unsuccessful. Spontaneous remissions are an uncommon variant of the natural course of acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult.", "contents": "Spontaneous remission in acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult. A spontaneous complete remission of 17 months duration was observed in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Resolution of all clinical and morphologic abnormalities occurred. The remission was apparently associated with an acute pulmonary infection. At relapse, remission induction was accomplished with cystosine arabinoside and daunorubicin therapy. In vitro granulocyte-macrophage agar culture studies (CFU-c) showed an abnormal growth pattern at presentation, which persisted during the period of spontaneous remission. Reports of spontaneous remissions of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults have become increasingly rare, and the remissions themselves are short-lived. Despite the association between spontaneous remissions and acute infections or febrile episodes, attempts at remission induction with infectious agents have been unsuccessful. Spontaneous remissions are an uncommon variant of the natural course of acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:291340", "title": "Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway.", "content": "1. Accurate volume measurement of the nasal airway based upon computed tomography images sequentially generated along the length of the airway is possible. 2. The cross-sectional area of the airway at any position along its length can be determined. 3. The most constricted part of the airway is not necessarily at the location of the turbinates. 4. Details of hard- and soft-tissue anatomy not otherwise discernible can be detected with computed tomography imaging.", "contents": "Computed tomography: a three-dimensional study of the nasal airway. 1. Accurate volume measurement of the nasal airway based upon computed tomography images sequentially generated along the length of the airway is possible. 2. The cross-sectional area of the airway at any position along its length can be determined. 3. The most constricted part of the airway is not necessarily at the location of the turbinates. 4. Details of hard- and soft-tissue anatomy not otherwise discernible can be detected with computed tomography imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:291341", "title": "Single arch extraction--upper first molars or what to do when nonextraction treatment fails.", "content": "The logical goal of treatment must be to correct a malocclusion to the nearest possible approach in all respects to a normal condition as we understand it. When extraction within the upper arch only is the desired treatment plan, removal of two upper first molars will produce the closest approach to normalcy in terms of the dentition's function, its health, its influence on facial features, and its appearance. With the removal of upper first molars for treatment purposes, the result will be a dentition that has all the magnificent appearance of a dentition that never had any extractions at all. It will be a dentition that can have good functional movements at the end of treatment and on into the posttreatment period.", "contents": "Single arch extraction--upper first molars or what to do when nonextraction treatment fails. The logical goal of treatment must be to correct a malocclusion to the nearest possible approach in all respects to a normal condition as we understand it. When extraction within the upper arch only is the desired treatment plan, removal of two upper first molars will produce the closest approach to normalcy in terms of the dentition's function, its health, its influence on facial features, and its appearance. With the removal of upper first molars for treatment purposes, the result will be a dentition that has all the magnificent appearance of a dentition that never had any extractions at all. It will be a dentition that can have good functional movements at the end of treatment and on into the posttreatment period."}
{"id": "PMID:291342", "title": "An electromyographic and roentgen cephalometric study of occlusal morphofunctional disharmony in children.", "content": "In a sample of children with dual bite and symptoms in the masticatory system, the activity of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles was studied electromyographically during clench and light tapping in the posterior occlusal contact position and centric occlusion and in protrusive bite on the incisors. The findings indicated that the optimal muscle function during maximal clench and tapping with displayed in the posterior occlusal contact position, which in the present subjects was situated, on the average, 0.5 to 1 mm. anterior to the centric jaw relation. It should therefore be recommended that, in orthodontic treatment of children with dual bite, the intercuspal position (centric occlusion) should be established in the posterior occlusal relationship. This is in accordance with the opinion of several authors who have emphasized the use of the retruded contact position (the centric jaw relation) as key reference position in orthodontic treatment and occlusal rehabilitation. These authors have further emphasized the importance of stable occlusal contacts in centric relation, centric occlusion, and the various jaw excursions in obtaining and maintaining a harmonious function between the dentition, the temporomandibular joints, and the neuromuscular system.", "contents": "An electromyographic and roentgen cephalometric study of occlusal morphofunctional disharmony in children. In a sample of children with dual bite and symptoms in the masticatory system, the activity of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles was studied electromyographically during clench and light tapping in the posterior occlusal contact position and centric occlusion and in protrusive bite on the incisors. The findings indicated that the optimal muscle function during maximal clench and tapping with displayed in the posterior occlusal contact position, which in the present subjects was situated, on the average, 0.5 to 1 mm. anterior to the centric jaw relation. It should therefore be recommended that, in orthodontic treatment of children with dual bite, the intercuspal position (centric occlusion) should be established in the posterior occlusal relationship. This is in accordance with the opinion of several authors who have emphasized the use of the retruded contact position (the centric jaw relation) as key reference position in orthodontic treatment and occlusal rehabilitation. These authors have further emphasized the importance of stable occlusal contacts in centric relation, centric occlusion, and the various jaw excursions in obtaining and maintaining a harmonious function between the dentition, the temporomandibular joints, and the neuromuscular system."}
{"id": "PMID:291343", "title": "Treatment of class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance. A cephalometric investigation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the occlusion and craniofacial growth. The material consisted of twenty growing boys with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Ten of the boys were treated with the Herbst appliance for 6 months. The other ten boys served as a control group. Dental casts, profile roentgenograms, and TMJ radiographs were analyzed before and after 6 months of examination. The following treatment results were found: 1. Normal occlusal conditions occurred in all patients. 2. Maxillary growth may have been inhibited or redirected. The SNA angle was reduced slightly. 3. Mandibular growth was greater than average. The SNB angle increased. 4. Mandibular length increased, probably because of condylar growth stimulation. 5. Lower facial height increased. The mandibular plane angle, however, remained unchanged. 6. The convexity of the soft- and hard-tissue profile was somewhat reduced.", "contents": "Treatment of class II malocclusions by jumping the bite with the Herbst appliance. A cephalometric investigation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous bite jumping with the Herbst appliance on the occlusion and craniofacial growth. The material consisted of twenty growing boys with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Ten of the boys were treated with the Herbst appliance for 6 months. The other ten boys served as a control group. Dental casts, profile roentgenograms, and TMJ radiographs were analyzed before and after 6 months of examination. The following treatment results were found: 1. Normal occlusal conditions occurred in all patients. 2. Maxillary growth may have been inhibited or redirected. The SNA angle was reduced slightly. 3. Mandibular growth was greater than average. The SNB angle increased. 4. Mandibular length increased, probably because of condylar growth stimulation. 5. Lower facial height increased. The mandibular plane angle, however, remained unchanged. 6. The convexity of the soft- and hard-tissue profile was somewhat reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:291344", "title": "Surgical closure of diastema of central incisors.", "content": "In spite of the success and excellent results orthodontists have had in correcting dental abnormalities, one particular area which lends itself to relapse is the diastema between the incisors. The surgical correction of a diastema has been successfully accomplished without orthodontic treatment in patients interested in a rapid correction. The correction of functional problems was not a part of this treatment. Rapid correction is usually sought by adults who are self-conscious about their appearance and are unable to have corrections done for various personal reasons.", "contents": "Surgical closure of diastema of central incisors. In spite of the success and excellent results orthodontists have had in correcting dental abnormalities, one particular area which lends itself to relapse is the diastema between the incisors. The surgical correction of a diastema has been successfully accomplished without orthodontic treatment in patients interested in a rapid correction. The correction of functional problems was not a part of this treatment. Rapid correction is usually sought by adults who are self-conscious about their appearance and are unable to have corrections done for various personal reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:291354", "title": "[A newly developed ventilator driven by a microprocessor (author's transl)].", "content": "The A4/6 is a newly developed ventilator, which may be used in the operating theatre or in the intensive care unit. The machine is electronically driven (microprocessor) and is characterised by a highly sensitive triggering mechanism. It is designed for the ventilation of the newborn (including premature infants) and children up to approximately 5 years. The significant and important features of its control design including its triggering mechanism will be described.", "contents": "[A newly developed ventilator driven by a microprocessor (author's transl)]. The A4/6 is a newly developed ventilator, which may be used in the operating theatre or in the intensive care unit. The machine is electronically driven (microprocessor) and is characterised by a highly sensitive triggering mechanism. It is designed for the ventilation of the newborn (including premature infants) and children up to approximately 5 years. The significant and important features of its control design including its triggering mechanism will be described."}
{"id": "PMID:291355", "title": "Pseudochloroma: extramedullary hematopoietic nodules in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had multiple hemorrhagic soft tissue lesions at the time of diagnosis. Histologic examination of tissue removed by biopsy and at autopsy revealed extramedullary hematopoietic nodules with associated hemorrhage and necrosis. No evidence of either blastic transformation or systemic bleeding diathesis was found. Pseudochloroma is a treatable although potentially fatal complication of uncontrolled chronic myelogenous leukemia and should not be confused with myeloblastomas occurring with blastic transformation. Early recognition of the syndrome, prompt treatment with intensive chemotherapy, and radiation therapy of intracranial lesions seem to provide effective control of this complication and reversion to a status that is responsive to conventional treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Pseudochloroma: extramedullary hematopoietic nodules in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had multiple hemorrhagic soft tissue lesions at the time of diagnosis. Histologic examination of tissue removed by biopsy and at autopsy revealed extramedullary hematopoietic nodules with associated hemorrhage and necrosis. No evidence of either blastic transformation or systemic bleeding diathesis was found. Pseudochloroma is a treatable although potentially fatal complication of uncontrolled chronic myelogenous leukemia and should not be confused with myeloblastomas occurring with blastic transformation. Early recognition of the syndrome, prompt treatment with intensive chemotherapy, and radiation therapy of intracranial lesions seem to provide effective control of this complication and reversion to a status that is responsive to conventional treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:291362", "title": "Cell surface coat of hamster fibroblasts.", "content": "The UHF fraction from NIL 8 hamster embryo fibroblasts contains the LETS protein and several other major proteins. It exhibits three enzymatic activities in significant amounts: 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, and galactosyl transferase. The latter two appear to be different from the membrane-bound enzymes. This fraction is heavily stained with ruthenium red, a dye specific for the cell coat in intact cells. A comparable fraction from hamster sarcoma virus-transformed cells exhibits a similar overall protein composition but lacks at least three major proteins, including the LETS protein. Compared to NIL 8 cells, the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in fractions from these cells is different, and the level of galactosyl transferase in the UHF is much reduced.", "contents": "Cell surface coat of hamster fibroblasts. The UHF fraction from NIL 8 hamster embryo fibroblasts contains the LETS protein and several other major proteins. It exhibits three enzymatic activities in significant amounts: 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, and galactosyl transferase. The latter two appear to be different from the membrane-bound enzymes. This fraction is heavily stained with ruthenium red, a dye specific for the cell coat in intact cells. A comparable fraction from hamster sarcoma virus-transformed cells exhibits a similar overall protein composition but lacks at least three major proteins, including the LETS protein. Compared to NIL 8 cells, the distribution of alkaline phosphatase in fractions from these cells is different, and the level of galactosyl transferase in the UHF is much reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:291363", "title": "Identification and characterization of normal and malignant human blood leukocytes by surface glycoprotein patterns.", "content": "We have labeled surface glycoproteins of normal and malignant human blood leukocytes by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 and periodate-NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were separated by slab gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and visualized by fluorography. The different types of normal blood cells could be distinguished by their surface glycoprotein patterns. The surface glycoproteins of cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic, myeloid, or monoblastic leukemia were different from those of normal cells. The leukemic cells could be classified by their surface glycoprotein patterns with respect to their relationships to normal blood cells, and an estimation of their degree of differentiation was obtained.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of normal and malignant human blood leukocytes by surface glycoprotein patterns. We have labeled surface glycoproteins of normal and malignant human blood leukocytes by the galactose oxidase-NaB3H4 and periodate-NaB3H4 labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were separated by slab gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and visualized by fluorography. The different types of normal blood cells could be distinguished by their surface glycoprotein patterns. The surface glycoproteins of cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic, myeloid, or monoblastic leukemia were different from those of normal cells. The leukemic cells could be classified by their surface glycoprotein patterns with respect to their relationships to normal blood cells, and an estimation of their degree of differentiation was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:291364", "title": "Transformation-sensitive cell surface protein: isolation, characterization, and role in cellular morphology and adhesion.", "content": "Cell surface protein is the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts. We have isolated and purified this glycoprotein and find that it is an adhesive protein that increases cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesiveness in a variety cellular adhesion assays. Transformation of chick fibroblasts results in decreased quantities of CSP due primarily to a fivefold reduction in CSP biosynthesis, although increased proteolytic degradation and shedding from the cell surface also contribute. The decreased biosynthesis is apparently due to a fivefold reduction in translatable mRNA for CSP. Reconstitution of isolated purified CSP on 14 transformed cell lines from several species results in reversion to a more normal fibroblastic morphology, adhesiveness, cell surface architecture, microfilament bundle organization, motility,  and alignment at confluence. Cell surface protein does not restore growth control. The effects of CSP appear to be due to at least two actions, increased cell-substratum adhesion plus altered cell-cell interactions. Untransformed chick cells treated with affinity-purified antibodies to CSP develop the rounded morphology characteristic of many transformed cells that are deficient in CSP (LETS protein). Cell surface protein is found primarily in fibrillar aggregates on the cell surface. These CSP fibrils are relatively immobile and do not affect the mobility of other cell surface components. However, CSP can be eventually redistributed to caplike structures with anti-CSP. Isolated CSP consists of highly asymmetric disulfide-linked dimers and multimers. The interchain disulfide bridges are confined to a short terminal fragment that is readily removed by trypsin. Cell surface protein and cold-insoluble globulin have similar compositions but differ in solubility and amino termini. Cell surface protein contains primarily asparagine-linked oligosaccharides that appear to be responsible for CSP's concanavalin A receptor activity. Inhibition of CSP's glycosylation by treatment with tunicamycin results in decreased CSP due to marked increases in its degradation rate, without inhibition of synthesis or secretion. Studies of this major cell surface glycoprotein have provided insight into the biochemical mechanisms of cellular adhesion, morphology, and social interaction and provide an approach to analyze the dynamics and regulation of protein synthesis, glycosylation, secretion, and turnover.", "contents": "Transformation-sensitive cell surface protein: isolation, characterization, and role in cellular morphology and adhesion. Cell surface protein is the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts. We have isolated and purified this glycoprotein and find that it is an adhesive protein that increases cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesiveness in a variety cellular adhesion assays. Transformation of chick fibroblasts results in decreased quantities of CSP due primarily to a fivefold reduction in CSP biosynthesis, although increased proteolytic degradation and shedding from the cell surface also contribute. The decreased biosynthesis is apparently due to a fivefold reduction in translatable mRNA for CSP. Reconstitution of isolated purified CSP on 14 transformed cell lines from several species results in reversion to a more normal fibroblastic morphology, adhesiveness, cell surface architecture, microfilament bundle organization, motility,  and alignment at confluence. Cell surface protein does not restore growth control. The effects of CSP appear to be due to at least two actions, increased cell-substratum adhesion plus altered cell-cell interactions. Untransformed chick cells treated with affinity-purified antibodies to CSP develop the rounded morphology characteristic of many transformed cells that are deficient in CSP (LETS protein). Cell surface protein is found primarily in fibrillar aggregates on the cell surface. These CSP fibrils are relatively immobile and do not affect the mobility of other cell surface components. However, CSP can be eventually redistributed to caplike structures with anti-CSP. Isolated CSP consists of highly asymmetric disulfide-linked dimers and multimers. The interchain disulfide bridges are confined to a short terminal fragment that is readily removed by trypsin. Cell surface protein and cold-insoluble globulin have similar compositions but differ in solubility and amino termini. Cell surface protein contains primarily asparagine-linked oligosaccharides that appear to be responsible for CSP's concanavalin A receptor activity. Inhibition of CSP's glycosylation by treatment with tunicamycin results in decreased CSP due to marked increases in its degradation rate, without inhibition of synthesis or secretion. Studies of this major cell surface glycoprotein have provided insight into the biochemical mechanisms of cellular adhesion, morphology, and social interaction and provide an approach to analyze the dynamics and regulation of protein synthesis, glycosylation, secretion, and turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:291367", "title": "Are lobster fibrinogen and cold-insoluble globulin related molecules?", "content": "Several of the molecular properties of lobster fibrinogen and CIg have been compared. There are some significant similarities between these two proteins; however, to date, no direct experiments have demonstrated molecular homologies. Studies involving cyanogen bromide mapping, additional immunologic probing, and modifications of cell morphology effected by lobster fibrinogen are currently in progress. It is anticipated that these and other experimental approaches will provide direct evidence to answer the question, posed by the title of this paper.", "contents": "Are lobster fibrinogen and cold-insoluble globulin related molecules? Several of the molecular properties of lobster fibrinogen and CIg have been compared. There are some significant similarities between these two proteins; however, to date, no direct experiments have demonstrated molecular homologies. Studies involving cyanogen bromide mapping, additional immunologic probing, and modifications of cell morphology effected by lobster fibrinogen are currently in progress. It is anticipated that these and other experimental approaches will provide direct evidence to answer the question, posed by the title of this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:291368", "title": "Fibronectin and the pericellular matrix of normal and transformed adherent cells.", "content": "Fibronectin is a major glycoprotein component of normal fibroblasts in culture. External fibronectin is predominantly present in a pericellular fibrillar matrix that mediates distant cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. A small proportion of external fibronectin is closely associated with the plasma membrane. In the matrix, fibronectin is partially disulfide bonded into complexes. Plasma transglutaminase, activated by thrombin, also cross-links external fibronectin into high-molecular-weight covalent complexes. In cultures of normal fibroblasts, pericellular matrix fibronectin displays extensive codistribution with (pro)collagens types I and III. Transformed adherent cells show decreased formation of the fibronectin-collagen matrix. The deficient synthesis of fibronectin and other matrix components and abnormal interactions with the matrix may account for several phenotypic characteristics of transformed cells. The pericellular matrix structure has been prepared by use of deoxycholate and hypotonic medium to solubilize the cells. The matrix contains glycosaminoglycans, procollagens, and fibronectin. The fibronectin codistributes with the procollagens. The matrix may be considered to be an in vitro equivalent of the connective tissue matrix and basal laminae found in vivo. Human sarcoma cells spread rapidly on the prepared matrix and assume an elongated morphology characteristic of normal fibroblasts. The prepared matrix may provide a general tool to study the effects of matrix on cellular behavior and differentiation.", "contents": "Fibronectin and the pericellular matrix of normal and transformed adherent cells. Fibronectin is a major glycoprotein component of normal fibroblasts in culture. External fibronectin is predominantly present in a pericellular fibrillar matrix that mediates distant cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts. A small proportion of external fibronectin is closely associated with the plasma membrane. In the matrix, fibronectin is partially disulfide bonded into complexes. Plasma transglutaminase, activated by thrombin, also cross-links external fibronectin into high-molecular-weight covalent complexes. In cultures of normal fibroblasts, pericellular matrix fibronectin displays extensive codistribution with (pro)collagens types I and III. Transformed adherent cells show decreased formation of the fibronectin-collagen matrix. The deficient synthesis of fibronectin and other matrix components and abnormal interactions with the matrix may account for several phenotypic characteristics of transformed cells. The pericellular matrix structure has been prepared by use of deoxycholate and hypotonic medium to solubilize the cells. The matrix contains glycosaminoglycans, procollagens, and fibronectin. The fibronectin codistributes with the procollagens. The matrix may be considered to be an in vitro equivalent of the connective tissue matrix and basal laminae found in vivo. Human sarcoma cells spread rapidly on the prepared matrix and assume an elongated morphology characteristic of normal fibroblasts. The prepared matrix may provide a general tool to study the effects of matrix on cellular behavior and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291382", "title": "Distribution of cold-insoluble globulin in plasma and tissues.", "content": "Cold-insoluble globulin is normally present in plasma and serum at concentrations of 27.52 +/- 4.60 and 23.46 +/- 5.18 mg/dl, respectively (means +/- SD). The concentration of CIg in blood samples was significantly decreased in DIC syndromes (14.69 +/- 6.55 mg/dl; p less than 0.001). A strong, positive correlation was found with AT-III (r = 0.68) and a less striking one with Plg. Although alpha 2-PI was shown to be significantly decreased in DIC syndromes (p less than 0.001), a weak, inverse correlation was found between CIg and alpha 2-PI (r = -0.29). Immunologically cross-reactive substances were found to be widely distributed in association with the cells and tissues of mesenchymal origin, including fibroblasts, adipose cells, smooth muscle cells, and basement membranes. The glomerular basement membrane was an exception and is currently believed to be of different origin. In the kidney, fluorescence was found in the mesangium. Cold-insoluble globulin is also present as a component of cryofibrinogen that forms a solid gel at low temperatures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that CIg in this fraction was rather homogeneous. Although closely migrating doublets were occasionally seen in the 440,000-dalton region on gels of unreduced samples, monomeric derivatives with a molecular weight of 220,000 or less, which have been claimed to occur in circulating plasma, were not observed. Thus, intact dimeric CIg appears to be the form of the molecule that complexes with fibrinogen. Cold-insoluble globulin is the fraction that was shown to exist as an independent entity from fibrinogen at an ambient temperature by immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. However, very rapid formation of highly polymerized complexes in the sol phase at low temperatures was manifested by the finding of a sharp increase in light-scattering intensity using the technique of quasielastic light scattering. A control study on a mixture of normal CIg and fibrinogen disclosed no appreciable change in the temperature range between 37 and 8.5 degrees C. A comparative study on a mixture of cryofibrinogen-derived CIg and normal fibrinogen revealed an intermediate light-scattering pattern. After 2 hr at 8 degrees C, this mixture reached a state of equilibrium, where no further polymerization occurred. The secondary structures of normal and cryofibrinogen-derived CIg, determined by circular dichroism, showed no appreciable difference. A noteworthy finding was the almost complete absence of alpha-helices and a relatively high proportion of beta-structure in both forms of CIg. Amino termini of the fibrinogen moiety of cryofibrinogen were found to consist of alanine, tyrosine, and a small quantity of aspartic acid, consistent with the NH2 terminal moiety composition of normal fibrinogen but not of soluble fibrin monomer complex.", "contents": "Distribution of cold-insoluble globulin in plasma and tissues. Cold-insoluble globulin is normally present in plasma and serum at concentrations of 27.52 +/- 4.60 and 23.46 +/- 5.18 mg/dl, respectively (means +/- SD). The concentration of CIg in blood samples was significantly decreased in DIC syndromes (14.69 +/- 6.55 mg/dl; p less than 0.001). A strong, positive correlation was found with AT-III (r = 0.68) and a less striking one with Plg. Although alpha 2-PI was shown to be significantly decreased in DIC syndromes (p less than 0.001), a weak, inverse correlation was found between CIg and alpha 2-PI (r = -0.29). Immunologically cross-reactive substances were found to be widely distributed in association with the cells and tissues of mesenchymal origin, including fibroblasts, adipose cells, smooth muscle cells, and basement membranes. The glomerular basement membrane was an exception and is currently believed to be of different origin. In the kidney, fluorescence was found in the mesangium. Cold-insoluble globulin is also present as a component of cryofibrinogen that forms a solid gel at low temperatures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that CIg in this fraction was rather homogeneous. Although closely migrating doublets were occasionally seen in the 440,000-dalton region on gels of unreduced samples, monomeric derivatives with a molecular weight of 220,000 or less, which have been claimed to occur in circulating plasma, were not observed. Thus, intact dimeric CIg appears to be the form of the molecule that complexes with fibrinogen. Cold-insoluble globulin is the fraction that was shown to exist as an independent entity from fibrinogen at an ambient temperature by immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. However, very rapid formation of highly polymerized complexes in the sol phase at low temperatures was manifested by the finding of a sharp increase in light-scattering intensity using the technique of quasielastic light scattering. A control study on a mixture of normal CIg and fibrinogen disclosed no appreciable change in the temperature range between 37 and 8.5 degrees C. A comparative study on a mixture of cryofibrinogen-derived CIg and normal fibrinogen revealed an intermediate light-scattering pattern. After 2 hr at 8 degrees C, this mixture reached a state of equilibrium, where no further polymerization occurred. The secondary structures of normal and cryofibrinogen-derived CIg, determined by circular dichroism, showed no appreciable difference. A noteworthy finding was the almost complete absence of alpha-helices and a relatively high proportion of beta-structure in both forms of CIg. Amino termini of the fibrinogen moiety of cryofibrinogen were found to consist of alanine, tyrosine, and a small quantity of aspartic acid, consistent with the NH2 terminal moiety composition of normal fibrinogen but not of soluble fibrin monomer complex."}
{"id": "PMID:291386", "title": "Electromyographic abnormalities in osteosarcoma arising in Paget disease of the vertebral column.", "content": "The case of a patient with low back pain and Paget disease of the L5, S1 vertebrae is presented. Electromyography revealed dysfunction in both the paraspinal and gluteal muscles. Postmortem examination showed sarcomatous transformation of the vertebrae with nerve root compression and skeletal muscle infiltration by tumor. The electromyographic abnormalities are correlated with the pathologic findings. The clinical features of neurologic dysfunction in Paget disease of the vertebral column and in osteosarcoma arising in Paget disease of the vertebral column are reviewed. Electromyography can provide valuable information in the evaluation of the patient with Paget disease of the vertebral column who is suspected of having neurologic dysfunction.", "contents": "Electromyographic abnormalities in osteosarcoma arising in Paget disease of the vertebral column. The case of a patient with low back pain and Paget disease of the L5, S1 vertebrae is presented. Electromyography revealed dysfunction in both the paraspinal and gluteal muscles. Postmortem examination showed sarcomatous transformation of the vertebrae with nerve root compression and skeletal muscle infiltration by tumor. The electromyographic abnormalities are correlated with the pathologic findings. The clinical features of neurologic dysfunction in Paget disease of the vertebral column and in osteosarcoma arising in Paget disease of the vertebral column are reviewed. Electromyography can provide valuable information in the evaluation of the patient with Paget disease of the vertebral column who is suspected of having neurologic dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:291387", "title": "Fusion of a third molar to a supernumerary tooth with an associated dentigerous cyst.", "content": "During a routine oral examination of a 19 year-old Black male, a bony impaction of his mandibular left third molar fused to an inverted supernumerary tooth with a cystic cavity was found. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of a dentigerous cyst.", "contents": "Fusion of a third molar to a supernumerary tooth with an associated dentigerous cyst. During a routine oral examination of a 19 year-old Black male, a bony impaction of his mandibular left third molar fused to an inverted supernumerary tooth with a cystic cavity was found. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of a dentigerous cyst."}
{"id": "PMID:291389", "title": "55 Nitinol wire: force developed as a function of \"elastic memory\".", "content": "Closing spaces is done either by translation of the edgewise brackets over an archwire or by the use of closing loops of some common design. This investigation suggests the concept of the further refinement of the \"wire rubber band\" as a means of closing spaces. Advantages of such a wire hypothetically would be to level the dentition, align the dentition, and condense spaces in the dentition with only one or two stretched nickel titanium wires having the proper temperature transition range (TTR). The temperature of the mouth would make such wires return to their original prestretched length. A correctly-sized wire would have sufficient stiffness at mouth temperature, and it would be kept at or above its TTR. The system eliminates friction from edgewise bracket translation and also the use of many auxiliary closing devices as well as reducing the number of archwire changes, thus saving chairside time.", "contents": "55 Nitinol wire: force developed as a function of \"elastic memory\". Closing spaces is done either by translation of the edgewise brackets over an archwire or by the use of closing loops of some common design. This investigation suggests the concept of the further refinement of the \"wire rubber band\" as a means of closing spaces. Advantages of such a wire hypothetically would be to level the dentition, align the dentition, and condense spaces in the dentition with only one or two stretched nickel titanium wires having the proper temperature transition range (TTR). The temperature of the mouth would make such wires return to their original prestretched length. A correctly-sized wire would have sufficient stiffness at mouth temperature, and it would be kept at or above its TTR. The system eliminates friction from edgewise bracket translation and also the use of many auxiliary closing devices as well as reducing the number of archwire changes, thus saving chairside time."}
{"id": "PMID:291385", "title": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin response by fungi from a \"leukemia\" house.", "content": "Fungal isolates from the house of a husband and wife who both developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia were assayed for effects on the in vivo response to phytohemagglutinin in guinea pigs. Skin responses to intradermal phytohemagglutinin were measured following injections of sterile fungal extracts. Isolates of Penicillium canescens, Curvularia, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium equiseti and Trichoderma koningii from the leukemia-associated house depressed the responses to phytohemagglutinin, but none of the fungal isolates obtained from a nearby control house depressed responses to phytohemagglutinin. Such environmental agents may contribute to development of malignancy by suppression of immune responses.", "contents": "Suppression of phytohemagglutinin response by fungi from a \"leukemia\" house. Fungal isolates from the house of a husband and wife who both developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia were assayed for effects on the in vivo response to phytohemagglutinin in guinea pigs. Skin responses to intradermal phytohemagglutinin were measured following injections of sterile fungal extracts. Isolates of Penicillium canescens, Curvularia, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium equiseti and Trichoderma koningii from the leukemia-associated house depressed the responses to phytohemagglutinin, but none of the fungal isolates obtained from a nearby control house depressed responses to phytohemagglutinin. Such environmental agents may contribute to development of malignancy by suppression of immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:291391", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of the corrosion products of dental amalgam.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of corrosion products released from dental amalgam implants in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied by means of a sulphide-silver technique. Implants stimulated a prolonged inflammatory response with delayed granulation tissue formation and slow and faulty collagen formation. The metallic corrosion products were found both in cells and in association with matrix components. Intracellular metal deposits were predominantly in the cytoplasmic matrix and in vacuoles in the early (19 day) lesions, but at 60 days there was metal in many nuclei, both viable and dead. Collagen fibrils had metal on the surface and vascular basement membranes had granules of bound metals.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of the corrosion products of dental amalgam. The ultrastructural localization of corrosion products released from dental amalgam implants in rat subcutaneous tissue was studied by means of a sulphide-silver technique. Implants stimulated a prolonged inflammatory response with delayed granulation tissue formation and slow and faulty collagen formation. The metallic corrosion products were found both in cells and in association with matrix components. Intracellular metal deposits were predominantly in the cytoplasmic matrix and in vacuoles in the early (19 day) lesions, but at 60 days there was metal in many nuclei, both viable and dead. Collagen fibrils had metal on the surface and vascular basement membranes had granules of bound metals."}
{"id": "PMID:291405", "title": "Delayed diagnosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid.", "content": "In a large series of patients with carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum there was a delay in diagnosis due to misinterpretation of the physical signs in 36 cases (2.3%). The causes of the misdiagnosis were haemorrhoids, radiological misinterpretation, and chronic inflammatory disease. A miscellaneous variety completed the series. A study of the survival of those patients in whom there was a delay in diagnosis shown that it is most unlikely that it actually affected adversely the prognosis of these patients.", "contents": "Delayed diagnosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid. In a large series of patients with carcinoma of the sigmoid colon and rectum there was a delay in diagnosis due to misinterpretation of the physical signs in 36 cases (2.3%). The causes of the misdiagnosis were haemorrhoids, radiological misinterpretation, and chronic inflammatory disease. A miscellaneous variety completed the series. A study of the survival of those patients in whom there was a delay in diagnosis shown that it is most unlikely that it actually affected adversely the prognosis of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291407", "title": "Work loads of a sample of general surgeons in N.S.W.", "content": "The work loads of 34 general surgeons in New South Wales during a six week period in 1977 have been determined. Data was obtained on the number of elective, emergency and supervised procedures, and of elective and emergency first consultations. The operative work loads were assessed by a simple grading system, and also by the \"hernia-equivalent\" method which relates the work involved in a given operation to that for an adult unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. The latter is arbitrarily given a score of one. The hernia-equivalent scores for academics, country and city surgeons were similar. The mean hernia-equivalent rating for the 2,321 operations assessed was 1.1; thus, the \"typical\" operation was equivalent to a herniorrhaphy. The mean number of operations per week was 11.4, or 12.6 hernia-equivalents. Assuming a 48-week working year, these figures represent an annual work load of 547 operations, or 605 hernia-equivalents. Comparison of these results with those obtained in the U.S.A. (the \"SOSSUS\" report) indicates that these work loads are almost three times those found for board-certified general surgeons in the U.S.A.", "contents": "Work loads of a sample of general surgeons in N.S.W. The work loads of 34 general surgeons in New South Wales during a six week period in 1977 have been determined. Data was obtained on the number of elective, emergency and supervised procedures, and of elective and emergency first consultations. The operative work loads were assessed by a simple grading system, and also by the \"hernia-equivalent\" method which relates the work involved in a given operation to that for an adult unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. The latter is arbitrarily given a score of one. The hernia-equivalent scores for academics, country and city surgeons were similar. The mean hernia-equivalent rating for the 2,321 operations assessed was 1.1; thus, the \"typical\" operation was equivalent to a herniorrhaphy. The mean number of operations per week was 11.4, or 12.6 hernia-equivalents. Assuming a 48-week working year, these figures represent an annual work load of 547 operations, or 605 hernia-equivalents. Comparison of these results with those obtained in the U.S.A. (the \"SOSSUS\" report) indicates that these work loads are almost three times those found for board-certified general surgeons in the U.S.A."}
{"id": "PMID:291408", "title": "Head injuries in a general surgical unit.", "content": "A five years' experience of the care by general surgeons of patients with severe head injuries in a general surgical unit with inferior facilities was retrospectively reviewed. It was concluded that the mortality compared favourably with that in similar patients managed by neurosurgeons in specialized centres. The still inadequate understanding of primary diffuse brain damage in head injuries is suggested as the cause for this lack of significant improvement in results over the years. Certain guide-lines, however, exist to allow prediction of the eventual outcome in these patients.", "contents": "Head injuries in a general surgical unit. A five years' experience of the care by general surgeons of patients with severe head injuries in a general surgical unit with inferior facilities was retrospectively reviewed. It was concluded that the mortality compared favourably with that in similar patients managed by neurosurgeons in specialized centres. The still inadequate understanding of primary diffuse brain damage in head injuries is suggested as the cause for this lack of significant improvement in results over the years. Certain guide-lines, however, exist to allow prediction of the eventual outcome in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291409", "title": "Pulmonary hydatid cyst: a 25-year experience.", "content": "This study reviews our experience with 102 patients operated on for pulmonary hydatid cysts during a 25-year period. The sex incidence was approximately equal. All subjects except three were symptomatic. The diagnosis was made on the radiographic findings. Early surgery is advised for complicated cysts in view of their increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Surgical treatment included Barrett's enucleation for uncomplicated cysts and resection for complicated ones.", "contents": "Pulmonary hydatid cyst: a 25-year experience. This study reviews our experience with 102 patients operated on for pulmonary hydatid cysts during a 25-year period. The sex incidence was approximately equal. All subjects except three were symptomatic. The diagnosis was made on the radiographic findings. Early surgery is advised for complicated cysts in view of their increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. Surgical treatment included Barrett's enucleation for uncomplicated cysts and resection for complicated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:291410", "title": "Operative ultrasonic bile duct scanning.", "content": "The concept of operative echography is introduced. A technique of operative ultrasonic bile duct visualization is presented as an alternative to contrast cholangiography during surgery. The technique is rapid, sensitive, provides immediate results, and does not involve the use of ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Operative ultrasonic bile duct scanning. The concept of operative echography is introduced. A technique of operative ultrasonic bile duct visualization is presented as an alternative to contrast cholangiography during surgery. The technique is rapid, sensitive, provides immediate results, and does not involve the use of ionizing radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291411", "title": "Rubber sump drainage of enterocutaneous fistulae.", "content": "Effective sump drainage of high enterocutaneous fistulae, together with alimentary rest and total parenteral nutrition, is now an integral part of the modern management of patients with this condition. The low tissue reactivity of the plastic and polymer materials currently used in most drainage tubes appears however, to be counterproductive to the establishment of a discrete fistula track and control of the fistula. A case is made for the use of red rubber sump drains for enterocutaneous fistulae. The greater tissue reactivity of rubber is reviewed and confirmed by animal experimentation. A method of rubber sump drainage of enterocutaneous fistulae developed during the management of 83 such fistulae is described.", "contents": "Rubber sump drainage of enterocutaneous fistulae. Effective sump drainage of high enterocutaneous fistulae, together with alimentary rest and total parenteral nutrition, is now an integral part of the modern management of patients with this condition. The low tissue reactivity of the plastic and polymer materials currently used in most drainage tubes appears however, to be counterproductive to the establishment of a discrete fistula track and control of the fistula. A case is made for the use of red rubber sump drains for enterocutaneous fistulae. The greater tissue reactivity of rubber is reviewed and confirmed by animal experimentation. A method of rubber sump drainage of enterocutaneous fistulae developed during the management of 83 such fistulae is described."}
{"id": "PMID:291412", "title": "Postoperative pancreatitis as a complication of biliary surgery.", "content": "Forty patients who underwent biliary surgery were investigated for postoperative pancreatic disturbance as measured by the amylase creatinine clearance ration (ACCR). Its relevance to preoperative pancreatitis, exploration of the common bile duct, and operative cholangiography were examined. The results suggested that a recent clinically proven episode of pancreatitis did not predispose to a postoperative recurrence following biliary surgery. Similarly, cholecystectomy alone did not produce a postoperative pancreatic disturbance. However, exploration of the common bile duct did frequently cause a postoperative elevated ACCR, and hence we recommend that duct exploration should be performed as carefully and as atraumatically as possible. The small number of patients who did not have operative cholangiograms prevented statistical evaluation of the effect of this procedure on the pancreas. However, information from elsewhere suggests that the plasma amylase level is not likely to be raised by cholangiography.", "contents": "Postoperative pancreatitis as a complication of biliary surgery. Forty patients who underwent biliary surgery were investigated for postoperative pancreatic disturbance as measured by the amylase creatinine clearance ration (ACCR). Its relevance to preoperative pancreatitis, exploration of the common bile duct, and operative cholangiography were examined. The results suggested that a recent clinically proven episode of pancreatitis did not predispose to a postoperative recurrence following biliary surgery. Similarly, cholecystectomy alone did not produce a postoperative pancreatic disturbance. However, exploration of the common bile duct did frequently cause a postoperative elevated ACCR, and hence we recommend that duct exploration should be performed as carefully and as atraumatically as possible. The small number of patients who did not have operative cholangiograms prevented statistical evaluation of the effect of this procedure on the pancreas. However, information from elsewhere suggests that the plasma amylase level is not likely to be raised by cholangiography."}
{"id": "PMID:291413", "title": "Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in traumatic rupture of the right diaphragm.", "content": "The diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture following blunt trauma is difficult and often delayed. Introduced pneumoperitoneum can provide important diagnostic information. Its use is illustrated in a case of massive rupture of the right diaphragm where diagnostic pneumoperitoneum was valuable in distinguishing recent rupture from preexisting pathology.", "contents": "Diagnostic pneumoperitoneum in traumatic rupture of the right diaphragm. The diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture following blunt trauma is difficult and often delayed. Introduced pneumoperitoneum can provide important diagnostic information. Its use is illustrated in a case of massive rupture of the right diaphragm where diagnostic pneumoperitoneum was valuable in distinguishing recent rupture from preexisting pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:291414", "title": "The performance of multiple joint procedures at one operation in a patient with haemophilia.", "content": "A haemophiliac patient with crippling degenerative joint disease is described in whom arthrodeses of the left knee and right ankle and total replacement of the left ankle were performed in the course of one operation. The reasons for this and for using a total ankle replacement are discussed.", "contents": "The performance of multiple joint procedures at one operation in a patient with haemophilia. A haemophiliac patient with crippling degenerative joint disease is described in whom arthrodeses of the left knee and right ankle and total replacement of the left ankle were performed in the course of one operation. The reasons for this and for using a total ankle replacement are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291416", "title": "Mesenteric-cervical vascular anastomosis as an adjunct to oesophageal bypass surgery for carcinoma.", "content": "Dysphagia is the most disabling symptom for patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Bowel segment bypass surgery offers satisfactory relief, but is often complicated by anastomotic leakage with its associated high mortality. Poor vascular perfusion of the cervical end of a bypass segment is an important cause of breakdown and leakage. A technique of cervical-mesenteric vascular anastomosis to improve the blood supply of the bypass is described and a case is reported.", "contents": "Mesenteric-cervical vascular anastomosis as an adjunct to oesophageal bypass surgery for carcinoma. Dysphagia is the most disabling symptom for patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Bowel segment bypass surgery offers satisfactory relief, but is often complicated by anastomotic leakage with its associated high mortality. Poor vascular perfusion of the cervical end of a bypass segment is an important cause of breakdown and leakage. A technique of cervical-mesenteric vascular anastomosis to improve the blood supply of the bypass is described and a case is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:291417", "title": "Epidural abscess: a hazard of spinal epidural anaesthesia.", "content": "Two cases of spinal epidural abscess following prolonged epidural anaesthesia are presented. The clinical features included fever, malaise, and signs of nerve root compression; backache was not marked. Prompt surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotics are required to avoid the costly sequelae of bladder and leg paralysis from spinal cord compression. Both infections were caused by bacterial contamination of catheter, and although this complication is uncommon, it emphasizes that strict asepsis is essential during continuous epidural anaesthesia.", "contents": "Epidural abscess: a hazard of spinal epidural anaesthesia. Two cases of spinal epidural abscess following prolonged epidural anaesthesia are presented. The clinical features included fever, malaise, and signs of nerve root compression; backache was not marked. Prompt surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotics are required to avoid the costly sequelae of bladder and leg paralysis from spinal cord compression. Both infections were caused by bacterial contamination of catheter, and although this complication is uncommon, it emphasizes that strict asepsis is essential during continuous epidural anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:291419", "title": "Y incision for median sternotomy.", "content": "Between July 1968 and June 1977, in the University of Hong Kong Department of Surgery, 1,083 patients underwent operations via a median sternotomy using a Y incision. Of these patients, 1,070 had open heart surgery, eight had total thymectomy and in five patients pericardectomy was carried out. The overall wound complication rate was 2.31%, with a wound infection rate of 1.24%. The main advantage of a Y incision is that it leaves a better cosmetic appearance than the usual vertical incision because the upper end of the scar is at a much lower level. The incidence of subcutaneous haematoma and subsequent wound infection is much lower with the Y incision, whereas the T incision is associated with a high rate of both these complications due to the large upper flap that one has to create and mobilize to expose the suprasternal area. While using the Y incision, one only requires a small V-shaped upper flap to obtain access to the suprasternal space.", "contents": "Y incision for median sternotomy. Between July 1968 and June 1977, in the University of Hong Kong Department of Surgery, 1,083 patients underwent operations via a median sternotomy using a Y incision. Of these patients, 1,070 had open heart surgery, eight had total thymectomy and in five patients pericardectomy was carried out. The overall wound complication rate was 2.31%, with a wound infection rate of 1.24%. The main advantage of a Y incision is that it leaves a better cosmetic appearance than the usual vertical incision because the upper end of the scar is at a much lower level. The incidence of subcutaneous haematoma and subsequent wound infection is much lower with the Y incision, whereas the T incision is associated with a high rate of both these complications due to the large upper flap that one has to create and mobilize to expose the suprasternal area. While using the Y incision, one only requires a small V-shaped upper flap to obtain access to the suprasternal space."}
{"id": "PMID:291423", "title": "Neurosis and social bonds in an urban population.", "content": "The hypothesis that a deficiency in social bonds is a significant causal factor in neurosis was examined in a sample of an urban population (N = 756). The General Health Questionnaire was used as a measure of morbidity while social bonds were measured by the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. An association was found between neurosis and a deficiency, particularly a perceived deficiency, in social bonds. Attention is now being directed to the interpretation of this association and to establishing the direction of causality.", "contents": "Neurosis and social bonds in an urban population. The hypothesis that a deficiency in social bonds is a significant causal factor in neurosis was examined in a sample of an urban population (N = 756). The General Health Questionnaire was used as a measure of morbidity while social bonds were measured by the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. An association was found between neurosis and a deficiency, particularly a perceived deficiency, in social bonds. Attention is now being directed to the interpretation of this association and to establishing the direction of causality."}
{"id": "PMID:291424", "title": "Sex differences in non-clinical depression.", "content": "Two recent reviews have suggested that the prevalence of depression is higher in women than in men. In one review Weissman and Klerman cited several United States community studies, and claimed that findings reveal a female excess in the 'true prevalence' of depressive syndromes. Their interpretation of those studies allowed them to reject the artefact hypothesis that women perceive, acknowledge, report and seek help for stress and symptoms differently to men. The present paper questions their interpretation of those studies. In addition, results from a recent study of depressive experience in a non-clinical group, where no sex difference was found, are presented.", "contents": "Sex differences in non-clinical depression. Two recent reviews have suggested that the prevalence of depression is higher in women than in men. In one review Weissman and Klerman cited several United States community studies, and claimed that findings reveal a female excess in the 'true prevalence' of depressive syndromes. Their interpretation of those studies allowed them to reject the artefact hypothesis that women perceive, acknowledge, report and seek help for stress and symptoms differently to men. The present paper questions their interpretation of those studies. In addition, results from a recent study of depressive experience in a non-clinical group, where no sex difference was found, are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:291425", "title": "Munchausen syndrome in a psychiatric setting: three case reports.", "content": "A primarily psychiatric presentation of Munchausen Syndrome has only rarely been reported and has been assumed to be unusual. Three patients presenting to psychiatric hospitals are discussed. These patients were found to demonstrate the salient features of Munchausen Syndrome: repeated simulation of illness requiring hospital admission, pseudologia phantastica, wanderlust and the use of aliases. It is our view that such presentations are not uncommon.", "contents": "Munchausen syndrome in a psychiatric setting: three case reports. A primarily psychiatric presentation of Munchausen Syndrome has only rarely been reported and has been assumed to be unusual. Three patients presenting to psychiatric hospitals are discussed. These patients were found to demonstrate the salient features of Munchausen Syndrome: repeated simulation of illness requiring hospital admission, pseudologia phantastica, wanderlust and the use of aliases. It is our view that such presentations are not uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:291426", "title": "Urbanization and mental health: psychiatric morbidity, suicide and violence in the State of Victoria.", "content": "Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with over 85% of the population living in metropolitan and other urban areas. More important, the change from a predominantly rural society to an urbanized society has occurred within the last 100 years. To assess the effects of urbanization on mental health, rates of admissions to psychiatric institutions, suicides and violent crime in Victoria have been analysed for the last hundred years. Data on admissions to psychiatric facilities in Victoria from metropolitan, other urban and rural areas, as well as results of community health surveys carried out in metropolitan and rural areas were compared to examine for evidence of urban-rural differences in psychiatric morbidity. The findings do not support the notion that the level of psychiatric and psychosocial disorders in Victoria are related to urbanization or to urban living.", "contents": "Urbanization and mental health: psychiatric morbidity, suicide and violence in the State of Victoria. Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world with over 85% of the population living in metropolitan and other urban areas. More important, the change from a predominantly rural society to an urbanized society has occurred within the last 100 years. To assess the effects of urbanization on mental health, rates of admissions to psychiatric institutions, suicides and violent crime in Victoria have been analysed for the last hundred years. Data on admissions to psychiatric facilities in Victoria from metropolitan, other urban and rural areas, as well as results of community health surveys carried out in metropolitan and rural areas were compared to examine for evidence of urban-rural differences in psychiatric morbidity. The findings do not support the notion that the level of psychiatric and psychosocial disorders in Victoria are related to urbanization or to urban living."}
{"id": "PMID:291427", "title": "Assessment of suicidal intent by a visual analogue scale.", "content": "The use of a visual analogue scale to assess feelings about living and dying at the time of suicidal acts is described. It appears to have face validity, and the results obtained correlate significantly with those of a validated suicidal intent scale. Of note, is the significant correlation between the visual analogue score and that part of the suicidal intent scale which rates the objective circumstances of the attempt, suggesting that suicidal subjects are aware of their mixed feelings of living and dying, and that their actions approximate these feelings. These findings, coupled with its ease of administration and scoring, suggesting that it has a place in the screening of suicidal patients.", "contents": "Assessment of suicidal intent by a visual analogue scale. The use of a visual analogue scale to assess feelings about living and dying at the time of suicidal acts is described. It appears to have face validity, and the results obtained correlate significantly with those of a validated suicidal intent scale. Of note, is the significant correlation between the visual analogue score and that part of the suicidal intent scale which rates the objective circumstances of the attempt, suggesting that suicidal subjects are aware of their mixed feelings of living and dying, and that their actions approximate these feelings. These findings, coupled with its ease of administration and scoring, suggesting that it has a place in the screening of suicidal patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291429", "title": "Mental symptoms and electrolyte imbalance.", "content": "A 75-year-old woman on long term diuretic therapy presented with depression. She was found to have hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia. There was no improvement in her condition with antidepressant medication but she responded promptly to cessation of spironolactone and prescription of potassium chloride.", "contents": "Mental symptoms and electrolyte imbalance. A 75-year-old woman on long term diuretic therapy presented with depression. She was found to have hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia. There was no improvement in her condition with antidepressant medication but she responded promptly to cessation of spironolactone and prescription of potassium chloride."}
{"id": "PMID:291430", "title": "The new patient in San Francisco.", "content": "This paper describes an increasingly prevalent type of patient seen in San Francisco, a city which is often regarded as a social trend-setter. Such patients are characterized by social and material success, diffusion or reversal of traditional sex roles, acceptance of any sexual behaviour and instability of all relationships. The resultant insecurity leads to heavy reliance on self-help books and pseudo-therapies, often with disastrous results. Conventional therapeutic methods seem inapplicable, the task being apparently more one of education than therapy.", "contents": "The new patient in San Francisco. This paper describes an increasingly prevalent type of patient seen in San Francisco, a city which is often regarded as a social trend-setter. Such patients are characterized by social and material success, diffusion or reversal of traditional sex roles, acceptance of any sexual behaviour and instability of all relationships. The resultant insecurity leads to heavy reliance on self-help books and pseudo-therapies, often with disastrous results. Conventional therapeutic methods seem inapplicable, the task being apparently more one of education than therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291431", "title": "Attitudes of medical practitioners to mental illness.", "content": "The O.M.I. Scale was used to evaluate the attitudes to mental illness of a sample of 50 Australian medical practitioners. Although the scores of the Australian subjects did not differ from those of previously-tested British medical practitioners, they were significantly different to those obtained in a study of Czechoslovakian practitioners. The Australian, British and Czechoslovakian medical practitioners scored similarly on Mental Hygiene Ideology which reflects a medical model of mental illness. It was suggested that there were several disadvantages in supporting the medical model and that, through undergraduate and continuing education programs, medical practitioners should be exposed to alternative models of mental illness.", "contents": "Attitudes of medical practitioners to mental illness. The O.M.I. Scale was used to evaluate the attitudes to mental illness of a sample of 50 Australian medical practitioners. Although the scores of the Australian subjects did not differ from those of previously-tested British medical practitioners, they were significantly different to those obtained in a study of Czechoslovakian practitioners. The Australian, British and Czechoslovakian medical practitioners scored similarly on Mental Hygiene Ideology which reflects a medical model of mental illness. It was suggested that there were several disadvantages in supporting the medical model and that, through undergraduate and continuing education programs, medical practitioners should be exposed to alternative models of mental illness."}
{"id": "PMID:291432", "title": "A lod score method for detecting linkage on the X chromosone between a marker locus and a major gene locus for a quantitative.", "content": "A sequential lod-score method is proposed for detecting linkage on the X chromosome between a marker locus and the locus of a major gene influencing a quantitative trait, The method uses information from sons of doubly heterozygous mothers. The average number of families required to detect linkage is substantially less than that of the fixed sample-size method proposed by Hill.", "contents": "A lod score method for detecting linkage on the X chromosone between a marker locus and a major gene locus for a quantitative. A sequential lod-score method is proposed for detecting linkage on the X chromosome between a marker locus and the locus of a major gene influencing a quantitative trait, The method uses information from sons of doubly heterozygous mothers. The average number of families required to detect linkage is substantially less than that of the fixed sample-size method proposed by Hill."}
{"id": "PMID:291436", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "1 The pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside were studied after a single i.v. bolus of 2 mg/kg ara-C in patients with newly diagnosed untreated AML, using a bioassay and GC-MS method to measure the plasma concentrations. 2 Most patients showed a bi- or tri-phasic decline in plasma concentrations with time. Plasma clearance was 3.9 to 18.1 l/min as measured by the GC-MS method, and terminal half-lives varied from 7--107 min. 3 There was poor correlation of the GC-MS assay with the bioassay, probably because the latter was interfered with by the release of endogenous nucleosides from blasts after after ara-C. 4 Plasma concentrations were measured by GC-MS during continuous infusions in 14 patients. Plasma clearances were much lower than after a bolus, 0.39 to 5.25 l/min. 5 There was no correlation of response (remission or fall in peripheral blast count) with exposure to ara-C calculated from infusion dose, clearance and duration of infusion. 6 This study shows that ara-C pharmacokinetics varies markedly from patient to patient and that there is a wide range in the plasma concentrations associated with therapeutic response.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. 1 The pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside were studied after a single i.v. bolus of 2 mg/kg ara-C in patients with newly diagnosed untreated AML, using a bioassay and GC-MS method to measure the plasma concentrations. 2 Most patients showed a bi- or tri-phasic decline in plasma concentrations with time. Plasma clearance was 3.9 to 18.1 l/min as measured by the GC-MS method, and terminal half-lives varied from 7--107 min. 3 There was poor correlation of the GC-MS assay with the bioassay, probably because the latter was interfered with by the release of endogenous nucleosides from blasts after after ara-C. 4 Plasma concentrations were measured by GC-MS during continuous infusions in 14 patients. Plasma clearances were much lower than after a bolus, 0.39 to 5.25 l/min. 5 There was no correlation of response (remission or fall in peripheral blast count) with exposure to ara-C calculated from infusion dose, clearance and duration of infusion. 6 This study shows that ara-C pharmacokinetics varies markedly from patient to patient and that there is a wide range in the plasma concentrations associated with therapeutic response."}
{"id": "PMID:291438", "title": "The significance of Ph1 mosaicism: a report of six cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia and two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Six cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with dual populations of karyotypically normal and Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-positive cells are described. GTG and QF-banding characterized the Ph1 as resulting from a 9/22 translocation in all eight cases. Four of the patients suffering from CGL presented with 100% Ph1-positive bone marrows, and after receiving intensive chemotherapy, karyotypically normal cells were demonstrated. The other two patients with CGL showed Ph1 mosaicism at presentation. The two patients with AML exhibited Ph1 mosaicism at presentation and throughout the course of the disease. In both of these patients, a marker No. 10 chromosome was found in some of the Ph1-positive cells and in one hyperdiploidy was observed to have developed only in the clone with the additional chromosome anomaly.", "contents": "The significance of Ph1 mosaicism: a report of six cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia and two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia. Six cases of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with dual populations of karyotypically normal and Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome-positive cells are described. GTG and QF-banding characterized the Ph1 as resulting from a 9/22 translocation in all eight cases. Four of the patients suffering from CGL presented with 100% Ph1-positive bone marrows, and after receiving intensive chemotherapy, karyotypically normal cells were demonstrated. The other two patients with CGL showed Ph1 mosaicism at presentation. The two patients with AML exhibited Ph1 mosaicism at presentation and throughout the course of the disease. In both of these patients, a marker No. 10 chromosome was found in some of the Ph1-positive cells and in one hyperdiploidy was observed to have developed only in the clone with the additional chromosome anomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:291439", "title": "37 degrees CE rosettes in various malignant and non-malignant disorders.", "content": "T lymphocytes, forming sheep erythrocyte rosettes at 37 degrees C, have been described in thymus glands, mitogen and allogeneic cell stimulated lymphocyte cultures, and acute T cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. This paper describes the finding of such lymphocytes in lymph nodes of a variety of disorders including Hodgkin's disease, Lennert's lymphoma, malignant lymphoma of large transformed T lymphocytes, immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, metastatic carcinoma, and other disorders. A large number of tonsils, but not reactive lymph nodes, also contained a significant number of those T lymphocytes. The significance of these findings in relation to interpretation of immune red cell rosettes and to the subclasses of T lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "37 degrees CE rosettes in various malignant and non-malignant disorders. T lymphocytes, forming sheep erythrocyte rosettes at 37 degrees C, have been described in thymus glands, mitogen and allogeneic cell stimulated lymphocyte cultures, and acute T cell lymphoblastic leukaemia. This paper describes the finding of such lymphocytes in lymph nodes of a variety of disorders including Hodgkin's disease, Lennert's lymphoma, malignant lymphoma of large transformed T lymphocytes, immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, metastatic carcinoma, and other disorders. A large number of tonsils, but not reactive lymph nodes, also contained a significant number of those T lymphocytes. The significance of these findings in relation to interpretation of immune red cell rosettes and to the subclasses of T lymphocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291440", "title": "Acute myeloid leukaemia occurring in untreated chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "A case of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) occurring in a patient with untreated chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is presented. The diagnosis of two simultaneous leukaemic processes is based on morphological, cytochemical and immunological findings. The significance of the development of AML in patients with CLL is discussed.", "contents": "Acute myeloid leukaemia occurring in untreated chronic lymphatic leukaemia. A case of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) occurring in a patient with untreated chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is presented. The diagnosis of two simultaneous leukaemic processes is based on morphological, cytochemical and immunological findings. The significance of the development of AML in patients with CLL is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291441", "title": "Premature chromosome condensation studies in human leukemia. I. Pretreatment characteristics.", "content": "The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was used to compare the bone marrow proliferation characteristics of 163 patients with various forms of leukemia prior to the initiation of new therapy. The proliferative potential index (PPI, or fraction of G1 cells in late G1 phase) and the fraction of cells in S phase was determined and compared to the type of disease and the bone marrow blast infiltrate for each patient. Previously untreated patients with acute leukemia exhibited an average PPI value three times that of normal bone marrow (37.5% for acute myeloblastic leukemia [AML], acute monomyeloblastic leukemia [AMML], or acute promyelocytic leukemia [APML] and 42% for acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL] or acute undifferentiated leukemia [AUL]). Untreated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients showed intermediate PPI values (25.2%), whereas CML patients with controlled disease exhibited nearly normal PPI values (14.6%). On the other hand, blastic-phase CML patients exhibited PPI values closer to that observed in patients with acute leukemia (35.4%). Seven patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibited even higher PPI values. No correlations were observed between PPI values, fraction of cells in S phase, and marrow blast infiltrate. For untreated acute disease patients, PPI values were prognostic for response only at low and high PPI values. These results suggest that the PCC-determined proliferative potential is a biologic reflection of the degree of malignancy within the bone marrow.", "contents": "Premature chromosome condensation studies in human leukemia. I. Pretreatment characteristics. The phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was used to compare the bone marrow proliferation characteristics of 163 patients with various forms of leukemia prior to the initiation of new therapy. The proliferative potential index (PPI, or fraction of G1 cells in late G1 phase) and the fraction of cells in S phase was determined and compared to the type of disease and the bone marrow blast infiltrate for each patient. Previously untreated patients with acute leukemia exhibited an average PPI value three times that of normal bone marrow (37.5% for acute myeloblastic leukemia [AML], acute monomyeloblastic leukemia [AMML], or acute promyelocytic leukemia [APML] and 42% for acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL] or acute undifferentiated leukemia [AUL]). Untreated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients showed intermediate PPI values (25.2%), whereas CML patients with controlled disease exhibited nearly normal PPI values (14.6%). On the other hand, blastic-phase CML patients exhibited PPI values closer to that observed in patients with acute leukemia (35.4%). Seven patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) exhibited even higher PPI values. No correlations were observed between PPI values, fraction of cells in S phase, and marrow blast infiltrate. For untreated acute disease patients, PPI values were prognostic for response only at low and high PPI values. These results suggest that the PCC-determined proliferative potential is a biologic reflection of the degree of malignancy within the bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:291442", "title": "Induction of erythropoietic colonies in a human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line.", "content": "The ability of cells derived from the K562 cell line to generate erythropoietic colonies was studied. The K562 cell line was derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia 8 yr ago by Lozzio and Lozzio. Rare benzidine-positive colonies formed when these cells were cloned in plasma clots (3 +/- 1/10(4) cells), and their number was not substantially increased by the addition of erythropoietin (9.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells). Sodium butyrate was capable of markedly enhancing the number of benzidine-positive colonies (19.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells) formed, while the combination of sodium butyrate plus erythropoietin exerted a synergistic effect on erythropoietic colony formation (57 +/- 4/10(4) cells). The K562 cell line is a long-term culture system that contains human erythropoietic stem cells. This cell line should be useful in future studies on the cellular and molecular events associated with human erythroid cell differentiation.", "contents": "Induction of erythropoietic colonies in a human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line. The ability of cells derived from the K562 cell line to generate erythropoietic colonies was studied. The K562 cell line was derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia 8 yr ago by Lozzio and Lozzio. Rare benzidine-positive colonies formed when these cells were cloned in plasma clots (3 +/- 1/10(4) cells), and their number was not substantially increased by the addition of erythropoietin (9.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells). Sodium butyrate was capable of markedly enhancing the number of benzidine-positive colonies (19.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells) formed, while the combination of sodium butyrate plus erythropoietin exerted a synergistic effect on erythropoietic colony formation (57 +/- 4/10(4) cells). The K562 cell line is a long-term culture system that contains human erythropoietic stem cells. This cell line should be useful in future studies on the cellular and molecular events associated with human erythroid cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291443", "title": "[Multidrug chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma may be treated effectively by radical surgical removal of the primary tumor and combined chemotherapy, including Adriamycin and high dose Methotrexate. In order to render any protocol a safe procedure, strict precautions are required to avoid drug toxicity. We present a protocol, \"COSS 77\", presently employed in several university hospitals of West Germany and Austria. Final results concerning long term prognosis and long term side effects are not yet available.", "contents": "[Multidrug chemotherapy of osteogenic sarcoma (author's transl)]. Osteogenic sarcoma may be treated effectively by radical surgical removal of the primary tumor and combined chemotherapy, including Adriamycin and high dose Methotrexate. In order to render any protocol a safe procedure, strict precautions are required to avoid drug toxicity. We present a protocol, \"COSS 77\", presently employed in several university hospitals of West Germany and Austria. Final results concerning long term prognosis and long term side effects are not yet available."}
{"id": "PMID:291464", "title": "Osteosarcoma in Manitoba: review of 95 patients.", "content": "A retrospective review of all recorded cases of osteosarcoma diagnosed and treated in Manitoba from 1930 to 1977 was carried out. There were 95 patients (64 males, 31 females). The peak age was 10 to 19 years. The most common sites of osteosarcoma were the femur (38 patients), tibia (14 patients), humerus (13 patients) and pelvis (9 patients). The survival rate (excluding parosteal and periosteal types) was 28% at 2 years and 16% at 5 years. Patients who were operated upon had a somewhat better prognosis than those who had radiotherapy. Initial results of chemotherapy are encouraging. Patients with distal limb tumours had a better prognosis than those with more proximal neoplasms. Patients with tumour secondary to Paget's disease and to irradiation did poorly, those with parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma did better. Thirteen patients had 31 thoracotomies for pulmonary metastases; their average duration of survival after this procedure was 9.3 months.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma in Manitoba: review of 95 patients. A retrospective review of all recorded cases of osteosarcoma diagnosed and treated in Manitoba from 1930 to 1977 was carried out. There were 95 patients (64 males, 31 females). The peak age was 10 to 19 years. The most common sites of osteosarcoma were the femur (38 patients), tibia (14 patients), humerus (13 patients) and pelvis (9 patients). The survival rate (excluding parosteal and periosteal types) was 28% at 2 years and 16% at 5 years. Patients who were operated upon had a somewhat better prognosis than those who had radiotherapy. Initial results of chemotherapy are encouraging. Patients with distal limb tumours had a better prognosis than those with more proximal neoplasms. Patients with tumour secondary to Paget's disease and to irradiation did poorly, those with parosteal and periosteal osteosarcoma did better. Thirteen patients had 31 thoracotomies for pulmonary metastases; their average duration of survival after this procedure was 9.3 months."}
{"id": "PMID:291465", "title": "Septicemia due to Streptococcus equisimilis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse with documented septicemia due to group C Streptococci (Streptococcus equisimilis) is described. The patient responded well to therapy with appropriate cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. There is a general lack of recognition of the pathogenicity of group C Streptococci in man. The potential opportunistic nature of these organisms in immunocompromised hosts and the need for early recognition and appropriate treatment of such infection is emphasized.", "contents": "Septicemia due to Streptococcus equisimilis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse with documented septicemia due to group C Streptococci (Streptococcus equisimilis) is described. The patient responded well to therapy with appropriate cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents. There is a general lack of recognition of the pathogenicity of group C Streptococci in man. The potential opportunistic nature of these organisms in immunocompromised hosts and the need for early recognition and appropriate treatment of such infection is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:291466", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXIV. A case of \"hypereosinophilic syndrome\" with unusual cytogenetic findings in a chloroma, terminating in blastic transformation and CNS leukemia.", "content": "A 47-year-old white male developed massive hepatosplenomegaly, a pleural effusion, leucocytosis, and a left parasternal mass following a relatively symptom-free persistent hypereosinophilia for about 5 years. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and peripheral blood differential showed eosinophilia and a shift to the left with immature cells. A high serum B12 vitamin level and low LAP activity were found. Biopsy of the soft tissue mass revealed a granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) with a hyperdiploid karyotype (49,XY, + 10, + 15, + 19,3q-), whereas the bone marrow cells had a normal male karyotype. The patient responded temporarily to chemotherapy but eventually developed CNS leukemia and went on to terminate in a frank blastic phase. This case illustrates hypereosinophilia and a myeloproliferative syndrome characterized by a somewhat indolent chronic course evolving into \"eosinophilic leukemia\" and granulocytic sarcoma, CNS involvement by leukemic cells and, finally, blastic transformation. It is possible that this case represents a variant of Ph1-negative CML to which the term \"chronic eosinophilic leukemia\" could be justifiably applied.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXXIV. A case of \"hypereosinophilic syndrome\" with unusual cytogenetic findings in a chloroma, terminating in blastic transformation and CNS leukemia. A 47-year-old white male developed massive hepatosplenomegaly, a pleural effusion, leucocytosis, and a left parasternal mass following a relatively symptom-free persistent hypereosinophilia for about 5 years. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and peripheral blood differential showed eosinophilia and a shift to the left with immature cells. A high serum B12 vitamin level and low LAP activity were found. Biopsy of the soft tissue mass revealed a granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) with a hyperdiploid karyotype (49,XY, + 10, + 15, + 19,3q-), whereas the bone marrow cells had a normal male karyotype. The patient responded temporarily to chemotherapy but eventually developed CNS leukemia and went on to terminate in a frank blastic phase. This case illustrates hypereosinophilia and a myeloproliferative syndrome characterized by a somewhat indolent chronic course evolving into \"eosinophilic leukemia\" and granulocytic sarcoma, CNS involvement by leukemic cells and, finally, blastic transformation. It is possible that this case represents a variant of Ph1-negative CML to which the term \"chronic eosinophilic leukemia\" could be justifiably applied."}
{"id": "PMID:291467", "title": "Impaired bone marrow lymphocyte proliferation in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Bone marrow cells were cultured in liquid media with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to test bone marrow lymphocyte response during the remission period of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Mitogen-stimulated cultures from nine leukemic patients while in complete remission showed high percentages of morphologically transformed lymphocytes, but proliferation of these cells was significantly decreased (p less than 0.02) in cultures from six patients who subsequently relapsed (mean remission duration 10 months) and died. In contrast, lymphocyte proliferation in cultures from three AML patients with long remission (greater than 30 months) was comparable to controls. Parallel cultures without added PHA showed a progressive decrease in total viable cell number with time, but an increasing percentage of macrophages in both control and AML cultures. These studies suggest that bone marrow lymphocyte proliferation, but not morphologic transformation, is impaired in some patients with AML, and that identification of this defect may be of prognostic value.", "contents": "Impaired bone marrow lymphocyte proliferation in acute myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow cells were cultured in liquid media with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to test bone marrow lymphocyte response during the remission period of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Mitogen-stimulated cultures from nine leukemic patients while in complete remission showed high percentages of morphologically transformed lymphocytes, but proliferation of these cells was significantly decreased (p less than 0.02) in cultures from six patients who subsequently relapsed (mean remission duration 10 months) and died. In contrast, lymphocyte proliferation in cultures from three AML patients with long remission (greater than 30 months) was comparable to controls. Parallel cultures without added PHA showed a progressive decrease in total viable cell number with time, but an increasing percentage of macrophages in both control and AML cultures. These studies suggest that bone marrow lymphocyte proliferation, but not morphologic transformation, is impaired in some patients with AML, and that identification of this defect may be of prognostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:291468", "title": "A large parosteal osteosarcoma with transformation to high-grade osteosarcoma: a case report.", "content": "This case of a large (31 cm) parosteal osteosarcoma had x-ray documentation 4 1/2 years before treatment. When the tumor began enlarging rapidly, treatment was sought. The tumor histologically showed typical parosteal osteosarcoma as well as malignant cartilage, osteoid, and undifferentiated sarcoma. The case shows one course a parosteal osteosarcoma can take over a 7-year untreated period. The significance of high-grade sarcoma and intramedullary involvement is discussed. When unequivocal high-grade osteosarcoma is present, it should be treated with radical resection and adjuvant multi-drug chemotherapy.", "contents": "A large parosteal osteosarcoma with transformation to high-grade osteosarcoma: a case report. This case of a large (31 cm) parosteal osteosarcoma had x-ray documentation 4 1/2 years before treatment. When the tumor began enlarging rapidly, treatment was sought. The tumor histologically showed typical parosteal osteosarcoma as well as malignant cartilage, osteoid, and undifferentiated sarcoma. The case shows one course a parosteal osteosarcoma can take over a 7-year untreated period. The significance of high-grade sarcoma and intramedullary involvement is discussed. When unequivocal high-grade osteosarcoma is present, it should be treated with radical resection and adjuvant multi-drug chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291469", "title": "Leukemia in a black child with Bloom's syndrome: somatic recombination as a possible mechanism for neoplasia.", "content": "A 5 1/2-year-old child with Bloom's syndrome developed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Bloom's syndrome is associated with chromosomal aberrations, and affected individuals have an increased incidence of leukemia and solid tumors. The skin on our patient had adjacent areas of decreased and increased pigmentation similar to the \"twin-spots\" seen in Drosophila. \"Twin-spots\" are the manifestation of somatic cell DNA recombination and provide evidence that clones of cells in Bloom's syndrome have become homozygous for a particular gene. Somatic cell recombination is proposed as a mechanism to explain the increased incidence of neoplasia in Bloom's syndrome and supports the hypothesis that cancer may be a recessive disorder at the cellular level.", "contents": "Leukemia in a black child with Bloom's syndrome: somatic recombination as a possible mechanism for neoplasia. A 5 1/2-year-old child with Bloom's syndrome developed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Bloom's syndrome is associated with chromosomal aberrations, and affected individuals have an increased incidence of leukemia and solid tumors. The skin on our patient had adjacent areas of decreased and increased pigmentation similar to the \"twin-spots\" seen in Drosophila. \"Twin-spots\" are the manifestation of somatic cell DNA recombination and provide evidence that clones of cells in Bloom's syndrome have become homozygous for a particular gene. Somatic cell recombination is proposed as a mechanism to explain the increased incidence of neoplasia in Bloom's syndrome and supports the hypothesis that cancer may be a recessive disorder at the cellular level."}
{"id": "PMID:291470", "title": "Leukemic iritis with hypopyon.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had received CNS sanctuary treatment with cranial X-irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate displayed his first sign of relapse as iritis with malignant hypopyon. Treatment included topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids and local X-irradiation. Leukemic infiltration of the iris may be the first sign of leukemic relapse. Slit-lamp examination should be performed in all leukemic patients with ocular symptoms.", "contents": "Leukemic iritis with hypopyon. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had received CNS sanctuary treatment with cranial X-irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate displayed his first sign of relapse as iritis with malignant hypopyon. Treatment included topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids and local X-irradiation. Leukemic infiltration of the iris may be the first sign of leukemic relapse. Slit-lamp examination should be performed in all leukemic patients with ocular symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:291471", "title": "Loss of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity as a predictor of emergence of resistance to chemotherapy in a case of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis.", "content": "A 46-year-old female with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis was monitored for terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) activity of marrow and peripheral blood throughout the course of her illness. TdT was elevated at the time of diagnosis of blastic transformation, and the patient easily obtained remission after therapy with hydroxyurea, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone. The patient enjoyed a remission of eight months duration, and at time of relapse, marrow TdT was again elevated. The patient again obtained complete remission with the same regimen, with the addition of vincristine, given weekly. This second remission was shortlived, however, and at relapse marrow TdT activity was undetectable. Subsequently, the patient failed to achieve remission, despite the use of a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents. This case suggests that loss of TdT activity in blastic CML cells marks the emergence of cells resistant to existing chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Loss of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity as a predictor of emergence of resistance to chemotherapy in a case of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. A 46-year-old female with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis was monitored for terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) activity of marrow and peripheral blood throughout the course of her illness. TdT was elevated at the time of diagnosis of blastic transformation, and the patient easily obtained remission after therapy with hydroxyurea, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone. The patient enjoyed a remission of eight months duration, and at time of relapse, marrow TdT was again elevated. The patient again obtained complete remission with the same regimen, with the addition of vincristine, given weekly. This second remission was shortlived, however, and at relapse marrow TdT activity was undetectable. Subsequently, the patient failed to achieve remission, despite the use of a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents. This case suggests that loss of TdT activity in blastic CML cells marks the emergence of cells resistant to existing chemotherapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:291472", "title": "Anthracycline cardiomyopathy in children: report of two cases.", "content": "Two children with leukemia are presented, each demonstrating an unusual aspect of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. In the first patient (a 7-month-old female with acute monocytic leukemia) extremely young age and previous chemotherapy with a podophyllotoxin derivative, VP-16, may have prediposed the patient to fatal congestive heart failure at a total Daunorubicin dose of only 225 mg/m2. In the second patient, a delay of 4 1/2 years was not sufficient in preventing congestive heart failure resulting from the administration of additional anthracycline chemotherapy. We conclude that extremely young age and, possibly, prior therapy with VP-16 may be addition risk factors in the development of anthracycline cardiomyopathy. Also, we suggest that once an anthracycline agent has reached a toxic threshold for the myocardium, the heart may always be at risk to injury from additional Adriamycin or Daunorubicin therapy.", "contents": "Anthracycline cardiomyopathy in children: report of two cases. Two children with leukemia are presented, each demonstrating an unusual aspect of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. In the first patient (a 7-month-old female with acute monocytic leukemia) extremely young age and previous chemotherapy with a podophyllotoxin derivative, VP-16, may have prediposed the patient to fatal congestive heart failure at a total Daunorubicin dose of only 225 mg/m2. In the second patient, a delay of 4 1/2 years was not sufficient in preventing congestive heart failure resulting from the administration of additional anthracycline chemotherapy. We conclude that extremely young age and, possibly, prior therapy with VP-16 may be addition risk factors in the development of anthracycline cardiomyopathy. Also, we suggest that once an anthracycline agent has reached a toxic threshold for the myocardium, the heart may always be at risk to injury from additional Adriamycin or Daunorubicin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291473", "title": "Sudden death during doxorubicin administration.", "content": "Three patients are described who either died suddenly or had severe, life-threatening arrhythmias during or immediately after doxorubicin administration. Since doxorubicin and daunorubicin administration is known to be associated with acute EKG abnormalities, the acute decompensation in these patients appeared to be caused by the administration of these agents. The importance of careful observation of patients receiving doxorubicin, because of the possibility of acute cardiac arrhythmias, is stressed.", "contents": "Sudden death during doxorubicin administration. Three patients are described who either died suddenly or had severe, life-threatening arrhythmias during or immediately after doxorubicin administration. Since doxorubicin and daunorubicin administration is known to be associated with acute EKG abnormalities, the acute decompensation in these patients appeared to be caused by the administration of these agents. The importance of careful observation of patients receiving doxorubicin, because of the possibility of acute cardiac arrhythmias, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:291474", "title": "The gingival platinum line: a new finding following cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) treatment.", "content": "Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (DDP) is the salt of a heavy metal with a wide spectrum of antineoplastic activity. Its toxicity is multisystem and similar to that of other heavy metals, including lead and thallium. A young man being treated with primary adjuvant Adriamycin and DDP for osteogenic sarcoma is described who developed a gingival line which temporally was related to DDP administration. Although not chemically or histologically analyzed, we believe this to be a new finding related to DDP which corresponds to the lead line of plumbism and other heavy metal intoxication.", "contents": "The gingival platinum line: a new finding following cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) treatment. Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (DDP) is the salt of a heavy metal with a wide spectrum of antineoplastic activity. Its toxicity is multisystem and similar to that of other heavy metals, including lead and thallium. A young man being treated with primary adjuvant Adriamycin and DDP for osteogenic sarcoma is described who developed a gingival line which temporally was related to DDP administration. Although not chemically or histologically analyzed, we believe this to be a new finding related to DDP which corresponds to the lead line of plumbism and other heavy metal intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:291475", "title": "Childhood leukemia as a model for cancer research: the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture.", "content": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a model for the study of disseminated cancer. It is always disseminated and relatively uniform, it is accessible to repetitive tissue sampling, and we have highly effective chemotherapy for it. The first systematic, controlled trials of cancer therapy were designed for patients with ALL by physicians with the courage and audacity to aim for cure of a \"hopeless\" disease. The concept of leukemia cell subpopulations in each patient received major clinical support from ALL. The pharmacological sanctuary, typified by the meninges, was first discovered and specifically attacked in ALL. Combination therapy, aggressive therapy during remission, phase-specific therapy, and the interrelationships of phases of therapy were developed first in ALL. Since leukemia cell features, such as T-cell characteristics, correlate with responsiveness to therapy, powerful new tools may be developed to improve the biological specifically of therapy. In addition to the gratifying results of therapy over the past two decades, childhood ALL continuity offers opportunities for biological research as well as improved therapy for ALL and other forms of disseminated cancer.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia as a model for cancer research: the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a model for the study of disseminated cancer. It is always disseminated and relatively uniform, it is accessible to repetitive tissue sampling, and we have highly effective chemotherapy for it. The first systematic, controlled trials of cancer therapy were designed for patients with ALL by physicians with the courage and audacity to aim for cure of a \"hopeless\" disease. The concept of leukemia cell subpopulations in each patient received major clinical support from ALL. The pharmacological sanctuary, typified by the meninges, was first discovered and specifically attacked in ALL. Combination therapy, aggressive therapy during remission, phase-specific therapy, and the interrelationships of phases of therapy were developed first in ALL. Since leukemia cell features, such as T-cell characteristics, correlate with responsiveness to therapy, powerful new tools may be developed to improve the biological specifically of therapy. In addition to the gratifying results of therapy over the past two decades, childhood ALL continuity offers opportunities for biological research as well as improved therapy for ALL and other forms of disseminated cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:291476", "title": "Cytotoxic thresholds of vincristine in a murine and a human leukemia cell line in vitro.", "content": "L1210 murine leukemia and CEM human lymphoblastoid leukemia cells were exposed to vincristine sulfate in vitro. The response of these cell lines to this agent was measured by the colony-forming ability of L1210 cells in soft agar and inhibition of growth of CEM in suspension culture. Incremental increases of vincristine concentrations in excess of 2 x 10(-9) M produced a progressive reduction of survival of L1210 cells and suppression of CEM growth under the condition of constant drug exposure. A maximum cytotoxic effect was reached with drug concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. When L1210 cells were exposed to vincristine for a variable length of time ranging from 0.5 to 24 hr, 10(-7) M produced a noticeable cytotoxic effect following an incubation of only 30 min. A 50% cell kill of L1210 cells and a 50% reduction of CEM cell growth were produced by 10(-7) M following a 1- to 3-hr period of exposure; 6 to 12 hr were required to produce a similar effect at a vincristine concentration of 10(-8) M. Therefore, the antitumor effect of vincristine is critically dependent on both concentration and duration of exposure. These data suggest the possibility that the effectiveness of vincristine as an antitumor agent could be enhanced if methods are developed to prolong exposure of neoplastic tissues for longer periods of time than currently produced by conventional methods of administration.", "contents": "Cytotoxic thresholds of vincristine in a murine and a human leukemia cell line in vitro. L1210 murine leukemia and CEM human lymphoblastoid leukemia cells were exposed to vincristine sulfate in vitro. The response of these cell lines to this agent was measured by the colony-forming ability of L1210 cells in soft agar and inhibition of growth of CEM in suspension culture. Incremental increases of vincristine concentrations in excess of 2 x 10(-9) M produced a progressive reduction of survival of L1210 cells and suppression of CEM growth under the condition of constant drug exposure. A maximum cytotoxic effect was reached with drug concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. When L1210 cells were exposed to vincristine for a variable length of time ranging from 0.5 to 24 hr, 10(-7) M produced a noticeable cytotoxic effect following an incubation of only 30 min. A 50% cell kill of L1210 cells and a 50% reduction of CEM cell growth were produced by 10(-7) M following a 1- to 3-hr period of exposure; 6 to 12 hr were required to produce a similar effect at a vincristine concentration of 10(-8) M. Therefore, the antitumor effect of vincristine is critically dependent on both concentration and duration of exposure. These data suggest the possibility that the effectiveness of vincristine as an antitumor agent could be enhanced if methods are developed to prolong exposure of neoplastic tissues for longer periods of time than currently produced by conventional methods of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:291478", "title": "Cytogenetic analysis of human renal carcinoma cell lines of common origin (NC 65).", "content": "Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 3 clonal cell lines derived from a human renal cell carcinoma and its lymph node metastasis, two long-term tissue culture cell lines (NC 65-Sp and NC 65-R) and a serially transplantable tumor line growing on nude mice and brought into culture at the fifth animal passage (NC 65-V). Karyotype were established using banding techniques. Most of the marker chromosomes could be identified and were derived by deletion, inversion, translocation, or isochromosome formation of Chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 17. These markers were different from HeLa markers. NC 65-Sp had a near diploid chromosome number, NC 65-R a hypotetraploid number, and NC 65-V had a bimodal chromosome number, and NC 65-V had a bimodal chromosome number. Three chromosome markers were shared by the three cell lines; NC 65-R and NC 65-V shared an additional set of four markers. Markers specific to each line were also observed; they demonstrated the independent derivation of the lines and eliminated laboratory cross-contamination. Common markers between the lines confirmed their common tumoral origin.", "contents": "Cytogenetic analysis of human renal carcinoma cell lines of common origin (NC 65). Cytogenetic analyses were performed on 3 clonal cell lines derived from a human renal cell carcinoma and its lymph node metastasis, two long-term tissue culture cell lines (NC 65-Sp and NC 65-R) and a serially transplantable tumor line growing on nude mice and brought into culture at the fifth animal passage (NC 65-V). Karyotype were established using banding techniques. Most of the marker chromosomes could be identified and were derived by deletion, inversion, translocation, or isochromosome formation of Chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 17. These markers were different from HeLa markers. NC 65-Sp had a near diploid chromosome number, NC 65-R a hypotetraploid number, and NC 65-V had a bimodal chromosome number, and NC 65-V had a bimodal chromosome number. Three chromosome markers were shared by the three cell lines; NC 65-R and NC 65-V shared an additional set of four markers. Markers specific to each line were also observed; they demonstrated the independent derivation of the lines and eliminated laboratory cross-contamination. Common markers between the lines confirmed their common tumoral origin."}
{"id": "PMID:291479", "title": "Enhancing effect of phorbol esters on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells by human urinary protein and lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a potent promoter of carcinogenesis in mouse skin, enhanced differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) induced by human urinary protein or by lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhanced differentiation of all the markers tested, such as phagocytosis, Fc rosette formation, lysozyme activity, and morphological change. Other potent tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also enhanced the induction of differentiation, but no-tumor-promoting diterpenes did not. These findings were in marked contrast with generally accepted findings on the inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on terminal differentiation observed in other cell culture systems but consistent with the observations with some kinds of leukemia cells.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of phorbol esters on induction of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells by human urinary protein and lipopolysaccharide. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a potent promoter of carcinogenesis in mouse skin, enhanced differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) induced by human urinary protein or by lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhanced differentiation of all the markers tested, such as phagocytosis, Fc rosette formation, lysozyme activity, and morphological change. Other potent tumor-promoting macrocyclic plant diterpenes also enhanced the induction of differentiation, but no-tumor-promoting diterpenes did not. These findings were in marked contrast with generally accepted findings on the inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on terminal differentiation observed in other cell culture systems but consistent with the observations with some kinds of leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291480", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): combination chemotherapy and cross-resistance studies with tumors of mice.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) has no more than additive, and often much less than additive, lethal toxicity for mice when given in combination with other anticancer agents representing several of the major functional classes of clinically useful anticancer drugs. The previously reported broad spectrum of anticancer activity of cis-platinum against tumors in laboratory animals has now been extended to promisingly useful therapeutic synergism in combination with other active anticancer drugs, including advanced-staged tumors in mice; eg, cis-platinum plus cyclophosphamide against advanced Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and advanced P388 leukemia, and as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy against advanced colon tumor 26; cis-platinum plus Adriamycin against advanced P388; and cis-platinum plus VP-16-213 against advanced P388. Therapeutic synergism was also seen with cis-platinum plus carminomycin (an Adriamycin analog) against early colon tumor 26. Resistance and cross-resistance studies using sublines of L1210 and P388 selected for resistance to various alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, melphalan, BCNU, or cis-platinum) indicate a variety of resistance and cross-resistance patterns which further support the growing body of evidence that wide differences in mechanism of cytotoxic activity exist among alkylating agents having experimentally and clinically useful anticancer activity. These data support the observed therapeutic synergisms with combinations of alkylating agents seen against a broad spectrum of murine tumors, and they suggest other drug combinations that might be considered for experimental and clinical trial based on a growing number of logical differences in biochemical mechanism of action of alkylating agent anticancer drugs that have been reported.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): combination chemotherapy and cross-resistance studies with tumors of mice. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) has no more than additive, and often much less than additive, lethal toxicity for mice when given in combination with other anticancer agents representing several of the major functional classes of clinically useful anticancer drugs. The previously reported broad spectrum of anticancer activity of cis-platinum against tumors in laboratory animals has now been extended to promisingly useful therapeutic synergism in combination with other active anticancer drugs, including advanced-staged tumors in mice; eg, cis-platinum plus cyclophosphamide against advanced Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and advanced P388 leukemia, and as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy against advanced colon tumor 26; cis-platinum plus Adriamycin against advanced P388; and cis-platinum plus VP-16-213 against advanced P388. Therapeutic synergism was also seen with cis-platinum plus carminomycin (an Adriamycin analog) against early colon tumor 26. Resistance and cross-resistance studies using sublines of L1210 and P388 selected for resistance to various alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, melphalan, BCNU, or cis-platinum) indicate a variety of resistance and cross-resistance patterns which further support the growing body of evidence that wide differences in mechanism of cytotoxic activity exist among alkylating agents having experimentally and clinically useful anticancer activity. These data support the observed therapeutic synergisms with combinations of alkylating agents seen against a broad spectrum of murine tumors, and they suggest other drug combinations that might be considered for experimental and clinical trial based on a growing number of logical differences in biochemical mechanism of action of alkylating agent anticancer drugs that have been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:291481", "title": "Platinum analogs of clinical interest.", "content": "Eight platinum analogs including complexes containing two isomeric forms of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane have received preliminary clinical trials. Dosage and limiting toxicity have been identified for racemic malonato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) (PHM) and its trans(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane isomer (neo-PHM). Dosage and toxicity for racemic sulfato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) have been identified and preliminary dosage data for the trans(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane isomer are presented. Of the four remaining compounds, three have been abandoned due to toxicity or lack of promise as antitumor agents and the fourth is not being pursued actively at the present time. Further trials of PHM, and especially the neo-PHM isomer, in combination with standard agents seem indicated and are underway. The search for platinum analogs of clinical interest may yet identify analogs significantly superior in effectiveness and safety to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II).", "contents": "Platinum analogs of clinical interest. Eight platinum analogs including complexes containing two isomeric forms of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane have received preliminary clinical trials. Dosage and limiting toxicity have been identified for racemic malonato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) (PHM) and its trans(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane isomer (neo-PHM). Dosage and toxicity for racemic sulfato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(II) have been identified and preliminary dosage data for the trans(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane isomer are presented. Of the four remaining compounds, three have been abandoned due to toxicity or lack of promise as antitumor agents and the fourth is not being pursued actively at the present time. Further trials of PHM, and especially the neo-PHM isomer, in combination with standard agents seem indicated and are underway. The search for platinum analogs of clinical interest may yet identify analogs significantly superior in effectiveness and safety to cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)."}
{"id": "PMID:291482", "title": "Evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in children with advanced malignant diseases: Southwest Oncology Group Studies.", "content": "Two schedules of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and toxicity in children with malignant diseases resistant to standard therapy. Initially, cis-platinum was given as a rapid iv bolus injection at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day for 5 days every 3 weeks. The second schedule of cis-platinum was a dose of 1 mg/kg/week administered as an 8-hour infusion with mannitol. furosemide, and hydrating fluids. Using the daily schedule, no responses were seen among 23 children with acute lymphatic leukemia and only eight responses were noted among 47 children with solid tumors. Using the weekly schedule, three responses were noted among 25 children with solid tumors. Responses were observed in seven children with neuroblastoma, two with osteosarcoma, one with embryonal testicular carcinoma, and one with an endodermal sinus tumor. With one exception (a 4-year-old child with neuroblastoma), all responses were of short duration. The most common side effects with both schedules were nausea and vomiting which were usually controlled with antiemetics. The dose-limiting toxicity, especially on the 5-day schedule; was renal function impairment. Only one child who received cis-platinum weekly as an 8-hour infusion with diuresis had elevation of the serum creatinine level. Protocols are being initiated to determine the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of combination therapy with cis-platinum in children with neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Evaluation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in children with advanced malignant diseases: Southwest Oncology Group Studies. Two schedules of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and toxicity in children with malignant diseases resistant to standard therapy. Initially, cis-platinum was given as a rapid iv bolus injection at a dose of 15 mg/m2/day for 5 days every 3 weeks. The second schedule of cis-platinum was a dose of 1 mg/kg/week administered as an 8-hour infusion with mannitol. furosemide, and hydrating fluids. Using the daily schedule, no responses were seen among 23 children with acute lymphatic leukemia and only eight responses were noted among 47 children with solid tumors. Using the weekly schedule, three responses were noted among 25 children with solid tumors. Responses were observed in seven children with neuroblastoma, two with osteosarcoma, one with embryonal testicular carcinoma, and one with an endodermal sinus tumor. With one exception (a 4-year-old child with neuroblastoma), all responses were of short duration. The most common side effects with both schedules were nausea and vomiting which were usually controlled with antiemetics. The dose-limiting toxicity, especially on the 5-day schedule; was renal function impairment. Only one child who received cis-platinum weekly as an 8-hour infusion with diuresis had elevation of the serum creatinine level. Protocols are being initiated to determine the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of combination therapy with cis-platinum in children with neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:291483", "title": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in childhood cancer.", "content": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was evaluated in three separate studies at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in children and adolescents with cancer. In the first study, 16 patients with a variety of solid tumors were treated. Objective responses were seen in patients with neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, seminoma, and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In the second study, five of eight patients with far-advanced osteogenic sarcoma showed objective responses to cis-platinum. In the third study, cis-platinum and Adriamycin were employed as primary adjuvant chemotherapy along with surgery in osteogenic sarcoma. Nine of ten patients have remained disease-free from 8 to 31 months (mean, 19 months). cis-Platinum is an active agent in pediatric tumors.", "contents": "cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in childhood cancer. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-platinum) was evaluated in three separate studies at Roswell Park Memorial Institute in children and adolescents with cancer. In the first study, 16 patients with a variety of solid tumors were treated. Objective responses were seen in patients with neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, seminoma, and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In the second study, five of eight patients with far-advanced osteogenic sarcoma showed objective responses to cis-platinum. In the third study, cis-platinum and Adriamycin were employed as primary adjuvant chemotherapy along with surgery in osteogenic sarcoma. Nine of ten patients have remained disease-free from 8 to 31 months (mean, 19 months). cis-Platinum is an active agent in pediatric tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:291502", "title": "Clinical and pharmacologic studies with adriamycin-DNA complex in children with malignant disease.", "content": "During the last 4 years, we have studied the adriamycin-DNA complex originally developed by Trouet and co-workers (1972). This paper summarizes the results of our pharmacologic and clinical studies. The complex is taken up by cells through an adsorptive pinocytosis, with DNA as the binding molecule. Excess DNA prevents uptake of the drug. Administration of the drug as the complex results in much higher serum concentration and a reduced urinary excretion. The complex is well tolerated, but side effects are probably of the same order as those seen with the free drug. An exception may be the heart. The acute toxicity is not seen when infusing the complex. Our experience with 20 children who have received more than 500 mg/m2 indicates that the chronic cardiac toxicity may be reduced, too. Spectacular, but anecdotal, results have been observed in a variety of solid tumors. Of 16 children with acute myelogenous leukemia, 14 went into a complete remission on a protocol of cytosine arabinoside in combination with the complex. Three of these children are now off therapy, with the longest observation period being 4 years and 4 months.", "contents": "Clinical and pharmacologic studies with adriamycin-DNA complex in children with malignant disease. During the last 4 years, we have studied the adriamycin-DNA complex originally developed by Trouet and co-workers (1972). This paper summarizes the results of our pharmacologic and clinical studies. The complex is taken up by cells through an adsorptive pinocytosis, with DNA as the binding molecule. Excess DNA prevents uptake of the drug. Administration of the drug as the complex results in much higher serum concentration and a reduced urinary excretion. The complex is well tolerated, but side effects are probably of the same order as those seen with the free drug. An exception may be the heart. The acute toxicity is not seen when infusing the complex. Our experience with 20 children who have received more than 500 mg/m2 indicates that the chronic cardiac toxicity may be reduced, too. Spectacular, but anecdotal, results have been observed in a variety of solid tumors. Of 16 children with acute myelogenous leukemia, 14 went into a complete remission on a protocol of cytosine arabinoside in combination with the complex. Three of these children are now off therapy, with the longest observation period being 4 years and 4 months."}
{"id": "PMID:291504", "title": "The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are anemic at the time of diagnosis, the cause of this anemia remains obscure. In an effort to characterize the anemia, we analyzed the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at the time of diagnosis. The MCV was selected because of the observation that older erythrocytes have a reduced MCV and an anemia presumably related to decreased red blood cell production should be reflected by a reduced MCV. A total of 54 patients fulfilled the criteria for analysis. Of this group, 33 per cent had an increased MCV, 61 per cent had a normal MCV, and 6 per cent had a decreased MCV for age. Patients with an increased MCV were found to have a significantly lower hemoglobin and platelet count. The number of females in the group with the increased MCV was 83 per cent as contrasted with 43 per cent in the group with a normal MCV. At relapse, 71 per cent of patients with an initially increased MCV had an elevated MCV as contrasted with only 23 per cent in the group with an initially normal MCV. These observations suggest that in patients with ALL and an increased MCV, a maturation defect may be present that affects all cell lines and may be the result of a diffusible substance released from the leukemic cells. The MCV cannot be used as a reflection of mean cell age in patients with ALL and does not support the belief that the anemia in ALL is merely the result of a \"crowding-out\" process.", "contents": "The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are anemic at the time of diagnosis, the cause of this anemia remains obscure. In an effort to characterize the anemia, we analyzed the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at the time of diagnosis. The MCV was selected because of the observation that older erythrocytes have a reduced MCV and an anemia presumably related to decreased red blood cell production should be reflected by a reduced MCV. A total of 54 patients fulfilled the criteria for analysis. Of this group, 33 per cent had an increased MCV, 61 per cent had a normal MCV, and 6 per cent had a decreased MCV for age. Patients with an increased MCV were found to have a significantly lower hemoglobin and platelet count. The number of females in the group with the increased MCV was 83 per cent as contrasted with 43 per cent in the group with a normal MCV. At relapse, 71 per cent of patients with an initially increased MCV had an elevated MCV as contrasted with only 23 per cent in the group with an initially normal MCV. These observations suggest that in patients with ALL and an increased MCV, a maturation defect may be present that affects all cell lines and may be the result of a diffusible substance released from the leukemic cells. The MCV cannot be used as a reflection of mean cell age in patients with ALL and does not support the belief that the anemia in ALL is merely the result of a \"crowding-out\" process."}
{"id": "PMID:291505", "title": "Use of biofeedback in weaning paralyzed patients from respirators.", "content": "Two paralyzed patients who were being treated with mechanical respirators and in whom weaning with intermittent mandatory ventilation failed were treated with regular sessions of biofeedback. Their respiratory volumes were displayed to them on oscilloscopes at bedside. A plastic (Plexiglas) template was placed on the face of the oscilloscope with two horizontal strips of adhesive tape affixed to it; the patient had to achieve a certain tidal volume (TV) to push the tracing outside the space between the horizontal lines. During each session the highest TV achieved determined the target TV to be maintained during the next session. The application of treatment coincided with improved ventilation; both patients were eventually weaned.", "contents": "Use of biofeedback in weaning paralyzed patients from respirators. Two paralyzed patients who were being treated with mechanical respirators and in whom weaning with intermittent mandatory ventilation failed were treated with regular sessions of biofeedback. Their respiratory volumes were displayed to them on oscilloscopes at bedside. A plastic (Plexiglas) template was placed on the face of the oscilloscope with two horizontal strips of adhesive tape affixed to it; the patient had to achieve a certain tidal volume (TV) to push the tracing outside the space between the horizontal lines. During each session the highest TV achieved determined the target TV to be maintained during the next session. The application of treatment coincided with improved ventilation; both patients were eventually weaned."}
{"id": "PMID:291506", "title": "[Pseudo-hyperkalaemia in myeloproliferative diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In two patients in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia there was a marked rise in serum potassium levels, while plasma potassium was at the lower range of normal and there were no signs of hyperkalaemia clinically. After reduction of the pathological cells under cytostatic treatment the serum potassium levels returned to normal. This in-vitro phenomenon seems to be more common in patients with marked thrombocytosis and leukaemia than has previously been thought. In such patients hypokalaemia may be undetected because serum potassium levels arenormal. Pseudo-hyperkalaemia exists when the potassium level is normal in plasma obtained by centrifugation immediately after the blood sample has been taken, without addition of plastic spheres and at once separated from the blood cells.", "contents": "[Pseudo-hyperkalaemia in myeloproliferative diseases (author's transl)]. In two patients in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia there was a marked rise in serum potassium levels, while plasma potassium was at the lower range of normal and there were no signs of hyperkalaemia clinically. After reduction of the pathological cells under cytostatic treatment the serum potassium levels returned to normal. This in-vitro phenomenon seems to be more common in patients with marked thrombocytosis and leukaemia than has previously been thought. In such patients hypokalaemia may be undetected because serum potassium levels arenormal. Pseudo-hyperkalaemia exists when the potassium level is normal in plasma obtained by centrifugation immediately after the blood sample has been taken, without addition of plastic spheres and at once separated from the blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291509", "title": "Investigation of the human macrophage. II. The in vitro cytotoxicity of macrophages.", "content": "Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro was studied by a tritiated thymidine incorporation inhibition assay as well as by microscopic examination and optical transmitance determination. It was found that macrophages from patients with malignant diseases showed cytotoxic effects on two malignant human cell lines. The cytotoxic activity was more marked in patients who were clinically tumor-free. Some patients with benign diseases and normal subjects also exhibited cytotoxic macrophages. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (MMC) was thus nonspecific in nature. Cell-free exudate from cancer patients did not influence MMC appreciably. The experimental methods and the possible significance of MMC are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of the human macrophage. II. The in vitro cytotoxicity of macrophages. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro was studied by a tritiated thymidine incorporation inhibition assay as well as by microscopic examination and optical transmitance determination. It was found that macrophages from patients with malignant diseases showed cytotoxic effects on two malignant human cell lines. The cytotoxic activity was more marked in patients who were clinically tumor-free. Some patients with benign diseases and normal subjects also exhibited cytotoxic macrophages. Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (MMC) was thus nonspecific in nature. Cell-free exudate from cancer patients did not influence MMC appreciably. The experimental methods and the possible significance of MMC are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291564", "title": "Management of acute psychologic problems in pediatric oncology.", "content": "Several psychologic issues in pediatric oncology are addressed and case illustrations of psychologic intervention for selected problems are offered. Psychologic intervention must take into account the patient's perception of his illness, the patient's developmental level, the parents' coping mechanisms, the dynamics of the child's emotional and behavioral responses, the staff's perception of the problems, and the community's capacity for reintegration of the patient. Each of these issues is addressed by use of case examples to demonstrate important aspects of psychosocial intervention.", "contents": "Management of acute psychologic problems in pediatric oncology. Several psychologic issues in pediatric oncology are addressed and case illustrations of psychologic intervention for selected problems are offered. Psychologic intervention must take into account the patient's perception of his illness, the patient's developmental level, the parents' coping mechanisms, the dynamics of the child's emotional and behavioral responses, the staff's perception of the problems, and the community's capacity for reintegration of the patient. Each of these issues is addressed by use of case examples to demonstrate important aspects of psychosocial intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:291565", "title": "[Determination of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) resistance to erythromycin].", "content": "Resistance to erythromycin is genetically unstable in strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The frequent loss of resistance as well as reversion of sensitive variants to the original unstable resistance phenotype excluded the possibility that plasmid elimination is involved. The spontaneous frequency of occurrence of sensitive clones was 0.14 to 1.5%, the rate of reversion ranging from 1.10(-6) to 1.10(-8). Resistance to erythromycin has been mapped on the chromosomes of two S. coelicolor A3(2) derivatives in different sites: between markers adeC (v 10) and ArgA1 in the strain A617, between pheA1 and SCP1 in the strain S18. It is suggested that genetic instability of erythromycin resistance determinants having chromosomal location is due to transposition of genetic material.", "contents": "[Determination of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) resistance to erythromycin]. Resistance to erythromycin is genetically unstable in strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The frequent loss of resistance as well as reversion of sensitive variants to the original unstable resistance phenotype excluded the possibility that plasmid elimination is involved. The spontaneous frequency of occurrence of sensitive clones was 0.14 to 1.5%, the rate of reversion ranging from 1.10(-6) to 1.10(-8). Resistance to erythromycin has been mapped on the chromosomes of two S. coelicolor A3(2) derivatives in different sites: between markers adeC (v 10) and ArgA1 in the strain A617, between pheA1 and SCP1 in the strain S18. It is suggested that genetic instability of erythromycin resistance determinants having chromosomal location is due to transposition of genetic material."}
{"id": "PMID:291567", "title": "[ZNS complications in children with acute lymphatic leukemia. Computer tomographic studies].", "content": "78 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin-lymphoma were treated at the Children's Hospital of the University of Heidelberg from December 1971 to April 1979. Following cytostatic treatment and irradiation of the skull 11 children developed CNS-symptoms (mainly seizures and paresis) which were caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, infectious or degenerative CNS-diseases. Cranial axial tomography (CAT) was helpful in finding the cause of the CNS-complication. We recommend routine CAT in the beginning and during the course of treatment of leukemia to document CNS-changes as early as possible and to prevent further damage by alterations of therapy.", "contents": "[ZNS complications in children with acute lymphatic leukemia. Computer tomographic studies]. 78 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin-lymphoma were treated at the Children's Hospital of the University of Heidelberg from December 1971 to April 1979. Following cytostatic treatment and irradiation of the skull 11 children developed CNS-symptoms (mainly seizures and paresis) which were caused by intracerebral hemorrhage, infectious or degenerative CNS-diseases. Cranial axial tomography (CAT) was helpful in finding the cause of the CNS-complication. We recommend routine CAT in the beginning and during the course of treatment of leukemia to document CNS-changes as early as possible and to prevent further damage by alterations of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:291568", "title": "Peer review for nonphysicians.", "content": "The inclusion of nonphysician health care practitioners in hospital quality assurance programs is being called for by the new JCAH standards and PSRO regulations/PSRO guidelines require that nonphysicians be reviewed by peers.", "contents": "Peer review for nonphysicians. The inclusion of nonphysician health care practitioners in hospital quality assurance programs is being called for by the new JCAH standards and PSRO regulations/PSRO guidelines require that nonphysicians be reviewed by peers."}
{"id": "PMID:291593", "title": "Hypereosinophilia syndrome or eosinophilic leukaemia. A case report of a one-year-old infant.", "content": "The case history of a one-year-old girl, who suffered from a fatal hypereosinophilia syndrome (HES), is presented. It is demonstrated that in this particular patient the origin of the HES has been a variant type of juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical and pathologic data are presented. This is the youngest patient ever described as having suffered from fatal HES caused by a leukemic process.", "contents": "Hypereosinophilia syndrome or eosinophilic leukaemia. A case report of a one-year-old infant. The case history of a one-year-old girl, who suffered from a fatal hypereosinophilia syndrome (HES), is presented. It is demonstrated that in this particular patient the origin of the HES has been a variant type of juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical and pathologic data are presented. This is the youngest patient ever described as having suffered from fatal HES caused by a leukemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:291594", "title": "Analysis of genetic control of chylous ascites in ragged mice.", "content": "Chylous ascites is a disorder visible as a white fluid in the peritoneal cavity of suckling mice. It is due to inadequate lymphatic drainage from the small intestine. An initial genetic study showed it to be a pleiotropic effect of ragged, Ra. There were four main studies. These involved seven major mutants segregating with ragged. Four of the mutants had no effect on chylous ascites, but two mutants linked with ragged, and one unlinked, showed a complex situation involving enhancement, inhibition, epistacy and other interactions. The overall phenotypic effects which these mutants are known to have do not explain how they produce their interaction with ragged in terms of chylous ascites. The studies also indicate the existence of a single major modifier controlling penetrance and expression, and there is evidence for cumulatively acting minor modifiers. In neonates the male sex is more liable to chylous ascites, and in adults this condition affects fertility and fecundity.", "contents": "Analysis of genetic control of chylous ascites in ragged mice. Chylous ascites is a disorder visible as a white fluid in the peritoneal cavity of suckling mice. It is due to inadequate lymphatic drainage from the small intestine. An initial genetic study showed it to be a pleiotropic effect of ragged, Ra. There were four main studies. These involved seven major mutants segregating with ragged. Four of the mutants had no effect on chylous ascites, but two mutants linked with ragged, and one unlinked, showed a complex situation involving enhancement, inhibition, epistacy and other interactions. The overall phenotypic effects which these mutants are known to have do not explain how they produce their interaction with ragged in terms of chylous ascites. The studies also indicate the existence of a single major modifier controlling penetrance and expression, and there is evidence for cumulatively acting minor modifiers. In neonates the male sex is more liable to chylous ascites, and in adults this condition affects fertility and fecundity."}
{"id": "PMID:291598", "title": "Multiple skeletal metastases of osteogenic sarcoma in a dog.", "content": "A 9-year-old male German Shepherd Dog with osteogenic sarcoma involving the right humerus was treated by scapulohumeral disarticulation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Doxorubicin was used, at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 of body surface. Chemotherapy was unsuccessful, and 4 months after surgery, the dog developed multiple metastases of osteogenic sarcoma in the appendicular skeleton, a metastatic pattern rarely observed with primary bone tumors.", "contents": "Multiple skeletal metastases of osteogenic sarcoma in a dog. A 9-year-old male German Shepherd Dog with osteogenic sarcoma involving the right humerus was treated by scapulohumeral disarticulation and adjuvant chemotherapy. Doxorubicin was used, at a dosage of 30 mg/m2 of body surface. Chemotherapy was unsuccessful, and 4 months after surgery, the dog developed multiple metastases of osteogenic sarcoma in the appendicular skeleton, a metastatic pattern rarely observed with primary bone tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:291600", "title": "Regulation of acid phosphatase activity in human promyelocytic leukemic cells induced to differentiate in culture.", "content": "Induction of differentiation of a human promyelocytic leukemic cell line (HL60) in culture is accompanied by changes in acid phosphatase (Acpase) activity. The increase in activity is less than twofold when the leukemic cells are stimulated by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to differentiate into metamyelocytes and granulocytes but is eightfold when the cells are stimulated by the tumor-promoting agent 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to differentiate into macrophage-like cells. Five different isozymes of Acpase were separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isozyme 1, the most anodal isozyme, was found to be present in undifferentiated, DMSO-treated and TPA-treated cells; isozyme 2 was a very faint band observed both in DMSO- and TPA-treated cells, the isoenzymes 3a and 3b were present only in TPA-induced cells; and isozyme 4, the most cathodal isozyme, was present both in TPA- and DMSO-induced cells. A time sequence study on the appearance of the various forms after TPA treatment indicated that the expression of the isozymes is regulated in an uncoordinated fashion. Acpase activity has been shown by ultrastructural cytochemistry to be localized in the entire rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and in areas of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) located near the Golgi complex in differentiating cells but to be extremely weak, if at all detectable, in undifferentiated promyelocytes.", "contents": "Regulation of acid phosphatase activity in human promyelocytic leukemic cells induced to differentiate in culture. Induction of differentiation of a human promyelocytic leukemic cell line (HL60) in culture is accompanied by changes in acid phosphatase (Acpase) activity. The increase in activity is less than twofold when the leukemic cells are stimulated by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to differentiate into metamyelocytes and granulocytes but is eightfold when the cells are stimulated by the tumor-promoting agent 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) to differentiate into macrophage-like cells. Five different isozymes of Acpase were separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isozyme 1, the most anodal isozyme, was found to be present in undifferentiated, DMSO-treated and TPA-treated cells; isozyme 2 was a very faint band observed both in DMSO- and TPA-treated cells, the isoenzymes 3a and 3b were present only in TPA-induced cells; and isozyme 4, the most cathodal isozyme, was present both in TPA- and DMSO-induced cells. A time sequence study on the appearance of the various forms after TPA treatment indicated that the expression of the isozymes is regulated in an uncoordinated fashion. Acpase activity has been shown by ultrastructural cytochemistry to be localized in the entire rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and in areas of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) located near the Golgi complex in differentiating cells but to be extremely weak, if at all detectable, in undifferentiated promyelocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:291601", "title": "Erythroid progenitors (BFU-e and CFU-e) in acute leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow erythroid progenitor cells were examined from 50 cases of acute leukaemia and from 20 normal subjects using an in vitro semisolid culture method. Numbers of both primitive erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-e) and later-stage erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-e) were remarkably depressed in patient with acute leukaemia in active phase. However, both BFU-e and CFU-e recovered to within normal range when the patients achieved remission. Peripheral blood BFU-e of children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia in remission were also examined and found to have values not significantly different from those of control subjects. There was no distinct correlation between the numbers of erythroid bursts or colonies and the duration of remission in patients with acute leukaemia in remission. The reduction of BFU-e and CFU-e in active acute leukaemia suggests the involvement of erythropoietic progenitors in the pathophysiology of this type of leukaemia.", "contents": "Erythroid progenitors (BFU-e and CFU-e) in acute leukaemia. Bone marrow erythroid progenitor cells were examined from 50 cases of acute leukaemia and from 20 normal subjects using an in vitro semisolid culture method. Numbers of both primitive erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-e) and later-stage erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-e) were remarkably depressed in patient with acute leukaemia in active phase. However, both BFU-e and CFU-e recovered to within normal range when the patients achieved remission. Peripheral blood BFU-e of children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia in remission were also examined and found to have values not significantly different from those of control subjects. There was no distinct correlation between the numbers of erythroid bursts or colonies and the duration of remission in patients with acute leukaemia in remission. The reduction of BFU-e and CFU-e in active acute leukaemia suggests the involvement of erythropoietic progenitors in the pathophysiology of this type of leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:291620", "title": "The influence of functional use of endosseous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. I. Histological aspects.", "content": "The tissue-implant interfaces of functional and non-functional endosseous dental implants were compared histologically for up to one year post-operatively. Nonmineralized connective tissue zones (a \"fibrous capsule\") existed in all functional interfaces. Direct, or nearly direct, bone apposition to implants occurred in non-functional interfaces. The origin of this result and its significance in dental implantology is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of functional use of endosseous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. I. Histological aspects. The tissue-implant interfaces of functional and non-functional endosseous dental implants were compared histologically for up to one year post-operatively. Nonmineralized connective tissue zones (a \"fibrous capsule\") existed in all functional interfaces. Direct, or nearly direct, bone apposition to implants occurred in non-functional interfaces. The origin of this result and its significance in dental implantology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291621", "title": "The influence of functional use of endosseous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. II. Clinical aspects.", "content": "Functional and non-functional endosseous dental implants were clinically compared in beagle mandibles for up to one year post-operatively. Differing biomechanical conditions led to clinical differences between functional and non-functional implants. Typical clinical tests, however, did not always reveal detailed histological differences between implant-tissue interfaces of functional and non-funcional implants.", "contents": "The influence of functional use of endosseous dental implants on the tissue-implant interface. II. Clinical aspects. Functional and non-functional endosseous dental implants were clinically compared in beagle mandibles for up to one year post-operatively. Differing biomechanical conditions led to clinical differences between functional and non-functional implants. Typical clinical tests, however, did not always reveal detailed histological differences between implant-tissue interfaces of functional and non-funcional implants."}
{"id": "PMID:291622", "title": "A new composite restorative based on a hydrophobic matrix.", "content": "A hydrophobic restorative composite based on a fluorocarbon analog of an alkyl methacrylate and a bisphenol adduct was formulated into a one-paste system, which polymerized in the presence of blue light. Physical, mechanical and water-related properties were determined. High contact angles and low water sorption were shown by the experimental composite. Capillary penetration of oral fluids around restorations, therefore, could be prevented in the presence of this highly hydrophobic surface. The physical and mechanical properties of the experimental composite were either comparable to or somewhat less favorable than commercial Bis-GMA composites.", "contents": "A new composite restorative based on a hydrophobic matrix. A hydrophobic restorative composite based on a fluorocarbon analog of an alkyl methacrylate and a bisphenol adduct was formulated into a one-paste system, which polymerized in the presence of blue light. Physical, mechanical and water-related properties were determined. High contact angles and low water sorption were shown by the experimental composite. Capillary penetration of oral fluids around restorations, therefore, could be prevented in the presence of this highly hydrophobic surface. The physical and mechanical properties of the experimental composite were either comparable to or somewhat less favorable than commercial Bis-GMA composites."}
{"id": "PMID:291623", "title": "New amine accelerators for composite restorative resins.", "content": "The overall characteristics of the composites cured with a number of newly synthesized, tertiary aromatic amines compare favorably to those of resins polymerized with commonly used accelerators. Maximum compressive and tensile strength for the composites are obtained only over a narrow concentration range of accelerator used.", "contents": "New amine accelerators for composite restorative resins. The overall characteristics of the composites cured with a number of newly synthesized, tertiary aromatic amines compare favorably to those of resins polymerized with commonly used accelerators. Maximum compressive and tensile strength for the composites are obtained only over a narrow concentration range of accelerator used."}
{"id": "PMID:291624", "title": "Viscosity of dental porcelain as a function of temperature.", "content": "A method for viscosity measurement is described and representative data are given for opaque, gingival, and incisal porcelains. The significance of viscosity in annealing and in stress development due to thermal expansion mismatch is discussed. Thermal history of the porcelain is shown to be important only over a relatively small temperature interval in affecting residual stresses.", "contents": "Viscosity of dental porcelain as a function of temperature. A method for viscosity measurement is described and representative data are given for opaque, gingival, and incisal porcelains. The significance of viscosity in annealing and in stress development due to thermal expansion mismatch is discussed. Thermal history of the porcelain is shown to be important only over a relatively small temperature interval in affecting residual stresses."}
{"id": "PMID:291630", "title": "Differential utilization of proteins in saliva from caries-active and caries-free subjects as growth substrates by plaque-forming streptococci.", "content": "Mixed or parotid saliva from caries-active individuals consistently supported better growth of Streptococcus mutans (type c) than that from caries-free individuals. Electrophoretic studies revealed that certain proteins in caries-active salivas were susceptible to microbial attack, but similar proteins in caries-free salivas were refractory.", "contents": "Differential utilization of proteins in saliva from caries-active and caries-free subjects as growth substrates by plaque-forming streptococci. Mixed or parotid saliva from caries-active individuals consistently supported better growth of Streptococcus mutans (type c) than that from caries-free individuals. Electrophoretic studies revealed that certain proteins in caries-active salivas were susceptible to microbial attack, but similar proteins in caries-free salivas were refractory."}
{"id": "PMID:291631", "title": "Morphological and functional characterization of isolated human parotid acinar cells.", "content": "A method for the isolation of human parotid acinar cells using enzymatic dispersion and milk mechanical forces has been developed. The isolated acinar cells are morphologically and functionally intact, thus suitable for studies of the cellular physiology of secretion.", "contents": "Morphological and functional characterization of isolated human parotid acinar cells. A method for the isolation of human parotid acinar cells using enzymatic dispersion and milk mechanical forces has been developed. The isolated acinar cells are morphologically and functionally intact, thus suitable for studies of the cellular physiology of secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:291656", "title": "Recognition and treatment of patients with chronic orofacial pain.", "content": "Patients with chronic orofacial pain must be treated with methods different from those used with patients with acute pain. If different methods are not used, the characteristics of chronic pain may become firmly entrenched. Dentists should be aware of the various methods of treatment for this separate pain entity.", "contents": "Recognition and treatment of patients with chronic orofacial pain. Patients with chronic orofacial pain must be treated with methods different from those used with patients with acute pain. If different methods are not used, the characteristics of chronic pain may become firmly entrenched. Dentists should be aware of the various methods of treatment for this separate pain entity."}
{"id": "PMID:291657", "title": "Clinical criteria in diagnosis of early squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip may be unsuspected and undiagnosed in its early clinical stages and may appear in occult and noncharacteristic forms. Specific risk factors and characteristics of lesions were sought after clinical and histologic data were correlated in a survey of patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the lower lip.", "contents": "Clinical criteria in diagnosis of early squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip may be unsuspected and undiagnosed in its early clinical stages and may appear in occult and noncharacteristic forms. Specific risk factors and characteristics of lesions were sought after clinical and histologic data were correlated in a survey of patients with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the lower lip."}
{"id": "PMID:291658", "title": "The anatomy of the maxillary molar furcal plane crown preparation.", "content": "The location and condition of the pulpal tissues under remaining dentin must be considered when a crown is used for restoration of a maxillary molar prepared to the furcations. This problem is examined by identification of basic landmarks. The study also discusses the furcal plane and the root trunk and relates the discussion to a three-part dissection of a crown preparation of a maxillary molar.", "contents": "The anatomy of the maxillary molar furcal plane crown preparation. The location and condition of the pulpal tissues under remaining dentin must be considered when a crown is used for restoration of a maxillary molar prepared to the furcations. This problem is examined by identification of basic landmarks. The study also discusses the furcal plane and the root trunk and relates the discussion to a three-part dissection of a crown preparation of a maxillary molar."}
{"id": "PMID:291659", "title": "Benign cementoblastoma.", "content": "A case of benign cementoblastoma in a 20-year-old man has been reviewed. The lesion was typical and was associated with the mandibular right first molar. The patient initially reported symptoms related to that tooth. Radiographically, the lesion was 1.5 cm in diameter and had a peripheral radiolucent border. Histopathologic examination showed a well-circumscribed mass of cementum. Excision of the tumor with removal of the associated tooth resulted in normal osseous healing and no evidence of recurrence after one year.", "contents": "Benign cementoblastoma. A case of benign cementoblastoma in a 20-year-old man has been reviewed. The lesion was typical and was associated with the mandibular right first molar. The patient initially reported symptoms related to that tooth. Radiographically, the lesion was 1.5 cm in diameter and had a peripheral radiolucent border. Histopathologic examination showed a well-circumscribed mass of cementum. Excision of the tumor with removal of the associated tooth resulted in normal osseous healing and no evidence of recurrence after one year."}
{"id": "PMID:291660", "title": "Surgical repair of a double lip.", "content": "Double lip, an accessory fold of redundant mucous membrane inside the vermilion border, is differentiated from other chronic enlargements of the lip, and treatment for this congenital anomaly is outlined.", "contents": "Surgical repair of a double lip. Double lip, an accessory fold of redundant mucous membrane inside the vermilion border, is differentiated from other chronic enlargements of the lip, and treatment for this congenital anomaly is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:291661", "title": "The interaction of erythromycin and theophylline in the asthmatic dental patient.", "content": "Possible interaction of erythromycin with theophylline is a problem in the dental treatment of asthmatic patients. This interaction can be circumvented by using other antibiotics or adjusting the dose of theophylline.", "contents": "The interaction of erythromycin and theophylline in the asthmatic dental patient. Possible interaction of erythromycin with theophylline is a problem in the dental treatment of asthmatic patients. This interaction can be circumvented by using other antibiotics or adjusting the dose of theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:291662", "title": "Antibody responses to influenza immunization of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Antibody responses of two doses of a bivalent influenza vaccine containing A/Victoria/75 (A/Vic/75) and A/New Jersey/76 (A/NJ/76) viral antigens were studied in 22 children receiving maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 16 children no longer receiving therapy for ALL, and 50 sibling controls. Before immunization, the three groups showed no difference in titer of antibody to either antigen. After the first immunization, children off therapy showed significantly higher titers to A/NJ/76 than did either sibling controls of children receiving therapy (P less than 0.01). After the second immunization, children off therapy showed significantly higher antibody titers to both antigens than did children receiving therapy or controls (P less than 0.01 for both A/NJ/76 and A/Vic/75). Antibody titers of children receiving therapy were not significantly different from those of controls. A year later, there were no significant differences in antibody titers among the groups. Thus, children with ALL who are receiving chemotherapy respond normally to two doses of influenza vaccine, whereas children off therapy manifest abnormally high titers of antibody to both influenza virus antigens.", "contents": "Antibody responses to influenza immunization of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Antibody responses of two doses of a bivalent influenza vaccine containing A/Victoria/75 (A/Vic/75) and A/New Jersey/76 (A/NJ/76) viral antigens were studied in 22 children receiving maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 16 children no longer receiving therapy for ALL, and 50 sibling controls. Before immunization, the three groups showed no difference in titer of antibody to either antigen. After the first immunization, children off therapy showed significantly higher titers to A/NJ/76 than did either sibling controls of children receiving therapy (P less than 0.01). After the second immunization, children off therapy showed significantly higher antibody titers to both antigens than did children receiving therapy or controls (P less than 0.01 for both A/NJ/76 and A/Vic/75). Antibody titers of children receiving therapy were not significantly different from those of controls. A year later, there were no significant differences in antibody titers among the groups. Thus, children with ALL who are receiving chemotherapy respond normally to two doses of influenza vaccine, whereas children off therapy manifest abnormally high titers of antibody to both influenza virus antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:291676", "title": "The intracellular enzymatic response of neutrophils and lymphocytes in patients with precancerous states and cancer of the larynx.", "content": "In patients with precancerous states and cancer of the larynx prior to and after radiotherapy exhibit the decreased activity of neutrophil beta-glucuronidase. Moreover patients treated by radiotherapy before the age of 6 to 9 years demonstrate deficiency of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the above cells. The main finding in lymphocytes of the patients studied was in the appearance by diffusion of the above enzymes and of acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm, reflecting their release from lysosomes and immunological mobilization of these cells. The authors discuss the possible role of neutrophil enzymatic deficiency in lowering the antitumour cytotoxic effect of these cells.", "contents": "The intracellular enzymatic response of neutrophils and lymphocytes in patients with precancerous states and cancer of the larynx. In patients with precancerous states and cancer of the larynx prior to and after radiotherapy exhibit the decreased activity of neutrophil beta-glucuronidase. Moreover patients treated by radiotherapy before the age of 6 to 9 years demonstrate deficiency of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the above cells. The main finding in lymphocytes of the patients studied was in the appearance by diffusion of the above enzymes and of acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm, reflecting their release from lysosomes and immunological mobilization of these cells. The authors discuss the possible role of neutrophil enzymatic deficiency in lowering the antitumour cytotoxic effect of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291677", "title": "Oral cancer and sex, Why do females do better?", "content": "Analysis of a group of 194 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity has shown that the survival figures for females is significantly better than that for males. The material has been analyzed in an attempt to explain this difference. The females in this series did not attend at an earlier stage, at a younger age or with more highly differentiated tumours. The site distribution was similar for the two sexes but the improved survival for females was found particularly with tumours of the cheek and commissure region and the lower alveolus. Various possible explanations are discussed and it is suggested that the host response of females to intra-oral cancer is different to that of males.", "contents": "Oral cancer and sex, Why do females do better? Analysis of a group of 194 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity has shown that the survival figures for females is significantly better than that for males. The material has been analyzed in an attempt to explain this difference. The females in this series did not attend at an earlier stage, at a younger age or with more highly differentiated tumours. The site distribution was similar for the two sexes but the improved survival for females was found particularly with tumours of the cheek and commissure region and the lower alveolus. Various possible explanations are discussed and it is suggested that the host response of females to intra-oral cancer is different to that of males."}
{"id": "PMID:291678", "title": "Incidence of lymph node metastasis in elective (prophylactic) neck dissection for oral carcinoma.", "content": "For cancers of the tongue, floor of mouth, mandibular gingiva and buccal mucosa, in which the widest diameter is greater than 2 cm, we perform neck dissection in continuity with resection of the primary growth as a part of the planned therapy,regardles of the clinical state of the cervical lymph nodes. Whenever the lesion is so situated that an in-continuity neck dissection cannot be performed (cancer of the palate) it may be wise to delay neck dissection until the lymph nodes become clinically apparent.", "contents": "Incidence of lymph node metastasis in elective (prophylactic) neck dissection for oral carcinoma. For cancers of the tongue, floor of mouth, mandibular gingiva and buccal mucosa, in which the widest diameter is greater than 2 cm, we perform neck dissection in continuity with resection of the primary growth as a part of the planned therapy,regardles of the clinical state of the cervical lymph nodes. Whenever the lesion is so situated that an in-continuity neck dissection cannot be performed (cancer of the palate) it may be wise to delay neck dissection until the lymph nodes become clinically apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:291679", "title": "Complete remission of a squamous cell cancer of the mandible by chemotherapy. A case report.", "content": "This is a report of complete remission with intra-arterial Methotrexate chemotherapy in a patient with a large fungating squamous cell carcinoma of the left mandible.", "contents": "Complete remission of a squamous cell cancer of the mandible by chemotherapy. A case report. This is a report of complete remission with intra-arterial Methotrexate chemotherapy in a patient with a large fungating squamous cell carcinoma of the left mandible."}
{"id": "PMID:291681", "title": "Progress in the diagnosis of craniofacial injuries and tumours by computer tomography.", "content": "This paper tries to demonstrate the diagnostic possibilities  and limitations of CT in the facial skeleton. Our results stem from the examination of benign and malignant processes in 250 patients. This paper should demonstrate the different characteristics of the pictures obtained by CT and conventional polytomography. The main purpose of CT is not the diagnosis of fractures - here pluridirectional tomography is far superior - but the demonstration of space-occupying processes of benign and malignant tumours. CT cannot presently be applied to the investigation of different histopathological lesions.", "contents": "Progress in the diagnosis of craniofacial injuries and tumours by computer tomography. This paper tries to demonstrate the diagnostic possibilities  and limitations of CT in the facial skeleton. Our results stem from the examination of benign and malignant processes in 250 patients. This paper should demonstrate the different characteristics of the pictures obtained by CT and conventional polytomography. The main purpose of CT is not the diagnosis of fractures - here pluridirectional tomography is far superior - but the demonstration of space-occupying processes of benign and malignant tumours. CT cannot presently be applied to the investigation of different histopathological lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:291682", "title": "Study of Biopsies from lesions of the oral mucosa by scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.).", "content": "Surface epithelial cells from 55 biopsies including lichen planus, leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The surface structures of the various oral lesions demonstrated morphological differences. After more information has been collected, the method of SEM may be of value for the recognition of pre- and early neoplastic lesions in the oral cavity.", "contents": "Study of Biopsies from lesions of the oral mucosa by scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.). Surface epithelial cells from 55 biopsies including lichen planus, leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The surface structures of the various oral lesions demonstrated morphological differences. After more information has been collected, the method of SEM may be of value for the recognition of pre- and early neoplastic lesions in the oral cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:291684", "title": "Surgical access to multicystic lesions, by sagittal splitting of the lower jaw.", "content": "A case is presented of a large, multiloculated primordial cyst in the lower jaw. In treatment planning of the lesion, a hemimandibulectomy had been seriously considered, but seemed to be too agressive a therapy for a non-malignant lesion. However, the recurrence rate of multiloculated cysts made a meticulous enucleation necessary. By employing a sagittal splitting of the right half of the mandible a good surgical access was provided and the cysts could be removed very thoroughly. Recurrence was not observed during a 3 years follow up period.", "contents": "Surgical access to multicystic lesions, by sagittal splitting of the lower jaw. A case is presented of a large, multiloculated primordial cyst in the lower jaw. In treatment planning of the lesion, a hemimandibulectomy had been seriously considered, but seemed to be too agressive a therapy for a non-malignant lesion. However, the recurrence rate of multiloculated cysts made a meticulous enucleation necessary. By employing a sagittal splitting of the right half of the mandible a good surgical access was provided and the cysts could be removed very thoroughly. Recurrence was not observed during a 3 years follow up period."}
{"id": "PMID:291701", "title": "Cusps or no cusps--that is not the question.", "content": "Current views of the significance of cusps to oral health range from an emphasis on meticulous recusping of the restored teeth to a recommendation of gradual prophylactic elimination of natural cusps by grinding. Cusps, their morphology and mutual arrangement are associated with masticatory function. The adaptive value of efficient mastication has diminished along with advancing cultural evolution. Industrialization marks a turning point as seen from the almost total disappearance of functional tooth wear. Restoring cusps to achieve maximum structural efficiency thus lacks a rational basis. But the occlusal morphology is also associated with the swallow reflex: retrusive occlusal interferences tend to disturb it. These interferences can be avoided by establishing the freedom in centric or by restoring the occlusion to the retruded position. The prophylactic grinding of teeth also lacks a rational basis. The consequences of artificial wear are not likely to be the same as those of functional wear because the function has changed, the oral environment is different. It seems advisable, therefore, to try to eliminate only unquestionably harmful factors, and to leave the rest of the morphology as unchanged as possible.", "contents": "Cusps or no cusps--that is not the question. Current views of the significance of cusps to oral health range from an emphasis on meticulous recusping of the restored teeth to a recommendation of gradual prophylactic elimination of natural cusps by grinding. Cusps, their morphology and mutual arrangement are associated with masticatory function. The adaptive value of efficient mastication has diminished along with advancing cultural evolution. Industrialization marks a turning point as seen from the almost total disappearance of functional tooth wear. Restoring cusps to achieve maximum structural efficiency thus lacks a rational basis. But the occlusal morphology is also associated with the swallow reflex: retrusive occlusal interferences tend to disturb it. These interferences can be avoided by establishing the freedom in centric or by restoring the occlusion to the retruded position. The prophylactic grinding of teeth also lacks a rational basis. The consequences of artificial wear are not likely to be the same as those of functional wear because the function has changed, the oral environment is different. It seems advisable, therefore, to try to eliminate only unquestionably harmful factors, and to leave the rest of the morphology as unchanged as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:291702", "title": "The effect of placement of cervical margins of class II amalgam restorations on plaque accumulation and gingival health.", "content": "The effects or restoring early proximal carious lesions were investigated in a series of thirty-six surfaces. In eighteen lesions the cervical margins of the restorations extended subgingivally, and in eighteen the margins were located supragingivally. Three months after restoration, plaque accumulation was not significantly different from pre-restoration levels. The degree of gingival inflammation showed a significant improvement after restoration where cervical margins were finished supragingivally (P less than 0.5). Where margins were finished subgingivally a highly significant deterioration in gingival health occurred (P less than 0.1).", "contents": "The effect of placement of cervical margins of class II amalgam restorations on plaque accumulation and gingival health. The effects or restoring early proximal carious lesions were investigated in a series of thirty-six surfaces. In eighteen lesions the cervical margins of the restorations extended subgingivally, and in eighteen the margins were located supragingivally. Three months after restoration, plaque accumulation was not significantly different from pre-restoration levels. The degree of gingival inflammation showed a significant improvement after restoration where cervical margins were finished supragingivally (P less than 0.5). Where margins were finished subgingivally a highly significant deterioration in gingival health occurred (P less than 0.1)."}
{"id": "PMID:291704", "title": "Processing factors affecting the clarity of a rapid-curing clear acrylic resin.", "content": "The difficulty in repeatedly producing unblemished, clear acrylic resin in the dental laboratory has hindered its wider use, despite its many advantages over coloured material. Recently, rapid-cure dental acrylics have been introduced, which are available in both clear and coloured forms. This investigation examined various factors which may influence the production of unblemished, rapid-curing, clear acrylic resin. Utilizing a quantitative assessment of clarity, the most important factor influencing the clarity of the resin is shown to be the choice of separating medium. Tin-foil produces extremely high clarity, but alginate mould separator causes surface blanching. However, this surface blanching can be removed by polishing. Porosity, caused by too rapid curing, and stone model dryness are of only secondary importance. Possible water contamination of the monomer liquid due to accidental exposure only affects clarity at very high levels of contamination.", "contents": "Processing factors affecting the clarity of a rapid-curing clear acrylic resin. The difficulty in repeatedly producing unblemished, clear acrylic resin in the dental laboratory has hindered its wider use, despite its many advantages over coloured material. Recently, rapid-cure dental acrylics have been introduced, which are available in both clear and coloured forms. This investigation examined various factors which may influence the production of unblemished, rapid-curing, clear acrylic resin. Utilizing a quantitative assessment of clarity, the most important factor influencing the clarity of the resin is shown to be the choice of separating medium. Tin-foil produces extremely high clarity, but alginate mould separator causes surface blanching. However, this surface blanching can be removed by polishing. Porosity, caused by too rapid curing, and stone model dryness are of only secondary importance. Possible water contamination of the monomer liquid due to accidental exposure only affects clarity at very high levels of contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:291705", "title": "The Langerhans cell density of palatal epithelium in denture and non-denture wearers, as correlated with other parameters of the palatal mucosa.", "content": "A quantitative histological investigation was carried out on biopsy specimens taken from patients suffering from denture sore mouth. The results were compared with those obtained in investigations on denture and non-denture wearers. The sections were studied by standardized quantitative morphometric methods. After 4 years the denture bearing palatal epithelium from both groups, normal denture wearers and the patients suffering from denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium as compared with the controls. The mitotic index in denture bearing epithelium from patients suffering from denture sore mouth was three times lower than in the epithelium of the normal denture wearers. The number of Langerhans cells correlated with the mitotic indices of the group of denture wearers and non-denture wearers. The group of denture sore mouth patients showing a low mitotic index showed a high number of Langerhans cells in their palatal epithelium. The three groups of patients investigated did not show differences in density of mast cells in the lamina propria of their palatal epithelium.", "contents": "The Langerhans cell density of palatal epithelium in denture and non-denture wearers, as correlated with other parameters of the palatal mucosa. A quantitative histological investigation was carried out on biopsy specimens taken from patients suffering from denture sore mouth. The results were compared with those obtained in investigations on denture and non-denture wearers. The sections were studied by standardized quantitative morphometric methods. After 4 years the denture bearing palatal epithelium from both groups, normal denture wearers and the patients suffering from denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium as compared with the controls. The mitotic index in denture bearing epithelium from patients suffering from denture sore mouth was three times lower than in the epithelium of the normal denture wearers. The number of Langerhans cells correlated with the mitotic indices of the group of denture wearers and non-denture wearers. The group of denture sore mouth patients showing a low mitotic index showed a high number of Langerhans cells in their palatal epithelium. The three groups of patients investigated did not show differences in density of mast cells in the lamina propria of their palatal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:291706", "title": "Biological testing of dental restorative materials in vitro--a review.", "content": "In vitro methods for the biological evaluation of dental restorative materials are discussed, with particular reference to the type of cells used, the physical state of the test material, the method of establishing cell-material contact, and the criteria of cytotoxicity. It is postulated that in vitro methods should provide a reliable assessment of the toxicity of dental restorative materials, but since the current in vitro methods do not mimic in vivo conditions sufficiently closely, the correlation between in vitro and in vivo results is at present poor. The development of in vitro methods more closely simulating in vivo circumstances is advocated.", "contents": "Biological testing of dental restorative materials in vitro--a review. In vitro methods for the biological evaluation of dental restorative materials are discussed, with particular reference to the type of cells used, the physical state of the test material, the method of establishing cell-material contact, and the criteria of cytotoxicity. It is postulated that in vitro methods should provide a reliable assessment of the toxicity of dental restorative materials, but since the current in vitro methods do not mimic in vivo conditions sufficiently closely, the correlation between in vitro and in vivo results is at present poor. The development of in vitro methods more closely simulating in vivo circumstances is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:291707", "title": "Limits of perceptibility of condyle displacements on temporomandibular joint radiographs.", "content": "The present study investigated to what extent condyle positions have to be different from each other in order to be clearly detectable under clinical conditions on serial radiographs of the temporomandibular joints in identical projection. For that purpose of ten test subjects serial radiographs in optimal lateral oblique and identical projection were made with various positions of the joint. The joint was brought to these positions by displacement of the mandible to an exactly known extent with a special device. Evaluation showed that mean differences between condyle positions of 0.61 +/- 0.16 mm can be recognized clearly. It was statistically proved that this value did not depend upon the experience of an examiner in reading radiographs but upon the technical quality and the interpretability of the radiographs as well as upon the radiographic dimension of the posterior joint space.", "contents": "Limits of perceptibility of condyle displacements on temporomandibular joint radiographs. The present study investigated to what extent condyle positions have to be different from each other in order to be clearly detectable under clinical conditions on serial radiographs of the temporomandibular joints in identical projection. For that purpose of ten test subjects serial radiographs in optimal lateral oblique and identical projection were made with various positions of the joint. The joint was brought to these positions by displacement of the mandible to an exactly known extent with a special device. Evaluation showed that mean differences between condyle positions of 0.61 +/- 0.16 mm can be recognized clearly. It was statistically proved that this value did not depend upon the experience of an examiner in reading radiographs but upon the technical quality and the interpretability of the radiographs as well as upon the radiographic dimension of the posterior joint space."}
{"id": "PMID:291708", "title": "Cervical enamel: a danger zone.", "content": "The British Standards Institutions's document (1974) recommending toothpaste specifications states that 'There is no evidence that any toothpaste ever produces a level of abrasion causing harm to dental enamel'. This paper questions the assumption that the enamel crown, especially at the cervical margin, is able to cope with modern dietary insult and a 'good' oral hygiene regimen, regardless of the enamel abrasivity of the dentifrice used. Once the enamel crown is breached the underlying dentine is sensitive and vulnerable to physical damage. In this work the potential rates of erosive and abrasive loss are related to the thickness of the protective enamel and to the relevance of fluoride treatments for adults. It is suggested that improvements in dental care and an increased tooth life expectancy now make the loss of tooth tissues at the cervical margin more important than is apparent at first sight.", "contents": "Cervical enamel: a danger zone. The British Standards Institutions's document (1974) recommending toothpaste specifications states that 'There is no evidence that any toothpaste ever produces a level of abrasion causing harm to dental enamel'. This paper questions the assumption that the enamel crown, especially at the cervical margin, is able to cope with modern dietary insult and a 'good' oral hygiene regimen, regardless of the enamel abrasivity of the dentifrice used. Once the enamel crown is breached the underlying dentine is sensitive and vulnerable to physical damage. In this work the potential rates of erosive and abrasive loss are related to the thickness of the protective enamel and to the relevance of fluoride treatments for adults. It is suggested that improvements in dental care and an increased tooth life expectancy now make the loss of tooth tissues at the cervical margin more important than is apparent at first sight."}
{"id": "PMID:291709", "title": "The reproducibility of movement parameters of the empty open-close-clench cycle in man and their dependency on the frequency of movements.", "content": "The reproducibility of the empty open-close-clench cycle has been investigated. Four subjects were asked three times to perform thirty empty open-close-clench movements at each frequency of 1/2, 1 and 2 cycles s-1. To describe such a series of thirty movements a set of nine parameters were selected. By reference to these parameters it was found that the subjects were not always able to exactly reproduce a series of thirty movements at a repeat test. The movement-parameters strongly depended on the frequency of the movements. On increasing the frequency the durations of time in which a movement cycle was divided decreased, while the maximum jaw speeds during opening and closing and the jaw speed just before tooth contact increased. The parameter values chosen to describe the smoothness of the movements performed, indicated that the smoother movements were executed at the higher frequencies.", "contents": "The reproducibility of movement parameters of the empty open-close-clench cycle in man and their dependency on the frequency of movements. The reproducibility of the empty open-close-clench cycle has been investigated. Four subjects were asked three times to perform thirty empty open-close-clench movements at each frequency of 1/2, 1 and 2 cycles s-1. To describe such a series of thirty movements a set of nine parameters were selected. By reference to these parameters it was found that the subjects were not always able to exactly reproduce a series of thirty movements at a repeat test. The movement-parameters strongly depended on the frequency of the movements. On increasing the frequency the durations of time in which a movement cycle was divided decreased, while the maximum jaw speeds during opening and closing and the jaw speed just before tooth contact increased. The parameter values chosen to describe the smoothness of the movements performed, indicated that the smoother movements were executed at the higher frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:291712", "title": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema: report of case.", "content": "A case report in which the management of a patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema requiring oral surgery is presented. A review of the literature with emphasis on the clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment is also presented.", "contents": "Hereditary angioneurotic edema: report of case. A case report in which the management of a patient with hereditary angioneurotic edema requiring oral surgery is presented. A review of the literature with emphasis on the clinical features, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment is also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:291714", "title": "Monophase extraskeletal fixation.", "content": "The monophase appliance for extraskeletal fixation of facial fractures is discussed. The technique for its implementation is presented with a discussion of its indications and considerations. Reports of three cases demonstrate clinical applications of this one-step method of extraskeletal fixation.", "contents": "Monophase extraskeletal fixation. The monophase appliance for extraskeletal fixation of facial fractures is discussed. The technique for its implementation is presented with a discussion of its indications and considerations. Reports of three cases demonstrate clinical applications of this one-step method of extraskeletal fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:291735", "title": "Loiasis: report of three cases and literature review.", "content": "Loiasis is a tropical infection caused by the microfilarial nematode Loa loa. Increased numbers of cases of loiasis have been diagnosed outside of the endemic areas in Western and Central Africa because of widespread international travel. The author presents three cases of loiasis discovered at Howard University followed by a review of the literature.", "contents": "Loiasis: report of three cases and literature review. Loiasis is a tropical infection caused by the microfilarial nematode Loa loa. Increased numbers of cases of loiasis have been diagnosed outside of the endemic areas in Western and Central Africa because of widespread international travel. The author presents three cases of loiasis discovered at Howard University followed by a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:291736", "title": "Metastases to the larynx.", "content": "Four patients with metastases to the larynx are reported. The pathways of metastatic invasion of the larynx are discussed and illustrated with whole organ laryngeal sections from these cases. Although three of the four cases were clinically silent, all could have been detected on indirect laryngoscopy. The true incidence of laryngeal metastases appears to be much higher than clinically suspected, and indirect laryngoscopy of all patients \"at risk\" should be considered.", "contents": "Metastases to the larynx. Four patients with metastases to the larynx are reported. The pathways of metastatic invasion of the larynx are discussed and illustrated with whole organ laryngeal sections from these cases. Although three of the four cases were clinically silent, all could have been detected on indirect laryngoscopy. The true incidence of laryngeal metastases appears to be much higher than clinically suspected, and indirect laryngoscopy of all patients \"at risk\" should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:291737", "title": "Virus production and hemoglobin synthesis in variant lines of dimethyl sulfoxide-treated Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Variant Friend erythroleukemia cell clones were compared in regard to their response to dimethyl sulfoxide and in their abilities to synthesize virus and hemoglobin. Clear evidence was obtained that cellular growth is required for virus production. The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on virus production were not observed in cell lines that were resistant to growth perturbation by the compound. Studies of cell variants that were defective in either hemoglobin or virus synthesis indicate that these activities are independently regulated.", "contents": "Virus production and hemoglobin synthesis in variant lines of dimethyl sulfoxide-treated Friend erythroleukemia cells. Variant Friend erythroleukemia cell clones were compared in regard to their response to dimethyl sulfoxide and in their abilities to synthesize virus and hemoglobin. Clear evidence was obtained that cellular growth is required for virus production. The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on virus production were not observed in cell lines that were resistant to growth perturbation by the compound. Studies of cell variants that were defective in either hemoglobin or virus synthesis indicate that these activities are independently regulated."}
{"id": "PMID:291738", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of partially replicated bacteriophage T7 DNA.", "content": "Partially replicated bacteriophage T7 DNA was isolated from Escherichia coli infected with UV-irradiated T7 bacteriophage and was analyzed by electron microscopy. The analysis determined the distribution of eye forms and forks in the partially replicated molecules. Eye forms and forks in unit length molecules were aligned with respect to the left end of the T7 genome, and segments were scored for replication in each molecule. The resulting histogram showed that only the left 25 to 30% of the molecules was replicated. Several different origins of DNA replication were used to initiate replication in the UV-irradiated experiments in which 32P-labeled progeny DNA from UV-irradiated phage was annealed with ordered restriction fragments of T7 DNA (K. B. Burck and R. C. Miller, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:6144--6148, 1978). Both analyses support partial-replica hypotheses (N. A. Barricelli and A. H. Doermann, Virology 13:460--476, 1961; Doermann et al., J. Cell. comp. Physiol. 45[Suppl.]:51--74, 1955) as an explanation for the distribution of marker rescue frequencies during cross-reactivation; i.e., replication proceeds in a bidirectional manner from an origin to a site of UV damage, and those regions of the genome which replicate most efficiently are rescued most efficiently by a coinfecting phage. In addition, photoreactivation studies support the hypothesis that thymine dimers are the major UV damage blocking cross-reactivation in the right end of the T7 genome.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of partially replicated bacteriophage T7 DNA. Partially replicated bacteriophage T7 DNA was isolated from Escherichia coli infected with UV-irradiated T7 bacteriophage and was analyzed by electron microscopy. The analysis determined the distribution of eye forms and forks in the partially replicated molecules. Eye forms and forks in unit length molecules were aligned with respect to the left end of the T7 genome, and segments were scored for replication in each molecule. The resulting histogram showed that only the left 25 to 30% of the molecules was replicated. Several different origins of DNA replication were used to initiate replication in the UV-irradiated experiments in which 32P-labeled progeny DNA from UV-irradiated phage was annealed with ordered restriction fragments of T7 DNA (K. B. Burck and R. C. Miller, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:6144--6148, 1978). Both analyses support partial-replica hypotheses (N. A. Barricelli and A. H. Doermann, Virology 13:460--476, 1961; Doermann et al., J. Cell. comp. Physiol. 45[Suppl.]:51--74, 1955) as an explanation for the distribution of marker rescue frequencies during cross-reactivation; i.e., replication proceeds in a bidirectional manner from an origin to a site of UV damage, and those regions of the genome which replicate most efficiently are rescued most efficiently by a coinfecting phage. In addition, photoreactivation studies support the hypothesis that thymine dimers are the major UV damage blocking cross-reactivation in the right end of the T7 genome."}
{"id": "PMID:291745", "title": "Lung cancer in Louisiana: death certificate analysis.", "content": "In a search for etiologic clues, a review was made of death certificates of residents in a cluster of Louisiana parishes, mainly in the southern part of the state, where lung cancer mortality was high. A comparison of the statements on occupation for 3,327 patients with lung cancer and those of 3,327 controls (matched by sex, race, age, and parish of residence) during 1960-75 revealed an approximately twofold excess risk associated with transportation equipment manufacture, mainly shipbuilding, and the fishing industry. Smaller elevations of lung cancer risk were found among older men who had been employed in petroleum exploration and production and among male and female residents of towns where the petroleum industry was a major employer. In addition, Acadian ancestry was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer among older male and female residents.", "contents": "Lung cancer in Louisiana: death certificate analysis. In a search for etiologic clues, a review was made of death certificates of residents in a cluster of Louisiana parishes, mainly in the southern part of the state, where lung cancer mortality was high. A comparison of the statements on occupation for 3,327 patients with lung cancer and those of 3,327 controls (matched by sex, race, age, and parish of residence) during 1960-75 revealed an approximately twofold excess risk associated with transportation equipment manufacture, mainly shipbuilding, and the fishing industry. Smaller elevations of lung cancer risk were found among older men who had been employed in petroleum exploration and production and among male and female residents of towns where the petroleum industry was a major employer. In addition, Acadian ancestry was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer among older male and female residents."}
{"id": "PMID:291746", "title": "Immune response to melanoma extracts in three melanoma-prone families.", "content": "Immune reactivity to melanoma extracts was measured by the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in 40 members of 3 melanoma-prone families. The melanoma patients had a wide range of responsiveness to the extract, the highest responder being a 10-year survivor. As a group, family members (including spouses) without disease had significantly elevated LAI responses compared to those of unrelated controls (P less than 0.01). Within the families, members with close exposure to melanoma patients for 10 years or more had a significantly higher response to melanoma antigen than did members with 0-5 years of close exposure (P less than 0.05). Responses of spouses and members at high risk of developing melanoma (B-K mole syndrome) also correlated with length of exposure to patients, which suggests that the elevated LAI response was not genetically determined. The high frequency of positive responses to melanoma antigens in these families, particularly in spouses, suggests the presence of transmissible melanoma-associated material capable of immunizing persons in contact with melanoma patients.", "contents": "Immune response to melanoma extracts in three melanoma-prone families. Immune reactivity to melanoma extracts was measured by the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in 40 members of 3 melanoma-prone families. The melanoma patients had a wide range of responsiveness to the extract, the highest responder being a 10-year survivor. As a group, family members (including spouses) without disease had significantly elevated LAI responses compared to those of unrelated controls (P less than 0.01). Within the families, members with close exposure to melanoma patients for 10 years or more had a significantly higher response to melanoma antigen than did members with 0-5 years of close exposure (P less than 0.05). Responses of spouses and members at high risk of developing melanoma (B-K mole syndrome) also correlated with length of exposure to patients, which suggests that the elevated LAI response was not genetically determined. The high frequency of positive responses to melanoma antigens in these families, particularly in spouses, suggests the presence of transmissible melanoma-associated material capable of immunizing persons in contact with melanoma patients."}
{"id": "PMID:291747", "title": "Urinary excretion of estrone, estradiol, and estriol in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer.", "content": "The daily excretion of estrone, estradiol, and estriol was determined for 22 normal women and 35 women with primary breast cancer. The excretion of the hormones (measured in microgram/24 hr) in the breast cancer group was elevated and showed a statistical significance of P less than 0.001. The same wide difference between the 2 groups was also noted when excretion was expressed in terms of the body area of the individuals and when women of similar ages were compared.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of estrone, estradiol, and estriol in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer. The daily excretion of estrone, estradiol, and estriol was determined for 22 normal women and 35 women with primary breast cancer. The excretion of the hormones (measured in microgram/24 hr) in the breast cancer group was elevated and showed a statistical significance of P less than 0.001. The same wide difference between the 2 groups was also noted when excretion was expressed in terms of the body area of the individuals and when women of similar ages were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:291748", "title": "Studies on metastases. I. Role of sensitization and immunosuppression.", "content": "A normally nonmetastatic tumor metastasized to the regional axillary lymph nodes following severe immunosuppression of inbred Swiss mice. The extent of metastasis was dependent on the severity of lymphocyte depletion and the initial number of tumor cells injected. Sensitization of the host to the tumor was important in prevention of metastasis: Metastasis was induced only if the immunosuppressive treatment occurred within 3 days of tumor inoculation. Antitumor immunity was adoptively transferred by the splenocytes from animals given immunosuppressive treatment with X-rays or hydrocortisone acetate on day 14. Though spleen cells from animals given both immunosuppressants did not have this property, that no metastasis was observed even in doubly immunosuppressed mice indicated sensitization to tumor cells. Lymphocyte number was important also: Injection of splenocytes from normal to tumor-bearing animals significantly reduced the occurrence of metastases.", "contents": "Studies on metastases. I. Role of sensitization and immunosuppression. A normally nonmetastatic tumor metastasized to the regional axillary lymph nodes following severe immunosuppression of inbred Swiss mice. The extent of metastasis was dependent on the severity of lymphocyte depletion and the initial number of tumor cells injected. Sensitization of the host to the tumor was important in prevention of metastasis: Metastasis was induced only if the immunosuppressive treatment occurred within 3 days of tumor inoculation. Antitumor immunity was adoptively transferred by the splenocytes from animals given immunosuppressive treatment with X-rays or hydrocortisone acetate on day 14. Though spleen cells from animals given both immunosuppressants did not have this property, that no metastasis was observed even in doubly immunosuppressed mice indicated sensitization to tumor cells. Lymphocyte number was important also: Injection of splenocytes from normal to tumor-bearing animals significantly reduced the occurrence of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:291751", "title": "Role of photosensitization and oxygen in chromosome stability and \"spontaneous\" malignant transformation in culture.", "content": "Visible light and oxygen enhanced both chromosome instability and malignant transformation of mouse cells in culture. Nine cell lines were initiated from 8 pools of 10- to 13-day C3H embryos. Each cell line was divided into sublines, which were either maintained shielded from light or were exposed for 3 or 24 hours to fluorescent light (approximately 150 foot-candles) two or three times weekly. Cultures of the sublines were also maintained with either a gaseous phase of 0-1% oxygen or atmospheric (18%) oxygen. Each line was monitored for cytologic manifestations of malignant neoplastic transformation, and 8 lines were monitored for chromosome alterations. Seven lines were assayed for tumorigenicity by intraocular implantation into syngeneic hosts. Repeated light exposure and/or high oxygen increased the frequency of minute chromosomes, which result from chromatid breaks, and also increased the rate of shift from diploid to heteroploid state. Four cell lines showed no cytologic changes indicative of neoplastic change during the test period. Two of these were assayed in vivo and failed to grow as tumors. In the remaining 6 lines, cytologically neoplastic colonies appeared earlier or more abundantly in the light-exposed cultures and/or those gassed with high oxygen. In 3 of these lines, tumors developed only from the light-exposed cultures; in the other 2, tumor latency periods were significantly shorter in the cultures exposed to light or gassed with atmospheric oxygen.", "contents": "Role of photosensitization and oxygen in chromosome stability and \"spontaneous\" malignant transformation in culture. Visible light and oxygen enhanced both chromosome instability and malignant transformation of mouse cells in culture. Nine cell lines were initiated from 8 pools of 10- to 13-day C3H embryos. Each cell line was divided into sublines, which were either maintained shielded from light or were exposed for 3 or 24 hours to fluorescent light (approximately 150 foot-candles) two or three times weekly. Cultures of the sublines were also maintained with either a gaseous phase of 0-1% oxygen or atmospheric (18%) oxygen. Each line was monitored for cytologic manifestations of malignant neoplastic transformation, and 8 lines were monitored for chromosome alterations. Seven lines were assayed for tumorigenicity by intraocular implantation into syngeneic hosts. Repeated light exposure and/or high oxygen increased the frequency of minute chromosomes, which result from chromatid breaks, and also increased the rate of shift from diploid to heteroploid state. Four cell lines showed no cytologic changes indicative of neoplastic change during the test period. Two of these were assayed in vivo and failed to grow as tumors. In the remaining 6 lines, cytologically neoplastic colonies appeared earlier or more abundantly in the light-exposed cultures and/or those gassed with high oxygen. In 3 of these lines, tumors developed only from the light-exposed cultures; in the other 2, tumor latency periods were significantly shorter in the cultures exposed to light or gassed with atmospheric oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:291752", "title": "Persistence and growth of rat liver neoplastic nodules following cessation of carcinogen exposure.", "content": "Altered (hyperplastic) foci and neoplastic (hyperplastic) nodules identified by their resistance to iron accumulation were induced in the livers of F344 rats by limited feeding of N-2-fluorenylacetamide for three, four, or five cycles of 4-week intervals separated by 1 week of a basal diet. Foci were present by the end of three feeding cycles and increased in number with further carcinogen exposure. No nodules were present at the end of three or four cycles, but they appeared at later intervals after removal of the carcinogen. Nodules were present at the end of five cycles of feeding and increased in number later. Thus nodules were found to be persistent and to have the progressive growth ability in situ that is characteristic of neoplasms.", "contents": "Persistence and growth of rat liver neoplastic nodules following cessation of carcinogen exposure. Altered (hyperplastic) foci and neoplastic (hyperplastic) nodules identified by their resistance to iron accumulation were induced in the livers of F344 rats by limited feeding of N-2-fluorenylacetamide for three, four, or five cycles of 4-week intervals separated by 1 week of a basal diet. Foci were present by the end of three feeding cycles and increased in number with further carcinogen exposure. No nodules were present at the end of three or four cycles, but they appeared at later intervals after removal of the carcinogen. Nodules were present at the end of five cycles of feeding and increased in number later. Thus nodules were found to be persistent and to have the progressive growth ability in situ that is characteristic of neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:291753", "title": "Effects of cyanate, thiocyanate, and amygdalin on metabolite uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat.", "content": "Thiocyanate was found to resemble cyanate in its inhibitory effects on [3H]thymidine incorporation and the uptake of [32P]phosphate and [3H]amino acids in transplanted tumors of the BUF rat. The capacity to inhibit metabolite uptake in hepatomas and a colon tumor under conditions in which uptake was unchanged or increased in host liver was concluded to be a common feature of the action of cyanate and thiocyanate. Inhibition of [32P]phosphate uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of tumors was also observed after treatment of rats with amygdalin. With this drug, however, the action on tumors and livers of host rats was similar.", "contents": "Effects of cyanate, thiocyanate, and amygdalin on metabolite uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat. Thiocyanate was found to resemble cyanate in its inhibitory effects on [3H]thymidine incorporation and the uptake of [32P]phosphate and [3H]amino acids in transplanted tumors of the BUF rat. The capacity to inhibit metabolite uptake in hepatomas and a colon tumor under conditions in which uptake was unchanged or increased in host liver was concluded to be a common feature of the action of cyanate and thiocyanate. Inhibition of [32P]phosphate uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of tumors was also observed after treatment of rats with amygdalin. With this drug, however, the action on tumors and livers of host rats was similar."}
{"id": "PMID:291771", "title": "Improved remission induction rate with D-ZAPO but unimproved remission duration with addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in previously untreated children with ANLL.", "content": "In 163 children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), a D-ZAPO induction program consisting of daunomycin, 5-azacytidine, cytosine arabinoside, prednisone, and vincristine resulted in a remission rate of 71.8%. Immunologic therapy was employed during maintenance with the aim of prolonging remission and improving survival. The administration of immunotherapy consisting of a mixture of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and allogenic acute myelomonocytic leukemic cells injected intradermally on day 14 of each of the first three monthly cycles of 6-thioguanine for ten days, 5-azacytidine and cytosine arabinoside for four days, and vincristine for one day did not improve remission duration or survival compared to that due to chemotherapy alone. Important prognostic factors identified in this study included a remission induction rate significantly better for females than males (P = 0.04), for children between the ages of 5 and 10 years compared to those greater than this age group (P = 0.01), and a prolonged remission duration (P = 0.04), and survival (P less than 0.01) for patients with initial white blood counts of less than 20 x 10(9)/liter.", "contents": "Improved remission induction rate with D-ZAPO but unimproved remission duration with addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in previously untreated children with ANLL. In 163 children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), a D-ZAPO induction program consisting of daunomycin, 5-azacytidine, cytosine arabinoside, prednisone, and vincristine resulted in a remission rate of 71.8%. Immunologic therapy was employed during maintenance with the aim of prolonging remission and improving survival. The administration of immunotherapy consisting of a mixture of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and allogenic acute myelomonocytic leukemic cells injected intradermally on day 14 of each of the first three monthly cycles of 6-thioguanine for ten days, 5-azacytidine and cytosine arabinoside for four days, and vincristine for one day did not improve remission duration or survival compared to that due to chemotherapy alone. Important prognostic factors identified in this study included a remission induction rate significantly better for females than males (P = 0.04), for children between the ages of 5 and 10 years compared to those greater than this age group (P = 0.01), and a prolonged remission duration (P = 0.04), and survival (P less than 0.01) for patients with initial white blood counts of less than 20 x 10(9)/liter."}
{"id": "PMID:291772", "title": "Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction following CNS prophylaxis in acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with CT scan abnormalities.", "content": "In an attempt to identify possible adverse effects of CNS prophylaxis (cranial radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy), we examined hypothalamic-pituitary function in 23 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Of 18 patients who had received both cranial radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy, nine had abnormally low growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (less than 7.0 ng/ml). Seven of the nine patients with abnormally low growth hormone responses also manifested ventricular dilatation on computed tomography (CT) brain scans, whereas only one of the nine patients with normal growth hormone responses demonstrated this CT scan finding (P = 0.015). The remaining patients, who had not received cranial radiation, had normal growth hormone responses and normal CT scans. There is significant correlation between ventricular dilatation on CT and abnormally low peak growth hormone responses following CNS prophylaxis in ALL.", "contents": "Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction following CNS prophylaxis in acute lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with CT scan abnormalities. In an attempt to identify possible adverse effects of CNS prophylaxis (cranial radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy), we examined hypothalamic-pituitary function in 23 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Of 18 patients who had received both cranial radiation and intrathecal chemotherapy, nine had abnormally low growth hormone responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (less than 7.0 ng/ml). Seven of the nine patients with abnormally low growth hormone responses also manifested ventricular dilatation on computed tomography (CT) brain scans, whereas only one of the nine patients with normal growth hormone responses demonstrated this CT scan finding (P = 0.015). The remaining patients, who had not received cranial radiation, had normal growth hormone responses and normal CT scans. There is significant correlation between ventricular dilatation on CT and abnormally low peak growth hormone responses following CNS prophylaxis in ALL."}
{"id": "PMID:291791", "title": "Phosphorylase isoenzymes in normal and myophosphorylase-deficient human heart.", "content": "Phosphorylase isoenzymes were studied by acrylamide-slab electrophoresis in normal tissues and in the heart of a child with a fatal infantile form of myophosphorylase deficiency. Of the three bands present in normal human heart, two were missing in the patient's heart: the slow \"muscle\" isoenzyme and the intermediate band. Only the fast \"cardiac\" isoenzyme remained. When extracts of normal skeletal muscle and the patient's heart were mixed in appropriate conditions, the intermediate band reappeared in the electropherogram. Phosphorylase activity in extracts of the patient's heart was not inhibited by antibodies against purified enzyme from mature human muscle, whereas normal human heart phosphorylase was inhibited by approximately 50%. These results suggest that the intermediate band of human heart phosphorylase is a hybrid of skeletal and cardiac muscle isoenzymes. Retained activity of the cardiac isoenzyme may explain why patients genetically lacking skeletal muscle phosphorylase do not have clinical heart disease.", "contents": "Phosphorylase isoenzymes in normal and myophosphorylase-deficient human heart. Phosphorylase isoenzymes were studied by acrylamide-slab electrophoresis in normal tissues and in the heart of a child with a fatal infantile form of myophosphorylase deficiency. Of the three bands present in normal human heart, two were missing in the patient's heart: the slow \"muscle\" isoenzyme and the intermediate band. Only the fast \"cardiac\" isoenzyme remained. When extracts of normal skeletal muscle and the patient's heart were mixed in appropriate conditions, the intermediate band reappeared in the electropherogram. Phosphorylase activity in extracts of the patient's heart was not inhibited by antibodies against purified enzyme from mature human muscle, whereas normal human heart phosphorylase was inhibited by approximately 50%. These results suggest that the intermediate band of human heart phosphorylase is a hybrid of skeletal and cardiac muscle isoenzymes. Retained activity of the cardiac isoenzyme may explain why patients genetically lacking skeletal muscle phosphorylase do not have clinical heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:291792", "title": "[Reduced uptake of 99mTc methylenediphosphonate by bone irradiated for neoplastic lesions].", "content": "Some cases of more or less evident reduction in 99mTc MDP take-up by bone subjected to cobalt therapy for skeletal and extraskeletal neoplastic diseases are presented. On the basis of acquired experience, stress is laid on the diagnostic and prognostic importance of correct assessment of bone scintigraphic changes after irradiation treatment. Some pathogenetic theories in this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "[Reduced uptake of 99mTc methylenediphosphonate by bone irradiated for neoplastic lesions]. Some cases of more or less evident reduction in 99mTc MDP take-up by bone subjected to cobalt therapy for skeletal and extraskeletal neoplastic diseases are presented. On the basis of acquired experience, stress is laid on the diagnostic and prognostic importance of correct assessment of bone scintigraphic changes after irradiation treatment. Some pathogenetic theories in this phenomenon are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291855", "title": "Investigation of the vascular effect of newer local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors.", "content": "Changes in blood flow can be measured with the aid of infrared thermography and make possible a comparative assessment of the vascular effect of vasoconstrictors and local anesthetics. With Adrenalin, vasoconstriction sets in immediately following infiltration; with POR-8, a sufficient vasoconstriction is observed only after 10 to 15 minutes. In both products, ischemia subsides after 60 minutes. Adrenalin then reverses the reaction in reactive hyperemia after 150 minutes, while the tissue infiltrated with POR-8 returns to normal ater 120 minutes. When combining a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor, the intrinsic vascular effect has to be considered. We experimentally proved that Novocain (procaine), Hostacain (butanilicaine), and on a lower scale Xylocaine (lignocaine) have a vasodilator effect. Citanest (prilocaine) demonstrates no vasodilatory effect. Carbocaine (mepivacaine) produces a mild vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Investigation of the vascular effect of newer local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors. Changes in blood flow can be measured with the aid of infrared thermography and make possible a comparative assessment of the vascular effect of vasoconstrictors and local anesthetics. With Adrenalin, vasoconstriction sets in immediately following infiltration; with POR-8, a sufficient vasoconstriction is observed only after 10 to 15 minutes. In both products, ischemia subsides after 60 minutes. Adrenalin then reverses the reaction in reactive hyperemia after 150 minutes, while the tissue infiltrated with POR-8 returns to normal ater 120 minutes. When combining a local anesthetic with a vasoconstrictor, the intrinsic vascular effect has to be considered. We experimentally proved that Novocain (procaine), Hostacain (butanilicaine), and on a lower scale Xylocaine (lignocaine) have a vasodilator effect. Citanest (prilocaine) demonstrates no vasodilatory effect. Carbocaine (mepivacaine) produces a mild vasoconstriction."}
{"id": "PMID:291856", "title": "Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias.", "content": "In a series of sixteen patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-one patients with atypical facial neuralgia, it was found that the painful phenomena associated with both disorders were, in nearly all instances, closely related to the presence of maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at previous tooth extraction sites. Standard oral surgical procedures for curettage of the cavities, together with administration of antibiotics, were employed in the successful treatment of both the trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, with complete pain remissions for periods varying from 2 months (for most recently treated cases) up to 9 years. The observations and results of this study suggest that dental and oral disorders may play a role in the genesis of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias.", "contents": "Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias. In a series of sixteen patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-one patients with atypical facial neuralgia, it was found that the painful phenomena associated with both disorders were, in nearly all instances, closely related to the presence of maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at previous tooth extraction sites. Standard oral surgical procedures for curettage of the cavities, together with administration of antibiotics, were employed in the successful treatment of both the trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, with complete pain remissions for periods varying from 2 months (for most recently treated cases) up to 9 years. The observations and results of this study suggest that dental and oral disorders may play a role in the genesis of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias."}
{"id": "PMID:291858", "title": "Clinical and histologic studies on electrogalvanically induced oral white lesions.", "content": "Among 1,128 patients with oral leukoplakia and 326 patients with oral lichen planus included in long-term follow-up studies, thirty-two patients showed lesions of the oral mucosa which could be attributed to electrogalvanism. The material consisted of twenty female and twelve male patients. The clinical diagnosis was leukoplakia in sixteen patients and oral lichen planus in the remaining sixteen patients. Histopathologic characteristics were analyzed and correlated to the clinical findings. In five cases malignant transformation developed. The term electrogalvanic white lesions is suggested as a common denominator for these mucosal changes, which seem to take the shape of lichen planus as often as that of leukoplakia.", "contents": "Clinical and histologic studies on electrogalvanically induced oral white lesions. Among 1,128 patients with oral leukoplakia and 326 patients with oral lichen planus included in long-term follow-up studies, thirty-two patients showed lesions of the oral mucosa which could be attributed to electrogalvanism. The material consisted of twenty female and twelve male patients. The clinical diagnosis was leukoplakia in sixteen patients and oral lichen planus in the remaining sixteen patients. Histopathologic characteristics were analyzed and correlated to the clinical findings. In five cases malignant transformation developed. The term electrogalvanic white lesions is suggested as a common denominator for these mucosal changes, which seem to take the shape of lichen planus as often as that of leukoplakia."}
{"id": "PMID:291859", "title": "Ultrastructural characterization of intermediate cells of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid.", "content": "Five cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland were studied ultrastructurally. In addition to epidermoid cells (tonofilament-rich) and mucous cells, three forms of intermediate cells were identified: mitochondria-rich cells, glycogen-rich cells, and ribosome-rich cells. Transitional forms of all cell types were observed. Ultrastructurally, cells rich in glycogen appeared to be the \"clear cells\" by light microscopy; cells rich in ribosomes appeared basophilic under light microscopy. Mitochondria-rich cells were lightly eosinophilic under light microscopy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characterization of intermediate cells of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid. Five cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland were studied ultrastructurally. In addition to epidermoid cells (tonofilament-rich) and mucous cells, three forms of intermediate cells were identified: mitochondria-rich cells, glycogen-rich cells, and ribosome-rich cells. Transitional forms of all cell types were observed. Ultrastructurally, cells rich in glycogen appeared to be the \"clear cells\" by light microscopy; cells rich in ribosomes appeared basophilic under light microscopy. Mitochondria-rich cells were lightly eosinophilic under light microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:291860", "title": "Focal myositis of the perioral musculature.", "content": "Focal myositis, a benign inflammatory pseudotumor, is a relatively newly defined clinicopathologic entity which arises as a rapidly enlarging swelling within an isolated skeletal muscle. It occurs most often in the lower extremity, and we are reporting what we believe to be the first cases of perioral involvement. There is no apparent age or sex preference. Focal myositis must be differentiated from neoplasm, nodular pseudosarcomatous fascilitis, proliferative myositis, myositis ossificans, polymyositis, and, in the oral region, salivary gland lesions and hypertrophic branchial myopathy. No lesions have recurred.", "contents": "Focal myositis of the perioral musculature. Focal myositis, a benign inflammatory pseudotumor, is a relatively newly defined clinicopathologic entity which arises as a rapidly enlarging swelling within an isolated skeletal muscle. It occurs most often in the lower extremity, and we are reporting what we believe to be the first cases of perioral involvement. There is no apparent age or sex preference. Focal myositis must be differentiated from neoplasm, nodular pseudosarcomatous fascilitis, proliferative myositis, myositis ossificans, polymyositis, and, in the oral region, salivary gland lesions and hypertrophic branchial myopathy. No lesions have recurred."}
{"id": "PMID:291862", "title": "The effects of overfilled polyethylene tube intraosseous implants in rats.", "content": "Polyethylene tubes obturated flush at one end overfilled 2 mm. at the opposite end with unset Grossman's cement and gutta-percha were implanted in rat tibias. Microscopic evaluation of the specimens revealed that (1) the gutta-percha, Grossman's sealer, and polyethylene tubing are well tolerated by rat intraosseous tissue and (2) a canal overextended 2 mm. beyond the apex with Grossman's cement and gutta-percha produces an early mild to moderate inflammatory response which resolves by the end of 30 day's. The overfillings did not significantly compromise the healing of rat intraosseous tissue.", "contents": "The effects of overfilled polyethylene tube intraosseous implants in rats. Polyethylene tubes obturated flush at one end overfilled 2 mm. at the opposite end with unset Grossman's cement and gutta-percha were implanted in rat tibias. Microscopic evaluation of the specimens revealed that (1) the gutta-percha, Grossman's sealer, and polyethylene tubing are well tolerated by rat intraosseous tissue and (2) a canal overextended 2 mm. beyond the apex with Grossman's cement and gutta-percha produces an early mild to moderate inflammatory response which resolves by the end of 30 day's. The overfillings did not significantly compromise the healing of rat intraosseous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:291863", "title": "Determination of tooth length with a standardized paralleling technique and calibrated radiographic measuring film.", "content": "A simple radiographic measuring method is presented. Fifty teeth to be extracted were radiographed by means of a standardized paralleling technique and a preprinted intraoral radiographic film. The measuring grid was conveyed to the film as a latent pattern by a stenciling process prior to the x-ray exposure. The distance between the measuring lines was adjusted in accordance with the image magnification. The length of the teeth was read directly on the completed radiograph. The extracted teeth were measured by means of a sliding caliper. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that the present method is more accurate than other clinical methods commonly used for determination of tooth lengths.", "contents": "Determination of tooth length with a standardized paralleling technique and calibrated radiographic measuring film. A simple radiographic measuring method is presented. Fifty teeth to be extracted were radiographed by means of a standardized paralleling technique and a preprinted intraoral radiographic film. The measuring grid was conveyed to the film as a latent pattern by a stenciling process prior to the x-ray exposure. The distance between the measuring lines was adjusted in accordance with the image magnification. The length of the teeth was read directly on the completed radiograph. The extracted teeth were measured by means of a sliding caliper. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that the present method is more accurate than other clinical methods commonly used for determination of tooth lengths."}
{"id": "PMID:291864", "title": "Rubber-base impression material as a foreign body. Report of a case.", "content": "This case history describes the problems that may arise when foreign materials are injected subperiosteally during a dental procedure. The diagnosis might have been more difficult if the material had not been sufficiently radiopaque to be detected on a radiograph.", "contents": "Rubber-base impression material as a foreign body. Report of a case. This case history describes the problems that may arise when foreign materials are injected subperiosteally during a dental procedure. The diagnosis might have been more difficult if the material had not been sufficiently radiopaque to be detected on a radiograph."}
{"id": "PMID:291894", "title": "Role of mammalian RNase inhibitor in cell-free protein synthesis.", "content": "Addition of the human placental RNase inhibitor at 10 mu/ml to a mixture of wheat germ extract and translation components, prior to the addition of mRNA from dog pancreas or influenza virus-infected cells, resulted in a significant increase in the yield of proteins synthesized. Analysis of the translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the inhibitor preferentially increased the yield of the larger proteins. In the presence of the inhibitor, yields of the preprocarboxypeptidases were increased 4.5-fold and yields of preamylase were increased 15-fold. Incubation of the wheat germ extract or individual translation components with dog pancreas mRNA, with or without the placental inhibitor, indicated significant RNase contamination among the fractions. Two other in vitro protein synthesis systems-the reticulocyte lysate system and the Krebs ascites system-were found to contain latent RNase activity (RNase in complex with the inhibitor) and an excess of RNase inhibitor. The addition of placental RNase inhibitor did not increase the yield in these systems, except in those cases in which the RNase contamination approached the amount of endogenous inhibitor. When used during the isolation of rat liver cell fractions, the placental inhibitor increased the yield (as measured by A(260)) of rough microsomes and detached polysomes by 24% and 4.6-fold, respectively. Analysis of translation products indicated that detached polysomes isolated in the presence of the inhibitor were intact; those isolated in the absence of inhibitor were degraded.", "contents": "Role of mammalian RNase inhibitor in cell-free protein synthesis. Addition of the human placental RNase inhibitor at 10 mu/ml to a mixture of wheat germ extract and translation components, prior to the addition of mRNA from dog pancreas or influenza virus-infected cells, resulted in a significant increase in the yield of proteins synthesized. Analysis of the translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the inhibitor preferentially increased the yield of the larger proteins. In the presence of the inhibitor, yields of the preprocarboxypeptidases were increased 4.5-fold and yields of preamylase were increased 15-fold. Incubation of the wheat germ extract or individual translation components with dog pancreas mRNA, with or without the placental inhibitor, indicated significant RNase contamination among the fractions. Two other in vitro protein synthesis systems-the reticulocyte lysate system and the Krebs ascites system-were found to contain latent RNase activity (RNase in complex with the inhibitor) and an excess of RNase inhibitor. The addition of placental RNase inhibitor did not increase the yield in these systems, except in those cases in which the RNase contamination approached the amount of endogenous inhibitor. When used during the isolation of rat liver cell fractions, the placental inhibitor increased the yield (as measured by A(260)) of rough microsomes and detached polysomes by 24% and 4.6-fold, respectively. Analysis of translation products indicated that detached polysomes isolated in the presence of the inhibitor were intact; those isolated in the absence of inhibitor were degraded."}
{"id": "PMID:291895", "title": "Theory of protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions in bilayer membranes.", "content": "A model for protein-lipid interactions in bilayer membranes where the proteins are very dilute is extended to higher protein concentration, where appreciable lipid-mediated protein-protein interactions occur. It is found that proteins may change the lipid phase transition temperature and that they weaken the phase transition. There exists a critical protein concentration above which the sharp lipid phase transition is abolished. The model also qualitatively reproduces several experimental observations on the physical behavior of bilayers formed from mixtures of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines.", "contents": "Theory of protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions in bilayer membranes. A model for protein-lipid interactions in bilayer membranes where the proteins are very dilute is extended to higher protein concentration, where appreciable lipid-mediated protein-protein interactions occur. It is found that proteins may change the lipid phase transition temperature and that they weaken the phase transition. There exists a critical protein concentration above which the sharp lipid phase transition is abolished. The model also qualitatively reproduces several experimental observations on the physical behavior of bilayers formed from mixtures of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines."}
{"id": "PMID:291896", "title": "Low stereoselectivity in methylacetylene and cyclopropene reductions by nitrogenase.", "content": "The stereochemistry of reductions catalyzed by nitrogenase in 2H2O has been investigated by using allene, methylacetylene, and cyclopropene as substrates. Deuterium labeling patterns in the reduction products were determined by mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, 2H-decoupled 220-MHz 1H NMR, and 1H-decoupled 30.7-MHz 2H NMR. Reduction of allene gave pure [2,3-2H2]propene. Reduction of methyl acetylene gave a 1.8:1.0 mixture of [cis- and [trans-1,2-2H2]propene. (Similar reduction of acetylene reportedly gave virtually all [cis-1,2-2H2]ethylene.) Reduction of cyclopropene gave [cis-1,2-2H2]cyclopropane and a mixture of [2H2]propenes. The major propene 2H2 isomers formed were [trans-1,3-2H2]-propene (approximately 2), [cis-1,3-2H2]propene (approximately 1) and [2,3-2H2]propene (approximately 1). Cyclopropene appears to be unique as a nitrogenase substrate in that it simultaneously undergoes parallel reductions, one of which proceeds with high stereoselectivity while the other proceeds with low stereoselectivity. The weakly selective stereochemistry observed in these reductions is not consistent with a completely concerted dual proton-dual electron transfer mechanism. The results provide a basis to probe stereochemical effects in nitrogenase and in biomimetic model systems.", "contents": "Low stereoselectivity in methylacetylene and cyclopropene reductions by nitrogenase. The stereochemistry of reductions catalyzed by nitrogenase in 2H2O has been investigated by using allene, methylacetylene, and cyclopropene as substrates. Deuterium labeling patterns in the reduction products were determined by mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, 2H-decoupled 220-MHz 1H NMR, and 1H-decoupled 30.7-MHz 2H NMR. Reduction of allene gave pure [2,3-2H2]propene. Reduction of methyl acetylene gave a 1.8:1.0 mixture of [cis- and [trans-1,2-2H2]propene. (Similar reduction of acetylene reportedly gave virtually all [cis-1,2-2H2]ethylene.) Reduction of cyclopropene gave [cis-1,2-2H2]cyclopropane and a mixture of [2H2]propenes. The major propene 2H2 isomers formed were [trans-1,3-2H2]-propene (approximately 2), [cis-1,3-2H2]propene (approximately 1) and [2,3-2H2]propene (approximately 1). Cyclopropene appears to be unique as a nitrogenase substrate in that it simultaneously undergoes parallel reductions, one of which proceeds with high stereoselectivity while the other proceeds with low stereoselectivity. The weakly selective stereochemistry observed in these reductions is not consistent with a completely concerted dual proton-dual electron transfer mechanism. The results provide a basis to probe stereochemical effects in nitrogenase and in biomimetic model systems."}
{"id": "PMID:291897", "title": "Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation: activation of an endonuclease by (2'-5')An.", "content": "Among the mediators of interferon action are one enzyme that is activated by double-stranded RNA to convert ATP to (2'-5')An and a second enzyme, an endonuclease, that is activated by (2'-5')An to cleave single-stranded RNA. The binding of (2'-5')An to the endonuclease (partially purified from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells) is revealed by its retention on nitrocellulose filters. This can serve as the basis for an assay of the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme is reversible and is lost upon removal of (2'-5')An:gel filtration of activated endonuclease on Sephacryl S-200 results in an inactive enzyme. The enzyme can be activated again, however, by addition of (2'-5')An. The elution volume of the nonactivated endonuclease from Sephadex G-200 indicates that its molecular weight is 185,000, unusually large for a nuclease. The elution volume of the maximally activated endonuclease from Sephadex G-200 equilibrated with (2'-5')An is not detectably different from that of enzyme that had not been previously activated that was passed through Sephadex G-200 not equilibrated with (2'-5')An. This indicates that the activation does not result in a large change in the size or conformation of the enzyme.", "contents": "Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation: activation of an endonuclease by (2'-5')An. Among the mediators of interferon action are one enzyme that is activated by double-stranded RNA to convert ATP to (2'-5')An and a second enzyme, an endonuclease, that is activated by (2'-5')An to cleave single-stranded RNA. The binding of (2'-5')An to the endonuclease (partially purified from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells) is revealed by its retention on nitrocellulose filters. This can serve as the basis for an assay of the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme is reversible and is lost upon removal of (2'-5')An:gel filtration of activated endonuclease on Sephacryl S-200 results in an inactive enzyme. The enzyme can be activated again, however, by addition of (2'-5')An. The elution volume of the nonactivated endonuclease from Sephadex G-200 indicates that its molecular weight is 185,000, unusually large for a nuclease. The elution volume of the maximally activated endonuclease from Sephadex G-200 equilibrated with (2'-5')An is not detectably different from that of enzyme that had not been previously activated that was passed through Sephadex G-200 not equilibrated with (2'-5')An. This indicates that the activation does not result in a large change in the size or conformation of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:291898", "title": "Effect of tetanus toxin on the accumulation of the permeant lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium by guinea pig brain synaptosomes.", "content": "Accumulation of the permeant lipophilic cation [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+)) by synaptosome preparations from guinea pig brain cerebral cortex is inhibited 1:10 by medium containing 193 mM K(+) and by veratridine. A further 1:10 to 1:15 decrease in TPP(+) uptake occurs under nitrogen and in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors such as oligomycin, whereas starvation and succinate supplementation have no effect. These data indicate that, in analogy to intact neurons, there is an electrical potential (DeltaPsi, interior negative) of -60 to -80 mV across the synaptosomal membrane that is due primarily to a K(+) diffusion gradient (K(+) (in)-->K(+) (out)). The data also indicate that mitochondria entrapped within the synaptosome but not free mitochondria make a large contribution to the TPP(+) concentration gradients observed. Conditions are defined in which tetanus toxin binds specifically and immediately to synaptosomes in media used to measure TPP(+) uptake. Under these conditions tetanus toxin induces dose-dependent changes in TPP(+) uptake that are blocked by antitoxin and not mimicked by biologically inactivated toxin preparations. The effect of tetanus toxin on TPP(+) uptake is not evident in the presence of 193 mM K(+) or veratridine but remains under conditions known to abolish the mitochondrial DeltaPsi. Moreover, tetanus toxin has no effect on TPP(+) uptake by isolated synaptosomal mitochondria. The results thus define an in vitro action of tetanus toxin on the synaptosomal membrane that can be correlated with biological potency in vivo and is consistent with the in vivo effects of tetanus toxin on neuronal transmission.", "contents": "Effect of tetanus toxin on the accumulation of the permeant lipophilic cation tetraphenylphosphonium by guinea pig brain synaptosomes. Accumulation of the permeant lipophilic cation [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP(+)) by synaptosome preparations from guinea pig brain cerebral cortex is inhibited 1:10 by medium containing 193 mM K(+) and by veratridine. A further 1:10 to 1:15 decrease in TPP(+) uptake occurs under nitrogen and in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors such as oligomycin, whereas starvation and succinate supplementation have no effect. These data indicate that, in analogy to intact neurons, there is an electrical potential (DeltaPsi, interior negative) of -60 to -80 mV across the synaptosomal membrane that is due primarily to a K(+) diffusion gradient (K(+) (in)-->K(+) (out)). The data also indicate that mitochondria entrapped within the synaptosome but not free mitochondria make a large contribution to the TPP(+) concentration gradients observed. Conditions are defined in which tetanus toxin binds specifically and immediately to synaptosomes in media used to measure TPP(+) uptake. Under these conditions tetanus toxin induces dose-dependent changes in TPP(+) uptake that are blocked by antitoxin and not mimicked by biologically inactivated toxin preparations. The effect of tetanus toxin on TPP(+) uptake is not evident in the presence of 193 mM K(+) or veratridine but remains under conditions known to abolish the mitochondrial DeltaPsi. Moreover, tetanus toxin has no effect on TPP(+) uptake by isolated synaptosomal mitochondria. The results thus define an in vitro action of tetanus toxin on the synaptosomal membrane that can be correlated with biological potency in vivo and is consistent with the in vivo effects of tetanus toxin on neuronal transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:291899", "title": "Comparison of bovine and mouse pituitary glycoprotein hormone pre-alpha subunits synthesized in vitro.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from bovine and mouse pituitaries and a mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor was translated in a wheat germ cell-free biosynthetic system. A precursor of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, \"pre-alpha,\" was immunoprecipitated from the translation mixtures with antiserum against bovine luteinizing hormone (LH; lutropin) alpha. The specificity of the immunoprecipitation was shown by competition with authentic bovine LHalpha and lack of competition with bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) beta. Bovine and mouse pre-alpha subunits migrated identically in sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient polyacrylamide slab gels with an apparent molecular weight of about 17,000. Pre-alpha comprised 2-3% and 20-30% of the total proteins translated with pituitary and pituitary tumor mRNA, respectively. Microanalysis of amino acid sequence of the pre-alpha subunits containing various radiolabeled amino acids gave the following partial sequence for mouse tumor pre-alpha: [Formula: see text] Met was also found in positions 1, 14, and 17 in mouse pituitary pre-alpha but only in residue 1 of the bovine pituitary pre-alpha subunit. Leu was found in identical positions in bovine pituitary pre-alpha, with an additional Leu in position 17. Leu in the common positions (12, 15, 19, and 22) has also been found in human choriogonadotropin pre-alpha subunit [Birken, S., Fetherston, J., Desmond, J., Canfield, R. & Boime, I. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 1247-1253]. The data demonstrate that pituitary as well as placental glycoprotein hormone alpha subunits are synthesized with an amino-terminal hydrophobic extension, in accord with the \"signal hypothesis\" for secreted proteins. Furthermore, the positions of the hydrophobic amino acid Leu have been strictly conserved in pre-alpha subunits from various species and in two different tissues, the pituitary and placenta.", "contents": "Comparison of bovine and mouse pituitary glycoprotein hormone pre-alpha subunits synthesized in vitro. Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from bovine and mouse pituitaries and a mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor was translated in a wheat germ cell-free biosynthetic system. A precursor of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, \"pre-alpha,\" was immunoprecipitated from the translation mixtures with antiserum against bovine luteinizing hormone (LH; lutropin) alpha. The specificity of the immunoprecipitation was shown by competition with authentic bovine LHalpha and lack of competition with bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin) beta. Bovine and mouse pre-alpha subunits migrated identically in sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient polyacrylamide slab gels with an apparent molecular weight of about 17,000. Pre-alpha comprised 2-3% and 20-30% of the total proteins translated with pituitary and pituitary tumor mRNA, respectively. Microanalysis of amino acid sequence of the pre-alpha subunits containing various radiolabeled amino acids gave the following partial sequence for mouse tumor pre-alpha: [Formula: see text] Met was also found in positions 1, 14, and 17 in mouse pituitary pre-alpha but only in residue 1 of the bovine pituitary pre-alpha subunit. Leu was found in identical positions in bovine pituitary pre-alpha, with an additional Leu in position 17. Leu in the common positions (12, 15, 19, and 22) has also been found in human choriogonadotropin pre-alpha subunit [Birken, S., Fetherston, J., Desmond, J., Canfield, R. & Boime, I. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 85, 1247-1253]. The data demonstrate that pituitary as well as placental glycoprotein hormone alpha subunits are synthesized with an amino-terminal hydrophobic extension, in accord with the \"signal hypothesis\" for secreted proteins. Furthermore, the positions of the hydrophobic amino acid Leu have been strictly conserved in pre-alpha subunits from various species and in two different tissues, the pituitary and placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:291900", "title": "Effects of ethanol on alanine metabolism in perfused mouse liver studied by 13C NMR.", "content": "Time courses of 13C labeling from alanine and ethanol in perfused mouse livers have been followed by NMR. The enrichment at specific carbons of glucose, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, acetate, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and lactate has been measured. The specific labeling of glutamate in the presence of labeled alanine and labeled or unlabeled ethanol shows that, under these conditions, alanine enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle almost exclusively through pyruvate carboxylation, whereas ethanol is the exclusive source of acetyl-CoA. In the absence of ethanol, the alanine label flows through both paths. By comparing the scrambling of 13C between C3 and C2 of glutamate it is possible to estimate the mitochondrial fumarase activity; the C6-to-C5 ratios in glucose give the additional scrambling by cytosolic fumarase activity. In addition, the C6-to-C1 and C5-to-C2 ratios in glucose show that there is about 15% flux through the pentose cycle. Finally, the C4-to-C2 ratios in glutamine and glutamate are unequal at any time (the glutamine labels reflect the label distribution in glutamate measured 1 hr earlier), providing a method for studying flow through glutamine synthetase in situ.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on alanine metabolism in perfused mouse liver studied by 13C NMR. Time courses of 13C labeling from alanine and ethanol in perfused mouse livers have been followed by NMR. The enrichment at specific carbons of glucose, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, acetate, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and lactate has been measured. The specific labeling of glutamate in the presence of labeled alanine and labeled or unlabeled ethanol shows that, under these conditions, alanine enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle almost exclusively through pyruvate carboxylation, whereas ethanol is the exclusive source of acetyl-CoA. In the absence of ethanol, the alanine label flows through both paths. By comparing the scrambling of 13C between C3 and C2 of glutamate it is possible to estimate the mitochondrial fumarase activity; the C6-to-C5 ratios in glucose give the additional scrambling by cytosolic fumarase activity. In addition, the C6-to-C1 and C5-to-C2 ratios in glucose show that there is about 15% flux through the pentose cycle. Finally, the C4-to-C2 ratios in glutamine and glutamate are unequal at any time (the glutamine labels reflect the label distribution in glutamate measured 1 hr earlier), providing a method for studying flow through glutamine synthetase in situ."}
{"id": "PMID:291901", "title": "Interferon action: induction of specific proteins in mouse and human cells by homologous interferons.", "content": "Treatment of mouse (Ehrlich ascites tumor and L929) and human (FS4, GM258, etc.) cells with homologous interferons results in the induction of several proteins. Extracts obtained from cells labeled with [35S]methionine in the absence or presence of interferon were fractionated on poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose columns. The proteins retained on the columns revealed, upon sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three protein bands in mouse cells (Mr 120,000; 80,000; and 67,000) and two in human cells (Mr 120,000 and 80,000) which were detected in the extracts of interferon-treated but not of untreated cells. These proteins were retained on double-stranded RNA [poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose] columns but very poorly, if at all, on single-stranded RNA [poly(I)- or poly(C)-agarose] columns, suggesting that they have an affinity for double-stranded RNA. In addition, interferon treatment of human fibroblasts greatly increased the labeling of three other protein bands (Mr 88,000; 67,000; and 56,000) which were detected in whole extracts but were not appreciably retained on poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose columns. The appearance of the induced proteins was blocked by actinomycin D if added together with interferon, indicating that transcription of certain genetic information is required. The possible correlation between the induced proteins described here and the elevated levels of certain enzymes in interferon-treated cells (a protein kinase and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase) is at present unclear.", "contents": "Interferon action: induction of specific proteins in mouse and human cells by homologous interferons. Treatment of mouse (Ehrlich ascites tumor and L929) and human (FS4, GM258, etc.) cells with homologous interferons results in the induction of several proteins. Extracts obtained from cells labeled with [35S]methionine in the absence or presence of interferon were fractionated on poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose columns. The proteins retained on the columns revealed, upon sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three protein bands in mouse cells (Mr 120,000; 80,000; and 67,000) and two in human cells (Mr 120,000 and 80,000) which were detected in the extracts of interferon-treated but not of untreated cells. These proteins were retained on double-stranded RNA [poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose] columns but very poorly, if at all, on single-stranded RNA [poly(I)- or poly(C)-agarose] columns, suggesting that they have an affinity for double-stranded RNA. In addition, interferon treatment of human fibroblasts greatly increased the labeling of three other protein bands (Mr 88,000; 67,000; and 56,000) which were detected in whole extracts but were not appreciably retained on poly(I) . poly(C)-agarose columns. The appearance of the induced proteins was blocked by actinomycin D if added together with interferon, indicating that transcription of certain genetic information is required. The possible correlation between the induced proteins described here and the elevated levels of certain enzymes in interferon-treated cells (a protein kinase and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase) is at present unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:291902", "title": "Structure of the human G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta-globin gene locus.", "content": "We have constructed a physical map of the human G gamma-, A gamma-, delta-, and beta-globin genes. The previously described maps of the fetal and adult beta-like globin genes have been linked to one another by identification of a DNA fragment, generated by BamHI, that contains part of each of the A gamma- and delta-globin genes. The map obtained, which spans more than 40 kilobases, shows the following intergene distances: between G gamma and A gamma, 3500 base pairs; between A gamma and delta, 13,500 base pairs; and between delta and beta, 5500 base pairs. All genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand.", "contents": "Structure of the human G gamma-A gamma-delta-beta-globin gene locus. We have constructed a physical map of the human G gamma-, A gamma-, delta-, and beta-globin genes. The previously described maps of the fetal and adult beta-like globin genes have been linked to one another by identification of a DNA fragment, generated by BamHI, that contains part of each of the A gamma- and delta-globin genes. The map obtained, which spans more than 40 kilobases, shows the following intergene distances: between G gamma and A gamma, 3500 base pairs; between A gamma and delta, 13,500 base pairs; and between delta and beta, 5500 base pairs. All genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand."}
{"id": "PMID:291903", "title": "Translation and characterization of messenger RNAs in differentiating chicken cartilage.", "content": "Total RNA, prepared from chicken limb bud cultures undergoing differentiation to cartilage, has been translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Antibodies against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein immunoprecipitate a single component which migrates as a protein of 340,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The messenger RNA for this protein sediments at approximately 27 S in 70% formamide or aqueous sucrose gradients. The 340,000-dalton protein is present in cell-free translation products directed by RNA prepared from limb bud cultures and sternae and is absent in cell-free translation directed by RNA prepared from embryonic calvaria or liver. The level of synthesis of this protein is greatly reduced when RNA prepared from limb bud cultures inhibited from differentiation by BrdUrd is used. (Pre)pro alpha 1(I), -alpha 2(I), and -alpha 1(II) collagen bands have been identified on gels by electrophoresis of collagenase-digested or immunoprecipitated cell-free translation products directed by RNA from differentiating limb bud cultures, embryonic sternae, and embryonic calvaria.", "contents": "Translation and characterization of messenger RNAs in differentiating chicken cartilage. Total RNA, prepared from chicken limb bud cultures undergoing differentiation to cartilage, has been translated in a wheat germ cell-free protein-synthesizing system. Antibodies against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein immunoprecipitate a single component which migrates as a protein of 340,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The messenger RNA for this protein sediments at approximately 27 S in 70% formamide or aqueous sucrose gradients. The 340,000-dalton protein is present in cell-free translation products directed by RNA prepared from limb bud cultures and sternae and is absent in cell-free translation directed by RNA prepared from embryonic calvaria or liver. The level of synthesis of this protein is greatly reduced when RNA prepared from limb bud cultures inhibited from differentiation by BrdUrd is used. (Pre)pro alpha 1(I), -alpha 2(I), and -alpha 1(II) collagen bands have been identified on gels by electrophoresis of collagenase-digested or immunoprecipitated cell-free translation products directed by RNA from differentiating limb bud cultures, embryonic sternae, and embryonic calvaria."}
{"id": "PMID:291904", "title": "Micronuclei of Tetrahymena contain two types of histone H3.", "content": "Evidence is presented that micronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila contain significant amounts of two types of histone H3. One is indistinguishable from that found in macronuclei and the other is unique to micronuclei. The micronucleus-specific H3 has a slightly faster mobility than the common H3 in three different gel systems (both of these species were artifactually lost during procedures for histone preparation in previous studies). Both micronuclear H3s appear to contain a single cysteine residue and are present in sucrose gradient-purified nucleosomes. Acid extracts from micronuclei also contain three prominent high molecular weight proteins that also were lost during previous procedures. These proteins are present in extracts from oligomers but are not observed in extracts from mononucleosomes, suggesting that they may be associated with linker regions between nucleosomes.", "contents": "Micronuclei of Tetrahymena contain two types of histone H3. Evidence is presented that micronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila contain significant amounts of two types of histone H3. One is indistinguishable from that found in macronuclei and the other is unique to micronuclei. The micronucleus-specific H3 has a slightly faster mobility than the common H3 in three different gel systems (both of these species were artifactually lost during procedures for histone preparation in previous studies). Both micronuclear H3s appear to contain a single cysteine residue and are present in sucrose gradient-purified nucleosomes. Acid extracts from micronuclei also contain three prominent high molecular weight proteins that also were lost during previous procedures. These proteins are present in extracts from oligomers but are not observed in extracts from mononucleosomes, suggesting that they may be associated with linker regions between nucleosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:291905", "title": "Studies of binding of prekallikrein and Factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain.", "content": "Prekallikrein and Factor XI have been reported to circulate as complexes with the coagulation cofactor high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen. In this study we have shown that native HMW-kininogen possesses a strong binding site for prekallikrein and Factor XI with association constants of 3.4 x 10(7) M-1 and 4.2 x 10(8) M-1, respectively. The diminished binding of prekallikrein relative to Factor XI may, in part, account for the ability of kallikrein to leave the surface and interact with other molecules of Hageman factor and HMW-kininogen. Prekallikrein and Factor XI appear to compete for binding to HMW-kininogen, suggesting a single (or closely overlapping) binding site(s). The purified light chain derived from kinin-free HMW-kininogen is shown to compete with native MHW-kininogen for binding to Hageman factor substrates and direct binding of the isolated light chain to prekalikrein and Factor XI is demonstrated. This binding of the light chain to prekallikrein and Factor XI appears to be essential to the function of HMW-kininogen as a coagulation cofactor and further digestion of the light chain with excess kallikrein destroys its coagulant activity.", "contents": "Studies of binding of prekallikrein and Factor XI to high molecular weight kininogen and its light chain. Prekallikrein and Factor XI have been reported to circulate as complexes with the coagulation cofactor high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen. In this study we have shown that native HMW-kininogen possesses a strong binding site for prekallikrein and Factor XI with association constants of 3.4 x 10(7) M-1 and 4.2 x 10(8) M-1, respectively. The diminished binding of prekallikrein relative to Factor XI may, in part, account for the ability of kallikrein to leave the surface and interact with other molecules of Hageman factor and HMW-kininogen. Prekallikrein and Factor XI appear to compete for binding to HMW-kininogen, suggesting a single (or closely overlapping) binding site(s). The purified light chain derived from kinin-free HMW-kininogen is shown to compete with native MHW-kininogen for binding to Hageman factor substrates and direct binding of the isolated light chain to prekalikrein and Factor XI is demonstrated. This binding of the light chain to prekallikrein and Factor XI appears to be essential to the function of HMW-kininogen as a coagulation cofactor and further digestion of the light chain with excess kallikrein destroys its coagulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:291906", "title": "Peptide maps comparing subunits of maize chloroplast and type II nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.", "content": "Both one- and two-dimensional peptide mapping techniques have been used to compare the 180-kilodalton subunits from maize chloroplast and type II nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). Despite their similar molecular mass, these 180-kilodalton subunits are not the same. Also, two-dimensional tryptic maps of the 160-, 43-, and 28-kilodalton polypeptides from maize type II nuclear RNA polymerase and of the 140-, 42-, and 27-kilodalton polypeptides from maize chloroplast RNA polymerase show that each of these six polypeptides is unique.", "contents": "Peptide maps comparing subunits of maize chloroplast and type II nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Both one- and two-dimensional peptide mapping techniques have been used to compare the 180-kilodalton subunits from maize chloroplast and type II nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). Despite their similar molecular mass, these 180-kilodalton subunits are not the same. Also, two-dimensional tryptic maps of the 160-, 43-, and 28-kilodalton polypeptides from maize type II nuclear RNA polymerase and of the 140-, 42-, and 27-kilodalton polypeptides from maize chloroplast RNA polymerase show that each of these six polypeptides is unique."}
{"id": "PMID:291907", "title": "Segment 8 of the influenza virus genome is unique in coding for two polypeptides.", "content": "In previous studies we showed that a ninth polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 11,000 (NS2) found in influenza virus-infected cells was unique, that it could be synthesized in vitro, and that its expression in vivo required early protein synthesis. On the basis of these results we suggested that one of the eight genome RNA segments of influenza virus codes for two polypeptides [Lamb, R.A., Etkind, P.R. & Choppin, P.W. (1978) Virology 91, 60-78]. We describe here differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the NS2 polypeptides of different strains of influenza A virus. These results provided further evidence that NS2 is virus coded and also made possible genetic studies using recombinants between two virus strains (HK and PR8) whose NS2 polypeptides differ. These studies showed that the gene for NS2 reassorts with that of the nonstructural polypeptide NS1, which is coded by genome segment 8. A mRNA for NS2 has been separated from that of NS1 and the other viral polypeptides by centrifugation and has been translated in vitro. Hybridization of genome segment 8 to the total mRNAs from infected cells specifically prevented the synthesis of NS2 and NS1. These results indicate that influenza virus genome segment 8 is transcribed into two separate mRNAs that code for two polypeptides, NS1 and NS2. Possible mechanisms for the transcription of the two mRNAs from either contiguous or overlapping genes are discussed.", "contents": "Segment 8 of the influenza virus genome is unique in coding for two polypeptides. In previous studies we showed that a ninth polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 11,000 (NS2) found in influenza virus-infected cells was unique, that it could be synthesized in vitro, and that its expression in vivo required early protein synthesis. On the basis of these results we suggested that one of the eight genome RNA segments of influenza virus codes for two polypeptides [Lamb, R.A., Etkind, P.R. & Choppin, P.W. (1978) Virology 91, 60-78]. We describe here differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the NS2 polypeptides of different strains of influenza A virus. These results provided further evidence that NS2 is virus coded and also made possible genetic studies using recombinants between two virus strains (HK and PR8) whose NS2 polypeptides differ. These studies showed that the gene for NS2 reassorts with that of the nonstructural polypeptide NS1, which is coded by genome segment 8. A mRNA for NS2 has been separated from that of NS1 and the other viral polypeptides by centrifugation and has been translated in vitro. Hybridization of genome segment 8 to the total mRNAs from infected cells specifically prevented the synthesis of NS2 and NS1. These results indicate that influenza virus genome segment 8 is transcribed into two separate mRNAs that code for two polypeptides, NS1 and NS2. Possible mechanisms for the transcription of the two mRNAs from either contiguous or overlapping genes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:291908", "title": "Insulin receptor: covalent labeling and identification of subunits.", "content": "Two methods were used to label insulin receptors covalently with 125I. In the first, an aryl azide derivative of insulin, 125I-labeled 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl-insulin, was synthesized and used to photolabel the binding region of the insulin receptor in rat liver membranes and human placenta membranes. In the second, insulin receptors were purified from rat liver membranes and labeled with 125I by use of chloramine-T; this method presumably has no specificity for the binding region of the receptor. The proteins labeled by both methods were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after or without reduction by dithiothreitol. The photoaffinity label specifically labeled a single band in both liver and placenta that had an apparent molecular weight of 135,000 after reduction. A band with similar mobility was present in the chloramine-T-labeled preparation, which also contained a second major band with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000. Without reduction, both methods resulted in a single labeled band with an apparent molecular weight of about 310,000. These results indicate that the insulin receptor of both liver and placenta has a subunit of molecular weight 135,000 that binds insulin and that the receptor may be composed of at least two different subunits that are linked together or greatly stabilized by disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Insulin receptor: covalent labeling and identification of subunits. Two methods were used to label insulin receptors covalently with 125I. In the first, an aryl azide derivative of insulin, 125I-labeled 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl-insulin, was synthesized and used to photolabel the binding region of the insulin receptor in rat liver membranes and human placenta membranes. In the second, insulin receptors were purified from rat liver membranes and labeled with 125I by use of chloramine-T; this method presumably has no specificity for the binding region of the receptor. The proteins labeled by both methods were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after or without reduction by dithiothreitol. The photoaffinity label specifically labeled a single band in both liver and placenta that had an apparent molecular weight of 135,000 after reduction. A band with similar mobility was present in the chloramine-T-labeled preparation, which also contained a second major band with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000. Without reduction, both methods resulted in a single labeled band with an apparent molecular weight of about 310,000. These results indicate that the insulin receptor of both liver and placenta has a subunit of molecular weight 135,000 that binds insulin and that the receptor may be composed of at least two different subunits that are linked together or greatly stabilized by disulfide bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:291909", "title": "Purification and mapping of specific mRNAs by hybridization-selection and cell-free translation.", "content": "We describe a simple procedure for isolating specific mRNAs and for mapping them to the regions of the DNA from which they originate. The method involves hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA to restriction fragments of DNA that have been fractionated in agarose gels and immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. The hybridization-selected RNAs are eluted and translated in a cell-free system in order to identify their encoded polypeptides. Optimal hybridization and filter washing conditions are given for selection of mRNAs from adenovirus 2-infected cells and transformed cells.", "contents": "Purification and mapping of specific mRNAs by hybridization-selection and cell-free translation. We describe a simple procedure for isolating specific mRNAs and for mapping them to the regions of the DNA from which they originate. The method involves hybridization of total cytoplasmic RNA to restriction fragments of DNA that have been fractionated in agarose gels and immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. The hybridization-selected RNAs are eluted and translated in a cell-free system in order to identify their encoded polypeptides. Optimal hybridization and filter washing conditions are given for selection of mRNAs from adenovirus 2-infected cells and transformed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291910", "title": "Inhibition of amino acid transport into lymphoid cells by the glutamine analog L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate.", "content": "Transport of L-glutamine and of the chloroketone glutamine analog L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate into lymphoid cells is mediated by the same system. Arginine and a number of other amino acids (e.g., glutamate, aspartate, and lysine) are transported to a much lesser extent by this system. However, after uptake of the chloroketone into the cells, the transport of glutamine, arginine, and other amino acids is markedly inhibited, due evidently to reaction of the chloroketone with intracellular components that are involved in amino acid transport. The chloroketone acts more effectively on growing than on resting cells. Treatment of lymphoid cells with the chloroketone or with L-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene leads to rapid and complete depletion of intracellular glutathione without affecting cell viability. These reagents appear to be useful experimental tools for studies of glutathione function and metabolism.", "contents": "Inhibition of amino acid transport into lymphoid cells by the glutamine analog L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate. Transport of L-glutamine and of the chloroketone glutamine analog L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate into lymphoid cells is mediated by the same system. Arginine and a number of other amino acids (e.g., glutamate, aspartate, and lysine) are transported to a much lesser extent by this system. However, after uptake of the chloroketone into the cells, the transport of glutamine, arginine, and other amino acids is markedly inhibited, due evidently to reaction of the chloroketone with intracellular components that are involved in amino acid transport. The chloroketone acts more effectively on growing than on resting cells. Treatment of lymphoid cells with the chloroketone or with L-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene leads to rapid and complete depletion of intracellular glutathione without affecting cell viability. These reagents appear to be useful experimental tools for studies of glutathione function and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:291911", "title": "13C NMR quantitation of polymer in deoxyhemoglobin S gels.", "content": "13C/1H magnetic double-resonance spectroscopy has been used to quantitate the amount of polymerized hemoglobin S in deoxygenated gels at 30 degrees C, for samples whose hemoglobin concentration range from 21 to 32 g/dl. Scalar- and dipolar-decoupled spectra and a 13C proton-enhanced dipolar-decoupled spectrum were recorded for each sample as was a scalar-decoupled spectrum for a matching oxyhemoglobin S control. The difference between the oxyhemoglobin S and deoxyhemoglobin S scalar-decoupled spectra was used to determine the polymer fraction, and this value was compared with the polymer fraction determined by using ultracentrifugation sedimentation on the same sample (assuming a two-phase model). The polymer fraction value determined by uncorrected sedimentation averaged 0.15 more than the value obtained from NMR. The discrepancy between the two techniques was largely removed when the analysis of the sedimentation data included a correction for depletion of hemoglobin in the supernatant or sol phase due to sedimentation of free molecules. The best fit to both the sedimentation and NMR data was obtained by using a solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S at 30 degrees C of 17.3 +/- 1 g/dl. These results indicate that the NMR techniques, which do not require separation of the sample into a sol phase and a pellet phase, provide quantitative information about the deoxyhemoglobin S polymer and will be useful for studies of sickle erythrocytes.", "contents": "13C NMR quantitation of polymer in deoxyhemoglobin S gels. 13C/1H magnetic double-resonance spectroscopy has been used to quantitate the amount of polymerized hemoglobin S in deoxygenated gels at 30 degrees C, for samples whose hemoglobin concentration range from 21 to 32 g/dl. Scalar- and dipolar-decoupled spectra and a 13C proton-enhanced dipolar-decoupled spectrum were recorded for each sample as was a scalar-decoupled spectrum for a matching oxyhemoglobin S control. The difference between the oxyhemoglobin S and deoxyhemoglobin S scalar-decoupled spectra was used to determine the polymer fraction, and this value was compared with the polymer fraction determined by using ultracentrifugation sedimentation on the same sample (assuming a two-phase model). The polymer fraction value determined by uncorrected sedimentation averaged 0.15 more than the value obtained from NMR. The discrepancy between the two techniques was largely removed when the analysis of the sedimentation data included a correction for depletion of hemoglobin in the supernatant or sol phase due to sedimentation of free molecules. The best fit to both the sedimentation and NMR data was obtained by using a solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S at 30 degrees C of 17.3 +/- 1 g/dl. These results indicate that the NMR techniques, which do not require separation of the sample into a sol phase and a pellet phase, provide quantitative information about the deoxyhemoglobin S polymer and will be useful for studies of sickle erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:291912", "title": "Highly active template-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus.", "content": "The extraction of a template-dependent and template-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) from a eukaryotic source is described. The enzyme, extracted from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus (BMV), is capable of incorporating high levels of radioactivity into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble products. The purification procedure included solubilization with nonionic detergent and precipitation with polyethylene glycol. The enzyme was more than 50 times more active than was a comparable preparation from mock-inoculated leaves and was stimulated more than 15-fold by the addition of BMV RNA to the reaction. Other viral RNA templates were less than 25% as efficient as was BMV RNA in stimulating UMP incorporation; poly(A), tRNA, and mRNA gave little stimulation and rRNA was inactive. Autoradiographic analysis after electrophoretic separation of the radioactive products from reaction mixtures containing BMV RNA template revealed prominent bands that coelectrophoresed with replicative forms of BMV RNAs. When BMV RNA template was enriched in RNA3 or RNA4, larger proportions of the products were replicative forms of RNA3 or RNA4, respectively.", "contents": "Highly active template-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus. The extraction of a template-dependent and template-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) from a eukaryotic source is described. The enzyme, extracted from barley leaves infected with brome mosaic virus (BMV), is capable of incorporating high levels of radioactivity into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble products. The purification procedure included solubilization with nonionic detergent and precipitation with polyethylene glycol. The enzyme was more than 50 times more active than was a comparable preparation from mock-inoculated leaves and was stimulated more than 15-fold by the addition of BMV RNA to the reaction. Other viral RNA templates were less than 25% as efficient as was BMV RNA in stimulating UMP incorporation; poly(A), tRNA, and mRNA gave little stimulation and rRNA was inactive. Autoradiographic analysis after electrophoretic separation of the radioactive products from reaction mixtures containing BMV RNA template revealed prominent bands that coelectrophoresed with replicative forms of BMV RNAs. When BMV RNA template was enriched in RNA3 or RNA4, larger proportions of the products were replicative forms of RNA3 or RNA4, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:291913", "title": "Transmethylation and transguanylylation in 5'-RNA capping system isolated from rat liver nuclei.", "content": "Rat liver nuclei were isolated and sonicated for extraction in order to study the capping of RNA. The guanosine 7-methyltransferase was purified from the extract by hydroxylapatite column chromatography with stepwise addition of phosphate buffer. It was assayed by using as methyl acceptor synthetic G(5')ppp(5')G and S-adenosylmethionine as donor. The enzyme appeared in a sharp peak at 160 mM. The same peak fraction was subsequently found to contain the enzyme that guanylylates short synthetic polynucleotides and low molecular weight yeast RNA as acceptors. The two enzymatic activities were separated on Sephadex G-150 chromatography, yielding guanylyltransferase and guanosine 7-methyltransferase with molecular weights of approximately 65,000 and 130,000 respectively. Guanylyltransferase was further purified by CM-Sephadex chromatography, whereby G-7-methyltransferase was completely removed. Dithiothreitol was essential for guanylylation, and 2 mM Mn2+ (optimum) was twice as active as 8 mM Mg2+ (optimum). The alpha-32P of [32P]GTP, but not its beta- or gamma-32P was incorporated into the cap structure. By using unlabeled GTP with [beta-32P]ppGpCpC-poly(A2,U2,G) as acceptor, [beta'-32P]-GpppG... was formed. Our purified transguanylylation enzyme was found to catalyze a [32P]pyrophosphate exchange with GTP, which may be useful as a rapid assay for transguanylylation.", "contents": "Transmethylation and transguanylylation in 5'-RNA capping system isolated from rat liver nuclei. Rat liver nuclei were isolated and sonicated for extraction in order to study the capping of RNA. The guanosine 7-methyltransferase was purified from the extract by hydroxylapatite column chromatography with stepwise addition of phosphate buffer. It was assayed by using as methyl acceptor synthetic G(5')ppp(5')G and S-adenosylmethionine as donor. The enzyme appeared in a sharp peak at 160 mM. The same peak fraction was subsequently found to contain the enzyme that guanylylates short synthetic polynucleotides and low molecular weight yeast RNA as acceptors. The two enzymatic activities were separated on Sephadex G-150 chromatography, yielding guanylyltransferase and guanosine 7-methyltransferase with molecular weights of approximately 65,000 and 130,000 respectively. Guanylyltransferase was further purified by CM-Sephadex chromatography, whereby G-7-methyltransferase was completely removed. Dithiothreitol was essential for guanylylation, and 2 mM Mn2+ (optimum) was twice as active as 8 mM Mg2+ (optimum). The alpha-32P of [32P]GTP, but not its beta- or gamma-32P was incorporated into the cap structure. By using unlabeled GTP with [beta-32P]ppGpCpC-poly(A2,U2,G) as acceptor, [beta'-32P]-GpppG... was formed. Our purified transguanylylation enzyme was found to catalyze a [32P]pyrophosphate exchange with GTP, which may be useful as a rapid assay for transguanylylation."}
{"id": "PMID:291914", "title": "Tryptic peptide analysis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of polyhedrins of two baculoviruses from Orgyia pseudotsugata.", "content": "Comparative analysis of the tryptic peptides and terminal amino acid sequence was made on polyhedrins from two genetically different baculoviruses that are naturally pathogenic for the same insect host. Comparison of the tryptic peptides of the nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus and nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata by means of cation-exchange resins indicated that the proteins have a closely related amino acid sequence. The NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of polyhedrins from the two viruses differed in only 4 out of 34 amino acids. The nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus and the nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus also differed in 4 and 5 out of 34 terminal amino acids, respectively, from the sequence reported for polyhedrin of a baculovirus of Bombyx mori [Serebryani, S. B., Levitina, T. L., Kautsman, M. L., Radavski, Y. L., Gusak, N. M., Ovander, M. N., Sucharenko, N. V. & Kozlov, E. A. (1977) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 30, 442-443]. In addition, the nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus had two amino acids (Met-Tyr) on the NH(2) terminus that were not present on the terminus of nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus or B. mori baculovirus polyhedrin. Approximately half (six) of the total tyrosine residues are clustered in the terminal 20 amino acids of the polyhedrins. Secondary structures predicted from the primary sequence suggest that the tyrosines are clustered in two areas. This nonrandom distribution and the pK(a) of about 10 for tyrosine may be related to the alkali solubility of the polyhedrin.", "contents": "Tryptic peptide analysis and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of polyhedrins of two baculoviruses from Orgyia pseudotsugata. Comparative analysis of the tryptic peptides and terminal amino acid sequence was made on polyhedrins from two genetically different baculoviruses that are naturally pathogenic for the same insect host. Comparison of the tryptic peptides of the nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus and nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus of Orgyia pseudotsugata by means of cation-exchange resins indicated that the proteins have a closely related amino acid sequence. The NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence of polyhedrins from the two viruses differed in only 4 out of 34 amino acids. The nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus and the nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus also differed in 4 and 5 out of 34 terminal amino acids, respectively, from the sequence reported for polyhedrin of a baculovirus of Bombyx mori [Serebryani, S. B., Levitina, T. L., Kautsman, M. L., Radavski, Y. L., Gusak, N. M., Ovander, M. N., Sucharenko, N. V. & Kozlov, E. A. (1977) J. Invertebr. Pathol. 30, 442-443]. In addition, the nucleopolyhedrosis single-rod virus had two amino acids (Met-Tyr) on the NH(2) terminus that were not present on the terminus of nucleopolyhedrosis bundle virus or B. mori baculovirus polyhedrin. Approximately half (six) of the total tyrosine residues are clustered in the terminal 20 amino acids of the polyhedrins. Secondary structures predicted from the primary sequence suggest that the tyrosines are clustered in two areas. This nonrandom distribution and the pK(a) of about 10 for tyrosine may be related to the alkali solubility of the polyhedrin."}
{"id": "PMID:291915", "title": "Identification of iron-sulfur centers in the iron-molybdenum proteins of nitrogenase.", "content": "The core extrusion method has been applied to the determination of the type ([2Fe-2S], [4Fe-4S]) and number of iron-sulfur centers in the FeMo proteins of the nitrogenases from Clostridium pasteurianum and Azotobacter vinelandii. The method involves extrusion with o-xylyl-alpha, alpha'-dithiol, ligand exchange of the extrusion products with p-CF3C6H4SH (RFSH), and identification and quantitation of the resultant [FenSn(SRF)4]2- complexes (n = 2,4) by 19F NMR spectroscopy. In hexamethylphosphoramide/water, 4:1 (vol/vol), 49-56% of the Fe content was extruded as [Fe4S4(SRF)4]2-, corresponding to 3,4-4.0 Fe4S4 cores per alpha 2 beta 2 subunit complex. The extruded iron does not arise from the FeMo cofactor, separate examination of which detected no extrusion products, and corresponds to 90-103% of noncofactor iron. No significant quantity of Fe2S2 cores was extruded. These results indicate the presence of four [4Fe-4S] centers per alpha 2 beta 2 subunit complex in preparations undepleted in iron. There are two main structural populations of iron atoms in these proteins, those in the cubane-type Fe4S4 cores and those in the FeMo cofactor.", "contents": "Identification of iron-sulfur centers in the iron-molybdenum proteins of nitrogenase. The core extrusion method has been applied to the determination of the type ([2Fe-2S], [4Fe-4S]) and number of iron-sulfur centers in the FeMo proteins of the nitrogenases from Clostridium pasteurianum and Azotobacter vinelandii. The method involves extrusion with o-xylyl-alpha, alpha'-dithiol, ligand exchange of the extrusion products with p-CF3C6H4SH (RFSH), and identification and quantitation of the resultant [FenSn(SRF)4]2- complexes (n = 2,4) by 19F NMR spectroscopy. In hexamethylphosphoramide/water, 4:1 (vol/vol), 49-56% of the Fe content was extruded as [Fe4S4(SRF)4]2-, corresponding to 3,4-4.0 Fe4S4 cores per alpha 2 beta 2 subunit complex. The extruded iron does not arise from the FeMo cofactor, separate examination of which detected no extrusion products, and corresponds to 90-103% of noncofactor iron. No significant quantity of Fe2S2 cores was extruded. These results indicate the presence of four [4Fe-4S] centers per alpha 2 beta 2 subunit complex in preparations undepleted in iron. There are two main structural populations of iron atoms in these proteins, those in the cubane-type Fe4S4 cores and those in the FeMo cofactor."}
{"id": "PMID:291916", "title": "Comparison of amino acid sequence of bovine coagulation Factor IX (Christmas Factor) with that of other vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of bovine blood coagulation Factor IX (Christmas Factor) is presented and compared with the sequences of other vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins and pancreatic trypsinogen. The 416-residue sequence of Factor IX was determined largely by automated Edman degradation of two large segments, containing 181 and 235 residues, isolated after activating Factor IX with a protease from Russell's viper venom. Subfragments of the two segments were produced by enzymatic digestion and by chemical cleavage of methionyl, tryptophyl, and asparaginyl-glycyl bonds. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of Factor IX, Factor X, and Protein C demonstrates that they are homologous throughout. Their homology with prothrombin, however, is restricted to the amino-terminal region, which is rich in gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and the carboxyl-terminal region, which represents the catalytic domain of these proteins and corresponds to that of pancreatic serine proteases.", "contents": "Comparison of amino acid sequence of bovine coagulation Factor IX (Christmas Factor) with that of other vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins. The amino acid sequence of bovine blood coagulation Factor IX (Christmas Factor) is presented and compared with the sequences of other vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins and pancreatic trypsinogen. The 416-residue sequence of Factor IX was determined largely by automated Edman degradation of two large segments, containing 181 and 235 residues, isolated after activating Factor IX with a protease from Russell's viper venom. Subfragments of the two segments were produced by enzymatic digestion and by chemical cleavage of methionyl, tryptophyl, and asparaginyl-glycyl bonds. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of Factor IX, Factor X, and Protein C demonstrates that they are homologous throughout. Their homology with prothrombin, however, is restricted to the amino-terminal region, which is rich in gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and the carboxyl-terminal region, which represents the catalytic domain of these proteins and corresponds to that of pancreatic serine proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:291917", "title": "Reassessment of histone gene expression during cell cycle in human cells by using homologous H4 histone cDNA.", "content": "The representation of H4 histone mRNA sequences in RNAs isolated from G1 and S phase HeLa cells was assessed by use of a homologous H4 histone cDNA. S phase cells were obtained by double thymidine block, and G1 cells were obtained by double thymidine block or mitotic selective detachment. Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from S phase cells hybridized with H4 histone cDNA as did nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from G1 cells synchronized by double thymidine block. In contrast, significant levels of hybridization were not observed between H4 histone cDNA and nuclear, polysomal, or postpolysomal cytoplasmic RNAs of G1 cells synchronized by mitotic selective detachment. Double thymidine block yields a G1 cell population containing 20-25% S phase cells whereas the G1 population obtained by mitotic detachment contains less than 0.1% S phase cells. The ability of H4 histone cDNA to hybridize with the RNAs from G1 cells obtained after release from double thymidine block can therefore be explained by the presence of S phase cells in such a G1 population--an artifact of the synchronization procedure. We interpret these results to be consistent with the presence of H4 histone mRNA sequences during the S but not G1 phase of the cell cycle in continuously dividing HeLa S3 cells.", "contents": "Reassessment of histone gene expression during cell cycle in human cells by using homologous H4 histone cDNA. The representation of H4 histone mRNA sequences in RNAs isolated from G1 and S phase HeLa cells was assessed by use of a homologous H4 histone cDNA. S phase cells were obtained by double thymidine block, and G1 cells were obtained by double thymidine block or mitotic selective detachment. Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from S phase cells hybridized with H4 histone cDNA as did nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from G1 cells synchronized by double thymidine block. In contrast, significant levels of hybridization were not observed between H4 histone cDNA and nuclear, polysomal, or postpolysomal cytoplasmic RNAs of G1 cells synchronized by mitotic selective detachment. Double thymidine block yields a G1 cell population containing 20-25% S phase cells whereas the G1 population obtained by mitotic detachment contains less than 0.1% S phase cells. The ability of H4 histone cDNA to hybridize with the RNAs from G1 cells obtained after release from double thymidine block can therefore be explained by the presence of S phase cells in such a G1 population--an artifact of the synchronization procedure. We interpret these results to be consistent with the presence of H4 histone mRNA sequences during the S but not G1 phase of the cell cycle in continuously dividing HeLa S3 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291918", "title": "Acidic polypeptides can assemble both histones and chromatin in vitro at physiological ionic strength.", "content": "We provide evidence that nucleosomes can assemble in vitro at physiological ionic strength (0.1-0.2 M NaCl/10 mM Tris . HCl, pH 8.0) in the absence of \"assembly factors\" and that poly(glutamic acid) greatly facilitates chromatin assembly under these conditions. We also show that in the presence of either poly(glutamic acid) or poly(aspartic acid), core histones assemble into octamers at physiological ionic strength. We suggest that it is a property of histones to assemble into octamers upon their interaction with macromolecules containing regions of high negative charge density, and we discuss several implications of this property.", "contents": "Acidic polypeptides can assemble both histones and chromatin in vitro at physiological ionic strength. We provide evidence that nucleosomes can assemble in vitro at physiological ionic strength (0.1-0.2 M NaCl/10 mM Tris . HCl, pH 8.0) in the absence of \"assembly factors\" and that poly(glutamic acid) greatly facilitates chromatin assembly under these conditions. We also show that in the presence of either poly(glutamic acid) or poly(aspartic acid), core histones assemble into octamers at physiological ionic strength. We suggest that it is a property of histones to assemble into octamers upon their interaction with macromolecules containing regions of high negative charge density, and we discuss several implications of this property."}
{"id": "PMID:291919", "title": "In vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat placental tissue.", "content": "Weanling female rats were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for 4 months until they reached maturity. They were mated with normal, vitamin D-replete male rats and, at 20 days of pregnancy, the female rats were killed and their placentae were removed, homogenzied, and incubated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The incubation mixtures were extracted and the extracts were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 region of the high-pressure liquid chromatogram was recycled to purity and the structure of the product was identified as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry and by mass spectrometry. Thus it is now evident that placenta, in addition to renal tissue, is capable of converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "In vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by rat placental tissue. Weanling female rats were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for 4 months until they reached maturity. They were mated with normal, vitamin D-replete male rats and, at 20 days of pregnancy, the female rats were killed and their placentae were removed, homogenzied, and incubated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The incubation mixtures were extracted and the extracts were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 region of the high-pressure liquid chromatogram was recycled to purity and the structure of the product was identified as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry and by mass spectrometry. Thus it is now evident that placenta, in addition to renal tissue, is capable of converting 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3."}
{"id": "PMID:291920", "title": "Amino acid sequence of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the purple membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, which contains 248 amino acid residues, has been determined. Methods used for separation of the hydrophobic fragments included gel permeation and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in organic solvents. The amino acid sequence was determined by a combination of automatic Edman degradation and mass spectrometric methods. The total sequence was derived by ordering of the CNBr fragments on the basis of methionine-containing peptides identified by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and by analysis of N-bromosuccinimide fragments containing overlaps between CNBr fragments. The present sequence differs from that recently reported by Ovchinnikov and coworkers with respect to an additional tryptophan (position 138) and several amino acid assignments.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of bacteriorhodopsin. The complete primary structure of the purple membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, which contains 248 amino acid residues, has been determined. Methods used for separation of the hydrophobic fragments included gel permeation and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography in organic solvents. The amino acid sequence was determined by a combination of automatic Edman degradation and mass spectrometric methods. The total sequence was derived by ordering of the CNBr fragments on the basis of methionine-containing peptides identified by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and by analysis of N-bromosuccinimide fragments containing overlaps between CNBr fragments. The present sequence differs from that recently reported by Ovchinnikov and coworkers with respect to an additional tryptophan (position 138) and several amino acid assignments."}
{"id": "PMID:291921", "title": "Localization of transcribed regions on extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila by R-loop mapping.", "content": "R-loop hybridization and electron microscopy were used to map the RNA transcription products of the extrachromosomal rRNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila. The mature 17S and 26S rRNAs and the nuclear 35S pre-rRNA and pre-26S rRNA were located with a precision of approximately 100 base pairs. A 370-base pair intervening sequence was found in the 26S coding region. It has the same size and relative location as that found in Tetrahymena pigmentosa [Wild, M.A. & Gall, J.G. (1979) Cell 16, 565-573]. One class of R-loop structures formed by nuclear pre-rRNA provided preliminary evidence for a primary transcript that contains the intervening sequence. The results suggested a processing scheme in which splicing of the intervening sequences is followed by a series of strand cleavages to give the mature 17S and 26S rRNAs. Analysis of the data also showed that RNA . DNA and DNA . DNA duplexes, when mounted for electron microscopy by the R-loop procedure, have the same length per base pair within 4%.", "contents": "Localization of transcribed regions on extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila by R-loop mapping. R-loop hybridization and electron microscopy were used to map the RNA transcription products of the extrachromosomal rRNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila. The mature 17S and 26S rRNAs and the nuclear 35S pre-rRNA and pre-26S rRNA were located with a precision of approximately 100 base pairs. A 370-base pair intervening sequence was found in the 26S coding region. It has the same size and relative location as that found in Tetrahymena pigmentosa [Wild, M.A. & Gall, J.G. (1979) Cell 16, 565-573]. One class of R-loop structures formed by nuclear pre-rRNA provided preliminary evidence for a primary transcript that contains the intervening sequence. The results suggested a processing scheme in which splicing of the intervening sequences is followed by a series of strand cleavages to give the mature 17S and 26S rRNAs. Analysis of the data also showed that RNA . DNA and DNA . DNA duplexes, when mounted for electron microscopy by the R-loop procedure, have the same length per base pair within 4%."}
{"id": "PMID:291922", "title": "Essential role for mevalonate synthesis in DNA replication.", "content": "The relationship between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase activity [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] and DNA synthesis was studied in synchronized cultures of BHK-21 cells. During a 24-hr period of cell replication, two phases of accelerated thymidine incorporation into DNA corresponding to two S phases of the cell cycle occurred. A marked increase in activity of HMG CoA reductase was consistently observed at or just prior to each of these peaks of DNA synthesis. Moreover, when HMG CoA reductase activity was suppressed by the competitive inhibitor compactin, the normal S-phase burst of DNA synthesis was specifically and totally prevented. Finally, the compactin-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis could be completely reversed within minutes by the addition of mevalonate, the product of the HMG CoA reductase reaction. By contrast, addition of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins had no effect upon DNA synthesis in compactin-treated cells. These data demonstrate that HMG CoA reductase activity, and therefore the production of mevalonate, plays an essential role in the synthesis of DNA specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, the results indicate that this function of mevalonate in regulating DNA replication is independent of its conversion to cholesterol.", "contents": "Essential role for mevalonate synthesis in DNA replication. The relationship between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase activity [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] and DNA synthesis was studied in synchronized cultures of BHK-21 cells. During a 24-hr period of cell replication, two phases of accelerated thymidine incorporation into DNA corresponding to two S phases of the cell cycle occurred. A marked increase in activity of HMG CoA reductase was consistently observed at or just prior to each of these peaks of DNA synthesis. Moreover, when HMG CoA reductase activity was suppressed by the competitive inhibitor compactin, the normal S-phase burst of DNA synthesis was specifically and totally prevented. Finally, the compactin-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis could be completely reversed within minutes by the addition of mevalonate, the product of the HMG CoA reductase reaction. By contrast, addition of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins had no effect upon DNA synthesis in compactin-treated cells. These data demonstrate that HMG CoA reductase activity, and therefore the production of mevalonate, plays an essential role in the synthesis of DNA specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, the results indicate that this function of mevalonate in regulating DNA replication is independent of its conversion to cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:291923", "title": "On the origin of the contractile force in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Analysis of the early tension responses after abrupt step changes in the length of isometrically contracting skeletal muscle shows that the magnitude of the recovery tension (T2) and the time dependence of this process at various step displacements give a good correlation with the behavior expected for a helix-coil transition in the subfragment-2 (S-2) region of myosin. The \"instantaneous\" tension response (to T1) after the step change in length appears to have its origin in compliance within the coil region of S-2, which is formed through helix melting at the moment of force generation.", "contents": "On the origin of the contractile force in skeletal muscle. Analysis of the early tension responses after abrupt step changes in the length of isometrically contracting skeletal muscle shows that the magnitude of the recovery tension (T2) and the time dependence of this process at various step displacements give a good correlation with the behavior expected for a helix-coil transition in the subfragment-2 (S-2) region of myosin. The \"instantaneous\" tension response (to T1) after the step change in length appears to have its origin in compliance within the coil region of S-2, which is formed through helix melting at the moment of force generation."}
{"id": "PMID:291924", "title": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition by heme-regulated inhibitor.", "content": "Partially purified Met-tRNAf binding factor, eIF-2, was phosphorylated by using heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI). Phosphorylated eIF-2 was freed from HRI by phosphocellulose column chromatography. Analysis by isoelectric focusing showed 100% phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. Both eIF-2 and eIF-2(P) formed ternary complexes with Met-tRNAf and GTP with almost the same efficiency, and in both cases the ternary complex formation was drastically inhibited by prior addition of Mg2+. However, whereas the ternary complexes formed with eIF-2 could be stimulated by Co-eIF-2C at 1 mM Mg2+ and dissociated by Co-eIF-2B at 5 mM Mg2+, the ternary complexes formed with eIF-2(P) were unresponsive to both Co-eIF-2B and Co-e-IF-2C. Also, under conditions of eIF-2 phosphorylation, HRI drastically inhibited AUG-dependent Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomes. However, HRI (in the presence of ATP) had no effect on the joining of preformed Met-tRNAf . 40S . AUG complex to the 60S ribosomal subunit to form Met-tRNAf-80S . AUG complex. These studies suggest that HRI inhibits protein synthesis initiation by phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. HRI-phosphorylated eIF-2 does not interact with at least two other protein factors, Co-eIF-2B and Co-eIF-2C, and is thus inactive in protein synthesis initiation.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition by heme-regulated inhibitor. Partially purified Met-tRNAf binding factor, eIF-2, was phosphorylated by using heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI). Phosphorylated eIF-2 was freed from HRI by phosphocellulose column chromatography. Analysis by isoelectric focusing showed 100% phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. Both eIF-2 and eIF-2(P) formed ternary complexes with Met-tRNAf and GTP with almost the same efficiency, and in both cases the ternary complex formation was drastically inhibited by prior addition of Mg2+. However, whereas the ternary complexes formed with eIF-2 could be stimulated by Co-eIF-2C at 1 mM Mg2+ and dissociated by Co-eIF-2B at 5 mM Mg2+, the ternary complexes formed with eIF-2(P) were unresponsive to both Co-eIF-2B and Co-e-IF-2C. Also, under conditions of eIF-2 phosphorylation, HRI drastically inhibited AUG-dependent Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomes. However, HRI (in the presence of ATP) had no effect on the joining of preformed Met-tRNAf . 40S . AUG complex to the 60S ribosomal subunit to form Met-tRNAf-80S . AUG complex. These studies suggest that HRI inhibits protein synthesis initiation by phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eIF-2. HRI-phosphorylated eIF-2 does not interact with at least two other protein factors, Co-eIF-2B and Co-eIF-2C, and is thus inactive in protein synthesis initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291925", "title": "Lectin-like activity of components extracted from human glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "Different fractions of human glomerular basement membranes have been isolated by enzymatic and chemical methods. These fractions were analyzed for their chemical structure and biological activity. The hypothesis that human glomerular basement membrane glycopeptide fractions related to collagenous sequences could act as a lectin-like substance was explored; in fact, extracellular glycoprotein factors play a role in cell-cell interactions and cell adhesion. These collagenous glycopeptides agglutinate human transformed or embryonic cells within 2 hr. The cell agglutination is inhibited by the following sugars: N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. In addition, the rapid cytoagglutination is followed by a cell spreading effect after a further 20-hr incubation. These data led to the postulate that the maintenance of tissue differentiation is governed by the interaction of cells with peculiar sites of the basement membrane consisting of a proteolysis-resistant association between collagen and matrix glycoprotein.", "contents": "Lectin-like activity of components extracted from human glomerular basement membrane. Different fractions of human glomerular basement membranes have been isolated by enzymatic and chemical methods. These fractions were analyzed for their chemical structure and biological activity. The hypothesis that human glomerular basement membrane glycopeptide fractions related to collagenous sequences could act as a lectin-like substance was explored; in fact, extracellular glycoprotein factors play a role in cell-cell interactions and cell adhesion. These collagenous glycopeptides agglutinate human transformed or embryonic cells within 2 hr. The cell agglutination is inhibited by the following sugars: N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. In addition, the rapid cytoagglutination is followed by a cell spreading effect after a further 20-hr incubation. These data led to the postulate that the maintenance of tissue differentiation is governed by the interaction of cells with peculiar sites of the basement membrane consisting of a proteolysis-resistant association between collagen and matrix glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:291926", "title": "A study of the adipose conversion of suspended 3T3 cells by using glycerophosphate dehydrogenase as differentiation marker.", "content": "The adipose conversion of 3T3 cells has been examined in stabilized suspension cultures. In 3T3-F442A cells, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD(+) 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8), a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, increases in specific activity by more than 5000-fold and can be used as a sensitive and precise measure of the conversion. The conversion depends on an adipogenic factor present in the serum, and this factor can be assayed by the cellular enzyme response. If the cells are growing at the time they receive the adipogenic factor, the enzyme response does not become detectable until after 3 days, during which the cells first enter a resting state. If the cells are resting at the time they receive the adipogenic factor, the enzyme activity begins to increase in 24 hr or less. Only resting cells seem susceptible to the reprogramming of their differentiated state necessary for the adipose conversion. Once the conversion begins, the increase in enzyme activity is exponential over at least 2 orders of magnitude. When cells in a resting state begin the adipose conversion, their biosynthetic processes are accelerated: the rate of protein synthesis increases, they accumulate cell protein, and they may replicate their DNA and divide. The cell multiplication is not essential for adipose conversion but is a form of clonal selection that increases the proportion of adipose cells relative to nonadipose cells.", "contents": "A study of the adipose conversion of suspended 3T3 cells by using glycerophosphate dehydrogenase as differentiation marker. The adipose conversion of 3T3 cells has been examined in stabilized suspension cultures. In 3T3-F442A cells, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate: NAD(+) 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8), a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, increases in specific activity by more than 5000-fold and can be used as a sensitive and precise measure of the conversion. The conversion depends on an adipogenic factor present in the serum, and this factor can be assayed by the cellular enzyme response. If the cells are growing at the time they receive the adipogenic factor, the enzyme response does not become detectable until after 3 days, during which the cells first enter a resting state. If the cells are resting at the time they receive the adipogenic factor, the enzyme activity begins to increase in 24 hr or less. Only resting cells seem susceptible to the reprogramming of their differentiated state necessary for the adipose conversion. Once the conversion begins, the increase in enzyme activity is exponential over at least 2 orders of magnitude. When cells in a resting state begin the adipose conversion, their biosynthetic processes are accelerated: the rate of protein synthesis increases, they accumulate cell protein, and they may replicate their DNA and divide. The cell multiplication is not essential for adipose conversion but is a form of clonal selection that increases the proportion of adipose cells relative to nonadipose cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291927", "title": "Synthesis and processing of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits in cultured choriocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Pulse and pulse-chase experiments have identified the presence of partially glycosylated precursors of the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in cultured JAR choriocarcinoma cells. The alpha subunit precursor has an apparent molecular weight (by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 18,000 (compared to 22,000 for fully processed alpha subunit); the beta subunit precursor has an apparent molecular weight of 24,000 (fully processed, 34,000). Both of these precursors appear to have an intracellular half-life of at least 1 hr and to contain the mannose core but not the terminal carbohydrate sequences. Fully processed alpha and beta subunits do not accumulate intracellularly, indicating that further processing of the precursors is followed by rapid secretion.", "contents": "Synthesis and processing of human chorionic gonadotropin subunits in cultured choriocarcinoma cells. Pulse and pulse-chase experiments have identified the presence of partially glycosylated precursors of the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in cultured JAR choriocarcinoma cells. The alpha subunit precursor has an apparent molecular weight (by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of 18,000 (compared to 22,000 for fully processed alpha subunit); the beta subunit precursor has an apparent molecular weight of 24,000 (fully processed, 34,000). Both of these precursors appear to have an intracellular half-life of at least 1 hr and to contain the mannose core but not the terminal carbohydrate sequences. Fully processed alpha and beta subunits do not accumulate intracellularly, indicating that further processing of the precursors is followed by rapid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:291928", "title": "Rapid changes in the synthesis of specific ovarian granulosa cell proteins induced by human choriogonadotropin.", "content": "Total ovarian granulosa cell proteins were labeled in vitro with [35S]methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the 100-150 distinct proteins resolved by this method, 1-2% demonstrated an observable change in their synthesis during the early phases of luteinization after hormone administration. Two specific proteins first appeared as early as 30 min after treatment with human choriogonadotropin, while four additional new proteins became apparent at 3 hr. These changes in the synthesis of specific proteins occurred far in advance of the morphological changes associated with luteinization, which occur 24-72 hr later, and thus may play an important role in this process of hormonally induced cell differentiation in the rat ovary.", "contents": "Rapid changes in the synthesis of specific ovarian granulosa cell proteins induced by human choriogonadotropin. Total ovarian granulosa cell proteins were labeled in vitro with [35S]methionine and analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of the 100-150 distinct proteins resolved by this method, 1-2% demonstrated an observable change in their synthesis during the early phases of luteinization after hormone administration. Two specific proteins first appeared as early as 30 min after treatment with human choriogonadotropin, while four additional new proteins became apparent at 3 hr. These changes in the synthesis of specific proteins occurred far in advance of the morphological changes associated with luteinization, which occur 24-72 hr later, and thus may play an important role in this process of hormonally induced cell differentiation in the rat ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:291929", "title": "Regulation of normal differentiation in mouse and human myeloid leukemic cells by phorbol esters and the mechanism of tumor promotion.", "content": "The control of cell multiplication and differentiation by tumor-promoting phorbol esters including 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been studied with different clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells, a line of human myeloid leukemic cells, and normal mouse bone marrow myeloblasts. TPA induced normal cell differentiation in one of the mouse leukemic clones and this was mediated by induction of the protein inducer of differentiation to macrophages or granulocytes (MGI) in the cells that then differentiated. Other mouse clones were not induced to differentiate by TPA. In one of these clones, TPA induced cell susceptibility to externally added MGI. This effect was not due to a general induction of susceptibility to all compounds because TPA did not induce susceptibility to lypopolysaccharide or dexamethasone in this clone. In the human leukemic cell line, TPA also induced differentiation with the induction of MGI activity and enhanced susceptibility to added MGI. It is suggested that the clonal differences in induction of MGI activity and increased susceptibility to MGI may be associated with differences in receptors for TPA and the ability of TPA to modify receptors for MGI. Studies with normal bone marrow cells have indicated that TPA stimulated MGI activity and also increased susceptibility of normal myeloblasts to induction of multiplication by MGI. The ability of different phorbol esters to produce these effects on normal myeloblasts and myeloid leukemic cells paralleled their ability to act as tumor promoters. The results indicate that a tumor promoter such as TPA can induce the production of and increase cell susceptibility to a normal regulator of cell multiplication and differentiation. TPA has pleiotropic effects. It is suggested that, by these mechanisms, TPA may thus act as a tumor promoter by increasing cell multiplication in initiated cells, induce differentiation in some cells, or inhibit differentiation in other cells, depending on which molecules are being regulated in the TPA-treated cells.", "contents": "Regulation of normal differentiation in mouse and human myeloid leukemic cells by phorbol esters and the mechanism of tumor promotion. The control of cell multiplication and differentiation by tumor-promoting phorbol esters including 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been studied with different clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells, a line of human myeloid leukemic cells, and normal mouse bone marrow myeloblasts. TPA induced normal cell differentiation in one of the mouse leukemic clones and this was mediated by induction of the protein inducer of differentiation to macrophages or granulocytes (MGI) in the cells that then differentiated. Other mouse clones were not induced to differentiate by TPA. In one of these clones, TPA induced cell susceptibility to externally added MGI. This effect was not due to a general induction of susceptibility to all compounds because TPA did not induce susceptibility to lypopolysaccharide or dexamethasone in this clone. In the human leukemic cell line, TPA also induced differentiation with the induction of MGI activity and enhanced susceptibility to added MGI. It is suggested that the clonal differences in induction of MGI activity and increased susceptibility to MGI may be associated with differences in receptors for TPA and the ability of TPA to modify receptors for MGI. Studies with normal bone marrow cells have indicated that TPA stimulated MGI activity and also increased susceptibility of normal myeloblasts to induction of multiplication by MGI. The ability of different phorbol esters to produce these effects on normal myeloblasts and myeloid leukemic cells paralleled their ability to act as tumor promoters. The results indicate that a tumor promoter such as TPA can induce the production of and increase cell susceptibility to a normal regulator of cell multiplication and differentiation. TPA has pleiotropic effects. It is suggested that, by these mechanisms, TPA may thus act as a tumor promoter by increasing cell multiplication in initiated cells, induce differentiation in some cells, or inhibit differentiation in other cells, depending on which molecules are being regulated in the TPA-treated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291930", "title": "Lateral diffusion of surface immunoglobulin, Thy-1 antigen, and a lipid probe in lymphocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "Fluorescence photobleaching recovery was used to measure the lateral diffusion coefficient and mobile fraction of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), Thy-1 antigen, and a lipid probe in the plasma membrane of mouse lymphocytes. The lipid probe (3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine) had a mean (+/-SD) diffusion coefficient of (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(-8) cm(2)/sec, with essentially all of the probe mobile in the membrane. We detected little or no effect on the diffusion of this probe due to the presence of microvilli. Its diffusion was slightly restricted in capped regions. No differences in lipid probe mobility were detected between T and B cells. Fifty to 90% of the detectable sIg and Thy-1 antigen was free to move in the plane of the membrane with diffusion coefficients of approximately 3 x 10(-10) cm(2)/sec; the remainder was immobile. Crosslinking of sIg with anti-Ig antibodies (in the presence of azide to inhibit capping) completely immobilized sIg at high concentrations but failed to do so at low concentrations. Thy-1 antigen could not be immobilized with an IgG rabbit anti-mouse brain reagent without an additional layer of crosslinking antibody. In parallel labelings (in the absence of azide), capping of sIg and Thy-1 antigen was observed only under crosslinking conditions sufficient to immobilize the membrane antigen. Sodium azide, colchicine, and cytochalasin B had no measurable effect on lipid probe, sIg, or Thy-1 diffusion.", "contents": "Lateral diffusion of surface immunoglobulin, Thy-1 antigen, and a lipid probe in lymphocyte plasma membranes. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery was used to measure the lateral diffusion coefficient and mobile fraction of surface immunoglobulin (sIg), Thy-1 antigen, and a lipid probe in the plasma membrane of mouse lymphocytes. The lipid probe (3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine) had a mean (+/-SD) diffusion coefficient of (1.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(-8) cm(2)/sec, with essentially all of the probe mobile in the membrane. We detected little or no effect on the diffusion of this probe due to the presence of microvilli. Its diffusion was slightly restricted in capped regions. No differences in lipid probe mobility were detected between T and B cells. Fifty to 90% of the detectable sIg and Thy-1 antigen was free to move in the plane of the membrane with diffusion coefficients of approximately 3 x 10(-10) cm(2)/sec; the remainder was immobile. Crosslinking of sIg with anti-Ig antibodies (in the presence of azide to inhibit capping) completely immobilized sIg at high concentrations but failed to do so at low concentrations. Thy-1 antigen could not be immobilized with an IgG rabbit anti-mouse brain reagent without an additional layer of crosslinking antibody. In parallel labelings (in the absence of azide), capping of sIg and Thy-1 antigen was observed only under crosslinking conditions sufficient to immobilize the membrane antigen. Sodium azide, colchicine, and cytochalasin B had no measurable effect on lipid probe, sIg, or Thy-1 diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:291931", "title": "Synthesis and turnover of globin mRNA in murine erythroleukemia cells induced with hemin.", "content": "When murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are induced with hemin, they carry out several early functions of the erythroid program. However, they do not become committed to terminal differentiation nor do they become benzidine positive. This is in contrast to MEL cells induced with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) which undergo a more complete program of erythroid differentiation. In order to determine the relationship between commitment and various events in the erythroid program, we compared the induction of MEL cells with hemin and with Me(2)SO. The amount of globin mRNA accumulated in inducing MEL cells and the rate of its synthesis and turnover were quantitated. Although MEL cells induced with hemin accumulated significantly less globin mRNA than did cells induced with Me(2)SO, the rate of synthesis of globin mRNA was the same in fully induced cells, irrespective of inducer. Therefore, there is no evidence that induction with hemin produces an early program that is different or altered from that which is part of Me(2)SO induction. MEL cells induced with Me(2)SO specifically destabilize their globin mRNA after 4 days of induction. This raises the question of whether this destabilization of globin mRNA is an independently programmed late event, as suggested by the time of its occurrence, or, alternatively, whether it might be the inevitable consequence of an early event(s). For instance, destabilization might be linked to the synthesis or translation of globin mRNA. Because MEL cells induced with hemin do not destabilize their globin mRNA, we have concluded that this turnover of globin mRNA is a late event, occurring only in a committed cell population.", "contents": "Synthesis and turnover of globin mRNA in murine erythroleukemia cells induced with hemin. When murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are induced with hemin, they carry out several early functions of the erythroid program. However, they do not become committed to terminal differentiation nor do they become benzidine positive. This is in contrast to MEL cells induced with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) which undergo a more complete program of erythroid differentiation. In order to determine the relationship between commitment and various events in the erythroid program, we compared the induction of MEL cells with hemin and with Me(2)SO. The amount of globin mRNA accumulated in inducing MEL cells and the rate of its synthesis and turnover were quantitated. Although MEL cells induced with hemin accumulated significantly less globin mRNA than did cells induced with Me(2)SO, the rate of synthesis of globin mRNA was the same in fully induced cells, irrespective of inducer. Therefore, there is no evidence that induction with hemin produces an early program that is different or altered from that which is part of Me(2)SO induction. MEL cells induced with Me(2)SO specifically destabilize their globin mRNA after 4 days of induction. This raises the question of whether this destabilization of globin mRNA is an independently programmed late event, as suggested by the time of its occurrence, or, alternatively, whether it might be the inevitable consequence of an early event(s). For instance, destabilization might be linked to the synthesis or translation of globin mRNA. Because MEL cells induced with hemin do not destabilize their globin mRNA, we have concluded that this turnover of globin mRNA is a late event, occurring only in a committed cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:291932", "title": "Nucleosome core histone complex isolated gently and rapidly in 2 M NaCl is octameric.", "content": "A relatively stable specific complex of the chromatin core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 has been obtained in 2 M NaCl/25 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The histone core complex has an apparent specific volume of 0.73 ml/g. Its sedimentation coefficient was dependent on rotor speed (angular velocity, omega) and attained different stable values at low and high rotor speeds. The drop in sedimentation coefficient occurred sharply between omega 2 values of about 9 x 10(6) and 1.1 x 10(7) (radians/sec)2. The s020,w corresponding to zero angular velocity (1 atmosphere pressure) was 6.6 S +/- (SEM) 0.1 S. At high rotor speeds the value decreased to 3.8 S +/- 0.1 S. The core complex has a diffusion coefficient, D20,w, of 5.4 x 10(-7) cm2/sec and a molecular weight of 108,000 +/- (SD) 2500.", "contents": "Nucleosome core histone complex isolated gently and rapidly in 2 M NaCl is octameric. A relatively stable specific complex of the chromatin core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 has been obtained in 2 M NaCl/25 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The histone core complex has an apparent specific volume of 0.73 ml/g. Its sedimentation coefficient was dependent on rotor speed (angular velocity, omega) and attained different stable values at low and high rotor speeds. The drop in sedimentation coefficient occurred sharply between omega 2 values of about 9 x 10(6) and 1.1 x 10(7) (radians/sec)2. The s020,w corresponding to zero angular velocity (1 atmosphere pressure) was 6.6 S +/- (SEM) 0.1 S. At high rotor speeds the value decreased to 3.8 S +/- 0.1 S. The core complex has a diffusion coefficient, D20,w, of 5.4 x 10(-7) cm2/sec and a molecular weight of 108,000 +/- (SD) 2500."}
{"id": "PMID:291933", "title": "Biogenesis of intestinal plasma membrane: posttranslational route and cleavage of sucrase-isomaltase.", "content": "The biosynthesis in vivo of rat intestinal sucrase-isomaltase [a complex of sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48, and oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin 6-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.10] has been studied by following the incorporation of L-[6-(3)H]fucose into the enzyme with time. Immunoprecipitation of sucrase-isomaltase from Triton-X-100-solubilized Golgi or basolateral membranes and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of an immunoreactive glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight approximately twice that of the separated sucrase-isomaltase subunits, but no active subunits were found in these membranes. This glycoprotein was also found in the microvillus membrane in addition to the subunits of sucrase-isomaltase. Kinetic studies showed a maximal labeling of this glycoprotein in Golgi membranes at 15 min, in basolateral membranes at 30 min, and in microvillus membranes at 45 min and a half-life of less than 30 min in each membrane. However, the radioactivity of the sucrase-isomaltase subunits in the microvillus membrane reached a plateau after 60 min. These data suggest that sucrase-isomaltase is synthesized as a one-chain polypeptide precursor that is split into the subunits after its transfer to the microvillus membrane. Elastase (EC 3.4.21.11), but not trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) or alpha-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), split the putative precursor into two polypeptides that had electrophoretic behaviors similar to those of the active enzyme subunits. These studies suggest that pancreatic proteases may play an important role in the late posttranslational processing of sucrase-isomaltase in vivo.", "contents": "Biogenesis of intestinal plasma membrane: posttranslational route and cleavage of sucrase-isomaltase. The biosynthesis in vivo of rat intestinal sucrase-isomaltase [a complex of sucrose alpha-glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48, and oligo-1,6-glucosidase (dextrin 6-alpha-D-glucanohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.10] has been studied by following the incorporation of L-[6-(3)H]fucose into the enzyme with time. Immunoprecipitation of sucrase-isomaltase from Triton-X-100-solubilized Golgi or basolateral membranes and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of an immunoreactive glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight approximately twice that of the separated sucrase-isomaltase subunits, but no active subunits were found in these membranes. This glycoprotein was also found in the microvillus membrane in addition to the subunits of sucrase-isomaltase. Kinetic studies showed a maximal labeling of this glycoprotein in Golgi membranes at 15 min, in basolateral membranes at 30 min, and in microvillus membranes at 45 min and a half-life of less than 30 min in each membrane. However, the radioactivity of the sucrase-isomaltase subunits in the microvillus membrane reached a plateau after 60 min. These data suggest that sucrase-isomaltase is synthesized as a one-chain polypeptide precursor that is split into the subunits after its transfer to the microvillus membrane. Elastase (EC 3.4.21.11), but not trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) or alpha-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1), split the putative precursor into two polypeptides that had electrophoretic behaviors similar to those of the active enzyme subunits. These studies suggest that pancreatic proteases may play an important role in the late posttranslational processing of sucrase-isomaltase in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:291934", "title": "Purification of two spectrin-binding proteins: biochemical and electron microscopic evidence for site-specific reassociation between spectrin and bands 2.1 and 4.1.", "content": "Two peripheral proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane that are capable of forming a stable complex with spectrin have been purified. The proteins, band 2.1 (Mr 210,000) and band 4.1 (Mr 82,000), are water soluble and exist as monomers in solution. Both exhibit strong, specific binding to purified spectrin molecules as determined by cosedimentation in sucrose gradients and both enhance binding to spectrin-depleted, inside-out vesicles that have been stripped of bands 2.1 and 4.1. Rotary replicas of bound material reveal site-specific associations among native, but not heat-denatured, molecules.", "contents": "Purification of two spectrin-binding proteins: biochemical and electron microscopic evidence for site-specific reassociation between spectrin and bands 2.1 and 4.1. Two peripheral proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane that are capable of forming a stable complex with spectrin have been purified. The proteins, band 2.1 (Mr 210,000) and band 4.1 (Mr 82,000), are water soluble and exist as monomers in solution. Both exhibit strong, specific binding to purified spectrin molecules as determined by cosedimentation in sucrose gradients and both enhance binding to spectrin-depleted, inside-out vesicles that have been stripped of bands 2.1 and 4.1. Rotary replicas of bound material reveal site-specific associations among native, but not heat-denatured, molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:291935", "title": "Contractile protein isozymes in muscle development: identification of an embryonic form of myosin heavy chain.", "content": "The nature of the myosin heavy chain in embryonic muscle tissue, cultured muscle cells, and several adult muscles was investigated. After denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, purified rat myosins were subjected to partial proteolytic cleavage or immunological analysis using microcomplement fixation. Three types of myosin heavy chains could be demonstrated by both approaches. Whereas adult muscles contain fast- or slow-type myosin heavy chains, embryonic tissue and cultured muscle cells harbor a distinct embryonic form. The existence of this distinct form further characterizes the isozymic transitions of contractile proteins during muscle development.", "contents": "Contractile protein isozymes in muscle development: identification of an embryonic form of myosin heavy chain. The nature of the myosin heavy chain in embryonic muscle tissue, cultured muscle cells, and several adult muscles was investigated. After denaturation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, purified rat myosins were subjected to partial proteolytic cleavage or immunological analysis using microcomplement fixation. Three types of myosin heavy chains could be demonstrated by both approaches. Whereas adult muscles contain fast- or slow-type myosin heavy chains, embryonic tissue and cultured muscle cells harbor a distinct embryonic form. The existence of this distinct form further characterizes the isozymic transitions of contractile proteins during muscle development."}
{"id": "PMID:291936", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of epoxide hydrase in hyperplastic nodules induced in rat liver by 2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "A knowledge of the biological characteristics of carcinogen-induced hyperplastic nodules of rat liver may be important in the understanding of cancer development. Although its biological role remains to be elucidated, the level of microsomal epoxide hydrase (epoxide hydrolase, EC 3.3.2.3) is 5- to 7-fold greater in hyperplastic nodules nodules induced by feeding the hepatocarcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene than in liver of control rats. After removal of the carcinogen from the diet, the high level of the enzyme is maintained in those nodules that persist and in the hepatocellular carcinomas that subsequently develop. The availability of antibody to the epoxide hydrase made it possible to use electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to localize this enzyme in the cells of hyperplastic nodules. The immunocytochemical procedure provides direct visual evidence for the presence of this enzyme in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and also in rough endoplasmic reticulum (including the nuclear envelope) of the nodule's parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of epoxide hydrase in hyperplastic nodules induced in rat liver by 2-acetylaminofluorene. A knowledge of the biological characteristics of carcinogen-induced hyperplastic nodules of rat liver may be important in the understanding of cancer development. Although its biological role remains to be elucidated, the level of microsomal epoxide hydrase (epoxide hydrolase, EC 3.3.2.3) is 5- to 7-fold greater in hyperplastic nodules nodules induced by feeding the hepatocarcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene than in liver of control rats. After removal of the carcinogen from the diet, the high level of the enzyme is maintained in those nodules that persist and in the hepatocellular carcinomas that subsequently develop. The availability of antibody to the epoxide hydrase made it possible to use electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to localize this enzyme in the cells of hyperplastic nodules. The immunocytochemical procedure provides direct visual evidence for the presence of this enzyme in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and also in rough endoplasmic reticulum (including the nuclear envelope) of the nodule's parenchymal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291937", "title": "Long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells.", "content": "Capillary endothelial cells from rats, calves, and humans, have been carried in long-term culture. Bovine capillary endothelial cells have been cloned and maintained by serial passage for longer than 8 months. This prolonged culture was accomplished by using tumor-conditioned medium, gelatin-coated plates, and a method of enriching cells in primary culture. Cultured bovine capillary endothelial cells produce Factor VIII antigen and angiotensin-converting enzyme, but do not have Weibel-Palade bodies. Human cells do contain Weibel-Palade bodies. Capillary endothelial cells are distinguished from aortic endothelial cells by their requirement for conditioned medium. Bovine capillary endothelial cells in regular medium grow slowly with a mean doubling time of 67 hr and eventually die. In tumor-conditioned medium, these cells grow rapidly with a doubling time of 28 hr and continue to proliferate for as long as the tumor-conditioned medium is present. In contrast, bovine aortic endothelial cells grow as rapidly in regular medium as in tumor-conditioned medium. This method allows the production of pure capillary endothelial cells that may prove useful for studies of tumor angiogenesis, metastatic mechanisms, and the role of capillary endothelium in other pathologic states.", "contents": "Long-term culture of capillary endothelial cells. Capillary endothelial cells from rats, calves, and humans, have been carried in long-term culture. Bovine capillary endothelial cells have been cloned and maintained by serial passage for longer than 8 months. This prolonged culture was accomplished by using tumor-conditioned medium, gelatin-coated plates, and a method of enriching cells in primary culture. Cultured bovine capillary endothelial cells produce Factor VIII antigen and angiotensin-converting enzyme, but do not have Weibel-Palade bodies. Human cells do contain Weibel-Palade bodies. Capillary endothelial cells are distinguished from aortic endothelial cells by their requirement for conditioned medium. Bovine capillary endothelial cells in regular medium grow slowly with a mean doubling time of 67 hr and eventually die. In tumor-conditioned medium, these cells grow rapidly with a doubling time of 28 hr and continue to proliferate for as long as the tumor-conditioned medium is present. In contrast, bovine aortic endothelial cells grow as rapidly in regular medium as in tumor-conditioned medium. This method allows the production of pure capillary endothelial cells that may prove useful for studies of tumor angiogenesis, metastatic mechanisms, and the role of capillary endothelium in other pathologic states."}
{"id": "PMID:291938", "title": "Gene mutations (de novo) found in electrophoretic studies of blood protein of infants with anomalous development.", "content": "Twelve proteins of enzymic and nonenzymic nature in blood samples of infants that deviate from the average population in physical development (50 premature and 177 full-term infants with rough and multiple developmental defects) were studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide and starch gels. The control group consisted of 500 normal newborns. In infants with developmental disorders, the frequency of rare electrophoretic protein variants was found to be about one order of magnitude higher than in the control. It has been shown for at least five cases that such variants are de novo mutations. According to these data the mutation rate is approximately 2 x 10(-3) per locus per generation for the group selected and approximately 6 x 10(-5) for the total population. Despite the fact that further specification of the estimations found is required, we consider the results obtained as evidence in favor of the efficiency of the earlier substantiated monitoring model of gene mutations in the human population [Dubinin, N.P. & Altukhov, Yu. P. (1977) in Genetic Consequences of Environmental Pollution, ed. Dubinin, N.P. (Mysl, Moscow), pp. 14-45]. This approach, which infers electrophoretic screening of blood proteins in a specially selected group of newborns, makes it possible to reduce the size of samples needed for statistically reliable estimations of the alteration of mutation rate.", "contents": "Gene mutations (de novo) found in electrophoretic studies of blood protein of infants with anomalous development. Twelve proteins of enzymic and nonenzymic nature in blood samples of infants that deviate from the average population in physical development (50 premature and 177 full-term infants with rough and multiple developmental defects) were studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide and starch gels. The control group consisted of 500 normal newborns. In infants with developmental disorders, the frequency of rare electrophoretic protein variants was found to be about one order of magnitude higher than in the control. It has been shown for at least five cases that such variants are de novo mutations. According to these data the mutation rate is approximately 2 x 10(-3) per locus per generation for the group selected and approximately 6 x 10(-5) for the total population. Despite the fact that further specification of the estimations found is required, we consider the results obtained as evidence in favor of the efficiency of the earlier substantiated monitoring model of gene mutations in the human population [Dubinin, N.P. & Altukhov, Yu. P. (1977) in Genetic Consequences of Environmental Pollution, ed. Dubinin, N.P. (Mysl, Moscow), pp. 14-45]. This approach, which infers electrophoretic screening of blood proteins in a specially selected group of newborns, makes it possible to reduce the size of samples needed for statistically reliable estimations of the alteration of mutation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:291939", "title": "Assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (Sod-1) to a region of chromosome 16 and of Hprt to a region of the X chromosome in the mouse.", "content": "In the search for homologous chromosome regions in man and mouse, the locus for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD-1; superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) is of particular interest. In man, the SOD-1 gene occupies the same subregion of chromosome 21 that causes Down syndrome when present in triplicate. Although not obviously implicated in the pathogenesis, SOD-1 is considered to be a biochemical marker for this aneuploid condition. Using a set of 29 mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids, we assign Sod-1 to mouse chromosome 16. Isoelectric focusing permits distinction between mouse and Chinese hamster isozymes, and trypsin/Giemsa banding distinguishes mouse from Chinese hamster chromosomes. The mouse fibroblasts used were derived from a male mouse carrying Searle's T(X;16)16H reciprocal translocation in which chromosomes X and 16 have exchanged parts. Analysis of informative hybrids leads to regional assignment of Sod-1 to the distal half of mouse chromosome 16 (16B4 --> ter). Because the Chinese hamster cell line (380) used for cell hybridization is deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), that part of the mouse X chromosome carrying the complementing Hprt gene can be identified by selection in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium and counterselection in 8-azaguanine. Mouse Hprt is on the X(T) translocation product containing the proximal region X cen --> XD.", "contents": "Assignment of the gene for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (Sod-1) to a region of chromosome 16 and of Hprt to a region of the X chromosome in the mouse. In the search for homologous chromosome regions in man and mouse, the locus for cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD-1; superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) is of particular interest. In man, the SOD-1 gene occupies the same subregion of chromosome 21 that causes Down syndrome when present in triplicate. Although not obviously implicated in the pathogenesis, SOD-1 is considered to be a biochemical marker for this aneuploid condition. Using a set of 29 mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids, we assign Sod-1 to mouse chromosome 16. Isoelectric focusing permits distinction between mouse and Chinese hamster isozymes, and trypsin/Giemsa banding distinguishes mouse from Chinese hamster chromosomes. The mouse fibroblasts used were derived from a male mouse carrying Searle's T(X;16)16H reciprocal translocation in which chromosomes X and 16 have exchanged parts. Analysis of informative hybrids leads to regional assignment of Sod-1 to the distal half of mouse chromosome 16 (16B4 --> ter). Because the Chinese hamster cell line (380) used for cell hybridization is deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), that part of the mouse X chromosome carrying the complementing Hprt gene can be identified by selection in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium and counterselection in 8-azaguanine. Mouse Hprt is on the X(T) translocation product containing the proximal region X cen --> XD."}
{"id": "PMID:291940", "title": "Late replication in an X-autosome translocation in the mouse: correlation with genetic inactivation and evidence for selective effects during embryogenesis.", "content": "A technique involving 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 33258 Hoechst, and fluorescence microscopy has been used to analyze replication kinetics in cells from embryonic and adult mice bearing the Cattanach [T(X;7)ICt] translocation in a balanced or an unbalanced form. In balanced 9- and 13-day female embryos, the translocated X was late replicating in 28 and 22% of the cells, respectively, whereas it was late replicating in only 13% of adult cells. In contrast, in unbalanced females, the translocated X was late replicating in 62 and 70% of 9- and 13-day embryos and in 70% of adult cells. Such divergent late replication frequencies suggest the operation, during development, of selection against cells with extreme genetic imbalance. Within a late-replicating translocated X chromosome, the autosomal segment itself replicated late approximately half of the time, regardless of karyotypic balance. The late replication data are consistent with the measurements of levels of mitochondrial malic enzyme (MOD-2, whose locus is on the autosomal segment) activity in these mice [Eicher E. & Coleman, D. (1977) Genetics 85, 647-658]. The present study also shows a dissociation between the replication timing in X chromatin distal and proximal to the autosomal segment, supporting the hypothesis of at least two inactivation centers in the X chromosome.", "contents": "Late replication in an X-autosome translocation in the mouse: correlation with genetic inactivation and evidence for selective effects during embryogenesis. A technique involving 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 33258 Hoechst, and fluorescence microscopy has been used to analyze replication kinetics in cells from embryonic and adult mice bearing the Cattanach [T(X;7)ICt] translocation in a balanced or an unbalanced form. In balanced 9- and 13-day female embryos, the translocated X was late replicating in 28 and 22% of the cells, respectively, whereas it was late replicating in only 13% of adult cells. In contrast, in unbalanced females, the translocated X was late replicating in 62 and 70% of 9- and 13-day embryos and in 70% of adult cells. Such divergent late replication frequencies suggest the operation, during development, of selection against cells with extreme genetic imbalance. Within a late-replicating translocated X chromosome, the autosomal segment itself replicated late approximately half of the time, regardless of karyotypic balance. The late replication data are consistent with the measurements of levels of mitochondrial malic enzyme (MOD-2, whose locus is on the autosomal segment) activity in these mice [Eicher E. & Coleman, D. (1977) Genetics 85, 647-658]. The present study also shows a dissociation between the replication timing in X chromatin distal and proximal to the autosomal segment, supporting the hypothesis of at least two inactivation centers in the X chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:291941", "title": "Precise localization of human beta-globin gene complex on chromosome 11.", "content": "Cloned DNA probes were used in combination with a panel of five hybrid cell clones containing a series of different terminal deletions in human chromosome 11 to map precisely the human hemoglobin beta and delta chain structural genes contained on this chromosome. The region of deletion in each clone of the panel has been defined by biochemical, immunologic, and cytogenetic markers. DNA from clones containing successively larger terminal deletions was tested with appropriate DNA probes to determine the point on the chromosome at which DNA for these two closely linked hemoglobin genes is deleted. These genes, and by inference the closely linked G gamma and A gamma globin genes as well, have been assigned to the intraband region 11p1205 leads to 11p1208 on the short arm of chromosome 11, an interval containing approximately 4500 kilobases of DNA. The approach appears to have potential for even greater resolution and reasonably wide applicability for gene mapping.", "contents": "Precise localization of human beta-globin gene complex on chromosome 11. Cloned DNA probes were used in combination with a panel of five hybrid cell clones containing a series of different terminal deletions in human chromosome 11 to map precisely the human hemoglobin beta and delta chain structural genes contained on this chromosome. The region of deletion in each clone of the panel has been defined by biochemical, immunologic, and cytogenetic markers. DNA from clones containing successively larger terminal deletions was tested with appropriate DNA probes to determine the point on the chromosome at which DNA for these two closely linked hemoglobin genes is deleted. These genes, and by inference the closely linked G gamma and A gamma globin genes as well, have been assigned to the intraband region 11p1205 leads to 11p1208 on the short arm of chromosome 11, an interval containing approximately 4500 kilobases of DNA. The approach appears to have potential for even greater resolution and reasonably wide applicability for gene mapping."}
{"id": "PMID:291942", "title": "HeLa cell variants that differ in sensitivity to monofunctional alkylating agents, with independence of cytotoxic and mutagenic responses.", "content": "Different strains of the established human cell line HeLa differ substantially in sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate (EtMes). The EtMes doses effective for either cytotoxicity or mutation induction in a line of HeLa S3 cells are about 1/10th those required in the CCL2 HeLa line of the American Type Culture Collection. By plating the sensitive HeLa S3 line in the presence of highly cytotoxic doses of EtMes, we obtained a clone (designated A6) that displays about 7-fold greater resistance to EtMes toxicity. This A6 isolate is also cross resistant to other simple monofunctional alkylating agents-exhibiting about 4-fold increased resistance to methyl methanesulfonate and 10- to 15-fold increased resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but is similar to the S3 parent in sensitivity to mitomycin C, UV radiation, and gamma-rays. In contrast to the results for cytotoxicity, the A6 variant and the S3 parent showed the same high susceptibility to EtMes induction of ouabain-resistant mutations. This is direct biological evidence that different alkylation lesions are normally responsible for mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. The S3 and A6 cell lines may differ in DNA repair capability specific to certain potentially lethal alkylation products. The comparative sensitivity of the A6 cells to alkylation mutagenesis may also prove useful in cell genetic studies by facilitating the generation of multiple mutants for recessive alleles and permitting exceptionally sensitive detection of specific mutagenic effects.", "contents": "HeLa cell variants that differ in sensitivity to monofunctional alkylating agents, with independence of cytotoxic and mutagenic responses. Different strains of the established human cell line HeLa differ substantially in sensitivity to ethyl methanesulfonate (EtMes). The EtMes doses effective for either cytotoxicity or mutation induction in a line of HeLa S3 cells are about 1/10th those required in the CCL2 HeLa line of the American Type Culture Collection. By plating the sensitive HeLa S3 line in the presence of highly cytotoxic doses of EtMes, we obtained a clone (designated A6) that displays about 7-fold greater resistance to EtMes toxicity. This A6 isolate is also cross resistant to other simple monofunctional alkylating agents-exhibiting about 4-fold increased resistance to methyl methanesulfonate and 10- to 15-fold increased resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but is similar to the S3 parent in sensitivity to mitomycin C, UV radiation, and gamma-rays. In contrast to the results for cytotoxicity, the A6 variant and the S3 parent showed the same high susceptibility to EtMes induction of ouabain-resistant mutations. This is direct biological evidence that different alkylation lesions are normally responsible for mutagenic and cytotoxic effects. The S3 and A6 cell lines may differ in DNA repair capability specific to certain potentially lethal alkylation products. The comparative sensitivity of the A6 cells to alkylation mutagenesis may also prove useful in cell genetic studies by facilitating the generation of multiple mutants for recessive alleles and permitting exceptionally sensitive detection of specific mutagenic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:291943", "title": "Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases.", "content": "A mathematical model for the evolutionary change of restriction sites in mitochondrial DNA is developed. Formulas based on this model are presented for estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions between two populations or species. To express the degree of polymorphism in a population at the nucleotide level, a measure called \"nucleotide diversity\" is proposed.", "contents": "Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. A mathematical model for the evolutionary change of restriction sites in mitochondrial DNA is developed. Formulas based on this model are presented for estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions between two populations or species. To express the degree of polymorphism in a population at the nucleotide level, a measure called \"nucleotide diversity\" is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:291944", "title": "Successful treatment of autoimmune disease in (NZB/NZW)F1 female mice by using fractionated total lymphoid irradiation.", "content": "Adult female (NZB/NZW)F1 hybrid mice with documented autoimmune glomerulonephritis resembling systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), a modification of the radiotherapeutic regimen currently used for the treatment of Hodgkin disease. After TLI, proteinuria subsided in all mice that had undergone radiotherapy, and the mean survival increased from 359 days in untreated controls to 545 days. It is suggested that TLI should be further investigated as a new approach for immunoregulation of autoimmune disorders.", "contents": "Successful treatment of autoimmune disease in (NZB/NZW)F1 female mice by using fractionated total lymphoid irradiation. Adult female (NZB/NZW)F1 hybrid mice with documented autoimmune glomerulonephritis resembling systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with fractionated total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), a modification of the radiotherapeutic regimen currently used for the treatment of Hodgkin disease. After TLI, proteinuria subsided in all mice that had undergone radiotherapy, and the mean survival increased from 359 days in untreated controls to 545 days. It is suggested that TLI should be further investigated as a new approach for immunoregulation of autoimmune disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:291945", "title": "Tumor cell variants obtained by mutagenesis of a Lewis lung carcinoma cell line: immune rejection by syngeneic mice.", "content": "It has been reported that, by mutagenesis of a malignant mouse teratocarcinoma cell line, it is possible to obtain cell variants that are incapable of forming progressive tumors in syngeneic mice. These variants, which were called \"tum-,\" are eliminated from the host by an immune rejection process. We report here that similar variant cell clones can be obtained at high frequency from a Lewis lung carcinoma cell line treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Syngeneic C57BL/6 mice reject these tum- clones and acquire a strong radioresistant immune protection against the immunizing clone. When the challenging tum- clone differs from the immunizing clone, a weaker radioresistant immune protection can be demonstrated with some, but not all, combinations. All the tum- clones induce a significant protection against the original Lewis lung malignant cells. These results imply that each Lewis lung tum- variant carries on its surface a singular antigen in addition to one or more weak antigens already present on the original tumor cell line. This antigenic pattern is similar to that found on teratocarcinoma tum- variants. Our results suggest that the procedure of using a mutagen in order to generate tum- variants carrying new transplantation antigens may be generally applicable to cancer cells.", "contents": "Tumor cell variants obtained by mutagenesis of a Lewis lung carcinoma cell line: immune rejection by syngeneic mice. It has been reported that, by mutagenesis of a malignant mouse teratocarcinoma cell line, it is possible to obtain cell variants that are incapable of forming progressive tumors in syngeneic mice. These variants, which were called \"tum-,\" are eliminated from the host by an immune rejection process. We report here that similar variant cell clones can be obtained at high frequency from a Lewis lung carcinoma cell line treated with the mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Syngeneic C57BL/6 mice reject these tum- clones and acquire a strong radioresistant immune protection against the immunizing clone. When the challenging tum- clone differs from the immunizing clone, a weaker radioresistant immune protection can be demonstrated with some, but not all, combinations. All the tum- clones induce a significant protection against the original Lewis lung malignant cells. These results imply that each Lewis lung tum- variant carries on its surface a singular antigen in addition to one or more weak antigens already present on the original tumor cell line. This antigenic pattern is similar to that found on teratocarcinoma tum- variants. Our results suggest that the procedure of using a mutagen in order to generate tum- variants carrying new transplantation antigens may be generally applicable to cancer cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291946", "title": "Change in specificity of antibodies to a random synthetic branched polypeptide in mice tolerant to its ordered analogs.", "content": "The crossreactivity between the random synthetic polypeptide antigen, (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), and its ordered sequence analogs, (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) and (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), has been studied on the level of tolerance induction. Induction of tolerance to the random (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) affected the response of the tolerant mice to the homologous antigen as well as to (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), which was shown previously to represent the major determinant of (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). In contrast, these mice responded with high antibody titers to the hardly crossreacting (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Mice tolerant to the ordered peptide antigen (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) did not respond to the homologous polypeptide; however, their immune response to either (Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) or (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) was not affected. Mice that were tolerant to (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) responded well to (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Furthermore, these mice produced high antibody titers after immunization with the random (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). However, the antibodies produced were not specific to the major determinant of (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), namely, Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu, but were directed to minor determinants of the random polypeptide, including Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu, which are not immunopotent when nontolerant mice are immunized with (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Thus, whereas antigenic specificity reflects itself also at the level of tolerance induction, the animals that had been made tolerant are capable of responding to previously silent antigenic determinants.", "contents": "Change in specificity of antibodies to a random synthetic branched polypeptide in mice tolerant to its ordered analogs. The crossreactivity between the random synthetic polypeptide antigen, (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), and its ordered sequence analogs, (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) and (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), has been studied on the level of tolerance induction. Induction of tolerance to the random (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) affected the response of the tolerant mice to the homologous antigen as well as to (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), which was shown previously to represent the major determinant of (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). In contrast, these mice responded with high antibody titers to the hardly crossreacting (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Mice tolerant to the ordered peptide antigen (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) did not respond to the homologous polypeptide; however, their immune response to either (Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) or (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) was not affected. Mice that were tolerant to (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys) responded well to (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Furthermore, these mice produced high antibody titers after immunization with the random (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). However, the antibodies produced were not specific to the major determinant of (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys), namely, Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu, but were directed to minor determinants of the random polypeptide, including Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu, which are not immunopotent when nontolerant mice are immunized with (Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)- -poly(Lys). Thus, whereas antigenic specificity reflects itself also at the level of tolerance induction, the animals that had been made tolerant are capable of responding to previously silent antigenic determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:291947", "title": "C4a: the third anaphylatoxin of the human complement system.", "content": "The activation peptide C4a was isolated from C1s-cleaved C4, the fourth component of complement. The peptide appeared to be homogeneous by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. C4a has a molecular weight of 8650 and an electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 of +2.1 x 10(-5) cm2V-1 sec-1. Carboxypeptidase B released approximately 1 mol of arginine per mol of C4a. The partial COOH-terminal sequence was determined to be Leu-Gln-Arg-COOH. The isolated C4a was spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum at a concentration of 1 microM and it desensitized the muscle (i.e., produced tachyphylaxis) with respect to human C3a anaphylatoxin (at 0.33 microM) but not with respect to human C5a anaphylatoxin. Increased vascular permeability was observed in human skin after intradermal injection of 1 nmol of C4a, as evidenced by immediate erythema and edema formation. The spasmogenic, tachyphylactic, and vascular activities of C4a were abrogated by removal of the COOH-terminal arginine, a property that is characteristic also of the C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. Contamination of C4a with either C3a or C5a has been ruled out by using radioimmunoassays for these peptides. Although C4a is considerably less active than are C3a and C5a, the present observations suggest that C4a constitutes a heretofore unrecognized anaphylatoxin that is related biologically and chemically to the activation peptides of C3 and C5.", "contents": "C4a: the third anaphylatoxin of the human complement system. The activation peptide C4a was isolated from C1s-cleaved C4, the fourth component of complement. The peptide appeared to be homogeneous by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. C4a has a molecular weight of 8650 and an electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 of +2.1 x 10(-5) cm2V-1 sec-1. Carboxypeptidase B released approximately 1 mol of arginine per mol of C4a. The partial COOH-terminal sequence was determined to be Leu-Gln-Arg-COOH. The isolated C4a was spasmogenic for guinea pig ileum at a concentration of 1 microM and it desensitized the muscle (i.e., produced tachyphylaxis) with respect to human C3a anaphylatoxin (at 0.33 microM) but not with respect to human C5a anaphylatoxin. Increased vascular permeability was observed in human skin after intradermal injection of 1 nmol of C4a, as evidenced by immediate erythema and edema formation. The spasmogenic, tachyphylactic, and vascular activities of C4a were abrogated by removal of the COOH-terminal arginine, a property that is characteristic also of the C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins. Contamination of C4a with either C3a or C5a has been ruled out by using radioimmunoassays for these peptides. Although C4a is considerably less active than are C3a and C5a, the present observations suggest that C4a constitutes a heretofore unrecognized anaphylatoxin that is related biologically and chemically to the activation peptides of C3 and C5."}
{"id": "PMID:291948", "title": "Electrophoretically pure mouse interferon exerts multiple biologic effects.", "content": "Electrophoretically pure mouse interferon was examined for a number of biologic effects previously ascribed to crude or partially purified interferon preparations. These effects include: inhibition of the growth of a transplantable tumor in mice; inhibition of cell multiplication of mouse tumor cells in vitro; enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens on mouse tumor cells in vitro; inhibition of antibody formation in vitro; inhibition of sensitization to sheep erythrocytes and the expression of delayed type hypersensitivity in mice; enhancement of natural killer cell activity in vivo and in vitro; enhancement of cell sensitivity to the toxicity of poly(I)-poly(C); and enhanced production (\"priming\") of interferon production in vitro. Our results establish that the molecules responsible for the antiviral action of interferon are also responsible for these varied biologic effects.", "contents": "Electrophoretically pure mouse interferon exerts multiple biologic effects. Electrophoretically pure mouse interferon was examined for a number of biologic effects previously ascribed to crude or partially purified interferon preparations. These effects include: inhibition of the growth of a transplantable tumor in mice; inhibition of cell multiplication of mouse tumor cells in vitro; enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens on mouse tumor cells in vitro; inhibition of antibody formation in vitro; inhibition of sensitization to sheep erythrocytes and the expression of delayed type hypersensitivity in mice; enhancement of natural killer cell activity in vivo and in vitro; enhancement of cell sensitivity to the toxicity of poly(I)-poly(C); and enhanced production (\"priming\") of interferon production in vitro. Our results establish that the molecules responsible for the antiviral action of interferon are also responsible for these varied biologic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:291949", "title": "Uroporphyrinogen I synthase induction in normal human bone marrow cultures: an early and quantitative response of erythroid differentiation.", "content": "Uroporphyrinogen I (URO) synthase [porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase (polymerizing), EC 4.3.1.8] activity increased when cultures of normal human bone marrow cells were incubated with erythropoietin. The increase of URO synthase activity was a linear function of erythropoietin concentration in the culture medium and was proportional to the extent of heme synthesis as determined by 55Fe incorporation into heme. The onset of the increase in URO synthase activity, which occurred on day 4 of incubation with erythropoietin, preceded by 3 days the appearance of hemoglobin in colonies derived from erythroid progenitor cells. These results indicate that induction of URO synthase in normal human bone marrow cells incubated with erythropoietin is an early event and that URO synthase activity is a useful quantitative index of erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Uroporphyrinogen I synthase induction in normal human bone marrow cultures: an early and quantitative response of erythroid differentiation. Uroporphyrinogen I (URO) synthase [porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase (polymerizing), EC 4.3.1.8] activity increased when cultures of normal human bone marrow cells were incubated with erythropoietin. The increase of URO synthase activity was a linear function of erythropoietin concentration in the culture medium and was proportional to the extent of heme synthesis as determined by 55Fe incorporation into heme. The onset of the increase in URO synthase activity, which occurred on day 4 of incubation with erythropoietin, preceded by 3 days the appearance of hemoglobin in colonies derived from erythroid progenitor cells. These results indicate that induction of URO synthase in normal human bone marrow cells incubated with erythropoietin is an early event and that URO synthase activity is a useful quantitative index of erythroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291950", "title": "Manganese and zinc blockade of enzyme induction: studies with microsomal heme oxygenase.", "content": "Heme oxygenase (decyclizing) [heme,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating), EC 1.14.99.3] is greatly induced in the kidney by the administration of nickel or tin. Manganese, when administered simultaneously with nickel or tin in an equimolar amount, substantially inhibited the induction of heme oxygenase. The extent of inhibition was 80% and 98%, respectively. In rats pretreated up to 8 hr with manganese, the level of induction of heme oxygenase by nickel or tin was markedly reduced in a time-dependent fashion. Manganese treatment after the inducing metal was relatively ineffective in preventing the induction of heme oxygenase. Manganese in vitro did not inhibit heme oxygenase in the microsomes isolated from either control or tin-induced rats and in vivo did not increase the rate of catabolism of the induced enzyme. Magnesium was unable to block nickel or tin induction of heme oxygenase. Zinc in equimolar amounts could also substantially reduce the extent of induction of renal heme oxygenase when administered simultaneously with nickel or tin. In addition, simultaneous zinc administration blocked to a considerable extent the induction of hepatic heme oxygenase by nickel, cobalt, or cadmium. These findings indicate the existence of metal-metal interactions that can greatly influence the regulatory mechanism for the induced synthesis of heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation.", "contents": "Manganese and zinc blockade of enzyme induction: studies with microsomal heme oxygenase. Heme oxygenase (decyclizing) [heme,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (alpha-methene-oxidizing, hydroxylating), EC 1.14.99.3] is greatly induced in the kidney by the administration of nickel or tin. Manganese, when administered simultaneously with nickel or tin in an equimolar amount, substantially inhibited the induction of heme oxygenase. The extent of inhibition was 80% and 98%, respectively. In rats pretreated up to 8 hr with manganese, the level of induction of heme oxygenase by nickel or tin was markedly reduced in a time-dependent fashion. Manganese treatment after the inducing metal was relatively ineffective in preventing the induction of heme oxygenase. Manganese in vitro did not inhibit heme oxygenase in the microsomes isolated from either control or tin-induced rats and in vivo did not increase the rate of catabolism of the induced enzyme. Magnesium was unable to block nickel or tin induction of heme oxygenase. Zinc in equimolar amounts could also substantially reduce the extent of induction of renal heme oxygenase when administered simultaneously with nickel or tin. In addition, simultaneous zinc administration blocked to a considerable extent the induction of hepatic heme oxygenase by nickel, cobalt, or cadmium. These findings indicate the existence of metal-metal interactions that can greatly influence the regulatory mechanism for the induced synthesis of heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:291951", "title": "Human epidermal cell cultures: growth and differentiation in the absence of differentiation in the absence of dermal components or medium supplements.", "content": "Human epidermal cells grew and differentiated in vitro, provided that the pH of the culture medium was at 5.6-5.8, the seeding density was optimal (approximately 2.5 x 10(5) cells per cm2), and the incubation temperature was maintained at 35-37 degrees C. Under these conditions, epidermal cells from many different skin locations grew to confluency within 15-20 days and formed multi-layered sheets whose differentiated structure resembled that of the full depth of skin epidermis. Cell proliferation and differentiation did not require a feeder layer, a collagen substrate, a high concentration of fetal bovine serum, or added hormones. The sheets of differentiated epidermal cells could be dissociated from the plastic surfaces of the tissue culture flasks. The use of such cultured cells for wound dressing is proposed.", "contents": "Human epidermal cell cultures: growth and differentiation in the absence of differentiation in the absence of dermal components or medium supplements. Human epidermal cells grew and differentiated in vitro, provided that the pH of the culture medium was at 5.6-5.8, the seeding density was optimal (approximately 2.5 x 10(5) cells per cm2), and the incubation temperature was maintained at 35-37 degrees C. Under these conditions, epidermal cells from many different skin locations grew to confluency within 15-20 days and formed multi-layered sheets whose differentiated structure resembled that of the full depth of skin epidermis. Cell proliferation and differentiation did not require a feeder layer, a collagen substrate, a high concentration of fetal bovine serum, or added hormones. The sheets of differentiated epidermal cells could be dissociated from the plastic surfaces of the tissue culture flasks. The use of such cultured cells for wound dressing is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:291952", "title": "Alterations in nociception and body temperature after intracisternal administration of neurotensin, beta-endorphin, other endogenous peptides, and morphine.", "content": "The antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of intracisternal administration of 11 endogenous neuropeptides and morphine were evaluated in mice. Of the substances tested, only neurotensin (NT) and beta-endorphin exerted significant antinociceptive and hypothermic effects; NT was the most potent in inducing hypothermia whereas beta-endorphin was the most potent antinociceptive agent via this route of administration. Both NT, and beta-endorphin were, on a molar basis, considerably more potent antinociceptive agents than morphine, [Met]enkephalin, or [Leu]enkephalin. NT-induced analgesia and hypothermia both were significantly dose-dependent. Substance P was found to produce significant hyperalgesia and hyperthermia. Bombesin produced a significant hypothermic effect, whereas somatostatin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) produced hyperthermia. None of the other peptides studies [bradykinin, thyrotropin-releasing factor (thyroliberin), melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor (melanostatin), somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin, and [Leu]enkephalin] produced any significant alterations in colonic temperature or response to a noxious stimulus with the doses tested. These data demonstrate that NT and beta-endorphin, two endogenous brain peptides, are potent in inducing hypothermia and in producing an antinociceptive state.", "contents": "Alterations in nociception and body temperature after intracisternal administration of neurotensin, beta-endorphin, other endogenous peptides, and morphine. The antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of intracisternal administration of 11 endogenous neuropeptides and morphine were evaluated in mice. Of the substances tested, only neurotensin (NT) and beta-endorphin exerted significant antinociceptive and hypothermic effects; NT was the most potent in inducing hypothermia whereas beta-endorphin was the most potent antinociceptive agent via this route of administration. Both NT, and beta-endorphin were, on a molar basis, considerably more potent antinociceptive agents than morphine, [Met]enkephalin, or [Leu]enkephalin. NT-induced analgesia and hypothermia both were significantly dose-dependent. Substance P was found to produce significant hyperalgesia and hyperthermia. Bombesin produced a significant hypothermic effect, whereas somatostatin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (luliberin) produced hyperthermia. None of the other peptides studies [bradykinin, thyrotropin-releasing factor (thyroliberin), melanocyte-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor (melanostatin), somatostatin, [Met]enkephalin, and [Leu]enkephalin] produced any significant alterations in colonic temperature or response to a noxious stimulus with the doses tested. These data demonstrate that NT and beta-endorphin, two endogenous brain peptides, are potent in inducing hypothermia and in producing an antinociceptive state."}
{"id": "PMID:291953", "title": "Specific [3H]phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system.", "content": "[3H]Phencyclidine (PCP) bound specifically and with high affinity (Kd = 0.15 microM at pH 7.4) to a single saturable class of binding sites in rat brain membrane preparations. Specific binding constituted approximately 70% of total binding at 0 degrees C and 33% of total binding at 37 degrees C (at 10 nM [3H]PCP). Bound [3H]PCP could be displaced by nonradioactive PCP, a series of its derivatives, and the psychotomimetic opiate N-allylnorcyclazocine (SKF 10,047) with relative potencies that closely paralleled those determined in animal behavioral tests. Muscarinic cholinergic ligands inhibited [3H]PCP binding, but only at 0.1 mM and in rank order at variance with that for binding to muscarinic sites or for pharmacological potencies. Other drugs, including opiates other than SKF 10,047, were unable to displace specifically bound [3H]PCP at 0.1 mM. [3H]PCP binding was most enriched in crude synaptosomal subcellular fractions, and was about three times higher in hippocampus (region of highest density) than in cervical spinal cord (region of lowest density). Trypsin and Pronase reduced specific [3H]PCP binding. Thus, PCP may exert its effects on the central nervous system via binding to specific brain receptor sites.", "contents": "Specific [3H]phencyclidine binding in rat central nervous system. [3H]Phencyclidine (PCP) bound specifically and with high affinity (Kd = 0.15 microM at pH 7.4) to a single saturable class of binding sites in rat brain membrane preparations. Specific binding constituted approximately 70% of total binding at 0 degrees C and 33% of total binding at 37 degrees C (at 10 nM [3H]PCP). Bound [3H]PCP could be displaced by nonradioactive PCP, a series of its derivatives, and the psychotomimetic opiate N-allylnorcyclazocine (SKF 10,047) with relative potencies that closely paralleled those determined in animal behavioral tests. Muscarinic cholinergic ligands inhibited [3H]PCP binding, but only at 0.1 mM and in rank order at variance with that for binding to muscarinic sites or for pharmacological potencies. Other drugs, including opiates other than SKF 10,047, were unable to displace specifically bound [3H]PCP at 0.1 mM. [3H]PCP binding was most enriched in crude synaptosomal subcellular fractions, and was about three times higher in hippocampus (region of highest density) than in cervical spinal cord (region of lowest density). Trypsin and Pronase reduced specific [3H]PCP binding. Thus, PCP may exert its effects on the central nervous system via binding to specific brain receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:291954", "title": "beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics and the hormonal, analgesic, and behavioral effects of several doses of human beta-endorphin were evaluated after intravenous administration to three patients and intracerebroventricular administration to one patient with pain caused by cancer. These effects were compared to the hormonal effects of intravenously administered morphine sulfate in two patients and an enkephalin analog in two baboons. The mean terminal half-life after intravenous administration of 5 or 10 mg of human beta-endorphin to three patients was 37 min; the mean volume of distribution was 178 ml/kg, and the metabolic clearance rate was 3.2 (ml/min)/kg. The half-life of beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular administration was 93 min, and the volume of distribution was 0.74 ml/kg. A rapid rise in plasma prolactin followed both intravenous and intracerebroventricular beta-endorphin. Intravenous administration did not affect plasma growth hormone, but intracerebroventricular administration suppressed plasma growth hormone. No significant change in plasma growth hormone was noted after intravenous administration of morphine to humans, but plasma growth hormone decreased in one baboon after administration of the enkephalin analog. beta-Endorphin-stimulated release of prolactin occurred at doses lower than those required to produce analgesic and other behavioral effects. When both hormonal and analgesic effects were observed (after 7.5 mg were given intracerebroventricularly), the onset of the hormonal response slightly preceded the analgesic and behavioral responses. These studies suggest that the hormonal effects of beta-endorphin are species dependent and are similar to those of morphine. Hormonal and analgesic effects of beta-endorphin appear to result from the activation of opiate receptors that differ in their locations and characteristics.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: analgesic and hormonal effects in humans. The pharmacokinetics and the hormonal, analgesic, and behavioral effects of several doses of human beta-endorphin were evaluated after intravenous administration to three patients and intracerebroventricular administration to one patient with pain caused by cancer. These effects were compared to the hormonal effects of intravenously administered morphine sulfate in two patients and an enkephalin analog in two baboons. The mean terminal half-life after intravenous administration of 5 or 10 mg of human beta-endorphin to three patients was 37 min; the mean volume of distribution was 178 ml/kg, and the metabolic clearance rate was 3.2 (ml/min)/kg. The half-life of beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after intracerebroventricular administration was 93 min, and the volume of distribution was 0.74 ml/kg. A rapid rise in plasma prolactin followed both intravenous and intracerebroventricular beta-endorphin. Intravenous administration did not affect plasma growth hormone, but intracerebroventricular administration suppressed plasma growth hormone. No significant change in plasma growth hormone was noted after intravenous administration of morphine to humans, but plasma growth hormone decreased in one baboon after administration of the enkephalin analog. beta-Endorphin-stimulated release of prolactin occurred at doses lower than those required to produce analgesic and other behavioral effects. When both hormonal and analgesic effects were observed (after 7.5 mg were given intracerebroventricularly), the onset of the hormonal response slightly preceded the analgesic and behavioral responses. These studies suggest that the hormonal effects of beta-endorphin are species dependent and are similar to those of morphine. Hormonal and analgesic effects of beta-endorphin appear to result from the activation of opiate receptors that differ in their locations and characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:291955", "title": "In vitro maturation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from mouse embryos is enhanced in presence of their striatal target cells.", "content": "Long-term survival of mesencephalic and striatal cells from mouse embryos in dissociated primary cultures is described. Catecholaminergic neurons in mesencephalic culutres were identified histochemically and by measuring [3H]dopamine uptake and synthesis from [3H]tyrosine. According to experiments using specific inhibitors of catecholamine uptake, at least two-thirds of the catecholaminergic neurons are dopaminergic. These neurons differentiated whether or not striatal target cells were present, but striatal cells stimulated the development of the dopaminergic neurons. [3H]Dopamine uptake was increased by at least 2-fold regardless of the age of the cocultures (4-15 days). Enhanced [3H]dopamine synthesis was also observed (at least 2-fold) at later times (12-15 days).", "contents": "In vitro maturation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from mouse embryos is enhanced in presence of their striatal target cells. Long-term survival of mesencephalic and striatal cells from mouse embryos in dissociated primary cultures is described. Catecholaminergic neurons in mesencephalic culutres were identified histochemically and by measuring [3H]dopamine uptake and synthesis from [3H]tyrosine. According to experiments using specific inhibitors of catecholamine uptake, at least two-thirds of the catecholaminergic neurons are dopaminergic. These neurons differentiated whether or not striatal target cells were present, but striatal cells stimulated the development of the dopaminergic neurons. [3H]Dopamine uptake was increased by at least 2-fold regardless of the age of the cocultures (4-15 days). Enhanced [3H]dopamine synthesis was also observed (at least 2-fold) at later times (12-15 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:291956", "title": "Induction of acetylcholine receptors on cultured skeletal muscle by a factor extracted from brain and spinal cord.", "content": "Extracts of chicken brain and spinal cord increase the total number of acetylcholine receptors and the number of acetylcholine receptors and the number of receptor clusters on uninnervated skeletal myotubes in culture. The active component in these extracts may be unique to neural tissue. Spinal cord cells grown in culture contain the active factor and they secrete it into the medium. Most of the activity is associated with a small molecule possibly a peptide. Such a factor may be responsible for the clustering of receptors at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses.", "contents": "Induction of acetylcholine receptors on cultured skeletal muscle by a factor extracted from brain and spinal cord. Extracts of chicken brain and spinal cord increase the total number of acetylcholine receptors and the number of acetylcholine receptors and the number of receptor clusters on uninnervated skeletal myotubes in culture. The active component in these extracts may be unique to neural tissue. Spinal cord cells grown in culture contain the active factor and they secrete it into the medium. Most of the activity is associated with a small molecule possibly a peptide. Such a factor may be responsible for the clustering of receptors at newly formed nerve-muscle synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:291957", "title": "Theory of the dependence of population levels on environmental history for semelparous species with short reproductive seasons.", "content": "A population that is strongly self-regulating through density-dependent effects is expected to be such that, if many generations have elapsed since its establishment, its present size should not be sensitive to its initial size but should instead be determined by the history of the variables that describe the influence of the environment on fecundity, mortality, and dispersal. Here we discuss the dependence of abundance on environmental history for a semelparous population in which reproduction is synchronous. It is assumed that at each instant t: (i) the rate of loss of members of age a by mortality and dispersal is given by a function rho of t, a, and the present number x = x(a,t) of such members; and (ii) the number x(0,t) of members born in the population is given by a function F of t and the number of x(a(f),t) at a specified age a(f) of fecundity. It is further assumed that the functions rho and F have the forms rho(x,a,t) = pi(1)(a,t)x + pi(2)(a,t)x(2) and F(x(a(f),t),t) = nu(t)x(a(f),t). For such a population, a change in the environment is significant only if it results in a change in nu(t) pi(1)(a,t), or pi(2)(a,t), and, hence, the history of the environment up to time t is described by giving nu(tau), pi(1)(a,tau), and pi(2)(a,tau) for each tau </= t and all a in [0, a(f)]. We show that the dependence of x on the history of the environment can be calculated explicitly and has certain properties of \"fading memory\"; i.e., environmental events that occurred in the remote past have less effect upon the present abundance than comparable events in the recent past.", "contents": "Theory of the dependence of population levels on environmental history for semelparous species with short reproductive seasons. A population that is strongly self-regulating through density-dependent effects is expected to be such that, if many generations have elapsed since its establishment, its present size should not be sensitive to its initial size but should instead be determined by the history of the variables that describe the influence of the environment on fecundity, mortality, and dispersal. Here we discuss the dependence of abundance on environmental history for a semelparous population in which reproduction is synchronous. It is assumed that at each instant t: (i) the rate of loss of members of age a by mortality and dispersal is given by a function rho of t, a, and the present number x = x(a,t) of such members; and (ii) the number x(0,t) of members born in the population is given by a function F of t and the number of x(a(f),t) at a specified age a(f) of fecundity. It is further assumed that the functions rho and F have the forms rho(x,a,t) = pi(1)(a,t)x + pi(2)(a,t)x(2) and F(x(a(f),t),t) = nu(t)x(a(f),t). For such a population, a change in the environment is significant only if it results in a change in nu(t) pi(1)(a,t), or pi(2)(a,t), and, hence, the history of the environment up to time t is described by giving nu(tau), pi(1)(a,tau), and pi(2)(a,tau) for each tau </= t and all a in [0, a(f)]. We show that the dependence of x on the history of the environment can be calculated explicitly and has certain properties of \"fading memory\"; i.e., environmental events that occurred in the remote past have less effect upon the present abundance than comparable events in the recent past."}
{"id": "PMID:291958", "title": "1H nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of flexibility in DNA.", "content": "In this paper we report successful observations of proton NMR spectra of native double helical salmon sperm and calf thymus DNA of various lengths. Measurements of the linewidths arising from proton--proton dipolar interactions are used to obtain information about the dynamic behavior of DNA helices in solution. Depending upon which protons are used to monitor the local internal motions of the DNA, different results are obtained. The lowfield resonances from hydrogen-bonded imino protons in the base pairs indicate that the correlation time for reorientation of base pairs is less than 3 x 10(-7) sec, whereas correlation times for motion of neighboring sugar protons relative to the aromatic protons are less than 5 x 10(-8) sec for DNA that is over 200 base pairs long. These observations indicate that there is considerably more internal flexibility in the DNA molecues, especially in the backbone, than is indicated by classic hydrodynamic studies of DNA.", "contents": "1H nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of flexibility in DNA. In this paper we report successful observations of proton NMR spectra of native double helical salmon sperm and calf thymus DNA of various lengths. Measurements of the linewidths arising from proton--proton dipolar interactions are used to obtain information about the dynamic behavior of DNA helices in solution. Depending upon which protons are used to monitor the local internal motions of the DNA, different results are obtained. The lowfield resonances from hydrogen-bonded imino protons in the base pairs indicate that the correlation time for reorientation of base pairs is less than 3 x 10(-7) sec, whereas correlation times for motion of neighboring sugar protons relative to the aromatic protons are less than 5 x 10(-8) sec for DNA that is over 200 base pairs long. These observations indicate that there is considerably more internal flexibility in the DNA molecues, especially in the backbone, than is indicated by classic hydrodynamic studies of DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:291959", "title": "Antibodies bound to lipid haptens in model membranes diffuse as rapidly as the lipids themselves.", "content": "A pattern photobleaching method has been used to measure the rates of lateral diffusion of fluorescent-labeled specific anti-nitroxide IgG bound with both combining sites to nitroxide-containing phospholipids in liposomal membranes composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 28 degrees C (\"fluid\"), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine at 32 degrees C (\"Solid\"), and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing 15 or 25 mol% cholesterol (\"solid\" or \"fluid,\" respectively, at 32 degrees C). The diffusion coefficients of the bound immunoglobulin were found to be the same as those of fluorescent-labeled phospholipids in each case even though these diffusion coefficients range from 10(-11) to 10(-8) cm2/sec. Hapten-containing liposomal membranes of the type studied here have previously been shown to elicit a number of antibody-dependent immune responses. Therefore, this work indicates that membrane-bound but otherwise freely diffusing antibodies are sufficient for these reponses.", "contents": "Antibodies bound to lipid haptens in model membranes diffuse as rapidly as the lipids themselves. A pattern photobleaching method has been used to measure the rates of lateral diffusion of fluorescent-labeled specific anti-nitroxide IgG bound with both combining sites to nitroxide-containing phospholipids in liposomal membranes composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine at 28 degrees C (\"fluid\"), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine at 32 degrees C (\"Solid\"), and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine containing 15 or 25 mol% cholesterol (\"solid\" or \"fluid,\" respectively, at 32 degrees C). The diffusion coefficients of the bound immunoglobulin were found to be the same as those of fluorescent-labeled phospholipids in each case even though these diffusion coefficients range from 10(-11) to 10(-8) cm2/sec. Hapten-containing liposomal membranes of the type studied here have previously been shown to elicit a number of antibody-dependent immune responses. Therefore, this work indicates that membrane-bound but otherwise freely diffusing antibodies are sufficient for these reponses."}
{"id": "PMID:291960", "title": "Characterization of an endopeptidase involved in pre-protein processing.", "content": "Proteolytic removal of the pre-segment from growing nascent chains of pre-human placental lactogen (hPL) occurred during in vitro translation of placental mRNA if crude membranes derived from ascites lysates, dog pancreas, or rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum were added to the translation mixtures. The cotranslational proteolytic event was inhibited by the peptide protease inhibitor, chymostatin, but not by leupeptin, antipain, or elastatinal. The proteases involved in cleavage were solubilized with detergent and converted completed pre-hPL to hPL (post-translational processing). Direct assay of the solubilized membranes, with synthetic fluorogenic aminocoumarin peptide substrates, revealed no significant tryptic or elastase-like activity, but activity against a chymotrypsin substrate [(succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe)-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin] was found. This activity was dependent upon both an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase. Although bestatin inhibited the aminopeptidase activity, it had no effect on the endopeptidase or on post-translational cleavage. Although this endopeptidase cleaved on the COOH side of an alanine residue, it was not inhibited by elastatinal. However, it was inhibited by high levels of chymostatin and by some serine protease inhibitors.", "contents": "Characterization of an endopeptidase involved in pre-protein processing. Proteolytic removal of the pre-segment from growing nascent chains of pre-human placental lactogen (hPL) occurred during in vitro translation of placental mRNA if crude membranes derived from ascites lysates, dog pancreas, or rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum were added to the translation mixtures. The cotranslational proteolytic event was inhibited by the peptide protease inhibitor, chymostatin, but not by leupeptin, antipain, or elastatinal. The proteases involved in cleavage were solubilized with detergent and converted completed pre-hPL to hPL (post-translational processing). Direct assay of the solubilized membranes, with synthetic fluorogenic aminocoumarin peptide substrates, revealed no significant tryptic or elastase-like activity, but activity against a chymotrypsin substrate [(succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe)-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin] was found. This activity was dependent upon both an endopeptidase and an aminopeptidase. Although bestatin inhibited the aminopeptidase activity, it had no effect on the endopeptidase or on post-translational cleavage. Although this endopeptidase cleaved on the COOH side of an alanine residue, it was not inhibited by elastatinal. However, it was inhibited by high levels of chymostatin and by some serine protease inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:291961", "title": "Enhanced nonenzymatic glucosylation of human serum albumin in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Use of an ion exchange chromatographic method and a colorimetric method with thiobarbituric acid showed that levels of nonenzymatically glucosylated serum albumin were increased in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus compared to controls. The two methods correlated well (r = 0.99) and clearly discriminated between normal and poorly controlled diabetic populations. The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin were also measured in both populations. Several patients apparently in good control based on glycosylated hemoglobin measurements were found to have increased levels of glycosylated albumin. Because albumin has a shorter circulating half-life than does the human erythrocyte, the plasma concentration of glucosylated albumin should be expected to reflect short-term control of hyperglycemia in diabetes. The studies reported here suggest that the level of glucosylated albumin may indeed be a sensitive indicator of moderate hyperglycemia and of early glucose intolerance.", "contents": "Enhanced nonenzymatic glucosylation of human serum albumin in diabetes mellitus. Use of an ion exchange chromatographic method and a colorimetric method with thiobarbituric acid showed that levels of nonenzymatically glucosylated serum albumin were increased in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus compared to controls. The two methods correlated well (r = 0.99) and clearly discriminated between normal and poorly controlled diabetic populations. The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin were also measured in both populations. Several patients apparently in good control based on glycosylated hemoglobin measurements were found to have increased levels of glycosylated albumin. Because albumin has a shorter circulating half-life than does the human erythrocyte, the plasma concentration of glucosylated albumin should be expected to reflect short-term control of hyperglycemia in diabetes. The studies reported here suggest that the level of glucosylated albumin may indeed be a sensitive indicator of moderate hyperglycemia and of early glucose intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:291962", "title": "Synthesis of fluorescent nucleotide analogues: 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates of linear-benzoguanosine, linear-benzoinosine, and linear-benzoxanthosine.", "content": "The fluorescent nucleotide analogues (the 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates of lin-benzoguanosine, lin-benzoxanthosine, and lin-benzoinosine) have been prepared for use as dimensional probes of enzyme binding sites. They have quantum yields in aqueous solution of 0.39, 0.55, and 0.04 and fluorescent lifetimes of 6, 9, and approximately equal to 1.5 nsec, respectively. lin-Benzoinosine 5'-monophosphate is a substrate for xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2), providing lin-benzoxanthosine 5'-monophosphate, and lin-benzoinosine 5'-diphosphate is a substrate for polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase. EC 2.7.7.8), giving poly(lin-benzoinosinic acid). The benzologues of the purine diphosphates are substrates for pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), which is used to prepare the triphosphates.", "contents": "Synthesis of fluorescent nucleotide analogues: 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates of linear-benzoguanosine, linear-benzoinosine, and linear-benzoxanthosine. The fluorescent nucleotide analogues (the 5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates of lin-benzoguanosine, lin-benzoxanthosine, and lin-benzoinosine) have been prepared for use as dimensional probes of enzyme binding sites. They have quantum yields in aqueous solution of 0.39, 0.55, and 0.04 and fluorescent lifetimes of 6, 9, and approximately equal to 1.5 nsec, respectively. lin-Benzoinosine 5'-monophosphate is a substrate for xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2), providing lin-benzoxanthosine 5'-monophosphate, and lin-benzoinosine 5'-diphosphate is a substrate for polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase. EC 2.7.7.8), giving poly(lin-benzoinosinic acid). The benzologues of the purine diphosphates are substrates for pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40), which is used to prepare the triphosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:291963", "title": "Differential activities of glycolipid glycosyltransferases in Tay-Sachs disease: studies in cultured cells from cerebrum.", "content": "Four different glycolipid:glycosyltransferase activities involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of gangliosides and blood group-related glycosphingolipids have been tested in a simian virus 40-transformed glial cell culture derived from the cerebrum of a fetus with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD). The TSD cultured brain cells contained little activity of either UDP-Gal:GM2(beta 1-3)galactosyltransferase (GalT-3; EC 2.4.1.62), which catalyzes the formation of GM1a from GM2 (tay-Sachs) ganglioside, or GDP-Fuc:nLcOse4Cer (alpha 1-2)fucosyltransferase (FucT-2; EC 2.4.1.89), which catalyzes the formation of H1 glycolipid from nLcOse4Cer. These cells contained a potent inhibitor of the second reaction (catalyzed by a Golgi-rich membrane fraction from bovine spleen), whereas no inhibition of the first reaction (catalyzed by a membrane fraction from 14-day-old embryonic chicken brain) was observed. The activity of UDP-Gal:LcOse3Cer(beta 1-4)galactosyltransferase (GalT-4; EC 2.4.1.86) was 30- to 80-fold higher than the activity of GalT-3. The presence of CMP-AcNeu:nLcOse4Cer sialyltransferase activity and the absence of either GalT-3 or FucT-2 suggested a probable pathway for the synthesis of sialylneolactotetraosylceramide [GM1b(GlcNAc)] in addition to a specific blockage of GM1a ganglioside synthesis from GM2 in these TSD transformed cells.", "contents": "Differential activities of glycolipid glycosyltransferases in Tay-Sachs disease: studies in cultured cells from cerebrum. Four different glycolipid:glycosyltransferase activities involved in the biosynthesis in vitro of gangliosides and blood group-related glycosphingolipids have been tested in a simian virus 40-transformed glial cell culture derived from the cerebrum of a fetus with Tay-Sachs disease (TSD). The TSD cultured brain cells contained little activity of either UDP-Gal:GM2(beta 1-3)galactosyltransferase (GalT-3; EC 2.4.1.62), which catalyzes the formation of GM1a from GM2 (tay-Sachs) ganglioside, or GDP-Fuc:nLcOse4Cer (alpha 1-2)fucosyltransferase (FucT-2; EC 2.4.1.89), which catalyzes the formation of H1 glycolipid from nLcOse4Cer. These cells contained a potent inhibitor of the second reaction (catalyzed by a Golgi-rich membrane fraction from bovine spleen), whereas no inhibition of the first reaction (catalyzed by a membrane fraction from 14-day-old embryonic chicken brain) was observed. The activity of UDP-Gal:LcOse3Cer(beta 1-4)galactosyltransferase (GalT-4; EC 2.4.1.86) was 30- to 80-fold higher than the activity of GalT-3. The presence of CMP-AcNeu:nLcOse4Cer sialyltransferase activity and the absence of either GalT-3 or FucT-2 suggested a probable pathway for the synthesis of sialylneolactotetraosylceramide [GM1b(GlcNAc)] in addition to a specific blockage of GM1a ganglioside synthesis from GM2 in these TSD transformed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:291964", "title": "Mechanism for circularization of linear DNAs: circular parvovirus MVM DNA is formed by a \"noose\" sliding in a \"lasso\"-like DNA structure.", "content": "During an electron-microscopic survey with the aim of identifying the parvovirus MVM transcription template, we observed previously unidentified structures of MVM DNA in lysates of virus-infected cells. These included double-stranded \"lasso\"-like structures and relaxed circles. Both structures were of unit length MVM DNA, indicating that they were not intermediates formed during replication; they each represented about 5% of the total nuclear MVM DNA. The proportion of these structures was unchanged after digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate/Pronase and RNase and after mild denaturation treatment. Cleavage of the \"lasso\" structures with EcoRI restriction endonuclease indicated that the \"noose\" part of the \"lasso\" structure is located on the 5' side of the genomic single-stranded MVM DNA. A model is presented for the molecular nature of the circularization process of MVM DNA in which the \"lasso\" structures are identified as intermediates during circle formation. This model proposes a mechanism for circularization of linear DNAs.", "contents": "Mechanism for circularization of linear DNAs: circular parvovirus MVM DNA is formed by a \"noose\" sliding in a \"lasso\"-like DNA structure. During an electron-microscopic survey with the aim of identifying the parvovirus MVM transcription template, we observed previously unidentified structures of MVM DNA in lysates of virus-infected cells. These included double-stranded \"lasso\"-like structures and relaxed circles. Both structures were of unit length MVM DNA, indicating that they were not intermediates formed during replication; they each represented about 5% of the total nuclear MVM DNA. The proportion of these structures was unchanged after digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate/Pronase and RNase and after mild denaturation treatment. Cleavage of the \"lasso\" structures with EcoRI restriction endonuclease indicated that the \"noose\" part of the \"lasso\" structure is located on the 5' side of the genomic single-stranded MVM DNA. A model is presented for the molecular nature of the circularization process of MVM DNA in which the \"lasso\" structures are identified as intermediates during circle formation. This model proposes a mechanism for circularization of linear DNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:291965", "title": "Structure of genes for human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin.", "content": "A 2.6-kilobase (kb) EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragment containing human growth hormone (hGH; somatotropin) gene sequences and a 2.8-kb EcoRI fragment containing human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS; choriomammotropin) gene sequences have been identified by hybridization to cloned cDNA. Human DNA was cleaved with EcoRI and fractionated by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis; DNA in the size range 2--3 kb was ligated to lambda gt WES.lambda B DNA and viable recombinant bacteriophage were recovered by in vitro packaging. After infection of Escherichia coli and screening of phage plaques, single isolates of hGH and hCS gene sequences were obtained. Restriction endonuclease mapping showed that the hGH gene contains three intervening sequences interrupting the coding sequence. Partial DNA sequence analysis of the hGH gene, obtained by the chain termination method, confirmed the location of the intervening sequences and the identity of the fragment.", "contents": "Structure of genes for human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin. A 2.6-kilobase (kb) EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragment containing human growth hormone (hGH; somatotropin) gene sequences and a 2.8-kb EcoRI fragment containing human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS; choriomammotropin) gene sequences have been identified by hybridization to cloned cDNA. Human DNA was cleaved with EcoRI and fractionated by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis; DNA in the size range 2--3 kb was ligated to lambda gt WES.lambda B DNA and viable recombinant bacteriophage were recovered by in vitro packaging. After infection of Escherichia coli and screening of phage plaques, single isolates of hGH and hCS gene sequences were obtained. Restriction endonuclease mapping showed that the hGH gene contains three intervening sequences interrupting the coding sequence. Partial DNA sequence analysis of the hGH gene, obtained by the chain termination method, confirmed the location of the intervening sequences and the identity of the fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:291966", "title": "Enzymatic identification of mannose 6-phosphate on the recognition marker for receptor-mediated pinocytosis of beta-glucuronidase by human fibroblasts.", "content": "Human beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31), like many other glycoprotein lysosomal hydrolases, is subject to receptor-mediated endocytosis by fibroblasts. Prior work demonstrated charge heterogeneity in beta-glucuronidase and showed that high-uptake forms are more acidic than slowly internalized forms. Considerable indirect evidence implicated mannose 6-phosphate as an essential part of the recognition marker on high-uptake enzyme forms. Here we report the purification of beta-glucuronidase from human spleen and demonstrate enzymatically that mannose 6-phosphate is released on acid hydrolysis of pure enzyme varies directly with its susceptibility to pinocytosis by fibroblasts. Enzyme forms resolved by CM-Sephadex chromatography differed over an 18-fold range in uptake rate and in mannose 6-phosphate content. The most acidic forms had 4.4 mol of mannose 6-phosphate per mol of enzyme. The mannose 6-phosphate was released from the enzyme by treatment with endoglycosidase H with concomitant loss of susceptibility to adsorptive endocytosis. Thus, these studies provide direct evidence that mannose 6-phosphate is present on high-uptake enzyme forms, that it is present in the recognition marker for uptake, and that it is present on oligosaccharide that is released by endoglycosidase H.", "contents": "Enzymatic identification of mannose 6-phosphate on the recognition marker for receptor-mediated pinocytosis of beta-glucuronidase by human fibroblasts. Human beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31), like many other glycoprotein lysosomal hydrolases, is subject to receptor-mediated endocytosis by fibroblasts. Prior work demonstrated charge heterogeneity in beta-glucuronidase and showed that high-uptake forms are more acidic than slowly internalized forms. Considerable indirect evidence implicated mannose 6-phosphate as an essential part of the recognition marker on high-uptake enzyme forms. Here we report the purification of beta-glucuronidase from human spleen and demonstrate enzymatically that mannose 6-phosphate is released on acid hydrolysis of pure enzyme varies directly with its susceptibility to pinocytosis by fibroblasts. Enzyme forms resolved by CM-Sephadex chromatography differed over an 18-fold range in uptake rate and in mannose 6-phosphate content. The most acidic forms had 4.4 mol of mannose 6-phosphate per mol of enzyme. The mannose 6-phosphate was released from the enzyme by treatment with endoglycosidase H with concomitant loss of susceptibility to adsorptive endocytosis. Thus, these studies provide direct evidence that mannose 6-phosphate is present on high-uptake enzyme forms, that it is present in the recognition marker for uptake, and that it is present on oligosaccharide that is released by endoglycosidase H."}
{"id": "PMID:291967", "title": "Identification of gamma-glutamyl phosphate in the alpha 2 chains of chicken bone collagen.", "content": "Purified components of chicken bone collagen contain approximately 4 atoms of organic phosphorus per mol of collagen, located principally in the alpha 2 chains. Previous analyses have demonstrated the absence of O-phosphoserine, O-phosphothreonine, and other phosphorylated hydroxy amino acids, phosphoamidated amino acids, and phosphorylated sugars. In the present report we establish that chicken bone collagen contains gamma-glutamyl phosphate. This was accomplished by the isolation of tritiated alpha-amino-delta-hydroxyvaleric acid after reductive cleavage with NaB[3H]H4 of the gamma components, the alpha 2 chains, and peptides enriched in organic phosphorus that were derived from the alpha 2 chains. Tritiated alpha-amino-delta-hydroxyvaleric acid was not detected in any of the following unphosphorylated proteins after cleavage with NaB[3H]H4:albumin and lysozyme, the alpha 2 chains of several unmineralized tissues, and, most importantly, dephosphorylated alpha 2 chains of chicken bone collagen. The alpha 2 chain of chicken bone collagen is the first structural protein found to contain an acyl phosphate.", "contents": "Identification of gamma-glutamyl phosphate in the alpha 2 chains of chicken bone collagen. Purified components of chicken bone collagen contain approximately 4 atoms of organic phosphorus per mol of collagen, located principally in the alpha 2 chains. Previous analyses have demonstrated the absence of O-phosphoserine, O-phosphothreonine, and other phosphorylated hydroxy amino acids, phosphoamidated amino acids, and phosphorylated sugars. In the present report we establish that chicken bone collagen contains gamma-glutamyl phosphate. This was accomplished by the isolation of tritiated alpha-amino-delta-hydroxyvaleric acid after reductive cleavage with NaB[3H]H4 of the gamma components, the alpha 2 chains, and peptides enriched in organic phosphorus that were derived from the alpha 2 chains. Tritiated alpha-amino-delta-hydroxyvaleric acid was not detected in any of the following unphosphorylated proteins after cleavage with NaB[3H]H4:albumin and lysozyme, the alpha 2 chains of several unmineralized tissues, and, most importantly, dephosphorylated alpha 2 chains of chicken bone collagen. The alpha 2 chain of chicken bone collagen is the first structural protein found to contain an acyl phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:291968", "title": "Comparison of adult, embryonic, and dystrophic myosin heavy chains from chicken muscle by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping.", "content": "Chicken myosin heavy chains from adult fast white muscle fibers (both normal and dystrophic), adult slow red fibers, and embryonic presumptive fast white fibers were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by peptide mapping. The heavy chain of slow red myosin migrated electrophoretically more slowly than the heavy chains of the other myosins and differed markedly from them in its peptide maps. The heavy chain of dystrophic fast white myosin was similar to its normal counterpart by peptide mapping but showed slight differences. The peptide map of the heavy chain of embryonic presumptive fast white myosin had the general features of that of the heavy chain of fast white, not slow red, fibers but contained definite differences from the former. The results are consistent with the existence of a separate gene for the heavy chain of embryonic presumptive fast white myosin.", "contents": "Comparison of adult, embryonic, and dystrophic myosin heavy chains from chicken muscle by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide mapping. Chicken myosin heavy chains from adult fast white muscle fibers (both normal and dystrophic), adult slow red fibers, and embryonic presumptive fast white fibers were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by peptide mapping. The heavy chain of slow red myosin migrated electrophoretically more slowly than the heavy chains of the other myosins and differed markedly from them in its peptide maps. The heavy chain of dystrophic fast white myosin was similar to its normal counterpart by peptide mapping but showed slight differences. The peptide map of the heavy chain of embryonic presumptive fast white myosin had the general features of that of the heavy chain of fast white, not slow red, fibers but contained definite differences from the former. The results are consistent with the existence of a separate gene for the heavy chain of embryonic presumptive fast white myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:291969", "title": "Eukaryotic mRNA cap binding protein: purification by affinity chromatography on sepharose-coupled m7GDP.", "content": "A 24,000-dalton polypeptide that binds strongly and can be specifically crosslinked to the 5'-terminal cap structure m7GpppN in eukaryotic mRNAs has been detected in protein synthesis initiation factor preparations [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1978) 75, 4843--4847]. This polypeptide has been purified to apparent homogeneity by one chromatographic passage through an affinity resin prepared by coupling the levulinic acid O2',3'-acetal of m7GDP to AH-Sepharose 4B. Translation, in HeLa cell extracts, of capped mRNAs including Sindbis virus, reovirus, and rabbit globin mRNAs was stimulated by the cap-binding protein under conditions that did not increase translation of noncapped RNAs of encephalomyocarditis virus and satellite tobacco necrosis virus.", "contents": "Eukaryotic mRNA cap binding protein: purification by affinity chromatography on sepharose-coupled m7GDP. A 24,000-dalton polypeptide that binds strongly and can be specifically crosslinked to the 5'-terminal cap structure m7GpppN in eukaryotic mRNAs has been detected in protein synthesis initiation factor preparations [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1978) 75, 4843--4847]. This polypeptide has been purified to apparent homogeneity by one chromatographic passage through an affinity resin prepared by coupling the levulinic acid O2',3'-acetal of m7GDP to AH-Sepharose 4B. Translation, in HeLa cell extracts, of capped mRNAs including Sindbis virus, reovirus, and rabbit globin mRNAs was stimulated by the cap-binding protein under conditions that did not increase translation of noncapped RNAs of encephalomyocarditis virus and satellite tobacco necrosis virus."}
{"id": "PMID:291970", "title": "Construction and cloning of rat albumin structural gene sequences.", "content": "A recombinant plasmid containing a DNA segment complementary to rat liver albumin mRNA has been constructed, cloned, and used to examine the organization of albumin gene. The 18S fraction of total liver poly(A)-containing RNA was copied into a double-stranded cDNA by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The cDNA was inserted into the HindIII site of the plasmid pBR322 via the addition of specific oligonucleotide linkers. Recombinant plasmids were screened by hybrid arrest of mRNA translation and hybridization with specific cDNAs. Thereby, a plasmid was identified that contained a 1200-nucleotide insert corresponding to a segment adjacent to the 5'-terminal region of albumin mRNA. The inserted sequence was used as a hybridization probe to detect five EcoRI fragments of genomic DNA which encode albumin mRNA. These were compared to eight EcoRI fragments identified within the rat genome by albumin cDNA. We conclude that the albumin gene (or genes) is interrupted at more than one site in the coding DNA by intervening sequences. Furthermore, we were able to distinguish those fragments that encode the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA.", "contents": "Construction and cloning of rat albumin structural gene sequences. A recombinant plasmid containing a DNA segment complementary to rat liver albumin mRNA has been constructed, cloned, and used to examine the organization of albumin gene. The 18S fraction of total liver poly(A)-containing RNA was copied into a double-stranded cDNA by avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. The cDNA was inserted into the HindIII site of the plasmid pBR322 via the addition of specific oligonucleotide linkers. Recombinant plasmids were screened by hybrid arrest of mRNA translation and hybridization with specific cDNAs. Thereby, a plasmid was identified that contained a 1200-nucleotide insert corresponding to a segment adjacent to the 5'-terminal region of albumin mRNA. The inserted sequence was used as a hybridization probe to detect five EcoRI fragments of genomic DNA which encode albumin mRNA. These were compared to eight EcoRI fragments identified within the rat genome by albumin cDNA. We conclude that the albumin gene (or genes) is interrupted at more than one site in the coding DNA by intervening sequences. Furthermore, we were able to distinguish those fragments that encode the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:291971", "title": "Characterization and regulation of reductase kinase, a protein kinase that modulates the enzymic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.", "content": "The activity of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [HMG-CoA reductase; mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] can be modulated in vitro by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence. A microsomal reductase kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase and histones. Histone phosphorylation was enhanced 2- to 3-fold by cyclic AMP. Reductase kinase exists in interconvertible active and inactive forms. Incubation of reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent decrease in the ability of reductase kinase to catalyze the phosphorylation of histones and to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Incubation of phosphoprotein phosphatase-inactivated reductase kinase with [gamma-(32)P]ATP plus Mg(2+) and a partially purified protein kinase designated reductase kinase kinase resulted in parallel increases in protein-bound (32)P radioactivity and ability to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Incubation of (32)P-labeled reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent loss of protein-bound (32)P radioactivity and a decrease in the ability to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified reductase kinase incubated with reductase kinase kinase and [gamma-(32)P]ATP plus Mg(2+) revealed that the (32)P radioactivity and reductase kinase enzymic activity were located in a single electrophoretic position. Dephosphorylation of (32)P-labeled purified reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase was associated with significant loss of radioactivity and enzymic activity in the protein band ascribed to reductase kinase. These results provide evidence that the activity of reductase kinase, like HMG-CoA reductase, is modulated by a reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence.", "contents": "Characterization and regulation of reductase kinase, a protein kinase that modulates the enzymic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. The activity of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [HMG-CoA reductase; mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] can be modulated in vitro by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence. A microsomal reductase kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase and histones. Histone phosphorylation was enhanced 2- to 3-fold by cyclic AMP. Reductase kinase exists in interconvertible active and inactive forms. Incubation of reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent decrease in the ability of reductase kinase to catalyze the phosphorylation of histones and to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Incubation of phosphoprotein phosphatase-inactivated reductase kinase with [gamma-(32)P]ATP plus Mg(2+) and a partially purified protein kinase designated reductase kinase kinase resulted in parallel increases in protein-bound (32)P radioactivity and ability to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Incubation of (32)P-labeled reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase resulted in a time-dependent loss of protein-bound (32)P radioactivity and a decrease in the ability to inactivate HMG-CoA reductase. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified reductase kinase incubated with reductase kinase kinase and [gamma-(32)P]ATP plus Mg(2+) revealed that the (32)P radioactivity and reductase kinase enzymic activity were located in a single electrophoretic position. Dephosphorylation of (32)P-labeled purified reductase kinase with phosphoprotein phosphatase was associated with significant loss of radioactivity and enzymic activity in the protein band ascribed to reductase kinase. These results provide evidence that the activity of reductase kinase, like HMG-CoA reductase, is modulated by a reversible phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reaction sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:291972", "title": "Orientation of rhodopsin alpha-helices in in retinal rod outer segment membranes studied by infrared linear dichroism.", "content": "Frog retinal rod outer segments, oriented by a magentic field, were shown to contain rhodopsin alpha-helical segments preferentially aligned perpendicular to the plane of the disc membrane, by the technique of infrared linear dichroism. Infrared absorption parallel and perpendicular to the rod axes by peptide C parallel to O groups, whose absorption band contains alpha-helical and random coil components at slightly different frequencies, showed positive dichroism centered on the alpha-helix frequence. We conclude that the alpha-helical portion of the protein has an average orientation in the transmembrane direction. Furthermore, infrared spectra of rods in 2H2O Ringer's solution exhibit two distinct peptide amino group absorption bands: the unexchanged N-2H band, which is nondichroic. This implies that the oriented part of the protein is in the lipid bilayer, supporting a model for rhodopsin with a hydrophobic core containing partially oriented alpha-helices and hydrophilic ends consisting of unoriented polypeptide.", "contents": "Orientation of rhodopsin alpha-helices in in retinal rod outer segment membranes studied by infrared linear dichroism. Frog retinal rod outer segments, oriented by a magentic field, were shown to contain rhodopsin alpha-helical segments preferentially aligned perpendicular to the plane of the disc membrane, by the technique of infrared linear dichroism. Infrared absorption parallel and perpendicular to the rod axes by peptide C parallel to O groups, whose absorption band contains alpha-helical and random coil components at slightly different frequencies, showed positive dichroism centered on the alpha-helix frequence. We conclude that the alpha-helical portion of the protein has an average orientation in the transmembrane direction. Furthermore, infrared spectra of rods in 2H2O Ringer's solution exhibit two distinct peptide amino group absorption bands: the unexchanged N-2H band, which is nondichroic. This implies that the oriented part of the protein is in the lipid bilayer, supporting a model for rhodopsin with a hydrophobic core containing partially oriented alpha-helices and hydrophilic ends consisting of unoriented polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:291973", "title": "Protein-heme interaction in hemoglobin: evidence from Raman difference spectroscopy.", "content": "Raman difference spectroscopy measurements on native and chemically modified human deoxyhemoglobins stabilized in either the R or the T quaternary structure revealed frequency differences in the oxidation state marker lines. The differences indicate that the R structure has an effective increase in the electron density of the antibonding pi* orbitals of the porphyrin rings. This increase is explained by a charge transfer interaction between donor orbitals and the pi* orbitals of the porphyrins. The relative amount of charge transferred, which is inferred from the Raman difference measurements, correlates with some but not all factors that influence the energetics of the quaternary structure equilibrium. In addition, the free energy of cooperativity for a variety of ligated proteins follows the same order as that of the degree of charge depletion of the pi* orbitals upon ligation as determined from the frequency of a Raman mode. The proposed electronic interaction between the protein and heme could result in energies large enough to provide a significant contribution to the energetics of hemoglobin cooperativity.", "contents": "Protein-heme interaction in hemoglobin: evidence from Raman difference spectroscopy. Raman difference spectroscopy measurements on native and chemically modified human deoxyhemoglobins stabilized in either the R or the T quaternary structure revealed frequency differences in the oxidation state marker lines. The differences indicate that the R structure has an effective increase in the electron density of the antibonding pi* orbitals of the porphyrin rings. This increase is explained by a charge transfer interaction between donor orbitals and the pi* orbitals of the porphyrins. The relative amount of charge transferred, which is inferred from the Raman difference measurements, correlates with some but not all factors that influence the energetics of the quaternary structure equilibrium. In addition, the free energy of cooperativity for a variety of ligated proteins follows the same order as that of the degree of charge depletion of the pi* orbitals upon ligation as determined from the frequency of a Raman mode. The proposed electronic interaction between the protein and heme could result in energies large enough to provide a significant contribution to the energetics of hemoglobin cooperativity."}
{"id": "PMID:291974", "title": "Filament interaction in intact muscle fibers monitored by light scattering.", "content": "Measurement of changes in optical properties of intact muscle fibers during contraction has proven to be difficult or, in some cases, impossible due to movement of the muscle relative to the incident beam. In this paper we describe a technique for immobilizing single fibers in clear gelatin, which permits measurement of light scattering signals undistorted by movement artifacts. We also describe the phase and amplitude relationship between changes in intensity of light scattering (at 90 degrees to incident beam) and tensions induced by electrically activating single fibers. With tensions that range up to 50% Po (Po = maximal tension measured by exposure of fibers to 200 mM K+), the maximal increase in light scattering is about 25% of that for resting fibers. The scattering increase precedes tension, and at low temperatures the interval between the two peaks can be 50--100 msec. We interpret these data on intact fibers, as we did our earlier data from studied on skinned fibers, as indicating that increases in light scattering power of muscle are primarily due to attachment of myosin cross-bridges to actin filaments.", "contents": "Filament interaction in intact muscle fibers monitored by light scattering. Measurement of changes in optical properties of intact muscle fibers during contraction has proven to be difficult or, in some cases, impossible due to movement of the muscle relative to the incident beam. In this paper we describe a technique for immobilizing single fibers in clear gelatin, which permits measurement of light scattering signals undistorted by movement artifacts. We also describe the phase and amplitude relationship between changes in intensity of light scattering (at 90 degrees to incident beam) and tensions induced by electrically activating single fibers. With tensions that range up to 50% Po (Po = maximal tension measured by exposure of fibers to 200 mM K+), the maximal increase in light scattering is about 25% of that for resting fibers. The scattering increase precedes tension, and at low temperatures the interval between the two peaks can be 50--100 msec. We interpret these data on intact fibers, as we did our earlier data from studied on skinned fibers, as indicating that increases in light scattering power of muscle are primarily due to attachment of myosin cross-bridges to actin filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:291975", "title": "Synthesis of labile, serum-dependent protein in early G1 controls animal cell growth.", "content": "We present a model to account for several major observations on growth control of animal cells in culture. This model is tested by means of kinetic experiments which show that exponentially growing animal cells whose ability to synthesize total protein has been inhibited with cycloheximide (by up to 70%) grow at rates approximately proportional to their rates of protein synthesis. However, virtually the entire elongation of the cell cycle occurs in the part of the G(1) phase that depends on a high concentration of serum in the medium. This part of the cycle has earlier been suggested to lie prior to the restriction point-i.e., the point beyond the main regulatory processes of G(1). The remainder of the cycle, from restriction point to mitosis, is markedly insensitive to these concentrations of cycloheximide as well as to growth regulation. We quantitatively account for the specific lengthening of that part of the cycle involved in growth regulation by assuming that cells must accumulate a specific protein in a critical amount before they can proceed beyond the restriction point. The lability of this protein (half-life about 2 hr) makes its accumulation unusually sensitive to inhibition of total protein synthesis by cycloheximide. Its production appears to depend on growth factors provided by serum. The model can also account for greater variations of G(1) durations as the growth of cell populations is made slower. It also predicts two sorts of quiescence: one of cells slowly traversing G(1), in slightly suboptimal conditions; the other of cells that enter G(0) under inadequate conditions. Transformation of different sorts could create cells with altered variables for initiation, synthesis, or inactivation of the regulatory protein or could altogether eliminate the need for the protein.", "contents": "Synthesis of labile, serum-dependent protein in early G1 controls animal cell growth. We present a model to account for several major observations on growth control of animal cells in culture. This model is tested by means of kinetic experiments which show that exponentially growing animal cells whose ability to synthesize total protein has been inhibited with cycloheximide (by up to 70%) grow at rates approximately proportional to their rates of protein synthesis. However, virtually the entire elongation of the cell cycle occurs in the part of the G(1) phase that depends on a high concentration of serum in the medium. This part of the cycle has earlier been suggested to lie prior to the restriction point-i.e., the point beyond the main regulatory processes of G(1). The remainder of the cycle, from restriction point to mitosis, is markedly insensitive to these concentrations of cycloheximide as well as to growth regulation. We quantitatively account for the specific lengthening of that part of the cycle involved in growth regulation by assuming that cells must accumulate a specific protein in a critical amount before they can proceed beyond the restriction point. The lability of this protein (half-life about 2 hr) makes its accumulation unusually sensitive to inhibition of total protein synthesis by cycloheximide. Its production appears to depend on growth factors provided by serum. The model can also account for greater variations of G(1) durations as the growth of cell populations is made slower. It also predicts two sorts of quiescence: one of cells slowly traversing G(1), in slightly suboptimal conditions; the other of cells that enter G(0) under inadequate conditions. Transformation of different sorts could create cells with altered variables for initiation, synthesis, or inactivation of the regulatory protein or could altogether eliminate the need for the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:291976", "title": "Presence and expression of Friend erythroleukemia virus-related sequences in normal and leukemic mouse tissues.", "content": "The nature and distribution of sequences related to the murine erythroleukemia virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), have been analyzed by using a radioactive cDNA probe specific for the SFFV genome (cDNA(sff)). From the proportion of high molecular weight viral [(32)P]RNA which hybridized to cDNA(sff), it was estimated that these sequences represent about 50% of the SFFV genome, indicating a genetic complexity of about 3300 nucleotides. cDNA(sff) hybridized extensively (80-95%) to SFFV virion RNA and to cellular RNA from murine and rat cells productively or nonproductively infected with SFFV. Only background homology was detected between cDNA(sff) and viral RNA from a number of murine [Friend murine leukemia virus (MuLV), Moloney-MuLV, and Kirsten sarcoma virus] and nonmurine (Rous sarcoma virus, feline leukemia virus, baboon endogenous virus, and Mason-Pfizer mammary tumor virus) retroviruses. Limited homology was also detected to a number of murine xenotropic and mink cell focus-inducing viruses (20-35%) as well as Rauscher leukemia virus (50%). Nucleotide sequences homologous to cDNA(sff) were also detected in the DNA of normal cells of several mouse strains as single or a few copies per cell. Thermal denaturation analysis indicated that duplexes formed between cDNA(sff) and normal DBA/2J cellular DNA have a reduction in melting temperature of 2 degrees C when compared with the dissociation of hybrids between cDNA(sff) and homologous sequences in SFFV-infected mouse spleen cell DNA. Examination of cellular RNA from uninfected mouse cells indicated that SFFV-related RNA sequences were also expressed in varying degrees in different tissues of adult DBA/2J mice. The highest amounts were observed in cells from bone marrow and spleen, whereas considerably lower amounts were found in cells from the thymus and kidney. No SFFV-related sequences could be detected in RNA extracted from liver, muscle, or fibroblasts. The presence of these SFFV-related sequences in normal, uninfected mouse cell DNA and their differential expression in hematopoietic tissues suggest that these sequences may be an integral part of the program of both normal and leukemic hematopoietic cell differentiation.", "contents": "Presence and expression of Friend erythroleukemia virus-related sequences in normal and leukemic mouse tissues. The nature and distribution of sequences related to the murine erythroleukemia virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), have been analyzed by using a radioactive cDNA probe specific for the SFFV genome (cDNA(sff)). From the proportion of high molecular weight viral [(32)P]RNA which hybridized to cDNA(sff), it was estimated that these sequences represent about 50% of the SFFV genome, indicating a genetic complexity of about 3300 nucleotides. cDNA(sff) hybridized extensively (80-95%) to SFFV virion RNA and to cellular RNA from murine and rat cells productively or nonproductively infected with SFFV. Only background homology was detected between cDNA(sff) and viral RNA from a number of murine [Friend murine leukemia virus (MuLV), Moloney-MuLV, and Kirsten sarcoma virus] and nonmurine (Rous sarcoma virus, feline leukemia virus, baboon endogenous virus, and Mason-Pfizer mammary tumor virus) retroviruses. Limited homology was also detected to a number of murine xenotropic and mink cell focus-inducing viruses (20-35%) as well as Rauscher leukemia virus (50%). Nucleotide sequences homologous to cDNA(sff) were also detected in the DNA of normal cells of several mouse strains as single or a few copies per cell. Thermal denaturation analysis indicated that duplexes formed between cDNA(sff) and normal DBA/2J cellular DNA have a reduction in melting temperature of 2 degrees C when compared with the dissociation of hybrids between cDNA(sff) and homologous sequences in SFFV-infected mouse spleen cell DNA. Examination of cellular RNA from uninfected mouse cells indicated that SFFV-related RNA sequences were also expressed in varying degrees in different tissues of adult DBA/2J mice. The highest amounts were observed in cells from bone marrow and spleen, whereas considerably lower amounts were found in cells from the thymus and kidney. No SFFV-related sequences could be detected in RNA extracted from liver, muscle, or fibroblasts. The presence of these SFFV-related sequences in normal, uninfected mouse cell DNA and their differential expression in hematopoietic tissues suggest that these sequences may be an integral part of the program of both normal and leukemic hematopoietic cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291977", "title": "Acute stimulation of aromatization in Leydig cells by human chorionic gonadotropin in vitro.", "content": "Aromatization of testosterone in Leydig cells purified from mature rat testes was assessed. Leydig cells incubated for 4 hr with increasing concentrations of [3H]testosterone. At saturating concentrations of testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acutely stimulated aromatization. This stimulation was first observed at 1 hr, an 8-fold increase being found during a 4-hr incubation. The maximal amount of estradiol produced at saturating concentrations of testosterone and hCG was 1.8 ng per 10(6) cells. These results demonstrate that purified Leydig cells have a high capacity for aromatization and that hCG can acutely stimulate aromatization independently of stimulating testosterone synthesis in vitro.", "contents": "Acute stimulation of aromatization in Leydig cells by human chorionic gonadotropin in vitro. Aromatization of testosterone in Leydig cells purified from mature rat testes was assessed. Leydig cells incubated for 4 hr with increasing concentrations of [3H]testosterone. At saturating concentrations of testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) acutely stimulated aromatization. This stimulation was first observed at 1 hr, an 8-fold increase being found during a 4-hr incubation. The maximal amount of estradiol produced at saturating concentrations of testosterone and hCG was 1.8 ng per 10(6) cells. These results demonstrate that purified Leydig cells have a high capacity for aromatization and that hCG can acutely stimulate aromatization independently of stimulating testosterone synthesis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:291978", "title": "Regulation of translational initiation ina temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK cells.", "content": "The role of various essential components in mammalian cell protein chain initiation, such as the 40S ribosomal subunit and the initiation factors, have been studied largely in fractionated systems and little is known about the mechanisms of their regulation. The process was studied in an unfractionated system derived from temperature-sensitive (ts) 422E cells. The mutant cells fail to assemble 60S ribosomal subunits at the nonpermissive temperature with little effect on the production of 40S ribosomal subunits. Although the resulting imbalance in ribosomal subunits has little immediate effect on the overall rate of protein synthesis, the nascent 40S subunits in mutant cells appear to be markedly unstable at the nonpermissive temperature. The initial step in protein synthesis, initiation factor elF-2-promoted binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf Met to 40S ribosomal subunits, remains unimparied in ts 422E cells at the nonpermissive temperature. However, most of the nascent 40S ribosomal subunits in ts 422E cells band at a higher density, suggesting their failure to bind initiation factor elF-3. These newly synthesized 40S subunits in the mutant cells are unstable, and may be degraded before their appearance in the polysomes.", "contents": "Regulation of translational initiation ina temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK cells. The role of various essential components in mammalian cell protein chain initiation, such as the 40S ribosomal subunit and the initiation factors, have been studied largely in fractionated systems and little is known about the mechanisms of their regulation. The process was studied in an unfractionated system derived from temperature-sensitive (ts) 422E cells. The mutant cells fail to assemble 60S ribosomal subunits at the nonpermissive temperature with little effect on the production of 40S ribosomal subunits. Although the resulting imbalance in ribosomal subunits has little immediate effect on the overall rate of protein synthesis, the nascent 40S subunits in mutant cells appear to be markedly unstable at the nonpermissive temperature. The initial step in protein synthesis, initiation factor elF-2-promoted binding of [35S]Met-tRNAf Met to 40S ribosomal subunits, remains unimparied in ts 422E cells at the nonpermissive temperature. However, most of the nascent 40S ribosomal subunits in ts 422E cells band at a higher density, suggesting their failure to bind initiation factor elF-3. These newly synthesized 40S subunits in the mutant cells are unstable, and may be degraded before their appearance in the polysomes."}
{"id": "PMID:291979", "title": "Stimulation of phospholipid metabolism in embryonic muscle cells treated with phospholipase C.", "content": "Phospholipid metabolism is dramatically stimulated in cultured myogenic cells in which cell fusion was inhibited with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine choline-phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.3). Phospholipase C was active under the culture conditions as shown by the degradation of exogenous phosphatidylcholine. Rates of incorporation of 32Pi and [methyl-3H]choline into lipids were about 5-fold greater in phospholipase-treated cells than in either untreated fusing cells or untreated cells prevented from fusing by calcium deprivation. The greatest stimulation in the phospholipase C-treated cultures occurred with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin; synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin was not stimulated. Degradation of cellular [32P]phosphatidylcholine and appearance in the culture medium of the degradation product [32P]phosphocholine were both increased. Levels of total cellular phospholipids and of individual phospholipid classes were similar in control and phospholipase-treated cells. The results suggest that the membrane phospholipid composition in myogenic cells is controlled by a regulatory mechanism which increases the synthesis of phospholipids that are degraded in the presence of the phospholipase.", "contents": "Stimulation of phospholipid metabolism in embryonic muscle cells treated with phospholipase C. Phospholipid metabolism is dramatically stimulated in cultured myogenic cells in which cell fusion was inhibited with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine choline-phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.3). Phospholipase C was active under the culture conditions as shown by the degradation of exogenous phosphatidylcholine. Rates of incorporation of 32Pi and [methyl-3H]choline into lipids were about 5-fold greater in phospholipase-treated cells than in either untreated fusing cells or untreated cells prevented from fusing by calcium deprivation. The greatest stimulation in the phospholipase C-treated cultures occurred with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin; synthesis of phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin was not stimulated. Degradation of cellular [32P]phosphatidylcholine and appearance in the culture medium of the degradation product [32P]phosphocholine were both increased. Levels of total cellular phospholipids and of individual phospholipid classes were similar in control and phospholipase-treated cells. The results suggest that the membrane phospholipid composition in myogenic cells is controlled by a regulatory mechanism which increases the synthesis of phospholipids that are degraded in the presence of the phospholipase."}
{"id": "PMID:291980", "title": "Isolation of a high molecular weight actin-binding protein from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells.", "content": "A high molecular weight protein (HMWP) with properties similar to those of both actin-binding protein (ABP) and filamin has been isolated from cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. The protein was present in an actomyosin-depleted sucrose extract of the cells and was eluted, upon gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B, near the void volume. The subunit migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and the amino acid composition of HMWP were similar to those of ABP and filamin. HMWP bound to and crosslinked F-actin from rabbit muscle, as shown by the formation of a gel that was sedimented with low-speed centrifugation. This interaction was insensitive to temperature and low concentrations of calcium ions, although it may depend on the presence of myosin. Observation of thin sections of the actin-HMWP gel revealed crosslinked complexes of laterally aggregated actin filaments. The axial period of the dense crosslinks was 34 nm. The HMWP may be involved in regulation of microfilament organization.", "contents": "Isolation of a high molecular weight actin-binding protein from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. A high molecular weight protein (HMWP) with properties similar to those of both actin-binding protein (ABP) and filamin has been isolated from cultured baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. The protein was present in an actomyosin-depleted sucrose extract of the cells and was eluted, upon gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B, near the void volume. The subunit migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels and the amino acid composition of HMWP were similar to those of ABP and filamin. HMWP bound to and crosslinked F-actin from rabbit muscle, as shown by the formation of a gel that was sedimented with low-speed centrifugation. This interaction was insensitive to temperature and low concentrations of calcium ions, although it may depend on the presence of myosin. Observation of thin sections of the actin-HMWP gel revealed crosslinked complexes of laterally aggregated actin filaments. The axial period of the dense crosslinks was 34 nm. The HMWP may be involved in regulation of microfilament organization."}
{"id": "PMID:291981", "title": "Fluorescent phallotoxin, a tool for the visualization of cellular actin.", "content": "A fluorescent derivative of phalloidin has been synthesized possessing high affinity to filamentous actin. This compound was used for visualization of actin-containing structures in eukaryotic nonmuscle cells. Due to its low molecular weight (1250), fixation for formaldehyde was sufficient to render the membrane permeable for the labeled peptide. Bundles of microfilaments are the predominant pattern in the flat rat kangaroo PtK1 cells, whereas a net of concentric fibers characterizes the more spherical bovine kidney MDBK cells. Specificity of staining was confirmed by competition experiments with unlabeled phalloidin.", "contents": "Fluorescent phallotoxin, a tool for the visualization of cellular actin. A fluorescent derivative of phalloidin has been synthesized possessing high affinity to filamentous actin. This compound was used for visualization of actin-containing structures in eukaryotic nonmuscle cells. Due to its low molecular weight (1250), fixation for formaldehyde was sufficient to render the membrane permeable for the labeled peptide. Bundles of microfilaments are the predominant pattern in the flat rat kangaroo PtK1 cells, whereas a net of concentric fibers characterizes the more spherical bovine kidney MDBK cells. Specificity of staining was confirmed by competition experiments with unlabeled phalloidin."}
{"id": "PMID:291982", "title": "Biological detection of specific mRNA molecules by microinjection.", "content": "We have used direct microinjection of messenger RNA into individual mouse and human cells to assay for specific translation products. We have been able to detect the synthesis of human fibroblast interferon, thymidine, kinase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in response to injected mRNA. Using the interferon system as a model, we have quantitated interferon synthesis and followed partial purification of interferon mRNA sequences on sucrose density gradients. The methods we have utilized should be applicable to other systems in which sensitive assays exist for gene products and should provide a screening procedure for isolating specific mRNA sequences.", "contents": "Biological detection of specific mRNA molecules by microinjection. We have used direct microinjection of messenger RNA into individual mouse and human cells to assay for specific translation products. We have been able to detect the synthesis of human fibroblast interferon, thymidine, kinase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in response to injected mRNA. Using the interferon system as a model, we have quantitated interferon synthesis and followed partial purification of interferon mRNA sequences on sucrose density gradients. The methods we have utilized should be applicable to other systems in which sensitive assays exist for gene products and should provide a screening procedure for isolating specific mRNA sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:291983", "title": "Murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation: relationship of globin gene expression and of prolongation of G1 to inducer effects during G1/early S.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) are induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 4 mM hexamethylenebisacetamide. The relationship between onset of accumulation of globin mRNA and cell cycle phase has been examined in MELC fractionated with respect to cell cycle (G1, early S, mid S, and late S/G2) by the technique of centrifugal elutriation. This technique provides synchronized populations of cells without use of chemicals that block cell function (e.g., DNA synthesis). It is shown that the initial onset of accumulation of globin mRNA occurs during the first G1 phase after a complete S traversed in culture with inducer. Once globin mRNA synthesis is initiated, it continues throughout the cell cycle. Studies of synchronized MELC populations exposed to hexamethylenebisacetamide starting in G1, mid S, or late S/G2, provide evidence that an effect of the inducer during G1 or early S is critical to initiation of accumulation of newly synthesized globin mRNA and to the prolongation of G1, both of which are associated with terminal erythroid differentiation.", "contents": "Murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation: relationship of globin gene expression and of prolongation of G1 to inducer effects during G1/early S. Murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) are induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 4 mM hexamethylenebisacetamide. The relationship between onset of accumulation of globin mRNA and cell cycle phase has been examined in MELC fractionated with respect to cell cycle (G1, early S, mid S, and late S/G2) by the technique of centrifugal elutriation. This technique provides synchronized populations of cells without use of chemicals that block cell function (e.g., DNA synthesis). It is shown that the initial onset of accumulation of globin mRNA occurs during the first G1 phase after a complete S traversed in culture with inducer. Once globin mRNA synthesis is initiated, it continues throughout the cell cycle. Studies of synchronized MELC populations exposed to hexamethylenebisacetamide starting in G1, mid S, or late S/G2, provide evidence that an effect of the inducer during G1 or early S is critical to initiation of accumulation of newly synthesized globin mRNA and to the prolongation of G1, both of which are associated with terminal erythroid differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:291984", "title": "Calculation of evolutionary trees from sequence data.", "content": "Evolutionary trees are usually calculated from comparisons of protein or nucleic acid sequences from present-day organisms by use of algorithms that use only the difference matrix, where the difference matrix is constructed from the sequence differences between pairs of sequences from the organisms. The difference matrix alone cannot define uniquely the correct position of the ancestor of the present-day organisms (root of the tree). Furthermore, methods using the difference matrix alone often fail to give the correct pattern of tree branching (topology) when the different sequences evolve at different rates. Only for equal rates of evolution can the difference matrix (when used with the so-called matrix method) yield exactly the correct topology and root. In this paper we present a method for calculating evolutionary trees from sequence data that uses, along with the difference matrix, the rate of evolution of the various sequences from their common ancestor. It is proven analytically that this method uniquely determines both the correct topology and root in theory for unequal rates of sequence evolution. How one would estimate an ancestral sequence to be used in the method is discussed in particular for the 5S RNA sequences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes and for ferredoxin sequences.", "contents": "Calculation of evolutionary trees from sequence data. Evolutionary trees are usually calculated from comparisons of protein or nucleic acid sequences from present-day organisms by use of algorithms that use only the difference matrix, where the difference matrix is constructed from the sequence differences between pairs of sequences from the organisms. The difference matrix alone cannot define uniquely the correct position of the ancestor of the present-day organisms (root of the tree). Furthermore, methods using the difference matrix alone often fail to give the correct pattern of tree branching (topology) when the different sequences evolve at different rates. Only for equal rates of evolution can the difference matrix (when used with the so-called matrix method) yield exactly the correct topology and root. In this paper we present a method for calculating evolutionary trees from sequence data that uses, along with the difference matrix, the rate of evolution of the various sequences from their common ancestor. It is proven analytically that this method uniquely determines both the correct topology and root in theory for unequal rates of sequence evolution. How one would estimate an ancestral sequence to be used in the method is discussed in particular for the 5S RNA sequences from prokaryotes and eukaryotes and for ferredoxin sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:291985", "title": "Polymorphism and loss of duplicate gene expression: a theoretical study with application of tetraploid fish.", "content": "We studied the fixation of null alleles at independent duplicate loci, assuming that wild-type active alleles mutate irreversibly to nonfunctional null alleles and that the population is finite and panmictic. Solving the two-dimensional Kolmogorov backward equation numerically, we obtained the rate at which one of the active genes is lost and the amount of heterozygosity at specified times. Previously harmful genes, including recessive lethals, can be fixed at one of the duplicate loci, which would not happen with a single locus. Examination of data from several fish families showed that the rate of fixation of null alleles is too slow and the amount of heterozygosity too small to be compatible with complete recessivity at all loci. Our conclusion differs in this regard from that of Bailey et al. [Bailey, G.S., Poulter, R. T. M. & Stockwell, P. A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5575--5579]. They also reported that the time taken for 50% of the loci to be fixed for null alleles is approximately 15N + v-3/4, in which N and v are the effective population sizgote is lethal. We found that the fixation rate depends not only on N, but also on Nv.", "contents": "Polymorphism and loss of duplicate gene expression: a theoretical study with application of tetraploid fish. We studied the fixation of null alleles at independent duplicate loci, assuming that wild-type active alleles mutate irreversibly to nonfunctional null alleles and that the population is finite and panmictic. Solving the two-dimensional Kolmogorov backward equation numerically, we obtained the rate at which one of the active genes is lost and the amount of heterozygosity at specified times. Previously harmful genes, including recessive lethals, can be fixed at one of the duplicate loci, which would not happen with a single locus. Examination of data from several fish families showed that the rate of fixation of null alleles is too slow and the amount of heterozygosity too small to be compatible with complete recessivity at all loci. Our conclusion differs in this regard from that of Bailey et al. [Bailey, G.S., Poulter, R. T. M. & Stockwell, P. A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5575--5579]. They also reported that the time taken for 50% of the loci to be fixed for null alleles is approximately 15N + v-3/4, in which N and v are the effective population sizgote is lethal. We found that the fixation rate depends not only on N, but also on Nv."}
{"id": "PMID:291986", "title": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of erythromycin resistance in human cells.", "content": "An erythromycin-resistant mutant, ERY2301, was isolated from ethidium bromide-treated HeLa cells in the presence of erythromycin at 300 micrograms/ml. ERY2301 cells were enucleated and the anucleate cytoplasts were fused with D98/AH-2, a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient variant of HeLa cells. The resultant cybrids were isolated in a double selective medium containing erythromycin and 6-thioguanine. Cybrid formation occurred at a frequency of 10(-3) to 10(-4). In vitro protein synthesis by intact and Triton X-100 treated mitochondria isolated from ERY2301 was resistant to the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and carbomycin, but was sensitive to chloramphenicol. These results suggest that the site of erythromycin resistance in ERY2301 may be at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis and indicate that this trait is cytoplasmically inherited and, therefore, presumably encoded in the mitochondrial genome.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of erythromycin resistance in human cells. An erythromycin-resistant mutant, ERY2301, was isolated from ethidium bromide-treated HeLa cells in the presence of erythromycin at 300 micrograms/ml. ERY2301 cells were enucleated and the anucleate cytoplasts were fused with D98/AH-2, a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient variant of HeLa cells. The resultant cybrids were isolated in a double selective medium containing erythromycin and 6-thioguanine. Cybrid formation occurred at a frequency of 10(-3) to 10(-4). In vitro protein synthesis by intact and Triton X-100 treated mitochondria isolated from ERY2301 was resistant to the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin and carbomycin, but was sensitive to chloramphenicol. These results suggest that the site of erythromycin resistance in ERY2301 may be at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis and indicate that this trait is cytoplasmically inherited and, therefore, presumably encoded in the mitochondrial genome."}
{"id": "PMID:291987", "title": "Regulation of the tissue specificity of an enzyme by a cis-acting genetic element: evidence from interspecific Drosophila hybrids.", "content": "Homologous genes for alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) are expressed in qualitatively different patterns during the development of two closely related species of Hawaiian Drosophila. In interspecific hybrids, each parental structural allele is expressed according to the developmental program characteristic of the species from which it is derived. This provides strong evidence for a cis acting control element.", "contents": "Regulation of the tissue specificity of an enzyme by a cis-acting genetic element: evidence from interspecific Drosophila hybrids. Homologous genes for alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) are expressed in qualitatively different patterns during the development of two closely related species of Hawaiian Drosophila. In interspecific hybrids, each parental structural allele is expressed according to the developmental program characteristic of the species from which it is derived. This provides strong evidence for a cis acting control element."}
{"id": "PMID:291988", "title": "DNA restriction endonuclease analysis for localization of human beta- and delta-globin genes on chromosome 11.", "content": "DNA from a clone of a mouse-human hybrid that retained a human chromosome consisting of the major part of chromosome 11 and region q25-26-qter of the X chromosome was digested with various restriction endonucleases, subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. The restriction digest pattern of the clone, when hybridized with a 32P-labeled plasmid fragment containing human beta-globin gene sequences, was a composite of the normal human and mouse (A9) patterns. When back-selected in 6-thioguanine to eliminate the 11 translocation chromosome, the hybrid cells showed only the A9 restriction pattern. These results substantiate the localization of beta- and delta-globin genes to human chromosome 11 and exclude the region 11q23-qter as the site.", "contents": "DNA restriction endonuclease analysis for localization of human beta- and delta-globin genes on chromosome 11. DNA from a clone of a mouse-human hybrid that retained a human chromosome consisting of the major part of chromosome 11 and region q25-26-qter of the X chromosome was digested with various restriction endonucleases, subjected to electrophoresis in agarose gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose filters. The restriction digest pattern of the clone, when hybridized with a 32P-labeled plasmid fragment containing human beta-globin gene sequences, was a composite of the normal human and mouse (A9) patterns. When back-selected in 6-thioguanine to eliminate the 11 translocation chromosome, the hybrid cells showed only the A9 restriction pattern. These results substantiate the localization of beta- and delta-globin genes to human chromosome 11 and exclude the region 11q23-qter as the site."}
{"id": "PMID:291989", "title": "Telomere replication, kinetochore organizers, and satellite DNA evolution.", "content": "Robertsonian rearrangements demonstrate one-break chromosome rearrangement and the reversible appearance and disappearance of telomeres and centromeres. Such events are quite discordant with classical cytogenetic theories, which assume all chromosome rearrangements to require at least two breaks and consider centromeres and telomeres as immutable structures rather than structures determined by mutable DNA sequences. Cytogenetic data from spontaneous and induced telomere-telomere fusions in mammals support a molecular model of terminal DNA synthesis in which all telomeres are similar and recombine before replication and subsequent separation. This, along with evidence for a hypothetical DNA sequence, the kinetochore organizer, readily explains latent telomeres, latent centromeres, and reversible (one-break) Robertsonian rearrangements. A second model, involving simply recombination between like satellite DNA sequences on different chromosomes, explains not only how one satellite can simultaneously evolve on different chromosomes, but also why satellite DNA is usually located near centromeres or telomeres and why it maintains a preferred orientation with respect to the centromere.", "contents": "Telomere replication, kinetochore organizers, and satellite DNA evolution. Robertsonian rearrangements demonstrate one-break chromosome rearrangement and the reversible appearance and disappearance of telomeres and centromeres. Such events are quite discordant with classical cytogenetic theories, which assume all chromosome rearrangements to require at least two breaks and consider centromeres and telomeres as immutable structures rather than structures determined by mutable DNA sequences. Cytogenetic data from spontaneous and induced telomere-telomere fusions in mammals support a molecular model of terminal DNA synthesis in which all telomeres are similar and recombine before replication and subsequent separation. This, along with evidence for a hypothetical DNA sequence, the kinetochore organizer, readily explains latent telomeres, latent centromeres, and reversible (one-break) Robertsonian rearrangements. A second model, involving simply recombination between like satellite DNA sequences on different chromosomes, explains not only how one satellite can simultaneously evolve on different chromosomes, but also why satellite DNA is usually located near centromeres or telomeres and why it maintains a preferred orientation with respect to the centromere."}
{"id": "PMID:291990", "title": "Cell cytotoxicity due to specific influenza antibody production in vitro after recent influenza antigen stimulation.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes, obtained from volunteers after vaccination or natural illness with influenza, were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Approximately 7 days after vaccination or the onset of respiratory illness, peak cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a chromium-release assay. Secretion of specific antibody against hemagglutinin from the leukocytes during in vitro incubation was demonstrated in quantities that would mediate the cell cytotoxicity observed. Antibody secretion was inhibited by exposure to cycloheximide but not by exposure to trypsin. The secretion of antibody against hemagglutinin from peripheral blood leukocytes occurred only at the time of maximal cytotoxicity. We thus demonstrate secretion of specific antibody in vitro after recent viral antigen stimulation. Moreover, this antibody is capable of conveying cytotoxic capacity to peripheral blood leukocytes that may be important in the recovery process from acute viral infection.", "contents": "Cell cytotoxicity due to specific influenza antibody production in vitro after recent influenza antigen stimulation. Peripheral blood leukocytes, obtained from volunteers after vaccination or natural illness with influenza, were assayed for cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells. Approximately 7 days after vaccination or the onset of respiratory illness, peak cytotoxicity was demonstrated in a chromium-release assay. Secretion of specific antibody against hemagglutinin from the leukocytes during in vitro incubation was demonstrated in quantities that would mediate the cell cytotoxicity observed. Antibody secretion was inhibited by exposure to cycloheximide but not by exposure to trypsin. The secretion of antibody against hemagglutinin from peripheral blood leukocytes occurred only at the time of maximal cytotoxicity. We thus demonstrate secretion of specific antibody in vitro after recent viral antigen stimulation. Moreover, this antibody is capable of conveying cytotoxic capacity to peripheral blood leukocytes that may be important in the recovery process from acute viral infection."}
{"id": "PMID:291991", "title": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: evidence for a functionally distinct receptor on human lymphocytes.", "content": "The presence of three distinct cholinergic receptors on human lymphocytes was suggested by the effects of carbamoylcholine on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The cells responded to both 0.1 nM and 1 microM carbamoylcholine by increased proliferation which was blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. This effect occurred in both mitogen-stimulated cells (maximum effect at 24 hr) and nonstimulated cells (maximum effect at 72 hr). In contrast, 1--10 nM carbamoylcholine produced diminished in vitro proliferation, an effect which was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: evidence for a functionally distinct receptor on human lymphocytes. The presence of three distinct cholinergic receptors on human lymphocytes was suggested by the effects of carbamoylcholine on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The cells responded to both 0.1 nM and 1 microM carbamoylcholine by increased proliferation which was blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. This effect occurred in both mitogen-stimulated cells (maximum effect at 24 hr) and nonstimulated cells (maximum effect at 72 hr). In contrast, 1--10 nM carbamoylcholine produced diminished in vitro proliferation, an effect which was blocked by the nicotinic antagonists alpha-bungarotoxin and d-tubocurarine."}
{"id": "PMID:291992", "title": "Studies on murine Ss protein: demonstration that S region encodes structural gene for fourth component of complement.", "content": "Although genes controlling the expression of certain complement components have been shown to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex of several species, the structural genes that encode these molecules have been more difficult to map. In this study, the three constitutive polypeptide chains of the fourth component of murine complement (C4) (alpha, beta, and gamma) were isolated from 14 different inbred strains and compared by peptide mapping on analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. The peptide patterns of the alpha and gamma subunits appeared to be nearly identical, but two distinctly different patterns were observed for the C4 beta chain. This structural variant was mapped to the S or G region and, as such, provides direct evidence that a structural gene for a complement component is encoded within a major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Studies on murine Ss protein: demonstration that S region encodes structural gene for fourth component of complement. Although genes controlling the expression of certain complement components have been shown to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex of several species, the structural genes that encode these molecules have been more difficult to map. In this study, the three constitutive polypeptide chains of the fourth component of murine complement (C4) (alpha, beta, and gamma) were isolated from 14 different inbred strains and compared by peptide mapping on analytical sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. The peptide patterns of the alpha and gamma subunits appeared to be nearly identical, but two distinctly different patterns were observed for the C4 beta chain. This structural variant was mapped to the S or G region and, as such, provides direct evidence that a structural gene for a complement component is encoded within a major histocompatibility complex."}
{"id": "PMID:291993", "title": "Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The presence of apolipoproteins A-I, E, C-II, and C-III and the absence of apolipoprotein B was demonstrated in human cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration of apolipoproteins was measured by electroimmunoassay. Apolipoproteins E, C-II, and C-III were present in cerebrospinal fluid at 3--5% of their concentration in plasma; the cerebrospinal fluid level of apolipoprotein A-I was 0.4%. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid apolipoproteins were present in the rho less than 1.21 g/ml lipoprotein fraction. The major apolipoporteins of cerebrospinal fluid are E and A-I. The possible mechanism of transfer and the physiological and pathophysiological role of apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid are postulated.", "contents": "Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of apolipoproteins A-I, E, C-II, and C-III and the absence of apolipoprotein B was demonstrated in human cerebrospinal fluid. The concentration of apolipoproteins was measured by electroimmunoassay. Apolipoproteins E, C-II, and C-III were present in cerebrospinal fluid at 3--5% of their concentration in plasma; the cerebrospinal fluid level of apolipoprotein A-I was 0.4%. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid apolipoproteins were present in the rho less than 1.21 g/ml lipoprotein fraction. The major apolipoporteins of cerebrospinal fluid are E and A-I. The possible mechanism of transfer and the physiological and pathophysiological role of apolipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid are postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:291994", "title": "Cholesterol homeostasis in the rat with a portacaval anastomosis.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of portacaval anastomosis on cholesterol homeostasis in rats fed sucrose/lard under conditions of normal body growth. Four to 6 weeks after portacaval shunt surgery, we found decreases in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, total liver weight, and hepatic microsomal protein concentration. Measurements oof hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) activity showed decreases in specific activity and total liver activity in portacaval shunt rats, but the enzyme diurnal rhythm remained. Decreased reductase activity in shunted rats was not due to an altered Km for D-HMG-COA, nor was an enzyme inhibitor found in the livers of the portacaval shunt animals. Sterol balance measurements in rats with shunts showed a 22% decrease in whole body cholesterol synthesis rate compared to controls. These metabolic studies, coupled with postmortem data, showed diminished bile acid synthesis, unchanged fecal neutral steroid excretion, and decreased net tissue accumulation of cholesterol during growth. The decreased whole body cholesterol synthesis rate ultimately led to a diminished total carcass cholesterol concentration in the rats with shunts.", "contents": "Cholesterol homeostasis in the rat with a portacaval anastomosis. Studies were undertaken to determine the effect of portacaval anastomosis on cholesterol homeostasis in rats fed sucrose/lard under conditions of normal body growth. Four to 6 weeks after portacaval shunt surgery, we found decreases in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, total liver weight, and hepatic microsomal protein concentration. Measurements oof hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) activity showed decreases in specific activity and total liver activity in portacaval shunt rats, but the enzyme diurnal rhythm remained. Decreased reductase activity in shunted rats was not due to an altered Km for D-HMG-COA, nor was an enzyme inhibitor found in the livers of the portacaval shunt animals. Sterol balance measurements in rats with shunts showed a 22% decrease in whole body cholesterol synthesis rate compared to controls. These metabolic studies, coupled with postmortem data, showed diminished bile acid synthesis, unchanged fecal neutral steroid excretion, and decreased net tissue accumulation of cholesterol during growth. The decreased whole body cholesterol synthesis rate ultimately led to a diminished total carcass cholesterol concentration in the rats with shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:291995", "title": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage map and location of unique features of the DNA of hepatitis B virus, subtype adw2.", "content": "DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtype adw2 made fully double stranded by the virion DNA polymerase and radiolabeled either by the virion DNA polymerase reaction or by nick-translation with 32P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates was used to establish a map of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites by the method double and triple enzyme digestion and to determine the relative positions of several unique physical features of this DNA. The five restriction sites for enzyme HincII, the two sites each for BamHI, Ava I, and Bgl II, and the single sites for EcoRI, Pst I, Hpa I, and Taq I were positioned relative to each other. Within this map, the single-stranded region in HBV DNA has been localized and the locations of nicks in each strand (a and b) have been determined with respect to restriction sites on the circular map. Comparison of restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of DNAs of HBV of HBsAg subtypes adw2, ayw3, and adrq+ revealed consistent differences among subtypes and occasional differences within subtypes.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease cleavage map and location of unique features of the DNA of hepatitis B virus, subtype adw2. DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) subtype adw2 made fully double stranded by the virion DNA polymerase and radiolabeled either by the virion DNA polymerase reaction or by nick-translation with 32P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates was used to establish a map of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites by the method double and triple enzyme digestion and to determine the relative positions of several unique physical features of this DNA. The five restriction sites for enzyme HincII, the two sites each for BamHI, Ava I, and Bgl II, and the single sites for EcoRI, Pst I, Hpa I, and Taq I were positioned relative to each other. Within this map, the single-stranded region in HBV DNA has been localized and the locations of nicks in each strand (a and b) have been determined with respect to restriction sites on the circular map. Comparison of restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of DNAs of HBV of HBsAg subtypes adw2, ayw3, and adrq+ revealed consistent differences among subtypes and occasional differences within subtypes."}
{"id": "PMID:291996", "title": "Regulation of the state of phosphorylation of specific neuronal proteins in mouse brain by in vivo administration of anesthetic and convulsant agents.", "content": "The effect of drug treatment in vivo on the state of phosphorylation of two specific neuronal proteins, proteins Ia and Ib, has been studied in mouse brain. For this purpose, animals were killed by immersion into liquid nitrogen, and proteins Ia and Ib were extracted by a procedure designed to prevent alterations in their state of phosphorylation. Several anesthetic agents (pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, and urethane) each caused a decrease in the state of phosphorylation of these proteins. Conversely, the convulsant agents pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin each caused an increase in the state of phosphorylation of these proteins. Neither the anesthetic nor the convulsant agents affected the total amount of these proteins. The results are compatible with a role for proteins Ia and Ib in neuronal function.", "contents": "Regulation of the state of phosphorylation of specific neuronal proteins in mouse brain by in vivo administration of anesthetic and convulsant agents. The effect of drug treatment in vivo on the state of phosphorylation of two specific neuronal proteins, proteins Ia and Ib, has been studied in mouse brain. For this purpose, animals were killed by immersion into liquid nitrogen, and proteins Ia and Ib were extracted by a procedure designed to prevent alterations in their state of phosphorylation. Several anesthetic agents (pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, and urethane) each caused a decrease in the state of phosphorylation of these proteins. Conversely, the convulsant agents pentylenetetrazol and picrotoxin each caused an increase in the state of phosphorylation of these proteins. Neither the anesthetic nor the convulsant agents affected the total amount of these proteins. The results are compatible with a role for proteins Ia and Ib in neuronal function."}
{"id": "PMID:291997", "title": "Target recognition in neurogenesis: formation of the Mauthner axon cap.", "content": "To learn whether presence of a specific neuron, the Mauthner (M) cell, is required for the organization, during embryogenesis, of an associated synaptic neuropil, the M-axon cap, M-cell precursors were experimentally deleted in embryos of the zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) and the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Examination of early larvae revealed that in about half of the cases M-axon caps were present in the absence of the corresponding M-cells. The locations and structures of such caps were approximately normal. We conclude that the M-cell is not a necessary target for normal development of the axon cap.", "contents": "Target recognition in neurogenesis: formation of the Mauthner axon cap. To learn whether presence of a specific neuron, the Mauthner (M) cell, is required for the organization, during embryogenesis, of an associated synaptic neuropil, the M-axon cap, M-cell precursors were experimentally deleted in embryos of the zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) and the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Examination of early larvae revealed that in about half of the cases M-axon caps were present in the absence of the corresponding M-cells. The locations and structures of such caps were approximately normal. We conclude that the M-cell is not a necessary target for normal development of the axon cap."}
{"id": "PMID:292138", "title": "Speech reception by the hearing-impaired: methods of testing and the development of new tests.", "content": "The development of tests for measuring speech reception in the hearing impaired is reviewed. The rationale for a new closed-response-set nonsensesyllable test is presented followed by a description of the test. Preliminary normative and comparative data for this Nonsense Syllable Test are reported. Current work on the development of related tests for young, profoundly deaf children, and measuring reception of the prosodic features of speech is also described.", "contents": "Speech reception by the hearing-impaired: methods of testing and the development of new tests. The development of tests for measuring speech reception in the hearing impaired is reviewed. The rationale for a new closed-response-set nonsensesyllable test is presented followed by a description of the test. Preliminary normative and comparative data for this Nonsense Syllable Test are reported. Current work on the development of related tests for young, profoundly deaf children, and measuring reception of the prosodic features of speech is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:292140", "title": "Some aspects of auditory space, speech perception and the use of hearing aids.", "content": "The auditory space of an individual is operationally defined as that perceptual area that lies between the upper tolerance level for loud sounds and the threshold of hearing for a specified range of frequencies. Results from recent experimental work are presented to show a difference of some 15 dB between comfortable listening level and loudness discomfort-level, up to 80 dB hearing loss. Results are also shown for the measurement of reaction time to a 2AFC task testing the ability to discriminate initial consonants. Loudness scaling is suggested as a method of eliciting supra-threshold measurements which might be helpful in the fitting of hearing aids.", "contents": "Some aspects of auditory space, speech perception and the use of hearing aids. The auditory space of an individual is operationally defined as that perceptual area that lies between the upper tolerance level for loud sounds and the threshold of hearing for a specified range of frequencies. Results from recent experimental work are presented to show a difference of some 15 dB between comfortable listening level and loudness discomfort-level, up to 80 dB hearing loss. Results are also shown for the measurement of reaction time to a 2AFC task testing the ability to discriminate initial consonants. Loudness scaling is suggested as a method of eliciting supra-threshold measurements which might be helpful in the fitting of hearing aids."}
{"id": "PMID:292142", "title": "Requirements on speech processing hearing aids for the profoundly deaf, some preliminary remarks.", "content": "Many severely hard of hearing and profoundly deaf persons seem to get very little help from an ordinary hearing aid. This observation has prompted the development of tactile speech processing aids. These aids should however only be used if it can be shown that the subject has no useful residual hearing. In the case of a profound hearing loss the audiogram might in some cases show tactile sensations in the ear. To get a better estimation of the remaining auditory capacity experiments have been made with frequency discrimination measurements, and with speech tests consisting of rhyming word pairs. Results from these different tests are summarized in relation to an audiogram classification system. Two tactile speech processing aids are described. Evaluation studies with these aids show positive results but these results must be compared with the results that can be obtained with ordinary hearing aids and different types of auditory speech processing hearing aids. The possibility to use extreme auditory recording must also be studied. In this case the transmitted signal is not speech-like and it is possible that this limits their usefulness. Experiments with this type of aids might however give valuable information about how the human perceptual systems process signals derived from the original speech signal.", "contents": "Requirements on speech processing hearing aids for the profoundly deaf, some preliminary remarks. Many severely hard of hearing and profoundly deaf persons seem to get very little help from an ordinary hearing aid. This observation has prompted the development of tactile speech processing aids. These aids should however only be used if it can be shown that the subject has no useful residual hearing. In the case of a profound hearing loss the audiogram might in some cases show tactile sensations in the ear. To get a better estimation of the remaining auditory capacity experiments have been made with frequency discrimination measurements, and with speech tests consisting of rhyming word pairs. Results from these different tests are summarized in relation to an audiogram classification system. Two tactile speech processing aids are described. Evaluation studies with these aids show positive results but these results must be compared with the results that can be obtained with ordinary hearing aids and different types of auditory speech processing hearing aids. The possibility to use extreme auditory recording must also be studied. In this case the transmitted signal is not speech-like and it is possible that this limits their usefulness. Experiments with this type of aids might however give valuable information about how the human perceptual systems process signals derived from the original speech signal."}
{"id": "PMID:292143", "title": "Methods for the evaluation of hearing aids.", "content": "Methods of hearing-aid evaluation are sub-divided into four broad categories, prescriptive selective amplification, selection from a set of existing hearing aids, use of a fixed frequency-gain characteristic, and adaptive fitting of a master hearing aid. The advantages, disadvantages, and controversies associated with each approach are reviewed and major research needs are discussed in the light of this review. Among the more important research needs are i) the development of improved speech tests that have low test-retest variability and which can discriminate between hearing aids with much greater precision than existing tests, ii) the development of reliable methods of predicting hearing-aid performance from audiological data, and iii) the determination of the optimum characteristics of the simplest, conventional hearing aid (i.e., a frequency-selective linear amplifier with no distortion other than peak clipping to limit maximum power output). It is also recommended that the simplest conventional hearing aid with gain, frequency-response, and clipping characteristics optimally matched to the subject's residual hearing be used as a reference for assessing more sophisticated hearing aids or alternative auditory prostheses for the hearing impaired. The third part of the paper provides a progress report on the development of a protocol for the prescriptive fitting of a wearable master hearing aid. The results to date show that the parameters of a conventional hearing aid can be adjusted according to well established optimization procedures so as to obtain superior, if not optimum, performance for each subject as a result of such individualized adjustments.", "contents": "Methods for the evaluation of hearing aids. Methods of hearing-aid evaluation are sub-divided into four broad categories, prescriptive selective amplification, selection from a set of existing hearing aids, use of a fixed frequency-gain characteristic, and adaptive fitting of a master hearing aid. The advantages, disadvantages, and controversies associated with each approach are reviewed and major research needs are discussed in the light of this review. Among the more important research needs are i) the development of improved speech tests that have low test-retest variability and which can discriminate between hearing aids with much greater precision than existing tests, ii) the development of reliable methods of predicting hearing-aid performance from audiological data, and iii) the determination of the optimum characteristics of the simplest, conventional hearing aid (i.e., a frequency-selective linear amplifier with no distortion other than peak clipping to limit maximum power output). It is also recommended that the simplest conventional hearing aid with gain, frequency-response, and clipping characteristics optimally matched to the subject's residual hearing be used as a reference for assessing more sophisticated hearing aids or alternative auditory prostheses for the hearing impaired. The third part of the paper provides a progress report on the development of a protocol for the prescriptive fitting of a wearable master hearing aid. The results to date show that the parameters of a conventional hearing aid can be adjusted according to well established optimization procedures so as to obtain superior, if not optimum, performance for each subject as a result of such individualized adjustments."}
{"id": "PMID:292144", "title": "Adaptive testing in audiology.", "content": "A general approach to adaptive testing of the up-down type is described. Audiological applications of the procedure are described, including measurement of the auditory threshold, estimating the spread of the subject's response curve, testing for sequential response dependencies, and finding PB-max. Guidelines are provided for the practical implementation of these procedures using relatively simple rules  for controlling stimulus levels and for estimating the parameters of interest. Also described is the Simplical Method, a multivariate adaptive procedure which, like the transformed up-down method, is relatively efficient yet involves simple rules of adjustment and of estimation. The Simplical Method has been used in the adaptive fitting of a wearable master hearing aid and an example of this application is given.", "contents": "Adaptive testing in audiology. A general approach to adaptive testing of the up-down type is described. Audiological applications of the procedure are described, including measurement of the auditory threshold, estimating the spread of the subject's response curve, testing for sequential response dependencies, and finding PB-max. Guidelines are provided for the practical implementation of these procedures using relatively simple rules  for controlling stimulus levels and for estimating the parameters of interest. Also described is the Simplical Method, a multivariate adaptive procedure which, like the transformed up-down method, is relatively efficient yet involves simple rules of adjustment and of estimation. The Simplical Method has been used in the adaptive fitting of a wearable master hearing aid and an example of this application is given."}
{"id": "PMID:292145", "title": "Clinical experiments with hearing aids with amplitude compression.", "content": "The model for audiological rehabilitation in Denmark is brief-described. Clinical experiments have not demonstrated a general superiority of the compression hearing aids compared to the conventional hearing aids. In situations with negligible background noise the compression hearing aid tends  to provide the best comprehension of speech. However, in situations with background noise the conventional hearing aid is generally preferred by hearing impaired persons. The attitude with regard to compression hearing aids differs among Danish hearing clinics. One clinic with a very positive attitude delivers compression hearing aids to 27% of the total clientele. In several clinics it has been observed that patients with a perceptive impairment who are using the hearing aid for the first time may benefit from compression during the early stages of hearing aid adjustment. In many cases, however, these patients prefer less compression as they continue to use their hearing aids in daily life. It is pointed out, that in connection with compression hearing aids it is especially important to provide careful instruction about the possibilities and limitations of the hearing aid.", "contents": "Clinical experiments with hearing aids with amplitude compression. The model for audiological rehabilitation in Denmark is brief-described. Clinical experiments have not demonstrated a general superiority of the compression hearing aids compared to the conventional hearing aids. In situations with negligible background noise the compression hearing aid tends  to provide the best comprehension of speech. However, in situations with background noise the conventional hearing aid is generally preferred by hearing impaired persons. The attitude with regard to compression hearing aids differs among Danish hearing clinics. One clinic with a very positive attitude delivers compression hearing aids to 27% of the total clientele. In several clinics it has been observed that patients with a perceptive impairment who are using the hearing aid for the first time may benefit from compression during the early stages of hearing aid adjustment. In many cases, however, these patients prefer less compression as they continue to use their hearing aids in daily life. It is pointed out, that in connection with compression hearing aids it is especially important to provide careful instruction about the possibilities and limitations of the hearing aid."}
{"id": "PMID:292146", "title": "Multichannel compression hearing aids: experiments and consideration on clinical applicability.", "content": "The rational for applying multichannel compression in connection with peripheral perceptive hearing loss is briefly discussed. The speech transfer ability of a multichannel compression hearing aid with up to 4 channels is evaluated on high tone hearing impaired subjects. The compression characteristic of each channel is individually fitted to compensate on average the loudness recruitment of the subject's hearing within each individually determined frequency band. Experiments on 5 subjects under several signal-to-noise ratio conditions reveal that 4-channel recruitment compensation is indistinguishable in performance from an \"optimally\" fitted linear hearing aid which takes advantage of the limited dynamic range of the applied speech signal. Contrarily, 3- and 2-channel configurations investigated show in general degraded performance on speech compared to this condition. The results obtained and their implications for the design objectives of future multichannel compression hearing aids and the clinical fitting of such an aid are discussed.", "contents": "Multichannel compression hearing aids: experiments and consideration on clinical applicability. The rational for applying multichannel compression in connection with peripheral perceptive hearing loss is briefly discussed. The speech transfer ability of a multichannel compression hearing aid with up to 4 channels is evaluated on high tone hearing impaired subjects. The compression characteristic of each channel is individually fitted to compensate on average the loudness recruitment of the subject's hearing within each individually determined frequency band. Experiments on 5 subjects under several signal-to-noise ratio conditions reveal that 4-channel recruitment compensation is indistinguishable in performance from an \"optimally\" fitted linear hearing aid which takes advantage of the limited dynamic range of the applied speech signal. Contrarily, 3- and 2-channel configurations investigated show in general degraded performance on speech compared to this condition. The results obtained and their implications for the design objectives of future multichannel compression hearing aids and the clinical fitting of such an aid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292147", "title": "The influence of attack time and release time on speech intelligibility. A study of the effects of AGC on normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects.", "content": "Automatic gain control may be used in hearing aids intended for different types and degrees of hearing loss; to average the levels, to reduce the dynamics of speech or to set the maximum output level of the hearing aid without adding nonlinear distortion. Our study concerns hearing impaired listeners with recruitment. A group of normal hearing subjects was used as a control group. The compression was introduced over a laboratory unit. The compression ratio was set to 30:5 dB. A fixed ratio between the attack time and the release time, tr = 200 x ta, was used. The values used varied from 0.05 to 5 ms for ta and 10 - 1000 ms for tr. The speech material was nonsense syllables of the CVC type presented with S/N = 60 dB and S/N = 5 dB. With S/N = 5 dB a significant deterioration of the discrimination of the nonsense syllables was found at time constant combination ta = 5 ms and tr = 1000 ms. No statistically significant difference in discrimination was found between the different combinations of attack and release times for the S/N = 60 dB condition neither for the normal hearing nor for the hearing impaired group.", "contents": "The influence of attack time and release time on speech intelligibility. A study of the effects of AGC on normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects. Automatic gain control may be used in hearing aids intended for different types and degrees of hearing loss; to average the levels, to reduce the dynamics of speech or to set the maximum output level of the hearing aid without adding nonlinear distortion. Our study concerns hearing impaired listeners with recruitment. A group of normal hearing subjects was used as a control group. The compression was introduced over a laboratory unit. The compression ratio was set to 30:5 dB. A fixed ratio between the attack time and the release time, tr = 200 x ta, was used. The values used varied from 0.05 to 5 ms for ta and 10 - 1000 ms for tr. The speech material was nonsense syllables of the CVC type presented with S/N = 60 dB and S/N = 5 dB. With S/N = 5 dB a significant deterioration of the discrimination of the nonsense syllables was found at time constant combination ta = 5 ms and tr = 1000 ms. No statistically significant difference in discrimination was found between the different combinations of attack and release times for the S/N = 60 dB condition neither for the normal hearing nor for the hearing impaired group."}
{"id": "PMID:292148", "title": "Automatic regulation systems with relevance to hearing aids.", "content": "Compression amplification in hearing aids has gained much interest in the recent years. Other types of nonlinear signal processing in hearing aids are developing. The principles of nonlinear signal processing through automatic regulation, as opposed to instanteaneously acting nonlinear signal transfer, is described in general. In particular the properties and terminology of amplitude compression and limiting circuits in relation to hearing aids are discussed. Several examples are given of nonlinear regulation systems for hearing aids involving other features than amplitude compression.", "contents": "Automatic regulation systems with relevance to hearing aids. Compression amplification in hearing aids has gained much interest in the recent years. Other types of nonlinear signal processing in hearing aids are developing. The principles of nonlinear signal processing through automatic regulation, as opposed to instanteaneously acting nonlinear signal transfer, is described in general. In particular the properties and terminology of amplitude compression and limiting circuits in relation to hearing aids are discussed. Several examples are given of nonlinear regulation systems for hearing aids involving other features than amplitude compression."}
{"id": "PMID:292151", "title": "The industrial aspect in describing performance characteristics in complex hearing aids.", "content": "Performance characteristics of complex hearing aids (e.g. AGC hearing aids) which are measured and presented using existing standards (IEC 118) may mislead the hearing aid fitter. In this paper examples of possible erroneous interpretations of frequency response curve are demonstrated. A test method is proposed to record \"instantaneous frequency response\" -- the actual response in the AGC mode which corresponds to the perceived tonal balance.", "contents": "The industrial aspect in describing performance characteristics in complex hearing aids. Performance characteristics of complex hearing aids (e.g. AGC hearing aids) which are measured and presented using existing standards (IEC 118) may mislead the hearing aid fitter. In this paper examples of possible erroneous interpretations of frequency response curve are demonstrated. A test method is proposed to record \"instantaneous frequency response\" -- the actual response in the AGC mode which corresponds to the perceived tonal balance."}
{"id": "PMID:292153", "title": "On the problems of fitting an individual hearing aid: a case story.", "content": "For a fourteen-year old girl with a pronounced ski-slope bilateral hearing loss of 100-120 dB and with a dynamic range of approx. 10 dB, a tailor-made true binaural hearing aid was made. Establishing the acoustical characteristics of the hearing aid based on details from audiograms proved not to yield satisfactory results. Consequently an adjustment of the acoustical data according to the method of trial and error was initiated. By applying this method, a satisfactory result was obtained. The suitability of an audiogram to describe the optimum characteristics of hearing aids may thus be questioned. Likewise it seems substantiated that it is possible to compensate for even very difficult hearing losses by tailoring the acoustical characteristics of the hearing aid very carefully. Consequences of the individual fitting of hearing aids in general will be discussed.", "contents": "On the problems of fitting an individual hearing aid: a case story. For a fourteen-year old girl with a pronounced ski-slope bilateral hearing loss of 100-120 dB and with a dynamic range of approx. 10 dB, a tailor-made true binaural hearing aid was made. Establishing the acoustical characteristics of the hearing aid based on details from audiograms proved not to yield satisfactory results. Consequently an adjustment of the acoustical data according to the method of trial and error was initiated. By applying this method, a satisfactory result was obtained. The suitability of an audiogram to describe the optimum characteristics of hearing aids may thus be questioned. Likewise it seems substantiated that it is possible to compensate for even very difficult hearing losses by tailoring the acoustical characteristics of the hearing aid very carefully. Consequences of the individual fitting of hearing aids in general will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292154", "title": "Comparison of normal and impaired hearing. I. Loudness, localization.", "content": "Impaired hearing is characterized by high thresholds and reduced loudness. Loudness, however, may quickly recover as it increases rapidly from an elevated threshold. This rapid growth, known as loudness recruitment, is a sign of cochlear impairment and is generally not seen in conductive or retrocochlear impairment. Loudness recruitment means that the hard-of-hearing person detects small changes in intensity near his elevated threshold but he probably does no better than a normal listener at the same SPLs. Recruitment is often accompanied by reduced loudness summation, which means that the loudness of a band of noise does not increase as much with increasing bandwidth as in normal hearing. This reduced summation of loudness is probably why the cochlearly impaired ear has nearly the same threshold for the acoustic reflex to pure tones as to wide-band noise, whereas the normal ear has a much lower threshold to wide-band noise. Corresponding differences between normal and impaired hearing are not found in auditory localization. Rather, the evidence suggests that persons with residual hearing learn to localize sounds reasonably well. Even the inability of many hearing impaired persons to understand a speaker in a noisy environment may result more from a failure of frequency analysis rather than of localization.", "contents": "Comparison of normal and impaired hearing. I. Loudness, localization. Impaired hearing is characterized by high thresholds and reduced loudness. Loudness, however, may quickly recover as it increases rapidly from an elevated threshold. This rapid growth, known as loudness recruitment, is a sign of cochlear impairment and is generally not seen in conductive or retrocochlear impairment. Loudness recruitment means that the hard-of-hearing person detects small changes in intensity near his elevated threshold but he probably does no better than a normal listener at the same SPLs. Recruitment is often accompanied by reduced loudness summation, which means that the loudness of a band of noise does not increase as much with increasing bandwidth as in normal hearing. This reduced summation of loudness is probably why the cochlearly impaired ear has nearly the same threshold for the acoustic reflex to pure tones as to wide-band noise, whereas the normal ear has a much lower threshold to wide-band noise. Corresponding differences between normal and impaired hearing are not found in auditory localization. Rather, the evidence suggests that persons with residual hearing learn to localize sounds reasonably well. Even the inability of many hearing impaired persons to understand a speaker in a noisy environment may result more from a failure of frequency analysis rather than of localization."}
{"id": "PMID:292155", "title": "Comparison of normal and impaired hearing. II. Frequency analysis, speech perception.", "content": "Frequency analysis covers two separate listening tasks, one involving frequency discrimination, the other frequency selectivity. Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish one frequency from another. Selectivity refers to the ability to hear one frequency in the presence of other frequencies. Selectivity is critical to the understanding of speech which comprises sounds containing many different frequencies. To understand speech easily, the listener must be able to analyze speech sounds into their component frequencies, especially formants. The hard-of-hearing person is probably less able to make that analysis, but we know surprisingly little about either discrimination or selectivity in hearing impairment. Existing evidence does suggest that both discrimination and selectivity are reduced in cochlear impairment so that such patients need a bigger frequency difference to discriminate between two tones and they have a wider critical band. A widened critical band would be expected to make it very difficult for the severely impaired person to understand speech under all listening conditions; it would make it difficult for the moderately impaired person to understand speech in a noisy background, unless the signal-to-noise ratio is improved as is possible by appropriate amplitude compression in hearing aids.", "contents": "Comparison of normal and impaired hearing. II. Frequency analysis, speech perception. Frequency analysis covers two separate listening tasks, one involving frequency discrimination, the other frequency selectivity. Discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish one frequency from another. Selectivity refers to the ability to hear one frequency in the presence of other frequencies. Selectivity is critical to the understanding of speech which comprises sounds containing many different frequencies. To understand speech easily, the listener must be able to analyze speech sounds into their component frequencies, especially formants. The hard-of-hearing person is probably less able to make that analysis, but we know surprisingly little about either discrimination or selectivity in hearing impairment. Existing evidence does suggest that both discrimination and selectivity are reduced in cochlear impairment so that such patients need a bigger frequency difference to discriminate between two tones and they have a wider critical band. A widened critical band would be expected to make it very difficult for the severely impaired person to understand speech under all listening conditions; it would make it difficult for the moderately impaired person to understand speech in a noisy background, unless the signal-to-noise ratio is improved as is possible by appropriate amplitude compression in hearing aids."}
{"id": "PMID:292156", "title": "Peripheral auditory processing in normal and abnormal ears: physiological considerations for attempts to compensate for auditory deficits by acoustic and electrical prostheses.", "content": "The processing of complex acoustic signals, such as speech, by the normal peripheral auditory system is described in terms of the properties of individual cochlear nerve fibres and the effects of lateral inhibition in the cochlear nucleus. The implications of the peripheral filtering of signals is indicated in psychophysical terms. In cochlear pathology, these filtering characteristics deteriorate, and the implications arising from the consequent deterioration in auditory frequency selectivity are outlined for the coding of loudness and for the analysis of speech. These considerations suggest theoretically ideal methods of compensation for recruitment by multichannel instantaneous compression, and for deterioration in format analysis by dichotic frequency partition. Finally, the implications for a minimal design for artificial electrical multi-electrode array stimulation of the cochlea in order to impart speech information to the profoundly deaf, are explored. Single wire stimulation, on the other hand, should be able to impart useful prosodic and minimal speech feature information to aid in lip reading and in the acquisition of speech.", "contents": "Peripheral auditory processing in normal and abnormal ears: physiological considerations for attempts to compensate for auditory deficits by acoustic and electrical prostheses. The processing of complex acoustic signals, such as speech, by the normal peripheral auditory system is described in terms of the properties of individual cochlear nerve fibres and the effects of lateral inhibition in the cochlear nucleus. The implications of the peripheral filtering of signals is indicated in psychophysical terms. In cochlear pathology, these filtering characteristics deteriorate, and the implications arising from the consequent deterioration in auditory frequency selectivity are outlined for the coding of loudness and for the analysis of speech. These considerations suggest theoretically ideal methods of compensation for recruitment by multichannel instantaneous compression, and for deterioration in format analysis by dichotic frequency partition. Finally, the implications for a minimal design for artificial electrical multi-electrode array stimulation of the cochlea in order to impart speech information to the profoundly deaf, are explored. Single wire stimulation, on the other hand, should be able to impart useful prosodic and minimal speech feature information to aid in lip reading and in the acquisition of speech."}
{"id": "PMID:292157", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic and microradiographic study of pits in fluorosed human enamel.", "content": "The aim of the present study has been to correlate the surface appearance of pitted, fluorosed enamel in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the microradiographic features of the underlying tissue. Intact enamel surfaces of severely fluorosed teeth appeared similar to that of normal enamel. In the unabraded surfaces discrete pits were sharply demarcated from the surrounding intact enamel surface leaving steep walls of parallel running rods. The microradiographic appearance of sections made through pits indicated that focal loss of surface enamel occurred corresponding to the inner highly hypomineralized part of the fluorotic subsurface lesion. The abrupt wall formation and the finding that the striae of Retzius never changed direction along the margins of the lesions indicated that pits in fluorosed enamel may be secondarily produced defects rather than true hypoplasias. Further evidence of the posteruptive origin of the defects was derived from the observation that enamel lamellae occasionally formed part of the lateral border. The relatively higher degree of radiopacity observed in the tissue surrounding the pit indicates a posteruptively acquired deposition of minerals in the exposed porous enamel.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic and microradiographic study of pits in fluorosed human enamel. The aim of the present study has been to correlate the surface appearance of pitted, fluorosed enamel in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with the microradiographic features of the underlying tissue. Intact enamel surfaces of severely fluorosed teeth appeared similar to that of normal enamel. In the unabraded surfaces discrete pits were sharply demarcated from the surrounding intact enamel surface leaving steep walls of parallel running rods. The microradiographic appearance of sections made through pits indicated that focal loss of surface enamel occurred corresponding to the inner highly hypomineralized part of the fluorotic subsurface lesion. The abrupt wall formation and the finding that the striae of Retzius never changed direction along the margins of the lesions indicated that pits in fluorosed enamel may be secondarily produced defects rather than true hypoplasias. Further evidence of the posteruptive origin of the defects was derived from the observation that enamel lamellae occasionally formed part of the lateral border. The relatively higher degree of radiopacity observed in the tissue surrounding the pit indicates a posteruptively acquired deposition of minerals in the exposed porous enamel."}
{"id": "PMID:292158", "title": "Determination of fluoride and chlorhexidine from chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrices.", "content": "The intention of the present experiment was to study the effects of a possible interaction between fluoride and chlorhexidine when both agents were incorporated in the same vehicle. The amount of fluoride extractable from dentrifrices containing 0.1% NaF and the fluoride ion activity were not reduced by the addition of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Less than 50% of the added chlorhexidine was available when the dentifrices were dissolved in deionized water. This was not affected by the presence of fluoride. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the chlorhexidine-containing dentifrices was not reduced by the addition of fluoride. Approximately 40% of the chlorhexidine was retained in the human oral cavity after brushing for 1 min with both the chlorhexidine- and the chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrice. Thus the binding of chlorhexidine to vehicle ingredients when dissolved in water is probably too weak to affect the retention in the mouth.", "contents": "Determination of fluoride and chlorhexidine from chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrices. The intention of the present experiment was to study the effects of a possible interaction between fluoride and chlorhexidine when both agents were incorporated in the same vehicle. The amount of fluoride extractable from dentrifrices containing 0.1% NaF and the fluoride ion activity were not reduced by the addition of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Less than 50% of the added chlorhexidine was available when the dentifrices were dissolved in deionized water. This was not affected by the presence of fluoride. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the chlorhexidine-containing dentifrices was not reduced by the addition of fluoride. Approximately 40% of the chlorhexidine was retained in the human oral cavity after brushing for 1 min with both the chlorhexidine- and the chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrice. Thus the binding of chlorhexidine to vehicle ingredients when dissolved in water is probably too weak to affect the retention in the mouth."}
{"id": "PMID:292159", "title": "Autoradiography of 90Sr in developing rats.", "content": "The distribution patterns of 90Sr in five littermate, 8-day-old Wistar rats were studied by whole body autoradiography. Rats were killed 15 min, 1, 4, 24, and 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of the isotope. Immediately after administration, 90Sr was distributed throughout most of the soft tissues of the body. The soft tissue deposits had practically disappeared after 4 h. In the hard tissues of the body 90Sr accumulated up to 24-72 h. Fifteen minutes after injection the uptake of 90Sr in the enamel of the teeth was highest in the occlusal and incisal regions. 90Sr gradually accumulated throughout the enamel and after 72 h its distribution in this layer was fairly uniform. Immediately after injection a narrow zone of radioactivity appeared in the dentin near the pulp. This zone broadened with time towards the dentinoenamel junction and included the entire dentin layer 72 h after injection. Initially, the uptake of 90Sr was higher in the dentin thatn in the enamel, particularly in the cervical areas of the crown. This difference became less apparent with time. There was good correlation between the uptake in teeth and bones, supporting the use of teeth as indicators of the 90Sr body burden.", "contents": "Autoradiography of 90Sr in developing rats. The distribution patterns of 90Sr in five littermate, 8-day-old Wistar rats were studied by whole body autoradiography. Rats were killed 15 min, 1, 4, 24, and 72 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of the isotope. Immediately after administration, 90Sr was distributed throughout most of the soft tissues of the body. The soft tissue deposits had practically disappeared after 4 h. In the hard tissues of the body 90Sr accumulated up to 24-72 h. Fifteen minutes after injection the uptake of 90Sr in the enamel of the teeth was highest in the occlusal and incisal regions. 90Sr gradually accumulated throughout the enamel and after 72 h its distribution in this layer was fairly uniform. Immediately after injection a narrow zone of radioactivity appeared in the dentin near the pulp. This zone broadened with time towards the dentinoenamel junction and included the entire dentin layer 72 h after injection. Initially, the uptake of 90Sr was higher in the dentin thatn in the enamel, particularly in the cervical areas of the crown. This difference became less apparent with time. There was good correlation between the uptake in teeth and bones, supporting the use of teeth as indicators of the 90Sr body burden."}
{"id": "PMID:292160", "title": "A comparison between different methods for prediction of caries activity.", "content": "The aim of the study was to find out if any of the following factors, alone or in combination, could be used for prediction of caries activity: salivary S. mutans, salivary lactobacilli, buffer capacity, saliva secretion rate, salivary pH, the amount of plaque and the caries frequency. The patient material consisted of 300 children between 9 and 12 years old. The increment of caries after 1 and 2 years was compared with all the above factors registered at baseline. Only the factors caries frequency and S. mutans showed a significant correlation to caries activity. In one of the tests the lactobacillus count approached significance. The combination of high numbers of incipient smooth surface lesions, S. mutans and lactobacilli gave a mean value of caries activity almost three times that of the whole group (8.4 versus 3.1).", "contents": "A comparison between different methods for prediction of caries activity. The aim of the study was to find out if any of the following factors, alone or in combination, could be used for prediction of caries activity: salivary S. mutans, salivary lactobacilli, buffer capacity, saliva secretion rate, salivary pH, the amount of plaque and the caries frequency. The patient material consisted of 300 children between 9 and 12 years old. The increment of caries after 1 and 2 years was compared with all the above factors registered at baseline. Only the factors caries frequency and S. mutans showed a significant correlation to caries activity. In one of the tests the lactobacillus count approached significance. The combination of high numbers of incipient smooth surface lesions, S. mutans and lactobacilli gave a mean value of caries activity almost three times that of the whole group (8.4 versus 3.1)."}
{"id": "PMID:292161", "title": "Abrasion of class 1 restorative resins.", "content": "Studies have been made on the abrasion by food of different restorative resins in standard Class 1 cavities in mandibular first molars of schoolchildren. The abrasion was recorded by measuring the increasing height of the exposed cavity walls. It was found that Sevriton Simplified was abraded more than Adaptic, that no difference in abrasion between Adaptic and Adaptic without filler could be demonstrated, and that Adaptic was abraded more than an experimental composite containing 30% by weight Aerosil, an ultra-fine SiO2 filler with a grain size of the order of 25-50 nm. The results are in accord with the findings in an initial study by one of the present authors, in which the fillings were placed in denture porcelain teeth. It is stressed that the conclusions of the present work are pertinent only to the type of abrasion studied, i.e. chewing of food without the possibility of direct contact between the fillings involved and the corresponding antagonists.", "contents": "Abrasion of class 1 restorative resins. Studies have been made on the abrasion by food of different restorative resins in standard Class 1 cavities in mandibular first molars of schoolchildren. The abrasion was recorded by measuring the increasing height of the exposed cavity walls. It was found that Sevriton Simplified was abraded more than Adaptic, that no difference in abrasion between Adaptic and Adaptic without filler could be demonstrated, and that Adaptic was abraded more than an experimental composite containing 30% by weight Aerosil, an ultra-fine SiO2 filler with a grain size of the order of 25-50 nm. The results are in accord with the findings in an initial study by one of the present authors, in which the fillings were placed in denture porcelain teeth. It is stressed that the conclusions of the present work are pertinent only to the type of abrasion studied, i.e. chewing of food without the possibility of direct contact between the fillings involved and the corresponding antagonists."}
{"id": "PMID:292162", "title": "Effect of long-term administration of fluoride on plasma fluoride and calcium in relation to forming enamel and dentin in rats.", "content": "Three groups of 1-month-old rats were kept on water containing 0.2, 56.5 and 113 parts/10(6) F-, respectively, for a period of 2 months. These groups were set up in order to study the relationship between long-term administration of high doses of waterborne fluoride, plasma values of fluoride and calcium and changes in forming dentin and enamel of the rat incisor. The microradiographic study revealed that increased levels of fluoride caused a delay in mineralization of the enamel. In the 113 parts/10(6) group the radiolucent areas in the enamel exhibited a distinct periodicity along the tooth, a phenomenon which cannot at present be explained. In the dentin the fluoride interfered with the process of mineralization giving rise to radiolucent and radiopaque banding in the experimental groups. With increasing levels of fluoride in the water supply a significant increase of plasma fluoride was recorded. In contrast the serum calcium values in both experimental groups were reduced to the same extent, which differed significantly from that of the control group. It is concluded that the fluoride doses which are needed to create fluorotic changes in rats may interfere with calcium metabolism and basic mineralization processes.", "contents": "Effect of long-term administration of fluoride on plasma fluoride and calcium in relation to forming enamel and dentin in rats. Three groups of 1-month-old rats were kept on water containing 0.2, 56.5 and 113 parts/10(6) F-, respectively, for a period of 2 months. These groups were set up in order to study the relationship between long-term administration of high doses of waterborne fluoride, plasma values of fluoride and calcium and changes in forming dentin and enamel of the rat incisor. The microradiographic study revealed that increased levels of fluoride caused a delay in mineralization of the enamel. In the 113 parts/10(6) group the radiolucent areas in the enamel exhibited a distinct periodicity along the tooth, a phenomenon which cannot at present be explained. In the dentin the fluoride interfered with the process of mineralization giving rise to radiolucent and radiopaque banding in the experimental groups. With increasing levels of fluoride in the water supply a significant increase of plasma fluoride was recorded. In contrast the serum calcium values in both experimental groups were reduced to the same extent, which differed significantly from that of the control group. It is concluded that the fluoride doses which are needed to create fluorotic changes in rats may interfere with calcium metabolism and basic mineralization processes."}
{"id": "PMID:292258", "title": "[Polymorphism of a tumor ce-l population and selection processes. IV. The effect of dibunol and nitrosourea on the variability of Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. ascitic strain tumor cells].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of dibunol and methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on two tumor cell subpopulations of the Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. ascites strain, one of which is characterized with A + B + 2C and A + D + 2C--markers and the other one--with A1 + A2 + 2B + D + C markers. Dibunol that belongs to the class of inhibitors of free-radical processes was shown to bring about changes in cell subpopulations, the mode of changes depending on the dose and regime of treatment. The effect of MNU on the population resulted predominantly in the accumulation of cells with various chromosome aberrations. At early stages of tumor progression, aberrations were more pronounced in cells with marker chromosome \"A\" than in the cells with 44 chromosomes and markers A1 + A2 + 2B + D + C.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of a tumor ce-l population and selection processes. IV. The effect of dibunol and nitrosourea on the variability of Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. ascitic strain tumor cells]. A study was made of the effect of dibunol and methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on two tumor cell subpopulations of the Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. ascites strain, one of which is characterized with A + B + 2C and A + D + 2C--markers and the other one--with A1 + A2 + 2B + D + C markers. Dibunol that belongs to the class of inhibitors of free-radical processes was shown to bring about changes in cell subpopulations, the mode of changes depending on the dose and regime of treatment. The effect of MNU on the population resulted predominantly in the accumulation of cells with various chromosome aberrations. At early stages of tumor progression, aberrations were more pronounced in cells with marker chromosome \"A\" than in the cells with 44 chromosomes and markers A1 + A2 + 2B + D + C."}
{"id": "PMID:292262", "title": "[Splenectomy and polychemotherapy in chronic myelosis].", "content": "It is referred to the possibility of the splenectomy in the early phase of the chronic myelosis in the time of the first remission. The intervention cannot be recommended generally and should be used only now and then in centres which have rooms at their disposal which are poor in germs. Own experiences speak for the fact to extend the polychemotherapy of the blast crisis of the chronic myelosis to its prephase, when an increasing therapy resistance occurs, the spleen becomes clearly larger, the number of blasts in the bone-marrow increases and single blasts may be proved in the peripheral blood. Combinations of two or three medicaments, such as Busulfan, Myelobromol, Merkaleukin, Methotrexat, Hydroxyurea, Alexan, Vinkristin or Rubomycin seem to be favourable.", "contents": "[Splenectomy and polychemotherapy in chronic myelosis]. It is referred to the possibility of the splenectomy in the early phase of the chronic myelosis in the time of the first remission. The intervention cannot be recommended generally and should be used only now and then in centres which have rooms at their disposal which are poor in germs. Own experiences speak for the fact to extend the polychemotherapy of the blast crisis of the chronic myelosis to its prephase, when an increasing therapy resistance occurs, the spleen becomes clearly larger, the number of blasts in the bone-marrow increases and single blasts may be proved in the peripheral blood. Combinations of two or three medicaments, such as Busulfan, Myelobromol, Merkaleukin, Methotrexat, Hydroxyurea, Alexan, Vinkristin or Rubomycin seem to be favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:292304", "title": "Prognostic signs in chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "In a retrospective search for prognostic factors in 127 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia we found that thrombocytopenic patients had a significantly shortened life-span. Patients with the Philadelphia chromosome lived longer and were significantly younger than those lacking it. Females lived longer than males. Numerous other single features failed to correlate significantly with survival, but several combinations of two did. Patients having a low hematocrit with a low white blood count had an impressively short life-span compared to all others. Those having a high cholesterol and a low uric acid survived significantly longer than all others.", "contents": "Prognostic signs in chronic myelocytic leukemia. In a retrospective search for prognostic factors in 127 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia we found that thrombocytopenic patients had a significantly shortened life-span. Patients with the Philadelphia chromosome lived longer and were significantly younger than those lacking it. Females lived longer than males. Numerous other single features failed to correlate significantly with survival, but several combinations of two did. Patients having a low hematocrit with a low white blood count had an impressively short life-span compared to all others. Those having a high cholesterol and a low uric acid survived significantly longer than all others."}
{"id": "PMID:292305", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror variant. An analysis of a large group of patients.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-four initial bone marrows and 102 peripheral blood smears were evaluated for hand mirror cells (HMC) on pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Twenty (15%) of the 134 patients were found to have greater than 5% HMC in their bone marrows. Only rarely were a few HMC noted in the peripheral blood. Survival did not appear to be related to the number of HMC in the bone marrow. Also, the median survival was not significantly greater in those HMC patients with greater than 40% HMC in their bone marrows when compared to the non-HMC group. From the available data in this study, it would appear that the number of HMC does not affect prognosis in the bone marrows of children with ALL. However, the prognostic significance of the HMC has not been clearly established in adults.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror variant. An analysis of a large group of patients. One hundred and thirty-four initial bone marrows and 102 peripheral blood smears were evaluated for hand mirror cells (HMC) on pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Twenty (15%) of the 134 patients were found to have greater than 5% HMC in their bone marrows. Only rarely were a few HMC noted in the peripheral blood. Survival did not appear to be related to the number of HMC in the bone marrow. Also, the median survival was not significantly greater in those HMC patients with greater than 40% HMC in their bone marrows when compared to the non-HMC group. From the available data in this study, it would appear that the number of HMC does not affect prognosis in the bone marrows of children with ALL. However, the prognostic significance of the HMC has not been clearly established in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:292306", "title": "Regional localization of human gene loci on chromosome 9: studies of somatic cell hybrids containing human translocations.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were derived from the fusion of (1) Chinese hamster cells deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and human cells carrying an X/9 translocation and (2) Chinese hamster cells deficient in thymidine kinase (TK) and human cells carrying a 17/9 translocation. Several independent primary hybrid clones from these two series of cell hybrids were analyzed cytogenitically for human chromosome content and electrophoretically for the expression of human markers known to be on human chromosome 9. The results allow the assignment of the loci for the enzymes galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), soluble aconitase (ACONs), and adenylate kinase-3 (AK3) to the short arm of chromosome 9 (p11 to pter) and the locus for the enzyme adenylate kinase-1 (AK1) to the distal end of the long arm of human chromosome 9 (hand q34). Earlier family studies have shown that the locus for AK1 is closely linked to the ABO blood group locus and to the locus of the nail-patella (Np) syndrome. Thus the regional localization of AK1 locus permits the localization of the AK1-Np-ABO linkage group.", "contents": "Regional localization of human gene loci on chromosome 9: studies of somatic cell hybrids containing human translocations. Somatic cell hybrids were derived from the fusion of (1) Chinese hamster cells deficient in hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and human cells carrying an X/9 translocation and (2) Chinese hamster cells deficient in thymidine kinase (TK) and human cells carrying a 17/9 translocation. Several independent primary hybrid clones from these two series of cell hybrids were analyzed cytogenitically for human chromosome content and electrophoretically for the expression of human markers known to be on human chromosome 9. The results allow the assignment of the loci for the enzymes galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), soluble aconitase (ACONs), and adenylate kinase-3 (AK3) to the short arm of chromosome 9 (p11 to pter) and the locus for the enzyme adenylate kinase-1 (AK1) to the distal end of the long arm of human chromosome 9 (hand q34). Earlier family studies have shown that the locus for AK1 is closely linked to the ABO blood group locus and to the locus of the nail-patella (Np) syndrome. Thus the regional localization of AK1 locus permits the localization of the AK1-Np-ABO linkage group."}
{"id": "PMID:292307", "title": "Linkage analysis and the inheritance of arches in a Habbanite isolate.", "content": "A pedigree and linkage analysis was performed on a corrected version of the Habbanite pedigree 2 of Slatis et al. [1]. The trait \"arch on any digit\" was examined for major gene inheritance and possible linkage to several blood and serum group markers. The results confirm the proposed dominant major gene inheritance of this trait with almost complete penetrance. In addition, the analysis suggests linkage with the haptoglobin locus with evidence against linkage with Pl and Rhesus. These results are of particular interest in view of recently reported dermatoglyphic associations with haptoglobin.", "contents": "Linkage analysis and the inheritance of arches in a Habbanite isolate. A pedigree and linkage analysis was performed on a corrected version of the Habbanite pedigree 2 of Slatis et al. [1]. The trait \"arch on any digit\" was examined for major gene inheritance and possible linkage to several blood and serum group markers. The results confirm the proposed dominant major gene inheritance of this trait with almost complete penetrance. In addition, the analysis suggests linkage with the haptoglobin locus with evidence against linkage with Pl and Rhesus. These results are of particular interest in view of recently reported dermatoglyphic associations with haptoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:292309", "title": "Leukocyte larceny: a cause of spurious hypoxemia.", "content": "Multiple blood specimens with different leukocyte counts from two patients with extreme leukocytosis secondary to leukemia and unexplained hypoxemia were tonometered with a gas of known oxygen concentration and the decay of oxygen tension (PO2) was measured over time. The decay in PO2 in the first 2 minutes for blood with leukocyte counts of between 55.2 X 10(3)/mm3 and 490.0 X 10(3)/mm3 ranged from 13 to 72 torr. The degree of PO2 decay was blunted by placing the blood on ice and was obliterated by adding potassium cyanide. Thus, extreme leukocytosis secondary to leukemia can cause spurious hypoxemia and spurious lowering of the mixed venous PO2 due to oxygen consumption by leukocytes (\"leukocyte larceny\").", "contents": "Leukocyte larceny: a cause of spurious hypoxemia. Multiple blood specimens with different leukocyte counts from two patients with extreme leukocytosis secondary to leukemia and unexplained hypoxemia were tonometered with a gas of known oxygen concentration and the decay of oxygen tension (PO2) was measured over time. The decay in PO2 in the first 2 minutes for blood with leukocyte counts of between 55.2 X 10(3)/mm3 and 490.0 X 10(3)/mm3 ranged from 13 to 72 torr. The degree of PO2 decay was blunted by placing the blood on ice and was obliterated by adding potassium cyanide. Thus, extreme leukocytosis secondary to leukemia can cause spurious hypoxemia and spurious lowering of the mixed venous PO2 due to oxygen consumption by leukocytes (\"leukocyte larceny\")."}
{"id": "PMID:292311", "title": "Frequency of tooth extraction in orthodontic treatment.", "content": "Orthodontic extraction frequency describes the percentage of an orthodontic patient population experiencing extractions of one or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars. It is a useful statistical measure of the many variables associated with the extraction-nonextraction decision. For a study sample of 537 North American white orthodontic patients, the frequency of tooth extraction was determined as 42.1 percent. This is compared with a range of 6.5 percent to 83.5 percent reported in the world dental literature. Factors responsible for the enormous differences in orthodontic extraction frequency are explored. The study of extraction frequency offers a simple, valuable aid for the clinician to understand better the nature of his patient population, his treatment methods, and his rationalizations.", "contents": "Frequency of tooth extraction in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic extraction frequency describes the percentage of an orthodontic patient population experiencing extractions of one or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars. It is a useful statistical measure of the many variables associated with the extraction-nonextraction decision. For a study sample of 537 North American white orthodontic patients, the frequency of tooth extraction was determined as 42.1 percent. This is compared with a range of 6.5 percent to 83.5 percent reported in the world dental literature. Factors responsible for the enormous differences in orthodontic extraction frequency are explored. The study of extraction frequency offers a simple, valuable aid for the clinician to understand better the nature of his patient population, his treatment methods, and his rationalizations."}
{"id": "PMID:292312", "title": "Preformed arch wires: reliability of fit.", "content": "The preformed arch wires currently available are unsuitable for many orthodontic cases, since these arch wires do not take into account all the variations in the size and dimensions of the human arch. In this study, nine theoretical arch wires are derived, based upon two-parameter curves. Tests were conducted which demonstrated that arch wires performed to these nine sets of dimensions would correspond with a reasonable degree of accuracy to a large section of the orthodontic population.", "contents": "Preformed arch wires: reliability of fit. The preformed arch wires currently available are unsuitable for many orthodontic cases, since these arch wires do not take into account all the variations in the size and dimensions of the human arch. In this study, nine theoretical arch wires are derived, based upon two-parameter curves. Tests were conducted which demonstrated that arch wires performed to these nine sets of dimensions would correspond with a reasonable degree of accuracy to a large section of the orthodontic population."}
{"id": "PMID:292313", "title": "Patient radiation dose in conventional and xerographic cephalography.", "content": "A comparison of the radiation doses for xeroradiographic and conventional film screen cephalography was made. Alderson tissue-equivalent phantoms were used for patient stimulation. An optimum technique in terms of patient dose and imaqe quality was established for the xeroradhe data indicated that the dose for the Xerox process ranged from five to eleven times greater than that for the conventional process for entrance and exit exposures, respectively. The most commonly reported dose, the entrance dose, was found to be 206 mrad, which is five Imes that for the conventional cephalogram. This dose, however, falls within an acceptable range for other dental and medical radiation doses. It is recommended that conventional cephalography be used for routine purposes and that xeroradiography be reserved for situations requiring the increased image quality that the process affords.", "contents": "Patient radiation dose in conventional and xerographic cephalography. A comparison of the radiation doses for xeroradiographic and conventional film screen cephalography was made. Alderson tissue-equivalent phantoms were used for patient stimulation. An optimum technique in terms of patient dose and imaqe quality was established for the xeroradhe data indicated that the dose for the Xerox process ranged from five to eleven times greater than that for the conventional process for entrance and exit exposures, respectively. The most commonly reported dose, the entrance dose, was found to be 206 mrad, which is five Imes that for the conventional cephalogram. This dose, however, falls within an acceptable range for other dental and medical radiation doses. It is recommended that conventional cephalography be used for routine purposes and that xeroradiography be reserved for situations requiring the increased image quality that the process affords."}
{"id": "PMID:292315", "title": "The functional compensation: an interceptive procedure in the mixed dentition.", "content": "Functional compensation, like the morphologic one which accompanies it, is to be encountered naturally in each system or organ. It facilitates the performance of the required activities in spite of the defectiveness of one or more of their biocomponents. If the pathologic forms of compensation or simply their perturbing effects are noticed early enough, deleterious and irreversible effects on growth and development of the orofacial zone may be avoided. Instead of simply supervising dental evolution or limiting intervention to early procedures (extractions) until the time for corrective treatment, we propose functional interception. Inducing a therapeutic compensation by removable appliances, this therapy aims to modify the equilibrium of displaying forces and to favor a more physiologic alveolar and sutural growth. The proposed appliances are able to intervene in the postural and dynamic position of the mobile organs in the oral cavity. They compensate their action; that is, they correct, complete, or replace it. The bimaxillary appliance is called bioactivator \"biprax\". Based simultaneously on the principles of the activator and bionator, it exploits a normal display of the two praxisms-speech and deglutition. Being worn day and night, it is able to guide efficiently the evolution of dental, alveolar, and even basal relationships. Its interceptive use does not interfere in any way with the onset of a corrective treatment in the adult dentition.", "contents": "The functional compensation: an interceptive procedure in the mixed dentition. Functional compensation, like the morphologic one which accompanies it, is to be encountered naturally in each system or organ. It facilitates the performance of the required activities in spite of the defectiveness of one or more of their biocomponents. If the pathologic forms of compensation or simply their perturbing effects are noticed early enough, deleterious and irreversible effects on growth and development of the orofacial zone may be avoided. Instead of simply supervising dental evolution or limiting intervention to early procedures (extractions) until the time for corrective treatment, we propose functional interception. Inducing a therapeutic compensation by removable appliances, this therapy aims to modify the equilibrium of displaying forces and to favor a more physiologic alveolar and sutural growth. The proposed appliances are able to intervene in the postural and dynamic position of the mobile organs in the oral cavity. They compensate their action; that is, they correct, complete, or replace it. The bimaxillary appliance is called bioactivator \"biprax\". Based simultaneously on the principles of the activator and bionator, it exploits a normal display of the two praxisms-speech and deglutition. Being worn day and night, it is able to guide efficiently the evolution of dental, alveolar, and even basal relationships. Its interceptive use does not interfere in any way with the onset of a corrective treatment in the adult dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:292316", "title": "Tongue and jaw muscle activity in response to mandibular rotations in a sample of normal and anterior open-bite subjects.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of mandibular rotations in human subjects, the electromyographic activity from the left GG, left masseter, and left orbicularis oris muscles was recorded during voluntary opening movements of the mandible that were monitored by an electronic transducer. For each muscle, a computer-based system was used to calculate a threshold incisor-separation position corresponding to a 20 percent increase in base line muscle activity. The mean threshold level for the GG muscle in a sample of twenty subjects with normal occlusions was 53.0 percent (S.D. +/- 22.8)of maximum jaw opening. By contrast, a sample of nine subjects with anterior open-bite malocclusions had a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) lower mean threshold of 5.9 percent (S.D. +/- 4.5) of maximum jaw opening. No significant differences in masseter or orbicularis oris muscle activity were found between the two samples. Since postural tongue activity could play an important role in the development of the anterior dentition, the lower threshold for the GG muscle activity in response to jaw opening in anterior open-bite subjects may be of significant clinical importance.", "contents": "Tongue and jaw muscle activity in response to mandibular rotations in a sample of normal and anterior open-bite subjects. In order to investigate the effect of mandibular rotations in human subjects, the electromyographic activity from the left GG, left masseter, and left orbicularis oris muscles was recorded during voluntary opening movements of the mandible that were monitored by an electronic transducer. For each muscle, a computer-based system was used to calculate a threshold incisor-separation position corresponding to a 20 percent increase in base line muscle activity. The mean threshold level for the GG muscle in a sample of twenty subjects with normal occlusions was 53.0 percent (S.D. +/- 22.8)of maximum jaw opening. By contrast, a sample of nine subjects with anterior open-bite malocclusions had a statistically significant (p less than 0.001) lower mean threshold of 5.9 percent (S.D. +/- 4.5) of maximum jaw opening. No significant differences in masseter or orbicularis oris muscle activity were found between the two samples. Since postural tongue activity could play an important role in the development of the anterior dentition, the lower threshold for the GG muscle activity in response to jaw opening in anterior open-bite subjects may be of significant clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:292338", "title": "Solubility of injectable Valium in intravenous solutions.", "content": "A study of the solubility of Valium in commonly used intravenous solutions showed Valium to be equally insoluble in 5% dextrose in normal saline, 5% dextrose in water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate. However, the precipitate which was formed became completely resuspended when mixed with as little as 39-42% plasma in vitro. This would indicate that the chalky precipitate seen in the I. V. tubing when Valium is injected into a running I. V. near the venipuncture site becomes resuspended when mixed with plasma in vivo. If one elects to inject Valium into the tubing of a running I. V., it is recommended that the drug be administered slowly to assure adequate mixing with blood plasma in order to prevent the circulation of particulate matter.Valium is currently one of the most popular drugs used in the psychosedative management of the apprehensive dental patient. Various techniques are advocated for its administration from direct injection into a vein to injection of the drug into a running I. V. However, the manufacturer states that the drug should not be added to I. V. fluids or other solutions or drugs. Presumably this is because of the formation of a cloudy precipitate immediately upon addition to aqueous solutions. Grower et al. have shown that saturated aqueous solutions of Valium in normal saline redissolve when added to plasma; however, they presented no data on the behavior of solutions of Valium added to other commonly used intravenous fluids. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to study the behavior of Valium when added to lactated Ringer's solution, 5% dextrose solutions, and normal saline; and to see how human blood plasma affects the solubility of Valium in these solutions.", "contents": "Solubility of injectable Valium in intravenous solutions. A study of the solubility of Valium in commonly used intravenous solutions showed Valium to be equally insoluble in 5% dextrose in normal saline, 5% dextrose in water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate. However, the precipitate which was formed became completely resuspended when mixed with as little as 39-42% plasma in vitro. This would indicate that the chalky precipitate seen in the I. V. tubing when Valium is injected into a running I. V. near the venipuncture site becomes resuspended when mixed with plasma in vivo. If one elects to inject Valium into the tubing of a running I. V., it is recommended that the drug be administered slowly to assure adequate mixing with blood plasma in order to prevent the circulation of particulate matter.Valium is currently one of the most popular drugs used in the psychosedative management of the apprehensive dental patient. Various techniques are advocated for its administration from direct injection into a vein to injection of the drug into a running I. V. However, the manufacturer states that the drug should not be added to I. V. fluids or other solutions or drugs. Presumably this is because of the formation of a cloudy precipitate immediately upon addition to aqueous solutions. Grower et al. have shown that saturated aqueous solutions of Valium in normal saline redissolve when added to plasma; however, they presented no data on the behavior of solutions of Valium added to other commonly used intravenous fluids. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to study the behavior of Valium when added to lactated Ringer's solution, 5% dextrose solutions, and normal saline; and to see how human blood plasma affects the solubility of Valium in these solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:292340", "title": "Pain sensation related to local anesthesia injected at varying temperatures.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine whether local anesthetic solution warmed to body temperature (37\u00b0 C) produced less pain on injection than an anesthetic solution injected at room temperature (21\u00b0 C) and to determine which solution resulted in quicker anesthetic onset. It was found that the subjects experienced no difference in pain during injection of warm and cold anesthetic solution given respectively in the maxillary buccal sulcus area. The time of anesthetic onset was also not influenced by solution temperature.", "contents": "Pain sensation related to local anesthesia injected at varying temperatures. The purpose of the study was to determine whether local anesthetic solution warmed to body temperature (37\u00b0 C) produced less pain on injection than an anesthetic solution injected at room temperature (21\u00b0 C) and to determine which solution resulted in quicker anesthetic onset. It was found that the subjects experienced no difference in pain during injection of warm and cold anesthetic solution given respectively in the maxillary buccal sulcus area. The time of anesthetic onset was also not influenced by solution temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:292346", "title": "A longitudinal growth study: maxillary length at puberty in females.", "content": "1. A great individual variability is present in the timing of the maximum increment in ANS-PNS. 2. The maximum increment in maxillary length occurred before, as well as after, menarche, onset of epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion, and peak of growth in height. 3. The later the maximum increment of growth occurred, the earlier menarche and onset of fusion occurred in relation to the peak. 4. The amount of growth at peak and duration of growth were not dictated by the absolute size of the maxilla at peak. 5. There was no significant difference in the amount of growth of maxillary length before or after menarche. 6. Timing of maximum increment in maxillary length was weakly correlated with onset of epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion and menarche.", "contents": "A longitudinal growth study: maxillary length at puberty in females. 1. A great individual variability is present in the timing of the maximum increment in ANS-PNS. 2. The maximum increment in maxillary length occurred before, as well as after, menarche, onset of epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion, and peak of growth in height. 3. The later the maximum increment of growth occurred, the earlier menarche and onset of fusion occurred in relation to the peak. 4. The amount of growth at peak and duration of growth were not dictated by the absolute size of the maxilla at peak. 5. There was no significant difference in the amount of growth of maxillary length before or after menarche. 6. Timing of maximum increment in maxillary length was weakly correlated with onset of epiphyseal-diaphyseal fusion and menarche."}
{"id": "PMID:292347", "title": "Muscle function during treatment with the functional regulator.", "content": "Thirty subjects of approximately the same age, sex, and dental and skeletal relations were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups, which were studied electromyographically over periods of six months and twelve months. The dental, skeletal and electromyographic data were analyzed and charted on multibargraphs. The investigation revealed the following: 1. The Class I control subjects could be differentiated from the Class II and III subjects on the basis of differences in muscle behavior. 2. The Class II treated subjects exhibited changes significantly different from those seen in the control group in the upper lip and suprahyoid group. 3. The overall changes in the four muscle groups studied in the Class II treated subjects were characterized by a decrease in muscle activity. 4. The Class III treated subjects had changes in lower lip activity and suprahyoid group significantly different from those seen in the control subjects. 5. The Class III treated subjects, with one exception, showed an increase in muscle activity in the four muscle groups. 6. The Class II treated subjects who exhibited the greatest changes in muscle behavior also had the greatest changes in skeletal and dental relations. The opposite was true for the Class III treated subjects. It cannot be stated whether muscle pattern alterations seen in this study are coincidental with the dental and skeletal changes or vice versa. However, it is quite clear that both orofacial muscle activity and dental and skeletal dimensions are altered with the wearing of the Functional Regulator.", "contents": "Muscle function during treatment with the functional regulator. Thirty subjects of approximately the same age, sex, and dental and skeletal relations were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups, which were studied electromyographically over periods of six months and twelve months. The dental, skeletal and electromyographic data were analyzed and charted on multibargraphs. The investigation revealed the following: 1. The Class I control subjects could be differentiated from the Class II and III subjects on the basis of differences in muscle behavior. 2. The Class II treated subjects exhibited changes significantly different from those seen in the control group in the upper lip and suprahyoid group. 3. The overall changes in the four muscle groups studied in the Class II treated subjects were characterized by a decrease in muscle activity. 4. The Class III treated subjects had changes in lower lip activity and suprahyoid group significantly different from those seen in the control subjects. 5. The Class III treated subjects, with one exception, showed an increase in muscle activity in the four muscle groups. 6. The Class II treated subjects who exhibited the greatest changes in muscle behavior also had the greatest changes in skeletal and dental relations. The opposite was true for the Class III treated subjects. It cannot be stated whether muscle pattern alterations seen in this study are coincidental with the dental and skeletal changes or vice versa. However, it is quite clear that both orofacial muscle activity and dental and skeletal dimensions are altered with the wearing of the Functional Regulator."}
{"id": "PMID:292348", "title": "The significance of cephalometrics in treatment planning.", "content": "Twenty-four orthodontists were asked to provide a treatment plan for a series of six cases of malocclusion. In certain types of cases there was high or total agreement on treatment planning whether or not a cephalometric radiograph and analysis was available. In view of these findings, it may be appropriate for orthodontists to reassess their routine use of cephalograms.", "contents": "The significance of cephalometrics in treatment planning. Twenty-four orthodontists were asked to provide a treatment plan for a series of six cases of malocclusion. In certain types of cases there was high or total agreement on treatment planning whether or not a cephalometric radiograph and analysis was available. In view of these findings, it may be appropriate for orthodontists to reassess their routine use of cephalograms."}
{"id": "PMID:292350", "title": "Pont's Index as applied on Indians.", "content": "One hundred dental models of normal occlusion were evaluated to check the reliability of Pont's Index on a North Indian population. It was concluded by the present study that significant correlations were found to exist between the combined maxillary incisor widths and the maxillary intermolar and interpremolar arch widths.", "contents": "Pont's Index as applied on Indians. One hundred dental models of normal occlusion were evaluated to check the reliability of Pont's Index on a North Indian population. It was concluded by the present study that significant correlations were found to exist between the combined maxillary incisor widths and the maxillary intermolar and interpremolar arch widths."}
{"id": "PMID:292352", "title": "The relationship between tooth mineralization and early radiographic evidence of the ulnar sesamoid.", "content": "The relationship between early radiographic evidence of calcification of the adductor sesamoid of the first metacarpophalangeal joint and the state of maturity of certain teeth was investigated. Data were obtained from the records of one hundred and forty children of Caucasoid origin, comprising ninety-three girls and forty-seven boys. Calcification of the adductor sesamoid was closely related to the completion of root mineralization of the mandibular canine prior to apical closure. No significant sex differences were noted in the state of maturation of the tooth in relation to this particular stage of skeletal development. Correlations among the remaining teeth studied were low, the distribution of calcification stages being widely dispersed with significant sex differences evident. Based on the findings of this study, the completion of root formation of the mandibular canine prior to apical closure may be used as a maturity indicator for the commencement of the circumpubertal growth spurt with a similar degree of confidence as the calcification of the adductor sesamoid of the thumb. It should be noted, however, that racial variations might exist in the relationship between the state of maturity of this tooth and the commencement of mineralization of the sesamoid. Caution should thus be exercised in the application of these findings to other racial groups.", "contents": "The relationship between tooth mineralization and early radiographic evidence of the ulnar sesamoid. The relationship between early radiographic evidence of calcification of the adductor sesamoid of the first metacarpophalangeal joint and the state of maturity of certain teeth was investigated. Data were obtained from the records of one hundred and forty children of Caucasoid origin, comprising ninety-three girls and forty-seven boys. Calcification of the adductor sesamoid was closely related to the completion of root mineralization of the mandibular canine prior to apical closure. No significant sex differences were noted in the state of maturation of the tooth in relation to this particular stage of skeletal development. Correlations among the remaining teeth studied were low, the distribution of calcification stages being widely dispersed with significant sex differences evident. Based on the findings of this study, the completion of root formation of the mandibular canine prior to apical closure may be used as a maturity indicator for the commencement of the circumpubertal growth spurt with a similar degree of confidence as the calcification of the adductor sesamoid of the thumb. It should be noted, however, that racial variations might exist in the relationship between the state of maturity of this tooth and the commencement of mineralization of the sesamoid. Caution should thus be exercised in the application of these findings to other racial groups."}
{"id": "PMID:292353", "title": "The histocompatibility complex GLA in the goat.", "content": "The current status of research on the major histocompatibility complex of the goat (GLA) is discussed, as well as its similarities to other species, although some of the results are preliminary.", "contents": "The histocompatibility complex GLA in the goat. The current status of research on the major histocompatibility complex of the goat (GLA) is discussed, as well as its similarities to other species, although some of the results are preliminary."}
{"id": "PMID:292354", "title": "Biogenic amine metabolism in Tourette syndrome.", "content": "Biogenic amine metabolism in the central nervous system of 9 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by quantitation of their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were measured in CSF before and after oral administration of probenecid. Dopamine metabolism appeared defective, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased. Serotonin metabolism also appeared defective in some patients with low baseline and low accumulated levels of 5-HIAA after probenecid. Taken together with other clinical features of this disease, the results suggest an underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome.", "contents": "Biogenic amine metabolism in Tourette syndrome. Biogenic amine metabolism in the central nervous system of 9 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by quantitation of their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were measured in CSF before and after oral administration of probenecid. Dopamine metabolism appeared defective, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased. Serotonin metabolism also appeared defective in some patients with low baseline and low accumulated levels of 5-HIAA after probenecid. Taken together with other clinical features of this disease, the results suggest an underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:292356", "title": "Cytarabine and thioguanine for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Another look.", "content": "A modification of the protocol of cytarabine and thioguanine was used for remission induction in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. First, synchronization of the mitotically active leukemia cells was attempted by administering cytarabine alone in a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight 24 hours prior to initiating daily therapy with both drugs. Second, in order to recover dormant leukemic cells into the proliferative pool, both drugs were continued without interruption and without regard to the suppression of the circulating leukocyte and platelet count until bone marrow aspirates, repeated daily if necessary, were free of leukemic blast cells. This usually resulted in severe but reversible bone marrow hypoplasia, and 16 of 21 patients (76%) so treated achieved complete hematologic remission.", "contents": "Cytarabine and thioguanine for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Another look. A modification of the protocol of cytarabine and thioguanine was used for remission induction in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. First, synchronization of the mitotically active leukemia cells was attempted by administering cytarabine alone in a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight 24 hours prior to initiating daily therapy with both drugs. Second, in order to recover dormant leukemic cells into the proliferative pool, both drugs were continued without interruption and without regard to the suppression of the circulating leukocyte and platelet count until bone marrow aspirates, repeated daily if necessary, were free of leukemic blast cells. This usually resulted in severe but reversible bone marrow hypoplasia, and 16 of 21 patients (76%) so treated achieved complete hematologic remission."}
{"id": "PMID:292374", "title": "Is pancreatic polypeptide estimation of value in diagnosing gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)?", "content": "Serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were determined in 32 normal subjects, 18 patients with gastrinoma, 19 patients with pituitary adenoma and 11 patients with duodenal ulceration. Mean serum levels of PP in patients with gastrinomas (67 +/- 31 pmol/l (SD)) were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than in the normal subjects (47 +/- 15 pmol/l). However, only five of 18 of the patients with gastrinomas had PP levels above the upper limit of normal and elevations of similar magnitude were observed in patients with other disease processes. It is therefore concluded that serum PP estimations are not of value in the diagnosis of gastrinomas.", "contents": "Is pancreatic polypeptide estimation of value in diagnosing gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)? Serum levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were determined in 32 normal subjects, 18 patients with gastrinoma, 19 patients with pituitary adenoma and 11 patients with duodenal ulceration. Mean serum levels of PP in patients with gastrinomas (67 +/- 31 pmol/l (SD)) were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than in the normal subjects (47 +/- 15 pmol/l). However, only five of 18 of the patients with gastrinomas had PP levels above the upper limit of normal and elevations of similar magnitude were observed in patients with other disease processes. It is therefore concluded that serum PP estimations are not of value in the diagnosis of gastrinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:292375", "title": "The effect of cimetidine on gastrin release in ulcer disease.", "content": "The effect of a single dose of 400 mg of the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine on protein meal stimulated immunoreactive gastrin was assessed in ten patients with gastric ulcer and ten patients with duodenal ulcer. In gastric ulcer patients, serum gastrin (mean +/- SE) rose from 34 +/- 2.2 pmol.l-1 to a peak of 80 +/- 5.0 pmol.l-1 at 45 minutes without and from 36 +/- 2.2 to 107 +/- 8.0 pmol.l-1 at 60 minutes with cimetidine; in duodenal ulcer it rose from 26 +/- 3.0 to 47 +/- 5.1 pmol.l-1 at 45 minutes without and 26 +/- 3.2 to 52 +/- 5.1 pmol.l-1 at 60 minutes with cimetidine. Integrated gastrin responses in gastric ulcer were 4900 +/- 800 pmol.l-1 120 minutes without and 7000 +/- 900 pmol.l-1 120 minutes with cimetidine and 1560 +/- 300 pmol.l-1 120 minutes without and 2620 +/- 400 pmol.l-1 120 minutes with cimetidine in duodenal ulcer patients. These gastrin increases after cimetidine are comparable to those achieved with continuous intragastric neutralisation with alkali.", "contents": "The effect of cimetidine on gastrin release in ulcer disease. The effect of a single dose of 400 mg of the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine on protein meal stimulated immunoreactive gastrin was assessed in ten patients with gastric ulcer and ten patients with duodenal ulcer. In gastric ulcer patients, serum gastrin (mean +/- SE) rose from 34 +/- 2.2 pmol.l-1 to a peak of 80 +/- 5.0 pmol.l-1 at 45 minutes without and from 36 +/- 2.2 to 107 +/- 8.0 pmol.l-1 at 60 minutes with cimetidine; in duodenal ulcer it rose from 26 +/- 3.0 to 47 +/- 5.1 pmol.l-1 at 45 minutes without and 26 +/- 3.2 to 52 +/- 5.1 pmol.l-1 at 60 minutes with cimetidine. Integrated gastrin responses in gastric ulcer were 4900 +/- 800 pmol.l-1 120 minutes without and 7000 +/- 900 pmol.l-1 120 minutes with cimetidine and 1560 +/- 300 pmol.l-1 120 minutes without and 2620 +/- 400 pmol.l-1 120 minutes with cimetidine in duodenal ulcer patients. These gastrin increases after cimetidine are comparable to those achieved with continuous intragastric neutralisation with alkali."}
{"id": "PMID:292376", "title": "Immune complexes in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Sera from 86 well controlled diabetics were examined for the presence of immune complexes. Thirty-six patients were receiving standard insulins, 19 monocomponent preparations, 24 oral hypoglycaemic agents and seven dietary restriction alone. Three methods were used to detect complexes: measurement of complement components, a Clq binding assay (BA) and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay (RIA). Complement components were normal in all patients. Eleven (31%) of the group on standard insulins had a positive Raji cell RIA; none had an abnormal Clq-BA. One patient on monocomponent therapy had a mildly positive Raji cell RIA; Clq-BA was negative in each patient of this group. Thirteen (54%) of the patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents were positive on one or both assays while one patient on diet alone was abnormal on both assays. These data show that immune complex production is common in both insulin-requiring and non-insulin-requiring diabetics and that this phenomenon is strikingly less frequent in patients on monocomponent insulins. Such observations could bear relevance to the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in diabetes.", "contents": "Immune complexes in diabetes mellitus. Sera from 86 well controlled diabetics were examined for the presence of immune complexes. Thirty-six patients were receiving standard insulins, 19 monocomponent preparations, 24 oral hypoglycaemic agents and seven dietary restriction alone. Three methods were used to detect complexes: measurement of complement components, a Clq binding assay (BA) and the Raji cell radioimmunoassay (RIA). Complement components were normal in all patients. Eleven (31%) of the group on standard insulins had a positive Raji cell RIA; none had an abnormal Clq-BA. One patient on monocomponent therapy had a mildly positive Raji cell RIA; Clq-BA was negative in each patient of this group. Thirteen (54%) of the patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents were positive on one or both assays while one patient on diet alone was abnormal on both assays. These data show that immune complex production is common in both insulin-requiring and non-insulin-requiring diabetics and that this phenomenon is strikingly less frequent in patients on monocomponent insulins. Such observations could bear relevance to the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:292377", "title": "Heparinized chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated lung cancer.", "content": "Fourteen patients with inoperable or metastatic carcinoma of the lung were entered in this study. All of them received one or more courses of multiple chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and vincristine) with prior and concurrent heparin anticoagulation. No tumour regression was noted in any patient although one patient is alive and well at two years. Five patients developed sudden increase in pleural effusion whilst on heparin therapy and in four of these patients the effusion was a significant factor in their death.", "contents": "Heparinized chemotherapy in the treatment of disseminated lung cancer. Fourteen patients with inoperable or metastatic carcinoma of the lung were entered in this study. All of them received one or more courses of multiple chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and vincristine) with prior and concurrent heparin anticoagulation. No tumour regression was noted in any patient although one patient is alive and well at two years. Five patients developed sudden increase in pleural effusion whilst on heparin therapy and in four of these patients the effusion was a significant factor in their death."}
{"id": "PMID:292379", "title": "Hodgkin's disease terminating in acute leukaemia: report of seven cases.", "content": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia developed in seven patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. All had received intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One patient had clinical evidence of active Hodgkin's disease at the time of diagnosis of acute leukaemia, and of four other patients who had a post mortem examination another showed evidence of Hodgkin's disease. The median time from the first presentation with Hodgkin's disease to the development of acute leukaemia was 7.7 years. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in four patients. A preleukaemic phase was present in three patients. Survival following diagnosis of acute leukaemia was short (median four weeks) and only one patient achieved a complete remission. Although published data suggests that radiation exposure is an important aetiologic factor in the induction of acute leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease, it appears likely that additional chemotherapy may have a significant potentiating effect.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease terminating in acute leukaemia: report of seven cases. Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia developed in seven patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. All had received intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One patient had clinical evidence of active Hodgkin's disease at the time of diagnosis of acute leukaemia, and of four other patients who had a post mortem examination another showed evidence of Hodgkin's disease. The median time from the first presentation with Hodgkin's disease to the development of acute leukaemia was 7.7 years. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in four patients. A preleukaemic phase was present in three patients. Survival following diagnosis of acute leukaemia was short (median four weeks) and only one patient achieved a complete remission. Although published data suggests that radiation exposure is an important aetiologic factor in the induction of acute leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease, it appears likely that additional chemotherapy may have a significant potentiating effect."}
{"id": "PMID:292380", "title": "Bundle branch block after myocardial infarction--a long term follow-up.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with myocardial infraction complicated by bundle branch block (27 RBBB and 25 LBBB) survived the hospital period (1967--1972), and were followed up to December 1976. Actuarial survival curves revealed a worse mortality up to five years (P less than 0.05) for LBBB (68%) than for RBBB (33%). All deaths occurred in the first four years. In RBBB, additional hemiblock (seven patients) did not increase the risk of heart block nor worsen the prognosis--one death in seven patients (14%) compared to eight in 20 patients with isolated RBBB (40%). The previous literature on long term survival of BBB was reviewed. Recommended treatment for BBB, a marker of severe myocardial damage, includes antiarrhythmic prophylaxis for anteroseptal infarction with RBBB, aneurysmectomy in selected subsets of patients, and possibly prevention of RBBB or its complications by treatment for reduction of infarct size during the very early phase after onset of infarction.", "contents": "Bundle branch block after myocardial infarction--a long term follow-up. Fifty-two patients with myocardial infraction complicated by bundle branch block (27 RBBB and 25 LBBB) survived the hospital period (1967--1972), and were followed up to December 1976. Actuarial survival curves revealed a worse mortality up to five years (P less than 0.05) for LBBB (68%) than for RBBB (33%). All deaths occurred in the first four years. In RBBB, additional hemiblock (seven patients) did not increase the risk of heart block nor worsen the prognosis--one death in seven patients (14%) compared to eight in 20 patients with isolated RBBB (40%). The previous literature on long term survival of BBB was reviewed. Recommended treatment for BBB, a marker of severe myocardial damage, includes antiarrhythmic prophylaxis for anteroseptal infarction with RBBB, aneurysmectomy in selected subsets of patients, and possibly prevention of RBBB or its complications by treatment for reduction of infarct size during the very early phase after onset of infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:292381", "title": "Bronchial reactivity in Western red cedar induced asthma.", "content": "A patient with Western red cedar induced asthma is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by a bronchial challenge with Western red cedar saw dust and the subsequent prolonged bronchial reactivity changes were measured using histamine inhalation tests.", "contents": "Bronchial reactivity in Western red cedar induced asthma. A patient with Western red cedar induced asthma is described. The diagnosis was confirmed by a bronchial challenge with Western red cedar saw dust and the subsequent prolonged bronchial reactivity changes were measured using histamine inhalation tests."}
{"id": "PMID:292382", "title": "Improvement of left ventricular function in alcoholic cardiomyopathy documented by serial gated cardiac pool scanning.", "content": "Serial gated cardiac blood pool scans showed a gradual return to normal left ventricular function over ten months in a 44-year-old patient who presented initially with severe alcoholic congestive cardiomyopathy. The clinical signs of left ventricular failure abated considerably before myocardial function improved objectively on gated blood pool scanning.", "contents": "Improvement of left ventricular function in alcoholic cardiomyopathy documented by serial gated cardiac pool scanning. Serial gated cardiac blood pool scans showed a gradual return to normal left ventricular function over ten months in a 44-year-old patient who presented initially with severe alcoholic congestive cardiomyopathy. The clinical signs of left ventricular failure abated considerably before myocardial function improved objectively on gated blood pool scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:292383", "title": "Radiation-related coronary artery disease in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Coronary artery disease is a rare and only recently recognised complication of mediastinal irradiation. A 34-year-old man died suddenly eight years after mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Autopsy disclosed severe narrowing of all major extramural coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaques whereas all other systemic and visceral arteries were virtually free of atheroma. Autopsy findings in the five reported cases of radiation-related coronary artery disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Radiation-related coronary artery disease in Hodgkin's disease. Coronary artery disease is a rare and only recently recognised complication of mediastinal irradiation. A 34-year-old man died suddenly eight years after mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Autopsy disclosed severe narrowing of all major extramural coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaques whereas all other systemic and visceral arteries were virtually free of atheroma. Autopsy findings in the five reported cases of radiation-related coronary artery disease are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:292384", "title": "Necrotising enterocolitis associated with invasion by Clostridium septicum complicating cyclic neutropaenia.", "content": "A fatal case of necrotising enterocolitis complicating cyclic neutropaenia in a 17-year-old boy is reported. The episode of enterocolitis was characterised by fulminant, generalised peritonitis associated with necrosis and gas formation in the wall of the ileum and caecum. Clostridium septicum was grown from premortem blood cultures and Gram positive bacilli typical of this organism were present in histological sections of the bowel wall. Necrotising enterocolitis in this and previously reported cases of cyclic neutropaenia resembles the agranulocytic form of intestinal necrosis which occasionally complicates leukaemia.", "contents": "Necrotising enterocolitis associated with invasion by Clostridium septicum complicating cyclic neutropaenia. A fatal case of necrotising enterocolitis complicating cyclic neutropaenia in a 17-year-old boy is reported. The episode of enterocolitis was characterised by fulminant, generalised peritonitis associated with necrosis and gas formation in the wall of the ileum and caecum. Clostridium septicum was grown from premortem blood cultures and Gram positive bacilli typical of this organism were present in histological sections of the bowel wall. Necrotising enterocolitis in this and previously reported cases of cyclic neutropaenia resembles the agranulocytic form of intestinal necrosis which occasionally complicates leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:292385", "title": "67Gallium uptake in psittacosis infection.", "content": "67Gallium citrate isotope scanning was performed in a febrile patient with pneumonitis and hepatitis who was later shown to have psittacosis. Focal isotope uptake was detected in both lungs in the absence of radiological changes. There was no enhanced concentration in the liver where inflammatory cell infiltration was slight.", "contents": "67Gallium uptake in psittacosis infection. 67Gallium citrate isotope scanning was performed in a febrile patient with pneumonitis and hepatitis who was later shown to have psittacosis. Focal isotope uptake was detected in both lungs in the absence of radiological changes. There was no enhanced concentration in the liver where inflammatory cell infiltration was slight."}
{"id": "PMID:292387", "title": "Disseminated cryptococcosis with ocular involvement.", "content": "A case of disseminated cryptococcosis with extensive ocular involvement is reported. The patient had pulmonary, meningeal, cerebral, cutaneous, lymph node, renal, adrenal and thyroid lesions, as well as granulomatous endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Disseminated cryptococcosis with ocular involvement. A case of disseminated cryptococcosis with extensive ocular involvement is reported. The patient had pulmonary, meningeal, cerebral, cutaneous, lymph node, renal, adrenal and thyroid lesions, as well as granulomatous endophthalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:292386", "title": "A study of synovial fluid and cytology in arthritis associated with herpes zoster.", "content": "A case of herpes zoster complicated by acute arthritis with effusions is described. The white cell count in the synovial fluid was low, with a predominance of neutrophils. The synovium showed superficial deposits of fibrin, slight intimal hyperplasia, and subintimal polymorph infiltration. Varicella virus was not detected by culture or electron microscopy, but varicella antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the effusion. Other findings did not determine whether the antigen had appeared in the joint from circulating immune complexes, or following synovial phagocytosis or proliferation of virus.", "contents": "A study of synovial fluid and cytology in arthritis associated with herpes zoster. A case of herpes zoster complicated by acute arthritis with effusions is described. The white cell count in the synovial fluid was low, with a predominance of neutrophils. The synovium showed superficial deposits of fibrin, slight intimal hyperplasia, and subintimal polymorph infiltration. Varicella virus was not detected by culture or electron microscopy, but varicella antigen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the effusion. Other findings did not determine whether the antigen had appeared in the joint from circulating immune complexes, or following synovial phagocytosis or proliferation of virus."}
{"id": "PMID:292388", "title": "Inhibitory epilepsy.", "content": "Unlike post-epileptic paralysis, inhibitory epilepsy is rare and not well known. Differentiation between the two phenomena is usually difficult because both may have associated seizures. A satisfactory physiological explanation has yet to be advanced to account for the paraplysis. The present is a report of such a case together with the results of electroencephalographic, electromyographic and nerve conduction studies both during and after an attack of paralysis. The results suggest that inhibitory impulses originating from higher centres acting on the upper motor neurone itself leaving the anterior horn cell and possibly the upper motor neurone input to the gamma efferents switched off, are probably responsible for the paralysis.", "contents": "Inhibitory epilepsy. Unlike post-epileptic paralysis, inhibitory epilepsy is rare and not well known. Differentiation between the two phenomena is usually difficult because both may have associated seizures. A satisfactory physiological explanation has yet to be advanced to account for the paraplysis. The present is a report of such a case together with the results of electroencephalographic, electromyographic and nerve conduction studies both during and after an attack of paralysis. The results suggest that inhibitory impulses originating from higher centres acting on the upper motor neurone itself leaving the anterior horn cell and possibly the upper motor neurone input to the gamma efferents switched off, are probably responsible for the paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:292401", "title": "Axial muscle and myocutaneous flaps: a recent concept in wound closure.", "content": "Until the last decade, the greatest advances in reconstructive surgery have been skin grafting and the advent of pedicle flaps. More recently a new understanding of the discrete vascular anatomy of the skin and other composite tissues has enabled the transfer of these tissues with far more reliability, either locally or--using microvascular techniques--to a distance. The axial and random concept of blood supply of flaps will be outlined. A brief historical background of the development of axial flaps is included. A synopsis of the anatomy, uses and limitations of the commonly used and proven muscle and myocutaneous flaps in our experience is reported. In the final discussion, a new and simple classification of wound closure is proposed which encompasses all the recent developments in this field.", "contents": "Axial muscle and myocutaneous flaps: a recent concept in wound closure. Until the last decade, the greatest advances in reconstructive surgery have been skin grafting and the advent of pedicle flaps. More recently a new understanding of the discrete vascular anatomy of the skin and other composite tissues has enabled the transfer of these tissues with far more reliability, either locally or--using microvascular techniques--to a distance. The axial and random concept of blood supply of flaps will be outlined. A brief historical background of the development of axial flaps is included. A synopsis of the anatomy, uses and limitations of the commonly used and proven muscle and myocutaneous flaps in our experience is reported. In the final discussion, a new and simple classification of wound closure is proposed which encompasses all the recent developments in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:292402", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy: indications and technique.", "content": "For a certain group of patients, carefully selected by criteria which are here discussed, subcutaneous mastectomy offers a real prospect of minimizing the risk of breast cancer developing. It will also relieve pain in most of those for whom it has become intolerable and will usually provide the patient with both comfort and peace of mind. Performed by the technique described, subcutaneous mastectomy can now produce an aesthetically pleasing result. Regular review of all patients is, however, mandatory.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy: indications and technique. For a certain group of patients, carefully selected by criteria which are here discussed, subcutaneous mastectomy offers a real prospect of minimizing the risk of breast cancer developing. It will also relieve pain in most of those for whom it has become intolerable and will usually provide the patient with both comfort and peace of mind. Performed by the technique described, subcutaneous mastectomy can now produce an aesthetically pleasing result. Regular review of all patients is, however, mandatory."}
{"id": "PMID:292403", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy using an inferior nipple pedicle.", "content": "A technique for subcutaneous mastectomy is described which permits a reduction mammoplasty or mastopexy to be performed at the same time. The nipple is based on an inferior dermal pedicle. This appears to provide a safe blood supply to the nipple and safe cover for the prosthesis. The dermal pedicle for the nipple reinforces the submammary suture line and lessens the chance of extrusion of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy using an inferior nipple pedicle. A technique for subcutaneous mastectomy is described which permits a reduction mammoplasty or mastopexy to be performed at the same time. The nipple is based on an inferior dermal pedicle. This appears to provide a safe blood supply to the nipple and safe cover for the prosthesis. The dermal pedicle for the nipple reinforces the submammary suture line and lessens the chance of extrusion of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:292404", "title": "The surgical pathology of breast cancer in relation to reconstruction after mastectomy.", "content": "Pathological features such as tumour type, tumour size and lymph node invasion have an important bearing on the prognosis of the patient with breast cancer. It is suggested that such prognostic factors should be considered in the selection of women for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. The implications of pathological and other factors are reviewed and a summary of favourable prognostic factors is presented.", "contents": "The surgical pathology of breast cancer in relation to reconstruction after mastectomy. Pathological features such as tumour type, tumour size and lymph node invasion have an important bearing on the prognosis of the patient with breast cancer. It is suggested that such prognostic factors should be considered in the selection of women for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. The implications of pathological and other factors are reviewed and a summary of favourable prognostic factors is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:292406", "title": "Primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma of the duodenum.", "content": "The first case of primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the duodenum is reported. The features which differentiate primary isolated EMPs from EMPs associated with multiple myeloma are discussed. The prognosis for a primary isolated EMP of the gastrointestinal tract is uncertain.", "contents": "Primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma of the duodenum. The first case of primary isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the duodenum is reported. The features which differentiate primary isolated EMPs from EMPs associated with multiple myeloma are discussed. The prognosis for a primary isolated EMP of the gastrointestinal tract is uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:292407", "title": "Spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct: a new presentation.", "content": "A case is reported of spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct in a patient presenting with a six-day history of painless jaundice and a one-day history of nausea and vomiting. An endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the common bile duct revealed a large stone in the distal end of the grossly dilated biliary tree. At operation a large collection of bile, sealed off by omentum, was found beneath the liver. A perforation was present in the common hepatic duct close to its junction with the cystic duct.", "contents": "Spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct: a new presentation. A case is reported of spontaneous perforation of the common hepatic duct in a patient presenting with a six-day history of painless jaundice and a one-day history of nausea and vomiting. An endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the common bile duct revealed a large stone in the distal end of the grossly dilated biliary tree. At operation a large collection of bile, sealed off by omentum, was found beneath the liver. A perforation was present in the common hepatic duct close to its junction with the cystic duct."}
{"id": "PMID:292408", "title": "Caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow.", "content": "The 28th reported case of caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow is presented. A review of the literature reveals a mortality of 49% in lesser-sac herniae due to late diagnosis and operative difficulties. The comparative ease of hernial reduction after deflating trapped bowel by small-bore needle aspiration is discussed.", "contents": "Caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow. The 28th reported case of caecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow is presented. A review of the literature reveals a mortality of 49% in lesser-sac herniae due to late diagnosis and operative difficulties. The comparative ease of hernial reduction after deflating trapped bowel by small-bore needle aspiration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292412", "title": "Femoral nerve block: a simple and safe method of instant analgesia for femoral shaft fractures in children.", "content": "A simple safe technique of providing rapid, effective analgesia in children with femoral shaft fractures is described. It is particularly useful in patients who have associated head or abdominal injuries in the presence of which opiates should be withheld. The technique is recommended to all practitioners involved in the early care of femoral shaft fractures.", "contents": "Femoral nerve block: a simple and safe method of instant analgesia for femoral shaft fractures in children. A simple safe technique of providing rapid, effective analgesia in children with femoral shaft fractures is described. It is particularly useful in patients who have associated head or abdominal injuries in the presence of which opiates should be withheld. The technique is recommended to all practitioners involved in the early care of femoral shaft fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:292414", "title": "A survey of women with unplanned exnuptial pregnancies in Brisbane.", "content": "The social circumstances of women with exnuptial unplanned pregnancies were surveyed, and the differences between those continuing with their pregnancy and those who decided to terminate their pregnancy were compared. Women who continued their pregnancies were younger, poorer, less educated, and more likely to be employed in unskilled jobs when compared with those who decided to have their pregnancy terminated.", "contents": "A survey of women with unplanned exnuptial pregnancies in Brisbane. The social circumstances of women with exnuptial unplanned pregnancies were surveyed, and the differences between those continuing with their pregnancy and those who decided to terminate their pregnancy were compared. Women who continued their pregnancies were younger, poorer, less educated, and more likely to be employed in unskilled jobs when compared with those who decided to have their pregnancy terminated."}
{"id": "PMID:292415", "title": "Shoulder dystocia: a study of 47 cases.", "content": "Shoulder dystocia at vaginal delivery occurred in 0.2% of cases. Antenatal prediction of this complication was very difficult. In primigravidae in labour, delay late in the first stage was a warning sign; induction of labour, the use of regional analgesia, and forceps delivery for delay in the second stage of labour were associated with subsequent shoulder dystocia, although a cause-effect relationship was not established. The immediate maternal and fetal morbidity were high, nearly 30% of the babies suffering from a severe neural or bony injury. Forty-four per cent of the babies were beyond 41 weeks of gestation, and 70% weighed over 4,000 g. The avoidance of postmaturity by elective induction of labour at 41 weeks of gestation would significantly reduce the incidence of shoulder impaction at delivery.", "contents": "Shoulder dystocia: a study of 47 cases. Shoulder dystocia at vaginal delivery occurred in 0.2% of cases. Antenatal prediction of this complication was very difficult. In primigravidae in labour, delay late in the first stage was a warning sign; induction of labour, the use of regional analgesia, and forceps delivery for delay in the second stage of labour were associated with subsequent shoulder dystocia, although a cause-effect relationship was not established. The immediate maternal and fetal morbidity were high, nearly 30% of the babies suffering from a severe neural or bony injury. Forty-four per cent of the babies were beyond 41 weeks of gestation, and 70% weighed over 4,000 g. The avoidance of postmaturity by elective induction of labour at 41 weeks of gestation would significantly reduce the incidence of shoulder impaction at delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:292416", "title": "A technique for management of obstructed labour with antenatal fetal death.", "content": "A technique for management of obstructed labour associated with fetal death is presented. The new method makes it possible to decrease fetal head size by evacuation of brain tissue by suction using thoracic-type trocar. Three patients with obstructed labour and fetal death were managed successfully using this technique. The method permits a decrease of fetal head size easily and rapidly, avoiding the risks of other techniques. Moreover, its use makes it possible to eliminate craniotomy from obstetric practice. The method should be equally suitable for cases of major hydrocephaly.", "contents": "A technique for management of obstructed labour with antenatal fetal death. A technique for management of obstructed labour associated with fetal death is presented. The new method makes it possible to decrease fetal head size by evacuation of brain tissue by suction using thoracic-type trocar. Three patients with obstructed labour and fetal death were managed successfully using this technique. The method permits a decrease of fetal head size easily and rapidly, avoiding the risks of other techniques. Moreover, its use makes it possible to eliminate craniotomy from obstetric practice. The method should be equally suitable for cases of major hydrocephaly."}
{"id": "PMID:292417", "title": "The immunobiology of placentation.", "content": "A review of the current theories on the nature of the placental allograft and the evolution of placentation in the presence of a cellular immune response highlights the inability of current hypotheses to explain the success of both invertebrate and vertebrate placentation. Only one theory -- \"the anatomical separation of the fetus from the mother\" -- appears relevant. How this separation might develop during implantation is discussed.", "contents": "The immunobiology of placentation. A review of the current theories on the nature of the placental allograft and the evolution of placentation in the presence of a cellular immune response highlights the inability of current hypotheses to explain the success of both invertebrate and vertebrate placentation. Only one theory -- \"the anatomical separation of the fetus from the mother\" -- appears relevant. How this separation might develop during implantation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292418", "title": "An endocervical speculum.", "content": "An endocervical speculum has been devised for use with the colposcope in the evaluation of abnormal cytologic smears. It allows inspection of the endocervical canal and helps delineate the uppermost limits of the dysplastic and/or CIS lesion in those patients in whom it extends into the endocervical canal.", "contents": "An endocervical speculum. An endocervical speculum has been devised for use with the colposcope in the evaluation of abnormal cytologic smears. It allows inspection of the endocervical canal and helps delineate the uppermost limits of the dysplastic and/or CIS lesion in those patients in whom it extends into the endocervical canal."}
{"id": "PMID:292419", "title": "Seven years experience in the evaluation and management of patients with urge incontinence of urine.", "content": "In 1970 the authors established a specific clinic at the Royal Women's Hospital in an attempt to evaluate the causes of urinary incontinence, to improve the follow-up of patients treated for this complaint, and to determine areas where treatment was deficient. Of 258 patients seen in the clinic so far 80 (31%) were considered to have had stress incontinence, 84 (33%) urgency, and 82 (32%) both symptoms. Incontinence of urine with exertion was common in patients with urgency and furthermore, the Bonney test of urethral elevation was of no value in distinguishing stress from urge incontinence. Therapy with Probanthine 15 mg t.d.s. and Tofranil 25 mg t.d.s. was effective in 127 patients (90%) in whom urgency was the sole or dominant complaint.", "contents": "Seven years experience in the evaluation and management of patients with urge incontinence of urine. In 1970 the authors established a specific clinic at the Royal Women's Hospital in an attempt to evaluate the causes of urinary incontinence, to improve the follow-up of patients treated for this complaint, and to determine areas where treatment was deficient. Of 258 patients seen in the clinic so far 80 (31%) were considered to have had stress incontinence, 84 (33%) urgency, and 82 (32%) both symptoms. Incontinence of urine with exertion was common in patients with urgency and furthermore, the Bonney test of urethral elevation was of no value in distinguishing stress from urge incontinence. Therapy with Probanthine 15 mg t.d.s. and Tofranil 25 mg t.d.s. was effective in 127 patients (90%) in whom urgency was the sole or dominant complaint."}
{"id": "PMID:292420", "title": "Proliferating ovarian \"epithelial\" tumours: a clinico-pathological analysis of 144 cases.", "content": "In a 25-year period, 144 patients with proliferating epithelial ovarian tumours were treated at the King George V Memorial Hospital. These tumours were classified according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Histological Classification of Ovarian Tumours and subsequently divided into 4 grades of proliferation, again on histological criteria. The tumours were staged at laparotomy in accord with the recommendations of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Follow-up data, analysed by a life-table method, were correlated against histological type of tumour, histological grade of proliferation, clinical/laparotomy stage, and mode of surgical therapy. Stage 1 proliferating tumours may be treated by surgery alone, including unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in selected cases. Stage 2 and Stage 3 tumours should be treated similarly to invasive ovarian carcinomas of the same stage, despite their overall favourable prognosis.", "contents": "Proliferating ovarian \"epithelial\" tumours: a clinico-pathological analysis of 144 cases. In a 25-year period, 144 patients with proliferating epithelial ovarian tumours were treated at the King George V Memorial Hospital. These tumours were classified according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) Histological Classification of Ovarian Tumours and subsequently divided into 4 grades of proliferation, again on histological criteria. The tumours were staged at laparotomy in accord with the recommendations of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Follow-up data, analysed by a life-table method, were correlated against histological type of tumour, histological grade of proliferation, clinical/laparotomy stage, and mode of surgical therapy. Stage 1 proliferating tumours may be treated by surgery alone, including unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in selected cases. Stage 2 and Stage 3 tumours should be treated similarly to invasive ovarian carcinomas of the same stage, despite their overall favourable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:292422", "title": "Water intoxication and Syntocinon infusion.", "content": "A case of severe water intoxication with convulsion and prolonged coma, following the use of a high dose Syntocinon infusion is described. The pathogenesis and treatment of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Water intoxication and Syntocinon infusion. A case of severe water intoxication with convulsion and prolonged coma, following the use of a high dose Syntocinon infusion is described. The pathogenesis and treatment of the condition are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292423", "title": "A large cyst of Skene's duct -- a rare cause of superficial dyspareunia.", "content": "A case is reported which illustrates a rare cause of external dyspareunia, probably of Neisserial origin, and satisfactorily resolved by surgical extirpation. The morphological and embryological significance of the Skene's duct and related cysts are discussed.", "contents": "A large cyst of Skene's duct -- a rare cause of superficial dyspareunia. A case is reported which illustrates a rare cause of external dyspareunia, probably of Neisserial origin, and satisfactorily resolved by surgical extirpation. The morphological and embryological significance of the Skene's duct and related cysts are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292424", "title": "Factors influencing the time of introduction of steroidal contraception in the breast-feeding mother.", "content": "To ensure infertility whilst breast feeding many mothers ingest steroidal contraceptives. Animal experiments have shown how sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during perinatal life and can be affected by exogenous steroids. The amount of sex steroid secreted in the milk of lactating mothers is very small and dependent on the type of steroid chosen. \"On demand\" breast feeding is associated with a longer period of lactational amenorrhoea, obviating the necessity for early usage of contraceptives. In view of the possibility that sexual differentiation may be disturbed, it is suggested that, where steroidal contraception is required, the progesterone with the minimal amount of oestrogenic metabolite be used.", "contents": "Factors influencing the time of introduction of steroidal contraception in the breast-feeding mother. To ensure infertility whilst breast feeding many mothers ingest steroidal contraceptives. Animal experiments have shown how sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during perinatal life and can be affected by exogenous steroids. The amount of sex steroid secreted in the milk of lactating mothers is very small and dependent on the type of steroid chosen. \"On demand\" breast feeding is associated with a longer period of lactational amenorrhoea, obviating the necessity for early usage of contraceptives. In view of the possibility that sexual differentiation may be disturbed, it is suggested that, where steroidal contraception is required, the progesterone with the minimal amount of oestrogenic metabolite be used."}
{"id": "PMID:292425", "title": "Investigation and management of symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia.", "content": "Fifteen patients with infertility and hyperprolactinaemia have been investigated using tests of prolactin and LH secretion, and treated by prolactin suppression. In addition, 4 patients with hyperprolactinaemia not desiring fertility were also investigated. Of the total group, 16 had galactorrhoea and 15 had amenorrhoea. Pituitary tumours were present in 6 patients and 4 had pituitary microadenomas. Prolactin levels measured by both radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay were elevated before treatment and fell during therapy with bromoergocryptine (7.5 mg daily). Tests of prolactin release with TRH and chlorpromazine before treatment did not distinguish patients with functional hyperprolactinaemia from those with pituitary tumours. Basal plasma gonadotrophin concentrations were not elevated despite subnormal urinary oestrogen levels. The serum LH response to LRH was normal during hyperprolactinaemia, but LH release in response to oestrogen provocation was impaired in 14 of 17 patients. During prolactin suppression, mean oestrogen excretion rose significantly and the oestrogen provocation test became normal in all except 2 patients. Pregnancy occurred in all of the 15 patients desiring fertility. Abortion has occurred in 4 patients, all of whom are currently pregnant again. Nine pregnancies have reached term, with no complications from pituitary expansion. It appears that during hyperprolactinaemia there are defects in both positive and negative feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion, and that prolactin suppression in such patients is highly effective in restoring fertility.", "contents": "Investigation and management of symptomatic hyperprolactinaemia. Fifteen patients with infertility and hyperprolactinaemia have been investigated using tests of prolactin and LH secretion, and treated by prolactin suppression. In addition, 4 patients with hyperprolactinaemia not desiring fertility were also investigated. Of the total group, 16 had galactorrhoea and 15 had amenorrhoea. Pituitary tumours were present in 6 patients and 4 had pituitary microadenomas. Prolactin levels measured by both radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay were elevated before treatment and fell during therapy with bromoergocryptine (7.5 mg daily). Tests of prolactin release with TRH and chlorpromazine before treatment did not distinguish patients with functional hyperprolactinaemia from those with pituitary tumours. Basal plasma gonadotrophin concentrations were not elevated despite subnormal urinary oestrogen levels. The serum LH response to LRH was normal during hyperprolactinaemia, but LH release in response to oestrogen provocation was impaired in 14 of 17 patients. During prolactin suppression, mean oestrogen excretion rose significantly and the oestrogen provocation test became normal in all except 2 patients. Pregnancy occurred in all of the 15 patients desiring fertility. Abortion has occurred in 4 patients, all of whom are currently pregnant again. Nine pregnancies have reached term, with no complications from pituitary expansion. It appears that during hyperprolactinaemia there are defects in both positive and negative feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion, and that prolactin suppression in such patients is highly effective in restoring fertility."}
{"id": "PMID:292426", "title": "Menstrual characteristics of 2,343 women attending the Shepherd Foundation.", "content": "Menstrual characteristics of 2,343 women attending the Shepherd Foundation Health Testing Centre have been analyzed utilizing a computer system of data analysis. The incidence of menstrual pain was 43% and premenstrual tension 75%. The best estimate of normal cycle length was 21-35 days, 1.5% of women having cycles less than 21 days. The duration of menstrual loss was 1-7 days, 3% of women bleeding for more than 7 days. Utilizing the various responses to questions concerning menstrual and cycle length, menstrual pain and premenstrual tension, 150 patterns were found, the 10 most common patterns accounting for 40% of the population; most of the latter patterns included menstrual pain and premenstrual tension. Authorities disagree upon the definitions of normal menstruation and there are serious implications from the lack of knowledge in this area, both for the individual patient and the cost of health care. The formation of a health committee to determine national standards for defining normal menstruation is advocated.", "contents": "Menstrual characteristics of 2,343 women attending the Shepherd Foundation. Menstrual characteristics of 2,343 women attending the Shepherd Foundation Health Testing Centre have been analyzed utilizing a computer system of data analysis. The incidence of menstrual pain was 43% and premenstrual tension 75%. The best estimate of normal cycle length was 21-35 days, 1.5% of women having cycles less than 21 days. The duration of menstrual loss was 1-7 days, 3% of women bleeding for more than 7 days. Utilizing the various responses to questions concerning menstrual and cycle length, menstrual pain and premenstrual tension, 150 patterns were found, the 10 most common patterns accounting for 40% of the population; most of the latter patterns included menstrual pain and premenstrual tension. Authorities disagree upon the definitions of normal menstruation and there are serious implications from the lack of knowledge in this area, both for the individual patient and the cost of health care. The formation of a health committee to determine national standards for defining normal menstruation is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:292427", "title": "Social and psychological factors in relation to premenstrual tension and menstrual pain.", "content": "Age, country of birth, marital status, attitude to work, smoking and drinking habits, childbearing, sex life and psychological factors are all linked to the frequency of menstrual pain and premenstrual tension. The relationship between the psychosocial and menstrual characteristics may be causal or related to some other constitutional factor (or factors) which determines both. The profile of women suffering from premenstrual tension and menstrual pain is described. In management, associated psychosocial factors and the relationship betweem these and the described menstrual problems needs to be taken into account.", "contents": "Social and psychological factors in relation to premenstrual tension and menstrual pain. Age, country of birth, marital status, attitude to work, smoking and drinking habits, childbearing, sex life and psychological factors are all linked to the frequency of menstrual pain and premenstrual tension. The relationship between the psychosocial and menstrual characteristics may be causal or related to some other constitutional factor (or factors) which determines both. The profile of women suffering from premenstrual tension and menstrual pain is described. In management, associated psychosocial factors and the relationship betweem these and the described menstrual problems needs to be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:292428", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in late pregnancy.", "content": "Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the spleen are described. The first patient presented with fetal distress in the second stage of labour; the second with hypovolaemic shock. Both mothers and babies survived.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in late pregnancy. Two cases of spontaneous rupture of the spleen are described. The first patient presented with fetal distress in the second stage of labour; the second with hypovolaemic shock. Both mothers and babies survived."}
{"id": "PMID:292429", "title": "Giant condyloma acuminatum of the vulva and anal canal.", "content": "This publication describes the second known reported case of benign giant condyloma acuminatum of the vulva and anal canal (Buschke-Loewenstein tumour). The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made initially on clinical examination and could not be excluded by punch biopsy. A full pathological study of the tumour established the diagnosis. A defunctioning colostomy and a perineo-ano-vulvectomy with groin gland dissection was performed and the patient is free of disease 36 months later. The biology of this type of tumour is discussed.", "contents": "Giant condyloma acuminatum of the vulva and anal canal. This publication describes the second known reported case of benign giant condyloma acuminatum of the vulva and anal canal (Buschke-Loewenstein tumour). The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made initially on clinical examination and could not be excluded by punch biopsy. A full pathological study of the tumour established the diagnosis. A defunctioning colostomy and a perineo-ano-vulvectomy with groin gland dissection was performed and the patient is free of disease 36 months later. The biology of this type of tumour is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292430", "title": "A simple operation for postcoital urethrotrigonitis in women.", "content": "Definitive treatment of postcoital urethrotrigonitis, or \"honeymoon cystitis\", as it is commonly called, has only been paid serious attention since 1967. It has been suggested (O'Donnell, 1959) that the introduction of bacteria into the urethra is more likely when the urethra assumes a relatively hypospadiac position during coitus. This is commonly associated with incomplete rupture of the hymen. Division of the anterior bridge of the hymen on either side of the external urethral meatus appears to be as effective as more complicated procedures in preventing ascending infection associated with coitus.", "contents": "A simple operation for postcoital urethrotrigonitis in women. Definitive treatment of postcoital urethrotrigonitis, or \"honeymoon cystitis\", as it is commonly called, has only been paid serious attention since 1967. It has been suggested (O'Donnell, 1959) that the introduction of bacteria into the urethra is more likely when the urethra assumes a relatively hypospadiac position during coitus. This is commonly associated with incomplete rupture of the hymen. Division of the anterior bridge of the hymen on either side of the external urethral meatus appears to be as effective as more complicated procedures in preventing ascending infection associated with coitus."}
{"id": "PMID:292431", "title": "Value of total serum oestriol and human placental lactogen in the assessment of fetal-placental function.", "content": "Serum levels of total oestriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 360 pregnancies; in 182 there were abnormalities likely to be associated with increased fetal risk. A total of 217 estimations of oestriol and HPL were performed in 163 normal pregnancies to define the normal ranges. The value of both tests in the management of complicated pregnancies was assessed. Serum oestriol was found to be very efficient in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation. In such cases, 76% of patients had unfavourable oestriol levels. Patients with mild pre-eclampsia had HPL levels similar to normal, but values decreased significantly in the presence of fetal distress. The mean serum oestriol level in patients with pre-eclampsia were lower than normal, and were further reduced in the presence of fetal distress. The importance of measuring serum oestriol levels at each antenatal visit is stressed in the detection of developing fetal complications; in such cases, 73% of patients had subnormal values. Both tests provided accurate assessments in the 8 patients with intrauterine death. Significant fetal-placental dysfunction was present in 55 patients, and 41 (75%) were predicted by serum oestriol, 23 (42%) by HPL, and 45 (82%) by the use of both tests. In the 142 complicated pregnancies that resulted in a favourable outcome, confirmation was obtained in 102 (72%) by serum oestriol and in 121 (86%) by HPL.", "contents": "Value of total serum oestriol and human placental lactogen in the assessment of fetal-placental function. Serum levels of total oestriol and human placental lactogen (HPL) were measured in 360 pregnancies; in 182 there were abnormalities likely to be associated with increased fetal risk. A total of 217 estimations of oestriol and HPL were performed in 163 normal pregnancies to define the normal ranges. The value of both tests in the management of complicated pregnancies was assessed. Serum oestriol was found to be very efficient in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation. In such cases, 76% of patients had unfavourable oestriol levels. Patients with mild pre-eclampsia had HPL levels similar to normal, but values decreased significantly in the presence of fetal distress. The mean serum oestriol level in patients with pre-eclampsia were lower than normal, and were further reduced in the presence of fetal distress. The importance of measuring serum oestriol levels at each antenatal visit is stressed in the detection of developing fetal complications; in such cases, 73% of patients had subnormal values. Both tests provided accurate assessments in the 8 patients with intrauterine death. Significant fetal-placental dysfunction was present in 55 patients, and 41 (75%) were predicted by serum oestriol, 23 (42%) by HPL, and 45 (82%) by the use of both tests. In the 142 complicated pregnancies that resulted in a favourable outcome, confirmation was obtained in 102 (72%) by serum oestriol and in 121 (86%) by HPL."}
{"id": "PMID:292432", "title": "Routine fetal maturity estimation by ultrasound.", "content": "The accuracy of ultrasonic estimation of fetal maturity and, therefore, the delivery date is greatest when the biparietal diameteris less than 5.0 cm and least when it is greater than 9.0 cm. A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasonic and last menstrual period based estimations of the delivery date revealed that there is no significant increase in accuracy for ultrasonic estimations when the biparietal diameter is less than 9.0 cm, but when the diameter is greater than 9.0 cm the accuracy of delivery date estimation is significantly less than that based on the last menstrual period. In pregnancies complicated by uncertain dates, recent hormonal contraception, bleeding in early pregnancy, or an irregular or prolonged menstrual cycle, ultrasound is significantly more accurate in predicting the delivery date. Ultrasonic examination for fetal maturity is indicated only when there are clinical indications such as uncertain dates for some reason or when there is fundal height discrepancy.", "contents": "Routine fetal maturity estimation by ultrasound. The accuracy of ultrasonic estimation of fetal maturity and, therefore, the delivery date is greatest when the biparietal diameteris less than 5.0 cm and least when it is greater than 9.0 cm. A comparison of the accuracy of ultrasonic and last menstrual period based estimations of the delivery date revealed that there is no significant increase in accuracy for ultrasonic estimations when the biparietal diameter is less than 9.0 cm, but when the diameter is greater than 9.0 cm the accuracy of delivery date estimation is significantly less than that based on the last menstrual period. In pregnancies complicated by uncertain dates, recent hormonal contraception, bleeding in early pregnancy, or an irregular or prolonged menstrual cycle, ultrasound is significantly more accurate in predicting the delivery date. Ultrasonic examination for fetal maturity is indicated only when there are clinical indications such as uncertain dates for some reason or when there is fundal height discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:292433", "title": "A comparison of early fetal growth curves.", "content": "The curves of the growth of the maximum fetal diameter and the biparietal diameter before 20 weeks of gestation, measured by ultrasound and derived from a New Zealand population, are presented. They are compared with other published growth curves and reveal that in the New Zealand population there is a greater variation from the mean. In the case of the maximum fetal diameter there is a significantly lower mean after 10 weeks of gestation.", "contents": "A comparison of early fetal growth curves. The curves of the growth of the maximum fetal diameter and the biparietal diameter before 20 weeks of gestation, measured by ultrasound and derived from a New Zealand population, are presented. They are compared with other published growth curves and reveal that in the New Zealand population there is a greater variation from the mean. In the case of the maximum fetal diameter there is a significantly lower mean after 10 weeks of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:292434", "title": "The relative value of the non-stress and stress cardiotocograph: a protocol and pilot study.", "content": "A simple and safe protocol is described for the conduct of a controlled comparison of the relative predictive values of the antenatal cardiotocograph in the absence and in the presence of artificial stress (oxytocin challenge) to the fetus. Each patient serves as her own control, the tests are performed on the same day, and labour also commences on the same day, so that fetal performance in labour and status at birth are closely related in time to both tests and provide a reasonable assessment of the relative value of the tests. A pilot study of 83 patients has been carried out and the results are presented.", "contents": "The relative value of the non-stress and stress cardiotocograph: a protocol and pilot study. A simple and safe protocol is described for the conduct of a controlled comparison of the relative predictive values of the antenatal cardiotocograph in the absence and in the presence of artificial stress (oxytocin challenge) to the fetus. Each patient serves as her own control, the tests are performed on the same day, and labour also commences on the same day, so that fetal performance in labour and status at birth are closely related in time to both tests and provide a reasonable assessment of the relative value of the tests. A pilot study of 83 patients has been carried out and the results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:292435", "title": "Significance of amniotic fluid glucose in late pregnancy.", "content": "Glucose levels were estimated in over 150 amniotic fluid samples and were found to fall with advancing gestational age. Significantly lower levels were found in post-term pregnancies and in association with fetal growth retardation. Amniotic fluid glucose estimation was found to be superior to human placental lactogen in distinguishing between normal pregnancies and those complicated by fetal growth retardation. The role of the membranes in influencing the level of amniotic fluid glucose was investigated using in vitro perfusion experiments. The permeability of the membranes to glucose decreased with advancing gestational age.", "contents": "Significance of amniotic fluid glucose in late pregnancy. Glucose levels were estimated in over 150 amniotic fluid samples and were found to fall with advancing gestational age. Significantly lower levels were found in post-term pregnancies and in association with fetal growth retardation. Amniotic fluid glucose estimation was found to be superior to human placental lactogen in distinguishing between normal pregnancies and those complicated by fetal growth retardation. The role of the membranes in influencing the level of amniotic fluid glucose was investigated using in vitro perfusion experiments. The permeability of the membranes to glucose decreased with advancing gestational age."}
{"id": "PMID:292436", "title": "Prolactin secretion during prolonged lactational amenorrhoea.", "content": "Basal serum prolactin levels were elevated up to 66 weeks postpartum in lactating amenorrhoeic women. The serum prolactin level in fully breast-feeding women was significantly higher than in women who were partially breast-feeding. The mean basal serum prolactin level in menstruating, lactating women was significantly higher than the mean level in women who had weaned and had normal menstrual cycles. The rise in prolactin due to suckling was seen up to 66 weeks postpartum. The marked variability and lack of reproducibility of individual suckling responses may obscure the importance of prolactin secretion in the postpartum period. Nevertheless, this study confirms that prolactin secretion is increased in women with prolonged lactational amenorrhoea.", "contents": "Prolactin secretion during prolonged lactational amenorrhoea. Basal serum prolactin levels were elevated up to 66 weeks postpartum in lactating amenorrhoeic women. The serum prolactin level in fully breast-feeding women was significantly higher than in women who were partially breast-feeding. The mean basal serum prolactin level in menstruating, lactating women was significantly higher than the mean level in women who had weaned and had normal menstrual cycles. The rise in prolactin due to suckling was seen up to 66 weeks postpartum. The marked variability and lack of reproducibility of individual suckling responses may obscure the importance of prolactin secretion in the postpartum period. Nevertheless, this study confirms that prolactin secretion is increased in women with prolonged lactational amenorrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:292450", "title": "Cellular sensitization in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients to leukaemic blast antigens.", "content": "Sixteen chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in remission were tested with solubilized membrane antigens from CML leukaemic cells, CML blasts, AML blasts and ALL blasts for cellular immunity in vitro by lymphocyte transformation (LT) and leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays. Twelve CML patients in remission were tested with allogeneic PHA-transformed normal lymphoblasts. As controls, peripheral-blood leucocytes from 9 healthy persons were tested with the same antigen preparations. It was seen that 8/16 (50%) CML patients responded to CML antigens by both LT and LMI assays, while 5/16 (31%) patients reacted to CML blasts and 44% (7/16) patients reacted to AML blast antigens. It was interesting to note that 5/11 (45%) CML patients reacted to ALL blast antigens by both assays. One out of 12 patients reacted to PHA-transformed lymphoblasts. None of the healthy controls reacted to leukaemia-associated antigens. The results suggest the sharing of antigens between myeloid leukaemic cells, myeloid blasts and lymphoid blasts.", "contents": "Cellular sensitization in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients to leukaemic blast antigens. Sixteen chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in remission were tested with solubilized membrane antigens from CML leukaemic cells, CML blasts, AML blasts and ALL blasts for cellular immunity in vitro by lymphocyte transformation (LT) and leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays. Twelve CML patients in remission were tested with allogeneic PHA-transformed normal lymphoblasts. As controls, peripheral-blood leucocytes from 9 healthy persons were tested with the same antigen preparations. It was seen that 8/16 (50%) CML patients responded to CML antigens by both LT and LMI assays, while 5/16 (31%) patients reacted to CML blasts and 44% (7/16) patients reacted to AML blast antigens. It was interesting to note that 5/11 (45%) CML patients reacted to ALL blast antigens by both assays. One out of 12 patients reacted to PHA-transformed lymphoblasts. None of the healthy controls reacted to leukaemia-associated antigens. The results suggest the sharing of antigens between myeloid leukaemic cells, myeloid blasts and lymphoid blasts."}
{"id": "PMID:292451", "title": "Patterns of maturation in short-term culture of human acute myeloid leukaemic cells.", "content": "Leukaemic cells taken from the blood of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) frequently proliferate in suspension culture without the addition of growth factors for a limited period only. After a 6--10-fold increase in total cells, cell numbers remain constant for a time and finally decline. The main cause for this limited growth in vitro is not, initially at least, cell death leading to a steady state, but maturation associated in its final stages with cessation of DNA synthesis. Two populations of AML cells from Patients St and Wi respectively were studied, and progressive maturation towards mature leucocytes was demonstrated by the gradual acquisition in culture by the growing blast cells of intracellular enzymes (lysozyme, arginase, acid phosphatase and esterase being measured), surface markers (Fc and C3 receptors), of lactoferrin by Wi cells and of colony-stimulating activity by St cells, as well as changes in Ia antigens, phagocytic properties, morphology and adhesiveness to plastic. With St cells, which carried a characteristic chromosome marker, maturation terminated in cells with the characteristic properties of macrophages. At an intermediate stage, non-adherent and still-dividing St cells acquired Fc and C3 receptors and enzymes characteristic of monocytes. Wi cells progressively became neutrophil-like, and again there was an intermediate population of dividing cells which had Fc and C3 receptors and proteins such as lactoferrin and esterases. characteristic of neutrophils.", "contents": "Patterns of maturation in short-term culture of human acute myeloid leukaemic cells. Leukaemic cells taken from the blood of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) frequently proliferate in suspension culture without the addition of growth factors for a limited period only. After a 6--10-fold increase in total cells, cell numbers remain constant for a time and finally decline. The main cause for this limited growth in vitro is not, initially at least, cell death leading to a steady state, but maturation associated in its final stages with cessation of DNA synthesis. Two populations of AML cells from Patients St and Wi respectively were studied, and progressive maturation towards mature leucocytes was demonstrated by the gradual acquisition in culture by the growing blast cells of intracellular enzymes (lysozyme, arginase, acid phosphatase and esterase being measured), surface markers (Fc and C3 receptors), of lactoferrin by Wi cells and of colony-stimulating activity by St cells, as well as changes in Ia antigens, phagocytic properties, morphology and adhesiveness to plastic. With St cells, which carried a characteristic chromosome marker, maturation terminated in cells with the characteristic properties of macrophages. At an intermediate stage, non-adherent and still-dividing St cells acquired Fc and C3 receptors and enzymes characteristic of monocytes. Wi cells progressively became neutrophil-like, and again there was an intermediate population of dividing cells which had Fc and C3 receptors and proteins such as lactoferrin and esterases. characteristic of neutrophils."}
{"id": "PMID:292452", "title": "Spontaneous regression of human acute myeloid leukaemia xenografts and phenotypic evidence for maturation.", "content": "A population of human AML cells which have a characteristic karyotypic marker was cryopreserved and then grown in short-term liquid culture for 2 weeks, during which time the cells increased about 7-fold in number and progressively acquired characteristics of macrophages. 10(7) cells obtained after 1 day in culture, when they were almost devoid of Fc receptors (Fc-), on inoculation into immune-deprived mice gave rise to tumours in more than 90% of the animals. However, after 13 days of culture, when almost all the cells had Fc receptors (Fc+), a similar inoculum did not grow as tumours. After 7 days in culture the cells were heterogeneous, and divided about equally into Fc+ and Fc- cells, both of which were replicating. The Fc- population was capable of producing tumours, whereas the Fc+ was not. Of 23 assessable xenograft tumours produced by the AML cells, 14 regressed completely, 4 grew progressively and 5 grew progressively after initial regression. Progressive tumours could be further transplanted. The regression may arise as a result of maturation in vivo similar to that seen in vitro.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of human acute myeloid leukaemia xenografts and phenotypic evidence for maturation. A population of human AML cells which have a characteristic karyotypic marker was cryopreserved and then grown in short-term liquid culture for 2 weeks, during which time the cells increased about 7-fold in number and progressively acquired characteristics of macrophages. 10(7) cells obtained after 1 day in culture, when they were almost devoid of Fc receptors (Fc-), on inoculation into immune-deprived mice gave rise to tumours in more than 90% of the animals. However, after 13 days of culture, when almost all the cells had Fc receptors (Fc+), a similar inoculum did not grow as tumours. After 7 days in culture the cells were heterogeneous, and divided about equally into Fc+ and Fc- cells, both of which were replicating. The Fc- population was capable of producing tumours, whereas the Fc+ was not. Of 23 assessable xenograft tumours produced by the AML cells, 14 regressed completely, 4 grew progressively and 5 grew progressively after initial regression. Progressive tumours could be further transplanted. The regression may arise as a result of maturation in vivo similar to that seen in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:292453", "title": "Influence of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole on the proliferation of well-oxygenated cells in vitro during prolonged exposure.", "content": "Analysis of time-lapse cinematographic film permitted the construction of pedigrees from 88 well oxygenated cells of a mouse osteosarcoma (MOS). These cells have been chronically treated with various concentrations of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole (MIS) over periods of up to 96 h. At concentrations of 0.5 and 7 mM there is a 2--3 h increase in cell-cycle time. Concentrations of 2 mM show an intermitotic time delay of 7.6--10.3 h. At 4 mM cells divided only once. With increasing drug concentration there was an increase in the number of abnormal mitoses. These results were compared with cloning efficiency (PE) experiments. PE at 0.5 mM is 80%, at 1 mM 40 and at 2 mM is reduced to 4%. Cells treated with 2mM MIS over a period of 28.6 h resume their normal cycle when the drug is washed from the culture. This may indicate that DNA is not a major target for MIS. It is concluded that this hypoxic cell sensitizer is also toxic for MOS cells in well oxygenated conditions.", "contents": "Influence of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole on the proliferation of well-oxygenated cells in vitro during prolonged exposure. Analysis of time-lapse cinematographic film permitted the construction of pedigrees from 88 well oxygenated cells of a mouse osteosarcoma (MOS). These cells have been chronically treated with various concentrations of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole (MIS) over periods of up to 96 h. At concentrations of 0.5 and 7 mM there is a 2--3 h increase in cell-cycle time. Concentrations of 2 mM show an intermitotic time delay of 7.6--10.3 h. At 4 mM cells divided only once. With increasing drug concentration there was an increase in the number of abnormal mitoses. These results were compared with cloning efficiency (PE) experiments. PE at 0.5 mM is 80%, at 1 mM 40 and at 2 mM is reduced to 4%. Cells treated with 2mM MIS over a period of 28.6 h resume their normal cycle when the drug is washed from the culture. This may indicate that DNA is not a major target for MIS. It is concluded that this hypoxic cell sensitizer is also toxic for MOS cells in well oxygenated conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:292454", "title": "t(8;14) translocation in a Burkitt's type of lymphoblastic leukaemia (L3).", "content": "Cytogenetic findings on five patients with ALL Burkitt's type are reported. A t(8;14) (q23;q32) translocation identical to that found in Burkitt's lymphoma cells was found in each case. The relationship between ALL, L3 type and Burkitt's tumours is discussed.", "contents": "t(8;14) translocation in a Burkitt's type of lymphoblastic leukaemia (L3). Cytogenetic findings on five patients with ALL Burkitt's type are reported. A t(8;14) (q23;q32) translocation identical to that found in Burkitt's lymphoma cells was found in each case. The relationship between ALL, L3 type and Burkitt's tumours is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292455", "title": "The composition and fluidity of normal and leukaemic or lymphomatous lymphocyte plasma membranes in mouse and man.", "content": "The lymphocyte surface membranes from normal and leukaemic or lymphomatous cells from man and mouse were isolated, characterized, and analyzed both biochemically and by diphenyl hexatriene fluorescence polarization. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio for all the pure lymphocyte plasma membranes was 0.45--0.50, and the fluorescence polarization results showed that values much higher than this were not credible. The lipid composition of all the plasma membranes was remarkably similar, except for the concentration of free fatty acids and glycerides. The latter two were particularily high in the mouse lymphoma membrane and these, rather than a low cholesterol concentration, were responsible for the increased fluidity of the cells. The most prominent protein in most of the plasma membrane preparations was actin. This is found only by some authors, and its presence probably depends on the method of lymphocyte disruption.", "contents": "The composition and fluidity of normal and leukaemic or lymphomatous lymphocyte plasma membranes in mouse and man. The lymphocyte surface membranes from normal and leukaemic or lymphomatous cells from man and mouse were isolated, characterized, and analyzed both biochemically and by diphenyl hexatriene fluorescence polarization. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio for all the pure lymphocyte plasma membranes was 0.45--0.50, and the fluorescence polarization results showed that values much higher than this were not credible. The lipid composition of all the plasma membranes was remarkably similar, except for the concentration of free fatty acids and glycerides. The latter two were particularily high in the mouse lymphoma membrane and these, rather than a low cholesterol concentration, were responsible for the increased fluidity of the cells. The most prominent protein in most of the plasma membrane preparations was actin. This is found only by some authors, and its presence probably depends on the method of lymphocyte disruption."}
{"id": "PMID:292456", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of action of hexamethylene bisacetamide, a potent inducer of erythroleukemic differentiation.", "content": "Hexamethylene bisacetamide (diacetyldiamino hexane) is a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Hexamethylene bisacetamide and the closely related pentamethylene bisacetamide were synthesized with radioactive labels in various portions of the molecule and the uptake, metabolism, and intracellular distribution determined. Bisacetamides are taken up by the cell; an intracellular concentration equal to the extracellular concentration is achieved by 6-8 h. Commitment to differentiation is not detected until at least 10 h after equilibration. Both uptake and commitment to differentiate are concentration and temperature dependent. The majority of the compound is deacetylated upon cell entry and the acetate portion incorporated nonspecifically into lipid and protein. Acetate competes with the incorporation of hexamethylene bisacetamide into protein and lipid, but does not affect inducing activity. The diamine portion of the molecule is detected only in the cytoplasm, in a trichloroacetic acid-soluble and acetylated form, whereas the acetate moiety is detected in both cytoplasm and nucleus and in both a trichloroacetic acid-soluble and insoluble form. The cellular uptake of diamines and bisacetamides (acetylated diamines) are similar, but acetylation of the diamine greatly increases inducing activity.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of action of hexamethylene bisacetamide, a potent inducer of erythroleukemic differentiation. Hexamethylene bisacetamide (diacetyldiamino hexane) is a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. Hexamethylene bisacetamide and the closely related pentamethylene bisacetamide were synthesized with radioactive labels in various portions of the molecule and the uptake, metabolism, and intracellular distribution determined. Bisacetamides are taken up by the cell; an intracellular concentration equal to the extracellular concentration is achieved by 6-8 h. Commitment to differentiation is not detected until at least 10 h after equilibration. Both uptake and commitment to differentiate are concentration and temperature dependent. The majority of the compound is deacetylated upon cell entry and the acetate portion incorporated nonspecifically into lipid and protein. Acetate competes with the incorporation of hexamethylene bisacetamide into protein and lipid, but does not affect inducing activity. The diamine portion of the molecule is detected only in the cytoplasm, in a trichloroacetic acid-soluble and acetylated form, whereas the acetate moiety is detected in both cytoplasm and nucleus and in both a trichloroacetic acid-soluble and insoluble form. The cellular uptake of diamines and bisacetamides (acetylated diamines) are similar, but acetylation of the diamine greatly increases inducing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:292457", "title": "A Parkinson-like syndrome as side effect of chemotherapy with vincristine and adriamycin in a child with acute leukaemia.", "content": "A 9 month old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed signs compatible with an extrapyramidal lesion (rough tremor of the skeletal muscles, more pronounced on the left side, with hypotonia and reduced cutaneous reflexes). This problem started 4 days after the second weekly course of chemotherapy with Vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and Adriamycin (25 mg/m2) and lasted with varying intensity until death 4 weeks later. Toxicity of either drug (or both) to the central nervous system was invoked as a likely explanation and Vincristine was considered to be more likely condidate for that effect.", "contents": "A Parkinson-like syndrome as side effect of chemotherapy with vincristine and adriamycin in a child with acute leukaemia. A 9 month old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed signs compatible with an extrapyramidal lesion (rough tremor of the skeletal muscles, more pronounced on the left side, with hypotonia and reduced cutaneous reflexes). This problem started 4 days after the second weekly course of chemotherapy with Vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and Adriamycin (25 mg/m2) and lasted with varying intensity until death 4 weeks later. Toxicity of either drug (or both) to the central nervous system was invoked as a likely explanation and Vincristine was considered to be more likely condidate for that effect."}
{"id": "PMID:292458", "title": "Quantitation of human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen by radioimmunoassay in different forms of leukemia.", "content": "Using a radioimmunoassay, increased levels of a human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) have been detected in leukemic cells and plasma from most patients with E-rosette-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and a number of patients with E-rosette-negative ALL, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute monomyelocytic leukemia (AMML), and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AVL). Low levels of HThy-L have been demonstrated in white cells from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (stable phase) and in mononuclear cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The relationship between HThy-L and differentiation of hematopoietic cells is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitation of human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen by radioimmunoassay in different forms of leukemia. Using a radioimmunoassay, increased levels of a human thymus/leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) have been detected in leukemic cells and plasma from most patients with E-rosette-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and a number of patients with E-rosette-negative ALL, acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), acute monomyelocytic leukemia (AMML), and acute undifferentiated leukemia (AVL). Low levels of HThy-L have been demonstrated in white cells from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (stable phase) and in mononuclear cells from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia. The relationship between HThy-L and differentiation of hematopoietic cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292459", "title": "The coexistence of acute myeloblastic leukemia and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in the same patient as demonstrated by multiparameter analysis.", "content": "Measurement of cellular DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated presence of two distinct aneuploid neoplasms in a patient who developed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) 4 mo after diagnosis of a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL). A lymph node aspirate contained peroxidase-negative, \"null,\" hyperdiploid (2.6C) DHL cells, while the bone marrow (BM) contained 84% primitive peroxidase-positive tetraploid AML cells (4.0C). Minor populations of hyperdiploid HDL and normal diploid cells could be detected by flow-cytometry in the BM, and all three populations were also seen in the peripheral blood.", "contents": "The coexistence of acute myeloblastic leukemia and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in the same patient as demonstrated by multiparameter analysis. Measurement of cellular DNA content by flow cytometry demonstrated presence of two distinct aneuploid neoplasms in a patient who developed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) 4 mo after diagnosis of a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL). A lymph node aspirate contained peroxidase-negative, \"null,\" hyperdiploid (2.6C) DHL cells, while the bone marrow (BM) contained 84% primitive peroxidase-positive tetraploid AML cells (4.0C). Minor populations of hyperdiploid HDL and normal diploid cells could be detected by flow-cytometry in the BM, and all three populations were also seen in the peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:292509", "title": "Erythroleukemia following drug induced hypoplastic anemia.", "content": "Three patients with drug-induced hypoplastic anemia terminating 2 to 6 years after presentation with erythroleukemia are described. All were treated for prolonged periods with androgen and corticosteroid and two of the patients showed apparent dependence on this therapy for optimal hematologic status. The leukemic phase was heralded by loss of this dependence and development of sideroblastic dyserythropoiesis with progression to bizarre erythroid hyperplasia and fatal cytopenia. The exact relationship between androgen and corticosteroid therapy and the erythroleukemia remains speculative.", "contents": "Erythroleukemia following drug induced hypoplastic anemia. Three patients with drug-induced hypoplastic anemia terminating 2 to 6 years after presentation with erythroleukemia are described. All were treated for prolonged periods with androgen and corticosteroid and two of the patients showed apparent dependence on this therapy for optimal hematologic status. The leukemic phase was heralded by loss of this dependence and development of sideroblastic dyserythropoiesis with progression to bizarre erythroid hyperplasia and fatal cytopenia. The exact relationship between androgen and corticosteroid therapy and the erythroleukemia remains speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:292510", "title": "Disseminated coagulopathy in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory features of nine patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are described. Hepatic or splenic enlargement accompanied by an absolute monocytosis in an older patient with an elevated serum or urine lysozyme and serum vitamin B12 levels were characteristic of the majority of patients in this series. No single clinical or laboratory finding was diagnostic for the disease. Most importantly, seven of nine patients had abnormal coagulation values; in two cases the abnormalities were consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation and correlated with a hemorrhagic diathesis. It is concluded that patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia who have thrombocytopenia or a bleeding tendency should be evaluated for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Disseminated coagulopathy in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. The clinical and laboratory features of nine patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia are described. Hepatic or splenic enlargement accompanied by an absolute monocytosis in an older patient with an elevated serum or urine lysozyme and serum vitamin B12 levels were characteristic of the majority of patients in this series. No single clinical or laboratory finding was diagnostic for the disease. Most importantly, seven of nine patients had abnormal coagulation values; in two cases the abnormalities were consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation and correlated with a hemorrhagic diathesis. It is concluded that patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia who have thrombocytopenia or a bleeding tendency should be evaluated for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:292511", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase levels in osteosarcoma tissue are related to prognosis.", "content": "Levels of alkaline phosphatase were measured in the primary tumor of 26 patients with osteosarcoma. One of seven patients with a tissue alkaline phosphatase level less than 0.6 microM/min/mg developed pulmonary metastases. In contrast, 16 or 17 patients with a tissue alkaline phosphatase level greater than 0.6 microM/min/mg developed pulmonary metastases. It thus appears that tissue alkaline phosphatase levels of primary osteosarcomas are strongly correlated with prognosis (p less than .01).", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase levels in osteosarcoma tissue are related to prognosis. Levels of alkaline phosphatase were measured in the primary tumor of 26 patients with osteosarcoma. One of seven patients with a tissue alkaline phosphatase level less than 0.6 microM/min/mg developed pulmonary metastases. In contrast, 16 or 17 patients with a tissue alkaline phosphatase level greater than 0.6 microM/min/mg developed pulmonary metastases. It thus appears that tissue alkaline phosphatase levels of primary osteosarcomas are strongly correlated with prognosis (p less than .01)."}
{"id": "PMID:292535", "title": "Vincristine-methotrexate combination chemotherapy and the influence of weight loss on experimental tumour growth.", "content": "According to pharmacokinetic reports, vincristine administration should precede methotrexate therapy. Our sequential treatment of L1210 leukaemic mice, in which vincristine was administered before methotrexate therapy, was as effective as treatment with the two drugs given simultaneously. In solid tumour experiments we were unable to show any increase in the antitumour effect of methotrexate when vincristine was injected before methotrexate administration. Consequently, we advocate the re-evaluation of the practice of vincristine leads to methotrexate therapy as used in many clinical protocols for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Pretreatment with vincristine resulted in methotrexate-induced weight loss and sometimes in toxic death of the mice. Since the growth of tumours can be modified by regulation of the caloric intake of the host, this aspect was investigated in more detail. The effect of starvation, which was comparable to the effect of drug-induced weight loss, had a retarding effect on tumour growth. The growth rates of smaller tumour volumes were less severely affected than were those of large tumour masses.", "contents": "Vincristine-methotrexate combination chemotherapy and the influence of weight loss on experimental tumour growth. According to pharmacokinetic reports, vincristine administration should precede methotrexate therapy. Our sequential treatment of L1210 leukaemic mice, in which vincristine was administered before methotrexate therapy, was as effective as treatment with the two drugs given simultaneously. In solid tumour experiments we were unable to show any increase in the antitumour effect of methotrexate when vincristine was injected before methotrexate administration. Consequently, we advocate the re-evaluation of the practice of vincristine leads to methotrexate therapy as used in many clinical protocols for the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma. Pretreatment with vincristine resulted in methotrexate-induced weight loss and sometimes in toxic death of the mice. Since the growth of tumours can be modified by regulation of the caloric intake of the host, this aspect was investigated in more detail. The effect of starvation, which was comparable to the effect of drug-induced weight loss, had a retarding effect on tumour growth. The growth rates of smaller tumour volumes were less severely affected than were those of large tumour masses."}
{"id": "PMID:292536", "title": "Unpredictable serum levels after oral methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Serum methotrexate levels were measured for 5 h after oral intake in 11 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The curves obtained with the child's regular dose of methotrexate varied widely, and were independent of the doses used. Peak levels were found in samples taken up to 3h after ingestion, and ranged from 300 to 1250 ng/ml. In the doses used, methotrexate toxicity was present in one of the eleven children, and was associated with a delayed peak and a high 5-h methotrexate level. Individual drug metabolism could be an important factor in the response to treatment, and needs to be evaluated in the assessment of protocols.", "contents": "Unpredictable serum levels after oral methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Serum methotrexate levels were measured for 5 h after oral intake in 11 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The curves obtained with the child's regular dose of methotrexate varied widely, and were independent of the doses used. Peak levels were found in samples taken up to 3h after ingestion, and ranged from 300 to 1250 ng/ml. In the doses used, methotrexate toxicity was present in one of the eleven children, and was associated with a delayed peak and a high 5-h methotrexate level. Individual drug metabolism could be an important factor in the response to treatment, and needs to be evaluated in the assessment of protocols."}
{"id": "PMID:292537", "title": "A prospective study of the rehabilitation of the above-knee amputee with rigid dressing. Comparison of immediate and delayed ambulation and the role of physical therapists and prosthetists.", "content": "Twenty-four above-knee amputees (AKA) treated with rigid plaster dressings were randomized to receive ambulation on pylon within 24 hours of surgery or at time of suture removal. Casts were applied by physical therapists in half of each group, and by a prosthesist in the other half. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to age, sex, stump length, gait characteristics and wound healing. Time to prescription of final prosthetis was similar in all groups. Specifically, there was no delay in the group ambulated immediately. The immediate ambulators did have significantly greater stump pain requiring more analgesia than the group ambulated after suture removal. Patients with case applied by physical therapists used their prostheses more than patients with cases applied by prosthetists. There was no detectable difference among treatment groups with regard to participation in therapy, acceptance of prosthesis, and psychological status. Recommendation for management of AKA's include: use of rigid dressing; ambulation on pylon after suture removal; utilization of physical therapist for application of rigid dressings and alignment of pylon.", "contents": "A prospective study of the rehabilitation of the above-knee amputee with rigid dressing. Comparison of immediate and delayed ambulation and the role of physical therapists and prosthetists. Twenty-four above-knee amputees (AKA) treated with rigid plaster dressings were randomized to receive ambulation on pylon within 24 hours of surgery or at time of suture removal. Casts were applied by physical therapists in half of each group, and by a prosthesist in the other half. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups with respect to age, sex, stump length, gait characteristics and wound healing. Time to prescription of final prosthetis was similar in all groups. Specifically, there was no delay in the group ambulated immediately. The immediate ambulators did have significantly greater stump pain requiring more analgesia than the group ambulated after suture removal. Patients with case applied by physical therapists used their prostheses more than patients with cases applied by prosthetists. There was no detectable difference among treatment groups with regard to participation in therapy, acceptance of prosthesis, and psychological status. Recommendation for management of AKA's include: use of rigid dressing; ambulation on pylon after suture removal; utilization of physical therapist for application of rigid dressings and alignment of pylon."}
{"id": "PMID:292585", "title": "[Marginal cleft and solubility].", "content": "Studies of extracted teeth showed that, when the width of the interval is increased by 0.1 mm, the depth of the interval enlarged an average of 0.067 mm. It would seem that, in terms of cement caries, the attachment cement loosens more quickly under the effect of carious processes. The loss of substance is less when the cement seams are below the gingival cuff. Laboratory tests of cement seams showed the loss of substance to be slight with zinc-oxide-phosphate cements. A distinct shrinkage was observed with carboxylate cements. The greatest amount of loss was reported with the EBA cement.", "contents": "[Marginal cleft and solubility]. Studies of extracted teeth showed that, when the width of the interval is increased by 0.1 mm, the depth of the interval enlarged an average of 0.067 mm. It would seem that, in terms of cement caries, the attachment cement loosens more quickly under the effect of carious processes. The loss of substance is less when the cement seams are below the gingival cuff. Laboratory tests of cement seams showed the loss of substance to be slight with zinc-oxide-phosphate cements. A distinct shrinkage was observed with carboxylate cements. The greatest amount of loss was reported with the EBA cement."}
{"id": "PMID:292586", "title": "[Fluidity of casting materials in plane spreading].", "content": "The high fluid elastomer materials for making casts used for the double impression technique were studied with the so-called disc test in terms of their fluidity, diffusion, and layer thickness. The pressure exerted was also recorded at the same time. Our study showed that the low viscosity of the cast material and the application of small amounts were the prerequisites for obtaining the thinnest layer possible.", "contents": "[Fluidity of casting materials in plane spreading]. The high fluid elastomer materials for making casts used for the double impression technique were studied with the so-called disc test in terms of their fluidity, diffusion, and layer thickness. The pressure exerted was also recorded at the same time. Our study showed that the low viscosity of the cast material and the application of small amounts were the prerequisites for obtaining the thinnest layer possible."}
{"id": "PMID:292587", "title": "[Dosage and viscosity of carboxylate cements].", "content": "The optimal ratio between powder and fluid cannot be obtained in most cases with the dosage suggested in the manufacturers instructions for carboxylate cement. The mixtures usually do not contain enough powder. Pouring tests showed the processing period to be longer. The processing time is shortened by heating the cement to mouth temperature (37 degrees C) after mixing.", "contents": "[Dosage and viscosity of carboxylate cements]. The optimal ratio between powder and fluid cannot be obtained in most cases with the dosage suggested in the manufacturers instructions for carboxylate cement. The mixtures usually do not contain enough powder. Pouring tests showed the processing period to be longer. The processing time is shortened by heating the cement to mouth temperature (37 degrees C) after mixing."}
{"id": "PMID:292588", "title": "[Bending resistance and bending module of 2 photopolymerizing plastic filling materials].", "content": "Bending tests corresponding to the German Industrial Norm 13,922 for plastic filling material were carried out with ultraviolet polymerized Nuva-Fil P.A. and photopolymerized Fotofil. The photopolymerized Fotofil fulfilled the German Industrial Norm requirements: at least 50 N/mm2 bending impact strength after 24 hours. After longer periods of time, however, bending impact strength dropped below 50 N/mm2. The difference between Fotofil and other composites was obvious. The use of Fotofil together with increased bending module led to increased brittleness.", "contents": "[Bending resistance and bending module of 2 photopolymerizing plastic filling materials]. Bending tests corresponding to the German Industrial Norm 13,922 for plastic filling material were carried out with ultraviolet polymerized Nuva-Fil P.A. and photopolymerized Fotofil. The photopolymerized Fotofil fulfilled the German Industrial Norm requirements: at least 50 N/mm2 bending impact strength after 24 hours. After longer periods of time, however, bending impact strength dropped below 50 N/mm2. The difference between Fotofil and other composites was obvious. The use of Fotofil together with increased bending module led to increased brittleness."}
{"id": "PMID:292589", "title": "[Heat expansion of composite resins stored in water].", "content": "Thermal expansion coefficients between 10 C and 60 C were determined in 10 degree increments with 10 plastic filling materials and two plastics used for protheses (3 specimens each). The coefficients became larger as the temperature increased. The composites with 20 to 60.10(-6)/C are closest to the thermal expansion coefficient of the tooth; unfilled plastics with 80 to 130.10(-6)/C, the farthest removed. Plastics containing less anorganic filling material demonstrated thermal expansion coefficients between 70 and 90.10(-6)/C. Water absorption did not appear to influence the expansion.", "contents": "[Heat expansion of composite resins stored in water]. Thermal expansion coefficients between 10 C and 60 C were determined in 10 degree increments with 10 plastic filling materials and two plastics used for protheses (3 specimens each). The coefficients became larger as the temperature increased. The composites with 20 to 60.10(-6)/C are closest to the thermal expansion coefficient of the tooth; unfilled plastics with 80 to 130.10(-6)/C, the farthest removed. Plastics containing less anorganic filling material demonstrated thermal expansion coefficients between 70 and 90.10(-6)/C. Water absorption did not appear to influence the expansion."}
{"id": "PMID:292590", "title": "[Water retention and solubility of composite resins dependent on the mixing ratio or the irradiation time].", "content": "The deviations in the mixture ratio of 8 paste-paste-systems and 1 powder-fluid system with 50% and 100% each of both components were studied. The quality was examined in relation to the irradiation time with 7 photopolymer cured filling materials. The chemically initiated polymerization of filling material was altered so little by deviations in the mixture ratio that there was no general increase in water absorption. Six of the 9 cured filling materials however showed a significant increase in solubility. The 6 photopolymer cured filling materials tempered with ultraviolet light, in the area examined, showed no obvious alterations in water absorption; all others however with the shorter irradiation periods demonstrated a significant increase in solubility. Tempering of resin polymerized with light required disproportionately long irradiation periods. Water absorption and solubility were accordingly high for the short irradiation periods. The differences between the various materials are more striking than are the differences due to variations in processing.", "contents": "[Water retention and solubility of composite resins dependent on the mixing ratio or the irradiation time]. The deviations in the mixture ratio of 8 paste-paste-systems and 1 powder-fluid system with 50% and 100% each of both components were studied. The quality was examined in relation to the irradiation time with 7 photopolymer cured filling materials. The chemically initiated polymerization of filling material was altered so little by deviations in the mixture ratio that there was no general increase in water absorption. Six of the 9 cured filling materials however showed a significant increase in solubility. The 6 photopolymer cured filling materials tempered with ultraviolet light, in the area examined, showed no obvious alterations in water absorption; all others however with the shorter irradiation periods demonstrated a significant increase in solubility. Tempering of resin polymerized with light required disproportionately long irradiation periods. Water absorption and solubility were accordingly high for the short irradiation periods. The differences between the various materials are more striking than are the differences due to variations in processing."}
{"id": "PMID:292591", "title": "[Correct timing of work on a hard plaster of Paris model].", "content": "Of the individuals in Hamburg questioned, 48% waited an average of 1 to 2 hours after making a stone cast before proceeding with work on it; 38%, 1 day; and only 2%, more than 1 day. The material test however showed that 5 or 6 days of storage at room temperature are necessary before optimal values are obtained for compressive strength, ball-thrust hardness, and abrasive hardness. The greatest amount of expansion with type IV stone plaster, removed from the cast after 30 minutes, was measured between 8 and 24 hours at room temperature, after the plaster had been mixed. The least changes in dimension were recorded after a 5-day contractive phase. Given these results, the stone cast should be stored for 5 to 6 days at room temperature before work is resumed on it if precision work is to be done.", "contents": "[Correct timing of work on a hard plaster of Paris model]. Of the individuals in Hamburg questioned, 48% waited an average of 1 to 2 hours after making a stone cast before proceeding with work on it; 38%, 1 day; and only 2%, more than 1 day. The material test however showed that 5 or 6 days of storage at room temperature are necessary before optimal values are obtained for compressive strength, ball-thrust hardness, and abrasive hardness. The greatest amount of expansion with type IV stone plaster, removed from the cast after 30 minutes, was measured between 8 and 24 hours at room temperature, after the plaster had been mixed. The least changes in dimension were recorded after a 5-day contractive phase. Given these results, the stone cast should be stored for 5 to 6 days at room temperature before work is resumed on it if precision work is to be done."}
{"id": "PMID:292592", "title": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation after loss of the tongue].", "content": "By fitting defect prosthesis, the act of swallowing, normalization of speech, and improvement in mastication were restored in many patients with tongue loss. The defect prosthesis also served to increase the volume and mobility of the tongue.", "contents": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation after loss of the tongue]. By fitting defect prosthesis, the act of swallowing, normalization of speech, and improvement in mastication were restored in many patients with tongue loss. The defect prosthesis also served to increase the volume and mobility of the tongue."}
{"id": "PMID:292593", "title": "[Postoperative treatment of a patient with a trachea crushed by an accidental injury].", "content": "Postoperative treatment of a patient with a crushed trachea due to accidental trauma was reported. The use of an endoprosthesis as an aid for breathing and speaking was described.", "contents": "[Postoperative treatment of a patient with a trachea crushed by an accidental injury]. Postoperative treatment of a patient with a crushed trachea due to accidental trauma was reported. The use of an endoprosthesis as an aid for breathing and speaking was described."}
{"id": "PMID:292594", "title": "[Measures for the testing of the adhesiveness of plastic sealers to dental enamel surfaces].", "content": "The adhesiveness of plastic sealers have only been studied in face-ground enamel specimens. A procedure for examining adhesiveness in naturally formed enamel surfaces is described. After treatment with varying concentrations of phosphoric acid, three naturally formed occlusal surfaces were sealed with Enamite, Nuva-Seal, and Alpha-Seal. The best adhesiveness was obtained after conditioning with 50% H3PO4, without additives. The best values were achieved with Nuva-Seal; the worst, with Enamite. Additives to the cauterizing agent distinctly reduced adhesiveness.", "contents": "[Measures for the testing of the adhesiveness of plastic sealers to dental enamel surfaces]. The adhesiveness of plastic sealers have only been studied in face-ground enamel specimens. A procedure for examining adhesiveness in naturally formed enamel surfaces is described. After treatment with varying concentrations of phosphoric acid, three naturally formed occlusal surfaces were sealed with Enamite, Nuva-Seal, and Alpha-Seal. The best adhesiveness was obtained after conditioning with 50% H3PO4, without additives. The best values were achieved with Nuva-Seal; the worst, with Enamite. Additives to the cauterizing agent distinctly reduced adhesiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:292617", "title": "[Genetic characteristics and genome structure of Streptomyces coelicolor actinophages].", "content": "Actinophage phi C31 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) and two novel temperate actinophages phi C43 and phi C62 isolated from strains of blue actinomycetes group are homoimmune, serologically and functionally related. DNA molecules of phages phi C31, phi C43 and phi C62 have cohesive ends; sizes of DNAs of these phages and some mutants have been determined. The extent of homology between the DNAs of three phages is 93-96% as shown by heteroduplex analysis. The regions of non-homology are of a deletion-insertion type and of approximately 1500 base pairs in the length. Location of deletions in DNAs of mutant phages phi C31 vd and phi C31 c5 has been shown. Structural modifications in phage dnas have been found only to occur in the right part of molecules. Heteroduplex maps have been constructed for all phages studied.", "contents": "[Genetic characteristics and genome structure of Streptomyces coelicolor actinophages]. Actinophage phi C31 of Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2) and two novel temperate actinophages phi C43 and phi C62 isolated from strains of blue actinomycetes group are homoimmune, serologically and functionally related. DNA molecules of phages phi C31, phi C43 and phi C62 have cohesive ends; sizes of DNAs of these phages and some mutants have been determined. The extent of homology between the DNAs of three phages is 93-96% as shown by heteroduplex analysis. The regions of non-homology are of a deletion-insertion type and of approximately 1500 base pairs in the length. Location of deletions in DNAs of mutant phages phi C31 vd and phi C31 c5 has been shown. Structural modifications in phage dnas have been found only to occur in the right part of molecules. Heteroduplex maps have been constructed for all phages studied."}
{"id": "PMID:292621", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in an acute leukemia patient following cerebellar astrocytoma.", "content": "Acute, monomyelogenous leukemia (AMML) was diagnosed in a patient with a derived 13;14 translocation and prior treatment for a cerebellar astrocytoma. A bone marrow aspirate at the time of diagnosis of leukemia showed abnormalities of chromosome 11, 12 and 16 in addition to the constitutional aberration. The patient's mother carried the same 13;14 translocation, as did 2 siblings, a maternal uncle, and four of his six children. The father had a reciprocal translocation between numbers 1 and 19 which was incidental to the present study.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in an acute leukemia patient following cerebellar astrocytoma. Acute, monomyelogenous leukemia (AMML) was diagnosed in a patient with a derived 13;14 translocation and prior treatment for a cerebellar astrocytoma. A bone marrow aspirate at the time of diagnosis of leukemia showed abnormalities of chromosome 11, 12 and 16 in addition to the constitutional aberration. The patient's mother carried the same 13;14 translocation, as did 2 siblings, a maternal uncle, and four of his six children. The father had a reciprocal translocation between numbers 1 and 19 which was incidental to the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:292622", "title": "Different phenotypes of the group-specific component (Gc) in chimpanzees.", "content": "The group-specific component (Gc) was examined in a sample of 78 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). With isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation, two different phenotypes are observed. They both differ from the Gc types observed in man. Two alleles are postulated, one coding for a double-band component, the other coding for a single-band component. Neuraminidase experiments indicate the presence of sialic acid in the anodal component of the double-band pattern.", "contents": "Different phenotypes of the group-specific component (Gc) in chimpanzees. The group-specific component (Gc) was examined in a sample of 78 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). With isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation, two different phenotypes are observed. They both differ from the Gc types observed in man. Two alleles are postulated, one coding for a double-band component, the other coding for a single-band component. Neuraminidase experiments indicate the presence of sialic acid in the anodal component of the double-band pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:292623", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 16 patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) prior to the initiation of chemotherapy. The mean SCE frequency (mean +/- SE) for these patients was 12.2 +/- 0.2 per metaphase, which was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the mean SCE score for 14 age-matched controls, 7.6 +/- 0.2. Five of these patients were studied again while they were receiving maintenance therapy consisting primarily of daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate. Their remission SCE levels remained significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.005). In addition, SCE levels were studied in 7 long-term survivors of ALL. Three of these patients had been receiving continuous maintenance therapy for at least 3 years. Their mean SCE scores were significantly greater than controls (P less than 0.005). The other 4 patients had finished their final course of chemotherapy at least 8 months prior to the time of sampling, and their mean SCE scores were not significantly different from controls (P greater than 0.10). These data indicate that untreated patients with ALL have increased SCE levels which remain elevated during periods of remission maintained with chemotherapy. However, long-term survivors of ALL who are in remission and off chemotherapy do not demonstrate significantly increased SCE frequencies.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies were studied in peripheral lymphocytes from 16 patients with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) prior to the initiation of chemotherapy. The mean SCE frequency (mean +/- SE) for these patients was 12.2 +/- 0.2 per metaphase, which was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the mean SCE score for 14 age-matched controls, 7.6 +/- 0.2. Five of these patients were studied again while they were receiving maintenance therapy consisting primarily of daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate. Their remission SCE levels remained significantly higher than controls (P less than 0.005). In addition, SCE levels were studied in 7 long-term survivors of ALL. Three of these patients had been receiving continuous maintenance therapy for at least 3 years. Their mean SCE scores were significantly greater than controls (P less than 0.005). The other 4 patients had finished their final course of chemotherapy at least 8 months prior to the time of sampling, and their mean SCE scores were not significantly different from controls (P greater than 0.10). These data indicate that untreated patients with ALL have increased SCE levels which remain elevated during periods of remission maintained with chemotherapy. However, long-term survivors of ALL who are in remission and off chemotherapy do not demonstrate significantly increased SCE frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:292625", "title": "Anatomical and physiological considerations regarding the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The structure and function of the human temporomandibular joint has concerned several investigators but still fundamental questions exist and require further examination. A profound knowledge of the normal anatomy and histology of the temporomandibular joint is necessary to understand its function and functional disturbances. It is also necessary for a good understanding of clinical findings and the interpretation of radiographs. In this paper a clinically orientated description has been given of the anatomy and histology of the mandibular head, the articular fossa and eminence, the articular disc, the capsule and ligaments, the synovial membrane, the innervation of the joint and the normal relationship between the different components. About the physiology of the temporomandibular joint many controversial theories exist. A lot of research has still to be done, especially in the field of the co-ordination of the function of both joints, the muscles and the dentition.", "contents": "Anatomical and physiological considerations regarding the temporomandibular joint. The structure and function of the human temporomandibular joint has concerned several investigators but still fundamental questions exist and require further examination. A profound knowledge of the normal anatomy and histology of the temporomandibular joint is necessary to understand its function and functional disturbances. It is also necessary for a good understanding of clinical findings and the interpretation of radiographs. In this paper a clinically orientated description has been given of the anatomy and histology of the mandibular head, the articular fossa and eminence, the articular disc, the capsule and ligaments, the synovial membrane, the innervation of the joint and the normal relationship between the different components. About the physiology of the temporomandibular joint many controversial theories exist. A lot of research has still to be done, especially in the field of the co-ordination of the function of both joints, the muscles and the dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:292626", "title": "Diseases of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Cases of myoarthropathy are much more frequent than has so far been assumed. They appear so often that a specific exploratory procedure should form part of the case history and investigation of findings of the dental examination. The result of this examination decides whether diagnosis should be extended by instrumental analysis and whether treatment has to be carried out.", "contents": "Diseases of the temporomandibular joint. Cases of myoarthropathy are much more frequent than has so far been assumed. They appear so often that a specific exploratory procedure should form part of the case history and investigation of findings of the dental examination. The result of this examination decides whether diagnosis should be extended by instrumental analysis and whether treatment has to be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:292627", "title": "Results of a clinicopsychological study of diseases of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "Patients' complaints relating to disorders of the temporomandibular joint appear to be becoming more frequent and to be occurring in younger age groups. In many cases no organic cause affecting the joint or the masticatory system can be identified as the sole cause of the symptoms. An investigation was therefore undertaken to determine whether psychological causes might also be implicated. Two questionnaires were used to establish a complete picture of patients from a number of countries who suffered from disorders of the temporomandibular joint. The first questionnaire sought particulars of the dental condition, family status, type of education, satisfaction with job and pay etc. The second was a personality questionnaire which had originally been prepared for the Olympic Games in Munich. Although the extensive data collected has not yet been fully evaluated it is clear that in addition to the well established dental causes such as shortened dental arches, deep overbite and cuspal interferences, a psychosomatic element is superimposed in many cases. It is hoped to develop a means by which those whose symptoms require a psychotherapeutic approach, either alone or in conjunction with dental treatment, can be identified.", "contents": "Results of a clinicopsychological study of diseases of the temporomandibular joint. Patients' complaints relating to disorders of the temporomandibular joint appear to be becoming more frequent and to be occurring in younger age groups. In many cases no organic cause affecting the joint or the masticatory system can be identified as the sole cause of the symptoms. An investigation was therefore undertaken to determine whether psychological causes might also be implicated. Two questionnaires were used to establish a complete picture of patients from a number of countries who suffered from disorders of the temporomandibular joint. The first questionnaire sought particulars of the dental condition, family status, type of education, satisfaction with job and pay etc. The second was a personality questionnaire which had originally been prepared for the Olympic Games in Munich. Although the extensive data collected has not yet been fully evaluated it is clear that in addition to the well established dental causes such as shortened dental arches, deep overbite and cuspal interferences, a psychosomatic element is superimposed in many cases. It is hoped to develop a means by which those whose symptoms require a psychotherapeutic approach, either alone or in conjunction with dental treatment, can be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:292628", "title": "Surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.", "content": "The patient must be made to understand that a normal joint cannot be constructed by any surgical procedure and his part in the rehabilitation programme must be specifically stressed and assurance must be obtained from him that he is willing to carry out instructions during the postoperative treatment. The surgeon must be self disciplined enough to demand the best of himself in any situation and never to be satisfied with less. The surgeon must be generally optimistic, but his knowledge of the local anatomy and the surgical pathology must constantly remind him of his limitations. He must know that we cannot construct a normal joint and we must not promise one.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. The patient must be made to understand that a normal joint cannot be constructed by any surgical procedure and his part in the rehabilitation programme must be specifically stressed and assurance must be obtained from him that he is willing to carry out instructions during the postoperative treatment. The surgeon must be self disciplined enough to demand the best of himself in any situation and never to be satisfied with less. The surgeon must be generally optimistic, but his knowledge of the local anatomy and the surgical pathology must constantly remind him of his limitations. He must know that we cannot construct a normal joint and we must not promise one."}
{"id": "PMID:292629", "title": "The dental technician and the attitude of dentists towards his role in Japan.", "content": "Historically the development of the Japanese dental care delivery system necessitated the enaction of the Dental Laboratory Technique Law. The Health Insurance Scheme, at present, is not able to operate without the collaboration of dental laboratory technicians. This means that the dental technician may introduce a possible competitive inter-relationship with the dentist who relies on prosthetic dentistry as the major source of his income. It does not mean illegal practice by dental technicians which has so far been negligible. The occupation of the dental technician, therefore, would seem to be very stable. Results obtained during the International Collaborative Study of the Dental Manpower Systems, however, showed some psychological conflict amongst the responding dental technicians.", "contents": "The dental technician and the attitude of dentists towards his role in Japan. Historically the development of the Japanese dental care delivery system necessitated the enaction of the Dental Laboratory Technique Law. The Health Insurance Scheme, at present, is not able to operate without the collaboration of dental laboratory technicians. This means that the dental technician may introduce a possible competitive inter-relationship with the dentist who relies on prosthetic dentistry as the major source of his income. It does not mean illegal practice by dental technicians which has so far been negligible. The occupation of the dental technician, therefore, would seem to be very stable. Results obtained during the International Collaborative Study of the Dental Manpower Systems, however, showed some psychological conflict amongst the responding dental technicians."}
{"id": "PMID:292634", "title": "The Biblical and Talmudic secret for choosing one's baby's sex.", "content": "The Biblical verse \"If a woman emits semen and bears a manchild\" (Leviticus 12:2) is interpreted by the Talmudic Sages and more recent Jewish sources to mean that if a woman emits her \"semen\" first, she will bear a male child but if the man emits his semen first, she will bear a female child. The Sages of the Talmud thus claimed to have known the secret of determining one's baby's sex. However, whether \"emitting one's semen first\" refers to orgasm, ovulation, both or neither, is not clear.", "contents": "The Biblical and Talmudic secret for choosing one's baby's sex. The Biblical verse \"If a woman emits semen and bears a manchild\" (Leviticus 12:2) is interpreted by the Talmudic Sages and more recent Jewish sources to mean that if a woman emits her \"semen\" first, she will bear a male child but if the man emits his semen first, she will bear a female child. The Sages of the Talmud thus claimed to have known the secret of determining one's baby's sex. However, whether \"emitting one's semen first\" refers to orgasm, ovulation, both or neither, is not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:292644", "title": "Developmental program of murine erythroleukemia cells. Effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "The relationship between protein synthesis and commitment to terminal erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide-treated murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells has been studied. Treatment with cycloheximide blocks the commitment of MEL cells. The effects of cycloheximide are completely reversible, however. Treatment of MEL cells before commitment delays commitment for a period of time equal to the length of inhibitor treatment. Puromycin exerts a similar effect on the commitment of MEL cells. These results indicate that there is a continuous requirement for protein synthesis before the commitment event.", "contents": "Developmental program of murine erythroleukemia cells. Effect of the inhibition of protein synthesis. The relationship between protein synthesis and commitment to terminal erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide-treated murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells has been studied. Treatment with cycloheximide blocks the commitment of MEL cells. The effects of cycloheximide are completely reversible, however. Treatment of MEL cells before commitment delays commitment for a period of time equal to the length of inhibitor treatment. Puromycin exerts a similar effect on the commitment of MEL cells. These results indicate that there is a continuous requirement for protein synthesis before the commitment event."}
{"id": "PMID:292646", "title": "Identification of Candida lusitaniae as an opportunistic yeast in humans.", "content": "Four yeast strains, causally associated with infection in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia, were identified by standard methods currently used in yeast taxonomy as representatives of Candida lusitania van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa. Because this species has not been recognized previously as an opportunistic yeast in humans, molecular taxonomic methods were applied to confirm its identity. The nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition of two clinical isolates was shown to be 45.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine as compared to 44.7 mol% guanine plus cytosine for the type strain of this species. DNA/DNA reassociation experiments revealed more than 95% complementarity between the DNAs from the clinical isolates and that of the type strain of C. lusitaniae, thus confirming their classification by conventional taxonomy. A key is provided to differentiate C. lusitaniae from two phenotypically similar Candida species.", "contents": "Identification of Candida lusitaniae as an opportunistic yeast in humans. Four yeast strains, causally associated with infection in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia, were identified by standard methods currently used in yeast taxonomy as representatives of Candida lusitania van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa. Because this species has not been recognized previously as an opportunistic yeast in humans, molecular taxonomic methods were applied to confirm its identity. The nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition of two clinical isolates was shown to be 45.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine as compared to 44.7 mol% guanine plus cytosine for the type strain of this species. DNA/DNA reassociation experiments revealed more than 95% complementarity between the DNAs from the clinical isolates and that of the type strain of C. lusitaniae, thus confirming their classification by conventional taxonomy. A key is provided to differentiate C. lusitaniae from two phenotypically similar Candida species."}
{"id": "PMID:292645", "title": "Membrane-bound redox proteins of the murine Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell.", "content": "We have obtained and studied a 105,000-g pellet from T-3-Cl-2 cells, a cloned line of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cells. By difference spectrophotometry, the pellet was shown to contain cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450, hemeproteins that have been shown to participate in electron-transport reactions of endoplasmic reticulum and other membranous fractions of various tissues. The pellet also possesses NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity which is inhibited by anti-cytochrome b5 gamma-globulin, indicating the presence of cytochrome b5 reductase. This is the first demonstration of membrane-bound forms of these redox proteins in erythroid cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide-treated T-3-Cl-2 cells were also shown to possess membrane-bound cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. We failed to detect soluble cytochrome b5 in the 105,000-g supernatant fraction from homogenates of untreated or dimethyl sulfoxide-treated T-3-Cl-2 cells. In contrast, erythrocytes obtained from mouse blood were shown to possess soluble cytochrome b5 but no membrane-bound form of this protein. These findings are supportive of our hypothesis that soluble cytochrome b5 of erythrocytes is derived from endoplasmic reticulum or some other membrane structure of immature erythroid cells during cell maturation.", "contents": "Membrane-bound redox proteins of the murine Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cell. We have obtained and studied a 105,000-g pellet from T-3-Cl-2 cells, a cloned line of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia cells. By difference spectrophotometry, the pellet was shown to contain cytochrome b5 and cytochrome P-450, hemeproteins that have been shown to participate in electron-transport reactions of endoplasmic reticulum and other membranous fractions of various tissues. The pellet also possesses NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity which is inhibited by anti-cytochrome b5 gamma-globulin, indicating the presence of cytochrome b5 reductase. This is the first demonstration of membrane-bound forms of these redox proteins in erythroid cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide-treated T-3-Cl-2 cells were also shown to possess membrane-bound cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. We failed to detect soluble cytochrome b5 in the 105,000-g supernatant fraction from homogenates of untreated or dimethyl sulfoxide-treated T-3-Cl-2 cells. In contrast, erythrocytes obtained from mouse blood were shown to possess soluble cytochrome b5 but no membrane-bound form of this protein. These findings are supportive of our hypothesis that soluble cytochrome b5 of erythrocytes is derived from endoplasmic reticulum or some other membrane structure of immature erythroid cells during cell maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:292670", "title": "The extent of the odontoblast process in human dentin.", "content": "Impacted human third molar teeth were examined, both with the light and electron microscope, to determine the extent of the odontoblast process. The odontoblast process was found to be limited to the inner third of coronal dentin and inner half of mid-root dentin.", "contents": "The extent of the odontoblast process in human dentin. Impacted human third molar teeth were examined, both with the light and electron microscope, to determine the extent of the odontoblast process. The odontoblast process was found to be limited to the inner third of coronal dentin and inner half of mid-root dentin."}
{"id": "PMID:292671", "title": "Child-rearing variables affecting the preschool child's response to dental stress.", "content": "Responses to dental stress were evaluated in 26 pre-school children during an initial examination visit. Child-rearing practices, assessed by home observation and parental report, were correlated with the dental stress measures. Significant relationships emerged which suggest that child-rearing practices influence the child's acquisition of coping skills and stress tolerance.", "contents": "Child-rearing variables affecting the preschool child's response to dental stress. Responses to dental stress were evaluated in 26 pre-school children during an initial examination visit. Child-rearing practices, assessed by home observation and parental report, were correlated with the dental stress measures. Significant relationships emerged which suggest that child-rearing practices influence the child's acquisition of coping skills and stress tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:292672", "title": "Personality factors affecting the preschool child's response to dental stress.", "content": "Responses to dental stress were evaluated in 26 preschool children during an initial examination visit. Measures of the children's developmental status and personality were collected during a home visit. Significant relationships emerged which suggest that personality development influences children's ability to tolerate dental stress.", "contents": "Personality factors affecting the preschool child's response to dental stress. Responses to dental stress were evaluated in 26 preschool children during an initial examination visit. Measures of the children's developmental status and personality were collected during a home visit. Significant relationships emerged which suggest that personality development influences children's ability to tolerate dental stress."}
{"id": "PMID:292673", "title": "Factors influencing capacity to judge direction of tactile stimulus movement on the face.", "content": "The influence of stimulus velocity and traverse length on a subject's ability to indicate direction of brush movement across perioral skin was determined using a forced-choice procedure. The data show that correct identification of brush direction increases with traverse length and is optimal for velocities between 3 and 25 cm/sec.", "contents": "Factors influencing capacity to judge direction of tactile stimulus movement on the face. The influence of stimulus velocity and traverse length on a subject's ability to indicate direction of brush movement across perioral skin was determined using a forced-choice procedure. The data show that correct identification of brush direction increases with traverse length and is optimal for velocities between 3 and 25 cm/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:292674", "title": "Plasma and developing enamel fluoride concentrations during chronic acid-base disturbances.", "content": "Mild acid-base disturbances were induced in rats for 30 days. These disturbances did not affect % ash of maxillary incisors or % P of the developing enamel from mandibular incisors. Total fluoride intake (food and water) among groups drinking fluoride-free water was constant. Nevertheless, average plasma and developing enamel fluroide concentrations were highest in the acidotic group and lowest in the alkalotic group. Among groups drinking water containing 50 ppm fluoride, total fluoride intake was highest by the alkalotic group and lowest by the acidotic group. Plasma and enamel fluoride concentrations, however, were highest in the acidotic group. It is concluded that plasma and developing enamel fluoride levels can be independent of, or inversely related to, fluoride intake.", "contents": "Plasma and developing enamel fluoride concentrations during chronic acid-base disturbances. Mild acid-base disturbances were induced in rats for 30 days. These disturbances did not affect % ash of maxillary incisors or % P of the developing enamel from mandibular incisors. Total fluoride intake (food and water) among groups drinking fluoride-free water was constant. Nevertheless, average plasma and developing enamel fluroide concentrations were highest in the acidotic group and lowest in the alkalotic group. Among groups drinking water containing 50 ppm fluoride, total fluoride intake was highest by the alkalotic group and lowest by the acidotic group. Plasma and enamel fluoride concentrations, however, were highest in the acidotic group. It is concluded that plasma and developing enamel fluoride levels can be independent of, or inversely related to, fluoride intake."}
{"id": "PMID:292675", "title": "Modification by salivary pellicles of in vitro enamel remineralization.", "content": "The effectiveness of inorganic calcifying solutions to remineralize enamel with subsurface demineralization decreased with saliva pre-treatments conducive to the formation of enamel pellicles. Greater reductions in remineralization rates occurred with longer pellicle formation times. It is suggested that enamel pellicles may act to control surface deposition and favor subsurface precipitation.", "contents": "Modification by salivary pellicles of in vitro enamel remineralization. The effectiveness of inorganic calcifying solutions to remineralize enamel with subsurface demineralization decreased with saliva pre-treatments conducive to the formation of enamel pellicles. Greater reductions in remineralization rates occurred with longer pellicle formation times. It is suggested that enamel pellicles may act to control surface deposition and favor subsurface precipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:292676", "title": "Effects of pin hole position on stress distributions and interpulpal temperatures in horizontal nonparallel pin restorations.", "content": "Biomechanical evaluation was made of horizontal nonparallel pin position effects on stresses of tooth structure and interpulpal temperatures with a stress analysis and heat conductive analysis, following finite element methods. The results were that it is adequate to use geometry to decide horizontal pin position in a routine clinic.", "contents": "Effects of pin hole position on stress distributions and interpulpal temperatures in horizontal nonparallel pin restorations. Biomechanical evaluation was made of horizontal nonparallel pin position effects on stresses of tooth structure and interpulpal temperatures with a stress analysis and heat conductive analysis, following finite element methods. The results were that it is adequate to use geometry to decide horizontal pin position in a routine clinic."}
{"id": "PMID:292677", "title": "The failure of self-threading retentive pins under tensile load.", "content": "The resistance of self-threading retentive pins to failure in tension is due primarily to residual compressive forces in dentin generated during pin insertion. Examination of load-elongation curves and photomicrographs of samples also indicated that the interlocking of pin threads with dentin provides only a minor contribution to the peak retentive load.", "contents": "The failure of self-threading retentive pins under tensile load. The resistance of self-threading retentive pins to failure in tension is due primarily to residual compressive forces in dentin generated during pin insertion. Examination of load-elongation curves and photomicrographs of samples also indicated that the interlocking of pin threads with dentin provides only a minor contribution to the peak retentive load."}
{"id": "PMID:292678", "title": "Clinical performance of a gold-containing amalgam.", "content": "In this study, the clinical performance (marginal fracture) of a gold-containing amalgam was compared to five traditional gamma 2-containing amalgams and one non-gamma 2 amalgam. The results showed that the performance of this gold-containing amalgam was bettered by the non-gamma 2 amalgam and four of the five gamma 2-containing amalgams. A microprobe evaluation of a five-year-old clinical restoration made from this alloy revealed an unusual corrosion pattern.", "contents": "Clinical performance of a gold-containing amalgam. In this study, the clinical performance (marginal fracture) of a gold-containing amalgam was compared to five traditional gamma 2-containing amalgams and one non-gamma 2 amalgam. The results showed that the performance of this gold-containing amalgam was bettered by the non-gamma 2 amalgam and four of the five gamma 2-containing amalgams. A microprobe evaluation of a five-year-old clinical restoration made from this alloy revealed an unusual corrosion pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:292679", "title": "In vitro wear of microfilled and visible light-cured composites.", "content": "Wear of microfilled composites, a visible light-cured composite, and a conventional composite were characterized by two-body abrasion and single-pass sliding. There were differences in abrasion rates among the materials. Tangential forces, wear track widths, and surface failure modes were different among materials. Wear characteristics are combinations of these properties.", "contents": "In vitro wear of microfilled and visible light-cured composites. Wear of microfilled composites, a visible light-cured composite, and a conventional composite were characterized by two-body abrasion and single-pass sliding. There were differences in abrasion rates among the materials. Tangential forces, wear track widths, and surface failure modes were different among materials. Wear characteristics are combinations of these properties."}
{"id": "PMID:292680", "title": "Exposure time and the effect of hexylresorcinol on bacterial aggregates.", "content": "The bactericidal effect of hexylresorcinol was assessed using bacterial aggregates. Increased drug concentration resulted in decreased survival of bacteria when the aggregates were exposed to hexylresorcinol for at least eight hours. This indicates that this drug may be effective against dental plaque only when available for long periods of time.", "contents": "Exposure time and the effect of hexylresorcinol on bacterial aggregates. The bactericidal effect of hexylresorcinol was assessed using bacterial aggregates. Increased drug concentration resulted in decreased survival of bacteria when the aggregates were exposed to hexylresorcinol for at least eight hours. This indicates that this drug may be effective against dental plaque only when available for long periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:292681", "title": "Relationship between structure and the stress pattern in the human mandible.", "content": "The internal bony structure of ten dentate human mandibles was examined on lateral radiograms, and the condylar shape measured with a digital electronic machine. The external surface was coated with photoelastic material. Each mandible was then placed in centric occlusion with brass replicas of the upper arch and the glenoid fossae and set in a supporting frame. Occlusal loads were simulated and the isoclinics recorded in plane-polarized light. The isostatic flow lines were constructed for each mandible. A relation was found between the mandibular structure and the distribution pattern of these lines.", "contents": "Relationship between structure and the stress pattern in the human mandible. The internal bony structure of ten dentate human mandibles was examined on lateral radiograms, and the condylar shape measured with a digital electronic machine. The external surface was coated with photoelastic material. Each mandible was then placed in centric occlusion with brass replicas of the upper arch and the glenoid fossae and set in a supporting frame. Occlusal loads were simulated and the isoclinics recorded in plane-polarized light. The isostatic flow lines were constructed for each mandible. A relation was found between the mandibular structure and the distribution pattern of these lines."}
{"id": "PMID:292682", "title": "A further assessment of predictors of the child's behavior in dental treatment.", "content": "The child's disruptiveness during dental treatment was related modestly to his age as well as his state, trait, and dental anxiety. In three samples comprising 132 experienced and 49 inexperienced pedodontic patients, the child's behavior during treatment could not be predicted from any aspect of maternal anxiety -- trait, state, or dental. Previous conceptions of maternal influence on the child's dental anxiety should be re-evaluated.", "contents": "A further assessment of predictors of the child's behavior in dental treatment. The child's disruptiveness during dental treatment was related modestly to his age as well as his state, trait, and dental anxiety. In three samples comprising 132 experienced and 49 inexperienced pedodontic patients, the child's behavior during treatment could not be predicted from any aspect of maternal anxiety -- trait, state, or dental. Previous conceptions of maternal influence on the child's dental anxiety should be re-evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:292683", "title": "Comparison of the plaque microflora in immunodeficient and immunocompetent dental patients.", "content": "The nature and extent of the immune dysfunctions in 20 immunodeficient patients, as well as the immunocompetence of 22 control subjects, were verified by cell-mediated responsiveness and immunoglobulin quantitations. Comparisons of the microbial composition of supragingival plaque between the two populations showed that a greater number of immunodeficient than control subjects harbored Candida sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Conversely, a lower number of immunodeficient than control subjects harbored Streptococcus mutans. Also, patients with immune dysfunctions had a lower dental caries experience than their immunocompetent counterparts.", "contents": "Comparison of the plaque microflora in immunodeficient and immunocompetent dental patients. The nature and extent of the immune dysfunctions in 20 immunodeficient patients, as well as the immunocompetence of 22 control subjects, were verified by cell-mediated responsiveness and immunoglobulin quantitations. Comparisons of the microbial composition of supragingival plaque between the two populations showed that a greater number of immunodeficient than control subjects harbored Candida sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Conversely, a lower number of immunodeficient than control subjects harbored Streptococcus mutans. Also, patients with immune dysfunctions had a lower dental caries experience than their immunocompetent counterparts."}
{"id": "PMID:292684", "title": "EMG silent periods in immediate complete denture patients: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Jaw muscle silent periods in response to chin taps were recorded from immediate complete denture patients before extraction of a residual anterior dentition, after insertion of the dentures, and three and six months after insertion. After three months' use of the dentures, the mean EMG silent period duration was significantly increased compared to the pre-extraction stage.", "contents": "EMG silent periods in immediate complete denture patients: a longitudinal study. Jaw muscle silent periods in response to chin taps were recorded from immediate complete denture patients before extraction of a residual anterior dentition, after insertion of the dentures, and three and six months after insertion. After three months' use of the dentures, the mean EMG silent period duration was significantly increased compared to the pre-extraction stage."}
{"id": "PMID:292686", "title": "The crystalline components of dental calculi: human vs. dog.", "content": "Dental calculus from the dog was found to consist principally of the calcite form of calcium carbonate mixed with small amounts of apatite; other calcium phosphates, consistently present in human calculus, were not present in dog calculus. Precipitable calcium salts from human saliva were mainly apatite; for the dog the principal precipitated salt was calcium carbonate (calcite form).", "contents": "The crystalline components of dental calculi: human vs. dog. Dental calculus from the dog was found to consist principally of the calcite form of calcium carbonate mixed with small amounts of apatite; other calcium phosphates, consistently present in human calculus, were not present in dog calculus. Precipitable calcium salts from human saliva were mainly apatite; for the dog the principal precipitated salt was calcium carbonate (calcite form)."}
{"id": "PMID:292687", "title": "Design of studies to evaluate plaque control agents.", "content": "The importance of plaque in the etiology of periodontal diseases is reviewed. A survey is also presented of the various indices for scoring plaque in clinical trials. Variations in the clinical design, type of population studied, and difficulty in scoring gingival plaque are reviewed. A survey is presented of some recent published studies of plaque-inhibiting agents.", "contents": "Design of studies to evaluate plaque control agents. The importance of plaque in the etiology of periodontal diseases is reviewed. A survey is also presented of the various indices for scoring plaque in clinical trials. Variations in the clinical design, type of population studied, and difficulty in scoring gingival plaque are reviewed. A survey is presented of some recent published studies of plaque-inhibiting agents."}
{"id": "PMID:292688", "title": "In vitro testing of plaque control agents.", "content": "The development of a number of in vitro techniques for the evaluation of antiplaque effects of test agents has followed the characterization and culturing of plaque-forming microorganisms. Studies of the mechanism of action of chlorhexidine and clinical observations have assisted in defining critical aspects of these in vitro techniques. Such assays may play an increasingly important role in screening potential new agents as well as in the optimization of properties by chemical modification of new lead agents. In addition, data generated in the in vitro assay may assist the design of in vivo evaluations of new agents. Proper selection of in vitro techniques for these various functions in the pre-clinical development process may reduce the time and cost involved in the development of new antiplaque agents.", "contents": "In vitro testing of plaque control agents. The development of a number of in vitro techniques for the evaluation of antiplaque effects of test agents has followed the characterization and culturing of plaque-forming microorganisms. Studies of the mechanism of action of chlorhexidine and clinical observations have assisted in defining critical aspects of these in vitro techniques. Such assays may play an increasingly important role in screening potential new agents as well as in the optimization of properties by chemical modification of new lead agents. In addition, data generated in the in vitro assay may assist the design of in vivo evaluations of new agents. Proper selection of in vitro techniques for these various functions in the pre-clinical development process may reduce the time and cost involved in the development of new antiplaque agents."}
{"id": "PMID:292690", "title": "Do dental students cheat?", "content": "In a questionnaire survey, dental students from all four classes at The University of Iowa College of Dentistry were asked if they had cheated during their first and second years. They were then asked if they believed that others cheated. Cheating was admitted to by 43 percent of the respondents, but 94 percent believed it was occurring. Plagiarism was delineated as a form of cheating; while fewer students admitted to its use, the reported occurrence should be of concern in technique courses. Responses were analyzed both by year in school and grade point average. Reasons for cheating were described; and some conditions conducive to cheating were found to be under the control of the instructor.", "contents": "Do dental students cheat? In a questionnaire survey, dental students from all four classes at The University of Iowa College of Dentistry were asked if they had cheated during their first and second years. They were then asked if they believed that others cheated. Cheating was admitted to by 43 percent of the respondents, but 94 percent believed it was occurring. Plagiarism was delineated as a form of cheating; while fewer students admitted to its use, the reported occurrence should be of concern in technique courses. Responses were analyzed both by year in school and grade point average. Reasons for cheating were described; and some conditions conducive to cheating were found to be under the control of the instructor."}
{"id": "PMID:292691", "title": "Survey research and the silent majority.", "content": "A survey conducted at the New York University Dental Center demonstrated that significant differences exist between patients who are ready participants in research efforts and those who require the more persistent attention of the researcher. In addition, patients who were questioned while in treatment emphasized different reasons for selecting a dental school for treatment than did those patients who were interviewed prior to beginning treatment. The importance of collecting data from a truly random sample of patients is stressed and elaborated with reference to the marketing implications of the results. Strategies for patient recruitment and retention require knowledge that is complete and does not suffer from systematic absences in the data base. Careful data collection methods are described and advocated.", "contents": "Survey research and the silent majority. A survey conducted at the New York University Dental Center demonstrated that significant differences exist between patients who are ready participants in research efforts and those who require the more persistent attention of the researcher. In addition, patients who were questioned while in treatment emphasized different reasons for selecting a dental school for treatment than did those patients who were interviewed prior to beginning treatment. The importance of collecting data from a truly random sample of patients is stressed and elaborated with reference to the marketing implications of the results. Strategies for patient recruitment and retention require knowledge that is complete and does not suffer from systematic absences in the data base. Careful data collection methods are described and advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:292692", "title": "The undergraduate dental radiology curriculum.", "content": "This paper reviews and analyzes the undergraduate dental radiology curriculum as suggested by the American Academy of Dental Radiology and the Oral Radiology Section of the American Association of Dental Schools. In addition, pertinent findings of the 1976 curriculum study conducted by the American Dental Association are discussed.", "contents": "The undergraduate dental radiology curriculum. This paper reviews and analyzes the undergraduate dental radiology curriculum as suggested by the American Academy of Dental Radiology and the Oral Radiology Section of the American Association of Dental Schools. In addition, pertinent findings of the 1976 curriculum study conducted by the American Dental Association are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292694", "title": "A course in physical, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis for dental education.", "content": "A basic knowledge of physical diagnosis techniques and an understanding of those parts of clinical medicine (including laboratory diagnosis) most closely related to dentistry are recognized to be important parts of dental education. The course in physical, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis for dentists pursuing specialty training in oral surgery, endodontics, periodontics, oral diagnosis, prosthodontics, and general practice at The University of Michigan School of Dentistry is described.", "contents": "A course in physical, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis for dental education. A basic knowledge of physical diagnosis techniques and an understanding of those parts of clinical medicine (including laboratory diagnosis) most closely related to dentistry are recognized to be important parts of dental education. The course in physical, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis for dentists pursuing specialty training in oral surgery, endodontics, periodontics, oral diagnosis, prosthodontics, and general practice at The University of Michigan School of Dentistry is described."}
{"id": "PMID:292696", "title": "An auxiliary evaluation of dental student management style.", "content": "An instrument has been developed to identify a dental student's leadership style. This instrument is used in the TEAM program at the University of Louisville as an aid in teaching dental students basic personnel management principles.", "contents": "An auxiliary evaluation of dental student management style. An instrument has been developed to identify a dental student's leadership style. This instrument is used in the TEAM program at the University of Louisville as an aid in teaching dental students basic personnel management principles."}
{"id": "PMID:292716", "title": "Is radiographic examination a reliable method of detecting caries under old restorations?", "content": "As a result of our survey, we have reservations about the reliability of radiographic examination for detection of caries under old restorations. Except in rare cases, all old restorative material should be removed and replaced before the construction of a cast crown restoration.", "contents": "Is radiographic examination a reliable method of detecting caries under old restorations? As a result of our survey, we have reservations about the reliability of radiographic examination for detection of caries under old restorations. Except in rare cases, all old restorative material should be removed and replaced before the construction of a cast crown restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:292717", "title": "Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of myofascial pain dysfunction in patients undergoing occlusal splint therapy.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with symptoms of myofascial pain and abnormal jaw function were treated with use of a full arch maxillary occlusal splint. The level of nocturnal activity of the masseter muscle was monitored as were symptoms before, during, and after occlusal splint therapy. A decreased nocturnal EMG level during treatment was noted for 52% of the patients. A return to pretreatment EMG levels after removal of the splint was noticed in 92% of the patients; in 28% no change was shown and in 20%, an increase was shown in nocturnal EMG levels. The splint was most likely to reduce nocturnal EMG levels in patients with least severe symptoms.", "contents": "Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of myofascial pain dysfunction in patients undergoing occlusal splint therapy. Twenty-five patients with symptoms of myofascial pain and abnormal jaw function were treated with use of a full arch maxillary occlusal splint. The level of nocturnal activity of the masseter muscle was monitored as were symptoms before, during, and after occlusal splint therapy. A decreased nocturnal EMG level during treatment was noted for 52% of the patients. A return to pretreatment EMG levels after removal of the splint was noticed in 92% of the patients; in 28% no change was shown and in 20%, an increase was shown in nocturnal EMG levels. The splint was most likely to reduce nocturnal EMG levels in patients with least severe symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:292718", "title": "The relationship between nitrous oxide conscious sedation and the hypnotic state.", "content": "To evaluate the hypothesis that inhalation of low levels of nitrous oxide-oxygen produces an altered state of consciousness similar to hypnosis, 20 subjects were given three suggestions (analgesia, compulsive behavior, and amnesia) during double-blind administration of either nitrous oxide-oxygen or oxygen. Results suggest that administration of nitrous oxide-oxygen may be of increased clinical usefulness if it is combined with careful use of suggestion.", "contents": "The relationship between nitrous oxide conscious sedation and the hypnotic state. To evaluate the hypothesis that inhalation of low levels of nitrous oxide-oxygen produces an altered state of consciousness similar to hypnosis, 20 subjects were given three suggestions (analgesia, compulsive behavior, and amnesia) during double-blind administration of either nitrous oxide-oxygen or oxygen. Results suggest that administration of nitrous oxide-oxygen may be of increased clinical usefulness if it is combined with careful use of suggestion."}
{"id": "PMID:292719", "title": "Developmental variations of tooth morphology and periodontal disease.", "content": "Some developmental variations of tooth morphology may influence the potential for periodontal disease by allowing accumulation of bacterial plaque and calcified deposits. Mechanical plaque control becomes difficult even for the conscientious patient. Periodontal disease may be hastened in these cases. The therapist must be aware of these variations and their significance in the etiology of isolated periodontal lesions. Recognition of these anomalies and early diagnosis may improve the prognosis of the involved tooth.", "contents": "Developmental variations of tooth morphology and periodontal disease. Some developmental variations of tooth morphology may influence the potential for periodontal disease by allowing accumulation of bacterial plaque and calcified deposits. Mechanical plaque control becomes difficult even for the conscientious patient. Periodontal disease may be hastened in these cases. The therapist must be aware of these variations and their significance in the etiology of isolated periodontal lesions. Recognition of these anomalies and early diagnosis may improve the prognosis of the involved tooth."}
{"id": "PMID:292720", "title": "Properties of  microfilled and visible light-cured composite resins.", "content": "Physical and mechanical properties of four commercial micro-filled composite resins, a visible light-cured composite resin, and a conventional composite resin were investigated. Isocap, Isopast, and Superfil were similar in most properties. Compared with Concise, they had lower values of inorganic filler content and modulus of elasticity and higher values of water sorption, depth of indentation, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion. The properties of Silar were between those of Concise and the other microfilled composite resins. Fotofil had lower values of modulus of elasticity, water sorption, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion than Concise.", "contents": "Properties of  microfilled and visible light-cured composite resins. Physical and mechanical properties of four commercial micro-filled composite resins, a visible light-cured composite resin, and a conventional composite resin were investigated. Isocap, Isopast, and Superfil were similar in most properties. Compared with Concise, they had lower values of inorganic filler content and modulus of elasticity and higher values of water sorption, depth of indentation, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion. The properties of Silar were between those of Concise and the other microfilled composite resins. Fotofil had lower values of modulus of elasticity, water sorption, and linear coefficient of thermal expansion than Concise."}
{"id": "PMID:292721", "title": "Dentigerous  cyst with mural ameloblastoma.", "content": "A case of a 14-year-old black girl with a lesion that appeared to be a dentigerous cyst is presented. Radiographic appearance, findings of a bone scan and biopsy by aspiration are discussed. Histologic findings showed that the lesion was an ameloblastoma that is believed to have arisen from the dentigerous cyst wall.", "contents": "Dentigerous  cyst with mural ameloblastoma. A case of a 14-year-old black girl with a lesion that appeared to be a dentigerous cyst is presented. Radiographic appearance, findings of a bone scan and biopsy by aspiration are discussed. Histologic findings showed that the lesion was an ameloblastoma that is believed to have arisen from the dentigerous cyst wall."}
{"id": "PMID:292722", "title": "Amelogenesis imperfecta: local hypoplastic type with pulpal calcification.", "content": "A case report of a patient with local hypoplastic type of amelogenesis imperfecta is presented. Developmentally absent canines and unerupted teeth in the anterior maxilla and calcifications in the apical third of the pulp chambers of the molars were noticed and discussed. A family history was analyzed as consistent with an autosomal dominant form of transmission of the disorder.", "contents": "Amelogenesis imperfecta: local hypoplastic type with pulpal calcification. A case report of a patient with local hypoplastic type of amelogenesis imperfecta is presented. Developmentally absent canines and unerupted teeth in the anterior maxilla and calcifications in the apical third of the pulp chambers of the molars were noticed and discussed. A family history was analyzed as consistent with an autosomal dominant form of transmission of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:292723", "title": "Iron deficiency: an overlooked predisposing factor in angular cheilitis.", "content": "Clinicians who recommend the use of antifungal agents for angular cheilitis may be treating the symptoms and not the predisposing cause of the disease. Iron deficiency should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis whenever angular cheilitis is encountered, especially in women of child-bearing age.", "contents": "Iron deficiency: an overlooked predisposing factor in angular cheilitis. Clinicians who recommend the use of antifungal agents for angular cheilitis may be treating the symptoms and not the predisposing cause of the disease. Iron deficiency should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis whenever angular cheilitis is encountered, especially in women of child-bearing age."}
{"id": "PMID:292724", "title": "Facilitating oral hygiene in patients with chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "Ten patients with chronic schizophrenia and with poor maintenance of dental hygiene were instructed, using a variety of motivational and reinforcement techniques, to improve oral hygiene. Results indicated significant changes in several of the most maladaptive behaviors.", "contents": "Facilitating oral hygiene in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Ten patients with chronic schizophrenia and with poor maintenance of dental hygiene were instructed, using a variety of motivational and reinforcement techniques, to improve oral hygiene. Results indicated significant changes in several of the most maladaptive behaviors."}
{"id": "PMID:292735", "title": "Side effects of long-term treatment with human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients, 27 of them with osteosarcoma and two with juvenile laryngeal papilloma, were followed for an aggregate period of 365 months, during which time they received long-term treatment with human leukocyte interferon. The interferon was given by intramuscular injection either daily or three times a week; the dose was 3 x 10(6) standard units. During the course of the treatment, 12 distinct symptoms were recognized as possible side effects of the drug; the three most frequent symptoms occurring after injection were fever, local pain, and shivering. All but three of the patients reported between one and five symptoms. Partial purification of the interferon reduced or eliminated some, but not all, of the symptoms. All of the patients were treated on an ambulatory basis, and none had to discontinue the interferon therapy because of the side effects.", "contents": "Side effects of long-term treatment with human leukocyte interferon. Twenty-nine patients, 27 of them with osteosarcoma and two with juvenile laryngeal papilloma, were followed for an aggregate period of 365 months, during which time they received long-term treatment with human leukocyte interferon. The interferon was given by intramuscular injection either daily or three times a week; the dose was 3 x 10(6) standard units. During the course of the treatment, 12 distinct symptoms were recognized as possible side effects of the drug; the three most frequent symptoms occurring after injection were fever, local pain, and shivering. All but three of the patients reported between one and five symptoms. Partial purification of the interferon reduced or eliminated some, but not all, of the symptoms. All of the patients were treated on an ambulatory basis, and none had to discontinue the interferon therapy because of the side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:292741", "title": "Selective angiographic studies prior to Le Fort I osteotomy in patients with cleft lip and palate.", "content": "In 12 adult patients with cleft lip and palate, external carotid arteriograms were performed. The arterial blood supply to the maxilla, before forward movement by Le Fort I osteotomy was demonstrated. In 14 instances the descending palatine artery and its branches were found to be free from pathological changes. In 10 instances the calibre of the palatine artery was considerably diminished. Clinical experience shows, that after multiple operations for cleft palate, osteotomy of the maxilla with forward movement, can cause circulatory disturbance in the mobilized segments. Such complications can be avoided by the proper choice of procedure. The selective carotid angiogram demonstrates the arterial blood supply to the maxilla and aids in planning correction of the hypoplastic mid-face.", "contents": "Selective angiographic studies prior to Le Fort I osteotomy in patients with cleft lip and palate. In 12 adult patients with cleft lip and palate, external carotid arteriograms were performed. The arterial blood supply to the maxilla, before forward movement by Le Fort I osteotomy was demonstrated. In 14 instances the descending palatine artery and its branches were found to be free from pathological changes. In 10 instances the calibre of the palatine artery was considerably diminished. Clinical experience shows, that after multiple operations for cleft palate, osteotomy of the maxilla with forward movement, can cause circulatory disturbance in the mobilized segments. Such complications can be avoided by the proper choice of procedure. The selective carotid angiogram demonstrates the arterial blood supply to the maxilla and aids in planning correction of the hypoplastic mid-face."}
{"id": "PMID:292742", "title": "A follow-up of osteotomies for dysgnathia.", "content": "An invitation to report for a follow-up was accepted by 74 patients (51 females and 23 males) who had undergone various types of osteotomy (50 mandibular and 30 maxillary osteotomies; 6 patients had undergone both mandibular and maxillary osteotomy). Their age at the time of operation ranged from 15 to 44 years. The follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 7 years. Maxillary osteotomy was never followed by a relapse, but 12 of the 50 patients treated by mandibular osteotomy showed some relapse: hyperplasia of the mandibular condylar process caused some relapse in 2 cases, and in 10 other cases only partial relapse (1, 2 or 3 mm) occurred. The distribution over the various types of operation corresponded with the various methods used in the entire series, so that no particular type of operation had evident advantages or disadvantages. It is essential that stable occlusion is achieved during the operation. Osteosynthesis of the fracture fragments proved unnecessary after a sagittal split operation. No indications that an oversize tongue played a role were found. The results with regard to the temporomandibular joint were particularly favorable. Stable occlusion is essential in preventing relapse; this is one of the reasons why a careful long-term follow-up is indicated (at 2-year intervals). For the time being this is perhaps best carried out by the operating surgeon, who has previous models and knows the patient.", "contents": "A follow-up of osteotomies for dysgnathia. An invitation to report for a follow-up was accepted by 74 patients (51 females and 23 males) who had undergone various types of osteotomy (50 mandibular and 30 maxillary osteotomies; 6 patients had undergone both mandibular and maxillary osteotomy). Their age at the time of operation ranged from 15 to 44 years. The follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 7 years. Maxillary osteotomy was never followed by a relapse, but 12 of the 50 patients treated by mandibular osteotomy showed some relapse: hyperplasia of the mandibular condylar process caused some relapse in 2 cases, and in 10 other cases only partial relapse (1, 2 or 3 mm) occurred. The distribution over the various types of operation corresponded with the various methods used in the entire series, so that no particular type of operation had evident advantages or disadvantages. It is essential that stable occlusion is achieved during the operation. Osteosynthesis of the fracture fragments proved unnecessary after a sagittal split operation. No indications that an oversize tongue played a role were found. The results with regard to the temporomandibular joint were particularly favorable. Stable occlusion is essential in preventing relapse; this is one of the reasons why a careful long-term follow-up is indicated (at 2-year intervals). For the time being this is perhaps best carried out by the operating surgeon, who has previous models and knows the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:292743", "title": "Follow-up investigation of surgical correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge by visor-osteotomy.", "content": "In 1975, a method of operation was described whereby the alveolar ridge of the mandible is osteotomied and moved on the visor principle. The two parts are fixed together with wires, thereby increasing the absolute height of the mandibular alveolar ridge. The visor-osteotomy in conjunction with vestibuloplasty and lowering of the floor of the mouth, significantly improves the denture bearing area, without the need for, and risk incurred by free bone transplantation. During the course of prosthetic treatment, one should bear in mind that there will be a temporary disturbance of sensation of the mucosa. Check-ups should be frequent. The post-operative results after three years were recorded in ten patients. There was 18% resorption of the augmented alveolar ridge over the first year. In the second year 10% and in the third year 8% or 0.6 mm. The same amount of mandibular resorption occurs following a simple, total vestibuloplasty. Three years after a visor mandibular ridge augmentation, the mandible shows physiological resorption.", "contents": "Follow-up investigation of surgical correction of the atrophic alveolar ridge by visor-osteotomy. In 1975, a method of operation was described whereby the alveolar ridge of the mandible is osteotomied and moved on the visor principle. The two parts are fixed together with wires, thereby increasing the absolute height of the mandibular alveolar ridge. The visor-osteotomy in conjunction with vestibuloplasty and lowering of the floor of the mouth, significantly improves the denture bearing area, without the need for, and risk incurred by free bone transplantation. During the course of prosthetic treatment, one should bear in mind that there will be a temporary disturbance of sensation of the mucosa. Check-ups should be frequent. The post-operative results after three years were recorded in ten patients. There was 18% resorption of the augmented alveolar ridge over the first year. In the second year 10% and in the third year 8% or 0.6 mm. The same amount of mandibular resorption occurs following a simple, total vestibuloplasty. Three years after a visor mandibular ridge augmentation, the mandible shows physiological resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:292744", "title": "Cancrum oris.", "content": "Cancrum oris is a gangrenous infection of the oral cavity. Debilitating diseases predispose to the condition. The exact bacteriology is uncertain although Vincent's Spirochaete and the fusiform bacillus in symbiosis have been considered to be the actual cause of the condition. The presentation of the disease is variable, for the condition may affect the soft tissues of the face or the bones of the facial skeleton or both concurrently. This disease has a high mortality rate. If recovery from toxaemia ensues, subsequent healing becomes a lengthy affair because of the destructive nature of the condition. Since the introduction of antibiotics as a form of therapy, a higher survival rate has been achieved. Because of the nature of the condition the morbidity rate is exceptionally high with functional disturbances and disfigurement being a legacy of the disease. Reconstructive procedures are generally required at some subsequent stage.", "contents": "Cancrum oris. Cancrum oris is a gangrenous infection of the oral cavity. Debilitating diseases predispose to the condition. The exact bacteriology is uncertain although Vincent's Spirochaete and the fusiform bacillus in symbiosis have been considered to be the actual cause of the condition. The presentation of the disease is variable, for the condition may affect the soft tissues of the face or the bones of the facial skeleton or both concurrently. This disease has a high mortality rate. If recovery from toxaemia ensues, subsequent healing becomes a lengthy affair because of the destructive nature of the condition. Since the introduction of antibiotics as a form of therapy, a higher survival rate has been achieved. Because of the nature of the condition the morbidity rate is exceptionally high with functional disturbances and disfigurement being a legacy of the disease. Reconstructive procedures are generally required at some subsequent stage."}
{"id": "PMID:292745", "title": "Multiple basal cell carcinomas and keratocysts - the Gorlin and Goltz syndrome.", "content": "This paper is based on our experience with the Gorlin-Goltz syndrome and on data from 14 patients of the Nordwestdeutsche Kieferklinik in whom this disorder was detected, treated and followed up. A clinical concept has been produced, with a diagnostic check list including a genetic and a dermatological routine work up as well as a radiological survey of the jaws and skeleton. Whenever multiple basal cell carcinomas plus the typical jaw lesions are found in a patient, the diagnosis is easy. A minimum diagnostic criterion is the combination of either the skin tumours or multiple odontogenic keratocysts plus a positive family history for this disorder, bifid ribs, lamellar calcification of the falx cerebri or any one of the skeletal abnormalities typical of this syndrome. All those in whom this disorder is diagnosed or suspected should be followed up for the rest of their lives. The family should be examined and genetic counselling should be offered.", "contents": "Multiple basal cell carcinomas and keratocysts - the Gorlin and Goltz syndrome. This paper is based on our experience with the Gorlin-Goltz syndrome and on data from 14 patients of the Nordwestdeutsche Kieferklinik in whom this disorder was detected, treated and followed up. A clinical concept has been produced, with a diagnostic check list including a genetic and a dermatological routine work up as well as a radiological survey of the jaws and skeleton. Whenever multiple basal cell carcinomas plus the typical jaw lesions are found in a patient, the diagnosis is easy. A minimum diagnostic criterion is the combination of either the skin tumours or multiple odontogenic keratocysts plus a positive family history for this disorder, bifid ribs, lamellar calcification of the falx cerebri or any one of the skeletal abnormalities typical of this syndrome. All those in whom this disorder is diagnosed or suspected should be followed up for the rest of their lives. The family should be examined and genetic counselling should be offered."}
{"id": "PMID:292746", "title": "Views on the relative indications for suprahyoid and radical neck dissections.", "content": "The various operative possibilities for the treatment of the lymphatic drainage area in the presence of a malignant epithelial tumor of the maxillofacial region are compared with one another and in particular the indications for surgery are examined in connection with the TNM classification.", "contents": "Views on the relative indications for suprahyoid and radical neck dissections. The various operative possibilities for the treatment of the lymphatic drainage area in the presence of a malignant epithelial tumor of the maxillofacial region are compared with one another and in particular the indications for surgery are examined in connection with the TNM classification."}
{"id": "PMID:292747", "title": "Hoign\u00e9's syndrome-its course and symptomatology.", "content": "The study presents the clinical symptomatology of acute embolic-toxic reactions to penicillin seen in 9 patients treated with the drug. The complex of short-lasting symptoms characterized by severe agitation with confusion, visual and auditory hallucinations and dire fear is caused by accidental penetration of an amount of intramuscular penicillin injected into the venous system. The authors' experience and the data so far published reveal a much more frequent occurrence of Hoign\u00e9's (1959) syndrome than is usually thought. The syndrome does not depend upon the dose of a single injection of procaine penicillin but it may be attributed to poor technique of intramuscular injection and to great number of injections in a small area of the buttock. It is recommended that intravenous steroids in the treatment of acute symptoms of Hoign\u00e9's syndrome beside pharmacological sedation of the patient are applied.", "contents": "Hoign\u00e9's syndrome-its course and symptomatology. The study presents the clinical symptomatology of acute embolic-toxic reactions to penicillin seen in 9 patients treated with the drug. The complex of short-lasting symptoms characterized by severe agitation with confusion, visual and auditory hallucinations and dire fear is caused by accidental penetration of an amount of intramuscular penicillin injected into the venous system. The authors' experience and the data so far published reveal a much more frequent occurrence of Hoign\u00e9's (1959) syndrome than is usually thought. The syndrome does not depend upon the dose of a single injection of procaine penicillin but it may be attributed to poor technique of intramuscular injection and to great number of injections in a small area of the buttock. It is recommended that intravenous steroids in the treatment of acute symptoms of Hoign\u00e9's syndrome beside pharmacological sedation of the patient are applied."}
{"id": "PMID:292748", "title": "Free vascularized groin fat flap in hypoplasia and hemiatrophy of the face (a three years observation).", "content": "Two female patients with facial malformation are presented: one with microsomia (17 years old) and the other (35 years old) with a very severe form of Rhomberg-Parry facial hemiatrophy. The defect in one side of the face was augmented in both cases by means of a free inguinal fat flap connected to the local vascular system with microvascular anastomoses. After a follow up of three years (first patient) and 18 months (second patient) no sign of resorption could be observed and the fat shows a normal histological structure. The arterial flow is proved with the Doppler flowmeter and in one patient with arteriography. The operative technique is described, the advantages and disadvantages in contrast to other procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Free vascularized groin fat flap in hypoplasia and hemiatrophy of the face (a three years observation). Two female patients with facial malformation are presented: one with microsomia (17 years old) and the other (35 years old) with a very severe form of Rhomberg-Parry facial hemiatrophy. The defect in one side of the face was augmented in both cases by means of a free inguinal fat flap connected to the local vascular system with microvascular anastomoses. After a follow up of three years (first patient) and 18 months (second patient) no sign of resorption could be observed and the fat shows a normal histological structure. The arterial flow is proved with the Doppler flowmeter and in one patient with arteriography. The operative technique is described, the advantages and disadvantages in contrast to other procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292755", "title": "Genetic exchanges in the macrocysts of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Crosses were made between strains of Dictyostelium discoideum involving two drug resistance markers and the mating-type locus. Over 6000 progeny from 263 individual germinated macrocysts from four single-factor crosses, five two-factor crosses and one three-factor cross were characterized. In most cases the progeny from a single macrocyst were of one genotype, although in the population of macrocysts from any two-factor cross all possible parental and recombinant genotypes were recovered. There was no evidence of linkage between any of the markers examined. No selection against progeny carrying the methanol or the cycloheximide resistance markers was found in two-factor crosses, but selection against progeny carrying both resistance markers was found in the three-factor cross. Germination of macrocysts in all crosses was poor, only once exceeding 2.5% of the total macrocyst population. A variety of crosses and back-crosses with different parental strains indicated that germination might be influenced by both extrinsic (environmental) and multiple genetic factors. About 10% of the macrocysts yielded progeny spores that were ambivalent in their mating reactions. After extensive recloning these populations could be resolved to the normal matA (formerly A1) and mata (formerly A2) mating-types and might therefore have represented aneuploids. The results obtained with D. discoideum macrocysts differ from those obtained with other cellular slime moulds--Dictyostelium mucoroides, Dictyostelium giganteum and Polysphondylium pallidum--and are reminiscent of the results reported for germinated zygospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.", "contents": "Genetic exchanges in the macrocysts of Dictyostelium discoideum. Crosses were made between strains of Dictyostelium discoideum involving two drug resistance markers and the mating-type locus. Over 6000 progeny from 263 individual germinated macrocysts from four single-factor crosses, five two-factor crosses and one three-factor cross were characterized. In most cases the progeny from a single macrocyst were of one genotype, although in the population of macrocysts from any two-factor cross all possible parental and recombinant genotypes were recovered. There was no evidence of linkage between any of the markers examined. No selection against progeny carrying the methanol or the cycloheximide resistance markers was found in two-factor crosses, but selection against progeny carrying both resistance markers was found in the three-factor cross. Germination of macrocysts in all crosses was poor, only once exceeding 2.5% of the total macrocyst population. A variety of crosses and back-crosses with different parental strains indicated that germination might be influenced by both extrinsic (environmental) and multiple genetic factors. About 10% of the macrocysts yielded progeny spores that were ambivalent in their mating reactions. After extensive recloning these populations could be resolved to the normal matA (formerly A1) and mata (formerly A2) mating-types and might therefore have represented aneuploids. The results obtained with D. discoideum macrocysts differ from those obtained with other cellular slime moulds--Dictyostelium mucoroides, Dictyostelium giganteum and Polysphondylium pallidum--and are reminiscent of the results reported for germinated zygospores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus."}
{"id": "PMID:292773", "title": "Influence of tooth p roprioception on speech articulation.", "content": "Based on an analysis of the data obtained, the following conclusion can be made: 1. Time used to pronounce /S/ is increased for patients when their prostheses are not being worn. 2. There is a decrease in formant frequency when pronounciation of /S/ takes place without the prosthesis in place. 3. The amount of time span increase was less for overdenture group than for the complete denture group; the drop of formant frequency was not as greater as that of the complete denture group. 4. The precision of speech movement for the production /S/ is affected by the presence of tooth proprioception.", "contents": "Influence of tooth p roprioception on speech articulation. Based on an analysis of the data obtained, the following conclusion can be made: 1. Time used to pronounce /S/ is increased for patients when their prostheses are not being worn. 2. There is a decrease in formant frequency when pronounciation of /S/ takes place without the prosthesis in place. 3. The amount of time span increase was less for overdenture group than for the complete denture group; the drop of formant frequency was not as greater as that of the complete denture group. 4. The precision of speech movement for the production /S/ is affected by the presence of tooth proprioception."}
{"id": "PMID:292774", "title": "An evaluation of a polyvinyl occlusal splint for improving the health of inflamed maxillary supporting mucosa of complete denture patients.", "content": "A study was made to determine the effects of a polyvinyl occlusal splint on improving the health of inflamed maxillary supporting mucosa. Color slides were made before and after treatment of the maxillary supporting mucosa of 22 edentulous patients wearing dentures during a 15-day test period. The control group consisted of 13 patients, and the experimental group was comprised of nine patients who wore the occlusal splint over the maxillary denture. The 35 mm color slides taken before and after treatment were evaluated by 50 examiners to determine if the health of the maxillary supporting mucosa was better, the same, or worse after the 15-day test period. Fourteen of the examiners were retested to determine the reliability of the viewer. An observable change was noted in the experimental group at a p value less than 1 in 100,000. These findings indicate that the occlusal splint was effective in improving the health status in 64.7% of the experimental patients and that the experimental method was valid.", "contents": "An evaluation of a polyvinyl occlusal splint for improving the health of inflamed maxillary supporting mucosa of complete denture patients. A study was made to determine the effects of a polyvinyl occlusal splint on improving the health of inflamed maxillary supporting mucosa. Color slides were made before and after treatment of the maxillary supporting mucosa of 22 edentulous patients wearing dentures during a 15-day test period. The control group consisted of 13 patients, and the experimental group was comprised of nine patients who wore the occlusal splint over the maxillary denture. The 35 mm color slides taken before and after treatment were evaluated by 50 examiners to determine if the health of the maxillary supporting mucosa was better, the same, or worse after the 15-day test period. Fourteen of the examiners were retested to determine the reliability of the viewer. An observable change was noted in the experimental group at a p value less than 1 in 100,000. These findings indicate that the occlusal splint was effective in improving the health status in 64.7% of the experimental patients and that the experimental method was valid."}
{"id": "PMID:292775", "title": "Clinical progress of sealed and unsealed caries. Part II: Standardized radiographs and clinical observations.", "content": "At the present time, a trend has been shown that the progress of sealed caries is markedly slowed by sealant therapy as compared to open lesions. This fact has been substantiated by depth measurements, viable bacterial counts, standardized radiographs, and clinical observations. The radiographic and clinical observations agreed with the previously reported two parameters in confirming that (1) sealed cavities showed little or no change in depth and (2) open lesions showed a significant increase in depth as compared to sealed lesions.", "contents": "Clinical progress of sealed and unsealed caries. Part II: Standardized radiographs and clinical observations. At the present time, a trend has been shown that the progress of sealed caries is markedly slowed by sealant therapy as compared to open lesions. This fact has been substantiated by depth measurements, viable bacterial counts, standardized radiographs, and clinical observations. The radiographic and clinical observations agreed with the previously reported two parameters in confirming that (1) sealed cavities showed little or no change in depth and (2) open lesions showed a significant increase in depth as compared to sealed lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:292776", "title": "Dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. A clinical survey and classification.", "content": "A survey was made from the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed as suffering from dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. The information surveyed included dietary history, relevant medical history, clinical examination, and color photographs of the affected teeth. A new classification of erosion is proposed and the different types of lesions are described.", "contents": "Dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. A clinical survey and classification. A survey was made from the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed as suffering from dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. The information surveyed included dietary history, relevant medical history, clinical examination, and color photographs of the affected teeth. A new classification of erosion is proposed and the different types of lesions are described."}
{"id": "PMID:292777", "title": "The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome. Part I: Etiology.", "content": "Craniomandibular pain has five major causes: neurologic, vascular, the temperomandibular joint itself, muscular, and hysterical conversion. When the pain source is purely in the muscles it has been termed MPD (myofascial pain dysfunction) by Laskin. However, when the TMJ itself is also involved it is called TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome.", "contents": "The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome. Part I: Etiology. Craniomandibular pain has five major causes: neurologic, vascular, the temperomandibular joint itself, muscular, and hysterical conversion. When the pain source is purely in the muscles it has been termed MPD (myofascial pain dysfunction) by Laskin. However, when the TMJ itself is also involved it is called TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:292778", "title": "Mandibular movements of young adults recorded by intraorally placed light-emitting diodes.", "content": "Mandibular chewing movements of 10 young adults were registered with LED. The registrations were performed manually, and the following observations were made: 1. The mean cycle duration was reduced from 1.12 seconds for cycle 1 to 0.76 second for cycle 16. 2. The duration of the opening phase appeared to be shorter than that of the closing phase. 3. The maximal vertical movement of the mandible decreased throughout the chewing period. The results obtained in this study agree with those reported by other investigators and indicate that a system using LED is suitable for analyzing the mandibular movement pattern in clinical situations.", "contents": "Mandibular movements of young adults recorded by intraorally placed light-emitting diodes. Mandibular chewing movements of 10 young adults were registered with LED. The registrations were performed manually, and the following observations were made: 1. The mean cycle duration was reduced from 1.12 seconds for cycle 1 to 0.76 second for cycle 16. 2. The duration of the opening phase appeared to be shorter than that of the closing phase. 3. The maximal vertical movement of the mandible decreased throughout the chewing period. The results obtained in this study agree with those reported by other investigators and indicate that a system using LED is suitable for analyzing the mandibular movement pattern in clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:292779", "title": "EMG, bite force, and elongation of the masseter muscle under isometric voluntary contractions and variations of vertical dimension.", "content": "The relation EMG activity, bite force, and muscular elongation was studied in eight subjects with complete natural dentition during isometric contractions of the masseter muscle, measured from 7 mm to almost maximum jaw opening. EMG was registered with superficial electrodes and bite force with a gnathodynamometer. In series 1, recordings of EMG activity maintaining bite force constant (10 and 20 kg) show that EMG is high when the bite opening is 7 mm, decreases from 15 to 20 mm, and then increases again as jaw opening approaches maximum opening. In series 2, recordings of bite force maintaining EMG constant show that bite force increases up to a certain range of jaw opening (around 15 to 20 mm) and then decreases as we approach maximum jaw opening. Results show that there is for each experimental subject a physiologically optimum muscular elongation of major efficiency where the masseter develops highest muscular force with least EMG activity.", "contents": "EMG, bite force, and elongation of the masseter muscle under isometric voluntary contractions and variations of vertical dimension. The relation EMG activity, bite force, and muscular elongation was studied in eight subjects with complete natural dentition during isometric contractions of the masseter muscle, measured from 7 mm to almost maximum jaw opening. EMG was registered with superficial electrodes and bite force with a gnathodynamometer. In series 1, recordings of EMG activity maintaining bite force constant (10 and 20 kg) show that EMG is high when the bite opening is 7 mm, decreases from 15 to 20 mm, and then increases again as jaw opening approaches maximum opening. In series 2, recordings of bite force maintaining EMG constant show that bite force increases up to a certain range of jaw opening (around 15 to 20 mm) and then decreases as we approach maximum jaw opening. Results show that there is for each experimental subject a physiologically optimum muscular elongation of major efficiency where the masseter develops highest muscular force with least EMG activity."}
{"id": "PMID:292787", "title": "The role and responsibility of schools in affecting dental health status--a potential yet unrealized.", "content": "In summary, the schools' role in affecting dental health status for children remains as a potential yet unrealized. Schools have a tremendous capacity to be supportive of programs involving preventive health and preventive dentistry for children. In order to activate such potential, there must develop stronger national and regional health planning and initiatives. Such initiatives must proceed on the basis of sound evaluation support for methods of improving dental health, must seek involvement and integration of the health and educational system, and must seek to finance and refinance school health efforts under the rubric of health care expenditures.", "contents": "The role and responsibility of schools in affecting dental health status--a potential yet unrealized. In summary, the schools' role in affecting dental health status for children remains as a potential yet unrealized. Schools have a tremendous capacity to be supportive of programs involving preventive health and preventive dentistry for children. In order to activate such potential, there must develop stronger national and regional health planning and initiatives. Such initiatives must proceed on the basis of sound evaluation support for methods of improving dental health, must seek involvement and integration of the health and educational system, and must seek to finance and refinance school health efforts under the rubric of health care expenditures."}
{"id": "PMID:292789", "title": "Combination of school-based primary and secondary preventive dental programs in the United States and other countries.", "content": "School-based programs in the United States are very limited. Other countries in the world have established programs for many years which provide comprehensive services to school-age children. In this country philosophical and professional pressures have maintained school-based programs only in the area of primary prevention. Most treatment programs involving secondary prevention are not school-based and are targeted at specific population groups rather than all children. The basic questions of whether primary and secondary preventive school-based programs can be successful have been examined in this paper. The evidence based on the pilot program presented here is that these programs can be successful. They are well accepted by parents and children, they provide quality care at a reasonable cost, and, most importantly, they can reduce dental disease. It's time for a committment by the profession and the nation to establish school-based dental programs for the health and welfare of our children.", "contents": "Combination of school-based primary and secondary preventive dental programs in the United States and other countries. School-based programs in the United States are very limited. Other countries in the world have established programs for many years which provide comprehensive services to school-age children. In this country philosophical and professional pressures have maintained school-based programs only in the area of primary prevention. Most treatment programs involving secondary prevention are not school-based and are targeted at specific population groups rather than all children. The basic questions of whether primary and secondary preventive school-based programs can be successful have been examined in this paper. The evidence based on the pilot program presented here is that these programs can be successful. They are well accepted by parents and children, they provide quality care at a reasonable cost, and, most importantly, they can reduce dental disease. It's time for a committment by the profession and the nation to establish school-based dental programs for the health and welfare of our children."}
{"id": "PMID:292793", "title": "Linkage studies in hereditary angio-oedema.", "content": "The locus for hereditary angio-oedema must lie well outside the limits of the HLA complex. Linkage tests with 16 marker loci gave no hint of linkage. In particular, close linkage is excluded for C6, PGM1 MNSs, Gm, Rh, Km, Hp, and ABO.", "contents": "Linkage studies in hereditary angio-oedema. The locus for hereditary angio-oedema must lie well outside the limits of the HLA complex. Linkage tests with 16 marker loci gave no hint of linkage. In particular, close linkage is excluded for C6, PGM1 MNSs, Gm, Rh, Km, Hp, and ABO."}
{"id": "PMID:292801", "title": "Persistence of infectious Friend virus in spleens of mice after spontaneous recovery from virus-induced erythroleukemia.", "content": "Persistent infectious virus was detected in the majority of spleens of (C57BL/10 X A.BY)F1 mice after spontaneous recovery from Friend virus-induced erythroleukeima. The Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV) was detected in titers up to 3 X 10(5) PFU/g of spleen. The defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) was present in much lower titers and could be detected in cell-free spleen homogenates only after amplification of virus titer by growth of virus in vitro on SC1 cells. The incidence of cells producing F-MuLV alone in spleens after recovery from leukemia was 0.003 to 0.3%, and the incidence of cells producing both F-MuLV and SFFV was less than 0.0001 to 0.01%. In most recovered mouse spleens there appeared to be a selective reduction of SFFV relative to F-MuLV.", "contents": "Persistence of infectious Friend virus in spleens of mice after spontaneous recovery from virus-induced erythroleukemia. Persistent infectious virus was detected in the majority of spleens of (C57BL/10 X A.BY)F1 mice after spontaneous recovery from Friend virus-induced erythroleukeima. The Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV) was detected in titers up to 3 X 10(5) PFU/g of spleen. The defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) was present in much lower titers and could be detected in cell-free spleen homogenates only after amplification of virus titer by growth of virus in vitro on SC1 cells. The incidence of cells producing F-MuLV alone in spleens after recovery from leukemia was 0.003 to 0.3%, and the incidence of cells producing both F-MuLV and SFFV was less than 0.0001 to 0.01%. In most recovered mouse spleens there appeared to be a selective reduction of SFFV relative to F-MuLV."}
{"id": "PMID:292804", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by carcinogens in human colon mucosa in organ culture.", "content": "The capability of carcinogens with different modes of action to affect replicative DNA synthesis in the human colon was tested with the use of organ culture of histologically normal mucosae from patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer or diverticulosis. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, an organotropic carcinogen for the colon in rodents, inhibited DNA synthesis of mucosa at a concentration of 3.0 mM but not at 1.5 mM. Methylazoxymethanol acetate, a proximate carcinogen, inhibited DNA synthesis at a concentration of 1.5 mM. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a direct-acting carcinogen, inhibited DNA synthesis at a concentration of 0.5 mM. No tissue toxicity was observed at the doses of these carcinogens used. The procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, which is not organotropic for the colon, caused no inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants at concentrations of 0.01--0.05 mM. These data indicate that replicative DNA synthesis in the human colon is most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the direct-acting carcinogen MNNG.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis by carcinogens in human colon mucosa in organ culture. The capability of carcinogens with different modes of action to affect replicative DNA synthesis in the human colon was tested with the use of organ culture of histologically normal mucosae from patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer or diverticulosis. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, an organotropic carcinogen for the colon in rodents, inhibited DNA synthesis of mucosa at a concentration of 3.0 mM but not at 1.5 mM. Methylazoxymethanol acetate, a proximate carcinogen, inhibited DNA synthesis at a concentration of 1.5 mM. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a direct-acting carcinogen, inhibited DNA synthesis at a concentration of 0.5 mM. No tissue toxicity was observed at the doses of these carcinogens used. The procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, which is not organotropic for the colon, caused no inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants at concentrations of 0.01--0.05 mM. These data indicate that replicative DNA synthesis in the human colon is most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the direct-acting carcinogen MNNG."}
{"id": "PMID:292805", "title": "Binding of peanut lectin to breast epithelium, human carcinomas, and a cultured rat mammary stem cell: use of the lectin as a marker of mammary differentiation.", "content": "We investigated the binding of fluorescence-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) to breast epithelium. Specific binding of PNA to the mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley rats increased as the gland matured. Sexually immature rats showed relatively little fluorescence, but this increased in mature and pregnant animals. A maximum was reached in lactating rats in which significant labeling of material within the lumen was observed. PNA was bound exclusively to the epithelial and not the myoepithelial or mesenchymal cells. In tissue culture, a rat mammary epithelial stem cell line, which can be stimulated to differentiate to alveolus-like secretory or myoepithelial cells, showed evidence of PNA binding only on the secretory cells and not on unstimulated or myoepithelial cells. Fibroblast cultures also failed to show significant binding of PNA. Receptor sites on the secretory cells were masked mainly by sialic acid. Human breast sections, like those of the rat, showed fluorescent labeling at the apical region of the epithelial cells; this labeling increased if the tissue had prior treatment with neuraminidase. Breast carcinomas that were morphologically differentiated showed more labeling with PNA than did undifferentiated tumors, which often had weak or sometimes negative labeling. When significant fluorescence was observed, it was localized mainly in the cytoplasm. By contrast, labeling was restricted to the cell periphery in differentiated carcinomas. The use of PNA as a marker for breast epithelial cell differentiation is therefore proposed.", "contents": "Binding of peanut lectin to breast epithelium, human carcinomas, and a cultured rat mammary stem cell: use of the lectin as a marker of mammary differentiation. We investigated the binding of fluorescence-labeled peanut agglutinin (PNA) to breast epithelium. Specific binding of PNA to the mammary glands of female Sprague-Dawley rats increased as the gland matured. Sexually immature rats showed relatively little fluorescence, but this increased in mature and pregnant animals. A maximum was reached in lactating rats in which significant labeling of material within the lumen was observed. PNA was bound exclusively to the epithelial and not the myoepithelial or mesenchymal cells. In tissue culture, a rat mammary epithelial stem cell line, which can be stimulated to differentiate to alveolus-like secretory or myoepithelial cells, showed evidence of PNA binding only on the secretory cells and not on unstimulated or myoepithelial cells. Fibroblast cultures also failed to show significant binding of PNA. Receptor sites on the secretory cells were masked mainly by sialic acid. Human breast sections, like those of the rat, showed fluorescent labeling at the apical region of the epithelial cells; this labeling increased if the tissue had prior treatment with neuraminidase. Breast carcinomas that were morphologically differentiated showed more labeling with PNA than did undifferentiated tumors, which often had weak or sometimes negative labeling. When significant fluorescence was observed, it was localized mainly in the cytoplasm. By contrast, labeling was restricted to the cell periphery in differentiated carcinomas. The use of PNA as a marker for breast epithelial cell differentiation is therefore proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:292806", "title": "Human tissue polypeptide antigen in breast cancer.", "content": "Serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were simultaneously measured in 108 patients with breast cancer, in 40 healthy women, and in 26 women with benign breast disease. TPA levels were elevated (0.09 microgram/ml or higher) in 53% of 19 patients with primary breast cancer, and CEA levels were elevated (2.5 ng/ml) in 21%. Among 67 patients with metastatic breast cancer, TPA and CEA levels were increased in 70% and 61%, respectively. TPA was positive in 13% and CEA in 8% of the healthy women. CEA levels were not elevated in patients with benign breast disease, but levels of TPA were elevated in 27% of those studied. Elevation of TPA levels was more frequent in patients with visceral metastasis having higher values of the test results. Among 22 women with breast cancer who had no apparent cancer recurrence, TPA levels were elevated in 12 and CEA levels in 6. In another group of 39 patients with metastatic breast cancer who received palliative therapy, a limited correlation was noted between the clinical course of the disease and changes in TPA and CEA values measured in linear fashion. Thus TPA appeared to be equal to CEA as a tumor marker in most areas analyzed.", "contents": "Human tissue polypeptide antigen in breast cancer. Serum tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were simultaneously measured in 108 patients with breast cancer, in 40 healthy women, and in 26 women with benign breast disease. TPA levels were elevated (0.09 microgram/ml or higher) in 53% of 19 patients with primary breast cancer, and CEA levels were elevated (2.5 ng/ml) in 21%. Among 67 patients with metastatic breast cancer, TPA and CEA levels were increased in 70% and 61%, respectively. TPA was positive in 13% and CEA in 8% of the healthy women. CEA levels were not elevated in patients with benign breast disease, but levels of TPA were elevated in 27% of those studied. Elevation of TPA levels was more frequent in patients with visceral metastasis having higher values of the test results. Among 22 women with breast cancer who had no apparent cancer recurrence, TPA levels were elevated in 12 and CEA levels in 6. In another group of 39 patients with metastatic breast cancer who received palliative therapy, a limited correlation was noted between the clinical course of the disease and changes in TPA and CEA values measured in linear fashion. Thus TPA appeared to be equal to CEA as a tumor marker in most areas analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:292807", "title": "Estimation of relative risk from vital data: smoking and cancers of the lung and bladder.", "content": "Mortality data from cancers of the lung and bladder in England and Wales were analyzed. With the use of detailed information on cigarette consumption, a nonlinear least-squares analysis showed that the differences between males and females in the rates of these cancers could be explained on the basis of differences in smoking habits. Furthermore, estimates of the relative risk due to smoking were obtained. The relative risks of smoking 146,000 cigarettes (equivalent to 20 cigarettes/day for 20 yr) were 4.3 for lung cancer and 2.9 for bladder cancer. These estimates agree with those obtained by other types of epidemiologic studies.", "contents": "Estimation of relative risk from vital data: smoking and cancers of the lung and bladder. Mortality data from cancers of the lung and bladder in England and Wales were analyzed. With the use of detailed information on cigarette consumption, a nonlinear least-squares analysis showed that the differences between males and females in the rates of these cancers could be explained on the basis of differences in smoking habits. Furthermore, estimates of the relative risk due to smoking were obtained. The relative risks of smoking 146,000 cigarettes (equivalent to 20 cigarettes/day for 20 yr) were 4.3 for lung cancer and 2.9 for bladder cancer. These estimates agree with those obtained by other types of epidemiologic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:292809", "title": "Effect of intestinal bacteria on incidence of liver tumors in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice.", "content": "The effect of intestinal microflora on liver tumorigenesis was studied in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice monoassociated, diassociated, or polyassociated with the following strains of intestinal bacteria: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium infantis, Clostridium indolis, C. paraputrificum, C. perfringens, C. innocuum, C. nexile, C. ramosum, C. clostridiiforme, Bacteroides multiacidus, Bacteroides fragilis, Veillonella alcalescens, V. parvula, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The incidence of liver tumors was higher in most of the gnotobiotes (67--100%) and conventionalized mice (82%) derived from the germfree mice than in the germfree mice (39%). The average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, and C. paraputrificum was 2.9, which was significantly higher than that in the conventionalized animals (1.6). In contrast, the average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, L. acidophilus, C. perfringens, and Bacteroides fragilis (0.9) was not significantly different from that in germfree animals (0.5). The present study demonstrated that the presence of certain intestinal bacteria is related to liver tumorigenesis in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice.", "contents": "Effect of intestinal bacteria on incidence of liver tumors in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice. The effect of intestinal microflora on liver tumorigenesis was studied in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice monoassociated, diassociated, or polyassociated with the following strains of intestinal bacteria: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium infantis, Clostridium indolis, C. paraputrificum, C. perfringens, C. innocuum, C. nexile, C. ramosum, C. clostridiiforme, Bacteroides multiacidus, Bacteroides fragilis, Veillonella alcalescens, V. parvula, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The incidence of liver tumors was higher in most of the gnotobiotes (67--100%) and conventionalized mice (82%) derived from the germfree mice than in the germfree mice (39%). The average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, and C. paraputrificum was 2.9, which was significantly higher than that in the conventionalized animals (1.6). In contrast, the average incidence of tumor nodules in gnotobiotes associated with E. coli, S. faecalis, L. acidophilus, C. perfringens, and Bacteroides fragilis (0.9) was not significantly different from that in germfree animals (0.5). The present study demonstrated that the presence of certain intestinal bacteria is related to liver tumorigenesis in gnotobiotic C3H/He male mice."}
{"id": "PMID:292810", "title": "Pulmonary metastases from autochthonous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors.", "content": "In three experiments, 87%, 75%, and 85% of female C57BL/6N mice developed pulmonary metastases by 50 days after amputation of legs having autochthonous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. No difference in the incidence of pulmonary metastases was observed when autochthonous tumors of short (49--94 days) and longer (95--119 days) latency periods were compared. These metastasizing autochthonous tumors may provide a useful model for studies of metastases and for the evaluation of cancer therapy in a minimal residual disease setting.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases from autochthonous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine tumors. In three experiments, 87%, 75%, and 85% of female C57BL/6N mice developed pulmonary metastases by 50 days after amputation of legs having autochthonous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas. No difference in the incidence of pulmonary metastases was observed when autochthonous tumors of short (49--94 days) and longer (95--119 days) latency periods were compared. These metastasizing autochthonous tumors may provide a useful model for studies of metastases and for the evaluation of cancer therapy in a minimal residual disease setting."}
{"id": "PMID:292811", "title": "Differences in resistance of metastatic tumor cells and cells from local tumor growth to cytotoxicity of natural killer cells.", "content": "Cells from local tumor growth (L-3LL) were compared to metastatic tumor cells (M-3LL) for their susceptibility to the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells. M-3LL cells were more resistant in vitro to NK cells from normal spleens than were L-3LL cells. A similar phenomenon of relative resistance of metastatic cells to NK activity was found when L-3LL and M-3LL cells were admixed with normal spleen cells and then inoculated into syngeneic mice. Because hybrid resistance was shown to be based on mechanisms that in principle are similar to mechanisms involved in NK activity, we tested the growth of M-3LL and L-3LL cells in semiallogeneic F1 mice. The in vitro effect of NK cells from semiallogeneic mice on M-3LL and L-3LL cells was tested in parallel. In vitro tests showed that irrespective of the haplotype of the spleen cell donors, L-3LL cells were more susceptible to NK activity than were M-3LL cells. In vivo experiments indicated that whereas M-3LL and L-3LL cells grew similarly in syngeneic recipients, M-3LL cells grew far more in F1 mice than did L-3LL cells. Thus metastatic cells are more resistant to NK activity than are cells of the local tumor growth. This relative resistance may determine, among other factors, the metastatic spread and progression of tumor cells.", "contents": "Differences in resistance of metastatic tumor cells and cells from local tumor growth to cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. Cells from local tumor growth (L-3LL) were compared to metastatic tumor cells (M-3LL) for their susceptibility to the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells. M-3LL cells were more resistant in vitro to NK cells from normal spleens than were L-3LL cells. A similar phenomenon of relative resistance of metastatic cells to NK activity was found when L-3LL and M-3LL cells were admixed with normal spleen cells and then inoculated into syngeneic mice. Because hybrid resistance was shown to be based on mechanisms that in principle are similar to mechanisms involved in NK activity, we tested the growth of M-3LL and L-3LL cells in semiallogeneic F1 mice. The in vitro effect of NK cells from semiallogeneic mice on M-3LL and L-3LL cells was tested in parallel. In vitro tests showed that irrespective of the haplotype of the spleen cell donors, L-3LL cells were more susceptible to NK activity than were M-3LL cells. In vivo experiments indicated that whereas M-3LL and L-3LL cells grew similarly in syngeneic recipients, M-3LL cells grew far more in F1 mice than did L-3LL cells. Thus metastatic cells are more resistant to NK activity than are cells of the local tumor growth. This relative resistance may determine, among other factors, the metastatic spread and progression of tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:292813", "title": "Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice.", "content": "A series of 15 halogenated hydrocarbons of industrial and environmental importance were tested for carcinogenicity by chronic administration by one or more routes in Ha:ICR Swiss mice. Not all compounds were tested by the four routes of administration used. Allyl chloride, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and vinylidene chloride were active as skin tumor initiators in the two-stage carcinogenesis assays; phorbol myristate acetate was used as a promoter. 1,2-Dibromoethane was the only compound that induced a significant incidence (p less than 0.05) of skin papillomas, skin carcinomas, and lung tumors by repeated skin application. 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane induced lung and/or stomach tumors by repeated skin application. Two compounds showed sarcomagenic activity by sc injection; they were cis-1,3-dichloropropene and 2-chloropropanal. By intragastric intubation, 1-chloropropene and 2-chloropropanal induced significant numbers of stomach tumors. Vehicle, no-treatment, and positive control groups were included in these tests. The following compounds were also tested by one or more of the four routes but were inactive by the criteria used; i.e., they showed P = 0.05 or greater than 0.05: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, chloroacetaldehyde, 1-chloropropene oxide (cis and trans), and trichloroethylene oxide.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of halogenated olefinic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in mice. A series of 15 halogenated hydrocarbons of industrial and environmental importance were tested for carcinogenicity by chronic administration by one or more routes in Ha:ICR Swiss mice. Not all compounds were tested by the four routes of administration used. Allyl chloride, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and vinylidene chloride were active as skin tumor initiators in the two-stage carcinogenesis assays; phorbol myristate acetate was used as a promoter. 1,2-Dibromoethane was the only compound that induced a significant incidence (p less than 0.05) of skin papillomas, skin carcinomas, and lung tumors by repeated skin application. 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane, and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane induced lung and/or stomach tumors by repeated skin application. Two compounds showed sarcomagenic activity by sc injection; they were cis-1,3-dichloropropene and 2-chloropropanal. By intragastric intubation, 1-chloropropene and 2-chloropropanal induced significant numbers of stomach tumors. Vehicle, no-treatment, and positive control groups were included in these tests. The following compounds were also tested by one or more of the four routes but were inactive by the criteria used; i.e., they showed P = 0.05 or greater than 0.05: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, hexachlorobutadiene, chloroacetaldehyde, 1-chloropropene oxide (cis and trans), and trichloroethylene oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:292814", "title": "3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine: a dopamine analog with enhanced antitumor activity against B16 melanoma.", "content": "3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA), a dopamine analog, was much less toxic than dopamine when tested against the B16 melanoma in vivo and in vitro. Daily doses of 1,000 mg DHBA/kg were better tolerated than doses of 400 mg dopamine/kg. When tested against the B16 melanoma in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 mice, DHBA had a significantly improved therapeutic effect as shown by a life-span increased 70% as compared to 48% with dopamine. DHBA shared the catecholamine property of selectively inhibiting thymidine incorporation as compared to leucine or uridine incorporation. Because the inhibitory effects of DHBA on the B16 melanoma cells in vitro were similar to those of dopamine, much of the improved efficacy in vivo might be attributed to decreased toxicity.", "contents": "3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine: a dopamine analog with enhanced antitumor activity against B16 melanoma. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine (DHBA), a dopamine analog, was much less toxic than dopamine when tested against the B16 melanoma in vivo and in vitro. Daily doses of 1,000 mg DHBA/kg were better tolerated than doses of 400 mg dopamine/kg. When tested against the B16 melanoma in (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 mice, DHBA had a significantly improved therapeutic effect as shown by a life-span increased 70% as compared to 48% with dopamine. DHBA shared the catecholamine property of selectively inhibiting thymidine incorporation as compared to leucine or uridine incorporation. Because the inhibitory effects of DHBA on the B16 melanoma cells in vitro were similar to those of dopamine, much of the improved efficacy in vivo might be attributed to decreased toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:292815", "title": "Synthesis of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea and comparison of its carcinogenicity with that of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea (HNU) was prepared by the action of nitrosyl chloride on (2-hydroxyethyl)urea. Attempts to synthesize HNU by an earlier described method were unsuccessful and led to the formation of the cyclized derivative 1-nitroso-2-oxazolidone. In addition, the spectral data that we obtained for HNU differed from those reported earlier. Female C57BL/Cbl mice were treated with single ip doses of HNU to determine its median lethal dose (LD50) and its ability to induce lymphocytic thymic lymphomas in these mice. The results showed that the LD50 was the same as that for 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and that its was slightly more potent than ENU as a carcinogen in this system.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea and comparison of its carcinogenicity with that of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea (HNU) was prepared by the action of nitrosyl chloride on (2-hydroxyethyl)urea. Attempts to synthesize HNU by an earlier described method were unsuccessful and led to the formation of the cyclized derivative 1-nitroso-2-oxazolidone. In addition, the spectral data that we obtained for HNU differed from those reported earlier. Female C57BL/Cbl mice were treated with single ip doses of HNU to determine its median lethal dose (LD50) and its ability to induce lymphocytic thymic lymphomas in these mice. The results showed that the LD50 was the same as that for 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and that its was slightly more potent than ENU as a carcinogen in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:292816", "title": "Plasma membrane and intracellular lipid synthesis in tumor cells rendered sensitive to humoral immune killing after treatment with metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "Line 10 guinea pigs hepatoma cells are resistant to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement. Metabolic inhibitors (adriamycin and actinomycin D) that increase the sensitivity of the cells to antibody-complement (C) killing were examined for their effects on the ability of the cells to synthesize and incorporate specific lipids into plasma membrane and intracellular membrane fractions. Drug-treated cells that had been rendered sensitive to antibody-C killing were inhibited in their incorporation of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl ester into the plasma membrane, as well as incorporation of phosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, cholesteryl ester, and triglyceride into certain intracellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, or microsomes. Drug-treated cells recultured in the absence of the drug regained their ability to resist antibody-C killing and to synthesize and incorporate lipids into plasma and intracellular membranes. These data suggested that agents modifying the sensitivity of the tumor cells to humoral immune killing have a concomitant effect on plasma membrane and intracellular lipid synthesis.", "contents": "Plasma membrane and intracellular lipid synthesis in tumor cells rendered sensitive to humoral immune killing after treatment with metabolic inhibitors. Line 10 guinea pigs hepatoma cells are resistant to killing by antibody and guinea pig complement. Metabolic inhibitors (adriamycin and actinomycin D) that increase the sensitivity of the cells to antibody-complement (C) killing were examined for their effects on the ability of the cells to synthesize and incorporate specific lipids into plasma membrane and intracellular membrane fractions. Drug-treated cells that had been rendered sensitive to antibody-C killing were inhibited in their incorporation of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl ester into the plasma membrane, as well as incorporation of phosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, cholesteryl ester, and triglyceride into certain intracellular organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear membrane, or microsomes. Drug-treated cells recultured in the absence of the drug regained their ability to resist antibody-C killing and to synthesize and incorporate lipids into plasma and intracellular membranes. These data suggested that agents modifying the sensitivity of the tumor cells to humoral immune killing have a concomitant effect on plasma membrane and intracellular lipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:292817", "title": "Murine leukemia virus-associated cell surface antigens in rats neonatally infected with Gross murine leukemia virus.", "content": "The inoculation of newborn W/F, Lew, AS and DA rats with Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) resulted in the prompt appearance of cells with viral protein antigens (VPA) on their surfaces. These were first found in the bone marrow and spleen and later in the thymus gland. As the animals developed, the VPA-positive population expanded and the intensity of the fluorescence increased. In the spleen, the cells with the strongest fluorescence had the properties of T-cells, but in both spleen and bone marrow low levels of VPA were found on non-T-cells. The VPA-positive population expanded long before malignant cells could be detected and, in most animals, the entire T-cell compartment became antigen-positive. These animals were unable to respond to G-MuLV antigens and many eventually developed leukemia. However, some animals apparently broke the tolerance that followed neonatal infection and eliminated VPA-positive cells from their tissues", "contents": "Murine leukemia virus-associated cell surface antigens in rats neonatally infected with Gross murine leukemia virus. The inoculation of newborn W/F, Lew, AS and DA rats with Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) resulted in the prompt appearance of cells with viral protein antigens (VPA) on their surfaces. These were first found in the bone marrow and spleen and later in the thymus gland. As the animals developed, the VPA-positive population expanded and the intensity of the fluorescence increased. In the spleen, the cells with the strongest fluorescence had the properties of T-cells, but in both spleen and bone marrow low levels of VPA were found on non-T-cells. The VPA-positive population expanded long before malignant cells could be detected and, in most animals, the entire T-cell compartment became antigen-positive. These animals were unable to respond to G-MuLV antigens and many eventually developed leukemia. However, some animals apparently broke the tolerance that followed neonatal infection and eliminated VPA-positive cells from their tissues"}
{"id": "PMID:292818", "title": "[Relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood--treatment and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve children with their first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had the same initial therapy were treated on an out-patient basis. After 28 days all entered second remission. Medium remission duration was 11 months. At the end of the study seven patients were in continuous complete remission. Of the twelve children seven suffered bone marrow, two meningeal, two testicular relapses and one a combined bone marrow and meningeal relapse. Side effects were compatible with an out-patient treatment.", "contents": "[Relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood--treatment and results (author's transl)]. Twelve children with their first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had the same initial therapy were treated on an out-patient basis. After 28 days all entered second remission. Medium remission duration was 11 months. At the end of the study seven patients were in continuous complete remission. Of the twelve children seven suffered bone marrow, two meningeal, two testicular relapses and one a combined bone marrow and meningeal relapse. Side effects were compatible with an out-patient treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:292819", "title": "Inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in normal and leukemic blood cells.", "content": "The enzyme inosinic acid dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1 [14]) was measured and partially purified (10- to 15-fold) from normal and leukemic leukocytes. From the normal blood cells, the highest activities could be detected in lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. Dependent on the blast cell count, the leukemic IMP dehydrogenase had a higher mean specific activity than the enzymes of fractionated, immature bone marrow cells, or normal granulocytes. The partially purified enzymes from the various blood cells were apparently identical; they exhibited hyperbolic substrate saturation kinetics and were inhibited by a number of purine nucleotides. For the leukemic blast cell enzyme, the Km values for the substrates, IMP and NAD+, were 28 +/- 11; 227 +/- 98 microM, and 34 +/- 10; 240 +/- 67 microM for the partially purified enzyme from normal, immature bone marrow cells. The hypoxanthine-guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities increased in the leukemic cells when compared with mature granulocytes, but nearly always showed similar activities when compared with fractionated bone marrow cells. Only one of the 30 investigated leukemic patients exhibited a marked decrease in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of 0.5 nmol/mg/h. The phosphoribosyltransferase-specific activities of the leukemic cells are more variable than for the normal ones and no correlation of enzyme activities and blast cell count was apparent.", "contents": "Inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in normal and leukemic blood cells. The enzyme inosinic acid dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1 [14]) was measured and partially purified (10- to 15-fold) from normal and leukemic leukocytes. From the normal blood cells, the highest activities could be detected in lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. Dependent on the blast cell count, the leukemic IMP dehydrogenase had a higher mean specific activity than the enzymes of fractionated, immature bone marrow cells, or normal granulocytes. The partially purified enzymes from the various blood cells were apparently identical; they exhibited hyperbolic substrate saturation kinetics and were inhibited by a number of purine nucleotides. For the leukemic blast cell enzyme, the Km values for the substrates, IMP and NAD+, were 28 +/- 11; 227 +/- 98 microM, and 34 +/- 10; 240 +/- 67 microM for the partially purified enzyme from normal, immature bone marrow cells. The hypoxanthine-guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities increased in the leukemic cells when compared with mature granulocytes, but nearly always showed similar activities when compared with fractionated bone marrow cells. Only one of the 30 investigated leukemic patients exhibited a marked decrease in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of 0.5 nmol/mg/h. The phosphoribosyltransferase-specific activities of the leukemic cells are more variable than for the normal ones and no correlation of enzyme activities and blast cell count was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:292821", "title": "An amputee visitor program as an adjunct to rehabilitation of the lower limb amputee.", "content": "Based on evaluation of the rehabilitative needs of patients who have had a leg amputated because of cancer, an amputee visitor program was developed. The visitor is a cancer amputee who has successfully completed rehabilitation. About 5 days after a patient's amputation, the visitor sees the patient, telling of personal experiences, answering the patient's questions, and showing the prosthesis. The visitor later evaluates the visit on a data collection sheet. From 1 to 6 months after the visit, the patient and, if possible, a relative are interviewed to determine their long-term reaction to the program. During a 30-month period, 65 new patients were seen and evaluated by two visitors. Sixty (92%) responded favorably to the visit. In follow-up interviews with 36 patients, 33 (92%) said the visit substantially improved their outlook. In summary, our data indicate that the amputee visitor contributes significantly to rehabilitation.", "contents": "An amputee visitor program as an adjunct to rehabilitation of the lower limb amputee. Based on evaluation of the rehabilitative needs of patients who have had a leg amputated because of cancer, an amputee visitor program was developed. The visitor is a cancer amputee who has successfully completed rehabilitation. About 5 days after a patient's amputation, the visitor sees the patient, telling of personal experiences, answering the patient's questions, and showing the prosthesis. The visitor later evaluates the visit on a data collection sheet. From 1 to 6 months after the visit, the patient and, if possible, a relative are interviewed to determine their long-term reaction to the program. During a 30-month period, 65 new patients were seen and evaluated by two visitors. Sixty (92%) responded favorably to the visit. In follow-up interviews with 36 patients, 33 (92%) said the visit substantially improved their outlook. In summary, our data indicate that the amputee visitor contributes significantly to rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:292822", "title": "A study of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) genome. I. Determination of sequence homology between BSMV RNA species.", "content": "The sequence homology between individual RNA species of three-component Norwich strain of BSMV (BSMV-N) has been studied by kinetic hybridization analysis using complementary DNAs obtained for each of the three BSMV-N RNA species by the method of Taylor et al. (1976). No significant sequence homology could be detected between RNA 1, on the one hand, and RNA2 and RNA3, on the other, whereas RNA2 and RNA3 were found to be highly homologous.", "contents": "A study of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) genome. I. Determination of sequence homology between BSMV RNA species. The sequence homology between individual RNA species of three-component Norwich strain of BSMV (BSMV-N) has been studied by kinetic hybridization analysis using complementary DNAs obtained for each of the three BSMV-N RNA species by the method of Taylor et al. (1976). No significant sequence homology could be detected between RNA 1, on the one hand, and RNA2 and RNA3, on the other, whereas RNA2 and RNA3 were found to be highly homologous."}
{"id": "PMID:292824", "title": "Ribosomal proteins of the dimorphic fungus, Mucor racemosus.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins of the dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus were isolated and characterized by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins from ribosomes of the yeast and mycelial phase were compared, and were found to be qualitatively indistinguishable. The only consistent difference in the patterns of proteins was in a protein of the 40S subunit, S-6. This protein was phosphorylated in yeast and hyphae forms, but not in asexual sporangiospores. Studies on protein S-6 showed that it contained 3 phosphate residues per molecule of protein when maximally phosphorylated. In this form 3 different tryptic peptides were shown to contain a single phosphoserine. The S-6 protein also existed in forms containing 1 or 2 phosphates per molecule, depending on growth conditions.", "contents": "Ribosomal proteins of the dimorphic fungus, Mucor racemosus. Ribosomal proteins of the dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus were isolated and characterized by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins from ribosomes of the yeast and mycelial phase were compared, and were found to be qualitatively indistinguishable. The only consistent difference in the patterns of proteins was in a protein of the 40S subunit, S-6. This protein was phosphorylated in yeast and hyphae forms, but not in asexual sporangiospores. Studies on protein S-6 showed that it contained 3 phosphate residues per molecule of protein when maximally phosphorylated. In this form 3 different tryptic peptides were shown to contain a single phosphoserine. The S-6 protein also existed in forms containing 1 or 2 phosphates per molecule, depending on growth conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:292825", "title": "A uniform genetic nomenclature for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "A uniform system of genetic nomenclature for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is described. Convenient ways are specified to designate genes, mutations and strains, and to attempt to avoid name duplications.", "contents": "A uniform genetic nomenclature for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A uniform system of genetic nomenclature for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is described. Convenient ways are specified to designate genes, mutations and strains, and to attempt to avoid name duplications."}
{"id": "PMID:292826", "title": "Resistance against cycloheximide in cell lines from Chinese hamster and human cells is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "content": "Cell lines from Chinese hamster ovary [CHO-K1-D3] and human fibroblast cells [46, XX, 18p-] were mutagenized with N-nitrosomethylurea followed by a selection for cycloheximide resistance. Two mutants resistant against the drug were selected from either wildtype. 80S ribosomes and their ribosomal subunits were isolated from all mutant and wildtype cells. 80S ribosomes reassociated from the isolated subunits were as active as isolated 80S couples in the poly (U) dependent poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes constructed from subunits of the various cell lines of the same species were fully active, whereas the interspecies 80S hybrids were not active at all in poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes from subunits of mutant and the corresponding wildtype cells were tested in the poly (U) assay in the presence and absence of cycloheximide. The results strikingly indicate that in all four mutant cell lines the resistance against cycloheximide is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "contents": "Resistance against cycloheximide in cell lines from Chinese hamster and human cells is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes. Cell lines from Chinese hamster ovary [CHO-K1-D3] and human fibroblast cells [46, XX, 18p-] were mutagenized with N-nitrosomethylurea followed by a selection for cycloheximide resistance. Two mutants resistant against the drug were selected from either wildtype. 80S ribosomes and their ribosomal subunits were isolated from all mutant and wildtype cells. 80S ribosomes reassociated from the isolated subunits were as active as isolated 80S couples in the poly (U) dependent poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes constructed from subunits of the various cell lines of the same species were fully active, whereas the interspecies 80S hybrids were not active at all in poly (Phe) synthesis. Hybrid 80S ribosomes from subunits of mutant and the corresponding wildtype cells were tested in the poly (U) assay in the presence and absence of cycloheximide. The results strikingly indicate that in all four mutant cell lines the resistance against cycloheximide is conferred by the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:292827", "title": "Poor outlook for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with relapse.", "content": "Results of treatment in 72 children with a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were analysed. A second remission was induced in 57 children (79%). Remission rates were significantly higher in males, and in patients with white cell counts less than 30 X 10(9)/L. The median duration of the second remission was only four months, and the median duration of survival from the time of relapse was nine months. The median duration of survival from the time of diagnosis was 27 months. Among children who suffered a relapse was a small group who had prolonged survival and prolonged second remissions. It is uncertain whether some of these may have a chance of \"cure\".", "contents": "Poor outlook for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with relapse. Results of treatment in 72 children with a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were analysed. A second remission was induced in 57 children (79%). Remission rates were significantly higher in males, and in patients with white cell counts less than 30 X 10(9)/L. The median duration of the second remission was only four months, and the median duration of survival from the time of relapse was nine months. The median duration of survival from the time of diagnosis was 27 months. Among children who suffered a relapse was a small group who had prolonged survival and prolonged second remissions. It is uncertain whether some of these may have a chance of \"cure\"."}
{"id": "PMID:292828", "title": "[Infection control in burned children (author's transl)].", "content": "Hygienic precautions in hospital have absolute priority for the prevention of infections in patients with burns. For adequate dosage of antibiotics further studies are required. The dosage of many substances has probably been too low. The most promising results might be achieved by methods which increase the defences of the human body itself.", "contents": "[Infection control in burned children (author's transl)]. Hygienic precautions in hospital have absolute priority for the prevention of infections in patients with burns. For adequate dosage of antibiotics further studies are required. The dosage of many substances has probably been too low. The most promising results might be achieved by methods which increase the defences of the human body itself."}
{"id": "PMID:292851", "title": "Hepatitis B antigen in a psychiatric hospital population.", "content": "Sera from 1283 patients and 73 staff members from Cherry Farm Psychiatric Hospital were screened for hepatitis B antigen over a five year period, following a single confirmed case of type B hepatitis in one villa. Apart from the presenting case, 10 asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen were detected, three of these being from the same villa and possessing the same antigen subtype as the presenting patient. Only two of 26 Down's syndrome patients and two of 44 Polynesian patients were positive. No staff members were positive. A case of frank hepatitis B occurred in a male nurse accidentally pricked with a needle contaminated with blood from one of the carriers. The low prevalence of hepatitis B antigen in this population for the mentally ill is possibly related to the reduced patient contact resulting from the isolated villa type of accommodation.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigen in a psychiatric hospital population. Sera from 1283 patients and 73 staff members from Cherry Farm Psychiatric Hospital were screened for hepatitis B antigen over a five year period, following a single confirmed case of type B hepatitis in one villa. Apart from the presenting case, 10 asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen were detected, three of these being from the same villa and possessing the same antigen subtype as the presenting patient. Only two of 26 Down's syndrome patients and two of 44 Polynesian patients were positive. No staff members were positive. A case of frank hepatitis B occurred in a male nurse accidentally pricked with a needle contaminated with blood from one of the carriers. The low prevalence of hepatitis B antigen in this population for the mentally ill is possibly related to the reduced patient contact resulting from the isolated villa type of accommodation."}
{"id": "PMID:292852", "title": "Genital tract-to-eye infection: tissue culture of Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "A method of cell culture using HeLa 229 cells is described for the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. From 40 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) attending a venereal disease clinic, the isolation rate was 60 percent and 78 percent from neonates with sticky eyes from which no other organism could be isolated.", "contents": "Genital tract-to-eye infection: tissue culture of Chlamydia trachomatis. A method of cell culture using HeLa 229 cells is described for the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. From 40 patients with non-specific urethritis (NSU) attending a venereal disease clinic, the isolation rate was 60 percent and 78 percent from neonates with sticky eyes from which no other organism could be isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:292853", "title": "Comparison of an adapted milk with whole cows milk.", "content": "Two groups of babies, one having SMA, one homogenised milk, were studied. Haemoglobin was measured in the neonatal period, and at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 15 months. Five babies of the homogenised milk group became anaemic. Stools were tested for occult blood, with more strongly positive test results found in babies having homogenised milk. Serum lipids were measured at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 15 months. Serum cholesterol was significantly higher at three and six months in the homogenised milk group. There were no significant differences in growth between the groups. Review of progress  at five years of age discovered higher serum cholesterol in those children of social class three who had homogenised milk compared with the similar five year olds who had had SMA.", "contents": "Comparison of an adapted milk with whole cows milk. Two groups of babies, one having SMA, one homogenised milk, were studied. Haemoglobin was measured in the neonatal period, and at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 15 months. Five babies of the homogenised milk group became anaemic. Stools were tested for occult blood, with more strongly positive test results found in babies having homogenised milk. Serum lipids were measured at 3, 6, 10 1/2 and 15 months. Serum cholesterol was significantly higher at three and six months in the homogenised milk group. There were no significant differences in growth between the groups. Review of progress  at five years of age discovered higher serum cholesterol in those children of social class three who had homogenised milk compared with the similar five year olds who had had SMA."}
{"id": "PMID:292854", "title": "A case of advanced abdominal pregnancy.", "content": "A case of advanced abdominal pregnancy is described, with survival of both the mother and a normal infant. Reasons for the failure to establish the correct preoperative diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "A case of advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case of advanced abdominal pregnancy is described, with survival of both the mother and a normal infant. Reasons for the failure to establish the correct preoperative diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292855", "title": "Fatal accident during an epileptic automatism.", "content": "The case of an adult male involved in a motor accident, in which the driver of the other car was killed, is described. A plea of epileptic automatism was used successfully to defend the charges.", "contents": "Fatal accident during an epileptic automatism. The case of an adult male involved in a motor accident, in which the driver of the other car was killed, is described. A plea of epileptic automatism was used successfully to defend the charges."}
{"id": "PMID:292856", "title": "Familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: case report and family study.", "content": "The maternal extended family of a young man shown to suffer from periodic paralysis were investigated. Several members were found to have biochemical and symptomatic evidence of muscle disorder.", "contents": "Familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis: case report and family study. The maternal extended family of a young man shown to suffer from periodic paralysis were investigated. Several members were found to have biochemical and symptomatic evidence of muscle disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:292868", "title": "Coronary care and the elderly: experience in a small community hospital.", "content": "Data were collected over 20 months to assess the effect of the absence of an age-bar on admissions to the coronary care unit, Wairau Hospital, Blenheim. Patients aged 70 or more comprised 31 percent of total admissions and 38 percent of proven infarcts from which their mortality of 29 percent was more than double that of younger patients. The practical implications of these and other findings for our own hospital are discussed.", "contents": "Coronary care and the elderly: experience in a small community hospital. Data were collected over 20 months to assess the effect of the absence of an age-bar on admissions to the coronary care unit, Wairau Hospital, Blenheim. Patients aged 70 or more comprised 31 percent of total admissions and 38 percent of proven infarcts from which their mortality of 29 percent was more than double that of younger patients. The practical implications of these and other findings for our own hospital are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292869", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis: a common cause of adult diarrhoea.", "content": "A case of acute diarrhoeal disease in a young male due to Campylobacter jejuni is described, and the importance of this organism as a cause of acute diarrhoea in adults is discussed.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis: a common cause of adult diarrhoea. A case of acute diarrhoeal disease in a young male due to Campylobacter jejuni is described, and the importance of this organism as a cause of acute diarrhoea in adults is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292870", "title": "Campylobacter enteritis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection in New Zealand.", "content": "A three-month survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica in diarrhoeal disease and acute abdominal disease in Palmerston North. C. jejuni was isolated from five domiciliary patients and one hospitalised patient with acute diarrhoea but there were no isolations from patients suffering from acute abdominal disease. The isolation rates for C. jejuni in domiciliary and hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea were 7.8 percent and 1.7 percent respectively. Y. enterocolitica was not isolated.", "contents": "Campylobacter enteritis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection in New Zealand. A three-month survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica in diarrhoeal disease and acute abdominal disease in Palmerston North. C. jejuni was isolated from five domiciliary patients and one hospitalised patient with acute diarrhoea but there were no isolations from patients suffering from acute abdominal disease. The isolation rates for C. jejuni in domiciliary and hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea were 7.8 percent and 1.7 percent respectively. Y. enterocolitica was not isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:292871", "title": "Influenza virus A (H1N1) in Fiji.", "content": "In April and May 1978 the newly emerged H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus caused an influenza epidemic among children and young adults in Fiji. The virus apparently failed to spread to New Zealand at that time despite the fact that each week more than 1000 people travel by air from Fiji to New Zealand.", "contents": "Influenza virus A (H1N1) in Fiji. In April and May 1978 the newly emerged H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus caused an influenza epidemic among children and young adults in Fiji. The virus apparently failed to spread to New Zealand at that time despite the fact that each week more than 1000 people travel by air from Fiji to New Zealand."}
{"id": "PMID:292882", "title": "Asthma and wheeze in New Zealand adolescents.", "content": "Two epidemiological surveys of New Zealand adolescents are reported. The prevalence of asthma was 7.5 percent in Rotorua and 7.9 percent in Wairoa. Additional questions asked in Wairoa identified 18.2 percent of subjects who had experienced wheeze but had not been labelled \"asthma\". The association of active asthma with nasal obstruction was confirmed. Wheeze which had not been labelled asthma was associated with the combination of subject's own and maternal cigarette smoking. The use of asthma medication was associated with easier geographic and socio-economic access to medical care, as well as with asthma activity.", "contents": "Asthma and wheeze in New Zealand adolescents. Two epidemiological surveys of New Zealand adolescents are reported. The prevalence of asthma was 7.5 percent in Rotorua and 7.9 percent in Wairoa. Additional questions asked in Wairoa identified 18.2 percent of subjects who had experienced wheeze but had not been labelled \"asthma\". The association of active asthma with nasal obstruction was confirmed. Wheeze which had not been labelled asthma was associated with the combination of subject's own and maternal cigarette smoking. The use of asthma medication was associated with easier geographic and socio-economic access to medical care, as well as with asthma activity."}
{"id": "PMID:292883", "title": "Infant circumcision.", "content": "A prospective one year study of a birth cohort of 1262 infants indicates that the rate of infant circumcision has decreased substantially and is now about 25 percent. Most are performed at parental request and for family and traditional reasons rather than medical indications.", "contents": "Infant circumcision. A prospective one year study of a birth cohort of 1262 infants indicates that the rate of infant circumcision has decreased substantially and is now about 25 percent. Most are performed at parental request and for family and traditional reasons rather than medical indications."}
{"id": "PMID:292884", "title": "Radical radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The results of treatment of carcinoma of the prostate with radical radiotherapy are presented. The principal aim has been to attempt cure, and only those free of secondary involvement have been irradiated. A total tumour dose of approximately 6000 rad has been administered to localised field encompassing the prostate. The treatment has been well tolerated. Our series of 42 patients was followed from one to eight years and the results are encouraging.", "contents": "Radical radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The results of treatment of carcinoma of the prostate with radical radiotherapy are presented. The principal aim has been to attempt cure, and only those free of secondary involvement have been irradiated. A total tumour dose of approximately 6000 rad has been administered to localised field encompassing the prostate. The treatment has been well tolerated. Our series of 42 patients was followed from one to eight years and the results are encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:292885", "title": "Severe deficiency of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors in an infant.", "content": "A severe deficiency of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors presenting 25 days after birth in an apparently healthy breast-fed infant is reported. The administration of antibiotics to the lactating mother, and lack of a vitamin K supplement to the new-born baby were possible predisposing factors.", "contents": "Severe deficiency of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors in an infant. A severe deficiency of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors presenting 25 days after birth in an apparently healthy breast-fed infant is reported. The administration of antibiotics to the lactating mother, and lack of a vitamin K supplement to the new-born baby were possible predisposing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:292886", "title": "Abortion experiences among New Zealand women.", "content": "In May 1976 the incidence of abortion among New Zealand women was surveyed over a national random probability sample of 1200 women aged 15 years and over. Of the respondents who had ever been pregnant, 16.6 percent had at some stage considered terminating their pregnancy, and one-third of them subsequently attempted to obtain an abortion with 84 percent success. Single women and/or women in the 15-24 year age group were more likely than married or older women to have considered abortion when pregnant, and were more likely to have followed through with an abortion attempt after considering abortion. Prior to 1974, 62 percent of the abortion attempts involved an unqualified operator, in contrast to only 5 percent of those attempted or obtained from 1974-1976. Women with abortion experiences shifted from a low incidence of contraception and reliance on inadequate methods prior to the abortion attempt, to a higher incidence and use of more adequate methods subsequent to the abortion attempt. Extrapolation from the survey data yielded a median estimated incidence of 8000 abortions per annum on New Zealand women.", "contents": "Abortion experiences among New Zealand women. In May 1976 the incidence of abortion among New Zealand women was surveyed over a national random probability sample of 1200 women aged 15 years and over. Of the respondents who had ever been pregnant, 16.6 percent had at some stage considered terminating their pregnancy, and one-third of them subsequently attempted to obtain an abortion with 84 percent success. Single women and/or women in the 15-24 year age group were more likely than married or older women to have considered abortion when pregnant, and were more likely to have followed through with an abortion attempt after considering abortion. Prior to 1974, 62 percent of the abortion attempts involved an unqualified operator, in contrast to only 5 percent of those attempted or obtained from 1974-1976. Women with abortion experiences shifted from a low incidence of contraception and reliance on inadequate methods prior to the abortion attempt, to a higher incidence and use of more adequate methods subsequent to the abortion attempt. Extrapolation from the survey data yielded a median estimated incidence of 8000 abortions per annum on New Zealand women."}
{"id": "PMID:292952", "title": "Dental implications of brain abscess in children with congenital heart disease. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "There is a high morbidity and mortality associated with brain abscesses in children with congenital cyanotic heart disease. A case is reported here which implicated an endodontically treated primary molar in the etiology of a brain abscess in a boy with congenital cyanotic heart disease.", "contents": "Dental implications of brain abscess in children with congenital heart disease. Case report and review of the literature. There is a high morbidity and mortality associated with brain abscesses in children with congenital cyanotic heart disease. A case is reported here which implicated an endodontically treated primary molar in the etiology of a brain abscess in a boy with congenital cyanotic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:292953", "title": "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with orthognathic surgery. A case report.", "content": "Numerous articles identifying pneumomediastinum as an immediate complication of dental and oral surgical procedures have been published. A patient who developed a spontaneous pneumomediastinum as a delayed complication, apparently not directly related to the surgical procedure, is presented in this report.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with orthognathic surgery. A case report. Numerous articles identifying pneumomediastinum as an immediate complication of dental and oral surgical procedures have been published. A patient who developed a spontaneous pneumomediastinum as a delayed complication, apparently not directly related to the surgical procedure, is presented in this report."}
{"id": "PMID:292954", "title": "Mental nerve paresthesia secondary to sickle-cell crisis.", "content": "Two individual cases in which mental nerve paresthesia developed concurrently with sickle-cell crisis are described. A brief review of the hemoglobinopathies follows, with genetic considerations and clinical manifestations discussed.", "contents": "Mental nerve paresthesia secondary to sickle-cell crisis. Two individual cases in which mental nerve paresthesia developed concurrently with sickle-cell crisis are described. A brief review of the hemoglobinopathies follows, with genetic considerations and clinical manifestations discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292955", "title": "Eczema herpeticum: atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis.", "content": "Various aspects of eczema herpeticum are discussed, and a case of eczema herpeticum secondary to atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in a young adult is presented. The lesions cleared, and the patient was discharged after treatment via a multiphasic approach directed at the management of pyrexia, prevention of secondary bacterial infections, symptomatic and supportive care for the effects of the viral infection, and close monitoring for evidence of visceral viremia.", "contents": "Eczema herpeticum: atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Various aspects of eczema herpeticum are discussed, and a case of eczema herpeticum secondary to atopic dermatitis complicated by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis in a young adult is presented. The lesions cleared, and the patient was discharged after treatment via a multiphasic approach directed at the management of pyrexia, prevention of secondary bacterial infections, symptomatic and supportive care for the effects of the viral infection, and close monitoring for evidence of visceral viremia."}
{"id": "PMID:292956", "title": "The induction of hyperkeratotic white lesions in hamster cheek pouches with mouthwash.", "content": "Listerine mouthwash applied to the left cheek pouch mucosa of thirty-seven hamsters 45 minutes daily for 41 days caused diffuse, corrugated white lesions showing hyperkeratosis in 100 percent of the animals. The right (control) side showed essentially no changes in response to saline solution applied similarly. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The induction of hyperkeratotic white lesions in hamster cheek pouches with mouthwash. Listerine mouthwash applied to the left cheek pouch mucosa of thirty-seven hamsters 45 minutes daily for 41 days caused diffuse, corrugated white lesions showing hyperkeratosis in 100 percent of the animals. The right (control) side showed essentially no changes in response to saline solution applied similarly. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292957", "title": "Intraoral rhabdomyomas.", "content": "Review of the world literature revealed 16 cases of intraoral rhabdomyomas. Thirteen additional cases of intraoral rhabdomyomas from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology are reported. The neoplasm occurred principally in adults (mean age 56 years), and the male-female ratio was greater than 2:1. The majority of cases occurred in the floor of the mouth, followed by the soft palate, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Recurrences occurred in four (30 percent) cases, and there was one multiple recurrence. One residual tumor, the result of incomplete surgical removal was noted. Although these tumors have a characteristic microscopic appearance, they were frequently misinterpreted. The size, clinical presentation, and growth pattern of these tumors may reflect their ultimate behavior and prognosis.", "contents": "Intraoral rhabdomyomas. Review of the world literature revealed 16 cases of intraoral rhabdomyomas. Thirteen additional cases of intraoral rhabdomyomas from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology are reported. The neoplasm occurred principally in adults (mean age 56 years), and the male-female ratio was greater than 2:1. The majority of cases occurred in the floor of the mouth, followed by the soft palate, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Recurrences occurred in four (30 percent) cases, and there was one multiple recurrence. One residual tumor, the result of incomplete surgical removal was noted. Although these tumors have a characteristic microscopic appearance, they were frequently misinterpreted. The size, clinical presentation, and growth pattern of these tumors may reflect their ultimate behavior and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:292958", "title": "The histomorphologic spectrum of the gingival cyst in the adult.", "content": "Gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are relatively uncommon lesions. The present study adds thirty-three new cases to the literature and analyzes their clinical and histologic features. The mandibular cuspid and first premolar region was found to be the most common location. The epithelial lining of the cysts was of several types. The most common type was a thin, flattened lining with or without localized thickenings (buds). Other types included nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and parakeratinized epithelium with palisading basal cells. Gingival cysts should be distinguished from lateral periodontal cysts on the basis of their origin in the gingiva rather than in bone. It appears that most gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are of odontogenic origin.", "contents": "The histomorphologic spectrum of the gingival cyst in the adult. Gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are relatively uncommon lesions. The present study adds thirty-three new cases to the literature and analyzes their clinical and histologic features. The mandibular cuspid and first premolar region was found to be the most common location. The epithelial lining of the cysts was of several types. The most common type was a thin, flattened lining with or without localized thickenings (buds). Other types included nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and parakeratinized epithelium with palisading basal cells. Gingival cysts should be distinguished from lateral periodontal cysts on the basis of their origin in the gingiva rather than in bone. It appears that most gingival cysts with clinical manifestations are of odontogenic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:292959", "title": "Amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism.", "content": "Reports of families having a combination of amelogenesis imperfecta and taurodontism are limited. This study of members of three families shows that the combination is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In each of the patients examined, neither condition was seen without the other. The enamel was rough and dysplastic and varied in color from white to yellow. Radiographically, taurodontism was present in the deciduous and permanent dentitions. The pulp chambers of the incisor teeth were larger than is usually seen at all ages. All patients had normal-appearing hair, fingernails, and bones. The distinction between amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism and the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism. Reports of families having a combination of amelogenesis imperfecta and taurodontism are limited. This study of members of three families shows that the combination is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In each of the patients examined, neither condition was seen without the other. The enamel was rough and dysplastic and varied in color from white to yellow. Radiographically, taurodontism was present in the deciduous and permanent dentitions. The pulp chambers of the incisor teeth were larger than is usually seen at all ages. All patients had normal-appearing hair, fingernails, and bones. The distinction between amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism and the tricho-dento-osseous syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:292960", "title": "Scanning x-ray microanalysis of root canal sealers.", "content": "Seven commercially available root canal sealer powders were analyzed by scanning x-ray microanalysis to identify constituent elements in each. Analysis showed that strongly cytotoxic sealers in vitro contained lead or magnesium, while those materials which exhibited mild or moderate cytotoxicity in vitro contained bismuth, zinc, calcium, or silicone.", "contents": "Scanning x-ray microanalysis of root canal sealers. Seven commercially available root canal sealer powders were analyzed by scanning x-ray microanalysis to identify constituent elements in each. Analysis showed that strongly cytotoxic sealers in vitro contained lead or magnesium, while those materials which exhibited mild or moderate cytotoxicity in vitro contained bismuth, zinc, calcium, or silicone."}
{"id": "PMID:292961", "title": "Simple metallic compounds as pulp-capping agents.", "content": "A study is described in which six metallic compounds identified in a previous pilot experiment were tested as pulp-capping agents using the exposed rat molar. Barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, cupric oxide, ferric oxide, and heavy magnesium oxide gave poor results. Stannic oxide gave more favorable results and is being studied further.", "contents": "Simple metallic compounds as pulp-capping agents. A study is described in which six metallic compounds identified in a previous pilot experiment were tested as pulp-capping agents using the exposed rat molar. Barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, cupric oxide, ferric oxide, and heavy magnesium oxide gave poor results. Stannic oxide gave more favorable results and is being studied further."}
{"id": "PMID:292962", "title": "Effect of delay in exposure and processing of charged xeroradiographic plates.", "content": "The degradation of xeroradiographic images due to delay in exposure and in processing of the charged plates is measured. The resolution was unchanged by delay in exposure or delay in processing the charged plates. However, degradation of the image was evident visually.", "contents": "Effect of delay in exposure and processing of charged xeroradiographic plates. The degradation of xeroradiographic images due to delay in exposure and in processing of the charged plates is measured. The resolution was unchanged by delay in exposure or delay in processing the charged plates. However, degradation of the image was evident visually."}
{"id": "PMID:292963", "title": "Leaded shields for thyroid dose reduction in intraoral dental radiography.", "content": "This study evaluated the radiation dose reduction, operator acceptance, and patient acceptance of two types of leaded thyroid shields designed for use during intraoral dental radiography. Exposure levels were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters on three groups of 20 patients undergoing complete mouth (20-film) surveys. Skin entrance dose to the thyroid was 20 mR per complete mouth survey without a shield in place, 12 mR per complete mouth survey with the experimental shield in place, and 9 mR with the commercial shield. Patients and radiologic technologist were surveyed to determine patient comfort and operator acceptability. Patient and operator acceptability were higher for the experimental shield than for the commercial shield.", "contents": "Leaded shields for thyroid dose reduction in intraoral dental radiography. This study evaluated the radiation dose reduction, operator acceptance, and patient acceptance of two types of leaded thyroid shields designed for use during intraoral dental radiography. Exposure levels were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters on three groups of 20 patients undergoing complete mouth (20-film) surveys. Skin entrance dose to the thyroid was 20 mR per complete mouth survey without a shield in place, 12 mR per complete mouth survey with the experimental shield in place, and 9 mR with the commercial shield. Patients and radiologic technologist were surveyed to determine patient comfort and operator acceptability. Patient and operator acceptability were higher for the experimental shield than for the commercial shield."}
{"id": "PMID:292968", "title": "Osteolytic lesion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Initial manifestation of blastic crisis?", "content": "Report of a 13-year-old boy who developed osteolytic lesions in the chronic phase of myelogenous leukemia. Five months later a blastic crisis followed.", "contents": "Osteolytic lesion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Initial manifestation of blastic crisis? Report of a 13-year-old boy who developed osteolytic lesions in the chronic phase of myelogenous leukemia. Five months later a blastic crisis followed."}
{"id": "PMID:292969", "title": "Bone marrow karyotypes of children with nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Bone marrow (BM) karyotypes from 16 consecutive children presenting with nonlymphocytic leukemia were established with the use of banding techniques, before therapy. The two patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) showed the Philadelphia (Ph1) translocation (9q+;22q-). Five of the 14 patients with an acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) presented no acquired cytogenetic abnormalities, but one of these five showed a high level of hypodiploidy. One patient with AML evidenced a variant of the Ph1 chromosome originated as a translocation (12p+;22q-). Nonrandom abnormalities (-7; 7q-; +8; t(8;21); -21) were found in six patients, isolated or in association with otheraberrations. Among the random abnormalities, apparently balanced translocations and chromosomal deletions were observed. In ANLL, no correlation could be found between morphologic diagnosis and cytogenetic findings. On the other hand, the presence of BM cells with a normal karyotype at diagnosis was associated with an improved remission rate and survival time. Followup studies were performed in four ANLL patients with an abnormal cell clone at diagnosis. Three of them achieved hematologic remission; their BM karyotype was found to be normal at that stage. In the 4th patient, generalization of the abnormal karyotype in BM cells was seen in the terminal phase of the disease.", "contents": "Bone marrow karyotypes of children with nonlymphocytic leukemia. Bone marrow (BM) karyotypes from 16 consecutive children presenting with nonlymphocytic leukemia were established with the use of banding techniques, before therapy. The two patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) showed the Philadelphia (Ph1) translocation (9q+;22q-). Five of the 14 patients with an acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) presented no acquired cytogenetic abnormalities, but one of these five showed a high level of hypodiploidy. One patient with AML evidenced a variant of the Ph1 chromosome originated as a translocation (12p+;22q-). Nonrandom abnormalities (-7; 7q-; +8; t(8;21); -21) were found in six patients, isolated or in association with otheraberrations. Among the random abnormalities, apparently balanced translocations and chromosomal deletions were observed. In ANLL, no correlation could be found between morphologic diagnosis and cytogenetic findings. On the other hand, the presence of BM cells with a normal karyotype at diagnosis was associated with an improved remission rate and survival time. Followup studies were performed in four ANLL patients with an abnormal cell clone at diagnosis. Three of them achieved hematologic remission; their BM karyotype was found to be normal at that stage. In the 4th patient, generalization of the abnormal karyotype in BM cells was seen in the terminal phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:292975", "title": "[T (15;17) translocation in acute promyelocytic and acute nonpromyelocytic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven acute promyelocytic leukemias (APL) were compared with three atypical acute myeloblastic leukemias (AML). These three AML were characterized by high hyperleukocytosis, mostly formed of monocytelike myeloblasts, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, and a t (15;17) translocation in the majority of leukemic cell mitoses. This translocation was inconsistently found in typical APL defined as M3, according to the FAB classification.", "contents": "[T (15;17) translocation in acute promyelocytic and acute nonpromyelocytic leukemia (author's transl)]. Seven acute promyelocytic leukemias (APL) were compared with three atypical acute myeloblastic leukemias (AML). These three AML were characterized by high hyperleukocytosis, mostly formed of monocytelike myeloblasts, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, and a t (15;17) translocation in the majority of leukemic cell mitoses. This translocation was inconsistently found in typical APL defined as M3, according to the FAB classification."}
{"id": "PMID:292984", "title": "[Various aspects of finishing of composites].", "content": "The technology of finishing restaurative dental materials is discussed. With various techniques several different brands of composites are polished. Only high speed tools with abrasives fixed at the stone or paper can polish the surface to an acceptable level. The use of pastes always causes a surface with a roughness that is determined by the size and distribution of the anorganic particles in the composite material.", "contents": "[Various aspects of finishing of composites]. The technology of finishing restaurative dental materials is discussed. With various techniques several different brands of composites are polished. Only high speed tools with abrasives fixed at the stone or paper can polish the surface to an acceptable level. The use of pastes always causes a surface with a roughness that is determined by the size and distribution of the anorganic particles in the composite material."}
{"id": "PMID:293013", "title": "[X-ray morphology of osteodystrophia deformans Paget (author's transl)].", "content": "Osteodystrophia deformans Paget is a frequent and localised disease of the skeleton in elderly persons. The x-ray morphology of the disease is not uniform. It depends on the site at the skeleton, on the design of the affected bone, and on the stage and course of the disease. Basing on 71 own observations, the various types of manifestation are discussed and both their characteristic and non-typical pattern explained. Attention is drawn to the complications which can result from involvement of the individual parts of the skeleton.", "contents": "[X-ray morphology of osteodystrophia deformans Paget (author's transl)]. Osteodystrophia deformans Paget is a frequent and localised disease of the skeleton in elderly persons. The x-ray morphology of the disease is not uniform. It depends on the site at the skeleton, on the design of the affected bone, and on the stage and course of the disease. Basing on 71 own observations, the various types of manifestation are discussed and both their characteristic and non-typical pattern explained. Attention is drawn to the complications which can result from involvement of the individual parts of the skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:293017", "title": "Magnesium metabolism in healthy subjects.", "content": "Magnesium metabolism was studied in 106 apparently healthy subjects aged between 15 and 80 years. The serum magnesium values had a gaussian distribution with a narrow range and with no age or sex dependence. The basal, urinary magnesium excretion was greater in men than in women at all ages and decreased with age. The magnesium and calcium excretions were closely correlated in both sexes. The fractional, gastrointestinal absorption of magnesium, assessed by a newly developed technique using the radionuclide 28Mg, compared favourably with that in earlier balance and tracer studies. The intracellular magnesium content, estimated in muscle specimens obtained by percutaneous biopsies, was not correlated to age or sex. A magnesium-loading test was performed, and the normal range for magnesium retention was calculated. No correlation was demonstrated between different magnesium parameters within the normal range in these subjects.", "contents": "Magnesium metabolism in healthy subjects. Magnesium metabolism was studied in 106 apparently healthy subjects aged between 15 and 80 years. The serum magnesium values had a gaussian distribution with a narrow range and with no age or sex dependence. The basal, urinary magnesium excretion was greater in men than in women at all ages and decreased with age. The magnesium and calcium excretions were closely correlated in both sexes. The fractional, gastrointestinal absorption of magnesium, assessed by a newly developed technique using the radionuclide 28Mg, compared favourably with that in earlier balance and tracer studies. The intracellular magnesium content, estimated in muscle specimens obtained by percutaneous biopsies, was not correlated to age or sex. A magnesium-loading test was performed, and the normal range for magnesium retention was calculated. No correlation was demonstrated between different magnesium parameters within the normal range in these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:293018", "title": "[Atypical facial neuralgia].", "content": "Under the name of pain we designate algies which cannot be attributed to a well defined syndrome or to a characterized disease. Sometimes it is possible, by the intermediary of clinical and radiological investigations, to uncover the causes of such pains, for example chronic pulpitis, denticles, impacted teeth, impacted root debris, cysts, enostoses, osteoid tumors, sequela of sinus surgery, etc. More rarely we can observe algies without anatomical substrate, located in the canine fossa and the zygomatic-alveolar crest. When looking for the causes of atypical pain, the participation of internal, neurological or psychogenous factors should not be forgotten.", "contents": "[Atypical facial neuralgia]. Under the name of pain we designate algies which cannot be attributed to a well defined syndrome or to a characterized disease. Sometimes it is possible, by the intermediary of clinical and radiological investigations, to uncover the causes of such pains, for example chronic pulpitis, denticles, impacted teeth, impacted root debris, cysts, enostoses, osteoid tumors, sequela of sinus surgery, etc. More rarely we can observe algies without anatomical substrate, located in the canine fossa and the zygomatic-alveolar crest. When looking for the causes of atypical pain, the participation of internal, neurological or psychogenous factors should not be forgotten."}
{"id": "PMID:293019", "title": "[Styloid syndrome; Sluder's syndrome; Charlin's syndrome].", "content": "The styloid syndrome is caused by an irritation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from an excessive development of the styloid apophysis. Treatment consists of the resection of the same. The Sluder syndrome represents a nevralgy with origin in the sphenopalatine ganglion and a dysfunction of the parasympathetic system. The Charlin syndrome, much less frequent, manifests itself by pains in the territory of the nasociliar nerve and the ciliar ganglion.", "contents": "[Styloid syndrome; Sluder's syndrome; Charlin's syndrome]. The styloid syndrome is caused by an irritation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from an excessive development of the styloid apophysis. Treatment consists of the resection of the same. The Sluder syndrome represents a nevralgy with origin in the sphenopalatine ganglion and a dysfunction of the parasympathetic system. The Charlin syndrome, much less frequent, manifests itself by pains in the territory of the nasociliar nerve and the ciliar ganglion."}
{"id": "PMID:293020", "title": "[Case reports of differential diagnosis of facial neuralgia caused by extracranial neoplastic processes].", "content": "Neoplastic extracranial processes may be central or peripheral. Peripheral pains appear often late and cancerous progress may therefore be overlooked. Central (cranio-vertebral space) pains may be located in the mandible, supra- and infraorbitally, glossopalatally, lingually and in the maxilla. They may be localized or projected and mostly accompanied by paresthesias and hyperesthesias. It is important to make a differential diagnosis with a cerebral tumor which causes cephalic rather than facial pain.", "contents": "[Case reports of differential diagnosis of facial neuralgia caused by extracranial neoplastic processes]. Neoplastic extracranial processes may be central or peripheral. Peripheral pains appear often late and cancerous progress may therefore be overlooked. Central (cranio-vertebral space) pains may be located in the mandible, supra- and infraorbitally, glossopalatally, lingually and in the maxilla. They may be localized or projected and mostly accompanied by paresthesias and hyperesthesias. It is important to make a differential diagnosis with a cerebral tumor which causes cephalic rather than facial pain."}
{"id": "PMID:293021", "title": "[Headache caused by deformation of the nasal septum and by deviation disorders of the nasal cavity].", "content": "In case of uncertain pain of the frontal, nasal and maxillary area one must search for disturbed ventilation of the nose or its communications. Particularly so, if no radiological evidence is found. Anatomical changes may cause a primary irriation of the mucosa, when ventilation is distirubed or when there is direct contact between septum and conchal mucosa. As a reaction to such primary disturbance, ventilation to the maxillary sinuses may be inhibited, thus causing a secondary irriation. Thus a recidivating acute maxillary pain may occur without a real sinusitis, because of a hypoxia of the sinus. Rhinoscopy resp. nasal endoscopy will clear up anatomical primary causes. Conchal contact should be eliminated by lateroposition or by pinching. The septum deviation should be corrected if by nasal drops or spray the pains may be eliminated. Sinus obstruction may be diagnosed by rhinomanometry and sinuscopy and may be simultaneously treated by a small drainage tube.", "contents": "[Headache caused by deformation of the nasal septum and by deviation disorders of the nasal cavity]. In case of uncertain pain of the frontal, nasal and maxillary area one must search for disturbed ventilation of the nose or its communications. Particularly so, if no radiological evidence is found. Anatomical changes may cause a primary irriation of the mucosa, when ventilation is distirubed or when there is direct contact between septum and conchal mucosa. As a reaction to such primary disturbance, ventilation to the maxillary sinuses may be inhibited, thus causing a secondary irriation. Thus a recidivating acute maxillary pain may occur without a real sinusitis, because of a hypoxia of the sinus. Rhinoscopy resp. nasal endoscopy will clear up anatomical primary causes. Conchal contact should be eliminated by lateroposition or by pinching. The septum deviation should be corrected if by nasal drops or spray the pains may be eliminated. Sinus obstruction may be diagnosed by rhinomanometry and sinuscopy and may be simultaneously treated by a small drainage tube."}
{"id": "PMID:293022", "title": "[Surgical treatment of pain of meniscal origin].", "content": "Meniscal blocking of the TMJ is encountered by first trying to reduce it manually, if necessary under general anesthesia and curarization. Otherwise surgery is indicated. Meniscectomy is not recommended because of the danger of arthrosis. An arthroplasty is performed, the fibrocartilage removed and the condyle remodeled. The fibrocartilage regenerated totally, as could be shown experimentally. This intervention eliminates painful blocking of the joint and clicking during the first half of opening movements.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of pain of meniscal origin]. Meniscal blocking of the TMJ is encountered by first trying to reduce it manually, if necessary under general anesthesia and curarization. Otherwise surgery is indicated. Meniscectomy is not recommended because of the danger of arthrosis. An arthroplasty is performed, the fibrocartilage removed and the condyle remodeled. The fibrocartilage regenerated totally, as could be shown experimentally. This intervention eliminates painful blocking of the joint and clicking during the first half of opening movements."}
{"id": "PMID:293023", "title": "[Stomatodynias].", "content": "Stomatodynies are functional manifestations often observed in anxious and depressive individuals, in the form of glosso-, cheilo-, uranodynia. It may show itself in disturbances of the mucosa or of salivary secretion. It is necessary to reassure the patients, to explain the nature of the disease and to prevent them from autotherapy of local or psychic factors.", "contents": "[Stomatodynias]. Stomatodynies are functional manifestations often observed in anxious and depressive individuals, in the form of glosso-, cheilo-, uranodynia. It may show itself in disturbances of the mucosa or of salivary secretion. It is necessary to reassure the patients, to explain the nature of the disease and to prevent them from autotherapy of local or psychic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:293024", "title": "[Glossodynia].", "content": "Burning sensations on the tongue have several causes which may be found in only 50% cases. It is hardly possible to establish a differentiation into symptomatic and essential forms because transition from one into the other are of moving nature. Known causes may be divided into general and local ones. In cases of unknown origin it was found that they belonged to female patients mainly, during menopause and in cases of cancerophobia.", "contents": "[Glossodynia]. Burning sensations on the tongue have several causes which may be found in only 50% cases. It is hardly possible to establish a differentiation into symptomatic and essential forms because transition from one into the other are of moving nature. Known causes may be divided into general and local ones. In cases of unknown origin it was found that they belonged to female patients mainly, during menopause and in cases of cancerophobia."}
{"id": "PMID:293025", "title": "[Paresthesia].", "content": "Paresthesias originate from different causes, such as central nervous processes, accidental trauma, surgery, inflammations, tumors, general or systemic affections, degenerative processes of the TM Articulation or of the cervical vertebrae. Treatment may be conservative or surgical, but since paresthesias are always of inaccurate character, it is often difficult to choose adequate treatment.", "contents": "[Paresthesia]. Paresthesias originate from different causes, such as central nervous processes, accidental trauma, surgery, inflammations, tumors, general or systemic affections, degenerative processes of the TM Articulation or of the cervical vertebrae. Treatment may be conservative or surgical, but since paresthesias are always of inaccurate character, it is often difficult to choose adequate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:293026", "title": "[Herpes zoster in the mouth].", "content": "Herpes zoster is a viral disease with cutaneous and mucous manifestations. They occur in 30% cases in the trigeminal area and in 7.2% cases in other parts of the head. Typical manifestations are nevralgias simulating dental pain, also vesicles with an erythematous halo located in the territory of the second and third trigemial branch. They erupt on the skin, the lips, tongue, palate and cheeks. Zosteric nevralgia may extend into the territory of the first trigeminal. There is no known causal therapy and local treatments are but unsatisfactory pallatives.", "contents": "[Herpes zoster in the mouth]. Herpes zoster is a viral disease with cutaneous and mucous manifestations. They occur in 30% cases in the trigeminal area and in 7.2% cases in other parts of the head. Typical manifestations are nevralgias simulating dental pain, also vesicles with an erythematous halo located in the territory of the second and third trigemial branch. They erupt on the skin, the lips, tongue, palate and cheeks. Zosteric nevralgia may extend into the territory of the first trigeminal. There is no known causal therapy and local treatments are but unsatisfactory pallatives."}
{"id": "PMID:293027", "title": "[Application and experience with xeroradiography in the jaw].", "content": "Basics and characteristics of xeroradiography for bones and soft tissues, known and used in medecine only since 1971, are described. Advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the conventional radiography are evaluated, important possibilities for the use of xeroradiography are shown, on the basis of personal experience, in the field of face and jaws.", "contents": "[Application and experience with xeroradiography in the jaw]. Basics and characteristics of xeroradiography for bones and soft tissues, known and used in medecine only since 1971, are described. Advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the conventional radiography are evaluated, important possibilities for the use of xeroradiography are shown, on the basis of personal experience, in the field of face and jaws."}
{"id": "PMID:293028", "title": "[Prevention in the schools of Massagno, Ticino: results after 8 years].", "content": "The results of 8 years of combined caries prophylaxis (fluoride tablets in school, brushing with aminofluoride gel, motivation of teachers, pupils and parents) are reported from the community of Massagno TI. Caries reduction of about 60%, or from 2.72 new lesion to 1.12 new lesion per pupil and year. About 60% of pupils did not require dental treatment in the year 1977/78. Root canal treatment and fillings of anterior teeth have all but disappeared. MO and MOD fillings have receded more than occlusal fillings. The community and the canton have economized some SFr. 20000.-per annum.", "contents": "[Prevention in the schools of Massagno, Ticino: results after 8 years]. The results of 8 years of combined caries prophylaxis (fluoride tablets in school, brushing with aminofluoride gel, motivation of teachers, pupils and parents) are reported from the community of Massagno TI. Caries reduction of about 60%, or from 2.72 new lesion to 1.12 new lesion per pupil and year. About 60% of pupils did not require dental treatment in the year 1977/78. Root canal treatment and fillings of anterior teeth have all but disappeared. MO and MOD fillings have receded more than occlusal fillings. The community and the canton have economized some SFr. 20000.-per annum."}
{"id": "PMID:293031", "title": "[Panoramic radiography: why the controversy?].", "content": "Because of the confusion which exists between the panography and the orthopantomogram we like to rectify the error. With the orthopantomograph the mandible and the maxilla are taken on a single film. The radiation source is extraoral, whereas for a panography the radiation source is directed from the oral cavity towards the outside, two films are needed, one for each jaw. The orthopantomogram can be used generally in odonto-stomatology. Dosimetry was also mentioned. The results prove that for an orthopantomogram the radiation dose is four times smaller than the dose given for full mouth X-rays taken with 16 intraoral films. It appears that an orthopantomogram should be the first step for a general X-ray examination, though it does not give all informations. For details the intraoral film keeps its value.", "contents": "[Panoramic radiography: why the controversy?]. Because of the confusion which exists between the panography and the orthopantomogram we like to rectify the error. With the orthopantomograph the mandible and the maxilla are taken on a single film. The radiation source is extraoral, whereas for a panography the radiation source is directed from the oral cavity towards the outside, two films are needed, one for each jaw. The orthopantomogram can be used generally in odonto-stomatology. Dosimetry was also mentioned. The results prove that for an orthopantomogram the radiation dose is four times smaller than the dose given for full mouth X-rays taken with 16 intraoral films. It appears that an orthopantomogram should be the first step for a general X-ray examination, though it does not give all informations. For details the intraoral film keeps its value."}
{"id": "PMID:293032", "title": "[Composites versus amalgam: comparative measurements of abrasion resistance in vivo: 1-year results].", "content": "A method for the in-vivo measurement of wear resistance of restorative materials is described. A profilometer is used to record the reduction in vertical dimension of the test material's occlusal surface. This loss of substance is calculated as the wear resistance index. The technique was used in a 13 month clinical evaluation of 3 different restorative materials, Adaptic, Amalgam (Dispersalloy) and Estic microfill. The procedure is simple in execution and very accurate. Statistical analysis has shown significant differences in wear resistance of the examined materials independent of patient variation. Attrition and abrasion were definitely greater with a standard composite material (Adaptic) than with amalgam and a test composite (Estic microfill). The newly developed composite material utilizing extremely fine filler particles of pyrogenic SiO2 (Estic microfill) was shown to be comparable to amalgam in wear resistance during the 13-month test period.", "contents": "[Composites versus amalgam: comparative measurements of abrasion resistance in vivo: 1-year results]. A method for the in-vivo measurement of wear resistance of restorative materials is described. A profilometer is used to record the reduction in vertical dimension of the test material's occlusal surface. This loss of substance is calculated as the wear resistance index. The technique was used in a 13 month clinical evaluation of 3 different restorative materials, Adaptic, Amalgam (Dispersalloy) and Estic microfill. The procedure is simple in execution and very accurate. Statistical analysis has shown significant differences in wear resistance of the examined materials independent of patient variation. Attrition and abrasion were definitely greater with a standard composite material (Adaptic) than with amalgam and a test composite (Estic microfill). The newly developed composite material utilizing extremely fine filler particles of pyrogenic SiO2 (Estic microfill) was shown to be comparable to amalgam in wear resistance during the 13-month test period."}
{"id": "PMID:293033", "title": "[Plastic bolting device for the temporomandibular joint for treatment of hypermobility (Re-examination results of the first 28 cases)].", "content": "Hypermobility of the mandibular condyle may only slightly be influenced by conservative treatment. On the other hand, all surgical methods, except the one described here include a risk factor concerning nerve or blood vessel damage. The present method limits, by plastic surgery, the joint mobility. 28 such operations were checked for results. The cases with recidivating luxation with trismus and blocking of the mandible reacted very favourably. The cases with habitual subluxation without trismus, and the cases with myofacial pain syndrome were not as favorable, objectively seen. Subjectively, however, the patients feel the operation is a success. Further investigation by control checking on late results is indicated.", "contents": "[Plastic bolting device for the temporomandibular joint for treatment of hypermobility (Re-examination results of the first 28 cases)]. Hypermobility of the mandibular condyle may only slightly be influenced by conservative treatment. On the other hand, all surgical methods, except the one described here include a risk factor concerning nerve or blood vessel damage. The present method limits, by plastic surgery, the joint mobility. 28 such operations were checked for results. The cases with recidivating luxation with trismus and blocking of the mandible reacted very favourably. The cases with habitual subluxation without trismus, and the cases with myofacial pain syndrome were not as favorable, objectively seen. Subjectively, however, the patients feel the operation is a success. Further investigation by control checking on late results is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:293036", "title": "[Bone and dental factors determining static and dynamic occlusion just as the method of orthodontic treatment].", "content": "In orthodontics, occlusion should be considered from both the static and the dynamic viewpoints. The factors which determine adequate occlusion and articulation are described. It is furthermore shown how the orthodontist can incorporate those factors which he can control into the orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Bone and dental factors determining static and dynamic occlusion just as the method of orthodontic treatment]. In orthodontics, occlusion should be considered from both the static and the dynamic viewpoints. The factors which determine adequate occlusion and articulation are described. It is furthermore shown how the orthodontist can incorporate those factors which he can control into the orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:293038", "title": "[Displacement of the hinge angle point in a Class II malocclusion; 1 case report during treatment with a Bern activator (an interim report)].", "content": "In the context of a global examination of the effects of the activator therapy of Herren in class-II malocclusion, the position of the hinge axis points was studied in a group of 12 consecutive cases (9 boys and 3 girls). The hinger axis was recorded immediately before and in the course of the treatment, using a standardised recording method. After 1 mm change in occlusal relationship, the hinge axis points were located about 2 mm caudally of the tattooed zero point. When the change in occlusal relationship step by step had reached 3, 5 and 7 mm, and even after 6 months of retention, the hinge axis points had moved back by about 1 mm in a cranial direction, but remained still about 1 mm caudally of point zero. In a sagittal direction, a facial dislocation of about 1 mm was found no sooner than after a 6-months retention time. A study on reproducibility was used to ensure the statistical proof of these results.", "contents": "[Displacement of the hinge angle point in a Class II malocclusion; 1 case report during treatment with a Bern activator (an interim report)]. In the context of a global examination of the effects of the activator therapy of Herren in class-II malocclusion, the position of the hinge axis points was studied in a group of 12 consecutive cases (9 boys and 3 girls). The hinger axis was recorded immediately before and in the course of the treatment, using a standardised recording method. After 1 mm change in occlusal relationship, the hinge axis points were located about 2 mm caudally of the tattooed zero point. When the change in occlusal relationship step by step had reached 3, 5 and 7 mm, and even after 6 months of retention, the hinge axis points had moved back by about 1 mm in a cranial direction, but remained still about 1 mm caudally of point zero. In a sagittal direction, a facial dislocation of about 1 mm was found no sooner than after a 6-months retention time. A study on reproducibility was used to ensure the statistical proof of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:293039", "title": "[Transposition osteotomy of the upper jaws and immobilization with cranial fixation devices].", "content": "Retrognathia in a patient who has undergone surgery for correction of a cleft palate constitutes a specific indication for transposition osteotomy of the upper jaw. A satisfactory operative technique is described in which as much as possible of the posterior part of the hard palate is retained. The operation is followed by immobilization of the upper jaw with a halo. The results of follow-up examination of 9 patients who had been operated on between 1975 and mid-1977 are described in detail. They revealed a pronounced tendency to postoperative recurrence of the deformity and showed the importance of postoperative retention in preventing recurrence. The topics discussed also include the timing of the operation, of the postoperative retention, the fitting of dentures, and of subsequent plastic surgery.", "contents": "[Transposition osteotomy of the upper jaws and immobilization with cranial fixation devices]. Retrognathia in a patient who has undergone surgery for correction of a cleft palate constitutes a specific indication for transposition osteotomy of the upper jaw. A satisfactory operative technique is described in which as much as possible of the posterior part of the hard palate is retained. The operation is followed by immobilization of the upper jaw with a halo. The results of follow-up examination of 9 patients who had been operated on between 1975 and mid-1977 are described in detail. They revealed a pronounced tendency to postoperative recurrence of the deformity and showed the importance of postoperative retention in preventing recurrence. The topics discussed also include the timing of the operation, of the postoperative retention, the fitting of dentures, and of subsequent plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:293040", "title": "[Chronic temporomandibular joint luxation. Results after corrective surgery].", "content": "Recidivating luxation of the TMJ are the topic. The clinical picture, therapy and operative methods are described. In particular, the results from a modified intraoral surgical operation are reported. Special emphasis is placed upon the partial removal of the medial pterygoid muscle which leads to a stronger and permanent scarring. This method is particularly suited for recidivating luxations, when the condyle paths are steep, and when luxation occurs toward the end of the mandibular opening movement. When condyle paths are flat or in cases of recidives other methods are recommended (for instance osteoplasty).", "contents": "[Chronic temporomandibular joint luxation. Results after corrective surgery]. Recidivating luxation of the TMJ are the topic. The clinical picture, therapy and operative methods are described. In particular, the results from a modified intraoral surgical operation are reported. Special emphasis is placed upon the partial removal of the medial pterygoid muscle which leads to a stronger and permanent scarring. This method is particularly suited for recidivating luxations, when the condyle paths are steep, and when luxation occurs toward the end of the mandibular opening movement. When condyle paths are flat or in cases of recidives other methods are recommended (for instance osteoplasty)."}
{"id": "PMID:293041", "title": "[Brain abscess after odontogenic infection].", "content": "Dentogenous infections are among the most frequent in the maxillo-facial area. Case report of a dentogenous-pyogenous-actinomycotic mixed infection, with the complication of a secondary brain abcess is given. Consecutively, the patient became an invalid. Origin and pathogenesis of the disease are described. Also, liberal incision and drainage as a preventive measure are recommended.", "contents": "[Brain abscess after odontogenic infection]. Dentogenous infections are among the most frequent in the maxillo-facial area. Case report of a dentogenous-pyogenous-actinomycotic mixed infection, with the complication of a secondary brain abcess is given. Consecutively, the patient became an invalid. Origin and pathogenesis of the disease are described. Also, liberal incision and drainage as a preventive measure are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:293043", "title": "[Influence of two prophylaxis programs on the gingival status of children].", "content": "Two groups of schoolchildren from the city of Zurich and the community of Wallisellen were compared for gingival health and disease by the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The children of Wallisellen who received more intensive prophylactic program than the Zurich schoolchildren showed better gingival health in every age group. More prophylactic education and more frequent instructions for Zurich schoolchildren are indicated.", "contents": "[Influence of two prophylaxis programs on the gingival status of children]. Two groups of schoolchildren from the city of Zurich and the community of Wallisellen were compared for gingival health and disease by the Sulcus Bleeding Index. The children of Wallisellen who received more intensive prophylactic program than the Zurich schoolchildren showed better gingival health in every age group. More prophylactic education and more frequent instructions for Zurich schoolchildren are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:293044", "title": "[Dental insurance systems in light of present-day prevention potentials].", "content": "The situation of public dental insurance systems of several countries in Western Europe was examined in the light of the fact that caries and periodontitis may be prevented. Available epidemiological data were discussed as to their relevance. In Switzerland, dental insurance systems are of minor importance. In voluntary insurance plans for adults, prevention is scarcely included. On the other hand, the communities provide subsidies for dental care of schoolchildren, and prevention is an integral part of this system. In the German Federal Republic, dental insurance costs have quadrupled during the period 1970-1977. Preventive measures are not subsidized, and in recent years, more than half of the insurance payments were used for prosthetic dentistry. The few dental statistics available show that dental treatment of children is unsatisfactory. In Sweden, preventive measures are refunded at 75%. Since the introduction of the public insurance system in 1974 prosthetic dental work has increased at the expense of conservative treatment. In France, the social security system pays for about three quarters of conservative and simple prosthetic work. Prevention has so far not been included. Despite liberal refunding of restorative work markedly higher prevalence of tooth loss was found in lower social levels as compared to higher levels. In Great Britain, the National Health Service was introduced in 1948. As in France, tooth loss is most frequent in lower social levels. The findings are discussed with respect to cost developments and oral health prospects in Switzerland. Attention is focused upon the observation that the insurance systems were conceived at a time when realistic preventive programs were unavailable and their success had not yet been demonstrated in large groups.", "contents": "[Dental insurance systems in light of present-day prevention potentials]. The situation of public dental insurance systems of several countries in Western Europe was examined in the light of the fact that caries and periodontitis may be prevented. Available epidemiological data were discussed as to their relevance. In Switzerland, dental insurance systems are of minor importance. In voluntary insurance plans for adults, prevention is scarcely included. On the other hand, the communities provide subsidies for dental care of schoolchildren, and prevention is an integral part of this system. In the German Federal Republic, dental insurance costs have quadrupled during the period 1970-1977. Preventive measures are not subsidized, and in recent years, more than half of the insurance payments were used for prosthetic dentistry. The few dental statistics available show that dental treatment of children is unsatisfactory. In Sweden, preventive measures are refunded at 75%. Since the introduction of the public insurance system in 1974 prosthetic dental work has increased at the expense of conservative treatment. In France, the social security system pays for about three quarters of conservative and simple prosthetic work. Prevention has so far not been included. Despite liberal refunding of restorative work markedly higher prevalence of tooth loss was found in lower social levels as compared to higher levels. In Great Britain, the National Health Service was introduced in 1948. As in France, tooth loss is most frequent in lower social levels. The findings are discussed with respect to cost developments and oral health prospects in Switzerland. Attention is focused upon the observation that the insurance systems were conceived at a time when realistic preventive programs were unavailable and their success had not yet been demonstrated in large groups."}
{"id": "PMID:293045", "title": "[Efficiency of systemic prophylatic antibiotics in the surgical removal of lower widsom teeth].", "content": "The efficiency of prophylactically given systemic antibiotics was examined in a double-blind study on 142 patients on an ambulatory basis. It was found that the application of antibiotics do not significantly lower the rate of postoperative infections after the surgical removal of lower third molars.", "contents": "[Efficiency of systemic prophylatic antibiotics in the surgical removal of lower widsom teeth]. The efficiency of prophylactically given systemic antibiotics was examined in a double-blind study on 142 patients on an ambulatory basis. It was found that the application of antibiotics do not significantly lower the rate of postoperative infections after the surgical removal of lower third molars."}
{"id": "PMID:293046", "title": "[Headache caused by distortion of the nasal septum and respiratory disturbances of the nasal cavity].", "content": "Head and facial pain of unknown origin may be caused by defective aeration of nose and sinus. The reason is a chronic irritation of the mucosa or direct contact between septum and conchal mucosa. A secondary reaction to the impaired breathing through the nose may be an irritation of the sinus without causing a full-grown sinusitis. Diagnosis and therapy are possible by rhinoscopy, sinumanometry and sinuscopy in one appointment.", "contents": "[Headache caused by distortion of the nasal septum and respiratory disturbances of the nasal cavity]. Head and facial pain of unknown origin may be caused by defective aeration of nose and sinus. The reason is a chronic irritation of the mucosa or direct contact between septum and conchal mucosa. A secondary reaction to the impaired breathing through the nose may be an irritation of the sinus without causing a full-grown sinusitis. Diagnosis and therapy are possible by rhinoscopy, sinumanometry and sinuscopy in one appointment."}
{"id": "PMID:293047", "title": "[Influence of educational level and preventive measures on theperiodontal condition of adolescents].", "content": "From their answers to a questionnaire 1063 Swiss army recruits were included in one of 6 occupational groups. The clinical periodontal findings from the group were recorded and compared. The recruits with higher educational levels had a better periodontal status than those with less schooling. Regardless, the recruits from areas with well-organized prophylaxis programs had less gingivitis and smaller DMFT scores than the others.", "contents": "[Influence of educational level and preventive measures on theperiodontal condition of adolescents]. From their answers to a questionnaire 1063 Swiss army recruits were included in one of 6 occupational groups. The clinical periodontal findings from the group were recorded and compared. The recruits with higher educational levels had a better periodontal status than those with less schooling. Regardless, the recruits from areas with well-organized prophylaxis programs had less gingivitis and smaller DMFT scores than the others."}
{"id": "PMID:293051", "title": "[Comparative clinical study of 3 technics of functional analysis of occlusion].", "content": "The object of our research is to compare clinically and objectively three articulators: -- the Dentatus, semiadjustable articulator which employs dynamico-static records -- the T.M.J., fully adjustable articulator which employs dynamico-cinematic stereographic endobuccal records -- the Denar, fully adjustable articulator which employs dynamico-cinematic pantographic extrabuccal records. We expressly avoided repeating the mechanical and mathematical analysis of the possibilities and limitations of the articulator and copying the previous researches which always imply quasi-perfection in the behaviour of the patient, in the manipulations of the dental surgeon and in the physical qualities of the articulator and materials used. Our comparative research claims to respect all the variables which occur in the carrying out of an actual case and which are inherent in the patient, the dental surgeon, the articulator and the materials used. In carrying out our research we followed two essential conditions: -- We decided to follow, first of all, a strictly clinical plan using successively the three articulators in the analysis of the occlusal function (carried out twice) for each of the six patients and comparing the results obtained for each articulator and for each patient. -- We decided, next, that this comparative research should be strictly objective. To this end, we did not set out to form an opinion, on the basis of clinical impressions, favourable or unfavourable to the different characteristics of the three articulators. We limited ourselves, on the contrary, to measuring, superposing and making a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the three articulators for the same analysis of the occlusal function.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical study of 3 technics of functional analysis of occlusion]. The object of our research is to compare clinically and objectively three articulators: -- the Dentatus, semiadjustable articulator which employs dynamico-static records -- the T.M.J., fully adjustable articulator which employs dynamico-cinematic stereographic endobuccal records -- the Denar, fully adjustable articulator which employs dynamico-cinematic pantographic extrabuccal records. We expressly avoided repeating the mechanical and mathematical analysis of the possibilities and limitations of the articulator and copying the previous researches which always imply quasi-perfection in the behaviour of the patient, in the manipulations of the dental surgeon and in the physical qualities of the articulator and materials used. Our comparative research claims to respect all the variables which occur in the carrying out of an actual case and which are inherent in the patient, the dental surgeon, the articulator and the materials used. In carrying out our research we followed two essential conditions: -- We decided to follow, first of all, a strictly clinical plan using successively the three articulators in the analysis of the occlusal function (carried out twice) for each of the six patients and comparing the results obtained for each articulator and for each patient. -- We decided, next, that this comparative research should be strictly objective. To this end, we did not set out to form an opinion, on the basis of clinical impressions, favourable or unfavourable to the different characteristics of the three articulators. We limited ourselves, on the contrary, to measuring, superposing and making a comparative analysis of the results obtained with the three articulators for the same analysis of the occlusal function."}
{"id": "PMID:293056", "title": "Radiographic caries diagnosis. A study of caries progression and observer performance.", "content": "A detailed index and score system was employed in radiographic studies of the progression of proximal caries during a three and a six year interval after the termination of the regular school dental care. It was demonstrated that the score system offers advantages compared with systems for estimating caries progression only taking into account the number of new lesions, since the former also reveals progression of already existing lesions. Most of the new lesions being developed during a six year interval was found in the enamel. The progression of already existing carious lesions was slow. Fewer new lesions and a slower progression of already existing lesions were found with the increasing age of the patients. Wide variations between observers were found at radiographic examinations of extracted teeth. The influence of such variations on the results of epidemiological caries investigations was elucidated. The importance of minimizing the rate of false positive diagnoses in investigations comparing the caries prevalence between different groups of patients was demonstrated. Data from the dental literature were used to estimate the probabilities of clinical cavities at different extents of the radiographically registered carious lesions. These probabilities were lower, the lower the prevalence of cavities and the smaller the extent of the radiographic lesion. Receiver operating characteristic curves based on the extents of the radiographic carious lesions were employed in assessing optimal criteria for restorative treatment, taking into account the prevalence of carious cavities and the costs of errors in the decision-making. The lower the cavity prevalence and the higher the cost of overtreatment, the greater the extent of the radiographic lesion that should be used as criterion for restorative treatment. The results of radiographic examinations of carious lesions were found to be greatly influenced by information given to the examiners and by the opinions of other observers. Such an influence, if occurring in epidemiological investigations, may give misleading results. Different densities in radiographs of different groups of patients to be compared may also give rise to inaccurate results. Ways of minimizing the influence of observer variations are discussed.", "contents": "Radiographic caries diagnosis. A study of caries progression and observer performance. A detailed index and score system was employed in radiographic studies of the progression of proximal caries during a three and a six year interval after the termination of the regular school dental care. It was demonstrated that the score system offers advantages compared with systems for estimating caries progression only taking into account the number of new lesions, since the former also reveals progression of already existing lesions. Most of the new lesions being developed during a six year interval was found in the enamel. The progression of already existing carious lesions was slow. Fewer new lesions and a slower progression of already existing lesions were found with the increasing age of the patients. Wide variations between observers were found at radiographic examinations of extracted teeth. The influence of such variations on the results of epidemiological caries investigations was elucidated. The importance of minimizing the rate of false positive diagnoses in investigations comparing the caries prevalence between different groups of patients was demonstrated. Data from the dental literature were used to estimate the probabilities of clinical cavities at different extents of the radiographically registered carious lesions. These probabilities were lower, the lower the prevalence of cavities and the smaller the extent of the radiographic lesion. Receiver operating characteristic curves based on the extents of the radiographic carious lesions were employed in assessing optimal criteria for restorative treatment, taking into account the prevalence of carious cavities and the costs of errors in the decision-making. The lower the cavity prevalence and the higher the cost of overtreatment, the greater the extent of the radiographic lesion that should be used as criterion for restorative treatment. The results of radiographic examinations of carious lesions were found to be greatly influenced by information given to the examiners and by the opinions of other observers. Such an influence, if occurring in epidemiological investigations, may give misleading results. Different densities in radiographs of different groups of patients to be compared may also give rise to inaccurate results. Ways of minimizing the influence of observer variations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293058", "title": "[General problem of the satisfaction of complete prosthesis wearers].", "content": "The concept of satisfaction is discussed from a psychopathological viewpoint with reference to complete edentulousness or complete dentures. The authors are of the opinion that the evaluation of the results from treatment with complete dentures should allow for subjective and objective appreciations. It is suggested to classify the patients in foundedly satisfied, unfoundedly satisfied, foundedly dissatisfied, and unfoundedly dissatisfied. Suggestions for the treatment of the respective groups are deduced.", "contents": "[General problem of the satisfaction of complete prosthesis wearers]. The concept of satisfaction is discussed from a psychopathological viewpoint with reference to complete edentulousness or complete dentures. The authors are of the opinion that the evaluation of the results from treatment with complete dentures should allow for subjective and objective appreciations. It is suggested to classify the patients in foundedly satisfied, unfoundedly satisfied, foundedly dissatisfied, and unfoundedly dissatisfied. Suggestions for the treatment of the respective groups are deduced."}
{"id": "PMID:293061", "title": "[Further results of the Berlin morbidity study, 1972. 3. Visits to the dentist, oral hygiene and the periodontal condition].", "content": "There are relationships between the child's mode of visiting the dentist and the oral hygiene index of the adult, between the general educational level and the frequency of the visits to the dentist in adulthood, and between the regularity of dental care, the oral hygiene condition and the incidence of periodontal diseases. Regular care by one and the same dentist is without doubt beneficial to the patient.", "contents": "[Further results of the Berlin morbidity study, 1972. 3. Visits to the dentist, oral hygiene and the periodontal condition]. There are relationships between the child's mode of visiting the dentist and the oral hygiene index of the adult, between the general educational level and the frequency of the visits to the dentist in adulthood, and between the regularity of dental care, the oral hygiene condition and the incidence of periodontal diseases. Regular care by one and the same dentist is without doubt beneficial to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:293062", "title": "[Problems and aspects of the solution of the health education of schoolchildren in the lower grades in questions of oral hygiene].", "content": "It is dealt with the significance of the education about oral hygiene which must be started at preschool age, the repercussions of its neglect being illustrated by authoritative studies (e.g., those of K\u00fcnzel). The results obtained by questioning 107 pupils (aged between 8 and 10 years) and 33 dentists revealed the unsatisfactory state of information and education about oral hygiene. Furthermore, searching interviews of class-teachers showed that the existent opportunities of taking influence are not used or that their use is not effective enough. Ways of realization are presented in the form of suggestions referring not only to curricular and extra-curricular possibilities but also to aspects of the planning and management as well as of the instruction and continuing education of dentists and teachers.", "contents": "[Problems and aspects of the solution of the health education of schoolchildren in the lower grades in questions of oral hygiene]. It is dealt with the significance of the education about oral hygiene which must be started at preschool age, the repercussions of its neglect being illustrated by authoritative studies (e.g., those of K\u00fcnzel). The results obtained by questioning 107 pupils (aged between 8 and 10 years) and 33 dentists revealed the unsatisfactory state of information and education about oral hygiene. Furthermore, searching interviews of class-teachers showed that the existent opportunities of taking influence are not used or that their use is not effective enough. Ways of realization are presented in the form of suggestions referring not only to curricular and extra-curricular possibilities but also to aspects of the planning and management as well as of the instruction and continuing education of dentists and teachers."}
{"id": "PMID:293063", "title": "[Has the age of patients with bilateral cheilognathoplatoschisis at the time of palatoplasty an influence on maxillary size development?].", "content": "The author reports of the biometrical analysis of 91 models obtained from 9--16-year-old patients with bilateral cheilognathopalatoschisis who had undergone pedicle flap operation (without insertion of bone material) at ages 4--6 years. It was found that the time of operation had exerted no effect on the state of development of the maxillae at ages 9--16 years.", "contents": "[Has the age of patients with bilateral cheilognathoplatoschisis at the time of palatoplasty an influence on maxillary size development?]. The author reports of the biometrical analysis of 91 models obtained from 9--16-year-old patients with bilateral cheilognathopalatoschisis who had undergone pedicle flap operation (without insertion of bone material) at ages 4--6 years. It was found that the time of operation had exerted no effect on the state of development of the maxillae at ages 9--16 years."}
{"id": "PMID:293064", "title": "[Sialolithiasis].", "content": "Affections of the major salivary glands are relatively rare in stomatology; but according to the indications of several authors, the proportion of sialolithiasis to the total amount of affections of the salivary glands (ranging from 20.5 to 55.5%) is great. The concretions are, as a rule, located in the duct system of the submandibular gland where they may reach, circumstances permitting, considerable sizes. The author's own investigations evidence that these calculi have a partly regular, partly irregular shell-like structure around a non-calcified centre. Chemical analysis by means of X-ray diffractometry revealed hydroxyapatite varying in the degree of cristallinity as the major component. Precursors in the form of octacalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate have been disclosed. Salivary calculi must be removed (most frequently by surgical intervention) to avoid secondary diseases of the duct system of the respective gland.", "contents": "[Sialolithiasis]. Affections of the major salivary glands are relatively rare in stomatology; but according to the indications of several authors, the proportion of sialolithiasis to the total amount of affections of the salivary glands (ranging from 20.5 to 55.5%) is great. The concretions are, as a rule, located in the duct system of the submandibular gland where they may reach, circumstances permitting, considerable sizes. The author's own investigations evidence that these calculi have a partly regular, partly irregular shell-like structure around a non-calcified centre. Chemical analysis by means of X-ray diffractometry revealed hydroxyapatite varying in the degree of cristallinity as the major component. Precursors in the form of octacalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate have been disclosed. Salivary calculi must be removed (most frequently by surgical intervention) to avoid secondary diseases of the duct system of the respective gland."}
{"id": "PMID:293065", "title": "[Interpretation studies of intraoral roentgenograms by stomatology students].", "content": "Seven copies of intra-oral radiographs with typical informations were presented to 603 students for interpretation; of these, 547 were dental students of various years of study, and 56 (reference group) were medical students. It was found that the correct interpretation of radiographs depends upon the student's educational level as well as upon the degree of difficulty. From the results obtained, the authors draw conclusions as to the education of dental students in radiology, emphasis being on seminars in the interpretation of radiographs.", "contents": "[Interpretation studies of intraoral roentgenograms by stomatology students]. Seven copies of intra-oral radiographs with typical informations were presented to 603 students for interpretation; of these, 547 were dental students of various years of study, and 56 (reference group) were medical students. It was found that the correct interpretation of radiographs depends upon the student's educational level as well as upon the degree of difficulty. From the results obtained, the authors draw conclusions as to the education of dental students in radiology, emphasis being on seminars in the interpretation of radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:293066", "title": "[Application of scientific work organization to the design of the clinical stomatology work area].", "content": "The authors emphasize the necessity for the application of scientific work organization also in the stomatological-clinical working area. Apart from the treatment of aspects of the layout of the surgery, a survey of relevant items of equipment is given. The connexion of this equipment with an appropriate work organization is decisive to an advantageous sequence of operations.", "contents": "[Application of scientific work organization to the design of the clinical stomatology work area]. The authors emphasize the necessity for the application of scientific work organization also in the stomatological-clinical working area. Apart from the treatment of aspects of the layout of the surgery, a survey of relevant items of equipment is given. The connexion of this equipment with an appropriate work organization is decisive to an advantageous sequence of operations."}
{"id": "PMID:293067", "title": "[Etiology of dysgnathia].", "content": "As to the development of dysgnathias, a multifactorial system must be assumed, the analysis of single components being limited. These conditions are induced by several genes and various exogenous influences. Starting from these statements, the author considers the hereditary and the environmental factors as a dialectical unit, associates the implications of both groups of factors with typical forms of dysgnathias and draws conclusions as to the prognosis of \"mainly genetically\" and \"mainly environmentally\" induced dental and occlusal malpositions.", "contents": "[Etiology of dysgnathia]. As to the development of dysgnathias, a multifactorial system must be assumed, the analysis of single components being limited. These conditions are induced by several genes and various exogenous influences. Starting from these statements, the author considers the hereditary and the environmental factors as a dialectical unit, associates the implications of both groups of factors with typical forms of dysgnathias and draws conclusions as to the prognosis of \"mainly genetically\" and \"mainly environmentally\" induced dental and occlusal malpositions."}
{"id": "PMID:293068", "title": "[The efficiency of school clinics].", "content": "The efficiency of dental services provided at a school mobile unit may be superior to that of dental services received at a traditional paedodontic practice. This is demonstrated by the statistical analysis of data from 7 years. The results of dental treatments performed in school mobile units are compared with those given at paedodontic practices.", "contents": "[The efficiency of school clinics]. The efficiency of dental services provided at a school mobile unit may be superior to that of dental services received at a traditional paedodontic practice. This is demonstrated by the statistical analysis of data from 7 years. The results of dental treatments performed in school mobile units are compared with those given at paedodontic practices."}
{"id": "PMID:293069", "title": "[Dental examinations in 4 and 5 year old children from nurseries and institutions].", "content": "The authors compared the dental findings (caries frequency and conspicuous malocclusions) in 201 institutionalized children and 399 kindergarten children aged between 4 to 5 years. It is true that the proportion of primary healthy teeth was greater in the institutionalized children than in the kindergarten children, but the dentitions of the institutionalized children were more frequently in need of care. Furthermore, in institutionalized children malocclusion associated with finger-sucking was four times as frequent as in kindergarten children, which is attributed to the living conditions in the homes.", "contents": "[Dental examinations in 4 and 5 year old children from nurseries and institutions]. The authors compared the dental findings (caries frequency and conspicuous malocclusions) in 201 institutionalized children and 399 kindergarten children aged between 4 to 5 years. It is true that the proportion of primary healthy teeth was greater in the institutionalized children than in the kindergarten children, but the dentitions of the institutionalized children were more frequently in need of care. Furthermore, in institutionalized children malocclusion associated with finger-sucking was four times as frequent as in kindergarten children, which is attributed to the living conditions in the homes."}
{"id": "PMID:293070", "title": "[The use of composites for temporary crowns of juvenile permanent front teeth].", "content": "The authors report of good results obtained in the temporary crowning of juvenile anteriors with the restorative plastic \"Evicrol\". The employment of this method is recommended as particularly indicated for the crowning of lateral incisors following orthodontic space closure.", "contents": "[The use of composites for temporary crowns of juvenile permanent front teeth]. The authors report of good results obtained in the temporary crowning of juvenile anteriors with the restorative plastic \"Evicrol\". The employment of this method is recommended as particularly indicated for the crowning of lateral incisors following orthodontic space closure."}
{"id": "PMID:293071", "title": "[A contribution to the definition and differentiation of the concepts of prosthetic stomatitis, glossalgia and stomatodynia].", "content": "Due to differences in the aetiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, it is necessary to delimitate the clinic picture of stomatitis prothetica against the syndromes of glossalgia and stomatodynia.", "contents": "[A contribution to the definition and differentiation of the concepts of prosthetic stomatitis, glossalgia and stomatodynia]. Due to differences in the aetiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, it is necessary to delimitate the clinic picture of stomatitis prothetica against the syndromes of glossalgia and stomatodynia."}
{"id": "PMID:293072", "title": "[The use of sulfonamide containing drug combinations in pyogenic processes of the maxillofacial region].", "content": "Compound preparations containing trimethoprim and sulphonamide have been available in the pharmacies of the GDR since 1974. These are the preparations Berlocombin 200 (trimethoprim + sulphamerazine) and Sulprim 120 and 480 (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole) which are of great efficacy and have a broad spectrum of action. The mode of action, side-effects, dosage, commercial dosage forms and contraindications are described. Clinical tests have shown that a success-rate of 80.3% may be expected from treating pyogenic processes. Compound preparations of this kind might fill, at least in part, the gap caused by the increasing ineffectiveness of penicillin which is due to bacterial resistance.", "contents": "[The use of sulfonamide containing drug combinations in pyogenic processes of the maxillofacial region]. Compound preparations containing trimethoprim and sulphonamide have been available in the pharmacies of the GDR since 1974. These are the preparations Berlocombin 200 (trimethoprim + sulphamerazine) and Sulprim 120 and 480 (trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole) which are of great efficacy and have a broad spectrum of action. The mode of action, side-effects, dosage, commercial dosage forms and contraindications are described. Clinical tests have shown that a success-rate of 80.3% may be expected from treating pyogenic processes. Compound preparations of this kind might fill, at least in part, the gap caused by the increasing ineffectiveness of penicillin which is due to bacterial resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:293090", "title": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of transplantable mouse tumors].", "content": "The cytogenetic control of 17 mouse tumor cell strains from of the collection of the bank of the Centre for Oncology Research of the AMS USSR was made: 4 leukemias (L-5178Y, L-1210, L-1210 resistant to 6-mercaptopurine, P-388), 2 sarcomas (S-180, S-298), 8 carcinomas (Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, carcinoma 755,6-mercaptopurine resistant carcinoma 755, lung cancer LC-67, cervical cancer CC-2, cervical cancer CC-5, stomach cancer GC-5), 2 melanomas (B16, S91) and 1 plasmocytoma (MOPC 21). A comparison of their cytogenetic features allowed a conclusion to be drawn on the absence of any contamination among 14 strains of this collection. Carcinoma 755, sarcoma 298 and leukemia L-5178Y need some further examination for such inference to be valid.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of transplantable mouse tumors]. The cytogenetic control of 17 mouse tumor cell strains from of the collection of the bank of the Centre for Oncology Research of the AMS USSR was made: 4 leukemias (L-5178Y, L-1210, L-1210 resistant to 6-mercaptopurine, P-388), 2 sarcomas (S-180, S-298), 8 carcinomas (Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, carcinoma 755,6-mercaptopurine resistant carcinoma 755, lung cancer LC-67, cervical cancer CC-2, cervical cancer CC-5, stomach cancer GC-5), 2 melanomas (B16, S91) and 1 plasmocytoma (MOPC 21). A comparison of their cytogenetic features allowed a conclusion to be drawn on the absence of any contamination among 14 strains of this collection. Carcinoma 755, sarcoma 298 and leukemia L-5178Y need some further examination for such inference to be valid."}
{"id": "PMID:293091", "title": "[Copper and magnesium in the plasma and erythrocytes in leukemic patients].", "content": "Copper and magnesium in plasma and erythrocyte hemolysate were investigated of leucosis patients: acute and chronic (myelo-and lympholeucosis) in an active stage. In all patients, elevated average values of copper in plasma were established as compared with the controls (p greater than 0.05), being the highest in patients with lympholeucosis. Copper in erythrocyte hemolysate was not elevated in all three kinds of leucosis as compared with the controls (p greater than 0.05). Plasma magnesium was elevated in the patients with acute leucosis and chronic lympholeucosis, whereas in erythrocyte hemolysate, magnesium values were elevated in all three kinds of leucosis (p less than 0.05). The elevation of copper in plasma is associated with the malignant process and the elevation of magnesium in erythrocytes -- with a changed erythrocyte metabolism in leucosis patients.", "contents": "[Copper and magnesium in the plasma and erythrocytes in leukemic patients]. Copper and magnesium in plasma and erythrocyte hemolysate were investigated of leucosis patients: acute and chronic (myelo-and lympholeucosis) in an active stage. In all patients, elevated average values of copper in plasma were established as compared with the controls (p greater than 0.05), being the highest in patients with lympholeucosis. Copper in erythrocyte hemolysate was not elevated in all three kinds of leucosis as compared with the controls (p greater than 0.05). Plasma magnesium was elevated in the patients with acute leucosis and chronic lympholeucosis, whereas in erythrocyte hemolysate, magnesium values were elevated in all three kinds of leucosis (p less than 0.05). The elevation of copper in plasma is associated with the malignant process and the elevation of magnesium in erythrocytes -- with a changed erythrocyte metabolism in leucosis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:293096", "title": "[Sleep problems of the aging (author's transl)].", "content": "Sleep problems of the aging differ from adolescents clinicaly as well as in their EEG-pattern. They can be purely functional (exogenous or reactiv) however are frequently influenced by changes in the aging organism. Most common are cardio-vascular and pulmonary problems. The treatment of sleep disorders has to emphasize the improvement of these problems so that functional sleep difficulties can be treated successfully. It has to be recognized that elderly people can react paradoxically or overreact to all psychotropic agents including hypnotics.", "contents": "[Sleep problems of the aging (author's transl)]. Sleep problems of the aging differ from adolescents clinicaly as well as in their EEG-pattern. They can be purely functional (exogenous or reactiv) however are frequently influenced by changes in the aging organism. Most common are cardio-vascular and pulmonary problems. The treatment of sleep disorders has to emphasize the improvement of these problems so that functional sleep difficulties can be treated successfully. It has to be recognized that elderly people can react paradoxically or overreact to all psychotropic agents including hypnotics."}
{"id": "PMID:293097", "title": "[Treatment modalities in sleep disorder--neurophysiological introduction and behavior modification (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurophysiological studies have yielded new insights into sleep disorders. Neurophysiological processes play a major roll in sleep disorders in children. Learning theory can be used for the explanation and treatment of sleeping disorders.", "contents": "[Treatment modalities in sleep disorder--neurophysiological introduction and behavior modification (author's transl)]. Neurophysiological studies have yielded new insights into sleep disorders. Neurophysiological processes play a major roll in sleep disorders in children. Learning theory can be used for the explanation and treatment of sleeping disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:293098", "title": "[Problems with hypnotic drug abuse and its therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Barbiturate dependence leads to serious withdrawel symptoms requiring first hospitalisation and later intensive outpatient treatment. This treatment can be supported with neuroleptic and anti depressant drug therapy. Adequate supportive aftercare is essential for a successful treatment of drugdependence.", "contents": "[Problems with hypnotic drug abuse and its therapy (author's transl)]. Barbiturate dependence leads to serious withdrawel symptoms requiring first hospitalisation and later intensive outpatient treatment. This treatment can be supported with neuroleptic and anti depressant drug therapy. Adequate supportive aftercare is essential for a successful treatment of drugdependence."}
{"id": "PMID:293099", "title": "[Acute mature myelocytic leukemia as a form of the myeloproliferative syndrome].", "content": "On the basis of five observations of adult patients with the clinical feature of mature cellular leukaemia which proved to be therapy-refractory and which was characterized by a rapid course is referred to the necessity of the differentiation of such cases from the classical myeloic leukaemia. The cardinal symptoms of this type of disease, which probably is identified with the cases described in literature as atypical chronic myelosis, as paraneutrophil leukaemia or as acute myelofibrosis, and also shows common features with the juvenile chronic myelosis, are, apart from the mature cellular differential blood picture a short life expectancy (less than 1 year), an initial thrombocytopenia, a normal or increased activity of the alkaline granulocyte phosphatase, the lack of Ph1-chromosome as well as the bad therapeutic reaction to busulfan. The observation of the simultaneously existing fibroses of the bone marrow as well as of the final increase of immature blasts induced the classification of the clinical picture as a special form of the myeloproliferative syndrome.", "contents": "[Acute mature myelocytic leukemia as a form of the myeloproliferative syndrome]. On the basis of five observations of adult patients with the clinical feature of mature cellular leukaemia which proved to be therapy-refractory and which was characterized by a rapid course is referred to the necessity of the differentiation of such cases from the classical myeloic leukaemia. The cardinal symptoms of this type of disease, which probably is identified with the cases described in literature as atypical chronic myelosis, as paraneutrophil leukaemia or as acute myelofibrosis, and also shows common features with the juvenile chronic myelosis, are, apart from the mature cellular differential blood picture a short life expectancy (less than 1 year), an initial thrombocytopenia, a normal or increased activity of the alkaline granulocyte phosphatase, the lack of Ph1-chromosome as well as the bad therapeutic reaction to busulfan. The observation of the simultaneously existing fibroses of the bone marrow as well as of the final increase of immature blasts induced the classification of the clinical picture as a special form of the myeloproliferative syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:293100", "title": "[Isolated cardiac tumor metastasis of an osteogenic sarcoma in the heart; a case report on diagnosis and control of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of an isolated metastatic tumor of the heart from a primary osteogenic sarcoma as well as its presentation and control under therapy by investigations of nuclear medicine are reported. Both the intravital diagnosis of an isolated metastatic tumor of the heart from an osteogenic sarcoma and the presentation of a heart tumor by bone scanning are not described to this day.", "contents": "[Isolated cardiac tumor metastasis of an osteogenic sarcoma in the heart; a case report on diagnosis and control of treatment (author's transl)]. The case of an isolated metastatic tumor of the heart from a primary osteogenic sarcoma as well as its presentation and control under therapy by investigations of nuclear medicine are reported. Both the intravital diagnosis of an isolated metastatic tumor of the heart from an osteogenic sarcoma and the presentation of a heart tumor by bone scanning are not described to this day."}
{"id": "PMID:293105", "title": "Observations on family planning acceptors in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The continuation contraceptive practise of 3,293 I.U.D., 1985 pill and 749 depo-provera acceptors was analysed by a survey of family planning records. The proportions of grand multiporae were 40.3%, 24.2% and 40.4% in the three groups. Pap smears were taken in from 12 to 38.5% of acceptors and the proportions of pathological smears varied from 8.9 to 13.3%. The percentages of acceptors who attended only once more were 11% (I.U.D.), 18.1% (pill) and 25.1% (d-p.), Pregnancy rates were for the I.U.D., 1.7 per Hundred Woman Years, for the 2.1 per H.W.Y. and for d-p, 0.4, per H.W.Y. Temporary interruptions of the contraceptive methods were common with the pill and d-p. In the long run the I.U.D. is superior to the other temporary methods of contraceptives. Continuation rates with the I.U.D. were 89.9% after one year and 70.9% after five years (similar rates for the pill were 55% and 16.5% and for d-p 50.5% and 10.3%). The importance of a proper pelvic examination and the need to have all methods available for any individual receiving contraceptives are emphasized in the discussion. Tubal ligations should always be considered as an alternative to the temporary methods of contraceptives in ground multiporae and others at special risk from further pregnancies.", "contents": "Observations on family planning acceptors in Papua New Guinea. The continuation contraceptive practise of 3,293 I.U.D., 1985 pill and 749 depo-provera acceptors was analysed by a survey of family planning records. The proportions of grand multiporae were 40.3%, 24.2% and 40.4% in the three groups. Pap smears were taken in from 12 to 38.5% of acceptors and the proportions of pathological smears varied from 8.9 to 13.3%. The percentages of acceptors who attended only once more were 11% (I.U.D.), 18.1% (pill) and 25.1% (d-p.), Pregnancy rates were for the I.U.D., 1.7 per Hundred Woman Years, for the 2.1 per H.W.Y. and for d-p, 0.4, per H.W.Y. Temporary interruptions of the contraceptive methods were common with the pill and d-p. In the long run the I.U.D. is superior to the other temporary methods of contraceptives. Continuation rates with the I.U.D. were 89.9% after one year and 70.9% after five years (similar rates for the pill were 55% and 16.5% and for d-p 50.5% and 10.3%). The importance of a proper pelvic examination and the need to have all methods available for any individual receiving contraceptives are emphasized in the discussion. Tubal ligations should always be considered as an alternative to the temporary methods of contraceptives in ground multiporae and others at special risk from further pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:293106", "title": "The clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The typical patient with diabetes mellitus seen at major hospitals in Papua New Guinea between 1974 and 1977 had florid symptoms, a very high blood glucose, was non-obese and non-ketotic and, frequently had neuropathy and proteinuria. In 25% hypertension was present which was significantly more common in the presence of proteinuria. Diagnosis was often delayed by failure to test urine for glucose and treatment was usually ineffective so that coma, usually non-ketotic, severe infections and gangrene occurred frequently. Although not as common as in other South Pacific countries, diabetes is increasing in Papua New Guinea. The provision of simple adequate facilities to test urine for glucose in all hospitals and the establishment of diabetic out-patient clinics in major centres to instruct both patients and other health workers are essential to improve treatment and reduce mortality and morbidity.", "contents": "The clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus in Papua New Guinea. The typical patient with diabetes mellitus seen at major hospitals in Papua New Guinea between 1974 and 1977 had florid symptoms, a very high blood glucose, was non-obese and non-ketotic and, frequently had neuropathy and proteinuria. In 25% hypertension was present which was significantly more common in the presence of proteinuria. Diagnosis was often delayed by failure to test urine for glucose and treatment was usually ineffective so that coma, usually non-ketotic, severe infections and gangrene occurred frequently. Although not as common as in other South Pacific countries, diabetes is increasing in Papua New Guinea. The provision of simple adequate facilities to test urine for glucose in all hospitals and the establishment of diabetic out-patient clinics in major centres to instruct both patients and other health workers are essential to improve treatment and reduce mortality and morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:293109", "title": "Experience in the treatment of diabetes at Port Moresby General Hospital.", "content": "Dietary restriction of refined carbohydrate with regular meals and exercise, preventative foot care, and often daily inulin injections will reduce the mortality and morbidity from diabetes in Papua New Guinea. It is necessary to explain to both the diabetic and their family practical means of treatment including urine tests for glucose. Regular follow up is essential and the establishment of diabetic clinics in major centres would provide the best means of achieving this.", "contents": "Experience in the treatment of diabetes at Port Moresby General Hospital. Dietary restriction of refined carbohydrate with regular meals and exercise, preventative foot care, and often daily inulin injections will reduce the mortality and morbidity from diabetes in Papua New Guinea. It is necessary to explain to both the diabetic and their family practical means of treatment including urine tests for glucose. Regular follow up is essential and the establishment of diabetic clinics in major centres would provide the best means of achieving this."}
{"id": "PMID:293118", "title": "Fluid motion in the mammalian organ of Corti. A possible source of the second filter.", "content": "A mechanical analysis of the functioning of the mammalian organ of Corti as deduced from experimental observations and electronmicroscopic studies of the organ has been conducted. It was found that the arch of Corti is responsible for initiating a fluid motion in the spiral sulcus and reticular lamina which could stimulate the inner hair cells. A three-dimensional linear mathematical model with no arbitrary parameters is proposed to describe the force acting on the inner hair cell cilia as a function of arch displacement. Analysis of the model results show that the model (a) correctly predicts the form of the neural response for a low frequency square wave of arch motion, (b) demonstrates a physiologically reasonable time constant of 245 musec, (c) shows a sharpening of neural stimulation of physiological importance, (d) can explain the qualitative difference of neural responses to arch motions of opposite polarity, (e) demonstrates a phase difference between outer and inner hair cell stimulation, and (f) appears to be chemically and metabolically vulnerable.", "contents": "Fluid motion in the mammalian organ of Corti. A possible source of the second filter. A mechanical analysis of the functioning of the mammalian organ of Corti as deduced from experimental observations and electronmicroscopic studies of the organ has been conducted. It was found that the arch of Corti is responsible for initiating a fluid motion in the spiral sulcus and reticular lamina which could stimulate the inner hair cells. A three-dimensional linear mathematical model with no arbitrary parameters is proposed to describe the force acting on the inner hair cell cilia as a function of arch displacement. Analysis of the model results show that the model (a) correctly predicts the form of the neural response for a low frequency square wave of arch motion, (b) demonstrates a physiologically reasonable time constant of 245 musec, (c) shows a sharpening of neural stimulation of physiological importance, (d) can explain the qualitative difference of neural responses to arch motions of opposite polarity, (e) demonstrates a phase difference between outer and inner hair cell stimulation, and (f) appears to be chemically and metabolically vulnerable."}
{"id": "PMID:293120", "title": "Altered sleep/wake patterns and circadian rhythms. Laboratory and field studies of sympathoadrenomedullary and related variables.", "content": "Six studies on sleep/wake patterns and circadian rhythms were carried out. In summary: (1) Adrenaline excretion, self-rated activation, and body temperature rhythms persisted during sleep deprivation, resisted adjustment to rotating shift work, but adjusted rather well to permanent night work. Noradrenaline adjusted to most schedules and lost its rhythm during sleep deprivation. When night sleep was reintroduced the noradrenaline rhythm reappeared while the existing adrenaline rhythm was accentuated. (2) Exposure to a performance stressor at the trough raised adrenaline to daytime levels. An equally large response was seen at the peak. (3) Interindividual day-to-day consistency of 3 and 24 hour levels was high for both catecholamines. Intraindividual consistency of the 24-hour pattern was high for adrenaline but low for noradrenaline. Cosine estimates of adrenaline phase showed a considerable intraindividual consistency while interindividual consistency was poor. Noradrenaline had poor cosine fit. (4) Sleep deprivation did not change catecholamine excretion either during the vigil or during recovery sleep. (5) It was concluded that adrenaline excretion, rated alertness, and body temperature exhibited self-sustained circadian rhythms which made adjustment to new sleep/wake patterns very difficult, and that the noradrenaline excretion rhythm depended on exogenous factors.", "contents": "Altered sleep/wake patterns and circadian rhythms. Laboratory and field studies of sympathoadrenomedullary and related variables. Six studies on sleep/wake patterns and circadian rhythms were carried out. In summary: (1) Adrenaline excretion, self-rated activation, and body temperature rhythms persisted during sleep deprivation, resisted adjustment to rotating shift work, but adjusted rather well to permanent night work. Noradrenaline adjusted to most schedules and lost its rhythm during sleep deprivation. When night sleep was reintroduced the noradrenaline rhythm reappeared while the existing adrenaline rhythm was accentuated. (2) Exposure to a performance stressor at the trough raised adrenaline to daytime levels. An equally large response was seen at the peak. (3) Interindividual day-to-day consistency of 3 and 24 hour levels was high for both catecholamines. Intraindividual consistency of the 24-hour pattern was high for adrenaline but low for noradrenaline. Cosine estimates of adrenaline phase showed a considerable intraindividual consistency while interindividual consistency was poor. Noradrenaline had poor cosine fit. (4) Sleep deprivation did not change catecholamine excretion either during the vigil or during recovery sleep. (5) It was concluded that adrenaline excretion, rated alertness, and body temperature exhibited self-sustained circadian rhythms which made adjustment to new sleep/wake patterns very difficult, and that the noradrenaline excretion rhythm depended on exogenous factors."}
{"id": "PMID:293126", "title": "A hypodiploid clone and its duplicate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Examination of the bone marrow of a 63-year-old man who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia revealed a population of cells with 32 chromosomes and another population with 64 chromosomes, the karyotypical exact duplicate of the first clone. The karyotypic evolution was studied and the findings compared with those described in two similar cases previously reported. It is postulated that severe hypodiploidy is associated with reduced capability of cellular survival, promoting a strong tendency for duplication.", "contents": "A hypodiploid clone and its duplicate in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Examination of the bone marrow of a 63-year-old man who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia revealed a population of cells with 32 chromosomes and another population with 64 chromosomes, the karyotypical exact duplicate of the first clone. The karyotypic evolution was studied and the findings compared with those described in two similar cases previously reported. It is postulated that severe hypodiploidy is associated with reduced capability of cellular survival, promoting a strong tendency for duplication."}
{"id": "PMID:293127", "title": "Tn-polyagglutinability associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "A case of Tn polyagglutinability in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia is described. This represents the third report in which Tn polyagglutination has been associated with a leukemic state. Serologic recognition of Tn polyagglutination and probable causes are discussed. Known cases of Tn-polyagglutinability are reviewed.", "contents": "Tn-polyagglutinability associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. A case of Tn polyagglutinability in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia is described. This represents the third report in which Tn polyagglutination has been associated with a leukemic state. Serologic recognition of Tn polyagglutination and probable causes are discussed. Known cases of Tn-polyagglutinability are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:293128", "title": "A maximum likelihood map of chromosome 1.", "content": "Thirteen loci are mapped on chromosome 1 from genetic evidence. The maximum likelihood map presented permits confirmation that Scianna (SC) and a fourteenth locus, phenylketonuria (PKU), are on chromosome 1, although the location of the latter on the PGM1-AMY segment is uncertain. Eight other controversial genetic assignments are rejected, providing a practical demonstration of the resolution which maximum likelihood theory brings to mapping.", "contents": "A maximum likelihood map of chromosome 1. Thirteen loci are mapped on chromosome 1 from genetic evidence. The maximum likelihood map presented permits confirmation that Scianna (SC) and a fourteenth locus, phenylketonuria (PKU), are on chromosome 1, although the location of the latter on the PGM1-AMY segment is uncertain. Eight other controversial genetic assignments are rejected, providing a practical demonstration of the resolution which maximum likelihood theory brings to mapping."}
{"id": "PMID:293129", "title": "The frequency of private electrophoretic variants in Australian aborigines and indirect estimates of mutation rate.", "content": "The number of \"private\" electrophoretic variants of enzymes controlled by 25 loci has been used to obtain estimates of mutation rate in Australian Aborigines. Three different methods yield values of 6.11 X 10(-6), 2.78 X 10(-6), and 12.86 X 10(-6)/locus per generation for the total sample of Aborigines. One tribal population of Waljbiri in central Australia gives values of 2.99 X 10(-6) and 2.04 X 10(-6) for two of the methods, the third being unapplicable. The mean mutation rate for the total Aboriginal sample of 7.25 X 10(-6) is very similar to the value obtained by Neel and his colleagues for Amerindians in South America.", "contents": "The frequency of private electrophoretic variants in Australian aborigines and indirect estimates of mutation rate. The number of \"private\" electrophoretic variants of enzymes controlled by 25 loci has been used to obtain estimates of mutation rate in Australian Aborigines. Three different methods yield values of 6.11 X 10(-6), 2.78 X 10(-6), and 12.86 X 10(-6)/locus per generation for the total sample of Aborigines. One tribal population of Waljbiri in central Australia gives values of 2.99 X 10(-6) and 2.04 X 10(-6) for two of the methods, the third being unapplicable. The mean mutation rate for the total Aboriginal sample of 7.25 X 10(-6) is very similar to the value obtained by Neel and his colleagues for Amerindians in South America."}
{"id": "PMID:293130", "title": "A gene for hypospadias in a child with presumed tetrasomy 18p.", "content": "The proband and his elder brother had intrauterine growth retardation, hypospadias, cryptorchism, a high palate, distally placed axial triradii, and a functional and maturational CNS defect that improved with age and included the inability to suck, severe swallowing difficulties, and frequent vomiting. Their hypospadias is due to an autosomal dominant gene. The proband also had a small extra metacentric chromosome presumed to be an isochromosome 18p.", "contents": "A gene for hypospadias in a child with presumed tetrasomy 18p. The proband and his elder brother had intrauterine growth retardation, hypospadias, cryptorchism, a high palate, distally placed axial triradii, and a functional and maturational CNS defect that improved with age and included the inability to suck, severe swallowing difficulties, and frequent vomiting. Their hypospadias is due to an autosomal dominant gene. The proband also had a small extra metacentric chromosome presumed to be an isochromosome 18p."}
{"id": "PMID:293131", "title": "Deletion mapping: further evidence for the location of acid phosphatase (ACP1) within 2p23.", "content": "The human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) locus was assigned to region 2p23 leads to 2pter by Ferguson-Smith et al [3], more specifically to 2p23 by Hamerton et al [5]. We describe two unrelated patients with deletion of chromosome 2, with similar breakpoints in the distal portion of band p23 (del(2) (p23)). ACP1 typing in both patients revealed heterozygous BA phenotypes. Thus, we assign the locus for ACP1 to the distal portion of 2p23.", "contents": "Deletion mapping: further evidence for the location of acid phosphatase (ACP1) within 2p23. The human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1) locus was assigned to region 2p23 leads to 2pter by Ferguson-Smith et al [3], more specifically to 2p23 by Hamerton et al [5]. We describe two unrelated patients with deletion of chromosome 2, with similar breakpoints in the distal portion of band p23 (del(2) (p23)). ACP1 typing in both patients revealed heterozygous BA phenotypes. Thus, we assign the locus for ACP1 to the distal portion of 2p23."}
{"id": "PMID:293132", "title": "Mandibular asymmetry and its relation to pain dysfunction.", "content": "Fifty-three subjects were examined for mandibular asymmetry using measurements from submental-vertex and frontal cephalograms. All subjects displayed malocclusions and were examined for sensitivity of the muscles of mastication to palpation. The amount of pretreatment pain to muscle palpation was then correlated to the degree of asymmetry found. No statistically significant correlation was shown between mandibular asymmetry and muscle sensitivity. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: 1. There was no correlation between the amount of mandibular morphologic asymmetry and the amount of facial pain elicited from muscle palpation. 2. In the sample used, asymmetry seemed to be the rule rather than the exception. 3. The clinician needs to be aware of asymmetry in all three planes of space in order to plan his occlusal treatment in advance and prepare patients for possible compromise. 4. Class II molar and canine relationships may be more difficult to correct on the patient's right side than on his left, provided there is no compensation from glenoid fossa position or the maxillary dentition.", "contents": "Mandibular asymmetry and its relation to pain dysfunction. Fifty-three subjects were examined for mandibular asymmetry using measurements from submental-vertex and frontal cephalograms. All subjects displayed malocclusions and were examined for sensitivity of the muscles of mastication to palpation. The amount of pretreatment pain to muscle palpation was then correlated to the degree of asymmetry found. No statistically significant correlation was shown between mandibular asymmetry and muscle sensitivity. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: 1. There was no correlation between the amount of mandibular morphologic asymmetry and the amount of facial pain elicited from muscle palpation. 2. In the sample used, asymmetry seemed to be the rule rather than the exception. 3. The clinician needs to be aware of asymmetry in all three planes of space in order to plan his occlusal treatment in advance and prepare patients for possible compromise. 4. Class II molar and canine relationships may be more difficult to correct on the patient's right side than on his left, provided there is no compensation from glenoid fossa position or the maxillary dentition."}
{"id": "PMID:293141", "title": "Delata-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation.", "content": "Fifteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral and smoked delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic. Each patient served as his or her own control. Fourteen of 15 patients had a reduction in nausea and vomiting on THC as compared to placebo. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the number of vomiting and retching episodes, degree of nausea, duration of nausea, and volume of emesis (P less than 0.001). There was a 72% incidence of nausea and vomiting on placebo. When plasma THC concentrations measured less than 5.0 ng/mL, 5.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and greater than 10.0 ng/mL, the incidences of nausea and vomiting were 44%, 21%, and 6%, respectively. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol appears to have significant antiemetic properties when compared with placebo in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate.", "contents": "Delata-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high-dose methotrexate. A prospective, randomized evaluation. Fifteen patients with osteogenic sarcoma receiving high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral and smoked delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic. Each patient served as his or her own control. Fourteen of 15 patients had a reduction in nausea and vomiting on THC as compared to placebo. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the number of vomiting and retching episodes, degree of nausea, duration of nausea, and volume of emesis (P less than 0.001). There was a 72% incidence of nausea and vomiting on placebo. When plasma THC concentrations measured less than 5.0 ng/mL, 5.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, and greater than 10.0 ng/mL, the incidences of nausea and vomiting were 44%, 21%, and 6%, respectively. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol appears to have significant antiemetic properties when compared with placebo in patients receiving high-dose methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:293145", "title": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the heart.", "content": "The clinical course of a 17-year-old boy with primary osteogenic sarcoma of the left atrium with partial obstruction of the mitral valve and the right pulmonary veins is described. After operative removal of the tumor, echocardiography documented its rapid recurrence. Despite two subsequent open-heart operations and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient died twenty-one months after the initial symptoms. Previous reports of such tumors are reviewed, and technical difficulties of removal are discussed.", "contents": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the heart. The clinical course of a 17-year-old boy with primary osteogenic sarcoma of the left atrium with partial obstruction of the mitral valve and the right pulmonary veins is described. After operative removal of the tumor, echocardiography documented its rapid recurrence. Despite two subsequent open-heart operations and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient died twenty-one months after the initial symptoms. Previous reports of such tumors are reviewed, and technical difficulties of removal are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293162", "title": "Haematological investigation of a multiple case leucosis herd.", "content": "Adult cattle in a Queensland dairy herd with a history of deaths from lymphosarcoma were sampled regularly over a 4 year period for the identification of animals with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). Twenty-one of 94 animals that were sampled at least 6 times had PL. At the initial sampling 27% of the animals had lymphocytosis. Culling of haematologically positive animals in the first 18 months of the investigation reduced this to 5.3%, but cessation of the culling programme resulted in a gradual increase in the percentage of animals with lymphocytosis. Four deaths from lymphosarcoma occurred in adult animals, but only in the first 18 months of the investigation. Two of these animals had lymphocytosis and two lymphoblastic leukaemia. The calf of one of the latter cows developed lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma by the time it was 6 months of age. Although histological evidence of lymphosarcoma was lacking in a number of clinically normal animals with lymphocytosis, haematological investigation identified a group of animals within the herd that may develop lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Haematological investigation of a multiple case leucosis herd. Adult cattle in a Queensland dairy herd with a history of deaths from lymphosarcoma were sampled regularly over a 4 year period for the identification of animals with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). Twenty-one of 94 animals that were sampled at least 6 times had PL. At the initial sampling 27% of the animals had lymphocytosis. Culling of haematologically positive animals in the first 18 months of the investigation reduced this to 5.3%, but cessation of the culling programme resulted in a gradual increase in the percentage of animals with lymphocytosis. Four deaths from lymphosarcoma occurred in adult animals, but only in the first 18 months of the investigation. Two of these animals had lymphocytosis and two lymphoblastic leukaemia. The calf of one of the latter cows developed lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma by the time it was 6 months of age. Although histological evidence of lymphosarcoma was lacking in a number of clinically normal animals with lymphocytosis, haematological investigation identified a group of animals within the herd that may develop lymphosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:293163", "title": "Fetal heart rate monitoring during ambulant labour using a modified adult radiotelemetry system.", "content": "A commercially available adult radiotelemetry system has been adapted successfully to allow continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during labour in ambulant patients. The modifications necessary to the adult equipment and its routine use in a large maternity unit are described. High quality recordings were obtained from 90% of the patients studied, with minimal inconvenience to the patient. The telemetry system combined the benefits of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring with those of ambulation during labour, decreasing the patient anxiety often associated with visible fetal monitoring.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate monitoring during ambulant labour using a modified adult radiotelemetry system. A commercially available adult radiotelemetry system has been adapted successfully to allow continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during labour in ambulant patients. The modifications necessary to the adult equipment and its routine use in a large maternity unit are described. High quality recordings were obtained from 90% of the patients studied, with minimal inconvenience to the patient. The telemetry system combined the benefits of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring with those of ambulation during labour, decreasing the patient anxiety often associated with visible fetal monitoring."}
{"id": "PMID:293164", "title": "Kielland-Barton-Laufe (K.B.L.) forceps with Luikart modification in the management of transverse and posterior positions of the fetal head.", "content": "Disadvantages of Kielland and Barton forceps are described. A trial of K.B.L. forceps was undertaken in transverse and posterior positions of the fetal head. It was concluded that these forceps are easier to apply than Kielland forceps. Rotation of the head is easier, and they are the equal of Kiellands as tractors, with the advantage of causing less marking of the fetal head than either Kielland or Barton forceps.", "contents": "Kielland-Barton-Laufe (K.B.L.) forceps with Luikart modification in the management of transverse and posterior positions of the fetal head. Disadvantages of Kielland and Barton forceps are described. A trial of K.B.L. forceps was undertaken in transverse and posterior positions of the fetal head. It was concluded that these forceps are easier to apply than Kielland forceps. Rotation of the head is easier, and they are the equal of Kiellands as tractors, with the advantage of causing less marking of the fetal head than either Kielland or Barton forceps."}
{"id": "PMID:293165", "title": "Control chart for urinary oestriol excretion during pregnancy.", "content": "Calculations to define the distribution of normal urinary oestriol excretion values during pregnancy are presented. The values had a normal distribution, uniform variance and increased linearly with time after logarithmic conversion. The variance could, therefore, be partitioned and a control chart constructed.", "contents": "Control chart for urinary oestriol excretion during pregnancy. Calculations to define the distribution of normal urinary oestriol excretion values during pregnancy are presented. The values had a normal distribution, uniform variance and increased linearly with time after logarithmic conversion. The variance could, therefore, be partitioned and a control chart constructed."}
{"id": "PMID:293166", "title": "Placental sulphatase deficiency with spontaneous labour.", "content": "A case of placental sulphatase deficiency with spontaneous labour is reported. Ultrasound and antenatal cardiotocography were used to monitor fetal well-being.", "contents": "Placental sulphatase deficiency with spontaneous labour. A case of placental sulphatase deficiency with spontaneous labour is reported. Ultrasound and antenatal cardiotocography were used to monitor fetal well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:293167", "title": "Integrated concentrations of prolactin in breast-feeding mothers.", "content": "Mean 24-hour integrated concentrations of serum prolactin (PRL) in 8 breast-feeding mothers (62 +/- 10.4 microgram/l) was significantly higher than in 4 control subjects (14.8 +/- 3.3 microgram/l). No correlation was found between the mean integrated concentrations and time after delivery or breast-feeding status. There was no relationship between the mean integrated concentration of PRL or the basal PRL and the frequency of feedings, the total suckling time, the mean interval between feedings or the longest interval between feedings in the 24-hour period. The study provides conclusive evidence for increased prolactin secretion in long-term puerperal lactation.", "contents": "Integrated concentrations of prolactin in breast-feeding mothers. Mean 24-hour integrated concentrations of serum prolactin (PRL) in 8 breast-feeding mothers (62 +/- 10.4 microgram/l) was significantly higher than in 4 control subjects (14.8 +/- 3.3 microgram/l). No correlation was found between the mean integrated concentrations and time after delivery or breast-feeding status. There was no relationship between the mean integrated concentration of PRL or the basal PRL and the frequency of feedings, the total suckling time, the mean interval between feedings or the longest interval between feedings in the 24-hour period. The study provides conclusive evidence for increased prolactin secretion in long-term puerperal lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:293168", "title": "A comparison of obstetric morbidity and management between clinic and private patients.", "content": "The patterns of morbidity and management among clinic and private patients in a teaching hospital were compared by an audit of computerized case records. The clinic patients were more likely to have a poor obstetric history and antenatal complications, and the private patients were managed more actively. Perinatal mortality in the clinic patients was higher and was related to the higher frequency of low birth weight babies.", "contents": "A comparison of obstetric morbidity and management between clinic and private patients. The patterns of morbidity and management among clinic and private patients in a teaching hospital were compared by an audit of computerized case records. The clinic patients were more likely to have a poor obstetric history and antenatal complications, and the private patients were managed more actively. Perinatal mortality in the clinic patients was higher and was related to the higher frequency of low birth weight babies."}
{"id": "PMID:293169", "title": "The effect of maternal smoking on neonatal leucocytes.", "content": "Results are presented showing an association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with a reduction in the numbers of circulating neutrophils in their infants. It is postulated that such infants may be more susceptible to infection.", "contents": "The effect of maternal smoking on neonatal leucocytes. Results are presented showing an association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with a reduction in the numbers of circulating neutrophils in their infants. It is postulated that such infants may be more susceptible to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:293170", "title": "An evaluation of the counselling given to patients having a therapeutic abortion.", "content": "The results of a questionnaire evaluating patient's reactions to counselling for their therapeutic abortion are reported. Most considered that counselling was necessary and that it provided support throughout the abortion process. The counselling appeared to relieve anxiety for many patients, but seemed to be less effective for patients who were not of European origin.", "contents": "An evaluation of the counselling given to patients having a therapeutic abortion. The results of a questionnaire evaluating patient's reactions to counselling for their therapeutic abortion are reported. Most considered that counselling was necessary and that it provided support throughout the abortion process. The counselling appeared to relieve anxiety for many patients, but seemed to be less effective for patients who were not of European origin."}
{"id": "PMID:293171", "title": "A transvesical approach to stress incontinence.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with urinary incontinence were carefully investigated; only 12 were selected as suitable for operation. In each case the surgical approach was transvesical, as this most rapidly and accurately identified the urethrovesical junction. The outcome was completely successful in 9 of the 12 patients in this highly selective series at the time of review 12 months later.", "contents": "A transvesical approach to stress incontinence. Seventy-three patients with urinary incontinence were carefully investigated; only 12 were selected as suitable for operation. In each case the surgical approach was transvesical, as this most rapidly and accurately identified the urethrovesical junction. The outcome was completely successful in 9 of the 12 patients in this highly selective series at the time of review 12 months later."}
{"id": "PMID:293174", "title": "Maternal deprivation: can its ghost be laid?", "content": "The hypothesis that separation from an established mother figure in early childhood has a detrimental effect on a child's later mental health has been widely promulgated and commonly accepted both in academic and lay circles throughout the Western world. The hypothesis continues to have a significant effect on mothers' decision as to whether they should resume work or not, and on governmental policy concerning the provision of child-care facilities for the children of those mothers who do. The evidence for the hypothesis is reviewed and it is concluded that it does not satisfy the requirements of scientific methodology. The theory that a child's attachment to its mother figure is the emotional basis for its future love relationships, group affiliations and loyalty to the state, is now being accorded similar acceptance without further evidence than that supporting the original hypothesis.", "contents": "Maternal deprivation: can its ghost be laid? The hypothesis that separation from an established mother figure in early childhood has a detrimental effect on a child's later mental health has been widely promulgated and commonly accepted both in academic and lay circles throughout the Western world. The hypothesis continues to have a significant effect on mothers' decision as to whether they should resume work or not, and on governmental policy concerning the provision of child-care facilities for the children of those mothers who do. The evidence for the hypothesis is reviewed and it is concluded that it does not satisfy the requirements of scientific methodology. The theory that a child's attachment to its mother figure is the emotional basis for its future love relationships, group affiliations and loyalty to the state, is now being accorded similar acceptance without further evidence than that supporting the original hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:293176", "title": "Parental characteristics of Jews and Greeks in Australia.", "content": "A controlled study was conducted in Sydney to assess the reported characteristics of Jewish and Greek parents. Using a measure of fundamental parental characteristics the 81 Jewish subjects differed from controls only in scoring their mothers as less caring. The 125 Greek subjects scored both parents as more overprotective; further investigation revealed that the Greek parents were overprotective of their daughters only. Findings in the latter study suggest that overprotection by Greek parents may be influenced slightly by the age of the child when migrating, and that such a cultural pattern is resistant to acculturation effects.", "contents": "Parental characteristics of Jews and Greeks in Australia. A controlled study was conducted in Sydney to assess the reported characteristics of Jewish and Greek parents. Using a measure of fundamental parental characteristics the 81 Jewish subjects differed from controls only in scoring their mothers as less caring. The 125 Greek subjects scored both parents as more overprotective; further investigation revealed that the Greek parents were overprotective of their daughters only. Findings in the latter study suggest that overprotection by Greek parents may be influenced slightly by the age of the child when migrating, and that such a cultural pattern is resistant to acculturation effects."}
{"id": "PMID:293177", "title": "The influences of social class and sex on sustained attention (vigilance) and motor inhibition in children.", "content": "A sample of 220 normal pre-school and primary school children was tested by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a test of sustained attention (vigilance), the Draw-a-Line Slowly test (DALS), a test of motor inhibition and two sub-tests of the latter test. Significant social class associations were found for the CPT and DALS tests, but were not present for DALO and DALF (measures of speed in drawing a line). Sex differences were not found for the CPT test or for DALS, but the boys completed the DALO and DALF tests faster than the girls suggesting superior motor activity and co-ordination.", "contents": "The influences of social class and sex on sustained attention (vigilance) and motor inhibition in children. A sample of 220 normal pre-school and primary school children was tested by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), a test of sustained attention (vigilance), the Draw-a-Line Slowly test (DALS), a test of motor inhibition and two sub-tests of the latter test. Significant social class associations were found for the CPT and DALS tests, but were not present for DALO and DALF (measures of speed in drawing a line). Sex differences were not found for the CPT test or for DALS, but the boys completed the DALO and DALF tests faster than the girls suggesting superior motor activity and co-ordination."}
{"id": "PMID:293178", "title": "Family intervention for beginners: a rationale for a brief problem-oriented approach in child and family psychiatry.", "content": "Many therapists in Community Health Centers work with children and families but lack training and experience in resolving child/family problems. Inexperienced therapists often find the family therapy models described in the literature too complex. This paper desccribes a simplified view of family survival functions and a related problem-oriented intervention technique evolved for the training and supervision of community health workers.", "contents": "Family intervention for beginners: a rationale for a brief problem-oriented approach in child and family psychiatry. Many therapists in Community Health Centers work with children and families but lack training and experience in resolving child/family problems. Inexperienced therapists often find the family therapy models described in the literature too complex. This paper desccribes a simplified view of family survival functions and a related problem-oriented intervention technique evolved for the training and supervision of community health workers."}
{"id": "PMID:293179", "title": "The attraction of opposites--an object-relations understanding of family interaction over three generations.", "content": "Severely dysfunctional families who manifest diametrically opposed, but complementary characteristics in the marital partners and in their children can be understood and treated in terms of Fairbairn's object-relations theory and the concept of ego-splitting. A family history is presented where these problems can be traced through three generations--both maternal and paternal sets of grandparents, parents and finally the children, boy and girl twins. Therapy was initially family-based and directed at helping the parents remove their projections and foci of differences from their children onto themselves. Later the marital dyad was treated intensively looking at the whole marital relationship, the collusions to maintain the splitting and finally enabling each partner to accept the split-off part of himself as belonging to himself instead of being projected onto his partner.", "contents": "The attraction of opposites--an object-relations understanding of family interaction over three generations. Severely dysfunctional families who manifest diametrically opposed, but complementary characteristics in the marital partners and in their children can be understood and treated in terms of Fairbairn's object-relations theory and the concept of ego-splitting. A family history is presented where these problems can be traced through three generations--both maternal and paternal sets of grandparents, parents and finally the children, boy and girl twins. Therapy was initially family-based and directed at helping the parents remove their projections and foci of differences from their children onto themselves. Later the marital dyad was treated intensively looking at the whole marital relationship, the collusions to maintain the splitting and finally enabling each partner to accept the split-off part of himself as belonging to himself instead of being projected onto his partner."}
{"id": "PMID:293180", "title": "Depression in childhood. 1: Clinical correlates of depressed children admitted for treatment to a residential program.", "content": "Ninety-three children with a diagnosis of depression were admitted to a residential children's unit over a six-year period. Background and clinical data were analysed in order to identify correlates associated with the disorder and to examine the concept of 'depressive equivalents'. The results indicated that parental loss, particularly loss of father, through death or desertion, psychiatric illness in the parents and stressful events in early childhood were important concomitants of the disorder. The study also supported the current literature on 'depressive equivalents' and their expression in childhood.", "contents": "Depression in childhood. 1: Clinical correlates of depressed children admitted for treatment to a residential program. Ninety-three children with a diagnosis of depression were admitted to a residential children's unit over a six-year period. Background and clinical data were analysed in order to identify correlates associated with the disorder and to examine the concept of 'depressive equivalents'. The results indicated that parental loss, particularly loss of father, through death or desertion, psychiatric illness in the parents and stressful events in early childhood were important concomitants of the disorder. The study also supported the current literature on 'depressive equivalents' and their expression in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:293181", "title": "The treatment of an obsessive-compulsive girl in the context of Malaysian Chinese culture.", "content": "The case history, treatment and follow-up of a thirteen-year-old girl with obsessive-compulsive neurosis of six months duration are reported. Results show that behaviour modification techniques were effective though a second course of treatment was required. Her illness and its treatment by behaviour therapy in relation to the Malaysian Chinese culture is discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of an obsessive-compulsive girl in the context of Malaysian Chinese culture. The case history, treatment and follow-up of a thirteen-year-old girl with obsessive-compulsive neurosis of six months duration are reported. Results show that behaviour modification techniques were effective though a second course of treatment was required. Her illness and its treatment by behaviour therapy in relation to the Malaysian Chinese culture is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293182", "title": "Reported parental characteristics in relation to trait depression and anxiety levels in a non-clinical group.", "content": "Care and overprotection appear to reflect the principal dimensions underlying parental behaviours and attitudes. In previous studies of neurotically depressed patients and of a non-clinical group, subjects who scored their parents as lacking in care and/or overprotective had the greater depressive experience. The present study of another non-clinical group (289 psychology students) replicated those findings in regard to trait depression levels. In addition, associations between those parental dimensions and trait anxiety scores were demonstrated. Multiple regression analyses established that 9-10% of the variance in mood scores was accounted for by scores on those parental dimensions. Low maternal care scores predicted higher levels of both anxiety and depression, while high maternal overprotection scores predicted higher levels of anxiety but not levels of depression. Maternal influences were clearly of greater relevance than paternal influences.", "contents": "Reported parental characteristics in relation to trait depression and anxiety levels in a non-clinical group. Care and overprotection appear to reflect the principal dimensions underlying parental behaviours and attitudes. In previous studies of neurotically depressed patients and of a non-clinical group, subjects who scored their parents as lacking in care and/or overprotective had the greater depressive experience. The present study of another non-clinical group (289 psychology students) replicated those findings in regard to trait depression levels. In addition, associations between those parental dimensions and trait anxiety scores were demonstrated. Multiple regression analyses established that 9-10% of the variance in mood scores was accounted for by scores on those parental dimensions. Low maternal care scores predicted higher levels of both anxiety and depression, while high maternal overprotection scores predicted higher levels of anxiety but not levels of depression. Maternal influences were clearly of greater relevance than paternal influences."}
{"id": "PMID:293198", "title": "[Osmotic fragility in subfractions of leucocytes in hematological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Leucocytes of normal persons and patients with acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were separated into subfractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. Osmotic resistance was examined in hypotonic NaCl solutions with decreasing concentration and by determining LDH activity in the supernatant. Suspensions of myelocytes, polymorphnuclear granulocytes, and lymphocytes of normal persons and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia demonstrated the same osmotic resistance. Only myeloblasts were osmotically less fragile, and tumor cells of non-Hodgkin lymphoma more fragile.", "contents": "[Osmotic fragility in subfractions of leucocytes in hematological diseases (author's transl)]. Leucocytes of normal persons and patients with acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were separated into subfractions by centrifugation in discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. Osmotic resistance was examined in hypotonic NaCl solutions with decreasing concentration and by determining LDH activity in the supernatant. Suspensions of myelocytes, polymorphnuclear granulocytes, and lymphocytes of normal persons and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia demonstrated the same osmotic resistance. Only myeloblasts were osmotically less fragile, and tumor cells of non-Hodgkin lymphoma more fragile."}
{"id": "PMID:293220", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the nuclear matrix in Friend erythroleukemia cells: chromatin and hnRNA interactions with the nuclear matrix.", "content": "Nuclear matrices from undifferentiated and differentiated Friend erythroleukemia cells have been obtained by a method which removes DNA in a physiological buffer. These matrices preserved the characteristic topographical distribution of condensed and diffuse \"chromatin\" regions, as do nuclei in situ or isolated nuclei. Histone H1 was released from the nuclear matrix of undifferentiated cells by 0.3 M KCl; inner core histones were released by 1 M KCl. Nuclear matrix from differentiated cells did not maintain H1, and histone cores were fully released in 0.7 M KCl. KCl removed the core histones as an octameric structure with no evidence of preferential release of any single histone. Electron microscopy of KCl-treated matrix revealed no condensed regions but rather a network of fibrils in the whole DNA-depleted nuclei. When nuclear matrices from both types of cell were exposed to conditions of very low ionic strength, inner core histones and condensed regions remained. These observations support the contention that inner core histones are bound to matrix through natural ionic bonds or saline-labile elements, and that these interactions are implicated in chromatin condensation. hnRNA remained undegraded and tenaciously associated to the matrix fibrils, and was released only by chemical means which, by breaking hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds, produced matrix lysis. Very few nonhistone proteins were released upon complete digestion of DNA from either type of nuclei. The remaining nonhistone proteins represent a large number of species of which the majority may be matrix components. The molecular architecture in both condensed and diffuse regions of interphase nuclei appears to be constructed of two distinct kinds of fibers; the thicker chromatin fibers are interwoven with the thinner matrix fibers. The latter are formed by a heteropolymer of many different proteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the nuclear matrix in Friend erythroleukemia cells: chromatin and hnRNA interactions with the nuclear matrix. Nuclear matrices from undifferentiated and differentiated Friend erythroleukemia cells have been obtained by a method which removes DNA in a physiological buffer. These matrices preserved the characteristic topographical distribution of condensed and diffuse \"chromatin\" regions, as do nuclei in situ or isolated nuclei. Histone H1 was released from the nuclear matrix of undifferentiated cells by 0.3 M KCl; inner core histones were released by 1 M KCl. Nuclear matrix from differentiated cells did not maintain H1, and histone cores were fully released in 0.7 M KCl. KCl removed the core histones as an octameric structure with no evidence of preferential release of any single histone. Electron microscopy of KCl-treated matrix revealed no condensed regions but rather a network of fibrils in the whole DNA-depleted nuclei. When nuclear matrices from both types of cell were exposed to conditions of very low ionic strength, inner core histones and condensed regions remained. These observations support the contention that inner core histones are bound to matrix through natural ionic bonds or saline-labile elements, and that these interactions are implicated in chromatin condensation. hnRNA remained undegraded and tenaciously associated to the matrix fibrils, and was released only by chemical means which, by breaking hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds, produced matrix lysis. Very few nonhistone proteins were released upon complete digestion of DNA from either type of nuclei. The remaining nonhistone proteins represent a large number of species of which the majority may be matrix components. The molecular architecture in both condensed and diffuse regions of interphase nuclei appears to be constructed of two distinct kinds of fibers; the thicker chromatin fibers are interwoven with the thinner matrix fibers. The latter are formed by a heteropolymer of many different proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:293221", "title": "Cross-linking of proteins in nuclei and DNA-depleted nuclei from Friend erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Reversible cross-linking of proteins in nuclei and DNA-depleted nuclei from Friend erythroleukemia cells was used as a probe to determine whether the protein structure was preserved following treatment with DNAase I. Interactions between histones were analyzed through cross-linking with 2-iminothiolane or dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate. No alterations in the interactions between intranucleosomal histone proteins resulted from digestion of the nuclear DNA. There was, however, a diminished extent of cross-linking of histone H1 to itself and to the intranucleosomal histones in DNA-depleted nuclei. The interactions of a group of nonhistone proteins with histone H3 could be monitored by cross-linking through the formation of disulfide bonds caused by oxidation of nuclei with H2O2. These interactions were not markedly affected by treatment of the nuclei with DNAase I. However, differences were observed in the extent of cross-linking of some of these proteins when cross-linking in nuclei from undifferentiated cells was compared to that in nuclei from cells which had been induced to differentiate with dimethylsulfoxide.", "contents": "Cross-linking of proteins in nuclei and DNA-depleted nuclei from Friend erythroleukemia cells. Reversible cross-linking of proteins in nuclei and DNA-depleted nuclei from Friend erythroleukemia cells was used as a probe to determine whether the protein structure was preserved following treatment with DNAase I. Interactions between histones were analyzed through cross-linking with 2-iminothiolane or dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate. No alterations in the interactions between intranucleosomal histone proteins resulted from digestion of the nuclear DNA. There was, however, a diminished extent of cross-linking of histone H1 to itself and to the intranucleosomal histones in DNA-depleted nuclei. The interactions of a group of nonhistone proteins with histone H3 could be monitored by cross-linking through the formation of disulfide bonds caused by oxidation of nuclei with H2O2. These interactions were not markedly affected by treatment of the nuclei with DNAase I. However, differences were observed in the extent of cross-linking of some of these proteins when cross-linking in nuclei from undifferentiated cells was compared to that in nuclei from cells which had been induced to differentiate with dimethylsulfoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:293229", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand VII. Report on 42 species of calliphorid flies, including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Calliphoridae).", "content": "The calliphorid flies collected from different localities in Thailand were examined to study their medical importance as well as to study from the zoogeographical standpoint of view. Fourty-two species of 15 genera, Bengalia, Caliphora, Catapicephala, Chrysomya, Hemipyrellia, Hypopygiopsis, Lucilia, Melinda, Onesia, Phumosia, Pollenia, Polleniopsis, Tainanina, Tricycleopsis and Verticia belonging to both the subfamilies Calliphorinae and Chrysomyinae were found in Thailand. Many species are newly recorded from this country. The little known species, which are redescribed in detail with the illustration of the male genitalia and female ovipositors, and the key, which is revised to the genera and species, are also presented in this paper.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand VII. Report on 42 species of calliphorid flies, including the taxonomic keys (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The calliphorid flies collected from different localities in Thailand were examined to study their medical importance as well as to study from the zoogeographical standpoint of view. Fourty-two species of 15 genera, Bengalia, Caliphora, Catapicephala, Chrysomya, Hemipyrellia, Hypopygiopsis, Lucilia, Melinda, Onesia, Phumosia, Pollenia, Polleniopsis, Tainanina, Tricycleopsis and Verticia belonging to both the subfamilies Calliphorinae and Chrysomyinae were found in Thailand. Many species are newly recorded from this country. The little known species, which are redescribed in detail with the illustration of the male genitalia and female ovipositors, and the key, which is revised to the genera and species, are also presented in this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:293230", "title": "Growth of condylar, epiphyseal and spheno-occipital synchrondrosal cartilages cultured on medium BGJ.", "content": "The purpose of this experiment was to examine the growth of condylar, epiphyseal, and spheno-occipital synchrondrosal cartilages cultured on medium BGJ. Materials from 12 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on this medium with the addition of 0, 10, or 20% fetal calf serum. Epiphyseal cartilages cultured with the addition of 20% fetal calf serum showed slightly better maintenance of in situ state, though little morphological changes were observed during 7 days. Spheno-occipital synchondrosal cartilages cultured with the addition of 10% or 20% fetal calf serum were histologically relatively similar to in situ state than those cultured without fetal calf serum, but no growth in length and width of these cartilages was observed. On the other hand, cultured condylar cartilages showed the least maintenance of histological and histochemical features. It was assumed that medium BGJ was not a recommendable medium for the organ culture of condylar cartilage.", "contents": "Growth of condylar, epiphyseal and spheno-occipital synchrondrosal cartilages cultured on medium BGJ. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the growth of condylar, epiphyseal, and spheno-occipital synchrondrosal cartilages cultured on medium BGJ. Materials from 12 neonatal rabbits were cultured for 7 days on this medium with the addition of 0, 10, or 20% fetal calf serum. Epiphyseal cartilages cultured with the addition of 20% fetal calf serum showed slightly better maintenance of in situ state, though little morphological changes were observed during 7 days. Spheno-occipital synchondrosal cartilages cultured with the addition of 10% or 20% fetal calf serum were histologically relatively similar to in situ state than those cultured without fetal calf serum, but no growth in length and width of these cartilages was observed. On the other hand, cultured condylar cartilages showed the least maintenance of histological and histochemical features. It was assumed that medium BGJ was not a recommendable medium for the organ culture of condylar cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:293231", "title": "Evaluation of cytological examination by aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis in childhood.", "content": "To evaluate the diagnostic value of cytological study of the goiter in pediatric practice, percutaneous aspiration biopsies were performed on 22 patients. In 13 of 14 patients whose physical and serological examinations suggested chronic thyroiditis, abundant lymphoid cells including germinoblasts and germinocytes were observed in the smeared preparation of aspirated materials. A few degenerated follicular epithelial cells, reticuloendothelial cells, and plasma cells were also occasionally seen. No fibrous clements were observed. In 5 of 8 patients with simple goiter, only a few intact follicular epithelial cells were seen. The procedure was simple, well tolerated by the patients, and there were no complications. Based on these results, it was concluded that percutaneous aspiration biopsy may be one of the useful methods for the diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis in childhood.", "contents": "Evaluation of cytological examination by aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis in childhood. To evaluate the diagnostic value of cytological study of the goiter in pediatric practice, percutaneous aspiration biopsies were performed on 22 patients. In 13 of 14 patients whose physical and serological examinations suggested chronic thyroiditis, abundant lymphoid cells including germinoblasts and germinocytes were observed in the smeared preparation of aspirated materials. A few degenerated follicular epithelial cells, reticuloendothelial cells, and plasma cells were also occasionally seen. No fibrous clements were observed. In 5 of 8 patients with simple goiter, only a few intact follicular epithelial cells were seen. The procedure was simple, well tolerated by the patients, and there were no complications. Based on these results, it was concluded that percutaneous aspiration biopsy may be one of the useful methods for the diagnosis of chronic thyroiditis in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:293232", "title": "Prognosis after metastases in osteosarcoma.", "content": "Data from 106 patients with osteosarcoma who developed metastases during treatment were analyzed for prognostic factors for postmetastic survival time. Patients diagnosed in 1971 or later received more intensive chemotherapy and had significantly longer postmetastatic survival time than those diagnosed in 1970 or earlier (P = 0.002). Patients whose metastasis occurred 13 or more months after diagnosis had signicantly longer postmetastatic survival time than those whose metastasis occurred during the first 12 months after diagnosis (P = 0.005). Life-table regression analysis revealed an interaction between \"year of diagnosis\" and \"months to metastasis\" which provided a postmetastatic survival advantage for those having metastasis after diagnosis over metastasis at diagnosis for patients diagnosed in 1971 or later but not for those diagnosed in 1970 or earlier (P = 0.093).", "contents": "Prognosis after metastases in osteosarcoma. Data from 106 patients with osteosarcoma who developed metastases during treatment were analyzed for prognostic factors for postmetastic survival time. Patients diagnosed in 1971 or later received more intensive chemotherapy and had significantly longer postmetastatic survival time than those diagnosed in 1970 or earlier (P = 0.002). Patients whose metastasis occurred 13 or more months after diagnosis had signicantly longer postmetastatic survival time than those whose metastasis occurred during the first 12 months after diagnosis (P = 0.005). Life-table regression analysis revealed an interaction between \"year of diagnosis\" and \"months to metastasis\" which provided a postmetastatic survival advantage for those having metastasis after diagnosis over metastasis at diagnosis for patients diagnosed in 1971 or later but not for those diagnosed in 1970 or earlier (P = 0.093)."}
{"id": "PMID:293233", "title": "Fanconi's anemia: terminal leukemia and \"Forme fruste\" in one family.", "content": "Two adult sisters are described. One with a full clinical, hematological and cytogenetic picture of Fanconi's anemia died of monocytic leukemia. The other woman has several malformations and clinical signs which are found in Fanconi's anemia, but does not show any hematological disorder or sign of bone marrow insufficiency. Cytogenetic findings in this case are comparable to those typical cases with Fanconi's anemia. This case is therefore considered to represent a \"forme fruste\" of Fanconi's anemia.", "contents": "Fanconi's anemia: terminal leukemia and \"Forme fruste\" in one family. Two adult sisters are described. One with a full clinical, hematological and cytogenetic picture of Fanconi's anemia died of monocytic leukemia. The other woman has several malformations and clinical signs which are found in Fanconi's anemia, but does not show any hematological disorder or sign of bone marrow insufficiency. Cytogenetic findings in this case are comparable to those typical cases with Fanconi's anemia. This case is therefore considered to represent a \"forme fruste\" of Fanconi's anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:293234", "title": "Interstitial deletion 13q33 resulting from maternal insertional translocation.", "content": "A 32-month-old female with a unique interstitial deletion of 13q is presented, including cytogenetic and gene marker studies. The deleted 13 in the patient is a result of malsegregation of a maternal insertional translocation involving chromosomes 7 and 13, 46,XX,ins(7;13)(q22;q32q34). The demonstration of two esterase D alleles in this patient excludes band 13q33 as the site of the ESD locus, previously assigned to the distal long arm of chromosome 13. The BUdR dye studies reveal that the replicative pattern for 13q31 and 13q21 is not altered by deletion of 13q33 and permit precise delineation of the breakpoints of the rearrangement.", "contents": "Interstitial deletion 13q33 resulting from maternal insertional translocation. A 32-month-old female with a unique interstitial deletion of 13q is presented, including cytogenetic and gene marker studies. The deleted 13 in the patient is a result of malsegregation of a maternal insertional translocation involving chromosomes 7 and 13, 46,XX,ins(7;13)(q22;q32q34). The demonstration of two esterase D alleles in this patient excludes band 13q33 as the site of the ESD locus, previously assigned to the distal long arm of chromosome 13. The BUdR dye studies reveal that the replicative pattern for 13q31 and 13q21 is not altered by deletion of 13q33 and permit precise delineation of the breakpoints of the rearrangement."}
{"id": "PMID:293235", "title": "Toothbrushing in Finland.", "content": "Oral hygiene behavior was surveyed in June 1971 by interviews with a sample comprising 1063 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over. The interview revealed that the frequency of brushing as reported by dentulous interviewees was distributed as follows: less than once a day (32%), once a day (25%) and more than once a day (43%). Six percent of the interviewees stated that they did not brush their teeth. Most commonly the brushing was performed either as the last thing before retiring for the night (67%) or immediately after waking up in the morning (47%). There was a strong positive correlation between high socioeconomic status and high frequency of toothbrushing. Freshening of the breath and mouth was the most common (55%) reason for brushing the teeth and forgetfulness was the most frequent reason for neglecting it (56%). The investigation showed tha the dental health behavior of the Finnish people with respect to brushing of the teeth has much room for improvement.", "contents": "Toothbrushing in Finland. Oral hygiene behavior was surveyed in June 1971 by interviews with a sample comprising 1063 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 years and over. The interview revealed that the frequency of brushing as reported by dentulous interviewees was distributed as follows: less than once a day (32%), once a day (25%) and more than once a day (43%). Six percent of the interviewees stated that they did not brush their teeth. Most commonly the brushing was performed either as the last thing before retiring for the night (67%) or immediately after waking up in the morning (47%). There was a strong positive correlation between high socioeconomic status and high frequency of toothbrushing. Freshening of the breath and mouth was the most common (55%) reason for brushing the teeth and forgetfulness was the most frequent reason for neglecting it (56%). The investigation showed tha the dental health behavior of the Finnish people with respect to brushing of the teeth has much room for improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:293236", "title": "Relationship between dental knowledge and tooth cleaning behavior.", "content": "A study was carried out to determine whether knowledge about dental health is related to dental behavior in a group of patients who have a positive attitude towards their dental health. Recall patients attending a clinic for periodontal care were asked to fill in a questionnaire to assess: 1) attitudes and beliefs, and 2) dental knowledge and reported behavior. They were then examined to assess their gingival health and plaque control (actual behavior). 161 patients were seen in Social Classes 1-3. Responses to the attitudinal questions indicated that approximately 80% of the patients had positive attitudes. Patients were grouped (1-5) according to Gingival Index scores (range 0.13-1.83). None of the attitudinal concepts tested were associated with the lower GI groupings. Correct knowledge about gingival disease and reported higher frequency of cleaning did not show correlation with the lower GI groupings. No significant relationship could be determined between positive attitudes and knowledge levels as predictors of gingival health.", "contents": "Relationship between dental knowledge and tooth cleaning behavior. A study was carried out to determine whether knowledge about dental health is related to dental behavior in a group of patients who have a positive attitude towards their dental health. Recall patients attending a clinic for periodontal care were asked to fill in a questionnaire to assess: 1) attitudes and beliefs, and 2) dental knowledge and reported behavior. They were then examined to assess their gingival health and plaque control (actual behavior). 161 patients were seen in Social Classes 1-3. Responses to the attitudinal questions indicated that approximately 80% of the patients had positive attitudes. Patients were grouped (1-5) according to Gingival Index scores (range 0.13-1.83). None of the attitudinal concepts tested were associated with the lower GI groupings. Correct knowledge about gingival disease and reported higher frequency of cleaning did not show correlation with the lower GI groupings. No significant relationship could be determined between positive attitudes and knowledge levels as predictors of gingival health."}
{"id": "PMID:293237", "title": "Assessment of the readability of dental health education literature.", "content": "General dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education material. Unfortunately, this written information is often of limited value for particular groups of patients because of its level of readability. This investigation of the problem was in two parts; firstly, a group of 140 secondary schoolchildren were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words in common use in dental health education, and secondly, the readability of some current dental health education literature was assessed using the Fog Index. The results indicate that current dental health education literature reflects the reading ability of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. Many of the words in the dental profession's preventive vocabulary were not understood by the children. Over 80% were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. The results of this investigation indicate that dentists should ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and should take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology.", "contents": "Assessment of the readability of dental health education literature. General dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education material. Unfortunately, this written information is often of limited value for particular groups of patients because of its level of readability. This investigation of the problem was in two parts; firstly, a group of 140 secondary schoolchildren were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words in common use in dental health education, and secondly, the readability of some current dental health education literature was assessed using the Fog Index. The results indicate that current dental health education literature reflects the reading ability of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. Many of the words in the dental profession's preventive vocabulary were not understood by the children. Over 80% were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. The results of this investigation indicate that dentists should ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and should take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology."}
{"id": "PMID:293238", "title": "Dietary pattern of Finnish children with low high caries experience.", "content": "The correlations between dietary patterns and caries were studied in a series consisting of 534, 5-, 9- and 13-year-old Finnish rural children from low-fluoride areas (0.10-0.46 parts/10(6)). The food consumption of the children was assessed by the 24-hour recall method. The consumption of sweets was estimated by the dietary history method. Caries was diagnosed by clinical inspection. Children with a low and children with a high caries experience were compared with regard to food and nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal. The intakes of most foods and nutrients were similar in the low-caries and in the high-caries groups. However, the diet of the high-caries groups of 5- and 13-year-olds contained less iron, thiamine and ascorbic acid than the diet of the low-caries groups. The intake of sugar and sugar-containing products per unit of energy was higher in the high-caries groups. This was true for soft drinks in particular. Among the 9-year-olds the proportion of sugar consumed as such was greater in the high-caries than in the low-caries children. With regard to the total monthly consumption of sweets no significant differences were observed between the high- and low-caries groups. Analysis of the energy-standardized consumption of food and nutrients thus showed that the relative proportion of sugar and sugar-containing products was somewhat greater in the diet of the high-caries children than in the diet of the low-caries children, but not as high as could be expected. These products replaced foods with a higher nutritive value with the result that the diet of the high-caries groups was on the whole more refined than the diet of the low-caries groups.", "contents": "Dietary pattern of Finnish children with low high caries experience. The correlations between dietary patterns and caries were studied in a series consisting of 534, 5-, 9- and 13-year-old Finnish rural children from low-fluoride areas (0.10-0.46 parts/10(6)). The food consumption of the children was assessed by the 24-hour recall method. The consumption of sweets was estimated by the dietary history method. Caries was diagnosed by clinical inspection. Children with a low and children with a high caries experience were compared with regard to food and nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal. The intakes of most foods and nutrients were similar in the low-caries and in the high-caries groups. However, the diet of the high-caries groups of 5- and 13-year-olds contained less iron, thiamine and ascorbic acid than the diet of the low-caries groups. The intake of sugar and sugar-containing products per unit of energy was higher in the high-caries groups. This was true for soft drinks in particular. Among the 9-year-olds the proportion of sugar consumed as such was greater in the high-caries than in the low-caries children. With regard to the total monthly consumption of sweets no significant differences were observed between the high- and low-caries groups. Analysis of the energy-standardized consumption of food and nutrients thus showed that the relative proportion of sugar and sugar-containing products was somewhat greater in the diet of the high-caries children than in the diet of the low-caries children, but not as high as could be expected. These products replaced foods with a higher nutritive value with the result that the diet of the high-caries groups was on the whole more refined than the diet of the low-caries groups."}
{"id": "PMID:293239", "title": "Caries incidence in 7-9-year-old children after fissure sealing and topical fluoride therapy in Finland.", "content": "A total of 1345 elementary schoolchildren from grades 1-3 (aged 7-9 years) were examined and treated by community health center dentists during 1975-1977. The combined effect of fissure sealing and topical fluoride therapy with 2% NaF gel resulted over the 2 years in an increase in the proportion of caries-free permanent first molars from 50% to 81% in the 1st grade. The mean DMFS scored from the same teeth decreased from 2.8 to 0.8. In the age group born in 1968 the increment of new carious surfaces was 0.28 DFS/year with sealing and 1.13 DFS/year without.", "contents": "Caries incidence in 7-9-year-old children after fissure sealing and topical fluoride therapy in Finland. A total of 1345 elementary schoolchildren from grades 1-3 (aged 7-9 years) were examined and treated by community health center dentists during 1975-1977. The combined effect of fissure sealing and topical fluoride therapy with 2% NaF gel resulted over the 2 years in an increase in the proportion of caries-free permanent first molars from 50% to 81% in the 1st grade. The mean DMFS scored from the same teeth decreased from 2.8 to 0.8. In the age group born in 1968 the increment of new carious surfaces was 0.28 DFS/year with sealing and 1.13 DFS/year without."}
{"id": "PMID:293240", "title": "Value of bitewing radiographs in detection of occlusal caries.", "content": "A system of diagnosing occlusal caries from bitewing radiographs was developed in an attempt to overcome the problems of clinical diagnosis found in other studies. Standardised bitewing radiographs for 1172 Berkshire schoolchildren aged 11-13 years who were participating in a toothpaste trial, were assessed for occlusal caries under uniform magnification and illumination. The radiographic scores were then compared with the clinical records for these subjects. The radiographic technique proved to be acceptably reproducible at 82.6%. However, only 33.2% of the lesions present were detected on the radiographs. It is concluded that bitewing radiographs for the detection of occlusal caries are of little value in epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Value of bitewing radiographs in detection of occlusal caries. A system of diagnosing occlusal caries from bitewing radiographs was developed in an attempt to overcome the problems of clinical diagnosis found in other studies. Standardised bitewing radiographs for 1172 Berkshire schoolchildren aged 11-13 years who were participating in a toothpaste trial, were assessed for occlusal caries under uniform magnification and illumination. The radiographic scores were then compared with the clinical records for these subjects. The radiographic technique proved to be acceptably reproducible at 82.6%. However, only 33.2% of the lesions present were detected on the radiographs. It is concluded that bitewing radiographs for the detection of occlusal caries are of little value in epidemiological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:293241", "title": "Oral health of Rhodesia African first year student teachers.", "content": "A basic oral health survey was carried out on a random sample of first year African student teachers attending four teachers' colleges in Rhodesia. The number examined and interviewed was 309. Methods and criteria used are those described in the second (1977) edition of the World Health Organization manual Oral health surveys - Basic methods. Prevalences of dental caries were 31.0% for the 142 male students and 59.5% for the 167 female students. The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Mean DMFTs were 0.74 for men and 2.02 for women. The prevalences of \"intense gingivitis\" were 52.8% for male students and 34.7% for female students. This difference also is significant (P less than 0.005). The major treatment requirements are for one-surface fillings and prophylaxis with oral hygiene instruction. Dental service utilization is low. Less than 10% of the sample had obtained dental care in the previous 12 months. The main reason for seeking care was pain. Self-assessments of oral health needs were not valid. The stated desire for fillings is greater than for extractions. A need has been demonstrated for dental health education aimed at the prevention of disease and the encouragement, use and demand for quality care services.", "contents": "Oral health of Rhodesia African first year student teachers. A basic oral health survey was carried out on a random sample of first year African student teachers attending four teachers' colleges in Rhodesia. The number examined and interviewed was 309. Methods and criteria used are those described in the second (1977) edition of the World Health Organization manual Oral health surveys - Basic methods. Prevalences of dental caries were 31.0% for the 142 male students and 59.5% for the 167 female students. The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Mean DMFTs were 0.74 for men and 2.02 for women. The prevalences of \"intense gingivitis\" were 52.8% for male students and 34.7% for female students. This difference also is significant (P less than 0.005). The major treatment requirements are for one-surface fillings and prophylaxis with oral hygiene instruction. Dental service utilization is low. Less than 10% of the sample had obtained dental care in the previous 12 months. The main reason for seeking care was pain. Self-assessments of oral health needs were not valid. The stated desire for fillings is greater than for extractions. A need has been demonstrated for dental health education aimed at the prevention of disease and the encouragement, use and demand for quality care services."}
{"id": "PMID:293242", "title": "Characteristics and experiences of women with and without full dentures in a city of the Netherlands.", "content": "A combined dental and sociological study was completed in Leeuwarden in 1976. Approximately 600 children filled in a questionnaire and were dentally examined. Their mothers were also interviewed. 536 mothers took part in the study; of these, 45% had full dentures and only 33% still had a normal dentition. These two groups of mothers have been compared in this article. There was very little difference between the mean ages of the two groups, but a considerable difference in education, family income and the husband's occupation. Women with full dentures used to visit the dentist less frequently when young. There also was a slightly more sceptica- attitude as to possible preservation of teeth among those who did not succeed in keeping their natural teeth. A description of some of the characteristics and the experiences of the two groups, those with and those without dentures, has also been included. The group of women with full dentures were rather satisfied about their dental state although even a part of this group still have problems with their dentures. The group of women still having natural teeth were fairly optimistic about the state of their teeth and their expectancy of the need for dental care in the future.", "contents": "Characteristics and experiences of women with and without full dentures in a city of the Netherlands. A combined dental and sociological study was completed in Leeuwarden in 1976. Approximately 600 children filled in a questionnaire and were dentally examined. Their mothers were also interviewed. 536 mothers took part in the study; of these, 45% had full dentures and only 33% still had a normal dentition. These two groups of mothers have been compared in this article. There was very little difference between the mean ages of the two groups, but a considerable difference in education, family income and the husband's occupation. Women with full dentures used to visit the dentist less frequently when young. There also was a slightly more sceptica- attitude as to possible preservation of teeth among those who did not succeed in keeping their natural teeth. A description of some of the characteristics and the experiences of the two groups, those with and those without dentures, has also been included. The group of women with full dentures were rather satisfied about their dental state although even a part of this group still have problems with their dentures. The group of women still having natural teeth were fairly optimistic about the state of their teeth and their expectancy of the need for dental care in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:293243", "title": "Second primary cancers in patients with carcinoma of the lip.", "content": "The occurrence of second primary cancers in patients with lip cancer was evaluated in order to test certain etiologic hypotheses. All cases of lip cancer reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1953-74 (3303 men, 320 women) were followed up for a second (or third) primary cancer through the files of the Registry either to death or to 31 December 1974 (a total of 25 510 person-years). The expected numbers of cases were calculated on the basis of the incidence rates specific for sex, age, time and residence (urban or rural) in Finland. A higher than expected risk of cancer was found among both urban and rural male lip cancer patients; among women the observed number of new primary cancers did not differ from that expected. A significant excess risk among males was noted for cancers of the lung and larynx (rural patients) and for non-melanomatous skin cancer in locations other than the head and neck (urban patients). The association of cancers of the lip, lung and larynx found earlier on a geographic level supports the hypothesis that tobacco smoking is a common risk factor in these cancers. The differences in the relative risks between urban and rural patients, however, suggest that the risk factors in lip cancer in urban areas might be partially different from those prevalent in the rural population. The results do not support the hypothesis that sunlight is an important risk factor in lip cancer.", "contents": "Second primary cancers in patients with carcinoma of the lip. The occurrence of second primary cancers in patients with lip cancer was evaluated in order to test certain etiologic hypotheses. All cases of lip cancer reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry in 1953-74 (3303 men, 320 women) were followed up for a second (or third) primary cancer through the files of the Registry either to death or to 31 December 1974 (a total of 25 510 person-years). The expected numbers of cases were calculated on the basis of the incidence rates specific for sex, age, time and residence (urban or rural) in Finland. A higher than expected risk of cancer was found among both urban and rural male lip cancer patients; among women the observed number of new primary cancers did not differ from that expected. A significant excess risk among males was noted for cancers of the lung and larynx (rural patients) and for non-melanomatous skin cancer in locations other than the head and neck (urban patients). The association of cancers of the lip, lung and larynx found earlier on a geographic level supports the hypothesis that tobacco smoking is a common risk factor in these cancers. The differences in the relative risks between urban and rural patients, however, suggest that the risk factors in lip cancer in urban areas might be partially different from those prevalent in the rural population. The results do not support the hypothesis that sunlight is an important risk factor in lip cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:293260", "title": "Measurement of bone blood flow with a 133 Xe washout method. A preliminary report.", "content": "A method based on the intravenous 133Xe injection technique has been used for measurement of bone blood flow in man. The measurements were made from the greater trochanteric region of the femur of eight healthy subjects and three patients with bone marrow or a bone disease in which bone blood flow is known to be increased. The half-times of the fast and the slow compartments of the externally recorded two-exponential bone washout curves were 4.05 +/- 0.88 min and 45.4 +/- 7.4 min (mean +/- 1 sd) in the healthy subjects, 1.46 min and 20.1 min in the patient with chronic myeloid leukemia, 2.50 min and 22.9 min in metastic bone disease and 1.93 min and 18.1 min in the patient with osteosarcoma, respectively. The corresponding flow values were 11.5 +/- 1.4 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- 1 sd) in healthy subjects and 59.8, 28.3 and 34.0 ml/100 g/min in patients with bone disorders. The precision of the method estimated from the duplicate measurements in eight healthy persons is; for the fast compartment, 6.8%; and for the slow one, 3.2%. Because of the rapid washout of xenon and the very low radiation dose the measurements are easily repeatable.", "contents": "Measurement of bone blood flow with a 133 Xe washout method. A preliminary report. A method based on the intravenous 133Xe injection technique has been used for measurement of bone blood flow in man. The measurements were made from the greater trochanteric region of the femur of eight healthy subjects and three patients with bone marrow or a bone disease in which bone blood flow is known to be increased. The half-times of the fast and the slow compartments of the externally recorded two-exponential bone washout curves were 4.05 +/- 0.88 min and 45.4 +/- 7.4 min (mean +/- 1 sd) in the healthy subjects, 1.46 min and 20.1 min in the patient with chronic myeloid leukemia, 2.50 min and 22.9 min in metastic bone disease and 1.93 min and 18.1 min in the patient with osteosarcoma, respectively. The corresponding flow values were 11.5 +/- 1.4 ml/100 g/min (mean +/- 1 sd) in healthy subjects and 59.8, 28.3 and 34.0 ml/100 g/min in patients with bone disorders. The precision of the method estimated from the duplicate measurements in eight healthy persons is; for the fast compartment, 6.8%; and for the slow one, 3.2%. Because of the rapid washout of xenon and the very low radiation dose the measurements are easily repeatable."}
{"id": "PMID:293258", "title": "Diabetes mellitus: the search for genetic markers.", "content": "The search for genetic markers has established that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that have glucose intolerance in common. The types of genetic markers--subclinical linkage, and association--and how they are utilized to delineate the genetic basis of the diabetic syndrome are discussed. The use of such markers as insulin levels, pancreatic islet cell antibodies, and HLA antigens has permitted the separation of insulin-dependent (juvenile) and not insulin-dependent (maturity) diabetes. Such studies have also started to reveal heterogeneity within these broad groups of insulin-dependent and not insulin-dependent types. This extensive heterogeneity has major implications for understanding the pathogenesis and genetics of diabetic mellitus and is of potentially great clinical significance, since the natural history and complications may well differ between these different disorders.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus: the search for genetic markers. The search for genetic markers has established that idiopathic diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that have glucose intolerance in common. The types of genetic markers--subclinical linkage, and association--and how they are utilized to delineate the genetic basis of the diabetic syndrome are discussed. The use of such markers as insulin levels, pancreatic islet cell antibodies, and HLA antigens has permitted the separation of insulin-dependent (juvenile) and not insulin-dependent (maturity) diabetes. Such studies have also started to reveal heterogeneity within these broad groups of insulin-dependent and not insulin-dependent types. This extensive heterogeneity has major implications for understanding the pathogenesis and genetics of diabetic mellitus and is of potentially great clinical significance, since the natural history and complications may well differ between these different disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:293282", "title": "Typical and atypical osteosarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of sixty-two cases.", "content": "Of 62 cases of histologically confirmed osteosarcomas, 50 long bone cases aged under 30 years were grouped as \"typical\" osteosarcoma, and the other 4 long bone cases and 8 short and flat bone cases were grouped as \"atypical\" osteosarcoma. Gross and microscopic findings of the lesions, postmortem findings, and survival of the patients were compared between the two groups. Small round cell-type tumor cells and relatively well-differentiated foci resembling osteoblastoma were more often found in the atypical than in the typical osteosarcomas. Although patterns of metastasis were not very different between the two groups, 2 of 6 autopsied short and flat bone cases showed no metastasis. Five-year survival rates of both groups were similar, each about 25%. Six patients of the typical and only one of the atypical osteosarcomas are alive without recurrence more than 6 years after amputation.", "contents": "Typical and atypical osteosarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of sixty-two cases. Of 62 cases of histologically confirmed osteosarcomas, 50 long bone cases aged under 30 years were grouped as \"typical\" osteosarcoma, and the other 4 long bone cases and 8 short and flat bone cases were grouped as \"atypical\" osteosarcoma. Gross and microscopic findings of the lesions, postmortem findings, and survival of the patients were compared between the two groups. Small round cell-type tumor cells and relatively well-differentiated foci resembling osteoblastoma were more often found in the atypical than in the typical osteosarcomas. Although patterns of metastasis were not very different between the two groups, 2 of 6 autopsied short and flat bone cases showed no metastasis. Five-year survival rates of both groups were similar, each about 25%. Six patients of the typical and only one of the atypical osteosarcomas are alive without recurrence more than 6 years after amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:293283", "title": "[Cameroon swelling; infection by the filaria Loa loa].", "content": "Recurrent skin edemata due to an infestation with the filaria Loa loa are called Cameroon or Calabar swellings. These are tense elastic, circumscribed, indolent swellings, which are just slightly red coloured and disappear within 24 to 48 hours. Intervals of several weeks or months may occur. One should think of Loa loa disease seeing travellers return from Loa endemic areas (West Africa) with recurrent, transitory edema and eosinophilia. The stay in these areas may have been several years before! Treatment and prophylaxis: Diethylcarbamazine.", "contents": "[Cameroon swelling; infection by the filaria Loa loa]. Recurrent skin edemata due to an infestation with the filaria Loa loa are called Cameroon or Calabar swellings. These are tense elastic, circumscribed, indolent swellings, which are just slightly red coloured and disappear within 24 to 48 hours. Intervals of several weeks or months may occur. One should think of Loa loa disease seeing travellers return from Loa endemic areas (West Africa) with recurrent, transitory edema and eosinophilia. The stay in these areas may have been several years before! Treatment and prophylaxis: Diethylcarbamazine."}
{"id": "PMID:293331", "title": "Ultrastructure of telangiectatic osteosarcoma.", "content": "Recent investigations have shown that telangiectatic osteosarcoma has a poorer prognosis than other osteosarcomas. To elucidate the histogenesis of TOS two cases were investigated on the electron microscopic level. The results show that besides anaplastic, osteoblast-like, and fibroblast-like tumor cells angiosarcomatous components can be observed in this malignant bone tumor, which are characterized by endothelial cells with pinocytotic vesicles, tight intercellular junctions, fine fibrils, and so-called Weibel-Palade bodies in their cytoplasm. From these results, it is concluded that telangiectatic osteosarcoma is derived from multipotent mesenchymal cells with potential differentiation into various directions, such as osteoblast-like cells, and fibroblast-like cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Recent investigations have shown that telangiectatic osteosarcoma has a poorer prognosis than other osteosarcomas. To elucidate the histogenesis of TOS two cases were investigated on the electron microscopic level. The results show that besides anaplastic, osteoblast-like, and fibroblast-like tumor cells angiosarcomatous components can be observed in this malignant bone tumor, which are characterized by endothelial cells with pinocytotic vesicles, tight intercellular junctions, fine fibrils, and so-called Weibel-Palade bodies in their cytoplasm. From these results, it is concluded that telangiectatic osteosarcoma is derived from multipotent mesenchymal cells with potential differentiation into various directions, such as osteoblast-like cells, and fibroblast-like cells."}
{"id": "PMID:293332", "title": "The interaction of lectins with the surface of differentiating erythroleukaemic cells.", "content": "Friend erythroleukaemic cells can be induced to mature along the erythroid differentiation pathway when an inducing agent such as dimethyl sulphoxide is included in the medium. In the absence of the inducing agent, the 707B line of Friend erythroleukaemic cells is highly agglutinable by the lectins concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin. However, 48 h after the induction of differentiation, there is a marked decrease in the agglutination of the cells in the presence of either lectin. This suggests that early in differentiation a change occurs in the cell membrane preceding the onset of globin synthesis which starts approximately 72 h after induction. The change in agglutination by concanavalin A also occurs in the presence of reagents which do not induce haemoglobin synthesis in the 707B line of Friend erythroleukaemic cells but which are able to stimulate the synthesis of this protein in other erythroleukaemic cell lines. The reduction in the agglutinability of the differentiating cells does not seem to result from a reduction in the number of concanavalin A receptors on the cells, nor does it reflect a change in the clustered distribution of concanavalin A receptors in the differentiating cells. Both the control and dimethyl sulphoxide-induced cells show a similar patchy distribution of ferritin-labelled concanavalin A when examined by electron microscopy. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows little change in the total pattern of protein synthesis by control and differentiating cells when pulse-labelled with [35S] methionine. However, use of 125I-labelled concanavalin A to stain polyacrylamide gels, on which the total proteins of control and differentiating cells had been separated, revealed a profound change in the composition of the concanavalin A-binding proteins. The control, undifferentiated cells contained eleven or more classes of concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins, many of which stained to a lesser degree as the cell density increased. After the onset of differentiation, 2 new concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins appeared within 48 h. One of these proteins has a molecular weight in excess of 180 000 while the other migrated with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100 000. After erythroid differentiation had progressed for 120 h, these newly synthesized glycoproteins became the major concanavalin A-binding proteins of the erythroleukaemic cells.", "contents": "The interaction of lectins with the surface of differentiating erythroleukaemic cells. Friend erythroleukaemic cells can be induced to mature along the erythroid differentiation pathway when an inducing agent such as dimethyl sulphoxide is included in the medium. In the absence of the inducing agent, the 707B line of Friend erythroleukaemic cells is highly agglutinable by the lectins concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin. However, 48 h after the induction of differentiation, there is a marked decrease in the agglutination of the cells in the presence of either lectin. This suggests that early in differentiation a change occurs in the cell membrane preceding the onset of globin synthesis which starts approximately 72 h after induction. The change in agglutination by concanavalin A also occurs in the presence of reagents which do not induce haemoglobin synthesis in the 707B line of Friend erythroleukaemic cells but which are able to stimulate the synthesis of this protein in other erythroleukaemic cell lines. The reduction in the agglutinability of the differentiating cells does not seem to result from a reduction in the number of concanavalin A receptors on the cells, nor does it reflect a change in the clustered distribution of concanavalin A receptors in the differentiating cells. Both the control and dimethyl sulphoxide-induced cells show a similar patchy distribution of ferritin-labelled concanavalin A when examined by electron microscopy. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows little change in the total pattern of protein synthesis by control and differentiating cells when pulse-labelled with [35S] methionine. However, use of 125I-labelled concanavalin A to stain polyacrylamide gels, on which the total proteins of control and differentiating cells had been separated, revealed a profound change in the composition of the concanavalin A-binding proteins. The control, undifferentiated cells contained eleven or more classes of concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins, many of which stained to a lesser degree as the cell density increased. After the onset of differentiation, 2 new concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins appeared within 48 h. One of these proteins has a molecular weight in excess of 180 000 while the other migrated with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100 000. After erythroid differentiation had progressed for 120 h, these newly synthesized glycoproteins became the major concanavalin A-binding proteins of the erythroleukaemic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:293354", "title": "[Effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical properties of a fluid resin (author's transl)].", "content": "Effect of several cross-linking agents added to MMA on the mechanical properties of self-cured fluid resins was studied. The cross-linking agents were 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxyethoxyphenyl) propane, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, neopentylglycol dimethacrylate, hexamethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and 1,2-polybutadiene. Their concentrations in MMA were 1,3,5 and 10 wt%. Measured mechanical properties were Brinell hardness, tensile strength, impact strength and transverse strength. The best composition was 5% neopentylglycol dimethacrylate in MMA among studied samples. Microscopic observation of the surface after tensile test suggested that diffusibility of cross-linking agents into PMMA powder affected the mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of both matrix and powder, and their adhesion at the interface had influence upon the mechanical properties of resins processed by powder-liquid method.", "contents": "[Effect of cross-linking agents on mechanical properties of a fluid resin (author's transl)]. Effect of several cross-linking agents added to MMA on the mechanical properties of self-cured fluid resins was studied. The cross-linking agents were 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxyethoxyphenyl) propane, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, neopentylglycol dimethacrylate, hexamethyleneglycol dimethacrylate and 1,2-polybutadiene. Their concentrations in MMA were 1,3,5 and 10 wt%. Measured mechanical properties were Brinell hardness, tensile strength, impact strength and transverse strength. The best composition was 5% neopentylglycol dimethacrylate in MMA among studied samples. Microscopic observation of the surface after tensile test suggested that diffusibility of cross-linking agents into PMMA powder affected the mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of both matrix and powder, and their adhesion at the interface had influence upon the mechanical properties of resins processed by powder-liquid method."}
{"id": "PMID:293356", "title": "[Viscosity changes of zinc phosphate cements in setting process (author's transl)].", "content": "A better understanding of setting process of zinc phosphate cements is important to obtain optimum conditions of manipulation. Viscosity changes of zinc phosphate cements in setting process were investigated using a rotational viscometer in various conditions. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The viscosity of the cement mixture increased exponentially as a function of time. 2) The setting process of the cements was characterized by two parameters, the coefficient of setting speed and the setting time. The coefficient of setting speed was defined as the slope of the linear portion of log viscosity versus time curve, and the setting as the time required to reach a certain level of viscosity after the start of the mixing. 3) Shear rate was observed to affect on the time-related changes of viscosity. As the shear rate increased, the coefficient decreased and the setting time increased. These changes were more remarkable in the lower range of shear rate. 4) The coefficient of setting speed was found to be dependent on environmental temperature in accordance with Arrhenius' low. 5) Apparent activation energy calculated 16.41 kcal/mol by Arrhenius' equation. The coefficient increased by a factor of 2.6, when the temperature was raised from 20 degrees to 30 degrees C. 6) A decrease of the P/L ratio caused the logarithm of the coefficient to increase linearly and the setting time to decrease. 7) All the four commerical zinc phosphate cements tested showed different values of both the coefficient and the setting time.", "contents": "[Viscosity changes of zinc phosphate cements in setting process (author's transl)]. A better understanding of setting process of zinc phosphate cements is important to obtain optimum conditions of manipulation. Viscosity changes of zinc phosphate cements in setting process were investigated using a rotational viscometer in various conditions. The results obtained were as follows. 1) The viscosity of the cement mixture increased exponentially as a function of time. 2) The setting process of the cements was characterized by two parameters, the coefficient of setting speed and the setting time. The coefficient of setting speed was defined as the slope of the linear portion of log viscosity versus time curve, and the setting as the time required to reach a certain level of viscosity after the start of the mixing. 3) Shear rate was observed to affect on the time-related changes of viscosity. As the shear rate increased, the coefficient decreased and the setting time increased. These changes were more remarkable in the lower range of shear rate. 4) The coefficient of setting speed was found to be dependent on environmental temperature in accordance with Arrhenius' low. 5) Apparent activation energy calculated 16.41 kcal/mol by Arrhenius' equation. The coefficient increased by a factor of 2.6, when the temperature was raised from 20 degrees to 30 degrees C. 6) A decrease of the P/L ratio caused the logarithm of the coefficient to increase linearly and the setting time to decrease. 7) All the four commerical zinc phosphate cements tested showed different values of both the coefficient and the setting time."}
{"id": "PMID:293357", "title": "[Studies on orthodontic polyurethane ringlets. (Part 1) Examination of its physical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to develop orthodontic ringlets from polyurethane which have maximum flow resistance. The two types of polyurethane involved were thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane. The former included Paraprene 22, 25, 4805 + 4806, Biomer, Elastollan 585 (E-585) and improved Elastollan 590 (E-590). Thermosetting type incorporated Adiprene, Loyler 2170, Colonate 4080 and DC-4978. Using these materials as its base, a ring device was developed. Under two conditions, tests were conducted for tensile strength, aging effects on 50% and 100% modulus and permanent elongation. One group was stored in air at 20 degrees C and the other in water at 37 degrees C. The results were as follows; It was found that the thermoplastic polyurethane possessed high tensile strength. However, the modulus upon aging resulted in a lower reading with the exception of E-590 and Biomer. In the thermosetting polyurethane group, most of the rings except DC-4978 broke down during storage at 100% elongation in water at 37 degrees C. In the case of DC-4978, there was maximum flow resistance. Upon comparing it with E-590 and Biomer, it appeared that DC-4978 was the most effective for orthodontic purposes.", "contents": "[Studies on orthodontic polyurethane ringlets. (Part 1) Examination of its physical properties (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to develop orthodontic ringlets from polyurethane which have maximum flow resistance. The two types of polyurethane involved were thermoplastic and thermosetting polyurethane. The former included Paraprene 22, 25, 4805 + 4806, Biomer, Elastollan 585 (E-585) and improved Elastollan 590 (E-590). Thermosetting type incorporated Adiprene, Loyler 2170, Colonate 4080 and DC-4978. Using these materials as its base, a ring device was developed. Under two conditions, tests were conducted for tensile strength, aging effects on 50% and 100% modulus and permanent elongation. One group was stored in air at 20 degrees C and the other in water at 37 degrees C. The results were as follows; It was found that the thermoplastic polyurethane possessed high tensile strength. However, the modulus upon aging resulted in a lower reading with the exception of E-590 and Biomer. In the thermosetting polyurethane group, most of the rings except DC-4978 broke down during storage at 100% elongation in water at 37 degrees C. In the case of DC-4978, there was maximum flow resistance. Upon comparing it with E-590 and Biomer, it appeared that DC-4978 was the most effective for orthodontic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:293358", "title": "[Dental application of pressure measuring sheet (author's transl)].", "content": "The structure and the color forming mechanism on the pressuring sheet \"Prescale\" were explained. Some dental applications of the pressure measuring sheet, such as the measurement of biting pressure and balance during normal and unilateral biting, were examined.", "contents": "[Dental application of pressure measuring sheet (author's transl)]. The structure and the color forming mechanism on the pressuring sheet \"Prescale\" were explained. Some dental applications of the pressure measuring sheet, such as the measurement of biting pressure and balance during normal and unilateral biting, were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:293359", "title": "[Solubility of metallic mercury into the solutions containing various amino acids (author's transl)].", "content": "The solubility of metallic mercury in water containing various amino acids were investigated with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The following results were obtained; 1. Metallic mercury dissolved into aqueous solutions of various amino acids. It was found that solubility was dependent on kind and concentration of the amino acids. The amino acid with SH radicals, i.e., L-cysteine HCl, in particular, remarkably accelerated solubility. 2. The pH value gave large effects on solubility of metallic mercury. The least solubility was observed at neutral range. Solubility was, however, increased above or below the neutral range. 3. The solubility was greater in Hanks' balanced salt solution than in distilled water. The present results confirmed that solubility of metallic mercury in various solutions was largely dependent on the presence of amino acids, in particular, those which contained SH radicals, change of pH and presence of various salts.", "contents": "[Solubility of metallic mercury into the solutions containing various amino acids (author's transl)]. The solubility of metallic mercury in water containing various amino acids were investigated with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The following results were obtained; 1. Metallic mercury dissolved into aqueous solutions of various amino acids. It was found that solubility was dependent on kind and concentration of the amino acids. The amino acid with SH radicals, i.e., L-cysteine HCl, in particular, remarkably accelerated solubility. 2. The pH value gave large effects on solubility of metallic mercury. The least solubility was observed at neutral range. Solubility was, however, increased above or below the neutral range. 3. The solubility was greater in Hanks' balanced salt solution than in distilled water. The present results confirmed that solubility of metallic mercury in various solutions was largely dependent on the presence of amino acids, in particular, those which contained SH radicals, change of pH and presence of various salts."}
{"id": "PMID:293360", "title": "[The in vitro biological evaluation of dental cements using elution and binding by bovine serum albumin (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to evaluate in vitro biological properties of dental cements sixteen different cements including zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), EBA, resin, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer cement and calcium hydroxide base material were tested regarding elution and binding by bovine serum albumin (BSA). The persistency of elution over long time after subsequent transfer to fresh water was calculated at 210 nm absorbance with ultra violet spectrometer. Also the eluates obtained were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatograpy. The continuous leaching of eugenol from ZOE cement was observed. Binding of eluates from cement to BSA was evaluated spectrophotometrically by utilizing the competition with 2-(4' hydroxyphenylazo) benzoic acid (HABA). EBA cement showed the highest binding ability by BSA because of the leaching o-ethoxybenzoic acid from this cement. The relevance of protein and pulp toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "[The in vitro biological evaluation of dental cements using elution and binding by bovine serum albumin (author's transl)]. In order to evaluate in vitro biological properties of dental cements sixteen different cements including zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), EBA, resin, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer cement and calcium hydroxide base material were tested regarding elution and binding by bovine serum albumin (BSA). The persistency of elution over long time after subsequent transfer to fresh water was calculated at 210 nm absorbance with ultra violet spectrometer. Also the eluates obtained were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatograpy. The continuous leaching of eugenol from ZOE cement was observed. Binding of eluates from cement to BSA was evaluated spectrophotometrically by utilizing the competition with 2-(4' hydroxyphenylazo) benzoic acid (HABA). EBA cement showed the highest binding ability by BSA because of the leaching o-ethoxybenzoic acid from this cement. The relevance of protein and pulp toxicity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293361", "title": "[Preparation of hard crown and bridge resin without PMMA powder (II) (author's transl)].", "content": "It had been required to improve mechanical properties of hard crown and bridge resins. We had pointed out that mixing of PMMA powder with crosslinking agents for fablication of crown or bridges was not suitable to get better materials. Several trials were taken place to eliminate the PMMA powder. Hydrophobic colloidal silica was a good candidate to replace PMMA. But it is required to improve handling properties. A mixing of monomers, Bis-GMA and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and the silica was polymerized and pulverized and then the powder was applied for the fablication. The mechanical properties did not change as direct application of colloidal silica.", "contents": "[Preparation of hard crown and bridge resin without PMMA powder (II) (author's transl)]. It had been required to improve mechanical properties of hard crown and bridge resins. We had pointed out that mixing of PMMA powder with crosslinking agents for fablication of crown or bridges was not suitable to get better materials. Several trials were taken place to eliminate the PMMA powder. Hydrophobic colloidal silica was a good candidate to replace PMMA. But it is required to improve handling properties. A mixing of monomers, Bis-GMA and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and the silica was polymerized and pulverized and then the powder was applied for the fablication. The mechanical properties did not change as direct application of colloidal silica."}
{"id": "PMID:293362", "title": "[Aging effect on mechanical properties in fluid resin. (Part 1). Affection of residual monomer (author's transl)].", "content": "Aging effect on the mechanical properties in fluid resins was pointed out, but little was studied on this point. Relationship between amount of residual monomer in the samples prepared by fluid resin and the mechanical properties, brinell hardness, tensile strength, were studied. Test pieces just as polymerized in the size were used. Weights of specimens kept at three different circumstances, in the air at 20 degrees C, in a water bath at 37 degrees C and in a desiccator at 11 mmHg and 40 degrees C, was checked at the prescribed time to clarify the amount of residual monomer and the mechanical properties were measured at the same time. Amount of weight loss, due to evaporation of MMA, must improve the mechanical properties. The improvement by postpolymerization could be neglected. Rate of the weight loss suggests that residual monomer must mainly be at the surface. Molecular weight of PMMA, 86.4 X 10(4) did not have any effect on the mechanical properties and on the evaporation rate of monomers from polymerized specimens. To improve the mechanical properties of fluid resin must be to decrease residual monomer as much as possible in the fluid resin especially at the surface area.", "contents": "[Aging effect on mechanical properties in fluid resin. (Part 1). Affection of residual monomer (author's transl)]. Aging effect on the mechanical properties in fluid resins was pointed out, but little was studied on this point. Relationship between amount of residual monomer in the samples prepared by fluid resin and the mechanical properties, brinell hardness, tensile strength, were studied. Test pieces just as polymerized in the size were used. Weights of specimens kept at three different circumstances, in the air at 20 degrees C, in a water bath at 37 degrees C and in a desiccator at 11 mmHg and 40 degrees C, was checked at the prescribed time to clarify the amount of residual monomer and the mechanical properties were measured at the same time. Amount of weight loss, due to evaporation of MMA, must improve the mechanical properties. The improvement by postpolymerization could be neglected. Rate of the weight loss suggests that residual monomer must mainly be at the surface. Molecular weight of PMMA, 86.4 X 10(4) did not have any effect on the mechanical properties and on the evaporation rate of monomers from polymerized specimens. To improve the mechanical properties of fluid resin must be to decrease residual monomer as much as possible in the fluid resin especially at the surface area."}
{"id": "PMID:293363", "title": "[Aging effect on mechanical properties in fluid resin. (Part 2). Effect of a cross-linking agent, neopentylglycol dimethacrylate (author's transl)].", "content": "Brinell hardness and tensile strength were measured, weight decrease of specimens due to evaporation of residual monomer were also checked, and the relationship between amount of residual monomer and the mechanical properties were studied. The addition of neopentylglycol dimethacrylate (NPG) in MMA improved the mechanical properties nearly same as the heat processed resins and was effective to decrease residual monomers. Rate of polymerization must increase and the heat of polymerization raised the temperature of curing mass. Properties of the new NPG fluid resin must be improved by loss residual monomer and cross-linking structure.", "contents": "[Aging effect on mechanical properties in fluid resin. (Part 2). Effect of a cross-linking agent, neopentylglycol dimethacrylate (author's transl)]. Brinell hardness and tensile strength were measured, weight decrease of specimens due to evaporation of residual monomer were also checked, and the relationship between amount of residual monomer and the mechanical properties were studied. The addition of neopentylglycol dimethacrylate (NPG) in MMA improved the mechanical properties nearly same as the heat processed resins and was effective to decrease residual monomers. Rate of polymerization must increase and the heat of polymerization raised the temperature of curing mass. Properties of the new NPG fluid resin must be improved by loss residual monomer and cross-linking structure."}
{"id": "PMID:293364", "title": "[Thermal expansion of restorative composite resins under the dry and wet conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Linear coefficients of thermal expansion (beta) of twelve restorative composite resins, one Bis-GMA based resin and one self-curing acrylic resin were determined in the temperature range of 4 to 60 degrees C under the dry and the wet conditions on a thermomechanical analyzer. The results were as follows. 1) The thermal expansion curves obtained were nonlinear, and the transition appeared at about 40 degrees C. 2) beta reduced with the elapse of stored time and the number of times of measuring run. It appears that these phenomena were attributable to decrease of monomer remained in each case. 3) beta under the wet condition was larger than one under the dry condition, when specimens were stored for 20 days in each condition at 37 degrees C. Values of beta for composites ranged from 16.1 to 35.3 x 10(-6)/degrees C under the dry condition and from 18.1 to 55.4 x 10(-6)/degrees C under the wet condition. 4) beta of composites varied with filler content and kinds of filler and resin used. Value of beta reduced with increase of filler content, and was lower for Bis-GMA based composite resin than for MMA based composite resin.", "contents": "[Thermal expansion of restorative composite resins under the dry and wet conditions (author's transl)]. Linear coefficients of thermal expansion (beta) of twelve restorative composite resins, one Bis-GMA based resin and one self-curing acrylic resin were determined in the temperature range of 4 to 60 degrees C under the dry and the wet conditions on a thermomechanical analyzer. The results were as follows. 1) The thermal expansion curves obtained were nonlinear, and the transition appeared at about 40 degrees C. 2) beta reduced with the elapse of stored time and the number of times of measuring run. It appears that these phenomena were attributable to decrease of monomer remained in each case. 3) beta under the wet condition was larger than one under the dry condition, when specimens were stored for 20 days in each condition at 37 degrees C. Values of beta for composites ranged from 16.1 to 35.3 x 10(-6)/degrees C under the dry condition and from 18.1 to 55.4 x 10(-6)/degrees C under the wet condition. 4) beta of composites varied with filler content and kinds of filler and resin used. Value of beta reduced with increase of filler content, and was lower for Bis-GMA based composite resin than for MMA based composite resin."}
{"id": "PMID:293365", "title": "[Studies on the thinning of the upper acrylic resin complete denture with the reinforced palate. (Part 1). Thinning of the resin denture base with the standard shape (author's transl)].", "content": "The acrylic denture bases are most commonly used as compared with metallic denture bases at present. For this reason, it is due to many excellent properties, for example, simple processing, easy repair, cheapness and so on. But an inherent disadvantage is liability of an acrylic denture base to make thick so as to maintain stiffness and strength and it makes patients uncomfortable. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to make the palatal region of the upper complete denture thin with about 0.7 mm in thickness, and to keep the same mechanical properties as the normal resin dentures using the composites materials with carbon cloth. Tensils test of the plate test-piece and uniform bending test of the upper complete denture with steel wings were respectively performed. The results obtained in this investigation are as follows: 1) The acrylic composites reinforced with carbon cloth have shown the superior mechanical properties to be compared with the acrylic resin to be generally used. 2) The thickness of the reinforced thin denture is decreased to 0.7 mm (its thickness is 60% of the normal thickness of the one), nevertheless, the stiffness and strength are increased with the using of the composite materials. 3) The region of highest surface tensile stress in the denture was on the polished surface of the palatal aspect of the denture in the area immediately behind the anteriors, but at this region, the strain of the reinforced thin denture base decreased its strain 10% in comparison with the non-reinforced normal thick one.", "contents": "[Studies on the thinning of the upper acrylic resin complete denture with the reinforced palate. (Part 1). Thinning of the resin denture base with the standard shape (author's transl)]. The acrylic denture bases are most commonly used as compared with metallic denture bases at present. For this reason, it is due to many excellent properties, for example, simple processing, easy repair, cheapness and so on. But an inherent disadvantage is liability of an acrylic denture base to make thick so as to maintain stiffness and strength and it makes patients uncomfortable. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to make the palatal region of the upper complete denture thin with about 0.7 mm in thickness, and to keep the same mechanical properties as the normal resin dentures using the composites materials with carbon cloth. Tensils test of the plate test-piece and uniform bending test of the upper complete denture with steel wings were respectively performed. The results obtained in this investigation are as follows: 1) The acrylic composites reinforced with carbon cloth have shown the superior mechanical properties to be compared with the acrylic resin to be generally used. 2) The thickness of the reinforced thin denture is decreased to 0.7 mm (its thickness is 60% of the normal thickness of the one), nevertheless, the stiffness and strength are increased with the using of the composite materials. 3) The region of highest surface tensile stress in the denture was on the polished surface of the palatal aspect of the denture in the area immediately behind the anteriors, but at this region, the strain of the reinforced thin denture base decreased its strain 10% in comparison with the non-reinforced normal thick one."}
{"id": "PMID:293405", "title": "Role of the epididymis in reabsorption of inhibin in the rat.", "content": "The effects of efferent duct ligation, orchidectomy and orchido-epididymectomy were compared at 36 h. This showed that the rat epididymis is capable of maintaining a negative feedback control of FSH secretion. Epididymal extracts contained a substance of tubular origin capable of reducing FSH secretion. This substance is a protein and is found in the caput region but not in the caudal region of the epididymis. A new role can be assigned to the head of the epididymis: that of reabsorbing, together with testis fluid, the inhibin produced by the seminiferous tubules, which thus passes into the bloodstream and provides a feedback regulation of plasma FSH.", "contents": "Role of the epididymis in reabsorption of inhibin in the rat. The effects of efferent duct ligation, orchidectomy and orchido-epididymectomy were compared at 36 h. This showed that the rat epididymis is capable of maintaining a negative feedback control of FSH secretion. Epididymal extracts contained a substance of tubular origin capable of reducing FSH secretion. This substance is a protein and is found in the caput region but not in the caudal region of the epididymis. A new role can be assigned to the head of the epididymis: that of reabsorbing, together with testis fluid, the inhibin produced by the seminiferous tubules, which thus passes into the bloodstream and provides a feedback regulation of plasma FSH."}
{"id": "PMID:293406", "title": "Identification in human seminal fluid of an inhibin-like factor which selectively regulates FSH secretion.", "content": "Human seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation of human semen contains a factor capable of selectively inhibiting the secretion of FSH both in vivo (reduction of the levels of FSH in rats 24 h after castration) and in vitro (reduction of the FSH released by LH-RH in rat pituitary cell culture). This effect is not due to testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta or progesterone present in the active fractions. The factor has the characteristics of a protein in that its biological activity is destroyed by heat and trypsin digestion. It does not resemble androgen-binding protein. The biological action is not completely specific for FSH as inhibition of LH can be seen with doses usually higher than those which produce inhibition of FSH alone. There is no effect on TSH or prolactin levels in vitro. The factor clearly acts on the release and synthesis of gonadotrophins by gonadotrophs but an effect on the hypothalamus is not excluded. This factor fits the definition of inhibin.", "contents": "Identification in human seminal fluid of an inhibin-like factor which selectively regulates FSH secretion. Human seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation of human semen contains a factor capable of selectively inhibiting the secretion of FSH both in vivo (reduction of the levels of FSH in rats 24 h after castration) and in vitro (reduction of the FSH released by LH-RH in rat pituitary cell culture). This effect is not due to testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta or progesterone present in the active fractions. The factor has the characteristics of a protein in that its biological activity is destroyed by heat and trypsin digestion. It does not resemble androgen-binding protein. The biological action is not completely specific for FSH as inhibition of LH can be seen with doses usually higher than those which produce inhibition of FSH alone. There is no effect on TSH or prolactin levels in vitro. The factor clearly acts on the release and synthesis of gonadotrophins by gonadotrophs but an effect on the hypothalamus is not excluded. This factor fits the definition of inhibin."}
{"id": "PMID:293407", "title": "Endocrinology of spermatogenesis in the hypophysectomized ram.", "content": "Adult rams were hypophysectomized and treated for 20 days with testosterone (2 X 0.25 g/day), PMSG (2 X 300 i.u./day) or hCG (2 X 250 i.u./day), or for 40 days with testosterone (2 X 0.25 g/day). All treatments maintained a normal concentration of testosterone within the seminiferous tubules. Quantitative histological analysis showed that (1) the differentiation from A0 to A1 spermatogonia was maintained by PMSG or hCG but not completely by testosterone; (2) the transition from intermediate spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes was maintained only by PMSG but not by testosterone or hCG; (3) meiotic prophase and spermiogenesis were maintained by the three hormones but there were qualitative abnormalities in the spermatids. These results suggest that in the ram, the differentiation of renewing stem spermatogonia is under LH control and that the last stages of spermatogonial multiplication, from intermediate to B spermatogonia and to primary spermatocytes, are under the control of the FSH-like activity of PMSG.", "contents": "Endocrinology of spermatogenesis in the hypophysectomized ram. Adult rams were hypophysectomized and treated for 20 days with testosterone (2 X 0.25 g/day), PMSG (2 X 300 i.u./day) or hCG (2 X 250 i.u./day), or for 40 days with testosterone (2 X 0.25 g/day). All treatments maintained a normal concentration of testosterone within the seminiferous tubules. Quantitative histological analysis showed that (1) the differentiation from A0 to A1 spermatogonia was maintained by PMSG or hCG but not completely by testosterone; (2) the transition from intermediate spermatogonia to primary spermatocytes was maintained only by PMSG but not by testosterone or hCG; (3) meiotic prophase and spermiogenesis were maintained by the three hormones but there were qualitative abnormalities in the spermatids. These results suggest that in the ram, the differentiation of renewing stem spermatogonia is under LH control and that the last stages of spermatogonial multiplication, from intermediate to B spermatogonia and to primary spermatocytes, are under the control of the FSH-like activity of PMSG."}
{"id": "PMID:293408", "title": "Is FSH required for maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult rats?", "content": "Administration of FSH antiserum to adult rats for 14 or 30 days had no or little effect on body, testis or accessory sex gland weights, androgen-binding protein, testosterone levels, germ cell numbers or fertility, thus indicating a relative insensitivity of the testis to withdrawal of FSH. Unlike immature rats, therefore, which do require FSH to initiate spermatogenesis, adult rats do not need this hormone to maintain spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Is FSH required for maintenance of spermatogenesis in adult rats? Administration of FSH antiserum to adult rats for 14 or 30 days had no or little effect on body, testis or accessory sex gland weights, androgen-binding protein, testosterone levels, germ cell numbers or fertility, thus indicating a relative insensitivity of the testis to withdrawal of FSH. Unlike immature rats, therefore, which do require FSH to initiate spermatogenesis, adult rats do not need this hormone to maintain spermatogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:293409", "title": "The effects of long-term administration of either a crude inhibin preparation or an antiserum to FSH on serum hormone levels, testicular function and fertility of adult male rats.", "content": "Adult male rats were given either daily injections of ram rete testis fluid for periods of up to 70 days or injections of an antiserum against FSH every 3 days for 90 days. Compared with the control groups, the rats injected with ram rete testis fluid had lowered serum FSH levels, but only at treatment periods of 30 days and less. The levels of LH and testosterone in serum, testicular fluid secretion, sperm counts, testis weights and fertility were not affected by rete testis fluid treatment. The rats injected with anti-FSH serum exhibited an impairment of fertility which was never complete and evident only after 49 days of treatment. After 90 days of anti-FSH treatment, testis weight and free serum FSH were reduced, but sperm counts, testicular fluid secretion and serum levels of LH and testosterone were not affected.", "contents": "The effects of long-term administration of either a crude inhibin preparation or an antiserum to FSH on serum hormone levels, testicular function and fertility of adult male rats. Adult male rats were given either daily injections of ram rete testis fluid for periods of up to 70 days or injections of an antiserum against FSH every 3 days for 90 days. Compared with the control groups, the rats injected with ram rete testis fluid had lowered serum FSH levels, but only at treatment periods of 30 days and less. The levels of LH and testosterone in serum, testicular fluid secretion, sperm counts, testis weights and fertility were not affected by rete testis fluid treatment. The rats injected with anti-FSH serum exhibited an impairment of fertility which was never complete and evident only after 49 days of treatment. After 90 days of anti-FSH treatment, testis weight and free serum FSH were reduced, but sperm counts, testicular fluid secretion and serum levels of LH and testosterone were not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:293410", "title": "Effect of the inhibin-like factor from bull spermatozoa on sexual maturation of the male rat.", "content": "The s.c. administration for 25 days of the inhibin-like factor extracted from bull spermatozoa to immature 20-day-old male rats reduced serum FSH levels by about 60% and serum LH and testosterone levels by about 50%. However, neither tubular nor interstitial modifications of the histological appearance of the testis were found and there were no changes in the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The assay described could be usefully employed for evaluating the activities of inhibin-like factors.", "contents": "Effect of the inhibin-like factor from bull spermatozoa on sexual maturation of the male rat. The s.c. administration for 25 days of the inhibin-like factor extracted from bull spermatozoa to immature 20-day-old male rats reduced serum FSH levels by about 60% and serum LH and testosterone levels by about 50%. However, neither tubular nor interstitial modifications of the histological appearance of the testis were found and there were no changes in the activity of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The assay described could be usefully employed for evaluating the activities of inhibin-like factors."}
{"id": "PMID:293411", "title": "Effects of factors from ovarian follicular fluid and Sertoli cell culture medium on in-vivo and in-vitro release of pituitary gonadotrophins in the rat: an evaluation of systems for the assay of inhibin.", "content": "Inhibin-like activity is present both in testicular and ovarian fluids. Various methods can be used for the detection of this activity. Indirect methods, using organ weights as an endpoint, lack the specificity required for reliable estimation of inhibin-like activity. With in-vivo bioassay systems, using estimation of circulating concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in intact or gonadectomized, immature or adult, male or female rats, a suppression of FSH concentrations only is usually observed after injection of inhibin-like material. The largest suppression of FSH concentrations can be obtained in short-term gonadectomized adult female or 35-day-old male rats. Addition of inhibin-like activity to cultured pituitary cells specifically suppresses the spontaneous release of FSH from the cells. After stimulation of cultured pituitary cells with LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH), the release of both FSH and LH are suppressed when inhibin-like activity is present. From dialysis experiments it appears that the molecular weight of the inhibin-like material in follicular fluid is greater than 10 000. However, acid ethanol extracts of this fluid contain a factor with a molecular weight smaller than 10 000, which does not suppress the spontaneous release of FSH from cultured pituitary cells, but diminishes the LH-RH-stimulated release of both LH and FSH. Furthermore, both follicular fluid and Sertoli cell culture medium can stimulate the release of FSH and LH from pituitary cells when these are cultured without addition of fetal calf serum. These results suggest that gonadal fluids contain several non-steroidal factors which can influence the release of gonadotrophins from pituitary cells.", "contents": "Effects of factors from ovarian follicular fluid and Sertoli cell culture medium on in-vivo and in-vitro release of pituitary gonadotrophins in the rat: an evaluation of systems for the assay of inhibin. Inhibin-like activity is present both in testicular and ovarian fluids. Various methods can be used for the detection of this activity. Indirect methods, using organ weights as an endpoint, lack the specificity required for reliable estimation of inhibin-like activity. With in-vivo bioassay systems, using estimation of circulating concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in intact or gonadectomized, immature or adult, male or female rats, a suppression of FSH concentrations only is usually observed after injection of inhibin-like material. The largest suppression of FSH concentrations can be obtained in short-term gonadectomized adult female or 35-day-old male rats. Addition of inhibin-like activity to cultured pituitary cells specifically suppresses the spontaneous release of FSH from the cells. After stimulation of cultured pituitary cells with LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH), the release of both FSH and LH are suppressed when inhibin-like activity is present. From dialysis experiments it appears that the molecular weight of the inhibin-like material in follicular fluid is greater than 10 000. However, acid ethanol extracts of this fluid contain a factor with a molecular weight smaller than 10 000, which does not suppress the spontaneous release of FSH from cultured pituitary cells, but diminishes the LH-RH-stimulated release of both LH and FSH. Furthermore, both follicular fluid and Sertoli cell culture medium can stimulate the release of FSH and LH from pituitary cells when these are cultured without addition of fetal calf serum. These results suggest that gonadal fluids contain several non-steroidal factors which can influence the release of gonadotrophins from pituitary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:293412", "title": "Characterization of a gonadal factor involved in the control of FSH secretion.", "content": "This communication presents evidence for the existence in the ovine testis of proteinaceous factors which suppress LH as well as FSH. Isolation of these factors has been achieved by using three different procedures: cytosol preparation, metaphosphoric acid extraction and ultrafiltration. Chromatography of cytosol or metaphosphoric acid extract on Sephadex G-75 resulted in separation into three protein fractions designated as G-75-I, II and III in order of their elution. When administered to castrated male rats, Fraction G-75-I suppressed circulatory levels of LH (53% inhibition, P less than 0.05) without altering FSH. The most retarded fraction, G-75-III, suppressed FSH (29% inhibition, P less than 0.001) without any concomitant change in LH. When fraction G-75-III was further fractionated on Sephadex G-25, three components were found and two, G-25-II and G-25-III, were biologically active. These fractions were homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis. The FSH-suppressing factor (inhibin) was heat labile and susceptible to trypsin digestion, indicating that it is proteinaceous. Treatment with urea did not reveal any subunits. The molecular weight of this factor, as determined by gel filtration and SDS-urea gel electrophoresis was estimated to be around 1400-1500. The absence of sialic acid and the molecular weight data suggested that the isolated material was a simple protein and probably a small peptide. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 of the metaphosphoric acid extracts of liver, kidney, testis and ovary revealed an identical elution pattern for ovarian and testicular inhibin.", "contents": "Characterization of a gonadal factor involved in the control of FSH secretion. This communication presents evidence for the existence in the ovine testis of proteinaceous factors which suppress LH as well as FSH. Isolation of these factors has been achieved by using three different procedures: cytosol preparation, metaphosphoric acid extraction and ultrafiltration. Chromatography of cytosol or metaphosphoric acid extract on Sephadex G-75 resulted in separation into three protein fractions designated as G-75-I, II and III in order of their elution. When administered to castrated male rats, Fraction G-75-I suppressed circulatory levels of LH (53% inhibition, P less than 0.05) without altering FSH. The most retarded fraction, G-75-III, suppressed FSH (29% inhibition, P less than 0.001) without any concomitant change in LH. When fraction G-75-III was further fractionated on Sephadex G-25, three components were found and two, G-25-II and G-25-III, were biologically active. These fractions were homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis. The FSH-suppressing factor (inhibin) was heat labile and susceptible to trypsin digestion, indicating that it is proteinaceous. Treatment with urea did not reveal any subunits. The molecular weight of this factor, as determined by gel filtration and SDS-urea gel electrophoresis was estimated to be around 1400-1500. The absence of sialic acid and the molecular weight data suggested that the isolated material was a simple protein and probably a small peptide. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 of the metaphosphoric acid extracts of liver, kidney, testis and ovary revealed an identical elution pattern for ovarian and testicular inhibin."}
{"id": "PMID:293460", "title": "The complete maps of BglII, SalI and XhoI restriction sites on T4 dC-DNA.", "content": "T4 dC-DNA was digested with the restriction endonucleases BglII, SalI and XhoI. Overlaps in the three sets of fragments allowed the mapping of all restriction sites relative to each other along the T4 genome.", "contents": "The complete maps of BglII, SalI and XhoI restriction sites on T4 dC-DNA. T4 dC-DNA was digested with the restriction endonucleases BglII, SalI and XhoI. Overlaps in the three sets of fragments allowed the mapping of all restriction sites relative to each other along the T4 genome."}
{"id": "PMID:293461", "title": "Restriction mapping of DNA of temperate Rhizobium meliloti phage 16-3: comparison of genetic and physical maps indicates a long, genetically silent chromosomal arm.", "content": "The complete restriction map of DNA (61.57 Kb) of temperate Rhizobium meliloti phage 16-3 has been constructed for enzymes BglII, HindIII, HpaI, KpnI, and a partial map for EcoRI. The strategy employed for mapping included the analysis of double, triple and partial digests; comparison of wild type and deletion mutants; and detailed analysis of subfragments, exploiting the presence of cohesive ends of the phage. Comparison of the genetic and physical maps indicates that one arm of the chromosome is genetically silent and/or contains nonessential genes.", "contents": "Restriction mapping of DNA of temperate Rhizobium meliloti phage 16-3: comparison of genetic and physical maps indicates a long, genetically silent chromosomal arm. The complete restriction map of DNA (61.57 Kb) of temperate Rhizobium meliloti phage 16-3 has been constructed for enzymes BglII, HindIII, HpaI, KpnI, and a partial map for EcoRI. The strategy employed for mapping included the analysis of double, triple and partial digests; comparison of wild type and deletion mutants; and detailed analysis of subfragments, exploiting the presence of cohesive ends of the phage. Comparison of the genetic and physical maps indicates that one arm of the chromosome is genetically silent and/or contains nonessential genes."}
{"id": "PMID:293462", "title": "[The use of an internal standard for the correction of deviations in densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to obtain a better reproducibility in quantitative determination of amino acids in amounts of picomoles an internal standard was used. A mixture of ten amino acids was diluted and dansylated. 0.1 microliter of each solution was separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets (3 x 3 cm). Each chromatogram was photographed with four different exposure times under ultraviolet light. The dark spots in the photographic negatives were measured by television densitometry. A number of factors influence the reproducibility of this method: loading volume, photographic exposure time and processing, and quenching of fluorescence. As an internal standard, which is influenced by all these factors, DANS-hydroxyproline was added to each solution. By using this standard, the variations in exposure time and fluorescence quenching can be corrected satisfactorily. The relative standard deviation of the mean value of four photographs of one chromatogram is 2%. The results on correction of the volume deviation were not so satisfying. The relative standard deviation of the mean of twelve different chromatograms can be reduced from 34% for the initially measured data, to 8% for the values corrected by the internal standard. It seems necessary to carry out three or more determinations of one solution. In this case the relative standard error of the mean is 2%.", "contents": "[The use of an internal standard for the correction of deviations in densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms (author's transl)]. In order to obtain a better reproducibility in quantitative determination of amino acids in amounts of picomoles an internal standard was used. A mixture of ten amino acids was diluted and dansylated. 0.1 microliter of each solution was separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets (3 x 3 cm). Each chromatogram was photographed with four different exposure times under ultraviolet light. The dark spots in the photographic negatives were measured by television densitometry. A number of factors influence the reproducibility of this method: loading volume, photographic exposure time and processing, and quenching of fluorescence. As an internal standard, which is influenced by all these factors, DANS-hydroxyproline was added to each solution. By using this standard, the variations in exposure time and fluorescence quenching can be corrected satisfactorily. The relative standard deviation of the mean value of four photographs of one chromatogram is 2%. The results on correction of the volume deviation were not so satisfying. The relative standard deviation of the mean of twelve different chromatograms can be reduced from 34% for the initially measured data, to 8% for the values corrected by the internal standard. It seems necessary to carry out three or more determinations of one solution. In this case the relative standard error of the mean is 2%."}
{"id": "PMID:293469", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of cation and hemoglobin contents in red blood cells.", "content": "From the results presented, it is clear that X-ray microanalysis can be used to determine the K and Na content in single red blood cells. With a simultaneous determination of Fe content and cation content, it is possible to deduce the sequence of events in the maturation of membrane transport function in relation to hemoglobin synthesis. This kind of deduction can only be made from a cell by cell analysis of the elemental contents. In addition, X-ray microanalysis can be used to measure other elements such as phosphate, which would permit a better understanding of the role of phosphate compound in volume regulation and metabolism of single red cells. Kinetic studies of active transport in single red cells are also possible by measuring the uptake of rubidium which is normally absent in the cell. Rubidium behaves like potassium in its transport characteristics in most red cells. The technique described here can be used to study the normal and the pathological state of single red cells and can also be applied to other single cells such as white cells, bacteria, and dispersed cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of cation and hemoglobin contents in red blood cells. From the results presented, it is clear that X-ray microanalysis can be used to determine the K and Na content in single red blood cells. With a simultaneous determination of Fe content and cation content, it is possible to deduce the sequence of events in the maturation of membrane transport function in relation to hemoglobin synthesis. This kind of deduction can only be made from a cell by cell analysis of the elemental contents. In addition, X-ray microanalysis can be used to measure other elements such as phosphate, which would permit a better understanding of the role of phosphate compound in volume regulation and metabolism of single red cells. Kinetic studies of active transport in single red cells are also possible by measuring the uptake of rubidium which is normally absent in the cell. Rubidium behaves like potassium in its transport characteristics in most red cells. The technique described here can be used to study the normal and the pathological state of single red cells and can also be applied to other single cells such as white cells, bacteria, and dispersed cells in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:293470", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated tissue sections as a physiological tool.", "content": "Frozen hydrated tissue sections can be used as a physiological tool. The technique is a difficult one primarily because of the numerous possibilities for artifcatual interference. However, these problems are becoming better understood and the information which can be obtained through the use of these techniques is extremely promising.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of frozen hydrated tissue sections as a physiological tool. Frozen hydrated tissue sections can be used as a physiological tool. The technique is a difficult one primarily because of the numerous possibilities for artifcatual interference. However, these problems are becoming better understood and the information which can be obtained through the use of these techniques is extremely promising."}
{"id": "PMID:293476", "title": "A BASIC-language program for dedicated energy-dispersive microanalysis of thin samples in TEM or STEM.", "content": "The program QTHIN combines those methods for processing energy-dispersive X-ray spectra and computing concentrations best suited to thin section microanalysis in TEM or STEM. The program is in BASIC, and so can be modified (for instance for unusual geometries, other matrices such as oxides, etc.). It is suitable for routine use on complex samples with peak overlaps, and for \"not-so-thin\" samples in which absorption is not negligible.", "contents": "A BASIC-language program for dedicated energy-dispersive microanalysis of thin samples in TEM or STEM. The program QTHIN combines those methods for processing energy-dispersive X-ray spectra and computing concentrations best suited to thin section microanalysis in TEM or STEM. The program is in BASIC, and so can be modified (for instance for unusual geometries, other matrices such as oxides, etc.). It is suitable for routine use on complex samples with peak overlaps, and for \"not-so-thin\" samples in which absorption is not negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:293480", "title": "Cathodoluminescence technique combined with blue light fluorescence microscopy for the investigation of the transport of molecules through the extravascular space of mammalians.", "content": "The mechanisms of transport of molecules across the extravascular spaces represent an open problem. Vital microscopic results with marked proteins using the blue light luminescence technique indicate a movement of fluid along the connective tissue fibres. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the elastic fibres play an important role in  this movement. It may also be possible to elucidate the extravascular pathway for molecules by means of the cathodoluminescence technique in the scanning electron microscope. The investigations were performed using the mesentery of mammalians anaesthetized by Nembutal. The biological material for cathodoluminescence applications was selected from animals without injection of luminescent dye as well as with animals following intravenous injection of marked proteins. Two techniques, critical point drying and freeze drying, were used in the preparation. Stained and unstained tissues were investigated in the scanning electron microscope with a special cathodoluminescence detector system. Simultaneously observations of the tissue surfaces were performed by means of the secondary electron or backscattered electron mode. The results obtained agree with the findings observed by the blue light fluorescence microscopy and confirm the concept of an extravascular fluid pathway along the elastic fibres in the tissue.", "contents": "Cathodoluminescence technique combined with blue light fluorescence microscopy for the investigation of the transport of molecules through the extravascular space of mammalians. The mechanisms of transport of molecules across the extravascular spaces represent an open problem. Vital microscopic results with marked proteins using the blue light luminescence technique indicate a movement of fluid along the connective tissue fibres. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the elastic fibres play an important role in  this movement. It may also be possible to elucidate the extravascular pathway for molecules by means of the cathodoluminescence technique in the scanning electron microscope. The investigations were performed using the mesentery of mammalians anaesthetized by Nembutal. The biological material for cathodoluminescence applications was selected from animals without injection of luminescent dye as well as with animals following intravenous injection of marked proteins. Two techniques, critical point drying and freeze drying, were used in the preparation. Stained and unstained tissues were investigated in the scanning electron microscope with a special cathodoluminescence detector system. Simultaneously observations of the tissue surfaces were performed by means of the secondary electron or backscattered electron mode. The results obtained agree with the findings observed by the blue light fluorescence microscopy and confirm the concept of an extravascular fluid pathway along the elastic fibres in the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:293486", "title": "Indepth distributions of elements in teeth, determined by ion probe analysis.", "content": "The technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry has been applied to dental hard tissue. The method offers high sensitivity (ppb-ppm) to most elements, a topographic surface resolution of about 1 micron, and a practical depth resolution in the 10 nm range. Quantitative analysis has entailed the use of external standards or the adaptation of a thermodynamic model of the secondary ionization mechanism. The intrinsic mass spectra of secondary ions from apatite material have been studied to assess the practical detection limits for most elements of the periodic table. Fluorine studies have been performed on enamel subjected to different prophylactic treatments. The atomic mechanism of fluorine mobility in teeth have been studied in diffusion anneals. The distributions of different elements (F, Cl, P, Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Sr, Ba, Al, C, Pb) have been investigated in dependence of depth in the enamel and dentin from different environments.", "contents": "Indepth distributions of elements in teeth, determined by ion probe analysis. The technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry has been applied to dental hard tissue. The method offers high sensitivity (ppb-ppm) to most elements, a topographic surface resolution of about 1 micron, and a practical depth resolution in the 10 nm range. Quantitative analysis has entailed the use of external standards or the adaptation of a thermodynamic model of the secondary ionization mechanism. The intrinsic mass spectra of secondary ions from apatite material have been studied to assess the practical detection limits for most elements of the periodic table. Fluorine studies have been performed on enamel subjected to different prophylactic treatments. The atomic mechanism of fluorine mobility in teeth have been studied in diffusion anneals. The distributions of different elements (F, Cl, P, Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Sr, Ba, Al, C, Pb) have been investigated in dependence of depth in the enamel and dentin from different environments."}
{"id": "PMID:293487", "title": "Surface and in-depth analysis of biological and organic materials by ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS).", "content": "In recent years, new surface analytical techniques such as auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and ionscattering spectroscopy (ISS) have been developed. Some of these techniques have been used for the analysis of biological and organic materials with moderate success due to the problems inherent in the nature of these samples. The preparative techniques also complicate the application of many instrumental methods. Detailed studies to characterize fish scales taken from different environments, structural investigations on organo-metallic complexes, and analysis of human hair are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of ion scattering spectroscopy.", "contents": "Surface and in-depth analysis of biological and organic materials by ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). In recent years, new surface analytical techniques such as auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and ionscattering spectroscopy (ISS) have been developed. Some of these techniques have been used for the analysis of biological and organic materials with moderate success due to the problems inherent in the nature of these samples. The preparative techniques also complicate the application of many instrumental methods. Detailed studies to characterize fish scales taken from different environments, structural investigations on organo-metallic complexes, and analysis of human hair are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of ion scattering spectroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:293493", "title": "Long-term survival in childhood acute leukemia: \"late\" relapses.", "content": "The \"late\" relapse patterns of childhood acute leukemia were studied in 83 children in their first continuous complete remission for more than three years prior to randomization for stopping therapy (40 patients) or continuing therapy (43 patients) for a total of six years. Twenty of 83 (22.9%) have relapsed: Ten in the bone marrow, one in the central nervous system, and nine in the testes. The testes relapse rate of 41.1% (7/17) in males discontinuing therapy at three years was much higher than that of 8.7% (2/23) in males continuing therapy. This difference is significant at P = 0.01 (Wilcoxon test).", "contents": "Long-term survival in childhood acute leukemia: \"late\" relapses. The \"late\" relapse patterns of childhood acute leukemia were studied in 83 children in their first continuous complete remission for more than three years prior to randomization for stopping therapy (40 patients) or continuing therapy (43 patients) for a total of six years. Twenty of 83 (22.9%) have relapsed: Ten in the bone marrow, one in the central nervous system, and nine in the testes. The testes relapse rate of 41.1% (7/17) in males discontinuing therapy at three years was much higher than that of 8.7% (2/23) in males continuing therapy. This difference is significant at P = 0.01 (Wilcoxon test)."}
{"id": "PMID:293495", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: immunologic, cytochemical, morphologic, and cytogenetic studies in relation to pretreatment risk factors.", "content": "Thirty children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied prior to therapy to determine whether sheep erythrocyte (E)-receptor status correlated with clinical factors, cytochemical staining characteristics, FAB morphologic classification, and karyotype. Five patients (17%) with more than 50% E+ blasts had intense focal acid phosphatase staining and distinct clinical characteristics, including high leukocyte counts, mediastinal masses, and involvement of the central nervous system at diagnosis. Focal acid phosphatase activity was present in blasts of patients with greater than 20% E+ blasts, but this group had fewer poor risk factors. Morphologic and karyotypic features were not related to erythrocyte-receptor status, but the L2 morphologic appearance occurred more frequently in older patients (P less than 0.05). Erythrocyte receptors have both qualitative and quantitative clinical correlations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; however, E+ and E- groups are heterogeneous and E+ groups must be analyzed for other risk factors and relapse rates determined before firm conclusions can be made about erythrocyte rosetting as an independent risk variable.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: immunologic, cytochemical, morphologic, and cytogenetic studies in relation to pretreatment risk factors. Thirty children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied prior to therapy to determine whether sheep erythrocyte (E)-receptor status correlated with clinical factors, cytochemical staining characteristics, FAB morphologic classification, and karyotype. Five patients (17%) with more than 50% E+ blasts had intense focal acid phosphatase staining and distinct clinical characteristics, including high leukocyte counts, mediastinal masses, and involvement of the central nervous system at diagnosis. Focal acid phosphatase activity was present in blasts of patients with greater than 20% E+ blasts, but this group had fewer poor risk factors. Morphologic and karyotypic features were not related to erythrocyte-receptor status, but the L2 morphologic appearance occurred more frequently in older patients (P less than 0.05). Erythrocyte receptors have both qualitative and quantitative clinical correlations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia; however, E+ and E- groups are heterogeneous and E+ groups must be analyzed for other risk factors and relapse rates determined before firm conclusions can be made about erythrocyte rosetting as an independent risk variable."}
{"id": "PMID:293501", "title": "Serum immunoglobulins in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Forty-five patients with acute myelogenous leukemia have been followed sequentially for 12 months. All these patients had serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE levels measured by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay prior to chemotherapy, then every month after chemotherapy. Significant differences were found in IgA and IgG levels prior chemotherapy, while no differences were found in IgM or IgE levels at any time. There was a positive correlation between percentage of blasts and IgA level. There was negative correlation between the percentage of blasts and IgM levels. These findings raise the value of measuring the levels of immunoglobulins in patients with leukemia as a guide to the subclinical relapse of the disease. These results may also support the hypothesis of the role of early immune defect in immunoglobulin metabolism in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulins in acute myelogenous leukemia. Forty-five patients with acute myelogenous leukemia have been followed sequentially for 12 months. All these patients had serum immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE levels measured by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay prior to chemotherapy, then every month after chemotherapy. Significant differences were found in IgA and IgG levels prior chemotherapy, while no differences were found in IgM or IgE levels at any time. There was a positive correlation between percentage of blasts and IgA level. There was negative correlation between the percentage of blasts and IgM levels. These findings raise the value of measuring the levels of immunoglobulins in patients with leukemia as a guide to the subclinical relapse of the disease. These results may also support the hypothesis of the role of early immune defect in immunoglobulin metabolism in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:293502", "title": "An osteogenic sarcoma of the thyroid gland (report of a case and survey of the literature).", "content": "An additional case, counted to be the twenty third, of a primary osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland in a 62-year-old woman is described. The literature on the subject is surveyed, and the possible histogenesis of this unusual neoplasm is discussed.", "contents": "An osteogenic sarcoma of the thyroid gland (report of a case and survey of the literature). An additional case, counted to be the twenty third, of a primary osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland in a 62-year-old woman is described. The literature on the subject is surveyed, and the possible histogenesis of this unusual neoplasm is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293503", "title": "[Case of hereditary sensory neuropathy with atypical clinical course].", "content": "The authors report cases of hereditary sensory neuropathy of atypical clinical pattern in siblings. Besides evident sensory disturbances signs of peripheral motoneuronal damage and cerebellar signs were present. Electrophysiological and histological investigations in one of these cases confirmed that sensory disturbances were connected with damage to the peripheral sensory neuron.", "contents": "[Case of hereditary sensory neuropathy with atypical clinical course]. The authors report cases of hereditary sensory neuropathy of atypical clinical pattern in siblings. Besides evident sensory disturbances signs of peripheral motoneuronal damage and cerebellar signs were present. Electrophysiological and histological investigations in one of these cases confirmed that sensory disturbances were connected with damage to the peripheral sensory neuron."}
{"id": "PMID:293541", "title": "Lithium and the kidney.", "content": "Three middle-aged women treated with lithium carbonate for a manic-depressive illness have had complicating nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, acute reversible renal functional impairment in association with hypercalcaemia, or irreversible chronic renal damage. Renal toxicity developed in the presence of normal levels of lithium in the serum. The possibility of permanent renal damage as a result of long-term lithium therapy is of major concern.", "contents": "Lithium and the kidney. Three middle-aged women treated with lithium carbonate for a manic-depressive illness have had complicating nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, acute reversible renal functional impairment in association with hypercalcaemia, or irreversible chronic renal damage. Renal toxicity developed in the presence of normal levels of lithium in the serum. The possibility of permanent renal damage as a result of long-term lithium therapy is of major concern."}
{"id": "PMID:293542", "title": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour at term.", "content": "A low dose regimen of prostaglandin E2 tablets, 0.5 mg hourly for up to 10 doses, was used in an attempt to induce labour without prior amniotomy in 69 patients between 35 and 44 weeks gestation. The induction was considered successful if the patient delivered within 36 hours after therapy began. The success rate was 62 percent. The incidence of undesirable side effects was low and no serious fetal complications were related to treatment.", "contents": "Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour at term. A low dose regimen of prostaglandin E2 tablets, 0.5 mg hourly for up to 10 doses, was used in an attempt to induce labour without prior amniotomy in 69 patients between 35 and 44 weeks gestation. The induction was considered successful if the patient delivered within 36 hours after therapy began. The success rate was 62 percent. The incidence of undesirable side effects was low and no serious fetal complications were related to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:293543", "title": "Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis in an indoor heat-exchange swimming pool.", "content": "The case history, identification and isolation of the aetiological agent of a case of primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis (PAM) contracted in an indoor heat-exchange pool are presented. The isolated strain (MsM) is compared with known strains of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Naegleria.", "contents": "Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis in an indoor heat-exchange swimming pool. The case history, identification and isolation of the aetiological agent of a case of primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis (PAM) contracted in an indoor heat-exchange pool are presented. The isolated strain (MsM) is compared with known strains of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Naegleria."}
{"id": "PMID:293544", "title": "Dose of terbutaline respirator solution in children with asthma.", "content": "Twenty children, aged 8 to 17 years, with bronchial asthma were each given 0.02ml/kg, 0.03ml/kg and 0.04ml/kg terbutaline respirator solution (10mg/ml), one dose at a time on three separate occasions. Terbutaline by nebuliser produced a bronchodilator response within five minutes which reached near peak levels by 15 minutes. There was a wide variation in response. A dose of 0.02ml/kg produce a mean increase in FEV1 of 55 percent and an increase in MMEFR of 121 percent. Doses of 0.03ml/kg and 0.04ml/kg given to the same children resulted in slightly better, but not statistically significant different responses. The effect lasted for four hours, although the MMEFR was falling at this time. The baseline FEV1 did not affect the bronchodilator response. An inhalation of 0.02ml/kg of terbutaline respirator solution (10mg/ml) will produce an adequate bronchodilator response in most children.", "contents": "Dose of terbutaline respirator solution in children with asthma. Twenty children, aged 8 to 17 years, with bronchial asthma were each given 0.02ml/kg, 0.03ml/kg and 0.04ml/kg terbutaline respirator solution (10mg/ml), one dose at a time on three separate occasions. Terbutaline by nebuliser produced a bronchodilator response within five minutes which reached near peak levels by 15 minutes. There was a wide variation in response. A dose of 0.02ml/kg produce a mean increase in FEV1 of 55 percent and an increase in MMEFR of 121 percent. Doses of 0.03ml/kg and 0.04ml/kg given to the same children resulted in slightly better, but not statistically significant different responses. The effect lasted for four hours, although the MMEFR was falling at this time. The baseline FEV1 did not affect the bronchodilator response. An inhalation of 0.02ml/kg of terbutaline respirator solution (10mg/ml) will produce an adequate bronchodilator response in most children."}
{"id": "PMID:293545", "title": "Cardiac sarcoidosis: case report.", "content": "A young male Caucasian with an 18 month history of systemic sarcoidosis presented with a major cardiac rhythm disturbance which could only be attributed to cardiac involvement.", "contents": "Cardiac sarcoidosis: case report. A young male Caucasian with an 18 month history of systemic sarcoidosis presented with a major cardiac rhythm disturbance which could only be attributed to cardiac involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:293548", "title": "New directions in health and economic management.", "content": "It is a striking fact that in New Zealand both the economy and the health system have performed poorly in the post war era. It seems unlikely that this parallel is accidental, although we should be careful not to uncritically accept superficial explanations for it. In particular it does not seem likely that the poor economic record caused a poor health performance. Nor has poor health caused poor economic performance. The most likely explanation of the similarly poor performance of both the health and economic systems is that they have a common political and social foundation which, in both cases, resulted in the systems failing to function properly. Rather than provide a detailed critique of this foundation, we consider how we might reorganise the health system, and by implication the economy, to improve its performance.", "contents": "New directions in health and economic management. It is a striking fact that in New Zealand both the economy and the health system have performed poorly in the post war era. It seems unlikely that this parallel is accidental, although we should be careful not to uncritically accept superficial explanations for it. In particular it does not seem likely that the poor economic record caused a poor health performance. Nor has poor health caused poor economic performance. The most likely explanation of the similarly poor performance of both the health and economic systems is that they have a common political and social foundation which, in both cases, resulted in the systems failing to function properly. Rather than provide a detailed critique of this foundation, we consider how we might reorganise the health system, and by implication the economy, to improve its performance."}
{"id": "PMID:293556", "title": "Rheumatic fever: clinical and laboratory manifestations in a New Zealand community.", "content": "The clinical features of acute rheumatic fever as seen in Wairoa County 1962--76 are described. The types of cases seen comprised 107 definite first attacks, 78 definite recurrences, and 117 first attacks and 34 recurrences which did not satisfy strict diagnostic criteria. The incidence of the major manifestations, carditis, polyarthritis and chorea were 53 percent, 56 percent and 11 percent in definite first attacks, and 81 percent, 26 percent and 8 percent in definite recurrences, respectively. The ratio of recurrences to first attacks was high (58 percent). The Wairoa population exhibits factors thought to contribute to a high risk of recurrence--young age distribution, non-Caucasian ethnicity, avoidance of parenteral prophylaxis and frequent carditis in the first attack.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever: clinical and laboratory manifestations in a New Zealand community. The clinical features of acute rheumatic fever as seen in Wairoa County 1962--76 are described. The types of cases seen comprised 107 definite first attacks, 78 definite recurrences, and 117 first attacks and 34 recurrences which did not satisfy strict diagnostic criteria. The incidence of the major manifestations, carditis, polyarthritis and chorea were 53 percent, 56 percent and 11 percent in definite first attacks, and 81 percent, 26 percent and 8 percent in definite recurrences, respectively. The ratio of recurrences to first attacks was high (58 percent). The Wairoa population exhibits factors thought to contribute to a high risk of recurrence--young age distribution, non-Caucasian ethnicity, avoidance of parenteral prophylaxis and frequent carditis in the first attack."}
{"id": "PMID:293557", "title": "Liver surgery: the Auckland experience.", "content": "A retrospective survey was carried out on all patients undergoing operations for parenchymal disease of the liver in the Auckland area in the 10 year period 1968--1977. Biopsies were not included. There were 172 patients, the largest group being 118 with hepatic trauma. There were 11 resections for tumour, 25 patients treated surgically for hydatid disease, 15 abscesses and three miscellaneous cysts. Results of operation are presented and the relevant aspects of the diagnostic and treatment policies are discussed.", "contents": "Liver surgery: the Auckland experience. A retrospective survey was carried out on all patients undergoing operations for parenchymal disease of the liver in the Auckland area in the 10 year period 1968--1977. Biopsies were not included. There were 172 patients, the largest group being 118 with hepatic trauma. There were 11 resections for tumour, 25 patients treated surgically for hydatid disease, 15 abscesses and three miscellaneous cysts. Results of operation are presented and the relevant aspects of the diagnostic and treatment policies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293558", "title": "Immediate hypersensitivity skin testing in a case of hydrocortisone anaphylaxis: case report.", "content": "A patient with immediate hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone succinate is described.", "contents": "Immediate hypersensitivity skin testing in a case of hydrocortisone anaphylaxis: case report. A patient with immediate hypersensitivity to hydrocortisone succinate is described."}
{"id": "PMID:293569", "title": "Leptospirosis in meat inspectors: preliminary results of a serological survey.", "content": "A serological survey of leptospirosis among more than 1000  meat inspectors, from meat works throughout New Zealand, revealed a serological prevalence at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24, of 10.2 percent. Eighty-five percent of serological reactions were to serovars pomona and tarassovi. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the serological prevalence of these serovars and the inspection of pigs. Evidence is provided to substantiate the use of titres as low as 1:24 as an indication of previous leptospiral infection. Forty-two inspectors reported medical evidence of previous clinical infection with leptospirosis. Analysis of those who still exhibited a serological response and their individual case histories, indicated that detectable titres of leptospirosis can exist for up to 10 years.", "contents": "Leptospirosis in meat inspectors: preliminary results of a serological survey. A serological survey of leptospirosis among more than 1000  meat inspectors, from meat works throughout New Zealand, revealed a serological prevalence at a minimum serum dilution of 1:24, of 10.2 percent. Eighty-five percent of serological reactions were to serovars pomona and tarassovi. A highly significant correlation was demonstrated between the serological prevalence of these serovars and the inspection of pigs. Evidence is provided to substantiate the use of titres as low as 1:24 as an indication of previous leptospiral infection. Forty-two inspectors reported medical evidence of previous clinical infection with leptospirosis. Analysis of those who still exhibited a serological response and their individual case histories, indicated that detectable titres of leptospirosis can exist for up to 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:293570", "title": "The Tokelau Island migrant study: alcohol consumption in two environments.", "content": "The prevalence of alcohol consumption, the choice of beverages and the quantity of drinks used by a Polynesian society are described, both in the Tokelau atolls and among Tokelauan migrants in New Zealand. Current drinking was uncommon but increasing among women. Among men, it was more common, but both prevalence and quantity were modest compared with national alcohol consumption in New Zealand. Description of alcohol consumption in such migrant populations may provide a basis for encouraging continuing prudence regarding alcohol and ready acceptance and provision for the non-drinker of alcohol.", "contents": "The Tokelau Island migrant study: alcohol consumption in two environments. The prevalence of alcohol consumption, the choice of beverages and the quantity of drinks used by a Polynesian society are described, both in the Tokelau atolls and among Tokelauan migrants in New Zealand. Current drinking was uncommon but increasing among women. Among men, it was more common, but both prevalence and quantity were modest compared with national alcohol consumption in New Zealand. Description of alcohol consumption in such migrant populations may provide a basis for encouraging continuing prudence regarding alcohol and ready acceptance and provision for the non-drinker of alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:293572", "title": "Case notes as indicators of the prevailing medical model: implications.", "content": "The level of recording of relevant psychosocial parameters in 50 randomly selected medical and surgical case notes in a general teaching hospital was measured and compared with that of similar data recorded 10 years ago. In spite of wide acknowledgment of the importance of data of this kind, the frequency of recording was low and the only changes over the 10-year period were modest increases in the frequency of recording of alcohol intake and of occupation. These findings are discussed with reference to the surveyed opinion of the junior hospital medical staff. The suggestion is made that the model of illness currently in use in hospitals has not yet assimilated these dimensions and that belief to the contrary may be illusory. The implications for the role of psychiatrists in undergraduate and continuing education is noted, as is the possible relevance of the findings to medical economics and manpower needs.", "contents": "Case notes as indicators of the prevailing medical model: implications. The level of recording of relevant psychosocial parameters in 50 randomly selected medical and surgical case notes in a general teaching hospital was measured and compared with that of similar data recorded 10 years ago. In spite of wide acknowledgment of the importance of data of this kind, the frequency of recording was low and the only changes over the 10-year period were modest increases in the frequency of recording of alcohol intake and of occupation. These findings are discussed with reference to the surveyed opinion of the junior hospital medical staff. The suggestion is made that the model of illness currently in use in hospitals has not yet assimilated these dimensions and that belief to the contrary may be illusory. The implications for the role of psychiatrists in undergraduate and continuing education is noted, as is the possible relevance of the findings to medical economics and manpower needs."}
{"id": "PMID:293600", "title": "The proliferative activity of leukaemic myeloblasts following the intravenous infusion of cytarabine.", "content": "Serial bone marrow aspirates were obtained from 16 adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) before and after a single infusion of cytarabine (5.0 mg/kg i.v. over 30 min). Changes in the proliferative activity of the leukaemic myeloblasts were monitored by determination of the labelling index (LI) and the mitotic index (MI). There was a significant fall in both LI and MI within a few hours of the administration of cytarabine (P = 0.005). In 14 of the 16 cases the LI subsequently rose to observed maxima 0.3% to 14.1% (mean 5.0%) above the preinfusion LI, 11 to 77 hours (mean 40.8 h) after the infusion (P less than 0.05). The MI returned to the mean pretreatment level within the period of observation in 11 of the 16 cases. In general, the changes in MI followed those in LI; the results are consistent with cytarabine-induced arrest or death of leukaemic blast cells in S phase. Because of the variability in timing of kinetic changes in leukaemic myeloblasts following cytarabine, it is not possible to institute remission induction therapy consistently at the time of maximum synchronization with any fixed chemotherapeutic schedule. Furthermore, the degree of synchronization attained is, in general, small, limiting the prospect of exploiting synchronization with cytarabine as a means of improving the remission rate for AML.", "contents": "The proliferative activity of leukaemic myeloblasts following the intravenous infusion of cytarabine. Serial bone marrow aspirates were obtained from 16 adults with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) before and after a single infusion of cytarabine (5.0 mg/kg i.v. over 30 min). Changes in the proliferative activity of the leukaemic myeloblasts were monitored by determination of the labelling index (LI) and the mitotic index (MI). There was a significant fall in both LI and MI within a few hours of the administration of cytarabine (P = 0.005). In 14 of the 16 cases the LI subsequently rose to observed maxima 0.3% to 14.1% (mean 5.0%) above the preinfusion LI, 11 to 77 hours (mean 40.8 h) after the infusion (P less than 0.05). The MI returned to the mean pretreatment level within the period of observation in 11 of the 16 cases. In general, the changes in MI followed those in LI; the results are consistent with cytarabine-induced arrest or death of leukaemic blast cells in S phase. Because of the variability in timing of kinetic changes in leukaemic myeloblasts following cytarabine, it is not possible to institute remission induction therapy consistently at the time of maximum synchronization with any fixed chemotherapeutic schedule. Furthermore, the degree of synchronization attained is, in general, small, limiting the prospect of exploiting synchronization with cytarabine as a means of improving the remission rate for AML."}
{"id": "PMID:293601", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis and extramedullary myeloid tumour necrosis in aggressive chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia who developed widespread bone marrow necrosis associated wtih evolution of a new cell clone and with aggressive behaviour of the myeloid tumour in extramedullary sites is described. Cell necrosis in extramedullary tumours was also present; the sharp demarcation between zones of necrotic cells and intact cells and the histological evidence of vascular invasion by tumour cells suggest a vascular basis for cell necrosis.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis and extramedullary myeloid tumour necrosis in aggressive chronic myeloid leukaemia. A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia who developed widespread bone marrow necrosis associated wtih evolution of a new cell clone and with aggressive behaviour of the myeloid tumour in extramedullary sites is described. Cell necrosis in extramedullary tumours was also present; the sharp demarcation between zones of necrotic cells and intact cells and the histological evidence of vascular invasion by tumour cells suggest a vascular basis for cell necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:293654", "title": "Rapid ATP assays in perfused mouse liver by 31P NMR.", "content": "31P NMR was used to continuously monitor ATP and inorganic phosphate levels in perfused mouse liver. Under \"optimal\" conditions, the time resolution of the technique was approximately 1 min. In the absence of any metabolic perturbations the ATP level remained constant for at least 2 hr and decreased by only approximately 20% in 18 hr. Both ATP and inorganic phosphate levels responded to alterations in the oxygen supply to the liver. The half-time for this response was approximately 1 min, and the response to short periods of hypoxia or ischemia was partially reversible. The addition of insulin caused only a minor decrease in the ATP level but significantly decreased the rate of response of ATP and phosphate levels to hypoxia and ischemia.", "contents": "Rapid ATP assays in perfused mouse liver by 31P NMR. 31P NMR was used to continuously monitor ATP and inorganic phosphate levels in perfused mouse liver. Under \"optimal\" conditions, the time resolution of the technique was approximately 1 min. In the absence of any metabolic perturbations the ATP level remained constant for at least 2 hr and decreased by only approximately 20% in 18 hr. Both ATP and inorganic phosphate levels responded to alterations in the oxygen supply to the liver. The half-time for this response was approximately 1 min, and the response to short periods of hypoxia or ischemia was partially reversible. The addition of insulin caused only a minor decrease in the ATP level but significantly decreased the rate of response of ATP and phosphate levels to hypoxia and ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:293655", "title": "Photoreactive labeling of M13 coat protein in model membranes by use of a glycolipid probe.", "content": "Coliphage M13 coat protein in synthetic bilayer membranes was labeled by use of 12-(4-azide-2-nitrophenoxy)stearoyl[1-14C]glucosamine, a photoreactive glycolipid probe that spontaneously inserts into membranes. In this model system, the probe preferentially labeled the proteins over the lipids. Experiments designed to test the probe's restriction to integral membrane proteins revealed that extrinsic proteins as well as external peptide fragments of integral membrane proteins were not accessible to the photogenerated nitrene on the fatty acid chain. Only integral membrane peptides were labeled by the membrane-bound probe. These results indicate that protein labeling can be effected specifically from within the hydrocarbon milieu of a model membrane system.", "contents": "Photoreactive labeling of M13 coat protein in model membranes by use of a glycolipid probe. Coliphage M13 coat protein in synthetic bilayer membranes was labeled by use of 12-(4-azide-2-nitrophenoxy)stearoyl[1-14C]glucosamine, a photoreactive glycolipid probe that spontaneously inserts into membranes. In this model system, the probe preferentially labeled the proteins over the lipids. Experiments designed to test the probe's restriction to integral membrane proteins revealed that extrinsic proteins as well as external peptide fragments of integral membrane proteins were not accessible to the photogenerated nitrene on the fatty acid chain. Only integral membrane peptides were labeled by the membrane-bound probe. These results indicate that protein labeling can be effected specifically from within the hydrocarbon milieu of a model membrane system."}
{"id": "PMID:293656", "title": "Participation of guanine nucleotides in nucleation and elongation steps of microtubule assembly.", "content": "Critical concentrations for formation of microtubules from subunits with GTP and its beta, gamma-imido and beta, gamma-methylene analogs are similar when adequate time is given for equilibration. Dilution of microtubules into GTP and GDP yielded values of 0.1 and 0.19 mg/ml for the critical concentration, results similar to those reported by Carlier and Pantaloni [Carlier, M. & Pantaloni, D. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1908-1915]. GDP is capable of supporting elongation of preformed microtubules, but it efficiently poisons the nucleation events. Reported experiments also demonstrate that the critical tubulin concentration of the tubulin-GDP complex can be accurately measured in both the assembly and disassembly directions. Evidence is presented that GTP is involved in early nucleation events but that microtubules are stabilized in the presence of either GTP or GDP. These results are discussed in terms of a condensation-equilibrium model in which tubulin subunits equilibrate rapidly with microtubule ends, and their affinity for the ends is governed by the nucleotide ligand at the exchangeable site.", "contents": "Participation of guanine nucleotides in nucleation and elongation steps of microtubule assembly. Critical concentrations for formation of microtubules from subunits with GTP and its beta, gamma-imido and beta, gamma-methylene analogs are similar when adequate time is given for equilibration. Dilution of microtubules into GTP and GDP yielded values of 0.1 and 0.19 mg/ml for the critical concentration, results similar to those reported by Carlier and Pantaloni [Carlier, M. & Pantaloni, D. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1908-1915]. GDP is capable of supporting elongation of preformed microtubules, but it efficiently poisons the nucleation events. Reported experiments also demonstrate that the critical tubulin concentration of the tubulin-GDP complex can be accurately measured in both the assembly and disassembly directions. Evidence is presented that GTP is involved in early nucleation events but that microtubules are stabilized in the presence of either GTP or GDP. These results are discussed in terms of a condensation-equilibrium model in which tubulin subunits equilibrate rapidly with microtubule ends, and their affinity for the ends is governed by the nucleotide ligand at the exchangeable site."}
{"id": "PMID:293657", "title": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: characteristics of a postribosomal supernatant factor that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates and inhibition of ternary complex (Met-tRNAfMet.eIF-2.GTP) formation by heme-regulated inhibitor.", "content": "During heme deficiency in reticulocyte lysates, a translational inhibitor (heme-regulated inhibitor, HRI) that blocks polypeptide chain initiation is activated. HRI is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of the Met-tRNAfMet binding factor, eIF-2. Phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI prevents its interaction with at least two additional factors, resulting in a net reduction in formation of ternary complex (Met-tRNAfMet.eIF-2.GTP) and AUG-dependent transfer of Met-tRNAfMet to 40S ribosomal subunits. A factor (sRF) that reverses protein synthesis inhibition in heme-deficient lysates has been purified from reticulocyte postribosomal supernatant. sRF also reverses the inhibition of ternary complex formation by HRI in a fractionated system. The ternary complex inhibition reversal activity and the protein synthesis inhibition reversal activity cosediment at 12.5 S upon glycerol density gradient centrifugation, and both activities are sensitive to heat or N-ethylmaleimide. Purified sRF does not dephosphorylate eIF-2 whose phosphorylation has been catalyzed by HRI, nor does the sRF prevent the phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI in a fractionated system. sRF stimulates ternary complex formation by both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated eIF-2. These observations suggest that the sensitivity of protein synthesis to phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI may be modulated by the concentration and activity of sRF.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes: characteristics of a postribosomal supernatant factor that reverses inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-deficient lysates and inhibition of ternary complex (Met-tRNAfMet.eIF-2.GTP) formation by heme-regulated inhibitor. During heme deficiency in reticulocyte lysates, a translational inhibitor (heme-regulated inhibitor, HRI) that blocks polypeptide chain initiation is activated. HRI is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates the 38,000-dalton subunit of the Met-tRNAfMet binding factor, eIF-2. Phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI prevents its interaction with at least two additional factors, resulting in a net reduction in formation of ternary complex (Met-tRNAfMet.eIF-2.GTP) and AUG-dependent transfer of Met-tRNAfMet to 40S ribosomal subunits. A factor (sRF) that reverses protein synthesis inhibition in heme-deficient lysates has been purified from reticulocyte postribosomal supernatant. sRF also reverses the inhibition of ternary complex formation by HRI in a fractionated system. The ternary complex inhibition reversal activity and the protein synthesis inhibition reversal activity cosediment at 12.5 S upon glycerol density gradient centrifugation, and both activities are sensitive to heat or N-ethylmaleimide. Purified sRF does not dephosphorylate eIF-2 whose phosphorylation has been catalyzed by HRI, nor does the sRF prevent the phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI in a fractionated system. sRF stimulates ternary complex formation by both phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated eIF-2. These observations suggest that the sensitivity of protein synthesis to phosphorylation of eIF-2 by HRI may be modulated by the concentration and activity of sRF."}
{"id": "PMID:293658", "title": "Endonucleolytic activity directed towards 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) purines in double-stranded DNA.", "content": "Photoalkylation of circular covalently closed DNA from phage PM2 with isopropyl alcohol by using a free radical photoinitiator and UV light of lambda greater than 305 nm led to the specific 8-substitution of purine moieties in the DNA, yielding 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)adenine and 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)guanine as the only detectable damage in the DNA. Using this specifically photoalkylated DNA as a substrate, we discovered in extracts of Micrococcus luteus an endonucleolytic activity that is directed towards 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) purines in DNA. The activity is not a combination of a DNA-glycosylase and an apurinic site endonuclease. It is not inhibited by single-stranded DNA, by UV- or gamma-irradiated single-stranded DNA, or by normal or depurinated double-stranded DNA. however, gamma- or UV-(254 nm) irradiated double-stranded DNAs to inhibit the activity, hinting at the possibility of a common type of lesion in these damaged DNAs. Divalent cations are not required for the incising activity, and it is fully active in 1 mM EDTA, whereas caffeine and ATP cause inhibition. Extracts of mutant M. luteus lacking pyrimidine-dimer-directed endonucleases were found to contain the endonucleolytic activity in levels comparable to those present in the wild type. After the incision, we could demonstrate the specific excision of the 8-alkylated purines from the damaged DNA. The special conformational consequences of the 8-alkylation of purines, at the nucleotide level, namely their nonregular syn conformation, suggest that it is the distortion in the DNA that is recognized by the endonuclease.", "contents": "Endonucleolytic activity directed towards 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) purines in double-stranded DNA. Photoalkylation of circular covalently closed DNA from phage PM2 with isopropyl alcohol by using a free radical photoinitiator and UV light of lambda greater than 305 nm led to the specific 8-substitution of purine moieties in the DNA, yielding 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)adenine and 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)guanine as the only detectable damage in the DNA. Using this specifically photoalkylated DNA as a substrate, we discovered in extracts of Micrococcus luteus an endonucleolytic activity that is directed towards 8-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) purines in DNA. The activity is not a combination of a DNA-glycosylase and an apurinic site endonuclease. It is not inhibited by single-stranded DNA, by UV- or gamma-irradiated single-stranded DNA, or by normal or depurinated double-stranded DNA. however, gamma- or UV-(254 nm) irradiated double-stranded DNAs to inhibit the activity, hinting at the possibility of a common type of lesion in these damaged DNAs. Divalent cations are not required for the incising activity, and it is fully active in 1 mM EDTA, whereas caffeine and ATP cause inhibition. Extracts of mutant M. luteus lacking pyrimidine-dimer-directed endonucleases were found to contain the endonucleolytic activity in levels comparable to those present in the wild type. After the incision, we could demonstrate the specific excision of the 8-alkylated purines from the damaged DNA. The special conformational consequences of the 8-alkylation of purines, at the nucleotide level, namely their nonregular syn conformation, suggest that it is the distortion in the DNA that is recognized by the endonuclease."}
{"id": "PMID:293659", "title": "Covalent association of protein with replicative form DNA of parvovirus H-1.", "content": "The double-stranded replicative form (RF) DNA of the autonomous parvovirus H-1 can be isolated from infected cells in a covalent complex with protein. The protein is present on most or all of the RF DNA, including actively replicating molecules, and is associated with the 5'-terminal endonuclease Hae III fragments of both the viral and complementary strands of RF. The size of the protein is estimated to be 60,000-70,000 daltons from its effect on buoyant density of DNA. DNA with covalently bound protein has not been found in H-1 virions.", "contents": "Covalent association of protein with replicative form DNA of parvovirus H-1. The double-stranded replicative form (RF) DNA of the autonomous parvovirus H-1 can be isolated from infected cells in a covalent complex with protein. The protein is present on most or all of the RF DNA, including actively replicating molecules, and is associated with the 5'-terminal endonuclease Hae III fragments of both the viral and complementary strands of RF. The size of the protein is estimated to be 60,000-70,000 daltons from its effect on buoyant density of DNA. DNA with covalently bound protein has not been found in H-1 virions."}
{"id": "PMID:293660", "title": "Vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in the rat.", "content": "The plasma concentration of the major vitamin D metabolites; 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured during pregnancy and lactation in the adult female rat. The concentrations of these metabolites were also measured in rat pups during lactation and after weaning. The plasma concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the adult female increases from a control value of 26 pg/ml to 86 pg/ml during the latter stages of pregnancy, reaches a peak of 158 pg/ml during lactation, and then returns to control levels by 3 weeks postweaning. Plasma concentrations of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D fall dramatically during pregnancy from a control level of 3.9 ng/ml to 1.6 ng/ml remain low during lactation, and return to control levels by 3 weeks postweaning. In the neonatal rat pup at 14 days postpartum, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma concentration is 25 pg/ml and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration is 2.8 ng/ml. By day 25 postpartum, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations reached levels of 101 pg/ml, whereas 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations fell to 1.9 ng/ml.", "contents": "Vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. The plasma concentration of the major vitamin D metabolites; 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured during pregnancy and lactation in the adult female rat. The concentrations of these metabolites were also measured in rat pups during lactation and after weaning. The plasma concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the adult female increases from a control value of 26 pg/ml to 86 pg/ml during the latter stages of pregnancy, reaches a peak of 158 pg/ml during lactation, and then returns to control levels by 3 weeks postweaning. Plasma concentrations of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D fall dramatically during pregnancy from a control level of 3.9 ng/ml to 1.6 ng/ml remain low during lactation, and return to control levels by 3 weeks postweaning. In the neonatal rat pup at 14 days postpartum, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D plasma concentration is 25 pg/ml and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration is 2.8 ng/ml. By day 25 postpartum, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations reached levels of 101 pg/ml, whereas 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations fell to 1.9 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:293661", "title": "Hybrid mammalian cells assemble hybrid ribosomes.", "content": "Hybrid cell lines formed by fusion of mouse 3T3 cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resistant to emetine, which have an altered 40S ribosomal protein, are generally sensitive to emetine. From most hybrid lines it was possible to select sublines resistant to emetine. The ribosomal components of three lines were studied: A34, an emetine-sensitive hybrid; A34/R3, an emetine-resistant derivative of A34; and A72, an emetine-sensitive hybrid that did not give rise to emetine-resistant sublines. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that in A34 both the mouse emetine sensitivity gene and the hamster emetine resistance gene are active, whereas in A34/R3 only the hamster emetine resistance gene is active and in A72 only the mouse emetine sensitivity gene is active. The ribosomes of all three sublines contained both mouse and hamster RNA, predominantly mouse. However, the 60S subunits had roughly equal amounts of the three mouse and hamster proteins that could be distinguished by two-dimensional electrophoresis, suggesting the association of mouse RNA with hamster ribosomal proteins. The emetine-resistant and emetine-sensitive 40S subunits could be separated by sedimentation in 0.5 M KCl. Resistant subunits contained predominantly mouse RNA, presumably associated with the hamster protein conferring emetine resistance. We conclude that hybrid cells can form hybrid ribosomes and that the amounts of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein of each species are not closely coupled.", "contents": "Hybrid mammalian cells assemble hybrid ribosomes. Hybrid cell lines formed by fusion of mouse 3T3 cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells resistant to emetine, which have an altered 40S ribosomal protein, are generally sensitive to emetine. From most hybrid lines it was possible to select sublines resistant to emetine. The ribosomal components of three lines were studied: A34, an emetine-sensitive hybrid; A34/R3, an emetine-resistant derivative of A34; and A72, an emetine-sensitive hybrid that did not give rise to emetine-resistant sublines. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that in A34 both the mouse emetine sensitivity gene and the hamster emetine resistance gene are active, whereas in A34/R3 only the hamster emetine resistance gene is active and in A72 only the mouse emetine sensitivity gene is active. The ribosomes of all three sublines contained both mouse and hamster RNA, predominantly mouse. However, the 60S subunits had roughly equal amounts of the three mouse and hamster proteins that could be distinguished by two-dimensional electrophoresis, suggesting the association of mouse RNA with hamster ribosomal proteins. The emetine-resistant and emetine-sensitive 40S subunits could be separated by sedimentation in 0.5 M KCl. Resistant subunits contained predominantly mouse RNA, presumably associated with the hamster protein conferring emetine resistance. We conclude that hybrid cells can form hybrid ribosomes and that the amounts of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein of each species are not closely coupled."}
{"id": "PMID:293662", "title": "Ricin linked to monophosphopentamannose binds to fibroblast lysosomal hydrolase receptors, resulting in a cell-type-specific toxin.", "content": "The receptor specificity of the plant seed toxin ricin, which ordinarily binds to galactose-containing receptors, has been altered by coupling monophosphopentamannose residues to ricin by reductive amination and by reversibly binding lactose to the modified ricin. The added monophosphopentamannose residues provide ricin with the recognition factor common to fibroblast lysosomal hydrolases and enable the modified ricin (Man6P-ricin) to bind to the fibroblast Man6P receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in the cells via this receptor. The addition of lactose to Man6P-ricin saturates the galactose site on Man6P-ricin and prevents the binding of Man6P-ricin to cells via galactose-containing ricin receptors. The Man6P receptor-mediated toxicity of Man6P-ricin, identified in human fibroblasts by competition by Man6P and blockade by alkaline phosphatase treatment, was not detected in HeLa cells or human amnion cells. Consequently, in the presence of lactose, the fibroblasts were 8 and 13 times more sensitive than amnion and HeLa cells, respectively. These results show that highly toxic cell-type-specific reagents can be made by the proper alteration of toxin receptor specificities. An attempt to construct a highly toxic altered toxin by adding Man6P residues to diphtheria toxin fragment A was unsuccessful. A possible explanation is that in Man6P-ricin the ricin B chain performs some entry function, even though the initial binding step occurs at the Man6P receptor.", "contents": "Ricin linked to monophosphopentamannose binds to fibroblast lysosomal hydrolase receptors, resulting in a cell-type-specific toxin. The receptor specificity of the plant seed toxin ricin, which ordinarily binds to galactose-containing receptors, has been altered by coupling monophosphopentamannose residues to ricin by reductive amination and by reversibly binding lactose to the modified ricin. The added monophosphopentamannose residues provide ricin with the recognition factor common to fibroblast lysosomal hydrolases and enable the modified ricin (Man6P-ricin) to bind to the fibroblast Man6P receptor and inhibit protein synthesis in the cells via this receptor. The addition of lactose to Man6P-ricin saturates the galactose site on Man6P-ricin and prevents the binding of Man6P-ricin to cells via galactose-containing ricin receptors. The Man6P receptor-mediated toxicity of Man6P-ricin, identified in human fibroblasts by competition by Man6P and blockade by alkaline phosphatase treatment, was not detected in HeLa cells or human amnion cells. Consequently, in the presence of lactose, the fibroblasts were 8 and 13 times more sensitive than amnion and HeLa cells, respectively. These results show that highly toxic cell-type-specific reagents can be made by the proper alteration of toxin receptor specificities. An attempt to construct a highly toxic altered toxin by adding Man6P residues to diphtheria toxin fragment A was unsuccessful. A possible explanation is that in Man6P-ricin the ricin B chain performs some entry function, even though the initial binding step occurs at the Man6P receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:293663", "title": "Evidence for a dissociable protein subunit required for calmodulin stimulation of brain adenylate cyclase.", "content": "An adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphatelyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] preparation that is not stimulated by NaF,5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, or Ca2+.calmodulin has been isolated from bovine cerebral cortex by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography and calmodulin-Sepharose chromatography. Sensitivity to these effectors was restored by incubation of the adenylate cyclase preparation with detergent-solubilized protein from bovine cerebral cortex. Reconstitution of of Ca2+.calmodulin activation required the presence of 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate. The factor required for restoration of Ca2+.calmodulin stimulation was sensitive to heat, trypsin digestion, and N-ethylmaleimide. These observations suggest that this adenylate cyclase activity requires the presence of one or more guanyl nucleotide binding subunits for calmodulin sensitivity.", "contents": "Evidence for a dissociable protein subunit required for calmodulin stimulation of brain adenylate cyclase. An adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphatelyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] preparation that is not stimulated by NaF,5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, or Ca2+.calmodulin has been isolated from bovine cerebral cortex by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography and calmodulin-Sepharose chromatography. Sensitivity to these effectors was restored by incubation of the adenylate cyclase preparation with detergent-solubilized protein from bovine cerebral cortex. Reconstitution of of Ca2+.calmodulin activation required the presence of 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate. The factor required for restoration of Ca2+.calmodulin stimulation was sensitive to heat, trypsin digestion, and N-ethylmaleimide. These observations suggest that this adenylate cyclase activity requires the presence of one or more guanyl nucleotide binding subunits for calmodulin sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:293664", "title": "Inactive mRNA-protein complexes from mouse sarcoma-180 ascites cells.", "content": "Mouse sarcoma ascites cells do not utilize fully their capacity for protein synthesis. A considerable portion of their ribosomes occur as inactive monomers. Also, a substantial amount of the cellular mRNA is in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles that sediment in the 20-70S range. This is indicated both by measurements of poly(A) content and by translation of the RNA in cell-free systems. The population of polypeptides synthesized under the direction of the RNA from these particles is less heterogeneous than that directed by RNA from polysomes. The mRNAs for some polypeptides are present predominantly in the small particles. Others are distributed to varying degrees between particles and polysomes. Incubation of the cells with cycloheximide drives most of the ribosomal monomers and a portion of the untranslated mRNA into polysomes. Some of the mRNAs that were predominantly in the inactive fraction seem to be refractory to this treatment. Particles released from polysomes in cells subjected to starvation are quite effective in promoting polypeptide synthesis in a reticulocyte cell-free system and cause the synthesis of a population of polypeptides similar to that coded by the polysomal RNA. The particles from cells exposed to cycloheximide are inactive but yield active RNA upon deproteinization. It is suggested that some mRNA species are maintained in an inactive state in the cell by a component of the nucleoprotein complex.", "contents": "Inactive mRNA-protein complexes from mouse sarcoma-180 ascites cells. Mouse sarcoma ascites cells do not utilize fully their capacity for protein synthesis. A considerable portion of their ribosomes occur as inactive monomers. Also, a substantial amount of the cellular mRNA is in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles that sediment in the 20-70S range. This is indicated both by measurements of poly(A) content and by translation of the RNA in cell-free systems. The population of polypeptides synthesized under the direction of the RNA from these particles is less heterogeneous than that directed by RNA from polysomes. The mRNAs for some polypeptides are present predominantly in the small particles. Others are distributed to varying degrees between particles and polysomes. Incubation of the cells with cycloheximide drives most of the ribosomal monomers and a portion of the untranslated mRNA into polysomes. Some of the mRNAs that were predominantly in the inactive fraction seem to be refractory to this treatment. Particles released from polysomes in cells subjected to starvation are quite effective in promoting polypeptide synthesis in a reticulocyte cell-free system and cause the synthesis of a population of polypeptides similar to that coded by the polysomal RNA. The particles from cells exposed to cycloheximide are inactive but yield active RNA upon deproteinization. It is suggested that some mRNA species are maintained in an inactive state in the cell by a component of the nucleoprotein complex."}
{"id": "PMID:293665", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of human lymphoblast interferon.", "content": "One component of human lymphoblastoid interferon obtained from Namalwa cultures induced by Newcastle disease virus has been purified to a specific activity of 2.5 x 10(8) interferon units per mg of protein (protein content based on amino acid analysis). A single polypeptide species with an apparent molecular weight of 18,500 comigrating with the antiviral activity was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Preliminary amino-terminal sequencing results support the conclusion that the interferon species is essentially homogeneous.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of human lymphoblast interferon. One component of human lymphoblastoid interferon obtained from Namalwa cultures induced by Newcastle disease virus has been purified to a specific activity of 2.5 x 10(8) interferon units per mg of protein (protein content based on amino acid analysis). A single polypeptide species with an apparent molecular weight of 18,500 comigrating with the antiviral activity was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Preliminary amino-terminal sequencing results support the conclusion that the interferon species is essentially homogeneous."}
{"id": "PMID:293666", "title": "Anisotropic molecular motion on cell surfaces.", "content": "Photobleaching in a two-dimensional periodic pattern has been used to characterize the motion of succinylconcanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of mouse fibroblasts. These receptors were found to exhibit anisotropic two-dimensional diffusion in adherent cells having parallel stress fibers. Diffusion coefficients of the order of 10(-11) cm2/sec and 10(-12) cm2/sec were measured for diffusive motions parallel and perpendicular to these fibers. The determination of the anisotropic motion used a two-dimensional Fourier analysis. A study was made of the effect of changes in cell shape on the photobleach pattern.", "contents": "Anisotropic molecular motion on cell surfaces. Photobleaching in a two-dimensional periodic pattern has been used to characterize the motion of succinylconcanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of mouse fibroblasts. These receptors were found to exhibit anisotropic two-dimensional diffusion in adherent cells having parallel stress fibers. Diffusion coefficients of the order of 10(-11) cm2/sec and 10(-12) cm2/sec were measured for diffusive motions parallel and perpendicular to these fibers. The determination of the anisotropic motion used a two-dimensional Fourier analysis. A study was made of the effect of changes in cell shape on the photobleach pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:293667", "title": "Lateral mobility of an amphipathic apolipoprotein, ApoC-III, bound to phosphatidylcholine bilayers with and without cholesterol.", "content": "The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to investigate the lateral mobility of a fluorescein-labeled amphipathic apolipoprotein, ApoC-III, bound to multibilayers prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylcholine, and a 1:1 (molar ratio) mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. In dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers the lateral diffusion coefficient (D) for the protein is about 2 x 10(-9) cm(2) sec(-1) at 20 degrees C and about 9 x 10(-8) cm(2) sec(-1) at 45 degrees C. Plots of D versus temperature in this system show a transition between about 30 and 35 degrees C. Arrhenius activation energies for the diffusion in this case between 15 and 30 degrees C and between 35 and 45 degrees C are 28.5 and 7.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively (1 calorie = 4.18 joules). In egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, D is about 3 x 10(-8) cm(2) sec(-1) at 20 degrees C and the Arrhenius activation energy for diffusion is 8.1 kcal mol(-1) between 15 and 35 degrees C in this system. In bilayers prepared from an equimolar mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol D at 20 degrees C is about 1.4 x 10(-9) cm(2) sec(-1) and the Arrhenius activation energy for the diffusion of the protein in this system between 15 and 35 degrees C is 15.1 kcal mol(-1). Light-scattering and fluorescence-polarization results indicate that binding of this protein does not affect the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition of bilayer membranes but does mediate a major, reversible aggregation of the vesicles at about 33 degrees C. These results lend support to the view that ApoC-III resides in the head-group region of the bilayer and suggest that its lateral diffusion coefficient represents an upper bound for integral membrane proteins.", "contents": "Lateral mobility of an amphipathic apolipoprotein, ApoC-III, bound to phosphatidylcholine bilayers with and without cholesterol. The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was used to investigate the lateral mobility of a fluorescein-labeled amphipathic apolipoprotein, ApoC-III, bound to multibilayers prepared from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylcholine, and a 1:1 (molar ratio) mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. In dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers the lateral diffusion coefficient (D) for the protein is about 2 x 10(-9) cm(2) sec(-1) at 20 degrees C and about 9 x 10(-8) cm(2) sec(-1) at 45 degrees C. Plots of D versus temperature in this system show a transition between about 30 and 35 degrees C. Arrhenius activation energies for the diffusion in this case between 15 and 30 degrees C and between 35 and 45 degrees C are 28.5 and 7.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively (1 calorie = 4.18 joules). In egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers, D is about 3 x 10(-8) cm(2) sec(-1) at 20 degrees C and the Arrhenius activation energy for diffusion is 8.1 kcal mol(-1) between 15 and 35 degrees C in this system. In bilayers prepared from an equimolar mixture of egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol D at 20 degrees C is about 1.4 x 10(-9) cm(2) sec(-1) and the Arrhenius activation energy for the diffusion of the protein in this system between 15 and 35 degrees C is 15.1 kcal mol(-1). Light-scattering and fluorescence-polarization results indicate that binding of this protein does not affect the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition of bilayer membranes but does mediate a major, reversible aggregation of the vesicles at about 33 degrees C. These results lend support to the view that ApoC-III resides in the head-group region of the bilayer and suggest that its lateral diffusion coefficient represents an upper bound for integral membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:293668", "title": "Globin synthesis and erythroid differentiation in a Friend cell variant deficient in heme synthesis.", "content": "Friend erythroleukemia cells of line Fw are noninducible for hemoglobin synthesis by dimethyl sulfoxide, butyric acid, and other agents. However, these agents were found to induce hemoglobin synthesis if the cells were also treated with exogenous hemin. Butyric acid (or, to a lesser extent, dimethyl sulfoxide) by itself induced accumulation of the erythroid-specific membrane protein spectrin. The basis of the control of globin gene expression by hemin was investigated. Hemin does not control globin and total protein synthesis via the action of the hemin-controlled repressor. Rather, hemin, alone or in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide, induces accumulation of globin mRNA and nuclear globin RNA sequences. Direct measurements of heme synthesis indicate that Fw cells may be significantly deficient in heme metabolism.", "contents": "Globin synthesis and erythroid differentiation in a Friend cell variant deficient in heme synthesis. Friend erythroleukemia cells of line Fw are noninducible for hemoglobin synthesis by dimethyl sulfoxide, butyric acid, and other agents. However, these agents were found to induce hemoglobin synthesis if the cells were also treated with exogenous hemin. Butyric acid (or, to a lesser extent, dimethyl sulfoxide) by itself induced accumulation of the erythroid-specific membrane protein spectrin. The basis of the control of globin gene expression by hemin was investigated. Hemin does not control globin and total protein synthesis via the action of the hemin-controlled repressor. Rather, hemin, alone or in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide, induces accumulation of globin mRNA and nuclear globin RNA sequences. Direct measurements of heme synthesis indicate that Fw cells may be significantly deficient in heme metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:293669", "title": "Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting.", "content": "Owing to several recent developments, the cultivability of epidermal keratinocytes, particularly those of the human, has been greatly improved. Under the conditions used, single cultured cells generate stratified colonies that ultimately fuse and form an epithelium that is reasonable approximation of the epidermis. It will be shown here that large amounts of cultured epithelium can be generated from a small piece of epidermis in a short time. We wish to bring to the attention of surgeons and cell biologists the possibility of using culture-grown epithelium derived from the same individual to restore defects in the epidermis.", "contents": "Growth of cultured human epidermal cells into multiple epithelia suitable for grafting. Owing to several recent developments, the cultivability of epidermal keratinocytes, particularly those of the human, has been greatly improved. Under the conditions used, single cultured cells generate stratified colonies that ultimately fuse and form an epithelium that is reasonable approximation of the epidermis. It will be shown here that large amounts of cultured epithelium can be generated from a small piece of epidermis in a short time. We wish to bring to the attention of surgeons and cell biologists the possibility of using culture-grown epithelium derived from the same individual to restore defects in the epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:293670", "title": "Amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes in unstably methotrexate-resistant cells are associated with double minute chromosomes.", "content": "Selection of mammalian cells in progressively increasing concentrations of methotrexate results in selective amplification of DNA sequences coding for dihydrofolate reductase (tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3). In some cell variants the amplified genes are stable with growth in the absence of methotrexate, whereas in other variants the amplified genes are lost from the population. We have previously reported that in a stably amplified variant of Chinese hamster ovary cells, the genes are localized to a single chromosome. Herein we report that in mouse S-180 and L5178Y cell lines unstably amplified dihydrofolate reductase DNA sequences are associated with small, paired chromosomal elements denoted \"double minute chromosomes,\" whereas in stably amplified cells of the same origin, the genes are associated with large chromosomes.", "contents": "Amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes in unstably methotrexate-resistant cells are associated with double minute chromosomes. Selection of mammalian cells in progressively increasing concentrations of methotrexate results in selective amplification of DNA sequences coding for dihydrofolate reductase (tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.3). In some cell variants the amplified genes are stable with growth in the absence of methotrexate, whereas in other variants the amplified genes are lost from the population. We have previously reported that in a stably amplified variant of Chinese hamster ovary cells, the genes are localized to a single chromosome. Herein we report that in mouse S-180 and L5178Y cell lines unstably amplified dihydrofolate reductase DNA sequences are associated with small, paired chromosomal elements denoted \"double minute chromosomes,\" whereas in stably amplified cells of the same origin, the genes are associated with large chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:293671", "title": "An endothelial cell growth factor from bovine hypothalamus: identification and partial characterization.", "content": "Extracts of bovine hypothalamus were found to contain a significant level of mitogenic activity when tested in a Swiss 3T3 cell [3H]dThd incorporation assay and in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell growth assay. The mitogenic activity responsible for 3T3 cell activity was purified and characterized as a fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-like mitogen. Neither the biologically active FGF-like mitogen purified from the hypothalamus extracts nor FGF purified from bovine pituitary glands was mitogenic when added to human endothelial cells in vitro, suggesting the presence of more than one mitogen in the hypothalamic extracts. The 3T3 and endothelial cell biological activities of hypothalamic extracts were both found to be inactivated by trypsin, subtilisin, and heat treatment, but were stable to dialysis. The endothelial cell growth factor activity could be efficiently separated from the FGF activity by gel exclusion chromatography. The endothelial cell mitogen possessed a molecular weight of approximately 75,000, whereas that of FGF was approximately 15,000. The endothelial cell growth factor activity was found to be inactivated with reducing agents whereas the 3T3 cell mitogenic activity was stable after incubation with 2-mercaptoethanol. Significant levels of endothelial cell mitogenic activity were also found in extracts of bovine brain and pituitary glands.", "contents": "An endothelial cell growth factor from bovine hypothalamus: identification and partial characterization. Extracts of bovine hypothalamus were found to contain a significant level of mitogenic activity when tested in a Swiss 3T3 cell [3H]dThd incorporation assay and in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell growth assay. The mitogenic activity responsible for 3T3 cell activity was purified and characterized as a fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-like mitogen. Neither the biologically active FGF-like mitogen purified from the hypothalamus extracts nor FGF purified from bovine pituitary glands was mitogenic when added to human endothelial cells in vitro, suggesting the presence of more than one mitogen in the hypothalamic extracts. The 3T3 and endothelial cell biological activities of hypothalamic extracts were both found to be inactivated by trypsin, subtilisin, and heat treatment, but were stable to dialysis. The endothelial cell growth factor activity could be efficiently separated from the FGF activity by gel exclusion chromatography. The endothelial cell mitogen possessed a molecular weight of approximately 75,000, whereas that of FGF was approximately 15,000. The endothelial cell growth factor activity was found to be inactivated with reducing agents whereas the 3T3 cell mitogenic activity was stable after incubation with 2-mercaptoethanol. Significant levels of endothelial cell mitogenic activity were also found in extracts of bovine brain and pituitary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:293672", "title": "Introduction and expression of a rabbit beta-globin gene in mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The cloned chromosomal rabbit beta-globin gene has been introduced into mouse fibroblasts by DNA-mediated gene transfer (transformation). In this report, we examine the expression of the rabbit gene in six independent transformants that contain from 1 to 20 copies of the cloned globin gene. Rabbit globin transcripts were detected in two of these transformants at steady-state concentrations of 5 and 2 copies per cell. The globin transcripts from one cell line are polyadenylylated and migrate as 9S RNA on methylmercury gels. These transcripts reflect correct processing of the two intervening sequences but lack 48 +/- 5 nucleotides present at the 5' terminus of rabbit erythrocyte globin mRNA.", "contents": "Introduction and expression of a rabbit beta-globin gene in mouse fibroblasts. The cloned chromosomal rabbit beta-globin gene has been introduced into mouse fibroblasts by DNA-mediated gene transfer (transformation). In this report, we examine the expression of the rabbit gene in six independent transformants that contain from 1 to 20 copies of the cloned globin gene. Rabbit globin transcripts were detected in two of these transformants at steady-state concentrations of 5 and 2 copies per cell. The globin transcripts from one cell line are polyadenylylated and migrate as 9S RNA on methylmercury gels. These transcripts reflect correct processing of the two intervening sequences but lack 48 +/- 5 nucleotides present at the 5' terminus of rabbit erythrocyte globin mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:293673", "title": "Interactions of tumor cells with vascular endothelial cell monolayers: a model for metastatic invasion.", "content": "The interactions of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic human and rodent cells with vascular endothelial cells and their underlying extracellular matrix were studied in culture. The abilities of various cells to attach to endothelial monolayers and cause morphologic changes, such as rupture of endothelial-endothelial cell interactions leading to retraction of endothelial cells and exposure of extracellular matrix, as well as their propensities to invade and underlap retracted endothelial monolayers and continue migration were assessed by time-lapse and phase-contrast microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In general, highly malignant or highly invasive cells in vivo were capable of attachment, invasion, and migration under endothelial cells in vitro. This system may be useful for elucidating mechanisms of tumor cell arrest and extravasation.", "contents": "Interactions of tumor cells with vascular endothelial cell monolayers: a model for metastatic invasion. The interactions of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic human and rodent cells with vascular endothelial cells and their underlying extracellular matrix were studied in culture. The abilities of various cells to attach to endothelial monolayers and cause morphologic changes, such as rupture of endothelial-endothelial cell interactions leading to retraction of endothelial cells and exposure of extracellular matrix, as well as their propensities to invade and underlap retracted endothelial monolayers and continue migration were assessed by time-lapse and phase-contrast microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In general, highly malignant or highly invasive cells in vivo were capable of attachment, invasion, and migration under endothelial cells in vitro. This system may be useful for elucidating mechanisms of tumor cell arrest and extravasation."}
{"id": "PMID:293674", "title": "Inhibition of polyisoprenoid and glycoprotein biosynthesis causes abnormal embryonic development.", "content": "Compactin, a potent inhibitor of polyisoprenoid biosynthesis, induces abnormal gastrulation during sea urchin development at concentrations that have no effect on earlier embryonic development or on macromolecular synthesis. Three lines of evidence suggest that the developmental lesion caused by compactin results from inhibition of dolichol biosynthesis and a concomitant inhibition in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide chains of N-linked glycoproteins. (i) Embryos cultured in the presence of compactin gastrulate normally when supplemented with dolichol alone, whereas supplementation with cholesterol or coenzyme Q or both does not prevent the compactin-induced developmental lesion. (ii) Exogenously supplemented [3H]dolichol is incorporated into a compound with the chromatographic properties of oligosaccharide-pyrophosphoryldolichol. (iii) Embryos cultured in the presence of compactin exhibit a decreased capacity to synthesize mannose-labeled glycolipids and N-linked glycoproteins. This decrease in synthesis is abolished if the embryos are cultured in the presence of dolichol along with compactin.", "contents": "Inhibition of polyisoprenoid and glycoprotein biosynthesis causes abnormal embryonic development. Compactin, a potent inhibitor of polyisoprenoid biosynthesis, induces abnormal gastrulation during sea urchin development at concentrations that have no effect on earlier embryonic development or on macromolecular synthesis. Three lines of evidence suggest that the developmental lesion caused by compactin results from inhibition of dolichol biosynthesis and a concomitant inhibition in the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharide chains of N-linked glycoproteins. (i) Embryos cultured in the presence of compactin gastrulate normally when supplemented with dolichol alone, whereas supplementation with cholesterol or coenzyme Q or both does not prevent the compactin-induced developmental lesion. (ii) Exogenously supplemented [3H]dolichol is incorporated into a compound with the chromatographic properties of oligosaccharide-pyrophosphoryldolichol. (iii) Embryos cultured in the presence of compactin exhibit a decreased capacity to synthesize mannose-labeled glycolipids and N-linked glycoproteins. This decrease in synthesis is abolished if the embryos are cultured in the presence of dolichol along with compactin."}
{"id": "PMID:293675", "title": "Relationship between movement and aggregation of centrioles in syncytia and formation of microtubule bundles.", "content": "Previous reports from this laboratory have provided evidence suggesting that microtubules and 10-nm filaments serve both cytoskeletal and force-generating functions in the intracellular movement and positioning of nuclei in syncytia. It has been found that, during the process of cell fusion and nuclear migration in syncytia induced by the paramyxovirus simian virus 5, centrioles are transported in the cytoplasm and form large aggregates. These aggregates are usually found in regions adjacent to rows of aligned nuclei and large bundles of microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Colchicine prevents the translocation and aggregation of centrioles, but cytochalasin B has little effect on this process. These results suggest that the same cytoskeletal elements that are involved in nuclear migration and positioning--i.e., microtubules and 10-nm filaments--are also involved in the transport of centrioles. The possibility that aggregates of centrioles may serve as centers for the organization of microtubules and 10-nm filaments into the large bundles observed in the syncytia is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between movement and aggregation of centrioles in syncytia and formation of microtubule bundles. Previous reports from this laboratory have provided evidence suggesting that microtubules and 10-nm filaments serve both cytoskeletal and force-generating functions in the intracellular movement and positioning of nuclei in syncytia. It has been found that, during the process of cell fusion and nuclear migration in syncytia induced by the paramyxovirus simian virus 5, centrioles are transported in the cytoplasm and form large aggregates. These aggregates are usually found in regions adjacent to rows of aligned nuclei and large bundles of microtubules and 10-nm filaments. Colchicine prevents the translocation and aggregation of centrioles, but cytochalasin B has little effect on this process. These results suggest that the same cytoskeletal elements that are involved in nuclear migration and positioning--i.e., microtubules and 10-nm filaments--are also involved in the transport of centrioles. The possibility that aggregates of centrioles may serve as centers for the organization of microtubules and 10-nm filaments into the large bundles observed in the syncytia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293676", "title": "In vitro synthesis of a putative precursor of mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase.", "content": "Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase; ornithine carbamoyltransferase; carbamoyl phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.3), a major mitochondrial matrix enzyme in ureotelic animals, is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and translocated across both mitochondrial membranes to the matrix. In an attempt to identify the primary translation product (or an early intermediate) that is the substrate for this transport process, we translated rat liver polysomal RNA in vitro by using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Immunoprecipitation of the [35S]methionine-labeled translation mixture was performed by using monospecific OTCase antiserum and the immunoadsorbent Staphylococcus aureus. Approximately 0.3% of total trichloroacetic acid-insoluble 35S-labeled material was specifically precipitated. Analysis of the precipitate by fluorography of a dried sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel showed a single major translation product whose mobility corresponded to a polypeptide of 43,000 daltons, a value approximately 4000 daltons greater than that noted for the \"mature\" OTCase subunit isolated from rat liver. This translation product was not precipitated by preimmune rabbit serum, and excess unlabeled mature OTCase competed with it for interaction with OTCase antiserum. These results suggested that rat liver OTCase, like a number of other cytoplasmically synthesized organellar proteins, is initially made as a larger precursor that contains an amino acid sequence necessary to confer on OTCase its transport properties. The potential application of these findings to the study of inherited complete OTCase deficiency in humans is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of a putative precursor of mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamoylase. Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase; ornithine carbamoyltransferase; carbamoyl phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.3), a major mitochondrial matrix enzyme in ureotelic animals, is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and translocated across both mitochondrial membranes to the matrix. In an attempt to identify the primary translation product (or an early intermediate) that is the substrate for this transport process, we translated rat liver polysomal RNA in vitro by using the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Immunoprecipitation of the [35S]methionine-labeled translation mixture was performed by using monospecific OTCase antiserum and the immunoadsorbent Staphylococcus aureus. Approximately 0.3% of total trichloroacetic acid-insoluble 35S-labeled material was specifically precipitated. Analysis of the precipitate by fluorography of a dried sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel showed a single major translation product whose mobility corresponded to a polypeptide of 43,000 daltons, a value approximately 4000 daltons greater than that noted for the \"mature\" OTCase subunit isolated from rat liver. This translation product was not precipitated by preimmune rabbit serum, and excess unlabeled mature OTCase competed with it for interaction with OTCase antiserum. These results suggested that rat liver OTCase, like a number of other cytoplasmically synthesized organellar proteins, is initially made as a larger precursor that contains an amino acid sequence necessary to confer on OTCase its transport properties. The potential application of these findings to the study of inherited complete OTCase deficiency in humans is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293677", "title": "Phosphoethanolamine as a growth factor of a mammary carcinoma cell line of rat.", "content": "We have identified phosphoethanolamine as the pituitary-derived growth-promoting material that specifically stimulates the rat mammary carcinoma cell line 64-24. We have been studying the growth characteristics of the 64-24 cell line, which was isolated from a highly hormone-dependent tumor and which retains in culture many characteristics of the original tumor. Previously, crude bovine pituitary extract was shown to contain a significant amount of growth-stimulating activity for these cells, and a growth factor from this extract was purified to homogeneity. This report describes the identification of the growth factor as phosphoethanolamine. Further, the biological activity of phosphoethanolamine was found to be virtually identical to that of the purified growth factor. A possible role of phosphoethanolamine in the growth of mammary tumor cells as well as of normal mammary epithelial cells and other tissues is discussed.", "contents": "Phosphoethanolamine as a growth factor of a mammary carcinoma cell line of rat. We have identified phosphoethanolamine as the pituitary-derived growth-promoting material that specifically stimulates the rat mammary carcinoma cell line 64-24. We have been studying the growth characteristics of the 64-24 cell line, which was isolated from a highly hormone-dependent tumor and which retains in culture many characteristics of the original tumor. Previously, crude bovine pituitary extract was shown to contain a significant amount of growth-stimulating activity for these cells, and a growth factor from this extract was purified to homogeneity. This report describes the identification of the growth factor as phosphoethanolamine. Further, the biological activity of phosphoethanolamine was found to be virtually identical to that of the purified growth factor. A possible role of phosphoethanolamine in the growth of mammary tumor cells as well as of normal mammary epithelial cells and other tissues is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293678", "title": "Purification of cytoplasmic tubulin and microtubule organizing center proteins functioning in microtubule initiation from the alga Polytomella.", "content": "Cytoplasmic tubulin and the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) for the cytoskeletal microtubule system of the flagellate Polytomella have been isolated. The isolated MTOCs serve as sites for the in vitro assembly of the purified tubulin protein. The major proteins (four polypeptides of molecular weights 190,000-210,000) functioning in this assembly have been extracted from the MTOCs and purified. Kinetic studies and experiments with in vivo 35S-labeled MTOC proteins (or 35S-labeled tubulin) demonstrate that these proteins function specifically in microtubule initiation and do not contribute to microtubule elongation. The results indicate that microtubule assembly in vivo is controlled by microtubule initiating proteins associated with the organelles termed MTOCs.", "contents": "Purification of cytoplasmic tubulin and microtubule organizing center proteins functioning in microtubule initiation from the alga Polytomella. Cytoplasmic tubulin and the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) for the cytoskeletal microtubule system of the flagellate Polytomella have been isolated. The isolated MTOCs serve as sites for the in vitro assembly of the purified tubulin protein. The major proteins (four polypeptides of molecular weights 190,000-210,000) functioning in this assembly have been extracted from the MTOCs and purified. Kinetic studies and experiments with in vivo 35S-labeled MTOC proteins (or 35S-labeled tubulin) demonstrate that these proteins function specifically in microtubule initiation and do not contribute to microtubule elongation. The results indicate that microtubule assembly in vivo is controlled by microtubule initiating proteins associated with the organelles termed MTOCs."}
{"id": "PMID:293679", "title": "Early termination of heterogeneous nuclear RNA transcripts in mammalian cells: accentuation by 5,6-dichloro 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole.", "content": "Labeling of RNA in isolated HeLa cell nuclei in vitro reveals an abundance of short RNA chains made by RNA polymerase II. These short chains were initiated prior to isolation of the nuclei. The short abundant chains are increased in amount in nuclei isolated from cells treated with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). Kinetic evidence indicates that the bulk of the putative heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) precursor molecules that are terminated early in vivo are terminated approximately 100-300 nucleotides from sites of initiation. DRB increases the frequency of early termination, but there is a fraction of hnRNA precursor molecules whose elongation is not affected by DRB. Heparin is useful in studies of hnRNA transcription in isolated nuclei because it enhances chain elongation.", "contents": "Early termination of heterogeneous nuclear RNA transcripts in mammalian cells: accentuation by 5,6-dichloro 1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. Labeling of RNA in isolated HeLa cell nuclei in vitro reveals an abundance of short RNA chains made by RNA polymerase II. These short chains were initiated prior to isolation of the nuclei. The short abundant chains are increased in amount in nuclei isolated from cells treated with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). Kinetic evidence indicates that the bulk of the putative heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) precursor molecules that are terminated early in vivo are terminated approximately 100-300 nucleotides from sites of initiation. DRB increases the frequency of early termination, but there is a fraction of hnRNA precursor molecules whose elongation is not affected by DRB. Heparin is useful in studies of hnRNA transcription in isolated nuclei because it enhances chain elongation."}
{"id": "PMID:293680", "title": "Oncogenic transformation of mammalian cells in vitro with split doses of x-rays.", "content": "An established line of mouse fibroblasts, C3H/10T1/2 cells, was used for the assessment in vitro of oncogenic transformations caused by single and split doses of x-rays. The shape of the dose-response relationship was determined over the range from 0.1 to 10 Gy. It was found that splitting the x-ray dose into two equal fractions, separated by 5 hr, led to a reduction in transformation frequency at doses above 1.5-2 Gy but to an enhancement of transformation at lower doses. The observations reported cast doubt on the assessment of human cancer risk at lo dose levels by a linear extrapolation from available high-dose data from the Japanese atomic bomb survivors or from persons exposed for medical purposes.", "contents": "Oncogenic transformation of mammalian cells in vitro with split doses of x-rays. An established line of mouse fibroblasts, C3H/10T1/2 cells, was used for the assessment in vitro of oncogenic transformations caused by single and split doses of x-rays. The shape of the dose-response relationship was determined over the range from 0.1 to 10 Gy. It was found that splitting the x-ray dose into two equal fractions, separated by 5 hr, led to a reduction in transformation frequency at doses above 1.5-2 Gy but to an enhancement of transformation at lower doses. The observations reported cast doubt on the assessment of human cancer risk at lo dose levels by a linear extrapolation from available high-dose data from the Japanese atomic bomb survivors or from persons exposed for medical purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:293681", "title": "Effects of opiates and demographic factors on DNA repair synthesis in human leukocytes.", "content": "DNA repair synthesis in leukocytes stressed by far UV irradiation was studied in 90 normal individuals, 38 street-heroin addicts, and 18 methadone maintenance patients. Age, sex, coffee use, and alcohol use had no significant effect on the maximal repair synthesis response of the control subjects, but smoking tobacco significantly decreased the mean response and variance when compared with nonsmoking controls. Heroin addiction had an even more pronounced negative effect, and this may be related to the high rate of chromosome aberrations found in this population. Half of the addicts tested were incapable of repairing UV fluences one-quarter as large as those repaired by the control subjects (5 J/m2 and 20 J/m2, respectively) in the 2-hr assay period. Long-term methadone treatment ameliorated the effects of the street heroin, just as it resulted in a decrease of the chromosome aberration frequency.", "contents": "Effects of opiates and demographic factors on DNA repair synthesis in human leukocytes. DNA repair synthesis in leukocytes stressed by far UV irradiation was studied in 90 normal individuals, 38 street-heroin addicts, and 18 methadone maintenance patients. Age, sex, coffee use, and alcohol use had no significant effect on the maximal repair synthesis response of the control subjects, but smoking tobacco significantly decreased the mean response and variance when compared with nonsmoking controls. Heroin addiction had an even more pronounced negative effect, and this may be related to the high rate of chromosome aberrations found in this population. Half of the addicts tested were incapable of repairing UV fluences one-quarter as large as those repaired by the control subjects (5 J/m2 and 20 J/m2, respectively) in the 2-hr assay period. Long-term methadone treatment ameliorated the effects of the street heroin, just as it resulted in a decrease of the chromosome aberration frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:293682", "title": "Regional assignment of the steroid sulfatase-X-linked ichthyosis locus: implications for a noninactivated region on the short arm of human X chromosome.", "content": "The expression of steroid sulfatase (SS; sterol-sulfatase; sterol-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.2), a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of 3beta-hydroxysteroid sulfates, was evaluated in mouse-human hybrid clones. The mouse parental line, A9, was found to have little SS as determined by activity measurements. Human SS can be separated from mouse SS by electrophoresis. Two human fibroblast lines, one carrying an X/13 translocation [46,X,t(X;13)(p22;q12)] and the other carrying an X/20 translocation [46,X,t(X;20)(Xp20q;Xq20p)] were used as the human parental lines. Several independently derived hybrid clones from each of the two fusion experiments were analyzed for the expression of human SS by activity measurements and electrophoresis. Cytogenetic analyses were done on these hybrid clones at the same passage level. The results showed that the expression of human SS in these cell hybrids was concordant only with the presence of the distal half (p22-->pter) of the short arm of the human X chromosome, thus assigning the locus for SS to Xp22-->Xpter. Earlier studies have shown that the deficiency of SS is the basis for the dermatologic condition X-linked ichthyosis, the gene for which is known to be located approximately 10 centimorgans from the Xg blood group locus. The localization of SS on the X chromosome indicates that Xg locus may be on the short arm of X and possibly on its distal half. The Xg locus is thought to escape X-inactivation in man, and recent investigations suggest that the SS locus also escapes X-inactivation. Our results thus provide evidence for the location of an apparently noninactivated site on the distal half of the short arm of the human X-chromosome that contains the locus for SS and possibly the Xg locus.", "contents": "Regional assignment of the steroid sulfatase-X-linked ichthyosis locus: implications for a noninactivated region on the short arm of human X chromosome. The expression of steroid sulfatase (SS; sterol-sulfatase; sterol-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.2), a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of 3beta-hydroxysteroid sulfates, was evaluated in mouse-human hybrid clones. The mouse parental line, A9, was found to have little SS as determined by activity measurements. Human SS can be separated from mouse SS by electrophoresis. Two human fibroblast lines, one carrying an X/13 translocation [46,X,t(X;13)(p22;q12)] and the other carrying an X/20 translocation [46,X,t(X;20)(Xp20q;Xq20p)] were used as the human parental lines. Several independently derived hybrid clones from each of the two fusion experiments were analyzed for the expression of human SS by activity measurements and electrophoresis. Cytogenetic analyses were done on these hybrid clones at the same passage level. The results showed that the expression of human SS in these cell hybrids was concordant only with the presence of the distal half (p22-->pter) of the short arm of the human X chromosome, thus assigning the locus for SS to Xp22-->Xpter. Earlier studies have shown that the deficiency of SS is the basis for the dermatologic condition X-linked ichthyosis, the gene for which is known to be located approximately 10 centimorgans from the Xg blood group locus. The localization of SS on the X chromosome indicates that Xg locus may be on the short arm of X and possibly on its distal half. The Xg locus is thought to escape X-inactivation in man, and recent investigations suggest that the SS locus also escapes X-inactivation. Our results thus provide evidence for the location of an apparently noninactivated site on the distal half of the short arm of the human X-chromosome that contains the locus for SS and possibly the Xg locus."}
{"id": "PMID:293683", "title": "Antibody-induced modulation of Friend virus cell surface antigens decreases virus production by persistent erythroleukemia cells: influence of the Rfv-3 gene.", "content": "The Rfv-3 gene was found to influence the level of Friend leukemia virus production in spleens of leukemic mice later than 30 days after virus inoculation. Rfv-3r/s mice [(B10.A X A)F1 and (B10.A X A.BY)F1] had decreased spleen virus levels 30-90 days after virus inoculation compared to Rfv-3s/s mice [A.BY, A, BALB.B, and (BALB/c X A)F1)]. In (B10.A X A)F1 X A backcross mice the spleen virus titer segregated with the level of viremia. The Rfv-3 gene appeared to act by controlling anti-Friend virus antibody production. The interaction of antiviral antibody with infected cells led to a decrease in release of infectious virus by late leukemic spleen cells in Rfv-3r/s mice to 1/300th that in Rfv-3s/s mice. This decrease in virus release appeared to be due to interference with the virus budding process due to antibody-mediated modulation of virus-induced cell surface antigens.", "contents": "Antibody-induced modulation of Friend virus cell surface antigens decreases virus production by persistent erythroleukemia cells: influence of the Rfv-3 gene. The Rfv-3 gene was found to influence the level of Friend leukemia virus production in spleens of leukemic mice later than 30 days after virus inoculation. Rfv-3r/s mice [(B10.A X A)F1 and (B10.A X A.BY)F1] had decreased spleen virus levels 30-90 days after virus inoculation compared to Rfv-3s/s mice [A.BY, A, BALB.B, and (BALB/c X A)F1)]. In (B10.A X A)F1 X A backcross mice the spleen virus titer segregated with the level of viremia. The Rfv-3 gene appeared to act by controlling anti-Friend virus antibody production. The interaction of antiviral antibody with infected cells led to a decrease in release of infectious virus by late leukemic spleen cells in Rfv-3r/s mice to 1/300th that in Rfv-3s/s mice. This decrease in virus release appeared to be due to interference with the virus budding process due to antibody-mediated modulation of virus-induced cell surface antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:293684", "title": "Assignment of human beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes to the short arm of chromosome 11 by chromosome sorting and DNA restriction enzyme analysis.", "content": "Normal human metaphase chromosomes isolated from fibroblasts were resolved into 14 peaks based on total Hoechst 33258 fluorescence and sorted with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The chromosomal DNA was extracted and characterized by EcoRI analysis. As expected, analysis of the peak containing chromosomes 16 and 18 detected the alpha-globin genes and of the peak containing chromosomes 9, 10, 11, and 12 detected the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. Translocations were then used to localize further the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. The first translocation t(11;22)(q25;q11), which moved nearly all of chromosome 11 to a different peak, confirmed that the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes are on this chromosome. The second, t(4;11)(q25;q13), which moved the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 11 to a new peak, showed that the genes are not in this segment. The third, t(X;11)(q11;p13), moved the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 11 to a peak which now contained the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. Therefore, the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes residue on the distal portion of the chromosome 11 short arm including bands p13, p14, and p15. This sorting method may be used generally to assign other genes to chromosomal segments of the entire chromosome complement.", "contents": "Assignment of human beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes to the short arm of chromosome 11 by chromosome sorting and DNA restriction enzyme analysis. Normal human metaphase chromosomes isolated from fibroblasts were resolved into 14 peaks based on total Hoechst 33258 fluorescence and sorted with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The chromosomal DNA was extracted and characterized by EcoRI analysis. As expected, analysis of the peak containing chromosomes 16 and 18 detected the alpha-globin genes and of the peak containing chromosomes 9, 10, 11, and 12 detected the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. Translocations were then used to localize further the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. The first translocation t(11;22)(q25;q11), which moved nearly all of chromosome 11 to a different peak, confirmed that the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes are on this chromosome. The second, t(4;11)(q25;q13), which moved the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 11 to a new peak, showed that the genes are not in this segment. The third, t(X;11)(q11;p13), moved the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 11 to a peak which now contained the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes. Therefore, the beta-, gamma-, and delta-globin genes residue on the distal portion of the chromosome 11 short arm including bands p13, p14, and p15. This sorting method may be used generally to assign other genes to chromosomal segments of the entire chromosome complement."}
{"id": "PMID:293685", "title": "Fv-2 locus controls expression of Friend spleen focus-forming virus-specific sequences in normal and infected mice.", "content": "We have recently demonstrated that normal hemopoietic cells express RNA sequences that are homologous to sequences specific for the Friend erythroleukemia virus genome [Bernstein, A., Gamble, C., Penrose, D. & Mak, T. W. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4455-4459]. In this communication, we report that the Fv-2 locus, the major genetic determinant controlling host susceptibility to erythroleukemia induction by Friend leukemia virus, also controls the expression of endogenous sequences related to the replication-defective component of Friend leukemia virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), in normal uninfected mice. Two independent congeneic pairs of mice [C57BL/6 (B6) and B6.S; B6 and B6.C(H-7(b))], differing only in a small region of the mouse genome including the Fv-2 locus, were used for this purpose. In both cases, molecular hybridization analysis indicated that the presence of SFFV-related RNA sequences in normal mice was associated with the Fv-2(s) allele: bone marrow or spleen cellular RNA from Fv-2(rr) B6 mice contained no detectable SFFV-related sequences, whereas their congeneic Fv-2(ss) pairs contained relatively high levels of these RNA sequences. The absence of these RNA sequences in Fv-2(rr) mice was not due to deletion of these sequences from the DNA of Fv-2(rr) mice. Repopulation of lethally irradiated Fv-2(rr) mice with syngeneic Fv-2(rr) bone marrow cells did not lead to any increase in the levels of these SFFV-related RNA sequences, suggesting that the expression of these sequences is still reduced or inhibited in actively cycling Fv-2(rr) hemopoietic cells. Infection with Friend leukemia virus resulted in the appearance of high levels of RNA homologous to SFFV-specific sequences in the leukemic spleens of B6.S (Fv-2(ss)) mice, whereas these cellular RNA sequences could not be detected in the spleens of Friend virus-infected B6 (Fv-2(rr)) mice. The demonstration that the same gene locus controls both the expression of exogenous SFFV-specific sequences and erythroleukemia induction by Friend leukemia virus suggests that these sequences may be necessary for erythroleukemic transformation. In addition, the finding that the Fv-2 gene locus controls the expression of endogenous SFFV-related sequences suggests that these sequences may also be involved in normal hemopoiesis.", "contents": "Fv-2 locus controls expression of Friend spleen focus-forming virus-specific sequences in normal and infected mice. We have recently demonstrated that normal hemopoietic cells express RNA sequences that are homologous to sequences specific for the Friend erythroleukemia virus genome [Bernstein, A., Gamble, C., Penrose, D. & Mak, T. W. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4455-4459]. In this communication, we report that the Fv-2 locus, the major genetic determinant controlling host susceptibility to erythroleukemia induction by Friend leukemia virus, also controls the expression of endogenous sequences related to the replication-defective component of Friend leukemia virus, Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV), in normal uninfected mice. Two independent congeneic pairs of mice [C57BL/6 (B6) and B6.S; B6 and B6.C(H-7(b))], differing only in a small region of the mouse genome including the Fv-2 locus, were used for this purpose. In both cases, molecular hybridization analysis indicated that the presence of SFFV-related RNA sequences in normal mice was associated with the Fv-2(s) allele: bone marrow or spleen cellular RNA from Fv-2(rr) B6 mice contained no detectable SFFV-related sequences, whereas their congeneic Fv-2(ss) pairs contained relatively high levels of these RNA sequences. The absence of these RNA sequences in Fv-2(rr) mice was not due to deletion of these sequences from the DNA of Fv-2(rr) mice. Repopulation of lethally irradiated Fv-2(rr) mice with syngeneic Fv-2(rr) bone marrow cells did not lead to any increase in the levels of these SFFV-related RNA sequences, suggesting that the expression of these sequences is still reduced or inhibited in actively cycling Fv-2(rr) hemopoietic cells. Infection with Friend leukemia virus resulted in the appearance of high levels of RNA homologous to SFFV-specific sequences in the leukemic spleens of B6.S (Fv-2(ss)) mice, whereas these cellular RNA sequences could not be detected in the spleens of Friend virus-infected B6 (Fv-2(rr)) mice. The demonstration that the same gene locus controls both the expression of exogenous SFFV-specific sequences and erythroleukemia induction by Friend leukemia virus suggests that these sequences may be necessary for erythroleukemic transformation. In addition, the finding that the Fv-2 gene locus controls the expression of endogenous SFFV-related sequences suggests that these sequences may also be involved in normal hemopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:293686", "title": "Specific-locus test shows ethylnitrosourea to be the most potent mutagen in the mouse.", "content": "Use of the specific-locus test to measure the frequency of transmitted gene mutations induced in mouse spermatogonia has shown ethylnitrosourea to be by far the most potent mutagen yet discovered in the mouse. The dose used, 250 mg/kg, gave a mutation rate 5 times as high as had been obtained with 600 R, the most effective acute dose of x-rays. Compared to procarbazine, heretofore the most mutagenic chemical known in the mouse, ethylnitrosourea proved to be 15 times more mutagenic than the peak effect obtained with the most effective dose of procarbazine. Because of its high mutagenicity, ethylnitrosourea can serve as a model compound in exploring the effect of such factors as dose response, dose fractionation, sex, and cell stage on the mutagenic action of a chemical. Ethylnitrosourea is clearly the mutagen of choice for the production of any kind of desired new gene mutations in the mouse.", "contents": "Specific-locus test shows ethylnitrosourea to be the most potent mutagen in the mouse. Use of the specific-locus test to measure the frequency of transmitted gene mutations induced in mouse spermatogonia has shown ethylnitrosourea to be by far the most potent mutagen yet discovered in the mouse. The dose used, 250 mg/kg, gave a mutation rate 5 times as high as had been obtained with 600 R, the most effective acute dose of x-rays. Compared to procarbazine, heretofore the most mutagenic chemical known in the mouse, ethylnitrosourea proved to be 15 times more mutagenic than the peak effect obtained with the most effective dose of procarbazine. Because of its high mutagenicity, ethylnitrosourea can serve as a model compound in exploring the effect of such factors as dose response, dose fractionation, sex, and cell stage on the mutagenic action of a chemical. Ethylnitrosourea is clearly the mutagen of choice for the production of any kind of desired new gene mutations in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:293687", "title": "DNA-mediated gene transfer of a circular plasmid into murine cells.", "content": "We have used DNA-mediated gene transfer to introduce a recombinant plasmid containing the human beta-globin gene (H beta 1) into cells of a mouse tissue culture line, Ltk-. DNA isolated from independent transfer lines was analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis, modified Southern blotting, and filter hybridization using H beta 1 as a probe. H beta 1 sequences were present in 80% of the lines at 1-30 copies per cell. Many of the lines gave a hybridization pattern indicative of H beta 1 sequences integrated into high molecular weight DNA. DNA from three cell lines, digested with several restriction enzymes, produced a pattern providing evidence for the presence of circular H beta 1 molecules in the murine recipient cells.", "contents": "DNA-mediated gene transfer of a circular plasmid into murine cells. We have used DNA-mediated gene transfer to introduce a recombinant plasmid containing the human beta-globin gene (H beta 1) into cells of a mouse tissue culture line, Ltk-. DNA isolated from independent transfer lines was analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis, modified Southern blotting, and filter hybridization using H beta 1 as a probe. H beta 1 sequences were present in 80% of the lines at 1-30 copies per cell. Many of the lines gave a hybridization pattern indicative of H beta 1 sequences integrated into high molecular weight DNA. DNA from three cell lines, digested with several restriction enzymes, produced a pattern providing evidence for the presence of circular H beta 1 molecules in the murine recipient cells."}
{"id": "PMID:293688", "title": "Regulation of the amplification C3 convertase of human complement by an inhibitory protein isolated from human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "An activity that is inhibitory to the properdin-stabilized amplification C3 convertase (C3b,Bb,P) was solubilized from human erythrocyte (E(hu)) membranes by Nonidet P-40 and purified to homogeneity. The inhibitory membrane glycoprotein had an apparent M(r) of 1-1.2x10(6) on gel filtration in the presence of Nonidet P-40. On sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it presented a single stained band with an apparent M(r) of 205,000, with or without prior reduction of disulfides. The inhibitory protein of the E(hu) membrane produced a dose-related, first-order decay of C3b,Bb,P function on sheep erythrocytes (E(s)) and released (125)I-labeled Bb from these sites, indicating a mechanism of inhibition by decay-dissociation of the amplification C3 convertase. The 50% inhibitory dose of the E(hu) membrane protein was not altered by removal of sialic acid from the E(s) bearing C3b,Bb,P sites. E(hu) membrane protein also serves as a cofactor for C3b inactivator-induced cleavage of the alpha polypeptide chain of C3b. Thus, the inhibitory membrane protein can abrogate the activity of amplification convertase sites that have formed and also can prevent generation of such sites by augmenting irreversible inactivation of C3b.Discrimination between cells by the alternative complement pathway occurs after initial deposition of C3b and is related to the modulation by surface constituents of the capacity of bound C3b to function as a subunit of the amplification C3 convertase. The existence in the E(hu) membrane of a protein that can impair the functions of membrane-bound C3b and C3b,Bb,P could represent a molecular basis for preventing inappropriate self-recognition.", "contents": "Regulation of the amplification C3 convertase of human complement by an inhibitory protein isolated from human erythrocyte membrane. An activity that is inhibitory to the properdin-stabilized amplification C3 convertase (C3b,Bb,P) was solubilized from human erythrocyte (E(hu)) membranes by Nonidet P-40 and purified to homogeneity. The inhibitory membrane glycoprotein had an apparent M(r) of 1-1.2x10(6) on gel filtration in the presence of Nonidet P-40. On sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it presented a single stained band with an apparent M(r) of 205,000, with or without prior reduction of disulfides. The inhibitory protein of the E(hu) membrane produced a dose-related, first-order decay of C3b,Bb,P function on sheep erythrocytes (E(s)) and released (125)I-labeled Bb from these sites, indicating a mechanism of inhibition by decay-dissociation of the amplification C3 convertase. The 50% inhibitory dose of the E(hu) membrane protein was not altered by removal of sialic acid from the E(s) bearing C3b,Bb,P sites. E(hu) membrane protein also serves as a cofactor for C3b inactivator-induced cleavage of the alpha polypeptide chain of C3b. Thus, the inhibitory membrane protein can abrogate the activity of amplification convertase sites that have formed and also can prevent generation of such sites by augmenting irreversible inactivation of C3b.Discrimination between cells by the alternative complement pathway occurs after initial deposition of C3b and is related to the modulation by surface constituents of the capacity of bound C3b to function as a subunit of the amplification C3 convertase. The existence in the E(hu) membrane of a protein that can impair the functions of membrane-bound C3b and C3b,Bb,P could represent a molecular basis for preventing inappropriate self-recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:293689", "title": "Evidence for a two-domain structure of the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex of human complement.", "content": "Lipid vesicles carrying the purified membrane C5b-9 complex [C5b-9(m)] of complement were analyzed immunochemically and in the electron microscope after treatment with a combination of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. Under reducing conditions, the externally oriented annulus was removed. The remaining part of the C5b-9(m), representing approximately half of the total mass of the macromolecular complex, was visualized in the electron microscope as a hollow cylindrical structure with walls of 1-nm thickness. This structure remained tenaciously attached to the lipid bilayer, projecting 8-9 nm from the external membrane surface into the aqueous environment. Cleavage of C5b-9(m) by proteolysis and reduction resulted in a sharp reduction of tis antigenic determinants. One hydrophilic protease-resistant C5 derivative was released from the membrane and recovered in the fluid phase. The membrane-bound residue almost totally lacked antigens precipitable with antisera to C5, C6, C9, and C5b-9(m).", "contents": "Evidence for a two-domain structure of the terminal membrane C5b-9 complex of human complement. Lipid vesicles carrying the purified membrane C5b-9 complex [C5b-9(m)] of complement were analyzed immunochemically and in the electron microscope after treatment with a combination of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. Under reducing conditions, the externally oriented annulus was removed. The remaining part of the C5b-9(m), representing approximately half of the total mass of the macromolecular complex, was visualized in the electron microscope as a hollow cylindrical structure with walls of 1-nm thickness. This structure remained tenaciously attached to the lipid bilayer, projecting 8-9 nm from the external membrane surface into the aqueous environment. Cleavage of C5b-9(m) by proteolysis and reduction resulted in a sharp reduction of tis antigenic determinants. One hydrophilic protease-resistant C5 derivative was released from the membrane and recovered in the fluid phase. The membrane-bound residue almost totally lacked antigens precipitable with antisera to C5, C6, C9, and C5b-9(m)."}
{"id": "PMID:293690", "title": "Primary defect of insulin receptors in skin fibroblasts cultured from an infant with leprechaunism and insulin resistance.", "content": "Insulin binding to insulin receptors, on skin fibroblasts established in culture from an infant with insulin resistance and clinical features of leprechaunism was markedly decreased in comparison with cultures from an age-matched control. By contrast, the binding of epidermal growth factor, a polypeptide growth factor chemically unrelated to insulin, to patient's and control fibroblasts was indistinguishable. The selective defect in insulin binding to patient's fibroblasts was reflected in an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake. These results most likely indicate a primary genetic defect of insulin receptors.", "contents": "Primary defect of insulin receptors in skin fibroblasts cultured from an infant with leprechaunism and insulin resistance. Insulin binding to insulin receptors, on skin fibroblasts established in culture from an infant with insulin resistance and clinical features of leprechaunism was markedly decreased in comparison with cultures from an age-matched control. By contrast, the binding of epidermal growth factor, a polypeptide growth factor chemically unrelated to insulin, to patient's and control fibroblasts was indistinguishable. The selective defect in insulin binding to patient's fibroblasts was reflected in an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake. These results most likely indicate a primary genetic defect of insulin receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:293691", "title": "Enhancement of hexose uptake in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by activated complement component C5a.", "content": "The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) depends on glucose as a source of energy for motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity. Activated complement (C5a) at low concentrations stimulates carrier-mediated carbohydrate transport in PMNLs as measured by the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[(3)H]glucose. Human PMNLs were preincubated at 37 degrees C for 15 min with zymosan-activated human serum or various purified preparations of human C5a. A concentration-dependent increase in deoxyglucose transport (>700% of control) into PMNLs occurred with all test substances. Reaction was linear for 30 min, and uptake of deoxyglucose followed saturation kinetics. C5a caused a decrease in the K(m) for deoxyglucose, from 0.53 to 0.11 mM, without altering the V(max) (44 nmol/30 min per 5 x 10(6) PMNLs in control and 46.6 with C5a). The optimal concentration of C5a for enhanced carrier-mediated transport of deoxyglucose was similar to that which promoted optimal chemotaxis. Activated serum from C5-deficient mice had little or no effect on deoxyglucose transport whereas that from normal syngeneic mice enhanced deoxyglucose transport. C5a did not enhance deoxyglucose transport into isolated erythrocytes, platelets, or lymphocytes. The deoxyglucose within the cell was primarily in the phosphorylated form, and hexokinase activity was not increased in PMNLs stimulated with C5a, indicating that hexokinase was not rate limiting and that enhanced transport was the mechanism of the C5a activity. Insulin at physiologic concentration (10 ng/ml) had no effect on deoxyglucose transport in PMNL and did not act as a competitive inhibitor of C5a. This insulin-like bioactivity could be detected with the amount of C5a that would be present after activation of 0.1-0.5% of the C5 in 1 ml of serum. This suggests that uptake of [(3)H]deoxyglucose by PMNLs might serve as a highly sensitive test for activation of the fifth component of complement.", "contents": "Enhancement of hexose uptake in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by activated complement component C5a. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) depends on glucose as a source of energy for motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal activity. Activated complement (C5a) at low concentrations stimulates carrier-mediated carbohydrate transport in PMNLs as measured by the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[(3)H]glucose. Human PMNLs were preincubated at 37 degrees C for 15 min with zymosan-activated human serum or various purified preparations of human C5a. A concentration-dependent increase in deoxyglucose transport (>700% of control) into PMNLs occurred with all test substances. Reaction was linear for 30 min, and uptake of deoxyglucose followed saturation kinetics. C5a caused a decrease in the K(m) for deoxyglucose, from 0.53 to 0.11 mM, without altering the V(max) (44 nmol/30 min per 5 x 10(6) PMNLs in control and 46.6 with C5a). The optimal concentration of C5a for enhanced carrier-mediated transport of deoxyglucose was similar to that which promoted optimal chemotaxis. Activated serum from C5-deficient mice had little or no effect on deoxyglucose transport whereas that from normal syngeneic mice enhanced deoxyglucose transport. C5a did not enhance deoxyglucose transport into isolated erythrocytes, platelets, or lymphocytes. The deoxyglucose within the cell was primarily in the phosphorylated form, and hexokinase activity was not increased in PMNLs stimulated with C5a, indicating that hexokinase was not rate limiting and that enhanced transport was the mechanism of the C5a activity. Insulin at physiologic concentration (10 ng/ml) had no effect on deoxyglucose transport in PMNL and did not act as a competitive inhibitor of C5a. This insulin-like bioactivity could be detected with the amount of C5a that would be present after activation of 0.1-0.5% of the C5 in 1 ml of serum. This suggests that uptake of [(3)H]deoxyglucose by PMNLs might serve as a highly sensitive test for activation of the fifth component of complement."}
{"id": "PMID:293692", "title": "Spontaneous tumors in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats and in their F1 hybrids: carcinogenic effect of total-body x-irradiation.", "content": "Rats frequently develop various tumors, many of them malignant; the majority of tumors in the females develop in the mammary glands. In primary spontaneous tumors and lymphomas virus particles cannot be found on electron microscopic examination; transmission of the tumors by filtered extracts has not been successful. In our colonies of Sprague-Dawley rats the incidence of tumors was 22% in females and 5% in males; in Long-Evans rats the incidence of tumors and 28% in females and 10% in males. In (Sprague-Dawley x Long-Evans) F1 hybrids the incidence of tumors was 67% in females and 32% in males, about twice as high as in the parental strains. Fractionated total-body x-irradiation (150 rads five times at weekly intervals) (1 rad = 0.01 gray) increased the incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats from 22% to 93% in females and from 5% to 59% in males. In Long-Evans rats, irradiation increased the incidence of tumors from 28% to 63% in females and from 10% to 42% in males. The incidence of malignant tumors was almost twice as high in irradiated Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats as compared with nonirradiated animals of the same strains. Partial shielding during irradiation had no significant effect on the incidence or on the forms of tumors developing in the irradiated animals. In striking contrast to results of experiments carried out on mice, the incidence of leukemia and lymphomas was not increased in the irradiated rats, as compared with control animals.", "contents": "Spontaneous tumors in Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats and in their F1 hybrids: carcinogenic effect of total-body x-irradiation. Rats frequently develop various tumors, many of them malignant; the majority of tumors in the females develop in the mammary glands. In primary spontaneous tumors and lymphomas virus particles cannot be found on electron microscopic examination; transmission of the tumors by filtered extracts has not been successful. In our colonies of Sprague-Dawley rats the incidence of tumors was 22% in females and 5% in males; in Long-Evans rats the incidence of tumors and 28% in females and 10% in males. In (Sprague-Dawley x Long-Evans) F1 hybrids the incidence of tumors was 67% in females and 32% in males, about twice as high as in the parental strains. Fractionated total-body x-irradiation (150 rads five times at weekly intervals) (1 rad = 0.01 gray) increased the incidence of tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats from 22% to 93% in females and from 5% to 59% in males. In Long-Evans rats, irradiation increased the incidence of tumors from 28% to 63% in females and from 10% to 42% in males. The incidence of malignant tumors was almost twice as high in irradiated Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats as compared with nonirradiated animals of the same strains. Partial shielding during irradiation had no significant effect on the incidence or on the forms of tumors developing in the irradiated animals. In striking contrast to results of experiments carried out on mice, the incidence of leukemia and lymphomas was not increased in the irradiated rats, as compared with control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:293693", "title": "Pyrolysis products from amino acids and protein: highest mutagenicity requires cytochrome P1-450.", "content": "Pyrolysis products of proteins and amino acids are highly mutagenic, but metabolism of these chemicals by rat liver subcellular fractions is known to be required for production of the mutagenic intermediates. We examined the mutagenesis of seven purified pyrolysis products from tryptophan, lysine, glutamic acid, and soybean globulin with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of liver fractions from genetically \"responsive\" C57BL/6N and Ah(b)/Ah(d) or \"nonresponsive\" DBA/2N and Ah(d)/Ah(d) mice that had been pretreated in vivo with benzo[a]pyrene. For all pyrolysis products tested, mutagenesis is 2-fold to more than 1000-fold greater with C57BL/6N and Ah(b)/Ah(d) than with DBA/2N or Ah(d)/Ah(d) liver fractions. A sucrose density gradient assay for detecting the Ah regulatory gene product, the receptor, was studied with C57BL/6N hepatic cytosol. At levels 100 times in excess of [1,6-(3)H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, nonlabeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, and beta-naphthoflavone (inducers of cytochrome P(1)-450) are able to displace the radioligand from its hepatic cytosolic receptor; four pyrolysates from tryptophan, glutamic acid, and soybean globulin did not have this capacity. These data indicate that the pyrolysis products tested, although not effective as inducers of cytochrome P(1)-450, are most mutagenic when metabolized by P(1)-450. Potent P(1)-450 inducers-present in pyrolysates during the combustion process-might be present in quantities insufficient to initiate mutagenesis or carcinogenesis but might have a synergistic action, or act as \"comutagens\" or \"cocarcinogens,\" with the N-containing heterocyclic pyrolysis products. A quantitative relationship between mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of these pyrolysis products remains, however, to be demonstrated.", "contents": "Pyrolysis products from amino acids and protein: highest mutagenicity requires cytochrome P1-450. Pyrolysis products of proteins and amino acids are highly mutagenic, but metabolism of these chemicals by rat liver subcellular fractions is known to be required for production of the mutagenic intermediates. We examined the mutagenesis of seven purified pyrolysis products from tryptophan, lysine, glutamic acid, and soybean globulin with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of liver fractions from genetically \"responsive\" C57BL/6N and Ah(b)/Ah(d) or \"nonresponsive\" DBA/2N and Ah(d)/Ah(d) mice that had been pretreated in vivo with benzo[a]pyrene. For all pyrolysis products tested, mutagenesis is 2-fold to more than 1000-fold greater with C57BL/6N and Ah(b)/Ah(d) than with DBA/2N or Ah(d)/Ah(d) liver fractions. A sucrose density gradient assay for detecting the Ah regulatory gene product, the receptor, was studied with C57BL/6N hepatic cytosol. At levels 100 times in excess of [1,6-(3)H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, nonlabeled 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 3-methylcholanthrene, and beta-naphthoflavone (inducers of cytochrome P(1)-450) are able to displace the radioligand from its hepatic cytosolic receptor; four pyrolysates from tryptophan, glutamic acid, and soybean globulin did not have this capacity. These data indicate that the pyrolysis products tested, although not effective as inducers of cytochrome P(1)-450, are most mutagenic when metabolized by P(1)-450. Potent P(1)-450 inducers-present in pyrolysates during the combustion process-might be present in quantities insufficient to initiate mutagenesis or carcinogenesis but might have a synergistic action, or act as \"comutagens\" or \"cocarcinogens,\" with the N-containing heterocyclic pyrolysis products. A quantitative relationship between mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of these pyrolysis products remains, however, to be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:293694", "title": "Galactosamine-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin.", "content": "Treatment of rabbits, rats, and mice with D-galactosamine increased their sensitivity to the lethal effects of lipopolysaccharide several thousand fold. The susceptibility of the animals was highest when the lipopolysaccharide was injected together with galactosamine and decreased successively when injection was carried out 1, 2, and 3 hr later. Sensitization was absent when the lipopolysaccharide was administered 1 hr before or 4 hr after galactosamine. The onset of lethality after treatment with galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide occurred faster than with lipopolysaccharide alone; usually all animals died 5-9 hr later. The galactosamine-induced sensitization to lipopolysaccharide could be reversed by uridine which is known to inhibit the early biochemical alterations induced by the amino sugar in the hepatocytes. Although galactosamine is known to exhibit hepatotoxic activity inducing ultimate necrosis of the hepatocytes, the data so far suggests that the sensitization to lipopolysaccharide is related only to the early metabolic effects of the hexosamine.", "contents": "Galactosamine-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin. Treatment of rabbits, rats, and mice with D-galactosamine increased their sensitivity to the lethal effects of lipopolysaccharide several thousand fold. The susceptibility of the animals was highest when the lipopolysaccharide was injected together with galactosamine and decreased successively when injection was carried out 1, 2, and 3 hr later. Sensitization was absent when the lipopolysaccharide was administered 1 hr before or 4 hr after galactosamine. The onset of lethality after treatment with galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide occurred faster than with lipopolysaccharide alone; usually all animals died 5-9 hr later. The galactosamine-induced sensitization to lipopolysaccharide could be reversed by uridine which is known to inhibit the early biochemical alterations induced by the amino sugar in the hepatocytes. Although galactosamine is known to exhibit hepatotoxic activity inducing ultimate necrosis of the hepatocytes, the data so far suggests that the sensitization to lipopolysaccharide is related only to the early metabolic effects of the hexosamine."}
{"id": "PMID:293695", "title": "Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic \"island\" containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "The experimental work described tested the prosposition that the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is an autonomous circadian pacemaker. Simultaneous recording from two extracellular electrodes indicated neural (multiple unit) activity at two sites in the brain, one of which is in or near the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the other in one of many other brain locations. Both sites in intact rats displayed clear circadian rhythmicity of spontaneous neural activity. In experimental animals, a Halasz knife was used to create an island of hypothalamic tissue that contained the suprachiasmatic nuclei. In such animals that were also blinded by bilateral ocular enucleation, circadian rhythmicity was lost at all brain locations recorded outside the island, but it persisted within the island that contained the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The rhythmicity of the island is thus not dependent on afferent inputs from elsewhere in the brain.", "contents": "Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic \"island\" containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The experimental work described tested the prosposition that the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus is an autonomous circadian pacemaker. Simultaneous recording from two extracellular electrodes indicated neural (multiple unit) activity at two sites in the brain, one of which is in or near the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the other in one of many other brain locations. Both sites in intact rats displayed clear circadian rhythmicity of spontaneous neural activity. In experimental animals, a Halasz knife was used to create an island of hypothalamic tissue that contained the suprachiasmatic nuclei. In such animals that were also blinded by bilateral ocular enucleation, circadian rhythmicity was lost at all brain locations recorded outside the island, but it persisted within the island that contained the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The rhythmicity of the island is thus not dependent on afferent inputs from elsewhere in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:293696", "title": "Blockage of narcotic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity by cyclo(Leu-Gly).", "content": "We have previously reported that the administration of cyclo(Leu-Gly) to mice prior to morphinization blocked the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine as well as the development of some signs of physical dependence. In the present series of experiments, the effect of the same peptide treatment on changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity induced by chronic morphine treatment were determined. Changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity were determined by measuring (i) the effect of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on locomotor activity and (ii) the hypothermic response to another dopamine agonist, piribedil. Mice that had received the chronic morphine treatment were found to require significantly less apomorphine to produce an increase in locomotor activity, and they exhibited a significantly greater hypothermic response to piribedil than did morphine-naive mice. The injection of 0.2 mumol of cyclo(Leu-Gly) per mouse 2 hr prio to morphine treatment prevented this increased response to both dopamine agonists. Administration of the peptide after the tolerance and dependence had developed did not alter morphine tolerant and dependent states states or the enhanced response to apomorphine or piribedil. It is concluded that dopamine receptor supersensitivity may be involved in the development of narcotic tolerance and physical dependence.", "contents": "Blockage of narcotic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity by cyclo(Leu-Gly). We have previously reported that the administration of cyclo(Leu-Gly) to mice prior to morphinization blocked the development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine as well as the development of some signs of physical dependence. In the present series of experiments, the effect of the same peptide treatment on changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity induced by chronic morphine treatment were determined. Changes in dopamine receptor sensitivity were determined by measuring (i) the effect of the dopamine agonist apomorphine on locomotor activity and (ii) the hypothermic response to another dopamine agonist, piribedil. Mice that had received the chronic morphine treatment were found to require significantly less apomorphine to produce an increase in locomotor activity, and they exhibited a significantly greater hypothermic response to piribedil than did morphine-naive mice. The injection of 0.2 mumol of cyclo(Leu-Gly) per mouse 2 hr prio to morphine treatment prevented this increased response to both dopamine agonists. Administration of the peptide after the tolerance and dependence had developed did not alter morphine tolerant and dependent states states or the enhanced response to apomorphine or piribedil. It is concluded that dopamine receptor supersensitivity may be involved in the development of narcotic tolerance and physical dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:293697", "title": "Interrelationships between ganglionic acetylcholinesterase and nonspecific cholinesterase of the cat and rat.", "content": "When homogenates of cat or rat superior cervical ganglia in Krebs-Ringer solution were incubated at 37 degrees C, the ensuing decrease in acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) activity was increased significantly by prior administration in vivo of tetramonoisopropylpyrophosphotetramide at doses that produced selective alkylphosphorylation of butyrylcholinesterase or propionylcholinesterase. These findings are consistent with the proposal that the latter enzymes are posttranscriptional precursors of acetylcholinesterase. Results of similar studies with homogenates of ganglia in water or in M NaCl/1% Triton X-100 were inconclusive, as were those of heat-inactivation studies and immunoprecipitation of the enzymes.", "contents": "Interrelationships between ganglionic acetylcholinesterase and nonspecific cholinesterase of the cat and rat. When homogenates of cat or rat superior cervical ganglia in Krebs-Ringer solution were incubated at 37 degrees C, the ensuing decrease in acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7) activity was increased significantly by prior administration in vivo of tetramonoisopropylpyrophosphotetramide at doses that produced selective alkylphosphorylation of butyrylcholinesterase or propionylcholinesterase. These findings are consistent with the proposal that the latter enzymes are posttranscriptional precursors of acetylcholinesterase. Results of similar studies with homogenates of ganglia in water or in M NaCl/1% Triton X-100 were inconclusive, as were those of heat-inactivation studies and immunoprecipitation of the enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:293698", "title": "Treatment of nerve impulse data for comparison with theory.", "content": "A procedure is given for the comparison of nerve impulse data with model predictions. This method utilizes information in the nerve impulse train that is ignored by the post-stimulus-onset histogram and thereby gives an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Comparison of observed responses in the Limulus retina with predictions derived from a detailed model gives good agreement.", "contents": "Treatment of nerve impulse data for comparison with theory. A procedure is given for the comparison of nerve impulse data with model predictions. This method utilizes information in the nerve impulse train that is ignored by the post-stimulus-onset histogram and thereby gives an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Comparison of observed responses in the Limulus retina with predictions derived from a detailed model gives good agreement."}
{"id": "PMID:293699", "title": "Carbon monoxide binding to iron porphyrins.", "content": "The carbon monoxide affinities of iron complexes of meso-tetra (alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha-o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrin (the \"picket fence\" porphyrin) and of a \"picket fence\" porphyrin derivative with an appended axial base have been measured in solution and compared with the CO affinities of various hemoproteins. The model complexes bind CO with much greater affinity than normal hemoproteins; the role of the steric bulk of distal residues in lowering the CO affinities of the hemoproteins is discussed. The significance of this lowered CO affinity is described with regard to endogenous CO. A discussion of mutant hemoglobins lacking distal residues that sterically inhibit the binding of CO is presented. The use of pressure units versus concentration units in equilibrium expressions is analyzed.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide binding to iron porphyrins. The carbon monoxide affinities of iron complexes of meso-tetra (alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha-o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrin (the \"picket fence\" porphyrin) and of a \"picket fence\" porphyrin derivative with an appended axial base have been measured in solution and compared with the CO affinities of various hemoproteins. The model complexes bind CO with much greater affinity than normal hemoproteins; the role of the steric bulk of distal residues in lowering the CO affinities of the hemoproteins is discussed. The significance of this lowered CO affinity is described with regard to endogenous CO. A discussion of mutant hemoglobins lacking distal residues that sterically inhibit the binding of CO is presented. The use of pressure units versus concentration units in equilibrium expressions is analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:293700", "title": "Structure of carboxymyoglobin in crystals and in solution.", "content": "The configuration of the heme-carbonyl group upon binding of carbon monoxide to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) in crystals is evaluated on the basis of infrared spectroscopic methods. Multiplets of the totally symmetric C-O stretching mode are observed for the heme-bound ligand near 1933, 1944, and 1967 cm-1, corresponding to three different heme-carbonyl conformers. Variations in the relative proportions of these conformers can be induced by incorporation of small fractions of metMb or deoxyMb into MbCO crystals. The configuration of the iron-carbonyl with respect to the immediate coordination environment of the heme iron is assigned for each v(CO) stretching frequency on the basis of a detailed comparison of the three-dimensional structures of the heme environments of MbCO, metMb, and deoxyMb defined by crystallographic methods. The structures of the three heme-carbonyl conformers account for the v(CO) infrared absorption bands that can be observed for MbCO in solution.", "contents": "Structure of carboxymyoglobin in crystals and in solution. The configuration of the heme-carbonyl group upon binding of carbon monoxide to sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) in crystals is evaluated on the basis of infrared spectroscopic methods. Multiplets of the totally symmetric C-O stretching mode are observed for the heme-bound ligand near 1933, 1944, and 1967 cm-1, corresponding to three different heme-carbonyl conformers. Variations in the relative proportions of these conformers can be induced by incorporation of small fractions of metMb or deoxyMb into MbCO crystals. The configuration of the iron-carbonyl with respect to the immediate coordination environment of the heme iron is assigned for each v(CO) stretching frequency on the basis of a detailed comparison of the three-dimensional structures of the heme environments of MbCO, metMb, and deoxyMb defined by crystallographic methods. The structures of the three heme-carbonyl conformers account for the v(CO) infrared absorption bands that can be observed for MbCO in solution."}
{"id": "PMID:293701", "title": "A possible folding pathway of bovine pancreatic RNase.", "content": "A theoretical pathway for the folding of RNase into its native conformation is derived from the contact map computed from crystallographic coordinates. The pathway is based on the hypothesis of Tanaka and Scheraga, according to which localized conformations stabilized by short- and medium-range interactions form before those conformational features that are stabilized primarily by long-range interactions. The pathway deduced from the contact map agrees with experimental information on intermediates detected in the thermal unfolding of RNase and in immunochemical studies on the formation of stable antigenic sites when deduced RNase is oxidized with glutathione. Ambiguities in the interpretation of the contact map are resolved by the combination of structural information contained in the contact map and experimental information.", "contents": "A possible folding pathway of bovine pancreatic RNase. A theoretical pathway for the folding of RNase into its native conformation is derived from the contact map computed from crystallographic coordinates. The pathway is based on the hypothesis of Tanaka and Scheraga, according to which localized conformations stabilized by short- and medium-range interactions form before those conformational features that are stabilized primarily by long-range interactions. The pathway deduced from the contact map agrees with experimental information on intermediates detected in the thermal unfolding of RNase and in immunochemical studies on the formation of stable antigenic sites when deduced RNase is oxidized with glutathione. Ambiguities in the interpretation of the contact map are resolved by the combination of structural information contained in the contact map and experimental information."}
{"id": "PMID:293702", "title": "Phosphorylation of specific, distinct proteins in synaptosomes and axons from squid nervous system.", "content": "Synaptosomes and axons from squid were incubated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP or [(32)P]orthophosphate and specific, distinct proteins were found to be labeled in each preparation. In axoplasm, only the major 200,000 M(r) neurofilament protein and a specific protein of approximately 400,000 M(r) were labeled, as reported previously [Pant, H. C., Shecket, G., Gainer, H. & Lasek, R. J. (1978) J. Cell Biol. 78, R23-R27]. These results were independent of whether the cosubstrates were (32)PO(4) (2-) or [gamma-(32)P]ATP. However, synaptosomes lacked the 200,000 M(r) neurofilament protein and several lower molecular weight proteins were labeled instead, the most prominent being a 47,000 M(r) species. [gamma-(32)P]ATP was much more effective in labeling the 47,000 M(r) species than (32)PO(4) (2-). Synaptosomes also contained a distinct 250,000 M(r) protein species which, however, was not labeled. The protein kinase activity in synaptosomes was sensitive to various pharmacological agents, depending on whether the labeled phosphate came directly from ATP or orthophosphate. Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, a mitochondrial H(+) uncoupler, almost completely inhibited incorporation of (32)P into protein with (32)PO(4) (2-) as cosubstrate, as expected, but produced only 32% inhibition with [gamma-(32)P]ATP as cosubstrate. The activity could be augmented by incubating synaptosomes in a calcium-free medium and could be suppressed by increasing intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) with A23187, a Ca(2+) ionophore. The latter effect was more prominent with (32)PO(4) (2-) than with [gamma-(32)P]ATP as cosubstrate. Depolarizing agents such as veratridine and high K(+) also suppressed activity, and the veratridine effect was completely reversed by tetrodotoxin or by omission of Ca(2+) when [gamma-(32)P]ATP was used, and partially reversed when (32)PO(4) (2-) was used. We conclude that the morphological transformation of an axon into a terminal is accompanied by significant changes in protein and phospho-protein composition that may be related to synaptic transmission.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of specific, distinct proteins in synaptosomes and axons from squid nervous system. Synaptosomes and axons from squid were incubated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP or [(32)P]orthophosphate and specific, distinct proteins were found to be labeled in each preparation. In axoplasm, only the major 200,000 M(r) neurofilament protein and a specific protein of approximately 400,000 M(r) were labeled, as reported previously [Pant, H. C., Shecket, G., Gainer, H. & Lasek, R. J. (1978) J. Cell Biol. 78, R23-R27]. These results were independent of whether the cosubstrates were (32)PO(4) (2-) or [gamma-(32)P]ATP. However, synaptosomes lacked the 200,000 M(r) neurofilament protein and several lower molecular weight proteins were labeled instead, the most prominent being a 47,000 M(r) species. [gamma-(32)P]ATP was much more effective in labeling the 47,000 M(r) species than (32)PO(4) (2-). Synaptosomes also contained a distinct 250,000 M(r) protein species which, however, was not labeled. The protein kinase activity in synaptosomes was sensitive to various pharmacological agents, depending on whether the labeled phosphate came directly from ATP or orthophosphate. Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, a mitochondrial H(+) uncoupler, almost completely inhibited incorporation of (32)P into protein with (32)PO(4) (2-) as cosubstrate, as expected, but produced only 32% inhibition with [gamma-(32)P]ATP as cosubstrate. The activity could be augmented by incubating synaptosomes in a calcium-free medium and could be suppressed by increasing intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) with A23187, a Ca(2+) ionophore. The latter effect was more prominent with (32)PO(4) (2-) than with [gamma-(32)P]ATP as cosubstrate. Depolarizing agents such as veratridine and high K(+) also suppressed activity, and the veratridine effect was completely reversed by tetrodotoxin or by omission of Ca(2+) when [gamma-(32)P]ATP was used, and partially reversed when (32)PO(4) (2-) was used. We conclude that the morphological transformation of an axon into a terminal is accompanied by significant changes in protein and phospho-protein composition that may be related to synaptic transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:293703", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene binding sites in ColE1 DNA by means of specific antibodies.", "content": "ColE1 DNA has been allowed to react in vitro with N-acetoxy-N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene in the range of 0-15 N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene residues bound per molecule of DNA, at the C8 of guanine residues. Purified rabbit antibodies to both N-2-(guanosine-8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene and native DNA that had reacted with N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene were shown by electron microscopy to recognize specifically the acetylaminofluorene-modified ColE1 DNA. The antibodies bound to DNA were visualized either per se or after reaction with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins coupled with ferritin. There was a linear relationship between the average number of antibodies bound per DNA molecule and the number of N-2-(deoxyguanosine-8yl)-acetylaminofluorene residues per DNA molecule. The slope of this straight line was equal to 0.4. Due to the bivalence of the immunoglobulins one would expect a value of 0.5; we actually observed an important fraction of the bound antibodies crosslinking two parts of the same (or of another) DNA molecule.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene binding sites in ColE1 DNA by means of specific antibodies. ColE1 DNA has been allowed to react in vitro with N-acetoxy-N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene in the range of 0-15 N-2-[14C]acetylaminofluorene residues bound per molecule of DNA, at the C8 of guanine residues. Purified rabbit antibodies to both N-2-(guanosine-8-yl)-acetylaminofluorene and native DNA that had reacted with N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene were shown by electron microscopy to recognize specifically the acetylaminofluorene-modified ColE1 DNA. The antibodies bound to DNA were visualized either per se or after reaction with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins coupled with ferritin. There was a linear relationship between the average number of antibodies bound per DNA molecule and the number of N-2-(deoxyguanosine-8yl)-acetylaminofluorene residues per DNA molecule. The slope of this straight line was equal to 0.4. Due to the bivalence of the immunoglobulins one would expect a value of 0.5; we actually observed an important fraction of the bound antibodies crosslinking two parts of the same (or of another) DNA molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:293704", "title": "Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate, a ligand of the 57-kilodalton subunit of DNA polymerase alpha.", "content": "By equilibrium dialysis a disadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P2-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) binding activity is shown to be present in mammalian cells. The Ap4A binding activity copurifies with DNA polymerase alpha during the isolation procedure, which includes chromatography on phospho-, DEAE-, and DNA-cellulose; gel filtration; sucrose gradient centrifugation; and electrophoresis in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. After these purification steps, DNA polymerase alpha appears to be homogeneous in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of such a purified DNA polymerase alpha preparation reveals seven distinct protein bands with apparent Mrs of 64,000, 63,000, 62,000, 60,000, 57,000, 55,000, and 52,000. By affinity labeling, the protein with Mr 57,000 has been shown to be the Ap4A-binding constituent of DNA polymerase alpha. The binding activity of DNA polymerase alpha for Ap4A is highly specific because neither structural analogs nor several other adenine nucleotides compete effectively with Ap4A for its binding site. The Ap4A binding site is lost in neuronal cells during maturation of rat brains concomitantly with the loss of DNA polymerase alpha and mitotic activity in those cells. From these results, DNA polymerase seems to be the intracellular target of Ap4A. This is discussed in respect to the recently reported of Ap4A to trigger DNA replication in quiescent mammalian cells [Grummt, F. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 371-375].", "contents": "Diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate, a ligand of the 57-kilodalton subunit of DNA polymerase alpha. By equilibrium dialysis a disadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P2-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) binding activity is shown to be present in mammalian cells. The Ap4A binding activity copurifies with DNA polymerase alpha during the isolation procedure, which includes chromatography on phospho-, DEAE-, and DNA-cellulose; gel filtration; sucrose gradient centrifugation; and electrophoresis in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. After these purification steps, DNA polymerase alpha appears to be homogeneous in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of such a purified DNA polymerase alpha preparation reveals seven distinct protein bands with apparent Mrs of 64,000, 63,000, 62,000, 60,000, 57,000, 55,000, and 52,000. By affinity labeling, the protein with Mr 57,000 has been shown to be the Ap4A-binding constituent of DNA polymerase alpha. The binding activity of DNA polymerase alpha for Ap4A is highly specific because neither structural analogs nor several other adenine nucleotides compete effectively with Ap4A for its binding site. The Ap4A binding site is lost in neuronal cells during maturation of rat brains concomitantly with the loss of DNA polymerase alpha and mitotic activity in those cells. From these results, DNA polymerase seems to be the intracellular target of Ap4A. This is discussed in respect to the recently reported of Ap4A to trigger DNA replication in quiescent mammalian cells [Grummt, F. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 371-375]."}
{"id": "PMID:293705", "title": "Trypsin liberates an arginine vasopressin-like peptide and neurophysin from a Mr 20,000 putative common precursor.", "content": "Although the hypothesis that vasopressin and its associated neurophysin are synthesized together in one macromolecular common precursor was put forward more than a decade ago, direct conformation of this hypothesis has been lacking. A [35S]cysteine-labeled putative precursor for vasopressin-related neurophysin (Mr 20,000, pI 6.1) has been isolated from the supraoptic nuclei of rats. This precursor was subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin which produced a Mr 10,000 protein and peptide products. The former was identified as neurophysin on the basis of its pH-dependent affinity for vasopressin and its behavior in isoelectric focusing systems (pI 4.6-4.8). The tryptic peptides proved to be vasopressin-like because they: (i) were rich in cysteine, (ii) comigrated with vasopressin on gel filtration columns in 6 M guanidine HCl, (iii) bound to a neurophysin-Sepharose affinity column at pH 5.7, and (iv) were recognized by antibodies against vasopressin. These data on the Mr 20,000, pI 6.1 protein represent direct experimental evidence for a candidate for the common precursor of vasopressin and neurophysin. We propose that this common precursor be called \"propressophysin.\"", "contents": "Trypsin liberates an arginine vasopressin-like peptide and neurophysin from a Mr 20,000 putative common precursor. Although the hypothesis that vasopressin and its associated neurophysin are synthesized together in one macromolecular common precursor was put forward more than a decade ago, direct conformation of this hypothesis has been lacking. A [35S]cysteine-labeled putative precursor for vasopressin-related neurophysin (Mr 20,000, pI 6.1) has been isolated from the supraoptic nuclei of rats. This precursor was subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin which produced a Mr 10,000 protein and peptide products. The former was identified as neurophysin on the basis of its pH-dependent affinity for vasopressin and its behavior in isoelectric focusing systems (pI 4.6-4.8). The tryptic peptides proved to be vasopressin-like because they: (i) were rich in cysteine, (ii) comigrated with vasopressin on gel filtration columns in 6 M guanidine HCl, (iii) bound to a neurophysin-Sepharose affinity column at pH 5.7, and (iv) were recognized by antibodies against vasopressin. These data on the Mr 20,000, pI 6.1 protein represent direct experimental evidence for a candidate for the common precursor of vasopressin and neurophysin. We propose that this common precursor be called \"propressophysin.\""}
{"id": "PMID:293706", "title": "Binding of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to the nucleosome core.", "content": "The binding of the antitumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and its inactive trans isomer with the nucleosome core particle has been investigated. Kinetic studies show that platinum binding increases with incubation time, from a few bound platinum atoms per nucleosome core in the first 0.5 hr to 40-50 after 40 hr. There is no crosslinking or dissociation of nucleosome cores upon platinum binding, as revealed by sedimentation velocity measurements. Electrophoresis through 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate/18% polyacrylamide gels after platinum binding reveals striking differences in the DNA and protein band patterns for the two isomers. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) binds first to the DNA, retarding and spreading its migration in the gel. A comparison study with the 146-base-pair nucleosome core DNA showed the binding to be little affected by the presence of the histone octamer. The trans complex, on the other hand, produces DNA-histone and histone-histone crosslinks that only appear for the cis isomer after long incubation times. The protein-protein crosslinks were reversed by soaking the gel in cyanide solution to form [Pt(CN)(4)](-2). Subsequent two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) forms specific crosslinks between histone protein pairs H3 and H2a and H2b and H4 in the nucleosome core. The occurrence of DNA-protein crosslinks was demonstrated by treating the platinum/nucleosome core reaction mixtures with a protease or with nucleases prior to electrophoresis and observing changes in the gel patterns. Platinum was located in the gels through autoradiography using (195m)Pt-labeled complexes. This work clearly demonstrates the greater propensity of trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to form histone-histone and histone-DNA crosslinks compared with the antitumor active cis isomer, which binds first to the DNA and only forms crosslinks to the histones when the nucleosome core is heavily loaded with platinum.", "contents": "Binding of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to the nucleosome core. The binding of the antitumor drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and its inactive trans isomer with the nucleosome core particle has been investigated. Kinetic studies show that platinum binding increases with incubation time, from a few bound platinum atoms per nucleosome core in the first 0.5 hr to 40-50 after 40 hr. There is no crosslinking or dissociation of nucleosome cores upon platinum binding, as revealed by sedimentation velocity measurements. Electrophoresis through 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate/18% polyacrylamide gels after platinum binding reveals striking differences in the DNA and protein band patterns for the two isomers. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) binds first to the DNA, retarding and spreading its migration in the gel. A comparison study with the 146-base-pair nucleosome core DNA showed the binding to be little affected by the presence of the histone octamer. The trans complex, on the other hand, produces DNA-histone and histone-histone crosslinks that only appear for the cis isomer after long incubation times. The protein-protein crosslinks were reversed by soaking the gel in cyanide solution to form [Pt(CN)(4)](-2). Subsequent two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) forms specific crosslinks between histone protein pairs H3 and H2a and H2b and H4 in the nucleosome core. The occurrence of DNA-protein crosslinks was demonstrated by treating the platinum/nucleosome core reaction mixtures with a protease or with nucleases prior to electrophoresis and observing changes in the gel patterns. Platinum was located in the gels through autoradiography using (195m)Pt-labeled complexes. This work clearly demonstrates the greater propensity of trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) to form histone-histone and histone-DNA crosslinks compared with the antitumor active cis isomer, which binds first to the DNA and only forms crosslinks to the histones when the nucleosome core is heavily loaded with platinum."}
{"id": "PMID:293707", "title": "Internal organization of long repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin genomes.", "content": "In keeping with earlier reports, we have found that reassociated long repeat DNA from sea urchins is thermostable, indicating the absence of evolutionarily diverged families of repeated sequences. However, we found that when fragments of radiolabeled long repeat DNA were denatured and reassociated with intact long repeat driver DNA, then sheared to 350 basepairs and assayed for thermal stability, the level of mismatch found in the duplexes varied inversely with the length of the starting fragments. This effect was shown to be due directly to the physical size of the molecules involved in reassociation. These results are consistent with, and support a model for, long repeat DNA in which short units of repetition are arranged in precise arrays. The significance of this arrangement of sequence units within long repeat DNA is discussed.", "contents": "Internal organization of long repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin genomes. In keeping with earlier reports, we have found that reassociated long repeat DNA from sea urchins is thermostable, indicating the absence of evolutionarily diverged families of repeated sequences. However, we found that when fragments of radiolabeled long repeat DNA were denatured and reassociated with intact long repeat driver DNA, then sheared to 350 basepairs and assayed for thermal stability, the level of mismatch found in the duplexes varied inversely with the length of the starting fragments. This effect was shown to be due directly to the physical size of the molecules involved in reassociation. These results are consistent with, and support a model for, long repeat DNA in which short units of repetition are arranged in precise arrays. The significance of this arrangement of sequence units within long repeat DNA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293708", "title": "Action of cathepsin D on human beta-lipotropin: a possible source of human \"beta-melanotropin\".", "content": "Highly purified calf brain cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) selectively splits the Leu77-Phe78 and Ala36-Ala37 peptide bonds of human beta-lipotropin. It is suggested that the formation of human \"beta-melanotropin\" from gamma-lipotropin, and that of gamma-endorphin from beta-endorphin, is due to the action of cathepsin D during isolation procedures.", "contents": "Action of cathepsin D on human beta-lipotropin: a possible source of human \"beta-melanotropin\". Highly purified calf brain cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5) selectively splits the Leu77-Phe78 and Ala36-Ala37 peptide bonds of human beta-lipotropin. It is suggested that the formation of human \"beta-melanotropin\" from gamma-lipotropin, and that of gamma-endorphin from beta-endorphin, is due to the action of cathepsin D during isolation procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:293709", "title": "Semisynthesis of human somatotropin analogs.", "content": "Complementation of the natural NH2-terminal 134-amino acid fragment of the reduced, carbamoylmethylated human somatotropin with synthetic analogs of COOH-terminal fragments of 57, 42, or 38 amino acids of reduced, carbamoyl-methylated human somatotropin has been investigated. It was found that synthetic fragments of 57 and 42 amino acids gave recombinants with full growth-promoting activity, whereas attempts to obtain a recombinant with the synthetic 38-amino acid fragment were unsuccessful. The synthesis of two analogs of the COOH-terminal fragment of human somatotropin, human [N]e170, Ala165,182,189] somatotropin-(150-191) and human [Nle170, Ala165,182,189] somatotropin-(154-191), is herein described.", "contents": "Semisynthesis of human somatotropin analogs. Complementation of the natural NH2-terminal 134-amino acid fragment of the reduced, carbamoylmethylated human somatotropin with synthetic analogs of COOH-terminal fragments of 57, 42, or 38 amino acids of reduced, carbamoyl-methylated human somatotropin has been investigated. It was found that synthetic fragments of 57 and 42 amino acids gave recombinants with full growth-promoting activity, whereas attempts to obtain a recombinant with the synthetic 38-amino acid fragment were unsuccessful. The synthesis of two analogs of the COOH-terminal fragment of human somatotropin, human [N]e170, Ala165,182,189] somatotropin-(150-191) and human [Nle170, Ala165,182,189] somatotropin-(154-191), is herein described."}
{"id": "PMID:293710", "title": "Origins of phage T4 DNA replication as revealed by hybridization to cloned genes.", "content": "[3H]Thymidine-labeled progeny DNA was isolated after infection of Escherichia coli with two different bacteriophage T4 mutants. These strands were isolated shortly after the initiation of DNA replication and hybridized to 15 different (EcoRI) T4 restriction fragments cloned in plasmid vectors. Uniformly labeled T4 [32P]DNA extracted from phage particles was cohybridized as a normalizing reference. The results obtained lead to the conclusions that, among the loci tested, initiation occurs predominantly in the area of genes 50-5 and less prominently in the area of genes 25-29. However, our data do not support the idea of initiation in the area of genes 40-43. In contrast, this area displays the least replication among the genes tested.", "contents": "Origins of phage T4 DNA replication as revealed by hybridization to cloned genes. [3H]Thymidine-labeled progeny DNA was isolated after infection of Escherichia coli with two different bacteriophage T4 mutants. These strands were isolated shortly after the initiation of DNA replication and hybridized to 15 different (EcoRI) T4 restriction fragments cloned in plasmid vectors. Uniformly labeled T4 [32P]DNA extracted from phage particles was cohybridized as a normalizing reference. The results obtained lead to the conclusions that, among the loci tested, initiation occurs predominantly in the area of genes 50-5 and less prominently in the area of genes 25-29. However, our data do not support the idea of initiation in the area of genes 40-43. In contrast, this area displays the least replication among the genes tested."}
{"id": "PMID:293711", "title": "Processing in vitro of placental peptide hormones by smooth microsomes.", "content": "Rough and smooth microsomes were prepared from ascites tumor cells, rat liver, and bovine adrenal cortex. Proteolytic removal of the signal peptide in pre-placental lactogen and asparagine-linked glycosylation of the alpha subunit of chorionic gonadotropin by these fractions were examined in mRNA-dependent lysates from ascites cells. Both processing steps were performed by smooth microsomes, which was unexpected because it has been presumed that only rough microsomes contain components for ribosomal binding. Thus smooth microsomes are apparently capable of interacting with polysomes bearing secretory nascent chains, and cleavage and asparagine-linked glycosylation activities are present in both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Processing in vitro of placental peptide hormones by smooth microsomes. Rough and smooth microsomes were prepared from ascites tumor cells, rat liver, and bovine adrenal cortex. Proteolytic removal of the signal peptide in pre-placental lactogen and asparagine-linked glycosylation of the alpha subunit of chorionic gonadotropin by these fractions were examined in mRNA-dependent lysates from ascites cells. Both processing steps were performed by smooth microsomes, which was unexpected because it has been presumed that only rough microsomes contain components for ribosomal binding. Thus smooth microsomes are apparently capable of interacting with polysomes bearing secretory nascent chains, and cleavage and asparagine-linked glycosylation activities are present in both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:293712", "title": "Role of proline isomerization in folding of ribonuclease A at low temperatures.", "content": "In unfolded RNase A there is an interconversion between slow-folding and fast-folding forms (U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F)) that is known to show properties characteristic of proline isomerization in model peptides. Here, we accept the evidence that U(S) molecules contain nonnative proline isomers and we ask about the isomerization of these proline residues during folding. The U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F) reaction in unfolded RNase A is used both to provide data on the kinetics of proline isomerization in the unfolded protein and as the basis of an assay for measuring proline isomerization during folding.The tyrosine-detected folding kinetics at low temperatures have been compared to those of proline isomerization in unfolded RNase A. The comparison is based on the recent observation that the U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F) kinetics are independent of guanidinium chloride concentration, so that they can be extrapolated to low guanidinium chloride concentrations, at which folding takes place. At 0 degrees C the tyrosine-detected folding reaction is 100-fold faster than the conversion of U(S) to U(F) in unfolded RNase A. Consequently, the folding reaction is not rate-limited by proline isomerization as it occurs in unfolded RNase A. An assay is given for proline isomerization during folding. The principle is that native RNase A yields U(F) on unfolding, whereas protein molecules that still contain nonnative proline isomers yield U(S). Unfolding takes place at 0 degrees C, at which proline isomerization is slow compared to unfolding. This assay yields two important results: (i) The kinetics of proline isomerization during folding are substantially faster than in unfolded RNase A-e.g., 40-fold at 0 degrees C. The mechanism of the rate enhancement is unknown. (ii) At low temperatures (0-10 degrees C), and also in the presence of (NH(4))(2)SO(4), the tyrosine-detected folding reaction occurs before proline isomerization and yields a folded intermediate I(N) that is able to bind the specific inhibitor 2'-CMP. The results demonstrate that a folding intermediate is spectrally detectable when folding occurs at low temperatures. They suggest that low temperatures provide suitable conditions for determining the kinetic pathway of folding by characterizing folding intermediates.", "contents": "Role of proline isomerization in folding of ribonuclease A at low temperatures. In unfolded RNase A there is an interconversion between slow-folding and fast-folding forms (U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F)) that is known to show properties characteristic of proline isomerization in model peptides. Here, we accept the evidence that U(S) molecules contain nonnative proline isomers and we ask about the isomerization of these proline residues during folding. The U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F) reaction in unfolded RNase A is used both to provide data on the kinetics of proline isomerization in the unfolded protein and as the basis of an assay for measuring proline isomerization during folding.The tyrosine-detected folding kinetics at low temperatures have been compared to those of proline isomerization in unfolded RNase A. The comparison is based on the recent observation that the U(S) right harpoon over left harpoon U(F) kinetics are independent of guanidinium chloride concentration, so that they can be extrapolated to low guanidinium chloride concentrations, at which folding takes place. At 0 degrees C the tyrosine-detected folding reaction is 100-fold faster than the conversion of U(S) to U(F) in unfolded RNase A. Consequently, the folding reaction is not rate-limited by proline isomerization as it occurs in unfolded RNase A. An assay is given for proline isomerization during folding. The principle is that native RNase A yields U(F) on unfolding, whereas protein molecules that still contain nonnative proline isomers yield U(S). Unfolding takes place at 0 degrees C, at which proline isomerization is slow compared to unfolding. This assay yields two important results: (i) The kinetics of proline isomerization during folding are substantially faster than in unfolded RNase A-e.g., 40-fold at 0 degrees C. The mechanism of the rate enhancement is unknown. (ii) At low temperatures (0-10 degrees C), and also in the presence of (NH(4))(2)SO(4), the tyrosine-detected folding reaction occurs before proline isomerization and yields a folded intermediate I(N) that is able to bind the specific inhibitor 2'-CMP. The results demonstrate that a folding intermediate is spectrally detectable when folding occurs at low temperatures. They suggest that low temperatures provide suitable conditions for determining the kinetic pathway of folding by characterizing folding intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:293713", "title": "Arrangement of coding and intervening sequences of chicken lysozyme gene.", "content": "Hybrid phages that contain chicken lysozyme gene sequences have been isolated from a chicken DNA library. Two overlapping clones covering a region of 22 kilobase pairs around this gene have been studied by restriction mapping. Southern hybridization, and electron microscopic analysis of hybrids between lysozyme mRNA and the cloned cellular DNA. Three intervening sequences interrupt the lysozyme structural gene. The cellular gene is at least 3.9 kilobases long, about 6 times the length of the structural gene.", "contents": "Arrangement of coding and intervening sequences of chicken lysozyme gene. Hybrid phages that contain chicken lysozyme gene sequences have been isolated from a chicken DNA library. Two overlapping clones covering a region of 22 kilobase pairs around this gene have been studied by restriction mapping. Southern hybridization, and electron microscopic analysis of hybrids between lysozyme mRNA and the cloned cellular DNA. Three intervening sequences interrupt the lysozyme structural gene. The cellular gene is at least 3.9 kilobases long, about 6 times the length of the structural gene."}
{"id": "PMID:293714", "title": "Unusual nucleotide sequences at the 5' end of actin genes in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "The nucleotide sequences at the 5' end of one actin cDNA and six actin genomic clones from Dictyostelium have been determined. The amino acid sequences derived from the nucleotide sequences show strong conservation for six of the seven genes relative to the NH2-terminal region of Physarum actin. The region 5' to the AUG initiating codon is greater than 90% A+T residues in all of the genes.", "contents": "Unusual nucleotide sequences at the 5' end of actin genes in Dictyostelium discoideum. The nucleotide sequences at the 5' end of one actin cDNA and six actin genomic clones from Dictyostelium have been determined. The amino acid sequences derived from the nucleotide sequences show strong conservation for six of the seven genes relative to the NH2-terminal region of Physarum actin. The region 5' to the AUG initiating codon is greater than 90% A+T residues in all of the genes."}
{"id": "PMID:293715", "title": "Discontinuous translation of silk fibroin in a reticulocyte cell-free system and in intact silk gland cells.", "content": "Silk fibroin mRNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. Addition of tRNA from silk glands was essential for complete translation of the fibroin polypeptide. (Mr approximately 400,000). Synthesis of full-sized product took at least 85 min. In addition to full-size product, a large number of smaller polypeptides were observed upon analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence is presented that these smaller polypeptides are growing fibroin chains that transiently accumulate as discrete size classes due to discontinuities in the translation process. These discontinuities, or pauses, occur at specific sites in the fibroin mRNA template. The relative duration of the pauses can be experimentally modulated by changing the source of the supplementary tRNA added to the in vitro system. Silk glands were incubated in organ culture under conditions where essentially exclusive labeling of newly synthesized fibroins was attained. Analysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed that the labeling pattern of nascent silk fibroins is similar to the pattern observed in the reticulocyte cell-free system. This result suggests that discontinuities or pauses in polypeptide chain elongation also occur in vivo under conditions of organ culture.", "contents": "Discontinuous translation of silk fibroin in a reticulocyte cell-free system and in intact silk gland cells. Silk fibroin mRNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. Addition of tRNA from silk glands was essential for complete translation of the fibroin polypeptide. (Mr approximately 400,000). Synthesis of full-sized product took at least 85 min. In addition to full-size product, a large number of smaller polypeptides were observed upon analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence is presented that these smaller polypeptides are growing fibroin chains that transiently accumulate as discrete size classes due to discontinuities in the translation process. These discontinuities, or pauses, occur at specific sites in the fibroin mRNA template. The relative duration of the pauses can be experimentally modulated by changing the source of the supplementary tRNA added to the in vitro system. Silk glands were incubated in organ culture under conditions where essentially exclusive labeling of newly synthesized fibroins was attained. Analysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed that the labeling pattern of nascent silk fibroins is similar to the pattern observed in the reticulocyte cell-free system. This result suggests that discontinuities or pauses in polypeptide chain elongation also occur in vivo under conditions of organ culture."}
{"id": "PMID:293716", "title": "In vitro assembly of intermediate filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells.", "content": "Intermediate filaments (IF) from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells can be disassembled at low ionic strength and reassembled upon addition of salt. Turbidimetric analyses show that reassembled IF exhibit the light scattering properties of long rods under physiological conditions (5 mM Na+/K+ phosphate, pH 7.2/170 mM NaCl at 21 degrees C). IF weight concentration, determined by centrifugation, is directly proportional to the optical density at 3000 nm. Thus, turbidity can be used as a quantitative assay for IF assembly. Turbidimetric and centrifugation analyses both indicate that IF assembly exhibits a critical protein concentration of 0.05-0.15 mg/ml. Above the critical concentration, IF weight concentration at steady-state is a linear function of the total protein concentration. Negative stain observations at early stages of the assembly process suggest lateral association of protofilaments to form short IF. This lateral association is accompanied by a rapid turbidity increase which is then followed by IF elongation and a slower turbidity increase to plateau. Further purification of IF by low/high-NaCl-induced cycles of disassembly/reassembly results in retention of 54- and 55-kilodalton (decamin) polypeptides. These results constitute a quantitative description of in vitro reassembly of IF from homogeneous cultures of nonkeratinizing cells and establish conditions for further studies on the regulation of IF assembly.", "contents": "In vitro assembly of intermediate filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Intermediate filaments (IF) from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells can be disassembled at low ionic strength and reassembled upon addition of salt. Turbidimetric analyses show that reassembled IF exhibit the light scattering properties of long rods under physiological conditions (5 mM Na+/K+ phosphate, pH 7.2/170 mM NaCl at 21 degrees C). IF weight concentration, determined by centrifugation, is directly proportional to the optical density at 3000 nm. Thus, turbidity can be used as a quantitative assay for IF assembly. Turbidimetric and centrifugation analyses both indicate that IF assembly exhibits a critical protein concentration of 0.05-0.15 mg/ml. Above the critical concentration, IF weight concentration at steady-state is a linear function of the total protein concentration. Negative stain observations at early stages of the assembly process suggest lateral association of protofilaments to form short IF. This lateral association is accompanied by a rapid turbidity increase which is then followed by IF elongation and a slower turbidity increase to plateau. Further purification of IF by low/high-NaCl-induced cycles of disassembly/reassembly results in retention of 54- and 55-kilodalton (decamin) polypeptides. These results constitute a quantitative description of in vitro reassembly of IF from homogeneous cultures of nonkeratinizing cells and establish conditions for further studies on the regulation of IF assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:293717", "title": "Asymmetric distribution of plasma membrane proteins in mouse L-929 cells.", "content": "The distribution of plasma membrane-associated proteins was studied by using latex-filled phagolysosomes prepared from cultured mouse L-929 cells as a model of \"inside-out\" membrane. Proteins from 131I/lactoperoxidase-labeled phagolysosomes, phagolysosomes derived from 131I/lactoperoxidase-labeled cells, and phagolysosomes prepared from [35S]methionine metabolically labeled cells were analyzed by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The gel patterns of iodinated proteins showed specific differences in the availability of membrane proteins to lactoperoxidase labeling between inside-out and right-side-out membranes. However, at least two prominent [35S]methionine-labeled proteins of approximately 60,000 and 100,000 daltons were available for iodination at both sides of the membrane. Partial proteolysis of the 100,000-dalton protein revealed that different peptides were iodinated when the iodination was performed on intact cells or on phagolysosomes, consisent with the idea that this protein spans the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Asymmetric distribution of plasma membrane proteins in mouse L-929 cells. The distribution of plasma membrane-associated proteins was studied by using latex-filled phagolysosomes prepared from cultured mouse L-929 cells as a model of \"inside-out\" membrane. Proteins from 131I/lactoperoxidase-labeled phagolysosomes, phagolysosomes derived from 131I/lactoperoxidase-labeled cells, and phagolysosomes prepared from [35S]methionine metabolically labeled cells were analyzed by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The gel patterns of iodinated proteins showed specific differences in the availability of membrane proteins to lactoperoxidase labeling between inside-out and right-side-out membranes. However, at least two prominent [35S]methionine-labeled proteins of approximately 60,000 and 100,000 daltons were available for iodination at both sides of the membrane. Partial proteolysis of the 100,000-dalton protein revealed that different peptides were iodinated when the iodination was performed on intact cells or on phagolysosomes, consisent with the idea that this protein spans the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:293718", "title": "Cell-cycle-associated rearrangement of inverted repeat DNA sequences.", "content": "Inverted repeat DNA sequences of Caulobacter crescentus have been isolated, characterized, and cloned in a bacteriophage lambda vector. Both whole populations and individual clones of these sequences were hybridized to restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of chromosomal DNA isolated from cells that were in different stages of the cell cycle. Some inverted repeat DNA sequences were observed to hybridize to different regions of the chromosomal DNA isolated from the morphologically and biochemically distinct swarmer cell and stalked cell populations. These results suggest that the inverted repeat sequences have the capacity to rearrange and thus be located at different sites on the genomes of the different cell types.", "contents": "Cell-cycle-associated rearrangement of inverted repeat DNA sequences. Inverted repeat DNA sequences of Caulobacter crescentus have been isolated, characterized, and cloned in a bacteriophage lambda vector. Both whole populations and individual clones of these sequences were hybridized to restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of chromosomal DNA isolated from cells that were in different stages of the cell cycle. Some inverted repeat DNA sequences were observed to hybridize to different regions of the chromosomal DNA isolated from the morphologically and biochemically distinct swarmer cell and stalked cell populations. These results suggest that the inverted repeat sequences have the capacity to rearrange and thus be located at different sites on the genomes of the different cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:293719", "title": "Correlation of polypeptide composition with functional events in acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Membrane vesicles containing partially inactivated acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) channels may produce a full 22Na+ flux response because an excess of channels may exist above the level needed to completely empty the vesicles of ions. Therefore, attempts to use ion flux amplitudes as indicators of AcChoR function may fail due to the presence of these excess AcChoR channels. Random inactivation of variable fractions of AcChoR channels in vesicles by the irreversible binding of the neurotoxin alpha-bungarotoxin provides a tool for assessing the size of the excess receptor population. Using this approach, we predict that the dependence of the flux response on partial inactivation by alpha-bungarotoxin will drastically change if an essential AcChoR component is substantially removed from the membranes. Membranes from which Mr 43,000, Mr 90,000, and other polypeptides had been substantially removed by base extraction exhibited a flux response after random inactivation that was indistinguishable from that of untreated membranes. Therefore, those components which are substantially removed by base extraction do not appear to be essential for AcChoR-mediated ion flux.", "contents": "Correlation of polypeptide composition with functional events in acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes from Torpedo californica. Membrane vesicles containing partially inactivated acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) channels may produce a full 22Na+ flux response because an excess of channels may exist above the level needed to completely empty the vesicles of ions. Therefore, attempts to use ion flux amplitudes as indicators of AcChoR function may fail due to the presence of these excess AcChoR channels. Random inactivation of variable fractions of AcChoR channels in vesicles by the irreversible binding of the neurotoxin alpha-bungarotoxin provides a tool for assessing the size of the excess receptor population. Using this approach, we predict that the dependence of the flux response on partial inactivation by alpha-bungarotoxin will drastically change if an essential AcChoR component is substantially removed from the membranes. Membranes from which Mr 43,000, Mr 90,000, and other polypeptides had been substantially removed by base extraction exhibited a flux response after random inactivation that was indistinguishable from that of untreated membranes. Therefore, those components which are substantially removed by base extraction do not appear to be essential for AcChoR-mediated ion flux."}
{"id": "PMID:293720", "title": "Calcineurin: a calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein of the nervous system.", "content": "The inhibitory protein that binds calmodulin and thus prevents activation of several Ca2+-dependent enzymes by calmodulin is shown to also bind four Ca2+ per mol of protein with high affinity (Kd less than or equal to 10(-6) M). On the basis of its Ca2+- binding properties and its localization to nervous tissue, the inhibitory protein is now called \"calcineurin.\" Calcineurin is composed of two subunits: calcineurin A (61,000 Mr) which interacts with calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent fashion, and calcineurin B (15,000 Mr) which binds Ca2+. The interaction of calcineurin A with calcineurin B is independent of Ca2+ or Mg2+. The dual interaction of calcineurin A with two different Ca2+-binding components and the high affinity of calcineurin for Ca2+ suggest a possible role for calcineurin in the regulation of free Ca2+ concentrations in the nervous system. Calcineurin may thereby modulate the release and action of neurotransmitters.", "contents": "Calcineurin: a calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein of the nervous system. The inhibitory protein that binds calmodulin and thus prevents activation of several Ca2+-dependent enzymes by calmodulin is shown to also bind four Ca2+ per mol of protein with high affinity (Kd less than or equal to 10(-6) M). On the basis of its Ca2+- binding properties and its localization to nervous tissue, the inhibitory protein is now called \"calcineurin.\" Calcineurin is composed of two subunits: calcineurin A (61,000 Mr) which interacts with calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent fashion, and calcineurin B (15,000 Mr) which binds Ca2+. The interaction of calcineurin A with calcineurin B is independent of Ca2+ or Mg2+. The dual interaction of calcineurin A with two different Ca2+-binding components and the high affinity of calcineurin for Ca2+ suggest a possible role for calcineurin in the regulation of free Ca2+ concentrations in the nervous system. Calcineurin may thereby modulate the release and action of neurotransmitters."}
{"id": "PMID:293721", "title": "Hyaluronate and invasiveness of the rabbit V2 carcinoma.", "content": "We propose that hyaluronate, a major component of extracellular matrices through which cells migrate during embryonic tissue development and in regenerative processes, is also concentrated in the environment through which neoplastic cells invade local host tissues and may facilitate this process. The hyaluronate content of invasive V2 carcinoma grown in rabbit was found to be 3-4 times greater than that of the same tumor grown in the nude mouse, in which it is noninvasive. Moreover, hyaluronate concentrations were most elevated in the connective tissue interface between the tumor mass and the neighboring host tissue in the invasive rabbit tumors. The particular site of tumor implantation in the rabbit or nude mouse did not affect the concentrations of hyaluronate in either the parenchyma or the surrounding connective tissue. Similar values were obtained for neoplasms grown in muscle, which normally contains little hyaluronate, and in subcutaneous tissue, which is relatively rich in this glycosaminoglycan.", "contents": "Hyaluronate and invasiveness of the rabbit V2 carcinoma. We propose that hyaluronate, a major component of extracellular matrices through which cells migrate during embryonic tissue development and in regenerative processes, is also concentrated in the environment through which neoplastic cells invade local host tissues and may facilitate this process. The hyaluronate content of invasive V2 carcinoma grown in rabbit was found to be 3-4 times greater than that of the same tumor grown in the nude mouse, in which it is noninvasive. Moreover, hyaluronate concentrations were most elevated in the connective tissue interface between the tumor mass and the neighboring host tissue in the invasive rabbit tumors. The particular site of tumor implantation in the rabbit or nude mouse did not affect the concentrations of hyaluronate in either the parenchyma or the surrounding connective tissue. Similar values were obtained for neoplasms grown in muscle, which normally contains little hyaluronate, and in subcutaneous tissue, which is relatively rich in this glycosaminoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:293722", "title": "Both chains of HLA-DR bind to the membrane with a penultimate hydrophobic region and the heavy chain is phosphorylated at its hydrophilic carboxyl terminus.", "content": "The HLA-DR antigen, a complex of two glycoproteins of 29,000 and 34,000 daltons, can be isolated from the membranes of human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Extensive proteolysis releases only 5-10% of the antigen, whereas detergent solubilizes all of it. Detergent solubilization after papain proteolysis of membranes produces antigen with chains cleaved near the carboxyl termini. Comparison of these three preparations demonstrates that each chain contains a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic region that is sensitive to proteolytic degradation and a penultimate hydrophobic region, responsible for membrane binding, that is more resistant to papain. This two-step cleavage of each chain is also observed during the proteolysis of detergent-solubilized HLA-DR antigen. Both chains of HLA-DR in the membrane can be labeled with the lipophilic photoactivatable carbene reagent adamantane diazirine. This label is released from both chains during the second cleavage. The heavy chain can be reduced and alkylated under mild conditions, and this label is also lost during the second cleavage. The heavy chain is phosphorylated in vivo, and this label is lost upon the first cleavage. This observation suggests that the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain is intracellular. Cumulatively, these data suggest that both chains of HLA-DR antigens are comprised of large extracellular NH2-terminal regions, small penultimate intramembranous regions, and small carboxyl-terminal intracellular regions.", "contents": "Both chains of HLA-DR bind to the membrane with a penultimate hydrophobic region and the heavy chain is phosphorylated at its hydrophilic carboxyl terminus. The HLA-DR antigen, a complex of two glycoproteins of 29,000 and 34,000 daltons, can be isolated from the membranes of human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Extensive proteolysis releases only 5-10% of the antigen, whereas detergent solubilizes all of it. Detergent solubilization after papain proteolysis of membranes produces antigen with chains cleaved near the carboxyl termini. Comparison of these three preparations demonstrates that each chain contains a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic region that is sensitive to proteolytic degradation and a penultimate hydrophobic region, responsible for membrane binding, that is more resistant to papain. This two-step cleavage of each chain is also observed during the proteolysis of detergent-solubilized HLA-DR antigen. Both chains of HLA-DR in the membrane can be labeled with the lipophilic photoactivatable carbene reagent adamantane diazirine. This label is released from both chains during the second cleavage. The heavy chain can be reduced and alkylated under mild conditions, and this label is also lost during the second cleavage. The heavy chain is phosphorylated in vivo, and this label is lost upon the first cleavage. This observation suggests that the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain is intracellular. Cumulatively, these data suggest that both chains of HLA-DR antigens are comprised of large extracellular NH2-terminal regions, small penultimate intramembranous regions, and small carboxyl-terminal intracellular regions."}
{"id": "PMID:293723", "title": "Changes in activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in livers of fasted rabbits and accumulation of crossreacting immune material.", "content": "The activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) in livers of fasted rabbits decreases to less than one-half the value found in livers of fed rabbits. However, the concentration of aldolase protein in the liver extracts, measured with a specific antibody, remains unchanged. More than twice as much antibody is required to neutralize the aldolase activity in liver extracts from fasted compared with fed rabbits. The results suggest that modification of liver aldolase occurs during fasting, resulting in loss of catalytic activity without loss of immunoreactivity.", "contents": "Changes in activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase in livers of fasted rabbits and accumulation of crossreacting immune material. The activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) in livers of fasted rabbits decreases to less than one-half the value found in livers of fed rabbits. However, the concentration of aldolase protein in the liver extracts, measured with a specific antibody, remains unchanged. More than twice as much antibody is required to neutralize the aldolase activity in liver extracts from fasted compared with fed rabbits. The results suggest that modification of liver aldolase occurs during fasting, resulting in loss of catalytic activity without loss of immunoreactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:293724", "title": "Mechanism of acetylcholine release: possible involvement of presynaptic muscarinic receptors in regulation of acetylcholine release and protein phosphorylation.", "content": "Acetylcholine (AcCho) release from purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes was evoked by K+ depolarization in the presence of Ca2+. Activation of muscarinic receptors, present in the synaptosomal fraction, by the agonist oxotremorine resulted in the inhibition of AcCho liberation. This inhibition was abolished by the muscarinic antagonist atropine, which by itself has no effect. These findings suggest that the muscarinic receptor, present in the electric organ of Torpedo is presynaptic and that its physiological function is to regulate AcCho release by negative feedback. The mechanism of presynaptic muscarinic inhibition was investigated by examining the effect of muscarinic ligands on synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake and on the level of phosphorylation of specific synaptosomal proteins. Ca2+-dependent K+ depolarization-induced synaptosomal AcCho release was accompanied by 45Ca2+ uptake and by a marked increase in the phosphorylation of a specific synaptosomal protein (band alpha) of approximately 100,000 daltons. Activation of the muscarinic receptor by the agonist oxotremorine had no detectable effect on synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake but resulted in the concomitant inhibition of AcCho release and of phosphorylation of band alpha. The muscarinic antagonist atropine abolished the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine both on AcCho liberation and on phosphorylation of band alpha. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of band alpha may be involved in regulation of the presynaptic processes that underly AcCho release and that activation of the muscarinic receptor by agonists may inhibit AcCho release by blocking the phosphorylation of band alpha.", "contents": "Mechanism of acetylcholine release: possible involvement of presynaptic muscarinic receptors in regulation of acetylcholine release and protein phosphorylation. Acetylcholine (AcCho) release from purely cholinergic Torpedo synaptosomes was evoked by K+ depolarization in the presence of Ca2+. Activation of muscarinic receptors, present in the synaptosomal fraction, by the agonist oxotremorine resulted in the inhibition of AcCho liberation. This inhibition was abolished by the muscarinic antagonist atropine, which by itself has no effect. These findings suggest that the muscarinic receptor, present in the electric organ of Torpedo is presynaptic and that its physiological function is to regulate AcCho release by negative feedback. The mechanism of presynaptic muscarinic inhibition was investigated by examining the effect of muscarinic ligands on synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake and on the level of phosphorylation of specific synaptosomal proteins. Ca2+-dependent K+ depolarization-induced synaptosomal AcCho release was accompanied by 45Ca2+ uptake and by a marked increase in the phosphorylation of a specific synaptosomal protein (band alpha) of approximately 100,000 daltons. Activation of the muscarinic receptor by the agonist oxotremorine had no detectable effect on synaptosomal 45Ca2+ uptake but resulted in the concomitant inhibition of AcCho release and of phosphorylation of band alpha. The muscarinic antagonist atropine abolished the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine both on AcCho liberation and on phosphorylation of band alpha. These findings suggest that phosphorylation of band alpha may be involved in regulation of the presynaptic processes that underly AcCho release and that activation of the muscarinic receptor by agonists may inhibit AcCho release by blocking the phosphorylation of band alpha."}
{"id": "PMID:293725", "title": "Internal motions in DNA.", "content": "We have measured the 31P and 1H NMR parameters of fractionated double-stranded DNA fragments 600, 300, and 150 base pairs long. The results indicate that, inside an intact double helix, both the deoxyribose and the sugar-phosphate backbone of the helix fluctuate substantially from their equilibrium geometry. The time constant for those coupled motions is of the order of 1 nsec.", "contents": "Internal motions in DNA. We have measured the 31P and 1H NMR parameters of fractionated double-stranded DNA fragments 600, 300, and 150 base pairs long. The results indicate that, inside an intact double helix, both the deoxyribose and the sugar-phosphate backbone of the helix fluctuate substantially from their equilibrium geometry. The time constant for those coupled motions is of the order of 1 nsec."}
{"id": "PMID:293726", "title": "Enucleation of differentiated murine erythroleukemia cells in culture.", "content": "Friend murine leukemia cells induced to undergo erythrocytic differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide give rise to progeny resembling ortho- or polychromatic normoblasts, which usually do not complete the maturation process to yield forms analogous to erythrocytes. Treatment of these differentiated cells with cytochalasin B can lead to a high proportion (i.e., 80-85%) of enucleated cells in vitro. Nuclear extrusion in cells induced to differentiate by dimethyl sulfoxide and subsequently treated with cytochalasin B began within 24-36 hr of exposure to the antibiotic, with the appearance of a pre-enucleated stage in which the cell nucleus became pycnotic and eccentrically located. Maximum enucleation occurred after 72-96 hr of exposure to cytochalasin B and was significantly enhanced when dimethyl sulfoxide was included in the culture medium during the period of treatment with cytochalasin B. Enucleation appeared to take place only in differentiated progeny, because nondifferentiated cells treated with cytochalasin B alone yielded a population of multinucleated cells. The findings indicate that highly tumorigenic nondifferentiated Friend erythroleukemia cells can be converted in high yield to mature enucleated forms that are unable to proliferate in vitro.", "contents": "Enucleation of differentiated murine erythroleukemia cells in culture. Friend murine leukemia cells induced to undergo erythrocytic differentiation by dimethyl sulfoxide give rise to progeny resembling ortho- or polychromatic normoblasts, which usually do not complete the maturation process to yield forms analogous to erythrocytes. Treatment of these differentiated cells with cytochalasin B can lead to a high proportion (i.e., 80-85%) of enucleated cells in vitro. Nuclear extrusion in cells induced to differentiate by dimethyl sulfoxide and subsequently treated with cytochalasin B began within 24-36 hr of exposure to the antibiotic, with the appearance of a pre-enucleated stage in which the cell nucleus became pycnotic and eccentrically located. Maximum enucleation occurred after 72-96 hr of exposure to cytochalasin B and was significantly enhanced when dimethyl sulfoxide was included in the culture medium during the period of treatment with cytochalasin B. Enucleation appeared to take place only in differentiated progeny, because nondifferentiated cells treated with cytochalasin B alone yielded a population of multinucleated cells. The findings indicate that highly tumorigenic nondifferentiated Friend erythroleukemia cells can be converted in high yield to mature enucleated forms that are unable to proliferate in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:293727", "title": "Disappearance of a structural chromatin protein A24 in mitosis: implications for molecular basis of chromatin condensation.", "content": "A chromatin protein, A24, a conjugate of histone H2A and evolutionally conserved ubiquitin, was virtually the only structural polypeptide that was present in interphase but missing in mitosis of a Chinese hamster cell line (DON). Because a 10% increase in the H2A/DNA ratio observed in interphase-mitosis transition explained the stoichiometric conversion of A24 to H2A, it appears that ubiquitin bound to H2A of nucleosomal surfaces in interphase is released at mitosis whereas the total H2A remains as a structural component of nucleosomes. Regardless of protein synthesis, ubiquitin was again bound to H2A when cells entered the G1 phase. Based on the electrostatic nature of the COOH-terminal region of H2A, where ubiquitin binds, and the mitosis-specific rise of covalently linked phosphates in histones H1 and H3, we propose that an ionic interaction between the positively charged H2A COOH-terminal regions on fibers and negatively charged phosphates linked to serine or threonine of H1 and H3 molecules on adjacent fibers could generate an assembly of chromatin fibers in mitosis.", "contents": "Disappearance of a structural chromatin protein A24 in mitosis: implications for molecular basis of chromatin condensation. A chromatin protein, A24, a conjugate of histone H2A and evolutionally conserved ubiquitin, was virtually the only structural polypeptide that was present in interphase but missing in mitosis of a Chinese hamster cell line (DON). Because a 10% increase in the H2A/DNA ratio observed in interphase-mitosis transition explained the stoichiometric conversion of A24 to H2A, it appears that ubiquitin bound to H2A of nucleosomal surfaces in interphase is released at mitosis whereas the total H2A remains as a structural component of nucleosomes. Regardless of protein synthesis, ubiquitin was again bound to H2A when cells entered the G1 phase. Based on the electrostatic nature of the COOH-terminal region of H2A, where ubiquitin binds, and the mitosis-specific rise of covalently linked phosphates in histones H1 and H3, we propose that an ionic interaction between the positively charged H2A COOH-terminal regions on fibers and negatively charged phosphates linked to serine or threonine of H1 and H3 molecules on adjacent fibers could generate an assembly of chromatin fibers in mitosis."}
{"id": "PMID:293728", "title": "Absence of filipin-sterol complexes from large coated pits on the surface of culture cells.", "content": "Monolayer cultures of normal or transformed fibroblasts and of liver cells fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 300 microM filipin, a sterol-specific polyene antibiotic, were freeze-fractured to study the distribution of cholesterol within their plasma membranes. Filipin-sterol complexes, recognizable as 25- to 30-nm protuberances scattered in the fracture face of plasma membrane, were absent from invaginations corresponding to large, bristle-coated pits (and possibly also from small, flask-shaped invaginations). These results suggest that invaginating regions on the cell surface are specialized plasma membrane domains with a lower cholesterol content than the surrounding membrane. The localized change in membrane fluidity due to the low cholesterol concentration could play a role in endocytosis.", "contents": "Absence of filipin-sterol complexes from large coated pits on the surface of culture cells. Monolayer cultures of normal or transformed fibroblasts and of liver cells fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 300 microM filipin, a sterol-specific polyene antibiotic, were freeze-fractured to study the distribution of cholesterol within their plasma membranes. Filipin-sterol complexes, recognizable as 25- to 30-nm protuberances scattered in the fracture face of plasma membrane, were absent from invaginations corresponding to large, bristle-coated pits (and possibly also from small, flask-shaped invaginations). These results suggest that invaginating regions on the cell surface are specialized plasma membrane domains with a lower cholesterol content than the surrounding membrane. The localized change in membrane fluidity due to the low cholesterol concentration could play a role in endocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:293729", "title": "Cellular regulation of hemoglobin switching: evidence for inverse relationship between fetal hemoglobin synthesis and degree of maturity of human erythroid cells.", "content": "To investigate whether the level of maturity of human erythroid cells influences the expression of the fetal hemoglobin program, we studied the relative production of fetal (Hb F) and adult (Hb A) hemoglobins during the maturation of erythroid clones produced in vitro by adult or neonatal erythroid stem cells. In both the adult and the neonatal cell cultures, clones composed of immature erythroblasts showed a significantly higher Hb F/Hb A ratio compared to the mature clones. Culture conditions enhancing erythroid cell maturity (such as an increase in the level of erythropoietin or culture time) decreased the relative synthesis of Hb F in the maturing erythroid cells. Direct immunofluorescence studies demonstrated earlier production of Hb F compared with Hb A during maturation of adult-origin HbF-synthesizing clones. The findings show that the final expression of Hb F is influenced by the degree of maturity of the terminally differentiated cells and suggest that, in addition to regulation at the level of erythroid stem cells, there is control of Hb F expression during erythroblast maturation. The inverse relationship between Hb F expression and level of cell maturity suggests that a regulatory mechanism operating throughout the process of erythroid stem cell differentiation/erythroblast maturation decreases the potential of Hb F expression as the development of the erythroid cell advances.", "contents": "Cellular regulation of hemoglobin switching: evidence for inverse relationship between fetal hemoglobin synthesis and degree of maturity of human erythroid cells. To investigate whether the level of maturity of human erythroid cells influences the expression of the fetal hemoglobin program, we studied the relative production of fetal (Hb F) and adult (Hb A) hemoglobins during the maturation of erythroid clones produced in vitro by adult or neonatal erythroid stem cells. In both the adult and the neonatal cell cultures, clones composed of immature erythroblasts showed a significantly higher Hb F/Hb A ratio compared to the mature clones. Culture conditions enhancing erythroid cell maturity (such as an increase in the level of erythropoietin or culture time) decreased the relative synthesis of Hb F in the maturing erythroid cells. Direct immunofluorescence studies demonstrated earlier production of Hb F compared with Hb A during maturation of adult-origin HbF-synthesizing clones. The findings show that the final expression of Hb F is influenced by the degree of maturity of the terminally differentiated cells and suggest that, in addition to regulation at the level of erythroid stem cells, there is control of Hb F expression during erythroblast maturation. The inverse relationship between Hb F expression and level of cell maturity suggests that a regulatory mechanism operating throughout the process of erythroid stem cell differentiation/erythroblast maturation decreases the potential of Hb F expression as the development of the erythroid cell advances."}
{"id": "PMID:293730", "title": "Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in normal human fibroblasts and normal human glia-like cells.", "content": "Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels are detectable in normal human fibroblasts and in \"glia-like\" cells at appreciable levels when compared to what is observed in established neuronal cell lines in culture. Two- to 3-fold stimulations of sodium influx are observed in the presence of 0.2 mM veratridine and scorpion venom at 0.1 mg/ml. Tetrodotoxin (2 microM) inhibits the observed stimulation of sodium influx. Previous work has indicated that these neurotoxins act on the voltage-sensitive sodium ionophore of excitable cells, and the presence of such channels in cells generally considered nonexcitable raises questions regarding both the uniqueness of this ionophore as a property of excitable cells and the origin of the cells generally described as fibroblasts.", "contents": "Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in normal human fibroblasts and normal human glia-like cells. Tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels are detectable in normal human fibroblasts and in \"glia-like\" cells at appreciable levels when compared to what is observed in established neuronal cell lines in culture. Two- to 3-fold stimulations of sodium influx are observed in the presence of 0.2 mM veratridine and scorpion venom at 0.1 mg/ml. Tetrodotoxin (2 microM) inhibits the observed stimulation of sodium influx. Previous work has indicated that these neurotoxins act on the voltage-sensitive sodium ionophore of excitable cells, and the presence of such channels in cells generally considered nonexcitable raises questions regarding both the uniqueness of this ionophore as a property of excitable cells and the origin of the cells generally described as fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:293731", "title": "Cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs enhance effect of growth factors and hormones on initiation of DNA synthesis.", "content": "Addition of growth factors, such as prostaglandin F2 alpha or fibroblastic growth factor, to quiescent Swiss mouse 3T3 cells resulted in an abrupt increase in the rate of initiation of DNA synthesis after a lag phase of 13-15 hr. This increase could be quantified by a rate constant k. Addition of colchicine, Colcemid, or vinblastine had a synergistic effect on the initiation of DNA synthesis triggered by PGF2 alpha or FGF by increasing the value of k. These drugs alone had no effect. Colchicine had a synergistic effect only if added within 8 hr of the PGF2 alpha or FGF addition. Also, colchicine exerted its full effect when it was present only for the first 5 hr with either growth factor. These results suggest that an intact cytoskeleton is not required for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs enhance the stimulatory effect of the growth factors.", "contents": "Cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs enhance effect of growth factors and hormones on initiation of DNA synthesis. Addition of growth factors, such as prostaglandin F2 alpha or fibroblastic growth factor, to quiescent Swiss mouse 3T3 cells resulted in an abrupt increase in the rate of initiation of DNA synthesis after a lag phase of 13-15 hr. This increase could be quantified by a rate constant k. Addition of colchicine, Colcemid, or vinblastine had a synergistic effect on the initiation of DNA synthesis triggered by PGF2 alpha or FGF by increasing the value of k. These drugs alone had no effect. Colchicine had a synergistic effect only if added within 8 hr of the PGF2 alpha or FGF addition. Also, colchicine exerted its full effect when it was present only for the first 5 hr with either growth factor. These results suggest that an intact cytoskeleton is not required for the initiation of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs enhance the stimulatory effect of the growth factors."}
{"id": "PMID:293732", "title": "Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation promote derepression of the hexose transport system in cultures of hamster cells.", "content": "Long-term (18-24 hr) preincubation of NIL hamster cell cultures with D-glucose or D-glucosamine (both of which repress the hexose transport system) gave rise to a striking loss of the hexose transport system (\"super-repression\") when cycloheximide was also present in the culture medium. However, if 0.2 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was also present, the cycloheximide-mediated super-repression was prevented. Moreover, the presence of DNP at this low concentration contributed to an increase in hexose uptake such that it was substantially higher than that permitted by either of the two repressive sugars alone. When the cultures were maintained in medium containing D-fructose in place of glucose, a marked increase in uptake occurred, and this increase (derepression) was not affected by DNP. The derepression due to glucose deprivation and the increases caused by DNP treatment were also observed when 3-O-methylglucose was used to measure hexose transport. Although cultures maintained in the presence of glucosamine exhibited a repressed hexose transport rate, they did not generate significant amounts of lactic acid. DNP, and other uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, promoted a derepressed state of hexose transport but did not stimulate the generation of lactate from glucosamine. These data suggest that the metabolic repression phenomena of hexose transport do not depend on glycolysis but rather on the \"energized\" state of the cell. The energized state of the cell may also be required for the super-repression of hexose transport that is especially apparent when protein synthesis is blocked by cycloheximide.", "contents": "Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation promote derepression of the hexose transport system in cultures of hamster cells. Long-term (18-24 hr) preincubation of NIL hamster cell cultures with D-glucose or D-glucosamine (both of which repress the hexose transport system) gave rise to a striking loss of the hexose transport system (\"super-repression\") when cycloheximide was also present in the culture medium. However, if 0.2 mM 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was also present, the cycloheximide-mediated super-repression was prevented. Moreover, the presence of DNP at this low concentration contributed to an increase in hexose uptake such that it was substantially higher than that permitted by either of the two repressive sugars alone. When the cultures were maintained in medium containing D-fructose in place of glucose, a marked increase in uptake occurred, and this increase (derepression) was not affected by DNP. The derepression due to glucose deprivation and the increases caused by DNP treatment were also observed when 3-O-methylglucose was used to measure hexose transport. Although cultures maintained in the presence of glucosamine exhibited a repressed hexose transport rate, they did not generate significant amounts of lactic acid. DNP, and other uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, promoted a derepressed state of hexose transport but did not stimulate the generation of lactate from glucosamine. These data suggest that the metabolic repression phenomena of hexose transport do not depend on glycolysis but rather on the \"energized\" state of the cell. The energized state of the cell may also be required for the super-repression of hexose transport that is especially apparent when protein synthesis is blocked by cycloheximide."}
{"id": "PMID:293733", "title": "Lysosomal composition in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: electron probe analysis.", "content": "Spherical electron-dense organelles in the perinuclear region of cultured guinea pig aortic smooth muscle cells were identified as lysosomes by their ability to accumulate acridine orange and by cytochemical demonstration of their acid phosphatase content. The number and size of lysosomes increased in subcultured cells. The elemental composition of the lysosomes was quantitated by electron probe analysis of whole freeze-dried cells and of cryosections. In lysosomes at this stage in their development, the sulfur concentration was higher than that in the cytoplasm and the K/Na concentration ratio was similar to that in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Lysosomal composition in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: electron probe analysis. Spherical electron-dense organelles in the perinuclear region of cultured guinea pig aortic smooth muscle cells were identified as lysosomes by their ability to accumulate acridine orange and by cytochemical demonstration of their acid phosphatase content. The number and size of lysosomes increased in subcultured cells. The elemental composition of the lysosomes was quantitated by electron probe analysis of whole freeze-dried cells and of cryosections. In lysosomes at this stage in their development, the sulfur concentration was higher than that in the cytoplasm and the K/Na concentration ratio was similar to that in the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:293734", "title": "Glucocorticoid modulation of casein gene transcription in mouse mammary gland.", "content": "The influence of cortisol and prolactin on casein gene expression in the mammary gland of lactating BALB/c mice was measured by using a specific cDNA probe to 15S casein mRNA (cDNAcsn). Casein mRNA (mRNAcsn) level in the mammary gland was decreased by 85% 5 days after adrenal ablation, but then was increased 4.4-fold 12 hr after a single injection of hydrocortisone-21-acetate. An 80% decrease in serum prolactin level, induced by the prolactin inhibitor 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptin (CB-154), did not alter the level of mRNAcsn in the gland. Specific transcription of the casein gene in nuclei isolated from lactating mammary glands was measured by cDNAcsn hybridization to the in vitro synthesized Hg-CTP-containing RNA (Hg-RNA), which was purified by SH-agarose chromatography. The level of the mRNAcsn in Hg-RNA synthesized in the isolated nuclei was 0.09% and this was decreased 85% by alpha-amanitin, indicating that the mRNAcsn sequences in the Hg-RNA were the products of RNA polymerase II-directed DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Transcription of the mRNAcsn in isolated nuclei was decreased by 70% 5 days after adrenalectomy and a single injection of the glucocorticoid then increased the transcription level 2-fold at 6 hr. Essentially no alteration of the level of transcription was detectable in mammary nuclei isolated from lactating mice with 80% decreased serum prolactin level, induced by CB-154 treatment. The results thus demonstrate a glucocorticoid involvement on the modulation of casein gene expression at the transcriptional level of control.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid modulation of casein gene transcription in mouse mammary gland. The influence of cortisol and prolactin on casein gene expression in the mammary gland of lactating BALB/c mice was measured by using a specific cDNA probe to 15S casein mRNA (cDNAcsn). Casein mRNA (mRNAcsn) level in the mammary gland was decreased by 85% 5 days after adrenal ablation, but then was increased 4.4-fold 12 hr after a single injection of hydrocortisone-21-acetate. An 80% decrease in serum prolactin level, induced by the prolactin inhibitor 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptin (CB-154), did not alter the level of mRNAcsn in the gland. Specific transcription of the casein gene in nuclei isolated from lactating mammary glands was measured by cDNAcsn hybridization to the in vitro synthesized Hg-CTP-containing RNA (Hg-RNA), which was purified by SH-agarose chromatography. The level of the mRNAcsn in Hg-RNA synthesized in the isolated nuclei was 0.09% and this was decreased 85% by alpha-amanitin, indicating that the mRNAcsn sequences in the Hg-RNA were the products of RNA polymerase II-directed DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Transcription of the mRNAcsn in isolated nuclei was decreased by 70% 5 days after adrenalectomy and a single injection of the glucocorticoid then increased the transcription level 2-fold at 6 hr. Essentially no alteration of the level of transcription was detectable in mammary nuclei isolated from lactating mice with 80% decreased serum prolactin level, induced by CB-154 treatment. The results thus demonstrate a glucocorticoid involvement on the modulation of casein gene expression at the transcriptional level of control."}
{"id": "PMID:293735", "title": "Proteases in cellular slime mold development: evidence for their involvement.", "content": "Protein degradation appears to be essential for normal differentiation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Several protease inhibitors block normal differentiation, and in most cases this inhibition can be reversed by addition of amino acids. For example, chloroquine, which inhibits slime mold cathepsin B activity, interferred with development by blocking sorocarp formation, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of amino acids. Tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone also blocked development, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous additions of amino acids and glutathione. Moreover, the addition of antipain and leupeptin delayed sorocarp formation. These results, together with the finding reported earlier that cathepsin B activity is differentially localized in the prestalk-prespore zones of the migrating slugs, suggest that proteolysis might play a regulatory role in cellular slime mold differentiation.", "contents": "Proteases in cellular slime mold development: evidence for their involvement. Protein degradation appears to be essential for normal differentiation in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. Several protease inhibitors block normal differentiation, and in most cases this inhibition can be reversed by addition of amino acids. For example, chloroquine, which inhibits slime mold cathepsin B activity, interferred with development by blocking sorocarp formation, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of amino acids. Tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone also blocked development, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous additions of amino acids and glutathione. Moreover, the addition of antipain and leupeptin delayed sorocarp formation. These results, together with the finding reported earlier that cathepsin B activity is differentially localized in the prestalk-prespore zones of the migrating slugs, suggest that proteolysis might play a regulatory role in cellular slime mold differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:293736", "title": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of the a1 cell-surface antigen associated with human chromosome 11.", "content": "A highly versatile system for genetic, biochemical, and immunological analysis of human cell surface components has been developed using a human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid containing chromosome 11 as its only human chromosome. This system lends itself to studies such as identification of human cell surface antigens and other genetic markers, regional gene mapping of these markers on chromosome 11, mutational analysis of these markers, and exploration of distribution of these antigens in normal and pathological human tissues. Genetic analysis of a1, one of the human antigens expressed by this hybrid, has been accomplished by subjecting a series of a1- variants to complementation analysis. These experiments have shown that the a1- variants behave in a recessive manner and that at least four genes, including three Chinese hamster genes, are needed for a1 antigen expression. Biochemical analysis has shown that a macroglycolipid isolated from human erythrocytes contains the a1 antigenic activity, so that genes coding for glycosyltransferases are required for its biosynthesis and may correspond to the complementation groups identified. The power of combined genetic, biochemical, and immunological approaches to understanding cell membrane molecules is demonstrated.", "contents": "Genetic and biochemical analysis of the a1 cell-surface antigen associated with human chromosome 11. A highly versatile system for genetic, biochemical, and immunological analysis of human cell surface components has been developed using a human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid containing chromosome 11 as its only human chromosome. This system lends itself to studies such as identification of human cell surface antigens and other genetic markers, regional gene mapping of these markers on chromosome 11, mutational analysis of these markers, and exploration of distribution of these antigens in normal and pathological human tissues. Genetic analysis of a1, one of the human antigens expressed by this hybrid, has been accomplished by subjecting a series of a1- variants to complementation analysis. These experiments have shown that the a1- variants behave in a recessive manner and that at least four genes, including three Chinese hamster genes, are needed for a1 antigen expression. Biochemical analysis has shown that a macroglycolipid isolated from human erythrocytes contains the a1 antigenic activity, so that genes coding for glycosyltransferases are required for its biosynthesis and may correspond to the complementation groups identified. The power of combined genetic, biochemical, and immunological approaches to understanding cell membrane molecules is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:293737", "title": "Human heterozygosity: a new estimate.", "content": "Several hundred polypeptides from four human diploid fibroblast cell lines were compared by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double-label autoradiography under conditions where allelic products that differ by a single charged amino acid would be distinguished. The average heterozygosity represented by this set of gene products appears to be less than 1% for changes involving charged amino acids.", "contents": "Human heterozygosity: a new estimate. Several hundred polypeptides from four human diploid fibroblast cell lines were compared by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and double-label autoradiography under conditions where allelic products that differ by a single charged amino acid would be distinguished. The average heterozygosity represented by this set of gene products appears to be less than 1% for changes involving charged amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:293738", "title": "Characterization of a mutator gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "We have recently reported the isolation of a class of mutants (called thy-) that is both resistant to arabinosyl cytosine and auxotrophic for thymidine. thy- mutants have a 5- to 10-fold elevated pool of dCTP and are deficient in the synthesis of dTTP as an apparent consequence of a single mutation in the gene for ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1). Here we show that three independent thy- lines have a 5- to 50-fold higher frequency and rate of spontaneous mutation for two genetic markers, 6-thioguanine resistance and ouabain resistance. The higher rate of mutation is site specific because two other genetic markers, reversion of proline auxotrophy to proline prototrophy and emetine resistance, are unaffected. Ouabain- and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutations occur at a much lower rate in revertants of thy- to the wild-type state, so the increased rate of mutation is the consequence of the thy- mutation. Both the increased mutational rate and the increased intracellular pools of dCTP are dominant or codominant in hybrid cells, and alterations of the ratio of the pools of dCTP to dTTP in thy- 49 produce corresponding changes in the rate of mutation. Thus, thy- is a mutator gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells, apparently as a consequence of the imbalance of deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools created by the expanded pool of dCTP.", "contents": "Characterization of a mutator gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We have recently reported the isolation of a class of mutants (called thy-) that is both resistant to arabinosyl cytosine and auxotrophic for thymidine. thy- mutants have a 5- to 10-fold elevated pool of dCTP and are deficient in the synthesis of dTTP as an apparent consequence of a single mutation in the gene for ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1). Here we show that three independent thy- lines have a 5- to 50-fold higher frequency and rate of spontaneous mutation for two genetic markers, 6-thioguanine resistance and ouabain resistance. The higher rate of mutation is site specific because two other genetic markers, reversion of proline auxotrophy to proline prototrophy and emetine resistance, are unaffected. Ouabain- and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutations occur at a much lower rate in revertants of thy- to the wild-type state, so the increased rate of mutation is the consequence of the thy- mutation. Both the increased mutational rate and the increased intracellular pools of dCTP are dominant or codominant in hybrid cells, and alterations of the ratio of the pools of dCTP to dTTP in thy- 49 produce corresponding changes in the rate of mutation. Thus, thy- is a mutator gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells, apparently as a consequence of the imbalance of deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools created by the expanded pool of dCTP."}
{"id": "PMID:293739", "title": "Analysis of genetic complementation by whole-cell microtechniques in fibroblast heterokaryons.", "content": "A whole-cell microtechnique for the determination of complementation of human metabolic disorders is presented. This procedure permits the isolation of individual multinucleate cells produced by cell fusion for the quantitative evaluation of complementation. Mutant fibroblasts with a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity (EC 6.4.1.3) that had been mapped to complementation groups pcc and bio were used to evaluate the microtechnique. Complementation was monitored by the determination of [14C]propionate incorporation into cellular macromolecules. Single cells or a small number of cells were isolated from plastic film dishes after radioactive incubation by cutting out the portion of the plastic film holding the desired cells. Isotope incorporation was linear in 10-50 unfused cells and in 10-50 fused normal cells containing five or more nuclei. There was also a direct correlation between the nuclear content of cells and the amount of isotope incorporated. Three pcc and two bio mutants were fused in pairwise combinations by means of polyethylene glycol and complementation was determined by isotope incorporation in sets of 50 multinucleate cells, each cell isolated individually. The results agreed with autoradiographic data for both complementing and noncomplementing strains. The method is quantitative and gives severalfold higher sensitivity than current procedures. The method can be applied to the complementation analysis of a wide variety of inherited disorders of intermediary metabolism.", "contents": "Analysis of genetic complementation by whole-cell microtechniques in fibroblast heterokaryons. A whole-cell microtechnique for the determination of complementation of human metabolic disorders is presented. This procedure permits the isolation of individual multinucleate cells produced by cell fusion for the quantitative evaluation of complementation. Mutant fibroblasts with a deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity (EC 6.4.1.3) that had been mapped to complementation groups pcc and bio were used to evaluate the microtechnique. Complementation was monitored by the determination of [14C]propionate incorporation into cellular macromolecules. Single cells or a small number of cells were isolated from plastic film dishes after radioactive incubation by cutting out the portion of the plastic film holding the desired cells. Isotope incorporation was linear in 10-50 unfused cells and in 10-50 fused normal cells containing five or more nuclei. There was also a direct correlation between the nuclear content of cells and the amount of isotope incorporated. Three pcc and two bio mutants were fused in pairwise combinations by means of polyethylene glycol and complementation was determined by isotope incorporation in sets of 50 multinucleate cells, each cell isolated individually. The results agreed with autoradiographic data for both complementing and noncomplementing strains. The method is quantitative and gives severalfold higher sensitivity than current procedures. The method can be applied to the complementation analysis of a wide variety of inherited disorders of intermediary metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:293740", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of DNA from the human X chromosome.", "content": "Human X chromosome DNA was partially purified from a mouse-human hybrid cell line containing a single human chromosome, the X. Enrichment of such DNA was accomplished by two sequential reassociations of radiolabeled hybrid cell DNA with large excesses of mouse DNA. Unreassociated hybrid cell DNA was used as a probe for human X chromosome sequences. The human-specific fraction of probe DNA CONTAINED THREE COMPONENTS. Two of these reassociated to human DNAs at rates proportional to the number of X chromosomes present. These two components were thus localized to the X chromosome. One of these X-specific components, representing about 80% of human-specific probe DNA, consisted of single copy or very low order reiterated DNA. The second X-specific component, representing about 10% of human-specific probe DNA, was about 20-30 times more reiterated. The remaining 10% of human-specific probe DNA, although derived from the X chromosome, reassociated to human DNAs at a rate independent of the number of X chromosomes present. This component was thus homologous to autosomal as well as X chromosome DNA. The probe DNA accounts for approximately half of the human X chromosome, suggesting that the remainder may have homology with mouse DNA.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of DNA from the human X chromosome. Human X chromosome DNA was partially purified from a mouse-human hybrid cell line containing a single human chromosome, the X. Enrichment of such DNA was accomplished by two sequential reassociations of radiolabeled hybrid cell DNA with large excesses of mouse DNA. Unreassociated hybrid cell DNA was used as a probe for human X chromosome sequences. The human-specific fraction of probe DNA CONTAINED THREE COMPONENTS. Two of these reassociated to human DNAs at rates proportional to the number of X chromosomes present. These two components were thus localized to the X chromosome. One of these X-specific components, representing about 80% of human-specific probe DNA, consisted of single copy or very low order reiterated DNA. The second X-specific component, representing about 10% of human-specific probe DNA, was about 20-30 times more reiterated. The remaining 10% of human-specific probe DNA, although derived from the X chromosome, reassociated to human DNAs at a rate independent of the number of X chromosomes present. This component was thus homologous to autosomal as well as X chromosome DNA. The probe DNA accounts for approximately half of the human X chromosome, suggesting that the remainder may have homology with mouse DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:293741", "title": "Regulation of mitochondrial malic enzyme synthesis in mouse brain.", "content": "In a previous study [Bernstine, E.G. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 83-87] it was shown that inbred strains of mice fall into two classes based on the specific activity of mitochondrial malic enzyme [L-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40] in brain. In this report we demonstrate differences between high- and low-activity strains in the development of enzyme activity levels in adult mice and show that the rate of enzyme synthesis quantitatively accounts for the inherited level of the brain enzyme. Genetic analysis has established that the locus controlling the amount of enzyme in brain (Mdr-1) is located on chromosome 7. Its linkage to Hbb and c places it in the same region of the chromosome as Mod-2, the structural gene for mitochondrial malic enzyme. By making use of deletions and a duplication that include Mod-2, evidence for cis action of Mdr-1 was obtained.", "contents": "Regulation of mitochondrial malic enzyme synthesis in mouse brain. In a previous study [Bernstine, E.G. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 83-87] it was shown that inbred strains of mice fall into two classes based on the specific activity of mitochondrial malic enzyme [L-malate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating), EC 1.1.1.40] in brain. In this report we demonstrate differences between high- and low-activity strains in the development of enzyme activity levels in adult mice and show that the rate of enzyme synthesis quantitatively accounts for the inherited level of the brain enzyme. Genetic analysis has established that the locus controlling the amount of enzyme in brain (Mdr-1) is located on chromosome 7. Its linkage to Hbb and c places it in the same region of the chromosome as Mod-2, the structural gene for mitochondrial malic enzyme. By making use of deletions and a duplication that include Mod-2, evidence for cis action of Mdr-1 was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:293742", "title": "Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: recombination contributes to genetic variation of H1N1 strains.", "content": "In June of 1977, a new influenza A pandemic was started by strains of the H1N1 serotype. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the RNA from viruses isolated during the early stage of this pandemic demonstrated that genetic variation among these 1977 strains could be attributed to sequential mutation [Young, J.F., Desselberger, U. & Palese, P. (1979) Cell, 18, 73-83]. Examination of more recent strains revealed that the H1N1 variants that were isolated in the winter of 1978-1979 differed considerably from the H1N1 viruses isolated the previous year. Oligonucleotide and peptide map analysis of the new prototype strain (A/Cal/10/78) suggested that it arose by recombination. It appears that only the HA, NA, M, and NS genes of this virus are derived from the earlier H1N1 viruses and that the P1, P2, P3, and NP genes most likely originate from an H3N2 parent. These data suggest that genetic variation in influenza virus strains of the same serotype is not restricted to mutation alone, but can also involve recombination (reassortment).", "contents": "Evolution of human influenza A viruses in nature: recombination contributes to genetic variation of H1N1 strains. In June of 1977, a new influenza A pandemic was started by strains of the H1N1 serotype. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the RNA from viruses isolated during the early stage of this pandemic demonstrated that genetic variation among these 1977 strains could be attributed to sequential mutation [Young, J.F., Desselberger, U. & Palese, P. (1979) Cell, 18, 73-83]. Examination of more recent strains revealed that the H1N1 variants that were isolated in the winter of 1978-1979 differed considerably from the H1N1 viruses isolated the previous year. Oligonucleotide and peptide map analysis of the new prototype strain (A/Cal/10/78) suggested that it arose by recombination. It appears that only the HA, NA, M, and NS genes of this virus are derived from the earlier H1N1 viruses and that the P1, P2, P3, and NP genes most likely originate from an H3N2 parent. These data suggest that genetic variation in influenza virus strains of the same serotype is not restricted to mutation alone, but can also involve recombination (reassortment)."}
{"id": "PMID:293743", "title": "Enhancement of certain biological activities of muramyl dipeptide derivatives after conjugation to a multi-poly(DL-alanine)--poly(L-lysine) carrier.", "content": "N-Acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-NH2 (muramyl dipeptide) and several of its derivatives are effective immunoactivators that can enhance nonspecific resistance to infection but can also elicit fever. In contrast, one of its stereoisomers, N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu-NH2, is devoid of both these activities. Our present report demonstrates that macromolecularization of muramyl dipeptide by attachment of several units to a multi-poly(DL-Ala)-poly(L-Lys) carrier potentiates both its pyrogenic and its immunostimulant activity. This branched polymer has been extensively used as carrier to various haptens. Surprisingly, inactive N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu-NH2, after conjugation under the same conditions, becomes capable of increasing nonspecific immunity although its lack of pyrogenicity is not greatly modified. Moreover, the N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu--NH2 conjugate remains devoid of adjuvant, sensitizing, or eliciting activity.", "contents": "Enhancement of certain biological activities of muramyl dipeptide derivatives after conjugation to a multi-poly(DL-alanine)--poly(L-lysine) carrier. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-NH2 (muramyl dipeptide) and several of its derivatives are effective immunoactivators that can enhance nonspecific resistance to infection but can also elicit fever. In contrast, one of its stereoisomers, N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu-NH2, is devoid of both these activities. Our present report demonstrates that macromolecularization of muramyl dipeptide by attachment of several units to a multi-poly(DL-Ala)-poly(L-Lys) carrier potentiates both its pyrogenic and its immunostimulant activity. This branched polymer has been extensively used as carrier to various haptens. Surprisingly, inactive N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu-NH2, after conjugation under the same conditions, becomes capable of increasing nonspecific immunity although its lack of pyrogenicity is not greatly modified. Moreover, the N-acetylmuramyl-D-Ala-D-Glu--NH2 conjugate remains devoid of adjuvant, sensitizing, or eliciting activity."}
{"id": "PMID:293744", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of mouse H-2 histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "The mRNAs coding for the histocompatibility (H-2) antigens of the mouse have been identified by cell-free translation of poly(A)-containing RNA obtained from the livers of mice (strain A/J), followed by immunoprecipitation of the cell-free products by using an antiserum directed against purified H-2a. Unlike the 47,000- and 46,000-Mr H-2 glycoproteins synthesized in splenic lymphocytes, the cell-free translation products have Mrs of 45,000 and 44,500, representing the unglycosylated forms of these antigens. The cell-free products are shown to be related to the H-2 antigens by competition immunoprecipitation with purified H-2a and by two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping. The H-2 mRNAs which sediment at 17 S are found associated predominantly with membrane-bound polysomes and are actively translated in the liver where as many as 16 ribosomes are associated with each molecule of H-2 mRNA. The implications of these studies for molecular cloning and for an understanding of the organization and expression of the genes encoding these H-2 antigens are discussed.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of mouse H-2 histocompatibility antigens. The mRNAs coding for the histocompatibility (H-2) antigens of the mouse have been identified by cell-free translation of poly(A)-containing RNA obtained from the livers of mice (strain A/J), followed by immunoprecipitation of the cell-free products by using an antiserum directed against purified H-2a. Unlike the 47,000- and 46,000-Mr H-2 glycoproteins synthesized in splenic lymphocytes, the cell-free translation products have Mrs of 45,000 and 44,500, representing the unglycosylated forms of these antigens. The cell-free products are shown to be related to the H-2 antigens by competition immunoprecipitation with purified H-2a and by two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping. The H-2 mRNAs which sediment at 17 S are found associated predominantly with membrane-bound polysomes and are actively translated in the liver where as many as 16 ribosomes are associated with each molecule of H-2 mRNA. The implications of these studies for molecular cloning and for an understanding of the organization and expression of the genes encoding these H-2 antigens are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293745", "title": "Structural studies of human IgD: isolation by a two-step purification procedure and characterization by chemical and enzymatic fragmentation.", "content": "A myeloma IgD immunoglobulin (designated WAH) that was present in high concentration in plasma ( approximately 3.5 g/dl) was purified in >90% yield by a two-step procedure of ammonium sulfate precipitation plus AcA 34 gel filtration. Although the plasma had been stored for 2 years without the addition of a proteolytic inhibitor, no \"spontaneous\" degradation was apparent and the isolated IgD remained structurally intact. However, the purified IgD showed extreme susceptibility in vitro to various proteolytic enzymes; e.g., Fab(delta) (M(r) approximately 47,000) and Fc(delta) (M(r) approximately 80,000) fragments were generated quantitatively after only 10 min of incubation with papain in the absence of cysteine. By combining limited enzymatic digestion, reductive cleavage, and cyanogen bromide fragmentation, several series of well defined fragments corresponding to the different regions and domains of the IgD molecule were generated. These fragments are useful for physical, chemical, and immunological studies, as well as for the sequence determination of the IgD delta chain. A model of the IgD molecule was derived from such studies and from overlapping of the series of fragments. The possible existence of an extra constant domain in the delta chain appears unlikely in view of our finding of an extended hinge region of about 50 residues which can be cleaved off the amino terminus of the papain Fc(delta) by brief treatment with trypsin. In addition to a distinct stretch of carbohydrate attachment sites, the delta-chain hinge region contains a segment unusually rich in electrical charge. This charged segment is responsible for the lability of IgD to spontaneous degradation and may be related to its biological role as a B lymphocyte receptor.", "contents": "Structural studies of human IgD: isolation by a two-step purification procedure and characterization by chemical and enzymatic fragmentation. A myeloma IgD immunoglobulin (designated WAH) that was present in high concentration in plasma ( approximately 3.5 g/dl) was purified in >90% yield by a two-step procedure of ammonium sulfate precipitation plus AcA 34 gel filtration. Although the plasma had been stored for 2 years without the addition of a proteolytic inhibitor, no \"spontaneous\" degradation was apparent and the isolated IgD remained structurally intact. However, the purified IgD showed extreme susceptibility in vitro to various proteolytic enzymes; e.g., Fab(delta) (M(r) approximately 47,000) and Fc(delta) (M(r) approximately 80,000) fragments were generated quantitatively after only 10 min of incubation with papain in the absence of cysteine. By combining limited enzymatic digestion, reductive cleavage, and cyanogen bromide fragmentation, several series of well defined fragments corresponding to the different regions and domains of the IgD molecule were generated. These fragments are useful for physical, chemical, and immunological studies, as well as for the sequence determination of the IgD delta chain. A model of the IgD molecule was derived from such studies and from overlapping of the series of fragments. The possible existence of an extra constant domain in the delta chain appears unlikely in view of our finding of an extended hinge region of about 50 residues which can be cleaved off the amino terminus of the papain Fc(delta) by brief treatment with trypsin. In addition to a distinct stretch of carbohydrate attachment sites, the delta-chain hinge region contains a segment unusually rich in electrical charge. This charged segment is responsible for the lability of IgD to spontaneous degradation and may be related to its biological role as a B lymphocyte receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:293746", "title": "Modulation of the classical pathway C3 convertase by plasma proteins C4 binding protein and C3b inactivator.", "content": "We recently described the isolation from human serum of a serum protein (C4 binding protein) that functions as an essential cofactor for C3b inactivator in the proteolysis of fluid-phase C4b and to a much lesser extent, C3b. We show here the role of C4 binding protein in the formation and function of the classical pathway C3 convertase (C42). C4 binding protein interferes with the assembly of the membrane-bound C3 convertase of the classical pathway and accelerates the decay of C42 in a dose-dependent fashion. Its removal from serum by means of specific immune absorption promotes the vigorous consumption of C3 after addition of C1; this effect is abolished by reconstitution with purified C4 binding protein. Although C4 binding protein inhibits the hemolytic function of cell-bound C4b, we did not detect any change in the structure of C4b even after prolonged incubations of EAC14 with C4 binding protein. For this reason, and on the basis of studies of the time required for maximal reactivity (Tmax) of cellular intermediates generated in the presence of C4 binding protein and limited amounts of C2, we conclude that the effects of C4 binding protein are probably mediated by displacing C2a from specific binding sites on C4b. In addition, C4 binding protein enhances the cleavage by C3b inactivator of the alpha' chain of cell-bound C4b. When EAC14 cells were incubated with both control proteins, the Tmax of the cells was prolonged and the lysis was markedly diminished. We conclude that C4 binding protein and C3b inactivator control the C3 convertase of the classical pathway in a fashion similar to that described for beta 1H and C3b inactivator in the alternative pathway.", "contents": "Modulation of the classical pathway C3 convertase by plasma proteins C4 binding protein and C3b inactivator. We recently described the isolation from human serum of a serum protein (C4 binding protein) that functions as an essential cofactor for C3b inactivator in the proteolysis of fluid-phase C4b and to a much lesser extent, C3b. We show here the role of C4 binding protein in the formation and function of the classical pathway C3 convertase (C42). C4 binding protein interferes with the assembly of the membrane-bound C3 convertase of the classical pathway and accelerates the decay of C42 in a dose-dependent fashion. Its removal from serum by means of specific immune absorption promotes the vigorous consumption of C3 after addition of C1; this effect is abolished by reconstitution with purified C4 binding protein. Although C4 binding protein inhibits the hemolytic function of cell-bound C4b, we did not detect any change in the structure of C4b even after prolonged incubations of EAC14 with C4 binding protein. For this reason, and on the basis of studies of the time required for maximal reactivity (Tmax) of cellular intermediates generated in the presence of C4 binding protein and limited amounts of C2, we conclude that the effects of C4 binding protein are probably mediated by displacing C2a from specific binding sites on C4b. In addition, C4 binding protein enhances the cleavage by C3b inactivator of the alpha' chain of cell-bound C4b. When EAC14 cells were incubated with both control proteins, the Tmax of the cells was prolonged and the lysis was markedly diminished. We conclude that C4 binding protein and C3b inactivator control the C3 convertase of the classical pathway in a fashion similar to that described for beta 1H and C3b inactivator in the alternative pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:293747", "title": "Antigenic relationships between measles and canine distemper viruses: comparison of immune response in animals and humans to individual virus-specific polypeptides.", "content": "Precipitation with hyperimmune rabbit sera, sera from patients convalescing from measles, and sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, followed by electrophoresis, enabled antigenic relationships between the individual polypeptides of measles and canine distemper viruses to be examined. Virus isolates from patients with acute measles or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis showed no antigenic differences. With rabbit hyperimmune sera, antigenic crossreactivity was present between all polypeptides of measles and canine distemper viruses except H. The N polypeptides showed the highest degree of crossreactivity and were interpreted as group-specific antigens. Both convalescent measles sera and sera from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis showed high antibody titers to all measles polypeptides except L and M. However, these sera contained only low activities to the N and F1 polypeptides from canine distemper virus.", "contents": "Antigenic relationships between measles and canine distemper viruses: comparison of immune response in animals and humans to individual virus-specific polypeptides. Precipitation with hyperimmune rabbit sera, sera from patients convalescing from measles, and sera from patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, followed by electrophoresis, enabled antigenic relationships between the individual polypeptides of measles and canine distemper viruses to be examined. Virus isolates from patients with acute measles or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis showed no antigenic differences. With rabbit hyperimmune sera, antigenic crossreactivity was present between all polypeptides of measles and canine distemper viruses except H. The N polypeptides showed the highest degree of crossreactivity and were interpreted as group-specific antigens. Both convalescent measles sera and sera from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis showed high antibody titers to all measles polypeptides except L and M. However, these sera contained only low activities to the N and F1 polypeptides from canine distemper virus."}
{"id": "PMID:293748", "title": "Analysis of human tonsil and cancer DNAs and RNAs for DNA sequences of group C (serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6) human adenoviruses.", "content": "Group C human adenoviruses (Ads) of serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6 infect most children and commonly cause latent infections of lymphoid tissues. Ads transform cells into a malignant-like phenotype; the oncogenic genetic information is in the left 8% of the viral genome, in the HindIII-G DNA fragment. We have investigated the molecular basis for group C Ad latent infections in human tonsils as well as whether these viruses are linked to human cancer. Tonsil or cancer DNAs and RNAs were assayed for Ad sequences by liquid-phase saturation-hybridization with in vitro-labeled Ad5 HindIII-G fragment. About 25% of the 52 tonsils analyzed contained DNA or RNA sequences specific to HindIII-G, indicating that Ad transforming sequences are expressed as RNA in tonsils. Southern blotting analysis of four tonsil DNAs revealed multiple copies of the complete Ad genome in a free state and provided evidence for an unusual form of the Ad genome, possibly Ad DNA integrated into cellular DNA. In assays of human cancers, no Ad sequences were detected in DNAs from 26 squamous cell carcinomas (Cas), 3 adenocarcinomas, 4 oat cell Cas, 5 stomach Cas, 5 small intestine Cas, 15 colon Cas, 6 rectum Cas, 5 Hodgkin and 6 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and 2 breast Cas. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the HindIII-G probe could detect 1 copy per cell of 0.2-0.3% of the viral genome. No HindIII-G-specific sequences were detected in RNAs from 21 squamous cell Cas, 3 oat cell Cas, 2 stomach Cas, or 18 colon Cas. In six other experiments using the complete Ad2 genome as probe, no Ad sequences were found in DNAs from 6 lung Cas, 12 normal lung tissues, 33 gastrointestinal Cas, 19 normal gastrointestinal tissues, 6 Hodgkin lymphomas, 3 breast Cas, or 4 kidney Cas, at a sensitivity of about 1 copy per tumor cell of 5-10% of the Ad2 genome. All Ad-induced cancer cells should contain at least 1 copy of 1-6% of the viral genome, the minimal size of the transforming region, and probably should contain multiple copies of more of the genome. Therefore, our data are definitive evidence against group C Ads being the cause of the cancers tested, which represent about 50% of the cancer incidence in the United States. Of additional interest, we did not detect Ad2 sequences in RNAs from 7 human placentas, 12 normal lungs, or 19 normal gastrointestinal tissues (nor in 44 cancer or 23 tonsil RNAs). Thus, we did not confirm a recent report of the presence of Ad2 RNA in RNAs from human placentas; the possibility that a small population of cells in placenta expresses group C \"related\" sequences is not ruled out.", "contents": "Analysis of human tonsil and cancer DNAs and RNAs for DNA sequences of group C (serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6) human adenoviruses. Group C human adenoviruses (Ads) of serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6 infect most children and commonly cause latent infections of lymphoid tissues. Ads transform cells into a malignant-like phenotype; the oncogenic genetic information is in the left 8% of the viral genome, in the HindIII-G DNA fragment. We have investigated the molecular basis for group C Ad latent infections in human tonsils as well as whether these viruses are linked to human cancer. Tonsil or cancer DNAs and RNAs were assayed for Ad sequences by liquid-phase saturation-hybridization with in vitro-labeled Ad5 HindIII-G fragment. About 25% of the 52 tonsils analyzed contained DNA or RNA sequences specific to HindIII-G, indicating that Ad transforming sequences are expressed as RNA in tonsils. Southern blotting analysis of four tonsil DNAs revealed multiple copies of the complete Ad genome in a free state and provided evidence for an unusual form of the Ad genome, possibly Ad DNA integrated into cellular DNA. In assays of human cancers, no Ad sequences were detected in DNAs from 26 squamous cell carcinomas (Cas), 3 adenocarcinomas, 4 oat cell Cas, 5 stomach Cas, 5 small intestine Cas, 15 colon Cas, 6 rectum Cas, 5 Hodgkin and 6 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and 2 breast Cas. Reconstruction experiments indicated that the HindIII-G probe could detect 1 copy per cell of 0.2-0.3% of the viral genome. No HindIII-G-specific sequences were detected in RNAs from 21 squamous cell Cas, 3 oat cell Cas, 2 stomach Cas, or 18 colon Cas. In six other experiments using the complete Ad2 genome as probe, no Ad sequences were found in DNAs from 6 lung Cas, 12 normal lung tissues, 33 gastrointestinal Cas, 19 normal gastrointestinal tissues, 6 Hodgkin lymphomas, 3 breast Cas, or 4 kidney Cas, at a sensitivity of about 1 copy per tumor cell of 5-10% of the Ad2 genome. All Ad-induced cancer cells should contain at least 1 copy of 1-6% of the viral genome, the minimal size of the transforming region, and probably should contain multiple copies of more of the genome. Therefore, our data are definitive evidence against group C Ads being the cause of the cancers tested, which represent about 50% of the cancer incidence in the United States. Of additional interest, we did not detect Ad2 sequences in RNAs from 7 human placentas, 12 normal lungs, or 19 normal gastrointestinal tissues (nor in 44 cancer or 23 tonsil RNAs). Thus, we did not confirm a recent report of the presence of Ad2 RNA in RNAs from human placentas; the possibility that a small population of cells in placenta expresses group C \"related\" sequences is not ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:293749", "title": "Tumorigenicity of embryonal carcinoma as an assay to study control of malignancy by the murine blastocyst.", "content": "A bioassay, based on tumorigenicity, has been developed to determine the mechanism whereby the blastocyst of the mouse controls malignant expression of embryonal carcinoma. The assay is based upon the incidence of tumors obtained when known numbers of cells of the 402AX strain of embryonal carcinoma are injected into strain 129 mice, compared to the incidence obtained when the same number of embryonal carcinoma cells are incorporated into Swiss-Webster blastocysts that are then injected in strain 129 animals. The results indicate that the blastocyst can regulate one embryonal carcinoma cell consistently; it may have a slight effect on three, but it cannot regulate four or five of them. The position of the embryonal carcinoma cell in the blastocyst is important. Regulation occurs if the embryonal carcinoma cell is placed in the blastocoele cavity, but enhancement of tumorigenicity is obtained if it is placed between the zona pellucida and the trophectoderm. By contrast, the blastocyst is unable to regulate a single B-16 melanoma cell placed in the blastocoele cavity, indicating a degree of specificity for the regulatory process.", "contents": "Tumorigenicity of embryonal carcinoma as an assay to study control of malignancy by the murine blastocyst. A bioassay, based on tumorigenicity, has been developed to determine the mechanism whereby the blastocyst of the mouse controls malignant expression of embryonal carcinoma. The assay is based upon the incidence of tumors obtained when known numbers of cells of the 402AX strain of embryonal carcinoma are injected into strain 129 mice, compared to the incidence obtained when the same number of embryonal carcinoma cells are incorporated into Swiss-Webster blastocysts that are then injected in strain 129 animals. The results indicate that the blastocyst can regulate one embryonal carcinoma cell consistently; it may have a slight effect on three, but it cannot regulate four or five of them. The position of the embryonal carcinoma cell in the blastocyst is important. Regulation occurs if the embryonal carcinoma cell is placed in the blastocoele cavity, but enhancement of tumorigenicity is obtained if it is placed between the zona pellucida and the trophectoderm. By contrast, the blastocyst is unable to regulate a single B-16 melanoma cell placed in the blastocoele cavity, indicating a degree of specificity for the regulatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:293750", "title": "Polyamine-pyridoxal Schiff bases in urine.", "content": "Schiff bases of the diamines 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, and cadaverine and the polyamines spermidine and spermine with pyridoxal or pyridoxal phosphate occur in human urine, as shown by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric selected ion-monitoring techniques. By use of synthetic standards, procedures were devised for conversion of the Schiff bases to stable derivatives amenable to gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis. These procedures involve borohydride reduction of the C = N double bond, hydrolytic removal of the phosphate group, chromatographic separation from the bulk of urinary constituents, and trifluoroacetylation of polar functional groups. The levels of the polyamine-pyridoxal Schiff bases were estimated to be in the range of pmol/ml or urine.", "contents": "Polyamine-pyridoxal Schiff bases in urine. Schiff bases of the diamines 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, and cadaverine and the polyamines spermidine and spermine with pyridoxal or pyridoxal phosphate occur in human urine, as shown by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric selected ion-monitoring techniques. By use of synthetic standards, procedures were devised for conversion of the Schiff bases to stable derivatives amenable to gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis. These procedures involve borohydride reduction of the C = N double bond, hydrolytic removal of the phosphate group, chromatographic separation from the bulk of urinary constituents, and trifluoroacetylation of polar functional groups. The levels of the polyamine-pyridoxal Schiff bases were estimated to be in the range of pmol/ml or urine."}
{"id": "PMID:293751", "title": "Purification and primary structure of the neuropeptide egg-laying hormone of Aplysia californica.", "content": "Egg-laying hormone (ELH), a neuropeptide synthesized by the bag cell neurons, induces egg laying and its correlated behavior in Aplysia californica. In the present study, ELH has been purified to homogeneity and its primary structure has been determined. We find this molecule to have 36 amino acid residues with a M(r) of 4385 and a calculated isoelectric point of 9.7. Direct microsequence analysis revealed a single amino acid sequence that is in agreement with the amino acid composition determined after acid hydrolysis of ELH: H-Ile-Ser-Ile-Asn-Gln-Asp-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ile-Thr-Asp-Met-Leu-Leu-Thr-Glu-Gln- Ile-Arg-Glu-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Asp-Leu-Arg-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-OH. Enzyme data indicate that the COOH-terminal lysine may be modified but its exact nature remains to be determined. There is no similarity between the amino acid sequence of ELH and that of presently known vertebrate neuropeptides. The two-step purification procedure, starting with a homogenate of bag cell clusters, consisted of cation exchange chromatography on SP C25 (Sephadex) followed by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-6. Our purification results in a 100-fold enrichment of ELH from bag cell homogenates and a 36% recovery of purified radiolabeled marker ELH. Analysis of purified ELH radiolabeled with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]leucine on isoelectric focusing gels and on 8 M urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed only a single peak containing 90% of the radiolabel. Radiolabeled ELH migrated with a pI of 9.0-9.2 and an apparent M(r) of 3500-5700. ELH retained egg-laying bioactivity when eluted from this segment of the gel. We find that 2.5 nmol of pure ELH consistently induces egg laying at 20 degrees C.", "contents": "Purification and primary structure of the neuropeptide egg-laying hormone of Aplysia californica. Egg-laying hormone (ELH), a neuropeptide synthesized by the bag cell neurons, induces egg laying and its correlated behavior in Aplysia californica. In the present study, ELH has been purified to homogeneity and its primary structure has been determined. We find this molecule to have 36 amino acid residues with a M(r) of 4385 and a calculated isoelectric point of 9.7. Direct microsequence analysis revealed a single amino acid sequence that is in agreement with the amino acid composition determined after acid hydrolysis of ELH: H-Ile-Ser-Ile-Asn-Gln-Asp-Leu-Lys-Ala-Ile-Thr-Asp-Met-Leu-Leu-Thr-Glu-Gln- Ile-Arg-Glu-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Asp-Leu-Arg-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-OH. Enzyme data indicate that the COOH-terminal lysine may be modified but its exact nature remains to be determined. There is no similarity between the amino acid sequence of ELH and that of presently known vertebrate neuropeptides. The two-step purification procedure, starting with a homogenate of bag cell clusters, consisted of cation exchange chromatography on SP C25 (Sephadex) followed by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-6. Our purification results in a 100-fold enrichment of ELH from bag cell homogenates and a 36% recovery of purified radiolabeled marker ELH. Analysis of purified ELH radiolabeled with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]leucine on isoelectric focusing gels and on 8 M urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed only a single peak containing 90% of the radiolabel. Radiolabeled ELH migrated with a pI of 9.0-9.2 and an apparent M(r) of 3500-5700. ELH retained egg-laying bioactivity when eluted from this segment of the gel. We find that 2.5 nmol of pure ELH consistently induces egg laying at 20 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:293752", "title": "Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin.", "content": "Oxytocin produces uterine contractions and milk ejection, functions related to parturition and nuturing. Studies were conducted to determine if this peptide, native to the brain and the posterior pituitary gland, plays a role in the induction of maternal behavior. Intact virgin female rats were given 0.4 mug of oxytocin, 0.4 mug of [Arg(8)]vasopressin, or saline through lateral ventricular cannulae. Forty-two percent of intact rats receiving oxytocin displayed full maternal behavior towards foster pups. None of the saline- or vasopressin-treated animals displayed full maternal behavior. Criteria in five behavioral categories had to be fulfilled by an animal within 2 hr of injection for its behavior to be considered fully maternal. When partial maternal responses were considered, oxytocin was significantly more effective than saline and marginally more effective than vasopressin. Five animals responding fully maternally after oxytocin injection were allowed to stay with pups for 10 days. All five continued to display full maternal behavior during this time. Nearly all animals that responded fully maternally to oxytocin injection were in the last day of diestrus or in proestrus or estrus. This suggested that elevated or recently elevated levels of estrogen may be necessary for the induction of full maternal behavior by oxytocin. Twenty-seven virgin female rats were ovariectomized and given either 100 mug of estradiol benzoate per kg in oil subcutaneously or oil alone immediately after operation. Forty-eight hours later, all animals received 0.4 mug of oxytocin intracerebroventricularly. Eleven of 13 estrogen-primed animals became fully maternal; none of 14 nonprimed animals became fully maternal.", "contents": "Induction of maternal behavior in virgin rats after intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin. Oxytocin produces uterine contractions and milk ejection, functions related to parturition and nuturing. Studies were conducted to determine if this peptide, native to the brain and the posterior pituitary gland, plays a role in the induction of maternal behavior. Intact virgin female rats were given 0.4 mug of oxytocin, 0.4 mug of [Arg(8)]vasopressin, or saline through lateral ventricular cannulae. Forty-two percent of intact rats receiving oxytocin displayed full maternal behavior towards foster pups. None of the saline- or vasopressin-treated animals displayed full maternal behavior. Criteria in five behavioral categories had to be fulfilled by an animal within 2 hr of injection for its behavior to be considered fully maternal. When partial maternal responses were considered, oxytocin was significantly more effective than saline and marginally more effective than vasopressin. Five animals responding fully maternally after oxytocin injection were allowed to stay with pups for 10 days. All five continued to display full maternal behavior during this time. Nearly all animals that responded fully maternally to oxytocin injection were in the last day of diestrus or in proestrus or estrus. This suggested that elevated or recently elevated levels of estrogen may be necessary for the induction of full maternal behavior by oxytocin. Twenty-seven virgin female rats were ovariectomized and given either 100 mug of estradiol benzoate per kg in oil subcutaneously or oil alone immediately after operation. Forty-eight hours later, all animals received 0.4 mug of oxytocin intracerebroventricularly. Eleven of 13 estrogen-primed animals became fully maternal; none of 14 nonprimed animals became fully maternal."}
{"id": "PMID:293753", "title": "Classical conditioning in Aplysia californica.", "content": "A form of aversive classical conditioning is described in which a chemosensory conditioned stimulus rapidly acquires the ability to modulate a defensive response (escape locomotion). Because Aplysia show both sensitization and classical conditioning, it is now possible to begin to examine the relationship between nonassociative and associative learning on behavioral and cellular levels.", "contents": "Classical conditioning in Aplysia californica. A form of aversive classical conditioning is described in which a chemosensory conditioned stimulus rapidly acquires the ability to modulate a defensive response (escape locomotion). Because Aplysia show both sensitization and classical conditioning, it is now possible to begin to examine the relationship between nonassociative and associative learning on behavioral and cellular levels."}
{"id": "PMID:293754", "title": "Isolation of the opioid heptapeptide Met-enkephalin [Arg6,Phe7] from bovine adrenal medullary granules and striatum.", "content": "Bovine adrenal chromaffin granules have been shown to contain, in addition to Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, at least three small peptides with opiate receptor activity. One of these adrenal peptides has been purified to homogeneity and its sequence was shown to be Met-enkephalin-[Arg6,Phe&]. This heptapeptide was also found in beef striatal extracts in amounts comparable to those of Leu-enkephalin.", "contents": "Isolation of the opioid heptapeptide Met-enkephalin [Arg6,Phe7] from bovine adrenal medullary granules and striatum. Bovine adrenal chromaffin granules have been shown to contain, in addition to Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, at least three small peptides with opiate receptor activity. One of these adrenal peptides has been purified to homogeneity and its sequence was shown to be Met-enkephalin-[Arg6,Phe&]. This heptapeptide was also found in beef striatal extracts in amounts comparable to those of Leu-enkephalin."}
{"id": "PMID:293755", "title": "Rhythmic patterns of discharge in hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of cats and dogs.", "content": "Recent studies in rats suggest that vasopressin- and oxytocin-secreting neurons in supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus show two different patterns of activity: one a \"bursting\" or rhythmic pattern and the other, irregular continuous discharges. This possibility was investigated in cats and dogs anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal by recording electrical activity of single supraoptic and paraventricular neurons. Only some of the \"identified\" neurosecretory cells showed rhythmic, intermittent discharges (\"bursting\" cells in rats); the majority showed an irregular continuous firing pattern. Furthermore, the pattern of discharge sometimes changed from one ot the other during long periods of observation. This occurred without apparent stimulus in certain instances; in others, the rhythmic firing was associated with fluctuation in blood pressure and heart rate and was likely to be caused by changes in baroreceptor activity. Possible origins of rhythmic discharges and the physiological importance of such patterns in terms of hormone secretion are discussed.", "contents": "Rhythmic patterns of discharge in hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of cats and dogs. Recent studies in rats suggest that vasopressin- and oxytocin-secreting neurons in supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus show two different patterns of activity: one a \"bursting\" or rhythmic pattern and the other, irregular continuous discharges. This possibility was investigated in cats and dogs anesthetized with chloralose or Nembutal by recording electrical activity of single supraoptic and paraventricular neurons. Only some of the \"identified\" neurosecretory cells showed rhythmic, intermittent discharges (\"bursting\" cells in rats); the majority showed an irregular continuous firing pattern. Furthermore, the pattern of discharge sometimes changed from one ot the other during long periods of observation. This occurred without apparent stimulus in certain instances; in others, the rhythmic firing was associated with fluctuation in blood pressure and heart rate and was likely to be caused by changes in baroreceptor activity. Possible origins of rhythmic discharges and the physiological importance of such patterns in terms of hormone secretion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:293756", "title": "Mitochondrial DNA clones and matriarchal phylogeny within and among geographic populations of the pocket gopher, Geomys pinetis.", "content": "Restriction endonuclease assay of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) and standard starch-gel electrophoresis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes have been used to analyze phylogenetic relatedness among a large number of pocket gophers (Geomys pinetis) collected throughout the range of the species. The restriction analysis clearly distinguishes two populations within the species, an eastern and a western form, which differ by at least 3% in mtDNA sequence. Qualitative comparisons of the restriction phenotypes can also be used to identify mtDNA \"clones\" within each form. The mtDNA clones interconnect in a phylogenetic network which represents an estimate of matriarchal phylogeny for G. pinetis. Although the protein electrophoretic data also differentiate the eastern and western forms, the data are of limited usefulness in establishing relationships among more local subpopulations. The comparison between these two data sets suggests that restriction analysis of mtDNA is probably unequalled by other techniques currently available for determining phylogenetic relationships among conspecific organisms.", "contents": "Mitochondrial DNA clones and matriarchal phylogeny within and among geographic populations of the pocket gopher, Geomys pinetis. Restriction endonuclease assay of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) and standard starch-gel electrophoresis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes have been used to analyze phylogenetic relatedness among a large number of pocket gophers (Geomys pinetis) collected throughout the range of the species. The restriction analysis clearly distinguishes two populations within the species, an eastern and a western form, which differ by at least 3% in mtDNA sequence. Qualitative comparisons of the restriction phenotypes can also be used to identify mtDNA \"clones\" within each form. The mtDNA clones interconnect in a phylogenetic network which represents an estimate of matriarchal phylogeny for G. pinetis. Although the protein electrophoretic data also differentiate the eastern and western forms, the data are of limited usefulness in establishing relationships among more local subpopulations. The comparison between these two data sets suggests that restriction analysis of mtDNA is probably unequalled by other techniques currently available for determining phylogenetic relationships among conspecific organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:293792", "title": "[Technological aspects of agar-hydrocolloid impression materials].", "content": "Physical properties with clinical relevance has been tested on a number of agar hydrocolloid impression materials For 1 hour an almost perfect dimensional stability can be maintained when the impression is stored in water. Elasticity and strength are poor. Only the use of much bulk material may prevent damage during manipulation of the gel. The detail reproduceability meets all standards. A good compatibility with dental stone subsequently allows sharp details in the model.", "contents": "[Technological aspects of agar-hydrocolloid impression materials]. Physical properties with clinical relevance has been tested on a number of agar hydrocolloid impression materials For 1 hour an almost perfect dimensional stability can be maintained when the impression is stored in water. Elasticity and strength are poor. Only the use of much bulk material may prevent damage during manipulation of the gel. The detail reproduceability meets all standards. A good compatibility with dental stone subsequently allows sharp details in the model."}
{"id": "PMID:293794", "title": "[Calcifying odontogenic cyst].", "content": "Two patients have been described in which a calcifying odontogenic cyst has been removed. One patient concerned a 14-year-old girl with an impacted 24, in which a calcifying odontogenic cyst was removed in connection with a complex odontoma. The other patient concerned a 85-year-old man with a large cyst in the edentulous maxilla, which was marsupialized. This second patient is probably the oldest one reported in the literature concerning calcifying odontogenic cysts. Because of the age of the patient and his general condition, it was felt justified to just marsupialize the lesion instead of a more radical removal. The follow-up findings after one year seem to confirm the justification of the chosen treatment procedure.", "contents": "[Calcifying odontogenic cyst]. Two patients have been described in which a calcifying odontogenic cyst has been removed. One patient concerned a 14-year-old girl with an impacted 24, in which a calcifying odontogenic cyst was removed in connection with a complex odontoma. The other patient concerned a 85-year-old man with a large cyst in the edentulous maxilla, which was marsupialized. This second patient is probably the oldest one reported in the literature concerning calcifying odontogenic cysts. Because of the age of the patient and his general condition, it was felt justified to just marsupialize the lesion instead of a more radical removal. The follow-up findings after one year seem to confirm the justification of the chosen treatment procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:293880", "title": "Suggestion for a definition, measuring method and classification system of bristle stiffness of toothbrushes.", "content": "A definition of bristle stiffness and a measuring method are described and discussed. Sixty-six different brush models, collected worldwide, were measured according to the suggested method. Considerable differences were found between brushes of declared equal stiffness. On the basis of these findings and the method described, a classification is suggested.", "contents": "Suggestion for a definition, measuring method and classification system of bristle stiffness of toothbrushes. A definition of bristle stiffness and a measuring method are described and discussed. Sixty-six different brush models, collected worldwide, were measured according to the suggested method. Considerable differences were found between brushes of declared equal stiffness. On the basis of these findings and the method described, a classification is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:293881", "title": "Spatial position of the lateral semicircular canal in 14--60-day-old rat heads.", "content": "During growth the rat skull straightens considerably due to flexions between skull parts and individual bones. This straightening is defined as orthocephalization. Orthocephalization might also be caused by a change in head posture during growth, i.e. it may be \"apparent\". In order to study the significance of this phenomenon, radiographs of dried skulls of male rats, 14, 30 and 60 d of age were subjected to angular measurements between the plane of the lateral semicircular canal and the plane of foramen magnum and of the basisphenoid bone, respectively. When the plane of the lateral semicircular canal is placed horizontally, the head is claimed to be in natural position. No changes in the angulation between the lateral semicircular canal and the basisphenoid bone could be revealed, whereas the foramen magnum was shown to rotate upwards and backwards in relation to the plane of the canal. This implies that the orthocephalization which takes place between 14 and 60 d is caused only by angular changes, and that no apparent changes occur due to changes in head posture.", "contents": "Spatial position of the lateral semicircular canal in 14--60-day-old rat heads. During growth the rat skull straightens considerably due to flexions between skull parts and individual bones. This straightening is defined as orthocephalization. Orthocephalization might also be caused by a change in head posture during growth, i.e. it may be \"apparent\". In order to study the significance of this phenomenon, radiographs of dried skulls of male rats, 14, 30 and 60 d of age were subjected to angular measurements between the plane of the lateral semicircular canal and the plane of foramen magnum and of the basisphenoid bone, respectively. When the plane of the lateral semicircular canal is placed horizontally, the head is claimed to be in natural position. No changes in the angulation between the lateral semicircular canal and the basisphenoid bone could be revealed, whereas the foramen magnum was shown to rotate upwards and backwards in relation to the plane of the canal. This implies that the orthocephalization which takes place between 14 and 60 d is caused only by angular changes, and that no apparent changes occur due to changes in head posture."}
{"id": "PMID:293882", "title": "Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn in supra- and subgingival calculus.", "content": "The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn in supra- and subgingival calculus collected from mandibular anterior teeth mainly of the same persons were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed highly significantly (P less than 0.001) greater Zn and Sr concentrations in subgingival samples. The mean value of Zn was 5.4 times higher in subgingival calculus than in supragingival calculus. In contrast, the concentration of Mn was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in supragingival calculus. The difference in the concentration of Mg in supra- and subgingival calculus was highly significant (P less than 0.001) only when samples from the same person were compared. The concentration of Ca was very similar in both types of calculus and individual variations were very small.", "contents": "Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn in supra- and subgingival calculus. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn in supra- and subgingival calculus collected from mandibular anterior teeth mainly of the same persons were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed highly significantly (P less than 0.001) greater Zn and Sr concentrations in subgingival samples. The mean value of Zn was 5.4 times higher in subgingival calculus than in supragingival calculus. In contrast, the concentration of Mn was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in supragingival calculus. The difference in the concentration of Mg in supra- and subgingival calculus was highly significant (P less than 0.001) only when samples from the same person were compared. The concentration of Ca was very similar in both types of calculus and individual variations were very small."}
{"id": "PMID:293883", "title": "Pulpotomy of primary molars with coronal or total pulpitis using formocresol technique.", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate whether formocresol can be used successfully in teeth with carious exposure and a vital pulp with clinical symptoms of chronic pulpitis. Further, the study concerned the influence on the success rate of the vehicle for formocresol. Pulpotomies were performed on 81 primary molars. Radiographic and other clinical symptoms were used to divide the material into a coronal chronic and a total chronic pulpitis group. Chosen by lot, zinc oxide-eugenol or Pharmatec (a plaster-like non-eugenol cement) was used as the vehicle for formocresol. After an observation period of 2.5 years the success rate for the whole material was 55%. No statistically significant difference in the rate of success could be demonstrated either between the two diagnostic groups or between the two vehicle groups.", "contents": "Pulpotomy of primary molars with coronal or total pulpitis using formocresol technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether formocresol can be used successfully in teeth with carious exposure and a vital pulp with clinical symptoms of chronic pulpitis. Further, the study concerned the influence on the success rate of the vehicle for formocresol. Pulpotomies were performed on 81 primary molars. Radiographic and other clinical symptoms were used to divide the material into a coronal chronic and a total chronic pulpitis group. Chosen by lot, zinc oxide-eugenol or Pharmatec (a plaster-like non-eugenol cement) was used as the vehicle for formocresol. After an observation period of 2.5 years the success rate for the whole material was 55%. No statistically significant difference in the rate of success could be demonstrated either between the two diagnostic groups or between the two vehicle groups."}
{"id": "PMID:293884", "title": "Retreatment of endodontic fillings.", "content": "Effects of endodontic retreatment on quality of seal and periapical healing were assessed among 660 previously root-filled roots. The roots were divided into either of two groups according to presence or absence of pathologic alterations in the periapical area. The retreatments, which were carried out by dental students, involved a thorough chemomechanical debridement of the root-canal system aiming to control infection. Following a 2-year observation period 556 roots were reexamined clinically and radiographically. The results showed that root-fillings with technical shortcomings could, following retreatment, be markedly improved as regards effectiveness of seal and distance to the apex. A large number of lumina discernible apical to root-filling could also be treated and filled. Seventy-eight percent of the cases with pathologic lesion present periapically prior to retreatment either completely healed or displayed an obvious size-reduction of the process. Retreatments carried out because of technical inadequacies alone were successful in 94% of the cases. It was concluded that renewed endodontic treatment whenever possible is the method of choice when treating defective endodontic fillings complicated with pathologic processes periapically. Apical surgery may be attempted if no signs of healing are apparent following observation.", "contents": "Retreatment of endodontic fillings. Effects of endodontic retreatment on quality of seal and periapical healing were assessed among 660 previously root-filled roots. The roots were divided into either of two groups according to presence or absence of pathologic alterations in the periapical area. The retreatments, which were carried out by dental students, involved a thorough chemomechanical debridement of the root-canal system aiming to control infection. Following a 2-year observation period 556 roots were reexamined clinically and radiographically. The results showed that root-fillings with technical shortcomings could, following retreatment, be markedly improved as regards effectiveness of seal and distance to the apex. A large number of lumina discernible apical to root-filling could also be treated and filled. Seventy-eight percent of the cases with pathologic lesion present periapically prior to retreatment either completely healed or displayed an obvious size-reduction of the process. Retreatments carried out because of technical inadequacies alone were successful in 94% of the cases. It was concluded that renewed endodontic treatment whenever possible is the method of choice when treating defective endodontic fillings complicated with pathologic processes periapically. Apical surgery may be attempted if no signs of healing are apparent following observation."}
{"id": "PMID:293885", "title": "A method for studying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in human oral mucosal lesions.", "content": "A system has been developed for examining connective tissue influence on keratinization of normal and leukoplakic human oral epithelia. Paired biopsy specimens of normal and leukoplakic mucosa were left intact or were incubated in 1 mM EDTA to permit epithelial-connective tissue separation and various recombinations of the epithelium and connective tissue. The tissues were transplanting to subdermal sites of \"nude\" (nu/nu) mice and were protected by polyethylene capsules. 44% of implants performed were recovered apparently vital. Preexisting structure was retained after epithelial-connective tissue separation and self-recombination. Cross-recombined specimens showed changes in patterns of keratinization including changes of keratinized leukoplakic epithelium to a non-keratinized type.", "contents": "A method for studying epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in human oral mucosal lesions. A system has been developed for examining connective tissue influence on keratinization of normal and leukoplakic human oral epithelia. Paired biopsy specimens of normal and leukoplakic mucosa were left intact or were incubated in 1 mM EDTA to permit epithelial-connective tissue separation and various recombinations of the epithelium and connective tissue. The tissues were transplanting to subdermal sites of \"nude\" (nu/nu) mice and were protected by polyethylene capsules. 44% of implants performed were recovered apparently vital. Preexisting structure was retained after epithelial-connective tissue separation and self-recombination. Cross-recombined specimens showed changes in patterns of keratinization including changes of keratinized leukoplakic epithelium to a non-keratinized type."}
{"id": "PMID:293891", "title": "[Patient monitoring].", "content": "The main problems of monitoring patients on prolonged artificial respiration are discussed. These are: uninterrupted technical control of the respirator and of its clinical effects; continuous observation of the functioning of tubes, vaporizers and nebulizers; adequate tracheobronchial clearance and breathing therapy is absolutely compulsory. Intensive care units are classified into three categories according to their monitoring and surveillance capacities. The minimum, which corresponds to category I, should be performed by every intensive care unit. Category III includes additional computerized intensive care. The most important parameter for monitoring pulmonary function is blood gas analysis, which has been improved by the introduction of continuous arterial pO2 registration. Haemodynamic control serves for detection of arrhythmias and changes in pump function. The determination of pulmonary shunt flow (Qs/Qt) and of the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) impart information on the overall function of both systems (category II). A nomogram to simplify the calculation of pulmonary shunt is proposed which aggregates the factors contributing most to pulmonary shunt in acute respiratory failure. Its results deviate less than 1% from the calculated values if PCO2 ranges between 32 and 52 mm Hg and the error does not exceed 1.5 per cent with a PCO2 up to 82 mm Hg, unless it is combined with a very low Hb and high mixed venous saturation.", "contents": "[Patient monitoring]. The main problems of monitoring patients on prolonged artificial respiration are discussed. These are: uninterrupted technical control of the respirator and of its clinical effects; continuous observation of the functioning of tubes, vaporizers and nebulizers; adequate tracheobronchial clearance and breathing therapy is absolutely compulsory. Intensive care units are classified into three categories according to their monitoring and surveillance capacities. The minimum, which corresponds to category I, should be performed by every intensive care unit. Category III includes additional computerized intensive care. The most important parameter for monitoring pulmonary function is blood gas analysis, which has been improved by the introduction of continuous arterial pO2 registration. Haemodynamic control serves for detection of arrhythmias and changes in pump function. The determination of pulmonary shunt flow (Qs/Qt) and of the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) impart information on the overall function of both systems (category II). A nomogram to simplify the calculation of pulmonary shunt is proposed which aggregates the factors contributing most to pulmonary shunt in acute respiratory failure. Its results deviate less than 1% from the calculated values if PCO2 ranges between 32 and 52 mm Hg and the error does not exceed 1.5 per cent with a PCO2 up to 82 mm Hg, unless it is combined with a very low Hb and high mixed venous saturation."}
{"id": "PMID:293892", "title": "[Delayed eruption of the premolar after pathological deciduous tooth root resorption].", "content": "The behaviour of eruption of lower premolars after pathological resorption of deciduous molar roots was examined on models and X-rays. The molars of the first dentition were shed earlier after pathological resorption of deciduous molar roots. Data of absence are measured in years in the presence of occlusal bone bridges. The middle values are more than three years. Eruption of permanent teeth happens years later or they remain impacted. Eruption dates of premolars after pathological deciduous root resorption and interruption of the lamina dura, and after physiological resorption are significantly earlier than if there is an occlusal bony bridge (p less than 0.01). The therapeutic consequence is the surgical liberation of such premolars and their removal.", "contents": "[Delayed eruption of the premolar after pathological deciduous tooth root resorption]. The behaviour of eruption of lower premolars after pathological resorption of deciduous molar roots was examined on models and X-rays. The molars of the first dentition were shed earlier after pathological resorption of deciduous molar roots. Data of absence are measured in years in the presence of occlusal bone bridges. The middle values are more than three years. Eruption of permanent teeth happens years later or they remain impacted. Eruption dates of premolars after pathological deciduous root resorption and interruption of the lamina dura, and after physiological resorption are significantly earlier than if there is an occlusal bony bridge (p less than 0.01). The therapeutic consequence is the surgical liberation of such premolars and their removal."}
{"id": "PMID:293893", "title": "[Long-term clinical supervision of direct pulp capping (performed by the students of the School of Dentistry, Geneva)].", "content": "Of 123 teeth treated by direct pulp capping 110 could be rechecked clinically and radiographically after periods of 1 1/2 to 7 years, 4 on the average. In 25 cases a change in endodontic treatment has been recorded on the files: In 18 cases biopulpectomy was performed for symptomatic (pain) reasons considered as failure of the capping treatment; in 5 cases biopulpectomy was indicated for periodontal and prosthetic reasons (not considered as failure); in 5 cases of the 110 rechecked necrosis and periapical involvement was diagnosed. The rate of failure thus was 22 cases or 17%. This relatively high ratio of unfavorable results (Tab. VII) is in part due to lack of operative skill of the students while progressing tooth morbidity statistically established in the Genevan population also was taken into account. Advancing tooth ages according to graph figure 6 in accordance with other recent surveys were found to constitute no impediment for direct pulp capping. The success of this endodontic treatment is best ascertained by observing a strict selection of the case and the observance of an exacting operative procedure, namely: - Only accidentally exposed pulps without symptoms of previous spontaneous pain (Category I) are liable to successful conservation by direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide. Previously painful pulps (Category II) according to Table VIII are either indirectly capped using corticosteroids particularly in young teeth or after exposure subject to coronal or radicular pulpotomy (Category III). Rigorous aseptical procedure and lasting hermetical sealing of the calcium hydroxide pulp dressing are additional prerequisites for success.", "contents": "[Long-term clinical supervision of direct pulp capping (performed by the students of the School of Dentistry, Geneva)]. Of 123 teeth treated by direct pulp capping 110 could be rechecked clinically and radiographically after periods of 1 1/2 to 7 years, 4 on the average. In 25 cases a change in endodontic treatment has been recorded on the files: In 18 cases biopulpectomy was performed for symptomatic (pain) reasons considered as failure of the capping treatment; in 5 cases biopulpectomy was indicated for periodontal and prosthetic reasons (not considered as failure); in 5 cases of the 110 rechecked necrosis and periapical involvement was diagnosed. The rate of failure thus was 22 cases or 17%. This relatively high ratio of unfavorable results (Tab. VII) is in part due to lack of operative skill of the students while progressing tooth morbidity statistically established in the Genevan population also was taken into account. Advancing tooth ages according to graph figure 6 in accordance with other recent surveys were found to constitute no impediment for direct pulp capping. The success of this endodontic treatment is best ascertained by observing a strict selection of the case and the observance of an exacting operative procedure, namely: - Only accidentally exposed pulps without symptoms of previous spontaneous pain (Category I) are liable to successful conservation by direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide. Previously painful pulps (Category II) according to Table VIII are either indirectly capped using corticosteroids particularly in young teeth or after exposure subject to coronal or radicular pulpotomy (Category III). Rigorous aseptical procedure and lasting hermetical sealing of the calcium hydroxide pulp dressing are additional prerequisites for success."}
{"id": "PMID:293894", "title": "[Located hinge-axis or conventional hinge-axis?].", "content": "The purpose of this study is first, to evaluate the influence of locating the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible, both kinematically and conventionally, and second, to determine the influence of the thickness of the wax check-bite, as obtained in the centric relation, upon the functional analysis of the occlusion. The results show that the influence of any displacement of the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible is smaller, within a circle with a 6-mm radius, than that of the thickness of the wax check-bite obtained in the centric relation.", "contents": "[Located hinge-axis or conventional hinge-axis?]. The purpose of this study is first, to evaluate the influence of locating the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible, both kinematically and conventionally, and second, to determine the influence of the thickness of the wax check-bite, as obtained in the centric relation, upon the functional analysis of the occlusion. The results show that the influence of any displacement of the horizontal transverse axis of rotation of the mandible is smaller, within a circle with a 6-mm radius, than that of the thickness of the wax check-bite obtained in the centric relation."}
{"id": "PMID:293898", "title": "[Decrease in interdental bone atrophy, radiological survey; statistics from the years 1963-1976 from a Basel public dental clinic].", "content": "The material of this study consisted of 300 patients 16 to 39 years of age of the Public Dental Clinic of the City of Basle without destructive periodontal disease. The distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar septum (DJS) was measured on bitewing radiographs at 8 surfaces of the lateral segment. On the radiographs made during the period 1963-1967, the average DJS ranged between 0.93 and 1.49 mm in the 5 age groups. Since 1964-1967, patients have routinely been given theoretical and repeated practical training in prevention of caries and periodontal disease. On the radiographs made during the period 1973-1976, the range of the averages was from 0.65 to 1.01 mm. The decrease of the DJS, 0.35 mm on average, was statistically significant in all 5 age groups.", "contents": "[Decrease in interdental bone atrophy, radiological survey; statistics from the years 1963-1976 from a Basel public dental clinic]. The material of this study consisted of 300 patients 16 to 39 years of age of the Public Dental Clinic of the City of Basle without destructive periodontal disease. The distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar septum (DJS) was measured on bitewing radiographs at 8 surfaces of the lateral segment. On the radiographs made during the period 1963-1967, the average DJS ranged between 0.93 and 1.49 mm in the 5 age groups. Since 1964-1967, patients have routinely been given theoretical and repeated practical training in prevention of caries and periodontal disease. On the radiographs made during the period 1973-1976, the range of the averages was from 0.65 to 1.01 mm. The decrease of the DJS, 0.35 mm on average, was statistically significant in all 5 age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:293899", "title": "[Periodontal status in a group of Swiss soldiers age 28-32 years].", "content": "139 soldiers aged 28-32 years of a medical corps unit of the Swiss army were examined for their periodontal conditions. On 3 surfaces of all teeth, plaque deposits were assessed according to the Plaque Index System (Silness and L\u00f6e, 1964) and gingival health determined according to the Gingival Index System (L\u00f6e and Silness, 1963). Calculus deposits were evaluated on the 6 representative teeth of Ramfjord (1959). On 4 surfaces of the same teeth, pocket depths and loss of attachment were measured. The mean P1I was 1.38, the mean GI 1.11. The mean pocket depth was 2.52, and the mean loss of attachment was 1.38. The results of this study were compared with those of a previous study by Curilovi\u0107 et al. (1972). It was concluded that periodontal disease progressed in the Swiss male population between 20 and 30 years at an annual rate of 0.18 mm loss of attachment despite all the efforts in preventive dentistry.", "contents": "[Periodontal status in a group of Swiss soldiers age 28-32 years]. 139 soldiers aged 28-32 years of a medical corps unit of the Swiss army were examined for their periodontal conditions. On 3 surfaces of all teeth, plaque deposits were assessed according to the Plaque Index System (Silness and L\u00f6e, 1964) and gingival health determined according to the Gingival Index System (L\u00f6e and Silness, 1963). Calculus deposits were evaluated on the 6 representative teeth of Ramfjord (1959). On 4 surfaces of the same teeth, pocket depths and loss of attachment were measured. The mean P1I was 1.38, the mean GI 1.11. The mean pocket depth was 2.52, and the mean loss of attachment was 1.38. The results of this study were compared with those of a previous study by Curilovi\u0107 et al. (1972). It was concluded that periodontal disease progressed in the Swiss male population between 20 and 30 years at an annual rate of 0.18 mm loss of attachment despite all the efforts in preventive dentistry."}
{"id": "PMID:293900", "title": "[Oral hygiene habits in a group of Swiss soldiers age 28-32 years].", "content": "139 medical corps soldiers (aged 28-32 years) of the Swiss army were interviewed for their oral hygiene habits. The same questionnaire as that described by Saxer et al. (1972) was used in order to compare the results of the present study with those obtained by Saxer et al. (1972) in an army basic training school in Zurich. The attitude of the soldiers towards their dentist did not change when compared to that of the recruits. However, the soldiers tended to be more \"tooth conscious\" than the recruits. They also showed a better attitude for oral hygiene procedures and greater knowledge concerning periodontal disease.", "contents": "[Oral hygiene habits in a group of Swiss soldiers age 28-32 years]. 139 medical corps soldiers (aged 28-32 years) of the Swiss army were interviewed for their oral hygiene habits. The same questionnaire as that described by Saxer et al. (1972) was used in order to compare the results of the present study with those obtained by Saxer et al. (1972) in an army basic training school in Zurich. The attitude of the soldiers towards their dentist did not change when compared to that of the recruits. However, the soldiers tended to be more \"tooth conscious\" than the recruits. They also showed a better attitude for oral hygiene procedures and greater knowledge concerning periodontal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:293901", "title": "[Changes in dentistry].", "content": "Although collective and individual prophylactic measures have been shown to drastically reduce or totally prevent dental caries and periodontal disease, a recent survey of over a thousand twenty-year olds from all areas in Switzerland revealed an average DMFT value of 14.5, including 8.6 teeth already filled. Alarmingly, more than two thirds of all the proximal fillings examined radiographically were inadequate and therefore sources of marginal irritation. Dentistry in the future must accordingly concentrate on increased primary prevention and, where restorations are necessary, on placing restorations that will not lead to secondary caries and destructive marginal periodontitis. These goals can be most economically achieved through a team approach where the dentist delegates to his (or her) dental hygienist and specially trained chairside assistant the tasks of radiological and clinical diagnosis of caries and of marginal irritants in order to interfere with the progress of periodontal disease. The dentist, in addition, freed from administrative tasks by electronic data processing, will direct the team, and his practice will, in the future, fall into one of two large areas: preventive dentistry and/or pedodontics of curative gnathology.", "contents": "[Changes in dentistry]. Although collective and individual prophylactic measures have been shown to drastically reduce or totally prevent dental caries and periodontal disease, a recent survey of over a thousand twenty-year olds from all areas in Switzerland revealed an average DMFT value of 14.5, including 8.6 teeth already filled. Alarmingly, more than two thirds of all the proximal fillings examined radiographically were inadequate and therefore sources of marginal irritation. Dentistry in the future must accordingly concentrate on increased primary prevention and, where restorations are necessary, on placing restorations that will not lead to secondary caries and destructive marginal periodontitis. These goals can be most economically achieved through a team approach where the dentist delegates to his (or her) dental hygienist and specially trained chairside assistant the tasks of radiological and clinical diagnosis of caries and of marginal irritants in order to interfere with the progress of periodontal disease. The dentist, in addition, freed from administrative tasks by electronic data processing, will direct the team, and his practice will, in the future, fall into one of two large areas: preventive dentistry and/or pedodontics of curative gnathology."}
{"id": "PMID:293902", "title": "[Early detection of pemphigus vulgaris: role of the dentist].", "content": "Means to detect pemphigus vulgaris at an early stage are described. Its grave evolution in absence of treatment makes an early diagnosis imperative. The first signs are frequently localized in the oral mucosa and sometimes the disease remains confined to this mucosa only. Efficient and early therapy may favourably influence the course of disease, and the dentist is in a prime position to detect the characteristic lesions.", "contents": "[Early detection of pemphigus vulgaris: role of the dentist]. Means to detect pemphigus vulgaris at an early stage are described. Its grave evolution in absence of treatment makes an early diagnosis imperative. The first signs are frequently localized in the oral mucosa and sometimes the disease remains confined to this mucosa only. Efficient and early therapy may favourably influence the course of disease, and the dentist is in a prime position to detect the characteristic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:293911", "title": "[Age of onset of diabetes mellitus in relation to caries].", "content": "The DMF-Index of 101 children was established, regression analyses were made. It was found: -- that the D3-4MF/S was notably diminished in relation to patients with diabetes lasting a maximum of three years -- that the DMF/S of separately examined children was not reduced in spite of the diet. This may be interpreted as a sign of poor collaboration of the patient during therapy.", "contents": "[Age of onset of diabetes mellitus in relation to caries]. The DMF-Index of 101 children was established, regression analyses were made. It was found: -- that the D3-4MF/S was notably diminished in relation to patients with diabetes lasting a maximum of three years -- that the DMF/S of separately examined children was not reduced in spite of the diet. This may be interpreted as a sign of poor collaboration of the patient during therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:293912", "title": "[Experimental study of oral hyperactivity caused by mental stress, in particular by aggression].", "content": "18 patients without stomatognathic symptoms were examined by three psychological tests (Foto-Hand test, Freiburg personal inventory, and Giessen Test). Aggression had had the strongest effect upon masticatory muscles. Various other effects were studied, like ECG, respiration, pulse, tremor, skin resistance, masseter, biceps and triceps. Because of the visible effect upon the stomatognathic system it is plausible that disease in this organic system is to be expected at an early stage.", "contents": "[Experimental study of oral hyperactivity caused by mental stress, in particular by aggression]. 18 patients without stomatognathic symptoms were examined by three psychological tests (Foto-Hand test, Freiburg personal inventory, and Giessen Test). Aggression had had the strongest effect upon masticatory muscles. Various other effects were studied, like ECG, respiration, pulse, tremor, skin resistance, masseter, biceps and triceps. Because of the visible effect upon the stomatognathic system it is plausible that disease in this organic system is to be expected at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:293915", "title": "A method for analysis of human mandibular occlusal movement.", "content": "A new method was developed to produce perspectives and maps of the top of Posselt's envelope of motion, the part that is mainly determined by occlusal tooth contact. Mandibular occlusal gliding movements were recorded in human subjects by optoelectronic tracking of infrared light emitters fixed to the subjects upper and lower teeth. Recordings were made by a commercially available electronic camera system that was extended to meet the special needs. An elaborate computer program was developed to process the information and convert it into graphic plots. Care was taken to make the system easy to use.", "contents": "A method for analysis of human mandibular occlusal movement. A new method was developed to produce perspectives and maps of the top of Posselt's envelope of motion, the part that is mainly determined by occlusal tooth contact. Mandibular occlusal gliding movements were recorded in human subjects by optoelectronic tracking of infrared light emitters fixed to the subjects upper and lower teeth. Recordings were made by a commercially available electronic camera system that was extended to meet the special needs. An elaborate computer program was developed to process the information and convert it into graphic plots. Care was taken to make the system easy to use."}
{"id": "PMID:293916", "title": "[Preventive dentistry, particularly in schools].", "content": "Dental caries may easily be prevented. Based on experiences extending over 20 years, several preventive programs for schoolchildren can be offered and the one best suited for the local circumstances may be selected. Two types of dental auxiliaries have proved very useful to realize preventive programs on the level of communities and/or cantons, requiring costs of only Fr. 3.--to 7.-- per year and child. Considering the excellent results already available, it should be possible to obtain cooperation even of those communities who have not yet introduced preventive programs. If salt fluoridation could also be generalized, caries levels could be reduced to a fraction of their initial values.", "contents": "[Preventive dentistry, particularly in schools]. Dental caries may easily be prevented. Based on experiences extending over 20 years, several preventive programs for schoolchildren can be offered and the one best suited for the local circumstances may be selected. Two types of dental auxiliaries have proved very useful to realize preventive programs on the level of communities and/or cantons, requiring costs of only Fr. 3.--to 7.-- per year and child. Considering the excellent results already available, it should be possible to obtain cooperation even of those communities who have not yet introduced preventive programs. If salt fluoridation could also be generalized, caries levels could be reduced to a fraction of their initial values."}
{"id": "PMID:293917", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy in odontogenic infections].", "content": "Antibiotic therapy for oral infections is described in the context of the determination of microorganisms involved and the formation of resistance to antibiotics. The indications are shown and in 115 cases the microorganisms responsible for the infection and their resistance are enumerated. It is alarming to know that increasingly multiple resistances to antibiotics are discovered. This increase is particularly observed in Tetracyclin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol. Finally antibiotic therapies in oral infections are recommended.", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy in odontogenic infections]. Antibiotic therapy for oral infections is described in the context of the determination of microorganisms involved and the formation of resistance to antibiotics. The indications are shown and in 115 cases the microorganisms responsible for the infection and their resistance are enumerated. It is alarming to know that increasingly multiple resistances to antibiotics are discovered. This increase is particularly observed in Tetracyclin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol. Finally antibiotic therapies in oral infections are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:293920", "title": "[Relative gnotobiosis: a possibility for studying periodontal diseases in the rat].", "content": "An animal model was presented to study periodontal disease in Osborne-Mendel rats with depressed indigenous oral flora. In connection with the inoculation of an erythromycin-resistant strain A. viscosus Ny 1 E after 40 experimental days only the animals showed plaque formation, bleeding from the gingival sulcus upon gentle probing and severe alveolar bone loss. 56% sucrose in the diet counteracted the establishment of A. viscosus Ny 1 E in dental plaques. As a consequence plaque formation, gingival bleeding and bone loss diminished. Plaque formation, gingival bleeding and bone loss were correlated.", "contents": "[Relative gnotobiosis: a possibility for studying periodontal diseases in the rat]. An animal model was presented to study periodontal disease in Osborne-Mendel rats with depressed indigenous oral flora. In connection with the inoculation of an erythromycin-resistant strain A. viscosus Ny 1 E after 40 experimental days only the animals showed plaque formation, bleeding from the gingival sulcus upon gentle probing and severe alveolar bone loss. 56% sucrose in the diet counteracted the establishment of A. viscosus Ny 1 E in dental plaques. As a consequence plaque formation, gingival bleeding and bone loss diminished. Plaque formation, gingival bleeding and bone loss were correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:293921", "title": "[Periodontal treatment requirements, motivation and information levels in a groups of 35-year-old Zurich residents].", "content": "A representative sample of 35-year old residents of Zurich was examined with the PTN-system to determine their periodontal treatment needs. 8.8% required no periodontal treatment. An additional 7.0% required only oral hygiene instruction and motivation to restore their gingival health. 37.1% of the sample needed removal of marginal irritants. 47.1% of the sample population had periodontal pockets in two or more quadrants, in need of surgical treatment (curettage, flap surgery). Responses to a questionnaire completed by all participants in the study revealed a strong desire on their part to retain their teeth. However, knowledge of periodontal prophylactic measures and individual oral hygiene was inadequate.", "contents": "[Periodontal treatment requirements, motivation and information levels in a groups of 35-year-old Zurich residents]. A representative sample of 35-year old residents of Zurich was examined with the PTN-system to determine their periodontal treatment needs. 8.8% required no periodontal treatment. An additional 7.0% required only oral hygiene instruction and motivation to restore their gingival health. 37.1% of the sample needed removal of marginal irritants. 47.1% of the sample population had periodontal pockets in two or more quadrants, in need of surgical treatment (curettage, flap surgery). Responses to a questionnaire completed by all participants in the study revealed a strong desire on their part to retain their teeth. However, knowledge of periodontal prophylactic measures and individual oral hygiene was inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:293922", "title": "[Determination of serum and saliva concentrations of clindamycin (Dalacin C) and amoxicillin (Clamoxyl)].", "content": "The antibiotic therapy of oral infections requires bactericidal concentrations in the oral environment over sufficient time. Comparable determination of antibiotica concentration in the saliva of 8 human volunteers were made after oral application of Amoxycillin and Clindamycin. Only Clindamycin showed inhibitory concentrations.--When pharmacokinetic characteristics and the present status of resistance were considered, Clindamycin is viewed as an antibiotic of choice for oral infections.", "contents": "[Determination of serum and saliva concentrations of clindamycin (Dalacin C) and amoxicillin (Clamoxyl)]. The antibiotic therapy of oral infections requires bactericidal concentrations in the oral environment over sufficient time. Comparable determination of antibiotica concentration in the saliva of 8 human volunteers were made after oral application of Amoxycillin and Clindamycin. Only Clindamycin showed inhibitory concentrations.--When pharmacokinetic characteristics and the present status of resistance were considered, Clindamycin is viewed as an antibiotic of choice for oral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:293923", "title": "[Presentation of a universal face-bow].", "content": "A universal face bow is reported for transferring an arbitary or located hinge axis on most articulators. Its use is simple and safe due to the rigidity of the assemblies during every step of the transfer.", "contents": "[Presentation of a universal face-bow]. A universal face bow is reported for transferring an arbitary or located hinge axis on most articulators. Its use is simple and safe due to the rigidity of the assemblies during every step of the transfer."}
{"id": "PMID:293924", "title": "[A new modular semi-adaptable articulator].", "content": "A new semi-adjustable Arcon articulator is reported. It is an evolutive device that can be set with two different types of condylar housings. - A Type: adjustable condylar guidance, preadjusted Bennett angle at 13 degrees - B Type: adjustable condylar guidance, adjustable Bennett angle. It is possible to set on this B type fossa assembly another Bennett wing with an adjustable immediate side shift This device has a double lock in centric relation and may be set with an arbitrary or localized hinge axis.", "contents": "[A new modular semi-adaptable articulator]. A new semi-adjustable Arcon articulator is reported. It is an evolutive device that can be set with two different types of condylar housings. - A Type: adjustable condylar guidance, preadjusted Bennett angle at 13 degrees - B Type: adjustable condylar guidance, adjustable Bennett angle. It is possible to set on this B type fossa assembly another Bennett wing with an adjustable immediate side shift This device has a double lock in centric relation and may be set with an arbitrary or localized hinge axis."}
{"id": "PMID:293926", "title": "[Diagnosis, classification and therapy of cysts in the maxillary sinus region].", "content": "Cysts in the vicinity of maxillary sinuses pose special problems. In diagnosing them, it must be considered that pathophysiological processes must be considered common to both. The therapy demands knowledge of the physiology of the same anatomical sector plus considerations pertaining to the later necessary seat of the maxillary prosthesis. Methods of diagnosis and therapy are shown.", "contents": "[Diagnosis, classification and therapy of cysts in the maxillary sinus region]. Cysts in the vicinity of maxillary sinuses pose special problems. In diagnosing them, it must be considered that pathophysiological processes must be considered common to both. The therapy demands knowledge of the physiology of the same anatomical sector plus considerations pertaining to the later necessary seat of the maxillary prosthesis. Methods of diagnosis and therapy are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:293927", "title": "[Measurement of the consequences of characteristic occlusal relations of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "The occlusion of the dental arches determines the positioning of the mandible through intercuspidation. This intercuspidal position may force the condyles into a displaced position. Purpose of this paper is to show how to obtain a proper diagnosis of the cranio-mandibular relationship with a new instrument, the mandibular positions indicator.", "contents": "[Measurement of the consequences of characteristic occlusal relations of the temporomandibular joint]. The occlusion of the dental arches determines the positioning of the mandible through intercuspidation. This intercuspidal position may force the condyles into a displaced position. Purpose of this paper is to show how to obtain a proper diagnosis of the cranio-mandibular relationship with a new instrument, the mandibular positions indicator."}
{"id": "PMID:293928", "title": "Experimental secondary caries around amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement fillings in human teeth.", "content": "It was the aim of this in vitro study to examine secondary caries occurring in enamel and dentin adjacent to different filling materials and after different filling methods. The materials used were: amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement. The highest rate of secondary caries was found on the crown surface as well as root surface of teeth which were conventionally treated with amalgam and composite materials. The preliminary treatment with a copal-ether varnish (Copalite) was of insignificant value. Fluoridation of the cavity walls with a fluoride solution (Elmex-Fluid) resulted a significant cariostatic effect with amalgam- or composite fillings in enamel and in root surfaces. Zones of inhibition of demineralization could be found. The addition of 5% NaF to composite material also produced an inhibition of demineralization, manifesting itself in a reduction of the secondary caries rate and increased percentage of tight margins of the fillings. Although glass ionomer cement has adherent properties to enamel and dentin, a larger percentage of filling-margins, especially of those applied to dentin, were found to be untight. Nevertheless, the demineralizations were not very pronounced and significant zones of inhibition of demineralization were found in the cavity walls and tooth surfaces adjacent to the fillings. The amounts of fluoride released by silicate cement, glass ionomer cement and composites containing 5% NaF were compared. The glass ionomer cement showed higher values than the composite and silicate materials. After 10 days of storage in water, the dosis of fluoride released--by all materials--was 7-20 times less than on the first day.", "contents": "Experimental secondary caries around amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement fillings in human teeth. It was the aim of this in vitro study to examine secondary caries occurring in enamel and dentin adjacent to different filling materials and after different filling methods. The materials used were: amalgam, composite and glass ionomer cement. The highest rate of secondary caries was found on the crown surface as well as root surface of teeth which were conventionally treated with amalgam and composite materials. The preliminary treatment with a copal-ether varnish (Copalite) was of insignificant value. Fluoridation of the cavity walls with a fluoride solution (Elmex-Fluid) resulted a significant cariostatic effect with amalgam- or composite fillings in enamel and in root surfaces. Zones of inhibition of demineralization could be found. The addition of 5% NaF to composite material also produced an inhibition of demineralization, manifesting itself in a reduction of the secondary caries rate and increased percentage of tight margins of the fillings. Although glass ionomer cement has adherent properties to enamel and dentin, a larger percentage of filling-margins, especially of those applied to dentin, were found to be untight. Nevertheless, the demineralizations were not very pronounced and significant zones of inhibition of demineralization were found in the cavity walls and tooth surfaces adjacent to the fillings. The amounts of fluoride released by silicate cement, glass ionomer cement and composites containing 5% NaF were compared. The glass ionomer cement showed higher values than the composite and silicate materials. After 10 days of storage in water, the dosis of fluoride released--by all materials--was 7-20 times less than on the first day."}
{"id": "PMID:293929", "title": "Polishing effect and abrasion of five toothpastes on dental enamel.", "content": "Prepared enamel samples were polished with one of 5 different toothpastes, dulled by acid treatment and repolished with the same toothpaste. The lustre change was measured by reflectometry and the micromorphological aspects of abrasion on enamel were investigated with the scanning electron microscope.", "contents": "Polishing effect and abrasion of five toothpastes on dental enamel. Prepared enamel samples were polished with one of 5 different toothpastes, dulled by acid treatment and repolished with the same toothpaste. The lustre change was measured by reflectometry and the micromorphological aspects of abrasion on enamel were investigated with the scanning electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:293954", "title": "[20 years of fluoridation in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "Caries-statistical data obtained from cross-sectional studies on more than 240,000 individuals having an age range from 3 to 18 years, at Karl-Marx-Stadt (where the drinking water contains 1 p.p.m. of fluoride) and several towns with low levels of fluoride content the repercussions of the caries reduction achieved on the system of organized paedodontic care. Due to further development on a legal basis, 1,3 million inhabitants (13%) of the GDR are at present provided with fluoridated water for caries-protective reasons. It is aimed at serving 50% of the inhabitants by 1990.", "contents": "[20 years of fluoridation in the German Democratic Republic]. Caries-statistical data obtained from cross-sectional studies on more than 240,000 individuals having an age range from 3 to 18 years, at Karl-Marx-Stadt (where the drinking water contains 1 p.p.m. of fluoride) and several towns with low levels of fluoride content the repercussions of the caries reduction achieved on the system of organized paedodontic care. Due to further development on a legal basis, 1,3 million inhabitants (13%) of the GDR are at present provided with fluoridated water for caries-protective reasons. It is aimed at serving 50% of the inhabitants by 1990."}
{"id": "PMID:293955", "title": "[Continung results of the Berlin morbidity study 1972. 4. DMF index, educational status and stomatological health education].", "content": "The general educational level and the dental health knowledge are negatively correlated with the DMF index and its M component. They are positively correlated with the number of primarily sound teeth. No correlations could be established between the aforementioned criteria and the D component.", "contents": "[Continung results of the Berlin morbidity study 1972. 4. DMF index, educational status and stomatological health education]. The general educational level and the dental health knowledge are negatively correlated with the DMF index and its M component. They are positively correlated with the number of primarily sound teeth. No correlations could be established between the aforementioned criteria and the D component."}
{"id": "PMID:293956", "title": "[Fluorescence microscopic studies on the beginning of the mineralization of rat incisors].", "content": "Histologic and fluorescence microscopic studies were performed on labelled calcium complexes to determine the beginning of the mineralization of rat incisors. The period of the first indications of tooth mineralization at the end of the 20th day of embryonic life is described in detail, special attention being paid to single hard tissue components.", "contents": "[Fluorescence microscopic studies on the beginning of the mineralization of rat incisors]. Histologic and fluorescence microscopic studies were performed on labelled calcium complexes to determine the beginning of the mineralization of rat incisors. The period of the first indications of tooth mineralization at the end of the 20th day of embryonic life is described in detail, special attention being paid to single hard tissue components."}
{"id": "PMID:293957", "title": "[Clinical studies for the evaluation of the composite filling material Evicrol].", "content": "339 Evicrol fillings were clinically re-examined 0,52 to 2 years after insertion. The comparison of the results obtained with those from silicate cement fillings (Hildisch) evidenced that the properties of Evicrol are better. In assessing Evicrol for a prolonged period, special attention must be paid to the higher percentage (18--33%) of discolourations appearing already within 1--2 years.", "contents": "[Clinical studies for the evaluation of the composite filling material Evicrol]. 339 Evicrol fillings were clinically re-examined 0,52 to 2 years after insertion. The comparison of the results obtained with those from silicate cement fillings (Hildisch) evidenced that the properties of Evicrol are better. In assessing Evicrol for a prolonged period, special attention must be paid to the higher percentage (18--33%) of discolourations appearing already within 1--2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:293958", "title": "[The correlation between color change, swelling and iodine reaction in gingivitis].", "content": "The use of an index with separate evaluation of colour change, swelling and iodine reaction (in accordance with a classification into 4 degrees) and separate determination of the P, M and A units corresponds to the conditions in practice and yields reproducible results. Correlations between colour, swelling and iodine reaction could be established which were most marked for colour and iodine reaction.", "contents": "[The correlation between color change, swelling and iodine reaction in gingivitis]. The use of an index with separate evaluation of colour change, swelling and iodine reaction (in accordance with a classification into 4 degrees) and separate determination of the P, M and A units corresponds to the conditions in practice and yields reproducible results. Correlations between colour, swelling and iodine reaction could be established which were most marked for colour and iodine reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:293959", "title": "[The use of alpha-chymotrypsin in traumatology].", "content": "Due to its fibrinolytic activity, alpha-chymotrypsin should be applied, even in doses of 5 and 10 mg (as indicated in the List of Drugs) only for postoperative oedema and haematoma prophylaxis, with due regard to the simultaneous effect on haemostasis. The maximum of fibrinolytic activity was observed 6 to 9 hours after intramuscular injection. These findings are consistent with clinical observation. The authors dissuade from uncontrolled use because, in spite of many separate experimental studies and clinical trials, there are still numerous questions that must be considered unsettled.", "contents": "[The use of alpha-chymotrypsin in traumatology]. Due to its fibrinolytic activity, alpha-chymotrypsin should be applied, even in doses of 5 and 10 mg (as indicated in the List of Drugs) only for postoperative oedema and haematoma prophylaxis, with due regard to the simultaneous effect on haemostasis. The maximum of fibrinolytic activity was observed 6 to 9 hours after intramuscular injection. These findings are consistent with clinical observation. The authors dissuade from uncontrolled use because, in spite of many separate experimental studies and clinical trials, there are still numerous questions that must be considered unsettled."}
{"id": "PMID:293995", "title": "[Limits and potentials of modern functional diagnosis of chronic arterial insufficiency of the extremities (CAIE)].", "content": "A survey is made of the angiologic methods for ChAIE investigations. The role and the potentialities of some of the non-invasive present-day methods are discussed in details, implemented lately in the clinical practice: determination of muscular Xenon 133 clearance, venous obturation pletismography (VOP) and US Doppler flowmetry. VOP is one of the few methods, enabling the quantitative assessment of the functional state of peripheral circulation. US Doppler flowmetry, as a relatively easy to apply and adequate method for wide clinical application and for scientific investigations, gives a valuable diagnostic information about CHAIE and enables the accurate dynamic control of the vascular-reconcstructive and conservative therapy. An original classification system is proposed for the assessment of the potentialities of the various angiologic methods in ChAIE diagnosties.", "contents": "[Limits and potentials of modern functional diagnosis of chronic arterial insufficiency of the extremities (CAIE)]. A survey is made of the angiologic methods for ChAIE investigations. The role and the potentialities of some of the non-invasive present-day methods are discussed in details, implemented lately in the clinical practice: determination of muscular Xenon 133 clearance, venous obturation pletismography (VOP) and US Doppler flowmetry. VOP is one of the few methods, enabling the quantitative assessment of the functional state of peripheral circulation. US Doppler flowmetry, as a relatively easy to apply and adequate method for wide clinical application and for scientific investigations, gives a valuable diagnostic information about CHAIE and enables the accurate dynamic control of the vascular-reconcstructive and conservative therapy. An original classification system is proposed for the assessment of the potentialities of the various angiologic methods in ChAIE diagnosties."}
{"id": "PMID:294003", "title": "[Determination of serum vitamin B12 in hematologic diseases].", "content": "By means of a test set of the Isocommerz (GDR) determinations of vitamin B12 in the serum were carried out according to the principle of the competitive protein binding. The normal values lie between 200 and 1,000 pg/ml serum. Clearly decreased levels of vitamin B12 are found in the pernicious anaemia, in other megaloblastic anaemias and in disturbances of the resorption after resection of the stomach. Increased values can be stated in the untreated chronic myelosis and in the blast episode. Under Busulphan-therapy a significant decrease of the values of vitamin B12 develops. The method seems to be practically important for the well-timed recognition of deficiency conditions of vitamin B12 in beginning pernicious anaemia, in disturbances of intestinal resorption after resection of the stomach and for the observation of the course of the chronic myelosis.", "contents": "[Determination of serum vitamin B12 in hematologic diseases]. By means of a test set of the Isocommerz (GDR) determinations of vitamin B12 in the serum were carried out according to the principle of the competitive protein binding. The normal values lie between 200 and 1,000 pg/ml serum. Clearly decreased levels of vitamin B12 are found in the pernicious anaemia, in other megaloblastic anaemias and in disturbances of the resorption after resection of the stomach. Increased values can be stated in the untreated chronic myelosis and in the blast episode. Under Busulphan-therapy a significant decrease of the values of vitamin B12 develops. The method seems to be practically important for the well-timed recognition of deficiency conditions of vitamin B12 in beginning pernicious anaemia, in disturbances of intestinal resorption after resection of the stomach and for the observation of the course of the chronic myelosis."}
{"id": "PMID:294054", "title": "Fine needle aspiration of ovarian masses. II. Correlative cytologic and histologic study of nonneoplastic cysts and noncelomic epithelial neoplasms.", "content": "A wide variety of neoplasms and nonneoplastic cysts involves the ovary. Seventy-seven ovarian masses were aspirated using fine needles. They included 32 nonneoplastic cysts of various types, 29 celomic epithelial neoplasms, 10 germ cell neoplasms and 6 other neoplasms. The study was performed in order to elucidate the cytologic features of aspirates from these lesions and correlate them with the histologic features. Material aspirated from malignant neoplasms resulted in abundantly cellular specimens while aspirates from benign neoplasms and nonneoplastic cysts showed only scanty cells. Follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts showed similar cell types but with various degrees of cellularity and incidence of cell types. Cysts lined by a single layer of cuboidal cells, such as paraovarian and paratubal cysts, were very similar cytologically. The three types of germ cell neoplasms encountered showed features which were diagnostic of each entity. It was difficult to discriminate between some of the types of the sex cord and mesenchymal neoplasms. Aspiration cytology can achieve a satisfactory classification of ovarian masses. It has a specific role to play especially in young patients, in whom preservation of ovarian function is advisable.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration of ovarian masses. II. Correlative cytologic and histologic study of nonneoplastic cysts and noncelomic epithelial neoplasms. A wide variety of neoplasms and nonneoplastic cysts involves the ovary. Seventy-seven ovarian masses were aspirated using fine needles. They included 32 nonneoplastic cysts of various types, 29 celomic epithelial neoplasms, 10 germ cell neoplasms and 6 other neoplasms. The study was performed in order to elucidate the cytologic features of aspirates from these lesions and correlate them with the histologic features. Material aspirated from malignant neoplasms resulted in abundantly cellular specimens while aspirates from benign neoplasms and nonneoplastic cysts showed only scanty cells. Follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts showed similar cell types but with various degrees of cellularity and incidence of cell types. Cysts lined by a single layer of cuboidal cells, such as paraovarian and paratubal cysts, were very similar cytologically. The three types of germ cell neoplasms encountered showed features which were diagnostic of each entity. It was difficult to discriminate between some of the types of the sex cord and mesenchymal neoplasms. Aspiration cytology can achieve a satisfactory classification of ovarian masses. It has a specific role to play especially in young patients, in whom preservation of ovarian function is advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:294056", "title": "The cytopathology of mesothelioma.", "content": "Fifty-seven cases of mesothelioma from the Toronto General Hospital during the period 1965 to 1976 have been reviewed. Pleural effusions or ascites were present in 34 patients. The value of cytologic examination of effusion specimens was assessed, and the criteria for cytologic diagnosis were elucidated. It appears that patients with predominantly fibrous or sarcomatous mesothelioma were not prone to develop pleural effusions or ascites; few tumor cells, if any, from these mesotheliomas were exfoliated into effusions. Cytologic examinations of effusion specimens were positive in 12 of 14 cases of carcinomatous mesothelioma and in three of four cases of undifferentiated mesothelioma. However, only four of seven casee of benign mesothelioma (mostly epithelial type) showed positive results, as did two of four cases of sarcomatous mesothelioma. It appears that cytologic diagnosis of mesothelioma is more useful for the carcinomatous and undifferentiated types. The cytomorphologic features of the various types of mesothelioma are different, and by cytologic examination of effusion specimens, typing of mesothelioma is possible and correlates well with the histologic typing.", "contents": "The cytopathology of mesothelioma. Fifty-seven cases of mesothelioma from the Toronto General Hospital during the period 1965 to 1976 have been reviewed. Pleural effusions or ascites were present in 34 patients. The value of cytologic examination of effusion specimens was assessed, and the criteria for cytologic diagnosis were elucidated. It appears that patients with predominantly fibrous or sarcomatous mesothelioma were not prone to develop pleural effusions or ascites; few tumor cells, if any, from these mesotheliomas were exfoliated into effusions. Cytologic examinations of effusion specimens were positive in 12 of 14 cases of carcinomatous mesothelioma and in three of four cases of undifferentiated mesothelioma. However, only four of seven casee of benign mesothelioma (mostly epithelial type) showed positive results, as did two of four cases of sarcomatous mesothelioma. It appears that cytologic diagnosis of mesothelioma is more useful for the carcinomatous and undifferentiated types. The cytomorphologic features of the various types of mesothelioma are different, and by cytologic examination of effusion specimens, typing of mesothelioma is possible and correlates well with the histologic typing."}
{"id": "PMID:294057", "title": "The cytology of a giant-cell, osteoclastoma-like malignant thyroid neoplasms. A case report.", "content": "The cytologic findings on aspirated material in a rare giant-cell, \"osteoclastoma-like,\" malignant neoplasm of the thyroid are reported.", "contents": "The cytology of a giant-cell, osteoclastoma-like malignant thyroid neoplasms. A case report. The cytologic findings on aspirated material in a rare giant-cell, \"osteoclastoma-like,\" malignant neoplasm of the thyroid are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:294058", "title": "Sputum cytology of giant cell interstitial pneumonia.", "content": "The purpose of this case report is to illustrate the cytologic findings from a patient who had clinical, radiologic and morphologic evidence of giant cell interstitial pneumonia. Of additional interest is the fact that this patient had had histologically proven desquamative interstitial pneumonia approximately seven years prior to his current admission. A discussion of the relationship between these two entities is also presented. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the presence of multinucleated giant cells alone is a nonspecific finding. However, with proper correlation with clinical history, radiology and other pertinent laboratory studies, one can often minimize the differential diagnosis. This case report points out the usefulness of such an approach in arriving at a specific diagnosis.", "contents": "Sputum cytology of giant cell interstitial pneumonia. The purpose of this case report is to illustrate the cytologic findings from a patient who had clinical, radiologic and morphologic evidence of giant cell interstitial pneumonia. Of additional interest is the fact that this patient had had histologically proven desquamative interstitial pneumonia approximately seven years prior to his current admission. A discussion of the relationship between these two entities is also presented. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the presence of multinucleated giant cells alone is a nonspecific finding. However, with proper correlation with clinical history, radiology and other pertinent laboratory studies, one can often minimize the differential diagnosis. This case report points out the usefulness of such an approach in arriving at a specific diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:294055", "title": "Needle aspiration of 310 thyroid lesions.", "content": "Needle aspirations of benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the thyroid were investigated in 265 patients. An 18-gauge needle connected to a 20-cc glass syringe was used to puncture each tumoral mass. Smears were stained by the Wright-Giemsa method. The material obtained consisted of 180 nontoxic goiters, 18 toxic goiters, 15 cases of thyroiditis and 52 malignant lesions. Aspirations taken from 21 patients (8%) were either blank or contained only blood and insufficient material for diagnosis. Results were correlated with clinical findings and laboratory tests. Biopsies were obtained only in selected patients to establish the final diagnosis. One false positive and one false negative were recorded. Although well-preserved follicular patterns can be seen on the cytologic specimens, the differentiation of thyroid adenoma from early follicular carcinoma based on cytologic criteria only if fraught with many difficulties. Cell density, nuclear structure and presence of nucleoli are sometimes helpful in making the cytologic diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.", "contents": "Needle aspiration of 310 thyroid lesions. Needle aspirations of benign and malignant epithelial lesions of the thyroid were investigated in 265 patients. An 18-gauge needle connected to a 20-cc glass syringe was used to puncture each tumoral mass. Smears were stained by the Wright-Giemsa method. The material obtained consisted of 180 nontoxic goiters, 18 toxic goiters, 15 cases of thyroiditis and 52 malignant lesions. Aspirations taken from 21 patients (8%) were either blank or contained only blood and insufficient material for diagnosis. Results were correlated with clinical findings and laboratory tests. Biopsies were obtained only in selected patients to establish the final diagnosis. One false positive and one false negative were recorded. Although well-preserved follicular patterns can be seen on the cytologic specimens, the differentiation of thyroid adenoma from early follicular carcinoma based on cytologic criteria only if fraught with many difficulties. Cell density, nuclear structure and presence of nucleoli are sometimes helpful in making the cytologic diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:294061", "title": "Spectral characteristics of human leukocytes and their relevance to automated cell identification. III. Eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes.", "content": "The spectral characteristics of various normal cell types from human blood were examined in respect to an automated, rapid-flow photometric identification system after staining for peroxidase activity. It was found that a plot of light loss against light scatter gave a separation of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes comparable in accuracy to visual separations. This staining was not useful for the segregation of monocytes and basophils, for which other stains have proven useful in the sytsem under study. It is concluded that automated, rapid-flow photometric identification of blood cell types can produce differential cell counts with good confidence levels.", "contents": "Spectral characteristics of human leukocytes and their relevance to automated cell identification. III. Eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes. The spectral characteristics of various normal cell types from human blood were examined in respect to an automated, rapid-flow photometric identification system after staining for peroxidase activity. It was found that a plot of light loss against light scatter gave a separation of eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes comparable in accuracy to visual separations. This staining was not useful for the segregation of monocytes and basophils, for which other stains have proven useful in the sytsem under study. It is concluded that automated, rapid-flow photometric identification of blood cell types can produce differential cell counts with good confidence levels."}
{"id": "PMID:294063", "title": "Basic studies on repair, especially histology, cytology and microspectrophotometry of DNA contents.", "content": "We studied epithelial regeneration from its cytologic, histologic and microspectrophotometric aspects. In the squamous region of the uterine cervix, repair cells which have characteristic atypia appear approximately seven days after injury. Thereafter, these repair cells resemble normal squamous cells or metaplastic cells. In the vaginal region, the reparative processes are no different from those in the squamous region of the uterine cervix. Repair cells in the cervical columnar region are most prominent and atypical two weeks after cryosurgery. From the standpoint of clinical cytology, the differential diagnosis of repair cells from malignant cells is possible through follow-up of repeated smears.", "contents": "Basic studies on repair, especially histology, cytology and microspectrophotometry of DNA contents. We studied epithelial regeneration from its cytologic, histologic and microspectrophotometric aspects. In the squamous region of the uterine cervix, repair cells which have characteristic atypia appear approximately seven days after injury. Thereafter, these repair cells resemble normal squamous cells or metaplastic cells. In the vaginal region, the reparative processes are no different from those in the squamous region of the uterine cervix. Repair cells in the cervical columnar region are most prominent and atypical two weeks after cryosurgery. From the standpoint of clinical cytology, the differential diagnosis of repair cells from malignant cells is possible through follow-up of repeated smears."}
{"id": "PMID:294060", "title": "Cytologic description of squamous cell papilloma of the respiratory tract.", "content": "A patient with squamous cell papilloma of the respiratory tract, reported on herein, provides an opportunity to describe the cytologic and histologic picture associated with this disease. We find both cytologic and histologic similarities between squamous cell papilloma and condyloma accuminatum.", "contents": "Cytologic description of squamous cell papilloma of the respiratory tract. A patient with squamous cell papilloma of the respiratory tract, reported on herein, provides an opportunity to describe the cytologic and histologic picture associated with this disease. We find both cytologic and histologic similarities between squamous cell papilloma and condyloma accuminatum."}
{"id": "PMID:294059", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of blastomyces dermatitidis in sputum.", "content": "Freshly expectorated sputum from a 52-year-old man with extensive pulmonary blastomycosis was examined by light and electron microscopy. Wet preparations of the sputum, stained with 1% aqueous cresyl violet, revealed numerous thick-walled, spherical blastospores and occasional budding forms. Ultrastructurally, the blastospores revealed a double-layered cell wall, the peripheral portion of which consisted of a thick, densely staining lamellar material of variable thickness, suggestive of the glycocalyx of bacterial cells. Mitochrondria and other organelles were easily recognized, but distinct nuclei were not observed. Retraction of the cell membrane and cytoplasmic mass from the cell wall was a common finding. Results of this case study suggest that electron microscopy of sputum may serve as an important adjunct to conventional staining techniques for the presumptive diagnosis of blastomycosis. Similar studies of other fungi in respiratory tract secretions may be helpful in providing more precise morphologic identification.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of blastomyces dermatitidis in sputum. Freshly expectorated sputum from a 52-year-old man with extensive pulmonary blastomycosis was examined by light and electron microscopy. Wet preparations of the sputum, stained with 1% aqueous cresyl violet, revealed numerous thick-walled, spherical blastospores and occasional budding forms. Ultrastructurally, the blastospores revealed a double-layered cell wall, the peripheral portion of which consisted of a thick, densely staining lamellar material of variable thickness, suggestive of the glycocalyx of bacterial cells. Mitochrondria and other organelles were easily recognized, but distinct nuclei were not observed. Retraction of the cell membrane and cytoplasmic mass from the cell wall was a common finding. Results of this case study suggest that electron microscopy of sputum may serve as an important adjunct to conventional staining techniques for the presumptive diagnosis of blastomycosis. Similar studies of other fungi in respiratory tract secretions may be helpful in providing more precise morphologic identification."}
{"id": "PMID:294064", "title": "The proliferative behavior of the human adult mammary epithelium.", "content": "Normal, human, resting, breast tissue was cultured in the defined culture medium 199 with and without insulin. DNA synthesis was assessed by use of autoradiography. A labeling index (LI) showed a different sensitivity in terms of DNA synthesis in the three basic segments of the mammary tree: intralobular ductules, terminal ducts and large ducts. The LI increased significantly after six hours in the terminal ducts, both in the basic unenriched 199 medium and in the presence of 1 microgram/ml insulin. Cumulative LIs were representative of the interlobular ducts, the most active part of breast epithelium.", "contents": "The proliferative behavior of the human adult mammary epithelium. Normal, human, resting, breast tissue was cultured in the defined culture medium 199 with and without insulin. DNA synthesis was assessed by use of autoradiography. A labeling index (LI) showed a different sensitivity in terms of DNA synthesis in the three basic segments of the mammary tree: intralobular ductules, terminal ducts and large ducts. The LI increased significantly after six hours in the terminal ducts, both in the basic unenriched 199 medium and in the presence of 1 microgram/ml insulin. Cumulative LIs were representative of the interlobular ducts, the most active part of breast epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:294069", "title": "Description of the population and ultrastructure of cells on IUDs.", "content": "We looked at the cell population and individual cell ultrastructure in samples from the surfaces of removed IUDs. The women had worn the devices for 48 hours to eight years prior to removal. The layer of cells which covers IUDs two days after insertion was found to consist of macrophages and neutrophils. The macrophages were exceptionally active, but fragments of sperm were observed in their phagosomes only rarely. All observed free sperm were degenerated. The fibrous tissue which was formed on IUDs later contained numerous lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Description of the population and ultrastructure of cells on IUDs. We looked at the cell population and individual cell ultrastructure in samples from the surfaces of removed IUDs. The women had worn the devices for 48 hours to eight years prior to removal. The layer of cells which covers IUDs two days after insertion was found to consist of macrophages and neutrophils. The macrophages were exceptionally active, but fragments of sperm were observed in their phagosomes only rarely. All observed free sperm were degenerated. The fibrous tissue which was formed on IUDs later contained numerous lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:294070", "title": "Diagnostic cytology and electron microscopy of fine needle aspirates of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the diagnosis of metastatic pelvic neoplasms.", "content": "Ten patients with abnormal pelvic lymphangiograms underwent fluoroscopically directed percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. In all cases, the primary diagnosis had already been established by biopsy or resection. In nine cases, aspiration cytology was positive for the same cell type identified in the primary neoplasm. In one of these nine cases, electron microscopy was utilized to further study the malignant cells in the aspirate. In the tenth case, the aspirate was negative for tumor, and the patient continues to be followed. Cytologic confirmation of lymphangiographically positive or suggestive nodes is useful in pelvic neoplasms and may obviate exploratory surgery in assessing the extent of disease and aid in planning therapy.", "contents": "Diagnostic cytology and electron microscopy of fine needle aspirates of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the diagnosis of metastatic pelvic neoplasms. Ten patients with abnormal pelvic lymphangiograms underwent fluoroscopically directed percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. In all cases, the primary diagnosis had already been established by biopsy or resection. In nine cases, aspiration cytology was positive for the same cell type identified in the primary neoplasm. In one of these nine cases, electron microscopy was utilized to further study the malignant cells in the aspirate. In the tenth case, the aspirate was negative for tumor, and the patient continues to be followed. Cytologic confirmation of lymphangiographically positive or suggestive nodes is useful in pelvic neoplasms and may obviate exploratory surgery in assessing the extent of disease and aid in planning therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:294071", "title": "Fine needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. II. Morphologic aspects.", "content": "This study was based on the evaluation of 140 fine-needle spirations from gynecologic lesion. Cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions and cellular changes due to irradiation and chemotherapy are presented. For accurate evaluation of fine-needle aspiration specimens from the pelvis, the exact location of the sampling must be known, clinical data must be available, and the patholgist must have an intimate knowledge of anatomy, histology and pathology of benign and malignant lesions in this area. Fine-needle aspiration cytology provided a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of gynecologic lesions.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. II. Morphologic aspects. This study was based on the evaluation of 140 fine-needle spirations from gynecologic lesion. Cytologic criteria for the diagnosis of benign and malignant lesions and cellular changes due to irradiation and chemotherapy are presented. For accurate evaluation of fine-needle aspiration specimens from the pelvis, the exact location of the sampling must be known, clinical data must be available, and the patholgist must have an intimate knowledge of anatomy, histology and pathology of benign and malignant lesions in this area. Fine-needle aspiration cytology provided a high degree of accuracy in the diagnosis of gynecologic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:294073", "title": "Cytopathologic presentation of cerebral histiocytosis.", "content": "Histiocytoses involving the central nervous system are rare, and those in which the brain and meninges are the the only systems affected are rarer still. This paper presents such a case, in which cytologic study of cerebrospinal fluid during life showed large numbers of abnormal histiocytes and necropsy showed infiltration of brain and meninges by masses of similar cells, without other systems being involved. The cytologic features and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Cytopathologic presentation of cerebral histiocytosis. Histiocytoses involving the central nervous system are rare, and those in which the brain and meninges are the the only systems affected are rarer still. This paper presents such a case, in which cytologic study of cerebrospinal fluid during life showed large numbers of abnormal histiocytes and necropsy showed infiltration of brain and meninges by masses of similar cells, without other systems being involved. The cytologic features and differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294072", "title": "Cytologic changes in the respiratory tract in children smokers.", "content": "Cytologic investigation was carried out on sputum of 45 children who were cigarette smokers and in a control group of nonsmoking children matched for age and environment. All but one of the children smokers were able to produce sputa whereas none of the controls could do so. Abnormal columnar cells were frequent, and squamous metaplasia was noted in 15.5% of the 45 patients. Atypical metaplasia was not found. The rate of metaplasia was much lower in children than in adult smokers. It is possible that the respiratory epithelium of children is resistant to the noxious effects of cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Cytologic changes in the respiratory tract in children smokers. Cytologic investigation was carried out on sputum of 45 children who were cigarette smokers and in a control group of nonsmoking children matched for age and environment. All but one of the children smokers were able to produce sputa whereas none of the controls could do so. Abnormal columnar cells were frequent, and squamous metaplasia was noted in 15.5% of the 45 patients. Atypical metaplasia was not found. The rate of metaplasia was much lower in children than in adult smokers. It is possible that the respiratory epithelium of children is resistant to the noxious effects of cigarette smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:294074", "title": "Cytomorphologic and cytochemical aspects of malignant histiocytosis with spindle-cell differentiation. A case report.", "content": "Spindle-cell differentiation and tumor formation have been observed rarely in cases of malignant histiocytosis. We describe below one case of malignant histiocytosis with spindle-cell differentiation. Touch preparation of autopsy material revealed cytologic features that correlated with the histologic appearance of atypical components of this entity, such as spindle and nonspindle histiocytes and abundant erythrophagocytosis. Cytochemical properties indicated the histiocytic nature of the cells that composed this tumor. A morphologic account of the different types of cells is presented.", "contents": "Cytomorphologic and cytochemical aspects of malignant histiocytosis with spindle-cell differentiation. A case report. Spindle-cell differentiation and tumor formation have been observed rarely in cases of malignant histiocytosis. We describe below one case of malignant histiocytosis with spindle-cell differentiation. Touch preparation of autopsy material revealed cytologic features that correlated with the histologic appearance of atypical components of this entity, such as spindle and nonspindle histiocytes and abundant erythrophagocytosis. Cytochemical properties indicated the histiocytic nature of the cells that composed this tumor. A morphologic account of the different types of cells is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:294075", "title": "Cytopathologic characteristics of permanent cell lines derived from anaplastic human gliomas.", "content": "Five permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas were examined at 24-hour intervals to determine optimal phases of their population growth curves for comparative morphologic studies. In early exponential growth phase, individual cytologic criteria were well displayed, while the increased cellular density of late exponential and plateau phase growth was advantageous for evaluating growth pattern, bizarre multinucleate giant cells and abnormal mitoses. These morphologic characteristics of permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas are potentially useful for correlation with their biologic, immunologic, biochemical and cell biologic parameters.", "contents": "Cytopathologic characteristics of permanent cell lines derived from anaplastic human gliomas. Five permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas were examined at 24-hour intervals to determine optimal phases of their population growth curves for comparative morphologic studies. In early exponential growth phase, individual cytologic criteria were well displayed, while the increased cellular density of late exponential and plateau phase growth was advantageous for evaluating growth pattern, bizarre multinucleate giant cells and abnormal mitoses. These morphologic characteristics of permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas are potentially useful for correlation with their biologic, immunologic, biochemical and cell biologic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:294084", "title": "\"Reactions\" to standard patch test materials.", "content": "Twelve compounds tested by closed patch test at recommended concentrations produced numerous \"Fallse positive\" non-allergenic reactions in a panel of 100 vollunteers. These results indicate the need for further basic studies to determine appropriate non-irritating concentrations of materials used in biagnostic patch testing for contact allergy.", "contents": "\"Reactions\" to standard patch test materials. Twelve compounds tested by closed patch test at recommended concentrations produced numerous \"Fallse positive\" non-allergenic reactions in a panel of 100 vollunteers. These results indicate the need for further basic studies to determine appropriate non-irritating concentrations of materials used in biagnostic patch testing for contact allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:294085", "title": "Lupus erythematosus panniculitis(profoundus).", "content": "A 39 year-old man developed on trunk, buttock and thighs scaling, atrophic, erythematous lesions which in some places became infiltrated and ulcerated. The clinical, histopathological and immunlogical picture corresponded with the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus. In sites of infiltrations and necrosis, however, histological features of panniculitis with proliferative and inflammatory changes of deep vessels could be seen. The direct immunofluorescence of uninvolved skin showed deposits of IgM and C3 at the dermal-epidermal junction and within the vessel walls. The patient responded promptly to treatment with chloroquine.", "contents": "Lupus erythematosus panniculitis(profoundus). A 39 year-old man developed on trunk, buttock and thighs scaling, atrophic, erythematous lesions which in some places became infiltrated and ulcerated. The clinical, histopathological and immunlogical picture corresponded with the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus. In sites of infiltrations and necrosis, however, histological features of panniculitis with proliferative and inflammatory changes of deep vessels could be seen. The direct immunofluorescence of uninvolved skin showed deposits of IgM and C3 at the dermal-epidermal junction and within the vessel walls. The patient responded promptly to treatment with chloroquine."}
{"id": "PMID:294086", "title": "Contact allergy without skin disease.", "content": "Patch tests with a standard series were performed in 274 non-dermatologic patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Allergic reactions were observed in 22%, particularly to nickel (7%) and balsam of Peru (5%). Contact allergy in patients without previous or present skin disease was observed in 9%. A certain frequency of contact allergy in the general population should be held in mind when considering the incidence in patients with skin disease.", "contents": "Contact allergy without skin disease. Patch tests with a standard series were performed in 274 non-dermatologic patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Allergic reactions were observed in 22%, particularly to nickel (7%) and balsam of Peru (5%). Contact allergy in patients without previous or present skin disease was observed in 9%. A certain frequency of contact allergy in the general population should be held in mind when considering the incidence in patients with skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:294087", "title": "Intradermal test in contact allergy to metals.", "content": "Variations of intradermal test results were studied in a group of patients with clinically evident contact dermatitis and with the history suggestive of contact with metals and with negative patch tests reactions to the latter. The positive reactions obtained in several cases indicate that intradermal tests may reveal specific sensitivities, which patch tests using standard concentrations are not always capable of demonstrating.", "contents": "Intradermal test in contact allergy to metals. Variations of intradermal test results were studied in a group of patients with clinically evident contact dermatitis and with the history suggestive of contact with metals and with negative patch tests reactions to the latter. The positive reactions obtained in several cases indicate that intradermal tests may reveal specific sensitivities, which patch tests using standard concentrations are not always capable of demonstrating."}
{"id": "PMID:294088", "title": "Irritation and staining by dithranol (anthralin) and related compounds: I. Estimation with chamber testing and contact thermography.", "content": "Irritation and staining by dithranol and some related compounds was studied with the chamber-testing technique in a series of 62 psoriasis patients. Suitable to routine testing of the individual tolerance to dithranol is the use of 0.05 and 0.5 per cent concentrations in petrolatum, exposure of the mid-back skin for 24 hours, and reading of the reactions (erythema, brown staining, edema) on the second day after the application. Contact themography was used when the brown stain hampered the extimation of erythema. Low concentrations of 10 acetyldithranol elicited weaker reactions than dithranol but at the 0.5 per cent level the acetylderivative tended to give stronger reactions than the parent compound. Ten per cent dithranol triacetate caused only occasionally slight erythematous reactions, whereas 10,10'-bis-(formylethyl) dithranol and dithranol anthraquinone elicited no reactions at all. The mechanisms of the staining and inflammatory reactions and possibilities of their reduction are discussed. The use of the chamber-testing technique is recommended to screening of new less irritating and staining hydroxyanthrones for clinical trial.", "contents": "Irritation and staining by dithranol (anthralin) and related compounds: I. Estimation with chamber testing and contact thermography. Irritation and staining by dithranol and some related compounds was studied with the chamber-testing technique in a series of 62 psoriasis patients. Suitable to routine testing of the individual tolerance to dithranol is the use of 0.05 and 0.5 per cent concentrations in petrolatum, exposure of the mid-back skin for 24 hours, and reading of the reactions (erythema, brown staining, edema) on the second day after the application. Contact themography was used when the brown stain hampered the extimation of erythema. Low concentrations of 10 acetyldithranol elicited weaker reactions than dithranol but at the 0.5 per cent level the acetylderivative tended to give stronger reactions than the parent compound. Ten per cent dithranol triacetate caused only occasionally slight erythematous reactions, whereas 10,10'-bis-(formylethyl) dithranol and dithranol anthraquinone elicited no reactions at all. The mechanisms of the staining and inflammatory reactions and possibilities of their reduction are discussed. The use of the chamber-testing technique is recommended to screening of new less irritating and staining hydroxyanthrones for clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:294089", "title": "On erythema annulare centrifugum-type of psoriasis.", "content": "A case of EAC type psoriasis is reported. Routine and immunologic investigations were negative. HLA-B8 was found by typing. Some therapeutic benefit was achieved by combination of retinoid (Ro-10-9359) plus PUVA. According to a review of the literature half of the cases are unconnected to classical psoriasis, whereas the other half is connected and mostly of (periodic) pustular character. The necessity of clinical research in this intermediate type between psoriasis vulgaris and pustulosa is emphasized.", "contents": "On erythema annulare centrifugum-type of psoriasis. A case of EAC type psoriasis is reported. Routine and immunologic investigations were negative. HLA-B8 was found by typing. Some therapeutic benefit was achieved by combination of retinoid (Ro-10-9359) plus PUVA. According to a review of the literature half of the cases are unconnected to classical psoriasis, whereas the other half is connected and mostly of (periodic) pustular character. The necessity of clinical research in this intermediate type between psoriasis vulgaris and pustulosa is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:294090", "title": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a variant of pustular psoriasis.", "content": "A patient with clinical lesions typical of subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon and Wilkinson also had stigmata of psoriasis, namely psoriatic plaques, pitting of nails, and psoriatic arthritis. Histologic studies of the pustular lesions were consonant with pustular psoriasis. Correlating the phenomena of previously reported cases of subcorneal pustular dermatosis with those of our patient, we conclude that subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon and Wilkinson is but another variant of psoriasis.", "contents": "Subcorneal pustular dermatosis: a variant of pustular psoriasis. A patient with clinical lesions typical of subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon and Wilkinson also had stigmata of psoriasis, namely psoriatic plaques, pitting of nails, and psoriatic arthritis. Histologic studies of the pustular lesions were consonant with pustular psoriasis. Correlating the phenomena of previously reported cases of subcorneal pustular dermatosis with those of our patient, we conclude that subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon and Wilkinson is but another variant of psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:294091", "title": "Caterpillar dermatitis of the palm associated with osteitis of finger bones.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy during a picnic collected caterpillars of Macrothylasia rubi. He developed dermatitis and was generally ill during some days. Edema developed on the affected hand and reduced the mobility. Osteitis developed corresponding to all falangeal bones on his right hand. The changes disappeared following immobilisation of the severely affected hand.", "contents": "Caterpillar dermatitis of the palm associated with osteitis of finger bones. A 3-year-old boy during a picnic collected caterpillars of Macrothylasia rubi. He developed dermatitis and was generally ill during some days. Edema developed on the affected hand and reduced the mobility. Osteitis developed corresponding to all falangeal bones on his right hand. The changes disappeared following immobilisation of the severely affected hand."}
{"id": "PMID:294092", "title": "The cause of striae distensae.", "content": "Striae are always initiated by stretch whether the stretch is excessive or minimal: spontaneous striae do not occur. Cross-linkage of collagen appears to be more important than amount of collagen in permitting striae in response to stretch. An increase in cross linkage as in age increases the resistance to stretch deformation, but this rigidity leads ultimately to tearing of the skin and not striae. At the other extreme, the absence of crosslinkage leads to \"elasticity\" and excessive stretching with eventual rupture of the skin if the stretch goes beyond the elastic limit, but again, no striae. Striae appear to occur therefore only in skin in which the rigid cross-linked collagen and \"elastic\" unlinked collagen thus permitting a limited degree of stretch and a limited intradermal rupture, i.e. striae. (Although rigidity and elasticity are presented here in terms of collagen cross-linkage it seems probable that changes in interfibrillary materials such as glycosaminoglycans will prove important in this respect). This balance of stretch and limited tear is a continuous process and is an adaptation to the needs of growth in adolescence and change in body mass in early adult life and there are many many subclinical \"striae\" for each gross tear which is recognised clinically. An important factor likewise appears to be rate of stretch since if it is very slow, striae are less likely; there is \"give\" and new collagen formation. Although this working hypothesis is consonant with the facts only further work will show whether this smooth consonance is that of the fable or the weathered rock of fact.", "contents": "The cause of striae distensae. Striae are always initiated by stretch whether the stretch is excessive or minimal: spontaneous striae do not occur. Cross-linkage of collagen appears to be more important than amount of collagen in permitting striae in response to stretch. An increase in cross linkage as in age increases the resistance to stretch deformation, but this rigidity leads ultimately to tearing of the skin and not striae. At the other extreme, the absence of crosslinkage leads to \"elasticity\" and excessive stretching with eventual rupture of the skin if the stretch goes beyond the elastic limit, but again, no striae. Striae appear to occur therefore only in skin in which the rigid cross-linked collagen and \"elastic\" unlinked collagen thus permitting a limited degree of stretch and a limited intradermal rupture, i.e. striae. (Although rigidity and elasticity are presented here in terms of collagen cross-linkage it seems probable that changes in interfibrillary materials such as glycosaminoglycans will prove important in this respect). This balance of stretch and limited tear is a continuous process and is an adaptation to the needs of growth in adolescence and change in body mass in early adult life and there are many many subclinical \"striae\" for each gross tear which is recognised clinically. An important factor likewise appears to be rate of stretch since if it is very slow, striae are less likely; there is \"give\" and new collagen formation. Although this working hypothesis is consonant with the facts only further work will show whether this smooth consonance is that of the fable or the weathered rock of fact."}
{"id": "PMID:294093", "title": "The presentation of psychiatric illness to the dermatologist.", "content": "An account is given of the manner in which patients suffering from psychoneurosis and psychoses present to the Dermatologist. Cases of monosymptomatic hypochondriasis, trichorrhexis nodosa in an obsessional neurotic, acne excori\u00e9e, schizophrenia, depression and delusions of infestation are described. The value of modern neuroleptic drugs in the management of monosymptomatic hypochondriasis in cluding delusions of infestation is confirmed.", "contents": "The presentation of psychiatric illness to the dermatologist. An account is given of the manner in which patients suffering from psychoneurosis and psychoses present to the Dermatologist. Cases of monosymptomatic hypochondriasis, trichorrhexis nodosa in an obsessional neurotic, acne excori\u00e9e, schizophrenia, depression and delusions of infestation are described. The value of modern neuroleptic drugs in the management of monosymptomatic hypochondriasis in cluding delusions of infestation is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:294094", "title": "An outbreak of periporitis staphylogenes of complex origin.", "content": "During the summer 1971 an outbreak of periporitis staphylogenes occurred among newborn in Horsens Hospital. 23 babies (16 boys and 7 girls) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin. Some of them also developed pemphigus neonatorum and sweat gland abscesses. Phage typing of staphylococci from the infected babies indicated, that some had acquired bacteria from the hand-eczema of a midwife and others from a doctor carrying Staphylococcus aureus, in his nose.", "contents": "An outbreak of periporitis staphylogenes of complex origin. During the summer 1971 an outbreak of periporitis staphylogenes occurred among newborn in Horsens Hospital. 23 babies (16 boys and 7 girls) were infected with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to penicillin. Some of them also developed pemphigus neonatorum and sweat gland abscesses. Phage typing of staphylococci from the infected babies indicated, that some had acquired bacteria from the hand-eczema of a midwife and others from a doctor carrying Staphylococcus aureus, in his nose."}
{"id": "PMID:294095", "title": "Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (Gougerot-Carteaud).", "content": "Seven cases, one female and six males with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis are presented. Age range was 13-25 years and the skin disease had lasted for 6 months to 3 years. Initially, acanthosis nigricans was suspected in all cases as the skin histology was compatible with that diagnosis. Pityrosporum orbiculare was cultured in 4 cases, but treatment with selenium sulfide and miconazole was unsuccessfull. No endocrinological abnormities were revealed. Only associated feature was a marked xeroderma. The importance of the awareness of the disease is stressed.", "contents": "Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (Gougerot-Carteaud). Seven cases, one female and six males with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis are presented. Age range was 13-25 years and the skin disease had lasted for 6 months to 3 years. Initially, acanthosis nigricans was suspected in all cases as the skin histology was compatible with that diagnosis. Pityrosporum orbiculare was cultured in 4 cases, but treatment with selenium sulfide and miconazole was unsuccessfull. No endocrinological abnormities were revealed. Only associated feature was a marked xeroderma. The importance of the awareness of the disease is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:294096", "title": "Changes in disease pattern in a skin clinic 1947 to 1977.", "content": "The changes in disease pattern in a Danish skin clinic during the period 1947 to 1977 is reported. The data rest upon comparisons from patient registrations taken with ten years interval. The study also comprises comparison of frequencies of positive patch tests between 1947 and 1977. The data show, that the disease pattern was far from stable. An increased frequency was registered in atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, drug eruptions, urticaria, skin cancer, psoriasis and viral diseases. While reductions were found in all other infectious diseases, seborrheic dermatitis, and so called \"non classified eczema\". The changes are postulated to be of a multifactorial origine. Environment was supposed to be the main factor in regard to contact dermatitis and some infections and to be of great importance to skin cancer, while better therapeutic posibilities seem to have influenced the frequency of most of the remaining disease groups. Pronounced changes were also registered among the ten most commonly detected contact allergens. It is stated that preventive measures are extremely important within this area. The decrease in contact allergy to balsam of Peru is used as an example of the effects of good preventive medicine.", "contents": "Changes in disease pattern in a skin clinic 1947 to 1977. The changes in disease pattern in a Danish skin clinic during the period 1947 to 1977 is reported. The data rest upon comparisons from patient registrations taken with ten years interval. The study also comprises comparison of frequencies of positive patch tests between 1947 and 1977. The data show, that the disease pattern was far from stable. An increased frequency was registered in atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, drug eruptions, urticaria, skin cancer, psoriasis and viral diseases. While reductions were found in all other infectious diseases, seborrheic dermatitis, and so called \"non classified eczema\". The changes are postulated to be of a multifactorial origine. Environment was supposed to be the main factor in regard to contact dermatitis and some infections and to be of great importance to skin cancer, while better therapeutic posibilities seem to have influenced the frequency of most of the remaining disease groups. Pronounced changes were also registered among the ten most commonly detected contact allergens. It is stated that preventive measures are extremely important within this area. The decrease in contact allergy to balsam of Peru is used as an example of the effects of good preventive medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:294097", "title": "Human labia majora skin: transepidermal water loss in vivo.", "content": "Transepidermal water (TEW) loss of normal vulvar and flexor forearm skin was measured in 12 subjects. A significantly elevated vulvar TEW loss was demonstrated. Depsite subcutaneous administration of atropine in seven subjects to eliminate eccrine sweating, no alteration in the elevated TEW loss was found. A significant anatomic and/or physiologic uniqueness of vulvar skin is demonstrated and warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Human labia majora skin: transepidermal water loss in vivo. Transepidermal water (TEW) loss of normal vulvar and flexor forearm skin was measured in 12 subjects. A significantly elevated vulvar TEW loss was demonstrated. Depsite subcutaneous administration of atropine in seven subjects to eliminate eccrine sweating, no alteration in the elevated TEW loss was found. A significant anatomic and/or physiologic uniqueness of vulvar skin is demonstrated and warrants further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:294099", "title": "Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in patients with pemphigus vulgaris treated with steroids.", "content": "In two patients with pemphigus vulgaris a rash identical with that seen in disseminated superficial porokeratosis developed on the trunk and extremities during periods in which they were receiving relatively high doses of steroids. Some time after reduction of the daily dose or discontinuance of treatment this rash disappeared. In one patient, however, this rash subsequently recurred twice, both times after reinstitution of treatment because of the reappearance of pemphigus lesions. It is suggested that disseminated superficial porokeratosis should be added to the list of possible skin eruptions developing as the result of the systemic use of corticosteroids at a high dose for a prolonged period of time, although the mechanism of its appearance in these cases is not yet clear.", "contents": "Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in patients with pemphigus vulgaris treated with steroids. In two patients with pemphigus vulgaris a rash identical with that seen in disseminated superficial porokeratosis developed on the trunk and extremities during periods in which they were receiving relatively high doses of steroids. Some time after reduction of the daily dose or discontinuance of treatment this rash disappeared. In one patient, however, this rash subsequently recurred twice, both times after reinstitution of treatment because of the reappearance of pemphigus lesions. It is suggested that disseminated superficial porokeratosis should be added to the list of possible skin eruptions developing as the result of the systemic use of corticosteroids at a high dose for a prolonged period of time, although the mechanism of its appearance in these cases is not yet clear."}
{"id": "PMID:294100", "title": "Erythroplakic lesions in relation to oral lichen planus.", "content": "In a cohort of 740 referred patients with oral lichen planus eight patients were found with a sharply demarcated slightly depressed erythroplakic area. The histological examination of the biopsies from the erythroplakic lesion of the 8 patients showed seven with epithelial dysplasia. In addition, two of the lesions revealed a squamous cell carcinoma. In the erythroplakic lesion without dysplasia the histological picture was found to be characteristic of lichen planus. All eight patients were seen at later follow-up examinations (median observation period: 3.6 years) and in one patient a squamous cell carcinoma arose in the erythroplakic lesion during the control period. It is concluded that the reported erythroplakic lesions in relation to oral lichen planus seem to be premalignant and they should  be followed and/or treated like oral erythroplakias.", "contents": "Erythroplakic lesions in relation to oral lichen planus. In a cohort of 740 referred patients with oral lichen planus eight patients were found with a sharply demarcated slightly depressed erythroplakic area. The histological examination of the biopsies from the erythroplakic lesion of the 8 patients showed seven with epithelial dysplasia. In addition, two of the lesions revealed a squamous cell carcinoma. In the erythroplakic lesion without dysplasia the histological picture was found to be characteristic of lichen planus. All eight patients were seen at later follow-up examinations (median observation period: 3.6 years) and in one patient a squamous cell carcinoma arose in the erythroplakic lesion during the control period. It is concluded that the reported erythroplakic lesions in relation to oral lichen planus seem to be premalignant and they should  be followed and/or treated like oral erythroplakias."}
{"id": "PMID:294101", "title": "Public health aspects of cancer deaths.", "content": "In 1976, the toll of cancer in Denmark (5 million inhabitants) was 12,481 deaths, or 23% of deaths from all causes. Seven manifestations accounted for more than half of the cancer deaths, namely lung (19%), breast (9%), stomach (7%), colon (9%), rectum (5%), pancreas (6%) and prostate (5%). The median age of the cancer patients was 70 years, ranging from 65 years for breast cancer patients to 75 years for those with prostate cancer. Cancer caused a reduction in the patients' normal life-span; it totalled 182,486 years for all the dead patients, 37% of which were in productive age. The future caseload was projected from the time trend for the years 1968-76. During the following five years an annual increase by 200 deaths is expected. The trend differs between the seven major manifestations, since some will increase and others will stabilize or decrease. When case reports are combined with mortality data, survival tables can be produced. Follow-up surveys of the patient's health, combined with modern data processing, can produce a detailed description of the impact of cancer on the patient's life. These health tables, which illustrate the natural history of the disease, can also be used to assess new therapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Public health aspects of cancer deaths. In 1976, the toll of cancer in Denmark (5 million inhabitants) was 12,481 deaths, or 23% of deaths from all causes. Seven manifestations accounted for more than half of the cancer deaths, namely lung (19%), breast (9%), stomach (7%), colon (9%), rectum (5%), pancreas (6%) and prostate (5%). The median age of the cancer patients was 70 years, ranging from 65 years for breast cancer patients to 75 years for those with prostate cancer. Cancer caused a reduction in the patients' normal life-span; it totalled 182,486 years for all the dead patients, 37% of which were in productive age. The future caseload was projected from the time trend for the years 1968-76. During the following five years an annual increase by 200 deaths is expected. The trend differs between the seven major manifestations, since some will increase and others will stabilize or decrease. When case reports are combined with mortality data, survival tables can be produced. Follow-up surveys of the patient's health, combined with modern data processing, can produce a detailed description of the impact of cancer on the patient's life. These health tables, which illustrate the natural history of the disease, can also be used to assess new therapeutic regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:294102", "title": "Eczemas due to plant allergens in manufactured products.", "content": "Intolerance to plant allergens in manufactured products is widespread. Results of epidemiological investigations in STRASBOURG are given. The rate of allergy to sesquiterpenic lactones has fallen since 1974, due to the fact that the use of an ointment containing these lactones has decreased. Disguised forms of allergens are reviewed, for instance limonene of Niaouli oil (Biogaze), colophony of \"hypoallergenic\" tapes or of testing material. Chemical investigations are useful in prevention and in allergological control of medicaments.", "contents": "Eczemas due to plant allergens in manufactured products. Intolerance to plant allergens in manufactured products is widespread. Results of epidemiological investigations in STRASBOURG are given. The rate of allergy to sesquiterpenic lactones has fallen since 1974, due to the fact that the use of an ointment containing these lactones has decreased. Disguised forms of allergens are reviewed, for instance limonene of Niaouli oil (Biogaze), colophony of \"hypoallergenic\" tapes or of testing material. Chemical investigations are useful in prevention and in allergological control of medicaments."}
{"id": "PMID:294103", "title": "Is the stratum corneum of uninvolved psoriatic skin abnormal?", "content": "A variety of abnormalities of the uninvolved skin have been reported in psoriasis, but there are few studies in which abnormalities of the stratum corneum (SC) have been investigated. In this study we have examined the intracorneal cohesion and structural detail of corneocytes of the SC from involved and uninvolved sites in 24 patients with psoriasis and 10 controls. We have found that intracorneal cohesion is increased in the involved and uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients compared to controls and that there are abnormalities of stratum corneum and corneocyte structure as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the uninvolved sites may well be due to the increased rate of epidermal cell production in these areas.", "contents": "Is the stratum corneum of uninvolved psoriatic skin abnormal? A variety of abnormalities of the uninvolved skin have been reported in psoriasis, but there are few studies in which abnormalities of the stratum corneum (SC) have been investigated. In this study we have examined the intracorneal cohesion and structural detail of corneocytes of the SC from involved and uninvolved sites in 24 patients with psoriasis and 10 controls. We have found that intracorneal cohesion is increased in the involved and uninvolved skin of psoriatic patients compared to controls and that there are abnormalities of stratum corneum and corneocyte structure as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The changes in the uninvolved sites may well be due to the increased rate of epidermal cell production in these areas."}
{"id": "PMID:294104", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. VII. On the mechanism of anti-androgenic action of 16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one (TSAA-291).", "content": "The mechanism of anti-androgenic action of a steroidal compound, TSAA-291, was summarized and discussed in reference to its drug-designing and structure-activity relationship. The target of the drug-design was to obtain a substance which is inactive in androgenic activity and is capable of antagonistically competing with androgen for the receptor. With this intention, the androgen molecule was rendered with a steric hindrance influencing upon the functional 17 beta-hydroxy group. Introduction of a bulky group at the steroidal position-13 or -16 led to anti-androgenic properties. Intense steric hindrance by introducing an enormously bulky group or complete elimination of the 17 beta-hydroxy group rather decreased the anti-androgenic activity. Of these anti-androgens thus synthesized, TSAA-291 proved to be the most active in the anti-androgen assay and also antagonistic against the uptake of [3H]testosterone by the rat ventral prostate.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. VII. On the mechanism of anti-androgenic action of 16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one (TSAA-291). The mechanism of anti-androgenic action of a steroidal compound, TSAA-291, was summarized and discussed in reference to its drug-designing and structure-activity relationship. The target of the drug-design was to obtain a substance which is inactive in androgenic activity and is capable of antagonistically competing with androgen for the receptor. With this intention, the androgen molecule was rendered with a steric hindrance influencing upon the functional 17 beta-hydroxy group. Introduction of a bulky group at the steroidal position-13 or -16 led to anti-androgenic properties. Intense steric hindrance by introducing an enormously bulky group or complete elimination of the 17 beta-hydroxy group rather decreased the anti-androgenic activity. Of these anti-androgens thus synthesized, TSAA-291 proved to be the most active in the anti-androgen assay and also antagonistic against the uptake of [3H]testosterone by the rat ventral prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:294105", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. II. Manifestation of the anti-androgenic action of a steroid ester TSAA-330 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one caproate) and elucidation of its long-lasting mechanism using a simple steroid determination technique.", "content": "Using a simple steroid determination technique, in situ steroid absorption from a subcutaneously injected sesame oil solution in rats was pursued following the time-course changes in the steroid concentration. Based on the knowledge thus obtained, the anti-androgenic effect of a steroidal compound, TSAA-330, could be manifested in the subcutaneous route. (1) Anti-androgenic steroid TSAA-291 and its esters in the subcutaneously injected sesame oil solution were selectively absorbed into the general circulation at different rates according to their chemical nature and structures, while the oil itself remained at the injected site for a considerably long period. At the injected site where subcutaneous doses of steroids molar equivalent to 50 mg of TSAA-291 were administered in 5 ml/rat of sesame oil, TSAA-291 decreased to the level of 10% of the initial concentration on the 4th day. TSAA-328 decreased slowly to the 50% and 20% levels on the 7th and 21st day, respectively. TSAA-335 decreased more slowly to the 50% level on the 14th day. TSAA-330 decreased most slowly only to the 70% level on the 49th day. (2) A single subcutaneous administration of 200 mg of TSAA-330 suppressed the weight increase of the accessory sex organs caused by a single subcutaneous injection of testosterone caproate (10 mg) in the immature orchiectomized rat. The suppressive effect was obvious from 2 weeks after the administration, and seemed to last for more than two weeks. The levator ani weight was not affected by the administration of TSAA-330. (3) Dose-dependent inhibitions of the accessory sex organs were obtained three weeks after a single subcutaneous administration of 50 to 400 mg of TSAA-330 in the adult male rat. (4) Daily oral administrations of 50 mg of TSAA-291 or TSAA-330 to the adult male rat for 8 days resulted in depression of the accessory sex organs to almost the same extent obtained with either agent. One week after the last administration, however, the weight of the accessory sex organs of the TSAA-291-administered animals recovered to almost the comparable level with the control, whereas a significant after-effect of the inhibition was still evident in the TSAA-330-administered animals.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. II. Manifestation of the anti-androgenic action of a steroid ester TSAA-330 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one caproate) and elucidation of its long-lasting mechanism using a simple steroid determination technique. Using a simple steroid determination technique, in situ steroid absorption from a subcutaneously injected sesame oil solution in rats was pursued following the time-course changes in the steroid concentration. Based on the knowledge thus obtained, the anti-androgenic effect of a steroidal compound, TSAA-330, could be manifested in the subcutaneous route. (1) Anti-androgenic steroid TSAA-291 and its esters in the subcutaneously injected sesame oil solution were selectively absorbed into the general circulation at different rates according to their chemical nature and structures, while the oil itself remained at the injected site for a considerably long period. At the injected site where subcutaneous doses of steroids molar equivalent to 50 mg of TSAA-291 were administered in 5 ml/rat of sesame oil, TSAA-291 decreased to the level of 10% of the initial concentration on the 4th day. TSAA-328 decreased slowly to the 50% and 20% levels on the 7th and 21st day, respectively. TSAA-335 decreased more slowly to the 50% level on the 14th day. TSAA-330 decreased most slowly only to the 70% level on the 49th day. (2) A single subcutaneous administration of 200 mg of TSAA-330 suppressed the weight increase of the accessory sex organs caused by a single subcutaneous injection of testosterone caproate (10 mg) in the immature orchiectomized rat. The suppressive effect was obvious from 2 weeks after the administration, and seemed to last for more than two weeks. The levator ani weight was not affected by the administration of TSAA-330. (3) Dose-dependent inhibitions of the accessory sex organs were obtained three weeks after a single subcutaneous administration of 50 to 400 mg of TSAA-330 in the adult male rat. (4) Daily oral administrations of 50 mg of TSAA-291 or TSAA-330 to the adult male rat for 8 days resulted in depression of the accessory sex organs to almost the same extent obtained with either agent. One week after the last administration, however, the weight of the accessory sex organs of the TSAA-291-administered animals recovered to almost the comparable level with the control, whereas a significant after-effect of the inhibition was still evident in the TSAA-330-administered animals."}
{"id": "PMID:294106", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. III. Hormonal spectra of anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) and its derivatives.", "content": "For the purpose of obtaining hormonal spectra of anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its derivatives, a variety of endocrine characteristics were studied. (1) Androgenic and anabolic activity : Subcutaneous administration of anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its acetate, TSAA-328, to the immature orchiectomized rat resulted in significant weight increase of the levator ani but in only a nominal response of seminal vesicles and prostates even at a large daily dose of 9.6 mg. The resultant anabolic/androgenic ratio was estimated to be extremely high. (2) Oestrogenic activity : Uterine weight in response to these anti-androgens were sluggishly dose-dependent, and the maximal plateau response remained considerably lower than that induced by oestradiol-17 beta. The oestrogenic activity of these anti-androgens was estimated to be 1/200 000 or less as that of oestradiol-17 beta. A single subcutaneous dose of 100 mg of TSAA-291 or its caproate, TSAA-330, did not induce the vaginal cornification in the adult ovariectomized rat. (3) Anti-oestrogenic activity : Antagonistic effect of these anti-androgenic compounds on the uterine weight response to oestradiol-17 beta was found in the immature ovariectomized rat. A single subcutaneous dose of 100 mg of TSAA-291 or TSAA-330 also induced the antagonism against the cornification caused by daily treatments with 1 microgram oestrone in the adult ovariectomized rat. (4) Progestational activity : These anti-androgenic compounds proved to be less active than progesterone in the McPhail's test. (5) Anti-inflammatory activity : Daily subcutaneous dose of 20 mg of TSAA-291 for 6 days did not significantly depress the weight of granuloma developed around the cotton-pellet implanted in the young male rat. TSAA-291 did not affect the anti-inflammatory action of 1/6 mg of prednisolone phosphate. Combination of both agents seemed to be effective in enhancing the anti-androgenic action of TSAA-291, whereas prednisolone phosphate alone rather increased the weight of the accessory sex organs. (6) Liver glycogen deposition activity : Daily intramuscular doses up to 38.4 mg of TSAA-291 for 5 days did not increase the liver glycogen level in the adrenalectomized rat.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. III. Hormonal spectra of anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) and its derivatives. For the purpose of obtaining hormonal spectra of anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its derivatives, a variety of endocrine characteristics were studied. (1) Androgenic and anabolic activity : Subcutaneous administration of anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its acetate, TSAA-328, to the immature orchiectomized rat resulted in significant weight increase of the levator ani but in only a nominal response of seminal vesicles and prostates even at a large daily dose of 9.6 mg. The resultant anabolic/androgenic ratio was estimated to be extremely high. (2) Oestrogenic activity : Uterine weight in response to these anti-androgens were sluggishly dose-dependent, and the maximal plateau response remained considerably lower than that induced by oestradiol-17 beta. The oestrogenic activity of these anti-androgens was estimated to be 1/200 000 or less as that of oestradiol-17 beta. A single subcutaneous dose of 100 mg of TSAA-291 or its caproate, TSAA-330, did not induce the vaginal cornification in the adult ovariectomized rat. (3) Anti-oestrogenic activity : Antagonistic effect of these anti-androgenic compounds on the uterine weight response to oestradiol-17 beta was found in the immature ovariectomized rat. A single subcutaneous dose of 100 mg of TSAA-291 or TSAA-330 also induced the antagonism against the cornification caused by daily treatments with 1 microgram oestrone in the adult ovariectomized rat. (4) Progestational activity : These anti-androgenic compounds proved to be less active than progesterone in the McPhail's test. (5) Anti-inflammatory activity : Daily subcutaneous dose of 20 mg of TSAA-291 for 6 days did not significantly depress the weight of granuloma developed around the cotton-pellet implanted in the young male rat. TSAA-291 did not affect the anti-inflammatory action of 1/6 mg of prednisolone phosphate. Combination of both agents seemed to be effective in enhancing the anti-androgenic action of TSAA-291, whereas prednisolone phosphate alone rather increased the weight of the accessory sex organs. (6) Liver glycogen deposition activity : Daily intramuscular doses up to 38.4 mg of TSAA-291 for 5 days did not increase the liver glycogen level in the adrenalectomized rat."}
{"id": "PMID:294107", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. IV. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) on the secretion of gonadotrophins.", "content": "Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 on the gonadotrophin secretion were studied. (1) A single subcutaneous or oral administration of TSAA-291 and its caproate induced the ovulation in the proestrous rat of which the spontaneous ovulation was blocked by the treatment with chlorpromazine. (2) A single subcutaneous administration of TSAA-291 at 2.4 mg/kg to the adult male rat induced only a slight elevation in the serum LH and FSH levels at 30 min after the administration. Successive intramuscular administrations of TSAA-291 to the adult male rat for 2 or 4 weeks resulted in significant decreases in the serum LH and FSH levels at high dose levels. A dose-dependent decrease in the serum LH level but not FSH level was observed in the orchiectomized rat. (3) Successive intramuscular administrations of TSAA-291 at high dose levels to the male rat suppressed the plasma testosterone level in the testicular venous blood and general circulation.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. IV. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) on the secretion of gonadotrophins. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 on the gonadotrophin secretion were studied. (1) A single subcutaneous or oral administration of TSAA-291 and its caproate induced the ovulation in the proestrous rat of which the spontaneous ovulation was blocked by the treatment with chlorpromazine. (2) A single subcutaneous administration of TSAA-291 at 2.4 mg/kg to the adult male rat induced only a slight elevation in the serum LH and FSH levels at 30 min after the administration. Successive intramuscular administrations of TSAA-291 to the adult male rat for 2 or 4 weeks resulted in significant decreases in the serum LH and FSH levels at high dose levels. A dose-dependent decrease in the serum LH level but not FSH level was observed in the orchiectomized rat. (3) Successive intramuscular administrations of TSAA-291 at high dose levels to the male rat suppressed the plasma testosterone level in the testicular venous blood and general circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:294108", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. V. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 on the androgen-receptor complex formation from [3H]testosterone in rat ventral prostates.", "content": "Intramuscular administration of a new steroidal anti-androgen, TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one), in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight reduced the in vivo uptake of [3H]testosterone by the ventral prostate of castrated rats of 78, 59 and 37% of the control level, respectively. Analysis on subcellular fractions of the prostate by gel-filtration and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation followed by thin layer chromatographic identification of testosterone metabolites revealed that 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) which was found to be largely bound to macromolecules in the cytosol and nucleus was the predominant metabolite even in the presence of the anti-androgen, and radioactivities corresponding to the 5 alpha-DHT-macromolecular complexes were decreased by the anti-androgen. TSAA-291 also inhibited the in vitro formation of the 5 alpha-DHT-macromolecular complexes in both cytosol and nucleus from minced prostates incubated with [3H]testosterone. The importance of the findings is discussed in connection with the mode of anti-androgenic action of TSAA-291 in terms of the interaction with the androgen receptor.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. V. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 on the androgen-receptor complex formation from [3H]testosterone in rat ventral prostates. Intramuscular administration of a new steroidal anti-androgen, TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one), in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/kg body weight reduced the in vivo uptake of [3H]testosterone by the ventral prostate of castrated rats of 78, 59 and 37% of the control level, respectively. Analysis on subcellular fractions of the prostate by gel-filtration and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation followed by thin layer chromatographic identification of testosterone metabolites revealed that 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) which was found to be largely bound to macromolecules in the cytosol and nucleus was the predominant metabolite even in the presence of the anti-androgen, and radioactivities corresponding to the 5 alpha-DHT-macromolecular complexes were decreased by the anti-androgen. TSAA-291 also inhibited the in vitro formation of the 5 alpha-DHT-macromolecular complexes in both cytosol and nucleus from minced prostates incubated with [3H]testosterone. The importance of the findings is discussed in connection with the mode of anti-androgenic action of TSAA-291 in terms of the interaction with the androgen receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:294109", "title": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. VI. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its related compounds on the in vitro formation of 5 alpha-DHT-receptor complex in the cytosol of rat ventral prostates.", "content": "Inhibitory effect of a synthetic steroidal anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) on the in vitro formation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone(5 alpha-DHT)-receptor complex was examined. An aliquot of the cytosol from rat ventral prostates was incubated with [3H]5 alpha-DHT in the presence of various amounts of the anti-androgen. By means of dextran-coated charcoal assay and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation analysis, TSAA-291 was demonstrated to inhibit directly, in a competitive manner, the binding of 5 alpha-DHT to a component analogous in its properties to the cytosol androgen receptor. Further, displacing study using a variety of TSAA-291 analogues was undertaken to examine which of the functional groups of TSAA-291 is important for the affinity to the 5 alpha-DHT binding component, and elucidated that 3-hydroxy or 5 alpha-dihydro derivatives of TSAA-291 and others having axial methyl group at C-10 were less potent competitors for [3H]5 alpha-DHT binding than TSAA-291. Furthermore, using other steroids including androgens and anti-androgens, considerable knowledge was obtained about structural requirements for a steroid molecule to displace the bound [3H]5 alpha-DHT, and this displacing activity of the steroids was discussed in terms of their anti-androgenic activity.", "contents": "Anti-androgen TSAA-291. VI. Effects of the anti-androgen TSAA-291 and its related compounds on the in vitro formation of 5 alpha-DHT-receptor complex in the cytosol of rat ventral prostates. Inhibitory effect of a synthetic steroidal anti-androgen TSAA-291 (16 beta-ethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-4-oestren-3-one) on the in vitro formation of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone(5 alpha-DHT)-receptor complex was examined. An aliquot of the cytosol from rat ventral prostates was incubated with [3H]5 alpha-DHT in the presence of various amounts of the anti-androgen. By means of dextran-coated charcoal assay and sucrose density-gradient centrifugation analysis, TSAA-291 was demonstrated to inhibit directly, in a competitive manner, the binding of 5 alpha-DHT to a component analogous in its properties to the cytosol androgen receptor. Further, displacing study using a variety of TSAA-291 analogues was undertaken to examine which of the functional groups of TSAA-291 is important for the affinity to the 5 alpha-DHT binding component, and elucidated that 3-hydroxy or 5 alpha-dihydro derivatives of TSAA-291 and others having axial methyl group at C-10 were less potent competitors for [3H]5 alpha-DHT binding than TSAA-291. Furthermore, using other steroids including androgens and anti-androgens, considerable knowledge was obtained about structural requirements for a steroid molecule to displace the bound [3H]5 alpha-DHT, and this displacing activity of the steroids was discussed in terms of their anti-androgenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:294110", "title": "Ovulation inhibition with a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 250 micrograms levonorgestrel. Serum levels of the active ingredients and FSH, LH, estradiol 17-beta and progesterone.", "content": "In order to investigate the possible ovulation inhibitory effect of a new oral contraceptive containing a combination of 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 250 micrograms levonorgestrel peripheral serum from five healthy women between 17 and 24 years were analysed for FSH, LH, estradiol 17-beta and progesterone. The measurements were carried out during a control cycle before the treatment, during two treatment cycles and during a subsequent control cycle. In addition, serum levels of ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel were determined during the treatment periods. Radioimmunological methods were utilized for all the measurements. In all five women studied there was a complete inhibition of ovulation during treatment as indicated by a lack of mid-cycle LH peaks and by suppression of normal luteal phase levels of progesterone. Four out of the five women showed no biphasic estradiol pattern. During treatment the serum levels of levonorgestrel varied between 1 and 10 nmol/l while the levels of ethinyl estradiol usually were below the limit of detection for the method used (below 85 pmol/l). Post-treatment control cycles revealed a re-establishment of the ovulatory pattern in four of the five subjects.", "contents": "Ovulation inhibition with a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 250 micrograms levonorgestrel. Serum levels of the active ingredients and FSH, LH, estradiol 17-beta and progesterone. In order to investigate the possible ovulation inhibitory effect of a new oral contraceptive containing a combination of 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol and 250 micrograms levonorgestrel peripheral serum from five healthy women between 17 and 24 years were analysed for FSH, LH, estradiol 17-beta and progesterone. The measurements were carried out during a control cycle before the treatment, during two treatment cycles and during a subsequent control cycle. In addition, serum levels of ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel were determined during the treatment periods. Radioimmunological methods were utilized for all the measurements. In all five women studied there was a complete inhibition of ovulation during treatment as indicated by a lack of mid-cycle LH peaks and by suppression of normal luteal phase levels of progesterone. Four out of the five women showed no biphasic estradiol pattern. During treatment the serum levels of levonorgestrel varied between 1 and 10 nmol/l while the levels of ethinyl estradiol usually were below the limit of detection for the method used (below 85 pmol/l). Post-treatment control cycles revealed a re-establishment of the ovulatory pattern in four of the five subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:294111", "title": "Plasma levels of active ingredients after single and repeated administration of a new oral contraceptive containing 2 mg of cyproterone acetate and 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol (DIANE) to five young women.", "content": "Peripheral plasma from five young women was analyzed for cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol during a period of 96 hours duration after single oral intake of a coated tablet of DIANE (2 mg of cyproterone acetate + 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol), and during a treatment cycle of 21 days during which the formulation was given daily. Radioimmunoassays were utilized for quantifications. A maximum concentration of 11.0 +/- 3.4 ng of cyproterone acetate/ml plasma was found 1.6 +/- 0.6 hours after a single administration of DIANE. Postmaximal disposition took place in two phases with half-lives of 1.9 +/- 0.6 hours and 2.2 +/- 0.2 days. The maximum level of 0.08 +/- 0.03 ng of ethinyl estradiol/ml plasma was found 1.6 +/- 0.6 hours after such single administration. Following commencement of a daily oral intake of DIANE a steady state was reached by the 5th to 8th days, during which 24 hours after each dose cyproterone acetate concentrations were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.7 times higher than at the corresponding time after a single administration. Accordingly, after the first third of the 21 day treatment cycle an almost constant plasma level was reached indicating an equilibrium of intake and elimination. Except for a change in the mean terminal half life after multiple dosing, there was evidently no change in the kinetics of cyproterone acetate. No pointers to an accumulation of ethinyl estradiol upon daily administration of DIANE could be found.", "contents": "Plasma levels of active ingredients after single and repeated administration of a new oral contraceptive containing 2 mg of cyproterone acetate and 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol (DIANE) to five young women. Peripheral plasma from five young women was analyzed for cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol during a period of 96 hours duration after single oral intake of a coated tablet of DIANE (2 mg of cyproterone acetate + 50 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol), and during a treatment cycle of 21 days during which the formulation was given daily. Radioimmunoassays were utilized for quantifications. A maximum concentration of 11.0 +/- 3.4 ng of cyproterone acetate/ml plasma was found 1.6 +/- 0.6 hours after a single administration of DIANE. Postmaximal disposition took place in two phases with half-lives of 1.9 +/- 0.6 hours and 2.2 +/- 0.2 days. The maximum level of 0.08 +/- 0.03 ng of ethinyl estradiol/ml plasma was found 1.6 +/- 0.6 hours after such single administration. Following commencement of a daily oral intake of DIANE a steady state was reached by the 5th to 8th days, during which 24 hours after each dose cyproterone acetate concentrations were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.7 times higher than at the corresponding time after a single administration. Accordingly, after the first third of the 21 day treatment cycle an almost constant plasma level was reached indicating an equilibrium of intake and elimination. Except for a change in the mean terminal half life after multiple dosing, there was evidently no change in the kinetics of cyproterone acetate. No pointers to an accumulation of ethinyl estradiol upon daily administration of DIANE could be found."}
{"id": "PMID:294112", "title": "Adjustments of circulation including blood pressure to orthostatic reaction and physical exercise during application of a low estrogen dose steroid oral contraceptive.", "content": "The orthostatic circulatory reaction, the physical working capacity on a bicycle ergometer, the blood pressure reactions at rest both during and after the ergometer test, the total hemoglobin content and the heart volume in the supine position were all determined on four separate occasions in 34 nulligravidae who were taking a low estrogen dose steroid oral contraceptive consisting of 30 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel (known as Neovletta, Schering AG). These examinations were performed once prior to the commencement of this medication, and 6, 12 and 24 months thereafter. The orthostatic pulse and blood pressure reactions taken on these subjects standing upright for a period of eight minutes were pronounced up to and including the 12 month control, but decreased thereafter. Physical working capacity at a pulse rate of 170 beats per minute on the different test occasions decreased up to and including the 12 month control, but thereafter seemed to increase almost to their initial levels. Blood pressure, heart volume and total amount of hemoglobin increased up to and including the 12 month control but thereafter seemed to return to the pre-treatment level. These circulatory changes during the first year of the application of this contraceptive may be as the result of a marked sympathicotonic reaction induced by the steroids. Possibly because of some form of adaptive mechanism, this reaction seems to decrease (and almost to \"normalize\") during the second year of use.", "contents": "Adjustments of circulation including blood pressure to orthostatic reaction and physical exercise during application of a low estrogen dose steroid oral contraceptive. The orthostatic circulatory reaction, the physical working capacity on a bicycle ergometer, the blood pressure reactions at rest both during and after the ergometer test, the total hemoglobin content and the heart volume in the supine position were all determined on four separate occasions in 34 nulligravidae who were taking a low estrogen dose steroid oral contraceptive consisting of 30 micrograms of ethinyl estradiol and 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel (known as Neovletta, Schering AG). These examinations were performed once prior to the commencement of this medication, and 6, 12 and 24 months thereafter. The orthostatic pulse and blood pressure reactions taken on these subjects standing upright for a period of eight minutes were pronounced up to and including the 12 month control, but decreased thereafter. Physical working capacity at a pulse rate of 170 beats per minute on the different test occasions decreased up to and including the 12 month control, but thereafter seemed to increase almost to their initial levels. Blood pressure, heart volume and total amount of hemoglobin increased up to and including the 12 month control but thereafter seemed to return to the pre-treatment level. These circulatory changes during the first year of the application of this contraceptive may be as the result of a marked sympathicotonic reaction induced by the steroids. Possibly because of some form of adaptive mechanism, this reaction seems to decrease (and almost to \"normalize\") during the second year of use."}
{"id": "PMID:294113", "title": "Demographic techniques in describing contraceptive use applied on the situation in Sweden.", "content": "The authors suggest expressing the amount of use of contraceptives in a female population in the same terms as used to denote the occurrence of births, with one year of contraceptive use regarded as an event in the same sense as a birth. If the prevalence of contraceptives in a population can be expressed in the same terms as other events associated with reproduction, such as births and abortions, it may help to clarify the relationships between these events. Applying the method used to calculate the total fertility and abortion rates on the use of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices in Sweden in 1975, they noted 1.8 deliveries, 0.6 legal abortions and seven years' use of oral contraceptives and six years' use of intrauterine device per women.", "contents": "Demographic techniques in describing contraceptive use applied on the situation in Sweden. The authors suggest expressing the amount of use of contraceptives in a female population in the same terms as used to denote the occurrence of births, with one year of contraceptive use regarded as an event in the same sense as a birth. If the prevalence of contraceptives in a population can be expressed in the same terms as other events associated with reproduction, such as births and abortions, it may help to clarify the relationships between these events. Applying the method used to calculate the total fertility and abortion rates on the use of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices in Sweden in 1975, they noted 1.8 deliveries, 0.6 legal abortions and seven years' use of oral contraceptives and six years' use of intrauterine device per women."}
{"id": "PMID:294115", "title": "The role of hormones in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancer.", "content": "Despite many years of extensive investigation, there has been neither a clear-cut pattern of hormonal production nor milieu found in women with breast cancer. Estrogen replacement therapy for menopause does not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer and one study indicated that estrogen users have a lower incidence of breast cancer than that observed in untreated women. Some studies have shown that the mortality rate from breast cancer is lower in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Only one investigator has found any significantly increased risk of breast cancer in oral contraceptive users. In that report, increased duration of birth control pill use decreased the risk of breast carcinoma. Several studies were unable to find an increased risk of breast cancer from oral contraceptives while one investigation observed a lower incidence in birth control pill users than that expected. The mortality from carcinoma of the breast in oral contraceptive users was lower than in non-users, most likely due to earlier detection. Although some retrospective studies have indicated that estrogen use increases the risk of endometrial cancer, a prospective investigation found only an insignificant increase. Progestogens afford some protection from cancer in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. The incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma is lower than that observed in untreated postmenopausal women. Combination oral contraceptives are protective against developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium but sequential birth control pills may afford less protection.", "contents": "The role of hormones in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancer. Despite many years of extensive investigation, there has been neither a clear-cut pattern of hormonal production nor milieu found in women with breast cancer. Estrogen replacement therapy for menopause does not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer and one study indicated that estrogen users have a lower incidence of breast cancer than that observed in untreated women. Some studies have shown that the mortality rate from breast cancer is lower in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Only one investigator has found any significantly increased risk of breast cancer in oral contraceptive users. In that report, increased duration of birth control pill use decreased the risk of breast carcinoma. Several studies were unable to find an increased risk of breast cancer from oral contraceptives while one investigation observed a lower incidence in birth control pill users than that expected. The mortality from carcinoma of the breast in oral contraceptive users was lower than in non-users, most likely due to earlier detection. Although some retrospective studies have indicated that estrogen use increases the risk of endometrial cancer, a prospective investigation found only an insignificant increase. Progestogens afford some protection from cancer in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. The incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma is lower than that observed in untreated postmenopausal women. Combination oral contraceptives are protective against developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium but sequential birth control pills may afford less protection."}
{"id": "PMID:294117", "title": "The occurrence of taste buds in the palate of human adults as evidenced by light microscopy.", "content": "There is some uncertainty in the literature as to the existence of taste buds in the palate of the human adult. In those histologic studies in which the ages of the individuals have been reported, taste buds have not been found in the palates of adults, but have been found in fetuses or newborn. However, clinical studies have demonstrated taste perception in the palate of the human adult. Thus, the aim of the present study was to attempt to find taste buds in the human palate in subjects of different ages. In serial sections of selected areas of the palatal mucosa from autopsy material from individuals 0--80 years of age no taste buds could be demonstrated. However, in four of seven subjects aged 25--44 years, one or two taste buds were found in biopsies from areas of the soft palate where taste perception had been demonstrated clinically just prior to excision. Thus the present study indicates that scattered taste buds exist also in the soft palate of human adults.", "contents": "The occurrence of taste buds in the palate of human adults as evidenced by light microscopy. There is some uncertainty in the literature as to the existence of taste buds in the palate of the human adult. In those histologic studies in which the ages of the individuals have been reported, taste buds have not been found in the palates of adults, but have been found in fetuses or newborn. However, clinical studies have demonstrated taste perception in the palate of the human adult. Thus, the aim of the present study was to attempt to find taste buds in the human palate in subjects of different ages. In serial sections of selected areas of the palatal mucosa from autopsy material from individuals 0--80 years of age no taste buds could be demonstrated. However, in four of seven subjects aged 25--44 years, one or two taste buds were found in biopsies from areas of the soft palate where taste perception had been demonstrated clinically just prior to excision. Thus the present study indicates that scattered taste buds exist also in the soft palate of human adults."}
{"id": "PMID:294118", "title": "The use of dental services in a population in Northern Norway.", "content": "The utilization of dental services was studied by means of records from dentist's files, a method which permits gathering of detailed information with high reliability and validity. 53% of the adult population of 358 persons living in a coastal community in Northern Norway had visited a dentist during a period of two years. In the group of 13% who were considered to be regular treatment attenders, number of teeth, sex and socio-economical status were the most influential predictors of utilization. Among the 182 persons with 10 or more remaining teeth, 59% had made preventive and restorative dental visits, and in this group there was a dominating proportion of women, young people and people with high income and/or social class. In contrast, only six persons out of 61 with one to nine remaining teeth had made such visits. People in social class 3 were overrepresented among the 26% of the population who visited a dentist because of extractions or complete denture services. The treatment profile according to age showed that younger people used most of their treatment time on consultations, preventive measures and conservative treatments, while fixed and removable prosthetics constituted a major part of the treatment time among elderly people.", "contents": "The use of dental services in a population in Northern Norway. The utilization of dental services was studied by means of records from dentist's files, a method which permits gathering of detailed information with high reliability and validity. 53% of the adult population of 358 persons living in a coastal community in Northern Norway had visited a dentist during a period of two years. In the group of 13% who were considered to be regular treatment attenders, number of teeth, sex and socio-economical status were the most influential predictors of utilization. Among the 182 persons with 10 or more remaining teeth, 59% had made preventive and restorative dental visits, and in this group there was a dominating proportion of women, young people and people with high income and/or social class. In contrast, only six persons out of 61 with one to nine remaining teeth had made such visits. People in social class 3 were overrepresented among the 26% of the population who visited a dentist because of extractions or complete denture services. The treatment profile according to age showed that younger people used most of their treatment time on consultations, preventive measures and conservative treatments, while fixed and removable prosthetics constituted a major part of the treatment time among elderly people."}
{"id": "PMID:294119", "title": "Oral health status in a population in Northern Norway.", "content": "Information concerning oral health status was obtained through a clinical and radiographic examination of 297 persons aged 20--69 years out of a population of 358 persons living in a coastal community in Northern Norway. The oral health was generally poor. 71% had one or more remaining teeth and the dentulous persons had a mean number of 18 remaining teeth. The mean number of DMF teeth was 27,3 while the mean number of decayed teeth was 4,9 and filled teeth 12,0 giving a percent of decayed and filled teeth of 27 and 65 respectively. Only every fourth dentulous person had one or more crowns and/or bridge units and 4% of all teeth had been treated endodontically. 41% of the teeth had visible plaque and 56% of the teeth had one or more gingival margins bleeding after gentle probing. One fourth of all teeth had gingival pockets exceeding 3 mm and 17% of all teeth showed a bone loss of 20% or more. The number of remaining teeth decreased with increasing age and decreasing income and/or social class. In general, women, young people and people with a high socioeconomic status had less caries, better oral hygiene and periodontal condition and had received more restorative dental care than the remaining part of the population.", "contents": "Oral health status in a population in Northern Norway. Information concerning oral health status was obtained through a clinical and radiographic examination of 297 persons aged 20--69 years out of a population of 358 persons living in a coastal community in Northern Norway. The oral health was generally poor. 71% had one or more remaining teeth and the dentulous persons had a mean number of 18 remaining teeth. The mean number of DMF teeth was 27,3 while the mean number of decayed teeth was 4,9 and filled teeth 12,0 giving a percent of decayed and filled teeth of 27 and 65 respectively. Only every fourth dentulous person had one or more crowns and/or bridge units and 4% of all teeth had been treated endodontically. 41% of the teeth had visible plaque and 56% of the teeth had one or more gingival margins bleeding after gentle probing. One fourth of all teeth had gingival pockets exceeding 3 mm and 17% of all teeth showed a bone loss of 20% or more. The number of remaining teeth decreased with increasing age and decreasing income and/or social class. In general, women, young people and people with a high socioeconomic status had less caries, better oral hygiene and periodontal condition and had received more restorative dental care than the remaining part of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:294120", "title": "Methods for evaluation of working and setting times of periodontal dressings.", "content": "Three different methods were used to determine working and setting times of periodontal dressings. The Gillmore needle and the rheometer employed were not suitable for recording setting reactions. A penetration test was found applicable for determination of working and setting times for all three dressings although they exhibited different setting characteristics.", "contents": "Methods for evaluation of working and setting times of periodontal dressings. Three different methods were used to determine working and setting times of periodontal dressings. The Gillmore needle and the rheometer employed were not suitable for recording setting reactions. A penetration test was found applicable for determination of working and setting times for all three dressings although they exhibited different setting characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:294121", "title": "Transplantable osteosarcoma in mice. Structural characterization of a transplantable osteosarcoma obtained in an allogenic system.", "content": "Light microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural studies of a transplantable mouse osteosarcoma were carried out. The osteosarcoma grew in CBA mice after injection of cultured cells derived from a Dunn osteosarcoma. The tumour differed from the original Dunn osteosarcoma with respect to metastatic potential and structural features. The transplantable tumour was an anaplastic, richly vascularized fibroblastic osteosarcoma with alkaline phosphatase activity and rather sparse osteoid formation, resulting in death of the animals within 6 to 8 weeks. Virus particles were found intracellularly, mainly localized to cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and extracellularly often close to plasma membranes and collagen fibres. Sign suggestive of formation of collagen fibres by tumour cells were observed. A possible viral influence upon the tumour was suggested also by its growth behaviour in vitro. The results indicate that this new transplantable tumour, obtained in an allogenic system, represents a clonal derivative of the original Dunn osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Transplantable osteosarcoma in mice. Structural characterization of a transplantable osteosarcoma obtained in an allogenic system. Light microscopic, histochemical and ultrastructural studies of a transplantable mouse osteosarcoma were carried out. The osteosarcoma grew in CBA mice after injection of cultured cells derived from a Dunn osteosarcoma. The tumour differed from the original Dunn osteosarcoma with respect to metastatic potential and structural features. The transplantable tumour was an anaplastic, richly vascularized fibroblastic osteosarcoma with alkaline phosphatase activity and rather sparse osteoid formation, resulting in death of the animals within 6 to 8 weeks. Virus particles were found intracellularly, mainly localized to cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and extracellularly often close to plasma membranes and collagen fibres. Sign suggestive of formation of collagen fibres by tumour cells were observed. A possible viral influence upon the tumour was suggested also by its growth behaviour in vitro. The results indicate that this new transplantable tumour, obtained in an allogenic system, represents a clonal derivative of the original Dunn osteosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:294125", "title": "Insulin and glucagon secretion in hepatic glycogenoses.", "content": "Insulin and glucagon secretion was investigated in ten patients with hepatic glycogenosis, types I and III, in order to understand the relationship between hypoglycemia and pancreatic function. In all patients, both oral glucose tolerance and intravenous arginine infusion tests revealed hypoinsulinemia. Decreased urinary C-peptide levels with standard food intake also supported hypofunction of pancreatic beta cells. On the contrary, the normal secretion pattern of glucagon in both types indicated in the arginine loading test, intact alpha cells in the pancreas. Persistent hypoinsulinism, which is apparently an adaptation to hypoglycemia, could be an important cause of nutritional dwarfism in both types of glycogenosis. The usefulness of the measurement of urinary C-peptide, which evaluates the pancreatic function and provides management for normal body growth, is discussed.", "contents": "Insulin and glucagon secretion in hepatic glycogenoses. Insulin and glucagon secretion was investigated in ten patients with hepatic glycogenosis, types I and III, in order to understand the relationship between hypoglycemia and pancreatic function. In all patients, both oral glucose tolerance and intravenous arginine infusion tests revealed hypoinsulinemia. Decreased urinary C-peptide levels with standard food intake also supported hypofunction of pancreatic beta cells. On the contrary, the normal secretion pattern of glucagon in both types indicated in the arginine loading test, intact alpha cells in the pancreas. Persistent hypoinsulinism, which is apparently an adaptation to hypoglycemia, could be an important cause of nutritional dwarfism in both types of glycogenosis. The usefulness of the measurement of urinary C-peptide, which evaluates the pancreatic function and provides management for normal body growth, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294126", "title": "Renal tubular acidosis associated with type III glycogenosis.", "content": "Two children who presented with severe failure to thrive were found to have Type III glycogen storage disease. They both also had defects of tubular acidification, an association not previously described. The nature of the tubular lesion is characterized and the explanation and therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Renal tubular acidosis associated with type III glycogenosis. Two children who presented with severe failure to thrive were found to have Type III glycogen storage disease. They both also had defects of tubular acidification, an association not previously described. The nature of the tubular lesion is characterized and the explanation and therapeutic implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294127", "title": "Variated serum gastrin concentration: trophic effects on the gastrointestinal tract of the rat.", "content": "Gastrin is thought to be a trophic agent for the digestive tract and the pancreas. This concept was studied on rats subjected to various operations designed to create hyper- or hypo-gastrinemia. Elevated serum gastrin concentration resulted from vagal denervation, antrum exclusion and fundectomy. Reduced serum gastrin concentration resulted from antrectomy. Antrum exclusion but not vagotomy increased the weight and height of the oxyntic mucosa; antrectomy had the opposite effects. There were no trophic changes in the small and large bowel or pancreas, attributable to the serum gastrin concentration. In the bypassed duodenum (following antrum exclusion or antrectomy B II) the villus height was greatly lowered suggesting that in this location the passage of food acts as a trophic stimulant. Our results show that endogenous gastrin exerts a trophic effect on the oxyntic mucosa; there was no evidence for a similar effect on the extragastric gut and pancreas.", "contents": "Variated serum gastrin concentration: trophic effects on the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Gastrin is thought to be a trophic agent for the digestive tract and the pancreas. This concept was studied on rats subjected to various operations designed to create hyper- or hypo-gastrinemia. Elevated serum gastrin concentration resulted from vagal denervation, antrum exclusion and fundectomy. Reduced serum gastrin concentration resulted from antrectomy. Antrum exclusion but not vagotomy increased the weight and height of the oxyntic mucosa; antrectomy had the opposite effects. There were no trophic changes in the small and large bowel or pancreas, attributable to the serum gastrin concentration. In the bypassed duodenum (following antrum exclusion or antrectomy B II) the villus height was greatly lowered suggesting that in this location the passage of food acts as a trophic stimulant. Our results show that endogenous gastrin exerts a trophic effect on the oxyntic mucosa; there was no evidence for a similar effect on the extragastric gut and pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:294128", "title": "Effect of prolonged in vivo administration of leukocyte interferon on the mitogen responsiveness of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with osteosarcoma receiving interferon (IF) as adjuvant therapy were tested in vitro for response to various mitogens. Prolonged parenteral administration of IF preparations caused no major change of the mitogen responses. The ability of IF, when added in vitro, to inhibit lymphocyte response to mitogens was not altered to any major extent by in vivo administration of IF.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged in vivo administration of leukocyte interferon on the mitogen responsiveness of human lymphocytes. Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with osteosarcoma receiving interferon (IF) as adjuvant therapy were tested in vitro for response to various mitogens. Prolonged parenteral administration of IF preparations caused no major change of the mitogen responses. The ability of IF, when added in vitro, to inhibit lymphocyte response to mitogens was not altered to any major extent by in vivo administration of IF."}
{"id": "PMID:294131", "title": "Penicillamine in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "On the basis of theoretical considerations and the results of other authors we share the opinion of CEGLA that an early combined therapy of corticoids and D-penicillamine is the preferred therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. After subsidence of the exudative stages of pulmonary fibrosis the glucocorticoids should be, in our opinion, gradually reduced, so that a D-penicillamine therapy of a smaller dosage can also be efficient. However, a measurable therapeutical effect can only be objectively determined after a longer period of administration (approximately one year).", "contents": "Penicillamine in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. On the basis of theoretical considerations and the results of other authors we share the opinion of CEGLA that an early combined therapy of corticoids and D-penicillamine is the preferred therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. After subsidence of the exudative stages of pulmonary fibrosis the glucocorticoids should be, in our opinion, gradually reduced, so that a D-penicillamine therapy of a smaller dosage can also be efficient. However, a measurable therapeutical effect can only be objectively determined after a longer period of administration (approximately one year)."}
{"id": "PMID:294134", "title": "Proliferative lesion of arthritis: a target for therapy?", "content": "The term proliferative lesion refers to the increase in the amount of connective tissue and in the number of small blood vessels and mesenchymal cells with both phagocytic and synthetic functions, characterizing the rheumatoid synovium. This type of lesion is probably responsible for most of the joint destruction and synovial tissue fibrosis seen in this disease. In vitro data indicate that not only factors inducing bone resorption, for instance osteoclast activating factor and prostoglandins, but also connective tissue-degrading enzymes, can be produced locally in the joint, which suggests that these factors play a role in the destruction of articular structures. D-Penicillamine suppresses the immuno-inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis, which indirectly may lead to a depression of the stimuli perpetuating the proliferative lesion. As yet, there are no unequivocal clinical data indicating that D-Penicillamine has a direct suppressive effect on the proliferative lesion.", "contents": "Proliferative lesion of arthritis: a target for therapy? The term proliferative lesion refers to the increase in the amount of connective tissue and in the number of small blood vessels and mesenchymal cells with both phagocytic and synthetic functions, characterizing the rheumatoid synovium. This type of lesion is probably responsible for most of the joint destruction and synovial tissue fibrosis seen in this disease. In vitro data indicate that not only factors inducing bone resorption, for instance osteoclast activating factor and prostoglandins, but also connective tissue-degrading enzymes, can be produced locally in the joint, which suggests that these factors play a role in the destruction of articular structures. D-Penicillamine suppresses the immuno-inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis, which indirectly may lead to a depression of the stimuli perpetuating the proliferative lesion. As yet, there are no unequivocal clinical data indicating that D-Penicillamine has a direct suppressive effect on the proliferative lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:294136", "title": "Prostaglandins and granuloma formation in vivo.", "content": "The formation of granuloma tissue is one of the major characteristics of chronic inflammation. Infiltration of phagocytic cells (a major source of prostaglandins) and in many cases (including rheumatoid arthritis) lymphocytes, is one of the earliest events in granuloma formation. Prostaglandins (PGs) may modulate the infiltration of some or all of these cells, though much in-vivo data is lacking. Additionally, PGs may modulate the release of the products of these inflammatory cells, which contribute to granuloma formation. Once granulomatous tissue becomes established, PGs may also control the growth of the granuloma through actions on proliferating cells and connective tissue constituents. In-vivo data suggest that the anti-granuloma actions may be mediated by cyclic AMP. While prevention of endogenous PG production by anti-inflammatory drugs has little beneficial effect on preexisting granuloma, facilitation or mimickry of the anti-granuloma actions of PGs may be a possible line for future therapy of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and granuloma formation in vivo. The formation of granuloma tissue is one of the major characteristics of chronic inflammation. Infiltration of phagocytic cells (a major source of prostaglandins) and in many cases (including rheumatoid arthritis) lymphocytes, is one of the earliest events in granuloma formation. Prostaglandins (PGs) may modulate the infiltration of some or all of these cells, though much in-vivo data is lacking. Additionally, PGs may modulate the release of the products of these inflammatory cells, which contribute to granuloma formation. Once granulomatous tissue becomes established, PGs may also control the growth of the granuloma through actions on proliferating cells and connective tissue constituents. In-vivo data suggest that the anti-granuloma actions may be mediated by cyclic AMP. While prevention of endogenous PG production by anti-inflammatory drugs has little beneficial effect on preexisting granuloma, facilitation or mimickry of the anti-granuloma actions of PGs may be a possible line for future therapy of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:294146", "title": "Prostaglandins and the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs--the kidney.", "content": "The most important renal side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy in man is analgesic nephropathy. One possible mechanism for this effect is inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. However, an understanding of the regional biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins, of their pharmacological, physiological and pathological properties in the kidney and an understanding of the consequences of their inhibition by drugs is required in order to assess whether such a mechanism is involved. These aspects are reviewed, using much of the early work of the author as a basis for the discussion. The following conclusions can be drawn form a review of published work. \"The consequences of the inhbiition of renal prostaglandin synthesis do not seem to bear much relationship to the renal side effects of anti-inflammatory therapy in man\". It is further suggested that impaired renomedullary blood flow arising from decreased renomedullary PGE2 synthesis results in increased accumulation of drug in the renal medulla leading to direct toxic damage. Finally, examples of diseases associated with increased or decreased renal PGE2 synthesis are discussed and some examples of drug interactions are presented.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and the side effects of anti-inflammatory drugs--the kidney. The most important renal side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy in man is analgesic nephropathy. One possible mechanism for this effect is inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. However, an understanding of the regional biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins, of their pharmacological, physiological and pathological properties in the kidney and an understanding of the consequences of their inhibition by drugs is required in order to assess whether such a mechanism is involved. These aspects are reviewed, using much of the early work of the author as a basis for the discussion. The following conclusions can be drawn form a review of published work. \"The consequences of the inhbiition of renal prostaglandin synthesis do not seem to bear much relationship to the renal side effects of anti-inflammatory therapy in man\". It is further suggested that impaired renomedullary blood flow arising from decreased renomedullary PGE2 synthesis results in increased accumulation of drug in the renal medulla leading to direct toxic damage. Finally, examples of diseases associated with increased or decreased renal PGE2 synthesis are discussed and some examples of drug interactions are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:294148", "title": "Plasma levels of immunoreactive 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 in guinea pigs during anaphylaxis and after histamine injection.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 15-keto13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 was developed using a monovalent iodinated tracer. The radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 in guinea pig plasma after injection of histamine and during anaphylactic shock.", "contents": "Plasma levels of immunoreactive 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 in guinea pigs during anaphylaxis and after histamine injection. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 15-keto13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 was developed using a monovalent iodinated tracer. The radioimmunoassay was used to determine levels of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 in guinea pig plasma after injection of histamine and during anaphylactic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:294149", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on peripheral nociceptors in acute inflammation.", "content": "The effects of different prostaglandins were determined on (a) the hyperalgesia produced by subplantar injections of yeast given into the hind paws of weanling rats, and (b) the reflex vasopressor responses to bradykinin (BK) injected dose-arterially into the spleen of anaesthetised cats and dogs. In the rat prostaglandins (E1 greater than E2 greater than F2 alpha = F2 beta=A2=D2=I2O) injected into the same paw either with the yeast or 25 min later reduced the latency to the onset of hyperalgesia. In the cat and dog prostaglandins (E1 greater than E2 greater than F2 alpha greater than or equal to F2 beta greater than A1=A2=O) potentiated vasopressor responses to BK and reversed the inhibition of BK responses by indomethacin. It is likely that prostaglandins sensitize peripheral nociceptors through a specific prostaglandin receptor.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on peripheral nociceptors in acute inflammation. The effects of different prostaglandins were determined on (a) the hyperalgesia produced by subplantar injections of yeast given into the hind paws of weanling rats, and (b) the reflex vasopressor responses to bradykinin (BK) injected dose-arterially into the spleen of anaesthetised cats and dogs. In the rat prostaglandins (E1 greater than E2 greater than F2 alpha = F2 beta=A2=D2=I2O) injected into the same paw either with the yeast or 25 min later reduced the latency to the onset of hyperalgesia. In the cat and dog prostaglandins (E1 greater than E2 greater than F2 alpha greater than or equal to F2 beta greater than A1=A2=O) potentiated vasopressor responses to BK and reversed the inhibition of BK responses by indomethacin. It is likely that prostaglandins sensitize peripheral nociceptors through a specific prostaglandin receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:294155", "title": "[H.R.P.-System 2000: a new universally applicable ventilation system for single or limited multiple use with high bacteriologic-hygienical safety (author's transl)].", "content": "A new bacteriologically safe system for artificial respiration, H.R.P.-System 2000, is presented. Only two different SETS for artificial respiration of prematures, newborns and infants (P.N.J.) and adults, children and todlers (A.T.) are necessary. They can be adapted very easily on different types of respirators. Besides the tubing and expiratory valve the H.R.P.-SETS include a highly efficient electronically controlled humidifier working on the principle of gas bubbling through a heated water bath, a special tracheal tube adapter with an automatic water exhaust and flexible gas-reservoir for manual ventilation as well as C.P.A.P. or I.M.V. therapy. The H.R.P.-SETS are available as steril disposables. Resterilisation with gas on several occasions is possible. In a control study on thirty children, mainly premature infants and newborns a conventional SET, similar to the Bennett respiration system with disposable tubing and the H.R.P.-SETS are compared under the conditions of our intensive care unit. Using the criteria of serial bacteriological examinations of the tracheo-bronchial secretions and clinical criteria, H.R.P.-SETS proved superior. Artificial respiration without bacterial contamination by hospital strains for more than 10--14 days seems to be possible as a routine in newborns and children.", "contents": "[H.R.P.-System 2000: a new universally applicable ventilation system for single or limited multiple use with high bacteriologic-hygienical safety (author's transl)]. A new bacteriologically safe system for artificial respiration, H.R.P.-System 2000, is presented. Only two different SETS for artificial respiration of prematures, newborns and infants (P.N.J.) and adults, children and todlers (A.T.) are necessary. They can be adapted very easily on different types of respirators. Besides the tubing and expiratory valve the H.R.P.-SETS include a highly efficient electronically controlled humidifier working on the principle of gas bubbling through a heated water bath, a special tracheal tube adapter with an automatic water exhaust and flexible gas-reservoir for manual ventilation as well as C.P.A.P. or I.M.V. therapy. The H.R.P.-SETS are available as steril disposables. Resterilisation with gas on several occasions is possible. In a control study on thirty children, mainly premature infants and newborns a conventional SET, similar to the Bennett respiration system with disposable tubing and the H.R.P.-SETS are compared under the conditions of our intensive care unit. Using the criteria of serial bacteriological examinations of the tracheo-bronchial secretions and clinical criteria, H.R.P.-SETS proved superior. Artificial respiration without bacterial contamination by hospital strains for more than 10--14 days seems to be possible as a routine in newborns and children."}
{"id": "PMID:294157", "title": "Cell ultrastructure during the development and the transformation of a pig--uterine tube cell line.", "content": "Observations by electron microscopy disclosed ultrastructural features which were not apparent by light microscopy during the three stages of the development of a pig uterine tube cell line. Ciliated cells without dynein arms were found naturally occurring in the first 100 subcultures (pseudo-diploid stage). They were not observed in the routinely growing cultures after the concomitant detection of the first chromosome marker and expression of a type C virus, unless the cells were treated with estradiol (transformed stage). Gap junctions and increased numbers of lamellar and lysosomic bodies and vacuole-like structures were observed in clusters of tumoral cells in the high subcultures if a new chromosome marker occurred (malignant stage). Type C viruses were found as early as the 106th subculture (transformed stage) in populations of actively dividing cells 3 days after seeding, but not in populations of nondividing cells a week after seeding. Both viruses and viral reverse transcriptase were continuously released in the 300 subsequent subcultures.", "contents": "Cell ultrastructure during the development and the transformation of a pig--uterine tube cell line. Observations by electron microscopy disclosed ultrastructural features which were not apparent by light microscopy during the three stages of the development of a pig uterine tube cell line. Ciliated cells without dynein arms were found naturally occurring in the first 100 subcultures (pseudo-diploid stage). They were not observed in the routinely growing cultures after the concomitant detection of the first chromosome marker and expression of a type C virus, unless the cells were treated with estradiol (transformed stage). Gap junctions and increased numbers of lamellar and lysosomic bodies and vacuole-like structures were observed in clusters of tumoral cells in the high subcultures if a new chromosome marker occurred (malignant stage). Type C viruses were found as early as the 106th subculture (transformed stage) in populations of actively dividing cells 3 days after seeding, but not in populations of nondividing cells a week after seeding. Both viruses and viral reverse transcriptase were continuously released in the 300 subsequent subcultures."}
{"id": "PMID:294156", "title": "[Acute myeloid leukemia with megakaryocytic predominance and malignant megakaryocyte proliferation. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three cases of acute myeloid leukemia with megakaryocyte predominance are reported. In the first case megakaryocytosis was particularly evident in bone marrow, liver and spleen. In the second case high content of megakaryocytes was observed in the bone marrow and spleen, during the preleukemic phase only. Third case exhibited a strong predominance of megakaryocytes exclusively within the bone marrow. The characteristics of such observations and their nosologic position within myeloproliferative disorders group are discussed, with special reference to modern views concerning myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "[Acute myeloid leukemia with megakaryocytic predominance and malignant megakaryocyte proliferation. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three cases of acute myeloid leukemia with megakaryocyte predominance are reported. In the first case megakaryocytosis was particularly evident in bone marrow, liver and spleen. In the second case high content of megakaryocytes was observed in the bone marrow and spleen, during the preleukemic phase only. Third case exhibited a strong predominance of megakaryocytes exclusively within the bone marrow. The characteristics of such observations and their nosologic position within myeloproliferative disorders group are discussed, with special reference to modern views concerning myeloid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294158", "title": "Evidence of a mixed population from uterine tube epithelium in a continuous line of pig cells.", "content": "The pig uterine tube (PFT) cell line is composed of a mixed population which is undifferentiated. However, specific markers indicating the original tissue of the uterine tube were shown if cells differentiated into epithelial cells forming spheroids in the 254th subculture. Ciliated and secretory cells, and cells with a basal lamina and interstitial collagen were observed in the spheroids. Microlumina found in the spheroids appeared morphologically similar to the lumen of the uterine tube. These observations indicate that undifferentiated cells can multiply in vitro and keep their potentiality of differentiation for future expression. It is proposed that the PFT cell line was partly derived from epithelial cells originally harvested from the PFT.", "contents": "Evidence of a mixed population from uterine tube epithelium in a continuous line of pig cells. The pig uterine tube (PFT) cell line is composed of a mixed population which is undifferentiated. However, specific markers indicating the original tissue of the uterine tube were shown if cells differentiated into epithelial cells forming spheroids in the 254th subculture. Ciliated and secretory cells, and cells with a basal lamina and interstitial collagen were observed in the spheroids. Microlumina found in the spheroids appeared morphologically similar to the lumen of the uterine tube. These observations indicate that undifferentiated cells can multiply in vitro and keep their potentiality of differentiation for future expression. It is proposed that the PFT cell line was partly derived from epithelial cells originally harvested from the PFT."}
{"id": "PMID:294161", "title": "Long-term mortality experience of chrysotile miners and millers in Thetford Mines, Quebec.", "content": "Among a cohort of 544 men with at least 20 years of employment in chrysotile mining and milling at Thetford Mines, Canada, 16% of the deaths were from lung cancer and 15% from asbestosis. The excess over expected deaths from these causes account for 43 of 178 deaths in the group. The risk of death of asbestosis, at equal times fron onset of exposure, is very similar in miners and millers, factory workmen and insulators. The ratio of observed to expected deaths from lung cancer is similar in the miners and millers and factory workers, but higher in insulators. The risk of death of mesothelioma in miners and millers is decidedly less than the other two groups. The exact causes of the reduced risk in this category are not yet completely clarified.", "contents": "Long-term mortality experience of chrysotile miners and millers in Thetford Mines, Quebec. Among a cohort of 544 men with at least 20 years of employment in chrysotile mining and milling at Thetford Mines, Canada, 16% of the deaths were from lung cancer and 15% from asbestosis. The excess over expected deaths from these causes account for 43 of 178 deaths in the group. The risk of death of asbestosis, at equal times fron onset of exposure, is very similar in miners and millers, factory workmen and insulators. The ratio of observed to expected deaths from lung cancer is similar in the miners and millers and factory workers, but higher in insulators. The risk of death of mesothelioma in miners and millers is decidedly less than the other two groups. The exact causes of the reduced risk in this category are not yet completely clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:294162", "title": "Asbestos exposure: factors associated with excess cancer and respiratory disease mortality.", "content": "A cohort of 1075 men who completed their working lifetimes with an asbestos company, worked at a facility in the United States, and retired with a company pension during the period 1941--67 was updated for deaths through 1973. The average length of employment was 25 years, and all had been exposed to asbestos dust. Respiratory cancer and pneumoconiosis-pulmonary fibrosis mortalities were examined in relation to cumulative dust exposure and to other factors after taking into account cumulative dust exposure. Men who worked in the production of asbestos cement pipe exhibited a higher risk of respiratory cancer, as did men with some crocidolite asbestos exposure. Because these two groups overlap, we could not be certain that crocidolite asbestos was responsible for the increased risk. Men working in general plant maintenance displayed a striking lack of deaths due to pneumoconiosis-pulmonary fibrosis, as compared with production workers and with maintenance personnel assigned to specific departments. Five mesothelioma deaths were observed at age 65 and over. Three of these deaths occurred during the period 1970--3.", "contents": "Asbestos exposure: factors associated with excess cancer and respiratory disease mortality. A cohort of 1075 men who completed their working lifetimes with an asbestos company, worked at a facility in the United States, and retired with a company pension during the period 1941--67 was updated for deaths through 1973. The average length of employment was 25 years, and all had been exposed to asbestos dust. Respiratory cancer and pneumoconiosis-pulmonary fibrosis mortalities were examined in relation to cumulative dust exposure and to other factors after taking into account cumulative dust exposure. Men who worked in the production of asbestos cement pipe exhibited a higher risk of respiratory cancer, as did men with some crocidolite asbestos exposure. Because these two groups overlap, we could not be certain that crocidolite asbestos was responsible for the increased risk. Men working in general plant maintenance displayed a striking lack of deaths due to pneumoconiosis-pulmonary fibrosis, as compared with production workers and with maintenance personnel assigned to specific departments. Five mesothelioma deaths were observed at age 65 and over. Three of these deaths occurred during the period 1970--3."}
{"id": "PMID:294163", "title": "Asbestos disease in maintenance workers of the chemical industry.", "content": "In several large groups of workers employed in chemical plants, chest x-ray abnormalities (small irregular opacities and/or pleural changes) of the type known to be induced by asbestos were found in a proportion of those examined. A cross-sectional study of maintenance workers in a large chemical plant was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of asbestosis; 185 workers were examined. Radiologic evidence of parenchymal interstitial fibrosis was found in 24% of those examined; in 10% of workers, parenchymal fibrosis was the only abnormality. Pleural fibrosis and/or calcification was found in the absence of parenchymal fibrosis in 14% of cases; in another 14% of workers, both parenchymal and pleural abnormalities were detected. The prevalence was significantly higher in those employed 20 or more years. Pleural abnormalities were more prevalent than were parenchymal changes. The increased risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma remains to be studied.", "contents": "Asbestos disease in maintenance workers of the chemical industry. In several large groups of workers employed in chemical plants, chest x-ray abnormalities (small irregular opacities and/or pleural changes) of the type known to be induced by asbestos were found in a proportion of those examined. A cross-sectional study of maintenance workers in a large chemical plant was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of asbestosis; 185 workers were examined. Radiologic evidence of parenchymal interstitial fibrosis was found in 24% of those examined; in 10% of workers, parenchymal fibrosis was the only abnormality. Pleural fibrosis and/or calcification was found in the absence of parenchymal fibrosis in 14% of cases; in another 14% of workers, both parenchymal and pleural abnormalities were detected. The prevalence was significantly higher in those employed 20 or more years. Pleural abnormalities were more prevalent than were parenchymal changes. The increased risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma remains to be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:294164", "title": "Asbestos risk among full-time workers in an electricity-generating power station.", "content": "A matched survey of 55 full-time workers probably exposed to asbestos in an electricity-generating power station (exposed group) and of 53 unexposed workers in an automobile plant has been conducted. The asbestos risk in the power station was confirmed by the presence of airborne fibers in the range 0.1--6000 X 10(-9) g/m3 in the air sampled during the survey period and by the presence of FB in the sputa of 32.7% of the workers. The following parameters were significantly related to asbestos exposure in the study group: FB in the sputa, localized rectitude of the diaphragm, pleural thickening, pleural calcification, and the chest pain. Moreover, for all persons studied, gastrointestinal symptoms and recent hoarsening of the voice were significantly related to the number of FB in the sputa.", "contents": "Asbestos risk among full-time workers in an electricity-generating power station. A matched survey of 55 full-time workers probably exposed to asbestos in an electricity-generating power station (exposed group) and of 53 unexposed workers in an automobile plant has been conducted. The asbestos risk in the power station was confirmed by the presence of airborne fibers in the range 0.1--6000 X 10(-9) g/m3 in the air sampled during the survey period and by the presence of FB in the sputa of 32.7% of the workers. The following parameters were significantly related to asbestos exposure in the study group: FB in the sputa, localized rectitude of the diaphragm, pleural thickening, pleural calcification, and the chest pain. Moreover, for all persons studied, gastrointestinal symptoms and recent hoarsening of the voice were significantly related to the number of FB in the sputa."}
{"id": "PMID:294176", "title": "Clinical measurement in Quebec chrysotile miners: use for future protection of workers.", "content": "There is a relationship between dust exposure, on the one hand, and serious disease and death, on the other, in chrysotile asbestos mine and mill workers of Quebec. Studies in current working populations indicate that prevalence of abnormality increases with increasing exposure. However, the relationship is weak and offers only a partial explanation of between-subject variability. In addition, there is no certain way to detect or predict change. Because of the relative nonspecificity of the health measurements examined and their poor relationship to exposure, control should be based on environmental monitoring, with biologic monitoring considered in a complementary role. This leaves the clinician with the dilemma of how best to advise the worker in whom questionable changes have been detected. At present, there appears little doubt that the decision must remain essentially clinical, based, on one hand, on all available information about the man, his job, and the plant or mine in which he works, from which an estimate of likely outcome must be made, and, on the other hand, on the social and human factors concerned, including the fact that removal from exposure does not necessarily prevent the appearance of abnormality.", "contents": "Clinical measurement in Quebec chrysotile miners: use for future protection of workers. There is a relationship between dust exposure, on the one hand, and serious disease and death, on the other, in chrysotile asbestos mine and mill workers of Quebec. Studies in current working populations indicate that prevalence of abnormality increases with increasing exposure. However, the relationship is weak and offers only a partial explanation of between-subject variability. In addition, there is no certain way to detect or predict change. Because of the relative nonspecificity of the health measurements examined and their poor relationship to exposure, control should be based on environmental monitoring, with biologic monitoring considered in a complementary role. This leaves the clinician with the dilemma of how best to advise the worker in whom questionable changes have been detected. At present, there appears little doubt that the decision must remain essentially clinical, based, on one hand, on all available information about the man, his job, and the plant or mine in which he works, from which an estimate of likely outcome must be made, and, on the other hand, on the social and human factors concerned, including the fact that removal from exposure does not necessarily prevent the appearance of abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:294183", "title": "Mesothelioma incidence in a Dutch shipyard.", "content": "On Walcheren Island (the Netherlands), 25 cases of mesothelioma were diagnosed from 1962 to 1968. In 22 cases, there had been an occupational association with Royal Schelde, the shipyard in Vlissingen. A relationship with exposure to asbestos, frequently used in shipbuilding in the past, could be demonstrated. Further observations showed the expected increase of mesothelioma cases in Royal Schelde workers. In 1974, the number of cases totaled 42; in 1978, the number rose to 57. In addition, five more recent cases have not yet been confirmed histologically, but the clinical symptoms are unmistakable. In seven of 12 mesothelioma cases on Walcheren Island that had no association with Royal Schelde, asbestos exposure in the occupational history could also be traced. Finally, a few facts are mentioned about the recent Dutch Asbestos Act.", "contents": "Mesothelioma incidence in a Dutch shipyard. On Walcheren Island (the Netherlands), 25 cases of mesothelioma were diagnosed from 1962 to 1968. In 22 cases, there had been an occupational association with Royal Schelde, the shipyard in Vlissingen. A relationship with exposure to asbestos, frequently used in shipbuilding in the past, could be demonstrated. Further observations showed the expected increase of mesothelioma cases in Royal Schelde workers. In 1974, the number of cases totaled 42; in 1978, the number rose to 57. In addition, five more recent cases have not yet been confirmed histologically, but the clinical symptoms are unmistakable. In seven of 12 mesothelioma cases on Walcheren Island that had no association with Royal Schelde, asbestos exposure in the occupational history could also be traced. Finally, a few facts are mentioned about the recent Dutch Asbestos Act."}
{"id": "PMID:294186", "title": "Radiographic search for asbestos-related disease in a naval shipyard.", "content": "The Long Beach Shipyard underwent a chest x-ray survey of 6640 employees, or 88.6% of the total shipyard population, to determine the level of asbestotic changes. For computer classification purposes, the findings were divided into five groups: abnormal findings consistent with inhalation of asbestos fiber; normal; pulmonary fibrosis, nonspecific, questionable; and other findings not related to asbestosis. Asbestos-related abnormal findings, were encountered in 1061 workers, or 16.0%. No change was noted in 4806, or 72.4%. Pulmonary fibrosis was encountered in 140, or 2.1%. Other abnormalities not related to the inhalation of free asbestos fiber were encountered in 624, or 9.4%. The interpretation was questionable in nine individuals, or 0.1%. Of the male employees, 17.2% were positive for asbestos-related chest x-ray changes, and four women, or 0.8%, showed comparable findings. Of the men, 71.5% had normal chest x-rays, and 83.3% of the 402 women demonstrated normal films. Positive x-ray changes for asbestosis were encountered in a linear relationship when viewed by age of the worker. Employees aged 25--29 years exhibited 1.3% positive findings, and this level increased to a maximum of 38.2% positives among workers aged 65 years and over. Normal chest films descended, conversely, in a linear relationship. Similarly, the percentage of positive findings for asbestos-related disease increased in a linear configuration with length of service. Persons with 2--6 years of asbestos contact displayed 12.4% positive findings, while individuals with 22-26 years of work at the shipyard manifested 37.0% positive chest film findings. Although the shipyard was operational between 1943 and 1949, the system of allocation of badge numbers precludes the inclusion of these 7 years of work among persons who had had at least 26 years of service. When studied by work site, dividing the subjects into production and nonproduction personnel, it was found that production workers accounted for 74.5% of the asbestos-positive films. Overall, the 780 production workers manifested 11.8% of the positive findings of all persons studied, while nonproduction employees accounted for 4.1% of the positives out of the population studied. A figure that approximates the total finding of asbestos-related disease is 16.0%.", "contents": "Radiographic search for asbestos-related disease in a naval shipyard. The Long Beach Shipyard underwent a chest x-ray survey of 6640 employees, or 88.6% of the total shipyard population, to determine the level of asbestotic changes. For computer classification purposes, the findings were divided into five groups: abnormal findings consistent with inhalation of asbestos fiber; normal; pulmonary fibrosis, nonspecific, questionable; and other findings not related to asbestosis. Asbestos-related abnormal findings, were encountered in 1061 workers, or 16.0%. No change was noted in 4806, or 72.4%. Pulmonary fibrosis was encountered in 140, or 2.1%. Other abnormalities not related to the inhalation of free asbestos fiber were encountered in 624, or 9.4%. The interpretation was questionable in nine individuals, or 0.1%. Of the male employees, 17.2% were positive for asbestos-related chest x-ray changes, and four women, or 0.8%, showed comparable findings. Of the men, 71.5% had normal chest x-rays, and 83.3% of the 402 women demonstrated normal films. Positive x-ray changes for asbestosis were encountered in a linear relationship when viewed by age of the worker. Employees aged 25--29 years exhibited 1.3% positive findings, and this level increased to a maximum of 38.2% positives among workers aged 65 years and over. Normal chest films descended, conversely, in a linear relationship. Similarly, the percentage of positive findings for asbestos-related disease increased in a linear configuration with length of service. Persons with 2--6 years of asbestos contact displayed 12.4% positive findings, while individuals with 22-26 years of work at the shipyard manifested 37.0% positive chest film findings. Although the shipyard was operational between 1943 and 1949, the system of allocation of badge numbers precludes the inclusion of these 7 years of work among persons who had had at least 26 years of service. When studied by work site, dividing the subjects into production and nonproduction personnel, it was found that production workers accounted for 74.5% of the asbestos-positive films. Overall, the 780 production workers manifested 11.8% of the positive findings of all persons studied, while nonproduction employees accounted for 4.1% of the positives out of the population studied. A figure that approximates the total finding of asbestos-related disease is 16.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:294187", "title": "Risk of asbestosis in crocidolite and amosite mines in South Africa.", "content": "X-rays of all while and mixed-race men employed in crocidolite and amosite mines and mills were read independently by three experienced readers according to the ILO U/C classification. Abnormality was regarded as present if reported by two or more readers. Parenchymal abnormality, defined as the presence of small irregular opacities of profusion 1/0 or greater, was found in 7.3% of the workers. Pleural thickening was found in 4.5% of the workers, costophrenic angle obliteration in 3.2%, and pleural calcification in 1.7%. The prevalences of both pleural and parenchymal abnormality were strongly related to the duration of exposure to asbestos at work. The overall prevalence of abnormality increase from 4.0% in men with exposure for 1 year or less to 47.9% in men with more than 15 years of exposure. After taking into account the effects of age and duration of asbestos exposure, the prevalence of pleural abnormality was not predicted by fiber concentration. However, white men working with amosite tended to develop a higher prevalence of pleural abnormality than did those working with crocidolite. Compared to whites, men of mixed race, who only work with crocidolite, had a high prevalence of pleural abnormality in each exposure duration category. In contrast to pleural abnormality, the prevalence of parenchymal abnormality, after taking into account the effects of age and duration of exposure, was significantly predicted by fiber concentration but not by race or asbestos type. Our results suggest that parenchymal abnormality in workers in South African asbestos mines could be largely prevented by reducing exposure to fibers visible under the light microscope. However, this may not be the case for pleural abnormality.", "contents": "Risk of asbestosis in crocidolite and amosite mines in South Africa. X-rays of all while and mixed-race men employed in crocidolite and amosite mines and mills were read independently by three experienced readers according to the ILO U/C classification. Abnormality was regarded as present if reported by two or more readers. Parenchymal abnormality, defined as the presence of small irregular opacities of profusion 1/0 or greater, was found in 7.3% of the workers. Pleural thickening was found in 4.5% of the workers, costophrenic angle obliteration in 3.2%, and pleural calcification in 1.7%. The prevalences of both pleural and parenchymal abnormality were strongly related to the duration of exposure to asbestos at work. The overall prevalence of abnormality increase from 4.0% in men with exposure for 1 year or less to 47.9% in men with more than 15 years of exposure. After taking into account the effects of age and duration of asbestos exposure, the prevalence of pleural abnormality was not predicted by fiber concentration. However, white men working with amosite tended to develop a higher prevalence of pleural abnormality than did those working with crocidolite. Compared to whites, men of mixed race, who only work with crocidolite, had a high prevalence of pleural abnormality in each exposure duration category. In contrast to pleural abnormality, the prevalence of parenchymal abnormality, after taking into account the effects of age and duration of exposure, was significantly predicted by fiber concentration but not by race or asbestos type. Our results suggest that parenchymal abnormality in workers in South African asbestos mines could be largely prevented by reducing exposure to fibers visible under the light microscope. However, this may not be the case for pleural abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:294191", "title": "Levels of asbestos air pollution in some environmental situations.", "content": "Asbestos contamination of the outside aid in Paris and suburbs has been monitored in some environmental situations, namely, \"typical\" urban sites removed from known sources of asbestos emissions, crossroad locations, the vicinity of a freeway, areas with buildings under construction, and areas around asbestos factories. In the same manner, measurements have been performed inside buildings of various types: those sprayed with asbestos-containing materials, those fitted with asbestos products, and control buildings. Air has been sampled by use of 0.45 micrometer pore size Millipore filters. After low-temperature ashing, ultrasonicated ashes were transferred to carbon film on 200-mesh gold grids examined under an analytic transmission electron microscope. Levels of pollution were expressed in terms of gravimetric concentrations. Inside buildings, when the air was in contact with significant amounts of asbestos-containing materials (spray, sheets), the levels were in the range 0.1--1000 10(-9) g m-3. In the vicinities of asbestos plants, the concentrations were higher: 1000--3000 10(-9) g m-3. Under other circumstances, the levels were of the same order of magnitude: 99% of the values were below 7 X 10(-9) g m-3. The Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur d'Hygi\u00e8ne Publique de France proposed a numerical ambient air quality standard of 50 X 10(-9) g m-3 inside buildings sprayed with asbestos.", "contents": "Levels of asbestos air pollution in some environmental situations. Asbestos contamination of the outside aid in Paris and suburbs has been monitored in some environmental situations, namely, \"typical\" urban sites removed from known sources of asbestos emissions, crossroad locations, the vicinity of a freeway, areas with buildings under construction, and areas around asbestos factories. In the same manner, measurements have been performed inside buildings of various types: those sprayed with asbestos-containing materials, those fitted with asbestos products, and control buildings. Air has been sampled by use of 0.45 micrometer pore size Millipore filters. After low-temperature ashing, ultrasonicated ashes were transferred to carbon film on 200-mesh gold grids examined under an analytic transmission electron microscope. Levels of pollution were expressed in terms of gravimetric concentrations. Inside buildings, when the air was in contact with significant amounts of asbestos-containing materials (spray, sheets), the levels were in the range 0.1--1000 10(-9) g m-3. In the vicinities of asbestos plants, the concentrations were higher: 1000--3000 10(-9) g m-3. Under other circumstances, the levels were of the same order of magnitude: 99% of the values were below 7 X 10(-9) g m-3. The Conseil Sup\u00e9rieur d'Hygi\u00e8ne Publique de France proposed a numerical ambient air quality standard of 50 X 10(-9) g m-3 inside buildings sprayed with asbestos."}
{"id": "PMID:294196", "title": "French mesothelioma register.", "content": "A total of 197 definite cases of mesothelioma (mainly of the pleura) have been reported by pathologists to the French Mesothelioma Register for the period 1965--78. A moderate linear increase in the annual incidence of mesothelioma cases since 1965 was noted. In men and women over the ages of 47 and 41 years, respectively, the annual death rate was higher in those with mesothelioma than in those of the general population. The proportions of mesothelioma patients who had experienced occupational, para-occupational, and unknown asbestos exposures were 77%, 3%, and 20% respectively. The number of cases reported to the register is obviously an underestimate of the true number of mesothelima cases in France, because such cases are not reported to the register systematically. Mesothelioma registers cannot provide information about dose-response relationships; however, with good management of the register, such relationships could be obtained, since a good assessment of dose can be accomplished by biologic monitoring.", "contents": "French mesothelioma register. A total of 197 definite cases of mesothelioma (mainly of the pleura) have been reported by pathologists to the French Mesothelioma Register for the period 1965--78. A moderate linear increase in the annual incidence of mesothelioma cases since 1965 was noted. In men and women over the ages of 47 and 41 years, respectively, the annual death rate was higher in those with mesothelioma than in those of the general population. The proportions of mesothelioma patients who had experienced occupational, para-occupational, and unknown asbestos exposures were 77%, 3%, and 20% respectively. The number of cases reported to the register is obviously an underestimate of the true number of mesothelima cases in France, because such cases are not reported to the register systematically. Mesothelioma registers cannot provide information about dose-response relationships; however, with good management of the register, such relationships could be obtained, since a good assessment of dose can be accomplished by biologic monitoring."}
{"id": "PMID:294208", "title": "The contamination of Lake Superior with amphibole gangue minerals.", "content": "Iron ore called taconite is mined in the Biwabik Iron Formation in the Eastern Mesabi region of the Mesabi Range, in eastern Minnesota. After mining, ore is shipped to Silver Bay, Minnnesota for processing and wet magnetic extraction. Tailings from the process are dumped, as a slurry, into a man-made containment delta constructed in Lake Superior. Submicroscopic amphibole fibers and/or cleavage fragments, a component of the gangue, apparently escape from the delta at Silver Bay, and enter Lake Superior. These particles contaiminate the potable water supplies of municipalities drawing directly from the lake. One of the gangue minerals is the amphibole grunerite, whose asbestiform variety is called amosite. Major emphasis of this study was directed at identification of submicroscopic particle pollutants, based on morphology, structure and chemical composition. Quantitative determination of fibrous amphibole phases, present in a range of water samples, was undertaken. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and an electron microprobe technique was used for identification and enumeration and this information was compared with data sets determined from standards. Grunerite fiber and/or acicular cleavage fragments, in some instances indistinguishable from asbestiform grunerite, are present in the tailings, lake water and drinking water of a number of municipalities, a result of contamination of the lake at the Silver Bay milling operation. This amphibole is found in drinking water in concentrations which range from 0.6 to 2.8 X 10(6) fiber/liter. The risk to health, associated with direct ingestion of grunerite fiber is unknown and is extrapolated from the asbestiform grunerite (amosite) data base. The biological activity of other fibrous amphiboles observed, unrelated to any asbestiform silicate variety, is presently unknown and warrants investigation.", "contents": "The contamination of Lake Superior with amphibole gangue minerals. Iron ore called taconite is mined in the Biwabik Iron Formation in the Eastern Mesabi region of the Mesabi Range, in eastern Minnesota. After mining, ore is shipped to Silver Bay, Minnnesota for processing and wet magnetic extraction. Tailings from the process are dumped, as a slurry, into a man-made containment delta constructed in Lake Superior. Submicroscopic amphibole fibers and/or cleavage fragments, a component of the gangue, apparently escape from the delta at Silver Bay, and enter Lake Superior. These particles contaiminate the potable water supplies of municipalities drawing directly from the lake. One of the gangue minerals is the amphibole grunerite, whose asbestiform variety is called amosite. Major emphasis of this study was directed at identification of submicroscopic particle pollutants, based on morphology, structure and chemical composition. Quantitative determination of fibrous amphibole phases, present in a range of water samples, was undertaken. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and an electron microprobe technique was used for identification and enumeration and this information was compared with data sets determined from standards. Grunerite fiber and/or acicular cleavage fragments, in some instances indistinguishable from asbestiform grunerite, are present in the tailings, lake water and drinking water of a number of municipalities, a result of contamination of the lake at the Silver Bay milling operation. This amphibole is found in drinking water in concentrations which range from 0.6 to 2.8 X 10(6) fiber/liter. The risk to health, associated with direct ingestion of grunerite fiber is unknown and is extrapolated from the asbestiform grunerite (amosite) data base. The biological activity of other fibrous amphiboles observed, unrelated to any asbestiform silicate variety, is presently unknown and warrants investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:294210", "title": "Indoor asbestos pollution: application of hazard criteria.", "content": "Asbestos contamination of relatively contained environments within structures can occur under many conditions and in association with various activities. Such contamination persists and can potentially expose all structure users. The more significant contamination levels are associated with disturbance of friable asbestos-containing materials, although bonded material is also capable of fiber dissemination under special conditions. Application of occupational government standards for limitation of exposure, both presently in force and proposed or recommended, indicates that levels found in some situations exceed those considered potentially carcinogenic.", "contents": "Indoor asbestos pollution: application of hazard criteria. Asbestos contamination of relatively contained environments within structures can occur under many conditions and in association with various activities. Such contamination persists and can potentially expose all structure users. The more significant contamination levels are associated with disturbance of friable asbestos-containing materials, although bonded material is also capable of fiber dissemination under special conditions. Application of occupational government standards for limitation of exposure, both presently in force and proposed or recommended, indicates that levels found in some situations exceed those considered potentially carcinogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:294214", "title": "Influence of crystallization habit of minerals on in vitro cytotoxicity.", "content": "Four samples of cummingtonite-grunerite series in various crystallization habits were tested in vitro. The cytotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary cells and hemolysis to sheep erythrocytes were inversely proportional to the structural faults and surface defects of the minerals. At a comparable surface area, asbestiform grunerite (UICC amosite), semi-asbestiform cummingtonite, acicular cummingtonite, and acicular grunerite were found to be cytotoxic and hemolytic in a decreasing order. The influence of particle size on hemolysis and cytotoxicity was observed with acicular grunerite. Although samples of relatively large particle size were found to be inert, samples of smaller particle size were cytotoxic as well as hemolytic. No apparent relationship between surface charge and hemolysis as well as cytotoxicity was observed.", "contents": "Influence of crystallization habit of minerals on in vitro cytotoxicity. Four samples of cummingtonite-grunerite series in various crystallization habits were tested in vitro. The cytotoxicity to Chinese hamster ovary cells and hemolysis to sheep erythrocytes were inversely proportional to the structural faults and surface defects of the minerals. At a comparable surface area, asbestiform grunerite (UICC amosite), semi-asbestiform cummingtonite, acicular cummingtonite, and acicular grunerite were found to be cytotoxic and hemolytic in a decreasing order. The influence of particle size on hemolysis and cytotoxicity was observed with acicular grunerite. Although samples of relatively large particle size were found to be inert, samples of smaller particle size were cytotoxic as well as hemolytic. No apparent relationship between surface charge and hemolysis as well as cytotoxicity was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:294215", "title": "Fiber dimensions and aspect ratio of crocidolite, chrysotile and amosite particles detected in lung tissue specimens.", "content": "Chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite fibers detected in autopsy tissue specimens from cases of mesothelioma and controls have been characterized by particle length, diameter and aspect ratio using a transmission electron microscope. The pooled information from such specimens reveals that the fibers of each mineral type detected in biological material have very different physical characteristics although in all samples fibers less than 5 microns in length are predominant by number while fibers over 25 microns in length are found very infrequently. Chrysotile fibers on average appear as the shortest fibers with the most fine diameter distribution, amosite fibers are on average the longest with the most coarse diameter distribution, crocidolite fibers on average have dimensions which are intermediate between both chrysotile and amosite. The percentage number of fibers of chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite detected with an aspect ratio less than or equal to 10 were 31.7%, 24.2% and 18.5% respectively.", "contents": "Fiber dimensions and aspect ratio of crocidolite, chrysotile and amosite particles detected in lung tissue specimens. Chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite fibers detected in autopsy tissue specimens from cases of mesothelioma and controls have been characterized by particle length, diameter and aspect ratio using a transmission electron microscope. The pooled information from such specimens reveals that the fibers of each mineral type detected in biological material have very different physical characteristics although in all samples fibers less than 5 microns in length are predominant by number while fibers over 25 microns in length are found very infrequently. Chrysotile fibers on average appear as the shortest fibers with the most fine diameter distribution, amosite fibers are on average the longest with the most coarse diameter distribution, crocidolite fibers on average have dimensions which are intermediate between both chrysotile and amosite. The percentage number of fibers of chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite detected with an aspect ratio less than or equal to 10 were 31.7%, 24.2% and 18.5% respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:294217", "title": "Human and experimental data on translocation of asbestos fibers through the respiratory system.", "content": "The translocation of fibrous dusts through the respiratory system is discussed on the basis of human and experimental data obtained with the transmission electron microscope. Comparison of the characteristics (numerical and mass concentrations, sizes, types) of asbestos fibers retained in different locations of the respiratory system in humans exposed to asbestos has shown that there is no relationship between the numerical concentrations in lung parenchyma and those in parietal pleura. Moreover, almost al fibers encountered in the pleura were ultimate, short fibrils of chrysotile. The animal data are from rats injected intrapleurally with different types of fibers (chrysotile, crocidolite and glass fibers) and sacrificed at different times. There was a progressive increase in the number and mass of fibers translocated into lung parenchyma from the pleural cavity that was particularly obvious after 90 days. After this time, the mean length of fibers, especially chrysotile, increased, indicating that more long fibers are retained in alveolar tissue than short fibers.", "contents": "Human and experimental data on translocation of asbestos fibers through the respiratory system. The translocation of fibrous dusts through the respiratory system is discussed on the basis of human and experimental data obtained with the transmission electron microscope. Comparison of the characteristics (numerical and mass concentrations, sizes, types) of asbestos fibers retained in different locations of the respiratory system in humans exposed to asbestos has shown that there is no relationship between the numerical concentrations in lung parenchyma and those in parietal pleura. Moreover, almost al fibers encountered in the pleura were ultimate, short fibrils of chrysotile. The animal data are from rats injected intrapleurally with different types of fibers (chrysotile, crocidolite and glass fibers) and sacrificed at different times. There was a progressive increase in the number and mass of fibers translocated into lung parenchyma from the pleural cavity that was particularly obvious after 90 days. After this time, the mean length of fibers, especially chrysotile, increased, indicating that more long fibers are retained in alveolar tissue than short fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:294240", "title": "Endodontic treatment of primary teeth.", "content": "Endodontic treatment of primary teeth is undertaken by indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, formocresol pulpotomy and pulpectomy. The same treatment principles apply to both primary and permanent teeth with infected or necrotic pulps. The main differences are the use of formocresol for root canal medication and a resorbably zinc-oxide and eugenol paste for root canal obturation.", "contents": "Endodontic treatment of primary teeth. Endodontic treatment of primary teeth is undertaken by indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, formocresol pulpotomy and pulpectomy. The same treatment principles apply to both primary and permanent teeth with infected or necrotic pulps. The main differences are the use of formocresol for root canal medication and a resorbably zinc-oxide and eugenol paste for root canal obturation."}
{"id": "PMID:294242", "title": "Assessing the effectiveness of dental health education in the South Australian School Dental Programme.", "content": "Approximately 25--30 per cent of operational time in the School Dental Programme is assigned to dental health education, representing a sizeable investment of public resources. If the full potential of dental health education is to be realized, the respective effectiveness of various dental health education activities need to be identified so that the more effective activities can be emphasized and developed further. As an essential prerequisite there is a need to refine the evaluation process by introducing: (1) improved dental indices; (2) improved methods of classifying and maintaining records of the dental health education activities undertaken; (3) better methods of quantifying dental care items and other social and environmental covariables; and (4) more sophisticated forms of multivariate analysis.", "contents": "Assessing the effectiveness of dental health education in the South Australian School Dental Programme. Approximately 25--30 per cent of operational time in the School Dental Programme is assigned to dental health education, representing a sizeable investment of public resources. If the full potential of dental health education is to be realized, the respective effectiveness of various dental health education activities need to be identified so that the more effective activities can be emphasized and developed further. As an essential prerequisite there is a need to refine the evaluation process by introducing: (1) improved dental indices; (2) improved methods of classifying and maintaining records of the dental health education activities undertaken; (3) better methods of quantifying dental care items and other social and environmental covariables; and (4) more sophisticated forms of multivariate analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:294243", "title": "Australian aboriginal studies. 1. The effect of socio-economic changes on the prevalence of caries in 6-14 year-old children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1971.", "content": "Investigations carried out on 6--14 year-old Aboriginal children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt showed that the Groote Eylandt children had a higher prevalence of dental caries at statistically significant levels. This difference in prevalence was attributed to the greater financial affluence at Groote Eylandt.", "contents": "Australian aboriginal studies. 1. The effect of socio-economic changes on the prevalence of caries in 6-14 year-old children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory of Australia, 1971. Investigations carried out on 6--14 year-old Aboriginal children resident at Bathurst Island and Groote Eylandt showed that the Groote Eylandt children had a higher prevalence of dental caries at statistically significant levels. This difference in prevalence was attributed to the greater financial affluence at Groote Eylandt."}
{"id": "PMID:294247", "title": "Neuropathies and myopathies.", "content": "The manner of dealing with this subject is to be strictly clinical and practical. Classifications will not be all-embracing but will include only those conditions likely to be encountered at some time in the career of the ordinary family practitioner. Only occasionally, in the interests of clarity, will an uncommon disorder receive brief mention. The amphasis will be on bedside diagnosis; electrodiagnostic tests will not be described.", "contents": "Neuropathies and myopathies. The manner of dealing with this subject is to be strictly clinical and practical. Classifications will not be all-embracing but will include only those conditions likely to be encountered at some time in the career of the ordinary family practitioner. Only occasionally, in the interests of clarity, will an uncommon disorder receive brief mention. The amphasis will be on bedside diagnosis; electrodiagnostic tests will not be described."}
{"id": "PMID:294248", "title": "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for haemodialysis: patency and complications compared with those of saphenous vein grafts.", "content": "A comparison has been made between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and saphenous vein as graft material for the construction of arteriovenous fistulas for use in haemodialysis. Fifty patients with PTFE grafts have been examined and compared with 70 patients with saphenous vein grafts. At eighteen months the accumulative patency rate was 69.8% for PTFE grafts and 68.9% for saphenous grafts. Although the PTFE grafts were similar in terms of patency, their complication rate was higher. The infection rate and distal ischaemia rate for PTFE grafts were double those of the vein grafts. Two patients developed median and ulnar nerve paralysis respectively shortly after implantation of PTFE grafts. Because of this it is recommended that their use be restricted to the lower limb. Despite a higher incidence of complications, PTFE grafts are a satisfactory substitute if a suitable saphenous vein is not available.", "contents": "Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts for haemodialysis: patency and complications compared with those of saphenous vein grafts. A comparison has been made between polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and saphenous vein as graft material for the construction of arteriovenous fistulas for use in haemodialysis. Fifty patients with PTFE grafts have been examined and compared with 70 patients with saphenous vein grafts. At eighteen months the accumulative patency rate was 69.8% for PTFE grafts and 68.9% for saphenous grafts. Although the PTFE grafts were similar in terms of patency, their complication rate was higher. The infection rate and distal ischaemia rate for PTFE grafts were double those of the vein grafts. Two patients developed median and ulnar nerve paralysis respectively shortly after implantation of PTFE grafts. Because of this it is recommended that their use be restricted to the lower limb. Despite a higher incidence of complications, PTFE grafts are a satisfactory substitute if a suitable saphenous vein is not available."}
{"id": "PMID:294249", "title": "A comparison of proximal with distal arterial reconstruction in the treatment of advanced lower limb ischaemia.", "content": "Elective arterial surgery for lower limb ischaemia due to chronic occlusive disease has been performed in 212 patients over a five-year period. Of this group, 93 patients were treated for limb-threatening ischaemia. The remainder were treated for intermittent claudication. The clinical and haemodynamic responses to surgery are analysed in this series of 93 patients. The results of proximal reconstruction, in terms of a living patient with patent graft and functional limb, were significantly better (75%) at one year than in patients undergoing distal segment reconstruction (45%). Successful aortoiliac surgery was associated with a mean increase in the ankle systolic pressure index of 0.36, comparied with 0.46 in the distal reconstruction group.", "contents": "A comparison of proximal with distal arterial reconstruction in the treatment of advanced lower limb ischaemia. Elective arterial surgery for lower limb ischaemia due to chronic occlusive disease has been performed in 212 patients over a five-year period. Of this group, 93 patients were treated for limb-threatening ischaemia. The remainder were treated for intermittent claudication. The clinical and haemodynamic responses to surgery are analysed in this series of 93 patients. The results of proximal reconstruction, in terms of a living patient with patent graft and functional limb, were significantly better (75%) at one year than in patients undergoing distal segment reconstruction (45%). Successful aortoiliac surgery was associated with a mean increase in the ankle systolic pressure index of 0.36, comparied with 0.46 in the distal reconstruction group."}
{"id": "PMID:294250", "title": "Microvascular techniques in reconstruction following major resections for cancer of the head and neck.", "content": "Thirteen microvascular free tissue transfers have been used for reconstruction of defects in the head and neck following cancer ablation. These procedures have produced a more rapid repair than conventional techniques and have allowed use of more appropriate tissues than are available locally.", "contents": "Microvascular techniques in reconstruction following major resections for cancer of the head and neck. Thirteen microvascular free tissue transfers have been used for reconstruction of defects in the head and neck following cancer ablation. These procedures have produced a more rapid repair than conventional techniques and have allowed use of more appropriate tissues than are available locally."}
{"id": "PMID:294251", "title": "Another look at keratoacanthoma.", "content": "In a retrospective survey over a three-year period there were found 199 patients with keratoacanthoma among 3,180 patients with malignant skin disease. The clinical features of the series are presented, with particular attention to the diagnostic error. Amongst experienced clinicians there was an 8.5% error in calling an invasive squamous cell lesion a keratoacanthoma. Pertinent features of the clinical nature of keratoacanthoma with particular reference to immunological surveillance are discussed.", "contents": "Another look at keratoacanthoma. In a retrospective survey over a three-year period there were found 199 patients with keratoacanthoma among 3,180 patients with malignant skin disease. The clinical features of the series are presented, with particular attention to the diagnostic error. Amongst experienced clinicians there was an 8.5% error in calling an invasive squamous cell lesion a keratoacanthoma. Pertinent features of the clinical nature of keratoacanthoma with particular reference to immunological surveillance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294252", "title": "Evaluation of an intraoperative test for the completeness of vagotomy.", "content": "An intraoperative test for the completeness of vagotomy has been evaluated in 103 consecutive operations, including proximal gastric, selective and truncal vagotomies, and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. At the completion of the vagotomy a pH probe was used to test gastric mucosal response to an intravenous infusion of pentagastrin, aiming to detect undivided vagal fibres by localizing residual areas of acid secretion. Testing was performed in 86 out of 103 vagotomies, and in only 34% was the vagotomy judged complete at the first attempt. Residual areas of acid secretion (usually small) were detected in the remainder, and in early all of these it was possible to abolish these areas by dividing further vagal fibres. It is suggested that intraoperative pH testing improves the likelihood of a complete vagotomy. The test is also useful to plot precisely the antral-body junction when antrectomy is combined with vagotomy.", "contents": "Evaluation of an intraoperative test for the completeness of vagotomy. An intraoperative test for the completeness of vagotomy has been evaluated in 103 consecutive operations, including proximal gastric, selective and truncal vagotomies, and truncal vagotomy with antrectomy. At the completion of the vagotomy a pH probe was used to test gastric mucosal response to an intravenous infusion of pentagastrin, aiming to detect undivided vagal fibres by localizing residual areas of acid secretion. Testing was performed in 86 out of 103 vagotomies, and in only 34% was the vagotomy judged complete at the first attempt. Residual areas of acid secretion (usually small) were detected in the remainder, and in early all of these it was possible to abolish these areas by dividing further vagal fibres. It is suggested that intraoperative pH testing improves the likelihood of a complete vagotomy. The test is also useful to plot precisely the antral-body junction when antrectomy is combined with vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:294253", "title": "A pattern of local recurrence following resection of colorectal cancer.", "content": "Twenty patients (10%) developed a local recurrence following 200 consecutive curative resections for colorectal carcinoma. Analysis of the pathology of the primary tumours suggests that invasion of adjacent tissues, and lymph node involvement, were more important presection on the mucosa. The average time interval between resection and diagnosis of local recurrence was 17 months. The average survival time following diagnosis was 10 months. Nineteen out of 20 of these patients developed evidence of disseminated disease subsequent to the diagnosis of local recurrence. The most effective palliation occurred in patients in whom the local recurrence could be resected.", "contents": "A pattern of local recurrence following resection of colorectal cancer. Twenty patients (10%) developed a local recurrence following 200 consecutive curative resections for colorectal carcinoma. Analysis of the pathology of the primary tumours suggests that invasion of adjacent tissues, and lymph node involvement, were more important presection on the mucosa. The average time interval between resection and diagnosis of local recurrence was 17 months. The average survival time following diagnosis was 10 months. Nineteen out of 20 of these patients developed evidence of disseminated disease subsequent to the diagnosis of local recurrence. The most effective palliation occurred in patients in whom the local recurrence could be resected."}
{"id": "PMID:294254", "title": "Primary sarcomas of the jaw.", "content": "Nine cases of primary sarcoma of the jaw seen over a period of 14 years are presented. They consisted of four osteosarcomas, three fibrosarcomas, one myxosarcoma and one Ewing's sarcoma. The treatment of choice for osteosarcomas of the mandible is hemimandibulectomy with disarticulation at the temporomandibular joint. Bone graft reconstruction from the iliac crest should be done at a second stage. Palliative maxillectomy for extensive fibrosarcoma of the maxilla served to relieve one patient of local symptoms for more than a year. Myxosarcoma, a variant of fibrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma of the jaw, are very rare conditions, and since these lesions are usually very extensive radiotherapy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Primary sarcomas of the jaw. Nine cases of primary sarcoma of the jaw seen over a period of 14 years are presented. They consisted of four osteosarcomas, three fibrosarcomas, one myxosarcoma and one Ewing's sarcoma. The treatment of choice for osteosarcomas of the mandible is hemimandibulectomy with disarticulation at the temporomandibular joint. Bone graft reconstruction from the iliac crest should be done at a second stage. Palliative maxillectomy for extensive fibrosarcoma of the maxilla served to relieve one patient of local symptoms for more than a year. Myxosarcoma, a variant of fibrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma of the jaw, are very rare conditions, and since these lesions are usually very extensive radiotherapy is the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:294255", "title": "Cerebral metastatic melanoma presenting as spastic paraparesis.", "content": "A case of bilateral deposits from melanoma in the posterior frontal parasagittal region of the brain is recorded. A mechanism to explain the mode of spread is suggested. C.T. head scanning in patients with disseminated malignancy should be considered prior to invasive investigations or major surgical procedures.", "contents": "Cerebral metastatic melanoma presenting as spastic paraparesis. A case of bilateral deposits from melanoma in the posterior frontal parasagittal region of the brain is recorded. A mechanism to explain the mode of spread is suggested. C.T. head scanning in patients with disseminated malignancy should be considered prior to invasive investigations or major surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:294256", "title": "Interhemispheric subdural haematoma following head injury.", "content": "A case of interhemispheric subdural haematoma following head injury is reported. The clinical and computerized axial tomographic (CT) features of this unusual complication are described together with the surgical management.", "contents": "Interhemispheric subdural haematoma following head injury. A case of interhemispheric subdural haematoma following head injury is reported. The clinical and computerized axial tomographic (CT) features of this unusual complication are described together with the surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:294262", "title": "A method for the operative treatment of chronic ischaemia of the gut.", "content": "A method of revascularizing the coeliac axis or its branches, and the superior mesenteric artery, is described. A saphenous vein graft is brought from the lumbar aorta behind the pancreas to the recipient host artery. Two illustrative patients' histories are presented.", "contents": "A method for the operative treatment of chronic ischaemia of the gut. A method of revascularizing the coeliac axis or its branches, and the superior mesenteric artery, is described. A saphenous vein graft is brought from the lumbar aorta behind the pancreas to the recipient host artery. Two illustrative patients' histories are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:294263", "title": "The development of the circle technique for determining the optimum line of tumour excision.", "content": "The healing of skin wounds is markedly influenced by their relationship to the tensional forces in the skin. Directional variations in skin extensibility which give rise to the cleavage line phenomenon and the skin tension lines are easily visualized by a recently developed skin marking technique. This technique makes it possible to plan accurately the optimum line of excision of skin tumours, including malignant melanomata, so as to allow primary linear wound closure without the necessity of undermining or grafting. The technique is particularly applicable to the excision of tumours of the back and limbs, and in addition, provides a warning if the local skin tensional state makes primary closure hazardous.", "contents": "The development of the circle technique for determining the optimum line of tumour excision. The healing of skin wounds is markedly influenced by their relationship to the tensional forces in the skin. Directional variations in skin extensibility which give rise to the cleavage line phenomenon and the skin tension lines are easily visualized by a recently developed skin marking technique. This technique makes it possible to plan accurately the optimum line of excision of skin tumours, including malignant melanomata, so as to allow primary linear wound closure without the necessity of undermining or grafting. The technique is particularly applicable to the excision of tumours of the back and limbs, and in addition, provides a warning if the local skin tensional state makes primary closure hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:294266", "title": "Transplantation of organ cultured rat parathyroids.", "content": "The hypothesis that tissue culture alters the immunogenicity of grafts by removal or inactivation of passenger leucocytes has been investigated in an inbred rat parathyroid allograft model. DA rat (Ag-B4) parathyroid glands cultured for up to three weeks in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) alone, or MEM with added donor-specific antilymphocyte serum, did not survive longer than fresh glands when allografted into Lewis rat (Ag-B1) recipients. Subsequent in vitro comparisons of three different culture media established that RPMI 1640 was superior to MEM and Medium 199 for rat parathyroids. However, further series of transplants after culture in RPMI 1640 alone also failed to produce prolongation of allograft survival.", "contents": "Transplantation of organ cultured rat parathyroids. The hypothesis that tissue culture alters the immunogenicity of grafts by removal or inactivation of passenger leucocytes has been investigated in an inbred rat parathyroid allograft model. DA rat (Ag-B4) parathyroid glands cultured for up to three weeks in Eagle's minimal essential medium (MEM) alone, or MEM with added donor-specific antilymphocyte serum, did not survive longer than fresh glands when allografted into Lewis rat (Ag-B1) recipients. Subsequent in vitro comparisons of three different culture media established that RPMI 1640 was superior to MEM and Medium 199 for rat parathyroids. However, further series of transplants after culture in RPMI 1640 alone also failed to produce prolongation of allograft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:294267", "title": "Coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "An experimental animal preparation is described which has allowed us to determine coronary haemodynamics and the overall myocardial metabolic rate of the disease-free, beating, normothermic heart during total cardiopulmonary bypass. We have confirmed that under these conditions the required coronary blood flow is about 50ml/min/100g myocardium, which can be achieved at a low perfusion pressure (60 mm Hg or 8 kPa), and that overall myocardial metabolism is represented by an oxygen utilization of just over 2 ml/min/100g. We have also defined the associated dynamic parameters which characterize oxygen transport in the coronary circulation during bypass. By controlling coronary perfusion, analogous in a clinical setting to selective coronary perfusion, we have demonstrated a simple linear correlation between perfusion pressure and coronary flow, indicating a \"fixed\" coronary vascular resistance. Under these conditions the myocardial oxygen uptake rises towards a maximum of 4ml/min/100g with the expected associated changes in the parameters characterizing oxygen transport in the coronary circulation. These trends are postulated as being a reflection of alterations in regional myocardial perfusion. By extrapolating to the clinical situation, these data have appeared to give valid information concerning the adequacy of coronary perfusion.", "contents": "Coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental animal preparation is described which has allowed us to determine coronary haemodynamics and the overall myocardial metabolic rate of the disease-free, beating, normothermic heart during total cardiopulmonary bypass. We have confirmed that under these conditions the required coronary blood flow is about 50ml/min/100g myocardium, which can be achieved at a low perfusion pressure (60 mm Hg or 8 kPa), and that overall myocardial metabolism is represented by an oxygen utilization of just over 2 ml/min/100g. We have also defined the associated dynamic parameters which characterize oxygen transport in the coronary circulation during bypass. By controlling coronary perfusion, analogous in a clinical setting to selective coronary perfusion, we have demonstrated a simple linear correlation between perfusion pressure and coronary flow, indicating a \"fixed\" coronary vascular resistance. Under these conditions the myocardial oxygen uptake rises towards a maximum of 4ml/min/100g with the expected associated changes in the parameters characterizing oxygen transport in the coronary circulation. These trends are postulated as being a reflection of alterations in regional myocardial perfusion. By extrapolating to the clinical situation, these data have appeared to give valid information concerning the adequacy of coronary perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:294268", "title": "Isolated liver perfusion: the choice of anaesthetic.", "content": "Perfused livers isolated from rats under halothane anaesthesia produced greater amounts of bile, released smaller amounts of aspartate aminotransferase, and had a much greater ability to maintain a constant concentration of glucose in perfusates than those obtained with ether or pentobarbitone. Little or no effect was shown on the ability of the liver to synthesize urea and to retain potassium within the organ. It appears, therefore,that halothane is the anaesthetic of choice when removing the liver from the laboratory rat.", "contents": "Isolated liver perfusion: the choice of anaesthetic. Perfused livers isolated from rats under halothane anaesthesia produced greater amounts of bile, released smaller amounts of aspartate aminotransferase, and had a much greater ability to maintain a constant concentration of glucose in perfusates than those obtained with ether or pentobarbitone. Little or no effect was shown on the ability of the liver to synthesize urea and to retain potassium within the organ. It appears, therefore,that halothane is the anaesthetic of choice when removing the liver from the laboratory rat."}
{"id": "PMID:294269", "title": "Changes in liver blood flow with development of biliary obstruction in the rat.", "content": "As well as causing retention of biliary secretory products, bile duct obstruction is associated with other hepatic and systemic effects which are poorly understood. These latter changes contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality associated with surgery for biliary obstruction. This study examines the changes in liver blood flow occurring after common bile duct (CBD) ligation in the belief that relative hepatic ischaemia may contribute to dysfunction. A new method for measuring liver blood flow (LBF) based on the clearance of 133Xe from the liver following injection into the portal vein is described. With this new development, serial measurements of LBF can be performed in the conscious, unfasted rat. With the development of jaundice, a highly significant reduction in LBF is seen which is first evident 36 hours after CBD ligation. By the third day after ligation, LBF is only 54% of the control value. No fall in LBF is seen in rats subjected to sham ligation. The mechanism for the reduction in LBF is uncertain, but the delayed onset makes any relfex autonomic reaction unlikely.", "contents": "Changes in liver blood flow with development of biliary obstruction in the rat. As well as causing retention of biliary secretory products, bile duct obstruction is associated with other hepatic and systemic effects which are poorly understood. These latter changes contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality associated with surgery for biliary obstruction. This study examines the changes in liver blood flow occurring after common bile duct (CBD) ligation in the belief that relative hepatic ischaemia may contribute to dysfunction. A new method for measuring liver blood flow (LBF) based on the clearance of 133Xe from the liver following injection into the portal vein is described. With this new development, serial measurements of LBF can be performed in the conscious, unfasted rat. With the development of jaundice, a highly significant reduction in LBF is seen which is first evident 36 hours after CBD ligation. By the third day after ligation, LBF is only 54% of the control value. No fall in LBF is seen in rats subjected to sham ligation. The mechanism for the reduction in LBF is uncertain, but the delayed onset makes any relfex autonomic reaction unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:294270", "title": "Intraoperative and postoperative changes in peripheral white blood cell counts: the contribution of stress.", "content": "The effect of major surgery, blood loss and psychological stress on the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) populations of human patients and healthy volunteers was examined. During, and in the hours immediately after, major surgery, there was a highly significant fall in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes (mean congruent to 30%-60%) and a highly significant decrease in polymorphs (mean congruent to 160%-350%). Blood loss and psychological stress are not major factors contributing to this fall in peripheral blood lymphocytes in the human, as blood donors and invididuals under temporary stress (anxiety about an imminent dental procedure or an important examination) showed no change in their peripheral blood lymphocyte levels in the hours immediately after these experiences. Significant increases in circulating polymorph numbers, however, accompanied procedures involving even slight tissue trauma, e.g. following blood donation and tooth extraction, but did not occur after psychological  stress alone, and were much smaller (congruent to 20%-55%) than those occurring after major surgery. Thus, apart from the complex question of anaesthesia, the nature of the surgical procedure, probably, that is, the degree of tissue trauma involved, is the most important trigger determining changes in the circulating WBC counts after operation.", "contents": "Intraoperative and postoperative changes in peripheral white blood cell counts: the contribution of stress. The effect of major surgery, blood loss and psychological stress on the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) populations of human patients and healthy volunteers was examined. During, and in the hours immediately after, major surgery, there was a highly significant fall in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes (mean congruent to 30%-60%) and a highly significant decrease in polymorphs (mean congruent to 160%-350%). Blood loss and psychological stress are not major factors contributing to this fall in peripheral blood lymphocytes in the human, as blood donors and invididuals under temporary stress (anxiety about an imminent dental procedure or an important examination) showed no change in their peripheral blood lymphocyte levels in the hours immediately after these experiences. Significant increases in circulating polymorph numbers, however, accompanied procedures involving even slight tissue trauma, e.g. following blood donation and tooth extraction, but did not occur after psychological  stress alone, and were much smaller (congruent to 20%-55%) than those occurring after major surgery. Thus, apart from the complex question of anaesthesia, the nature of the surgical procedure, probably, that is, the degree of tissue trauma involved, is the most important trigger determining changes in the circulating WBC counts after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:294271", "title": "Retardation of healing of large-bowel anastomoses by 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) would delay or prevent healing of large-bowel anastomoses. The caecums of 120 specific-pathogen-free rats were transected and reanastomosed at once. Daily intravenous injections of 5-FU were given to half the rats, the other half being controls and receiving an equal volume of saline. At Days 5, 7 and 10, standard-sized sections of sutire line were pulled apart, and the  force required to do this was recorded. At five days the strengths of the anastomoses in the 5-FU treated animals were only 25% of that of the controls, but by ten days they were over 60% of the strength of the controls. It was concluded that 5-FU delayed, but did not prevent, healing, and that it would be safe to use it in the early postoperative period, but not until several days after operation.", "contents": "Retardation of healing of large-bowel anastomoses by 5-fluorouracil. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) would delay or prevent healing of large-bowel anastomoses. The caecums of 120 specific-pathogen-free rats were transected and reanastomosed at once. Daily intravenous injections of 5-FU were given to half the rats, the other half being controls and receiving an equal volume of saline. At Days 5, 7 and 10, standard-sized sections of sutire line were pulled apart, and the  force required to do this was recorded. At five days the strengths of the anastomoses in the 5-FU treated animals were only 25% of that of the controls, but by ten days they were over 60% of the strength of the controls. It was concluded that 5-FU delayed, but did not prevent, healing, and that it would be safe to use it in the early postoperative period, but not until several days after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:294291", "title": "Marrow relapse on maintenance chemotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A retrospective study on 190 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and marrow relapse on therapy demonstrated a universally poor prognosis with a high risk of extramedullary leukaemia. 49.1% of children achieved a second remission, the median duration of haematological remission being 97 days. The median duration of survival was 157 days, with no survivors beyond 2 years 3 months from relapse. Children with high white blood counts at diagnosis, those relapsing early and older children had a particularly poor prognosis. Children who achieved a first remission with difficulty and those receiving regular vincristine and prednisolone in their remission were less likely to achieve a second remission. Those who failed to go back into remission with the more commonly used drugs were not usually responsive to other drugs.", "contents": "Marrow relapse on maintenance chemotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A retrospective study on 190 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and marrow relapse on therapy demonstrated a universally poor prognosis with a high risk of extramedullary leukaemia. 49.1% of children achieved a second remission, the median duration of haematological remission being 97 days. The median duration of survival was 157 days, with no survivors beyond 2 years 3 months from relapse. Children with high white blood counts at diagnosis, those relapsing early and older children had a particularly poor prognosis. Children who achieved a first remission with difficulty and those receiving regular vincristine and prednisolone in their remission were less likely to achieve a second remission. Those who failed to go back into remission with the more commonly used drugs were not usually responsive to other drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:294292", "title": "Induction of myeloid leukaemia by whole-body single exposure of CBA male mice to x-rays.", "content": "A curvilinear dose response of myeloid leukaemia induction in the CBA male mouse was obtained after single whole-body X-irradiation at about 3 months of age. This strain has a very low spontaneous incidence of the disease and no cases were found in the unirradiated controls. The incidence was independent of dose rate over the range used (4.2-552 rad/min). Diagnosis required histopathological examination of various body tissues, the gross anatomical changes being easily confused with other haemopoietic disorders, but a few cases were recognized in life from blood samples. Curve-fitting to various models based on theories of radiocarcinogenic mechanism is described.", "contents": "Induction of myeloid leukaemia by whole-body single exposure of CBA male mice to x-rays. A curvilinear dose response of myeloid leukaemia induction in the CBA male mouse was obtained after single whole-body X-irradiation at about 3 months of age. This strain has a very low spontaneous incidence of the disease and no cases were found in the unirradiated controls. The incidence was independent of dose rate over the range used (4.2-552 rad/min). Diagnosis required histopathological examination of various body tissues, the gross anatomical changes being easily confused with other haemopoietic disorders, but a few cases were recognized in life from blood samples. Curve-fitting to various models based on theories of radiocarcinogenic mechanism is described."}
{"id": "PMID:294293", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of peroxidases in 'undifferentiated' blasts during the blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Twelve cases of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in blast transformation have been investigated using ultrastructural peroxidase detection. In all cases, the leukaemic blasts were negative for myeloperoxidase on the basis of standard cytochemistry. In nine cases a variable proportion of blasts contained peroxidase activity detectable only by electron microscopy, permitting definition of their myeloid nature. By their distinct characteristics and localization, different peroxidase activities were recognized. Thus, several types of blasts were identified: megakaryoblasts (MKB), basophil promyelocytes (BPM), myeloid blasts with small granules containing peroxidase (MyB), and proerythroblasts (ProE). MKB were predominant in two cases and present in four cases, mixed with other myeloid blasts. BPM were abundant in one case and present in seven cases. MyB were identified as a majority in four cases. Three cases remained without any peroxidase. It is concluded that ultrastructural detection of peroxidases is of value for the identification of early myeloid blasts. Their high incidence and the simultaneous presence of several myeloid precursors suggest that during the blast crisis the target cell is frequently a pluripotent myeloid stem cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of peroxidases in 'undifferentiated' blasts during the blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Twelve cases of Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in blast transformation have been investigated using ultrastructural peroxidase detection. In all cases, the leukaemic blasts were negative for myeloperoxidase on the basis of standard cytochemistry. In nine cases a variable proportion of blasts contained peroxidase activity detectable only by electron microscopy, permitting definition of their myeloid nature. By their distinct characteristics and localization, different peroxidase activities were recognized. Thus, several types of blasts were identified: megakaryoblasts (MKB), basophil promyelocytes (BPM), myeloid blasts with small granules containing peroxidase (MyB), and proerythroblasts (ProE). MKB were predominant in two cases and present in four cases, mixed with other myeloid blasts. BPM were abundant in one case and present in seven cases. MyB were identified as a majority in four cases. Three cases remained without any peroxidase. It is concluded that ultrastructural detection of peroxidases is of value for the identification of early myeloid blasts. Their high incidence and the simultaneous presence of several myeloid precursors suggest that during the blast crisis the target cell is frequently a pluripotent myeloid stem cell."}
{"id": "PMID:294296", "title": "Leucine incorporation into leukaemic blast cells.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-leucine as an indicator of protein synthesis has been studied of blast cells in acute leukaemia and of proliferative normal bone marrow cells. The results demonstrate a significantly higher 3H-leucine incorporation into normal immature cells as compared to leukaemic myeloblasts, also 3H-leucine labelling of lymphoblasts was significantly lower than both the values found in acute leukaemia and normals. Higher protein synthesis was found correlated to the degree of cell immaturity. No significant correlation between 3H-leucine labelled and 3H-thymidine labelled leukaemic blast cells was achieved. A marked decrease in 3H-leucine incorporation by puromycin was demonstrated in three patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Leucine incorporation into leukaemic blast cells. The incorporation of 3H-leucine as an indicator of protein synthesis has been studied of blast cells in acute leukaemia and of proliferative normal bone marrow cells. The results demonstrate a significantly higher 3H-leucine incorporation into normal immature cells as compared to leukaemic myeloblasts, also 3H-leucine labelling of lymphoblasts was significantly lower than both the values found in acute leukaemia and normals. Higher protein synthesis was found correlated to the degree of cell immaturity. No significant correlation between 3H-leucine labelled and 3H-thymidine labelled leukaemic blast cells was achieved. A marked decrease in 3H-leucine incorporation by puromycin was demonstrated in three patients with acute myeloid leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294305", "title": "A new nitrogen-fixing Clostridium species from a high Arctic ecosystem.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed species of yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative Clostridium sp., possessing nitrogenase activity, has been isolated from a number of sampling sites on the Truelove Lowland of Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic. This bacterium, tentatively designated Clostridium arcticum sp. nov., accounted for 19% of all isolates recovered which were capable of anaerobic nitrogen fixation.", "contents": "A new nitrogen-fixing Clostridium species from a high Arctic ecosystem. A hitherto undescribed species of yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative Clostridium sp., possessing nitrogenase activity, has been isolated from a number of sampling sites on the Truelove Lowland of Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic. This bacterium, tentatively designated Clostridium arcticum sp. nov., accounted for 19% of all isolates recovered which were capable of anaerobic nitrogen fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:294306", "title": "Phase II study of VP-16-213 in childhood malignant disease: a Children's Cancer Study Group Report.", "content": "VP-16-213, a semisynthetic podophyliotoxin, was tested for antitumor and clinical toxicity in 126 children. The drug was administered iv daily x 5 days every 2 weeks at a starting dose of 75 mg/m2/day. The dose was increased by 25 mg/m2/day/course until clinical response or significant toxicity occurred. The only major toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia as the most predominant feature. There was one local allergic reaction at the site of injection. No systemic allergic responses were reported. The drug demonstrated significant activity in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with four responses among 19 patients, less activity in acute myelocytic leukemia with two responses among 44 patients, and little activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia with only one partial response among 12 patients. Objective partial responses occurred in ten of 48 patients with solid tumors: two each with Wilms' tumor, lymphoma, and histiocytosis X, and one each with rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The inclusion of VP-16-213 in combination chemotherapy for childhood acute myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic leukemia appears indicated in patients relapsing after initial therapy. For solid tumors this is an interim report, with further patient accrual required before specific comments can be made.", "contents": "Phase II study of VP-16-213 in childhood malignant disease: a Children's Cancer Study Group Report. VP-16-213, a semisynthetic podophyliotoxin, was tested for antitumor and clinical toxicity in 126 children. The drug was administered iv daily x 5 days every 2 weeks at a starting dose of 75 mg/m2/day. The dose was increased by 25 mg/m2/day/course until clinical response or significant toxicity occurred. The only major toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia as the most predominant feature. There was one local allergic reaction at the site of injection. No systemic allergic responses were reported. The drug demonstrated significant activity in acute myelomonocytic leukemia with four responses among 19 patients, less activity in acute myelocytic leukemia with two responses among 44 patients, and little activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia with only one partial response among 12 patients. Objective partial responses occurred in ten of 48 patients with solid tumors: two each with Wilms' tumor, lymphoma, and histiocytosis X, and one each with rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma. The inclusion of VP-16-213 in combination chemotherapy for childhood acute myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myelocytic leukemia appears indicated in patients relapsing after initial therapy. For solid tumors this is an interim report, with further patient accrual required before specific comments can be made."}
{"id": "PMID:294307", "title": "Phase II trial of vindesine in patients with acute leukemia.", "content": "Vindesine was administered to 18 patients with acute leukemia who had failed conventional chemotherapy. Each course of therapy consisted of an iv bolus infusion at a dose of 1-2 mg/m2 given daily x 5-10 days. Of 13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two had partial remissions which lasted 2 and 3 months and five had minor responses. One of three patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and one of two patients with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia each had a minor response. The data suggest that vindesine has activity in the treatment of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Phase II trial of vindesine in patients with acute leukemia. Vindesine was administered to 18 patients with acute leukemia who had failed conventional chemotherapy. Each course of therapy consisted of an iv bolus infusion at a dose of 1-2 mg/m2 given daily x 5-10 days. Of 13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two had partial remissions which lasted 2 and 3 months and five had minor responses. One of three patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and one of two patients with blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia each had a minor response. The data suggest that vindesine has activity in the treatment of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294308", "title": "Treatment of blast cell crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia with ICRF-159 (razoxane).", "content": "Eleven patients with myeloid blast cell crisis and two patients with lymphoid blast cell crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia were treated with ICRF-159. Two of the patients with myeloid blast cell crisis achieved partial bone marrow remission and survived for 8+ and 18 months. One of the patients with lymphoid blast cell crisis reverted to the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia after therapy with ICRF-159 in combination with prednisolone. The only significant toxic effect was myelosuppression.", "contents": "Treatment of blast cell crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia with ICRF-159 (razoxane). Eleven patients with myeloid blast cell crisis and two patients with lymphoid blast cell crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia were treated with ICRF-159. Two of the patients with myeloid blast cell crisis achieved partial bone marrow remission and survived for 8+ and 18 months. One of the patients with lymphoid blast cell crisis reverted to the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia after therapy with ICRF-159 in combination with prednisolone. The only significant toxic effect was myelosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:294325", "title": "Hereditary angioedema: lack of close linkage with markers on chromosome 6, with data on other markers.", "content": "Members of two Australian families with type A Hereditary Angioedema (HAE), having affected individuals in three generations, were typed for a large number of genetic marker systems in a search for close linkage with the locus controlling C1 inhibitor (C1 inh). The evidence from both families indicated lack of close linkage with HLA or with the loci for Bf and GLO on chromosome 6. Very close linkage was also excluded between the locus for C1 inh and the loci for 6PGD, PGM1 and MNSs. The other markers were not informative, but data on all systems showing variation are reported. The publication of similar data for other kindreds will help to determine lod scores for the probability of linkage between the C1 inh locus and loci controlling common protein polymorphisms. Linkage studies of this kind could establish whether the loci controlling type A and B HAE are identical or separate.", "contents": "Hereditary angioedema: lack of close linkage with markers on chromosome 6, with data on other markers. Members of two Australian families with type A Hereditary Angioedema (HAE), having affected individuals in three generations, were typed for a large number of genetic marker systems in a search for close linkage with the locus controlling C1 inhibitor (C1 inh). The evidence from both families indicated lack of close linkage with HLA or with the loci for Bf and GLO on chromosome 6. Very close linkage was also excluded between the locus for C1 inh and the loci for 6PGD, PGM1 and MNSs. The other markers were not informative, but data on all systems showing variation are reported. The publication of similar data for other kindreds will help to determine lod scores for the probability of linkage between the C1 inh locus and loci controlling common protein polymorphisms. Linkage studies of this kind could establish whether the loci controlling type A and B HAE are identical or separate."}
{"id": "PMID:294345", "title": "[Histocompatibility of porous ceramics in the jaw bones of Cavia cobaya].", "content": "Porous ceramic basically fuses hard in osseous connective tissue of the jaw if closed implantation has been successful. The date were derived from ground serial sections in different postoperative intervals. Light, fluorescence (after intravital staining), and scanning electron microscopy were used for the evaluation. The positive results obtained with this test series do not imply that porous ceramic material used as root replacements persists under normal masticatory stress and in the same type of tissue.", "contents": "[Histocompatibility of porous ceramics in the jaw bones of Cavia cobaya]. Porous ceramic basically fuses hard in osseous connective tissue of the jaw if closed implantation has been successful. The date were derived from ground serial sections in different postoperative intervals. Light, fluorescence (after intravital staining), and scanning electron microscopy were used for the evaluation. The positive results obtained with this test series do not imply that porous ceramic material used as root replacements persists under normal masticatory stress and in the same type of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:294346", "title": "[Expertise in prosthetics--expert testimony in the courts].", "content": "Expert opinions are usually requested by the courts when the dentist is the plaintiff. The patient must provide the dentist with an opportunity to rectify possible defects. The assessment is based on whether or not the prerequisites necessary for successful treatment were present at the time of insertion. The number of lawsuits involving bridgework is increasing.", "contents": "[Expertise in prosthetics--expert testimony in the courts]. Expert opinions are usually requested by the courts when the dentist is the plaintiff. The patient must provide the dentist with an opportunity to rectify possible defects. The assessment is based on whether or not the prerequisites necessary for successful treatment were present at the time of insertion. The number of lawsuits involving bridgework is increasing."}
{"id": "PMID:294348", "title": "[Stress on cast dowel constructions dependent on various means of preparation].", "content": "Comparative tests of stress exerted on dowel constructions with secondarily attached crowns were carried out in 60 plastic roots. With one half of the roots, the final preparation was first determined after the dowel construction was inserted; a circular shoulder was uniformly sunk. The margin of the crown and the dowel construction therefore were not at the same level. The remaining half was not reprepared; the margin of the crown and dowel construction were at the same level. The test teeth were loaded palatally as far as the fracture. Most fractures were characteristic oblique fractures in the region of the gingiva. The differences between the two groups were impressive. The load capacity for constructions with level crown margins and dowel constructions as far as the fracture was 6 kp less in the middle than those not at the same level.", "contents": "[Stress on cast dowel constructions dependent on various means of preparation]. Comparative tests of stress exerted on dowel constructions with secondarily attached crowns were carried out in 60 plastic roots. With one half of the roots, the final preparation was first determined after the dowel construction was inserted; a circular shoulder was uniformly sunk. The margin of the crown and the dowel construction therefore were not at the same level. The remaining half was not reprepared; the margin of the crown and dowel construction were at the same level. The test teeth were loaded palatally as far as the fracture. Most fractures were characteristic oblique fractures in the region of the gingiva. The differences between the two groups were impressive. The load capacity for constructions with level crown margins and dowel constructions as far as the fracture was 6 kp less in the middle than those not at the same level."}
{"id": "PMID:294349", "title": "[Comparative studies on the reconstruction of the intermaxillary distance after loss of temporary crowns].", "content": "If temporary crowns are lost following preparation in the supporting areas, the condyles may be displaced. It however was established that the normal position of the condyles can be approximately reproduced with a central bearing device. On the basis of the results, it was determined that the support pin method is superior to the procedure using central wax registration.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the reconstruction of the intermaxillary distance after loss of temporary crowns]. If temporary crowns are lost following preparation in the supporting areas, the condyles may be displaced. It however was established that the normal position of the condyles can be approximately reproduced with a central bearing device. On the basis of the results, it was determined that the support pin method is superior to the procedure using central wax registration."}
{"id": "PMID:294350", "title": "[The polymerization temperature of Scutan, Palavit 55 and Trim].", "content": "Synchronous temperature measurements with thermocouples in the coronal pulp and in temporary plastic crowns were undertaken in \"in vitro\" tests which were very similar to \"in vivo\" conditions. 1. The plastics Scutan and Palavit 55 used in connection with Frasaco strip crowns irreversibly damaged the coronal pulp during the polymerization process because the polymerization temperature was as high as 46C. 2. The plastic Trim used in connection with Frasaco strip crowns produced temperatures as high as 39 C in the coronal pulp. 3. The temperature in the coronal pulp dropped to 35 C when Palavit 55 was used together with an alginate cast.", "contents": "[The polymerization temperature of Scutan, Palavit 55 and Trim]. Synchronous temperature measurements with thermocouples in the coronal pulp and in temporary plastic crowns were undertaken in \"in vitro\" tests which were very similar to \"in vivo\" conditions. 1. The plastics Scutan and Palavit 55 used in connection with Frasaco strip crowns irreversibly damaged the coronal pulp during the polymerization process because the polymerization temperature was as high as 46C. 2. The plastic Trim used in connection with Frasaco strip crowns produced temperatures as high as 39 C in the coronal pulp. 3. The temperature in the coronal pulp dropped to 35 C when Palavit 55 was used together with an alginate cast."}
{"id": "PMID:294351", "title": "[The necessity of registration measurements in the construction of masticatory surfaces].", "content": "Model studies of denture forms with group contact and front canine guidance showed that a procedure for the reconstruction of grinding surfaces not directly involved in movement guidance, based on the mean values, can be accurate. The standard measures of registration for transference to a semiadjustable articulator are adequate for satisfactorily reducing vertical deviations to a clinically tolerable minimum in reconstruction guide planes.", "contents": "[The necessity of registration measurements in the construction of masticatory surfaces]. Model studies of denture forms with group contact and front canine guidance showed that a procedure for the reconstruction of grinding surfaces not directly involved in movement guidance, based on the mean values, can be accurate. The standard measures of registration for transference to a semiadjustable articulator are adequate for satisfactorily reducing vertical deviations to a clinically tolerable minimum in reconstruction guide planes."}
{"id": "PMID:294352", "title": "[The problem of prosthesis stomatitis--allergic reaction to the prosthesis lacquer \"D/22 Meton\"].", "content": "The gloss on die-cast prostheses is sometimes achieved by coating the surface with enamel. A case was reported in which the prosthesis enamel D/22 Meton produced an allergic reaction in the mucosa.", "contents": "[The problem of prosthesis stomatitis--allergic reaction to the prosthesis lacquer \"D/22 Meton\"]. The gloss on die-cast prostheses is sometimes achieved by coating the surface with enamel. A case was reported in which the prosthesis enamel D/22 Meton produced an allergic reaction in the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:294354", "title": "[Electronic studies on the biological tolerance of the mandibular movement limits].", "content": "Three-dimensional synchronized position-limits of the mandible were electronically derived and evaluated in 10 adult subjects with normal mastication. It was shown that the respective positions could not be identically reproduced. To define this physiologic distribution, parameters were introduced with which the biologic tolerance and the reproducibility of the position-limits of the mandible can be described in the first approach.", "contents": "[Electronic studies on the biological tolerance of the mandibular movement limits]. Three-dimensional synchronized position-limits of the mandible were electronically derived and evaluated in 10 adult subjects with normal mastication. It was shown that the respective positions could not be identically reproduced. To define this physiologic distribution, parameters were introduced with which the biologic tolerance and the reproducibility of the position-limits of the mandible can be described in the first approach."}
{"id": "PMID:294356", "title": "[Multiple osteosarcoma in spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)].", "content": "For period from 1971 to 1975, 18 cases of osteosarcoma were experienced among 9132 spontaneously hypertensive rats. The onset was at 72 to 145 days of age and death occurred before 423 days of age. The tumors were multiple being distributed in the skull (11 of 14 cases), caudal vertebrae (8 of 14 cases), and fore- and hind-limb. All the tumors were mainly composed of sarcomatous tissue with some osteoid and cartilage. Metastasis was never observed. Serum A1-P levels of tumor bearing animals were 2 times higher than those without tumor. Bronchiectasis and abscess formation of submaxillary lymph nodes were noted in most affected animals.", "contents": "[Multiple osteosarcoma in spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. For period from 1971 to 1975, 18 cases of osteosarcoma were experienced among 9132 spontaneously hypertensive rats. The onset was at 72 to 145 days of age and death occurred before 423 days of age. The tumors were multiple being distributed in the skull (11 of 14 cases), caudal vertebrae (8 of 14 cases), and fore- and hind-limb. All the tumors were mainly composed of sarcomatous tissue with some osteoid and cartilage. Metastasis was never observed. Serum A1-P levels of tumor bearing animals were 2 times higher than those without tumor. Bronchiectasis and abscess formation of submaxillary lymph nodes were noted in most affected animals."}
{"id": "PMID:294357", "title": "[A new artificial respirator suited for perfusion fixation of tissues in small laboratory animals (author's transl)].", "content": "A new, simple and inexpensive instrument, that proved to be useful for perfusion fixation of small laboratory animals, was devised.", "contents": "[A new artificial respirator suited for perfusion fixation of tissues in small laboratory animals (author's transl)]. A new, simple and inexpensive instrument, that proved to be useful for perfusion fixation of small laboratory animals, was devised."}
{"id": "PMID:294387", "title": "Differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucent lesions.", "content": "When a clinician is confronted with an apical radiolucent lesion he must follow an organized thought process and diagnostic technique prior to therapy. This technique employs the collection of data, called the diagnostic data base, and radiographic data. The diagnostic data base and radiographic data combined with the results of the vitality tests will provide the clinician with an appropriate working diagnosis. If the data support a diagnosis of radiolucent lesion associated with a nonvital tooth then endodontic therapy should be provided and the patient should be seen on a routine follow-up basis. Dr. H. M. Worth has most elequently summarized the responsibilities of the clinician as follows: \"The endodontist cannot content himself with sufficient knowledge to deal with apical infections only, for he encounters a great number of diseases; it is necessary for him to be reasonably well informed on the radiographic appearances of most of the abnormalities and diseases that occur in the jaws.\"", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of periapical radiolucent lesions. When a clinician is confronted with an apical radiolucent lesion he must follow an organized thought process and diagnostic technique prior to therapy. This technique employs the collection of data, called the diagnostic data base, and radiographic data. The diagnostic data base and radiographic data combined with the results of the vitality tests will provide the clinician with an appropriate working diagnosis. If the data support a diagnosis of radiolucent lesion associated with a nonvital tooth then endodontic therapy should be provided and the patient should be seen on a routine follow-up basis. Dr. H. M. Worth has most elequently summarized the responsibilities of the clinician as follows: \"The endodontist cannot content himself with sufficient knowledge to deal with apical infections only, for he encounters a great number of diseases; it is necessary for him to be reasonably well informed on the radiographic appearances of most of the abnormalities and diseases that occur in the jaws.\""}
{"id": "PMID:294389", "title": "Root canal anatomy. Road map to successful endodontics.", "content": "Every tooth in the distal arch presents occasional aberrations from normal canal anatomy. The alert practitioner, aware of these anomalies, will avoid a frequent source of endodontic failure.", "contents": "Root canal anatomy. Road map to successful endodontics. Every tooth in the distal arch presents occasional aberrations from normal canal anatomy. The alert practitioner, aware of these anomalies, will avoid a frequent source of endodontic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:294390", "title": "Instrumentation of finely curved canals.", "content": "The conclusion to be reached should not be that one method of enlargement is better than another in finely curved canals, or that one filling material is better than another but rather that all materials and methods have strong points and weak points which should be taken into consideration when endodontic therapy is performed. The stepback enlargement technique is probably the best technique for enlarging finely curved canals, but problems may be experienced with it also if careful procedures of instrumentation and cleansing are not followed. If these factors are kept in mind it will help us to provide the highest possible quality of endodontics.", "contents": "Instrumentation of finely curved canals. The conclusion to be reached should not be that one method of enlargement is better than another in finely curved canals, or that one filling material is better than another but rather that all materials and methods have strong points and weak points which should be taken into consideration when endodontic therapy is performed. The stepback enlargement technique is probably the best technique for enlarging finely curved canals, but problems may be experienced with it also if careful procedures of instrumentation and cleansing are not followed. If these factors are kept in mind it will help us to provide the highest possible quality of endodontics."}
{"id": "PMID:294392", "title": "Differential diagnosis in endodontic failure.", "content": "Research in education has demonstrated the usefulness of verbal mediators as memory aides. The mediator or mnemonic POOR PAST can be of use to the dentist in recalling the list of alternatives in the differential diagnos of endodontic failures: P--perforation; O--obturation; O--overfill; R--root canal missed; P--periodontal disease; A--another tooth; S--split; T--trauma. With a comprehensive list of diagnoses, recall of the appropriate questions and tests in examining for each possibility is simplified. The diagnostician then proceeds to look for a specific symptom or symptoms that would confirm a particular diagnosis or that would limit the alternatives to two or three possibilities. Questioning about the nature and duration of the symptoms is useful in ruling out some diagnoses. Pulp tests, periodontal probing, radiographs from different angles, percussion, palpation, and sinus tract exploration each have special application to one or more of the possibilities on the list. The wise clinician also evaluates access preparations, occlusion, and those etiologic factors that could cause pulp or periodontal disease. Variations in the root canal, requirements of treatment, the nature of the healing process, expected results, and surgical principles are considered along with the foregoing in problem solving. After a case has been thoroughly investigated and if the POOR PAST alternatives have been ruled out the dentist may then conclude that for some as yet undetermined reason the lesion exceeds the recuperative powers of the host and that further consultation or surgical intervention will be necessary.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis in endodontic failure. Research in education has demonstrated the usefulness of verbal mediators as memory aides. The mediator or mnemonic POOR PAST can be of use to the dentist in recalling the list of alternatives in the differential diagnos of endodontic failures: P--perforation; O--obturation; O--overfill; R--root canal missed; P--periodontal disease; A--another tooth; S--split; T--trauma. With a comprehensive list of diagnoses, recall of the appropriate questions and tests in examining for each possibility is simplified. The diagnostician then proceeds to look for a specific symptom or symptoms that would confirm a particular diagnosis or that would limit the alternatives to two or three possibilities. Questioning about the nature and duration of the symptoms is useful in ruling out some diagnoses. Pulp tests, periodontal probing, radiographs from different angles, percussion, palpation, and sinus tract exploration each have special application to one or more of the possibilities on the list. The wise clinician also evaluates access preparations, occlusion, and those etiologic factors that could cause pulp or periodontal disease. Variations in the root canal, requirements of treatment, the nature of the healing process, expected results, and surgical principles are considered along with the foregoing in problem solving. After a case has been thoroughly investigated and if the POOR PAST alternatives have been ruled out the dentist may then conclude that for some as yet undetermined reason the lesion exceeds the recuperative powers of the host and that further consultation or surgical intervention will be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:294394", "title": "The perio-endo question: differential diagnosis.", "content": "Clinical diagnostic criteria used to distinguish between diseased states of periodontal origin and those resulting from pulpal ncrosis are based on the physical characteristics of the presenting lesion. Strict attention to minute detail and development of acute tactile discrimination are required to make accurate diagnoses.", "contents": "The perio-endo question: differential diagnosis. Clinical diagnostic criteria used to distinguish between diseased states of periodontal origin and those resulting from pulpal ncrosis are based on the physical characteristics of the presenting lesion. Strict attention to minute detail and development of acute tactile discrimination are required to make accurate diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:294396", "title": "Office sterilization and asepsis procedures in endodontics.", "content": "Available evidence that there has been an epidemic of hepatitis B in the population since the 1960s and of the vulnerability of clinical dental and endodontic personnel has indicated a need to improve general asepsis procedures to guard against the spread of infection, and to improve screening for possible carriers. Specific improvements in personal protection, surface disinfectants and procedures, and control of bacterial populations in dental water units as well as broader use of instrument sterilization can provide safer conditions of treatment for patients and personnel alike. Monitoring of asepsis can increase awareness and guide improvements of skills in aseptic treatment, and improved methods of transporting samples can improve recovery of anaerobic pathogens for determinations of antibiotic susceptibility.", "contents": "Office sterilization and asepsis procedures in endodontics. Available evidence that there has been an epidemic of hepatitis B in the population since the 1960s and of the vulnerability of clinical dental and endodontic personnel has indicated a need to improve general asepsis procedures to guard against the spread of infection, and to improve screening for possible carriers. Specific improvements in personal protection, surface disinfectants and procedures, and control of bacterial populations in dental water units as well as broader use of instrument sterilization can provide safer conditions of treatment for patients and personnel alike. Monitoring of asepsis can increase awareness and guide improvements of skills in aseptic treatment, and improved methods of transporting samples can improve recovery of anaerobic pathogens for determinations of antibiotic susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:294398", "title": "The general practitioner and the endodontist.", "content": "One of the rewards of specialty practice is the opportunity to work with a great many referring dentists. The camaraderie is good, the friendships that develop are satisfying and long lasting. The specialist's goals are the same as those of the general practitioner: to provide the highest level of care possible in the best interest of their shared patient. This is best accomplished by open and effective communication between the general practitioner, the endodontist, and their mutual patient.", "contents": "The general practitioner and the endodontist. One of the rewards of specialty practice is the opportunity to work with a great many referring dentists. The camaraderie is good, the friendships that develop are satisfying and long lasting. The specialist's goals are the same as those of the general practitioner: to provide the highest level of care possible in the best interest of their shared patient. This is best accomplished by open and effective communication between the general practitioner, the endodontist, and their mutual patient."}
{"id": "PMID:294404", "title": "Effects of murine erythroleukemia inducers on mouse erythroid colony formation in culture.", "content": "The effect of various agents which are known to increase the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells was investigated in cultures of mouse bone marrow cells. N,N-dimethylacetamide (5 and 15 mM) and acetamide (60 mM) significantly increased the number of erythroid colonies observed. Tetramethylurea, dimethylformamide, pyridine N-oxide, and butyric acid were ineffective. Dimethylsulfoxide at a concentration of 1% significantly increased colony number in cultures of marrow cells obtained from male mice, but had no effect in cultures of female bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Effects of murine erythroleukemia inducers on mouse erythroid colony formation in culture. The effect of various agents which are known to increase the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells was investigated in cultures of mouse bone marrow cells. N,N-dimethylacetamide (5 and 15 mM) and acetamide (60 mM) significantly increased the number of erythroid colonies observed. Tetramethylurea, dimethylformamide, pyridine N-oxide, and butyric acid were ineffective. Dimethylsulfoxide at a concentration of 1% significantly increased colony number in cultures of marrow cells obtained from male mice, but had no effect in cultures of female bone marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:294405", "title": "Acetylene reduction (dinitrogen fixation) and nitrification in soil as affected by the structural aggregate size.", "content": "The effect of size of structural aggregates on the intensity of nitrification and nitrogenase (nitrogen: acetylene oxidoreductase) activity was investigated in three soils. In two of them the nitrogenase activity was limited by addition of glucose. Aggregates of a larger diameter (2-4 mm) exhibited a considerably higher nitrogenase activity than those with a diameter smaller than 2 mm. This effect was even more pronounced when the soil samples were repeatedly intensively aerated. On the contrary, smaller aggregates (0.5-2 mm) exhibited more intensive nitrification.", "contents": "Acetylene reduction (dinitrogen fixation) and nitrification in soil as affected by the structural aggregate size. The effect of size of structural aggregates on the intensity of nitrification and nitrogenase (nitrogen: acetylene oxidoreductase) activity was investigated in three soils. In two of them the nitrogenase activity was limited by addition of glucose. Aggregates of a larger diameter (2-4 mm) exhibited a considerably higher nitrogenase activity than those with a diameter smaller than 2 mm. This effect was even more pronounced when the soil samples were repeatedly intensively aerated. On the contrary, smaller aggregates (0.5-2 mm) exhibited more intensive nitrification."}
{"id": "PMID:294406", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies on aldolase and its isoenzymes in leukemia and allied hematological disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "Relations between clinical course and change in aldolase (ALD) isoenzyme pattern were investigated on the peripheral and bone marrow blood of normal subjects and patients suffering from leukemia, multiple myeloma, hypoplastic anemia and other hematological disorders. Similar examination was performed on human leukemia cells and on sera and leukocytes from Donryu rats inoculated with rat leukemia cells (DBLA-6), induced by NBU. In addition to the enzyme activity, isoenzyme pattern was analyzed electrophoretically. The results obtained were as follows: 1) FDP/F1P ratios of the peripheral and marrow blood were high in untreated leukemia. After the induction therapy, the ratio in the marrow blood was high, but decreased in peripheral blood. 2) In complete remission, both ratios were decreased to normal level. 3) In the early relapse of leukemia, the marrow blood showed a high ratio in spite of normal value in the peripheral blood. During full relapse or reinduction therapy, FDP/F1P ratio remained high in both the peripheral and marrow blood. 4) Atypical hypoplastic leukemia showed a significantly high ratio in the marrow, but a low ratio in the periphery. No difference in either ratio was detected between hypoplastic anemia and normal subjects. 5) Zymogram of leukemia cells from leukemia patients showed that ALD-A was predominant more clearly than in normal leukocytes. ALD in normal leukocytes was composed mainly of ALD-A and its hybrids with ALD-B and ALD-C. 6) The ratio in sera and leukocytes from rats inoculated with DBLA-6 cells was increased with exacerbation of leukemia. ALD-A was predominant in rat leukemia cells on the zymogram. It is concluded that aldolase isoenzymes, especially the FDP/F1P ratio, are useful in estimating clinical course of leukemia, particularly in deciding early relapse of leukemia in bone marrow. These laboratory findings are also useful in differentiating atypical leukemia from hypoplastic anemia.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies on aldolase and its isoenzymes in leukemia and allied hematological disorders (author's transl)]. Relations between clinical course and change in aldolase (ALD) isoenzyme pattern were investigated on the peripheral and bone marrow blood of normal subjects and patients suffering from leukemia, multiple myeloma, hypoplastic anemia and other hematological disorders. Similar examination was performed on human leukemia cells and on sera and leukocytes from Donryu rats inoculated with rat leukemia cells (DBLA-6), induced by NBU. In addition to the enzyme activity, isoenzyme pattern was analyzed electrophoretically. The results obtained were as follows: 1) FDP/F1P ratios of the peripheral and marrow blood were high in untreated leukemia. After the induction therapy, the ratio in the marrow blood was high, but decreased in peripheral blood. 2) In complete remission, both ratios were decreased to normal level. 3) In the early relapse of leukemia, the marrow blood showed a high ratio in spite of normal value in the peripheral blood. During full relapse or reinduction therapy, FDP/F1P ratio remained high in both the peripheral and marrow blood. 4) Atypical hypoplastic leukemia showed a significantly high ratio in the marrow, but a low ratio in the periphery. No difference in either ratio was detected between hypoplastic anemia and normal subjects. 5) Zymogram of leukemia cells from leukemia patients showed that ALD-A was predominant more clearly than in normal leukocytes. ALD in normal leukocytes was composed mainly of ALD-A and its hybrids with ALD-B and ALD-C. 6) The ratio in sera and leukocytes from rats inoculated with DBLA-6 cells was increased with exacerbation of leukemia. ALD-A was predominant in rat leukemia cells on the zymogram. It is concluded that aldolase isoenzymes, especially the FDP/F1P ratio, are useful in estimating clinical course of leukemia, particularly in deciding early relapse of leukemia in bone marrow. These laboratory findings are also useful in differentiating atypical leukemia from hypoplastic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294407", "title": "Time-studies of the changes in the sex-dependent activities of enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat following gonadectomy.", "content": "The activities of cytoplasmic 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 5 alpha-reductase of rat liver were determined at different time points after gonadectomy on day 75 of life. Following testectomy the activities in male rats assume female values. However this change is relatively slow, 10--14 days being necessary for significant trends in individual activities to develop, and 40--60 days before the final level of activity is reached. The changes in enzyme activities after ovariectomy are only slight. The change in microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity following gonadectomy of male rats is biphasic, the activity increasing initially to the normal female level before falling to the intermediate \"neonatally androgen-imprinted\" level. The reaction of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity to testectomy and ovariectomy indicates that in the course of several years, during which we have investigated the behaviour of this enzyme in Chbb/THOM rats, the regulation of its activity has changed from one of oestrogen dependency to one of androgen dependency.", "contents": "Time-studies of the changes in the sex-dependent activities of enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat following gonadectomy. The activities of cytoplasmic 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 5 alpha-reductase of rat liver were determined at different time points after gonadectomy on day 75 of life. Following testectomy the activities in male rats assume female values. However this change is relatively slow, 10--14 days being necessary for significant trends in individual activities to develop, and 40--60 days before the final level of activity is reached. The changes in enzyme activities after ovariectomy are only slight. The change in microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity following gonadectomy of male rats is biphasic, the activity increasing initially to the normal female level before falling to the intermediate \"neonatally androgen-imprinted\" level. The reaction of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity to testectomy and ovariectomy indicates that in the course of several years, during which we have investigated the behaviour of this enzyme in Chbb/THOM rats, the regulation of its activity has changed from one of oestrogen dependency to one of androgen dependency."}
{"id": "PMID:294408", "title": "Time-studies of the changes in the sex-dependent activities of enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat during oestrogen administration.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to elucidate the amount of oestradiol and duration of its administration necessary to cause complete feminization of the activities of cytoplasmic 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 5 alpha-reductase in male rat liver. With the exception of cytoplasmic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 microgram oestradiol/d for 8 days and less was sufficient to cause complete feminization. The order of oestrogen sensitivity was cytoplasmic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 5 alpha-reductase greater than cytoplasmic 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Although the changes occurring after oestradiol administration are qualitatively the same as after testectomy, they occur more rapidly. This rules out the possibility that oestradiol exerts its effect via androgen deprivation. Diethylstilboestrol administration causes the same changes in cytoplasmic 17 beta- and microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity as oestradiol, although the dosage must be increased 100 fold. The effect of diethylstilboestrol on 5 alpha-reductase activity changes with the dose applied. Doses up to 100 microgram/d partially feminize the activity, but at higher doses the enzyme activity is repressed.", "contents": "Time-studies of the changes in the sex-dependent activities of enzymes of hepatic steroid metabolism in the rat during oestrogen administration. This investigation was undertaken to elucidate the amount of oestradiol and duration of its administration necessary to cause complete feminization of the activities of cytoplasmic 3 alpha- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and microsomal 5 alpha-reductase in male rat liver. With the exception of cytoplasmic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 microgram oestradiol/d for 8 days and less was sufficient to cause complete feminization. The order of oestrogen sensitivity was cytoplasmic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase greater than microsomal 5 alpha-reductase greater than cytoplasmic 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Although the changes occurring after oestradiol administration are qualitatively the same as after testectomy, they occur more rapidly. This rules out the possibility that oestradiol exerts its effect via androgen deprivation. Diethylstilboestrol administration causes the same changes in cytoplasmic 17 beta- and microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity as oestradiol, although the dosage must be increased 100 fold. The effect of diethylstilboestrol on 5 alpha-reductase activity changes with the dose applied. Doses up to 100 microgram/d partially feminize the activity, but at higher doses the enzyme activity is repressed."}
{"id": "PMID:294409", "title": "Transposition of 9q34 and 22 (q11toqter) regions has a specific role in chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Six cases are reported of variant Ph' translocations found among 240 patients with Ph'-positive CML. Five cases had a three-chromosome rearrangement involving, in addition to chromosomes 9 and 22, chromosomes 7, 4, 2(two), and 3, respectively, and one case had a two-chromosome rearrangement 22/5. A review of the literature revealed that three- and two-chromosome variant Ph' translocations are observed with equal frequency. It is postulated that all variant translocations are indeed three-chromosome rearrangements, that the specific event for the formation of the Ph' chromosome is the reciprocal translocation 9/22, and that the transposition of regions 9q34 and 22 (q11toqter), plays a major role in the development of CML.", "contents": "Transposition of 9q34 and 22 (q11toqter) regions has a specific role in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Six cases are reported of variant Ph' translocations found among 240 patients with Ph'-positive CML. Five cases had a three-chromosome rearrangement involving, in addition to chromosomes 9 and 22, chromosomes 7, 4, 2(two), and 3, respectively, and one case had a two-chromosome rearrangement 22/5. A review of the literature revealed that three- and two-chromosome variant Ph' translocations are observed with equal frequency. It is postulated that all variant translocations are indeed three-chromosome rearrangements, that the specific event for the formation of the Ph' chromosome is the reciprocal translocation 9/22, and that the transposition of regions 9q34 and 22 (q11toqter), plays a major role in the development of CML."}
{"id": "PMID:294428", "title": "[Characterization of Mycoplasma salivarium in periodontal diseases].", "content": "Research for oral mycoplasms has been conducted on individuals affected with periodontal disease. In 66 out of 100 samplings taken from lesions distinctive or gingivitis, it has been possible to identify Mycoplasma salivarium, by means of specific culture medium and serological reactions. A good correlation has been established between the oral hygiene index and the presence of Mycoplasma salivarium. 80% of the samplings taken from the periodontal pockets of patients affected with chronic periodontitis have revealed the presence of Mycoplasma salivarium. There is a close connection between the stage of the infection and the depth of the pockets. The deeper periodontal tissues of 63 out of the same 100 subjects bear evidence of Mycoplasma salivarium, which, besides the processes already described in relation to bacteria, would come to imply a direct action of mycoplasms on the cell metabolism.", "contents": "[Characterization of Mycoplasma salivarium in periodontal diseases]. Research for oral mycoplasms has been conducted on individuals affected with periodontal disease. In 66 out of 100 samplings taken from lesions distinctive or gingivitis, it has been possible to identify Mycoplasma salivarium, by means of specific culture medium and serological reactions. A good correlation has been established between the oral hygiene index and the presence of Mycoplasma salivarium. 80% of the samplings taken from the periodontal pockets of patients affected with chronic periodontitis have revealed the presence of Mycoplasma salivarium. There is a close connection between the stage of the infection and the depth of the pockets. The deeper periodontal tissues of 63 out of the same 100 subjects bear evidence of Mycoplasma salivarium, which, besides the processes already described in relation to bacteria, would come to imply a direct action of mycoplasms on the cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:294429", "title": "SDH activity in the developing incisors or irradiated mouse fetuses.", "content": "Pregnant CD1 Swiss albino mice were irradiated with 400 rads of whole body X-irradiation on the twelfth gestational day. The animals were then sacrificed beginning on day 14 through 20 of gestation by chloroform inhalation. The fetuses were extirpated via laparotomy and decapitated. The severed heads were rapidly frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. The sections were affixed to glass slides and incubated for succinic dehydrogenase activity according to the method of Nachlas et al. (1957) and counterstained in Safranin 0, routinely dehydrated and mounted. Data from observations indicated that siccinic dehydrogenase activity appeared normal in the tissue layers of the developing tooth germ when compared to control animals. When the experimental procedure had invoked damage to the developing tooth, succinic dehydrogenase activity was lessened relative to the degree of damage. Presumably the X-irradiation had affected the cellular maturation process thereby reducing the functional competency of the cells as illustrated by the reduced enzyme activity.", "contents": "SDH activity in the developing incisors or irradiated mouse fetuses. Pregnant CD1 Swiss albino mice were irradiated with 400 rads of whole body X-irradiation on the twelfth gestational day. The animals were then sacrificed beginning on day 14 through 20 of gestation by chloroform inhalation. The fetuses were extirpated via laparotomy and decapitated. The severed heads were rapidly frozen and sectioned in a cryostat. The sections were affixed to glass slides and incubated for succinic dehydrogenase activity according to the method of Nachlas et al. (1957) and counterstained in Safranin 0, routinely dehydrated and mounted. Data from observations indicated that siccinic dehydrogenase activity appeared normal in the tissue layers of the developing tooth germ when compared to control animals. When the experimental procedure had invoked damage to the developing tooth, succinic dehydrogenase activity was lessened relative to the degree of damage. Presumably the X-irradiation had affected the cellular maturation process thereby reducing the functional competency of the cells as illustrated by the reduced enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:294430", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in the histology of the human submandibular salivary gland during post natal growth.", "content": "One submandibular gland from each of 33 necropsies on children aged between birth and 14 years was examined histologically. A simple point-counting method established the volume fractions of various component tissues of the glands and these were compared between five age groups. Below 30 days of age acini and ducts were often immature and widely separated by abundant, vascular, connective tissue. After six months of age glandular structure was more compact with little intralobular connective tissue. Lymphocytic foci were numerous in many of the glands from children aged over six months with a prevalence higher than that previously established for young adults. Consolidated intraductal deposits were found in just under half the glands, mostly after the age of six months. The mean volume proportion of acinar tissue was 43% in the age group 0-30 days but had increased to 64% in the 6 month -- 2 year age group. Over the same period there were reductions in the mean proportional volumes of ducts, vascular and connective tissues. After the age of two years changes in the volume proportions of component tissues were not significant. The developmental and growth-associated changes of the present investigation were opposite in direction to the ageing changes which previous studies have shown occur over the whole of adult life. Moreover, the point at which reversal occurs seems to be in early adult life rather than in childhood.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative changes in the histology of the human submandibular salivary gland during post natal growth. One submandibular gland from each of 33 necropsies on children aged between birth and 14 years was examined histologically. A simple point-counting method established the volume fractions of various component tissues of the glands and these were compared between five age groups. Below 30 days of age acini and ducts were often immature and widely separated by abundant, vascular, connective tissue. After six months of age glandular structure was more compact with little intralobular connective tissue. Lymphocytic foci were numerous in many of the glands from children aged over six months with a prevalence higher than that previously established for young adults. Consolidated intraductal deposits were found in just under half the glands, mostly after the age of six months. The mean volume proportion of acinar tissue was 43% in the age group 0-30 days but had increased to 64% in the 6 month -- 2 year age group. Over the same period there were reductions in the mean proportional volumes of ducts, vascular and connective tissues. After the age of two years changes in the volume proportions of component tissues were not significant. The developmental and growth-associated changes of the present investigation were opposite in direction to the ageing changes which previous studies have shown occur over the whole of adult life. Moreover, the point at which reversal occurs seems to be in early adult life rather than in childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:294431", "title": "[Late development of human dental enamel].", "content": "Planes of longitudinal fractures of human dental enamel observed in scanning electron microscopy showed morphological variations related to age. This late maturation was observed along the enamel sheaths which disappeared in the subsurface and decreased in the rest of the structure. The destructions produced by demineralizing substances (phosphoric acid, citric acid, EDTA) were always more severe in enamel of older teeth when compared to younger samples. A pretreatment of the fragments with a urea solution increased the acid effects only in young enamel. It is suggested that the late maturation of enamel consists in a reduction of matrix components.", "contents": "[Late development of human dental enamel]. Planes of longitudinal fractures of human dental enamel observed in scanning electron microscopy showed morphological variations related to age. This late maturation was observed along the enamel sheaths which disappeared in the subsurface and decreased in the rest of the structure. The destructions produced by demineralizing substances (phosphoric acid, citric acid, EDTA) were always more severe in enamel of older teeth when compared to younger samples. A pretreatment of the fragments with a urea solution increased the acid effects only in young enamel. It is suggested that the late maturation of enamel consists in a reduction of matrix components."}
{"id": "PMID:294432", "title": "[Dental apatites by electron diffraction study and its impact on the level of piezo-electricity of teeth].", "content": "A study of the structure of human normal dental enamel has been performed by single crystal electron diffractionand by reconstitution of the configuration of the unit cell of the hydroxyapatite crystal by computer.", "contents": "[Dental apatites by electron diffraction study and its impact on the level of piezo-electricity of teeth]. A study of the structure of human normal dental enamel has been performed by single crystal electron diffractionand by reconstitution of the configuration of the unit cell of the hydroxyapatite crystal by computer."}
{"id": "PMID:294433", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of the activity of odontoblasts and secretory ameloblasts in the rat incisor: changes induced by vinblastine].", "content": "An autoradiographic study conducted on the rat incisor showed the presence 4 hours after (3H) proline injection, of 25-30% of the grains on the secreting cells and 70 to 75% on the extracellular matrics. The simultaneous injection of vinblastine sulphate reversed these percentages to 75-80% on the cellular level and 25-25% on the matrics. The vinblastine therefore inhibited the secretory processes of these cell types. On the other hand, due to the alkaloid, the number of grains present increased over the ameloblasts and principally over the intercellular spaces. The effects of these secretion and permeability variations suggested that a flow of precursor rich material reached the epithelial layer whatever the state of ameloblast activity.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of the activity of odontoblasts and secretory ameloblasts in the rat incisor: changes induced by vinblastine]. An autoradiographic study conducted on the rat incisor showed the presence 4 hours after (3H) proline injection, of 25-30% of the grains on the secreting cells and 70 to 75% on the extracellular matrics. The simultaneous injection of vinblastine sulphate reversed these percentages to 75-80% on the cellular level and 25-25% on the matrics. The vinblastine therefore inhibited the secretory processes of these cell types. On the other hand, due to the alkaloid, the number of grains present increased over the ameloblasts and principally over the intercellular spaces. The effects of these secretion and permeability variations suggested that a flow of precursor rich material reached the epithelial layer whatever the state of ameloblast activity."}
{"id": "PMID:294453", "title": "The effect of metronidazole on the development of plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog.", "content": "The present investigation was performed in order to assess if the administration of metronidazole changed the composition of developing plaque in dogs, which at the start of the study were free from signs of gingivitis. Five beagle dogs were used. Throughout the observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation. A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate. Gingival biopsies were sampled and the tissue examined by a point counting procedure. The composition of the subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark-field microscopy. The bacteria were characterized into the following types: coccoid cells, straight rods, filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods and spirochetes. Following the baseline examination the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque. A careful tooth cleaning program was maintained in the left jaw quadrants. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and biopsies sampled in the right jaws after 7, 14 and 28 days of no tooth cleaning. On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated. A baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which the tooth cleaning program also in this part of the dentition was terminated. During the subsequent 28-day period each animal was given a dosage of 20 mg metronidazole/kilogram bodyweight/day. Clinical examinations and biopsies were repeated after 7, 14 and 28 days. The results demonstrated that metronidazole administered via the systemic route during a 28-day period can effectively decrease plaque and gingivitis development in dogs. The bacterial flora from subgingival sites of healthy gingiva was dominated by coccoid cells and straight rods. During the phase of developing gingivitis the percentage of coccoid cells and rods tended to decrease, while motile rods and spirochetes increased. During the 28 days of metronidazole treatment the subgingival plaque flora maintained its \"healthy\" composition, i.e. a gradual influx of motile rods and spirochetes was prevented.", "contents": "The effect of metronidazole on the development of plaque and gingivitis in the beagle dog. The present investigation was performed in order to assess if the administration of metronidazole changed the composition of developing plaque in dogs, which at the start of the study were free from signs of gingivitis. Five beagle dogs were used. Throughout the observation period the animals were fed a diet which favored plaque accumulation. A baseline examination involved assessments of plaque, gingivitis and gingival exudate. Gingival biopsies were sampled and the tissue examined by a point counting procedure. The composition of the subgingival bacterial flora was assessed by dark-field microscopy. The bacteria were characterized into the following types: coccoid cells, straight rods, filaments, fusiforms, motile and curved rods and spirochetes. Following the baseline examination the teeth of the right jaws were allowed to accumulate plaque. A careful tooth cleaning program was maintained in the left jaw quadrants. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were repeated and biopsies sampled in the right jaws after 7, 14 and 28 days of no tooth cleaning. On experimental day 28 the second part of the study was initiated. A baseline examination was performed in the left jaws, after which the tooth cleaning program also in this part of the dentition was terminated. During the subsequent 28-day period each animal was given a dosage of 20 mg metronidazole/kilogram bodyweight/day. Clinical examinations and biopsies were repeated after 7, 14 and 28 days. The results demonstrated that metronidazole administered via the systemic route during a 28-day period can effectively decrease plaque and gingivitis development in dogs. The bacterial flora from subgingival sites of healthy gingiva was dominated by coccoid cells and straight rods. During the phase of developing gingivitis the percentage of coccoid cells and rods tended to decrease, while motile rods and spirochetes increased. During the 28 days of metronidazole treatment the subgingival plaque flora maintained its \"healthy\" composition, i.e. a gradual influx of motile rods and spirochetes was prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:294454", "title": "Subgingival microflora of periodontal patients on tetracycline therapy.", "content": "Samples of subgingival plaque were collected from periodontal patients receiving two different tetracycline treatment regimens following conventional periodontal therapy. Four patients had received an oral dose of 1000 mg/day for 2 weeks and nine had received 1000 mg/day for 1 week followed by 250 mg/day for extended time periods. The latter regimen is similar so that commonly prescribed for the chronic skin disease, acne vulgaris. Taxonomic characterization of plaque isolates indicated that the predominant organisms cultured from both treatment groups were species of Streptococcus and the branching, filamentous Gram-positive rods, Actinomyces and Rothia. A much greater microbial complexity was observed among the flora isolated from patients taking 250 mg/day. The latter group harbored many of the fastidious Gram-negative organisms presently implicated in the etiology of periodontal disease. All bacterial strains isolated were tested for resistance to tetracycline by replica-plating cultures on an agar medium containing two-fold dilutions of the antibiotic. Streptococcus, Veillonella and Neisseria were the bacterial genera found to be consistently resistant to tetracycline, with minimum inhibitory concentrations as high as 128 micrograms/ml. Among the Actinomyces, selection for antibiotic resistance was common only within a single species, A. odontolyticus. However, A viscosus strains isolated at 54% of the subgingival flora from one patient did demonstrate an intermediate resistance level, growing on concentrations up to 8 micrograms/ml. Tetracycline resistance was shown by a variety of Gram-negative rods isolated from the low dosage group. Although a minimum number of patients were studied, extensive microbial analyses of the predominating subgingival bacteria indicated that the goal of tetracycline therapy was achieved during the 2-week therapy period at 1000 mg/day.", "contents": "Subgingival microflora of periodontal patients on tetracycline therapy. Samples of subgingival plaque were collected from periodontal patients receiving two different tetracycline treatment regimens following conventional periodontal therapy. Four patients had received an oral dose of 1000 mg/day for 2 weeks and nine had received 1000 mg/day for 1 week followed by 250 mg/day for extended time periods. The latter regimen is similar so that commonly prescribed for the chronic skin disease, acne vulgaris. Taxonomic characterization of plaque isolates indicated that the predominant organisms cultured from both treatment groups were species of Streptococcus and the branching, filamentous Gram-positive rods, Actinomyces and Rothia. A much greater microbial complexity was observed among the flora isolated from patients taking 250 mg/day. The latter group harbored many of the fastidious Gram-negative organisms presently implicated in the etiology of periodontal disease. All bacterial strains isolated were tested for resistance to tetracycline by replica-plating cultures on an agar medium containing two-fold dilutions of the antibiotic. Streptococcus, Veillonella and Neisseria were the bacterial genera found to be consistently resistant to tetracycline, with minimum inhibitory concentrations as high as 128 micrograms/ml. Among the Actinomyces, selection for antibiotic resistance was common only within a single species, A. odontolyticus. However, A viscosus strains isolated at 54% of the subgingival flora from one patient did demonstrate an intermediate resistance level, growing on concentrations up to 8 micrograms/ml. Tetracycline resistance was shown by a variety of Gram-negative rods isolated from the low dosage group. Although a minimum number of patients were studied, extensive microbial analyses of the predominating subgingival bacteria indicated that the goal of tetracycline therapy was achieved during the 2-week therapy period at 1000 mg/day."}
{"id": "PMID:294455", "title": "A 3-year longitudinal study of the position of the gingival margin in man.", "content": "The position of the gingival margin of the incisor and canine teeth, indicated by clinical crown height, was measured using a standardised photographic technique, in 30 dental students over a 3-year period. There was a progressive increase in mean clinical crown height during this period, suggesting that continual passive eruption of the teeth was occurring. There was a significant slowing in the rate of change over the period 1975-1977 for tooth 33, the reason for which is unknown.", "contents": "A 3-year longitudinal study of the position of the gingival margin in man. The position of the gingival margin of the incisor and canine teeth, indicated by clinical crown height, was measured using a standardised photographic technique, in 30 dental students over a 3-year period. There was a progressive increase in mean clinical crown height during this period, suggesting that continual passive eruption of the teeth was occurring. There was a significant slowing in the rate of change over the period 1975-1977 for tooth 33, the reason for which is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:294456", "title": "Gingival inflammation and bone loss in periodontal disease.", "content": "Fifty subjects between 27 and 43 years of age were studied to determine the relationship between the severity of gingival inflammation, the amount of bone loss and the plaque score in interproximal sites. The results indicate moderately good correlations between Gingival Index or Plaque Index and percentage bone loss. However a low correlation was found between the amount of crevicular fluid and percentage loss. Gingival Index and Plaque Index were well correlated. It was also found that when patients were divided into two age groups, younger and older than 35 years, the older individuals studied had more bone loss interproximally compared with the younger despite comparable amounts of plaque or gingival inflammation. The data suggest that both severity and longevity of the inflammation may play a role in determining the rate of alveolar bone resorption.", "contents": "Gingival inflammation and bone loss in periodontal disease. Fifty subjects between 27 and 43 years of age were studied to determine the relationship between the severity of gingival inflammation, the amount of bone loss and the plaque score in interproximal sites. The results indicate moderately good correlations between Gingival Index or Plaque Index and percentage bone loss. However a low correlation was found between the amount of crevicular fluid and percentage loss. Gingival Index and Plaque Index were well correlated. It was also found that when patients were divided into two age groups, younger and older than 35 years, the older individuals studied had more bone loss interproximally compared with the younger despite comparable amounts of plaque or gingival inflammation. The data suggest that both severity and longevity of the inflammation may play a role in determining the rate of alveolar bone resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:294457", "title": "A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man.", "content": "Samples of apical plaque were taken by means of an anaerobic gas-flushed syringe from 21 sites in eight patients. The samples were anaerobically dispersed, diluted and plated and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 for 7-21 days. All colonies on plates containing 20-50 isolates were picked, repeatedly restreaked, characterized and identified where possible by a probabilistic computer identification program. The sites were divided into four groups on the basis of clinical features. The significance of differences between bacterial populations in the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, while the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the rank correlation of clinical features of diseases and microbial species. The subgingival microbiota in advanced destructive sites was predominated by Gram-negative rods. The microbiota of two young adult patients with generalized extensive bone loss, extensive clinical inflammation and suppuration was dominated by Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and an organism with characteristics consistent with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The predominant cultivable microbiota in two patients with extensive bone loss but minimal clinical inflammation was predominated by Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius and Eikenella corrodens in one patient and E. corrodens and a slow growing fusiform-shaped Bacteroides in a second patient. A third group of four patients demonstrated moderate levels of clinical inflammation and evidence of continued bone loss in the last year. Predominant organisms in this group were more heterogeneous and included B. asaccharolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, the \"fusiform\" Bacteroides and anaerobic vibrios. Sites with minimal disease in the patients revealed higher proportions of Gram-positive organisms including Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus. A positive rank correlation could be detected between clinical inflammation including suppuration and B. asaccharolyticus and a negative rank correlation between inflammation and E. corrodens.", "contents": "A study of the bacteria associated with advancing periodontitis in man. Samples of apical plaque were taken by means of an anaerobic gas-flushed syringe from 21 sites in eight patients. The samples were anaerobically dispersed, diluted and plated and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2 and 10% CO2 for 7-21 days. All colonies on plates containing 20-50 isolates were picked, repeatedly restreaked, characterized and identified where possible by a probabilistic computer identification program. The sites were divided into four groups on the basis of clinical features. The significance of differences between bacterial populations in the groups was determined by the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, while the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the rank correlation of clinical features of diseases and microbial species. The subgingival microbiota in advanced destructive sites was predominated by Gram-negative rods. The microbiota of two young adult patients with generalized extensive bone loss, extensive clinical inflammation and suppuration was dominated by Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and an organism with characteristics consistent with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The predominant cultivable microbiota in two patients with extensive bone loss but minimal clinical inflammation was predominated by Bacteroides melaninogenicus ss intermedius and Eikenella corrodens in one patient and E. corrodens and a slow growing fusiform-shaped Bacteroides in a second patient. A third group of four patients demonstrated moderate levels of clinical inflammation and evidence of continued bone loss in the last year. Predominant organisms in this group were more heterogeneous and included B. asaccharolyticus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, the \"fusiform\" Bacteroides and anaerobic vibrios. Sites with minimal disease in the patients revealed higher proportions of Gram-positive organisms including Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus. A positive rank correlation could be detected between clinical inflammation including suppuration and B. asaccharolyticus and a negative rank correlation between inflammation and E. corrodens."}
{"id": "PMID:294458", "title": "The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. (2) After osseous surgery.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if fixed splinting of teeth with intraoral wire and acrylic splints had advantages with respect to tooth mobility, bone level and attachment level over unsplinted teeth following osseous surgery. Ten patients were chosen who exhibited bilaterally similar chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. One maxillary sextant was splinted, while the other was unsplinted. Both sextants functioned against an unsplinted mandibular arch. Following initial therapy, osseous surgery was performed in both maxillary sextants on the same day. Tooth mobility data was collected 1 week before and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following surgery. Levels of gingival attachment and bone were recorded before and 24 weeks after surgery. Splints were removed before measurements, then replaced, and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxes and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every 3 weeks throughout the study. For all categories of teeth and mobility examined, tooth mobility increased initially after surgery and subsequently decreased by 24 weeks to about presurgical values. The splinted and unsplinted segments reacted similarly throughout the study; splinting did not significantly reduce the mobility of individual teeth. Pre- and postsurgical bone and gingival attachment levels were also similar for the splinted and unsplinted segments.", "contents": "The effect of splinting on tooth mobility. (2) After osseous surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine if fixed splinting of teeth with intraoral wire and acrylic splints had advantages with respect to tooth mobility, bone level and attachment level over unsplinted teeth following osseous surgery. Ten patients were chosen who exhibited bilaterally similar chronic destructive periodontitis and mobile teeth. One maxillary sextant was splinted, while the other was unsplinted. Both sextants functioned against an unsplinted mandibular arch. Following initial therapy, osseous surgery was performed in both maxillary sextants on the same day. Tooth mobility data was collected 1 week before and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks following surgery. Levels of gingival attachment and bone were recorded before and 24 weeks after surgery. Splints were removed before measurements, then replaced, and the occlusion refined. Prophylaxes and oral hygiene instruction were repeated every 3 weeks throughout the study. For all categories of teeth and mobility examined, tooth mobility increased initially after surgery and subsequently decreased by 24 weeks to about presurgical values. The splinted and unsplinted segments reacted similarly throughout the study; splinting did not significantly reduce the mobility of individual teeth. Pre- and postsurgical bone and gingival attachment levels were also similar for the splinted and unsplinted segments."}
{"id": "PMID:294459", "title": "Histologic characteristics of experimental gingivitis in the juvenile and adult beagle dog.", "content": "An earlier study (Matsson & Attstr\u00f6m 1979) revealed an unexplained difference between juvenile and adult dogs in the propensity to develop clinical signs of gingivitis. The aims of the present investigation were to depict the structural composition of clinically normal gingiva and to analyze the histologic changes in the gingiva during plaque development in juvenile and adult dogs. Six beagle dogs were used. Two periods of discontinued oral hygiene were studied, the first at 3 and the second at 12 months of age. Biopsies were sampled on days 0, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Sections from the biopsies were analyzed at two levels of magnification. Compared to adult dog gingiva, juvenile gingiva seemed to display: 1) a thicker keratinized layer of the oral epithelium, 2) a junctional epithelium that structurally resembles the oral epithelium, 3) a cuticular structure at the surface of the junctional epithelium, 4) a limited mononuclear inflammatory cell response during experimental gingivitis, and 5) a delayed establishment of an infiltrated connective tissue portion during experimental gingivitis. In addition, during experimental gingivitis, subgingival plaque formed along the tooth surfaces to a lesser extent in the juvenile stage compared to adult dogs.", "contents": "Histologic characteristics of experimental gingivitis in the juvenile and adult beagle dog. An earlier study (Matsson & Attstr\u00f6m 1979) revealed an unexplained difference between juvenile and adult dogs in the propensity to develop clinical signs of gingivitis. The aims of the present investigation were to depict the structural composition of clinically normal gingiva and to analyze the histologic changes in the gingiva during plaque development in juvenile and adult dogs. Six beagle dogs were used. Two periods of discontinued oral hygiene were studied, the first at 3 and the second at 12 months of age. Biopsies were sampled on days 0, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Sections from the biopsies were analyzed at two levels of magnification. Compared to adult dog gingiva, juvenile gingiva seemed to display: 1) a thicker keratinized layer of the oral epithelium, 2) a junctional epithelium that structurally resembles the oral epithelium, 3) a cuticular structure at the surface of the junctional epithelium, 4) a limited mononuclear inflammatory cell response during experimental gingivitis, and 5) a delayed establishment of an infiltrated connective tissue portion during experimental gingivitis. In addition, during experimental gingivitis, subgingival plaque formed along the tooth surfaces to a lesser extent in the juvenile stage compared to adult dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:294466", "title": "Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: comparative assessment in critically ill patients.", "content": "In a prospective trial to determine the incidence of nephrotoxicity with each of three aminoglycoside antibiotics, adults in intensive care units with presumed or proven bacterial infections were treated with intravenous gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Treatment groups were similar with respect to age, other medical disorders, type of infection, duration of aminoglycoside therapy, additional antibiotics used, other drugs prescribed (notably diuretics and corticosteroids), and rate of superinfection. Nephrotoxicity occurred with gentamicin during 44/121 (36.3%) treatment courses, with tobramycin during 21/92 (22.8%) courses, and with amikacin during 4/16 (25.0%) courses. Although frequent, nephrotoxicity reversed after treatment stopped. Tobramycin nephrotoxicity occurred significantly less often than did gentamicin nephrotoxicity (p less than 0.05). The relative safety of tobramycin may result from lower tissue accumulation during therapy.", "contents": "Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: comparative assessment in critically ill patients. In a prospective trial to determine the incidence of nephrotoxicity with each of three aminoglycoside antibiotics, adults in intensive care units with presumed or proven bacterial infections were treated with intravenous gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin. Treatment groups were similar with respect to age, other medical disorders, type of infection, duration of aminoglycoside therapy, additional antibiotics used, other drugs prescribed (notably diuretics and corticosteroids), and rate of superinfection. Nephrotoxicity occurred with gentamicin during 44/121 (36.3%) treatment courses, with tobramycin during 21/92 (22.8%) courses, and with amikacin during 4/16 (25.0%) courses. Although frequent, nephrotoxicity reversed after treatment stopped. Tobramycin nephrotoxicity occurred significantly less often than did gentamicin nephrotoxicity (p less than 0.05). The relative safety of tobramycin may result from lower tissue accumulation during therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:294467", "title": "Effects of renal failure on leukotaxis.", "content": "Effects of renal failure  and experimental azotemia on in vitro leukocyte migraton were studied. Migration of normal leukocytes in sera from patients with untreated renal failure was regularly decreased, while sera from patients on chronic dialysis exerted no inhibitory effect. Serial sera obtained from two patients starting chronic dialysis exhibited a gradual decrease and ultimate disappearance of the serum inhibitory effect. Experimental azotemia serum supported increased migration of normal leukocytes. Leukocytes from renal failure patients migrated normally when incubated in autologous uremic serum or in normal homologous serum. These results provide evidence that serum from untreated renal failure patients inhibits the in vitro migration of normal leukocytes. This inhibitory capacity is apparently correctable by hemodialysis.", "contents": "Effects of renal failure on leukotaxis. Effects of renal failure  and experimental azotemia on in vitro leukocyte migraton were studied. Migration of normal leukocytes in sera from patients with untreated renal failure was regularly decreased, while sera from patients on chronic dialysis exerted no inhibitory effect. Serial sera obtained from two patients starting chronic dialysis exhibited a gradual decrease and ultimate disappearance of the serum inhibitory effect. Experimental azotemia serum supported increased migration of normal leukocytes. Leukocytes from renal failure patients migrated normally when incubated in autologous uremic serum or in normal homologous serum. These results provide evidence that serum from untreated renal failure patients inhibits the in vitro migration of normal leukocytes. This inhibitory capacity is apparently correctable by hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:294464", "title": "A familial bisatellited extra metacentric microchromosome in man.", "content": "A bisatellited, extra metacentric microchromosome was found in a normal male and his father. This extra marker participated in satellite association in over 50 percent of the cells; silver-staining revealed only one active NOR region. Other banding studies identified two other cytogenetic \"markers\" in the family-a 9qh+ and a 21s+. Risk for a carrier of such a microchromosome is probably low but cytogenetic amniocentesis is recommended to rule out aneuploidy in the fetus.", "contents": "A familial bisatellited extra metacentric microchromosome in man. A bisatellited, extra metacentric microchromosome was found in a normal male and his father. This extra marker participated in satellite association in over 50 percent of the cells; silver-staining revealed only one active NOR region. Other banding studies identified two other cytogenetic \"markers\" in the family-a 9qh+ and a 21s+. Risk for a carrier of such a microchromosome is probably low but cytogenetic amniocentesis is recommended to rule out aneuploidy in the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:294471", "title": "Genetics of aggregation pattern mutations in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A class of aggregation pattern mutants called 'streamers' have been isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum and analysed genetically. The streamer phenotype is the formation of very large streams of centripetally moving amoebae which are collected from abnormally large territories during the aggregation phase of this organism. Such mutants do not show the pleiotropic developmental defects seen with most other classes of aggregation mutants and after the abnormal aggregation phase they develop into normally differentiated stalk cells and spores. Twenty-four haploid streamers were isolated and assigned to seven complementation groups, stmA to stmG, after selecting diploids formed between pairs of the mutants. The complementation loci were assigned to the following linkage groups using parasexual genetic techniques: stmA and stmF, linkage group VII; stmB, stmD and stmG, linkage group II; stmC and stmE, linkage group III. Use was made of a new temperature sensitive for growth marker, tsgK21, which was assigned to linkage group VII. The total number of complementation groups giving the streamer phenotype is estimated from statistical calculation, based on the frequency of allelism, to be between seven and nine.", "contents": "Genetics of aggregation pattern mutations in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. A class of aggregation pattern mutants called 'streamers' have been isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum and analysed genetically. The streamer phenotype is the formation of very large streams of centripetally moving amoebae which are collected from abnormally large territories during the aggregation phase of this organism. Such mutants do not show the pleiotropic developmental defects seen with most other classes of aggregation mutants and after the abnormal aggregation phase they develop into normally differentiated stalk cells and spores. Twenty-four haploid streamers were isolated and assigned to seven complementation groups, stmA to stmG, after selecting diploids formed between pairs of the mutants. The complementation loci were assigned to the following linkage groups using parasexual genetic techniques: stmA and stmF, linkage group VII; stmB, stmD and stmG, linkage group II; stmC and stmE, linkage group III. Use was made of a new temperature sensitive for growth marker, tsgK21, which was assigned to linkage group VII. The total number of complementation groups giving the streamer phenotype is estimated from statistical calculation, based on the frequency of allelism, to be between seven and nine."}
{"id": "PMID:294476", "title": "Long term effect of systemic tetracycline administration on the severity of induced periodontitis in the rat.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to determine the influence of systemically administered tetracycline on periodontitis in the rat. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were arranged into two groups, one group received 21 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride each day for 10 weeks in the drinking water. Periodontitis was induced in the maxillary left segment with a 0.008 inch stainless steel ligature wire and by modifying the normal diet with sucrose. The direct microscopic and histometric measurements obtained were analyzed for statistical significance, which revealed the following: 1. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less resorption of the buccal alveolar bone. There were no statistical differences however, in the amount of alveolar bone resorption palatally or interdentally. 2. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less apical migration of the junctional epithelium on the distal root of the maxillary first molar tooth. 3. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly fewer inflammatory cells. In conclusion, long term systemic administration of tetracycline in the rat may be of value in reducing the amount of tissue destruction in experimentally induced periodontitis.", "contents": "Long term effect of systemic tetracycline administration on the severity of induced periodontitis in the rat. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the influence of systemically administered tetracycline on periodontitis in the rat. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were arranged into two groups, one group received 21 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride each day for 10 weeks in the drinking water. Periodontitis was induced in the maxillary left segment with a 0.008 inch stainless steel ligature wire and by modifying the normal diet with sucrose. The direct microscopic and histometric measurements obtained were analyzed for statistical significance, which revealed the following: 1. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less resorption of the buccal alveolar bone. There were no statistical differences however, in the amount of alveolar bone resorption palatally or interdentally. 2. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly less apical migration of the junctional epithelium on the distal root of the maxillary first molar tooth. 3. Tetracycline-treated animals demonstrated significantly fewer inflammatory cells. In conclusion, long term systemic administration of tetracycline in the rat may be of value in reducing the amount of tissue destruction in experimentally induced periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:294479", "title": "Plaque growth and removal with daily toothbrushing.", "content": "Dental plaque growth was observed among 180 teenage boys during a 28-day period following prophylaxis. During this period, subjects brushed their teeth under supervision for 2 minutes daily. Plaque levels were measured immediately after brushing and 24 hours after brushing. Both levels increased rapidly during the first 14 days and appeared to be leveled off at 28 days. Less than half of the plaque was removed with one brushing per day leaving about 60% after brushing to promote rapid regrowth. Regrowth rate after brushing on the 28th day was 0.032 plaque units per hour over a 24-hour period. The regrowth rate for the group brushing with dentifrice was 27% lower than for the group brushing without a dentifrice.", "contents": "Plaque growth and removal with daily toothbrushing. Dental plaque growth was observed among 180 teenage boys during a 28-day period following prophylaxis. During this period, subjects brushed their teeth under supervision for 2 minutes daily. Plaque levels were measured immediately after brushing and 24 hours after brushing. Both levels increased rapidly during the first 14 days and appeared to be leveled off at 28 days. Less than half of the plaque was removed with one brushing per day leaving about 60% after brushing to promote rapid regrowth. Regrowth rate after brushing on the 28th day was 0.032 plaque units per hour over a 24-hour period. The regrowth rate for the group brushing with dentifrice was 27% lower than for the group brushing without a dentifrice."}
{"id": "PMID:294491", "title": "The erythropoiesis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A morphologic study.", "content": "The erythropoietic part of the bone marrow has been morphologically analyzed in 18 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 44 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and in 20 controls. There were significant differences between the findings in the lymphoid and the myeloid leukaemias and it seems possible that the erythropoietic cells are not involved in the leukaemic process in the lymphoblastic leukaemias in contradiction to the myeloid ones.", "contents": "The erythropoiesis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A morphologic study. The erythropoietic part of the bone marrow has been morphologically analyzed in 18 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 44 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia and in 20 controls. There were significant differences between the findings in the lymphoid and the myeloid leukaemias and it seems possible that the erythropoietic cells are not involved in the leukaemic process in the lymphoblastic leukaemias in contradiction to the myeloid ones."}
{"id": "PMID:294497", "title": "Localization of proteins S1, S2, S16 and S23 on the surface of small subunits of rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy.", "content": "Ribosomal proteins S1, S2, S16 and S23 were localized on the surface of the small subunit (40S) of rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy. Antibodies against the single proteins were raised in rabbits and chicken and purified by affinity chromatography. 40S-IgG-40S complexes were obtained by incubation of 40S subunits with non-cross-reacting antibodies specific for each of the four proteins and subsequent sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The location of the proteins was determined by means of antibody binding sites visualized in negative contrast in the electron microscope. The four investigated proteins are mainly located in the head region of the small subunit. Exposed antigenic determinants of proteins S1 and S2 were found to be located at different sites of the small subunit whereas proteins S16 and S23 were mapped in a limited region only.", "contents": "Localization of proteins S1, S2, S16 and S23 on the surface of small subunits of rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy. Ribosomal proteins S1, S2, S16 and S23 were localized on the surface of the small subunit (40S) of rat liver ribosomes by immune electron microscopy. Antibodies against the single proteins were raised in rabbits and chicken and purified by affinity chromatography. 40S-IgG-40S complexes were obtained by incubation of 40S subunits with non-cross-reacting antibodies specific for each of the four proteins and subsequent sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The location of the proteins was determined by means of antibody binding sites visualized in negative contrast in the electron microscope. The four investigated proteins are mainly located in the head region of the small subunit. Exposed antigenic determinants of proteins S1 and S2 were found to be located at different sites of the small subunit whereas proteins S16 and S23 were mapped in a limited region only."}
{"id": "PMID:294498", "title": "Promotion of uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial drug resistance by delayed division of yeast zygotes.", "content": "Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to 3 (3,4-dichlor-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron or DCMU) and antimycin in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is promoted by delaying first division of zygotes.", "contents": "Promotion of uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial drug resistance by delayed division of yeast zygotes. Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to 3 (3,4-dichlor-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron or DCMU) and antimycin in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is promoted by delaying first division of zygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:294520", "title": "Serum creatinine concentration in children: normal values for sex and age.", "content": "This paper presents the normal serum creatinine values in a population of 639 male and 631 female young people aged between one year and 20 years. In addition, preliminary data are presented which indicate the serum creatinine of male and female infants aged between one day and 14 days.", "contents": "Serum creatinine concentration in children: normal values for sex and age. This paper presents the normal serum creatinine values in a population of 639 male and 631 female young people aged between one year and 20 years. In addition, preliminary data are presented which indicate the serum creatinine of male and female infants aged between one day and 14 days."}
{"id": "PMID:294521", "title": "Stopping smoking. Symptoms and objective assessment in ex-smokers.", "content": "The results of a respiratory questionnaire and spirometric tests of 133 ex-smokers out of 649 male public servants aged 15--64 years have been analysed. When the population was adjusted for age, height and the presence or absence of chronic respiratory symptoms the FEV1 of the ex-smokers had not returned to normal but fell between that of the light (less than 10 a day) and moderate cigarette smokers. Factors contributing to this have been investigated. Factors affecting the FEV1 of the ex-smokers were found to include duration of smoking, quantum smoked and years since smoking ceased. An interactive effect has been demonstrated between quantum smoked and duration of smoking such that ex-smokers who used to smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day for more than 10 years had the lowest lung function but duration of smoking was not important if less than 10 cigarettes a day had been smoked. Only just over a third of the ex-smokers gave health related reasons for giving up smoking, a proportion which is considerably lower than has been found in other studies. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. As in other studies less than 10 percent gave up smoking because of its cost. Respiratory screening to include questions on cough, phlegm and wheeze together with measurement of the FEV1 is an important way of demonstrating to individual smokers evidence of any damage caused by their smoking.", "contents": "Stopping smoking. Symptoms and objective assessment in ex-smokers. The results of a respiratory questionnaire and spirometric tests of 133 ex-smokers out of 649 male public servants aged 15--64 years have been analysed. When the population was adjusted for age, height and the presence or absence of chronic respiratory symptoms the FEV1 of the ex-smokers had not returned to normal but fell between that of the light (less than 10 a day) and moderate cigarette smokers. Factors contributing to this have been investigated. Factors affecting the FEV1 of the ex-smokers were found to include duration of smoking, quantum smoked and years since smoking ceased. An interactive effect has been demonstrated between quantum smoked and duration of smoking such that ex-smokers who used to smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day for more than 10 years had the lowest lung function but duration of smoking was not important if less than 10 cigarettes a day had been smoked. Only just over a third of the ex-smokers gave health related reasons for giving up smoking, a proportion which is considerably lower than has been found in other studies. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed. As in other studies less than 10 percent gave up smoking because of its cost. Respiratory screening to include questions on cough, phlegm and wheeze together with measurement of the FEV1 is an important way of demonstrating to individual smokers evidence of any damage caused by their smoking."}
{"id": "PMID:294522", "title": "Carcinoma of the ureter.", "content": "A case of primary carcinoma of the ureter is presented. The features of 12 previous cases are summarised and discussed with reference to the literature. The tumour occurs most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades and is often diagnosed late. Subsequent bladder tumours are common, so vigilant follow-up is necessary.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the ureter. A case of primary carcinoma of the ureter is presented. The features of 12 previous cases are summarised and discussed with reference to the literature. The tumour occurs most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades and is often diagnosed late. Subsequent bladder tumours are common, so vigilant follow-up is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:294523", "title": "Skin testing for coeliac disease.", "content": "Subfractions of gluten from two genetically different New Zealand wheats were injected intradermally in 16 patients with coeliac disease and 20 healthy controls. The coeliac patients as a group exhibited greater skin reactions when examined at seven hours than the controls. However, the skin test did not give sufficient discrimination to make it clinically useful as a screening test for coeliac disease.", "contents": "Skin testing for coeliac disease. Subfractions of gluten from two genetically different New Zealand wheats were injected intradermally in 16 patients with coeliac disease and 20 healthy controls. The coeliac patients as a group exhibited greater skin reactions when examined at seven hours than the controls. However, the skin test did not give sufficient discrimination to make it clinically useful as a screening test for coeliac disease."}
{"id": "PMID:294525", "title": "Children in cars. Results of an observational study in New Zealand.", "content": "If children under the age of 14 years were adequately restrained while travelling in cars, many deaths and injuries could be prevented. Seventeen thousand, one hundred and fifty-five children under 14 years of age were observed in cars. Only 20 percent overall were appropriately restrained. A breakdown into different age groups showed that the percentage of children who were adequately restrained varied with ages: less than six months 54 percent; six months-four years 18 percent; five-seven years 9.5 percent; 8--14 years 45 percent. Thirty-two percent of infants less than six months of age were travelling on their parents' knees in the front. Overall, 31 percent of the children were travelling in the front seat. Some recommendations are made and the preventive role of the health professional in this area is examined.", "contents": "Children in cars. Results of an observational study in New Zealand. If children under the age of 14 years were adequately restrained while travelling in cars, many deaths and injuries could be prevented. Seventeen thousand, one hundred and fifty-five children under 14 years of age were observed in cars. Only 20 percent overall were appropriately restrained. A breakdown into different age groups showed that the percentage of children who were adequately restrained varied with ages: less than six months 54 percent; six months-four years 18 percent; five-seven years 9.5 percent; 8--14 years 45 percent. Thirty-two percent of infants less than six months of age were travelling on their parents' knees in the front. Overall, 31 percent of the children were travelling in the front seat. Some recommendations are made and the preventive role of the health professional in this area is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:294576", "title": "A cytogenetic study of eight human melanoma cell lines.", "content": "Eight cell lines established originally at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research from human malignant melanoma explants have been studied by means of cytogenetic techniques. All showed abnormalities characteristic for each individual line and consisting of marker chromosomes and of changes in ploidy due to the addition of extra copies of normal chromosomes. Repeat cultures of some lines after one or two years contained most of the markers which had characterized the original samples; additional chromosome abnormalities were also found. An anlysis of the break points concerned in the production of markers showed preferential involvement of chromosomes 1 and 5, with a prevalence of centromeric breaks on No. 1. These findings add further weight to the evidence suggesting that changes in chromosome 1 may be of special significance in the pathogenesis of some solid tumours.", "contents": "A cytogenetic study of eight human melanoma cell lines. Eight cell lines established originally at the Queensland Institute of Medical Research from human malignant melanoma explants have been studied by means of cytogenetic techniques. All showed abnormalities characteristic for each individual line and consisting of marker chromosomes and of changes in ploidy due to the addition of extra copies of normal chromosomes. Repeat cultures of some lines after one or two years contained most of the markers which had characterized the original samples; additional chromosome abnormalities were also found. An anlysis of the break points concerned in the production of markers showed preferential involvement of chromosomes 1 and 5, with a prevalence of centromeric breaks on No. 1. These findings add further weight to the evidence suggesting that changes in chromosome 1 may be of special significance in the pathogenesis of some solid tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:294594", "title": "Increase of superoxide dismutase activity in various human leukemia cells.", "content": "(1) Superoxide dismutase activity in polymorphonuclear cells from human blood is considerably lower than that in lymphocytes. Macrophages from ascites show the middle level between the other two cells. (2) In myelocytic, monocytic, and lymphocytic leukemia cells, the enzyme activities are increased compared to those in the corresponding normal cells. (3) Gel electrophoresis patterns of all normal cells reveal bands corresponding to the cytosol and mitochondrial bands reported in previous studies. However, the mitochondrial Mn-containing superoxide dismutase activities are diminished or absent in leukemia cells. CN-insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in leukemia cells is not detected under the conditions.", "contents": "Increase of superoxide dismutase activity in various human leukemia cells. (1) Superoxide dismutase activity in polymorphonuclear cells from human blood is considerably lower than that in lymphocytes. Macrophages from ascites show the middle level between the other two cells. (2) In myelocytic, monocytic, and lymphocytic leukemia cells, the enzyme activities are increased compared to those in the corresponding normal cells. (3) Gel electrophoresis patterns of all normal cells reveal bands corresponding to the cytosol and mitochondrial bands reported in previous studies. However, the mitochondrial Mn-containing superoxide dismutase activities are diminished or absent in leukemia cells. CN-insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in leukemia cells is not detected under the conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:294663", "title": "[Sialorrhea. Value of isotopic examination (author's transl)].", "content": "Three types of sialorrhea can be distinguished: -- deglutition disorders, especially in patients with Parkinson's disease and those with anxiety, -- ptyalomania, -- primary hypersecretion at rest. Functional scintigraphic studies enable a physiological approach to be made, and this tends to group together, under the name of primary hypersecretion at rest, various clinical manifestations occurring in two main groups: -- elderly women complaining of a bitter taste in the mouth, -- plethoric men with large salivary glands. The scintigraphic recording apperances of secretion at rest, which occurs early and without obvious food stimuli, are also noted in other clinical types. It remains to be demonstrated whether they have a common physiopathological basis arising from disorders of the normal sensitivity of the buccal cavity.", "contents": "[Sialorrhea. Value of isotopic examination (author's transl)]. Three types of sialorrhea can be distinguished: -- deglutition disorders, especially in patients with Parkinson's disease and those with anxiety, -- ptyalomania, -- primary hypersecretion at rest. Functional scintigraphic studies enable a physiological approach to be made, and this tends to group together, under the name of primary hypersecretion at rest, various clinical manifestations occurring in two main groups: -- elderly women complaining of a bitter taste in the mouth, -- plethoric men with large salivary glands. The scintigraphic recording apperances of secretion at rest, which occurs early and without obvious food stimuli, are also noted in other clinical types. It remains to be demonstrated whether they have a common physiopathological basis arising from disorders of the normal sensitivity of the buccal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:294664", "title": "[Pathogenesis of reflex secretory dysfunctions. Value of isotopic techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "Many hypotheses have been advanced to try to explain the mechanism involved in reflex secretory dysfunctions. The use of dynamic isotopic techniques and their application in clinical research enable a more precise approach to be made to assist in solving the problem. Using several examples of dysfunction of various etiologies, the authors demonstrate the existence of an excretory blocking effect from parasympathetic inhibition.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of reflex secretory dysfunctions. Value of isotopic techniques (author's transl)]. Many hypotheses have been advanced to try to explain the mechanism involved in reflex secretory dysfunctions. The use of dynamic isotopic techniques and their application in clinical research enable a more precise approach to be made to assist in solving the problem. Using several examples of dysfunction of various etiologies, the authors demonstrate the existence of an excretory blocking effect from parasympathetic inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:294665", "title": "[The buccal approach for excision of posterior submandibular gland calculi. A report on 10 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe ten patients with calculi in various regions of the submandibular gland, who were operated upon using the buccal approach, and review the different therapeutic procedures available. Though removal of the submandibular gland is a mutilating operation and has many sequelae when operated upon through the submandibular approach, it is still, surprisingly, the standard operative procedure for removal of posterior calculi, even though Delaire had already expressed his logical preference for the buccal approach, 23 years ago. This procedure was used in the 10 cases reported here and results were very good, and there were no sequelae. A strict operative technique is necessary, including general anaesthesia and dissection of Wharthon's duct along its whole length as the essential factors.", "contents": "[The buccal approach for excision of posterior submandibular gland calculi. A report on 10 cases (author's transl)]. The authors describe ten patients with calculi in various regions of the submandibular gland, who were operated upon using the buccal approach, and review the different therapeutic procedures available. Though removal of the submandibular gland is a mutilating operation and has many sequelae when operated upon through the submandibular approach, it is still, surprisingly, the standard operative procedure for removal of posterior calculi, even though Delaire had already expressed his logical preference for the buccal approach, 23 years ago. This procedure was used in the 10 cases reported here and results were very good, and there were no sequelae. A strict operative technique is necessary, including general anaesthesia and dissection of Wharthon's duct along its whole length as the essential factors."}
{"id": "PMID:294666", "title": "[50 submandibular gland resections (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review the etiological, and therapeutic data obtained from a statistical study of a homogenous group of 50 patients after submandibular gland resections. The operation was conducted for calculi in the gland in 56% of cases, infections in 24% and for other causes in the few remaining cases, including 4% with glandular tumors. From the technical point of view, the two cutaneous approaches with section of the vessels and simple enucleation were able to be employed in 76% and 24% of the cases respectively; the ease with which cleavage was obtained being the main factor whatever the etiology. Wharton's duct must be systematically and completely removed when calculi are present. The indications for therapy can be summarized as follows: -- systematic operation on any suspicious tumor for which the etiology is not rapidly discovered, -- determining factors for operation are also infections, recurrences, and a posterior localization of the calculi, -- postoperative complications are minor and consist mainly of paresis of the VIIth cranial nerve, which always regressed in this series.", "contents": "[50 submandibular gland resections (author's transl)]. The authors review the etiological, and therapeutic data obtained from a statistical study of a homogenous group of 50 patients after submandibular gland resections. The operation was conducted for calculi in the gland in 56% of cases, infections in 24% and for other causes in the few remaining cases, including 4% with glandular tumors. From the technical point of view, the two cutaneous approaches with section of the vessels and simple enucleation were able to be employed in 76% and 24% of the cases respectively; the ease with which cleavage was obtained being the main factor whatever the etiology. Wharton's duct must be systematically and completely removed when calculi are present. The indications for therapy can be summarized as follows: -- systematic operation on any suspicious tumor for which the etiology is not rapidly discovered, -- determining factors for operation are also infections, recurrences, and a posterior localization of the calculi, -- postoperative complications are minor and consist mainly of paresis of the VIIth cranial nerve, which always regressed in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:294667", "title": "[Complications of surgical treatment for submandibular calculi (author's transl)].", "content": "It is not unusual for complications to occur after surgical treatment for submandibular calculi, and 4 types were observed during operations on wharton's duct. These were: absence of calculi, breaking of a needle, hematoma of the floor of the mouth, and lost calculi. Later complications were more frequent and included a return of symptoms without residual calculi, false cysts in the floor and affections of the tongue. True recurrence is also possible. Severe postoperative complications such as hematoma of the floor of the mouth may occur after submaxillectomy. Sequelae are much more frequently noted, including neurological lesions (of the lingual and facial nerves or more rarely the XIIth nerve), pseudocysts, or cutaneous fistulae. In a critical analysis of the incidents, even very mild ones, noted in a series of 210 patients, a total of 110 were found, equal to more than half the cases.", "contents": "[Complications of surgical treatment for submandibular calculi (author's transl)]. It is not unusual for complications to occur after surgical treatment for submandibular calculi, and 4 types were observed during operations on wharton's duct. These were: absence of calculi, breaking of a needle, hematoma of the floor of the mouth, and lost calculi. Later complications were more frequent and included a return of symptoms without residual calculi, false cysts in the floor and affections of the tongue. True recurrence is also possible. Severe postoperative complications such as hematoma of the floor of the mouth may occur after submaxillectomy. Sequelae are much more frequently noted, including neurological lesions (of the lingual and facial nerves or more rarely the XIIth nerve), pseudocysts, or cutaneous fistulae. In a critical analysis of the incidents, even very mild ones, noted in a series of 210 patients, a total of 110 were found, equal to more than half the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:294668", "title": "[A rare localization of parotid lithiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of parotid lithiasis localized to the deep lobe of the gland, which was discovered only after surgical operation.", "contents": "[A rare localization of parotid lithiasis (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of parotid lithiasis localized to the deep lobe of the gland, which was discovered only after surgical operation."}
{"id": "PMID:294669", "title": "[A case of necrotic metaplasia of the salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of necrotic metaplasia of the salivary glands and review the principal clinical, histological, and evolutional characteristics of this rare affection of unknown etiology. The lesion occurs in adults, is located exclusively in the palate and appears as a small usually greatly ulcerated swelling which is sometimes preceded by pain. Histological examination, which requires a relatively deep and fairly large sample, demonstrates a group of modifications essential for diagnosis: ulceration on a inflammatory base with hyperplasic epithelial borders, plus deeper accessory salivary lobules with necrotic plaques and a great deal of malpighian metaplasia, and conservation of normal gland structure. This affection, which is sometimes wrongly diagnosted as a tumor, heals spontaneously within several weeks, which contra-indicates any strong therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[A case of necrotic metaplasia of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of necrotic metaplasia of the salivary glands and review the principal clinical, histological, and evolutional characteristics of this rare affection of unknown etiology. The lesion occurs in adults, is located exclusively in the palate and appears as a small usually greatly ulcerated swelling which is sometimes preceded by pain. Histological examination, which requires a relatively deep and fairly large sample, demonstrates a group of modifications essential for diagnosis: ulceration on a inflammatory base with hyperplasic epithelial borders, plus deeper accessory salivary lobules with necrotic plaques and a great deal of malpighian metaplasia, and conservation of normal gland structure. This affection, which is sometimes wrongly diagnosted as a tumor, heals spontaneously within several weeks, which contra-indicates any strong therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:294670", "title": "[Enlargement of the buccal aperture via. Technical consideration (author's transl)].", "content": "For a long time we know that it is possible to take out from the mouth a part or all the mandibule which presents a local malignant tumour. When the tumour is too extensed, the buccal aperture can be enlarged. The authors describe a new surgical technique which resolves this problem with notable and faithful advantages.", "contents": "[Enlargement of the buccal aperture via. Technical consideration (author's transl)]. For a long time we know that it is possible to take out from the mouth a part or all the mandibule which presents a local malignant tumour. When the tumour is too extensed, the buccal aperture can be enlarged. The authors describe a new surgical technique which resolves this problem with notable and faithful advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:294671", "title": "[A simplified method for producing postoperative analgesia in minor buccal operations by the use of acupuncture (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative analgesia by the use of acupuncture was attempted in 88 cases after stomatological operations, of which 60 were for impacted wisdom teeth. During the three years of clinical study of this method it has become simplified; from being applied before, during, and after operation, acupuncture is now used exclusively postoperatively without apparent effects on the analgesia obtained. The results appear to be extremely favourable in relation to those obtained under routine conditions after operation without acupuncture.", "contents": "[A simplified method for producing postoperative analgesia in minor buccal operations by the use of acupuncture (author's transl)]. Postoperative analgesia by the use of acupuncture was attempted in 88 cases after stomatological operations, of which 60 were for impacted wisdom teeth. During the three years of clinical study of this method it has become simplified; from being applied before, during, and after operation, acupuncture is now used exclusively postoperatively without apparent effects on the analgesia obtained. The results appear to be extremely favourable in relation to those obtained under routine conditions after operation without acupuncture."}
{"id": "PMID:294672", "title": "Cochlear models - 1978.", "content": "Two important concepts at the forefront of most cochlear modeling work today are the need for nonlinear basilar membrane mechanics and the need for a \"second-filtering\" mechanism at the transduction site of the hearing system. Other less controversial topics are one vs. two-dimensional models and the use of the WKB method for obtaining analytical results for frequencies below the cut-off frequency.", "contents": "Cochlear models - 1978. Two important concepts at the forefront of most cochlear modeling work today are the need for nonlinear basilar membrane mechanics and the need for a \"second-filtering\" mechanism at the transduction site of the hearing system. Other less controversial topics are one vs. two-dimensional models and the use of the WKB method for obtaining analytical results for frequencies below the cut-off frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:294697", "title": "Sclerotic medullary spread in diaphyseal osteosarcoma.", "content": "Dense medullary sclerosis is reported in the shafts of long bones accompanying diaphyseal osteosarcoma. Histological evidence suggests that this indicates more extensive medullary spread of tumour than is readily apparent on standard radiographic examination. It would appear that these sclerotic lesions show active radio-isotopes retention following skeletal scintigraphy. The clinical and radiological features and prognostic implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Sclerotic medullary spread in diaphyseal osteosarcoma. Dense medullary sclerosis is reported in the shafts of long bones accompanying diaphyseal osteosarcoma. Histological evidence suggests that this indicates more extensive medullary spread of tumour than is readily apparent on standard radiographic examination. It would appear that these sclerotic lesions show active radio-isotopes retention following skeletal scintigraphy. The clinical and radiological features and prognostic implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294698", "title": "Lymph node metastases from osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma visible on plain films.", "content": "The radiologic features of lymph node metastases from osteogenic sarcoma visible on plain films in two patients are described. In one patient the lymph node ossification was visible on presentation and in the other patient it was demonstrated six months after the initial diagnosis. The radiologic pattern in both cases was similar. Deposition of metastatic osteoid tissue in lymph nodes, to such a degree that it can be recognized on plain films, appears to be a distinctly uncommon complication of this malignant neoplasm. It is considered probable that this complication occurs with the osteoblastic type of osteogenic sarcoma. It is suggested that lymphography might be of value in the detection of such metastases at an earlier stage, thus influencing the plan of treatment.", "contents": "Lymph node metastases from osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma visible on plain films. The radiologic features of lymph node metastases from osteogenic sarcoma visible on plain films in two patients are described. In one patient the lymph node ossification was visible on presentation and in the other patient it was demonstrated six months after the initial diagnosis. The radiologic pattern in both cases was similar. Deposition of metastatic osteoid tissue in lymph nodes, to such a degree that it can be recognized on plain films, appears to be a distinctly uncommon complication of this malignant neoplasm. It is considered probable that this complication occurs with the osteoblastic type of osteogenic sarcoma. It is suggested that lymphography might be of value in the detection of such metastases at an earlier stage, thus influencing the plan of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:294699", "title": "Cell differentiation rates of Friend murine erythroleukemia variants isolated by sib selection.", "content": "Variants of Friend erythroleukemia cells were isolated which produced a high frequency (98%) or low frequency (2%) of hemoglobinized cells after induction with dimethylsulfoxide. Repeated subcloning and sib selection allowed enrichment of different cell lines without the use of mutagens or drug selection. The cell lines do not differ in growth rates, plating efficiencies, or chromosome numbers. The differences in inducibility phenotype were stable for more than 260 cell generations. In addition to differences in induction by dimethylsulfoxide and butyric acid, the cell lines also differ in spontaneous rates of cell differentiation. These results suggest that differences in differentiation rates are an inherited property of cells which is amplified in the presence of nonphysiological inducing agents.", "contents": "Cell differentiation rates of Friend murine erythroleukemia variants isolated by sib selection. Variants of Friend erythroleukemia cells were isolated which produced a high frequency (98%) or low frequency (2%) of hemoglobinized cells after induction with dimethylsulfoxide. Repeated subcloning and sib selection allowed enrichment of different cell lines without the use of mutagens or drug selection. The cell lines do not differ in growth rates, plating efficiencies, or chromosome numbers. The differences in inducibility phenotype were stable for more than 260 cell generations. In addition to differences in induction by dimethylsulfoxide and butyric acid, the cell lines also differ in spontaneous rates of cell differentiation. These results suggest that differences in differentiation rates are an inherited property of cells which is amplified in the presence of nonphysiological inducing agents."}
{"id": "PMID:294700", "title": "High frequency of mutation to tubercidin resistance in CHO cells.", "content": "The acquisition of high-level resistance to tubercidin (an adenosine analog) in CHO cells occurs in a single step at high frequency (10(-3) to 10(-4)) without mutagenesis. Analysis of a large number of independent mutants by a fluctuation test (Luria and Delbruk, 1943) indicates that they arise independently of the selection medium and all fall into the same complementation group. All mutants tested lack detectable adenosine kinase activity. An analysis of hybrids between mutant and wild-type cells indicates that resistance to tubercidin is a recessive marker which segregates as would be expected if it were a haploid locus in the parental CHO cell. Resistance to tubercidin is not linked to the X chromosome in CHO cells and appears to occur at much lower frequency in primary Chinese hamster cells and other cultured cell lines.", "contents": "High frequency of mutation to tubercidin resistance in CHO cells. The acquisition of high-level resistance to tubercidin (an adenosine analog) in CHO cells occurs in a single step at high frequency (10(-3) to 10(-4)) without mutagenesis. Analysis of a large number of independent mutants by a fluctuation test (Luria and Delbruk, 1943) indicates that they arise independently of the selection medium and all fall into the same complementation group. All mutants tested lack detectable adenosine kinase activity. An analysis of hybrids between mutant and wild-type cells indicates that resistance to tubercidin is a recessive marker which segregates as would be expected if it were a haploid locus in the parental CHO cell. Resistance to tubercidin is not linked to the X chromosome in CHO cells and appears to occur at much lower frequency in primary Chinese hamster cells and other cultured cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:294757", "title": "Serum xanthine dehydrogenase of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in alloxan-diabetic rats.", "content": "Xanthine dehydrogenase activity was determined in blood serum of rats in which diabetes had been induced by alloxan administration. The results show that there is no statistical significance in the difference found for normal and diabetic rats. Alloxan produced an inhibition in the enzyme activity in animals in which a carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity had been induced.", "contents": "Serum xanthine dehydrogenase of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in alloxan-diabetic rats. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity was determined in blood serum of rats in which diabetes had been induced by alloxan administration. The results show that there is no statistical significance in the difference found for normal and diabetic rats. Alloxan produced an inhibition in the enzyme activity in animals in which a carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity had been induced."}
{"id": "PMID:294758", "title": "Plasminogen activator as a diagnostic marker for preneoplastic cells in human gynecologic specimens.", "content": "A modified fibrin-agar overlay assay was used to measure the fibrinolytic activity in human cervical epithelial cells. The fibrinolytic activity results from a cell-associated serine protease that acts as a plasminogen activator. An enzymatic and morphologic comparison of individual normal and abnormal cells reveals that about 50% of the dysplastic and carcinoma in situ cells contain high levels of the activator. Forty percent of morphologically normal metaplastic cells also exhibit high activities of plasminogen. Forty percent of morphologically normal metaplastic cells also exhibit high activities of plasminogen activator. Most normal intermediate and superficial epithelial cells and all erythrocytes and leukocytes are inactive. The frequency of plasminogen activator-containing cells was somewhat higher in cytomorphologically abnormal samples than in normal samples.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator as a diagnostic marker for preneoplastic cells in human gynecologic specimens. A modified fibrin-agar overlay assay was used to measure the fibrinolytic activity in human cervical epithelial cells. The fibrinolytic activity results from a cell-associated serine protease that acts as a plasminogen activator. An enzymatic and morphologic comparison of individual normal and abnormal cells reveals that about 50% of the dysplastic and carcinoma in situ cells contain high levels of the activator. Forty percent of morphologically normal metaplastic cells also exhibit high activities of plasminogen. Forty percent of morphologically normal metaplastic cells also exhibit high activities of plasminogen activator. Most normal intermediate and superficial epithelial cells and all erythrocytes and leukocytes are inactive. The frequency of plasminogen activator-containing cells was somewhat higher in cytomorphologically abnormal samples than in normal samples."}
{"id": "PMID:294759", "title": "Cytologic presentation of recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix and corpus after radiotherapy.", "content": "In 40 women who had received radiotherapy for gynecologic carcinoma, biopsy was performed because recurrence of the tumor was clinically and/or cytologically suspected. Malignant tissue was found in two-thirds of the biopsy specimens. All the cytologic smears that preceded the biopsies were rescrutinized in order to establish criteria for recurrence of tumor. The initial indication of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma was small cells with extremely dark, hyperchromatic nuclei. The nuclei were, as a rule, elongated, and their maximum diameter was about 8 micrometers. In the first smears these cells lay singly; later they were shed in clusters. The typical larger polymorphic cells without irradiation changes appeared later. Recurrence of adenocarcinoma was first indicated by more or less polymorphic, mainly ovoid naked nuclei about 20 micrometers in diameter with prominent nucleoli. The diagnosis of recurrent adenocarcinoma is often difficult since nuclear hyperchromasia may be absent in the early smears.", "contents": "Cytologic presentation of recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix and corpus after radiotherapy. In 40 women who had received radiotherapy for gynecologic carcinoma, biopsy was performed because recurrence of the tumor was clinically and/or cytologically suspected. Malignant tissue was found in two-thirds of the biopsy specimens. All the cytologic smears that preceded the biopsies were rescrutinized in order to establish criteria for recurrence of tumor. The initial indication of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma was small cells with extremely dark, hyperchromatic nuclei. The nuclei were, as a rule, elongated, and their maximum diameter was about 8 micrometers. In the first smears these cells lay singly; later they were shed in clusters. The typical larger polymorphic cells without irradiation changes appeared later. Recurrence of adenocarcinoma was first indicated by more or less polymorphic, mainly ovoid naked nuclei about 20 micrometers in diameter with prominent nucleoli. The diagnosis of recurrent adenocarcinoma is often difficult since nuclear hyperchromasia may be absent in the early smears."}
{"id": "PMID:294760", "title": "Cytology of malignant hemangiopericytoma.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration findings in five cases of malignant hemangiopericytoma are described. The cytologic material in three cases showed clearly malignant cells with large, oval to spindle-shaped, hyperchromatic nuclei, scanty cytoplasm and many mitoses. One case had neoplastic cellular findings, but malignancy was only suspected. One case showed cytologically benign neoplastic cells. In all the cases the cytologic material contained capillaries with benign endothelial cells and some knob-like formations of neoplastic cells lined by endothelium. The diagnosis was verified from ordinary histologic sections and from semithin epoxy resin sections stained by a modified silver impregnation method to demonstrate the basal membrane and reticulin fibers. Three cases were studied electron microscopically. In our experience the described cytologic features are common but not necessarily characteristic of malignant hemangiopericytoma, since other mesenchymal tumors may also have similar features.", "contents": "Cytology of malignant hemangiopericytoma. Fine-needle aspiration findings in five cases of malignant hemangiopericytoma are described. The cytologic material in three cases showed clearly malignant cells with large, oval to spindle-shaped, hyperchromatic nuclei, scanty cytoplasm and many mitoses. One case had neoplastic cellular findings, but malignancy was only suspected. One case showed cytologically benign neoplastic cells. In all the cases the cytologic material contained capillaries with benign endothelial cells and some knob-like formations of neoplastic cells lined by endothelium. The diagnosis was verified from ordinary histologic sections and from semithin epoxy resin sections stained by a modified silver impregnation method to demonstrate the basal membrane and reticulin fibers. Three cases were studied electron microscopically. In our experience the described cytologic features are common but not necessarily characteristic of malignant hemangiopericytoma, since other mesenchymal tumors may also have similar features."}
{"id": "PMID:294761", "title": "Fine needle aspiration cytopathology of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the evaluation of metastatic disease.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was performed in 47 patients with abnormal lymphograms during the course of evaluation for metastatic disease. The biopsies were positive for malignant tumor in 11 patients. Utilizing established cytopathologic criteria a definitive diagnosis could be established. Fine needle aspiration of abnormal lymph nodes detected by lymphography is an easily performed, accurate diagnostic technique.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration cytopathology of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the evaluation of metastatic disease. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was performed in 47 patients with abnormal lymphograms during the course of evaluation for metastatic disease. The biopsies were positive for malignant tumor in 11 patients. Utilizing established cytopathologic criteria a definitive diagnosis could be established. Fine needle aspiration of abnormal lymph nodes detected by lymphography is an easily performed, accurate diagnostic technique."}
{"id": "PMID:294763", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of echinococcosis.", "content": "An asymptomatic echinococcal cyst of the liver discovered during laparotomy was initially diagnosed by cytologic smears. The case probably represents an aseptic necrosis of the parasitic elements in which the cytologic diagnosis had to be based on the presence of the characteristic echinococcal hooklets alone. Subsequent histologic examination of the cyst revealed degenerated scolices, as well as detached hooklets. This paper illustrates the usefulness of cytologic smears in the definitive diagnosis of echinococcosis and cites other cases in the literature in which the disgnosis was made by cytology. Also included is a brief review of the pathology and laboratory diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of echinococcosis. An asymptomatic echinococcal cyst of the liver discovered during laparotomy was initially diagnosed by cytologic smears. The case probably represents an aseptic necrosis of the parasitic elements in which the cytologic diagnosis had to be based on the presence of the characteristic echinococcal hooklets alone. Subsequent histologic examination of the cyst revealed degenerated scolices, as well as detached hooklets. This paper illustrates the usefulness of cytologic smears in the definitive diagnosis of echinococcosis and cites other cases in the literature in which the disgnosis was made by cytology. Also included is a brief review of the pathology and laboratory diagnosis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:294762", "title": "Psammoma bodies found in cervicovaginal smears. A case report.", "content": "Psammoma bodies and adenocarcinoma cells were identified in a cervicovaginal smear of a young woman. The identification of these cells aided in the diagnosis of this patient. This report adds to the limited number of cases in the literature.", "contents": "Psammoma bodies found in cervicovaginal smears. A case report. Psammoma bodies and adenocarcinoma cells were identified in a cervicovaginal smear of a young woman. The identification of these cells aided in the diagnosis of this patient. This report adds to the limited number of cases in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:294764", "title": "The ultrastructure of surfaces of positively identified cells in the human urinary sediment. A correlative light and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Surfaces of cells in the urinary sediment, postively identified by light microscopy (LM) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). About 35% of benign urothelial cells were characterized by the presence of short, stubby microvilli (MV). About 60% of such cells had surface microridges, and the remaining cells had surface blebs. Squamous epithelial cells were characterized primarily by microridges or by a mixture of microridges with short microvilli. Urothelial cancer cells had various surface characteristics. About 30% of these cells displayed plemorphic MV, about 10% of these cells showed short, regular MV, and the remainder appeared to be poorly preserved and had smooth surfaces, either with MV remnants or points of membrane rupture (holes or pits). The correlation between SEM surface features and the LM appearance of urothelial cancer cells was poor. Many of the most characteristic cancer cells on LM had no distinguishing SEM features. It is concluded that the application of SEM for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in urine is of uncertain benefit, pending further studies.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of surfaces of positively identified cells in the human urinary sediment. A correlative light and scanning electron microscopic study. Surfaces of cells in the urinary sediment, postively identified by light microscopy (LM) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). About 35% of benign urothelial cells were characterized by the presence of short, stubby microvilli (MV). About 60% of such cells had surface microridges, and the remaining cells had surface blebs. Squamous epithelial cells were characterized primarily by microridges or by a mixture of microridges with short microvilli. Urothelial cancer cells had various surface characteristics. About 30% of these cells displayed plemorphic MV, about 10% of these cells showed short, regular MV, and the remainder appeared to be poorly preserved and had smooth surfaces, either with MV remnants or points of membrane rupture (holes or pits). The correlation between SEM surface features and the LM appearance of urothelial cancer cells was poor. Many of the most characteristic cancer cells on LM had no distinguishing SEM features. It is concluded that the application of SEM for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in urine is of uncertain benefit, pending further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:294765", "title": "X-chromatin (Barr bodies) correlated with the DNA content of lobular neoplasia and invasive lobular carcinoma in the female breast.", "content": "Literature relating X-chromatin with the histologic grade in carcinoma of the breast is briefly reviewed. X-chromatin incidence has been determined in 14 cases of lobular neoplasia and 5 invasive lobular carcinomas of the breast and has been correlated with the DNA content in these sections examined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. In 11 of the cases of lobular neoplasia, the DNA values fell within the diploid range and in the 3 remaining cases within the diploid to tetraploid range, while the 5 invasive lobular carconomas showed a DNA distribution between the diploid and tetraploid ranges. The X-chromatin counts of these cases were variable but did not correlate with the cytophotometrically observed degree of malignancy in lobular neoplasia. No statistically significant differences in X-chromatin count of lobular neoplasia and invasive lobular carcinoma could be seen.", "contents": "X-chromatin (Barr bodies) correlated with the DNA content of lobular neoplasia and invasive lobular carcinoma in the female breast. Literature relating X-chromatin with the histologic grade in carcinoma of the breast is briefly reviewed. X-chromatin incidence has been determined in 14 cases of lobular neoplasia and 5 invasive lobular carcinomas of the breast and has been correlated with the DNA content in these sections examined by Feulgen microspectrophotometry. In 11 of the cases of lobular neoplasia, the DNA values fell within the diploid range and in the 3 remaining cases within the diploid to tetraploid range, while the 5 invasive lobular carconomas showed a DNA distribution between the diploid and tetraploid ranges. The X-chromatin counts of these cases were variable but did not correlate with the cytophotometrically observed degree of malignancy in lobular neoplasia. No statistically significant differences in X-chromatin count of lobular neoplasia and invasive lobular carcinoma could be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:294766", "title": "Loss of X-chromatin and X-chromosome activation in HeLa cells.", "content": "Activation of second X-chromosome by the action of estradiol-17 beta was studied with HeLa cells. The incidence of X-chromatin in estrogen-treated cells decreased remarkably from 55% to 6%. Further, heavy incorporation of 3H-uridine occurred in the X-chromatin bodies of the treated cells while no such labelling was observed in controls. There was also a manifold increase in the activity of the enzyme G-6-PD in steroid-treated cells, and this increase in enzyme activity could be inhibited by addition of actinomycin D. A nonestrogenic steroid such as testosterone had no effect on these parameters. These observations do indicate activation of second X-chromosome of HeLa cells by estradiol-17 beta.", "contents": "Loss of X-chromatin and X-chromosome activation in HeLa cells. Activation of second X-chromosome by the action of estradiol-17 beta was studied with HeLa cells. The incidence of X-chromatin in estrogen-treated cells decreased remarkably from 55% to 6%. Further, heavy incorporation of 3H-uridine occurred in the X-chromatin bodies of the treated cells while no such labelling was observed in controls. There was also a manifold increase in the activity of the enzyme G-6-PD in steroid-treated cells, and this increase in enzyme activity could be inhibited by addition of actinomycin D. A nonestrogenic steroid such as testosterone had no effect on these parameters. These observations do indicate activation of second X-chromosome of HeLa cells by estradiol-17 beta."}
{"id": "PMID:294768", "title": "Fine needle aspiration of ovarian masses. I. Correlative cytologic and histologic study of celomic epithelial neoplasms.", "content": "The ovary is commonly involved by a wide variety of neoplasms and nonneoplastic masses. Seventy-seven ovarian masses were aspirated using fine needles. They included 29 neoplasms classified as being of celomic epithelial origin. The study was performed in order to elucidate the cytologic features of material aspirated from these neoplasms and to correlate them with the histologic features. As expected, material aspirated from malignant neoplasms was much more cellular than material obtained from benign neoplasms. By studying the background material, nuclear and cytoplasmic features of the epithelial cells, as well as the presence of other structures such as psammoma and hyaline bodies, a fairly specific pattern can be recognized for each neoplasm. Using aspiration cytology, a conclusion can be made regarding the malignant or benign nature as well as the specific type and classification of the ovarian neoplasms. Aspiration cytology, especially with the increased use of laparoscopy, has a specific role to play in the diagnosis of celomic epithelial neoplasms of the ovary. It is a valuable method when preservation of ovarian function or minimizing surgical trauma to the patient is desirable.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration of ovarian masses. I. Correlative cytologic and histologic study of celomic epithelial neoplasms. The ovary is commonly involved by a wide variety of neoplasms and nonneoplastic masses. Seventy-seven ovarian masses were aspirated using fine needles. They included 29 neoplasms classified as being of celomic epithelial origin. The study was performed in order to elucidate the cytologic features of material aspirated from these neoplasms and to correlate them with the histologic features. As expected, material aspirated from malignant neoplasms was much more cellular than material obtained from benign neoplasms. By studying the background material, nuclear and cytoplasmic features of the epithelial cells, as well as the presence of other structures such as psammoma and hyaline bodies, a fairly specific pattern can be recognized for each neoplasm. Using aspiration cytology, a conclusion can be made regarding the malignant or benign nature as well as the specific type and classification of the ovarian neoplasms. Aspiration cytology, especially with the increased use of laparoscopy, has a specific role to play in the diagnosis of celomic epithelial neoplasms of the ovary. It is a valuable method when preservation of ovarian function or minimizing surgical trauma to the patient is desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:294771", "title": "The prevalence of actinomycetes-like organisms found in cervicovaginal smears of 300 IUD wearers.", "content": "The association of Actinomyces with IUD wearers has been widely documented and the possibility of the recognition of actinomycetes-like organisms in routine Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears has been reported. We conducted a retrospective study of IUD wearers to determine the prevalence and significance of actinomycetes-like organisms found in such smears. Three hundred smears from current IUD wearers were rescreened for actinomycetes-like organisms. Of this group, 200 patients were from a public health family planning clinic, and 100 were private patients. The incidence for the public health group was 25.5% and for the private patient group, 8%. A case history of actinomycosis is included. Findings such as other infectious agents, abnormal cytology and symptoms are also discussed. Although the presence of Actinomyces probably represents an opportunistic infection, the threat of pelvic actinomycosis with serious complications poses a management problem to the clinician when Actinomyces is reported in a routine Papanicolaou smear. Our findings lead us to question the practicality of the earlier recommendations of IUD removal and antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "The prevalence of actinomycetes-like organisms found in cervicovaginal smears of 300 IUD wearers. The association of Actinomyces with IUD wearers has been widely documented and the possibility of the recognition of actinomycetes-like organisms in routine Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears has been reported. We conducted a retrospective study of IUD wearers to determine the prevalence and significance of actinomycetes-like organisms found in such smears. Three hundred smears from current IUD wearers were rescreened for actinomycetes-like organisms. Of this group, 200 patients were from a public health family planning clinic, and 100 were private patients. The incidence for the public health group was 25.5% and for the private patient group, 8%. A case history of actinomycosis is included. Findings such as other infectious agents, abnormal cytology and symptoms are also discussed. Although the presence of Actinomyces probably represents an opportunistic infection, the threat of pelvic actinomycosis with serious complications poses a management problem to the clinician when Actinomyces is reported in a routine Papanicolaou smear. Our findings lead us to question the practicality of the earlier recommendations of IUD removal and antibiotic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:294772", "title": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver. Cytodiagnosis of hepatic cancer.", "content": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the liver were performed on 21 patients with a clinical suggestion of hepatic malignancy. Under the guidance of the liver scan, several aspirations at the suspect areas were made in each case, with an average of 3.4 punctures and 13.8 smears per case. The biopsies were positive in 13 cases: 12 metastatic carcinomas and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma. There were no false-positive or false-negative results in this series. On the 13 patients with proven hepatic malignancy, 47 punctures had been performed. Of these 47 punctures, 34 (72.3%) were positive for malignant cells. Neoplastic tissue or cells were found from at least one aspirate in these 13 biopsies. Liver biopsies by Menghini technique were also performed on five patients with proven hepatic malignancy in this series. Of these five biopsies, only two showed evidence of malignancy. Typing of the tumors and determination of the primary sites based on cytomorphologic features in all the malignant cases were attempted. Origins of neoplastic cells were suggested in 11 cases and all confirmed in the follow-ups. The punctures and aspirations of these 21 biopsies did not reveal any immediate complication. Multiple fine-needle liver aspirations under the guidance of liver scan are of great diagnostic value with high accuracy in detecting hepatic malignancy.", "contents": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the liver. Cytodiagnosis of hepatic cancer. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsies of the liver were performed on 21 patients with a clinical suggestion of hepatic malignancy. Under the guidance of the liver scan, several aspirations at the suspect areas were made in each case, with an average of 3.4 punctures and 13.8 smears per case. The biopsies were positive in 13 cases: 12 metastatic carcinomas and 1 hepatocellular carcinoma. There were no false-positive or false-negative results in this series. On the 13 patients with proven hepatic malignancy, 47 punctures had been performed. Of these 47 punctures, 34 (72.3%) were positive for malignant cells. Neoplastic tissue or cells were found from at least one aspirate in these 13 biopsies. Liver biopsies by Menghini technique were also performed on five patients with proven hepatic malignancy in this series. Of these five biopsies, only two showed evidence of malignancy. Typing of the tumors and determination of the primary sites based on cytomorphologic features in all the malignant cases were attempted. Origins of neoplastic cells were suggested in 11 cases and all confirmed in the follow-ups. The punctures and aspirations of these 21 biopsies did not reveal any immediate complication. Multiple fine-needle liver aspirations under the guidance of liver scan are of great diagnostic value with high accuracy in detecting hepatic malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:294773", "title": "Endometrial aspiration studies on Isaacs cell sampler with cytohistologic correlation.", "content": "Endometrial aspiration material obtained with the Isaacs cell sampler from 220 patients was studied and correlated with tissue biopsy from 172 of these patients. Of 52 endometrial carcinomas, there were two false-negative readings. In addition, five cases thought to be malignancies by cytologic criteria were not confirmed by histology. Therefore, the endometrial cell sampler showed a specificity of 96.85%, sensitivity of 96.15% and predictive value of 90.90%. Only nine cases of unsatisfactory cellular samples were obtained as compared to 13 cases of insufficient material by dilatation and curettage.", "contents": "Endometrial aspiration studies on Isaacs cell sampler with cytohistologic correlation. Endometrial aspiration material obtained with the Isaacs cell sampler from 220 patients was studied and correlated with tissue biopsy from 172 of these patients. Of 52 endometrial carcinomas, there were two false-negative readings. In addition, five cases thought to be malignancies by cytologic criteria were not confirmed by histology. Therefore, the endometrial cell sampler showed a specificity of 96.85%, sensitivity of 96.15% and predictive value of 90.90%. Only nine cases of unsatisfactory cellular samples were obtained as compared to 13 cases of insufficient material by dilatation and curettage."}
{"id": "PMID:294770", "title": "Fine needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. I. Clinical aspects.", "content": "One hundred forty fine needle aspirations were performed on 124 patients with a variety of gynecologic conditions. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the adequacy of this technique in the primary diagnosis of pelvic masses and in the detection of persistent or recurrent gynecologic malignancies following irradiation or chemotherapy. In this, the first of two articles, the clinical aspects of the procedure, including clinical indications and the different approaches and pelvic sites of fine needle aspiration, are discussed. The simplicity and lack of complications of the method, combined with a high degree of accuracy in predicting the histologic picture of various lesions, merit wider application of this technique as a reliable diagnostic tool in gynecologic oncology.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration cytology in gynecologic oncology. I. Clinical aspects. One hundred forty fine needle aspirations were performed on 124 patients with a variety of gynecologic conditions. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the adequacy of this technique in the primary diagnosis of pelvic masses and in the detection of persistent or recurrent gynecologic malignancies following irradiation or chemotherapy. In this, the first of two articles, the clinical aspects of the procedure, including clinical indications and the different approaches and pelvic sites of fine needle aspiration, are discussed. The simplicity and lack of complications of the method, combined with a high degree of accuracy in predicting the histologic picture of various lesions, merit wider application of this technique as a reliable diagnostic tool in gynecologic oncology."}
{"id": "PMID:294775", "title": "Distinction between atypical mesothelial cells and malignant cells by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "An examination of body cavity fluid specimens with correlated light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed several surface features that distinguished between malignant cells and atypical mesothelial cells. The microvilli of malignant cells generally were widely distributed and showed a variation in appearance, irregular overlapping and the presence of fused and branched forms. Microvilli on the surface of atypical mesothelial cells were patchy in distribution, relatively uniform in length and diameter and generally lacking in irregular forms. These findings suggest that scanning electron microscopy may be of diagnostic value in the examination of effusions in certain cases.", "contents": "Distinction between atypical mesothelial cells and malignant cells by scanning electron microscopy. An examination of body cavity fluid specimens with correlated light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed several surface features that distinguished between malignant cells and atypical mesothelial cells. The microvilli of malignant cells generally were widely distributed and showed a variation in appearance, irregular overlapping and the presence of fused and branched forms. Microvilli on the surface of atypical mesothelial cells were patchy in distribution, relatively uniform in length and diameter and generally lacking in irregular forms. These findings suggest that scanning electron microscopy may be of diagnostic value in the examination of effusions in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:294781", "title": "Immunology of pustulosis palmoplantaris.", "content": "The immunologic events of pustule formation in pustulosis palmoplantaris (and in pustular psoriasis) have been discussed with special reference to demonstrating the presence of immunoglobulins and complement within vessels walls, at the epidermo-dermal junction, in the horny layers and around the pustule, as well as its possible significance for the accumulation of leukocytes.", "contents": "Immunology of pustulosis palmoplantaris. The immunologic events of pustule formation in pustulosis palmoplantaris (and in pustular psoriasis) have been discussed with special reference to demonstrating the presence of immunoglobulins and complement within vessels walls, at the epidermo-dermal junction, in the horny layers and around the pustule, as well as its possible significance for the accumulation of leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:294782", "title": "Serum uric acid levels in untreated and PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis.", "content": "Elevated uric acid serum levels are a frequent finding in psoriasis and, despite some reports to the contrary, it is generally believed that an association does exist between hyperuricemia and psoriasis. It seems a convincing idea that the rapid epidermal turnover in psoriasis might lead to an increased purine breakdown and may thus influence the uric acid serum levels. Consequently, a relationship might well be expected between hyperuricemia and the extent of psoriatic skin involvement. The present study was undertaken in order to prove or disprove such an assumption and to investigate the influence of oral photochemotherapy on the serum uric acid levels in psoriatic subjects.", "contents": "Serum uric acid levels in untreated and PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis. Elevated uric acid serum levels are a frequent finding in psoriasis and, despite some reports to the contrary, it is generally believed that an association does exist between hyperuricemia and psoriasis. It seems a convincing idea that the rapid epidermal turnover in psoriasis might lead to an increased purine breakdown and may thus influence the uric acid serum levels. Consequently, a relationship might well be expected between hyperuricemia and the extent of psoriatic skin involvement. The present study was undertaken in order to prove or disprove such an assumption and to investigate the influence of oral photochemotherapy on the serum uric acid levels in psoriatic subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:294783", "title": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins in psoriatic skin.", "content": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) was studied in biopsy material taken from 8 psoriatics and 7 healthy controls. The psoriatic skin showed a statistically significant reduction in the capacity for PG synthesis: in psoriatic skin PGE2 was 301 +/- 74 ng/g wet weight and PGF2 alpha 425 +/- 89 ng/g wet weight, whereas in healthy skin the synthesizing capacity of PGE2 was 507 +/- 45 ng/g wet weight and of PGF2 alpha 730 +/- 206 ng/g wet weight.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of prostaglandins in psoriatic skin. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) was studied in biopsy material taken from 8 psoriatics and 7 healthy controls. The psoriatic skin showed a statistically significant reduction in the capacity for PG synthesis: in psoriatic skin PGE2 was 301 +/- 74 ng/g wet weight and PGF2 alpha 425 +/- 89 ng/g wet weight, whereas in healthy skin the synthesizing capacity of PGE2 was 507 +/- 45 ng/g wet weight and of PGF2 alpha 730 +/- 206 ng/g wet weight."}
{"id": "PMID:294777", "title": "Perceptions of the impact of baccalaureate degrees for cytotechnologists.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to ascertain differences in the perceptions of medical directors, education coordinators and cytotechnologists of the impact of baccalaureate degrees for cytotechnologists on (1) career mobility, (2) salaries, (3) professional status, and (4) changes in cytotechnology education. Questionnaries were mailed to all medical directors and education coordinators of active, accredited cytotechnology programs and to a random sampling of cytotechnologists. The responses were statistically analyzed by computer and supported the following conclusions: (1) Education coordinators and cytotechnologists generally perceive a greater impact of degrees than do medical directors. (2) Education coordinators perceive more impact on career mobility from degrees than do medical directors. (3) Medical directors perceive less impact from degrees on professional status than do the other two groups. (4) There was little difference in perceptions of the impact of degrees on salaries and changes in cytotechnology education. (5) Degrees are perceived to have more impact on career mobility than on salaries, professional status or changes in cytotechnology education.", "contents": "Perceptions of the impact of baccalaureate degrees for cytotechnologists. The purpose of this study was to ascertain differences in the perceptions of medical directors, education coordinators and cytotechnologists of the impact of baccalaureate degrees for cytotechnologists on (1) career mobility, (2) salaries, (3) professional status, and (4) changes in cytotechnology education. Questionnaries were mailed to all medical directors and education coordinators of active, accredited cytotechnology programs and to a random sampling of cytotechnologists. The responses were statistically analyzed by computer and supported the following conclusions: (1) Education coordinators and cytotechnologists generally perceive a greater impact of degrees than do medical directors. (2) Education coordinators perceive more impact on career mobility from degrees than do medical directors. (3) Medical directors perceive less impact from degrees on professional status than do the other two groups. (4) There was little difference in perceptions of the impact of degrees on salaries and changes in cytotechnology education. (5) Degrees are perceived to have more impact on career mobility than on salaries, professional status or changes in cytotechnology education."}
{"id": "PMID:294774", "title": "Study of cells in fine needle aspirations of the thyroid gland.", "content": "One hundred nine thyroid nodules were studied by fine needle aspiration cytology and were compared with the histologic sections of these lesions. The correlation of diagnoses between the two techniques proved to be comparable, and the results showed a low incidence of false-negative and flase-positive diagnoses. The criteria and merits of the fine needle aspiration cytology technique used in diagnosing thyroid lesions are presented.", "contents": "Study of cells in fine needle aspirations of the thyroid gland. One hundred nine thyroid nodules were studied by fine needle aspiration cytology and were compared with the histologic sections of these lesions. The correlation of diagnoses between the two techniques proved to be comparable, and the results showed a low incidence of false-negative and flase-positive diagnoses. The criteria and merits of the fine needle aspiration cytology technique used in diagnosing thyroid lesions are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:294784", "title": "Physiological regulation of epidermal cell growth.", "content": "According to the negative feedback theory, epidermal growth is regulated in vivo (at least in part) by the combined action of two inhibitors upon the basal cell proliferative pool. One blocks 85% of basal cells in G1 the other blocks 5--10% in G2. When isolating and culturing in vitro populations of basal cells from adult guinea pig skin, it has been possible to confirm that these cells are sensitive to both G1 and G2 inhibitions. However, only a small fraction (10% or less) of the G1 blocked cell population would be governed by G1 inhibitory messages released by suprabasal, maturing keratinocytes. As regards the G2 block in vitro experiments confirm that basal cells produce a G2 blocker to which about 9% or less are susceptible. The relatively good correspondence between in vitro and in vivo experimental data point to the interest of adult isolated epidermal basal cell cultures as a model for the study of epidermal growth regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Physiological regulation of epidermal cell growth. According to the negative feedback theory, epidermal growth is regulated in vivo (at least in part) by the combined action of two inhibitors upon the basal cell proliferative pool. One blocks 85% of basal cells in G1 the other blocks 5--10% in G2. When isolating and culturing in vitro populations of basal cells from adult guinea pig skin, it has been possible to confirm that these cells are sensitive to both G1 and G2 inhibitions. However, only a small fraction (10% or less) of the G1 blocked cell population would be governed by G1 inhibitory messages released by suprabasal, maturing keratinocytes. As regards the G2 block in vitro experiments confirm that basal cells produce a G2 blocker to which about 9% or less are susceptible. The relatively good correspondence between in vitro and in vivo experimental data point to the interest of adult isolated epidermal basal cell cultures as a model for the study of epidermal growth regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:294785", "title": "DNA in psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "An electron microscopic technique has been used to visualize crosslinks after total denaturation on DNA isolated from epidermis and dermis in patients with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and irradiation with ultraviolet light at 360 nm (PUVA treatment). This technique facilitated accurate measurements of the number and density of DNA interstrand crosslinks. 30 biopsies from 14 patients were studied and a total of 9503 DNA molecules were scored in the electron-microscope, 6 patients were treated topically with 8-MOP and 10 were on systemic treatment. Two of the patients on topical treatment had previously been on systemic treatment. 1% of all DNA molecules contained 3 or more cross-links. The overall frequency of cross-links was almost identical in the epidermis (1.1%) and in the dermis (0.9%) and, furthermore, virtually the same in patients on topical and systemic PUVA treatment. The total number of crosslinks was of the same magnitude as that previously found in normal human skin. (V. Bohr et al., Acta Dermatovener, in press.) No significantly increased damage of the genetic material (DNA) was demonstrated in our study as a consequence of the PUVA treatment using 8-MOP. We have previously shown (V. Bohr & A. Lerche, Biochim Biophys Acta, in press) that 8-MOP induced crosslinks after irradiation at 360 nm in an in vitro system of pure DNA. In this system a correlation was established between the density of crosslinks formed and irradiation time, concentration of 8-MOP, and irradiation intensity.", "contents": "DNA in psoriatic epidermis. An electron microscopic technique has been used to visualize crosslinks after total denaturation on DNA isolated from epidermis and dermis in patients with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and irradiation with ultraviolet light at 360 nm (PUVA treatment). This technique facilitated accurate measurements of the number and density of DNA interstrand crosslinks. 30 biopsies from 14 patients were studied and a total of 9503 DNA molecules were scored in the electron-microscope, 6 patients were treated topically with 8-MOP and 10 were on systemic treatment. Two of the patients on topical treatment had previously been on systemic treatment. 1% of all DNA molecules contained 3 or more cross-links. The overall frequency of cross-links was almost identical in the epidermis (1.1%) and in the dermis (0.9%) and, furthermore, virtually the same in patients on topical and systemic PUVA treatment. The total number of crosslinks was of the same magnitude as that previously found in normal human skin. (V. Bohr et al., Acta Dermatovener, in press.) No significantly increased damage of the genetic material (DNA) was demonstrated in our study as a consequence of the PUVA treatment using 8-MOP. We have previously shown (V. Bohr & A. Lerche, Biochim Biophys Acta, in press) that 8-MOP induced crosslinks after irradiation at 360 nm in an in vitro system of pure DNA. In this system a correlation was established between the density of crosslinks formed and irradiation time, concentration of 8-MOP, and irradiation intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:294776", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of pineal germinoma in cerebrospinal fluid and sputum.", "content": "The cytologic findings in an unusual case of primary germinoma of the pineal region which metastasized to the lungs are presented and compared with those in a case of typical testicular seminoma metastatic to the central nervous system (CNS). Tumor cells in Papanicolaou- or Wright's-stained cytocentrifuge preparations and Papanicolaou-stained sputum smears could all be readily compared to biopsies of the primary tumors. Large round nuclei with dispersed chromatin and multiple, prominent nucleoli were important identifying features. The cytoplasm was usually scanty and often vacuolated. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (8 ng/ml of the beta subunit) appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the patient with pineal germinoma, indicating that trophoblasts were present in the tumor even though none were seen in the biopsy or cytologic preparations. CSF polyamine levels, a test with 81% sensitivity and 66% specificity for brain tumors, were normal in the same patient. A comparison of tumor cells from both cases illustrates the similarity of germinoma cells from pineal primary tumors and testicular tumors metastic to the CNS. Although the identification of malignant germ cells in body fluids remains a grave prognostic sign, treatment with vincristine, bleomycin and cis-platinum is now inducing progressively longer remissions. Cytology should play an increasingly greater role in monitoring disease activity in patients receiving long-term treatment for malignant germ cell tumors in all locations.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of pineal germinoma in cerebrospinal fluid and sputum. The cytologic findings in an unusual case of primary germinoma of the pineal region which metastasized to the lungs are presented and compared with those in a case of typical testicular seminoma metastatic to the central nervous system (CNS). Tumor cells in Papanicolaou- or Wright's-stained cytocentrifuge preparations and Papanicolaou-stained sputum smears could all be readily compared to biopsies of the primary tumors. Large round nuclei with dispersed chromatin and multiple, prominent nucleoli were important identifying features. The cytoplasm was usually scanty and often vacuolated. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (8 ng/ml of the beta subunit) appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the patient with pineal germinoma, indicating that trophoblasts were present in the tumor even though none were seen in the biopsy or cytologic preparations. CSF polyamine levels, a test with 81% sensitivity and 66% specificity for brain tumors, were normal in the same patient. A comparison of tumor cells from both cases illustrates the similarity of germinoma cells from pineal primary tumors and testicular tumors metastic to the CNS. Although the identification of malignant germ cells in body fluids remains a grave prognostic sign, treatment with vincristine, bleomycin and cis-platinum is now inducing progressively longer remissions. Cytology should play an increasingly greater role in monitoring disease activity in patients receiving long-term treatment for malignant germ cell tumors in all locations."}
{"id": "PMID:294786", "title": "Cell proliferation in psoriatics.", "content": "In psoriasis the DNA synthesis time (ts) of keratinocytes in characteristically lengthened in unaffected skin, and in very early and also fully developed lesions. The prolongation of ts in unaffected psoriatic skin can be increased significantly by removal of the horny layer with adhesive tape. After the same procedure, ts remains unchanged in healthy skin and becomes shortened in the skin of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. These variations of ts after a standardized irritation indicate that this phenomenon may be used in diagnosis of latent psoriasis.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in psoriatics. In psoriasis the DNA synthesis time (ts) of keratinocytes in characteristically lengthened in unaffected skin, and in very early and also fully developed lesions. The prolongation of ts in unaffected psoriatic skin can be increased significantly by removal of the horny layer with adhesive tape. After the same procedure, ts remains unchanged in healthy skin and becomes shortened in the skin of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. These variations of ts after a standardized irritation indicate that this phenomenon may be used in diagnosis of latent psoriasis."}
{"id": "PMID:294787", "title": "Electron microscopy studies on dermal nerves in psoriatic plaques.", "content": "A morphological study on the ultrastructure of cutaneous nerves has been carried out on 5 patients with florid psoriasis. With the electron microscope we compared nerves in the dermis from psoriatic plaques, clinically normal looking skin from psoriatics, and skin from healthy people. No qualitative difference could be found in any of these three groups. Nor did the quantitative study show any difference in the ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated axons, or in the distribution of the fibre diameter of both sorts, or in the degree of myelination. As concerns possible qualitative changes in psoriatic plaques after treatment and subsequent recovery, we have not observed any change in the small myelinated dermal nerves.", "contents": "Electron microscopy studies on dermal nerves in psoriatic plaques. A morphological study on the ultrastructure of cutaneous nerves has been carried out on 5 patients with florid psoriasis. With the electron microscope we compared nerves in the dermis from psoriatic plaques, clinically normal looking skin from psoriatics, and skin from healthy people. No qualitative difference could be found in any of these three groups. Nor did the quantitative study show any difference in the ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated axons, or in the distribution of the fibre diameter of both sorts, or in the degree of myelination. As concerns possible qualitative changes in psoriatic plaques after treatment and subsequent recovery, we have not observed any change in the small myelinated dermal nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:294788", "title": "Psoriasis and cell cycle: a computer simulation.", "content": "Computer simulation using a two-phase model of the cell cycle has demonstrated that a transitory shift in the normal balance between the rate of cell flow to the differentiated and that to the proliferative compartment is sufficient to cause a permanent increase in the germinative population, thus resembling the alteration found in psoriasis. This shows the coherence of the hypothesis that cell kinetic parameters need not necessarily be expected to differ in psoriasis as compared with normal epidermis. This theoretical demonstration raises the possibility that the psoriagenic agent need not necessarily be present as long as the symptoms of psoriasis persist. From a therepeutic point of view this has implications that are sifficiently evident to warrant communication of this work.", "contents": "Psoriasis and cell cycle: a computer simulation. Computer simulation using a two-phase model of the cell cycle has demonstrated that a transitory shift in the normal balance between the rate of cell flow to the differentiated and that to the proliferative compartment is sufficient to cause a permanent increase in the germinative population, thus resembling the alteration found in psoriasis. This shows the coherence of the hypothesis that cell kinetic parameters need not necessarily be expected to differ in psoriasis as compared with normal epidermis. This theoretical demonstration raises the possibility that the psoriagenic agent need not necessarily be present as long as the symptoms of psoriasis persist. From a therepeutic point of view this has implications that are sifficiently evident to warrant communication of this work."}
{"id": "PMID:294789", "title": "The blood vessels of psoriasis.", "content": "The true microcirculation is the flow of fluid and its contents through the tissues. This is controlled by blood vessels and lymphatics. Both are abnormal in psoriasis and may significantly contribute to its pathogenesis. The type of vasculature characteristic of psoriasis is common to many pathological states and probably influences the metabolism of the tissues in such a way as to maintain the pathology in status quo. It imparts to the tissue a special vulnerability but also encourages repair.", "contents": "The blood vessels of psoriasis. The true microcirculation is the flow of fluid and its contents through the tissues. This is controlled by blood vessels and lymphatics. Both are abnormal in psoriasis and may significantly contribute to its pathogenesis. The type of vasculature characteristic of psoriasis is common to many pathological states and probably influences the metabolism of the tissues in such a way as to maintain the pathology in status quo. It imparts to the tissue a special vulnerability but also encourages repair."}
{"id": "PMID:294796", "title": "Liver function following repeated anaesthesia--method of study and interim results.", "content": "Preliminary analysis of a yet incomplete prospective study of liver enzyme changes following anaesthesia shows less changes following repeated administration of enflurane than of halothane.", "contents": "Liver function following repeated anaesthesia--method of study and interim results. Preliminary analysis of a yet incomplete prospective study of liver enzyme changes following anaesthesia shows less changes following repeated administration of enflurane than of halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:294797", "title": "Effects of enflurane anesthesia on the function of ischemically damaged kidneys.", "content": "Enflurane is metabolized to inorganic fluoride. Serum levels of inorganic fluoride exceeding 50 microM/l are considered nephrotoxic for normal kidneys. Renal damage has not been observed after enflurane anesthesia in patients with normal renal function. Further impairment in patients with previously damaged kidneys has been reported. The restitution of function of ischemically damaged kidneys was studied in two groups of dogs. In one of the groups, dogs were submitted to a long duration enflurane anesthesia. The other group served as a control. In the first group the serum level of inorganic fluoride at the end of the anesthesia was 27.9 microM/l. Renal function was studied with endogenous clearances and concentration capacity. The inorganic fluoride level achieved by enflurane anesthesia did not influence the restitution of renal function.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane anesthesia on the function of ischemically damaged kidneys. Enflurane is metabolized to inorganic fluoride. Serum levels of inorganic fluoride exceeding 50 microM/l are considered nephrotoxic for normal kidneys. Renal damage has not been observed after enflurane anesthesia in patients with normal renal function. Further impairment in patients with previously damaged kidneys has been reported. The restitution of function of ischemically damaged kidneys was studied in two groups of dogs. In one of the groups, dogs were submitted to a long duration enflurane anesthesia. The other group served as a control. In the first group the serum level of inorganic fluoride at the end of the anesthesia was 27.9 microM/l. Renal function was studied with endogenous clearances and concentration capacity. The inorganic fluoride level achieved by enflurane anesthesia did not influence the restitution of renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:294798", "title": "Influence of inhalation anaesthetics on bronchomotor tone--animal experiments on vago-vagal reflex bronchoconstriction.", "content": "Animal experiments showed that the inhalation anaesthetic agents enflurane and halothane caused neither a direct increase in bronchial resistance nor an indirectly mediated increase in the susceptibility of the bronchial system to acetylcholine. There are, therefore, no contraindications to the clinical use of enflurane and halothane in cases of obstructive airway diseases, nor does the use of these agents present an increased risk for these patients.", "contents": "Influence of inhalation anaesthetics on bronchomotor tone--animal experiments on vago-vagal reflex bronchoconstriction. Animal experiments showed that the inhalation anaesthetic agents enflurane and halothane caused neither a direct increase in bronchial resistance nor an indirectly mediated increase in the susceptibility of the bronchial system to acetylcholine. There are, therefore, no contraindications to the clinical use of enflurane and halothane in cases of obstructive airway diseases, nor does the use of these agents present an increased risk for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:294799", "title": "Enflurane or halothane anaesthesia for patients with cerebral convulsive disorders?", "content": "Of a total of 45 patients suffering from epilepsy, 29 received enflurane and 11 halothane anaesthesia, while 5 were given both agents successively during the same operative procedure. EEGs recorded during anaesthesia were compared with the corresponding preoperative records taken while awake and during sleep. It was demonstrated that neither enflurane nor halothane exacerbates a pre-existing susceptibility to seizure activity and that both these inhalation anaesthetics are suitable for cases suffering from cerebral convulsive disorders.", "contents": "Enflurane or halothane anaesthesia for patients with cerebral convulsive disorders? Of a total of 45 patients suffering from epilepsy, 29 received enflurane and 11 halothane anaesthesia, while 5 were given both agents successively during the same operative procedure. EEGs recorded during anaesthesia were compared with the corresponding preoperative records taken while awake and during sleep. It was demonstrated that neither enflurane nor halothane exacerbates a pre-existing susceptibility to seizure activity and that both these inhalation anaesthetics are suitable for cases suffering from cerebral convulsive disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:294800", "title": "Effects of enflurane on splanchnic circulation.", "content": "A brief summary of the anatomy and physiology of the splanchnic circulation is presented. The influence of 1 MAC enflurane anaesthesia on splanchnic circulation and oxygenation was studied in 10 dogs. Superior mesenteric arterial, portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows decreased less than mean arterial blood pressure, due to reductions in superior mesenteric arterial, preportal vascular and hepatic arterial resistances. It is suggested that these reactions within the splanchnic circulation are mainly dependent on normal autoregulative responses elicited by the fall in blood pressure. Oxygen consumption of the preportal tissues and the liver was unchanged as a result of increased extraction of oxygen.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane on splanchnic circulation. A brief summary of the anatomy and physiology of the splanchnic circulation is presented. The influence of 1 MAC enflurane anaesthesia on splanchnic circulation and oxygenation was studied in 10 dogs. Superior mesenteric arterial, portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows decreased less than mean arterial blood pressure, due to reductions in superior mesenteric arterial, preportal vascular and hepatic arterial resistances. It is suggested that these reactions within the splanchnic circulation are mainly dependent on normal autoregulative responses elicited by the fall in blood pressure. Oxygen consumption of the preportal tissues and the liver was unchanged as a result of increased extraction of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:294801", "title": "Compatibility of enflurane and adrenaline--experiments in the dog.", "content": "Anaesthetised, intubated dogs were ventilated with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% enflurane and received adrenaline, 1.4 microgram/kg/min, by intravenous infusion for 5 min. No further adrenaline was given if cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Depth of anaesthesia was controlled by measurement of enflurane levels in arterial blood by an original method. No relationship was observed between the inspired enflurane concentrations and the onset of cardiac arrhythmias.", "contents": "Compatibility of enflurane and adrenaline--experiments in the dog. Anaesthetised, intubated dogs were ventilated with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% enflurane and received adrenaline, 1.4 microgram/kg/min, by intravenous infusion for 5 min. No further adrenaline was given if cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Depth of anaesthesia was controlled by measurement of enflurane levels in arterial blood by an original method. No relationship was observed between the inspired enflurane concentrations and the onset of cardiac arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:294802", "title": "Effects of enflurane and halothane on the microcirculation.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out on the microvessels of the mesocaecum of Wistar rats exposed to equipotent doses of either halothane or enflurane. Parameters for evaluating microcirculation included venular flow, capillary flow, vasomotricity of precapillary sphincters and response to norepinephrine. Venular and capillary flow underwent relatively small modifications in both groups, but sensitivity to norepinephrine was increased in the halothane-treated rats and decreased in the enflurane-treated group. Although these variations were of a limited degree, the reduced sensitivity to norepinephrine in the enflurane group may express a certain degree of protection against tissue ischemia.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane and halothane on the microcirculation. Experiments have been carried out on the microvessels of the mesocaecum of Wistar rats exposed to equipotent doses of either halothane or enflurane. Parameters for evaluating microcirculation included venular flow, capillary flow, vasomotricity of precapillary sphincters and response to norepinephrine. Venular and capillary flow underwent relatively small modifications in both groups, but sensitivity to norepinephrine was increased in the halothane-treated rats and decreased in the enflurane-treated group. Although these variations were of a limited degree, the reduced sensitivity to norepinephrine in the enflurane group may express a certain degree of protection against tissue ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294803", "title": "Cardio-circulatory effects of enflurane anesthesia in health and disease.", "content": "The circulatory effects of enflurane (Ethrane) were studied in 10 unmedicated volunteers during anesthesia over a period of 90 min or more. Cardiac output did not change significantly at a mean alveolar concentration of 2.3 vol.%. Heart rate was increased in all cases. Enflurane causes negative inotropic activity in the heart muscle but has little influence on the pump performance of the heart.", "contents": "Cardio-circulatory effects of enflurane anesthesia in health and disease. The circulatory effects of enflurane (Ethrane) were studied in 10 unmedicated volunteers during anesthesia over a period of 90 min or more. Cardiac output did not change significantly at a mean alveolar concentration of 2.3 vol.%. Heart rate was increased in all cases. Enflurane causes negative inotropic activity in the heart muscle but has little influence on the pump performance of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:294806", "title": "Penetration of erythromycin through respiratory mucosa. A study using secretory otitis media as a model.", "content": "This study is based upon the concept that the respiratory mucosa reacts in a uniform manner to an inflammatory stimulus. Secretory Otitis Media (SOM) may be used as a model to disclose some aspects of antibiotic penetration. Erythromycin was given for different periods of time to 108 cases of SOM where myringotomy was indicated. The middle ear effusion was aspirated and blood samples were obtained simultaneously. The concentration of erythromycin was determined by microbiological procedures. Erythromycin penetrated into the middle ear effusion. After the fourth dose the concentration was at the same level as the plasma peak level. The elimination of the drug from the middle ear secretion was considerably prolonged compared with the rapid elimination from plasma. This implies that erythromycin attains a steady state in the middle ear effusion with concentrations equal to the plasma peak level.", "contents": "Penetration of erythromycin through respiratory mucosa. A study using secretory otitis media as a model. This study is based upon the concept that the respiratory mucosa reacts in a uniform manner to an inflammatory stimulus. Secretory Otitis Media (SOM) may be used as a model to disclose some aspects of antibiotic penetration. Erythromycin was given for different periods of time to 108 cases of SOM where myringotomy was indicated. The middle ear effusion was aspirated and blood samples were obtained simultaneously. The concentration of erythromycin was determined by microbiological procedures. Erythromycin penetrated into the middle ear effusion. After the fourth dose the concentration was at the same level as the plasma peak level. The elimination of the drug from the middle ear secretion was considerably prolonged compared with the rapid elimination from plasma. This implies that erythromycin attains a steady state in the middle ear effusion with concentrations equal to the plasma peak level."}
{"id": "PMID:294823", "title": "Leukemia in patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: an evaluation of prognostic indicators.", "content": "The initial clinical and laboratory data of 25 patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia (AISA) were analyzed. Criteria for accepting the diagnosis were hyperferremia, ringed marrow sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and exclusion of associated hematologic disorders. The findings of a mean age at onset of 70 years, increased mean corpuscular volume, relative neutropenia; and occasional splenomegaly at diagnosis corresponded with previous reports. During the followup for a median period of 32 months, 6 patients (25%) transformed to acute myelogenous or myelomonocytic leukemia after widely variable intervals. The initial data base of these patients was compared to that of the remaining 19 patients in order to isolate predictive features. Only a lesser degree of hyperferremia (P less than 0.001) made the group going on to leukemia distinctive. The median survival of these patients was 20 months. The median survival of 19 patients not developing leukemia was 72 months for males and 42 months for females. Hemochromatosis was diagnosed in four patients and was a primary or associated cause of death in three. Analysis of the transfusion history suggested that intrinsic iron leading was a major factor in these patients. We conclude that leukemic transformation in AISA is a common, poorly predictable event which required lengthy followup for detection. Hemochromatosis in AISA occurs frequently and shortens the median survival.", "contents": "Leukemia in patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia: an evaluation of prognostic indicators. The initial clinical and laboratory data of 25 patients with acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia (AISA) were analyzed. Criteria for accepting the diagnosis were hyperferremia, ringed marrow sideroblasts, ineffective erythropoiesis, and exclusion of associated hematologic disorders. The findings of a mean age at onset of 70 years, increased mean corpuscular volume, relative neutropenia; and occasional splenomegaly at diagnosis corresponded with previous reports. During the followup for a median period of 32 months, 6 patients (25%) transformed to acute myelogenous or myelomonocytic leukemia after widely variable intervals. The initial data base of these patients was compared to that of the remaining 19 patients in order to isolate predictive features. Only a lesser degree of hyperferremia (P less than 0.001) made the group going on to leukemia distinctive. The median survival of these patients was 20 months. The median survival of 19 patients not developing leukemia was 72 months for males and 42 months for females. Hemochromatosis was diagnosed in four patients and was a primary or associated cause of death in three. Analysis of the transfusion history suggested that intrinsic iron leading was a major factor in these patients. We conclude that leukemic transformation in AISA is a common, poorly predictable event which required lengthy followup for detection. Hemochromatosis in AISA occurs frequently and shortens the median survival."}
{"id": "PMID:294824", "title": "Myelogenous leukemia evolving during the course of lymphoid malignancy in children.", "content": "Two children who presented initially with a lymphoid malignancy were noted to develop recurrences with myeloid features late in the course of their disease. In both cases, evidence of lymphoid differentiation was present in the myelogenous cells that were Ph1 chromosome negative. The first patient had acute myelogenous leukemia and developed a recurrence with morphologic features of acute myelogenous leukemia. Terminal transferase was present in the myelogenous blasts. The second patient initially had a diffuse lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma. During the course of her illness she developed a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by basophilic meningitis, splenomegaly, and hypereosinophilia. Lymphocyte T-cell (E-rosette) markers were present on the eosinophils. These observations lend further support to the hypothesis of varying lymphoid and myeloid differentiation in certain cases of leukemia.", "contents": "Myelogenous leukemia evolving during the course of lymphoid malignancy in children. Two children who presented initially with a lymphoid malignancy were noted to develop recurrences with myeloid features late in the course of their disease. In both cases, evidence of lymphoid differentiation was present in the myelogenous cells that were Ph1 chromosome negative. The first patient had acute myelogenous leukemia and developed a recurrence with morphologic features of acute myelogenous leukemia. Terminal transferase was present in the myelogenous blasts. The second patient initially had a diffuse lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma. During the course of her illness she developed a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by basophilic meningitis, splenomegaly, and hypereosinophilia. Lymphocyte T-cell (E-rosette) markers were present on the eosinophils. These observations lend further support to the hypothesis of varying lymphoid and myeloid differentiation in certain cases of leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294825", "title": "Acid phosphatase in leukemic blasts: characterization by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Using the high resolution technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of acid phosphatase were detected in cell-free extracts prepared from different cytologic types of leukemic blasts in adults. Results indicate that for different cytologic types, different characteristic patterns of acid phosphatase isoenzyme could be detected. These studies extend conventional cytochemistry and indicate that characteristic patterns of acid phosphatase isoenzyme can be detected for various cytologic types of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase in leukemic blasts: characterization by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Using the high resolution technique of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, isoenzymatic components of acid phosphatase were detected in cell-free extracts prepared from different cytologic types of leukemic blasts in adults. Results indicate that for different cytologic types, different characteristic patterns of acid phosphatase isoenzyme could be detected. These studies extend conventional cytochemistry and indicate that characteristic patterns of acid phosphatase isoenzyme can be detected for various cytologic types of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294829", "title": "Release of an Fc-binding component from normal or activated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Under cultivation at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of Con A, human lymphocytes release a soluble component able to inhibit antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, EAG rosette formation and also able to hemagglutinate erythrocytes sensitized with a subagglutinating dose of IgG. These activities are selectively removed on Sepharose-aggregated-IgG or Sepharose-antigen-antibody complex, but not on Sepharose-(Fab') 2, suggesting the involvement of an Fc-binding component. These activities are not reversible by alpha-methyl-mannoside. As the appearance, in the supernatants of lymphocyte cultures, of such capacity to interact with the Fc portion of IgG is paralleled by a decrease in the capacity of such lymphocytes to form EAG rosettes or mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis, the isolated component might represent a soluble form of Fc receptor shed from the surface of human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Release of an Fc-binding component from normal or activated human lymphocytes. Under cultivation at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of Con A, human lymphocytes release a soluble component able to inhibit antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, EAG rosette formation and also able to hemagglutinate erythrocytes sensitized with a subagglutinating dose of IgG. These activities are selectively removed on Sepharose-aggregated-IgG or Sepharose-antigen-antibody complex, but not on Sepharose-(Fab') 2, suggesting the involvement of an Fc-binding component. These activities are not reversible by alpha-methyl-mannoside. As the appearance, in the supernatants of lymphocyte cultures, of such capacity to interact with the Fc portion of IgG is paralleled by a decrease in the capacity of such lymphocytes to form EAG rosettes or mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis, the isolated component might represent a soluble form of Fc receptor shed from the surface of human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:294831", "title": "Immunotherapy with RNA in cancer.", "content": "The effect of I-RNA therapy was studied in a B16 melanoma-C57BL/6J mouse system. After having primary B16 isografts excised, mice receiving syngeneic lymphocytes incubated in vitro with specific guinea pig B16 I-RNA showed significantly improved survival as compared to control mice receiving untreated lymphocytes. This therapeutic effect was tumor specific and RNase sensitive. Significant cytotoxicity against B16 cells in vitro was consistently observed with lymphocytes prepared from B16 I-RNA treated animals, whereas lymphocytes from control animals or those treated with RNase-degraded B16 I-RNA or 3LL I-RNA had no effect. Results suggest that the combination of surgery and immunotherapy with I-RNA may be useful in preventing tumor recurrence in certain patients with cancer.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with RNA in cancer. The effect of I-RNA therapy was studied in a B16 melanoma-C57BL/6J mouse system. After having primary B16 isografts excised, mice receiving syngeneic lymphocytes incubated in vitro with specific guinea pig B16 I-RNA showed significantly improved survival as compared to control mice receiving untreated lymphocytes. This therapeutic effect was tumor specific and RNase sensitive. Significant cytotoxicity against B16 cells in vitro was consistently observed with lymphocytes prepared from B16 I-RNA treated animals, whereas lymphocytes from control animals or those treated with RNase-degraded B16 I-RNA or 3LL I-RNA had no effect. Results suggest that the combination of surgery and immunotherapy with I-RNA may be useful in preventing tumor recurrence in certain patients with cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:294835", "title": "Effects of thymosin on cytotoxicity and virus production in AKR mice.", "content": "The cytotoxic potential and ability to produce endogenous ecotropic virus(es) of thymic-, splenic-, and lymph node-derived lymphocytes were significantly (and differentially) altered following thymosin treatment of young (nonleukemic) and aged (preleukemic) AKR mice. Thymosin administration markedly enhanced the cytotoxic potential of both splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from aged animals, but effected a moderate increase only in the spleens of young mice. Thymosin enhanced the production of endogenous virus(es) by thymocytes from aged mice, with the opposite effect noted in young animals. Splenectomy generally reduced the cytotoxic activity and virus titers of lymphocytes from both groups, and thymosin administration further reduced the cytotoxic response. These findings probably reflect overall effects on both regulatory lymphocyte subpopulations and different endogenous viruses in young and aged mice.", "contents": "Effects of thymosin on cytotoxicity and virus production in AKR mice. The cytotoxic potential and ability to produce endogenous ecotropic virus(es) of thymic-, splenic-, and lymph node-derived lymphocytes were significantly (and differentially) altered following thymosin treatment of young (nonleukemic) and aged (preleukemic) AKR mice. Thymosin administration markedly enhanced the cytotoxic potential of both splenic and lymph node lymphocytes from aged animals, but effected a moderate increase only in the spleens of young mice. Thymosin enhanced the production of endogenous virus(es) by thymocytes from aged mice, with the opposite effect noted in young animals. Splenectomy generally reduced the cytotoxic activity and virus titers of lymphocytes from both groups, and thymosin administration further reduced the cytotoxic response. These findings probably reflect overall effects on both regulatory lymphocyte subpopulations and different endogenous viruses in young and aged mice."}
{"id": "PMID:294836", "title": "[Retinoic acid and steroidogenesis].", "content": "When Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed from weaning on a vitamin A and provitamin A deficient diet are supplemented with retinoic acid, they mature into adults whose general physical conditions and weight are comparable with those of retinol supplemented animals. However, the adrenal cortex, testes and ovaries delta 5-3 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenases-delta 5-delta 4-3-oxosteroide isomerases are in all cases strongly decreased compared with those of retinol supplemented animals. These results are reproducible only if the mothers' reserves in vitamin A are about 50 gamma/g of hepatic tissue and if the animals are weaned between the 19th and 21st day. These results obtained under these strictly defined conditions demonstrate the importance of the \"biochemical lesion\" which causes steroidogenesis perturbations induced by the vitamin A deficiency. The experimental data are discussed in the light of the recent findings concerning the direct role of the vitamin A in the transglycosylation reactions (Luigi M. de Luca, Vitamins and Hormones, 1977, 35, 1-57).", "contents": "[Retinoic acid and steroidogenesis]. When Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats fed from weaning on a vitamin A and provitamin A deficient diet are supplemented with retinoic acid, they mature into adults whose general physical conditions and weight are comparable with those of retinol supplemented animals. However, the adrenal cortex, testes and ovaries delta 5-3 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenases-delta 5-delta 4-3-oxosteroide isomerases are in all cases strongly decreased compared with those of retinol supplemented animals. These results are reproducible only if the mothers' reserves in vitamin A are about 50 gamma/g of hepatic tissue and if the animals are weaned between the 19th and 21st day. These results obtained under these strictly defined conditions demonstrate the importance of the \"biochemical lesion\" which causes steroidogenesis perturbations induced by the vitamin A deficiency. The experimental data are discussed in the light of the recent findings concerning the direct role of the vitamin A in the transglycosylation reactions (Luigi M. de Luca, Vitamins and Hormones, 1977, 35, 1-57)."}
{"id": "PMID:294840", "title": "The genetics of leprosy.", "content": "Population and family distributions of leprosy in the Bogia Subprovince of Papua New Guinea have been examined for evidence of inherited susceptibility to the disease. Evidence for multigenic inheritance of leprosy severity is provided by the restriction of pleiotropy with red-cell enzyme 6PGD phenotypes to a single clinical form of leprosy and by the superior fit of pedigree data to a multifactorial, rather than single-gene model, of inheritance. Discrimination of the multifactorial model as superior to the single-gene model in testing the mode of inheritance of quasi-continuous multiple threshold traits was possible by extending the models to incorporate information on assortative mating for leprosy. Leprosy epidemiological patterns simulated blood genetic marker gene frequency distributions of 13 polymorphic loci in their dependence on linguistic and distance effects. In an analysis of leprosy prevalence rates in 25 languages, leprosy rates corresponded more closely with linguistic similarity than with geographic proximity, suggesting the importance of ancestral genetic relationships between groups as a determinant of similarity in between-group leprosy susceptibility.", "contents": "The genetics of leprosy. Population and family distributions of leprosy in the Bogia Subprovince of Papua New Guinea have been examined for evidence of inherited susceptibility to the disease. Evidence for multigenic inheritance of leprosy severity is provided by the restriction of pleiotropy with red-cell enzyme 6PGD phenotypes to a single clinical form of leprosy and by the superior fit of pedigree data to a multifactorial, rather than single-gene model, of inheritance. Discrimination of the multifactorial model as superior to the single-gene model in testing the mode of inheritance of quasi-continuous multiple threshold traits was possible by extending the models to incorporate information on assortative mating for leprosy. Leprosy epidemiological patterns simulated blood genetic marker gene frequency distributions of 13 polymorphic loci in their dependence on linguistic and distance effects. In an analysis of leprosy prevalence rates in 25 languages, leprosy rates corresponded more closely with linguistic similarity than with geographic proximity, suggesting the importance of ancestral genetic relationships between groups as a determinant of similarity in between-group leprosy susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:294849", "title": "Feminization of the quail by early diethylstilbestrol treatment: histoenzymological investigations on steroid dehydrogenases in the gonads.", "content": "Early treatment of Quail eggs by DES promotes a transient feminization of the gonads in genetic males and a strong stimulation of the M\u00fcllerian ducts. The left ovotestis results from the juxtaposition of a testicular medulla and an induced female-type cortex, which develops follicles and a characteristic 17 beta-HSD activity. The right testis is reduced but keeps a consistent structure. The medulla of the treated gonads shows, in both sexes, an inhibition of delta 5-3 beta HSD activity during embryonic development. After hatching, this specific enzyme then develops in the steroidogenic cells. These results are compared with others obtained with estradiol and also in chick. The discussion deals also with the effects of these estrogens on the endogenous abilities and specific responses of the gonads in relation to sex differentiation factors.", "contents": "Feminization of the quail by early diethylstilbestrol treatment: histoenzymological investigations on steroid dehydrogenases in the gonads. Early treatment of Quail eggs by DES promotes a transient feminization of the gonads in genetic males and a strong stimulation of the M\u00fcllerian ducts. The left ovotestis results from the juxtaposition of a testicular medulla and an induced female-type cortex, which develops follicles and a characteristic 17 beta-HSD activity. The right testis is reduced but keeps a consistent structure. The medulla of the treated gonads shows, in both sexes, an inhibition of delta 5-3 beta HSD activity during embryonic development. After hatching, this specific enzyme then develops in the steroidogenic cells. These results are compared with others obtained with estradiol and also in chick. The discussion deals also with the effects of these estrogens on the endogenous abilities and specific responses of the gonads in relation to sex differentiation factors."}
{"id": "PMID:294851", "title": "[Results of brain tomography in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children].", "content": "Computerised axial tomography (CAT scan) was performed in 22 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in 13 the results were normal. In the other nine, various lesions were observed; namely intra-parenchymal lesions of density of (3 cases, one of which was calcified), intra-parenchymal lesions of decreased density (2 cases) and ventricular dilatation (7 cases). The role of the disease and of the treatment (intra-thecal methotrexate, cranial irradiation) in the development of these lesions is discussed. The CAT scan is an excellent method of monitoring the neurological problems in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "[Results of brain tomography in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children]. Computerised axial tomography (CAT scan) was performed in 22 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and in 13 the results were normal. In the other nine, various lesions were observed; namely intra-parenchymal lesions of density of (3 cases, one of which was calcified), intra-parenchymal lesions of decreased density (2 cases) and ventricular dilatation (7 cases). The role of the disease and of the treatment (intra-thecal methotrexate, cranial irradiation) in the development of these lesions is discussed. The CAT scan is an excellent method of monitoring the neurological problems in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294900", "title": "[Event-related cerebral potentials. Classification and clinical use].", "content": "Event-related potentials (ERP) constitute an heterogeneous group of brain electrical signals time-locked to sensory stimulation, motor responses, and associative processes, recorded using computer averaging. Several kinds of brain electric activity are encompassed by the generic term \"event related potentials\": sensory evoked potentials, time-coherent cerebral events related to motor acta, long-latency potentials associated with psychological variables, slow potential shifts linked to psychological constructs, and \"emitted\" cerebral events of endogenous origin. Shortcomings of this classification are pointed out and a simpler one is proposed, distinguishing between sensory, motor, and associative time-locked potentials. Their clinical use is illustrated under six major headings: testing of sensory function, localization of lesions, maturation of the central nervous system, genetic markers, evaluation of pharmacologic agents, and indicators of cognitive processes. Some methodological issues relevant to the clinical use of ERP are discussed.", "contents": "[Event-related cerebral potentials. Classification and clinical use]. Event-related potentials (ERP) constitute an heterogeneous group of brain electrical signals time-locked to sensory stimulation, motor responses, and associative processes, recorded using computer averaging. Several kinds of brain electric activity are encompassed by the generic term \"event related potentials\": sensory evoked potentials, time-coherent cerebral events related to motor acta, long-latency potentials associated with psychological variables, slow potential shifts linked to psychological constructs, and \"emitted\" cerebral events of endogenous origin. Shortcomings of this classification are pointed out and a simpler one is proposed, distinguishing between sensory, motor, and associative time-locked potentials. Their clinical use is illustrated under six major headings: testing of sensory function, localization of lesions, maturation of the central nervous system, genetic markers, evaluation of pharmacologic agents, and indicators of cognitive processes. Some methodological issues relevant to the clinical use of ERP are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294903", "title": "Difficulties in the use of D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The difficulties encountered in administering D-penicillamine to 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a six to 24 month period are recorded. Side-effects were frequent. Proteinuria occurred in 13 patients (33%) mainly in the fourth to the sixth month. Renal biopsies were performed in six patients and all showed light microscopy abnormalities. Electron microscopy performed in five patients revealed subepithelial deposits in all and in addition some had mesangial and subendothelial deposits. Seven patients (17.5%) developed eight episodes of thrombocytopaenia which was quickly reversed on cessation of treatment or reduction in dosage. On the positive side, there was significant improvement in most parameters of disease activity at six, 12 and 18 months compared to the pretreatment levels, but the results at two years were less impressive. Reduction in steroid dosage was considerable and was greater than half the mean pretreatment dose after two years but the absence of a control group makes the full significance of these uncertain. Patients on high and low dosage regimens were compared over a 12 month period of treatment. Although the differences were not statistically significant, withdrawals and side-effects were less frequent in the low dose group.", "contents": "Difficulties in the use of D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The difficulties encountered in administering D-penicillamine to 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a six to 24 month period are recorded. Side-effects were frequent. Proteinuria occurred in 13 patients (33%) mainly in the fourth to the sixth month. Renal biopsies were performed in six patients and all showed light microscopy abnormalities. Electron microscopy performed in five patients revealed subepithelial deposits in all and in addition some had mesangial and subendothelial deposits. Seven patients (17.5%) developed eight episodes of thrombocytopaenia which was quickly reversed on cessation of treatment or reduction in dosage. On the positive side, there was significant improvement in most parameters of disease activity at six, 12 and 18 months compared to the pretreatment levels, but the results at two years were less impressive. Reduction in steroid dosage was considerable and was greater than half the mean pretreatment dose after two years but the absence of a control group makes the full significance of these uncertain. Patients on high and low dosage regimens were compared over a 12 month period of treatment. Although the differences were not statistically significant, withdrawals and side-effects were less frequent in the low dose group."}
{"id": "PMID:294904", "title": "Hospital discharge rates and deaths from asthma in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) 1971--72 to 1975-76.", "content": "During the five years 1971--72 to 1975--76 annual total discharges of patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma from public hospitals in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) fluctuated only slightly. The number of discharges did not reflect consistently the underlying population distribution. Significantly more discharges than expected occurred among people living in the drier inland areas of the Region. Over the same period 65 residents of the Hunter Health Region were certified dead with asthma as the primary cause. In 29, death occurred at one of the Region's public hospitals but only eight were admitted as hospital inpatients primarily with asthma. Of the 65 asthma deaths, 36 (55.4%) occurred outside the Region's public hospitals.", "contents": "Hospital discharge rates and deaths from asthma in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) 1971--72 to 1975-76. During the five years 1971--72 to 1975--76 annual total discharges of patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma from public hospitals in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) fluctuated only slightly. The number of discharges did not reflect consistently the underlying population distribution. Significantly more discharges than expected occurred among people living in the drier inland areas of the Region. Over the same period 65 residents of the Hunter Health Region were certified dead with asthma as the primary cause. In 29, death occurred at one of the Region's public hospitals but only eight were admitted as hospital inpatients primarily with asthma. Of the 65 asthma deaths, 36 (55.4%) occurred outside the Region's public hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:294905", "title": "Limitation of work performance in normal adult males in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "The effect on work performance of a single oral dose of the cardio-selective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, metoprolol, was compared with an equipotent dose of the non-selective agent, propranolol, in the same subjects. A number of biochemical and physiological variables including heart rate, oxygen consumption, ventilation, lactate, free fatty acid and glucose levels were measured. Following exercise in the presence of both active drugs, subjects complained of excessive leg fatique. For the group there was a significant reduction in the total work performed and the maximum heart rate achieved on both drugs. There was a significant correlation between plasma levels of metoprolol, reduction in total work performed and reduction in maximum heart rate. By contrast, after propranolol, there was a wide variation in work performed at a time when the reduction in maximum heart rate was similar for all subjects. This suggests for propranolol that a reduction in heart rate alone is an inappropriate guide to the impairment of work performance. There was a fail in the circulating level of free fatty acids at the end of exercise in the presence of both drugs and it is possible that this biochemical variable contributed to the decrease in work performance.", "contents": "Limitation of work performance in normal adult males in the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade. The effect on work performance of a single oral dose of the cardio-selective beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent, metoprolol, was compared with an equipotent dose of the non-selective agent, propranolol, in the same subjects. A number of biochemical and physiological variables including heart rate, oxygen consumption, ventilation, lactate, free fatty acid and glucose levels were measured. Following exercise in the presence of both active drugs, subjects complained of excessive leg fatique. For the group there was a significant reduction in the total work performed and the maximum heart rate achieved on both drugs. There was a significant correlation between plasma levels of metoprolol, reduction in total work performed and reduction in maximum heart rate. By contrast, after propranolol, there was a wide variation in work performed at a time when the reduction in maximum heart rate was similar for all subjects. This suggests for propranolol that a reduction in heart rate alone is an inappropriate guide to the impairment of work performance. There was a fail in the circulating level of free fatty acids at the end of exercise in the presence of both drugs and it is possible that this biochemical variable contributed to the decrease in work performance."}
{"id": "PMID:294906", "title": "The synergistic effect of weight loss and changes in dietary lipids on the serum cholesterol of obese men with hypercholesterolaemia: implications for prevention of coronary heart disease.", "content": "The hypolipidaemic effect of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, alone and in combination with weight reduction, has been evaluated in two groups of obese men with hypercholesterolaemia. In 41 men who lost 10.3 kg over 11 months and maintained their lower weight for 23.5 months serum cholesterol fell by 1.68 mmol/l and remained steady at lower weight. In 20 similar men, the controls, whose weight fell by 0.8 kg over 39.5 months, serum cholesterol fell by 0.80 mmol/l. There was a significant linear correlation between change in weight and change in serum cholesterol. The change in serum cholesterol in the weight losers was greater than could be accounted for by change in dietary lipids. Weight reduction and low-fat, low-cholesterol diets appear to have a synergistic effect in reducing serum cholesterol.", "contents": "The synergistic effect of weight loss and changes in dietary lipids on the serum cholesterol of obese men with hypercholesterolaemia: implications for prevention of coronary heart disease. The hypolipidaemic effect of a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, alone and in combination with weight reduction, has been evaluated in two groups of obese men with hypercholesterolaemia. In 41 men who lost 10.3 kg over 11 months and maintained their lower weight for 23.5 months serum cholesterol fell by 1.68 mmol/l and remained steady at lower weight. In 20 similar men, the controls, whose weight fell by 0.8 kg over 39.5 months, serum cholesterol fell by 0.80 mmol/l. There was a significant linear correlation between change in weight and change in serum cholesterol. The change in serum cholesterol in the weight losers was greater than could be accounted for by change in dietary lipids. Weight reduction and low-fat, low-cholesterol diets appear to have a synergistic effect in reducing serum cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:294907", "title": "Family study on the kindred of an adenosine deaminase deficient child with severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "A study was performed on the family of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency and deficiency of the purine salvage pathway enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA). Sixteen relatives over three generations were studied. Erythrocyte ADA levels clearly indicated the heterozygous status of five members. A sixth member, whose erythrocyte ADA level of 48 nmol/hr/ml Hb was within two standard deviations (32) of the mean (76) was shown by ADA determination on platelets to be clearly heterozygous. Similarly, consideration of ADA data of either serum, platelets or lymphocytes only, would have failed to identify all heterozygotes. The survey shows that the identification of phenotype by the indirect means of enzyme level determination is enhanced by the simultaneous study of several tissues.", "contents": "Family study on the kindred of an adenosine deaminase deficient child with severe combined immunodeficiency. A study was performed on the family of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency and deficiency of the purine salvage pathway enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA). Sixteen relatives over three generations were studied. Erythrocyte ADA levels clearly indicated the heterozygous status of five members. A sixth member, whose erythrocyte ADA level of 48 nmol/hr/ml Hb was within two standard deviations (32) of the mean (76) was shown by ADA determination on platelets to be clearly heterozygous. Similarly, consideration of ADA data of either serum, platelets or lymphocytes only, would have failed to identify all heterozygotes. The survey shows that the identification of phenotype by the indirect means of enzyme level determination is enhanced by the simultaneous study of several tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:294908", "title": "Warfarin and warfarin-alcohol levels in anticoagulated patients.", "content": "The relationship between dosage, prothrombin ratio, and steady-state plasma concentrations of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol, were determined in 43 patients regularly attending an anticoagulant clinic. The warfarin and warfarin-alcohol concentrations were determined by a gas chromatographic mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) method. A significant correlation was found between the dose and the plasma level of warfarin. There was no significant correlation between the prothrombin ratio and the dose of warfarin, the steady-state plasma levels of warfarin or warfarin-alcohol, or the sum of their plasma concentrations. Measurement of the plasma levels of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol is likely to be of little help clinically other than to detect failure of compliance or malabsorption.", "contents": "Warfarin and warfarin-alcohol levels in anticoagulated patients. The relationship between dosage, prothrombin ratio, and steady-state plasma concentrations of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol, were determined in 43 patients regularly attending an anticoagulant clinic. The warfarin and warfarin-alcohol concentrations were determined by a gas chromatographic mass spectroscopic (GC/MS) method. A significant correlation was found between the dose and the plasma level of warfarin. There was no significant correlation between the prothrombin ratio and the dose of warfarin, the steady-state plasma levels of warfarin or warfarin-alcohol, or the sum of their plasma concentrations. Measurement of the plasma levels of warfarin and warfarin-alcohol is likely to be of little help clinically other than to detect failure of compliance or malabsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:294909", "title": "Spinal cord tumours in the elderly.", "content": "Spinal cord tumours in patients over 65 years of age are mostly due to metastatic lesions when maximum deficit occurs within eight weeks. Benign tumours have a more chronic progressing course, are mostly in the thoracic region and, unlike younger patients, are overwhelmingly meningiomas. Although uncommon, benign spinal cord tumours should be recognised as a cause of gait deterioration in the elderly patient, as they responde well to surgery.", "contents": "Spinal cord tumours in the elderly. Spinal cord tumours in patients over 65 years of age are mostly due to metastatic lesions when maximum deficit occurs within eight weeks. Benign tumours have a more chronic progressing course, are mostly in the thoracic region and, unlike younger patients, are overwhelmingly meningiomas. Although uncommon, benign spinal cord tumours should be recognised as a cause of gait deterioration in the elderly patient, as they responde well to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:294910", "title": "Serial exercise thallium myocardial perfusion scanning and exercise electrocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Serial exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning (exercise and 4-hour redistribution) was compared to rest and exercise electrocardiography (ECG) for the detection of coronary artery disease in 125 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. All patients underwent coronary arteriography and 108 were found to have significant coronary artery lesions. The serial exercise thallium scan was significantly more sensitive than rest and exercise ECG in detecting coronary artery disease (94% v. 83% P less than 0.01). The sensitivity of a reversible thallium perfusion scan abnormality and a positive exercise ECG for detecting exercise induced myocardial ischaemia in coronary artery disease was similar (69% v. 63%). The exercise thallium scan complemented the exercise ECG, and the sensitivity of the combined test was significantly greater than the exercise ECG alone (84% v. 63% P less than 0.001). The specificity for coronary artery disease of the exercise ECG was 65% and that of the exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scan was 82% (P = NS). Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning complements the rest and exercise ECG in the non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Serial exercise thallium myocardial perfusion scanning and exercise electrocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Serial exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning (exercise and 4-hour redistribution) was compared to rest and exercise electrocardiography (ECG) for the detection of coronary artery disease in 125 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. All patients underwent coronary arteriography and 108 were found to have significant coronary artery lesions. The serial exercise thallium scan was significantly more sensitive than rest and exercise ECG in detecting coronary artery disease (94% v. 83% P less than 0.01). The sensitivity of a reversible thallium perfusion scan abnormality and a positive exercise ECG for detecting exercise induced myocardial ischaemia in coronary artery disease was similar (69% v. 63%). The exercise thallium scan complemented the exercise ECG, and the sensitivity of the combined test was significantly greater than the exercise ECG alone (84% v. 63% P less than 0.001). The specificity for coronary artery disease of the exercise ECG was 65% and that of the exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scan was 82% (P = NS). Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning complements the rest and exercise ECG in the non-invasive detection of coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:294911", "title": "An appraisal of rheumatic valvular disease in Western Samoa.", "content": "Rheumatic valvular heart disease appears to be common in Western Samoa, although the exact incidence is unknown. The outcome in 170 known cases since 1974 is reviewed. Thirty-six patients underwent cardiac surgery overseas, with one operative and four late deaths and a further 32 patients died while on medical treatment. Advanced disease was present in the majority of the surviving medical patients. Mitral stenosis was the most common problem. Thromboembolism appeared to be uncommon despite the absence of anticoagulant therapy. Bacterial endocarditis was also seldom recognised, but was probably under-diagnosed. At present penicillin prophylaxis is often taken haphazardly and an unknown number of cases receive no treatment at all. A prophylactic programme centred on the screening of schoolchildren is suggested.", "contents": "An appraisal of rheumatic valvular disease in Western Samoa. Rheumatic valvular heart disease appears to be common in Western Samoa, although the exact incidence is unknown. The outcome in 170 known cases since 1974 is reviewed. Thirty-six patients underwent cardiac surgery overseas, with one operative and four late deaths and a further 32 patients died while on medical treatment. Advanced disease was present in the majority of the surviving medical patients. Mitral stenosis was the most common problem. Thromboembolism appeared to be uncommon despite the absence of anticoagulant therapy. Bacterial endocarditis was also seldom recognised, but was probably under-diagnosed. At present penicillin prophylaxis is often taken haphazardly and an unknown number of cases receive no treatment at all. A prophylactic programme centred on the screening of schoolchildren is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:294912", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the lung in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The development of a second neoplasm is a rare complication in patients with various types of primary malignancy. This report describes two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who developed adenocarcinoma of the lung and malignant pleural effusion following many years of cytotoxic therapy. The value of cytological examination of the sputum and pleural aspirate, as well as fibreoptic bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis are emphasised. The higher incidence of this complication in patients with lymphocytic type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be due to their longer survival and probable basic immune defects which become overt after chemotherapy.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the lung in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The development of a second neoplasm is a rare complication in patients with various types of primary malignancy. This report describes two patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who developed adenocarcinoma of the lung and malignant pleural effusion following many years of cytotoxic therapy. The value of cytological examination of the sputum and pleural aspirate, as well as fibreoptic bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis are emphasised. The higher incidence of this complication in patients with lymphocytic type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be due to their longer survival and probable basic immune defects which become overt after chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:294913", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as post-partum chorea.", "content": "A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported in which chorea was the dominant clinical feature, and which presented following a spontaneous mid-trimester abortion. The diagnosis, natural history and management of this uncommon manifestation of CNS lupus is discussed, as well as the influence of pregnancy on disease activity in SLE.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as post-partum chorea. A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported in which chorea was the dominant clinical feature, and which presented following a spontaneous mid-trimester abortion. The diagnosis, natural history and management of this uncommon manifestation of CNS lupus is discussed, as well as the influence of pregnancy on disease activity in SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:294914", "title": "Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm mimicking a pericardial effusion on echocardiogram.", "content": "Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms are a rare form of herniation of the left ventricle, reported usually in negroes. These aneurysms are situated beneath the mitral or aortic valves and extend along the line of the valvular annulus. The aetiology remains speculative but is not associated with coronary artery disease. Our patient was Caucasian and a review of the literature reveals only four other documented cases in Caucasians. Our case corresponds completely in pathological detail with previous cases. This condition has never been reported in Australia. The echocardiographic features have not been described before. These are the presence of a large echo free space behind the left ventricle, without an interior free space. These features are not specific but this type of aneurysm should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a loculated posterior pericardial effusion, along with a large left atrium and a hernia through a patent foramen of Morgagni.", "contents": "Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm mimicking a pericardial effusion on echocardiogram. Annular subvalvular left ventricular aneurysms are a rare form of herniation of the left ventricle, reported usually in negroes. These aneurysms are situated beneath the mitral or aortic valves and extend along the line of the valvular annulus. The aetiology remains speculative but is not associated with coronary artery disease. Our patient was Caucasian and a review of the literature reveals only four other documented cases in Caucasians. Our case corresponds completely in pathological detail with previous cases. This condition has never been reported in Australia. The echocardiographic features have not been described before. These are the presence of a large echo free space behind the left ventricle, without an interior free space. These features are not specific but this type of aneurysm should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a loculated posterior pericardial effusion, along with a large left atrium and a hernia through a patent foramen of Morgagni."}
{"id": "PMID:294920", "title": "Serum gastrin after 12 months' continuous cimetidine therapy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Serum immunoreactive gastrin was measured in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer before and during a 12-month course of cimetidine 400 mg bd. All patients were symptomatically well during the cimetidine therapy and both basal gastrin and that in response to a protein rich meal were assessed before, at six months and at 12 months during therapy. The basal and post-prandial gastrin were significantly higher at six and 12 months on cimetidine than before cimetidine but the six and 12 month levels were similar. This study thus shows that the progressive increase in serum gastrin during six months of continuous cimetidine therapy does not occur beyond this time period.", "contents": "Serum gastrin after 12 months' continuous cimetidine therapy for duodenal ulcer. Serum immunoreactive gastrin was measured in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer before and during a 12-month course of cimetidine 400 mg bd. All patients were symptomatically well during the cimetidine therapy and both basal gastrin and that in response to a protein rich meal were assessed before, at six months and at 12 months during therapy. The basal and post-prandial gastrin were significantly higher at six and 12 months on cimetidine than before cimetidine but the six and 12 month levels were similar. This study thus shows that the progressive increase in serum gastrin during six months of continuous cimetidine therapy does not occur beyond this time period."}
{"id": "PMID:294921", "title": "The detection of immune complexes of different immunoglobulin class.", "content": "Immune complexes were detected in 51 sera from patients with a variety of immunological diseases; 14 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); 14 infectious mononucleosis (IM); 12 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 11 subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). Three methods were used to detect complexes: the fluid--phase Clq binding assay (Clq.BA); the solid--phaseClq binding assay (Clq.SP) and the Raji cell radio-immunoassay (RIA). Modification of the Clq.SP and the Raji cell RIA by use of monospecific antisera to immunoglobulins G, A and M enabled the class of antibody in the immune complexes to be determined. Antibodies of all three classes were found in each disease, the predominant ones being IgG and IgM in SLE and SBE, IgM and IgA in RA and IgM in IM.", "contents": "The detection of immune complexes of different immunoglobulin class. Immune complexes were detected in 51 sera from patients with a variety of immunological diseases; 14 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); 14 infectious mononucleosis (IM); 12 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 11 subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). Three methods were used to detect complexes: the fluid--phase Clq binding assay (Clq.BA); the solid--phaseClq binding assay (Clq.SP) and the Raji cell radio-immunoassay (RIA). Modification of the Clq.SP and the Raji cell RIA by use of monospecific antisera to immunoglobulins G, A and M enabled the class of antibody in the immune complexes to be determined. Antibodies of all three classes were found in each disease, the predominant ones being IgG and IgM in SLE and SBE, IgM and IgA in RA and IgM in IM."}
{"id": "PMID:294922", "title": "Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia--an electrophysiological study.", "content": "Electrophysiological techniques were used to study 17 patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Twelve of the patients had coronary disease, while eight had pre-existing intraventricular conduction defects. The site of origin of the tachycardia as deduced by analysis of the QRS morphology correlated well with the electrocardiographic evidence of the site of the old infarction. Ventricular tachycardia was induced by pacing techniques in eight patients while it occurred spontaneously during the study in two others. In only four of the eight patients in whom tachycardia was induced, could the arrhythmia be reinduced; the arrhythmia could not be reproduced in one, while reproducibility was not assessed in the remaining three. Tachycardia was terminated by pacing techniques in six patients and by DC cardioversion in four. Ventricular tachycardia was initiated with a run of \"torsade de pointes\" in four patients. Ventricular tachycardias with varying morphology were observed in three patients. Electrophysiological study was of significant benefit in patient management in 14 of the 17 patients, particularly those with pre-existing intraventricular conduction defects, undocumented tachycardia or undocumented syncope.", "contents": "Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia--an electrophysiological study. Electrophysiological techniques were used to study 17 patients with chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Twelve of the patients had coronary disease, while eight had pre-existing intraventricular conduction defects. The site of origin of the tachycardia as deduced by analysis of the QRS morphology correlated well with the electrocardiographic evidence of the site of the old infarction. Ventricular tachycardia was induced by pacing techniques in eight patients while it occurred spontaneously during the study in two others. In only four of the eight patients in whom tachycardia was induced, could the arrhythmia be reinduced; the arrhythmia could not be reproduced in one, while reproducibility was not assessed in the remaining three. Tachycardia was terminated by pacing techniques in six patients and by DC cardioversion in four. Ventricular tachycardia was initiated with a run of \"torsade de pointes\" in four patients. Ventricular tachycardias with varying morphology were observed in three patients. Electrophysiological study was of significant benefit in patient management in 14 of the 17 patients, particularly those with pre-existing intraventricular conduction defects, undocumented tachycardia or undocumented syncope."}
{"id": "PMID:294923", "title": "Atrial pacing in ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant intraventricular conduction: diagnostic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "The diagnostic and potential therapeutic value of rapid right atrial pacing in ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant intraventricular conduction, was examined. The effect of right atrial pacing at incremental rates beginning 10 bpm above the rate of the tachycardia was studied in five patients with ventricular tachycardia, and in four patients with supraventricular tachycardia with rate-related bundle branch block aberration, the mechanism of tachycardia having been demonstrated at electrophysiology study. Atrial pacing resulted in persistent (four) or occasional (one) normalisation of the QRS complexes to that seen in sinus rhythm in those five patients with ventricular tachycardia. The intraventricular conduction pattern persisted with atrial pacing in those patients with supraventricular tachycardia and aberrant intraventricular conduction. This confirms that atrial pacing is a useful and simple diagnostic test in wide QRS tachycardia, which does not require sophisticated electrophysiological facilities. In three of the patients with ventricular tachycardia, atrial pacing terminated the arrhythmia, suggesting potential therapeutic use of rapid atrial pacing in such patients.", "contents": "Atrial pacing in ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant intraventricular conduction: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. The diagnostic and potential therapeutic value of rapid right atrial pacing in ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant intraventricular conduction, was examined. The effect of right atrial pacing at incremental rates beginning 10 bpm above the rate of the tachycardia was studied in five patients with ventricular tachycardia, and in four patients with supraventricular tachycardia with rate-related bundle branch block aberration, the mechanism of tachycardia having been demonstrated at electrophysiology study. Atrial pacing resulted in persistent (four) or occasional (one) normalisation of the QRS complexes to that seen in sinus rhythm in those five patients with ventricular tachycardia. The intraventricular conduction pattern persisted with atrial pacing in those patients with supraventricular tachycardia and aberrant intraventricular conduction. This confirms that atrial pacing is a useful and simple diagnostic test in wide QRS tachycardia, which does not require sophisticated electrophysiological facilities. In three of the patients with ventricular tachycardia, atrial pacing terminated the arrhythmia, suggesting potential therapeutic use of rapid atrial pacing in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:294924", "title": "Does viral hepatitis cause aplastic anaemia?", "content": "The sera of six of seven patients with aplastic anaemia following \"hepatitis\" admitted to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, since 1954 were examined for serological evidence of infection by HAV or HBV, with negative results. We conclude that at present there is insufficient evidence to presume that infection with any of the hepatitis viruses predisposes to aplastic anaemia.", "contents": "Does viral hepatitis cause aplastic anaemia? The sera of six of seven patients with aplastic anaemia following \"hepatitis\" admitted to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, since 1954 were examined for serological evidence of infection by HAV or HBV, with negative results. We conclude that at present there is insufficient evidence to presume that infection with any of the hepatitis viruses predisposes to aplastic anaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:294926", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Australia.", "content": "Three patients with Burkitt's lymphoma have been seen at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital during the past 18 months. Following treatment, two patients are in complete clinical remission.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma in Australia. Three patients with Burkitt's lymphoma have been seen at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital during the past 18 months. Following treatment, two patients are in complete clinical remission."}
{"id": "PMID:294927", "title": "Primary type I hyperlipoproteinaemia--a metabolic and family study.", "content": "Primary Type I Hyperlipoproteinaemia is the rarest phenotype of the inherited hyperlipidaemias. A study of the plasma lipids, lipoprotein distribution and apoprotein concentrations has been carried out in a propositus and in three generations of her immediate family, as has associated post heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA). The propositus presented in infancy with spontaneous bruising and abdominal pain. She has gross chylomicronaemia in the presence of depressed PHLA, which is due to deficiency of lipoprotein lipase. Apo Al and B levels are depressed in concert with low density and high density lipoproteins. Introduction of a low fat diet has resulted in loss of symptoms but plasma lipids remain abnormal. Within her immediate family, six of nine members have depressed PHLA. Two such members have elevated plasma triglycerides, one associated with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral vascular disease. Low PHLA in this family is then associated with different lipoprotein phenotypes.", "contents": "Primary type I hyperlipoproteinaemia--a metabolic and family study. Primary Type I Hyperlipoproteinaemia is the rarest phenotype of the inherited hyperlipidaemias. A study of the plasma lipids, lipoprotein distribution and apoprotein concentrations has been carried out in a propositus and in three generations of her immediate family, as has associated post heparin lipolytic activity (PHLA). The propositus presented in infancy with spontaneous bruising and abdominal pain. She has gross chylomicronaemia in the presence of depressed PHLA, which is due to deficiency of lipoprotein lipase. Apo Al and B levels are depressed in concert with low density and high density lipoproteins. Introduction of a low fat diet has resulted in loss of symptoms but plasma lipids remain abnormal. Within her immediate family, six of nine members have depressed PHLA. Two such members have elevated plasma triglycerides, one associated with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral vascular disease. Low PHLA in this family is then associated with different lipoprotein phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:294928", "title": "Nalidixic acid and lactic acidosis.", "content": "Nalidixic acid may cause severe acidosis and we report a fatal case of lactic acidosis assocaited with nalidixic acid therapy. Studies in normal volunteers showed drug related impairment of lactate metabolism. We question whether the drug should be used in patients who may accumulate the drug or be predisposed to lactic acidosis.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid and lactic acidosis. Nalidixic acid may cause severe acidosis and we report a fatal case of lactic acidosis assocaited with nalidixic acid therapy. Studies in normal volunteers showed drug related impairment of lactate metabolism. We question whether the drug should be used in patients who may accumulate the drug or be predisposed to lactic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:294929", "title": "Benign rheumatoid nodules.", "content": "Nine cases in which subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules were observed in the absence of any evidence of rheumatoid arthritis are recorded. In four of these cases, the nodules appeared during adolescence or adult life, a very rare phenomenon. Synovitis occurred in only one patient, after an interval of 15 years, but it did not persist and other features of rheumatoid arthritis were not present. The siting of the nodules in the sub-cutaneous tissue, the absence of features suggestive of rheumatic fever, necrobiosis lipiodica or fungal infection, and lack of any history of trauma, together with the histological appearance, supported a diagnosis of rheumatoid nodules. In all cases, serological tests for rheumatoid factor were negative but in the only case investigated with immunofluorescent staining, IgG and IgM were demonstrated in the biopsy material. It is important to recognise the fact that these benign nodules do not necessarily indicate that the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, or will develop rheumatoid arthritis in the future. The possible relationship of such nodules to granuloma annulare is discussed.", "contents": "Benign rheumatoid nodules. Nine cases in which subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules were observed in the absence of any evidence of rheumatoid arthritis are recorded. In four of these cases, the nodules appeared during adolescence or adult life, a very rare phenomenon. Synovitis occurred in only one patient, after an interval of 15 years, but it did not persist and other features of rheumatoid arthritis were not present. The siting of the nodules in the sub-cutaneous tissue, the absence of features suggestive of rheumatic fever, necrobiosis lipiodica or fungal infection, and lack of any history of trauma, together with the histological appearance, supported a diagnosis of rheumatoid nodules. In all cases, serological tests for rheumatoid factor were negative but in the only case investigated with immunofluorescent staining, IgG and IgM were demonstrated in the biopsy material. It is important to recognise the fact that these benign nodules do not necessarily indicate that the patient has rheumatoid arthritis, or will develop rheumatoid arthritis in the future. The possible relationship of such nodules to granuloma annulare is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:294930", "title": "An unusual case of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs following herpes zoster.", "content": "A 57-year-old man with left T8-9 cutaneous Herpes Zoster lesions and subsequent development of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs is reported. Viral studies strongly supported a diagnosis of Herpes Zoster. No other cause for the paralysis was found. The time interval between the cutaneous lesions and the motor weakness, the clinical course and good recovery suggest a causal relationship. The dermatomal and myotomal dissociation has been well-documented on the ipsilateral side, but involvement of the contralateral side is rare. This would appear to be unusual in that there was bilateral weakness of \"LMN type\".", "contents": "An unusual case of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs following herpes zoster. A 57-year-old man with left T8-9 cutaneous Herpes Zoster lesions and subsequent development of flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs is reported. Viral studies strongly supported a diagnosis of Herpes Zoster. No other cause for the paralysis was found. The time interval between the cutaneous lesions and the motor weakness, the clinical course and good recovery suggest a causal relationship. The dermatomal and myotomal dissociation has been well-documented on the ipsilateral side, but involvement of the contralateral side is rare. This would appear to be unusual in that there was bilateral weakness of \"LMN type\"."}
{"id": "PMID:294931", "title": "Dihydroergotamine therapy in symptomatic postural hypotension.", "content": "The clinical response to therapy with dihydroergotamine (DHE) has been evaluated in one patient with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The results of tests performed on the autonomic nervous system are recorded, and the evidence for a central defect in postural blood pressure control is presented. Tilt table testing over a two-month period confirmed the beneficial effect of the medication in preventing profound falls of blood pressure. The dose required (20 mg/day) was higher than previously reported.", "contents": "Dihydroergotamine therapy in symptomatic postural hypotension. The clinical response to therapy with dihydroergotamine (DHE) has been evaluated in one patient with idiopathic orthostatic hypotension. The results of tests performed on the autonomic nervous system are recorded, and the evidence for a central defect in postural blood pressure control is presented. Tilt table testing over a two-month period confirmed the beneficial effect of the medication in preventing profound falls of blood pressure. The dose required (20 mg/day) was higher than previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:294934", "title": "Morphology, histochemistry and biochemistry of the oviduct of the toad, Bufo vulgaris (Anura, Amphibia), during the annual reproductive cycle.", "content": "On the basis of histological and histochemical characteristics the oviduct of adult Bufo vulgaris can be separated into six zones. These characteristics include mainly the relative abundance of secretory and ciliated epithelial cells, mucosal foldings, tubular glands and the staining properties of the secretory elements. The VI zone (uterine segment) is totally deprived of tubular glands and is profoundly rich in epithelial secretory cells. These cells and the tubular glands, when well-developed, are rich in neutral and acid mucins in the preovulatory phase, whereas this content is greatly diminished after ovulation. Similarly, the weight and the length of the oviduct displays a marked seasonal pattern. The same is observed for its protein content and acid and alkaline phosphatases. These parameters show the highest values in the preovulatory period and lowest after ovulation. The toad oviduct also displays marked hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity along the mucosal epithelium. Its functional significance remains a matter of debate, however. A marked parallelism between the present data and those obtained by others in other amphibians indicates the existence of a common pattern of seasonal modifications correlated mainly with the release of the eggs and the formation of their multi-layered coat.", "contents": "Morphology, histochemistry and biochemistry of the oviduct of the toad, Bufo vulgaris (Anura, Amphibia), during the annual reproductive cycle. On the basis of histological and histochemical characteristics the oviduct of adult Bufo vulgaris can be separated into six zones. These characteristics include mainly the relative abundance of secretory and ciliated epithelial cells, mucosal foldings, tubular glands and the staining properties of the secretory elements. The VI zone (uterine segment) is totally deprived of tubular glands and is profoundly rich in epithelial secretory cells. These cells and the tubular glands, when well-developed, are rich in neutral and acid mucins in the preovulatory phase, whereas this content is greatly diminished after ovulation. Similarly, the weight and the length of the oviduct displays a marked seasonal pattern. The same is observed for its protein content and acid and alkaline phosphatases. These parameters show the highest values in the preovulatory period and lowest after ovulation. The toad oviduct also displays marked hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity along the mucosal epithelium. Its functional significance remains a matter of debate, however. A marked parallelism between the present data and those obtained by others in other amphibians indicates the existence of a common pattern of seasonal modifications correlated mainly with the release of the eggs and the formation of their multi-layered coat."}
{"id": "PMID:294954", "title": "Fluorescence assay of tissue distribution of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin in mice bearing solid tumors.", "content": "The tissue distribution of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin was studied in comparison with that of their patient compounds, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, in mice bearing transplanted tumors. The doses administered were equal or equitoxic to those of their parent compounds. The levels of total fluorescence due to initial drugs and metabolites were determined on tissue extracts by fluorometry. After administration of equal doses of daunorubicin and 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, the calculated Cxt values of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin equivalents were higher than those for daunorubicin in all the organs tested except the heart. In animals treated with equitoxic doses, lower 4-demethoxydaunorubicin levels were found in all the organs tested. In mice treated with equitoxic doses of doxorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin, 4-demethoxydoxorubicin reached higher drug concentrations than doxorubicin in spleen and liver, whereas in all the other organs tested lower drug levels were found. The rate of drug disappearance from organs was slower in animals treated with 4-demethoxyderivatives than in those treated with their parent drugs.", "contents": "Fluorescence assay of tissue distribution of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin in mice bearing solid tumors. The tissue distribution of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin was studied in comparison with that of their patient compounds, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, in mice bearing transplanted tumors. The doses administered were equal or equitoxic to those of their parent compounds. The levels of total fluorescence due to initial drugs and metabolites were determined on tissue extracts by fluorometry. After administration of equal doses of daunorubicin and 4-demethoxydaunorubicin, the calculated Cxt values of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin equivalents were higher than those for daunorubicin in all the organs tested except the heart. In animals treated with equitoxic doses, lower 4-demethoxydaunorubicin levels were found in all the organs tested. In mice treated with equitoxic doses of doxorubicin and 4-demethoxydoxorubicin, 4-demethoxydoxorubicin reached higher drug concentrations than doxorubicin in spleen and liver, whereas in all the other organs tested lower drug levels were found. The rate of drug disappearance from organs was slower in animals treated with 4-demethoxyderivatives than in those treated with their parent drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:294956", "title": "A model for human osteosarcoma in hamsters.", "content": "An animal model for human osteosarcoma was established in newborn Syrian golden hamsters by injecting productively infected TE-85 cells (cultured human osteosarcoma cells) adjacent to the femur. Tumors were palpable 10 to 15 days following cell injection and enlarged progresively until the animal died (mean survival time was 36 days). The tumor take was 100% and all animals developed pulmonary metastases. Osteoid and bone were identified in sections of the tumor by light and electron microscopy. Invasion of the marrow spaces and adjacent skeletal muscle by the malignant osteoblasts, anaplastic sarcoma cells and multinucleated giant cells was frequently observed. The tumor was transplantable. TE-85 cell surface antigens were demonstrable by immunofluorescence on the surface of the cells of the induced tumors. The present tumor model had unique immunologic characteristics in that no antibodies were demonstrable in the sera of the tumored animals.", "contents": "A model for human osteosarcoma in hamsters. An animal model for human osteosarcoma was established in newborn Syrian golden hamsters by injecting productively infected TE-85 cells (cultured human osteosarcoma cells) adjacent to the femur. Tumors were palpable 10 to 15 days following cell injection and enlarged progresively until the animal died (mean survival time was 36 days). The tumor take was 100% and all animals developed pulmonary metastases. Osteoid and bone were identified in sections of the tumor by light and electron microscopy. Invasion of the marrow spaces and adjacent skeletal muscle by the malignant osteoblasts, anaplastic sarcoma cells and multinucleated giant cells was frequently observed. The tumor was transplantable. TE-85 cell surface antigens were demonstrable by immunofluorescence on the surface of the cells of the induced tumors. The present tumor model had unique immunologic characteristics in that no antibodies were demonstrable in the sera of the tumored animals."}
{"id": "PMID:294953", "title": "[Genetic structure of the Voltaic population of the Mossi plateau (Upper Volta)].", "content": "This study is about the placement of genetic markers of the \"erythrocytaire ABO system\". The area of study is the people of the central region of Upper Volta that is to say the following ethnic groups: Mossi, Bissa, Gourounsi, Samo, Peulh. The analysis of results permits us to conclude that the population of the central region is divided into two distinct groups: one group made up of the Bissa, Mossi, Gourounsi, Samo ethnic groups, constituting with respect to the \"system ABO\" a uniform population. And secondly a group constituted by the Peulh ethnic group which is different from the first group. The calculation of the inter-ethnic \"genetic-distances\" permits to see the similarities and the differences that one can conclude and discover between the diverse groups. Some studies to take place in the future in the east and west will permit us to further complete the map of \"genetic distances\" between ethnic groups of Upper-volta.", "contents": "[Genetic structure of the Voltaic population of the Mossi plateau (Upper Volta)]. This study is about the placement of genetic markers of the \"erythrocytaire ABO system\". The area of study is the people of the central region of Upper Volta that is to say the following ethnic groups: Mossi, Bissa, Gourounsi, Samo, Peulh. The analysis of results permits us to conclude that the population of the central region is divided into two distinct groups: one group made up of the Bissa, Mossi, Gourounsi, Samo ethnic groups, constituting with respect to the \"system ABO\" a uniform population. And secondly a group constituted by the Peulh ethnic group which is different from the first group. The calculation of the inter-ethnic \"genetic-distances\" permits to see the similarities and the differences that one can conclude and discover between the diverse groups. Some studies to take place in the future in the east and west will permit us to further complete the map of \"genetic distances\" between ethnic groups of Upper-volta."}
{"id": "PMID:294958", "title": "Enhanced steroidogenesis in hen ovary after malonate administration.", "content": "The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase have been studied histochemically in the ovary of normal and malonate treated hens. Following malonate treatment, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase showed increased activities while succinic dehydrogenase activity was diminished significantly. The significance of the above changes has been discussed. The ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents of the ovary were determined to get additional information about steroidogenesis in the gland under such treatment.", "contents": "Enhanced steroidogenesis in hen ovary after malonate administration. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase have been studied histochemically in the ovary of normal and malonate treated hens. Following malonate treatment, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase showed increased activities while succinic dehydrogenase activity was diminished significantly. The significance of the above changes has been discussed. The ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents of the ovary were determined to get additional information about steroidogenesis in the gland under such treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:294959", "title": "The influence of oestradiol on androgen- and oestrogen-dependent enzyme activities of hepatic steroid metabolism in rats.", "content": "Five sexually differentiated enzyme activities of hepatic steroid metabolism (cytoplasmic 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 beta-reductase; microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5 alpha-reductase) were investigated in intact, gonadectomized and hypophysectomized rats after administration of a single dose of oestradiol valerate. Oestradiol administration caused a partial or complete feminization of these activities in intact male rats. The influence of oestradiol on these activities in gonadectomized rats was determined by the mode of sex hormone-dependent regulation of the individual activity: the most prominent effects were seen in the oestrogen-dependent activities (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 beta-reductase); no effect was seen in the completely androgen-dependent 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase because gonadectomy alone was sufficient to cause complete feminization of the activity. Oestradiol administration had no effect on the activities of hypophysectomized rats. The fact that oestrogen administration to intact male rats caused greater changes than prepuberal gonadectomy demonstrates that oestrogen action is more than simple suppression of testicular function.", "contents": "The influence of oestradiol on androgen- and oestrogen-dependent enzyme activities of hepatic steroid metabolism in rats. Five sexually differentiated enzyme activities of hepatic steroid metabolism (cytoplasmic 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 beta-reductase; microsomal 3 alpha- and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 5 alpha-reductase) were investigated in intact, gonadectomized and hypophysectomized rats after administration of a single dose of oestradiol valerate. Oestradiol administration caused a partial or complete feminization of these activities in intact male rats. The influence of oestradiol on these activities in gonadectomized rats was determined by the mode of sex hormone-dependent regulation of the individual activity: the most prominent effects were seen in the oestrogen-dependent activities (17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 beta-reductase); no effect was seen in the completely androgen-dependent 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase because gonadectomy alone was sufficient to cause complete feminization of the activity. Oestradiol administration had no effect on the activities of hypophysectomized rats. The fact that oestrogen administration to intact male rats caused greater changes than prepuberal gonadectomy demonstrates that oestrogen action is more than simple suppression of testicular function."}
{"id": "PMID:295035", "title": "Polyploids and sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "Tetraploid stocks of Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol carrying autosomal and X-linked markers have been produced. Tetraploid hermaphrodites fall into two categories: those that give about 1% male self-progeny and those that give 25 to 40% male self-progeny. The former are basically 4A;4X--four sets of autosomes and four sex chromosomes--and the latter are 4A;3X. Males are 4A;2X. (Diploid hermaphrodites are 2A;2X; males are 2A;1X.) Triploids were produced by crossing tetraploid hermaphrodites and diploid males. Triploids of composition 3A;3X are hermaphrodites; 3A;2X animals are fertile males. Different X-chromosome duplications were added to a 3A;2X chromosome constitution to increase the X-to-autosome ratio. Based on the resulting sexual phenotypes, we conclude that there exists on the C. elegans X chromosome at least three (and perhaps many more) dose-sensitive sites that act cumulatively in determining sex.", "contents": "Polyploids and sex determination in Caenorhabditis elegans. Tetraploid stocks of Caenorhabditis elegans var. Bristol carrying autosomal and X-linked markers have been produced. Tetraploid hermaphrodites fall into two categories: those that give about 1% male self-progeny and those that give 25 to 40% male self-progeny. The former are basically 4A;4X--four sets of autosomes and four sex chromosomes--and the latter are 4A;3X. Males are 4A;2X. (Diploid hermaphrodites are 2A;2X; males are 2A;1X.) Triploids were produced by crossing tetraploid hermaphrodites and diploid males. Triploids of composition 3A;3X are hermaphrodites; 3A;2X animals are fertile males. Different X-chromosome duplications were added to a 3A;2X chromosome constitution to increase the X-to-autosome ratio. Based on the resulting sexual phenotypes, we conclude that there exists on the C. elegans X chromosome at least three (and perhaps many more) dose-sensitive sites that act cumulatively in determining sex."}
{"id": "PMID:295036", "title": "3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Follow-up study in a girl with pubertal bone age.", "content": "Follow-up data on a girl with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency at a pubertal bone age are presented. On examination at age 14.7 years (bone age 12 years), there was no spontaneous breast development. On treatment with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, most steroids with the exception of increased 17OH-pregnenolone in plasma and delta 5-pregnenetriol and pregnanetriol in urine, were normal. After 1 week off hydrocortisone, plasma 17OH-pregnenolone, DHA and delta5-androstenediol and urinary delta 5-pregnenetriol and pregnanetriol increased markedly, while plasma 17OH-progesterone increased only slightly. On increased hydrocortisone medication, there was no response of plasma estradiol to HMG. This first observation of a pubertal girl with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency indicates that in this patient, the defect persists at a pubertal bone age and that it is not limited to the adrenals, but also affects the ovaries. Girls with this type of defect thus require estrogen replacement at a bone age of about 12 years. The large quantities of pregnanetriol in the urine are not due to an incomplete defect or an additional 21-hydroxylase deficiency, but most likely to the peripheral or hepatic conversion of 17OH-pregnenolone or delta 5-pregnenetriol.", "contents": "3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Follow-up study in a girl with pubertal bone age. Follow-up data on a girl with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency at a pubertal bone age are presented. On examination at age 14.7 years (bone age 12 years), there was no spontaneous breast development. On treatment with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, most steroids with the exception of increased 17OH-pregnenolone in plasma and delta 5-pregnenetriol and pregnanetriol in urine, were normal. After 1 week off hydrocortisone, plasma 17OH-pregnenolone, DHA and delta5-androstenediol and urinary delta 5-pregnenetriol and pregnanetriol increased markedly, while plasma 17OH-progesterone increased only slightly. On increased hydrocortisone medication, there was no response of plasma estradiol to HMG. This first observation of a pubertal girl with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency indicates that in this patient, the defect persists at a pubertal bone age and that it is not limited to the adrenals, but also affects the ovaries. Girls with this type of defect thus require estrogen replacement at a bone age of about 12 years. The large quantities of pregnanetriol in the urine are not due to an incomplete defect or an additional 21-hydroxylase deficiency, but most likely to the peripheral or hepatic conversion of 17OH-pregnenolone or delta 5-pregnenetriol."}
{"id": "PMID:295037", "title": "Evaluation of the BIOSTATOR systems glucose analyzer.", "content": "The BIOSTATOR Systems have an on-line glucose analyzer for use with whole blood. This analyzer utilizes a novel enzyme (glucose oxidase) membrane configuration and an electrochemical cell to measure the H2O2 generated. The analyzer response is fast, accurate, precise, stable, and linearly related to the blood glucose concentration over the full range of clinical interest. Extensive correlation studies have been completed to show the agreement between this analyzer and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's recommended hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase procedure. In addition, studies on potentially interfering substance and the differences in whole blood and plasma glucose levels have been completed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the BIOSTATOR systems glucose analyzer. The BIOSTATOR Systems have an on-line glucose analyzer for use with whole blood. This analyzer utilizes a novel enzyme (glucose oxidase) membrane configuration and an electrochemical cell to measure the H2O2 generated. The analyzer response is fast, accurate, precise, stable, and linearly related to the blood glucose concentration over the full range of clinical interest. Extensive correlation studies have been completed to show the agreement between this analyzer and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's recommended hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase procedure. In addition, studies on potentially interfering substance and the differences in whole blood and plasma glucose levels have been completed."}
{"id": "PMID:295038", "title": "Laser absorption spectroscopy with an ATR prism--noninvasive in vivo determination of glucose.", "content": "The use of lasers as light sources in IR spectroscopy allows an improvement in measuring sensitivity by a factor of about 100 as compared with the conventional technique. In addition, the monochromaticity of lasers appreciably improves the resolution. Combining lasers with an ATR plate acting as test prism gets rid of transmission cells without impairing the measuring sensitivity. It also considerably reduces the thermal load on the test sample; in vivo measurements on biological tissue can thus be made simply.", "contents": "Laser absorption spectroscopy with an ATR prism--noninvasive in vivo determination of glucose. The use of lasers as light sources in IR spectroscopy allows an improvement in measuring sensitivity by a factor of about 100 as compared with the conventional technique. In addition, the monochromaticity of lasers appreciably improves the resolution. Combining lasers with an ATR plate acting as test prism gets rid of transmission cells without impairing the measuring sensitivity. It also considerably reduces the thermal load on the test sample; in vivo measurements on biological tissue can thus be made simply."}
{"id": "PMID:295039", "title": "In vivo measurement of glucose concentration with lasers.", "content": "Common polarimeters defined the concentration of an optically active sample by measuring the intensity of the light beam after it has passed through the analyser. Consequently, it can be stated that up to now, there have been the disadvantages of having a signal dependent on absolute light intensity. The new method that is described has a sensitivity that is in great measure independent of absolute light intensity, whereby only one light trace is necessary. The new principle uses no mechanical rotations. Instead, an electrical signal indicates the amount of optical rotation of the sample. The high sensitivity that can be reached is theoretically only limited by polarization noise. By going to the uttermost physical and electronic lengths, sensitivity values of more than 10(-5) degrees can be reached. Furthermore, the mechanical dimensions of the apparatus can be made very small by the application of a solid-state laser.", "contents": "In vivo measurement of glucose concentration with lasers. Common polarimeters defined the concentration of an optically active sample by measuring the intensity of the light beam after it has passed through the analyser. Consequently, it can be stated that up to now, there have been the disadvantages of having a signal dependent on absolute light intensity. The new method that is described has a sensitivity that is in great measure independent of absolute light intensity, whereby only one light trace is necessary. The new principle uses no mechanical rotations. Instead, an electrical signal indicates the amount of optical rotation of the sample. The high sensitivity that can be reached is theoretically only limited by polarization noise. By going to the uttermost physical and electronic lengths, sensitivity values of more than 10(-5) degrees can be reached. Furthermore, the mechanical dimensions of the apparatus can be made very small by the application of a solid-state laser."}
{"id": "PMID:295040", "title": "Gm allotypes and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations.", "content": "The Gm types of 515 inhabitants of Bel\u00e9m and 395 inhabitants of Porto Alegre, Brazil were studied in an attempt to quantitatively estimate ethnic parental contributions. The people from Bel\u00e9m can be characterized as 24% black, 22% Indian, and 54% Caucasian. The Porto Alegre blacks seem to have inherited as much as 53% of their genes from Caucasian ancestors, while the whites living there have inherited 8% of their genes from African ancestors. The admixture values obtained for Bel\u00e9m are very similar if just the Gm system is considered or it plus seven other loci are considered, emphasizing the high efficiency of the Gm markers in such analyses.", "contents": "Gm allotypes and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations. The Gm types of 515 inhabitants of Bel\u00e9m and 395 inhabitants of Porto Alegre, Brazil were studied in an attempt to quantitatively estimate ethnic parental contributions. The people from Bel\u00e9m can be characterized as 24% black, 22% Indian, and 54% Caucasian. The Porto Alegre blacks seem to have inherited as much as 53% of their genes from Caucasian ancestors, while the whites living there have inherited 8% of their genes from African ancestors. The admixture values obtained for Bel\u00e9m are very similar if just the Gm system is considered or it plus seven other loci are considered, emphasizing the high efficiency of the Gm markers in such analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:295041", "title": "Pericentric inversion in chromosome no. 2 as a de novo mutation.", "content": "A patient with a de novo inversion of chromosome 2 is described. Two of her three children have the same inversion.", "contents": "Pericentric inversion in chromosome no. 2 as a de novo mutation. A patient with a de novo inversion of chromosome 2 is described. Two of her three children have the same inversion."}
{"id": "PMID:295042", "title": "Segregation of rat chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids between rat cells and HT 1080 human fibrosarcoma cells.", "content": "We produced somatic cell hybrids between HT 1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells and either rat white blood cells (WBC) or cells directly derived from rat spleen. Karyologic and isozyme analyses of hybrid cells indicated that they preferentially lose rat chromosomes. Hypoxanthine-aminopterine thymidine-selected hybrid clones expressing rat hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and containing the rat X chromosome were counterselected in a medium containing 30 micrograms/ml of 6-thioguanine. Concordant loss of the rat X chromosome and of the expression of rat HPRT and G6PD was observed in the hybrid clones.", "contents": "Segregation of rat chromosomes in somatic cell hybrids between rat cells and HT 1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. We produced somatic cell hybrids between HT 1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells and either rat white blood cells (WBC) or cells directly derived from rat spleen. Karyologic and isozyme analyses of hybrid cells indicated that they preferentially lose rat chromosomes. Hypoxanthine-aminopterine thymidine-selected hybrid clones expressing rat hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and containing the rat X chromosome were counterselected in a medium containing 30 micrograms/ml of 6-thioguanine. Concordant loss of the rat X chromosome and of the expression of rat HPRT and G6PD was observed in the hybrid clones."}
{"id": "PMID:295043", "title": "Assignment of a gene for human quinoid-dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR, EC 1.6.5.1) to chromosome 4.", "content": "An acrylamide gel electrophoretic procedure is described which allows the separation of human quinoid-dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR), EC 1.6.5.1) from the homologous enzyme expressed in established rodent cell lines. The human enzyme marker segregates exclusively with chromosome 4 in a series of well characterized man-mouse somatic cell hybrid clones from our clone bank. This observation supports the assignment of a structural gene for QDPR to human chromosome 4.", "contents": "Assignment of a gene for human quinoid-dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR, EC 1.6.5.1) to chromosome 4. An acrylamide gel electrophoretic procedure is described which allows the separation of human quinoid-dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR), EC 1.6.5.1) from the homologous enzyme expressed in established rodent cell lines. The human enzyme marker segregates exclusively with chromosome 4 in a series of well characterized man-mouse somatic cell hybrid clones from our clone bank. This observation supports the assignment of a structural gene for QDPR to human chromosome 4."}
{"id": "PMID:295044", "title": "Chromosomes in acute leukemia.", "content": "The karyotype of leukemic cells of 78 acute leukemia patients (37 ANLL, 34ALL, and 7 of unknown type) was studied by means of G-banding. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 50 patients (72%). Chromosomes 8,21,5,7,11, and 19 were preferentially involved in the abnormalities, both in ANLL and in ALL. A high incidence of the characteristic rearrangement t(8;21) was noted in AML: (in 6 of 22 AMP patients). An identical reciprocal translocation--t(4;11)--was seen in 4 out of 34 ALL patients.", "contents": "Chromosomes in acute leukemia. The karyotype of leukemic cells of 78 acute leukemia patients (37 ANLL, 34ALL, and 7 of unknown type) was studied by means of G-banding. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 50 patients (72%). Chromosomes 8,21,5,7,11, and 19 were preferentially involved in the abnormalities, both in ANLL and in ALL. A high incidence of the characteristic rearrangement t(8;21) was noted in AML: (in 6 of 22 AMP patients). An identical reciprocal translocation--t(4;11)--was seen in 4 out of 34 ALL patients."}
{"id": "PMID:295045", "title": "Comparative studies on cell lines established from normal and radiation-exposed miniature swine.", "content": "Cloned cell lines were established from two swine with radiation-induced myeloproliferative disorders, including one cell culture from an animal with myelogenous leukemia and one from an animal with myeloid metaplasia. A third cloned cell line with similar morphology was established from pooled normal fetal swine cornea to compare the growth characteristics of cells from normal and irradiated swine. All three cell lines grew as foci of aggregated cells and were able to form macroscopic colonies in semisolid agar medium. The lack of normal mechanisms of contact inhibition and the observed aneuploidy indicated that these cells were morphologically transformed. Further, the cloned cells caused tumors in nude mice, clearly indicating that these cells were also malignantly transformed. A major difference between these cell lines was that type C viruses were observed only in the cells derived from swine with myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Comparative studies on cell lines established from normal and radiation-exposed miniature swine. Cloned cell lines were established from two swine with radiation-induced myeloproliferative disorders, including one cell culture from an animal with myelogenous leukemia and one from an animal with myeloid metaplasia. A third cloned cell line with similar morphology was established from pooled normal fetal swine cornea to compare the growth characteristics of cells from normal and irradiated swine. All three cell lines grew as foci of aggregated cells and were able to form macroscopic colonies in semisolid agar medium. The lack of normal mechanisms of contact inhibition and the observed aneuploidy indicated that these cells were morphologically transformed. Further, the cloned cells caused tumors in nude mice, clearly indicating that these cells were also malignantly transformed. A major difference between these cell lines was that type C viruses were observed only in the cells derived from swine with myeloproliferative disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:295047", "title": "Relative fitness of genotypes in a population of Rattus norvegicus polymorphic for warfarin resistance.", "content": "Resistance to warfarin and an increased vitamin K requirement appear to be pleiotropic effects of the same allele (Rw2). In a natural population containing resistant individuals where the use of warfarin is discouraged the change in the frequency of resistance should reflect the relative fitnesses of the three possible genotypes. A large polymorphic population of rats was extensively poisoned with warfarin and the level of resistance monitored regularly for a period of 18 months after withdrawal of the poison. During this period the proportion of resistant animals in live-capture samples decreased significantly from approximately 80 per cent to 33 per cent. This decline is consistent with a hypothesis of reduced fitness of both Rw2Rw2 and Rw1Rw2 genotypes relative to Rw1Rw1 under natural conditions. The relative fitnesses of these genotypes were calculated using an optimisation method based on least squares analysis. These estimates were: Rw2Rw2 (0.46), Rw1Rw2 (0.77) and Rw1Rw1 (1.00). Homozygous resistant individuals were found in some of the samples, confirming that the Rw2 allele does not act as a recessive lethal, although it must be extremely disadvantageous. Some heterogeneity was observed in the proportion of resistant animals in samples taken from different areas of the farm building complex. This could reflect stochastic processes influencing the Rw2 allele frequency in small peripheral populations.", "contents": "Relative fitness of genotypes in a population of Rattus norvegicus polymorphic for warfarin resistance. Resistance to warfarin and an increased vitamin K requirement appear to be pleiotropic effects of the same allele (Rw2). In a natural population containing resistant individuals where the use of warfarin is discouraged the change in the frequency of resistance should reflect the relative fitnesses of the three possible genotypes. A large polymorphic population of rats was extensively poisoned with warfarin and the level of resistance monitored regularly for a period of 18 months after withdrawal of the poison. During this period the proportion of resistant animals in live-capture samples decreased significantly from approximately 80 per cent to 33 per cent. This decline is consistent with a hypothesis of reduced fitness of both Rw2Rw2 and Rw1Rw2 genotypes relative to Rw1Rw1 under natural conditions. The relative fitnesses of these genotypes were calculated using an optimisation method based on least squares analysis. These estimates were: Rw2Rw2 (0.46), Rw1Rw2 (0.77) and Rw1Rw1 (1.00). Homozygous resistant individuals were found in some of the samples, confirming that the Rw2 allele does not act as a recessive lethal, although it must be extremely disadvantageous. Some heterogeneity was observed in the proportion of resistant animals in samples taken from different areas of the farm building complex. This could reflect stochastic processes influencing the Rw2 allele frequency in small peripheral populations."}
{"id": "PMID:295064", "title": "[Mechanical and dimensional properties of thermosetting resins for crown (author's transl)].", "content": "The various mechanical and dimensional properties of seven thermosetting methacrylic resins for crown and one heat-curing methacrylic resin as the control were investigated. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The water sorption, namely amount of sorption water and linear expansion by water sorption of hydrophobic poly-bis-MEPP resins were 50 to 70% of that of the control. But hydrophilic poly-EDMA resins indicated the water sorption about 1 to 1.5 times as much as the control. And a poly-UDMA resin was also hydrophilic as poly-EDMA resins, indicated about 1.3 times as much as the control. 2. The properties of poly-bis-MEPP resins were more excellent than that of poly-EDMA resins especially in the wet condition, at least were equal. 3. A poly-UDMA resin contained so-called organic composite fillers, indicated more excellent properties than other resins on hardness, abrasion resistance, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, compressive strength and bending strength in the dry condition. But, in the wet condition, some of these properties of a poly-UDMA resin were approximately equal to those of other resins.", "contents": "[Mechanical and dimensional properties of thermosetting resins for crown (author's transl)]. The various mechanical and dimensional properties of seven thermosetting methacrylic resins for crown and one heat-curing methacrylic resin as the control were investigated. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The water sorption, namely amount of sorption water and linear expansion by water sorption of hydrophobic poly-bis-MEPP resins were 50 to 70% of that of the control. But hydrophilic poly-EDMA resins indicated the water sorption about 1 to 1.5 times as much as the control. And a poly-UDMA resin was also hydrophilic as poly-EDMA resins, indicated about 1.3 times as much as the control. 2. The properties of poly-bis-MEPP resins were more excellent than that of poly-EDMA resins especially in the wet condition, at least were equal. 3. A poly-UDMA resin contained so-called organic composite fillers, indicated more excellent properties than other resins on hardness, abrasion resistance, linear coefficient of thermal expansion, compressive strength and bending strength in the dry condition. But, in the wet condition, some of these properties of a poly-UDMA resin were approximately equal to those of other resins."}
{"id": "PMID:295065", "title": "[Retention of crowns as affected by film thickness of zinc phosphate cement and taper angle of crowns (author's transl)].", "content": "Dependence of the retention of crowns at their axial wall on the film thickness of zinc phosphate cement and the taper angle was investigated. Stainless steel dies, composed of a preparation and an occlusally perforated crown the taper angle of which was 2.9, 5.7, 8.5 and 11.3 degrees respectively (Fig. 1, (a) and (b)), were cemented within three min. after the start of mix with a Shofu Micro Cement having a powder-liquid ratio of 1.5 g/0.5 cc. The thickness of the cement layer at the axial wall was regulated to a given value between 9 and 55 mu through the use of a discrepancy measurer. A Shimazu Autograph tensile test machine was employed to measure 48-hr retention (kg/cm2). The retention of the crowns was strongly dependent on the cement film thickness and the taper angle when the film thickness was below a critical value (15 mu in this experiment), but not when the film thickness was above this value (Fig. 3). This may be explained by the term of mechanical interlocking of either of the unreacted powder grains and the matrix phase in the luting cement, as schematically drawn in Fig. 6. The same findings were more evidently appeared on the semilogarythmic diagram in Fig. 4. In this diagram, the critical value was shown as intersection of two straight lines which could be drawn through all the measurements for four taper angles, using the least squares.", "contents": "[Retention of crowns as affected by film thickness of zinc phosphate cement and taper angle of crowns (author's transl)]. Dependence of the retention of crowns at their axial wall on the film thickness of zinc phosphate cement and the taper angle was investigated. Stainless steel dies, composed of a preparation and an occlusally perforated crown the taper angle of which was 2.9, 5.7, 8.5 and 11.3 degrees respectively (Fig. 1, (a) and (b)), were cemented within three min. after the start of mix with a Shofu Micro Cement having a powder-liquid ratio of 1.5 g/0.5 cc. The thickness of the cement layer at the axial wall was regulated to a given value between 9 and 55 mu through the use of a discrepancy measurer. A Shimazu Autograph tensile test machine was employed to measure 48-hr retention (kg/cm2). The retention of the crowns was strongly dependent on the cement film thickness and the taper angle when the film thickness was below a critical value (15 mu in this experiment), but not when the film thickness was above this value (Fig. 3). This may be explained by the term of mechanical interlocking of either of the unreacted powder grains and the matrix phase in the luting cement, as schematically drawn in Fig. 6. The same findings were more evidently appeared on the semilogarythmic diagram in Fig. 4. In this diagram, the critical value was shown as intersection of two straight lines which could be drawn through all the measurements for four taper angles, using the least squares."}
{"id": "PMID:295066", "title": "[A study of the ageing process in dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloys by anisothermal annealing method (author's transl)].", "content": "The ageing processes in dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy were investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements during anisothermal annealing. The main results obtained are as follows; (1) There are two obvious precipitation processes (stage I and stage II) during anisothermal annealing after quenching from above critical temperature. And the apparent difference in stage I attribute to solution treatment temperature. (2) Stage I occured at lower temperature, is one ageing process by the migration and annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies. Another is stage II at higher temperature by the diffusion of equilibrium vacancies.", "contents": "[A study of the ageing process in dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloys by anisothermal annealing method (author's transl)]. The ageing processes in dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy were investigated by means of electrical resistivity measurements during anisothermal annealing. The main results obtained are as follows; (1) There are two obvious precipitation processes (stage I and stage II) during anisothermal annealing after quenching from above critical temperature. And the apparent difference in stage I attribute to solution treatment temperature. (2) Stage I occured at lower temperature, is one ageing process by the migration and annihilation of quenched-in excess vacancies. Another is stage II at higher temperature by the diffusion of equilibrium vacancies."}
{"id": "PMID:295067", "title": "[Studies on Au-Ag-Pd-Cu alloys. (Part 1) Effects of Au component on some properties of alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "Au-Ag-Pd-Cu quaternary dental alloys were studied to find out the more favourable Au content. Pd and Cu content were fixed to 20 wt% respectively but Au content were changed from 10 wt% to 40 wt% and Ag content were balanced. Tensile, hardness, corrosion and castability test were carried out. Results were as follows. 1) The tensile strength and elongation of swaged specimen showed highest value at 30 wt% Au but in case of casted specimen, tensile strength was highest as 20 wt% and elongation was minimum at 30 wt% Au. Those differences between swaged and cast specimens were seemed to depend on the casting porosities. 2) The Vickers hardness test showed that the hardness gradually increased with Au content and showed the highest value at 30 wt% Au. 3) The corrosion test in the 0.1% Na2S solution indicated that the corrosion resistance was increased with Au content but the rate of increment was slow down at 30 wt% Au. 4) The castability test showed that no significant difference was found out one another. These experimental results seemed to indicate that 30 wt% Au was the favourable composition for Au-Ag-Pd-Cu dental alloys.", "contents": "[Studies on Au-Ag-Pd-Cu alloys. (Part 1) Effects of Au component on some properties of alloys (author's transl)]. Au-Ag-Pd-Cu quaternary dental alloys were studied to find out the more favourable Au content. Pd and Cu content were fixed to 20 wt% respectively but Au content were changed from 10 wt% to 40 wt% and Ag content were balanced. Tensile, hardness, corrosion and castability test were carried out. Results were as follows. 1) The tensile strength and elongation of swaged specimen showed highest value at 30 wt% Au but in case of casted specimen, tensile strength was highest as 20 wt% and elongation was minimum at 30 wt% Au. Those differences between swaged and cast specimens were seemed to depend on the casting porosities. 2) The Vickers hardness test showed that the hardness gradually increased with Au content and showed the highest value at 30 wt% Au. 3) The corrosion test in the 0.1% Na2S solution indicated that the corrosion resistance was increased with Au content but the rate of increment was slow down at 30 wt% Au. 4) The castability test showed that no significant difference was found out one another. These experimental results seemed to indicate that 30 wt% Au was the favourable composition for Au-Ag-Pd-Cu dental alloys."}
{"id": "PMID:295068", "title": "[Studies on Pd base ternary alloys for dental amalgam. (Part 1) Effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change and mechanical properties (author's transl)].", "content": "Although much efforts have been paid to improve the properties of silver-tin amalgam, some clinical problems are not resolved yet. Palladium alloys have good properties for dental material, and they react on mercury well. So they are considered to be good amalgam alloys. In this paper, palladium base ternary alloys are studied for dental amalgam. The effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change, compressive strength and hardness is studied. Main results obtained are as follows. (1) The dimensional change of spherical particle amalgam is smaller than that of fine cut particle. The finer the particle size is, the smaller the dimensional change is both for spherical and fine cut particles. (2) The dimensional change of amalgam of 60 wt% Pd-40 wt% Ag alloy decreased by addition of Sn or Cu, and these values under 20 micrometer/cm by addition of more than 5 wt% Cu or 10 wt% Sn. (3) Compressive strength of Pd alloy amalgam scatter so widely that the effects of alloying element are not able to be evaluated. Both maximum compressive strengths are 22 kg/mm2 and 28 kg/mm2 for the alloys containing Cu and Sn respectively. (4) Vicker's hardness of palladium alloy amalgam increased by addition of Sn and ranged 80 approximately 120 for spherical amalgam, which is higher than that of commercial alloy. Significant difference is not found in Cu added alloys. (5) From the analysis by XMA, it is found that matrix is composed of one phase and there is compositional difference between center of matrix and near the particle. Silver is rich in the center of matrix and palladium is rich near the alloy particle. Cu and Sn are seemed to distribute uniformly.", "contents": "[Studies on Pd base ternary alloys for dental amalgam. (Part 1) Effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change and mechanical properties (author's transl)]. Although much efforts have been paid to improve the properties of silver-tin amalgam, some clinical problems are not resolved yet. Palladium alloys have good properties for dental material, and they react on mercury well. So they are considered to be good amalgam alloys. In this paper, palladium base ternary alloys are studied for dental amalgam. The effect of size and shape of particle on dimensional change, compressive strength and hardness is studied. Main results obtained are as follows. (1) The dimensional change of spherical particle amalgam is smaller than that of fine cut particle. The finer the particle size is, the smaller the dimensional change is both for spherical and fine cut particles. (2) The dimensional change of amalgam of 60 wt% Pd-40 wt% Ag alloy decreased by addition of Sn or Cu, and these values under 20 micrometer/cm by addition of more than 5 wt% Cu or 10 wt% Sn. (3) Compressive strength of Pd alloy amalgam scatter so widely that the effects of alloying element are not able to be evaluated. Both maximum compressive strengths are 22 kg/mm2 and 28 kg/mm2 for the alloys containing Cu and Sn respectively. (4) Vicker's hardness of palladium alloy amalgam increased by addition of Sn and ranged 80 approximately 120 for spherical amalgam, which is higher than that of commercial alloy. Significant difference is not found in Cu added alloys. (5) From the analysis by XMA, it is found that matrix is composed of one phase and there is compositional difference between center of matrix and near the particle. Silver is rich in the center of matrix and palladium is rich near the alloy particle. Cu and Sn are seemed to distribute uniformly."}
{"id": "PMID:295075", "title": "[Deaf-mutism, lymphedema of the lower limbs and hematological abnormalities (acute leukemia, cytopenia) with autosomal dominant transmission].", "content": "Report of a syndrome constituted from sensorineural deaf mutism, lymphoedema of lower limbs with early onset and haematological anomalies (aucte myeloblastic leukaemia, cytopenia) in four individuals (three boys and two girls from two generations). This observation suggest autosomal dominant transmission, however recessive transmission cannot be formelly excluded.", "contents": "[Deaf-mutism, lymphedema of the lower limbs and hematological abnormalities (acute leukemia, cytopenia) with autosomal dominant transmission]. Report of a syndrome constituted from sensorineural deaf mutism, lymphoedema of lower limbs with early onset and haematological anomalies (aucte myeloblastic leukaemia, cytopenia) in four individuals (three boys and two girls from two generations). This observation suggest autosomal dominant transmission, however recessive transmission cannot be formelly excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:295088", "title": "Action of depressor-I, a hypotensive phospholipid from bovine brain, on systemic and arterial blood pressures of various species.", "content": "Effects of \"Depressor-I\" (D-I), a new hypotensive phospholipid obtained from bovine brain lipid fraction, on systemic arterial blood pressure were investigated. The hypotensive activity of D-I in urethane anaesthetized rats was dose dependent and tachyphylaxis and/or sensitization were not observed. Increments of the respiration and the heart rate were observed with sharp falls in blood pressures following intravenous administration of D-I, in simultaneous recordings in anaesthetized rats. D-I elicited hypotension in all species of animals examined, and the sensitivities to D-I were much the same, however, there were two types in patterns of duration on responses and the durations were also dose dependent. D-I exhibited depressor-responses even in conscious rats, though responses were much smaller compared with those seen in anaesthetized rats. In a comparison of anaesthetic agents in rats, the highest hypotensive activity of D-I was observed with pentobarbital anaesthesia, a moderate response was seen with alpha-chloralose and the least response was seen with urethane. In spinal rats or those pretreated with reserpine or antagonists, such as atropine, diphenhydramine, propranolol and hexamethonium, D-I also elicited hypotension. These results suggest that \"Depressor-I\" does not elicit the depressor action via the stimulation of the central and the autonomic nervous systems but rather by a direct action on peripheral blood vessels.", "contents": "Action of depressor-I, a hypotensive phospholipid from bovine brain, on systemic and arterial blood pressures of various species. Effects of \"Depressor-I\" (D-I), a new hypotensive phospholipid obtained from bovine brain lipid fraction, on systemic arterial blood pressure were investigated. The hypotensive activity of D-I in urethane anaesthetized rats was dose dependent and tachyphylaxis and/or sensitization were not observed. Increments of the respiration and the heart rate were observed with sharp falls in blood pressures following intravenous administration of D-I, in simultaneous recordings in anaesthetized rats. D-I elicited hypotension in all species of animals examined, and the sensitivities to D-I were much the same, however, there were two types in patterns of duration on responses and the durations were also dose dependent. D-I exhibited depressor-responses even in conscious rats, though responses were much smaller compared with those seen in anaesthetized rats. In a comparison of anaesthetic agents in rats, the highest hypotensive activity of D-I was observed with pentobarbital anaesthesia, a moderate response was seen with alpha-chloralose and the least response was seen with urethane. In spinal rats or those pretreated with reserpine or antagonists, such as atropine, diphenhydramine, propranolol and hexamethonium, D-I also elicited hypotension. These results suggest that \"Depressor-I\" does not elicit the depressor action via the stimulation of the central and the autonomic nervous systems but rather by a direct action on peripheral blood vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:295089", "title": "[Subacute and chronic monocytic leukemia: diagnostic and clinical problems].", "content": "The authors report on 16 cases of either subacute (SMML) or chronic (CMML) myelomonocytic leukemia as well as chronic monocytic leukemia (CMoL). All these cases were oligoblastic and, according to their clinical course, they could be termed as smouldering leukemias. The chronic types affected mainly males. The diagnostic cytomorphological and cytochemical criteria are discussed. Erythro- and thrombocytopoiesis were distinctly less impaired than in acute leukemias (AL). The leucocyte count in the peripheral blood of the SMML cases was within the normal range. Hepato- and splenomegaly were markedly increased as compared to AL. According to our materials leukemic skin infiltrations were less frequent in CMoL, CMML and SMML than in acute monocytic leukemias. In each of the three types of leukemia discussed monocytic leukemic cells could be readily identified by cytochemical tests and usually showed fairly normal maturation. In accordance with these observations lysozyme levels in urine and serum usually were strongly increased. The patients in the CMML and CMoL groups showed a mean survival of more than 13 months (2 out of 7 are still alive), whereas the SMML patients survived an average of 8 months. Deaths were frequently due to advanced age rather than to leukemia. In other cases a terminal accumulation of blasts marked a transition to acute leukemia. During the smouldering phase of the disease no beneficial effect of combined chemotherapy could be noted. Supportive and symptomatic therapy might improve length and quality of survival.", "contents": "[Subacute and chronic monocytic leukemia: diagnostic and clinical problems]. The authors report on 16 cases of either subacute (SMML) or chronic (CMML) myelomonocytic leukemia as well as chronic monocytic leukemia (CMoL). All these cases were oligoblastic and, according to their clinical course, they could be termed as smouldering leukemias. The chronic types affected mainly males. The diagnostic cytomorphological and cytochemical criteria are discussed. Erythro- and thrombocytopoiesis were distinctly less impaired than in acute leukemias (AL). The leucocyte count in the peripheral blood of the SMML cases was within the normal range. Hepato- and splenomegaly were markedly increased as compared to AL. According to our materials leukemic skin infiltrations were less frequent in CMoL, CMML and SMML than in acute monocytic leukemias. In each of the three types of leukemia discussed monocytic leukemic cells could be readily identified by cytochemical tests and usually showed fairly normal maturation. In accordance with these observations lysozyme levels in urine and serum usually were strongly increased. The patients in the CMML and CMoL groups showed a mean survival of more than 13 months (2 out of 7 are still alive), whereas the SMML patients survived an average of 8 months. Deaths were frequently due to advanced age rather than to leukemia. In other cases a terminal accumulation of blasts marked a transition to acute leukemia. During the smouldering phase of the disease no beneficial effect of combined chemotherapy could be noted. Supportive and symptomatic therapy might improve length and quality of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:295090", "title": "Geographical variation in the incidence of the leukemias and lymphomas.", "content": "Despite the incomparability in the reporting of leukemia and lymphoma incidence among populations and the relative rarity of these diseases, real differences in rates are discernible from available data. In general, the incidence of each of the leukemias and lymphomas is lower in Japan than in other Pacific rim populations whose rates are known. Particularly striking is the low incidence of CLL in Japan. Among Japanese in Hawaii, rates of some of these cancers (lymphosarcoma, CML) approach those of whites, whereas rates of other cancers (Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, ALL, CLL, and AML) more closely resemble those of native Japanese. The number of Chinese living in countries served by population-based cancer reporting systems is too small for any firm conclusions to be made about leukemia and lymphoma incidence in this group. The incidence of these diseases in certain other nonwhite Pacific rim residents (i.e., Mexican Americans, blacks, and Maoris) is, by and large, similar to that of whites.", "contents": "Geographical variation in the incidence of the leukemias and lymphomas. Despite the incomparability in the reporting of leukemia and lymphoma incidence among populations and the relative rarity of these diseases, real differences in rates are discernible from available data. In general, the incidence of each of the leukemias and lymphomas is lower in Japan than in other Pacific rim populations whose rates are known. Particularly striking is the low incidence of CLL in Japan. Among Japanese in Hawaii, rates of some of these cancers (lymphosarcoma, CML) approach those of whites, whereas rates of other cancers (Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, ALL, CLL, and AML) more closely resemble those of native Japanese. The number of Chinese living in countries served by population-based cancer reporting systems is too small for any firm conclusions to be made about leukemia and lymphoma incidence in this group. The incidence of these diseases in certain other nonwhite Pacific rim residents (i.e., Mexican Americans, blacks, and Maoris) is, by and large, similar to that of whites."}
{"id": "PMID:295091", "title": "EEG-changes during intensified induction-therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "In 49 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia serial EEGs were performed during the course of treatment. Therapy in the first four weeks consisted of: Prednisone, vincristine, daunorubicine and L-asparaginase. In the second month 6-mercaptopurine, cytosin-arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate-i. th. and cranial irradiation were administered. Maintenance-therapy consisted of 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate i.v. Before treatment only 24% of patients showed normal EEG-findings, whereas 57% presented sly induced by leukemic infiltrations and partly due to the impaired clinical state. At the end of the first phase of therapy, the combined toxicity of vincristine and L-asparaginase led to the finding of 23% severely and 37% moderately slowed EEGs. Slightly disturbed EEGs were found in 29% and normal ones in 11% of children. Regression occurred duirng the phase of CNS-prophylaxis. At its end 37% of recordings were normal and 57% slightly abnormal. After maintenance-therapy of 1/2 to 1 year duration, there were 65% normal findings. Moderate and severe disorders were no longer demonstrated. Paroxysmal activity developed twice, each during the first phase of therapy and accompnaying convulsions. In both cases we saw slowing of background-activity and signs of increased excitability still months after. In one of these patients, the probable cause was a vincristin-encephalopathy, the cause of the second case remained unknown. EEGs of two furtehr patients with rubella-encephalitis and subarachnoideal hemorrhage exhibited severe unspecific changes.", "contents": "EEG-changes during intensified induction-therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In 49 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia serial EEGs were performed during the course of treatment. Therapy in the first four weeks consisted of: Prednisone, vincristine, daunorubicine and L-asparaginase. In the second month 6-mercaptopurine, cytosin-arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate-i. th. and cranial irradiation were administered. Maintenance-therapy consisted of 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate i.v. Before treatment only 24% of patients showed normal EEG-findings, whereas 57% presented sly induced by leukemic infiltrations and partly due to the impaired clinical state. At the end of the first phase of therapy, the combined toxicity of vincristine and L-asparaginase led to the finding of 23% severely and 37% moderately slowed EEGs. Slightly disturbed EEGs were found in 29% and normal ones in 11% of children. Regression occurred duirng the phase of CNS-prophylaxis. At its end 37% of recordings were normal and 57% slightly abnormal. After maintenance-therapy of 1/2 to 1 year duration, there were 65% normal findings. Moderate and severe disorders were no longer demonstrated. Paroxysmal activity developed twice, each during the first phase of therapy and accompnaying convulsions. In both cases we saw slowing of background-activity and signs of increased excitability still months after. In one of these patients, the probable cause was a vincristin-encephalopathy, the cause of the second case remained unknown. EEGs of two furtehr patients with rubella-encephalitis and subarachnoideal hemorrhage exhibited severe unspecific changes."}
{"id": "PMID:295115", "title": "Bone and bone marrow blood flow in blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A 133Xe washout method has been used for measuring changes of blood flow in the proximal femur of a patient with the blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In the hyperplastic phase the blood flow was highly increased and over three times greater than in the hypoplastic phase of the disease and over thirteen times greater than the value in normal bone. The bone circulation and especially the first component of the two-exponential bone washout curves appeared to reflect cell proliferation and neoplastic activity of the whole bone marrow. The method may provide clinically important information in the follow-up of selected haematological diseases.", "contents": "Bone and bone marrow blood flow in blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. A 133Xe washout method has been used for measuring changes of blood flow in the proximal femur of a patient with the blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In the hyperplastic phase the blood flow was highly increased and over three times greater than in the hypoplastic phase of the disease and over thirteen times greater than the value in normal bone. The bone circulation and especially the first component of the two-exponential bone washout curves appeared to reflect cell proliferation and neoplastic activity of the whole bone marrow. The method may provide clinically important information in the follow-up of selected haematological diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:295116", "title": "[Application of the ultrafiltration method to the isolation of cholesterol oxidase of microbial origin].", "content": "Ultrafiltration of solutions of intracellular cholesterol oxidase of Actinomyces lavendulae through semi-permeable membranes (N-vinyl pyrrolidone and methacrylate copolymers) of varying porosity and acetyl cellulase ultrafilter UAM-200 M was investigated. The ultrafiltration through membranes of both types involved both concentration and purification of cholesterol oxidase from low molecular weight protein admixtures. When copolymer membranes were used, their performance and degree of purification were higher and losses were lower than in case of UAM-200 M filter. The optimum hydrolytic mode of ultrafiltration of intracellular cholesterol oxidase through both filters was determined.", "contents": "[Application of the ultrafiltration method to the isolation of cholesterol oxidase of microbial origin]. Ultrafiltration of solutions of intracellular cholesterol oxidase of Actinomyces lavendulae through semi-permeable membranes (N-vinyl pyrrolidone and methacrylate copolymers) of varying porosity and acetyl cellulase ultrafilter UAM-200 M was investigated. The ultrafiltration through membranes of both types involved both concentration and purification of cholesterol oxidase from low molecular weight protein admixtures. When copolymer membranes were used, their performance and degree of purification were higher and losses were lower than in case of UAM-200 M filter. The optimum hydrolytic mode of ultrafiltration of intracellular cholesterol oxidase through both filters was determined."}
{"id": "PMID:295138", "title": "Comparative bone morphometric analysis of mandibles and iliac crests.", "content": "A comparative analysis of bone mass in the mandible and the iliac crest has been carried out in autopsy specimens from 30 subjects aged 23-84 years. Microradiograms of standardized 100-micrometer-thick sections of the undemineralized plastic embedded material from the two locations were used for quantitation. The following measurements were carried out by electronic point-counting: 1) the percentage of cortical bone mass in the subperiosteal and subendosteal layers, 2) mean cortical width, and 3) the percentage of trabecular bone mass in the iliac crest. Positive correlations were found in the expressions of bone mass within the mandible; the values were significantly higher in the 200-micrometer-thick subperiosteal layer than in the remaining part of the mandibular cortex. Only a poor or no correlation was found in the expressions of bone mass from the two sites. The investigation, therefore, shows that bone mass and cortical width in the mandible cannot be predicted from a biopsy from the iliac crest. This finding may partly be due to different age-dependent functional changes of the two bones.", "contents": "Comparative bone morphometric analysis of mandibles and iliac crests. A comparative analysis of bone mass in the mandible and the iliac crest has been carried out in autopsy specimens from 30 subjects aged 23-84 years. Microradiograms of standardized 100-micrometer-thick sections of the undemineralized plastic embedded material from the two locations were used for quantitation. The following measurements were carried out by electronic point-counting: 1) the percentage of cortical bone mass in the subperiosteal and subendosteal layers, 2) mean cortical width, and 3) the percentage of trabecular bone mass in the iliac crest. Positive correlations were found in the expressions of bone mass within the mandible; the values were significantly higher in the 200-micrometer-thick subperiosteal layer than in the remaining part of the mandibular cortex. Only a poor or no correlation was found in the expressions of bone mass from the two sites. The investigation, therefore, shows that bone mass and cortical width in the mandible cannot be predicted from a biopsy from the iliac crest. This finding may partly be due to different age-dependent functional changes of the two bones."}
{"id": "PMID:295140", "title": "Silent period and jaw jerk reflex in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges.", "content": "The silent period in the masseter and in the anterior portion of the temporal muscle during tooth tapping, the rate of tooth tapping and the jaw jerk reflex evoked by a tap on the chin were compared in individuals with oral implant bridges and with natural teeth. Thirteen women with osseointegrated oral implant bridges in one or both jaws, aged 42-59 years, were compared with 10 women, aged 42-64 years, with natural teeth. There was no difference between women, aged 42-64 years, with natural teeth. There was no difference between women with implant bridges and those with natural teeth in tooth tapping rate or in the occurrence, latency or duration of the jaw jerk reflex. A silent period during tooth tapping was found in 12 of the 13 women with implant bridges. The latency of the silent period was the same as in the subjects with natural teeth but the duration tended to be somewhat longer. The jaw jerk and the silent period were the same in individuals with implants in both jaws as in the whole implant group. It is therefore concluded that periodontal or mucous membrane receptors cannot be solely responsible for the silent period.", "contents": "Silent period and jaw jerk reflex in patients with osseointegrated oral implant bridges. The silent period in the masseter and in the anterior portion of the temporal muscle during tooth tapping, the rate of tooth tapping and the jaw jerk reflex evoked by a tap on the chin were compared in individuals with oral implant bridges and with natural teeth. Thirteen women with osseointegrated oral implant bridges in one or both jaws, aged 42-59 years, were compared with 10 women, aged 42-64 years, with natural teeth. There was no difference between women, aged 42-64 years, with natural teeth. There was no difference between women with implant bridges and those with natural teeth in tooth tapping rate or in the occurrence, latency or duration of the jaw jerk reflex. A silent period during tooth tapping was found in 12 of the 13 women with implant bridges. The latency of the silent period was the same as in the subjects with natural teeth but the duration tended to be somewhat longer. The jaw jerk and the silent period were the same in individuals with implants in both jaws as in the whole implant group. It is therefore concluded that periodontal or mucous membrane receptors cannot be solely responsible for the silent period."}
{"id": "PMID:295141", "title": "Calcium fluoride containing granules produced in vitro in rat bones.", "content": "Femurs and tibias of normal rats were fixed in 4% unbuffered solutions of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde containing 1% NaF. Following washing, radiographically controlled demineralization was performed in 3.25% HNO3. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of so-called fluoride granules in bone trabeculae, cartilage, cartilage remnants, bone cells, chondrocytes and in the bone marrow. Selected area diffraction indicated that the fluoride granules contained CaF2. X-ray diffraction analysis of non-demineralized NaF-fixed bones were negative for CaF2. The results are discussed and related to precipitation artifacts reported in demineralized hard tissues and to similar CaF2-containing granules observed in demineralized bones and incisors of rats given high doses of NaF in diet or drinking water.", "contents": "Calcium fluoride containing granules produced in vitro in rat bones. Femurs and tibias of normal rats were fixed in 4% unbuffered solutions of glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde containing 1% NaF. Following washing, radiographically controlled demineralization was performed in 3.25% HNO3. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of so-called fluoride granules in bone trabeculae, cartilage, cartilage remnants, bone cells, chondrocytes and in the bone marrow. Selected area diffraction indicated that the fluoride granules contained CaF2. X-ray diffraction analysis of non-demineralized NaF-fixed bones were negative for CaF2. The results are discussed and related to precipitation artifacts reported in demineralized hard tissues and to similar CaF2-containing granules observed in demineralized bones and incisors of rats given high doses of NaF in diet or drinking water."}
{"id": "PMID:295142", "title": "Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in loaded teeth.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage around preventive composite fillings in teeth subjected to mechanical loading and thermal cycling, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel was partially removed without dentin exposure in 30 extracted maxillary pre-molars. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with varying amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not acid etched and served as a control group. All teeth were mechanically loaded and unloaded, simulating masticatory forces, and subsequently thermally cycled between two dye solutions. Extensive leakage was seen around all fillings in the control group, while slight leakage, restricted to the feather-edge margin, was seen in five teeth with acid etched cavities. Three of these contained undiluted composite fillings. Twenty teeth showed no leakage. The results show that preventive composite filling provides good sealing of occlusal fissures, and that the seal is resistant to those thermal and mechanical stresses which may be expected in vivo. The use of diluted composite resin in preventive composite fillings is recommended.", "contents": "Microleakage around preventive composite fillings in loaded teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage around preventive composite fillings in teeth subjected to mechanical loading and thermal cycling, and to assess the influence of the consistency of the composite resin upon the leakage. The fissure enamel was partially removed without dentin exposure in 30 extracted maxillary pre-molars. The cavities were etched with phosphoric acid and filled with undiluted composite (Adaptic) or composite diluted with varying amounts of liquid resin (Adaptic Bonding Agent). Five teeth were not acid etched and served as a control group. All teeth were mechanically loaded and unloaded, simulating masticatory forces, and subsequently thermally cycled between two dye solutions. Extensive leakage was seen around all fillings in the control group, while slight leakage, restricted to the feather-edge margin, was seen in five teeth with acid etched cavities. Three of these contained undiluted composite fillings. Twenty teeth showed no leakage. The results show that preventive composite filling provides good sealing of occlusal fissures, and that the seal is resistant to those thermal and mechanical stresses which may be expected in vivo. The use of diluted composite resin in preventive composite fillings is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:295143", "title": "Affinity of hydroxyapatite for furfural and a brown pigment formed by furfural and glycine.", "content": "The affinity of hydroxyapatite for furfural and a brown pigment formed by furfural and glycine was studied. A series of mixtures containing 1 M furfural and 0.25-2.0 M glycine were incubated at 37 degrees C and aliquots of hydroxyapatite added. The apatite showed a strong affinity for the brown pigment formed, and an excess of glycine in the mixtures appeared to enhance the binding. The adsorption of furfural to hydroxyapatite was estimated by a spectrophotometric method. The data revealed that pretreatment with CaCl2 and glycine significantly increased the adsorption of furfural.", "contents": "Affinity of hydroxyapatite for furfural and a brown pigment formed by furfural and glycine. The affinity of hydroxyapatite for furfural and a brown pigment formed by furfural and glycine was studied. A series of mixtures containing 1 M furfural and 0.25-2.0 M glycine were incubated at 37 degrees C and aliquots of hydroxyapatite added. The apatite showed a strong affinity for the brown pigment formed, and an excess of glycine in the mixtures appeared to enhance the binding. The adsorption of furfural to hydroxyapatite was estimated by a spectrophotometric method. The data revealed that pretreatment with CaCl2 and glycine significantly increased the adsorption of furfural."}
{"id": "PMID:295144", "title": "Elements in minor or trace quantities in zinc phosphate cements.", "content": "Eight powders and two liquids of zinc phosphate cements have been analyzed by optical emission spectrography for the purpose of characterizing elements in minor or trace quantities. The following elements were measured: bismuth, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, silver and titanium. The content of any of these elements did not exceed the level of 0.1%. The amounts of such elements which might be transferred to the gastrointestinal tract associated with dissolution from unsuccessful restorations have been considered.", "contents": "Elements in minor or trace quantities in zinc phosphate cements. Eight powders and two liquids of zinc phosphate cements have been analyzed by optical emission spectrography for the purpose of characterizing elements in minor or trace quantities. The following elements were measured: bismuth, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, silver and titanium. The content of any of these elements did not exceed the level of 0.1%. The amounts of such elements which might be transferred to the gastrointestinal tract associated with dissolution from unsuccessful restorations have been considered."}
{"id": "PMID:295150", "title": "Acute non lymphoid leukaemia following Hodgkin's disease. Clinical, biological and cytogenetic aspects of 3 cases.", "content": "In a groups of 254 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease with a follow up period of minimum 2 years, 3 cases of acute non lymphoid leukaemia (ANLL) were observed: erythroleukaemia, myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia, respectively. The crude incidence of leukaemia in all patients was 0.0128 and patient year risk was estimated to be 0.003652. All 3 patients had received radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In all cases of haemopoietic dysplasia preceded ANLL. Bone marrow chromosome investigations showed an abnormal karyotype in all patients: chromosomal changes were present in 100% of cells and revealed a non-random distribution, the most frequent involvement being clustered to chromosomes nos 11, 17 and 21. Hypodiploidy was prevalent and multiple structural rearrangements, such as markers, rings and minutes, were present in a high percentage of cells. Other changes involved chromosomes nos 5, 7 and 14. Our results are compared with other previously reported cases and possible pathogenetic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Acute non lymphoid leukaemia following Hodgkin's disease. Clinical, biological and cytogenetic aspects of 3 cases. In a groups of 254 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease with a follow up period of minimum 2 years, 3 cases of acute non lymphoid leukaemia (ANLL) were observed: erythroleukaemia, myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia, respectively. The crude incidence of leukaemia in all patients was 0.0128 and patient year risk was estimated to be 0.003652. All 3 patients had received radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In all cases of haemopoietic dysplasia preceded ANLL. Bone marrow chromosome investigations showed an abnormal karyotype in all patients: chromosomal changes were present in 100% of cells and revealed a non-random distribution, the most frequent involvement being clustered to chromosomes nos 11, 17 and 21. Hypodiploidy was prevalent and multiple structural rearrangements, such as markers, rings and minutes, were present in a high percentage of cells. Other changes involved chromosomes nos 5, 7 and 14. Our results are compared with other previously reported cases and possible pathogenetic implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295159", "title": "Pulmonary blastoma. Preoperative cytologic and histologic findings.", "content": "The preoperative positive cytologic and histologic findings in ten cases of pulmonary blastoma are presented and compared with the results from the literature. In eight of our ten cases a preoperative diagnosis of cancer was possible, and in six of them a review of the material disclosed a biphasic feature. A pulmonary blastoma may be suggested when the preoperative microscopic specimens show immature tumor cells of tumor tissue with biphasic differentiation.", "contents": "Pulmonary blastoma. Preoperative cytologic and histologic findings. The preoperative positive cytologic and histologic findings in ten cases of pulmonary blastoma are presented and compared with the results from the literature. In eight of our ten cases a preoperative diagnosis of cancer was possible, and in six of them a review of the material disclosed a biphasic feature. A pulmonary blastoma may be suggested when the preoperative microscopic specimens show immature tumor cells of tumor tissue with biphasic differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:295160", "title": "Diagnostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in serous effusions. Correlation with cytology.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations were performed in 86 malignant and 103 benign serous fluids submitted for routine cytologic examination. Cytology alone identified 54 (63%) of the malignant fluids. The remaining 32 (37%) had elevated CEA levels but no detectable malignant cells. In nearly half of 67 effusions with CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml and negative cytology, elevated CEA concentrations were confirmed to be associated with malignancy. Most (92.5%) cytologically positive serous fluids also had elevated levels of CEA. Elevated CEA assay may raise the suspicion of malignancy in serous fluids that are negative cytologically. Increased CEA concentrations alone, however, cannot be used for confirming malignancy because CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ ml (mean, 10.5 +/- 8.2) were found in 50% of the fluids proven to be nonmalignant. Fluid CEA was more consistently elevated in tumors of gastrointestinal tract (greater than 25 ng/ml), lung (11.2 +/- 8.9) and breast (11.6 +/- 7.7) than in lymphomas or sarcomas (3.6 +/- 1). Paired plasma and fluid CEA levels may be particularly helpful in confirming a clinical diagnosis of malignancy in cases with negative fluid and biopsy findings.", "contents": "Diagnostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in serous effusions. Correlation with cytology. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations were performed in 86 malignant and 103 benign serous fluids submitted for routine cytologic examination. Cytology alone identified 54 (63%) of the malignant fluids. The remaining 32 (37%) had elevated CEA levels but no detectable malignant cells. In nearly half of 67 effusions with CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml and negative cytology, elevated CEA concentrations were confirmed to be associated with malignancy. Most (92.5%) cytologically positive serous fluids also had elevated levels of CEA. Elevated CEA assay may raise the suspicion of malignancy in serous fluids that are negative cytologically. Increased CEA concentrations alone, however, cannot be used for confirming malignancy because CEA levels greater than 2.5 ng/ ml (mean, 10.5 +/- 8.2) were found in 50% of the fluids proven to be nonmalignant. Fluid CEA was more consistently elevated in tumors of gastrointestinal tract (greater than 25 ng/ml), lung (11.2 +/- 8.9) and breast (11.6 +/- 7.7) than in lymphomas or sarcomas (3.6 +/- 1). Paired plasma and fluid CEA levels may be particularly helpful in confirming a clinical diagnosis of malignancy in cases with negative fluid and biopsy findings."}
{"id": "PMID:295161", "title": "Cytologic changes of the respiratory tract as a consequence of air pollution and smoking.", "content": "A comparison was made of cytologic abnormalities in sputum specimens from inhibitants of an urban environment with a high level of air pollution (Sarajevo) and from inhabitants of a rural area (Podvelezje). The subjects of this study were grouped according to their smoking habits and sex. At the time of the investigation, all the subjects were clinically healthy. The cytologic specimens were evaluated in reference to eosinophils, respiratory spirals, atypia of bronchial cells and squamous metaplasia. The abnormal findings were more frequent among urban inhabitants than among rural ones. In both groups the abnormalities were more pronounced in smokers than in nonsmokers and in men then in women. Atypical squamous metaplasia was observed in 56% of smokers from the urban environment. There were no significant differences in cytologic abnormalities between nonsmokers from the urban environment and smokers from the rural area.", "contents": "Cytologic changes of the respiratory tract as a consequence of air pollution and smoking. A comparison was made of cytologic abnormalities in sputum specimens from inhibitants of an urban environment with a high level of air pollution (Sarajevo) and from inhabitants of a rural area (Podvelezje). The subjects of this study were grouped according to their smoking habits and sex. At the time of the investigation, all the subjects were clinically healthy. The cytologic specimens were evaluated in reference to eosinophils, respiratory spirals, atypia of bronchial cells and squamous metaplasia. The abnormal findings were more frequent among urban inhabitants than among rural ones. In both groups the abnormalities were more pronounced in smokers than in nonsmokers and in men then in women. Atypical squamous metaplasia was observed in 56% of smokers from the urban environment. There were no significant differences in cytologic abnormalities between nonsmokers from the urban environment and smokers from the rural area."}
{"id": "PMID:295162", "title": "Cytopathologic findings in pulmonary blastoma.", "content": "The exfoliative cytologic description of a pulmonary blastoma is reported. The debated histogenesis of these tumors is briefly reviewed. A review of all case reports recording cytopathology findings indicates that these rare tumors yield diagnostic cells in only a minority of cases. In the present case, as in previous reports, only the epithelial component (carcinoma) was recognized prior to the histopathologic diagnosis. The stromal cells were less numerous and not as conspicuous as the epithelial cells. The diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma should be considered whenever nonsquamous carcinomatous cells plus a separate population of smaller malignant cells are seen in a pulmonary cytology specimen.", "contents": "Cytopathologic findings in pulmonary blastoma. The exfoliative cytologic description of a pulmonary blastoma is reported. The debated histogenesis of these tumors is briefly reviewed. A review of all case reports recording cytopathology findings indicates that these rare tumors yield diagnostic cells in only a minority of cases. In the present case, as in previous reports, only the epithelial component (carcinoma) was recognized prior to the histopathologic diagnosis. The stromal cells were less numerous and not as conspicuous as the epithelial cells. The diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma should be considered whenever nonsquamous carcinomatous cells plus a separate population of smaller malignant cells are seen in a pulmonary cytology specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:295163", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of giant cell tumor of bone metastatic to lung. A case report.", "content": "An unusual case of giant cell tumor of bone metastasized to the right lung and was diagnosed by percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of giant cell tumor of bone metastatic to lung. A case report. An unusual case of giant cell tumor of bone metastasized to the right lung and was diagnosed by percutaneous transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:295164", "title": "Cytologic diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolus. Report of a case.", "content": "This paper reports a case of a primigravid woman with the presumptive diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolus who had a blood sample aspirated from the right heart. The blood specimen was sent to the cytology laboratory, processed and then examined for squames and lanugo. The laboratory procedure and results are described.", "contents": "Cytologic diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolus. Report of a case. This paper reports a case of a primigravid woman with the presumptive diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolus who had a blood sample aspirated from the right heart. The blood specimen was sent to the cytology laboratory, processed and then examined for squames and lanugo. The laboratory procedure and results are described."}
{"id": "PMID:295165", "title": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration of renal adenocarcinoma guided by ultrasound. Morphologic appearance of normal and malignant cells.", "content": "An aspiration guided by ultrasound of a clear cell renal adenocarcinoma provided abundant, well-preserved  material. Surgical specimens of the granular and sarcomatoid (spindle cell) varieties of renal adenocarcinoma were aspirated with the same gauge needle as that of the Chiba University. The cytomorphologic appearances of these entities are described.", "contents": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration of renal adenocarcinoma guided by ultrasound. Morphologic appearance of normal and malignant cells. An aspiration guided by ultrasound of a clear cell renal adenocarcinoma provided abundant, well-preserved  material. Surgical specimens of the granular and sarcomatoid (spindle cell) varieties of renal adenocarcinoma were aspirated with the same gauge needle as that of the Chiba University. The cytomorphologic appearances of these entities are described."}
{"id": "PMID:295166", "title": "Papillary and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting as a metastatic papillary serous effusion. A case report.", "content": "Papillary carcinoma  of the thyroid pursues a long course of local nodal metastases and rarely leads to death. This case reports an occult thyroid tumor which presented as a serous effusion with pure papillary carcinoma. At autopsy, both papillary and undifferentiated carcinoma were found in the thyroid. Although the pleural component was papillary, the fulminant course was that of an undifferentiated carcinoma.", "contents": "Papillary and undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting as a metastatic papillary serous effusion. A case report. Papillary carcinoma  of the thyroid pursues a long course of local nodal metastases and rarely leads to death. This case reports an occult thyroid tumor which presented as a serous effusion with pure papillary carcinoma. At autopsy, both papillary and undifferentiated carcinoma were found in the thyroid. Although the pleural component was papillary, the fulminant course was that of an undifferentiated carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:295172", "title": "[Lysine metabolism in acute leukemia].", "content": "The metabolism of 14C-lysine by leukaemic cells in acute myeloblastic, myelomonocytic, lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid leukaemia with blast crisis was studied. The investigations included lysine metabolism to CO2, lipids, organic acids and nucleotides and its incorporation into cellular proteins. The obtained results were compared with determinations carried out in granulocytes and lymphocytes of healthy subjects. Cells in acute leukaemias metabolized 14C-lysine in a similar range. In relation to normal cells the range of lysine metabolism to lipids in the leukaemic cells was significantly higher (p less than 0.01), while that of organic acids was significantly lower (p less than 0.05). The activity of 14C-lysine metabolism depended on the number of blast cells in the sample and the type of acute leukaemia. Neoplastic cells in blast crisis and in acute myeloblastic leukaemia incorporated more actively 14C-lysine into proteins than cells in acute myelomonocytic and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0.05). Similar differences in lysine metabolism were observed between myelomonocytes and blast cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Lysine metabolism in acute leukemia]. The metabolism of 14C-lysine by leukaemic cells in acute myeloblastic, myelomonocytic, lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid leukaemia with blast crisis was studied. The investigations included lysine metabolism to CO2, lipids, organic acids and nucleotides and its incorporation into cellular proteins. The obtained results were compared with determinations carried out in granulocytes and lymphocytes of healthy subjects. Cells in acute leukaemias metabolized 14C-lysine in a similar range. In relation to normal cells the range of lysine metabolism to lipids in the leukaemic cells was significantly higher (p less than 0.01), while that of organic acids was significantly lower (p less than 0.05). The activity of 14C-lysine metabolism depended on the number of blast cells in the sample and the type of acute leukaemia. Neoplastic cells in blast crisis and in acute myeloblastic leukaemia incorporated more actively 14C-lysine into proteins than cells in acute myelomonocytic and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0.05). Similar differences in lysine metabolism were observed between myelomonocytes and blast cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (p less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:295167", "title": "The cytologic findings in two cases of stromal sarcoma of the uterus.", "content": "The cytologic findings in two cases of stromal sarcoma of the uterus are presented. The morphologic features useful in the cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm are discussed, including: (1) the presence of isolated tumor cells; (2) the uniform pattern of tumor cells in spite of marked nuclear variations; (3) the \"comet\" appearance of some tumor cells; and (4) the presence of bizarre, multinucleated, giant tumor cells.", "contents": "The cytologic findings in two cases of stromal sarcoma of the uterus. The cytologic findings in two cases of stromal sarcoma of the uterus are presented. The morphologic features useful in the cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm are discussed, including: (1) the presence of isolated tumor cells; (2) the uniform pattern of tumor cells in spite of marked nuclear variations; (3) the \"comet\" appearance of some tumor cells; and (4) the presence of bizarre, multinucleated, giant tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:295168", "title": "Effects of exogenous androgen treatment on X-chromatin.", "content": "In studying a possible hormonal influence on X-chromatin frequency, buccal smears from two groups of women, one on androgen therapy and one not on androgen therapy, were compared. Both groups were nonmenstruating, renal dialysis patients, 41 to 69 years of age. For each patient the X-chromatin frequency was determined from 100 analyzable and intact buccal mucosa cells. In determining X-chromatin frequency, stringent selection criteria were used, and a selection ratio was derived by dividing by 100 the total number of cells that were counted in order to discover 100 analyzable and intact cells. Using the Guard's staining technique, no significant difference could be demonstrated in either the X-chromatin frequency or the selection ratio between the women receiving androgens and those not receiving them.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous androgen treatment on X-chromatin. In studying a possible hormonal influence on X-chromatin frequency, buccal smears from two groups of women, one on androgen therapy and one not on androgen therapy, were compared. Both groups were nonmenstruating, renal dialysis patients, 41 to 69 years of age. For each patient the X-chromatin frequency was determined from 100 analyzable and intact buccal mucosa cells. In determining X-chromatin frequency, stringent selection criteria were used, and a selection ratio was derived by dividing by 100 the total number of cells that were counted in order to discover 100 analyzable and intact cells. Using the Guard's staining technique, no significant difference could be demonstrated in either the X-chromatin frequency or the selection ratio between the women receiving androgens and those not receiving them."}
{"id": "PMID:295173", "title": "Computed tomographic findings of the brain in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after central nervous system prophylaxis without cranial irradiation.", "content": "Nineteen children in primary remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were investigated by computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brain 2 to 64 (mean 19) months after the central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis was finished. The CNS prophylaxis consisted of high dose Methotrexate (HDM) intravenously combined with 6--8 doses of Methotrexate intrathecally. Two children received only Methotrexate intrathecally as CNS prophylaxis. In addition three children with ALL who had CNS leukemia were investigated by CT scans of the brain. Only one abnormal CT scan was found among the nineteen asymptomatic children, and one of the three patients with CNS relapse had slightly dilatated subarachnoidal spaces. These results compared with other reports in literature in which the CNS prophylaxis has consisted of intrathecal Methotrexate and cranial irradiation, suggest that there are fewer abnormal CT findings of the brain in patients not receiving cranial irradiation as part of CNS prophylaxis.", "contents": "Computed tomographic findings of the brain in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia after central nervous system prophylaxis without cranial irradiation. Nineteen children in primary remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were investigated by computed tomographic (CT) scans of the brain 2 to 64 (mean 19) months after the central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis was finished. The CNS prophylaxis consisted of high dose Methotrexate (HDM) intravenously combined with 6--8 doses of Methotrexate intrathecally. Two children received only Methotrexate intrathecally as CNS prophylaxis. In addition three children with ALL who had CNS leukemia were investigated by CT scans of the brain. Only one abnormal CT scan was found among the nineteen asymptomatic children, and one of the three patients with CNS relapse had slightly dilatated subarachnoidal spaces. These results compared with other reports in literature in which the CNS prophylaxis has consisted of intrathecal Methotrexate and cranial irradiation, suggest that there are fewer abnormal CT findings of the brain in patients not receiving cranial irradiation as part of CNS prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:295169", "title": "Bronchial metaplasia as a benign or premalignant lesion. I. Cytologic and ultrastructural discrimination between acute carcinogen effects and toxin-induced changes.", "content": "The respiratory tracts of hamsters were exposed to either of two different chemical compounds contained in cigarette smoke, the carcinogenic chemical benzo(a)pyrene or the noncarcinogenic chemical formaldehyde. At various times during or shortly after the exposure, the acute cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural responses to the two agents were compared. Both agents induced microscopically similar squamous metaplastic changes of the tracheobronchial epithelium. However, there were several cytologic and ultrastructural differences in the appearance of the  chromatin, nucleoli and cytoplasm that could be used to separate carcinogen-induced from noncarcinogen-induced acute metaplastic changes. Furthermore, after cessation of the exposures, squamous metaplastic changes induced by the noncarcinogenic agent formaldehyde regressed to normal, while the acute carcinogen-induced changes were replaced by other, more persistent metaplastic changes.", "contents": "Bronchial metaplasia as a benign or premalignant lesion. I. Cytologic and ultrastructural discrimination between acute carcinogen effects and toxin-induced changes. The respiratory tracts of hamsters were exposed to either of two different chemical compounds contained in cigarette smoke, the carcinogenic chemical benzo(a)pyrene or the noncarcinogenic chemical formaldehyde. At various times during or shortly after the exposure, the acute cytologic, histologic and ultrastructural responses to the two agents were compared. Both agents induced microscopically similar squamous metaplastic changes of the tracheobronchial epithelium. However, there were several cytologic and ultrastructural differences in the appearance of the  chromatin, nucleoli and cytoplasm that could be used to separate carcinogen-induced from noncarcinogen-induced acute metaplastic changes. Furthermore, after cessation of the exposures, squamous metaplastic changes induced by the noncarcinogenic agent formaldehyde regressed to normal, while the acute carcinogen-induced changes were replaced by other, more persistent metaplastic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:295170", "title": "Kinetics of cell replication of the uterine cervix. I. Normal epithelium.", "content": "The rate of cell production in the squamous cervical epithelium, as deduced from the number of arrested mitoses at various time intervals after a single injection of vincristine, was investigated in 83 C57B1 mice. In the basal cell layer several peaks of arrested mitoses were registered: the first major peak was found at 9 hours, the second at 12 hours, the third at 16 hours and the fourth at 20 hours. Distinct peaks of arrested mitosis were also found in the nonbasal (parabasal) cell layers. Each mitotic peak may correspond to a number of cells that had entered the proliferative pool from the \"resting\" compartment. The stathmokinetic effect of vincristine on the squamous cervical epithelium had ceased after 20 hours.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell replication of the uterine cervix. I. Normal epithelium. The rate of cell production in the squamous cervical epithelium, as deduced from the number of arrested mitoses at various time intervals after a single injection of vincristine, was investigated in 83 C57B1 mice. In the basal cell layer several peaks of arrested mitoses were registered: the first major peak was found at 9 hours, the second at 12 hours, the third at 16 hours and the fourth at 20 hours. Distinct peaks of arrested mitosis were also found in the nonbasal (parabasal) cell layers. Each mitotic peak may correspond to a number of cells that had entered the proliferative pool from the \"resting\" compartment. The stathmokinetic effect of vincristine on the squamous cervical epithelium had ceased after 20 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:295182", "title": "Correlation between virus-cell receptor properties of alphaviruses in vitro and virulence in vivo.", "content": "Virulent and avirulent clones of Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses were examined for their in vitro attachment characteristics to the surface of cultured cell monolayers. These attachment characteristics were correlated with in vivo plasma clearance rates and virulence. For the clones investigated, avirulence correlated in vitro with attachment pH optima close to physiologic pH and in vivo with a rapid clearance from plasma. Conversely, virulent clones had lower in vitro attachment pH optima and low plasma clearances in vivo.", "contents": "Correlation between virus-cell receptor properties of alphaviruses in vitro and virulence in vivo. Virulent and avirulent clones of Venezuelan, Western, and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses were examined for their in vitro attachment characteristics to the surface of cultured cell monolayers. These attachment characteristics were correlated with in vivo plasma clearance rates and virulence. For the clones investigated, avirulence correlated in vitro with attachment pH optima close to physiologic pH and in vivo with a rapid clearance from plasma. Conversely, virulent clones had lower in vitro attachment pH optima and low plasma clearances in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:295180", "title": "A water-insensitive ventilator alarm.", "content": "Most of the low-pressure ventilator alarms available have the pressure registration unit connected to the patient circuit by a narrow bore plastic tube. Condensed water in this tube will stop the correct function of the alarm in a few hours if the tube is placed after a heated humidifier. The pressure registration should be as close to the patient's tracheal tube as possible to monitor the pressure of the airway and hence a ventilator alarm with the pressure sensing unit in the patient circuit is described. The alarm has proved to be reliable, insensitive to water and very easy to adjust to maximum sensitivity.", "contents": "A water-insensitive ventilator alarm. Most of the low-pressure ventilator alarms available have the pressure registration unit connected to the patient circuit by a narrow bore plastic tube. Condensed water in this tube will stop the correct function of the alarm in a few hours if the tube is placed after a heated humidifier. The pressure registration should be as close to the patient's tracheal tube as possible to monitor the pressure of the airway and hence a ventilator alarm with the pressure sensing unit in the patient circuit is described. The alarm has proved to be reliable, insensitive to water and very easy to adjust to maximum sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:295205", "title": "Effects of stannous fluoride and amine fluorides on caries incidence and enamel solubility in adults.", "content": "Three groups of men aged 19 to 22 years were examined. Group A was regarded as control, group B was treated topically with stannous fluoride solution every 6 months, group C received a gel for brushing once a week. All the subjects were re-examined after 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months and DMFS scores were analysed. In the end of the trial 639 teeth from 213 participants were evaluated in vivo for enamel solubility rates by the CRT test. After three years of treatment both examinations disclosed that the gel was more effective in dental caries inhibition and reduction of the enamel solubility in acids, than stannous fluoride solution.", "contents": "Effects of stannous fluoride and amine fluorides on caries incidence and enamel solubility in adults. Three groups of men aged 19 to 22 years were examined. Group A was regarded as control, group B was treated topically with stannous fluoride solution every 6 months, group C received a gel for brushing once a week. All the subjects were re-examined after 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months and DMFS scores were analysed. In the end of the trial 639 teeth from 213 participants were evaluated in vivo for enamel solubility rates by the CRT test. After three years of treatment both examinations disclosed that the gel was more effective in dental caries inhibition and reduction of the enamel solubility in acids, than stannous fluoride solution."}
{"id": "PMID:295206", "title": "Cultural barriers to preventitve dentistry.", "content": "The concept of social class and its influence on health attitudes and behaviour has been reviewed. Some dental attitudes and behaviour characteristic of lower socio-economic culture have been described and possible implications for preventive dental instruction outlined.", "contents": "Cultural barriers to preventitve dentistry. The concept of social class and its influence on health attitudes and behaviour has been reviewed. Some dental attitudes and behaviour characteristic of lower socio-economic culture have been described and possible implications for preventive dental instruction outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:295207", "title": "A metallographic evaluation of porosity occurring in removable partial denture castings.", "content": "Conveniently sized sections from six removable partial denture castings were examined metallographically for porosity. Abrupt changes in cross sectional areas were the site of porosity in some specimens; also seen were small generalized areas of porosity unlikely to be disclosed radiographically.", "contents": "A metallographic evaluation of porosity occurring in removable partial denture castings. Conveniently sized sections from six removable partial denture castings were examined metallographically for porosity. Abrupt changes in cross sectional areas were the site of porosity in some specimens; also seen were small generalized areas of porosity unlikely to be disclosed radiographically."}
{"id": "PMID:295209", "title": "Personality disorder in transcultural perspective.", "content": "Personality disorder constitutes one of the most controversial diagnostic categories within clinical psychiatry. Explosive and antisocial personality disorders in particular are central to this controversy. The difficulties for diagnosis encountered when clinician and patient belong to different socio-economic classes are seen to be magnified in the transcultural situation, when cultural and language variables are superimposed. The diagnosis of personality disorder among Australian Aborigines is reviewed, and the face validity of some prevalence rates is challenged. An examination of the terms for anger and aggression used by a Central Australian tribal Aboriginal group demonstrates that Aborigines differentiate them both quantitatively and qualitatively. This facility is seen as providing psychiatrists with a method for enhancing diagnosis of personality disorder in both clinical and epidemiological settings.", "contents": "Personality disorder in transcultural perspective. Personality disorder constitutes one of the most controversial diagnostic categories within clinical psychiatry. Explosive and antisocial personality disorders in particular are central to this controversy. The difficulties for diagnosis encountered when clinician and patient belong to different socio-economic classes are seen to be magnified in the transcultural situation, when cultural and language variables are superimposed. The diagnosis of personality disorder among Australian Aborigines is reviewed, and the face validity of some prevalence rates is challenged. An examination of the terms for anger and aggression used by a Central Australian tribal Aboriginal group demonstrates that Aborigines differentiate them both quantitatively and qualitatively. This facility is seen as providing psychiatrists with a method for enhancing diagnosis of personality disorder in both clinical and epidemiological settings."}
{"id": "PMID:295210", "title": "Suicide in Australia--a comparison with suicide in England and Wales.", "content": "This study reports changes of suicide rate in Australia and in England and Wales in the twenty years up to 1976. Rates in both places reached a peak in 1963, related to increases in poisoning as a means of suicide. Decreases since then can be attributed partly to reduced likelihood of death after inhalation of domestic gas or after ingestion of poisons. There has been an increase in suicide deaths among younger people, but a decrease among older age groups. The two countries have patterns of suicide which are similar in many respects, the most striking difference being the frequency with which firearms are used by male suicides in Australia. There is good reason to believe that variation in availability of a means of suicide is the factor which has most effect on rates of suicide, though cultural attitude towards each method also is an important determinant of how much it will be used for suicide.", "contents": "Suicide in Australia--a comparison with suicide in England and Wales. This study reports changes of suicide rate in Australia and in England and Wales in the twenty years up to 1976. Rates in both places reached a peak in 1963, related to increases in poisoning as a means of suicide. Decreases since then can be attributed partly to reduced likelihood of death after inhalation of domestic gas or after ingestion of poisons. There has been an increase in suicide deaths among younger people, but a decrease among older age groups. The two countries have patterns of suicide which are similar in many respects, the most striking difference being the frequency with which firearms are used by male suicides in Australia. There is good reason to believe that variation in availability of a means of suicide is the factor which has most effect on rates of suicide, though cultural attitude towards each method also is an important determinant of how much it will be used for suicide."}
{"id": "PMID:295212", "title": "The supplementation of alcoholic beverages with thiamine--a necessary preventive measure in Queensland?", "content": "The large and increasing number of cases of Korsakoff's psychosis in a Queensland mental hospital prompts an examination of the theoretical and practical issues concerning the supplementation of alcoholic beverages with thiamine. It is concluded that supplementation of alcoholic beverages in Queensland with thiamine (and in particular with one of the allithiamines) warrants urgent and unprejudiced consideration.", "contents": "The supplementation of alcoholic beverages with thiamine--a necessary preventive measure in Queensland? The large and increasing number of cases of Korsakoff's psychosis in a Queensland mental hospital prompts an examination of the theoretical and practical issues concerning the supplementation of alcoholic beverages with thiamine. It is concluded that supplementation of alcoholic beverages in Queensland with thiamine (and in particular with one of the allithiamines) warrants urgent and unprejudiced consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:295214", "title": "Repertoires of response to potential precipitants of depression.", "content": "A study that would appear to overcome two weaknesses in previous investigations of what have been termed 'antidepressive behaviours' is reported, from patients routinely attending two general practices. Questionnaires were designed to measure such behaviours and their reported effectiveness in response to potential precipitants of depression. While the subjects revealed no sex differences on a trait depression measure, in previous recourse to professional help for depression, or in their appraisal of two given situations, a number of sex differences in their reported antidepressive responses were found. Females scored as less reckless, and they scored higher on help-seeking and self-consolation dimensions ; they were also less likely to regard reckless behaviours as being effective. Higher social class was associated with higher scores on the self-consolation behavioural dimension and in higher scores on socializing. Younger subjects scored higher on socializing and found reckless behaviours more effective than did the older subjects.", "contents": "Repertoires of response to potential precipitants of depression. A study that would appear to overcome two weaknesses in previous investigations of what have been termed 'antidepressive behaviours' is reported, from patients routinely attending two general practices. Questionnaires were designed to measure such behaviours and their reported effectiveness in response to potential precipitants of depression. While the subjects revealed no sex differences on a trait depression measure, in previous recourse to professional help for depression, or in their appraisal of two given situations, a number of sex differences in their reported antidepressive responses were found. Females scored as less reckless, and they scored higher on help-seeking and self-consolation dimensions ; they were also less likely to regard reckless behaviours as being effective. Higher social class was associated with higher scores on the self-consolation behavioural dimension and in higher scores on socializing. Younger subjects scored higher on socializing and found reckless behaviours more effective than did the older subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:295215", "title": "Social support and the social environment of depressed and normal women.", "content": "A brief self-report measure of social support was administered initially to a student population, and then to a sample of hospitalized depressed women. Comparison of the responses of the 32 patients with 35 student women of similar age showed no differences between the groups in number of cohabitants or of casual friends, or in faith in the value of talking over one's problems. Patients were more likely than controls to report having no or few confidants, nobody confiding in them, and little confidence in being liked by others. Training in social skills specific to fostering intimacy is suggested as a therapeutic step, and modifications to the social support measure for future use discussed.", "contents": "Social support and the social environment of depressed and normal women. A brief self-report measure of social support was administered initially to a student population, and then to a sample of hospitalized depressed women. Comparison of the responses of the 32 patients with 35 student women of similar age showed no differences between the groups in number of cohabitants or of casual friends, or in faith in the value of talking over one's problems. Patients were more likely than controls to report having no or few confidants, nobody confiding in them, and little confidence in being liked by others. Training in social skills specific to fostering intimacy is suggested as a therapeutic step, and modifications to the social support measure for future use discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295216", "title": "The psychiatrist's family--a comparative study.", "content": "The results of a questionnaire survey of the partners of psychiatrists and general practitioners are presented. The questionnaire was designed to elicit feelings about the respective professions. Methodological issues are discussed, and the wisdom of comparing different medical groups is questioned. Although significantly fewer psychiatrists' partners initially had positive feelings towards their spouse's career, the majority of both groups reported currently positive feelings. Only a minority, and in equal proportions in the two groups, reported that their spouse's profession had interfered with their relationships with friends or had influenced their marital relationship. A significantly greater number of general practitioners' partners reported that their spouse's profession was more stressful than that of other professionals. The results also indicated that a significantly greater number of psychiatrists than general practitioners as perceived by their partners as using psychiatric interpretation and jargon in the family setting. Furthermore, the comments provided, although representative of only a minority of respondents, demonstrated that this could provide a unique stress for the families of some psychiatrists.", "contents": "The psychiatrist's family--a comparative study. The results of a questionnaire survey of the partners of psychiatrists and general practitioners are presented. The questionnaire was designed to elicit feelings about the respective professions. Methodological issues are discussed, and the wisdom of comparing different medical groups is questioned. Although significantly fewer psychiatrists' partners initially had positive feelings towards their spouse's career, the majority of both groups reported currently positive feelings. Only a minority, and in equal proportions in the two groups, reported that their spouse's profession had interfered with their relationships with friends or had influenced their marital relationship. A significantly greater number of general practitioners' partners reported that their spouse's profession was more stressful than that of other professionals. The results also indicated that a significantly greater number of psychiatrists than general practitioners as perceived by their partners as using psychiatric interpretation and jargon in the family setting. Furthermore, the comments provided, although representative of only a minority of respondents, demonstrated that this could provide a unique stress for the families of some psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:295217", "title": "Chlormethiazole dependency--a case report.", "content": "Although dependency is reported to be one of the side effects of chlormethiazole, very few cases of such dependency have been reported. A detailed report of a female patient with a previous history of other dependencies, and who subsequently became dependent on chlormethiazole, is offered.", "contents": "Chlormethiazole dependency--a case report. Although dependency is reported to be one of the side effects of chlormethiazole, very few cases of such dependency have been reported. A detailed report of a female patient with a previous history of other dependencies, and who subsequently became dependent on chlormethiazole, is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:295218", "title": "Peer review--the West Australian experience. The West Australian Peer Review Sub-Committee.", "content": "In view of the Department of Health's recommendations that Peer Review be accepted as an integral part of the medical system, local members of the college volunteered to take part in a pilot study. Those involved were divided into three groups and were left to devise their own system. Following subsequent discussion and assessment, a workable scheme evolved as described. This system employs a 'rolling' or an ongoing technique in which a group of four psychiatrists form the peer review group. Following each assessment a new member joins the team and the longest serving person is assessed before leaving. The problems and difficulties of peer review are discussed and the importance of the link between peer review and continuing education is stressed.", "contents": "Peer review--the West Australian experience. The West Australian Peer Review Sub-Committee. In view of the Department of Health's recommendations that Peer Review be accepted as an integral part of the medical system, local members of the college volunteered to take part in a pilot study. Those involved were divided into three groups and were left to devise their own system. Following subsequent discussion and assessment, a workable scheme evolved as described. This system employs a 'rolling' or an ongoing technique in which a group of four psychiatrists form the peer review group. Following each assessment a new member joins the team and the longest serving person is assessed before leaving. The problems and difficulties of peer review are discussed and the importance of the link between peer review and continuing education is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:295220", "title": "[Transfusion of leukocytes and platelets in the treatment of acute leukemia].", "content": "Supportive therapy of concentrated leukocytes and platelets has no obvious significance. In the paper authors presented the methods of separation of concentrated leukocytes and platelets, investigation of number and functional abilities of preserved leukocytes and platelets as well as the monitoring of the transfusion effect in the patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Special attention was paid to the separation of blood cells by the cell centrifuge with continuous flow. Side effects after leukocytes and platelet transfusion was monitored -- occurence of the sensibilization to the HL-A antigens. For the detection of HL-A antibodies two-stage microlymphocytotoxic test was used for the investigation of patient's serum; for the application of leukocyte and platelet transfusion we used cross-match test between donor's lymphocytes and patient's serum in progressive dilution. In the paper authors discussed the correlation between the appearance of HL-A antibodies and the number of given transfusions.", "contents": "[Transfusion of leukocytes and platelets in the treatment of acute leukemia]. Supportive therapy of concentrated leukocytes and platelets has no obvious significance. In the paper authors presented the methods of separation of concentrated leukocytes and platelets, investigation of number and functional abilities of preserved leukocytes and platelets as well as the monitoring of the transfusion effect in the patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Special attention was paid to the separation of blood cells by the cell centrifuge with continuous flow. Side effects after leukocytes and platelet transfusion was monitored -- occurence of the sensibilization to the HL-A antigens. For the detection of HL-A antibodies two-stage microlymphocytotoxic test was used for the investigation of patient's serum; for the application of leukocyte and platelet transfusion we used cross-match test between donor's lymphocytes and patient's serum in progressive dilution. In the paper authors discussed the correlation between the appearance of HL-A antibodies and the number of given transfusions."}
{"id": "PMID:295221", "title": "[Malignant histiocytosis and histiocytic leukemia in a boy treated for eosinophilic granuloma].", "content": "The paper presents a case of the acute histiocytic leukaemia and malignant histiocytosis in a boy treated of eosinophilic granuloma. We could not explain whether it was the question of the generalized basic disease or of a \"secondary carcinoma\" resulting from the applied radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Malignant histiocytosis and histiocytic leukemia in a boy treated for eosinophilic granuloma]. The paper presents a case of the acute histiocytic leukaemia and malignant histiocytosis in a boy treated of eosinophilic granuloma. We could not explain whether it was the question of the generalized basic disease or of a \"secondary carcinoma\" resulting from the applied radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:295222", "title": "[Familial leukemia].", "content": "Occurrence of familial leukaemia confirms the influence of genetic factors in the appearance of malignant diseases. Such cases were described in one generation, in distant relations of two and three generations and in monozygotic siblings. Either the same type of leukaemia was recorded or different types. This is thought to be caused by pathological gene transmission in interaction with environmental factors which increase the tendency to malignant diseases in these families. Two cases of familial type of leukaemia are presented in the paper; in one family the illness appeared among members of one generation, but in the other in two generations. In both families it was a question of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Other types of malignancy were not found, nor was any environmental factor confirmed to have influenced cancerogenesis. Cytogenetic studies of the patients did not show any deviation from the normal kariotype. The illness evolution was fatal. This is the second report of familial leukemia in Yugoslav literature.", "contents": "[Familial leukemia]. Occurrence of familial leukaemia confirms the influence of genetic factors in the appearance of malignant diseases. Such cases were described in one generation, in distant relations of two and three generations and in monozygotic siblings. Either the same type of leukaemia was recorded or different types. This is thought to be caused by pathological gene transmission in interaction with environmental factors which increase the tendency to malignant diseases in these families. Two cases of familial type of leukaemia are presented in the paper; in one family the illness appeared among members of one generation, but in the other in two generations. In both families it was a question of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Other types of malignancy were not found, nor was any environmental factor confirmed to have influenced cancerogenesis. Cytogenetic studies of the patients did not show any deviation from the normal kariotype. The illness evolution was fatal. This is the second report of familial leukemia in Yugoslav literature."}
{"id": "PMID:295287", "title": "Excretion pattern of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids in patients with adrenal tumor, Cushing's disease and 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and in pregnancy, using thin-layer chromatography and color development of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase.", "content": "The fractional assay is described of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids in various patients by thin-layer chromatography and color development using an enzyme that reacts specifically with some 3 beta-hydroxysteroids. Together with dehydroepiandrosterone, androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol and 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone can be detected, but their concentrations differ with each disease. An unknown fraction, a more polar 3 beta-hydroxysteroid than 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, is also detected in moderate amounts in patients with adrenal tumor (18.3 mg/day), 21-hydroxylase deficiency (3.2 to 1.2 mg/day), and Cushing's syndrome (0.9-2.3 mg/day, as pregn-5-ene-triol).", "contents": "Excretion pattern of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids in patients with adrenal tumor, Cushing's disease and 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and in pregnancy, using thin-layer chromatography and color development of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids with 3 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase. The fractional assay is described of 3 beta-hydroxysteroids in various patients by thin-layer chromatography and color development using an enzyme that reacts specifically with some 3 beta-hydroxysteroids. Together with dehydroepiandrosterone, androst-5-ene-3 beta,17 beta-diol and 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone can be detected, but their concentrations differ with each disease. An unknown fraction, a more polar 3 beta-hydroxysteroid than 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, is also detected in moderate amounts in patients with adrenal tumor (18.3 mg/day), 21-hydroxylase deficiency (3.2 to 1.2 mg/day), and Cushing's syndrome (0.9-2.3 mg/day, as pregn-5-ene-triol)."}
{"id": "PMID:295288", "title": "Juvenile periodontitis. Localization of bone loss in relation to age, sex, and teeth.", "content": "The distribution of bone loss in 156 patients, 12-32 years old, with juvenile periodontitis was analyzed according to age, sex, and teeth affected. The criteria for bone loss were: vertical or horizontal bone loss involving more than one-third of the root as judged by radiographs. Three age groups were established: 12-18, 19-25, and 26-32 years old. Three types of bone loss localization were defined: I. First molars and/or incisors. II. First molars, incisors and some additional teeth (total less than 14 teeth). III. General involvement . There was a dominance of female patients. The ratio females: males decreased from 5.3:1 in the youngest age group to 1.5:1 in the oldest. The mean number of involved teeth increased with age from 5.3 teeth in the youngest group to 11.6 in the oldest. The frequency of type I bone loss decreased from 55% in the youngest group to 7% in the oldest. Type II occurred with the same frequency (55-58%) in all three age groups. Type III was not seen in the youngest group whereas it increased from 17% in the middle to 35% in the oldest group. Of the total number of involved teeth, the first molars were most frequently affected, followed by the incisors. Maxillary teeth were involved to a slightly higher degree than mandibular teeth, and there was a strong \"mirror effect\" between involved teeth of right and left jaw halves.", "contents": "Juvenile periodontitis. Localization of bone loss in relation to age, sex, and teeth. The distribution of bone loss in 156 patients, 12-32 years old, with juvenile periodontitis was analyzed according to age, sex, and teeth affected. The criteria for bone loss were: vertical or horizontal bone loss involving more than one-third of the root as judged by radiographs. Three age groups were established: 12-18, 19-25, and 26-32 years old. Three types of bone loss localization were defined: I. First molars and/or incisors. II. First molars, incisors and some additional teeth (total less than 14 teeth). III. General involvement . There was a dominance of female patients. The ratio females: males decreased from 5.3:1 in the youngest age group to 1.5:1 in the oldest. The mean number of involved teeth increased with age from 5.3 teeth in the youngest group to 11.6 in the oldest. The frequency of type I bone loss decreased from 55% in the youngest group to 7% in the oldest. Type II occurred with the same frequency (55-58%) in all three age groups. Type III was not seen in the youngest group whereas it increased from 17% in the middle to 35% in the oldest group. Of the total number of involved teeth, the first molars were most frequently affected, followed by the incisors. Maxillary teeth were involved to a slightly higher degree than mandibular teeth, and there was a strong \"mirror effect\" between involved teeth of right and left jaw halves."}
{"id": "PMID:295289", "title": "Gingival blood circulation after experimental wounds in man.", "content": "Capillary blood circulation following experimental wounding was observed by fluorescein angiography. Contralateral punch wounds 1.5 mm in diameter were made in healthy mandibular labial attached gingiva of 31 volunteers. Areas of ischemia were clearly visible angiographically 6 hours after wounding and were significantly greater in area (P less than 0.05) and wider (P less than 0.01) for wounds in the long axis of mandibular incisors (N = 14) than those on the vertical midline of the gingival papillae (N = 17). The ischemic changes occurred exclusively cranial to the experimental wounds. By the third day the epithelium adjacent to the wound margin in the central part of the ischemic area had necrotized, thus extending the wound coronally. By the seventh day the axial wounds were significantly (P less than 0.001) larger than the papillary wounds. The data strongly suggest that the blood supply of mandibular labial attached gingiva is preferentially oriented in an apico-coronal direction and that the capacity for collateral circulation is dependent upon local differences in vascular structure. The findings are applicable to flap design in periodontal surgery.", "contents": "Gingival blood circulation after experimental wounds in man. Capillary blood circulation following experimental wounding was observed by fluorescein angiography. Contralateral punch wounds 1.5 mm in diameter were made in healthy mandibular labial attached gingiva of 31 volunteers. Areas of ischemia were clearly visible angiographically 6 hours after wounding and were significantly greater in area (P less than 0.05) and wider (P less than 0.01) for wounds in the long axis of mandibular incisors (N = 14) than those on the vertical midline of the gingival papillae (N = 17). The ischemic changes occurred exclusively cranial to the experimental wounds. By the third day the epithelium adjacent to the wound margin in the central part of the ischemic area had necrotized, thus extending the wound coronally. By the seventh day the axial wounds were significantly (P less than 0.001) larger than the papillary wounds. The data strongly suggest that the blood supply of mandibular labial attached gingiva is preferentially oriented in an apico-coronal direction and that the capacity for collateral circulation is dependent upon local differences in vascular structure. The findings are applicable to flap design in periodontal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:295290", "title": "Electron microscopic study of junctional and oral gingival epithelia in the juvenile and adult beagle dog.", "content": "A previous study demonstrated structural differences in the junctional epithelium between juvenile and adult dogs. In juveniles the junctional epithelium showed some resemblances to the oral gingival epithelium, and a cuticular structure at the dento-gingival junction was of particular interest. The oral gingival epithelium is considered to be less permeable than the junctional epithelium. As cytoplasmic filaments are held to be the main component in the process of keratinization, and to have a stabilizing influence on the cells and tissues, the present investigation was designed to study the relative amounts of cytoplasmic filaments in the junctional and the oral epithelia of beagle dogs during juvenile and adult stages. In addition, the ultrastructure of the dento-gingival junction was characterized. Six beagle dogs were used. The material consisted of gingival biopsies sampled when the dogs were 3 and 12 months old, respectively. On these occasions the gingiva was in excellent health. The biopsies were prepared for electron microscopic analysis and three randomly selected fields were recorded photographically from each of the following epithelial strata: basal and granular cell layers of the oral epithelium and basal and superficial cell layers of the junctional epithelium. Morphometric analysis was performed in order to estimate the density of cytoplasmic filaments of the cells in these epithelial strata. The amount of cytoplasmic filaments was considerably lower in the cells of the junctional epithelium than in those of the oral epithelium. In the oral epithelium the amount increased from basal towards superficial cells, whereas no such increase was seen in the junctional epithelium. The pattern was the same in the juvenile and the adult stage. At the dento-gingival junction all dogs had a thick, laminated layer of dental cuticle material in the juvenile stage. In the adult stage a similar structure was seen only infrequently, and it never attained the thickness observed in the juvenile stage.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of junctional and oral gingival epithelia in the juvenile and adult beagle dog. A previous study demonstrated structural differences in the junctional epithelium between juvenile and adult dogs. In juveniles the junctional epithelium showed some resemblances to the oral gingival epithelium, and a cuticular structure at the dento-gingival junction was of particular interest. The oral gingival epithelium is considered to be less permeable than the junctional epithelium. As cytoplasmic filaments are held to be the main component in the process of keratinization, and to have a stabilizing influence on the cells and tissues, the present investigation was designed to study the relative amounts of cytoplasmic filaments in the junctional and the oral epithelia of beagle dogs during juvenile and adult stages. In addition, the ultrastructure of the dento-gingival junction was characterized. Six beagle dogs were used. The material consisted of gingival biopsies sampled when the dogs were 3 and 12 months old, respectively. On these occasions the gingiva was in excellent health. The biopsies were prepared for electron microscopic analysis and three randomly selected fields were recorded photographically from each of the following epithelial strata: basal and granular cell layers of the oral epithelium and basal and superficial cell layers of the junctional epithelium. Morphometric analysis was performed in order to estimate the density of cytoplasmic filaments of the cells in these epithelial strata. The amount of cytoplasmic filaments was considerably lower in the cells of the junctional epithelium than in those of the oral epithelium. In the oral epithelium the amount increased from basal towards superficial cells, whereas no such increase was seen in the junctional epithelium. The pattern was the same in the juvenile and the adult stage. At the dento-gingival junction all dogs had a thick, laminated layer of dental cuticle material in the juvenile stage. In the adult stage a similar structure was seen only infrequently, and it never attained the thickness observed in the juvenile stage."}
{"id": "PMID:295291", "title": "Free gingival graft and coronally repositioned flap. A 2-year follow-up report.", "content": "Eleven cases are described in which the width of attached gingiva was increased by a free gingival graft, followed 2 months later by a coronally repositioned flap. This two-step operation was performed on 36 areas of recession in 11 patients. In all cases, the procedure has much improved the periodontium functionally as well esthetically. In two patients, a clinically stable reattachment has taken place within preexisting dentinal cavities. The relationship of the probe tip to periodontal tissues during probing and the reattachment of both epithelium and connective tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Free gingival graft and coronally repositioned flap. A 2-year follow-up report. Eleven cases are described in which the width of attached gingiva was increased by a free gingival graft, followed 2 months later by a coronally repositioned flap. This two-step operation was performed on 36 areas of recession in 11 patients. In all cases, the procedure has much improved the periodontium functionally as well esthetically. In two patients, a clinically stable reattachment has taken place within preexisting dentinal cavities. The relationship of the probe tip to periodontal tissues during probing and the reattachment of both epithelium and connective tissues are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295298", "title": "Prevention of periodontal disease in the future.", "content": "Existing knowledge about periodontal disease is sufficient to permit the interested individual to carry out a preventive program which can result in preventing the major forms of the disease from developing. It is likely that the sooner such a program is started in a person's lifetime, the likelier it is to succeed. With the additional knowledge obtained from current avenues of research, clinical microbiology and immunology will become applicable to the management of selected forms of periodontal disease, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Some of the information gained may help in fostering the establishment of a desirable microbial flora and in better control of potentially pathogenic strains. The implementation of an effective preventive program for periodontal and other dental diseases will vary on a regional basis depending on political, economic, social and ethical considerations.", "contents": "Prevention of periodontal disease in the future. Existing knowledge about periodontal disease is sufficient to permit the interested individual to carry out a preventive program which can result in preventing the major forms of the disease from developing. It is likely that the sooner such a program is started in a person's lifetime, the likelier it is to succeed. With the additional knowledge obtained from current avenues of research, clinical microbiology and immunology will become applicable to the management of selected forms of periodontal disease, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Some of the information gained may help in fostering the establishment of a desirable microbial flora and in better control of potentially pathogenic strains. The implementation of an effective preventive program for periodontal and other dental diseases will vary on a regional basis depending on political, economic, social and ethical considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:295300", "title": "The epidemiology of dental caries and periodontal disease.", "content": "Dental caries and periodontal disease are common in industrialized countries and caries is increasing in non-industrialized countries. The predominant method of coping with the disease problem has been to treat rather than prevent the diseases, an approach which has obviously failed to cope with the problem as shown by the results of the International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems (58). Epidemiological evidence suggests that a food policy directed at lowering the refined sugar consumption level to about 10 kg per person per year in conjunction with fluoride supplementation of the diet would virtually eliminate dental caries in industrialized countries. Health education to improve the effectiveness of toothbrushing will reduce the progression of periodontal disease to a rate compatible with keeping teeth for a life-time.", "contents": "The epidemiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental caries and periodontal disease are common in industrialized countries and caries is increasing in non-industrialized countries. The predominant method of coping with the disease problem has been to treat rather than prevent the diseases, an approach which has obviously failed to cope with the problem as shown by the results of the International Collaborative Study of Dental Manpower Systems (58). Epidemiological evidence suggests that a food policy directed at lowering the refined sugar consumption level to about 10 kg per person per year in conjunction with fluoride supplementation of the diet would virtually eliminate dental caries in industrialized countries. Health education to improve the effectiveness of toothbrushing will reduce the progression of periodontal disease to a rate compatible with keeping teeth for a life-time."}
{"id": "PMID:295358", "title": "Genetic recombination in fused spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens.", "content": "Spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens strain P29 auxotrophs were prepared by combined treatment with glycine and lysozyme-EDTA. About 15% of spheroplasts had areas of cytoplasmic membrane exposed where cell wall was absent. The spheroplasts of different auxotrophs were mixed pairwise and fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol or nascent calcium phosphate. After spheroplasts had regenerated to bacterial forms selection was made for recombinants. Recombinants arose at frequencies of 3.8 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-7) per spheroplast initially present, by both methods of fusion. The frequency was strongly dependent on the number of chromosomal loci used in selection. The possible order of five loci was determined and this corresponded to that on the closely related Proteus mirabilis chromosome. Control experiments excluded possibilities of auxotrophic reversion, conjugation, transformation, transfection or transduction as explanations of the results. Analysis of prototrophic clones yielded stable prototrophs or mixtures of stable prototrophs and stable recombinants. Parental types were not encountered. Unselected markers segregated among recombinants. It was concluded that the formation of recombinant bacteria was due to spheroplast fusion and that only stable products of the very temporary heteroploid state were haploid recombinants. The low frequency of recombination was ascribed to the limited number of spheroplasts with areas of exposed cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in fused spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens. Spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens strain P29 auxotrophs were prepared by combined treatment with glycine and lysozyme-EDTA. About 15% of spheroplasts had areas of cytoplasmic membrane exposed where cell wall was absent. The spheroplasts of different auxotrophs were mixed pairwise and fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol or nascent calcium phosphate. After spheroplasts had regenerated to bacterial forms selection was made for recombinants. Recombinants arose at frequencies of 3.8 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-7) per spheroplast initially present, by both methods of fusion. The frequency was strongly dependent on the number of chromosomal loci used in selection. The possible order of five loci was determined and this corresponded to that on the closely related Proteus mirabilis chromosome. Control experiments excluded possibilities of auxotrophic reversion, conjugation, transformation, transfection or transduction as explanations of the results. Analysis of prototrophic clones yielded stable prototrophs or mixtures of stable prototrophs and stable recombinants. Parental types were not encountered. Unselected markers segregated among recombinants. It was concluded that the formation of recombinant bacteria was due to spheroplast fusion and that only stable products of the very temporary heteroploid state were haploid recombinants. The low frequency of recombination was ascribed to the limited number of spheroplasts with areas of exposed cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:295364", "title": "Quantitative scanning of osteogenic sarcoma with nitrogen-13-labeled L-glutamate.", "content": "N-13 L-glutamate was used to image an osteogenic sarcoma in a 9-year-old patient. Serial quantitative measurements of the amount of N-13 taken up by the primary tumor showed a decrease of 40% after 10 wk of chemotherapy. Blood-clearance data obtained from normal subjects indicate that more than 90% of the N-13 activity had left the blood before scanning of the tumor was begun. It appears that the N-13 label concentrated in the soft-tissue portion of this osteogenic sarcoma, whereas Tc-99m diphosphonate uptake was greatest in the regions where calcification was occurring.", "contents": "Quantitative scanning of osteogenic sarcoma with nitrogen-13-labeled L-glutamate. N-13 L-glutamate was used to image an osteogenic sarcoma in a 9-year-old patient. Serial quantitative measurements of the amount of N-13 taken up by the primary tumor showed a decrease of 40% after 10 wk of chemotherapy. Blood-clearance data obtained from normal subjects indicate that more than 90% of the N-13 activity had left the blood before scanning of the tumor was begun. It appears that the N-13 label concentrated in the soft-tissue portion of this osteogenic sarcoma, whereas Tc-99m diphosphonate uptake was greatest in the regions where calcification was occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:295401", "title": "Variation of gene conversion and intragenic recombination frequencies in the genome of Ascobolus immersus.", "content": "Eighty mutants in 17 ascospore character genes were studied for their conversion patterns. The correlation between conversion pattern and mutagenic origin, previously found in genes b1 and b2 was extended to all the genes studied. Aberrant 4:4 asci were found in most genes irrespective of their conversion frequency. From gene to gene, the conversion frequency showed an almost 100 times variation. The frequency of intragenic recombination also showed sharp variation from gene to gene. The mean conversion frequency and the maximal intragenic recombination frequency were shown to be highly correlated in 5 genes for which these 2 values are known. This correlation was extended to 12 other genes in other Ascomycetes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora, and Sordaria. From this study it is concluded that, 1) the probability of hybrid DNA formation undergoes considerable changes according to the region of the genome; 2) the intragenic recombination frequency primarily reflects the frequency of hybrid DNA formation rather than the physical length of the gene; 3) for a given physical distance on the DNA, a similar fraction of the gene conversion events lead to recombination in the 5 Ascomycetes.", "contents": "Variation of gene conversion and intragenic recombination frequencies in the genome of Ascobolus immersus. Eighty mutants in 17 ascospore character genes were studied for their conversion patterns. The correlation between conversion pattern and mutagenic origin, previously found in genes b1 and b2 was extended to all the genes studied. Aberrant 4:4 asci were found in most genes irrespective of their conversion frequency. From gene to gene, the conversion frequency showed an almost 100 times variation. The frequency of intragenic recombination also showed sharp variation from gene to gene. The mean conversion frequency and the maximal intragenic recombination frequency were shown to be highly correlated in 5 genes for which these 2 values are known. This correlation was extended to 12 other genes in other Ascomycetes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Neurospora, and Sordaria. From this study it is concluded that, 1) the probability of hybrid DNA formation undergoes considerable changes according to the region of the genome; 2) the intragenic recombination frequency primarily reflects the frequency of hybrid DNA formation rather than the physical length of the gene; 3) for a given physical distance on the DNA, a similar fraction of the gene conversion events lead to recombination in the 5 Ascomycetes."}
{"id": "PMID:295402", "title": "Ant-mediated inactivation of Salmonella phage L-specified repression at OR of prophage L.", "content": "Ant product of phage P22 inactivates repression of prophage L at the right-hand operator OR and allows for transactivation of prophage gene 12. The transactivation efficiency observed with a series of phage and prophage recombinants, using single superinfection of a lysogenic bacterium, is about the same as that recently observed at OL of prophage L. This finding is in contrast to the failure to demonstrate derepression at OR of prophage L in an experimental system employing double superinfection (Prell, 1978a). The reasons for the differing results are discussed and it is shown that derepression by the ant product in trans at OR of the prophage is not modified to any significant degree by the immunity specificity (L or p22) of the prophage or of the superinfecting phage.", "contents": "Ant-mediated inactivation of Salmonella phage L-specified repression at OR of prophage L. Ant product of phage P22 inactivates repression of prophage L at the right-hand operator OR and allows for transactivation of prophage gene 12. The transactivation efficiency observed with a series of phage and prophage recombinants, using single superinfection of a lysogenic bacterium, is about the same as that recently observed at OL of prophage L. This finding is in contrast to the failure to demonstrate derepression at OR of prophage L in an experimental system employing double superinfection (Prell, 1978a). The reasons for the differing results are discussed and it is shown that derepression by the ant product in trans at OR of the prophage is not modified to any significant degree by the immunity specificity (L or p22) of the prophage or of the superinfecting phage."}
{"id": "PMID:295403", "title": "Evidence for non-random spatial distribution of meiotic exchanges in Podospora anserina: comparison between linkage groups 1 and 6.", "content": "In Podospora anserina, positive and very efficient chiasma interference is observed. However, its modalities are different for the two linkage groups 1 (LG1) and 6 (LG6) studied here. In the right arm of LG1, two zones exist in which always occurs only one crossing-over. They are formed independently each other. Moreover, the genetic map consists of clusters of genes located near the centromere and at the limit between the two interference zones. It is postulated that this structure of the map results from the localization of crossing-over in the middle of each zone. We suppose that the type of chiasma interference, in Podospora, is a typical one as it is in Drosophila. It seems that both these phenomena are under common genetical control. In the LG6, we observe a weaker positive chiasma interference without crossing-over localization.", "contents": "Evidence for non-random spatial distribution of meiotic exchanges in Podospora anserina: comparison between linkage groups 1 and 6. In Podospora anserina, positive and very efficient chiasma interference is observed. However, its modalities are different for the two linkage groups 1 (LG1) and 6 (LG6) studied here. In the right arm of LG1, two zones exist in which always occurs only one crossing-over. They are formed independently each other. Moreover, the genetic map consists of clusters of genes located near the centromere and at the limit between the two interference zones. It is postulated that this structure of the map results from the localization of crossing-over in the middle of each zone. We suppose that the type of chiasma interference, in Podospora, is a typical one as it is in Drosophila. It seems that both these phenomena are under common genetical control. In the LG6, we observe a weaker positive chiasma interference without crossing-over localization."}
{"id": "PMID:295407", "title": "[The statement of nuclear volume, DNA content and nuclear form in tissue sections (author's transl)].", "content": "15 days after amputation of the forelimb of young postmethamorphic Triturus vulgaris DNA-content and volume of the nuclei of the mesodermal blastema cells have been investigated in longitudinal sections of 2 microns in thickness by Feulgen-photometric and electronic determination of area. Discrimination of the DNA-synthesis phase was carried out using microautoradiography after \"in vivo\" labeling with tritiated thymidine. Volume and DNA-content of the nuclear sections have been found to be positive correlated. The DNA-synthesising part of the population shows characteristic differences to the mean value of volume and DNA-content of the remaining population. The factor circumference 2/area is suitable to characterize the differentiation degree of cells.", "contents": "[The statement of nuclear volume, DNA content and nuclear form in tissue sections (author's transl)]. 15 days after amputation of the forelimb of young postmethamorphic Triturus vulgaris DNA-content and volume of the nuclei of the mesodermal blastema cells have been investigated in longitudinal sections of 2 microns in thickness by Feulgen-photometric and electronic determination of area. Discrimination of the DNA-synthesis phase was carried out using microautoradiography after \"in vivo\" labeling with tritiated thymidine. Volume and DNA-content of the nuclear sections have been found to be positive correlated. The DNA-synthesising part of the population shows characteristic differences to the mean value of volume and DNA-content of the remaining population. The factor circumference 2/area is suitable to characterize the differentiation degree of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:295408", "title": "[Quantitative image analysis in pulmonary pathology - digitalization of preneoplastic lesions in human bronchial epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "The report concerns the first phase of a quantitative study of normal and abnormal bronchial epithelium with the objective of establishing the digitalization of histologic patterns. Preparative methods, data collecting and handling, and further mathematical analysis are described. In cluster and discriminatory analysis the digitalized histologic features can be used to separate and classify the individual cases into the respective diagnostic groups.", "contents": "[Quantitative image analysis in pulmonary pathology - digitalization of preneoplastic lesions in human bronchial epithelium (author's transl)]. The report concerns the first phase of a quantitative study of normal and abnormal bronchial epithelium with the objective of establishing the digitalization of histologic patterns. Preparative methods, data collecting and handling, and further mathematical analysis are described. In cluster and discriminatory analysis the digitalized histologic features can be used to separate and classify the individual cases into the respective diagnostic groups."}
{"id": "PMID:295409", "title": "[On-line measurement of antibiotic concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "A laboratory computer implementation of an inhibition zone antibiotic assay is described. It utilizes square plates with 49 or 64 wells containing standards and unknowns. Inhibition zone sizes are measured and, using parabolic regression, the unknown antibiotic concentrations are computed.", "contents": "[On-line measurement of antibiotic concentrations (author's transl)]. A laboratory computer implementation of an inhibition zone antibiotic assay is described. It utilizes square plates with 49 or 64 wells containing standards and unknowns. Inhibition zone sizes are measured and, using parabolic regression, the unknown antibiotic concentrations are computed."}
{"id": "PMID:295410", "title": "[Correlation of morphometric parameters with enzyme-activities in cases of liver diseases with fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "50 liver specimens with fibrotic liver disease were taken from current autopsy material and, after preparation, subjected to automatized image analysis by QUANTIMET 720 for quantitation of the connective tissues and their cellularity. In cell-free supernatants of liver tissue homogenates we determined the activities of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG, E.C. 3.2.1.30), a lysosomal glycosidase that is involved in proteoglycane metabolism of connective tissue. Beta-NAG-isoenzymes were demonstrated by electrofocusing in thin layers of polyamide gel. The results showed statistically significant correlations between beta-NAG activity and morphometrically assessed quantities of connective tissue, and of mesenchymal cells found in the latter or in the whole specimen, respectively. Demonstration of tissue or serum levels of beta-NAG or its isoenzymes provides a readily practicable method for assessing mesenchymal activities of the liver.", "contents": "[Correlation of morphometric parameters with enzyme-activities in cases of liver diseases with fibrosis (author's transl)]. 50 liver specimens with fibrotic liver disease were taken from current autopsy material and, after preparation, subjected to automatized image analysis by QUANTIMET 720 for quantitation of the connective tissues and their cellularity. In cell-free supernatants of liver tissue homogenates we determined the activities of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG, E.C. 3.2.1.30), a lysosomal glycosidase that is involved in proteoglycane metabolism of connective tissue. Beta-NAG-isoenzymes were demonstrated by electrofocusing in thin layers of polyamide gel. The results showed statistically significant correlations between beta-NAG activity and morphometrically assessed quantities of connective tissue, and of mesenchymal cells found in the latter or in the whole specimen, respectively. Demonstration of tissue or serum levels of beta-NAG or its isoenzymes provides a readily practicable method for assessing mesenchymal activities of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:295412", "title": "[Cell activation and nuclear volume (author's transl)].", "content": "Freezing dried semithin sections (1 micron) coloured with nuclear fast red are suited for determination of volume and activation state of cells and nuclei by means of electronic image analysis. Additional investigations of the proteinsynthesis with help of autoradiographs after incorporation of tritiated amino acids affirm the informations. Magnification of the nucleus together with a simultaneous increase of the proteinsynthesis per unit volume characterize the Stratum basale near the amputation level as the most active area of the regeneration epidermis. The cell volume is correlated with the alterations of the nuclear volume. Determination of the mean relative volume of nuclei with aid of measurements of nuclei sections suffices to get informations about cell activity.", "contents": "[Cell activation and nuclear volume (author's transl)]. Freezing dried semithin sections (1 micron) coloured with nuclear fast red are suited for determination of volume and activation state of cells and nuclei by means of electronic image analysis. Additional investigations of the proteinsynthesis with help of autoradiographs after incorporation of tritiated amino acids affirm the informations. Magnification of the nucleus together with a simultaneous increase of the proteinsynthesis per unit volume characterize the Stratum basale near the amputation level as the most active area of the regeneration epidermis. The cell volume is correlated with the alterations of the nuclear volume. Determination of the mean relative volume of nuclei with aid of measurements of nuclei sections suffices to get informations about cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:295415", "title": "Pyomyositis in acute lymphocytic leukemia heralded by cutaneous vasculitis: brief communication.", "content": "We have observed two cases of staphylococcal myositis in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia which are distinguished from previously reported cases by a history of cutaneous vasculitis overlying the area of subsequent infection.", "contents": "Pyomyositis in acute lymphocytic leukemia heralded by cutaneous vasculitis: brief communication. We have observed two cases of staphylococcal myositis in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia which are distinguished from previously reported cases by a history of cutaneous vasculitis overlying the area of subsequent infection."}
{"id": "PMID:295416", "title": "Unusual cytogenetics in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The cytogenetics in the study of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are presented. Initially, a large proportion of both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blood mitoses showed an abnormal karyotype with a 7;12 translocation and a trisomy 19. At the time of relapse, a PHA-stimulated culture showed the clonal abnormality as well as dicentric chromosomes in normal cells, the latter possibly resulting from treatment.", "contents": "Unusual cytogenetics in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The cytogenetics in the study of a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are presented. Initially, a large proportion of both unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blood mitoses showed an abnormal karyotype with a 7;12 translocation and a trisomy 19. At the time of relapse, a PHA-stimulated culture showed the clonal abnormality as well as dicentric chromosomes in normal cells, the latter possibly resulting from treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:295483", "title": "Oral aspects of osteopetrosis.", "content": "The characteristic feature of osteopetrosis is a lack of osteoclastic activity, leading to a series of somatic problems for afflicted persons. The life span of osteopetrotic patients has increased in recent years, thereby making oral aspects of the disease more evident. Four children with malignant osteopetrosis, born between 1967 and 1975, were examined. In all patients the anterior teeth were of normal shape, and erupted on schedule. Primary molars and all permanent teeth were greatly distorted, and remained totally or partly embedded in basal bone. Vertical growth of alveolar ridge was very  limited. Where a fenestration of overlaying mucosa had occurred, a localized progressive osteitis developed, leading to soft tissue inflammation and, in two cases, extraoral mandibular fistulas. Peridontal attachment was very poor, spontaneous exfoliation had occurred in all patients. In two children tooth germs and necrotic bone were surgically removed. No beneficial effect of the treatment was observed. Large doses of antibiotics were needed to control recurring infections. No means of curing progressive osseous destruction of mandibular bone has been found. The general prognosis is poor.", "contents": "Oral aspects of osteopetrosis. The characteristic feature of osteopetrosis is a lack of osteoclastic activity, leading to a series of somatic problems for afflicted persons. The life span of osteopetrotic patients has increased in recent years, thereby making oral aspects of the disease more evident. Four children with malignant osteopetrosis, born between 1967 and 1975, were examined. In all patients the anterior teeth were of normal shape, and erupted on schedule. Primary molars and all permanent teeth were greatly distorted, and remained totally or partly embedded in basal bone. Vertical growth of alveolar ridge was very  limited. Where a fenestration of overlaying mucosa had occurred, a localized progressive osteitis developed, leading to soft tissue inflammation and, in two cases, extraoral mandibular fistulas. Peridontal attachment was very poor, spontaneous exfoliation had occurred in all patients. In two children tooth germs and necrotic bone were surgically removed. No beneficial effect of the treatment was observed. Large doses of antibiotics were needed to control recurring infections. No means of curing progressive osseous destruction of mandibular bone has been found. The general prognosis is poor."}
{"id": "PMID:295484", "title": "Dental findings in patients with Aarskog syndrome.", "content": "Dental manifestations of the Aarskog syndrome were studied in 10 individuals. There was retarded development and eruption of the permanent teeth in six boys. Dental age was less retarded than height age and bone age. The prevalence of hypodontia and the prevalence and degree of orthodontic anomalies were higher than in the general population. Caries prevalence was high.", "contents": "Dental findings in patients with Aarskog syndrome. Dental manifestations of the Aarskog syndrome were studied in 10 individuals. There was retarded development and eruption of the permanent teeth in six boys. Dental age was less retarded than height age and bone age. The prevalence of hypodontia and the prevalence and degree of orthodontic anomalies were higher than in the general population. Caries prevalence was high."}
{"id": "PMID:295485", "title": "Dentofacial development in long-lasting nasal stenosis.", "content": "In 18 patients with congenital choanal atresia the connection between impeded nasal respiration and dentofacial development was studied by a combined radiocephalometric and biometric method. The results obtained showed that neither the dental occlusion nor the vertical facial growth diverged from normal. The sagittal growth, however, was significantly reduced. Consequently, nasal stenosis remaining during the growth period contributes not only to transitory discomfort but seems to induce permanent morphologic alterations as well.", "contents": "Dentofacial development in long-lasting nasal stenosis. In 18 patients with congenital choanal atresia the connection between impeded nasal respiration and dentofacial development was studied by a combined radiocephalometric and biometric method. The results obtained showed that neither the dental occlusion nor the vertical facial growth diverged from normal. The sagittal growth, however, was significantly reduced. Consequently, nasal stenosis remaining during the growth period contributes not only to transitory discomfort but seems to induce permanent morphologic alterations as well."}
{"id": "PMID:295486", "title": "Tooth stain during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine- and fluoride-containing dentifrices.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride upon the stain-inducing capacity of chlorhexidine. Ninety-one children, 13 years of age, volunteered for the experiment. Three test dentifrices were used, containing 0.1% NaF, 0.1% NaF + 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% chlorhexidine respectively. The experiment was carried out as a double-blind test, and the degree of staining was recorded after 1 and 2 years. Four methods were used for stain scoring. The results after 1 year showed that chlorhexidine induced less stain when applied together with fluoride than when applied alone. After 2 years this difference disappeared, indicating that fluoride only retarded chlorhexidine-induced staining of teeth.", "contents": "Tooth stain during 2 years' use of chlorhexidine- and fluoride-containing dentifrices. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride upon the stain-inducing capacity of chlorhexidine. Ninety-one children, 13 years of age, volunteered for the experiment. Three test dentifrices were used, containing 0.1% NaF, 0.1% NaF + 2% chlorhexidine, and 2% chlorhexidine respectively. The experiment was carried out as a double-blind test, and the degree of staining was recorded after 1 and 2 years. Four methods were used for stain scoring. The results after 1 year showed that chlorhexidine induced less stain when applied together with fluoride than when applied alone. After 2 years this difference disappeared, indicating that fluoride only retarded chlorhexidine-induced staining of teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:295487", "title": "Effect of mechanical plaque control on development of subgingival plaque and initial gingivitis in neutropenic dogs.", "content": "Histologic, histometric and morphometric investigations were performed on the gingival tissues of three neutropenic dogs. Over a period of 4 d the animals had been subjected to daily toothcleaning of the left side of both jaws, whereas plaque accumulation and subsequent gingivitis occurred on the uncleaned teeth of the right side of both jaws. Observations and data revealed that subgingival plaque had formed in both sides and extended further apically (max. 0.6 mm) on the cleaned than on the uncleaned sides. In the responding gingival tissues, leukocytes of the junctional epithelium were more numerous and blood vessels of the marginal connective tissue occupied a greater volume on the cleaned sides when compared with the uncleaned sides. It is concluded that neutrophilic granulocytes normally help to prevent bacterial invasion into the dentogingival region, and that, in the presence of subgingival plaque, toothcleaning may aggravate the inflammatory response of the gingiva.", "contents": "Effect of mechanical plaque control on development of subgingival plaque and initial gingivitis in neutropenic dogs. Histologic, histometric and morphometric investigations were performed on the gingival tissues of three neutropenic dogs. Over a period of 4 d the animals had been subjected to daily toothcleaning of the left side of both jaws, whereas plaque accumulation and subsequent gingivitis occurred on the uncleaned teeth of the right side of both jaws. Observations and data revealed that subgingival plaque had formed in both sides and extended further apically (max. 0.6 mm) on the cleaned than on the uncleaned sides. In the responding gingival tissues, leukocytes of the junctional epithelium were more numerous and blood vessels of the marginal connective tissue occupied a greater volume on the cleaned sides when compared with the uncleaned sides. It is concluded that neutrophilic granulocytes normally help to prevent bacterial invasion into the dentogingival region, and that, in the presence of subgingival plaque, toothcleaning may aggravate the inflammatory response of the gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:295488", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine on the relative proportions of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in hamster plaque.", "content": "The effect of chlorhexidine on the proportions of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in plaque was studied in hamsters fed a diet containing 28% sucrose. In animals given chlorhexidine in their drinking water for 10 d a decrease in the population of S. mutans and an increase of S. sanguis occurred in the plaque. Following the removal of chlorhexidine the population of S. mutans increased again in the presence of sucrose and the number of S. sanguis returned to initial values. When animals were given a sucrose-free diet the low proportion of S. mutans observed following the short-term chlorhexidine period persisted. These data indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the number of S. sanguis and S. mutans in plaque and that the sensitivity in vivo of S. mutans to chlorheximide can be used to suppress the population of S. mutans with a concomitant rise in the proportion of S. sanguis.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine on the relative proportions of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in hamster plaque. The effect of chlorhexidine on the proportions of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in plaque was studied in hamsters fed a diet containing 28% sucrose. In animals given chlorhexidine in their drinking water for 10 d a decrease in the population of S. mutans and an increase of S. sanguis occurred in the plaque. Following the removal of chlorhexidine the population of S. mutans increased again in the presence of sucrose and the number of S. sanguis returned to initial values. When animals were given a sucrose-free diet the low proportion of S. mutans observed following the short-term chlorhexidine period persisted. These data indicate that there is an inverse relationship between the number of S. sanguis and S. mutans in plaque and that the sensitivity in vivo of S. mutans to chlorheximide can be used to suppress the population of S. mutans with a concomitant rise in the proportion of S. sanguis."}
{"id": "PMID:295489", "title": "Effects of bactericidal treatments on bacterial adherence and dental plaque formation.", "content": "In vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced when tooth surfaces were subjected to topical applications of iodine (0.2% I2 in 2.0% KI) twice daily for 3 d. Similarly, in vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced on enamel surfaces that were subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. Control experiments indicated that neither ultraviolet irradiation nor iodine treatment interfered with mechanisms for bacterial apposition to dental plaque. The results are  interpreted to suggest that plaque grows in mass primarily by the division and multiplication in situ by plaque bacteria, not by a continued apposition of salivary microbes.", "contents": "Effects of bactericidal treatments on bacterial adherence and dental plaque formation. In vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced when tooth surfaces were subjected to topical applications of iodine (0.2% I2 in 2.0% KI) twice daily for 3 d. Similarly, in vivo plaque formation was significantly reduced on enamel surfaces that were subjected to ultraviolet irradiation. Control experiments indicated that neither ultraviolet irradiation nor iodine treatment interfered with mechanisms for bacterial apposition to dental plaque. The results are  interpreted to suggest that plaque grows in mass primarily by the division and multiplication in situ by plaque bacteria, not by a continued apposition of salivary microbes."}
{"id": "PMID:295490", "title": "Possible origin of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human dental calculus.", "content": "The sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in human dental calculus have been shown to be dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate. The composition suggests that the glycosaminoglycans present in calculus, particularly subgingival material, could originate as a result of associated periodontal disease since closely similar compounds have previously been identified in normal and inflamed human gingiva.", "contents": "Possible origin of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human dental calculus. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in human dental calculus have been shown to be dermatan sulfate and chondroitin-4-sulfate. The composition suggests that the glycosaminoglycans present in calculus, particularly subgingival material, could originate as a result of associated periodontal disease since closely similar compounds have previously been identified in normal and inflamed human gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:295491", "title": "Retention of fissure sealant in primary second molars after 6 months.", "content": "Low retention of fissure sealant in primary teeth could be due to insufficient moisture-control in young children. In the present study 10 primary maxillary second molars and 29 primary mandibular molars were sealed using rubber dam while their contralateral teeth were sealed using cotton rolls. No difference in the retention of the sealant could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Retention of fissure sealant in primary second molars after 6 months. Low retention of fissure sealant in primary teeth could be due to insufficient moisture-control in young children. In the present study 10 primary maxillary second molars and 29 primary mandibular molars were sealed using rubber dam while their contralateral teeth were sealed using cotton rolls. No difference in the retention of the sealant could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:295492", "title": "Gastrin and enteroglucagon cells in human antra, with special reference to intestinal metaplasia.", "content": "In a consecutive material consisting of 24 stomachs resected due to adenocarcinoma, intestinal metaplasia occurred in 21. Gastrin-producing cells (G-cells) were found to be distributed in a sporadic manner in antra with intestinal metaplasia. Not a single G-cell could be demonstrated in areas with metaplasia, while in the nonmetaplastic areas the distribution of the G-cells corresponded to that of the middle part of the mucosa. This means, that an error can occur when determining the quantity of G-cells, and can explain the previous controversial results regarding the density of G-cells. Enteroglucagon containing cells (GLI-cells) on the contrary were demonstrated in areas with intestinal metaplasia in antra of 19 of the stomachs showing intestinal metaplasia but never in the nonmetaplastic mucosa. This indicated that metaplasia also includes the endocrine cells. The identification of the G-cells and the GLI-cells was carried out by means of indirect immunoperoxidase technique combined with alcian blue pH 2,6-PAS staining.", "contents": "Gastrin and enteroglucagon cells in human antra, with special reference to intestinal metaplasia. In a consecutive material consisting of 24 stomachs resected due to adenocarcinoma, intestinal metaplasia occurred in 21. Gastrin-producing cells (G-cells) were found to be distributed in a sporadic manner in antra with intestinal metaplasia. Not a single G-cell could be demonstrated in areas with metaplasia, while in the nonmetaplastic areas the distribution of the G-cells corresponded to that of the middle part of the mucosa. This means, that an error can occur when determining the quantity of G-cells, and can explain the previous controversial results regarding the density of G-cells. Enteroglucagon containing cells (GLI-cells) on the contrary were demonstrated in areas with intestinal metaplasia in antra of 19 of the stomachs showing intestinal metaplasia but never in the nonmetaplastic mucosa. This indicated that metaplasia also includes the endocrine cells. The identification of the G-cells and the GLI-cells was carried out by means of indirect immunoperoxidase technique combined with alcian blue pH 2,6-PAS staining."}
{"id": "PMID:295495", "title": "Benign idiopathic recurrent rectal ulceration (BIRRU).", "content": "New clinical aspects of the condition currently known as solitary ulcer of the rectum are presented and various histological phases in its development are described. Benign idiopathic recurrent rectal ulceration, shortened as BIRRU, is suggested, as a new more appropriate nomenclature.", "contents": "Benign idiopathic recurrent rectal ulceration (BIRRU). New clinical aspects of the condition currently known as solitary ulcer of the rectum are presented and various histological phases in its development are described. Benign idiopathic recurrent rectal ulceration, shortened as BIRRU, is suggested, as a new more appropriate nomenclature."}
{"id": "PMID:295496", "title": "The endoscopic and histological features of peptic duodenitis.", "content": "This study attempts to compare the endoscopic features of duodenitis with the histological characteristics. During a 12 month period, 98 patients undergoing fibreoptic oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy had the endoscopic appearances of the duodenum classified on a three point scale of increasing severity of duodenitis. Multiple duodenal biopsies were then taken and the histological features of the severity of duodenitis graded from 0 to 4 plus by an independent observer. The histological criteria included an assessment of neutrophil infiltration, villous bluting, gastric metaplasia and chronic inflammation. Routine endoscopic assessment alone was unsatisfactory for diagnosing and grading the severity of duodenitis and multiple target biopsies are required for histological examinations.", "contents": "The endoscopic and histological features of peptic duodenitis. This study attempts to compare the endoscopic features of duodenitis with the histological characteristics. During a 12 month period, 98 patients undergoing fibreoptic oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy had the endoscopic appearances of the duodenum classified on a three point scale of increasing severity of duodenitis. Multiple duodenal biopsies were then taken and the histological features of the severity of duodenitis graded from 0 to 4 plus by an independent observer. The histological criteria included an assessment of neutrophil infiltration, villous bluting, gastric metaplasia and chronic inflammation. Routine endoscopic assessment alone was unsatisfactory for diagnosing and grading the severity of duodenitis and multiple target biopsies are required for histological examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:295499", "title": "Electron microscopic appearances of chronic nonspecific duodenitis (bulbitis).", "content": "The diagnosis of CND cannot be improved by electron microscopy. The normal duodenal cap and CND have similar ultrastructural appearances on guided endoscopic biopsy.", "contents": "Electron microscopic appearances of chronic nonspecific duodenitis (bulbitis). The diagnosis of CND cannot be improved by electron microscopy. The normal duodenal cap and CND have similar ultrastructural appearances on guided endoscopic biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:295501", "title": "A study of occupational status, responsibility and authority in patients with duodenal ulcers, other gastrointestinal diseases and controls.", "content": "Five hundred and twenty-two African and Indian patients were studied, including 206 with duodenal ulcers, 25 with irritable colon, 51 with oesophagitis, 31 with pancreatitis, 14 with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, 71 miscellaneous gastrointestinal diagnoses and 124 controls. The mean ages were similar in each group. Every patient underwent endoscopy and a detailed psychosocial questionnaire was applied. Comparison of occupations of patients and their patients was investigated on 3 scales, for Status/Prestige (9 levels), Responsibility (5 levels) and Control over Others (10 levels). Significantly more patients with duodenal ulcers were in the lowest group in terms of occupational authority compared to other diagnoses and controls. Similar number of all groups had been urban for their entire life. Stress was present in the 10 days preceding an attack in significantly more Indian males with duodenal ulcers compared to controls. Upward shifts in prestige had not occurred in African male patients with duodenal ulcers when compared to their parents but had occurred among Indian men. More duodenal ulcer patients were in the very lowest occupational authority category compared to other groups. It may thus not be occupational prestige as such that is important, but factors associated with it, such as lack of control over others and, among Indian men, stresses associated with social disruption following upon occupation mobility.", "contents": "A study of occupational status, responsibility and authority in patients with duodenal ulcers, other gastrointestinal diseases and controls. Five hundred and twenty-two African and Indian patients were studied, including 206 with duodenal ulcers, 25 with irritable colon, 51 with oesophagitis, 31 with pancreatitis, 14 with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, 71 miscellaneous gastrointestinal diagnoses and 124 controls. The mean ages were similar in each group. Every patient underwent endoscopy and a detailed psychosocial questionnaire was applied. Comparison of occupations of patients and their patients was investigated on 3 scales, for Status/Prestige (9 levels), Responsibility (5 levels) and Control over Others (10 levels). Significantly more patients with duodenal ulcers were in the lowest group in terms of occupational authority compared to other diagnoses and controls. Similar number of all groups had been urban for their entire life. Stress was present in the 10 days preceding an attack in significantly more Indian males with duodenal ulcers compared to controls. Upward shifts in prestige had not occurred in African male patients with duodenal ulcers when compared to their parents but had occurred among Indian men. More duodenal ulcer patients were in the very lowest occupational authority category compared to other groups. It may thus not be occupational prestige as such that is important, but factors associated with it, such as lack of control over others and, among Indian men, stresses associated with social disruption following upon occupation mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:295502", "title": "Role of ulcer morphology in evaluating prognosis and therapeutic outcome in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Endoscopic morphology of duodenal ulcer (DU) have been studied in 188 patients repeatedly observed in the course of medical therapy (120 with conventional therapy and 68 with Cimetidine alone). The evolutive behaviour under treatment reveals a clear speeding up effect of Cimetidine on the healing time with a smaller number of failed and delayed recoveries and a lower frequency of relapses than after conventional therapy. Endoscopic morphology allows a limited but significant forecast of therapeutic outcome of DU. The shape, the number and partly the location of ulcer in the bulb appear to be the most significant parameters with prognostic influence both on the healing time and on the frequency and early development of relapses.", "contents": "Role of ulcer morphology in evaluating prognosis and therapeutic outcome in duodenal ulcer. Endoscopic morphology of duodenal ulcer (DU) have been studied in 188 patients repeatedly observed in the course of medical therapy (120 with conventional therapy and 68 with Cimetidine alone). The evolutive behaviour under treatment reveals a clear speeding up effect of Cimetidine on the healing time with a smaller number of failed and delayed recoveries and a lower frequency of relapses than after conventional therapy. Endoscopic morphology allows a limited but significant forecast of therapeutic outcome of DU. The shape, the number and partly the location of ulcer in the bulb appear to be the most significant parameters with prognostic influence both on the healing time and on the frequency and early development of relapses."}
{"id": "PMID:295503", "title": "Parietal cell mass after short and long term cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The parietal cell mass (PCM) was evaluated on endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens of fundus mucosa from 20 duodenal ulcer patients before and after cimetidine treatment. Patients were given cimetidine, 1 g/day, for 28 days. Six out of the 18 cases which healed after short-term therapy went on taking 400 mg/day of cimetidine for 9 months. The PCM was expressed by means of an index (PI) obtained by multiplying the mean cell number per mm of section surface by the mean parenchymal thickness. The analysis of the obtained data failed to demonstrate any significant difference between the PI observed before and after 28 days treatment with cimetidine, while after long term treatment for 9 months, a significant increase of the PI was achieved.", "contents": "Parietal cell mass after short and long term cimetidine treatment of duodenal ulcer. The parietal cell mass (PCM) was evaluated on endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens of fundus mucosa from 20 duodenal ulcer patients before and after cimetidine treatment. Patients were given cimetidine, 1 g/day, for 28 days. Six out of the 18 cases which healed after short-term therapy went on taking 400 mg/day of cimetidine for 9 months. The PCM was expressed by means of an index (PI) obtained by multiplying the mean cell number per mm of section surface by the mean parenchymal thickness. The analysis of the obtained data failed to demonstrate any significant difference between the PI observed before and after 28 days treatment with cimetidine, while after long term treatment for 9 months, a significant increase of the PI was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:295504", "title": "Does the duodenal cell ever return to normal? A comparison between treatment with cimetidine and denol.", "content": "After six weeks therapy with the bismuth-containing substance Denol, the ultrastructure of the duodenal cell is normal in most cases. Following therapy with the histamine-2 receptor antagonist (cimetidine), for the same period and even after one year continuous therapy, the denodenal cell remains abnormal in most instances. This may explain the frequent relapse of duodenal ulcers after cimetidine treatment.", "contents": "Does the duodenal cell ever return to normal? A comparison between treatment with cimetidine and denol. After six weeks therapy with the bismuth-containing substance Denol, the ultrastructure of the duodenal cell is normal in most cases. Following therapy with the histamine-2 receptor antagonist (cimetidine), for the same period and even after one year continuous therapy, the denodenal cell remains abnormal in most instances. This may explain the frequent relapse of duodenal ulcers after cimetidine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:295505", "title": "Brush cytology of the papilla of Vater.", "content": "In every case of duodenal endoscopy we collect cell material from the papilla of Vater by means of a guided brush technique. The microscopic techniques used include phase contrast study of unfixed material and Papanicolaou stained smears. Normal epithelial cells of the papillary region differ from those of the duodenal epithelium and the epithelial cells of the common bile or pancreatic ducts collected by retrograde cannulation. A striking feature in the cytology of the papilla is the marked tendency for cellular atypias. Mostly these atypias have no correlation to histologic biopsy specimens although they persist in such cases during repeated examinations. Tumour cells from carcinoma of the papilla are found very regularly and consequently the cytodiagnosis of these tumours became of great practical value. Polypoid lesions of the papilla give also, a characteristic cell picture. From a cytological point of view the papillary region, where different kinds of epithelia come together, is of special pathogenetic importance.", "contents": "Brush cytology of the papilla of Vater. In every case of duodenal endoscopy we collect cell material from the papilla of Vater by means of a guided brush technique. The microscopic techniques used include phase contrast study of unfixed material and Papanicolaou stained smears. Normal epithelial cells of the papillary region differ from those of the duodenal epithelium and the epithelial cells of the common bile or pancreatic ducts collected by retrograde cannulation. A striking feature in the cytology of the papilla is the marked tendency for cellular atypias. Mostly these atypias have no correlation to histologic biopsy specimens although they persist in such cases during repeated examinations. Tumour cells from carcinoma of the papilla are found very regularly and consequently the cytodiagnosis of these tumours became of great practical value. Polypoid lesions of the papilla give also, a characteristic cell picture. From a cytological point of view the papillary region, where different kinds of epithelia come together, is of special pathogenetic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:295506", "title": "Pyloric reflux: a duodenal functional problem?", "content": "A manometric study of duodenal motor activity was performed in 8 duodeno-gastric (D.G.) reflux patients and in 5 healthy volunteers. The examination was done by an open-tip probe containing three catheters which was positioned in the descending portion of the duodenum. The evaluation of manometric data evidenced in D.G. reflux patients a Motility Index (M.I.) significantly higher than that of control subjects in all the three duodenal recording points both in basal conditions and after prostigmine stimulation. Evaluation of the percentage of coordinated waves showed that in D.G. reflex patients the waves had a frequency lower than that in normals. On the basis of these results we can conclude that the duodenum of patients with D.G. reflux exhibits hyperkinetic-dyskinetic disturbances suggesting an important role of the duodenum in determing D.G. reflux.", "contents": "Pyloric reflux: a duodenal functional problem? A manometric study of duodenal motor activity was performed in 8 duodeno-gastric (D.G.) reflux patients and in 5 healthy volunteers. The examination was done by an open-tip probe containing three catheters which was positioned in the descending portion of the duodenum. The evaluation of manometric data evidenced in D.G. reflux patients a Motility Index (M.I.) significantly higher than that of control subjects in all the three duodenal recording points both in basal conditions and after prostigmine stimulation. Evaluation of the percentage of coordinated waves showed that in D.G. reflex patients the waves had a frequency lower than that in normals. On the basis of these results we can conclude that the duodenum of patients with D.G. reflux exhibits hyperkinetic-dyskinetic disturbances suggesting an important role of the duodenum in determing D.G. reflux."}
{"id": "PMID:295508", "title": "A model for duodeno-gastric reflux.", "content": "Electric stimulation of the duodenum can produce duodeno-gastric reflux. The functionability of this model was examined by intraluminal manometry, bromsulphtaline reflux and duodenal electrogram.", "contents": "A model for duodeno-gastric reflux. Electric stimulation of the duodenum can produce duodeno-gastric reflux. The functionability of this model was examined by intraluminal manometry, bromsulphtaline reflux and duodenal electrogram."}
{"id": "PMID:295509", "title": "Histochemistry of the human duodenal mucosa with special reference to the gradient of activities of the brush border enzymes.", "content": "Histochemical examination of aspiration biopsy specimens of the duodenum in 8 healthy volunteers and 23 patients with various gastrointestinal disorders revealed no characteristic abnormality except for a rather frequent absence of the activity of disacharidases especially of lactase. A distinct difference of disacharidase was established between the duodenum and the jejunum in some individuals. A systematic study of different levels of the upper gastrointestinal tract established the fact that the activity of brush border enzymes of enterocytes starts to appear in individually different parts of the duodenum and sometimes even as low as in the jejunum. The distribution of lysosomal enzymes and the activity of dehydrogenases display differences as well. Consequently specimens from different parts of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa are not equivalent and cannot be used alternatively for diagnostic purposes. Biopsies of duodenal mucosa are not adequate for the diagnosis of the malabsorption syndrome.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the human duodenal mucosa with special reference to the gradient of activities of the brush border enzymes. Histochemical examination of aspiration biopsy specimens of the duodenum in 8 healthy volunteers and 23 patients with various gastrointestinal disorders revealed no characteristic abnormality except for a rather frequent absence of the activity of disacharidases especially of lactase. A distinct difference of disacharidase was established between the duodenum and the jejunum in some individuals. A systematic study of different levels of the upper gastrointestinal tract established the fact that the activity of brush border enzymes of enterocytes starts to appear in individually different parts of the duodenum and sometimes even as low as in the jejunum. The distribution of lysosomal enzymes and the activity of dehydrogenases display differences as well. Consequently specimens from different parts of the duodenal and jejunal mucosa are not equivalent and cannot be used alternatively for diagnostic purposes. Biopsies of duodenal mucosa are not adequate for the diagnosis of the malabsorption syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:295510", "title": "Prolonged endoscopic and manometric observations of the pylorus.", "content": "Functional aspects of the antral-pyloric segment were evaluated in 30 patients without gastroduodenal disorders by means of prolonged endoscopic observations. Patients were examined in standardized conditions. Pressure measurements of the antrum, pylorus and duodenal bulb were assessed by means of water-perfused polyvinyl tubes in 7 patients of the same group a few days after the endoscopy. The pylorus appeared open in above 80% of the total endoscopic observation time. Pyloric closure was observed only for few seconds at the end of 30-40% of antral peristaltic waves. The antrum and pylorus appeared to contract in sequence. Antral peristaltic waves moved at a mean rate of 2.4 per minute and duodenal reflux was observed at a mean rate of 0.96 per minute usually in the form of bubbles. The manometric measurements by means of pull through in 7 patients and immediately after by means of prolonged registration carried out in a fixed position in 4 patients failed to show a high pressure zone in the gastroduodenal junction. In some cases it was possible to observe a peculiar phasic activity in the pyloric tract. The endoscopic and manometric observations suggest that human pylorus does not act as a true physiological sphincter. These findings confirm the functional aspects described by radiology and manometry in other studies. In this way, endoscopy appears to be a useful procedure to evaluate some functional aspect of the gastroduodenal tract.", "contents": "Prolonged endoscopic and manometric observations of the pylorus. Functional aspects of the antral-pyloric segment were evaluated in 30 patients without gastroduodenal disorders by means of prolonged endoscopic observations. Patients were examined in standardized conditions. Pressure measurements of the antrum, pylorus and duodenal bulb were assessed by means of water-perfused polyvinyl tubes in 7 patients of the same group a few days after the endoscopy. The pylorus appeared open in above 80% of the total endoscopic observation time. Pyloric closure was observed only for few seconds at the end of 30-40% of antral peristaltic waves. The antrum and pylorus appeared to contract in sequence. Antral peristaltic waves moved at a mean rate of 2.4 per minute and duodenal reflux was observed at a mean rate of 0.96 per minute usually in the form of bubbles. The manometric measurements by means of pull through in 7 patients and immediately after by means of prolonged registration carried out in a fixed position in 4 patients failed to show a high pressure zone in the gastroduodenal junction. In some cases it was possible to observe a peculiar phasic activity in the pyloric tract. The endoscopic and manometric observations suggest that human pylorus does not act as a true physiological sphincter. These findings confirm the functional aspects described by radiology and manometry in other studies. In this way, endoscopy appears to be a useful procedure to evaluate some functional aspect of the gastroduodenal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:295511", "title": "A preliminary study of scanning electron microscopic changes of the duodenum during healing of duodenal ulcers.", "content": "Using the scanning electron microscope, changes in the rat duodenum have been studied during the healing of gastric secretagogue-induced duodenal ulcers on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 10th days post-infustion. A montage technique with fine resolution has allowed both the entire area of the duodenum and the cellular organization in individual villi in proximity to the ulcers to be investigated. There was a considerable range of appearances noted at any one time point due to the variations in the size and depth of the original area of ulceration. On day 1, there was acute destruction of the mucosal surface with distortion of the villi at the ulcer margin. By the 3rd day, some specimens already showed full epithelialization over the defects whereas others up to day 10 revealed persistent areas of ulceration. Occasional specimens showed areas suggestive of gastric surface metaplasia on the villous surface adjacent to these ulcers.", "contents": "A preliminary study of scanning electron microscopic changes of the duodenum during healing of duodenal ulcers. Using the scanning electron microscope, changes in the rat duodenum have been studied during the healing of gastric secretagogue-induced duodenal ulcers on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 10th days post-infustion. A montage technique with fine resolution has allowed both the entire area of the duodenum and the cellular organization in individual villi in proximity to the ulcers to be investigated. There was a considerable range of appearances noted at any one time point due to the variations in the size and depth of the original area of ulceration. On day 1, there was acute destruction of the mucosal surface with distortion of the villi at the ulcer margin. By the 3rd day, some specimens already showed full epithelialization over the defects whereas others up to day 10 revealed persistent areas of ulceration. Occasional specimens showed areas suggestive of gastric surface metaplasia on the villous surface adjacent to these ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:295512", "title": "Studies on duodenal gastrin concentrations in dogs following antrectomy and total gastrectomy.", "content": "In extracts of the normal duodenum from dog minute amounts (2%) of gastrin are present compared to those extracted from the pyloric antrum (4). Despite that, basal levels of gastrin in plasma are not lowered when the antrum is surgically removed and test meal stimulation still significantly elevates the concentrations of plasma gastrin. When also the duodenal bulb is surgically removed basal gastrin levels decrease considerably and stimulation by a meal no longer raises the gastrin concentration in plasma (5). The related results suggest that extra-antral release of gastrin may take place under basal and stimulated conditions in dogs and that this release essentially occurs from the proximal portion of the duodenum, i.e. the duodenal bulb. Considering the low amounts of gastrin normally present in the duodenum of dog we found that levels of gastrin in plasma under basal and stimulated conditions after antrectomy surprisingly high and have therefore put forward the hypothesis that a compensatory increase in duodenal gastrin content takes place when the antrum is surgically removed (3). In the present study the relation between time following antrectomy and duodenal concentration of gastrin has been studied. In addition we also investigated how total gastrectomy influences the gastrin content of duodenum in dogs.", "contents": "Studies on duodenal gastrin concentrations in dogs following antrectomy and total gastrectomy. In extracts of the normal duodenum from dog minute amounts (2%) of gastrin are present compared to those extracted from the pyloric antrum (4). Despite that, basal levels of gastrin in plasma are not lowered when the antrum is surgically removed and test meal stimulation still significantly elevates the concentrations of plasma gastrin. When also the duodenal bulb is surgically removed basal gastrin levels decrease considerably and stimulation by a meal no longer raises the gastrin concentration in plasma (5). The related results suggest that extra-antral release of gastrin may take place under basal and stimulated conditions in dogs and that this release essentially occurs from the proximal portion of the duodenum, i.e. the duodenal bulb. Considering the low amounts of gastrin normally present in the duodenum of dog we found that levels of gastrin in plasma under basal and stimulated conditions after antrectomy surprisingly high and have therefore put forward the hypothesis that a compensatory increase in duodenal gastrin content takes place when the antrum is surgically removed (3). In the present study the relation between time following antrectomy and duodenal concentration of gastrin has been studied. In addition we also investigated how total gastrectomy influences the gastrin content of duodenum in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:295513", "title": "\"In vitro\" duodenal muscle in the pharmacological study on natural compounds.", "content": "In vitro duodenal muscle was found to be a useful tool in the study of natural compounds. In the field of polypeptides rat duodenum was found to be of definite importance to differentiate the bradykinins (which induce relaxation) from the tachykinins (which evoke contractions). Human duodenum both \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" is relaxed by peptides of the gastrin and cholecystokinin family (like caerulein), whereas it is contracted by bombesin. Dog and cat duodenum is contracted by all the different types of peptides though in various degrees. Guinea pig duodenum is contracted by many peptides and also by histamine and related substances. In this case another differentiation seems to be possible as contraction induced by stimulation of H1 receptors concerns essentially the longitudinal muscle layer whereas stimulation of H2 receptors seems to inhibit the longitudinal contraction because of a contraction of the circular muscle or because of true relaxation of the longitudinal muscle. All the above considerations suggest that a comparative study performed on duodenal muscle of different animals might give useful information in the screening of new natural active compounds of synthetic analogues.", "contents": "\"In vitro\" duodenal muscle in the pharmacological study on natural compounds. In vitro duodenal muscle was found to be a useful tool in the study of natural compounds. In the field of polypeptides rat duodenum was found to be of definite importance to differentiate the bradykinins (which induce relaxation) from the tachykinins (which evoke contractions). Human duodenum both \"in vitro\" and \"in vivo\" is relaxed by peptides of the gastrin and cholecystokinin family (like caerulein), whereas it is contracted by bombesin. Dog and cat duodenum is contracted by all the different types of peptides though in various degrees. Guinea pig duodenum is contracted by many peptides and also by histamine and related substances. In this case another differentiation seems to be possible as contraction induced by stimulation of H1 receptors concerns essentially the longitudinal muscle layer whereas stimulation of H2 receptors seems to inhibit the longitudinal contraction because of a contraction of the circular muscle or because of true relaxation of the longitudinal muscle. All the above considerations suggest that a comparative study performed on duodenal muscle of different animals might give useful information in the screening of new natural active compounds of synthetic analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:295514", "title": "Mucin histochemistry and questions in gastroenterology.", "content": "A group of modern mucosubstance histochemical techniques was employed on normal and pathological specimens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of 2212 individuals. In the light of the results, five main problems in the filed of gastroenterology are discussed; namely: 1) The nature of intestinal metaplasia and histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, 2) Early diagnosis of small intestinal carcinoma, 3) The so called transitional colonic mucosa, 4) The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and 5) Differential diagnosis of other carcinomas growing into the large bowel.", "contents": "Mucin histochemistry and questions in gastroenterology. A group of modern mucosubstance histochemical techniques was employed on normal and pathological specimens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of 2212 individuals. In the light of the results, five main problems in the filed of gastroenterology are discussed; namely: 1) The nature of intestinal metaplasia and histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, 2) Early diagnosis of small intestinal carcinoma, 3) The so called transitional colonic mucosa, 4) The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and 5) Differential diagnosis of other carcinomas growing into the large bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:295515", "title": "A new type of tube for guided small bowel biopsy.", "content": "A new instrument for duodenal and jejunal guided biopsies is described. The instrument is made of a tube, whith a steerable tip, which permits three-dimensional movements, and has a suction capsule. It is constructed by Medi-Tech Cooper Scientific Corporation (USA), and has been used in our department for three months. The technical aspects of this instrument, the procedure and the results achieved are described.", "contents": "A new type of tube for guided small bowel biopsy. A new instrument for duodenal and jejunal guided biopsies is described. The instrument is made of a tube, whith a steerable tip, which permits three-dimensional movements, and has a suction capsule. It is constructed by Medi-Tech Cooper Scientific Corporation (USA), and has been used in our department for three months. The technical aspects of this instrument, the procedure and the results achieved are described."}
{"id": "PMID:295516", "title": "The pharmacokinetic profile of pirenzepine.", "content": "This paper gives a brief review of the pharmacokinetic studies performed on pirenzepine (L S 519 Cl2, Gastrozepin hitherto. Particular attention will be paid thereby to the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic parameters.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetic profile of pirenzepine. This paper gives a brief review of the pharmacokinetic studies performed on pirenzepine (L S 519 Cl2, Gastrozepin hitherto. Particular attention will be paid thereby to the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:295519", "title": "Sampling gastro-enterologists' opinions--an OMGE study.", "content": "This study describes a pilot project to sample gastroenterologists' opinions on a variety of interesting and controversial topics. At the Madrid World Congress, a sample of delegates were asked to respond to a questionnaire distributed at the meeting itself. A total of 224, representative of those attending by discipline and by geographical area, did so. The results were analysed in two days and presented to the Congress within 72 hours. Amongst the findings were several of interest. Vagotomy is now the most common operation for (elective) duodenal ulcer surgery. Three-quarters of those responding prescribe high-fibre diet for chronic diverticular disease. Over 80% routinely prescribe sulphazalazine for patients with ulcerative colitis--even in remission. The most useful mode of detection of gastro-intestinal cancer is now felt to be endoscopy, even ahead of double contrast radiology. The results should be interpreted with caution, although the survey represents findings in over 200 hospitals. The principle of an on-the-spot rapid attitude survey has been established as feasible. It is proposed to repeat the exercise on a wider scale at the next World Congress in Stockholm in 1982.", "contents": "Sampling gastro-enterologists' opinions--an OMGE study. This study describes a pilot project to sample gastroenterologists' opinions on a variety of interesting and controversial topics. At the Madrid World Congress, a sample of delegates were asked to respond to a questionnaire distributed at the meeting itself. A total of 224, representative of those attending by discipline and by geographical area, did so. The results were analysed in two days and presented to the Congress within 72 hours. Amongst the findings were several of interest. Vagotomy is now the most common operation for (elective) duodenal ulcer surgery. Three-quarters of those responding prescribe high-fibre diet for chronic diverticular disease. Over 80% routinely prescribe sulphazalazine for patients with ulcerative colitis--even in remission. The most useful mode of detection of gastro-intestinal cancer is now felt to be endoscopy, even ahead of double contrast radiology. The results should be interpreted with caution, although the survey represents findings in over 200 hospitals. The principle of an on-the-spot rapid attitude survey has been established as feasible. It is proposed to repeat the exercise on a wider scale at the next World Congress in Stockholm in 1982."}
{"id": "PMID:295548", "title": "The efficacy of amidantel, a new anthelmintic, on hookworms and ascarids in dogs.", "content": "Amidantel is a new anthelmintic from a new chemical class with an interesting anthelmintic spectrum. In dogs amidantel is highly effective in a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg against both hookworm species, Ancylostoma caninum and Unicinaria stenocephala. In Toxascaris leonina infected dogs a complete cure rate was achieved with a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained with 8 mg/kg administered three times per day. The most sensitive parasite to amidantel was found to be Toxocara canis  with a 100 per cent cure rate after a single oral treatment with 10 mg/kg. In preliminary trials amidantel was also effective against hookworms and ascarids after subcutaneous administration. All hookworms and almost all of the ascarids were eliminated with the faeces within 2 days after treatment. Amidantel was tolerated in all dosages tested by all the dogs without any symptoms.", "contents": "The efficacy of amidantel, a new anthelmintic, on hookworms and ascarids in dogs. Amidantel is a new anthelmintic from a new chemical class with an interesting anthelmintic spectrum. In dogs amidantel is highly effective in a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg against both hookworm species, Ancylostoma caninum and Unicinaria stenocephala. In Toxascaris leonina infected dogs a complete cure rate was achieved with a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg. Similar results were obtained with 8 mg/kg administered three times per day. The most sensitive parasite to amidantel was found to be Toxocara canis  with a 100 per cent cure rate after a single oral treatment with 10 mg/kg. In preliminary trials amidantel was also effective against hookworms and ascarids after subcutaneous administration. All hookworms and almost all of the ascarids were eliminated with the faeces within 2 days after treatment. Amidantel was tolerated in all dosages tested by all the dogs without any symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:295558", "title": "[Albumin requirements of the aged].", "content": "In German speaking countries the opinion that old people require more protein than younger adults is still widely held. However, in its latest bulletin (1975) even the German Society for Nutrition recommends the same amount of protein for all adults over 21 years of age; this corresponds to the International Allowances. The physiological data on which allowances are based is summarized, and epidemiological evidence is given to show that in western countries the protein intake of the elderly corresponds to the recommendations.", "contents": "[Albumin requirements of the aged]. In German speaking countries the opinion that old people require more protein than younger adults is still widely held. However, in its latest bulletin (1975) even the German Society for Nutrition recommends the same amount of protein for all adults over 21 years of age; this corresponds to the International Allowances. The physiological data on which allowances are based is summarized, and epidemiological evidence is given to show that in western countries the protein intake of the elderly corresponds to the recommendations."}
{"id": "PMID:295565", "title": "Neuropsychological study in treated thyroid dysgenesis.", "content": "Neuropsychological assessment was carried out in 57 patients aged 3.0 to 17.5 years (mean 8.5) with thyroid dysgenesis under adequate long-term therapy. Starting age of hypothyroidism as estimated by bone age at diagnosis was prenatal in 32 cases, close to birth in 13 cases and postnatal of 1-12 months in 12 cases. Hypothyroidism of prenatal onset results in severe neuropsychological disorders and mental retardation if not treated early. Only some signs of \"minimal brain dysfunction\" which compensate with advancing age and normal IQ are found in these children if therapy is started before one month of age. Hypothyroidism starting at birth does not result in mental retardation but neuropsychological disorders are found. They are more frequent if treatment is started after 6 months of age. Children who become hypothyroid between 1 and 12 months of age are usually not mentally retarded and show minor neuropsychological disorders.", "contents": "Neuropsychological study in treated thyroid dysgenesis. Neuropsychological assessment was carried out in 57 patients aged 3.0 to 17.5 years (mean 8.5) with thyroid dysgenesis under adequate long-term therapy. Starting age of hypothyroidism as estimated by bone age at diagnosis was prenatal in 32 cases, close to birth in 13 cases and postnatal of 1-12 months in 12 cases. Hypothyroidism of prenatal onset results in severe neuropsychological disorders and mental retardation if not treated early. Only some signs of \"minimal brain dysfunction\" which compensate with advancing age and normal IQ are found in these children if therapy is started before one month of age. Hypothyroidism starting at birth does not result in mental retardation but neuropsychological disorders are found. They are more frequent if treatment is started after 6 months of age. Children who become hypothyroid between 1 and 12 months of age are usually not mentally retarded and show minor neuropsychological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:295566", "title": "Leakage of fluorescein: first sign of juvenile diabetic retinopathy. Role of diabetic control and of duration of diabetes.", "content": "In order to ascertain the first vascular lesions responsible for juvenile diabetic retinopathy, 408 fluorescein angiographies were performed in 114 diabetic children and adolescents whose diabetes became clinically apparent before the age of 14 years. Compared with regular ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography doubles the frequency of the diagnosis of incipient retinopathy. In addition to the classical diabetic lesions, fluorescein leakages are demonstrated in 50% of diabetic eyes with initial retinopathy. They probably reflect early changes in capillary permeability. They appear often before microaneurysms. Duration of diabetes as well as insufficient and poor metabolic control considerably increase the frequency of retinopathy.", "contents": "Leakage of fluorescein: first sign of juvenile diabetic retinopathy. Role of diabetic control and of duration of diabetes. In order to ascertain the first vascular lesions responsible for juvenile diabetic retinopathy, 408 fluorescein angiographies were performed in 114 diabetic children and adolescents whose diabetes became clinically apparent before the age of 14 years. Compared with regular ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography doubles the frequency of the diagnosis of incipient retinopathy. In addition to the classical diabetic lesions, fluorescein leakages are demonstrated in 50% of diabetic eyes with initial retinopathy. They probably reflect early changes in capillary permeability. They appear often before microaneurysms. Duration of diabetes as well as insufficient and poor metabolic control considerably increase the frequency of retinopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:295567", "title": "Breast milk thyroxine and not cow's milk may mitigate and delay the clinical picture of neonatal hypothyroidism.", "content": "Thyroxine concentration was measured in human milk and Cow's milk products by a specific radioimmunoassay. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) milk T4 concentration during the first 5 days postpartum was 0.7 +/- 0.3 microgram/dl (n = 11). The mean T4 concentration between 6-49 days postpartum rose to 3.1 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl (n = 108), falling after 50 days to a mean of 1.4 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl (n = 39). The mean (+/- S.E.M.) T3 concentration in breast milk in the first 50 days postpartum was 386 +/- 17 ng/dl (n = 56). T4 concentration in cow's milk products was less than 0.3 microgram/dl. Thyroxine concentration in 24 hours breast milk collection ranged from 0.7 to 7.7 microgram/dl and the total T4 in this milk ranged from 0.7 to 28 microgram/day. These data suggest that milk of human but not bovine origin may provide a significant exogenous source of T4 to the premature infant. This amount of exogenous T4 which is insufficient in preventing the proceeding of neonatal hypothyroidism, may delay the clinical recognition of this disorder. This once again emphasized the importance of early screening for neonatal hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Breast milk thyroxine and not cow's milk may mitigate and delay the clinical picture of neonatal hypothyroidism. Thyroxine concentration was measured in human milk and Cow's milk products by a specific radioimmunoassay. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) milk T4 concentration during the first 5 days postpartum was 0.7 +/- 0.3 microgram/dl (n = 11). The mean T4 concentration between 6-49 days postpartum rose to 3.1 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl (n = 108), falling after 50 days to a mean of 1.4 +/- 0.2 microgram/dl (n = 39). The mean (+/- S.E.M.) T3 concentration in breast milk in the first 50 days postpartum was 386 +/- 17 ng/dl (n = 56). T4 concentration in cow's milk products was less than 0.3 microgram/dl. Thyroxine concentration in 24 hours breast milk collection ranged from 0.7 to 7.7 microgram/dl and the total T4 in this milk ranged from 0.7 to 28 microgram/day. These data suggest that milk of human but not bovine origin may provide a significant exogenous source of T4 to the premature infant. This amount of exogenous T4 which is insufficient in preventing the proceeding of neonatal hypothyroidism, may delay the clinical recognition of this disorder. This once again emphasized the importance of early screening for neonatal hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:295568", "title": "Diabetes insipidus in children. I. Arginine-vasopressin determination in plasma during short dehydration test.", "content": "Plasma vasopressin as well as plasma and urinary osmolality are measured during an overnight dehydration test in vasopressin is undetectable. It is present in plasma from patients with partial diabetes insipidus but the level is not appropriate for plasma osmolality. In patients with polyuria of renal origin plasma vasopressin was significantly higher than in patients with neurogenic diabetes insipidus. Plasma vasopressin measurement is of diagnostic values in partial neurogenic diabetes insipidus and may be of considerable help to distinguish this group of patients from children with polyuria of renal origin.", "contents": "Diabetes insipidus in children. I. Arginine-vasopressin determination in plasma during short dehydration test. Plasma vasopressin as well as plasma and urinary osmolality are measured during an overnight dehydration test in vasopressin is undetectable. It is present in plasma from patients with partial diabetes insipidus but the level is not appropriate for plasma osmolality. In patients with polyuria of renal origin plasma vasopressin was significantly higher than in patients with neurogenic diabetes insipidus. Plasma vasopressin measurement is of diagnostic values in partial neurogenic diabetes insipidus and may be of considerable help to distinguish this group of patients from children with polyuria of renal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:295569", "title": "Linear growth in hypopituitary patients treated with hGH after age fifteen.", "content": "Two groups of hHG deficient adolescents (isolated growth hormone deficiency: 11 patients and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency: 20 patients) receiving hGH therapy were analyzed for their linear growth response. It was found that even at a chronological age of 15 years or more, growth can be markedly enhanced, depending upon the bone age and pubertal stage in the IGHD patients and upon optimal balance between hGH and sex hormones in the MPHD patients.", "contents": "Linear growth in hypopituitary patients treated with hGH after age fifteen. Two groups of hHG deficient adolescents (isolated growth hormone deficiency: 11 patients and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency: 20 patients) receiving hGH therapy were analyzed for their linear growth response. It was found that even at a chronological age of 15 years or more, growth can be markedly enhanced, depending upon the bone age and pubertal stage in the IGHD patients and upon optimal balance between hGH and sex hormones in the MPHD patients."}
{"id": "PMID:295575", "title": "L-asparaginase-induced hypocomplementemia in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) of childhood.", "content": "Serum complement studies were carried out in five children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. During therapy with L-asparaginase, prednisone and vincristine, hypocomplementemia developed in all patients, and disappeared within 2 weeks after the discontinuation of L-asparaginase. Complement breakdown products were not present in plasma. The changes of serum complement levels paralleled those of plasma fibrinogen. These findings suggest that the hypocomplementemia observed in these patients may be related to impaired protein synthesis induced by L-asparaginase.", "contents": "L-asparaginase-induced hypocomplementemia in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) of childhood. Serum complement studies were carried out in five children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. During therapy with L-asparaginase, prednisone and vincristine, hypocomplementemia developed in all patients, and disappeared within 2 weeks after the discontinuation of L-asparaginase. Complement breakdown products were not present in plasma. The changes of serum complement levels paralleled those of plasma fibrinogen. These findings suggest that the hypocomplementemia observed in these patients may be related to impaired protein synthesis induced by L-asparaginase."}
{"id": "PMID:295576", "title": "Evaluation of intramuscular versus intravenous administration of L-asparaginase in childhood leukemia.", "content": "A study was done to evaluate intramuscular versus intravenous administration of L-asparaginase in childhood leukemia. The results of this study demonstrate that the intramuscular method of administering L-asparaginase is as effective, but less toxic, than the intravenous method for children with advanced leukemia. The utilization of L-asparaginase in the initial induction of children with lymphoblastic and undifferentiated leukemia should be investigated. Its addition to the standard inducing agents may increase the percentage and ease of remission without significantly increasing toxicity.", "contents": "Evaluation of intramuscular versus intravenous administration of L-asparaginase in childhood leukemia. A study was done to evaluate intramuscular versus intravenous administration of L-asparaginase in childhood leukemia. The results of this study demonstrate that the intramuscular method of administering L-asparaginase is as effective, but less toxic, than the intravenous method for children with advanced leukemia. The utilization of L-asparaginase in the initial induction of children with lymphoblastic and undifferentiated leukemia should be investigated. Its addition to the standard inducing agents may increase the percentage and ease of remission without significantly increasing toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:295577", "title": "Correlation of the FAB morphologic criteria and prognosis in acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood.", "content": "The bone marrows at the time of initial diagnosis of 101 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed from April 1969 to December 1974 were evaluated employing the FAB morphologic classification. The group with L1 morphology and a significantly improved duration of first remission and survival when compared to the L2--L3 morphologic groups. Both groups were similar in age and initial level of WBC, indicating that the morphologic classification has prognostic significance in childhood ALL when age and initial WBC were considered together as prognostic risk factors. The L1 morphologic groups survival for the low- and moderate-risk groups was significantly better than for the L1 high-risk group and for the L2--L3 groups.", "contents": "Correlation of the FAB morphologic criteria and prognosis in acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood. The bone marrows at the time of initial diagnosis of 101 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed from April 1969 to December 1974 were evaluated employing the FAB morphologic classification. The group with L1 morphology and a significantly improved duration of first remission and survival when compared to the L2--L3 morphologic groups. Both groups were similar in age and initial level of WBC, indicating that the morphologic classification has prognostic significance in childhood ALL when age and initial WBC were considered together as prognostic risk factors. The L1 morphologic groups survival for the low- and moderate-risk groups was significantly better than for the L1 high-risk group and for the L2--L3 groups."}
{"id": "PMID:295578", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia and basophilia.", "content": "A boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed cerebrospinal fluid and blood eosinophilia and basophilia. No cause for the eosinophilia or basophilia was identified, but they preceded the appearance of leukemic lymphoblasts in  both CSF and blood. The first appearance of basophils and eosinophils in the CSF was associated with acute symptomatology and responded completely to antileukemic therapy. Though treatment with intrathecal drugs reversed major neurological signs, there was evidence of generalized cerebral cortical atrophy. The possible mechanisms responsible for this unusual cellular reaction include: 1) reaction to antileukemic therapy; 2) immunological reaction to the lymphoblasts; 3) ectopic hormone production; 4) common stem cell origin of lymphoblasts, basophils, and eosinophils. The last explanation seems the most likely.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia and basophilia. A boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed cerebrospinal fluid and blood eosinophilia and basophilia. No cause for the eosinophilia or basophilia was identified, but they preceded the appearance of leukemic lymphoblasts in  both CSF and blood. The first appearance of basophils and eosinophils in the CSF was associated with acute symptomatology and responded completely to antileukemic therapy. Though treatment with intrathecal drugs reversed major neurological signs, there was evidence of generalized cerebral cortical atrophy. The possible mechanisms responsible for this unusual cellular reaction include: 1) reaction to antileukemic therapy; 2) immunological reaction to the lymphoblasts; 3) ectopic hormone production; 4) common stem cell origin of lymphoblasts, basophils, and eosinophils. The last explanation seems the most likely."}
{"id": "PMID:295597", "title": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy. Pathological and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy (NHL-hM) occur in patients of every age. There are two peaks of frequency: the first one between the 3rd and the 14th and the second one between the 50th and the 80th years of age. The NHL-hM may arise de novo or they develop more frequenctly in the course of a low-grade malignant lymphoma or in immune-deficiency states. They grow very fast and metastasise very early. However an early diagnosis allows to detect them in patients with the clinical stages I-II. By a radical operative removal of these tumours and by a thorough subsequent treatment a persistent remission or cure may be achieved. The most frequent types of NHL-hM are the lymphoblastic leukemias of childhood, the centroblastoma, and the immunoblastoma. In typical cases the histological diagnosis is easy. The immature, anaplastic types are difficult to diagnose and different methods (demonstration of surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, cytochemistry, electron microscopy) most be applied. The most important differential diagnoses are the acute myeloblastic and myelomonocytic leukemias (naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetatesterase) immature epithelial tumours (lymphoepithelioma), and reactive processes (e.g. infectious monocleosis).", "contents": "[Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy. Pathological and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of high-grade malignancy (NHL-hM) occur in patients of every age. There are two peaks of frequency: the first one between the 3rd and the 14th and the second one between the 50th and the 80th years of age. The NHL-hM may arise de novo or they develop more frequenctly in the course of a low-grade malignant lymphoma or in immune-deficiency states. They grow very fast and metastasise very early. However an early diagnosis allows to detect them in patients with the clinical stages I-II. By a radical operative removal of these tumours and by a thorough subsequent treatment a persistent remission or cure may be achieved. The most frequent types of NHL-hM are the lymphoblastic leukemias of childhood, the centroblastoma, and the immunoblastoma. In typical cases the histological diagnosis is easy. The immature, anaplastic types are difficult to diagnose and different methods (demonstration of surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, cytochemistry, electron microscopy) most be applied. The most important differential diagnoses are the acute myeloblastic and myelomonocytic leukemias (naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetatesterase) immature epithelial tumours (lymphoepithelioma), and reactive processes (e.g. infectious monocleosis)."}
{"id": "PMID:295636", "title": "Parity and pre-eclampsia.", "content": "In a series of 26,209 patiens, the incidence of pre-eclampsia was 9.3%, being significantly higher in primiparae (14.1%) than multiparae (5.7%) (P less than 0.001). In patients with early-onset pre-eclampsia there were highly significant (P less than 0.001) increases in the incidences of proteinuria, severe hypertension, placental abruption, fetal growth retardation, neonatal asphyxia and perinatal mortality. There were no significant differences between the incidences of these complications in primiparae and multiparae. The incidence of subnormal oestriol excretion was increased before the emergence of early-onset pre-eclampsia with equal to significance (P less than 0.001) in primiparae and multiparae. Eclampsia was more common in patients with late-onset pre-eclampsia, but not significantly so.", "contents": "Parity and pre-eclampsia. In a series of 26,209 patiens, the incidence of pre-eclampsia was 9.3%, being significantly higher in primiparae (14.1%) than multiparae (5.7%) (P less than 0.001). In patients with early-onset pre-eclampsia there were highly significant (P less than 0.001) increases in the incidences of proteinuria, severe hypertension, placental abruption, fetal growth retardation, neonatal asphyxia and perinatal mortality. There were no significant differences between the incidences of these complications in primiparae and multiparae. The incidence of subnormal oestriol excretion was increased before the emergence of early-onset pre-eclampsia with equal to significance (P less than 0.001) in primiparae and multiparae. Eclampsia was more common in patients with late-onset pre-eclampsia, but not significantly so."}
{"id": "PMID:295637", "title": "Perinatal death: audit and classification.", "content": "Two hundred and thirteen perinatal deaths occurred in a population of 10,539 deliveries over a 4-year period. The associated obstetric complications and circumstances were analysed. The majority of perinatal deaths occurred in fetuses in whom there was a serious malformation, or whose birth weight was less than 800 g. Of the 110 deaths which occurred in normal babies weighing 800 g or more, 54 were antepartum, 5 were intrapartum, and 51 were neonatal. The clinical features surrounding these deaths were classified, and their implications discussed.", "contents": "Perinatal death: audit and classification. Two hundred and thirteen perinatal deaths occurred in a population of 10,539 deliveries over a 4-year period. The associated obstetric complications and circumstances were analysed. The majority of perinatal deaths occurred in fetuses in whom there was a serious malformation, or whose birth weight was less than 800 g. Of the 110 deaths which occurred in normal babies weighing 800 g or more, 54 were antepartum, 5 were intrapartum, and 51 were neonatal. The clinical features surrounding these deaths were classified, and their implications discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295638", "title": "Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during labour.", "content": "An instrument designed to produce vibrations to the cervix was assessed as a method of shortening the active phase of labour in 138 patients with abnormal labour. Results showed that it shortened labour in multiparous but not in nulliparous women. The cervilator's obvious benefit in certain patients and lack of apparent complications suggest that it can be a valuable addition to labour ward equipment. Further work is required to establish in which patients the instrument is likely to have the greatest value.", "contents": "Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during labour. An instrument designed to produce vibrations to the cervix was assessed as a method of shortening the active phase of labour in 138 patients with abnormal labour. Results showed that it shortened labour in multiparous but not in nulliparous women. The cervilator's obvious benefit in certain patients and lack of apparent complications suggest that it can be a valuable addition to labour ward equipment. Further work is required to establish in which patients the instrument is likely to have the greatest value."}
{"id": "PMID:295639", "title": "Duration of menstruation.", "content": "Menstrual length was analysed in 2,342 women attending the Shepherd Foundation. Prolonged menses were more common in Australian and New Zealand born, in women with irregular, short or long menstrual cycles, menstrual pain, high parity, and an intrauterine device. In contrast to women with premenstrual tension and menstrual pain, psychological factors, smoking and drinking were not more common in women with increased menstrual length. It is concluded that somatic factors alone control menstrual length, and results in the present study support the hypotheses that both the hypothalamic-pituitary system and prostaglandins may be involved in this control. Evidence was found that the use of the contraceptive pill reduces the incidence of premenstrual tension when menstrual length is also reduced.", "contents": "Duration of menstruation. Menstrual length was analysed in 2,342 women attending the Shepherd Foundation. Prolonged menses were more common in Australian and New Zealand born, in women with irregular, short or long menstrual cycles, menstrual pain, high parity, and an intrauterine device. In contrast to women with premenstrual tension and menstrual pain, psychological factors, smoking and drinking were not more common in women with increased menstrual length. It is concluded that somatic factors alone control menstrual length, and results in the present study support the hypotheses that both the hypothalamic-pituitary system and prostaglandins may be involved in this control. Evidence was found that the use of the contraceptive pill reduces the incidence of premenstrual tension when menstrual length is also reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:295640", "title": "Infertility--a flow chart approach.", "content": "A logical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infertility using a \"flow-chart\" is outlined. Its application in the treatment of 100 patients in a peripheral gynaecology unit is presented. The distribution of the aetiological factors is also discussed.", "contents": "Infertility--a flow chart approach. A logical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infertility using a \"flow-chart\" is outlined. Its application in the treatment of 100 patients in a peripheral gynaecology unit is presented. The distribution of the aetiological factors is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295641", "title": "Simplified antibiotic prophylaxis for vaginal hysterectomy.", "content": "Single dose administration of antibiotics prior to vaginal hysterectomy was found to be an efficient and safe way of providing prophylaxis against infection. Metronidazole was as efficient as ampicillin in achieving a significant reduction in major morbidity, pelvic sepsis, and the \"quantity\" of postoperative fever. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduced hospital stay by an average of 3 days.", "contents": "Simplified antibiotic prophylaxis for vaginal hysterectomy. Single dose administration of antibiotics prior to vaginal hysterectomy was found to be an efficient and safe way of providing prophylaxis against infection. Metronidazole was as efficient as ampicillin in achieving a significant reduction in major morbidity, pelvic sepsis, and the \"quantity\" of postoperative fever. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduced hospital stay by an average of 3 days."}
{"id": "PMID:295643", "title": "Prophylactic anticoagulation in the management of recurrent pre-eclampsia and fetal death.", "content": "The case is described of a patient whose third pregnancy ended successfully, after 2 perinatal deaths caused by severe pre-eclampsia in the second trimester of her previous pregnancies. Anticoagulant therapy with warfarin was given in the third pregnancy.", "contents": "Prophylactic anticoagulation in the management of recurrent pre-eclampsia and fetal death. The case is described of a patient whose third pregnancy ended successfully, after 2 perinatal deaths caused by severe pre-eclampsia in the second trimester of her previous pregnancies. Anticoagulant therapy with warfarin was given in the third pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:295645", "title": "A patient with pure gonadal dysgenesis, gonadal tumour and virilisation.", "content": "A phenotypic female, karyotype XY presented with virilisation and amenorrhoea. The gonads showed evidence of oestrogen and testosterone production and, in view of the risk of malignancy, a laparotomy was performed. A streak gonad was present on one side with a streak gonad containing discrete tumours on the other. The uterus and Fallopian tubes were present. Removal of the gonads and uterus and subsequent oestrogen replacement therapy have produced a satisfactory clinical result.", "contents": "A patient with pure gonadal dysgenesis, gonadal tumour and virilisation. A phenotypic female, karyotype XY presented with virilisation and amenorrhoea. The gonads showed evidence of oestrogen and testosterone production and, in view of the risk of malignancy, a laparotomy was performed. A streak gonad was present on one side with a streak gonad containing discrete tumours on the other. The uterus and Fallopian tubes were present. Removal of the gonads and uterus and subsequent oestrogen replacement therapy have produced a satisfactory clinical result."}
{"id": "PMID:295646", "title": "Uterus didelphys associated with unilateral cervical atresia and renal agenesis.", "content": "A case is reported of uterus didelphys associated with unilateral cervical atresia and renal agenesis on the same side. Two successful pregnancies occurred in the affected side after surgical correction.", "contents": "Uterus didelphys associated with unilateral cervical atresia and renal agenesis. A case is reported of uterus didelphys associated with unilateral cervical atresia and renal agenesis on the same side. Two successful pregnancies occurred in the affected side after surgical correction."}
{"id": "PMID:295647", "title": "Volvulus of the small bowel complicating mid-trimester pregnancy.", "content": "A case of volvulus of the small bowel with gangrene extending from the duodeno-jejunal flexure to 15 cm from the ileocaecal junction is reported. The complication arose during the second trimester and was successfully treated by resection and end-to-end anastomosis.", "contents": "Volvulus of the small bowel complicating mid-trimester pregnancy. A case of volvulus of the small bowel with gangrene extending from the duodeno-jejunal flexure to 15 cm from the ileocaecal junction is reported. The complication arose during the second trimester and was successfully treated by resection and end-to-end anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:295648", "title": "Multicentric, pigmented carcinoma in situ of the vulva in association with vulval condyloma acuminata.", "content": "A case report is presented of a 22-year-old woman with carcinoma in situ of the vulva in a multicentric pigmented form in association with vulval condyloma acuminata. The aetiology of the disease, varied appearances, malignant potential, and mode of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Multicentric, pigmented carcinoma in situ of the vulva in association with vulval condyloma acuminata. A case report is presented of a 22-year-old woman with carcinoma in situ of the vulva in a multicentric pigmented form in association with vulval condyloma acuminata. The aetiology of the disease, varied appearances, malignant potential, and mode of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295676", "title": "Macrophage-like cell transformation and CFU(c) fluctuations in normal and leukemic human marrow cultures treated by phorbol diester.", "content": "Bone marrow from normal and chronic myeloid leukemia donors was grown in liquid cultures without feeder layers and with and without 12-u-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In 24-96 hours most of the cells (60-70%) cultured with 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M TPA stuck to the bottom of the flasks and had a peculiar shape resembling macrophages possessing strong phagocytizing activity and surface markers of monocyte-macrophage lineage of differentiation. 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M TPA fully inhibited CFU(c) in cultures of normal marrow as well as of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients; 10(-9) M and 10(-10) M exhibited individually varied partial suppression. Cultivation of bone marrow with 10(-11) M to 10(-13) M TPA led in some cases to statistically significant increase of CFU(c) on day 4 and day 7.", "contents": "Macrophage-like cell transformation and CFU(c) fluctuations in normal and leukemic human marrow cultures treated by phorbol diester. Bone marrow from normal and chronic myeloid leukemia donors was grown in liquid cultures without feeder layers and with and without 12-u-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In 24-96 hours most of the cells (60-70%) cultured with 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M TPA stuck to the bottom of the flasks and had a peculiar shape resembling macrophages possessing strong phagocytizing activity and surface markers of monocyte-macrophage lineage of differentiation. 10(-7) M and 10(-8) M TPA fully inhibited CFU(c) in cultures of normal marrow as well as of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients; 10(-9) M and 10(-10) M exhibited individually varied partial suppression. Cultivation of bone marrow with 10(-11) M to 10(-13) M TPA led in some cases to statistically significant increase of CFU(c) on day 4 and day 7."}
{"id": "PMID:295702", "title": "Effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) in preschool children.", "content": "The caries-preventive effect of semiannual applications of a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) was tested for 2 years in 225 3-year-old children; 113 children served as a control group. At the baseline examination, 69% of the children in the test group and 75% in the control group were caries-free. The results after 2 years showed an average caries increment of 2.1 surfaces in the test group and 3.7 in the control group. The difference is statistically significant. Thirty-eight percent of the children in the test group and 27% in the control group were still caries-free. The caries reduction was 44%.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) in preschool children. The caries-preventive effect of semiannual applications of a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) was tested for 2 years in 225 3-year-old children; 113 children served as a control group. At the baseline examination, 69% of the children in the test group and 75% in the control group were caries-free. The results after 2 years showed an average caries increment of 2.1 surfaces in the test group and 3.7 in the control group. The difference is statistically significant. Thirty-eight percent of the children in the test group and 27% in the control group were still caries-free. The caries reduction was 44%."}
{"id": "PMID:295703", "title": "Effectiveness of combined preventive methods on erupting teeth in children in a fluoridated community.", "content": "Several preventive methods were used in combination to reduce dental caries in children residing in a fluoridated area. The method included dental health education, prophylaxis, pit and fissure sealants, topical fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxis, sealant and fluoride procedures were repeated every 6 months. Sealant was applied to all fully erupted caries free posterior teeth in the mouth. This report compares results obtained for teeth that erupted after the study began with those teeth that were already present at the time treatment procedures were applied. Percent reductions in caries increment for newly erupted teeth at the end of 3 years for treated 6th graders was 77.5% in DMFT and 79.2% DMFS as compared to 71% and 58.3% for previously erupted teeth. Results for children in 1st grade did not how such beneficial results. Permanent first molars in younger children appear to be highly susceptible to caries. Sealant retention for newly erupted teeth follows the same pattern as for teeth previously erupted.", "contents": "Effectiveness of combined preventive methods on erupting teeth in children in a fluoridated community. Several preventive methods were used in combination to reduce dental caries in children residing in a fluoridated area. The method included dental health education, prophylaxis, pit and fissure sealants, topical fluoride and restorative care. Prophylaxis, sealant and fluoride procedures were repeated every 6 months. Sealant was applied to all fully erupted caries free posterior teeth in the mouth. This report compares results obtained for teeth that erupted after the study began with those teeth that were already present at the time treatment procedures were applied. Percent reductions in caries increment for newly erupted teeth at the end of 3 years for treated 6th graders was 77.5% in DMFT and 79.2% DMFS as compared to 71% and 58.3% for previously erupted teeth. Results for children in 1st grade did not how such beneficial results. Permanent first molars in younger children appear to be highly susceptible to caries. Sealant retention for newly erupted teeth follows the same pattern as for teeth previously erupted."}
{"id": "PMID:295704", "title": "Effect of dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior in Dutch military personnel.", "content": "A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior. Ninety-six army recruits from two military camps were randomly allocated to four groups: a control group, a group that received an oral prophylaxis, a group that received a single dental health care instruction, and a group that had both prophylaxis and dental health care instruction. Treatment effects were measured by a questionnaire 1 month and 3 months after the instruction. A single dental health care instruction improved knowledge, and some areas of behavior. The improvement in attitude was not clear. The improvements were small and showed a tendency to diminish after 1 month.", "contents": "Effect of dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior in Dutch military personnel. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single dental health care instruction and prophylaxis on knowledge, attitude and behavior. Ninety-six army recruits from two military camps were randomly allocated to four groups: a control group, a group that received an oral prophylaxis, a group that received a single dental health care instruction, and a group that had both prophylaxis and dental health care instruction. Treatment effects were measured by a questionnaire 1 month and 3 months after the instruction. A single dental health care instruction improved knowledge, and some areas of behavior. The improvement in attitude was not clear. The improvements were small and showed a tendency to diminish after 1 month."}
{"id": "PMID:295705", "title": "Relationship between age, dental status and regular dental care in Norway illustrated by a model.", "content": "The purpose of this paper was to describe the relationship between age, dental status, and patterns of dental visits. Data from a national health survey of 11,014 persons in Norway 1975 were used. The model shows that though the absolute number of regular attenders decreased with increasing age their relative number among dentate persons increased with increasing age. Different examples of how the model may be used are described. Finally three explanations are given of the dental attendance pattern among Norwegian adults.", "contents": "Relationship between age, dental status and regular dental care in Norway illustrated by a model. The purpose of this paper was to describe the relationship between age, dental status, and patterns of dental visits. Data from a national health survey of 11,014 persons in Norway 1975 were used. The model shows that though the absolute number of regular attenders decreased with increasing age their relative number among dentate persons increased with increasing age. Different examples of how the model may be used are described. Finally three explanations are given of the dental attendance pattern among Norwegian adults."}
{"id": "PMID:295706", "title": "Factors influencing the local planning of dental services.", "content": "Findings from a survey of 796 high school children in four districts constituting a health administrative area were examined to ascertain the factors influencing their dental disease experience, treatment received and attendance pattern. In three of the four districts, over 60% of the children were regular attenders, enjoying the benefit of less active caries than irregular attenders. However, in the remaining district, much of which consisted of depressed, inner city areas undergoing re-development, only one third were regular attenders. Several local factors, such as availability and accessibility of services, probably influenced the numbers seeking regular care, but one of the most important appeared to be the level of provision in the salaried Community Dental Service. The implications of the findings for planning improvements in local services are discussed.", "contents": "Factors influencing the local planning of dental services. Findings from a survey of 796 high school children in four districts constituting a health administrative area were examined to ascertain the factors influencing their dental disease experience, treatment received and attendance pattern. In three of the four districts, over 60% of the children were regular attenders, enjoying the benefit of less active caries than irregular attenders. However, in the remaining district, much of which consisted of depressed, inner city areas undergoing re-development, only one third were regular attenders. Several local factors, such as availability and accessibility of services, probably influenced the numbers seeking regular care, but one of the most important appeared to be the level of provision in the salaried Community Dental Service. The implications of the findings for planning improvements in local services are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:295707", "title": "Dentists and dental technicians as competing suppliers of complete dentures in Southwest Finland.", "content": "In Finland, not only dentists but also dental technicians with special training have the right to supply clients with complete dentures. The present study investigated how the demand for their services is distributed between these two professional groups, and what are the factors affecting the distribution. The material consisted of 220 randomly selected subjects who had lost all their teeth in one or both jaws. Of the full dentures worn, 50% had been made by a dentist and 41% by a dental technician, while in 10% one denture, either maxillary or mandibular, was made by a dentist and the other by a dental technician. 56% of the subjects said they would choose a dental technician the next time health center services become more general and patients are more able to get treatment by dentists at a reduced cost, it seems probable that the majority of the edentulous will again resort to the dentists. However, judging by the current attitudes, a considerable number of the edentulous will continue to resort directly to the dental technician for the supply of dentures.", "contents": "Dentists and dental technicians as competing suppliers of complete dentures in Southwest Finland. In Finland, not only dentists but also dental technicians with special training have the right to supply clients with complete dentures. The present study investigated how the demand for their services is distributed between these two professional groups, and what are the factors affecting the distribution. The material consisted of 220 randomly selected subjects who had lost all their teeth in one or both jaws. Of the full dentures worn, 50% had been made by a dentist and 41% by a dental technician, while in 10% one denture, either maxillary or mandibular, was made by a dentist and the other by a dental technician. 56% of the subjects said they would choose a dental technician the next time health center services become more general and patients are more able to get treatment by dentists at a reduced cost, it seems probable that the majority of the edentulous will again resort to the dentists. However, judging by the current attitudes, a considerable number of the edentulous will continue to resort directly to the dental technician for the supply of dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:295708", "title": "A factor analysis of traits as measured by COCSTOC-MOT to identify occlusal trait combinations.", "content": "Occlusal conditions which vary significantly from accepted social norms for dental appearance may socially handicap an individual. An instrument is required by which socially unacceptable occlusal conditions can be identified by members of the public who have internalized society's norms for acceptable dental appearance. The factors identified in this paper make it possible to select a reasonable number (100) of models for constructing a measurement instrument which depicts the full range of occlusal patterns found in a natural population for use in assessing the social acceptability of occlusal conditions. This paper presents the methodology and process used to identify individual occlusal traits which tend to occur together in trait combinations or independently and their range from \"normal\" to extreme. Data on the frequency distribution of the individual COCSTOC measurements found in a natural population was subjected to a factor analysis which identified 18 occlusal patterns (combinations of traits) and five unique or independent traits or anomalies.", "contents": "A factor analysis of traits as measured by COCSTOC-MOT to identify occlusal trait combinations. Occlusal conditions which vary significantly from accepted social norms for dental appearance may socially handicap an individual. An instrument is required by which socially unacceptable occlusal conditions can be identified by members of the public who have internalized society's norms for acceptable dental appearance. The factors identified in this paper make it possible to select a reasonable number (100) of models for constructing a measurement instrument which depicts the full range of occlusal patterns found in a natural population for use in assessing the social acceptability of occlusal conditions. This paper presents the methodology and process used to identify individual occlusal traits which tend to occur together in trait combinations or independently and their range from \"normal\" to extreme. Data on the frequency distribution of the individual COCSTOC measurements found in a natural population was subjected to a factor analysis which identified 18 occlusal patterns (combinations of traits) and five unique or independent traits or anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:295709", "title": "Forecasting progress in preventive dentistry.", "content": "Technological forecasting is a new discipline with research methodologies of its own. One of the methods is the delphi-experiment. Predictive experiments have been conducted in both medicine and pharmacology, but not yet in the field of dentistry and dental research. The first round of the present dental delphi-experiment was conducted in 1975 with the participation of an international panel consisting of 91 experts. The experts were requested to respond to six questions related to dental caries and six questions related to periodontal disease. Numerous forecasts concerning future developments or breakthroughs were given by the international panel. This report discusses the preliminary findings.", "contents": "Forecasting progress in preventive dentistry. Technological forecasting is a new discipline with research methodologies of its own. One of the methods is the delphi-experiment. Predictive experiments have been conducted in both medicine and pharmacology, but not yet in the field of dentistry and dental research. The first round of the present dental delphi-experiment was conducted in 1975 with the participation of an international panel consisting of 91 experts. The experts were requested to respond to six questions related to dental caries and six questions related to periodontal disease. Numerous forecasts concerning future developments or breakthroughs were given by the international panel. This report discusses the preliminary findings."}
{"id": "PMID:295710", "title": "Tobacco smoking habits and attitudes of Australians with oral mucous membrane keratoses.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether or not a relationship existed between the presence of oral mucous membrane keratoses and tobacco smoking habits. Two groups of tobacco smokers, one group exhibiting oral mucous membrane keratoses, and the other no such changes, were chosen for their similar smoking habits. Detailed tobacco smoking histories of each group were ascertained. Similar results for both groups, in terms of the number of years of smoking, quantity of tobacco consumed dialy, type of tobacco smoked and the method of inhalation and exhalation were found. Eighty per cent of patients wanted to stop smoking with the fear of cancer being the major reason in the subjects with oral keratoses and the continued cost of smoking the major reason in the control subjects. In the affected patients the prevalence of white patches was not related to the quantity of tobacco consumed but rather to the number of years the subject had smoked.", "contents": "Tobacco smoking habits and attitudes of Australians with oral mucous membrane keratoses. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether or not a relationship existed between the presence of oral mucous membrane keratoses and tobacco smoking habits. Two groups of tobacco smokers, one group exhibiting oral mucous membrane keratoses, and the other no such changes, were chosen for their similar smoking habits. Detailed tobacco smoking histories of each group were ascertained. Similar results for both groups, in terms of the number of years of smoking, quantity of tobacco consumed dialy, type of tobacco smoked and the method of inhalation and exhalation were found. Eighty per cent of patients wanted to stop smoking with the fear of cancer being the major reason in the subjects with oral keratoses and the continued cost of smoking the major reason in the control subjects. In the affected patients the prevalence of white patches was not related to the quantity of tobacco consumed but rather to the number of years the subject had smoked."}
{"id": "PMID:295711", "title": "Survey of toothbrushing duration in 85 uninstructed English schoolchildren.", "content": "85 uninstructed children aged 11-13 years brushed their teeth and were unaware that they were recorded on video tape. By viewing the films, the time spent brushing in each of 16 areas of the dentition and the number of strokes used in each area were obtained. The mean overall brushing time was 60.3 s (+/- 23.8); the mean number of strokes used by each subject was 397 (+/- 224). More time was spent and more strokes employed brushing mandibular than maxillary arches, labial and buccal than occlusal areas, and occlusal than lingual areas. The percentages of time spent and number of strokes used brushing lingual areas were low.", "contents": "Survey of toothbrushing duration in 85 uninstructed English schoolchildren. 85 uninstructed children aged 11-13 years brushed their teeth and were unaware that they were recorded on video tape. By viewing the films, the time spent brushing in each of 16 areas of the dentition and the number of strokes used in each area were obtained. The mean overall brushing time was 60.3 s (+/- 23.8); the mean number of strokes used by each subject was 397 (+/- 224). More time was spent and more strokes employed brushing mandibular than maxillary arches, labial and buccal than occlusal areas, and occlusal than lingual areas. The percentages of time spent and number of strokes used brushing lingual areas were low."}
{"id": "PMID:295712", "title": "How dental conditions handicap the elderly.", "content": "A sociodental investigation was carried out among 254 elderly people living at home in Nottinghamshire. The aim of the inquiry was to ascertain whether this group of people were handicapped by their dental conditions. The dental status of the sample was generally poor. 74% were edentulous and the condition of the full dentures worn by many of the subjects was unsatisfactory. A high proportion (59%) of the subjects had lesions of the oral mucosa. Many members of the sample were orally handicapped, either functionally or socially. 32% complained of oral pain and 30% claimed to have difficulty chewing. Also, subjects were embarrassed by the appearance of their teeth and by their dentures dropping during social contact. The perception of handicap, however, was not strongly related to dental status.", "contents": "How dental conditions handicap the elderly. A sociodental investigation was carried out among 254 elderly people living at home in Nottinghamshire. The aim of the inquiry was to ascertain whether this group of people were handicapped by their dental conditions. The dental status of the sample was generally poor. 74% were edentulous and the condition of the full dentures worn by many of the subjects was unsatisfactory. A high proportion (59%) of the subjects had lesions of the oral mucosa. Many members of the sample were orally handicapped, either functionally or socially. 32% complained of oral pain and 30% claimed to have difficulty chewing. Also, subjects were embarrassed by the appearance of their teeth and by their dentures dropping during social contact. The perception of handicap, however, was not strongly related to dental status."}
{"id": "PMID:295713", "title": "Survey of the dental state and needs of a group of elderly army pensioners in England.", "content": "375 army pensioners (89% of the population of the Royal Hospital Chelsea) were interviewed and given a dental inspection. The quality of any denture was assessed by KAPUR's method. Of the 318 men with dentures 254 (85%) had not been back to the dentist since and 60% of the dentures were over 10 years old. 244 denture wearers claimed they were satisfied although only 11 dentures could be rated 'good' and 67% of complete dentures were 'poor'. 25% of those interviewed actually wanted treatment, 10% did not know but the majority simply 'couldn't be bothered'. The overwhelming need is for skilled prosthetic treatment. A plea is made for educating patients to appreciate that dentures should be changed and that regular dental inspections are necessary throughout life.", "contents": "Survey of the dental state and needs of a group of elderly army pensioners in England. 375 army pensioners (89% of the population of the Royal Hospital Chelsea) were interviewed and given a dental inspection. The quality of any denture was assessed by KAPUR's method. Of the 318 men with dentures 254 (85%) had not been back to the dentist since and 60% of the dentures were over 10 years old. 244 denture wearers claimed they were satisfied although only 11 dentures could be rated 'good' and 67% of complete dentures were 'poor'. 25% of those interviewed actually wanted treatment, 10% did not know but the majority simply 'couldn't be bothered'. The overwhelming need is for skilled prosthetic treatment. A plea is made for educating patients to appreciate that dentures should be changed and that regular dental inspections are necessary throughout life."}
{"id": "PMID:295714", "title": "Symptoms and signs of mandibular dysfunction in 70-year-old men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden.", "content": "A representative systematic selection of 30% of all 70-year-olds in Gothenburg were invited to a population study. Forty percent of the sample (384 persons) were subjected to a comprehensive dental examination. The participation rate was 84%. The aim of the present study was to describe the function and dysfunction of the masticatory system of the 70-year-olds. 41% reported no symptoms of dysfunction while 46% had severe dysfunction according to HELKIMO'S Anamnestic Dysfunction Index. The clinical examination revealed that only 14% had no signs of dysfunction. 32% had moderate or severe dysfunction according to Helkimo's Index. In more than half of the subjects the masticatory muscles were tender to palpation and in 37% TMJ sounds were diagnosed. Several of the clinical findings were more common in the women than in the men but only concerning tenderness of the TMJ and the masseter muscle were the differences significant. The degree of dental invalidity was measured by Eichner's Index. The Index showed no or only weak relation to the Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction Indices. Neither did the degree of dysfunction in complete denture wearers vary with the condition of their prostheses.", "contents": "Symptoms and signs of mandibular dysfunction in 70-year-old men and women in Gothenburg, Sweden. A representative systematic selection of 30% of all 70-year-olds in Gothenburg were invited to a population study. Forty percent of the sample (384 persons) were subjected to a comprehensive dental examination. The participation rate was 84%. The aim of the present study was to describe the function and dysfunction of the masticatory system of the 70-year-olds. 41% reported no symptoms of dysfunction while 46% had severe dysfunction according to HELKIMO'S Anamnestic Dysfunction Index. The clinical examination revealed that only 14% had no signs of dysfunction. 32% had moderate or severe dysfunction according to Helkimo's Index. In more than half of the subjects the masticatory muscles were tender to palpation and in 37% TMJ sounds were diagnosed. Several of the clinical findings were more common in the women than in the men but only concerning tenderness of the TMJ and the masseter muscle were the differences significant. The degree of dental invalidity was measured by Eichner's Index. The Index showed no or only weak relation to the Anamnestic and Clinical Dysfunction Indices. Neither did the degree of dysfunction in complete denture wearers vary with the condition of their prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:295715", "title": "Estimation of actual caries prevalence and treatment needs from field survey caries information on a child population in U.S.A.", "content": "Caries scores (DT + Dt) were recorded under simulated field survey conditions on 270 children ranging in age from 3 to 12 years. The children were subsequently diagnosed under optimum clinical conditions. The findings from the field and clinical examinations were statistically analyzed to determine the relationships between \"survey\" and \"true\" caries scores. It is proposed that the true mean caries score can be estimated from the survey mean score by adding 1.5 teeth in the primary dentition and 2 teeth in the mixed dentition. Tables were devised to estimate treatment needs for children at various survey caries scores in each dentition category.", "contents": "Estimation of actual caries prevalence and treatment needs from field survey caries information on a child population in U.S.A. Caries scores (DT + Dt) were recorded under simulated field survey conditions on 270 children ranging in age from 3 to 12 years. The children were subsequently diagnosed under optimum clinical conditions. The findings from the field and clinical examinations were statistically analyzed to determine the relationships between \"survey\" and \"true\" caries scores. It is proposed that the true mean caries score can be estimated from the survey mean score by adding 1.5 teeth in the primary dentition and 2 teeth in the mixed dentition. Tables were devised to estimate treatment needs for children at various survey caries scores in each dentition category."}
{"id": "PMID:295716", "title": "Variation in caries recording and restorative treatment plan among university teachers.", "content": "Ten voluntary dental students were examined by 12 teachers at the same dental clinic. Eleven items of data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance: missing teeth, filled teeth, filled teeth surfaces, DMF and DMFS index scores, decayed surfaces (first (C 1) and second (C 2) degree caries), decayed surfaces (C 2 only), decayed approximal surfaces (C 2), decayed occlusal surfaces (C 2), decayed smooth surfaces (C 2), and teeth considered to require treatment. Significant differences were found between the subjects for all 11 items assessed. The differences between the examiners were not significant for missing teeth, filled teeth, filled surfaces, and decayed smooth surfaces, but for the other items the between-examiner variation was significant at the level P less than 0.01. In particular, great variation was found in the plans for reparative care. It is suggested that teachers should undergo a special training program in order to make more consistent clinical judgments and hence to reduce the between-dentist variation in postgraduate clinical practice. This would probably be beneficial to the patients.", "contents": "Variation in caries recording and restorative treatment plan among university teachers. Ten voluntary dental students were examined by 12 teachers at the same dental clinic. Eleven items of data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance: missing teeth, filled teeth, filled teeth surfaces, DMF and DMFS index scores, decayed surfaces (first (C 1) and second (C 2) degree caries), decayed surfaces (C 2 only), decayed approximal surfaces (C 2), decayed occlusal surfaces (C 2), decayed smooth surfaces (C 2), and teeth considered to require treatment. Significant differences were found between the subjects for all 11 items assessed. The differences between the examiners were not significant for missing teeth, filled teeth, filled surfaces, and decayed smooth surfaces, but for the other items the between-examiner variation was significant at the level P less than 0.01. In particular, great variation was found in the plans for reparative care. It is suggested that teachers should undergo a special training program in order to make more consistent clinical judgments and hence to reduce the between-dentist variation in postgraduate clinical practice. This would probably be beneficial to the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:295717", "title": "Identification of high caries risk children using prevalence of filled surfaces as predictor variable for incidence.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of prevalence of filled surfaces at 9 years of age as a screening criterion for prediction of future caries incidence. Retrospective data were available for 114 children who had participated in an incremental dental care program from 7 to 16 years of age. There was a significant positive correlation between prevalence of filled surfaces (FS) at age 9 and increment of surfaces filled during the subsequent 7 years. Thus only 13% of the variation in increment of surfaces filled was explained by the variation in prevalence of FS. Subjects who had eight or more filled surfaces at 9 years of age were classed as the Expected H-group (22 subjects), while the Real H-group consisted of the 22 subjects who experienced the highest increment of surfaces filled between the ages of 9 and 16. Sensitivity and diagnostic power were both 45%, specificity 87%. While sensitivity decreased with increasing FS score at age 9, specificity and diagnostic power increased. A detailed analysis of the increment of surfaces filled each year from age 11 to 16 revealed that a considerable number of subjects not included in the H-groups also received many fillings.", "contents": "Identification of high caries risk children using prevalence of filled surfaces as predictor variable for incidence. The purpose of the present study was to determine the validity of prevalence of filled surfaces at 9 years of age as a screening criterion for prediction of future caries incidence. Retrospective data were available for 114 children who had participated in an incremental dental care program from 7 to 16 years of age. There was a significant positive correlation between prevalence of filled surfaces (FS) at age 9 and increment of surfaces filled during the subsequent 7 years. Thus only 13% of the variation in increment of surfaces filled was explained by the variation in prevalence of FS. Subjects who had eight or more filled surfaces at 9 years of age were classed as the Expected H-group (22 subjects), while the Real H-group consisted of the 22 subjects who experienced the highest increment of surfaces filled between the ages of 9 and 16. Sensitivity and diagnostic power were both 45%, specificity 87%. While sensitivity decreased with increasing FS score at age 9, specificity and diagnostic power increased. A detailed analysis of the increment of surfaces filled each year from age 11 to 16 revealed that a considerable number of subjects not included in the H-groups also received many fillings."}
{"id": "PMID:295718", "title": "Comparison of the severity of caries attack in permanent first molars in Iraqi and Sudanese schoolchildren.", "content": "Severity of caries attack of the permanent first molars was investigated on two population groups of Arabian origin, namely 1617 Iraqi and 725 Sudanese primary schoolchildren ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. The results showed a higher DMF rate in the Iraqis in all the age groups studied, reaching a maximum of 83% at age 11, whereas the maximum level was 60% in Sudanese children at age 10.", "contents": "Comparison of the severity of caries attack in permanent first molars in Iraqi and Sudanese schoolchildren. Severity of caries attack of the permanent first molars was investigated on two population groups of Arabian origin, namely 1617 Iraqi and 725 Sudanese primary schoolchildren ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. The results showed a higher DMF rate in the Iraqis in all the age groups studied, reaching a maximum of 83% at age 11, whereas the maximum level was 60% in Sudanese children at age 10."}
{"id": "PMID:295719", "title": "Enamel mottling in 15-year-old children in Barnsley Area, England.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to gather base-line data of mottling in 15-year-old children. The survey was carried out in low-fluoride Barnsley Area (F = 0.1 parts/10(6)) in December, 1976. In a random convenience sample, 270 children were examined. The mouth prevalence of mottling was 36.3% and the tooth prevalence was 8.8%. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of mottling. Over 83% of mottling was white (types A and B). Mottling occurred most frequently in the maxillary incisors and was most common in the incisal third of all incisors examined. The results are compared with data from six other studies where the same classification of mottling was used.", "contents": "Enamel mottling in 15-year-old children in Barnsley Area, England. The purpose of this study was to gather base-line data of mottling in 15-year-old children. The survey was carried out in low-fluoride Barnsley Area (F = 0.1 parts/10(6)) in December, 1976. In a random convenience sample, 270 children were examined. The mouth prevalence of mottling was 36.3% and the tooth prevalence was 8.8%. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of mottling. Over 83% of mottling was white (types A and B). Mottling occurred most frequently in the maxillary incisors and was most common in the incisal third of all incisors examined. The results are compared with data from six other studies where the same classification of mottling was used."}
{"id": "PMID:295720", "title": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in a group of blind and sighted Israeli teenagers (14--17 years of age.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to obtain up-to-date information on periodontal disease and oral hygiene status in Israel among 9th to 12th grade non-blind students and among the inmates of six schools for the blind aged 14--17 years. 460 sighted and 434 blind students participated in the study. The examination was for periodontal status and oral hygiene only. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). Oral hygiene was assessed according to Greene & Vermillion's Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Mean PI for the non-blind group was found to be 0.23, and for the blind students 0.79. Partially blind students were found to have a lower mean PI value than the totally blind. PI values did not increase significantly with age. Blind students exhibited a fair-to-poor level of oral hygiene (according to Greene & Vermillion's categorization). Relatively healthier levels of oral hygiene were found in the partially blind as compared with the totally blind. Mean OHI-S did not vary with age in either group.", "contents": "Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in a group of blind and sighted Israeli teenagers (14--17 years of age. The purpose of the present study was to obtain up-to-date information on periodontal disease and oral hygiene status in Israel among 9th to 12th grade non-blind students and among the inmates of six schools for the blind aged 14--17 years. 460 sighted and 434 blind students participated in the study. The examination was for periodontal status and oral hygiene only. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). Oral hygiene was assessed according to Greene & Vermillion's Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Mean PI for the non-blind group was found to be 0.23, and for the blind students 0.79. Partially blind students were found to have a lower mean PI value than the totally blind. PI values did not increase significantly with age. Blind students exhibited a fair-to-poor level of oral hygiene (according to Greene & Vermillion's categorization). Relatively healthier levels of oral hygiene were found in the partially blind as compared with the totally blind. Mean OHI-S did not vary with age in either group."}
{"id": "PMID:295721", "title": "Frequency and distribution of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome in a population of 25-year-olds.", "content": "Interviews on the occurrence of Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome were held with a group consisting of 246 individuals 25 years of age. Every fifth interviewee said she/he had experienced clicking/crepitation from the TMJs. Five percent had felt pain when opening the mouth wide and 3% while chewing, yawning or talking. These frequencies of symptoms were much like those found in a probability sample of the total adult population in Norway and a probability sample of elderly Norweigians. In the present study, 28% said they had some or much headache recently. These symptoms varied with background characteristics, especially with sex. There was also a relationship between headache and MPD-symptoms. By combining the effect of the variables sex and headache upon the frequency of reported clicking/crepitation, it was tripled.", "contents": "Frequency and distribution of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome in a population of 25-year-olds. Interviews on the occurrence of Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome were held with a group consisting of 246 individuals 25 years of age. Every fifth interviewee said she/he had experienced clicking/crepitation from the TMJs. Five percent had felt pain when opening the mouth wide and 3% while chewing, yawning or talking. These frequencies of symptoms were much like those found in a probability sample of the total adult population in Norway and a probability sample of elderly Norweigians. In the present study, 28% said they had some or much headache recently. These symptoms varied with background characteristics, especially with sex. There was also a relationship between headache and MPD-symptoms. By combining the effect of the variables sex and headache upon the frequency of reported clicking/crepitation, it was tripled."}
{"id": "PMID:296106", "title": "Intermediate dose methotrexate (IDM) in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).", "content": "We employed three courses of intermediate dose Methotrexate (IDM) added onto a standard induction and maintenance program with the concept of both central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis and simultaneous systemic intensification. Cranial radiation (RT) was not employed as CNS prophylaxis. Fifty of 52 patients (to age 18) achieved complete remission. Time on study now ranges from 22-68 months with a median time of 33 months. We separated the children into standard risk and increased risk. We defined increased risk as a WBC over 30 000/mm3 at presentation and an age of less than two years or greater than 10 years at presentation. There have been 15 relapses on these 50 patients; 11 occurred in increased risk patients (of 22 increased risk patients) and four occurred in standard risk patients (of 28 standard risk patients). There were seven CNS relapses, six systemic relapses, one simultaneous systemic and CNS relapse and one testicular relapse. Toxicity to the IDM was small with the worst problem being mucositis. No leukoencephalopathy occurred. The control of hematological relapse is excellent and the avoidance of potential long-term complications notes is even of greater importance.", "contents": "Intermediate dose methotrexate (IDM) in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). We employed three courses of intermediate dose Methotrexate (IDM) added onto a standard induction and maintenance program with the concept of both central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis and simultaneous systemic intensification. Cranial radiation (RT) was not employed as CNS prophylaxis. Fifty of 52 patients (to age 18) achieved complete remission. Time on study now ranges from 22-68 months with a median time of 33 months. We separated the children into standard risk and increased risk. We defined increased risk as a WBC over 30 000/mm3 at presentation and an age of less than two years or greater than 10 years at presentation. There have been 15 relapses on these 50 patients; 11 occurred in increased risk patients (of 22 increased risk patients) and four occurred in standard risk patients (of 28 standard risk patients). There were seven CNS relapses, six systemic relapses, one simultaneous systemic and CNS relapse and one testicular relapse. Toxicity to the IDM was small with the worst problem being mucositis. No leukoencephalopathy occurred. The control of hematological relapse is excellent and the avoidance of potential long-term complications notes is even of greater importance."}
{"id": "PMID:296111", "title": "Alterations in translational control mechanisms in Friend erythroleukemic cells during DMSO induced differentiation.", "content": "Induction of erythroid differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells causes a reduction in the rate of protein synthesis and a prolonged growth cycle of the cells. A study of the relative translational efficiencies (RTE) of viral mRNAs and selected host cell mRNAs revealed unexpected low RTEs of the mRNA coding for the gp70 protein and RTE of the mRNA coding for the p30 protein. The RTEs of viral and of some host mRNAs show significant changes during differentiation. The rate of synthesis of corresponding proteins are altered non-coordinately, indicating transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA, as well as amplified regulation at the level of translation of mRNA.", "contents": "Alterations in translational control mechanisms in Friend erythroleukemic cells during DMSO induced differentiation. Induction of erythroid differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells causes a reduction in the rate of protein synthesis and a prolonged growth cycle of the cells. A study of the relative translational efficiencies (RTE) of viral mRNAs and selected host cell mRNAs revealed unexpected low RTEs of the mRNA coding for the gp70 protein and RTE of the mRNA coding for the p30 protein. The RTEs of viral and of some host mRNAs show significant changes during differentiation. The rate of synthesis of corresponding proteins are altered non-coordinately, indicating transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA, as well as amplified regulation at the level of translation of mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:296116", "title": "Histopathology of bone marrow in human chronic leukemias.", "content": "Among the patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases including clinical symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia--CML--two varying compartments with substantially differing histology of hemopoiesis were found: one with predominating granulopoiesis for which the usual term of chronic granylocytic leukemia--CGL--seems inadequate. The other with proliferation of granylopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis as a neoplasia with a mixed cellularity is observed to be different in its clinical course: there are often a leukemic or subleukemic cell counts, but mostly considerable increased platelets in the peripheral blood; there is a prolonged period of latency, a higher age group, an infrequent occurrence of blastic crisis and a regular outcome into myelofibrosis. This entity of chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myelosis--CMGM--can be seen very frequently among myeloproliferative diseases. Among a total of 718 core biopsies from the bone marrow the CMGM-patients are up to 29% compared with 21% of the typical one-cell-line disease CGL. The Ph1-chromosome may be presented in the CMGM-entity likewise.", "contents": "Histopathology of bone marrow in human chronic leukemias. Among the patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases including clinical symptoms of chronic myelogenous leukemia--CML--two varying compartments with substantially differing histology of hemopoiesis were found: one with predominating granulopoiesis for which the usual term of chronic granylocytic leukemia--CGL--seems inadequate. The other with proliferation of granylopoiesis and megakaryopoiesis as a neoplasia with a mixed cellularity is observed to be different in its clinical course: there are often a leukemic or subleukemic cell counts, but mostly considerable increased platelets in the peripheral blood; there is a prolonged period of latency, a higher age group, an infrequent occurrence of blastic crisis and a regular outcome into myelofibrosis. This entity of chronic megakaryocytic granulocytic myelosis--CMGM--can be seen very frequently among myeloproliferative diseases. Among a total of 718 core biopsies from the bone marrow the CMGM-patients are up to 29% compared with 21% of the typical one-cell-line disease CGL. The Ph1-chromosome may be presented in the CMGM-entity likewise."}
{"id": "PMID:296141", "title": "Chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans. IARC Monographs, Volumes 1 to 20.", "content": "An international ad hoc Working Group of experts in cancer research met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in January 1979 to evaluate the data on human and experimental animal carcinogenicity for 54 chemicals, groups of chemicals, and industrial processes. Monographs for these chemicals were published in Volumes 1-20 of the IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. On the basis of evidence from human studies, 18 of the 54 chemicals and industrial processes are human carcinogens. A further 18 chemicals are probably carcinogenic for humans, although the data were considered not adequate to establish a causal association. To reflect differing degrees of evidence of carcinogenicity within this group, it was further subdivided; for six chemicals there was a high degree of evidence, and for 12 there was a lower degree. Data on the remaining 18 chemicals were considered insufficient to allow any evaluation of carcinogenicity. The report summarizes the background, purpose, and overall conclusions of the Working Group. The evidence supporting the evaluations is given in the Appendix. This volume includes a cumulative index of chemicals for Volumes 1-20 of the IARC Monographs, as well as an index by possible target organ in humans. A condensed version of this report will appear in the December 1979 issue of Cancer Research.", "contents": "Chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in humans. IARC Monographs, Volumes 1 to 20. An international ad hoc Working Group of experts in cancer research met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in January 1979 to evaluate the data on human and experimental animal carcinogenicity for 54 chemicals, groups of chemicals, and industrial processes. Monographs for these chemicals were published in Volumes 1-20 of the IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. On the basis of evidence from human studies, 18 of the 54 chemicals and industrial processes are human carcinogens. A further 18 chemicals are probably carcinogenic for humans, although the data were considered not adequate to establish a causal association. To reflect differing degrees of evidence of carcinogenicity within this group, it was further subdivided; for six chemicals there was a high degree of evidence, and for 12 there was a lower degree. Data on the remaining 18 chemicals were considered insufficient to allow any evaluation of carcinogenicity. The report summarizes the background, purpose, and overall conclusions of the Working Group. The evidence supporting the evaluations is given in the Appendix. This volume includes a cumulative index of chemicals for Volumes 1-20 of the IARC Monographs, as well as an index by possible target organ in humans. A condensed version of this report will appear in the December 1979 issue of Cancer Research."}
{"id": "PMID:296142", "title": "Sister chromatid exchange in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in bone-marrow cells of 12 untreated patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) was analysed and compared with the SCE frequency in bone-marrow cells of nine healthy persons. In normal persons the SCE ranged from 3.64 to 5.15 per cell. In CML patients the SCE was significantly lower, ranging from 2.32 to 3.44 per cell. The differences found were unrelated to patients' age and contraction state of the chromosomes. It is suggested that the leukemic process could account for the low SCE rate.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchange in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia. The sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in bone-marrow cells of 12 untreated patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) was analysed and compared with the SCE frequency in bone-marrow cells of nine healthy persons. In normal persons the SCE ranged from 3.64 to 5.15 per cell. In CML patients the SCE was significantly lower, ranging from 2.32 to 3.44 per cell. The differences found were unrelated to patients' age and contraction state of the chromosomes. It is suggested that the leukemic process could account for the low SCE rate."}
{"id": "PMID:296143", "title": "14q translocations, having a break point at 14q13, in lymphoid malignancy.", "content": "In three patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas and in one cell line (HPL-Hod) derived from pleural effusion cells of a patient with Hodgkin's disease, rearrangements of the long arm of chromosome No. 14(14q) were observed. These rearrangements appeared to be consistently associated with a 14q translocation, suggestive of occurrence of a break at 14q13. The translocation in an individual case could occur with 1p, 2q, 4q, and another 14q. A 14q13 translocation may be comparable with a 14q32 translocation, which has often been observed in various types of lymphoid malignancy.", "contents": "14q translocations, having a break point at 14q13, in lymphoid malignancy. In three patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas and in one cell line (HPL-Hod) derived from pleural effusion cells of a patient with Hodgkin's disease, rearrangements of the long arm of chromosome No. 14(14q) were observed. These rearrangements appeared to be consistently associated with a 14q translocation, suggestive of occurrence of a break at 14q13. The translocation in an individual case could occur with 1p, 2q, 4q, and another 14q. A 14q13 translocation may be comparable with a 14q32 translocation, which has often been observed in various types of lymphoid malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:296376", "title": "[Bone marrow lymphoid follicles in myelofibrosis compared with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The trephine bone marrow biopsies of 51 patients with myeloproliferative syndromes were revised searching for lymphoid follicles and lymphoplasmocytosis: 18 of these had idiopathic myelofibrosis and 33 chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Six of the 18 biopsies on patients with myelofibrosis showed lymphoid follicles but only one of the 33 with chronic meylogenous leukaemia did (P = 0.01, Fisher exact test). In addition, four of the six myelofibrosis having follicles had two or more of them. When the pathological pattern of myelofibrosis was considered according to the Lennert and al. classification we found significantly more follicles in the cellular phase of the disease than in the advanced phases (P = 00.4, Fisher exact test). These findings can be considered as a morphological argument supporting the idea of an immunological mechanism in the development of myelofibrosis.", "contents": "[Bone marrow lymphoid follicles in myelofibrosis compared with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (author's transl)]. The trephine bone marrow biopsies of 51 patients with myeloproliferative syndromes were revised searching for lymphoid follicles and lymphoplasmocytosis: 18 of these had idiopathic myelofibrosis and 33 chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Six of the 18 biopsies on patients with myelofibrosis showed lymphoid follicles but only one of the 33 with chronic meylogenous leukaemia did (P = 0.01, Fisher exact test). In addition, four of the six myelofibrosis having follicles had two or more of them. When the pathological pattern of myelofibrosis was considered according to the Lennert and al. classification we found significantly more follicles in the cellular phase of the disease than in the advanced phases (P = 00.4, Fisher exact test). These findings can be considered as a morphological argument supporting the idea of an immunological mechanism in the development of myelofibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:296394", "title": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. I. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "Tiodonium chloride was evaluated for its efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. Depending upon the concentration used, it was found to have either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic activity against S mutans and ti inhibit the accumulation of plaque formed in vitro by this organism. When applied as a mouthrinse in hamsters infected with S mutans, tiodonium chloride significantly reduced the accumulation of dental plaque. Chlorhexidine gluconate was tested as a positive control in the in vivo experiment.", "contents": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. I. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies. Tiodonium chloride was evaluated for its efficacy against Streptococcus mutans. Depending upon the concentration used, it was found to have either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic activity against S mutans and ti inhibit the accumulation of plaque formed in vitro by this organism. When applied as a mouthrinse in hamsters infected with S mutans, tiodonium chloride significantly reduced the accumulation of dental plaque. Chlorhexidine gluconate was tested as a positive control in the in vivo experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:296395", "title": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. II. In vitro antimicrobial activity and in vivo anticaries activity in animals.", "content": "The efficacy of tiodonium chloride as an antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticaries agent was examined. It proved to be an effective antibacterial agent and reduced in vitro plaque formation at concentrations below its bacteriostatic level. It reduced caries in rats when used in the food at 600 microgram/gm but was not effective as a mouthrinse at up to 0.3%.", "contents": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. II. In vitro antimicrobial activity and in vivo anticaries activity in animals. The efficacy of tiodonium chloride as an antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticaries agent was examined. It proved to be an effective antibacterial agent and reduced in vitro plaque formation at concentrations below its bacteriostatic level. It reduced caries in rats when used in the food at 600 microgram/gm but was not effective as a mouthrinse at up to 0.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:296396", "title": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. III. Evaluation of the antiplaque potential of tiodonium chloride utilizing a rat model.", "content": "Tiodonium chloride (4-chlorophenyl-2-thienyliodonium chloride), when used in a twice daily mouthrinse at a concentration of 0.3% for either one or four weeks, inhibited dental plaque formation in rats that had been inoculated with Streptococcus mutans 6715-15 and Actinomyces viscosus T-6. Mouthrinses containing 0.1 and 0.2% tiodonium chloride were also effective in inhibiting plaque, but not as consistently as the 0.3% level.", "contents": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. III. Evaluation of the antiplaque potential of tiodonium chloride utilizing a rat model. Tiodonium chloride (4-chlorophenyl-2-thienyliodonium chloride), when used in a twice daily mouthrinse at a concentration of 0.3% for either one or four weeks, inhibited dental plaque formation in rats that had been inoculated with Streptococcus mutans 6715-15 and Actinomyces viscosus T-6. Mouthrinses containing 0.1 and 0.2% tiodonium chloride were also effective in inhibiting plaque, but not as consistently as the 0.3% level."}
{"id": "PMID:296397", "title": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. IV. Effectiveness on plaque and gingivitis in a short-term clinical study.", "content": "The purpose of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of 0.3% tiodonium chloride mouthrinse on various plaque and gingivitis indices. Fifty-five subjects were randomly assigned to the tiodonium chloride or placebo mouthrinses. After a prophylaxis on day 1 of the study, the subjects suspended all oral hygiene except for the daily supervised mouthrinsing. Plaque was monitored by thickness, area, and dry weight. All mean plaque scores were significantly lower in the tiodonium chloride group than in the placebo group (P less than 0.01). Gingivitis was assessed by a clinical gingivitis index and by measuring the amount of crevicular fluid. Mean clinical gingivitis scores (GI) did not differ significantly between the two groups; however the mean gingival fluid score was significantly lower in the tiodonium chloride group than in the placebo group (P less than 0.05). No side effects were reported or observed during the study.", "contents": "The evaluation of tiodonium chloride as an antiplaque and anticaries agent. IV. Effectiveness on plaque and gingivitis in a short-term clinical study. The purpose of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effectiveness of 0.3% tiodonium chloride mouthrinse on various plaque and gingivitis indices. Fifty-five subjects were randomly assigned to the tiodonium chloride or placebo mouthrinses. After a prophylaxis on day 1 of the study, the subjects suspended all oral hygiene except for the daily supervised mouthrinsing. Plaque was monitored by thickness, area, and dry weight. All mean plaque scores were significantly lower in the tiodonium chloride group than in the placebo group (P less than 0.01). Gingivitis was assessed by a clinical gingivitis index and by measuring the amount of crevicular fluid. Mean clinical gingivitis scores (GI) did not differ significantly between the two groups; however the mean gingival fluid score was significantly lower in the tiodonium chloride group than in the placebo group (P less than 0.05). No side effects were reported or observed during the study."}
{"id": "PMID:296564", "title": "Surface ultrastructure of some oral bacteria.", "content": "Adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and an Actinomyces sp. to enamel and epon and their interspecies cohesion was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. For adhesion studies enamel or epon was coated with salivary macromolecules and then cells of S. sanguis and in some experiments also with F. nucleatum or Actinomyces sp. Cells of S. sanguis were seen scattered over the surface of a thin \"pellicle\" that was heavily stained, and F. nucleatum and Actinomyces sp. adhered to S. sanguis or directly to the \"pellicle\". For studies of cohesion S. sanguis was brought to cohere with F. nucleatum or Actinomyces sp. and then processed for transmission electron microscopy. The morphology of the cell surface structures involved was studied in negatively stained preparations or in thin sections of material treated with ruthenium red or poststained with uranyl and lead salts, phosphotungstic acid or periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide. S. sanguis demonstrated a fuzzy coat of fimbriae that seemed to unfold in areas of contact with other cells, while cells of F. nucleatum had 6-10 polar pilus-like fimbriae, which appeared to be instrumental in cohesion, as did a dense coat of long, slender fimbriae that covered cells of Actinomyces sp.", "contents": "Surface ultrastructure of some oral bacteria. Adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and an Actinomyces sp. to enamel and epon and their interspecies cohesion was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. For adhesion studies enamel or epon was coated with salivary macromolecules and then cells of S. sanguis and in some experiments also with F. nucleatum or Actinomyces sp. Cells of S. sanguis were seen scattered over the surface of a thin \"pellicle\" that was heavily stained, and F. nucleatum and Actinomyces sp. adhered to S. sanguis or directly to the \"pellicle\". For studies of cohesion S. sanguis was brought to cohere with F. nucleatum or Actinomyces sp. and then processed for transmission electron microscopy. The morphology of the cell surface structures involved was studied in negatively stained preparations or in thin sections of material treated with ruthenium red or poststained with uranyl and lead salts, phosphotungstic acid or periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide. S. sanguis demonstrated a fuzzy coat of fimbriae that seemed to unfold in areas of contact with other cells, while cells of F. nucleatum had 6-10 polar pilus-like fimbriae, which appeared to be instrumental in cohesion, as did a dense coat of long, slender fimbriae that covered cells of Actinomyces sp."}
{"id": "PMID:296565", "title": "Access to interproximal tooth surfaces by different bristle designs and stiffnesses of toothbrushes.", "content": "An in vitro model for the purpose of testing the access to interproximal tooth surfaces by toothbrushes is described. The model was used to compare the access of different bristle designs and stiffnesses. Two standardized brushing techniques were used: a horizontal and a vertical one. The test method discriminated significantly between different bristle designs and stiffnesses. With regard to interproximal access the V-shaped bristles were superior to the straight multitufted ones and soft bristles were better than medium and stiff ones. This study also indicated that the interproximal access increased with increasing pressure within the pressure range chosen. Of the two techniques used in this study the vertical one was superior to the horizontal. The results indicated that some current opinions with regard to mechanical cleaning should be re-evaluated and clinical testing methods be further developed to enable corresponding in vivo testing.", "contents": "Access to interproximal tooth surfaces by different bristle designs and stiffnesses of toothbrushes. An in vitro model for the purpose of testing the access to interproximal tooth surfaces by toothbrushes is described. The model was used to compare the access of different bristle designs and stiffnesses. Two standardized brushing techniques were used: a horizontal and a vertical one. The test method discriminated significantly between different bristle designs and stiffnesses. With regard to interproximal access the V-shaped bristles were superior to the straight multitufted ones and soft bristles were better than medium and stiff ones. This study also indicated that the interproximal access increased with increasing pressure within the pressure range chosen. Of the two techniques used in this study the vertical one was superior to the horizontal. The results indicated that some current opinions with regard to mechanical cleaning should be re-evaluated and clinical testing methods be further developed to enable corresponding in vivo testing."}
{"id": "PMID:296566", "title": "Aberrant blastogenic response to LPS in experimental gingivitis of elderly subjects.", "content": "The blastogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS/PHA mixtures was followed over a short course of experimental gingivitis in elderly subjects (65-81 years) who strictly avoided oral hygiene procedures for periods up to 9 d. The leukocytes responded poorly to LPS, PHA and to LPS/PHA combinations. The concomitant heightened sensitivity of the gingiva to dental plaque among the elderly subjects may relate to the altered leukocyte response in this age group.", "contents": "Aberrant blastogenic response to LPS in experimental gingivitis of elderly subjects. The blastogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS/PHA mixtures was followed over a short course of experimental gingivitis in elderly subjects (65-81 years) who strictly avoided oral hygiene procedures for periods up to 9 d. The leukocytes responded poorly to LPS, PHA and to LPS/PHA combinations. The concomitant heightened sensitivity of the gingiva to dental plaque among the elderly subjects may relate to the altered leukocyte response in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:296567", "title": "Location and variation in number of taste buds in human fungiform papillae.", "content": "Serial sections of 182 fungiform papillae, obtained at autopsy from 22 individuals aged 2 days to 90 years, were examined by light microscopy with regard to location and number of taste buds. The taste buds were always found on the convex, dorsal surface of the papillae but otherwise failed to display any preferential location pattern. A total of 262 taste buds, an average of 1.4 per papilla, were found. However, there was considerable variation in the occurrence of taste buds, both from papilla to papilla and from case to case. While the number of taste buds in a single papilla varied from 0 to 27, 63% of the papillae had no taste buds at all, 26% had 1-3 buds and the remainder 4 or more buds. The mean number of taste buds per papilla varied from 0 to 9 between individuals; no dependence upon sex or age could be demonstrated for this variation. The significance of these anatomical findings with regard to physiological studies on taste involving the fungiform papillae is discussed.", "contents": "Location and variation in number of taste buds in human fungiform papillae. Serial sections of 182 fungiform papillae, obtained at autopsy from 22 individuals aged 2 days to 90 years, were examined by light microscopy with regard to location and number of taste buds. The taste buds were always found on the convex, dorsal surface of the papillae but otherwise failed to display any preferential location pattern. A total of 262 taste buds, an average of 1.4 per papilla, were found. However, there was considerable variation in the occurrence of taste buds, both from papilla to papilla and from case to case. While the number of taste buds in a single papilla varied from 0 to 27, 63% of the papillae had no taste buds at all, 26% had 1-3 buds and the remainder 4 or more buds. The mean number of taste buds per papilla varied from 0 to 9 between individuals; no dependence upon sex or age could be demonstrated for this variation. The significance of these anatomical findings with regard to physiological studies on taste involving the fungiform papillae is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:296568", "title": "Autoradiographic study of distribution patterns of metals which occur as corrosion products from dental restorations.", "content": "Radioactive chromium, cobalt, gold and mercury, all of which may occur as corrosion products from dental restorations, were injected in single doses via the tail vein of mice and an in vivo analysis of their distribution was performed using whole-body autoradiography. Gold seemed to be inert and went mainly to the liver and bones. The other elements studied were distributed widely in the body and remained for a long period of time in specific target organs and tissues.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of distribution patterns of metals which occur as corrosion products from dental restorations. Radioactive chromium, cobalt, gold and mercury, all of which may occur as corrosion products from dental restorations, were injected in single doses via the tail vein of mice and an in vivo analysis of their distribution was performed using whole-body autoradiography. Gold seemed to be inert and went mainly to the liver and bones. The other elements studied were distributed widely in the body and remained for a long period of time in specific target organs and tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:296569", "title": "Levels of mercury and silver in dust from the trimming of amalgam dies.", "content": "The levels of mercury and silver in dust arising from the trimming, i.e. grinding, of amalgam dies in dental laboratories have been measured. In breathing air close to the workpiece, the mercury and silver contents exceeded the threshold limit values for short-term exposure by factors of aboit 60 and 400 in cases when local ventilation was not in use. With efficient local exhaust systems enabling a dust reduction of about 94%, the short-term exposure limit values for mercury and silver were exceeded by factors of about 4 and 20 respectively. Mercury and silver were assayed quantitatively by means of nuclear chemical analysis. A major part of the amalgam dust consisted of respirable particles. The collected dust comprised about 80% amalgam and 20% particulate matter from grinding wheels and stones according to SEM and EDAX measurements.", "contents": "Levels of mercury and silver in dust from the trimming of amalgam dies. The levels of mercury and silver in dust arising from the trimming, i.e. grinding, of amalgam dies in dental laboratories have been measured. In breathing air close to the workpiece, the mercury and silver contents exceeded the threshold limit values for short-term exposure by factors of aboit 60 and 400 in cases when local ventilation was not in use. With efficient local exhaust systems enabling a dust reduction of about 94%, the short-term exposure limit values for mercury and silver were exceeded by factors of about 4 and 20 respectively. Mercury and silver were assayed quantitatively by means of nuclear chemical analysis. A major part of the amalgam dust consisted of respirable particles. The collected dust comprised about 80% amalgam and 20% particulate matter from grinding wheels and stones according to SEM and EDAX measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:296570", "title": "Toxic elements in silicate cements.", "content": "Six brands of silicate cements have been characterized by means of optical emission spectrography with respect to the contents of elements in minor or trace quantities in a search for presence of possible toxic elements. Beryllium was observed in two powders at levels of 1.3 and 1.6% Cadmium was found in two powders at levels of 0.02 and 0.03%. Lead was measured in three powders at levels of 0.001-0.003%. Bismuth, boron, copper, gallium, iron, manganese, titanium, tin and zirconium were found in various brands in either powder or liquid at levels of 0.001-0.1%. Upper limits of the amounts of the various elements that might be transferred to the gastrointestinal tract after dissolution of the cement matrix in the oral cavity have been calculated.", "contents": "Toxic elements in silicate cements. Six brands of silicate cements have been characterized by means of optical emission spectrography with respect to the contents of elements in minor or trace quantities in a search for presence of possible toxic elements. Beryllium was observed in two powders at levels of 1.3 and 1.6% Cadmium was found in two powders at levels of 0.02 and 0.03%. Lead was measured in three powders at levels of 0.001-0.003%. Bismuth, boron, copper, gallium, iron, manganese, titanium, tin and zirconium were found in various brands in either powder or liquid at levels of 0.001-0.1%. Upper limits of the amounts of the various elements that might be transferred to the gastrointestinal tract after dissolution of the cement matrix in the oral cavity have been calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:296585", "title": "Mouse teratocarcinoma mutant clones deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and developmentally pluripotent.", "content": "Mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells deficient in activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC 2.4.2.7) were obtained in order to have this marker in developmentally versatile cells. Mutagenized stem-cell cultures were selected for resistance to 8-azaadenine and four clonal cell lines were isolated. Three had severe deficiencies of APRT activity (7% or less of wild type) and one had a moderate reduction (73%). The enzyme in the latter clone was found to be an electrophoretic variant with slightly less anodal migration than the wild-type enzyme. Each clone remained stably APRT-deficient for at least 3 1/2 weeks, after subcutaneous inoculation, in the absence of the selective agent. The tumors formed from the inocula comprised a variety of differentiated tissues and thus showed persistence of stem-cell developmental pluripotency despite mutagenesis and selection. All mutants also retained the quasinormal karyotype (X/O sex chromosomal constitution, trisomy-19) of the parent line. These lines are appropriate for such uses as production (by blastocyst injection) of mouse models of the human genetic deficiency and for foreign-gene transfer, via teratocarcinoma cells, into mice.", "contents": "Mouse teratocarcinoma mutant clones deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and developmentally pluripotent. Mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells deficient in activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC 2.4.2.7) were obtained in order to have this marker in developmentally versatile cells. Mutagenized stem-cell cultures were selected for resistance to 8-azaadenine and four clonal cell lines were isolated. Three had severe deficiencies of APRT activity (7% or less of wild type) and one had a moderate reduction (73%). The enzyme in the latter clone was found to be an electrophoretic variant with slightly less anodal migration than the wild-type enzyme. Each clone remained stably APRT-deficient for at least 3 1/2 weeks, after subcutaneous inoculation, in the absence of the selective agent. The tumors formed from the inocula comprised a variety of differentiated tissues and thus showed persistence of stem-cell developmental pluripotency despite mutagenesis and selection. All mutants also retained the quasinormal karyotype (X/O sex chromosomal constitution, trisomy-19) of the parent line. These lines are appropriate for such uses as production (by blastocyst injection) of mouse models of the human genetic deficiency and for foreign-gene transfer, via teratocarcinoma cells, into mice."}
{"id": "PMID:296586", "title": "Cytoplasmic genetics of mammalian cells: conditional sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibitors and isolation of new mutant phenotypes.", "content": "We report here that glucose, as a carbon source, and pyruvate are required for the phenotypic expression of cytoplasmically transmitted chloramphenicol-resistance (CAP-R) mutations, recovery of CAP-R mutants, and continuous growth in the presence of oligomycin or antimycin. We assume that glucose supplies additional energy when mitochondrial respiration is diminished and that pyruvate provides intermediates when the Krebs cycle is inhibited. Thus, the requirement for pyruvate is fully satisfied by an exogenous source of purines, and partially by alpha-ketoglutarate or a pyrimidine source. Based upon these findings, we have obtained two types of mutations affecting mitochondrial function--oligomycin resistance and pyruvate-independent expression of chloramphenicol resistance. Both are cytoplasmically transmitted and provide new markers for a genetic analysis of mitochondrial biogenesis.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic genetics of mammalian cells: conditional sensitivity to mitochondrial inhibitors and isolation of new mutant phenotypes. We report here that glucose, as a carbon source, and pyruvate are required for the phenotypic expression of cytoplasmically transmitted chloramphenicol-resistance (CAP-R) mutations, recovery of CAP-R mutants, and continuous growth in the presence of oligomycin or antimycin. We assume that glucose supplies additional energy when mitochondrial respiration is diminished and that pyruvate provides intermediates when the Krebs cycle is inhibited. Thus, the requirement for pyruvate is fully satisfied by an exogenous source of purines, and partially by alpha-ketoglutarate or a pyrimidine source. Based upon these findings, we have obtained two types of mutations affecting mitochondrial function--oligomycin resistance and pyruvate-independent expression of chloramphenicol resistance. Both are cytoplasmically transmitted and provide new markers for a genetic analysis of mitochondrial biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:296587", "title": "Some thoughts about genetics, differentiation, and malignancy.", "content": "This article deals with three related questions: (1) whether malignancy is determined by genetic or epigenetic mechanisms; (2) whether epigenetic mechanisms, as conventionally defined, actually exist; (3) what criteria are appropriate for defining dominance or recessiveness of the malignant state in cell fusion experiments.", "contents": "Some thoughts about genetics, differentiation, and malignancy. This article deals with three related questions: (1) whether malignancy is determined by genetic or epigenetic mechanisms; (2) whether epigenetic mechanisms, as conventionally defined, actually exist; (3) what criteria are appropriate for defining dominance or recessiveness of the malignant state in cell fusion experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:296588", "title": "Activation of normal genes in malignant cells: activation of chemotaxis in relation to other stages of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Genetically differerent clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been used to study the activation of normal genes in these malignant cells by the normal physiological inducer of myeloid cell differentiation, the protein MGI. In appropriate clones, MGI induced the normal differentiation-associated property of chemotaxis to a variety of compounds including the steroid hormone dexamethasone. The induced cells could also distinguish among different steroids by chemotaxis, suggesting that there are specific membrane interaction sites for steroids. The sequence of differentiation in these cells was the formation of C3 and Fc rosettes leads to phagocytosis of these rosettes and chemotaxis leads to synthesis and secretion of lysozyme leads to mature macrophages or granulocytes. The use of appropriate mutants and the comparison of induction by MGI and dexamethasone has shown that chemotaxis to casein can be dissociated from: chemotaxis to dexamethasone, ATP, and bacterial factor; formation of C3 or Fc rosettes; phagocytosis of these rosettes; synthesis of lysozyme; and the formation of mature cells. It is suggested from this dissection of normal differentiation that there are different membrane changes for specific chemotaxis, formation of these rosettes, and their phagocytosis, and that induction of each of these properties requires activation of different genes.", "contents": "Activation of normal genes in malignant cells: activation of chemotaxis in relation to other stages of normal differentiation in myeloid leukemia. Genetically differerent clones of myeloid leukemic cells have been used to study the activation of normal genes in these malignant cells by the normal physiological inducer of myeloid cell differentiation, the protein MGI. In appropriate clones, MGI induced the normal differentiation-associated property of chemotaxis to a variety of compounds including the steroid hormone dexamethasone. The induced cells could also distinguish among different steroids by chemotaxis, suggesting that there are specific membrane interaction sites for steroids. The sequence of differentiation in these cells was the formation of C3 and Fc rosettes leads to phagocytosis of these rosettes and chemotaxis leads to synthesis and secretion of lysozyme leads to mature macrophages or granulocytes. The use of appropriate mutants and the comparison of induction by MGI and dexamethasone has shown that chemotaxis to casein can be dissociated from: chemotaxis to dexamethasone, ATP, and bacterial factor; formation of C3 or Fc rosettes; phagocytosis of these rosettes; synthesis of lysozyme; and the formation of mature cells. It is suggested from this dissection of normal differentiation that there are different membrane changes for specific chemotaxis, formation of these rosettes, and their phagocytosis, and that induction of each of these properties requires activation of different genes."}
{"id": "PMID:296644", "title": "Is Weinberg's differential rule valid?", "content": "Weinberg's differential method, whereby the frequency of dizygotic twins in a population is obtained by doubling the number of opposite-sexed pairs, might not be valid. Data are presented indicating a higher frequency of same-sexed than opposite-sexed pairs among samples of dizygotic twins ascertained at birth, thus favoring the hypothesis that, contrary to the method's fundamental assumption, the sexes of the two twin zygotes be not independent.", "contents": "Is Weinberg's differential rule valid? Weinberg's differential method, whereby the frequency of dizygotic twins in a population is obtained by doubling the number of opposite-sexed pairs, might not be valid. Data are presented indicating a higher frequency of same-sexed than opposite-sexed pairs among samples of dizygotic twins ascertained at birth, thus favoring the hypothesis that, contrary to the method's fundamental assumption, the sexes of the two twin zygotes be not independent."}
{"id": "PMID:296645", "title": "The first five years of the Budapest twin register, 1970-1974.", "content": "The Budapest Twin Register recorded 88.6% of the 1739 multiple births that occurred between 1970 and 1974. Of these, 31.2% were male-female pairs. Based on the examination of the placenta (19.8% monochorial) and of genetic makrers, 406 pairs proved to be monozygotic and 645 dizygotic. Sex ratio of twins at birth showed a female preponderance (1000 F: 1009 M) in comparison to singletons (1000 F: 1071 M). Average birthweight of the twins was 2101 g. The frequency of stillbirths was about four times higher in twins than in singletons, twice as high in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, and 2.4 times higher among second than first-born twins.", "contents": "The first five years of the Budapest twin register, 1970-1974. The Budapest Twin Register recorded 88.6% of the 1739 multiple births that occurred between 1970 and 1974. Of these, 31.2% were male-female pairs. Based on the examination of the placenta (19.8% monochorial) and of genetic makrers, 406 pairs proved to be monozygotic and 645 dizygotic. Sex ratio of twins at birth showed a female preponderance (1000 F: 1009 M) in comparison to singletons (1000 F: 1071 M). Average birthweight of the twins was 2101 g. The frequency of stillbirths was about four times higher in twins than in singletons, twice as high in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, and 2.4 times higher among second than first-born twins."}
{"id": "PMID:296647", "title": "Artificial ventilation in children during anaesthesia using a tidal volume ventilator.", "content": "Standards for artificial pulmonary ventilation at ventilatory frequencies of 15 and 20 cycles per min, (PETCO2 4 +/- 0.5 kPa), were defined in 16 children with healthy lungs and body weights between 2.6 and 22.6 kg. A tidal volume ventilator and balanced anaesthesia were used during abdominal surgery. At f = 20 cycles/min an approximately direct proportionality existed between tidal volume and body weight (VTpat = 12.3 . kg b.w.--2.1, r = 0.99). The mean value VTpat per kg b.w. was 12.1 +/- 1.4 ml/kg. At f = 15 cycles/min, a linear relationship between tidal volume and kg b.w. was recorded (VTpat = 14.6 . kg b.w. + 16, r = 0.97). The mean value VTpat per kg b.w. was 15.9 +/- 1.5 ml/kg. A significant decrease in total compliance was recorded during the initial part of the surgical procedure. A rectilinear relationship existed between total compliance and kg b.w. (CTOT = 11.2 . kg b.w.--12.5, r = 0.95). The mean value CTOT per kg b.w. was 9.7 +/- 0.54 ml/kPa/kg at f = 20. The endotracheal peak pressure maintained a fairly constant pressure level independent of the initial pressure within the ventilator, the tidal volume and the body weight, a phenomenon explained by the hypothesis that the proportional increase in total lung volume and functional residual capacity in the older children compensated for the higher pressures.", "contents": "Artificial ventilation in children during anaesthesia using a tidal volume ventilator. Standards for artificial pulmonary ventilation at ventilatory frequencies of 15 and 20 cycles per min, (PETCO2 4 +/- 0.5 kPa), were defined in 16 children with healthy lungs and body weights between 2.6 and 22.6 kg. A tidal volume ventilator and balanced anaesthesia were used during abdominal surgery. At f = 20 cycles/min an approximately direct proportionality existed between tidal volume and body weight (VTpat = 12.3 . kg b.w.--2.1, r = 0.99). The mean value VTpat per kg b.w. was 12.1 +/- 1.4 ml/kg. At f = 15 cycles/min, a linear relationship between tidal volume and kg b.w. was recorded (VTpat = 14.6 . kg b.w. + 16, r = 0.97). The mean value VTpat per kg b.w. was 15.9 +/- 1.5 ml/kg. A significant decrease in total compliance was recorded during the initial part of the surgical procedure. A rectilinear relationship existed between total compliance and kg b.w. (CTOT = 11.2 . kg b.w.--12.5, r = 0.95). The mean value CTOT per kg b.w. was 9.7 +/- 0.54 ml/kPa/kg at f = 20. The endotracheal peak pressure maintained a fairly constant pressure level independent of the initial pressure within the ventilator, the tidal volume and the body weight, a phenomenon explained by the hypothesis that the proportional increase in total lung volume and functional residual capacity in the older children compensated for the higher pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:296652", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for non-hematopoietic cancers: report of 19 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Nineteen patients are reported who developed acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for a variety of solid tumors, including seminoma (four cases), melanoma (one case), and cancer of the ovary (six cases), colon or rectum (three cases), bladder (two cases), cervix, endometrium, and larynx (one case each). There were nine men and ten women, with a median age of 49.8 years (range 29 to 75). The mean interval between the diagnosis of solid tumors and acute leukemia is 5.8 years. In two patients the two diseases occurred simultaneously or within six months of each other. One patient was treated only surgically. Eight patients were treated with radiotherapy, five with chemotherapy, and five received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pancytopenia was commonly noted prior to the onset of leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities observed in four cases in which a karyotype was performed. Three patients achieved complete hematological remission following antileukemic therapy. One hundred and six additional patients with non-hematopoietic neoplasms and acute leukemia are reviewed. Although acute leukemia may occur in a higher than expected frequency in patients with solid tumors because of a possible increased risk of a second neoplasm, it seems more likely that the acute leukemia is related to the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administered to treat the first neoplasm.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for non-hematopoietic cancers: report of 19 cases and review of the literature. Nineteen patients are reported who developed acute myeloblastic leukemia following treatment for a variety of solid tumors, including seminoma (four cases), melanoma (one case), and cancer of the ovary (six cases), colon or rectum (three cases), bladder (two cases), cervix, endometrium, and larynx (one case each). There were nine men and ten women, with a median age of 49.8 years (range 29 to 75). The mean interval between the diagnosis of solid tumors and acute leukemia is 5.8 years. In two patients the two diseases occurred simultaneously or within six months of each other. One patient was treated only surgically. Eight patients were treated with radiotherapy, five with chemotherapy, and five received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pancytopenia was commonly noted prior to the onset of leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities observed in four cases in which a karyotype was performed. Three patients achieved complete hematological remission following antileukemic therapy. One hundred and six additional patients with non-hematopoietic neoplasms and acute leukemia are reviewed. Although acute leukemia may occur in a higher than expected frequency in patients with solid tumors because of a possible increased risk of a second neoplasm, it seems more likely that the acute leukemia is related to the radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy administered to treat the first neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:296653", "title": "Ocular complications following blast transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A number of ocular problems compromising vision occurred in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia following blastic transformation. Hemorrhagic retinopathy developed with systemic relapse and resolved with control of systemic disease. Optic nerve involvement occurred with meningeal leukemia and was controlled with intrathecal cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate. Leukemic retinal infiltrates developed despite control of systemic and meningeal disease and were successfully treated with radiation therapy. Finally, bilateral vitreous hemorrhages occurred, severely impairing vision. Leukemic infiltration of the eye may occur with increasing frequency in CML as the survival following bastic transformation improves. Infiltration should be recognized and treated promptly if serious loss of vision is to be avoided. Central nervous system prophylaxis should be considered in patients achieving a complete response following therapy for transformation.", "contents": "Ocular complications following blast transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia. A number of ocular problems compromising vision occurred in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia following blastic transformation. Hemorrhagic retinopathy developed with systemic relapse and resolved with control of systemic disease. Optic nerve involvement occurred with meningeal leukemia and was controlled with intrathecal cytosine arabinoside and methotrexate. Leukemic retinal infiltrates developed despite control of systemic and meningeal disease and were successfully treated with radiation therapy. Finally, bilateral vitreous hemorrhages occurred, severely impairing vision. Leukemic infiltration of the eye may occur with increasing frequency in CML as the survival following bastic transformation improves. Infiltration should be recognized and treated promptly if serious loss of vision is to be avoided. Central nervous system prophylaxis should be considered in patients achieving a complete response following therapy for transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:296654", "title": "Humoral regulation of malignant erythropoiesis.", "content": "A 4-year-old girl with acute DiGuglielmo's syndrome exhibited an unusually malignant erythropoietic proliferation as evidenced by an extremely high number of actively dividing nucleated erythroid cells in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. The ransfusion of erythrocytes to the patient resulted in a marked decrease in the size of the liver, spleen, and the number of nucleated erythroid cells. These clinical and hematological events were associated with a reduction in the activity of plasma erythropoietin. The above findings suggested that the neoplastic nature of the erythroid elements and their lack of autonomy are not mutually exclusive.", "contents": "Humoral regulation of malignant erythropoiesis. A 4-year-old girl with acute DiGuglielmo's syndrome exhibited an unusually malignant erythropoietic proliferation as evidenced by an extremely high number of actively dividing nucleated erythroid cells in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. The ransfusion of erythrocytes to the patient resulted in a marked decrease in the size of the liver, spleen, and the number of nucleated erythroid cells. These clinical and hematological events were associated with a reduction in the activity of plasma erythropoietin. The above findings suggested that the neoplastic nature of the erythroid elements and their lack of autonomy are not mutually exclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:296655", "title": "Infantile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 16-year-old boy.", "content": "Three varieties of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occur in childhood familial, infantile, and adult (or \"\"juvenile'') types, each with distinct clinical and laboratory features. We report an unuusual case of CML with the characteristic features of the infantile type in a 16-year-old boy.", "contents": "Infantile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 16-year-old boy. Three varieties of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occur in childhood familial, infantile, and adult (or \"\"juvenile'') types, each with distinct clinical and laboratory features. We report an unuusual case of CML with the characteristic features of the infantile type in a 16-year-old boy."}
{"id": "PMID:296670", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the testicular cycle of a fresh water teleost Channa gachua (Hamilton).", "content": "The male reproductive cycle of Channa gachua from fresh water tanks around Dharwad (North 15 degrees 27' latitude, East 75 degrees 01' longitude) is investigated by a) recording the gonosomatic index, every month, over a period 2 consecutive years and b) studying the histological structure of the testis during this period. Based on this study, the fish is suggested to breed twice in a year. The 1st breeding phase coincides with the South-West monsoons and the 2nd with the convectional rains in the month of March. Though C. gachua shows 2 breeding periods, the spermatogenic activity is a continuous process in this fish. The presence of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSDH) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) is demonstrated in the interstitial tissue which indicates its steroidogenic potential.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the testicular cycle of a fresh water teleost Channa gachua (Hamilton). The male reproductive cycle of Channa gachua from fresh water tanks around Dharwad (North 15 degrees 27' latitude, East 75 degrees 01' longitude) is investigated by a) recording the gonosomatic index, every month, over a period 2 consecutive years and b) studying the histological structure of the testis during this period. Based on this study, the fish is suggested to breed twice in a year. The 1st breeding phase coincides with the South-West monsoons and the 2nd with the convectional rains in the month of March. Though C. gachua shows 2 breeding periods, the spermatogenic activity is a continuous process in this fish. The presence of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSDH) and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) is demonstrated in the interstitial tissue which indicates its steroidogenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:296694", "title": "Sedation for dental treatment of infants. I. Physiology and pharmacology.", "content": "The principal functions of the central nervous system, the pharmacology, and the effect on the central nervous system, of a number of drugs used for a sedation technique for young children are described. This information is presented as a foundation for the application of clinical procedures.", "contents": "Sedation for dental treatment of infants. I. Physiology and pharmacology. The principal functions of the central nervous system, the pharmacology, and the effect on the central nervous system, of a number of drugs used for a sedation technique for young children are described. This information is presented as a foundation for the application of clinical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:296695", "title": "Oroantral fistula: broad-contact closure.", "content": "1. A modified Rehrmann's buccal advancement flap technique is described for the treatment of medium-sized oroantral fistulae. 2. Its advantages are listed. 3. Disadvantages are: a slightly longer operating time, and because of the longer movement of the buccal flap the buccal sulcus temporarily is shallower than the traditional buccal flap technique. 4. The buccal sulcus however, is reconstituted after a period of two months.", "contents": "Oroantral fistula: broad-contact closure. 1. A modified Rehrmann's buccal advancement flap technique is described for the treatment of medium-sized oroantral fistulae. 2. Its advantages are listed. 3. Disadvantages are: a slightly longer operating time, and because of the longer movement of the buccal flap the buccal sulcus temporarily is shallower than the traditional buccal flap technique. 4. The buccal sulcus however, is reconstituted after a period of two months."}
{"id": "PMID:296696", "title": "Susceptibility to dental caries.", "content": "The role of the pulp and saliva in caries susceptibility and resistance was evaluated by a combination of endodontic treatment and desalivation. Evidence was presented that the pulp plays a major role in caries susceptibility. Pulpal activity is modified by a hormonal factor or factors of salivary gland origin. Saliva appears to play a minor role in resistance to caries.", "contents": "Susceptibility to dental caries. The role of the pulp and saliva in caries susceptibility and resistance was evaluated by a combination of endodontic treatment and desalivation. Evidence was presented that the pulp plays a major role in caries susceptibility. Pulpal activity is modified by a hormonal factor or factors of salivary gland origin. Saliva appears to play a minor role in resistance to caries."}
{"id": "PMID:296697", "title": "Dental plaque ecology related to caries and periodontal diseases.", "content": "Dental plaque consists of a dynamic microbiota which responds to ecological changes. There are major technical difficulties in obtaining representative plaque samples and in dispersing, cultivating, identifying and quantifying the microbial components. Cumulative findings on plaque microbiota associated with dental caries and different forms of periodontal disease support the specific plaque hypothesis. However, the data do not permit designation of any single organism as the distinct aetiological agent. The characteristic pattern is autogenic succesion, in which one or more microbial species alter the plaque environment and are replaced or succeeded by other species.", "contents": "Dental plaque ecology related to caries and periodontal diseases. Dental plaque consists of a dynamic microbiota which responds to ecological changes. There are major technical difficulties in obtaining representative plaque samples and in dispersing, cultivating, identifying and quantifying the microbial components. Cumulative findings on plaque microbiota associated with dental caries and different forms of periodontal disease support the specific plaque hypothesis. However, the data do not permit designation of any single organism as the distinct aetiological agent. The characteristic pattern is autogenic succesion, in which one or more microbial species alter the plaque environment and are replaced or succeeded by other species."}
{"id": "PMID:296698", "title": "The metallography of heat treatment effects in a nickel-base casting alloy. A preliminary report.", "content": "A series of standard tensile specimens produced from a nickel-base removable partial denture casting alloy were subjected to heat treatments at three temperatures and three periods at each temperature. The microstructures developed within the castings disclose changes in both the matrix and interdendritic zones.", "contents": "The metallography of heat treatment effects in a nickel-base casting alloy. A preliminary report. A series of standard tensile specimens produced from a nickel-base removable partial denture casting alloy were subjected to heat treatments at three temperatures and three periods at each temperature. The microstructures developed within the castings disclose changes in both the matrix and interdendritic zones."}
{"id": "PMID:296699", "title": "A comparison between the diametral and double-punch testing of a dental gypsum.", "content": "The tensile strength of a dental gypsum was measured indirectly using both the diametral and the double-punch tests. Observed differences between the effects of specimens size on the diametral and double-punch strengths could be consistently interpreted in terms of the statistical theory of brittle fracture. The double-punch test, when compared with the diametral test, has several important advantages. These advantages include less experimental scatter, a weaker dependence of the measured strength on the specimen size and a simpler testing procedure.", "contents": "A comparison between the diametral and double-punch testing of a dental gypsum. The tensile strength of a dental gypsum was measured indirectly using both the diametral and the double-punch tests. Observed differences between the effects of specimens size on the diametral and double-punch strengths could be consistently interpreted in terms of the statistical theory of brittle fracture. The double-punch test, when compared with the diametral test, has several important advantages. These advantages include less experimental scatter, a weaker dependence of the measured strength on the specimen size and a simpler testing procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:296700", "title": "The strength of fifteen amalgam alloys.", "content": "The compressive and tensile (by diametral compression) strengths of amalgams prepared from fifteen conventional and higher copper alloys are compared and the rate at which these amalgams develop strength is investigated. Alloys of the single melt high copper type generally possess the greatest strength at all times of testing. The amalgams tend to achieve maximum tensile strength more rapidly than maximum compressive strength. The major increase in strength takes place between one hour and one day.", "contents": "The strength of fifteen amalgam alloys. The compressive and tensile (by diametral compression) strengths of amalgams prepared from fifteen conventional and higher copper alloys are compared and the rate at which these amalgams develop strength is investigated. Alloys of the single melt high copper type generally possess the greatest strength at all times of testing. The amalgams tend to achieve maximum tensile strength more rapidly than maximum compressive strength. The major increase in strength takes place between one hour and one day."}
{"id": "PMID:296701", "title": "Childhood fear and anxiety states in relation to dental treatment.", "content": "Five years experience by the authors in organizing a dental psychology clinic has impressed on them that many excessively fearful child patients have a history of untoward dental and medical experiences which might have been prevented. A background to an understanding of fear and anxiety in children is presented, and two cases are described to illustrate straight-forward behavior modification techniques which can be used to help the fearful or excessively anxious child cope with dental treatment.", "contents": "Childhood fear and anxiety states in relation to dental treatment. Five years experience by the authors in organizing a dental psychology clinic has impressed on them that many excessively fearful child patients have a history of untoward dental and medical experiences which might have been prevented. A background to an understanding of fear and anxiety in children is presented, and two cases are described to illustrate straight-forward behavior modification techniques which can be used to help the fearful or excessively anxious child cope with dental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:296716", "title": "[A general roentgenographic procedure with high reliability and minimum radiation exposure].", "content": "Needs for exposure procedures in dental radiography with improved reliability and radiation hygiene, that can be applied with a minimum of time, have been documented. This publication presents a systematic approach to reliable dental radiography using beam guiding instruments which may meet such requirements. It can provide accurate radiographs in endodontic, periodontic and general practice and is adaptable to more time consuming special purpose radiography, including \"serial identical\" exposures and exposures of handicapped or anaesthetized patients.", "contents": "[A general roentgenographic procedure with high reliability and minimum radiation exposure]. Needs for exposure procedures in dental radiography with improved reliability and radiation hygiene, that can be applied with a minimum of time, have been documented. This publication presents a systematic approach to reliable dental radiography using beam guiding instruments which may meet such requirements. It can provide accurate radiographs in endodontic, periodontic and general practice and is adaptable to more time consuming special purpose radiography, including \"serial identical\" exposures and exposures of handicapped or anaesthetized patients."}
{"id": "PMID:296717", "title": "[Damage from galvanic corrosion of dental alloys].", "content": "Failure analysis reveals, that using different materials for expansion screws and fixing elements may cause severe galvanic corrosion or pitting corrosion. Such failures can easily be avoided by using only one alloy with good passivation characteristics instead of different alloys.", "contents": "[Damage from galvanic corrosion of dental alloys]. Failure analysis reveals, that using different materials for expansion screws and fixing elements may cause severe galvanic corrosion or pitting corrosion. Such failures can easily be avoided by using only one alloy with good passivation characteristics instead of different alloys."}
{"id": "PMID:296718", "title": "[In vitro studies on abrasion and thickness of layers of plastic sealers].", "content": "Plastic sealers on the tooth are effective for no more than two years because of mechanical and thermal stress. Three plastics with different chemical compositions (Nuva-Seal, Alpha-Seal, and Enamite) therefore were examined in terms of abrasion. Necessary resealing results in thicker layers of sealer in the nonabrased areas, as determined with the three above-mentioned preparations. Bis-EMA type sealers satisfactorily resisted abrasion and also form the thinnest sealing layers.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on abrasion and thickness of layers of plastic sealers]. Plastic sealers on the tooth are effective for no more than two years because of mechanical and thermal stress. Three plastics with different chemical compositions (Nuva-Seal, Alpha-Seal, and Enamite) therefore were examined in terms of abrasion. Necessary resealing results in thicker layers of sealer in the nonabrased areas, as determined with the three above-mentioned preparations. Bis-EMA type sealers satisfactorily resisted abrasion and also form the thinnest sealing layers."}
{"id": "PMID:296719", "title": "[The relation of the sella nasion to the Frankfurt horizontal line in cephalometric diagnosis].", "content": "The relationship of angle SNA and SNB to angle SN-FH was determined by evaluating 106 teleradiographs. The correlation of the small SN-FH angle with the large SNA/SNB angle was statistically significant and vice versa. The normal range for SNA/SNB was determined by classifying SN-FH values. The use of these relations for the preoperative planning of orthognathic surgery was demonstrated in two clinical cases.", "contents": "[The relation of the sella nasion to the Frankfurt horizontal line in cephalometric diagnosis]. The relationship of angle SNA and SNB to angle SN-FH was determined by evaluating 106 teleradiographs. The correlation of the small SN-FH angle with the large SNA/SNB angle was statistically significant and vice versa. The normal range for SNA/SNB was determined by classifying SN-FH values. The use of these relations for the preoperative planning of orthognathic surgery was demonstrated in two clinical cases."}
{"id": "PMID:296721", "title": "[Modern aspects of dental photography].", "content": "Potential areas of application for dental photography were described. The choice of the camera body depends on the intended use. The Medical Nikkor 5.6/200 and the Yashica Medical 100 lenses as well as an extension tube with approximately 100 mm focal distance may be used; the latter is best combined with a circular flash unit or one to two standard flash units. A cheek-holder and mirror are necessary. A few practical tips were presented.", "contents": "[Modern aspects of dental photography]. Potential areas of application for dental photography were described. The choice of the camera body depends on the intended use. The Medical Nikkor 5.6/200 and the Yashica Medical 100 lenses as well as an extension tube with approximately 100 mm focal distance may be used; the latter is best combined with a circular flash unit or one to two standard flash units. A cheek-holder and mirror are necessary. A few practical tips were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:296722", "title": "Direct calorimetry in ecological energetics. Long term monitoring of aquatic animals.", "content": "The measurement of heat production represents the most general approach to the estimation of energy flow through biological systems. While aerobic energy metabolism is most conveniently studied by polarographic oxygen determination, direct calorimetry presents the only unspecific method for quantitative comparison of aerobic and anoxic metabolism in animals. In flow calorimeters constant experimental conditions may be controlled for practically unlimited periods of time, and transitions of the environmental regime may be repeatedly performed during one experiment. The merits of a direct calorimetric flow system are demonstrated in case studies of anoxic and aerobic animal metabolism and discussed in the context of current biochemical and ecophysiological concepts.", "contents": "Direct calorimetry in ecological energetics. Long term monitoring of aquatic animals. The measurement of heat production represents the most general approach to the estimation of energy flow through biological systems. While aerobic energy metabolism is most conveniently studied by polarographic oxygen determination, direct calorimetry presents the only unspecific method for quantitative comparison of aerobic and anoxic metabolism in animals. In flow calorimeters constant experimental conditions may be controlled for practically unlimited periods of time, and transitions of the environmental regime may be repeatedly performed during one experiment. The merits of a direct calorimetric flow system are demonstrated in case studies of anoxic and aerobic animal metabolism and discussed in the context of current biochemical and ecophysiological concepts."}
{"id": "PMID:296761", "title": "Absence of detectable mitochondrial recombination in Paramecium.", "content": "An extensive search for recombination between mitochondrial markers was carried out in Paramecium tetraurelia. Thirty-two combinations, altogether involving 24 different markers, were studied. The markers belonged to the three main categories of mitochondrial mutations presently available in this organism, (a) Spontaneous or UV-induced antibiotic resistance mutations, most probably affecting mitochondrial ribosomes, (b) nitrosoguanidine-induced antibiotic resistance markers displaying thermosensitivity or slow growth, enabling easy selection of possible wild-type recombinants, and (c) mitochondrial partial suppressors of a nuclear gene, probably corresponding to molecular alterations distinct from the preceding two categories. In addition, different genetic configurations were analyzed (i.e., mutant X mutant, double-mutant X wild-type, etc.).--None of the combinations yielded any evidence for the occurrence of recombined genomes despite the fact that: (1) all of them were studied on a large scale involving the screening of at least several thousand mitochondrial genomes (often several millions), (2) in many of them the detection level was sufficiently high to enable the isolation of spontaneous mutants in control cells, and (3) in several of them, reconstitution experiments carried out in parallel show that the conditions were fully adequate to detect recombinant genotypes. The results are in marked contrast with those obtained on the few other organisms in which mitochondrial recombination has been studied, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which mitochondrial recombination is intense.--The most likely basis for the various manifestations of mitochondrial genetic autonomy in Paramecium, described in this as well as in previous publications, is that the chondriome of this organism is made up of thousands of structurally discrete, noninteracting units.", "contents": "Absence of detectable mitochondrial recombination in Paramecium. An extensive search for recombination between mitochondrial markers was carried out in Paramecium tetraurelia. Thirty-two combinations, altogether involving 24 different markers, were studied. The markers belonged to the three main categories of mitochondrial mutations presently available in this organism, (a) Spontaneous or UV-induced antibiotic resistance mutations, most probably affecting mitochondrial ribosomes, (b) nitrosoguanidine-induced antibiotic resistance markers displaying thermosensitivity or slow growth, enabling easy selection of possible wild-type recombinants, and (c) mitochondrial partial suppressors of a nuclear gene, probably corresponding to molecular alterations distinct from the preceding two categories. In addition, different genetic configurations were analyzed (i.e., mutant X mutant, double-mutant X wild-type, etc.).--None of the combinations yielded any evidence for the occurrence of recombined genomes despite the fact that: (1) all of them were studied on a large scale involving the screening of at least several thousand mitochondrial genomes (often several millions), (2) in many of them the detection level was sufficiently high to enable the isolation of spontaneous mutants in control cells, and (3) in several of them, reconstitution experiments carried out in parallel show that the conditions were fully adequate to detect recombinant genotypes. The results are in marked contrast with those obtained on the few other organisms in which mitochondrial recombination has been studied, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which mitochondrial recombination is intense.--The most likely basis for the various manifestations of mitochondrial genetic autonomy in Paramecium, described in this as well as in previous publications, is that the chondriome of this organism is made up of thousands of structurally discrete, noninteracting units."}
{"id": "PMID:296762", "title": "X-linkage of a human genetic locus that corrects the DNA synthesis lesion in tsC1AGOH mouse cells.", "content": "GM 126 diploid fibroblasts were fused with a heat-sensitive mouse cell mutant defective in DNA synthesis, and primary hybrids were selected at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures in HAT medium. Primary hybrids, primary hybrid clones back-selected in 8-azaguanine at the permissive temperature, and subclones of heat-resistant primary hybrids isolated under nonselective conditions or after 8-azaguanine treatment were tested for heat sensitivity, the expression of 26 human enzymes assigned to 19 different human chromosomes, and the presence of human chromosomes. Only the human X chromosome and X-linked marker enzymes exhibited a clear pattern of concordant segregation with the heat-resistant phenotype. On the basis of these observations, we have defined the human genetic locus that corrects the heat-sensitive lesion in tsC1AGOH as hrC1AGOH and have assigned this locus to the X chromosome. This observation provides the first instance where two selectable markers (heat resistance and 8-azaguanine sensitivity) are found on a single human chromosome and suggests that these markers may prove to be a valuable push-pull selective system of use in determining the linear arrangement of genes on human chromosomes by somatic cell genetics.", "contents": "X-linkage of a human genetic locus that corrects the DNA synthesis lesion in tsC1AGOH mouse cells. GM 126 diploid fibroblasts were fused with a heat-sensitive mouse cell mutant defective in DNA synthesis, and primary hybrids were selected at permissive and nonpermissive temperatures in HAT medium. Primary hybrids, primary hybrid clones back-selected in 8-azaguanine at the permissive temperature, and subclones of heat-resistant primary hybrids isolated under nonselective conditions or after 8-azaguanine treatment were tested for heat sensitivity, the expression of 26 human enzymes assigned to 19 different human chromosomes, and the presence of human chromosomes. Only the human X chromosome and X-linked marker enzymes exhibited a clear pattern of concordant segregation with the heat-resistant phenotype. On the basis of these observations, we have defined the human genetic locus that corrects the heat-sensitive lesion in tsC1AGOH as hrC1AGOH and have assigned this locus to the X chromosome. This observation provides the first instance where two selectable markers (heat resistance and 8-azaguanine sensitivity) are found on a single human chromosome and suggests that these markers may prove to be a valuable push-pull selective system of use in determining the linear arrangement of genes on human chromosomes by somatic cell genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:296783", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia two years after diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "The 18-year-old white male developed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) 25 months after diagnosis of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, diffuse pattern (PDLL-D), involving cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes as well as bone marrow. Treatment of the lymphoma consisted of 2,000 rads to the mantel area and 18 months of chemotherapy with intravenous (IV) methotrexate (400 mg/m2), vincristine, and prednisone, alternating every two weeks with IV cyclophosphamide (1,000 mg/m2), vincristine, and prednisone plus monthly intrathecal methotrexate. Thereafter, a complete remission was maintained without therapy until the onset of AML. Several pseudodiploid clones containing multiple structural rearrangements and a hypodiploid clone were identified in the circulating blood at the time of diagnosis of AML. Induction therapy consisting of cytosine arabinoside, 5-azacytidine, vincristine, and prednisone was unsuccessful, and the patient died of sepsis two months after diagnosis. This case calls attention to the increased risk for subsequent acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients previously treated for nonhodgkin lymphoma.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia two years after diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The 18-year-old white male developed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) 25 months after diagnosis of poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, diffuse pattern (PDLL-D), involving cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal lymph nodes as well as bone marrow. Treatment of the lymphoma consisted of 2,000 rads to the mantel area and 18 months of chemotherapy with intravenous (IV) methotrexate (400 mg/m2), vincristine, and prednisone, alternating every two weeks with IV cyclophosphamide (1,000 mg/m2), vincristine, and prednisone plus monthly intrathecal methotrexate. Thereafter, a complete remission was maintained without therapy until the onset of AML. Several pseudodiploid clones containing multiple structural rearrangements and a hypodiploid clone were identified in the circulating blood at the time of diagnosis of AML. Induction therapy consisting of cytosine arabinoside, 5-azacytidine, vincristine, and prednisone was unsuccessful, and the patient died of sepsis two months after diagnosis. This case calls attention to the increased risk for subsequent acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients previously treated for nonhodgkin lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:296784", "title": "Micrococcus luteus pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical course of a 69-year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia is described who, while extremely leukopenic (less than 100 neutrophils/microliter) from chemotherapy, developed a cavitating pneumonia due to a gram-positive coccus, Micrococcus luteus. Aggressive antibiotic management and attainment of complete remission of his leukemia resulted in a successful outcome. A review of the literature regarding the pathogenicity of this organism and, in particular, its occurrence as a cause of pneumonia is presented.", "contents": "Micrococcus luteus pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature. The clinical course of a 69-year-old male with acute myelogenous leukemia is described who, while extremely leukopenic (less than 100 neutrophils/microliter) from chemotherapy, developed a cavitating pneumonia due to a gram-positive coccus, Micrococcus luteus. Aggressive antibiotic management and attainment of complete remission of his leukemia resulted in a successful outcome. A review of the literature regarding the pathogenicity of this organism and, in particular, its occurrence as a cause of pneumonia is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:296785", "title": "Acute leukemia in pregnancy: transient neonatal myelosuppression after combination chemotherapy in the mother.", "content": "An 18-year-old primagravida received combination chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, daunomycin, 6-mercaptopurine and central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and whole-brain irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) beginning in the 12th week of pregnancy. Therapy resulted in sustained complete remission of the leukemia and delivery of a normally developed female infant whose immediate neonatal course was complicated by transient severe bone marrow hypoplasia. Our experience confirms the reports of others that intensive chemotherapy can be administered in the last two trimesters of pregnancy without serious teratogenic complications. However, we conclude that such therapy may cause significant myelosuppression in the newborn.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in pregnancy: transient neonatal myelosuppression after combination chemotherapy in the mother. An 18-year-old primagravida received combination chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone, L-asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, daunomycin, 6-mercaptopurine and central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and whole-brain irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) beginning in the 12th week of pregnancy. Therapy resulted in sustained complete remission of the leukemia and delivery of a normally developed female infant whose immediate neonatal course was complicated by transient severe bone marrow hypoplasia. Our experience confirms the reports of others that intensive chemotherapy can be administered in the last two trimesters of pregnancy without serious teratogenic complications. However, we conclude that such therapy may cause significant myelosuppression in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:296786", "title": "L-asparaginase effect on antithrombin-III levels.", "content": "The effect of L-asparaginase (L-asp) therapy on circulating antithrombin-III (AT-III) was monitored in three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Serial determination for AT-III by both a functional assay and an immunologic assay demonstrated a rapid decrease in serum AT-III levels, followed by a protracted recovery beyond the period of L-asp exposure. One of the three patients developed a reversible venous thrombosis of the arm. The mechanism of the L-asparaginase effect may be related to peripheral degradation of AT-III or to inhibition of production.", "contents": "L-asparaginase effect on antithrombin-III levels. The effect of L-asparaginase (L-asp) therapy on circulating antithrombin-III (AT-III) was monitored in three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Serial determination for AT-III by both a functional assay and an immunologic assay demonstrated a rapid decrease in serum AT-III levels, followed by a protracted recovery beyond the period of L-asp exposure. One of the three patients developed a reversible venous thrombosis of the arm. The mechanism of the L-asparaginase effect may be related to peripheral degradation of AT-III or to inhibition of production."}
{"id": "PMID:296787", "title": "Hepatotoxicity in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Serial liver function tests and percutaneous liver biopsies were performed on 21 children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The patients received continuing chemotherapy either with daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate or with five-day pulses of these drugs every three weeks. Liver function tests were transiently abnormal in the majority of children, but the abnormalities bore no relationship to the histology of the liver biopsy. Mild inflammatory and fatty changes were commonly seen, and early portal fibrosis was found in three out of 16 patients biopsied at between 108-130 weeks on treatment. There was no correlation between treatment regime and results of biopsy. Three patients showed possible progression of abnormalities on repeat biopsy. The risk of development of portal fibrosis appears low after 2-3 years of continuing chemotherapy, but examination of liver histology may be indicated if more prolonged therapy is contemplated.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Serial liver function tests and percutaneous liver biopsies were performed on 21 children receiving treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The patients received continuing chemotherapy either with daily 6-mercaptopurine and weekly methotrexate or with five-day pulses of these drugs every three weeks. Liver function tests were transiently abnormal in the majority of children, but the abnormalities bore no relationship to the histology of the liver biopsy. Mild inflammatory and fatty changes were commonly seen, and early portal fibrosis was found in three out of 16 patients biopsied at between 108-130 weeks on treatment. There was no correlation between treatment regime and results of biopsy. Three patients showed possible progression of abnormalities on repeat biopsy. The risk of development of portal fibrosis appears low after 2-3 years of continuing chemotherapy, but examination of liver histology may be indicated if more prolonged therapy is contemplated."}
{"id": "PMID:296824", "title": "[Radiation exposure of teeth and temporomandibular joints by radiography].", "content": "According to a report by Poretti (1975) 21,4% of all medical diagnostic radiographs in Switzerland are dental. In order to determine the associated radiation doses to patients, phantom measurements of skin and gonad exposures were made utilizing modern dental x-ray equipment and techniques. Following procedures in accordance with federal safety regulations it was not possible to measure dose values at the gonad level by single dental or temporomandibular radiographs, even by the most sensitive measuring device. 50 cumulative exposures without lead apron resulted in a range of gonad doses from 3.1 to 199 microR for dental and temporomandibular joint x-rays. Results of skin surface doses ranged from 38 to 289 mR for single dental film exposure and from 64 to 494 mR for single TMJ exposures. Consistent use of parallel technique with long cone equipment, small diaphragms, high kilovoltage and use of the lead apron guarantee great safety against radiation hazard in dental radiography.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure of teeth and temporomandibular joints by radiography]. According to a report by Poretti (1975) 21,4% of all medical diagnostic radiographs in Switzerland are dental. In order to determine the associated radiation doses to patients, phantom measurements of skin and gonad exposures were made utilizing modern dental x-ray equipment and techniques. Following procedures in accordance with federal safety regulations it was not possible to measure dose values at the gonad level by single dental or temporomandibular radiographs, even by the most sensitive measuring device. 50 cumulative exposures without lead apron resulted in a range of gonad doses from 3.1 to 199 microR for dental and temporomandibular joint x-rays. Results of skin surface doses ranged from 38 to 289 mR for single dental film exposure and from 64 to 494 mR for single TMJ exposures. Consistent use of parallel technique with long cone equipment, small diaphragms, high kilovoltage and use of the lead apron guarantee great safety against radiation hazard in dental radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:296825", "title": "[Use of a mounting table for arbitrary hinge transfer on an articulator].", "content": "The use of a mounting table allowing arbitrary hinge axis transfer on a semi-adjustable articulator is described. Following this method an accurate stabilization can be expected. This may prevent errors during the mounting of maxillary models.", "contents": "[Use of a mounting table for arbitrary hinge transfer on an articulator]. The use of a mounting table allowing arbitrary hinge axis transfer on a semi-adjustable articulator is described. Following this method an accurate stabilization can be expected. This may prevent errors during the mounting of maxillary models."}
{"id": "PMID:296826", "title": "[Patient motivation by application of an individual intensive program for obtaining oral health].", "content": "The failure of group and individual dental prophylaxis based upon an authoritarian relationship between doctors and patients is demonstrated. In a new information and motivation program, the Hygiene Intensive Program (HIP), the patient's attention is focused on gingival bleeding as an unmistakable warning symptom of oral disease. The degree of marginal inflammation is scored using the Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI). The HIP is designed to introduce trust and confidence into the cooperative efforts of the dentist and the patient. The patient can see the increasing success of the dentist's work and judge the effect of his personal oral hygiene efforts. The possibilities for the cooperation of the increasingly involved third party of the dental \"Troika\", the actual purchaser of dental services (health insurance, social welfare system, etc.) in the HIP are discussed.", "contents": "[Patient motivation by application of an individual intensive program for obtaining oral health]. The failure of group and individual dental prophylaxis based upon an authoritarian relationship between doctors and patients is demonstrated. In a new information and motivation program, the Hygiene Intensive Program (HIP), the patient's attention is focused on gingival bleeding as an unmistakable warning symptom of oral disease. The degree of marginal inflammation is scored using the Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI). The HIP is designed to introduce trust and confidence into the cooperative efforts of the dentist and the patient. The patient can see the increasing success of the dentist's work and judge the effect of his personal oral hygiene efforts. The possibilities for the cooperation of the increasingly involved third party of the dental \"Troika\", the actual purchaser of dental services (health insurance, social welfare system, etc.) in the HIP are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:296827", "title": "[Gingival deflection and regeneration after electrotomy].", "content": "In hydrocolloid impressions, the visibility of the margins of cavity preparation is most important. Purely mechanical management of the gingival tissue by cotton threads does not always give satisfactory results, particularly in multiple preparations. Electrosurgery, subtly used, avoids blood and seepage from the sulcus and seems to better control the accessibility of the margins to the hydrocolloid material.", "contents": "[Gingival deflection and regeneration after electrotomy]. In hydrocolloid impressions, the visibility of the margins of cavity preparation is most important. Purely mechanical management of the gingival tissue by cotton threads does not always give satisfactory results, particularly in multiple preparations. Electrosurgery, subtly used, avoids blood and seepage from the sulcus and seems to better control the accessibility of the margins to the hydrocolloid material."}
{"id": "PMID:296841", "title": "[Biomechanical aspects of maxillofacial development and their clinical significance for orthodontics].", "content": "In the present article, the authors deal with the application of biomechanics to the midfacial development and its significance in orthodontics. Research results permit to assume that the functions of position, respiration and space may act on the morphological development of the skull. This was confirmed by clinical studies.", "contents": "[Biomechanical aspects of maxillofacial development and their clinical significance for orthodontics]. In the present article, the authors deal with the application of biomechanics to the midfacial development and its significance in orthodontics. Research results permit to assume that the functions of position, respiration and space may act on the morphological development of the skull. This was confirmed by clinical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:296842", "title": "[Physical and static-motor development of patients with clefts at ages from 0 to 10 years].", "content": "In the framework of a cross-sectional and longitudinal study, 703 anthropometric determinations were performed in 581 cleft patients aged from 0 to 10 years. The values obtained for body length, body weight and body weight and chest expansion were compared with the standard values established by Marcusson and S\u00e4lzler. The values for the circumference of the head were compared with the standard values of Nellhaus. The results show that from 87.4 to 97.2% of all these measurements of the body lie within the interval of x +/- 2 s. The growth in length is but slightly affected by the cleft. The values for body weight and chest expansion range with the lower standard values, especially in females and in patients with bilateral cheilognathopalatoschisis. There is a general trend towards circumferences of the head that are greater than the mean standard value. Developmental retardation is more often seen in females, but it is of shorter duration than in male cleft patients. Cleft patients who did not make up for retardation were afflicted with additional deformities or malformations or with mental defects.", "contents": "[Physical and static-motor development of patients with clefts at ages from 0 to 10 years]. In the framework of a cross-sectional and longitudinal study, 703 anthropometric determinations were performed in 581 cleft patients aged from 0 to 10 years. The values obtained for body length, body weight and body weight and chest expansion were compared with the standard values established by Marcusson and S\u00e4lzler. The values for the circumference of the head were compared with the standard values of Nellhaus. The results show that from 87.4 to 97.2% of all these measurements of the body lie within the interval of x +/- 2 s. The growth in length is but slightly affected by the cleft. The values for body weight and chest expansion range with the lower standard values, especially in females and in patients with bilateral cheilognathopalatoschisis. There is a general trend towards circumferences of the head that are greater than the mean standard value. Developmental retardation is more often seen in females, but it is of shorter duration than in male cleft patients. Cleft patients who did not make up for retardation were afflicted with additional deformities or malformations or with mental defects."}
{"id": "PMID:296844", "title": "[Growth in the width and length of the dental arch in children with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "A study of casts of the dentitions of children with cheilognathopalatoschisis made over an extended period emphasizes that the development and the growth of the maxillary dental arch in width and length are considerably reduced as compared to children without clefts. Consequently, therapeutical measures must be taken to maintain the length and width of the maxillary dental arch.", "contents": "[Growth in the width and length of the dental arch in children with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate]. A study of casts of the dentitions of children with cheilognathopalatoschisis made over an extended period emphasizes that the development and the growth of the maxillary dental arch in width and length are considerably reduced as compared to children without clefts. Consequently, therapeutical measures must be taken to maintain the length and width of the maxillary dental arch."}
{"id": "PMID:296845", "title": "[Measurements of the soft tissues in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "A comparative study was made on the pressure of the oral soft tissues during sequences of physiological functions and at rest in eugnathic subjects and patients with cleft lips and palates. The data obtained by means of electronic measuring instruments revealed marked differences between the two groups.", "contents": "[Measurements of the soft tissues in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]. A comparative study was made on the pressure of the oral soft tissues during sequences of physiological functions and at rest in eugnathic subjects and patients with cleft lips and palates. The data obtained by means of electronic measuring instruments revealed marked differences between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:296846", "title": "[The value of functional rehabilitation of patients with clefts for their growth and development].", "content": "The optimal rehabilitation of patients with cleft lips and palates can be realized only in the form of complete rehabilitation by the joint efforts of the oral surgeon, the logopaedist, the orthodontist and the prosthodontist. Clinical observations and studies have shown that the following three findings cannot satisfy: - imperfect functional rehabilitation of the cleft lip, especially of the bilateral cleft lip; - considerable constriction of the vestibulum, which is also relatively often seen in bilateral cleft lips; and - surgically-induced considerable flattening of the palatine vault, which restricts the use of oral removable appliances.", "contents": "[The value of functional rehabilitation of patients with clefts for their growth and development]. The optimal rehabilitation of patients with cleft lips and palates can be realized only in the form of complete rehabilitation by the joint efforts of the oral surgeon, the logopaedist, the orthodontist and the prosthodontist. Clinical observations and studies have shown that the following three findings cannot satisfy: - imperfect functional rehabilitation of the cleft lip, especially of the bilateral cleft lip; - considerable constriction of the vestibulum, which is also relatively often seen in bilateral cleft lips; and - surgically-induced considerable flattening of the palatine vault, which restricts the use of oral removable appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:296847", "title": "[New aspects of theories on the formation of clefts--current state of knowledge].", "content": "The theory on the origin of cleft lips and palates is briefly outlined with due regard to certain interesting aspects such as the discordance in monozygotic twins, the questions of noxae which might act at the embryonic period, the term of boundary line of the head of the foetus, the viewpoints of kinetic and dynamic embryology and the possible r\u00f4le of the premaxilla. Improvements in diagnosis by means of amniocentesis and foetoscopy provide starting points for preventive measures.", "contents": "[New aspects of theories on the formation of clefts--current state of knowledge]. The theory on the origin of cleft lips and palates is briefly outlined with due regard to certain interesting aspects such as the discordance in monozygotic twins, the questions of noxae which might act at the embryonic period, the term of boundary line of the head of the foetus, the viewpoints of kinetic and dynamic embryology and the possible r\u00f4le of the premaxilla. Improvements in diagnosis by means of amniocentesis and foetoscopy provide starting points for preventive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:296848", "title": "[Genealogic studies in children with clefts].", "content": "The genetic background of cleft children was studied at the Orthodontic Department of the Sofia Stomatological Faculty. A total of 149 members of 10 families were examined. The most-encountered microsymptoms were rotations of the lateral incisors and canines near the cleft. The results obtained from this, however, small number of subjects were not indicative of genetic factors.", "contents": "[Genealogic studies in children with clefts]. The genetic background of cleft children was studied at the Orthodontic Department of the Sofia Stomatological Faculty. A total of 149 members of 10 families were examined. The most-encountered microsymptoms were rotations of the lateral incisors and canines near the cleft. The results obtained from this, however, small number of subjects were not indicative of genetic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:296849", "title": "[Genetic counseling of parents with children with clefts].", "content": "The elucidation of the aetiology of the individual case has proved to be of fundamental importance to the counselling interview as well as to the assessment of the risk for further affected children. Up to now, a genetic cause in the form of chromosomal or gene mutations can be assumed only if the cleft is related to a distinct syndrome. An isolated cleft obviously owes its origin to a combination of genetic and extrinsic factors. Consequently, the assessment of the risk of repetition is to a great extent based on empirical values.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling of parents with children with clefts]. The elucidation of the aetiology of the individual case has proved to be of fundamental importance to the counselling interview as well as to the assessment of the risk for further affected children. Up to now, a genetic cause in the form of chromosomal or gene mutations can be assumed only if the cleft is related to a distinct syndrome. An isolated cleft obviously owes its origin to a combination of genetic and extrinsic factors. Consequently, the assessment of the risk of repetition is to a great extent based on empirical values."}
{"id": "PMID:296850", "title": "[Various problems in the development of the child with clefts from the viewpoint of rehabilitative education].", "content": "Extensive studies and experience of many years evidence that optimal rehabilitation of the cleft patient may be achieved above all by early complex measures on the part of the sciences involved. To evaluate the efficiency of logopaedic early treatment in the cleft patient, the development of cleft children was studied during the first scholastic years, special attention being paid to their learning how to manage the written language (reading and spelling). A comparative study was undertaken in cleft children and children with normal speech at the beginning and during the third year of school education, assessing their discriminating performance in speech-motor, phonemic, visual, musical and rhythmical fields (modified Breuer-Weuffen test) and their performance in reading and spelling. The results obtained permitted to draw conclusions as to the early education of cleft patients.", "contents": "[Various problems in the development of the child with clefts from the viewpoint of rehabilitative education]. Extensive studies and experience of many years evidence that optimal rehabilitation of the cleft patient may be achieved above all by early complex measures on the part of the sciences involved. To evaluate the efficiency of logopaedic early treatment in the cleft patient, the development of cleft children was studied during the first scholastic years, special attention being paid to their learning how to manage the written language (reading and spelling). A comparative study was undertaken in cleft children and children with normal speech at the beginning and during the third year of school education, assessing their discriminating performance in speech-motor, phonemic, visual, musical and rhythmical fields (modified Breuer-Weuffen test) and their performance in reading and spelling. The results obtained permitted to draw conclusions as to the early education of cleft patients."}
{"id": "PMID:296851", "title": "[The necessity for logopedic-orthodontic cooperation for speech and dental development in children with clefts].", "content": "Children with cheilognathopalatoschisis exhibit a peculiar specificity of speech. The present paper deals with studies on the position of the tongue at rest, the type of respiration, the functions of the lips and the position of the tongue on articulating sounds at the second site of articulation in 35 patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis. The results obtained testify to the necessity for logopaedic orthodontic co-operation.", "contents": "[The necessity for logopedic-orthodontic cooperation for speech and dental development in children with clefts]. Children with cheilognathopalatoschisis exhibit a peculiar specificity of speech. The present paper deals with studies on the position of the tongue at rest, the type of respiration, the functions of the lips and the position of the tongue on articulating sounds at the second site of articulation in 35 patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis. The results obtained testify to the necessity for logopaedic orthodontic co-operation."}
{"id": "PMID:296852", "title": "[Early education of children with clefts with special regard to logopedics].", "content": "Necessity for early education: --general early education goal, contents, methods and forms of organization, --special early education--rehabilitative logopaedics goal, contents, methods and forms of organization incoherent logopaedic care coherent logopaedic care instruction of parents and co-operation with nurseries and nursery schools to realize early education. realization of the rehabilitative-paedagogical early education of the cleft child.", "contents": "[Early education of children with clefts with special regard to logopedics]. Necessity for early education: --general early education goal, contents, methods and forms of organization, --special early education--rehabilitative logopaedics goal, contents, methods and forms of organization incoherent logopaedic care coherent logopaedic care instruction of parents and co-operation with nurseries and nursery schools to realize early education. realization of the rehabilitative-paedagogical early education of the cleft child."}
{"id": "PMID:296853", "title": "[Various family problems of early education of early treated children with clefts].", "content": "To prevent retardation in personality development of physically and mentally handicapped children and adolescents, more attention should be paid to the qualification of parents, kindergarten teachers and teachers to educate handicapped children, and so those with cleft lips and palates. This is corroborated by findings obtained of 21 mothers of early-treated cleft children who had been involved in the present study. To qualify parents and co-educators to educate and care cleft children, they are needing sympathetic guidance by, and paedagogical advice from, all those who are contributing to rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Various family problems of early education of early treated children with clefts]. To prevent retardation in personality development of physically and mentally handicapped children and adolescents, more attention should be paid to the qualification of parents, kindergarten teachers and teachers to educate handicapped children, and so those with cleft lips and palates. This is corroborated by findings obtained of 21 mothers of early-treated cleft children who had been involved in the present study. To qualify parents and co-educators to educate and care cleft children, they are needing sympathetic guidance by, and paedagogical advice from, all those who are contributing to rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:296865", "title": "Probabilities of concordance of twins with respect to genetic markers. A general formulation.", "content": "The formulas needed in the determination of monozygosity in twin pairs using genetic markers are derived and presented. A general formula for the calculation of concordance probabilities independent of gene frequencies and allele number is derived, enabling either manual computation or computer programming for any Mendelian markers usable in twin zygosity diagnosis.", "contents": "Probabilities of concordance of twins with respect to genetic markers. A general formulation. The formulas needed in the determination of monozygosity in twin pairs using genetic markers are derived and presented. A general formula for the calculation of concordance probabilities independent of gene frequencies and allele number is derived, enabling either manual computation or computer programming for any Mendelian markers usable in twin zygosity diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:296877", "title": "The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXXVIII. Cytogenetic experience in Ph1-negative chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).", "content": "Among 300 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) followed at our institute during the last ten years, 36 (12%) were thought to have Ph1-negative CML. In eight of these patients, chromosomal abnormalities were found in the leukemic cells; in four, the karyotypic abnormalities were established with banding techniques. The data of the present study and a review of the literature regarding chromosomal changes in Ph1-negative CML indicate that: 1) no characteristic or consistent karyotypic change is present in Ph1-negative CML and that diploidy is more common in this than any other leukemia; 2) the most common changes involve group C chromosomes (particularly +8); and 3) a missing Y is less common in Ph1-negative CML than in its Ph1-positive counterpart. The karyotypic changes in Ph1-negative CML resemble more those encountered in Ph1-positive CML than in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The much shorter survival of the Ph1-negative CML patients vs that of the Ph1-positive group was again substantiated, and some of the previously reported clinical and laboratory findings unique to Ph1-negative CML were confirmed. On the basis of the cytogenetic findings it is concluded that Ph1-negative CML appears to be an entity unto itself.", "contents": "The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia: XXXVIII. Cytogenetic experience in Ph1-negative chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Among 300 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) followed at our institute during the last ten years, 36 (12%) were thought to have Ph1-negative CML. In eight of these patients, chromosomal abnormalities were found in the leukemic cells; in four, the karyotypic abnormalities were established with banding techniques. The data of the present study and a review of the literature regarding chromosomal changes in Ph1-negative CML indicate that: 1) no characteristic or consistent karyotypic change is present in Ph1-negative CML and that diploidy is more common in this than any other leukemia; 2) the most common changes involve group C chromosomes (particularly +8); and 3) a missing Y is less common in Ph1-negative CML than in its Ph1-positive counterpart. The karyotypic changes in Ph1-negative CML resemble more those encountered in Ph1-positive CML than in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The much shorter survival of the Ph1-negative CML patients vs that of the Ph1-positive group was again substantiated, and some of the previously reported clinical and laboratory findings unique to Ph1-negative CML were confirmed. On the basis of the cytogenetic findings it is concluded that Ph1-negative CML appears to be an entity unto itself."}
{"id": "PMID:296883", "title": "The pathologic new bone formation of an osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "The authors describe the structure of bone and tumorous new bone formation of an amputated femur affected by osteogenic sarcoma. They studied a slide of the invaded bone using stereomicroscopic and comparative histologic techniques. The bone destruction induced by the tumor produces characteristic morphologic changes both in the cortical and in the cancellous bone. Investigation of the extraosseal tumorous bone formation is described together with its relation to the cortical bone. In the development of tumorous bone plates primary and secondary formations could be distinguished. The intraosseal, tumor-induced new bone/osteoid formation appears characteristically in the invaded marrow-spaces as a so-called \"miniature spongiosa\". In the zone adjacent to the tumor, reactive bony spines grow out from the surface of the normal spongy plates. These findings are also analyzed from the view of the roentgenologic findings.", "contents": "The pathologic new bone formation of an osteogenic sarcoma. The authors describe the structure of bone and tumorous new bone formation of an amputated femur affected by osteogenic sarcoma. They studied a slide of the invaded bone using stereomicroscopic and comparative histologic techniques. The bone destruction induced by the tumor produces characteristic morphologic changes both in the cortical and in the cancellous bone. Investigation of the extraosseal tumorous bone formation is described together with its relation to the cortical bone. In the development of tumorous bone plates primary and secondary formations could be distinguished. The intraosseal, tumor-induced new bone/osteoid formation appears characteristically in the invaded marrow-spaces as a so-called \"miniature spongiosa\". In the zone adjacent to the tumor, reactive bony spines grow out from the surface of the normal spongy plates. These findings are also analyzed from the view of the roentgenologic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:296884", "title": "[Tumors of the sacrococcygeal region (author's transl)].", "content": "In the world literature is reported about 584 tumors of the sacrococcygeal region, 484 of them are analysed exactly. The symptoms of the various tumors are about the same, pain and nerval irritation were seen in the most cases. Rectal-digital examination mostly leads to diagnosis. Computertomography is of special diagnostic value since some years. Because of the localisation of the tumor therapy often is difficult. Operation is the only way to remove the tumor and should be done so radically as possible. Radiation therapy may induce malignant degeneration. Adjuvant chemotherapy till now is without of any any effect. In the paper we report about the very seldom malignant meningeoma of the sacrum, in the literature we could not find any other case. Besides this and the 584 cases of the literature there is reported about 4 other own cases of sacrococcygeal tumors, one neurofibroma and three giant cell tumors of the Os sacrum.", "contents": "[Tumors of the sacrococcygeal region (author's transl)]. In the world literature is reported about 584 tumors of the sacrococcygeal region, 484 of them are analysed exactly. The symptoms of the various tumors are about the same, pain and nerval irritation were seen in the most cases. Rectal-digital examination mostly leads to diagnosis. Computertomography is of special diagnostic value since some years. Because of the localisation of the tumor therapy often is difficult. Operation is the only way to remove the tumor and should be done so radically as possible. Radiation therapy may induce malignant degeneration. Adjuvant chemotherapy till now is without of any any effect. In the paper we report about the very seldom malignant meningeoma of the sacrum, in the literature we could not find any other case. Besides this and the 584 cases of the literature there is reported about 4 other own cases of sacrococcygeal tumors, one neurofibroma and three giant cell tumors of the Os sacrum."}
{"id": "PMID:296885", "title": "[Clinical data on the frequency, localization, and surgical therapy of bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1973 and 1978 a total of 77 patients suffering from a tumor of bone were treated and followed up at this hospital. Of these patients, 52 were found to have benign tumors and pathologic tumorlike changes of bone. 25 were found to have semimalignant and malignant tumors. This paper describes localisation of bening semimalignant and malignant tumors of bone by means of a modified WHO-classification. The surgical treatment of different bone tumors is discussed on the basis of special cases.", "contents": "[Clinical data on the frequency, localization, and surgical therapy of bone tumors (author's transl)]. Between 1973 and 1978 a total of 77 patients suffering from a tumor of bone were treated and followed up at this hospital. Of these patients, 52 were found to have benign tumors and pathologic tumorlike changes of bone. 25 were found to have semimalignant and malignant tumors. This paper describes localisation of bening semimalignant and malignant tumors of bone by means of a modified WHO-classification. The surgical treatment of different bone tumors is discussed on the basis of special cases."}
{"id": "PMID:296913", "title": "[Biological and physical studies on a new alloy for the demonstration of a new gamma 2-free amalgam].", "content": "Physical and biological characteristics as well as the clinical behavior of a new powdered alloy mixture (ISO 1559--1978) for the demonstration of a gamma 2-free amalgam were studied. The physical values surpassed the requirements of the Preliminary German Industrial Standards No. 13904. Compared with other gamma 2-free types of amalgam, the structure of the amalgam composed of the alloy under study contained no additional copper-containing phases which would negatively influence electrochemical events within the amalgam structure, except for the eta'-phase. Implantation tests with rabbits showed that the amalgam composed of the material under study reacted like material tested in earlier investigations which is already available.", "contents": "[Biological and physical studies on a new alloy for the demonstration of a new gamma 2-free amalgam]. Physical and biological characteristics as well as the clinical behavior of a new powdered alloy mixture (ISO 1559--1978) for the demonstration of a gamma 2-free amalgam were studied. The physical values surpassed the requirements of the Preliminary German Industrial Standards No. 13904. Compared with other gamma 2-free types of amalgam, the structure of the amalgam composed of the alloy under study contained no additional copper-containing phases which would negatively influence electrochemical events within the amalgam structure, except for the eta'-phase. Implantation tests with rabbits showed that the amalgam composed of the material under study reacted like material tested in earlier investigations which is already available."}
{"id": "PMID:296914", "title": "[Follow-up study on coagulation stabilizing filling of bone defects using the new Gelastypt M after cystectomy of large mandibular cysts and after extraction of ectopic teeth].", "content": "The good results were confirmed in a follow-up examination of 23 patients two to six months after surgery. No signs of disturbed wound healing and/or inadequate organization of the clot could be observed catamnestically, clinically, and roentgenologically. The late infections often observed after implantation of Gelastypt S (with Surfen) did not develop after use of Gelastypt M 1/2. This preparation therefore may be recommended without restriction.", "contents": "[Follow-up study on coagulation stabilizing filling of bone defects using the new Gelastypt M after cystectomy of large mandibular cysts and after extraction of ectopic teeth]. The good results were confirmed in a follow-up examination of 23 patients two to six months after surgery. No signs of disturbed wound healing and/or inadequate organization of the clot could be observed catamnestically, clinically, and roentgenologically. The late infections often observed after implantation of Gelastypt S (with Surfen) did not develop after use of Gelastypt M 1/2. This preparation therefore may be recommended without restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:296915", "title": "[Findings in hereditary dentin dysplasia].", "content": "The special characteristics of inherited dentin dysplasia were presented in two cases within one family based on clinical, roentgenographic and histologic findings. The multiple periapical findings observed in both individuals (osteitis-like structures) and dysplasia of the cement were discussed.", "contents": "[Findings in hereditary dentin dysplasia]. The special characteristics of inherited dentin dysplasia were presented in two cases within one family based on clinical, roentgenographic and histologic findings. The multiple periapical findings observed in both individuals (osteitis-like structures) and dysplasia of the cement were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:296917", "title": "[Is the Furness-Moore Code applicable for computer and telex?].", "content": "The extent to which the identification of disaster victims could be improved with the code for dental findings developed by Furness and Moore (1969) was studied. This code records the most important data for a set of teeth in 12 digits.", "contents": "[Is the Furness-Moore Code applicable for computer and telex?]. The extent to which the identification of disaster victims could be improved with the code for dental findings developed by Furness and Moore (1969) was studied. This code records the most important data for a set of teeth in 12 digits."}
{"id": "PMID:296951", "title": "The effect of leukemic lymphoblasts on normal granulopoiesis.", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is often characterized by defective granulopoiesis during initial and relapse stages of the disease, resulting in absolute neutropenia in vivo and in low or absent production of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if leukemic lymphoblasts from untreated ALL patients could inhibit normal granulopoiesis. Several concentrations of leukemic bone marrow cells from nine patients were mixed with either normal bone marrow cells or with autologous (HLA-identical) remission bone marrow cells, incubated for 1 hour, and co-cultured by the double layer agar technique. The cells were also cultured separately as controls. No statistically significant differences occurred between observed and expected colony counts in the majority of experiments. With three patients, slight inhibition occurred at some but not all leukemic cell concentrations tested; this inhibition was not correlated with the leukemic cell concentration. These results indicate that leukemic cells from untreated ALL patients do not significantly inhibit normal in vitro granulopoiesis at the committed stem cell level or at later levels of differentiation; therefore, such inhibition does not appear to be responsible for ALL-associated neutropenia.", "contents": "The effect of leukemic lymphoblasts on normal granulopoiesis. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children is often characterized by defective granulopoiesis during initial and relapse stages of the disease, resulting in absolute neutropenia in vivo and in low or absent production of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if leukemic lymphoblasts from untreated ALL patients could inhibit normal granulopoiesis. Several concentrations of leukemic bone marrow cells from nine patients were mixed with either normal bone marrow cells or with autologous (HLA-identical) remission bone marrow cells, incubated for 1 hour, and co-cultured by the double layer agar technique. The cells were also cultured separately as controls. No statistically significant differences occurred between observed and expected colony counts in the majority of experiments. With three patients, slight inhibition occurred at some but not all leukemic cell concentrations tested; this inhibition was not correlated with the leukemic cell concentration. These results indicate that leukemic cells from untreated ALL patients do not significantly inhibit normal in vitro granulopoiesis at the committed stem cell level or at later levels of differentiation; therefore, such inhibition does not appear to be responsible for ALL-associated neutropenia."}
{"id": "PMID:297012", "title": "Chromosomal homology of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) linkage group VI with rodent species.", "content": "Homologous portions of linkage group (LG) VI in the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, chromosome 8 in Mus musculus, and LG V of Rattus norvegicus have been observed. These linkage groups in Oryctolagus and Mus contain the extension locus (e), where recessive alleles are known in many species. Preliminary linkage data have added new loci to linkage group VI of the rabbit, revised the order and map distances on the linkage map, and by comparison with rodent species have strengthened the homology of LG VI in the rabbit with chromosome 8 of the mouse and with LG V of the rat. LG VI now contains five loci with the following order and intervening map distances: Es-1, Es-2 complex--6.3 +/- 2.1 cM--Est-1, Est-2 complex--18.5 +/- 3.7 cM--e.", "contents": "Chromosomal homology of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) linkage group VI with rodent species. Homologous portions of linkage group (LG) VI in the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, chromosome 8 in Mus musculus, and LG V of Rattus norvegicus have been observed. These linkage groups in Oryctolagus and Mus contain the extension locus (e), where recessive alleles are known in many species. Preliminary linkage data have added new loci to linkage group VI of the rabbit, revised the order and map distances on the linkage map, and by comparison with rodent species have strengthened the homology of LG VI in the rabbit with chromosome 8 of the mouse and with LG V of the rat. LG VI now contains five loci with the following order and intervening map distances: Es-1, Es-2 complex--6.3 +/- 2.1 cM--Est-1, Est-2 complex--18.5 +/- 3.7 cM--e."}
{"id": "PMID:297036", "title": "Resection of the distal end of the radius.", "content": "Resection of the distal end of the radius is indicated in the treatment of locally aggressive primary bone tumours, such as giant cell tumour. This requires reconstruction of the resected segment. Various techniques are examined and the one using an autoplastic fibular graft is described in detail. This method preserves good function of the wrist joint.", "contents": "Resection of the distal end of the radius. Resection of the distal end of the radius is indicated in the treatment of locally aggressive primary bone tumours, such as giant cell tumour. This requires reconstruction of the resected segment. Various techniques are examined and the one using an autoplastic fibular graft is described in detail. This method preserves good function of the wrist joint."}
{"id": "PMID:297037", "title": "[Distribution and function of immunogenetic markers on epidermal cells].", "content": "Gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are vital for the regulation of immunocompetent cell interactions and, thus, of the entire immune response. In this report, we describe the distribution of these MHC-encoded alloantigens on epidermal cells of different species and discuss their potential role in the generation of epidermal immune reactions.", "contents": "[Distribution and function of immunogenetic markers on epidermal cells]. Gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are vital for the regulation of immunocompetent cell interactions and, thus, of the entire immune response. In this report, we describe the distribution of these MHC-encoded alloantigens on epidermal cells of different species and discuss their potential role in the generation of epidermal immune reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:297141", "title": "Critical evaluation of commissural myelotomy in the treatment of intractable pain.", "content": "The Authors describe 6 cases of commissural myelotomy performed on patients suffering from malignant neoplasms at the Neurosurgical Department of Bergamo. A review of all cases reported in the literature has been documented by clinical data supported by anatomophysiological considerations.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of commissural myelotomy in the treatment of intractable pain. The Authors describe 6 cases of commissural myelotomy performed on patients suffering from malignant neoplasms at the Neurosurgical Department of Bergamo. A review of all cases reported in the literature has been documented by clinical data supported by anatomophysiological considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:297364", "title": "Pattern and flash evoked responses in disseminated and selective optic pathway damage.", "content": "In multiple sclerosis (MS), an increase in delay in visual evoked responses (VER) may be important, but an earlier change is the behaviour of the wave-shape; amplitude is always lower even in MS patients without subjective visual symptoms, provided not only flash but also pattern stimulation is used. Normal amplitude with pattern stimulation does not necessarily mean normal amplitude with flash stimulation. Combining both stimulation methods, we found lowering of amplitude and change of wave-shape in 100 per cent of cases while latency was increased in only 77 per cent. Flash and pattern VER might be even more pathognomonic in MS than oligoclonal gammaglobulin fractionation on agar, which is positive in 75 per cent of cases. We recommend that subclinical cases of MS should be submitted to full electro-oculographic investigation. Patients with sectoral ischaemic neuropathy and open angle glaucoma (OAG) show the same findings; this emphasizes that the method is not specific for demyelinating diseases, nor selective for papillo-macular bundle involvement, but that VER, considering only its first components, reflects axonal damage somewhere in the visual pathway.", "contents": "Pattern and flash evoked responses in disseminated and selective optic pathway damage. In multiple sclerosis (MS), an increase in delay in visual evoked responses (VER) may be important, but an earlier change is the behaviour of the wave-shape; amplitude is always lower even in MS patients without subjective visual symptoms, provided not only flash but also pattern stimulation is used. Normal amplitude with pattern stimulation does not necessarily mean normal amplitude with flash stimulation. Combining both stimulation methods, we found lowering of amplitude and change of wave-shape in 100 per cent of cases while latency was increased in only 77 per cent. Flash and pattern VER might be even more pathognomonic in MS than oligoclonal gammaglobulin fractionation on agar, which is positive in 75 per cent of cases. We recommend that subclinical cases of MS should be submitted to full electro-oculographic investigation. Patients with sectoral ischaemic neuropathy and open angle glaucoma (OAG) show the same findings; this emphasizes that the method is not specific for demyelinating diseases, nor selective for papillo-macular bundle involvement, but that VER, considering only its first components, reflects axonal damage somewhere in the visual pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:297365", "title": "Herpes simplex virus uveitis and optic neuropathy. An experimental investigation.", "content": "The sequence of events which follows the intravitreal injection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into one eye has been observed as it affects the eyes, optic nerves, and optic chiasm. Initially the injected (right) eye showed an intense iridocyclitis and about 16 days after inoculation an exudative retinal detachment was observed. A similar sequence of events occurred in the uninjected (left) eye about 6 days later. HSV has been shown to pass along the right optic nerve towards the chiasm and from there down the left optic nerve. The primary route of spread appears to be via neuroglial cells rather than the axons. Tissue necrosis and re-myelination have been observed.", "contents": "Herpes simplex virus uveitis and optic neuropathy. An experimental investigation. The sequence of events which follows the intravitreal injection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into one eye has been observed as it affects the eyes, optic nerves, and optic chiasm. Initially the injected (right) eye showed an intense iridocyclitis and about 16 days after inoculation an exudative retinal detachment was observed. A similar sequence of events occurred in the uninjected (left) eye about 6 days later. HSV has been shown to pass along the right optic nerve towards the chiasm and from there down the left optic nerve. The primary route of spread appears to be via neuroglial cells rather than the axons. Tissue necrosis and re-myelination have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:297367", "title": "Immunoglobulins of normal aqueous humour.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels have been measured in aqueous humour and blood from 79 patients undergoing cataract extraction. A linear relationship between serum and aqueous IgG was found, but this was not so for IgA, and IgM was not detected in any of the aqueous samples. The morphological features of both the blood-ocular and the blood-brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, and the influences governing the passage of immunoglobulins across these barriers are considered. The similarity between two theories of protein penetration, diffusion through the iris root into the eye, and via the \"functional leak\" into the cerebrospinal fluid, are considered. We feel that the discrepancy between IgG and IgA penetrations into aqueous, despite their similar molecular weights, may be due in part to the larger hydrodynamic volume and consequently increased frictional ration of IgA, although the existence of selective IgG transfer has not been excluded.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins of normal aqueous humour. Immunoglobulin levels have been measured in aqueous humour and blood from 79 patients undergoing cataract extraction. A linear relationship between serum and aqueous IgG was found, but this was not so for IgA, and IgM was not detected in any of the aqueous samples. The morphological features of both the blood-ocular and the blood-brain-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, and the influences governing the passage of immunoglobulins across these barriers are considered. The similarity between two theories of protein penetration, diffusion through the iris root into the eye, and via the \"functional leak\" into the cerebrospinal fluid, are considered. We feel that the discrepancy between IgG and IgA penetrations into aqueous, despite their similar molecular weights, may be due in part to the larger hydrodynamic volume and consequently increased frictional ration of IgA, although the existence of selective IgG transfer has not been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:297368", "title": "Necrotizing scleritis after ocular surgery.", "content": "Six cases of acute necrotizing scleritis are described. These first presented after ocular surgery to the same eye and possible aetiological factors relating to the surgery are discussed. A mechanism for the production of scleritis in these cases is proposed which is analogous to an experimental animal model.", "contents": "Necrotizing scleritis after ocular surgery. Six cases of acute necrotizing scleritis are described. These first presented after ocular surgery to the same eye and possible aetiological factors relating to the surgery are discussed. A mechanism for the production of scleritis in these cases is proposed which is analogous to an experimental animal model."}
{"id": "PMID:297369", "title": "HLA antigens and certain types of uveitis.", "content": "Some preliminary results are given on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing of nine patients with sympathetic ophthalmitis, two with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, and nine with Beh\u00e7et's disease and uveitis. In the sympathetic ophthalmitis patients the relative risk for B40 was 7.2, which would indicate that a more extensive study might be valuable. In Beh\u00e7et's disease B5 and B27 both carried increased risks of 9.4 and 11.1 respectively.", "contents": "HLA antigens and certain types of uveitis. Some preliminary results are given on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) typing of nine patients with sympathetic ophthalmitis, two with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, and nine with Beh\u00e7et's disease and uveitis. In the sympathetic ophthalmitis patients the relative risk for B40 was 7.2, which would indicate that a more extensive study might be valuable. In Beh\u00e7et's disease B5 and B27 both carried increased risks of 9.4 and 11.1 respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:297372", "title": "Amblyopia in bilateral infantile and juvenile cataract. Relationship to timing of treatment.", "content": "Contact lenses were fitted for 51 aphakic infants. From this group data were obtained that support the hypothesis that much of the visual defect in cases of congenital cataract is due to functional amblyopia, and that it is therefore largely preventable and even treatable. The implications of the results for the management of these patients and for human amblyopia are that early treatment and optical correction are essential, since the effects of deprivation start at about 4 months of age and continue to a cumulative but decreasing degree throughout the first decade of life.", "contents": "Amblyopia in bilateral infantile and juvenile cataract. Relationship to timing of treatment. Contact lenses were fitted for 51 aphakic infants. From this group data were obtained that support the hypothesis that much of the visual defect in cases of congenital cataract is due to functional amblyopia, and that it is therefore largely preventable and even treatable. The implications of the results for the management of these patients and for human amblyopia are that early treatment and optical correction are essential, since the effects of deprivation start at about 4 months of age and continue to a cumulative but decreasing degree throughout the first decade of life."}
{"id": "PMID:297373", "title": "Modern simple extracapsular surgery.", "content": "A series of 444 aphakic eyes is reviewed in which extracapsular extraction was performed by modern simple instrumentation followed by the insertion of a posterior chamber lens. The visual results of 93.5 per cent seeing 6/12 (20/40) or better in an age group of 70 years plus is satisfactory. The hospitalization is short and visual recovery rapid. Complications have been few and it has been shown that peripheral iridectomy is not required in most cases as they are not subject to pupil-block glaucoma. The main problem with extracapsular extraction is the incidence of needlings of 9 per cent rising to 16 per cent with longer follow-up. Despite this it is felt that the advantages of extracapsular extraction, with rapid visual rehabilitation and a lower incidence of cystoid macular oedema and retinal detachment, outweigh the disadvantages.", "contents": "Modern simple extracapsular surgery. A series of 444 aphakic eyes is reviewed in which extracapsular extraction was performed by modern simple instrumentation followed by the insertion of a posterior chamber lens. The visual results of 93.5 per cent seeing 6/12 (20/40) or better in an age group of 70 years plus is satisfactory. The hospitalization is short and visual recovery rapid. Complications have been few and it has been shown that peripheral iridectomy is not required in most cases as they are not subject to pupil-block glaucoma. The main problem with extracapsular extraction is the incidence of needlings of 9 per cent rising to 16 per cent with longer follow-up. Despite this it is felt that the advantages of extracapsular extraction, with rapid visual rehabilitation and a lower incidence of cystoid macular oedema and retinal detachment, outweigh the disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:297374", "title": "Biodegradation of nylon loops of intraocular implants in children.", "content": "In none of the 418 first-stage intraocular implant insertions with intracapsular cataract extractions I have carried out in adults is there any clinical evidence of nylon loop degradation. Although there are no previous reports of clinically observable implant loop degradation, clinically detectable biodegradation was found in eleven eyes of seven children and four adults among the 34 second-stage iris-clip or iridocapsular implants I inserted after aspiration of cataract in children and young adults. The degradation has not produced any uveitis, keratopathy, or instability of the implants in any of these patients. Two children had unilateral glaucoma in the eye containing an iris-clip implant. One of them had dense amblyopia in that eye and the iris-clip implant was removed at the time of trabeculectomy. Scanning electron microscopy of this implant is reported. Active search for nylon particles in the trabeculectomy specimen of the second child has shown the presence of strongly birefringent particles in the trabecular tissue. The possible mechanism of biodegradation of the nylon loops is discussed.", "contents": "Biodegradation of nylon loops of intraocular implants in children. In none of the 418 first-stage intraocular implant insertions with intracapsular cataract extractions I have carried out in adults is there any clinical evidence of nylon loop degradation. Although there are no previous reports of clinically observable implant loop degradation, clinically detectable biodegradation was found in eleven eyes of seven children and four adults among the 34 second-stage iris-clip or iridocapsular implants I inserted after aspiration of cataract in children and young adults. The degradation has not produced any uveitis, keratopathy, or instability of the implants in any of these patients. Two children had unilateral glaucoma in the eye containing an iris-clip implant. One of them had dense amblyopia in that eye and the iris-clip implant was removed at the time of trabeculectomy. Scanning electron microscopy of this implant is reported. Active search for nylon particles in the trabeculectomy specimen of the second child has shown the presence of strongly birefringent particles in the trabecular tissue. The possible mechanism of biodegradation of the nylon loops is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:297375", "title": "Cyclic oculomotor palsy.", "content": "This rare condition, an oculomotor palsy which is interrupted by spastic contractions of the levator muscle and the pupillary sphincter at fairly regular intervals, had been reported in 54 patients up to 1975. Two patients presented to the authors with apparently complete unilateral ptosis but abnormal pupillary reactions prompted closer examination. Once the diagnosis has been considered only 5 minutes of careful clinical examination are necessary to confirm or reject it. During the past 4 years the authors have found nine new cases of the condition and it is clear that the diagnosis must often be missed. Details of the patients are shown and discussed in the light of Loewenfeld and Thompson's theory of the pathology. The place of surgical treatment is considered.", "contents": "Cyclic oculomotor palsy. This rare condition, an oculomotor palsy which is interrupted by spastic contractions of the levator muscle and the pupillary sphincter at fairly regular intervals, had been reported in 54 patients up to 1975. Two patients presented to the authors with apparently complete unilateral ptosis but abnormal pupillary reactions prompted closer examination. Once the diagnosis has been considered only 5 minutes of careful clinical examination are necessary to confirm or reject it. During the past 4 years the authors have found nine new cases of the condition and it is clear that the diagnosis must often be missed. Details of the patients are shown and discussed in the light of Loewenfeld and Thompson's theory of the pathology. The place of surgical treatment is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:297377", "title": "Long-term review of injuries to the lacrimal drainage apparatus.", "content": "A series of 57 patients with injuries to the proximal lacrimal drainage apparatus was reviewed to assess the long-term sequelae. The lower canaliculus was involved in 33 patients, the upper in ten, and both upper and lower in twelve, while the common canaliculus and lacrimal sac were each involved in one patient. It was found that either the upper or the lower canaliculus could cope independently with basal lacrimal secretions and that patients with at least one canaliculus intact had no symptoms under normal conditions. In seven patients with lower canalicular lacerations it was found that spontaneous functioning fistulae had developed nasal to the site of canalicular obstruction. The management of canalicular lacerations is discussed and it is recommended that the function of an intact canaliculus should not be jeopardized by surgical manipulations in an attempt to repair a damaged fellow canaliculus.", "contents": "Long-term review of injuries to the lacrimal drainage apparatus. A series of 57 patients with injuries to the proximal lacrimal drainage apparatus was reviewed to assess the long-term sequelae. The lower canaliculus was involved in 33 patients, the upper in ten, and both upper and lower in twelve, while the common canaliculus and lacrimal sac were each involved in one patient. It was found that either the upper or the lower canaliculus could cope independently with basal lacrimal secretions and that patients with at least one canaliculus intact had no symptoms under normal conditions. In seven patients with lower canalicular lacerations it was found that spontaneous functioning fistulae had developed nasal to the site of canalicular obstruction. The management of canalicular lacerations is discussed and it is recommended that the function of an intact canaliculus should not be jeopardized by surgical manipulations in an attempt to repair a damaged fellow canaliculus."}
{"id": "PMID:297378", "title": "Genesis and therapy of dacryocystitis neonatorum.", "content": "By means of post mortem dacryocystograms and photomicrographs of histological slides, the topography and morphology of the lacrimal ducts in newborn infants are demonstrated. Because of bends in the course of the lower tear duct a percentage of probings will fail to effect satisfactory perforation of Hasner's membrane. In most cases the soft texture of this membrane requires no more than syringing under pressure, using the hollow probe as described by Bangerter (1953).", "contents": "Genesis and therapy of dacryocystitis neonatorum. By means of post mortem dacryocystograms and photomicrographs of histological slides, the topography and morphology of the lacrimal ducts in newborn infants are demonstrated. Because of bends in the course of the lower tear duct a percentage of probings will fail to effect satisfactory perforation of Hasner's membrane. In most cases the soft texture of this membrane requires no more than syringing under pressure, using the hollow probe as described by Bangerter (1953)."}
{"id": "PMID:297382", "title": "Preretinal macular fibrosis.", "content": "The clinical features of preretinal macular fibrosis are reviewed, particular consideration being given to related pathology at the vitreo-retinal interface. These observations are correlated with recent studies of the ultrastructural abnormalities present in this condition.", "contents": "Preretinal macular fibrosis. The clinical features of preretinal macular fibrosis are reviewed, particular consideration being given to related pathology at the vitreo-retinal interface. These observations are correlated with recent studies of the ultrastructural abnormalities present in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:297383", "title": "Surgical management of epiretinal membranes.", "content": "Cellular membranes growing on the inner retinal surface occur in various ocular disorders, and modern methods of vitreous surgery permit removal of these membranes in selected cases. The surgical treatment of epiretinal membranes complicating proliferative retinopathies and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is briefly described, and the results of such surgery in a series of thirteen consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise successful surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are presented in detail. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each of the thirteen eyes. An iatrogenic retinal tear (successfully repaired) occurred in one eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in two eyes. Progression of lens opacities occurred postoperatively in four of six phakic eyes, and one eye later required cataract extraction. Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 20/30, use of vitrectomy methods to remove epiretinal membranes can provide significant visual improvement in selected cases.", "contents": "Surgical management of epiretinal membranes. Cellular membranes growing on the inner retinal surface occur in various ocular disorders, and modern methods of vitreous surgery permit removal of these membranes in selected cases. The surgical treatment of epiretinal membranes complicating proliferative retinopathies and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is briefly described, and the results of such surgery in a series of thirteen consecutive eyes with macular pucker after otherwise successful surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are presented in detail. A technically successful result with visual improvement was achieved in each of the thirteen eyes. An iatrogenic retinal tear (successfully repaired) occurred in one eye, and recurrent retinal detachment requiring an additional operation occurred postoperatively in two eyes. Progression of lens opacities occurred postoperatively in four of six phakic eyes, and one eye later required cataract extraction. Despite such risks, and the fact that the best postoperative visual acuity achieved was 20/30, use of vitrectomy methods to remove epiretinal membranes can provide significant visual improvement in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:297384", "title": "Ultrastructure of epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker after retinal re-attachment surgery.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of the cellular components of surgically obtained preretinal membrane in twelve cases of macular pucker which followed retinal re-attachment surgery have been analysed. A mixture of different types of cells was observed. Definite (7) or probable (1) fibrous astrocytes were present in eight cases. Definite retinal pigment epithelium was the principal cell in only two cases, and four additional cases showed probable retinal pigment epithelium. Fibrocytes and macrophages were present in five cases and blood vessels in two. Nine of the twelve specimens included internal limiting membrane of the retina.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker after retinal re-attachment surgery. The ultrastructural features of the cellular components of surgically obtained preretinal membrane in twelve cases of macular pucker which followed retinal re-attachment surgery have been analysed. A mixture of different types of cells was observed. Definite (7) or probable (1) fibrous astrocytes were present in eight cases. Definite retinal pigment epithelium was the principal cell in only two cases, and four additional cases showed probable retinal pigment epithelium. Fibrocytes and macrophages were present in five cases and blood vessels in two. Nine of the twelve specimens included internal limiting membrane of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:297385", "title": "Anterior chamber volume. Its measurement and clinical application.", "content": "Measurement of anterior chamber volume is discussed and attention drawn to a new, convenient slit-image method, which was used to study anterior chamber depth and volume before and after prophylactic peripheral iridectomy in the fellow eyes of patients presenting with unilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma. There was no significant change in depth after iridectomy but the mean anterior chamber volume increased significantly (P less than 0.01), by nearly 3 per cent. This increase was due to elimination of peripheral iris bomb\u00e9 which was not present in two control groups of normal eyes, one matched for anterior chamber depth and the other for age and refraction. Peripheral iris bomb\u00e9 may be a quantifiable factor predisposing to the development of acute angle-closure glaucoma.", "contents": "Anterior chamber volume. Its measurement and clinical application. Measurement of anterior chamber volume is discussed and attention drawn to a new, convenient slit-image method, which was used to study anterior chamber depth and volume before and after prophylactic peripheral iridectomy in the fellow eyes of patients presenting with unilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma. There was no significant change in depth after iridectomy but the mean anterior chamber volume increased significantly (P less than 0.01), by nearly 3 per cent. This increase was due to elimination of peripheral iris bomb\u00e9 which was not present in two control groups of normal eyes, one matched for anterior chamber depth and the other for age and refraction. Peripheral iris bomb\u00e9 may be a quantifiable factor predisposing to the development of acute angle-closure glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:297386", "title": "Effects of therapy on vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry was used to study the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in 116 patients with diabetes mellitus of adult onset. The patients were in good stable metabolic control on injectable insulin, oral hypoglycaemics, or diet therapy. Vitreous fluorophotometry readings were abnormally high but similar in all three groups and in those with or without early background retinopathy. A higher incidence of systemic hypertension was noted in those patients requiring oral agents compared to those on insulin or diet therapy.", "contents": "Effects of therapy on vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetes mellitus. Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry was used to study the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in 116 patients with diabetes mellitus of adult onset. The patients were in good stable metabolic control on injectable insulin, oral hypoglycaemics, or diet therapy. Vitreous fluorophotometry readings were abnormally high but similar in all three groups and in those with or without early background retinopathy. A higher incidence of systemic hypertension was noted in those patients requiring oral agents compared to those on insulin or diet therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:297390", "title": "Psychophysical and visual evoked potential findings in hereditary optic atrophy.", "content": "24 members of families with dominant hereditary optic atrophy were investigated. Visual acuity, Goldmann perimetry, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue tests, and visual evoked potentials to flash and pattern-reversal were performed. All except the Goldmann perimetry showed a significant association with the presence of optic atrophy. The flash VEP showed a positive-negative-positive response in most of the affected patients.", "contents": "Psychophysical and visual evoked potential findings in hereditary optic atrophy. 24 members of families with dominant hereditary optic atrophy were investigated. Visual acuity, Goldmann perimetry, Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue tests, and visual evoked potentials to flash and pattern-reversal were performed. All except the Goldmann perimetry showed a significant association with the presence of optic atrophy. The flash VEP showed a positive-negative-positive response in most of the affected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:297408", "title": "[Endoprosthetic replacement following resections of malignant tumors of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to advances in chemotherapy and endoprothetics, amputation is increasingly being replaced  by local resectioning in malignant tumors. While suitable implantations for bridging defects in the proximal humerus and proximal femur are available, prostheses for resectioned tumors in the knee area  have not yet been fully developed. From 1966 to 1978, 77 endoprostheses were implanted in 29 primary bone tumors, 3 malignant soft-tissue tumors and 45 bone metastases. There were 43 endoprostheses of the proximal femur, 31 endoprostheses of the proximal humerus and 3 special endoprostheses of the knee region. In most cases, eliminating the tumor radically was successful and a functional extremity was retained.", "contents": "[Endoprosthetic replacement following resections of malignant tumors of the extremities (author's transl)]. Due to advances in chemotherapy and endoprothetics, amputation is increasingly being replaced  by local resectioning in malignant tumors. While suitable implantations for bridging defects in the proximal humerus and proximal femur are available, prostheses for resectioned tumors in the knee area  have not yet been fully developed. From 1966 to 1978, 77 endoprostheses were implanted in 29 primary bone tumors, 3 malignant soft-tissue tumors and 45 bone metastases. There were 43 endoprostheses of the proximal femur, 31 endoprostheses of the proximal humerus and 3 special endoprostheses of the knee region. In most cases, eliminating the tumor radically was successful and a functional extremity was retained."}
{"id": "PMID:297423", "title": "The determination of twin zygosity by means of a mailed questionnaire.", "content": "A mailed questionnaire dealing with similarity in childhood, and how often and by whom the twins were mixed up, was applied to 290 same-sex adult twin pairs. For about 75% of pairs ten genetic markers were analysed. The agreement in zygosity classification between questionnaire and blood typing was high. Irrespective of whether raw scores of discriminant function analysis was applied, the agreement was nearly 95%. When a decision tree was applied, the percentage rose to nearly 96%. Considering that probably four of the twin pairs were wrongly classified as MZ by genetic markers, the percentage rose to 96 and 98, respectively.", "contents": "The determination of twin zygosity by means of a mailed questionnaire. A mailed questionnaire dealing with similarity in childhood, and how often and by whom the twins were mixed up, was applied to 290 same-sex adult twin pairs. For about 75% of pairs ten genetic markers were analysed. The agreement in zygosity classification between questionnaire and blood typing was high. Irrespective of whether raw scores of discriminant function analysis was applied, the agreement was nearly 95%. When a decision tree was applied, the percentage rose to nearly 96%. Considering that probably four of the twin pairs were wrongly classified as MZ by genetic markers, the percentage rose to 96 and 98, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:297427", "title": "Meningeal involvement in leukemias and malignant lymphomas of adults: incidence, course of disease, and treatment for prevention.", "content": "As prognosis has improved over the last several years, an increasing incidence of meningeal involvement has been recognized in adult patients with acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas. In 210 patients evaluated retrospectively, the incidence of meningeal disease was 33% for patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 20% for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 22% for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an unfavorable histology (NHL), 3% for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and 1% for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In most patients, meningeal involvement appeared several months after diagnosis of acute leukemia, often preceding systemic relapse if bone marrow remission had been achieved before. Prophylactic treatment of the CNS was begun in eight patients with ALL or AML after bone marrow remission was achieved. Of these patients, three with ALL and one with AML were free of disease up to 2 years after diagnosis. Methods, benefits, and risks of prophylactic treatment of the CNS for adult patients are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Meningeal involvement in leukemias and malignant lymphomas of adults: incidence, course of disease, and treatment for prevention. As prognosis has improved over the last several years, an increasing incidence of meningeal involvement has been recognized in adult patients with acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas. In 210 patients evaluated retrospectively, the incidence of meningeal disease was 33% for patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 20% for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 22% for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an unfavorable histology (NHL), 3% for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and 1% for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In most patients, meningeal involvement appeared several months after diagnosis of acute leukemia, often preceding systemic relapse if bone marrow remission had been achieved before. Prophylactic treatment of the CNS was begun in eight patients with ALL or AML after bone marrow remission was achieved. Of these patients, three with ALL and one with AML were free of disease up to 2 years after diagnosis. Methods, benefits, and risks of prophylactic treatment of the CNS for adult patients are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:297428", "title": "Traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors related to age and incisal overjet. A retrospective study.", "content": "The relationship between traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors and incisal overjet, with special reference to the age at which the trauma occurred, was studied in a sample of 1437 orthodontically untreated children aged 7--16 years. Traumatic injuries to hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. Before 10 years of age, the increase of the prevalence rates was most rapid in the extreme (greater than 6 mm) overjet group in both sexes; the ratios between the extreme and normal (0--3 mm) overjet groups being 6.5/1 in girls and 5.0/1 in boys. According to the estimate, about 50% of the girls and 70% of the boys in this overjet group with injuries were affected before the age of 10 years.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors related to age and incisal overjet. A retrospective study. The relationship between traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors and incisal overjet, with special reference to the age at which the trauma occurred, was studied in a sample of 1437 orthodontically untreated children aged 7--16 years. Traumatic injuries to hard dental tissues and exarticulations of teeth were recorded. Before 10 years of age, the increase of the prevalence rates was most rapid in the extreme (greater than 6 mm) overjet group in both sexes; the ratios between the extreme and normal (0--3 mm) overjet groups being 6.5/1 in girls and 5.0/1 in boys. According to the estimate, about 50% of the girls and 70% of the boys in this overjet group with injuries were affected before the age of 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:297429", "title": "Innervation of different parts of the predentin and dentin in young human premolars.", "content": "The innervation of the predentin and inner part of the mineralized dentin was studied at the ultrastructural level in ten premolars. Each tooth was divided into fifteen different parts, each containing odontoblasts, predentin and dentin. It was found that the innervation in the coronal dentin was more compact than in the root dentin. Within the coronal dentin itself, the most densely innervated area was the dentin covering the pulp horns. No nerves were identified more than 100 microns from the pulp-dentinal border. No nervous structures were found in the mineralized dentin of the root. Nervous structures which seemed to have no connection with the odontoblastic processes were frequently observed in the predentin of the root. Signs of degeneration of the nervous structures of the predentin of the root was also a common finding. The observation that the intradentinal nerves were confined to the predentin and the most pulpal part of the dentin supports the theory that surface stimulation on dentin has an indirect effect on the nerves activated by movements in the liquid of the dentinal tubules.", "contents": "Innervation of different parts of the predentin and dentin in young human premolars. The innervation of the predentin and inner part of the mineralized dentin was studied at the ultrastructural level in ten premolars. Each tooth was divided into fifteen different parts, each containing odontoblasts, predentin and dentin. It was found that the innervation in the coronal dentin was more compact than in the root dentin. Within the coronal dentin itself, the most densely innervated area was the dentin covering the pulp horns. No nerves were identified more than 100 microns from the pulp-dentinal border. No nervous structures were found in the mineralized dentin of the root. Nervous structures which seemed to have no connection with the odontoblastic processes were frequently observed in the predentin of the root. Signs of degeneration of the nervous structures of the predentin of the root was also a common finding. The observation that the intradentinal nerves were confined to the predentin and the most pulpal part of the dentin supports the theory that surface stimulation on dentin has an indirect effect on the nerves activated by movements in the liquid of the dentinal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:297430", "title": "Oral candidosis--frequency, treatment and relapse tendency in a group of psychiatric inpatients.", "content": "Candida fungi are frequent in the oral cavity, especially in denture wearers. The infection can cause serious complications in elderly or debilitated subject. The present experimental group consisted of 81 female psychiatric patients (35--91 years of age). In addition to a clinical examination, smears from the palate, tongue and dentures (when present) were cultured on Nickerson's medium. Patients with a positive clinical and/or microbiological diagnosis were treated for 35 days with one of two gels containing 1% chlorhexidine. Following the treatment period patients with full or partial dentures took part in a maintenance program, in which the dentures were either soaked in a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution or mechanically cleaned every day for a period of 35 days. Two thirds of the patients showed clinical signs of oral candidosis or had positive cultures preexperimentally. The treatment with chlorhexidine gels resulted in negative cultures in 71% and negative clinical diagnosis gels resulted in negative cultures in 71% and negative clinical diagnosis in 96% of the patients. Mucosal soreness occurred during the treatment period in 8 out of 28 patients wearing full dentures. Xerostomia was not influenced by the chlorhexidine treatment. The relapse tendency was low during the post-treatment period. No clearcut differences between the two maintenance methods could be detected.", "contents": "Oral candidosis--frequency, treatment and relapse tendency in a group of psychiatric inpatients. Candida fungi are frequent in the oral cavity, especially in denture wearers. The infection can cause serious complications in elderly or debilitated subject. The present experimental group consisted of 81 female psychiatric patients (35--91 years of age). In addition to a clinical examination, smears from the palate, tongue and dentures (when present) were cultured on Nickerson's medium. Patients with a positive clinical and/or microbiological diagnosis were treated for 35 days with one of two gels containing 1% chlorhexidine. Following the treatment period patients with full or partial dentures took part in a maintenance program, in which the dentures were either soaked in a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution or mechanically cleaned every day for a period of 35 days. Two thirds of the patients showed clinical signs of oral candidosis or had positive cultures preexperimentally. The treatment with chlorhexidine gels resulted in negative cultures in 71% and negative clinical diagnosis gels resulted in negative cultures in 71% and negative clinical diagnosis in 96% of the patients. Mucosal soreness occurred during the treatment period in 8 out of 28 patients wearing full dentures. Xerostomia was not influenced by the chlorhexidine treatment. The relapse tendency was low during the post-treatment period. No clearcut differences between the two maintenance methods could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:297431", "title": "Radiopaque zones in the dentin beneath silicate fillings analyzed by electron microprobe.", "content": "Seven teeth which showed radiopaque zones beneath silicate fillings were sectioned and studied by microradiography and electron microprobe analysis in order to elucidate which elements were responsible for the increased absorption of X-rays and whether the presence of carious lesions could be masked by foreign elements in the tissue. The Ca concentration was frequently found to be either slightly increased or reduced compared with radiographically unaltered dentin. Increased concentrations of F and Zn occurred in the radiopaque zones. The highest F concentrations (0.4--1%) were recorded in zones with an increased Ca content. The highest Zn concentrations (5--8%) were found in the three specimens having a reduced Ca content. The possible conditions responsible for the increased Ca, F and Zn concentrations are discussed. The results indicate that both Ca and Zn may contribute to the increased absorption of X-rays. The hypothesis that carious dentin may be obscured in intraoral radiographs by the presence of foreign elements in the tissue, was not substantiated.", "contents": "Radiopaque zones in the dentin beneath silicate fillings analyzed by electron microprobe. Seven teeth which showed radiopaque zones beneath silicate fillings were sectioned and studied by microradiography and electron microprobe analysis in order to elucidate which elements were responsible for the increased absorption of X-rays and whether the presence of carious lesions could be masked by foreign elements in the tissue. The Ca concentration was frequently found to be either slightly increased or reduced compared with radiographically unaltered dentin. Increased concentrations of F and Zn occurred in the radiopaque zones. The highest F concentrations (0.4--1%) were recorded in zones with an increased Ca content. The highest Zn concentrations (5--8%) were found in the three specimens having a reduced Ca content. The possible conditions responsible for the increased Ca, F and Zn concentrations are discussed. The results indicate that both Ca and Zn may contribute to the increased absorption of X-rays. The hypothesis that carious dentin may be obscured in intraoral radiographs by the presence of foreign elements in the tissue, was not substantiated."}
{"id": "PMID:297432", "title": "Evaluation of extrinsic tooth discoloration.", "content": "Extrinsic brown tooth discolorations are frequently detected in connection with antibacterial agents used for chemical plaque control. The present investigation confirmed the staining ability of an antibacterial quarternary ammonium salt, benzethoniumchloride, used as a 2% additive to a dentifrice. A weak chelator did not alter the discoloration tendency. Extrinsic discoloration was evaluated both by direct inspection, from color photographs and by using a microphotometric technique. The discoloration tendency was well demonstrated by all three techniques. Evaluation from the color photographs, however, may be preferable in epidemiological surveys while the microphotometric technique may possess certain advantages in detailed experimental discoloration studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of extrinsic tooth discoloration. Extrinsic brown tooth discolorations are frequently detected in connection with antibacterial agents used for chemical plaque control. The present investigation confirmed the staining ability of an antibacterial quarternary ammonium salt, benzethoniumchloride, used as a 2% additive to a dentifrice. A weak chelator did not alter the discoloration tendency. Extrinsic discoloration was evaluated both by direct inspection, from color photographs and by using a microphotometric technique. The discoloration tendency was well demonstrated by all three techniques. Evaluation from the color photographs, however, may be preferable in epidemiological surveys while the microphotometric technique may possess certain advantages in detailed experimental discoloration studies."}
{"id": "PMID:297469", "title": "Nature of transformation of hydrocortisone by cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "The ability of Mycobacterium globiforme 193 cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel (Paag) to transform soluble and microcrystalline hydrocortisone was investigated under conditions to periodic aeration. It was found that the specific 3-oxosteroid-delta'-dehydrogenase activity of immobilized cells hardly differs from that of free cells and averages 0.06 mumole/mg cells . min; the quantitative and qualitative composition of the transformation products formed by free and immobilized cells was identical. The linear relation between the accumulation of the reaction product, prednisolone, and the transformation time, the absence of an activating effect of SAA [surface-active agents] on the 3-oxosteroid-delta'-dehydrogenase activity, the correlation between enzymatic activity and viability, and the absence of an increase in activity during repeated transformations indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane of Myc. globiforme is not a significant diffusion barrier for the reaction substrate and product. Maintenance of immobilized cells in a viable state is a necessary condition of the retention of enzymatic activity by these cells. \"Activation\" of immobilized cells is achieved by incubating the granules in nutrient medium. The cause of the \"activation,\" in our opinion, is the appearance of a new surface and, probably, internal cell population.", "contents": "Nature of transformation of hydrocortisone by cells incorporated into polyacrylamide gel. The ability of Mycobacterium globiforme 193 cells immobilized in polyacrylamide gel (Paag) to transform soluble and microcrystalline hydrocortisone was investigated under conditions to periodic aeration. It was found that the specific 3-oxosteroid-delta'-dehydrogenase activity of immobilized cells hardly differs from that of free cells and averages 0.06 mumole/mg cells . min; the quantitative and qualitative composition of the transformation products formed by free and immobilized cells was identical. The linear relation between the accumulation of the reaction product, prednisolone, and the transformation time, the absence of an activating effect of SAA [surface-active agents] on the 3-oxosteroid-delta'-dehydrogenase activity, the correlation between enzymatic activity and viability, and the absence of an increase in activity during repeated transformations indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane of Myc. globiforme is not a significant diffusion barrier for the reaction substrate and product. Maintenance of immobilized cells in a viable state is a necessary condition of the retention of enzymatic activity by these cells. \"Activation\" of immobilized cells is achieved by incubating the granules in nutrient medium. The cause of the \"activation,\" in our opinion, is the appearance of a new surface and, probably, internal cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:297652", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in tumors of the bones of the hand].", "content": "The diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the skeleton of the hand are reviewed. Benign enchondromas were found to be the most common. Primary osteogenetic sarcoma was rare as was malignant degeneration in initially benign tumors and in the bony manifestations of systemic disease such as neurofibromatosis or hyperparathyroidism. Tumors were more common in phalanges and metacarpals than in the carpus and showed their highest incidence in the 4th decade. Diagnosis was aided by angiography and bone-scanning. Some difficulties were encountered in pathological examination. Treatment involved curettage and cancellous grafting in small tumors, en bloc resection followed by osteosynthetic stabilisation in larger instances and radical ablation followed by chemotherapy in malignancy.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in tumors of the bones of the hand]. The diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the skeleton of the hand are reviewed. Benign enchondromas were found to be the most common. Primary osteogenetic sarcoma was rare as was malignant degeneration in initially benign tumors and in the bony manifestations of systemic disease such as neurofibromatosis or hyperparathyroidism. Tumors were more common in phalanges and metacarpals than in the carpus and showed their highest incidence in the 4th decade. Diagnosis was aided by angiography and bone-scanning. Some difficulties were encountered in pathological examination. Treatment involved curettage and cancellous grafting in small tumors, en bloc resection followed by osteosynthetic stabilisation in larger instances and radical ablation followed by chemotherapy in malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:297672", "title": "The prevalence of periodontal diseases iin urban Israeli youth (14-18 years of age).", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to obtain current information regarding periodontal diseases. The study was conducted in Israel among ninth to twelth grade students, 14 to 18 years of age, residing in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan. A total of 725 school children were examined. During the examination only periodontal status was checked. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). The mean PI found was 0.52. The results indicate an increase in the mean PI with age. Significant difference was found in the mean PI values between girls and boys. Girls constantly scored lower mean PI values than boys. No significant differences were found in the mean PI scores when studied according to country of origin.", "contents": "The prevalence of periodontal diseases iin urban Israeli youth (14-18 years of age). The purpose of the present study was to obtain current information regarding periodontal diseases. The study was conducted in Israel among ninth to twelth grade students, 14 to 18 years of age, residing in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Ramat Gan. A total of 725 school children were examined. During the examination only periodontal status was checked. Periodontal status was recorded according to Russell's Periodontal Index (PI). The mean PI found was 0.52. The results indicate an increase in the mean PI with age. Significant difference was found in the mean PI values between girls and boys. Girls constantly scored lower mean PI values than boys. No significant differences were found in the mean PI scores when studied according to country of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:297673", "title": "A temporary-permanent splint.", "content": "A method of temporary permanent splinting has been presented which enables the clinician to stabilize anterior teeth aesthetically and rigidly without resorting to cast restorations. The method utilizes an acid-etch composite technique with T.M.S. Pins and has shown itself to be a rapid, cosmetic and durable alternative to either the temporary intra-coronal wire ligation or the more permanent gold prosthesis.", "contents": "A temporary-permanent splint. A method of temporary permanent splinting has been presented which enables the clinician to stabilize anterior teeth aesthetically and rigidly without resorting to cast restorations. The method utilizes an acid-etch composite technique with T.M.S. Pins and has shown itself to be a rapid, cosmetic and durable alternative to either the temporary intra-coronal wire ligation or the more permanent gold prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:298101", "title": "Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage associated with leukaemic infiltration of the stomach: A report of 2 cases.", "content": "Two cases of leukaemic infiltration of the stomach are presented. In both patients the dominant presenting sign was gastro-intestinal bleeding. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings are presented together with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal haemorrhage associated with leukaemic infiltration of the stomach: A report of 2 cases. Two cases of leukaemic infiltration of the stomach are presented. In both patients the dominant presenting sign was gastro-intestinal bleeding. The clinical, radiological and pathological findings are presented together with a brief review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:298186", "title": "Polyploidy, plants, and electrophoresis.", "content": "Investigations of polyploidy using electrophoresis are at present severely limited by several areas of difficulty which limit all applications of this technique. The technical problems inherent in electrophoresis of plants, namely extraction of active extracts and maximizing resolution of electrophoretic variants through investigation of gel and especially assay conditions, have never been addressed explicitly. No rationale for initiating work on a new species is available. Analytical approaches to defining the conditions which limit resolution are rare. Gel-to-gel variation is poorly controlled, seldom monitored. The individual nature of electrophoretic investigations limits the comparability of data among labs. In short, \"hit-and-miss\" approaches predominate, and these limit investigation. Techniques are now available which one can hope will greatly improve the experimental situation.", "contents": "Polyploidy, plants, and electrophoresis. Investigations of polyploidy using electrophoresis are at present severely limited by several areas of difficulty which limit all applications of this technique. The technical problems inherent in electrophoresis of plants, namely extraction of active extracts and maximizing resolution of electrophoretic variants through investigation of gel and especially assay conditions, have never been addressed explicitly. No rationale for initiating work on a new species is available. Analytical approaches to defining the conditions which limit resolution are rare. Gel-to-gel variation is poorly controlled, seldom monitored. The individual nature of electrophoretic investigations limits the comparability of data among labs. In short, \"hit-and-miss\" approaches predominate, and these limit investigation. Techniques are now available which one can hope will greatly improve the experimental situation."}
{"id": "PMID:298321", "title": "[Jaw reconstruction with fixation plates].", "content": "The use of internal fixation plates in the reconstruction of mandibular continuity following serious injury, or resection of mouth floor tumours, is described. When complicated fractures are involved, the combined employment of osteosynthesis with steel wires and fixation plates is advised. Three illustrative cases from a personal series are presented.", "contents": "[Jaw reconstruction with fixation plates]. The use of internal fixation plates in the reconstruction of mandibular continuity following serious injury, or resection of mouth floor tumours, is described. When complicated fractures are involved, the combined employment of osteosynthesis with steel wires and fixation plates is advised. Three illustrative cases from a personal series are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:298322", "title": "[Anatomo-radiological evaluation of the long term results of surgery of large odontogenic cysts].", "content": "Long term surgical results in 47 cases of great size odontogenic cysts are examined with an anatomo-radiological method. The reparative osteogenetic process of these great cysts with mandibular localization are compared with those with maxillary localization, following anatomo radiological and clinical-radiological methods. These results are also examined according to the surgical techniques used.", "contents": "[Anatomo-radiological evaluation of the long term results of surgery of large odontogenic cysts]. Long term surgical results in 47 cases of great size odontogenic cysts are examined with an anatomo-radiological method. The reparative osteogenetic process of these great cysts with mandibular localization are compared with those with maxillary localization, following anatomo radiological and clinical-radiological methods. These results are also examined according to the surgical techniques used."}
{"id": "PMID:298323", "title": "[Preventive therapy in stomatological and maxillofacial surgery. Clinical considerations on the administration of cephaloridine, using a new technic (short-term prophylaxis)].", "content": "The \"Short term prophylaxis\" technique was used in 100 patients who had undergone Stomatologic surgery and Maxillo-facial surgery for post-operative prophylaxis of surgical infections according to analogous researches conducted in other surgical branches by various authors. The results obtained can be summarized as following: 1) a marked reduction in administered antibiotics (cefaloridina); 2) a marked reduction of post-operative fever; 3) a maintainment of average febrile levels at 37,8 degrees-38 degrees. The above tecnique thus allowed a more rapid mobilization of patients who had undergone surgical intervention, a reduction of the recovery period and the therapeutic costs.", "contents": "[Preventive therapy in stomatological and maxillofacial surgery. Clinical considerations on the administration of cephaloridine, using a new technic (short-term prophylaxis)]. The \"Short term prophylaxis\" technique was used in 100 patients who had undergone Stomatologic surgery and Maxillo-facial surgery for post-operative prophylaxis of surgical infections according to analogous researches conducted in other surgical branches by various authors. The results obtained can be summarized as following: 1) a marked reduction in administered antibiotics (cefaloridina); 2) a marked reduction of post-operative fever; 3) a maintainment of average febrile levels at 37,8 degrees-38 degrees. The above tecnique thus allowed a more rapid mobilization of patients who had undergone surgical intervention, a reduction of the recovery period and the therapeutic costs."}
{"id": "PMID:298324", "title": "[Use of a new cobetalactamine in the therapy of acute and chronic odontogenic processes].", "content": "Treatment of 70 patients with acute and chronic odontogenic processes for 5-35 days (mean 10.9 days) with a new cobetalactamine is reported. Rapid resolution was noted in nosological groups marked by the presence of acute infection. Particular interest is attached to the effect of the drug on chronicisting infections, such as apical granuloma, maxillary osteitis, and radicular cysts, since these forms displayed a high degree of vascular isolation, were often sustained by a mixed flora, and had been previously treated with other antibiotics. Follow-up four weeks after the conclusion of treatment showed a low incidence of recurrences that was in all events lower than in earlier experiments with chemical antibiotics. There were no instances of intolerance or allergy.", "contents": "[Use of a new cobetalactamine in the therapy of acute and chronic odontogenic processes]. Treatment of 70 patients with acute and chronic odontogenic processes for 5-35 days (mean 10.9 days) with a new cobetalactamine is reported. Rapid resolution was noted in nosological groups marked by the presence of acute infection. Particular interest is attached to the effect of the drug on chronicisting infections, such as apical granuloma, maxillary osteitis, and radicular cysts, since these forms displayed a high degree of vascular isolation, were often sustained by a mixed flora, and had been previously treated with other antibiotics. Follow-up four weeks after the conclusion of treatment showed a low incidence of recurrences that was in all events lower than in earlier experiments with chemical antibiotics. There were no instances of intolerance or allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:298326", "title": "[An unusual case of generalized amyloidosis with localizations in the oral cavity].", "content": "After a brief examination of the most modern conceptions relating to amyloidosis desease a case of sistemic amyloidosis localized in the oral cavity is presented by the authors. An iconografic series of the lesions affecting the mucous membrane of the lips, checks and tongue is meant to contribute to an easier and immediate finding of analogous cases marked by a primary localization in the oral cavity, thus facilitating an early diagnosis of the sistemic desease.", "contents": "[An unusual case of generalized amyloidosis with localizations in the oral cavity]. After a brief examination of the most modern conceptions relating to amyloidosis desease a case of sistemic amyloidosis localized in the oral cavity is presented by the authors. An iconografic series of the lesions affecting the mucous membrane of the lips, checks and tongue is meant to contribute to an easier and immediate finding of analogous cases marked by a primary localization in the oral cavity, thus facilitating an early diagnosis of the sistemic desease."}
{"id": "PMID:298328", "title": "[Myxomas of the jaws. 10 cases and differential diagnostic evaluations].", "content": "Ten cases of myxoma of the jaw bones are presented. After an examination of the anatomical-clinical-radiological aspects and the micro- and macroscopic pathological anatomy, the authors present a histopathological differential diagnosis and in particular demonstrate that a diagnosis of myxoma is based upon its localization and the exclusion of any benign and malignant lesions due to myxoid. Conservative excision is the preferred treatment.", "contents": "[Myxomas of the jaws. 10 cases and differential diagnostic evaluations]. Ten cases of myxoma of the jaw bones are presented. After an examination of the anatomical-clinical-radiological aspects and the micro- and macroscopic pathological anatomy, the authors present a histopathological differential diagnosis and in particular demonstrate that a diagnosis of myxoma is based upon its localization and the exclusion of any benign and malignant lesions due to myxoid. Conservative excision is the preferred treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:298329", "title": "[Death after a dental infection].", "content": "The pertinent features of life-threatening complications of dental infections have been briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the alterations of the clinical features of these conditions induced by antibiotic therapy. The clinician who deals with dental infection must exercise a high index of suspicion to consistently abort the development of these complications, especially when treating debilitated patients or individuals with compromised immune functions.", "contents": "[Death after a dental infection]. The pertinent features of life-threatening complications of dental infections have been briefly reviewed with particular emphasis on the alterations of the clinical features of these conditions induced by antibiotic therapy. The clinician who deals with dental infection must exercise a high index of suspicion to consistently abort the development of these complications, especially when treating debilitated patients or individuals with compromised immune functions."}
{"id": "PMID:298325", "title": "[Use of chlorhexidine in the therapy of some stomatological diseases].", "content": "A mouthwash or toothpaste containing chlorhexidine gluconate was used to treat spontaneous or provoked bacterial plaque, primary or postoperative secondary gingivitis, and aphthae in 74 male and female subjects (mean age: 37 yr). As observed by other authors the antiseptic was very effective in the prevention of plaque, the healing or primary gingivitis, and the cicatrisation of surgical wounds. It also accelerated the regression of recurrent aphthae.", "contents": "[Use of chlorhexidine in the therapy of some stomatological diseases]. A mouthwash or toothpaste containing chlorhexidine gluconate was used to treat spontaneous or provoked bacterial plaque, primary or postoperative secondary gingivitis, and aphthae in 74 male and female subjects (mean age: 37 yr). As observed by other authors the antiseptic was very effective in the prevention of plaque, the healing or primary gingivitis, and the cicatrisation of surgical wounds. It also accelerated the regression of recurrent aphthae."}
{"id": "PMID:298334", "title": "Sulcal prominence in young chronic schizophrenic patients: CT scan findings associated with impairment on neuropsychological tests.", "content": "Four of 17 chronic schizophrenic (or chronic schizoaffective) patients between the ages of 20 and 35, in partial remission, and living in the community were found to have mildly or moderately prominent sulci, as disclosed by computerized tomography (CT scan). These four patients were matched for sex and age with four chronic schizophrenic (or schizoaffective) patients without sulcal prominence. The Halstead-Reitan battery (HRB) of neuropsychological tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), was administered to these eight patients with the examiner blind to results of the CT scan. Each of the four patients with sulcal prominence considerably exceeded an established cutoff score for brain impairment on the HRB, whereas only one of the control schizophrenics performed in the impaired range, and that just beyond the cutoff. The WAIS Verbal IQ, mneasured concurrently, was in the normal range for all subjects and similar for the two groups. These findings suggest that mild or moderate sulcal prominence on CT scans among young chronic schizophrenics is associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning.", "contents": "Sulcal prominence in young chronic schizophrenic patients: CT scan findings associated with impairment on neuropsychological tests. Four of 17 chronic schizophrenic (or chronic schizoaffective) patients between the ages of 20 and 35, in partial remission, and living in the community were found to have mildly or moderately prominent sulci, as disclosed by computerized tomography (CT scan). These four patients were matched for sex and age with four chronic schizophrenic (or schizoaffective) patients without sulcal prominence. The Halstead-Reitan battery (HRB) of neuropsychological tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), was administered to these eight patients with the examiner blind to results of the CT scan. Each of the four patients with sulcal prominence considerably exceeded an established cutoff score for brain impairment on the HRB, whereas only one of the control schizophrenics performed in the impaired range, and that just beyond the cutoff. The WAIS Verbal IQ, mneasured concurrently, was in the normal range for all subjects and similar for the two groups. These findings suggest that mild or moderate sulcal prominence on CT scans among young chronic schizophrenics is associated with impaired neuropsychological functioning."}
{"id": "PMID:298327", "title": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation with a force-distribution prosthesis. Clinical and statistical evaluation of the results obtained in 79 oral rehabilitations].", "content": "The results obtained with 79 odontoprosthetic rehabilitations by means of removable force distribution prosthesis are reported. Using half-round section wires, this prosthesis distributed masticatory forces axially on the abutment teeth and also distributes them evenly over the edentulous crest, thus achieving a mixed dental and mucous support. Clinical and statistical assessment takes in 79 patients of both sexes aged between 22 and 69 treated over the fifteen year period since 1964. All types of edentulism according to the Kennedy classification were treated. The clinical results were considered, particularly the periodontal situation and the mechanical results, above all friction between retention and function elements of the connecting wires. Clinically, 82,2% of results were positive and 74.6% of the results were mechanically positive also.", "contents": "[Prosthetic rehabilitation with a force-distribution prosthesis. Clinical and statistical evaluation of the results obtained in 79 oral rehabilitations]. The results obtained with 79 odontoprosthetic rehabilitations by means of removable force distribution prosthesis are reported. Using half-round section wires, this prosthesis distributed masticatory forces axially on the abutment teeth and also distributes them evenly over the edentulous crest, thus achieving a mixed dental and mucous support. Clinical and statistical assessment takes in 79 patients of both sexes aged between 22 and 69 treated over the fifteen year period since 1964. All types of edentulism according to the Kennedy classification were treated. The clinical results were considered, particularly the periodontal situation and the mechanical results, above all friction between retention and function elements of the connecting wires. Clinically, 82,2% of results were positive and 74.6% of the results were mechanically positive also."}
{"id": "PMID:298335", "title": "An electrophysiologic indication of defective information storage in childhood autism.", "content": "We used a combined behavioral and electrophysiological technique to test the hypothesis that storage of information is impaired in childhood autism. Endogenous event-related potentials associated with the random deletion of stimuli within a regular train of auditory or visual stimuli were examined in three autistic and three normal children. We found that all subjects were able to detect the stimulus deletions, but cortical potentials associated with stimulus omissions were smaller or absent in the autistic subjects. These results are consistent with dysfunction within the system that includes posterior parietal cortex and its connections with the mesolimbic temporal cortex and hippocampus.", "contents": "An electrophysiologic indication of defective information storage in childhood autism. We used a combined behavioral and electrophysiological technique to test the hypothesis that storage of information is impaired in childhood autism. Endogenous event-related potentials associated with the random deletion of stimuli within a regular train of auditory or visual stimuli were examined in three autistic and three normal children. We found that all subjects were able to detect the stimulus deletions, but cortical potentials associated with stimulus omissions were smaller or absent in the autistic subjects. These results are consistent with dysfunction within the system that includes posterior parietal cortex and its connections with the mesolimbic temporal cortex and hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:298337", "title": "Interactions of amphetamine, pimozide, and lithium on plasma norepineophrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The peripheral interactions of amphetamine with antipsychotic agents may elucidate some central mechanisms by which these drugs affect the behavioral responses to amphetamine. The authors studied the effects of intravenous amphetamine on plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), pulse rate, and blood pressure in schizophrenic patients. Amphetamine increased plasma NE, pulse rate, and blood pressure without significantly changing plasma DBH. DBH activity was similar in drug-free schizophrenic and normal subjects. Neither pimozide nor lithium altered these amphetamine effects nor changed any of the cardiovascular parameters measured in the drug-free subjects. Pimozide and lithium alter behavior and the behavioral effects of amphetamine, but neurotransmitters other than NE may be involved.", "contents": "Interactions of amphetamine, pimozide, and lithium on plasma norepineophrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in schizophrenic patients. The peripheral interactions of amphetamine with antipsychotic agents may elucidate some central mechanisms by which these drugs affect the behavioral responses to amphetamine. The authors studied the effects of intravenous amphetamine on plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), pulse rate, and blood pressure in schizophrenic patients. Amphetamine increased plasma NE, pulse rate, and blood pressure without significantly changing plasma DBH. DBH activity was similar in drug-free schizophrenic and normal subjects. Neither pimozide nor lithium altered these amphetamine effects nor changed any of the cardiovascular parameters measured in the drug-free subjects. Pimozide and lithium alter behavior and the behavioral effects of amphetamine, but neurotransmitters other than NE may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:298338", "title": "Seasonality in biochemical determinations: a source of variance and a clue to the temporal incidence of affective illness.", "content": "Systematic investigation of seasonal variations revealed unimodal annual rhythms in platelet serotonin uptake and DBH activity, bimodal seasonal rhythms in free and total tryptophan, melatonin, and platelet serotonin, and significant fluctuations of higher frequency in platelet MAO activity and protein. The methodological importance of seasonality is emphasized by the fact that the seasonal changes noted were often greater than differences previously found in the same parameters between depressive patients and controls. Since seasonal rhythms are circadian in origin, impairment of a central 24-hour biological clock could provide a common basis for circadian rhythm disturbances and seasonality in affective disorders.", "contents": "Seasonality in biochemical determinations: a source of variance and a clue to the temporal incidence of affective illness. Systematic investigation of seasonal variations revealed unimodal annual rhythms in platelet serotonin uptake and DBH activity, bimodal seasonal rhythms in free and total tryptophan, melatonin, and platelet serotonin, and significant fluctuations of higher frequency in platelet MAO activity and protein. The methodological importance of seasonality is emphasized by the fact that the seasonal changes noted were often greater than differences previously found in the same parameters between depressive patients and controls. Since seasonal rhythms are circadian in origin, impairment of a central 24-hour biological clock could provide a common basis for circadian rhythm disturbances and seasonality in affective disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:298339", "title": "Analgesia to pain stimuli in schizophrenics and its reversal by naltrexone.", "content": "Psychophysical pain ratings and somatosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied in 17 off-medication patients with schizophrenia and 17 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Five of the 17 schizophrenic patients also participated in a clinical trial of naltrexone. In comparison with normal controls, schizophrenic patients were significantly more insensitive to painful stimulation (based on nonparametric analogues of d'from signal detection analysis) and had significantly smaller somatosensory EPs to painful stimuli. Schizophreniucs treated with naltrexone showed significant increases in EP amplitude at higher stimulus intensities and hyperalgesic effects on pain ratings.", "contents": "Analgesia to pain stimuli in schizophrenics and its reversal by naltrexone. Psychophysical pain ratings and somatosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied in 17 off-medication patients with schizophrenia and 17 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Five of the 17 schizophrenic patients also participated in a clinical trial of naltrexone. In comparison with normal controls, schizophrenic patients were significantly more insensitive to painful stimulation (based on nonparametric analogues of d'from signal detection analysis) and had significantly smaller somatosensory EPs to painful stimuli. Schizophreniucs treated with naltrexone showed significant increases in EP amplitude at higher stimulus intensities and hyperalgesic effects on pain ratings."}
{"id": "PMID:298340", "title": "Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children.", "content": "Scores on 17 psychological dimensions of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales were obtained from 5-minute speech samples of 37 white children hospitalized on the psychiatric service of a general hospital. These content analysis scores were compared to identical scores obtained from a normative sample of 109 white children. Groups of children were classified by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) system as having Healthy Responses (N = 2), Personality Disorders (N = 17), Reactive Disorders (N = 9), Psychoneurotic Disorders (N = 7), and Developmental Deviations (N = 2), and by DSM-III as having Parent-Child Problems (N = 2), Conduct Disorders (N = 26), Anxiety Disorders (N = 7), and Special Developmental Disorders (N = 2). By either classification, these groups of children showed salient differences in their scores in certain psychological dimensions from the same types of scores occurring with the normative group. These findings provide initial construct validation of the Gottshalk-Gleser content analysis scales when applied to speech samples obtained for children. Moreover, the profiles of children's psychological characteristics obtained by this method provide, in themselves, an objective descriptive and dynamic classification.", "contents": "Preliminary validation of a set of content analysis scales applicable to verbal samples for measuring the magnitude of psychological states in children. Scores on 17 psychological dimensions of the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis scales were obtained from 5-minute speech samples of 37 white children hospitalized on the psychiatric service of a general hospital. These content analysis scores were compared to identical scores obtained from a normative sample of 109 white children. Groups of children were classified by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) system as having Healthy Responses (N = 2), Personality Disorders (N = 17), Reactive Disorders (N = 9), Psychoneurotic Disorders (N = 7), and Developmental Deviations (N = 2), and by DSM-III as having Parent-Child Problems (N = 2), Conduct Disorders (N = 26), Anxiety Disorders (N = 7), and Special Developmental Disorders (N = 2). By either classification, these groups of children showed salient differences in their scores in certain psychological dimensions from the same types of scores occurring with the normative group. These findings provide initial construct validation of the Gottshalk-Gleser content analysis scales when applied to speech samples obtained for children. Moreover, the profiles of children's psychological characteristics obtained by this method provide, in themselves, an objective descriptive and dynamic classification."}
{"id": "PMID:298341", "title": "Human EEG response to beta-endorphin.", "content": "Beta-endorphin, morphine, and saline were given intravenously to a single schizophrenic subject on separate occasions in a double-blind design. EEG spectral analyses performed on data collected before and after drug injection demonstrated that beta-endorphin and morphine produced similar increases in alpha power within 5 to 15 minutes after injection. This effect could be distinguished from two placebo (saline) injections. These data suggest that intravenous beta-endorphin can produce changes in the central nervous system in humans.", "contents": "Human EEG response to beta-endorphin. Beta-endorphin, morphine, and saline were given intravenously to a single schizophrenic subject on separate occasions in a double-blind design. EEG spectral analyses performed on data collected before and after drug injection demonstrated that beta-endorphin and morphine produced similar increases in alpha power within 5 to 15 minutes after injection. This effect could be distinguished from two placebo (saline) injections. These data suggest that intravenous beta-endorphin can produce changes in the central nervous system in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:298342", "title": "Naloxone fails to affect short-term memory in man.", "content": "The effects of naloxone on memory were studied in 26 healthy male volunteers. Either placebo, or 10 mg, or 20 mg of naloxone was given iv on separate occasions. Ten minutes after each injection, the subjects listened to 8 lists of words (10 words on each list). Immediate recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition were not affected by naloxone within 60 minutes of its administration. These results provide no support for the hypothesis that edorphins play a role in the short-term auditory memory in man.", "contents": "Naloxone fails to affect short-term memory in man. The effects of naloxone on memory were studied in 26 healthy male volunteers. Either placebo, or 10 mg, or 20 mg of naloxone was given iv on separate occasions. Ten minutes after each injection, the subjects listened to 8 lists of words (10 words on each list). Immediate recall, delayed recall, and delayed recognition were not affected by naloxone within 60 minutes of its administration. These results provide no support for the hypothesis that edorphins play a role in the short-term auditory memory in man."}
{"id": "PMID:298343", "title": "Tricyclic-induced mania and MHPG excretion.", "content": "In order to evaluate the presumed involvement of altered noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in the switch process from depression into mania, we explored the relationship between pretreatment 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) and tricyclic-induced mania or hypomania in bipolar depressed patients. Within the group of patients developing mania or hypomania on tricyclics, there was a strong positive correlation between pretreatment 24-hour urinary MHPG and the latency of onset of the episode. This finding is consistent with both the reported differences in MHPG excretion between unipolar and bipolar patients and the postulated noradrenergic involvement in the switch process.", "contents": "Tricyclic-induced mania and MHPG excretion. In order to evaluate the presumed involvement of altered noradrenergic receptor sensitivity in the switch process from depression into mania, we explored the relationship between pretreatment 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) and tricyclic-induced mania or hypomania in bipolar depressed patients. Within the group of patients developing mania or hypomania on tricyclics, there was a strong positive correlation between pretreatment 24-hour urinary MHPG and the latency of onset of the episode. This finding is consistent with both the reported differences in MHPG excretion between unipolar and bipolar patients and the postulated noradrenergic involvement in the switch process."}
{"id": "PMID:298344", "title": "Differences in muscle activity before, during, and after responding in a simple reaction time task: schizophrenics vs. normals.", "content": "Schizophrenics and normals were presented with a series of simple reaction time (RT) trials. Electromyographic techniques were used to partition RT into peripheral and central components. It was observed that contrary to the previously held assumption of \"neuromuscular sameness,\" schizophrenics displayed a qualitatively different pattern of muscle activity in their motor responding. Differences of the observed sort could account, in part, for differences previously thought to be due solely to central dysfunction.", "contents": "Differences in muscle activity before, during, and after responding in a simple reaction time task: schizophrenics vs. normals. Schizophrenics and normals were presented with a series of simple reaction time (RT) trials. Electromyographic techniques were used to partition RT into peripheral and central components. It was observed that contrary to the previously held assumption of \"neuromuscular sameness,\" schizophrenics displayed a qualitatively different pattern of muscle activity in their motor responding. Differences of the observed sort could account, in part, for differences previously thought to be due solely to central dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:298345", "title": "Repression and reactivation of lithium efflux from erythrocytes.", "content": "Efflux of lithium from human erythrocytes was studied in patients before, during, and after discontinuation of administration of lithium carbonate. Onset of lithium-induced repression of efflux took approximately 10 days and was significantly shorter in patients who had had lithium therapy previously. Reactivation took a longer period of time--approximately 2 week--and was found to be related to duration of lithium therapy. Theoretical pathways of lithium flow through membranes are discussed.", "contents": "Repression and reactivation of lithium efflux from erythrocytes. Efflux of lithium from human erythrocytes was studied in patients before, during, and after discontinuation of administration of lithium carbonate. Onset of lithium-induced repression of efflux took approximately 10 days and was significantly shorter in patients who had had lithium therapy previously. Reactivation took a longer period of time--approximately 2 week--and was found to be related to duration of lithium therapy. Theoretical pathways of lithium flow through membranes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298346", "title": "Magnesium concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during delirium tremens.", "content": "Magnesium in plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured immediately after hospital admission in 9 patients with delirium tremens (DT) and 11 patients with impending DT. Blood samples were taken daily during the acute state; a second lumbar puncture was performed when the patient's condition had improved. Plasma magnesium was low in patients with DT during the first days of the acute state and then spontaneously normalized. Normal plasma magnesium was consistently seen among patients with impending DT. Magnesium in erythrocytes and CSF was normal in both diagnostic categories. Patients with a high blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) at admission had a decreasing plasma magnesium, patients with a low BAC had a moderately increasing plasma magnesium, and patients with a BAC at nil had a more marked increase in plasma toms or with their duration. This finding, combined with the normal CSF magnesium and the lack of correlation between plasma and CSF magnesium, indicates that disturbances in magnesium metabolism do not play a role in the etiology or pathogenesis of DT; but it may be that disturbances in magnesium metabolism contribute to the development of alcoholic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Magnesium concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during delirium tremens. Magnesium in plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured immediately after hospital admission in 9 patients with delirium tremens (DT) and 11 patients with impending DT. Blood samples were taken daily during the acute state; a second lumbar puncture was performed when the patient's condition had improved. Plasma magnesium was low in patients with DT during the first days of the acute state and then spontaneously normalized. Normal plasma magnesium was consistently seen among patients with impending DT. Magnesium in erythrocytes and CSF was normal in both diagnostic categories. Patients with a high blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) at admission had a decreasing plasma magnesium, patients with a low BAC had a moderately increasing plasma magnesium, and patients with a BAC at nil had a more marked increase in plasma toms or with their duration. This finding, combined with the normal CSF magnesium and the lack of correlation between plasma and CSF magnesium, indicates that disturbances in magnesium metabolism do not play a role in the etiology or pathogenesis of DT; but it may be that disturbances in magnesium metabolism contribute to the development of alcoholic encephalopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:298347", "title": "Some kinetic parameters of platelet monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia.", "content": "The michaelis constants (Vmax and Km) for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) with tyramine as substrate are found to be significantly lower in chronic schizophrenic patients than in normal controls. Furthermore, these kinetic parameters for the MAO of paranoid chronic schizophrenics are significantly lower than those for nonparanoid chronic schizophrenics. Paranoid chronic schizophrenia may be a separate biochemical disorder from other chronic schizophrenias.", "contents": "Some kinetic parameters of platelet monoamine oxidase in chronic schizophrenia. The michaelis constants (Vmax and Km) for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) with tyramine as substrate are found to be significantly lower in chronic schizophrenic patients than in normal controls. Furthermore, these kinetic parameters for the MAO of paranoid chronic schizophrenics are significantly lower than those for nonparanoid chronic schizophrenics. Paranoid chronic schizophrenia may be a separate biochemical disorder from other chronic schizophrenias."}
{"id": "PMID:298348", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase: studies on the rate of heat inactivation in normal and in paranoid and nonparanoid chronic schizophrenic groups.", "content": "The heat inactivation curves for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in chronic schizophrenic and normal subjects were virtually identical. There were also no differences found when schizophrenic patients were subgrouped into paranoid and nonparanoid types. However, the MAO from one of the normal subjects showed a substantially greater thermolability than that of any other control or schizophrenic subject.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase: studies on the rate of heat inactivation in normal and in paranoid and nonparanoid chronic schizophrenic groups. The heat inactivation curves for platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) in chronic schizophrenic and normal subjects were virtually identical. There were also no differences found when schizophrenic patients were subgrouped into paranoid and nonparanoid types. However, the MAO from one of the normal subjects showed a substantially greater thermolability than that of any other control or schizophrenic subject."}
{"id": "PMID:298349", "title": "Unique features associated with age of onset of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The relationship between age of onset of anorexia nervosa and a variety of personal characteristics was examined in 105 patients. Age of onset of anorexia nervosa had a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 14 1/2 and 18 years. The patients whose onset of illness occurred at the later age tended to have a greater weight loss during their illness, more \"underweight problems\" before the onset of illness, less of the typical anorectic behaviors and attitudes, greater body disparagement, more symptoms of depression, and a greater number of previous hospitalizations. These associations suggest that an older age of onset of anorexia nervosa might predict a poor outcome.", "contents": "Unique features associated with age of onset of anorexia nervosa. The relationship between age of onset of anorexia nervosa and a variety of personal characteristics was examined in 105 patients. Age of onset of anorexia nervosa had a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 14 1/2 and 18 years. The patients whose onset of illness occurred at the later age tended to have a greater weight loss during their illness, more \"underweight problems\" before the onset of illness, less of the typical anorectic behaviors and attitudes, greater body disparagement, more symptoms of depression, and a greater number of previous hospitalizations. These associations suggest that an older age of onset of anorexia nervosa might predict a poor outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:298350", "title": "Visual evoked potentials as a predictor of reported side effects during a trial of zimelidine vs. placebo in chronic pain patients.", "content": "Before a double-blind controlled study of zimelidine, a new, rather specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, in patients with chronic pain, visual evoked potentials (EPs) to stimuli of varying intensities were recorded. During the trial the blood levels of zimelidine and its active metabolite norzimelidine were estimated. Side effects were rated by a physician before and after the trial. No significant difference in frequency of side effects could be found between the zimelidine and the placebo groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between the blood levels of the active drug or its metabolite and the frequency of side effects. Instead, a significant relationship was found in the total group between the frequency of side effects and the tendency to react with an increase in maximum amplitude of the EP when stimulus intensity was increased (i.e., augmenting). The same trend was clear both in the zimelidine group and in the placebo group. Thus the augmenting/reducing response in visual EPs seems to be a predictor of the side effects reported irrespective of the drugs given.", "contents": "Visual evoked potentials as a predictor of reported side effects during a trial of zimelidine vs. placebo in chronic pain patients. Before a double-blind controlled study of zimelidine, a new, rather specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake, in patients with chronic pain, visual evoked potentials (EPs) to stimuli of varying intensities were recorded. During the trial the blood levels of zimelidine and its active metabolite norzimelidine were estimated. Side effects were rated by a physician before and after the trial. No significant difference in frequency of side effects could be found between the zimelidine and the placebo groups. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between the blood levels of the active drug or its metabolite and the frequency of side effects. Instead, a significant relationship was found in the total group between the frequency of side effects and the tendency to react with an increase in maximum amplitude of the EP when stimulus intensity was increased (i.e., augmenting). The same trend was clear both in the zimelidine group and in the placebo group. Thus the augmenting/reducing response in visual EPs seems to be a predictor of the side effects reported irrespective of the drugs given."}
{"id": "PMID:298351", "title": "Personality traits in chronic pain patients related to endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Interindividual differences in endorphin levels may relate to widespread changes in adaptive processes, and endorphin levels may thus be related to personality traits. In 40 patients with chronic pain syndromes of both psychogenic and organic origin, endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined, and the patients completed Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Cesarek Marke Personality Scheme. Twenty-seven of the patients also completed the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). As a comparison group 30 healthy volunteers completed the personality inventories. The chronic pain patients were characterized by guilt feelings, need for order, low need for autonomy, and low tendency toward sensation seeking. Low levels of endorphins in CSF were found in patients with high scores on all the subscales in the SSS and low scores on the neuroticism subscale in the EPI.", "contents": "Personality traits in chronic pain patients related to endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid. Interindividual differences in endorphin levels may relate to widespread changes in adaptive processes, and endorphin levels may thus be related to personality traits. In 40 patients with chronic pain syndromes of both psychogenic and organic origin, endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined, and the patients completed Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Cesarek Marke Personality Scheme. Twenty-seven of the patients also completed the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). As a comparison group 30 healthy volunteers completed the personality inventories. The chronic pain patients were characterized by guilt feelings, need for order, low need for autonomy, and low tendency toward sensation seeking. Low levels of endorphins in CSF were found in patients with high scores on all the subscales in the SSS and low scores on the neuroticism subscale in the EPI."}
{"id": "PMID:298352", "title": "Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues.", "content": "Abuse of 4-propyloxy-4-phenyl-N-methylpiperidine, a meperidine congener, produced parkinsonism in a 23-year-old man. Unlike other drug-induced motor disturbances, the syndrome persisted for 18 months and responded to drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors. Biogenic amines and metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and microscopic evaluation of the brain at necropsy were consistent with damage to aminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.", "contents": "Chronic Parkinsonism secondary to intravenous injection of meperidine analogues. Abuse of 4-propyloxy-4-phenyl-N-methylpiperidine, a meperidine congener, produced parkinsonism in a 23-year-old man. Unlike other drug-induced motor disturbances, the syndrome persisted for 18 months and responded to drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors. Biogenic amines and metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and microscopic evaluation of the brain at necropsy were consistent with damage to aminergic neurons in the substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:298353", "title": "Sensation seeking and psychopathology.", "content": "A sample of 2,115 persons responded to an article in a popular magazine by taking the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and supplying personal information by mail, including data about past treatment, hospitalization, and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Subjects falling into certain diagnostic categories were closely matched with controls from the same sample who reported no history, treatment, or diagnosis of disorder. SSS scores were not related to general psychopathology, unipolar depression, schizophrenia, or neurosis, but were found to be elevated in persons reporting a history of manic-depressive or sociopathic spectrum (including alcoholism and drug abuse) disorder.", "contents": "Sensation seeking and psychopathology. A sample of 2,115 persons responded to an article in a popular magazine by taking the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and supplying personal information by mail, including data about past treatment, hospitalization, and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Subjects falling into certain diagnostic categories were closely matched with controls from the same sample who reported no history, treatment, or diagnosis of disorder. SSS scores were not related to general psychopathology, unipolar depression, schizophrenia, or neurosis, but were found to be elevated in persons reporting a history of manic-depressive or sociopathic spectrum (including alcoholism and drug abuse) disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:298354", "title": "Sodium-dependent lithium efflux from red cells in affective disorders.", "content": "Steady state red blood cell/plasma lithium concentration ratios were determined simultaneously with the in vitro sodium-dependent downhill lithium efflux from red cells during maintenance lithium treatment in 22 bipolar depressed patients, 17 unipolar depressed patients, and 28 psychiatric control patients. The values of the sodium-dependent lithium efflux were significantly correlated with the steady-state lithium levels in red blood cells and plasma. A profound difference in sodium-dependent lithium efflux from red cells was found between controls and bipolar patients and to a lesser degree between controls and unipolar patients.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent lithium efflux from red cells in affective disorders. Steady state red blood cell/plasma lithium concentration ratios were determined simultaneously with the in vitro sodium-dependent downhill lithium efflux from red cells during maintenance lithium treatment in 22 bipolar depressed patients, 17 unipolar depressed patients, and 28 psychiatric control patients. The values of the sodium-dependent lithium efflux were significantly correlated with the steady-state lithium levels in red blood cells and plasma. A profound difference in sodium-dependent lithium efflux from red cells was found between controls and bipolar patients and to a lesser degree between controls and unipolar patients."}
{"id": "PMID:298355", "title": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of zimelidine and desipramine in man following acute and chronic administration.", "content": "Single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of zimelidine and desipramine were compared in eight depressed patients who were subjects in a double-blind crossover study. Within the same patient, there was no relationship between the pharmacokinetics of desipramine (pharmacokinetically similar to all other tricyclic antidepressants) and those of zimelidin, a bicyclic antidepressant. The weight-corrected dose of zimelidine gives a reasonable index of the concentration of its active metabolite norzimelidine, which predominates over zimelidine by a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The variation in steady-state concentration of norzimelidine for a given dose of zimelidine in adults is about twofold and can be reduced by correcting for weight.", "contents": "Comparative pharmacokinetics of zimelidine and desipramine in man following acute and chronic administration. Single dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of zimelidine and desipramine were compared in eight depressed patients who were subjects in a double-blind crossover study. Within the same patient, there was no relationship between the pharmacokinetics of desipramine (pharmacokinetically similar to all other tricyclic antidepressants) and those of zimelidin, a bicyclic antidepressant. The weight-corrected dose of zimelidine gives a reasonable index of the concentration of its active metabolite norzimelidine, which predominates over zimelidine by a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. The variation in steady-state concentration of norzimelidine for a given dose of zimelidine in adults is about twofold and can be reduced by correcting for weight."}
{"id": "PMID:298356", "title": "Differential effects of basolateral amygdala lesions on behavior, corticosterone, and prolactin responses.", "content": "The present experiment examines hormone-behavior relationships following manipulation of the amygdala. Affective behavior and levels of corticosterone and prolactin were compared in rats with lesions of the basolateral amygdala and in nonlesioned and sham-operated controls. Animals with lesions of the basolateral amygdala were found to be hyperreactive and to have normal resting levels of corticosterone and prolactin but potentiated corticosterone responses to stress. Normal prolactin stress responses were unaltered by the lesion. The results are discussed in relation to behavioral and endocrine changes seen following other limbic system lesions.", "contents": "Differential effects of basolateral amygdala lesions on behavior, corticosterone, and prolactin responses. The present experiment examines hormone-behavior relationships following manipulation of the amygdala. Affective behavior and levels of corticosterone and prolactin were compared in rats with lesions of the basolateral amygdala and in nonlesioned and sham-operated controls. Animals with lesions of the basolateral amygdala were found to be hyperreactive and to have normal resting levels of corticosterone and prolactin but potentiated corticosterone responses to stress. Normal prolactin stress responses were unaltered by the lesion. The results are discussed in relation to behavioral and endocrine changes seen following other limbic system lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:298357", "title": "Auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials in the human EEG: I. Effects of expectation of stimuli.", "content": "The characteristics of auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials were recorded using trains of four-tone stimuli of 1-second duration (interstimulus interval = 1 second) presented once every minute. The subject either attentively expected the stimuli or ignored them while reading. The electroencephalogram was recorded from derivations Cz-Al and Fz-Al. Expectation of the stimuli was associated with increased amplitudes of the transient responses both at the first stimulus of the train and during stimulus repetition. In contrast, the sustained potential at the first stimulus of the train was unchanged or smaller when the subject expected the stimuli. During stimulus repetition, however, the amplitude of the potential was enhanced by expectation of the stimuli. The results support the hypothesis of two sustained potential components and stress the importance of stimulus repetition rate when sustained potentials are studied.", "contents": "Auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials in the human EEG: I. Effects of expectation of stimuli. The characteristics of auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials were recorded using trains of four-tone stimuli of 1-second duration (interstimulus interval = 1 second) presented once every minute. The subject either attentively expected the stimuli or ignored them while reading. The electroencephalogram was recorded from derivations Cz-Al and Fz-Al. Expectation of the stimuli was associated with increased amplitudes of the transient responses both at the first stimulus of the train and during stimulus repetition. In contrast, the sustained potential at the first stimulus of the train was unchanged or smaller when the subject expected the stimuli. During stimulus repetition, however, the amplitude of the potential was enhanced by expectation of the stimuli. The results support the hypothesis of two sustained potential components and stress the importance of stimulus repetition rate when sustained potentials are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:298358", "title": "Auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials in the human EEG: II. Effects of small doses of ethanol.", "content": "The effect of small doses of ethanol (0.4 g/kg) on auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials was studied. Tones of 1-second duration were presented in trains of four stimuli (interstimulus interval = 1 second; intertrain interval = 1 minute). The electroencephalogram was recorded from derivation Cz-Al. Ethanol depressed the transient responses both at the first stimulus of the train and during repeated stimuli. The sustained potentials elicited by the first stimuli of the train were not affected by ethanol, whereas the sustained potentials elicited by repeated stimuli were larger in amplitude under the influence of ethanol than during control experiments. It is suggested that the decrease of the transient responses under the influence of ethanol is mainly due to depression of the reticular formation, whereas the increase of sustained potentials reflects ethanol-induced release of intracortical inhibition.", "contents": "Auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials in the human EEG: II. Effects of small doses of ethanol. The effect of small doses of ethanol (0.4 g/kg) on auditory evoked transient and sustained potentials was studied. Tones of 1-second duration were presented in trains of four stimuli (interstimulus interval = 1 second; intertrain interval = 1 minute). The electroencephalogram was recorded from derivation Cz-Al. Ethanol depressed the transient responses both at the first stimulus of the train and during repeated stimuli. The sustained potentials elicited by the first stimuli of the train were not affected by ethanol, whereas the sustained potentials elicited by repeated stimuli were larger in amplitude under the influence of ethanol than during control experiments. It is suggested that the decrease of the transient responses under the influence of ethanol is mainly due to depression of the reticular formation, whereas the increase of sustained potentials reflects ethanol-induced release of intracortical inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:298359", "title": "Target velocity and smooth pursuit eye movements in psychiatric patients.", "content": "Smooth pursuit tracking performance of psychiatric patients and non-hospitalized normal controls was compared for targets oscillating at 0.45 Hz and 0.31 Hz. Psychiatric inpatients exhibited significantly more velocity arrests than psychiatric outpatients or normals under both conditions. Tracking performance of all groups at 0.31 Hz was improved relative to that at 0.45 Hz, but significant improvement occurred only for outpatients and normals. The role of attentional and stimulus factors in the tracking performance or psychiatric patients is discussed.", "contents": "Target velocity and smooth pursuit eye movements in psychiatric patients. Smooth pursuit tracking performance of psychiatric patients and non-hospitalized normal controls was compared for targets oscillating at 0.45 Hz and 0.31 Hz. Psychiatric inpatients exhibited significantly more velocity arrests than psychiatric outpatients or normals under both conditions. Tracking performance of all groups at 0.31 Hz was improved relative to that at 0.45 Hz, but significant improvement occurred only for outpatients and normals. The role of attentional and stimulus factors in the tracking performance or psychiatric patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298360", "title": "Hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia: assessment by visual perception tasks.", "content": "Before and after a double-blind trial of haloperidol vs. mesoridazine, 24 hospitalized schizophrenics performed visual perception tasks designed to assess function of the cerebral hemispheres. Tasks involved identifying as \"same\" or \"different\" two images (either letters, digits, or unfamiliar shapes) projected tachistoscopically to the right or left visual field or to both together. Multivariate analysis of variance related response latency and accuracy to task type, hemisphere stimulated, and pre- vs. posttreatment testing. Both before and after treatment, subjects responded most slowly and least accurately to letter-matching. Bilateral presentation of stimuli resulted in faster and more accurate responses, except on shape-matching. Neuroleptic treatment improved speed and accuracy overall, though not under certain task conditions. Results accorded more with an impairment in verbal processing and interhemispheric coordination than with a specific left-hemispheric deficit in schizophrenia.", "contents": "Hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenia: assessment by visual perception tasks. Before and after a double-blind trial of haloperidol vs. mesoridazine, 24 hospitalized schizophrenics performed visual perception tasks designed to assess function of the cerebral hemispheres. Tasks involved identifying as \"same\" or \"different\" two images (either letters, digits, or unfamiliar shapes) projected tachistoscopically to the right or left visual field or to both together. Multivariate analysis of variance related response latency and accuracy to task type, hemisphere stimulated, and pre- vs. posttreatment testing. Both before and after treatment, subjects responded most slowly and least accurately to letter-matching. Bilateral presentation of stimuli resulted in faster and more accurate responses, except on shape-matching. Neuroleptic treatment improved speed and accuracy overall, though not under certain task conditions. Results accorded more with an impairment in verbal processing and interhemispheric coordination than with a specific left-hemispheric deficit in schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:298401", "title": "[The condition of the periodontium in patients with clefts].", "content": "41 patients with total clefts, having an average age of 14.6 years, were examined. In these patients, the bone index was determined by means of the radiographic method of Schei et al. (as modified by Engelberger, Rateitschat and Marthaler). Furthermore, the teeth were tested for mobility, and the gingival retraction and the pocket depth were measured. The degree of gingival inflammation was scored using the PMA index according to M\u00fchlemann and Mazor. The findings from the cleft quadrants were compared to those from the non-cleft quadrants of the upper jaw and to those from the mandibular quadrants.", "contents": "[The condition of the periodontium in patients with clefts]. 41 patients with total clefts, having an average age of 14.6 years, were examined. In these patients, the bone index was determined by means of the radiographic method of Schei et al. (as modified by Engelberger, Rateitschat and Marthaler). Furthermore, the teeth were tested for mobility, and the gingival retraction and the pocket depth were measured. The degree of gingival inflammation was scored using the PMA index according to M\u00fchlemann and Mazor. The findings from the cleft quadrants were compared to those from the non-cleft quadrants of the upper jaw and to those from the mandibular quadrants."}
{"id": "PMID:298402", "title": "[Changes after presurgical orthopedic treatment in children with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "The study analyses the changes occurring in the maxillary arches of 30 infants with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate following presurgical maxillary orthopaedic treatment. 15 similar cases not receiving such treatment were used as controls together with 30 normal subjects. Photocopies of models of the arches at birth and 4 months were analyzed by computer and the area of palatel tissue measured using stereophotogrammetry. In the presurgical cases, the palatal cleft was significantly narrowed due to the transverse and antero-posterior dimensions of the arches increasing less than in the controls. The narrowing of the cleft was particularly marked in the alveolar region because the presurgical treatment minimised the antero-lateral (outward) rotation of the lesser segment which otherwise would have occurred. Somewhat surprisingly, the study showed that presurgical treatment tended to inhibit growth of palatal tissue and it was concluded therefore that the narrowing of the defect was due mainly to the growth pattern of the maxillary arch being modified by the appliances.", "contents": "[Changes after presurgical orthopedic treatment in children with unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate]. The study analyses the changes occurring in the maxillary arches of 30 infants with complete unilateral clefts of the lip and palate following presurgical maxillary orthopaedic treatment. 15 similar cases not receiving such treatment were used as controls together with 30 normal subjects. Photocopies of models of the arches at birth and 4 months were analyzed by computer and the area of palatel tissue measured using stereophotogrammetry. In the presurgical cases, the palatal cleft was significantly narrowed due to the transverse and antero-posterior dimensions of the arches increasing less than in the controls. The narrowing of the cleft was particularly marked in the alveolar region because the presurgical treatment minimised the antero-lateral (outward) rotation of the lesser segment which otherwise would have occurred. Somewhat surprisingly, the study showed that presurgical treatment tended to inhibit growth of palatal tissue and it was concluded therefore that the narrowing of the defect was due mainly to the growth pattern of the maxillary arch being modified by the appliances."}
{"id": "PMID:298403", "title": "[Incidence of caries and periodontal condition in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "The data relative to caries experience, provided dental care, periodontal condition, oral hygiene and pocket depth obtained from 158 patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis were recorded. According to age, the findings were subdivided into three groups: deciduous dentition, mixed dentition and permanent dentition group. The data obtained from the upper jaw were compared to those from the lower jaw. Furthermore, the data relative to the different types of tooth and the region of the cleft were compared to the findings from teeth non-neighbouring the cleft. The results permit to draw conclusions as to noteworthy aspects of the orthodontic and the general dental care of patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis.", "contents": "[Incidence of caries and periodontal condition in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]. The data relative to caries experience, provided dental care, periodontal condition, oral hygiene and pocket depth obtained from 158 patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis were recorded. According to age, the findings were subdivided into three groups: deciduous dentition, mixed dentition and permanent dentition group. The data obtained from the upper jaw were compared to those from the lower jaw. Furthermore, the data relative to the different types of tooth and the region of the cleft were compared to the findings from teeth non-neighbouring the cleft. The results permit to draw conclusions as to noteworthy aspects of the orthodontic and the general dental care of patients with cheilognathopalatoschisis."}
{"id": "PMID:298404", "title": "[Preoperative orthodontic treatment in children with complete cleft, yes or no?].", "content": "The authors investigated the necessity for preoperative orthodontic treatment in cases of unilateral complete clefts. For these groups of patients, they propose a pure surgical therapy instead of the preoperative orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Preoperative orthodontic treatment in children with complete cleft, yes or no?]. The authors investigated the necessity for preoperative orthodontic treatment in cases of unilateral complete clefts. For these groups of patients, they propose a pure surgical therapy instead of the preoperative orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:298405", "title": "[Comparative study on the maxillary symmetry in preoperatively treated children with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "Comparative studies on the palatal symmetry in healthy new-born babies and in new-born babies with cheilognathopalatoschisis revealed cleft palates with a high degree of asymmetry. Therefore, it is reasonable to measure the treatment results achieved in cleft patients against the degree of palatal symmetry attained. This evaluation was performed in 30 subjects with unilateral complete cleft and in 20 individuals with bilateral complete cleft.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the maxillary symmetry in preoperatively treated children with cleft lip and cleft palate]. Comparative studies on the palatal symmetry in healthy new-born babies and in new-born babies with cheilognathopalatoschisis revealed cleft palates with a high degree of asymmetry. Therefore, it is reasonable to measure the treatment results achieved in cleft patients against the degree of palatal symmetry attained. This evaluation was performed in 30 subjects with unilateral complete cleft and in 20 individuals with bilateral complete cleft."}
{"id": "PMID:298406", "title": "[Methods of primary repair in cleft lip].", "content": "The authors made a longitudinal study on 60 children with subtotal or total cheiloschisis to assess the surgical results achieved by means of the methods of Tennison and Millard. The evaluation was based on metric, morphologic and functional parameters. Normal values were obtained from control groups of children without cleft lip. The results show that both operating techniques are well suited for closing the cleft. The method of Tennison should be used in cases of subtotal cheiloschisis; and that of Millard, in cases of total cheiloschisis. The operating technique of Millard provides a favourable correction of the position of the nose, which permits to dispense with difficult modifications.", "contents": "[Methods of primary repair in cleft lip]. The authors made a longitudinal study on 60 children with subtotal or total cheiloschisis to assess the surgical results achieved by means of the methods of Tennison and Millard. The evaluation was based on metric, morphologic and functional parameters. Normal values were obtained from control groups of children without cleft lip. The results show that both operating techniques are well suited for closing the cleft. The method of Tennison should be used in cases of subtotal cheiloschisis; and that of Millard, in cases of total cheiloschisis. The operating technique of Millard provides a favourable correction of the position of the nose, which permits to dispense with difficult modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:298407", "title": "[Interactions between oral surgery and orthodontics in the treatment of children with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "The oral-surgical and the orthodontic treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate are interdependent. Consequently, they cannot be performed separately. In most cases, a continuous coordinated treatment planning by both specialties, from the first day of life, will permit to obtain optimal treatment results. The ultimate aim of co-ordinated treatment is not only the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, but also the securing of the age-related growth of the midface.", "contents": "[Interactions between oral surgery and orthodontics in the treatment of children with cleft lip and cleft palate]. The oral-surgical and the orthodontic treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate are interdependent. Consequently, they cannot be performed separately. In most cases, a continuous coordinated treatment planning by both specialties, from the first day of life, will permit to obtain optimal treatment results. The ultimate aim of co-ordinated treatment is not only the aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, but also the securing of the age-related growth of the midface."}
{"id": "PMID:298408", "title": "[Otorhinolaryngological aspects in the rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "The author emphasizes the importance of otorhinolaryngology to the result from speech therapy, the faculty of hearing, nasal breathing and the general state of physical and mental health. In this connection, some results from hearing tests and ear-drum examinations performed in cleft patients are presented. With due regard to indication, tonsillectomy and adenotomy exert no negative effects on speech. The causes of impaired nasal breathing must be eliminated for orthodontic reasons. Consequently, a close co-operation between otorhinolaryngology and orthodontics is imperative.", "contents": "[Otorhinolaryngological aspects in the rehabilitation of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]. The author emphasizes the importance of otorhinolaryngology to the result from speech therapy, the faculty of hearing, nasal breathing and the general state of physical and mental health. In this connection, some results from hearing tests and ear-drum examinations performed in cleft patients are presented. With due regard to indication, tonsillectomy and adenotomy exert no negative effects on speech. The causes of impaired nasal breathing must be eliminated for orthodontic reasons. Consequently, a close co-operation between otorhinolaryngology and orthodontics is imperative."}
{"id": "PMID:298409", "title": "[Evaluation of the limits of orthodontic treatment possibilities in surgically treated patients with clefts by means of teleradiography].", "content": "Using indices elaborated by himself for the evaluation of lateral teleradiographs, the author attempted to systematize the very divergent forms of postoperative jaw crippling in cleft patients. By substantiating the characteristics on inhibition in growth of the upper jaw, and by establishing a mandibular macrognathia, it is possible to judge of the limits of an orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the limits of orthodontic treatment possibilities in surgically treated patients with clefts by means of teleradiography]. Using indices elaborated by himself for the evaluation of lateral teleradiographs, the author attempted to systematize the very divergent forms of postoperative jaw crippling in cleft patients. By substantiating the characteristics on inhibition in growth of the upper jaw, and by establishing a mandibular macrognathia, it is possible to judge of the limits of an orthodontic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:298410", "title": "[Multidisciplinary care of patients with cleft lips and cleft palates in Z\u00fcrich].", "content": "Since about 10 years a coordinated timing of procedures has been used in Z\u00fcrich for the management of CLP cases. It equally considers the requirements of growth and functional development. Early orthopedic treatment can, however, only be efficient if concomitant primary surgery is adequately timed and performed. The importance of two-stage palatal closure (soft palate 18 months, hard palate after 5 years of age) is emphasized. In contrast to results of former treatment methods, present cleft patients show good arch form and intermaxillary relationship in deciduous and early mixed dentition. The need for orthodontic treatment is considerably reduced. As far as speech development is concerned, the procedure proves to be beneficial as well.", "contents": "[Multidisciplinary care of patients with cleft lips and cleft palates in Z\u00fcrich]. Since about 10 years a coordinated timing of procedures has been used in Z\u00fcrich for the management of CLP cases. It equally considers the requirements of growth and functional development. Early orthopedic treatment can, however, only be efficient if concomitant primary surgery is adequately timed and performed. The importance of two-stage palatal closure (soft palate 18 months, hard palate after 5 years of age) is emphasized. In contrast to results of former treatment methods, present cleft patients show good arch form and intermaxillary relationship in deciduous and early mixed dentition. The need for orthodontic treatment is considerably reduced. As far as speech development is concerned, the procedure proves to be beneficial as well."}
{"id": "PMID:298411", "title": "[Possibilities of early orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "Prior to lip operations upon children with cleft lip and palate, the authors make use of denture-like acrylate plates and external elastic rubber bands. Occurring anomalies are treated already in the deciduous dentition. In this way, the very marked jaw deformity in cleft children may be reduced to a minimum.", "contents": "[Possibilities of early orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]. Prior to lip operations upon children with cleft lip and palate, the authors make use of denture-like acrylate plates and external elastic rubber bands. Occurring anomalies are treated already in the deciduous dentition. In this way, the very marked jaw deformity in cleft children may be reduced to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:298414", "title": "Ultrasound in orbital diagnosis.", "content": "Ultrasound is a safe and useful method of detecting, localizing, and differentially diagnosing orbital lesions. Diagnosis using B-scan and C-scan techniques depends on the qualitative recognition of patterns based on the location and shape of a lesion together with the distribution in number and amplitude of echoes arising from within a lesion. In addition, the sound-attenuating properties of a lesion, determined by changes in the appearance of deeper structures, may aid in identification.", "contents": "Ultrasound in orbital diagnosis. Ultrasound is a safe and useful method of detecting, localizing, and differentially diagnosing orbital lesions. Diagnosis using B-scan and C-scan techniques depends on the qualitative recognition of patterns based on the location and shape of a lesion together with the distribution in number and amplitude of echoes arising from within a lesion. In addition, the sound-attenuating properties of a lesion, determined by changes in the appearance of deeper structures, may aid in identification."}
{"id": "PMID:298416", "title": "Lymphoid pseudotumour of the orbit.", "content": "A retrospective study of 55 patients with orbital lesions diagnosed on clinical grounds as cases of inflammatory pseudotumor was carried out to discover the relationship, if any, between the clinical and histological features and the response to treatment. It was found that few clinical parameters had a bearing on the subsequent progress of the lesion but B-scan ultrasonography was useful in identifying the lymphoproliferative mass. In 28 cases wherein histological material was available, the presence of follicles with germinal centres was found to indicate a good prognosis, whereas the presence of blast forms distributed randomly through the lymphoid tissue was associated with an inadequate response to corticosteroid therapy. Eosinophils were slightly more common in the corticosteroid-responsive lesions, but the presence of other leucocyte types was not helpful in determining prognosis.", "contents": "Lymphoid pseudotumour of the orbit. A retrospective study of 55 patients with orbital lesions diagnosed on clinical grounds as cases of inflammatory pseudotumor was carried out to discover the relationship, if any, between the clinical and histological features and the response to treatment. It was found that few clinical parameters had a bearing on the subsequent progress of the lesion but B-scan ultrasonography was useful in identifying the lymphoproliferative mass. In 28 cases wherein histological material was available, the presence of follicles with germinal centres was found to indicate a good prognosis, whereas the presence of blast forms distributed randomly through the lymphoid tissue was associated with an inadequate response to corticosteroid therapy. Eosinophils were slightly more common in the corticosteroid-responsive lesions, but the presence of other leucocyte types was not helpful in determining prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:298417", "title": "Role of the radiotherapist in orbital disease.", "content": "With modern techniques it is usually possible to deliver a high dose of radiation to an orbital tumour without destroying vision. Local cure of lymphoma is possible with no risk of complications. Rhabdomyosarcoma now has a very good prognosis if treated energetically by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy also has a part to play in the management of lacrimal gland tumours, melanoma, and metastases. A recent series of cases provides evidence that radiotherapy may be the best treatment for some cases of pseudotumour.", "contents": "Role of the radiotherapist in orbital disease. With modern techniques it is usually possible to deliver a high dose of radiation to an orbital tumour without destroying vision. Local cure of lymphoma is possible with no risk of complications. Rhabdomyosarcoma now has a very good prognosis if treated energetically by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy also has a part to play in the management of lacrimal gland tumours, melanoma, and metastases. A recent series of cases provides evidence that radiotherapy may be the best treatment for some cases of pseudotumour."}
{"id": "PMID:298421", "title": "Squamous metaplasia or epidermalization of the conjunctiva as an adverse reaction to topical medication.", "content": "Prolonged topical medication causes epidermalization of the conjunctiva in some patients. Loss of the normal conjunctival goblet cells, direct toxic effects on the corneal epithelium, and disturbance of lid function may combine to produce corneal changes which may be misinterpreted and treated with further potentially toxic compounds. Examples of conjunctival changes caused by miotic and non-miotic antiglaucoma therapy, mydriatics, preservatives, and antiviral compounds are presented.", "contents": "Squamous metaplasia or epidermalization of the conjunctiva as an adverse reaction to topical medication. Prolonged topical medication causes epidermalization of the conjunctiva in some patients. Loss of the normal conjunctival goblet cells, direct toxic effects on the corneal epithelium, and disturbance of lid function may combine to produce corneal changes which may be misinterpreted and treated with further potentially toxic compounds. Examples of conjunctival changes caused by miotic and non-miotic antiglaucoma therapy, mydriatics, preservatives, and antiviral compounds are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:298423", "title": "Prognostic value of the visual evoked response.", "content": "29 patients with visual defects have been followed up by serial recording of the visual evoked response (VER). Those patients in whom the VER was initially normal all made a satisfactory visual recovery. In others an initial attenuated response was followed by an improvement in vision and this was accompanied by normalization of the VER. A third group of patients with an initially subnormal VER have remained blind and the VER has shown no improvement.", "contents": "Prognostic value of the visual evoked response. 29 patients with visual defects have been followed up by serial recording of the visual evoked response (VER). Those patients in whom the VER was initially normal all made a satisfactory visual recovery. In others an initial attenuated response was followed by an improvement in vision and this was accompanied by normalization of the VER. A third group of patients with an initially subnormal VER have remained blind and the VER has shown no improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:298428", "title": "Symposium on pseudocapsular exfoliation and glaucoma. Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis: review of the nature and origin of pseudoexfoliative deposits.", "content": "Although opinions vary to some extent, the general consensus is that the pseudoexfoliative component is an abnormal basement membrane material with amyloid-like characteristics; this is synthesized at a variety of ocular and extraocular sites. The resultant material is found to accumulate within, and in some instances to replace, the normal basement membranes of the producing cells. Also, some of the material detaches and, through aqueous humour dispersal, becomes deposited on a variety of surfaces throughout the anterior segment of the eye.", "contents": "Symposium on pseudocapsular exfoliation and glaucoma. Fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis: review of the nature and origin of pseudoexfoliative deposits. Although opinions vary to some extent, the general consensus is that the pseudoexfoliative component is an abnormal basement membrane material with amyloid-like characteristics; this is synthesized at a variety of ocular and extraocular sites. The resultant material is found to accumulate within, and in some instances to replace, the normal basement membranes of the producing cells. Also, some of the material detaches and, through aqueous humour dispersal, becomes deposited on a variety of surfaces throughout the anterior segment of the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:298429", "title": "Prevalence of fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) and capsular glaucoma.", "content": "A mass screening of 8,537 persons above the age of 40 years in Bergen revealed fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) in 75 persons (i.e. 0.9%) and an increased prevalence with increasing age. Comparable geriatric groups in Birmingham, Bonn, and Bergen showed a prevalence of fibrillopathy of 4.0, 4.7, and 6.3% respectively. These differences are not statistically significant. The proportion of capsular glaucoma among patients with open angle glaucoma is higher in groups representing more severe cases of glaucoma than in groups of patients with more easily treatable glaucoma.", "contents": "Prevalence of fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) and capsular glaucoma. A mass screening of 8,537 persons above the age of 40 years in Bergen revealed fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation) in 75 persons (i.e. 0.9%) and an increased prevalence with increasing age. Comparable geriatric groups in Birmingham, Bonn, and Bergen showed a prevalence of fibrillopathy of 4.0, 4.7, and 6.3% respectively. These differences are not statistically significant. The proportion of capsular glaucoma among patients with open angle glaucoma is higher in groups representing more severe cases of glaucoma than in groups of patients with more easily treatable glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:298432", "title": "Pseudoexfoliation, an environmental disease?", "content": "Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) has been considered to be a genetically-determined degeneration. The geographical variation seen in the distribution of PXF has been thought to support this. Australia Aborigines have been found to have a high prevalence of PXF, which occurs in over 16% of those over the age of 60 years. A series of 350 Aborigines was examined in detail to study the possible association of a number of personal and environmental factors with the presence of PXF. The condition occurred more commonly in older age groups, and it was three times more common in males than in females. A strong occupational association was also found; men who had worked as stockmen had a significantly higher rate of PXF than other groups. PXF occurred more commonly at lower latitudes and was seen more frequently with higher levels of global radiation. It is postulated that PXF may, in fact, be an environmental disorder caused by solar radiation. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Pseudoexfoliation, an environmental disease? Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) has been considered to be a genetically-determined degeneration. The geographical variation seen in the distribution of PXF has been thought to support this. Australia Aborigines have been found to have a high prevalence of PXF, which occurs in over 16% of those over the age of 60 years. A series of 350 Aborigines was examined in detail to study the possible association of a number of personal and environmental factors with the presence of PXF. The condition occurred more commonly in older age groups, and it was three times more common in males than in females. A strong occupational association was also found; men who had worked as stockmen had a significantly higher rate of PXF than other groups. PXF occurred more commonly at lower latitudes and was seen more frequently with higher levels of global radiation. It is postulated that PXF may, in fact, be an environmental disorder caused by solar radiation. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298434", "title": "Relationship of intraocular pressure and fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis.", "content": "The average intraocular pressure is higher in eyes with than in eyes without fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudo-exfoliation). Open angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 22.7% of persons with fibrillopathy, compared to 1.2% in persons without fibrillopathy. The increase in intraocular pressure and the development of glaucoma seem in most cases to accompany or closely follow the development of fibrillopathy.", "contents": "Relationship of intraocular pressure and fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis. The average intraocular pressure is higher in eyes with than in eyes without fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudo-exfoliation). Open angle glaucoma was diagnosed in 22.7% of persons with fibrillopathy, compared to 1.2% in persons without fibrillopathy. The increase in intraocular pressure and the development of glaucoma seem in most cases to accompany or closely follow the development of fibrillopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:298441", "title": "The medical management of enteritis necroticans (pigbel).", "content": "Pigbel is the commonest cause of death in children over 12 months of age at Goroka Hospital. The clinical features are described. The medical management of pigbel includes intravenous fluids, nasogastric suction, penicillin and chloramphenicol. The development of dehydration, anaemia, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypoalbuminaemia must be prevented. In severe pigbel prolonged starvation may result in malnutrition that impairs wound healing and increases mortality. Intravenous feeding is therefore desirable in some cases.", "contents": "The medical management of enteritis necroticans (pigbel). Pigbel is the commonest cause of death in children over 12 months of age at Goroka Hospital. The clinical features are described. The medical management of pigbel includes intravenous fluids, nasogastric suction, penicillin and chloramphenicol. The development of dehydration, anaemia, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypoalbuminaemia must be prevented. In severe pigbel prolonged starvation may result in malnutrition that impairs wound healing and increases mortality. Intravenous feeding is therefore desirable in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:298445", "title": "Mortality from pig-bel (enteritis necroticans) in children in Tari 1971 to 1976.", "content": "Pig-Bel makes a major contribution to mortality in Tari despite the absence of cyclical pig feasts in this area and despite the fact that most of the population eat meat at least once per week. Over one half of the deaths due to Pig-Bel occur after hospital treatment. The condition is endemic. There is no indication that its incidence is decreasing with increasing sophistication and socio-economic development.", "contents": "Mortality from pig-bel (enteritis necroticans) in children in Tari 1971 to 1976. Pig-Bel makes a major contribution to mortality in Tari despite the absence of cyclical pig feasts in this area and despite the fact that most of the population eat meat at least once per week. Over one half of the deaths due to Pig-Bel occur after hospital treatment. The condition is endemic. There is no indication that its incidence is decreasing with increasing sophistication and socio-economic development."}
{"id": "PMID:298455", "title": "Comparative circulating serum levels of mepivacaine with levo-nordefrin and lidocaine with epinephrien.", "content": "Expected blood levels of common local anesthetics have been reported for numerous types of injections. Comparative levels of mepivacaine and lidocaine after dental injection have been only partially evaluated. A study was designed to compare the circulating serum level of 36 mgs. of mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin (M) and 36 mgs. of lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (L) in 1.8 cc dental cartridges after standardized's bilateral maxillary infiltrations. Each of five subjects received 1.8 cc of (L) to the left maxillary second bicuspid and 1.8 cc of (M) to the right maxillary second bicuspid at a rate of one cc per minute. The serum was sampled before the injections and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minute intervals after the injections and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the serum level of (M) peaked at 30 minutes, 0.37 \u03bcg/ml of serum and (L) had peaks at 15 and 30 minutes, 0.22 \u03bcg/ml of serum. This difference was statistically significant, (p <.01) at all times sampled with (M) always resulting in a higher serum level. Serum levels persisted throughout the four hour test period.", "contents": "Comparative circulating serum levels of mepivacaine with levo-nordefrin and lidocaine with epinephrien. Expected blood levels of common local anesthetics have been reported for numerous types of injections. Comparative levels of mepivacaine and lidocaine after dental injection have been only partially evaluated. A study was designed to compare the circulating serum level of 36 mgs. of mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin (M) and 36 mgs. of lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (L) in 1.8 cc dental cartridges after standardized's bilateral maxillary infiltrations. Each of five subjects received 1.8 cc of (L) to the left maxillary second bicuspid and 1.8 cc of (M) to the right maxillary second bicuspid at a rate of one cc per minute. The serum was sampled before the injections and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minute intervals after the injections and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the serum level of (M) peaked at 30 minutes, 0.37 \u03bcg/ml of serum and (L) had peaks at 15 and 30 minutes, 0.22 \u03bcg/ml of serum. This difference was statistically significant, (p <.01) at all times sampled with (M) always resulting in a higher serum level. Serum levels persisted throughout the four hour test period."}
{"id": "PMID:298464", "title": "Avoiding patient injury during general anesthesia.", "content": "Attention to detail when preparing a dental patient for rehabilitation utilizing general anesthesia will prevent a variety of positional and traumatic injuries. The dentist and anesthesiologist must anticipate potential hazards to the unconscious patient.", "contents": "Avoiding patient injury during general anesthesia. Attention to detail when preparing a dental patient for rehabilitation utilizing general anesthesia will prevent a variety of positional and traumatic injuries. The dentist and anesthesiologist must anticipate potential hazards to the unconscious patient."}
{"id": "PMID:298682", "title": "[Root canal filling materials (electron scanning microscope comparison of root canal adaptation to 3 endodontic filling products)].", "content": "The main characteristics required of a good endodontic fillingsmaterial are its perfectly hermetic sealing of the root canal, the eventual secondary canals, and the dentine canals, against bacteria. 48 root canals, sealed respectively with A H 26, Endomethazone and N 2, have been checked by means of the Scanning Electron Microscope in order to discover to what extent these products conform to the qualifications mentioned. 842 photographs have been taken. The results of the investigation are discussed judging from some photographs chosen at random.", "contents": "[Root canal filling materials (electron scanning microscope comparison of root canal adaptation to 3 endodontic filling products)]. The main characteristics required of a good endodontic fillingsmaterial are its perfectly hermetic sealing of the root canal, the eventual secondary canals, and the dentine canals, against bacteria. 48 root canals, sealed respectively with A H 26, Endomethazone and N 2, have been checked by means of the Scanning Electron Microscope in order to discover to what extent these products conform to the qualifications mentioned. 842 photographs have been taken. The results of the investigation are discussed judging from some photographs chosen at random."}
{"id": "PMID:298722", "title": "Strongyloides species infestation in young infants of papu, New Guinea: association with generalized oedema.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory details of thirteen infants with \"Swollen Belly Sickness\" who has abdominal distension, respiratory distress, generalised oedema, and variable disturbance of gastrointestinal function were analysed. The intimate connection between the syndrome and infection with Strongyloides species closely resembling Strongyloides fulleborni - is discussed, and a standard treatment using thiabendazole, plasma transfusion and antibiotics, is proposed.", "contents": "Strongyloides species infestation in young infants of papu, New Guinea: association with generalized oedema. Clinical and laboratory details of thirteen infants with \"Swollen Belly Sickness\" who has abdominal distension, respiratory distress, generalised oedema, and variable disturbance of gastrointestinal function were analysed. The intimate connection between the syndrome and infection with Strongyloides species closely resembling Strongyloides fulleborni - is discussed, and a standard treatment using thiabendazole, plasma transfusion and antibiotics, is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:298727", "title": "Myasthenia gravis in a Papua New Guinean.", "content": "A case of myasthenia gravis in a Papua New Guinean is documented. It is the first time that this disorder has been described in this country. The Clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and management are discussed.", "contents": "Myasthenia gravis in a Papua New Guinean. A case of myasthenia gravis in a Papua New Guinean is documented. It is the first time that this disorder has been described in this country. The Clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298728", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in Oriental children.", "content": "Seventy-four cases of tic syndromes were classified into four groups: chronic multiple tics, subacute multiple tics, chronic simple tics and transient simple tics, and 37 cases of chronic multiple tics (Tourette syndrome) were investigated. Clinical evaluation suggested that a transition existed between the four groups. Posture abnormalities were found in 27% of Tourette syndrome and a relation to dystonia was implied. Clinical evaluation and studies of catecholamine blockers' effectiveness suggested the validity of subtyping Tourette syndrome into four groups whose topographical or biochemical abnormalities differ. It was argued that the neurochemical basis of Tourette syndrome might lie in a multiplicity of biochemical abnormalities including disturbances of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in Oriental children. Seventy-four cases of tic syndromes were classified into four groups: chronic multiple tics, subacute multiple tics, chronic simple tics and transient simple tics, and 37 cases of chronic multiple tics (Tourette syndrome) were investigated. Clinical evaluation suggested that a transition existed between the four groups. Posture abnormalities were found in 27% of Tourette syndrome and a relation to dystonia was implied. Clinical evaluation and studies of catecholamine blockers' effectiveness suggested the validity of subtyping Tourette syndrome into four groups whose topographical or biochemical abnormalities differ. It was argued that the neurochemical basis of Tourette syndrome might lie in a multiplicity of biochemical abnormalities including disturbances of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:298731", "title": "A comparison of substance abuse profiles among problem drinkers, problem smokers, and overeaters.", "content": "Substance abuse profiles were compared among alcoholics, problem smokers, and overeaters. Fifteen scales were investigated under the rubrics of Motivation, Style (Craving, Loss of Control, and Drug Use) and Effects (Beneficial and Harmful). While all three samples were similar on the Motivation scales, Smokers differed substantially from Alcoholics and Overeaters on the Style scales and in terms of Emotional effects. Smoker were more similar to Alcoholics on perceived beneficial effects, and Alcoholics reported more severe harmful effects. Implications of the results for substance dependency theories and for treatment models were discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of substance abuse profiles among problem drinkers, problem smokers, and overeaters. Substance abuse profiles were compared among alcoholics, problem smokers, and overeaters. Fifteen scales were investigated under the rubrics of Motivation, Style (Craving, Loss of Control, and Drug Use) and Effects (Beneficial and Harmful). While all three samples were similar on the Motivation scales, Smokers differed substantially from Alcoholics and Overeaters on the Style scales and in terms of Emotional effects. Smoker were more similar to Alcoholics on perceived beneficial effects, and Alcoholics reported more severe harmful effects. Implications of the results for substance dependency theories and for treatment models were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298800", "title": "Studies of the template preference and other characteristics of the DNA polymerases of leukemic guinea pig lymphoblasts.", "content": "A single peak of DNA polymerase activity was detectable by phosphocellulose chromatography of leukemic guinea pig lymphoblast whole cell extracts. The inability to detect multiple peaks of activity as described with other cell types is shown to be due to the insolubility of a large proportion of the DNA polymerase activity under the extraction condition used. Multiple forms of DNA polymerase with different template specificities were recognized in extracts of the subcellular fractions of these cells after chromatography on phosphocellulose and DEAE cellulose. On Sephadex G-200 gel filtration these enzymes had apparent molecular weights in excess of 140,000 daltons. No RNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was detected in any subcellular fraction despite the presence of oncornavirus like particles in these cells.", "contents": "Studies of the template preference and other characteristics of the DNA polymerases of leukemic guinea pig lymphoblasts. A single peak of DNA polymerase activity was detectable by phosphocellulose chromatography of leukemic guinea pig lymphoblast whole cell extracts. The inability to detect multiple peaks of activity as described with other cell types is shown to be due to the insolubility of a large proportion of the DNA polymerase activity under the extraction condition used. Multiple forms of DNA polymerase with different template specificities were recognized in extracts of the subcellular fractions of these cells after chromatography on phosphocellulose and DEAE cellulose. On Sephadex G-200 gel filtration these enzymes had apparent molecular weights in excess of 140,000 daltons. No RNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) was detected in any subcellular fraction despite the presence of oncornavirus like particles in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:298809", "title": "Development of vision in infant primates.", "content": "A systematic programme of research on the development of spatial vision (acuity and contrast-sensitivity functions or CSFs) in human and macaque monkey infants (Macaca nemestrina) is described. A forced-choice preferential looking technique has been used to follow the development of acuity in both species. Acuity development is similar across the two species, with the infant monkeys progressing about four times faster than the human infants. Operant conditioning has been used to trace the development of CSFs in monkey infants. Changes in the shape of the CSF are shown for at least 20 postnatal weeks in the macaque infants. Strabismic and meridional amblyopias have also been mimicked in infant monkeys, and the time course of development of strabismic amblyopia in a monkey is described. It is argued that closely parallel behavioural studies, carried out on both species, are important in establishing the monkey as a model for human visual development.", "contents": "Development of vision in infant primates. A systematic programme of research on the development of spatial vision (acuity and contrast-sensitivity functions or CSFs) in human and macaque monkey infants (Macaca nemestrina) is described. A forced-choice preferential looking technique has been used to follow the development of acuity in both species. Acuity development is similar across the two species, with the infant monkeys progressing about four times faster than the human infants. Operant conditioning has been used to trace the development of CSFs in monkey infants. Changes in the shape of the CSF are shown for at least 20 postnatal weeks in the macaque infants. Strabismic and meridional amblyopias have also been mimicked in infant monkeys, and the time course of development of strabismic amblyopia in a monkey is described. It is argued that closely parallel behavioural studies, carried out on both species, are important in establishing the monkey as a model for human visual development."}
{"id": "PMID:298811", "title": "Is amblyopia a peripheral defect?", "content": "A class of retinal ganglion cells, the 'sustained' or 'X' cells in the area centralis of the retina, provides the physiological basis of high visual acuity. Our hypothesis, that amblyopia is a functional loss of X-cells due to inappropriate stimulation of the fovea by habitually blurred images during the critical period of development, has been supported by experiments on kittens reared with various types of surgically produced squint or with penalization. Amblyopia was associated with a loss of visual acuity of X-cells in the area centralis of the squinting eyes which had lost the ability to fix or of the penalized eyes, i.e. amblyopia occurred in the eyes which received habitually blurred images during the critical period of development. Thus amblyopia has a peripheral (retinal) cause. Regardless of whether or not the eye was amblyopic, a loss of binocularly driven cells in the visual cortex was a common feature in all uniocularly treated cases. When one eye was amblyopic the cortical cells tended to favour the non-amblyopic eye and the number of cells driven by the amblyopic eye was reduced. These central effects may play a role in suppressing unwanted images from the amblyopic eye while the fixing eye is in use. But the central effects do not cause amblyopia.", "contents": "Is amblyopia a peripheral defect? A class of retinal ganglion cells, the 'sustained' or 'X' cells in the area centralis of the retina, provides the physiological basis of high visual acuity. Our hypothesis, that amblyopia is a functional loss of X-cells due to inappropriate stimulation of the fovea by habitually blurred images during the critical period of development, has been supported by experiments on kittens reared with various types of surgically produced squint or with penalization. Amblyopia was associated with a loss of visual acuity of X-cells in the area centralis of the squinting eyes which had lost the ability to fix or of the penalized eyes, i.e. amblyopia occurred in the eyes which received habitually blurred images during the critical period of development. Thus amblyopia has a peripheral (retinal) cause. Regardless of whether or not the eye was amblyopic, a loss of binocularly driven cells in the visual cortex was a common feature in all uniocularly treated cases. When one eye was amblyopic the cortical cells tended to favour the non-amblyopic eye and the number of cells driven by the amblyopic eye was reduced. These central effects may play a role in suppressing unwanted images from the amblyopic eye while the fixing eye is in use. But the central effects do not cause amblyopia."}
{"id": "PMID:298812", "title": "Foveal cone electroretinograms in strabismic amblyopia: comparison with juvenile macular degeneration, macular scars, and optic atrophy.", "content": "A hand-held stimulator-ophthalmoscope was used to elicit foveal cone electroretinograms (ERGs) from fifteen patients with strabismic amblyopia. The ERGs were in response to a 4 degrees stimulus visualized on the fundus and centred on the fovea throughout testing. Foveal cone ERGs from amblyopic eyes were normal in amplitude and normal in b-wave implicit time. Interocular differences in ERGs in patients with amblyopia were no greater than those in normal subjects. Patients with comparable visual acuity loss due to macular scars or juvenile hereditary macular degeneration had abnormal foveal cone ERGs, while patients with optic atrophy had normal responses. These findings support the idea that the defect in strabismic amblyopia does not involve a functional abnormality in the fovea distal to the ganglion cell layer.", "contents": "Foveal cone electroretinograms in strabismic amblyopia: comparison with juvenile macular degeneration, macular scars, and optic atrophy. A hand-held stimulator-ophthalmoscope was used to elicit foveal cone electroretinograms (ERGs) from fifteen patients with strabismic amblyopia. The ERGs were in response to a 4 degrees stimulus visualized on the fundus and centred on the fovea throughout testing. Foveal cone ERGs from amblyopic eyes were normal in amplitude and normal in b-wave implicit time. Interocular differences in ERGs in patients with amblyopia were no greater than those in normal subjects. Patients with comparable visual acuity loss due to macular scars or juvenile hereditary macular degeneration had abnormal foveal cone ERGs, while patients with optic atrophy had normal responses. These findings support the idea that the defect in strabismic amblyopia does not involve a functional abnormality in the fovea distal to the ganglion cell layer."}
{"id": "PMID:298813", "title": "Functional development of geniculocortical pathways in normal and amblyopic vision.", "content": "The geniculocortical pathways of many mammals, including primates, are largely comprised of two neuron types. These are known as X and Y cells. Their functional significance in unclear, but the following highly speculative hypothesis is suggested. Y cells, because of their broad sensitivity to the crucial lower spatial frequencies as well as to the higher ones, are involved in a basic analysis of form vision. X cells, because of their fairly selective sensitivity to higher spatial frequencies, add to this certain details (i.e. enhanced acuity, etc.). If an animal develops with ametropia, Y cells should be adequately stimulated and as the lower spatial frequencies remain undistorted many Y cells would develop and reasonable form vision with milk amblyopia would result. Only X cells would be greatly affected by such an environment. However, if the animal develops with cataracts or is reared in an environment which abolishes all spatial frequencies, then neither X nor Y cells will develop. This would result in poor form vision and a deep amblyopia. Many of these phenomena have been observed in experimental studies of cats. The present relevance for clinical problems of this suggested functional dichotomy for X and Y cells is at best tenuous, and it is offered merely as a working hypothesis for future studies.", "contents": "Functional development of geniculocortical pathways in normal and amblyopic vision. The geniculocortical pathways of many mammals, including primates, are largely comprised of two neuron types. These are known as X and Y cells. Their functional significance in unclear, but the following highly speculative hypothesis is suggested. Y cells, because of their broad sensitivity to the crucial lower spatial frequencies as well as to the higher ones, are involved in a basic analysis of form vision. X cells, because of their fairly selective sensitivity to higher spatial frequencies, add to this certain details (i.e. enhanced acuity, etc.). If an animal develops with ametropia, Y cells should be adequately stimulated and as the lower spatial frequencies remain undistorted many Y cells would develop and reasonable form vision with milk amblyopia would result. Only X cells would be greatly affected by such an environment. However, if the animal develops with cataracts or is reared in an environment which abolishes all spatial frequencies, then neither X nor Y cells will develop. This would result in poor form vision and a deep amblyopia. Many of these phenomena have been observed in experimental studies of cats. The present relevance for clinical problems of this suggested functional dichotomy for X and Y cells is at best tenuous, and it is offered merely as a working hypothesis for future studies."}
{"id": "PMID:298815", "title": "Concomitant strabismus and cortical eye dominance in young rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Optical dissociation of the visual images produces a loss of binocular cells at the striate cortex. Young monkeys wearing base-in prisms lose 50 per cent of their cortical binocular cells within 30 days. Exposure to visually redundant stimulation inside a striped cylinder while wearing the dissociating prisms does not prevent the loss of binocular cells. Once lost, a subsequent period of normal binocular viewing experience up to 3 months in duration does not result in significant recovery of binocular cells.", "contents": "Concomitant strabismus and cortical eye dominance in young rhesus monkeys. Optical dissociation of the visual images produces a loss of binocular cells at the striate cortex. Young monkeys wearing base-in prisms lose 50 per cent of their cortical binocular cells within 30 days. Exposure to visually redundant stimulation inside a striped cylinder while wearing the dissociating prisms does not prevent the loss of binocular cells. Once lost, a subsequent period of normal binocular viewing experience up to 3 months in duration does not result in significant recovery of binocular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:298817", "title": "Altered visual experience reduces cortical binocularity in strabismic kittens.", "content": "We have studied the relative importance of visual and nonvisual signals to striate neurons in causing the loss of cortical binocularity that occurs when young kittens are subjected to brief episodes of stabismus. In kittens kept in a normally illuminated colony, the reduction in binocularity was the same whether the strabismic was induced optically or surgically. When surgically strabismic kittens were kept in total darkness, cortical binocularity was unchanged. We conclude that anomalous visual input is both necessary and sufficient to cause loss of binocularity in strabismic kittens and that nonvisual (proprioceptive) input from the orbit has no part in producing this effect.", "contents": "Altered visual experience reduces cortical binocularity in strabismic kittens. We have studied the relative importance of visual and nonvisual signals to striate neurons in causing the loss of cortical binocularity that occurs when young kittens are subjected to brief episodes of stabismus. In kittens kept in a normally illuminated colony, the reduction in binocularity was the same whether the strabismic was induced optically or surgically. When surgically strabismic kittens were kept in total darkness, cortical binocularity was unchanged. We conclude that anomalous visual input is both necessary and sufficient to cause loss of binocularity in strabismic kittens and that nonvisual (proprioceptive) input from the orbit has no part in producing this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:298818", "title": "Effects of brief uniocular 'patching' on kitten visual cortex.", "content": "Studies of the striate cortex of the kitten are reviewed with reference to the effects of very brief periods of uniocular occlusion. It is shown that changes occur in binocular connections within 4 hours after the vision of an eye is blocked. Effects are also found if the occlusion is instituted while an animal is anaesthetized but not if it is paralysed in addition. If 4-hour unilateral 'patching' sessions are given daily, a cumulative uniocular deprivation effect is found if the animals are kept in darkness between the patching sessions. However, the visual cortex is nearly normal if the kittens are allowed binocular vision between patching periods.", "contents": "Effects of brief uniocular 'patching' on kitten visual cortex. Studies of the striate cortex of the kitten are reviewed with reference to the effects of very brief periods of uniocular occlusion. It is shown that changes occur in binocular connections within 4 hours after the vision of an eye is blocked. Effects are also found if the occlusion is instituted while an animal is anaesthetized but not if it is paralysed in addition. If 4-hour unilateral 'patching' sessions are given daily, a cumulative uniocular deprivation effect is found if the animals are kept in darkness between the patching sessions. However, the visual cortex is nearly normal if the kittens are allowed binocular vision between patching periods."}
{"id": "PMID:298819", "title": "Confusion, diplopia, and suppression.", "content": "Consideration of the clinical features and animal experimental models suggests that inhibition/suppression is not involved in anisometropic amblyopia. The role of suppression in anomalous correspondence needs further elucidation. Sensory testing in Duane's syndrome, where both BSV and suppression can be highly developed, confirms that diplopia may arise spontaneously at greater ages than previously suspected. The clinical time course of development of strabismic suppression is similar to that of the sensitive period during which binocularity can be established. Blakemore (1978) suggests that it may be more useful to think of a period of heightened sensitivity which tails off gradually. This concept would similarly apply to the time during which suppression may be established which does not have a sharp cut-off at 7 years of age.", "contents": "Confusion, diplopia, and suppression. Consideration of the clinical features and animal experimental models suggests that inhibition/suppression is not involved in anisometropic amblyopia. The role of suppression in anomalous correspondence needs further elucidation. Sensory testing in Duane's syndrome, where both BSV and suppression can be highly developed, confirms that diplopia may arise spontaneously at greater ages than previously suspected. The clinical time course of development of strabismic suppression is similar to that of the sensitive period during which binocularity can be established. Blakemore (1978) suggests that it may be more useful to think of a period of heightened sensitivity which tails off gradually. This concept would similarly apply to the time during which suppression may be established which does not have a sharp cut-off at 7 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:298820", "title": "Contrast sensitivity assessment of functional amblyopia in humans.", "content": "Contrast threshold measurements have extended our perspective of human amblyopia by focusing our attention on the perception of objects larger than the resolution limit. This approach has shown that there are two categories of spatial loss in amblyopia, that anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia have a different neural basis, and that suprathreshold anomalies can occur independent of threshold defects.", "contents": "Contrast sensitivity assessment of functional amblyopia in humans. Contrast threshold measurements have extended our perspective of human amblyopia by focusing our attention on the perception of objects larger than the resolution limit. This approach has shown that there are two categories of spatial loss in amblyopia, that anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia have a different neural basis, and that suprathreshold anomalies can occur independent of threshold defects."}
{"id": "PMID:298822", "title": "Abnormal ocular movements in amblyopia.", "content": "The visual afferent pathways affect the oculogyric centres in two ways: (1) By maintaining the oculomotor tonus; (2) By inducing optically elicited movements. In organic amblyopia the diminution of central visual acuity is not sufficient to impair the oculomotor reflexes which usually remain unchanged until the vision becomes very poor. Howver, abnormal movements are typically observed in the inhibition of strabismic amblyopia. Sensorimotor difficulties are observed in both version and vergence movements. Abnormal version patterns have two main effects: suppression of optokinetic nystagmus and kinetic anarchy of pursuit and saccadic movements. Vergences are found to be much more brittle and vulnerable to amblyopia than versions, and amblyopia is often accompanied by anomalies of fusional, accommodative, and fast vergence movements.", "contents": "Abnormal ocular movements in amblyopia. The visual afferent pathways affect the oculogyric centres in two ways: (1) By maintaining the oculomotor tonus; (2) By inducing optically elicited movements. In organic amblyopia the diminution of central visual acuity is not sufficient to impair the oculomotor reflexes which usually remain unchanged until the vision becomes very poor. Howver, abnormal movements are typically observed in the inhibition of strabismic amblyopia. Sensorimotor difficulties are observed in both version and vergence movements. Abnormal version patterns have two main effects: suppression of optokinetic nystagmus and kinetic anarchy of pursuit and saccadic movements. Vergences are found to be much more brittle and vulnerable to amblyopia than versions, and amblyopia is often accompanied by anomalies of fusional, accommodative, and fast vergence movements."}
{"id": "PMID:298823", "title": "Effect of uniocular occlusion on selected visual functions.", "content": "Uniocular occlusion (dark patching) of adults for a period of days produces marked reduction in the directional sensitivity of the eye (Stiles-Crawford effect). The effect reaches a maximum 3 to 5 days after the onset of patching. Recovery occurs in a comparable period. The second eye is not affected, and a simple light diffuser fails to produce the same effect. Coupled with alteration in directional sensitivity are an overall increase in sensitivity and modest resolution and perceived colour changes. These findings, with other research, suggest that directional sensitivity is at least partially mediated by light and that orientation of photoreceptors is an active process.", "contents": "Effect of uniocular occlusion on selected visual functions. Uniocular occlusion (dark patching) of adults for a period of days produces marked reduction in the directional sensitivity of the eye (Stiles-Crawford effect). The effect reaches a maximum 3 to 5 days after the onset of patching. Recovery occurs in a comparable period. The second eye is not affected, and a simple light diffuser fails to produce the same effect. Coupled with alteration in directional sensitivity are an overall increase in sensitivity and modest resolution and perceived colour changes. These findings, with other research, suggest that directional sensitivity is at least partially mediated by light and that orientation of photoreceptors is an active process."}
{"id": "PMID:298824", "title": "Some functional abnormalities in amblyopia.", "content": "In discussing the relationship between anomalous retinal correspondence and amblyopia, it is suggested that amblyopia may be due not only to suppression and/or non-use of the deviated eye, but also to a mis-use of this eye. The interaction of the 'focal' and 'ambient' systems in amblyopia and the relationship of the 'ambient' system to the interocular transfer of the motion after-effect are discussed. This effect has been found to be of no clinical significance in predicting the presence or absence of binocular cooperation. It is concluded that in cases of amblyopia there is either no disturbance in the 'ambient' system or an adaptation of the latter to the pathological condition.", "contents": "Some functional abnormalities in amblyopia. In discussing the relationship between anomalous retinal correspondence and amblyopia, it is suggested that amblyopia may be due not only to suppression and/or non-use of the deviated eye, but also to a mis-use of this eye. The interaction of the 'focal' and 'ambient' systems in amblyopia and the relationship of the 'ambient' system to the interocular transfer of the motion after-effect are discussed. This effect has been found to be of no clinical significance in predicting the presence or absence of binocular cooperation. It is concluded that in cases of amblyopia there is either no disturbance in the 'ambient' system or an adaptation of the latter to the pathological condition."}
{"id": "PMID:298825", "title": "Effect of occlusion on the visual evoked response in amblyopia.", "content": "Average normal values for the VER were obtained in children aged 4 to 11 years. There are slight but significant differences between the values obtained and those found in adults (an increase in the time to peak of P1). In amblyopic eyes the time to peak is increased, and the amplitude reduced, roughly in proportion to the loss of visual acuity and binocularity. The VER is normal in the better eyes of children who have never been treated by occlusion therapy. Occlusion increases the time to peak of the VER, both in serial studies on individuals, and in lateral population studies, so that the response of the better eye is delayed beyond that of the amblyopic eye. After the end of occlusion, the VER change usually returns to normal. In a subgroup of patients with prolonged occlusion, the changes had not completely reversed one year later. In children in whom occlusion therapy had improved visual acuity, the VER returned towards normal.", "contents": "Effect of occlusion on the visual evoked response in amblyopia. Average normal values for the VER were obtained in children aged 4 to 11 years. There are slight but significant differences between the values obtained and those found in adults (an increase in the time to peak of P1). In amblyopic eyes the time to peak is increased, and the amplitude reduced, roughly in proportion to the loss of visual acuity and binocularity. The VER is normal in the better eyes of children who have never been treated by occlusion therapy. Occlusion increases the time to peak of the VER, both in serial studies on individuals, and in lateral population studies, so that the response of the better eye is delayed beyond that of the amblyopic eye. After the end of occlusion, the VER change usually returns to normal. In a subgroup of patients with prolonged occlusion, the changes had not completely reversed one year later. In children in whom occlusion therapy had improved visual acuity, the VER returned towards normal."}
{"id": "PMID:298827", "title": "Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children.", "content": "The critical period in which human visual acuity may be lost after visual deprivation can be deduced by studying children with amblyopia which follows uncomplicated unilateral cataract and the subsequent aphakic blur. The visual acuity at the first contact lens fitting increases linearly on a log scale as a function of the age at onset between 3 and 10 years. Correction before 4 months of age produces less visual loss but we cannot specify the function within this period. If the eye is deprived between 6 and 30 months of age finger counting is the best visual acuity achieved. Deprivation commencing between the ages of 3 and 10 years differs only in that vision reduces at a slower rate and is more likely to respond to total full-time occlusion. Similarly, some unilateral high myopes responded well and three unilateral aphakes who are blind in the other eye slowly achieved good vision. Part-time occlusion and Cam treatment were seldom effective. Children appear to have a critical period which continues for longer than expected from animal models.", "contents": "Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. The critical period in which human visual acuity may be lost after visual deprivation can be deduced by studying children with amblyopia which follows uncomplicated unilateral cataract and the subsequent aphakic blur. The visual acuity at the first contact lens fitting increases linearly on a log scale as a function of the age at onset between 3 and 10 years. Correction before 4 months of age produces less visual loss but we cannot specify the function within this period. If the eye is deprived between 6 and 30 months of age finger counting is the best visual acuity achieved. Deprivation commencing between the ages of 3 and 10 years differs only in that vision reduces at a slower rate and is more likely to respond to total full-time occlusion. Similarly, some unilateral high myopes responded well and three unilateral aphakes who are blind in the other eye slowly achieved good vision. Part-time occlusion and Cam treatment were seldom effective. Children appear to have a critical period which continues for longer than expected from animal models."}
{"id": "PMID:298828", "title": "Reversal of amblyopia in lambs.", "content": "We have tried to reverse the effects of shutting one eye in lambs firstly by the use of the CAM stimulator for one hour and secondly by the administration of 4-aminopyridine. Of these 4-aminopyridine produces rather greater recovery than the CAM stimulator, provided the eye has not been closed for more than 15 to 20 days. After this time neither method produces any measurable improvement under our conditions.", "contents": "Reversal of amblyopia in lambs. We have tried to reverse the effects of shutting one eye in lambs firstly by the use of the CAM stimulator for one hour and secondly by the administration of 4-aminopyridine. Of these 4-aminopyridine produces rather greater recovery than the CAM stimulator, provided the eye has not been closed for more than 15 to 20 days. After this time neither method produces any measurable improvement under our conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:298829", "title": "The sensitive period.", "content": "A sensitive period exists in humans and experimental animals during which certain visual functions are modifiable by decreased or abnormal visual stimulation. Experiments in monkeys have shown that, at the beginning of this sensitive period, the manifestations of the visual deprivation syndrome develop more rapidly at the cortical than at the geniculate level. Moreover, a shift of cortical dominance as the result of reverse suturing may occur while the geniculate nucleus still reflects the effects of the original deprivation experiment. At the end of the sensitive period the behavioural, electrophysiological, and histological aspects of the visual deprivation syndrome become less predictable. Cortical physiology remains sensitive to abnormal visual input beyond the first 3 months of life. Clinical examples and animal experiments also suggest that the reversal of the effects of visual deprivation may occur long after maturation of the visual system is completed. These findings support the view that abnormal visual stimulation during visual infancy causes a functional reorganization rather than an arrest of development of anatomical retinocortical connections.", "contents": "The sensitive period. A sensitive period exists in humans and experimental animals during which certain visual functions are modifiable by decreased or abnormal visual stimulation. Experiments in monkeys have shown that, at the beginning of this sensitive period, the manifestations of the visual deprivation syndrome develop more rapidly at the cortical than at the geniculate level. Moreover, a shift of cortical dominance as the result of reverse suturing may occur while the geniculate nucleus still reflects the effects of the original deprivation experiment. At the end of the sensitive period the behavioural, electrophysiological, and histological aspects of the visual deprivation syndrome become less predictable. Cortical physiology remains sensitive to abnormal visual input beyond the first 3 months of life. Clinical examples and animal experiments also suggest that the reversal of the effects of visual deprivation may occur long after maturation of the visual system is completed. These findings support the view that abnormal visual stimulation during visual infancy causes a functional reorganization rather than an arrest of development of anatomical retinocortical connections."}
{"id": "PMID:298830", "title": "Observations in patients with occlusion amblyopia: results of treatment.", "content": "Further observation was made of 100 cases of occlusion amblyopia (form vision deprivation amblyopia) in order to study the symptomatology and the results of treatment by intensive occlusion of the sound eye. The occlusion was classified into three categories: (1) Short-term total occlusion after entropion or other minor lid surgery, (2) Long-term total occlusion lasting more than 2 weeks as a consequence of unilateral congenital or traumatic cataract, (3) Long-term incomplete occlusion as in the case of a small punctate posterior pole cataract or a linear scar of the corneal endothelium. Ocular deviations, fixation pattern, and retinal correspondence were examined. The visual evoked response (VER) was studied with reference to the recovery of visual acuity after treatment. Th occurrence of amblyopia and the recovery of visual acuity were analysed in relation to the age at the time of occlusion and the age at the time of treatment in order to clarify the critical or sensitive period in the development of visual system in humans.", "contents": "Observations in patients with occlusion amblyopia: results of treatment. Further observation was made of 100 cases of occlusion amblyopia (form vision deprivation amblyopia) in order to study the symptomatology and the results of treatment by intensive occlusion of the sound eye. The occlusion was classified into three categories: (1) Short-term total occlusion after entropion or other minor lid surgery, (2) Long-term total occlusion lasting more than 2 weeks as a consequence of unilateral congenital or traumatic cataract, (3) Long-term incomplete occlusion as in the case of a small punctate posterior pole cataract or a linear scar of the corneal endothelium. Ocular deviations, fixation pattern, and retinal correspondence were examined. The visual evoked response (VER) was studied with reference to the recovery of visual acuity after treatment. Th occurrence of amblyopia and the recovery of visual acuity were analysed in relation to the age at the time of occlusion and the age at the time of treatment in order to clarify the critical or sensitive period in the development of visual system in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:298832", "title": "Current state of therapy for amblyopia.", "content": "The effectiveness of minimal occlusion therapy and the CAM vision stimulator are discussed as well as optical correction of neonatal aphakia. Results of several early studies and work in progress are given.", "contents": "Current state of therapy for amblyopia. The effectiveness of minimal occlusion therapy and the CAM vision stimulator are discussed as well as optical correction of neonatal aphakia. Results of several early studies and work in progress are given."}
{"id": "PMID:298833", "title": "[Significance of HLA antigen system investigation in children with malignant lymphoreticular diseases].", "content": "These last few years investigations of the HLA system antigens in children with malignant lymphoreticular diseases have been considered as highly significant. The correlation between the frequency of the HLA system antigens and malignant diseases was studied in order to assess the influence of the immunoregulating and other HLA system genes on inclination toward these diseases, their etiology and epidemiology. The study included 50 children with various forms of lymphoreticular malignant neoplasms treated at the Children's University Hospital in Belgrade.", "contents": "[Significance of HLA antigen system investigation in children with malignant lymphoreticular diseases]. These last few years investigations of the HLA system antigens in children with malignant lymphoreticular diseases have been considered as highly significant. The correlation between the frequency of the HLA system antigens and malignant diseases was studied in order to assess the influence of the immunoregulating and other HLA system genes on inclination toward these diseases, their etiology and epidemiology. The study included 50 children with various forms of lymphoreticular malignant neoplasms treated at the Children's University Hospital in Belgrade."}
{"id": "PMID:298834", "title": "The development of a method of assessing swelling following third molar surgery.", "content": "A method of measuring post-operative facial swelling following third molar surgery should satisfy the following criteria. Firstly, the accuracy should be assessed, secondly the measurement should be in volume units, and thirdly the method should be both practical and ethical in the clinical situation and not limited by static apparatus. No published method satisfies all of these criteria. In an attempt to develop a satisfactory method, direct physical measurements using a face bow, ultrasound and portable stereophotogrammetry were investigated. None of these three methods was limited by static apparatus. Portable stereophotogrammetry could not be used because of variations in posing for which a correction could not be applied. Repeated measurements on non-operated subjects showed that the face bow was more accurate than the ultrasound method at a single measurement site. Therefore, the face bow method was developed to give volume measurements in cubic centrimetres by using nine measurement sites at the intersections of a square grid located over the swelling. The mean difference between two readings taken on separate occasions on non-operated subjects was -0.94 cc (s.d. +/- 1.90). The mean swelling measured at twenty third molar operation sites was 23.19 cc. It is concluded that this face bow method satisfies the criteria laid down.", "contents": "The development of a method of assessing swelling following third molar surgery. A method of measuring post-operative facial swelling following third molar surgery should satisfy the following criteria. Firstly, the accuracy should be assessed, secondly the measurement should be in volume units, and thirdly the method should be both practical and ethical in the clinical situation and not limited by static apparatus. No published method satisfies all of these criteria. In an attempt to develop a satisfactory method, direct physical measurements using a face bow, ultrasound and portable stereophotogrammetry were investigated. None of these three methods was limited by static apparatus. Portable stereophotogrammetry could not be used because of variations in posing for which a correction could not be applied. Repeated measurements on non-operated subjects showed that the face bow was more accurate than the ultrasound method at a single measurement site. Therefore, the face bow method was developed to give volume measurements in cubic centrimetres by using nine measurement sites at the intersections of a square grid located over the swelling. The mean difference between two readings taken on separate occasions on non-operated subjects was -0.94 cc (s.d. +/- 1.90). The mean swelling measured at twenty third molar operation sites was 23.19 cc. It is concluded that this face bow method satisfies the criteria laid down."}
{"id": "PMID:298835", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the jaws in Ibadan, Nigeria--a report of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of chondrosarcoma of the jaws seen in our clinics within a period of 15 years are described. In all, the lesions were initially benign-looking making early diagnosis difficult. The histogenesis of chondrosarcoma of the jaws is briefly discussed. In our environment, the prognosis of this disease is very poor.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the jaws in Ibadan, Nigeria--a report of four cases. Four cases of chondrosarcoma of the jaws seen in our clinics within a period of 15 years are described. In all, the lesions were initially benign-looking making early diagnosis difficult. The histogenesis of chondrosarcoma of the jaws is briefly discussed. In our environment, the prognosis of this disease is very poor."}
{"id": "PMID:298836", "title": "Pattern of oral cancer in a Nigerian population.", "content": "The pattern of oral cancer in a Nigerian population is described. Unlike the benign tumours of the jaws, this disease is relatively rare. It is, however, invariably lethal, mostly as a result of late presentation by the patients. At the present time, no aetiological factor can be identified amongst the population.", "contents": "Pattern of oral cancer in a Nigerian population. The pattern of oral cancer in a Nigerian population is described. Unlike the benign tumours of the jaws, this disease is relatively rare. It is, however, invariably lethal, mostly as a result of late presentation by the patients. At the present time, no aetiological factor can be identified amongst the population."}
{"id": "PMID:298837", "title": "Gorlin's syndrome and the heart.", "content": "Three further cases of the Multiple Basal Cell Naevi Syndrome are added to the literature. One case developed a neonatal left ventricular fibroma, subsequently successfully excised. An association between the syndrome and cardiac tumours has not been documented before, and the relative frequencies of the two conditions are discussed. Biochemical, radiological and chromosomal studies are evaluated and the rate of growth of odontogenic keratocysts discussed.", "contents": "Gorlin's syndrome and the heart. Three further cases of the Multiple Basal Cell Naevi Syndrome are added to the literature. One case developed a neonatal left ventricular fibroma, subsequently successfully excised. An association between the syndrome and cardiac tumours has not been documented before, and the relative frequencies of the two conditions are discussed. Biochemical, radiological and chromosomal studies are evaluated and the rate of growth of odontogenic keratocysts discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298838", "title": "Multiple basal cell naevi syndrome: management of the young patient.", "content": "The principal features of the Multiple Basal Cell Naevi Syndrome are reviewed and the case of a seven-year-old child is described. The diagnosis and the management of young patients with this syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Multiple basal cell naevi syndrome: management of the young patient. The principal features of the Multiple Basal Cell Naevi Syndrome are reviewed and the case of a seven-year-old child is described. The diagnosis and the management of young patients with this syndrome are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:298839", "title": "Felty's syndrome.", "content": "An unusual case is presented in which a patient complained of oral ulceration and soreness of the mouth and throat. The results of clinical and laboratory investigations are reported and it was concluded that these oral symptoms were associated with Felty's Syndrome. After treatment of oral infection and a dental clearance the patient was virtually symptom-free for five months. The patient had a relapse and was admitted to hospital for treatment of overwhelming infection. Splenectomy was performed without sustained benefit and the patient died six weeks later.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome. An unusual case is presented in which a patient complained of oral ulceration and soreness of the mouth and throat. The results of clinical and laboratory investigations are reported and it was concluded that these oral symptoms were associated with Felty's Syndrome. After treatment of oral infection and a dental clearance the patient was virtually symptom-free for five months. The patient had a relapse and was admitted to hospital for treatment of overwhelming infection. Splenectomy was performed without sustained benefit and the patient died six weeks later."}
{"id": "PMID:298840", "title": "Odontoma in the subcondylar region.", "content": "An instance of a compound odontoma in the condylar process in a 24-year-old female is described. Location of odontomas in the coronoid or condylar processes were not reported. A hypothesis of migration of the third molar bud into the condylar region, an interfering local factor such as trauma or infection are suggested as aetiologic factors to the tumour in this case. Pre-operative radiographic localisation of the mass, are essential for treatment planning. An intra-oral approach was the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Odontoma in the subcondylar region. An instance of a compound odontoma in the condylar process in a 24-year-old female is described. Location of odontomas in the coronoid or condylar processes were not reported. A hypothesis of migration of the third molar bud into the condylar region, an interfering local factor such as trauma or infection are suggested as aetiologic factors to the tumour in this case. Pre-operative radiographic localisation of the mass, are essential for treatment planning. An intra-oral approach was the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:298841", "title": "Intractable facial pain.", "content": "Case histories of 225 patients with intractable pain attending the Pain Clinic of a large metropolitan teaching hospital were retrospectively analysed. The 29 cases of intractable facial pain were investigated to determine if there were any clinical or historical factors which might indicate intractability and thus speed diagnosis of such cases in future. Significant factors were age, duration of pain, number of surgical interventions and psychiatric factors. Patients with intractable facial pain are more likely to be over 40 years of age, to have pain of long duration, to have had one or more operations, and to require psychiatric assistance than patients with non-intractable facial pain. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction pain and atypical facial pain merged in the intractable state and differ from intractable neuralgias with respect to sex ratio and psychiatric assistance. The incidence of intractable facial pain in South Australia was eight cases per million population per year. Compared to those with intractable pain at other body sites, patients with intractable facial pain have unilateral pain, do not suffer major impairment to their daily lives and are not concerned with monetary compensation. Patients with intractable pain are more likely to show a pattern of organic preoccupation, non-acceptance of reassurance and disease conviction. These findings, together with some current psychiatric aspects of intractable pain, including the concept of illness behaviour, are discussed. It is suggested that early psychiatric assessment will improve management but it is realised that although it is not possible to apply some of the factors studied to each patient, the findings may alert the clinician to potential intractability.", "contents": "Intractable facial pain. Case histories of 225 patients with intractable pain attending the Pain Clinic of a large metropolitan teaching hospital were retrospectively analysed. The 29 cases of intractable facial pain were investigated to determine if there were any clinical or historical factors which might indicate intractability and thus speed diagnosis of such cases in future. Significant factors were age, duration of pain, number of surgical interventions and psychiatric factors. Patients with intractable facial pain are more likely to be over 40 years of age, to have pain of long duration, to have had one or more operations, and to require psychiatric assistance than patients with non-intractable facial pain. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction pain and atypical facial pain merged in the intractable state and differ from intractable neuralgias with respect to sex ratio and psychiatric assistance. The incidence of intractable facial pain in South Australia was eight cases per million population per year. Compared to those with intractable pain at other body sites, patients with intractable facial pain have unilateral pain, do not suffer major impairment to their daily lives and are not concerned with monetary compensation. Patients with intractable pain are more likely to show a pattern of organic preoccupation, non-acceptance of reassurance and disease conviction. These findings, together with some current psychiatric aspects of intractable pain, including the concept of illness behaviour, are discussed. It is suggested that early psychiatric assessment will improve management but it is realised that although it is not possible to apply some of the factors studied to each patient, the findings may alert the clinician to potential intractability."}
{"id": "PMID:298842", "title": "A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch.", "content": "In an attempt to improve visibility and safety in the surgical approach to the malar arch and jaw joint, anatomical dissections of 56 facial halves were undertaken. Observations are made on the relationship of the facial nerve bifurcation and its temporal branch to bony landmarks. Attention is drawn to the dangerous area of fusion of the superficial fascia, the superficial layer of temporal fascia and the periosteum of the malar arch. The safety of approaching the malar arch through the pocket formed by the splitting of the lower part of the temporal fascia is emphasised. Minor modifications to the established pre-auricular approach were made and applied successfully to six sides in five patients.", "contents": "A modified pre-auricular approach to the temporomandibular joint and malar arch. In an attempt to improve visibility and safety in the surgical approach to the malar arch and jaw joint, anatomical dissections of 56 facial halves were undertaken. Observations are made on the relationship of the facial nerve bifurcation and its temporal branch to bony landmarks. Attention is drawn to the dangerous area of fusion of the superficial fascia, the superficial layer of temporal fascia and the periosteum of the malar arch. The safety of approaching the malar arch through the pocket formed by the splitting of the lower part of the temporal fascia is emphasised. Minor modifications to the established pre-auricular approach were made and applied successfully to six sides in five patients."}
{"id": "PMID:298846", "title": "Malignant degeneration in fibrous dysplasia (presentation of 6 cases and review of the literature).", "content": "Malignant degeneration of fibrous dysplasia is rare. It occurs with similar frequency at all ages and in both sexes. It is more frequent in cases of polyostotic than in monostotic fibrous dysplasia. In cases of fibrous dysplasia that do show malignant degeneration it is common to find that a high level of alkaline phosphatase persists in the serum, even in adults. Previous radiotherapeutic treatment appears to me a predisposing factor. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent neoplasm, followed at some distance by fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. The tumour is most often localised in the femur; it is not unusual to find it in the tibia, maxilla and mandible. The treatment and prognosis are the same as those of the involved malignant neoplasm.", "contents": "Malignant degeneration in fibrous dysplasia (presentation of 6 cases and review of the literature). Malignant degeneration of fibrous dysplasia is rare. It occurs with similar frequency at all ages and in both sexes. It is more frequent in cases of polyostotic than in monostotic fibrous dysplasia. In cases of fibrous dysplasia that do show malignant degeneration it is common to find that a high level of alkaline phosphatase persists in the serum, even in adults. Previous radiotherapeutic treatment appears to me a predisposing factor. Osteosarcoma is the most frequent neoplasm, followed at some distance by fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. The tumour is most often localised in the femur; it is not unusual to find it in the tibia, maxilla and mandible. The treatment and prognosis are the same as those of the involved malignant neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:298882", "title": "[Karyotype studies in cases of hereditary hypodontia].", "content": "The Authors examined 22 families (including 67 individuals) in whose components one or more teeth were found to be congenitally missing. The morphological characteristics of the chromosomes were analyzed with the technique of Moorhead to observe any aberration in shape, size and pattern. With such method, no alteration of the karyotype was shown in case of oligodontia.", "contents": "[Karyotype studies in cases of hereditary hypodontia]. The Authors examined 22 families (including 67 individuals) in whose components one or more teeth were found to be congenitally missing. The morphological characteristics of the chromosomes were analyzed with the technique of Moorhead to observe any aberration in shape, size and pattern. With such method, no alteration of the karyotype was shown in case of oligodontia."}
{"id": "PMID:298881", "title": "[Mandibular surgical prosthesis].", "content": "The need for prosthesis in patients presenting losses of mandibular substance has been examined, with a subdivision of prostheses into: containment, immediate modelling and reconstructive. Technical difficulties involved in their application are described.", "contents": "[Mandibular surgical prosthesis]. The need for prosthesis in patients presenting losses of mandibular substance has been examined, with a subdivision of prostheses into: containment, immediate modelling and reconstructive. Technical difficulties involved in their application are described."}
{"id": "PMID:298883", "title": "[Oral cavity angioma treatment by cryotherapy].", "content": "Localisations, evolutions and complications of oral cavity hemangiomas are discussed in the first part of the work. The Authors enumerate the principal clinical uses of cryosurgery showing its utility in hemangiomas therapy. The Authors report about principal cryo-units, their utilisation and working, examining literature on the argument. Description of five cases of hemangiomas treated by cryosurgery complete the work.", "contents": "[Oral cavity angioma treatment by cryotherapy]. Localisations, evolutions and complications of oral cavity hemangiomas are discussed in the first part of the work. The Authors enumerate the principal clinical uses of cryosurgery showing its utility in hemangiomas therapy. The Authors report about principal cryo-units, their utilisation and working, examining literature on the argument. Description of five cases of hemangiomas treated by cryosurgery complete the work."}
{"id": "PMID:298884", "title": "[Cryotherapy of precancerous lesions of the oral cavity].", "content": "After a short account of principal precancerous oral lesions the Authors refer about cryosurgery principles and its effects on tissues. After an excursion on the literature about the problem, the Authors refer their experiences on seven cases of oral dyskeratosis treated by cryosurgery.", "contents": "[Cryotherapy of precancerous lesions of the oral cavity]. After a short account of principal precancerous oral lesions the Authors refer about cryosurgery principles and its effects on tissues. After an excursion on the literature about the problem, the Authors refer their experiences on seven cases of oral dyskeratosis treated by cryosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:298885", "title": "[The child and his dentist].", "content": "The complex symbology connected with dental pathology and the significance for the patient of his meeting with the professional figure of the dentist are considered. The results of an experiment in which a dentist, psychologist and neuropsychiatrist cooperated in order to throw light on the different psychological implications in the two basic periods of development age, pre-school and primary school, are reported. In both cases, examined on the basis of a standard questionnaire administered by the dentist, it emerged that an approach directed at affective and emotive components has the effect of minimizing the child-dentist relationship and thus aiding the dentist's work.", "contents": "[The child and his dentist]. The complex symbology connected with dental pathology and the significance for the patient of his meeting with the professional figure of the dentist are considered. The results of an experiment in which a dentist, psychologist and neuropsychiatrist cooperated in order to throw light on the different psychological implications in the two basic periods of development age, pre-school and primary school, are reported. In both cases, examined on the basis of a standard questionnaire administered by the dentist, it emerged that an approach directed at affective and emotive components has the effect of minimizing the child-dentist relationship and thus aiding the dentist's work."}
{"id": "PMID:298886", "title": "[Fluoroprophylaxis of odontodystrophy in radiotherapy of the cervicofacial area].", "content": "We have discussed the technique of prophilaxis of dental diseases in patients subjected to radiotherapy of the cervical-facial region by means of gel fluorinated carring cradles. We have also discussed the results obtained from 140 patients, 102 of whom were treated for over 2 years.", "contents": "[Fluoroprophylaxis of odontodystrophy in radiotherapy of the cervicofacial area]. We have discussed the technique of prophilaxis of dental diseases in patients subjected to radiotherapy of the cervical-facial region by means of gel fluorinated carring cradles. We have also discussed the results obtained from 140 patients, 102 of whom were treated for over 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:298887", "title": "[General complications of local anesthesia in dentistry: prevention and therapy].", "content": "The general complications of local anaesthesia in odontostomatology are reviewed and pathogenesis and symptomatology described. Mention is then made of prevention and treatment. Conclusions refer observation in more than 150,000 cases of local anaesthesia, a line of conduct being suggested to prevent complications, from the simplest to the most complex, and consequently medico-legal responsibilities for the specialist.", "contents": "[General complications of local anesthesia in dentistry: prevention and therapy]. The general complications of local anaesthesia in odontostomatology are reviewed and pathogenesis and symptomatology described. Mention is then made of prevention and treatment. Conclusions refer observation in more than 150,000 cases of local anaesthesia, a line of conduct being suggested to prevent complications, from the simplest to the most complex, and consequently medico-legal responsibilities for the specialist."}
{"id": "PMID:298908", "title": "[Translocation t(8;14) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt type (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of infantile acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt type, are reported. The cytogenetic study revealed a translocation t(8;14) similar to that of Burkitt's lymphoma. This chromosomal rearrangement is considered as a further argument which favours uniqueness of the two diseases.", "contents": "[Translocation t(8;14) in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt type (author's transl)]. Two cases of infantile acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt type, are reported. The cytogenetic study revealed a translocation t(8;14) similar to that of Burkitt's lymphoma. This chromosomal rearrangement is considered as a further argument which favours uniqueness of the two diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:298942", "title": "[Diagnostic cytochemistry of acute leukemias (author's transl)].", "content": "We have described the principal haematological features of 35 cases of acute leukemias, showing the usefulness of cytochemical reactions for the purpose of a right diagnosis and prognosis. The PAS, Sudan Black B and Peroxidase reactions have been very important in the differential diagnosis between lymphoblastic and myeloblastic acute leukemias. The specific and non specific esterases reactions have been useful in the monocytic leukemias diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic cytochemistry of acute leukemias (author's transl)]. We have described the principal haematological features of 35 cases of acute leukemias, showing the usefulness of cytochemical reactions for the purpose of a right diagnosis and prognosis. The PAS, Sudan Black B and Peroxidase reactions have been very important in the differential diagnosis between lymphoblastic and myeloblastic acute leukemias. The specific and non specific esterases reactions have been useful in the monocytic leukemias diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:298943", "title": "[Genetic markers and disease susceptibility (author's transl)].", "content": "The HLA system includes several genes and each of them is polymorphic. Several associations between some HLA alleles and the susceptibility to various diseases are already described. Three kinds of associations are reported: [1] a constant association between an HLA allele and a disease whatever the tested population, [2] an association between the HLA allele and a disease varying according to the tested populations, [3] an association probably due to a mutation of metabolic gene closely linked to HLA. These three kinds of associations probably correspond to three different mechanisms.", "contents": "[Genetic markers and disease susceptibility (author's transl)]. The HLA system includes several genes and each of them is polymorphic. Several associations between some HLA alleles and the susceptibility to various diseases are already described. Three kinds of associations are reported: [1] a constant association between an HLA allele and a disease whatever the tested population, [2] an association between the HLA allele and a disease varying according to the tested populations, [3] an association probably due to a mutation of metabolic gene closely linked to HLA. These three kinds of associations probably correspond to three different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:298944", "title": "[Geographical pathology and genetic markers: detection of associations (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of potential associations between genetic markers and various diseases is an important approach in epidemiology. With such studies it is possible to reveal an hereditary component for multifactorial diseases. There are three kinds of analyses: --comparisons of the frequency of the marker in patients and in a control group; --investigations of genetic markers in families with high incidence of disease; --studies of geographical clines between the incidence of the disease and the marker frequency. The interpretation of such geographical associations is difficult. These associations can be the reflect of the migration of susceptibility genes with genetic markers. The HLA system is the better for this kind of approach.", "contents": "[Geographical pathology and genetic markers: detection of associations (author's transl)]. The study of potential associations between genetic markers and various diseases is an important approach in epidemiology. With such studies it is possible to reveal an hereditary component for multifactorial diseases. There are three kinds of analyses: --comparisons of the frequency of the marker in patients and in a control group; --investigations of genetic markers in families with high incidence of disease; --studies of geographical clines between the incidence of the disease and the marker frequency. The interpretation of such geographical associations is difficult. These associations can be the reflect of the migration of susceptibility genes with genetic markers. The HLA system is the better for this kind of approach."}
{"id": "PMID:298994", "title": "1913 men study - a longitudinal study of the development of stroke in a population.", "content": "Risk factors for the development of stroke was studied in a prospective long-term investigation of 855 male in a random population sampled of the same age. After 13 years of follow-up 25 participants had suffered from stroke, which gives an incidence of 19/10,000 annually. At the 1963 year investigation several parametras were studied. The stroke-prone person had higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and had a significant greater total heart volume. Blood parametras as the fasting of serum cholesterole, triglyceride and erytrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly elevated in those who developed stroke. They also tended to consume more coffee and showed a higher tobacco consumption. By applying the multiple regression model it was disclosed that the most predective risk-variables were diastolic blood pressure, erytrocyte sedimentation rate and smoking habits.", "contents": "1913 men study - a longitudinal study of the development of stroke in a population. Risk factors for the development of stroke was studied in a prospective long-term investigation of 855 male in a random population sampled of the same age. After 13 years of follow-up 25 participants had suffered from stroke, which gives an incidence of 19/10,000 annually. At the 1963 year investigation several parametras were studied. The stroke-prone person had higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and had a significant greater total heart volume. Blood parametras as the fasting of serum cholesterole, triglyceride and erytrocyte sedimentation rate were significantly elevated in those who developed stroke. They also tended to consume more coffee and showed a higher tobacco consumption. By applying the multiple regression model it was disclosed that the most predective risk-variables were diastolic blood pressure, erytrocyte sedimentation rate and smoking habits."}
{"id": "PMID:298995", "title": "Epilepsy as a sequel to cerebrovascular accident.", "content": "In 1973 345 patients were admitted to Turku City Hospital because of cerebrovascular accident, 21 of them having epilepsy as a sequel after an earlier stroke or developing epileptic seizures during an observation period of 4 years. In the same year 27 patients were admitted because of epilepsy, 11 of them showing onset of seizures after an earlier stroke. Thus 32 patients, or 9,0 per cent of 356 cases with CVD proved to have epilepsy. The incidence of epilepsy did not depend on the nature of the vascular lesion. In three quarters of the cases the onset occurred within two years after the initial stroke. Most patients had generalized seizures, quite a few only convulsions with focal origin or psychomotor attacks. EEGs showed features of epileptic nature in half of the cases, although mostly slight. The importance of diagnosing epilepsy after a cerebrovascular accident is emphasized because recurrences of seizures can be successfully prevented with anticonvulsant therapy. Deepening of the paralytic signs after seizure is often misdiagnosed as a relapse of the stroke itself.", "contents": "Epilepsy as a sequel to cerebrovascular accident. In 1973 345 patients were admitted to Turku City Hospital because of cerebrovascular accident, 21 of them having epilepsy as a sequel after an earlier stroke or developing epileptic seizures during an observation period of 4 years. In the same year 27 patients were admitted because of epilepsy, 11 of them showing onset of seizures after an earlier stroke. Thus 32 patients, or 9,0 per cent of 356 cases with CVD proved to have epilepsy. The incidence of epilepsy did not depend on the nature of the vascular lesion. In three quarters of the cases the onset occurred within two years after the initial stroke. Most patients had generalized seizures, quite a few only convulsions with focal origin or psychomotor attacks. EEGs showed features of epileptic nature in half of the cases, although mostly slight. The importance of diagnosing epilepsy after a cerebrovascular accident is emphasized because recurrences of seizures can be successfully prevented with anticonvulsant therapy. Deepening of the paralytic signs after seizure is often misdiagnosed as a relapse of the stroke itself."}
{"id": "PMID:298996", "title": "Iron deficiency in the elderly population in Finland.", "content": "In connection with a large multiphasic screening programme carried out in Finland the prevalence rate of anaemia and iron deficiency were studied. Hb was under 130 g/l in 7.9 per cent of the men aged 65 years or over and under 120 g/l in 3.8 per cent of the women in the same age range. Transferrin saturation was under 15 per cent in 6.4 per cent of the men and in 7.7 per cent of the women. Iron deficiency was especially common in the rural population. A dietary study showed that iron deficient persons consumed less meat products and more liquid milk products than the others. The dietary factors are significant in the etiology of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Iron deficiency in the elderly population in Finland. In connection with a large multiphasic screening programme carried out in Finland the prevalence rate of anaemia and iron deficiency were studied. Hb was under 130 g/l in 7.9 per cent of the men aged 65 years or over and under 120 g/l in 3.8 per cent of the women in the same age range. Transferrin saturation was under 15 per cent in 6.4 per cent of the men and in 7.7 per cent of the women. Iron deficiency was especially common in the rural population. A dietary study showed that iron deficient persons consumed less meat products and more liquid milk products than the others. The dietary factors are significant in the etiology of iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:298997", "title": "Training of spatial orientation with a senile demented patient. An experimental case study.", "content": "An 82 year old man, with the diagnosis senile dementia, was trained to find his own way to objects of importance on the ward (bed - toilet, dinner table - bed, dayroom - dinner table). The ward distances were divided into smaller units. A single case experimental design was used. During baseline the patient was given the opportunity to walk the distance. As long as he succeeded in finding the final destination, the distance was gradually extended one unit at a time. After one week each unit of the first distance was marked with a distinctive symbol and instructions were provided on their meaning. The two other distances served as control distances under baseline condition. One week later the second distance was also included in the intervention, while the third remained at baseline. Finally all distances were included in the intervention. There was a significant improvement in two of the three distances. This improvement was, however, only temporary.", "contents": "Training of spatial orientation with a senile demented patient. An experimental case study. An 82 year old man, with the diagnosis senile dementia, was trained to find his own way to objects of importance on the ward (bed - toilet, dinner table - bed, dayroom - dinner table). The ward distances were divided into smaller units. A single case experimental design was used. During baseline the patient was given the opportunity to walk the distance. As long as he succeeded in finding the final destination, the distance was gradually extended one unit at a time. After one week each unit of the first distance was marked with a distinctive symbol and instructions were provided on their meaning. The two other distances served as control distances under baseline condition. One week later the second distance was also included in the intervention, while the third remained at baseline. Finally all distances were included in the intervention. There was a significant improvement in two of the three distances. This improvement was, however, only temporary."}
{"id": "PMID:299005", "title": "Work capacity in women in relation to age as judged from a maximal work performance test.", "content": "Work performance test could be carried out on a population sample of women aged 38-60 years without complications. The work capacity decreased with increasing age and at the same time the maximal heart rate during work decreased with increasing age. Blood pressure increased with age and these differences between the various ages were about the same as at rest. Respiratory frequency and perceived exertion on maximal work were similar in the ages studied. ECG changes were common and were found to be as common as in men who had been studied with the same technique and in the same ages. As ECG changes were very common and as myocardial infraction is very seldom in women of these ages, ECG changes during and after work did not seem to be a good discriminator of women subjected to myocardial infraction.", "contents": "Work capacity in women in relation to age as judged from a maximal work performance test. Work performance test could be carried out on a population sample of women aged 38-60 years without complications. The work capacity decreased with increasing age and at the same time the maximal heart rate during work decreased with increasing age. Blood pressure increased with age and these differences between the various ages were about the same as at rest. Respiratory frequency and perceived exertion on maximal work were similar in the ages studied. ECG changes were common and were found to be as common as in men who had been studied with the same technique and in the same ages. As ECG changes were very common and as myocardial infraction is very seldom in women of these ages, ECG changes during and after work did not seem to be a good discriminator of women subjected to myocardial infraction."}
{"id": "PMID:299009", "title": "Long term study of hypnotic medication in geriatric patients. A study of dixyrazine, nitrazepam and amylobarbitone.", "content": "The hypnotic effect of dixyrazine (a phenothiazine derivate), nitrazepam and amylobarbitone was studied during six months in 52 geriatric inpatients (17, 16 and 19 in each group, respectively) with a mean age of 78 years. The variables registered were the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm and 6 am and the observed number of awakenings. Certain mental and somatic variables were rated according to a schedule for geriatric behaviour. The observations were made every two to three weeks. No systematic significant change with time was observed for any of the three drugs for the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm or 6 am or for the number of awakenings. Nor was any difference found between the three drugs in respect of these variables. There was no significant change in somatic or mental variables according to the geriatric rating schedule. The results indicate that dixyrazine, nitrazepam and amylobarbitone retain their hypnotic effect in geriatric patients during continuous use for a six-month period. No side effects were observed that influenced the patient' behaviour. The results do not support the view that barbiturates, i.e. amylobarbitone are inappropriate as hypnotics in the elderly patient.", "contents": "Long term study of hypnotic medication in geriatric patients. A study of dixyrazine, nitrazepam and amylobarbitone. The hypnotic effect of dixyrazine (a phenothiazine derivate), nitrazepam and amylobarbitone was studied during six months in 52 geriatric inpatients (17, 16 and 19 in each group, respectively) with a mean age of 78 years. The variables registered were the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm and 6 am and the observed number of awakenings. Certain mental and somatic variables were rated according to a schedule for geriatric behaviour. The observations were made every two to three weeks. No systematic significant change with time was observed for any of the three drugs for the percentage of patients asleep at 10 pm or 6 am or for the number of awakenings. Nor was any difference found between the three drugs in respect of these variables. There was no significant change in somatic or mental variables according to the geriatric rating schedule. The results indicate that dixyrazine, nitrazepam and amylobarbitone retain their hypnotic effect in geriatric patients during continuous use for a six-month period. No side effects were observed that influenced the patient' behaviour. The results do not support the view that barbiturates, i.e. amylobarbitone are inappropriate as hypnotics in the elderly patient."}
{"id": "PMID:299011", "title": "[Bone marrow culture in aplastic anemia and preleukemias].", "content": "After incubation of bone marrow cells obtained from normal subjects and patients with pancytopenia in the double layer agar culture (Robinson-Pike), the clusters of different size and the colonies were counted on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Aplastic anemia and two types of preleukemia could be distinguished by a different growth pattern. A high incidence of small clusters (4-12 cells) was found in patients with aplastic anemia on days 2 and 3, whereas these aggregates were markedly reduced in preleukemia of type B. In preleukemia of type A an excessive number of small clusters was obtained. The morphology of cells in clusters and colonies was studied by cytochemical staining and electronmicroscopy. In preleukemia marked defects of maturation were demonstrable in the cells.", "contents": "[Bone marrow culture in aplastic anemia and preleukemias]. After incubation of bone marrow cells obtained from normal subjects and patients with pancytopenia in the double layer agar culture (Robinson-Pike), the clusters of different size and the colonies were counted on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. Aplastic anemia and two types of preleukemia could be distinguished by a different growth pattern. A high incidence of small clusters (4-12 cells) was found in patients with aplastic anemia on days 2 and 3, whereas these aggregates were markedly reduced in preleukemia of type B. In preleukemia of type A an excessive number of small clusters was obtained. The morphology of cells in clusters and colonies was studied by cytochemical staining and electronmicroscopy. In preleukemia marked defects of maturation were demonstrable in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299012", "title": "[Prolymphocytic and hairy cell leukemias as special forms of chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "Cytochemical and immunological studies were performed on \"hairy\" cells from 5 patients. The results, primarily the detection of surface immunoglobulins after incubation in immunoglobulin-free medium support the hypothesis that hairy cells are B-cells. Further parameters for B-cell lineage are the failing suppression of unspecific esterases by NaF, the presence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and the absence of phagocytic capacity and glass adherence (skin window). A lysozyme could not be demonstrated. Of two patients with prolymphocytic leukemia one was characterized as T- and one as B-cell leukemia. Therefore, the prolymphocytic leukemia has to be discussed as intermediate form of ALL and CLL. In both patients the therapeutic results were discouraging with cytostatics (e. g. chlorambucil), splenectomy is considered as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "[Prolymphocytic and hairy cell leukemias as special forms of chronic lymphatic leukemia]. Cytochemical and immunological studies were performed on \"hairy\" cells from 5 patients. The results, primarily the detection of surface immunoglobulins after incubation in immunoglobulin-free medium support the hypothesis that hairy cells are B-cells. Further parameters for B-cell lineage are the failing suppression of unspecific esterases by NaF, the presence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and the absence of phagocytic capacity and glass adherence (skin window). A lysozyme could not be demonstrated. Of two patients with prolymphocytic leukemia one was characterized as T- and one as B-cell leukemia. Therefore, the prolymphocytic leukemia has to be discussed as intermediate form of ALL and CLL. In both patients the therapeutic results were discouraging with cytostatics (e. g. chlorambucil), splenectomy is considered as the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:299013", "title": "[Acute myeloid leukemia with chromosome 5 deletion (a new syndrome)].", "content": "This report deals with a new syndrome characterized by refractory anemia, an aberration of chromosome 5 (deletion of the long arm) and the subsequent appearance of acute myeloid leukemia. The results stress the importance of chromosomal studies in cases of unclear, long-lasting and therapy-resistant anemia, since they may allow the early recognition of the development of acute leukemia.", "contents": "[Acute myeloid leukemia with chromosome 5 deletion (a new syndrome)]. This report deals with a new syndrome characterized by refractory anemia, an aberration of chromosome 5 (deletion of the long arm) and the subsequent appearance of acute myeloid leukemia. The results stress the importance of chromosomal studies in cases of unclear, long-lasting and therapy-resistant anemia, since they may allow the early recognition of the development of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:299067", "title": "Expression of thymidine kinase activity in hybrids between human leukemic cells and a TK-mouse cell line.", "content": "A series of actively proliferating clones have been isolated after PEG-induced fusion of a thymidine kinase deficient murine line and white blood cells from two leukemic patients. Their hybrid nature was proved both cytologically and biochemically. All the hybrids tested showed levels of TK activity significantly higher than the TK- mouse parental cell line and comparable to those exhibited by replicating TK+ cells.", "contents": "Expression of thymidine kinase activity in hybrids between human leukemic cells and a TK-mouse cell line. A series of actively proliferating clones have been isolated after PEG-induced fusion of a thymidine kinase deficient murine line and white blood cells from two leukemic patients. Their hybrid nature was proved both cytologically and biochemically. All the hybrids tested showed levels of TK activity significantly higher than the TK- mouse parental cell line and comparable to those exhibited by replicating TK+ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299068", "title": "Kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase and other enzyme studies in human serum in leukemia.", "content": "The activity of some of the clinically important enzymes was investigated in leukemic sera at 37 degrees, using the Beckman Enzyme Activity Analyzer were found to be slightly elevated in some untreated cases of leukemia (1.), while ALP was found to be frequently elevated. Untreated patients with l. had normal or below normal SCPK activity. The most characteristic and significant rise in activity, was found to be associated with SLDH and SHBDH in most cases of acute l. (86%) and in CML, while any elevation observed in CLL, was very slight. The general kinetic parameters of SLDH and SHBDH, were investigated at 37 degrees in acute leukemic patients. These included optimum substrate concentrations (NADH, pyruvate, and 2-oxobutyrate), the rate of pyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate reduction, substrate-velocity relationship, Km (pyruvate), Km (NADH), Km (2-oxobutyrate) as well as the effect of temperature and pH on the kinetics of the reaction. These kinetic characteristics were found to be differently affected by the leukemic process.", "contents": "Kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase and other enzyme studies in human serum in leukemia. The activity of some of the clinically important enzymes was investigated in leukemic sera at 37 degrees, using the Beckman Enzyme Activity Analyzer were found to be slightly elevated in some untreated cases of leukemia (1.), while ALP was found to be frequently elevated. Untreated patients with l. had normal or below normal SCPK activity. The most characteristic and significant rise in activity, was found to be associated with SLDH and SHBDH in most cases of acute l. (86%) and in CML, while any elevation observed in CLL, was very slight. The general kinetic parameters of SLDH and SHBDH, were investigated at 37 degrees in acute leukemic patients. These included optimum substrate concentrations (NADH, pyruvate, and 2-oxobutyrate), the rate of pyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate reduction, substrate-velocity relationship, Km (pyruvate), Km (NADH), Km (2-oxobutyrate) as well as the effect of temperature and pH on the kinetics of the reaction. These kinetic characteristics were found to be differently affected by the leukemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:299069", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia considered as a clonal hemopathy.", "content": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia, like certain other hematologic disorders, originates in pluripotent stem cells. Two general biologic processes underlie development of the disease. Over long times, clonal progression leads from normal polyclonal hemopoiesis through clonal preleukemia to leukemia. Overt leukemia is characterized by the emergence of blast cell populations. Over shorter times, clonal expansion yields cellular diversity based upon randomizing events. The analysis indicates that that blast population is of crucial importance. Characteristics of a colony assay for blast cell progenitors are presented.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia considered as a clonal hemopathy. Acute myeloblastic leukemia, like certain other hematologic disorders, originates in pluripotent stem cells. Two general biologic processes underlie development of the disease. Over long times, clonal progression leads from normal polyclonal hemopoiesis through clonal preleukemia to leukemia. Overt leukemia is characterized by the emergence of blast cell populations. Over shorter times, clonal expansion yields cellular diversity based upon randomizing events. The analysis indicates that that blast population is of crucial importance. Characteristics of a colony assay for blast cell progenitors are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:299070", "title": "Cyclic hemopoiesis and feedback control.", "content": "Hemopoiesis exhibits a variety of oscillatory phenomena. Since hemopoiesis is controlled by many feedback loops and since feedback loops are potentially oscillatory, it is possible that the observed oscillatory phenomena are the result of movement of hemopoiesis into an area of operation which favors stable oscillation. Although this hypothesis explains many of the observed phenomena and has had some predictive value, its important predictions have not yet been satisfactorily tested.", "contents": "Cyclic hemopoiesis and feedback control. Hemopoiesis exhibits a variety of oscillatory phenomena. Since hemopoiesis is controlled by many feedback loops and since feedback loops are potentially oscillatory, it is possible that the observed oscillatory phenomena are the result of movement of hemopoiesis into an area of operation which favors stable oscillation. Although this hypothesis explains many of the observed phenomena and has had some predictive value, its important predictions have not yet been satisfactorily tested."}
{"id": "PMID:299112", "title": "Telephone performance of persons with hearing handicap in relation to speech reception threshold.", "content": "This investigation shows that there are four relevant methods of telephoning in Denmark for hearing-impaired persons: 1) Standard telephone without extra equipment for persons with a Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) up to about 40 dB in the better ear. 2) Standard telephone with receiving amplifier for persons with a SRT up to about 60 dB in the better ear. 3) Standard telephone plus individual hearing aid primarily in \"T\" position. Can be used by hearing-impaired persons with a SRT up to 70-75 dB in the better ear. 4) Standard telephone with receiving amplifier plus individual hearing aid primarily in \"T\" position. This is an effective and cheap solution for hearing losses above 70-75 dB in the better ear.", "contents": "Telephone performance of persons with hearing handicap in relation to speech reception threshold. This investigation shows that there are four relevant methods of telephoning in Denmark for hearing-impaired persons: 1) Standard telephone without extra equipment for persons with a Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) up to about 40 dB in the better ear. 2) Standard telephone with receiving amplifier for persons with a SRT up to about 60 dB in the better ear. 3) Standard telephone plus individual hearing aid primarily in \"T\" position. Can be used by hearing-impaired persons with a SRT up to 70-75 dB in the better ear. 4) Standard telephone with receiving amplifier plus individual hearing aid primarily in \"T\" position. This is an effective and cheap solution for hearing losses above 70-75 dB in the better ear."}
{"id": "PMID:299130", "title": "Trabeculectomy. Its role in the management of glaucoma.", "content": "This report describes the changes in intraocular pressure, visual fields, and visual acuity after 108 trabeculectomy operations for various types of glaucoma. Postoperative follow up ranged from 1 1/2 to 3 years and the consequences of any complications were assessed. Trabeculectomy was found to be a relatively safe and effective procedure and may be recommended at an early stage in glaucoma management rather than as a last resort.", "contents": "Trabeculectomy. Its role in the management of glaucoma. This report describes the changes in intraocular pressure, visual fields, and visual acuity after 108 trabeculectomy operations for various types of glaucoma. Postoperative follow up ranged from 1 1/2 to 3 years and the consequences of any complications were assessed. Trabeculectomy was found to be a relatively safe and effective procedure and may be recommended at an early stage in glaucoma management rather than as a last resort."}
{"id": "PMID:299131", "title": "Low leucocyte ascorbic acid levels and corneal ulceration.", "content": "The leucocyte ascorbic acid levels were determined in six patients with infected corneal ulcers. These levels were significantly lower than in a control group matched for age and sex. The potential role of Corynebacteria as pathogens is discussed.", "contents": "Low leucocyte ascorbic acid levels and corneal ulceration. The leucocyte ascorbic acid levels were determined in six patients with infected corneal ulcers. These levels were significantly lower than in a control group matched for age and sex. The potential role of Corynebacteria as pathogens is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299132", "title": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy: not so benign?", "content": "A case is described of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) in which one eye shows the typical active disease process while the other shows evidence of extensive degenerative changes of the posterior pole with disturbance of the pigment epithelium. It is postulated the case presented shows that APMPPE may not be as benign a condition as previously thought, and that it may recur after a period of years.", "contents": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy: not so benign? A case is described of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) in which one eye shows the typical active disease process while the other shows evidence of extensive degenerative changes of the posterior pole with disturbance of the pigment epithelium. It is postulated the case presented shows that APMPPE may not be as benign a condition as previously thought, and that it may recur after a period of years."}
{"id": "PMID:299133", "title": "The Montgomery Lecture, 1979. Ocular metallosis.", "content": "'Redox processes' and complex biochemical formations offer a simple key to understanding metallotic damage to the eye. Various factors determine the timing and severity of this damage. Siderosis is a process with a chronic course. In a large group of patients with copper-containing foreign bodies the majority showed a more acute course. In the past, the relatively rare cases of chronic chalcosis without fibrotic reactions in the vitreous determined the text book descriptions familiar to our fathers. In our series of 282 cases of copper-containing foreign bodies in the vitreous, the chalcosis took a subacute, acute, or fulminating course in 68 per cent, and only half of the other 32 per cent represented time chronic chalcosis. In 18 per cent the injury was recent and the cellular reaction was only just beginning. Cellular reactions, especially fibrosis, are the chief characteristics of acute chalcosis. Vitrectomy permits the surgical treatment of eyes with severe vitreous fibrosis and retinal detachment, but because these eyes are in the pre-phthisic stage, a fair number of successes is counterbalanced by an increasing number of enucleations.", "contents": "The Montgomery Lecture, 1979. Ocular metallosis. 'Redox processes' and complex biochemical formations offer a simple key to understanding metallotic damage to the eye. Various factors determine the timing and severity of this damage. Siderosis is a process with a chronic course. In a large group of patients with copper-containing foreign bodies the majority showed a more acute course. In the past, the relatively rare cases of chronic chalcosis without fibrotic reactions in the vitreous determined the text book descriptions familiar to our fathers. In our series of 282 cases of copper-containing foreign bodies in the vitreous, the chalcosis took a subacute, acute, or fulminating course in 68 per cent, and only half of the other 32 per cent represented time chronic chalcosis. In 18 per cent the injury was recent and the cellular reaction was only just beginning. Cellular reactions, especially fibrosis, are the chief characteristics of acute chalcosis. Vitrectomy permits the surgical treatment of eyes with severe vitreous fibrosis and retinal detachment, but because these eyes are in the pre-phthisic stage, a fair number of successes is counterbalanced by an increasing number of enucleations."}
{"id": "PMID:299134", "title": "Perforating eye injuries in Cork. A review.", "content": "Of 95 cases of perforating eye injury during the 4-year period 1973 to 1976 reviewed, 21 had a retained intraocular foreign body. Sporting activities, including shotgun injuries, were found to be the cause in a significant number of cases. Four cases of perforating injury due to car battery explosions are also reported. None in the series was found to have sympathetic ophthalmitis.", "contents": "Perforating eye injuries in Cork. A review. Of 95 cases of perforating eye injury during the 4-year period 1973 to 1976 reviewed, 21 had a retained intraocular foreign body. Sporting activities, including shotgun injuries, were found to be the cause in a significant number of cases. Four cases of perforating injury due to car battery explosions are also reported. None in the series was found to have sympathetic ophthalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:299147", "title": "Chromatin conformation during cell differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "A novel human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) has been shown to form terminally differentiated granulocytes in the presence of dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), some other chemicals, or colony stimulating factor. Compared to chromatin from HL-60 cells, chromatin from DMSO treated HL-60 cells showed an enrichment in low temperature melting material. The decrease in thermostability of chromatin from HL-60 cells after DMSO treatment is similar to the shift in thermostability of chromatin from human lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). These results suggest that changes in the thermostability of chromatin may not be specific for cell differentiation or PHA stimulation.", "contents": "Chromatin conformation during cell differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. A novel human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60) has been shown to form terminally differentiated granulocytes in the presence of dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), some other chemicals, or colony stimulating factor. Compared to chromatin from HL-60 cells, chromatin from DMSO treated HL-60 cells showed an enrichment in low temperature melting material. The decrease in thermostability of chromatin from HL-60 cells after DMSO treatment is similar to the shift in thermostability of chromatin from human lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). These results suggest that changes in the thermostability of chromatin may not be specific for cell differentiation or PHA stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:299191", "title": "Compound action potential measures of frequency selectivity.", "content": "In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a measure of the frequency selectivity of the ear by means of forward masking of the whole nerve action potential (AP). The AP frequency tuning curves resulting from the forward masking measurements appeared to be similar to single fiber tuning curves. The masker preceding the test tone produced a slow off-response which we suppose to be super-imposed on the AP provoked by a test tone. High and low-pass filtering of the test tone with slopes up to 96 dB/oct improved tuning. Steeper slopes gave no noticeable improvement. Filtered test tones produced AP tuning curves which were wide in comparison with single fiber tuning curves. Moreover, AP tuning curves become even wider at high test tone levels. In spite of this road tuning, changes in frequency selectivity of the ear, caused by noise trauma, are reflected in the AP tuning curve.", "contents": "Compound action potential measures of frequency selectivity. In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a measure of the frequency selectivity of the ear by means of forward masking of the whole nerve action potential (AP). The AP frequency tuning curves resulting from the forward masking measurements appeared to be similar to single fiber tuning curves. The masker preceding the test tone produced a slow off-response which we suppose to be super-imposed on the AP provoked by a test tone. High and low-pass filtering of the test tone with slopes up to 96 dB/oct improved tuning. Steeper slopes gave no noticeable improvement. Filtered test tones produced AP tuning curves which were wide in comparison with single fiber tuning curves. Moreover, AP tuning curves become even wider at high test tone levels. In spite of this road tuning, changes in frequency selectivity of the ear, caused by noise trauma, are reflected in the AP tuning curve."}
{"id": "PMID:299210", "title": "[Anemias resulting from iron metabolism disorders].", "content": "For the most part iron deficiency, but also disturbances of distribution, transport and utilization of iron, are able to cause anemias. To understand the origin of such anemias, firstly iron metabolism, then the clinical symptomatology as well as the laboratory parameters necessary for diagnosis and finally the usual therapies are described.", "contents": "[Anemias resulting from iron metabolism disorders]. For the most part iron deficiency, but also disturbances of distribution, transport and utilization of iron, are able to cause anemias. To understand the origin of such anemias, firstly iron metabolism, then the clinical symptomatology as well as the laboratory parameters necessary for diagnosis and finally the usual therapies are described."}
{"id": "PMID:299211", "title": "[Megaloblastic anemias].", "content": "After presentation of morphological and clinical characteristics concerning megaloblastic anemias, the differential diagnostic possibilities of these anemia, ase discussed. Finally a short survey concerning the therapeutic procedure is presented.", "contents": "[Megaloblastic anemias]. After presentation of morphological and clinical characteristics concerning megaloblastic anemias, the differential diagnostic possibilities of these anemia, ase discussed. Finally a short survey concerning the therapeutic procedure is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:299212", "title": "[Aplastic anemias].", "content": "In the first part of this review diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors are summarized. The results of bone marrow culture with particular reference to the pathophysiology of this disease, are discussed. Finally, the conventional therapeutic approaches are summarized and recent developments in experimental treatment modalities are discussed.", "contents": "[Aplastic anemias]. In the first part of this review diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors are summarized. The results of bone marrow culture with particular reference to the pathophysiology of this disease, are discussed. Finally, the conventional therapeutic approaches are summarized and recent developments in experimental treatment modalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299213", "title": "[Anemias in infection, inflammation, tumors and liver, kidney and endocrine diseases].", "content": "Secondary anemias due to infections, malignancies, endocrinopathies, hepatic and renal disorders, are discussed in terms of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Typical features for each type of secondary anemia are presented to enable a diagnosis by means of simple laboratory methods. Differential diagnosis is rather difficult due to complex mechanisms of pathogenesis. The differentiation of iron deficiency, lack of growth factors, and hemolysis is of utmost importance. Frequently too little diagnostic work up is contrasted by too much mostly unnecessary treatment. The significance of neuraminidases in infections needs further research.", "contents": "[Anemias in infection, inflammation, tumors and liver, kidney and endocrine diseases]. Secondary anemias due to infections, malignancies, endocrinopathies, hepatic and renal disorders, are discussed in terms of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Typical features for each type of secondary anemia are presented to enable a diagnosis by means of simple laboratory methods. Differential diagnosis is rather difficult due to complex mechanisms of pathogenesis. The differentiation of iron deficiency, lack of growth factors, and hemolysis is of utmost importance. Frequently too little diagnostic work up is contrasted by too much mostly unnecessary treatment. The significance of neuraminidases in infections needs further research."}
{"id": "PMID:299214", "title": "[Dyserythropoietic anemia].", "content": "The leading symptom of dyserythropoiesis is an increased, ineffective erythropoiesis with characteristic morphological and functional features. The molecular background of the disturbances is unknown. There are similar structural and biochemical characteristics with different etiologic factors. In addition to rare, congenital forms acquired forms are observed frequently. A causal therapy is only known in deficiency and toxic states. There is an increased risk of transfusion hypersiderosis for the rest of patients with dyserythropoiesis. Among the acquired forms frequently premalignant diseases and tumours are found.", "contents": "[Dyserythropoietic anemia]. The leading symptom of dyserythropoiesis is an increased, ineffective erythropoiesis with characteristic morphological and functional features. The molecular background of the disturbances is unknown. There are similar structural and biochemical characteristics with different etiologic factors. In addition to rare, congenital forms acquired forms are observed frequently. A causal therapy is only known in deficiency and toxic states. There is an increased risk of transfusion hypersiderosis for the rest of patients with dyserythropoiesis. Among the acquired forms frequently premalignant diseases and tumours are found."}
{"id": "PMID:299215", "title": "[Anemias significant in occupational medicine].", "content": "The role of anaemia in occupational medicine is reviewed briefly. Although anaemia is an infrequent symptom, it may be important by its severeness. Irreversible bone marrow failure following exposition to benzene, is discussed more in detail and finally the importance of evaluating professional exposition to potentially myelo-toxic compounds in every patient, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Anemias significant in occupational medicine]. The role of anaemia in occupational medicine is reviewed briefly. Although anaemia is an infrequent symptom, it may be important by its severeness. Irreversible bone marrow failure following exposition to benzene, is discussed more in detail and finally the importance of evaluating professional exposition to potentially myelo-toxic compounds in every patient, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:299216", "title": "[Early stomach cancer: new diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "Gastroscopy is the diagnostic measure of choice in early recognition of gastric carcinoma, offering an accuracy rate of 96-99. However, this goal can only be achieved when biopsies are taken with forceps and snare from all circumscribed lesions which may hide a carcinoma. The common association with hyperplasiogenic polyps (15/86), adenoma and borderline lesion (7/86) and synchronous gastric carcinoma (8/86) request a subtle preoperative diagnosis if one does not perform gastrectomy in principle. Endoscopic resection (5/86) or local excision (6/86) should be debated in carcinomas located close to the cardia, and in high-risk patients. 5-year-survival rates of the \"Erlangen early gastric cancer registry\", are in accordance with the excellent results reported in the Japanese literature.", "contents": "[Early stomach cancer: new diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. Gastroscopy is the diagnostic measure of choice in early recognition of gastric carcinoma, offering an accuracy rate of 96-99. However, this goal can only be achieved when biopsies are taken with forceps and snare from all circumscribed lesions which may hide a carcinoma. The common association with hyperplasiogenic polyps (15/86), adenoma and borderline lesion (7/86) and synchronous gastric carcinoma (8/86) request a subtle preoperative diagnosis if one does not perform gastrectomy in principle. Endoscopic resection (5/86) or local excision (6/86) should be debated in carcinomas located close to the cardia, and in high-risk patients. 5-year-survival rates of the \"Erlangen early gastric cancer registry\", are in accordance with the excellent results reported in the Japanese literature."}
{"id": "PMID:299217", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies].", "content": "The present results of surgery in gastrointestinal carcinoma, including all stages of the disease, show a 20% 5-year-survival-rate in stomach carcinoma, 45% in colon carcinoma and 41% in rectum carcinoma. It can already be demonstrated that improved early diagnosis may improve the results of surgical treatment of stomach carcinoma. Effective local and general follow-up treatment must be demanded.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies]. The present results of surgery in gastrointestinal carcinoma, including all stages of the disease, show a 20% 5-year-survival-rate in stomach carcinoma, 45% in colon carcinoma and 41% in rectum carcinoma. It can already be demonstrated that improved early diagnosis may improve the results of surgical treatment of stomach carcinoma. Effective local and general follow-up treatment must be demanded."}
{"id": "PMID:299218", "title": "[Results of chemotherapy in gastrointestinal malignancies].", "content": "The chemotherapy of neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract is still in an experimental phase. Until now, there are not any effective regimens which could be proposed as a standard therapy. Perhaps gastric carcinoma is an exception. The increasing knowledge concerning tumor evolution and especially concerning prognostic factors, justifies admission of patients to well controlled clinical studies.", "contents": "[Results of chemotherapy in gastrointestinal malignancies]. The chemotherapy of neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract is still in an experimental phase. Until now, there are not any effective regimens which could be proposed as a standard therapy. Perhaps gastric carcinoma is an exception. The increasing knowledge concerning tumor evolution and especially concerning prognostic factors, justifies admission of patients to well controlled clinical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:299219", "title": "[Prognostic factors in the drug therapy of metastasizing breast cancer].", "content": "175 patients with metastatic breast cancer, treated with chemotherapy, were analyzed retrospectively to identify the characteristics of prognostic importance in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival from onset of the chemotherapy. The most significant factors were the sites of metastatic disease and an estimate of the total extent of disease.", "contents": "[Prognostic factors in the drug therapy of metastasizing breast cancer]. 175 patients with metastatic breast cancer, treated with chemotherapy, were analyzed retrospectively to identify the characteristics of prognostic importance in predicting response to chemotherapy and survival from onset of the chemotherapy. The most significant factors were the sites of metastatic disease and an estimate of the total extent of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:299220", "title": "[Specific immunotherapy in metastasizing breast cancer combined with chemotherapy. A prospective randomized study].", "content": "40 patients with metastasized mamma carcinoma were immunized with T-antigen, in addition to cytostatic therapy. A second group of 40 patients received cytostatics only. No improvement of remission rates could be obtained by additional immunotherapy with T-antigen.", "contents": "[Specific immunotherapy in metastasizing breast cancer combined with chemotherapy. A prospective randomized study]. 40 patients with metastasized mamma carcinoma were immunized with T-antigen, in addition to cytostatic therapy. A second group of 40 patients received cytostatics only. No improvement of remission rates could be obtained by additional immunotherapy with T-antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:299221", "title": "[Initial experiences with a nation-wide Austrian study of adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer following radical surgery].", "content": "The outline of a cooperative study for adjuvant Chemo-Immunotherapy on radically operated Colon-Rectum-Carcinoma, is presented. One group of patients receiving Placebo, has to be randomized against another group who postoperatively received Chemo-Immunotherapy consisting of 5-Fluorouracil and CCNU and Corynebacterium parvum, which was administered intermittently, throughout one year. Patients with Rectum-Carcinoma additionally receive radio-therapy with 1500 rad HD before surgery and 4500--5000 rad HD postoperatively with Cobalt-60. The central documentation, and randomization, is provided at the Institute for Cancer Research of the University of Vienna.", "contents": "[Initial experiences with a nation-wide Austrian study of adjuvant chemo- and immunotherapy of colorectal cancer following radical surgery]. The outline of a cooperative study for adjuvant Chemo-Immunotherapy on radically operated Colon-Rectum-Carcinoma, is presented. One group of patients receiving Placebo, has to be randomized against another group who postoperatively received Chemo-Immunotherapy consisting of 5-Fluorouracil and CCNU and Corynebacterium parvum, which was administered intermittently, throughout one year. Patients with Rectum-Carcinoma additionally receive radio-therapy with 1500 rad HD before surgery and 4500--5000 rad HD postoperatively with Cobalt-60. The central documentation, and randomization, is provided at the Institute for Cancer Research of the University of Vienna."}
{"id": "PMID:299222", "title": "[Oral 5-fluorouracil therapy in liver metastasis].", "content": "The therapeutic results of 5-FU given by oral application (15 mg/kg body weight x 10 days) in 11 patients with hepatic metastases (after colorectal and mammary carcinoma) are reported: objective response in 2 patients and subjective improvement in 4 patients contrasts to 3 patients without response and 2 patients with indefinite response to adjuvant chemotherapy. However, a long lasting complete remission in a female patient with important metastatic hepatic involvement following breast cancer must be emphasized.", "contents": "[Oral 5-fluorouracil therapy in liver metastasis]. The therapeutic results of 5-FU given by oral application (15 mg/kg body weight x 10 days) in 11 patients with hepatic metastases (after colorectal and mammary carcinoma) are reported: objective response in 2 patients and subjective improvement in 4 patients contrasts to 3 patients without response and 2 patients with indefinite response to adjuvant chemotherapy. However, a long lasting complete remission in a female patient with important metastatic hepatic involvement following breast cancer must be emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:299223", "title": "[Status and problems of the treatment of metastatic rectal cancer].", "content": "The results of chemotherapy in colorectal carcinoma are disappointing and therefore the treatment of metastatic rectal carcinoma, is problematic. 19 patients were treated with 5-FU, CCNU and Vincristin, the response rate was 26.3%, the median duration of remission 3.8 months.", "contents": "[Status and problems of the treatment of metastatic rectal cancer]. The results of chemotherapy in colorectal carcinoma are disappointing and therefore the treatment of metastatic rectal carcinoma, is problematic. 19 patients were treated with 5-FU, CCNU and Vincristin, the response rate was 26.3%, the median duration of remission 3.8 months."}
{"id": "PMID:299224", "title": "[Experiences with cis-dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II) in the treatment of advanced solid tumors].", "content": "Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was administered in 23 patients with far advanced solid malignancies using a dose schedule of 50 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. All patients had previously progressive disease using conventional cytotoxic therapies. More than 50% of the patients had been pretreated with at least 4 different drugs. 9 patients, additionally, had been irradiated. In 4 instances there was objective tumor regression (duration: 1 to 4 months), in 7 patients tumor progression could be stopped for at least one month, 12 patients did not respond. By sufficient fluid administration combined with electrolyte substitution, furosemide and mannitol, no severe toxic side effects could be observed.", "contents": "[Experiences with cis-dichlorodiaminoplatinum (II) in the treatment of advanced solid tumors]. Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) was administered in 23 patients with far advanced solid malignancies using a dose schedule of 50 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. All patients had previously progressive disease using conventional cytotoxic therapies. More than 50% of the patients had been pretreated with at least 4 different drugs. 9 patients, additionally, had been irradiated. In 4 instances there was objective tumor regression (duration: 1 to 4 months), in 7 patients tumor progression could be stopped for at least one month, 12 patients did not respond. By sufficient fluid administration combined with electrolyte substitution, furosemide and mannitol, no severe toxic side effects could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:299225", "title": "[ECG changes in adriamycin therapy].", "content": "185 electrocardiograms, of a total of 39 patients were analyzed during and after Adriamycin treatment. Total Adriamycin doses did not exceed 70--120 mg in each course, respecting the 550 mg/m2 limit. ECG changes were found in 80% of such therapeutic regimen, changes of heart-rate, PQ, QT-intervals and ST/T predominating, Arrhythmias (supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats as well as AV-blocks grade I--II) were observed in several patients.", "contents": "[ECG changes in adriamycin therapy]. 185 electrocardiograms, of a total of 39 patients were analyzed during and after Adriamycin treatment. Total Adriamycin doses did not exceed 70--120 mg in each course, respecting the 550 mg/m2 limit. ECG changes were found in 80% of such therapeutic regimen, changes of heart-rate, PQ, QT-intervals and ST/T predominating, Arrhythmias (supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats as well as AV-blocks grade I--II) were observed in several patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299226", "title": "[Diagnosis of adriamycin myocardiopathy using echocardiography].", "content": "27 patients with a mean cumulative dose of 450 +/- 150 mg adriamycin for the treatment of solid malignoma and clinical symptoms of left heart failure are examined by echocardiography. 14 patients had an abnormal ejection fraction, 21 patients an abnormal mean circumferential fiber shortening and 4 patients presented with pericardial effusion. The results demonstrate that echocardiography is a safe, noninvasive and reliable method for diagnosing a reduced left ventricular function in patients treated with adriamycin.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of adriamycin myocardiopathy using echocardiography]. 27 patients with a mean cumulative dose of 450 +/- 150 mg adriamycin for the treatment of solid malignoma and clinical symptoms of left heart failure are examined by echocardiography. 14 patients had an abnormal ejection fraction, 21 patients an abnormal mean circumferential fiber shortening and 4 patients presented with pericardial effusion. The results demonstrate that echocardiography is a safe, noninvasive and reliable method for diagnosing a reduced left ventricular function in patients treated with adriamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:299227", "title": "[Transferrin and serum ferritin in tumor patients].", "content": "Serum iron, an iron absorption test, transferrin and serumferritin were investigated in patients with malignant disease. A positive correlation was found between increased serumferritin and decreased transferrin and the clinical tumor staging in single cases of acute leukemia and in advanced tumor stages.", "contents": "[Transferrin and serum ferritin in tumor patients]. Serum iron, an iron absorption test, transferrin and serumferritin were investigated in patients with malignant disease. A positive correlation was found between increased serumferritin and decreased transferrin and the clinical tumor staging in single cases of acute leukemia and in advanced tumor stages."}
{"id": "PMID:299228", "title": "[Serum ferritin in patients with malignant melanoma].", "content": "In 55 patients with malignant melanoma, in addition to hematologic parameters and blood chemistry, serumferritin was measured by a two-site IRMA-technique using a heterologous antibody system (Behringwerke). Tumor localisation was exactly classified due to a staging system (stage I--III). Elevation of serumferritin values in stage III was highly significant (p less than 0.0005) compared to stage I and II, as well as to normal controls (n = 60). There was no significant correlation between serumferritin and sedimentation rate, erythrocytes or serum iron. Only in stage III we found a significant negative correlation (p less than 0.05) between serumferritin and hemoglobin. Compared to normal controls, patients with stage III showed a significant decrease in serum-iron (p less than 0.01). A significant increase was found concerning serum-copper levels in all patients with melanoma. Though radioimmunometric methods now are not sensitive enough for the determination of tumor-specific isoferritins, serumferritin might be useful in detecting patients with malignant melanoma (stage III).", "contents": "[Serum ferritin in patients with malignant melanoma]. In 55 patients with malignant melanoma, in addition to hematologic parameters and blood chemistry, serumferritin was measured by a two-site IRMA-technique using a heterologous antibody system (Behringwerke). Tumor localisation was exactly classified due to a staging system (stage I--III). Elevation of serumferritin values in stage III was highly significant (p less than 0.0005) compared to stage I and II, as well as to normal controls (n = 60). There was no significant correlation between serumferritin and sedimentation rate, erythrocytes or serum iron. Only in stage III we found a significant negative correlation (p less than 0.05) between serumferritin and hemoglobin. Compared to normal controls, patients with stage III showed a significant decrease in serum-iron (p less than 0.01). A significant increase was found concerning serum-copper levels in all patients with melanoma. Though radioimmunometric methods now are not sensitive enough for the determination of tumor-specific isoferritins, serumferritin might be useful in detecting patients with malignant melanoma (stage III)."}
{"id": "PMID:299229", "title": "[Serum fucosyltransferase activity in malignant diseases].", "content": "Serum Fucosyltransferase activities were measured in 41 controls and in 55 patients with neoplastic diseases. Incorporation of 14C-fucose into the endogenous acceptor of serum and after addition of desialofetuin as exogenous acceptor, was determined. About 83% of patients suffering from various malignant diseases showed pathological fucosyltransferase activities. In all patients with testicular tumours and no detectable metastases after surgery, normal enzyme levels were obtained. After successful chemotherapy, fucosyltransferase activities returned to normal.", "contents": "[Serum fucosyltransferase activity in malignant diseases]. Serum Fucosyltransferase activities were measured in 41 controls and in 55 patients with neoplastic diseases. Incorporation of 14C-fucose into the endogenous acceptor of serum and after addition of desialofetuin as exogenous acceptor, was determined. About 83% of patients suffering from various malignant diseases showed pathological fucosyltransferase activities. In all patients with testicular tumours and no detectable metastases after surgery, normal enzyme levels were obtained. After successful chemotherapy, fucosyltransferase activities returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:299230", "title": "[The problems of informing oncological patients].", "content": "The \"phase-model\" of K\u00fcbler-Ross represents useful auxiliary means, which however prove correct only in a portion of the cases. The information of the diagnosis of a malign disease constitutes one of the most difficult medical problems and requires certain basic conditions. As a rule it cannot be delegated but must be solved within the realm of oncology. In the future it will be necessary to inform the patients concerning their malign disease very much more than is is presently done.", "contents": "[The problems of informing oncological patients]. The \"phase-model\" of K\u00fcbler-Ross represents useful auxiliary means, which however prove correct only in a portion of the cases. The information of the diagnosis of a malign disease constitutes one of the most difficult medical problems and requires certain basic conditions. As a rule it cannot be delegated but must be solved within the realm of oncology. In the future it will be necessary to inform the patients concerning their malign disease very much more than is is presently done."}
{"id": "PMID:299231", "title": "[Rehabilitation in oncology].", "content": "Successful rehabilitation can only be carried out by the precise teamwork of doctors, nurses and therapeutic personnel whereby, especially in cancer patients, importance of psycho-somatic aspects are emphasized. Under all circumstances, rehabilitation must immediately follow acute therapy. Especially, the rehabilitation of cancer patients convince them, that they are not lost. It is desirable that rehabilitation of cancer patients should increase, preferably in specialized oncology rehabilitation centers - similar to the cardiological or rheumatic rehabilitation centers. The main purpose of general rehabilitation in oncology should be the somatic and psychological revitalization of the patient under the motto: Don't merely prolong life, add worthwhile living for each life.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation in oncology]. Successful rehabilitation can only be carried out by the precise teamwork of doctors, nurses and therapeutic personnel whereby, especially in cancer patients, importance of psycho-somatic aspects are emphasized. Under all circumstances, rehabilitation must immediately follow acute therapy. Especially, the rehabilitation of cancer patients convince them, that they are not lost. It is desirable that rehabilitation of cancer patients should increase, preferably in specialized oncology rehabilitation centers - similar to the cardiological or rheumatic rehabilitation centers. The main purpose of general rehabilitation in oncology should be the somatic and psychological revitalization of the patient under the motto: Don't merely prolong life, add worthwhile living for each life."}
{"id": "PMID:299232", "title": "[Psychological problems in the treatment of cancer and chronically ill patients in nursing homes].", "content": "Psychological problems develop in patients with chronic diseases due to three main causes: 1. Because of the situation of the patient, who is admitted to the nursing-hospital in severely ill condition and now has to adapt to this new and fear inducing situation. 2. Because of the hospital staff, who has no previous psychological training and now has to deal with the patient. 3. Because of the adaptation of doctor and nurses who have to deal with the patient in a manner which induces him to accept the nursing hospital as a place where he must remain for the future. To portray these problems more clearly, the case of a patient with carcinoma of the breast, is described.", "contents": "[Psychological problems in the treatment of cancer and chronically ill patients in nursing homes]. Psychological problems develop in patients with chronic diseases due to three main causes: 1. Because of the situation of the patient, who is admitted to the nursing-hospital in severely ill condition and now has to adapt to this new and fear inducing situation. 2. Because of the hospital staff, who has no previous psychological training and now has to deal with the patient. 3. Because of the adaptation of doctor and nurses who have to deal with the patient in a manner which induces him to accept the nursing hospital as a place where he must remain for the future. To portray these problems more clearly, the case of a patient with carcinoma of the breast, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:299233", "title": "[Regulation of erythropoiesis].", "content": "Following a brief review of the factors regulating erythropoiesis, which have enhancing influence only, an inhibiting factor with low molecular weight is presented. This non-toxic factor derived from normal human erythrocytes is inhibitory to the 59Fe incorporation into mouse erythrocytes in vivo and also to the 3H-TdR uptake into fetal mouse erythroblasts in vitro.", "contents": "[Regulation of erythropoiesis]. Following a brief review of the factors regulating erythropoiesis, which have enhancing influence only, an inhibiting factor with low molecular weight is presented. This non-toxic factor derived from normal human erythrocytes is inhibitory to the 59Fe incorporation into mouse erythrocytes in vivo and also to the 3H-TdR uptake into fetal mouse erythroblasts in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:299234", "title": "[Serum ferritin and its diagnostic significance in iron metabolism disorders].", "content": "Aim of the study was the evaluation of the diagnostic value of the parameters of iron metabolism in normal adults and also in patients suffering from uncomplicated iron deficiency, iron overload due to repeated blood transfusions, malignant lymphoma and Crohn's disease. In these patients, the determination of serum ferritin increased the diagnostic efficiency only in poly-transfused patients with iron overload.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin and its diagnostic significance in iron metabolism disorders]. Aim of the study was the evaluation of the diagnostic value of the parameters of iron metabolism in normal adults and also in patients suffering from uncomplicated iron deficiency, iron overload due to repeated blood transfusions, malignant lymphoma and Crohn's disease. In these patients, the determination of serum ferritin increased the diagnostic efficiency only in poly-transfused patients with iron overload."}
{"id": "PMID:299235", "title": "[Serum ferritin and cytochemical storage iron in erythropoiesis and the R.E.S. in iron deficiency and faulty iron metabolism].", "content": "In 60 patients with iron deficiency anemia of chronic disorders serum iron, an iron absorption test, serum transferrin, serumferritin and stainable non-heme iron in erythropoiesis and reticuloendothelial system, were evaluated. Intercorrelations of these parameters were studied in different diagnostic groups. Pathogenetic principles and the clinical value of the applied diagnostic methods are discussed.", "contents": "[Serum ferritin and cytochemical storage iron in erythropoiesis and the R.E.S. in iron deficiency and faulty iron metabolism]. In 60 patients with iron deficiency anemia of chronic disorders serum iron, an iron absorption test, serum transferrin, serumferritin and stainable non-heme iron in erythropoiesis and reticuloendothelial system, were evaluated. Intercorrelations of these parameters were studied in different diagnostic groups. Pathogenetic principles and the clinical value of the applied diagnostic methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299236", "title": "[Heme synthesis and iron status in pregnancy].", "content": "In 130 pregnant women (41 without complications, 40 with prematurity, 49 with EPH-Gestosis) Serumferritin, ferrochelatase (FCH), delta-aminolaevulinic-aciddehydratase (D-ALA-D), porphobilinogendeaminase (PBG-D) as well as hematologic routine parameters were measured. Regarding serumferritin, both uncomplicated and cases with pathologic conditions revealed a significant decrease in group II (28th week of pregnancy) as compared to group I (12th to 28th week of pregnancy). Women with EPH-Gestosis showed the lowest values. Activities of hemesynthesizing enzymes did not show any significant differences, neither between the two groups nor between uncomplicated and pathologic cases. Compared to healthy, non pregnant women; in pregnant women we found a significant increase in D-ALA-D and PBG-D, but a significant decrease in FCH. Enzyme pattern in pregnancy reveals an increased synthesis of porphobilinogen and an increased conversion of porphobilinogen to porphyrin. The low activity of FCH we measured in our study could be a reason for the elevation of free protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Heme synthesis and iron status in pregnancy]. In 130 pregnant women (41 without complications, 40 with prematurity, 49 with EPH-Gestosis) Serumferritin, ferrochelatase (FCH), delta-aminolaevulinic-aciddehydratase (D-ALA-D), porphobilinogendeaminase (PBG-D) as well as hematologic routine parameters were measured. Regarding serumferritin, both uncomplicated and cases with pathologic conditions revealed a significant decrease in group II (28th week of pregnancy) as compared to group I (12th to 28th week of pregnancy). Women with EPH-Gestosis showed the lowest values. Activities of hemesynthesizing enzymes did not show any significant differences, neither between the two groups nor between uncomplicated and pathologic cases. Compared to healthy, non pregnant women; in pregnant women we found a significant increase in D-ALA-D and PBG-D, but a significant decrease in FCH. Enzyme pattern in pregnancy reveals an increased synthesis of porphobilinogen and an increased conversion of porphobilinogen to porphyrin. The low activity of FCH we measured in our study could be a reason for the elevation of free protoporphyrin in the erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299237", "title": "[Indication and value of erythrokinetic examinations in anemia].", "content": "As erythrokinetic studies are time consuming and costly, this technique should only be done to provide information which is unavailable through simpler tests. By means of discussion concerning the methodological procedure and obtainable information, the indications for erythrokinetic investigations with Cr 51 and Fe 59 are derived. Since the results should be interpreted together with the clinical and haematological findings, a close cooperation of the departments of nuclear medicine and haematology would be essential.", "contents": "[Indication and value of erythrokinetic examinations in anemia]. As erythrokinetic studies are time consuming and costly, this technique should only be done to provide information which is unavailable through simpler tests. By means of discussion concerning the methodological procedure and obtainable information, the indications for erythrokinetic investigations with Cr 51 and Fe 59 are derived. Since the results should be interpreted together with the clinical and haematological findings, a close cooperation of the departments of nuclear medicine and haematology would be essential."}
{"id": "PMID:299238", "title": "[Cytochemical aspects in bone marrow cells in macrocytic anemias].", "content": "Cytochemical investigations are useful for the characterization of different kinds of macrocytic anemias. Vitamin B12 and folate defects or chronic alcoholic myelopathy, induce in the erythroblasts cytochemical patterns which can be distinguished from those seen in preleukemia, erythroleukemia, or in drug induced toxic anemia. Tests for alpha-naphthol-acetate-esterase, for acid phosphatase, for iron, and for polysaccharides (PAS-stain), are especially valuable for these diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "[Cytochemical aspects in bone marrow cells in macrocytic anemias]. Cytochemical investigations are useful for the characterization of different kinds of macrocytic anemias. Vitamin B12 and folate defects or chronic alcoholic myelopathy, induce in the erythroblasts cytochemical patterns which can be distinguished from those seen in preleukemia, erythroleukemia, or in drug induced toxic anemia. Tests for alpha-naphthol-acetate-esterase, for acid phosphatase, for iron, and for polysaccharides (PAS-stain), are especially valuable for these diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:299239", "title": "[New aspects in the pathogenesis of anemia in chronic polyarthritis].", "content": "In 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 30 control persons, the activities of the following three hemesynthesizing enzymes were determined: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (D-ALA-D), porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), and ferrochelatase (FCH). Compared with the control persons in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, statistically significant decreased activities of FCH were determined, whereas no differences between the two groups tested occurred with D-ALA-D and PBG-D.", "contents": "[New aspects in the pathogenesis of anemia in chronic polyarthritis]. In 44 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 30 control persons, the activities of the following three hemesynthesizing enzymes were determined: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (D-ALA-D), porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D), and ferrochelatase (FCH). Compared with the control persons in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, statistically significant decreased activities of FCH were determined, whereas no differences between the two groups tested occurred with D-ALA-D and PBG-D."}
{"id": "PMID:299240", "title": "[Anemia in patients with malignant testicular tumors].", "content": "Changes in erythropoiesis were studied in 94 patients with testicular germ cell tumours (24 seminoma, 70 nonseminomatous tumours). Additionally ferrokinetic studies with 59Fe were performed in 29 patients with proven metastases. Only 2 of 37 tumour-free patients sustained moderate anemia after recess of primary therapy (2 seminoma, after X-ray-irradiation). In patients with disseminated tumour disease the anemia and the reduction of 59Fe-utilisation correlated positively with the elevation of serum estradiol concentrations, whereas no correlation could be established with testosterone serum levels.", "contents": "[Anemia in patients with malignant testicular tumors]. Changes in erythropoiesis were studied in 94 patients with testicular germ cell tumours (24 seminoma, 70 nonseminomatous tumours). Additionally ferrokinetic studies with 59Fe were performed in 29 patients with proven metastases. Only 2 of 37 tumour-free patients sustained moderate anemia after recess of primary therapy (2 seminoma, after X-ray-irradiation). In patients with disseminated tumour disease the anemia and the reduction of 59Fe-utilisation correlated positively with the elevation of serum estradiol concentrations, whereas no correlation could be established with testosterone serum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:299241", "title": "[Hypotrypsinemia in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Plasma concentrations of immune-reactive trypsin (IRT) were determined in 212 patients with juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I) and in 158 patients with maturity onset diabetes (Type II) in comparison to 121 healthy individuals. Significantly increased IRT levels were obtained in the type I diabetics, whereas IRT concentrations were normal or increased in the type II diabetic patients. Hypotrypsinemia occurred predominantly in type I diabetics with high IgG-insulin antibodies or islet-cell antibodies. No correlation was noted between the IRT-levels and the beta-cell residual capacity in the type-I diabetics.", "contents": "[Hypotrypsinemia in diabetes mellitus]. Plasma concentrations of immune-reactive trypsin (IRT) were determined in 212 patients with juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes (Type I) and in 158 patients with maturity onset diabetes (Type II) in comparison to 121 healthy individuals. Significantly increased IRT levels were obtained in the type I diabetics, whereas IRT concentrations were normal or increased in the type II diabetic patients. Hypotrypsinemia occurred predominantly in type I diabetics with high IgG-insulin antibodies or islet-cell antibodies. No correlation was noted between the IRT-levels and the beta-cell residual capacity in the type-I diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:299242", "title": "[Clinical significance of cholesterol excretion in the urine].", "content": "Determination of urinary cholesterol has been suggested to be of possible value in the diagnosis of urogenital carcinomas especially of prostate, kidney and bladder. However, it has not been proven whether this method could be used as a screening test in large numbers of patients. 430 males and 545 females with an age above 50 years were selected for the study. Total urinary cholesterol values exceeding 5.1 mg/24 hours (regarded as positive results) were present in 13 males (3%) and 9 females (1.6%). In addition to benign diseases of the kidney and the urogenital tract, 2 carcinomas of the bladder and 1 carcinoma of the kidney were detected in the male group with elevated urinary cholesterol excretion. In view of the low prevalence of urological carcinomas and the cost of urinary cholesterol determination by GLC, this method cannot be recommended as a primary screening test, but could be of practical value in populations with microscopic haematuria and increased prevalence of urological carcinomas.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of cholesterol excretion in the urine]. Determination of urinary cholesterol has been suggested to be of possible value in the diagnosis of urogenital carcinomas especially of prostate, kidney and bladder. However, it has not been proven whether this method could be used as a screening test in large numbers of patients. 430 males and 545 females with an age above 50 years were selected for the study. Total urinary cholesterol values exceeding 5.1 mg/24 hours (regarded as positive results) were present in 13 males (3%) and 9 females (1.6%). In addition to benign diseases of the kidney and the urogenital tract, 2 carcinomas of the bladder and 1 carcinoma of the kidney were detected in the male group with elevated urinary cholesterol excretion. In view of the low prevalence of urological carcinomas and the cost of urinary cholesterol determination by GLC, this method cannot be recommended as a primary screening test, but could be of practical value in populations with microscopic haematuria and increased prevalence of urological carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:299243", "title": "Anterior segment ischemia: classification and description in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia is described who developed anterior segment ischemia after extreme leukocytosis with a resultant increase in the blood viscosity. The patient's signs and symptoms resolved after therapy which normalized the white blood cell count. It is thought that the anterior segment ischemia was a result of sludging of white blood cells in the ciliary arteries. It is important to recognize that anterior segment ischemia can occur as a complication of chronic myelogenous leukemia associated with extreme leukocytosis. A new classification of anterior segment ischemia is given.", "contents": "Anterior segment ischemia: classification and description in chronic myelogenous leukemia. A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia is described who developed anterior segment ischemia after extreme leukocytosis with a resultant increase in the blood viscosity. The patient's signs and symptoms resolved after therapy which normalized the white blood cell count. It is thought that the anterior segment ischemia was a result of sludging of white blood cells in the ciliary arteries. It is important to recognize that anterior segment ischemia can occur as a complication of chronic myelogenous leukemia associated with extreme leukocytosis. A new classification of anterior segment ischemia is given."}
{"id": "PMID:299244", "title": "Myelogenous leukemia and bilateral exudative retinal detachment.", "content": "A 47-year-old woman with a diagnosis of myelogenous leukemia presented with poor vision secondary to bilateral exudative retinal detachments. Chemotherapy improved her leukemia status and her vision improved but her retinal pigment epithelium became diffusely mottled and irregular, presumably because of a toxic effect from the exudative subretinal fluid. Clinical and fluorescein findings are presented.", "contents": "Myelogenous leukemia and bilateral exudative retinal detachment. A 47-year-old woman with a diagnosis of myelogenous leukemia presented with poor vision secondary to bilateral exudative retinal detachments. Chemotherapy improved her leukemia status and her vision improved but her retinal pigment epithelium became diffusely mottled and irregular, presumably because of a toxic effect from the exudative subretinal fluid. Clinical and fluorescein findings are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:299303", "title": "[Acute leukemia in infants].", "content": "Acute leukemias in infants, including the congenital and neonatal leukemia, present a number of unfavourable features. Age of the infant, hyperleukocytosis, outstanding organomegaly, early onset of the CNS leukemia are some of the factors causing this group of acute leukemias of childhood to be those with highest risk. The poor prognosis of the illness is further worsened by frequent rejection of cytotoxic therapy, often failure in inducing remission and its shortness. Two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, aged 4 months, are presented. Clinical the hematologic remission was achieved in both by the application of the current therapeutic methods. Recurrence and CNS leukemia appearing 5 months after the remission resulted in death of one patient. The second patient also developed CNS leukemia 5 months after remission. It was treated and another remission was achieved, but the child died due to interstitial pneumonia.", "contents": "[Acute leukemia in infants]. Acute leukemias in infants, including the congenital and neonatal leukemia, present a number of unfavourable features. Age of the infant, hyperleukocytosis, outstanding organomegaly, early onset of the CNS leukemia are some of the factors causing this group of acute leukemias of childhood to be those with highest risk. The poor prognosis of the illness is further worsened by frequent rejection of cytotoxic therapy, often failure in inducing remission and its shortness. Two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, aged 4 months, are presented. Clinical the hematologic remission was achieved in both by the application of the current therapeutic methods. Recurrence and CNS leukemia appearing 5 months after the remission resulted in death of one patient. The second patient also developed CNS leukemia 5 months after remission. It was treated and another remission was achieved, but the child died due to interstitial pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:299319", "title": "Port Moresby or the bush?", "content": "85% of the population of Papua New Guinea lives in rural areas. Most death in Papua New Guinea occur in rural areas - from diseases that can easily be cured or prevented. We know how to treat them. We have the drugs. But we do not deliver the goods. We do not deliver health services to rural villages. This is the central problem of health care in Papua New Guinea, all else is secondary to it. It is just as important to train Papua New Guinea doctors to tackle the problem of delivering health services to rural areas (public health) as it is to train them in what to deliver (clinical medicine). If we do not deliver rural services, but persist in concentrating on urban curative services, then we will go on being largely irrelevant to the health needs of Papua New Guinea.", "contents": "Port Moresby or the bush? 85% of the population of Papua New Guinea lives in rural areas. Most death in Papua New Guinea occur in rural areas - from diseases that can easily be cured or prevented. We know how to treat them. We have the drugs. But we do not deliver the goods. We do not deliver health services to rural villages. This is the central problem of health care in Papua New Guinea, all else is secondary to it. It is just as important to train Papua New Guinea doctors to tackle the problem of delivering health services to rural areas (public health) as it is to train them in what to deliver (clinical medicine). If we do not deliver rural services, but persist in concentrating on urban curative services, then we will go on being largely irrelevant to the health needs of Papua New Guinea."}
{"id": "PMID:299321", "title": "Where have all the doctors gone? An analysis of national medical officers.", "content": "Criticisms of deployment of national doctors have ranged from their lack in rural areas to their lack as clinical specialists. It has been charged that after 27 years of producing doctors there is not one national doctor working anywhere in the highlands. An analysis of all the Papua New Guinea medical graduates from Fiji School of Medicine, medical graduates from Papuan Medical College and medical graduates from University of Papua New Guinea has been done. There were 124 doctors trained during the past 27 years. Of these only 66 (59 national and 7 non-national) are currently available. These 66 doctors are evenly divided up as general duties medical officers throughout the country except in the highlands provinces, medical administrators including provincial health officers, specialists or trainee specialists and other categories including 9% in private practice. These 66 doctors comprise 28% of the total doctors in the country. They make up 82% of the medical administrators, 40% of provincial health officers, 20% of medically qualified lecturers, 17% of general duties medical officers, 12% of doctors staffing rural health centres and 9% of Health Department specialists. 38% of national Health Department or Church doctors available for service are rural-based compared to 49% of non-national Health Department or Church doctors. The basic problem is the small pool of national doctors available. Only 4 highlands doctors are available, the first two graduating as recently as 1975. The proportion of highlands medical students is increasing each year. Many national doctors worked in highland provinces in the past and the killing of Dr. Luke Rovin in 1972 has probably been a factor in the absence of national doctors from the highlands in recent years. When more highlands doctors become available there will be national doctors working in the highlands.", "contents": "Where have all the doctors gone? An analysis of national medical officers. Criticisms of deployment of national doctors have ranged from their lack in rural areas to their lack as clinical specialists. It has been charged that after 27 years of producing doctors there is not one national doctor working anywhere in the highlands. An analysis of all the Papua New Guinea medical graduates from Fiji School of Medicine, medical graduates from Papuan Medical College and medical graduates from University of Papua New Guinea has been done. There were 124 doctors trained during the past 27 years. Of these only 66 (59 national and 7 non-national) are currently available. These 66 doctors are evenly divided up as general duties medical officers throughout the country except in the highlands provinces, medical administrators including provincial health officers, specialists or trainee specialists and other categories including 9% in private practice. These 66 doctors comprise 28% of the total doctors in the country. They make up 82% of the medical administrators, 40% of provincial health officers, 20% of medically qualified lecturers, 17% of general duties medical officers, 12% of doctors staffing rural health centres and 9% of Health Department specialists. 38% of national Health Department or Church doctors available for service are rural-based compared to 49% of non-national Health Department or Church doctors. The basic problem is the small pool of national doctors available. Only 4 highlands doctors are available, the first two graduating as recently as 1975. The proportion of highlands medical students is increasing each year. Many national doctors worked in highland provinces in the past and the killing of Dr. Luke Rovin in 1972 has probably been a factor in the absence of national doctors from the highlands in recent years. When more highlands doctors become available there will be national doctors working in the highlands."}
{"id": "PMID:299323", "title": "Comparison of the Sahli and grey wedge haemoglobinometers.", "content": "Experiment confirms that the MRC grey wedge photometer is better for haemoglobinometry than the Sahli haemoglobinometer. However, there is considerable observer variation and the precision of those who undertake haemoglobinometry should be studied by analysis of duplicates. Only in this way can the significance of any measurements obtained be assessed.", "contents": "Comparison of the Sahli and grey wedge haemoglobinometers. Experiment confirms that the MRC grey wedge photometer is better for haemoglobinometry than the Sahli haemoglobinometer. However, there is considerable observer variation and the precision of those who undertake haemoglobinometry should be studied by analysis of duplicates. Only in this way can the significance of any measurements obtained be assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:299324", "title": "Clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of newly confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis at Port Moresby General Hospital during a one year period, starting May 1st, 1977, were reviewed. Of 402 adult patients who were commenced on anti-tuberculosis drugs during this period 101 had bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. A history of chronic productive cough was the most common clinical finding. Extrapulmonary involvement was found in one third of the patients. Family history of tuberculosis was positive in 20%. There were 50 patients with one or both upper lobes involved, 20 with miliary, 9 with pleural effusion, 5 with generalized by non-miliary pattern, 5 with lower lobes, and one with primary tuberculosis. No tuberculoma was found and the chest x-ray was normal in 2 patients. The most common pattern was involvement of both upper lobes (31 patients). One or more cavities were present in more that half of the patients. In 13% of the patients, roentgenographic findings were considered atypical for adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Cases of lower lung field tuberculosis were the most difficult to diagnose. Comparing the result of this study with that of similar series from countries with a low prevalence of tuberculosis shows that there is a higher frequency of miliary pattern and a lower frequency of tuberculoma and primary tuberculosis in papua New Guinea adults.", "contents": "Clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in Papua New Guinea. The clinical and roentgenographic manifestations of newly confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis at Port Moresby General Hospital during a one year period, starting May 1st, 1977, were reviewed. Of 402 adult patients who were commenced on anti-tuberculosis drugs during this period 101 had bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. A history of chronic productive cough was the most common clinical finding. Extrapulmonary involvement was found in one third of the patients. Family history of tuberculosis was positive in 20%. There were 50 patients with one or both upper lobes involved, 20 with miliary, 9 with pleural effusion, 5 with generalized by non-miliary pattern, 5 with lower lobes, and one with primary tuberculosis. No tuberculoma was found and the chest x-ray was normal in 2 patients. The most common pattern was involvement of both upper lobes (31 patients). One or more cavities were present in more that half of the patients. In 13% of the patients, roentgenographic findings were considered atypical for adult pulmonary tuberculosis. Cases of lower lung field tuberculosis were the most difficult to diagnose. Comparing the result of this study with that of similar series from countries with a low prevalence of tuberculosis shows that there is a higher frequency of miliary pattern and a lower frequency of tuberculoma and primary tuberculosis in papua New Guinea adults."}
{"id": "PMID:299326", "title": "Severe anaemia in Port Moresby. A review of 101 adult Melanesian patients with haemoglobin level of 4G/100 ml or less.", "content": "Causes of anaemia in 101 adult Melanesian patients admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital over a 3-year period with haemoglobin levels of 4.0 gms per 100 ml or less were studied retrospectively. Cases of anaemia due to acute haemmorrage were excluded. Iron deficiency was found in 80, haemolysis in 39, megloblastosis in 26 and anaemia of chronic diseases in 5 patients. Anaemia was secondary to multiple causes in 56 and to a single cause in 45 patients. In the group with multiple causes, a combination of iron deficiency and haemolysis was found in 28, iron deficiency and megaloblastosis in 18, iron deficiency, haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 6 and haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 5 patients. In the group with a single cause, iron deficiency was found in 34, anaemia of chronic diseases in 5, haemolysis in 4 and megaloblastosis in 2 patients. Hookworm infestation and malaria appeared to be the major underlying causes of anaemia in the majority of these patients. Three of 45 patients who had received blood transfusions shortly after admission to the hospital died, while there was only one death in the nontransfused group. It is concluded that: i) severe anaemia in Papua New Guinea is commonly secondary to multiple causes; ii) administration of iron and folic acid as well as treatment for malaria and hookworm is a responsible approach when these patients can not be investigated; and iii) blood transfusion does not appear to be necessary in this group of patients despite a very low haemoglobin level.", "contents": "Severe anaemia in Port Moresby. A review of 101 adult Melanesian patients with haemoglobin level of 4G/100 ml or less. Causes of anaemia in 101 adult Melanesian patients admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital over a 3-year period with haemoglobin levels of 4.0 gms per 100 ml or less were studied retrospectively. Cases of anaemia due to acute haemmorrage were excluded. Iron deficiency was found in 80, haemolysis in 39, megloblastosis in 26 and anaemia of chronic diseases in 5 patients. Anaemia was secondary to multiple causes in 56 and to a single cause in 45 patients. In the group with multiple causes, a combination of iron deficiency and haemolysis was found in 28, iron deficiency and megaloblastosis in 18, iron deficiency, haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 6 and haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 5 patients. In the group with a single cause, iron deficiency was found in 34, anaemia of chronic diseases in 5, haemolysis in 4 and megaloblastosis in 2 patients. Hookworm infestation and malaria appeared to be the major underlying causes of anaemia in the majority of these patients. Three of 45 patients who had received blood transfusions shortly after admission to the hospital died, while there was only one death in the nontransfused group. It is concluded that: i) severe anaemia in Papua New Guinea is commonly secondary to multiple causes; ii) administration of iron and folic acid as well as treatment for malaria and hookworm is a responsible approach when these patients can not be investigated; and iii) blood transfusion does not appear to be necessary in this group of patients despite a very low haemoglobin level."}
{"id": "PMID:299327", "title": "Haemoglobinometry in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "In 1978, doctors in Papua New Guinea were questioned about their practice of haemoglobinometry. Forty one doctors carried out blood haemoblobin measurements themselves, 26 used the Sahli method, 26 used a photoelectric absorptiometer method and 9 used the AO/Spencer haemometer. Thirty doctors had no occasion to ever need a haemoglobin estimation and 58 referred blood elsewhere, mostly to a hospital laboratory. The relative advantages of the methods presently available in Papua New Guinea are discussed and the value of quality control emphasized.", "contents": "Haemoglobinometry in Papua New Guinea. In 1978, doctors in Papua New Guinea were questioned about their practice of haemoglobinometry. Forty one doctors carried out blood haemoblobin measurements themselves, 26 used the Sahli method, 26 used a photoelectric absorptiometer method and 9 used the AO/Spencer haemometer. Thirty doctors had no occasion to ever need a haemoglobin estimation and 58 referred blood elsewhere, mostly to a hospital laboratory. The relative advantages of the methods presently available in Papua New Guinea are discussed and the value of quality control emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:299329", "title": "Status of granuloma inguinale in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Granuloma inguinale has been endemic in Papua New Guinea for at least eighty years and recently appears to be increasing, particularly in the urban centres. Most patients were found to be recent migrants to the Port Moresby area with low socioeconomic status and poor personal hygiene. The disease was found more frequently in males. A possible association between carcinoma of the penis and granuloma inguinale was observed. Lesions were chronic, progressive and located mainly in the genital region. Attempts to culture the causative agent were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Status of granuloma inguinale in Papua New Guinea. Granuloma inguinale has been endemic in Papua New Guinea for at least eighty years and recently appears to be increasing, particularly in the urban centres. Most patients were found to be recent migrants to the Port Moresby area with low socioeconomic status and poor personal hygiene. The disease was found more frequently in males. A possible association between carcinoma of the penis and granuloma inguinale was observed. Lesions were chronic, progressive and located mainly in the genital region. Attempts to culture the causative agent were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:299330", "title": "Leukaemoid reaction in Eastern Highlands children.", "content": "In the five year period 1973-77, 278 children in Goroka Hospital paediatric ward were found to have a white cell count (W.C.C.) over 30,000/mm3. Of those with a W.C.C. over 40,000/mm3 in 1977 where the outcome was known, 13 of the 17 (76%) died. It is suggested that \"leukaemoid reaction\" in Highlands children be defined as a total W.C. over 40,000/mm3 that is not due to leukaemia. A leukaemoid reaction is a useful, but grave, prognostic sign. Such children comprise a quarter of all deaths in the Goroka paediatric ward.", "contents": "Leukaemoid reaction in Eastern Highlands children. In the five year period 1973-77, 278 children in Goroka Hospital paediatric ward were found to have a white cell count (W.C.C.) over 30,000/mm3. Of those with a W.C.C. over 40,000/mm3 in 1977 where the outcome was known, 13 of the 17 (76%) died. It is suggested that \"leukaemoid reaction\" in Highlands children be defined as a total W.C. over 40,000/mm3 that is not due to leukaemia. A leukaemoid reaction is a useful, but grave, prognostic sign. Such children comprise a quarter of all deaths in the Goroka paediatric ward."}
{"id": "PMID:299331", "title": "What some Eastern Highlands mothers believe about malnutrition.", "content": "The beliefs of a sample of 41 mothers, from the Benabena region of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, about malnutrition were studied. Information was obtained, by using an open-ended questionnaire, about recognition of malnutrition and beliefs associated with aetiology, sequelae, prevention and treatment. All mothers recognised a malnourished child as being sick and more than 80% believed a general or specific lack of food to be a cause of malnutrition and that giving food was an important aspect of prevention. Diarrhoea, fever and vomiting were the most commonly named associated symptoms. The only significant difference between mothers who attended maternal and child health clinics regularly and those who did not occurred when they were asked what they would do for a malnourished child. A significantly higher proportion of regular clinic attenders replied that they would give food. The possible implications of the results for nutrition education are discussed.", "contents": "What some Eastern Highlands mothers believe about malnutrition. The beliefs of a sample of 41 mothers, from the Benabena region of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, about malnutrition were studied. Information was obtained, by using an open-ended questionnaire, about recognition of malnutrition and beliefs associated with aetiology, sequelae, prevention and treatment. All mothers recognised a malnourished child as being sick and more than 80% believed a general or specific lack of food to be a cause of malnutrition and that giving food was an important aspect of prevention. Diarrhoea, fever and vomiting were the most commonly named associated symptoms. The only significant difference between mothers who attended maternal and child health clinics regularly and those who did not occurred when they were asked what they would do for a malnourished child. A significantly higher proportion of regular clinic attenders replied that they would give food. The possible implications of the results for nutrition education are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299332", "title": "Childhood pneumonia at Goroka Hospital.", "content": "We have reviewed the clinical presentation of pneumonia to the Goroka paediatric ward. In comparison to survivors, children dying from pneumonia more often (p less than 0.05) had malnutrition (weight-for-age under 80%), anaemia (haemoglobin under 9g%), and a marked leucocytosis (total white cell count over 30,000 cells per c.m.m.). Children dying from pneumonia had been ill for longer and had been given more antibiotics prior to admission. There was no significant difference between children dying from pneumonia and survivors in age distribution, pulse rate, incidence of cardiac failure or duration of stay in hospital. 70% of the children dying from pneumonia at Goroka Hospital are infants under 12 months of age. Pneumococcal vaccine gives a poor antibody response in infants, and overseas studies using lung aspiration suggest that Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus might be causative organisms as well as Streptococcus pneumoniae. A study to determine the aetiology of pneumonia in Highlands children is required to enable a rational choice of routine antibiotic therapy and to plan further research on vaccination against pneumonia.", "contents": "Childhood pneumonia at Goroka Hospital. We have reviewed the clinical presentation of pneumonia to the Goroka paediatric ward. In comparison to survivors, children dying from pneumonia more often (p less than 0.05) had malnutrition (weight-for-age under 80%), anaemia (haemoglobin under 9g%), and a marked leucocytosis (total white cell count over 30,000 cells per c.m.m.). Children dying from pneumonia had been ill for longer and had been given more antibiotics prior to admission. There was no significant difference between children dying from pneumonia and survivors in age distribution, pulse rate, incidence of cardiac failure or duration of stay in hospital. 70% of the children dying from pneumonia at Goroka Hospital are infants under 12 months of age. Pneumococcal vaccine gives a poor antibody response in infants, and overseas studies using lung aspiration suggest that Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus might be causative organisms as well as Streptococcus pneumoniae. A study to determine the aetiology of pneumonia in Highlands children is required to enable a rational choice of routine antibiotic therapy and to plan further research on vaccination against pneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:299333", "title": "Renal syndromes of malaria.", "content": "Malaria is a disease of the erythron, but as would be expected with involvement of so vital an organ, serious secondary dysfunction of other organs such as the brain or kidneys commonly occurs. The body ultimately acquires defences against red cell parasitism, but when these do not culminate in effective phagocytic clearance of plasmodial antigens, injury to such organs as the liver and kidneys may result. All of the renal syndromes here described may occur in such close correspondence with malarial parasitism that a causative role in some cases is justifiably assumed. However, since all may occur in contexts other than malaria, in malarial as well as non-malarial countries, none is pathognomonic and none constitutes independent evidence of malarial infection. Indeed, though experimental malaria has had but a limited role in delineating the scope of possible malarial injuries to the kidney, the experiments of nature here described reveal natural malaria to be a versatile model system simulating most of the spectrum of known renal responses. The first three syndromes described are more or less direct consequences of unmodified malarial infection; the latter three reflect the intervention of immunity.", "contents": "Renal syndromes of malaria. Malaria is a disease of the erythron, but as would be expected with involvement of so vital an organ, serious secondary dysfunction of other organs such as the brain or kidneys commonly occurs. The body ultimately acquires defences against red cell parasitism, but when these do not culminate in effective phagocytic clearance of plasmodial antigens, injury to such organs as the liver and kidneys may result. All of the renal syndromes here described may occur in such close correspondence with malarial parasitism that a causative role in some cases is justifiably assumed. However, since all may occur in contexts other than malaria, in malarial as well as non-malarial countries, none is pathognomonic and none constitutes independent evidence of malarial infection. Indeed, though experimental malaria has had but a limited role in delineating the scope of possible malarial injuries to the kidney, the experiments of nature here described reveal natural malaria to be a versatile model system simulating most of the spectrum of known renal responses. The first three syndromes described are more or less direct consequences of unmodified malarial infection; the latter three reflect the intervention of immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:299334", "title": "Patterns of use of Madang Hospital.", "content": "The patterns of inpatient use of Madang Hospital were examined. A highly disproportionate use of the hospital by the neighbouring population was demonstrated. The implications of this for health care planning are discussed and some methods of alleviating the inequalities in health care provision to urban as opposed to rural communities are suggested.", "contents": "Patterns of use of Madang Hospital. The patterns of inpatient use of Madang Hospital were examined. A highly disproportionate use of the hospital by the neighbouring population was demonstrated. The implications of this for health care planning are discussed and some methods of alleviating the inequalities in health care provision to urban as opposed to rural communities are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:299336", "title": "Chromobacterium violaceum infections. Report of a fatal case.", "content": "A case of systemic Chromobacterium violaceum infection, believed to be the first reported in a Papua New Guinean, is described. Autopsy disclosed multiple liver abscesses and the diagnosis was made by recovery of the organism from one of the abscesses. Aspects of management of this uncommon infection are discussed.", "contents": "Chromobacterium violaceum infections. Report of a fatal case. A case of systemic Chromobacterium violaceum infection, believed to be the first reported in a Papua New Guinean, is described. Autopsy disclosed multiple liver abscesses and the diagnosis was made by recovery of the organism from one of the abscesses. Aspects of management of this uncommon infection are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299366", "title": "Physiological and chemical characterization of invertebrate metallothionein-like proteins.", "content": "Metallothionein-like proteins have been isolated from marine invertebrates. Three crustaceans, Scyllus serratus, Cancer magister and Acetes sibogae together with a mollusc, Cryptochiton stelleri, have been investigated. S. serratus hepatopancreas was shown to contain cadmium and zinc inducible metallothionein-like proteins with an amino acid analysis very similar to vertebrate metallothioneins. The molecular weight, ultra-violet spectrum and isoelectric points of S. serratus metallothioneins are also comparable to the vertebrate proteins, suggesting a fundamental biological function conserved throughout evolution.", "contents": "Physiological and chemical characterization of invertebrate metallothionein-like proteins. Metallothionein-like proteins have been isolated from marine invertebrates. Three crustaceans, Scyllus serratus, Cancer magister and Acetes sibogae together with a mollusc, Cryptochiton stelleri, have been investigated. S. serratus hepatopancreas was shown to contain cadmium and zinc inducible metallothionein-like proteins with an amino acid analysis very similar to vertebrate metallothioneins. The molecular weight, ultra-violet spectrum and isoelectric points of S. serratus metallothioneins are also comparable to the vertebrate proteins, suggesting a fundamental biological function conserved throughout evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:299371", "title": "Nutritional and environmental factors affecting metallothionein levels.", "content": "A number of elements including zinc, cadmium, mercury and copper will enhance the synthesis of MT, but only zinc and cadmium are deposited with this protein at higher levels than with other proteins in the liver when these are given orally. However, mercury and copper are deposited with MT in the kidney regardless of whether given orally or by injection. As the level of zinc is increased in the diet a corresponding increase of zinc concentration occurs only in the MT fraction of tissue cytosols. Zinc disappears from the MT fraction to the supplementation levels within 3 to 4 days when rats which have been fed a high zinc diet are changed to a zinc deficient diet. The evidence indicates that MT is involved with zinc metabolism. The half-life of MT is longer when cadmium is used to induce its synthesis than when zinc is used. Dietary sulfur deficiency limits the synthesis of MT. Various stresses, in which strenuous exercise, cold environment, and CC14 injection were most effective, and infections were found to enhance MT synthesis, suggesting a role for it in the defense mechanism.", "contents": "Nutritional and environmental factors affecting metallothionein levels. A number of elements including zinc, cadmium, mercury and copper will enhance the synthesis of MT, but only zinc and cadmium are deposited with this protein at higher levels than with other proteins in the liver when these are given orally. However, mercury and copper are deposited with MT in the kidney regardless of whether given orally or by injection. As the level of zinc is increased in the diet a corresponding increase of zinc concentration occurs only in the MT fraction of tissue cytosols. Zinc disappears from the MT fraction to the supplementation levels within 3 to 4 days when rats which have been fed a high zinc diet are changed to a zinc deficient diet. The evidence indicates that MT is involved with zinc metabolism. The half-life of MT is longer when cadmium is used to induce its synthesis than when zinc is used. Dietary sulfur deficiency limits the synthesis of MT. Various stresses, in which strenuous exercise, cold environment, and CC14 injection were most effective, and infections were found to enhance MT synthesis, suggesting a role for it in the defense mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:299409", "title": "Lidocaine treatment following baboon endotoxin shock improves survival.", "content": "Baboons treated with lidocaine (2 mg/kg/hr) after shock from endotoxin were compared to untreated controls in an LD70 E coli endotoxin (4 mg/kg) model. Survival, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, cardiac output, white blood cell and platelet counts, blood gases and arterial and mixed venous PGE and PGF 2 alpha levels were determined. Baboons receiving lidocaine had a better (P less than 0.05) survival at 72 hours than the controls. Circulatory function was improved with lidocaine; however, white blood cell and platelet counts, blood gases, and the prostaglandin release were similar in both groups. The mechanism by which lidocaine improves survival in baboon endotoxin shock appears to be unrelated to its effects on white blood cells, platelets, or the prostaglandin release.", "contents": "Lidocaine treatment following baboon endotoxin shock improves survival. Baboons treated with lidocaine (2 mg/kg/hr) after shock from endotoxin were compared to untreated controls in an LD70 E coli endotoxin (4 mg/kg) model. Survival, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, cardiac output, white blood cell and platelet counts, blood gases and arterial and mixed venous PGE and PGF 2 alpha levels were determined. Baboons receiving lidocaine had a better (P less than 0.05) survival at 72 hours than the controls. Circulatory function was improved with lidocaine; however, white blood cell and platelet counts, blood gases, and the prostaglandin release were similar in both groups. The mechanism by which lidocaine improves survival in baboon endotoxin shock appears to be unrelated to its effects on white blood cells, platelets, or the prostaglandin release."}
{"id": "PMID:299430", "title": "[The catabolic patient].", "content": "Trauma and stress can cause characteristic changes in metabolism: raised lipolysis and reduced glucose tolerance as well as major renal nitrogen losses are manifestations of a postoperative or posttraumatic excess of catabolism over anabolism. Excess catabolism is caused by immobilisation and inadequate oral or parenteral nutrition. Wasting in seriously ill patients for intensive treatment. Priority must be given to the prevention of insufficiencies of organs and systems, and to the elimination of stress factors. It is only then that mobilisation and the administration of calories and nitrogen will restore a normal anabolism-catabolism balance.", "contents": "[The catabolic patient]. Trauma and stress can cause characteristic changes in metabolism: raised lipolysis and reduced glucose tolerance as well as major renal nitrogen losses are manifestations of a postoperative or posttraumatic excess of catabolism over anabolism. Excess catabolism is caused by immobilisation and inadequate oral or parenteral nutrition. Wasting in seriously ill patients for intensive treatment. Priority must be given to the prevention of insufficiencies of organs and systems, and to the elimination of stress factors. It is only then that mobilisation and the administration of calories and nitrogen will restore a normal anabolism-catabolism balance."}
{"id": "PMID:299431", "title": "[The cardiocirculatory state of the catabolic patient].", "content": "The patient in the state of catabolism shows, at least at the beginning, a hyperdynamic cardiovascular system which is characterized by an increased cardiac output and a high oxygen consumption. The following factors intervene in the regulation of the cardiac output: autoregulation of tissue perfusion, preload and afterload of the heart, contractility of the myocardium and heart frequency. All these elements are influenced by neurohormonal factors during stress or in the state of catabolism. Clinical observation of the functional signs at the level of the peripheral organs allows to evaluate the circulatory function. In patients in a critical or unstable state, monitoring by invasive techniques may become necessary in order to evaluate the situation and to adapt the treatment.", "contents": "[The cardiocirculatory state of the catabolic patient]. The patient in the state of catabolism shows, at least at the beginning, a hyperdynamic cardiovascular system which is characterized by an increased cardiac output and a high oxygen consumption. The following factors intervene in the regulation of the cardiac output: autoregulation of tissue perfusion, preload and afterload of the heart, contractility of the myocardium and heart frequency. All these elements are influenced by neurohormonal factors during stress or in the state of catabolism. Clinical observation of the functional signs at the level of the peripheral organs allows to evaluate the circulatory function. In patients in a critical or unstable state, monitoring by invasive techniques may become necessary in order to evaluate the situation and to adapt the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:299432", "title": "[Metabolic regulation in surgical patients].", "content": "The concentration of circulating hormones and substrates was determined in 7 patients before, during and after major elective surgery. On the basis of these and other of our studies, as well as data in the literature, a tentative scheme of postoperative and post-traumatic metabolism has been drawn up. It is based on the classical division into a \"shock phase\", a catabolic healing phase and an anabolic healing phase. The adjustment of intravenous feeding to these metabolic phases is discussed.", "contents": "[Metabolic regulation in surgical patients]. The concentration of circulating hormones and substrates was determined in 7 patients before, during and after major elective surgery. On the basis of these and other of our studies, as well as data in the literature, a tentative scheme of postoperative and post-traumatic metabolism has been drawn up. It is based on the classical division into a \"shock phase\", a catabolic healing phase and an anabolic healing phase. The adjustment of intravenous feeding to these metabolic phases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299445", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in vitro by male sexual accessory glands from normal and autoimmunized rabbits.", "content": "In vitro metabolism of (3H)-testosterone from male accessory gland homogenates from autoimmunized and normal rabbits was studied at different times of incubation. Results indicated that 5 alpha - androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was the main metabolite formed in both cases, though the presence of the 3 beta-isomer cannot be excluded. On autoimmunized rabbits with small histological alteration, transformation of the precursor (3H)-testosterone was significantly greater (40 min: P less than 0.01; 60 min: P less than 0.05). This led to a higher yield of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol at both incubation times, being significant only at 40 min (P less than 0.02). The 4-androstene-3,17-dione also increased as compared with the normal group. In autoimmunized rabbits with a greater histological alteration, the bioconversion of (3H)-testosterone decreased for both incubation times, being significant only for the 40 min (P less than 0.05). A decreased interconversion to 4-androstene-3,17-dione was also observed, being significant only for 40 min (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that in an early stage of autoimmunization there might be a transient stimulation of enzyme activities in the sexual accessory glands. In another moment of the phenomena a more severe histological lesion with infiltration of male accessory glands was present. At the same time, decrease in the enzymatic activities could be noticed.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in vitro by male sexual accessory glands from normal and autoimmunized rabbits. In vitro metabolism of (3H)-testosterone from male accessory gland homogenates from autoimmunized and normal rabbits was studied at different times of incubation. Results indicated that 5 alpha - androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol was the main metabolite formed in both cases, though the presence of the 3 beta-isomer cannot be excluded. On autoimmunized rabbits with small histological alteration, transformation of the precursor (3H)-testosterone was significantly greater (40 min: P less than 0.01; 60 min: P less than 0.05). This led to a higher yield of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol at both incubation times, being significant only at 40 min (P less than 0.02). The 4-androstene-3,17-dione also increased as compared with the normal group. In autoimmunized rabbits with a greater histological alteration, the bioconversion of (3H)-testosterone decreased for both incubation times, being significant only for the 40 min (P less than 0.05). A decreased interconversion to 4-androstene-3,17-dione was also observed, being significant only for 40 min (P less than 0.05). These results suggest that in an early stage of autoimmunization there might be a transient stimulation of enzyme activities in the sexual accessory glands. In another moment of the phenomena a more severe histological lesion with infiltration of male accessory glands was present. At the same time, decrease in the enzymatic activities could be noticed."}
{"id": "PMID:299447", "title": "Autografting cryopreserved buffy coat cells for chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation.", "content": "Seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation were treated with combination cytotoxic drugs only or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation followed by transfusion of reconstituted cryopreserved autologous buffy coat cells. Four of the patients were restored to second chronic phase disease which lasted 74, 32, 26 and 12 weeks respectively. Three other patients derived little benefit from the procedure. Buffy coat cells from patients with CGL apparently contain enough pluripotential stem cells to provide effective autografts in most cases. Lymphoid as well as myeloid reconstitution can usually be achieved. Buffy coat cells may thereby be superior to bone marrow cells for this purpose. Aggressive cytoreductive treatment followed by autografting appears to be a promising approach to the palliative management of patients with CGL in transformation.", "contents": "Autografting cryopreserved buffy coat cells for chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation. Seven patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation were treated with combination cytotoxic drugs only or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation followed by transfusion of reconstituted cryopreserved autologous buffy coat cells. Four of the patients were restored to second chronic phase disease which lasted 74, 32, 26 and 12 weeks respectively. Three other patients derived little benefit from the procedure. Buffy coat cells from patients with CGL apparently contain enough pluripotential stem cells to provide effective autografts in most cases. Lymphoid as well as myeloid reconstitution can usually be achieved. Buffy coat cells may thereby be superior to bone marrow cells for this purpose. Aggressive cytoreductive treatment followed by autografting appears to be a promising approach to the palliative management of patients with CGL in transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:299443", "title": "Induction of abortion by intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha in patients with intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion.", "content": "The use of intra-amniotic administration of Prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in the management of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion is evaluated in a series of 30 patients. The patients were from 17 to 38 years of age with a median of 25 years. Parity ranged from 0 to three, and duration of gestation ranged from 16 to 37 weeks, with a median of 24 weeks. A single intra-amniotic dose of 40 mg PGF2 alpha was used under direct ultrasound vision. Induction was achieved in all cases. There were 28 complete, and two incomplete terminations. The mean treatment to completion interval for all patients was 5.3 hours. Side effects were minimal: we believe that PGF2 alpha can be safely administered intra-amniotically even with a dead fetus in the uterus and that it can lead to abortion with a minimum of discomfort and danger to the mother.", "contents": "Induction of abortion by intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha in patients with intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion. The use of intra-amniotic administration of Prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in the management of intrauterine fetal death and missed abortion is evaluated in a series of 30 patients. The patients were from 17 to 38 years of age with a median of 25 years. Parity ranged from 0 to three, and duration of gestation ranged from 16 to 37 weeks, with a median of 24 weeks. A single intra-amniotic dose of 40 mg PGF2 alpha was used under direct ultrasound vision. Induction was achieved in all cases. There were 28 complete, and two incomplete terminations. The mean treatment to completion interval for all patients was 5.3 hours. Side effects were minimal: we believe that PGF2 alpha can be safely administered intra-amniotically even with a dead fetus in the uterus and that it can lead to abortion with a minimum of discomfort and danger to the mother."}
{"id": "PMID:299448", "title": "Abnormalities in the erythroid progenitor compartments in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).", "content": "Peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from 6 patients with Ph1-positive CML were evaluated for their content of erythropoietic and granulopoietic colony-forming progenitor cells. Specimens obtained from untreated patients showed marked increases in all compartments the most dramatic of which were for CFU-E and circulating CFU-C. This increased cell flow down the early stages of the red cell pathway in CML suggests that heightened proliferation and differentiation of primitive hemopoietic cells may be a more general phenomenon than previously suspected in this disease. In 5 of 6 patients, abnormal erythroid progenitors capable of proliferation and differentiation into hemoglobinized erythroblasts in cultures containing less than 0.002 units of erythropoietin/ml were regularly detected. In the 6th patient abnormal growth was not seen in cultures of the initial marrow obtained but was detected in cultures set up with peripheral blood taken 7 months later. The unexplained amplification of the erythropoietic compartment and the ability of some of these cells to mature in vitro in the virtual absence of erythropoietin is at variance with the anemia characteristic of untreated patients. This suggests the possibility of a major differentiation block at the level of CFU-E. Further studies of the properties of erythroid progenitors in these patients should help to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CML and may provide useful markers for monitoring engrafted cell function after autotransplantation of patients in blast crisis.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the erythroid progenitor compartments in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Peripheral blood and bone marrow specimens from 6 patients with Ph1-positive CML were evaluated for their content of erythropoietic and granulopoietic colony-forming progenitor cells. Specimens obtained from untreated patients showed marked increases in all compartments the most dramatic of which were for CFU-E and circulating CFU-C. This increased cell flow down the early stages of the red cell pathway in CML suggests that heightened proliferation and differentiation of primitive hemopoietic cells may be a more general phenomenon than previously suspected in this disease. In 5 of 6 patients, abnormal erythroid progenitors capable of proliferation and differentiation into hemoglobinized erythroblasts in cultures containing less than 0.002 units of erythropoietin/ml were regularly detected. In the 6th patient abnormal growth was not seen in cultures of the initial marrow obtained but was detected in cultures set up with peripheral blood taken 7 months later. The unexplained amplification of the erythropoietic compartment and the ability of some of these cells to mature in vitro in the virtual absence of erythropoietin is at variance with the anemia characteristic of untreated patients. This suggests the possibility of a major differentiation block at the level of CFU-E. Further studies of the properties of erythroid progenitors in these patients should help to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CML and may provide useful markers for monitoring engrafted cell function after autotransplantation of patients in blast crisis."}
{"id": "PMID:299444", "title": "Splenectomy in early chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The authors report their experience with 25 patients suffering from C.M.L. who underwent splenectomy in an early phase of the disease. There were no operative deaths; seven patients had postoperative complications, three of which required re-operation for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. The follow-up is still too short to permit definite conclusions, but the results so far obtained suggest that splenectomy is useful in reducing leukemic tissue, improving the quality of life, and potentially efficacious in delaying the onset of blastic transformation.", "contents": "Splenectomy in early chronic myeloid leukemia. The authors report their experience with 25 patients suffering from C.M.L. who underwent splenectomy in an early phase of the disease. There were no operative deaths; seven patients had postoperative complications, three of which required re-operation for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. The follow-up is still too short to permit definite conclusions, but the results so far obtained suggest that splenectomy is useful in reducing leukemic tissue, improving the quality of life, and potentially efficacious in delaying the onset of blastic transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:299451", "title": "A comparison of analgesic effectiveness of oral butorphanol/acetaminophen, oxycodone/acetaminophen and placebo in hospitalized postsurgical patients.", "content": "One hundred four patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain participated in a double-blind study comparing butorphanol/acetaminophen with oxycodone/acetaminophen and placebo with respect to analgesic effectiveness and incidence of side effects. Pain was rated by the patients and an observer; sums of these data were calculated. Side effects, their severity and their relationship to the drug were recorded. Both active medications provided statistically significant levels of analgesia as compared with placebo. Analgesia produced by both combinations of drugs was statistically similar until 4 hours postdrug. From 4 to 6 hours postdrug, butorphanol/acetaminophen was significantly more analgesic. Both active medications produced analgesia within 0.5 hours, showing a peak effect at 1 to 2 hours and lasting for 6 hours. The incidence of side effects was minimal and statistically equivalent for each treatment group.", "contents": "A comparison of analgesic effectiveness of oral butorphanol/acetaminophen, oxycodone/acetaminophen and placebo in hospitalized postsurgical patients. One hundred four patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain participated in a double-blind study comparing butorphanol/acetaminophen with oxycodone/acetaminophen and placebo with respect to analgesic effectiveness and incidence of side effects. Pain was rated by the patients and an observer; sums of these data were calculated. Side effects, their severity and their relationship to the drug were recorded. Both active medications provided statistically significant levels of analgesia as compared with placebo. Analgesia produced by both combinations of drugs was statistically similar until 4 hours postdrug. From 4 to 6 hours postdrug, butorphanol/acetaminophen was significantly more analgesic. Both active medications produced analgesia within 0.5 hours, showing a peak effect at 1 to 2 hours and lasting for 6 hours. The incidence of side effects was minimal and statistically equivalent for each treatment group."}
{"id": "PMID:299452", "title": "Amelioration of blood viscosity in sickle cell anemia by pentoxifylline. A case report.", "content": "An 18 year old female patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia (HbSS: HbS 65% and HbF 4.9%) has been suffering from painful hemolytic crises about once a week since her childhood. Under treatment with pentoxifylline (2.4 gm daily in three divided doses), the blood viscosity decreased from 6.7 to 4.9 cP (normal: 4.3 to 5.3 cP at shear rate 46/sec) and the erythrocyte filtration accelerated from 127 to 77 sec (normal: 30 to 49 sec). Though hemolysis could not be prevented by pentoxifylline, there was no further demand for analgesic medication even in the hemolytic state. By decreasing blood viscosity and improving microcirculation, pentoxifylline may prevent the vasoocclusive complications of sickle cell anemia.", "contents": "Amelioration of blood viscosity in sickle cell anemia by pentoxifylline. A case report. An 18 year old female patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia (HbSS: HbS 65% and HbF 4.9%) has been suffering from painful hemolytic crises about once a week since her childhood. Under treatment with pentoxifylline (2.4 gm daily in three divided doses), the blood viscosity decreased from 6.7 to 4.9 cP (normal: 4.3 to 5.3 cP at shear rate 46/sec) and the erythrocyte filtration accelerated from 127 to 77 sec (normal: 30 to 49 sec). Though hemolysis could not be prevented by pentoxifylline, there was no further demand for analgesic medication even in the hemolytic state. By decreasing blood viscosity and improving microcirculation, pentoxifylline may prevent the vasoocclusive complications of sickle cell anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:299453", "title": "Studies on vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell disease. I. Effect of pentoxifylline.", "content": "A method was developed to induce and continuously monitor vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell disease in non-human primates. Pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitory agent, showed significant preventive effect. This may be based on its ability to increase intracellular cAMP levels and consequently to decrease platelet aggregation and to increase red cell deformability.", "contents": "Studies on vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell disease. I. Effect of pentoxifylline. A method was developed to induce and continuously monitor vasoocclusive crisis of sickle cell disease in non-human primates. Pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitory agent, showed significant preventive effect. This may be based on its ability to increase intracellular cAMP levels and consequently to decrease platelet aggregation and to increase red cell deformability."}
{"id": "PMID:299455", "title": "Small marker chromosome mosaicism confirmed in two cases ascertained prenatally.", "content": "Two cases of chromosomal mosaicism were prenatally diagnosed and confirmed in tissues cultured from subsequently aborted fetuses. In both cases a small marker chromosome was observed which proved de novo in origin, since parental chromosomes were normal. The implications and interpretation of such findings in counselling families undergoing amniocenteses is discussed. Mosaicism for small marker chromosomes may be more frequent than hitherto suggested.", "contents": "Small marker chromosome mosaicism confirmed in two cases ascertained prenatally. Two cases of chromosomal mosaicism were prenatally diagnosed and confirmed in tissues cultured from subsequently aborted fetuses. In both cases a small marker chromosome was observed which proved de novo in origin, since parental chromosomes were normal. The implications and interpretation of such findings in counselling families undergoing amniocenteses is discussed. Mosaicism for small marker chromosomes may be more frequent than hitherto suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:299456", "title": "Acute leukemia associated with trisomy 8 mosaicism and a familial translocation 46,XY,t(7;20)(p13;p12).", "content": "A patient is shown to have acute granulocytic leukemia, bone marrow mosaicism, and cutaneous fibroblast mosaicism for trisomy 8, an inherited reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 20, and a family history of cancer. A normal sister who had the same balanced chromosome translocation was evaluated for a preleukemic state; the results were unremarkable. The inherited translocation and postzygotically derived trisomy 8 are thought to represent additive factors contributing to the development of leukemia in the patient.", "contents": "Acute leukemia associated with trisomy 8 mosaicism and a familial translocation 46,XY,t(7;20)(p13;p12). A patient is shown to have acute granulocytic leukemia, bone marrow mosaicism, and cutaneous fibroblast mosaicism for trisomy 8, an inherited reciprocal translocation involving the short arms of chromosomes 7 and 20, and a family history of cancer. A normal sister who had the same balanced chromosome translocation was evaluated for a preleukemic state; the results were unremarkable. The inherited translocation and postzygotically derived trisomy 8 are thought to represent additive factors contributing to the development of leukemia in the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:299457", "title": "Genetic analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strains unable to fix nitrogen.", "content": "Transformation was used to perform ratio test crosses with mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii unable to fix N2. Mutations that simultaneously eliminated both components of nitrogenase (nif-1 and nif-2) were tightly linked. The nif-45 mutation that resulted in the absence of an active molybdenum cofactor was closer to nif-1 and nif-2 than to any of the other nif mutations. Strains that lacked component I carried mutations that were closely linked to each other. Mutations that probably were located in the structural genes for components I and II appeared to be relatively close to each other on the A. vinelandii genome.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strains unable to fix nitrogen. Transformation was used to perform ratio test crosses with mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii unable to fix N2. Mutations that simultaneously eliminated both components of nitrogenase (nif-1 and nif-2) were tightly linked. The nif-45 mutation that resulted in the absence of an active molybdenum cofactor was closer to nif-1 and nif-2 than to any of the other nif mutations. Strains that lacked component I carried mutations that were closely linked to each other. Mutations that probably were located in the structural genes for components I and II appeared to be relatively close to each other on the A. vinelandii genome."}
{"id": "PMID:299458", "title": "Paternity testing by using erythrocyte enzyme esterase D.", "content": "A total of 206 paternity cases were tested for the erythrocyte enzyme esterase D (EsD) along with the 15 genetic marker systems routinely phenotyped. Of 39 observed exclusions of falsely accused males, 5 were exonerated by EsD. Reliability and ease of testing indicates that EsD is a useful exclusion determinant.", "contents": "Paternity testing by using erythrocyte enzyme esterase D. A total of 206 paternity cases were tested for the erythrocyte enzyme esterase D (EsD) along with the 15 genetic marker systems routinely phenotyped. Of 39 observed exclusions of falsely accused males, 5 were exonerated by EsD. Reliability and ease of testing indicates that EsD is a useful exclusion determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:299459", "title": "Elective induction of labor conducted under lumbar epidural block. II. Labor induction by amniotomy and intravenous prostaglandin.", "content": "Labor was electively induced at term in 117 clinically normal nulliparae and parous women by combining low amniotomy with intravenous administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (n = 64) or prostaglandin E2 (n = 53). Analgesia was obtained by continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine. The procedure was very effective in producing vaginal delivery within 24 h after prostaglandin infusion (n = 115), but it was accompanied by an extremely high incidence of uterine hypertonus. Tentative explanations for the transient uterine hyperstimulation are a direct stimulatory effect of the local anesthetic on the contractility of the myometrial fiber and/or a temporarily higher amount of circulating oxytocic compound reaching the myometrium due to local vasodilatation as a result of sympathetic nerve blockade. In some cases uterine hypertonus was associated with slowing of the basal fetal heart rate and, when severe, with the appearance of late deceleration patterns and fetal acidosis. In other cases the fetal heart rate deceleration is explained by the toxic effect of bupivacaine on the myocard. Since both the myometrial hyperactivity and the FHR alterations were temporary, fetal biochemical parameters were unaffected at completion of the first stage of labor. Because with intravenous prostaglandin uterine hyperstimulation is more difficult to avoid and regional analgesia further increases the hazard of both hypertonus and fetal heart rate deceleration, the combined application of an intravenous prostaglandin and continuous epidural analgesia should not be introduced into obstetrical practice.", "contents": "Elective induction of labor conducted under lumbar epidural block. II. Labor induction by amniotomy and intravenous prostaglandin. Labor was electively induced at term in 117 clinically normal nulliparae and parous women by combining low amniotomy with intravenous administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha (n = 64) or prostaglandin E2 (n = 53). Analgesia was obtained by continuous lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine. The procedure was very effective in producing vaginal delivery within 24 h after prostaglandin infusion (n = 115), but it was accompanied by an extremely high incidence of uterine hypertonus. Tentative explanations for the transient uterine hyperstimulation are a direct stimulatory effect of the local anesthetic on the contractility of the myometrial fiber and/or a temporarily higher amount of circulating oxytocic compound reaching the myometrium due to local vasodilatation as a result of sympathetic nerve blockade. In some cases uterine hypertonus was associated with slowing of the basal fetal heart rate and, when severe, with the appearance of late deceleration patterns and fetal acidosis. In other cases the fetal heart rate deceleration is explained by the toxic effect of bupivacaine on the myocard. Since both the myometrial hyperactivity and the FHR alterations were temporary, fetal biochemical parameters were unaffected at completion of the first stage of labor. Because with intravenous prostaglandin uterine hyperstimulation is more difficult to avoid and regional analgesia further increases the hazard of both hypertonus and fetal heart rate deceleration, the combined application of an intravenous prostaglandin and continuous epidural analgesia should not be introduced into obstetrical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:299460", "title": "Extraamniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha for intrauterine death and fetal abnormality.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2 alpha was administered extraamniotically for termination of pregnancy in 15 cases of intrauterine fetal death between 18 and 39 wk gestation and in 10 cases of fetal abnormality or hydatidiform mole between 16 and 28 wk gestation. Although delivery was achieved with minimal side effects in all cases, the best results were obtained in patients with intrauterine fetal death. It is concluded that discontinuous extraamniotic prostaglandin therapy constitutes a safe and effective approach for the active management of intrauterine fetal death.", "contents": "Extraamniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha for intrauterine death and fetal abnormality. Prostaglandin F2 alpha was administered extraamniotically for termination of pregnancy in 15 cases of intrauterine fetal death between 18 and 39 wk gestation and in 10 cases of fetal abnormality or hydatidiform mole between 16 and 28 wk gestation. Although delivery was achieved with minimal side effects in all cases, the best results were obtained in patients with intrauterine fetal death. It is concluded that discontinuous extraamniotic prostaglandin therapy constitutes a safe and effective approach for the active management of intrauterine fetal death."}
{"id": "PMID:299461", "title": "Fetal and maternal metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha in the guinea pig.", "content": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was studied with both qualitative and quantitative techniques in liver, kidney and lung of fetal and maternal guinea pigs at term. In the pregnant guinea pigs 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activities were highest in the kidney, followed by the lung and then by the liver. In fetuses PGDH activity was highest in the liver, followed in decreasing order by kidney and lung. The kidneys and lungs of the mothers showed a 6- to 10-fold higher PGDH activity than those of the litter (P less than 0.005), but the mean PGDH activity of liver was lower in the mothers than in the fetuses. It is suggested that the liver may play a major role in prostaglandin metabolism during fetal life, and may fulfil part of the function reserved to the lung during adult life. Maternal and fetal lungs differed greatly in their handling of PGF2 alpha. This was not due to a difference in aeration, for the differences in the metabolism of PGF2 alpha between mother and litter increased when well-aerated neonatal lungs were considered instead of non-aerated fetal lungs. The observed differences in enzyme activity between fetal and neonatal lungs add yet another dimension to the role of prostaglandins in the establishment of neonatal respiration.", "contents": "Fetal and maternal metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha in the guinea pig. Metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was studied with both qualitative and quantitative techniques in liver, kidney and lung of fetal and maternal guinea pigs at term. In the pregnant guinea pigs 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activities were highest in the kidney, followed by the lung and then by the liver. In fetuses PGDH activity was highest in the liver, followed in decreasing order by kidney and lung. The kidneys and lungs of the mothers showed a 6- to 10-fold higher PGDH activity than those of the litter (P less than 0.005), but the mean PGDH activity of liver was lower in the mothers than in the fetuses. It is suggested that the liver may play a major role in prostaglandin metabolism during fetal life, and may fulfil part of the function reserved to the lung during adult life. Maternal and fetal lungs differed greatly in their handling of PGF2 alpha. This was not due to a difference in aeration, for the differences in the metabolism of PGF2 alpha between mother and litter increased when well-aerated neonatal lungs were considered instead of non-aerated fetal lungs. The observed differences in enzyme activity between fetal and neonatal lungs add yet another dimension to the role of prostaglandins in the establishment of neonatal respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:299462", "title": "Use of prostaglandin, hypertonic saline and oxytocin for second-trimester abortion.", "content": "The management of second-trimester abortion is still not satisfactory with respect to safety and side-effects; it is considered to be in a state of evolution. The goal of this investigation has been to combine, in reduced quantity, prostaglandin and hypertonic saline in order to minimize the complications and side-effects associated with the separate administration of each component. This study documents the results of a random sample of 385 abortions performed in the second trimester, induced by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin (20 mg) and NaCl 5 and 10 g in different volumes and concentrations augmented with oxytocin. In a series of 20 patients, the coagulation profile is presented and the clinical characteristics of 4 groups are compared. This study demonstrated no coagulation defects. The gastrointestinal side-effects were reduced. In spite of the reduced dosage of each component, the instillation abortion interval still remained 17.08 h on the average. Incomplete abortion ranged from 32% to 48.78%. The data presented in this report suggests that combination of prostaglandin, hypertonic saline and oxytocin is feasible for midtrimester abortion.", "contents": "Use of prostaglandin, hypertonic saline and oxytocin for second-trimester abortion. The management of second-trimester abortion is still not satisfactory with respect to safety and side-effects; it is considered to be in a state of evolution. The goal of this investigation has been to combine, in reduced quantity, prostaglandin and hypertonic saline in order to minimize the complications and side-effects associated with the separate administration of each component. This study documents the results of a random sample of 385 abortions performed in the second trimester, induced by intra-amniotic instillation of prostaglandin (20 mg) and NaCl 5 and 10 g in different volumes and concentrations augmented with oxytocin. In a series of 20 patients, the coagulation profile is presented and the clinical characteristics of 4 groups are compared. This study demonstrated no coagulation defects. The gastrointestinal side-effects were reduced. In spite of the reduced dosage of each component, the instillation abortion interval still remained 17.08 h on the average. Incomplete abortion ranged from 32% to 48.78%. The data presented in this report suggests that combination of prostaglandin, hypertonic saline and oxytocin is feasible for midtrimester abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:299463", "title": "Comparison of intrauterine prostaglandin metabolism during pregnancy in man, sheep and guinea pig.", "content": "Metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was studied in uterine tissues from pregnant women (n = 10), sheep (n = 6) and guinea pigs (n = 6). Two maternal tissues, myometrium and decidua or maternal placenta, and two fetal tissues, fetal placenta and membranes, were studied in each species. PGF2 alpha was metabolized via the well-known pathway into 15-keto-PGF2 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha, while 13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha was tentatively identified in some tissues. The presence of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and 13,14-prostaglandin reductase was demonstrated in all tissues from each of the three species studied, but the quantitative intrauterine distribution of these enzymes differed from one species to another. In man, PGDH activities were highest in fetal membranes followed by fetal placenta and then by decidua and myometrium. In sheep, PGDH activities were highest in the maternal placenta followed in decreasing order by myometrium, fetal placenta and membranes. In the guinea pig, PGDH activity was highest in the fetal membranes followed in decreasing order by maternal placenta, fetal placenta and myometrium. Quantitative assay of PGDH showed that PGDH activity in the pregnant uterus is higher in women than in sheep and guinea pig. The results are discussed in relation to the involvement of prostaglandins in parturition.", "contents": "Comparison of intrauterine prostaglandin metabolism during pregnancy in man, sheep and guinea pig. Metabolism of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was studied in uterine tissues from pregnant women (n = 10), sheep (n = 6) and guinea pigs (n = 6). Two maternal tissues, myometrium and decidua or maternal placenta, and two fetal tissues, fetal placenta and membranes, were studied in each species. PGF2 alpha was metabolized via the well-known pathway into 15-keto-PGF2 alpha and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha, while 13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha was tentatively identified in some tissues. The presence of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and 13,14-prostaglandin reductase was demonstrated in all tissues from each of the three species studied, but the quantitative intrauterine distribution of these enzymes differed from one species to another. In man, PGDH activities were highest in fetal membranes followed by fetal placenta and then by decidua and myometrium. In sheep, PGDH activities were highest in the maternal placenta followed in decreasing order by myometrium, fetal placenta and membranes. In the guinea pig, PGDH activity was highest in the fetal membranes followed in decreasing order by maternal placenta, fetal placenta and myometrium. Quantitative assay of PGDH showed that PGDH activity in the pregnant uterus is higher in women than in sheep and guinea pig. The results are discussed in relation to the involvement of prostaglandins in parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:299498", "title": "Personal results, trial of classification and standardization in clinical impedancemetry.", "content": "The author analyzes the results obtained in clinical impedance testing of 2,799 ears by tympanometry and study of the acoustico-facial reflex. Impedance terminology is discussed and classified in an attempt to bring order to the results. Important findings include the high incidence of negative middle ear pressure in older, profoundly hard-of-hearing children.", "contents": "Personal results, trial of classification and standardization in clinical impedancemetry. The author analyzes the results obtained in clinical impedance testing of 2,799 ears by tympanometry and study of the acoustico-facial reflex. Impedance terminology is discussed and classified in an attempt to bring order to the results. Important findings include the high incidence of negative middle ear pressure in older, profoundly hard-of-hearing children."}
{"id": "PMID:299501", "title": "Cancer of the thyroid: its management.", "content": "Four types of cancer of the thyroid gland occur, each different in biological behaviour and in associated factors affecting prognosis. Knowledge of these differences makes it possible to determine appropriate treatment for each case and reduces the chance of undertreatment or overtreatment. Fortunately, most cancers of the thyroid gland are well differentiated and can be treated by conservative surgical measures; the results are low mortality, minimal morbidity, and good prognosis.", "contents": "Cancer of the thyroid: its management. Four types of cancer of the thyroid gland occur, each different in biological behaviour and in associated factors affecting prognosis. Knowledge of these differences makes it possible to determine appropriate treatment for each case and reduces the chance of undertreatment or overtreatment. Fortunately, most cancers of the thyroid gland are well differentiated and can be treated by conservative surgical measures; the results are low mortality, minimal morbidity, and good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:299502", "title": "The management of squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat.", "content": "Until chemotherapy is proved more effective in the initial management of squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat, radiation and surgery will remain the principal treatment modalities. This paper documents a treatment selection process which is used in the Head and Neck Clinic of the Peter MacCallum Hospital. Anatomical resectability, potential of control by radiation, disability and deformity produced by surgery, presence of metastases, psychological factors, and concurrent disease, as well as tumour behaviour, are all factors which influence the choice of radiation or surgery, alone, or in combination, in the treatment of each patient.", "contents": "The management of squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat. Until chemotherapy is proved more effective in the initial management of squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat, radiation and surgery will remain the principal treatment modalities. This paper documents a treatment selection process which is used in the Head and Neck Clinic of the Peter MacCallum Hospital. Anatomical resectability, potential of control by radiation, disability and deformity produced by surgery, presence of metastases, psychological factors, and concurrent disease, as well as tumour behaviour, are all factors which influence the choice of radiation or surgery, alone, or in combination, in the treatment of each patient."}
{"id": "PMID:299503", "title": "Results of the surgical treatment of selected patients with squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat.", "content": "The five year results of excision of cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx in 172 patients selected for surgical treatment are reported. The overall survival rate was 48.8%, with 39.5% of patients dying with persistent or recurrent disease. An unexpectedly high survival rate of 42.2% was achieved in 45 patients with residual or recurrent tumour resected after failed initial radiation therapy.", "contents": "Results of the surgical treatment of selected patients with squamous cell cancer of the mouth and throat. The five year results of excision of cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx in 172 patients selected for surgical treatment are reported. The overall survival rate was 48.8%, with 39.5% of patients dying with persistent or recurrent disease. An unexpectedly high survival rate of 42.2% was achieved in 45 patients with residual or recurrent tumour resected after failed initial radiation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:299504", "title": "Current trends in the treatment of cancer of the larynx.", "content": "The case histories of 250 patients with cancer of the larynx presenting to the Peter MacCallum Hospital, the Alfred Hospital and the Royal Melbourne Hospital in the ten-year period 1966 to 1975 have been reviewed to determine: The results of primary irradiation treatment of T1N0 and T2N0 glottic cancer; The comparative results of primary irradiation plus salvage surgery as compared with primary radical surgery for T3N0 glottic and supraglottic cancer; and The surgical morbidity of secondary salvage laryngectomy following irradiation as compared with that of primary total laryngectomy. These findings are compared with those of a previous study of cancer of the larynx for the period 1956 to 1965.", "contents": "Current trends in the treatment of cancer of the larynx. The case histories of 250 patients with cancer of the larynx presenting to the Peter MacCallum Hospital, the Alfred Hospital and the Royal Melbourne Hospital in the ten-year period 1966 to 1975 have been reviewed to determine: The results of primary irradiation treatment of T1N0 and T2N0 glottic cancer; The comparative results of primary irradiation plus salvage surgery as compared with primary radical surgery for T3N0 glottic and supraglottic cancer; and The surgical morbidity of secondary salvage laryngectomy following irradiation as compared with that of primary total laryngectomy. These findings are compared with those of a previous study of cancer of the larynx for the period 1956 to 1965."}
{"id": "PMID:299505", "title": "Carcinoma of the larynx: experience at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-nine patients with carcinoma of the larynx were treated at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, during the years 1958 to 1973. A crude cumulative five-year survival of 76% in Stage I and 62% in Stage II was obtained using radiotherapy as the first treatment in these stages, reserving surgery, consisting of laryngectomy, for radiotherapy failures. A 63%, five-year survival was achieved in Stage III by using laryngectomy as the first definitive treatment.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the larynx: experience at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Two hundred and twenty-nine patients with carcinoma of the larynx were treated at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, during the years 1958 to 1973. A crude cumulative five-year survival of 76% in Stage I and 62% in Stage II was obtained using radiotherapy as the first treatment in these stages, reserving surgery, consisting of laryngectomy, for radiotherapy failures. A 63%, five-year survival was achieved in Stage III by using laryngectomy as the first definitive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:299506", "title": "Temporal bone resection for cancer.", "content": "Fifteen patients with cancer involving the temporal bone have been considered for radical surgical treatment by partial resection of the temporal bone during the past 12 years. All but one had undergone previous treatment by local surgery and/or irradiation. Two patients proved to be inoperable at surgical exploration. Three types of partial resection of the temporal bone and described to encompass disease involving the concha, the mastoid and squamous areas of the temporal bone, the ear canal, the middle ear, and the parotid gland. Closure of the surgical defect has been achieved in five cases using the residual pinna, in four cases with scalp flaps, and in five cases with a deltopectoral flap. Complications have been surprisingly few, with only one postoperative death. In one case communicating hydrocephalus persisted until death from residual disease many months later. Minor repair failure occurred in two patients. No attempt has been made to restore facial nerve function by grafting procedures. Long-term survival has been disappointing; however, it is considered that such radical surgery remains justified in selected cases for relief of the pain and disfigurement caused by chronic ulcerating neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Temporal bone resection for cancer. Fifteen patients with cancer involving the temporal bone have been considered for radical surgical treatment by partial resection of the temporal bone during the past 12 years. All but one had undergone previous treatment by local surgery and/or irradiation. Two patients proved to be inoperable at surgical exploration. Three types of partial resection of the temporal bone and described to encompass disease involving the concha, the mastoid and squamous areas of the temporal bone, the ear canal, the middle ear, and the parotid gland. Closure of the surgical defect has been achieved in five cases using the residual pinna, in four cases with scalp flaps, and in five cases with a deltopectoral flap. Complications have been surprisingly few, with only one postoperative death. In one case communicating hydrocephalus persisted until death from residual disease many months later. Minor repair failure occurred in two patients. No attempt has been made to restore facial nerve function by grafting procedures. Long-term survival has been disappointing; however, it is considered that such radical surgery remains justified in selected cases for relief of the pain and disfigurement caused by chronic ulcerating neoplastic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:299507", "title": "Uniform data recording for head and neck cancer.", "content": "A uniform method of recording data on head and neck cancer patients is presented. This has been shown to work well in the clinical field. The records are always completely up to date and immediately available at any time for data analysis.", "contents": "Uniform data recording for head and neck cancer. A uniform method of recording data on head and neck cancer patients is presented. This has been shown to work well in the clinical field. The records are always completely up to date and immediately available at any time for data analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:299509", "title": "Endometriosis of the sigmoid colon and rectum.", "content": "Endometriosis is a common disease of women which occasionally causes serious symptoms in virtue of involvement of the distal large intestine. Two cases are reported, illustrating opposite ends of the spectrum of this disorder, one presenting with a complete large-bowel obstruction, and the other with periodical per-rectal bleeding. Endometriosis in these locations can closely mimic carcinoma, and from a consideration of our cases and the literature, those features which might help to distinguish one from the other are discussed. The treatment of endometriosis itself is briefly outlined. Either to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery, or to plan appropriate specific treatment at the time of surgery for the colorectal lesion, a preoperative diagnosis is desirable, but it is unlikely unless the clinician is aware of this unusual form of endometriosis.", "contents": "Endometriosis of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Endometriosis is a common disease of women which occasionally causes serious symptoms in virtue of involvement of the distal large intestine. Two cases are reported, illustrating opposite ends of the spectrum of this disorder, one presenting with a complete large-bowel obstruction, and the other with periodical per-rectal bleeding. Endometriosis in these locations can closely mimic carcinoma, and from a consideration of our cases and the literature, those features which might help to distinguish one from the other are discussed. The treatment of endometriosis itself is briefly outlined. Either to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery, or to plan appropriate specific treatment at the time of surgery for the colorectal lesion, a preoperative diagnosis is desirable, but it is unlikely unless the clinician is aware of this unusual form of endometriosis."}
{"id": "PMID:299510", "title": "Calculi in a Meckel's diverticulum: a case report and a review.", "content": "A case is reported of multiple calculi occurring in a Meckel's diverticulum which caused chronic abdominal pain in a 48-year-old man. The problem was diagnosed before operation by radiological studies. The features of this condition are well illustrated in this patient. The published literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Calculi in a Meckel's diverticulum: a case report and a review. A case is reported of multiple calculi occurring in a Meckel's diverticulum which caused chronic abdominal pain in a 48-year-old man. The problem was diagnosed before operation by radiological studies. The features of this condition are well illustrated in this patient. The published literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:299511", "title": "Giant fibrous polyp of the lower end of the ureter: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Primary benign mesodermal tumours of the ureter mostly occur in the proximal part of the ureter. A case of a large fibrous polyp of the lower end of the ureter is described. The clinical presentation, radiological findings and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Giant fibrous polyp of the lower end of the ureter: case report and review of the literature. Primary benign mesodermal tumours of the ureter mostly occur in the proximal part of the ureter. A case of a large fibrous polyp of the lower end of the ureter is described. The clinical presentation, radiological findings and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299512", "title": "Double rotation skin closure: an alternative to elliptical closure.", "content": "A simple method of closure of circular skin defects is presented. Even for small defects it is often appropriate on occasions when elliptical excision is either not possible or inferior.", "contents": "Double rotation skin closure: an alternative to elliptical closure. A simple method of closure of circular skin defects is presented. Even for small defects it is often appropriate on occasions when elliptical excision is either not possible or inferior."}
{"id": "PMID:299513", "title": "De-epithelialization and over-flapping in plastic surgery.", "content": "Contour defects resulting from trauma, from the excision of a neoplasm, or present at birth, may be restored in a number of ways, and the material used may be autogenous, homogenous, heterogenous, or synthetic in nature. The use of Silastic implants is currently fashionable, but despite the manufacturer's claims, there is no foreign material which the body will accept permanently as its own. Implants are easy to procure and to shape, and their use can sometimes simplify a surgical procedure, but there is no doubt that where autogenous material is available, it will almost always give the best and most permanent result. This paper illustrates the versatility of simple de-epithelialization and over-flapping procedures in restoring contour defects, and is also a plea for the use of living tissue where it is readily available.", "contents": "De-epithelialization and over-flapping in plastic surgery. Contour defects resulting from trauma, from the excision of a neoplasm, or present at birth, may be restored in a number of ways, and the material used may be autogenous, homogenous, heterogenous, or synthetic in nature. The use of Silastic implants is currently fashionable, but despite the manufacturer's claims, there is no foreign material which the body will accept permanently as its own. Implants are easy to procure and to shape, and their use can sometimes simplify a surgical procedure, but there is no doubt that where autogenous material is available, it will almost always give the best and most permanent result. This paper illustrates the versatility of simple de-epithelialization and over-flapping procedures in restoring contour defects, and is also a plea for the use of living tissue where it is readily available."}
{"id": "PMID:299514", "title": "Laser surgery for malignant melanoma and superficial malignancies.", "content": "This study describes 18 months' experience with the CO2 laser in the treatment of malignant melanoma and other superficial malignancies. In 110 patients, a general assessment was made of the advantages commonly claimed for the laser. In addition, a comparison between laser and scalpel surgery was made by means of a small retrospective study. Results from 39 patients undergoing wide excision and graft for primary malignant melanoma in association with axillary lymph node dissection indicated that the laser offered no specific advantages over the scalpel for this particular type of operation. The laser was shown to have specific advantages in the treatment of extensive superficial malignancy, in locally recurrent tumours, and in malignancy of soft tissues. In these situations it did minimize blood loss and achieve satisfactory extirpation of the lesion.", "contents": "Laser surgery for malignant melanoma and superficial malignancies. This study describes 18 months' experience with the CO2 laser in the treatment of malignant melanoma and other superficial malignancies. In 110 patients, a general assessment was made of the advantages commonly claimed for the laser. In addition, a comparison between laser and scalpel surgery was made by means of a small retrospective study. Results from 39 patients undergoing wide excision and graft for primary malignant melanoma in association with axillary lymph node dissection indicated that the laser offered no specific advantages over the scalpel for this particular type of operation. The laser was shown to have specific advantages in the treatment of extensive superficial malignancy, in locally recurrent tumours, and in malignancy of soft tissues. In these situations it did minimize blood loss and achieve satisfactory extirpation of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:299515", "title": "Successful reconstruction of the upper urinary tract by a combined Boari flap ureteroplasty and transureteroureterostomy.", "content": "Acute obstructive uropathy, following an abdominal hysterectomy in a 45-year-old woman, had been temporarily circumvented by bilateral nephrostomy. Reconstruction of the upper urinary tracts, in the face of a small, defunctionalized bladder, was successfully accomplished by a Boari flap ureteroplasty and transureteroureterostomy.", "contents": "Successful reconstruction of the upper urinary tract by a combined Boari flap ureteroplasty and transureteroureterostomy. Acute obstructive uropathy, following an abdominal hysterectomy in a 45-year-old woman, had been temporarily circumvented by bilateral nephrostomy. Reconstruction of the upper urinary tracts, in the face of a small, defunctionalized bladder, was successfully accomplished by a Boari flap ureteroplasty and transureteroureterostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:299516", "title": "Surgical manpower in New South Wales.", "content": "A series of surveys of general surgeons in the State of New South Wales is reported. Each five years the number of general surgeons entering practice has been proportionately greater than population growth, and has also been proportionally greater than that of other surgical specialities. The speciality is not growing and is so saturated that almost half the general surgeons are engaged in general practice. It is suggested that the number of training posts be reduced to a level near that required to satisfy the requirement of our community for replacement of those leaving practice.", "contents": "Surgical manpower in New South Wales. A series of surveys of general surgeons in the State of New South Wales is reported. Each five years the number of general surgeons entering practice has been proportionately greater than population growth, and has also been proportionally greater than that of other surgical specialities. The speciality is not growing and is so saturated that almost half the general surgeons are engaged in general practice. It is suggested that the number of training posts be reduced to a level near that required to satisfy the requirement of our community for replacement of those leaving practice."}
{"id": "PMID:299547", "title": "Herzberg revisited: factors in job dissatisfaction.", "content": "A study of nursing personnel in a private general hospital suggests that the high rate of turnover results as much from dissatisfaction with intrinsic job factors as from dissatisfaction with extrinsic factors. These findings contradict the Herzberg two-factor theory, and suggest alternative means of improving management of nurses.", "contents": "Herzberg revisited: factors in job dissatisfaction. A study of nursing personnel in a private general hospital suggests that the high rate of turnover results as much from dissatisfaction with intrinsic job factors as from dissatisfaction with extrinsic factors. These findings contradict the Herzberg two-factor theory, and suggest alternative means of improving management of nurses."}
{"id": "PMID:299548", "title": "Motivating and rewarding the staff nurse.", "content": "In meeting the economic and professional need for staff nurses to stay at the bedside, a system established at one medical center uses four methods to motivate and reward the staff nurse. They are: recognition and monetary reward, rural nursing experience, cross-training, and inservice participation.", "contents": "Motivating and rewarding the staff nurse. In meeting the economic and professional need for staff nurses to stay at the bedside, a system established at one medical center uses four methods to motivate and reward the staff nurse. They are: recognition and monetary reward, rural nursing experience, cross-training, and inservice participation."}
{"id": "PMID:299550", "title": "An incentive program designed to develop and reward clinical competence.", "content": "A conceptual model is presented for establishing a salary and classification plan which structures a separate career pathway for staff nurses and provides an economic incentive for incrementally achieving higher excellence as a staff practitioner. The plan establishes standard or behavioral norms for four discrete practice levels and systematically measures the content of both line and staff positions to determine their relative difficulty. Consequently equitable salary relationships are made available for all nursing activity, while simultaneously assuring a congruent and competitive posture in the health care community.", "contents": "An incentive program designed to develop and reward clinical competence. A conceptual model is presented for establishing a salary and classification plan which structures a separate career pathway for staff nurses and provides an economic incentive for incrementally achieving higher excellence as a staff practitioner. The plan establishes standard or behavioral norms for four discrete practice levels and systematically measures the content of both line and staff positions to determine their relative difficulty. Consequently equitable salary relationships are made available for all nursing activity, while simultaneously assuring a congruent and competitive posture in the health care community."}
{"id": "PMID:299551", "title": "On erythrocyte morphology.", "content": "The significance of the distinctive morphological difference between mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes (disc versus ellipse) is discussed in the light of mammalian erythrocyte rheology.", "contents": "On erythrocyte morphology. The significance of the distinctive morphological difference between mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes (disc versus ellipse) is discussed in the light of mammalian erythrocyte rheology."}
{"id": "PMID:299552", "title": "Age-related changes in the nigrostriatum: a behavioral and biochemical analysis.", "content": "Rotational behavior was examined prior to (Exp. 1) and following unilateral lesions (Exp. 2) in the substantia nigra of young and old rats. Before lesioning no preferences for turning to the left or right were seen in either age group following graded doses of amphetamine. However, after radiofrequency lesions of the left substantia nigra both young and old rats turned predominantly to the left, and the ratio of left to right turns increased as a function of amphetamine dose. However, there were significant differences between young and old rats in the effect of amphetamine on rotational behavior, with old rats showing decided decrements in response strength. Direct dopaminergic stimulation under apomorphine or dopaminergic receptor blockade with haloperidol produced no such age related deficits. The results are discussed in terms of possible presynaptic alterations in dopaminergic functioning with aging.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the nigrostriatum: a behavioral and biochemical analysis. Rotational behavior was examined prior to (Exp. 1) and following unilateral lesions (Exp. 2) in the substantia nigra of young and old rats. Before lesioning no preferences for turning to the left or right were seen in either age group following graded doses of amphetamine. However, after radiofrequency lesions of the left substantia nigra both young and old rats turned predominantly to the left, and the ratio of left to right turns increased as a function of amphetamine dose. However, there were significant differences between young and old rats in the effect of amphetamine on rotational behavior, with old rats showing decided decrements in response strength. Direct dopaminergic stimulation under apomorphine or dopaminergic receptor blockade with haloperidol produced no such age related deficits. The results are discussed in terms of possible presynaptic alterations in dopaminergic functioning with aging."}
{"id": "PMID:299553", "title": "The relationship of age and level of physical activity with the fractionated components of patellar reflex time.", "content": "Sixty male subjects were placed into four equal groups based upon age and level of physical activity: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, and Young Inactive. The criterion measure of total patellar reflex time was fractionated into a central component, reflex latency, and a peripheral component, reflex motor time. Subjects were tested on 2 separate days and on each day, two blocks of ten patellar reflex trials were taken alternating trials between normal and Jendrassik conditions. A split plot analysis of variance showed that no statistically significant differences were found between any group for either of the fractionated components. Also, the amount of Jendrassik facilitation was similar for all four groups. The results suggested that the entire patellar stretch reflex apparatus and the system of alpha-gamma linkage may be unaffected by age and level of activity.", "contents": "The relationship of age and level of physical activity with the fractionated components of patellar reflex time. Sixty male subjects were placed into four equal groups based upon age and level of physical activity: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, and Young Inactive. The criterion measure of total patellar reflex time was fractionated into a central component, reflex latency, and a peripheral component, reflex motor time. Subjects were tested on 2 separate days and on each day, two blocks of ten patellar reflex trials were taken alternating trials between normal and Jendrassik conditions. A split plot analysis of variance showed that no statistically significant differences were found between any group for either of the fractionated components. Also, the amount of Jendrassik facilitation was similar for all four groups. The results suggested that the entire patellar stretch reflex apparatus and the system of alpha-gamma linkage may be unaffected by age and level of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:299554", "title": "Nutritional status of the elderly: anthropometric and clinical findings.", "content": "Relationships between adiposity indices based on weight and skinfold measurements were examined in 75 women and 25 men, aged 63-96 years. For both men and women, relative weight, weight/height, and body mass index (weight/height2) were positively correlated (p less than 0.001) with the triceps and the subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Correlations with the suprailiac skinfold also were significant but of lesser magnitude. Weights of 42% of the subjects exceeded the ideal weight for height by 20% or more; triceps fatfolds of 18% were in the obesity range. One-third of the group was judged to be hypertensive. Relative weight was positively associated with systolic (p less than 0.05) and diastolic (p less than 0.01) blood pressures. Relative weight was correlated with fasting serum glucose of women (p less than 0.01), but unrelated to serum cholesterol concentrations. None of the anthropometric or clinical findings were associated with current level of dietary kilocalories.", "contents": "Nutritional status of the elderly: anthropometric and clinical findings. Relationships between adiposity indices based on weight and skinfold measurements were examined in 75 women and 25 men, aged 63-96 years. For both men and women, relative weight, weight/height, and body mass index (weight/height2) were positively correlated (p less than 0.001) with the triceps and the subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Correlations with the suprailiac skinfold also were significant but of lesser magnitude. Weights of 42% of the subjects exceeded the ideal weight for height by 20% or more; triceps fatfolds of 18% were in the obesity range. One-third of the group was judged to be hypertensive. Relative weight was positively associated with systolic (p less than 0.05) and diastolic (p less than 0.01) blood pressures. Relative weight was correlated with fasting serum glucose of women (p less than 0.01), but unrelated to serum cholesterol concentrations. None of the anthropometric or clinical findings were associated with current level of dietary kilocalories."}
{"id": "PMID:299555", "title": "The changing pattern of whole body protein metabolism in aging humans.", "content": "Dynamic aspects of whole body protein (nitrogen) metabolism were explored in healthy young adults and elderly men and women. Measurements were made of the rate of whole body protein breakdown, with the aid of 15N-glycine, and the rate of muscle protein breakdown, as estimated from urinary N tau-methylhistidine excretion. The results also were evaluated in relation to obligatory (endogenous) urinary nitrogen losses, previously determined in this laboratory for the two age groups. Rates of whole body and muscle protein breakdown, per unit body weight, were lower in elderly subjects than in young adults. Muscle accounted for a mean of 27% of whole body protein breakdown in young adults and 20% or less (p less than 0.01) in elderly subjects. Daily obligatory N loss was positively correlated (p less than 0.01) with whole body protein breakdown. It was calculated that muscle contributed less to the obligatory N output in elderly subjects than in young adults. These results indicate a change in the distribution of whole body protein metabolism during aging in human subjects, with muscle making a lower contribution to total body protein metabolism in elderly subjects compared with young adults.", "contents": "The changing pattern of whole body protein metabolism in aging humans. Dynamic aspects of whole body protein (nitrogen) metabolism were explored in healthy young adults and elderly men and women. Measurements were made of the rate of whole body protein breakdown, with the aid of 15N-glycine, and the rate of muscle protein breakdown, as estimated from urinary N tau-methylhistidine excretion. The results also were evaluated in relation to obligatory (endogenous) urinary nitrogen losses, previously determined in this laboratory for the two age groups. Rates of whole body and muscle protein breakdown, per unit body weight, were lower in elderly subjects than in young adults. Muscle accounted for a mean of 27% of whole body protein breakdown in young adults and 20% or less (p less than 0.01) in elderly subjects. Daily obligatory N loss was positively correlated (p less than 0.01) with whole body protein breakdown. It was calculated that muscle contributed less to the obligatory N output in elderly subjects than in young adults. These results indicate a change in the distribution of whole body protein metabolism during aging in human subjects, with muscle making a lower contribution to total body protein metabolism in elderly subjects compared with young adults."}
{"id": "PMID:299556", "title": "Valvular calcification in the elderly: possible pathogenic factors.", "content": "Calcification of the mitral ring and of the aortic valve cusps was studied in an unselected autopsy series of 219 patients over 60, dying in a department of geriatric medicine. Possible correlations with age, sex, heart size, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, bone density and serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were examined. There were no significant findings for aortic valve calcification though there was a weak association with advanced age. Mitral ring calcification was significantly associated with higher age, female sex and with increased heart weight after correction for body size. These findings suggest that mechanical factors, rather than changes in mineral metabolism, are implicated in the development of mitral ring calcification.", "contents": "Valvular calcification in the elderly: possible pathogenic factors. Calcification of the mitral ring and of the aortic valve cusps was studied in an unselected autopsy series of 219 patients over 60, dying in a department of geriatric medicine. Possible correlations with age, sex, heart size, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, bone density and serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were examined. There were no significant findings for aortic valve calcification though there was a weak association with advanced age. Mitral ring calcification was significantly associated with higher age, female sex and with increased heart weight after correction for body size. These findings suggest that mechanical factors, rather than changes in mineral metabolism, are implicated in the development of mitral ring calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:299557", "title": "Medical problems of the elderly in nonmetropolitan Illinois.", "content": "Are the medical problems of the ambulatory elderly in a nonmetropolitan area different from the problems of the metropolitan elderly? What relation does the availability of physician resources in a nonmetropolitan area have to the care delivered to the elderly? The study involved an analysis of 965 patient records sampled from the office practices of 16 family practitioners and 12 general surgeons. Data were extracted using the survey instrument developed for the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (DHEW, 1974). Results were obtained describing patient status, presenting problems, principal diagnoses, reasons for visit, and disposition. Comparisons of the medical problems managed by the family practitioners were made with those managed by the general surgeons. Problems managed by the nonmetropolitan physicians were compared with the data on the elderly obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The data suggest that nonmetropolitan physicians, regardless of specialty, manage a broad range of chronic and acute problems. The survey of office records, however, does not provide information about how the elderly obtain access to other services essential to a coordinated, comprehensive system of health care.", "contents": "Medical problems of the elderly in nonmetropolitan Illinois. Are the medical problems of the ambulatory elderly in a nonmetropolitan area different from the problems of the metropolitan elderly? What relation does the availability of physician resources in a nonmetropolitan area have to the care delivered to the elderly? The study involved an analysis of 965 patient records sampled from the office practices of 16 family practitioners and 12 general surgeons. Data were extracted using the survey instrument developed for the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (DHEW, 1974). Results were obtained describing patient status, presenting problems, principal diagnoses, reasons for visit, and disposition. Comparisons of the medical problems managed by the family practitioners were made with those managed by the general surgeons. Problems managed by the nonmetropolitan physicians were compared with the data on the elderly obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The data suggest that nonmetropolitan physicians, regardless of specialty, manage a broad range of chronic and acute problems. The survey of office records, however, does not provide information about how the elderly obtain access to other services essential to a coordinated, comprehensive system of health care."}
{"id": "PMID:299558", "title": "Age at menopause in relation to reproductive history in Japanese, Caucasian, Chinese and Hawaiian women living in Hawaii.", "content": "A multiple regression analysis was undertaken to examine the relationship between age at menopause and selected biological and sociological variables in the reproductive history of Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese and part-Hawaiian post-menopausal women living in Hawaii. The analysis was conducted using the medical history records of 196 Caucasian, 181 Japanese, 72 Chinese and 60 Hawaiian women. Age at menarche, parity and months spent breast-feeding were found to have no significant effect on age at menopause. Regression models were not found to be heterogeneous among ethnic groups and no substantial interaction of ethnic group was found with age at menarche, parity or months spent breast-feeding.", "contents": "Age at menopause in relation to reproductive history in Japanese, Caucasian, Chinese and Hawaiian women living in Hawaii. A multiple regression analysis was undertaken to examine the relationship between age at menopause and selected biological and sociological variables in the reproductive history of Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese and part-Hawaiian post-menopausal women living in Hawaii. The analysis was conducted using the medical history records of 196 Caucasian, 181 Japanese, 72 Chinese and 60 Hawaiian women. Age at menarche, parity and months spent breast-feeding were found to have no significant effect on age at menopause. Regression models were not found to be heterogeneous among ethnic groups and no substantial interaction of ethnic group was found with age at menarche, parity or months spent breast-feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:299559", "title": "Age-related differences in binocular backward masking with visual noise.", "content": "Peripheral processing, as defined by Turvey (1973), was investigated in a study of binocular backward masking involving random visual noise. For young (mean age 20.3 years) and old (mean age 55.4 years) adults, processing time (represented by stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) was characterized as a power function of target energy (TE) (i.e., TEb x SOA = K). Over a wide range of target energy levels, processing time showed a similar rate of decline (similar exponent, b) for both age groups with increasing target energy. However, old subjects processed targets more slowly at all target energy levels (different constant, K), and this age difference was constant across all target energy levels. Results were independent of variables such as sex, education, response criterion, unmasked threshold, and method of determining stimulus onset asynchrony.", "contents": "Age-related differences in binocular backward masking with visual noise. Peripheral processing, as defined by Turvey (1973), was investigated in a study of binocular backward masking involving random visual noise. For young (mean age 20.3 years) and old (mean age 55.4 years) adults, processing time (represented by stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA) was characterized as a power function of target energy (TE) (i.e., TEb x SOA = K). Over a wide range of target energy levels, processing time showed a similar rate of decline (similar exponent, b) for both age groups with increasing target energy. However, old subjects processed targets more slowly at all target energy levels (different constant, K), and this age difference was constant across all target energy levels. Results were independent of variables such as sex, education, response criterion, unmasked threshold, and method of determining stimulus onset asynchrony."}
{"id": "PMID:299560", "title": "Speed of retrieval from long-term memory in relation to age, familiarity, and datedness of information.", "content": "The time required to name four groups of pictures was measured in 83 community dwelling males (18-70 years of age). One group consisted of objects used 50 to 70 years ago (unique dated exemplars), and another consisted of objects unique to contemporary times (unique contemporary exemplars). For comparison, other pictures of contemporary and dated objects commonly used in both periods were employed. There were three major findings. One, the familiarity of the pictured object is the major determinant of the time required to retrieve its name. Older subjects named the dated unique objects that were relatively more familiar to them more rapidly than did younger adults, while the reverse was true for contemporary unique objects. No age difference in the speed of naming common contemporary objects was found. Two, the overall age-related difference in naming latency was attributed to perceptual-motor aspects of the task. Three, the physical features as well as the familiarity of the object contributed to the speed of retrieval of the object's name.", "contents": "Speed of retrieval from long-term memory in relation to age, familiarity, and datedness of information. The time required to name four groups of pictures was measured in 83 community dwelling males (18-70 years of age). One group consisted of objects used 50 to 70 years ago (unique dated exemplars), and another consisted of objects unique to contemporary times (unique contemporary exemplars). For comparison, other pictures of contemporary and dated objects commonly used in both periods were employed. There were three major findings. One, the familiarity of the pictured object is the major determinant of the time required to retrieve its name. Older subjects named the dated unique objects that were relatively more familiar to them more rapidly than did younger adults, while the reverse was true for contemporary unique objects. No age difference in the speed of naming common contemporary objects was found. Two, the overall age-related difference in naming latency was attributed to perceptual-motor aspects of the task. Three, the physical features as well as the familiarity of the object contributed to the speed of retrieval of the object's name."}
{"id": "PMID:299561", "title": "Retrieval time from different memory stores.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out to measure age-related differences in speed of error-free recall by normal adults. The major results were that: (a) the time taken to read a word aloud (retrieval from lexical memory) does not increase appreciably until subjects reach their 60s; (b) the time taken to recall a verbal item just attended to (retrieval from primary memory) increases steadily throughout the adult years, and most markedly between the sixth and seventh decades; and, (c) the time taken to recall recent verbal information outside the span of attention (retrieval from secondary memory) also increases as a function of chronological age, at a relatively rapid rate and most markedly between the fifth and sixth decades. The effects are independent of the number of stimulus-response alternatives.", "contents": "Retrieval time from different memory stores. Two experiments were carried out to measure age-related differences in speed of error-free recall by normal adults. The major results were that: (a) the time taken to read a word aloud (retrieval from lexical memory) does not increase appreciably until subjects reach their 60s; (b) the time taken to recall a verbal item just attended to (retrieval from primary memory) increases steadily throughout the adult years, and most markedly between the sixth and seventh decades; and, (c) the time taken to recall recent verbal information outside the span of attention (retrieval from secondary memory) also increases as a function of chronological age, at a relatively rapid rate and most markedly between the fifth and sixth decades. The effects are independent of the number of stimulus-response alternatives."}
{"id": "PMID:299562", "title": "Recall of prose as a function of age and input modality.", "content": "Three short paragraphs were presented to 18 young (means = 27.6 years) and 18 old (means = 67.2 years) female volunteers to evaluate the effects of three types of input conditions on recall. In the Aloud (combined auditory-visual) condition subjects read the paragraphs aloud, without review, four times (trials), and, after each reading, verbally recalled as much as possible. In the Silent (visual) condition the task was identical except that the paragraph was read silently. In the Review condition subjects also read silently, but were allowed to review the material. The results indicated that, for both age groups, opportunity for review required more reading time and led to significantly better recall than either the silent or aloud conditions, which did not differ. There were no age-related differences in the time used for reading the paragraphs. Further, an Age X Trial interaction indicated that age-related differences in recall were not significant until Trial 3, with the young subjects showing greater increases across trials than the old.", "contents": "Recall of prose as a function of age and input modality. Three short paragraphs were presented to 18 young (means = 27.6 years) and 18 old (means = 67.2 years) female volunteers to evaluate the effects of three types of input conditions on recall. In the Aloud (combined auditory-visual) condition subjects read the paragraphs aloud, without review, four times (trials), and, after each reading, verbally recalled as much as possible. In the Silent (visual) condition the task was identical except that the paragraph was read silently. In the Review condition subjects also read silently, but were allowed to review the material. The results indicated that, for both age groups, opportunity for review required more reading time and led to significantly better recall than either the silent or aloud conditions, which did not differ. There were no age-related differences in the time used for reading the paragraphs. Further, an Age X Trial interaction indicated that age-related differences in recall were not significant until Trial 3, with the young subjects showing greater increases across trials than the old."}
{"id": "PMID:299563", "title": "Binaural analysis in the aging auditory system.", "content": "In a simulation of the \"cocktail party\" problem, subjects listened to recordings of a target voice, obscured by four background voices from adjacent locations in space. Listening conditions were either dichotic (with interaural directional cues preserved) or diotic (same input to both ears, directional cues removed). Elderly subjects were unable to use binaural directional cues as effectively as young subjects to improve intelligibility of the target voice. The results suggest that there is an age related deficit in the ability to perform the binaural signal analysis necessary to effectively separate speech signals from noise.", "contents": "Binaural analysis in the aging auditory system. In a simulation of the \"cocktail party\" problem, subjects listened to recordings of a target voice, obscured by four background voices from adjacent locations in space. Listening conditions were either dichotic (with interaural directional cues preserved) or diotic (same input to both ears, directional cues removed). Elderly subjects were unable to use binaural directional cues as effectively as young subjects to improve intelligibility of the target voice. The results suggest that there is an age related deficit in the ability to perform the binaural signal analysis necessary to effectively separate speech signals from noise."}
{"id": "PMID:299564", "title": "Age changes, cohort differences, and cultural change on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey.", "content": "The relation between adult age and temperament was investigated using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. Between the years 1958 and 1974, the GZTS was administered to 915 men from 17 to 98 years of age in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study. Repeated measures were obtained for 336 men approximately 7 years after initial testing. Each GZTS scale was analyzed cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Sequential analyses of independent samples were also carried out in an attempt to separate the effects of maturation from those of generational and cultural change. Results showed that Masculinity declined at all ages, but General Activity declined only after age 50. Thoughtfulness and Personal Relations showed cultural declines during the time period studied, whereas Friendliness showed a long-term cultural decline. Later-born cohorts were lower in Restraint and higher in Ascendance than early-born cohorts.", "contents": "Age changes, cohort differences, and cultural change on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. The relation between adult age and temperament was investigated using the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. Between the years 1958 and 1974, the GZTS was administered to 915 men from 17 to 98 years of age in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study. Repeated measures were obtained for 336 men approximately 7 years after initial testing. Each GZTS scale was analyzed cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Sequential analyses of independent samples were also carried out in an attempt to separate the effects of maturation from those of generational and cultural change. Results showed that Masculinity declined at all ages, but General Activity declined only after age 50. Thoughtfulness and Personal Relations showed cultural declines during the time period studied, whereas Friendliness showed a long-term cultural decline. Later-born cohorts were lower in Restraint and higher in Ascendance than early-born cohorts."}
{"id": "PMID:299565", "title": "Denial of aging: age identification and reference group orientations.", "content": "A 10-year longitudinal study of the age-identities of persons 70 and older revealed that many rejected the possibility that they were, in fact, \"old.\" Although there was increased acknowledgment in the restudy of being old, a majority of respondents continued to define themselves in other ways (i.e., as middle-aged or elderly). The importance of comparative reference groups for aging denial was tested. As hypothesized, favorable self-evaluations versus age peers were positively correlated with younger self-images. These comparative evaluations were shown to be as useful as \"positional\" variables in explaining age-identity. The findings demonstrate the utility of a reference-group perspective in explaining diverse psychological adaptations to late-life role changes.", "contents": "Denial of aging: age identification and reference group orientations. A 10-year longitudinal study of the age-identities of persons 70 and older revealed that many rejected the possibility that they were, in fact, \"old.\" Although there was increased acknowledgment in the restudy of being old, a majority of respondents continued to define themselves in other ways (i.e., as middle-aged or elderly). The importance of comparative reference groups for aging denial was tested. As hypothesized, favorable self-evaluations versus age peers were positively correlated with younger self-images. These comparative evaluations were shown to be as useful as \"positional\" variables in explaining age-identity. The findings demonstrate the utility of a reference-group perspective in explaining diverse psychological adaptations to late-life role changes."}
{"id": "PMID:299566", "title": "Predicting death from behavioral test performance.", "content": "This study described several brief behavioral measures which, with further validation, could be useful in predicting the deaths of older adults within a five-year period following testing. Such tests can be used in routine biomedical examinations, alerting the physician to possible problems in the future. The study was based on a battery of 18 tasks as well as 8 measures of health, social activity, and demographic characteristics administered to 380 healthy men and women aged 60 to 89 years. Five years later, the scores of those who had subsequently died (N = 83) were compared with a matched sample of those still living. Thirteen of the 18 task performances significantly distinguished between those still living and those who died. Discriminative analyses were carried out, and the discriminative score cut-offs correctly classified 66% of the subjects as to survival status.", "contents": "Predicting death from behavioral test performance. This study described several brief behavioral measures which, with further validation, could be useful in predicting the deaths of older adults within a five-year period following testing. Such tests can be used in routine biomedical examinations, alerting the physician to possible problems in the future. The study was based on a battery of 18 tasks as well as 8 measures of health, social activity, and demographic characteristics administered to 380 healthy men and women aged 60 to 89 years. Five years later, the scores of those who had subsequently died (N = 83) were compared with a matched sample of those still living. Thirteen of the 18 task performances significantly distinguished between those still living and those who died. Discriminative analyses were carried out, and the discriminative score cut-offs correctly classified 66% of the subjects as to survival status."}
{"id": "PMID:299567", "title": "Changes in aged white male suicide: 1948-1972.", "content": "Recent changes in the suicide rate of aged white males in America are considered in this study. It is shown that the trend in aged male suicide is closely similar, in the negative direction, to trends in aged income status. A multivariate model, incorporating social and economic variables in a dynamic manner, is formulated. The analysis of rates based upon the dynamic multivariate formulation shows that income status has exerted a significant, negative impact upon aged white male suicide over the period of the analysis. The social variables considered apparently have little or no significance with respect to the course of suicide over the period analyzed.", "contents": "Changes in aged white male suicide: 1948-1972. Recent changes in the suicide rate of aged white males in America are considered in this study. It is shown that the trend in aged male suicide is closely similar, in the negative direction, to trends in aged income status. A multivariate model, incorporating social and economic variables in a dynamic manner, is formulated. The analysis of rates based upon the dynamic multivariate formulation shows that income status has exerted a significant, negative impact upon aged white male suicide over the period of the analysis. The social variables considered apparently have little or no significance with respect to the course of suicide over the period analyzed."}
{"id": "PMID:299568", "title": "Performance and acquisition of serial position sequences by pigeons as measures of behavioral toxicity.", "content": "A procedure has been developed to measure the repeated acquisition of serial position sequences and to study the effects of drugs and toxic chemicals on the behavior generated by the procedure. Thus far experiments using the procedure have shown: (1) Performance schedules generate lower error rates than corresponding acquisition schedules: (2) Addition of a reset contingency further decreases errors under both performance and acquisition schedules: (3) Chained acquisition and performance schedules generate lower error rates than corresponding tandem acquisition and performance schedules: (4) Chained acquisition and performance schedules produce behavior that usually is more sensitive to drugs than corresponding tandem acquisition and performance schedules: (5) Acquisition schedules produce behavior that usually is more sensitive to drugs than corresponding performance schedules: and (6) Lead is an exception in that it produced clearer effects under a chained performance schedule with a reset contingency than under a corresponding acquisition schedule. The greater sensitivity to drug effects of behavior under acquisition schedules than behavior under performance schedules and of behavior under chained schedules may be a function of the baseline error rates, rather than the behavioral processes of acquisition, performance, and stimulus control.", "contents": "Performance and acquisition of serial position sequences by pigeons as measures of behavioral toxicity. A procedure has been developed to measure the repeated acquisition of serial position sequences and to study the effects of drugs and toxic chemicals on the behavior generated by the procedure. Thus far experiments using the procedure have shown: (1) Performance schedules generate lower error rates than corresponding acquisition schedules: (2) Addition of a reset contingency further decreases errors under both performance and acquisition schedules: (3) Chained acquisition and performance schedules generate lower error rates than corresponding tandem acquisition and performance schedules: (4) Chained acquisition and performance schedules produce behavior that usually is more sensitive to drugs than corresponding tandem acquisition and performance schedules: (5) Acquisition schedules produce behavior that usually is more sensitive to drugs than corresponding performance schedules: and (6) Lead is an exception in that it produced clearer effects under a chained performance schedule with a reset contingency than under a corresponding acquisition schedule. The greater sensitivity to drug effects of behavior under acquisition schedules than behavior under performance schedules and of behavior under chained schedules may be a function of the baseline error rates, rather than the behavioral processes of acquisition, performance, and stimulus control."}
{"id": "PMID:299569", "title": "Effects of solvents on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "Operant conditioning techniques have been shown to be sensitive to the acute effects of industrial solvents. In the first experiment, five rats trained in a multiple schedule with a fixed-ratio (FR) 10 component and a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) 20-sec component, with a time out 60-sec between reinforcement periods, were exposed to 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 ml of toluene in the experimental chamber. The effects were dose-dependent, with an increase in rate in the DRL component and a decrease in FR responding. A second experiment assessing the effects of chronic exposure to thinner in the acquisition of a timing behavior in rats showed an impairment in DRL learning after 4, 8 or 16 weeks of exposure to the solvent: however, rats having a resting period did not differ from control animals. Whereas this finding suggests a reversible impairment in the acquisition of a complex behavior, further research is needed to achieve more definitive conclusions.", "contents": "Effects of solvents on schedule-controlled behavior. Operant conditioning techniques have been shown to be sensitive to the acute effects of industrial solvents. In the first experiment, five rats trained in a multiple schedule with a fixed-ratio (FR) 10 component and a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) 20-sec component, with a time out 60-sec between reinforcement periods, were exposed to 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 ml of toluene in the experimental chamber. The effects were dose-dependent, with an increase in rate in the DRL component and a decrease in FR responding. A second experiment assessing the effects of chronic exposure to thinner in the acquisition of a timing behavior in rats showed an impairment in DRL learning after 4, 8 or 16 weeks of exposure to the solvent: however, rats having a resting period did not differ from control animals. Whereas this finding suggests a reversible impairment in the acquisition of a complex behavior, further research is needed to achieve more definitive conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:299570", "title": "Testing for behavioral effects of agents.", "content": "In the present state of science no morphological or chemical changes may be detectable at a time when behavior is profoundly disturbed, as in schizophrenia. Until we are reassured to the contrary, we must assume that exogenetic intoxication can produce changes detectable only as behavioral changes. Therefore behavioral toxicology must be studied. In contrast to toxic manifestations such as lethality or carcinogenicity, which tend to be unequivocal and irreversible, behavioral changes are like physiological changes in that they are quantitative, changing in time, and relate to variables with a considerable range of normal variability. An experiment on behavioral teratology in mice is described and the results used to illustrate the limits of the possible in behavioral toxicology. From reported and observed variability it is surmised that changes that occur in as many as 1 per 100 of the population or average as large as a 10% decrement will still be too small to be detected by direct experiment. Such risks are frequently unacceptable. Reasons are given for hoping that epidemiological studies may be able to supplement experimental toxicological studies to provide a better assessment of risk of small impairments or rare susceptibility.", "contents": "Testing for behavioral effects of agents. In the present state of science no morphological or chemical changes may be detectable at a time when behavior is profoundly disturbed, as in schizophrenia. Until we are reassured to the contrary, we must assume that exogenetic intoxication can produce changes detectable only as behavioral changes. Therefore behavioral toxicology must be studied. In contrast to toxic manifestations such as lethality or carcinogenicity, which tend to be unequivocal and irreversible, behavioral changes are like physiological changes in that they are quantitative, changing in time, and relate to variables with a considerable range of normal variability. An experiment on behavioral teratology in mice is described and the results used to illustrate the limits of the possible in behavioral toxicology. From reported and observed variability it is surmised that changes that occur in as many as 1 per 100 of the population or average as large as a 10% decrement will still be too small to be detected by direct experiment. Such risks are frequently unacceptable. Reasons are given for hoping that epidemiological studies may be able to supplement experimental toxicological studies to provide a better assessment of risk of small impairments or rare susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:299571", "title": "Some problems in interpreting the behavioral effects of lead and methylmercury.", "content": "Two sets of observations are reported as illustrations of problems encountered in behavioral toxicology. First, in an attempt to determine the contribution of methylmercury-induced ataxia to behavioral changes observed on the fixed-consecutive-number schedule, some ancillary control experiments were undertaken. Neither pharmacologically-produced incoordination (ethanol) nor mechanically-produced incoordination (foot taping) led to behavioral changes similar to those seen after exposure to methylmercury. Second, total crop impaction in a pigeon that died during a behavioral experiment on lead suggested some further work. Lead-induced crop stasis in pigeons was measured by x-raying the passage of force-fed stainless steel ball bearings through the crop. This retardation of motility reliably preceded signs of overt toxicity. These results suggest that the behavioral changes in the pigeon noted by us and reported by other investigators cannot be attributed to CNS dysfunction alone, but more likely arise from starvation, or from combined CNS damage and starvation. In addition, these results demonstrate that the appearance of behavioral effects prior to overt toxicity does not necessarily reflect CNS damage.", "contents": "Some problems in interpreting the behavioral effects of lead and methylmercury. Two sets of observations are reported as illustrations of problems encountered in behavioral toxicology. First, in an attempt to determine the contribution of methylmercury-induced ataxia to behavioral changes observed on the fixed-consecutive-number schedule, some ancillary control experiments were undertaken. Neither pharmacologically-produced incoordination (ethanol) nor mechanically-produced incoordination (foot taping) led to behavioral changes similar to those seen after exposure to methylmercury. Second, total crop impaction in a pigeon that died during a behavioral experiment on lead suggested some further work. Lead-induced crop stasis in pigeons was measured by x-raying the passage of force-fed stainless steel ball bearings through the crop. This retardation of motility reliably preceded signs of overt toxicity. These results suggest that the behavioral changes in the pigeon noted by us and reported by other investigators cannot be attributed to CNS dysfunction alone, but more likely arise from starvation, or from combined CNS damage and starvation. In addition, these results demonstrate that the appearance of behavioral effects prior to overt toxicity does not necessarily reflect CNS damage."}
{"id": "PMID:299572", "title": "Behavioral epidemiology of food additives.", "content": "Behavioral toxicology in the natural environment can be considered a special branch of epidemiology. Behavioral epidemiology, because it typically relies on complex functional criteria, faces all of the problems of behavior measurement posed by uncontrollable variation, and amplified even further by chemical exposure. Many such issues arose in a study of behavioral responses to artificial food colors in children. Difficulties in employing Applied Behavioral Analysis in such a context run the gamut from selection of retrospective criteria to appropriate statistical models.", "contents": "Behavioral epidemiology of food additives. Behavioral toxicology in the natural environment can be considered a special branch of epidemiology. Behavioral epidemiology, because it typically relies on complex functional criteria, faces all of the problems of behavior measurement posed by uncontrollable variation, and amplified even further by chemical exposure. Many such issues arose in a study of behavioral responses to artificial food colors in children. Difficulties in employing Applied Behavioral Analysis in such a context run the gamut from selection of retrospective criteria to appropriate statistical models."}
{"id": "PMID:299573", "title": "Effects of toxicants on visual systems.", "content": "The analysis of visual toxicity is complicated by the heterogeneity of visual capacities in different regions of the visual field. Since various toxicants may impair different functions allied to localized portions of the visual field, it is important to explore the relationship of field defects to residual visual abilities. We have begun this exploration by studying methylmercury poisoning in macaque monkeys. Extended exposure to this toxicant produces a marked concentric constriction of visual fields, a result similar to that found in human victims. In addition, visual sensitivity is greatly reduced on those tests in which the periphery of the visual field is more sensitive than the center. Our findings suggest simple but reliable clinical tests for screening suspected victims of substances impairing peripheral vision.", "contents": "Effects of toxicants on visual systems. The analysis of visual toxicity is complicated by the heterogeneity of visual capacities in different regions of the visual field. Since various toxicants may impair different functions allied to localized portions of the visual field, it is important to explore the relationship of field defects to residual visual abilities. We have begun this exploration by studying methylmercury poisoning in macaque monkeys. Extended exposure to this toxicant produces a marked concentric constriction of visual fields, a result similar to that found in human victims. In addition, visual sensitivity is greatly reduced on those tests in which the periphery of the visual field is more sensitive than the center. Our findings suggest simple but reliable clinical tests for screening suspected victims of substances impairing peripheral vision."}
{"id": "PMID:299574", "title": "Psychological test methods: sensitivity to long term chemical exposure at work.", "content": "Five studies dealing with long term occupational exposure to carbon disulfide, a mixture of organic solvents, toluene, styrene and lead are reviewed. All of the studies were cross-sectional, comprising either a comparison between exposed and nonexposed groups or the determination of exposure-response relationships, or both. The tests for the cognitive functions were known clinical intelligence and memory tests. The perceptual and psychomotor tasks were the Santa Ana test, the Bourdon-Wiersma test for visual-motor speed and accuracy, the Symmetry Drawing test and the Mira test. In four of the five studies the neurotoxic effect involved both cognitive and psychomotor functions. In the carbon disulfide group, psychomotor retardation was the most pronounced effect: in the group exposed to solvent mixtures the main effects were seen in the cognitive functions. The effects of styrene were limited to perceptual and psychomotor disturbances. As the most sensitive methods have varied from study to study, the continued use of broad and diverse psychological methodology in studies dealing with long term neurotoxic effects is proposed.", "contents": "Psychological test methods: sensitivity to long term chemical exposure at work. Five studies dealing with long term occupational exposure to carbon disulfide, a mixture of organic solvents, toluene, styrene and lead are reviewed. All of the studies were cross-sectional, comprising either a comparison between exposed and nonexposed groups or the determination of exposure-response relationships, or both. The tests for the cognitive functions were known clinical intelligence and memory tests. The perceptual and psychomotor tasks were the Santa Ana test, the Bourdon-Wiersma test for visual-motor speed and accuracy, the Symmetry Drawing test and the Mira test. In four of the five studies the neurotoxic effect involved both cognitive and psychomotor functions. In the carbon disulfide group, psychomotor retardation was the most pronounced effect: in the group exposed to solvent mixtures the main effects were seen in the cognitive functions. The effects of styrene were limited to perceptual and psychomotor disturbances. As the most sensitive methods have varied from study to study, the continued use of broad and diverse psychological methodology in studies dealing with long term neurotoxic effects is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:299575", "title": "Quantitative analysis of rat behavior patterns in a residential maze.", "content": "A method for monitoring spontaneous locomotor patterns of rats during one day is described. The animals' locomotion is registered in a residential maze by 18 optical gates connected to a computer. Status changes of each optical gate are stored on a disk file and can be retrieved for complete session reconstruction and data analysis. The general features of a rat's behavior in the maze are discussed. Quantitative analyses and statistical comparisons between two sessions spaced two weeks apart and between a group of 4 control animals and 4 rats treated in utero with methylmercury chloride are performed. Following parameters are analysed as functions of time and maze location: locomotor and local activity, occupational duration and time per visit in the maze compartments. Angular dependences of path decisions and regional preferences of crossing at the alley bifurcations are observed. No changes of the measured parameters can be observed between the first and second sessions. Methylmercury treatment results in a consistently lower local activity during the night period and in differences of path preferences.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of rat behavior patterns in a residential maze. A method for monitoring spontaneous locomotor patterns of rats during one day is described. The animals' locomotion is registered in a residential maze by 18 optical gates connected to a computer. Status changes of each optical gate are stored on a disk file and can be retrieved for complete session reconstruction and data analysis. The general features of a rat's behavior in the maze are discussed. Quantitative analyses and statistical comparisons between two sessions spaced two weeks apart and between a group of 4 control animals and 4 rats treated in utero with methylmercury chloride are performed. Following parameters are analysed as functions of time and maze location: locomotor and local activity, occupational duration and time per visit in the maze compartments. Angular dependences of path decisions and regional preferences of crossing at the alley bifurcations are observed. No changes of the measured parameters can be observed between the first and second sessions. Methylmercury treatment results in a consistently lower local activity during the night period and in differences of path preferences."}
{"id": "PMID:299576", "title": "Comparison of neurobehavioral effects induced by various experimental models of ataxia in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to design a standard battery of tests capable of quantitatively characterizing ataxia and concomitant neurological signs in the rat. In addition to a systematic analysis of the walking gait of animals, tests for activity, catalepsy, rigidity and various reflexive responses were included in the battery. The standardization of the test system was performed by determining and comparing neurobehavioral effects produced by 3-acetyl pyridine, acrylamide, pyrithiamine and thiamine deficiency, four experimental treatments reported to induce ataxia in animals. Results indicate that profiles of neurobehavioral disturbances accompanying ataxia in animals varied distinctively with each experimental treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of neurobehavioral effects induced by various experimental models of ataxia in the rat. The purpose of the present study was to design a standard battery of tests capable of quantitatively characterizing ataxia and concomitant neurological signs in the rat. In addition to a systematic analysis of the walking gait of animals, tests for activity, catalepsy, rigidity and various reflexive responses were included in the battery. The standardization of the test system was performed by determining and comparing neurobehavioral effects produced by 3-acetyl pyridine, acrylamide, pyrithiamine and thiamine deficiency, four experimental treatments reported to induce ataxia in animals. Results indicate that profiles of neurobehavioral disturbances accompanying ataxia in animals varied distinctively with each experimental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:299577", "title": "Morphological studies of toxic distal axonopathy.", "content": "Distal axonopathy is the most common form of toxic injury to the peripheral nervous system. Morphological studies of the experimental distal axonapathies produced by acrylamide monomer and hexacarbons have lead to a reappraisal of the dying-back hypothesis. These studies have also provided a rationale for many of the clinical findings in humans with distal axonopathies, and have been especially helpful in elucidating the effects of axonal neurotoxins on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Morphological studies of toxic distal axonopathy. Distal axonopathy is the most common form of toxic injury to the peripheral nervous system. Morphological studies of the experimental distal axonapathies produced by acrylamide monomer and hexacarbons have lead to a reappraisal of the dying-back hypothesis. These studies have also provided a rationale for many of the clinical findings in humans with distal axonopathies, and have been especially helpful in elucidating the effects of axonal neurotoxins on the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:299578", "title": "Cellular responses to neurotoxic compounds of environmental significance.", "content": "Many neurotoxic chemicals of environmental significance can be conveniently classified according to their cellular site of action in the nervous system. This paper considers neurotoxins which damage the nerve cell body (neuronopathy), its axonal process (axonopathy), or the myelin sheath which segmentally enwraps the myelinated axon (myelinopathy). Each of these three conditions can be reproduced in experimental animals for study of the mechanisms and consequences of neurotoxic damage. Detailed morphological examination of toxic distal axonopathies have stimulated biochemical studies which promise to yield a precise explanation of the molecular basis for this common type of neurotoxic disease. It seems possible that a precise description of the molecular basis for toxic distal axonal degeneration is within sight.", "contents": "Cellular responses to neurotoxic compounds of environmental significance. Many neurotoxic chemicals of environmental significance can be conveniently classified according to their cellular site of action in the nervous system. This paper considers neurotoxins which damage the nerve cell body (neuronopathy), its axonal process (axonopathy), or the myelin sheath which segmentally enwraps the myelinated axon (myelinopathy). Each of these three conditions can be reproduced in experimental animals for study of the mechanisms and consequences of neurotoxic damage. Detailed morphological examination of toxic distal axonopathies have stimulated biochemical studies which promise to yield a precise explanation of the molecular basis for this common type of neurotoxic disease. It seems possible that a precise description of the molecular basis for toxic distal axonal degeneration is within sight."}
{"id": "PMID:299579", "title": "Physiological and neurobehavioral alterations during development in lead exposed rats.", "content": "Neonatal rats were exposed to lead (Pb) from parturition to weaning via the milk of dams which consumed 0 (tap water), 0.02% or 0.2% PbAc2 solutions. To determine if this regimen altered physiological and neurobehavioral development, responses to a battery of sensory-motor tests were evaluated during maturation and as adults. The tests were: visual evoked responses (VER), temperature regulation, maximal electroshock seizure patterns, reflex patterns, and neuromuscular performance. Overall results revealed that the Pb-exposed group compared to controls exhibited delayed maturation, altered developmental patterns and long-term CNS disturbances. Additionally, low-level strychnine administration during development caused additive interactions with both Pb groups, uncovering subtle effects of toxicant exposure. These sensitive and quantifiable techniques proved useful for assessing CNS functioning following perinatal insult, and except for the VER, are simple to conduct and cost efficient because they require a minimal amount of personnel training, equipment cost and time invested per animal. These screening tests also suggest further areas of study and may indicate the mechanism(s) responsible for the deficit.", "contents": "Physiological and neurobehavioral alterations during development in lead exposed rats. Neonatal rats were exposed to lead (Pb) from parturition to weaning via the milk of dams which consumed 0 (tap water), 0.02% or 0.2% PbAc2 solutions. To determine if this regimen altered physiological and neurobehavioral development, responses to a battery of sensory-motor tests were evaluated during maturation and as adults. The tests were: visual evoked responses (VER), temperature regulation, maximal electroshock seizure patterns, reflex patterns, and neuromuscular performance. Overall results revealed that the Pb-exposed group compared to controls exhibited delayed maturation, altered developmental patterns and long-term CNS disturbances. Additionally, low-level strychnine administration during development caused additive interactions with both Pb groups, uncovering subtle effects of toxicant exposure. These sensitive and quantifiable techniques proved useful for assessing CNS functioning following perinatal insult, and except for the VER, are simple to conduct and cost efficient because they require a minimal amount of personnel training, equipment cost and time invested per animal. These screening tests also suggest further areas of study and may indicate the mechanism(s) responsible for the deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:299580", "title": "A preliminary test battery for the investigation of the behavioral teratology of selected psychotropic drugs.", "content": "Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received 25 mg/kg of prochlorperazine, 20 mg/kg of fenfluramine, 75 mg/kg of propoxyphene or 200 mg/kg of diazepam daily between the 7th and 20th days of gestation. Vehicle control groups and a positive control group (vitamin A 40,000 IU/kg/day) were similarly prepared. Observations of reproductive performance were made and the offspring examined in a battery of neurobehavioral tests. Fenfluramine and prochlorperazine produced abnormalities in both the reproductive measures and neurobehavioral testing. Propoxyphene produced developmental delays and other signs of \"pure\" behavioral teratogenesis in that these effects were not anticipated in any of the observations of reproductive performance. Diazepam appeared to have the mildest effect on all the measurements taken. The test methods used in this study appear to be a reasonable initial approach to the development of neurobehavioral screening procedures which are comprehensive, sensitive, and usable.", "contents": "A preliminary test battery for the investigation of the behavioral teratology of selected psychotropic drugs. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received 25 mg/kg of prochlorperazine, 20 mg/kg of fenfluramine, 75 mg/kg of propoxyphene or 200 mg/kg of diazepam daily between the 7th and 20th days of gestation. Vehicle control groups and a positive control group (vitamin A 40,000 IU/kg/day) were similarly prepared. Observations of reproductive performance were made and the offspring examined in a battery of neurobehavioral tests. Fenfluramine and prochlorperazine produced abnormalities in both the reproductive measures and neurobehavioral testing. Propoxyphene produced developmental delays and other signs of \"pure\" behavioral teratogenesis in that these effects were not anticipated in any of the observations of reproductive performance. Diazepam appeared to have the mildest effect on all the measurements taken. The test methods used in this study appear to be a reasonable initial approach to the development of neurobehavioral screening procedures which are comprehensive, sensitive, and usable."}
{"id": "PMID:299581", "title": "Assays for behavioral toxicity: a strategy for the Environmental Protection Agency.", "content": "Broad agreement on specific approaches or standardized test batteries for assessing behavioral toxicity is unlikely to emerge in the foreseeable future. EPA should reject test standardization in any case, however; standardization stifles progress and, in addition, may bypass unique properties of new types of substances. The optimal strategy is to prescribe a set of functions, such as sensory, motor, and complex performance processes, leaving it to the manufacturer to select adequate tasks. Adequacy would be judged by EPA staff, in consultation with advisory panels, and resolved, in most cases, by a dialogue with the manufacturer.", "contents": "Assays for behavioral toxicity: a strategy for the Environmental Protection Agency. Broad agreement on specific approaches or standardized test batteries for assessing behavioral toxicity is unlikely to emerge in the foreseeable future. EPA should reject test standardization in any case, however; standardization stifles progress and, in addition, may bypass unique properties of new types of substances. The optimal strategy is to prescribe a set of functions, such as sensory, motor, and complex performance processes, leaving it to the manufacturer to select adequate tasks. Adequacy would be judged by EPA staff, in consultation with advisory panels, and resolved, in most cases, by a dialogue with the manufacturer."}
{"id": "PMID:299583", "title": "Comparative behavioral toxicology.", "content": "Behavioral conditioning together with conventional sensory testing methods may be used in the evaluation of toxic effects on sensory systems in experimental animal models. Such procedures yield precise quantitative estimates of impairment in absolute and differential acuity and in sensory perception. Additionally, these behavioral changes can be related to the presence of histopathology in peripheral sensory structures; this orderly relation between structure and function may aid in our understanding of the basis for sensory coding in the normal end organ.", "contents": "Comparative behavioral toxicology. Behavioral conditioning together with conventional sensory testing methods may be used in the evaluation of toxic effects on sensory systems in experimental animal models. Such procedures yield precise quantitative estimates of impairment in absolute and differential acuity and in sensory perception. Additionally, these behavioral changes can be related to the presence of histopathology in peripheral sensory structures; this orderly relation between structure and function may aid in our understanding of the basis for sensory coding in the normal end organ."}
{"id": "PMID:299584", "title": "Trialwise tracking method for measuring drug-affected sensory threshold changes in animals.", "content": "Rats and rhesus monkeys were trained under a multiple schedule, the components of which were random ratio schedules for food presentation and for shock presentation. The discriminative stimulus for the shock presentation component was a pure tone for the rats and a light for the rhesus monkeys. In the test session under the extinction condition for the shock presentation component, the intensity of the discriminative stimulus was successively either decreased by fixed units when the conditioned suppression was observed or increased when the conditioned suppression was not observed. The levels finally oscillated within a narrow range around the threshold. The auditory thresholds of rats were increased by intramuscular administration of quinidine at 20 mg/kg and also by repeated intramuscular administration of kanamycin at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. In rhesus monkeys, visual thresholds were raised by application of pilocarpine at 0.02-0.16 mg/kg to the eyes and also by subcutaneous administration of LSD-25 at 4-8 micrograms/kg in one monkey and at 20-30 micrograms/kg in another. The method used for tracking the animals' sensory thresholds was sensitive enough to test the selective effect of the drugs and was also a relatively easy way to obtain a stable behavioral baseline for experimental purposes.", "contents": "Trialwise tracking method for measuring drug-affected sensory threshold changes in animals. Rats and rhesus monkeys were trained under a multiple schedule, the components of which were random ratio schedules for food presentation and for shock presentation. The discriminative stimulus for the shock presentation component was a pure tone for the rats and a light for the rhesus monkeys. In the test session under the extinction condition for the shock presentation component, the intensity of the discriminative stimulus was successively either decreased by fixed units when the conditioned suppression was observed or increased when the conditioned suppression was not observed. The levels finally oscillated within a narrow range around the threshold. The auditory thresholds of rats were increased by intramuscular administration of quinidine at 20 mg/kg and also by repeated intramuscular administration of kanamycin at 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. In rhesus monkeys, visual thresholds were raised by application of pilocarpine at 0.02-0.16 mg/kg to the eyes and also by subcutaneous administration of LSD-25 at 4-8 micrograms/kg in one monkey and at 20-30 micrograms/kg in another. The method used for tracking the animals' sensory thresholds was sensitive enough to test the selective effect of the drugs and was also a relatively easy way to obtain a stable behavioral baseline for experimental purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:299585", "title": "Behavioral assessment of risk-taking and psychophysical functions in the baboon.", "content": "Laboratory procedures have been developed for the experimental analysis of risk-taking and psychophysical functions in dog-faced baboons (Papio anubis). In a procedure analogous to the traffic light situation, animals are rewarded with food pellets for completing a fixed ratio of 100 responses in the presence of a green light. Superimposed upon this baseline performance are 5-second presentations of a yellow warning light terminated by a red light in the presence of which all responses are punished with electric shock. When the yellow light is introduced late in the sequence (e.g., after 93 responses have been completed), response rates increase and the 100-response ratio is completed before the 5-second yellow light times out. When the yellow light appears early in the sequence (e.g., after 73 responses) a marked decrease in response rate is observed with cessation of responding before onset of the red light. The sensitivity of components of this risk-taking performance to pharmacological toxicants is reported and psychophysical assessment of relevant sensory-motor effects described.", "contents": "Behavioral assessment of risk-taking and psychophysical functions in the baboon. Laboratory procedures have been developed for the experimental analysis of risk-taking and psychophysical functions in dog-faced baboons (Papio anubis). In a procedure analogous to the traffic light situation, animals are rewarded with food pellets for completing a fixed ratio of 100 responses in the presence of a green light. Superimposed upon this baseline performance are 5-second presentations of a yellow warning light terminated by a red light in the presence of which all responses are punished with electric shock. When the yellow light is introduced late in the sequence (e.g., after 93 responses have been completed), response rates increase and the 100-response ratio is completed before the 5-second yellow light times out. When the yellow light appears early in the sequence (e.g., after 73 responses) a marked decrease in response rate is observed with cessation of responding before onset of the red light. The sensitivity of components of this risk-taking performance to pharmacological toxicants is reported and psychophysical assessment of relevant sensory-motor effects described."}
{"id": "PMID:299586", "title": "Operant conditioning of infant monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for toxicity testing.", "content": "A technique has been developed that allows infant monkeys to perform on an operant schedule as soon as they are able to self-feed. Behavior is shaped in small increments through a series of operants; sensory and motor systems as well as performance on schedules using intermittent reinforcement may be tested as early as 3-4 weeks of age. This is accomplished by exposing the infant to the operant situation almost continuously, and allowing the infant to feed only by operantly responding. Infants exposed to lead post-natally differed from controls in pattern of fixed ratio responding, \"activity\" as measured by pattern of responding over the course of the session, and on a two-choice form discrimination reversal learning set paradigm. This technique allows rapid accumulation of large amounts of data without experimenter intervention.", "contents": "Operant conditioning of infant monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) for toxicity testing. A technique has been developed that allows infant monkeys to perform on an operant schedule as soon as they are able to self-feed. Behavior is shaped in small increments through a series of operants; sensory and motor systems as well as performance on schedules using intermittent reinforcement may be tested as early as 3-4 weeks of age. This is accomplished by exposing the infant to the operant situation almost continuously, and allowing the infant to feed only by operantly responding. Infants exposed to lead post-natally differed from controls in pattern of fixed ratio responding, \"activity\" as measured by pattern of responding over the course of the session, and on a two-choice form discrimination reversal learning set paradigm. This technique allows rapid accumulation of large amounts of data without experimenter intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:299587", "title": "Effects of pre- and post-natal lead on affective behavior and learning in the rat.", "content": "Literature relevant to the relationship between early ingestion of inorganic lead and subsequent hyperactivity in rodents is discussed. Original research in the area is presented. Rats so exposed were not hyperactive in any of the situations investigated or under any of the dosage regimens employed. They did show hypoactivity in the open field when dosed over a prolonged period. Using a new behavior measure, lead-treated rats were found to be less active than controls in the passive avoidance situation. The possible utility of this new measure for behavioral and developmental toxicology is discussed. It is concluded that the available evidence does not support the contention that a meaningful relationship exists between early lead ingestion and hyperactive behavior. It is suggested that future research may more profitably be directed to assessing the effects of lead ingestion on behavior in stressful or fear provoking situations.", "contents": "Effects of pre- and post-natal lead on affective behavior and learning in the rat. Literature relevant to the relationship between early ingestion of inorganic lead and subsequent hyperactivity in rodents is discussed. Original research in the area is presented. Rats so exposed were not hyperactive in any of the situations investigated or under any of the dosage regimens employed. They did show hypoactivity in the open field when dosed over a prolonged period. Using a new behavior measure, lead-treated rats were found to be less active than controls in the passive avoidance situation. The possible utility of this new measure for behavioral and developmental toxicology is discussed. It is concluded that the available evidence does not support the contention that a meaningful relationship exists between early lead ingestion and hyperactive behavior. It is suggested that future research may more profitably be directed to assessing the effects of lead ingestion on behavior in stressful or fear provoking situations."}
{"id": "PMID:299588", "title": "Alcohol and the acoustic reflex: effects of stimulus spectrum, subject variability, and sex.", "content": "Acoustic reflex thresholds were measured for eighteen young adults (9 men and 9 women) at four different blood alcohol levels: 0.00%, ascending 0.10%, 0.15% (peak level), and descending 0.10%. Reflex-eliciting stimuli consisted of three narrow-band noises (300 to 600, 600 to 1200, and 1200 to 2400 Hz) and three broad band noises (white noise, recorded rock music, and recorded factory noise). Prealcohol reflex thresholds were found to be significantly more sensitive than all postalcohol reflex thresholds for all stimuli, and broad-band stimuli demonstrated greater threshold shifts than did narrow-band stimuli. Significant sex differences were not observed for any blood alcohol level. Between subject variability was high, with 10 subjects showing little or no reflex threshold change and the other 8 subjects showing dramatic threshold changes.", "contents": "Alcohol and the acoustic reflex: effects of stimulus spectrum, subject variability, and sex. Acoustic reflex thresholds were measured for eighteen young adults (9 men and 9 women) at four different blood alcohol levels: 0.00%, ascending 0.10%, 0.15% (peak level), and descending 0.10%. Reflex-eliciting stimuli consisted of three narrow-band noises (300 to 600, 600 to 1200, and 1200 to 2400 Hz) and three broad band noises (white noise, recorded rock music, and recorded factory noise). Prealcohol reflex thresholds were found to be significantly more sensitive than all postalcohol reflex thresholds for all stimuli, and broad-band stimuli demonstrated greater threshold shifts than did narrow-band stimuli. Significant sex differences were not observed for any blood alcohol level. Between subject variability was high, with 10 subjects showing little or no reflex threshold change and the other 8 subjects showing dramatic threshold changes."}
{"id": "PMID:299589", "title": "Understanding continuity effects with complex stimuli.", "content": "When a low-intensity stimulus A is alternated in time with a high-intensity stimulus B of relatively short duration, stimulus A is heard as continuous. This \"continuity\" effect is shown to occur even when the B stimulus is a series of sharp pulses at one rate and the A stimulus is a series of pulses at another rate which must produce a very different neural temporal pattern. Simple substitution models of the continuity effect are thus shown to be inadequate. A model is presented to make various types of continuity effects more understandable.", "contents": "Understanding continuity effects with complex stimuli. When a low-intensity stimulus A is alternated in time with a high-intensity stimulus B of relatively short duration, stimulus A is heard as continuous. This \"continuity\" effect is shown to occur even when the B stimulus is a series of sharp pulses at one rate and the A stimulus is a series of pulses at another rate which must produce a very different neural temporal pattern. Simple substitution models of the continuity effect are thus shown to be inadequate. A model is presented to make various types of continuity effects more understandable."}
{"id": "PMID:299590", "title": "Consonant perception by normals in conditions of filtering.", "content": "Consonant perception was investigated for 120 normal-hearing adults who listened to 16 consonants in a phrase context and made similarity judgements of 256 diadic stimulus pairs on a 9-point equal-appearing interval scale. Stimuli were presented at subjects' most comfortable listening levels in 3 low-pass filtered and one nonfiltered conditions. Subjects' ratings were converted to 16 X 16 full symmetric similarity matrices and submitted to INDSCAL analyses. Results revealed perceptual features common to all groups, as well as group-specific features (i.e., sibilancy, stop/continuancy, and place for nonfiltered; plosive and place for 4000-Hz low-pass; stop/continuancy and place for 2000-Hz low-pass; and voicing and stop/continuancy for 500-Hz low-pass). These results were similar to those found earlier for hearing-impaired subjects having sensorineural losses compatible with these frequency cut-offs.", "contents": "Consonant perception by normals in conditions of filtering. Consonant perception was investigated for 120 normal-hearing adults who listened to 16 consonants in a phrase context and made similarity judgements of 256 diadic stimulus pairs on a 9-point equal-appearing interval scale. Stimuli were presented at subjects' most comfortable listening levels in 3 low-pass filtered and one nonfiltered conditions. Subjects' ratings were converted to 16 X 16 full symmetric similarity matrices and submitted to INDSCAL analyses. Results revealed perceptual features common to all groups, as well as group-specific features (i.e., sibilancy, stop/continuancy, and place for nonfiltered; plosive and place for 4000-Hz low-pass; stop/continuancy and place for 2000-Hz low-pass; and voicing and stop/continuancy for 500-Hz low-pass). These results were similar to those found earlier for hearing-impaired subjects having sensorineural losses compatible with these frequency cut-offs."}
{"id": "PMID:299591", "title": "Users' satisfaction with hearing aids.", "content": "Seventy-one hearing aid users were surveyed two years after their initial fitting to determine whether they (1) wore the hearing aid(s) prescribed, (2) were satisfied with their aid(s), (3) had specific complaints about their aid(s), and (4) would recommend that a hearing-impaired friend or relative go through the same hearing aid selection process. Ninety-six percent of the respondents obtained that aid that we recommended. Eighty-eight percent were \"very satisfied\" or \"satisfied\" with the help that their aid(s) provided. Eighty-two percent would recommend that a hearing-impaired friend or relative go directly to a \"hearing specialist\" for assistance when selecting a hearing aid.", "contents": "Users' satisfaction with hearing aids. Seventy-one hearing aid users were surveyed two years after their initial fitting to determine whether they (1) wore the hearing aid(s) prescribed, (2) were satisfied with their aid(s), (3) had specific complaints about their aid(s), and (4) would recommend that a hearing-impaired friend or relative go through the same hearing aid selection process. Ninety-six percent of the respondents obtained that aid that we recommended. Eighty-eight percent were \"very satisfied\" or \"satisfied\" with the help that their aid(s) provided. Eighty-two percent would recommend that a hearing-impaired friend or relative go directly to a \"hearing specialist\" for assistance when selecting a hearing aid."}
{"id": "PMID:299592", "title": "The influence of the guess factor on the speech reception threshold.", "content": "Thirty normal hearing subjects were utilized in an investigation designed to determine the extent to which guessing on the part of the listener may influence the speech reception threshold. Results suggest that the magnitude of the speech reception threshold may be significantly altered as a result of the degree of guessing which occurs during the administration of the test. Clinical implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of the guess factor on the speech reception threshold. Thirty normal hearing subjects were utilized in an investigation designed to determine the extent to which guessing on the part of the listener may influence the speech reception threshold. Results suggest that the magnitude of the speech reception threshold may be significantly altered as a result of the degree of guessing which occurs during the administration of the test. Clinical implications of this finding are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299593", "title": "High-frequency consonant word discrimination lists in hearing aid evaluation.", "content": "A summary of the results shows that with 5 of the 9 subjects the high-frequency consonant scores indicated the same aid for the patient that the NU-6 scores indicated. In 2 cases the NU-6 indicated amplification was appropriate whereas the high-frequency consonant scores indicated amplification was not appropriate. Obviously, the high-frequency consonant scores should be considered supplemental to the NU-6 scores and not as a replacement for the NU-6. The combination of the NU-6 and the high-frequency consonant results for Subject 1 may indicate that the patient should have received further counseling and should have been taught how to communicate more effectively without an aid. The high-frequency consonant scores obtained by 2 of the subjects indicated different aids than the ones indicated by the NU-6 test and the patient preference. Perhaps the reason the patient chose an aid other than the one that would most benefit him was that he was most comfortable with the aid that allowed him to hear in the manner to which he was accustomed, even if he did not do as well with it. If a person had become accustomed to not hearing the high-frequency sounds, an aid that suddenly allowed him to hear those sounds might disturb him. The addition of high-frequency amplification might have made speech sound foreign to him. It would have been much easier for him to choose the aid that he was most comfortable with.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "High-frequency consonant word discrimination lists in hearing aid evaluation. A summary of the results shows that with 5 of the 9 subjects the high-frequency consonant scores indicated the same aid for the patient that the NU-6 scores indicated. In 2 cases the NU-6 indicated amplification was appropriate whereas the high-frequency consonant scores indicated amplification was not appropriate. Obviously, the high-frequency consonant scores should be considered supplemental to the NU-6 scores and not as a replacement for the NU-6. The combination of the NU-6 and the high-frequency consonant results for Subject 1 may indicate that the patient should have received further counseling and should have been taught how to communicate more effectively without an aid. The high-frequency consonant scores obtained by 2 of the subjects indicated different aids than the ones indicated by the NU-6 test and the patient preference. Perhaps the reason the patient chose an aid other than the one that would most benefit him was that he was most comfortable with the aid that allowed him to hear in the manner to which he was accustomed, even if he did not do as well with it. If a person had become accustomed to not hearing the high-frequency sounds, an aid that suddenly allowed him to hear those sounds might disturb him. The addition of high-frequency amplification might have made speech sound foreign to him. It would have been much easier for him to choose the aid that he was most comfortable with.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:299607", "title": "Developing service-based teaching in health education for medical students.", "content": "In the expanding concern about the social-behavioral aspects of health care in medical education, health education has opportunities for making itself an important part of basic medical training. The need is to actually define a physician's appropriate educational tasks and competencies as a basis for curriculum development in health education which would ideally be integrated into the whole educational program. This case study presents efforts to develop an educational service component at a rural health center which, connected to a major teaching hospital, serves as a learning base for medical students. Through trial and student feedback a program has been developed which includes patient counseling, evaluative home visits, group education sessions, exit interviews, medication counseling, community needs assessment and educational consultation with local school teachers. With this program as a foundation, the goal is to integrate health education learning throughout the rest of the medical curriculum.", "contents": "Developing service-based teaching in health education for medical students. In the expanding concern about the social-behavioral aspects of health care in medical education, health education has opportunities for making itself an important part of basic medical training. The need is to actually define a physician's appropriate educational tasks and competencies as a basis for curriculum development in health education which would ideally be integrated into the whole educational program. This case study presents efforts to develop an educational service component at a rural health center which, connected to a major teaching hospital, serves as a learning base for medical students. Through trial and student feedback a program has been developed which includes patient counseling, evaluative home visits, group education sessions, exit interviews, medication counseling, community needs assessment and educational consultation with local school teachers. With this program as a foundation, the goal is to integrate health education learning throughout the rest of the medical curriculum."}
{"id": "PMID:299608", "title": "Progressive health education through community organization: a case study.", "content": "Successful health education programs should be based on well-integrated community systems and networks. A health educator encountering community disintegration assumes a responsibility for taking a community organization effort. A case study of such an effort, based on Rothman's locality development model, is described. Community diagnosis and program development stages are detailed. Community health projects were among the outcomes attributed to this project.", "contents": "Progressive health education through community organization: a case study. Successful health education programs should be based on well-integrated community systems and networks. A health educator encountering community disintegration assumes a responsibility for taking a community organization effort. A case study of such an effort, based on Rothman's locality development model, is described. Community diagnosis and program development stages are detailed. Community health projects were among the outcomes attributed to this project."}
{"id": "PMID:299609", "title": "Shaping the future of health education: from behavior change to social change.", "content": "The view that individual behavior change is the primary goal of health education presents several serious problems. Although individual behavior does contribute to health and disease, social organization is perhaps a more powerful influence. The use of behavior change as the primary tool for health education raises grave ethical issues. Health education which seeks to change individual behavior has also failed to have a significant impact on public health. An alternative strategy is health education for social change. The goal of this approach is to involve people in collective action to create health promoting environments and life-styles. Several contemporary models for and principles characteristic of health education for social change are described.", "contents": "Shaping the future of health education: from behavior change to social change. The view that individual behavior change is the primary goal of health education presents several serious problems. Although individual behavior does contribute to health and disease, social organization is perhaps a more powerful influence. The use of behavior change as the primary tool for health education raises grave ethical issues. Health education which seeks to change individual behavior has also failed to have a significant impact on public health. An alternative strategy is health education for social change. The goal of this approach is to involve people in collective action to create health promoting environments and life-styles. Several contemporary models for and principles characteristic of health education for social change are described."}
{"id": "PMID:299610", "title": "Determinants of consumer influence in a health systems agency.", "content": "An 18-month study of consumer participation and influence in a Health Systems Agency (HSA) found consumer board members to be less influential than provider board members in agency decision-making. In an effort to investigate causes of the influence deficit experienced by consumer HSA board members three issues were studied: staff attitudes toward consumer participation; board member degree of representative accountability; and board member attitudes concerning commitment to consumer participation, commitment to health planning, health services attitude, and feelings of social powerlessness. Results indicated that staff members were favorable toward the concept of consumer participation. They recognized a lack of low-income minority participation, but they did not provide support or allocate resources to enhance consumers' ability to participate. Providers were less committed to consumer participation, felt more socially powerful, and had greater representative accountability than did consumers. Several strategies for increasing consumer influence in HSA decision-making processes are proposed.", "contents": "Determinants of consumer influence in a health systems agency. An 18-month study of consumer participation and influence in a Health Systems Agency (HSA) found consumer board members to be less influential than provider board members in agency decision-making. In an effort to investigate causes of the influence deficit experienced by consumer HSA board members three issues were studied: staff attitudes toward consumer participation; board member degree of representative accountability; and board member attitudes concerning commitment to consumer participation, commitment to health planning, health services attitude, and feelings of social powerlessness. Results indicated that staff members were favorable toward the concept of consumer participation. They recognized a lack of low-income minority participation, but they did not provide support or allocate resources to enhance consumers' ability to participate. Providers were less committed to consumer participation, felt more socially powerful, and had greater representative accountability than did consumers. Several strategies for increasing consumer influence in HSA decision-making processes are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:299611", "title": "Construct validation of the health belief model.", "content": "A multitrait-multimethod design was employed to assess the construct validity of the Health Belief Model. The data were obtained from a nonrepresentative sample of 85 graduate students at The University of Michigan's School of Public Health. The traits consisted of the respondents' perceptions of: health interest, locus of control, susceptibility to influenza, severity of influenza, benefits provided by a flu shot, and the barriers or costs associated with getting a flu shot. Each trait was measured by three methods: a seven-point Likert scale, a fixed-alternative multiple choice scale, and a vignette. The results indicate that the Health Belief Model variables can be measured with a substantial amount of convergent validity using Likert or multiple choice questionnaire items. With regard to discriminant validity, evidence suggests that subjects' perceptions of barriers and benefits are quite different from their perceptions of susceptibility and severity. Perceptions of susceptibility and severity are substantially but not entirely independent. Perceived benefits and barriers demonstrate a strong negative relationship which suggests the possibility that these two variables represent opposite ends of a single continuum and not separate health beliefs. These preliminary results provide the basis for developing brief health belief scales that may be administered to samples of consumers and providers to assess educational needs. Such needs assessment, in turn, could then be used to tailor messages and programs to meet the particular needs of a client group.", "contents": "Construct validation of the health belief model. A multitrait-multimethod design was employed to assess the construct validity of the Health Belief Model. The data were obtained from a nonrepresentative sample of 85 graduate students at The University of Michigan's School of Public Health. The traits consisted of the respondents' perceptions of: health interest, locus of control, susceptibility to influenza, severity of influenza, benefits provided by a flu shot, and the barriers or costs associated with getting a flu shot. Each trait was measured by three methods: a seven-point Likert scale, a fixed-alternative multiple choice scale, and a vignette. The results indicate that the Health Belief Model variables can be measured with a substantial amount of convergent validity using Likert or multiple choice questionnaire items. With regard to discriminant validity, evidence suggests that subjects' perceptions of barriers and benefits are quite different from their perceptions of susceptibility and severity. Perceptions of susceptibility and severity are substantially but not entirely independent. Perceived benefits and barriers demonstrate a strong negative relationship which suggests the possibility that these two variables represent opposite ends of a single continuum and not separate health beliefs. These preliminary results provide the basis for developing brief health belief scales that may be administered to samples of consumers and providers to assess educational needs. Such needs assessment, in turn, could then be used to tailor messages and programs to meet the particular needs of a client group."}
{"id": "PMID:299643", "title": "Reconstitution of cells by fusion of cell fragments. I. Myogenic expression after fusion of minicells from rat myoblasts (L6) with mouse fibroblast (A9) cytoplasm.", "content": "Rat L6 myoblasts and mouse A9 fibroblasts (HGPRT-) were enucleated by centrifugation of monolayers in the presence of cytochalasin B. Intact cells were reconstituted by Sendai virus mediated fusion of nuclei (minicells) from enucleated rat myoblasts and cytoplasms from enucleated mouse fibroblasts. Colonies arising from proliferating reconstituted cells were distinguished from intact parental cell types on the basis of nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. In five replicate experiments, approx. 70% of all colonies found after fusion were derived from reconstituted cells, 30% arose from intact rat myoblasts contaminating the minicell preparations, and two colonies were identified as hybrids between the parental cell types. Clones derived from reconstituted cells formed myotubes which produced myosin and developed the cross-striated pattern typical of skeletal muscle. The myogenic program of the rat myoblast thus can persist through the enucleation and reconstitution procedures, and is not obviously altered by a period of exposure to mouse fibroblast cytoplasm.", "contents": "Reconstitution of cells by fusion of cell fragments. I. Myogenic expression after fusion of minicells from rat myoblasts (L6) with mouse fibroblast (A9) cytoplasm. Rat L6 myoblasts and mouse A9 fibroblasts (HGPRT-) were enucleated by centrifugation of monolayers in the presence of cytochalasin B. Intact cells were reconstituted by Sendai virus mediated fusion of nuclei (minicells) from enucleated rat myoblasts and cytoplasms from enucleated mouse fibroblasts. Colonies arising from proliferating reconstituted cells were distinguished from intact parental cell types on the basis of nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. In five replicate experiments, approx. 70% of all colonies found after fusion were derived from reconstituted cells, 30% arose from intact rat myoblasts contaminating the minicell preparations, and two colonies were identified as hybrids between the parental cell types. Clones derived from reconstituted cells formed myotubes which produced myosin and developed the cross-striated pattern typical of skeletal muscle. The myogenic program of the rat myoblast thus can persist through the enucleation and reconstitution procedures, and is not obviously altered by a period of exposure to mouse fibroblast cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:299644", "title": "DNA content of microcells prepared from rat kangaroo and mouse cells.", "content": "Enucleation of animal cells in which nuclear fragmentation (micronucleation) has been induced by treatment with mitotic inhibitors results in the formation of subdiploid microcells consisting of one or several micronuclei, some cytoplasm and surrounded by a plasma membrane. Microcells were prepared from rat kangaroo cells (12 chromosomes) and a polyoma virus transformed mouse cell line (61 chromosomes) and analysed for DNA content. Microspectrophotometric DNA measurements and the appearance of micronuclei at mitosis show that small micronuclei contain genetic information equivalent to single chromosomes. A large proportion of the micronuclei and the microcells, however, contains DNA corresponding to several chromosomes. Heterogeneous mixtures of microcells can be fractionated by a unit gravity sedimentation procedure so as to isolate the small microcells. These can afterwards be fused with intact normal or mutant cells.", "contents": "DNA content of microcells prepared from rat kangaroo and mouse cells. Enucleation of animal cells in which nuclear fragmentation (micronucleation) has been induced by treatment with mitotic inhibitors results in the formation of subdiploid microcells consisting of one or several micronuclei, some cytoplasm and surrounded by a plasma membrane. Microcells were prepared from rat kangaroo cells (12 chromosomes) and a polyoma virus transformed mouse cell line (61 chromosomes) and analysed for DNA content. Microspectrophotometric DNA measurements and the appearance of micronuclei at mitosis show that small micronuclei contain genetic information equivalent to single chromosomes. A large proportion of the micronuclei and the microcells, however, contains DNA corresponding to several chromosomes. Heterogeneous mixtures of microcells can be fractionated by a unit gravity sedimentation procedure so as to isolate the small microcells. These can afterwards be fused with intact normal or mutant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299645", "title": "Cycloheximide-induced mitotic delay in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Cycloheximide pulses applied to Physarum polycephalum surface plasmodia delay mitosis. Pulses applied in G2 cause a delay of mitosis which is linearly dependent on the phase in the cell cycle at which the pulse is applied. A 30 min pulse of 10 micrograms/ml cycloheximide starting in G2 at time t after mitosis induces an excess delay (delay in excess of pulse duration) of the next mitosis of (0.55) t-1.3 h. The excess delays induced by 7 h pulses during G2 are at most 1 h larger. Pulses applied less than 30 min before mitosis induce only small delays.", "contents": "Cycloheximide-induced mitotic delay in Physarum polycephalum. Cycloheximide pulses applied to Physarum polycephalum surface plasmodia delay mitosis. Pulses applied in G2 cause a delay of mitosis which is linearly dependent on the phase in the cell cycle at which the pulse is applied. A 30 min pulse of 10 micrograms/ml cycloheximide starting in G2 at time t after mitosis induces an excess delay (delay in excess of pulse duration) of the next mitosis of (0.55) t-1.3 h. The excess delays induced by 7 h pulses during G2 are at most 1 h larger. Pulses applied less than 30 min before mitosis induce only small delays."}
{"id": "PMID:299646", "title": "Acquisition of synchronous beating between embryonic heart cell aggregates and layers.", "content": "Synchronous beating between chick embryonic heart cell aggregates and heart cell layers was used to study the relationship between intercellular adhesion and ionic coupling. Adhesion was measured by counting the proportion of aggregates which were not to be removed from cell layers by gentle washing after a 30 min incubation. Synchrony between bound aggregates and contiguous layers was assessed by phase microscopy. The first evidence of synchrony was seen 1.5 h after addition of aggregates to layers, following which there was an increase in the percentage of aggregates beating synchronously, reaching over 50% at 7 h and slowly increasing to a maximum of 65% by 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy and autoradiography of thymidine-labeled cells suggest that synchrony does not depend on cell movement at the interface between aggregate and layer. Acquisition of synchrony can be prevented completely by inhibiting protein synthesis, although pulsation of aggregates and layers continues in proportions unchanged from controls. After reversal of protein synthesis inhibition, synchrony is acquired at a rate and to an extent closely resembling that of newly adherent controls. These data indicate that ionic coupling is neither an inevitable nor an immediate consequence of adhesion. Since ionic coupling has been shown to correlate with the presence of gap junctions, the findings suggest that gap junctions are not involved in the initial events responsible for intercellular adhesion in vitro and that their formation following adhesion in this system may depend upon protein synthesis.", "contents": "Acquisition of synchronous beating between embryonic heart cell aggregates and layers. Synchronous beating between chick embryonic heart cell aggregates and heart cell layers was used to study the relationship between intercellular adhesion and ionic coupling. Adhesion was measured by counting the proportion of aggregates which were not to be removed from cell layers by gentle washing after a 30 min incubation. Synchrony between bound aggregates and contiguous layers was assessed by phase microscopy. The first evidence of synchrony was seen 1.5 h after addition of aggregates to layers, following which there was an increase in the percentage of aggregates beating synchronously, reaching over 50% at 7 h and slowly increasing to a maximum of 65% by 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy and autoradiography of thymidine-labeled cells suggest that synchrony does not depend on cell movement at the interface between aggregate and layer. Acquisition of synchrony can be prevented completely by inhibiting protein synthesis, although pulsation of aggregates and layers continues in proportions unchanged from controls. After reversal of protein synthesis inhibition, synchrony is acquired at a rate and to an extent closely resembling that of newly adherent controls. These data indicate that ionic coupling is neither an inevitable nor an immediate consequence of adhesion. Since ionic coupling has been shown to correlate with the presence of gap junctions, the findings suggest that gap junctions are not involved in the initial events responsible for intercellular adhesion in vitro and that their formation following adhesion in this system may depend upon protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:299647", "title": "Morphological and functional correlates of synchronous beating between embryonic heart cell aggregates and layers.", "content": "We have examined correlations between morphological and functional evidence of cell coupling between aggregates of beating embryonic heart cells and underlying layers. Synchronously beating aggregate-layer pairs were compared with asynchronous pairs. Intracellular microelectrode studies demonstrated that asynchronously beating aggregate-layers could not be induced to beat synchronously by electrical stimulation of the aggregate, whereas 86% of synchronous instances showed propagation of stimulating current pulses from aggregate to layer. By freeze fracture we have found significant differences both in the number and in the total area of gap junctions between the aggregate-layer interfaces of synchronous and asynchronous preparations. The data suggest that synchronous beating is a reliable functional indication of effective ionic coupling, and requires a certain area and number of gap junction/cell.", "contents": "Morphological and functional correlates of synchronous beating between embryonic heart cell aggregates and layers. We have examined correlations between morphological and functional evidence of cell coupling between aggregates of beating embryonic heart cells and underlying layers. Synchronously beating aggregate-layer pairs were compared with asynchronous pairs. Intracellular microelectrode studies demonstrated that asynchronously beating aggregate-layers could not be induced to beat synchronously by electrical stimulation of the aggregate, whereas 86% of synchronous instances showed propagation of stimulating current pulses from aggregate to layer. By freeze fracture we have found significant differences both in the number and in the total area of gap junctions between the aggregate-layer interfaces of synchronous and asynchronous preparations. The data suggest that synchronous beating is a reliable functional indication of effective ionic coupling, and requires a certain area and number of gap junction/cell."}
{"id": "PMID:299648", "title": "Specific modifications of hepatoma cell-surface glycoproteins with enzymes. Effects on in vitro growth as investigated by the use of lectins.", "content": "The effects of enzymic treatment on the interactions between Zajdela's tumor cells and various lectins. Concanavalin A (ConA); Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA); Robinia lectin; have been studied. (1) The number of lectin-binding sites and the affinity constants were investigated. (2) The effects of the lectins on cell growth and [3H]thymidine incorporation were studied on untreated and enzyme-treated cells. It was observed that treatment of tumor cells with neuraminidase resulted in a change in the binding characteristics of each lectin. However, additional treatment of the cells with galactose oxidase had no further effect on lectin binding. ConA and Robinia lectin induced a decrease of the untreated tumor cell growth and a stimulation of the [3H]thymidine incorporation. This paradoxal result may be explained as a consequence of the stimulation of the [3H]thymidine uptake observed in the presence of lectins. The enzymatic treatments themselves did not change the cell growth although they did induce a change in the effect of ConA and Robinia lectin on cell growth and [3H]thymidine incorporation. As a result of neuraminidase treatment, the effects of ConA were totally suppressed but those of Robinia lectin only partially. Although WGA interacted with untreated and enzyme-treated cell surfaces, it had no effect on tumor cell growth nor [3H]thymidine incorporation. The results are discussed in terms of lectin transport.", "contents": "Specific modifications of hepatoma cell-surface glycoproteins with enzymes. Effects on in vitro growth as investigated by the use of lectins. The effects of enzymic treatment on the interactions between Zajdela's tumor cells and various lectins. Concanavalin A (ConA); Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA); Robinia lectin; have been studied. (1) The number of lectin-binding sites and the affinity constants were investigated. (2) The effects of the lectins on cell growth and [3H]thymidine incorporation were studied on untreated and enzyme-treated cells. It was observed that treatment of tumor cells with neuraminidase resulted in a change in the binding characteristics of each lectin. However, additional treatment of the cells with galactose oxidase had no further effect on lectin binding. ConA and Robinia lectin induced a decrease of the untreated tumor cell growth and a stimulation of the [3H]thymidine incorporation. This paradoxal result may be explained as a consequence of the stimulation of the [3H]thymidine uptake observed in the presence of lectins. The enzymatic treatments themselves did not change the cell growth although they did induce a change in the effect of ConA and Robinia lectin on cell growth and [3H]thymidine incorporation. As a result of neuraminidase treatment, the effects of ConA were totally suppressed but those of Robinia lectin only partially. Although WGA interacted with untreated and enzyme-treated cell surfaces, it had no effect on tumor cell growth nor [3H]thymidine incorporation. The results are discussed in terms of lectin transport."}
{"id": "PMID:299649", "title": "The involvement of calcium in the activation of mammalian oocytes.", "content": "Mouse oocytes with cumulus cells intact were parthenogenetically activated following release from the oviduct into calcium-free medium. The proportion of activated oocytes increased with post ovulatory age both for oocytes initially exposed to calcium-free and calcium-containing medium (control). Apart from oocytes released shortly after ovulation (approximately 1 h) when less than 1% of the oocytes from treated and control were activated, activation was always higher in oocytes incubated in calcium-free medium (p less than 0.001). The omission of magnesium from the medium had no effect on the activation response of oocytes obtained approximately 3 h after ovulation but its absence did increase the activation rate of oocytes of later post ovulatory age (approximately 9 h after ovulation) although it was still lower than that obtained with media devoid of calcium. When the extracellular calcium was replaced by other divalent cations (strontium, barium and manganese) high rates of activation were obtained even at post ovulatory times which produced relatively low rates of activation in calcium-free medium alone. Similar results were obtained when hamster oocytes were exposed to all the aforementioned treatments. It is concluded that calcium plays an essential role in the activation of the mammalian oocyte but the mechanism of its action remains obscure. Further development of oocytes activated by calcium-free treatment was limited and was similar to that of oocytes activated in other ways.", "contents": "The involvement of calcium in the activation of mammalian oocytes. Mouse oocytes with cumulus cells intact were parthenogenetically activated following release from the oviduct into calcium-free medium. The proportion of activated oocytes increased with post ovulatory age both for oocytes initially exposed to calcium-free and calcium-containing medium (control). Apart from oocytes released shortly after ovulation (approximately 1 h) when less than 1% of the oocytes from treated and control were activated, activation was always higher in oocytes incubated in calcium-free medium (p less than 0.001). The omission of magnesium from the medium had no effect on the activation response of oocytes obtained approximately 3 h after ovulation but its absence did increase the activation rate of oocytes of later post ovulatory age (approximately 9 h after ovulation) although it was still lower than that obtained with media devoid of calcium. When the extracellular calcium was replaced by other divalent cations (strontium, barium and manganese) high rates of activation were obtained even at post ovulatory times which produced relatively low rates of activation in calcium-free medium alone. Similar results were obtained when hamster oocytes were exposed to all the aforementioned treatments. It is concluded that calcium plays an essential role in the activation of the mammalian oocyte but the mechanism of its action remains obscure. Further development of oocytes activated by calcium-free treatment was limited and was similar to that of oocytes activated in other ways."}
{"id": "PMID:299650", "title": "The effect of bromodeoxyuridine on the segregation of the chicken-specific HPRT gene from Chinese hamster-chick red blood cell somatic hybrids.", "content": "The segregation of the chick-specific HPRT gene was studied in three Chinese hamster-chick red blood cell hybrid lines. The three lines showed individual segregation kinetics, the segregation taking place in an exponential-like fashion. Bromodeoxyuridine becomes incorporated into the nuclear DNA and increases the spontaneous segregation rate.", "contents": "The effect of bromodeoxyuridine on the segregation of the chicken-specific HPRT gene from Chinese hamster-chick red blood cell somatic hybrids. The segregation of the chick-specific HPRT gene was studied in three Chinese hamster-chick red blood cell hybrid lines. The three lines showed individual segregation kinetics, the segregation taking place in an exponential-like fashion. Bromodeoxyuridine becomes incorporated into the nuclear DNA and increases the spontaneous segregation rate."}
{"id": "PMID:299651", "title": "Quantitative initiation of microtubule assembly by chromosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "The microtubule nucleating capacity of chromosomes was tested in vitro in lysates of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells were lysed with the detergent Triton X-100, incubated with exogenous porcine brain tubulin, attached to electron microscope grids and observed as whole-mounts. Under suitable conditions, greater than 98% of the chromosomes gave rise to microtubules at their kinetochore regions, thus unequivocally demonstrating that chromosomes are competent to initiate specifically microtubule formation. The average number of microtubules that polymerized onto a chromosome was 8 +/- 5, and greater than 36% of the chromosomes had between 10 and 19 microtubules per kinetochore region. We conclude that under the lysis conditions employed, virtually all the chromosomes retain their kinetochores, and that the kinetochores retain a substantial fraction of their microtubule nucleating capacity.", "contents": "Quantitative initiation of microtubule assembly by chromosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells. The microtubule nucleating capacity of chromosomes was tested in vitro in lysates of Chinese hamster ovary cells. Colcemid-blocked mitotic cells were lysed with the detergent Triton X-100, incubated with exogenous porcine brain tubulin, attached to electron microscope grids and observed as whole-mounts. Under suitable conditions, greater than 98% of the chromosomes gave rise to microtubules at their kinetochore regions, thus unequivocally demonstrating that chromosomes are competent to initiate specifically microtubule formation. The average number of microtubules that polymerized onto a chromosome was 8 +/- 5, and greater than 36% of the chromosomes had between 10 and 19 microtubules per kinetochore region. We conclude that under the lysis conditions employed, virtually all the chromosomes retain their kinetochores, and that the kinetochores retain a substantial fraction of their microtubule nucleating capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:299652", "title": "DNA repair in UV-irradiated heteroploid cells at different phases of the cell cycle.", "content": "The variation of DNA repair activity during the cell cycle was studied by analysing the UV-stimulated DNA synthesis in cells synchronized in mitosis. This activity was detected both by autoradiography and by directly measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in cells irradiated and incubated in the presence of hydroxyurea. Cells in all phases were found to be able to perform repair. However the activity appeared to be considerably lower in mitotic cells than in cell in other phases. Increasing values of repair capacity were observed in G1 cells, in mixed G2, S and M cells and in asynchronous cells. The relationship between these findings and data on survival rates in the same synchronized cells is discussed.", "contents": "DNA repair in UV-irradiated heteroploid cells at different phases of the cell cycle. The variation of DNA repair activity during the cell cycle was studied by analysing the UV-stimulated DNA synthesis in cells synchronized in mitosis. This activity was detected both by autoradiography and by directly measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in cells irradiated and incubated in the presence of hydroxyurea. Cells in all phases were found to be able to perform repair. However the activity appeared to be considerably lower in mitotic cells than in cell in other phases. Increasing values of repair capacity were observed in G1 cells, in mixed G2, S and M cells and in asynchronous cells. The relationship between these findings and data on survival rates in the same synchronized cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299653", "title": "Normal level of unscheduled DNA synthesis in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "We investigated UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in skin fibroblasts from seven unrelated patients with clinically apparent Werner's syndrome (WS). WS cells exhibited greatly abbreviated in vitro lifespans, the extents of which ranged from about 20 to 50% of the normal. However, WS cells in early and senescent phases of growth showed the same quantity of DNA repair following UV exposure as did normal fibroblasts.", "contents": "Normal level of unscheduled DNA synthesis in Werner's syndrome fibroblasts in culture. We investigated UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in skin fibroblasts from seven unrelated patients with clinically apparent Werner's syndrome (WS). WS cells exhibited greatly abbreviated in vitro lifespans, the extents of which ranged from about 20 to 50% of the normal. However, WS cells in early and senescent phases of growth showed the same quantity of DNA repair following UV exposure as did normal fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:299654", "title": "Increased phosphorylation of a specific protein in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "The phosphorylation of proteins from murine splenic lymphocytes was studied. When the phosphorylation of proteins in extracts from Concanavalin A (ConA)-treated lymphocytes was compared with that of resting lymphocytes, there was only one detectable difference between them. A protein of 135,000 mol. wt was highly phosphorylatable in extracts from ConA-treated cells while phosphate incorporation into this protein was slight in extracts from untreated cells. This effect could be observed 12 h after ConA treatment and was maximal during S phase. This soluble protein was also phosphorylated in intact lymphocytes.", "contents": "Increased phosphorylation of a specific protein in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. The phosphorylation of proteins from murine splenic lymphocytes was studied. When the phosphorylation of proteins in extracts from Concanavalin A (ConA)-treated lymphocytes was compared with that of resting lymphocytes, there was only one detectable difference between them. A protein of 135,000 mol. wt was highly phosphorylatable in extracts from ConA-treated cells while phosphate incorporation into this protein was slight in extracts from untreated cells. This effect could be observed 12 h after ConA treatment and was maximal during S phase. This soluble protein was also phosphorylated in intact lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299655", "title": "Alterations in iodinated cell surface proteins during myogenesis.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination was used to label surface proteins of chick embryo muscle cells during myogenesis. Both quantitative and qualitative changes were observed between 125I-labelled surface proteins of pre-fusion, mid-fusion, and post-fusion cells. Significantly, two bands at 245,000 molecular weight were present at pre-fusion but were observed as a single band at mid- and post-fusion. Radioactivity in this band increased selectively at post-fusion with a concomitant increase in lower molecular weight labelled proteins.", "contents": "Alterations in iodinated cell surface proteins during myogenesis. Lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination was used to label surface proteins of chick embryo muscle cells during myogenesis. Both quantitative and qualitative changes were observed between 125I-labelled surface proteins of pre-fusion, mid-fusion, and post-fusion cells. Significantly, two bands at 245,000 molecular weight were present at pre-fusion but were observed as a single band at mid- and post-fusion. Radioactivity in this band increased selectively at post-fusion with a concomitant increase in lower molecular weight labelled proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:299656", "title": "Are double minutes chromosomes?", "content": "Double minutes of a human breast cancer cell line revealed no centromeres by Cd banding. They cluster at the periphery of metaphase plates, usually encased in a matrix material. They move in anaphase passively with the chromosomes by attaching to the sides or ends of the chromosomes. The two \"sister minutes\" move to the same pole without separation. Such anomalous mitotic behavior suggests that double minutes are not chromosomes.", "contents": "Are double minutes chromosomes? Double minutes of a human breast cancer cell line revealed no centromeres by Cd banding. They cluster at the periphery of metaphase plates, usually encased in a matrix material. They move in anaphase passively with the chromosomes by attaching to the sides or ends of the chromosomes. The two \"sister minutes\" move to the same pole without separation. Such anomalous mitotic behavior suggests that double minutes are not chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:299657", "title": "Premature fusion of facial sutures with free periosteal grafts. An experimental study with special reference to bone formation with free periosteal grafts from the tibia, the scapula and the calvarium.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to obtain more information on the bone forming mechanisms with free periosteal grafts and to study premature synostosis of facial sutures achieved with free periosteal grafts. The results are based on a material of 196 rabbits operated on at the age of two weeks. It was found that the bone forming mechanism with free periosteal grafts from the tibia, the scapula and the calvarium is essentially the same. When implanted in the tibialis anterior muscle of the leg of the same animal they all produced bone. The mechanism of bone formation is reminiscent of the enchondral bone formation seen in fracture healing. There is no difference in the bone forming mechanism with the periosteum from an enchondrally ossifying bone when compared with the periosteum of an intramembranously ossifying bone. In all the three different periosteal grafts studied, there was a cartilage stage before bone formation. In the muscle, all these three periosteal grafts, in spite of their tubular or membranous bone origin, produced bones tubular in shape. When the transplants were overlying the membranaceous facial bones, membrane shaped bone developed via intramembraneceous type of ossification in the recipient area. It can be concluded from these experiments that the shape and type of bone developed with free periosteal grafts depends mainly on the environmental conditions in the recipient area. Fusion of the premaxillo-maxillary and fronto-nasal sutures was achieved with free periosteal grafts from the tibia. Free periosteal grafts from the scapula and the calvarium failed to develop premature fusion of the sutures. The fusion developed due to increased bone formation in the suture area. The fusion of the premaxillo-maxillary suture stopped the growth in this area and caused a severe growth disturbance of the whole snout. The fusion of the fronto-nasal suture by the bone bridge retarded the growth of the nasal bone on the fused side and led to deviation of the snout to the operated side. Compensatory changes developed in other sites of the cranio-facial skeleton in order to minimize the effects of the growth disturbance. The fused fronto-nasal suture was used as a model to study the treatment of premature synostosis of facial bones. Resection of the fused area led to correction of the developed growth disturbance and to subsequent normal growth of the snout.", "contents": "Premature fusion of facial sutures with free periosteal grafts. An experimental study with special reference to bone formation with free periosteal grafts from the tibia, the scapula and the calvarium. The present study was undertaken to obtain more information on the bone forming mechanisms with free periosteal grafts and to study premature synostosis of facial sutures achieved with free periosteal grafts. The results are based on a material of 196 rabbits operated on at the age of two weeks. It was found that the bone forming mechanism with free periosteal grafts from the tibia, the scapula and the calvarium is essentially the same. When implanted in the tibialis anterior muscle of the leg of the same animal they all produced bone. The mechanism of bone formation is reminiscent of the enchondral bone formation seen in fracture healing. There is no difference in the bone forming mechanism with the periosteum from an enchondrally ossifying bone when compared with the periosteum of an intramembranously ossifying bone. In all the three different periosteal grafts studied, there was a cartilage stage before bone formation. In the muscle, all these three periosteal grafts, in spite of their tubular or membranous bone origin, produced bones tubular in shape. When the transplants were overlying the membranaceous facial bones, membrane shaped bone developed via intramembraneceous type of ossification in the recipient area. It can be concluded from these experiments that the shape and type of bone developed with free periosteal grafts depends mainly on the environmental conditions in the recipient area. Fusion of the premaxillo-maxillary and fronto-nasal sutures was achieved with free periosteal grafts from the tibia. Free periosteal grafts from the scapula and the calvarium failed to develop premature fusion of the sutures. The fusion developed due to increased bone formation in the suture area. The fusion of the premaxillo-maxillary suture stopped the growth in this area and caused a severe growth disturbance of the whole snout. The fusion of the fronto-nasal suture by the bone bridge retarded the growth of the nasal bone on the fused side and led to deviation of the snout to the operated side. Compensatory changes developed in other sites of the cranio-facial skeleton in order to minimize the effects of the growth disturbance. The fused fronto-nasal suture was used as a model to study the treatment of premature synostosis of facial bones. Resection of the fused area led to correction of the developed growth disturbance and to subsequent normal growth of the snout."}
{"id": "PMID:299658", "title": "Technique of cervical myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "A technically simple modification of the prone posture technique for cervical myelography with use of metrizamide (Amipaque) after lumbar puncture is described. The procedure is well tolerated by the patients.", "contents": "Technique of cervical myelography with metrizamide. A technically simple modification of the prone posture technique for cervical myelography with use of metrizamide (Amipaque) after lumbar puncture is described. The procedure is well tolerated by the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299659", "title": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "In 177 patients 190 cervical myelographies were performed, 52 after cervical and 138 after lumbar puncture. While the last-mentioned technique may be considered as the safest, the first-mentioned appears to cause less adverse reactions and also offers films of higher quality. The cooperative ability of the patient as well as the shape of the spine must be considered for selecting the site of puncture. Films are obtained permitting high diagnostic accuracy with regard to lesions involving root sleeves and to the presence of intramedullary or extramedullary lesions, in particular protrusions and disc herniations.", "contents": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide. In 177 patients 190 cervical myelographies were performed, 52 after cervical and 138 after lumbar puncture. While the last-mentioned technique may be considered as the safest, the first-mentioned appears to cause less adverse reactions and also offers films of higher quality. The cooperative ability of the patient as well as the shape of the spine must be considered for selecting the site of puncture. Films are obtained permitting high diagnostic accuracy with regard to lesions involving root sleeves and to the presence of intramedullary or extramedullary lesions, in particular protrusions and disc herniations."}
{"id": "PMID:299660", "title": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide by suboccipital puncture.", "content": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) by suboccipital puncture was performed in 125 patients. Side effects were insignificant and there was no discomfort for the patient. The maximum amount to be injected is 3.75 g metrizamide (1.5 g iodine), and care must be taken in order to keep the contrast medium out of the basal cisterns. No premedication was used and no signs of irritation of the central nervous system were observed. With this technique the spinal cord and the nerve-roots are well demonstrated.", "contents": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide by suboccipital puncture. Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) by suboccipital puncture was performed in 125 patients. Side effects were insignificant and there was no discomfort for the patient. The maximum amount to be injected is 3.75 g metrizamide (1.5 g iodine), and care must be taken in order to keep the contrast medium out of the basal cisterns. No premedication was used and no signs of irritation of the central nervous system were observed. With this technique the spinal cord and the nerve-roots are well demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:299661", "title": "Metrizamide in selective cervical myelography.", "content": "The various techniques of cervical myelography are discussed and a technique is described to examine the cervical region after lumbar injection of the contrast medium. This technique is considered less hazardous than other techniques including application of the contrast medium by direct puncture in the cervical region and is advocated for use in patients who have free circulation of CSF and who do not have marked deformity or marked rigidity of the spine.", "contents": "Metrizamide in selective cervical myelography. The various techniques of cervical myelography are discussed and a technique is described to examine the cervical region after lumbar injection of the contrast medium. This technique is considered less hazardous than other techniques including application of the contrast medium by direct puncture in the cervical region and is advocated for use in patients who have free circulation of CSF and who do not have marked deformity or marked rigidity of the spine."}
{"id": "PMID:299662", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in intraspinal and spinal abnormalities.", "content": "Myelography with gas or iophendylate is difficult in patients with spinal anomalies. Metrizamide (Amipaque) has been used to evaluate 20 patients with Chiari malformations, achondroplasia, and conditions related to scoliosis. Lateral cervical puncture was uncomplicated in 10 patients with Chiari malformations. Definition of spinal subarachnoid space was adequate to demonstrate or exclude associated intraspinal tumors or diastematomyelia.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in intraspinal and spinal abnormalities. Myelography with gas or iophendylate is difficult in patients with spinal anomalies. Metrizamide (Amipaque) has been used to evaluate 20 patients with Chiari malformations, achondroplasia, and conditions related to scoliosis. Lateral cervical puncture was uncomplicated in 10 patients with Chiari malformations. Definition of spinal subarachnoid space was adequate to demonstrate or exclude associated intraspinal tumors or diastematomyelia."}
{"id": "PMID:299663", "title": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide using lumbar injection.", "content": "The technique, the quality of the films and the frequency of side effects are evaluated in 100 consecutive cervical myelographies with lumbar injection of metrizamide (Amipaque). The most frequent adverse effects were headache (47%) and nausea and vomiting (27%). EEG disturbances were recorded in 20 per cent. Due to special circumstances grand mal seizures and mental confusion occurred in one patient; this was the only major complication in altogether 260 cervical myelographies with lumbar injection.", "contents": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide using lumbar injection. The technique, the quality of the films and the frequency of side effects are evaluated in 100 consecutive cervical myelographies with lumbar injection of metrizamide (Amipaque). The most frequent adverse effects were headache (47%) and nausea and vomiting (27%). EEG disturbances were recorded in 20 per cent. Due to special circumstances grand mal seizures and mental confusion occurred in one patient; this was the only major complication in altogether 260 cervical myelographies with lumbar injection."}
{"id": "PMID:299664", "title": "Cervical myelography by lateral cervical and lumbar injection of metrizamide. A comparison.", "content": "Two methods of cervical myelography, C1-C2 and lumbar injection of the contrast medium, respectively, were carried out in 2 series of patients. The C1-C2 injection resulted in films of higher quality than the lumbar injection but is probably more risky. It was unsuccessful in approximately 5 per cent of the patients. If only patients suited for the lumbar approach are examined with lumbar injection and the others with C1-C2 injection, films of high quality are obtained in almost all patients and a low frequency of adverse effects is encountered.", "contents": "Cervical myelography by lateral cervical and lumbar injection of metrizamide. A comparison. Two methods of cervical myelography, C1-C2 and lumbar injection of the contrast medium, respectively, were carried out in 2 series of patients. The C1-C2 injection resulted in films of higher quality than the lumbar injection but is probably more risky. It was unsuccessful in approximately 5 per cent of the patients. If only patients suited for the lumbar approach are examined with lumbar injection and the others with C1-C2 injection, films of high quality are obtained in almost all patients and a low frequency of adverse effects is encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:299665", "title": "Cervical myelography using metrizamide and lateral C1-C2 approach.", "content": "Excellent results in cervical myelography are obtained using metrizamide (Amipaque) introduced at lateral C1-C2 approach. With this technique, intraspinal anatomic structures are clearly outlined and small lesions easily detected.", "contents": "Cervical myelography using metrizamide and lateral C1-C2 approach. Excellent results in cervical myelography are obtained using metrizamide (Amipaque) introduced at lateral C1-C2 approach. With this technique, intraspinal anatomic structures are clearly outlined and small lesions easily detected."}
{"id": "PMID:299666", "title": "Lumbar myelography.", "content": "The total material of lumbar myelographies performed with metrizamide (Amipaque) up to November 1976 (48,000 examinations) has been reviewed to assess the incidence of side-effects. A detailed analysis of 2,457 examinations from Ullev\u00e5l Sykehus has been performed in order to assess adverse effects and diagnostic reliability. Three epileptic seizures were recorded, two of these in known epileptics. The rate of minor side-effects was low and the diagnostic accuracy high.", "contents": "Lumbar myelography. The total material of lumbar myelographies performed with metrizamide (Amipaque) up to November 1976 (48,000 examinations) has been reviewed to assess the incidence of side-effects. A detailed analysis of 2,457 examinations from Ullev\u00e5l Sykehus has been performed in order to assess adverse effects and diagnostic reliability. Three epileptic seizures were recorded, two of these in known epileptics. The rate of minor side-effects was low and the diagnostic accuracy high."}
{"id": "PMID:299667", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in infants and children.", "content": "Myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 46 infants and children. The contrast medium was rated as excellent. The examinations demonstrated more anatomic detail than is available from either myelography with oily contrast media or gas alone. The adverse reactions were at acceptable clinical levels.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in infants and children. Myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 46 infants and children. The contrast medium was rated as excellent. The examinations demonstrated more anatomic detail than is available from either myelography with oily contrast media or gas alone. The adverse reactions were at acceptable clinical levels."}
{"id": "PMID:299668", "title": "Pediatric myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "Ninety-four children were examined with metrizamide (Amipaque). Overall, the quality of the examinations in the lumbar-low thoracic region was generally equivalent to that obtained with iophendylate. Supine myelography is unfortunately still a necessity in a large number of cases. The side effects, especially nausea and vomiting, slight temperature elevation and fever, are considerably higher with metrizamide and also higher than previously reported in adults. Advantages of metrizamide over oily media are the absorption of the medium which eliminates the need for post-procedure removal and the higher rate of conus demonstration in the prone position; both facilitate the examination. The ability to follow myelography with computer scanning is also beneficial.", "contents": "Pediatric myelography with metrizamide. Ninety-four children were examined with metrizamide (Amipaque). Overall, the quality of the examinations in the lumbar-low thoracic region was generally equivalent to that obtained with iophendylate. Supine myelography is unfortunately still a necessity in a large number of cases. The side effects, especially nausea and vomiting, slight temperature elevation and fever, are considerably higher with metrizamide and also higher than previously reported in adults. Advantages of metrizamide over oily media are the absorption of the medium which eliminates the need for post-procedure removal and the higher rate of conus demonstration in the prone position; both facilitate the examination. The ability to follow myelography with computer scanning is also beneficial."}
{"id": "PMID:299669", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in infants and children.", "content": "Technical aspects on myelography in pediatric patients with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) are reviewed. Special interest is paid to site of puncture, positioning of the patients and concentration and dosage of the medium.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in infants and children. Technical aspects on myelography in pediatric patients with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) are reviewed. Special interest is paid to site of puncture, positioning of the patients and concentration and dosage of the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:299670", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in children.", "content": "Thirty myelographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) were carried out in 25 children with only few and minor adverse effects. The doses of the contrast medium used were considerably higher than adult doses if compared to body weight, but smaller in comparison to brain weight. Concentrations of 170 to 250 mg I/ml were used.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in children. Thirty myelographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) were carried out in 25 children with only few and minor adverse effects. The doses of the contrast medium used were considerably higher than adult doses if compared to body weight, but smaller in comparison to brain weight. Concentrations of 170 to 250 mg I/ml were used."}
{"id": "PMID:299671", "title": "Cisternography with metrizamide of the posterior fossa following lateral C1-C2 puncture.", "content": "A report is given of a series of 23 consecutive cisternographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) of the posterior fossa using the lateral puncture at the C1-C2 level. Two to 4 ml metrizamide 300 mg I/ml were injected. The good clinical tolerance with regard to short as well as long-term effects of the contrast medium may be attributed to the low dose used and rendered possible by the selective distribution. No clinical epileptogenic seizures were observed.", "contents": "Cisternography with metrizamide of the posterior fossa following lateral C1-C2 puncture. A report is given of a series of 23 consecutive cisternographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) of the posterior fossa using the lateral puncture at the C1-C2 level. Two to 4 ml metrizamide 300 mg I/ml were injected. The good clinical tolerance with regard to short as well as long-term effects of the contrast medium may be attributed to the low dose used and rendered possible by the selective distribution. No clinical epileptogenic seizures were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:299672", "title": "Computer cisternography for evaluation of CSF flow dynamics. Further experiences.", "content": "Technical aspects of computer cisternography are discussed and the clinical results obtained are reported. The physiologic and morphologic information gained with computer cisternography is superior to that obtained with isotope cisternography. Some recent observations concerning the penetration of the medium into the central nervous system are also discussed.", "contents": "Computer cisternography for evaluation of CSF flow dynamics. Further experiences. Technical aspects of computer cisternography are discussed and the clinical results obtained are reported. The physiologic and morphologic information gained with computer cisternography is superior to that obtained with isotope cisternography. Some recent observations concerning the penetration of the medium into the central nervous system are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299673", "title": "Metrizamide brain penetrance.", "content": "The normal cerebrospinal fluid flow as monitored by serial CT cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) is described in 25 individuals. Preliminary gross autoradiography using 131I-labelled metrizamide concur with these CT cisternographic findings indicating that intrathecally introduced metrizamide penetrates the brain substance. Adverse reactions are most prominent during the periods of maximum brain penetration and include headache, nausea, perceptual aberrations, and EEG alterations. The value and diagnostic applications of cerebral and cerebellar penetration of metrizamide are also discussed.", "contents": "Metrizamide brain penetrance. The normal cerebrospinal fluid flow as monitored by serial CT cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) is described in 25 individuals. Preliminary gross autoradiography using 131I-labelled metrizamide concur with these CT cisternographic findings indicating that intrathecally introduced metrizamide penetrates the brain substance. Adverse reactions are most prominent during the periods of maximum brain penetration and include headache, nausea, perceptual aberrations, and EEG alterations. The value and diagnostic applications of cerebral and cerebellar penetration of metrizamide are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299674", "title": "Computer tomography in cisternography with metrizamide.", "content": "The preliminary results with computer tomography in cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) indicates that both normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics can be accurately displayed with the advantage of spatial and quantitative detail. The pharmacokinetics of metrizamide clearance from cerebrospinal fluid to blood are similar to those of nuclides. Hence, similar problems in predicting response to ventricular shunting may arise. However, the quantitative features of this method have yet to be fully exploited.", "contents": "Computer tomography in cisternography with metrizamide. The preliminary results with computer tomography in cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) indicates that both normal and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics can be accurately displayed with the advantage of spatial and quantitative detail. The pharmacokinetics of metrizamide clearance from cerebrospinal fluid to blood are similar to those of nuclides. Hence, similar problems in predicting response to ventricular shunting may arise. However, the quantitative features of this method have yet to be fully exploited."}
{"id": "PMID:299675", "title": "Computer tomography of the spinal canal using metrizamide.", "content": "Eleven patients have been examined by whole body CT employing the EMI CT 5000 following lumbar injection of 10 ml of metrizamide (Amipaque) 170 mg I/ml. The distribution, flow and dilution of the contrast medium have been investigated. The results suggest that whilst metrizamide is necessary in the spinal canal to demonstrate the neural axis and pathologic processes affecting it, it appears to enter the extracellular space of the spinal cord during the first hour and achieves an equilibrium in the subarachnoid space and spinal cord from 3 to 6 hours. The medium may concentrate in a second compartment, possibly intracellular, from 3 to 6 hours. The effect of spectral filtering by metrizamide on the attenuation values of the spinal cord has been modelled and shown not to be significant at the anticipated dilution of the medium in the cerebrospinal fluid space and the spinal canal.", "contents": "Computer tomography of the spinal canal using metrizamide. Eleven patients have been examined by whole body CT employing the EMI CT 5000 following lumbar injection of 10 ml of metrizamide (Amipaque) 170 mg I/ml. The distribution, flow and dilution of the contrast medium have been investigated. The results suggest that whilst metrizamide is necessary in the spinal canal to demonstrate the neural axis and pathologic processes affecting it, it appears to enter the extracellular space of the spinal cord during the first hour and achieves an equilibrium in the subarachnoid space and spinal cord from 3 to 6 hours. The medium may concentrate in a second compartment, possibly intracellular, from 3 to 6 hours. The effect of spectral filtering by metrizamide on the attenuation values of the spinal cord has been modelled and shown not to be significant at the anticipated dilution of the medium in the cerebrospinal fluid space and the spinal canal."}
{"id": "PMID:299676", "title": "Metrizamide enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid for computer tomography.", "content": "Enhancement of CT attenuation values of the CSF cisterns by the lumbar injection of metrizamide has been shown to be of value in demonstrating the anatomy of the cisterns. Tumors involving the cisterns, such as acoustic neurinomas and pituitary adenomas, are clearly defined. Coronal scanning was superior to horizontal views in many cases.", "contents": "Metrizamide enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid for computer tomography. Enhancement of CT attenuation values of the CSF cisterns by the lumbar injection of metrizamide has been shown to be of value in demonstrating the anatomy of the cisterns. Tumors involving the cisterns, such as acoustic neurinomas and pituitary adenomas, are clearly defined. Coronal scanning was superior to horizontal views in many cases."}
{"id": "PMID:299677", "title": "Technique of lumbar myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "It is not possible to change from oily to aqueous contrast media for myelography without modifying the entire technique. The advantages of myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are so great in terms of improved diagnostic accuracy, no withdrawal of contrast medium and reduced incidence of arachnoiditis that it is firmly believed that this technique will soon replace oily myelography as standard practice, at least for the lumbar and thoracic regions.", "contents": "Technique of lumbar myelography with metrizamide. It is not possible to change from oily to aqueous contrast media for myelography without modifying the entire technique. The advantages of myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are so great in terms of improved diagnostic accuracy, no withdrawal of contrast medium and reduced incidence of arachnoiditis that it is firmly believed that this technique will soon replace oily myelography as standard practice, at least for the lumbar and thoracic regions."}
{"id": "PMID:299678", "title": "Cisternography with metrizamide and hypocycloidal tomography.", "content": "Cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) and hypocycloidal tomography was found to depict cisternal anatomy with detail and precision not obtainable with any other technique. Clinical tolerance is comparable to that of encephalography if suitable precautions are followed. All side effects observed had disappeared 36 hours after injection, and no delayed noxious effects were recorded. This method offers a simple, rapid and precise technique for depicting cisternal anatomy and requires no equipment other than a tilting multidirectional tomographic unit.", "contents": "Cisternography with metrizamide and hypocycloidal tomography. Cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) and hypocycloidal tomography was found to depict cisternal anatomy with detail and precision not obtainable with any other technique. Clinical tolerance is comparable to that of encephalography if suitable precautions are followed. All side effects observed had disappeared 36 hours after injection, and no delayed noxious effects were recorded. This method offers a simple, rapid and precise technique for depicting cisternal anatomy and requires no equipment other than a tilting multidirectional tomographic unit."}
{"id": "PMID:299679", "title": "CT cisternography with metrizamide.", "content": "Intrathecally enhanced CT scans were performed in 103 patients with potential morphologic or physiologic (CSF) abnormalities. This examination called CT cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) proved of high value in demonstrating and characterizing basal mass lesions and CSF related physiologic disorders using low dose techniques. This examination merits inclusion in the standard neuro-diagnostic armamentarium when information is required beyond that of intravenously enhanced CT for localizing and characterizing subarachnoid related morphologic or physiologic processes.", "contents": "CT cisternography with metrizamide. Intrathecally enhanced CT scans were performed in 103 patients with potential morphologic or physiologic (CSF) abnormalities. This examination called CT cisternography with metrizamide (Amipaque) proved of high value in demonstrating and characterizing basal mass lesions and CSF related physiologic disorders using low dose techniques. This examination merits inclusion in the standard neuro-diagnostic armamentarium when information is required beyond that of intravenously enhanced CT for localizing and characterizing subarachnoid related morphologic or physiologic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:299680", "title": "Computer tomography and subarachnoid metrizamide for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow.", "content": "Twenty-one patients were examined with computer tomography following subarachnoid injection of metrizamide (Amipaque). Five were evaluated because of dementia or possible obstructive hydrocephalus. The remainder were referred for lumbar or cervical myelography and served as controls. Concentration and distribution of the contrast medium within the cranial subarachnoid space and ventricular system depend upon a composite of the physical properties of the contrast medium, patient positioning and activity and CSF physiology.", "contents": "Computer tomography and subarachnoid metrizamide for evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Twenty-one patients were examined with computer tomography following subarachnoid injection of metrizamide (Amipaque). Five were evaluated because of dementia or possible obstructive hydrocephalus. The remainder were referred for lumbar or cervical myelography and served as controls. Concentration and distribution of the contrast medium within the cranial subarachnoid space and ventricular system depend upon a composite of the physical properties of the contrast medium, patient positioning and activity and CSF physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:299681", "title": "Transient areflexia following thoraco-lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Report of a case.", "content": "In a 32-year-old female areflexia occurred after thoraco-lumbar myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque), instead of the hyperreflexia usually found as a side effect of subarachnoid water-soluble contrast media. A direct neurotoxic effect on the cauda equina seems to have been the cause.", "contents": "Transient areflexia following thoraco-lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Report of a case. In a 32-year-old female areflexia occurred after thoraco-lumbar myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque), instead of the hyperreflexia usually found as a side effect of subarachnoid water-soluble contrast media. A direct neurotoxic effect on the cauda equina seems to have been the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:299682", "title": "Arachnoiditis following myelography with metrizamide in monkeys. Effect of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Monkeys were injected intrathecally with blood, metrizamide (Amipaque) or a mixture of blood and metrizamide. Twelve weeks later the animals were examined for evidence of arachnoiditis. Either blood or metrizamide alone in sufficient amounts resulted in arachnoiditis. The addition of blood to metrizamide did not alter the severity or risk of arachnoiditis from experimental myelography with metrizamide.", "contents": "Arachnoiditis following myelography with metrizamide in monkeys. Effect of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. Monkeys were injected intrathecally with blood, metrizamide (Amipaque) or a mixture of blood and metrizamide. Twelve weeks later the animals were examined for evidence of arachnoiditis. Either blood or metrizamide alone in sufficient amounts resulted in arachnoiditis. The addition of blood to metrizamide did not alter the severity or risk of arachnoiditis from experimental myelography with metrizamide."}
{"id": "PMID:299683", "title": "Lumbar myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "Experiences with lumbar myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are reported. A less strict post-examination routine is presented. The subjective side effects do not seem to differ from those reported after lumbar puncture alone.", "contents": "Lumbar myelography with metrizamide. Experiences with lumbar myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are reported. A less strict post-examination routine is presented. The subjective side effects do not seem to differ from those reported after lumbar puncture alone."}
{"id": "PMID:299684", "title": "Possible causes of complications of myelography with water-soluble contrast medium.", "content": "The mechanisms of CSF formation and absorption have been reviewed. The conditions that alter the rate of CSF formation and absorption may change the concentration of contrast in the cranial cisterns and the rate of passage through the cisterns. The significance of these alterations in relation to the complications of myelography with water-soluble contrast media is discussed.", "contents": "Possible causes of complications of myelography with water-soluble contrast medium. The mechanisms of CSF formation and absorption have been reviewed. The conditions that alter the rate of CSF formation and absorption may change the concentration of contrast in the cranial cisterns and the rate of passage through the cisterns. The significance of these alterations in relation to the complications of myelography with water-soluble contrast media is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299685", "title": "Mental confusion and epileptic seizures following cervical myelography with metrizamide. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of alarming, but transient clinical and EEG disturbances following cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) is reported. Clinically, mental disturbances and epileptic seizures were prominent, while bilateral rhythmic slow waves and spikes occurred in the EEG recordings.", "contents": "Mental confusion and epileptic seizures following cervical myelography with metrizamide. Report of a case. A case of alarming, but transient clinical and EEG disturbances following cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) is reported. Clinically, mental disturbances and epileptic seizures were prominent, while bilateral rhythmic slow waves and spikes occurred in the EEG recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:299686", "title": "Functional myelography with metrizamide in the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis.", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) as a contrast medium for functional lumbar myelography was evaluated in 63 patients. It was found well suited, the adverse effects being insignificant. Good correlation was found between the clinical and the myelographic diagnosis. An a.p. diameter in extension of less than 8 to 10 mm (true value 5.5-7.0 mm) was found only in patients with considerable complaints and in whom operation was indicated.", "contents": "Functional myelography with metrizamide in the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. Metrizamide (Amipaque) as a contrast medium for functional lumbar myelography was evaluated in 63 patients. It was found well suited, the adverse effects being insignificant. Good correlation was found between the clinical and the myelographic diagnosis. An a.p. diameter in extension of less than 8 to 10 mm (true value 5.5-7.0 mm) was found only in patients with considerable complaints and in whom operation was indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:299687", "title": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide. Technical and diagnostic aspects.", "content": "A series of 161 thoracic myelographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 154 patients is reported. The examinations were easy to carry out with an ordinary general fluoroscopic tilting table. The dose most frequently used was 12 to 14 ml with an iodine concentration of 200 mg I/ml. Intraspinal neoplasms were found in 42 and other expanding lesions in 10 patients. No serious complications occurred.", "contents": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide. Technical and diagnostic aspects. A series of 161 thoracic myelographies with metrizamide (Amipaque) in 154 patients is reported. The examinations were easy to carry out with an ordinary general fluoroscopic tilting table. The dose most frequently used was 12 to 14 ml with an iodine concentration of 200 mg I/ml. Intraspinal neoplasms were found in 42 and other expanding lesions in 10 patients. No serious complications occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:299688", "title": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "In 124 patients 141 thoracic myelographies were performed with metrizamide (Amipaque). This contrast medium penetrates narrow spaces more easily than gas and oily media. The technique and the positioning of the patient should be adapted to the region clinically suggested in order to obtain best results.", "contents": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide. In 124 patients 141 thoracic myelographies were performed with metrizamide (Amipaque). This contrast medium penetrates narrow spaces more easily than gas and oily media. The technique and the positioning of the patient should be adapted to the region clinically suggested in order to obtain best results."}
{"id": "PMID:299689", "title": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide.", "content": "A description is given of the technique used in thoracic myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque). Analysis of 60 cases demonstrates the results that were obtained.", "contents": "Thoracic myelography with metrizamide. A description is given of the technique used in thoracic myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque). Analysis of 60 cases demonstrates the results that were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:299690", "title": "Myelography with metrizamide in the cervical region.", "content": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 72 instances by lateral cervical puncture between C1 and C2, and in 21 instances by lumbar injection. A slight but significant difference in adverse reactions following the two methods was found. On comparing lumbar and cervical myelography using the lumbar approach a significantly higher incidence of nausea and vomiting following the cervical examination was demonstrated. No serious reactions occurred after either the lumbar or the cervical approach.", "contents": "Myelography with metrizamide in the cervical region. Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) was performed in 72 instances by lateral cervical puncture between C1 and C2, and in 21 instances by lumbar injection. A slight but significant difference in adverse reactions following the two methods was found. On comparing lumbar and cervical myelography using the lumbar approach a significantly higher incidence of nausea and vomiting following the cervical examination was demonstrated. No serious reactions occurred after either the lumbar or the cervical approach."}
{"id": "PMID:299693", "title": "The neuroanatomy of eating and drinking behavior.", "content": "For a number of years, the hypothalamus has been assigned the central and virtually exclusive role in regulating eating and drinking behavior. Now this concept is being challenged by new experimental evidence showing that ingestive as well as other behaviors are profoundly influenced by several neural tracts, particularly the neuroamine pathways, that may pass through the hypothalamus.", "contents": "The neuroanatomy of eating and drinking behavior. For a number of years, the hypothalamus has been assigned the central and virtually exclusive role in regulating eating and drinking behavior. Now this concept is being challenged by new experimental evidence showing that ingestive as well as other behaviors are profoundly influenced by several neural tracts, particularly the neuroamine pathways, that may pass through the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:299701", "title": "Coordinate transcription within families of related DNA sequences in human colon and rat liver.", "content": "An assay has been developed to determine the fraction of members of active families of related base sequences which are being transcribed into RNA. In normal human colon mucosa and in normal rat liver, essentially all members of the active families are being transcribed.", "contents": "Coordinate transcription within families of related DNA sequences in human colon and rat liver. An assay has been developed to determine the fraction of members of active families of related base sequences which are being transcribed into RNA. In normal human colon mucosa and in normal rat liver, essentially all members of the active families are being transcribed."}
{"id": "PMID:299702", "title": "Histone synthesis by cleavage arrested sea urchin eggs.", "content": "A change in Hl histone synthesis occurs in blastulae, from Hlm to a faster moving Hlg in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The experiments below indicate that this shift occurs in the absence of normal cleavage. Hybrid embryos containing paternal Hl histone markers along with homospermic embryos were studied. Both were labeled with L-[3H]lysine. Some cultures were kept at 11 degrees C to inhibit cleavage. It was found that Hlm and Hlg are synthesized sequentially in time by embryos grown at 20 degreet C as well as by those grown at 11 degrees C. The hybrid data establish that Hlm is translated at least in part from mRNA newly transcribed from paternal DNA. This observation also holds for cleavage inhibited hybrid embryos. Hlg is made by both hybrid and homospermic embryos during the later phases of development at both 11 and 20 degrees C. These results confirm and extend those of Seale et al. (1973), Ruderman et al. (1974) and Easton et al. (1974).", "contents": "Histone synthesis by cleavage arrested sea urchin eggs. A change in Hl histone synthesis occurs in blastulae, from Hlm to a faster moving Hlg in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The experiments below indicate that this shift occurs in the absence of normal cleavage. Hybrid embryos containing paternal Hl histone markers along with homospermic embryos were studied. Both were labeled with L-[3H]lysine. Some cultures were kept at 11 degrees C to inhibit cleavage. It was found that Hlm and Hlg are synthesized sequentially in time by embryos grown at 20 degreet C as well as by those grown at 11 degrees C. The hybrid data establish that Hlm is translated at least in part from mRNA newly transcribed from paternal DNA. This observation also holds for cleavage inhibited hybrid embryos. Hlg is made by both hybrid and homospermic embryos during the later phases of development at both 11 and 20 degrees C. These results confirm and extend those of Seale et al. (1973), Ruderman et al. (1974) and Easton et al. (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:299703", "title": "Reactivation of nuclei containing lens fiber cells to mitotic growth biochemical and immunochemical analysis.", "content": "Nuclei containing lens fiber cells can be reactivated to mitotic growth by transplantation into a suitable culture medium. Reactivated epithelium-like fiber cells are morphologically indistinguishable from cultivated epithelial cells. During reactivation the enzyme pattern of the differentiated fiber cells changes to a pattern closely related to that of cultivated epithelial cells. Moreover dedifferentiation was correlated with an appreciable loss of specific lens proteins (alpha-crystallin). Cytoplasmic shedding and attachment of fiber cells to the substratum are discussed with regard to their role in the reactivation process.", "contents": "Reactivation of nuclei containing lens fiber cells to mitotic growth biochemical and immunochemical analysis. Nuclei containing lens fiber cells can be reactivated to mitotic growth by transplantation into a suitable culture medium. Reactivated epithelium-like fiber cells are morphologically indistinguishable from cultivated epithelial cells. During reactivation the enzyme pattern of the differentiated fiber cells changes to a pattern closely related to that of cultivated epithelial cells. Moreover dedifferentiation was correlated with an appreciable loss of specific lens proteins (alpha-crystallin). Cytoplasmic shedding and attachment of fiber cells to the substratum are discussed with regard to their role in the reactivation process."}
{"id": "PMID:299704", "title": "Isolation and properties of DMSO resistant variant clones of Friend leukemia cells.", "content": "DMSO resistant clones have been isolated from the inducible Friend leukemia cell line 5-86 both from unmutagenized cultures and following EMS mutagenesis. All the clones can grow in the presence of 1.8% DMSO and are non-inducible or poorly inducible for hemoglobin synthesis by DMSO as well as by other known inducers of Friend leukemia (FL) cells differentiation like hemin, hypoxanthine, hexamethylene bisacetamide. The clones are also defective for the expression of other properties of differentiating Friend cells like agglutinability by plant lectins and expression of the surface protein glycophorin. Some of the clones show an impaired ability to form tumors in vivo. These resistant clones might be useful for a genetic analysis of the differentiation process of Friend leukemia cells.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of DMSO resistant variant clones of Friend leukemia cells. DMSO resistant clones have been isolated from the inducible Friend leukemia cell line 5-86 both from unmutagenized cultures and following EMS mutagenesis. All the clones can grow in the presence of 1.8% DMSO and are non-inducible or poorly inducible for hemoglobin synthesis by DMSO as well as by other known inducers of Friend leukemia (FL) cells differentiation like hemin, hypoxanthine, hexamethylene bisacetamide. The clones are also defective for the expression of other properties of differentiating Friend cells like agglutinability by plant lectins and expression of the surface protein glycophorin. Some of the clones show an impaired ability to form tumors in vivo. These resistant clones might be useful for a genetic analysis of the differentiation process of Friend leukemia cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299708", "title": "Exogastrulation induced by heavy water in sea urchin larvae.", "content": "Replacement of H2O with D2O in seawater causes exogastrulation in larvae of the sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus. When larvae at any stages before mesenchymal blastula stage are transferred to 40% D2O-seawater all of them develop gradually to exogastrulae and finally up to plutei with evaginated archenterons. Effects of D2O are partly reversible at limited steps of the way to exogastrulation. Fertilisation and cleavage are not affected appreciably by D2O (50% or less) except for the delay of cleavage.", "contents": "Exogastrulation induced by heavy water in sea urchin larvae. Replacement of H2O with D2O in seawater causes exogastrulation in larvae of the sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus. When larvae at any stages before mesenchymal blastula stage are transferred to 40% D2O-seawater all of them develop gradually to exogastrulae and finally up to plutei with evaginated archenterons. Effects of D2O are partly reversible at limited steps of the way to exogastrulation. Fertilisation and cleavage are not affected appreciably by D2O (50% or less) except for the delay of cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:299705", "title": "Lateral roentgenography in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasia/dislocation of the hip.", "content": "The author emphasizes the importance of true lateral and multiple-position roentgenograms in providing a more comprehensive demonstration of the pathology, the attainment of reduction and the surgical alterations which are necessary to maintain a congruous reduction. A simple convenient technique for lateral roentgenography of the hip in children is presented. A series of cases with roentgenograms is also presented to demonstrate the value of the lateral roentgenograms. The horizontal lateral roentgenogram simulates the position of the upright human stance, and thus, depicts malocclusion, which may be seen when anteversion is present. Even though the anterior view depicts sphericity and apparent coverage, the lateral roentgenogram may show malocclusion which may lead to degenerative changes later in life. It is the author's belief that the treatment of children's hip conditions will show improved long-term results if predicated on the comprehensive x-ray examination outlined in this article.", "contents": "Lateral roentgenography in the diagnosis and treatment of dysplasia/dislocation of the hip. The author emphasizes the importance of true lateral and multiple-position roentgenograms in providing a more comprehensive demonstration of the pathology, the attainment of reduction and the surgical alterations which are necessary to maintain a congruous reduction. A simple convenient technique for lateral roentgenography of the hip in children is presented. A series of cases with roentgenograms is also presented to demonstrate the value of the lateral roentgenograms. The horizontal lateral roentgenogram simulates the position of the upright human stance, and thus, depicts malocclusion, which may be seen when anteversion is present. Even though the anterior view depicts sphericity and apparent coverage, the lateral roentgenogram may show malocclusion which may lead to degenerative changes later in life. It is the author's belief that the treatment of children's hip conditions will show improved long-term results if predicated on the comprehensive x-ray examination outlined in this article."}
{"id": "PMID:299711", "title": "Dihydroretinoic acids and their derivatives. Synthesis and biological activity.", "content": "The syntheses of the ring and four side-chain dihydroretinoic acids and/or their esters, 3-7, are described. The syntheses of several other retinoids containing a substituted aromatic ring are also included. The biological activity of the compounds was evaluated in vivo in a chemically induced mouse skin papilloma test and in vitro in two vitamin A deficient assays. The activity observed for 1a, 1c, and 2a in the former test was partially retained in the dihydro derivatives 4b, 4c, and 6b. Similar results were found in the in vitro assays.", "contents": "Dihydroretinoic acids and their derivatives. Synthesis and biological activity. The syntheses of the ring and four side-chain dihydroretinoic acids and/or their esters, 3-7, are described. The syntheses of several other retinoids containing a substituted aromatic ring are also included. The biological activity of the compounds was evaluated in vivo in a chemically induced mouse skin papilloma test and in vitro in two vitamin A deficient assays. The activity observed for 1a, 1c, and 2a in the former test was partially retained in the dihydro derivatives 4b, 4c, and 6b. Similar results were found in the in vitro assays."}
{"id": "PMID:299719", "title": "Dose-dependent cytokinetic changes following 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and hydroxyurea in L1210 and S-180 in vivo.", "content": "DNA synthesis inhibition and recovery in L1210 and S-180 ascites tumors following 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) and hydroxyurea (HU) were measured autoradiographically as a basis for optimizing drug schedules. Tumor bearing mice, 10(6) cells day 0, were treated on day 4 with 20, 200 or 2000 mg/kg Ara-C or 50, 300 or 1800 mg/kg HU. At various intervals following drug, [3H]thymidine was administered i.p. and mice were killed 1 hr later. Tumor cells were analyzed for labeling index (LI) and grain count (GC) to determine the percentage of cells in S phase and the distribution of DNA synthesis rates among the labeled cells, respectively. Following each dose of HU, DNA synthesis was inhibited completely. Recovery of LI was rapid and approached control values by 6 hr. Following each dose of Ara-C, DNA synthesis was inhibited completely for at least 6 hr. Recovery of LI was first noted 6 hr following 20 mg/kg Ara-C and 9 hr following 200 mg/kg. Following both doses the LI reached 100% of the control value by 26 hr. GC analysis indicated that following Ara-C treatment, DNA synthesis was reinitiated first with cells with low GC from 6 to 12 hr followed by cells with increasing GC from 12 to 20 hr. The labeling intensity reached control values by 20 hr and an 'overshoot' occurred by 26 hr. These data suggest that the recovery of DNA synthesis rate is a gradual process. Survival data for mice receiving two doses of Ara-C indicated that the optimal interval for retreatment following the lower dose of Ara-C occurred by 6 hr as compared to 12--16 hr for the higher dose. These times coincided in both instances with recovery of LI to 33--50% of control values. Early recovery of LI may be the best method currently available for estimating the optimal time for retreatment with an S phase specific drug.", "contents": "Dose-dependent cytokinetic changes following 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and hydroxyurea in L1210 and S-180 in vivo. DNA synthesis inhibition and recovery in L1210 and S-180 ascites tumors following 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) and hydroxyurea (HU) were measured autoradiographically as a basis for optimizing drug schedules. Tumor bearing mice, 10(6) cells day 0, were treated on day 4 with 20, 200 or 2000 mg/kg Ara-C or 50, 300 or 1800 mg/kg HU. At various intervals following drug, [3H]thymidine was administered i.p. and mice were killed 1 hr later. Tumor cells were analyzed for labeling index (LI) and grain count (GC) to determine the percentage of cells in S phase and the distribution of DNA synthesis rates among the labeled cells, respectively. Following each dose of HU, DNA synthesis was inhibited completely. Recovery of LI was rapid and approached control values by 6 hr. Following each dose of Ara-C, DNA synthesis was inhibited completely for at least 6 hr. Recovery of LI was first noted 6 hr following 20 mg/kg Ara-C and 9 hr following 200 mg/kg. Following both doses the LI reached 100% of the control value by 26 hr. GC analysis indicated that following Ara-C treatment, DNA synthesis was reinitiated first with cells with low GC from 6 to 12 hr followed by cells with increasing GC from 12 to 20 hr. The labeling intensity reached control values by 20 hr and an 'overshoot' occurred by 26 hr. These data suggest that the recovery of DNA synthesis rate is a gradual process. Survival data for mice receiving two doses of Ara-C indicated that the optimal interval for retreatment following the lower dose of Ara-C occurred by 6 hr as compared to 12--16 hr for the higher dose. These times coincided in both instances with recovery of LI to 33--50% of control values. Early recovery of LI may be the best method currently available for estimating the optimal time for retreatment with an S phase specific drug."}
{"id": "PMID:299720", "title": "Inhalative provocation test. When is it positive?", "content": "A range for the airway resistance (R), reference resistance (Rref), quotient (R/Rref) measured by whole body plethysmography is given for unspecific inhalative provocation in asthmatic patients. 1. In patients with an initial R/Rref value less than 2 (R about 0,6 kPa/l/s) the non allergic reaction did not exceed an R/Rref quotient of 2,7. 2. Those patients with an initial R/Rref quotient greater than 2 but less than 5 reached an R/Rref value of 8.5 after non allergic provocation, which equals an R of about 1,75 kPa/l/s. It is recommended to provoke only those patients in whom the initial R/Rref quotient is in the beginning smaller than 2; because it is otherwise difficult to separate allergic from non allergic reactions and the necessary allergen induced bronchospasm might be harmful. Reference values for specific airway resistance have the advantage that we do not need a panting manouvre against a closed shutter which is often difficult to achieve especially with children during an asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Inhalative provocation test. When is it positive? A range for the airway resistance (R), reference resistance (Rref), quotient (R/Rref) measured by whole body plethysmography is given for unspecific inhalative provocation in asthmatic patients. 1. In patients with an initial R/Rref value less than 2 (R about 0,6 kPa/l/s) the non allergic reaction did not exceed an R/Rref quotient of 2,7. 2. Those patients with an initial R/Rref quotient greater than 2 but less than 5 reached an R/Rref value of 8.5 after non allergic provocation, which equals an R of about 1,75 kPa/l/s. It is recommended to provoke only those patients in whom the initial R/Rref quotient is in the beginning smaller than 2; because it is otherwise difficult to separate allergic from non allergic reactions and the necessary allergen induced bronchospasm might be harmful. Reference values for specific airway resistance have the advantage that we do not need a panting manouvre against a closed shutter which is often difficult to achieve especially with children during an asthmatic attack."}
{"id": "PMID:299722", "title": "The relationship of patient selection to prognosis following aortocoronary bypass.", "content": "Operative mortality for the first 787 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass at Duke University Medical Center was 9.7%. Within 699 patients who underwent elective bypass only, operative mortality was 8.8% before January 1, 1972, and 5.4% subsequently. This apparent variation in operative mortality over time was largely a consequence of changing patterns of patient selection, i.e., a two- to three-fold decrease in the prevalence of ventricular dysfunction. Since January 1, 1972, operative mortality for 444 patients with mild or no heart failure who underwent elective bypass only was 5.0%. The 55 patients with left main disease had 12.7% operative mortality. In the 192 patients without left main disease who had one- or two-vessel disease, operative mortality was 1.0%, whereas, 197 patients with three-vessel disease had a 6.6% operative mortality. The 103 patients with three-vessel disease less than 50 years of age underwent operation with a 2.9% mortality. Although these results demonstrate that selected patients may undergo operation with a mortality approaching 1%, it is not clear that only such low risk patients should be offered surgery. Accurate estimates of benefits and risks of aortocoronary bypass surgery are necessary in the management of specific patients.", "contents": "The relationship of patient selection to prognosis following aortocoronary bypass. Operative mortality for the first 787 patients who underwent aortocoronary bypass at Duke University Medical Center was 9.7%. Within 699 patients who underwent elective bypass only, operative mortality was 8.8% before January 1, 1972, and 5.4% subsequently. This apparent variation in operative mortality over time was largely a consequence of changing patterns of patient selection, i.e., a two- to three-fold decrease in the prevalence of ventricular dysfunction. Since January 1, 1972, operative mortality for 444 patients with mild or no heart failure who underwent elective bypass only was 5.0%. The 55 patients with left main disease had 12.7% operative mortality. In the 192 patients without left main disease who had one- or two-vessel disease, operative mortality was 1.0%, whereas, 197 patients with three-vessel disease had a 6.6% operative mortality. The 103 patients with three-vessel disease less than 50 years of age underwent operation with a 2.9% mortality. Although these results demonstrate that selected patients may undergo operation with a mortality approaching 1%, it is not clear that only such low risk patients should be offered surgery. Accurate estimates of benefits and risks of aortocoronary bypass surgery are necessary in the management of specific patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299723", "title": "Accelerated \"atherosclerosis\". A morphologic study of 97 saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts.", "content": "Intimal thickening of uncertain cause has been noted in saphenous vein bypass grafts. To study the development of these changes, 97 vein grafts in 55 autopsied patients were examined by angiography and histology. Significant alterations in the grafts were confined to the intima and included thin layers of circumferential thrombus, concentric fibrous plaque and occlusive thrombus with organization. Circumferential nonocclusive intimal thrombus was present in 36 (73%) postoperative patent grafts. Concentric fibrous plaque, found in all twelve patent late grafts, showed changes characteristic of atheromata, including smooth muscle and foam cells. Intimal fibroelastosis was absent in the grafts, indicating that concentric plaque is not a simple response to increased pressure, or an \"arterialization\" of the vein. The findings suggest that early appearing concentric intimal thrombus is converted into fibrous plaque, and that this early thrombus is a factor in the development of acclereated \"atherosclerosis\" in saphenous vein bypass grafts.", "contents": "Accelerated \"atherosclerosis\". A morphologic study of 97 saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. Intimal thickening of uncertain cause has been noted in saphenous vein bypass grafts. To study the development of these changes, 97 vein grafts in 55 autopsied patients were examined by angiography and histology. Significant alterations in the grafts were confined to the intima and included thin layers of circumferential thrombus, concentric fibrous plaque and occlusive thrombus with organization. Circumferential nonocclusive intimal thrombus was present in 36 (73%) postoperative patent grafts. Concentric fibrous plaque, found in all twelve patent late grafts, showed changes characteristic of atheromata, including smooth muscle and foam cells. Intimal fibroelastosis was absent in the grafts, indicating that concentric plaque is not a simple response to increased pressure, or an \"arterialization\" of the vein. The findings suggest that early appearing concentric intimal thrombus is converted into fibrous plaque, and that this early thrombus is a factor in the development of acclereated \"atherosclerosis\" in saphenous vein bypass grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:299724", "title": "Aortic valve replacement combined with myocardial revascularization. Late clinical results and survival of surgically-treated aortic valve patients with and without coronary artery disease.", "content": "From 1967 through 1973, 80 consecutive patients underwent simultaneous aortic valve replacement (AVR) and coronary bypass grafting. Fourteen (18%) experienced no angina pectoris and had no history or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Seven of these 14 had severe multiple vessel disease. All operations were performed under normothermic conditions without coronary perfusion. Seven patients (9%) died during operation. Intra-operative myocardial infarction was documented in eight (10%). After a mean follow-up of 35 months, overall mortality was highest in aortic regurgitation patients [seven of 13 (54%)] compared to aortic stenosis [17 of 54 (31%)] (P less than 0.07), and mixed pathology [1 of 13 (8%)]. Thirty-one of 34 (91%) grafts in 25 patients were patent an average of 12 months postoperatively. After 42 months a 65% actuarial survival was found in the combined AVR and graft(s) series versus a 76% survival in 300 AVR patients proven by angiography not to have severe coronary atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement combined with myocardial revascularization. Late clinical results and survival of surgically-treated aortic valve patients with and without coronary artery disease. From 1967 through 1973, 80 consecutive patients underwent simultaneous aortic valve replacement (AVR) and coronary bypass grafting. Fourteen (18%) experienced no angina pectoris and had no history or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Seven of these 14 had severe multiple vessel disease. All operations were performed under normothermic conditions without coronary perfusion. Seven patients (9%) died during operation. Intra-operative myocardial infarction was documented in eight (10%). After a mean follow-up of 35 months, overall mortality was highest in aortic regurgitation patients [seven of 13 (54%)] compared to aortic stenosis [17 of 54 (31%)] (P less than 0.07), and mixed pathology [1 of 13 (8%)]. Thirty-one of 34 (91%) grafts in 25 patients were patent an average of 12 months postoperatively. After 42 months a 65% actuarial survival was found in the combined AVR and graft(s) series versus a 76% survival in 300 AVR patients proven by angiography not to have severe coronary atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:299725", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The frequencies of histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) have been determined in patients with chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis, and were compared with those in a control group of 900 healthy subjects. No significant differences were found and the previously reported increased frequency of HL-A8 in chronic active hepatitis has not been confirmed. The discrepancy from some previous reports could not be explained by different histological, immunological, or biochemical features. However, in view of the variation in incidence of a number of features of the disease from series to series, it seems possible that our findings may reflect differences in the selection of patients or real differences in the disease entity seen by different workers.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in chronic liver disease. The frequencies of histocompatibility antigens (HL-A) have been determined in patients with chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis, and were compared with those in a control group of 900 healthy subjects. No significant differences were found and the previously reported increased frequency of HL-A8 in chronic active hepatitis has not been confirmed. The discrepancy from some previous reports could not be explained by different histological, immunological, or biochemical features. However, in view of the variation in incidence of a number of features of the disease from series to series, it seems possible that our findings may reflect differences in the selection of patients or real differences in the disease entity seen by different workers."}
{"id": "PMID:299726", "title": "Intestinal absorption of 47Ca in elderly patients with osteoporosis, Paget's disease and osteomalacia. Effects of calcitonin, oestrogen and vitamin D2.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of 47Ca was studied in elderly patients. A standard dose of 10 muCi of 47Ca was given orally. The radioactivity was measured in the plasma, and expressed as percentage of the administered dose per litre plasma. As a control group served 12 patients aged 60-80 years, hospitalized for observation for various reasons, receiving no medical treatment and not suffering from any known metabolic bone diseases or other metabolic pathological conditions. Results of kinetic curves demonstrate in elderly patients a decreased absorption with maximum specific activity in plasma reached at 120 min, when compared to data from the literature referring to a group of young people with a mean age of 35 years. Oestrogen treatment, given as ethinyl oestradiol 10 mug once daily per os for 10 days proved to increase 47Ca absorption as was demonstrated in 2 patients with osteoporosis. The effect of calcitonin (160 MRC units given 45 min before the test) on calcium absorption, in 5 patients with Paget's disease or osteoporosis appears as biphasic: in the first hour depressing calcium absorption and then in the second and third hours increasing the absorption, suggesting a hyperparathyroid state secondary to the calcitonin effect. The vitamin D2 treatment proved to increase calcium absorption.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of 47Ca in elderly patients with osteoporosis, Paget's disease and osteomalacia. Effects of calcitonin, oestrogen and vitamin D2. The intestinal absorption of 47Ca was studied in elderly patients. A standard dose of 10 muCi of 47Ca was given orally. The radioactivity was measured in the plasma, and expressed as percentage of the administered dose per litre plasma. As a control group served 12 patients aged 60-80 years, hospitalized for observation for various reasons, receiving no medical treatment and not suffering from any known metabolic bone diseases or other metabolic pathological conditions. Results of kinetic curves demonstrate in elderly patients a decreased absorption with maximum specific activity in plasma reached at 120 min, when compared to data from the literature referring to a group of young people with a mean age of 35 years. Oestrogen treatment, given as ethinyl oestradiol 10 mug once daily per os for 10 days proved to increase 47Ca absorption as was demonstrated in 2 patients with osteoporosis. The effect of calcitonin (160 MRC units given 45 min before the test) on calcium absorption, in 5 patients with Paget's disease or osteoporosis appears as biphasic: in the first hour depressing calcium absorption and then in the second and third hours increasing the absorption, suggesting a hyperparathyroid state secondary to the calcitonin effect. The vitamin D2 treatment proved to increase calcium absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:299732", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: B-lymphocyte and phagocytic properties.", "content": "The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made in three patients by phase-contrast microscopy and histochemistry of the abnormal peripheral blood cells. Both IgM and IgD surface immunoglobulins were resynthesized after these cells were trypsinized and cultured. Aggregate or Fc receptors were demonstrated on hairy cells. The ability to phagocytose latex was also a property of hairy cells; however, these cells did not demonstrate nonspecific esterase activity. Stimulation by phytohemagglutinin resulted in very low incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Cytofluorographic analysis of the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cell population revealed less than 9% of the cells in an interploid or tetraploid state. The abnormal mitogen response was largely restored when purified T lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of the patients were cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Hairy cells cultured with normal allogeneic mononuclear cells did not undergo blast transformation. These data strongly suggest that the cells of at least some patients with hairy cell leukemia are B lymphocytes with phagocytic capabilities.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: B-lymphocyte and phagocytic properties. The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia was made in three patients by phase-contrast microscopy and histochemistry of the abnormal peripheral blood cells. Both IgM and IgD surface immunoglobulins were resynthesized after these cells were trypsinized and cultured. Aggregate or Fc receptors were demonstrated on hairy cells. The ability to phagocytose latex was also a property of hairy cells; however, these cells did not demonstrate nonspecific esterase activity. Stimulation by phytohemagglutinin resulted in very low incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Cytofluorographic analysis of the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cell population revealed less than 9% of the cells in an interploid or tetraploid state. The abnormal mitogen response was largely restored when purified T lymphocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of the patients were cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Hairy cells cultured with normal allogeneic mononuclear cells did not undergo blast transformation. These data strongly suggest that the cells of at least some patients with hairy cell leukemia are B lymphocytes with phagocytic capabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:299733", "title": "Cytofluorometric analysis of the kinetics of lymphocyte transformation after phytohemagglutinin stimulation: comparison with the kinetics of thymidine incorporation.", "content": "The technique of flow cytofluorometry has been employed to assess the response of unfractionated and highly purified human lymphocyte subpopulations to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen. Normal values for cytofluorometric responses were established and compared to the uptake of tritiated thymidine in simultaneous experiments. Cytofluorometric analysis offered the advantages of increased sensitivity and direct measurement of DNA content per cell, and provided percentages and absolute numbers of responding cells. B-cell responses to pokeweed mitogen were absent, but brisk T-cell responses were noted. Between 4% and 8% of highly purified human B cells were found to respond to PHA by increasing their DNA content; modest but significant uptake of tritiated thymidine by B cells following PHA stimulation was also observed.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric analysis of the kinetics of lymphocyte transformation after phytohemagglutinin stimulation: comparison with the kinetics of thymidine incorporation. The technique of flow cytofluorometry has been employed to assess the response of unfractionated and highly purified human lymphocyte subpopulations to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen. Normal values for cytofluorometric responses were established and compared to the uptake of tritiated thymidine in simultaneous experiments. Cytofluorometric analysis offered the advantages of increased sensitivity and direct measurement of DNA content per cell, and provided percentages and absolute numbers of responding cells. B-cell responses to pokeweed mitogen were absent, but brisk T-cell responses were noted. Between 4% and 8% of highly purified human B cells were found to respond to PHA by increasing their DNA content; modest but significant uptake of tritiated thymidine by B cells following PHA stimulation was also observed."}
{"id": "PMID:299734", "title": "Changes in hemopoiesis during the course of acute LCM virus infection in mice.", "content": "Although severe hematologic and immunologic disorders occur in several viral infections, insight into the mechanisms by which viruses may affect hemopoietic tissues is poor. The previous demonstration of distinct immunohemopoietic lesions in mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection has led us to investigate the function of hemopoietic precursor cells in the course of this experimental infection. During the first week of infection, there was profound suppression of pluripotential stem cell (CFU) and in vitro colony-forming cell (CFU) compartments, and of 59Fe uptake into hemopoietic tissues. During the same period, we found enhanced activity of colony-stimulating factor, lack of responsiveness to erythropoietin, and appreciable titers of interferon in blood and spleen. After day 10 post infection, there was a striking increase in CFU and 59Fe uptake confined to spleen and blood. Restoration of bone marrow, however, was markedly delayed. With reference to recent studies on interferon, and the findings in mice with persistent LCM virus infection, we suggest that interferon may be the comprehensive suppressor of the hemopoietic precursor cells in the first stage of acute LCM virus infection, and that these cells in the recovery period are directed preferentially into erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Changes in hemopoiesis during the course of acute LCM virus infection in mice. Although severe hematologic and immunologic disorders occur in several viral infections, insight into the mechanisms by which viruses may affect hemopoietic tissues is poor. The previous demonstration of distinct immunohemopoietic lesions in mice with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection has led us to investigate the function of hemopoietic precursor cells in the course of this experimental infection. During the first week of infection, there was profound suppression of pluripotential stem cell (CFU) and in vitro colony-forming cell (CFU) compartments, and of 59Fe uptake into hemopoietic tissues. During the same period, we found enhanced activity of colony-stimulating factor, lack of responsiveness to erythropoietin, and appreciable titers of interferon in blood and spleen. After day 10 post infection, there was a striking increase in CFU and 59Fe uptake confined to spleen and blood. Restoration of bone marrow, however, was markedly delayed. With reference to recent studies on interferon, and the findings in mice with persistent LCM virus infection, we suggest that interferon may be the comprehensive suppressor of the hemopoietic precursor cells in the first stage of acute LCM virus infection, and that these cells in the recovery period are directed preferentially into erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:299740", "title": "Successful correction of all mechanical complications of ischemic heart disease in the same patient.", "content": "Extensive surgery for all of the mechanical complications of ischemic heart disease is feasible with early diagnosis, catheterization, and aggressive medical and surgical therapy. A patient is report who, after recovering from cardiogenic shock, required a coronary bypass, closure of ventricular septal defects, mitral valve replacement, aneurysmectomy, and temporary pacemaker wires. The outcome was successful.", "contents": "Successful correction of all mechanical complications of ischemic heart disease in the same patient. Extensive surgery for all of the mechanical complications of ischemic heart disease is feasible with early diagnosis, catheterization, and aggressive medical and surgical therapy. A patient is report who, after recovering from cardiogenic shock, required a coronary bypass, closure of ventricular septal defects, mitral valve replacement, aneurysmectomy, and temporary pacemaker wires. The outcome was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:299742", "title": "Preferential binding of tri-substituted thyronine analogs by bullfrog tadpole tail fin cytosol.", "content": "The relative strength of binding of several triiodothyronine (T3) analogs by cytosol prepared from the tail fin of the bullfrog tadpole has been tested and compared with their thyromimetic activity in tail tissue. In competitive binding experiments, four tri-substituted analogs were bound much more strongly than two tetra-derivatives. Correlation between binding and relative thyromimetic activity was observed only for three triiodo-substituted compounds, triiodothyronine, its methylene bridge analog and the acetic acid analog. The affinity for T3 was 250 times that of T4, making it unlikely that the T3 binding sites in tadpole tail fin cytosol bind T4 under physiological conditions. The difference in binding by tadpole tail fin cytosol constitutes one of the largest differences observed between T3 and T4 in a potentially significant biological system.", "contents": "Preferential binding of tri-substituted thyronine analogs by bullfrog tadpole tail fin cytosol. The relative strength of binding of several triiodothyronine (T3) analogs by cytosol prepared from the tail fin of the bullfrog tadpole has been tested and compared with their thyromimetic activity in tail tissue. In competitive binding experiments, four tri-substituted analogs were bound much more strongly than two tetra-derivatives. Correlation between binding and relative thyromimetic activity was observed only for three triiodo-substituted compounds, triiodothyronine, its methylene bridge analog and the acetic acid analog. The affinity for T3 was 250 times that of T4, making it unlikely that the T3 binding sites in tadpole tail fin cytosol bind T4 under physiological conditions. The difference in binding by tadpole tail fin cytosol constitutes one of the largest differences observed between T3 and T4 in a potentially significant biological system."}
{"id": "PMID:299743", "title": "Angiodysplasia of the colon: diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin remains a difficult clinical problem, but newer methods of study, particularly endoscopy and angiography, have made inroads into this morass of diagnostic dilemmas. Vascular malformations represent entities that are relatively infrequent of occurrence and also difficult of detection. These characteristics render them particularly refractory to recognition. Once diagnosed, however, they are quite readily treated surgically, without resort to \"blind\" resections or multiple bowel entries. This report deals with three instances of obscure but important persistent blood loss into the gastrointestinal tract. In each instance, identification by customary diagnostic methods was unsuccessful, but was finally made through endoscopy and promptly cured through surgery. The bleeding in all 3 cases proved pathologically to have been caused by vascular malformations, which we have subsumed under the term \"angiodysplasia.\"", "contents": "Angiodysplasia of the colon: diagnosis and treatment. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin remains a difficult clinical problem, but newer methods of study, particularly endoscopy and angiography, have made inroads into this morass of diagnostic dilemmas. Vascular malformations represent entities that are relatively infrequent of occurrence and also difficult of detection. These characteristics render them particularly refractory to recognition. Once diagnosed, however, they are quite readily treated surgically, without resort to \"blind\" resections or multiple bowel entries. This report deals with three instances of obscure but important persistent blood loss into the gastrointestinal tract. In each instance, identification by customary diagnostic methods was unsuccessful, but was finally made through endoscopy and promptly cured through surgery. The bleeding in all 3 cases proved pathologically to have been caused by vascular malformations, which we have subsumed under the term \"angiodysplasia.\""}
{"id": "PMID:299745", "title": "Combined immunodeficiency in foals in Arabian breeding: evaluation of mode of inheritance and estimation of prevalence of affected foals and carrier mares and stallions.", "content": "Combined immunodeficiency (CID), a defect in both B- and T-lymphocytes, was found to occur in 2.3% of 257 foals of Arabian breeding. All affected foals died by 5 months of age. The belief that CID is transmitted as an autosomal recessive genetic defect was supported by results from matings of dams and sires that had previously produced affected foals. Based on a prevalence of 2.3%, the proportion of carriers of the CID trait among the adult population surveyed was estimated to be 25.7%. Recent descriptions of other immunologic defects in foals emphasized the need for careful differential diagnosis. Disorders that could be confused with CID include failure in passive transfer of immunoglobulins from dam to foal, via colostrum; transient hypogammaglobulinemia; agammaglobulinemia (associated with B-lymphocyte deficiency and normal T-lymphocytes), and selective IgM deficiency.", "contents": "Combined immunodeficiency in foals in Arabian breeding: evaluation of mode of inheritance and estimation of prevalence of affected foals and carrier mares and stallions. Combined immunodeficiency (CID), a defect in both B- and T-lymphocytes, was found to occur in 2.3% of 257 foals of Arabian breeding. All affected foals died by 5 months of age. The belief that CID is transmitted as an autosomal recessive genetic defect was supported by results from matings of dams and sires that had previously produced affected foals. Based on a prevalence of 2.3%, the proportion of carriers of the CID trait among the adult population surveyed was estimated to be 25.7%. Recent descriptions of other immunologic defects in foals emphasized the need for careful differential diagnosis. Disorders that could be confused with CID include failure in passive transfer of immunoglobulins from dam to foal, via colostrum; transient hypogammaglobulinemia; agammaglobulinemia (associated with B-lymphocyte deficiency and normal T-lymphocytes), and selective IgM deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:299746", "title": "Inhibition of transformation and transfection in Haemophilus influenzae Rd9 by lysogeny.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae Rd9 lysogenic for temperate bacteriophage N3 was found to be virtually nontransformable and nontransfectable. This inhibition of transformation and transfection was due partly to the decreased capacity of competent lysogenic cells for irreversible binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and partly to some events taking place after adsorption of the DNA. The unadsorbed DNA was not degraded by the competent lysogenic cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of transformation and transfection in Haemophilus influenzae Rd9 by lysogeny. Haemophilus influenzae Rd9 lysogenic for temperate bacteriophage N3 was found to be virtually nontransformable and nontransfectable. This inhibition of transformation and transfection was due partly to the decreased capacity of competent lysogenic cells for irreversible binding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and partly to some events taking place after adsorption of the DNA. The unadsorbed DNA was not degraded by the competent lysogenic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299747", "title": "Immunoinhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "Human platelets washed and fixed in paraformaldehyde aggregate in the presence of the antibiotic ristocetin and normal plasma. This aggregation response is abolished after digestion of the fixed platelets with chymotrypsin. Antisera to fixed washed platelets were produced in rabbits and absorbed with chymotrypsin-treated, fixed washed platelets. Monovalent Fab fragments obtained from the isolated gamma-globulin fractions of the antisera blocked ristocetin-induced aggregation of fixed washed platelets in buffer and normal platelets in platelet-rich plasma. By double-antibody immunoprecipitation, it was shown that the antibody which blocked the ristocetin reaction interacted with a platelet membrane surface protein of mol wt 155,000. The results suggest that the glycoprotein I complex on the surface of the human platelet mediates ristocetin-induced von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Immunoinhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Human platelets washed and fixed in paraformaldehyde aggregate in the presence of the antibiotic ristocetin and normal plasma. This aggregation response is abolished after digestion of the fixed platelets with chymotrypsin. Antisera to fixed washed platelets were produced in rabbits and absorbed with chymotrypsin-treated, fixed washed platelets. Monovalent Fab fragments obtained from the isolated gamma-globulin fractions of the antisera blocked ristocetin-induced aggregation of fixed washed platelets in buffer and normal platelets in platelet-rich plasma. By double-antibody immunoprecipitation, it was shown that the antibody which blocked the ristocetin reaction interacted with a platelet membrane surface protein of mol wt 155,000. The results suggest that the glycoprotein I complex on the surface of the human platelet mediates ristocetin-induced von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:299748", "title": "Avidity of anti-DNA antibodies in serum and IgG glomerular eluates from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Association of high avidity antinative DNA antibody with glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Significant differences in both specificity and avidity of anti-DNA antibodies were observed in the sera of groups of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis, active systemic lupus erythematosus without nephritis, and in IgG eluates obtained by DNAase digestion of isolated glomeruli from glomerulonephritic kidneys. With methylated albumin-kieselguhr fractionated 3H-HeLa DNA as a source of native or single-strand DNA antigen in a modified Farr assay, an increased level of antibody to native DNA was associated with active systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly active nephritis. The avidity of antinative DNA estimated from plots of the reciprocals of bound and free antigen according to the Sips distribution formula was significanly lower in active glomerulonephritis sera than in sera from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus without nephritis. However, antinative DNA of uniformly high avidity was found in the glomerular eluates. Avidity of single-strand DNA antibodies did not differ in the various patient groups. The data stronly supprot a major role for high avidity antinative-DNA in DNA/antiDNA immune complex-induced glomerular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Avidity of anti-DNA antibodies in serum and IgG glomerular eluates from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Association of high avidity antinative DNA antibody with glomerulonephritis. Significant differences in both specificity and avidity of anti-DNA antibodies were observed in the sera of groups of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis, active systemic lupus erythematosus without nephritis, and in IgG eluates obtained by DNAase digestion of isolated glomeruli from glomerulonephritic kidneys. With methylated albumin-kieselguhr fractionated 3H-HeLa DNA as a source of native or single-strand DNA antigen in a modified Farr assay, an increased level of antibody to native DNA was associated with active systemic lupus erythematosus, particularly active nephritis. The avidity of antinative DNA estimated from plots of the reciprocals of bound and free antigen according to the Sips distribution formula was significanly lower in active glomerulonephritis sera than in sera from patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus without nephritis. However, antinative DNA of uniformly high avidity was found in the glomerular eluates. Avidity of single-strand DNA antibodies did not differ in the various patient groups. The data stronly supprot a major role for high avidity antinative-DNA in DNA/antiDNA immune complex-induced glomerular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:299749", "title": "Malignancy in rheumatic disease: interrelationships.", "content": "Patients with inflammatory arthritis and malignancy comprise two distinct populations. One group represents the chance occurrence of malignancy and rheumatic disease. These patients have symmetric polyarthritis, chiefly classic rheumatoid arthritis, and react positively to the rheumatoid factor test. There is no temporal relationship between tumor onset and rheumatic disease onset. In the second group, there may be a causal relationship between the malignancy and the rheumatic disease. These patients have asymmetric rather than symmetric arthritis and test results are negative for rheumatoid factor. There is a close temporal relationship between the onset of the tumor and the onset of the rheumatic disease. The mortality rate is significantly higher than in patients with symmetric polyarthritis. In 80 percent of women with asymmetric arthritis and malignancy, the tumor is mammary carcinoma. This indicates the advisability of a careful breast examination in this group of women.", "contents": "Malignancy in rheumatic disease: interrelationships. Patients with inflammatory arthritis and malignancy comprise two distinct populations. One group represents the chance occurrence of malignancy and rheumatic disease. These patients have symmetric polyarthritis, chiefly classic rheumatoid arthritis, and react positively to the rheumatoid factor test. There is no temporal relationship between tumor onset and rheumatic disease onset. In the second group, there may be a causal relationship between the malignancy and the rheumatic disease. These patients have asymmetric rather than symmetric arthritis and test results are negative for rheumatoid factor. There is a close temporal relationship between the onset of the tumor and the onset of the rheumatic disease. The mortality rate is significantly higher than in patients with symmetric polyarthritis. In 80 percent of women with asymmetric arthritis and malignancy, the tumor is mammary carcinoma. This indicates the advisability of a careful breast examination in this group of women."}
{"id": "PMID:299750", "title": "The active E-rosette test: a sensitive in vitro correlate for human delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "The \"active\" rosette test was adapted as an in vitro assay and correlated with human delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) to two microbial antigens. Peripheral lymphocytes were purified from donors known to be responders or nonresponders to PPD-tuberculin or tularemia on the basis of prior DCH reactions. Skin test antigen, incubated with lymphocytes from antigen-sensitive donors, produced a significant increase (+2 S.D.) in the ability of the lymphocytes to form active rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) when compared to lymphocytes cultured without antigen. Skin test antigen incubated with lymphocytes from nonsensitive donors produced no increase in their A-RFC. The optimal dose of each antigen was approximately 100 ng/ml. The percentage of A-RFC rose to maximum levels between 3 and 4 hr after the addition of antigen to the lymphocytes incubated at 37 degrees C. The assay appears to be specific for the antigen to which the individual demonstrates DCH. This assay may provide a new in vitro method for investigating mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity and a rapid diagnostic test for sensitization to microbial antigens.", "contents": "The active E-rosette test: a sensitive in vitro correlate for human delayed-type hypersensitivity. The \"active\" rosette test was adapted as an in vitro assay and correlated with human delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) to two microbial antigens. Peripheral lymphocytes were purified from donors known to be responders or nonresponders to PPD-tuberculin or tularemia on the basis of prior DCH reactions. Skin test antigen, incubated with lymphocytes from antigen-sensitive donors, produced a significant increase (+2 S.D.) in the ability of the lymphocytes to form active rosette-forming cells (A-RFC) when compared to lymphocytes cultured without antigen. Skin test antigen incubated with lymphocytes from nonsensitive donors produced no increase in their A-RFC. The optimal dose of each antigen was approximately 100 ng/ml. The percentage of A-RFC rose to maximum levels between 3 and 4 hr after the addition of antigen to the lymphocytes incubated at 37 degrees C. The assay appears to be specific for the antigen to which the individual demonstrates DCH. This assay may provide a new in vitro method for investigating mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity and a rapid diagnostic test for sensitization to microbial antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:299751", "title": "Ionophorous activity and murine B lymphocyte mitogens.", "content": "The relationship between ionophorous and B cell mitogen activity has been investigated. Most known ionophores were nonmitogenic for mouse spleen cells. In addition, when tested in a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) apparatus, most types of B cell mitogens were nonionophorous. However, excitability-inducing material (EIM), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a channel-forming ionophore, was a potent mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes. Similarly, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a B cell mitogen, is a channelforming ionophore. The mitogenic activities of these two compounds were not due to contamination with endotoxin since they produced weak or absent responses in the limulus lysate clotting and rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and were also mitogenic for spleen cells of endotoxin-low responder C3H/HeJ mice. Both the mitogenic and ionophorous activities of EIM and KLH were dependent on their polymeric structure since dissociation of these compounds into monomeric subunits markedly decreased both activities. However, heat denaturation destroyed their ionophorous ability but preserved their mitogenicity, thereby demonstrating that ionophorous activity was not essential for B cell activation. These data suggest that B cell mitogens do not necessarily act as primary ionophores. However, we propose that these molecules intercalate into the lipid portion of the cell membrane, and that this interaction initiates the process of B cell activation.", "contents": "Ionophorous activity and murine B lymphocyte mitogens. The relationship between ionophorous and B cell mitogen activity has been investigated. Most known ionophores were nonmitogenic for mouse spleen cells. In addition, when tested in a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) apparatus, most types of B cell mitogens were nonionophorous. However, excitability-inducing material (EIM), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a channel-forming ionophore, was a potent mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes. Similarly, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a high m.w. polymeric protein, which is a B cell mitogen, is a channelforming ionophore. The mitogenic activities of these two compounds were not due to contamination with endotoxin since they produced weak or absent responses in the limulus lysate clotting and rabbit pyrogenicity assays, and were also mitogenic for spleen cells of endotoxin-low responder C3H/HeJ mice. Both the mitogenic and ionophorous activities of EIM and KLH were dependent on their polymeric structure since dissociation of these compounds into monomeric subunits markedly decreased both activities. However, heat denaturation destroyed their ionophorous ability but preserved their mitogenicity, thereby demonstrating that ionophorous activity was not essential for B cell activation. These data suggest that B cell mitogens do not necessarily act as primary ionophores. However, we propose that these molecules intercalate into the lipid portion of the cell membrane, and that this interaction initiates the process of B cell activation."}
{"id": "PMID:299752", "title": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. IX. Enhancement of suppressor and helper cell activities of primed spleen cells.", "content": "Attempts were made to increase the activity of suppressor cells in vitro. Antigen-specific suppressor cells were induced by i.v. injections of urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA) into OA-primed mice. Nonadherent splenic lymphocytes from the UD-OA-treated mice were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hr with either OA or OA-bearing macrophages and lymphocytes harvested from the culture were examined for the ability to suppress primary anti-hapten antibody response on nonirradiated mice to DNP-OA. The results showed that the suppressive activity of the lymphocytes increased after culture of the cells with OA or OA-bearing macrophages. Similar results were obtained when nylon column-purified T cell-rich fraction of the lymphocytes were similarly cultured. The suppressive activity was associated with theta-bearing lymphocytes and was specific for OA. Suppressor cells were not induced by the culture of OA-primed lymphocytes with OA. The helper function of splenic lymphocytes from both UD-OA-treated mice and OA-primed mice was enhanced by the culture of the cells with OA-bearing macrophages but not by culture with OA in the absence of macrophages.", "contents": "Reaginic antibody formation in the mouse. IX. Enhancement of suppressor and helper cell activities of primed spleen cells. Attempts were made to increase the activity of suppressor cells in vitro. Antigen-specific suppressor cells were induced by i.v. injections of urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA) into OA-primed mice. Nonadherent splenic lymphocytes from the UD-OA-treated mice were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hr with either OA or OA-bearing macrophages and lymphocytes harvested from the culture were examined for the ability to suppress primary anti-hapten antibody response on nonirradiated mice to DNP-OA. The results showed that the suppressive activity of the lymphocytes increased after culture of the cells with OA or OA-bearing macrophages. Similar results were obtained when nylon column-purified T cell-rich fraction of the lymphocytes were similarly cultured. The suppressive activity was associated with theta-bearing lymphocytes and was specific for OA. Suppressor cells were not induced by the culture of OA-primed lymphocytes with OA. The helper function of splenic lymphocytes from both UD-OA-treated mice and OA-primed mice was enhanced by the culture of the cells with OA-bearing macrophages but not by culture with OA in the absence of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:299753", "title": "Requirement for non T-cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. II. Characterization of the active cells in the spleen of nude mice.", "content": "Small numbers of LN cells will produce many more cytotoxic lymphocytes on in vitro culture with allogeneic stimulator cells if spleen cells from nu/nu mice are also present throughout the culture period. All cytotoxic cells produced are T cells and arise from precursors in the LN component. The nude spleen component appears to be providing a required non-T cell which has been lost from the LN component through dilution. At least two active subpopulations of cells, differing in sedimentation velocity, adherence properties, radiation sensitivity, and antigen recognition properties can be identified in the nu/nu spleen. The first, the dominant activity in normal nu/nu spleen, is nonadherent, radiation sensitive, and can synergize with either syngeneic or allogeneic LN cells provided both are different from the same alloantigens in the stimulator population. The second, found in nu/nu spleen cells precultured with alloantigen, sediments more rapidly, is adherent, and radiation resistant, and need not be allogeneic to the stimulator cells to synergize with LN cells. The first subpopulation may give rise to the second.", "contents": "Requirement for non T-cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. II. Characterization of the active cells in the spleen of nude mice. Small numbers of LN cells will produce many more cytotoxic lymphocytes on in vitro culture with allogeneic stimulator cells if spleen cells from nu/nu mice are also present throughout the culture period. All cytotoxic cells produced are T cells and arise from precursors in the LN component. The nude spleen component appears to be providing a required non-T cell which has been lost from the LN component through dilution. At least two active subpopulations of cells, differing in sedimentation velocity, adherence properties, radiation sensitivity, and antigen recognition properties can be identified in the nu/nu spleen. The first, the dominant activity in normal nu/nu spleen, is nonadherent, radiation sensitive, and can synergize with either syngeneic or allogeneic LN cells provided both are different from the same alloantigens in the stimulator population. The second, found in nu/nu spleen cells precultured with alloantigen, sediments more rapidly, is adherent, and radiation resistant, and need not be allogeneic to the stimulator cells to synergize with LN cells. The first subpopulation may give rise to the second."}
{"id": "PMID:299754", "title": "Anti-thymocyte autoimmunity in BALB/C mice accompanying immunization to a syngeneic lymphoma.", "content": "As immunization of BALB/c mice to the syngeneic P1798 lymphoma is effected by administration of iodoacetamide-modified P1798 cells, serum antibodies appear which are reactive with P1798 and normal BALB/c thymocytes, splenocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Anti-P1798 serum also cross-reacted with thymocytes from AKR, DBA/2, and C3H mice as well as the allogeneic lymphoma 6C3HED. Anti-P1798 serum was unreactive with the Thy-1 deficient L1210 lymphoma. Multiple absorptions of anti-P1798 serum with normal BALB/c thymocytes or brain or P1798 removed antibodies to P1798 and thymocytes commensurately. Normal BALB/c liver and kidney did not absorb antibody activity. Treatment of a BALB/c splenocyte suspension with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement removed the population of spleen cells which were capable of reaction with anti-P1798 serum. The data suggest that antibodies to P1798 and thymocytes are the same and that specificity may be directed toward a Thy-1 related structure but without distinguishing Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2.", "contents": "Anti-thymocyte autoimmunity in BALB/C mice accompanying immunization to a syngeneic lymphoma. As immunization of BALB/c mice to the syngeneic P1798 lymphoma is effected by administration of iodoacetamide-modified P1798 cells, serum antibodies appear which are reactive with P1798 and normal BALB/c thymocytes, splenocytes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Anti-P1798 serum also cross-reacted with thymocytes from AKR, DBA/2, and C3H mice as well as the allogeneic lymphoma 6C3HED. Anti-P1798 serum was unreactive with the Thy-1 deficient L1210 lymphoma. Multiple absorptions of anti-P1798 serum with normal BALB/c thymocytes or brain or P1798 removed antibodies to P1798 and thymocytes commensurately. Normal BALB/c liver and kidney did not absorb antibody activity. Treatment of a BALB/c splenocyte suspension with anti-Thy 1.2 serum and complement removed the population of spleen cells which were capable of reaction with anti-P1798 serum. The data suggest that antibodies to P1798 and thymocytes are the same and that specificity may be directed toward a Thy-1 related structure but without distinguishing Thy-1.1 and Thy-1.2."}
{"id": "PMID:299755", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis. VIII. The use of con A to delineate a distinctive killer T cell subpopulation.", "content": "Alloimmune spleen cells (C57BL/6 anti P815), but not normal spleen cells, lyse syngeneic (EL4) target cells in the presence of Con A. Con A dependent cytotoxicity was mediated by T cells and required the continued presence of lectin. Cytolysis in the presence of a succinylated derivative was equivalent to that seen with the parent Con A molecule. In contrast to previous reports of Con A dependent cytolysis, however, we conclude that lysis is not primarily caused by directly cytotoxic T cells. The reasons for this conclusion are: 1. Removal of directly cytotoxic cells by adsorption on P815 monolayers did not alter the Con A dependent cytolysis of EL4 cells; 2. Populations in which no direct T killers were demonstrable (e.g., spleen cells harvested 5 days after alloimmunization) lysed both P815 and EL4 cells in the presence of Con A; and 3. Con A dependent cytolysis, but not direct cytotoxicity, could be induced by culturing normal C57BL/6 spleen cells for 4 days with a sonicated extract of P815 cells. We hypothesize that the cell \"activated\" to lyse targets in the presence of Con A is a T cell which has differentiated lytic potential following alloantigenic stimulation, but has either insufficient density or affinity of antigen receptors to serve as a directly cytotoxic cell. The role of Con A is viewed as 2-fold: i) to \"bridge\" killer and target cell, and ii) to \"activate\" the effector.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis. VIII. The use of con A to delineate a distinctive killer T cell subpopulation. Alloimmune spleen cells (C57BL/6 anti P815), but not normal spleen cells, lyse syngeneic (EL4) target cells in the presence of Con A. Con A dependent cytotoxicity was mediated by T cells and required the continued presence of lectin. Cytolysis in the presence of a succinylated derivative was equivalent to that seen with the parent Con A molecule. In contrast to previous reports of Con A dependent cytolysis, however, we conclude that lysis is not primarily caused by directly cytotoxic T cells. The reasons for this conclusion are: 1. Removal of directly cytotoxic cells by adsorption on P815 monolayers did not alter the Con A dependent cytolysis of EL4 cells; 2. Populations in which no direct T killers were demonstrable (e.g., spleen cells harvested 5 days after alloimmunization) lysed both P815 and EL4 cells in the presence of Con A; and 3. Con A dependent cytolysis, but not direct cytotoxicity, could be induced by culturing normal C57BL/6 spleen cells for 4 days with a sonicated extract of P815 cells. We hypothesize that the cell \"activated\" to lyse targets in the presence of Con A is a T cell which has differentiated lytic potential following alloantigenic stimulation, but has either insufficient density or affinity of antigen receptors to serve as a directly cytotoxic cell. The role of Con A is viewed as 2-fold: i) to \"bridge\" killer and target cell, and ii) to \"activate\" the effector."}
{"id": "PMID:299756", "title": "Mitogenic responsiveness and monocyte-lymphocyte interaction of early and late rosette-forming cell populations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Adherent cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were removed by the attachment to the plastic surface of tissue culture dishes. After removal of adherent cells, early rosette-forming cells (early RFC), which were characterized by early (5 min) rosette formation with sheep blood cells (SRBC) at an SRBC to lymphocyte ratio of 8:1, were separated from nonrosetting cells by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Total (60 min) rosette formation was carried out with the early RFC-depleted cell population on the gradient interface by the use of neuraminidase-treated SRBC at an SRBC to lymphocyte ratio of 20:1 and the resulting rosette-forming cells (late RFC) were sedimented by gradient centrifugation. These T cell subpopulations, early RFC-enriched and late RFC-enriched, were reasonably pure with respect to the ability to bind SRBC and contained less than 0.5% monocytes. Monocyte preparations, which were obtained after vigorous washing of the adherent cell layers on tissue culture dishes, responded to phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P) or concanavalin A (Con A) with negligible incorporation of 3H-thymidine. There was no significance difference in the responsiveness to PHA-P between early RFC-enriched and late RFC-enriched populations either in the absence or in the presence of graded numbers of additional autologous monocytes. However, the response of early RFC-enriched population to Con A was significantly poor as compared with that of late RFC-enriched one unless additional monocytes were added. In the presence of 20% autologous monocytes in the culture, the Con A-induced response of early RFC-enriched population was markedly enhanced to reach close to that of late RFC-enriched population. These results suggest that early RFC and late RFC might be different from each other in their responsiveness and in their need for monocytes on the stimulation with Con A.", "contents": "Mitogenic responsiveness and monocyte-lymphocyte interaction of early and late rosette-forming cell populations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Adherent cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were removed by the attachment to the plastic surface of tissue culture dishes. After removal of adherent cells, early rosette-forming cells (early RFC), which were characterized by early (5 min) rosette formation with sheep blood cells (SRBC) at an SRBC to lymphocyte ratio of 8:1, were separated from nonrosetting cells by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Total (60 min) rosette formation was carried out with the early RFC-depleted cell population on the gradient interface by the use of neuraminidase-treated SRBC at an SRBC to lymphocyte ratio of 20:1 and the resulting rosette-forming cells (late RFC) were sedimented by gradient centrifugation. These T cell subpopulations, early RFC-enriched and late RFC-enriched, were reasonably pure with respect to the ability to bind SRBC and contained less than 0.5% monocytes. Monocyte preparations, which were obtained after vigorous washing of the adherent cell layers on tissue culture dishes, responded to phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P) or concanavalin A (Con A) with negligible incorporation of 3H-thymidine. There was no significance difference in the responsiveness to PHA-P between early RFC-enriched and late RFC-enriched populations either in the absence or in the presence of graded numbers of additional autologous monocytes. However, the response of early RFC-enriched population to Con A was significantly poor as compared with that of late RFC-enriched one unless additional monocytes were added. In the presence of 20% autologous monocytes in the culture, the Con A-induced response of early RFC-enriched population was markedly enhanced to reach close to that of late RFC-enriched population. These results suggest that early RFC and late RFC might be different from each other in their responsiveness and in their need for monocytes on the stimulation with Con A."}
{"id": "PMID:299757", "title": "Immunosuppression of T lymphocyte function by fractionated serum from tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholantrene-induced tumors have been shown previously to inhibit the function of normal lymphoid cells. When chromatographed on Sephadex G-150, the fraction eluting with immunoglobulin has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response of normal spleen cells to concanavalin A and to inhibit the in vitro antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, but has a lesser effect on the antibody response to a T-independent antigen. This paper deals with studies on the mode of action of the serum factor. The immunoglobulin containing fraction of serum from tumor-bearing mice inhibited the in vitro generation of both allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes. Time course studies demonstrate that the serum fraction inhibits the generation of antibody-producing and cytotoxic lymphocytes if added during the first 2 days of a 5-day culture. Serum fractions added after day 2 had no effect on the in vitro response. The serum factor appears to inhibit the generation of specific T cell function during the proliferative stage of development but has no effect on the differentiation stage which leads to either antibody-producing cells or cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunosuppression of T lymphocyte function by fractionated serum from tumor-bearing mice. Sera from mice with transplanted 3-methylcholantrene-induced tumors have been shown previously to inhibit the function of normal lymphoid cells. When chromatographed on Sephadex G-150, the fraction eluting with immunoglobulin has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response of normal spleen cells to concanavalin A and to inhibit the in vitro antibody response to a T-dependent antigen, but has a lesser effect on the antibody response to a T-independent antigen. This paper deals with studies on the mode of action of the serum factor. The immunoglobulin containing fraction of serum from tumor-bearing mice inhibited the in vitro generation of both allogeneic and syngeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes. Time course studies demonstrate that the serum fraction inhibits the generation of antibody-producing and cytotoxic lymphocytes if added during the first 2 days of a 5-day culture. Serum fractions added after day 2 had no effect on the in vitro response. The serum factor appears to inhibit the generation of specific T cell function during the proliferative stage of development but has no effect on the differentiation stage which leads to either antibody-producing cells or cytotoxic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299758", "title": "Lack of interaction of circulating T cells with phytohemagglutinin in bacillary positive untreated lepromatous leprosy patients--identification of subpopulation of lymphocytes by shifts in electrophoretic mobility.", "content": "Incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal healthy subjects with phytohamagglutinin (PHA), causes the reduction of the surface charge of a subpopulation of T cells by 1363 +/- 242 e.s.u./cm2. The affected subpopulation was predominantly the high charge-bearing cells identifiable with early (10 min) rosette-forming cells with sheep erythrocytes. Purified lymphocytes obtained from untreated bacillary-positive, lepromatous leprosy patients contained high charge-bearing T lymphocyte subpopulation. However, incubation with PHA did not result in the shift of electrophoretic mobility of these cells, suggesting the absence of interacting sites for the mitogen on the surface of these cells. The absence of mitogen-interacting sites is not an inherent trait of leprosy patients; the surface charge of lymphocytes from Dapsone-treated bacillary-negative subjects was reduced upon incubation with PHA. A close correlation was found between the number of cells whose charge alters on incubation with PHA and the transformation index obtained with this mitogen.", "contents": "Lack of interaction of circulating T cells with phytohemagglutinin in bacillary positive untreated lepromatous leprosy patients--identification of subpopulation of lymphocytes by shifts in electrophoretic mobility. Incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal healthy subjects with phytohamagglutinin (PHA), causes the reduction of the surface charge of a subpopulation of T cells by 1363 +/- 242 e.s.u./cm2. The affected subpopulation was predominantly the high charge-bearing cells identifiable with early (10 min) rosette-forming cells with sheep erythrocytes. Purified lymphocytes obtained from untreated bacillary-positive, lepromatous leprosy patients contained high charge-bearing T lymphocyte subpopulation. However, incubation with PHA did not result in the shift of electrophoretic mobility of these cells, suggesting the absence of interacting sites for the mitogen on the surface of these cells. The absence of mitogen-interacting sites is not an inherent trait of leprosy patients; the surface charge of lymphocytes from Dapsone-treated bacillary-negative subjects was reduced upon incubation with PHA. A close correlation was found between the number of cells whose charge alters on incubation with PHA and the transformation index obtained with this mitogen."}
{"id": "PMID:299759", "title": "Tolerizing effect of DNP-ficoll on IgE antibody production.", "content": "A/J and DBA/1 mice were infected with 750 third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with 1 mug dinitrophenylated N. brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb) with 1 mg Al(OH)3 to produce high titers of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody. Partial tolerance to the production of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody could be induced by DNP-Ficoll from 5 weeks before to 1 week after the DNP-Nb immunization. The tolerized state persisted through the duration of the experiments. However, no tolerizing effect could be demonstrated on secondary antihapten IgE antibody production induced by DNP-Nb. Moreover, DNP-Ficoll failed to evoke anti-hapten IgG1 or IgE antibody production.", "contents": "Tolerizing effect of DNP-ficoll on IgE antibody production. A/J and DBA/1 mice were infected with 750 third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with 1 mug dinitrophenylated N. brasiliensis extract (DNP-Nb) with 1 mg Al(OH)3 to produce high titers of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody. Partial tolerance to the production of anti-hapten IgG1 and IgE antibody could be induced by DNP-Ficoll from 5 weeks before to 1 week after the DNP-Nb immunization. The tolerized state persisted through the duration of the experiments. However, no tolerizing effect could be demonstrated on secondary antihapten IgE antibody production induced by DNP-Nb. Moreover, DNP-Ficoll failed to evoke anti-hapten IgG1 or IgE antibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:299760", "title": "Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IV. Cellular basis of the unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis.", "content": "Lymphoid cells obtained from the C3H/HeJ mouse strain respond abnormally to LPS in vitro, as shown by the fact that they are unable to make a mitogenic response to some LPS preparations and make only a low mitogenic response to other LPS preparations. In contrast, cells from a closely related C3H substrain, the C3H/St, are highly responsive to both types of LPS preparations. Experiments were carried out to determine the cellular basis of these genetically determined LPS response differences. This question was approached by studying the mitogenic response to LPS in cultures containing mixtures of various combinations of B cells, T cells, and macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C3H/St mice. Experiments utilizing an LPS preparation to which the C3H/HeJ is totally unresponsive (negative LPS) revealed, first, that either spleen cells, or partially purified T cells and/or macrophages obtained from C3H/St, could not restore the ability of C3H/HeJ spleen cells to respond to LPS, indicating that the C3H/HeJ is not deficient in an LPS-specific helper cell population which may be required for mitogenesis. Secondly, the addition of either spleen cells or partially purified T cells or macrophages from the C3H/HeJ to spleen cells from the C3H/St did not inhibit the mitogenic response to LPS, suggesting that the presence of suppressor cell activity is also not involved. Experiments analogous to those described, except utilizing another LPS preparation to which the C3H/HeJ is partially responsive (positive LPS), also failed to demonstrate reconstitutive or suppressive effects when C3H/HeJ and C3H/St spleen cells were admixed. The results obtained indicate that the defect in the C3H/HeJ mouse strain that limits its responsiveness to positive LPS and which renders it totally unresponsive to negative LPS appears to be an intrinsic defect in the capacity of B cells to react to the mitogenic stimulus of LPS.", "contents": "Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IV. Cellular basis of the unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis. Lymphoid cells obtained from the C3H/HeJ mouse strain respond abnormally to LPS in vitro, as shown by the fact that they are unable to make a mitogenic response to some LPS preparations and make only a low mitogenic response to other LPS preparations. In contrast, cells from a closely related C3H substrain, the C3H/St, are highly responsive to both types of LPS preparations. Experiments were carried out to determine the cellular basis of these genetically determined LPS response differences. This question was approached by studying the mitogenic response to LPS in cultures containing mixtures of various combinations of B cells, T cells, and macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C3H/St mice. Experiments utilizing an LPS preparation to which the C3H/HeJ is totally unresponsive (negative LPS) revealed, first, that either spleen cells, or partially purified T cells and/or macrophages obtained from C3H/St, could not restore the ability of C3H/HeJ spleen cells to respond to LPS, indicating that the C3H/HeJ is not deficient in an LPS-specific helper cell population which may be required for mitogenesis. Secondly, the addition of either spleen cells or partially purified T cells or macrophages from the C3H/HeJ to spleen cells from the C3H/St did not inhibit the mitogenic response to LPS, suggesting that the presence of suppressor cell activity is also not involved. Experiments analogous to those described, except utilizing another LPS preparation to which the C3H/HeJ is partially responsive (positive LPS), also failed to demonstrate reconstitutive or suppressive effects when C3H/HeJ and C3H/St spleen cells were admixed. The results obtained indicate that the defect in the C3H/HeJ mouse strain that limits its responsiveness to positive LPS and which renders it totally unresponsive to negative LPS appears to be an intrinsic defect in the capacity of B cells to react to the mitogenic stimulus of LPS."}
{"id": "PMID:299761", "title": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of human lymphocytes against a myeloid cell line: characterization of effector cells.", "content": "Using a series of techniques to identify and deplete various peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, we studied the cytotoxic reactivity of normal individuals against the myeloid cell line K-562 in a 4-hr 51chromium-release assay. Depletion of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors had a variable, usually negligible effect on cytotoxicity. In contrast, depletion of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors abrogated target cell lysis. Separation of lymphocytes with high-affinity binding of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) evidenced by rosette formation at 29 degrees C yielded a population of rosette-forming cells containing few cytotoxic cells, whereas separation of total E-RFC under optimal rosetting conditions produced a rosette fraction containing a major proportion of the effector cells. These data indicate that the cytotoxic lymphocyte in this system is Fc receptor positive, largely complement receptor negative, and may possess low density or low affinity receptors for SRBC.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxic reactivity of human lymphocytes against a myeloid cell line: characterization of effector cells. Using a series of techniques to identify and deplete various peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, we studied the cytotoxic reactivity of normal individuals against the myeloid cell line K-562 in a 4-hr 51chromium-release assay. Depletion of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors had a variable, usually negligible effect on cytotoxicity. In contrast, depletion of lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors abrogated target cell lysis. Separation of lymphocytes with high-affinity binding of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) evidenced by rosette formation at 29 degrees C yielded a population of rosette-forming cells containing few cytotoxic cells, whereas separation of total E-RFC under optimal rosetting conditions produced a rosette fraction containing a major proportion of the effector cells. These data indicate that the cytotoxic lymphocyte in this system is Fc receptor positive, largely complement receptor negative, and may possess low density or low affinity receptors for SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:299762", "title": "Hapten-specific IgE antibody responses in mice. VII. Conversion of IgE \"non-responder\" strains to IgE \"responders\" by elimination of suppressor T cell activity.", "content": "Mice of the inbred strains SJL (H-2s) and AKR (H-2k) are \"non-responders\" and \"low-responders,\" respectively, in terms of their capacity to develop antibody responses of the IgE class when immunized with conventional proteins and hapten-protein conjugates under conditions optimal for eliciting IgE responses in \"high-responder\" mice, such as BALB/c (H-2d), to these same antigens. For example, BALB/c mice preimmunized with ASC and then challenged 7 days later with DNP-ASC develop peak augmented primary IgE anti-DNP antibody responses of 320 PCA units, whereas SJL and AKR mice develop responses which are 16-fold and 4-fold lower, respectively. However, pretreatment of the latter two strains with appropriate doses of either x-irradiation (150 R), cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) or ALS (150 mul) before carrier-preimmunization strikingly enhances the magnitude of IgE antibody responses in such mice to levels as high as 64-fold above those of untreated control mice of the same strains. Evidence obtained in these experiments indicates that the capacity of such maneuvers to to convert poor IgE responders to high responder status reflects elimination of nonantigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes which are naturally present and normally function to suppress or \"dampen\" the IgE antibody response in a relatively selective manner. It appears that these cells modulate IgE responses by acting at least at two distinct points: 1) The most effective activity seems to be at the level of induction of carrier-specific helper T cells; 2) A second locus of inhibitory activity is more distal in the response, either impeding helper T cell-B cell cooperative interactions or suppressing B cell differentiation and/or function directly. Taken collectively, these observations demonstrate that the state of poor responsiveness of the SJL and AKR strains for the IgE antibody class is not a reflection of a genetic inability to develop IgE responses but rather a manifestation of a genetic capability to actively inhibit IgE antibody synthesis.", "contents": "Hapten-specific IgE antibody responses in mice. VII. Conversion of IgE \"non-responder\" strains to IgE \"responders\" by elimination of suppressor T cell activity. Mice of the inbred strains SJL (H-2s) and AKR (H-2k) are \"non-responders\" and \"low-responders,\" respectively, in terms of their capacity to develop antibody responses of the IgE class when immunized with conventional proteins and hapten-protein conjugates under conditions optimal for eliciting IgE responses in \"high-responder\" mice, such as BALB/c (H-2d), to these same antigens. For example, BALB/c mice preimmunized with ASC and then challenged 7 days later with DNP-ASC develop peak augmented primary IgE anti-DNP antibody responses of 320 PCA units, whereas SJL and AKR mice develop responses which are 16-fold and 4-fold lower, respectively. However, pretreatment of the latter two strains with appropriate doses of either x-irradiation (150 R), cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) or ALS (150 mul) before carrier-preimmunization strikingly enhances the magnitude of IgE antibody responses in such mice to levels as high as 64-fold above those of untreated control mice of the same strains. Evidence obtained in these experiments indicates that the capacity of such maneuvers to to convert poor IgE responders to high responder status reflects elimination of nonantigen-specific suppressor T lymphocytes which are naturally present and normally function to suppress or \"dampen\" the IgE antibody response in a relatively selective manner. It appears that these cells modulate IgE responses by acting at least at two distinct points: 1) The most effective activity seems to be at the level of induction of carrier-specific helper T cells; 2) A second locus of inhibitory activity is more distal in the response, either impeding helper T cell-B cell cooperative interactions or suppressing B cell differentiation and/or function directly. Taken collectively, these observations demonstrate that the state of poor responsiveness of the SJL and AKR strains for the IgE antibody class is not a reflection of a genetic inability to develop IgE responses but rather a manifestation of a genetic capability to actively inhibit IgE antibody synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:299763", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. IX. Relationships between antigen recognition and lytic expression in killer T cells.", "content": "The relationship between antigen recognition and lytic expression by killer T cells was studied by co-culturing two effector cell populations. When antigen recognition was bidirectional (e.g., b anti-d cells cultured with d anti-b) there was a loss of lytic activity in both populations. In contrast, when antigen recognition was unidirectional (e.g., a anti-d co-cultured with d anti-b) then the loss of lytic activity only occurred in that direction; i.e., there was a marked decline in the d anti-b activity but no change in the a anti-d population. These studies suggest: i) that mere proximity to a killer cell does not lead to target cell death; ii) that accommodation of the T cell's antigen receptor is necessary for the cell to express its lytic potential; and iii) there is direct linkage between the T cell's antigen receptor site and its killing mechanism.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. IX. Relationships between antigen recognition and lytic expression in killer T cells. The relationship between antigen recognition and lytic expression by killer T cells was studied by co-culturing two effector cell populations. When antigen recognition was bidirectional (e.g., b anti-d cells cultured with d anti-b) there was a loss of lytic activity in both populations. In contrast, when antigen recognition was unidirectional (e.g., a anti-d co-cultured with d anti-b) then the loss of lytic activity only occurred in that direction; i.e., there was a marked decline in the d anti-b activity but no change in the a anti-d population. These studies suggest: i) that mere proximity to a killer cell does not lead to target cell death; ii) that accommodation of the T cell's antigen receptor is necessary for the cell to express its lytic potential; and iii) there is direct linkage between the T cell's antigen receptor site and its killing mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:299764", "title": "Regulatory factors produced by lymphocytes. II. Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis associated with a factor inhibiting DNA polymerase alpha activity.", "content": "Supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human tonsil cells contain two growth inhibitory factors. These factors, called inhibitors of DNA synthesis (IDS), reduce (3)H-thymidine incorporation into mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and into growing HeLa cells. By Sephadex chromatography, these factors have volumes of distribution corresponding to about 80,000 and 40,000 daltons. Both factors inhibit the activity of calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha in cell-free assays (termed inhibitor of DNA polymerase, IDP). The larger factor, which is chromatographically separable from alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT), is completely inactivated by heating at 70 degrees C for 15 min. This treatment does not destroy alpha-LT. Using supernatants from PHA-stimulated tonsil cells cultured for 5 days in serum-free medium, we attained a 150-fold purification with a succession of molecular sieving, ion exchange, and adsorption chromatographic procedures. Although not purified to homogeneity, the extensive copurification of IDS and IDP activities and their identical heat inactivation profiles suggest that they are the same entity. IDP separated free of alpha-LT inhibits thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells without causing cell death. alpha-LT purified free of IDS does not inhibit thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells, not even at concentrations 7000 times that necessary to kill 50% of growth-inhibited L cell cultures.", "contents": "Regulatory factors produced by lymphocytes. II. Inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis associated with a factor inhibiting DNA polymerase alpha activity. Supernatants of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human tonsil cells contain two growth inhibitory factors. These factors, called inhibitors of DNA synthesis (IDS), reduce (3)H-thymidine incorporation into mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and into growing HeLa cells. By Sephadex chromatography, these factors have volumes of distribution corresponding to about 80,000 and 40,000 daltons. Both factors inhibit the activity of calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha in cell-free assays (termed inhibitor of DNA polymerase, IDP). The larger factor, which is chromatographically separable from alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT), is completely inactivated by heating at 70 degrees C for 15 min. This treatment does not destroy alpha-LT. Using supernatants from PHA-stimulated tonsil cells cultured for 5 days in serum-free medium, we attained a 150-fold purification with a succession of molecular sieving, ion exchange, and adsorption chromatographic procedures. Although not purified to homogeneity, the extensive copurification of IDS and IDP activities and their identical heat inactivation profiles suggest that they are the same entity. IDP separated free of alpha-LT inhibits thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells without causing cell death. alpha-LT purified free of IDS does not inhibit thymidine incorporation into HeLa cells, not even at concentrations 7000 times that necessary to kill 50% of growth-inhibited L cell cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:299765", "title": "Kinetic studies of a tumor-induced leukemoid reaction in mice.", "content": "A transplantable murine breast carcinoma in mice was associated with marked leukemoid reaction. Within 1 week of subcutaneous implantation of tumor the leukocyte count began to increase and reached average levels of 165,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter within 18 days. This represented an increase in mature neutrophils primarily, although other blood leukocytes were modestly increased as well. The total number of neutrophils per humerus was increased but no increase was detected in the number of myloblasts, promyelocytes, or myelocytes. The tritiated thymidine-labeling index of the latter three cells was not significantly changed during tumor growth. The number of progenitor cells forming granulocytic and mononuclear cells in vitro was decreased in the marrow during tumor growth. Colony-stimulating activity in plasma was slightly increased during the early phase of tumor growth and decreased during later phases. Emergence time of blood neutrophils was normal, as measured by labeling with tritiated thymidine, but decline in labeled cells was abnormally slow in tumor-bearing mice. There was a shift of erythropoiesis to the spleen, but total erythropoiesis appeared to be normal in most mice. Surgical excision of the tumor resulted in prompt reversal of the leukemoid reaction. In the aggregate these results are consistent with a hypothesis that the leukemoid reaction was the result of increased blood transit time of neutrophils primarily, rather than increased neutrophil production.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of a tumor-induced leukemoid reaction in mice. A transplantable murine breast carcinoma in mice was associated with marked leukemoid reaction. Within 1 week of subcutaneous implantation of tumor the leukocyte count began to increase and reached average levels of 165,000 leukocytes per cubic millimeter within 18 days. This represented an increase in mature neutrophils primarily, although other blood leukocytes were modestly increased as well. The total number of neutrophils per humerus was increased but no increase was detected in the number of myloblasts, promyelocytes, or myelocytes. The tritiated thymidine-labeling index of the latter three cells was not significantly changed during tumor growth. The number of progenitor cells forming granulocytic and mononuclear cells in vitro was decreased in the marrow during tumor growth. Colony-stimulating activity in plasma was slightly increased during the early phase of tumor growth and decreased during later phases. Emergence time of blood neutrophils was normal, as measured by labeling with tritiated thymidine, but decline in labeled cells was abnormally slow in tumor-bearing mice. There was a shift of erythropoiesis to the spleen, but total erythropoiesis appeared to be normal in most mice. Surgical excision of the tumor resulted in prompt reversal of the leukemoid reaction. In the aggregate these results are consistent with a hypothesis that the leukemoid reaction was the result of increased blood transit time of neutrophils primarily, rather than increased neutrophil production."}
{"id": "PMID:299766", "title": "Identification of a B-cell surface structure involved in antigen-dependent triggering: absence of this structure on B cells from CBA/N mutant mice.", "content": "CBA/N mice have an X-linked B-cell maturation defect which is reflected in part in an absence or dysfunction of a subclass of mature B cells. We have immunized the defective male offspring of the mating (CBA/N female X BALB/c male) with BALB/c spleen cells. The resulting antiserum (alphaLyb3) selectively reacts with a component on the surface of a portion of B cells from a panel of H-2 different mouse strains. Binding of alphaLyb3 serum to this B-cell subclass results in substantial (10- to 20-fold) enhancement of the antibody response to low doses of SRBC. Both binding and enhancing activity are removed by absorption with B cells from B6 and BALB/c, but not CBA/N mice. Absorption of the serum with bone marrow cells, T cells, or thymocytes from Lyb3+ strains does not remove activity. Since the enhanced plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses are specific for the immunizing antigen, and since no PFC response is produced by injection of the antiserum alone, this enhancement probably reflects a second signal produced by specific interaction between antibody and the surface Lyb3 component. Moreover, this signal can partially replace the requirement for T cells in the production of antibody to a \"thymus-dependent\" antigen. These findings (taken in conjunction with the previously described immune defects in CBA/N mice and other studies of B-cell maturation) suggest to us that Lyb3 is a cell surface component expressed selectively on a mature B-cell subclass. This component is important in B-cell triggering by antigen and fails to develop in CBA/N mice, due to a dysfunction of a regulatory gene on the CBA/N X chromosome.", "contents": "Identification of a B-cell surface structure involved in antigen-dependent triggering: absence of this structure on B cells from CBA/N mutant mice. CBA/N mice have an X-linked B-cell maturation defect which is reflected in part in an absence or dysfunction of a subclass of mature B cells. We have immunized the defective male offspring of the mating (CBA/N female X BALB/c male) with BALB/c spleen cells. The resulting antiserum (alphaLyb3) selectively reacts with a component on the surface of a portion of B cells from a panel of H-2 different mouse strains. Binding of alphaLyb3 serum to this B-cell subclass results in substantial (10- to 20-fold) enhancement of the antibody response to low doses of SRBC. Both binding and enhancing activity are removed by absorption with B cells from B6 and BALB/c, but not CBA/N mice. Absorption of the serum with bone marrow cells, T cells, or thymocytes from Lyb3+ strains does not remove activity. Since the enhanced plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses are specific for the immunizing antigen, and since no PFC response is produced by injection of the antiserum alone, this enhancement probably reflects a second signal produced by specific interaction between antibody and the surface Lyb3 component. Moreover, this signal can partially replace the requirement for T cells in the production of antibody to a \"thymus-dependent\" antigen. These findings (taken in conjunction with the previously described immune defects in CBA/N mice and other studies of B-cell maturation) suggest to us that Lyb3 is a cell surface component expressed selectively on a mature B-cell subclass. This component is important in B-cell triggering by antigen and fails to develop in CBA/N mice, due to a dysfunction of a regulatory gene on the CBA/N X chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:299767", "title": "B-lymphocyte heterogeneity: development and characterization of an alloantiserum which distinguishes B-lymphocyte differentiation alloantigens.", "content": "CBA/N mice and F1 male mice, which are hemizygous for the CBA/N X chromosome, have an immune defect which is associated with the absence (deficiency) of a subpopulation of mature or late developing B lymphocytes. This characteristic was utilized to develop an antiserum that was specific for this subclass of B cells. C57BL/L mice were immunized with DBA/2 spleen calls, and the resulting antisera was absorbed with lymphoid cells derived from immunologically abnormal (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 male mice. The absorbed antisera was cytotoxic for a subpopulation of lymphocytes that was present in the spleens of adult DBA/2 and (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 female mice. The cells killed by the absorbed antisera were Ig-bearing, complement receptor-bearing B lymphocytes, which had a low-to-intermediate density of total surface Ig. Moreover, the cells remaining after treatment of adult (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 female spleen cells with the absorbed antisera and C had a high ratio of surface IgM to IgD. The development of this cytotoxic alloantisera, which is specific for a late developing (mature) subpopulation of B lymphocytes, will allow the functional characterization of subclasses of B lymphocytes.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte heterogeneity: development and characterization of an alloantiserum which distinguishes B-lymphocyte differentiation alloantigens. CBA/N mice and F1 male mice, which are hemizygous for the CBA/N X chromosome, have an immune defect which is associated with the absence (deficiency) of a subpopulation of mature or late developing B lymphocytes. This characteristic was utilized to develop an antiserum that was specific for this subclass of B cells. C57BL/L mice were immunized with DBA/2 spleen calls, and the resulting antisera was absorbed with lymphoid cells derived from immunologically abnormal (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 male mice. The absorbed antisera was cytotoxic for a subpopulation of lymphocytes that was present in the spleens of adult DBA/2 and (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 female mice. The cells killed by the absorbed antisera were Ig-bearing, complement receptor-bearing B lymphocytes, which had a low-to-intermediate density of total surface Ig. Moreover, the cells remaining after treatment of adult (CBA/N female X DBA/2 male)F1 female spleen cells with the absorbed antisera and C had a high ratio of surface IgM to IgD. The development of this cytotoxic alloantisera, which is specific for a late developing (mature) subpopulation of B lymphocytes, will allow the functional characterization of subclasses of B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299768", "title": "Characterization of self-reactive B cells by polyclonal B-cell activators.", "content": "The existence of autoreactive B cells was predicted by theoretical considerations and, recently, confirmed by direct experiments. The aim of the present work was to investigate if the capacity of self-reactive B cells to be activated with different polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) reflects the heterogeneity of the response as seen in all the Ig-positive cells. We injected mice with dextran sulfate, lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055:B5, and purified protein derivate of turbercle bacteria RT32 and studied the complement-dependent cytotoxicity against syngeneic spleen cells caused by the sera from injected mice with regard to the different parameters used for characterization of B-cell subpopulations. It was found that the capacity of self-reactive B cells to secrete antibodies reflects the polyclonal-activating capacity of the PBA used. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the triggering mechanism of B lymphocytes and for self-nonself discrimination are discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of self-reactive B cells by polyclonal B-cell activators. The existence of autoreactive B cells was predicted by theoretical considerations and, recently, confirmed by direct experiments. The aim of the present work was to investigate if the capacity of self-reactive B cells to be activated with different polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) reflects the heterogeneity of the response as seen in all the Ig-positive cells. We injected mice with dextran sulfate, lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055:B5, and purified protein derivate of turbercle bacteria RT32 and studied the complement-dependent cytotoxicity against syngeneic spleen cells caused by the sera from injected mice with regard to the different parameters used for characterization of B-cell subpopulations. It was found that the capacity of self-reactive B cells to secrete antibodies reflects the polyclonal-activating capacity of the PBA used. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the triggering mechanism of B lymphocytes and for self-nonself discrimination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299769", "title": "The adjuvant effect of Corynebacterium parvum: T-cell dependence of macrophage activation.", "content": "Splenic and peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum enhanced the antibody response in vitro of normal nonadherent spleen cells to SRBC, but not to DNP-POL. This enhancement was dependent on the dose and time of administration of C. parvum and could be abrogated by pretreatment with carrageenan. Macrophages from T-cell-depleted mice failed to enhance the response, but this ability was restored if the mice had been reconstituted with purified T lymphocytes. Macrophages that are activated by C. parvum are a resident nondividing population. It is postulated that activated macrophages, capable of enhancing antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens, arise through a cell-mediated reaction to C. parvum.", "contents": "The adjuvant effect of Corynebacterium parvum: T-cell dependence of macrophage activation. Splenic and peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum enhanced the antibody response in vitro of normal nonadherent spleen cells to SRBC, but not to DNP-POL. This enhancement was dependent on the dose and time of administration of C. parvum and could be abrogated by pretreatment with carrageenan. Macrophages from T-cell-depleted mice failed to enhance the response, but this ability was restored if the mice had been reconstituted with purified T lymphocytes. Macrophages that are activated by C. parvum are a resident nondividing population. It is postulated that activated macrophages, capable of enhancing antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens, arise through a cell-mediated reaction to C. parvum."}
{"id": "PMID:299781", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Severe obstructive lung disease and pregnancy.", "content": "The case of a 37-year-old primigravida with severe obstructive lung disease and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is reported. Serial pulmonary function studies and arterial blood gases were obtained during the antenatal and postpartum periods. Intrauterine fetal growth was monitored with serial ultrasonic fetal biparietal diameter determinations. Serial oxytocin challenge tests were used to monitor uteroplacental function. Aggressive chest physiotherapy was used to maintain good maternal bronchopulmonary hygiene. A normal female infant was delivered vaginally at 38 weeks' gestation following an uneventful labor. The available obstetric literature regarding the outcome of pregnancy in patients with obstructive lung disease and cystic fibrosis is reviewed. This literature suggests that pregnancy in a patient with severe obstructive lung disease should be considered a medical indication for therapeutic abortion. Successful delivery of this patient with severe obstructive lung disease and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency suggests that these conditions are not a contraindication to successful outcome of preganncy for both mother and child.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Severe obstructive lung disease and pregnancy. The case of a 37-year-old primigravida with severe obstructive lung disease and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is reported. Serial pulmonary function studies and arterial blood gases were obtained during the antenatal and postpartum periods. Intrauterine fetal growth was monitored with serial ultrasonic fetal biparietal diameter determinations. Serial oxytocin challenge tests were used to monitor uteroplacental function. Aggressive chest physiotherapy was used to maintain good maternal bronchopulmonary hygiene. A normal female infant was delivered vaginally at 38 weeks' gestation following an uneventful labor. The available obstetric literature regarding the outcome of pregnancy in patients with obstructive lung disease and cystic fibrosis is reviewed. This literature suggests that pregnancy in a patient with severe obstructive lung disease should be considered a medical indication for therapeutic abortion. Successful delivery of this patient with severe obstructive lung disease and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency suggests that these conditions are not a contraindication to successful outcome of preganncy for both mother and child."}
{"id": "PMID:299782", "title": "Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. A survey of 40 cases.", "content": "Forty patients with placenta accreta, increta, or percreta are presented. Clinical features revealed an average age of 29.5 years and an average parity of 3-2-1. Twenty-five had no antepartum complications. Nine were admitted with silent hemorrhage, of which 6 had a total placenta previa and 1 a low-lying previa. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 39% with an associated perinatal mortality of 25% and 1 maternal death. Histopathologic evaluations revealed the predominant factor to be an absent decidua. Etiologic in decidual deficiency was a previous cesarean section (12 patients). Therapy consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy in 38 patients.", "contents": "Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. A survey of 40 cases. Forty patients with placenta accreta, increta, or percreta are presented. Clinical features revealed an average age of 29.5 years and an average parity of 3-2-1. Twenty-five had no antepartum complications. Nine were admitted with silent hemorrhage, of which 6 had a total placenta previa and 1 a low-lying previa. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 39% with an associated perinatal mortality of 25% and 1 maternal death. Histopathologic evaluations revealed the predominant factor to be an absent decidua. Etiologic in decidual deficiency was a previous cesarean section (12 patients). Therapy consisted of total abdominal hysterectomy in 38 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299785", "title": "Sodium-specific membrane channels of frog skin are pores: current fluctuations reveal high turnover.", "content": "The reversible sodium transport blocker amiloride causes current fluctuations at the apical membrane of the outer stratum granulosum of frog skin. Their power density spectra reveal that single transport sites translocate more than 10(6) sodium ions per second, which indicates a pore mechanism. The density of open plus amiloride-blocked pores is in the order of 10(8) pores per square centimeter of skin area with 60 millimolar sodium and 18 micromolar amiloride in the outer solution.", "contents": "Sodium-specific membrane channels of frog skin are pores: current fluctuations reveal high turnover. The reversible sodium transport blocker amiloride causes current fluctuations at the apical membrane of the outer stratum granulosum of frog skin. Their power density spectra reveal that single transport sites translocate more than 10(6) sodium ions per second, which indicates a pore mechanism. The density of open plus amiloride-blocked pores is in the order of 10(8) pores per square centimeter of skin area with 60 millimolar sodium and 18 micromolar amiloride in the outer solution."}
{"id": "PMID:299790", "title": "Conduction system in a patient with Prinzmetal's angina and transient atrioventricular block.", "content": "His bundle recordings obtained during and between attacks of Prinzmetal's variant angina and transient atrioventricular (A-V) block were followed by a comprehensive serial section study of the conduction system in a 33 year old woman. Recordings between attacks showed normal A-H and H-V intervals. During an attack there was block proximal to the His bundle recording site. Pathologic studies revealed severe narrowing of the right coronary artery. Arteriolosclerosis of the heart was diffuse. Insignificant changes were found in the approaches to the A-V node and the A-V node itself. Major changes found in the left bundle branch had no counterpart in the electrocardiogram; the discordance in these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Conduction system in a patient with Prinzmetal's angina and transient atrioventricular block. His bundle recordings obtained during and between attacks of Prinzmetal's variant angina and transient atrioventricular (A-V) block were followed by a comprehensive serial section study of the conduction system in a 33 year old woman. Recordings between attacks showed normal A-H and H-V intervals. During an attack there was block proximal to the His bundle recording site. Pathologic studies revealed severe narrowing of the right coronary artery. Arteriolosclerosis of the heart was diffuse. Insignificant changes were found in the approaches to the A-V node and the A-V node itself. Major changes found in the left bundle branch had no counterpart in the electrocardiogram; the discordance in these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299791", "title": "Effect of parent coronary arterial occlusion on left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "In 62 men with open parent coronary arteries who underwent saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass to either the right or left anterior descending coronary artery, or both, left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion of the anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle were measured before and after (average 11 months) the operation. Of 34 left ventricular segments with open vein grafts and open parent coronary arteries, 91 percent were unaltered by the operation, none were in worse condition and 9 percent showed improved wall movement. Among 33 segments with open grafts but new total occlusion of the parent coronary arteries, 67 percent were unaltered, whereas the condition of 18 percent was worse and of 15 percent was improved. Among 21 segments with closed grafts but patent parent arteries, the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse; among 14 segments with occlusion of both grafts and parent arteries the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse. In 10 men with patency of all vein grafts and parent arteries, left ventricular ejection fraction was not altered (0.55 +/- 0.03 to 0.53 +/- 0.04 [average +/- standard error of the mean]) and in 11 with all grafts open but all parent arteries occluded left ventricular ejection fraction was unchanged (0.51 +/- 0.02 to 0.54 +/- 0.03). Left ventricular ejection fraction was decreased in eight men with occlusion of all vein grafts whether or not occlusion of the parent coronary arteries had occurred. The results suggest that occlusion of the parent coronary arteries in the presence of a patent vein graft does not unfavorably alter left ventricular ejection fraction or segmental wall motion, whereas graft occlusion is associated with deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental motion whether or not the parent artery is also occluded.", "contents": "Effect of parent coronary arterial occlusion on left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery. In 62 men with open parent coronary arteries who underwent saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass to either the right or left anterior descending coronary artery, or both, left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion of the anterior and inferior segments of the left ventricle were measured before and after (average 11 months) the operation. Of 34 left ventricular segments with open vein grafts and open parent coronary arteries, 91 percent were unaltered by the operation, none were in worse condition and 9 percent showed improved wall movement. Among 33 segments with open grafts but new total occlusion of the parent coronary arteries, 67 percent were unaltered, whereas the condition of 18 percent was worse and of 15 percent was improved. Among 21 segments with closed grafts but patent parent arteries, the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse; among 14 segments with occlusion of both grafts and parent arteries the condition of 29 percent was unchanged and of 71 percent was worse. In 10 men with patency of all vein grafts and parent arteries, left ventricular ejection fraction was not altered (0.55 +/- 0.03 to 0.53 +/- 0.04 [average +/- standard error of the mean]) and in 11 with all grafts open but all parent arteries occluded left ventricular ejection fraction was unchanged (0.51 +/- 0.02 to 0.54 +/- 0.03). Left ventricular ejection fraction was decreased in eight men with occlusion of all vein grafts whether or not occlusion of the parent coronary arteries had occurred. The results suggest that occlusion of the parent coronary arteries in the presence of a patent vein graft does not unfavorably alter left ventricular ejection fraction or segmental wall motion, whereas graft occlusion is associated with deterioration of left ventricular ejection fraction and segmental motion whether or not the parent artery is also occluded."}
{"id": "PMID:299792", "title": "Usefulness of preoperative and postoperative Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scans in patients with ischemic and valvular heart disease.", "content": "To assess the usefulness of myocardial imaging with technetium-99m-stannous pyrophosphate for detecting acute myocardial necrosis in patients undergoind cardiac surgery, 66 such patients were stldied. Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scans were obtained in all patients 3 to 6 days postoperatively and in 45 preoperatively. Electrocardiograms and serum samples for measuring myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) levels were obtained before and serially after cardiac surgery. Seven of the 46 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization had a definite new myocardial infarction as indicated by electrocardiogram and MB CK isoenzyme concentrations, and postoperative pyrophosphate scans were abnormal in all but one. In addition, six of the eight patients with possible myocardial infarction (elevated MB CK levels and persistent ST-T wave depressions) had an abnormal scan postoperatively. Seven of the 20 patients undergoing aortic or mitral valve replacement, or both, had a possible postoperative myocardial infarction by electrocardiogram and MB CK criteria and the myocardial scan was positive in two. All the patients with a normal electrocardiogram and normal MB CK levels had a normal pyrophosphate scan. Preoperative scans were obtained in 22 patients wit; valvular heart disease and were positive in two with a heavy calcified mitral valve on fluoroscopy and in one with a calcified aortic valve. After valve replacement, the pyrophosphate scan became normal in two patients and remained abnormal in the third patient with electrocardiograms and MB CK levels suggesting acute myocardial infarction. We conclude that the Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scan is useful for analyzing the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and that, in conjunction with the electrocardiogram, it permits confirmation or exclusion of that diagnosis. Furthermore, false positive pyrophosphate scans may occur in patients with heavy valve calcifications.", "contents": "Usefulness of preoperative and postoperative Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scans in patients with ischemic and valvular heart disease. To assess the usefulness of myocardial imaging with technetium-99m-stannous pyrophosphate for detecting acute myocardial necrosis in patients undergoind cardiac surgery, 66 such patients were stldied. Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scans were obtained in all patients 3 to 6 days postoperatively and in 45 preoperatively. Electrocardiograms and serum samples for measuring myocardial isoenzyme of creatine kinase (MB CK) levels were obtained before and serially after cardiac surgery. Seven of the 46 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization had a definite new myocardial infarction as indicated by electrocardiogram and MB CK isoenzyme concentrations, and postoperative pyrophosphate scans were abnormal in all but one. In addition, six of the eight patients with possible myocardial infarction (elevated MB CK levels and persistent ST-T wave depressions) had an abnormal scan postoperatively. Seven of the 20 patients undergoing aortic or mitral valve replacement, or both, had a possible postoperative myocardial infarction by electrocardiogram and MB CK criteria and the myocardial scan was positive in two. All the patients with a normal electrocardiogram and normal MB CK levels had a normal pyrophosphate scan. Preoperative scans were obtained in 22 patients wit; valvular heart disease and were positive in two with a heavy calcified mitral valve on fluoroscopy and in one with a calcified aortic valve. After valve replacement, the pyrophosphate scan became normal in two patients and remained abnormal in the third patient with electrocardiograms and MB CK levels suggesting acute myocardial infarction. We conclude that the Tc-99m (Sn)-pyrophosphate scan is useful for analyzing the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and that, in conjunction with the electrocardiogram, it permits confirmation or exclusion of that diagnosis. Furthermore, false positive pyrophosphate scans may occur in patients with heavy valve calcifications."}
{"id": "PMID:299793", "title": "Jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of massive obesity. Prevalence, morbidity, and short- and long-term consequences.", "content": "The jejunoileal bypass for patients 125 lb or more above their ideal body weight as an experimental procedure exchnages almost certain weight loss for many known and many yet undescribed problems. Study of the known complications has led to altered operative procedures and management techniques that lessen the impact of nearly all of the complications. All patients need occasional advice on potential complications, and most experience episodes of depletions or diarrhea that require hospital intervention. The improved versions of this surgery have not been present sufficiently long to indicate the real nature of long term changes, and careful evaluation is essential for at least small groups of these patients in order for all interested physicians to provide proper advice to the 10,000 or so patients who have already had this procedure. Careful selection of patients to identify those who will accept follow-up and seek help when needed, and to identify those with sufficient social adaptability to adjust to a change in body image, and a competent, experienced acute and chronic team for management lead to the majority of patients having a very satisfactory result. Many specific complications of massive obesity are specifically helped by this procedure. In America, this is the only treatment effective more than half of the time in the massively obese.", "contents": "Jejunoileal bypass for the treatment of massive obesity. Prevalence, morbidity, and short- and long-term consequences. The jejunoileal bypass for patients 125 lb or more above their ideal body weight as an experimental procedure exchnages almost certain weight loss for many known and many yet undescribed problems. Study of the known complications has led to altered operative procedures and management techniques that lessen the impact of nearly all of the complications. All patients need occasional advice on potential complications, and most experience episodes of depletions or diarrhea that require hospital intervention. The improved versions of this surgery have not been present sufficiently long to indicate the real nature of long term changes, and careful evaluation is essential for at least small groups of these patients in order for all interested physicians to provide proper advice to the 10,000 or so patients who have already had this procedure. Careful selection of patients to identify those who will accept follow-up and seek help when needed, and to identify those with sufficient social adaptability to adjust to a change in body image, and a competent, experienced acute and chronic team for management lead to the majority of patients having a very satisfactory result. Many specific complications of massive obesity are specifically helped by this procedure. In America, this is the only treatment effective more than half of the time in the massively obese."}
{"id": "PMID:299794", "title": "Rapid ampicillin susceptibility testing for Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Recent isolations of strains of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin necessitate the development of a rapid, dependable, reproducible method of determining their antibiotic susceptibility. An agar-dilution method permitting susceptibility determinations on clinical specimens within 6-18 hours of specimen collection was designed. Chocolate agar biplates were made with one side having no additive and the other containing 2 mug/ml ampicillin. Seventy clinical specimens (cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, ear fluid, pleural fluid, blood culture broth) were streaked directly onto both sides of the plates when received in the laboratory and incubated at 35-37 C in 10% CO2. Reliable, readable results were usually available within 6-18 hours of receipt of the specimen and correlated completely with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined by the agar-dilution plate method, although standard disk susceptibilities occasionally indicated false resistance. Susceptible strains (MIC less than 2 mug/ml) grew on the antibiotic-free side of the biplate only. The rapid determination of ampicillin susceptibility allows optimal antibiotic selection for the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infections with early discontinuation of potentially toxic supplementary drugs.", "contents": "Rapid ampicillin susceptibility testing for Haemophilus influenzae. Recent isolations of strains of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin necessitate the development of a rapid, dependable, reproducible method of determining their antibiotic susceptibility. An agar-dilution method permitting susceptibility determinations on clinical specimens within 6-18 hours of specimen collection was designed. Chocolate agar biplates were made with one side having no additive and the other containing 2 mug/ml ampicillin. Seventy clinical specimens (cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid, ear fluid, pleural fluid, blood culture broth) were streaked directly onto both sides of the plates when received in the laboratory and incubated at 35-37 C in 10% CO2. Reliable, readable results were usually available within 6-18 hours of receipt of the specimen and correlated completely with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined by the agar-dilution plate method, although standard disk susceptibilities occasionally indicated false resistance. Susceptible strains (MIC less than 2 mug/ml) grew on the antibiotic-free side of the biplate only. The rapid determination of ampicillin susceptibility allows optimal antibiotic selection for the treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infections with early discontinuation of potentially toxic supplementary drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:299795", "title": "Histiocytosis X of the skin in an elderly man.", "content": "A diffuse truncal cutaneous eruption of six months' duration in a 76-year-old man is described. Light and electron microscopy revealed infiltration of the papillary dermis and overlying epidermis by histiocytic cells containing Langerhans granules, findings characteristic of histiocytosis X. The Langerhans cell as a probable cell of origin and unifying feature for the subtypes of histiocytosis X is discussed. It is suggested that with increased awareness of the variability of histiocytosis X, atypical presentations will be identified more frequently.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X of the skin in an elderly man. A diffuse truncal cutaneous eruption of six months' duration in a 76-year-old man is described. Light and electron microscopy revealed infiltration of the papillary dermis and overlying epidermis by histiocytic cells containing Langerhans granules, findings characteristic of histiocytosis X. The Langerhans cell as a probable cell of origin and unifying feature for the subtypes of histiocytosis X is discussed. It is suggested that with increased awareness of the variability of histiocytosis X, atypical presentations will be identified more frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:299796", "title": "Target-cell membrane alterations induced by lymphotoxin. Ultrastructural observations.", "content": "Upon in vitro stimulation by antigens or mitogens, lymphocytes release a series of lymphokines. One such lymphocyte mediator is lymphotoxin, which appears to be responsible for in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Employing immuno-electron microscopy with ferritin- or peroxidase-labeled antibody, we observed patchy localization of the mediator on the plasma membranes of target L cells exposed to lymphotoxin, often in areas overlying a microfilament web. When studying lymphotoxin-affected cells by electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas, we observed aggrlasma membrane, with intervening areas which were frequently particle free. Sometimes the affected cells revealed plasma-membrane lesions suggesting intramembranous \"blisters.\"", "contents": "Target-cell membrane alterations induced by lymphotoxin. Ultrastructural observations. Upon in vitro stimulation by antigens or mitogens, lymphocytes release a series of lymphokines. One such lymphocyte mediator is lymphotoxin, which appears to be responsible for in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Employing immuno-electron microscopy with ferritin- or peroxidase-labeled antibody, we observed patchy localization of the mediator on the plasma membranes of target L cells exposed to lymphotoxin, often in areas overlying a microfilament web. When studying lymphotoxin-affected cells by electron microscopy of freeze-fracture replicas, we observed aggrlasma membrane, with intervening areas which were frequently particle free. Sometimes the affected cells revealed plasma-membrane lesions suggesting intramembranous \"blisters.\""}
{"id": "PMID:299797", "title": "Lymphocyte-epithelium interaction during rejection of nonisogeneic rat tracheal grafts.", "content": "Rat tracheal tissues were maintained in organ culture for 1 to 2 weeks and then implanted heterotopically into syngeneic and outbred hosts. The grafts and surrounding tissues were removed at regular intervals and examined by light and electron microscopy. Allogeneic grafts were consistently rejected, and a constant pattern of immunologic response was observed during rejection. Infiltration by mononuclear cells occurred initially in the subepithelial region. Subsequently, small lymphocytes migrated through the basal lamina and insinuated themselves between the differentiated epithelial cells. Larger cells resembling activated lymphocytes were also present in the intraepithelial infiltrate. Both type of lymphocytes had cellular processes in contact with epithelial cells, but there was no associated death of epithelial cells. Later, the infiltrate in some areas of the epithelium inclded dividing cells and other large cells exhibiting ultrastructural features suggesting blast transformation. Epithelial cell death was evident during this phase. The sequence of events may reflect a process of recognition and specific cytotoxic action by lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-epithelium interaction during rejection of nonisogeneic rat tracheal grafts. Rat tracheal tissues were maintained in organ culture for 1 to 2 weeks and then implanted heterotopically into syngeneic and outbred hosts. The grafts and surrounding tissues were removed at regular intervals and examined by light and electron microscopy. Allogeneic grafts were consistently rejected, and a constant pattern of immunologic response was observed during rejection. Infiltration by mononuclear cells occurred initially in the subepithelial region. Subsequently, small lymphocytes migrated through the basal lamina and insinuated themselves between the differentiated epithelial cells. Larger cells resembling activated lymphocytes were also present in the intraepithelial infiltrate. Both type of lymphocytes had cellular processes in contact with epithelial cells, but there was no associated death of epithelial cells. Later, the infiltrate in some areas of the epithelium inclded dividing cells and other large cells exhibiting ultrastructural features suggesting blast transformation. Epithelial cell death was evident during this phase. The sequence of events may reflect a process of recognition and specific cytotoxic action by lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299798", "title": "A computer-assisted, goal-oriented psychiatric progress note system.", "content": "The authors describe a computer system that develops a structured progress note for inclusion in the medical record. The progress note system reflects a goal-oriented patient treatment process and also provides for retrospective analysis of progress note information to accommodate research and review objectives. The system, which has met with a high degree of clinician acceptance, has resulted in improved case documentation, more timely and comprehensive notes, a higher level of objectivity, and a considerable reduction in the time required to organize and record progress note data.", "contents": "A computer-assisted, goal-oriented psychiatric progress note system. The authors describe a computer system that develops a structured progress note for inclusion in the medical record. The progress note system reflects a goal-oriented patient treatment process and also provides for retrospective analysis of progress note information to accommodate research and review objectives. The system, which has met with a high degree of clinician acceptance, has resulted in improved case documentation, more timely and comprehensive notes, a higher level of objectivity, and a considerable reduction in the time required to organize and record progress note data."}
{"id": "PMID:299800", "title": "Present status of coronary artery surgery.", "content": "Postinfarction ventricular septal defects are best repaired surgically several weeks after occurrence; however, deterioration of the patient's condition may require emergyncy operation. Ventricular aneurysms are resected when associated with low cardiac output, emboli occur or when present in a patient who is otherwise a candidate for aortocoronary grafting. Mitral valve replacement may be required when coronary disease produces severe malfunction of a papillary muscle or rupture of a chorade tendineae. Acute infarctectomy alone is not recommended at this time. The balloon assist device may result in some patients who are candidates for infarctectomy with aortocoronary bypass graft. Preinfarction angina which is not controlled by medical therapy should be treated by immediate aortocornary bypass. Tachyarrhythmias are not an absolute contraindication to surgery. Stable angina that is unacceptable to the patient under optimal medical therapy and is associated with operable anatomical lesions is the prime indication for coronary artery surgery. Relief of pain and increased exercise tolerance are usual after surgery. Sometimes life may be prolonged.", "contents": "Present status of coronary artery surgery. Postinfarction ventricular septal defects are best repaired surgically several weeks after occurrence; however, deterioration of the patient's condition may require emergyncy operation. Ventricular aneurysms are resected when associated with low cardiac output, emboli occur or when present in a patient who is otherwise a candidate for aortocoronary grafting. Mitral valve replacement may be required when coronary disease produces severe malfunction of a papillary muscle or rupture of a chorade tendineae. Acute infarctectomy alone is not recommended at this time. The balloon assist device may result in some patients who are candidates for infarctectomy with aortocoronary bypass graft. Preinfarction angina which is not controlled by medical therapy should be treated by immediate aortocornary bypass. Tachyarrhythmias are not an absolute contraindication to surgery. Stable angina that is unacceptable to the patient under optimal medical therapy and is associated with operable anatomical lesions is the prime indication for coronary artery surgery. Relief of pain and increased exercise tolerance are usual after surgery. Sometimes life may be prolonged."}
{"id": "PMID:299801", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation in chronic gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract are uncommon and treatment is problematic because routine barium contrast studies and endoscopy fail to demonstrate the lesion. Diagnosis is by selective mesenteric arteriography, demonstrating a characteristic vascular tuft and very early venous phase. Two cases of arteriovenous malformation are presented and 47 other reported cases are reviewed. Forty-five per cent were found in the cecum; 37, or 80%, involved the distal ileum, cecum ascending colon, or hepatic flexure. Seventy-five per cent of all patients fall into the 50--80 year age range. The literature reveals a recurring pattern of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss, anemia, and delay (even negative abdominal explorations) before the diagnosis is finally made. A more aggressive approach to chronic gastrointestinal bleeding is suggested through the use of selective mesenteric arteriography.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation in chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Arteriovenous malformations of the gastrointestinal tract are uncommon and treatment is problematic because routine barium contrast studies and endoscopy fail to demonstrate the lesion. Diagnosis is by selective mesenteric arteriography, demonstrating a characteristic vascular tuft and very early venous phase. Two cases of arteriovenous malformation are presented and 47 other reported cases are reviewed. Forty-five per cent were found in the cecum; 37, or 80%, involved the distal ileum, cecum ascending colon, or hepatic flexure. Seventy-five per cent of all patients fall into the 50--80 year age range. The literature reveals a recurring pattern of chronic gastrointestinal blood loss, anemia, and delay (even negative abdominal explorations) before the diagnosis is finally made. A more aggressive approach to chronic gastrointestinal bleeding is suggested through the use of selective mesenteric arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:299802", "title": "Sequential anastomoses in coronary artery grafting: technical aspects and early and late angiographic results.", "content": "The present study concerns itself with the early and late results obtained with aortocoronary vein grafts containing more than 1 coronary anastomosis per graft. The surgical technique is described in detail and some of the hazards are outlined. It is apparent that the use of side-to-side anastomoses (SSAs) leads to a marked increase in blood flow in the proximal portion of the graft (average flow,131 ml/min) and also increases the patency rate of the proximal anastomosis. Thus, 3 of 51 SSAs were obstructed on the early angiogram, and only 1 of the 28 SSAs restudied at one year had become occluded. Although the cumulative--early and late--patency rate (55/66, or 83.3%) of the distal end-to-side anastomoses (ESAs) was not significantly better than that usually seen with conventional vein grafts, it is believed that improvement in the technique and greater awareness of some of its pitfalls will further decrease awareness of some of its pitfalls will further decrease the occlusion rate of distal ESAs. Most occlusions of the ESA appeared related to angulation, which tended to occur in the segment of graft between the proximal and the distal anastomoses. Appropriate modifications in the technique are described that should help to eliminate this difficulty. The use of SSAs allows for grafting of small coronary arteries which, with the conventional single anastomosis technique, are not usually bypassed in view of the high expected failure rate. Thus, of the 9 SSAs performed to 1 mm arteries and studied on two occasions, 8 remained open early after operation and 7 were still patent a year later.", "contents": "Sequential anastomoses in coronary artery grafting: technical aspects and early and late angiographic results. The present study concerns itself with the early and late results obtained with aortocoronary vein grafts containing more than 1 coronary anastomosis per graft. The surgical technique is described in detail and some of the hazards are outlined. It is apparent that the use of side-to-side anastomoses (SSAs) leads to a marked increase in blood flow in the proximal portion of the graft (average flow,131 ml/min) and also increases the patency rate of the proximal anastomosis. Thus, 3 of 51 SSAs were obstructed on the early angiogram, and only 1 of the 28 SSAs restudied at one year had become occluded. Although the cumulative--early and late--patency rate (55/66, or 83.3%) of the distal end-to-side anastomoses (ESAs) was not significantly better than that usually seen with conventional vein grafts, it is believed that improvement in the technique and greater awareness of some of its pitfalls will further decrease awareness of some of its pitfalls will further decrease the occlusion rate of distal ESAs. Most occlusions of the ESA appeared related to angulation, which tended to occur in the segment of graft between the proximal and the distal anastomoses. Appropriate modifications in the technique are described that should help to eliminate this difficulty. The use of SSAs allows for grafting of small coronary arteries which, with the conventional single anastomosis technique, are not usually bypassed in view of the high expected failure rate. Thus, of the 9 SSAs performed to 1 mm arteries and studied on two occasions, 8 remained open early after operation and 7 were still patent a year later."}
{"id": "PMID:299803", "title": "Can the frequency of myocardial infarction be reduced during coronary artery operations.", "content": "A prospective experiment was carried out in 56 patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization to determine whether those having a glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) perfusion during the procedure would have fewer myocardial infarctions (MI) compared with patients given a control perfusion of Normosol-R. Six patients (11%) developed an MI, defined as a 24-hour creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme value of 100 IU per liter or greater. Four (13%) had control perfusions and 2(8%) had GIK perfusion. One MI in a double-graft recipient who had GIK perfusion occurred because of a technical surgical error; therefore, the corrected MI rate was 13% in control patients compared with 4% for the GIK group. These data, as well as the more frequent spontaneous defibrillation in patients who had GIK perfusion, suggest that GIK was of benefit.", "contents": "Can the frequency of myocardial infarction be reduced during coronary artery operations. A prospective experiment was carried out in 56 patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization to determine whether those having a glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) perfusion during the procedure would have fewer myocardial infarctions (MI) compared with patients given a control perfusion of Normosol-R. Six patients (11%) developed an MI, defined as a 24-hour creatine phosphokinase MB isoenzyme value of 100 IU per liter or greater. Four (13%) had control perfusions and 2(8%) had GIK perfusion. One MI in a double-graft recipient who had GIK perfusion occurred because of a technical surgical error; therefore, the corrected MI rate was 13% in control patients compared with 4% for the GIK group. These data, as well as the more frequent spontaneous defibrillation in patients who had GIK perfusion, suggest that GIK was of benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:299804", "title": "Combined procedure of coronary artery bypass grafting and valve repair.", "content": "The safety of combined operative procedures for valvular and coronary artery disease was reviewed in 27 patients. Twelve patients had aortic valve disease and 15 had mitral valve disease. Forty-seven coronary artery reconstructions were performed, and average of 1.7 per patient. Twenty-two patients underwent valve replacement and 5 had valvuloplasty. Congestive heart failure was the major symptom in 20 patients, and angina was the major symptom in 7. Eight of the patients with congestive heart failure had no angina, but significant coronary stenoses were demonstrated at routine coronary angiography. Coronary reconstruction was performed before valve repair. Two patients died postoperatively (a hospital mortality of 7.4%), and there were 4 late deaths from 2 to 28 months postoperatively. There were no postoperative myocardial infarctions. Contrary to previous reports, coronary artery reconstruction and valve repair need not be associated with an increased risk. Protection of the myocardium by coronary perfusion through reconstructed coronary arteries enables valve repair to be done without greater risk than valve repair alone. All patients considered for valve repair should have coronary angiography.", "contents": "Combined procedure of coronary artery bypass grafting and valve repair. The safety of combined operative procedures for valvular and coronary artery disease was reviewed in 27 patients. Twelve patients had aortic valve disease and 15 had mitral valve disease. Forty-seven coronary artery reconstructions were performed, and average of 1.7 per patient. Twenty-two patients underwent valve replacement and 5 had valvuloplasty. Congestive heart failure was the major symptom in 20 patients, and angina was the major symptom in 7. Eight of the patients with congestive heart failure had no angina, but significant coronary stenoses were demonstrated at routine coronary angiography. Coronary reconstruction was performed before valve repair. Two patients died postoperatively (a hospital mortality of 7.4%), and there were 4 late deaths from 2 to 28 months postoperatively. There were no postoperative myocardial infarctions. Contrary to previous reports, coronary artery reconstruction and valve repair need not be associated with an increased risk. Protection of the myocardium by coronary perfusion through reconstructed coronary arteries enables valve repair to be done without greater risk than valve repair alone. All patients considered for valve repair should have coronary angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:299805", "title": "Hypothermic coronary perfusion for intraoperative cardioplegia.", "content": "Hypothermic asanguineous perfusion has been used to arrest 170 hearts at the beginning of 1/2 to 2 hours of intraoperative coronary ischemia. This method of producing cardioplegia has facilitated valve replacement and coronary artery bypass operations. Inadequate myocardial protection has not been experienced since we began using this method of arresting the heart for cardiac operations.", "contents": "Hypothermic coronary perfusion for intraoperative cardioplegia. Hypothermic asanguineous perfusion has been used to arrest 170 hearts at the beginning of 1/2 to 2 hours of intraoperative coronary ischemia. This method of producing cardioplegia has facilitated valve replacement and coronary artery bypass operations. Inadequate myocardial protection has not been experienced since we began using this method of arresting the heart for cardiac operations."}
{"id": "PMID:299806", "title": "A newly designed arterial monitoring/perfusion cannula for cardiac operations.", "content": "A newly designed arterial monitoring and perfusion cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass eliminates the need for cannulation of a peripheral artery for pressure monitoring. The double-lumen cannula is designed as follows: the large central lumen (12 to 26f) acts as the arterial inflow conduit from the pump oxygenator, while a second, smaller lumen (18 gauge)constructed in the wall of the first cannula acts as the pressure-monitoring port and the source for blood sampling and drug infusion. This monitoring/perfusion cannula has been used succesfully in more than 250 clinical patients in a variety of settings--total cardiopulmonary bypass, left heart bypass, and when multiple arterial inflow lines were necessary (as in aortic arch replacement). Use of this cannula is advantageous in the infant and pediatric patient or in the emergency setting, when insertion of a peripheral arterial line can be difficult. Used in conjunction with a Doppler system, the cannula provides accurate, dependable blood pressure monitoring.", "contents": "A newly designed arterial monitoring/perfusion cannula for cardiac operations. A newly designed arterial monitoring and perfusion cannula for cardiopulmonary bypass eliminates the need for cannulation of a peripheral artery for pressure monitoring. The double-lumen cannula is designed as follows: the large central lumen (12 to 26f) acts as the arterial inflow conduit from the pump oxygenator, while a second, smaller lumen (18 gauge)constructed in the wall of the first cannula acts as the pressure-monitoring port and the source for blood sampling and drug infusion. This monitoring/perfusion cannula has been used succesfully in more than 250 clinical patients in a variety of settings--total cardiopulmonary bypass, left heart bypass, and when multiple arterial inflow lines were necessary (as in aortic arch replacement). Use of this cannula is advantageous in the infant and pediatric patient or in the emergency setting, when insertion of a peripheral arterial line can be difficult. Used in conjunction with a Doppler system, the cannula provides accurate, dependable blood pressure monitoring."}
{"id": "PMID:299807", "title": "Results of reoperation for recurrent angina pectoris.", "content": "Although a coronary bypass operation improves the quality of life and possibly prolongs it, a small percentage of patients do not have satisfactory results and require reoperation. From July, 1970, to March 1975, 358 patients underwent coronary bypass for chronic disabling or preinfarction angina. Angina requiring operation recurred in 24 men and 2 women. Hyperlipoproteinemia was present in 19 of the 26 (73%), and 3 patients had early-onset diabetes mellitus. Only 2 of 14 patients with progression of arteriosclerosis were helped by a second operation. Of 7 patients with occluded grafts, local disease, and no progression, 5 were helped by reoperation. Patients with occluded coronary bypass grafts without progression of arteriosclerosis benefit substantially from a second revascularization procedure. Aguarded prognosis must be held, however, for those with progression of arteriosclerosis with hyperlipoproteinemia or juvenile-onset diabetes who undergo reoperation. Patients with initially diffuse disease and graft occlusion also seem to benefit less from a second operation.", "contents": "Results of reoperation for recurrent angina pectoris. Although a coronary bypass operation improves the quality of life and possibly prolongs it, a small percentage of patients do not have satisfactory results and require reoperation. From July, 1970, to March 1975, 358 patients underwent coronary bypass for chronic disabling or preinfarction angina. Angina requiring operation recurred in 24 men and 2 women. Hyperlipoproteinemia was present in 19 of the 26 (73%), and 3 patients had early-onset diabetes mellitus. Only 2 of 14 patients with progression of arteriosclerosis were helped by a second operation. Of 7 patients with occluded grafts, local disease, and no progression, 5 were helped by reoperation. Patients with occluded coronary bypass grafts without progression of arteriosclerosis benefit substantially from a second revascularization procedure. Aguarded prognosis must be held, however, for those with progression of arteriosclerosis with hyperlipoproteinemia or juvenile-onset diabetes who undergo reoperation. Patients with initially diffuse disease and graft occlusion also seem to benefit less from a second operation."}
{"id": "PMID:299808", "title": "Abnormal sella turcica. A tumor board review of the clinical significance.", "content": "Sixty of 146 patients with intracranial neoplasms or arterial aneurysms had roentgenographic abnormalities of the sella turcica. These abnormalities were most commonly due to chromophobe adenoma, craniopharygioma, and acromegaly, but ten of them were caused by lesions arising distant to the sella. There were also three cases of empty sella syndrome. Headache, visual disturbance, and sexual dysfunction were the most frequent presenting complaints, with visual field abnormality being most common. Pituitary dysfunction was manifested most frequently by alterations in growth hormone level and gonadotrophin secretion and less frequently by hypothyroidism and adrenocortical insufficiency. When the abnormal sella was associated with evidence of symptomatic intracranial disease, endocrine dysfunction, or visual field compromise as evidence of an anatomically aggressive intracranial neoplasm, specialized neuroroentgenographic localizing procedures were usually positive, and treatment for most of the causative lesions was highly effective.", "contents": "Abnormal sella turcica. A tumor board review of the clinical significance. Sixty of 146 patients with intracranial neoplasms or arterial aneurysms had roentgenographic abnormalities of the sella turcica. These abnormalities were most commonly due to chromophobe adenoma, craniopharygioma, and acromegaly, but ten of them were caused by lesions arising distant to the sella. There were also three cases of empty sella syndrome. Headache, visual disturbance, and sexual dysfunction were the most frequent presenting complaints, with visual field abnormality being most common. Pituitary dysfunction was manifested most frequently by alterations in growth hormone level and gonadotrophin secretion and less frequently by hypothyroidism and adrenocortical insufficiency. When the abnormal sella was associated with evidence of symptomatic intracranial disease, endocrine dysfunction, or visual field compromise as evidence of an anatomically aggressive intracranial neoplasm, specialized neuroroentgenographic localizing procedures were usually positive, and treatment for most of the causative lesions was highly effective."}
{"id": "PMID:299811", "title": "Coronary artery bypass surgery in a patient receiving hemodialysis.", "content": "A 48-year-old man receiving maintenance hemodialysis underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with good results for intractable angina. No complications were observed that could be attributed to the hemodialysis treatment. There appear to be no cogent reasons to arbitrarily exclude this population of patients from consideration for coronary artery bypass surgery.", "contents": "Coronary artery bypass surgery in a patient receiving hemodialysis. A 48-year-old man receiving maintenance hemodialysis underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with good results for intractable angina. No complications were observed that could be attributed to the hemodialysis treatment. There appear to be no cogent reasons to arbitrarily exclude this population of patients from consideration for coronary artery bypass surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:299812", "title": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma: pathologic aspects in 20 patients after treatment with chemotherapy en bloc resection, and prosthetic bone replacement.", "content": "Twenty patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the distal portion of the femur and the proximal portion of the tibia received chemotherapy (vincristine sulfate, methotrexate with leucovorin calcium rescue, [citrovorum factor; folinade calcium], and doxorubicin hydrochloride [Adriamycin]), followed by radical en bloc resection and prosthetic bone replacement. Histologic examination of surgical specimens obtained after chemotherapy showed variable degrees of tumor destruction and, in some cases, massive tumor necrosis, attesting to the profound effects of vigorous chemotherapy. This new therapeutic regimen, when feasible, may prove to be the treatment of choice in osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma: pathologic aspects in 20 patients after treatment with chemotherapy en bloc resection, and prosthetic bone replacement. Twenty patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the distal portion of the femur and the proximal portion of the tibia received chemotherapy (vincristine sulfate, methotrexate with leucovorin calcium rescue, [citrovorum factor; folinade calcium], and doxorubicin hydrochloride [Adriamycin]), followed by radical en bloc resection and prosthetic bone replacement. Histologic examination of surgical specimens obtained after chemotherapy showed variable degrees of tumor destruction and, in some cases, massive tumor necrosis, attesting to the profound effects of vigorous chemotherapy. This new therapeutic regimen, when feasible, may prove to be the treatment of choice in osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:299813", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation: a double-blind trial of its efficacy for pain.", "content": "A double-blind trial was done using a stimulator and a placebo device on patients who had chronic pain to determine the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in controlling pain. Ninety-three patients were studied, and 83 of these completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Thirty-three patients had low-back pain and 24 had neuropathies. The stimulator was more effective than the placebo during treatment when used over the center of pain (P less than .005) or over an unrelated nerve trunk (P less than .01) and after treatment over the center of pain (P less than .05). The stimulator was significantly more effective than the placebo in neuropathies when stimulating over the related nerve trunk (P less than .005), where the stimulator response was nearly three times better than that of the placebo. The duration of subsequent relief was not significantly different after treatment with the stimulator or with the placebo device. Follow-up showed significant declines in the use and effect of the stimulator with the greatest decline noted by the depressed group.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation: a double-blind trial of its efficacy for pain. A double-blind trial was done using a stimulator and a placebo device on patients who had chronic pain to determine the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in controlling pain. Ninety-three patients were studied, and 83 of these completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Thirty-three patients had low-back pain and 24 had neuropathies. The stimulator was more effective than the placebo during treatment when used over the center of pain (P less than .005) or over an unrelated nerve trunk (P less than .01) and after treatment over the center of pain (P less than .05). The stimulator was significantly more effective than the placebo in neuropathies when stimulating over the related nerve trunk (P less than .005), where the stimulator response was nearly three times better than that of the placebo. The duration of subsequent relief was not significantly different after treatment with the stimulator or with the placebo device. Follow-up showed significant declines in the use and effect of the stimulator with the greatest decline noted by the depressed group."}
{"id": "PMID:299816", "title": "The effect of tryptrophan on nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RNA in rat liver.", "content": "The effect of the administration of tryptophan on the transport of nuclear poly (A)-containing mRNA to the cytoplasm in rat liver was investigated. Administration of tryptophan to fasted rats pretreated with cordycepin and actinomycin D led to decreased levels of nuclear poly (A)-mRNA and a concomitant increase in the levels of polyribosomal poly (A)-mRNA in the cytoplasm as determined by measuring in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into hepatic RNA. Using isolated hepatic nuclei of rats prelabeled in vivo with [14C]orotic acid, there was greater release of labeled poly(A)-mRNA into the incubation medium from nuclei of tryptophan-treated rats than from nuclei of control animals. The increased release of RNA from hepatic nuclei of tryptophan-treated animals was not related to the cell sap present in the media since cell saps from livers of control and experimental rats gave similar results. These results support earlier findings which suggest that in the rat tryptophan increases the rate of translocation of hepatic poly(A)-mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm.", "contents": "The effect of tryptrophan on nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RNA in rat liver. The effect of the administration of tryptophan on the transport of nuclear poly (A)-containing mRNA to the cytoplasm in rat liver was investigated. Administration of tryptophan to fasted rats pretreated with cordycepin and actinomycin D led to decreased levels of nuclear poly (A)-mRNA and a concomitant increase in the levels of polyribosomal poly (A)-mRNA in the cytoplasm as determined by measuring in vivo incorporation of labeled precursors into hepatic RNA. Using isolated hepatic nuclei of rats prelabeled in vivo with [14C]orotic acid, there was greater release of labeled poly(A)-mRNA into the incubation medium from nuclei of tryptophan-treated rats than from nuclei of control animals. The increased release of RNA from hepatic nuclei of tryptophan-treated animals was not related to the cell sap present in the media since cell saps from livers of control and experimental rats gave similar results. These results support earlier findings which suggest that in the rat tryptophan increases the rate of translocation of hepatic poly(A)-mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:299817", "title": "Demonstration of granulocytic proteases in plasma of patients with acute leukemia and septicemia with coagulation defects.", "content": "To show whether direct proteolysis of coagulation factors may play a role in patients with so-called consumption coagulopathy, granulocytic neutral proteases in the plasma of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and septicemia were assayed by one- and two-dimensional Laurell electrophoresis. Complexes between serum alpha1-antitrypsin and elastase-like granulocytic protease could be demonstrated in those patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and septicemia who also had moderate or severe coagulation defects. Despite the presence of a high antiprotease potential, addition of the elastase-like enzyme to normal plasma resulted in coagulation defects in vitro comparable to those seen in the patients. These results and the ability of the elastase-like protease to destroy isolated clotting factors suggested that in certain types of coagulation factor deficiencies direct proteolysis rather than consumption of clotting factors due to disseminated intravascular coagulation may be operational.", "contents": "Demonstration of granulocytic proteases in plasma of patients with acute leukemia and septicemia with coagulation defects. To show whether direct proteolysis of coagulation factors may play a role in patients with so-called consumption coagulopathy, granulocytic neutral proteases in the plasma of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and septicemia were assayed by one- and two-dimensional Laurell electrophoresis. Complexes between serum alpha1-antitrypsin and elastase-like granulocytic protease could be demonstrated in those patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and septicemia who also had moderate or severe coagulation defects. Despite the presence of a high antiprotease potential, addition of the elastase-like enzyme to normal plasma resulted in coagulation defects in vitro comparable to those seen in the patients. These results and the ability of the elastase-like protease to destroy isolated clotting factors suggested that in certain types of coagulation factor deficiencies direct proteolysis rather than consumption of clotting factors due to disseminated intravascular coagulation may be operational."}
{"id": "PMID:299818", "title": "Enhancement of colony-stimulating activity production by lithium.", "content": "Since lithium causes granulocytosis in some patients, its effect upon granulocyte production was investigated using mouse marrow in the agar culture system. When lithium was added to semisolid cultures of mouse marrow, there was no stimulation of colony formation in the absence of colony-stimulating activity (CSA). In addition, lithium did not potentiate the action of already formed CSA. However, lithium did stimulate the production of CSA by lung tissue. Lithium enhancement of CSA production was blocked by puromycin, indicating that lithium action required active new protein synthesis. It was concluded that lithium promoted enhanced granulocyte production in vitro by stimulating the synthesis of CSA.", "contents": "Enhancement of colony-stimulating activity production by lithium. Since lithium causes granulocytosis in some patients, its effect upon granulocyte production was investigated using mouse marrow in the agar culture system. When lithium was added to semisolid cultures of mouse marrow, there was no stimulation of colony formation in the absence of colony-stimulating activity (CSA). In addition, lithium did not potentiate the action of already formed CSA. However, lithium did stimulate the production of CSA by lung tissue. Lithium enhancement of CSA production was blocked by puromycin, indicating that lithium action required active new protein synthesis. It was concluded that lithium promoted enhanced granulocyte production in vitro by stimulating the synthesis of CSA."}
{"id": "PMID:299819", "title": "The radiological diagnosis of meningiomas, the impact of EMI scanning.", "content": "A review of the impact of computerized axial tomography on the radiological diagnosis of meningiomas is presented. Seventy-one intracranial and eight orbital cases have been examined by this new method using the 160 X 160 matrix. The diagnostic accuracy of the method is compared with established neuroradiological methods of examination (plain X rays, angiography, pneumography and isotope scanning). The new non-invasive method is undoubtedly the most accurate diagnostic tool yet available. It provided a specific diagnosis of meningioma in 77% of the intracranial cases without contrast enhancement and diagnosed the presence of tumour in a further 19% giving an overall tumour diagnosis of 96%. There were three false negatives (4%). After intravenous injection of contrast medium specific diagnosis of meningioma was made in a further six cases raising the specific diagnostic rate to 86%. Specific identification of intra-orbital meningiomas is more difficult though the presence of retro-orbital tumour was correctly diagnosed in all eight cases examined (100%). In none of our cases was a false positive diagnosis of tumour made. However, there are areas where a specific diagnosis of meningioma can only be made as part of a wider differential diagnosis. Apart from the orbit these include the suprasellar area, the cerebello-pontine angle, and the intraventricular regions. Occasionally also supratentorial gliomas or secondaries can simulate meningiomas.", "contents": "The radiological diagnosis of meningiomas, the impact of EMI scanning. A review of the impact of computerized axial tomography on the radiological diagnosis of meningiomas is presented. Seventy-one intracranial and eight orbital cases have been examined by this new method using the 160 X 160 matrix. The diagnostic accuracy of the method is compared with established neuroradiological methods of examination (plain X rays, angiography, pneumography and isotope scanning). The new non-invasive method is undoubtedly the most accurate diagnostic tool yet available. It provided a specific diagnosis of meningioma in 77% of the intracranial cases without contrast enhancement and diagnosed the presence of tumour in a further 19% giving an overall tumour diagnosis of 96%. There were three false negatives (4%). After intravenous injection of contrast medium specific diagnosis of meningioma was made in a further six cases raising the specific diagnostic rate to 86%. Specific identification of intra-orbital meningiomas is more difficult though the presence of retro-orbital tumour was correctly diagnosed in all eight cases examined (100%). In none of our cases was a false positive diagnosis of tumour made. However, there are areas where a specific diagnosis of meningioma can only be made as part of a wider differential diagnosis. Apart from the orbit these include the suprasellar area, the cerebello-pontine angle, and the intraventricular regions. Occasionally also supratentorial gliomas or secondaries can simulate meningiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:299824", "title": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. I. Motor output during sinusoidal linear accelerations.", "content": "Decerebrate cats were subjected to sinusoidal linear accelerations along the animal's horizontal and vertical axes, while recording the EMG activity of both triceps brachii muscles. This activity was found to be sinusoidally modulated in response to the accelerations and thus phase and gain relations between motor output and input acceleration could be obtained. They were found to be the same for accelerations along each of the three axes. In particular the gain dropped by 14-20 dB over a frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz and the phase of the motor output showed a lag of 40-60 degrees at 1.0 Hz. Thus, it was concluded that (1) the dynamic behavior of utricular and saccular receptors is the same, (2) the changes in motor activity observed during accelerations along the vertical axis are mostly due to the activation of saccular afferents, and (3) the motor output cannot simply result from vestibular afferent activities being relayed directly to the spinal motoneurons via the vestibulo-spinal tracts.", "contents": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. I. Motor output during sinusoidal linear accelerations. Decerebrate cats were subjected to sinusoidal linear accelerations along the animal's horizontal and vertical axes, while recording the EMG activity of both triceps brachii muscles. This activity was found to be sinusoidally modulated in response to the accelerations and thus phase and gain relations between motor output and input acceleration could be obtained. They were found to be the same for accelerations along each of the three axes. In particular the gain dropped by 14-20 dB over a frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz and the phase of the motor output showed a lag of 40-60 degrees at 1.0 Hz. Thus, it was concluded that (1) the dynamic behavior of utricular and saccular receptors is the same, (2) the changes in motor activity observed during accelerations along the vertical axis are mostly due to the activation of saccular afferents, and (3) the motor output cannot simply result from vestibular afferent activities being relayed directly to the spinal motoneurons via the vestibulo-spinal tracts."}
{"id": "PMID:299825", "title": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. II.  motor output during rotations in the horizontal plane.", "content": "Decerebrate cats with the spinal cord sectioned at low thoracic levels were submitted to rotations in the horizontal plane. The position of the animal with respect to the axis of rotation was such that horizontal canal afferents were activated either alone or in combination with macular afferents. The EMG activity from the triceps brachii muscles of both forelimbs was recorded. The main findings were as follows. (1) The motor output to each forelimb extensor is increased by an increase in the activity of the horizontal canal afferents from the contralateral labyrinth. The phase of the motor output with respect to that of the vestibular afferents shows a lag which increases with frequency, reaching about 85 degrees at 1.0 Hz. (2) The macular and horizontal canal inputs are independently processed in the central nervous system and the motor output in response to both inputs applied simultaneously is a linear summation of the outputs expected for each of the inputs.", "contents": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. II.  motor output during rotations in the horizontal plane. Decerebrate cats with the spinal cord sectioned at low thoracic levels were submitted to rotations in the horizontal plane. The position of the animal with respect to the axis of rotation was such that horizontal canal afferents were activated either alone or in combination with macular afferents. The EMG activity from the triceps brachii muscles of both forelimbs was recorded. The main findings were as follows. (1) The motor output to each forelimb extensor is increased by an increase in the activity of the horizontal canal afferents from the contralateral labyrinth. The phase of the motor output with respect to that of the vestibular afferents shows a lag which increases with frequency, reaching about 85 degrees at 1.0 Hz. (2) The macular and horizontal canal inputs are independently processed in the central nervous system and the motor output in response to both inputs applied simultaneously is a linear summation of the outputs expected for each of the inputs."}
{"id": "PMID:299826", "title": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. III. Motor output during rotations in the vertical plane.", "content": "Decerebrate cats with the spinal cord sectioned at low thoracic levels were subjected to sinusoidal rotations in the vertical plane, while recording the EMG activity of both triceps brachii muscles. The applied stimulus activated utricular and saccular receptors as well as the vertical semicircular canals. Using results presented in preceding papers 2,3, namely the dynamic response characteristics of the motor output to macular inputs and the fact that the responses to otolith and canal stimulation summate linearly 3, it is deduced that the dynamic characteristics of the motor output in response to stimulation of the vertical canals are the same as those to horizontal canal stimulation. The implication of these findings vis-\u00e0-vis the problem of central processing of vestibular inputs and the problem of postural stability is discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. III. Motor output during rotations in the vertical plane. Decerebrate cats with the spinal cord sectioned at low thoracic levels were subjected to sinusoidal rotations in the vertical plane, while recording the EMG activity of both triceps brachii muscles. The applied stimulus activated utricular and saccular receptors as well as the vertical semicircular canals. Using results presented in preceding papers 2,3, namely the dynamic response characteristics of the motor output to macular inputs and the fact that the responses to otolith and canal stimulation summate linearly 3, it is deduced that the dynamic characteristics of the motor output in response to stimulation of the vertical canals are the same as those to horizontal canal stimulation. The implication of these findings vis-\u00e0-vis the problem of central processing of vestibular inputs and the problem of postural stability is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299828", "title": "Weekly high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor in osteogenic sarcoma: pre-surgical treatment of primary tumor and of overt pulmonary metastases.", "content": "Vincristine-high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor (VCR-MTX-CF) was administered preoperatively at weekly intervals to eight patients, four with primary tumors and four with pulmonary metastases. These patients had not received prior VCR-MTX-CF treatment. A similar treatment program was administered to five patients with pulmonary metastases who had received prior VCR-MTX-CF. Among the eight patients who had not received prior VCR-MTX-CF, complete responses were obtained in three with primary tumors (this was followed by surgical excision) and two with pulmonary metastases. Partial responses occurred in two additional patients. Partial responses were also obtained in two patients who had received VCR-MTX-CF. Chemotherapy and surgery in one patient with an extremity lesion resulted in preservation of the limb and useful function. The major toxicity was anorexia and weight loss. Other side effects included stomatitis, myelosuppression, hepatitis and transient renal impairment. The weekly program was highly effective when compared to responses obtained with the tri-weekly schedule utilized in previous studies.", "contents": "Weekly high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor in osteogenic sarcoma: pre-surgical treatment of primary tumor and of overt pulmonary metastases. Vincristine-high-dose methotrexate-citrovorum factor (VCR-MTX-CF) was administered preoperatively at weekly intervals to eight patients, four with primary tumors and four with pulmonary metastases. These patients had not received prior VCR-MTX-CF treatment. A similar treatment program was administered to five patients with pulmonary metastases who had received prior VCR-MTX-CF. Among the eight patients who had not received prior VCR-MTX-CF, complete responses were obtained in three with primary tumors (this was followed by surgical excision) and two with pulmonary metastases. Partial responses occurred in two additional patients. Partial responses were also obtained in two patients who had received VCR-MTX-CF. Chemotherapy and surgery in one patient with an extremity lesion resulted in preservation of the limb and useful function. The major toxicity was anorexia and weight loss. Other side effects included stomatitis, myelosuppression, hepatitis and transient renal impairment. The weekly program was highly effective when compared to responses obtained with the tri-weekly schedule utilized in previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:299829", "title": "Adjuvant multiple drug chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity.", "content": "Results of treatment for osteosarcoma of the extremity have been poor with metastases usually causing death within 2 years following diagnosis. Because of the great risk of development of metastases, 20 patients have received adjuvant chemotherapy with Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and high-dose methotrexate-leucovorin rescue for up to 12 months following amputation for osteosarcoma. Sixteen of these patients are surviving; 11 are free of evident tumor from 6 to 34 months following amputation. Five patients were found to have pulmonary metastases while receiving chemotherapy and three patients developed metastases following completion of chemotherapy. One patient died following her third treatment with high-dose methotrexate-leucorovin rescue. Other toxicity included nausea, vomiting, mucosal ulcerations, infections, hematologic abnormalities, changes in kidney and liver functions tests, and minor coagulation abnormalities. The natural history of osteosarcoma may have been modified by the use of these agents for periods exceeding the median time to predicted detection of pulmonary metastases. Microscopic metastases of some patients were eradicated by this adjuvant chemotherapy. For patients who developed metastases, these metastases were delayed in their time of detection and in their number at the time of detection.", "contents": "Adjuvant multiple drug chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the extremity. Results of treatment for osteosarcoma of the extremity have been poor with metastases usually causing death within 2 years following diagnosis. Because of the great risk of development of metastases, 20 patients have received adjuvant chemotherapy with Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide and high-dose methotrexate-leucovorin rescue for up to 12 months following amputation for osteosarcoma. Sixteen of these patients are surviving; 11 are free of evident tumor from 6 to 34 months following amputation. Five patients were found to have pulmonary metastases while receiving chemotherapy and three patients developed metastases following completion of chemotherapy. One patient died following her third treatment with high-dose methotrexate-leucorovin rescue. Other toxicity included nausea, vomiting, mucosal ulcerations, infections, hematologic abnormalities, changes in kidney and liver functions tests, and minor coagulation abnormalities. The natural history of osteosarcoma may have been modified by the use of these agents for periods exceeding the median time to predicted detection of pulmonary metastases. Microscopic metastases of some patients were eradicated by this adjuvant chemotherapy. For patients who developed metastases, these metastases were delayed in their time of detection and in their number at the time of detection."}
{"id": "PMID:299835", "title": "Sudden death.", "content": "The alert physician can identify and probably alter the risk of sudden death for certain patients (see Table 5). It appears preferable to study the patient who has already been identified as having coronary artery disease because of clinical symptoms such as R/O MI, which has been shown to have a high risk for subsequent sudden death. In addition, the physician must be sensitive to the middle-aged man with multiple coronary artery disease risk factors who suddenly decides to have a routine check or develops nonspecific complaints. Once identified, patients can be educated to minimize delay time  in seeking medical help with crescendo or prolonged angina. Ambulatory ECG monitoring for detection and characterization of ventricular arrhythmias, and exercise stress testing to detect severe ST depression, can facilitate an estimation of the patient's prognosis. A therapeutic plan, including attack on the patient's coronary artery disease risk factors, patient education, and specific medical or surgical therapies may alter the risk of sudden death. Once an infarction has occurred, rapid transport to a coronary care unit or monitoring facility, and administration of intramuscular lidocaine by medical or paramedical personnel when feasible, appear to lessen out-of-hospital mortality.", "contents": "Sudden death. The alert physician can identify and probably alter the risk of sudden death for certain patients (see Table 5). It appears preferable to study the patient who has already been identified as having coronary artery disease because of clinical symptoms such as R/O MI, which has been shown to have a high risk for subsequent sudden death. In addition, the physician must be sensitive to the middle-aged man with multiple coronary artery disease risk factors who suddenly decides to have a routine check or develops nonspecific complaints. Once identified, patients can be educated to minimize delay time  in seeking medical help with crescendo or prolonged angina. Ambulatory ECG monitoring for detection and characterization of ventricular arrhythmias, and exercise stress testing to detect severe ST depression, can facilitate an estimation of the patient's prognosis. A therapeutic plan, including attack on the patient's coronary artery disease risk factors, patient education, and specific medical or surgical therapies may alter the risk of sudden death. Once an infarction has occurred, rapid transport to a coronary care unit or monitoring facility, and administration of intramuscular lidocaine by medical or paramedical personnel when feasible, appear to lessen out-of-hospital mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:299838", "title": "Fosfomycin treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infection in mice.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen in respiratory infections in children and often is implicated in otitis media. It is sensitive in vitro to a number of antibiotics, some of which are used clinically for the treatment of such infections. We have checked the in vitro sensitivity of a type b strain of H. influenzae. When tested in Levinthal's broth prepared with laked rabbit blood, the culture was most sensitive to tetracycline, ampicillin and penicillin and was somewhat less sensitive to cephalothin, fosfomycin, cephaloridine, and chloramphenicol. However, when this same strain was used to infect mice, fosfomycin was more active than ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin or the cephalosporins.", "contents": "Fosfomycin treatment of Haemophilus influenzae infection in mice. Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen in respiratory infections in children and often is implicated in otitis media. It is sensitive in vitro to a number of antibiotics, some of which are used clinically for the treatment of such infections. We have checked the in vitro sensitivity of a type b strain of H. influenzae. When tested in Levinthal's broth prepared with laked rabbit blood, the culture was most sensitive to tetracycline, ampicillin and penicillin and was somewhat less sensitive to cephalothin, fosfomycin, cephaloridine, and chloramphenicol. However, when this same strain was used to infect mice, fosfomycin was more active than ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin or the cephalosporins."}
{"id": "PMID:299839", "title": "[A prospective study of post-operative bleeding from stress lesions. I. Epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 5776 patients operated on under general anaesthesia there was an increased risk of postoperative gastro-intestinal bleeding from stress lesions among those aged over 70 years, after major surgery, or with complications such as hypovolaemia, septicaemia or respiratory failure (n = 551). In this group of patients the incidence of fatal haemorrhage was 0.5%. Stress lesions were a certain cause of bleeding from the gastro-intestinal tract in 5.1% and a probable one in 5.1%. Time of year, sex, past history of peptic ulcer, or anticoagulation did not increase the risk of bleeding.", "contents": "[A prospective study of post-operative bleeding from stress lesions. I. Epidemiology (author's transl)]. Among 5776 patients operated on under general anaesthesia there was an increased risk of postoperative gastro-intestinal bleeding from stress lesions among those aged over 70 years, after major surgery, or with complications such as hypovolaemia, septicaemia or respiratory failure (n = 551). In this group of patients the incidence of fatal haemorrhage was 0.5%. Stress lesions were a certain cause of bleeding from the gastro-intestinal tract in 5.1% and a probable one in 5.1%. Time of year, sex, past history of peptic ulcer, or anticoagulation did not increase the risk of bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:299841", "title": "[Splenorenal anastomoses in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The classical splenorenal shunt of Linton modified by Clatworthy is definitely superior to portocaval anastomosis. Between 1968 and 1976 in 225 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices a splenorenal anastomosis was performed in 47 cases, a portocaval in 30 cases and a mesentericocaval in 2 cases. There were 55 palliative operations as compared with 91 conservative therapeutic approaches. Over the last five years central termino-lateral splenorenal anastomoses have been performed almost exclusively.", "contents": "[Splenorenal anastomoses in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. The classical splenorenal shunt of Linton modified by Clatworthy is definitely superior to portocaval anastomosis. Between 1968 and 1976 in 225 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices a splenorenal anastomosis was performed in 47 cases, a portocaval in 30 cases and a mesentericocaval in 2 cases. There were 55 palliative operations as compared with 91 conservative therapeutic approaches. Over the last five years central termino-lateral splenorenal anastomoses have been performed almost exclusively."}
{"id": "PMID:299845", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome of childhood and disorder of T cell function.", "content": "In thirty-two patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation was studied at various stages of the disease. We demonstrated that lymphocyte transformation during acute exacerbation is markedly decreased, especially if cells are cultured in patient serum. During treatment with steroids PHA-stimulation improves. During full remission all patients showed their maximal lymphocyte stimulation. On the basis of these results and reports from the literature we postulate that patients with the NS have a T cell clone which inhibits the transformation capacity of the remaining lymphocytes through production of a heat stable serum factor. The same or a second factor produced by these lymphocytes could at the same time exert a toxic effect on the glomerular basement membrane.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome of childhood and disorder of T cell function. In thirty-two patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation was studied at various stages of the disease. We demonstrated that lymphocyte transformation during acute exacerbation is markedly decreased, especially if cells are cultured in patient serum. During treatment with steroids PHA-stimulation improves. During full remission all patients showed their maximal lymphocyte stimulation. On the basis of these results and reports from the literature we postulate that patients with the NS have a T cell clone which inhibits the transformation capacity of the remaining lymphocytes through production of a heat stable serum factor. The same or a second factor produced by these lymphocytes could at the same time exert a toxic effect on the glomerular basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:299847", "title": "Effects of 1-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines and related compounds, potential antidepressants, on biogenic amine uptake mechanisms.", "content": "A new series of compounds structurally related to the potential antidepressant tandamine, i.e., the 1-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines, inhibit the noradrenaline uptake mechanism and are relatively ineffective in inhibiting the serotonin uptake mechanism in vivo. The potency of the most effective compound (9-ethyl-N,N,1-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole) is similar to that of desimipramine and is of potential use in the treatment of endogenously depressed patients.", "contents": "Effects of 1-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines and related compounds, potential antidepressants, on biogenic amine uptake mechanisms. A new series of compounds structurally related to the potential antidepressant tandamine, i.e., the 1-alkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole-1-ethanamines, inhibit the noradrenaline uptake mechanism and are relatively ineffective in inhibiting the serotonin uptake mechanism in vivo. The potency of the most effective compound (9-ethyl-N,N,1-trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole) is similar to that of desimipramine and is of potential use in the treatment of endogenously depressed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299851", "title": "Binding of bacterial endotoxin to murine spleen lymphocytes.", "content": "The early events in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell activation were investigated by studying the binding of 14C-labeled LPS to murine lymphocytes in vitro. In these studies we utilized intrinsically labeled 14C-labeled LPS from Salmonella minnesota or the 14C-labeled glycolipid derived from the Re mutant of S. minnesota (R595). Bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes bound more LPS than did thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. Binding of LPS to murine spleen lymphocytes from strain C3H/HeN was compared with the binding to spleen lymphocytes from strain C3H/HeJ, a strain resistant to certain biological activities of LPS including mitogenesis. Spleen cells from both strains bound LPS equally well, suggesting that unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS is due to factors other than a defect in binding of LPS. LPS binding to cells appeared to be due to a nonspecific interaction between the lipid moiety of LPS and the lipid components of the cell membrane. Thus, the highly lipophilic, polysaccharide-deficient glycolipid from R595 bound at least 20 times better than did LPS. Furthermore, partial removal of cell surface proteins with trypsin or sialic acids with neuraminidase enhanced glycolipid binding, suggesting that binding is not through a protein- or sialic acid-containing receptor. The binding of glycolipid to lymphocytes was only partially specific since unlabeled glycolipid R595, lipid A, and LPS did not completely inhibit the uptake of 14C-labeled glycolipid R595. In addition, binding could be inhibited by a nonmitogenic phospholipid (phosphatidyl ethanolamine), which also is consistent with a nonspecific lipid-lipid interaction. Experiments were performed to determine the relationship of LPS binding to lymphocyte activation in the lymphocytes. The process of activation of lymphocytes by LPS was a slow one, since LPS was required to be present in culture for at least 24 h in order to obtain significant lymphocyte activation, suggesting that the amounts of LPS bound earlier are either quantitatively or qualitatively insufficient to irreversibly activate the cell.", "contents": "Binding of bacterial endotoxin to murine spleen lymphocytes. The early events in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell activation were investigated by studying the binding of 14C-labeled LPS to murine lymphocytes in vitro. In these studies we utilized intrinsically labeled 14C-labeled LPS from Salmonella minnesota or the 14C-labeled glycolipid derived from the Re mutant of S. minnesota (R595). Bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes bound more LPS than did thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. Binding of LPS to murine spleen lymphocytes from strain C3H/HeN was compared with the binding to spleen lymphocytes from strain C3H/HeJ, a strain resistant to certain biological activities of LPS including mitogenesis. Spleen cells from both strains bound LPS equally well, suggesting that unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS is due to factors other than a defect in binding of LPS. LPS binding to cells appeared to be due to a nonspecific interaction between the lipid moiety of LPS and the lipid components of the cell membrane. Thus, the highly lipophilic, polysaccharide-deficient glycolipid from R595 bound at least 20 times better than did LPS. Furthermore, partial removal of cell surface proteins with trypsin or sialic acids with neuraminidase enhanced glycolipid binding, suggesting that binding is not through a protein- or sialic acid-containing receptor. The binding of glycolipid to lymphocytes was only partially specific since unlabeled glycolipid R595, lipid A, and LPS did not completely inhibit the uptake of 14C-labeled glycolipid R595. In addition, binding could be inhibited by a nonmitogenic phospholipid (phosphatidyl ethanolamine), which also is consistent with a nonspecific lipid-lipid interaction. Experiments were performed to determine the relationship of LPS binding to lymphocyte activation in the lymphocytes. The process of activation of lymphocytes by LPS was a slow one, since LPS was required to be present in culture for at least 24 h in order to obtain significant lymphocyte activation, suggesting that the amounts of LPS bound earlier are either quantitatively or qualitatively insufficient to irreversibly activate the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:299854", "title": "Reactivity of peripheral blood leukocytes against human foetal cells. II. Cytotoxic potential of preparations enriched or depleted of different leukocyte populations.", "content": "Leukocytes separated initially by Ficoll-Triosil sedimentation from the peripheral blood of 62 healthy donors and 64 patients with a variety of cancers were tested for cytotoxicity against cells from a single human foetal lung, by means of a microplate technique based on visual enumeration of surviving target cells. Under these conditions cytotoxicity was primarily observed to be a function of the granulocyte content of the preparations, which was extremely variable (range 0-60%). When the influence of these cells was greatly diminished through depletion by adherence, residual cytotoxicity was still detectable in the majority of samples tested. Complete abrogation of this cytotoxicity by pretreatment with carrageenan implicated cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, which persisted as a small minority (about 2%) in the already depleted effector cell populations. However some cytotoxicity could also be demonstrated in populations, purified by passage through columns containing nylon fibre or Degalan-coated (human Ig-anti Ig) beads, which consisted almost exclusively (about 98%) of lymphocytes, mainly of thymus (T)-dependent type (greater than or equal to 80%). Under these conditions and those in which T-cells were concentrated by formation of spontaneous E rosettes, cytotoxicity appeared to decline with T cell enrichment, suggesting that the cytolytic effects were attributable to cells of the non T-compartment which were present to a variable extent in the different T-cell-enriched populations. Although the absolute identity of these cells was not established, the experiments illustrate potential sources of non-specific cytotoxicity among different effector cell populations against target cells expressing antigens to which the majority of leukocyte donors--in health or disease--were presumably non-sensitized. As such these data have several implications for the interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity tests against human neoplasms.", "contents": "Reactivity of peripheral blood leukocytes against human foetal cells. II. Cytotoxic potential of preparations enriched or depleted of different leukocyte populations. Leukocytes separated initially by Ficoll-Triosil sedimentation from the peripheral blood of 62 healthy donors and 64 patients with a variety of cancers were tested for cytotoxicity against cells from a single human foetal lung, by means of a microplate technique based on visual enumeration of surviving target cells. Under these conditions cytotoxicity was primarily observed to be a function of the granulocyte content of the preparations, which was extremely variable (range 0-60%). When the influence of these cells was greatly diminished through depletion by adherence, residual cytotoxicity was still detectable in the majority of samples tested. Complete abrogation of this cytotoxicity by pretreatment with carrageenan implicated cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, which persisted as a small minority (about 2%) in the already depleted effector cell populations. However some cytotoxicity could also be demonstrated in populations, purified by passage through columns containing nylon fibre or Degalan-coated (human Ig-anti Ig) beads, which consisted almost exclusively (about 98%) of lymphocytes, mainly of thymus (T)-dependent type (greater than or equal to 80%). Under these conditions and those in which T-cells were concentrated by formation of spontaneous E rosettes, cytotoxicity appeared to decline with T cell enrichment, suggesting that the cytolytic effects were attributable to cells of the non T-compartment which were present to a variable extent in the different T-cell-enriched populations. Although the absolute identity of these cells was not established, the experiments illustrate potential sources of non-specific cytotoxicity among different effector cell populations against target cells expressing antigens to which the majority of leukocyte donors--in health or disease--were presumably non-sensitized. As such these data have several implications for the interpretation of in vitro cytotoxicity tests against human neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:299856", "title": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome.", "content": "Previous investigations have suggested that immunologic factors may play a role in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, a disease involving the eye, central nervous system, and dermis. Among patients with this disease we have observed a decrease in their peripheral blood lymphocytes, as measured by two types of rosette assays. These results strengthen the concept that an altered immunologic status may be important in the pathophysiology of this disease.", "contents": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Previous investigations have suggested that immunologic factors may play a role in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, a disease involving the eye, central nervous system, and dermis. Among patients with this disease we have observed a decrease in their peripheral blood lymphocytes, as measured by two types of rosette assays. These results strengthen the concept that an altered immunologic status may be important in the pathophysiology of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:299858", "title": "Organ interactions in the regulation of hematopoiesis: in vitro interactions of bone, thymus, and spleen with bone marrow stem cells in normal, Sl/Sld and W/Wv mice.", "content": "Hematopoietic cell differentiation is influenced by organ-dependent microenvironmental factors as well as humoral regulators. A technique is described for examining certain aspects of the hemopoietic inductive microenvironment in vitro. Suspension and agar cultures of mouse bone marrow were used to study the effects of organ stromal factors on cellular proliferation and differentiation. Bone, spleen, and thymus fragments from irradiated mice were placed in direct contact with or separated by a Nuclepore membrane from syngeneic marrow cells growing in suspension cultures. Normal adult mouse bone and spleen influenced granulocytic differentiation as well as cell proliferation. In this system, bone marrow and organ fragments from W/Wv and SlSld mice behaved like those of their non-anemic littermates. The most prominent difference between W/Wv and Sl/Sla mice and their normal counterparts was observed in the inductionof CFU-C from splenic precursors un-er the influence of CSA. In both types of anemic mice, in vitro generation of CFU-C from spleen was abnormal in young animals but was corrected by four months of age.", "contents": "Organ interactions in the regulation of hematopoiesis: in vitro interactions of bone, thymus, and spleen with bone marrow stem cells in normal, Sl/Sld and W/Wv mice. Hematopoietic cell differentiation is influenced by organ-dependent microenvironmental factors as well as humoral regulators. A technique is described for examining certain aspects of the hemopoietic inductive microenvironment in vitro. Suspension and agar cultures of mouse bone marrow were used to study the effects of organ stromal factors on cellular proliferation and differentiation. Bone, spleen, and thymus fragments from irradiated mice were placed in direct contact with or separated by a Nuclepore membrane from syngeneic marrow cells growing in suspension cultures. Normal adult mouse bone and spleen influenced granulocytic differentiation as well as cell proliferation. In this system, bone marrow and organ fragments from W/Wv and SlSld mice behaved like those of their non-anemic littermates. The most prominent difference between W/Wv and Sl/Sla mice and their normal counterparts was observed in the inductionof CFU-C from splenic precursors un-er the influence of CSA. In both types of anemic mice, in vitro generation of CFU-C from spleen was abnormal in young animals but was corrected by four months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:299859", "title": "Emergence of insulin receptors upon alloimmune T cells in the rat.", "content": "Insulin, as well as other ligands which increase intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), augments thymic-derived (T)- lymphocyte effector activity as revealed by alloimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The observation that insulin binds only to monocytes among circulating nonimmune human mononuclear cells fosterd reexamination of the mechanism by which insulin augments T-lymphocyte function. This report concerns a test of the  hypothesis that the T cell is directly affected by insulin and that an insulin receptor emerges upon T lymphocytes consequent to immune activation. Spleens were removed from rats skin grafted across a major histocompatibility barrier. Lymphocytes were harvested from Ficoll-Hypaque density gradients and subsequently enriched for T cells by passage over one or two nylon wool columns. This population was composed of more than 98% T cells as assessed by surface marker techniques (Ig staining, erythrocyte antibody, and erythrocyte antibody complement rosetting, anti-T staining). There was no loss of augmentation of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity induced by insulin, carbamycholine, and 8-bromo-cGMP in the purified cells when compared to unfractionated cells 7 days after transplantation. 125I-insulin bound saturably to the allostimulated T-enriched lymphocytes with maximum binding at 12.8 +/- 0.2 pg and a dissociation constant at equilibrium of 1.3 nM. In contrast, insulin receptors were not present on nonimmune T-enriched cells or on T cells from animals that received syngeneic grafts. The affinity of the lymphocyte insulin receptor was similar to that of more conventional insulin-sensitive tissues e.g., liver, adipocyte. After 89% of T cells from spleens on day 7 were lysed with anti-thy 1.1 antibody and complement, the ability to measure specific insulin binding was lost. These data confirm a physiologic role for insulin in T-lymphocyte effector function and describe the emergence of insulin receptors concomitant with cell sensitivity to ligand. Such receptors may play a role in hormonal modulation of the immune response.", "contents": "Emergence of insulin receptors upon alloimmune T cells in the rat. Insulin, as well as other ligands which increase intracellular guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), augments thymic-derived (T)- lymphocyte effector activity as revealed by alloimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The observation that insulin binds only to monocytes among circulating nonimmune human mononuclear cells fosterd reexamination of the mechanism by which insulin augments T-lymphocyte function. This report concerns a test of the  hypothesis that the T cell is directly affected by insulin and that an insulin receptor emerges upon T lymphocytes consequent to immune activation. Spleens were removed from rats skin grafted across a major histocompatibility barrier. Lymphocytes were harvested from Ficoll-Hypaque density gradients and subsequently enriched for T cells by passage over one or two nylon wool columns. This population was composed of more than 98% T cells as assessed by surface marker techniques (Ig staining, erythrocyte antibody, and erythrocyte antibody complement rosetting, anti-T staining). There was no loss of augmentation of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity induced by insulin, carbamycholine, and 8-bromo-cGMP in the purified cells when compared to unfractionated cells 7 days after transplantation. 125I-insulin bound saturably to the allostimulated T-enriched lymphocytes with maximum binding at 12.8 +/- 0.2 pg and a dissociation constant at equilibrium of 1.3 nM. In contrast, insulin receptors were not present on nonimmune T-enriched cells or on T cells from animals that received syngeneic grafts. The affinity of the lymphocyte insulin receptor was similar to that of more conventional insulin-sensitive tissues e.g., liver, adipocyte. After 89% of T cells from spleens on day 7 were lysed with anti-thy 1.1 antibody and complement, the ability to measure specific insulin binding was lost. These data confirm a physiologic role for insulin in T-lymphocyte effector function and describe the emergence of insulin receptors concomitant with cell sensitivity to ligand. Such receptors may play a role in hormonal modulation of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:299860", "title": "Effects of sheep digoxin-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments on digoxin pharmacokinetics in dogs.", "content": "Intact sheep antidigoxin antibodies and their Fab fragments have both been found to exert profound effects on digoxin pharmacokinetics in [3H] digoxin-treated dogs. Both classes of molecule remove digoxin from the extravascular space and sequester it in the circulation in protein-bound form, a form in which the digoxin is presumably inactive. These two classes of molecule differ, however, in that the intact antibody molecules interfere with digoxin excretion, thereby promoting the retention of the glycoside; this retained digoxin is eventually released in free, active form when the administered antibody is metabolically degraded. In contrast, urinary excretion of digoxin continues in Fab-treated dogs, with significant quantities of digoxin being excreted promptly in the urine in complex with Fab fragments. These differences in urinary excretion, together with the probable decreased immunogenicity of sheep antidigoxin Fab fragments, suggest that such fragments possess potential advantages over intact antibody molecules for use in the therapy of life-threatening digoxin intoxication in man.", "contents": "Effects of sheep digoxin-specific antibodies and their Fab fragments on digoxin pharmacokinetics in dogs. Intact sheep antidigoxin antibodies and their Fab fragments have both been found to exert profound effects on digoxin pharmacokinetics in [3H] digoxin-treated dogs. Both classes of molecule remove digoxin from the extravascular space and sequester it in the circulation in protein-bound form, a form in which the digoxin is presumably inactive. These two classes of molecule differ, however, in that the intact antibody molecules interfere with digoxin excretion, thereby promoting the retention of the glycoside; this retained digoxin is eventually released in free, active form when the administered antibody is metabolically degraded. In contrast, urinary excretion of digoxin continues in Fab-treated dogs, with significant quantities of digoxin being excreted promptly in the urine in complex with Fab fragments. These differences in urinary excretion, together with the probable decreased immunogenicity of sheep antidigoxin Fab fragments, suggest that such fragments possess potential advantages over intact antibody molecules for use in the therapy of life-threatening digoxin intoxication in man."}
{"id": "PMID:299857", "title": "Direct myocardial revascularization in young patients: analysis of 100 consecutive cases without operative mortality.", "content": "The authors studied a series of 100 patients submitted to direct myocardial revascularization before 40 years of age. One hundred and seventy-three saphenous vein by-passes and 4 mammary artery left descending coronary artery anastomoses were performed. There was no operative mortality and the late mortality was 2%. The period of postoperative clinical evaluation of the patients varied from 12 to 60 months (mean 32.0 months).", "contents": "Direct myocardial revascularization in young patients: analysis of 100 consecutive cases without operative mortality. The authors studied a series of 100 patients submitted to direct myocardial revascularization before 40 years of age. One hundred and seventy-three saphenous vein by-passes and 4 mammary artery left descending coronary artery anastomoses were performed. There was no operative mortality and the late mortality was 2%. The period of postoperative clinical evaluation of the patients varied from 12 to 60 months (mean 32.0 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:299861", "title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin in childhood asthma.", "content": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) phenotypes and serum levels were studied in two childhood perennial asthmatic populations. The first was an ambulatory, mostly mild nonsteroid-dependent group living in Rochester, N.Y. The second was a more severe mostly steroid-dependent group residing at an asthma residential treatment center in Denver, Colo. The prevalences of alpha-1 antitrypsin protease inhibitor (Pi) tyes were the same for bothe groups and similar to prevalences in a random population. Alpha-1 antitrypsin serum levels were significantly elevated for the mild nonsteroid-dependent group when compared to the more severe steroid-dependent group. The steroid-dependent group had serum levels similar to a group of nonasthmatic control children. These findings indicate that there is not a strong association of alpha-1 antitrypsin Pi variants such as Pi MZ or Pi MS with more severe asthma. Elevated serum levels in the milk perennial asthmatic group may be the result of chronic inflammatory processes. Normal levels in the sterioid-dependent group may be the result of corticosteroid control of inflammation associated with asthma.", "contents": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin in childhood asthma. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) phenotypes and serum levels were studied in two childhood perennial asthmatic populations. The first was an ambulatory, mostly mild nonsteroid-dependent group living in Rochester, N.Y. The second was a more severe mostly steroid-dependent group residing at an asthma residential treatment center in Denver, Colo. The prevalences of alpha-1 antitrypsin protease inhibitor (Pi) tyes were the same for bothe groups and similar to prevalences in a random population. Alpha-1 antitrypsin serum levels were significantly elevated for the mild nonsteroid-dependent group when compared to the more severe steroid-dependent group. The steroid-dependent group had serum levels similar to a group of nonasthmatic control children. These findings indicate that there is not a strong association of alpha-1 antitrypsin Pi variants such as Pi MZ or Pi MS with more severe asthma. Elevated serum levels in the milk perennial asthmatic group may be the result of chronic inflammatory processes. Normal levels in the sterioid-dependent group may be the result of corticosteroid control of inflammation associated with asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:299862", "title": "A hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome with normal chemotaxis in vitro and defective leukotaxis in vivo.", "content": "A 26-yr-old male with a lifelong history of atopic dermatitis and recurrent severe staphylococcal abscesses was found to have hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Evaluation of both the humoral and cellular aspects of chemotaxis in vitro showed both neutrophils and monocytes to be normal. However, quantitative neutrophil migration in vivo was significantly suppressed using the patient's own serum as the attractant. This defective migration in vivo was partially corrected by serum from normal donors as the attractant and also partially corrected following plasma infusion in this patient. Evaluation of quantitative leukocyte migration in vivo may be most useful in patients suspected of defects of leukocyte mobility.", "contents": "A hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome with normal chemotaxis in vitro and defective leukotaxis in vivo. A 26-yr-old male with a lifelong history of atopic dermatitis and recurrent severe staphylococcal abscesses was found to have hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. Evaluation of both the humoral and cellular aspects of chemotaxis in vitro showed both neutrophils and monocytes to be normal. However, quantitative neutrophil migration in vivo was significantly suppressed using the patient's own serum as the attractant. This defective migration in vivo was partially corrected by serum from normal donors as the attractant and also partially corrected following plasma infusion in this patient. Evaluation of quantitative leukocyte migration in vivo may be most useful in patients suspected of defects of leukocyte mobility."}
{"id": "PMID:299863", "title": "Differential diagnosis of rheumatic disease in the elderly.", "content": "To illustrate the diagnostic problems of rheumatic disease in patients over 60 years of age, 4 cases are presented: 1) osteoarthritis, 2) late-onset rheumatoid arthritis, 3) polymyalgia rheumatica, and 4) pseudogout with crystalline synovitis. In each case the correct diagnosis should have been suspected from the history and physical examination alone, with the laboratory and x-ray findings providing supportive evidence.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of rheumatic disease in the elderly. To illustrate the diagnostic problems of rheumatic disease in patients over 60 years of age, 4 cases are presented: 1) osteoarthritis, 2) late-onset rheumatoid arthritis, 3) polymyalgia rheumatica, and 4) pseudogout with crystalline synovitis. In each case the correct diagnosis should have been suspected from the history and physical examination alone, with the laboratory and x-ray findings providing supportive evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:299864", "title": "The immunology of arthritis: interpretation of serologic studies. (Summary of presentation).", "content": "Results of serologic tests in rheumatic disease require good judgment in interpretation, based upon familiarity with the present knowledge of immunologic mechanisms, including the action of antibodies, auto-antibodies, T-cells and B-cells.", "contents": "The immunology of arthritis: interpretation of serologic studies. (Summary of presentation). Results of serologic tests in rheumatic disease require good judgment in interpretation, based upon familiarity with the present knowledge of immunologic mechanisms, including the action of antibodies, auto-antibodies, T-cells and B-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299865", "title": "Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. VI. a radioimmunoassay for the detection of infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody and antigen.", "content": "The coated-tube method of solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been adapted to the detection of heterophile antibodies and antigens of infectious mononucleosis. Disposable plastic hemagglutination trays were coated with purified glycoprotein from horse erythrocytes and the subsequent uptake of antibody from test sera was detected by radio-iodinated horse erythrocyte glycoprotein. In a preliminary survey of sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis and sera from controls, the assay proved highly sensitive and specific. The test system was also useful in a competitive binding assay for immunochemical studies of glycoproteins from other heterophile antigen-positive species.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies of infectious mononucleosis. VI. a radioimmunoassay for the detection of infectious mononucleosis heterophile antibody and antigen. The coated-tube method of solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been adapted to the detection of heterophile antibodies and antigens of infectious mononucleosis. Disposable plastic hemagglutination trays were coated with purified glycoprotein from horse erythrocytes and the subsequent uptake of antibody from test sera was detected by radio-iodinated horse erythrocyte glycoprotein. In a preliminary survey of sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis and sera from controls, the assay proved highly sensitive and specific. The test system was also useful in a competitive binding assay for immunochemical studies of glycoproteins from other heterophile antigen-positive species."}
{"id": "PMID:299866", "title": "The role of encapsulation and host age in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia.", "content": "Nonimmune rats given intravenous inoculations of 10(8) encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b cleared the bacteria at an exponential rate for 10 min; thereafter, the bacteremia plateaued at approximately 10(6) organisms/ml of blood. With 10(8) unencapsulated organisms, the initial clearance rate was significantly faster (P less than 0.001) and was complete by 30 min. The rate of clearance of a mutant strain of H. influenzae type b containing 0.1% as much capsular polysaccharide as the wild type was significantly faster (P less than 0.01), and H. influenzae type b from which a portion of the capsule had been removed physically had an intermediate clearance pattern. The addition of 1-1,000 mug of capsular polysaccharide to an inoculum of 10(8) organisms did not alter the clearance of the capsular polysaccharide-deficient mutant. The quantity of bacteria cleared during the 30 min after inoculation increased with the age of the animal. The initial bacterial clearance rate, corrected for animal and organ weight, also increased with age. These data are consistent with the proposal that physically integrated capsular polymer increases the virulence of H. influenzae type b by rendering it resistant to clearance from the bloodstream and that there may be an age-related increase in phagocytic activity that is reflected in increased clearance.", "contents": "The role of encapsulation and host age in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia. Nonimmune rats given intravenous inoculations of 10(8) encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b cleared the bacteria at an exponential rate for 10 min; thereafter, the bacteremia plateaued at approximately 10(6) organisms/ml of blood. With 10(8) unencapsulated organisms, the initial clearance rate was significantly faster (P less than 0.001) and was complete by 30 min. The rate of clearance of a mutant strain of H. influenzae type b containing 0.1% as much capsular polysaccharide as the wild type was significantly faster (P less than 0.01), and H. influenzae type b from which a portion of the capsule had been removed physically had an intermediate clearance pattern. The addition of 1-1,000 mug of capsular polysaccharide to an inoculum of 10(8) organisms did not alter the clearance of the capsular polysaccharide-deficient mutant. The quantity of bacteria cleared during the 30 min after inoculation increased with the age of the animal. The initial bacterial clearance rate, corrected for animal and organ weight, also increased with age. These data are consistent with the proposal that physically integrated capsular polymer increases the virulence of H. influenzae type b by rendering it resistant to clearance from the bloodstream and that there may be an age-related increase in phagocytic activity that is reflected in increased clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:299867", "title": "Cellular immune response to Yersinia pestis modulated by product(s) from thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Resistance to infection with Yersinia pestis was found to depend on whether the macrophage can inactivate and withstand the cytotoxic effects of phagocytized Y. pestis. Serum from mice immunized with antigens of Y. pestis enhanced the resistance of monolayers of normal cultures to the cytotoxic effects of Y. pestis and increased the capacity of peritoneal exudate cells from immune mice to inactivate these bacteria. The enhancing component of the serum was not removed by absorption with heat-killed Y. pestis. Similar enhancement was provided by supernatant fluids of spleen cultures from immunized mice but not by those from unimmunized mice. Pretreatment of spleen cells with rabbit hyperimmune antiserum to mouse brain theta-antigen plus complement caused a reduction in the enhancing capacity of the spleen cell culture fluids. Removal of the glass-adherent cell population from suspensions of primed spleen cells prior to in vitro antigenic stimulation resulted in a loss of activity from the subsequently harvested culture fluids. Thus, the enhancing component of the serum appears to be a product of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Furthermore, splenic macrophages seem to be required for the interaction of primed T-cells with heat-killed Y. pestis.", "contents": "Cellular immune response to Yersinia pestis modulated by product(s) from thymus-derived lymphocytes. Resistance to infection with Yersinia pestis was found to depend on whether the macrophage can inactivate and withstand the cytotoxic effects of phagocytized Y. pestis. Serum from mice immunized with antigens of Y. pestis enhanced the resistance of monolayers of normal cultures to the cytotoxic effects of Y. pestis and increased the capacity of peritoneal exudate cells from immune mice to inactivate these bacteria. The enhancing component of the serum was not removed by absorption with heat-killed Y. pestis. Similar enhancement was provided by supernatant fluids of spleen cultures from immunized mice but not by those from unimmunized mice. Pretreatment of spleen cells with rabbit hyperimmune antiserum to mouse brain theta-antigen plus complement caused a reduction in the enhancing capacity of the spleen cell culture fluids. Removal of the glass-adherent cell population from suspensions of primed spleen cells prior to in vitro antigenic stimulation resulted in a loss of activity from the subsequently harvested culture fluids. Thus, the enhancing component of the serum appears to be a product of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells). Furthermore, splenic macrophages seem to be required for the interaction of primed T-cells with heat-killed Y. pestis."}
{"id": "PMID:299877", "title": "Food and intracranial stimulation responding suppressed with regular-interval shock.", "content": "Attenuation of conditioned suppression during intracranial stimulation was compared with that during food reinforcement. Response rates controlled by food and by brain stimulation were equalized on a multiple schedule by adjusting the stimulating current. When foot shock was delivered during timeout periods separating response components, responding for food was significantly more suppressed than responding for brain stimulation. When components were shortened from 10 to 2 minutes, responding maintained by either food or  brain stimulation showed a similar temporal pattern of suppression preceding each shock, but responding in the component involving food remained significantly more suppressed. Explanations for the attenuated suppression during brain stimulation based on neural disruption, stimulus blocking, and analgesic properties were questioned. The increased responding during brain stimulation seemed to reflect greater response strength relative to food reinforced responding.", "contents": "Food and intracranial stimulation responding suppressed with regular-interval shock. Attenuation of conditioned suppression during intracranial stimulation was compared with that during food reinforcement. Response rates controlled by food and by brain stimulation were equalized on a multiple schedule by adjusting the stimulating current. When foot shock was delivered during timeout periods separating response components, responding for food was significantly more suppressed than responding for brain stimulation. When components were shortened from 10 to 2 minutes, responding maintained by either food or  brain stimulation showed a similar temporal pattern of suppression preceding each shock, but responding in the component involving food remained significantly more suppressed. Explanations for the attenuated suppression during brain stimulation based on neural disruption, stimulus blocking, and analgesic properties were questioned. The increased responding during brain stimulation seemed to reflect greater response strength relative to food reinforced responding."}
{"id": "PMID:299878", "title": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in mice. III. Evidence for suppressive regulatory T1-cell population in delayed hypersensitivity.", "content": "T-T-cell interactions involved in delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response have been studied by employing delayed foot pad assay to methylated human serum albumin in C57BL/6J mice. The DH response, one of the T-cell manifestations of cell-mediated immune response is suppressively regulated by T cells and such observation was based on studies of age-associated kinetics of foot pad reaction and effects of cell transfer and adult thymectomy on developing DH response. These suppressively regulatory T cells in DH have a life span of less than 4 wk and a constant derivation from the thymus is required. Such cells are numerous in the young mouse thymus and few in the spleen and thymus of old mice. On the one hand, the presence of a long-lived effector T-cell population was suggested in DH. These cells are numerous in the spleen and are low responders to phytohemagglutinin in vitro. It is assumed that these suppressive T cells interact with antigen-reactive cells at their proliferating stage by recognition of the iodiotypic difference through surface receptors. As in the case of graft-vs.-host and humoral response in vivo, three different subsets of immune competent cells participate in the DH response. These cells consist of one specifically antigen-reactive T cell, one suppressive regulatory T cell, and one bone marrow-derived cell, a macrophage that responds to a chemical mediator from sensitized effector T cells and that develops a DH skin lesion nonspecifically.", "contents": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity in mice. III. Evidence for suppressive regulatory T1-cell population in delayed hypersensitivity. T-T-cell interactions involved in delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response have been studied by employing delayed foot pad assay to methylated human serum albumin in C57BL/6J mice. The DH response, one of the T-cell manifestations of cell-mediated immune response is suppressively regulated by T cells and such observation was based on studies of age-associated kinetics of foot pad reaction and effects of cell transfer and adult thymectomy on developing DH response. These suppressively regulatory T cells in DH have a life span of less than 4 wk and a constant derivation from the thymus is required. Such cells are numerous in the young mouse thymus and few in the spleen and thymus of old mice. On the one hand, the presence of a long-lived effector T-cell population was suggested in DH. These cells are numerous in the spleen and are low responders to phytohemagglutinin in vitro. It is assumed that these suppressive T cells interact with antigen-reactive cells at their proliferating stage by recognition of the iodiotypic difference through surface receptors. As in the case of graft-vs.-host and humoral response in vivo, three different subsets of immune competent cells participate in the DH response. These cells consist of one specifically antigen-reactive T cell, one suppressive regulatory T cell, and one bone marrow-derived cell, a macrophage that responds to a chemical mediator from sensitized effector T cells and that develops a DH skin lesion nonspecifically."}
{"id": "PMID:299879", "title": "Defective colony formation by B lymphocytes from CBA/N and C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "B cells from CBA/N mice did not form colonies in semisolid agar cultures under circumstances where normal B-cell clonal proliferation is linear with respect to the number of functional cells cultured. This was no due to the unresponsiveness of CBA/N cells to mitogens, and under appropriate liquid culture conditions many CBA/N lymphocytes differentiated to plasma cells containing large amounts of IgM in response to LPS. On the other hand, the same cells proliferated and matured poorly in liquid cultures prepared at low-cell density. The frequency of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and multipotential hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, ability of peritoneal macrophages to elaborate soluble enhancing factors, and levels of serum inhibitors were normal in CBA/N mice. Together with the results of cell-mixing experiments, these findings confirm the selective and intrinsic nature of the CBA/N deficiency. It is suggested that the B-cell cloning technique may be of value in selectively enumerating and assessing functional capability of thymus-independent B cells. C3H/HeJ mice which have previously only been known to be hyporesponsive to certain forms of lipopolysaccharide had a subnormal incidence of colony-forming B cells.", "contents": "Defective colony formation by B lymphocytes from CBA/N and C3H/HeJ mice. B cells from CBA/N mice did not form colonies in semisolid agar cultures under circumstances where normal B-cell clonal proliferation is linear with respect to the number of functional cells cultured. This was no due to the unresponsiveness of CBA/N cells to mitogens, and under appropriate liquid culture conditions many CBA/N lymphocytes differentiated to plasma cells containing large amounts of IgM in response to LPS. On the other hand, the same cells proliferated and matured poorly in liquid cultures prepared at low-cell density. The frequency of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and multipotential hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, ability of peritoneal macrophages to elaborate soluble enhancing factors, and levels of serum inhibitors were normal in CBA/N mice. Together with the results of cell-mixing experiments, these findings confirm the selective and intrinsic nature of the CBA/N deficiency. It is suggested that the B-cell cloning technique may be of value in selectively enumerating and assessing functional capability of thymus-independent B cells. C3H/HeJ mice which have previously only been known to be hyporesponsive to certain forms of lipopolysaccharide had a subnormal incidence of colony-forming B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:299880", "title": "Concanavalin A-mediated activation of antigen-primed lymphocytes into secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "A secondary specific cytotoxic response is obtained when lymphocytes primed in vivo to a tumor allograft are exposed to Con A in culture. The secondary cytotoxic cells generated are specific to target cells bearing antigens of the primary sensitizing cells and are qualitatively indistinguishable from the response obtained upon secondary antigenic stimulation. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity is independent of concanavalin A (Con A) and is not affected by the Con A-specific inhibitor, alpha-methyl-D-mannose pyranoside. Furthermore, cultures containing a mixture of submitogenic concentrations of Con A and stimulating antigens showed synergy and augmentation of cytotoxic activity. It is suggested that activation of prekiller cells by Con A into CTL may be mediated via the same or similar receptors normally triggered by the stimulating antigens. Functional similarities between ConA and the lymphocyte-defined antigens of the major histocompatibility complex region are discussed.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-mediated activation of antigen-primed lymphocytes into secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes. A secondary specific cytotoxic response is obtained when lymphocytes primed in vivo to a tumor allograft are exposed to Con A in culture. The secondary cytotoxic cells generated are specific to target cells bearing antigens of the primary sensitizing cells and are qualitatively indistinguishable from the response obtained upon secondary antigenic stimulation. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity is independent of concanavalin A (Con A) and is not affected by the Con A-specific inhibitor, alpha-methyl-D-mannose pyranoside. Furthermore, cultures containing a mixture of submitogenic concentrations of Con A and stimulating antigens showed synergy and augmentation of cytotoxic activity. It is suggested that activation of prekiller cells by Con A into CTL may be mediated via the same or similar receptors normally triggered by the stimulating antigens. Functional similarities between ConA and the lymphocyte-defined antigens of the major histocompatibility complex region are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299881", "title": "Hematopoietic thymocyte precursors: II. Properties of the precursors.", "content": "The properties of hematopoietic cells which serve as the precursors of cortical thymocytes in irradiated reconstituted mice have been described. These cells have been termed \"prothymocytes.\" They are 10- to 15-mum diameter cells of low buoyant density. They are nonadherent to glass wool and more resistant to the lytic effects of steroids and gamma-irradiation than their progeny. They lack detectable amounts of the surface markers associated with either B or T cells but do bear at least two antigens recognized by antisera to mouse brain.", "contents": "Hematopoietic thymocyte precursors: II. Properties of the precursors. The properties of hematopoietic cells which serve as the precursors of cortical thymocytes in irradiated reconstituted mice have been described. These cells have been termed \"prothymocytes.\" They are 10- to 15-mum diameter cells of low buoyant density. They are nonadherent to glass wool and more resistant to the lytic effects of steroids and gamma-irradiation than their progeny. They lack detectable amounts of the surface markers associated with either B or T cells but do bear at least two antigens recognized by antisera to mouse brain."}
{"id": "PMID:299882", "title": "Two distinct pools of recirculating T lymphocytes: migratory characteristics of nodal and intestinal T lymphocytes.", "content": "A pronounced asymmetry in the recirculation from blood to lymph of resting small recirculating T lymphocytes is described. When 51Cr-labeled small T-recirculating lymphocytes (TRL) from intestinal lymph were infused intravenously their relative recovery in intestinal lymph was about twice that in nodal lymph. In contrast, the relative recovery in nodal lymph of 51Cr-labeled nodal TRL was twice that in intestinal lymph. Intestinal TRL migrated in large numbers through the small intestine. Nodal TRL did not. It is proposed that the pool of recirculating small T lymphocytes consists of two major subdivisions, an intestinal pool and a nodal pool. The nodal circulation comprises small TRL which traverse PCV in all lymph nodes (LN) but not the small intestine. The intestinal circulation comprises small TRL which do not traverse PCV in LN, but which do recirculate through the small intestine from which they pass via afferent lymphatics to the mesenteric LN and subsequently via the thoracic duct into the blood. It is suggested that the intestinal circulation is present in the fetus and that its initial development is independent of extrinsic antigen.", "contents": "Two distinct pools of recirculating T lymphocytes: migratory characteristics of nodal and intestinal T lymphocytes. A pronounced asymmetry in the recirculation from blood to lymph of resting small recirculating T lymphocytes is described. When 51Cr-labeled small T-recirculating lymphocytes (TRL) from intestinal lymph were infused intravenously their relative recovery in intestinal lymph was about twice that in nodal lymph. In contrast, the relative recovery in nodal lymph of 51Cr-labeled nodal TRL was twice that in intestinal lymph. Intestinal TRL migrated in large numbers through the small intestine. Nodal TRL did not. It is proposed that the pool of recirculating small T lymphocytes consists of two major subdivisions, an intestinal pool and a nodal pool. The nodal circulation comprises small TRL which traverse PCV in all lymph nodes (LN) but not the small intestine. The intestinal circulation comprises small TRL which do not traverse PCV in LN, but which do recirculate through the small intestine from which they pass via afferent lymphatics to the mesenteric LN and subsequently via the thoracic duct into the blood. It is suggested that the intestinal circulation is present in the fetus and that its initial development is independent of extrinsic antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:299883", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-sensitive T lymphocytes suppress the in vivo generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "Murine T lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against either allogeneic lymphocytes or syngeneic hapten-conjugated lymphocytes do differentiate into highly effective cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1-3). In vivo immunization of T lymphocytes to the same antigens, however, results in the generation of only marginal cytotoxic activity (1,4,5). Recently we found that the weakness of in vivo generated cytotoxicity is not due to a failure of antigen-induced T-cell sensitization but rather due to suppression of the in vivo differentiation of sensitized CTL precursors into effective CTL(6). In keeping with this finding it was postulated that suppressor cells may regulate the in vivo differentiation of CTL. We now report, that cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells suppress the in vivo differentiation of antigen-specific CTL. Thus, pretreatment of mice with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) converts their state of low responsiveness to a state of high responsiveness.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-sensitive T lymphocytes suppress the in vivo generation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Murine T lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against either allogeneic lymphocytes or syngeneic hapten-conjugated lymphocytes do differentiate into highly effective cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (1-3). In vivo immunization of T lymphocytes to the same antigens, however, results in the generation of only marginal cytotoxic activity (1,4,5). Recently we found that the weakness of in vivo generated cytotoxicity is not due to a failure of antigen-induced T-cell sensitization but rather due to suppression of the in vivo differentiation of sensitized CTL precursors into effective CTL(6). In keeping with this finding it was postulated that suppressor cells may regulate the in vivo differentiation of CTL. We now report, that cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells suppress the in vivo differentiation of antigen-specific CTL. Thus, pretreatment of mice with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) converts their state of low responsiveness to a state of high responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:299884", "title": "Phorbol myristate acetate: a mitogen selective for a T-lymphocyte subpopulation.", "content": "Phorbol myristate acetate (pma) is a potent mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) comparable to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in potency. Inactivation of PHA-responsive lymphocytes by 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and light treatment left the PMA response intact and nice versa. Experiments separating lymphocytes by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) demonstrated that the PMA-responsive lymphocytes segregate with those that have a high affinity for SRBC to a greater than PHA- or concanavalin A (Con A)-responsive cells. These results indicate that a PMA-responsive population in human peripheral blood resides within the T-lymphocyte population and appears to have a high affinity for SRBC and to be distinct from that responding to PHA and Con A. PMA may be useful clinically to assay the size and function of the high affinity or \"active\" rosette population.", "contents": "Phorbol myristate acetate: a mitogen selective for a T-lymphocyte subpopulation. Phorbol myristate acetate (pma) is a potent mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) comparable to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in potency. Inactivation of PHA-responsive lymphocytes by 5'-bromodeoxyuridine and light treatment left the PMA response intact and nice versa. Experiments separating lymphocytes by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) demonstrated that the PMA-responsive lymphocytes segregate with those that have a high affinity for SRBC to a greater than PHA- or concanavalin A (Con A)-responsive cells. These results indicate that a PMA-responsive population in human peripheral blood resides within the T-lymphocyte population and appears to have a high affinity for SRBC and to be distinct from that responding to PHA and Con A. PMA may be useful clinically to assay the size and function of the high affinity or \"active\" rosette population."}
{"id": "PMID:299885", "title": "The family-oriented medical record.", "content": "The usual form of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record is primarily focused on the individual, and thus has serious deficiencies for the family-oriented physician. This paper presents a practical, office-tested medical charting system that incorporates features of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record and allows the recording of aspects of the family situation that are of particular importance to the family physician. The essential features of the chart are described and the special features, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. This record has been developed to avoid the gaps that appear when attempts are made to use individually-oriented record systems in a family-oriented practice.", "contents": "The family-oriented medical record. The usual form of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record is primarily focused on the individual, and thus has serious deficiencies for the family-oriented physician. This paper presents a practical, office-tested medical charting system that incorporates features of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record and allows the recording of aspects of the family situation that are of particular importance to the family physician. The essential features of the chart are described and the special features, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. This record has been developed to avoid the gaps that appear when attempts are made to use individually-oriented record systems in a family-oriented practice."}
{"id": "PMID:299886", "title": "Regulation by magnesium of intracellular calcium movement in skinned muscle fibers.", "content": "The effect of Mg on Ca movement between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and myofilament space (MFS) was studied in skinned muscle fibers by using isometric force as an indicator of MFS Ca. In Ca-loaded fibers at 20 degrees C, the large force spike induced by Ca in 1 mM Mg (5 mM ATP) was strongly inhibited in 3 mM Mg, and force development was extremely slow. After a brief Ca stimulus in 1 mM Mg, relaxation in Ca-free solution was significantly faster in 3 mM Mg. These changes were due to altered Ca movements, since the effect of 3 mM Mg on steady force in CaEGTA solutions was small. Changes in Mg alone induced force transients apparently due to altered Ca movement. In relaxed fibers, decreasing the Mg to 0.25 mM caused phasic force development. In contracting fibers in Ca solutions, increasing the Mg caused a large transient relaxation. The effects of increased Mg were antagonized by 0.5 mM Cd, an inhibitor of the SR Ca transport system. The results indicate that active Ca uptake by the SR in situ is stimulated by Mg, and that it can affect local MFS [Ca++] in the presence of a substantial Ca source. These results provide evidence that an increased rate of Ca uptake in 3 mM Mg could account for inhibition of the large force spike associated with Ca-induced Ca release in skinned fibers.", "contents": "Regulation by magnesium of intracellular calcium movement in skinned muscle fibers. The effect of Mg on Ca movement between the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and myofilament space (MFS) was studied in skinned muscle fibers by using isometric force as an indicator of MFS Ca. In Ca-loaded fibers at 20 degrees C, the large force spike induced by Ca in 1 mM Mg (5 mM ATP) was strongly inhibited in 3 mM Mg, and force development was extremely slow. After a brief Ca stimulus in 1 mM Mg, relaxation in Ca-free solution was significantly faster in 3 mM Mg. These changes were due to altered Ca movements, since the effect of 3 mM Mg on steady force in CaEGTA solutions was small. Changes in Mg alone induced force transients apparently due to altered Ca movement. In relaxed fibers, decreasing the Mg to 0.25 mM caused phasic force development. In contracting fibers in Ca solutions, increasing the Mg caused a large transient relaxation. The effects of increased Mg were antagonized by 0.5 mM Cd, an inhibitor of the SR Ca transport system. The results indicate that active Ca uptake by the SR in situ is stimulated by Mg, and that it can affect local MFS [Ca++] in the presence of a substantial Ca source. These results provide evidence that an increased rate of Ca uptake in 3 mM Mg could account for inhibition of the large force spike associated with Ca-induced Ca release in skinned fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:299888", "title": "Physical form as a determinant of effect of buffered acetylsalicylate formulations on gi microbleeding.", "content": "During a 48-day period, 12 male dogs received four buffered sodium acetylsalicylate formulations, quantitatively virtually identical (a homogenenous disintegrating swallow tablet, a swallow tablet in which the sodium acetylsalicylate was contained in a dissolving core, an encapsulated powder, and an aqueous suspension), at 650-mg aspirin equivalent doses twice daily during four 7-day treatment periods (each preceded by a 5-day period of no treatment) in a complete changeover fashion. Mean daily fecal blood losses of 0.75, 1.37, 1.43, and 2.89 ml were observed in the 12 dogs during treatment with the aqueous suspension, the homogeneous tablet, the encapsulated powder, and the core tablet, respectively. These findings indicate that the physical form of buffered acetylsalicylate formulations is a critical factor in the effect of such formulations on GI microbleeding.", "contents": "Physical form as a determinant of effect of buffered acetylsalicylate formulations on gi microbleeding. During a 48-day period, 12 male dogs received four buffered sodium acetylsalicylate formulations, quantitatively virtually identical (a homogenenous disintegrating swallow tablet, a swallow tablet in which the sodium acetylsalicylate was contained in a dissolving core, an encapsulated powder, and an aqueous suspension), at 650-mg aspirin equivalent doses twice daily during four 7-day treatment periods (each preceded by a 5-day period of no treatment) in a complete changeover fashion. Mean daily fecal blood losses of 0.75, 1.37, 1.43, and 2.89 ml were observed in the 12 dogs during treatment with the aqueous suspension, the homogeneous tablet, the encapsulated powder, and the core tablet, respectively. These findings indicate that the physical form of buffered acetylsalicylate formulations is a critical factor in the effect of such formulations on GI microbleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:299889", "title": "GLC determination of indoprofen in plasma.", "content": "Implementation of human bioavailability studies with the analgesic indoprofen required a rapid, sensitive, and convenient assay in blood plasma. A procedure based on ether extraction of acidified plasma, derivatization with diazomethane, and GLC analysis using a 3% OV-1 column was sufficiently sensitive for measurement of plasma indoprofen concentrations in the 0.4-16 mug/ml range. An average recovery of 99.0 +/- 7.6% (SD) was achieved when the pentanoic acid homolog was employed as an internal standard.", "contents": "GLC determination of indoprofen in plasma. Implementation of human bioavailability studies with the analgesic indoprofen required a rapid, sensitive, and convenient assay in blood plasma. A procedure based on ether extraction of acidified plasma, derivatization with diazomethane, and GLC analysis using a 3% OV-1 column was sufficiently sensitive for measurement of plasma indoprofen concentrations in the 0.4-16 mug/ml range. An average recovery of 99.0 +/- 7.6% (SD) was achieved when the pentanoic acid homolog was employed as an internal standard."}
{"id": "PMID:299890", "title": "Effect of narcotics on the uptake of serotonin precursors by the rat brain.", "content": "The extraction of 14C-tryptophan and 14C-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) from the blood to the brain was measured using an indicator dilution technique. Acute treatment with morphine caused a dose-related decrease in the extraction of tryptophan by the brain and a increase in that of 5-HTP. Naloxone alone had no effect on the extraction of either tryptophan or 5-HTP but completely blocked the effect of 20 mg/kg of morphine on the extraction of both tryptophan and 5-HTP. In contrast to acute treatment with morphine, the extractions of tryptophan and 5-HTP were not significantly altered 48 hours after chronic treatment with morphine. The extraction of 5-HTP remained unchanged and that of tryptophan increased significantly 72 hours after chronic morphine treatment. In equivalent doses, levorphanol decreased the extraction of tryptophan more than its inactive isomer, dextrorphan, whereas levorphanol increased and dextrorphan had no effect on the extraction of 5-HTP. These results suggest that an increase in the rate of central serotonin synthesis after acute treatment with morphine may be due to an increased uptake of 5-HTP from the blood to the brain while that after chronic treatment with morphine may be due to an increased uptake of tryptophan.", "contents": "Effect of narcotics on the uptake of serotonin precursors by the rat brain. The extraction of 14C-tryptophan and 14C-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) from the blood to the brain was measured using an indicator dilution technique. Acute treatment with morphine caused a dose-related decrease in the extraction of tryptophan by the brain and a increase in that of 5-HTP. Naloxone alone had no effect on the extraction of either tryptophan or 5-HTP but completely blocked the effect of 20 mg/kg of morphine on the extraction of both tryptophan and 5-HTP. In contrast to acute treatment with morphine, the extractions of tryptophan and 5-HTP were not significantly altered 48 hours after chronic treatment with morphine. The extraction of 5-HTP remained unchanged and that of tryptophan increased significantly 72 hours after chronic morphine treatment. In equivalent doses, levorphanol decreased the extraction of tryptophan more than its inactive isomer, dextrorphan, whereas levorphanol increased and dextrorphan had no effect on the extraction of 5-HTP. These results suggest that an increase in the rate of central serotonin synthesis after acute treatment with morphine may be due to an increased uptake of 5-HTP from the blood to the brain while that after chronic treatment with morphine may be due to an increased uptake of tryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:299892", "title": "Synthesis and inhibition analysis of 2(4)-imino-4(2)-amino-2,4-dideoxyriboflavin, a dual antagonist of riboflavin and folinic acid.", "content": "The synthesis of the 2,4-diamino analogue of riboflavin is described. Inhibition analysis in a microbial assay system indicated that this compound has a weak antifolate activity that could be overcome with a minimal amount of folinic acid, but at higher concentrations both folinic acid and riboflavin were required for the reversal of its inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Synthesis and inhibition analysis of 2(4)-imino-4(2)-amino-2,4-dideoxyriboflavin, a dual antagonist of riboflavin and folinic acid. The synthesis of the 2,4-diamino analogue of riboflavin is described. Inhibition analysis in a microbial assay system indicated that this compound has a weak antifolate activity that could be overcome with a minimal amount of folinic acid, but at higher concentrations both folinic acid and riboflavin were required for the reversal of its inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:299893", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on tumor growth in normal and athymic (nude) mice.", "content": "The effect of systemic or local injection of Corynebacterium parvum at the tumor site on the growth of various murine tumors was studied in intact and congenitally athymic BALB/c mice. Systemic injection of C. parvum usually had a marked antitumor effect in both types of mouse. Two lymphomas, which regressed spontaneously in untreated intact mice but not in athymic mice, grew progressively in intact mice given systemic C. parvum, though their growth was inhibited in similarly treated athymic mice. Local injection into the site of the tumor markedly inhibited tumor growth in intact mice but was without effect in athymic mice. C. parvum was believed to exert its antitumor effects by two different mechanisms, only one of which was T-cell dependent. The mechanism not dependent on T-cells was particularly activated by systemic C. parvum injection.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on tumor growth in normal and athymic (nude) mice. The effect of systemic or local injection of Corynebacterium parvum at the tumor site on the growth of various murine tumors was studied in intact and congenitally athymic BALB/c mice. Systemic injection of C. parvum usually had a marked antitumor effect in both types of mouse. Two lymphomas, which regressed spontaneously in untreated intact mice but not in athymic mice, grew progressively in intact mice given systemic C. parvum, though their growth was inhibited in similarly treated athymic mice. Local injection into the site of the tumor markedly inhibited tumor growth in intact mice but was without effect in athymic mice. C. parvum was believed to exert its antitumor effects by two different mechanisms, only one of which was T-cell dependent. The mechanism not dependent on T-cells was particularly activated by systemic C. parvum injection."}
{"id": "PMID:299894", "title": "Some observations on the reversibility of methotrexate toxicity in normal proliferating tissues.", "content": "Thymidine, in the absence of hypoxanthine, failed to protect normal mice from the acute toxicity of methotrexate, though tumor-bearing animals could be protected with thymidine alone, probably as a result of the availability of DNA degradation products released from drug-sensitive tumor cells. Although metrotrexate induced an early purine deficiency in gut cells, this effect was not detected in bone marrow. Later, purine deficiency became apparent in the gut and bone marrow of methotrexate-treated animals.", "contents": "Some observations on the reversibility of methotrexate toxicity in normal proliferating tissues. Thymidine, in the absence of hypoxanthine, failed to protect normal mice from the acute toxicity of methotrexate, though tumor-bearing animals could be protected with thymidine alone, probably as a result of the availability of DNA degradation products released from drug-sensitive tumor cells. Although metrotrexate induced an early purine deficiency in gut cells, this effect was not detected in bone marrow. Later, purine deficiency became apparent in the gut and bone marrow of methotrexate-treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:299895", "title": "Gastrointestinal bleeding following head injury: a clinical study of 433 cases.", "content": "The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was studied in 433 patients with head injury. This complication has a strong correlation to the severity of the injury. Other factors such as shock, arterial pO2 and glucocorticoid administration were not related to incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding. Forty per cent of patients developed bleeding within 48 hours and approximately and additional 40% within one week. Only nine patients required more than 1,000 ml of blood, and eight of these died and one requiring emergency abdominal surgery lived.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal bleeding following head injury: a clinical study of 433 cases. The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was studied in 433 patients with head injury. This complication has a strong correlation to the severity of the injury. Other factors such as shock, arterial pO2 and glucocorticoid administration were not related to incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding. Forty per cent of patients developed bleeding within 48 hours and approximately and additional 40% within one week. Only nine patients required more than 1,000 ml of blood, and eight of these died and one requiring emergency abdominal surgery lived."}
{"id": "PMID:299896", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss. Effect of aspirin, fenoprofen, and acetaminophen in rheumatoid arthritis as determined by sequential gastroscopy and radioactive fecal markers.", "content": "The feasibility of determining the exact site and amount of drug-induced gastric bleeding was tested. Fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis received equivalent therapeutic doses of the antinflammatory drugs aspirin, 4 gm/day, and fenoprofen calcium, 2.4 gm/day, in randomized order for seven days. Acetaminophen was given for 14 days just prior to each of these periods. By fiberoptic gastroscopy, antral ulceration and acute mucosal lesions were found in seven patients following aspirin ingestion, in one taking fenoprofen, and in none taking acetaminophen. Fecal blood loss in four-day stool collections, quantitated by autologous chromium 51-labeled erythrocytes shed into the stool averaged 5.0 ml/day while taking aspirin, 2.2 ml/day while taking fenoprofen calcium, and 0.8 ml/day while taking acetaminophen. The mean blood loss was greater for those in whom gastric lesions developed while taking aspirin than for those in whom lesions did not develop. The short-term risk of erosive gastritis was greater for aspirin than fenoprofen.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss. Effect of aspirin, fenoprofen, and acetaminophen in rheumatoid arthritis as determined by sequential gastroscopy and radioactive fecal markers. The feasibility of determining the exact site and amount of drug-induced gastric bleeding was tested. Fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis received equivalent therapeutic doses of the antinflammatory drugs aspirin, 4 gm/day, and fenoprofen calcium, 2.4 gm/day, in randomized order for seven days. Acetaminophen was given for 14 days just prior to each of these periods. By fiberoptic gastroscopy, antral ulceration and acute mucosal lesions were found in seven patients following aspirin ingestion, in one taking fenoprofen, and in none taking acetaminophen. Fecal blood loss in four-day stool collections, quantitated by autologous chromium 51-labeled erythrocytes shed into the stool averaged 5.0 ml/day while taking aspirin, 2.2 ml/day while taking fenoprofen calcium, and 0.8 ml/day while taking acetaminophen. The mean blood loss was greater for those in whom gastric lesions developed while taking aspirin than for those in whom lesions did not develop. The short-term risk of erosive gastritis was greater for aspirin than fenoprofen."}
{"id": "PMID:299898", "title": "[The value of RNase-ANA determinations for the diagnosis of Sharp syndrome (mixed connective tissue disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of antinuclear antibodies with speckled pattern is essential for the diagnosis of the Sharp Syndrome (moxed connective tissue disease=MCTD). It is however not a specific finding seen only in this condition. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) with speckled pattern can be observed in sera of patients with various rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome) and even in healthy persons. Yet, utilizing the differentiation system of the antinuclear antibodies, it seems to be possible to establish the diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease. The antinuclear antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease show high titres (1:2560--1:20,480), contain IgG and bind complement. The antigen is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) which is sensitive to ribonuclease treatment. The latter observation allows a differentiation between the ANA in mixed connective tissue disease and the ANA in other conditions, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome.", "contents": "[The value of RNase-ANA determinations for the diagnosis of Sharp syndrome (mixed connective tissue disease) (author's transl)]. The presence of antinuclear antibodies with speckled pattern is essential for the diagnosis of the Sharp Syndrome (moxed connective tissue disease=MCTD). It is however not a specific finding seen only in this condition. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) with speckled pattern can be observed in sera of patients with various rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome) and even in healthy persons. Yet, utilizing the differentiation system of the antinuclear antibodies, it seems to be possible to establish the diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease. The antinuclear antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease show high titres (1:2560--1:20,480), contain IgG and bind complement. The antigen is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) which is sensitive to ribonuclease treatment. The latter observation allows a differentiation between the ANA in mixed connective tissue disease and the ANA in other conditions, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:299899", "title": "[Polyacrylic acid beads as a marker for B-lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "B-lymphocytes can be characterized by the adherence of polyacrylic acid beads. The method was analyzed for specifity and reproducibility.", "contents": "[Polyacrylic acid beads as a marker for B-lymphocytes (author's transl)]. B-lymphocytes can be characterized by the adherence of polyacrylic acid beads. The method was analyzed for specifity and reproducibility."}
{"id": "PMID:299901", "title": "The impact of coronary artery bypass on late myocardial infarction.", "content": "Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for stable and unstable angina pectoris were followed clinically 3 to 53 months (mean 27) and with serial electrocardiograms (ECG's) 3 to 43 months (mean 18.5) postoperatively. Complete (twelve lead) resting ECG data including preoperative, early postoperative (in hospital), and late (post hospital) studies were available in 98 per cent (196/199) of hospital survivors. A total of 2,304 ECG's were examined by two cardiologists for a total follow-up of 3,629 patient months. Myocardial infarction was defined as the appearance of a new, significant (Minnesota Code) Q wave. Fifty-four per cent (108/200) had triple vessel disease and 24 per cent (47/200) preinfarction angina pectoris by strict criteria. There was one hospital death for an operative mortality of 0.5 per cent (1/200). There was one late fatal and three late nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Seventeen patients developed new Q waves in the early postoperative period, a perioperative infarction rate of 8.5 per cent (17/200). The 43 month cumulative myocardial infarction rate, including all early and late postoperative new Q waves and three late deaths from cardiac disease, was 14 per cent. Twenty-two per cent (20/91) showed disappearance of Q waves present at the time of hospital discharge. These data suggest that the late myocardial infarction rate is low in surgically managed patients.", "contents": "The impact of coronary artery bypass on late myocardial infarction. Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass for stable and unstable angina pectoris were followed clinically 3 to 53 months (mean 27) and with serial electrocardiograms (ECG's) 3 to 43 months (mean 18.5) postoperatively. Complete (twelve lead) resting ECG data including preoperative, early postoperative (in hospital), and late (post hospital) studies were available in 98 per cent (196/199) of hospital survivors. A total of 2,304 ECG's were examined by two cardiologists for a total follow-up of 3,629 patient months. Myocardial infarction was defined as the appearance of a new, significant (Minnesota Code) Q wave. Fifty-four per cent (108/200) had triple vessel disease and 24 per cent (47/200) preinfarction angina pectoris by strict criteria. There was one hospital death for an operative mortality of 0.5 per cent (1/200). There was one late fatal and three late nonfatal myocardial infarctions. Seventeen patients developed new Q waves in the early postoperative period, a perioperative infarction rate of 8.5 per cent (17/200). The 43 month cumulative myocardial infarction rate, including all early and late postoperative new Q waves and three late deaths from cardiac disease, was 14 per cent. Twenty-two per cent (20/91) showed disappearance of Q waves present at the time of hospital discharge. These data suggest that the late myocardial infarction rate is low in surgically managed patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299902", "title": "The effectiveness of topical cardiac hypothermia.", "content": "The effectiveness of cooling the subendocardial myocardium by five different methods was evaluated in a group of 100 patients. The most effective and consistent method to cool the heart was by total body hypothermia with the heat exchanger in the cardiopulmonary bypass system. Myocardial temperature became equal to vena caval blood temperature after only a one minute lag. The least effective methods of myocardial cooling were those in which a bath of chilled fluid enveloped the outside surface of the heart, with and without aortic cross-clamping. The drop in ventricular septal temperature was so small that topical hypothermia, by itself, may be worthless. Two methods in wich chilled fluid was perfused through the coronary system produced a significant lowering of myocardial temperature. One of these methods employs coronary perfusion with a cold cardioplegic solution in addition to total body hypothermia. It is our current choice for myocardial protection during cross-clamping of the ascending aorta.", "contents": "The effectiveness of topical cardiac hypothermia. The effectiveness of cooling the subendocardial myocardium by five different methods was evaluated in a group of 100 patients. The most effective and consistent method to cool the heart was by total body hypothermia with the heat exchanger in the cardiopulmonary bypass system. Myocardial temperature became equal to vena caval blood temperature after only a one minute lag. The least effective methods of myocardial cooling were those in which a bath of chilled fluid enveloped the outside surface of the heart, with and without aortic cross-clamping. The drop in ventricular septal temperature was so small that topical hypothermia, by itself, may be worthless. Two methods in wich chilled fluid was perfused through the coronary system produced a significant lowering of myocardial temperature. One of these methods employs coronary perfusion with a cold cardioplegic solution in addition to total body hypothermia. It is our current choice for myocardial protection during cross-clamping of the ascending aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:299903", "title": "Effects of coronary artery bypass surgery on hemodynamic parameters and derived indices of myocardial function.", "content": "Pre- and postoperative hemodynamic indices were compared in 116 patients subjected to aorto-coronary bypass after an average interval of 128 days. The patients were separated into three different groups according to graft status: Group 1 (n = 77), all grafts patent; Group 2 (n = 27), one occluded graft out of two or three implanted; Group 3 (n = 12), all grafts occluded. There were no significant major changes of values so obtained in the three groups. Those subjects with initially depressed cardiac indices or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressures manifested a significant trend toward improvement when at least one bypass graft was patent. A reduction of cardiac index was noted in patients with occluded left anterior descending coronary grafts only in association with closure of other grafts. Deterioration of cardiac index or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure into the abnormal range was unusual in the study group, even when all grafts were occluded. It is concluded that data relating to the influence of aorto-coronary bypass on standard indices of left ventricular function can be properly interpreted only when certain subsets of patients are studied.", "contents": "Effects of coronary artery bypass surgery on hemodynamic parameters and derived indices of myocardial function. Pre- and postoperative hemodynamic indices were compared in 116 patients subjected to aorto-coronary bypass after an average interval of 128 days. The patients were separated into three different groups according to graft status: Group 1 (n = 77), all grafts patent; Group 2 (n = 27), one occluded graft out of two or three implanted; Group 3 (n = 12), all grafts occluded. There were no significant major changes of values so obtained in the three groups. Those subjects with initially depressed cardiac indices or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressures manifested a significant trend toward improvement when at least one bypass graft was patent. A reduction of cardiac index was noted in patients with occluded left anterior descending coronary grafts only in association with closure of other grafts. Deterioration of cardiac index or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure into the abnormal range was unusual in the study group, even when all grafts were occluded. It is concluded that data relating to the influence of aorto-coronary bypass on standard indices of left ventricular function can be properly interpreted only when certain subsets of patients are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:299904", "title": "Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients seventy years of age and older.", "content": "Fifty patients 70 years of age and older underwent coronary artery bypass surgery for disabling angina pectoris or congestive heart failure or both (two quadruple, 11 triple, 25 double grafts, 12 single). Twenty additional procedures were done (11 mitral valve replacements for papillary muscle dysfunction, six ventricular aneurysmectomies, four aortic valve replacements, and one repair of ventricular septal defect). Surgical mortality rate was 8 per cent (four patients). Total mortality rate was 14 per cent, after a mean follow-up of 17 months. Of 30 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery alone, two died during surgery and none of follow-up. Age alone should not be a contraindication for coronary artery bypass surgery. Surgical risk is acceptable in older patients, and improvement can be expected in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients seventy years of age and older. Fifty patients 70 years of age and older underwent coronary artery bypass surgery for disabling angina pectoris or congestive heart failure or both (two quadruple, 11 triple, 25 double grafts, 12 single). Twenty additional procedures were done (11 mitral valve replacements for papillary muscle dysfunction, six ventricular aneurysmectomies, four aortic valve replacements, and one repair of ventricular septal defect). Surgical mortality rate was 8 per cent (four patients). Total mortality rate was 14 per cent, after a mean follow-up of 17 months. Of 30 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery alone, two died during surgery and none of follow-up. Age alone should not be a contraindication for coronary artery bypass surgery. Surgical risk is acceptable in older patients, and improvement can be expected in the majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:299905", "title": "Perioperative mortality rate in patients with unstable angina selected by exclusion of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Coronary bypass surgery may be associated with an increased perioperative mortality rate in patients with unstable compared to stable angina. The mortality rate is excessively high when surgery is performed during evolving myocardial infarction. Elevated plasma MB CPK isoenzyme activity is a remarkably sensitive and specific marker of myocardial damage. Accordingly, we studied 111 patients with unstable angina to determine whether exclusion of patients with initially elevated MB CPK improves the perioperative mortality rate. Plasma MB CPK activity was assayed prior to catheterization and every 2 hours therafter. Of the 111 patients, 16, with initially elevated MB CPK activity, were excluded and managed medically. Catheterization was performed in 59 patients, and severe vessel obstruction was documented in 55. Coronary bypass surgery performed in 47 patients was associated with a mortality rate of 4 per cent. Thus, after exclusion of patients with evolving infarction by MB CPK isoenzyme analysis, catheterization and coronary bypass surgery in patients with unstable angina resulted in a mortality rate comparable to that in patients with stable angina.", "contents": "Perioperative mortality rate in patients with unstable angina selected by exclusion of myocardial infarction. Coronary bypass surgery may be associated with an increased perioperative mortality rate in patients with unstable compared to stable angina. The mortality rate is excessively high when surgery is performed during evolving myocardial infarction. Elevated plasma MB CPK isoenzyme activity is a remarkably sensitive and specific marker of myocardial damage. Accordingly, we studied 111 patients with unstable angina to determine whether exclusion of patients with initially elevated MB CPK improves the perioperative mortality rate. Plasma MB CPK activity was assayed prior to catheterization and every 2 hours therafter. Of the 111 patients, 16, with initially elevated MB CPK activity, were excluded and managed medically. Catheterization was performed in 59 patients, and severe vessel obstruction was documented in 55. Coronary bypass surgery performed in 47 patients was associated with a mortality rate of 4 per cent. Thus, after exclusion of patients with evolving infarction by MB CPK isoenzyme analysis, catheterization and coronary bypass surgery in patients with unstable angina resulted in a mortality rate comparable to that in patients with stable angina."}
{"id": "PMID:299906", "title": "Effects of coronary bypass surgery on the electrical activity of revascularized myocardium. Immediate and early postoperativeobservations.", "content": "The effect of myocardial revascularization on bipolar epicardial electrograms was recorded with fixed wire electrodes from revascularized left ventricular sites and from control sites on the right ventricle. Studies were performed during and after surgery in 19 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass grafting for occlusive coronary artery disease and in 6 additional patients having aortic valve replacement for isolated aortic valve disease. In the latter 6 patients, neither left nor right ventricular electrogram voltage changed immediately following aortic valve replacement; however, left ventricular electrogram voltage gradually decreased for 5 days postoperatively. In the 19 patients with coronary artery disease, electrogram voltage in the revascularized area increased immediately following coronary bypass grafting (+40 to +300 per cent) in 13 patients (68 per cent) and immediately decreased (-20 to -70 per cent) in 6 patients (32 per cent). In 5 of the patients showing immediate increases, temporary occlusion of the bypass grafts for 3 minutes during surgery resulted in a decrease of electrogram voltage in the distribution of the occluded bypass, followed by return to preocclusion levels after release. Postoperative monitoring of electrogram voltage for 5 days in all patients with coronary artery disease revealed that the electrogram voltage in the revascularized area decreased to or below control levels in 16 patients (84 per cent) and remained increased in 3 patients (16 per cent). These observed changes did not correlate with preoperative hemodynamics, number of grafts, graft flow rate, aortic cross-clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and the early postoperative course. These preliminary observations suggest that coronary bypass grafting does affect the electrophysiological state of the revascularized myocardium. However, the mechanism by which it occurs and its clinical implications remain to be determined.", "contents": "Effects of coronary bypass surgery on the electrical activity of revascularized myocardium. Immediate and early postoperativeobservations. The effect of myocardial revascularization on bipolar epicardial electrograms was recorded with fixed wire electrodes from revascularized left ventricular sites and from control sites on the right ventricle. Studies were performed during and after surgery in 19 patients undergoing aorta-coronary bypass grafting for occlusive coronary artery disease and in 6 additional patients having aortic valve replacement for isolated aortic valve disease. In the latter 6 patients, neither left nor right ventricular electrogram voltage changed immediately following aortic valve replacement; however, left ventricular electrogram voltage gradually decreased for 5 days postoperatively. In the 19 patients with coronary artery disease, electrogram voltage in the revascularized area increased immediately following coronary bypass grafting (+40 to +300 per cent) in 13 patients (68 per cent) and immediately decreased (-20 to -70 per cent) in 6 patients (32 per cent). In 5 of the patients showing immediate increases, temporary occlusion of the bypass grafts for 3 minutes during surgery resulted in a decrease of electrogram voltage in the distribution of the occluded bypass, followed by return to preocclusion levels after release. Postoperative monitoring of electrogram voltage for 5 days in all patients with coronary artery disease revealed that the electrogram voltage in the revascularized area decreased to or below control levels in 16 patients (84 per cent) and remained increased in 3 patients (16 per cent). These observed changes did not correlate with preoperative hemodynamics, number of grafts, graft flow rate, aortic cross-clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and the early postoperative course. These preliminary observations suggest that coronary bypass grafting does affect the electrophysiological state of the revascularized myocardium. However, the mechanism by which it occurs and its clinical implications remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:299907", "title": "Injury to ascending aorta by partial-occlusion clamp during aorta-coronary bypass.", "content": "Disease of the proximal ascending aortic wall from prolonged, poorly controlled hypertension predisposed to intimal injury after clamp compression. This creates a spectrum of problems: (1) intimal tear with late formation of a localized aneurysm, (2) delayed acute dissecting aneurysm, and (3) intraoperative acute dissecting aneurysm. Principles of management are discussed.", "contents": "Injury to ascending aorta by partial-occlusion clamp during aorta-coronary bypass. Disease of the proximal ascending aortic wall from prolonged, poorly controlled hypertension predisposed to intimal injury after clamp compression. This creates a spectrum of problems: (1) intimal tear with late formation of a localized aneurysm, (2) delayed acute dissecting aneurysm, and (3) intraoperative acute dissecting aneurysm. Principles of management are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299908", "title": "Coagulation factors influencing thrombosis of aorta-coronary bypass grafts.", "content": "Thirty patients in whom all aorta-coronary artery vein grafts became occluded within one year of operation, as demonstrated by cardiac catheterization, were evaluated for hypercoagulability. A total of 59 grafts were constructed in these patients. At operation, blood flows of 35 to 90 c.c. per minute were measured through the grafts. In 23 of the 30 patients, the blood was to be hypercoagulable, as evidenced by a low level of antithrombin III activity, high thrombin generation index, high factor VII values, or high platelet adhesivity. Another group of 11 patients (total number of grafts, 23) had all grafts patent at cardiac catheterization. These patients had flows through the grafts ranging from 20 to 125 c.c. per minute. None of the patients with patent grafts had hypercoagulable blood. The status of runoff was comparable between the patients with open grafts and those with occluded grafts.", "contents": "Coagulation factors influencing thrombosis of aorta-coronary bypass grafts. Thirty patients in whom all aorta-coronary artery vein grafts became occluded within one year of operation, as demonstrated by cardiac catheterization, were evaluated for hypercoagulability. A total of 59 grafts were constructed in these patients. At operation, blood flows of 35 to 90 c.c. per minute were measured through the grafts. In 23 of the 30 patients, the blood was to be hypercoagulable, as evidenced by a low level of antithrombin III activity, high thrombin generation index, high factor VII values, or high platelet adhesivity. Another group of 11 patients (total number of grafts, 23) had all grafts patent at cardiac catheterization. These patients had flows through the grafts ranging from 20 to 125 c.c. per minute. None of the patients with patent grafts had hypercoagulable blood. The status of runoff was comparable between the patients with open grafts and those with occluded grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:299909", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. An unusual complication of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage.", "content": "A newborn boy had exsanguinating gastrointestinal hemorrhage in in the first week of life secondary to an unusual form of infradiaphragmatic pulmonary venous drainage. Autopsy and postmortem angiograms demonstrated huge esophageal varices as the course of the uncontrolled bleeding. The occurrence of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered to be a rare but possibly lethal complication in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) type III and IV.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage. An unusual complication of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. A newborn boy had exsanguinating gastrointestinal hemorrhage in in the first week of life secondary to an unusual form of infradiaphragmatic pulmonary venous drainage. Autopsy and postmortem angiograms demonstrated huge esophageal varices as the course of the uncontrolled bleeding. The occurrence of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered to be a rare but possibly lethal complication in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) type III and IV."}
{"id": "PMID:299912", "title": "[Pathology, clinical appearance and therapy of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical pathology of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease is reviewed and 3 own cases are presented. All symptoms are unspecific exception made for the enteral protein loss. Roentgenologic and endoscopic appearance contribute to the diagnostic but only histologic examination is decisive. Gastrointestinal bleeding, acute pyloric stenosis, profuse albumin loss are all clear indications for an operation, but also the possibility of malignancy should be kept in mind. Resection should include all abnormal parts of the stomach. Recurrency of the M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease is only known after incomplete resection.", "contents": "[Pathology, clinical appearance and therapy of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease (author's transl)]. Clinical pathology of M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease is reviewed and 3 own cases are presented. All symptoms are unspecific exception made for the enteral protein loss. Roentgenologic and endoscopic appearance contribute to the diagnostic but only histologic examination is decisive. Gastrointestinal bleeding, acute pyloric stenosis, profuse albumin loss are all clear indications for an operation, but also the possibility of malignancy should be kept in mind. Resection should include all abnormal parts of the stomach. Recurrency of the M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease is only known after incomplete resection."}
{"id": "PMID:299924", "title": "Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes.", "content": "The culture lifetime of epidermal cells of newborn humans is increased from 50 to 150 generations by adding to the medium epidermal growth factor, a polypeptide mitogen. EGF seems to delay senescence of the cells by maintaining them in a state further removed from terminal differentiation. This effect is revealed by a greater ability of the cells to survive subculture and initiate new colonies, but not necessarily by an increased growth rate.", "contents": "Epidermal growth factor and the multiplication of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. The culture lifetime of epidermal cells of newborn humans is increased from 50 to 150 generations by adding to the medium epidermal growth factor, a polypeptide mitogen. EGF seems to delay senescence of the cells by maintaining them in a state further removed from terminal differentiation. This effect is revealed by a greater ability of the cells to survive subculture and initiate new colonies, but not necessarily by an increased growth rate."}
{"id": "PMID:299933", "title": "Von Willebrand's disease and pregnancy.", "content": "The course of a pregnant patient with von Willebrand's disease, who underwent a successful cesarean section without supportive Factor VIII therapy is described. She had no postoperative bleeding despite a persistently prolonged bleeding time. The significance of the bleeding time, Factor VIII activity, and Factor VIII-related antigen in relation to bleeding tendency and therapeutic management is discussed.", "contents": "Von Willebrand's disease and pregnancy. The course of a pregnant patient with von Willebrand's disease, who underwent a successful cesarean section without supportive Factor VIII therapy is described. She had no postoperative bleeding despite a persistently prolonged bleeding time. The significance of the bleeding time, Factor VIII activity, and Factor VIII-related antigen in relation to bleeding tendency and therapeutic management is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299935", "title": "External diseases of the eye.", "content": "The child presenting a red, tearing eye can pose a dilemma for the pediatrician. A good history and a careful systematic examination using good light and magnification should lead the physician to the proper diagnosis. The child with no complaints other than discharge probably has a conjunctivitis, while the child with photophobia and a scratchy sensation should make one search for either a foreign body or a corneal problem. Fluorescein dye is invaluable in outlining a corneal scratch, abrasion, dendritic ulcer, or bacterial ulcer; and the use of smears and cultures can help pinpoint the exact cause of the patient's difficulties and help in choosing the proper medication. The care of the patient with a red eye may be difficult; but when properly done, it can be a source of great satisfaction to both the patient and the physician.", "contents": "External diseases of the eye. The child presenting a red, tearing eye can pose a dilemma for the pediatrician. A good history and a careful systematic examination using good light and magnification should lead the physician to the proper diagnosis. The child with no complaints other than discharge probably has a conjunctivitis, while the child with photophobia and a scratchy sensation should make one search for either a foreign body or a corneal problem. Fluorescein dye is invaluable in outlining a corneal scratch, abrasion, dendritic ulcer, or bacterial ulcer; and the use of smears and cultures can help pinpoint the exact cause of the patient's difficulties and help in choosing the proper medication. The care of the patient with a red eye may be difficult; but when properly done, it can be a source of great satisfaction to both the patient and the physician."}
{"id": "PMID:299937", "title": "Evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by computerized tomography.", "content": "Computerized tomographic (CT) brain scan was performed on 28 infants with unexplained cardiorespiratory and neurologic deterioration and bloody lumbar cerebrospinal spinal fluid. Fourteen of 20 with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) died; the six infants with lesser degrees of IVH survived. Significant subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was demonstrable in three infants and three had negative scans despite bloody CSF. We have found that CT scans provide useful information about the size and extent of neonatal IVH and distinguished it from SAH. It also confirms the diagnosis of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in these infants. Continued use of the CT scan will help us to understand the natural history and the effects of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage among the survivors of intensive care.", "contents": "Evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage by computerized tomography. Computerized tomographic (CT) brain scan was performed on 28 infants with unexplained cardiorespiratory and neurologic deterioration and bloody lumbar cerebrospinal spinal fluid. Fourteen of 20 with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) died; the six infants with lesser degrees of IVH survived. Significant subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was demonstrable in three infants and three had negative scans despite bloody CSF. We have found that CT scans provide useful information about the size and extent of neonatal IVH and distinguished it from SAH. It also confirms the diagnosis of post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus in these infants. Continued use of the CT scan will help us to understand the natural history and the effects of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage among the survivors of intensive care."}
{"id": "PMID:299938", "title": "Methotrexate and azathioprine treatment of childhood dermatomyositis.", "content": "Modern treatment of childhood dermatomyositis with corticosteroids has resulted in greatly improved prognosis and style of life. The immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate and azathioprine have been utilized as ancillary agents in life-threatening disease and in children whose disease could not be adequately controlled with prednisone alone. Two patients are completely well without medication two and seven years after onset; two have received no medications for more than two years and have only subtle signs of any residual illness although they had been profoundly ill for two to three years after the onset of dermatomyositis. A fifth patient, completing the third year of disease, remains ill and continues to require medications but has improved sufficiently to return to regular class in school.", "contents": "Methotrexate and azathioprine treatment of childhood dermatomyositis. Modern treatment of childhood dermatomyositis with corticosteroids has resulted in greatly improved prognosis and style of life. The immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate and azathioprine have been utilized as ancillary agents in life-threatening disease and in children whose disease could not be adequately controlled with prednisone alone. Two patients are completely well without medication two and seven years after onset; two have received no medications for more than two years and have only subtle signs of any residual illness although they had been profoundly ill for two to three years after the onset of dermatomyositis. A fifth patient, completing the third year of disease, remains ill and continues to require medications but has improved sufficiently to return to regular class in school."}
{"id": "PMID:299939", "title": "Duck virus hepatitis.", "content": "The present report gives a survey of the occurrence in Denmark of DVH, its symptoms,the course of the disease, transmission of infection and the posibilities of prevention and control. As it appears from Figs. 2 and 3, DVH can cause considerable losses for the individual producers, for whom it is difficult to safeguard themselves against new infections because of the resistance and stability of the DVH virus in infected premises. Three possibilities of controlling DVH are pointed out: isolation of the flocks, serum therapy and vaccination.", "contents": "Duck virus hepatitis. The present report gives a survey of the occurrence in Denmark of DVH, its symptoms,the course of the disease, transmission of infection and the posibilities of prevention and control. As it appears from Figs. 2 and 3, DVH can cause considerable losses for the individual producers, for whom it is difficult to safeguard themselves against new infections because of the resistance and stability of the DVH virus in infected premises. Three possibilities of controlling DVH are pointed out: isolation of the flocks, serum therapy and vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:299941", "title": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a diverse group of diseases that includes systemic-onset, polyarticular, and pauciarticular types. Appreciation of the different types and their hallmarks is particularly important to accurate diagnosis, which is determined by exclusion of other known disease entities in children with chronic arthritis (more than three months' duration). Therapy should be directed at the arthritis per se (synovitis), at the extra-articular manifestations, and at the whole child. Salicylates provide the most satisfactory control of the arthritis per se and of the systemic manifestations in most cases. Iridocyclitis should be managed in consultation with an ophthalmologist. Patients should not be regarded as invalids or restricted needlessly. The prognosis for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is good. In most patients, the disease remits without causing permanent joint damage.", "contents": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a diverse group of diseases that includes systemic-onset, polyarticular, and pauciarticular types. Appreciation of the different types and their hallmarks is particularly important to accurate diagnosis, which is determined by exclusion of other known disease entities in children with chronic arthritis (more than three months' duration). Therapy should be directed at the arthritis per se (synovitis), at the extra-articular manifestations, and at the whole child. Salicylates provide the most satisfactory control of the arthritis per se and of the systemic manifestations in most cases. Iridocyclitis should be managed in consultation with an ophthalmologist. Patients should not be regarded as invalids or restricted needlessly. The prognosis for children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is good. In most patients, the disease remits without causing permanent joint damage."}
{"id": "PMID:299942", "title": "Managing chronic leukemias.", "content": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia vary considerably in their clinical features, laboratory findings, and therapy, but both generally have an ominous prognosis. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment in both disorders, with adjunctive measures to control complications such as anemia and splenomegaly. Immunotherapy for granulocytic leukemia is still under study but appears promising.", "contents": "Managing chronic leukemias. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia vary considerably in their clinical features, laboratory findings, and therapy, but both generally have an ominous prognosis. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment in both disorders, with adjunctive measures to control complications such as anemia and splenomegaly. Immunotherapy for granulocytic leukemia is still under study but appears promising."}
{"id": "PMID:299947", "title": "Density of sodium channels in mammalian myelinated nerve fibers and nature of the axonal membrane under the myelin sheath.", "content": "The density of sodium channels in mammalian myelinated fibers has been estimated from measurements of the binding of [3H]saxitoxin to rabbit sciatic nerve. Binding both to intact and to homogenized nerve consists of a linear, nonspecific, component and a saturable component that represents binding to the sodium channel. The maximum saturable binding capacity in intact nerve is 19.9 +/- 1.9 fmol-mg wet-1; the equilibrium dissociation constant, Kt, is 3.4 +/- 2.0 nM. Homogenization makes little difference, the maximum binding capacity being 19.9 +/- 1.5 fmol-mg wet-1 with Kt = 1.3 +/- 0.7 nM. These values correspond to a density of about 700,000 sodium channels per node--i.e., about 12,000 per mum2 of nodal membrane. From the difference between the values of maximum saturable binding capacity in intact and homogenized preparation, given the statistical uncertainty of their estimate, it seems that the internodal membrane can have no more than about 25 channels per mum2. The significance of these findings for saltatory conduction and in demyelinating disease is discussed.", "contents": "Density of sodium channels in mammalian myelinated nerve fibers and nature of the axonal membrane under the myelin sheath. The density of sodium channels in mammalian myelinated fibers has been estimated from measurements of the binding of [3H]saxitoxin to rabbit sciatic nerve. Binding both to intact and to homogenized nerve consists of a linear, nonspecific, component and a saturable component that represents binding to the sodium channel. The maximum saturable binding capacity in intact nerve is 19.9 +/- 1.9 fmol-mg wet-1; the equilibrium dissociation constant, Kt, is 3.4 +/- 2.0 nM. Homogenization makes little difference, the maximum binding capacity being 19.9 +/- 1.5 fmol-mg wet-1 with Kt = 1.3 +/- 0.7 nM. These values correspond to a density of about 700,000 sodium channels per node--i.e., about 12,000 per mum2 of nodal membrane. From the difference between the values of maximum saturable binding capacity in intact and homogenized preparation, given the statistical uncertainty of their estimate, it seems that the internodal membrane can have no more than about 25 channels per mum2. The significance of these findings for saltatory conduction and in demyelinating disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299948", "title": "In vitro evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus.", "content": "Mice exposed to live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus generated a strong, specific cell-mediated cytotoxic response which was generally maximal 6 days after inoculation. Release of 51Cr was apparently a function of immune thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) because it was abrogated by prior incubation of spleen cells with anti-thymus antiserum and complement but was undiminished by passage of spleen cells through nylon-wool columns. Cytotoxicity was always maximal for interactions in which thymus-derived cells and targets shared H-2 genes but, unlike the situation found in other assays of this type, considerable lysis of allogeneic, virus-infected target cells may also occur. Perhaps the most significant finding from these experiments is that an inactivated virus has been shown to stimulate a potent cytotoxic thymus-derived cell response. Manipulation of this experimental model may allow analysis of the antigens required for stimulation of cell-mediated immunity. A more practical consequence may be the development of more rational protocols for postexposure vaccination against rabies. Prior treatment of mice with antirabies antibody severely depressed the generation of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "In vitro evidence of cell-mediated immunity after exposure of mice to both live and inactivated rabies virus. Mice exposed to live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated rabies virus generated a strong, specific cell-mediated cytotoxic response which was generally maximal 6 days after inoculation. Release of 51Cr was apparently a function of immune thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) because it was abrogated by prior incubation of spleen cells with anti-thymus antiserum and complement but was undiminished by passage of spleen cells through nylon-wool columns. Cytotoxicity was always maximal for interactions in which thymus-derived cells and targets shared H-2 genes but, unlike the situation found in other assays of this type, considerable lysis of allogeneic, virus-infected target cells may also occur. Perhaps the most significant finding from these experiments is that an inactivated virus has been shown to stimulate a potent cytotoxic thymus-derived cell response. Manipulation of this experimental model may allow analysis of the antigens required for stimulation of cell-mediated immunity. A more practical consequence may be the development of more rational protocols for postexposure vaccination against rabies. Prior treatment of mice with antirabies antibody severely depressed the generation of cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:299949", "title": "Variations in permeability along individually perfused capillaries of the frog mesentery.", "content": "When single capillaries in the exposed transilluminated frog mesentery were perfused with solutions containing patent blue V (molecular radius 0-7 nm), unbound T1824 (molecular radius 1-3 nm) and T1824-albumin (molecular radius 3-6 nm), the coloured molecules initially appeared to enter the extracapillary tissues more easily at some places than at others along the length of the vessels. Three patterns of extravascular distribution were observed: (1) High frequency unevenness: patent blue V and unbound T1824 first appeared outside the capillary as spots, bars or bands set at intervals 30-80 mum apart along the length of the vessel. (2) Low frequency unevenness: at later times, the extravascular dye was seen to be unevenly distributed on a much larger scale, with lengths of vessel of up to 400 mum surrounded by little extravascular dye separating similar lengths around which much dye had accummulated. This pattern of distribution was seen for all three solutes. (3) Arteriovenous gradient: perfusions with all three solutes resulted in more extracapillary colouration accumulating around the venous ends of the capillaries. Reasons are given for believing that the distribution of extracapillary solute reflected the distribution of permeability along the length of the capillary. The variations in permeability were attributed to an uneven distribution of small pores along the capillary rather than to presences of large pores.", "contents": "Variations in permeability along individually perfused capillaries of the frog mesentery. When single capillaries in the exposed transilluminated frog mesentery were perfused with solutions containing patent blue V (molecular radius 0-7 nm), unbound T1824 (molecular radius 1-3 nm) and T1824-albumin (molecular radius 3-6 nm), the coloured molecules initially appeared to enter the extracapillary tissues more easily at some places than at others along the length of the vessels. Three patterns of extravascular distribution were observed: (1) High frequency unevenness: patent blue V and unbound T1824 first appeared outside the capillary as spots, bars or bands set at intervals 30-80 mum apart along the length of the vessel. (2) Low frequency unevenness: at later times, the extravascular dye was seen to be unevenly distributed on a much larger scale, with lengths of vessel of up to 400 mum surrounded by little extravascular dye separating similar lengths around which much dye had accummulated. This pattern of distribution was seen for all three solutes. (3) Arteriovenous gradient: perfusions with all three solutes resulted in more extracapillary colouration accumulating around the venous ends of the capillaries. Reasons are given for believing that the distribution of extracapillary solute reflected the distribution of permeability along the length of the capillary. The variations in permeability were attributed to an uneven distribution of small pores along the capillary rather than to presences of large pores."}
{"id": "PMID:299951", "title": "Computed tomography in head trauma.", "content": "Retrospective analysis of 200 cases of documented head trauma demonstrated an accuracy approaching 100% in the diagnosis of intra- and extracerebral collections of blood. Caution must be exercised in the evaluation of trauma 1 to 5 weeks old, since subdural hematomas have the same density as normal brain tissue, and angiography may be necessary. The clinical diagnosis of brainstem contusion is associated with a remarkably high level (54%) of surgically correctable lesions. The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of other traumatic intracranial lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography in head trauma. Retrospective analysis of 200 cases of documented head trauma demonstrated an accuracy approaching 100% in the diagnosis of intra- and extracerebral collections of blood. Caution must be exercised in the evaluation of trauma 1 to 5 weeks old, since subdural hematomas have the same density as normal brain tissue, and angiography may be necessary. The clinical diagnosis of brainstem contusion is associated with a remarkably high level (54%) of surgically correctable lesions. The use of computed tomography in the evaluation of other traumatic intracranial lesions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:299953", "title": "[Results of coloscopy of polypectomy in the years 1974-1975 at the Basel county hospital].", "content": "The diagnostic value of coloscopy was assessed by analysis of the endoscopic findings in 310 patients investigated between January 1974 and December 1975. Altogether, 342 coloscopies were performed with a complication rate of 1.5% (3 perforations, 2 hemorrhages). Polyposis of the colon, inconclusive radiologic findings and search for a bleeding source were the main indications for the endscopic examination of the colon. Special attention was focused on polyposis, its distribution and estension, radiological appearance and histology. 65% of the polyps with a known tendency to become malignant were found beyond the reach of the rigid rectosigmoidoscope. However, 98% were localized below the splenic flexure.", "contents": "[Results of coloscopy of polypectomy in the years 1974-1975 at the Basel county hospital]. The diagnostic value of coloscopy was assessed by analysis of the endoscopic findings in 310 patients investigated between January 1974 and December 1975. Altogether, 342 coloscopies were performed with a complication rate of 1.5% (3 perforations, 2 hemorrhages). Polyposis of the colon, inconclusive radiologic findings and search for a bleeding source were the main indications for the endscopic examination of the colon. Special attention was focused on polyposis, its distribution and estension, radiological appearance and histology. 65% of the polyps with a known tendency to become malignant were found beyond the reach of the rigid rectosigmoidoscope. However, 98% were localized below the splenic flexure."}
{"id": "PMID:299954", "title": "[Intestinal infarct due to spontaneous mesenterial and intramural anticoagulant hemorrhage].", "content": "A 69-year-old man who had been anticoagulated for 18 months reported with acute pain in the epigastric region. Laparotomy revealed more than 1 liter of unclotted blood in the peritoneal cavity and, in the mesentery of the medium small bowel, a number of fist-size hematomas and a 30 cm long, hemorrhagic, fibrin-coated small bowel segment gangrenously infarcted in the middle section. It is shown why a spontaneous \"anticoagulant\" hemorrhage must be regarded as the cuase of the gangrenous intestinal infarction.", "contents": "[Intestinal infarct due to spontaneous mesenterial and intramural anticoagulant hemorrhage]. A 69-year-old man who had been anticoagulated for 18 months reported with acute pain in the epigastric region. Laparotomy revealed more than 1 liter of unclotted blood in the peritoneal cavity and, in the mesentery of the medium small bowel, a number of fist-size hematomas and a 30 cm long, hemorrhagic, fibrin-coated small bowel segment gangrenously infarcted in the middle section. It is shown why a spontaneous \"anticoagulant\" hemorrhage must be regarded as the cuase of the gangrenous intestinal infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:299955", "title": "Immune reactions in pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Two groups of fibrosing lung disorders have been studied, namely connective tissue disorders and fibrogenic inorganic dust diseases. Antinuclear factors (ANA) are frequently raised in both, but to varying extents and having markedly different characteristics when analysed in detail. The evidence for immune complex deposition in the lung in human disease is summarized and the relationship between ANA and the radiographic extent of fibrogenic inorganic dust disease is described. The evidence of lymphocyte responsiveness is incomplete, but holds interesting potential. Preliminary studies of histocompatibility antigens are summarized and warrant further investigation.", "contents": "Immune reactions in pulmonary fibrosis. Two groups of fibrosing lung disorders have been studied, namely connective tissue disorders and fibrogenic inorganic dust diseases. Antinuclear factors (ANA) are frequently raised in both, but to varying extents and having markedly different characteristics when analysed in detail. The evidence for immune complex deposition in the lung in human disease is summarized and the relationship between ANA and the radiographic extent of fibrogenic inorganic dust disease is described. The evidence of lymphocyte responsiveness is incomplete, but holds interesting potential. Preliminary studies of histocompatibility antigens are summarized and warrant further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:299956", "title": "[Immunological aspects of pulmonary granulomatosis with special reference to sarcoidosis].", "content": "A wide variety of exogenous or endogenous aggressors exhibit the capacity to induce pulmonary granulomatous lesions. This lesion is characterized by exacerbation of phagocytic function and tentative development of a specific immune response. In many clinical situations there is a well developed circulating antibody response with deficient cell-mediated immunity of variable degree. Finally, it is argued that the granulomatous lesion may be due to abnormal cooperation between T and B lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects of pulmonary granulomatosis with special reference to sarcoidosis]. A wide variety of exogenous or endogenous aggressors exhibit the capacity to induce pulmonary granulomatous lesions. This lesion is characterized by exacerbation of phagocytic function and tentative development of a specific immune response. In many clinical situations there is a well developed circulating antibody response with deficient cell-mediated immunity of variable degree. Finally, it is argued that the granulomatous lesion may be due to abnormal cooperation between T and B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:299957", "title": "Ribavirin: efficacy in the treatment of murine autoimmune disease.", "content": "Ribavirin, a drug with known antiviral activity, was given to mice with established lupus nephritis. Ribavirin was effective in prolonging survival, reducing the titer of antibodies to DNA, and reversing proteinuria. Other antiviral agents were not effective in the dosages used.", "contents": "Ribavirin: efficacy in the treatment of murine autoimmune disease. Ribavirin, a drug with known antiviral activity, was given to mice with established lupus nephritis. Ribavirin was effective in prolonging survival, reducing the titer of antibodies to DNA, and reversing proteinuria. Other antiviral agents were not effective in the dosages used."}
{"id": "PMID:299964", "title": "Functional characteristics of monocytes. 1. Essential role in the transformational response of human blood lymphocytes to phytomitogens.", "content": "Phagocytic glass-adherent mononuclear cells in peripheral human blood (morphologically monocytes) have been shown to play an essential role in lymphocyte transformational response to phytomitogens. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood have been exhaustively depleted of monocytes by successive treatments, first with opsonized iron particles with eventual magnetic elimination of phagocytic cells, followed by filtration of the same population through packed glass-sand columns. This subpopulation, enriched in T lymphocytes and containing around 4% B lymphocytes, does not transform in response to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweek mitogen unless viable monocytes are added to the culture. Supernatant fluids from monocyte-enriched human blood leukocyte cultures can substitute for monocytes in restoring response. Interaction of the phytomitogen with lymphocyte, while essential, is not sufficient to trigger transformation, requiring a second signal provided by the monocyte probably via release of soluble mediators.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of monocytes. 1. Essential role in the transformational response of human blood lymphocytes to phytomitogens. Phagocytic glass-adherent mononuclear cells in peripheral human blood (morphologically monocytes) have been shown to play an essential role in lymphocyte transformational response to phytomitogens. Lymphocytes from peripheral blood have been exhaustively depleted of monocytes by successive treatments, first with opsonized iron particles with eventual magnetic elimination of phagocytic cells, followed by filtration of the same population through packed glass-sand columns. This subpopulation, enriched in T lymphocytes and containing around 4% B lymphocytes, does not transform in response to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweek mitogen unless viable monocytes are added to the culture. Supernatant fluids from monocyte-enriched human blood leukocyte cultures can substitute for monocytes in restoring response. Interaction of the phytomitogen with lymphocyte, while essential, is not sufficient to trigger transformation, requiring a second signal provided by the monocyte probably via release of soluble mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:299966", "title": "Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs.", "content": "An outbreak of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) occurred in two epidodes and affected 372 adult pigs in the breeding units of a minimal disease piggery; 186 pigs died. In the initial episode breeding sows and boars of all ages were affected, suggesting infection of a fully susceptible population. Animals involved in the first episode of the disease did not show clinical symptoms at a later date and further clinical cases occurred only in animals introduced into the breeding population. Antibiotic feed medication was an effective method of prophylaxis. Bacteria resembling Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of affected animals.", "contents": "Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy in pigs. An outbreak of proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) occurred in two epidodes and affected 372 adult pigs in the breeding units of a minimal disease piggery; 186 pigs died. In the initial episode breeding sows and boars of all ages were affected, suggesting infection of a fully susceptible population. Animals involved in the first episode of the disease did not show clinical symptoms at a later date and further clinical cases occurred only in animals introduced into the breeding population. Antibiotic feed medication was an effective method of prophylaxis. Bacteria resembling Campylobacter sputorum subspecies mucosalis were isolated from the intestinal mucosa of affected animals."}
{"id": "PMID:299969", "title": "[Low-risk transfemoral selective coronary arteriography employing Sones catheters and total body heparinization (author's transl)].", "content": "Indications, results, and complications in 400 transfemoral selective coronary arteriograms are reported. After the first 100 examinations a sharp decline in serious complications and an increase in complete studies with opacifications of both coronary arteries and left ventricle was achieved. This was thought to be due not only to mounting experience but also to total body heparinization and transfemoral use of Sones catheters with torque control. According to our results transfemoral selective coronary arteriography is considered to be an indispensable examination which may be performed by experienced investigators without hesitation when indicated.", "contents": "[Low-risk transfemoral selective coronary arteriography employing Sones catheters and total body heparinization (author's transl)]. Indications, results, and complications in 400 transfemoral selective coronary arteriograms are reported. After the first 100 examinations a sharp decline in serious complications and an increase in complete studies with opacifications of both coronary arteries and left ventricle was achieved. This was thought to be due not only to mounting experience but also to total body heparinization and transfemoral use of Sones catheters with torque control. According to our results transfemoral selective coronary arteriography is considered to be an indispensable examination which may be performed by experienced investigators without hesitation when indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:299970", "title": "[The treatment of intractable pain by transdermal electrostimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Various kinds of electric currents were examined with regard to their efficacy in the relief of pain when applied transdermally. The most suitable form of current was applied to 39 cases (who had been especially selected in a negative sense) suffering from intractable pain. About half were patients with malignant disease encroaching or causing pressure on nerves or plexuses. The other half consisted of patients suffering from intractable neuralgia totally resistant to all forms of therapy. A diagram of the pulsating direct current is shown. Results were as follows: no effect in nine cases; 5 cases obtained moderate relief of pain for up to 12 hours; the remaining 25 patients reported complete relief of pain already after the first application of current lasting from 12 hours to 3 weeks and--after a series of sessions (3 to 17 treatments)--of up to 12 months. Two of these patients were supplied with a unit for home treatment after their relatives had been trained in the use of the instrument. In these two cases, however, a large number of treatment sessions became necessary. These results warrant continued study of cases of this kind and call for a study of the basic mechanisms possibly underlying these effects. If the present results are confirmed, it is planned to introduce battery-powered miniaturized sets, which patients may use themselves after fixation of electrodes.", "contents": "[The treatment of intractable pain by transdermal electrostimulation (author's transl)]. Various kinds of electric currents were examined with regard to their efficacy in the relief of pain when applied transdermally. The most suitable form of current was applied to 39 cases (who had been especially selected in a negative sense) suffering from intractable pain. About half were patients with malignant disease encroaching or causing pressure on nerves or plexuses. The other half consisted of patients suffering from intractable neuralgia totally resistant to all forms of therapy. A diagram of the pulsating direct current is shown. Results were as follows: no effect in nine cases; 5 cases obtained moderate relief of pain for up to 12 hours; the remaining 25 patients reported complete relief of pain already after the first application of current lasting from 12 hours to 3 weeks and--after a series of sessions (3 to 17 treatments)--of up to 12 months. Two of these patients were supplied with a unit for home treatment after their relatives had been trained in the use of the instrument. In these two cases, however, a large number of treatment sessions became necessary. These results warrant continued study of cases of this kind and call for a study of the basic mechanisms possibly underlying these effects. If the present results are confirmed, it is planned to introduce battery-powered miniaturized sets, which patients may use themselves after fixation of electrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:299972", "title": "Characterization of a splenic factor inhibiting DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "A factor inhibiting DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from lymph nodes and thymus of guinea pigs and rats has been isolated from the calf spleen. A crude extract was obtained by homogenization of the spleen in saline, centrifugation at 1,200 and 46,000 g, heat precipitation at 60 degrees C, acetone precipitation, followed by lyophilization at the acetone precipitate. The active material was partly purified and characterized by gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration and preparative electrofocusing. The active factor was found to be acidic and heat stable (60 degrees C, 10 min) with a molecular weight between 75,000 and 17,000 daltons. At preparative electrofocusing inhibiting material focused at pH 4.0. The splenic factor inhibited the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from guinea pigs and rats, but not the DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. During the purification, material which enhanced the uptake of 3H-thymidine in DNA of lymphocytes was separated from the inhibitor. The stimulating factor had a molecular weight below 10,000 daltons as judged by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. At preparative electrofocusing stimulating material focused around pH 8.5.", "contents": "Characterization of a splenic factor inhibiting DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes in vitro. A factor inhibiting DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from lymph nodes and thymus of guinea pigs and rats has been isolated from the calf spleen. A crude extract was obtained by homogenization of the spleen in saline, centrifugation at 1,200 and 46,000 g, heat precipitation at 60 degrees C, acetone precipitation, followed by lyophilization at the acetone precipitate. The active material was partly purified and characterized by gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration and preparative electrofocusing. The active factor was found to be acidic and heat stable (60 degrees C, 10 min) with a molecular weight between 75,000 and 17,000 daltons. At preparative electrofocusing inhibiting material focused at pH 4.0. The splenic factor inhibited the DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from guinea pigs and rats, but not the DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. During the purification, material which enhanced the uptake of 3H-thymidine in DNA of lymphocytes was separated from the inhibitor. The stimulating factor had a molecular weight below 10,000 daltons as judged by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography. At preparative electrofocusing stimulating material focused around pH 8.5."}
{"id": "PMID:299973", "title": "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic and CPK isoenzyme changes following coronary bypass surgery: correlation with findings at one year.", "content": "The incidence of ECG (14 per cent) indication of acute myocardial infarction complicating coronary artery bypass surgery is documented, corroborating the findings of prior series. An additional 32 per cent of patients had appearance of myocardial specific CPK-MB in serum during the immediate postoperative period. All patients surviving to 1 year following surgery (93 of 103) were asked to return for repeat cardiac catheterization to determine the presence and extent of interim ventricular contraction abnormalities. Sixty-five (70 per cent) of the group returned for evaluation. Preoperative and 1 year postoperative left ventriculograms were compared to determine if new contraction abnormalities would confirm the specificity of perioperative QRS and isoenzyme changes, and if the absence of new abnormalities would confirm their sensitivity. The majority of patients (65 per cent) had new areas of asynergy. However, 73 per cent of these were confined to the apex and thus could have been produced by the vent employed during cardiopulmonary bypass. QRS changes were 100 per cent specific and CPK-MB appearance was 78 per cent specific but they were only 20 and 54 per cent sensitive, respectively. Indeed, 46 per cent of those with new asynergy which was non apical had neither QRS change nor CPK-MB appearance. Thus QRS changes were always--and CPK-MB appearance was usually--associated with new asynergy but, in addition, many patients with no perioperative indication of infarction developed new areas of left ventricular contraction abnormality within the first postoperative year.", "contents": "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic and CPK isoenzyme changes following coronary bypass surgery: correlation with findings at one year. The incidence of ECG (14 per cent) indication of acute myocardial infarction complicating coronary artery bypass surgery is documented, corroborating the findings of prior series. An additional 32 per cent of patients had appearance of myocardial specific CPK-MB in serum during the immediate postoperative period. All patients surviving to 1 year following surgery (93 of 103) were asked to return for repeat cardiac catheterization to determine the presence and extent of interim ventricular contraction abnormalities. Sixty-five (70 per cent) of the group returned for evaluation. Preoperative and 1 year postoperative left ventriculograms were compared to determine if new contraction abnormalities would confirm the specificity of perioperative QRS and isoenzyme changes, and if the absence of new abnormalities would confirm their sensitivity. The majority of patients (65 per cent) had new areas of asynergy. However, 73 per cent of these were confined to the apex and thus could have been produced by the vent employed during cardiopulmonary bypass. QRS changes were 100 per cent specific and CPK-MB appearance was 78 per cent specific but they were only 20 and 54 per cent sensitive, respectively. Indeed, 46 per cent of those with new asynergy which was non apical had neither QRS change nor CPK-MB appearance. Thus QRS changes were always--and CPK-MB appearance was usually--associated with new asynergy but, in addition, many patients with no perioperative indication of infarction developed new areas of left ventricular contraction abnormality within the first postoperative year."}
{"id": "PMID:299974", "title": "Pathophysiologic significance of S-T and T wave abnormalities in patients with the intermediate coronary syndrome.", "content": "The frequent association of new ST-T wave changes without Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram of patients with the intermediate coronary syndrome necessitates a better understanding of the pathophysiologic significance of this finding. A previous study in patients with stable coronary artery disease indicated that the surface electrocardiogram is insensitive in detecting epicardial Q waves. This relation was evaluated in 21 patients with the intermediate syndrome, characterized by recurrent chest pain at rest associated with significant new S-T or T wave abnormalities, or both, and no new Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram at the time of open heart coronary bypass surgery. Unipolar electrograms were recorded from the epicardial surface of the left ventricle before the bypass procedure. In 19 patients, epicardial electrograms revealed initial R waves over areas of the left ventricle in which the acute S-T and T wave abnormalities were evident in the surface electrocardiogram. Two patients had epicardial Q waves (one laterally and one inferiorly). In seven patients, a transmural biopsy specimen was also obtained from the ischemic area. All showed histologically normal myocardium without evidence of early inflammatory or necrotic tissue. Of the 19 patients discharged, only one demonstrated new postoperative Q waves that had been detected by epicardial recordings before bypass. In summary, patients with the intermediate syndrome exhibiting S-T or T wave abnormalities, or both without new Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram generally do not have Q waves either in the intraoperative epicardial or postoperative surface electrocardiogram. In addition, no histopathologic abnormalities are apparent in biopsy specimens taken from the ischemic area.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic significance of S-T and T wave abnormalities in patients with the intermediate coronary syndrome. The frequent association of new ST-T wave changes without Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram of patients with the intermediate coronary syndrome necessitates a better understanding of the pathophysiologic significance of this finding. A previous study in patients with stable coronary artery disease indicated that the surface electrocardiogram is insensitive in detecting epicardial Q waves. This relation was evaluated in 21 patients with the intermediate syndrome, characterized by recurrent chest pain at rest associated with significant new S-T or T wave abnormalities, or both, and no new Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram at the time of open heart coronary bypass surgery. Unipolar electrograms were recorded from the epicardial surface of the left ventricle before the bypass procedure. In 19 patients, epicardial electrograms revealed initial R waves over areas of the left ventricle in which the acute S-T and T wave abnormalities were evident in the surface electrocardiogram. Two patients had epicardial Q waves (one laterally and one inferiorly). In seven patients, a transmural biopsy specimen was also obtained from the ischemic area. All showed histologically normal myocardium without evidence of early inflammatory or necrotic tissue. Of the 19 patients discharged, only one demonstrated new postoperative Q waves that had been detected by epicardial recordings before bypass. In summary, patients with the intermediate syndrome exhibiting S-T or T wave abnormalities, or both without new Q waves in the surface electrocardiogram generally do not have Q waves either in the intraoperative epicardial or postoperative surface electrocardiogram. In addition, no histopathologic abnormalities are apparent in biopsy specimens taken from the ischemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:299975", "title": "Sleep disturbances after open heart surgery.", "content": "This study was designed to document quantitatively the sleep disturbances that occur after open heart surgery and to investigate a group of patients who underwent a thoracic surgical procedure not involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Nine patients were studied, six after open heart surgery and three after partial or complete pneumonectomy. In each patient, sleep patterns were recorded with use of all night polygraphy before and after operation and for up to 5 weeks on follow-up studies. After open heart surgery, patients manifested considerable suppression of both rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep patterns. In the three patients subjected to thoracotomy these sleep indexes returned to preoperative levels much earlier. Evidence of stage 2 sleep was present in one of the three patients with thoracotomy on the first postoperative night, and in two of the three both rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep returned to preoperative levels by the time of hospital discharge. It is concluded that patients undergoining open heart surgery experience both acute and chronic disruptions of sleep that last well beyond the hospital period of convalescence. These sleep disturbances have considerable relevance for postoperative management.", "contents": "Sleep disturbances after open heart surgery. This study was designed to document quantitatively the sleep disturbances that occur after open heart surgery and to investigate a group of patients who underwent a thoracic surgical procedure not involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Nine patients were studied, six after open heart surgery and three after partial or complete pneumonectomy. In each patient, sleep patterns were recorded with use of all night polygraphy before and after operation and for up to 5 weeks on follow-up studies. After open heart surgery, patients manifested considerable suppression of both rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep patterns. In the three patients subjected to thoracotomy these sleep indexes returned to preoperative levels much earlier. Evidence of stage 2 sleep was present in one of the three patients with thoracotomy on the first postoperative night, and in two of the three both rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep returned to preoperative levels by the time of hospital discharge. It is concluded that patients undergoining open heart surgery experience both acute and chronic disruptions of sleep that last well beyond the hospital period of convalescence. These sleep disturbances have considerable relevance for postoperative management."}
{"id": "PMID:299976", "title": "Fiberendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in children. A series of 100 examinations.", "content": "This article reports the results of our first 100 examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the colon in children and infants, using standard fiberscopes and also pediatric models. The procedure could be performed under sedation in 80% of the cases and general anesthesia was required mainly with standard fiberscopes. Compared to roentgenographic findings, fiberendoscopy proved to be more reliable in superficial mucosal lesions and gastrointestinal bleeding. Colonoscopy though difficult, is valuable in diagnosing rectal bleeding lesions and as a follow-up technique in inflammatory bowel diseases.", "contents": "Fiberendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in children. A series of 100 examinations. This article reports the results of our first 100 examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract and the colon in children and infants, using standard fiberscopes and also pediatric models. The procedure could be performed under sedation in 80% of the cases and general anesthesia was required mainly with standard fiberscopes. Compared to roentgenographic findings, fiberendoscopy proved to be more reliable in superficial mucosal lesions and gastrointestinal bleeding. Colonoscopy though difficult, is valuable in diagnosing rectal bleeding lesions and as a follow-up technique in inflammatory bowel diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:299977", "title": "Tuberculous otomastoiditis in children.", "content": "We report three cases of tuberculous otomastoiditis in children. Review of the literature, with particular emphasis on the ten other cases reported since 1960, discloses that this form of tuberculosis is most frequent in infants and young children. All too often, the diagnosis is made too late, with resulting complications such as irreversible hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis. Antituberculous medication and surgical drainage controlled the infection in all 13 cases diagnosed since 1960. Tests for tuberculosis in children with chronic ear infection should be mandatory, but periodic testing of all children is recommended.", "contents": "Tuberculous otomastoiditis in children. We report three cases of tuberculous otomastoiditis in children. Review of the literature, with particular emphasis on the ten other cases reported since 1960, discloses that this form of tuberculosis is most frequent in infants and young children. All too often, the diagnosis is made too late, with resulting complications such as irreversible hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis. Antituberculous medication and surgical drainage controlled the infection in all 13 cases diagnosed since 1960. Tests for tuberculosis in children with chronic ear infection should be mandatory, but periodic testing of all children is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:299978", "title": "Hypopyon and orbital cellulitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications.", "content": "Three children, 8 months to 2 years of age, demonstrated unusual manifestations in association with Haemophilus influenzae septicemia and meningitis. After one child had been diagnosed as having orbital cellulitis in conjunction with H influenzae meningitis, a second child, with orbital cellulitis and no clinical evidence of meningitis, had a lumbar tap indicative of a meningitis. A third child developed a hypopyon in association with H influenzae meningitis and septic arthritis of several joints. We report the problem of diagnosis and treatment of orbital cellulitis in the context of our cases and those previously reported.", "contents": "Hypopyon and orbital cellulitis associated with Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Three children, 8 months to 2 years of age, demonstrated unusual manifestations in association with Haemophilus influenzae septicemia and meningitis. After one child had been diagnosed as having orbital cellulitis in conjunction with H influenzae meningitis, a second child, with orbital cellulitis and no clinical evidence of meningitis, had a lumbar tap indicative of a meningitis. A third child developed a hypopyon in association with H influenzae meningitis and septic arthritis of several joints. We report the problem of diagnosis and treatment of orbital cellulitis in the context of our cases and those previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:299979", "title": "Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in Felty's syndrome.", "content": "A case of Felty's syndrome with nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, presinusoidal portal hypertension, and bleeding esophageal varices is reported. Increased splenic blood flow may be a contributing factor to the development of the regenerative nodules. The portal hypertension is postulated to be a result of intrahepatic vascular compression.", "contents": "Noncirrhotic portal hypertension in Felty's syndrome. A case of Felty's syndrome with nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver, presinusoidal portal hypertension, and bleeding esophageal varices is reported. Increased splenic blood flow may be a contributing factor to the development of the regenerative nodules. The portal hypertension is postulated to be a result of intrahepatic vascular compression."}
{"id": "PMID:299980", "title": "Structure and Barr body formation of an Xp + chromosome with two inactivation centers.", "content": "A patients with seizures, Von Willebrand disease, and symptoms of Turner syndrome was a chromosomal mosaic. In blood culture (1974), 56% of the cells were 45, X 33% 46, XXp+ and 11% 47,XXp + Xp +; in the skin, no cells with 47 chromosomes were found. Presumably the Xp + chromosome arose through a break in the Q-banded dark region next to the centromere on Xp to which an Xq had been attached. The abnormal X was late-labeling and formed a larger than normal Barr body. Of the chromatin-positive fibroblasts, 18.2% showed bipartite Barr bodies, which agrees with the hypothesis that the X inactivation center lies on the proximal part of the Xq. On the basis of the structure and behavior of the bipartite bodies in the present patient, as compared to those formed by other chromosomes with two presumed inactivation centers, we propose that the dark region next to the centromere of Xp remains active in the inactive X. In cells with 45,X and 46,XY, this region has the same relative size, whereas it is significantly shorter in the active X of three females, including the present patient, with one abnormal X. We propose that this region on the active X reveals different states of activity, as reflected in its length, depending on how many other X chromosomes are in the cell.", "contents": "Structure and Barr body formation of an Xp + chromosome with two inactivation centers. A patients with seizures, Von Willebrand disease, and symptoms of Turner syndrome was a chromosomal mosaic. In blood culture (1974), 56% of the cells were 45, X 33% 46, XXp+ and 11% 47,XXp + Xp +; in the skin, no cells with 47 chromosomes were found. Presumably the Xp + chromosome arose through a break in the Q-banded dark region next to the centromere on Xp to which an Xq had been attached. The abnormal X was late-labeling and formed a larger than normal Barr body. Of the chromatin-positive fibroblasts, 18.2% showed bipartite Barr bodies, which agrees with the hypothesis that the X inactivation center lies on the proximal part of the Xq. On the basis of the structure and behavior of the bipartite bodies in the present patient, as compared to those formed by other chromosomes with two presumed inactivation centers, we propose that the dark region next to the centromere of Xp remains active in the inactive X. In cells with 45,X and 46,XY, this region has the same relative size, whereas it is significantly shorter in the active X of three females, including the present patient, with one abnormal X. We propose that this region on the active X reveals different states of activity, as reflected in its length, depending on how many other X chromosomes are in the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:299981", "title": "Pulmonary function in nonsmoking subjects with alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (MZ phenotype).", "content": "We measured pulmonary functions in 10 nonsmoking asymptomatic subjects, ages 40.5 years +/- 9.2 years, with alpha1 antitrypsin heterozygous deficiency (phenotype MZ). The subjects were longstanding residents of the greater Los Angeles area. The range of physiologic studies and per cent of normal predicted values were forced vital capacity (FVC), 2.8 to 7.0 liters (86 to 124 per cent predicted); ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second to the FVC, 70 to 86 per cent (86 to 104 per cent predicted); the ratio of the residual volume to total lung capacity, 28 to 44 per cent (94 to 119 per cent predicted); total lung capacity, 4.8 to 9.8 liters (80 to 119 per cent predicted); flow at 50 per cent FVC, 3.1 to 7.8 liters per second (69 to 140 per cent); and volume of isoflow, 7.3 to 26 per cent of forced vital capacity (38 to 137 per cent predicted). In eight patients studied, static deflation pressure volume curves were normal, and at respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min the ratio of dynamic compliance to static compliance did not fall below 84 per cent. We have found that these nonsmoking heterozygotes with alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency have normal pulmonary functions (within 1.67 SD of predicted mean).", "contents": "Pulmonary function in nonsmoking subjects with alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (MZ phenotype). We measured pulmonary functions in 10 nonsmoking asymptomatic subjects, ages 40.5 years +/- 9.2 years, with alpha1 antitrypsin heterozygous deficiency (phenotype MZ). The subjects were longstanding residents of the greater Los Angeles area. The range of physiologic studies and per cent of normal predicted values were forced vital capacity (FVC), 2.8 to 7.0 liters (86 to 124 per cent predicted); ratio of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second to the FVC, 70 to 86 per cent (86 to 104 per cent predicted); the ratio of the residual volume to total lung capacity, 28 to 44 per cent (94 to 119 per cent predicted); total lung capacity, 4.8 to 9.8 liters (80 to 119 per cent predicted); flow at 50 per cent FVC, 3.1 to 7.8 liters per second (69 to 140 per cent); and volume of isoflow, 7.3 to 26 per cent of forced vital capacity (38 to 137 per cent predicted). In eight patients studied, static deflation pressure volume curves were normal, and at respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min the ratio of dynamic compliance to static compliance did not fall below 84 per cent. We have found that these nonsmoking heterozygotes with alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency have normal pulmonary functions (within 1.67 SD of predicted mean)."}
{"id": "PMID:299982", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome--current views.", "content": "The Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is an important clinical entity because of frequent recurrences of very rapid tachyarrhythmias. The electrocardiographic finding of the WPW syndrome often mimicks pseudo diaphragmatic (inferior) myocardial infarction which should not be misinterpreted. The most important diagnostic criterion is recognition of a delta wave; the short P-R interval or broad QRS complex may not be present in every case. The mechanism for the tachycardia is considered to be a reentry phenomenon via anomalous and normal atrioventricllar (A-V) pathways. The drug of choice for the treatment of regular supraventricular (reciprocating) tachycardia with narrow QRS complexes, which is the most common arrhythmia in the WPW syndrome, is propranolol. Digitalis is almost equally effective in this case. For tachyarrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation or flutter with anomalous conduction, intravenously-administered lidocaine is considered to be the drug of choice. Procainamide or quinidine is also frequently used under this circumstance with excellent therapeutic result. Many patients with the WPW syndrome require long-term maintenance drug therapy (propranolol, digitalis or quinidine in most cases). In urgent clinical situations, direct current (DC) shock should be applied immediately. In selected patients with refractory tachyarrhythmias, the use of an artificial pacemaker or surgical approach may be considered.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome--current views. The Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is an important clinical entity because of frequent recurrences of very rapid tachyarrhythmias. The electrocardiographic finding of the WPW syndrome often mimicks pseudo diaphragmatic (inferior) myocardial infarction which should not be misinterpreted. The most important diagnostic criterion is recognition of a delta wave; the short P-R interval or broad QRS complex may not be present in every case. The mechanism for the tachycardia is considered to be a reentry phenomenon via anomalous and normal atrioventricllar (A-V) pathways. The drug of choice for the treatment of regular supraventricular (reciprocating) tachycardia with narrow QRS complexes, which is the most common arrhythmia in the WPW syndrome, is propranolol. Digitalis is almost equally effective in this case. For tachyarrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation or flutter with anomalous conduction, intravenously-administered lidocaine is considered to be the drug of choice. Procainamide or quinidine is also frequently used under this circumstance with excellent therapeutic result. Many patients with the WPW syndrome require long-term maintenance drug therapy (propranolol, digitalis or quinidine in most cases). In urgent clinical situations, direct current (DC) shock should be applied immediately. In selected patients with refractory tachyarrhythmias, the use of an artificial pacemaker or surgical approach may be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:299983", "title": "Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Endophthalmitis developed in a 61-year-pld man after an intraocular lens implantation. A whitish opacity developed, visual acuity decreased to light perception, and we enucleated the eye. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson, a saphrophyte that has contaminated laboratory solutions, was cultured.", "contents": "Fungal endophthalmitis following intraocular lens implantation. Endophthalmitis developed in a 61-year-pld man after an intraocular lens implantation. A whitish opacity developed, visual acuity decreased to light perception, and we enucleated the eye. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson, a saphrophyte that has contaminated laboratory solutions, was cultured."}
{"id": "PMID:299985", "title": "Keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by Petriellidium boydii.", "content": "A 26-year-old man sustained burns of the left eye and eyelids from molten aluminum. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy was instituted. Cultures of conjunctival material collected 14 days after the burn grew abundant colonies of Petriellidium boydii. Because of severe pain and impending corneal perforation, the eye was enucleated.", "contents": "Keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by Petriellidium boydii. A 26-year-old man sustained burns of the left eye and eyelids from molten aluminum. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapy was instituted. Cultures of conjunctival material collected 14 days after the burn grew abundant colonies of Petriellidium boydii. Because of severe pain and impending corneal perforation, the eye was enucleated."}
{"id": "PMID:299986", "title": "Unusual superficial variant of granular dystrophy of the cornea.", "content": "Two patients with a superficial variant of granular dystrophy of the cornea occurring primarily in nongrafted eyes developed rapid progression of clinical manifestations and visual deterioration at an early age. No other members of their family were known to be affected. A clinical diagnosis of superficial corneal dystrophy, type undetermined, was made. The histopathologic features of the corneas resembled the findings seen in Reis-B\u00fccklers dystrophy and led to some confusion in the differential diagnosis. Electron microscopic studies in both cases unequivocally established the diagnosis of granular dystrophy.", "contents": "Unusual superficial variant of granular dystrophy of the cornea. Two patients with a superficial variant of granular dystrophy of the cornea occurring primarily in nongrafted eyes developed rapid progression of clinical manifestations and visual deterioration at an early age. No other members of their family were known to be affected. A clinical diagnosis of superficial corneal dystrophy, type undetermined, was made. The histopathologic features of the corneas resembled the findings seen in Reis-B\u00fccklers dystrophy and led to some confusion in the differential diagnosis. Electron microscopic studies in both cases unequivocally established the diagnosis of granular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:299987", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii in vitro: A study by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii is a parasitic microorganism which induces an often fatal pneumonitis in a variety of compromised patients (e.g., premature infants, those with congenital immune deficiency disorders, those therapeutically immune suppressed, etc.). Organisms derived from murine sources were cultivated in vitro on monolayers of primary embryonic chick epithelial lung cells. The infected cultures were then examined by scanning electron microscopy. An examination of the surface ultrastructure revealed pleomorphic organisms which were not only attached to host cells with anchoring fibers but also connected to other parasites via fine fibrils. Another type of fine fibril was observed which may play a role in the organism's nutrition.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii in vitro: A study by scanning electron microscopy. Pneumocystis carinii is a parasitic microorganism which induces an often fatal pneumonitis in a variety of compromised patients (e.g., premature infants, those with congenital immune deficiency disorders, those therapeutically immune suppressed, etc.). Organisms derived from murine sources were cultivated in vitro on monolayers of primary embryonic chick epithelial lung cells. The infected cultures were then examined by scanning electron microscopy. An examination of the surface ultrastructure revealed pleomorphic organisms which were not only attached to host cells with anchoring fibers but also connected to other parasites via fine fibrils. Another type of fine fibril was observed which may play a role in the organism's nutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:299989", "title": "ATP utilization associated with recovery metabolism in anaerobic frog muscle.", "content": "The ATP turnover during single isometric 0.5-, 1-, and 3-s tetani in anaerobic frog sartorii was measured at 20 degrees C. In parallel experiments, we measured the lactate production by sartorii during their metabolic recovery from such tetani. From these measurements, we obtained an experimental P/lactate ratio which was less than 1.5, the expected value for simple Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis when glycogen is metabolized to lactate. We interpreted these results as indicating a substantial amount of suprabasal ATP breakdown occurred during metabolic recovery. The operation of the fructose phosphate substrate cycle is suggested as a cause of this additional ATP breakdown.", "contents": "ATP utilization associated with recovery metabolism in anaerobic frog muscle. The ATP turnover during single isometric 0.5-, 1-, and 3-s tetani in anaerobic frog sartorii was measured at 20 degrees C. In parallel experiments, we measured the lactate production by sartorii during their metabolic recovery from such tetani. From these measurements, we obtained an experimental P/lactate ratio which was less than 1.5, the expected value for simple Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis when glycogen is metabolized to lactate. We interpreted these results as indicating a substantial amount of suprabasal ATP breakdown occurred during metabolic recovery. The operation of the fructose phosphate substrate cycle is suggested as a cause of this additional ATP breakdown."}
{"id": "PMID:299990", "title": "Stratum corneum of frog skin: inferences for studies of Na entry and transport pool.", "content": "Pieces of isolated stratum corneum from frog skins were studied. Preliminary data showed that approximately 56% of the total sodium of split skins was associated with the stratum corneum. In more detailed studies, the sodium space estimated with 22Na and the volume of tissue water were identical, averaging 0.95 mul/cm2. Thus, the stratum corneum contained approximately 0.11 mueq Na+/cm2. Similar determinations of the sucrose, mannitol, and inulin spaces of the stratum corneum gave mean values of 0.84, 2.21, and 1.84 mul/cm2, respectively. Surprisingly, the mannitol and inulin spaces were observed to be at least twice as large as the space occupied by the tissue water, and this can be interpreted to mean that mannitol and inulin bind in appreciable amounts and thus are unsuitable markers of the sodium space. Whereas the kinetics of sodium uptake and washout  could be described simply, similar studies for sucrose, mannitol, and inulin were more complex and consistent with appreciable binding of the substances to the stratum corneum.", "contents": "Stratum corneum of frog skin: inferences for studies of Na entry and transport pool. Pieces of isolated stratum corneum from frog skins were studied. Preliminary data showed that approximately 56% of the total sodium of split skins was associated with the stratum corneum. In more detailed studies, the sodium space estimated with 22Na and the volume of tissue water were identical, averaging 0.95 mul/cm2. Thus, the stratum corneum contained approximately 0.11 mueq Na+/cm2. Similar determinations of the sucrose, mannitol, and inulin spaces of the stratum corneum gave mean values of 0.84, 2.21, and 1.84 mul/cm2, respectively. Surprisingly, the mannitol and inulin spaces were observed to be at least twice as large as the space occupied by the tissue water, and this can be interpreted to mean that mannitol and inulin bind in appreciable amounts and thus are unsuitable markers of the sodium space. Whereas the kinetics of sodium uptake and washout  could be described simply, similar studies for sucrose, mannitol, and inulin were more complex and consistent with appreciable binding of the substances to the stratum corneum."}
{"id": "PMID:299991", "title": "A hard look at colonoscopy.", "content": "The fiberoptic colonscope represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic acheivement in the management of colonic disease. Despite some claims to the contrary, it is not universally simple, rapid, thorough, reliable, and inexpensive or without morbidity and mortality. Until these goals are achieved through future refinements, modifications, and new instrumentation, it is strongly recommended that the indications for colonscopy be sharply defined to include the following: (1) Investigation of colonic lesions seen on two successive or one air-contrast barium enema examination. Pedunculated polyps less than 1 cm in diameter can be observed. (2) Preoperative investigation of patients with demonstrable colorectal cancer (to rule out synchronous lesions). (3) Postoperative evaluation after colectomy for carcinoma where the anastomosis is above the reach of a sigmoidoscope. (4) Evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the colon. (5) Investigation of persistent occult or gross rectal bleeding when anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and barium studies are negative. Patients who represent prohibitive surgical risks because of age or systemic disease should not be considered as candidates for colonoscopy without compelling indications. The decision to biopsy rather than remove or fulgerate a detected lesion must be left to the judgment and experience of the endoscopist. The morbidity that follows polypectomy or fulgeration of sessile lesions less than 0.5 cm in diameter probably exceeds the incidence of carcinoma.", "contents": "A hard look at colonoscopy. The fiberoptic colonscope represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic acheivement in the management of colonic disease. Despite some claims to the contrary, it is not universally simple, rapid, thorough, reliable, and inexpensive or without morbidity and mortality. Until these goals are achieved through future refinements, modifications, and new instrumentation, it is strongly recommended that the indications for colonscopy be sharply defined to include the following: (1) Investigation of colonic lesions seen on two successive or one air-contrast barium enema examination. Pedunculated polyps less than 1 cm in diameter can be observed. (2) Preoperative investigation of patients with demonstrable colorectal cancer (to rule out synchronous lesions). (3) Postoperative evaluation after colectomy for carcinoma where the anastomosis is above the reach of a sigmoidoscope. (4) Evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the colon. (5) Investigation of persistent occult or gross rectal bleeding when anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and barium studies are negative. Patients who represent prohibitive surgical risks because of age or systemic disease should not be considered as candidates for colonoscopy without compelling indications. The decision to biopsy rather than remove or fulgerate a detected lesion must be left to the judgment and experience of the endoscopist. The morbidity that follows polypectomy or fulgeration of sessile lesions less than 0.5 cm in diameter probably exceeds the incidence of carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:299992", "title": "Efficacy and risks of the distal splenorenal shunt in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Analysis of twenty-two patients who underwent distal splenorenal anastomosis shows that the operative mortality and morbidity are low if the indications for the procedure are strictly adhered to. The decompression of the esophageal varicosities is effective, even in the presence of persistent varicosities. This decompression is probably less important and perhaps slower than after portacaval shunting, so we now do not recommend distal splenorenal shunting as an emergency operation. Thrombosis of the shunt is rare and related especially to local anatomic conditions and operative technic. Shunt thrombosis is an early complication that we observed on two occasions manifested by recurrence of hemorrhage. There does not appear to be an appreciable difference between the terminoterminal and terminolateral distal splenorenal anastomoses. The effect of ligation of the splenic artery in the hypersplenism is doubtful. The frequency of postanastomotic encephalopathy is minimal with this type of shunt. Liver function tests were little changed during the period of postoperative observation, but our results do not permit us to conclude that the distal spleno-renal anastomosis less unfavorably affects liver function than do classic shunts.", "contents": "Efficacy and risks of the distal splenorenal shunt in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices. Analysis of twenty-two patients who underwent distal splenorenal anastomosis shows that the operative mortality and morbidity are low if the indications for the procedure are strictly adhered to. The decompression of the esophageal varicosities is effective, even in the presence of persistent varicosities. This decompression is probably less important and perhaps slower than after portacaval shunting, so we now do not recommend distal splenorenal shunting as an emergency operation. Thrombosis of the shunt is rare and related especially to local anatomic conditions and operative technic. Shunt thrombosis is an early complication that we observed on two occasions manifested by recurrence of hemorrhage. There does not appear to be an appreciable difference between the terminoterminal and terminolateral distal splenorenal anastomoses. The effect of ligation of the splenic artery in the hypersplenism is doubtful. The frequency of postanastomotic encephalopathy is minimal with this type of shunt. Liver function tests were little changed during the period of postoperative observation, but our results do not permit us to conclude that the distal spleno-renal anastomosis less unfavorably affects liver function than do classic shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:299993", "title": "Comparative group study between patients surviving five or more years after portacaval shunt procedure and those surviving less than one year.", "content": "The classic criteria utilizing preoperative clinical evaluations and laboratory tests for predicting risk and long-term survival in cirrhotic patients under-going portacaval shunting still appear to be the most useful. Analysis of the factors that could be determinant in separating patients who are going to survive a portacaval shunt for five or more years from the short-term survivors revealed the former group had a lesser incidence of preoperative encephalopathy, ascites, malnutrition, and hypoalbuminemia. None of the intraoperative factors were found to be decisive. However, the prompt and uncomplicated postshunt recovery was an accurate prediction for long-term survival. This could be explained by the assumption that these patients had a better hepatic functional reserve at the time of portal-systemic shunting. The early appearance in the postoperative period, of fluid retention, azotemia, oliguria, inability to eat, and the early appearance of the symptoms of portal encephalopathy were premonitory of short-term survival. Return to alcohol ingestion was also associated with short-term survival. The hepatorenal syndrome was usually the cause of death in the short-term survivors whereas nonhepatic disease was the cause of demise in the long-term survivors. The operative mortality for all patients undergoing portacaval shunting during an eight year period was 10.7 per cent. Of the patients who left the hospital alive, 16.1 per cent died within the subsequent twelve months, 53 per cent survived from thirteen to fifty-nine months after their operation, and 19.6 per cent survived sixty or more months.", "contents": "Comparative group study between patients surviving five or more years after portacaval shunt procedure and those surviving less than one year. The classic criteria utilizing preoperative clinical evaluations and laboratory tests for predicting risk and long-term survival in cirrhotic patients under-going portacaval shunting still appear to be the most useful. Analysis of the factors that could be determinant in separating patients who are going to survive a portacaval shunt for five or more years from the short-term survivors revealed the former group had a lesser incidence of preoperative encephalopathy, ascites, malnutrition, and hypoalbuminemia. None of the intraoperative factors were found to be decisive. However, the prompt and uncomplicated postshunt recovery was an accurate prediction for long-term survival. This could be explained by the assumption that these patients had a better hepatic functional reserve at the time of portal-systemic shunting. The early appearance in the postoperative period, of fluid retention, azotemia, oliguria, inability to eat, and the early appearance of the symptoms of portal encephalopathy were premonitory of short-term survival. Return to alcohol ingestion was also associated with short-term survival. The hepatorenal syndrome was usually the cause of death in the short-term survivors whereas nonhepatic disease was the cause of demise in the long-term survivors. The operative mortality for all patients undergoing portacaval shunting during an eight year period was 10.7 per cent. Of the patients who left the hospital alive, 16.1 per cent died within the subsequent twelve months, 53 per cent survived from thirteen to fifty-nine months after their operation, and 19.6 per cent survived sixty or more months."}
{"id": "PMID:299994", "title": "Hemobilia from ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Hepatic artery aneurysm is a rare vascular disease associated with high mortality caused by massive hemorrhage or by complications following surgical treatment. Over the past twenty-five years it has been managed surgically with increasing success. Eighty reported cases of hepatic artery aneurysms ruptured into the biliary tree were reviewed and the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of such an aneurysm are discussed. A personal case with an aneurysm of the right hepatic artery ruptured into the common hepatic duct is reported. The diagnosis was made before surgery by arteriography and the aneurysm was successfully managed by ligation of the right hepatic artery both proximal and distal to the aneurysm, closure of the communication between the common hepatic duct and the aneurysm, and choledochal drainage. Hemobilia secondary to hepatic artery aneurysm must be considered in thedifferential diagnosis of unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "contents": "Hemobilia from ruptured hepatic artery aneurysm. Report of a case and review of the literature. Hepatic artery aneurysm is a rare vascular disease associated with high mortality caused by massive hemorrhage or by complications following surgical treatment. Over the past twenty-five years it has been managed surgically with increasing success. Eighty reported cases of hepatic artery aneurysms ruptured into the biliary tree were reviewed and the etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of such an aneurysm are discussed. A personal case with an aneurysm of the right hepatic artery ruptured into the common hepatic duct is reported. The diagnosis was made before surgery by arteriography and the aneurysm was successfully managed by ligation of the right hepatic artery both proximal and distal to the aneurysm, closure of the communication between the common hepatic duct and the aneurysm, and choledochal drainage. Hemobilia secondary to hepatic artery aneurysm must be considered in thedifferential diagnosis of unexplained gastrointestinal hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:299998", "title": "Management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.", "content": "The results of emergency endoscopy in 61 patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage are presented. The merits of urgent endoscopy in tha management of this condition are discussed and the results obtained compared with those of other methods of investigation.", "contents": "Management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The results of emergency endoscopy in 61 patients with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage are presented. The merits of urgent endoscopy in tha management of this condition are discussed and the results obtained compared with those of other methods of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:299999", "title": "Rapid method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A rapid method for determining the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin using Haemophilus influenzae as the test organism is described. This semiautomated technique using the Autobac system was compared with the agar dilution MIC method. Fifty-seven isolates of both susceptible and resistant H. influenzae were tested. There was exact quantitative agreement with 65% of the isolates, and 91% of the isolates showed no more than a one-dilution-interval difference when MICs were determined by both methods. Total testing time was 3 to 4 h.", "contents": "Rapid method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for Haemophilus influenzae. A rapid method for determining the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin using Haemophilus influenzae as the test organism is described. This semiautomated technique using the Autobac system was compared with the agar dilution MIC method. Fifty-seven isolates of both susceptible and resistant H. influenzae were tested. There was exact quantitative agreement with 65% of the isolates, and 91% of the isolates showed no more than a one-dilution-interval difference when MICs were determined by both methods. Total testing time was 3 to 4 h."}
{"id": "PMID:299996", "title": "Eye-tracking and optokinetic nystagmus. Results of quantitative testing in patients with well-defined nervous system lesions.", "content": "Eye-tracking and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) abmormalities in patients with focal lesions of the nervous system are reviewed. Patients with peripheral labyrinthine lesions can have deficits in smooth pursuit and OKN, but they are rapidly compensated after an acute lesion. By contrast, patients with large, cerebellopontine angle tumors have progressive impairment of pursuit and OKN as the tumor enlarges. Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements suggest intrinsic central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Saccade accuracy is severely impaired with cerebellar lesions, while brain stem disease frequently results in a slowing of saccade maximum velocity. Smooth pursuit and OKN abnormalities are common with all types of CNS lesions. The pattern of eye-tracking and OKN abnormality can be useful in anatomically localizing nervous system lesions.", "contents": "Eye-tracking and optokinetic nystagmus. Results of quantitative testing in patients with well-defined nervous system lesions. Eye-tracking and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) abmormalities in patients with focal lesions of the nervous system are reviewed. Patients with peripheral labyrinthine lesions can have deficits in smooth pursuit and OKN, but they are rapidly compensated after an acute lesion. By contrast, patients with large, cerebellopontine angle tumors have progressive impairment of pursuit and OKN as the tumor enlarges. Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements suggest intrinsic central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Saccade accuracy is severely impaired with cerebellar lesions, while brain stem disease frequently results in a slowing of saccade maximum velocity. Smooth pursuit and OKN abnormalities are common with all types of CNS lesions. The pattern of eye-tracking and OKN abnormality can be useful in anatomically localizing nervous system lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:300001", "title": "Phagocyte function and cell-mediated immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Lymphocyte, granulocyte, and macrophage function were studied simultaneously in 26 untreated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 26 matched controls. The overall cellular response, as assessed in vivo by skin tests and sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene, was diminished in the SLE group. Although T cells were reduced in number in patients with SLE, their function appeared unimpaired, as shown by normal lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin and bacterial and fungal antigens. The depressed cutaneous reactivity observed in vivo was explained by the finding of major deficits in the efferent limb of cellular immunity. Initial rate of phagocytosis of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages was significantly reduced in patients with SLE as compared with normal persons. Because of cell interaction, the presence of an intrinsic macrophage defect in SLE may contribute to the alleged T- and B-cell dysfunction in that disease.", "contents": "Phagocyte function and cell-mediated immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lymphocyte, granulocyte, and macrophage function were studied simultaneously in 26 untreated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 26 matched controls. The overall cellular response, as assessed in vivo by skin tests and sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene, was diminished in the SLE group. Although T cells were reduced in number in patients with SLE, their function appeared unimpaired, as shown by normal lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin and bacterial and fungal antigens. The depressed cutaneous reactivity observed in vivo was explained by the finding of major deficits in the efferent limb of cellular immunity. Initial rate of phagocytosis of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils and macrophages was significantly reduced in patients with SLE as compared with normal persons. Because of cell interaction, the presence of an intrinsic macrophage defect in SLE may contribute to the alleged T- and B-cell dysfunction in that disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300002", "title": "Antinuclear antibody studies in chronic cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The prevalence of antinuclar antibodies (ANA) in chronic cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is influenced by both patient selection and test sensitivity. If one excludes serum samples from patients with DLE with a history suggesting extracutaneous disease and defines the significance of the ANA test by simultaneously testing serum samples from patients with well-characterized connective tissue diseases, then only a small percentage of the patients with DLE have ANA at significant titers. These patients with DLE do have a higher pervalence of positive ANA tests at low serum dilutions when compared with controls, but only a few have positive ANA tests at titers comparable to those seen in patients with active systemic connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibody studies in chronic cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus. The prevalence of antinuclar antibodies (ANA) in chronic cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is influenced by both patient selection and test sensitivity. If one excludes serum samples from patients with DLE with a history suggesting extracutaneous disease and defines the significance of the ANA test by simultaneously testing serum samples from patients with well-characterized connective tissue diseases, then only a small percentage of the patients with DLE have ANA at significant titers. These patients with DLE do have a higher pervalence of positive ANA tests at low serum dilutions when compared with controls, but only a few have positive ANA tests at titers comparable to those seen in patients with active systemic connective tissue diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:299997", "title": "Visual suppression test.", "content": "Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus was studied in normal adults and in 98 clinical cases in order to justify the application of the procedure as a clinical test. The maximum slow phase velocity during ten seconds in darkness and the slow phase velocity during ten seconds in light were taken from the recordings and measured. The mean values of these slow phase velocities were calculated and the mean slow phase velocity in darkness was assigned a value of 100%. The value which the slow phase velocity in light subtracts from the slow phase velocity in darkness, represents the visual suppression. It was determined that visual suppression of the slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus was 48 +/- 10% in 22 normal adults. This was caused by the visual fixation mechanisms. Cases in which lesions were diagnosed in the cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar degeneration and cerebelitis, showed reduced or abolished visual suppression. The lesion side can be determined by this test. Compensation following unilateral sudden loss of inner ear function can be measured by the visual suppression test.", "contents": "Visual suppression test. Visual suppression of caloric nystagmus was studied in normal adults and in 98 clinical cases in order to justify the application of the procedure as a clinical test. The maximum slow phase velocity during ten seconds in darkness and the slow phase velocity during ten seconds in light were taken from the recordings and measured. The mean values of these slow phase velocities were calculated and the mean slow phase velocity in darkness was assigned a value of 100%. The value which the slow phase velocity in light subtracts from the slow phase velocity in darkness, represents the visual suppression. It was determined that visual suppression of the slow phase velocity of caloric nystagmus was 48 +/- 10% in 22 normal adults. This was caused by the visual fixation mechanisms. Cases in which lesions were diagnosed in the cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar degeneration and cerebelitis, showed reduced or abolished visual suppression. The lesion side can be determined by this test. Compensation following unilateral sudden loss of inner ear function can be measured by the visual suppression test."}
{"id": "PMID:300003", "title": "Cancer control in xeroderma pigmentosum.", "content": "This study of identical twins affected with xeroderma pigmentosum, with follow-up and re-evaluation after a period of eight years, is unique in that it demonstrates clearly the value of cancer control methods, primarily the avoidance of solar radiation. The findings in the identical twins have been evaluated in context with their other affected siblings who also have shown a remarkable low rate of skin cancer upon initiation of cancer control (solar radiation avoidance).", "contents": "Cancer control in xeroderma pigmentosum. This study of identical twins affected with xeroderma pigmentosum, with follow-up and re-evaluation after a period of eight years, is unique in that it demonstrates clearly the value of cancer control methods, primarily the avoidance of solar radiation. The findings in the identical twins have been evaluated in context with their other affected siblings who also have shown a remarkable low rate of skin cancer upon initiation of cancer control (solar radiation avoidance)."}
{"id": "PMID:300005", "title": "Results of a modified distal spleno-renal shunt for portal hypertension.", "content": "Twenty-five patients were treated with a distal spleno-renal shunt modified after that of Warren. The operative mortality was 4/25. One patient had an early thrombosis. All post-operative angiography otherwise showed patent shunts. After a median observation time of 43 months, 10/20 patients included in the followup were dead. The chief cause of death was liver failure. Encephalopathy has been common although generally of minor degree. Hypersplenism, judged by thrombocyte count, was not significantly affected by the operation. Six of 21 patients have had gastrointestinal hemorrhage after the operation but no hemorrhage proved fatal. Postoperatively esophageal varices size was considerably diminished in most cases as judged by contrast x-ray. Ascites has not been a problem in this series. Postoperative angiography showed a marked and rapid reduction of portal blood flow to the liver with progressively more blood deviated through the coronary vein towards the shunt. This reduction in portal flow is a possible explanation of the high frequency of postoperative liver failure. This version of the distal spleno-renal shunt has probably no advantages over the portacaval shunt.", "contents": "Results of a modified distal spleno-renal shunt for portal hypertension. Twenty-five patients were treated with a distal spleno-renal shunt modified after that of Warren. The operative mortality was 4/25. One patient had an early thrombosis. All post-operative angiography otherwise showed patent shunts. After a median observation time of 43 months, 10/20 patients included in the followup were dead. The chief cause of death was liver failure. Encephalopathy has been common although generally of minor degree. Hypersplenism, judged by thrombocyte count, was not significantly affected by the operation. Six of 21 patients have had gastrointestinal hemorrhage after the operation but no hemorrhage proved fatal. Postoperatively esophageal varices size was considerably diminished in most cases as judged by contrast x-ray. Ascites has not been a problem in this series. Postoperative angiography showed a marked and rapid reduction of portal blood flow to the liver with progressively more blood deviated through the coronary vein towards the shunt. This reduction in portal flow is a possible explanation of the high frequency of postoperative liver failure. This version of the distal spleno-renal shunt has probably no advantages over the portacaval shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:300006", "title": "Sympathetic denervation in association with coronary artery grafting in patients with Prinzmetals' angina.", "content": "Myocardial revascularization in patients with Prinzmetal's angina has yielded variable results. Two patients are presented who underwent partial cardiac sympathectomy in combination with coronary artery grafting for typical variant angina associated with severe organic obstructive coronary artery disease. Late results 12 and 18 months postoperatively have been excellent in both instances as shown by clinical and angiographic evaluation. Although the exact mechanism responsible for Prinzmetal's angina is not known, it is believed that spasm through increased activity of vasomotor tone or of the autonomic nervous system plays a major role. Since this variant form of angina encompasses a whole spectrum at angiography, ranging from normal arteries to severely narrowed ones, including those with spasm, it is suggested that surgical treatment be planned accordingly. Thus, in patients who have organic stenoses with and without spasm, operative treatment may consist of removal of the preaortic or pretracheal plexus in association with conventional coronary artery grafting. In patients who have intractable episodes of ventricular arrhythmia or angina and who angiogram is normal or shows isolated spasm, coronary artery grafting should be abandoned, in view of the poor results reported in the literature in these circumstances, and cervicothoracic sympathectomy should be considered.", "contents": "Sympathetic denervation in association with coronary artery grafting in patients with Prinzmetals' angina. Myocardial revascularization in patients with Prinzmetal's angina has yielded variable results. Two patients are presented who underwent partial cardiac sympathectomy in combination with coronary artery grafting for typical variant angina associated with severe organic obstructive coronary artery disease. Late results 12 and 18 months postoperatively have been excellent in both instances as shown by clinical and angiographic evaluation. Although the exact mechanism responsible for Prinzmetal's angina is not known, it is believed that spasm through increased activity of vasomotor tone or of the autonomic nervous system plays a major role. Since this variant form of angina encompasses a whole spectrum at angiography, ranging from normal arteries to severely narrowed ones, including those with spasm, it is suggested that surgical treatment be planned accordingly. Thus, in patients who have organic stenoses with and without spasm, operative treatment may consist of removal of the preaortic or pretracheal plexus in association with conventional coronary artery grafting. In patients who have intractable episodes of ventricular arrhythmia or angina and who angiogram is normal or shows isolated spasm, coronary artery grafting should be abandoned, in view of the poor results reported in the literature in these circumstances, and cervicothoracic sympathectomy should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:300007", "title": "Selective intracavitary and coronary profound hypothermic cardioplegia for myocardial preservation: a new technique.", "content": "A technique is described for selective intracavitary and coronary hypothermic perfusion during cardiac bypass with cardioplegia to facilitate cardiac operations. A cold perfusate (Plasmalyte 148 and mannitol, 12.5 gm/L at 8 degrees to 10 degrees C) is administered with the aid of a low-flow perfusion pump into the left ventricular cavity and coronary circulation through an apical perfusion-venting (Per-Vent) catheter. This perfusate cools the myocardium rapidly and homogeneously to a temperature of 15 degrees to 20 degrees C. Within this temperature range, complete cardioplegia occurs and the safe ischemia period can be extended to 120 minutes. This method was applied in 50 unselected consecutive adult patients undergoing aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting or aortic or mitral valve replacement. All patients survived and had excellent recovery of ventricular function.", "contents": "Selective intracavitary and coronary profound hypothermic cardioplegia for myocardial preservation: a new technique. A technique is described for selective intracavitary and coronary hypothermic perfusion during cardiac bypass with cardioplegia to facilitate cardiac operations. A cold perfusate (Plasmalyte 148 and mannitol, 12.5 gm/L at 8 degrees to 10 degrees C) is administered with the aid of a low-flow perfusion pump into the left ventricular cavity and coronary circulation through an apical perfusion-venting (Per-Vent) catheter. This perfusate cools the myocardium rapidly and homogeneously to a temperature of 15 degrees to 20 degrees C. Within this temperature range, complete cardioplegia occurs and the safe ischemia period can be extended to 120 minutes. This method was applied in 50 unselected consecutive adult patients undergoing aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting or aortic or mitral valve replacement. All patients survived and had excellent recovery of ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:300008", "title": "A comment on aortic perfusion cannulas.", "content": "An improved aortic perfusion cannula is described. The portion that passes through the aortic pursestring suture is tapered. The cannula can thus adapt to any enlargement of the cannulation site and miminize annoying leakage of blood during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "A comment on aortic perfusion cannulas. An improved aortic perfusion cannula is described. The portion that passes through the aortic pursestring suture is tapered. The cannula can thus adapt to any enlargement of the cannulation site and miminize annoying leakage of blood during cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:300009", "title": "Early and long-term effects on direct myocardial revascularization on cardiac function: a prospective study using multivariable physiological analysis.", "content": "Perioperative and late follow-up hemodynamic cardiovascular studies to assess the effects of direct myocardial revascularization on cardiac function objectively have been completed on 51 patients. Analysis of the data delineated three distinct groups basedon the patterns of their early postoperative recovery. Group I patients (12) had a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to operation and returned to a normal physiological range of cardiac function within 24 hours. Group II patients (24) initially had moderate to severe myocardial decompensation postoperatively but responded to inotropic support and moved into the normal physiological range within 24 to 48 hours. Group III patients (15) had severe, prolonged myocardial decompensation with little response to inotropic support. There were no early deaths in Group I, 1 early iatrogenic death in Group II, and 2 deaths from sepsis, 1 in Group I and 1 in Group II. All 7 cardiogenic deaths occurred in Group III patients. Late follow-up studies 4 to 23 months postoperatively have been completed on 29 patients. These showed cardiovascular stability in the mean values in Groups I and II. Significant improvement in mean cardiac function was seen in surviving Group III patients.", "contents": "Early and long-term effects on direct myocardial revascularization on cardiac function: a prospective study using multivariable physiological analysis. Perioperative and late follow-up hemodynamic cardiovascular studies to assess the effects of direct myocardial revascularization on cardiac function objectively have been completed on 51 patients. Analysis of the data delineated three distinct groups basedon the patterns of their early postoperative recovery. Group I patients (12) had a hyperdynamic cardiovascular response to operation and returned to a normal physiological range of cardiac function within 24 hours. Group II patients (24) initially had moderate to severe myocardial decompensation postoperatively but responded to inotropic support and moved into the normal physiological range within 24 to 48 hours. Group III patients (15) had severe, prolonged myocardial decompensation with little response to inotropic support. There were no early deaths in Group I, 1 early iatrogenic death in Group II, and 2 deaths from sepsis, 1 in Group I and 1 in Group II. All 7 cardiogenic deaths occurred in Group III patients. Late follow-up studies 4 to 23 months postoperatively have been completed on 29 patients. These showed cardiovascular stability in the mean values in Groups I and II. Significant improvement in mean cardiac function was seen in surviving Group III patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300010", "title": "Management of anticoagulation in outpatients: experience with an anticoagulation service in a municipal hospital setting.", "content": "In 66 months, a general hospital's outpatient Anticoagulation Service (ACS) monitored 263 patients who received 280 courses of warfarin sodium totalling 254 patient treatment years. Major hemorrhagic morbidity was 4% of courses and there was no mortality attributable to warfarin therapy. Major hemorrhage occurred in patients with increased anatomic risk of bleeding (diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, cystitis), and was not a function of patient age, sex, anticoagulation control, or medications administered concurrently with warfarin. Control of anticoagulation was not correlated with age or other medications, but was worsened significantly by the presence of congestive heart failure. We attribute a favorable experience with outpatient ACS to careful patient selection, patient education and monitoring, attention to duration of anticoagulation, and continuing communication with primary physicians who retained responsibility for medical care. An ACS offers safety, consistency, efficiency, and a unified approach to outpatient anticoagulation in the general hospital setting.", "contents": "Management of anticoagulation in outpatients: experience with an anticoagulation service in a municipal hospital setting. In 66 months, a general hospital's outpatient Anticoagulation Service (ACS) monitored 263 patients who received 280 courses of warfarin sodium totalling 254 patient treatment years. Major hemorrhagic morbidity was 4% of courses and there was no mortality attributable to warfarin therapy. Major hemorrhage occurred in patients with increased anatomic risk of bleeding (diverticulosis, hemorrhoids, cystitis), and was not a function of patient age, sex, anticoagulation control, or medications administered concurrently with warfarin. Control of anticoagulation was not correlated with age or other medications, but was worsened significantly by the presence of congestive heart failure. We attribute a favorable experience with outpatient ACS to careful patient selection, patient education and monitoring, attention to duration of anticoagulation, and continuing communication with primary physicians who retained responsibility for medical care. An ACS offers safety, consistency, efficiency, and a unified approach to outpatient anticoagulation in the general hospital setting."}
{"id": "PMID:300011", "title": "Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a single individual.", "content": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma in a single individual is a rare occurrence; In previously reported cases, data relevant to the cional relationship between the two entities is not available. In this case, to our knowledge, the tenth reported, immunologic studies indicate that a chance association of two independent diseases has occurred rather than expansion of one single clone of Bcells at two morphological levels.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a single individual. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma in a single individual is a rare occurrence; In previously reported cases, data relevant to the cional relationship between the two entities is not available. In this case, to our knowledge, the tenth reported, immunologic studies indicate that a chance association of two independent diseases has occurred rather than expansion of one single clone of Bcells at two morphological levels."}
{"id": "PMID:300013", "title": "Kartagener syndrome: report of a case with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The first known case of Kartagener syndrome associated with glomerulonephritis is reported. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in this patient several months before her death. This report also includes a review of the recent literature dealing with Kartagener syndrome and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and a consideration of the possible relationship of infection to the cause of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Kartagener syndrome: report of a case with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. The first known case of Kartagener syndrome associated with glomerulonephritis is reported. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in this patient several months before her death. This report also includes a review of the recent literature dealing with Kartagener syndrome and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and a consideration of the possible relationship of infection to the cause of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:300014", "title": "A survey of cohabitation on two college campuses.", "content": "Cohabitation emerged in the late 1960s because of relaxed housing rules, the availability of the \"pill,\" a philosophy held by a plurality of students regarding the desirability of sex accompanying affection, and, perhaps, a need on the part of some students for a primary relationship. Some empirical data on the climate in which cohabitation emerged on two colleges are presented. A limited portrait of some of the characteristics of students who would cohabit or had cohabitated and the conditions under which they would consider entering into this arrangement is also provided. Data from this study revealed that a plurality of students on both campuses felt that cohabitation was acceptable when it was part of a relationship involving either planned marriage or affection. In addition, willingness to cohabit as well as cohabitation was more common among (1) males than females, (2) Jewish than Catholic and Protestant students, and (3) low church attendance students than high church attendance students. Between 10% and 15% of the students on the campuses were cohabiting.", "contents": "A survey of cohabitation on two college campuses. Cohabitation emerged in the late 1960s because of relaxed housing rules, the availability of the \"pill,\" a philosophy held by a plurality of students regarding the desirability of sex accompanying affection, and, perhaps, a need on the part of some students for a primary relationship. Some empirical data on the climate in which cohabitation emerged on two colleges are presented. A limited portrait of some of the characteristics of students who would cohabit or had cohabitated and the conditions under which they would consider entering into this arrangement is also provided. Data from this study revealed that a plurality of students on both campuses felt that cohabitation was acceptable when it was part of a relationship involving either planned marriage or affection. In addition, willingness to cohabit as well as cohabitation was more common among (1) males than females, (2) Jewish than Catholic and Protestant students, and (3) low church attendance students than high church attendance students. Between 10% and 15% of the students on the campuses were cohabiting."}
{"id": "PMID:300016", "title": "Acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia.", "content": "Color blindness developed in five patients apparently because of lesions in the posterior portions of both cerebral hemispheres. Three of them also had symptoms of prosopagnosia. The lesions were neoplastic in two and vascular in three of the patients. It would appear that bilateral, inferior, occipital lobe lesions may be responsible both for acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia and prosopagnosia. Evidence from experimental investigations in primates suggests that the areas of the cerebral hemispheres analogous to those involved in these patients, may be specialized for the processing of colored stimuli.", "contents": "Acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia. Color blindness developed in five patients apparently because of lesions in the posterior portions of both cerebral hemispheres. Three of them also had symptoms of prosopagnosia. The lesions were neoplastic in two and vascular in three of the patients. It would appear that bilateral, inferior, occipital lobe lesions may be responsible both for acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia and prosopagnosia. Evidence from experimental investigations in primates suggests that the areas of the cerebral hemispheres analogous to those involved in these patients, may be specialized for the processing of colored stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:300017", "title": "The Davidson and Hemmendinger color rule as a color vision screening test.", "content": "The Davidson and Hemmendinger (DH) color rule was evaluated for color vision screening of normal and congenital color-defective subjects. Ninety-eight normal and 14 color-defective subjects were tested on the color rule under Macbeth illumination of 5,400 K. The color-defective subjects were also tested on the Nagel anomaloscope, the Farnsworth D-15, and the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The DH color rule performed as accurately as the anomaloscope and was superior to the other two tests in detecting anomalous trichromats and in discriminating protanomalous subjects. The color rule also discriminated dichromats from anomalous trichromats. For severe color-defective subjects (dichromats, achromats), the color rule was more time-consuming than the other tests and discrimination was less certain. Response patterns on the DH color rule and response variability of the different classifications are reported.", "contents": "The Davidson and Hemmendinger color rule as a color vision screening test. The Davidson and Hemmendinger (DH) color rule was evaluated for color vision screening of normal and congenital color-defective subjects. Ninety-eight normal and 14 color-defective subjects were tested on the color rule under Macbeth illumination of 5,400 K. The color-defective subjects were also tested on the Nagel anomaloscope, the Farnsworth D-15, and the H-R-R pseudoisochromatic plates. The DH color rule performed as accurately as the anomaloscope and was superior to the other two tests in detecting anomalous trichromats and in discriminating protanomalous subjects. The color rule also discriminated dichromats from anomalous trichromats. For severe color-defective subjects (dichromats, achromats), the color rule was more time-consuming than the other tests and discrimination was less certain. Response patterns on the DH color rule and response variability of the different classifications are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:300018", "title": "Intravitreal amphotericin B treatment of Candida endophthamitis.", "content": "A 43-year-old heroin addict with Candida albicans endophthalmitis was treated with a single 5-mug intravitreal injection of amphotericin B. The diagnosis was confirmed by smears and cultures of a vitrous aspiration. The patient's accidental death seven weeks after treatment enabled us to obtain histopathologic evidence that the infection had been cured and that the amphotericin B had had no toxic effect on the retina. Intravitral amphotericin B should be considered an important mode of treatment of Candida endophthalmitis.", "contents": "Intravitreal amphotericin B treatment of Candida endophthamitis. A 43-year-old heroin addict with Candida albicans endophthalmitis was treated with a single 5-mug intravitreal injection of amphotericin B. The diagnosis was confirmed by smears and cultures of a vitrous aspiration. The patient's accidental death seven weeks after treatment enabled us to obtain histopathologic evidence that the infection had been cured and that the amphotericin B had had no toxic effect on the retina. Intravitral amphotericin B should be considered an important mode of treatment of Candida endophthalmitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300019", "title": "Computer tomography of cerebellopontine angle lesions.", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) was used in 53 consecutive patients with a working diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumor. The CT was performed with the 160 X 160 matrix scanner, height of sections was 13 mm. Metrizoate sodium (1.5 ml/kg of body weight) was used for tumor enhancement. Seventeen CT scans revealed tumors; one patient proved at operation to be false-positive. Thirty-six CT scans revealed no tumors; two examinations may prove to be false-negative, but surgical verification has so far not been obtained. The smallest tumor demonstrated by CT extended 7 mm into the angle, while one of the possible false-negative CT scans after iophendylate injection cisternography showed a tumor extending 5 mm into the angle. It is concluded that CT is a harmless, noninvasive neuroradiological procedure, and should precede invasive procedures. It can be used safely in patients with increased intracranial pressure.", "contents": "Computer tomography of cerebellopontine angle lesions. Computer tomography (CT) was used in 53 consecutive patients with a working diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumor. The CT was performed with the 160 X 160 matrix scanner, height of sections was 13 mm. Metrizoate sodium (1.5 ml/kg of body weight) was used for tumor enhancement. Seventeen CT scans revealed tumors; one patient proved at operation to be false-positive. Thirty-six CT scans revealed no tumors; two examinations may prove to be false-negative, but surgical verification has so far not been obtained. The smallest tumor demonstrated by CT extended 7 mm into the angle, while one of the possible false-negative CT scans after iophendylate injection cisternography showed a tumor extending 5 mm into the angle. It is concluded that CT is a harmless, noninvasive neuroradiological procedure, and should precede invasive procedures. It can be used safely in patients with increased intracranial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:300020", "title": "Round window ultrasonic treatment of Meniere disease.", "content": "The neurosensory structures within the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear are selectively irradiated with ultrasonic energy to alleviate the vertiginous symptoms of Meniere disease. However, correct application and coupling of the ultrasonic transducer to the inner ear is essential for maximum transmission of energy into the vestibule. The importance of assessing the results of long-term postoperative treatment is demonstrated by a change in the success rate that decreased by approximately 10% when the results obtained within the first 12 months of treatment were compared with those after four years. In this investigation, 32 patients were treated by the round window approach between 1970 and 1972, and after four years it was found that 72% of these were successful in relieving the giddiness symptoms.", "contents": "Round window ultrasonic treatment of Meniere disease. The neurosensory structures within the vestibular labyrinth of the inner ear are selectively irradiated with ultrasonic energy to alleviate the vertiginous symptoms of Meniere disease. However, correct application and coupling of the ultrasonic transducer to the inner ear is essential for maximum transmission of energy into the vestibule. The importance of assessing the results of long-term postoperative treatment is demonstrated by a change in the success rate that decreased by approximately 10% when the results obtained within the first 12 months of treatment were compared with those after four years. In this investigation, 32 patients were treated by the round window approach between 1970 and 1972, and after four years it was found that 72% of these were successful in relieving the giddiness symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:300025", "title": "A human haemic cell line capable of cellular and humoral killing of normal and malignant cells.", "content": "A line of human leukaemia-derived cells is described that kills a wide range of human and animal cell lines, whether normal or malignant, even at a ratio of 1:1. During exposure to the target cells, the killer cells released a factor into the culture medium which destroyed target cells in the absence of the killer cells. This phenomenon occurs without exogenous complement and requires no pre-treatment of target or killer cells. The humoral factor is a protein precipitable by 60% saturation of ammonium sulphate and has a mol. wt. of approximately 70,000; It prevented the growth of a fibrosarcoma in mice.", "contents": "A human haemic cell line capable of cellular and humoral killing of normal and malignant cells. A line of human leukaemia-derived cells is described that kills a wide range of human and animal cell lines, whether normal or malignant, even at a ratio of 1:1. During exposure to the target cells, the killer cells released a factor into the culture medium which destroyed target cells in the absence of the killer cells. This phenomenon occurs without exogenous complement and requires no pre-treatment of target or killer cells. The humoral factor is a protein precipitable by 60% saturation of ammonium sulphate and has a mol. wt. of approximately 70,000; It prevented the growth of a fibrosarcoma in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300022", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with klinefelter's syndrome.", "content": "Studies in estrogen metabolism were carried out in 2 males with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who also had Klinefelter's syndrome. Although these studies revealed elevated levels of urinary estrogens in 1 patient, abnormalities of estradiol metabolism suggesting persistent estrogen stimulation were detected in both. This report notes an association between SLE and Klinefelter's syndrome and suggests that chronic estrogenic stimulation may be significant in the development of SLE in these 2 patients.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with klinefelter's syndrome. Studies in estrogen metabolism were carried out in 2 males with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who also had Klinefelter's syndrome. Although these studies revealed elevated levels of urinary estrogens in 1 patient, abnormalities of estradiol metabolism suggesting persistent estrogen stimulation were detected in both. This report notes an association between SLE and Klinefelter's syndrome and suggests that chronic estrogenic stimulation may be significant in the development of SLE in these 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300026", "title": "Description of the cells from the lymph nodes of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma according to some B- and T-cell characteristics.", "content": "The lymph node cell populations from 24 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were investigated for some of the surface characteristics which are used as T- and B-lymphocyte markers. Nineteen of the patients had had no treatment of any kind while the other 5 had had either recent radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Seven lymph nodes from patients without malignant disease and 7 others with reactive changes were also studied. It was found that lymphocytic lymphomas, nodular or diffuse, well or poorly differentiated, had a high proportion of cells which were positive for B-cell markers. Other non-lymphocytic lymphomas had a higher proportion of cells positive for T-cell markers, and were similar to the cells from non-malignant lymph nodes.", "contents": "Description of the cells from the lymph nodes of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma according to some B- and T-cell characteristics. The lymph node cell populations from 24 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were investigated for some of the surface characteristics which are used as T- and B-lymphocyte markers. Nineteen of the patients had had no treatment of any kind while the other 5 had had either recent radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Seven lymph nodes from patients without malignant disease and 7 others with reactive changes were also studied. It was found that lymphocytic lymphomas, nodular or diffuse, well or poorly differentiated, had a high proportion of cells which were positive for B-cell markers. Other non-lymphocytic lymphomas had a higher proportion of cells positive for T-cell markers, and were similar to the cells from non-malignant lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:300023", "title": "Effect of sodium salicylate on human and mouse granulopoiesis in vitro.", "content": "Sodium salicylate inhibited generation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies when added to soft agar cultures of mouse or human bone marrow cells (CFUc) containing colony-stimulating factor (CSF). This effect was dose-dependent with over 90% inhibition at 48 mg%. The salicylate effect was not decreased with increasing concentrations of CSF, but inhibition was reversed when salicylate-treated CFUc were washed with drug-free medium before plating. CSF production was not inhibited by salicylate.", "contents": "Effect of sodium salicylate on human and mouse granulopoiesis in vitro. Sodium salicylate inhibited generation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies when added to soft agar cultures of mouse or human bone marrow cells (CFUc) containing colony-stimulating factor (CSF). This effect was dose-dependent with over 90% inhibition at 48 mg%. The salicylate effect was not decreased with increasing concentrations of CSF, but inhibition was reversed when salicylate-treated CFUc were washed with drug-free medium before plating. CSF production was not inhibited by salicylate."}
{"id": "PMID:300027", "title": "HLA antigens and antinuclear antibody titres in juvenile chronic iridocyclitis.", "content": "HLA antigen frequencies and antinuclear antibody titres were studied in 43 patients with juvenile chronic iridocyclitis. We did not detect an increased incidence of HLA-B27 in patients having chronic iridocyclitis associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or in patients with \"chronic iridocyclitis in young girls\". Both groups of patients had a statistically significant increased incidence of antinuclear antibodies. However, these antibodies were detected more frequently in patients with chronic iridocyclitis associated with JRA than in patients with \"chronic iridocyclitis in young girls\".", "contents": "HLA antigens and antinuclear antibody titres in juvenile chronic iridocyclitis. HLA antigen frequencies and antinuclear antibody titres were studied in 43 patients with juvenile chronic iridocyclitis. We did not detect an increased incidence of HLA-B27 in patients having chronic iridocyclitis associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or in patients with \"chronic iridocyclitis in young girls\". Both groups of patients had a statistically significant increased incidence of antinuclear antibodies. However, these antibodies were detected more frequently in patients with chronic iridocyclitis associated with JRA than in patients with \"chronic iridocyclitis in young girls\"."}
{"id": "PMID:300028", "title": "Bleb dystrophy of the cornea: histochemistry and ultrastructure.", "content": "Corneal epithelial biopsies from two patients affected with asymptomatic bleb dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy. The basis of this disorder appears to be the deposition of a neutral mucopolysaccharide-protein complex as a continuous layer between the basement membrane and Bowman's layer. This material, although homogeneous in light microscopy, has a fine granular ultrastructure. It is friable, and in view of the apparent integrity of the basement membrane/hemidesmosome system it is suggested that the recurrent epithelial erosions which can occur in this disorder result from shearing of this layer. Fissures in the bleb material contain cells which may play a role in its degradation.", "contents": "Bleb dystrophy of the cornea: histochemistry and ultrastructure. Corneal epithelial biopsies from two patients affected with asymptomatic bleb dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy. The basis of this disorder appears to be the deposition of a neutral mucopolysaccharide-protein complex as a continuous layer between the basement membrane and Bowman's layer. This material, although homogeneous in light microscopy, has a fine granular ultrastructure. It is friable, and in view of the apparent integrity of the basement membrane/hemidesmosome system it is suggested that the recurrent epithelial erosions which can occur in this disorder result from shearing of this layer. Fissures in the bleb material contain cells which may play a role in its degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:300024", "title": "[Pleuropulmonary lesions due to Haemophilus influenzae].", "content": "Empyema due to Hemophilus influenzae has been reported only rarely. This report describes the cases of ten children with empyema due to this organism. Diagnosis was made through growth of the organism in pure culture from pleural effusion. H. influenzae empyema may occur in older children as well as in infants and, in contrast to certain other infections with this organism, empyema due to H. influenzae may be more common than is generally suspected.", "contents": "[Pleuropulmonary lesions due to Haemophilus influenzae]. Empyema due to Hemophilus influenzae has been reported only rarely. This report describes the cases of ten children with empyema due to this organism. Diagnosis was made through growth of the organism in pure culture from pleural effusion. H. influenzae empyema may occur in older children as well as in infants and, in contrast to certain other infections with this organism, empyema due to H. influenzae may be more common than is generally suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:300029", "title": "A new solid-state microelectrode for measuring intracellular chloride activities.", "content": "Solid-state microelectrodes from measuring intracellular Cl activity (alphaiCl) were made by sealing the tips of tapered glass capillaries (tip diameter 0.3 mum), coating them under vacuum with a 0.2-0.3 mum thick layer of spectrscopic grade silver, and sealing them (except for the terminal 2-5 mum of the tip) inside tapered glass shields. 106 microelectrodes had an average slope of 55.0+/- 0.6 m V (S,E,) per decade c  hange in alphaCl. Tip resistance was (77.1+/- 3.1) x 10(9) omega(n=30). Electrode response was rapid (10-20 s), was unaffected by HCO3, H2PO4, HPO42 or protein, and remained essentially unchanged over a 24-h period. AlphaiCl in frog sartorius muscle fibers and epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine was measured in vitro. In both tissues, alphaiCl significantly exceeded the value corresponding to equlibrium ditribution of Cl across the cell membrane.", "contents": "A new solid-state microelectrode for measuring intracellular chloride activities. Solid-state microelectrodes from measuring intracellular Cl activity (alphaiCl) were made by sealing the tips of tapered glass capillaries (tip diameter 0.3 mum), coating them under vacuum with a 0.2-0.3 mum thick layer of spectrscopic grade silver, and sealing them (except for the terminal 2-5 mum of the tip) inside tapered glass shields. 106 microelectrodes had an average slope of 55.0+/- 0.6 m V (S,E,) per decade c  hange in alphaCl. Tip resistance was (77.1+/- 3.1) x 10(9) omega(n=30). Electrode response was rapid (10-20 s), was unaffected by HCO3, H2PO4, HPO42 or protein, and remained essentially unchanged over a 24-h period. AlphaiCl in frog sartorius muscle fibers and epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine was measured in vitro. In both tissues, alphaiCl significantly exceeded the value corresponding to equlibrium ditribution of Cl across the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:300030", "title": "Intracellular distribution of lipophilic fluorescent probes in mammalian cells.", "content": "The intracellular distribution of several hydrophobic fluorescent probes (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), perylene, and 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate (TNS) in mouse lymphocytes and a fibroblast cell line was examined using radiolabeled fluorescent probes and the technique of high resolution EM autoradiography. Following a short term incubation, DPH and perylene were found largely internalized in cells, while TNS was localized predominantly at the cell surface. These findings suggest that fluorescence polarization studies using such probes with intact cells do not necessarily monitor only the cell surface membrane and must be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Intracellular distribution of lipophilic fluorescent probes in mammalian cells. The intracellular distribution of several hydrophobic fluorescent probes (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), perylene, and 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate (TNS) in mouse lymphocytes and a fibroblast cell line was examined using radiolabeled fluorescent probes and the technique of high resolution EM autoradiography. Following a short term incubation, DPH and perylene were found largely internalized in cells, while TNS was localized predominantly at the cell surface. These findings suggest that fluorescence polarization studies using such probes with intact cells do not necessarily monitor only the cell surface membrane and must be interpreted with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:300031", "title": "Chromatography of human urinary erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on insolubilized phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "Human urinary erythropoetin was absorbed to phytohaemagglutinin coupled to agarose or porous glass and quatitatively eluted by a saturated solution of MgCl2. This method provides a means of separating erythropoietin from several of its contaminants, presumably on the basis of its carbohydrate side chains. Erythropoietin which had been purified by chromatography on insolubilized phytohaemagglutinin was sufficiently free of toxicity to be assayable in tissue culture even when crude urine was used as a starting material.", "contents": "Chromatography of human urinary erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on insolubilized phytohaemagglutinin. Human urinary erythropoetin was absorbed to phytohaemagglutinin coupled to agarose or porous glass and quatitatively eluted by a saturated solution of MgCl2. This method provides a means of separating erythropoietin from several of its contaminants, presumably on the basis of its carbohydrate side chains. Erythropoietin which had been purified by chromatography on insolubilized phytohaemagglutinin was sufficiently free of toxicity to be assayable in tissue culture even when crude urine was used as a starting material."}
{"id": "PMID:300032", "title": "The Harold E. Himwich Memorial Lecture. Significance of biochemical parameters in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depressive disorders.", "content": "There is  a suggestive evidence for a relationship between central 5-HT and the occurrence of certain types of depressions. This evidence is derived from three sources: postmortem studies; measurement of CSF 5-HIAA; accumulation of CSF 5-HIAA after transport blockade by probenecid. Disturbances of central 5-HT metabolism are not typical for any depression but for certain types of vital (endogenous) depression. This implies that the group of vital depression, though tending towards homogeneity in terms of symptomatology, is heterogenous in biochemical terms and comprises patients with and without disorders in central 5-HT metabolism. It is plausible that disorders of the 5-HT metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of depression, instead of resulting from them. This statement is based on the following findings: (i) 5-HTP can abolish or alleviate the depressive syndrome or some of its elements. (ii) This 5-HTP effect can be potentiated by clomipramine (Anafranil), a relative selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake. (iii) There exists a negative correlation between 5-HT turnover in the CNS and the therapeutic effect of clomipramine. The alleged distrurbances in central 5-HT are more likely to be predisposing than of direct causative significance. This assumption is based on two observations: (i) In more that 50% of cases, the 5-HT turnover remains low after clinical recovery, the patient being drug-free. (ii) There is suggestive evidence that abolition of the 5-HT deficit (by means of 5-HTP) exerts a prophylactic effect in uni-and bipolar depression.", "contents": "The Harold E. Himwich Memorial Lecture. Significance of biochemical parameters in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of depressive disorders. There is  a suggestive evidence for a relationship between central 5-HT and the occurrence of certain types of depressions. This evidence is derived from three sources: postmortem studies; measurement of CSF 5-HIAA; accumulation of CSF 5-HIAA after transport blockade by probenecid. Disturbances of central 5-HT metabolism are not typical for any depression but for certain types of vital (endogenous) depression. This implies that the group of vital depression, though tending towards homogeneity in terms of symptomatology, is heterogenous in biochemical terms and comprises patients with and without disorders in central 5-HT metabolism. It is plausible that disorders of the 5-HT metabolism play a role in the pathogenesis of depression, instead of resulting from them. This statement is based on the following findings: (i) 5-HTP can abolish or alleviate the depressive syndrome or some of its elements. (ii) This 5-HTP effect can be potentiated by clomipramine (Anafranil), a relative selective inhibitor of 5-HT reuptake. (iii) There exists a negative correlation between 5-HT turnover in the CNS and the therapeutic effect of clomipramine. The alleged distrurbances in central 5-HT are more likely to be predisposing than of direct causative significance. This assumption is based on two observations: (i) In more that 50% of cases, the 5-HT turnover remains low after clinical recovery, the patient being drug-free. (ii) There is suggestive evidence that abolition of the 5-HT deficit (by means of 5-HTP) exerts a prophylactic effect in uni-and bipolar depression."}
{"id": "PMID:300033", "title": "Brain polarization: behavioral and therapeutic effects.", "content": "Polarization is the passage of small constant direct currents through the brain. During the last 12 years some authors have investigated its therapeutic effectiveness in psychiatric patients with different and sometimes contradictory results. Although there seems to be a \"fairly consistent body of evidence concerned with the effects of direct currents applied to the head in psychiatric patients\" (Nias, 1976), only the procedure involving pulsating low-level currents (electrosleep) has received increasingly more attention in recent years, while polarization (constant d-c currents) is not even mentioned in most standard textbooks. This review concentrates on work dealing with behavioral and therapeutic effects of polarization. The procedure involves the continuous flow of low-level current (up to 1 ma) between cephalic and noncephalic electrodes during prolonged periods of time (usually hours), without inducing convulsions (as in electroconvulsive therapy) or sleep, the subject being almost unaware of the treatment. Because of its implications for research, attention is also devoted to some representative work on physiological effects of polarizing currents.", "contents": "Brain polarization: behavioral and therapeutic effects. Polarization is the passage of small constant direct currents through the brain. During the last 12 years some authors have investigated its therapeutic effectiveness in psychiatric patients with different and sometimes contradictory results. Although there seems to be a \"fairly consistent body of evidence concerned with the effects of direct currents applied to the head in psychiatric patients\" (Nias, 1976), only the procedure involving pulsating low-level currents (electrosleep) has received increasingly more attention in recent years, while polarization (constant d-c currents) is not even mentioned in most standard textbooks. This review concentrates on work dealing with behavioral and therapeutic effects of polarization. The procedure involves the continuous flow of low-level current (up to 1 ma) between cephalic and noncephalic electrodes during prolonged periods of time (usually hours), without inducing convulsions (as in electroconvulsive therapy) or sleep, the subject being almost unaware of the treatment. Because of its implications for research, attention is also devoted to some representative work on physiological effects of polarizing currents."}
{"id": "PMID:300034", "title": "Granulopoietic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia of children.", "content": "Studies have been carried out on the levels of serum and urine colony stimulating activity (CSA) and peripheral blood and bone marrow colony forming cell numbers in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) during various phases of their disease. These studies have suggested that serum and urine levels of colony stimulating factor are reduced during the inital or relapse phase of the disease compared to levels found during remission. It has also been found that the number of bone marrow colony forming cells is reduced in relapse or before treatment and elevated during remission while the number of peripheral blood colony forming cells is increased during relapse or before treatment and normal during remission. It has also been shown that mixing of serum or leukemic cells with normal human bone marrow cells inhibits colony formation.", "contents": "Granulopoietic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia of children. Studies have been carried out on the levels of serum and urine colony stimulating activity (CSA) and peripheral blood and bone marrow colony forming cell numbers in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) during various phases of their disease. These studies have suggested that serum and urine levels of colony stimulating factor are reduced during the inital or relapse phase of the disease compared to levels found during remission. It has also been found that the number of bone marrow colony forming cells is reduced in relapse or before treatment and elevated during remission while the number of peripheral blood colony forming cells is increased during relapse or before treatment and normal during remission. It has also been shown that mixing of serum or leukemic cells with normal human bone marrow cells inhibits colony formation."}
{"id": "PMID:300035", "title": "Effect of harmaline on sodium transport in Rana esculenta skin.", "content": "1 Harmaline, together with certain hallucinogenic alkaloids of the same group (harmine, 2 methyl harmin) stimulates sodium transport across the in vitro skin of Rana esculenta when it is added to the external medium at a low concentration (0.1 mM). This effect is due to an increase of the sodium influx, and is reversed by washing. It is suggested that harmaline intervenes at the sodium penetration sites at the external face of the transport compartment. 2 At a higher concentration (5 mM) added to the internal medium harmaline inhibits sodium net absorption. The inhibition is due mainly to an increase of the efflux, while the influx may be either inhibited or increased. Under these conditions the influx becomes insensitive to amiloride. It is suggested that the inhibition of sodium transport is the result of harmaline interfering with a transport ATPase, and also that harmaline induces new sites for the passage of sodium.", "contents": "Effect of harmaline on sodium transport in Rana esculenta skin. 1 Harmaline, together with certain hallucinogenic alkaloids of the same group (harmine, 2 methyl harmin) stimulates sodium transport across the in vitro skin of Rana esculenta when it is added to the external medium at a low concentration (0.1 mM). This effect is due to an increase of the sodium influx, and is reversed by washing. It is suggested that harmaline intervenes at the sodium penetration sites at the external face of the transport compartment. 2 At a higher concentration (5 mM) added to the internal medium harmaline inhibits sodium net absorption. The inhibition is due mainly to an increase of the efflux, while the influx may be either inhibited or increased. Under these conditions the influx becomes insensitive to amiloride. It is suggested that the inhibition of sodium transport is the result of harmaline interfering with a transport ATPase, and also that harmaline induces new sites for the passage of sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:300038", "title": "Cataleptic effect of 61-91 beta-lipotropic hormone in rat.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of a peptide from ovine pituitaries whose structure is identical to the 61-91 C-terminal portion of beta-lipotropic hormone (61-91 beta-LPH) induced catalepsy, muscular hypertonus and analgesia in rats. Naloxone inhibited both the analgesic and cataleptic effects. 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (1-DOPA) completely prevented the cataleptic effect. The cataleptic effect of 61-91 beta-LPH was potentiated by 1-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).", "contents": "Cataleptic effect of 61-91 beta-lipotropic hormone in rat. Intraventricular administration of a peptide from ovine pituitaries whose structure is identical to the 61-91 C-terminal portion of beta-lipotropic hormone (61-91 beta-LPH) induced catalepsy, muscular hypertonus and analgesia in rats. Naloxone inhibited both the analgesic and cataleptic effects. 1-dihydroxyphenylalanine (1-DOPA) completely prevented the cataleptic effect. The cataleptic effect of 61-91 beta-LPH was potentiated by 1-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)."}
{"id": "PMID:300039", "title": "Thymosin reconstitution of T cell deficits in vitro in cancer patients.", "content": "Thymosin, a soluble extract of fetal calf thymus, has increased cellular immunity in children with thymic deficiency. Prior to therapy, an increase in thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) levels in vitro after incubation with thymosin correlated with a rise in peripheral blood T cell levels and improvement in other parameters of cellular immunity. These correlations constituted the basis for a study of the effects of thymosin on T cell levels in vitro in cancer patients. Groups studied were 350 untreated patients with local-regional solid malignancies, 157 patients cured of these tumors, 340 patients studied at 523 intervals during radiation therapy, 80 patients receiving chemotherapy for disseminated solid malignancies, and 427 normal volunteers. Although there were significant differences among the groups in mean leukocyte, lymphocyte and T cell levels, among those with low T cell levels in each group there was a significant inverse relation between T cell levels after incubation with thymosin in vitro and initial T cell levels, with the exception of patients receiving chemotherapy. In patients receiving chemotherapy, T cell levels increased independently of initial T cell levels. These in vitro observations are consistent with evidence that a major effect of thymosin is maturation of T cell precursors; however, the effect is that of reconstitution at low T cell levels, and not of elevation to levels significantly above normal. The results provide a rationale for clinical trials with thymosin to maintain immune competence during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and for a two-phase approach to immunotherapy of cancer utilizing thymosin for reconstitution of cellular defects followed by administration of agents that potentiate cellular immunity.", "contents": "Thymosin reconstitution of T cell deficits in vitro in cancer patients. Thymosin, a soluble extract of fetal calf thymus, has increased cellular immunity in children with thymic deficiency. Prior to therapy, an increase in thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) levels in vitro after incubation with thymosin correlated with a rise in peripheral blood T cell levels and improvement in other parameters of cellular immunity. These correlations constituted the basis for a study of the effects of thymosin on T cell levels in vitro in cancer patients. Groups studied were 350 untreated patients with local-regional solid malignancies, 157 patients cured of these tumors, 340 patients studied at 523 intervals during radiation therapy, 80 patients receiving chemotherapy for disseminated solid malignancies, and 427 normal volunteers. Although there were significant differences among the groups in mean leukocyte, lymphocyte and T cell levels, among those with low T cell levels in each group there was a significant inverse relation between T cell levels after incubation with thymosin in vitro and initial T cell levels, with the exception of patients receiving chemotherapy. In patients receiving chemotherapy, T cell levels increased independently of initial T cell levels. These in vitro observations are consistent with evidence that a major effect of thymosin is maturation of T cell precursors; however, the effect is that of reconstitution at low T cell levels, and not of elevation to levels significantly above normal. The results provide a rationale for clinical trials with thymosin to maintain immune competence during radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and for a two-phase approach to immunotherapy of cancer utilizing thymosin for reconstitution of cellular defects followed by administration of agents that potentiate cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:300040", "title": "The effects of therapeutic irradiation on lymphocytes and immunity.", "content": "The lymphocytotoxic effect of therapeutic irradiation may lead to immune depression. The significance of such effects is yet to be determined in many malignancies, especially in light of the persistant immune depression in many \"cured\" patients. The present review examines the effects of age, type of cancer, and stage of disease as well as the results of immune parameters following radiation therapy. Factors to be considered in both the analysis of present day data and in future studies are also reviewed.", "contents": "The effects of therapeutic irradiation on lymphocytes and immunity. The lymphocytotoxic effect of therapeutic irradiation may lead to immune depression. The significance of such effects is yet to be determined in many malignancies, especially in light of the persistant immune depression in many \"cured\" patients. The present review examines the effects of age, type of cancer, and stage of disease as well as the results of immune parameters following radiation therapy. Factors to be considered in both the analysis of present day data and in future studies are also reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:300041", "title": "Chromatin phospholipids in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "Certain phospholipids are associated with the nonhistone chromosomal proteins extracted from normal B- and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. The ratio of phospholipids to nonhistone chromosomal proteins was constant with the different methods used for isolating nuclei and extracting the chromatin, although the various methods allowed a different recovery of total lipids from chromatin. Three phospholipids were extractable from the nonhistone protein fraction, but their respective ratios varied in chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to normal B-lymphocytes. The most significant variation concerns the reduction of sphingomyelin content in leukemic lymphocytes, since this prospholipid in vitro affects both DNA stability and transcription.", "contents": "Chromatin phospholipids in normal and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. Certain phospholipids are associated with the nonhistone chromosomal proteins extracted from normal B- and chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. The ratio of phospholipids to nonhistone chromosomal proteins was constant with the different methods used for isolating nuclei and extracting the chromatin, although the various methods allowed a different recovery of total lipids from chromatin. Three phospholipids were extractable from the nonhistone protein fraction, but their respective ratios varied in chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared to normal B-lymphocytes. The most significant variation concerns the reduction of sphingomyelin content in leukemic lymphocytes, since this prospholipid in vitro affects both DNA stability and transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:300042", "title": "The susceptibility of guinea pig cells to the colony-inhibitory activity of lymphotoxin during carcinogenesis.", "content": "The time of susceptibility of cells to lymphotoxin during carcinogenesis was determined. At different stages of in vitro chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation, colony formation of guinea pig cells was evaluated with lymphotoxin obtained from syngeneic nonimmune leukocytes. Cells exhibiting sequential morphological alteration, morphological transformation, and neoplastic transformation had been preserved in liquid nitrogen and, after reintroduction in culture, were analyzed simultaneously for their susceptibility to lymphotoxin. Morphologically altered and morphologically transformed cells at subcultures prior to neoplastic transformation were resistant to lymphotoxin inhibition of colony formation. Cells neoplastically transformed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro or by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or diethylnitrosamine with the host-mediated, in vivo-in vitro method were susceptible and exhibited a quantitatively culture-specific degree of colony inhibition. The parental noncloned and cloned neoplastically transformed cells in each series, furthermore, exhibited similar degrees of colony inhibition, which indicates that lymphotoxin susceptibility developed concomitant with, or close to, the time of neoplastic transformation and remained stable during subsequent cell generations.", "contents": "The susceptibility of guinea pig cells to the colony-inhibitory activity of lymphotoxin during carcinogenesis. The time of susceptibility of cells to lymphotoxin during carcinogenesis was determined. At different stages of in vitro chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation, colony formation of guinea pig cells was evaluated with lymphotoxin obtained from syngeneic nonimmune leukocytes. Cells exhibiting sequential morphological alteration, morphological transformation, and neoplastic transformation had been preserved in liquid nitrogen and, after reintroduction in culture, were analyzed simultaneously for their susceptibility to lymphotoxin. Morphologically altered and morphologically transformed cells at subcultures prior to neoplastic transformation were resistant to lymphotoxin inhibition of colony formation. Cells neoplastically transformed by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in vitro or by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or diethylnitrosamine with the host-mediated, in vivo-in vitro method were susceptible and exhibited a quantitatively culture-specific degree of colony inhibition. The parental noncloned and cloned neoplastically transformed cells in each series, furthermore, exhibited similar degrees of colony inhibition, which indicates that lymphotoxin susceptibility developed concomitant with, or close to, the time of neoplastic transformation and remained stable during subsequent cell generations."}
{"id": "PMID:300043", "title": "The interpeduncular nucleus (ITP). Ultrastructure data indicative of a possible neurosecretory activity.", "content": "Special types of cells of the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) in the fog, Rana esculenta, are described after three typed of fixation: osmium tetroxide, aldehydes and potassium permanganate. Large granules with a sub-unit structure occurring together with bundles of filaments and elongated mitochondria are illustrated in the processes of cells, the perikarya of which lie distant from the ependymal lining of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Such processes cross the ITP in a dorso-ventral direction perpendicular to the fibers which traverse the nucleus in a horizontal and frontal plane. They reach the subpial ventral surface of the nucleus ending in foot-like expansions where granules and mitochondria are assembled. The secretory nature of the granules is assumed. The release of possible peptide hormones into the interpeduncular cistern, where a pool of cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels occur, cannot be excluded.", "contents": "The interpeduncular nucleus (ITP). Ultrastructure data indicative of a possible neurosecretory activity. Special types of cells of the interpeduncular nucleus (ITP) in the fog, Rana esculenta, are described after three typed of fixation: osmium tetroxide, aldehydes and potassium permanganate. Large granules with a sub-unit structure occurring together with bundles of filaments and elongated mitochondria are illustrated in the processes of cells, the perikarya of which lie distant from the ependymal lining of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Such processes cross the ITP in a dorso-ventral direction perpendicular to the fibers which traverse the nucleus in a horizontal and frontal plane. They reach the subpial ventral surface of the nucleus ending in foot-like expansions where granules and mitochondria are assembled. The secretory nature of the granules is assumed. The release of possible peptide hormones into the interpeduncular cistern, where a pool of cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels occur, cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:300045", "title": "Ventricular apical vents and postoperative focal contraction abnormalities in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "Ventriculograms made 9-15 months after surgery in 48 patients with normal preoperative apical contraction were reviewed to determine the influence of apical venting on apical wall motion in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. After interpretation of postoperative apical wall motion, the patients were subdivided into two groups. One group consisted of 34 patients who were vented by inserting a catheter through the apex of the left ventricle and the second group included 14 patients in whom no transventricular vent was made. The two groups were similar clinically and hemodynamically before surgery, and the surgical procedures were similar with the exception of vent site. Following surgery, incidences of graft patency and antegrade flow to the apex were also similar. Nineteen (56%) patients in the apically vented group had apical dyskinesia or akinesia observed on the postoperative ventriculogram while none of the patients who were not apically vented had these findings. None of the patients with apical dyskinesia or akinesia had congestive heart failure following surgery. The postoperative ventriculograms of 12 patients with mitral stenosis who underwent valvulotomy by inserting a Tubbs dilator through the apex were also analyzed. Only one patient (8.5%) had apical dyskinesia or akinesia. Since the patients with mitral stenosis probably did not have significant coronary artery disease, it is possible that the combination of the apical vent and ischemic heart disease was responsible for the focal contraction abnormalities observed.", "contents": "Ventricular apical vents and postoperative focal contraction abnormalities in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Ventriculograms made 9-15 months after surgery in 48 patients with normal preoperative apical contraction were reviewed to determine the influence of apical venting on apical wall motion in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. After interpretation of postoperative apical wall motion, the patients were subdivided into two groups. One group consisted of 34 patients who were vented by inserting a catheter through the apex of the left ventricle and the second group included 14 patients in whom no transventricular vent was made. The two groups were similar clinically and hemodynamically before surgery, and the surgical procedures were similar with the exception of vent site. Following surgery, incidences of graft patency and antegrade flow to the apex were also similar. Nineteen (56%) patients in the apically vented group had apical dyskinesia or akinesia observed on the postoperative ventriculogram while none of the patients who were not apically vented had these findings. None of the patients with apical dyskinesia or akinesia had congestive heart failure following surgery. The postoperative ventriculograms of 12 patients with mitral stenosis who underwent valvulotomy by inserting a Tubbs dilator through the apex were also analyzed. Only one patient (8.5%) had apical dyskinesia or akinesia. Since the patients with mitral stenosis probably did not have significant coronary artery disease, it is possible that the combination of the apical vent and ischemic heart disease was responsible for the focal contraction abnormalities observed."}
{"id": "PMID:300046", "title": "Familial occurrence of histiocytosis.", "content": "The clinical and histological findings of four children with lethal histiocytosis are reported. The children belonged to two sibships and originated from a Swedish geographical isolate. Consanguinity between the parents was established for one of the sibships, belonging to a pedigree in which malignant disease occurred in two generations. The observations indicate that the type of histiocytosis investigated is caused by homozygosity for a single recessive gene. The association between histiocytosis and malignancy is discussed.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of histiocytosis. The clinical and histological findings of four children with lethal histiocytosis are reported. The children belonged to two sibships and originated from a Swedish geographical isolate. Consanguinity between the parents was established for one of the sibships, belonging to a pedigree in which malignant disease occurred in two generations. The observations indicate that the type of histiocytosis investigated is caused by homozygosity for a single recessive gene. The association between histiocytosis and malignancy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300048", "title": "The disposition of sulindac.", "content": "The disposition of sulindac, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, has been studied in normal volunteers in five separate clinical studies. Based upon material balance considerations, a minimum of approximately 88% of an oral dose is absorbed. The major biotransformations involve irreversible oxidation of the sulfinyl group of sulindac to sulfone and reduction to the corresponding sulfide. The latter, which all available evidence indicates to be the pharmacologically active form of sulindac, is not excreted in urine, and has an apparent terminal half-life of 18.2 hr, well suited to twice daily dosage of its pro-drug. Following twice daily dosage of sulindac for 5 days, plasma levels of sulfide approach an apparent steady state with concentrations varying only within a twofold range over each dosage interval. The reversible biotransformation between sulindac and its active sulfide metabolite provides the basis for two therapeutic advantages relating to the gastrointestinal intolerance usually associated with anti-inflammatory drugs: (1) circumvention of initial exposure of gastric and small intestinal mucosa to the active form of the drug and (2) maintenance of systemic levels of active drug by means of enterohepatic recycling, principally of inactive pro-drug.", "contents": "The disposition of sulindac. The disposition of sulindac, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, has been studied in normal volunteers in five separate clinical studies. Based upon material balance considerations, a minimum of approximately 88% of an oral dose is absorbed. The major biotransformations involve irreversible oxidation of the sulfinyl group of sulindac to sulfone and reduction to the corresponding sulfide. The latter, which all available evidence indicates to be the pharmacologically active form of sulindac, is not excreted in urine, and has an apparent terminal half-life of 18.2 hr, well suited to twice daily dosage of its pro-drug. Following twice daily dosage of sulindac for 5 days, plasma levels of sulfide approach an apparent steady state with concentrations varying only within a twofold range over each dosage interval. The reversible biotransformation between sulindac and its active sulfide metabolite provides the basis for two therapeutic advantages relating to the gastrointestinal intolerance usually associated with anti-inflammatory drugs: (1) circumvention of initial exposure of gastric and small intestinal mucosa to the active form of the drug and (2) maintenance of systemic levels of active drug by means of enterohepatic recycling, principally of inactive pro-drug."}
{"id": "PMID:300050", "title": "The changing status of ejection fraction as a predictor of early mortality following surgery for acquired heart disease.", "content": "Several reports in the literature and our experience prior to 1974 support the thesis that operative risk in patients with acquired heart disease and poor ventricular function (as assessed by a biplane ejection fraction [EF] less than or equal to 0.40) was very significantly increased over the risk in patients with normal ventricular function. These results led to disagreement in the literature regarding the advisability of surgery in patients with poor ventricular function. Various EFs from less than 0.31 to less than 0.50 were suggested as contradicting elective surgery, while more aggressive groups recommended surgery in all patients with angina. Precise comparison of the results reported by different groups was not always possible because of the common reliance on single-plane right anterior oblique ventriculograms, which tend to underestimate EF and overestimate operative risk. Using biplane ventribulograms for accurate estimation of EF, we have demonstrated a significant reduction in 30-day operative risk to a clinically acceptable 3 percent (1/32) for single valve replacement and aortocoronary surgery patients with poor ventricular function (EF less than or equal to 0.40) during 1974. Considering the high risk of medically treated patients with reduced ventricular function, these results support further evaluation of surgical palliation for patients with valvular or coronary heart disease and reduced ventricular function.", "contents": "The changing status of ejection fraction as a predictor of early mortality following surgery for acquired heart disease. Several reports in the literature and our experience prior to 1974 support the thesis that operative risk in patients with acquired heart disease and poor ventricular function (as assessed by a biplane ejection fraction [EF] less than or equal to 0.40) was very significantly increased over the risk in patients with normal ventricular function. These results led to disagreement in the literature regarding the advisability of surgery in patients with poor ventricular function. Various EFs from less than 0.31 to less than 0.50 were suggested as contradicting elective surgery, while more aggressive groups recommended surgery in all patients with angina. Precise comparison of the results reported by different groups was not always possible because of the common reliance on single-plane right anterior oblique ventriculograms, which tend to underestimate EF and overestimate operative risk. Using biplane ventribulograms for accurate estimation of EF, we have demonstrated a significant reduction in 30-day operative risk to a clinically acceptable 3 percent (1/32) for single valve replacement and aortocoronary surgery patients with poor ventricular function (EF less than or equal to 0.40) during 1974. Considering the high risk of medically treated patients with reduced ventricular function, these results support further evaluation of surgical palliation for patients with valvular or coronary heart disease and reduced ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:300051", "title": "Morphometric studies in triacetyloleandomycin-induced ultrastructural modifications of rat hepatocyte mitochondria.", "content": "Morphometric parameters of mitochondria such as volumetric density, surface density of envelopes and cristae and numerical density were calculated for control untreated and triacetyloleandomycin (TAO)-treated rat hepatocytes using a point-counting technique. Moreover, morphometric parameters calculated experimentally and those computed on the basis of the least square interpolation and the agreement with the chi2 test, were compared. The equations modelling each main morphometric parameter of experimental motochondria were also computed. Morphometric study revealed that TAO produces a highly reproducible pattern of morphological alterations in the mitochondrial population of rat hepatocytes, and a good agreement between experimental and theoretical data was found. The response of hepatocyte mitochondria to TAO may be modelled by parabolic functions described by equations of the second degree. During the whole experimental period, the number of mitochondria decreases, but the specific volume of mitochondria increases. The area of the cristae surface per mitochondrion does not change substantially during the whole experimental period but since the quantity of internal mitochondrial membranes per hepatocyte is less in the later experimental period than in control material, it can be assumed that the oxidizing capacity per hepatocyte has diminished. The morphometric model based on TAO-treated hepatocyte mitochondria is different from those so far described in the literature for rat liver.", "contents": "Morphometric studies in triacetyloleandomycin-induced ultrastructural modifications of rat hepatocyte mitochondria. Morphometric parameters of mitochondria such as volumetric density, surface density of envelopes and cristae and numerical density were calculated for control untreated and triacetyloleandomycin (TAO)-treated rat hepatocytes using a point-counting technique. Moreover, morphometric parameters calculated experimentally and those computed on the basis of the least square interpolation and the agreement with the chi2 test, were compared. The equations modelling each main morphometric parameter of experimental motochondria were also computed. Morphometric study revealed that TAO produces a highly reproducible pattern of morphological alterations in the mitochondrial population of rat hepatocytes, and a good agreement between experimental and theoretical data was found. The response of hepatocyte mitochondria to TAO may be modelled by parabolic functions described by equations of the second degree. During the whole experimental period, the number of mitochondria decreases, but the specific volume of mitochondria increases. The area of the cristae surface per mitochondrion does not change substantially during the whole experimental period but since the quantity of internal mitochondrial membranes per hepatocyte is less in the later experimental period than in control material, it can be assumed that the oxidizing capacity per hepatocyte has diminished. The morphometric model based on TAO-treated hepatocyte mitochondria is different from those so far described in the literature for rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:300053", "title": "[Emergency treatment of haemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors using activated prothrombin complex concentrates (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe rectal bleeding in a 6-year-old boy with haemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors could not be stopped with factor VIII concentrates. But a good effect was achieved with activated prothrombin complex concentrates (fraction FEIBA), given over eight days. Amaurosis occurred as a complication after injection of the first dose, but disappeared completely within several minutes. Tests revealed accelerated intravascular coagulation with increased fibrin monomers and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products.", "contents": "[Emergency treatment of haemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors using activated prothrombin complex concentrates (author's transl)]. Severe rectal bleeding in a 6-year-old boy with haemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors could not be stopped with factor VIII concentrates. But a good effect was achieved with activated prothrombin complex concentrates (fraction FEIBA), given over eight days. Amaurosis occurred as a complication after injection of the first dose, but disappeared completely within several minutes. Tests revealed accelerated intravascular coagulation with increased fibrin monomers and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products."}
{"id": "PMID:300054", "title": "Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. I. Characterization of the response of granulosa cells to FGF and EGF.", "content": "Despite numerous studies on the effects of gonadotropins on ovarian cells in tissue culture, the factors controlling the proliferation of granulosa cells in vitro remain unknown. We have examined the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on granulosa cell proliferation in vitro in an attempt to clarify their possible roles in the control of ovarian development. FGF and EGF both stimulate DNA synthesis in resting populations of granulosa cells. The half-maximal response forthis effect with FGF was observed at 4 X 10(-11)M and with EGF at 1.5 X 10(-13)M. Autoradiography demonstrated that the whole cell population initiated DNA synthesis in the presence of either EGF or FGF, thus precluding an additive effect of the two mitogens. When cells were maintained at low density (100 cells/cm2) in the presence of low serum (1%) they divided with a doubling time of 48-72 h, but addition of either EGF or FGF accelerated their proliferation. The doubling time observed in the presence of FGF was 16 h versus 20 h with EGF and the final cell density reached in the presence of EGF or FGF was 20 times that of cells maintained in the presence of 1% calf serum alone. In the presence of 10% serum, granulosa cells had a doubling time of 24 h and the final density reached was similar to that observed in 1% serum with EGF and FGF. Addition of EGF or FGF to 10% serum resulted in a final density 3 to 4-fold higher than that observed with 10% serum alone. The ultrastructure of the granulosa cells grown in the presence of EGF or FGF was similar to that of cells maintained in the absence of added mitogens. The only marked difference was that cells grown in the presence of FGF or EGF had a high lipid granule content while cells grown in their absence had a low lipid granule content. The effect of various concentrations of FGF and EGF on the proliferation of granulosa cells has been analyzed. The minimal effective dose of EGF was 3 X 10(-14)M and saturation was observed at 3 X 10(-11)M, with a half-maximal response at 6 X 10(-13)M. With FGF the minimal dose stimulating proliferation was 1.5 X 10(-12)M and saturation was achieved at 1.5 X 10(-10)M, with a half-maximal response at 3 X 10(-11)M. Our results show that EGF and FGF are the most potent mitogens ever observed and are mitogenic for granulosa cells at 300 to 3000-fold lower concentrations than for other cell types which have been studied, such as fibroblasts or lens epithelial cells.", "contents": "Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. I. Characterization of the response of granulosa cells to FGF and EGF. Despite numerous studies on the effects of gonadotropins on ovarian cells in tissue culture, the factors controlling the proliferation of granulosa cells in vitro remain unknown. We have examined the effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on granulosa cell proliferation in vitro in an attempt to clarify their possible roles in the control of ovarian development. FGF and EGF both stimulate DNA synthesis in resting populations of granulosa cells. The half-maximal response forthis effect with FGF was observed at 4 X 10(-11)M and with EGF at 1.5 X 10(-13)M. Autoradiography demonstrated that the whole cell population initiated DNA synthesis in the presence of either EGF or FGF, thus precluding an additive effect of the two mitogens. When cells were maintained at low density (100 cells/cm2) in the presence of low serum (1%) they divided with a doubling time of 48-72 h, but addition of either EGF or FGF accelerated their proliferation. The doubling time observed in the presence of FGF was 16 h versus 20 h with EGF and the final cell density reached in the presence of EGF or FGF was 20 times that of cells maintained in the presence of 1% calf serum alone. In the presence of 10% serum, granulosa cells had a doubling time of 24 h and the final density reached was similar to that observed in 1% serum with EGF and FGF. Addition of EGF or FGF to 10% serum resulted in a final density 3 to 4-fold higher than that observed with 10% serum alone. The ultrastructure of the granulosa cells grown in the presence of EGF or FGF was similar to that of cells maintained in the absence of added mitogens. The only marked difference was that cells grown in the presence of FGF or EGF had a high lipid granule content while cells grown in their absence had a low lipid granule content. The effect of various concentrations of FGF and EGF on the proliferation of granulosa cells has been analyzed. The minimal effective dose of EGF was 3 X 10(-14)M and saturation was observed at 3 X 10(-11)M, with a half-maximal response at 6 X 10(-13)M. With FGF the minimal dose stimulating proliferation was 1.5 X 10(-12)M and saturation was achieved at 1.5 X 10(-10)M, with a half-maximal response at 3 X 10(-11)M. Our results show that EGF and FGF are the most potent mitogens ever observed and are mitogenic for granulosa cells at 300 to 3000-fold lower concentrations than for other cell types which have been studied, such as fibroblasts or lens epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300055", "title": "Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. II. Proliferative response of luteal cells to FGF but not EGF.", "content": "The effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on luteal cell proliferation in vitro has been examined. Luteal cells maintained in the presence of low serum (1%) go through a doubling after 7 days. Addition of EGF induced one more doubling of the cells, after which the cells became resting. In contrast, FGF induced the cells to divide logarithmically with a cell cycle of 48 h. The effect of FGF was dependent on the serum and FGF concentrations. It has been obtained with serum concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 10% and with FGF concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng to 10 ng/ml. The half-maximal FGF response was observed at 1.5 x 10(-11)M. In contrast, EGF has no effect besides causing an initial cell doubline within the same range of serum or FGF concentrations. Since granulosa cells have been shown to be highly sensitive to EGF as well as FGF, it can be concluded that during the luteinization process that sensitivity of the cells to EGF is lost, while the sensitivity of FGF is retained. This demonstrates that although luteal cells and granulosa cells are interrelated cell types their sensitivity to growth factors such as EGF is quite different.", "contents": "Effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on ovarian cell proliferation in vitro. II. Proliferative response of luteal cells to FGF but not EGF. The effect of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on luteal cell proliferation in vitro has been examined. Luteal cells maintained in the presence of low serum (1%) go through a doubling after 7 days. Addition of EGF induced one more doubling of the cells, after which the cells became resting. In contrast, FGF induced the cells to divide logarithmically with a cell cycle of 48 h. The effect of FGF was dependent on the serum and FGF concentrations. It has been obtained with serum concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 10% and with FGF concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng to 10 ng/ml. The half-maximal FGF response was observed at 1.5 x 10(-11)M. In contrast, EGF has no effect besides causing an initial cell doubline within the same range of serum or FGF concentrations. Since granulosa cells have been shown to be highly sensitive to EGF as well as FGF, it can be concluded that during the luteinization process that sensitivity of the cells to EGF is lost, while the sensitivity of FGF is retained. This demonstrates that although luteal cells and granulosa cells are interrelated cell types their sensitivity to growth factors such as EGF is quite different."}
{"id": "PMID:300056", "title": "A superfusion system technique for the study of the sites of action of glucocorticoids in the rat hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in vitro. II. Hypothalamus-pituitary cell-adrenal cell superfusion.", "content": "Basal and stimulated CRF release by hypothalamic blocks was studied by coupling the effluent of superfused hypothalamus tissue to a joint pituitary cell-adrenal cell superfusion system and measuring corticosterone production. Log dose-response curves of the adrenal cells for ACTH and of the pituitary cell-adrenal cell system for CRF were linear over the ranges used. Ca++-independent basal CRF release by the hypothalamus could be blocked in vitro by 0.2 mug/ml dexamethasone in the medium, or in vivo by treating the hypothalamus donor rats with corticosterone, 1 mg/rat ip 30 min before decapitation. These treatments did not impair CRF release caused by Veratridine (5 x 10(-6)M or by electrical stimulation. Adrenalectomy increased only basal but not stimulated CRF release. These results indicate that glucocorticoids have a hypothalamic site of action.", "contents": "A superfusion system technique for the study of the sites of action of glucocorticoids in the rat hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in vitro. II. Hypothalamus-pituitary cell-adrenal cell superfusion. Basal and stimulated CRF release by hypothalamic blocks was studied by coupling the effluent of superfused hypothalamus tissue to a joint pituitary cell-adrenal cell superfusion system and measuring corticosterone production. Log dose-response curves of the adrenal cells for ACTH and of the pituitary cell-adrenal cell system for CRF were linear over the ranges used. Ca++-independent basal CRF release by the hypothalamus could be blocked in vitro by 0.2 mug/ml dexamethasone in the medium, or in vivo by treating the hypothalamus donor rats with corticosterone, 1 mg/rat ip 30 min before decapitation. These treatments did not impair CRF release caused by Veratridine (5 x 10(-6)M or by electrical stimulation. Adrenalectomy increased only basal but not stimulated CRF release. These results indicate that glucocorticoids have a hypothalamic site of action."}
{"id": "PMID:300057", "title": "Immunodeficiency with lymphoid hyperplasia.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old boy presented with recurrent respiratory tract infections, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Immunologic evaluation revealed a deficiency of humoral immunity. Repeated lymph node biopsies during a 10-year follow-up constantly showed excessive follicular hyperplasia with huge germinal centers consisting of germinoblasts, but lacking plasma cells. The disease can be interpreted as a subtype of the common variable immunodeficiency in which the commutation of germinoblasts to plasma cells in the evolution of B cells is blocked.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency with lymphoid hyperplasia. A 2 1/2-year-old boy presented with recurrent respiratory tract infections, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Immunologic evaluation revealed a deficiency of humoral immunity. Repeated lymph node biopsies during a 10-year follow-up constantly showed excessive follicular hyperplasia with huge germinal centers consisting of germinoblasts, but lacking plasma cells. The disease can be interpreted as a subtype of the common variable immunodeficiency in which the commutation of germinoblasts to plasma cells in the evolution of B cells is blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:300058", "title": "Immunological studies in childhood scleroderma.", "content": "The results of immunological studies on 13 children suffering from scleroderma are reported. Antinuclear antibodies with speckled pattern of fluorescence could be found in systemic sclerosis and in 3 patients with scleroderma en bandes. The same patients (except but one with PSS) demonstrated high levels of DNA antibodies. The 2 patients with PSS were found to have a very low percentage of T cells, whereas the percentage of B cells was increased. The results demonstrate the significance of autoimmunity not only in systemic sclerosis but also in focal scleroderma. Beyond this it can be presumed that immune deficiency (with a defect in cellular immunity) may be the predisposing cause of at least progressive systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "Immunological studies in childhood scleroderma. The results of immunological studies on 13 children suffering from scleroderma are reported. Antinuclear antibodies with speckled pattern of fluorescence could be found in systemic sclerosis and in 3 patients with scleroderma en bandes. The same patients (except but one with PSS) demonstrated high levels of DNA antibodies. The 2 patients with PSS were found to have a very low percentage of T cells, whereas the percentage of B cells was increased. The results demonstrate the significance of autoimmunity not only in systemic sclerosis but also in focal scleroderma. Beyond this it can be presumed that immune deficiency (with a defect in cellular immunity) may be the predisposing cause of at least progressive systemic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300059", "title": "Response characteristics and vestibular receptor convergence of frog cerebellar purkinje cells. A natural stimulation study.", "content": "1. The horizontal sinusoidal frequency response and the problem of vestibular receptor convergence in Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the auriculum, dorsal rim and corpus cerebelli were studied in curarized frogs with natural stimulation. 2. Primarily \"simple\" but also \"complex\" spikes were evoked by sinusoidal stimulation of the horizontal canals. P-cell \"simple\" spike activity could be grouped into types I-IV. Type I and II responses were directionally sensitive and thus were evoked at the stimulus frequency. Type III (and IV) cells, on the other hand, had response waveforms double that of the input frequency, with peak increases (or decreases) in discharge inphase with head velocity in the mid-frequency range. Except in the cerebellar midline regions where type III response waveforms were symmetrical, ipsilateral sinusoidal responses were larger in magnitude than those evoked during contralateral rotation. Despite the differences in magnitudes, ipsi- and contralateral response phase angles for one cell were approximately equal. \"Complex\" spikes were evoked with ipsi (type I) or contralateral (type II) horizontal rotation. Generally only 1-2 spikes were evoked per cycle with short (0-60 degrees) or long (120-150 degrees) phase-lags following acceleration. 3. A Bode analysis of type I \"simple\" spike activity in yaw indicates a slightly greater phase-lag and a 10-15 fold smaller P-cell gain in the range 0.05-0.5 Hz when compared to peripheral horizontal canal neurons. 4. Stimulation of the vertical canals and otolith organs also evoked \"simple\" and, to a lesser extent, \"complex\" P-cell spikes. \"Simple\" spikes were in most cases (85%) evoked by stimulation of several canal and/or otolithic receptors thus demonstrating a high degree of receptor convergence. \"Complex\" spikes, however, were only evoked by stimulation of one canal or otolith receptor. 5. Otolithic input to P-cells, examined statically and with low level constant velocity rolls, was mainly phasic or phasic-tonic in nature.", "contents": "Response characteristics and vestibular receptor convergence of frog cerebellar purkinje cells. A natural stimulation study. 1. The horizontal sinusoidal frequency response and the problem of vestibular receptor convergence in Purkinje cells (P-cells) of the auriculum, dorsal rim and corpus cerebelli were studied in curarized frogs with natural stimulation. 2. Primarily \"simple\" but also \"complex\" spikes were evoked by sinusoidal stimulation of the horizontal canals. P-cell \"simple\" spike activity could be grouped into types I-IV. Type I and II responses were directionally sensitive and thus were evoked at the stimulus frequency. Type III (and IV) cells, on the other hand, had response waveforms double that of the input frequency, with peak increases (or decreases) in discharge inphase with head velocity in the mid-frequency range. Except in the cerebellar midline regions where type III response waveforms were symmetrical, ipsilateral sinusoidal responses were larger in magnitude than those evoked during contralateral rotation. Despite the differences in magnitudes, ipsi- and contralateral response phase angles for one cell were approximately equal. \"Complex\" spikes were evoked with ipsi (type I) or contralateral (type II) horizontal rotation. Generally only 1-2 spikes were evoked per cycle with short (0-60 degrees) or long (120-150 degrees) phase-lags following acceleration. 3. A Bode analysis of type I \"simple\" spike activity in yaw indicates a slightly greater phase-lag and a 10-15 fold smaller P-cell gain in the range 0.05-0.5 Hz when compared to peripheral horizontal canal neurons. 4. Stimulation of the vertical canals and otolith organs also evoked \"simple\" and, to a lesser extent, \"complex\" P-cell spikes. \"Simple\" spikes were in most cases (85%) evoked by stimulation of several canal and/or otolithic receptors thus demonstrating a high degree of receptor convergence. \"Complex\" spikes, however, were only evoked by stimulation of one canal or otolith receptor. 5. Otolithic input to P-cells, examined statically and with low level constant velocity rolls, was mainly phasic or phasic-tonic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:300060", "title": "Relation of a cross-reactive idiotype to genetic control of the immune response.", "content": "Antibodies elicited in strain A mice by immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-p-azophenylarsonate (KLH-Ar) produce anti-Ar antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI); in general, 20 to 70% of the antihapten antibody population carries the idiotype. Large amounts of antibody can be produced by the induction of ascitic fluids, using a 9:1 ratio of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to antigen. Antibodies with the CRI can be isolated by isoelectric focusing from selected mice that have produced a high concentration of the CRI. The H chains exhibit a single homogeneous sequence through the first hypervariable region and, when isolated from a large number of individual mice, appear to be invariant in the first framework region. These findings indicate that somatic mutation is not a significant factor in the determination of framework sequences. Appearance of the CRI can be suppressed in adult A/J mice by administration of rabbit anti-idiotypic antiserum prior to immunization. Such suppressed mice produce normal concentrations of anti-Ar antibodies lacking the CRI. Anti-idiotypic antibodies produced against such antibodies failed to show cross-reactivity with anti-Ar antibodies arising in idiotypically suppressed or nonsuppressed A/J mice. The great sensitivity of the assay indicates that the number of such \"private\" idiotypes, all present on anti-Ar antibodies of a single strain, must be extremely large; this supports a somatic mechanism for the generation of diversity. The \"private\" idiotypes arising in suppressed, hyperimmunized mice can be adoptively transferred into multiple, irradiated (200 R) recipients by injections of spleen cells or of cells from ascitic fluids. The use of ascitic fluids permits the rapid production of a colony of mice bearing the idiotype. This should facilitate structural studies of a variety of idiotypically different molecules sharing the same (anti-Ar) specificity, as well as studies of the mechanism of suppression.", "contents": "Relation of a cross-reactive idiotype to genetic control of the immune response. Antibodies elicited in strain A mice by immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-p-azophenylarsonate (KLH-Ar) produce anti-Ar antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI); in general, 20 to 70% of the antihapten antibody population carries the idiotype. Large amounts of antibody can be produced by the induction of ascitic fluids, using a 9:1 ratio of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to antigen. Antibodies with the CRI can be isolated by isoelectric focusing from selected mice that have produced a high concentration of the CRI. The H chains exhibit a single homogeneous sequence through the first hypervariable region and, when isolated from a large number of individual mice, appear to be invariant in the first framework region. These findings indicate that somatic mutation is not a significant factor in the determination of framework sequences. Appearance of the CRI can be suppressed in adult A/J mice by administration of rabbit anti-idiotypic antiserum prior to immunization. Such suppressed mice produce normal concentrations of anti-Ar antibodies lacking the CRI. Anti-idiotypic antibodies produced against such antibodies failed to show cross-reactivity with anti-Ar antibodies arising in idiotypically suppressed or nonsuppressed A/J mice. The great sensitivity of the assay indicates that the number of such \"private\" idiotypes, all present on anti-Ar antibodies of a single strain, must be extremely large; this supports a somatic mechanism for the generation of diversity. The \"private\" idiotypes arising in suppressed, hyperimmunized mice can be adoptively transferred into multiple, irradiated (200 R) recipients by injections of spleen cells or of cells from ascitic fluids. The use of ascitic fluids permits the rapid production of a colony of mice bearing the idiotype. This should facilitate structural studies of a variety of idiotypically different molecules sharing the same (anti-Ar) specificity, as well as studies of the mechanism of suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:300062", "title": "Action of the triglycyl hormonogen of vasopressin (glypressin) in patients with liver cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Seven patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices, all with a base line wedge hepatic vein pressure greater than 20 cm H2O, received 1-mg doses of vasopressin hormonogen (tGLVP) intravenously. There was a significant mean decrease in wedge pressure of 32%, which lasted for at least 20 min (the duration of measurement), with no change in cardiac output measured. The only cardiac response was a 10 to 20% bradycardia at the height of the moderate pressor response-otherwise the ECG was without change. In 5 patients who received the same tGLVP dose during surgery, direct measurements of portal venous pressure showed the same degree of decrease within 10 min of intravenous injection. Fifteen patients with liver cirrhosis and severe bleeding from esophageal varices were treated conservatively with blood transfusion and tGLVP as the only major drug aside from antibiotics. A nonrandomized control group of 13 patients with the same age distribution, stage of disease, number of previous bleeds, etc., was treated conservatively in the same manner, except that they received either no hemodynamically active drugs or short acting neurohypophysial peptide preparations such as Pitressin. In the control group there was a 61.5% total mortality, a 53.8% mortality directly related to uncontrollable bleeding, and a mean duration of the bleeding episode of 11 days. In the tGLVP-treated group total mortality was 20%, mortality directly related to uncontrollable bleeding was 13.3%, and mean duration of the bleeding episode was 2.9 days. These results appear to justify a large scale clinical trial of the vasopressin hormonogen in this disease.", "contents": "Action of the triglycyl hormonogen of vasopressin (glypressin) in patients with liver cirrhosis and bleeding esophageal varices. Seven patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and esophageal varices, all with a base line wedge hepatic vein pressure greater than 20 cm H2O, received 1-mg doses of vasopressin hormonogen (tGLVP) intravenously. There was a significant mean decrease in wedge pressure of 32%, which lasted for at least 20 min (the duration of measurement), with no change in cardiac output measured. The only cardiac response was a 10 to 20% bradycardia at the height of the moderate pressor response-otherwise the ECG was without change. In 5 patients who received the same tGLVP dose during surgery, direct measurements of portal venous pressure showed the same degree of decrease within 10 min of intravenous injection. Fifteen patients with liver cirrhosis and severe bleeding from esophageal varices were treated conservatively with blood transfusion and tGLVP as the only major drug aside from antibiotics. A nonrandomized control group of 13 patients with the same age distribution, stage of disease, number of previous bleeds, etc., was treated conservatively in the same manner, except that they received either no hemodynamically active drugs or short acting neurohypophysial peptide preparations such as Pitressin. In the control group there was a 61.5% total mortality, a 53.8% mortality directly related to uncontrollable bleeding, and a mean duration of the bleeding episode of 11 days. In the tGLVP-treated group total mortality was 20%, mortality directly related to uncontrollable bleeding was 13.3%, and mean duration of the bleeding episode was 2.9 days. These results appear to justify a large scale clinical trial of the vasopressin hormonogen in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300063", "title": "On the nature and etiology of vascular ectasias of the colon. Degenerative lesions of aging.", "content": "Vascular lesions of the right colon are being diagnosed increasingly as a cause of lower intestinal bleeding, but their nature and occurrence, primarily in the elderly, remains unexplained. Colons from patients with clinical and angiographic diagnoses of cecal vascular lesions were studied by injection and clearing, and by histological sections. In all injected specimens one or more mucosal vascular ectasias were identified. The mucosal lesions appeared to be secondary to dilated tortuous submucosal veins which were the more prominent feature and were often present without the mucosal ectasia. This suggests that ectasias are caused by chronic, intermittent, low grade obstruction to submucosal veins with dilation and tortuosity initially  of submucosal veins, then of venules, capillaries, and arteries of the mucosal vascular unit. Ultimately, precapillary sphincters lose their competency, producing small arteriovenous communications. The concept that ectasias are degenerative lesions was evaluated by studying 15 right colons resected for carcinoma with no history of bleeding. Mucosal ectasias were identified in four colons and submucosal ectasias in eight. These investigations suggested that these lesions: (1) are vascular ectasias developing as a degenerative process of aging, (2) are present with or without bleeding in a significant portion of the population over 60 years of age, (3) are multiple more often than single, and (4) may represent the commonest cause of major lower intestinal bleeding in the elderly.", "contents": "On the nature and etiology of vascular ectasias of the colon. Degenerative lesions of aging. Vascular lesions of the right colon are being diagnosed increasingly as a cause of lower intestinal bleeding, but their nature and occurrence, primarily in the elderly, remains unexplained. Colons from patients with clinical and angiographic diagnoses of cecal vascular lesions were studied by injection and clearing, and by histological sections. In all injected specimens one or more mucosal vascular ectasias were identified. The mucosal lesions appeared to be secondary to dilated tortuous submucosal veins which were the more prominent feature and were often present without the mucosal ectasia. This suggests that ectasias are caused by chronic, intermittent, low grade obstruction to submucosal veins with dilation and tortuosity initially  of submucosal veins, then of venules, capillaries, and arteries of the mucosal vascular unit. Ultimately, precapillary sphincters lose their competency, producing small arteriovenous communications. The concept that ectasias are degenerative lesions was evaluated by studying 15 right colons resected for carcinoma with no history of bleeding. Mucosal ectasias were identified in four colons and submucosal ectasias in eight. These investigations suggested that these lesions: (1) are vascular ectasias developing as a degenerative process of aging, (2) are present with or without bleeding in a significant portion of the population over 60 years of age, (3) are multiple more often than single, and (4) may represent the commonest cause of major lower intestinal bleeding in the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:300070", "title": "Elastases from human and canine granulocytes, II. Interaction with protease inhibitors of animal, plant, and microbial origin.", "content": "Inhibitors of animal, plant, and microbial origin were tested against human and canine granulocytic elastases. The trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from dog submandibular glands, from soybeans (Bowman-Birk) and from chickpeas show strong interaction with these proteases (Ki = 10(-8) - 10(-9)M). The trypsin-kallikrein inactivator of bovine organs (Trasylol) is not active against granulocytic elastases or against human granulocytic cathepsin G. Elastatinal, a specific inhibitor of elastases, isolated from actinomycetes (Streptomyces griseoruber), forms stable complexes with elastase from human (Ki = 6.2 X 10(-6)M) and canine granulocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-6)M). A possible therapeutic application of these inhibitors for the inactivation of granulocytic proteases, which are able to degrade connective tissue in different pathological states, is discussed.", "contents": "Elastases from human and canine granulocytes, II. Interaction with protease inhibitors of animal, plant, and microbial origin. Inhibitors of animal, plant, and microbial origin were tested against human and canine granulocytic elastases. The trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors from dog submandibular glands, from soybeans (Bowman-Birk) and from chickpeas show strong interaction with these proteases (Ki = 10(-8) - 10(-9)M). The trypsin-kallikrein inactivator of bovine organs (Trasylol) is not active against granulocytic elastases or against human granulocytic cathepsin G. Elastatinal, a specific inhibitor of elastases, isolated from actinomycetes (Streptomyces griseoruber), forms stable complexes with elastase from human (Ki = 6.2 X 10(-6)M) and canine granulocytes (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-6)M). A possible therapeutic application of these inhibitors for the inactivation of granulocytic proteases, which are able to degrade connective tissue in different pathological states, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300071", "title": "Genetic controls and cellular interactions in antibody formation.", "content": "Both thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow--derived lymphocytes (B cells) play critical roles in specific antibody responses to antigens. Genetic controls of the antibody response in mammals have been found to reside largely within the major histocompatibility complex where different genes appear to code for immune response (Ir), immune suppression (Is), and cell interaction (CI) molecules.", "contents": "Genetic controls and cellular interactions in antibody formation. Both thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow--derived lymphocytes (B cells) play critical roles in specific antibody responses to antigens. Genetic controls of the antibody response in mammals have been found to reside largely within the major histocompatibility complex where different genes appear to code for immune response (Ir), immune suppression (Is), and cell interaction (CI) molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:300072", "title": "Brain-associated thymic antigen in chickens.", "content": "Sera were produced in rabbits against a saline extract of chicken embryo brain (CBE). The rabbit anti-chicken brain (RACB) sera revealed, in micro-Ouchterlony studies, brain-associated antigens in extracts from the thymus, bursa, spleen and kidney. Absorption of the sera with normal serum (ns) and kidney (K), (RACBns, K), removed all reactivity with tissues other than brain. However, cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the kidney-absorbed serum was toxic to lymphocytes from thymus, bursa and spleen. Proper dilution of the RACBns, K produced a serum which was more cytotoxic for thymic lymphocytes than bursal lymphocytes. This study indicates the presence of brain-associated thymic antigens in the chicken.", "contents": "Brain-associated thymic antigen in chickens. Sera were produced in rabbits against a saline extract of chicken embryo brain (CBE). The rabbit anti-chicken brain (RACB) sera revealed, in micro-Ouchterlony studies, brain-associated antigens in extracts from the thymus, bursa, spleen and kidney. Absorption of the sera with normal serum (ns) and kidney (K), (RACBns, K), removed all reactivity with tissues other than brain. However, cytotoxic studies demonstrated that the kidney-absorbed serum was toxic to lymphocytes from thymus, bursa and spleen. Proper dilution of the RACBns, K produced a serum which was more cytotoxic for thymic lymphocytes than bursal lymphocytes. This study indicates the presence of brain-associated thymic antigens in the chicken."}
{"id": "PMID:300073", "title": "Role of T lymphocytes in the humoral immune response III. Lack of influence of antigen charge on the isotype and charge of antibody.", "content": "The influence of antigen charge on the anti-hapten antibody response and antigen-stimulated blastogenic response in vitro was measured in guinea pigs. The animals were immunized with dinitrophenylated bovine albumin (DNP-BSA; pl 4.9), methylated DNP-BSA (DNP-MBSA; pl greater than 10), and DNP-lysozyme (pl greater than 10). While the lymph node lymphocytes clearly distinguished between DNP-BSa and DNP-MBSA in terms of the magnitude of the antigen-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation, no differences were seen with respect to the characteristics of the antibody response. Thus, IgG1-to-IgG2 ratios, DEAE cellulose fractions and isoelectric focus profiles of anti-DNP sera from animals immunized with DNP-BSA, DNP-MBSA and DNP-lysozymes were indistinguishable.", "contents": "Role of T lymphocytes in the humoral immune response III. Lack of influence of antigen charge on the isotype and charge of antibody. The influence of antigen charge on the anti-hapten antibody response and antigen-stimulated blastogenic response in vitro was measured in guinea pigs. The animals were immunized with dinitrophenylated bovine albumin (DNP-BSA; pl 4.9), methylated DNP-BSA (DNP-MBSA; pl greater than 10), and DNP-lysozyme (pl greater than 10). While the lymph node lymphocytes clearly distinguished between DNP-BSa and DNP-MBSA in terms of the magnitude of the antigen-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation, no differences were seen with respect to the characteristics of the antibody response. Thus, IgG1-to-IgG2 ratios, DEAE cellulose fractions and isoelectric focus profiles of anti-DNP sera from animals immunized with DNP-BSA, DNP-MBSA and DNP-lysozymes were indistinguishable."}
{"id": "PMID:300074", "title": "Characterization of macrophage cytotoxicity factor (MCF).", "content": "Allogenetically sensitized T lymphocytes secrete in the presence of the specific antigen a factor which renders macrophages cytotoxic to target cells in vitro, macrophage cytotoxicity factor. Cytotoxicity is expressed as 51Cr release from labeled target cells. Experiments are described to characterize chemically nonspecific MCF activity. After purification on a DEAE-cellulose column, active material elutes from Sephadex G-100 in a single peak. Assaying individual fractions of this peak shows that nonspecific MCF activity is found at a mol. wt. of 28,000+/-5,000. This material is stable at -70 degrees C several months.", "contents": "Characterization of macrophage cytotoxicity factor (MCF). Allogenetically sensitized T lymphocytes secrete in the presence of the specific antigen a factor which renders macrophages cytotoxic to target cells in vitro, macrophage cytotoxicity factor. Cytotoxicity is expressed as 51Cr release from labeled target cells. Experiments are described to characterize chemically nonspecific MCF activity. After purification on a DEAE-cellulose column, active material elutes from Sephadex G-100 in a single peak. Assaying individual fractions of this peak shows that nonspecific MCF activity is found at a mol. wt. of 28,000+/-5,000. This material is stable at -70 degrees C several months."}
{"id": "PMID:300075", "title": "Murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumors in mice. I. Distribution of MSV-immune cytolytic T lymphocytes in vivo.", "content": "Quantitative studies using a 51Cr release assay were performed to analyse the time-course of appearance and specificity of cytolytic cells in C57Bl/6 mice inoculated with Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Various lymphoid organs were studied including spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), lymph nodes regional to the MSV-induced tumor (RLN), and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the kinetics of appearance of cytolytic cells within the MSV-induced tumor was determined. In agreement with previous studied, it was found that cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for MSV-associated antigens were present among the cells extracted from the tumor and from the lymphoid organs. However, differences in the kinetics of CTL activity could be documented: lymphoid cells from spleen, RLN and peripheral blood showed peak activity at the time of maximum tumor diameter, while intratumoral cells showed peak activity at the onset of tumor regression. MLN cells showed cytolytic activity only when tumor regression had begun. Naturally cytotoxic cell populations of thymus-independent origin, present in normal control mice, were also detected in MSV-infected mice.", "contents": "Murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumors in mice. I. Distribution of MSV-immune cytolytic T lymphocytes in vivo. Quantitative studies using a 51Cr release assay were performed to analyse the time-course of appearance and specificity of cytolytic cells in C57Bl/6 mice inoculated with Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Various lymphoid organs were studied including spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), lymph nodes regional to the MSV-induced tumor (RLN), and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the kinetics of appearance of cytolytic cells within the MSV-induced tumor was determined. In agreement with previous studied, it was found that cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for MSV-associated antigens were present among the cells extracted from the tumor and from the lymphoid organs. However, differences in the kinetics of CTL activity could be documented: lymphoid cells from spleen, RLN and peripheral blood showed peak activity at the time of maximum tumor diameter, while intratumoral cells showed peak activity at the onset of tumor regression. MLN cells showed cytolytic activity only when tumor regression had begun. Naturally cytotoxic cell populations of thymus-independent origin, present in normal control mice, were also detected in MSV-infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300076", "title": "Gross-virus-induced lymphoma in the rat. V. Natural cytotoxic cells are non-T cells.", "content": "The cytotoxic cells from the spleens of normal rats, which lyse Gross-virus-induced lymphoma target cells in a short-term 51Cr release test, are predominantly small to medium-sized cells sedimenting at 4-5 mm/h as shown by velocity sedimentation analysis. Their cytotoxic activity is relatively resistant to gamma-radiation, 50% surviving 1,000 rads and 30% remaining after 5,000 rads, and to heat, since 20 min incubation at 48-51 degrees C is required for its abolition. In these properties the natural killer (NK) cells are very similar to the cytotoxic T cells from tumour-immune rats, and they share in addition a requirement for Ca++ ions for cytolysis. They differ in that they are non-T cells as defined by their resistance to anti-T-cell antiserum and complement, and by their presence in T-cell-deprived rats. They lack detectable surface Ig, Fc receptors and phagocytic or adherence properties and belong therefore to that small proportion of lymphoid cells lacking the surface markers of T or B lymphocytes, as do the comparable NK cells of mice. Cytotoxicity appears to involve an autonomous, papain-sensitive recognition structure on the surface of NK cells, rather than acquired cytophilic antibody operating through an antibody-dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Gross-virus-induced lymphoma in the rat. V. Natural cytotoxic cells are non-T cells. The cytotoxic cells from the spleens of normal rats, which lyse Gross-virus-induced lymphoma target cells in a short-term 51Cr release test, are predominantly small to medium-sized cells sedimenting at 4-5 mm/h as shown by velocity sedimentation analysis. Their cytotoxic activity is relatively resistant to gamma-radiation, 50% surviving 1,000 rads and 30% remaining after 5,000 rads, and to heat, since 20 min incubation at 48-51 degrees C is required for its abolition. In these properties the natural killer (NK) cells are very similar to the cytotoxic T cells from tumour-immune rats, and they share in addition a requirement for Ca++ ions for cytolysis. They differ in that they are non-T cells as defined by their resistance to anti-T-cell antiserum and complement, and by their presence in T-cell-deprived rats. They lack detectable surface Ig, Fc receptors and phagocytic or adherence properties and belong therefore to that small proportion of lymphoid cells lacking the surface markers of T or B lymphocytes, as do the comparable NK cells of mice. Cytotoxicity appears to involve an autonomous, papain-sensitive recognition structure on the surface of NK cells, rather than acquired cytophilic antibody operating through an antibody-dependent mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:300077", "title": "Natural anti-tumor serum reactivity in BALB/c mice. I. Characterization and interference with tumor growth.", "content": "A natural cytotoxic reactivity directed against syngeneic or allogeneic tumor cells was demonstrated in serum of BALB/c mice by an in vitro cytotoxicity test using rabbit serum as the source of complement. The reactivity, studied on syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells, was found to be minimal in mice less than 10 weeks old and to increase progressively with age. T-deprivation determined an increase of reactivity in young mice to levels reached spontaneously only by the serum of 40-week-old mice. The BALB/c serum also revealed natural anti-thymus antibodies. Non-identity between anti-tumor and anti-thymus antibodies was demonstrated by direct cytotoxicity and absorption tests. An inoculum of syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells increased the level of anti-tumor serum reactivity in both normal and T-deprived young mice. The natural anti-tumor cytotoxicity revelaed in vitro seemed to exert a specific in vivo protection as suggested by the indirect correlation found between the level of the natural anti-tumor reactivity and the grwoth of a transplanted fibrosarcoma.", "contents": "Natural anti-tumor serum reactivity in BALB/c mice. I. Characterization and interference with tumor growth. A natural cytotoxic reactivity directed against syngeneic or allogeneic tumor cells was demonstrated in serum of BALB/c mice by an in vitro cytotoxicity test using rabbit serum as the source of complement. The reactivity, studied on syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells, was found to be minimal in mice less than 10 weeks old and to increase progressively with age. T-deprivation determined an increase of reactivity in young mice to levels reached spontaneously only by the serum of 40-week-old mice. The BALB/c serum also revealed natural anti-thymus antibodies. Non-identity between anti-tumor and anti-thymus antibodies was demonstrated by direct cytotoxicity and absorption tests. An inoculum of syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells increased the level of anti-tumor serum reactivity in both normal and T-deprived young mice. The natural anti-tumor cytotoxicity revelaed in vitro seemed to exert a specific in vivo protection as suggested by the indirect correlation found between the level of the natural anti-tumor reactivity and the grwoth of a transplanted fibrosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:300078", "title": "Natural anti-tumor serum reactivity in BALB/c mice. II. Control by regulator T-cells.", "content": "By a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test, 37 sera from 1- to 18-month-old BALB/c mice were tested for natural anti-tumor and anti-thymus immune reactivity. The level of anti-tumor and anti-thymus antibodies increased with age, and a high individual variability, particularly evident in the older animals, was found. The appearance of the spontaneous antibodies was correlated to the T-cell status of mice. Animals with the higher spleen T-cell content were those with the higher anti-thymus and the lower anti-tumor natural antibody level, and vice versa. In T-deprived mice the anti-tumor response increased, whereas the anti-thymus response was not influenced. An inoculum of T cells from young to older syngeneic mice yielded a decrease of the anti-tumor response and an increase of the anti-thymus response. Homeostatic immunologic mechanisms, in which the cellular and the humoral system alternate in the tumor cell control, are suggested.", "contents": "Natural anti-tumor serum reactivity in BALB/c mice. II. Control by regulator T-cells. By a complement-dependent cytotoxicity test, 37 sera from 1- to 18-month-old BALB/c mice were tested for natural anti-tumor and anti-thymus immune reactivity. The level of anti-tumor and anti-thymus antibodies increased with age, and a high individual variability, particularly evident in the older animals, was found. The appearance of the spontaneous antibodies was correlated to the T-cell status of mice. Animals with the higher spleen T-cell content were those with the higher anti-thymus and the lower anti-tumor natural antibody level, and vice versa. In T-deprived mice the anti-tumor response increased, whereas the anti-thymus response was not influenced. An inoculum of T cells from young to older syngeneic mice yielded a decrease of the anti-tumor response and an increase of the anti-thymus response. Homeostatic immunologic mechanisms, in which the cellular and the humoral system alternate in the tumor cell control, are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:300079", "title": "The primary structure of human urogastrone.", "content": "Urogastrone is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion which is present in human urine. Its existence has been known for over 30 years but it has only recently been isolated in a sufficiently pure form for detailed structural studies to be undertaken. Two separate polypeptides beta- and gamma-urogastrone were isolated. The structures were established by carrying out enzymic degradations of S-carboxymethyl and S-carboxamidomethyl derivatives with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin and a protease derived from the fungus Armillaria mellea. Sequences of the smaller peptides thus obtained were determined by the dansyl Edman method. Partial acid hydrolysis of urogastrone itself gave fragments containing single intact disulphide bonds, and oxidation then allowed the direction of individual bonds to be established. Beta-Urogastrone was shown to be a 53-amino acid residue polypeptide containing three disulphide bonds, and gamma-urogastrone had an identical sequence but lacked the C-terminal arginine residue. Urogastrone was subsequently found to be structurally related to mouse epidermal growth factor in that 37 of the 53 residues were commonly located in each polypeptide. Furthermore, as both peptides has similar effects upon gastric acid secretion and upon epidermal growth, urogastrone was also a human epidermal growth factor. The 16 variable residues were spread across the molecule, all apart from two were compatible with single base changes in the triplet condons, and the overall effect was to make uorgastrone more acidic than EGF. The smallest biologically active unit has not been defined but at least six residues can be removed from the C-terminus without causing a reduction in potency.", "contents": "The primary structure of human urogastrone. Urogastrone is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion which is present in human urine. Its existence has been known for over 30 years but it has only recently been isolated in a sufficiently pure form for detailed structural studies to be undertaken. Two separate polypeptides beta- and gamma-urogastrone were isolated. The structures were established by carrying out enzymic degradations of S-carboxymethyl and S-carboxamidomethyl derivatives with trypsin, chymotrypsin, thermolysin and a protease derived from the fungus Armillaria mellea. Sequences of the smaller peptides thus obtained were determined by the dansyl Edman method. Partial acid hydrolysis of urogastrone itself gave fragments containing single intact disulphide bonds, and oxidation then allowed the direction of individual bonds to be established. Beta-Urogastrone was shown to be a 53-amino acid residue polypeptide containing three disulphide bonds, and gamma-urogastrone had an identical sequence but lacked the C-terminal arginine residue. Urogastrone was subsequently found to be structurally related to mouse epidermal growth factor in that 37 of the 53 residues were commonly located in each polypeptide. Furthermore, as both peptides has similar effects upon gastric acid secretion and upon epidermal growth, urogastrone was also a human epidermal growth factor. The 16 variable residues were spread across the molecule, all apart from two were compatible with single base changes in the triplet condons, and the overall effect was to make uorgastrone more acidic than EGF. The smallest biologically active unit has not been defined but at least six residues can be removed from the C-terminus without causing a reduction in potency."}
{"id": "PMID:300080", "title": "Angiography in gastointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Over a four-year period, eight patients with documented gastrointestinal bleeding had angiography as a part of their investigation and treatment at the Department of Radiology, Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. A review of these eighty cases has been carried out and angiography has been found to be both safe and reliable in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Cautiously administered intra-arterial pitressin infusion therapy will arrest bleeding in about one-third of cases and in most others will reduce blood loss so that a critically ill patient may be made more fit for subsequent surgery. Patients who have recently received intravenous pitressin should not be given intra-arterial pitressin.", "contents": "Angiography in gastointestinal bleeding. Over a four-year period, eight patients with documented gastrointestinal bleeding had angiography as a part of their investigation and treatment at the Department of Radiology, Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. A review of these eighty cases has been carried out and angiography has been found to be both safe and reliable in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding. Cautiously administered intra-arterial pitressin infusion therapy will arrest bleeding in about one-third of cases and in most others will reduce blood loss so that a critically ill patient may be made more fit for subsequent surgery. Patients who have recently received intravenous pitressin should not be given intra-arterial pitressin."}
{"id": "PMID:300082", "title": "Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioral inhibition in the rat.", "content": "Virtually total depletion of cortical and hippocampal noradrenaline by stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibers of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle produced no impairment in acquisition learning of a runway response for food reward. Extinction of this response, once learned, was markedly slower in the treated group than in controls, the treated animals perseverating in rapid running to the goal box even with no food present there. Similarly, no impairment was found on acquisition of a continuously reinforced lever-pressing response for food. Extinction of this response, however, was again slower in the treated group. Subsequent acquisition of a successive light-dark discrimination task was also slower in the treated group, with these animals perseverating in responding to the negative stimulus. Although selective forebrain noradrenaline loss does not impair the acquisition of appetitive responses, the suppression of responses in the absence of reward is impeded. A parallel is drawn with those effects found classically after surgical lesion to the hippocampus.", "contents": "Effects of selective forebrain noradrenaline loss on behavioral inhibition in the rat. Virtually total depletion of cortical and hippocampal noradrenaline by stereotaxic injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the fibers of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle produced no impairment in acquisition learning of a runway response for food reward. Extinction of this response, once learned, was markedly slower in the treated group than in controls, the treated animals perseverating in rapid running to the goal box even with no food present there. Similarly, no impairment was found on acquisition of a continuously reinforced lever-pressing response for food. Extinction of this response, however, was again slower in the treated group. Subsequent acquisition of a successive light-dark discrimination task was also slower in the treated group, with these animals perseverating in responding to the negative stimulus. Although selective forebrain noradrenaline loss does not impair the acquisition of appetitive responses, the suppression of responses in the absence of reward is impeded. A parallel is drawn with those effects found classically after surgical lesion to the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:300083", "title": "Inhibition of theophylline clearance by troleandomycin.", "content": "The effect of troleandomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, on theophylline elimination was examined in eight patients with chronic asthma. Clearance from serum was reduced by 50 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD) during administration of 250 mg troleandomycin four times daily. Reduction of clearance persisted to a lesser degree in one of these patients examined while receiving 250 mg troleandomycin daily. An increase in serum theophylline concentration can thus result from initiating troleandomycin in asthmatic patients receiving continuous treatment with theophylline. This may be at least a partial explanation for the apparent benefit of troleandomycin in chronic asthma and also suggests that possibility of inducing theophylline toxicity, including seizures, as was observed in one of the patients in this study.", "contents": "Inhibition of theophylline clearance by troleandomycin. The effect of troleandomycin, a macrolide antibiotic, on theophylline elimination was examined in eight patients with chronic asthma. Clearance from serum was reduced by 50 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD) during administration of 250 mg troleandomycin four times daily. Reduction of clearance persisted to a lesser degree in one of these patients examined while receiving 250 mg troleandomycin daily. An increase in serum theophylline concentration can thus result from initiating troleandomycin in asthmatic patients receiving continuous treatment with theophylline. This may be at least a partial explanation for the apparent benefit of troleandomycin in chronic asthma and also suggests that possibility of inducing theophylline toxicity, including seizures, as was observed in one of the patients in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:300084", "title": "Histamine receptor--bearing peripheral T lymphocytes in patients with allergies.", "content": "The effect of histamine on the capacity of T lymphocytes to form E rosettes was tested in 10 healthy subjects and in 13 patients with allergies. Histamine had no effect on the capacity of T lymphocytes to form E rosettes in healthy subjects, but significantly inhibited the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes in patients with allergies.", "contents": "Histamine receptor--bearing peripheral T lymphocytes in patients with allergies. The effect of histamine on the capacity of T lymphocytes to form E rosettes was tested in 10 healthy subjects and in 13 patients with allergies. Histamine had no effect on the capacity of T lymphocytes to form E rosettes in healthy subjects, but significantly inhibited the E rosette formation of T lymphocytes in patients with allergies."}
{"id": "PMID:300085", "title": "5'-Nucleotidase in different populations of mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The activity of 5'-nucleotidase in different populations of intact lymphocytes was studied using biochemical, cytochemical and radioautographic methods. In some strains of mice the results showed a consistent difference in 5'-nucleotidase (AMPase) content between intact thymic and splenic lymphocytes. In the R III, C 57, BALB/c, CBA and Cd-1 strains AMPase activity in the isolated splenic cells was foru to 10 times the activity of intact thymocytes. In highly enriched populations of splenic T and B cells the average AMPase activity was about the same. From separate assays it was seen that the AMPase activity in highly enriched populations of lymphoctes was variable so that within one experiment the T cells seemed to have the higher AMPase activity while in other experiments B cells shown to be more active than T cells. Ultrastructural radioautography was done to count AMPase positive cells within T and B cell populations, the latter identified b  binding of I125-labelled anti-immunoglobulin. It was seen that about 50% of B cells, but only about 10% of T cells, were positive for AMPase. It is suggested that there is a subpopulation within B and T cell populations with a high membrane AMPase activity and another subpopulation with less or no enzyme activity. It is also suggested that the activity and/or the proportion of  these positive cells is changing within the splenic cell population. By using cortisone to deplete the immature cells from the thymus it was seen that the remaining mature cells have about the same AMPase activity as did the immaturecells, and thus mature T cells must gain their high acitivity after leaving the thymus. By incubating splenic lymphocytes with Concanavalin A it was also seen that the immature transformed cells had the same amount of enzyme as did untransformed cells.", "contents": "5'-Nucleotidase in different populations of mouse lymphocytes. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase in different populations of intact lymphocytes was studied using biochemical, cytochemical and radioautographic methods. In some strains of mice the results showed a consistent difference in 5'-nucleotidase (AMPase) content between intact thymic and splenic lymphocytes. In the R III, C 57, BALB/c, CBA and Cd-1 strains AMPase activity in the isolated splenic cells was foru to 10 times the activity of intact thymocytes. In highly enriched populations of splenic T and B cells the average AMPase activity was about the same. From separate assays it was seen that the AMPase activity in highly enriched populations of lymphoctes was variable so that within one experiment the T cells seemed to have the higher AMPase activity while in other experiments B cells shown to be more active than T cells. Ultrastructural radioautography was done to count AMPase positive cells within T and B cell populations, the latter identified b  binding of I125-labelled anti-immunoglobulin. It was seen that about 50% of B cells, but only about 10% of T cells, were positive for AMPase. It is suggested that there is a subpopulation within B and T cell populations with a high membrane AMPase activity and another subpopulation with less or no enzyme activity. It is also suggested that the activity and/or the proportion of  these positive cells is changing within the splenic cell population. By using cortisone to deplete the immature cells from the thymus it was seen that the remaining mature cells have about the same AMPase activity as did the immaturecells, and thus mature T cells must gain their high acitivity after leaving the thymus. By incubating splenic lymphocytes with Concanavalin A it was also seen that the immature transformed cells had the same amount of enzyme as did untransformed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300086", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of unsaturated hydrophilic lipids with palladium chloride.", "content": "Compounds in which olefinic linkages are accessible to aqueous reagents reduce the chloropalladite ion [PdCl4]2-, to metallic palladium. This reaction is used in a histochemical method whereby hydrophilic unsaturated lipids are stained dark brown or black. The specificity of the new method has been confirmed by means of solvent-extraction and chemical blocking procedures and by comparison with other histochemical techniques. Yellow staining of collagen, keratin and cytoplasm is probably due to attachment of the chloropalladite anion to proteins. The yellow background can be largely decolorized by treating the sections with aqueous pyridine, which forms colorless complexes with divalent palladium. A standard technique for staining with palladium is presented and the method is discussed in relation to other histochemical procedures that demonstrate unsaturated lipids.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of unsaturated hydrophilic lipids with palladium chloride. Compounds in which olefinic linkages are accessible to aqueous reagents reduce the chloropalladite ion [PdCl4]2-, to metallic palladium. This reaction is used in a histochemical method whereby hydrophilic unsaturated lipids are stained dark brown or black. The specificity of the new method has been confirmed by means of solvent-extraction and chemical blocking procedures and by comparison with other histochemical techniques. Yellow staining of collagen, keratin and cytoplasm is probably due to attachment of the chloropalladite anion to proteins. The yellow background can be largely decolorized by treating the sections with aqueous pyridine, which forms colorless complexes with divalent palladium. A standard technique for staining with palladium is presented and the method is discussed in relation to other histochemical procedures that demonstrate unsaturated lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:300087", "title": "Histocompatibility requirements for cellular cooperation in the chicken: generation of germinal centers.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide-treated newly hatched chicks were transplanted with histocompatible, semiallogeneic and allogeneic combinations of B (bursa) and T (thymus) cells from newly hatched donors. At the age of 5 weeks the birds were studied for an anti-SRBC response and for the generation of germinal centers in the spleen. The results of these experiments are summarized as follows. i) Allogeneic bursal stem cells have the capacity to restore the bursal structures of CY-treated recipients, but not the germinal center or anti-SRBC formation. ii) When allogeneic B cells are combined with T cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with them, a restoration of the germinal center formation is achieved, but not to the same level as observed in normal birds or in CY-treated birds transplanted with histocompatible or semiallogeneic B cells. iii) Allogeneic B cells, even when complemented with T cells histocompatible with them, fail to restore the antibody production against SRBC; this is achieved only after transplantation of B cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with the recipient. These findings indicate that germinal center formation is dependent on cooperation of histocompatible or semiallogeneic B and T cells, and furthermore, that an additional factor provided by the host is involved. Studies with transplantation of histocompatible and histoincompatible 'empty' splenic stromata revealed that the additional factor is not related to the splenic stroma.", "contents": "Histocompatibility requirements for cellular cooperation in the chicken: generation of germinal centers. Cyclophosphamide-treated newly hatched chicks were transplanted with histocompatible, semiallogeneic and allogeneic combinations of B (bursa) and T (thymus) cells from newly hatched donors. At the age of 5 weeks the birds were studied for an anti-SRBC response and for the generation of germinal centers in the spleen. The results of these experiments are summarized as follows. i) Allogeneic bursal stem cells have the capacity to restore the bursal structures of CY-treated recipients, but not the germinal center or anti-SRBC formation. ii) When allogeneic B cells are combined with T cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with them, a restoration of the germinal center formation is achieved, but not to the same level as observed in normal birds or in CY-treated birds transplanted with histocompatible or semiallogeneic B cells. iii) Allogeneic B cells, even when complemented with T cells histocompatible with them, fail to restore the antibody production against SRBC; this is achieved only after transplantation of B cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with the recipient. These findings indicate that germinal center formation is dependent on cooperation of histocompatible or semiallogeneic B and T cells, and furthermore, that an additional factor provided by the host is involved. Studies with transplantation of histocompatible and histoincompatible 'empty' splenic stromata revealed that the additional factor is not related to the splenic stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:300088", "title": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. II. Expression of Ly-1 antigen on helper and nonspecific suppressor T cells.", "content": "Under appropriate conditions of immunization combined with irradiation, SJL/J mice show a high and persistent anti-DNP IgE antibody response. Spleen cells transferred from normal untreated SJL mice suppress this response. Elimination of Ly-1+ cells, but not of Ly-2+ cells, abolished the capacity of spleen cells to suppress the IgE response. Thus of the three T cell Ly subclasses presently identified, Ly-1, Ly-2,3, and Ly-1,2,3, the normal SJL spleen cell which suppresses the IgE response of irradiated-immunized SJL mice belongs to the Ly-1 set. It is not known whether this Ly-1 cell suppresses the IgE response directly or by helping another cell in the recipient. The carrier-specific helper cell activity for IgE and probably IgG1 antibody response belongs to Ly-1 subclass in the SJL strain also.", "contents": "Suppression of IgE antibody production in SJL mice. II. Expression of Ly-1 antigen on helper and nonspecific suppressor T cells. Under appropriate conditions of immunization combined with irradiation, SJL/J mice show a high and persistent anti-DNP IgE antibody response. Spleen cells transferred from normal untreated SJL mice suppress this response. Elimination of Ly-1+ cells, but not of Ly-2+ cells, abolished the capacity of spleen cells to suppress the IgE response. Thus of the three T cell Ly subclasses presently identified, Ly-1, Ly-2,3, and Ly-1,2,3, the normal SJL spleen cell which suppresses the IgE response of irradiated-immunized SJL mice belongs to the Ly-1 set. It is not known whether this Ly-1 cell suppresses the IgE response directly or by helping another cell in the recipient. The carrier-specific helper cell activity for IgE and probably IgG1 antibody response belongs to Ly-1 subclass in the SJL strain also."}
{"id": "PMID:300089", "title": "Enhancement by irradiated T cells of human plasma cell production: dissection of helper and suppressor functions in vitro.", "content": "The addition of irradiated T-enriched lymphocytes to B cell-enriched fractions of human peripheral blood or to unseparated mononuclear cells stimulated the differentiation of plasmacytoid cells in culture with pokeweek mitogen beyond the synergy obtained by the addition of unirradiated T cells. This stimulation was observed in both the proportion and absolute number of plasmacytoid cells recovered from the cultures, and in the amount of IgM detected in culture supernatants by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Irradiation-induced enhancement was observed with normal and hypogammaglobulinmic T cells, but not with monoclonal T cells from two patients. Inactivation of T cells by heating or by repeated freezing and thawing did not produce the same effects as did irradiation. These data suggest that cell-mediated suppressor function in man is selectively radiosensitive, while helper activity is not. Irradiation may be a useful method for the functional isolation of helper cells and for the manipulation of the balance between suppressor and helper cell activities.", "contents": "Enhancement by irradiated T cells of human plasma cell production: dissection of helper and suppressor functions in vitro. The addition of irradiated T-enriched lymphocytes to B cell-enriched fractions of human peripheral blood or to unseparated mononuclear cells stimulated the differentiation of plasmacytoid cells in culture with pokeweek mitogen beyond the synergy obtained by the addition of unirradiated T cells. This stimulation was observed in both the proportion and absolute number of plasmacytoid cells recovered from the cultures, and in the amount of IgM detected in culture supernatants by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Irradiation-induced enhancement was observed with normal and hypogammaglobulinmic T cells, but not with monoclonal T cells from two patients. Inactivation of T cells by heating or by repeated freezing and thawing did not produce the same effects as did irradiation. These data suggest that cell-mediated suppressor function in man is selectively radiosensitive, while helper activity is not. Irradiation may be a useful method for the functional isolation of helper cells and for the manipulation of the balance between suppressor and helper cell activities."}
{"id": "PMID:300090", "title": "Characterization of DNA used to assay sera for anti-DNA antibodies; determination of the specificities of anti-DNA antibodies in SLE and non-SLE rheumatic disease states.", "content": "Commercial 14C-labeled KB cell DNA, widely used to assay sera for anti-DNA antibodies, was chromatographed on benzoylated-naphthoylated-DEAE-cellulose (BNDC) and on hydroxyapatite (HAP). On BNDC, only 25% of the 14C label eluted with 1 M NaC1 (KB fraction I) characteristic of ds-DNA. Fifty-five percent of the label eluted with 50% formamide-1 M NaC1 (KB fraction II) characteristic of ss or denatured DNA. On HAP, however, none of the 14C label eluted with 0.2 M phosphate buffer as anticipated for ss-DNA, but, rather, all of the 14C label eluted with 0.4 M phosphate, characteristic of ds-DNA. after pretreatment with S1 endonuclease of Aspergillus oryzae, which selectively digests ss regions, however, 42% of the 14C label was lost from the 0.4 M phosphate peak. These results indicated that more than half of this 14C-KB-cell DNA preparation was ds-DNA with ss regions which was undetectable by HAP chromatography. 3H-ds-DNA and circular 3H-ss-DNA prepared from T7 and phiX174 bacteriophage, respectively, were found to be chromatographically pure on both BNDC and HAP. None of 10 non-SLE sera (rheumatoid arthritis 3, mixed connective tissue disease 4, scleroderma 1, ulcerative colitis 1, and pulmonary fibrosis with chronic active hepatitis 1), previously believed to contain anti-ds-DNA antibodies on the basis of KB cell DNA testing and detectable antibodies against KB fraction 1 or T7 DNA: all of 10 KB cell DNA positive SLE sera had antibodies against both. Additionally, none of the 10 non-SLE sera had antibodies against KB cell DNA when retested with DNA that had been pretreated with S1 endonuclease. Seven of these 10, however, as well as all 10 SLE sera, had antibodies against phiX174 DNA, KB fraction II DNA and alkali-denatured T7 DNA. The data support the conclusions that 1) false positive tests for anti-ds-DNA antibodies can result from contamination of ds-DNA with ds-DNA having ss regions, and 2) non-SLE sera do not contain antibodies specific for ds-DNA at levels comparable to those found in SLE sera but rather contain high levels of antibodies reacting with ss regions or mixed DNA.", "contents": "Characterization of DNA used to assay sera for anti-DNA antibodies; determination of the specificities of anti-DNA antibodies in SLE and non-SLE rheumatic disease states. Commercial 14C-labeled KB cell DNA, widely used to assay sera for anti-DNA antibodies, was chromatographed on benzoylated-naphthoylated-DEAE-cellulose (BNDC) and on hydroxyapatite (HAP). On BNDC, only 25% of the 14C label eluted with 1 M NaC1 (KB fraction I) characteristic of ds-DNA. Fifty-five percent of the label eluted with 50% formamide-1 M NaC1 (KB fraction II) characteristic of ss or denatured DNA. On HAP, however, none of the 14C label eluted with 0.2 M phosphate buffer as anticipated for ss-DNA, but, rather, all of the 14C label eluted with 0.4 M phosphate, characteristic of ds-DNA. after pretreatment with S1 endonuclease of Aspergillus oryzae, which selectively digests ss regions, however, 42% of the 14C label was lost from the 0.4 M phosphate peak. These results indicated that more than half of this 14C-KB-cell DNA preparation was ds-DNA with ss regions which was undetectable by HAP chromatography. 3H-ds-DNA and circular 3H-ss-DNA prepared from T7 and phiX174 bacteriophage, respectively, were found to be chromatographically pure on both BNDC and HAP. None of 10 non-SLE sera (rheumatoid arthritis 3, mixed connective tissue disease 4, scleroderma 1, ulcerative colitis 1, and pulmonary fibrosis with chronic active hepatitis 1), previously believed to contain anti-ds-DNA antibodies on the basis of KB cell DNA testing and detectable antibodies against KB fraction 1 or T7 DNA: all of 10 KB cell DNA positive SLE sera had antibodies against both. Additionally, none of the 10 non-SLE sera had antibodies against KB cell DNA when retested with DNA that had been pretreated with S1 endonuclease. Seven of these 10, however, as well as all 10 SLE sera, had antibodies against phiX174 DNA, KB fraction II DNA and alkali-denatured T7 DNA. The data support the conclusions that 1) false positive tests for anti-ds-DNA antibodies can result from contamination of ds-DNA with ds-DNA having ss regions, and 2) non-SLE sera do not contain antibodies specific for ds-DNA at levels comparable to those found in SLE sera but rather contain high levels of antibodies reacting with ss regions or mixed DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:300091", "title": "A rapid quantitative assay for lymphotoxin.", "content": "A rapid quantitative assay for lymphotoxin was developed with the use of a mouse cultured lymphoid cell line, L1210 as the target cell. The assay produces results which are substantially in agreement with assays employing fibroblasts as targets. After incubation with lymphotoxin containing samples, target cells were labelled with [3H]thymidine and harvested with a Multiple Automated Sample Harvester (MASH). The MASH allows multiple replicates to be obtained from which the calculation of an I50 (50% inhibition) point and lymphotoxin specific activities can be performed with high statistical reliability by means of probit transformation and analysis.", "contents": "A rapid quantitative assay for lymphotoxin. A rapid quantitative assay for lymphotoxin was developed with the use of a mouse cultured lymphoid cell line, L1210 as the target cell. The assay produces results which are substantially in agreement with assays employing fibroblasts as targets. After incubation with lymphotoxin containing samples, target cells were labelled with [3H]thymidine and harvested with a Multiple Automated Sample Harvester (MASH). The MASH allows multiple replicates to be obtained from which the calculation of an I50 (50% inhibition) point and lymphotoxin specific activities can be performed with high statistical reliability by means of probit transformation and analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:300093", "title": "Cefamandole and ampicillin therapy in experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "Cefamandole and ampicillin were compared in the therapy of experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. Three dosages of each drug were administered as a continuous intravenous infusion for 8 hr to 24 infected animals. Samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained at 0, 4, and 8 hr for determination of antibiotic concentrations and bacterial titers in CSF. Serum levels of cefamandole were higher, but CSF concentrations of both antibiotics were similar. With the 60-mg/kg per hr dose, the mean serum level was 106 +/- 61 mug/ml for cefamandole and 58 +/- 32 mug/ml for ampicillin (P less than 0.05). With this dosage the mean level in CSF was 7.3 +/- 8.4 mug/ml for cefamandole and 9.5 +/- 5.4 mug/ml for ampicillin (P = 0.26). The percentage penetration ([concentration in CSF/concentration in serum] X 100%) was higher for ampicillin (mean, 18.8% +/- 8.9%) than for cefamandole (mean, 5.6% +/-  3.8%) with all dosages tested (P less than 0.001). The rate of bacterial killing in vivo during therapy was similar with both drugs. The efficacy of cefamandole and ampicillin given intramuscularly for five days (250 mg every 8 hr) was examined in 42 rabbits. Twelve of 14 untreated control rabbits died within 24-72 hr of inoculation. In contrast, 11 of 14 rabbits treated with cafamandole and 10 of 14 rabbits treated with ampicillin were cured of their infections. Cefamandole compared favorably with ampicillin in the therapy of experimental H. influenzae meningitis.", "contents": "Cefamandole and ampicillin therapy in experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Cefamandole and ampicillin were compared in the therapy of experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in rabbits. Three dosages of each drug were administered as a continuous intravenous infusion for 8 hr to 24 infected animals. Samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were obtained at 0, 4, and 8 hr for determination of antibiotic concentrations and bacterial titers in CSF. Serum levels of cefamandole were higher, but CSF concentrations of both antibiotics were similar. With the 60-mg/kg per hr dose, the mean serum level was 106 +/- 61 mug/ml for cefamandole and 58 +/- 32 mug/ml for ampicillin (P less than 0.05). With this dosage the mean level in CSF was 7.3 +/- 8.4 mug/ml for cefamandole and 9.5 +/- 5.4 mug/ml for ampicillin (P = 0.26). The percentage penetration ([concentration in CSF/concentration in serum] X 100%) was higher for ampicillin (mean, 18.8% +/- 8.9%) than for cefamandole (mean, 5.6% +/-  3.8%) with all dosages tested (P less than 0.001). The rate of bacterial killing in vivo during therapy was similar with both drugs. The efficacy of cefamandole and ampicillin given intramuscularly for five days (250 mg every 8 hr) was examined in 42 rabbits. Twelve of 14 untreated control rabbits died within 24-72 hr of inoculation. In contrast, 11 of 14 rabbits treated with cafamandole and 10 of 14 rabbits treated with ampicillin were cured of their infections. Cefamandole compared favorably with ampicillin in the therapy of experimental H. influenzae meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300094", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in infant rats: role of bacteremia in pathogenesis of age-dependent inflammatory responses in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid associated with meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b were characterized in infant rats. After intranasal inoculation of bacteria, the development of intense bacteremia (greater than 10(4) colony-forming units/ml) correlated with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid positive for H. influenzae, with pleocytosis, and with hisotologic evidence of meningitis. The degree of pleocytosis was related to the age of the animal, the amount of time since inoculation, and the severity of the meningitis.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in infant rats: role of bacteremia in pathogenesis of age-dependent inflammatory responses in cerebrospinal fluid. Abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid associated with meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae type b were characterized in infant rats. After intranasal inoculation of bacteria, the development of intense bacteremia (greater than 10(4) colony-forming units/ml) correlated with cultures of cerebrospinal fluid positive for H. influenzae, with pleocytosis, and with hisotologic evidence of meningitis. The degree of pleocytosis was related to the age of the animal, the amount of time since inoculation, and the severity of the meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300096", "title": "Medical and educational malpractice issues in patient education.", "content": "This paper discusses the concept of educational malpractice as a cause of prolonged patient morbidity equal in magnitude to medical malpractice. Statements by national groups sanctioning and urging increased patient education efforts are reviewed. An example of specially designed problem-oriented patient education materials development, the concept of an \"Educational Prescription,\" the place for the \"Educational Prescription\" in problem-oriented medical records, and the value of hospital-based patient education as a cost-containment activity.", "contents": "Medical and educational malpractice issues in patient education. This paper discusses the concept of educational malpractice as a cause of prolonged patient morbidity equal in magnitude to medical malpractice. Statements by national groups sanctioning and urging increased patient education efforts are reviewed. An example of specially designed problem-oriented patient education materials development, the concept of an \"Educational Prescription,\" the place for the \"Educational Prescription\" in problem-oriented medical records, and the value of hospital-based patient education as a cost-containment activity."}
{"id": "PMID:300097", "title": "Environmental influence on ovulation and embryonic development in Rana pipiens.", "content": "Environmental effects on ovulation and embryogenesis in Rana pipiens were assessed using both freshly-captured fall animals and laboratory-conditioned females which had undergone vitellogenesis in the laboratory. Frogs in both categories were divided into two groups. Ovulation was hormonally induced in one group of females prior to cold exposure and in the second group of animals following an 8-week-period at 4 degrees C with an 8L 16D photoperiod. The incidence of both ovulation and normal embryonic development was increased following exposure of the animals to low temperatures and short daylength. Those animals which only partially ovulated prior to cold treatment did not respond to hormone injections following the period of cold exposure. Examination of the ovaries of these females revealed a much greater degree of oocyte resorption than was found in frogs whose initial ovulation was induced only after exposure to cold temperatures. The administration of ovulation-inducing hormones prior to artificial hibernation may thus have initiated a phase of oocyte resorption which progressed even at 4 degrees C. The incidence of ovulation was similar in wild-caught and laboratory-conditioned females, but eggs from the latter showed a much lower percentage of development to Shumway stage 20. This effect may have been related to differences in the environmental factors to whcih the two groups were exposed during oogenesis.", "contents": "Environmental influence on ovulation and embryonic development in Rana pipiens. Environmental effects on ovulation and embryogenesis in Rana pipiens were assessed using both freshly-captured fall animals and laboratory-conditioned females which had undergone vitellogenesis in the laboratory. Frogs in both categories were divided into two groups. Ovulation was hormonally induced in one group of females prior to cold exposure and in the second group of animals following an 8-week-period at 4 degrees C with an 8L 16D photoperiod. The incidence of both ovulation and normal embryonic development was increased following exposure of the animals to low temperatures and short daylength. Those animals which only partially ovulated prior to cold treatment did not respond to hormone injections following the period of cold exposure. Examination of the ovaries of these females revealed a much greater degree of oocyte resorption than was found in frogs whose initial ovulation was induced only after exposure to cold temperatures. The administration of ovulation-inducing hormones prior to artificial hibernation may thus have initiated a phase of oocyte resorption which progressed even at 4 degrees C. The incidence of ovulation was similar in wild-caught and laboratory-conditioned females, but eggs from the latter showed a much lower percentage of development to Shumway stage 20. This effect may have been related to differences in the environmental factors to whcih the two groups were exposed during oogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:300098", "title": "Tension reduction and alerting in man following chronic cerebellar stimulation for the relief of spasticity or intractable seizures.", "content": "Neurologically impaired patients on therapeutic regimens of chronic cerebellar stimulation for periods ranging from 4 to 29 months (mean = 12.8 months) commonly reported amelioration of tension and/or anxiety. Cerebral palsy patients emphasized tension reduction while seizure patients primarily reported increased alertness. Increased alertness and improvement in speech and mood were also noted by many patients. These changes correlated significantly with symptom reduction and functional improvement. Although the mechanisms of these changes are not yet clear, psychological and neurological explanatory hypotheses were presented.", "contents": "Tension reduction and alerting in man following chronic cerebellar stimulation for the relief of spasticity or intractable seizures. Neurologically impaired patients on therapeutic regimens of chronic cerebellar stimulation for periods ranging from 4 to 29 months (mean = 12.8 months) commonly reported amelioration of tension and/or anxiety. Cerebral palsy patients emphasized tension reduction while seizure patients primarily reported increased alertness. Increased alertness and improvement in speech and mood were also noted by many patients. These changes correlated significantly with symptom reduction and functional improvement. Although the mechanisms of these changes are not yet clear, psychological and neurological explanatory hypotheses were presented."}
{"id": "PMID:300100", "title": "Large-field trichromacy in protanopes and deuteranopes.", "content": "Protanopes and deuteranopes do not accept the classical dichromatic matches when field size extends to 8 degrees visual angle. Their unique matches of spectral yellow to a mixture of red and green are then mediated by the photoreceptors of small-field dichromacy interacting with a photoreceptor with the spectral sensitivity of rhodopsin. Our data suggest that large-field trichromacy is a general feature of protanopia and deuteranopia.", "contents": "Large-field trichromacy in protanopes and deuteranopes. Protanopes and deuteranopes do not accept the classical dichromatic matches when field size extends to 8 degrees visual angle. Their unique matches of spectral yellow to a mixture of red and green are then mediated by the photoreceptors of small-field dichromacy interacting with a photoreceptor with the spectral sensitivity of rhodopsin. Our data suggest that large-field trichromacy is a general feature of protanopia and deuteranopia."}
{"id": "PMID:300101", "title": "A study of specificities of antinuclear antibodies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The sera from 77 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and for antibodies to seven well-characterized nuclear antigens which occur in specific rheumatic diseases of adults. These included: Sm, RNP, DNA, RNA, RAP, SS-A, and SS-B. Forty-nine percent of the sera from patients with JRA contained ANA. The most common pattern was speckled. The frequency of all other positive tests was too low (13%) to make correlations with disease states. However, a small group of girls with polyarticular and late-onset disease had a high incidence of RF or RAP. These two antibodies were not associated with each other as they are in adult RA.", "contents": "A study of specificities of antinuclear antibodies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The sera from 77 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, and for antibodies to seven well-characterized nuclear antigens which occur in specific rheumatic diseases of adults. These included: Sm, RNP, DNA, RNA, RAP, SS-A, and SS-B. Forty-nine percent of the sera from patients with JRA contained ANA. The most common pattern was speckled. The frequency of all other positive tests was too low (13%) to make correlations with disease states. However, a small group of girls with polyarticular and late-onset disease had a high incidence of RF or RAP. These two antibodies were not associated with each other as they are in adult RA."}
{"id": "PMID:300102", "title": "Prevalence of of alpha 1-antitrypsin Pi types among newborn infants of different ethnic backgrounds.", "content": "alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in cord sera of 1,010 healthy term infants of black, white and Hispanic background, by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique of Fagerhol and Laurell. Among the black group, M prevalence (97%) was higher than among the Hispanic group (88%). MS prevalance in the Hispanic group (6.7%) was higher than among black (1.5%) or white (3.9%) infants. Among those with an M pattern a \"step\" variant representing a shift of the relative amounts of protein in the major peaks of the M pattern, was found in 96% of neonates, but only among 9.8% of infants one months to two years of age and 18% among children two to ten years of age, regardless of race. Quantitative values of alpha 1-antitrypsin were not decreased among MS and MZ infants.", "contents": "Prevalence of of alpha 1-antitrypsin Pi types among newborn infants of different ethnic backgrounds. alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in cord sera of 1,010 healthy term infants of black, white and Hispanic background, by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis technique of Fagerhol and Laurell. Among the black group, M prevalence (97%) was higher than among the Hispanic group (88%). MS prevalance in the Hispanic group (6.7%) was higher than among black (1.5%) or white (3.9%) infants. Among those with an M pattern a \"step\" variant representing a shift of the relative amounts of protein in the major peaks of the M pattern, was found in 96% of neonates, but only among 9.8% of infants one months to two years of age and 18% among children two to ten years of age, regardless of race. Quantitative values of alpha 1-antitrypsin were not decreased among MS and MZ infants."}
{"id": "PMID:300099", "title": "Pontocerebellar atrophy combined with vestibular-reticular degeneration.", "content": "A 41-year-old woman was hospitalized in 1939 with neurologic signs from which there was complete recovery over a two-year period. In 1965 she was readmitted because of increasing forgetfulness and inability to care for herself; there were no neurologic deficits. In June 1970 torticollis developed and persisted until her death 15 months later. No cerebellar signs were elicited, but increased muscle tone was prominent. The brain showed remarkable flattening of the inferior surface of the cerebellum; the pons was small. The medullary substance of the cerebellum and each branchium pontis appeared completely demyelinated. Transverse fibres were apparently absent in the central basis pontis. Microscopically in addition to the pontocerebellar atrophy there was degeneration of the vestibular system, reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and medial longitudinal fasciculi. The inferior olives showed only moderate neuronal degeneration in the caudal areas. Basal ganglia and thalamus showed some involvement in the pathological process. It is postulated that the vestibular-reticular system atrophy was the anatomic substrate for the torticollis, and apparently overshadowed cerebellar signs, which are ordinarily associated with pontocerebellar atrophy.", "contents": "Pontocerebellar atrophy combined with vestibular-reticular degeneration. A 41-year-old woman was hospitalized in 1939 with neurologic signs from which there was complete recovery over a two-year period. In 1965 she was readmitted because of increasing forgetfulness and inability to care for herself; there were no neurologic deficits. In June 1970 torticollis developed and persisted until her death 15 months later. No cerebellar signs were elicited, but increased muscle tone was prominent. The brain showed remarkable flattening of the inferior surface of the cerebellum; the pons was small. The medullary substance of the cerebellum and each branchium pontis appeared completely demyelinated. Transverse fibres were apparently absent in the central basis pontis. Microscopically in addition to the pontocerebellar atrophy there was degeneration of the vestibular system, reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and medial longitudinal fasciculi. The inferior olives showed only moderate neuronal degeneration in the caudal areas. Basal ganglia and thalamus showed some involvement in the pathological process. It is postulated that the vestibular-reticular system atrophy was the anatomic substrate for the torticollis, and apparently overshadowed cerebellar signs, which are ordinarily associated with pontocerebellar atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:300105", "title": "Stimulus-bound repetitive synaptic firing caused by ethanol in sympathetic ganglion.", "content": "The effects of ethanol, 0.1 to 1.0 M, on synaptic transmission, preganglionic axonal fibers and the ganglion cell were examined by extracellular and intracellular recording in isolated bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. Within the concentration range 0.2 to 0.8 M ethanol caused stimulus-bound repetitive postganglionic responses (SBR) to single preganglionic stimuli. The presynaptic origin of ethanol-induced SBR was confirmed by recordings of repetitive synaptic potential responses to single stimuli, and by absence of repetitive responses in myelinated preganglionic axons and in ganglion cells stimulated antidromically. Ethanol acted synergistically with Cs+ to produce SBR more intense than that caused by either agent alone. The postganglionic SBR caused by ethanol was suppressed by concentrations of d-tubocurarine, lidocaine, or tetraethylammonium that had little or no effect on synaptic transmission. Ethanol also blocked synaptic transmission, but this occurred secondary to the initial excitatory effects, and in the concentration range 0.4 to 1.0 M. The present data, together with previous studies of ethanol at neuromuscular junction, indicate that synaptic excitatory effects of ethanol are unrelated to hyperosmolarity or cholinesterase inhibition and represent a primary action of ethanol on prejunctional nerve endings.", "contents": "Stimulus-bound repetitive synaptic firing caused by ethanol in sympathetic ganglion. The effects of ethanol, 0.1 to 1.0 M, on synaptic transmission, preganglionic axonal fibers and the ganglion cell were examined by extracellular and intracellular recording in isolated bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. Within the concentration range 0.2 to 0.8 M ethanol caused stimulus-bound repetitive postganglionic responses (SBR) to single preganglionic stimuli. The presynaptic origin of ethanol-induced SBR was confirmed by recordings of repetitive synaptic potential responses to single stimuli, and by absence of repetitive responses in myelinated preganglionic axons and in ganglion cells stimulated antidromically. Ethanol acted synergistically with Cs+ to produce SBR more intense than that caused by either agent alone. The postganglionic SBR caused by ethanol was suppressed by concentrations of d-tubocurarine, lidocaine, or tetraethylammonium that had little or no effect on synaptic transmission. Ethanol also blocked synaptic transmission, but this occurred secondary to the initial excitatory effects, and in the concentration range 0.4 to 1.0 M. The present data, together with previous studies of ethanol at neuromuscular junction, indicate that synaptic excitatory effects of ethanol are unrelated to hyperosmolarity or cholinesterase inhibition and represent a primary action of ethanol on prejunctional nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:300106", "title": "A large birefringence signal preceding contraction in single twitch fibres of the frog.", "content": "1. When a single muscle fibre was externally stimulated to give a propagated action potential, a large decrease in light intensity was measured with the fibre positioned between crossed-polarizers oriented at +/- 45 degrees with respect to the fibre axis. This large optical signal begins just after stimulation and its man phase precedes the development of positive tension. 2. The peak (or plateau) amplitude of the signal, expressed as the peak (plateau) change in light intensity, delta I, divided by the resting light intensity, I, was typically (minus) 1 to 3x10-3 and the time-to-peak (plateau) was 4 to 6 ms (20 degrees C). 3. When mechanical activity was minimized by stretch or Ringer replacement with D2O or hypertonic solution, the peak tension response was reduced in far greater proportion than the peak optical response, suggesting that the early optical signal is not due to changes in tension or gross fibre movement. 4. The magnitude of the optical response was increased by nitrate and double-shock stimulatin, procedures which potentiate the twitch response. 5. The optical signal was shown to propagate along the fibre length with a conduction velocity appropriate to the surface action potential. 6. The above results suggest that the large, early birefringence signal reflects a step or steps in the sequence of events leading to contractile activation.", "contents": "A large birefringence signal preceding contraction in single twitch fibres of the frog. 1. When a single muscle fibre was externally stimulated to give a propagated action potential, a large decrease in light intensity was measured with the fibre positioned between crossed-polarizers oriented at +/- 45 degrees with respect to the fibre axis. This large optical signal begins just after stimulation and its man phase precedes the development of positive tension. 2. The peak (or plateau) amplitude of the signal, expressed as the peak (plateau) change in light intensity, delta I, divided by the resting light intensity, I, was typically (minus) 1 to 3x10-3 and the time-to-peak (plateau) was 4 to 6 ms (20 degrees C). 3. When mechanical activity was minimized by stretch or Ringer replacement with D2O or hypertonic solution, the peak tension response was reduced in far greater proportion than the peak optical response, suggesting that the early optical signal is not due to changes in tension or gross fibre movement. 4. The magnitude of the optical response was increased by nitrate and double-shock stimulatin, procedures which potentiate the twitch response. 5. The optical signal was shown to propagate along the fibre length with a conduction velocity appropriate to the surface action potential. 6. The above results suggest that the large, early birefringence signal reflects a step or steps in the sequence of events leading to contractile activation."}
{"id": "PMID:300107", "title": "The optical properties of birefringence signals from single muscle fibres.", "content": "1. The optical retardation of single muscle fibres at rest and the optical properties of the large, early birefringence signal detectable during a twitch (Baylor & Oetliker, 1975, 1977a) were investigated. 2. The resting birefringence, B, which is the factor relating resting retardation, R, to the light path length through the fibre, L, was found to be 2.25 x 10-3 (i.e. R = 2.25 X 10-3 X L) and to be independent of wavelength ( lambda = 480-660 nm). 3. When the angle of incidence, psi, of the crossed polarizers with respect to the fibre axis was varied, the resting light intensity and large, early change in light intensity were related by the function sin2 psi-cos2psi. When the net phase shift, phi lambda, of a narrow longitudinal strip of fibre plus compensator was varied, the resting light intensity was described by the function (1-cos phi lambda), whereas the early change in light intensity followed sin phi lambda. These results make it likely that the optical mechanism underlying the early birefringence signal is a change in retardation. 4. When a narrow longitudinal strip of fibre was illuminated by monochromatic light in the range 480-690 nm, the magnitude of the signal varied approximately as expected if the retardation change is independent of wave-length. 5. The spatial characteristics of the signal were examined by moving a small slit of light across the fibre width as well as by measuring the signal collected from the entire fibre width as a function of wave-length. The results from both experiments support the idea that the large, early change in retardation is due to a volume-related rather than surface-related structure. 6. Under the assumption that the retardation change is distributed as fibre volume, its average magnitude was calculated. For fibres in normal Ringer the peak of the early retardation change compared with resting is about 1.7 x 10-3, and for fibres in D2O Ringer about 0.7 x 10-3.", "contents": "The optical properties of birefringence signals from single muscle fibres. 1. The optical retardation of single muscle fibres at rest and the optical properties of the large, early birefringence signal detectable during a twitch (Baylor & Oetliker, 1975, 1977a) were investigated. 2. The resting birefringence, B, which is the factor relating resting retardation, R, to the light path length through the fibre, L, was found to be 2.25 x 10-3 (i.e. R = 2.25 X 10-3 X L) and to be independent of wavelength ( lambda = 480-660 nm). 3. When the angle of incidence, psi, of the crossed polarizers with respect to the fibre axis was varied, the resting light intensity and large, early change in light intensity were related by the function sin2 psi-cos2psi. When the net phase shift, phi lambda, of a narrow longitudinal strip of fibre plus compensator was varied, the resting light intensity was described by the function (1-cos phi lambda), whereas the early change in light intensity followed sin phi lambda. These results make it likely that the optical mechanism underlying the early birefringence signal is a change in retardation. 4. When a narrow longitudinal strip of fibre was illuminated by monochromatic light in the range 480-690 nm, the magnitude of the signal varied approximately as expected if the retardation change is independent of wave-length. 5. The spatial characteristics of the signal were examined by moving a small slit of light across the fibre width as well as by measuring the signal collected from the entire fibre width as a function of wave-length. The results from both experiments support the idea that the large, early change in retardation is due to a volume-related rather than surface-related structure. 6. Under the assumption that the retardation change is distributed as fibre volume, its average magnitude was calculated. For fibres in normal Ringer the peak of the early retardation change compared with resting is about 1.7 x 10-3, and for fibres in D2O Ringer about 0.7 x 10-3."}
{"id": "PMID:300108", "title": "Birefringence signals from surface and t-system membranes of frog single muscle fibres.", "content": "1. When the tonicity of Ringer is increased above 2-5 times normal and a single fibre stimulated externally, the large, early birefringence signal preceding twitch tension (Baylor & Oetliker, 1975, 1977 a,b) is sufficiently reduced and delayed so as to reveal a small but distinct signal ('1st component\") preceding it. For an average-sized fibre, the deltaI/I of the 1st component was (minus) 1 to 2 x 10-5. 2. The time course of the 1st component superimposed with the surface action potential simultaneously recorded by an internal micro-electrode. The polarity of the 1st component reversed with compensation. 3. From these characteristics, the 1st component is thought to arise from a small change in optical retardation of the surface membrane due to the action potential. 4. When a fibre was impaled with two micro-electrodes, retardation changes accompanying small hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current steps were detected. In some cases the polarity of the observed signal was opposite in sign to that expected for a retardation change only from the surface membrane. 5. Because the anatomical orientation of the T-system appears to be primarily transverse rather than longitudinal, these signals of opposite polarity are probably, on balance, due to retardation changes from the membranes of the T-system. 6. The possible origin of the large birefringence signal preceding contraction is discussed.", "contents": "Birefringence signals from surface and t-system membranes of frog single muscle fibres. 1. When the tonicity of Ringer is increased above 2-5 times normal and a single fibre stimulated externally, the large, early birefringence signal preceding twitch tension (Baylor & Oetliker, 1975, 1977 a,b) is sufficiently reduced and delayed so as to reveal a small but distinct signal ('1st component\") preceding it. For an average-sized fibre, the deltaI/I of the 1st component was (minus) 1 to 2 x 10-5. 2. The time course of the 1st component superimposed with the surface action potential simultaneously recorded by an internal micro-electrode. The polarity of the 1st component reversed with compensation. 3. From these characteristics, the 1st component is thought to arise from a small change in optical retardation of the surface membrane due to the action potential. 4. When a fibre was impaled with two micro-electrodes, retardation changes accompanying small hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current steps were detected. In some cases the polarity of the observed signal was opposite in sign to that expected for a retardation change only from the surface membrane. 5. Because the anatomical orientation of the T-system appears to be primarily transverse rather than longitudinal, these signals of opposite polarity are probably, on balance, due to retardation changes from the membranes of the T-system. 6. The possible origin of the large birefringence signal preceding contraction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300109", "title": "Functional electrical stimulation of the extremities: part 1.", "content": "Functional electrical stimulation of the extremities (FES) is a new method for the rehabilitation of paralysed paretic patients. Small, electronic stimulators are worn by the patient, who can voluntarily control the electrical currents applied to his paralysed muscle. These currents activate the disabled extremities and make them at least partially functional once more. This paper presents a short history of FES and discusses recent advances and problems in the field. A detailed account of present work with single- and multi-channel stimulation of paralysed legs is given, as well as some research data on upper extremity stimulation.", "contents": "Functional electrical stimulation of the extremities: part 1. Functional electrical stimulation of the extremities (FES) is a new method for the rehabilitation of paralysed paretic patients. Small, electronic stimulators are worn by the patient, who can voluntarily control the electrical currents applied to his paralysed muscle. These currents activate the disabled extremities and make them at least partially functional once more. This paper presents a short history of FES and discusses recent advances and problems in the field. A detailed account of present work with single- and multi-channel stimulation of paralysed legs is given, as well as some research data on upper extremity stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:300110", "title": "A comparison of chloramphenicol and ampicillin as bactericidal agents for Haemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "In tests of bactericidal action against H. influenzae type b strains isolated from patients with meningitis, chloramphenicol was found to be far more reliable than ampicillin in dealing with large inocula, and more rapidly effective against both large and relatively small inocula. These findings provide a laboratory explanation for the somewhat better record of chloramphenicol as an agent for treatment of haemophilus meningitis.", "contents": "A comparison of chloramphenicol and ampicillin as bactericidal agents for Haemophilus influenzae type B. In tests of bactericidal action against H. influenzae type b strains isolated from patients with meningitis, chloramphenicol was found to be far more reliable than ampicillin in dealing with large inocula, and more rapidly effective against both large and relatively small inocula. These findings provide a laboratory explanation for the somewhat better record of chloramphenicol as an agent for treatment of haemophilus meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300112", "title": "Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumors. III. Detection of common and unique tumor-associated antigens on BALB/c, C3H, and NZB plasmacytomas by in vivo and in vitro induction of tumor-immune responses.", "content": "Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) were demonstrated on plasmacytomas derived from BALB/c, NZB, and C3H mouse strains, by in vivo and in vitro techniques. By immunizing the appropriate F1 hybrid mice with these tumors, it was possible to show that all the plasmacytomas expressed cross-reactive tumor-associated transplantation antigens. When cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) were induced in vitro by the coculturing of syngeneic or F1 hybrid spleen cells with irradiated plasmacytoma cells, \"shared\" and \"unique\" plasmacytoma TAA were demonstrable. This was accomplished by inducing CL in vitro against one syngeneic plasmacytoma and assaying for lytic activity on a range of 51Cr-labeled BALB/c, NZB and C3H plasmacytoma cells in vitro. In a second in vitro assay, unlabeled plasmacytoma cells were tested for their ability to inhibit the lysis of a particular 51Cr-labeled plasmacytoma, with the use of CL induced in vitro against it. The possibility that these TAA were \"self\" antigens was excluded by demonstrating in the inhibition assay that they were not present on T lymphomas and spleen cells of the same strain, and that CL \"autosensitized\" in vitro could not significantly lyse 51Cr-labeled plasmacytoma cells in vitro. From both in vivo and in vitro studies of immunity to these tumors, it was concluded that any one plasmacytoma line possesses multiple TAA of both shared and unique types.", "contents": "Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumors. III. Detection of common and unique tumor-associated antigens on BALB/c, C3H, and NZB plasmacytomas by in vivo and in vitro induction of tumor-immune responses. Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) were demonstrated on plasmacytomas derived from BALB/c, NZB, and C3H mouse strains, by in vivo and in vitro techniques. By immunizing the appropriate F1 hybrid mice with these tumors, it was possible to show that all the plasmacytomas expressed cross-reactive tumor-associated transplantation antigens. When cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) were induced in vitro by the coculturing of syngeneic or F1 hybrid spleen cells with irradiated plasmacytoma cells, \"shared\" and \"unique\" plasmacytoma TAA were demonstrable. This was accomplished by inducing CL in vitro against one syngeneic plasmacytoma and assaying for lytic activity on a range of 51Cr-labeled BALB/c, NZB and C3H plasmacytoma cells in vitro. In a second in vitro assay, unlabeled plasmacytoma cells were tested for their ability to inhibit the lysis of a particular 51Cr-labeled plasmacytoma, with the use of CL induced in vitro against it. The possibility that these TAA were \"self\" antigens was excluded by demonstrating in the inhibition assay that they were not present on T lymphomas and spleen cells of the same strain, and that CL \"autosensitized\" in vitro could not significantly lyse 51Cr-labeled plasmacytoma cells in vitro. From both in vivo and in vitro studies of immunity to these tumors, it was concluded that any one plasmacytoma line possesses multiple TAA of both shared and unique types."}
{"id": "PMID:300113", "title": "In vitro antitumor effect of lymphoid cells from Corynebacterium parvum-treated mice: effect of route of C. parvum administration.", "content": "Corynebacterium parvum administration in CBA mice resulted in the stimulation in the peritoneal exudate and other lymphoid organs  of cells which nonspecifically inhibited the tumor growth in vitro. The distribution of the antitumor activity in different organs was dependent on the route of C. parvum injection. Both ip and iv treatments stimulated antitumor activity in the peritoneal exudate, whereas the sc route was ineffective. Only iv treatment stimulated the antitumor activity in the blood, and only the sc route produced the antitumor activity in the lymph node. The antitumor activity following the sc treatment was confined mainly to nodes draining the site of C. parvum injection. All routes of treatment provoked some antitumor activity in the spleen, although the degree of the activity varied with the route in the order of ip, iv, and sc. The antitumor activity in all organs peaked between 4 and 14 days after C. parvum injection. This activity in all organs, except the spleen, disappeared by day 42 post treatment. The results are discussed in the light of the in vivo observations on the antitumor effects of C. parvum.", "contents": "In vitro antitumor effect of lymphoid cells from Corynebacterium parvum-treated mice: effect of route of C. parvum administration. Corynebacterium parvum administration in CBA mice resulted in the stimulation in the peritoneal exudate and other lymphoid organs  of cells which nonspecifically inhibited the tumor growth in vitro. The distribution of the antitumor activity in different organs was dependent on the route of C. parvum injection. Both ip and iv treatments stimulated antitumor activity in the peritoneal exudate, whereas the sc route was ineffective. Only iv treatment stimulated the antitumor activity in the blood, and only the sc route produced the antitumor activity in the lymph node. The antitumor activity following the sc treatment was confined mainly to nodes draining the site of C. parvum injection. All routes of treatment provoked some antitumor activity in the spleen, although the degree of the activity varied with the route in the order of ip, iv, and sc. The antitumor activity in all organs peaked between 4 and 14 days after C. parvum injection. This activity in all organs, except the spleen, disappeared by day 42 post treatment. The results are discussed in the light of the in vivo observations on the antitumor effects of C. parvum."}
{"id": "PMID:300114", "title": "Antitumor immunity, V.BCG-induced growth inhibition of murine tumors. Effect of hydrocortisone, antiserum against theta antigen, and gamma-irradiated BCG.", "content": "Dimethylbenzdithionsaphthene (DBDN)-induced fibrosarcoma transplantable in syngeneic Swiss mice was a weakly immunogenic tumor and did not regress spontaneously. BCG from India, when incubated with the lethal dose of DBDN-induced fibrosarcoma and subsequently inoculated sc into the susceptible animal markedly inhibited growth of the tumor. Animals that did not show any tumors developed tumor-specific immunity. BCG, if administered separately and not inoculated with the tumor cells, did not show similar response. The close contact between the BCG organism and the tumor cell seemed to be an essential requirement for BCG-induced tumor-growth inhibition. Hydrocortisone-treated animals showed tumor growth even when a BCG-tumor admixture was incorporated, indicating the immunologic nature of the phenomenon. Animals preinoculated with anti-O-serum also showed tumor growth when the BCG-tumor admixture was given. This, however, pointed out a major role of O-bearing lymmphocytes in BCG-induced-tumor-growth inhibition.", "contents": "Antitumor immunity, V.BCG-induced growth inhibition of murine tumors. Effect of hydrocortisone, antiserum against theta antigen, and gamma-irradiated BCG. Dimethylbenzdithionsaphthene (DBDN)-induced fibrosarcoma transplantable in syngeneic Swiss mice was a weakly immunogenic tumor and did not regress spontaneously. BCG from India, when incubated with the lethal dose of DBDN-induced fibrosarcoma and subsequently inoculated sc into the susceptible animal markedly inhibited growth of the tumor. Animals that did not show any tumors developed tumor-specific immunity. BCG, if administered separately and not inoculated with the tumor cells, did not show similar response. The close contact between the BCG organism and the tumor cell seemed to be an essential requirement for BCG-induced tumor-growth inhibition. Hydrocortisone-treated animals showed tumor growth even when a BCG-tumor admixture was incorporated, indicating the immunologic nature of the phenomenon. Animals preinoculated with anti-O-serum also showed tumor growth when the BCG-tumor admixture was given. This, however, pointed out a major role of O-bearing lymmphocytes in BCG-induced-tumor-growth inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:300115", "title": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord on the function of the bladder in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "We treated 40 patients who had multiple sclerosis and bladder symptoms with thoracic spinal cord electrical stimulation. Bladder and sphincter dysfunction was evaluated by cystometry and electromyography. Subjective improvement was noted in 77.5 per cent of the patients and documented improvement was found on cystometry and electromyography in 42.5 per cent. By electrical stimulation of the spinal cord we have demonstrated varying degrees of restoration of voluntary and reflex control of the bladder and sphincter.", "contents": "Effect of electrical stimulation of the thoracic spinal cord on the function of the bladder in multiple sclerosis. We treated 40 patients who had multiple sclerosis and bladder symptoms with thoracic spinal cord electrical stimulation. Bladder and sphincter dysfunction was evaluated by cystometry and electromyography. Subjective improvement was noted in 77.5 per cent of the patients and documented improvement was found on cystometry and electromyography in 42.5 per cent. By electrical stimulation of the spinal cord we have demonstrated varying degrees of restoration of voluntary and reflex control of the bladder and sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:300116", "title": "A survey of blood and other tissue parasites of leopard frogs Rana pipiens in the United States.", "content": "In a survey of blood and other tissue parasites from 137 leopard frogs, Rana pipiens complex, purchased from 13 commercial vendors in 8 states in the United States, Trypanosoma pipientis was found in 2 R. p. berlandieri, Toxoplasma ranae in 1 R. pipiens, Isospora lieberkuehni in 1 leopard frog, Haemogregarina magna in 44, Lankesterella minima in 3, Leptotheca ohlmacheri in 3 and microfilariae of Foleyella sp. in 6. The report of I. lieberkuehni is presumably a new host record. Haemogregarina temporariae (N\u00f6ller,, 1920) nov. comb. is established as a new combination for Nematopsis temporariae.", "contents": "A survey of blood and other tissue parasites of leopard frogs Rana pipiens in the United States. In a survey of blood and other tissue parasites from 137 leopard frogs, Rana pipiens complex, purchased from 13 commercial vendors in 8 states in the United States, Trypanosoma pipientis was found in 2 R. p. berlandieri, Toxoplasma ranae in 1 R. pipiens, Isospora lieberkuehni in 1 leopard frog, Haemogregarina magna in 44, Lankesterella minima in 3, Leptotheca ohlmacheri in 3 and microfilariae of Foleyella sp. in 6. The report of I. lieberkuehni is presumably a new host record. Haemogregarina temporariae (N\u00f6ller,, 1920) nov. comb. is established as a new combination for Nematopsis temporariae."}
{"id": "PMID:300117", "title": "Improvement of rheumatoid arthritis following splenectomy for Felty syndrome.", "content": "A patient with Felty syndrome underwent splenectomy because of persistent high fever, leg ulcer, and granulocytopenia. Subsequently, his rheumatoid synovitis went into prolonged remission. In addition, the leg ulcer healed; his WBC count, hemoglobin level, temperature, ESR, and weight returned to normal; the rheumatoid factor titer dropped substantially; and the antinuclear antibodies disappeared. These changes have persisted to the present time, more than 5 1/2 years after surgery.", "contents": "Improvement of rheumatoid arthritis following splenectomy for Felty syndrome. A patient with Felty syndrome underwent splenectomy because of persistent high fever, leg ulcer, and granulocytopenia. Subsequently, his rheumatoid synovitis went into prolonged remission. In addition, the leg ulcer healed; his WBC count, hemoglobin level, temperature, ESR, and weight returned to normal; the rheumatoid factor titer dropped substantially; and the antinuclear antibodies disappeared. These changes have persisted to the present time, more than 5 1/2 years after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:300118", "title": "New antirheumatic agents: Fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon), naproxen (Naprosyn), and tolmetin sodium (Tolectin).", "content": "The new antirheumatic agents, fenoprofen calcium, naproxen, and tolmetin sodium, are effective in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.  Their efficacy is comparable, but not superior, to that of aspirin in usual oral doses. These agents also may be useful in degenerative joint disease and ankylosing spondylitis and as analgesics and antipyretics; however, there are insufficient data available to establish their efficacy and dosages for these uses. The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal bleeding, is lower with these agents than with aspirin; thus, these drugs may be useful substitutes in patients who cannot tolerate the gastrointestinal effects of aspirin.", "contents": "New antirheumatic agents: Fenoprofen calcium (Nalfon), naproxen (Naprosyn), and tolmetin sodium (Tolectin). The new antirheumatic agents, fenoprofen calcium, naproxen, and tolmetin sodium, are effective in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.  Their efficacy is comparable, but not superior, to that of aspirin in usual oral doses. These agents also may be useful in degenerative joint disease and ankylosing spondylitis and as analgesics and antipyretics; however, there are insufficient data available to establish their efficacy and dosages for these uses. The incidence of adverse reactions, including gastrointestinal bleeding, is lower with these agents than with aspirin; thus, these drugs may be useful substitutes in patients who cannot tolerate the gastrointestinal effects of aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:300119", "title": "Sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scanning of the abdomen. Diagnosis of an lleal duplication cyst.", "content": "A sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan of the abdomen gave positive results in a 5-year-old girl with recurrent abdominal pain and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. An ileal duplication cyst lined by gastric mucosa was found at operation. Abnormal localization of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m can be observed in any condition with ectopic gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scanning of the abdomen. Diagnosis of an lleal duplication cyst. A sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan of the abdomen gave positive results in a 5-year-old girl with recurrent abdominal pain and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. An ileal duplication cyst lined by gastric mucosa was found at operation. Abnormal localization of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m can be observed in any condition with ectopic gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:300120", "title": "[Ophthalmic use of clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacterial and clinical experiments for ophthalmic use of clindamycin-2-phosphate (CLDM-2-P) were performed and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The distribution of sensitivity for 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 1975 was in the range of less than or equal to 0.19 approximately greater than or equal to 100 mug/ml, and majority of them (96.0%) were in less than or equal to 0.39 mug/ml. 2. The serum concentration by intramuscular injection of 300 mg and 600 mg CLDM-2-P in a single dose respecitvely reached the peak level after 2 hours and decreased gradually until 12 hours in both of them. 3. Ocular penetrations were examined in rabbit eyes. (1) After instillation of 1% CLDM-2-P solution, the aqueous level reached the highest after 1 hour and measurable after 6 hours. (2) After subconjunctival injection of 5 mg/0.5 ml CLDM-2-P, the aqueous level reached the highest after 2 hours and decreased until 6 hours. (3) After intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg, the aqueous concentration was recognized from 1 to 8 hours, and peak was reached after 1 hour. 1 to 8 hours, and peak was reached after 1 hour. Aqueous-serum ratio in 1 hour was 37.13%. The ocular tissue concentrations at 2 hours showed relatively high levels in both of outer and inner parts of the eye. 4. The intramuscular injection of CLDM-2-P, 300 approximately 1800 mg daily, against suppurative ocular infections revealed excellent effects on cases of external hordeolum, acute chalazion, lid abscess, orbital phlegmone, corneal infiltration, corneal ulcer, and iridocyclitis purulenta. 5. Side effects: Two cases out of 22 cases complained of diarrhoea and bitter taste after injection, and able to be treated continuously by the drug. No abnormal findings in hepatic and renal tests were observed and no servere side effects like allergic reactions were recognized.", "contents": "[Ophthalmic use of clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)]. Bacterial and clinical experiments for ophthalmic use of clindamycin-2-phosphate (CLDM-2-P) were performed and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The distribution of sensitivity for 100 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in 1975 was in the range of less than or equal to 0.19 approximately greater than or equal to 100 mug/ml, and majority of them (96.0%) were in less than or equal to 0.39 mug/ml. 2. The serum concentration by intramuscular injection of 300 mg and 600 mg CLDM-2-P in a single dose respecitvely reached the peak level after 2 hours and decreased gradually until 12 hours in both of them. 3. Ocular penetrations were examined in rabbit eyes. (1) After instillation of 1% CLDM-2-P solution, the aqueous level reached the highest after 1 hour and measurable after 6 hours. (2) After subconjunctival injection of 5 mg/0.5 ml CLDM-2-P, the aqueous level reached the highest after 2 hours and decreased until 6 hours. (3) After intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg, the aqueous concentration was recognized from 1 to 8 hours, and peak was reached after 1 hour. 1 to 8 hours, and peak was reached after 1 hour. Aqueous-serum ratio in 1 hour was 37.13%. The ocular tissue concentrations at 2 hours showed relatively high levels in both of outer and inner parts of the eye. 4. The intramuscular injection of CLDM-2-P, 300 approximately 1800 mg daily, against suppurative ocular infections revealed excellent effects on cases of external hordeolum, acute chalazion, lid abscess, orbital phlegmone, corneal infiltration, corneal ulcer, and iridocyclitis purulenta. 5. Side effects: Two cases out of 22 cases complained of diarrhoea and bitter taste after injection, and able to be treated continuously by the drug. No abnormal findings in hepatic and renal tests were observed and no servere side effects like allergic reactions were recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:300129", "title": "[Malignant mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma with t-cell ALL (author's transl)].", "content": "29 cases of T-cell derived lymphoblastic lymphoma and T-ALL have been analyzed. There is a striking prevalence of the male sex. In the peripheral blood we often find initially an excessive number of white blood cells combined with normal values for the other constituents in about half of the patients; This may be an expression for the rapid occurrence of leukaemia in T-cell lymphosarcoma. In addition to systemic ALL-therapy we performed X-ray irradiation of the mediastinum in 8 of our patients. This yielded to significantly longer first complete remissions. All patients with T-cell LSA/ALL with or without mediastinal mass should be treated in this manner. Cytochemically a strong focal acid phosphatase reaction was found to be acharacteristic of these cells. It has proved to be a screening method for this disease. The cells are T-cell derived and their pattern of surface markers is similar to that found in fetal thymocytes.", "contents": "[Malignant mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma with t-cell ALL (author's transl)]. 29 cases of T-cell derived lymphoblastic lymphoma and T-ALL have been analyzed. There is a striking prevalence of the male sex. In the peripheral blood we often find initially an excessive number of white blood cells combined with normal values for the other constituents in about half of the patients; This may be an expression for the rapid occurrence of leukaemia in T-cell lymphosarcoma. In addition to systemic ALL-therapy we performed X-ray irradiation of the mediastinum in 8 of our patients. This yielded to significantly longer first complete remissions. All patients with T-cell LSA/ALL with or without mediastinal mass should be treated in this manner. Cytochemically a strong focal acid phosphatase reaction was found to be acharacteristic of these cells. It has proved to be a screening method for this disease. The cells are T-cell derived and their pattern of surface markers is similar to that found in fetal thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300132", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhage in patients with hiatal hernia.", "content": "A retrospective study examined the clinical course of 32 patients with hiatal hernia in whom hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract was a prominent symptom. Hemorrhagic esophagitis was the most common source of bleeding. Duodenal ulcer, gastritis, and gastric ulcer of the herniated stomach were other less frequent causes of hemorrhage in these patients. Hemorrhage from esophagitis is usually mild and chronically recurrent. Surgical correction of the hiatal hernia and reflux is adequate treatment for the patient with hemorrhage from esophagitis or gastritis of the herniated stomach. Hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer as well as gastric ulcer requires a procedure directed at these lesions. Because of the association of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in hiatal hernia with lesions other than esophagitis, a vigorous diagnostic approach with endoscopy is essential.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhage in patients with hiatal hernia. A retrospective study examined the clinical course of 32 patients with hiatal hernia in whom hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal tract was a prominent symptom. Hemorrhagic esophagitis was the most common source of bleeding. Duodenal ulcer, gastritis, and gastric ulcer of the herniated stomach were other less frequent causes of hemorrhage in these patients. Hemorrhage from esophagitis is usually mild and chronically recurrent. Surgical correction of the hiatal hernia and reflux is adequate treatment for the patient with hemorrhage from esophagitis or gastritis of the herniated stomach. Hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer as well as gastric ulcer requires a procedure directed at these lesions. Because of the association of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in hiatal hernia with lesions other than esophagitis, a vigorous diagnostic approach with endoscopy is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:300133", "title": "Control of myocardial performance early after open-heart operations by vasodilator treatment.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of vasodilator treatment (afterload reduction) with nitroprusside at a constant heart rate were studied in 24 patients early after aorta-coronary bypass grafting. In 12 patients, dose-response relationships were determined. Graded incremental infusions of nitroprusside produced progressive decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), right and left atrial pressures, and stroke work index. Stroke volume index and cardiac index rose significantly until MAP was reduced below the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and then they fell to base-line levels owing to insufficient preload. In an additional 12 patients, MAP was reduced with nitroprusside to the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and left atrial pressure was then restored to base-line levels during continued vasodilator administration. This sequence resulted in further augmentation of stroke volume index to a level higher than that produced by nitroprusside alone. We conclude from this investigation that nitroprusside is a clinically useful agent for primary or adjunctive therapy of mild-to-moderate low cardiac output states immediate postoperatively and that simultaneous regulation of left ventricular preload and after load during its administration is necessary in order to achieve maximal hemodynamic benefit.", "contents": "Control of myocardial performance early after open-heart operations by vasodilator treatment. The hemodynamic effects of vasodilator treatment (afterload reduction) with nitroprusside at a constant heart rate were studied in 24 patients early after aorta-coronary bypass grafting. In 12 patients, dose-response relationships were determined. Graded incremental infusions of nitroprusside produced progressive decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), right and left atrial pressures, and stroke work index. Stroke volume index and cardiac index rose significantly until MAP was reduced below the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and then they fell to base-line levels owing to insufficient preload. In an additional 12 patients, MAP was reduced with nitroprusside to the range of 80 to 90 mm. Hg, and left atrial pressure was then restored to base-line levels during continued vasodilator administration. This sequence resulted in further augmentation of stroke volume index to a level higher than that produced by nitroprusside alone. We conclude from this investigation that nitroprusside is a clinically useful agent for primary or adjunctive therapy of mild-to-moderate low cardiac output states immediate postoperatively and that simultaneous regulation of left ventricular preload and after load during its administration is necessary in order to achieve maximal hemodynamic benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:300134", "title": "Late lesions in aorta-coronary artery vein grafts.", "content": "Aorta-coronary artery vein grafts, obtained from 2 patients 37 and 59 months after an aorta-coronary bypass operation, showed extensive mural changes characterized by degenerative tissue lesions, loss of normal morphological features of the intima, and extracellular accumulation of lipids. Both patients had increased plasma triglyceride levels.", "contents": "Late lesions in aorta-coronary artery vein grafts. Aorta-coronary artery vein grafts, obtained from 2 patients 37 and 59 months after an aorta-coronary bypass operation, showed extensive mural changes characterized by degenerative tissue lesions, loss of normal morphological features of the intima, and extracellular accumulation of lipids. Both patients had increased plasma triglyceride levels."}
{"id": "PMID:300130", "title": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the hypothalamus and limbic formations on vestibular-somatic reflexes].", "content": "Chronic experiments on rabbits which had electrodes implanted into the hypothalamus, amygdalar area and hyppocampus have shown that electrostimulation of these brain structures which brought about different emotional and behavioral reactions during preliminary test produces a distinct modulating effect on the vestibular (rotatory and post-rotatory) nystagmus and labyrinthine posture-tonic reflexes.", "contents": "[Effect of electric stimulation of the hypothalamus and limbic formations on vestibular-somatic reflexes]. Chronic experiments on rabbits which had electrodes implanted into the hypothalamus, amygdalar area and hyppocampus have shown that electrostimulation of these brain structures which brought about different emotional and behavioral reactions during preliminary test produces a distinct modulating effect on the vestibular (rotatory and post-rotatory) nystagmus and labyrinthine posture-tonic reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:300135", "title": "Abnormal chemotaxis in patients with cutaneous anergy.", "content": "Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear leukocytes was studied in six patients who had persistent cutaneous anergy. Four had previous infections (three fungal and one caused by Mycobacterium kansasii), one had sarcoidosis, and one had late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency. Our data indicate that some patients with persistent cutaneous anergy have a combined defect of leukocyte function. Lymphocytes incubated in vitro with mitogen failed to elaborate active lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor when compared with controls. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear leukocytes responded poorly to normal chematactic factors compared with controls. The abnormal mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis may play a role in the persistent cutaneous anergy of these patients.", "contents": "Abnormal chemotaxis in patients with cutaneous anergy. Chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear leukocytes was studied in six patients who had persistent cutaneous anergy. Four had previous infections (three fungal and one caused by Mycobacterium kansasii), one had sarcoidosis, and one had late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency. Our data indicate that some patients with persistent cutaneous anergy have a combined defect of leukocyte function. Lymphocytes incubated in vitro with mitogen failed to elaborate active lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor when compared with controls. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear leukocytes responded poorly to normal chematactic factors compared with controls. The abnormal mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis may play a role in the persistent cutaneous anergy of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300136", "title": "Otologic and otoneurologic injuries in divers: clinical studies on nine commercial and two sport divers.", "content": "In the past two decades, we have seen a great increase in the number of injuries from commercial and sport diving. During this time, our knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of diving has also increased. As a result, we now can accurately diagnose and successfully treat many of these injuries. Of the commercial and sport divers examined as pateints in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Tex., between September, 1974, and May, 1975, 11 showed positive otologic and otoneurologic findings which are reported herein. One patient was surgically explored for an oval window fistula. In localizing and classifying these injuries, we have utilized extensive and broad-based test batteries, which include complete history, otologic and otoneurologic physical examination, audiometry, a central auditory test battery, and a vestibular test battery. These tests are described. The findings in each of the divers are illustrated and analyzed. This article further describes the use of these test batteries, which were employed to localize otoneurologic pathology in this sample of injured divers. Based on these cases, we have expanded and modified Edmonds' classification of the etiology of vertigo related to diving. We feel that the test batteries which we describe, or similar tests, should be part of the otologic and otoneurologic workup of injuries divers.", "contents": "Otologic and otoneurologic injuries in divers: clinical studies on nine commercial and two sport divers. In the past two decades, we have seen a great increase in the number of injuries from commercial and sport diving. During this time, our knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of diving has also increased. As a result, we now can accurately diagnose and successfully treat many of these injuries. Of the commercial and sport divers examined as pateints in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Tex., between September, 1974, and May, 1975, 11 showed positive otologic and otoneurologic findings which are reported herein. One patient was surgically explored for an oval window fistula. In localizing and classifying these injuries, we have utilized extensive and broad-based test batteries, which include complete history, otologic and otoneurologic physical examination, audiometry, a central auditory test battery, and a vestibular test battery. These tests are described. The findings in each of the divers are illustrated and analyzed. This article further describes the use of these test batteries, which were employed to localize otoneurologic pathology in this sample of injured divers. Based on these cases, we have expanded and modified Edmonds' classification of the etiology of vertigo related to diving. We feel that the test batteries which we describe, or similar tests, should be part of the otologic and otoneurologic workup of injuries divers."}
{"id": "PMID:300137", "title": "ENG analysis of 150 cases of posterior fossa disease.", "content": "Analysis of the ENG records of 150 patients with well substantiated neurologic disease involving the structure of the posterior fossa revealed a high incidence of diminished optic fixation inhibition (DOFI) of caloric induced nystagmus. DOFI is defined as less than 50 percent decrease of speed of the slow phase when eyes are open and fixated. The whole group was subdivided into seven subgroups according to type and location of disease and the incidence of DOFI was found to vary significantly in the different subgroups. The highest incidence was found in the group of cerebellar mass lesions and in the group of degenerative diseases, most of which had cerebellar involvement. A review of the literature reveals work done by others showing that suppression of vestibular reflexes induced by high speed turning and also habituation of caloric induced nystagmus is dependent on optic fixation inhibition (opto-vestibular reflex.). It has been shown that the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum has an inhibitory effect on the effects of vestibular activity by both destructive and stimulating techniques. Afferent and efferent pathways between the cerebellum and primary vestibular reflex arcs have been extensively described. It has been shown that cerebellar nodulectomy severely interferes with acquisition of habituation and retention of previously acquired habituation. Since habituation and suprression of vestibular nystamus depend on optic fixation inhibition and equally on the cerebellum, it is reasonable to infer that the opto-vesitubular inhibitory reflex is mediated by the crebellum. The clinical data of the 150 cases were analyzed for correlation of DOFI and other cerebellar signs. This analysis gives a high incidence of correlation: 66 percent of the cases having DOFI also had other cerebellar signs, whereas only 19 percent of cases that did not have DOFI had other cerebellar signs. These data lend further support to the inference that the cerebellum is involved in mediation of the opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex. Under most circumstances visual perception of the environment during movement depends on an inter-reaction between the vestibulo-oculomotor and the opto-vestibular reflexes. Eye movements during head movements are entirely different with eyes closed than with eyes open and fixating. In fact, it can be shown that ocular fixation is far more efficient during head movements than it is during movement of an object with head stationary. It is probable that fixation in the former case is the result of vestibulo-oculomotor slow phase activity modified by the opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex and elimination of the fast phase. A defect in the latter should result in a sense of spatial insecurity during movement by virtue of altered visual perception. The opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex is a central descending reflex probably mediated through the cerebellum. It is easy to test during and ENG. It is essential to normal visual perception during head movement...", "contents": "ENG analysis of 150 cases of posterior fossa disease. Analysis of the ENG records of 150 patients with well substantiated neurologic disease involving the structure of the posterior fossa revealed a high incidence of diminished optic fixation inhibition (DOFI) of caloric induced nystagmus. DOFI is defined as less than 50 percent decrease of speed of the slow phase when eyes are open and fixated. The whole group was subdivided into seven subgroups according to type and location of disease and the incidence of DOFI was found to vary significantly in the different subgroups. The highest incidence was found in the group of cerebellar mass lesions and in the group of degenerative diseases, most of which had cerebellar involvement. A review of the literature reveals work done by others showing that suppression of vestibular reflexes induced by high speed turning and also habituation of caloric induced nystagmus is dependent on optic fixation inhibition (opto-vestibular reflex.). It has been shown that the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum has an inhibitory effect on the effects of vestibular activity by both destructive and stimulating techniques. Afferent and efferent pathways between the cerebellum and primary vestibular reflex arcs have been extensively described. It has been shown that cerebellar nodulectomy severely interferes with acquisition of habituation and retention of previously acquired habituation. Since habituation and suprression of vestibular nystamus depend on optic fixation inhibition and equally on the cerebellum, it is reasonable to infer that the opto-vesitubular inhibitory reflex is mediated by the crebellum. The clinical data of the 150 cases were analyzed for correlation of DOFI and other cerebellar signs. This analysis gives a high incidence of correlation: 66 percent of the cases having DOFI also had other cerebellar signs, whereas only 19 percent of cases that did not have DOFI had other cerebellar signs. These data lend further support to the inference that the cerebellum is involved in mediation of the opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex. Under most circumstances visual perception of the environment during movement depends on an inter-reaction between the vestibulo-oculomotor and the opto-vestibular reflexes. Eye movements during head movements are entirely different with eyes closed than with eyes open and fixating. In fact, it can be shown that ocular fixation is far more efficient during head movements than it is during movement of an object with head stationary. It is probable that fixation in the former case is the result of vestibulo-oculomotor slow phase activity modified by the opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex and elimination of the fast phase. A defect in the latter should result in a sense of spatial insecurity during movement by virtue of altered visual perception. The opto-vestibular inhibitory reflex is a central descending reflex probably mediated through the cerebellum. It is easy to test during and ENG. It is essential to normal visual perception during head movement..."}
{"id": "PMID:300141", "title": "The mesocaval \"H\" graft: experience with 22 cases.", "content": "During the past 32 months, 22 consecutive unselected patients who had bled from oesophageal varices have undergone mesocaval \"H\" graft operations. There have been nine deaths, three in the early and six in the late postoperative periods. Two deaths were the result of bleeding complicating severe primary fibrinolysis and three were due to disseminated sepsis, one originating from an infected shunt. Continued alcohol intake may have contributed to five of the late deaths. Ten of the 19 patients who left hospital developed some degree of hepatic encephalopathy easily controlled by diet and medical therapy. However, in one case the development of grade IV coma necessitated ligation of the shunt to reverse the coma. Patency of the shunt was demonstrated in all but one patient. Recurrence of bleeding occurred only in this patient and the one in whom the shunt was ligated. Although the operation had a comparatively low operative mortality, the long-term mobidity and mortality were no better than those of the more conventional portacaval anastomosis.", "contents": "The mesocaval \"H\" graft: experience with 22 cases. During the past 32 months, 22 consecutive unselected patients who had bled from oesophageal varices have undergone mesocaval \"H\" graft operations. There have been nine deaths, three in the early and six in the late postoperative periods. Two deaths were the result of bleeding complicating severe primary fibrinolysis and three were due to disseminated sepsis, one originating from an infected shunt. Continued alcohol intake may have contributed to five of the late deaths. Ten of the 19 patients who left hospital developed some degree of hepatic encephalopathy easily controlled by diet and medical therapy. However, in one case the development of grade IV coma necessitated ligation of the shunt to reverse the coma. Patency of the shunt was demonstrated in all but one patient. Recurrence of bleeding occurred only in this patient and the one in whom the shunt was ligated. Although the operation had a comparatively low operative mortality, the long-term mobidity and mortality were no better than those of the more conventional portacaval anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300148", "title": "[Responses of neurons in the nucleus isthmi region of the frog to optic nerve stimulation].", "content": "Neuronal responses were studied in the nucleus isthmi area of Rana temporaria. The animals were immobilized by diplacine, a curare-like drug. Single neurons in this area had no background activity. After single-pulse electric stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve these neurons discharged as a rule with one action potential only, its minimal latency being 20-110 msc. The latencies decrease significantly when the stimulus intensities were increased from threshold to maximal, indicating development of summation process in the corresponding afferent pathway. Only 14 per cent (7 of 57) of neurons responded to stimuli exciting myelinated optic fibres and not exciting the ummyelinated ones. All the nucleus isthmi neurons discharged with unstable latency; this means that these neurons were excitated not antidromically. The functional role of nucleus isthmi in Anurans is discussed.", "contents": "[Responses of neurons in the nucleus isthmi region of the frog to optic nerve stimulation]. Neuronal responses were studied in the nucleus isthmi area of Rana temporaria. The animals were immobilized by diplacine, a curare-like drug. Single neurons in this area had no background activity. After single-pulse electric stimulation of the contralateral optic nerve these neurons discharged as a rule with one action potential only, its minimal latency being 20-110 msc. The latencies decrease significantly when the stimulus intensities were increased from threshold to maximal, indicating development of summation process in the corresponding afferent pathway. Only 14 per cent (7 of 57) of neurons responded to stimuli exciting myelinated optic fibres and not exciting the ummyelinated ones. All the nucleus isthmi neurons discharged with unstable latency; this means that these neurons were excitated not antidromically. The functional role of nucleus isthmi in Anurans is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300151", "title": "Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity.", "content": "Obstetric data from 4403 nulliparas were analyzed in order to determine whether the duration of the second stage of labor influences perinatal outcome or maternal puerperal morbidity. No significant increase in the frequency of perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality, or low 5-minute Apgar scores was noted with long second stages. An increase in the incidence of low 1-minute Apgar scores was observed only in those infants who were not monitored. An increase in puerperal hemorrhage after more than 3 hours of second stage labor was attributable to those patients delivered by midforceps operations. It appears that it is unwarranted to terminate labor simply because an arbitrary period of time has elapsed in the second stage.", "contents": "Influence of the duration of second stage labor on perinatal outcome and puerperal morbidity. Obstetric data from 4403 nulliparas were analyzed in order to determine whether the duration of the second stage of labor influences perinatal outcome or maternal puerperal morbidity. No significant increase in the frequency of perinatal mortality, neonatal mortality, or low 5-minute Apgar scores was noted with long second stages. An increase in the incidence of low 1-minute Apgar scores was observed only in those infants who were not monitored. An increase in puerperal hemorrhage after more than 3 hours of second stage labor was attributable to those patients delivered by midforceps operations. It appears that it is unwarranted to terminate labor simply because an arbitrary period of time has elapsed in the second stage."}
{"id": "PMID:300152", "title": "T and B cells in pregnancy.", "content": "The present study reports on the relative percents and absolute numbers of peripheral blood total T, active T, and B lymphocytes in pregnant women throughout gestation. These data agree with other studies reporting normal T and B cell populations during pregnancy.", "contents": "T and B cells in pregnancy. The present study reports on the relative percents and absolute numbers of peripheral blood total T, active T, and B lymphocytes in pregnant women throughout gestation. These data agree with other studies reporting normal T and B cell populations during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:300154", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in human malnutrition: cytotoxic and suppressor cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of young children with protein-calorie undernutrition were evaluated for surface markers and function. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes were reduced and the immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes were unchanged. The relative proportion of the remaining \"null\" lymphoid cells was increased. Null cells and, to a lesser extent, B lymphocytes showed cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic target cells and suppressed phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis by normal T lymphocytes. It is suggested that these alterations in lymphoid subpopulations contribute to depressed cell-mediated immunity in malnutrition.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in human malnutrition: cytotoxic and suppressor cells. Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of young children with protein-calorie undernutrition were evaluated for surface markers and function. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes were reduced and the immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes were unchanged. The relative proportion of the remaining \"null\" lymphoid cells was increased. Null cells and, to a lesser extent, B lymphocytes showed cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic target cells and suppressed phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis by normal T lymphocytes. It is suggested that these alterations in lymphoid subpopulations contribute to depressed cell-mediated immunity in malnutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:300155", "title": "Relationship between visual orientation and susceptibility to motion sickness.", "content": "24 male subjects were divided into 3 groups, on the basis of their susceptibility to motion sickness. All subjects were then required to set a luminous line in an apparently vertical position while viewing the line from a body position which was deviated 70 degrees laterally from the upright. No visible frame of reference was available. A significant relationship between motion sickness susceptibility and errors in judging the vertical was discovered, the \"intermediate\" susceptibility group making the greatest errors. The role of the vestibular system in visual orientation and motion sickness is discussed. The result also indicates the potential value of using perceptual performance as a tool in the study of motion sickness and its correlates.", "contents": "Relationship between visual orientation and susceptibility to motion sickness. 24 male subjects were divided into 3 groups, on the basis of their susceptibility to motion sickness. All subjects were then required to set a luminous line in an apparently vertical position while viewing the line from a body position which was deviated 70 degrees laterally from the upright. No visible frame of reference was available. A significant relationship between motion sickness susceptibility and errors in judging the vertical was discovered, the \"intermediate\" susceptibility group making the greatest errors. The role of the vestibular system in visual orientation and motion sickness is discussed. The result also indicates the potential value of using perceptual performance as a tool in the study of motion sickness and its correlates."}
{"id": "PMID:300156", "title": "[Hydroelectrolytic disturbances secondary to high flow lavage used for the prevention of posthemorrhagic encephalopathy in cirrhosis].", "content": "The authors carried out high flow intestinal lavage during gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics in order to obtain rapid elimination of blood from the intestine and thereby reduce the risk of encephalopathy. The fluid used had been developed for preparation of the colon for surgery and was responsible for water and electrolyte disturbances with water and salt retention. Without criticising the principle of lavage in the prevention of encephalopathy, the authors express certain reserves with regard to the use of this solution and suggest the use of a sodium-free substance remaining within the intestinal lumen (hypertonic mannitol) which does not cause any water/electrolyte imbalance, is more effective and would appear to have a slight though definite action on the resorption of ascites.", "contents": "[Hydroelectrolytic disturbances secondary to high flow lavage used for the prevention of posthemorrhagic encephalopathy in cirrhosis]. The authors carried out high flow intestinal lavage during gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotics in order to obtain rapid elimination of blood from the intestine and thereby reduce the risk of encephalopathy. The fluid used had been developed for preparation of the colon for surgery and was responsible for water and electrolyte disturbances with water and salt retention. Without criticising the principle of lavage in the prevention of encephalopathy, the authors express certain reserves with regard to the use of this solution and suggest the use of a sodium-free substance remaining within the intestinal lumen (hypertonic mannitol) which does not cause any water/electrolyte imbalance, is more effective and would appear to have a slight though definite action on the resorption of ascites."}
{"id": "PMID:300166", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of achondrogenesis.", "content": "An achondrogenic fetus, in whom the diagnosis was made prior to delivery by plain abdominal X-rays, is presented. The intrauterine characteristic roentgenographic manifestations are the short dense tubular bones of the extremities. An early diagnosis in fetuses with this disease can be made on a plain abdominal X-ray in the 22nd-24th week of gestation.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of achondrogenesis. An achondrogenic fetus, in whom the diagnosis was made prior to delivery by plain abdominal X-rays, is presented. The intrauterine characteristic roentgenographic manifestations are the short dense tubular bones of the extremities. An early diagnosis in fetuses with this disease can be made on a plain abdominal X-ray in the 22nd-24th week of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:300167", "title": "Radiological diagnosis of pontine angle tumours.", "content": "The following methods of radiological examination are suitable aids in the diagnosis of pontine angle tumours: plain radiographs and tomograms of the petrosal bone, cisternography of the pontocerebellar cistern with positive- und negative-contrast media, vertebral arteriography and computer tomography. In some 80% of cases of pontine angle tumour, plain X-rays and tomograms can disclose changes. In the case of vestibulocochlear neurinoma confined to an intracanalicular localization, only cisternography with a positive-contrast medium supplies diagnostic information. Cisternography with a negative-contrast medium is a suitable method of radiological examination in the case of larger vestibulocochlear neurinomas, which protrude into the pontocerebellar cistern, and also for the remainder of pontine angle tumours. The technique we use in this cisternography is described and evaluated with reference to 28 patients.", "contents": "Radiological diagnosis of pontine angle tumours. The following methods of radiological examination are suitable aids in the diagnosis of pontine angle tumours: plain radiographs and tomograms of the petrosal bone, cisternography of the pontocerebellar cistern with positive- und negative-contrast media, vertebral arteriography and computer tomography. In some 80% of cases of pontine angle tumour, plain X-rays and tomograms can disclose changes. In the case of vestibulocochlear neurinoma confined to an intracanalicular localization, only cisternography with a positive-contrast medium supplies diagnostic information. Cisternography with a negative-contrast medium is a suitable method of radiological examination in the case of larger vestibulocochlear neurinomas, which protrude into the pontocerebellar cistern, and also for the remainder of pontine angle tumours. The technique we use in this cisternography is described and evaluated with reference to 28 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300168", "title": "Transcatheter embolization for treatment of diverticular hemorrhage.", "content": "Two patients underwent transcatheter embolization for control of massive diverticular hemorrhage after vasopressin infusion had failed to control the bleeding. The role of angiography in the management of diverticular bleeding is discussed. If surgery is being considered, angiography should be utilized to localize the bleeding site and to permit limited colonic resection. Transcatheter embolization is proposed as an alternative to operative intervention.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization for treatment of diverticular hemorrhage. Two patients underwent transcatheter embolization for control of massive diverticular hemorrhage after vasopressin infusion had failed to control the bleeding. The role of angiography in the management of diverticular bleeding is discussed. If surgery is being considered, angiography should be utilized to localize the bleeding site and to permit limited colonic resection. Transcatheter embolization is proposed as an alternative to operative intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:300171", "title": "Benefits and prognoses following 10 years of a fluoride mouthrinsing program.", "content": "This paper is based upon the mean annual amounts of fillings (filled surfaces) and the DMFS among 6/7- to 15/16-year-old children. Each age group comprised about 450 children. Cross-sectional recordings were available prior to the start of a caries-preventive program based on 2-weekly fluoride rinses. Cross-sectional and longitudinal DMFS recordings were different during the 10 years of observation. This indicates benefits exceeding the present 70% reduction in need for fillings and 50% improved caries prevalence. The ratio fillings needed for giving the DMFS score among 13- to 14-year-old children was found to improve from 1.60 to 1.16. Based on the cumulative amounts of fillings and the ratio of fillings/DMFS, a DMFS of 15 may be expected in 4 years among children 15-16 years old. This caries prevalence is not markedly different from DMFS recordings among Scandinavian children living in fluoride areas.", "contents": "Benefits and prognoses following 10 years of a fluoride mouthrinsing program. This paper is based upon the mean annual amounts of fillings (filled surfaces) and the DMFS among 6/7- to 15/16-year-old children. Each age group comprised about 450 children. Cross-sectional recordings were available prior to the start of a caries-preventive program based on 2-weekly fluoride rinses. Cross-sectional and longitudinal DMFS recordings were different during the 10 years of observation. This indicates benefits exceeding the present 70% reduction in need for fillings and 50% improved caries prevalence. The ratio fillings needed for giving the DMFS score among 13- to 14-year-old children was found to improve from 1.60 to 1.16. Based on the cumulative amounts of fillings and the ratio of fillings/DMFS, a DMFS of 15 may be expected in 4 years among children 15-16 years old. This caries prevalence is not markedly different from DMFS recordings among Scandinavian children living in fluoride areas."}
{"id": "PMID:300172", "title": "The role of granulocytes in colony stimulation by human white blood cells in agar cultures. Enhancement and inhibition of CSA.", "content": "The effect of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) on colony stimulating activity (CSA) was studied in double layer cultures of human Ficoll Isopaque separated white blood cells (mononuclear cells = MNC). Previously published data have been confirmed that granulocytes are able to enhance or inhibit MNC derived CSA. Further analysis of the mode of action of PMN in vitro indicates that the enhancing activity ascribed to granulocytes coincides with low CSA in MNC basal layers. In contrast, in cultures with high levels of CSA as provided by lysed red blood cell enhancement rather than concentrations of PMN are sufficient to induce inhibition of colony growth. A very similar effect to that achieved with basal layer derived CSA could be obtained with conditioned media of PMN and MNC short term liquid cultures. The data indicate, that enhancement and inhibition of colony growth reflect a specific reactivity of granulocytes (PMN) to a given CSA level in the cultures. These findings are discussed in terms of a speculative role of PMN in a negative feed back control mechanism regulating granulopoiesis in vivo.", "contents": "The role of granulocytes in colony stimulation by human white blood cells in agar cultures. Enhancement and inhibition of CSA. The effect of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) on colony stimulating activity (CSA) was studied in double layer cultures of human Ficoll Isopaque separated white blood cells (mononuclear cells = MNC). Previously published data have been confirmed that granulocytes are able to enhance or inhibit MNC derived CSA. Further analysis of the mode of action of PMN in vitro indicates that the enhancing activity ascribed to granulocytes coincides with low CSA in MNC basal layers. In contrast, in cultures with high levels of CSA as provided by lysed red blood cell enhancement rather than concentrations of PMN are sufficient to induce inhibition of colony growth. A very similar effect to that achieved with basal layer derived CSA could be obtained with conditioned media of PMN and MNC short term liquid cultures. The data indicate, that enhancement and inhibition of colony growth reflect a specific reactivity of granulocytes (PMN) to a given CSA level in the cultures. These findings are discussed in terms of a speculative role of PMN in a negative feed back control mechanism regulating granulopoiesis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:300173", "title": "The effect of adrenaline, insulin and hydrocortisone on human peripheral blood lymphocytes studied by cell surface markers.", "content": "Changes in numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were calculated from samples collected before and after parenteral administration of adrenaline, insulin and hydrocortisone, respectively. A marked increase in circulating lymphocytes was noted in response to adrenaline and insulin. However, subpopulation analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of T-lymphocytes, estimated as cells forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells after incubation in the cold and a corresponding increase in proportion of lymphocytes having receptors for C3 (non-T lymphocytes). In contrast, lymphocyte numbers were unaffected by hydrocortisone. The results indicate that a decreased proportion of circulating T-lymphocytes and an increase of non-T-lymphocytes may be the result of adaptive changes in response to various forms of stress and hence is to be expected in several clinical conditions.", "contents": "The effect of adrenaline, insulin and hydrocortisone on human peripheral blood lymphocytes studied by cell surface markers. Changes in numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were calculated from samples collected before and after parenteral administration of adrenaline, insulin and hydrocortisone, respectively. A marked increase in circulating lymphocytes was noted in response to adrenaline and insulin. However, subpopulation analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of T-lymphocytes, estimated as cells forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells after incubation in the cold and a corresponding increase in proportion of lymphocytes having receptors for C3 (non-T lymphocytes). In contrast, lymphocyte numbers were unaffected by hydrocortisone. The results indicate that a decreased proportion of circulating T-lymphocytes and an increase of non-T-lymphocytes may be the result of adaptive changes in response to various forms of stress and hence is to be expected in several clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:300174", "title": "Prevention of autoimmunity in experimental lupus erythematosus by soluble immune response suppressor.", "content": "Young NZB/W mice, treated with injections of soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS)(supernatant from mouse spleen cells exposed to concanavalin A), showed decreased immunoglobulin levels, less antibody to cell nuclei, less proteinuria, and less renal pathology as compared with NZB/W mice receiving a control preparation.  Thus, SIRS administration beginning at an early age appears to be an effective therapy of the autoimmune disease in NZB/W mice.", "contents": "Prevention of autoimmunity in experimental lupus erythematosus by soluble immune response suppressor. Young NZB/W mice, treated with injections of soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS)(supernatant from mouse spleen cells exposed to concanavalin A), showed decreased immunoglobulin levels, less antibody to cell nuclei, less proteinuria, and less renal pathology as compared with NZB/W mice receiving a control preparation.  Thus, SIRS administration beginning at an early age appears to be an effective therapy of the autoimmune disease in NZB/W mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300175", "title": "Surgical experience with postinfarction ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients had surgical treatment of postinfarction ventricular aneurysm. Resection was performed in 47 patients and plication in 11. There were 44 combined procedures,  mostly myocardial revascularizations. Indications for operation included congestive heart failure, angina, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena. All aneurysms were documented by cineventriculography, and 54 patients had coronary cineangiograms. Left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressures ranged from 25 to 50 in 25 of the patients but did not affect mortality. Hospital mortality (14% overall) was directly proportional to degree of coronary artery disease--single vessel, 0; double vessel, 10%; triple, 24%. Nine patients are alive more than six months postoperatively and 37 are alive from six months to eight years postoperatively. We conclude that aneurysmectomy is the procedure of choice for ventricular aneurysms that are hemodynamically significant or have produced ventricular clots, arrhythmias, or embolic phenomena. An LVED of greater than 25 mm Hg does not contraindicate operation, but triple vessel coronary disease increases the risk.", "contents": "Surgical experience with postinfarction ventricular aneurysm. Fifty-eight patients had surgical treatment of postinfarction ventricular aneurysm. Resection was performed in 47 patients and plication in 11. There were 44 combined procedures,  mostly myocardial revascularizations. Indications for operation included congestive heart failure, angina, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena. All aneurysms were documented by cineventriculography, and 54 patients had coronary cineangiograms. Left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressures ranged from 25 to 50 in 25 of the patients but did not affect mortality. Hospital mortality (14% overall) was directly proportional to degree of coronary artery disease--single vessel, 0; double vessel, 10%; triple, 24%. Nine patients are alive more than six months postoperatively and 37 are alive from six months to eight years postoperatively. We conclude that aneurysmectomy is the procedure of choice for ventricular aneurysms that are hemodynamically significant or have produced ventricular clots, arrhythmias, or embolic phenomena. An LVED of greater than 25 mm Hg does not contraindicate operation, but triple vessel coronary disease increases the risk."}
{"id": "PMID:300176", "title": "Psychologic response to coronary artery bypass.", "content": "This study reports the psychologic findings in 30 patients undergoing this operation. Approximately one third developed postcardiotomy delirium, an occurrence consistent with that after other forms of open-heart surgery. Acceptance of the operation as opposed to preoperative anxiety, depression or denial, adequate comprehension of the proposed procedure, and a stable postoperative environment seem associated with less postcardiotomy delirium. Preventive preoperative therapeutic suggestions based on these findings are given.", "contents": "Psychologic response to coronary artery bypass. This study reports the psychologic findings in 30 patients undergoing this operation. Approximately one third developed postcardiotomy delirium, an occurrence consistent with that after other forms of open-heart surgery. Acceptance of the operation as opposed to preoperative anxiety, depression or denial, adequate comprehension of the proposed procedure, and a stable postoperative environment seem associated with less postcardiotomy delirium. Preventive preoperative therapeutic suggestions based on these findings are given."}
{"id": "PMID:300177", "title": "Reevaluation of neonatal Hemophilus influenzae infections.", "content": "Hemophilus influenzae infections are increasing in frequency in the general population. As a result this organism must be considered an etiologic agent of disease in the neonate. Proper culture technics must be routinely employed to isolate this fastidious organism, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy must be instituted in infants suspected of having sepsis or meningitis. Three cases of H influenzae infection occurring in neonates are presented.", "contents": "Reevaluation of neonatal Hemophilus influenzae infections. Hemophilus influenzae infections are increasing in frequency in the general population. As a result this organism must be considered an etiologic agent of disease in the neonate. Proper culture technics must be routinely employed to isolate this fastidious organism, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy must be instituted in infants suspected of having sepsis or meningitis. Three cases of H influenzae infection occurring in neonates are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:300179", "title": "Peripheral lymphocyte count and suppopulations of T and B lymphocytes in benign and malignant diseases.", "content": "It is well known that there are many independent and inter-related clinical and pathologic factors which influence the prognosis of patients with benign and malignant conditions. Lymphocyte level is an index of cell-mediated immunity which is important in host defense against cancer. But it is surprising that a simple test such as peripheral lymphocyte count could be correlated with clinical stages and survival results in patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-lymphomatous solid tumors. Regarding the latter, lymphocyte count had prognostic values in patients with cancer of the bone, Ewing's sarcoma; breast; colon; kidney, neuroblastoma; uterine cervix, and other sites. In general, higher lymphocyte counts before therapy correlated with longer survival. Using newer immunologic techniques, T and B lymphocytes can be identified and the different subtypes of leukemia, immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases have been studied intensively. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia represents a proliferation of B cells, while the Sezary syndrome represents that of T lymphocytes. There is a qualitative and quantitative disturbance of Blymphocytes in patients with multiple myeloma. In Hodgkin's disease, there is hyperactivity of the B cells and functional defect of the T cells. Finally, the nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resulted from neoplastic transformation of the B lymphocytes. In several nonmalignant autoimmune conditions, abnormality of T-cell or B-cell counts has been reported. For example, T cells were reported to be decreased in patients with ulcerative or granulomatous colitis and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, However, it needs to be pointed out that, in 1973, Farid and associates (44) reported a significant increase in T and a proportionate reduction of B rosette in 17 patients with untreated Grave's disease and 16 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis as compared with 24 normal and eight goiter controls. In 1975, six publications later, they (143) had to announce a retraction because further studies by them and by other investigators could not repeat the earlier results. Despite variations and lack of standardization of the test systems, some consistent deviations of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts have been reported. T lymphocytes were quantitatively decreased in patients with carcinoma of the brain, breast, head and neck, liver, lung and urologic organs and with malignant melanoma. In general, there is a marked decrease of T cells with increasing stage of disease and a return of T cells to normal level after successful therapy. Cellular immunity is depressed, often lasting for years after localized radiation therapy, whether or not the thymus is included in the treatment field...", "contents": "Peripheral lymphocyte count and suppopulations of T and B lymphocytes in benign and malignant diseases. It is well known that there are many independent and inter-related clinical and pathologic factors which influence the prognosis of patients with benign and malignant conditions. Lymphocyte level is an index of cell-mediated immunity which is important in host defense against cancer. But it is surprising that a simple test such as peripheral lymphocyte count could be correlated with clinical stages and survival results in patients with Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-lymphomatous solid tumors. Regarding the latter, lymphocyte count had prognostic values in patients with cancer of the bone, Ewing's sarcoma; breast; colon; kidney, neuroblastoma; uterine cervix, and other sites. In general, higher lymphocyte counts before therapy correlated with longer survival. Using newer immunologic techniques, T and B lymphocytes can be identified and the different subtypes of leukemia, immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases have been studied intensively. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia represents a proliferation of B cells, while the Sezary syndrome represents that of T lymphocytes. There is a qualitative and quantitative disturbance of Blymphocytes in patients with multiple myeloma. In Hodgkin's disease, there is hyperactivity of the B cells and functional defect of the T cells. Finally, the nodular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma resulted from neoplastic transformation of the B lymphocytes. In several nonmalignant autoimmune conditions, abnormality of T-cell or B-cell counts has been reported. For example, T cells were reported to be decreased in patients with ulcerative or granulomatous colitis and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, However, it needs to be pointed out that, in 1973, Farid and associates (44) reported a significant increase in T and a proportionate reduction of B rosette in 17 patients with untreated Grave's disease and 16 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis as compared with 24 normal and eight goiter controls. In 1975, six publications later, they (143) had to announce a retraction because further studies by them and by other investigators could not repeat the earlier results. Despite variations and lack of standardization of the test systems, some consistent deviations of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts have been reported. T lymphocytes were quantitatively decreased in patients with carcinoma of the brain, breast, head and neck, liver, lung and urologic organs and with malignant melanoma. In general, there is a marked decrease of T cells with increasing stage of disease and a return of T cells to normal level after successful therapy. Cellular immunity is depressed, often lasting for years after localized radiation therapy, whether or not the thymus is included in the treatment field..."}
{"id": "PMID:300180", "title": "A new in vivo assay of human lymphocyte-mediated immunity to melanoma.", "content": "Lymphocytes from melanoma patients more frequently inhibited the growth of human melanoma cells in the hamster cheek pouch than did lymphocytes from normal donors. Growth inhibition was accomplished with a much lower ratio of target cells to lymphocytes than in in vitro assays. The hamster cheek pouch assay can be used to study the relationship of blocking factors and humoral antibodies to cell-mediated immunity against human cancers.", "contents": "A new in vivo assay of human lymphocyte-mediated immunity to melanoma. Lymphocytes from melanoma patients more frequently inhibited the growth of human melanoma cells in the hamster cheek pouch than did lymphocytes from normal donors. Growth inhibition was accomplished with a much lower ratio of target cells to lymphocytes than in in vitro assays. The hamster cheek pouch assay can be used to study the relationship of blocking factors and humoral antibodies to cell-mediated immunity against human cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:300182", "title": "Total T lymphocytes in primary bronchial carcinoma.", "content": "Percentage and absolute levels of circulating T lymphocytes were measured in 48 patients with bronchial carcinoma. These were compared with control values from nine healthy adults and 19 age-matched patients with benign disorders. A further 20 patients who had been given postoperative immunotherapy after complete resection of bronchial carcinoma were also studied. There was no significant difference in the mean percentage T cells between the groups. Lymphopenia, however, was a feature of the bronchial cancer patients with metastatic disease. This resulted in a significant diminution of absolute T cells in this group. There is no evidence, with the technique employed in this study, of a total T-cell deficiency in early bronchial carcinoma.", "contents": "Total T lymphocytes in primary bronchial carcinoma. Percentage and absolute levels of circulating T lymphocytes were measured in 48 patients with bronchial carcinoma. These were compared with control values from nine healthy adults and 19 age-matched patients with benign disorders. A further 20 patients who had been given postoperative immunotherapy after complete resection of bronchial carcinoma were also studied. There was no significant difference in the mean percentage T cells between the groups. Lymphopenia, however, was a feature of the bronchial cancer patients with metastatic disease. This resulted in a significant diminution of absolute T cells in this group. There is no evidence, with the technique employed in this study, of a total T-cell deficiency in early bronchial carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:300183", "title": "Platelet interaction with collagen fibrils in flowing blood. II. Impaired adhesion-aggregation in bleeding disorders. A comparison with subendothelium.", "content": "Anticoagulated whole blood from patients and control subjects was circulated through an annular perfusion chamber in which the fibrillar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium and intact subendothelium were exposed. The blood flow conditions corresponded to those in arteries (830 sec-1 wall shear rate). Platelet surface interaction was measured morphometrically. Decreased adhesion to fibrillar collagen associated with normal spreading and normal adhesion-induced formation of platelet thrombi was found with blood of patients with von Willebrand's disease and the Bernard Soulier Syndrome, indicating a defect in the initial attachment reaction of platelets with collagen. Platelets of patients with thrombasthenia did normally adhere to the collagen fibrils and also lost their subcellular organelles during this reaction, but they totally failed to adhere to each other. In storage pool disease platelet thrombus formation was consistently inhibited whereas adhesion and spreading was inhibited in some patients and normal in others. In contrast adhesion was always normal after ingestion of aspirin which consistently caused a marked inhibition of platelet thrombi. These findings correspond -- in essence -- to those previously described on intact subendothelium. However, the observed defects are more pronounced on the fibrillar collagen than on intact subendothelium.", "contents": "Platelet interaction with collagen fibrils in flowing blood. II. Impaired adhesion-aggregation in bleeding disorders. A comparison with subendothelium. Anticoagulated whole blood from patients and control subjects was circulated through an annular perfusion chamber in which the fibrillar collagen of alpha chymotrypsin-digested subendothelium and intact subendothelium were exposed. The blood flow conditions corresponded to those in arteries (830 sec-1 wall shear rate). Platelet surface interaction was measured morphometrically. Decreased adhesion to fibrillar collagen associated with normal spreading and normal adhesion-induced formation of platelet thrombi was found with blood of patients with von Willebrand's disease and the Bernard Soulier Syndrome, indicating a defect in the initial attachment reaction of platelets with collagen. Platelets of patients with thrombasthenia did normally adhere to the collagen fibrils and also lost their subcellular organelles during this reaction, but they totally failed to adhere to each other. In storage pool disease platelet thrombus formation was consistently inhibited whereas adhesion and spreading was inhibited in some patients and normal in others. In contrast adhesion was always normal after ingestion of aspirin which consistently caused a marked inhibition of platelet thrombi. These findings correspond -- in essence -- to those previously described on intact subendothelium. However, the observed defects are more pronounced on the fibrillar collagen than on intact subendothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:300184", "title": "[Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula--a case study (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with a patient with a congenital bronchoesophageal fistula, type \"H\", which was diagnosed only at age 43. This is an extremely rare defect and, if not recognized shortly after birth, it usually will stay unrecognized despite the fact that it causes recurrent pneumonias or localized bronchiectasis. The diagnosis of such a case is difficult and usually only possible with the help of a variety of diagnostic tests. The deciding factor is the recognition of the congenital defect. The subsequent surgical treatment including resection of the canal and closure of the fistula is a relatively simple operative procedure.", "contents": "[Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula--a case study (author's transl)]. This report deals with a patient with a congenital bronchoesophageal fistula, type \"H\", which was diagnosed only at age 43. This is an extremely rare defect and, if not recognized shortly after birth, it usually will stay unrecognized despite the fact that it causes recurrent pneumonias or localized bronchiectasis. The diagnosis of such a case is difficult and usually only possible with the help of a variety of diagnostic tests. The deciding factor is the recognition of the congenital defect. The subsequent surgical treatment including resection of the canal and closure of the fistula is a relatively simple operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:300185", "title": "[Etiology and diagnosis of thoracic kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Intrathoracic mass lesions revealed on routine chest-x-rays may represent high renal ectopia. This is particularly true in cases of dorso-basal location and in the absence of symptoms. On a case herein reported the value of excretory urography as important diagnostic procedure is demonstrated. The significance of angiographic features for etiological classification will be discussed. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is given.", "contents": "[Etiology and diagnosis of thoracic kidney (author's transl)]. Intrathoracic mass lesions revealed on routine chest-x-rays may represent high renal ectopia. This is particularly true in cases of dorso-basal location and in the absence of symptoms. On a case herein reported the value of excretory urography as important diagnostic procedure is demonstrated. The significance of angiographic features for etiological classification will be discussed. A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is given."}
{"id": "PMID:300186", "title": "[Implantation of the intraaortic balloon catheter through the aorta ascendens (author's transl)].", "content": "In intraoperative cardiac low out-put syndrome balloon implantation through the ascending aorta can be accomplished for secure and rapid installation of IABP, if sternotomy has occurred and successful insertion through the common femoral artery has proven to be impossible. The disadvantage of rethoracotomy for explantation of the balloon catheter can be accepted without additional risk.", "contents": "[Implantation of the intraaortic balloon catheter through the aorta ascendens (author's transl)]. In intraoperative cardiac low out-put syndrome balloon implantation through the ascending aorta can be accomplished for secure and rapid installation of IABP, if sternotomy has occurred and successful insertion through the common femoral artery has proven to be impossible. The disadvantage of rethoracotomy for explantation of the balloon catheter can be accepted without additional risk."}
{"id": "PMID:300187", "title": "[Leiomyosarcomas of the inferior vena cava. Report of a case and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A 55-year-old female with leiomyosarcoma of the middle segment of the inferior vena cava was successfully operated, 2 years ago. The literature is reviewed and pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are thoroughly discussed.", "contents": "[Leiomyosarcomas of the inferior vena cava. Report of a case and review of the literature (author's transl)]. A 55-year-old female with leiomyosarcoma of the middle segment of the inferior vena cava was successfully operated, 2 years ago. The literature is reviewed and pathology, symptoms, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are thoroughly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300188", "title": "[The importance of inputimpedance of QRS-regulated pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "As smaller the inputimpedance of a QRS-inhibited or synchronous pacemaker as higher the necessary energy for regulation. A method for measurement of inputimpedance of pacemakers is described. These impedances from several types are determined. It is a necessity to lead an intracardial ECG with a loading resistor like the used pacemaker.", "contents": "[The importance of inputimpedance of QRS-regulated pacemakers (author's transl)]. As smaller the inputimpedance of a QRS-inhibited or synchronous pacemaker as higher the necessary energy for regulation. A method for measurement of inputimpedance of pacemakers is described. These impedances from several types are determined. It is a necessity to lead an intracardial ECG with a loading resistor like the used pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:300189", "title": "[Validity of thermodilution cardiac output determination in the presence of pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The thermodilution (TD) technique can be considered as the most useful method for cardiac output (CO) determinations in clinical routine. However, surgical procedures for pulmonary stenosis or atresia frequently induce pulmonary insufficiency (PI) of various degree; due to abnormal flow conditions, this may interfere with the validity of transvenous CO-determinations. This experimental study shows that the TD technique is accurate even in the presence of PI. This observation may be explained by the fact that PI results, on the one hand, in a higher distribution volume and, on the other hand, in an increased transit time of the indicator; both of these factors have opposite effects on CO calculations, thus possibly leading to a balance of either error.", "contents": "[Validity of thermodilution cardiac output determination in the presence of pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)]. The thermodilution (TD) technique can be considered as the most useful method for cardiac output (CO) determinations in clinical routine. However, surgical procedures for pulmonary stenosis or atresia frequently induce pulmonary insufficiency (PI) of various degree; due to abnormal flow conditions, this may interfere with the validity of transvenous CO-determinations. This experimental study shows that the TD technique is accurate even in the presence of PI. This observation may be explained by the fact that PI results, on the one hand, in a higher distribution volume and, on the other hand, in an increased transit time of the indicator; both of these factors have opposite effects on CO calculations, thus possibly leading to a balance of either error."}
{"id": "PMID:300190", "title": "[Intramyocardial calcification of unknown origin (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of intramyocardial calcification is presented. The etiology can neither be explained by history, nor by clinical or histological examination. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. This showed that the calcification had occurred mostly in the myocardium of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. Because of chronic heart failure surgery was indicated and large amounts of the calcified mass were removed by means of an open heart operation. One and a half years later the patient is much improved though clinical signs of heart failure persist. Possible causes of myocardial calcification are discussed and the problems of surgical intervention outlined.", "contents": "[Intramyocardial calcification of unknown origin (author's transl)]. A case of intramyocardial calcification is presented. The etiology can neither be explained by history, nor by clinical or histological examination. The diagnosis was made by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. This showed that the calcification had occurred mostly in the myocardium of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. Because of chronic heart failure surgery was indicated and large amounts of the calcified mass were removed by means of an open heart operation. One and a half years later the patient is much improved though clinical signs of heart failure persist. Possible causes of myocardial calcification are discussed and the problems of surgical intervention outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:300195", "title": "A method for radioactive antiglobulin testing with 125I labeled anti-IgG.", "content": "The present report describes a method for 125I anti-IgG antiglobulin testing. The method involves the use of a labeled DEAE cellulose IgG fraction of goat anti-human IgG globulin. Leukocyte-free red blood cells were used in the test procedure. Both the labeled antiserum and the red blood cell suspensions were diluted in normal rabbit serum to prevent non-specific uptake of labeled antiserum by normal, uncoated red blood cells. The results of the study show that the method is highly reproducible and relatively easy to perform once the labeled anti-IgG is prepared. Furthermore, the use of labeled antiserum permits analysis of antiserum specificity by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The problem of determining anti-IgG/IgG binding ratios remains the major disadvantage to using the method to determine precise amounts of human IgG coating red blood cells.", "contents": "A method for radioactive antiglobulin testing with 125I labeled anti-IgG. The present report describes a method for 125I anti-IgG antiglobulin testing. The method involves the use of a labeled DEAE cellulose IgG fraction of goat anti-human IgG globulin. Leukocyte-free red blood cells were used in the test procedure. Both the labeled antiserum and the red blood cell suspensions were diluted in normal rabbit serum to prevent non-specific uptake of labeled antiserum by normal, uncoated red blood cells. The results of the study show that the method is highly reproducible and relatively easy to perform once the labeled anti-IgG is prepared. Furthermore, the use of labeled antiserum permits analysis of antiserum specificity by radioimmunoelectrophoresis. The problem of determining anti-IgG/IgG binding ratios remains the major disadvantage to using the method to determine precise amounts of human IgG coating red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300196", "title": "A simple method for the cryopreservation of human lymphocytes at -80C.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive method for the freezing of human blood lymphocytes at -80 C is described. Lymphocytes were frozen in either polystyrene tubes or polyolefin bags. Optimal recovery of cells was obtained when 5% DMSO and 62% plasma were used as cryoprotectants. Viable cell recovery, as assessed by response to phyto hemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), was greater than 80% after 60 days of storage. In addition, percentages of T and B lymphocytes were essentially unchanged. The excellent viable cell recovery in polyolefin bags suggests that it is possible to cryopreserve large numbers of lymphocytes in a single container.", "contents": "A simple method for the cryopreservation of human lymphocytes at -80C. A simple and inexpensive method for the freezing of human blood lymphocytes at -80 C is described. Lymphocytes were frozen in either polystyrene tubes or polyolefin bags. Optimal recovery of cells was obtained when 5% DMSO and 62% plasma were used as cryoprotectants. Viable cell recovery, as assessed by response to phyto hemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), was greater than 80% after 60 days of storage. In addition, percentages of T and B lymphocytes were essentially unchanged. The excellent viable cell recovery in polyolefin bags suggests that it is possible to cryopreserve large numbers of lymphocytes in a single container."}
{"id": "PMID:300203", "title": "Human peripheral blood \"null-lymphocytes\", a highly enriched pool for granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C).", "content": "A \"Null\"-lymphocyte preparation containing a high concentration of granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C) was isolated from human peripheral blood. 3 lymphocyte purification procedures were shown to produce an enrichment of CFU-C: 1. Removal of mononuclear phagocytes by iron phagocytosis and plastic adherence procedures. 2. Passage through Ig anti-Ig columns. 3. Removal of E-rosette-forming T cells. A combination of all 3 purification steps resulted in a 30- to 40-fold enrichment of CFU-C in the final \"Null\"-lymphocyte population as compared to the initial lymphocyte fraction isolated by Ficoll-Urografin density gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "Human peripheral blood \"null-lymphocytes\", a highly enriched pool for granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C). A \"Null\"-lymphocyte preparation containing a high concentration of granulocytic stem cells (CFU-C) was isolated from human peripheral blood. 3 lymphocyte purification procedures were shown to produce an enrichment of CFU-C: 1. Removal of mononuclear phagocytes by iron phagocytosis and plastic adherence procedures. 2. Passage through Ig anti-Ig columns. 3. Removal of E-rosette-forming T cells. A combination of all 3 purification steps resulted in a 30- to 40-fold enrichment of CFU-C in the final \"Null\"-lymphocyte population as compared to the initial lymphocyte fraction isolated by Ficoll-Urografin density gradient centrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:300204", "title": "[Role of immune RNA in the interaction of T- AND B-lymphocytes].", "content": "\"Immune\" RNA preparations were obtained from the total population and also from the T- and B-lymphocytes of the spleens of the QBA line. Intact bone marrow cells or splenic cells activated with antigen served as target cells for the \"immune\" RNA. Investigations were carried out in the system of syngenic transfer. To study the target cells in the activated population of the spleen elimination of T-or B-lymphocytes was realized immediately after the incubation of the suspension of the splenic cells with the RNA preparations with the aid of anti-theta-or anti-B-antilymphocytic sera. T-lymphocytes served as the source of the biologically active RNA in the total preparation. B-lymphocytes of the spleen and the bone marrow served as target cells for the RNA of the cells of thymus origin. However, to detect the inducing action of the RNA simultaneous presence in the population of T- and B-lymphocytes is necessary.", "contents": "[Role of immune RNA in the interaction of T- AND B-lymphocytes]. \"Immune\" RNA preparations were obtained from the total population and also from the T- and B-lymphocytes of the spleens of the QBA line. Intact bone marrow cells or splenic cells activated with antigen served as target cells for the \"immune\" RNA. Investigations were carried out in the system of syngenic transfer. To study the target cells in the activated population of the spleen elimination of T-or B-lymphocytes was realized immediately after the incubation of the suspension of the splenic cells with the RNA preparations with the aid of anti-theta-or anti-B-antilymphocytic sera. T-lymphocytes served as the source of the biologically active RNA in the total preparation. B-lymphocytes of the spleen and the bone marrow served as target cells for the RNA of the cells of thymus origin. However, to detect the inducing action of the RNA simultaneous presence in the population of T- and B-lymphocytes is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:300205", "title": "[Comparison of the immunodepressant effect of antimacrophage, antilymphocyte and antithymocyte sera following immunization with influenza virus A2].", "content": "An immunodepressive action of the anticellular sera was cause by the competition of the serum and viral antigens, as well as by the specific influence of the sera on the corresponding cells. The antimacrophagal serum decreased the monocyte content in the peripheral blood, peritoneal exudate, and retarded the antibody formation in the lymphoid organs. The antilymphocytic serum depressed the development of the plasma cell reaction in the lymph nodes and the spleen, this being expressed in a depression of the increase of the serum antihemagglutinin titre. The antithymocytic serum shortened the period of the active antibody formation.", "contents": "[Comparison of the immunodepressant effect of antimacrophage, antilymphocyte and antithymocyte sera following immunization with influenza virus A2]. An immunodepressive action of the anticellular sera was cause by the competition of the serum and viral antigens, as well as by the specific influence of the sera on the corresponding cells. The antimacrophagal serum decreased the monocyte content in the peripheral blood, peritoneal exudate, and retarded the antibody formation in the lymphoid organs. The antilymphocytic serum depressed the development of the plasma cell reaction in the lymph nodes and the spleen, this being expressed in a depression of the increase of the serum antihemagglutinin titre. The antithymocytic serum shortened the period of the active antibody formation."}
{"id": "PMID:300207", "title": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of anticoagulants in the acute phase of cerebral infarction].", "content": "500 patients who were admitted to hospitals in acute phases of brain infarctions were treated by intravenous administrations of spasmolytical drugs. 518 patients with similar conditions, besides spasmolytical drugs received anticoagulants (heparin and phenilin). In patients with expressed neurological disorders treated by anticoagulants there was a highly significant improvement, including an increase of the percent of moderate improvement and a drop in the lethality, In those patients with mildly expressed neurological disorders who received anticoagulants an improvement was also marked, but not so distinctly. In cases with slight neurological disorders the different outcomes were not significant. The highest effectivesness of anticoagulants was marked in infarctions, due to thrombosis. The effectiveness indices in patients due  to stenosis with angiospasms were not significant.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effectiveness of anticoagulants in the acute phase of cerebral infarction]. 500 patients who were admitted to hospitals in acute phases of brain infarctions were treated by intravenous administrations of spasmolytical drugs. 518 patients with similar conditions, besides spasmolytical drugs received anticoagulants (heparin and phenilin). In patients with expressed neurological disorders treated by anticoagulants there was a highly significant improvement, including an increase of the percent of moderate improvement and a drop in the lethality, In those patients with mildly expressed neurological disorders who received anticoagulants an improvement was also marked, but not so distinctly. In cases with slight neurological disorders the different outcomes were not significant. The highest effectivesness of anticoagulants was marked in infarctions, due to thrombosis. The effectiveness indices in patients due  to stenosis with angiospasms were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:300209", "title": "Control of streptomycin and isoniazid in malnourished children treated for tuberculosis.", "content": "In 12 malnourished children, who were treated for tuberculosis, plasma levels of streptomycin and isoniazid were followed. Streptomycin was administered i.m. in a dose of 25-50 mg/kg/24 hours. High initial plasma levels were reached (mean: 44.3 mug/ml at 30 min). Streptomycin levels were followed for 5 hours and the mean plasma level at that time was 17.0 mug/ml. From the present data a plasma half life of streptomycin of 3.5 hours has been estimated. It is advised that streptomycin should not be given in doses above 25 mg/kg/24 hours to avoid potential toxic plasma levels especially if plasma levels cannot be measured. It is also concluded from our study that renal function is not affected in malnourished children to an extent where streptomycin clearance is greatly affected. Isoniazid was given orally, 10 mg/kg/24 hours. From 30 min to 6 hours after administration, mean plasma levels of isoniazid above 0.5 mug/ml were observed. In all children measurable plasma levels were obtained. It is concluded that also children with malnutrition can absorb isoniazid after oral administration. From our data it is suggested that the majority of the children in our study were rapid inactivators of isoniazid.", "contents": "Control of streptomycin and isoniazid in malnourished children treated for tuberculosis. In 12 malnourished children, who were treated for tuberculosis, plasma levels of streptomycin and isoniazid were followed. Streptomycin was administered i.m. in a dose of 25-50 mg/kg/24 hours. High initial plasma levels were reached (mean: 44.3 mug/ml at 30 min). Streptomycin levels were followed for 5 hours and the mean plasma level at that time was 17.0 mug/ml. From the present data a plasma half life of streptomycin of 3.5 hours has been estimated. It is advised that streptomycin should not be given in doses above 25 mg/kg/24 hours to avoid potential toxic plasma levels especially if plasma levels cannot be measured. It is also concluded from our study that renal function is not affected in malnourished children to an extent where streptomycin clearance is greatly affected. Isoniazid was given orally, 10 mg/kg/24 hours. From 30 min to 6 hours after administration, mean plasma levels of isoniazid above 0.5 mug/ml were observed. In all children measurable plasma levels were obtained. It is concluded that also children with malnutrition can absorb isoniazid after oral administration. From our data it is suggested that the majority of the children in our study were rapid inactivators of isoniazid."}
{"id": "PMID:300210", "title": "Immune complexes in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Eleven patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) chronically infected with mucoid P. aeruginosa and ten patients without P. aeruginosa infection were examined for occurrence of circulating immune complexes, for immune complex deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction of the skin and for precipitins against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, H. influenzae and D. pneumoniae antigens. The serum concentrations of haptoglobin, orosomucoid, immunoglobulins, C1q, C3, C4 and total haemolytic complement, antinuclear and rheumatoid factor activities as well as white blood cell counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were determined also. The results indicated that 6 patients from the chronically P. aeruginosa infected group, exhibiting a spectrum of serum precipitins against P. aeruginosa antigens, also had immune complexes in the serum, while only one patient (suffering from selective IgA deficiency) in the group without P. aeruginosa infection was positive for soluble immune complexes. Granular deposits of IgM was found in the skin of 10 of the chronically P. aeruginosa infected patients and in 7 of the patients without P. aeruginosa infection. A few pactients in both groups had dermo-epidermal deposits of C1q, C3 or fibrinogen as well. Eight of the patients in the chronically infected group and five in the group without P. aeruginosa infection had organ non-specific antinuclear factors. The haptoglobin levels appeared to be elevated in the chronically infected patients (p less than 0.05). None of the other parameters showed any significant difference between the two groups.", "contents": "Immune complexes in cystic fibrosis. Eleven patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) chronically infected with mucoid P. aeruginosa and ten patients without P. aeruginosa infection were examined for occurrence of circulating immune complexes, for immune complex deposits in the dermo-epidermal junction of the skin and for precipitins against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, H. influenzae and D. pneumoniae antigens. The serum concentrations of haptoglobin, orosomucoid, immunoglobulins, C1q, C3, C4 and total haemolytic complement, antinuclear and rheumatoid factor activities as well as white blood cell counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were determined also. The results indicated that 6 patients from the chronically P. aeruginosa infected group, exhibiting a spectrum of serum precipitins against P. aeruginosa antigens, also had immune complexes in the serum, while only one patient (suffering from selective IgA deficiency) in the group without P. aeruginosa infection was positive for soluble immune complexes. Granular deposits of IgM was found in the skin of 10 of the chronically P. aeruginosa infected patients and in 7 of the patients without P. aeruginosa infection. A few pactients in both groups had dermo-epidermal deposits of C1q, C3 or fibrinogen as well. Eight of the patients in the chronically infected group and five in the group without P. aeruginosa infection had organ non-specific antinuclear factors. The haptoglobin levels appeared to be elevated in the chronically infected patients (p less than 0.05). None of the other parameters showed any significant difference between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:300212", "title": "Anesthesia for diagnostic procedures.", "content": "Invasive procedures such as angiography, pneumoencephalography and bronchography are often facilitated by the skillful administration of carefully selected anesthesia. The advantages of general anesthesia versus an awake patient during cerebral angiography are not yet resolved. Although computerized tomography and myelography can usually be accomplished with no anesthesia and local anesthesia, respectively, in children and in confused, uncooperative patients, sedation or general anesthesia may be necessary.", "contents": "Anesthesia for diagnostic procedures. Invasive procedures such as angiography, pneumoencephalography and bronchography are often facilitated by the skillful administration of carefully selected anesthesia. The advantages of general anesthesia versus an awake patient during cerebral angiography are not yet resolved. Although computerized tomography and myelography can usually be accomplished with no anesthesia and local anesthesia, respectively, in children and in confused, uncooperative patients, sedation or general anesthesia may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:300208", "title": "Vestibular syndrome and vascular anomaly in the cerebello-pontine angle.", "content": "During the investigation of patients presenting symptoms related to the Vth and VIIth nerves, frequently associated symptoms relevant to the VIIth nerve were found, such as tinnitus, disequilibrium or vertigo. On the other hand, there also came to our attention patients whose major complaints were of VIIIth origin, especially of the vestibular component, and who occasionally presented associated symptoms of Vth or VIIth nerve involvement. Following the successful treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and hemi-facial spasm by liberation of the Vth and the VIIth nerve from the mechanical irritative lesion, frequently a vascular loop anomaly, it was postulated that the same cause could be responsible of tinnitus and vertigo, secondary to irritation of the VIIIth nerve, in some cases. The clinical picture of VIIIth nerve involvement in the posterior fossa, either isolated or associated with facial pain or hemi-facial spasm, is presented together with the results of surgical treatment in 5 cases.", "contents": "Vestibular syndrome and vascular anomaly in the cerebello-pontine angle. During the investigation of patients presenting symptoms related to the Vth and VIIth nerves, frequently associated symptoms relevant to the VIIth nerve were found, such as tinnitus, disequilibrium or vertigo. On the other hand, there also came to our attention patients whose major complaints were of VIIIth origin, especially of the vestibular component, and who occasionally presented associated symptoms of Vth or VIIth nerve involvement. Following the successful treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and hemi-facial spasm by liberation of the Vth and the VIIth nerve from the mechanical irritative lesion, frequently a vascular loop anomaly, it was postulated that the same cause could be responsible of tinnitus and vertigo, secondary to irritation of the VIIIth nerve, in some cases. The clinical picture of VIIIth nerve involvement in the posterior fossa, either isolated or associated with facial pain or hemi-facial spasm, is presented together with the results of surgical treatment in 5 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:300213", "title": "Clinical and hemodynamic results of intraortic balloon counterpulsation and surgery for cardiogenic shock.", "content": "Forty-two patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) secondary to myocardial infarction were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping (I.A.B.P.). In 14 patients C.S. was associated with ventricular septal defect (V.S.D.) and in four with mitral regurgitation (M.R.) secondary to rupture of the posterior papillary muscle. All patients were resistant to conventional medical therapy. Shock was reversed in 20 of the 24 patients in C.S. without mechanical complications. After 24 to 48 hours of I.A.B.P., cardiax index (C.I.) increased from 1.38 to 2.00 L./min./M2, systolic arterial pressure (S.A.P.) from 83 to 96 mm. Hg, urinary output (U.O.) from 10 to 56 ml. per hour, and pulmonary wedge pressure (P.W.P.) decreased from 22 to 16 mm. Hg. Three patients treated with I.A.B.P. alone survived more than 1 year; of the 13 patients who were balloon dependent, four have undergone emergency surgical procedures and two were long-term survivors. In all patients with mechanical complications, I.A.B.P. resulted in significant clinical and hemodynamic improvement. P.W.P. decreased from 19 to 15 mm. Hg, and U.O. increased from 13 to 38 ml. per hour while S.A.P. remained unchanged. In patients with V.S.D. the pulmonary/systemic flow ratio (P/S) declined from 3.5 to 2.8; in patients with M.R., \"V\" wave amplitude decreased by 8 mm. Hg. Emergency surgery was performed in 10 patients with V.S.D. and in three patients with M.R. and there were eight long-term survivors (13 to 27 months). It is concluded that I.A.B.P. is an effective means of supporting the circulation in C.S. Of the 42 patients with C.S. treated by combining I.A.B.P. and emergency surgery, 13(31%) were long-term survivors (20 +/- 6 months).", "contents": "Clinical and hemodynamic results of intraortic balloon counterpulsation and surgery for cardiogenic shock. Forty-two patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) secondary to myocardial infarction were treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping (I.A.B.P.). In 14 patients C.S. was associated with ventricular septal defect (V.S.D.) and in four with mitral regurgitation (M.R.) secondary to rupture of the posterior papillary muscle. All patients were resistant to conventional medical therapy. Shock was reversed in 20 of the 24 patients in C.S. without mechanical complications. After 24 to 48 hours of I.A.B.P., cardiax index (C.I.) increased from 1.38 to 2.00 L./min./M2, systolic arterial pressure (S.A.P.) from 83 to 96 mm. Hg, urinary output (U.O.) from 10 to 56 ml. per hour, and pulmonary wedge pressure (P.W.P.) decreased from 22 to 16 mm. Hg. Three patients treated with I.A.B.P. alone survived more than 1 year; of the 13 patients who were balloon dependent, four have undergone emergency surgical procedures and two were long-term survivors. In all patients with mechanical complications, I.A.B.P. resulted in significant clinical and hemodynamic improvement. P.W.P. decreased from 19 to 15 mm. Hg, and U.O. increased from 13 to 38 ml. per hour while S.A.P. remained unchanged. In patients with V.S.D. the pulmonary/systemic flow ratio (P/S) declined from 3.5 to 2.8; in patients with M.R., \"V\" wave amplitude decreased by 8 mm. Hg. Emergency surgery was performed in 10 patients with V.S.D. and in three patients with M.R. and there were eight long-term survivors (13 to 27 months). It is concluded that I.A.B.P. is an effective means of supporting the circulation in C.S. Of the 42 patients with C.S. treated by combining I.A.B.P. and emergency surgery, 13(31%) were long-term survivors (20 +/- 6 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:300214", "title": "Eisenmenger's syndrome in pregnancy: does heparin prophylaxis improve the maternal mortality rate?", "content": "Seven consecutive patients with Eisenmenber's syndrome, cared for by the obstetric team in conjunction with the cardiology service, were reviewed to assess the possible role of prophylactic heparin therapy and intensive care on the outcome of these patients. In each patient, the diagnosis of Eisenmenger's syndrome was established by the demonstration of equal pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures with a predominantly right-to-left shunt at cardiac catheterization. Five of the seven patients died as follows: Three patients died between the fifth and eighth post-partum days, one patient died during the twenty-sixth week of pregnancy, and one patient died on the fifth postoperative day following tubal ligation. All of these five patients received prophylactic heparin therapy. In three patients, heparin therapy was complicated by excessive bleeding during the postoperative or postpartum period. Autopsy examination in two patients revealed no evidence of thrombosis in the main pulmonary arteries and no pulmonary infarction, contrary to the antemortem clinical suspicion. The two survivors did not receive prophylactic heparin. They comprised one patient who had normal delivery and one patient who underwent tubal ligation and induction of abortion. We conclude that the prohibitive mortality rate of Eisenmenger's syndrome during pregnancy, puerpurium, or surgical procedures probably cannot be modified with prophylactic heparin therapy. Anticoagulant treatment does not prevent deterioration of patients and probably compounds the problem by causing significant bleeding.", "contents": "Eisenmenger's syndrome in pregnancy: does heparin prophylaxis improve the maternal mortality rate? Seven consecutive patients with Eisenmenber's syndrome, cared for by the obstetric team in conjunction with the cardiology service, were reviewed to assess the possible role of prophylactic heparin therapy and intensive care on the outcome of these patients. In each patient, the diagnosis of Eisenmenger's syndrome was established by the demonstration of equal pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures with a predominantly right-to-left shunt at cardiac catheterization. Five of the seven patients died as follows: Three patients died between the fifth and eighth post-partum days, one patient died during the twenty-sixth week of pregnancy, and one patient died on the fifth postoperative day following tubal ligation. All of these five patients received prophylactic heparin therapy. In three patients, heparin therapy was complicated by excessive bleeding during the postoperative or postpartum period. Autopsy examination in two patients revealed no evidence of thrombosis in the main pulmonary arteries and no pulmonary infarction, contrary to the antemortem clinical suspicion. The two survivors did not receive prophylactic heparin. They comprised one patient who had normal delivery and one patient who underwent tubal ligation and induction of abortion. We conclude that the prohibitive mortality rate of Eisenmenger's syndrome during pregnancy, puerpurium, or surgical procedures probably cannot be modified with prophylactic heparin therapy. Anticoagulant treatment does not prevent deterioration of patients and probably compounds the problem by causing significant bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:300215", "title": "Long-term angiographic assessment of the influence of coronary risk factors on native coronary circulation and saphenous vein aortocoronary grafts.", "content": "The influence of smoking, hyperlipidemia, and glucose intolerance on graft patency and rate of progression of obstructive disease in the native circulation was assessed in 99 patients 1 1/2 years after aortocoronary bypass grafting. There were 24 patients in whom none of these risk factors was identified. There were 42 patients with one, 29 with two, and four with three risk factors. Overall graft patency rate was 74%. Graft patency was not significantly influenced by any of these factors either singly or in combination. Progression of obstructive disease in both proximal and distal segments of grafted vessels and in nongrafted vessels was not significantly increased by the presence of one, two, or three risk factors. Over all, there was progression in 56% of segments proximal to grafts, in 8% distal to grafts, and in 14% of nongrafted vessels. Longer term studies will be required to establish any adverse influence of these risk factors on saphenous vein bypass grafts and native circulation.", "contents": "Long-term angiographic assessment of the influence of coronary risk factors on native coronary circulation and saphenous vein aortocoronary grafts. The influence of smoking, hyperlipidemia, and glucose intolerance on graft patency and rate of progression of obstructive disease in the native circulation was assessed in 99 patients 1 1/2 years after aortocoronary bypass grafting. There were 24 patients in whom none of these risk factors was identified. There were 42 patients with one, 29 with two, and four with three risk factors. Overall graft patency rate was 74%. Graft patency was not significantly influenced by any of these factors either singly or in combination. Progression of obstructive disease in both proximal and distal segments of grafted vessels and in nongrafted vessels was not significantly increased by the presence of one, two, or three risk factors. Over all, there was progression in 56% of segments proximal to grafts, in 8% distal to grafts, and in 14% of nongrafted vessels. Longer term studies will be required to establish any adverse influence of these risk factors on saphenous vein bypass grafts and native circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:300216", "title": "Aortic stenosis, angina pectoris, and coronary artery disease.", "content": "The relationships between aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction were examined in 173 patients with isolated calcific aortic stenosis who had coronary arteriography as well as cardiac catheterization. All were over age 40 and had definite cardiac symptoms; 156 later had aortic valve replacement. Coronary lesions narrowing the lumen by 50% or more were present in 37% of patients aged 40 to 59 and 68% of those aged 60 to 82. Coronary disease was present in 64% of patients with angina pectoris and 33% of those without angina. Angina which occurred only in association with dyspnea on exertion was associated with coronary disease in 45% of instances, whereas angina which also occurred on exertion without any dyspnea or which occurred with emotional stress, after meals, during sleep, or at rest unprovoked was associated with coronary disease in 80% of instances. Patients with coronary disease without any chest pain or with atypical pain considered nonanginal were men, usually over age 60, with congestive heart failure as the predominant symptom. Electrocardiograms showing transmural inferior or anterolateral infarction nearly always indicated coronary disease, while QS patterns in Leads V1-2 occurred frequently with normal coronary arteries. Serum cholesterol was elevated in 23% of those with coronary disease and 8% of those without. A group of patients with moderate aortic stenosis could be identified, with aortic valve areas of 0.55 to 0.80 cm. per square meter, in whom coronary disease was the sole or chief cause of symptoms. The operative mortality rate with aortic valve replacement was 9.6% in those with coronary disease and 1.4% in those without significant coronary disease. Coronary disease is frequently present in patients with calcific aortic stenosis, particularly in those over 60, those with angina, and those with symptoms despite only moderate aortic stenosis. The type of anginal syndrome, the ECG evidence of transmural infarction, and the coronary risk factors provide additional clues for clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis, angina pectoris, and coronary artery disease. The relationships between aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction were examined in 173 patients with isolated calcific aortic stenosis who had coronary arteriography as well as cardiac catheterization. All were over age 40 and had definite cardiac symptoms; 156 later had aortic valve replacement. Coronary lesions narrowing the lumen by 50% or more were present in 37% of patients aged 40 to 59 and 68% of those aged 60 to 82. Coronary disease was present in 64% of patients with angina pectoris and 33% of those without angina. Angina which occurred only in association with dyspnea on exertion was associated with coronary disease in 45% of instances, whereas angina which also occurred on exertion without any dyspnea or which occurred with emotional stress, after meals, during sleep, or at rest unprovoked was associated with coronary disease in 80% of instances. Patients with coronary disease without any chest pain or with atypical pain considered nonanginal were men, usually over age 60, with congestive heart failure as the predominant symptom. Electrocardiograms showing transmural inferior or anterolateral infarction nearly always indicated coronary disease, while QS patterns in Leads V1-2 occurred frequently with normal coronary arteries. Serum cholesterol was elevated in 23% of those with coronary disease and 8% of those without. A group of patients with moderate aortic stenosis could be identified, with aortic valve areas of 0.55 to 0.80 cm. per square meter, in whom coronary disease was the sole or chief cause of symptoms. The operative mortality rate with aortic valve replacement was 9.6% in those with coronary disease and 1.4% in those without significant coronary disease. Coronary disease is frequently present in patients with calcific aortic stenosis, particularly in those over 60, those with angina, and those with symptoms despite only moderate aortic stenosis. The type of anginal syndrome, the ECG evidence of transmural infarction, and the coronary risk factors provide additional clues for clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300219", "title": "Correlative study of regional left ventricular histology and contractile function.", "content": "In 110 patients with documented coronary artery disease, transmural biopsy of the anteroapical region of the left ventricle was performed during aortocoronary bypass grafting. Biopsy specimens were semiquantitatively graded microscopically for myocardial fibrosis as an indicator of chronic ischemic damage. Preoperatively, systolic wall motion of the region from which the biopsy specimen was taken was semiquantitatively graded as showing normal motion, hypokinesia, akinesia or dyskinesia on ventriculography. Wall motion-histologic correlations, taking into account both electrocardiographic evidence of anterior infarction and ST-T abnormalities, were then established. Overall, there was fair agreement (72 percent) between functional and histologic assessment of the left ventricular region evaluated, both qualitatively (normal versus abnormal, 72 percent agreement) and quantitatively (degree of abnormality, correlation coefficient 0.66, P = 0.005). The 22 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of anterior infarction had various degrees of abnormal regional motion and myocardial fibrosis. Discordance between wall motion and histologic findings was most common (50 percent of instances) in the 34 patients with anterior ST-T changes without infarction and generally was manifest as abnormal motion with normal histologic features. By contrast, normal motion and abnormal histologic features represented the most common type of discordance (22 percent of instances) in the 54 patients without either anterior infarction or ST-T deviation. These data provide a basis for inference of myocardial morphologic features (fibrosis) from assessment of ventriculographic wall motion and the electrocardiogram. They may thus be useful in predicting the potential functional benefits of bypass grafting of coronary arteries supplying abnormally contractile segments of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Correlative study of regional left ventricular histology and contractile function. In 110 patients with documented coronary artery disease, transmural biopsy of the anteroapical region of the left ventricle was performed during aortocoronary bypass grafting. Biopsy specimens were semiquantitatively graded microscopically for myocardial fibrosis as an indicator of chronic ischemic damage. Preoperatively, systolic wall motion of the region from which the biopsy specimen was taken was semiquantitatively graded as showing normal motion, hypokinesia, akinesia or dyskinesia on ventriculography. Wall motion-histologic correlations, taking into account both electrocardiographic evidence of anterior infarction and ST-T abnormalities, were then established. Overall, there was fair agreement (72 percent) between functional and histologic assessment of the left ventricular region evaluated, both qualitatively (normal versus abnormal, 72 percent agreement) and quantitatively (degree of abnormality, correlation coefficient 0.66, P = 0.005). The 22 patients with electrocardiographic evidence of anterior infarction had various degrees of abnormal regional motion and myocardial fibrosis. Discordance between wall motion and histologic findings was most common (50 percent of instances) in the 34 patients with anterior ST-T changes without infarction and generally was manifest as abnormal motion with normal histologic features. By contrast, normal motion and abnormal histologic features represented the most common type of discordance (22 percent of instances) in the 54 patients without either anterior infarction or ST-T deviation. These data provide a basis for inference of myocardial morphologic features (fibrosis) from assessment of ventriculographic wall motion and the electrocardiogram. They may thus be useful in predicting the potential functional benefits of bypass grafting of coronary arteries supplying abnormally contractile segments of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:300220", "title": "Angiographic evaluation of saphenous vein bypass grafts: artifactual \"occlusion\" caused by dual sources of flow.", "content": "Angiography after coronary bypass surgery has engendered conflicting reports regarding the effect of grafting on proximal lesions. Analysis of a series of postoperative arteriographic injections demonstrates that routine studies may produce artifactual \"occlusion\" caused by altered or competitive flow relations. High pressure contrast injection can reveal persistent stenotic lumens at sites of apparent complete occlusion. Thus, angiographic technical factors and not surgical sequelae may be responsible for the disparate reports on this subject.", "contents": "Angiographic evaluation of saphenous vein bypass grafts: artifactual \"occlusion\" caused by dual sources of flow. Angiography after coronary bypass surgery has engendered conflicting reports regarding the effect of grafting on proximal lesions. Analysis of a series of postoperative arteriographic injections demonstrates that routine studies may produce artifactual \"occlusion\" caused by altered or competitive flow relations. High pressure contrast injection can reveal persistent stenotic lumens at sites of apparent complete occlusion. Thus, angiographic technical factors and not surgical sequelae may be responsible for the disparate reports on this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:300221", "title": "Standardized disk-diffusion susceptibility test for Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The emergence of ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae has emphasized the need for an improved practical method for routine susceptibility testing of clinical isolates. We have previously described a simplified medium for quantitative dilution susceptibility testing that is composed of Mueller-Hinton medium plus Supplement C (Difco). In the present study, paired broth-dilution and disk-diffusion susceptibility tests with ampicillin and chloramphenicol were performed on 100 strains of Haemophilus (95 H. influenzae and five H. parainfluenzae), including 30 strains with previously documented ampicillin resistance. Disk-diffusion tests were performed in exactly the same manner as the standardized Kirby-Bauer procedure used for less fastidious organisms, except that supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar plates were incubated in an increased-CO2 atmosphere. Using this method, ampicillin-susceptible strains of Haemophilus produced zone diameters of 22 mm or more, while ampicillin-resistant strains produced zones of 18 mm or less. All strains were chloramphenicol-susceptible and produced zone diameters of 30 mm or more. This method would allow routine disk-diffusion testing of isolates of H. influenzae by hospital diagnostic laboratories, using a clear medium that closely resembles unsupplemented Mueller-Hinton agar.", "contents": "Standardized disk-diffusion susceptibility test for Haemophilus influenzae. The emergence of ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae has emphasized the need for an improved practical method for routine susceptibility testing of clinical isolates. We have previously described a simplified medium for quantitative dilution susceptibility testing that is composed of Mueller-Hinton medium plus Supplement C (Difco). In the present study, paired broth-dilution and disk-diffusion susceptibility tests with ampicillin and chloramphenicol were performed on 100 strains of Haemophilus (95 H. influenzae and five H. parainfluenzae), including 30 strains with previously documented ampicillin resistance. Disk-diffusion tests were performed in exactly the same manner as the standardized Kirby-Bauer procedure used for less fastidious organisms, except that supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar plates were incubated in an increased-CO2 atmosphere. Using this method, ampicillin-susceptible strains of Haemophilus produced zone diameters of 22 mm or more, while ampicillin-resistant strains produced zones of 18 mm or less. All strains were chloramphenicol-susceptible and produced zone diameters of 30 mm or more. This method would allow routine disk-diffusion testing of isolates of H. influenzae by hospital diagnostic laboratories, using a clear medium that closely resembles unsupplemented Mueller-Hinton agar."}
{"id": "PMID:300222", "title": "Aortic aneurysm eroding the esophagus. Case report and review.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman developed dysphagia and hematemesis with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal submucosal hematoma. Post mortem examination demonstrated an aorto-esophageal fistula as the etiology of her hematemesis. The differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly patient without cirrhosis is discussed. A review of the literature on aorto-esophageal fistula is included.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm eroding the esophagus. Case report and review. A 71-year-old woman developed dysphagia and hematemesis with an endoscopic diagnosis of esophageal submucosal hematoma. Post mortem examination demonstrated an aorto-esophageal fistula as the etiology of her hematemesis. The differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly patient without cirrhosis is discussed. A review of the literature on aorto-esophageal fistula is included."}
{"id": "PMID:300224", "title": "Platelet function and immunologic parameters in von Willebrand's disease following cryoprecipitate and factor VIII concentrate infusion.", "content": "Results of functional and immunologic tests of factor VIII and of platelet function were followed in two patients with severe von Willebrand's disease who were given cryoprecipitate during preparation for surgery. Initial correction of factor VIII coagulant activity was found to persist from 48 to 72 hours. Correction of immunologically measured factor VIII persisted for 48 hours and correlated with the patients' platelet response to ristocetin aggregation. Bleeding times were corrected for only 6 to 8 hours and showed fairly good correlation with the ristocetin aggregation factor, as suggested by Weiss. The administration of commercial factor VIII concentrate corrected all parameters except the bleeding time and the ristocetin aggregation factor measurement.", "contents": "Platelet function and immunologic parameters in von Willebrand's disease following cryoprecipitate and factor VIII concentrate infusion. Results of functional and immunologic tests of factor VIII and of platelet function were followed in two patients with severe von Willebrand's disease who were given cryoprecipitate during preparation for surgery. Initial correction of factor VIII coagulant activity was found to persist from 48 to 72 hours. Correction of immunologically measured factor VIII persisted for 48 hours and correlated with the patients' platelet response to ristocetin aggregation. Bleeding times were corrected for only 6 to 8 hours and showed fairly good correlation with the ristocetin aggregation factor, as suggested by Weiss. The administration of commercial factor VIII concentrate corrected all parameters except the bleeding time and the ristocetin aggregation factor measurement."}
{"id": "PMID:300225", "title": "von Willebrand's disease and hemorrhagic telangiectasia: association of two complex disorders of hemostasis resulting in life-threatening hemorrhage.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient with uncontrolled gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to combined hemostatic defects (von Willebrand's disease and hemorrhagic telangiectasia) are described. Evidence for von Willebrand's disease was found in five family members, but no other affected relative was found to have hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Complete assestivity, factor VIII antigen and von Willebrand factor levels. The patient described also was evaluated for her response to transfusion utilizing these same measurements. Previous reports of the coexistence of hemostatic defects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are reviewed. The importance of complete hemostatic evaluation of patients with mucocutaneous bleeding is stressed in light or current knowledge of the diagnostic specificity of available laboratory tests.", "contents": "von Willebrand's disease and hemorrhagic telangiectasia: association of two complex disorders of hemostasis resulting in life-threatening hemorrhage. The clinical and laboratory findings in a patient with uncontrolled gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to combined hemostatic defects (von Willebrand's disease and hemorrhagic telangiectasia) are described. Evidence for von Willebrand's disease was found in five family members, but no other affected relative was found to have hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Complete assestivity, factor VIII antigen and von Willebrand factor levels. The patient described also was evaluated for her response to transfusion utilizing these same measurements. Previous reports of the coexistence of hemostatic defects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are reviewed. The importance of complete hemostatic evaluation of patients with mucocutaneous bleeding is stressed in light or current knowledge of the diagnostic specificity of available laboratory tests."}
{"id": "PMID:300226", "title": "Spectrum of immune response abnormalities in different clinical forms of tuberculosis.", "content": "In an attempt to explain the reasons for the development of different clinical forms of tuberculosis in different persons, their immunologic status was compared to their clinical patterns. The spectrum of immunologic abnormalities correlated with the clinical forms. Also, an inverse relationship between cell-mediated and humoral immune responses was observed. Immunologic abnormalities reverted to normal concomitant with clinical improvement on chemotherapy, suggesting that the abnormalities were the result of the illness rather than its cause. Malnutrition could have been the underlying factor for the immunologic deficiencies seen in some patients.", "contents": "Spectrum of immune response abnormalities in different clinical forms of tuberculosis. In an attempt to explain the reasons for the development of different clinical forms of tuberculosis in different persons, their immunologic status was compared to their clinical patterns. The spectrum of immunologic abnormalities correlated with the clinical forms. Also, an inverse relationship between cell-mediated and humoral immune responses was observed. Immunologic abnormalities reverted to normal concomitant with clinical improvement on chemotherapy, suggesting that the abnormalities were the result of the illness rather than its cause. Malnutrition could have been the underlying factor for the immunologic deficiencies seen in some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300227", "title": "Error in anti-DNA antibody radioimmunoassay after gallium scanning.", "content": "Significant interference with the accurate measurement of anti-DNA antibodies occurs after gallium-67 scanning. The observed effect is dependent on the radioimmunoassay used. False-negative results are observed with a modified Farr assay whereas false-positive results are noted in the millipore filter assay. These spurious values are the result of persistent radioactivity in the patients' sera after administration of 67Ga citrate.", "contents": "Error in anti-DNA antibody radioimmunoassay after gallium scanning. Significant interference with the accurate measurement of anti-DNA antibodies occurs after gallium-67 scanning. The observed effect is dependent on the radioimmunoassay used. False-negative results are observed with a modified Farr assay whereas false-positive results are noted in the millipore filter assay. These spurious values are the result of persistent radioactivity in the patients' sera after administration of 67Ga citrate."}
{"id": "PMID:300229", "title": "Optochiasmatic arachnoiditis: remarks on a case of the cystic form of the disease.", "content": "In a series of 80 patients with surgically proven optochiasmatic arachnoiditis, only one case with an exclusively cystic form of the disease was found and is reported here. Certain changes, within a relatively short (6 months) period of time, of the neuro-ophthalmologic and neuroradiologic features are described in detail and discussed.", "contents": "Optochiasmatic arachnoiditis: remarks on a case of the cystic form of the disease. In a series of 80 patients with surgically proven optochiasmatic arachnoiditis, only one case with an exclusively cystic form of the disease was found and is reported here. Certain changes, within a relatively short (6 months) period of time, of the neuro-ophthalmologic and neuroradiologic features are described in detail and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300230", "title": "Tonsilloadenoidectomy. Personal observations in 15,000 cases.", "content": "The indications for removal of tonsils and/or adenoids are discussed, along with preoperative assessment, operative technique, treatment of postoperative haemorrhage, aftercare, and results.", "contents": "Tonsilloadenoidectomy. Personal observations in 15,000 cases. The indications for removal of tonsils and/or adenoids are discussed, along with preoperative assessment, operative technique, treatment of postoperative haemorrhage, aftercare, and results."}
{"id": "PMID:300231", "title": "Clinical significance of antibodies to native DNA as measured by a DNA binding technique in patients with articular features of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The clinical significance of antinative DNA antibodies as measured by the Farr test was investigated in 10 patients with the articular features of rheumatoid arthritis. 5 of these patients also satisfied criteria for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and might be classified as rheumatoid/lupus overlap syndromes or as rheumatoids with systemic complications. None had evidence of renal disease and 3 of the 5 had Sjg\u00f8ren's syndrome. The sixth patient had aggressive peripheral arthritis, alopecia, and Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome and developed anti-DNA antibodies after treatment with penicillamine. All of the 4 rheumatoid patients with no clinical features typical of SLE had some special disease feature. The first had subclinical liver disease and the other 3 had Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome in addition to localized vasculitic skin ulceration (2) and pulmonary fibrosis (1).", "contents": "Clinical significance of antibodies to native DNA as measured by a DNA binding technique in patients with articular features of rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical significance of antinative DNA antibodies as measured by the Farr test was investigated in 10 patients with the articular features of rheumatoid arthritis. 5 of these patients also satisfied criteria for a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and might be classified as rheumatoid/lupus overlap syndromes or as rheumatoids with systemic complications. None had evidence of renal disease and 3 of the 5 had Sjg\u00f8ren's syndrome. The sixth patient had aggressive peripheral arthritis, alopecia, and Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome and developed anti-DNA antibodies after treatment with penicillamine. All of the 4 rheumatoid patients with no clinical features typical of SLE had some special disease feature. The first had subclinical liver disease and the other 3 had Sj\u00f8gren's syndrome in addition to localized vasculitic skin ulceration (2) and pulmonary fibrosis (1)."}
{"id": "PMID:300232", "title": "Relation of titred peripheral pattern ANA to anti-DNA and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This study compared the clinical usefulness of the peripheral pattern detected in immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing with anti-DNA measured by the modified Farr technique. 48 patients with active or inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied at one point in the course of their disease. There was no association between titres of serum giving a peripheral ANA pattern (tp-ANA) and anti-DNA values. Tp-ANA did not correlate with activity of SLE. In contrast with this finding, anti-DNA correlated with severity of renal disease, decreased serum complement, and number of SLE criteria. In a separate group of 9 patients with flare-ups of SLE, tp-ANA and anti-DNA fell as disease activity was controlled. Nevertheless, these two parameters were independent of one another. It was concluded that tp-ANA did not accurately reflect anti-DNA or activity of SLE.", "contents": "Relation of titred peripheral pattern ANA to anti-DNA and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. This study compared the clinical usefulness of the peripheral pattern detected in immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing with anti-DNA measured by the modified Farr technique. 48 patients with active or inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were studied at one point in the course of their disease. There was no association between titres of serum giving a peripheral ANA pattern (tp-ANA) and anti-DNA values. Tp-ANA did not correlate with activity of SLE. In contrast with this finding, anti-DNA correlated with severity of renal disease, decreased serum complement, and number of SLE criteria. In a separate group of 9 patients with flare-ups of SLE, tp-ANA and anti-DNA fell as disease activity was controlled. Nevertheless, these two parameters were independent of one another. It was concluded that tp-ANA did not accurately reflect anti-DNA or activity of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:300233", "title": "Postoperative wound infection: a controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization.", "content": "The increased hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization that resulted from a postoperative wound infection (presence of pus at the incision site) after each of 6 common operations were evaluated. With the aid of the hospital computer, matched controls were obtained with respect to patient age, sex, exact operation performed, clinical service performing operation, pathologic finding, and underlying disease process which might alter the patient's predisposition toward infection. Several of the operations (appendectomy. cholecystectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, and coronary artery bypass graft) were subtyped in order to obtain equivalence between controls and infected patients. In general, an infection doubles the postoperative stay and significantly increases the hospital expense.", "contents": "Postoperative wound infection: a controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization. The increased hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization that resulted from a postoperative wound infection (presence of pus at the incision site) after each of 6 common operations were evaluated. With the aid of the hospital computer, matched controls were obtained with respect to patient age, sex, exact operation performed, clinical service performing operation, pathologic finding, and underlying disease process which might alter the patient's predisposition toward infection. Several of the operations (appendectomy. cholecystectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, and coronary artery bypass graft) were subtyped in order to obtain equivalence between controls and infected patients. In general, an infection doubles the postoperative stay and significantly increases the hospital expense."}
{"id": "PMID:300234", "title": "Nonoperative management of hemobilia.", "content": "Traumatic hemobilia is an uncommon complication of blunt or penetrating liver injury and is characterized by jaundice, biliary colic, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and a recent history of abdominal trauma. The clinical diagnosis of hemobilia is confirmed by endoscopy and selective arteriography. Selective hepatic artery angiography will locate the site of bleeding, and determine the extent of liver injury. The choice of treatment of hemobilia depends on the severity of the hemorrhage and the extent of injury. The treatment of massive or persistent hemobilia is surgical drainage of hematoma and ligation of bleeding sites. Non-massive hemobilia may be treated conservatively with liver healing documented by serial selective arteriograms. The nonoperative treatment of a case of non-massive hemobilia with a good result is presented.", "contents": "Nonoperative management of hemobilia. Traumatic hemobilia is an uncommon complication of blunt or penetrating liver injury and is characterized by jaundice, biliary colic, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and a recent history of abdominal trauma. The clinical diagnosis of hemobilia is confirmed by endoscopy and selective arteriography. Selective hepatic artery angiography will locate the site of bleeding, and determine the extent of liver injury. The choice of treatment of hemobilia depends on the severity of the hemorrhage and the extent of injury. The treatment of massive or persistent hemobilia is surgical drainage of hematoma and ligation of bleeding sites. Non-massive hemobilia may be treated conservatively with liver healing documented by serial selective arteriograms. The nonoperative treatment of a case of non-massive hemobilia with a good result is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:300235", "title": "Formation and fate of fibrin clots in the biliary tract: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Fibrin clots may form in the biliary tract from hemobilia or in inflammatory disease. There is a wide variation in the clinical course of such clots which is exemplified by 9 patients. They may either dissolve through fibrinolysis, get ejected into the intestine, remain and obstruct the biliary tract, or may even transform into gallstones. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the behavior of blood clots in bile was studied in vitro. A model was constructed of the biliary tract and, drained by a T-tube, where human bile circulated with a flow rate resembling that in vivo. When a small amount of human blood was injected, it flowed immiscibly to the lowest level, displaced the bile, and formed a clot of pure blood. Even a minor bleeding may thus form a coagulum. This is different from the mixed clot of blood and bile that forms in experiments simulating major hemorrhage. These findings are related to clinical experience and especially to the disappearance of \"retained stones\" with or without the use of dissolving agents.", "contents": "Formation and fate of fibrin clots in the biliary tract: a clinical and experimental study. Fibrin clots may form in the biliary tract from hemobilia or in inflammatory disease. There is a wide variation in the clinical course of such clots which is exemplified by 9 patients. They may either dissolve through fibrinolysis, get ejected into the intestine, remain and obstruct the biliary tract, or may even transform into gallstones. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the behavior of blood clots in bile was studied in vitro. A model was constructed of the biliary tract and, drained by a T-tube, where human bile circulated with a flow rate resembling that in vivo. When a small amount of human blood was injected, it flowed immiscibly to the lowest level, displaced the bile, and formed a clot of pure blood. Even a minor bleeding may thus form a coagulum. This is different from the mixed clot of blood and bile that forms in experiments simulating major hemorrhage. These findings are related to clinical experience and especially to the disappearance of \"retained stones\" with or without the use of dissolving agents."}
{"id": "PMID:300236", "title": "Emergency diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding by fiberoptic endoscopy.", "content": "Emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy has been performed in 192 consecutive patients admitted with massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Accurate endoscopic diagnosis was made in 184 or 96%; 58 patients underwent emergency operations to control bleeding with an overall operative mortality of 26%. Excluding 16 patients who underwent emergency portacaval shunting, the operative mortality was 7%. In 6 patients, the bleeding was controlled by endoscopic electrocoagulation. There were no complications. Emergency endoscopy should be done routinely as the primary diagnostic approach in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Emergency diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding by fiberoptic endoscopy. Emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy has been performed in 192 consecutive patients admitted with massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Accurate endoscopic diagnosis was made in 184 or 96%; 58 patients underwent emergency operations to control bleeding with an overall operative mortality of 26%. Excluding 16 patients who underwent emergency portacaval shunting, the operative mortality was 7%. In 6 patients, the bleeding was controlled by endoscopic electrocoagulation. There were no complications. Emergency endoscopy should be done routinely as the primary diagnostic approach in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:300237", "title": "[Oculomotor disturbances as cerebellar symptoms in pontine angle tumors. Contralateral diminution of optokinetic nystagmus as early sign of floccular lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Spontaneous eye movements and responses to visual and vestibular stimuli were recorded in 30 patients with pontine angle tumors (26 neurinomas, 2 meningeomas, 1 chosteatoma, 1 angioma). Pre- and postoperative recordings in most cases showed a bilateral dimunition of horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) that prevailed towards the side contralateral to the tumor. This is explained by a homolateral floccular lesion and cannot be the consequence of spontaneous nystagmus or asymmetrical gaze nystagmus. The predominance of a homolateral OKN-diminution often described in the literature was found in advanced cases or post-operatively as a sign of pontine reticular formation damage. The neighbourhood of the flocculus to the VIIIth nerve and animal experiments with floccular lesions causing a contralateral OKN diminution support out explanation. Additional arguments for damage of cerebellar oculomotor functions are the predominance of cogwheeled smooth pursuit and the occasional observation of hypermetric saccades, both toward the side of the tumor. Patients with very large tumors finally develop a complete disruption of OKN toward the homolateral side together with concomitant gaze paralysis.", "contents": "[Oculomotor disturbances as cerebellar symptoms in pontine angle tumors. Contralateral diminution of optokinetic nystagmus as early sign of floccular lesions (author's transl)]. Spontaneous eye movements and responses to visual and vestibular stimuli were recorded in 30 patients with pontine angle tumors (26 neurinomas, 2 meningeomas, 1 chosteatoma, 1 angioma). Pre- and postoperative recordings in most cases showed a bilateral dimunition of horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) that prevailed towards the side contralateral to the tumor. This is explained by a homolateral floccular lesion and cannot be the consequence of spontaneous nystagmus or asymmetrical gaze nystagmus. The predominance of a homolateral OKN-diminution often described in the literature was found in advanced cases or post-operatively as a sign of pontine reticular formation damage. The neighbourhood of the flocculus to the VIIIth nerve and animal experiments with floccular lesions causing a contralateral OKN diminution support out explanation. Additional arguments for damage of cerebellar oculomotor functions are the predominance of cogwheeled smooth pursuit and the occasional observation of hypermetric saccades, both toward the side of the tumor. Patients with very large tumors finally develop a complete disruption of OKN toward the homolateral side together with concomitant gaze paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:300238", "title": "Dextran 40-induced coagulopathy confused with von Willebrand disease.", "content": "In a patient who had undergone reconstructive surgery on the subclavian artery and was treated postoperatively with aspirin and dextran 40, a bleeding diathesis developed within 24 hours. This was at first thought to be von Willebrand disease, since the bleeding time was longer than ten minutes; the factor VIII level, 28%; and the activated partial thromboplastin time, 50 seconds (normal 30 to 38). The patient's defect responded to discontinuance of the low-molecular-weight, dextran and aspirin therapy and administration of a cryoprecipitate. Later studies of the coagulation mechanism up to two and one-half months were entirely normal. The postoperative defect therefore was assumed to have been the result of the administration of dextran and aspirin. It is possible that in a similar future case, discontinuance of dextran infusion and administration of a single bolus of 12 bags of cryoprecipitate may be adequate treatment.", "contents": "Dextran 40-induced coagulopathy confused with von Willebrand disease. In a patient who had undergone reconstructive surgery on the subclavian artery and was treated postoperatively with aspirin and dextran 40, a bleeding diathesis developed within 24 hours. This was at first thought to be von Willebrand disease, since the bleeding time was longer than ten minutes; the factor VIII level, 28%; and the activated partial thromboplastin time, 50 seconds (normal 30 to 38). The patient's defect responded to discontinuance of the low-molecular-weight, dextran and aspirin therapy and administration of a cryoprecipitate. Later studies of the coagulation mechanism up to two and one-half months were entirely normal. The postoperative defect therefore was assumed to have been the result of the administration of dextran and aspirin. It is possible that in a similar future case, discontinuance of dextran infusion and administration of a single bolus of 12 bags of cryoprecipitate may be adequate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300239", "title": "Lipid keratopathy following corneal hydrops.", "content": "A case of lipid keratopathy occurred following acute rupture of Descemet membrane. The cause of the hydrops remained undetermined. There was no history of any prior corneal inflammation or vascularization in the initially involved eye. Lipid deposition was observed following resolution of the corneal edema, and its course was followed for the next several months. Histopathologic studies of the specimen showed lipid deposits in the posterior and middle corneal stroma and degenerative changes in the corneal lamellae and Bruch membrane. Laboratory examination disclosed a type IV hyperlipemia, with normal serum cholesterol levels and elevation of pre-beta-lipoproteins and triglycerides. It cannot be determined from our study if this condition was a causative factor.", "contents": "Lipid keratopathy following corneal hydrops. A case of lipid keratopathy occurred following acute rupture of Descemet membrane. The cause of the hydrops remained undetermined. There was no history of any prior corneal inflammation or vascularization in the initially involved eye. Lipid deposition was observed following resolution of the corneal edema, and its course was followed for the next several months. Histopathologic studies of the specimen showed lipid deposits in the posterior and middle corneal stroma and degenerative changes in the corneal lamellae and Bruch membrane. Laboratory examination disclosed a type IV hyperlipemia, with normal serum cholesterol levels and elevation of pre-beta-lipoproteins and triglycerides. It cannot be determined from our study if this condition was a causative factor."}
{"id": "PMID:300245", "title": "Psoriatic arthritis and anti-nuclear factor.", "content": "Positive tests for anti-nuclear factor were found in 7% of 101 patients with psoriatic arthritis. In only one case was this at a significantly high titre. The overall prevalence is that expected in the community, though there was a high prevalence in those with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This is a further differentiating feature from rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Psoriatic arthritis and anti-nuclear factor. Positive tests for anti-nuclear factor were found in 7% of 101 patients with psoriatic arthritis. In only one case was this at a significantly high titre. The overall prevalence is that expected in the community, though there was a high prevalence in those with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This is a further differentiating feature from rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:300246", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum and band-shaped nodular corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A case of xeroderma pigmentosum with associated band-shaped nodular dystrophy of the cornea is discussed. Band-shapped nodular dystrophy of the cornea usually occurs in elderly Bantu men. Band-shaped nodular dystrophy in a young Bantu man suffering from a genetically determined solar sensitive disease lends credence to the possibility that band-shaped nodular dystrophy is a solar sensitive disease, as has so often been postulated.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum and band-shaped nodular corneal dystrophy. A case of xeroderma pigmentosum with associated band-shaped nodular dystrophy of the cornea is discussed. Band-shapped nodular dystrophy of the cornea usually occurs in elderly Bantu men. Band-shaped nodular dystrophy in a young Bantu man suffering from a genetically determined solar sensitive disease lends credence to the possibility that band-shaped nodular dystrophy is a solar sensitive disease, as has so often been postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:300241", "title": "Hemorrhagic enteritis in two-and-one-half-week-old turkey poults.", "content": "A field outbreak of hemorrhagic enteritis was observed in 2 1/2-week-old poults. Similar poults from the same parent flock were susceptible to laboratory-induced infection at 2 weeks old.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic enteritis in two-and-one-half-week-old turkey poults. A field outbreak of hemorrhagic enteritis was observed in 2 1/2-week-old poults. Similar poults from the same parent flock were susceptible to laboratory-induced infection at 2 weeks old."}
{"id": "PMID:300247", "title": "Sidedness of membrane structures in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Electrochemical titration of the spectrum changes of carotenoid in spheroplasts, spheroplast membrane vesicles and chromatophores.", "content": "The shift of the carotenoid absorption spectrum induced by illumination and valinomycin-K+ addition was investigated in membrane structures with different characteristics and opposite sidednesses isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Right-side-out membrane structures were prepared by isotonic lysozyme-EDTA treatment of the cells (spheroplasts) and by hypotonic treatment of spheroplasts (spheroplast membrane vesicles). Inside-out membrane structures (\"chromatophores\") were obtained by treating spheroplast membrane vesicles by French press or sonication. The membrane structures with either sidedness showed the same light-induced change of the \"red shift\" type. However, the absorbance change by K+ addition in the presence of valinomycin in the right-side-out membrane structures were opposite to that in the inverted vesicles, \"blue shift\" in the former and \"red shift\" in the latter. The carotenoid absorbance change was linear to membrane potential, calculated from the concentration of KCl added, with a reference on the cytoplasmic side, through positive and negative ranges.", "contents": "Sidedness of membrane structures in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Electrochemical titration of the spectrum changes of carotenoid in spheroplasts, spheroplast membrane vesicles and chromatophores. The shift of the carotenoid absorption spectrum induced by illumination and valinomycin-K+ addition was investigated in membrane structures with different characteristics and opposite sidednesses isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Right-side-out membrane structures were prepared by isotonic lysozyme-EDTA treatment of the cells (spheroplasts) and by hypotonic treatment of spheroplasts (spheroplast membrane vesicles). Inside-out membrane structures (\"chromatophores\") were obtained by treating spheroplast membrane vesicles by French press or sonication. The membrane structures with either sidedness showed the same light-induced change of the \"red shift\" type. However, the absorbance change by K+ addition in the presence of valinomycin in the right-side-out membrane structures were opposite to that in the inverted vesicles, \"blue shift\" in the former and \"red shift\" in the latter. The carotenoid absorbance change was linear to membrane potential, calculated from the concentration of KCl added, with a reference on the cytoplasmic side, through positive and negative ranges."}
{"id": "PMID:300244", "title": "[T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the in-utero malnourished new born infant].", "content": "The per centum distribution of T and B lymphocytes was determined in 30 full term newborns showing adequate development for their gestational age and in 42 full term newborns showing in utero malnutrition. A significant decrease (p less than 0.001) of both lymphocytic subpopulations was found in the in utero malnutrition group. The possibility of a decreased efficiency of the immune response in this group of patients is discussed.", "contents": "[T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the in-utero malnourished new born infant]. The per centum distribution of T and B lymphocytes was determined in 30 full term newborns showing adequate development for their gestational age and in 42 full term newborns showing in utero malnutrition. A significant decrease (p less than 0.001) of both lymphocytic subpopulations was found in the in utero malnutrition group. The possibility of a decreased efficiency of the immune response in this group of patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300248", "title": "The carotenoid shift in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The flash induced change.", "content": "A mutant, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides GIC, having only one major carotenoid, neurosporene, is described. The spectrum of the carotenoid shift in this mutant is analysed and it is concluded that only 7-11% of the pigment is involved under conditions of steady-state illumination and that this pigment undergoes a shift of 7 nm. The spectrum of the carotenoid shift under conditions of multi-flash illumination is examined for changes in shape concordant with a progressive red shift of the pigment with increasing membrane potential; the spectra of the fast change after each of three flashes does not agree well with predictions from a model involving a progressive shift of the pigment, the slow change shows qualitative agreement with such a model but the small size of the signal and the presence of more than one phase makes analysis of this phase more difficult. No separate pool of carotenoid, that might correspond to that postulated to participate in the carotenoid shift, could be identified by fourth derivative analysis of, or curve fitting to, the spectrum of the neurosporene.", "contents": "The carotenoid shift in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The flash induced change. A mutant, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides GIC, having only one major carotenoid, neurosporene, is described. The spectrum of the carotenoid shift in this mutant is analysed and it is concluded that only 7-11% of the pigment is involved under conditions of steady-state illumination and that this pigment undergoes a shift of 7 nm. The spectrum of the carotenoid shift under conditions of multi-flash illumination is examined for changes in shape concordant with a progressive red shift of the pigment with increasing membrane potential; the spectra of the fast change after each of three flashes does not agree well with predictions from a model involving a progressive shift of the pigment, the slow change shows qualitative agreement with such a model but the small size of the signal and the presence of more than one phase makes analysis of this phase more difficult. No separate pool of carotenoid, that might correspond to that postulated to participate in the carotenoid shift, could be identified by fourth derivative analysis of, or curve fitting to, the spectrum of the neurosporene."}
{"id": "PMID:300249", "title": "Reconstituted energy transfer from antenna pigment-protein to reaction centres isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Efficient energy transfer has been reconstituted between an antenna pigment-protein and reaction centres isolated from the photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The reconstituted system has fluorescence induction kinetics and fluorescence yields similar to those obtained from antenna bacteriochlorophyll in chromatophores. The results indicated that closed reaction centres quench fluorescence from the antenna pigment-protein, although not as strongly as photochemically active reaction centres. The measurement of fluorescence yields from chromatophores of the reaction centreless mutant PM-8 and of the parent strain Ga confirmed these observations. The fluorescence yield from the reconstituted system was approximately the same whether the reaction centres had been closed by photo-oxidation of the bacteriochlorophyll electron donor or chemical reduction of the primary acceptor, indicating a similar lifetime for the excited singlet state in both states of the reaction centres.", "contents": "Reconstituted energy transfer from antenna pigment-protein to reaction centres isolated from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Efficient energy transfer has been reconstituted between an antenna pigment-protein and reaction centres isolated from the photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The reconstituted system has fluorescence induction kinetics and fluorescence yields similar to those obtained from antenna bacteriochlorophyll in chromatophores. The results indicated that closed reaction centres quench fluorescence from the antenna pigment-protein, although not as strongly as photochemically active reaction centres. The measurement of fluorescence yields from chromatophores of the reaction centreless mutant PM-8 and of the parent strain Ga confirmed these observations. The fluorescence yield from the reconstituted system was approximately the same whether the reaction centres had been closed by photo-oxidation of the bacteriochlorophyll electron donor or chemical reduction of the primary acceptor, indicating a similar lifetime for the excited singlet state in both states of the reaction centres."}
{"id": "PMID:300250", "title": "Secondary electron transfer in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Out-of-phase periodicity of two for the formation of ubisemiquinone and fully reduced ubiquinone.", "content": "Electron transfer between purified reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and exogenous ubiquinone has been studied in the presence of electron donors by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes following a sequence of short actinic light flashes. Each odd flash promotes the formation of a molecule of ubisemiquinone; after each even flash the semiquinone disappears and a molecule of the fully reduced quinone appears. We interpret these results by means of a model where a specialized molecule of ubiquinone is reduced by the primary electron acceptor in a one-electron transfer reaction after each flash, and is reoxidized by a molecule of the ubiquinone pool in a two-electron transfer reaction every two flashes.", "contents": "Secondary electron transfer in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Out-of-phase periodicity of two for the formation of ubisemiquinone and fully reduced ubiquinone. Electron transfer between purified reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and exogenous ubiquinone has been studied in the presence of electron donors by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes following a sequence of short actinic light flashes. Each odd flash promotes the formation of a molecule of ubisemiquinone; after each even flash the semiquinone disappears and a molecule of the fully reduced quinone appears. We interpret these results by means of a model where a specialized molecule of ubiquinone is reduced by the primary electron acceptor in a one-electron transfer reaction after each flash, and is reoxidized by a molecule of the ubiquinone pool in a two-electron transfer reaction every two flashes."}
{"id": "PMID:300251", "title": "Formation of a thymine photoproduct in transforming DNA by near ultraviolet irradiation.", "content": "Irradiation at 334 and 365 nm of a highly purified preparation of thymine-labeled transforming DNA from Haemophilus influenzae produced a photo product containing label from thymine but different from the cyclobutane dimer. The photoproduct is soluble in water and in ethanol and Rf values in a number of solvents are presented. The photoproduct has properties similar in a number of respects to those of the spore photoproduct, 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine. The near ultraviolet photoproduct is more likely to affect the oxygen independent inactivation of transforming DNA rather than its mutagenesis, as judged by the quantitative relationship between amount of photboproduct and inactivation and mutagenesis.", "contents": "Formation of a thymine photoproduct in transforming DNA by near ultraviolet irradiation. Irradiation at 334 and 365 nm of a highly purified preparation of thymine-labeled transforming DNA from Haemophilus influenzae produced a photo product containing label from thymine but different from the cyclobutane dimer. The photoproduct is soluble in water and in ethanol and Rf values in a number of solvents are presented. The photoproduct has properties similar in a number of respects to those of the spore photoproduct, 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine. The near ultraviolet photoproduct is more likely to affect the oxygen independent inactivation of transforming DNA rather than its mutagenesis, as judged by the quantitative relationship between amount of photboproduct and inactivation and mutagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:300252", "title": "Thymus-dependent lymphocytes and delayed hypersensitivity in low birth weight infants.", "content": "The proportion of thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes in the blood and the ability to mount cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity to a battery of antigens were evaluated in 50 low birth weight (LBW) infants when they were 3 months to 5 years old. There was a significant reduction in the number of T lymphocytes. Delayed hypersensitivity was impaired. The abnormalities were more pronounced in those with persistent growth retardation. It is suggested that continued postnatal depression of cell-mediated immunity in LBW infants may contribute to increased frequency of infections and immunopathological diseases.", "contents": "Thymus-dependent lymphocytes and delayed hypersensitivity in low birth weight infants. The proportion of thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes in the blood and the ability to mount cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity to a battery of antigens were evaluated in 50 low birth weight (LBW) infants when they were 3 months to 5 years old. There was a significant reduction in the number of T lymphocytes. Delayed hypersensitivity was impaired. The abnormalities were more pronounced in those with persistent growth retardation. It is suggested that continued postnatal depression of cell-mediated immunity in LBW infants may contribute to increased frequency of infections and immunopathological diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:300253", "title": "Elastic and viscous properties of resting frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The mechanical properties of the resting, whole semitendinosus muscle of the frog have been characterized as functions of both muscle length and temperature. Measurements were made of pseudorandom white noise (PRWN) displacements (less than 10 A/half-sarcomere) applied to the muscle and the force responses to these movements. Signal correlation techniques were then used to obtain the dynamic modulus function for the muscle in the frequency range 2.44-320 Hz. This function was represented by a series combination of a Voigt element and a time delay element for tension propagation along the muscle. A dynamic elastic modulus (E), coefficient of damping (B), and tension transmission velocity (V) were measured for resting muscle on the basis of this model. For each of these parameters, a marked variation with sarcomere length (s) was found. The mean values for E and B at LO (s=2.25 mum) were 1.84+/-0.24 X 10(5) N/m2 and 2.33+/-0.25 X 10(2) Ns/m2, respectively. Further, B demonstrated a negative temperature dependence, Q10=0.78 (P less than 0.05), in the range s=2.6-3.0 mum, while E was not significantly temperature dependent. The length-dependent variations of E and B are interpreted as deriving from both passive muscle elements and attached crossbridges. Velocity was calculated at a single displacing frequency for every experiment; the mean value at LO and all temperatures was v=11.7+/-0.6 m/s. Velocity was also calculated as a function of frequency within several experiments: the results indicate considerable variation of v with frequency.", "contents": "Elastic and viscous properties of resting frog skeletal muscle. The mechanical properties of the resting, whole semitendinosus muscle of the frog have been characterized as functions of both muscle length and temperature. Measurements were made of pseudorandom white noise (PRWN) displacements (less than 10 A/half-sarcomere) applied to the muscle and the force responses to these movements. Signal correlation techniques were then used to obtain the dynamic modulus function for the muscle in the frequency range 2.44-320 Hz. This function was represented by a series combination of a Voigt element and a time delay element for tension propagation along the muscle. A dynamic elastic modulus (E), coefficient of damping (B), and tension transmission velocity (V) were measured for resting muscle on the basis of this model. For each of these parameters, a marked variation with sarcomere length (s) was found. The mean values for E and B at LO (s=2.25 mum) were 1.84+/-0.24 X 10(5) N/m2 and 2.33+/-0.25 X 10(2) Ns/m2, respectively. Further, B demonstrated a negative temperature dependence, Q10=0.78 (P less than 0.05), in the range s=2.6-3.0 mum, while E was not significantly temperature dependent. The length-dependent variations of E and B are interpreted as deriving from both passive muscle elements and attached crossbridges. Velocity was calculated at a single displacing frequency for every experiment; the mean value at LO and all temperatures was v=11.7+/-0.6 m/s. Velocity was also calculated as a function of frequency within several experiments: the results indicate considerable variation of v with frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:300254", "title": "Spin-lattice relaxation times for 13C in isotope-enriched glycine accumulated in frog muscle.", "content": "Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1's) of 13C-enriched glycine accumulated in frog muscles were determined at 1 degrees C by the inversion-recovery (180 degrees -tau-90 degree pulse sequence) method and compared with the values obtained in free solution. The value of T1 for the alpha-13C nucleus of glycine in the tissue was 50% of that obtained in free solution. The observed value for T1 in the tissue was not concentration-dependent, and no difference in chemical shift was observed between tissue and free solution. Quantification of the area under the glycine peak suggested that the observed signal represents at least 80% of the intracellular glycine. An average nuclear Overhauser enhancement of 2.83 for intracellular glycine indicates that the relaxation mechanism within the cell is predominantly dipolar, as in free solution. The value of T1 for the 13C' nucleus of glycine in the tissue was 67% of that in a solution of similar concentration. A quantitative analysis of the findings suggests that the observed difference in the value of T1 between tissue and free solution results from a difference in viscosity. The data provide no evidence either for special organization of intracellular water or for glycine binding. It is proposed that intracellular diffusion coefficients may be determined from measurements of 13C T1's of 13C-enriched intracellular solutes.", "contents": "Spin-lattice relaxation times for 13C in isotope-enriched glycine accumulated in frog muscle. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1's) of 13C-enriched glycine accumulated in frog muscles were determined at 1 degrees C by the inversion-recovery (180 degrees -tau-90 degree pulse sequence) method and compared with the values obtained in free solution. The value of T1 for the alpha-13C nucleus of glycine in the tissue was 50% of that obtained in free solution. The observed value for T1 in the tissue was not concentration-dependent, and no difference in chemical shift was observed between tissue and free solution. Quantification of the area under the glycine peak suggested that the observed signal represents at least 80% of the intracellular glycine. An average nuclear Overhauser enhancement of 2.83 for intracellular glycine indicates that the relaxation mechanism within the cell is predominantly dipolar, as in free solution. The value of T1 for the 13C' nucleus of glycine in the tissue was 67% of that in a solution of similar concentration. A quantitative analysis of the findings suggests that the observed difference in the value of T1 between tissue and free solution results from a difference in viscosity. The data provide no evidence either for special organization of intracellular water or for glycine binding. It is proposed that intracellular diffusion coefficients may be determined from measurements of 13C T1's of 13C-enriched intracellular solutes."}
{"id": "PMID:300255", "title": "Systemic mastocytosis in a patient with polycythemia vera treated with radioactive phosphorus.", "content": "Systemic mastocytosis occurred as a fatal event in a patient with long-standing polycythemia vera. The patient had been treated over the course of 21 yr with radioactive phosphorus. Possible relationships between mastocytosis and polycythemia vera, and also between mastocytosis and treatment with ionizing radiation, are discussed. Histopathologic and electron microscopic findings are illustrated. Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis of mast cell disease in this setting are also described.", "contents": "Systemic mastocytosis in a patient with polycythemia vera treated with radioactive phosphorus. Systemic mastocytosis occurred as a fatal event in a patient with long-standing polycythemia vera. The patient had been treated over the course of 21 yr with radioactive phosphorus. Possible relationships between mastocytosis and polycythemia vera, and also between mastocytosis and treatment with ionizing radiation, are discussed. Histopathologic and electron microscopic findings are illustrated. Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis of mast cell disease in this setting are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:300256", "title": "Stimulation by human placental conditioned medium of hemopoietic colony formation by human marrow cells.", "content": "Medium conditioned by human placental tissue was found to stimulate granulocytic and monocytic colony formation by human marrow cells in semisolid agar cultures. The colony-stimulating activity of unfractionated conditioned medium was equivalent to the activity of standard peripheral blood underlayers. Placentas were a reliable source of active material, and one placenta provided enough material to stimulate 5,000-10,000 cultures of normal or leukemic cells. The colony-stimulating factor in human placental conditioned medium (CSFHPCM) was concentrated and purified 1800-fold using ammonium sulfate precipitation, calcium phosphate gel absorption, DEAE-cellulose batch absorption, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and polyarcylamide gel gel electrophoresis. The active factor behaved on gel filtration as a macromolecule with an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 daltons. The active factor in placental conditioned medium was not dependent on the presence of adherent marrow cells with endogenous colony-stimulating activity.", "contents": "Stimulation by human placental conditioned medium of hemopoietic colony formation by human marrow cells. Medium conditioned by human placental tissue was found to stimulate granulocytic and monocytic colony formation by human marrow cells in semisolid agar cultures. The colony-stimulating activity of unfractionated conditioned medium was equivalent to the activity of standard peripheral blood underlayers. Placentas were a reliable source of active material, and one placenta provided enough material to stimulate 5,000-10,000 cultures of normal or leukemic cells. The colony-stimulating factor in human placental conditioned medium (CSFHPCM) was concentrated and purified 1800-fold using ammonium sulfate precipitation, calcium phosphate gel absorption, DEAE-cellulose batch absorption, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, and polyarcylamide gel gel electrophoresis. The active factor behaved on gel filtration as a macromolecule with an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 daltons. The active factor in placental conditioned medium was not dependent on the presence of adherent marrow cells with endogenous colony-stimulating activity."}
{"id": "PMID:300257", "title": "Selective deficiency of IgG and IgA as a first stage defect in B cell differentiation.", "content": "A case of selective deficiency of IgG and IgA, in a 13-year old girl, is described. Immunologic investigations, showing an almost complete absence of IgG- and IgA-bearing lymphocytes and significant amounts of IgD and IgM positive cells, suggest the possibility of a block in the shift from IgM to IgG synthesis at the B lymphocyte level.", "contents": "Selective deficiency of IgG and IgA as a first stage defect in B cell differentiation. A case of selective deficiency of IgG and IgA, in a 13-year old girl, is described. Immunologic investigations, showing an almost complete absence of IgG- and IgA-bearing lymphocytes and significant amounts of IgD and IgM positive cells, suggest the possibility of a block in the shift from IgM to IgG synthesis at the B lymphocyte level."}
{"id": "PMID:300258", "title": "Pulmonary host defense: coordinated interaction of mechanical, cellular and humoral immune systems of the lung.", "content": "The respiratory system has numerous ways to protect lung parenchyma from implantation of bacteria and subsequent infection. Such \"natural\" defense utilizes the clearing mechanism in the nose, larynx and upper airways and the cellular and humoral immune factors in the lower respiratory tract so effectively that the host is largely unaware of its tireless surveillance. Normal lungs are kept sterile. In contrast, pneumonitis, which represents the fully developed acute inflammatory reaction, signals the ultimate response to virulent bacteria, but can be considered as general failure of host defense also--depending on your viewpont. In between these extremes are gradations of response, which are unnoticed, perhaps. Thus, the inflammatory response in the lung to bacteria requires initiation, modulation and eventually suppression. This report attempts to dissect individual components of this response and to examine cell products which may have regulatory functions.", "contents": "Pulmonary host defense: coordinated interaction of mechanical, cellular and humoral immune systems of the lung. The respiratory system has numerous ways to protect lung parenchyma from implantation of bacteria and subsequent infection. Such \"natural\" defense utilizes the clearing mechanism in the nose, larynx and upper airways and the cellular and humoral immune factors in the lower respiratory tract so effectively that the host is largely unaware of its tireless surveillance. Normal lungs are kept sterile. In contrast, pneumonitis, which represents the fully developed acute inflammatory reaction, signals the ultimate response to virulent bacteria, but can be considered as general failure of host defense also--depending on your viewpont. In between these extremes are gradations of response, which are unnoticed, perhaps. Thus, the inflammatory response in the lung to bacteria requires initiation, modulation and eventually suppression. This report attempts to dissect individual components of this response and to examine cell products which may have regulatory functions."}
{"id": "PMID:300265", "title": "Monoaminergic inputs to frog motoneurons: an anatomical study using fluorescence histochemical and silver degeneration techniques.", "content": "The monoaminergic input to spinal segment 10 of the frog, Rana pipiens, was investigated anatomically. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated a diffuse and overlapping distribution of catecholamine (CA) and indoleamine (IA) containing terminals within the spinal cord. Terminal fields containing high numbers of CA and IA varicosities included the marginal plexus and the anterior commissural region. IA terminals were also abundant in the dorsal portion of the dorsal horn, while CA terminals were found in high number in the ventral part of the dorsal horn. IA varicosities were regularly observed within the lateral motor nucleus, but CA varicosities were not. Throughout the medulla IA neurons were located exclusively within the raphe nuclei. From the level of the obex to the entry of cranial nerve X, CA neurons were scattered in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial reticular formation. In Fink-Heimer preparations of segment 10, raphe lesions produced a pattern of terminal degeneration that corresponded to the fluorescent histochemical picture of IA varicosities. All levels of the medullary raphe nuclei projected to the lateral motor column. Other spinal regions received a differential raphe input. It is concluded that motoneurons of segment 10 have a somal input from the medullary raphe nuclei that is indoleaminergic in nature. It is also probable that distal motoneuronal dendrites and interneurons are contacted by IA and CA terminals.", "contents": "Monoaminergic inputs to frog motoneurons: an anatomical study using fluorescence histochemical and silver degeneration techniques. The monoaminergic input to spinal segment 10 of the frog, Rana pipiens, was investigated anatomically. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrated a diffuse and overlapping distribution of catecholamine (CA) and indoleamine (IA) containing terminals within the spinal cord. Terminal fields containing high numbers of CA and IA varicosities included the marginal plexus and the anterior commissural region. IA terminals were also abundant in the dorsal portion of the dorsal horn, while CA terminals were found in high number in the ventral part of the dorsal horn. IA varicosities were regularly observed within the lateral motor nucleus, but CA varicosities were not. Throughout the medulla IA neurons were located exclusively within the raphe nuclei. From the level of the obex to the entry of cranial nerve X, CA neurons were scattered in the intermediolateral and intermediomedial reticular formation. In Fink-Heimer preparations of segment 10, raphe lesions produced a pattern of terminal degeneration that corresponded to the fluorescent histochemical picture of IA varicosities. All levels of the medullary raphe nuclei projected to the lateral motor column. Other spinal regions received a differential raphe input. It is concluded that motoneurons of segment 10 have a somal input from the medullary raphe nuclei that is indoleaminergic in nature. It is also probable that distal motoneuronal dendrites and interneurons are contacted by IA and CA terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:300266", "title": "Adaptive distortions in the generator potential of semicircular canal sensory afferents.", "content": "The generator potential in sensory afferents of frog crista ampullaris was extracellularly recorded from the cut end of the posterior ampullary nerve by means of suction electrodes. A servocontrolled turntable allowed suitable rotatary stimulations. The analysis of the recorded generator potential revealed a different time course from that predicted on the basis of the pendulum model. Adaptation and undershoots in the responses to velocity ramps, steps and sinusoids, were mainly responsible for the deviations, which became very evident only when fairly high acceleration rates were applied. Both adaptation and undershoots were produced presumably by the activation of an electrogenic pump, probably located in nerv terminals contacting the hair cells. In fact, the time course of the generator potential became much more consistent with the predictions from the pendulum model under treatments capable of hindering the ion pump activity.", "contents": "Adaptive distortions in the generator potential of semicircular canal sensory afferents. The generator potential in sensory afferents of frog crista ampullaris was extracellularly recorded from the cut end of the posterior ampullary nerve by means of suction electrodes. A servocontrolled turntable allowed suitable rotatary stimulations. The analysis of the recorded generator potential revealed a different time course from that predicted on the basis of the pendulum model. Adaptation and undershoots in the responses to velocity ramps, steps and sinusoids, were mainly responsible for the deviations, which became very evident only when fairly high acceleration rates were applied. Both adaptation and undershoots were produced presumably by the activation of an electrogenic pump, probably located in nerv terminals contacting the hair cells. In fact, the time course of the generator potential became much more consistent with the predictions from the pendulum model under treatments capable of hindering the ion pump activity."}
{"id": "PMID:300267", "title": "Stereotyped behaviour patterns and hyperactivity induced by amphetamine and apomorphine after discrete 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic nuclei.", "content": "Changes in stereotyped sniffing, biting and hyperactivity induced by apomorphine and D-amphetamine in the rat were determined after bilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions (8-16 micron/4micron6) of the extrapyramidal caudate-putamen (CP) (anterior and centre), globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN), the mesolimbic nucleus (ACB), tuberculum olfactorium (TUO) and central amygdaloid nucleus (ACE). Lesions were also induced in the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The 6-OHDA lesions of the CP reduced amphetamine biting but not sniffing or hyperactivity. Centrally placed 6-OHDA failed to modify any response to apomorphine but anterior locations reduced apomorphine biting. Both lesion locations led to a 45-65% reduction in striatal dopamine (DA) content, but the anterior location also involved depletions of mesolimbic DA. 6-OHDA lesions of the GP reduced striatal DA by 62% but initially potentiated before reducing both apomorphine and amphetamine biting. These lesions also potentiated amphetamine hyperactivity but other parameters were unmodified. The LH and SN lesions reduced striatal and mesolimbic DA by 75-80% and potentiated apomorphine biting. The LH lesions reduced amphetamine biting and hyperactivity but the SN lesions initially potentiated these responses. 6-OHDA lesions of the ACB reduced the DA content of this nucleus by 72% but had little effect on the TUO: these lesions reduced the duration of amphetamine hyperactivity and potentiated apomorphine biting. In contrast, equally selective lesions of the TUO (80% DA depletion) enhanced the locomotor activity response to both apomorphine and amphetamine; apomorphine biting was also increased but other parameters were unmodified. Lesions of the ACE depleted amygdaloid DA by at least 80% and reduced or abolished apomorphine and amphetamine biting in the chronic stage. The results indicate that the sites for mediation of sterotyped sniffing, biting or hyperactivity are not the same for apomorphine and amphetamine, and that each behavioural state involves the functioning of more than one DA-containing area.", "contents": "Stereotyped behaviour patterns and hyperactivity induced by amphetamine and apomorphine after discrete 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of extrapyramidal and mesolimbic nuclei. Changes in stereotyped sniffing, biting and hyperactivity induced by apomorphine and D-amphetamine in the rat were determined after bilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions (8-16 micron/4micron6) of the extrapyramidal caudate-putamen (CP) (anterior and centre), globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra (SN), the mesolimbic nucleus (ACB), tuberculum olfactorium (TUO) and central amygdaloid nucleus (ACE). Lesions were also induced in the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The 6-OHDA lesions of the CP reduced amphetamine biting but not sniffing or hyperactivity. Centrally placed 6-OHDA failed to modify any response to apomorphine but anterior locations reduced apomorphine biting. Both lesion locations led to a 45-65% reduction in striatal dopamine (DA) content, but the anterior location also involved depletions of mesolimbic DA. 6-OHDA lesions of the GP reduced striatal DA by 62% but initially potentiated before reducing both apomorphine and amphetamine biting. These lesions also potentiated amphetamine hyperactivity but other parameters were unmodified. The LH and SN lesions reduced striatal and mesolimbic DA by 75-80% and potentiated apomorphine biting. The LH lesions reduced amphetamine biting and hyperactivity but the SN lesions initially potentiated these responses. 6-OHDA lesions of the ACB reduced the DA content of this nucleus by 72% but had little effect on the TUO: these lesions reduced the duration of amphetamine hyperactivity and potentiated apomorphine biting. In contrast, equally selective lesions of the TUO (80% DA depletion) enhanced the locomotor activity response to both apomorphine and amphetamine; apomorphine biting was also increased but other parameters were unmodified. Lesions of the ACE depleted amygdaloid DA by at least 80% and reduced or abolished apomorphine and amphetamine biting in the chronic stage. The results indicate that the sites for mediation of sterotyped sniffing, biting or hyperactivity are not the same for apomorphine and amphetamine, and that each behavioural state involves the functioning of more than one DA-containing area."}
{"id": "PMID:300268", "title": "Behavioral effects of lesions in the A10 dopaminergic area of the rat.", "content": "Experiments have been carried out with 150 rats in order to study some psychophysiological functions of the mesencephalocortico limbic dopaminergic A10 group. Lesions in the A10 area were made by using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) local injections; 2 small volumes of injections were used at the same concentration (2 mug/1 mul or 1 mug/0.5 mul). In a first experiment the effects of these two injections were tested on locomotor activity measured in a circular corridor, 10 and 30 days after surgery. Injections provoked hyperactivity, mainly during nocturnal basal activity periods, but not during initial exploratory activity periods. The larger the injection, the more important the hyperactivity was. The larger injections induced important food spillage evidence through the wire floor of the home cage and perturbation in a passive avoidance learning. There was no change in body weight or in amount of ingested food. In a second experiment, the effects of local injection of 6-OHDA in the other CA structures or bundles situated in or near the ventral tegmental area were tested. Injections in the substantia nigra compacta, in the noradrenergic ventral bundle, in the dorsal periventricular system-tegmental radiations did not provoke locomotor hyperactivity. In a third experiment, a possible role of the median raphe (MR) nucleus in the A10-lesion induced hyperactivity was tested: first, radiofrequency MR lesions were made and no durable significant hyperactivity was recorded; secondly, 6-OHDA (1 mug/0.5 mul) was injected into the A10 area and activity was measured 10 days later: these injections provoked significant hyperactivity during the nocturnal basal and the diurnal basal activity periods. It might be concluded that neither the neighboring CA fibers nor the MR were directly involved in the ventral tegmental -- 6-OHDA lesions syndrome. Anatomical controls by using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnating method have demonstrated, first, that the 6-OHDA injections did not destroy fibers other than catecholaminergic and secondly, that the degenerations are found in the forebrain and cortical limbic A10 projections. Hypotheses are made about a possible general inhibitory role of the A10 in behavior, in the sence of selective and attentive arousal processes, often impaired in some mental illnesses.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of lesions in the A10 dopaminergic area of the rat. Experiments have been carried out with 150 rats in order to study some psychophysiological functions of the mesencephalocortico limbic dopaminergic A10 group. Lesions in the A10 area were made by using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) local injections; 2 small volumes of injections were used at the same concentration (2 mug/1 mul or 1 mug/0.5 mul). In a first experiment the effects of these two injections were tested on locomotor activity measured in a circular corridor, 10 and 30 days after surgery. Injections provoked hyperactivity, mainly during nocturnal basal activity periods, but not during initial exploratory activity periods. The larger the injection, the more important the hyperactivity was. The larger injections induced important food spillage evidence through the wire floor of the home cage and perturbation in a passive avoidance learning. There was no change in body weight or in amount of ingested food. In a second experiment, the effects of local injection of 6-OHDA in the other CA structures or bundles situated in or near the ventral tegmental area were tested. Injections in the substantia nigra compacta, in the noradrenergic ventral bundle, in the dorsal periventricular system-tegmental radiations did not provoke locomotor hyperactivity. In a third experiment, a possible role of the median raphe (MR) nucleus in the A10-lesion induced hyperactivity was tested: first, radiofrequency MR lesions were made and no durable significant hyperactivity was recorded; secondly, 6-OHDA (1 mug/0.5 mul) was injected into the A10 area and activity was measured 10 days later: these injections provoked significant hyperactivity during the nocturnal basal and the diurnal basal activity periods. It might be concluded that neither the neighboring CA fibers nor the MR were directly involved in the ventral tegmental -- 6-OHDA lesions syndrome. Anatomical controls by using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnating method have demonstrated, first, that the 6-OHDA injections did not destroy fibers other than catecholaminergic and secondly, that the degenerations are found in the forebrain and cortical limbic A10 projections. Hypotheses are made about a possible general inhibitory role of the A10 in behavior, in the sence of selective and attentive arousal processes, often impaired in some mental illnesses."}
{"id": "PMID:300270", "title": "Herpes zoster conjunctival ulceration.", "content": "A 70 year old man acquired a herps zoster infection of the ophthalmic division of his right trigeminal nerve. During the course of the illness he developed the rare complication of a cojunctival ulcer. It is suggested that the ulceration may be the result of an ischemic ischemic vasculitis.", "contents": "Herpes zoster conjunctival ulceration. A 70 year old man acquired a herps zoster infection of the ophthalmic division of his right trigeminal nerve. During the course of the illness he developed the rare complication of a cojunctival ulcer. It is suggested that the ulceration may be the result of an ischemic ischemic vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300271", "title": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital on voltage-clamped myelinated nerve.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbital (PB) have a selective action in blocking spontaneous activity in nerves made hyperexcitable by lowering the calcium concentration of the bathing medium (Rosenberg, P. and Bartels, E. 1967 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 155, 532-544.). To investigate this further, we examined the action of DPH and PB on voltage-clamped single myelinated nerves at two different calcium concentrations. In 1.8 mM calcium Ringer, DPH reduced the sodium permeability (PNa) without affecting the potassium conductance (GK) or the voltage-dependent time constants of sodium activation (taum) and inactivation (tauh), and potassium activation (taun). PB was similar to DPH except that in addition to reducing PNa, it shifted taum in the direction of depolarization. When the calcium concentration was lowered to 0.36 mM, the curves relating taum and taun to membrane potential were shifted in the direction of hyperpolarization, as expected. However, the addition of DPH or PB reduced or abolished these shifts. It is suggested that both DPH and PB stabilize hyperexcitable membranes by an action on the parameter m, and that this may contribute to their antiepileptic action.", "contents": "Effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital on voltage-clamped myelinated nerve. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and phenobarbital (PB) have a selective action in blocking spontaneous activity in nerves made hyperexcitable by lowering the calcium concentration of the bathing medium (Rosenberg, P. and Bartels, E. 1967 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 155, 532-544.). To investigate this further, we examined the action of DPH and PB on voltage-clamped single myelinated nerves at two different calcium concentrations. In 1.8 mM calcium Ringer, DPH reduced the sodium permeability (PNa) without affecting the potassium conductance (GK) or the voltage-dependent time constants of sodium activation (taum) and inactivation (tauh), and potassium activation (taun). PB was similar to DPH except that in addition to reducing PNa, it shifted taum in the direction of depolarization. When the calcium concentration was lowered to 0.36 mM, the curves relating taum and taun to membrane potential were shifted in the direction of hyperpolarization, as expected. However, the addition of DPH or PB reduced or abolished these shifts. It is suggested that both DPH and PB stabilize hyperexcitable membranes by an action on the parameter m, and that this may contribute to their antiepileptic action."}
{"id": "PMID:300272", "title": "Predictive value of myocardial perfusion imaging for aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Evaluation of patients for aotocoronary bypass (ACB) surgery is dependent on the findings at cardiac catheterization. Left ventricular angiography cannot distinguish between reversible and irreversible myocardial dysfunction. In 82 patients macroaggregates of human serum albumin, labelled with iodine-131, were injected before operation into the right coronary artery and technetium-99m labelled microspheres were injected into the left coronary artery. Two weeks after operation similar technetium-99m and iodine-131 injections were made into the native vessels and grafted vessels, respectively. Myocardial distribution of the 20 mu particles was visualized with a rectillinear scanner. Sixty-seven patients had normal myocardial perfusion scans preoperatively even though wall motion was abnormal in 34. There was substantial improvement in the left ventricular function of these 34 patients; the mean ejection fraction increased from 56 to 65%. Fifteen patients had abnormal myocardial perfusion scans; improvement in left ventricular function in this group occurred only if the bypass graft was made to an area with normal regional perfusion preoperatively. It is certain that an adequate capillary bed is present if the myocardial scan is normal, regardless of the degree of critical stenosis in either coronary artery. The patient with a completely occluded coronary artery and normal myocardial scan is a good candidate for ACB and will show improved left ventricular contraction if the ACB is patent,", "contents": "Predictive value of myocardial perfusion imaging for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Evaluation of patients for aotocoronary bypass (ACB) surgery is dependent on the findings at cardiac catheterization. Left ventricular angiography cannot distinguish between reversible and irreversible myocardial dysfunction. In 82 patients macroaggregates of human serum albumin, labelled with iodine-131, were injected before operation into the right coronary artery and technetium-99m labelled microspheres were injected into the left coronary artery. Two weeks after operation similar technetium-99m and iodine-131 injections were made into the native vessels and grafted vessels, respectively. Myocardial distribution of the 20 mu particles was visualized with a rectillinear scanner. Sixty-seven patients had normal myocardial perfusion scans preoperatively even though wall motion was abnormal in 34. There was substantial improvement in the left ventricular function of these 34 patients; the mean ejection fraction increased from 56 to 65%. Fifteen patients had abnormal myocardial perfusion scans; improvement in left ventricular function in this group occurred only if the bypass graft was made to an area with normal regional perfusion preoperatively. It is certain that an adequate capillary bed is present if the myocardial scan is normal, regardless of the degree of critical stenosis in either coronary artery. The patient with a completely occluded coronary artery and normal myocardial scan is a good candidate for ACB and will show improved left ventricular contraction if the ACB is patent,"}
{"id": "PMID:300273", "title": "Influence of left ventricular function and other parameters on early and late mortality following coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Left ventricular performance, coronary anatomy and postoperative clinical parameters of 66 control patients (group 1) randomly selected from 797 survivors of coronary bypass surgery were compared with those of 45 patients who died within 30 days of operation (group II) and 53 patients who died late (average, 22+/-2 mo) (group III). Average preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction and mean circumferential fibre shortening rate were significantly better in group I  than in group III patients. These same parameters were not significantly different when group I  was compared to group II. Abnormal wall motion was significantly less frequent in patients from group I than in patients from group II and III. Triple-vessel disease was present preoperatively in 40 (61%) controls compared with 37 (82%) early deaths (P = 0.021) and 35 (66%) late deaths (NS). The number of grafts placed per patient was not significantly different in the three groups. Perioperative myocardial in farction (MI) and low cardiac output syndrome were the commonest causes of early death. Late complications such as MI and heart failure occurred in 4 (6%) v; 15 (32%) (P = 0.0006) and 4 (6%) v. 27 (57%) (Pless than 0.0001) group I v. group III patients, respectively. Surgical expertise, preoperative ventricular performance and triple-vessel disease are important determinants of early mortality following bypass surgery and preoperative left ventricular performance is one of the most important determinants of late mortality,", "contents": "Influence of left ventricular function and other parameters on early and late mortality following coronary bypass surgery. Left ventricular performance, coronary anatomy and postoperative clinical parameters of 66 control patients (group 1) randomly selected from 797 survivors of coronary bypass surgery were compared with those of 45 patients who died within 30 days of operation (group II) and 53 patients who died late (average, 22+/-2 mo) (group III). Average preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, ejection fraction and mean circumferential fibre shortening rate were significantly better in group I  than in group III patients. These same parameters were not significantly different when group I  was compared to group II. Abnormal wall motion was significantly less frequent in patients from group I than in patients from group II and III. Triple-vessel disease was present preoperatively in 40 (61%) controls compared with 37 (82%) early deaths (P = 0.021) and 35 (66%) late deaths (NS). The number of grafts placed per patient was not significantly different in the three groups. Perioperative myocardial in farction (MI) and low cardiac output syndrome were the commonest causes of early death. Late complications such as MI and heart failure occurred in 4 (6%) v; 15 (32%) (P = 0.0006) and 4 (6%) v. 27 (57%) (Pless than 0.0001) group I v. group III patients, respectively. Surgical expertise, preoperative ventricular performance and triple-vessel disease are important determinants of early mortality following bypass surgery and preoperative left ventricular performance is one of the most important determinants of late mortality,"}
{"id": "PMID:300274", "title": "Myocardial infarction following coronary artery bypass: factors influencing its occurrence.", "content": "The authors have undertaken a prospective study on postoperative myocardial infarciton (PMI) following coronary artery bypass (CAB) grafting. PMI was diagnosed from electrocardiographic findings by the criteria of the American Heart Association. From Aug. 1, 1975 to Feb. 27, 1976, 198 patients (177 men, 21 women) underwent CAB. Their ages ranged from 31 to 71 years (mean, 49 yr). Of these patients, 18 (9%) sustained a PMI. A number of factors were analyzed to determine their influence on the occurrence rate of PMI. Preoperative factors wuch as the New York Heart Association classification, measurement of left ventricular function and evaluation of the severity of coronary artery disease were not helpful in predicting a predisposition to PMI. Endarterectomy was the only operative intervention associated with a higher inicidence of PMI (18%). Other factors such as the interval of cardiac anoxia and cardiopulmonary bypass and the number of vessels grafted did not seem to be associated with PMI. Low blood flow (less than 40 ml/min) through the graft could be correlated with the area of infarction in only 5 of 18 patients. Among the operated patients, postoperative ventricular arrhythmia was much more common in patients with PMI. The hospital mortality in this group was 11% (two patients).", "contents": "Myocardial infarction following coronary artery bypass: factors influencing its occurrence. The authors have undertaken a prospective study on postoperative myocardial infarciton (PMI) following coronary artery bypass (CAB) grafting. PMI was diagnosed from electrocardiographic findings by the criteria of the American Heart Association. From Aug. 1, 1975 to Feb. 27, 1976, 198 patients (177 men, 21 women) underwent CAB. Their ages ranged from 31 to 71 years (mean, 49 yr). Of these patients, 18 (9%) sustained a PMI. A number of factors were analyzed to determine their influence on the occurrence rate of PMI. Preoperative factors wuch as the New York Heart Association classification, measurement of left ventricular function and evaluation of the severity of coronary artery disease were not helpful in predicting a predisposition to PMI. Endarterectomy was the only operative intervention associated with a higher inicidence of PMI (18%). Other factors such as the interval of cardiac anoxia and cardiopulmonary bypass and the number of vessels grafted did not seem to be associated with PMI. Low blood flow (less than 40 ml/min) through the graft could be correlated with the area of infarction in only 5 of 18 patients. Among the operated patients, postoperative ventricular arrhythmia was much more common in patients with PMI. The hospital mortality in this group was 11% (two patients)."}
{"id": "PMID:300275", "title": "Experience with reoperation following coronary bypass grafting.", "content": "Thirty-four of 1152 patients who had undergone aortocoronary bypass grafting underwent reoperation. There were no early or late deaths among these 34 patients. The average time between operations was 14 months. At the initial operation, 88 grafts and 10 internal mammary implants were placed; at reoperation, 56 grafts and 8 internal mammary implants were placed and a left ventricular aneurysm was plicated. Twenty patients underwent reoperation for graft stenosis or occlusion, five because of progression of coronary artery disease, seven because of combined progression disease and graft occlusion and two to correct technical errors. Improvement in the class of angina was 1.1 classes at an average follow-up of 9 months. The authors believe that reoperation for coronary bypass grafting can be performed safely with symptomatic improvement for the patient.", "contents": "Experience with reoperation following coronary bypass grafting. Thirty-four of 1152 patients who had undergone aortocoronary bypass grafting underwent reoperation. There were no early or late deaths among these 34 patients. The average time between operations was 14 months. At the initial operation, 88 grafts and 10 internal mammary implants were placed; at reoperation, 56 grafts and 8 internal mammary implants were placed and a left ventricular aneurysm was plicated. Twenty patients underwent reoperation for graft stenosis or occlusion, five because of progression of coronary artery disease, seven because of combined progression disease and graft occlusion and two to correct technical errors. Improvement in the class of angina was 1.1 classes at an average follow-up of 9 months. The authors believe that reoperation for coronary bypass grafting can be performed safely with symptomatic improvement for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:300277", "title": "Genetic control of antinuclear antibodies in mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "The incidence of antinuclear antibodies after Rauscher leukemia virus inoculation was found to be significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice and still greater in their F1 hybrids. The relationships among antinuclear antibody incidence, erythroblastic disease, Rauscher leukemia virus production, and the H-2 genotypes were studied in the F1 generation and backcrosses using different virus inocula. The results observed suggest that (a) at least two genes are involved in the control of susceptibility to Rauscher leukemia virus-induced erythroblastosis, one of them probably being H-2 linked, and that (b) a non-H-2-linked gene seems to control, at the same time, induction of antinuclear antibodies, focus-forming virus production in the spleen, and susceptibility to the disease. It can be concluded that C-type viruses play an active role in antinuclear antibody induction.", "contents": "Genetic control of antinuclear antibodies in mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. The incidence of antinuclear antibodies after Rauscher leukemia virus inoculation was found to be significantly higher in C57BL/6 than in BALB/c mice and still greater in their F1 hybrids. The relationships among antinuclear antibody incidence, erythroblastic disease, Rauscher leukemia virus production, and the H-2 genotypes were studied in the F1 generation and backcrosses using different virus inocula. The results observed suggest that (a) at least two genes are involved in the control of susceptibility to Rauscher leukemia virus-induced erythroblastosis, one of them probably being H-2 linked, and that (b) a non-H-2-linked gene seems to control, at the same time, induction of antinuclear antibodies, focus-forming virus production in the spleen, and susceptibility to the disease. It can be concluded that C-type viruses play an active role in antinuclear antibody induction."}
{"id": "PMID:300278", "title": "Relationship of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells, plasma cells, and tumor development in anaplastic carcinoma-bearing A/J mice.", "content": "Since the humoral immune response has been shown to be associated with immunological enhancement of tumor growth, the study of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells and plasma cell antigen (PCA)-bearing cells during neoplastic development may provide new approaches to the study of tumor immunology. Peripheral blood was collected every other day from normal and carcinoma-bearing mice. Lymphocytes obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation were assayed for immunoglobulin-bearing cells and PCA-bearing cells using either fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin or rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum and fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. A marked increase in immunoglobulin-bearing cells from tumor-bearing mice was observed by Day 6 and peaked at Day 10. An increase in PCA-bearing cells followed the immunoglobulin-bearing cells increas by 2 to 4 days. The immunoglobulin-bearing cells declined by Day 12, whereas PCA-bearing cells remained elevated through Day 20. Using rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum as an immunosuppressive agent, a 4-day prolongation of the mean survival time was observed in rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum-treated tumor-bearing mice. This suggests that tumor growth in this model may be related to an active humoral immune response and that suppression of the plasma cell population may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of certain tumors.", "contents": "Relationship of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells, plasma cells, and tumor development in anaplastic carcinoma-bearing A/J mice. Since the humoral immune response has been shown to be associated with immunological enhancement of tumor growth, the study of surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells and plasma cell antigen (PCA)-bearing cells during neoplastic development may provide new approaches to the study of tumor immunology. Peripheral blood was collected every other day from normal and carcinoma-bearing mice. Lymphocytes obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation were assayed for immunoglobulin-bearing cells and PCA-bearing cells using either fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin or rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum and fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. A marked increase in immunoglobulin-bearing cells from tumor-bearing mice was observed by Day 6 and peaked at Day 10. An increase in PCA-bearing cells followed the immunoglobulin-bearing cells increas by 2 to 4 days. The immunoglobulin-bearing cells declined by Day 12, whereas PCA-bearing cells remained elevated through Day 20. Using rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum as an immunosuppressive agent, a 4-day prolongation of the mean survival time was observed in rabbit anti-mouse plasma cell serum-treated tumor-bearing mice. This suggests that tumor growth in this model may be related to an active humoral immune response and that suppression of the plasma cell population may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of certain tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:300279", "title": "Lymphoid subpopulation changes in regional lymph nodes in squamous head and neck cancer.", "content": "Lymph nodes from 10 normal patients and regional lymph nodes (RLN) from 19 patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck were evaluated as to their lymphoid subpopulations. In comparison to normal lymph nodes, RLN from cancer patients demonstrated a marked increase in the proportion of cells with membrane immunoglobulin, the receptor for the third component of complement, and the receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G. The increased Fc receptor cells were not Fc-bearing thymus-derived lymphocytes, inasmuch as they separated with the non-sheep erythrocyte-lymphocyte rosette-forming population. The overall thymus-derived lymphocyte percentage in RLN was proportionally decreased. A transition from the normal lymph node composition to the altered lymphocyte profile seen in RLN was demonstrated on moving from distal lymph nodes to RLN within the lymphatic drainage of a tumor. Lymph nodes involved with tumor also showed the pattern of bursa equivalent cell population increases.", "contents": "Lymphoid subpopulation changes in regional lymph nodes in squamous head and neck cancer. Lymph nodes from 10 normal patients and regional lymph nodes (RLN) from 19 patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck were evaluated as to their lymphoid subpopulations. In comparison to normal lymph nodes, RLN from cancer patients demonstrated a marked increase in the proportion of cells with membrane immunoglobulin, the receptor for the third component of complement, and the receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G. The increased Fc receptor cells were not Fc-bearing thymus-derived lymphocytes, inasmuch as they separated with the non-sheep erythrocyte-lymphocyte rosette-forming population. The overall thymus-derived lymphocyte percentage in RLN was proportionally decreased. A transition from the normal lymph node composition to the altered lymphocyte profile seen in RLN was demonstrated on moving from distal lymph nodes to RLN within the lymphatic drainage of a tumor. Lymph nodes involved with tumor also showed the pattern of bursa equivalent cell population increases."}
{"id": "PMID:300282", "title": "Is early revascularization following acute coronary occlusion a safe and effective surgical procedure?", "content": "Coronary bypass surgery performed after more than 3 or 4 hours of coronary occlusion may results in serious derangements of cardiac metabolic, contractile, and electrical functions, and lead to extensive myocardial infarction, as well as to an unacceptable mortality. If the operation can be performed within the first 1 to 2 hours of acute coronary occlusion, hospital mortality rate is acceptably low. Although the average infarct size was usually reduced by reperfusion after 3 hours of experimental occlusion, in about 30 percent of cases there appeared to be no salvage of jeopardized myocardium.", "contents": "Is early revascularization following acute coronary occlusion a safe and effective surgical procedure? Coronary bypass surgery performed after more than 3 or 4 hours of coronary occlusion may results in serious derangements of cardiac metabolic, contractile, and electrical functions, and lead to extensive myocardial infarction, as well as to an unacceptable mortality. If the operation can be performed within the first 1 to 2 hours of acute coronary occlusion, hospital mortality rate is acceptably low. Although the average infarct size was usually reduced by reperfusion after 3 hours of experimental occlusion, in about 30 percent of cases there appeared to be no salvage of jeopardized myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:300283", "title": "Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium.", "content": "The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia  propelling water.", "contents": "Ciliary function of the frog oro-pharyngeal epithelium. The palate epithelium of the frog was examined by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and high speed cine micrography. The cilia remain stationary for much of time in the end-of-effective stroke position. Each beat cycle begins with a forwardly-directed recovery stroke lasting about 60 ms, followed by an effective stroke towards the oesophagus lasting about 12 ms. Activity can often be correlated with the presence of mucus, which is carried as strands on the tips of the ciliary effective strokes whilst the recovery strokes move beneath the mucus. Coordination of ciliary activity was very variable; local antiplectic metachrony of the recovery strokes could almost always be seen, and on very active epithelia effective strokes were associated with approximately diaplectic waves (either to left or right), but any particular pattern of coordinated activity was transient and quickly transformed to another pattern. Beating and coordination of these short cilia were compared with those of cilia  propelling water."}
{"id": "PMID:300284", "title": "DNA-synthesizing cells in human fetal thymus.", "content": "Fragments and suspensions of human fetal thymus were incubated in the presence of 3H-TdR to permit study of the distribution and morphology of DNA-synthesizing cells. Results of light and EM autoradiography showed that 1. although DNA-synthesizing cells were present in the medulla, the vast majority of these cells were localized in the thymic cortex, 2. cells with the typical EM appearance of small lymphocytes and lymphoid blast cells both synthesized DNA, and 3. cells in S-phase were predominantly 8 to 12 mum in size.", "contents": "DNA-synthesizing cells in human fetal thymus. Fragments and suspensions of human fetal thymus were incubated in the presence of 3H-TdR to permit study of the distribution and morphology of DNA-synthesizing cells. Results of light and EM autoradiography showed that 1. although DNA-synthesizing cells were present in the medulla, the vast majority of these cells were localized in the thymic cortex, 2. cells with the typical EM appearance of small lymphocytes and lymphoid blast cells both synthesized DNA, and 3. cells in S-phase were predominantly 8 to 12 mum in size."}
{"id": "PMID:300285", "title": "A Golgi study on the hypothalamus of amphibia. The neuronal typology.", "content": "The neuronal typology in the hypothalamus of the frog and the crested newt was studied by the Golgi technique. In the newt, piriform, multipolar or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons of relatively primitive type, according to the classification of Ram\u00f3n-Moliner, are encountered in the preoptic area. Moreover, magnocellular neurons are impregnated. In the frog the preoptic area shows a more varied typology. The posterior hypothalami of the frog and the newt exhibit mainly bipolar CSF-contacting and piriform neurons. These latter are generally \"tufted\", but some bipolar of multipolar cells are encountered, especially in the frog. The simple anatomical organization of the amphibian hypothalamus corresponds well with the pattern of \"generalized\" integrative area where multimodal sensory inputs converge--including visceral information from cerebrospinal fluid by means of hypothalamic CSF-contacting sensors--to regulate the neuroendocrine outflow.", "contents": "A Golgi study on the hypothalamus of amphibia. The neuronal typology. The neuronal typology in the hypothalamus of the frog and the crested newt was studied by the Golgi technique. In the newt, piriform, multipolar or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons of relatively primitive type, according to the classification of Ram\u00f3n-Moliner, are encountered in the preoptic area. Moreover, magnocellular neurons are impregnated. In the frog the preoptic area shows a more varied typology. The posterior hypothalami of the frog and the newt exhibit mainly bipolar CSF-contacting and piriform neurons. These latter are generally \"tufted\", but some bipolar of multipolar cells are encountered, especially in the frog. The simple anatomical organization of the amphibian hypothalamus corresponds well with the pattern of \"generalized\" integrative area where multimodal sensory inputs converge--including visceral information from cerebrospinal fluid by means of hypothalamic CSF-contacting sensors--to regulate the neuroendocrine outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:300286", "title": "The topography of the caudal part of the paraventricular organ in Rana temporaria.", "content": "The results of a monoamine-fluorescence study of the hypothalamus of Rana temporaria show that the brain area corresponding with the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID), as described in other species, does not differ, neither morphologically nor histochemically, from the paraventricular organ (PVO), with which it is anatomically continuous. It is concluded that a nucleus infundibularis dorsalis does not exist as a separate entity in this species.", "contents": "The topography of the caudal part of the paraventricular organ in Rana temporaria. The results of a monoamine-fluorescence study of the hypothalamus of Rana temporaria show that the brain area corresponding with the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID), as described in other species, does not differ, neither morphologically nor histochemically, from the paraventricular organ (PVO), with which it is anatomically continuous. It is concluded that a nucleus infundibularis dorsalis does not exist as a separate entity in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:300299", "title": "Status of the grafts and the native coronary arteries proximal and distal to coronary anastomotic sites of aortocoronary bypass grafts.", "content": "The status of the native coronary arteries at necropsy in the vicinity of the coronary anastomoses of saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 20 patients with severe coronary heart disease is presented. Of the 37 graft systems (graft plus coronary artery into which graft inserted) analyzed, the lumina of 44% of the native coronary arteries within the first 2 cm distal to the anastomoses were greater than 75% narrowed in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques, and the native coronary artery at the site of the anastomosis was greater than 50% narrowed in cross-sectional area already by atheroclerotic plaque in 25% of the graft systems. The mean coronary arterial size distal to the site of the coronary graft anastomosis, even after correction for heart weight, was greater in the 13 men than in the seven women. The residual luminal areas squared per gram of heart weight, however, were similar in both men and women. These results suggest that 1) relative coronary vessel size is greater in men than women; 2) the luminal area squared per gram myocardial mass (a relative estimation of flow) is the same in the two groups of patients; and 3) less atherosclerotic plaque is necessary in women then in men to produce similar limitation to coronary flow. Thus, vessel size alone cannot account for the higher reported frequency of unsuccessful aortocoronary bypass procedures in women.", "contents": "Status of the grafts and the native coronary arteries proximal and distal to coronary anastomotic sites of aortocoronary bypass grafts. The status of the native coronary arteries at necropsy in the vicinity of the coronary anastomoses of saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass grafts in 20 patients with severe coronary heart disease is presented. Of the 37 graft systems (graft plus coronary artery into which graft inserted) analyzed, the lumina of 44% of the native coronary arteries within the first 2 cm distal to the anastomoses were greater than 75% narrowed in cross-sectional area by atherosclerotic plaques, and the native coronary artery at the site of the anastomosis was greater than 50% narrowed in cross-sectional area already by atheroclerotic plaque in 25% of the graft systems. The mean coronary arterial size distal to the site of the coronary graft anastomosis, even after correction for heart weight, was greater in the 13 men than in the seven women. The residual luminal areas squared per gram of heart weight, however, were similar in both men and women. These results suggest that 1) relative coronary vessel size is greater in men than women; 2) the luminal area squared per gram myocardial mass (a relative estimation of flow) is the same in the two groups of patients; and 3) less atherosclerotic plaque is necessary in women then in men to produce similar limitation to coronary flow. Thus, vessel size alone cannot account for the higher reported frequency of unsuccessful aortocoronary bypass procedures in women."}
{"id": "PMID:300300", "title": "Application of isoelectric focusing in alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping.", "content": "alpha1-Antitrypsin, the major protease inhibitor in human serum, occurs in a considerable number of variant forms, some of which are associated with lung and liver diseases. The identification of these genetic variants, generally called Pi-types, by means of isoelectric focusing is described, as well as investigations concerning the practical application of isoelectric focusing as a routine procedure for typing the variants of alpha1-antitrypsin. Finally, isoelectric focusing is compared with the most widely used Pi-phenotyping technique, namely acid starch-gel electrophoresis followed by immunoelectrophoresis in antibody-containing agarose gel.", "contents": "Application of isoelectric focusing in alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping. alpha1-Antitrypsin, the major protease inhibitor in human serum, occurs in a considerable number of variant forms, some of which are associated with lung and liver diseases. The identification of these genetic variants, generally called Pi-types, by means of isoelectric focusing is described, as well as investigations concerning the practical application of isoelectric focusing as a routine procedure for typing the variants of alpha1-antitrypsin. Finally, isoelectric focusing is compared with the most widely used Pi-phenotyping technique, namely acid starch-gel electrophoresis followed by immunoelectrophoresis in antibody-containing agarose gel."}
{"id": "PMID:300301", "title": "Lymphocyte surface markers in acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Lymphocyte cell-surface markers were examined in forty children with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and twelve with acute post-streptococal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and compared to thirty-six normal controls of similar age. Cell-surface-marker studies included surface Ig using fluorescein-labelled F(ab)2 anti-F(AB')2, IgG aggregate binding cells, and EAC rosettes. T cells were identified both as 'active' rosettes and total E-binding cells. Proportions and absolute numbers of cells bearing surface Ig and Fc receptors were elevated in subjects with AGN (Pless than0-01-0-5), whereas proportions of cells producing EAC rosettes were diminished. Patients with acute rheumatic carditis or chorea showed a substantial elevation in proportions and numbers of active T-cell rosettes (Pless than0-01). Streptococcal antigen binding cells capable of forming rosettes with autologous cells coated with group A streptococcal membranes were elevated in the acute phase of both rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis(Pless than0-01). The majority of such cells were removed by passage over insolubilized Ig-anti-IgG columns and appeared to be B cells.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface markers in acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. Lymphocyte cell-surface markers were examined in forty children with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and twelve with acute post-streptococal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and compared to thirty-six normal controls of similar age. Cell-surface-marker studies included surface Ig using fluorescein-labelled F(ab)2 anti-F(AB')2, IgG aggregate binding cells, and EAC rosettes. T cells were identified both as 'active' rosettes and total E-binding cells. Proportions and absolute numbers of cells bearing surface Ig and Fc receptors were elevated in subjects with AGN (Pless than0-01-0-5), whereas proportions of cells producing EAC rosettes were diminished. Patients with acute rheumatic carditis or chorea showed a substantial elevation in proportions and numbers of active T-cell rosettes (Pless than0-01). Streptococcal antigen binding cells capable of forming rosettes with autologous cells coated with group A streptococcal membranes were elevated in the acute phase of both rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis(Pless than0-01). The majority of such cells were removed by passage over insolubilized Ig-anti-IgG columns and appeared to be B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300302", "title": "Ecotaxis: the principle and its application to the study of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "A study of the function, characterization and distribution of T and B lymphocytes in five children with Hodgkin's disease is presented. The results, indicating that lymphocyte depletion in the peripheral blood does not necessarily reflect an overall lack of circulating lymphocytes, are presented to demonstrate that failure of ecotaxis (normal lymphocyte migration and distribution) can occur in man. The underlying reasons for such failure and their relevance to the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "contents": "Ecotaxis: the principle and its application to the study of Hodgkin's disease. A study of the function, characterization and distribution of T and B lymphocytes in five children with Hodgkin's disease is presented. The results, indicating that lymphocyte depletion in the peripheral blood does not necessarily reflect an overall lack of circulating lymphocytes, are presented to demonstrate that failure of ecotaxis (normal lymphocyte migration and distribution) can occur in man. The underlying reasons for such failure and their relevance to the pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300303", "title": "The effect of adherent and phagocytic cells on human lymphocyte PHA responsiveness.", "content": "The effect of small numbers of adherent and phagocytic cells on the human peripheral blood lymphocyte response to PHA was examined by depleting these cells from lymphocyte preparations. Lymphocyte preparations obtained by centrifugation on Ficoll--Triosil, which contained on average 85% lymphocytes, responded well to PHA. Depletion of cells adhering to nylon fibre, giving a population containing on average 95% lymphocytes, resulted in a considerably reduced response. Depletion of cells that adhered to plastic or ingested iron powder to give populations containing on average 90% lymphocytes, also reduced the PHA response, but to a lesser extent. Reduction in PHA responsiveness correlated with increasing lymphocyte purity. The responsiveness of nylon-column-filtered cells could be restored by adding a small number of cells from a monocyte-rich population.", "contents": "The effect of adherent and phagocytic cells on human lymphocyte PHA responsiveness. The effect of small numbers of adherent and phagocytic cells on the human peripheral blood lymphocyte response to PHA was examined by depleting these cells from lymphocyte preparations. Lymphocyte preparations obtained by centrifugation on Ficoll--Triosil, which contained on average 85% lymphocytes, responded well to PHA. Depletion of cells adhering to nylon fibre, giving a population containing on average 95% lymphocytes, resulted in a considerably reduced response. Depletion of cells that adhered to plastic or ingested iron powder to give populations containing on average 90% lymphocytes, also reduced the PHA response, but to a lesser extent. Reduction in PHA responsiveness correlated with increasing lymphocyte purity. The responsiveness of nylon-column-filtered cells could be restored by adding a small number of cells from a monocyte-rich population."}
{"id": "PMID:300304", "title": "Human lymph node lymphocytes fail to effect lysis of antibody-coated target cells.", "content": "Human lymphocytes prepared from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus were titrated for ability to mediate lysis of human target cells coated with rabbit anti target antibody. Lymphocytes from blood and spleen produced efficient lysis of targets in the presence of antibody. Lymph node cells and thymocytes were essentially non-reactive in this system. Lymph node preparations from non-cancer patients contained approximately 25% of non-T cells with receptors for Fc,C3 and/or Ig. Regional lymph nodes from patients with primary tumours contained 37-50% non-T cells by the same criteria. Failure of lymph node lymphocytes to effect lysis of antibody-coated targets did not therefore correlate with content of Fc or C3 bearing cells per se. The effector cell in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in other systems has been shown to carry Fc and C3 receptors, but not surface Ig. This cell type appears to be absent or non-functional in human lymph nodes.", "contents": "Human lymph node lymphocytes fail to effect lysis of antibody-coated target cells. Human lymphocytes prepared from peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus were titrated for ability to mediate lysis of human target cells coated with rabbit anti target antibody. Lymphocytes from blood and spleen produced efficient lysis of targets in the presence of antibody. Lymph node cells and thymocytes were essentially non-reactive in this system. Lymph node preparations from non-cancer patients contained approximately 25% of non-T cells with receptors for Fc,C3 and/or Ig. Regional lymph nodes from patients with primary tumours contained 37-50% non-T cells by the same criteria. Failure of lymph node lymphocytes to effect lysis of antibody-coated targets did not therefore correlate with content of Fc or C3 bearing cells per se. The effector cell in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in other systems has been shown to carry Fc and C3 receptors, but not surface Ig. This cell type appears to be absent or non-functional in human lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:300305", "title": "Mouse red cell rosette formation by subpopulations of human lymphocytes.", "content": "In six separate experiments, 7-2% of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors were shown to form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. Normal T and B lymphocytes were separated according to their membrane properties, by E-rosette formation or fractionation on anti F (ab')2 column. The results obtained in both the separation procedures used were in good agreement: T lymphocytes were never found to form mouse red cell rosettes. On the contrary, enrichment of suspensions in B lymphocytes resulted in an increased percentage of mouse red-cell rosette-forming cells. Under the technical condition used, peroxidase-positive monocytes were not shown to form such rosettes. However, if all the mouse red cell rosette-forming cells were shown to be of B nature, not all the B lymphocytes form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes and it is not unlikely that this marker could be characteristic for a subset of Ig-bearing B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Mouse red cell rosette formation by subpopulations of human lymphocytes. In six separate experiments, 7-2% of purified peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors were shown to form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. Normal T and B lymphocytes were separated according to their membrane properties, by E-rosette formation or fractionation on anti F (ab')2 column. The results obtained in both the separation procedures used were in good agreement: T lymphocytes were never found to form mouse red cell rosettes. On the contrary, enrichment of suspensions in B lymphocytes resulted in an increased percentage of mouse red-cell rosette-forming cells. Under the technical condition used, peroxidase-positive monocytes were not shown to form such rosettes. However, if all the mouse red cell rosette-forming cells were shown to be of B nature, not all the B lymphocytes form rosettes with mouse erythrocytes and it is not unlikely that this marker could be characteristic for a subset of Ig-bearing B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300306", "title": "C3-reacted sepharose: a preparative method for separating T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes bearing complement receptors were separated from lymphocyte suspensions using C3-reacted Sepharose columns as solid phase immunoabsorbents. The retained CR+ lymphocytes were recovered by elution of the column with IgG fraction purified from a rabbit antiserum to human C3. This paper describes the method, its specificity and the yields of cells obtained.", "contents": "C3-reacted sepharose: a preparative method for separating T and B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes bearing complement receptors were separated from lymphocyte suspensions using C3-reacted Sepharose columns as solid phase immunoabsorbents. The retained CR+ lymphocytes were recovered by elution of the column with IgG fraction purified from a rabbit antiserum to human C3. This paper describes the method, its specificity and the yields of cells obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:300307", "title": "Correlation of smooth-muscle and nuclear antibodies in normal subjects.", "content": "By means of the indirect immunofluorescent method the occurrence of smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) was studied in 582 normal subjects of different ages, and the incidence of SMA was compared with that of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). SMA were detected in 32 (5-5%) and ANA in 28 (4-8%) of the normal subjects. The antibodies were of the IgG and the IgM class, while no IgA antibodies could be detected. IgM-SMA were demonstrated in 2-9%, IgM-ANA in 4-1% and IgG-ANA in 1-2% of the 582 subjects, and the incidence of these antibodies increased with increasing age (P = 0-012, P less than 0-001 and P = 0-003, respectively). IgG-SMA occurred in 3-6% and the prevalence of these antibodies was not age-related. No relationship between the incidence of antibodies and sex could be established. IgM-SMA and IgM-ANA were often found together in the same individuals (P = 0-002), which suggests that the same factors may elicit the formation of both antibodies.", "contents": "Correlation of smooth-muscle and nuclear antibodies in normal subjects. By means of the indirect immunofluorescent method the occurrence of smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA) was studied in 582 normal subjects of different ages, and the incidence of SMA was compared with that of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). SMA were detected in 32 (5-5%) and ANA in 28 (4-8%) of the normal subjects. The antibodies were of the IgG and the IgM class, while no IgA antibodies could be detected. IgM-SMA were demonstrated in 2-9%, IgM-ANA in 4-1% and IgG-ANA in 1-2% of the 582 subjects, and the incidence of these antibodies increased with increasing age (P = 0-012, P less than 0-001 and P = 0-003, respectively). IgG-SMA occurred in 3-6% and the prevalence of these antibodies was not age-related. No relationship between the incidence of antibodies and sex could be established. IgM-SMA and IgM-ANA were often found together in the same individuals (P = 0-002), which suggests that the same factors may elicit the formation of both antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:300308", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma.", "content": "The mitogenic reactivity of lymphocytes from subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma was studied. Cultures containing either unseparated or separated lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, Con A and pokeweed mitogen after inhibitory serum factors were eluted from the cell surface. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine in patient cultures was compared to that of normal controls. Greatly decreased reactivity was found in SLE to all three mitogens. Significantly decreased values to some mitogens was also observed in rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, but the defect was less severe. Cultures of study subjects contained significantly fewer small lymphocytes than normal controls and this finding explained at least in part the decreased mitogenic reactivity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. The mitogenic reactivity of lymphocytes from subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma was studied. Cultures containing either unseparated or separated lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin, Con A and pokeweed mitogen after inhibitory serum factors were eluted from the cell surface. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine in patient cultures was compared to that of normal controls. Greatly decreased reactivity was found in SLE to all three mitogens. Significantly decreased values to some mitogens was also observed in rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, but the defect was less severe. Cultures of study subjects contained significantly fewer small lymphocytes than normal controls and this finding explained at least in part the decreased mitogenic reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:300309", "title": "Quantitative measurements of T- and B-cell function in \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: evidence for a consistent B-cell defect.", "content": "Improved methods for separating B and T cells have made it possible to assess the functions of these cells. These techniques have been used to study the T dependence of B-cell immunoglobulin production in response to pokeweed mitogen. In the present study they have been used to reinvestigate the pathogenesis of \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobuliaemia. Twelve patients were studied by separating their B and T cells and culturing them with normal cells. The results show that none of the patients have normal B cells. In cultures containing high ratios of T cells to B cells we have found a marked reduction in B-cell immunoglobulin production both with T cells from normal donors and from patients. T cells from all but one of the patients helped immunoglobulin production and reduced T helper activity was only seen in patients whose B cells were very abnormal. The results suggest that a B-cell defect is the cause of the low serum immunoglobulin in all the patients we have studied.", "contents": "Quantitative measurements of T- and B-cell function in \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: evidence for a consistent B-cell defect. Improved methods for separating B and T cells have made it possible to assess the functions of these cells. These techniques have been used to study the T dependence of B-cell immunoglobulin production in response to pokeweed mitogen. In the present study they have been used to reinvestigate the pathogenesis of \"variable\" primary hypogammaglobuliaemia. Twelve patients were studied by separating their B and T cells and culturing them with normal cells. The results show that none of the patients have normal B cells. In cultures containing high ratios of T cells to B cells we have found a marked reduction in B-cell immunoglobulin production both with T cells from normal donors and from patients. T cells from all but one of the patients helped immunoglobulin production and reduced T helper activity was only seen in patients whose B cells were very abnormal. The results suggest that a B-cell defect is the cause of the low serum immunoglobulin in all the patients we have studied."}
{"id": "PMID:300310", "title": "Nuclear deposits of immunoglobulins in skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Skin nuclear speckled IgG deposition was noted in seven patients. The patients' clinical courses satisfied at least four of the preliminary criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE). Examination of approximately 700 additional biopsies from patiets with SLE, connective tissue and various skin diseases as well as normal individuals, failed to demonstrate similar nuclear immunoglobulin deposition. Sera from these seven patients had higher titre, complement fixing anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) of IgG class which produced a speckled nuclear fluorescent pattern. In addition, the sera of all seven patients demonstrated by gel double diffusion precipitating antibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) or Sm antigens.", "contents": "Nuclear deposits of immunoglobulins in skin of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Skin nuclear speckled IgG deposition was noted in seven patients. The patients' clinical courses satisfied at least four of the preliminary criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE). Examination of approximately 700 additional biopsies from patiets with SLE, connective tissue and various skin diseases as well as normal individuals, failed to demonstrate similar nuclear immunoglobulin deposition. Sera from these seven patients had higher titre, complement fixing anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) of IgG class which produced a speckled nuclear fluorescent pattern. In addition, the sera of all seven patients demonstrated by gel double diffusion precipitating antibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) or Sm antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:300311", "title": "Enhancement of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of human lymphocytes by lysosomal enzymes from polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "The effect of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) extracts and PMN granule lysates on in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. The mononuclear cells were cultured for 3 days with or without autologous plasma. Newly synthesized Ig in the culture supernatants was measured using 14C-labelled amino acids by an immune coprecipitation method. Upon addition of a PMN extract to plasma-free cultures Ig synthesis was stimulated, the mean stimulation index (SI) of cultures from thirteen individuals, including nine normals, three patients with rheumatoid arthritis and one with psoriatic arthritis being 1-8 +/- 0-2 in comparison with control cultures (P less than 0-05). By contrast, in 10% fresh autologous plasma, PMN extracts yielded a mean SI of 0-9 +/- 0-1 indicating inactivation of the active extracts by plasma inhibitors. In experiments using PMN granule lysates containing high concentrations of beta-glucuronidase and cultured in RPMI 1640, the mean stimulation index was 3-2 +/- 0-7. Stimulation of Ig synthesis was also produced by trypsin. Stimulation of Ig synthesis was also produced by trypsin. Stimulating factors in PMN extracts were inhibited by Trasylol, a protease inhibitor. These results indicate that trypsin and proteolytic lysosomal enzymes in PMN increase Ig synthesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They suggest a possible new role of PMN in the potentiation of immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "Enhancement of in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis of human lymphocytes by lysosomal enzymes from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The effect of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) extracts and PMN granule lysates on in vitro immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied. The mononuclear cells were cultured for 3 days with or without autologous plasma. Newly synthesized Ig in the culture supernatants was measured using 14C-labelled amino acids by an immune coprecipitation method. Upon addition of a PMN extract to plasma-free cultures Ig synthesis was stimulated, the mean stimulation index (SI) of cultures from thirteen individuals, including nine normals, three patients with rheumatoid arthritis and one with psoriatic arthritis being 1-8 +/- 0-2 in comparison with control cultures (P less than 0-05). By contrast, in 10% fresh autologous plasma, PMN extracts yielded a mean SI of 0-9 +/- 0-1 indicating inactivation of the active extracts by plasma inhibitors. In experiments using PMN granule lysates containing high concentrations of beta-glucuronidase and cultured in RPMI 1640, the mean stimulation index was 3-2 +/- 0-7. Stimulation of Ig synthesis was also produced by trypsin. Stimulation of Ig synthesis was also produced by trypsin. Stimulating factors in PMN extracts were inhibited by Trasylol, a protease inhibitor. These results indicate that trypsin and proteolytic lysosomal enzymes in PMN increase Ig synthesis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They suggest a possible new role of PMN in the potentiation of immunoglobulin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:300312", "title": "Quantitative studies of immunoglobulin deposition in the kidney, glomerular cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "Using the NZB and NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) hybrid mouse as a model for systemic lupus erythematosus, an effort has been made to quantitate: (1) immune complex deposition in the glomeruli by immunofluorescent staining of immunoglobulin, (2) glomerular cellular proliferation by radioautographic measurement of [3H]Tdr incorporation into the glomerular cells in vivo, and (3) glomerular scarring by PAS staining. The relationship between these changes and increasing age has been examined. By radioautography it was observed that dividing glomerular cells were labelled in vivo after injection of [3H]Tdr. This provided a reproducible measure of the proliferative process in the nephritis of B/W mice. In C57B1/6J and CBA/J mice, which have a low incidence of glomerular disease, little change in the amount of glomerular cell proliferation was observed with increasing age. The NZB strain of animals showed a somewhat increased level of proliferation but this did not increase with age. In striking contrast, glomerular cell proliferation in the B/W mice increased rapidly with age. The earliest change observed in the kidney was the deposition of immunofluorescent material in the mesangium and glomerular capillary basement membrane beginning between 3 and 5 months of age and reaching a peak at 9 months. Increase in glomerular cell proliferation began about 2 months after the onset of immune complex deposition but also reached a maximum at 7 months. Glomerular sclerosis was the last change to appear and continued after the other two parameters measured has begun to decline. These data suggest that the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerulus may be an important triggering mechanism for renal cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in the B/W mouse. The techniques described would provide a sensitive and reproducible quantitative method for analysing the differential effects of various types of treatment of immune complex nephritis in animals.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of immunoglobulin deposition in the kidney, glomerular cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice. Using the NZB and NZB/NZW F1 (B/W) hybrid mouse as a model for systemic lupus erythematosus, an effort has been made to quantitate: (1) immune complex deposition in the glomeruli by immunofluorescent staining of immunoglobulin, (2) glomerular cellular proliferation by radioautographic measurement of [3H]Tdr incorporation into the glomerular cells in vivo, and (3) glomerular scarring by PAS staining. The relationship between these changes and increasing age has been examined. By radioautography it was observed that dividing glomerular cells were labelled in vivo after injection of [3H]Tdr. This provided a reproducible measure of the proliferative process in the nephritis of B/W mice. In C57B1/6J and CBA/J mice, which have a low incidence of glomerular disease, little change in the amount of glomerular cell proliferation was observed with increasing age. The NZB strain of animals showed a somewhat increased level of proliferation but this did not increase with age. In striking contrast, glomerular cell proliferation in the B/W mice increased rapidly with age. The earliest change observed in the kidney was the deposition of immunofluorescent material in the mesangium and glomerular capillary basement membrane beginning between 3 and 5 months of age and reaching a peak at 9 months. Increase in glomerular cell proliferation began about 2 months after the onset of immune complex deposition but also reached a maximum at 7 months. Glomerular sclerosis was the last change to appear and continued after the other two parameters measured has begun to decline. These data suggest that the deposition of immune complexes in the glomerulus may be an important triggering mechanism for renal cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in the B/W mouse. The techniques described would provide a sensitive and reproducible quantitative method for analysing the differential effects of various types of treatment of immune complex nephritis in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:300313", "title": "Influence of antigenic competition on the development of antibody-forming cell clones.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels was used to investigate the anti-sheep red blood cell antibody responses of mice subjected to antigenic competition. A reduction in the number and intensity of antibody bands was found, even in situations where the suppression of IgG antibody titres was minimal, while with large reductions in titre, antibody bands were rarely seen. It thus appeared that the output of individual B-cell clones was severely depressed during competition. It was concluded that inhibition of clonal expansion is an important feature of competition, and that this may reflect a normal regulatory activity which acts to limit cellular proliferation during immune responses. This conclusion was supported by observations on the level of DNA synthesis, following immunization with sheep red cells, in the spleens of normal and suppressed mice.", "contents": "Influence of antigenic competition on the development of antibody-forming cell clones. Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels was used to investigate the anti-sheep red blood cell antibody responses of mice subjected to antigenic competition. A reduction in the number and intensity of antibody bands was found, even in situations where the suppression of IgG antibody titres was minimal, while with large reductions in titre, antibody bands were rarely seen. It thus appeared that the output of individual B-cell clones was severely depressed during competition. It was concluded that inhibition of clonal expansion is an important feature of competition, and that this may reflect a normal regulatory activity which acts to limit cellular proliferation during immune responses. This conclusion was supported by observations on the level of DNA synthesis, following immunization with sheep red cells, in the spleens of normal and suppressed mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300314", "title": "Leucovorin in combination chemotherapy of breast cancer.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and prednisone were administered for 165, 28-day cycles to 33 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Because of serious infections (fever larger than or equal to 101 degrees F. granulocytes less than 1,000/mm, 3 and hospitalization) and 1 drug death in the first 4 patients, oral calcium leucovorin, 20 to 30 mg/m2 orally, was given 2 days after methotrexate in subsequent treatment cycles. There were 26 cycles without calcium leucovorin and 6 serious infections; 139 cycles with calcium leucovorin and 5 serious infections (p = 0.002). Objective response was seen in 13 of 18 evaluable patients with no previous treatment and in only 2 of 11 patients with previous treatment (p = 0.0065). Equivalent doses were given to all subsets of patients. It is concluded that leucovorin added to the above combination of drugs can preserve antitumor activity while decreasing serious infections and that prior therapy significantly decreases the response rate to this combination.", "contents": "Leucovorin in combination chemotherapy of breast cancer. Cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and prednisone were administered for 165, 28-day cycles to 33 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Because of serious infections (fever larger than or equal to 101 degrees F. granulocytes less than 1,000/mm, 3 and hospitalization) and 1 drug death in the first 4 patients, oral calcium leucovorin, 20 to 30 mg/m2 orally, was given 2 days after methotrexate in subsequent treatment cycles. There were 26 cycles without calcium leucovorin and 6 serious infections; 139 cycles with calcium leucovorin and 5 serious infections (p = 0.002). Objective response was seen in 13 of 18 evaluable patients with no previous treatment and in only 2 of 11 patients with previous treatment (p = 0.0065). Equivalent doses were given to all subsets of patients. It is concluded that leucovorin added to the above combination of drugs can preserve antitumor activity while decreasing serious infections and that prior therapy significantly decreases the response rate to this combination."}
{"id": "PMID:300317", "title": "Arteriocolic fistula: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal-tract bleeding.", "content": "An unusual case of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to an iliac-artery aneurysm to a sigmoidal fistula is presented. Diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed, and a plan for treatment is proposed.", "contents": "Arteriocolic fistula: an unusual cause of gastrointestinal-tract bleeding. An unusual case of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to an iliac-artery aneurysm to a sigmoidal fistula is presented. Diagnosis and pathogenesis are discussed, and a plan for treatment is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:300319", "title": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: experience with the St. Mark's Hospital technique for emergency hemorrhoidectomy.", "content": "Eighty-five patients who had thrombosed hemorrhoids underwent emergency hemorrhoidectomy according to St. Mark's Hospital technique, with very good results. All specimens were found to have dilated blood vessels filled with thrombi of different sizes, with irregular, fibrotic or hyalinized vascular walls. Early complications included urinary retention and painful defecation in some patients. Late complications included only skin tags. No sepsis was found among our patients. Although operative bleeding can be tedious during the hemorrhoidectomy, it was a complication in the postoperative period of only one patient. Segmental, open hemorrhoidectomy performed according to the St. Mark's Hospital technique has been shown to be an ideal operation for the treatment of patients who have hemorrhoidal thrombosis, prolapse, edema, and bleeding.", "contents": "Hemorrhoidectomy--how I do it: experience with the St. Mark's Hospital technique for emergency hemorrhoidectomy. Eighty-five patients who had thrombosed hemorrhoids underwent emergency hemorrhoidectomy according to St. Mark's Hospital technique, with very good results. All specimens were found to have dilated blood vessels filled with thrombi of different sizes, with irregular, fibrotic or hyalinized vascular walls. Early complications included urinary retention and painful defecation in some patients. Late complications included only skin tags. No sepsis was found among our patients. Although operative bleeding can be tedious during the hemorrhoidectomy, it was a complication in the postoperative period of only one patient. Segmental, open hemorrhoidectomy performed according to the St. Mark's Hospital technique has been shown to be an ideal operation for the treatment of patients who have hemorrhoidal thrombosis, prolapse, edema, and bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:300326", "title": "Role of self-carriers in the immune response and tolerance. II. Parameters of tolerance induced by haptenated lymphoid cells.", "content": "The induction of tolerance to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten has been studied in a system utilizing haptenated syngeneic lymphoid cells. Specific depression of the direct and indirect plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to TNP-protein conjugates was regularly achieved by pretreatment of Lewis rats with 1 X 10(7) trinitrophenylated spleen cells or TNP lymph node cells. Very low numbers of haptenated lymphocytes were active since tolerance could be induced in vivo with as few as 10(5)-10(6) TNP spleen cells (SC). SC exposed to as little as 10-100 mug of the reactive hapten, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, were effective tolerogens in this system. Tolerance induced with 10(7) haptenated spleen cells persisted for at least 4 weeks. Viable intact cells did not seem to be required in this system since the cell-free supernatants from TNP-SC cultured for 24 h were also active. In addition, significant depression of an ongoing immune response could also be imposed by haptenated isologous lymphoid cells. Moderate suppression of the \"hapten-specific\" delayed hypersensitivity response (measured by the accumulation of 51Cr-labeled bone marrow cells) was also achieved with TNP-SC. These results suggest that haptenated isologous lymphoid cells are potent tolerogenic conjugates capable of inducing tolerance affecting antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity. However, since we and others have shown that TNP-SC do not adversely affect the generation of hapten-specific cytotoxic T cells, it is postulated that there is a differential recognition of, or response to, hapten-modified self-carriers by functionally distinct lymphocyte subpopulations.", "contents": "Role of self-carriers in the immune response and tolerance. II. Parameters of tolerance induced by haptenated lymphoid cells. The induction of tolerance to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten has been studied in a system utilizing haptenated syngeneic lymphoid cells. Specific depression of the direct and indirect plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to TNP-protein conjugates was regularly achieved by pretreatment of Lewis rats with 1 X 10(7) trinitrophenylated spleen cells or TNP lymph node cells. Very low numbers of haptenated lymphocytes were active since tolerance could be induced in vivo with as few as 10(5)-10(6) TNP spleen cells (SC). SC exposed to as little as 10-100 mug of the reactive hapten, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, were effective tolerogens in this system. Tolerance induced with 10(7) haptenated spleen cells persisted for at least 4 weeks. Viable intact cells did not seem to be required in this system since the cell-free supernatants from TNP-SC cultured for 24 h were also active. In addition, significant depression of an ongoing immune response could also be imposed by haptenated isologous lymphoid cells. Moderate suppression of the \"hapten-specific\" delayed hypersensitivity response (measured by the accumulation of 51Cr-labeled bone marrow cells) was also achieved with TNP-SC. These results suggest that haptenated isologous lymphoid cells are potent tolerogenic conjugates capable of inducing tolerance affecting antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity. However, since we and others have shown that TNP-SC do not adversely affect the generation of hapten-specific cytotoxic T cells, it is postulated that there is a differential recognition of, or response to, hapten-modified self-carriers by functionally distinct lymphocyte subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:300327", "title": "Tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes.", "content": "These experiments demonstrate that the response of B lymphocytes to particulate antigen in vivo can depend on their stage of differentiation: B lymphocytes differentiating from stem cells were rendered tolerant, while mature B lymphocytes were primed under the same conditions. Lethally irradiated mice of one allotype were repopulated with 13-15 day fetal liver cells from congenic mice bearing another allotype and the effect of antigen on the emergence of responsive B cells determined. B cells, descended from the fetal liver inoculum (identified by their allotype) produced an antibody response to antigen in the presence of additional T cells, 15 days after transfer. Such a response could be prevented by injecting the recipient with alum-precipitated antigen (but not with deaggregated antigen) shortly after irradiation and reconstitution. This unresponsive state was specific and independent of afferent suppressor mechanisms. Mature B cells, on the other hand, were shown to be primed by alum precipitated antigen in irradiated reconstituted hosts. It was concluded that a fundamental difference exists between the responsiveness of mature and differentiating B lymphocytes. Tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes is discussed in relation to the acquisition of self-tolerance.", "contents": "Tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes. These experiments demonstrate that the response of B lymphocytes to particulate antigen in vivo can depend on their stage of differentiation: B lymphocytes differentiating from stem cells were rendered tolerant, while mature B lymphocytes were primed under the same conditions. Lethally irradiated mice of one allotype were repopulated with 13-15 day fetal liver cells from congenic mice bearing another allotype and the effect of antigen on the emergence of responsive B cells determined. B cells, descended from the fetal liver inoculum (identified by their allotype) produced an antibody response to antigen in the presence of additional T cells, 15 days after transfer. Such a response could be prevented by injecting the recipient with alum-precipitated antigen (but not with deaggregated antigen) shortly after irradiation and reconstitution. This unresponsive state was specific and independent of afferent suppressor mechanisms. Mature B cells, on the other hand, were shown to be primed by alum precipitated antigen in irradiated reconstituted hosts. It was concluded that a fundamental difference exists between the responsiveness of mature and differentiating B lymphocytes. Tolerance in differentiating B lymphocytes is discussed in relation to the acquisition of self-tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:300328", "title": "Effects of several 'membrane stabilizing' agents on frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The effect of several \"membrane stabilizing\" agents was examined on spontaneously occurring frog miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs). No consistent parallel was observed between the ability of agents to act as \"membrane stabilizers\" and their ability to alter MEPP frequency, Vinblastine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol increased MEPP frequency; the concentration of haloperidol which increased MEPP frequency consistently reduced the magnitude of the muscle resting membrane potential. Strychnine, methoxyflurane and practolol decreased MEPP frequency. Similarly, there was no consistent pattern of drug effects on the mean quantal content m of the end-plate potential. Chlorpromazine did not change m, and it is known that vinblastine does not influence m. Strychnine, methoxyflurane, haloperidol and practolol brought about a decline in m.", "contents": "Effects of several 'membrane stabilizing' agents on frog neuromuscular junction. The effect of several \"membrane stabilizing\" agents was examined on spontaneously occurring frog miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs). No consistent parallel was observed between the ability of agents to act as \"membrane stabilizers\" and their ability to alter MEPP frequency, Vinblastine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol increased MEPP frequency; the concentration of haloperidol which increased MEPP frequency consistently reduced the magnitude of the muscle resting membrane potential. Strychnine, methoxyflurane and practolol decreased MEPP frequency. Similarly, there was no consistent pattern of drug effects on the mean quantal content m of the end-plate potential. Chlorpromazine did not change m, and it is known that vinblastine does not influence m. Strychnine, methoxyflurane, haloperidol and practolol brought about a decline in m."}
{"id": "PMID:300329", "title": "Replacement of serum by hemolysate as growth promoter for murine leukemic and normal hemopoietic progenitor cells in culture.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to test whether lysates prepared from rat erythrocytes can replace serum as in vitro growth promoters for murine leukemic and normal hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Normal bone marrow and three leukemic cell lines (P-1081, L-1210 and P-815) were used in all the experiments. The soft agar technique for cloning hemopoietic cells was used to quantitate cell proliferation. Addition of hemolysate to the agar medium at a final concentration of 4% promoted the growth of a maximal number of leukemic colonies, similar to the number of colonies obtained when 20% serum was added to the soft agar. As for normal CFU-C, addition of 10% hemolysate or 40% horse serum promoted the growth of comparable numbers of colonies. Rat hemolysate can therefore replace horse serum as a growth promoter of leukemic and normal CFU-C present in culture. It was also shown that rat hemolysate cannot substitute for the colony stimulating factor (CSF) needed for the cloning of CFU-C. However, addition of hemolysate, CSF and serum to the soft agar cultures promoted a potentiated rather than an additive growth of CFU-C.", "contents": "Replacement of serum by hemolysate as growth promoter for murine leukemic and normal hemopoietic progenitor cells in culture. The present study was undertaken to test whether lysates prepared from rat erythrocytes can replace serum as in vitro growth promoters for murine leukemic and normal hemopoietic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Normal bone marrow and three leukemic cell lines (P-1081, L-1210 and P-815) were used in all the experiments. The soft agar technique for cloning hemopoietic cells was used to quantitate cell proliferation. Addition of hemolysate to the agar medium at a final concentration of 4% promoted the growth of a maximal number of leukemic colonies, similar to the number of colonies obtained when 20% serum was added to the soft agar. As for normal CFU-C, addition of 10% hemolysate or 40% horse serum promoted the growth of comparable numbers of colonies. Rat hemolysate can therefore replace horse serum as a growth promoter of leukemic and normal CFU-C present in culture. It was also shown that rat hemolysate cannot substitute for the colony stimulating factor (CSF) needed for the cloning of CFU-C. However, addition of hemolysate, CSF and serum to the soft agar cultures promoted a potentiated rather than an additive growth of CFU-C."}
{"id": "PMID:300330", "title": "An estimate of the extent of depletion of colony-stimulating factors in culture.", "content": "Between 30 and 40% of the CSF present in agar was depleted after culture for 1 week with 50,000 nucleated murine bone marrow cells. No statistically significant difference could be detected between this depletion and the extent of depletion of CSF when the amount present was halved. There was no evidence that toxic or inhibitory products reduced the colony count in the group to which stored CSF had been added.", "contents": "An estimate of the extent of depletion of colony-stimulating factors in culture. Between 30 and 40% of the CSF present in agar was depleted after culture for 1 week with 50,000 nucleated murine bone marrow cells. No statistically significant difference could be detected between this depletion and the extent of depletion of CSF when the amount present was halved. There was no evidence that toxic or inhibitory products reduced the colony count in the group to which stored CSF had been added."}
{"id": "PMID:300331", "title": "Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in oestrogen-stimulated spayed murine uteri.", "content": "A form of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) is known to be present in extracts of the uteri of normal mice. In this study CSF was not found in extracts of the uteri of untreated spayed mice but was present in uteri of these mice treated with oestradiol. CSF could be detected 9 h after oestradiol-administration. The occurrence of CSF in the uteri of spayed mice treated with oestradiol did not require DNA synthesis. The same amount was detected in uterine extracts whether or not DNA synthesis of the oestradiol-treated spayed mice had been prevented by hydroxyurea.", "contents": "Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in oestrogen-stimulated spayed murine uteri. A form of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) is known to be present in extracts of the uteri of normal mice. In this study CSF was not found in extracts of the uteri of untreated spayed mice but was present in uteri of these mice treated with oestradiol. CSF could be detected 9 h after oestradiol-administration. The occurrence of CSF in the uteri of spayed mice treated with oestradiol did not require DNA synthesis. The same amount was detected in uterine extracts whether or not DNA synthesis of the oestradiol-treated spayed mice had been prevented by hydroxyurea."}
{"id": "PMID:300333", "title": "Vestibular units during decompensation.", "content": "Typical modifications of the unitary discharge of vestibular units have been recorded following the transection of the spinal cord of hemilabyrinthectomized and compensated guinea-pigs. These results support the concept that the spinal cord is essential in the compensation of the symptoms resulting from a lesion of one labyrinth.", "contents": "Vestibular units during decompensation. Typical modifications of the unitary discharge of vestibular units have been recorded following the transection of the spinal cord of hemilabyrinthectomized and compensated guinea-pigs. These results support the concept that the spinal cord is essential in the compensation of the symptoms resulting from a lesion of one labyrinth."}
{"id": "PMID:300335", "title": "Weightlessness and gravitational physiology.", "content": "Physiologic responses to the weightless environment have been documented in Skylab astronauts. Significant changes in cardiovascular responses, calcium metabolism, fluid distribution, and red blood cell mass are described. Although the data are limited and the sample size small, several hypotheses can be formulated. Future studies in a space laboratory setting offer the potential for understanding the effects of weightlessness on human physiology and the implications to medicine.", "contents": "Weightlessness and gravitational physiology. Physiologic responses to the weightless environment have been documented in Skylab astronauts. Significant changes in cardiovascular responses, calcium metabolism, fluid distribution, and red blood cell mass are described. Although the data are limited and the sample size small, several hypotheses can be formulated. Future studies in a space laboratory setting offer the potential for understanding the effects of weightlessness on human physiology and the implications to medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:300336", "title": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. III. Nature of PAR.", "content": "The product of antigenic recognition (PAR) is an antigen-antibody complex with granulotactic activity. The following results support his conclusion. PAR generated by cell-bound or shed T-cell RS or the recognizing structure of T alloantisera and alloantigen can be destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, because of inactivation of a heat-labile component supplied by alloantigen. Recognizing partners of these complexes are heat-stable. They form PAR anew when alloantigen is added or upon confrontation with anti-RS serum. They are also capable of inducing anti-RS sera. PAR preparations composed of these recognizing structures and antibodies to them are heat-inactivated at much higher temperatures, because both partners of the complex are relatively heat-stable. Heat-labile PAR complexes (recognizing structures and alloantigen) pass anti-mouse immunoglobulin immunosorbent, but are retained specifically by alloantiserum (via alloantigen of the complex) or by anti-RS serum (via RS of the complex) bound to the column.", "contents": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. III. Nature of PAR. The product of antigenic recognition (PAR) is an antigen-antibody complex with granulotactic activity. The following results support his conclusion. PAR generated by cell-bound or shed T-cell RS or the recognizing structure of T alloantisera and alloantigen can be destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, because of inactivation of a heat-labile component supplied by alloantigen. Recognizing partners of these complexes are heat-stable. They form PAR anew when alloantigen is added or upon confrontation with anti-RS serum. They are also capable of inducing anti-RS sera. PAR preparations composed of these recognizing structures and antibodies to them are heat-inactivated at much higher temperatures, because both partners of the complex are relatively heat-stable. Heat-labile PAR complexes (recognizing structures and alloantigen) pass anti-mouse immunoglobulin immunosorbent, but are retained specifically by alloantiserum (via alloantigen of the complex) or by anti-RS serum (via RS of the complex) bound to the column."}
{"id": "PMID:300337", "title": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. I. Formation of the product in recognition of alloantigens.", "content": "A product of antigenic recognition (PAR) was produced whenever receptors for alloantigens from T lymphocytes or a principle present in T-cell dependent alloantisera interacted with alloantigen. With two forms of the PAR assay (direct and indirect) the mechanisms underlying these interactions have been analyzed. For the interaction of T-lymphocyte receptors with alloantigen measured with direct PAR assays, the following conclusion emerged: upon confrontation with alloantigen, receptors (if not already present in secreted form) had first to be released from T-cell membranes. Shed T-cell receptors interacted with alloantigens by solubilizing them. Both processes could be prevented by fixing cells with formaldehyde. Release of T-cell receptors was temperature-dependent, solubilization of alloantigens was not. Because in mixed cell cultures receptors had first to be shed, this process was considerably slower and, in concordance with temperature dependence of receptor release, took place only at 37 degrees C. Titration of T lymphocytes with 'bound' receptors by the direct PAR test revealed that in the presence of excess alloantigen 10(2) T cells sufficed to give measurable responses. Supernates of parental strain lymphocytes containing numerous T-cell receptor specificities could be depleted of one of them. Alloantisera raised in presence of T helper cells ('T alloantisera') contained a principle capable of recognizing alloantigens, alloantisera incited in the absence of T helpers ('B alloantisera') did not. The recognizing principle appeared to be IgG. Like T-cell receptors, it was capable of solubilizing alloantigens form target cell membranes. B alloantisera lacked this capacity and their alloantigen-recognizing moiety was found to be monomeric IgM. The mode of interaction of this IgM with alloantigen most likely consisted in fixation to and shielding of antigen.", "contents": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. I. Formation of the product in recognition of alloantigens. A product of antigenic recognition (PAR) was produced whenever receptors for alloantigens from T lymphocytes or a principle present in T-cell dependent alloantisera interacted with alloantigen. With two forms of the PAR assay (direct and indirect) the mechanisms underlying these interactions have been analyzed. For the interaction of T-lymphocyte receptors with alloantigen measured with direct PAR assays, the following conclusion emerged: upon confrontation with alloantigen, receptors (if not already present in secreted form) had first to be released from T-cell membranes. Shed T-cell receptors interacted with alloantigens by solubilizing them. Both processes could be prevented by fixing cells with formaldehyde. Release of T-cell receptors was temperature-dependent, solubilization of alloantigens was not. Because in mixed cell cultures receptors had first to be shed, this process was considerably slower and, in concordance with temperature dependence of receptor release, took place only at 37 degrees C. Titration of T lymphocytes with 'bound' receptors by the direct PAR test revealed that in the presence of excess alloantigen 10(2) T cells sufficed to give measurable responses. Supernates of parental strain lymphocytes containing numerous T-cell receptor specificities could be depleted of one of them. Alloantisera raised in presence of T helper cells ('T alloantisera') contained a principle capable of recognizing alloantigens, alloantisera incited in the absence of T helpers ('B alloantisera') did not. The recognizing principle appeared to be IgG. Like T-cell receptors, it was capable of solubilizing alloantigens form target cell membranes. B alloantisera lacked this capacity and their alloantigen-recognizing moiety was found to be monomeric IgM. The mode of interaction of this IgM with alloantigen most likely consisted in fixation to and shielding of antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:300338", "title": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. II. Formation of the product in recognition of alloreceptors.", "content": "Cell-bound or shed T-lymphocyte receptors for alloantigens and the IgG-associated, alloantigen-recognizing principle in T alloantiserum reacted with antisera raised against those structures to form a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) in which the receptor or its equivalent took the role of 'antigen'. Formation of PAR was tested for numerous combinations of reactants and in all the process was completed within 1-2 h at 37 or 4 degrees C. Cell-bound receptors were found to be solubilized by all three forms of antisera, with the exception of an antiserum lacking anti-T-receptor activity. The data indicated that PAR might be a complex of antigen and antibody with granulotactic activity whose formation was specific.", "contents": "Studies on the product of antigenic recognition. II. Formation of the product in recognition of alloreceptors. Cell-bound or shed T-lymphocyte receptors for alloantigens and the IgG-associated, alloantigen-recognizing principle in T alloantiserum reacted with antisera raised against those structures to form a product of antigenic recognition (PAR) in which the receptor or its equivalent took the role of 'antigen'. Formation of PAR was tested for numerous combinations of reactants and in all the process was completed within 1-2 h at 37 or 4 degrees C. Cell-bound receptors were found to be solubilized by all three forms of antisera, with the exception of an antiserum lacking anti-T-receptor activity. The data indicated that PAR might be a complex of antigen and antibody with granulotactic activity whose formation was specific."}
{"id": "PMID:300341", "title": "Studies on the mechanism underlying the influence of alanine infusion on glucose dynamics in the dog.", "content": "These experiments have been designed to study the influence of alanine infusion of glucose dynamics in the dog and to further elucidate the role of pancreatic hormones in the interaction of alanine with glucose homeostasis. The primed constant infusion of  glucose-2-t was used in order to quantitate the rates of glucose production by the liver (Ra) and glucose utilization (Rd). In a first group of experiments, the intravenous infusion of alanine at the rate of 2 mg./kg./min. produced a moderate enhancement of plasma insulin (IRI), while pancreatic glucagon (IRG) increased more consistently. This different pattern of IRI and IRG response caused the insulin/glucagon molar ratio to decline progressibely throughout the experiment. Both rates of glucose turnover increased significantly during alanine infusion. Since Ra rose more rapidly thanRd did initially, hyperglycemia developed. Later, glucose production slowly decreased and, in spite of the sustained hyperglucagonemia, reached levels very close to the baseline in the second part of the experiment. A significant direct correlation between Ra and IRG was found, while the changes in Ra correlated inversely with those in I/G molar ratio. In a second group of experiments, alanine was infused at the same dose together with 0.4 microng./kg./min. of cyclic somatostatin. In the first part of the infusion, IRG fell more than IRI did, so that I/G ratio increased. Later, IRI levels maintained at low values while IRG returned slowly to the baseline and consequently I/G ratio significantly decreased. Glucose production fell rapidly soon after the beginning of the infusion, and therefore hypoglycemia developed. Later, Ra increased progressively to levels above baseline and plasma glucose returned to the preinfusion levels. As in the the first group of experiments, a significant direct correlation between Ra and IRG and an inverse correlation between the changes in Ra and I/G ratio were observed. These experiments demonstrate that alanine infusion produces an acceleration of glucose turnover and that a clear interrelationship between the release of glucose by the liver and the mobilization of pancreatic hormones exists. Finally, the experiments with somatostatin indicate that hyperglucagonemia is one  of the mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effect of alanine on glucose production.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism underlying the influence of alanine infusion on glucose dynamics in the dog. These experiments have been designed to study the influence of alanine infusion of glucose dynamics in the dog and to further elucidate the role of pancreatic hormones in the interaction of alanine with glucose homeostasis. The primed constant infusion of  glucose-2-t was used in order to quantitate the rates of glucose production by the liver (Ra) and glucose utilization (Rd). In a first group of experiments, the intravenous infusion of alanine at the rate of 2 mg./kg./min. produced a moderate enhancement of plasma insulin (IRI), while pancreatic glucagon (IRG) increased more consistently. This different pattern of IRI and IRG response caused the insulin/glucagon molar ratio to decline progressibely throughout the experiment. Both rates of glucose turnover increased significantly during alanine infusion. Since Ra rose more rapidly thanRd did initially, hyperglycemia developed. Later, glucose production slowly decreased and, in spite of the sustained hyperglucagonemia, reached levels very close to the baseline in the second part of the experiment. A significant direct correlation between Ra and IRG was found, while the changes in Ra correlated inversely with those in I/G molar ratio. In a second group of experiments, alanine was infused at the same dose together with 0.4 microng./kg./min. of cyclic somatostatin. In the first part of the infusion, IRG fell more than IRI did, so that I/G ratio increased. Later, IRI levels maintained at low values while IRG returned slowly to the baseline and consequently I/G ratio significantly decreased. Glucose production fell rapidly soon after the beginning of the infusion, and therefore hypoglycemia developed. Later, Ra increased progressively to levels above baseline and plasma glucose returned to the preinfusion levels. As in the the first group of experiments, a significant direct correlation between Ra and IRG and an inverse correlation between the changes in Ra and I/G ratio were observed. These experiments demonstrate that alanine infusion produces an acceleration of glucose turnover and that a clear interrelationship between the release of glucose by the liver and the mobilization of pancreatic hormones exists. Finally, the experiments with somatostatin indicate that hyperglucagonemia is one  of the mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effect of alanine on glucose production."}
{"id": "PMID:300342", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "To determine whether an autoimmune reaction to liver-specific proteins occurs in alcoholic liver disease, the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes on isolated hepatocytes was determined in 27 alcoholic patients. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated in 15 of 17 patients with a histological diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, but in none of 10 with other forms of alcoholic liver disease. The ability of a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein to block the reaction suggests that sensitization to this antigen is responsible for the cytotoxicity. The demonstration of cytotoxicity using T cell-depleted, but not B and K cell-depleted, lymphocytes suggests an antibody-dependent cell-mediated reaction. There was a close correlation between cytotoxicity and the presence of alcoholic hyalin, liver cell necrosis, and piecemeal necrosis, but not with other histological features, immunoglobulines, autoantibodies, or standard liver function tests. The persistence of this autoimmune response, induced in some way by alcohol or one of its metabolites, may be important in the progression of acute alcoholic hepatitis to chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity for isolated hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease. To determine whether an autoimmune reaction to liver-specific proteins occurs in alcoholic liver disease, the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes on isolated hepatocytes was determined in 27 alcoholic patients. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated in 15 of 17 patients with a histological diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, but in none of 10 with other forms of alcoholic liver disease. The ability of a liver-specific membrane lipoprotein to block the reaction suggests that sensitization to this antigen is responsible for the cytotoxicity. The demonstration of cytotoxicity using T cell-depleted, but not B and K cell-depleted, lymphocytes suggests an antibody-dependent cell-mediated reaction. There was a close correlation between cytotoxicity and the presence of alcoholic hyalin, liver cell necrosis, and piecemeal necrosis, but not with other histological features, immunoglobulines, autoantibodies, or standard liver function tests. The persistence of this autoimmune response, induced in some way by alcohol or one of its metabolites, may be important in the progression of acute alcoholic hepatitis to chronic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300343", "title": "Traumatic hemobilia: a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy.", "content": "Two patients with hemobilia are presented. The first patient, with alcoholic liver disease, had a percutaneous liver biopsy. Subsequently he developed jaundice, with an enlarged tender gallbladder, biliary colic, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hemobilia was demonstrated by superselective hepatic angiography and bleeding was stopped by intraarterial infusion of epinephrine and propranolol. The second patient, with primary biliary cirrhosis at an advanced stage, had a percutaneous liver biopsy followed by gastrointestinal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and finally death. In both cases hemobilia was suggested by gastroduodenoscopy.", "contents": "Traumatic hemobilia: a complication of percutaneous liver biopsy. Two patients with hemobilia are presented. The first patient, with alcoholic liver disease, had a percutaneous liver biopsy. Subsequently he developed jaundice, with an enlarged tender gallbladder, biliary colic, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Hemobilia was demonstrated by superselective hepatic angiography and bleeding was stopped by intraarterial infusion of epinephrine and propranolol. The second patient, with primary biliary cirrhosis at an advanced stage, had a percutaneous liver biopsy followed by gastrointestinal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, and finally death. In both cases hemobilia was suggested by gastroduodenoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:300351", "title": "[The influence of BCG-vaccination on the tuberculosis in children (Hamburg 1950-1971) (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1950 to 1971 6 758 cases of active tuberculosis were registered among children under 15 years of age in Hamburg. 33 of them died, mostly due to tuberculous meningitis. In spite of a general decrease in tuberculosis during that period a relative increase of cases of pleurisy, nodular tuberculosis and tuberculous infiltrations of the lung were seen. On the other hand, cases of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis as well as cases of glandular tuberculosis decreased. Rarely BCG-vaccinated children suffered from miliary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis and pleurisy. A statistical comparison between BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated children of the birth cohorts 1954 and 1963 revealed that unvaccinated children suffered significantly more often from tuberculosis than the vaccinated. The duration of the protection by BCG-vaccination has been calculated for 7 years. BCG-vaccination after school age of the tuberculin negative persons is still debatable.", "contents": "[The influence of BCG-vaccination on the tuberculosis in children (Hamburg 1950-1971) (author's transl)]. Between 1950 to 1971 6 758 cases of active tuberculosis were registered among children under 15 years of age in Hamburg. 33 of them died, mostly due to tuberculous meningitis. In spite of a general decrease in tuberculosis during that period a relative increase of cases of pleurisy, nodular tuberculosis and tuberculous infiltrations of the lung were seen. On the other hand, cases of tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis as well as cases of glandular tuberculosis decreased. Rarely BCG-vaccinated children suffered from miliary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis and pleurisy. A statistical comparison between BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated children of the birth cohorts 1954 and 1963 revealed that unvaccinated children suffered significantly more often from tuberculosis than the vaccinated. The duration of the protection by BCG-vaccination has been calculated for 7 years. BCG-vaccination after school age of the tuberculin negative persons is still debatable."}
{"id": "PMID:300353", "title": "Immunological regulation of spontaneous antibodies to DNA and RNA. II. Sequential switch from IgM to IgG in NZB/NZW F1 mice.", "content": "Serial serum samples from NZB/NZW F1 mice were studied by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and filter radioimmunoassay for the immunoglobulin class of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA (Poly A). These antibodies occur spontaneously during the course of an autoimmune disease resembling systemic lupus erythematosus. Study of serum samples at 2-week intervals showed the sequential appearance of 19S followed by 7S anti-nucleic acid antibodies, an earlier commitment to 7S antibodies in female compared to male mice, and an independent and unrelated switching mechanism (19S-7S) for antibodies to DNA and Poly A. The more severe disease in female mice is correlated with an earlier appearance of 7S anti-DNA antibodies. This sequential and ordered appearance of antibodies to nucleic acids is discussed in relation to possible immunologic regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Immunological regulation of spontaneous antibodies to DNA and RNA. II. Sequential switch from IgM to IgG in NZB/NZW F1 mice. Serial serum samples from NZB/NZW F1 mice were studied by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and filter radioimmunoassay for the immunoglobulin class of antibodies to double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA (Poly A). These antibodies occur spontaneously during the course of an autoimmune disease resembling systemic lupus erythematosus. Study of serum samples at 2-week intervals showed the sequential appearance of 19S followed by 7S anti-nucleic acid antibodies, an earlier commitment to 7S antibodies in female compared to male mice, and an independent and unrelated switching mechanism (19S-7S) for antibodies to DNA and Poly A. The more severe disease in female mice is correlated with an earlier appearance of 7S anti-DNA antibodies. This sequential and ordered appearance of antibodies to nucleic acids is discussed in relation to possible immunologic regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:300354", "title": "Analysis of the induction phase of contact sensitivity by footpad transfer of regional lymph node cells. Macrophages and radioresistant T-lymphocytes induce immunity.", "content": "The skin of CBA mice was painted with the contact sensitizing agent 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazolone (oxazolone). One day later the regional lymph node cells were injected into the footpads of normal recipients. The recipients were tested 6 days later for contact sensitivity by challenging the ears with oxazolone and measuring the increase of ear thickness at 24 h. T cells and macrophages in the regional lymph nodes each independently gave rise to contact sensitivity in the recipient following injection into the footpad. This activity of T cells and macrophages was found in lymph nodes taken 1, 3 and 4 days after painting the donors. The role of T cells in the injected population was shown by purifying T cells by nylon-wool filtration and rosetting with sheep red cells coated with antibody and complement (EAC rosetting) and by destroyed T cells with anti-0 serum and complement. The activity of purified T cells resisted 2000 rad in vitro. The activity of cells from T-deprived (B) mice showed that a second cell type was important in the footpad transfer. This cell behaved like a macrophage, and not like a B cell, on EAC rosetting in the presence or absence of divalent cations and on treatment with silica and carrageenan--agents which damage macrophages. Our working hypothesis is that the footpad transfer may be caused independently by macrophages or T cells with oxazolone (probably linked to major histocompatibility complex antigens) on their surface and that these cells act by collaborating with T cells in the recipient which give rise to the effector cells for contact sensitivity.", "contents": "Analysis of the induction phase of contact sensitivity by footpad transfer of regional lymph node cells. Macrophages and radioresistant T-lymphocytes induce immunity. The skin of CBA mice was painted with the contact sensitizing agent 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazolone (oxazolone). One day later the regional lymph node cells were injected into the footpads of normal recipients. The recipients were tested 6 days later for contact sensitivity by challenging the ears with oxazolone and measuring the increase of ear thickness at 24 h. T cells and macrophages in the regional lymph nodes each independently gave rise to contact sensitivity in the recipient following injection into the footpad. This activity of T cells and macrophages was found in lymph nodes taken 1, 3 and 4 days after painting the donors. The role of T cells in the injected population was shown by purifying T cells by nylon-wool filtration and rosetting with sheep red cells coated with antibody and complement (EAC rosetting) and by destroyed T cells with anti-0 serum and complement. The activity of purified T cells resisted 2000 rad in vitro. The activity of cells from T-deprived (B) mice showed that a second cell type was important in the footpad transfer. This cell behaved like a macrophage, and not like a B cell, on EAC rosetting in the presence or absence of divalent cations and on treatment with silica and carrageenan--agents which damage macrophages. Our working hypothesis is that the footpad transfer may be caused independently by macrophages or T cells with oxazolone (probably linked to major histocompatibility complex antigens) on their surface and that these cells act by collaborating with T cells in the recipient which give rise to the effector cells for contact sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:300355", "title": "Cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza virus-infected target cells.", "content": "Conditions are described for the generation and detection of murine cytotoxic cells which lyse influenza virus-infected target cells. A number of criteria indicated that most and probably all of the activity was due to T cells. These criteria included the susceptibity of cytotoxic activity to treatment with anti-theta ascitic fluid plus complement and the enhancement of lysis when there was H2 compatibility between donors of effector and virus-infected target cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cells specific for influenza virus-infected target cells. Conditions are described for the generation and detection of murine cytotoxic cells which lyse influenza virus-infected target cells. A number of criteria indicated that most and probably all of the activity was due to T cells. These criteria included the susceptibity of cytotoxic activity to treatment with anti-theta ascitic fluid plus complement and the enhancement of lysis when there was H2 compatibility between donors of effector and virus-infected target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300356", "title": "Thymus dependency of antigen-binding cells in the bone marrow and spleen of chicks.", "content": "The bone marrow and spleen of normal unimmunized chicks contain lymphoid cells which form rosettes with quail red blood cells (QRBC), but not with sheep red blood cells. The number of these antigen binding cells (QRBC-ABC) were restored to their original level 2-3 weeks after whole body X-irradiation following a temporary but drastic decrease in the number of QRBC-ABC. This recovery is not observed in chicks which have been thymectomized or thymectomized and bursectomized. However, QRBC-ABC numbers were restored in bursectomized chicks comparable with those levels in control chicks. Anti-thymic serum effectively blocked rosette formation and it seems that QRBC-ABC are a thymus-dependent population. Possibly, the thymus exerts an influence on the genesis of QRBC-ABC through a humoral mechanism.", "contents": "Thymus dependency of antigen-binding cells in the bone marrow and spleen of chicks. The bone marrow and spleen of normal unimmunized chicks contain lymphoid cells which form rosettes with quail red blood cells (QRBC), but not with sheep red blood cells. The number of these antigen binding cells (QRBC-ABC) were restored to their original level 2-3 weeks after whole body X-irradiation following a temporary but drastic decrease in the number of QRBC-ABC. This recovery is not observed in chicks which have been thymectomized or thymectomized and bursectomized. However, QRBC-ABC numbers were restored in bursectomized chicks comparable with those levels in control chicks. Anti-thymic serum effectively blocked rosette formation and it seems that QRBC-ABC are a thymus-dependent population. Possibly, the thymus exerts an influence on the genesis of QRBC-ABC through a humoral mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:300357", "title": "The relation of immune depression and B-cell stimulation during the development of delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens.", "content": "A comparison has been made of the effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreatment and i.v. injection of a high dose of antigen on delayed hypersensitivity induced by proteins in Freund's incomplete and complete adjuvants. Five antigens have been studied: obalbumin (OA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) bovine gammaglobulin (BGG), DNP 5-BGG and DNP 50-BGG. A spectrum of reactivity has been detected depending upon the ability of the antigen to stimulate B-cell as well as T-cell activity. Bovine serum albumin and BGG behave as relatively weak antigens in which the T-cell response, measured by delayed hypersensityity, is easily suppressed by i.v. antigen and the B-cell modulating system, revealed by CY sensitivity, is poorly stimulated. These proteins, injected i.v., are weak stimulators of antibody-dependent Arthus reactions. On the other hand, OA, DNP 5-BGG and DNP 50-BGG behave as strong antigens, resisting suppression of the T-cell response by soluble antigen and exhibiting (in Freund's incomplete adjuvant) a strongly developed CY sensitive, B-cell modulating system. Strong Arthus reactivity is readily demonstrated following i.v. administration of these antigens. A dissociation has been demonstrated between B-cell modulation of T-cell function and unresponsiveness induced by i.v. antigen. The failure to reverse the latter type of unresponsiveness by cyclophosphamide pretreatment suggests that separate mechanisms are involved in these systems.", "contents": "The relation of immune depression and B-cell stimulation during the development of delayed hypersensitivity to soluble antigens. A comparison has been made of the effects of cyclophosphamide (CY) pretreatment and i.v. injection of a high dose of antigen on delayed hypersensitivity induced by proteins in Freund's incomplete and complete adjuvants. Five antigens have been studied: obalbumin (OA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) bovine gammaglobulin (BGG), DNP 5-BGG and DNP 50-BGG. A spectrum of reactivity has been detected depending upon the ability of the antigen to stimulate B-cell as well as T-cell activity. Bovine serum albumin and BGG behave as relatively weak antigens in which the T-cell response, measured by delayed hypersensityity, is easily suppressed by i.v. antigen and the B-cell modulating system, revealed by CY sensitivity, is poorly stimulated. These proteins, injected i.v., are weak stimulators of antibody-dependent Arthus reactions. On the other hand, OA, DNP 5-BGG and DNP 50-BGG behave as strong antigens, resisting suppression of the T-cell response by soluble antigen and exhibiting (in Freund's incomplete adjuvant) a strongly developed CY sensitive, B-cell modulating system. Strong Arthus reactivity is readily demonstrated following i.v. administration of these antigens. A dissociation has been demonstrated between B-cell modulation of T-cell function and unresponsiveness induced by i.v. antigen. The failure to reverse the latter type of unresponsiveness by cyclophosphamide pretreatment suggests that separate mechanisms are involved in these systems."}
{"id": "PMID:300358", "title": "Colony growth in vitro of mitogen-stimulated mouse B lymphocytes.", "content": "The ability of mouse B-mitogen-induced lymphocytes to grow and develop into colonies in a soft agar system was studied. Prerequisite conditions for the colony formation of mouse lymphocytes from inguinal lymph nodes of strains ICR C3H/eB and C3H were their suspension in a liquid medium and stimulation with polyclonal B-cell activators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative (PPD) or dextran sulphate (DxS) prior to being seeded on a soft agar culture medium. After 3-5 days of culture, colonies of 50-350 cells or more per clone developed. A linear relationship was found between the number of cells seeded and the number of colonies growing. Of the cells seeded, only a limited population of the mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes has the potential to divide and to develop into colonies. The largest number of colonies was obtained by culturing lymph node cells of ICR mice and using LPS as mitogens. Two sublines of C3H were found to respond differently to LPS: C3H/HeJ mice were low responders while C3H/eB mice were high responders. Experiments with inbred, congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice known to be deficient in T cells showed that LPS-stimulated lymphocytes were capable of forming colonies. The morphology of the colony cells, as well as the fact that they stain positively for cell-membrane immunoglobulins, suggest that the colonies developed from B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Colony growth in vitro of mitogen-stimulated mouse B lymphocytes. The ability of mouse B-mitogen-induced lymphocytes to grow and develop into colonies in a soft agar system was studied. Prerequisite conditions for the colony formation of mouse lymphocytes from inguinal lymph nodes of strains ICR C3H/eB and C3H were their suspension in a liquid medium and stimulation with polyclonal B-cell activators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative (PPD) or dextran sulphate (DxS) prior to being seeded on a soft agar culture medium. After 3-5 days of culture, colonies of 50-350 cells or more per clone developed. A linear relationship was found between the number of cells seeded and the number of colonies growing. Of the cells seeded, only a limited population of the mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes has the potential to divide and to develop into colonies. The largest number of colonies was obtained by culturing lymph node cells of ICR mice and using LPS as mitogens. Two sublines of C3H were found to respond differently to LPS: C3H/HeJ mice were low responders while C3H/eB mice were high responders. Experiments with inbred, congenitally athymic nude (nu/nu) mice known to be deficient in T cells showed that LPS-stimulated lymphocytes were capable of forming colonies. The morphology of the colony cells, as well as the fact that they stain positively for cell-membrane immunoglobulins, suggest that the colonies developed from B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300359", "title": "Selective response of lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits to mitogens and Treponema reiteri.", "content": "The in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rabbit infected with Treponema pallidum was examined using various mitogens and avirulent Treponema reiteri. For the first 4 weeks after treponemal infection, the response of lymphocytes from syphilitic rabbits to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was markedly reduced in comparison to uninfected controls. Lymphocytes from both groups of rabbits responded normally to class-specific immunoglobulin anti-sera (anti-immunoglobulin M and anti-immunoglobulin G) and T. reiteri.", "contents": "Selective response of lymphocytes from Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits to mitogens and Treponema reiteri. The in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rabbit infected with Treponema pallidum was examined using various mitogens and avirulent Treponema reiteri. For the first 4 weeks after treponemal infection, the response of lymphocytes from syphilitic rabbits to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen was markedly reduced in comparison to uninfected controls. Lymphocytes from both groups of rabbits responded normally to class-specific immunoglobulin anti-sera (anti-immunoglobulin M and anti-immunoglobulin G) and T. reiteri."}
{"id": "PMID:300360", "title": "Immunoprotective activity of ribosomes from Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Immunization with ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae type b elicited protective immunity in mice. Ribosomes from disrupted cells where isolated by differential centrifugation using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The washed ribosomes contained 25% protein and 75% ribonucleic acid and sedimented as a single peak on sucrose density gradient analysis with a sedimentation coefficient of 67S, using Escherichia coli ribosomes as a 70S marker. Immunodiffusion tests with antipolyribose phosphate serum showed that the ribosomes were free from capsular material. Mice immunized subcutaneously with ribosomes, with or without adjuvant, were challenged intraperitoneally with 100 to 1,000 mean lethal doses of H. influenzae type b suspended in gastric mucin. Significant protection was induced by ribosomes and was compared to that obtained after sublethal infection with live cells. The protection was greatly enhanced after incorporation of ribosomes into adjuvants. Maximum protection (90 to 95%) was observed at 1 to 2 weeks after immunization. Ribosomes from a nonencapsulated strain of H. influenzae were as immunogenic as those from the encapsulated strain, demonstrating that the capsular material is not responsible for immunogenicity of Haemophilus ribosomes.", "contents": "Immunoprotective activity of ribosomes from Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization with ribosomal preparations from Haemophilus influenzae type b elicited protective immunity in mice. Ribosomes from disrupted cells where isolated by differential centrifugation using sodium dodecyl sulfate. The washed ribosomes contained 25% protein and 75% ribonucleic acid and sedimented as a single peak on sucrose density gradient analysis with a sedimentation coefficient of 67S, using Escherichia coli ribosomes as a 70S marker. Immunodiffusion tests with antipolyribose phosphate serum showed that the ribosomes were free from capsular material. Mice immunized subcutaneously with ribosomes, with or without adjuvant, were challenged intraperitoneally with 100 to 1,000 mean lethal doses of H. influenzae type b suspended in gastric mucin. Significant protection was induced by ribosomes and was compared to that obtained after sublethal infection with live cells. The protection was greatly enhanced after incorporation of ribosomes into adjuvants. Maximum protection (90 to 95%) was observed at 1 to 2 weeks after immunization. Ribosomes from a nonencapsulated strain of H. influenzae were as immunogenic as those from the encapsulated strain, demonstrating that the capsular material is not responsible for immunogenicity of Haemophilus ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:300361", "title": "Isolation of the capsular polysaccharide from culture supernatant of Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "The capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Haemophilus influenzae type b is known to be spontaneously released from the cells in culture. The CP is precipitable from culture supernatant by the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium. Most of the nucleic acid and some of the protein, but almost none of the endotoxin, in the supernatant are co-precipitated. Extraction of the precipitate with progressively stronger NaCl solutions separates nucleic acid and protein from the CP and also effects a molecular size fractionation. Residual endotoxin and protein can be reduced by extraction with cold phenol and ultracentrifugation. The resulting preparation has ribose, ribitol, and phosphate as principal components and contains less than 1% other sugars, protein, or nucleic acid; it elutes on Sepharose 2B as a symmetrical peak with Kav 0.51.", "contents": "Isolation of the capsular polysaccharide from culture supernatant of Haemophilus influenzae type b. The capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Haemophilus influenzae type b is known to be spontaneously released from the cells in culture. The CP is precipitable from culture supernatant by the cationic detergent hexadecyltrimethylammonium. Most of the nucleic acid and some of the protein, but almost none of the endotoxin, in the supernatant are co-precipitated. Extraction of the precipitate with progressively stronger NaCl solutions separates nucleic acid and protein from the CP and also effects a molecular size fractionation. Residual endotoxin and protein can be reduced by extraction with cold phenol and ultracentrifugation. The resulting preparation has ribose, ribitol, and phosphate as principal components and contains less than 1% other sugars, protein, or nucleic acid; it elutes on Sepharose 2B as a symmetrical peak with Kav 0.51."}
{"id": "PMID:300362", "title": "Enhancement of the allogeneic effect by irradiation of transferred cells.", "content": "Hot-pulse treatment of parental thymus or spleen cells increased their ability to simulate antibody synthesis in F1 hybrid recipient mice. A similar effect was obtained after treatment of the cells with low doses of X-irradiation. Likewise, irradiation of syngeneic unprimed cells made them stimulatory on antibody production. The production of IgG, IgM as well as IgE antibodies was enhanced after transfer of irradiated cells. The results suggest that irradiation preferentially inactivates suppressor cells, that are present in the thymus and the spleen.", "contents": "Enhancement of the allogeneic effect by irradiation of transferred cells. Hot-pulse treatment of parental thymus or spleen cells increased their ability to simulate antibody synthesis in F1 hybrid recipient mice. A similar effect was obtained after treatment of the cells with low doses of X-irradiation. Likewise, irradiation of syngeneic unprimed cells made them stimulatory on antibody production. The production of IgG, IgM as well as IgE antibodies was enhanced after transfer of irradiated cells. The results suggest that irradiation preferentially inactivates suppressor cells, that are present in the thymus and the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:300363", "title": "Bovine reaginic antibody. II. Preparation of an anti-reaginic immunoglobulin.", "content": "A method of preparing an antiserum to bovine reaginic immunoglobulins is described. This procedure which relies on the ability of bovine reaginic immunoglobulin to attach to rat mast cells, results in an antiserum which upon absorption with rat and bovine materials did not react with rat serum or with bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA. The antiserum did, however, react in a gel diffusion assay with PCA positive bovine globulin and a reaginic immunoglobulin-rich fraction of bovine serum. Further, anti-reaginic immunoglobulin activity was shown by binding to and degranulation of rat mast cells previously incubated with PCA positive bovine globulin. The antiserum prevented sensitization of calf skin in a PCA reaction while anti-human IgE did not.", "contents": "Bovine reaginic antibody. II. Preparation of an anti-reaginic immunoglobulin. A method of preparing an antiserum to bovine reaginic immunoglobulins is described. This procedure which relies on the ability of bovine reaginic immunoglobulin to attach to rat mast cells, results in an antiserum which upon absorption with rat and bovine materials did not react with rat serum or with bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA. The antiserum did, however, react in a gel diffusion assay with PCA positive bovine globulin and a reaginic immunoglobulin-rich fraction of bovine serum. Further, anti-reaginic immunoglobulin activity was shown by binding to and degranulation of rat mast cells previously incubated with PCA positive bovine globulin. The antiserum prevented sensitization of calf skin in a PCA reaction while anti-human IgE did not."}
{"id": "PMID:300364", "title": "Modified antibody response in rabbits treated with diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Rabbits immunized subcutaneously with a mixture of normal human serum, Freund's complete adjuvant and a soluble diphenylhydantoin preparation, produced antibodies that differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the controls, as revealed by immunoelectrophoresis and passive haemagglutination. Antibodies in human IgG were greatly increased, whereas antibodies to human albumin were not influenced, and antibodies to some alpha- and beta-globulins were reduced.", "contents": "Modified antibody response in rabbits treated with diphenylhydantoin. Rabbits immunized subcutaneously with a mixture of normal human serum, Freund's complete adjuvant and a soluble diphenylhydantoin preparation, produced antibodies that differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the controls, as revealed by immunoelectrophoresis and passive haemagglutination. Antibodies in human IgG were greatly increased, whereas antibodies to human albumin were not influenced, and antibodies to some alpha- and beta-globulins were reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:300365", "title": "Specificities in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the cross-competition assay.", "content": "The cross-competition assay was applied to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human, mouse and rat systems. The results showed that what appeared to be non-selective effects of natural cytotoxicity were in fact highly specific. Each effector suspension included natural effector cells (N cells) that recognized and reacted specifically with many different antigens on target cells, resulting in overall non-selectivity. The specificity of the reaction for each target cell was demonstrated by the selective inhibition of natural cytotoxicity achieved when competitor cells sharing antigens with the target cell were added. Sharing of common target antigens was demonstrated by selective cross-inhibition which was then used to investigate antigens on target cells.", "contents": "Specificities in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the cross-competition assay. The cross-competition assay was applied to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human, mouse and rat systems. The results showed that what appeared to be non-selective effects of natural cytotoxicity were in fact highly specific. Each effector suspension included natural effector cells (N cells) that recognized and reacted specifically with many different antigens on target cells, resulting in overall non-selectivity. The specificity of the reaction for each target cell was demonstrated by the selective inhibition of natural cytotoxicity achieved when competitor cells sharing antigens with the target cell were added. Sharing of common target antigens was demonstrated by selective cross-inhibition which was then used to investigate antigens on target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300366", "title": "Surface membrane changes in lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 patients with acute infectious mononucleeosis (IM) were studied for cell aggregation and for cap formation by concanavalin A (Con A). The lymphocytes from these patients showed 5.2+/-1.5% cells with a Con-A-induced cap and a high degree of cell aggregation without Con A, compared to 27.7+/-3.2% caps and a low degree of cell aggregation with normal lymphocytes. The lymphocytes from IM patients were fractionated to enrich for T and B cells. There was a low frequency of cap formation in both T and B cells, but the high degree of celll aggregation without Con A only occurred with B cells. Studies with four patients in clinical remission from acute IM have shown that the frequency of Con-A-induced cap formation only returned to normal more than 3 months after the beginning of clinical remission and that even at 6 months the cells still showed a high degree of cell aggregation. The results indicate that a high degree of B-cell aggregation and a low percentage of B and T cells with a Con-A-induced cap were associated with acute IM and that the changes associated with a high degree of B-cell aggregation were by themselves not sufficient to cause the disease.", "contents": "Surface membrane changes in lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 patients with acute infectious mononucleeosis (IM) were studied for cell aggregation and for cap formation by concanavalin A (Con A). The lymphocytes from these patients showed 5.2+/-1.5% cells with a Con-A-induced cap and a high degree of cell aggregation without Con A, compared to 27.7+/-3.2% caps and a low degree of cell aggregation with normal lymphocytes. The lymphocytes from IM patients were fractionated to enrich for T and B cells. There was a low frequency of cap formation in both T and B cells, but the high degree of celll aggregation without Con A only occurred with B cells. Studies with four patients in clinical remission from acute IM have shown that the frequency of Con-A-induced cap formation only returned to normal more than 3 months after the beginning of clinical remission and that even at 6 months the cells still showed a high degree of cell aggregation. The results indicate that a high degree of B-cell aggregation and a low percentage of B and T cells with a Con-A-induced cap were associated with acute IM and that the changes associated with a high degree of B-cell aggregation were by themselves not sufficient to cause the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300367", "title": "Evidence that MuLV-induced thymic lymphoma cells possess specific cell membrane binding sites for MuLV.", "content": "Cell-surface binding sites specific for thymotropic murine leukemia viruses were found in high concentrations on thymic lymphoma cell lines induced by this class of virus, but were detectable in much lower concentrations (if at all) in several non-T leukemias, plasmacytomas, and normal thymocytes or spleen cells. By specific comparison, Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) binds to a lymphoma induced by M-MuLV, but not to a thymic lymphoma induced by Gross leukemia virus (G-MuLV); and G-MuLV binds to an AKR lymphoma but not to the M-MuLV-induced lymphoma. The material which binds to these T-lymphoma membrane sites is input virus, rather than a contaminant which copurifies with virus. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrates that a high proportion of T-lymphoma cells possess binding sites, whereas only a rare cell in the thymus binds murine leukemia virus to the same degree. We raise and discuss the hypothesis that each T lymphoma induced by thymotropic leukemia viruses may represent the clonal descendants of the few rate cells in the normal thymocyte population which also bind these viruses.", "contents": "Evidence that MuLV-induced thymic lymphoma cells possess specific cell membrane binding sites for MuLV. Cell-surface binding sites specific for thymotropic murine leukemia viruses were found in high concentrations on thymic lymphoma cell lines induced by this class of virus, but were detectable in much lower concentrations (if at all) in several non-T leukemias, plasmacytomas, and normal thymocytes or spleen cells. By specific comparison, Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) binds to a lymphoma induced by M-MuLV, but not to a thymic lymphoma induced by Gross leukemia virus (G-MuLV); and G-MuLV binds to an AKR lymphoma but not to the M-MuLV-induced lymphoma. The material which binds to these T-lymphoma membrane sites is input virus, rather than a contaminant which copurifies with virus. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrates that a high proportion of T-lymphoma cells possess binding sites, whereas only a rare cell in the thymus binds murine leukemia virus to the same degree. We raise and discuss the hypothesis that each T lymphoma induced by thymotropic leukemia viruses may represent the clonal descendants of the few rate cells in the normal thymocyte population which also bind these viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:300368", "title": "Survival of synchronized V79 cells treated with X-rays and cordycepin.", "content": "The survival of V79 Chinese hamster lung cells exposed to X-irradiation is reduced by co-treatment with cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). This reduction is manifested principally by a decrease in the D0 of the X-ray survival curve from 199 rad in untreated cells to 106 rad in cordycepin-treated cells. Reduced survival is seen throughout the life-cycle when synchronized cell populations are exposed to both agents with cells in mid-S being especially sensitive.", "contents": "Survival of synchronized V79 cells treated with X-rays and cordycepin. The survival of V79 Chinese hamster lung cells exposed to X-irradiation is reduced by co-treatment with cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). This reduction is manifested principally by a decrease in the D0 of the X-ray survival curve from 199 rad in untreated cells to 106 rad in cordycepin-treated cells. Reduced survival is seen throughout the life-cycle when synchronized cell populations are exposed to both agents with cells in mid-S being especially sensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:300369", "title": "Rescue of marker phenotypes mediated by somatic cell hybridization.", "content": "The effect of irradiation prior to virus-induced cell fusion on the frequency of hybrid production has been measured as a function of radiation dose. The Chinese hamster line wg3h (HGPRT-) was crossed with the TK- mutants; Chinese hamster A23 or mouse 3T34E, and hybrids were selected in HAT medium. Irradiation of one (marker rescue) or both (mutual rescue) partners before fusion yielded qualitatively different results. After X-irradiation marker rescue curves were of single-hit type, with D0 values about five-fold greater than the irradiated parent cell. Mutual rescue curves were of the multi-hit type, with zero-dose extrapolation value (n) greater than that of the more resistant partner, but no significant alteration in D0. Qualitatively similar results were obtained after U.V.-irradiation, but the probability of rescue per surviving parent cell was higher after U.V. than after X-rays. With both forms of radiation, reciprocal marker rescue curves were not significantly different. Control experiments showed that mutual rescue was not an artefact either of sensitization of parent cells due to TK- or HGPRT- mutations, or of the enhancement of recovery by feeder layers resulting from high-density mutant populations killed with graded radiation doses and HAT selection. Analysis of heterokaryon frequencies within 18 hours of fusion demonstrated that radiation doses up to four lethal hits, given to one or both parents of the cross wg3h x A23, did not increase heterokaryon formation.", "contents": "Rescue of marker phenotypes mediated by somatic cell hybridization. The effect of irradiation prior to virus-induced cell fusion on the frequency of hybrid production has been measured as a function of radiation dose. The Chinese hamster line wg3h (HGPRT-) was crossed with the TK- mutants; Chinese hamster A23 or mouse 3T34E, and hybrids were selected in HAT medium. Irradiation of one (marker rescue) or both (mutual rescue) partners before fusion yielded qualitatively different results. After X-irradiation marker rescue curves were of single-hit type, with D0 values about five-fold greater than the irradiated parent cell. Mutual rescue curves were of the multi-hit type, with zero-dose extrapolation value (n) greater than that of the more resistant partner, but no significant alteration in D0. Qualitatively similar results were obtained after U.V.-irradiation, but the probability of rescue per surviving parent cell was higher after U.V. than after X-rays. With both forms of radiation, reciprocal marker rescue curves were not significantly different. Control experiments showed that mutual rescue was not an artefact either of sensitization of parent cells due to TK- or HGPRT- mutations, or of the enhancement of recovery by feeder layers resulting from high-density mutant populations killed with graded radiation doses and HAT selection. Analysis of heterokaryon frequencies within 18 hours of fusion demonstrated that radiation doses up to four lethal hits, given to one or both parents of the cross wg3h x A23, did not increase heterokaryon formation."}
{"id": "PMID:300370", "title": "The distribution of plutonium-214 in rodents.", "content": "Plutonium-214 citrate solution at pH 6-5 was injected intravenously or intra-peritoneally into hamsters and rats at a dose of 50 MBq kg-1 (1-35 mCi kg-1). The animals were killed 1 day or 1 week later, and tissues were removed for autoradiography and radiochemical analysis. Plutonium-241 was distributed in rats in the same way as plutonium-239, and is a suitable isotope for high-resolution tissue-section autoradiography. Plutonium deposits in cells consisted of a nuclear and a cytoplasmic component. In the hamster kidney cells, the amount associated with the nucleus was about 55 per cent of the total cellular plutonium at 24 hours after injection. Six days later, it was only about 30 per cent. Plutonium deposits were also characterized in hepatocytes, in the interstitial cells of the testes, in the cells of ovarian follicles, in chondrocytes and in bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteocytes. In bone there appeared to be both an extracellular and intracellular deposit. No evidence was found of substantial incorporation of plutonium into the mineral phase of bone.", "contents": "The distribution of plutonium-214 in rodents. Plutonium-214 citrate solution at pH 6-5 was injected intravenously or intra-peritoneally into hamsters and rats at a dose of 50 MBq kg-1 (1-35 mCi kg-1). The animals were killed 1 day or 1 week later, and tissues were removed for autoradiography and radiochemical analysis. Plutonium-241 was distributed in rats in the same way as plutonium-239, and is a suitable isotope for high-resolution tissue-section autoradiography. Plutonium deposits in cells consisted of a nuclear and a cytoplasmic component. In the hamster kidney cells, the amount associated with the nucleus was about 55 per cent of the total cellular plutonium at 24 hours after injection. Six days later, it was only about 30 per cent. Plutonium deposits were also characterized in hepatocytes, in the interstitial cells of the testes, in the cells of ovarian follicles, in chondrocytes and in bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteocytes. In bone there appeared to be both an extracellular and intracellular deposit. No evidence was found of substantial incorporation of plutonium into the mineral phase of bone."}
{"id": "PMID:300371", "title": "Stage-sensitivity and dose-response study after gamma-irradiation of mouse primary spermatocytes.", "content": "The sensitivity pattern for X-ray-induced chromatid aberrations was analysed in primary spermatocytes irradiated at 1 to 11 days diakinesis-metaphase I of meiosis. Using a dose of 300 R (60 R/min) of gamma-rays zygotene (day 9) was found to be the most sensitive and leptotene (day 11) the most insensitive stage. The dose-response to gamma-ray-induced aberrations was evaluated in cells irradiated zygotene. Both the yields of rearrangement as well as the yields of fragments gave a best fit to a quadratic model.", "contents": "Stage-sensitivity and dose-response study after gamma-irradiation of mouse primary spermatocytes. The sensitivity pattern for X-ray-induced chromatid aberrations was analysed in primary spermatocytes irradiated at 1 to 11 days diakinesis-metaphase I of meiosis. Using a dose of 300 R (60 R/min) of gamma-rays zygotene (day 9) was found to be the most sensitive and leptotene (day 11) the most insensitive stage. The dose-response to gamma-ray-induced aberrations was evaluated in cells irradiated zygotene. Both the yields of rearrangement as well as the yields of fragments gave a best fit to a quadratic model."}
{"id": "PMID:300372", "title": "Arterial wall damage by X-rays and fast neutrons.", "content": "Radiation-induced atheromatosis has been studied for 200 kVp X-rays and 15 MeV neutrons. From the results of two earlier experiments, a r.b.e. less than 1 was expected for neutrons. (1) Irradiation of blood-vessels causes depolymerization of the mucopolysaccharides in the vessel wall, resulting in atheromatosis, and (2) in two other mucopolysaccharide systems a r.b.e. less than 1 is observed for fast neutrons. Irradiation of the carotid arteries of a total number of 120 hypercholesterolaemic rabbits, divided over several groups, with 500 and 1000 rad of X-rays or neutrons results, however, in atheromatous plaques which are more pronounced for neutrons than for X-rays at the 500 rad dose-level; for a dose of 1000 rad the effect of neutrons is less extensive than the effect of X-rays. These results lead to the assumption that the origin of the atheromatosis seems not only to be the mucopolysaccharide depolymerization, but that radiation induced damage at the cellular level must be taken into account.", "contents": "Arterial wall damage by X-rays and fast neutrons. Radiation-induced atheromatosis has been studied for 200 kVp X-rays and 15 MeV neutrons. From the results of two earlier experiments, a r.b.e. less than 1 was expected for neutrons. (1) Irradiation of blood-vessels causes depolymerization of the mucopolysaccharides in the vessel wall, resulting in atheromatosis, and (2) in two other mucopolysaccharide systems a r.b.e. less than 1 is observed for fast neutrons. Irradiation of the carotid arteries of a total number of 120 hypercholesterolaemic rabbits, divided over several groups, with 500 and 1000 rad of X-rays or neutrons results, however, in atheromatous plaques which are more pronounced for neutrons than for X-rays at the 500 rad dose-level; for a dose of 1000 rad the effect of neutrons is less extensive than the effect of X-rays. These results lead to the assumption that the origin of the atheromatosis seems not only to be the mucopolysaccharide depolymerization, but that radiation induced damage at the cellular level must be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:300374", "title": "O2 consumption of the amphibian cornea: relationship to Na+ and Cl- and the presence of drugs.", "content": "Thirty percent of the O2 consumption of the amphibian cornea was Na-dependent. Ouabain, in the presence but not the absence of this cation, inhibits O2 uptake by about 30 patient. In contrast, neither the presence of Cl- nor drugs which stimulate (adrenaline, theophylline) or inhibit (furosemide, thiocyanate) active transport of this anion had detectable effects on O2 consumption.", "contents": "O2 consumption of the amphibian cornea: relationship to Na+ and Cl- and the presence of drugs. Thirty percent of the O2 consumption of the amphibian cornea was Na-dependent. Ouabain, in the presence but not the absence of this cation, inhibits O2 uptake by about 30 patient. In contrast, neither the presence of Cl- nor drugs which stimulate (adrenaline, theophylline) or inhibit (furosemide, thiocyanate) active transport of this anion had detectable effects on O2 consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:300375", "title": "Small-angle light-scattering patterns of corneas of different species.", "content": "Light-scattering patterns of corneas of different species have been obtained. The different small-angle light-scattering (SALS) patterns were classified into four groups on the basis of the angular dependence of the intensity of light scattered in the I+ and I modes. At present, only two types of patterns can be explained on the basis of theoretical models. The need to develop a general model that can account for all four types of SALS patterns is discussed.", "contents": "Small-angle light-scattering patterns of corneas of different species. Light-scattering patterns of corneas of different species have been obtained. The different small-angle light-scattering (SALS) patterns were classified into four groups on the basis of the angular dependence of the intensity of light scattered in the I+ and I modes. At present, only two types of patterns can be explained on the basis of theoretical models. The need to develop a general model that can account for all four types of SALS patterns is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300376", "title": "Polyene antibiotics. IX. An improved method for the preparation of methyl esters of polyene antibiotics.", "content": "An improved general method for the preparation of methyl esters of polyene antibiotics is discussed. Using this method methyl esters of pimaricin, nystatin, eurocidin, hamycin, hamycins A and B, aureofungin, partricins A and B, candimycin, candicidin, and amphotericin B have been prepared and their physical properties are reported. The biological activities of hamycins A and B and their methyl esters are also described.", "contents": "Polyene antibiotics. IX. An improved method for the preparation of methyl esters of polyene antibiotics. An improved general method for the preparation of methyl esters of polyene antibiotics is discussed. Using this method methyl esters of pimaricin, nystatin, eurocidin, hamycin, hamycins A and B, aureofungin, partricins A and B, candimycin, candicidin, and amphotericin B have been prepared and their physical properties are reported. The biological activities of hamycins A and B and their methyl esters are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:300377", "title": "Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium.", "content": "Colony-stimulating factor, which specifically stimulates mouse bone marrow cells to proliferate in vitro and generate colonies of granulocytes, or macrophages, or both, was purified 3500-fold from mouse lung-conditioned medium. Analysis by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that there was a single protein component. All of the colony-stimulating activity was coincident with the protein band. The molecular weight of colony-stimulating factor estimated by gel filtration was approximately 29,000 and by electrophoresis approximately 23,000. The specific activity of purified colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium bound to concanavalin A-Sapharose, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The small percentage of colony-stimulating factor in mouse lung-conditioned medium which did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose appeared to represent molecules which lacked the carbohydrate moieties required for binding to this lectin. It was necessary to include low concentrations (less than 0.01%, v/v) of polymers such as gelatin and polyethylene glycol, or nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100, in all of the buffers used throughout the purification scheme, otherwise colony-stimulating factor was lost from solution. At high concentrations (greater than 20 mug/ml) the factor stimulated the formation of granulocytic, macrophage, and mixed colonies from C57BL mouse bone marrow cells. As the concentration of purified colony-stimulating factor was decreased, the frequency of colonies containing granulocytes also decreased. At low concentrations of colony-stimulating factor (less than 70 pg/ml) only macrophage colonies were stimulated.", "contents": "Purification and properties of colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium. Colony-stimulating factor, which specifically stimulates mouse bone marrow cells to proliferate in vitro and generate colonies of granulocytes, or macrophages, or both, was purified 3500-fold from mouse lung-conditioned medium. Analysis by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that there was a single protein component. All of the colony-stimulating activity was coincident with the protein band. The molecular weight of colony-stimulating factor estimated by gel filtration was approximately 29,000 and by electrophoresis approximately 23,000. The specific activity of purified colony-stimulating factor from mouse lung-conditioned medium bound to concanavalin A-Sapharose, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The small percentage of colony-stimulating factor in mouse lung-conditioned medium which did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose appeared to represent molecules which lacked the carbohydrate moieties required for binding to this lectin. It was necessary to include low concentrations (less than 0.01%, v/v) of polymers such as gelatin and polyethylene glycol, or nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100, in all of the buffers used throughout the purification scheme, otherwise colony-stimulating factor was lost from solution. At high concentrations (greater than 20 mug/ml) the factor stimulated the formation of granulocytic, macrophage, and mixed colonies from C57BL mouse bone marrow cells. As the concentration of purified colony-stimulating factor was decreased, the frequency of colonies containing granulocytes also decreased. At low concentrations of colony-stimulating factor (less than 70 pg/ml) only macrophage colonies were stimulated."}
{"id": "PMID:300378", "title": "Quaternary structure of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "Delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthase (succinyl-CoA: glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating) EC 2.3.1.37) was purified from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The purity of the enzyme preparation was established by its behavior in disc electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by sedimentation equilibrium was found to be about 80,300, a value similar to those obtained by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme, denatured with either sodium dodecyl sulfate or guanidine hydrochloride, was found to be about 45,000 and 41,000, respectively. The dimeric structure was supported by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Further evidence for the dimetic nature of the enzyme was obtained by gel electrophoresis of the enzyme treated with dimethylsuberimidate and sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "Quaternary structure of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Delta-Aminolevulinic acid synthase (succinyl-CoA: glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating) EC 2.3.1.37) was purified from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. The purity of the enzyme preparation was established by its behavior in disc electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by sedimentation equilibrium was found to be about 80,300, a value similar to those obtained by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The molecular weight of the enzyme, denatured with either sodium dodecyl sulfate or guanidine hydrochloride, was found to be about 45,000 and 41,000, respectively. The dimeric structure was supported by sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Further evidence for the dimetic nature of the enzyme was obtained by gel electrophoresis of the enzyme treated with dimethylsuberimidate and sodium dodecyl sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:300379", "title": "Effects of fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor on the rate of growth of amniotic fluid-derived cells.", "content": "Primary cultures of cells derived from human and bovine amniotic fluid were cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium with 20% fetal calf serum. Whereas increased concentrations of fetal calf or other types of serum bring about no further mitogenic response, the rate of growth of these cells was nevertheless sharply increased when 100 ng/ml of FGF was added to the culture media. The FGF induced mitogenic effect was statistically significant. EGF at 100 ng/ml had a less pronounced effect which, when analyzed statistically, was not significant. Amniotic fluid-derived cells are used for the prenatal detection of genetic disorders. The use of FGF to increase the rate of growth of these cells should reduce the time required between amniocentesis and diagnosis.", "contents": "Effects of fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor on the rate of growth of amniotic fluid-derived cells. Primary cultures of cells derived from human and bovine amniotic fluid were cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium with 20% fetal calf serum. Whereas increased concentrations of fetal calf or other types of serum bring about no further mitogenic response, the rate of growth of these cells was nevertheless sharply increased when 100 ng/ml of FGF was added to the culture media. The FGF induced mitogenic effect was statistically significant. EGF at 100 ng/ml had a less pronounced effect which, when analyzed statistically, was not significant. Amniotic fluid-derived cells are used for the prenatal detection of genetic disorders. The use of FGF to increase the rate of growth of these cells should reduce the time required between amniocentesis and diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300380", "title": "Modification of factor VIII complex properties in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:AG), and the von Willebrand factor (VIII:WF) were measured in 19 patients with liver disease (8 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis and 11 with acute viral hepatitis). In both groups of patients the levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:AG, and VIIIR:WF were above normal or normal with mean values well above the normal range. VIIR:AG was also measured in the same patients by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and its biological properties were measured after purification by chromatography. By both methods the VIIIR: AG in the patients with liver disease differed from normal VIIIR:AG. In five of the patients with acute viral hepatitis, who were tested after they had recovered, the previously elevated levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:AG, and VIIIR:WF had dropped to normal limits and the qualitative abnormalities had disappeared.", "contents": "Modification of factor VIII complex properties in patients with liver disease. Factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C), factor VIII related antigen (VIIIR:AG), and the von Willebrand factor (VIII:WF) were measured in 19 patients with liver disease (8 cases of alcoholic cirrhosis and 11 with acute viral hepatitis). In both groups of patients the levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:AG, and VIIIR:WF were above normal or normal with mean values well above the normal range. VIIR:AG was also measured in the same patients by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and its biological properties were measured after purification by chromatography. By both methods the VIIIR: AG in the patients with liver disease differed from normal VIIIR:AG. In five of the patients with acute viral hepatitis, who were tested after they had recovered, the previously elevated levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:AG, and VIIIR:WF had dropped to normal limits and the qualitative abnormalities had disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:300382", "title": "Palindromic rheumatism: an allergic manifestation?", "content": "A case of palindromic rheumatism is presented in which the arthritic attacks usually were accompanied by an allergic vasculitis and dermatitis. Although this is not proof of the etiology, the constant association is suggestive of an allergic cause. A brief review of palindromic rheumatism in included.", "contents": "Palindromic rheumatism: an allergic manifestation? A case of palindromic rheumatism is presented in which the arthritic attacks usually were accompanied by an allergic vasculitis and dermatitis. Although this is not proof of the etiology, the constant association is suggestive of an allergic cause. A brief review of palindromic rheumatism in included."}
{"id": "PMID:300383", "title": "Receptors for IgM-coated erythrocytes on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells.", "content": "Our experiments show that lymphocytes of CLL patients, having typical B cell characteristics, form rosettes with IgM-coated bovine erythrocytes. Of 18 investigated patients, 3 to 78% (mean 29%) of the isolated lymphocytes reacted with EA-IgM. With mixed rosette assays. EA-IgM bound to cells bearing receptors for IgG as well, but not receptor-bearing lymphocytes. Rosette formation could be completely blocked by addition of IgM at concentrations as low as 0.17 mg/ml. Ten milligrams per milliliter of aggregated human IgG had no effect on the rosette formation with EA-IgM but completely abolished the binding of EA-IgG. Adult human or rabbit serum blocked the EA-IgM binding, whereas cord blood serum and FCS had no effect. These inhibition data indicate that EA-IgM binding does not occur via a somewhat altered IgG-Fc receptor but reacts with different membrane structures. That EA-IgM receptor can be cleaved off with trypsin and can be reconstituted after overnight cultivation, also supports this viewpoint. In contrast to the situation in normal subjects, in CLL patients the IgM receptors are demonstrable before overnight cultivation and are found on cells with B cell characteristics.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM-coated erythrocytes on chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. Our experiments show that lymphocytes of CLL patients, having typical B cell characteristics, form rosettes with IgM-coated bovine erythrocytes. Of 18 investigated patients, 3 to 78% (mean 29%) of the isolated lymphocytes reacted with EA-IgM. With mixed rosette assays. EA-IgM bound to cells bearing receptors for IgG as well, but not receptor-bearing lymphocytes. Rosette formation could be completely blocked by addition of IgM at concentrations as low as 0.17 mg/ml. Ten milligrams per milliliter of aggregated human IgG had no effect on the rosette formation with EA-IgM but completely abolished the binding of EA-IgG. Adult human or rabbit serum blocked the EA-IgM binding, whereas cord blood serum and FCS had no effect. These inhibition data indicate that EA-IgM binding does not occur via a somewhat altered IgG-Fc receptor but reacts with different membrane structures. That EA-IgM receptor can be cleaved off with trypsin and can be reconstituted after overnight cultivation, also supports this viewpoint. In contrast to the situation in normal subjects, in CLL patients the IgM receptors are demonstrable before overnight cultivation and are found on cells with B cell characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:300384", "title": "T and B lymphocyte migration into syngeneic tumors.", "content": "The migration of splenic T and B lymphocytes into syngeneic tumors undergoing immunologic rejection was investigates. Spleen cells were obtained from normal BALC/c mice or BALB/c mice bearing tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Either whole spleen cells or immunoabsorbent purified T and B cells were radiolabeled with sodium chromate-51 and injected i.v. into normal or MSV inducted-tumor bearing syngeneic recipients. Twenty-four hours later the recipient mice were sacrificed and radioactivity was assessed for tumor, contralateral normal muscle, the lymph nodes draining the tumor and contralateral draining lymph nodes, peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Both T and B lymphocytes from either normal or MSV tumor-bearing animals show greatly increased migration into the tumor when compared with normal muscle. Migration of T cells from both normal and MSV tumor bearers was 30 times that of migration to normal muscle. B cells from tumor-bearing mice, on the other hand, localized in the tumor itself only 50% as frequently as did B cells from normal animals. In addition, T cells from MSV tumor bearers were found in the highest proportion in the lymph node draining the tumor site. We conclude that T and B lymphocytes from either normal or tumor-bearing mice migrate to a syngeneic tumor undergoing immunologic rejection. In contrast, the migration of both T and B cells from tumor-bearing animals was decreased to the peripheral lymph nodes at the time of maximum tumor growth.", "contents": "T and B lymphocyte migration into syngeneic tumors. The migration of splenic T and B lymphocytes into syngeneic tumors undergoing immunologic rejection was investigates. Spleen cells were obtained from normal BALC/c mice or BALB/c mice bearing tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (MSV). Either whole spleen cells or immunoabsorbent purified T and B cells were radiolabeled with sodium chromate-51 and injected i.v. into normal or MSV inducted-tumor bearing syngeneic recipients. Twenty-four hours later the recipient mice were sacrificed and radioactivity was assessed for tumor, contralateral normal muscle, the lymph nodes draining the tumor and contralateral draining lymph nodes, peripheral lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Both T and B lymphocytes from either normal or MSV tumor-bearing animals show greatly increased migration into the tumor when compared with normal muscle. Migration of T cells from both normal and MSV tumor bearers was 30 times that of migration to normal muscle. B cells from tumor-bearing mice, on the other hand, localized in the tumor itself only 50% as frequently as did B cells from normal animals. In addition, T cells from MSV tumor bearers were found in the highest proportion in the lymph node draining the tumor site. We conclude that T and B lymphocytes from either normal or tumor-bearing mice migrate to a syngeneic tumor undergoing immunologic rejection. In contrast, the migration of both T and B cells from tumor-bearing animals was decreased to the peripheral lymph nodes at the time of maximum tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:300385", "title": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation. IX. Characterization of memory AFC progenitors by buoyant density and sedimentation velocity separation.", "content": "The characteristics of memory B cell antibody-forming cell (AFC) progenitors from long-term hapten-primed CBA mice were investigated by using sedimentation velocity and buoyant density separation to isolate physically distinct B cell sub-sets. The isolated fractions were assayed by the adoptive immune response to NIP-POL antigen, under conditions where neither T cells nor other accessory cells were limiting the IgM or IgG AFC responses. The results were compared to previous studies on the IgM AFC-progenitors of unprimed adult mice. Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was largely found among the typical B cells of slow to medium sedimentation rate, in contrast to the fastre sedimenting IgM AFC-progenitor activity of unprimed animals. Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was found among the medium to light density cells, and so resembled by this parameter the IgM AFC-progenitor activity in unprimed animals. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from hapten-primed mice also exhibited memory IgM and IgG AFC-progenitor activity in the slow-medium sedimentation range. However, in contrast to spleen, the IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity in lymph was found among very dense B cells. Two physically distinct sub-populations of memory B cells have thus been identified, namely: i) small, medium-light density, presumably tissue-resident B lymphocytes found in spleen; and ii) small, dense, presumably recirculating B lymphocytes found in lymph. Both physical forms include IgM and IgG progenitors. Both forms are distinct from the larger, medium-light density \"virgin\" AFC-progenitors in the spleen of unprimed adult mice.", "contents": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation. IX. Characterization of memory AFC progenitors by buoyant density and sedimentation velocity separation. The characteristics of memory B cell antibody-forming cell (AFC) progenitors from long-term hapten-primed CBA mice were investigated by using sedimentation velocity and buoyant density separation to isolate physically distinct B cell sub-sets. The isolated fractions were assayed by the adoptive immune response to NIP-POL antigen, under conditions where neither T cells nor other accessory cells were limiting the IgM or IgG AFC responses. The results were compared to previous studies on the IgM AFC-progenitors of unprimed adult mice. Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was largely found among the typical B cells of slow to medium sedimentation rate, in contrast to the fastre sedimenting IgM AFC-progenitor activity of unprimed animals. Splenic IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity was found among the medium to light density cells, and so resembled by this parameter the IgM AFC-progenitor activity in unprimed animals. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from hapten-primed mice also exhibited memory IgM and IgG AFC-progenitor activity in the slow-medium sedimentation range. However, in contrast to spleen, the IgM and IgG memory AFC-progenitor activity in lymph was found among very dense B cells. Two physically distinct sub-populations of memory B cells have thus been identified, namely: i) small, medium-light density, presumably tissue-resident B lymphocytes found in spleen; and ii) small, dense, presumably recirculating B lymphocytes found in lymph. Both physical forms include IgM and IgG progenitors. Both forms are distinct from the larger, medium-light density \"virgin\" AFC-progenitors in the spleen of unprimed adult mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300386", "title": "Differentiation of B lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ mice: the induction of Ia antigens by lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits several types of responses in murine B lymphocytes. First, lipid A induces the nonproliferative expression of cell surface antigens in more immature cell types. Second, lipid A induces a mitogenic response in more mature B cell types. Lipid A induces the expression of Ia antigens on bone marrow cells from C3H/DiSn but not C3H/HeJ mice. The Ia-inducible cells possess surface immunoglobulin. Agents that elevate intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) induce the appearance of Ia antigens on B lymphocytes from both C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice, suggesting that lipid A exerts its inductive effects by increasing cyclic AMP levels in cells. In contrast to what is observed by using other strains of mice, mature B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice do not support a mitogenic response to lipid A. The subpopulation of B lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ mice that normally respond mitogenically to LPS not only appear to lack an LPS-response mechanism utilized in the mitogenic pathway, but they lack the LPS-response pathway of the immature B cell types. A lipid A-bound protein (LAP) induces both the expression of Ia and a mitogenic response in the different subpopulations of B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice. The genetic defect in C3H/HeJ mice that limits responses to lipid A may be associated with a receptor that is normally expressed on many different cell types.", "contents": "Differentiation of B lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ mice: the induction of Ia antigens by lipopolysaccharide. The lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits several types of responses in murine B lymphocytes. First, lipid A induces the nonproliferative expression of cell surface antigens in more immature cell types. Second, lipid A induces a mitogenic response in more mature B cell types. Lipid A induces the expression of Ia antigens on bone marrow cells from C3H/DiSn but not C3H/HeJ mice. The Ia-inducible cells possess surface immunoglobulin. Agents that elevate intracellular levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) induce the appearance of Ia antigens on B lymphocytes from both C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice, suggesting that lipid A exerts its inductive effects by increasing cyclic AMP levels in cells. In contrast to what is observed by using other strains of mice, mature B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice do not support a mitogenic response to lipid A. The subpopulation of B lymphocytes in C3H/HeJ mice that normally respond mitogenically to LPS not only appear to lack an LPS-response mechanism utilized in the mitogenic pathway, but they lack the LPS-response pathway of the immature B cell types. A lipid A-bound protein (LAP) induces both the expression of Ia and a mitogenic response in the different subpopulations of B lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ and C3H/DiSn mice. The genetic defect in C3H/HeJ mice that limits responses to lipid A may be associated with a receptor that is normally expressed on many different cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:300387", "title": "Fractionation of lymphocytes involved in the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity over insolubilized conjugated histamine columns.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were cultured in vitro with irradiated C57BL/6 stimulating cells. Five days later the T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of the effector cells was assessed with a 51Cr-release assay that used H-2bEL-4 tumor cells as targets. Before the BALB/c responding lymphocytes were sensitized they were fractionated by passing the spleen cells over insolubilized histamine rabbit serum albumin Sepharose columns (H-RSA-S) or over rabbit serum albumin Sepharose (RSA-S) control columns. Fractionation of cells over the H-RSA-S columns depleted or significantly reduced the cytotoxic potential of the unretained cells. All cytotoxic potential was recovered when the cells that adhered to the H-RSA-S were eluted from the columns. In contrast, no effect on responsiveness was detected after the cells had been fractionated over the control column. The loss of response potential by the cells that did not adhere to H-RSA-S could not be accounted for by removal of macrophages nor by the concentration of cells with suppressor activity in the effluent. These cell fractionation studies raise the possiblity but do not prove that cytotoxic precursor cells may express amine receptors that could be responsible for their retention by insolubilized histamine columns.", "contents": "Fractionation of lymphocytes involved in the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity over insolubilized conjugated histamine columns. Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice were cultured in vitro with irradiated C57BL/6 stimulating cells. Five days later the T cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of the effector cells was assessed with a 51Cr-release assay that used H-2bEL-4 tumor cells as targets. Before the BALB/c responding lymphocytes were sensitized they were fractionated by passing the spleen cells over insolubilized histamine rabbit serum albumin Sepharose columns (H-RSA-S) or over rabbit serum albumin Sepharose (RSA-S) control columns. Fractionation of cells over the H-RSA-S columns depleted or significantly reduced the cytotoxic potential of the unretained cells. All cytotoxic potential was recovered when the cells that adhered to the H-RSA-S were eluted from the columns. In contrast, no effect on responsiveness was detected after the cells had been fractionated over the control column. The loss of response potential by the cells that did not adhere to H-RSA-S could not be accounted for by removal of macrophages nor by the concentration of cells with suppressor activity in the effluent. These cell fractionation studies raise the possiblity but do not prove that cytotoxic precursor cells may express amine receptors that could be responsible for their retention by insolubilized histamine columns."}
{"id": "PMID:300388", "title": "Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex in Syrian hamsters. III. Cellular and humoral immunity to alloantigens.", "content": "Among the genetic loci incorporated into the major histocompatibility complex in every species studied to date have been prominent genes encoding for strong histocompatibility determinants that elicit detectable alloantibody responses and which are the chief antigenic targets of cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. The K and D regions of the H-2 complex in the mouse and the A, B, and C regions of the HLA complex in man are representative examples. Syrian hamsters, as described in this report, do not make alloantibodies to antigens of this type and only very poorly do they carry out in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity to target cells putatively bearing these antigens. Since hamsters are quite capable of discriminating analogous antigenic differences in xenogeneic species, and xenogeneic sources cannot distinguish immunologically between the antigens encoded by the two hamster major histocompatibility alleles. Hm-1a and Hm-1b, we conclude that the hamster strains we work with are serologically indistinguishable by the methods used here. However, they obviously differ for determinants which elicit T cell-mediated responses, as evidenced by their ability to express acute skin graft rejection, mixed lymphocyte reactivity, graft-vs-host reactions, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. Such alloreactivity may reflect a mutation at an SD locus, affecting antigenic sites recognized only by T cells, or that the available hamster strains are SD identical, but differ at loci similar to the I region loci in mice. Alternatively, we cannot exclude the possibility that Syrian hamsters somehow fail to express properly the genes coding for SD determinants.", "contents": "Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex in Syrian hamsters. III. Cellular and humoral immunity to alloantigens. Among the genetic loci incorporated into the major histocompatibility complex in every species studied to date have been prominent genes encoding for strong histocompatibility determinants that elicit detectable alloantibody responses and which are the chief antigenic targets of cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. The K and D regions of the H-2 complex in the mouse and the A, B, and C regions of the HLA complex in man are representative examples. Syrian hamsters, as described in this report, do not make alloantibodies to antigens of this type and only very poorly do they carry out in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity to target cells putatively bearing these antigens. Since hamsters are quite capable of discriminating analogous antigenic differences in xenogeneic species, and xenogeneic sources cannot distinguish immunologically between the antigens encoded by the two hamster major histocompatibility alleles. Hm-1a and Hm-1b, we conclude that the hamster strains we work with are serologically indistinguishable by the methods used here. However, they obviously differ for determinants which elicit T cell-mediated responses, as evidenced by their ability to express acute skin graft rejection, mixed lymphocyte reactivity, graft-vs-host reactions, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. Such alloreactivity may reflect a mutation at an SD locus, affecting antigenic sites recognized only by T cells, or that the available hamster strains are SD identical, but differ at loci similar to the I region loci in mice. Alternatively, we cannot exclude the possibility that Syrian hamsters somehow fail to express properly the genes coding for SD determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:300389", "title": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. II. Induction of in vitro IgE antibody response in murine spleen cells and demonstration of a possible involvement of distinct T-helper cells in IgE and IgG antibody responses.", "content": "In vitro induction of anti-DNP IgE as well as IgG1, IgG2a antibody responses was shown in murine spleen cell culture. Spleen cells primed three times with 1 mug of DNP-OA or DNP-Asc produced significant amounts of anti-DNP IgE as well as IgG antibodies by the in vitro stimulation with DNP-OA or DNP-Asc, respectively. Collaboration between DNP-primed B cells and carrier-primed T cells was required for the induction of both IgE and IgG antibodies with DNP-coupled T-dependent antigen. Carrier-specific T cells induced with a low dose of Asc (0.01 mug) showed helper function only on IgE antibody response, whereas T cells primed with a higher dose of Asc (10 mug) cooperated only with IgG-B cells. T cells primed with Asc in CFA showed helper function mainly on IgG antibody response but not on IgE antibody response. The result indicated the presence of a distinct population of T helper cells for IgE and IgG antibody responses. T-independent antigen (DNP-Ficoll) induced both anti-DNP IgE and IgG antibody responses in DNP-primed spleen cell population without the requirement of the collaboration of helper T cells.", "contents": "Regulation of antibody response in different immunoglobulin classes. II. Induction of in vitro IgE antibody response in murine spleen cells and demonstration of a possible involvement of distinct T-helper cells in IgE and IgG antibody responses. In vitro induction of anti-DNP IgE as well as IgG1, IgG2a antibody responses was shown in murine spleen cell culture. Spleen cells primed three times with 1 mug of DNP-OA or DNP-Asc produced significant amounts of anti-DNP IgE as well as IgG antibodies by the in vitro stimulation with DNP-OA or DNP-Asc, respectively. Collaboration between DNP-primed B cells and carrier-primed T cells was required for the induction of both IgE and IgG antibodies with DNP-coupled T-dependent antigen. Carrier-specific T cells induced with a low dose of Asc (0.01 mug) showed helper function only on IgE antibody response, whereas T cells primed with a higher dose of Asc (10 mug) cooperated only with IgG-B cells. T cells primed with Asc in CFA showed helper function mainly on IgG antibody response but not on IgE antibody response. The result indicated the presence of a distinct population of T helper cells for IgE and IgG antibody responses. T-independent antigen (DNP-Ficoll) induced both anti-DNP IgE and IgG antibody responses in DNP-primed spleen cell population without the requirement of the collaboration of helper T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300390", "title": "Age-related decrease in mouse T cell progenitors.", "content": "Mice were given a lethal dose of whole-body gamma-radiation and injected with a 10(5) or 10(6) marrow cells from 10- to 143-week-old syngeneic donors. Nine days later, colony-forming units (CFU) were counted in the spleens of mice given 10(5) cells, and 15 to 21 days after irradiation thymus weights and in some experiments 3H-thymidine uptake or total thymic cellularity were determined in the recipients of 10(6) cells. It was found that in the majority of mouse strains studied there were no significant changes with age in marrow CFU. In contrast, thymic regeneration was significantly impaired when the recipients received marrow cells from donors 100 weeks of age or older. These observations and results obtained in dose-response and time-course studies are best explained by an age-related decrease in marrow T cell progenitors; however, certain findings suggest that in addition the proliferative capacity of these stem cells may at times be moderately impaired.", "contents": "Age-related decrease in mouse T cell progenitors. Mice were given a lethal dose of whole-body gamma-radiation and injected with a 10(5) or 10(6) marrow cells from 10- to 143-week-old syngeneic donors. Nine days later, colony-forming units (CFU) were counted in the spleens of mice given 10(5) cells, and 15 to 21 days after irradiation thymus weights and in some experiments 3H-thymidine uptake or total thymic cellularity were determined in the recipients of 10(6) cells. It was found that in the majority of mouse strains studied there were no significant changes with age in marrow CFU. In contrast, thymic regeneration was significantly impaired when the recipients received marrow cells from donors 100 weeks of age or older. These observations and results obtained in dose-response and time-course studies are best explained by an age-related decrease in marrow T cell progenitors; however, certain findings suggest that in addition the proliferative capacity of these stem cells may at times be moderately impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:300391", "title": "Cross-linking of T cell mitogens: effects on B and T cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis.", "content": "The T cell mitogens Pa-2, concanavalin A (con A) and its dimeric derivative succinyl-con A, were each cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate. Although the dose-response curves of these insoluble aggregated products were markedly changed from those of the soluble mitogens, each aggregate continued to stimulate DNA synthesis by murine thymus and T cells. Both aggregated Pa-2 and aggregated succinyl con A stimulated DNA synthesis by B cells from athymic (Nu/Nu) mice. Aggregated con A did not stimulate these cells and, like soluble con A, depressed the background incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Unlike soluble Pa-2, aggregated Pa-2 also greatly increased Ig production by both the B cell cultures and B + T cell cultures from normal (BALB/c) mice.", "contents": "Cross-linking of T cell mitogens: effects on B and T cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis. The T cell mitogens Pa-2, concanavalin A (con A) and its dimeric derivative succinyl-con A, were each cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate. Although the dose-response curves of these insoluble aggregated products were markedly changed from those of the soluble mitogens, each aggregate continued to stimulate DNA synthesis by murine thymus and T cells. Both aggregated Pa-2 and aggregated succinyl con A stimulated DNA synthesis by B cells from athymic (Nu/Nu) mice. Aggregated con A did not stimulate these cells and, like soluble con A, depressed the background incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Unlike soluble Pa-2, aggregated Pa-2 also greatly increased Ig production by both the B cell cultures and B + T cell cultures from normal (BALB/c) mice."}
{"id": "PMID:300392", "title": "Distribution of alloantigens on human Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes: the presence of B cell alloantigens on sIg-positive but not sIg-negative lymphocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of B cell alloantigens with a microcytotoxicity assay. B cell alloantigens were found exclusively on sIg-positive lymphocytes and were not present on sIg-negative, Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes or sIg-negative, Fc receptor-negative T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Distribution of alloantigens on human Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes: the presence of B cell alloantigens on sIg-positive but not sIg-negative lymphocytes. Human peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed for the presence of B cell alloantigens with a microcytotoxicity assay. B cell alloantigens were found exclusively on sIg-positive lymphocytes and were not present on sIg-negative, Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes or sIg-negative, Fc receptor-negative T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300393", "title": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to chemically modified antigens in guinea pigs. II. The interaction between lipid-conjugated antigens, macrophages, and T lymphocytes.", "content": "Protein antigens covalently conjugated with lipid groups (dodecanoic acid) have previously been shown to stimulate strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) without the aid of adjuvants. The present experiments show that lipid-conjugated bovine serum albumin (L-BSA) is taken up in vitro by macrophages (Mpsi) 25- to 50-fold more than unconjugated BSA or aminidated BSA, neither of which induces DTH. Macrophages that take up 125I-labeled L-BSA in vitro stimulate DTH even more efficiently, when injected into syngeneic guinea pigs, than does soluble L-BSA. Tracer studies on the fate of radiolabeled BSA and L-BSA showed that much more L-BSA than BSA was retained by draining lymph nodes. Autoradiography demonstrated that 125I-L-BSA is rapidly taken up by Mpsi in the medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes. Some of this antigen is then transported into the paracortex, a region in which T lymphocytes predominate. The capacity of lipophilic antigens to stimulate cell-mediated immune responses may be caused by their increased uptake by Mpsi, resulting in more efficient presentation to immunocompetent T lymphocytes. The anatomical site of this Mpsi-T cell interaction may be within the sinusoids or paracortex of the draining lymph nodes.", "contents": "Induction of cell-mediated immunity to chemically modified antigens in guinea pigs. II. The interaction between lipid-conjugated antigens, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. Protein antigens covalently conjugated with lipid groups (dodecanoic acid) have previously been shown to stimulate strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) without the aid of adjuvants. The present experiments show that lipid-conjugated bovine serum albumin (L-BSA) is taken up in vitro by macrophages (Mpsi) 25- to 50-fold more than unconjugated BSA or aminidated BSA, neither of which induces DTH. Macrophages that take up 125I-labeled L-BSA in vitro stimulate DTH even more efficiently, when injected into syngeneic guinea pigs, than does soluble L-BSA. Tracer studies on the fate of radiolabeled BSA and L-BSA showed that much more L-BSA than BSA was retained by draining lymph nodes. Autoradiography demonstrated that 125I-L-BSA is rapidly taken up by Mpsi in the medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes. Some of this antigen is then transported into the paracortex, a region in which T lymphocytes predominate. The capacity of lipophilic antigens to stimulate cell-mediated immune responses may be caused by their increased uptake by Mpsi, resulting in more efficient presentation to immunocompetent T lymphocytes. The anatomical site of this Mpsi-T cell interaction may be within the sinusoids or paracortex of the draining lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:300394", "title": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. III. Lack of requirement for H-2 compatibility in lysis of tumor targets by T cells activated in vitro to oncofetal and plasmacytoma antigens.", "content": "Many recent studies have demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) activated to various antigens other than those of the H-2 complex, will lyse target cells only when H-2 compatibility exists between the CL and target cell. From these observations, it has been inferred that T lymphocytes might only be capable of responding to H-2 antigen or antigens that become associated with H-2 region gene products. Our results suggest that this is not the case, and that in some situations, cytotoxic T lymphocytes can specifically lyse target cells of different H-2 types. Two in vitro systems are described where primary induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to oncofetal and plasmacytoma antigens results in CL capable of lysing suitable targets bearing these antigens, of either syngeneic or allogeneic derivation. Thus it is proposed that although interaction antigens involving H-2 components may preferentially activate T lymphocytes, this does not imply a restriction on the recognition potential of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "In vitro induction of tumor-specific immunity. III. Lack of requirement for H-2 compatibility in lysis of tumor targets by T cells activated in vitro to oncofetal and plasmacytoma antigens. Many recent studies have demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) activated to various antigens other than those of the H-2 complex, will lyse target cells only when H-2 compatibility exists between the CL and target cell. From these observations, it has been inferred that T lymphocytes might only be capable of responding to H-2 antigen or antigens that become associated with H-2 region gene products. Our results suggest that this is not the case, and that in some situations, cytotoxic T lymphocytes can specifically lyse target cells of different H-2 types. Two in vitro systems are described where primary induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to oncofetal and plasmacytoma antigens results in CL capable of lysing suitable targets bearing these antigens, of either syngeneic or allogeneic derivation. Thus it is proposed that although interaction antigens involving H-2 components may preferentially activate T lymphocytes, this does not imply a restriction on the recognition potential of T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300395", "title": "Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Protein A, a cell wall constituent of several strains of Staphylococcus aureus, binds strongly to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. This investigation demonstrated that such binding can inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The degree to which ADCC was inhibited depended upon the relative concentrations of protein A and anti-target cell antiserum. Protein A also inhibited the formation of rosettes between antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and lymphoid cells with Fc receptors. We, therefore, conclude that protein A inhibits ADCC by preventing the binding of antibody-coated target cells to Fc receptors on cytotoxic effector cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Protein A, a cell wall constituent of several strains of Staphylococcus aureus, binds strongly to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. This investigation demonstrated that such binding can inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The degree to which ADCC was inhibited depended upon the relative concentrations of protein A and anti-target cell antiserum. Protein A also inhibited the formation of rosettes between antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and lymphoid cells with Fc receptors. We, therefore, conclude that protein A inhibits ADCC by preventing the binding of antibody-coated target cells to Fc receptors on cytotoxic effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300396", "title": "Functional characteristics of Peyer's patch lymphoid cells. IV. Effect of antigen feeding on the frequency of antigen-specific B cells.", "content": "The frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches from normal BDF(1) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-fed BDF(1) mice that could respond to antigenic determinants on SRBC and trinitrophenyl (TNP) was determined using an in vitro system of limiting dilution analysis. In normal mice, one B cell in 1.9 x 10(4) Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-SRBC response and one B cell in 3.6 x 10(4) Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-TNP response. The frequency of B cells capable of responding to SRBC in normal mice was similar in Peyer's patches and spleen. However, after feeding mice SRBC for 3 weeks, there was a 6-fold reduction in the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to SRBC but no change in the frequency of B cells capable of responding to TNP. The average clone size of Peyer's patch B cells responding to SRBC was similar in normal and SRBC-fed mice. Although antigen-feeding does not stimulate Peyer's patch B cells in situ to humoral antibody synthesis, antigen-feeding can markedly alter the reactivity of the antigen-sensitive cell population in Peyer's patches. We previously demonstrated that T cells in Peyer's patches could be specifically carrier primed for helper function by SRBC feeding. We have now demonstrated that antigen-feeding reduced significantly the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to the fed antigen. Peyer's patches appear to serve an important function as a sampling site for intestinal antigens.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of Peyer's patch lymphoid cells. IV. Effect of antigen feeding on the frequency of antigen-specific B cells. The frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches from normal BDF(1) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-fed BDF(1) mice that could respond to antigenic determinants on SRBC and trinitrophenyl (TNP) was determined using an in vitro system of limiting dilution analysis. In normal mice, one B cell in 1.9 x 10(4) Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-SRBC response and one B cell in 3.6 x 10(4) Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-TNP response. The frequency of B cells capable of responding to SRBC in normal mice was similar in Peyer's patches and spleen. However, after feeding mice SRBC for 3 weeks, there was a 6-fold reduction in the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to SRBC but no change in the frequency of B cells capable of responding to TNP. The average clone size of Peyer's patch B cells responding to SRBC was similar in normal and SRBC-fed mice. Although antigen-feeding does not stimulate Peyer's patch B cells in situ to humoral antibody synthesis, antigen-feeding can markedly alter the reactivity of the antigen-sensitive cell population in Peyer's patches. We previously demonstrated that T cells in Peyer's patches could be specifically carrier primed for helper function by SRBC feeding. We have now demonstrated that antigen-feeding reduced significantly the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to the fed antigen. Peyer's patches appear to serve an important function as a sampling site for intestinal antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:300397", "title": "Interactions between human lymphocytes and paramyxovirus-infected cells: adsorption and cytotoxicity.", "content": "The capacity of human lymphocytes to adhere to paramyxovirus-infected monolayers and their capacity to kill paramyxovirus-infected cells was investigated. A large fraction of human lymphocytes was found to adhere firmly to the paramyxovirus-infected monolayers. Predsorption of lymphocytes on mumps virus-infected cells impaired their  adsorption to a second cell monolayer of the same type. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against mumps virus-infected cells was also reduced after predsorption on mumps virus- or Newcastle disease virus-infected (NDV) cell monolayers. Exposure of lymphocytes to trypsin did not significantly decrease either adsorption or cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with neuraminidase (NANase) partly inhibited adsorption whereas cytotoxicity was not decreased. Cell fractionation experiments after rosetting of the lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes (E) indicated that T cells were equally or better adsorbed than \"non-T\" cells. Taken together with previous experiments which showed that the majority of T lymphocytes are not cytotoxic against mumps virus-infected cells these results suggest that adherence of lymphocytes to infected cells and cytotoxicity may be unrelated phenomena.", "contents": "Interactions between human lymphocytes and paramyxovirus-infected cells: adsorption and cytotoxicity. The capacity of human lymphocytes to adhere to paramyxovirus-infected monolayers and their capacity to kill paramyxovirus-infected cells was investigated. A large fraction of human lymphocytes was found to adhere firmly to the paramyxovirus-infected monolayers. Predsorption of lymphocytes on mumps virus-infected cells impaired their  adsorption to a second cell monolayer of the same type. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against mumps virus-infected cells was also reduced after predsorption on mumps virus- or Newcastle disease virus-infected (NDV) cell monolayers. Exposure of lymphocytes to trypsin did not significantly decrease either adsorption or cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of lymphocytes with neuraminidase (NANase) partly inhibited adsorption whereas cytotoxicity was not decreased. Cell fractionation experiments after rosetting of the lymphocytes with sheep erythrocytes (E) indicated that T cells were equally or better adsorbed than \"non-T\" cells. Taken together with previous experiments which showed that the majority of T lymphocytes are not cytotoxic against mumps virus-infected cells these results suggest that adherence of lymphocytes to infected cells and cytotoxicity may be unrelated phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:300398", "title": "Recovery of soluble sheep erythrocyte receptor from the T lymphocyte surface by proteolytic cleavage.", "content": "Proteolytic digestion of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (Molt-4) and of peripheral blood lymphocytes by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase results in a progressive, time-and dose-dependent diminution of T lymphocyte-sheep red bloock cell (SRBC) rosette formation, whereas thrombin, plasmin, collagenase, DNAse, and phospholipase have not effect. Complete abrogation of SRBC binding is achieved when lymphocytes (1 x 108/ml) are incubated with either trypsin or chymotrypsin at 10 mug/ml for 30 min, and greater than 50% abrogation is observed between 3 to 10 min. Preincubation of SRBC with the 10 min and 20 min lymphocyte digest supernatants inhibited their subsequent binding by normal T lymphocytes by as much as 64%. Thirty-minute digests were less inhibitory. Equivalent digests from several human B lumphoblastoid cell lines and from a non-rosetting clone of Molt-4 cells were not inhibitory. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution of serial gel slices revealed four distinct inhibitory bands (I-IV) in the 20-min digest supernatant whereas only bands I-III and band IV were present in the 10-min and 30-min digest supernatants, respectively, suggesting progressive proteolysis of a distinct receptor. These experiments indicate that the binding of SRBC by human T lymphocytes represents a receptor-ligand interaction rather than a nonspecific electrical charge phe nomenon and that the receptor is a discrete molecular species which can be isolated from the surface of T but not B lymphocytes by limited enzymatic proteolysis.", "contents": "Recovery of soluble sheep erythrocyte receptor from the T lymphocyte surface by proteolytic cleavage. Proteolytic digestion of the human T lymphoblastoid cell line (Molt-4) and of peripheral blood lymphocytes by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase results in a progressive, time-and dose-dependent diminution of T lymphocyte-sheep red bloock cell (SRBC) rosette formation, whereas thrombin, plasmin, collagenase, DNAse, and phospholipase have not effect. Complete abrogation of SRBC binding is achieved when lymphocytes (1 x 108/ml) are incubated with either trypsin or chymotrypsin at 10 mug/ml for 30 min, and greater than 50% abrogation is observed between 3 to 10 min. Preincubation of SRBC with the 10 min and 20 min lymphocyte digest supernatants inhibited their subsequent binding by normal T lymphocytes by as much as 64%. Thirty-minute digests were less inhibitory. Equivalent digests from several human B lumphoblastoid cell lines and from a non-rosetting clone of Molt-4 cells were not inhibitory. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by elution of serial gel slices revealed four distinct inhibitory bands (I-IV) in the 20-min digest supernatant whereas only bands I-III and band IV were present in the 10-min and 30-min digest supernatants, respectively, suggesting progressive proteolysis of a distinct receptor. These experiments indicate that the binding of SRBC by human T lymphocytes represents a receptor-ligand interaction rather than a nonspecific electrical charge phe nomenon and that the receptor is a discrete molecular species which can be isolated from the surface of T but not B lymphocytes by limited enzymatic proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:300399", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes during coxsackievirus B-3 infection. I. Model and viral specificity1.", "content": "The production of cytotoxic cells in the spleen of adult male BALB/c mice infected with Coxsackievirus B-3 has been examined. An in vitro 51Cr release assay was used to measure cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and uninfected neonatal sygeneic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity of immune spleen cells against virus-infected targets was detected on the 3rd day after infection, reached a peak on day 7, and then declined to low levels by days 12 and 14. Spleen cells obtained 3 and 5 days after infection also exerted cytotoxicity against uninfected fibroblasts, but by the 7th day there was little or no reactivity against uninfected target cells, although activity against infected fibroblasts was maximal at this time. Reciprocal assays performed by using Coxsackie and vaccinia viruses provided evidence of virus specificity of the cytotoxic reaction. When spleen cells were obtained 7 days after infection, the Coxsackievirus-immune population was not cytotoxic for vaccinia-infected fibroblasts, and the vaccinia-immune population was not cytotoxic for Coxsackievirus-infected targets, although each immune cell preparation caused significant lysis of fibroblasts infected with the homologous virus. Additional studies showed that primary mouse or hyperimmune rabbit anti-Coxsackieviral serum could not block immune spleen cell cytotoxicity or induce complement-mediated lysis of infected targets. The findings indicate that Coxsackievirus infection results in surface membrane alterations, but no evidence was obtained that antiviral antibody could react with the infected cells.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes during coxsackievirus B-3 infection. I. Model and viral specificity1. The production of cytotoxic cells in the spleen of adult male BALB/c mice infected with Coxsackievirus B-3 has been examined. An in vitro 51Cr release assay was used to measure cytotoxic activity against virus-infected and uninfected neonatal sygeneic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity of immune spleen cells against virus-infected targets was detected on the 3rd day after infection, reached a peak on day 7, and then declined to low levels by days 12 and 14. Spleen cells obtained 3 and 5 days after infection also exerted cytotoxicity against uninfected fibroblasts, but by the 7th day there was little or no reactivity against uninfected target cells, although activity against infected fibroblasts was maximal at this time. Reciprocal assays performed by using Coxsackie and vaccinia viruses provided evidence of virus specificity of the cytotoxic reaction. When spleen cells were obtained 7 days after infection, the Coxsackievirus-immune population was not cytotoxic for vaccinia-infected fibroblasts, and the vaccinia-immune population was not cytotoxic for Coxsackievirus-infected targets, although each immune cell preparation caused significant lysis of fibroblasts infected with the homologous virus. Additional studies showed that primary mouse or hyperimmune rabbit anti-Coxsackieviral serum could not block immune spleen cell cytotoxicity or induce complement-mediated lysis of infected targets. The findings indicate that Coxsackievirus infection results in surface membrane alterations, but no evidence was obtained that antiviral antibody could react with the infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300400", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes during coxsackievirus tb-3 infection. II. Characterization of effector cells and demonstration cytotoxicity against viral-infected myofibers1.", "content": "This report describes studies characterizing the virus-specific cytotoxic effector cells which are present in the spleens of mice 7 days after infection with Coxsackievirus B-3. An in vitro 51Cr assay employing eyngeneic virus-infected neonatal fibroblasts was used to measure cytotoxic activity. Treatment of immune cells with (anti-thy-1.2) and complement abolished dtheir cytotoxic activity, but no reduction occurred when B cells were removed by incubation with anti-Ig and complement or macrophages eliminated by adherence depletion. The findings therefore imply that the cytotoxic reaction was mediated by sensitized T cells and that B cells and macrophages did not play an important role. Reciprocal assays performed with BALB/c and CBA/J cells showed that Coxsackievirus-immune spleen cells lysed infected syngeneic targets but not allogeneic targets, providing further evidence that cytotoxicity was mediated by effector T cells. In addition and in vitro assay system employing neonatal myocardial cells was developed and used to demonstrate that Coxsackievirus-infected myofibers were susceptible to destruction by immune spleen cells. The evidence suggests that mice infected with Coxsackie B viruses are able to mount a cell-mediated immune response with production of cytotoxic T cells which have the capacity to damage tissues infected with these agents.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes during coxsackievirus tb-3 infection. II. Characterization of effector cells and demonstration cytotoxicity against viral-infected myofibers1. This report describes studies characterizing the virus-specific cytotoxic effector cells which are present in the spleens of mice 7 days after infection with Coxsackievirus B-3. An in vitro 51Cr assay employing eyngeneic virus-infected neonatal fibroblasts was used to measure cytotoxic activity. Treatment of immune cells with (anti-thy-1.2) and complement abolished dtheir cytotoxic activity, but no reduction occurred when B cells were removed by incubation with anti-Ig and complement or macrophages eliminated by adherence depletion. The findings therefore imply that the cytotoxic reaction was mediated by sensitized T cells and that B cells and macrophages did not play an important role. Reciprocal assays performed with BALB/c and CBA/J cells showed that Coxsackievirus-immune spleen cells lysed infected syngeneic targets but not allogeneic targets, providing further evidence that cytotoxicity was mediated by effector T cells. In addition and in vitro assay system employing neonatal myocardial cells was developed and used to demonstrate that Coxsackievirus-infected myofibers were susceptible to destruction by immune spleen cells. The evidence suggests that mice infected with Coxsackie B viruses are able to mount a cell-mediated immune response with production of cytotoxic T cells which have the capacity to damage tissues infected with these agents."}
{"id": "PMID:300401", "title": "Multiple occurrence of spontaneous AKR/J lymphomas with T and B cell characteristics.", "content": "Three Thy 1.1-positive and surface IgM-positive (Thy 1+, SIg+) AKR/J lymphoma lines are described. These doubly marked tumors arose spontaneously in the peripheral lymphoid organs of 14- to 16-month-old AKR/J mice that either had spontaneous thymus atrophy or had been thymectomized at 1 month of age. All lines bore surface Thy 1.1, Ly,Ig(micron-chain) and Fc receptor (FcR), detectable by immunofluorescence. Immune response region (Iak) antigen was present on the two lines tested. Persistence of Thy 1.1 antigen and SIg after long-term tissue culture provided evidence that these markers were not passively acquired. One of these tumor lines, AkTB-1 always grows in lymph nodes as Thy 1.1-positive,SIg-negative tumors cells, whereas tumor cells growing in the spleen are initially Thy 1.1 positive, SIg negative, but they rapidly acquire SIg, FcR, and 1a between 18 and 21 days of passage.", "contents": "Multiple occurrence of spontaneous AKR/J lymphomas with T and B cell characteristics. Three Thy 1.1-positive and surface IgM-positive (Thy 1+, SIg+) AKR/J lymphoma lines are described. These doubly marked tumors arose spontaneously in the peripheral lymphoid organs of 14- to 16-month-old AKR/J mice that either had spontaneous thymus atrophy or had been thymectomized at 1 month of age. All lines bore surface Thy 1.1, Ly,Ig(micron-chain) and Fc receptor (FcR), detectable by immunofluorescence. Immune response region (Iak) antigen was present on the two lines tested. Persistence of Thy 1.1 antigen and SIg after long-term tissue culture provided evidence that these markers were not passively acquired. One of these tumor lines, AkTB-1 always grows in lymph nodes as Thy 1.1-positive,SIg-negative tumors cells, whereas tumor cells growing in the spleen are initially Thy 1.1 positive, SIg negative, but they rapidly acquire SIg, FcR, and 1a between 18 and 21 days of passage."}
{"id": "PMID:300402", "title": "Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. IV. Effect of whole body irradiation upon various lymphoid tissues and numbers of recirculating lymphocytes.", "content": "Groups of 10-week-old female CBA/J mice were exposed in whole body fashion to 0,5,50, and 500 rads and sacrificed in serial fashion 1,3,5,7,9,15, and 30 days after irradiation for morphologic evaluation of thymus, spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patch, and assessment of the relative numbers of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) cells in these tissues. The absolute and relative numbers of recirculating T and B cells mobilizable by thoracic duct cannulation were also determined and compared with similar determinations with respect to peripheral blood lymphocytes. B cell depletion occurred more quickly and was more pronounced in spleen and lymph node than T cell depletion at all three exposure doses. Depletion of T and B cells was roughly equal in peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph. When present, regeneration of the T cell component occurred more rapidly than did B cell restoration. The latter often was incomplete at the time of the final sacrifice (day 30). PHA-responsive and Con A-responsive cells also appeared to differ with respect to the kinetics of cell death after whole body irradiation.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. IV. Effect of whole body irradiation upon various lymphoid tissues and numbers of recirculating lymphocytes. Groups of 10-week-old female CBA/J mice were exposed in whole body fashion to 0,5,50, and 500 rads and sacrificed in serial fashion 1,3,5,7,9,15, and 30 days after irradiation for morphologic evaluation of thymus, spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patch, and assessment of the relative numbers of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) cells in these tissues. The absolute and relative numbers of recirculating T and B cells mobilizable by thoracic duct cannulation were also determined and compared with similar determinations with respect to peripheral blood lymphocytes. B cell depletion occurred more quickly and was more pronounced in spleen and lymph node than T cell depletion at all three exposure doses. Depletion of T and B cells was roughly equal in peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph. When present, regeneration of the T cell component occurred more rapidly than did B cell restoration. The latter often was incomplete at the time of the final sacrifice (day 30). PHA-responsive and Con A-responsive cells also appeared to differ with respect to the kinetics of cell death after whole body irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:300403", "title": "Neonatal susceptibility to MHV3 infection in mice. I. Transfer of resistance.", "content": "Up to 3 weeks of age, mice of the resistant A/J strain are fully susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection (MHV3). Immune deficiency, however, resulting from neonatal thymectomy or long term ALS administration led A/J animals to remain susceptible when tested at adult age. Whole spleen cells transferred from normal adult A/J donor mice protected suckling syngeneic recipients from i.p. infection with MHV3. Such a protective capacity of spleen cells was abolished after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement. Spleen cell separation by means of adherence to plastic also showed that neither the nonadherent nor the adherent populations injected separately were able to confer resistance to young mice challenged with the virus. Protection was not achieved with peritoneal cells originating from adult syngeneic animals. Transfer of resistance to MHV3 was obtained, however, when peritoneal cells were associated with adherent spleen cells. This study indicated that two types of mature cells, at least, were required for transferring MHV3 resistance into newborn mice of the A/J strain: T lymphocytes and an adherent spleen cell population.", "contents": "Neonatal susceptibility to MHV3 infection in mice. I. Transfer of resistance. Up to 3 weeks of age, mice of the resistant A/J strain are fully susceptible to mouse hepatitis virus type 3 infection (MHV3). Immune deficiency, however, resulting from neonatal thymectomy or long term ALS administration led A/J animals to remain susceptible when tested at adult age. Whole spleen cells transferred from normal adult A/J donor mice protected suckling syngeneic recipients from i.p. infection with MHV3. Such a protective capacity of spleen cells was abolished after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement. Spleen cell separation by means of adherence to plastic also showed that neither the nonadherent nor the adherent populations injected separately were able to confer resistance to young mice challenged with the virus. Protection was not achieved with peritoneal cells originating from adult syngeneic animals. Transfer of resistance to MHV3 was obtained, however, when peritoneal cells were associated with adherent spleen cells. This study indicated that two types of mature cells, at least, were required for transferring MHV3 resistance into newborn mice of the A/J strain: T lymphocytes and an adherent spleen cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:300404", "title": "Mechanisms of B cell tolerance. I. Tolerance to dextran B1355 induced with the oxidized dextran.", "content": "The bacterial dextran B1355, which is normally a potent thymus-independent immunogen, was made tolerogenic by oxidation. The injection of the oxidized dextran into BALB/c mice before, at the same time, or up to 4 days after the injection of the immunogenic form of the dextran resulted in a marked immunologically specific suppression of the number of anti-dextran antibody-forming cells found in the spleen. This suppression resulted from a direct inactivation of antibody-forming cell precursors rather than from either inhibition of antibody secretion or the exhaustive utilization of precursor B cells that have been observed in other tolerance systems. A substantial degree of tolerance was achieved after only a 1-hr in vivo exposure of the spleen cells to the tolerogen. At a dose of 1 mg of oxidized dextran per mouse, tolerance persised for at least 3 weeks. A complete recovery was apparent by 10 weeks. The stability of the tolerance was demonstrated by transferring tolerant spleen cells to irradiated recipients. The response in the recipient animals to an immunogenic dextran challenge remained suppressed. It appears that the tolerogenicity of the oxidized dextran is due to its ability to couple covalently with free amino groups in or near the receptor site of the cell membrane via the reactive dialdehyde groups of the dextran.", "contents": "Mechanisms of B cell tolerance. I. Tolerance to dextran B1355 induced with the oxidized dextran. The bacterial dextran B1355, which is normally a potent thymus-independent immunogen, was made tolerogenic by oxidation. The injection of the oxidized dextran into BALB/c mice before, at the same time, or up to 4 days after the injection of the immunogenic form of the dextran resulted in a marked immunologically specific suppression of the number of anti-dextran antibody-forming cells found in the spleen. This suppression resulted from a direct inactivation of antibody-forming cell precursors rather than from either inhibition of antibody secretion or the exhaustive utilization of precursor B cells that have been observed in other tolerance systems. A substantial degree of tolerance was achieved after only a 1-hr in vivo exposure of the spleen cells to the tolerogen. At a dose of 1 mg of oxidized dextran per mouse, tolerance persised for at least 3 weeks. A complete recovery was apparent by 10 weeks. The stability of the tolerance was demonstrated by transferring tolerant spleen cells to irradiated recipients. The response in the recipient animals to an immunogenic dextran challenge remained suppressed. It appears that the tolerogenicity of the oxidized dextran is due to its ability to couple covalently with free amino groups in or near the receptor site of the cell membrane via the reactive dialdehyde groups of the dextran."}
{"id": "PMID:300405", "title": "Hapten-specific leukocyte migration inhibition. I. Inhibition of cells from animals immunized with DNP-KLH by epsilon-DNP-L-lysine Ficoll.", "content": "Guiena pigs were immunized with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) or with hemocyanin in complete Freud's adjevant. The migration of oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells was measured in the presence and absence of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-lysine-tyrosinyl Ficoll (DNPL-F). When the cells came from animals immunized with DNP-KLH their migration was inhibited by DNPL-F. Control cells from animals immunized with KLH or not immunized migrated normally in the presence of DNPL-F.", "contents": "Hapten-specific leukocyte migration inhibition. I. Inhibition of cells from animals immunized with DNP-KLH by epsilon-DNP-L-lysine Ficoll. Guiena pigs were immunized with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) or with hemocyanin in complete Freud's adjevant. The migration of oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells was measured in the presence and absence of epsilon-dinitrophenyl-lysine-tyrosinyl Ficoll (DNPL-F). When the cells came from animals immunized with DNP-KLH their migration was inhibited by DNPL-F. Control cells from animals immunized with KLH or not immunized migrated normally in the presence of DNPL-F."}
{"id": "PMID:300406", "title": "The quantitative production of interferon by mitogen-stimulated mouse lymphocytes as a function of age and its effect on the lymphocytes proliferative response.", "content": "Interferon production by mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells increases as the age of the cell donor increases and also varies with with the strain of the cell donor. Exogenous interferon added to mouse spleen cell cultures at dose levels known to be produced by the cells causes a reduction in the proliferative response of T cells to mitogen stimulation. Since the spleen cells from old mice respond poorly to mitogen stimulation, it may be possible that the interferon elaborated by these cells is adversely affecting the mitogen assay.", "contents": "The quantitative production of interferon by mitogen-stimulated mouse lymphocytes as a function of age and its effect on the lymphocytes proliferative response. Interferon production by mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells increases as the age of the cell donor increases and also varies with with the strain of the cell donor. Exogenous interferon added to mouse spleen cell cultures at dose levels known to be produced by the cells causes a reduction in the proliferative response of T cells to mitogen stimulation. Since the spleen cells from old mice respond poorly to mitogen stimulation, it may be possible that the interferon elaborated by these cells is adversely affecting the mitogen assay."}
{"id": "PMID:300407", "title": "Regulatory substances produced by lymphocytes. V. Production of inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) by proliferating T lymphocytes.", "content": "The conditions neccessary for production of inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) by rat lymphocytes were investigated. In concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated lymph node cell (LNC) cultures, IDS production was not  detected in the culture supernatant during the first 24 hr, and it increased gradually after that to reach a maximum at 3 to 4 days. When the cells were pretreated with mitomycin C, IDS was not produced, suggesting that DNA synthesis of LNC or a LNC subpopulation is necessary for IDS production. In contrast, Con A-stimulated spleen cells priduced a high level of IDS within 24 hr, and its production  fell off sharply thereafter. Con A-stimulated rat thymocytes also produced IDS reaching a maximum at 2 to 3 dyas. However, thymus cells from rats treated with hydrocortisone 48 hr previously did not produce IDS. This finding implies that cortisol-sensitive (cortical) thymocytes are capable of producing IDS and cortisol-resistant (medullary) thymocytes are not. IDS production by lymphoblasts was proportional to cell number and unaffected eith by cell density (1 to 10 x 106/ml) or by the concomitant presence of normal cells from spleen, lymph node, or thymus. Thus Con A-stimulated cells, after becoming blasts, appear to produce IDS automatically wihtout affecting or being affected by other cells. Both spleen and thymus cells from rats injected with a large dose of antigen (ovalbumin, 100 mg, i.p.) 24 hr in advance produced substantial amounts of IDS in culture within 24 hr in the absence of mitogen or additional antigen, but not the cells from rats injected with an immunizing dose (1 mg) of the same antigen. The cells producing IDS in the spleen were shown to be adherent to glass wool, and those in the thymus were partially so. IDS production by antigen-stimulated spleen cells was abrogated by injecting rats with bromodexyuridine (BUdR) at 0 and 12 hr after the ovalbumin. These findings suggest that a subpopulation ofadherent spleen cells (possibly resembling cortical thymocytes), which begins to proliferate within a few hours after a large dose of systemic antigen, produces IDS. This may account for increased nonspecific suppressor activity observed at the same time.", "contents": "Regulatory substances produced by lymphocytes. V. Production of inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) by proliferating T lymphocytes. The conditions neccessary for production of inhibitor of DNA synthesis (IDS) by rat lymphocytes were investigated. In concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated lymph node cell (LNC) cultures, IDS production was not  detected in the culture supernatant during the first 24 hr, and it increased gradually after that to reach a maximum at 3 to 4 days. When the cells were pretreated with mitomycin C, IDS was not produced, suggesting that DNA synthesis of LNC or a LNC subpopulation is necessary for IDS production. In contrast, Con A-stimulated spleen cells priduced a high level of IDS within 24 hr, and its production  fell off sharply thereafter. Con A-stimulated rat thymocytes also produced IDS reaching a maximum at 2 to 3 dyas. However, thymus cells from rats treated with hydrocortisone 48 hr previously did not produce IDS. This finding implies that cortisol-sensitive (cortical) thymocytes are capable of producing IDS and cortisol-resistant (medullary) thymocytes are not. IDS production by lymphoblasts was proportional to cell number and unaffected eith by cell density (1 to 10 x 106/ml) or by the concomitant presence of normal cells from spleen, lymph node, or thymus. Thus Con A-stimulated cells, after becoming blasts, appear to produce IDS automatically wihtout affecting or being affected by other cells. Both spleen and thymus cells from rats injected with a large dose of antigen (ovalbumin, 100 mg, i.p.) 24 hr in advance produced substantial amounts of IDS in culture within 24 hr in the absence of mitogen or additional antigen, but not the cells from rats injected with an immunizing dose (1 mg) of the same antigen. The cells producing IDS in the spleen were shown to be adherent to glass wool, and those in the thymus were partially so. IDS production by antigen-stimulated spleen cells was abrogated by injecting rats with bromodexyuridine (BUdR) at 0 and 12 hr after the ovalbumin. These findings suggest that a subpopulation ofadherent spleen cells (possibly resembling cortical thymocytes), which begins to proliferate within a few hours after a large dose of systemic antigen, produces IDS. This may account for increased nonspecific suppressor activity observed at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:300408", "title": "Are Actinomyces viscosus antigens B cell mitogens?", "content": "An extracellular heteroglycan (ECHG) and a sonicated cell supernatant (SCS) of Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 induced strong lymphocyte proliferation. This was shown with spleen and thoracic duct cells form germfree rats and confirmed with cells from conventional \"nude\" mouse spleens. Spleen cells developed direct plaque-forming cells against densely coupled TNP-SRBC. The mitogenic property of ECHG was diminished considerably after mild alkaline hydrolysis for lymphocytes form rat spleens and was totally abolished for cells from \"nude\" mouse spleens. These results suggest that ECHG and SCS have B cell mitogenicity.", "contents": "Are Actinomyces viscosus antigens B cell mitogens? An extracellular heteroglycan (ECHG) and a sonicated cell supernatant (SCS) of Actinomyces viscosus Ny 1 induced strong lymphocyte proliferation. This was shown with spleen and thoracic duct cells form germfree rats and confirmed with cells from conventional \"nude\" mouse spleens. Spleen cells developed direct plaque-forming cells against densely coupled TNP-SRBC. The mitogenic property of ECHG was diminished considerably after mild alkaline hydrolysis for lymphocytes form rat spleens and was totally abolished for cells from \"nude\" mouse spleens. These results suggest that ECHG and SCS have B cell mitogenicity."}
{"id": "PMID:300409", "title": "Excretion of DNA by purified human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "A large proportion of DNA synthesized in vitro by human lymphocytes stimulated with plant mitogens or specific antigens is selectively excreted from the cells. To determine if DNA excretion differs among various types of lymphocytes, we examined purified human lymphocyte subpopulations for DNA synthesis and excretion in response to stimulation by L-PHA. The relative proportion of newly synthesized DNA that is excreted by unseparated mononuclear cells, macrophage-depleted cells, T, and B lymphocytes is identical despite great differences in the magnitude of their responses. Low levels of both DNA synthesis and excretion by macrophage-depleted cells and B cells can be increased by reconstitution with macrophages and T cells, respectively. These data indicate that DNA exretion is a general property of lymphocytes stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis by plant mitogens.", "contents": "Excretion of DNA by purified human lymphocyte subpopulations. A large proportion of DNA synthesized in vitro by human lymphocytes stimulated with plant mitogens or specific antigens is selectively excreted from the cells. To determine if DNA excretion differs among various types of lymphocytes, we examined purified human lymphocyte subpopulations for DNA synthesis and excretion in response to stimulation by L-PHA. The relative proportion of newly synthesized DNA that is excreted by unseparated mononuclear cells, macrophage-depleted cells, T, and B lymphocytes is identical despite great differences in the magnitude of their responses. Low levels of both DNA synthesis and excretion by macrophage-depleted cells and B cells can be increased by reconstitution with macrophages and T cells, respectively. These data indicate that DNA exretion is a general property of lymphocytes stimulated to undergo DNA synthesis by plant mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:300410", "title": "Microwaves induce an increase in the frequency of complement receptor-bearing lymphoid spleen cells in mice.", "content": "A single 30-min exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves (12 to 15 mW/g body weight) in an environmentally controlled waveguide facility induced a significant increase in the proportion of complement-receptor positive lymphoid cells in the spleen. This effect was further enhanced by repeated (three times) exposures, which in addition produced a significant increase in the proportion of Ig+ cells. The proportion of theta-positive cells and the total number of spleen cells remained unchanged.", "contents": "Microwaves induce an increase in the frequency of complement receptor-bearing lymphoid spleen cells in mice. A single 30-min exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves (12 to 15 mW/g body weight) in an environmentally controlled waveguide facility induced a significant increase in the proportion of complement-receptor positive lymphoid cells in the spleen. This effect was further enhanced by repeated (three times) exposures, which in addition produced a significant increase in the proportion of Ig+ cells. The proportion of theta-positive cells and the total number of spleen cells remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:300411", "title": "Suppression of natural killer cell activity with radioactive strontium: effector cells are marrow dependent.", "content": "NK cells with lytic capacity for Moloney leukemia virus-induced lymphomas have previously been found to occur spontaneously in spleens from nonimmune adult mice. Here, 89Sr-treatment is shown to suppress NK cell function in adult mice without similarly affecting other cell-mediated immune reactions. Thus, selective 89Sr-sensitivity distinguishes NK cells from other killer cell types. The present results indicate that in vivo a functional bone marrow is needed for generation and maintenance of NK activity.", "contents": "Suppression of natural killer cell activity with radioactive strontium: effector cells are marrow dependent. NK cells with lytic capacity for Moloney leukemia virus-induced lymphomas have previously been found to occur spontaneously in spleens from nonimmune adult mice. Here, 89Sr-treatment is shown to suppress NK cell function in adult mice without similarly affecting other cell-mediated immune reactions. Thus, selective 89Sr-sensitivity distinguishes NK cells from other killer cell types. The present results indicate that in vivo a functional bone marrow is needed for generation and maintenance of NK activity."}
{"id": "PMID:300413", "title": "A microassay for antibody binding to tumor cell surface antigens using 125I-labelled protein a from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A sensitive assay for antibodies bound to the surface antigens of adherent tumor cells using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is described. Cells, as monolayers in microtest wells, are incubated first with immune or control serum, and then with 125I-labelled protein A (IPA), which binds to IgG antibodies bound to cell surface antigens. The IPA assay is shown to be more sensitive than the conventional isotopic antiglobulin (IAG) assay, because IPA binds to a lesser extent to IgG bound non-specifically to cells.", "contents": "A microassay for antibody binding to tumor cell surface antigens using 125I-labelled protein a from Staphylococcus aureus. A sensitive assay for antibodies bound to the surface antigens of adherent tumor cells using protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is described. Cells, as monolayers in microtest wells, are incubated first with immune or control serum, and then with 125I-labelled protein A (IPA), which binds to IgG antibodies bound to cell surface antigens. The IPA assay is shown to be more sensitive than the conventional isotopic antiglobulin (IAG) assay, because IPA binds to a lesser extent to IgG bound non-specifically to cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300416", "title": "Heparin-induced coagulopathy.", "content": "Intravenous heparin, at doses of 3.0 U./gm of body weight, produced an intravascular coagulopathy in rats which was manifested by intestinal tract hemorrhage, a reduction in plasma fibrinogen concentration, a rise in fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, and the absence of a rise in platelet count noted in the control animals. This coagulopathy could not be produced by conventional anticoagulant doses of heparin or the injection of large doses of heparin in the presence of protamine sulfate. Specific studies excluded hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, and endotoxemia as possible etiologic factors. The coagulation abnormalities observed in this study differ from those produced by injection of other polyanionic substances but their precise pathogenesis is still uncertain.", "contents": "Heparin-induced coagulopathy. Intravenous heparin, at doses of 3.0 U./gm of body weight, produced an intravascular coagulopathy in rats which was manifested by intestinal tract hemorrhage, a reduction in plasma fibrinogen concentration, a rise in fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products, and the absence of a rise in platelet count noted in the control animals. This coagulopathy could not be produced by conventional anticoagulant doses of heparin or the injection of large doses of heparin in the presence of protamine sulfate. Specific studies excluded hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, and endotoxemia as possible etiologic factors. The coagulation abnormalities observed in this study differ from those produced by injection of other polyanionic substances but their precise pathogenesis is still uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:300426", "title": "Thymus-dependent lymphoid regions in the spleen of the lizard, Calotes versicolor.", "content": "This paper describes the distribution of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the spleen of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. Our studies reveal the existence of red and white pulp in the spleen. The red pulp consists of collagenous fibrous septae containing lymphocytes, erythrocytes and sinuses. The white pulp is an area enclosed by fibrous septae, containing lymphocytes, reticular cells and arterioles. The region around the arteriole in the white pulp was depleted of lymphocytes either one month after adult thymectomy or after anti-thymocyte serum treatment. The repopulation of this region was observed in sham-thymectomized controls, but not in thymectomized lizards. Therefore, this peri-arteriolar region may be designated as a thymus-dependent area, as described previously in higher vertebrates. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the phylogeny of the immune system.", "contents": "Thymus-dependent lymphoid regions in the spleen of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. This paper describes the distribution of thymus-derived lymphocytes in the spleen of the lizard, Calotes versicolor. Our studies reveal the existence of red and white pulp in the spleen. The red pulp consists of collagenous fibrous septae containing lymphocytes, erythrocytes and sinuses. The white pulp is an area enclosed by fibrous septae, containing lymphocytes, reticular cells and arterioles. The region around the arteriole in the white pulp was depleted of lymphocytes either one month after adult thymectomy or after anti-thymocyte serum treatment. The repopulation of this region was observed in sham-thymectomized controls, but not in thymectomized lizards. Therefore, this peri-arteriolar region may be designated as a thymus-dependent area, as described previously in higher vertebrates. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the phylogeny of the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:300427", "title": "Factors influencing the differential sorption of odorant molecules across the olfactory mucosa.", "content": "By use of a flow dilution olfactometer, tritium-labeled odorants were presented through the external naris to the bullfrog's intact olfactory sac. After stimulation the animal was frozen in liquid nitrogen. The dorsal surface and eminentia of the olfactory sac were then removed and sawed into sections perpendicular to the long axis of the mucosal surface. Each section was dissolved in a tissue solubilizer and counted in a liquid scintillation system. The amount of radioactivity in each section was used to estimate the number of odorant molecules it sorbed. For tritiated butanol there was a significant decrease in radioactivity from the section containing the external naris to that overhanging the internal naris. The steepness of the gradient was unaffected by a rather large range of stimulus flow rates, volumes, and partial pressures. Only when these parameters were pushed to extreme physical limits did this gradient change significantly. When the stimulus was presented through the internal rather than the external naris, the butanol gradient reversed its direction, decreasing from the internal to external. Unlike butanol, tritiated octane presented through the external naris was rather evenly distributed among the mucosal sections. That is, octane showed no distribution gradient across the mucosa. These results complement previous electrophysiological data that suggested a \"chromatographic-like\" differential sorption of odorant molecules across the mucosa.", "contents": "Factors influencing the differential sorption of odorant molecules across the olfactory mucosa. By use of a flow dilution olfactometer, tritium-labeled odorants were presented through the external naris to the bullfrog's intact olfactory sac. After stimulation the animal was frozen in liquid nitrogen. The dorsal surface and eminentia of the olfactory sac were then removed and sawed into sections perpendicular to the long axis of the mucosal surface. Each section was dissolved in a tissue solubilizer and counted in a liquid scintillation system. The amount of radioactivity in each section was used to estimate the number of odorant molecules it sorbed. For tritiated butanol there was a significant decrease in radioactivity from the section containing the external naris to that overhanging the internal naris. The steepness of the gradient was unaffected by a rather large range of stimulus flow rates, volumes, and partial pressures. Only when these parameters were pushed to extreme physical limits did this gradient change significantly. When the stimulus was presented through the internal rather than the external naris, the butanol gradient reversed its direction, decreasing from the internal to external. Unlike butanol, tritiated octane presented through the external naris was rather evenly distributed among the mucosal sections. That is, octane showed no distribution gradient across the mucosa. These results complement previous electrophysiological data that suggested a \"chromatographic-like\" differential sorption of odorant molecules across the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:300428", "title": "Time course and magnitude of effects of changes in tonicity on acetylcholine release at frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "1. The time course for the changes in miniature end-plate potential (min epp) frequency and in epp amplitude produced by alterations in the tonicity of the Ringer at the frog neuromuscular junction was studied. The relations between the tonicity and min epp frequency as well as epp amplitude were also investigated. 2. The change in min epp frequency occurred within 1 min after the start of the change in the tonicity of the extracellular solution. Following a shift to a hypertonic solution, the min epp frequencies were often maintained at a relatively steady, elevated level, even with large (+100 mosM) changes in tonicity. In other instances the elevation was transitory like the reported data for the rat neuromuscular junction. Essentially the same results were obtained in very low Ca2+-Ringer. Unlike the rat neuromuscular junction, the final level after hours of the increased min epp frequency caused by raising the osmolarity by more than 75 mosM was well above the control level. Following the return from a hypertonic to an initial solution there was a prompt decrease in min epp frequency to about the initial level; there was no indication of the transitory depression in min epp frequency following the return from hypertonic solution that has been reported in mammals. 3. Until the osmolarity of the Ringer reached about 420 mosM, the frequency of min epp continued to rise along a line relating log (min epp frequency) to (osmolarity)0.5. When the osmolarity exceeded 460 mosM, the relation started to level off. 4. The hypothesis that the min epp frequency in a Ringer with a given increased tonicity is a fixed multiple of the frequency in normal Ringer is not in accord with the data. 5. The decrease in epp amplitude caused by markedly hypertonic solutions also came about within 1 or 2 min after the start of the change in the tonicity of the solution surrounding the nerve terminal. 6. Hypertonic solutions did not appear to affect facilitation. 7. Below 360 mosM increasing the tonicity of the Ringer had little effect on the amplitude of epp. Above this level the amplitude decreased as the tonicity increased. At a given junction an increase in tonicity in a range above 360 mosM can cause an increase in min epp frequency and a decrease in epp amplitude. 8. The results are discussed in terms of the theories proposed to account for the effects of osmolarity on synaptic function. Two theories--the water flow hypothesis (11) and the barrier of water hypothesis (2)--do not fit with the results. The two other theories--calcium elevation (1) and screening of surface charges (3, 13, 21)--fail to account for important aspects of the results and therfore cannot be accepted without substantial modifications. None of the theories devised to account for the increase in min epp frequency predicts the falloff in frequency and in evoked quantal release that occurs in highly hypertonic solutions.", "contents": "Time course and magnitude of effects of changes in tonicity on acetylcholine release at frog neuromuscular junction. 1. The time course for the changes in miniature end-plate potential (min epp) frequency and in epp amplitude produced by alterations in the tonicity of the Ringer at the frog neuromuscular junction was studied. The relations between the tonicity and min epp frequency as well as epp amplitude were also investigated. 2. The change in min epp frequency occurred within 1 min after the start of the change in the tonicity of the extracellular solution. Following a shift to a hypertonic solution, the min epp frequencies were often maintained at a relatively steady, elevated level, even with large (+100 mosM) changes in tonicity. In other instances the elevation was transitory like the reported data for the rat neuromuscular junction. Essentially the same results were obtained in very low Ca2+-Ringer. Unlike the rat neuromuscular junction, the final level after hours of the increased min epp frequency caused by raising the osmolarity by more than 75 mosM was well above the control level. Following the return from a hypertonic to an initial solution there was a prompt decrease in min epp frequency to about the initial level; there was no indication of the transitory depression in min epp frequency following the return from hypertonic solution that has been reported in mammals. 3. Until the osmolarity of the Ringer reached about 420 mosM, the frequency of min epp continued to rise along a line relating log (min epp frequency) to (osmolarity)0.5. When the osmolarity exceeded 460 mosM, the relation started to level off. 4. The hypothesis that the min epp frequency in a Ringer with a given increased tonicity is a fixed multiple of the frequency in normal Ringer is not in accord with the data. 5. The decrease in epp amplitude caused by markedly hypertonic solutions also came about within 1 or 2 min after the start of the change in the tonicity of the solution surrounding the nerve terminal. 6. Hypertonic solutions did not appear to affect facilitation. 7. Below 360 mosM increasing the tonicity of the Ringer had little effect on the amplitude of epp. Above this level the amplitude decreased as the tonicity increased. At a given junction an increase in tonicity in a range above 360 mosM can cause an increase in min epp frequency and a decrease in epp amplitude. 8. The results are discussed in terms of the theories proposed to account for the effects of osmolarity on synaptic function. Two theories--the water flow hypothesis (11) and the barrier of water hypothesis (2)--do not fit with the results. The two other theories--calcium elevation (1) and screening of surface charges (3, 13, 21)--fail to account for important aspects of the results and therfore cannot be accepted without substantial modifications. None of the theories devised to account for the increase in min epp frequency predicts the falloff in frequency and in evoked quantal release that occurs in highly hypertonic solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:300429", "title": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation and developmental reflexes.", "content": "The changes in motor function in cerebral palsy patients produced by chronic anterior lobe cerebellar stimulation were documented with the Milani-Comparetti developmental scale, which allows comparison betweenfunctional gains and reflex patterns. Two patients with marked motor retardation and primitive reflexes were followed serially over several months of stimulation. Using these measures, the efficiency of chronic stimulation can be assessed, although many years will be needed to evaluate its role in treating motor disabilities.", "contents": "Chronic cerebellar stimulation and developmental reflexes. The changes in motor function in cerebral palsy patients produced by chronic anterior lobe cerebellar stimulation were documented with the Milani-Comparetti developmental scale, which allows comparison betweenfunctional gains and reflex patterns. Two patients with marked motor retardation and primitive reflexes were followed serially over several months of stimulation. Using these measures, the efficiency of chronic stimulation can be assessed, although many years will be needed to evaluate its role in treating motor disabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:300430", "title": "Lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle. Case report.", "content": "The authors present a surgical case of a lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle in a 28-year-old woman.", "contents": "Lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle. Case report. The authors present a surgical case of a lipoma of the cerebellopontine angle in a 28-year-old woman."}
{"id": "PMID:300431", "title": "A nerve stimulator for the cerebellopontine angle. Technical note.", "content": "A fine-tipped bipolar nerve-stimulator probe has been developed and has proved especially useful in intracranial surgery of the cranial nerves.", "contents": "A nerve stimulator for the cerebellopontine angle. Technical note. A fine-tipped bipolar nerve-stimulator probe has been developed and has proved especially useful in intracranial surgery of the cranial nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:300434", "title": "Convective diffusional analysis for drug transport through a tubular polymeric membrane.", "content": "The transport of three p-aminobenzoate esters (ethyl, butyl, and hexyl) through a tubular dimethyl polysiloxane membrane into a flowing liquid was investigated. The tubular configuration permits the exact determination of the convective diffusional contribution to membrane transport with models that account for fluid hydrodynamics. The observed transport behavior ranged from complete convective diffusion control for the hexyl ester to complete membrane control for the ethyl ester; the butyl ester exhibited a change in control with flow rate. The implications of convective diffusional considerations to intestinal absorption and dissolution studies are discussed.", "contents": "Convective diffusional analysis for drug transport through a tubular polymeric membrane. The transport of three p-aminobenzoate esters (ethyl, butyl, and hexyl) through a tubular dimethyl polysiloxane membrane into a flowing liquid was investigated. The tubular configuration permits the exact determination of the convective diffusional contribution to membrane transport with models that account for fluid hydrodynamics. The observed transport behavior ranged from complete convective diffusion control for the hexyl ester to complete membrane control for the ethyl ester; the butyl ester exhibited a change in control with flow rate. The implications of convective diffusional considerations to intestinal absorption and dissolution studies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300436", "title": "Direct comparison of three isotopic release microtoxicity assays as measures of cell-mediated immunity to Gross virus-induced lymphomas in rats.", "content": "Three isotopic release microtoxicity assays--[125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine release assay (IRA), 51Cr release assay (CRA), and [3H]proline release assay (PRA)--have been utilized to measure cell-mediated immunity to (C58NT)D, a Gross virus-induced lymphoma in rats. These studies were designed so that all three assays were done under physical conditions as comparable as possible between the assays. A considerable difference was noted in the ability of one or another target cell to function well in each assay. The tissue culture line of (C58NT)D proved an excellent target cell in the long-term assays, whereas the ascites line was inadequate in these same long-term assays. The monolayer Gross virus-induced tumor cell line ERTh/G was resistant to lysis in the short-term CRA but functioned well in the long-term assays. The autologous and thymus cell controls utilized in these studies were reasonably neutral baseline controls for the evaluation of both normal and immune activity. Although all three assays were capable of measuring both natural and immune activity in this systemthe PRA appeared more sensitive at 24 hours and the IRA at 48 hours, whereas the CRA activity with these target cells was only useful in the short-term assays.", "contents": "Direct comparison of three isotopic release microtoxicity assays as measures of cell-mediated immunity to Gross virus-induced lymphomas in rats. Three isotopic release microtoxicity assays--[125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine release assay (IRA), 51Cr release assay (CRA), and [3H]proline release assay (PRA)--have been utilized to measure cell-mediated immunity to (C58NT)D, a Gross virus-induced lymphoma in rats. These studies were designed so that all three assays were done under physical conditions as comparable as possible between the assays. A considerable difference was noted in the ability of one or another target cell to function well in each assay. The tissue culture line of (C58NT)D proved an excellent target cell in the long-term assays, whereas the ascites line was inadequate in these same long-term assays. The monolayer Gross virus-induced tumor cell line ERTh/G was resistant to lysis in the short-term CRA but functioned well in the long-term assays. The autologous and thymus cell controls utilized in these studies were reasonably neutral baseline controls for the evaluation of both normal and immune activity. Although all three assays were capable of measuring both natural and immune activity in this systemthe PRA appeared more sensitive at 24 hours and the IRA at 48 hours, whereas the CRA activity with these target cells was only useful in the short-term assays."}
{"id": "PMID:300437", "title": "Immunologic function in humans before and after hyperthermia and chemotherapy for disseminated malignancy.", "content": "Multiple immunologic parameters were studied in three patients prior to and after hyperthermia treatment for disseminated malignancy. Two patients had malignant melanoma and received chemotherapy during the hyperthermia treatment. One had adenocarcinoma of the stomach and received no concomitant chemotherapy. Rapid rosettes as a measure of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) were found to increase significantly after therapy (P less than 0.05) both in percentage and absolute numbers. There was no change in the numbers or percentages of other markers for T-lymphocytes or bone marrow-derived B-lymphocytes. Complement profiles revealed a significant decrease in C3 (P less than 0.005) after hyperthermia but no change in levels of other components of the alternate pathway. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and polymorphonuclear cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity were also depressed after hyperthermia. No change was observed in immunoglobulin levels with hyperthermia therapy. Results indicated that hyperthermia may favorably alter the immune balance between tumor and host in selected instances.", "contents": "Immunologic function in humans before and after hyperthermia and chemotherapy for disseminated malignancy. Multiple immunologic parameters were studied in three patients prior to and after hyperthermia treatment for disseminated malignancy. Two patients had malignant melanoma and received chemotherapy during the hyperthermia treatment. One had adenocarcinoma of the stomach and received no concomitant chemotherapy. Rapid rosettes as a measure of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) were found to increase significantly after therapy (P less than 0.05) both in percentage and absolute numbers. There was no change in the numbers or percentages of other markers for T-lymphocytes or bone marrow-derived B-lymphocytes. Complement profiles revealed a significant decrease in C3 (P less than 0.005) after hyperthermia but no change in levels of other components of the alternate pathway. Antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and polymorphonuclear cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity were also depressed after hyperthermia. No change was observed in immunoglobulin levels with hyperthermia therapy. Results indicated that hyperthermia may favorably alter the immune balance between tumor and host in selected instances."}
{"id": "PMID:300438", "title": "Isolated aortic valve replacement in patients older than 65 years.", "content": "The results of 196 isolated aortic valve replacements in patients older than 65 years were analyzed. Eighty-four percent of patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV preoperatively. The operative mortality was 12% for all cases and 9% for elective cases. Actuarial probability of five-year survival was 55% for the entire group and 61% for discharged patients. Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure were the most common causes of early and late postoperative death, respectively. Embolic strokes occurred in 16% of discharged patients and caused substantial disability in 9%. At the termination of the study, 94% of surviving patients were in NYHA class I or II, and none were in class IV. Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients entails reasonable operative risk, and results in satisfactory postoperative rehabilitation.", "contents": "Isolated aortic valve replacement in patients older than 65 years. The results of 196 isolated aortic valve replacements in patients older than 65 years were analyzed. Eighty-four percent of patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV preoperatively. The operative mortality was 12% for all cases and 9% for elective cases. Actuarial probability of five-year survival was 55% for the entire group and 61% for discharged patients. Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure were the most common causes of early and late postoperative death, respectively. Embolic strokes occurred in 16% of discharged patients and caused substantial disability in 9%. At the termination of the study, 94% of surviving patients were in NYHA class I or II, and none were in class IV. Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients entails reasonable operative risk, and results in satisfactory postoperative rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:300447", "title": "Mechanisms of occlusion of saphenous vein--coronary artery \"jump\" grafts.", "content": "Seven patients with 12 end-to-side and eight side-to-side saphenous vein graft-to-coronary artery anastomoses were studied at autopsy. Postmortem coronary arteriograms and serial histologic sections of the anastomoses were performed. Occlusive changes occurring in the coronary arteries tended to be at the ends of the arteriotomy and could be attributed to reduction of arterial circumference from its eversion and utilization in the anastomotic connection, or from thrombosis along the suture line or from both. The mechanisms of arterial occlusion were the same in side-to-side and end-to-side anastomoses. In addition to the occlusive changes at the anastomosis, \"jump\" grafts with two anastomoses were susceptible to rolling or kinking of the graft, apparently as a result of torsion from placement of the side-to-side anastomosis.", "contents": "Mechanisms of occlusion of saphenous vein--coronary artery \"jump\" grafts. Seven patients with 12 end-to-side and eight side-to-side saphenous vein graft-to-coronary artery anastomoses were studied at autopsy. Postmortem coronary arteriograms and serial histologic sections of the anastomoses were performed. Occlusive changes occurring in the coronary arteries tended to be at the ends of the arteriotomy and could be attributed to reduction of arterial circumference from its eversion and utilization in the anastomotic connection, or from thrombosis along the suture line or from both. The mechanisms of arterial occlusion were the same in side-to-side and end-to-side anastomoses. In addition to the occlusive changes at the anastomosis, \"jump\" grafts with two anastomoses were susceptible to rolling or kinking of the graft, apparently as a result of torsion from placement of the side-to-side anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300448", "title": "Occlusive changes at the coronary artery--bypass graft anastomosis. Morphologic study of 95 grafts.", "content": "Ninety-five bypass graft anastomoses in 52 patients dying up to 4 years after direct coronary revascularization were studied at autopsy by angiograms and serial histologic sectioning of the graft-artery anastomosis. When new coronary occlusions and narrowings occurred, they were adjacent to either the proximal or distal ends of the anastomosis and were due to compression or loss of circumference of the arterial lumen (40 per cent), thrombus formation (40 per cent), mural dissection of the coronary wall (8 per cent) or the combination of compression and thrombosis (12 per cent). Small coronary artery diameter, local atheromas, and extension of the arteriotomy into a branch vessel were significant factors predisposing to occlusive changes. The findings emphasize the importance of careful artery selection for bypass, the need to avoid local vascular disease and branch-points, and the technical difficulties encountered in the presence of local vascular lesions or small coronary arteries.", "contents": "Occlusive changes at the coronary artery--bypass graft anastomosis. Morphologic study of 95 grafts. Ninety-five bypass graft anastomoses in 52 patients dying up to 4 years after direct coronary revascularization were studied at autopsy by angiograms and serial histologic sectioning of the graft-artery anastomosis. When new coronary occlusions and narrowings occurred, they were adjacent to either the proximal or distal ends of the anastomosis and were due to compression or loss of circumference of the arterial lumen (40 per cent), thrombus formation (40 per cent), mural dissection of the coronary wall (8 per cent) or the combination of compression and thrombosis (12 per cent). Small coronary artery diameter, local atheromas, and extension of the arteriotomy into a branch vessel were significant factors predisposing to occlusive changes. The findings emphasize the importance of careful artery selection for bypass, the need to avoid local vascular disease and branch-points, and the technical difficulties encountered in the presence of local vascular lesions or small coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:300449", "title": "Left main coronary bypass for aberrant (aortic) intramural left coronary artery.", "content": "This report describes the first saphenous vein bypass graft from the aorta to the left main coronary artery for an aberrant left main coronary artery arising from the anterior sinus of Valsalva. A 20-year-old college student had a cardiac arrest and documented ventricular fibrillation while jogging. He was resuscitated. An anomalous left main coronary artery, arising anteriorly from the right coronary sinus, was demonstrated at operation to be within the wall of the aorta. Following aorta--left main coronary artery bypass with the saphenous vein, results of a stress test were normal, and cardiac catheterization revealed the left coronary system to be entirely supplied by the graft.", "contents": "Left main coronary bypass for aberrant (aortic) intramural left coronary artery. This report describes the first saphenous vein bypass graft from the aorta to the left main coronary artery for an aberrant left main coronary artery arising from the anterior sinus of Valsalva. A 20-year-old college student had a cardiac arrest and documented ventricular fibrillation while jogging. He was resuscitated. An anomalous left main coronary artery, arising anteriorly from the right coronary sinus, was demonstrated at operation to be within the wall of the aorta. Following aorta--left main coronary artery bypass with the saphenous vein, results of a stress test were normal, and cardiac catheterization revealed the left coronary system to be entirely supplied by the graft."}
{"id": "PMID:300450", "title": "Long-term clinical and hemodynamic studies after ventricular aneurysmectomy and aorta-coronary bypass.", "content": "Late clinical and hemodynamic evaluations in 18 patients with ventricular aneurysmectomy and aorta-coronary bypass are presented. Tne patients had significant obstructive lesions in two  major vessels (55 per cent), and 6 had extensive three vessel disease (33 per cent). In 13 patients, 21 aorta-coronary saphenous bypass grafts were performed in addition to aneurysmectomy. The operative mortality rate was 11 per cent. One patient died suddenly 5 months after the operation (one year mortality rate 17 per cent). The 15 surviving patients have been followed up for 12 to 41 months (average 24 months). Clinical results were considered excellent in 2 patients who have been asymptomatic (Class I, N.Y.H.A.). Nine others were considered to have good clinical results (Class II). Five patients have continued to have congestive heart failure and angina on minimal effort (Class III or IV). Six of the 11 patients considered to have excellent or good results underwent postoperative hemodynamic studies 6 to 34 months after the operation. A significant increase in cardiac index was documented in all 6 patients. Paradoxic movement was not detected in any of the postoperative ventriculograms. Five of the seven venous grafts inserted were patent. Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), low cardiac index, and a persistent dyskinetic area in the left ventricle were found in 2 patients considered to have poor clinical results. Clinical and hemodynamic evaluations have shown a significant improvement in most patients surviving ventricular aneurysmectomy. However, postoperative systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, progression of coronary artery disease, transient cerebral ischemic attacks, graft occlusion, arrhythmias, and mitral regurgitation in previously prolapsed mitral valve leaflets account  for progressive disability and limited activity after a successful operation.", "contents": "Long-term clinical and hemodynamic studies after ventricular aneurysmectomy and aorta-coronary bypass. Late clinical and hemodynamic evaluations in 18 patients with ventricular aneurysmectomy and aorta-coronary bypass are presented. Tne patients had significant obstructive lesions in two  major vessels (55 per cent), and 6 had extensive three vessel disease (33 per cent). In 13 patients, 21 aorta-coronary saphenous bypass grafts were performed in addition to aneurysmectomy. The operative mortality rate was 11 per cent. One patient died suddenly 5 months after the operation (one year mortality rate 17 per cent). The 15 surviving patients have been followed up for 12 to 41 months (average 24 months). Clinical results were considered excellent in 2 patients who have been asymptomatic (Class I, N.Y.H.A.). Nine others were considered to have good clinical results (Class II). Five patients have continued to have congestive heart failure and angina on minimal effort (Class III or IV). Six of the 11 patients considered to have excellent or good results underwent postoperative hemodynamic studies 6 to 34 months after the operation. A significant increase in cardiac index was documented in all 6 patients. Paradoxic movement was not detected in any of the postoperative ventriculograms. Five of the seven venous grafts inserted were patent. Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), low cardiac index, and a persistent dyskinetic area in the left ventricle were found in 2 patients considered to have poor clinical results. Clinical and hemodynamic evaluations have shown a significant improvement in most patients surviving ventricular aneurysmectomy. However, postoperative systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, progression of coronary artery disease, transient cerebral ischemic attacks, graft occlusion, arrhythmias, and mitral regurgitation in previously prolapsed mitral valve leaflets account  for progressive disability and limited activity after a successful operation."}
{"id": "PMID:300451", "title": "Measurements of autonomic function before, during, and after transcutaneous stimulation in patients with chronic pain and in control subjects.", "content": "Transcutaneous stimulation (TCS) has been reported to modify peripheral blood flow, skin temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate, all of which are under the influence of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In 20 patients with intractable pain and in 10 control subjects, TCS was not found to alter significantly any of the observed properties of ANS function of control subjects or patients, except to decrease skin impedance in the patient group after the stimulation. Patients reporting pain relief during TCS were found to have significantly higher systolic blood pressure under all test conditions than patients reporting no pain relief (p less than 0.05). No other significant differences were found between these two groups. Finally, in the patients, no significant localized autonomic changes were demonstrated in the painful area by comparison with the homologous body part.", "contents": "Measurements of autonomic function before, during, and after transcutaneous stimulation in patients with chronic pain and in control subjects. Transcutaneous stimulation (TCS) has been reported to modify peripheral blood flow, skin temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate, all of which are under the influence of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In 20 patients with intractable pain and in 10 control subjects, TCS was not found to alter significantly any of the observed properties of ANS function of control subjects or patients, except to decrease skin impedance in the patient group after the stimulation. Patients reporting pain relief during TCS were found to have significantly higher systolic blood pressure under all test conditions than patients reporting no pain relief (p less than 0.05). No other significant differences were found between these two groups. Finally, in the patients, no significant localized autonomic changes were demonstrated in the painful area by comparison with the homologous body part."}
{"id": "PMID:300452", "title": "Neonatal hepatitis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. The prognosis in five patients.", "content": "Five patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ) are reported. All these patients presented with the neonatal hepatitis syndrome and two fo them had developed cirrhosis at ages 5 and 8 years, respectively. Three patients, ages 1, 9 and 21 years, are asymptomatic. The oldest patient, 21 years of age, has only mild histologic changes in the liver. The prognosis for patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ) presenting with neonatal hepatitis is not necessarily grave, a finding that differs from previous observations.", "contents": "Neonatal hepatitis and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. The prognosis in five patients. Five patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ) are reported. All these patients presented with the neonatal hepatitis syndrome and two fo them had developed cirrhosis at ages 5 and 8 years, respectively. Three patients, ages 1, 9 and 21 years, are asymptomatic. The oldest patient, 21 years of age, has only mild histologic changes in the liver. The prognosis for patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ) presenting with neonatal hepatitis is not necessarily grave, a finding that differs from previous observations."}
{"id": "PMID:300459", "title": "Acoustic neuroma causing subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "The case reported in this paper appears to be the first example of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage complicating an acoustic tumour. The only comparable case is one of a pontocerebellar angle tumour, but its histological nature is unstated. The excellent response to surgical management has been gratifying, and the patient has remained well over an extended period of surveillance.", "contents": "Acoustic neuroma causing subarachnoid haemorrhage. The case reported in this paper appears to be the first example of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage complicating an acoustic tumour. The only comparable case is one of a pontocerebellar angle tumour, but its histological nature is unstated. The excellent response to surgical management has been gratifying, and the patient has remained well over an extended period of surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:300460", "title": "High-dose methotrexate therapy.", "content": "Eighty-six adults with malignant disease were given high doses of methotrexate with folinic acid rescue, with acceptable toxicity. Protocal violations in two cases led to death. The results of therapy in some diagnostic groups are encouraging.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate therapy. Eighty-six adults with malignant disease were given high doses of methotrexate with folinic acid rescue, with acceptable toxicity. Protocal violations in two cases led to death. The results of therapy in some diagnostic groups are encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:300468", "title": "Von Willebrand's disease: combined qualitative and quantitative abnormalities.", "content": "Studies of von Willebrand's disease typically show either a quantitative or a qualitative abnormality of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein. In studies of five patients we found a combination of quantitative and qualitative defects. Quantitative abnormalities included decreased levels of procoagulant, antigen and von Willebrand factor activities in the plasma and in the column fractions of cryopercipitate from gel chromatography. Qualitative abnormalities included annormal migration or shape of the crossed antigen-antibody arcs, disproportionate reduction of von Willebrand factor in relation to antigen, altered gel elution patterns of procoagulant, and von Willebrand factor activities the negative carbohydrate stain of the VIII protein on polyacryl-amide-gel electrophoresis and, in two patients, a decreased sialic acid content of factor VIII protein. Our studies indicate that von Willebrand's disease comprises both quantitative and qualitative defects.", "contents": "Von Willebrand's disease: combined qualitative and quantitative abnormalities. Studies of von Willebrand's disease typically show either a quantitative or a qualitative abnormality of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein. In studies of five patients we found a combination of quantitative and qualitative defects. Quantitative abnormalities included decreased levels of procoagulant, antigen and von Willebrand factor activities in the plasma and in the column fractions of cryopercipitate from gel chromatography. Qualitative abnormalities included annormal migration or shape of the crossed antigen-antibody arcs, disproportionate reduction of von Willebrand factor in relation to antigen, altered gel elution patterns of procoagulant, and von Willebrand factor activities the negative carbohydrate stain of the VIII protein on polyacryl-amide-gel electrophoresis and, in two patients, a decreased sialic acid content of factor VIII protein. Our studies indicate that von Willebrand's disease comprises both quantitative and qualitative defects."}
{"id": "PMID:300472", "title": "[The stress ulcer in the neurosurgical disease and the warning data (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve cases of G.I. tract bleeding, treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, were analyzed with the special reference to clinical data before the episode of G.I. tract bleeding. These 12 cases consist of 10 cases of aneurysm, 1 of metastatic brain tumor, and 1 of chronic subdural hematoma. The anterior communicating artery has the majority in the case of aneurysm by 50 per cent. In each case, C.B.C., bleeding time, coagulation time, serum electrolytes, serum glucose, glucosuria, steroid administration, blood pressure, hyperthermia, and water balance were reviewed retrospectively. Only serum glucose showed the specific abnormality with the average of 135 mg/dl (Hoffman method) before the episode of G.I. tract bleeding among them. In 1931, Cushing reported the clinical case of G.I. tract bleeding with intracranial disease and also experimental G.I. tract bleeding, in which discussion he concluded only parasympathetic nerve system has the involvement in the mechanism. In 1952, French, however, certified also the involvement of sympathetic nerve system in G.I. tract bleeding with the experimental results. In addition to this report, many experimental works under the standpoint of hypothalamus involvement in stress ulcer were undertaken. On the other hand, hyperglycemia and glycosuria in the stress have been reported as the results of clinical and experimental works. In 1971, Frohman concluded that only ventromedial nuclei has relation to the control of glycogen metabolism in hypothalamus from his experimental results. We concluded that this hyperglycemia before the evidence of G.I. tract bleeding due to the involvements of hypothalamus or other parts of C.N.S. in the neurosurgical disease is one clinical sign of the stimualtion to sympathetic nerve system that also can be a cause of G.I. tract bleeding, and this hyperglycemia before the evidence of G.I. tract bleeding should be paid attention as a warning datum.", "contents": "[The stress ulcer in the neurosurgical disease and the warning data (author's transl)]. Twelve cases of G.I. tract bleeding, treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University School of Medicine, were analyzed with the special reference to clinical data before the episode of G.I. tract bleeding. These 12 cases consist of 10 cases of aneurysm, 1 of metastatic brain tumor, and 1 of chronic subdural hematoma. The anterior communicating artery has the majority in the case of aneurysm by 50 per cent. In each case, C.B.C., bleeding time, coagulation time, serum electrolytes, serum glucose, glucosuria, steroid administration, blood pressure, hyperthermia, and water balance were reviewed retrospectively. Only serum glucose showed the specific abnormality with the average of 135 mg/dl (Hoffman method) before the episode of G.I. tract bleeding among them. In 1931, Cushing reported the clinical case of G.I. tract bleeding with intracranial disease and also experimental G.I. tract bleeding, in which discussion he concluded only parasympathetic nerve system has the involvement in the mechanism. In 1952, French, however, certified also the involvement of sympathetic nerve system in G.I. tract bleeding with the experimental results. In addition to this report, many experimental works under the standpoint of hypothalamus involvement in stress ulcer were undertaken. On the other hand, hyperglycemia and glycosuria in the stress have been reported as the results of clinical and experimental works. In 1971, Frohman concluded that only ventromedial nuclei has relation to the control of glycogen metabolism in hypothalamus from his experimental results. We concluded that this hyperglycemia before the evidence of G.I. tract bleeding due to the involvements of hypothalamus or other parts of C.N.S. in the neurosurgical disease is one clinical sign of the stimualtion to sympathetic nerve system that also can be a cause of G.I. tract bleeding, and this hyperglycemia before the evidence of G.I. tract bleeding should be paid attention as a warning datum."}
{"id": "PMID:300473", "title": "Extra-axial growth of fourth ventricle tumors - angiographic changes.", "content": "Tumors of the fourth ventricle, particularly ependymomas, may grow out of the ventricular cavity into the cerebellopontine angle cistern and the subarachnoid cisterns. The angiographic changes will then suggest both the intra- and extraventricular location of the tumors. The ependymoma is the most prone of the fourth ventricle tumors to demonstrate this pattern of growth.", "contents": "Extra-axial growth of fourth ventricle tumors - angiographic changes. Tumors of the fourth ventricle, particularly ependymomas, may grow out of the ventricular cavity into the cerebellopontine angle cistern and the subarachnoid cisterns. The angiographic changes will then suggest both the intra- and extraventricular location of the tumors. The ependymoma is the most prone of the fourth ventricle tumors to demonstrate this pattern of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:300474", "title": "Angiographic findings with an intracranial gumma.", "content": "The case of a syphilitic gumma in the cerebellopontine angle is reported. The angiographic appearance of neurosyphilis is similar to that of cerebral inflammatory processes of all varieties. The hypervascularity of the blush shown on angiography is due to hyperemia surrounding the focal necrosis. Vasoconstriction and dilatation may be seen with meningovascular syphilis and gummata. This case showed a focal hypervascularized lesion unlike the avascular lesions described in the textbooks.", "contents": "Angiographic findings with an intracranial gumma. The case of a syphilitic gumma in the cerebellopontine angle is reported. The angiographic appearance of neurosyphilis is similar to that of cerebral inflammatory processes of all varieties. The hypervascularity of the blush shown on angiography is due to hyperemia surrounding the focal necrosis. Vasoconstriction and dilatation may be seen with meningovascular syphilis and gummata. This case showed a focal hypervascularized lesion unlike the avascular lesions described in the textbooks."}
{"id": "PMID:300475", "title": "Propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii was propagated in vitro with primary embryonic chick epithelial lung (CEL) cells. Viability and growth of the organism were demonstrated by direct observation of the reproductive cycle in the Sykes-Moore chamber, serial passage with an increase in the number of mature cysts forms, the cytopathic effect of the organism on cell culture, and inhibition of growth of the organism by specific antiserum and pentamidine isethionate. Attempts to culture P. carinii indefinitely were not successful. However, cyst forms derived from murine and human sources increased 100-fold and 10-fold, respectively, during CEL cell culture passages. Serial passage of trophozoites alone resulted in the development of typical CPE and a maximum number of 2.8 X 10(3) cyst forms. Autoradiographic methods demonstrated active DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis within the cyst and suggest that metabolic interaction between the host cells and the organisms occurred. The nature of the attachment of P. carinii to the host CEL cell was clearly discernible by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the reproductive cycle a vegetative cell (designated \"trophozoite\") attached by tubular expansions to the hhed without entering the cell. Sporozoites developed within the detached young cyst, reaching a maximum number of eight within the mature cyst. Excystment occurred through single or multiple sites in the cyst wall, after which the released trophozoite attached to a new host cell.", "contents": "Propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro. Pneumocystis carinii was propagated in vitro with primary embryonic chick epithelial lung (CEL) cells. Viability and growth of the organism were demonstrated by direct observation of the reproductive cycle in the Sykes-Moore chamber, serial passage with an increase in the number of mature cysts forms, the cytopathic effect of the organism on cell culture, and inhibition of growth of the organism by specific antiserum and pentamidine isethionate. Attempts to culture P. carinii indefinitely were not successful. However, cyst forms derived from murine and human sources increased 100-fold and 10-fold, respectively, during CEL cell culture passages. Serial passage of trophozoites alone resulted in the development of typical CPE and a maximum number of 2.8 X 10(3) cyst forms. Autoradiographic methods demonstrated active DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis within the cyst and suggest that metabolic interaction between the host cells and the organisms occurred. The nature of the attachment of P. carinii to the host CEL cell was clearly discernible by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the reproductive cycle a vegetative cell (designated \"trophozoite\") attached by tubular expansions to the hhed without entering the cell. Sporozoites developed within the detached young cyst, reaching a maximum number of eight within the mature cyst. Excystment occurred through single or multiple sites in the cyst wall, after which the released trophozoite attached to a new host cell."}
{"id": "PMID:300477", "title": "[Major esophageal hemorrhages of unusual origin. A poorly known entity].", "content": "Nine cases of severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage as the presentation of oesophageal lesions are reported. Haemorrhages complicating oesophageal varices, carcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophageal surgery were eliminated from the study, as were haemorrhages associated with hiatal hernias or Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Amongst these 9 cases of severe haemorrhage, 5 were due to an ulcer of the oesophagus, 2 to acute oesophagitis, 1 to rupture of the oesophagus and one to a traumatic aneurysm of the aorta rupturing into the oesophagus. The location and cause of bleeding were determined only 3 times before operation and only when a fibroscopic examination had been carried out. At fibroscopy, an irregular lesion responsible for a severe haemorrhage has every chance of being a benign ulcer and not a carcinoma. Treatment directed at the aetiology was carried out in 6 cases and success obtained in 3 patients. The aetiological diagnosis who was not made in 3 patients, who died. The aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic approach required in such cases of severe haemorrhage of oesophageal origin are considered. In the light of these cases, a possible oesophageal aetiology should be considered as a possible cause of an unexplained severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage. An attempt at proving such a hypothesis by fibroscopy is necessary and, in general, urgent thoracotomy since the bleeding is in most instances of arterial origin.", "contents": "[Major esophageal hemorrhages of unusual origin. A poorly known entity]. Nine cases of severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage as the presentation of oesophageal lesions are reported. Haemorrhages complicating oesophageal varices, carcinoma of the oesophagus and oesophageal surgery were eliminated from the study, as were haemorrhages associated with hiatal hernias or Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Amongst these 9 cases of severe haemorrhage, 5 were due to an ulcer of the oesophagus, 2 to acute oesophagitis, 1 to rupture of the oesophagus and one to a traumatic aneurysm of the aorta rupturing into the oesophagus. The location and cause of bleeding were determined only 3 times before operation and only when a fibroscopic examination had been carried out. At fibroscopy, an irregular lesion responsible for a severe haemorrhage has every chance of being a benign ulcer and not a carcinoma. Treatment directed at the aetiology was carried out in 6 cases and success obtained in 3 patients. The aetiological diagnosis who was not made in 3 patients, who died. The aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutic approach required in such cases of severe haemorrhage of oesophageal origin are considered. In the light of these cases, a possible oesophageal aetiology should be considered as a possible cause of an unexplained severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage. An attempt at proving such a hypothesis by fibroscopy is necessary and, in general, urgent thoracotomy since the bleeding is in most instances of arterial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:300481", "title": "Macromolecular factor VIII complex: functional and structural heterogeneity observed in von Willebrand swine with transfusion.", "content": "The physiologic activities concerned with hemostasis and associated with the Factor VIII macromolecular complex were investigated in swine with von Willebrand's disease after infusion of cryoprecipitate, a lyophilized Factor VIII concentrate, or porcine serum. Immediately after each infusion the various activities antihemophilic factor, von Willebrand platelet aggregating factor, and Factor VIII-related antigen, were elevated in approximate proportion to dose and the bleeding time was shortened.There was a late secondary rise in antihemophilic factor. During the period after infusion, there was a differential fall-off of the various activities, with the bleeding time effect lost first, followed by the von Willebrand platelet aggregating factor and then by the Factor VIII-related antigen. The plasma from swine with von Willebrand's disease late after infusion contained high levels of antihemophilic factor without other detectable activities of the complex. Antihemophilic factor, free of the other components, obtained from plasma from swine with von Willebrand's disease either before or late after infusion eluted from agarose gel columns both as high and lower molecular weight material, unlike normal antihemophilic factor, which had a high molecular weight. In contrast, on ultracentrifugation the antihemophilic factor in these plasma sedimented slowly, even though chromatographically the plasmas contained both high and low molecular weight factor. All of the Factor VIII complex activities in normal porcine plasma sedimented rapidly. These studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of  the Factor VIII complex and the apparent dependence of its chromatographic and sedimentation behavior on the functional activities associated with the complex.", "contents": "Macromolecular factor VIII complex: functional and structural heterogeneity observed in von Willebrand swine with transfusion. The physiologic activities concerned with hemostasis and associated with the Factor VIII macromolecular complex were investigated in swine with von Willebrand's disease after infusion of cryoprecipitate, a lyophilized Factor VIII concentrate, or porcine serum. Immediately after each infusion the various activities antihemophilic factor, von Willebrand platelet aggregating factor, and Factor VIII-related antigen, were elevated in approximate proportion to dose and the bleeding time was shortened.There was a late secondary rise in antihemophilic factor. During the period after infusion, there was a differential fall-off of the various activities, with the bleeding time effect lost first, followed by the von Willebrand platelet aggregating factor and then by the Factor VIII-related antigen. The plasma from swine with von Willebrand's disease late after infusion contained high levels of antihemophilic factor without other detectable activities of the complex. Antihemophilic factor, free of the other components, obtained from plasma from swine with von Willebrand's disease either before or late after infusion eluted from agarose gel columns both as high and lower molecular weight material, unlike normal antihemophilic factor, which had a high molecular weight. In contrast, on ultracentrifugation the antihemophilic factor in these plasma sedimented slowly, even though chromatographically the plasmas contained both high and low molecular weight factor. All of the Factor VIII complex activities in normal porcine plasma sedimented rapidly. These studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of  the Factor VIII complex and the apparent dependence of its chromatographic and sedimentation behavior on the functional activities associated with the complex."}
{"id": "PMID:300482", "title": "Partial chemical characterization of Ia antigens derived from murine thymocytes.", "content": "Previous chemical studies attempting to demonstrate Ia antigens on mouse thymocytes have given contradictory results. We attempted to resolve the question of whether Ia antigens exist on thymocytes (defined as thymus cells that bear a T cell marker) by isolating strain C3H thymocytes free of other contaminating cells using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and then chemically testing the purified populations for Ia antigens. Immunoglobulin-negative thymus cells and thymus cells selected with a rabbit antiserum to mouse brain were the two populations of thymocytes labeled with [3H]leucine after sorting. Radiolabeled proteins were solubilized with the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40, reacted with anti-Ia antiserum, and analyzed by electrophoresis on discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Ia antigens were recovered from both cell populations. These antigens were synthesized by thymocytes and were found on molecules composed of two chains of molecular weight 33,000 and 25,000, respectively, similar to Ia antigens derived from spleen cells. Assuming that all thymocytes bear similar amounts of Ia antigens, we estimated that they have approximately 1/50 the amount of Ia antigens that spleen cells do.", "contents": "Partial chemical characterization of Ia antigens derived from murine thymocytes. Previous chemical studies attempting to demonstrate Ia antigens on mouse thymocytes have given contradictory results. We attempted to resolve the question of whether Ia antigens exist on thymocytes (defined as thymus cells that bear a T cell marker) by isolating strain C3H thymocytes free of other contaminating cells using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and then chemically testing the purified populations for Ia antigens. Immunoglobulin-negative thymus cells and thymus cells selected with a rabbit antiserum to mouse brain were the two populations of thymocytes labeled with [3H]leucine after sorting. Radiolabeled proteins were solubilized with the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40, reacted with anti-Ia antiserum, and analyzed by electrophoresis on discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. Ia antigens were recovered from both cell populations. These antigens were synthesized by thymocytes and were found on molecules composed of two chains of molecular weight 33,000 and 25,000, respectively, similar to Ia antigens derived from spleen cells. Assuming that all thymocytes bear similar amounts of Ia antigens, we estimated that they have approximately 1/50 the amount of Ia antigens that spleen cells do."}
{"id": "PMID:300483", "title": "Heterogeneity of the cytotoxic response of thymus-derived lymphocytes after immunization with influenza viruses.", "content": "Immunization of mice with serologically distinct type A influenza viruses results in development of highly crossreactive populations of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). This can be shown both at the level of effector function and of priming for an enhanced response after challenge with another type A virus. Cytotoxic activity is demonstrable, in both the primary and secondary situations, only for H-2 compatible interactions. Further analysis by competitive inhibition experiments indicates that some of the T cell clones generated are specific for the virus used to immunize, while others are much less restricted. Secondary stimulation may result in preferential stimulation of the crossreactive T cells if the type A viruses used are very different serologically. When more closely related viruses are used, however, some degree of specificity is seen for the challenge virus. Even so, the patterns of crossreactivity observed are complex, and cannot be readily predicted on the basis of known serological relationships between surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of type A influenza viruses.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the cytotoxic response of thymus-derived lymphocytes after immunization with influenza viruses. Immunization of mice with serologically distinct type A influenza viruses results in development of highly crossreactive populations of cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). This can be shown both at the level of effector function and of priming for an enhanced response after challenge with another type A virus. Cytotoxic activity is demonstrable, in both the primary and secondary situations, only for H-2 compatible interactions. Further analysis by competitive inhibition experiments indicates that some of the T cell clones generated are specific for the virus used to immunize, while others are much less restricted. Secondary stimulation may result in preferential stimulation of the crossreactive T cells if the type A viruses used are very different serologically. When more closely related viruses are used, however, some degree of specificity is seen for the challenge virus. Even so, the patterns of crossreactivity observed are complex, and cannot be readily predicted on the basis of known serological relationships between surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of type A influenza viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:300480", "title": "[Simple and rapid heterologous method of radioimmunochemical determination of luteinizing hormone in the blood serum of rats. 1. Basic principles of the method].", "content": "Possibilities of creation of a radioimmunochemical method (RICM) of determination of the luteinising hormone (LH) were studied. The method is based on the application in the binding system of a water-insoluble immunosorbent obtained by copolymerization of antisera with isobutyl ester of chlorocarbonic acid. The antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with a highly-purified LH isolated from sheep hypophyses. The method is rapid and precise, and is carried out in a single stage. Significant results of RICM in the LH determination can be obtained with the minimal two-hour incubation time. Using different amounts of the immunosorbent in the reaction mixture with the same indicator dose of I125-LH it is possible to vary the method sensitivity (from 0.05 to 5 ng/test).", "contents": "[Simple and rapid heterologous method of radioimmunochemical determination of luteinizing hormone in the blood serum of rats. 1. Basic principles of the method]. Possibilities of creation of a radioimmunochemical method (RICM) of determination of the luteinising hormone (LH) were studied. The method is based on the application in the binding system of a water-insoluble immunosorbent obtained by copolymerization of antisera with isobutyl ester of chlorocarbonic acid. The antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with a highly-purified LH isolated from sheep hypophyses. The method is rapid and precise, and is carried out in a single stage. Significant results of RICM in the LH determination can be obtained with the minimal two-hour incubation time. Using different amounts of the immunosorbent in the reaction mixture with the same indicator dose of I125-LH it is possible to vary the method sensitivity (from 0.05 to 5 ng/test)."}
{"id": "PMID:300484", "title": "Cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocytes specific for allogeneic stimulator cells crossreact with chemically modified syngeneic cells.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells cocultured with irradiated allogeneic stimulator cells develop cytolytic effector cells capable of lysing 51Cr-labeled syngeneic trinitrophenyl-derivatized tumor or spleen targets and to a lesser degree unconjugated tumor cells in addition to the allogeneic stimulator cells. Lysis of trinitrophenyl-syngeneic targets was inhibited competitively by cold trinitrophenyl-syngeneic tumor or spleen targets as well as by cells bearing the allogeneic stimulator H-2 haplotype demonstrating the immunological specificity of the interaction. Allogeneic H-2 specificities may, therefore, be considered variants of modified autologous H-2 specificities against which cytolytic thymus-derived clones potentially exist that are capable of exerting immunological surveillance.", "contents": "Cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocytes specific for allogeneic stimulator cells crossreact with chemically modified syngeneic cells. Mouse spleen cells cocultured with irradiated allogeneic stimulator cells develop cytolytic effector cells capable of lysing 51Cr-labeled syngeneic trinitrophenyl-derivatized tumor or spleen targets and to a lesser degree unconjugated tumor cells in addition to the allogeneic stimulator cells. Lysis of trinitrophenyl-syngeneic targets was inhibited competitively by cold trinitrophenyl-syngeneic tumor or spleen targets as well as by cells bearing the allogeneic stimulator H-2 haplotype demonstrating the immunological specificity of the interaction. Allogeneic H-2 specificities may, therefore, be considered variants of modified autologous H-2 specificities against which cytolytic thymus-derived clones potentially exist that are capable of exerting immunological surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:300485", "title": "Biochemical catalysis involving coenzyme B-12: a rational stepwise mechanistic interpretation of vicinal interchange rearrangements.", "content": "A mechanism is proposed for the catalytic action of coenzyme B-12 which is consistent with current knowledge of organometallic reactions and with the experimental data now available from biochemical studies. A key feature of the proposal is an electrocyclic cleavage of the coenzyme that reduces cobalt and also leads to a 1,19-seco-corrin. The seco-corrin serves as a tridentate ligand about Co(I). This arrangement permits the metal to take part in the kinds of organometallic reactions that are ideal for coenzyme B-12 catalysis, including oxidative addition and its reverse, reductive elimination. It is further proposed that the rearrangement steps involve cobaltcarbene complexes.", "contents": "Biochemical catalysis involving coenzyme B-12: a rational stepwise mechanistic interpretation of vicinal interchange rearrangements. A mechanism is proposed for the catalytic action of coenzyme B-12 which is consistent with current knowledge of organometallic reactions and with the experimental data now available from biochemical studies. A key feature of the proposal is an electrocyclic cleavage of the coenzyme that reduces cobalt and also leads to a 1,19-seco-corrin. The seco-corrin serves as a tridentate ligand about Co(I). This arrangement permits the metal to take part in the kinds of organometallic reactions that are ideal for coenzyme B-12 catalysis, including oxidative addition and its reverse, reductive elimination. It is further proposed that the rearrangement steps involve cobaltcarbene complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:300486", "title": "The keloidal diathesis, a resistant state to malignancies?", "content": "We report clinical observations and immunological and laboratory studies whcih suggest that the tendency toward skin malignancies and the keloid diathesis may be two opposing conditions. We conclude that it is quite possible that a keloidal person, armed with a hypersensitive cell-mediated immune response condition and an overactive enzyme system, has a safeguard against acquiring skin malignancies.", "contents": "The keloidal diathesis, a resistant state to malignancies? We report clinical observations and immunological and laboratory studies whcih suggest that the tendency toward skin malignancies and the keloid diathesis may be two opposing conditions. We conclude that it is quite possible that a keloidal person, armed with a hypersensitive cell-mediated immune response condition and an overactive enzyme system, has a safeguard against acquiring skin malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:300487", "title": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of suprasellar masses by intrathecal enhancement.", "content": "Ten suspected suprasellar mass lesions were evaluated by CT cisternography (CTC). In each case the cisterns could be defined. Suprasellar mass lesions were found in six. Precise assessment of the anterior, lateral, posterior, and superior extent, made by metrizamide CTC, was verified at surgery. In two masses the intravenously enhanced scan was not diagnostic, while a lesion was visualized by intrathecal (metrizamide) CT. The major diagnostic entity was an enlarged third ventricle. When a chiasmic lesion is suspected and the conventional scan is negative, metrizamide CTC is the examination of choice.", "contents": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of suprasellar masses by intrathecal enhancement. Ten suspected suprasellar mass lesions were evaluated by CT cisternography (CTC). In each case the cisterns could be defined. Suprasellar mass lesions were found in six. Precise assessment of the anterior, lateral, posterior, and superior extent, made by metrizamide CTC, was verified at surgery. In two masses the intravenously enhanced scan was not diagnostic, while a lesion was visualized by intrathecal (metrizamide) CT. The major diagnostic entity was an enlarged third ventricle. When a chiasmic lesion is suspected and the conventional scan is negative, metrizamide CTC is the examination of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:300488", "title": "Radionuclide skeletal survey for pediatric neoplasms.", "content": "A prospective study comparing the radionuclide skeletal survey with the radiographic survey was performed for 159 children with known primary neoplasm. Forty-four showed radionuclide evidence of metastases, while only 14 had radiographic evidence. Thus, 68% of metastases were discovered by bone imaging alone. No false negative images for metastases were obtained, though there was one false negative image for primary tumor. Radionuclide skeletal survey is recommended as the primary evaluation for bony metastases in all children with neoplasms. Suspect areas should then receive complete radiographic examination.", "contents": "Radionuclide skeletal survey for pediatric neoplasms. A prospective study comparing the radionuclide skeletal survey with the radiographic survey was performed for 159 children with known primary neoplasm. Forty-four showed radionuclide evidence of metastases, while only 14 had radiographic evidence. Thus, 68% of metastases were discovered by bone imaging alone. No false negative images for metastases were obtained, though there was one false negative image for primary tumor. Radionuclide skeletal survey is recommended as the primary evaluation for bony metastases in all children with neoplasms. Suspect areas should then receive complete radiographic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:300489", "title": "Influence of freezing and storage methods on concentrations of brain DOPA and 5 HTP after pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor.", "content": "The concentrations of DOPA and 5 hydroxytryptophan in rat brain were decreased by freezing on dry ice rather than in liquid nitrogen, and by a 5 minute delay in removing and freezing the brain by either method. The effect of post-mortem delay in freezing was greater for 5 HTP than for DOPA.", "contents": "Influence of freezing and storage methods on concentrations of brain DOPA and 5 HTP after pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor. The concentrations of DOPA and 5 hydroxytryptophan in rat brain were decreased by freezing on dry ice rather than in liquid nitrogen, and by a 5 minute delay in removing and freezing the brain by either method. The effect of post-mortem delay in freezing was greater for 5 HTP than for DOPA."}
{"id": "PMID:300490", "title": "[The biochemistry of collagen and the locomotor apparatus. Hereditary diseases of connective tissue and rheumatologic diseases (part 2)].", "content": "In lathyrism, the toxic agent directly blocks the development of the transverse links in the collagen fibre, while in bovine dermatosparaxis there is a deficiency of procollagen peptidase. Of the many clinical forms of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, some are due to a deficiency of lysine oxidase, others to deficiency of lysine hydroxylase and still others to procollagen peptidase deficiency. The essential deficiency in Marfan's disease is still unknown, but that in homocystinuria causes blocking of the groups necessary to form the transverse links. In osteogenesis imperfecta, which is probably a heterogeneous group, there is deficient consolidation of the collagen fibrils, the cause of which is still unknown. One possibility is a quantitative imbalance between chains of different types. In scleroderma there is excessive synthesis of an apparently normal connective tissue; the cause of this is also still unknown.", "contents": "[The biochemistry of collagen and the locomotor apparatus. Hereditary diseases of connective tissue and rheumatologic diseases (part 2)]. In lathyrism, the toxic agent directly blocks the development of the transverse links in the collagen fibre, while in bovine dermatosparaxis there is a deficiency of procollagen peptidase. Of the many clinical forms of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, some are due to a deficiency of lysine oxidase, others to deficiency of lysine hydroxylase and still others to procollagen peptidase deficiency. The essential deficiency in Marfan's disease is still unknown, but that in homocystinuria causes blocking of the groups necessary to form the transverse links. In osteogenesis imperfecta, which is probably a heterogeneous group, there is deficient consolidation of the collagen fibrils, the cause of which is still unknown. One possibility is a quantitative imbalance between chains of different types. In scleroderma there is excessive synthesis of an apparently normal connective tissue; the cause of this is also still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:300493", "title": "Distribution of B, T, and O lymphocytes in blood and tissues of normal humans reflecting a kinetic model.", "content": "The occurrence of the lymphocyte subpopulations TE, BFc, BC3, BFc + C3, BIg, and O-, percentage as well as absolute, was studied in lymphocyte suspensions from tonsils, abdominal lymph nodes, spleens, bone-marrow aspirates, and at the same time in venous blood. The absolute lymphocyte content (number of lymphocytes per g tissue) was highest in the abdominal lymph nodes, lower in the spleens and tonsils, and lowest in the blood. TE lymphocytes were found in the significantly highest percentage, 60%, in the blood. B lymphocytes, comprising BFc + C3 plus BIg, were present in the highest percentage in the bone marrow: 74%. Tonsils, spleens, and abdominal lymph nodes contained fewer B lymphocytes, and the blood fewest: 39%. A significant correlation was found only between the absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes. A relationship between the absolute number of T lymphocytes and the total number of B lymphocytes as well as fractions thereof was thus demonstrated in the various tissues and in the blood and also between the blood and the tissue. O- lymphocytes were found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleens, apparently as markerless precursors of other subpopulations. The main conclusion of the study is: In the lymphocytokinetic system the T lymphocytes must play a guiding role as an afferent vector, trigging the B fractions which thus constitute the efferent vector of the system.", "contents": "Distribution of B, T, and O lymphocytes in blood and tissues of normal humans reflecting a kinetic model. The occurrence of the lymphocyte subpopulations TE, BFc, BC3, BFc + C3, BIg, and O-, percentage as well as absolute, was studied in lymphocyte suspensions from tonsils, abdominal lymph nodes, spleens, bone-marrow aspirates, and at the same time in venous blood. The absolute lymphocyte content (number of lymphocytes per g tissue) was highest in the abdominal lymph nodes, lower in the spleens and tonsils, and lowest in the blood. TE lymphocytes were found in the significantly highest percentage, 60%, in the blood. B lymphocytes, comprising BFc + C3 plus BIg, were present in the highest percentage in the bone marrow: 74%. Tonsils, spleens, and abdominal lymph nodes contained fewer B lymphocytes, and the blood fewest: 39%. A significant correlation was found only between the absolute numbers of T and B lymphocytes. A relationship between the absolute number of T lymphocytes and the total number of B lymphocytes as well as fractions thereof was thus demonstrated in the various tissues and in the blood and also between the blood and the tissue. O- lymphocytes were found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleens, apparently as markerless precursors of other subpopulations. The main conclusion of the study is: In the lymphocytokinetic system the T lymphocytes must play a guiding role as an afferent vector, trigging the B fractions which thus constitute the efferent vector of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:300495", "title": "T-cell regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation in pokeweed (Pa-1)-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "In pokeweed (Pa-1)-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures, T cells are essential for the survival, proliferation, plasma-cell development, and high-rate Ig secretion of B cells. Their effects are T-cell-specific in the sense that B-cell stimulation does not take place in the absence of T cells even when fibroblasts or monocytes are provided. The experimental system is the most effective model for activation of human B lymphocytes so far described. Plasmablast development requires approximately 7 days in culture. In T + B-cell cultures established at 1 X 10(6)/ml (1 X 10(4)/mm2) initial cell density, plasma cells can secrete, on the average, as much as 40-70 pg IgM or IgG per cell per day. When the initial T-cell density is increased well above 1.0 X 10(6)/ml, a T-cell-mediated depression of Ig synthesis becomes predominant. Thus, in the pokeweed model T-cell effects represent a balance of helper and suppressor influences. The study also shows that B cells are heterogeneous. A non-adherent IgG-committed (smIg-?) TONSIL B-cell population seems to be less susceptible to T suppressor effects than normal tonsil B cells. This subset proliferates particularly well and synthesizes large quantities of IgG in the presence of large initial proportions of T cells.", "contents": "T-cell regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis and proliferation in pokeweed (Pa-1)-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures. In pokeweed (Pa-1)-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures, T cells are essential for the survival, proliferation, plasma-cell development, and high-rate Ig secretion of B cells. Their effects are T-cell-specific in the sense that B-cell stimulation does not take place in the absence of T cells even when fibroblasts or monocytes are provided. The experimental system is the most effective model for activation of human B lymphocytes so far described. Plasmablast development requires approximately 7 days in culture. In T + B-cell cultures established at 1 X 10(6)/ml (1 X 10(4)/mm2) initial cell density, plasma cells can secrete, on the average, as much as 40-70 pg IgM or IgG per cell per day. When the initial T-cell density is increased well above 1.0 X 10(6)/ml, a T-cell-mediated depression of Ig synthesis becomes predominant. Thus, in the pokeweed model T-cell effects represent a balance of helper and suppressor influences. The study also shows that B cells are heterogeneous. A non-adherent IgG-committed (smIg-?) TONSIL B-cell population seems to be less susceptible to T suppressor effects than normal tonsil B cells. This subset proliferates particularly well and synthesizes large quantities of IgG in the presence of large initial proportions of T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300491", "title": "Tentative identification of arginine vasotocin in the bovine pineal extract prepared by in the bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method.", "content": "The bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method (BPE-MN) has frog bladder, rat antidiuretic and rat uterine activities susceptible to tryptic digestion. The ratios of these activities are characteristic of arginine vasotocin (AVT). Desalting on Amberlite CG25 and partial purification of BPE-MN by free-flow continuous electrophoresis (FFCE) allow the separation of some fractions with AVT-like biological activities and with a carrier-free electrophoretic mobility similar to the synthetic AVT. The results strongly suggest the presence of AVT in the bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method.", "contents": "Tentative identification of arginine vasotocin in the bovine pineal extract prepared by in the bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method. The bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method (BPE-MN) has frog bladder, rat antidiuretic and rat uterine activities susceptible to tryptic digestion. The ratios of these activities are characteristic of arginine vasotocin (AVT). Desalting on Amberlite CG25 and partial purification of BPE-MN by free-flow continuous electrophoresis (FFCE) allow the separation of some fractions with AVT-like biological activities and with a carrier-free electrophoretic mobility similar to the synthetic AVT. The results strongly suggest the presence of AVT in the bovine pineal extract prepared by the Milcu-Nanu method."}
{"id": "PMID:300496", "title": "Size distribution of in-vitro-induced antigen-specific helper and suppressor cells.", "content": "Specific helper and suppressor cells were induced in vitro with low and high doses, respectively, of protein antigen in Marbrook cultures. On different days of culture the cells from helper and suppressor cultures were size-fractionated by 1-g velocity sedimentation and the different fractions tested for specific activity in secondary co-operative cultures after challenge with protein-hapten conjugate. We observed a change in the size distribution of both helper and suppressor cells during their in vitro differentiation; the first helper and suppressor cell to be detected is a large (blast) cell, whereas later both help and suppression is mediated by medium- and small-sized lymphocytes. A difference between helper and suppressor cells with regard to their relative dependence on DNA synthesis and proliferation during their induction was also seen. Although both DNA synthesis and divisions are needed for the optimal generation of both types of cells, some suppressor activity was still induced in cultures treated with mitosis-arresting concentrations of demecolcine (Colcemid). Treatment of helper cell cultures with Colcemid or with 5-bromodeoxyuridine plus light completely abolished the help.", "contents": "Size distribution of in-vitro-induced antigen-specific helper and suppressor cells. Specific helper and suppressor cells were induced in vitro with low and high doses, respectively, of protein antigen in Marbrook cultures. On different days of culture the cells from helper and suppressor cultures were size-fractionated by 1-g velocity sedimentation and the different fractions tested for specific activity in secondary co-operative cultures after challenge with protein-hapten conjugate. We observed a change in the size distribution of both helper and suppressor cells during their in vitro differentiation; the first helper and suppressor cell to be detected is a large (blast) cell, whereas later both help and suppression is mediated by medium- and small-sized lymphocytes. A difference between helper and suppressor cells with regard to their relative dependence on DNA synthesis and proliferation during their induction was also seen. Although both DNA synthesis and divisions are needed for the optimal generation of both types of cells, some suppressor activity was still induced in cultures treated with mitosis-arresting concentrations of demecolcine (Colcemid). Treatment of helper cell cultures with Colcemid or with 5-bromodeoxyuridine plus light completely abolished the help."}
{"id": "PMID:300498", "title": "Regulation of in vitro immunocyte activation: origin of and targets for cell-released inhibitors.", "content": "Supernatants from incubated normal mouse spleen cells suppressed the DNA synthetic response induced by polyclonal B- and T-cell activators and the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in normal spleen cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects of the supernatants were found to be dependent on the culture system used. The main cell population producing or releasing the inhibitory factors was nonadherent spleen cells, but macrophages and bone marrow cells could also give supernatants with inhibitory effects. Thymocytes did not release any inhibitors under the same conditions. Separation of the supernatants showed that there were at least two factors with inhibitory effects on proliferation in lymphocytes. One of these factors had a molecular weight of less than 10,000 (not degradable by protease) and suppressed activation by all tested polyclonal B- and T-cell activators. Another factor (a protein with a molecular weight of more than 30,000) inhibited activation by some polyclonal B-cell activators (lipopolysaccharide, type III pneumococcal polysaccharide) whereas the proliferation induced by dextran sulfate was less or not at all affected under the same culture conditions. Trivial mechanisms for inhibition by supernatant factors, such as medium depletion, general toxicity, and accumulation of free thymidine in the medium, were excluded.", "contents": "Regulation of in vitro immunocyte activation: origin of and targets for cell-released inhibitors. Supernatants from incubated normal mouse spleen cells suppressed the DNA synthetic response induced by polyclonal B- and T-cell activators and the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in normal spleen cells in vitro. The inhibitory effects of the supernatants were found to be dependent on the culture system used. The main cell population producing or releasing the inhibitory factors was nonadherent spleen cells, but macrophages and bone marrow cells could also give supernatants with inhibitory effects. Thymocytes did not release any inhibitors under the same conditions. Separation of the supernatants showed that there were at least two factors with inhibitory effects on proliferation in lymphocytes. One of these factors had a molecular weight of less than 10,000 (not degradable by protease) and suppressed activation by all tested polyclonal B- and T-cell activators. Another factor (a protein with a molecular weight of more than 30,000) inhibited activation by some polyclonal B-cell activators (lipopolysaccharide, type III pneumococcal polysaccharide) whereas the proliferation induced by dextran sulfate was less or not at all affected under the same culture conditions. Trivial mechanisms for inhibition by supernatant factors, such as medium depletion, general toxicity, and accumulation of free thymidine in the medium, were excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:300499", "title": "Inhibition of spontaneous and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by sera and isolated antiglobulin preparations from rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "Using sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and antiglobulin preparations obtained from such sera, inhibition of human lymphocyte cytotoxicity in antibody-dependent (ADCC) and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions against an allogeneic melanoma cell line (IGR3) has been demonstrated. Fractionation of effector cell preparations indicated that Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were operative in both reactions. Removal of phagocytic and adherent cells from the effector cell population resulted in more pronounced inhibition of SCMC and ADCC reactions by rheumatoid sera. The results indicate that antiglobulin preparations from human sera containing rheumatoid factor activity can effectively block the cytotoxic activity of Fc-receptor-bearing effector lymphocytes (K cells) in vitro. On analogy with the inhibition of ADCC and SCMC reactions by immune complexes and aggregated IgG, antiglobulin complexes present in the antiglobulin preparations are responsible for this effect.", "contents": "Inhibition of spontaneous and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by sera and isolated antiglobulin preparations from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Using sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and antiglobulin preparations obtained from such sera, inhibition of human lymphocyte cytotoxicity in antibody-dependent (ADCC) and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) reactions against an allogeneic melanoma cell line (IGR3) has been demonstrated. Fractionation of effector cell preparations indicated that Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were operative in both reactions. Removal of phagocytic and adherent cells from the effector cell population resulted in more pronounced inhibition of SCMC and ADCC reactions by rheumatoid sera. The results indicate that antiglobulin preparations from human sera containing rheumatoid factor activity can effectively block the cytotoxic activity of Fc-receptor-bearing effector lymphocytes (K cells) in vitro. On analogy with the inhibition of ADCC and SCMC reactions by immune complexes and aggregated IgG, antiglobulin complexes present in the antiglobulin preparations are responsible for this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:300500", "title": "Mechanism of action of suppressor cells. In vivo concanavalin-A-activated suppressor cells do not directly affect B cells.", "content": "The addition of a small proportion (10%) of in vivo concanavalin-A (Con-A)-activated spleen cells to normal spleen cell cultures suppressed the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) but had no effect on the thymus-independent primary immune response to 3,5-dinitro-4-hydroxy-phenacetyl-conjugated lipopolysaccharide. When Con-A-activated cells were added after 24 h, there was no suppression of the anti-SRBC response but rather an enhanced response when few cells were admixed. Con-A-activated cells did not influence activation of normal cells by polyclonal T- and B-cell activators. It is concluded that Con-A-induced suppressor cells do not act on B cells but rather on helper cells (T cells or macrophages) at a very early stage of the immune response to thymus-dependent antigens.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of suppressor cells. In vivo concanavalin-A-activated suppressor cells do not directly affect B cells. The addition of a small proportion (10%) of in vivo concanavalin-A (Con-A)-activated spleen cells to normal spleen cell cultures suppressed the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) but had no effect on the thymus-independent primary immune response to 3,5-dinitro-4-hydroxy-phenacetyl-conjugated lipopolysaccharide. When Con-A-activated cells were added after 24 h, there was no suppression of the anti-SRBC response but rather an enhanced response when few cells were admixed. Con-A-activated cells did not influence activation of normal cells by polyclonal T- and B-cell activators. It is concluded that Con-A-induced suppressor cells do not act on B cells but rather on helper cells (T cells or macrophages) at a very early stage of the immune response to thymus-dependent antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:300501", "title": "[Transplantation antigens: the individual in biology and psychology].", "content": "The persistent defense of biological individuality is explained on the basis of the concept that \"foreign\" and \"self\" are complementary phenomena. Since it is the T-lymphocyte of the immune system which recognizes \"foreign\", its receptor must represent \"self\". How is this accomplished in immunogenetic terms? An intriguing possibility would be the somatic reduplication and amplification of \"self\" through random combinatorial principles by means of exclusion: all receptors are formed, but those directed against \"self\" suppressed while the others (including those identical with \"self\") remain at disposition. In this way, HLA gene products, rather than representing immune receptors themselves, would prime the formation of the immunological repertoire indirectly. The concept that \"self\" plays the role of a template copied by the actual recognition system is supported by elementary information theory. Analogies to other, higher biological information systems such as the brain are drawn. Moreover, since neuroscience and psychology are in fact inseparable, the analogies reach even much further. A common blueprint can be traced from primitive cell to cell interactions through molecular immunology to neurochemistry, psychology and philosophy. Particularly Jung's concept of psychological individuation as the never-ending struggle of the human individual for consciousness would precisely fit the role of \"molecular individuation\" as a means of acquiring the immunological repertoire. In psychological terms \"foreign\" corresponds not only to the outer world (antigens( but also to our own unconscious (antiidiotypic set) resulting in a similar network of mutual interactions between conscious and unconscious much as between idiotypes and anti-idiotypes.", "contents": "[Transplantation antigens: the individual in biology and psychology]. The persistent defense of biological individuality is explained on the basis of the concept that \"foreign\" and \"self\" are complementary phenomena. Since it is the T-lymphocyte of the immune system which recognizes \"foreign\", its receptor must represent \"self\". How is this accomplished in immunogenetic terms? An intriguing possibility would be the somatic reduplication and amplification of \"self\" through random combinatorial principles by means of exclusion: all receptors are formed, but those directed against \"self\" suppressed while the others (including those identical with \"self\") remain at disposition. In this way, HLA gene products, rather than representing immune receptors themselves, would prime the formation of the immunological repertoire indirectly. The concept that \"self\" plays the role of a template copied by the actual recognition system is supported by elementary information theory. Analogies to other, higher biological information systems such as the brain are drawn. Moreover, since neuroscience and psychology are in fact inseparable, the analogies reach even much further. A common blueprint can be traced from primitive cell to cell interactions through molecular immunology to neurochemistry, psychology and philosophy. Particularly Jung's concept of psychological individuation as the never-ending struggle of the human individual for consciousness would precisely fit the role of \"molecular individuation\" as a means of acquiring the immunological repertoire. In psychological terms \"foreign\" corresponds not only to the outer world (antigens( but also to our own unconscious (antiidiotypic set) resulting in a similar network of mutual interactions between conscious and unconscious much as between idiotypes and anti-idiotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:300504", "title": "Photoreceptor outer segments: accelerated membrane renewal in rods after exposure to light.", "content": "The rate of rod outer segment renewal in Rana pipiens tadpoles under constant light and under diurnal conditions of 12 or 2 hours light per day is significantly increased compared to that in animals in darkness. Furthermore, during 24 hours in light after 6 days in darkness the rate of renewal is three to four times that in darkness. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles the rate of renewal is more than five times greater during the first 8 hours of a normal diurnal cycle than during the following 16 hours. These observations demonstrate that bursts of renewal activity occur as a response to light, and suggest that a normal pattern of light alternating with darness plays a fundamental role in the regulation of rod outer segment turnover.", "contents": "Photoreceptor outer segments: accelerated membrane renewal in rods after exposure to light. The rate of rod outer segment renewal in Rana pipiens tadpoles under constant light and under diurnal conditions of 12 or 2 hours light per day is significantly increased compared to that in animals in darkness. Furthermore, during 24 hours in light after 6 days in darkness the rate of renewal is three to four times that in darkness. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles the rate of renewal is more than five times greater during the first 8 hours of a normal diurnal cycle than during the following 16 hours. These observations demonstrate that bursts of renewal activity occur as a response to light, and suggest that a normal pattern of light alternating with darness plays a fundamental role in the regulation of rod outer segment turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:300507", "title": "Infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts.", "content": "Clinical analyses of ten cases of infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts were performed in order to define specific signs or symptoms and thus improve the preoperative diagnosis. There were not symptoms or signs specific for the cysts. When a tumor in the posterior fossa is suspected by ventriculography, vertebral angiography or pneumoencephalography should be performed to exclude the possibility of a cyst, particularly in patients under 20 years of age. Care should also be taken to look for supratentorial cysts, since multiple cysts are found occassionally. It is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic program for each case, depending on the relationship between the cyst and the subarachnoid space and ventricular system. Postoperative follow-up is important, especially in cases in which only excision of the cyst is performed.", "contents": "Infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts. Clinical analyses of ten cases of infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts were performed in order to define specific signs or symptoms and thus improve the preoperative diagnosis. There were not symptoms or signs specific for the cysts. When a tumor in the posterior fossa is suspected by ventriculography, vertebral angiography or pneumoencephalography should be performed to exclude the possibility of a cyst, particularly in patients under 20 years of age. Care should also be taken to look for supratentorial cysts, since multiple cysts are found occassionally. It is necessary to evaluate the therapeutic program for each case, depending on the relationship between the cyst and the subarachnoid space and ventricular system. Postoperative follow-up is important, especially in cases in which only excision of the cyst is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:300509", "title": "Ligation procedures in the management of portal hypertension.", "content": "In the 10 year period from 1964 through 1973, 25 patients bleeding from esophageal varices underwent ligation procedures coupled with splenectomy rather than a shunt. These procedures included the transesophageal and transgastric approaches and extragastric ligations. For patients with normal liver function, the risk of this urgent or emergency surgery is comparatively low (two of 12 patients died). The chance of recurrent hemorrhage is high (nine of nine surviving patients), as is the need for subsequent surgery (eight of nine patients). Nevertheless, despite these drawbacks, nine of these 12 patients (75 percent) are alive, and seven have survived 5 or more years. In patients with cirrhosis, the initial operative mortality rate (three of 12 patients) and the subsequent mortality rate (five additional patients) reflect the greater risk because of liver disease. Only five of 13 patients (38 percent) survive, three of whom are alive 5 or more years. In patients with cirrhosis, the initial operative mortality rate (three of 12 patients) and the subsequent mortality rate (five additional patients) reflect the greater risk because of liver disease. Only five of 13 patients (38 percent) survive, three of whom are alive 5 or more years after their initial surgery. These results indicate that there are situations when ligation procedures are valuable, especially in the noncirrhotic patient.", "contents": "Ligation procedures in the management of portal hypertension. In the 10 year period from 1964 through 1973, 25 patients bleeding from esophageal varices underwent ligation procedures coupled with splenectomy rather than a shunt. These procedures included the transesophageal and transgastric approaches and extragastric ligations. For patients with normal liver function, the risk of this urgent or emergency surgery is comparatively low (two of 12 patients died). The chance of recurrent hemorrhage is high (nine of nine surviving patients), as is the need for subsequent surgery (eight of nine patients). Nevertheless, despite these drawbacks, nine of these 12 patients (75 percent) are alive, and seven have survived 5 or more years. In patients with cirrhosis, the initial operative mortality rate (three of 12 patients) and the subsequent mortality rate (five additional patients) reflect the greater risk because of liver disease. Only five of 13 patients (38 percent) survive, three of whom are alive 5 or more years. In patients with cirrhosis, the initial operative mortality rate (three of 12 patients) and the subsequent mortality rate (five additional patients) reflect the greater risk because of liver disease. Only five of 13 patients (38 percent) survive, three of whom are alive 5 or more years after their initial surgery. These results indicate that there are situations when ligation procedures are valuable, especially in the noncirrhotic patient."}
{"id": "PMID:300510", "title": "Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula.", "content": "A case of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula is presented and the total reported literature of 21 cases is reviewed. Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula is a complication of aortic revascularization with synthetic prostheses. The entity is characterized by erosion of the gastrointestinal tract by an underlying prosthesis but absence of a true fistulous communication with the aortic lumen. It is both a distinct pathologic entity and a step in the formation of a true aortoenteric fistula with suture line involvement. The most frequent clinical manifestations are sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding, but nonspecific abdominal pain is present occasionally as well. The distal duodenum is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract involved most commonly. Diagnostic evaluation should include endoscopy, aortography, and barium contrast studies. Venous and femoral arterial blood cultures also should be done in patients presenting with sepsis. Treatment should consist of either graft excision with extra-anatomic revascularization or graft excision alone when dealing with a previously thrombosed prosthesis.", "contents": "Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula. A case of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula is presented and the total reported literature of 21 cases is reviewed. Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula is a complication of aortic revascularization with synthetic prostheses. The entity is characterized by erosion of the gastrointestinal tract by an underlying prosthesis but absence of a true fistulous communication with the aortic lumen. It is both a distinct pathologic entity and a step in the formation of a true aortoenteric fistula with suture line involvement. The most frequent clinical manifestations are sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding, but nonspecific abdominal pain is present occasionally as well. The distal duodenum is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract involved most commonly. Diagnostic evaluation should include endoscopy, aortography, and barium contrast studies. Venous and femoral arterial blood cultures also should be done in patients presenting with sepsis. Treatment should consist of either graft excision with extra-anatomic revascularization or graft excision alone when dealing with a previously thrombosed prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:300523", "title": "Weak anti-IgA antibodies with limited specificity and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions.", "content": "Anti-IgA antibodies were studied in sera from patients with nonhemolytic transfusion reactions for which no serological reason had been found. Of the 158 sera that were studied by passive hemagglutination assay using twelve IgA myeloma proteins, 4 samples had class-specific antibodies and 10 samples antibodies with limited specificity. Titers were 1:8 or less. 100 multitransfused hemophilia patients were studied with two IgA myeloma proteins. Four of the sera had anti-IgA antibodies. Normal blood donor sera reacted with IgA only when antigens were first either digested with pepsin or stored for several months as dilute solutions in refrigerator. The results emphasize the need for fresh IgA proteins of good quality when human anti-IgA antibodies are investigated.", "contents": "Weak anti-IgA antibodies with limited specificity and nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. Anti-IgA antibodies were studied in sera from patients with nonhemolytic transfusion reactions for which no serological reason had been found. Of the 158 sera that were studied by passive hemagglutination assay using twelve IgA myeloma proteins, 4 samples had class-specific antibodies and 10 samples antibodies with limited specificity. Titers were 1:8 or less. 100 multitransfused hemophilia patients were studied with two IgA myeloma proteins. Four of the sera had anti-IgA antibodies. Normal blood donor sera reacted with IgA only when antigens were first either digested with pepsin or stored for several months as dilute solutions in refrigerator. The results emphasize the need for fresh IgA proteins of good quality when human anti-IgA antibodies are investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:300529", "title": "[Life-threatening generalized varioloid zoster with zoster pneumonia due to combined immunologic deficiency. Increased contagiousness of this disease].", "content": "There is a clear-cut correlation between the clinical course of an herpes zoster and the quality of immune response. A varioloid generalized herpes zoster accompanied by zoster-pneumonia developed in a forty years old female patient with metastasizing breast cancer treated with x-ray and cytostatic drugs. The particularly serious course of this herpes zoster was brought about by combined immune deficiency, consisting of low level of circulating T-lymphocytes (5/mm3) and for a long time lacking rise of complement fixing antibody titer. Under these conditions an enhanced replication and massive haematogenous spread of varicella-zoster virus took place. The increased contagiosity of this case is indicated by a varicella infection in the patient's two children, appearing after a regular incubation period. Patients with cellular or combined immune deficiency are potentially exposed to danger of herpes zoster and may serve as a source of infection for susceptible persons.", "contents": "[Life-threatening generalized varioloid zoster with zoster pneumonia due to combined immunologic deficiency. Increased contagiousness of this disease]. There is a clear-cut correlation between the clinical course of an herpes zoster and the quality of immune response. A varioloid generalized herpes zoster accompanied by zoster-pneumonia developed in a forty years old female patient with metastasizing breast cancer treated with x-ray and cytostatic drugs. The particularly serious course of this herpes zoster was brought about by combined immune deficiency, consisting of low level of circulating T-lymphocytes (5/mm3) and for a long time lacking rise of complement fixing antibody titer. Under these conditions an enhanced replication and massive haematogenous spread of varicella-zoster virus took place. The increased contagiosity of this case is indicated by a varicella infection in the patient's two children, appearing after a regular incubation period. Patients with cellular or combined immune deficiency are potentially exposed to danger of herpes zoster and may serve as a source of infection for susceptible persons."}
{"id": "PMID:300530", "title": "New aspects of the life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii.", "content": "Pneumocystis is recognized as a cause of pneumonitis in vertebrates, including man. So far an extra-cellular life cycle has been proposed; thick-walled cysts are the site of the formation of so-called intracystic bodies. These intracystic bodies are set free and are supposed to develop into free living thin-walled Pneumocysts (\"trophic\" stage) (Seifert and Pliess, 1960; Vavra and Kucera, 1970; Campbell, 1972). In this paper we present, based on elaborative ultrastructural studies, data on the existence of both intra-cellular and extra-cellular stages of the parasite which result in a new proposal for the life cycle of the parasite. This short communication will be followed by a more detailed description of our observations.", "contents": "New aspects of the life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumocystis is recognized as a cause of pneumonitis in vertebrates, including man. So far an extra-cellular life cycle has been proposed; thick-walled cysts are the site of the formation of so-called intracystic bodies. These intracystic bodies are set free and are supposed to develop into free living thin-walled Pneumocysts (\"trophic\" stage) (Seifert and Pliess, 1960; Vavra and Kucera, 1970; Campbell, 1972). In this paper we present, based on elaborative ultrastructural studies, data on the existence of both intra-cellular and extra-cellular stages of the parasite which result in a new proposal for the life cycle of the parasite. This short communication will be followed by a more detailed description of our observations."}
{"id": "PMID:300532", "title": "[Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granulomatosis) of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a 21-year old male with biopsy-proved (primary) isolated Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) localized in the lungs. The disease prefers young males and leads to a non-characteristical fibrosis of the lung in cases of chronical course. Lung biopsy is the only certain method for diagnosis. Morphology, differential-diagnosis and aetiology of this rare disease are also considered.", "contents": "[Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granulomatosis) of the lung (author's transl)]. Report of a 21-year old male with biopsy-proved (primary) isolated Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) localized in the lungs. The disease prefers young males and leads to a non-characteristical fibrosis of the lung in cases of chronical course. Lung biopsy is the only certain method for diagnosis. Morphology, differential-diagnosis and aetiology of this rare disease are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:300535", "title": "[Effects of capsules of Staphylococcus aureus on the rosette formation with B-lymphocytes and macrophages (author's transl)].", "content": "After extraction with guanidium chloride nonencapsulated Staphylococcus aureus (S-Gu) and yeast cells (Hefe-Gu) reduced the hemolytic complement activity of normal human and guinea pig sera much more (fig 1) than encapsulated S. aureus (KS-Gu). Following incubation in the fresh sera S-Gu, Hefe-Gu and guanidinium chloride-extracted S. epidermidis, contrary to KS-Gu, had activated C3 on their surface. Therefore, they formed rosettes with human B-lymphocytes (fig. 2,3,4) and peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs. The adherence-reactions were less frequent. if the pre-incubation was conducted in the heat-inactivated (30 min, 56 degrees C) sera (table 1,2). After pre-incubation in the absence of serum only the protein A-positive S-Gu formed rosettes with B-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effects of capsules of Staphylococcus aureus on the rosette formation with B-lymphocytes and macrophages (author's transl)]. After extraction with guanidium chloride nonencapsulated Staphylococcus aureus (S-Gu) and yeast cells (Hefe-Gu) reduced the hemolytic complement activity of normal human and guinea pig sera much more (fig 1) than encapsulated S. aureus (KS-Gu). Following incubation in the fresh sera S-Gu, Hefe-Gu and guanidinium chloride-extracted S. epidermidis, contrary to KS-Gu, had activated C3 on their surface. Therefore, they formed rosettes with human B-lymphocytes (fig. 2,3,4) and peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs. The adherence-reactions were less frequent. if the pre-incubation was conducted in the heat-inactivated (30 min, 56 degrees C) sera (table 1,2). After pre-incubation in the absence of serum only the protein A-positive S-Gu formed rosettes with B-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300536", "title": "Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog, Rana pipiens I. Tooth morphogenesis.", "content": "In order to determine the intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (functional) parts of the naturally ankylosed tooth, a qualitative study of the development and fate of tooth buds transplanted individually or within the premaxilla was carried out. These teeth were transplanted as autografts during crown formation. They were placed in either the anterior chamber of the eye or in a dorsal subcutaneous site. Most of the 163 transplants survived and were examined at intervals from 0 to 180 days by gross, histologic and microradiographic methods. Tooth buds transplanted with or without the premaxilla were capable of growth to normal size and shape. Lack of underlying bone with which to ankylose and lack of normal oral environment and function did not prevent formation of a normal-sized root area. The root area was composed of dentin and covered by a solid, undisrupted Hertwig's epithelial root sheath which appeared to mold the root. Calcified tissue formed on the outside surface of dentin only when the root sheath was accidentally torn during transplantation.", "contents": "Root formation in ectopically transplanted teeth of the frog, Rana pipiens I. Tooth morphogenesis. In order to determine the intrinsic (genetic) and extrinsic (functional) parts of the naturally ankylosed tooth, a qualitative study of the development and fate of tooth buds transplanted individually or within the premaxilla was carried out. These teeth were transplanted as autografts during crown formation. They were placed in either the anterior chamber of the eye or in a dorsal subcutaneous site. Most of the 163 transplants survived and were examined at intervals from 0 to 180 days by gross, histologic and microradiographic methods. Tooth buds transplanted with or without the premaxilla were capable of growth to normal size and shape. Lack of underlying bone with which to ankylose and lack of normal oral environment and function did not prevent formation of a normal-sized root area. The root area was composed of dentin and covered by a solid, undisrupted Hertwig's epithelial root sheath which appeared to mold the root. Calcified tissue formed on the outside surface of dentin only when the root sheath was accidentally torn during transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:300539", "title": "Ultrastructural and functional aspects of frog heart lesions after isoproterenol.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to explore the possible correlation between the ultrastructural changes and the functional changes induced by isoproterenol (IPR) in the myocardium of the frog. The study was performed on winter frogs (R. pipiens), The experimental animals wend then given 2 daily doses of IPR (200 mg/kg b,w.). Twenty-four hours after the second IPR dose, specimens were taken from the heart ventricle and subjected to electron microscopical examination and to analysis of the isometric force decay in response to anoxia produced by sodium cyanide. Specimens were taken from macroscopically non-damaged portions of the ventricle as well as from aneurysms. Control animals were kept at + 8 degrees C and + 25 degrees C and injected with saline. In all IPR-injected animals the specimens from macroscopically non-damaged parts of the myocardium showed ultrastructural changes characterized by a relative increase in mitochondrial mass and a pronounced reduction of glycogen. Specimens from aneurysms showed similar changes but in some fibres signs of more severe injury were observed such as fragmentation of the cristae of the mitochondria and disintegration of myofibrils. The functional analyses showed that the isometric force decay of the heart muscle strips induced by the respiratory block by cyanide was much greater in specimens from IPR-treated animals than in those from control frogs. The augmented force decay was found in both strips from macroscopically normal parts of the myocardium and in those from aneurysms although it was somewhat greater and more rapid in the latter. The observed, minor functional difference between macroscopically non-damaged portions of the myocardium and aneurysms is remarkable with respect to the different preservation of myofilaments in these regions. This similarity in functional decline could possibly be due to the observed homogenous reduction of glycogen in the IPR-exposed myocardium since glycogen was the only source of ATP under the experimental conditions of current interest.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and functional aspects of frog heart lesions after isoproterenol. The purpose of the present study was to explore the possible correlation between the ultrastructural changes and the functional changes induced by isoproterenol (IPR) in the myocardium of the frog. The study was performed on winter frogs (R. pipiens), The experimental animals wend then given 2 daily doses of IPR (200 mg/kg b,w.). Twenty-four hours after the second IPR dose, specimens were taken from the heart ventricle and subjected to electron microscopical examination and to analysis of the isometric force decay in response to anoxia produced by sodium cyanide. Specimens were taken from macroscopically non-damaged portions of the ventricle as well as from aneurysms. Control animals were kept at + 8 degrees C and + 25 degrees C and injected with saline. In all IPR-injected animals the specimens from macroscopically non-damaged parts of the myocardium showed ultrastructural changes characterized by a relative increase in mitochondrial mass and a pronounced reduction of glycogen. Specimens from aneurysms showed similar changes but in some fibres signs of more severe injury were observed such as fragmentation of the cristae of the mitochondria and disintegration of myofibrils. The functional analyses showed that the isometric force decay of the heart muscle strips induced by the respiratory block by cyanide was much greater in specimens from IPR-treated animals than in those from control frogs. The augmented force decay was found in both strips from macroscopically normal parts of the myocardium and in those from aneurysms although it was somewhat greater and more rapid in the latter. The observed, minor functional difference between macroscopically non-damaged portions of the myocardium and aneurysms is remarkable with respect to the different preservation of myofilaments in these regions. This similarity in functional decline could possibly be due to the observed homogenous reduction of glycogen in the IPR-exposed myocardium since glycogen was the only source of ATP under the experimental conditions of current interest."}
{"id": "PMID:300540", "title": "First pass conjugation and enterohepatic recycling of oxazepam in dogs; intravenous tolerance of oxazepam in propylene glycol.", "content": "Oxazepam dissolved in propylene glycol was administered intravenously to dogs. There were no cardiac or general adverse effects. Hemolysis and thrombophlebitis were observed after rapid infusion (5.6 ml in 1 minute), and were shown to be due to the properties of the vehicle. Comparison of plasma concentration time curves after oral and intravenous administration indicated a bioavailability of 70 +/- 15 S.D. %. The decreased availability after oral dose was considered to be due to first pass elimination as the urinary recovery of metabolites was the same after the two routes of administration. This also indicates complete absorption. In a dog with a chronic biliary fistula 15 mg of oxazepam was given intravenously on two occasions. When normal bile flow into the gut was permitted the disposition of oxazepam was similar to that in normal dogs. When bile was withdrawn the elimination of oxazepam was more rapid with an increase of apparent plasma clearance. In this case 32% of the dose was excreted as conjugates in the bile within 3 hours after administration. In the normal dogs 2-20% of the dose given was recovered in the faeces as the parent compound and practically no conjugates were found. These findings indicate enteral hydrolysis of the conjugates, and a marked enterohepatic recycling or oxazepam.", "contents": "First pass conjugation and enterohepatic recycling of oxazepam in dogs; intravenous tolerance of oxazepam in propylene glycol. Oxazepam dissolved in propylene glycol was administered intravenously to dogs. There were no cardiac or general adverse effects. Hemolysis and thrombophlebitis were observed after rapid infusion (5.6 ml in 1 minute), and were shown to be due to the properties of the vehicle. Comparison of plasma concentration time curves after oral and intravenous administration indicated a bioavailability of 70 +/- 15 S.D. %. The decreased availability after oral dose was considered to be due to first pass elimination as the urinary recovery of metabolites was the same after the two routes of administration. This also indicates complete absorption. In a dog with a chronic biliary fistula 15 mg of oxazepam was given intravenously on two occasions. When normal bile flow into the gut was permitted the disposition of oxazepam was similar to that in normal dogs. When bile was withdrawn the elimination of oxazepam was more rapid with an increase of apparent plasma clearance. In this case 32% of the dose was excreted as conjugates in the bile within 3 hours after administration. In the normal dogs 2-20% of the dose given was recovered in the faeces as the parent compound and practically no conjugates were found. These findings indicate enteral hydrolysis of the conjugates, and a marked enterohepatic recycling or oxazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:300541", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam in healthy volunteers.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam was studied in healthy volunteers. When oral doses of 15 mg were given to eight subjects on two occasions 2.5 years apart the individual areas under the plasma concentration time curves did not differ significantly. Plasma clearance ranged between 0.050 and 0.171 x kg-1 x h-1 and half-lives from 5.9 to 25 hours. The urinary recovery of oxazepam conjugates was 67 +/- 15 S.D.% of the dose given and the total recovery including faecal oxazepam was 70 +/- 15 S.D. %. On multiple dosing (5 mg t.i.d.) stable steady-state concentrations were established. There was a tendency for slightly lower steady-state concentrations than predicted from single oral doses. During steady-state 86 +/- 17 S.D. % of the dose was recovered in the urine over a 24 hour period.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of oxazepam in healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam was studied in healthy volunteers. When oral doses of 15 mg were given to eight subjects on two occasions 2.5 years apart the individual areas under the plasma concentration time curves did not differ significantly. Plasma clearance ranged between 0.050 and 0.171 x kg-1 x h-1 and half-lives from 5.9 to 25 hours. The urinary recovery of oxazepam conjugates was 67 +/- 15 S.D.% of the dose given and the total recovery including faecal oxazepam was 70 +/- 15 S.D. %. On multiple dosing (5 mg t.i.d.) stable steady-state concentrations were established. There was a tendency for slightly lower steady-state concentrations than predicted from single oral doses. During steady-state 86 +/- 17 S.D. % of the dose was recovered in the urine over a 24 hour period."}
{"id": "PMID:300542", "title": "Oxazepam disposition in uremic patients.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam was investigated in 13 uremic patients. The apparent terminal half-life of oxazepam in plasma was 24-91 hours compared to 5.9-25 hours reported elsewhere for healthy volunteers. The plasma concentrations showed secondary peaks about 24 hours after the dose and this probably gave rise to the increase in half-life. Plasma clearance of oxazepam appeared to be normal. The conjugated metabolites accumulated to concentrations 5-50 times those of the parent compound and could still be detected 5 days after a single oral dose (0.2 mg/kg). Renal clearance of conjugated oxazepam was significantly correlated to creatinine clearance. The urinary recovery over 5 days was 18-57%. The faecal recovery of 3 days was 0.1-19%. In some patients up to 49% of oxazepam in faeces was in the conjugated form. It is concluded that enterohepatic recycling of oxazepam might occur in uremic patients but is not of great quantitative importance. During multiple dosing the accumulation of conjugates was even more pronounced, with plasma concentrations amounting to 14-61 times those of oxazepam. Steady-state plasma concentrations of oxazepam was similar to those obtained in normal subjects.", "contents": "Oxazepam disposition in uremic patients. The pharmacokinetics of oxazepam was investigated in 13 uremic patients. The apparent terminal half-life of oxazepam in plasma was 24-91 hours compared to 5.9-25 hours reported elsewhere for healthy volunteers. The plasma concentrations showed secondary peaks about 24 hours after the dose and this probably gave rise to the increase in half-life. Plasma clearance of oxazepam appeared to be normal. The conjugated metabolites accumulated to concentrations 5-50 times those of the parent compound and could still be detected 5 days after a single oral dose (0.2 mg/kg). Renal clearance of conjugated oxazepam was significantly correlated to creatinine clearance. The urinary recovery over 5 days was 18-57%. The faecal recovery of 3 days was 0.1-19%. In some patients up to 49% of oxazepam in faeces was in the conjugated form. It is concluded that enterohepatic recycling of oxazepam might occur in uremic patients but is not of great quantitative importance. During multiple dosing the accumulation of conjugates was even more pronounced, with plasma concentrations amounting to 14-61 times those of oxazepam. Steady-state plasma concentrations of oxazepam was similar to those obtained in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:300543", "title": "Multiple oral doses of diazepam, oxazepam and phenobarbital to dogs--behavioural effects and correlation with antipyrine half-life.", "content": "The effects of prolonged treatment with phenobarbital, diazepam, and oxazepam on behaviour and on the plasma half-life of antipyrine have been studied in the dog. In this species the biotransformation of diazepam and oxazepam is known to be very similar to man. After equipotent doses of phenobarbital (25 mg/kg) and diazepam (35 mg/kg), antipyrine half-life was found to decrease 80 and 40%, respectively, while after treatment with oxazepam (150 mg/kg) there was an increase of 20%. The behavioural effects declined in the dogs during the course of treatment with diazepam but were rather constant during treatment with oxazepam.", "contents": "Multiple oral doses of diazepam, oxazepam and phenobarbital to dogs--behavioural effects and correlation with antipyrine half-life. The effects of prolonged treatment with phenobarbital, diazepam, and oxazepam on behaviour and on the plasma half-life of antipyrine have been studied in the dog. In this species the biotransformation of diazepam and oxazepam is known to be very similar to man. After equipotent doses of phenobarbital (25 mg/kg) and diazepam (35 mg/kg), antipyrine half-life was found to decrease 80 and 40%, respectively, while after treatment with oxazepam (150 mg/kg) there was an increase of 20%. The behavioural effects declined in the dogs during the course of treatment with diazepam but were rather constant during treatment with oxazepam."}
{"id": "PMID:300547", "title": "Effect of long-term vitamin D2 treatment on bone morphometry and biochemical values in anticonvulsant osteomalacia.", "content": "Quantitative morphometric analyses of iliac crest biopsies from 20 epileptic patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy have been performed before and after 4-8 months of vitamin D2 treatment with 9 000 U per day. Biochemical quantities, including serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH), were measured. The anticonvulsant osteomalacia found in the initial bone biopsies was characterized by an increased amount of ummineralized bone, an increased bone resorption and, contrary to vitamin D deficiency, an increased bone mineralization and bone formation. Bone resorption and bone formation were probably equally increased since the amount of cancellous bone was normal. Except for a slight increase in osteoidcovered surfaces and osteoclastic resorption surfaces, the bone changes were normalized after vitamin D2 treatment, leading to a mean serum level of 25-HCC 2.4 times above normal. Serum iPTH was normal before and unchanged during D2 therapy. The urinary calcium excretion remained decreased. The investigation characterizes anticonvulsant osteomalacia as a specific bone disease different from that of vitamin D deects of vitamin D metabolites on receptor cells.", "contents": "Effect of long-term vitamin D2 treatment on bone morphometry and biochemical values in anticonvulsant osteomalacia. Quantitative morphometric analyses of iliac crest biopsies from 20 epileptic patients receiving chronic anticonvulsant therapy have been performed before and after 4-8 months of vitamin D2 treatment with 9 000 U per day. Biochemical quantities, including serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH), were measured. The anticonvulsant osteomalacia found in the initial bone biopsies was characterized by an increased amount of ummineralized bone, an increased bone resorption and, contrary to vitamin D deficiency, an increased bone mineralization and bone formation. Bone resorption and bone formation were probably equally increased since the amount of cancellous bone was normal. Except for a slight increase in osteoidcovered surfaces and osteoclastic resorption surfaces, the bone changes were normalized after vitamin D2 treatment, leading to a mean serum level of 25-HCC 2.4 times above normal. Serum iPTH was normal before and unchanged during D2 therapy. The urinary calcium excretion remained decreased. The investigation characterizes anticonvulsant osteomalacia as a specific bone disease different from that of vitamin D deects of vitamin D metabolites on receptor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300551", "title": "Retinitis pigmentosa: accelerated course of visual loss secondary to exogenous thyroid administration.", "content": "A 30 year old white female with known retinitis pigmentosa of autosomal dominant transmission was placed on thyroid medication for weight control purposes for nearly one year. The unusually rapid progression of visual field changes and the increased severity of night vision problems are documented by serial functional studies.", "contents": "Retinitis pigmentosa: accelerated course of visual loss secondary to exogenous thyroid administration. A 30 year old white female with known retinitis pigmentosa of autosomal dominant transmission was placed on thyroid medication for weight control purposes for nearly one year. The unusually rapid progression of visual field changes and the increased severity of night vision problems are documented by serial functional studies."}
{"id": "PMID:300555", "title": "Left ventricular performance and graft patency after coronary artery-saphenous vein bypass surgery: early and late follow-up.", "content": "Left ventircular performance and graft patency were studied postoperatively at 2 weeks in 19 patients, and at 9 months in 15 patients. At early follow-up, left ventricular ejection fraction and mean rate of circumferential shortening were unchanged for the group as a whole, but were slightly improved in patients who had had a moderately abnormal preoperative ejection fraction of 0.30 to 0.60. At late follow-up, 10 of 14 patients had occluded at least one graft or the proximal segment of the grafted coronary artery and had an associated decrease in ventricular function. The risk of graft occlusion was greater if the preoperative ejection fraction was decreased; seven of 10 patients with a preoperative EF of less than 0.60 suffered one or more graft occlusions, but only three of 16 patients with a preoperative EF greater than 0.60 had a postoperative graft occlusion (p is less than 0.05). The results suggest that bypass graft surgery is not generally indicated as a measure to improve ventricular function in patients with ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance and graft patency after coronary artery-saphenous vein bypass surgery: early and late follow-up. Left ventircular performance and graft patency were studied postoperatively at 2 weeks in 19 patients, and at 9 months in 15 patients. At early follow-up, left ventricular ejection fraction and mean rate of circumferential shortening were unchanged for the group as a whole, but were slightly improved in patients who had had a moderately abnormal preoperative ejection fraction of 0.30 to 0.60. At late follow-up, 10 of 14 patients had occluded at least one graft or the proximal segment of the grafted coronary artery and had an associated decrease in ventricular function. The risk of graft occlusion was greater if the preoperative ejection fraction was decreased; seven of 10 patients with a preoperative EF of less than 0.60 suffered one or more graft occlusions, but only three of 16 patients with a preoperative EF greater than 0.60 had a postoperative graft occlusion (p is less than 0.05). The results suggest that bypass graft surgery is not generally indicated as a measure to improve ventricular function in patients with ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300556", "title": "Effects of amyl nitrite on phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity in man.", "content": "With the use of a Doppler flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft blood velocity was continuously measured during the inhalation of amyl nitrite in 20 closed-chest conscious subjects. Administration of amyl nitrite augmented peak diastolic and systolic graft blood velocity within 10 seconds and maximal blood velocities were recorded between 8 and 60 seconds after inhalation. Control mean (+/- 1 S.D.) bypass graft blood velocity was 25 +/- 10 cm. per second and after amyl nitrite 46 +/- 14 cm. per second, resulting in an average 84 per cent rise of blood velocity. It is concluded that amyl nitrite increases aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity, suggesting a possible enhancement of blood flow to the distal native circulation in patients so operated upon.", "contents": "Effects of amyl nitrite on phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity in man. With the use of a Doppler flowmeter catheter, phasic instantaneous aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft blood velocity was continuously measured during the inhalation of amyl nitrite in 20 closed-chest conscious subjects. Administration of amyl nitrite augmented peak diastolic and systolic graft blood velocity within 10 seconds and maximal blood velocities were recorded between 8 and 60 seconds after inhalation. Control mean (+/- 1 S.D.) bypass graft blood velocity was 25 +/- 10 cm. per second and after amyl nitrite 46 +/- 14 cm. per second, resulting in an average 84 per cent rise of blood velocity. It is concluded that amyl nitrite increases aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity, suggesting a possible enhancement of blood flow to the distal native circulation in patients so operated upon."}
{"id": "PMID:300557", "title": "Sodium nitroprusside as a coronary vasodilator in man. I. Effect of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside on coronary arteries, angina pectoris, and coronary blood flow.", "content": "The effect of the intra-arterial injection of 5 to 10 microng of sodium nitroprusside on the caliber of normal and diseased coronary arteries was evaluated in 21 patients during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In addition, the effect of intra-graft injection of 5 microng of the same agent on the blood flow in aorta-right coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts was also evaluated intra-operatively in two patients. The compound induced an increase in the caliber of both normal and stenosed coronary arteries as well as an increase of flow in the grafts. Consistent with measurements of coronary flow response to sodium nitroprusside, angina pectoris which developed in four patients during cardiac catheterization was immediately relieved and the ischemic ST-segment depression significantly reversed after injection of 5 to 10 microng of the drug into the left main coronary artery. Within the dose range used, the drug caused no significant effect on systemic blood pressure or apparently deleterious electrophysiologic changes. No side effects were observed. We conclude that the primary direct action of sodium nitroprusside in the human coronary artery is vasodilatory.", "contents": "Sodium nitroprusside as a coronary vasodilator in man. I. Effect of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside on coronary arteries, angina pectoris, and coronary blood flow. The effect of the intra-arterial injection of 5 to 10 microng of sodium nitroprusside on the caliber of normal and diseased coronary arteries was evaluated in 21 patients during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In addition, the effect of intra-graft injection of 5 microng of the same agent on the blood flow in aorta-right coronary artery saphenous vein bypass grafts was also evaluated intra-operatively in two patients. The compound induced an increase in the caliber of both normal and stenosed coronary arteries as well as an increase of flow in the grafts. Consistent with measurements of coronary flow response to sodium nitroprusside, angina pectoris which developed in four patients during cardiac catheterization was immediately relieved and the ischemic ST-segment depression significantly reversed after injection of 5 to 10 microng of the drug into the left main coronary artery. Within the dose range used, the drug caused no significant effect on systemic blood pressure or apparently deleterious electrophysiologic changes. No side effects were observed. We conclude that the primary direct action of sodium nitroprusside in the human coronary artery is vasodilatory."}
{"id": "PMID:300558", "title": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease and coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The actuarial survival curves of \"medically treated\" patients whose arteriographic studies demonstrated coronary arterial lesions of various degrees-- now used widt applicable to the asymptomatic patient. No information is available regarding the course or prognosis of the asymptomatic patient with demonstrated lesions in the coronary arteries. For the reasons explained one can propose a hypothesis that the overall prognosis of this type of patient is better than average, probably better than that shown in the best data collected on symptomatic patients. The prophylactic value of aortocoronary bypass operations in preventing myocardial infarction and death has not been established. One can therefore question the justification for the wide case-finding effort of subjecting asymptomatic persons to coronary arteriography, even in light of the low risk of this procedure, unless unusual findings suggest an especially poor prognosis (one example might be past myocardial infarction in a very young patient). Although there are exceptional instances when prophylactic surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients, further investigation of this subject is needed before the procedure becomes generally accepted.", "contents": "Asymptomatic coronary artery disease and coronary bypass surgery. The actuarial survival curves of \"medically treated\" patients whose arteriographic studies demonstrated coronary arterial lesions of various degrees-- now used widt applicable to the asymptomatic patient. No information is available regarding the course or prognosis of the asymptomatic patient with demonstrated lesions in the coronary arteries. For the reasons explained one can propose a hypothesis that the overall prognosis of this type of patient is better than average, probably better than that shown in the best data collected on symptomatic patients. The prophylactic value of aortocoronary bypass operations in preventing myocardial infarction and death has not been established. One can therefore question the justification for the wide case-finding effort of subjecting asymptomatic persons to coronary arteriography, even in light of the low risk of this procedure, unless unusual findings suggest an especially poor prognosis (one example might be past myocardial infarction in a very young patient). Although there are exceptional instances when prophylactic surgery is indicated for asymptomatic patients, further investigation of this subject is needed before the procedure becomes generally accepted."}
{"id": "PMID:300559", "title": "Fine structure of the secretory and nonsecretory ameloblasts in the frog. I. Fine structure of the secretory ameloblasts.", "content": "Amelogenesis in the tooth germs of the frog Rana pipiens was examined by electron microscopy at different stages of tooth development. Cellular changes in secretory ameloblasts during this process showed many basic similarities to those in mammalian amelogenesis. Amelogenesis can be divided into three stages based on histological criteria such as thickness of enamel and the relative position of the tooth germ within the continuous succession of teeth. These stages are early, transitional and late. The fine structure of the enamel-secreting cells reflects the functional role of these ameloblasts as primarily secretory in the early stage, possibly transporting in the late stage and reorganizing between the two functions in the transitional stage. In early amelogenesis the cell exhibits well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, microtubules, dense granules, smooth and coated vesicles, lysosome-like bodies in supranuclear and distal portions of the cell and mitochondria initially concentrated in the basal part of the cell. Numerous autophagic vacuoles are observed concomitant with the loss of some cell organelles at the transitional stage. During late amelogenesis the ameloblasts exhibit numerous vesicles, granules, convoluted cell membranes, junctional complexes and widely distributed mitochondria. Toward the end of amelogenesis, cells become oriented parallel to the enamel surface and the number of organelles is reduced. Amelogenesis in the frog is an extracellular process and mineralization seems to occur simultaneously with matrix formation.", "contents": "Fine structure of the secretory and nonsecretory ameloblasts in the frog. I. Fine structure of the secretory ameloblasts. Amelogenesis in the tooth germs of the frog Rana pipiens was examined by electron microscopy at different stages of tooth development. Cellular changes in secretory ameloblasts during this process showed many basic similarities to those in mammalian amelogenesis. Amelogenesis can be divided into three stages based on histological criteria such as thickness of enamel and the relative position of the tooth germ within the continuous succession of teeth. These stages are early, transitional and late. The fine structure of the enamel-secreting cells reflects the functional role of these ameloblasts as primarily secretory in the early stage, possibly transporting in the late stage and reorganizing between the two functions in the transitional stage. In early amelogenesis the cell exhibits well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, microtubules, dense granules, smooth and coated vesicles, lysosome-like bodies in supranuclear and distal portions of the cell and mitochondria initially concentrated in the basal part of the cell. Numerous autophagic vacuoles are observed concomitant with the loss of some cell organelles at the transitional stage. During late amelogenesis the ameloblasts exhibit numerous vesicles, granules, convoluted cell membranes, junctional complexes and widely distributed mitochondria. Toward the end of amelogenesis, cells become oriented parallel to the enamel surface and the number of organelles is reduced. Amelogenesis in the frog is an extracellular process and mineralization seems to occur simultaneously with matrix formation."}
{"id": "PMID:300560", "title": "Musculoskeletal changes immediately following acupuncture.", "content": "Electrically augmented acupuncture stimulation was applied to two volunteer subjects who presented with a variety of symptoms. The subjects were given osteopathic musculoskeletal examinations immediately before and after acupuncture stimulation. Prior to stimulation, both subjects were found to have musculoskeletal dysfunctions affecting a number of body regions. After acupuncture had been administered at loci selected with reference to traditional methodology, some but not all of the dysfunctions were found to be altered in the direction of normalization. Those which had changed were the ones judged most likely to be related to the symptoms of the subjects.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal changes immediately following acupuncture. Electrically augmented acupuncture stimulation was applied to two volunteer subjects who presented with a variety of symptoms. The subjects were given osteopathic musculoskeletal examinations immediately before and after acupuncture stimulation. Prior to stimulation, both subjects were found to have musculoskeletal dysfunctions affecting a number of body regions. After acupuncture had been administered at loci selected with reference to traditional methodology, some but not all of the dysfunctions were found to be altered in the direction of normalization. Those which had changed were the ones judged most likely to be related to the symptoms of the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:300561", "title": "Electro-acupuncture treatment in psychiatry.", "content": "In the course of treatment by Dr. H.L. Wen's technique of acupuncture for the withdrawal symptoms of various drugs, it was noted that there was a relief of neurotic symptoms, tension, restlessness and depression. Therefore, this treatment was used on neurotic patients. Forty patients ranging in age from 22 to 61 years were treated. Case reports are given on four patients. The degree of relief from neurotic symptoms was most marked in symptoms of restlessness, tension, mental and physical fatigue, loss of appetite and irritability, in that order. Obsessional symptoms showed a poor response. It is concluded that electro-acupuncture is useful in the treatment of neurotic symptoms, that it is cheaper and safer than other methods of treatment in use at this time, and that it is a useful adjunct in the treatment of psychoneurosis.", "contents": "Electro-acupuncture treatment in psychiatry. In the course of treatment by Dr. H.L. Wen's technique of acupuncture for the withdrawal symptoms of various drugs, it was noted that there was a relief of neurotic symptoms, tension, restlessness and depression. Therefore, this treatment was used on neurotic patients. Forty patients ranging in age from 22 to 61 years were treated. Case reports are given on four patients. The degree of relief from neurotic symptoms was most marked in symptoms of restlessness, tension, mental and physical fatigue, loss of appetite and irritability, in that order. Obsessional symptoms showed a poor response. It is concluded that electro-acupuncture is useful in the treatment of neurotic symptoms, that it is cheaper and safer than other methods of treatment in use at this time, and that it is a useful adjunct in the treatment of psychoneurosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300562", "title": "Lightning injury: management of a case with ten-day survival.", "content": "A boy, injured by lightning, had cardiopulmonary arrest. Following resuscitation and during the course of hospitalization, he developed further cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral edema, generalized seizures, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Despite efforts to combat these complications, the patient's condition deteriorated, and he died on the tenth day of hospitalization. The pathologic findings are described and the treatment discussed.", "contents": "Lightning injury: management of a case with ten-day survival. A boy, injured by lightning, had cardiopulmonary arrest. Following resuscitation and during the course of hospitalization, he developed further cardiac arrhythmia, cerebral edema, generalized seizures, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Despite efforts to combat these complications, the patient's condition deteriorated, and he died on the tenth day of hospitalization. The pathologic findings are described and the treatment discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300564", "title": "Risk factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).", "content": "In a genetic-epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) observations adjusted for age, sex, race, and smoking indicate certain factors to be associated with increased pulmonary function aberrancy, and suggest that they are risk factors for COPD. These presumptive \"risk factors\" include not only cigarette smoking, but also alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi system) variation, one or more other familial components, low socioeconomic status (SES), and, in whites, ABO blood type (either absence of \"B\" or presence of \"A\").", "contents": "Risk factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a genetic-epidemiologic study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) observations adjusted for age, sex, race, and smoking indicate certain factors to be associated with increased pulmonary function aberrancy, and suggest that they are risk factors for COPD. These presumptive \"risk factors\" include not only cigarette smoking, but also alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi system) variation, one or more other familial components, low socioeconomic status (SES), and, in whites, ABO blood type (either absence of \"B\" or presence of \"A\")."}
{"id": "PMID:300566", "title": "Pulmonary infiltrates and fever in patients with hematologic malignancy: assessment of transbronchial biopsy.", "content": "Pulmonary infiltrates associated with fever are frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma; In this prospective series, we analyze 47 such episodes in 43 patients. Overall mortality was 45 per cent in patients with infiltrates and somewhat higher when they also had neutropenia (55 per cent) or acute leukemia (67 per cent). Pulmonary infiltrates could be categorized into three roentgenographic patterns: local consolidation (55 per cent); cavitary disease (13 per cent) and diffuse interstitial disease (32 percent). The exact etiology of the infiltrates could not be predicted by roentgenographic study. Microbiologic or histopathologic diagnosis was established during life in 57 per cent of the patients, with infection most commonly encountered. Twenty-one patients underwent lung biopsy procedures. Biopsy specimens were frequently diagnostic (n = 17) and often dictated therapeutic changes (n = 12). Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope was utilized in 14 patients during the latter part of this study; diagnoses were obtained in nine patients. Morbidity was minimal with this procedure, and the need for thoracotomy was diminished when it was available.", "contents": "Pulmonary infiltrates and fever in patients with hematologic malignancy: assessment of transbronchial biopsy. Pulmonary infiltrates associated with fever are frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma; In this prospective series, we analyze 47 such episodes in 43 patients. Overall mortality was 45 per cent in patients with infiltrates and somewhat higher when they also had neutropenia (55 per cent) or acute leukemia (67 per cent). Pulmonary infiltrates could be categorized into three roentgenographic patterns: local consolidation (55 per cent); cavitary disease (13 per cent) and diffuse interstitial disease (32 percent). The exact etiology of the infiltrates could not be predicted by roentgenographic study. Microbiologic or histopathologic diagnosis was established during life in 57 per cent of the patients, with infection most commonly encountered. Twenty-one patients underwent lung biopsy procedures. Biopsy specimens were frequently diagnostic (n = 17) and often dictated therapeutic changes (n = 12). Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope was utilized in 14 patients during the latter part of this study; diagnoses were obtained in nine patients. Morbidity was minimal with this procedure, and the need for thoracotomy was diminished when it was available."}
{"id": "PMID:300567", "title": "Coronary artery aneurysms: study of the etiology, clinical course and effect on left ventricular function and prognosis.", "content": "Coronary artery aneurysms were found in 16 men between 37 and 62 years of age, mean 51 years. Aneurysms were of two types: saccular and fusiform. They involved the right coronary artery in 13 (87 per cent), the circumflex artery in eight (50 per cent) and the left anterior descending artery in five (31 per cent). In some patients, more than one vessel was involved. Twelve patients presented with angina pectoris, three with congestive heart failure and one with both. Five were in functional class II, eight were in class III and three were in class IV at the beginning of the study. The electrocardiogram showed evidence of previous myocardial infarction in four patients; four patients had left ventricular hypertrophy, one had left axis deviation, one had left  bundle branch block, one had right bundle branch block, two had first degree atrioventricular block and seven had abnormalities in the S-T segment and T wave. Obstructive coronary disease was present in all; the obstruction score was from 1 to 4 in three patients, from 5 to 9 in four patients and from 10 to 14 in the remaining nine. Similar aneurysms were found in the pulmonary artery of one patient and in the abdominal aorta of three patients; in seven of 14 patients with adequate venous angiograms, varicosities of the coronary venous tree were observed. Left ventricular dysfunction and angina pectoris were noted in patients with significant obstructive coronary disease (greater than 70 per cent) and also in patients without obstruction but with coronary aneurysms. Ten patients were treated surgically; nine underwent aortocoronary bypass and one mitral valve replacement. Criteria for bypass was the presence of obstructive disease and medically unresponsive angina pectoris. All but one surgically treated patient showed improvement. The functional class in medically treated patients was unchanged. Fourteen patients were still alive at the completion of the study. The findings of this study suggest that angina pectoris and left ventricular dysfunction can occur with coronary artery aneurysm without coronary artery obstructions. Coronary aneurysms may be a subset of atherosclerosis, and this process may involve other vascular territories. The prognosis in those patients appears to be no worse than in patients with obstructive coronary disease and no aneurysms.", "contents": "Coronary artery aneurysms: study of the etiology, clinical course and effect on left ventricular function and prognosis. Coronary artery aneurysms were found in 16 men between 37 and 62 years of age, mean 51 years. Aneurysms were of two types: saccular and fusiform. They involved the right coronary artery in 13 (87 per cent), the circumflex artery in eight (50 per cent) and the left anterior descending artery in five (31 per cent). In some patients, more than one vessel was involved. Twelve patients presented with angina pectoris, three with congestive heart failure and one with both. Five were in functional class II, eight were in class III and three were in class IV at the beginning of the study. The electrocardiogram showed evidence of previous myocardial infarction in four patients; four patients had left ventricular hypertrophy, one had left axis deviation, one had left  bundle branch block, one had right bundle branch block, two had first degree atrioventricular block and seven had abnormalities in the S-T segment and T wave. Obstructive coronary disease was present in all; the obstruction score was from 1 to 4 in three patients, from 5 to 9 in four patients and from 10 to 14 in the remaining nine. Similar aneurysms were found in the pulmonary artery of one patient and in the abdominal aorta of three patients; in seven of 14 patients with adequate venous angiograms, varicosities of the coronary venous tree were observed. Left ventricular dysfunction and angina pectoris were noted in patients with significant obstructive coronary disease (greater than 70 per cent) and also in patients without obstruction but with coronary aneurysms. Ten patients were treated surgically; nine underwent aortocoronary bypass and one mitral valve replacement. Criteria for bypass was the presence of obstructive disease and medically unresponsive angina pectoris. All but one surgically treated patient showed improvement. The functional class in medically treated patients was unchanged. Fourteen patients were still alive at the completion of the study. The findings of this study suggest that angina pectoris and left ventricular dysfunction can occur with coronary artery aneurysm without coronary artery obstructions. Coronary aneurysms may be a subset of atherosclerosis, and this process may involve other vascular territories. The prognosis in those patients appears to be no worse than in patients with obstructive coronary disease and no aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:300569", "title": "Surgery for duodenal ulcer. A study relating indications to the results of surgery.", "content": "The present study correlates the indications for operation in 215 patients with duodenal ulcer disease with the results of operative management. The majority of patients had conservative surgery utilizing truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy. None of the 194 patients operated on electively died and four patients died after emergency operations, for an overall operative mortality in the entire series of 1.8 per cent. The incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms in all patients was 10 per cent. We could demonstrate only a modest correlation between indications for operation and long-term results of conservative surgical management; the indication for surgery, whether that of chronic (intractability, stenosis) or more acute (hemorrhage, perforation) ulcer disease is only moderately reliable as a predictor of long-term results. In this series of patients, those with obstructing duodenal ulcers (pyloric stenosis) had the best long-term results after conservative surgical management.", "contents": "Surgery for duodenal ulcer. A study relating indications to the results of surgery. The present study correlates the indications for operation in 215 patients with duodenal ulcer disease with the results of operative management. The majority of patients had conservative surgery utilizing truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy. None of the 194 patients operated on electively died and four patients died after emergency operations, for an overall operative mortality in the entire series of 1.8 per cent. The incidence of recurrent ulcer symptoms in all patients was 10 per cent. We could demonstrate only a modest correlation between indications for operation and long-term results of conservative surgical management; the indication for surgery, whether that of chronic (intractability, stenosis) or more acute (hemorrhage, perforation) ulcer disease is only moderately reliable as a predictor of long-term results. In this series of patients, those with obstructing duodenal ulcers (pyloric stenosis) had the best long-term results after conservative surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:300570", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment for childhood sarcoma.", "content": "Surgical extirpation of the primary tumor has traditionally been utilized as initial treatment for sarcomas in children. The present report, however, demonstrates that sarcomas are optimally treated by means of a coordianted multidisciplinary approach. The latter offers the potential for achieving improved survival and preservation of organs and limbs, particularly for structures of the head and neck, for extremities, and in the genitourinary system.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment for childhood sarcoma. Surgical extirpation of the primary tumor has traditionally been utilized as initial treatment for sarcomas in children. The present report, however, demonstrates that sarcomas are optimally treated by means of a coordianted multidisciplinary approach. The latter offers the potential for achieving improved survival and preservation of organs and limbs, particularly for structures of the head and neck, for extremities, and in the genitourinary system."}
{"id": "PMID:300571", "title": "The treatment of patients with recurrent ventricular fibrillation.", "content": "During the four year period from 1972 to 1975, eleven patients, eight with recurrent and three with first attacks of ventricular fibrillation, underwent aortocoronary bypass graft and/or resection of ventricular aneurysm. All patients had old myocardial infarction from seven weeks to six years. Left ventricular angiography demonstrated discrete aneurysm of the anterior wall of the left ventricle in nine of the patients and akinesis or hypokinesis of the anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle in the remaining two. Coronary angiography was carried out in ten patients and revealed significant disease of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries in ten and nine patients, respectively. There was no operative mortality, and there were two late deaths. Eight patients have improved significantly and have had no further sign of ventricular irritability. The present study indicates that aortocoronary bypass graft and/or resection of ventricular aneurysm is an effective method of therapy for patients with repeacted ventricular fibrillation who have ventricular aneurysm and ischemic heart disease.", "contents": "The treatment of patients with recurrent ventricular fibrillation. During the four year period from 1972 to 1975, eleven patients, eight with recurrent and three with first attacks of ventricular fibrillation, underwent aortocoronary bypass graft and/or resection of ventricular aneurysm. All patients had old myocardial infarction from seven weeks to six years. Left ventricular angiography demonstrated discrete aneurysm of the anterior wall of the left ventricle in nine of the patients and akinesis or hypokinesis of the anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle in the remaining two. Coronary angiography was carried out in ten patients and revealed significant disease of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries in ten and nine patients, respectively. There was no operative mortality, and there were two late deaths. Eight patients have improved significantly and have had no further sign of ventricular irritability. The present study indicates that aortocoronary bypass graft and/or resection of ventricular aneurysm is an effective method of therapy for patients with repeacted ventricular fibrillation who have ventricular aneurysm and ischemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:300572", "title": "Preoperative intra-aortic balloon assist in high risk revascularization patients.", "content": "Sixty-five high risk myocardial revascularization patients had preoperative IABP with two operative deaths. Only six patients needed rapid institution of cardiopulmonary bypass after anesthesia induction despite marked blood pressure drop in half the patients. There were only two instances of postpump power failure. Preoperative IABP is a valid method of limiting morbidity associated with coronary surgery in high risk patients.", "contents": "Preoperative intra-aortic balloon assist in high risk revascularization patients. Sixty-five high risk myocardial revascularization patients had preoperative IABP with two operative deaths. Only six patients needed rapid institution of cardiopulmonary bypass after anesthesia induction despite marked blood pressure drop in half the patients. There were only two instances of postpump power failure. Preoperative IABP is a valid method of limiting morbidity associated with coronary surgery in high risk patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300568", "title": "The incidence and clinical significance of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens.", "content": "Sera from 378 patients were assayed for antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and nonnucleoprotein (Sm). Anti-ENA antibodies were not found in control subjects, patients with rheumatic diseases and negative fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (FANA), or in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, drug-induced lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), or hemolytic anemia with positive FANA. Anti-Sm antibodies were found in 32 per cent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and were not found in any other condition. There were no significant clinical or serological differences between patients with and without anti-Sm antibodies. Anti-RNP antibodies occurred in 15 per cent of SLE patients, 9 per cent of scleroderma patients, and in 100 per cent of patients with mixed connective tissue disease. SLE patients with anti-RNP antibodies had a significantly lower anti-DNA antibody titer and a significantly lower incidence of nephritis and impaired renal function. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP titers did not vary with changes in clinical status. Awareness of the presence of anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies is diagnostically useful. Anti-RNP antibodies have a prognostic value as well.", "contents": "The incidence and clinical significance of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens. Sera from 378 patients were assayed for antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and nonnucleoprotein (Sm). Anti-ENA antibodies were not found in control subjects, patients with rheumatic diseases and negative fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (FANA), or in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, drug-induced lupus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), or hemolytic anemia with positive FANA. Anti-Sm antibodies were found in 32 per cent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and were not found in any other condition. There were no significant clinical or serological differences between patients with and without anti-Sm antibodies. Anti-RNP antibodies occurred in 15 per cent of SLE patients, 9 per cent of scleroderma patients, and in 100 per cent of patients with mixed connective tissue disease. SLE patients with anti-RNP antibodies had a significantly lower anti-DNA antibody titer and a significantly lower incidence of nephritis and impaired renal function. Anti-Sm and anti-RNP titers did not vary with changes in clinical status. Awareness of the presence of anti-Sm and anti-RNP antibodies is diagnostically useful. Anti-RNP antibodies have a prognostic value as well."}
{"id": "PMID:300573", "title": "[Seesaw nystagmus: symptom of a biochemical disorder (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of the rare seesaw nystagmus is presented and compared as for identity with an another case, reported by this author earlier. Some new finds were made, completing the first observation, published 1974 [27]. Both the cases of the seesaw nystagmus were found to have the same biochemical disorders: the cystathioninuria and the hypopyridoxalphosphatemie.", "contents": "[Seesaw nystagmus: symptom of a biochemical disorder (author's transl)]. A case of the rare seesaw nystagmus is presented and compared as for identity with an another case, reported by this author earlier. Some new finds were made, completing the first observation, published 1974 [27]. Both the cases of the seesaw nystagmus were found to have the same biochemical disorders: the cystathioninuria and the hypopyridoxalphosphatemie."}
{"id": "PMID:300574", "title": "The role of lactic acid in neovascularizations.", "content": "In this study the aqueous lactate concentration was determined. There was a significant increase of the aqueous lactate content in cases of rubeosis iridis and in cases of large intraocular malignant melanoma where a rubeosis iridis was present in 22%. These data seem to confirm the importance of the increased lactate concentration in neovascularizations.", "contents": "The role of lactic acid in neovascularizations. In this study the aqueous lactate concentration was determined. There was a significant increase of the aqueous lactate content in cases of rubeosis iridis and in cases of large intraocular malignant melanoma where a rubeosis iridis was present in 22%. These data seem to confirm the importance of the increased lactate concentration in neovascularizations."}
{"id": "PMID:300575", "title": "[Results of objective accommodation determination in eyes with alternating functional central scotoma (alternating strabismus) (author's transl)].", "content": "Objective determination of monocular accommodation in young eyes revealed a different behaviour in strabismus alternans from that in normal binocular vision. This manifested itself by strongly differing individual responses, less correct values in physiological and unphysiological accommodation tests, and different reactions on hindering clear vision that cannot be compensated by refraction changes. The possibility of central scotoma, persisting during fixation and varying in density, occurring in alternating strabismus, is discussed.", "contents": "[Results of objective accommodation determination in eyes with alternating functional central scotoma (alternating strabismus) (author's transl)]. Objective determination of monocular accommodation in young eyes revealed a different behaviour in strabismus alternans from that in normal binocular vision. This manifested itself by strongly differing individual responses, less correct values in physiological and unphysiological accommodation tests, and different reactions on hindering clear vision that cannot be compensated by refraction changes. The possibility of central scotoma, persisting during fixation and varying in density, occurring in alternating strabismus, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300576", "title": "[Tonographic and tonometric aqueous humor outflow tests after trabeculotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 eyes which trabeculotomy was performed because of primary open angle glaucoma preoperatively, 1 to 3 months and 12 months postoperatively the diurnal curves and tonographic results were compared. The i.o. pressure was reduced in all eyes. The ocular rigidity was decreased from 0.0206 +/- 0.0019 (s.d.) preoperatively to 0.0164 +/- 0.0015 after 1 to 3 months and to 0.0168 +/- 0.0017 after 12 months. Regarding the individual change of ocular rigidity, the outflow facility was improved on an average of from 0.13 +/- 0.02 preoperatively to 0.37 +/- 0.10 or 0.20 +/- 0.03 units postoperatively. This means a reduction of the resistance to aqueous outflow from 10.62 +/- 1.89 to 3.88 +/- 0.57 or 5.77 +/- 0.77 units. The differences are statistically significant. If the changings of ocular rigidity are not regarded there is no significant improvement of the conditions of aqueous humor outflow.", "contents": "[Tonographic and tonometric aqueous humor outflow tests after trabeculotomy (author's transl)]. In 10 eyes which trabeculotomy was performed because of primary open angle glaucoma preoperatively, 1 to 3 months and 12 months postoperatively the diurnal curves and tonographic results were compared. The i.o. pressure was reduced in all eyes. The ocular rigidity was decreased from 0.0206 +/- 0.0019 (s.d.) preoperatively to 0.0164 +/- 0.0015 after 1 to 3 months and to 0.0168 +/- 0.0017 after 12 months. Regarding the individual change of ocular rigidity, the outflow facility was improved on an average of from 0.13 +/- 0.02 preoperatively to 0.37 +/- 0.10 or 0.20 +/- 0.03 units postoperatively. This means a reduction of the resistance to aqueous outflow from 10.62 +/- 1.89 to 3.88 +/- 0.57 or 5.77 +/- 0.77 units. The differences are statistically significant. If the changings of ocular rigidity are not regarded there is no significant improvement of the conditions of aqueous humor outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:300577", "title": "[Experiences gained with a combined ketamin anaesthesia for eye-surgery on cats (author's transl)].", "content": "A combined anaesthesia with ketamine, urethane und propionylpromazine was performed on 30 cats for lengthy eye-surgery operations. This schedule of anaesthesia proved to be most advantageous because of the promt onset and the sufficient degree of anaesthesia, which could be maintained for hours without complications. Open manometric tonometry showed no raised intraocular pressure during the anaesthesia with a mean value of 27.6 mm Hg, which is within the normal range of IOP for cats.", "contents": "[Experiences gained with a combined ketamin anaesthesia for eye-surgery on cats (author's transl)]. A combined anaesthesia with ketamine, urethane und propionylpromazine was performed on 30 cats for lengthy eye-surgery operations. This schedule of anaesthesia proved to be most advantageous because of the promt onset and the sufficient degree of anaesthesia, which could be maintained for hours without complications. Open manometric tonometry showed no raised intraocular pressure during the anaesthesia with a mean value of 27.6 mm Hg, which is within the normal range of IOP for cats."}
{"id": "PMID:300581", "title": "What happens when hospitalized patients see their own records.", "content": "The effect of giving hospitalized medical patients access to their problem-oriented hospital records was investigated. Twenty-five subjects were given free access to their records while 25 other subjects served as controls. Few of the open record group actively sought and studied their records; most elected to see them only as part of routine ward rounds; and one objected to seeing the record at all. Taking the experimental group as a whole, there was no measurable effect of seeing the record on the subjects' ability to list their diagnoses or medications, their self-assessment of depression, anxiety or contentment, or their attitudes toward selected components of the health care system. On the other hand, in individual instances access to the hospital record seemed to facilitate communication and provide an opportunity for hospital inpatients to monitor objectively their hospital course.", "contents": "What happens when hospitalized patients see their own records. The effect of giving hospitalized medical patients access to their problem-oriented hospital records was investigated. Twenty-five subjects were given free access to their records while 25 other subjects served as controls. Few of the open record group actively sought and studied their records; most elected to see them only as part of routine ward rounds; and one objected to seeing the record at all. Taking the experimental group as a whole, there was no measurable effect of seeing the record on the subjects' ability to list their diagnoses or medications, their self-assessment of depression, anxiety or contentment, or their attitudes toward selected components of the health care system. On the other hand, in individual instances access to the hospital record seemed to facilitate communication and provide an opportunity for hospital inpatients to monitor objectively their hospital course."}
{"id": "PMID:300582", "title": "Sickle cell trait and hematuria associated with von Willebrand syndromes.", "content": "A von Willebrand syndrome was present in four patients with sickle cell trait and hematuria. The first two patients had severe anemia and active bleeding and received cryoprecipitate, with prompt cessation of hemorrhage. All of the patients had repetitive laboratory and clinical features; that is, reduced, but detectable, factor VIII-related antigen, heterogeneity of, and incongruities within, the coagulation studies performed by consistently defective platelet aggregation to ristocetin correctable only with normal plasma. Bleeding outside the genitourinary tract never was observed. Because of the focal nature of the hemorrhage, the hematuria may not have been perceived as part of a general hemorrhagic disorder and the diagnosis not pursued. These observations suggest that when sickle cell trait and hematuria occur together, a von Willebrand syndrome should be a major diagnostic consideration that ultimately may point toward a rational, effective, easily administered, and clinicially acceptable form of treatment with cryoprecipitate.", "contents": "Sickle cell trait and hematuria associated with von Willebrand syndromes. A von Willebrand syndrome was present in four patients with sickle cell trait and hematuria. The first two patients had severe anemia and active bleeding and received cryoprecipitate, with prompt cessation of hemorrhage. All of the patients had repetitive laboratory and clinical features; that is, reduced, but detectable, factor VIII-related antigen, heterogeneity of, and incongruities within, the coagulation studies performed by consistently defective platelet aggregation to ristocetin correctable only with normal plasma. Bleeding outside the genitourinary tract never was observed. Because of the focal nature of the hemorrhage, the hematuria may not have been perceived as part of a general hemorrhagic disorder and the diagnosis not pursued. These observations suggest that when sickle cell trait and hematuria occur together, a von Willebrand syndrome should be a major diagnostic consideration that ultimately may point toward a rational, effective, easily administered, and clinicially acceptable form of treatment with cryoprecipitate."}
{"id": "PMID:300585", "title": "Ototoxic interactions of ethacrynic acid and streptomycin.", "content": "Various aminoglycoside antibiotics and potent diuretics are known to depress cochlear and vestibular function. Several clinical and research studies suggest that the drugs administered together produce enhanced ototoxicity. The present series of experiments determines the depressive effects of ethacrynic acid and streptomycin, alone or in combination, upon the vestibular system of the cat. The changes in function, when quantified, indicate an addition, rather than a potentiation of toxicity, and suggest different sites of action.", "contents": "Ototoxic interactions of ethacrynic acid and streptomycin. Various aminoglycoside antibiotics and potent diuretics are known to depress cochlear and vestibular function. Several clinical and research studies suggest that the drugs administered together produce enhanced ototoxicity. The present series of experiments determines the depressive effects of ethacrynic acid and streptomycin, alone or in combination, upon the vestibular system of the cat. The changes in function, when quantified, indicate an addition, rather than a potentiation of toxicity, and suggest different sites of action."}
{"id": "PMID:300586", "title": "Effect of CO2 on the perilymphatic oxygen tension in cats.", "content": "A microelectrode with a tip of 100micron permitting recording of the oxygen tension in the perilymphatic space according to the polarographic principle and having a minimal drift of 1-25% per hour has been developed. The effects of apnea, hypo- and hyperventilation as well as those of inhalation of pure oxygen, and CO2 upon the perilymphatic PO2 have been measured by placing the electrode in the perilymph through the fenestrated stapedial footplate of 87 adult cats. The correlation between the arterial PO2 and the perilymphatic PO2 is so close that even hypo- or hyperventilation in presence of air does influence the oxygen content of the perilymphatic space. In view of the effect of the smallest accumulation of alveolar CO2, particular attention has to be paid to the system used for respiration of the experimental animal, when determining the action of drugs or inhaled gas mixtures on the oxygenation of the inner ear fluids. The measurement of the perilymphatic oxygen tension also indicates that the rate of blood flow cannot be used to deduct with accuracy the actual degree of oxygenation of the inner ear fluids.", "contents": "Effect of CO2 on the perilymphatic oxygen tension in cats. A microelectrode with a tip of 100micron permitting recording of the oxygen tension in the perilymphatic space according to the polarographic principle and having a minimal drift of 1-25% per hour has been developed. The effects of apnea, hypo- and hyperventilation as well as those of inhalation of pure oxygen, and CO2 upon the perilymphatic PO2 have been measured by placing the electrode in the perilymph through the fenestrated stapedial footplate of 87 adult cats. The correlation between the arterial PO2 and the perilymphatic PO2 is so close that even hypo- or hyperventilation in presence of air does influence the oxygen content of the perilymphatic space. In view of the effect of the smallest accumulation of alveolar CO2, particular attention has to be paid to the system used for respiration of the experimental animal, when determining the action of drugs or inhaled gas mixtures on the oxygenation of the inner ear fluids. The measurement of the perilymphatic oxygen tension also indicates that the rate of blood flow cannot be used to deduct with accuracy the actual degree of oxygenation of the inner ear fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:300591", "title": "[Co-operation among T cells in the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity].", "content": "Lethally iradiated F1 hybrid mice were given an intravenous injection of parental strain spleen cells. Six days later, their spleen cells were used as the effector cells to measure the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of the parental cells. The treatment of  the parental donors with hydrocortisone resulted in a marked decrease of the capacity of their spleen cells to produce a CMC reaction, while the treatment with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) resulted in an almost complete loss of such activity. The mixing of spleen cells from hydrocortisone-treated parental donors with the spleen cells from ATS-treated parental donors before injection resulted in a synergistic amplification of the cytotoxic response. These results demonstrated a synergistic interaction between hydrocortisone resistant T cells and ATS-resistant T cells in the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Co-operation among T cells in the development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity]. Lethally iradiated F1 hybrid mice were given an intravenous injection of parental strain spleen cells. Six days later, their spleen cells were used as the effector cells to measure the in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of the parental cells. The treatment of  the parental donors with hydrocortisone resulted in a marked decrease of the capacity of their spleen cells to produce a CMC reaction, while the treatment with anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) resulted in an almost complete loss of such activity. The mixing of spleen cells from hydrocortisone-treated parental donors with the spleen cells from ATS-treated parental donors before injection resulted in a synergistic amplification of the cytotoxic response. These results demonstrated a synergistic interaction between hydrocortisone resistant T cells and ATS-resistant T cells in the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300593", "title": "[In vitro differentiation of B lymphocytes].", "content": "In order to find if lymphoid colony-forming cells in the mouse are precursors of lymphocytes or are more differentitaed cells with a high proliferative capacity, their distribution between spleen and lymph node was compared to that of mitogen-sensitive B lymphocytes and that of precursurs of B lymphocytes assayed in mass cultures. The results and the responses to culture conditions suggest that these cell populations are different from each other.", "contents": "[In vitro differentiation of B lymphocytes]. In order to find if lymphoid colony-forming cells in the mouse are precursors of lymphocytes or are more differentitaed cells with a high proliferative capacity, their distribution between spleen and lymph node was compared to that of mitogen-sensitive B lymphocytes and that of precursurs of B lymphocytes assayed in mass cultures. The results and the responses to culture conditions suggest that these cell populations are different from each other."}
{"id": "PMID:300597", "title": "[Genetic control of the H-2 region of the cell surface: cationic amino groups in the periphery of T lymphocytes].", "content": "Spleen lymphocytes and erythrocytes from congenic mice of diffrent haplotypes were characterized on a precise biophysical basis (the anodic electrophoretic mobility, EPM) to correlate any subtle differences in the cell surface topochemistry with the H-2 specificity. Spleen T lymphocytes from A.CA (H-2f) and A.SW (H-2s) mice exhibited high values EPM, which were significantly different. In contrast, significant differences in the EPM of B cells and erythrocytes were not observed. Cell electrophoresis of spleen T lymphocytes (without \" contaminating \" B cells), before and after the chemical modification of the cell surface by treatment with small/non-toxic concentrations of maleic anhydride, showed the number of lysine side chain amino-groups in the periphery of cells with H-2f specificity to be about twice those on cells with H-2s haplotype. Such a difference was observed both in the case of premature T lymphocytes and mature T lymphocytes. The difference in the number of cationogenic amino-groups in the cell periphery contributing a positive charge, would explain the oberved difference in the EPM of H-2f and H-2s spleen T lymphocytes, and suggest that the macromolecules coded by the H-2 genes or other genes under H-2 control lead to delicate differences in the chemical composition of the surface membranes of cells of the two H-2 haplotypes, expressed only on high EPM lymphocytes of spleen (T or T-like cells).", "contents": "[Genetic control of the H-2 region of the cell surface: cationic amino groups in the periphery of T lymphocytes]. Spleen lymphocytes and erythrocytes from congenic mice of diffrent haplotypes were characterized on a precise biophysical basis (the anodic electrophoretic mobility, EPM) to correlate any subtle differences in the cell surface topochemistry with the H-2 specificity. Spleen T lymphocytes from A.CA (H-2f) and A.SW (H-2s) mice exhibited high values EPM, which were significantly different. In contrast, significant differences in the EPM of B cells and erythrocytes were not observed. Cell electrophoresis of spleen T lymphocytes (without \" contaminating \" B cells), before and after the chemical modification of the cell surface by treatment with small/non-toxic concentrations of maleic anhydride, showed the number of lysine side chain amino-groups in the periphery of cells with H-2f specificity to be about twice those on cells with H-2s haplotype. Such a difference was observed both in the case of premature T lymphocytes and mature T lymphocytes. The difference in the number of cationogenic amino-groups in the cell periphery contributing a positive charge, would explain the oberved difference in the EPM of H-2f and H-2s spleen T lymphocytes, and suggest that the macromolecules coded by the H-2 genes or other genes under H-2 control lead to delicate differences in the chemical composition of the surface membranes of cells of the two H-2 haplotypes, expressed only on high EPM lymphocytes of spleen (T or T-like cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:300596", "title": "[Determination of anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies in serum and CSF by a new counterimmunoelectrophoresis method].", "content": "A new quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique allows the determination of anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies in the serum and the unconcentrated CSF. Normal sera (but not normal CSF) presents anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies probably of IgG type. Pathological results (elevated serum values and/or presence of anti-nucleic  antibodies in CSF) are observed in some neurological diseases especially SSPE, multiple sclerosis and, generally speaking infectious diseases. A very significant correlation exists between the presence of anti-nucleic antibodies in CSF and a local (intrathecal) IgG synthesis. The same correlation is observed with oligoclonal aspect in CSF. In some cases a percentage of anti-nucleic antibodies higher in CSF than in serum may indicate the persistence of an infectious agent inside the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Determination of anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies in serum and CSF by a new counterimmunoelectrophoresis method]. A new quantitative counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique allows the determination of anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies in the serum and the unconcentrated CSF. Normal sera (but not normal CSF) presents anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies probably of IgG type. Pathological results (elevated serum values and/or presence of anti-nucleic  antibodies in CSF) are observed in some neurological diseases especially SSPE, multiple sclerosis and, generally speaking infectious diseases. A very significant correlation exists between the presence of anti-nucleic antibodies in CSF and a local (intrathecal) IgG synthesis. The same correlation is observed with oligoclonal aspect in CSF. In some cases a percentage of anti-nucleic antibodies higher in CSF than in serum may indicate the persistence of an infectious agent inside the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:300598", "title": "[Suppressor cells in allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "The induction of EAE in Lewis rats by basic protein (BP) is suppressed by the transfer of non-draining lymphnode cells from cured animals. The activation of draining lymphnode cells of these cured animals by BP, PHA or ConA is decreased with the addition of non-draining lymph node cells from the same rats.", "contents": "[Suppressor cells in allergic encephalomyelitis]. The induction of EAE in Lewis rats by basic protein (BP) is suppressed by the transfer of non-draining lymphnode cells from cured animals. The activation of draining lymphnode cells of these cured animals by BP, PHA or ConA is decreased with the addition of non-draining lymph node cells from the same rats."}
{"id": "PMID:300594", "title": "[In vitro stimulation of human T and B lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)].", "content": "The appearance of cells (CFC) having the property to cluster several layers of sheep red blood cells around themselves has been used in our laboratory as a marker for T cell activation. In this study, enumeration of stimulated T cells was carried out by this technique, whereas enumeration of B cells was carried out with surface Ig staining using fluorescein-labelled anti-Ig antibodies or F(ab)2 anti-Ig. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro for various lengths of time with the polyclonal mitogen PWM, the specific antigen Varidase and LPS added at culture initiation or 16 hours after beginning of culture. Our results confirm that human lymphocytes preincubated for 16 hours before addition of LPS give rise to higher numbers of CFC and blast cells, In all cases, less than half of these blasts reacted with the F(ab)2 anti-Ig, This suggests that under these conditions, LPS is not a mitogen specific for human B cells.", "contents": "[In vitro stimulation of human T and B lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. The appearance of cells (CFC) having the property to cluster several layers of sheep red blood cells around themselves has been used in our laboratory as a marker for T cell activation. In this study, enumeration of stimulated T cells was carried out by this technique, whereas enumeration of B cells was carried out with surface Ig staining using fluorescein-labelled anti-Ig antibodies or F(ab)2 anti-Ig. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro for various lengths of time with the polyclonal mitogen PWM, the specific antigen Varidase and LPS added at culture initiation or 16 hours after beginning of culture. Our results confirm that human lymphocytes preincubated for 16 hours before addition of LPS give rise to higher numbers of CFC and blast cells, In all cases, less than half of these blasts reacted with the F(ab)2 anti-Ig, This suggests that under these conditions, LPS is not a mitogen specific for human B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300595", "title": "[Anti-actin and anti-tubulin antibodies in the serum of non-immunized animals].", "content": "The preparation and the purification of anti-action and anti-tubulin antibodies is reported. The occurrence of low amount of IgG anti-tubulin was also found in the sera of non-immunized animals from various species. The staining of the cellular network of microtubules as well as of tubulin paracrystals was observed with both induced and natural antibodies.", "contents": "[Anti-actin and anti-tubulin antibodies in the serum of non-immunized animals]. The preparation and the purification of anti-action and anti-tubulin antibodies is reported. The occurrence of low amount of IgG anti-tubulin was also found in the sera of non-immunized animals from various species. The staining of the cellular network of microtubules as well as of tubulin paracrystals was observed with both induced and natural antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:300599", "title": "[Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in BN rats: genetic control].", "content": "Mercuric chloride induces anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in Brown Norway rats  (Ag B3) and not in Lewis rats (Ag B1). Studies on (Lewis X BN) F1 and F2 and with back-crosses (Lewis X BN) F1 X Lewis demonstrate a genetic control for this immune response. This genetic control probably depends on two non-linked, autosomal and dominant genes. One of these genes is linked to the major histocompatibility locus.", "contents": "[Induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in BN rats: genetic control]. Mercuric chloride induces anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in Brown Norway rats  (Ag B3) and not in Lewis rats (Ag B1). Studies on (Lewis X BN) F1 and F2 and with back-crosses (Lewis X BN) F1 X Lewis demonstrate a genetic control for this immune response. This genetic control probably depends on two non-linked, autosomal and dominant genes. One of these genes is linked to the major histocompatibility locus."}
{"id": "PMID:300600", "title": "[Antinuclear antibodies and PHA response in rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "We have studied the in vitro PHA response of two groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients differing only in the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies. The response was depressed in positive patients and normal in negative patients. Differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cell sub-populations or lymphocytotoxic antibodies do not seem to explain this observation. Simple antinuclear antibody screening could serve as a simple method to identify a sub-group of immunodepressed rheumatoid patients as potential candidates for immunostimulating therapy.", "contents": "[Antinuclear antibodies and PHA response in rheumatoid arthritis]. We have studied the in vitro PHA response of two groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients differing only in the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies. The response was depressed in positive patients and normal in negative patients. Differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cell sub-populations or lymphocytotoxic antibodies do not seem to explain this observation. Simple antinuclear antibody screening could serve as a simple method to identify a sub-group of immunodepressed rheumatoid patients as potential candidates for immunostimulating therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:300601", "title": "[Modulation of lymphocyte proliferation by serum factors and lipopolysaccharide].", "content": "The in vitro proliferative response of rat lymphoctes culitivated in increasing concentrations of calf serm (LCS) was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Results showed that in contrast to the response of PHA, the response to concanavlin A (conA) was greatly dependent on the concentration of serum in the medium. Kinetics of the response of ConA indicated that increasing concentrations of LCS unblocked the non-response to supraoptimal doses of the mitogen. The supportive effect of LCS was not due to an increase in cell viability and was abolished when serum was dialyzed. By contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerted an adjuvant effect on the response to optimal and suboptimal concentrations of ConA without unblocking the non-response to high doses. LPS facilitated the response to ConA of a distinct subpopulation of T cell isolated by separation on nylon wool columns. This in vitro model allowed us to study some factors which may be implicated in tolerance and immunity.", "contents": "[Modulation of lymphocyte proliferation by serum factors and lipopolysaccharide]. The in vitro proliferative response of rat lymphoctes culitivated in increasing concentrations of calf serm (LCS) was measured by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Results showed that in contrast to the response of PHA, the response to concanavlin A (conA) was greatly dependent on the concentration of serum in the medium. Kinetics of the response of ConA indicated that increasing concentrations of LCS unblocked the non-response to supraoptimal doses of the mitogen. The supportive effect of LCS was not due to an increase in cell viability and was abolished when serum was dialyzed. By contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exerted an adjuvant effect on the response to optimal and suboptimal concentrations of ConA without unblocking the non-response to high doses. LPS facilitated the response to ConA of a distinct subpopulation of T cell isolated by separation on nylon wool columns. This in vitro model allowed us to study some factors which may be implicated in tolerance and immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:300604", "title": "[The role of thymic microenvironment in T-cell maturation].", "content": "The role played by different components of thymic microenvironment in T-cell-maturation is examined: antibodies to a soluble thymic factor (STF) were thus shown to inhibit T-cell maturation in the chicken while incubation of bursal \"null\" cells with STF could induce the differentiation of some of them into T cells. In addition to STF, whose properties resemble those of other soluble thymic factors, an insoluble thymic factor (ITF) is described: it is localized mainly in membranes associated with medullary blood vessels, and its injection to mice provokes an influx of marrow stem cells into the thymus.", "contents": "[The role of thymic microenvironment in T-cell maturation]. The role played by different components of thymic microenvironment in T-cell-maturation is examined: antibodies to a soluble thymic factor (STF) were thus shown to inhibit T-cell maturation in the chicken while incubation of bursal \"null\" cells with STF could induce the differentiation of some of them into T cells. In addition to STF, whose properties resemble those of other soluble thymic factors, an insoluble thymic factor (ITF) is described: it is localized mainly in membranes associated with medullary blood vessels, and its injection to mice provokes an influx of marrow stem cells into the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:300603", "title": "[Physiology and pathology of the HLA complex (author's transl)].", "content": "The functions of the genes included in the HLA complex have been studied mainly through the allogenic response, in vitro and in vivo. The sequence of this response was established thanks to primary and secondary MLC and CML. It appears that at least two clones of T lymphocytes are involved, the first in the non-self recognition through HLA-D differences, and the second in immunization against the HLA-A and B incompatibilities. Many associations between HLA and diseases have been found. They can be classified in three categories according to their associations with HLA-B, D, or with another gene of the complex. They are true experiments of nature which will give clues to the physiological functions of the HLA complex genes.", "contents": "[Physiology and pathology of the HLA complex (author's transl)]. The functions of the genes included in the HLA complex have been studied mainly through the allogenic response, in vitro and in vivo. The sequence of this response was established thanks to primary and secondary MLC and CML. It appears that at least two clones of T lymphocytes are involved, the first in the non-self recognition through HLA-D differences, and the second in immunization against the HLA-A and B incompatibilities. Many associations between HLA and diseases have been found. They can be classified in three categories according to their associations with HLA-B, D, or with another gene of the complex. They are true experiments of nature which will give clues to the physiological functions of the HLA complex genes."}
{"id": "PMID:300609", "title": "[Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro: inhibitory effects of rat serum].", "content": "Previous results on the potentiation by cytochalasin B (CB) of lymphocte responses in vitro, particularly the requirement for serum for this potentiation, prompted us to undertake the present study on inhibitory effects of autologous serum on rat lymphocyte activities. Main results mirror the inverse effect of CB: maximal inhibition is obtained at suboptimal doses of PHA; inhibitory effect bears essentially on early events of activation; high cell density is of prime importance. In contrast to CB, serum affects more 3H-TdR incorporation than blast transformation. Therefore, CB and some serum component(s) could have inverse effects on a single regulatory mechanism: suppressive cellular interactions.", "contents": "[Regulation of lymphocyte responses in vitro: inhibitory effects of rat serum]. Previous results on the potentiation by cytochalasin B (CB) of lymphocte responses in vitro, particularly the requirement for serum for this potentiation, prompted us to undertake the present study on inhibitory effects of autologous serum on rat lymphocyte activities. Main results mirror the inverse effect of CB: maximal inhibition is obtained at suboptimal doses of PHA; inhibitory effect bears essentially on early events of activation; high cell density is of prime importance. In contrast to CB, serum affects more 3H-TdR incorporation than blast transformation. Therefore, CB and some serum component(s) could have inverse effects on a single regulatory mechanism: suppressive cellular interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:300613", "title": "Serial studies of numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Serial studies of numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes at monthly intervals in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia showed a marked fall in the number of B cells, relatively greater than that of T cells, early in the course of maintenance chemotherapy and immediately after a course of cranial irradiation. The fall in the number of B cell is not a consequence of long-term chemotherapy, and is possibly related to a specific event such as cranial irradiation.", "contents": "Serial studies of numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Serial studies of numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes at monthly intervals in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia showed a marked fall in the number of B cells, relatively greater than that of T cells, early in the course of maintenance chemotherapy and immediately after a course of cranial irradiation. The fall in the number of B cell is not a consequence of long-term chemotherapy, and is possibly related to a specific event such as cranial irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:300614", "title": "Causes of death in aortocoronary bypass surgery: experience with 1,000 patients.", "content": "Of the first 1,000 consecutive patients in our unit to receive aortocoronary bypass grafts, 108 have died: 32 at operation, 16 in hospital, and 60 late. Of 343 patients who had a normal ventricle, only 1 (0.29%) died at operation, and 2 of the 8 late deaths were noncardiac in cause. Most operative deaths resulted from low cardiac output, and most later deaths were caused by congestive heart failure. A study of the relation of various clinical and operative factors with mortality found that patients with congestive heart failure who underwent valve replacement and bypass grafting had the worst prognosis (73% mortality) while those undergoing bypass grafting with Class III or IV ventricular function (as we define it) and congestive heart failure were next (49% mortality).", "contents": "Causes of death in aortocoronary bypass surgery: experience with 1,000 patients. Of the first 1,000 consecutive patients in our unit to receive aortocoronary bypass grafts, 108 have died: 32 at operation, 16 in hospital, and 60 late. Of 343 patients who had a normal ventricle, only 1 (0.29%) died at operation, and 2 of the 8 late deaths were noncardiac in cause. Most operative deaths resulted from low cardiac output, and most later deaths were caused by congestive heart failure. A study of the relation of various clinical and operative factors with mortality found that patients with congestive heart failure who underwent valve replacement and bypass grafting had the worst prognosis (73% mortality) while those undergoing bypass grafting with Class III or IV ventricular function (as we define it) and congestive heart failure were next (49% mortality)."}
{"id": "PMID:300608", "title": "[Cellular interaction in the pokeweed-mitogen induced terminal differentiation to polyclonal immunoglobulin production in human B lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "The differentiation of human B lymphocytes in vitro into Ig secreting cells, as measured by a radioimmunoassay rendered specific to IgG and IgM, in response to a polyclonal stimulant, requires the participation of several cellular types. Upon poleweed-mitogen stimulation, B-cell enriched and monocyte containing cell suspensions prepared by elution of nylon wool adherent cells, when mixed with various concentrations of T cells purified by filtration through nylon wool column and depletion of EAC-rosette forming cells, synthesize 5 to 20 times more Ig than non separated lymphocytes. These experiments which demonstrate the cooperation of certain T cells also suggest that other cells eliminated by nylon wool adherence act as suppressor cells. The cooperation of these T cells is independent of their proliferation and can be obtained with allogeneic T cell.", "contents": "[Cellular interaction in the pokeweed-mitogen induced terminal differentiation to polyclonal immunoglobulin production in human B lymphocytes in vitro]. The differentiation of human B lymphocytes in vitro into Ig secreting cells, as measured by a radioimmunoassay rendered specific to IgG and IgM, in response to a polyclonal stimulant, requires the participation of several cellular types. Upon poleweed-mitogen stimulation, B-cell enriched and monocyte containing cell suspensions prepared by elution of nylon wool adherent cells, when mixed with various concentrations of T cells purified by filtration through nylon wool column and depletion of EAC-rosette forming cells, synthesize 5 to 20 times more Ig than non separated lymphocytes. These experiments which demonstrate the cooperation of certain T cells also suggest that other cells eliminated by nylon wool adherence act as suppressor cells. The cooperation of these T cells is independent of their proliferation and can be obtained with allogeneic T cell."}
{"id": "PMID:300615", "title": "Tissue uptake of isotopically labeled aprotinin in early myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The tissue uptake of 3H-aprotinin was studied in anesthetized cats during acute myocardial ischemia (MI) 1 an 2 hr after injection of the tracer. Several tissues exhibited a rapid uptake of the protease inhibitor. Kidney, lung and liver demonstrated the greatest uptake with tissue/plasma ratios of 1.6 to 4.8. Spleen, adrenals, intestine, heart and pancreas exhibited tissue/plasma ratios of 0.28 to 0.58, whereas abdominal aorta, skeletal muscle and omentum had tissue/plasma ratios below 0.17. The rate of clearance of 3H-aprotinin from cat plasma was unaltered by myocardial ischemia. Although ischemic myocardial tissue took up less aprotinin than the non-ischemic myocardial tissue in the same hearts, ischemic tissue accumulated significant amounts of aprotinin relative to the non-ischemic region (82%). These data show that aprotinin reaches ischemic myocardial tissue during the first 2 hr of acute ischemia and would be available to antagonize some of the proteases which may be liberated during these critical early hours of the ischemic process.", "contents": "Tissue uptake of isotopically labeled aprotinin in early myocardial ischemia. The tissue uptake of 3H-aprotinin was studied in anesthetized cats during acute myocardial ischemia (MI) 1 an 2 hr after injection of the tracer. Several tissues exhibited a rapid uptake of the protease inhibitor. Kidney, lung and liver demonstrated the greatest uptake with tissue/plasma ratios of 1.6 to 4.8. Spleen, adrenals, intestine, heart and pancreas exhibited tissue/plasma ratios of 0.28 to 0.58, whereas abdominal aorta, skeletal muscle and omentum had tissue/plasma ratios below 0.17. The rate of clearance of 3H-aprotinin from cat plasma was unaltered by myocardial ischemia. Although ischemic myocardial tissue took up less aprotinin than the non-ischemic myocardial tissue in the same hearts, ischemic tissue accumulated significant amounts of aprotinin relative to the non-ischemic region (82%). These data show that aprotinin reaches ischemic myocardial tissue during the first 2 hr of acute ischemia and would be available to antagonize some of the proteases which may be liberated during these critical early hours of the ischemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:300616", "title": "Lupus-like syndrome associated with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Two patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the breast had radiation therapy as primary treatment. Within one year, a lupus-like syndrome developed characterized by pneumonitis, pleural effusion, and positive fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) reaction and lupus erythematosus (LE) preparation. Pericarditis developed in one patient and leukopenia in the other. The bilateral pulmonary disease, serological abnormalities, and rapid and sustained response to administration of prednisone made the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus more likely than radiation-induced disease or metastic carcinoma. Radiation to normal and/or malignant tissue may have initiated an immunological response leading to a lupus-like syndrome.", "contents": "Lupus-like syndrome associated with carcinoma of the breast. Two patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the breast had radiation therapy as primary treatment. Within one year, a lupus-like syndrome developed characterized by pneumonitis, pleural effusion, and positive fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) reaction and lupus erythematosus (LE) preparation. Pericarditis developed in one patient and leukopenia in the other. The bilateral pulmonary disease, serological abnormalities, and rapid and sustained response to administration of prednisone made the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus more likely than radiation-induced disease or metastic carcinoma. Radiation to normal and/or malignant tissue may have initiated an immunological response leading to a lupus-like syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:300612", "title": "[Cellular interactions in the lymphocyte response to PHA in old people].", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from the same number of old subjects (OS) and young subjects (YS) have been separated into subpopulations of T cells (T1 and T2 fractions) and B cells. Phagocytes were removed by carbonyl iron. The recovery in T1 is reduced in the OS. Their PHA response is inhibited by monocytes but not by polynuclears (PN). The response of their peripheral T cells is not reduced but it is not enhanced by adding PN. There is a normal T-B cell interaction in the response to PHA. It is suggested that the impaired PBL response to mitogens is secondary to the reduction of their content in T1 lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Cellular interactions in the lymphocyte response to PHA in old people]. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from the same number of old subjects (OS) and young subjects (YS) have been separated into subpopulations of T cells (T1 and T2 fractions) and B cells. Phagocytes were removed by carbonyl iron. The recovery in T1 is reduced in the OS. Their PHA response is inhibited by monocytes but not by polynuclears (PN). The response of their peripheral T cells is not reduced but it is not enhanced by adding PN. There is a normal T-B cell interaction in the response to PHA. It is suggested that the impaired PBL response to mitogens is secondary to the reduction of their content in T1 lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300617", "title": "Ultrastructure of the spleen in malignant histiocytosis.", "content": "We examined the ultrastructure of the spleen surgically removed from a patient with the in vivo diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis. The findings showed sinuses greatly dilated and lined by large atypical histiocytic cells. Erythrophagocytosis was prominent. These findings, as well as the histologic features of the bone marrow and later autopsy specimens, confirmed the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis. The somewhat unusual confinement of histiocytes to sinusoids raised the possibility that this may represent a rare subvariant, histiocytic sinus reticulosis, first described by Robb-Smith in his original paper.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the spleen in malignant histiocytosis. We examined the ultrastructure of the spleen surgically removed from a patient with the in vivo diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis. The findings showed sinuses greatly dilated and lined by large atypical histiocytic cells. Erythrophagocytosis was prominent. These findings, as well as the histologic features of the bone marrow and later autopsy specimens, confirmed the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis. The somewhat unusual confinement of histiocytes to sinusoids raised the possibility that this may represent a rare subvariant, histiocytic sinus reticulosis, first described by Robb-Smith in his original paper."}
{"id": "PMID:300618", "title": "Ultrastructure in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis and pneumocystosis.", "content": "A child with histiocytosis X initially diagnosed at the age of 4 months had a series of pulmonary biopsies later in the course of the disease. The specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy. The primary disease was complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. This study demonstrates the limitation of light microscopy and the necessity of ultrastructural examination to verify the simultaneous occurrence of an infiltrative disorder such as histiocytosis X in the presence of an infection.", "contents": "Ultrastructure in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis and pneumocystosis. A child with histiocytosis X initially diagnosed at the age of 4 months had a series of pulmonary biopsies later in the course of the disease. The specimens were examined by light and electron microscopy. The primary disease was complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. This study demonstrates the limitation of light microscopy and the necessity of ultrastructural examination to verify the simultaneous occurrence of an infiltrative disorder such as histiocytosis X in the presence of an infection."}
{"id": "PMID:300611", "title": "[Role of H-2 region in cytolysis of viral induced lymphomas by T lymphocytes].", "content": "The cytolyse of lymphoma cells by anti-MSV-CTL requires an H-2 identity on CTL and target cells. It can be limited to D or K antigens. An altered cells hypothesis is the more likely hypothesis in H-2a or H-2d tumour cells. However the D antigen alone is involved in H-2b tumours Arguments are given which supports the existence of Ir genes controlling the formation of CTL against H-2Dd modified by MSV.", "contents": "[Role of H-2 region in cytolysis of viral induced lymphomas by T lymphocytes]. The cytolyse of lymphoma cells by anti-MSV-CTL requires an H-2 identity on CTL and target cells. It can be limited to D or K antigens. An altered cells hypothesis is the more likely hypothesis in H-2a or H-2d tumour cells. However the D antigen alone is involved in H-2b tumours Arguments are given which supports the existence of Ir genes controlling the formation of CTL against H-2Dd modified by MSV."}
{"id": "PMID:300621", "title": "Lattice corneal dystrophy. Report of an unusual case.", "content": "The clinical, histochemical, light and electron microscopic evaluation of a case of lattice corneal dystrophy, appears clinically as an atypical granular dystrophy. There is structural and histochemical differentiation of the two dystrophies. Electron microscopy is often an invaluable aid in establishing a definitive diagnosis. The possible sources of the filamentous material found in lattice corneal dystrophy are discussed. It seems that not only keratocytes, but also corneal epithelial cells, occasionally may have the ability to elaborate the abnormal material that is considered to be amyloid in nature.", "contents": "Lattice corneal dystrophy. Report of an unusual case. The clinical, histochemical, light and electron microscopic evaluation of a case of lattice corneal dystrophy, appears clinically as an atypical granular dystrophy. There is structural and histochemical differentiation of the two dystrophies. Electron microscopy is often an invaluable aid in establishing a definitive diagnosis. The possible sources of the filamentous material found in lattice corneal dystrophy are discussed. It seems that not only keratocytes, but also corneal epithelial cells, occasionally may have the ability to elaborate the abnormal material that is considered to be amyloid in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:300622", "title": "T-lymphocytes and survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "The thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) were enumerated in the peripheral circulation of 38 patients with histologically demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We have previously shown that this \"total\" T-cell count correlates well with degree of tumor involvement. A lower percentage of T cells were shown in patients with more advanced malignant neoplasms. Here we present follow-up data on these patients to evaluate the efficiency of the T-cell test in determining survival prognoses. We found no evidence that results of this test can extend prognostic abilities above those based on clinical staging. The survival data from six patients treated with a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of BCG vaccine, methotrexate sodium, and isoniazid did not demonstrate an increased survival time compared to patients at similar clinical stages who were treated by conventional use of surgery and irradiation.", "contents": "T-lymphocytes and survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) were enumerated in the peripheral circulation of 38 patients with histologically demonstrated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. We have previously shown that this \"total\" T-cell count correlates well with degree of tumor involvement. A lower percentage of T cells were shown in patients with more advanced malignant neoplasms. Here we present follow-up data on these patients to evaluate the efficiency of the T-cell test in determining survival prognoses. We found no evidence that results of this test can extend prognostic abilities above those based on clinical staging. The survival data from six patients treated with a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of BCG vaccine, methotrexate sodium, and isoniazid did not demonstrate an increased survival time compared to patients at similar clinical stages who were treated by conventional use of surgery and irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:300623", "title": "[Duration of postacceleratory nystagmus in theory and experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "For special questions the validity of models has to be verified in each case. One possibility for controlling the model of the vestibulo-oculomotor system (completed with a neuronal integrator) which is used for automatic quantitative nystagmus analysis is the duration of the postacceleratory nystagmus. Theoretically for this parameter an upper limit exists which is independent of stimulus strength and influenced only by the system parameters and stimulus duration. Several experimental studies are compared with the theoretical calculations. As a result, the conception of the model is confirmed; however, nystagmus duration appears to be a valuable characteristic only under certain experimental conditions. For this reason, nystagmus duration is not considered as a parameter of the quantitative analysis.", "contents": "[Duration of postacceleratory nystagmus in theory and experiment (author's transl)]. For special questions the validity of models has to be verified in each case. One possibility for controlling the model of the vestibulo-oculomotor system (completed with a neuronal integrator) which is used for automatic quantitative nystagmus analysis is the duration of the postacceleratory nystagmus. Theoretically for this parameter an upper limit exists which is independent of stimulus strength and influenced only by the system parameters and stimulus duration. Several experimental studies are compared with the theoretical calculations. As a result, the conception of the model is confirmed; however, nystagmus duration appears to be a valuable characteristic only under certain experimental conditions. For this reason, nystagmus duration is not considered as a parameter of the quantitative analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:300624", "title": "[Equilibriometric findings in partially blind and blind children (author's transl)].", "content": "26 of both blind or partially blind children were subjected to equilibriometric tests. By way of a vestibular-ocular test they were given the Rotatory-Intensity-Damping test. During the tests the per and postrotatory nystagmus reactions were electronystagmographicly registrated. For the vestibular-spinal tests the Unterberger's stepping test with photographic registration of the body-sway in the Cranio-Corpo-Gram was used. In most of the children you could identify a definite per and postrotatory reaction in spite of considerable spontaneous reactions. The strong eyelid movements of these patients, the intensive spontaneous deviations and diminished corneo-retinal potential made precise judgement of the electronystagmogram difficult. Comparison between the blind and partially blind children enabled the differences to be objectified. Blind-born children have a higher spontaneous activity, slightly diminished per and postrotatory nystagmus reactions and a diminished bodyequilibrium. These results can be explained on one side by habituation and on the other side by efferent structures, which have an inhibitory effect on the vestibular input.", "contents": "[Equilibriometric findings in partially blind and blind children (author's transl)]. 26 of both blind or partially blind children were subjected to equilibriometric tests. By way of a vestibular-ocular test they were given the Rotatory-Intensity-Damping test. During the tests the per and postrotatory nystagmus reactions were electronystagmographicly registrated. For the vestibular-spinal tests the Unterberger's stepping test with photographic registration of the body-sway in the Cranio-Corpo-Gram was used. In most of the children you could identify a definite per and postrotatory reaction in spite of considerable spontaneous reactions. The strong eyelid movements of these patients, the intensive spontaneous deviations and diminished corneo-retinal potential made precise judgement of the electronystagmogram difficult. Comparison between the blind and partially blind children enabled the differences to be objectified. Blind-born children have a higher spontaneous activity, slightly diminished per and postrotatory nystagmus reactions and a diminished bodyequilibrium. These results can be explained on one side by habituation and on the other side by efferent structures, which have an inhibitory effect on the vestibular input."}
{"id": "PMID:300626", "title": "Prostaglandin E treatment of NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice were treated with pharmacologic doses of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (200 microng subcutaneously either once or twice daily) from 6 through 52 weeks of age. PGE1-treated mice were protected against development anemia, clinical nephritis, and death. At 52 weeks 18 of 19 treated mice were alive, wherase only 2 of 19 untretreated control mice were alive. None of the 10 mice treated with PGE1 twice daily exhibited significant (greater than 2+) proteinuria at 1 year of age. PGE1 treatment did not prevent development of antibodies to nuclear antigens. The data also suggest that survival of NZB/NZW mice is prolonged when treatment with PGE1 is begun at 24 weeks, an age at which mice already show evidence of nephritis. Thus all 6 mice treated with PGE1 (200 microng sc twice daily) from 24 weeks were alive at 52 weeks, whereas only 2 of 6 untreated control mice were alive. The mechanisms whereby PGE1 treatment influences the course of disease in NZB/NZW mice are not known.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E treatment of NZB/NZW mice. NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice were treated with pharmacologic doses of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (200 microng subcutaneously either once or twice daily) from 6 through 52 weeks of age. PGE1-treated mice were protected against development anemia, clinical nephritis, and death. At 52 weeks 18 of 19 treated mice were alive, wherase only 2 of 19 untretreated control mice were alive. None of the 10 mice treated with PGE1 twice daily exhibited significant (greater than 2+) proteinuria at 1 year of age. PGE1 treatment did not prevent development of antibodies to nuclear antigens. The data also suggest that survival of NZB/NZW mice is prolonged when treatment with PGE1 is begun at 24 weeks, an age at which mice already show evidence of nephritis. Thus all 6 mice treated with PGE1 (200 microng sc twice daily) from 24 weeks were alive at 52 weeks, whereas only 2 of 6 untreated control mice were alive. The mechanisms whereby PGE1 treatment influences the course of disease in NZB/NZW mice are not known."}
{"id": "PMID:300627", "title": "Aprotinin and growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in the rat.", "content": "Growth of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma implanted within various sites in Spraque-Dawley rats was investigated in animals receiving twice daily i.p. injections of the antiprotease aprotinin. Although administration of aprotinin partially attenuated the growth and lethality of i.p. tumour, no effect of aprotinin was found on intramuscular tumour development. Furthermore, we were unable to demonstrate unequivocal growth inhibition by aprotinin of lung tumour colonies from i.v. injection of tumour cells. Histological examination of intramuscular and pulmonary tumours revealed little evidence of host cellular immune response in either saline- or aprotinin-treated rats.", "contents": "Aprotinin and growth of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in the rat. Growth of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma implanted within various sites in Spraque-Dawley rats was investigated in animals receiving twice daily i.p. injections of the antiprotease aprotinin. Although administration of aprotinin partially attenuated the growth and lethality of i.p. tumour, no effect of aprotinin was found on intramuscular tumour development. Furthermore, we were unable to demonstrate unequivocal growth inhibition by aprotinin of lung tumour colonies from i.v. injection of tumour cells. Histological examination of intramuscular and pulmonary tumours revealed little evidence of host cellular immune response in either saline- or aprotinin-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:300628", "title": "Spectrum of von Willebrand's Disease: a study of 100 cases. Italian Working Group.", "content": "The clinical picture, family history and laboratory findings of 100 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD) have been studied in Italy in a multicentre survey from two rural areas with a known high incidence of the disease and from two large cities (Rome and Milan). Bleeding time, procoagulant factor-VIII (VIIIAHF) assay, platelet retention and PRP-ristocetin aggregation were measured in each centre, and plasma samples were frozen and subsequently assayed for factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN) and ristocetin co-factor (VIIIVWF) in one laboratory (Milan). On the basis of the inheritance pattern, clinical severity of the disease and laboratory findings, patients with VWD were separated into two groups. In 17 patients the absence of a family history of bleeding, a high incidence of parental consanguinity and involvement of both sexes suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance; the unusual severity of the disease with markedly abnormal results of all six laboratory measurements (and frequent reduced levels of VIIIAGN and VIIIVWF in the unaffected parents) were consistent with the homozygous state. In 83 patients, the disease was familial (being transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait) and of moderate clinical severity. In these, VIIIVWF was usually much lower than VIIIAHF and VIIIAGN. The findings suggest that although some patients may present with simultaneous abnormalities of all six studied laboratory measurements, the majority show a variation in the spectrum of the abnormal results, without any obvious simple pattern.", "contents": "Spectrum of von Willebrand's Disease: a study of 100 cases. Italian Working Group. The clinical picture, family history and laboratory findings of 100 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD) have been studied in Italy in a multicentre survey from two rural areas with a known high incidence of the disease and from two large cities (Rome and Milan). Bleeding time, procoagulant factor-VIII (VIIIAHF) assay, platelet retention and PRP-ristocetin aggregation were measured in each centre, and plasma samples were frozen and subsequently assayed for factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIAGN) and ristocetin co-factor (VIIIVWF) in one laboratory (Milan). On the basis of the inheritance pattern, clinical severity of the disease and laboratory findings, patients with VWD were separated into two groups. In 17 patients the absence of a family history of bleeding, a high incidence of parental consanguinity and involvement of both sexes suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance; the unusual severity of the disease with markedly abnormal results of all six laboratory measurements (and frequent reduced levels of VIIIAGN and VIIIVWF in the unaffected parents) were consistent with the homozygous state. In 83 patients, the disease was familial (being transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait) and of moderate clinical severity. In these, VIIIVWF was usually much lower than VIIIAHF and VIIIAGN. The findings suggest that although some patients may present with simultaneous abnormalities of all six studied laboratory measurements, the majority show a variation in the spectrum of the abnormal results, without any obvious simple pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:300629", "title": "Synthesis and characterization of a pancreatic trypsin inhibitor homologue and a model inhibitor.", "content": "The synthesis and characterization of protein proteinase inhibitor homologues with variations in the amino acid composition in the vicinity of the reactive site should aid the understanding of the mechanism by which inhibition of enzymatic activity occurs. A homologue inhibitor in which the reactive-site residue Ala-16 of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) (BPTI) is replaced by Phe has been synthesized to study the effect of this replacement on the dissociation constants of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The replacement of Ala-16 by Phe causes a dramatic increase in the K1 value of the trypsin-BPTI complex while that of the chymotrypsin-BPTI complex remains essentially the same. This cannot be explained simply in terms of increased steric crowding. The Phe replacement probably causes a small change in the local conformation of the reactive site of the inhibitor which leads to a large decrease in the stability of the very tight trypsin-BPTI complex. This conformation change apparently can be tolerated in the less tightly bound chymotrypsin-BPTI complex. On the basis of the known structure of BPTI, a cyclic heptadecapeptide containing one disulfide bond was synthesized as a model inhibitor in order to determine if a smaller peptide can be designed to act as a highly efficient inhibitor for trypsin. This heptadecapeptide which contains all of the amino acid residues of BPTI taking part in the interaction of the proteinase inhibitor with trypsin binds 3 X 10(7) time more weakly to the enzyme than native BPTI does. It thus appears that even though only a small part of the inhibitor molecule enters directly into interaction with the enzyme, the remaining portions of the molecule which hold the structure of the inhibitor rigid are essential for the strong interaction.", "contents": "Synthesis and characterization of a pancreatic trypsin inhibitor homologue and a model inhibitor. The synthesis and characterization of protein proteinase inhibitor homologues with variations in the amino acid composition in the vicinity of the reactive site should aid the understanding of the mechanism by which inhibition of enzymatic activity occurs. A homologue inhibitor in which the reactive-site residue Ala-16 of basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) (BPTI) is replaced by Phe has been synthesized to study the effect of this replacement on the dissociation constants of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The replacement of Ala-16 by Phe causes a dramatic increase in the K1 value of the trypsin-BPTI complex while that of the chymotrypsin-BPTI complex remains essentially the same. This cannot be explained simply in terms of increased steric crowding. The Phe replacement probably causes a small change in the local conformation of the reactive site of the inhibitor which leads to a large decrease in the stability of the very tight trypsin-BPTI complex. This conformation change apparently can be tolerated in the less tightly bound chymotrypsin-BPTI complex. On the basis of the known structure of BPTI, a cyclic heptadecapeptide containing one disulfide bond was synthesized as a model inhibitor in order to determine if a smaller peptide can be designed to act as a highly efficient inhibitor for trypsin. This heptadecapeptide which contains all of the amino acid residues of BPTI taking part in the interaction of the proteinase inhibitor with trypsin binds 3 X 10(7) time more weakly to the enzyme than native BPTI does. It thus appears that even though only a small part of the inhibitor molecule enters directly into interaction with the enzyme, the remaining portions of the molecule which hold the structure of the inhibitor rigid are essential for the strong interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:300630", "title": "Further evidence for dissipative energy migration via triplet states in photosynthesis. The protective mechanism of carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides chromatophores.", "content": "The protection action of carotenoids against irreversible photodestruction was discovered in photosynthetic bacteria by Stanieda and coworkers. In green plant material it was found by Wolff and Witt (1969) Z. Naturforsch, 24b, 1031-1037 and (1972) Proc. 2nd. Int. Congr. Photosynthesis Res. Stresa (Forti, G., Avron, M. and Melandri, A., eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 931-936, Dr. W. Junk, N. V. Publ. The Hague) that the formation of special carotenoid triplet states (via very rapid energy transfer from excited chlorophylls) and their fast radiationless decay in tau1/2 approximately 3 microns is at least one mechanism for the protective action of carotenoids to irreversible photooxidation of the chlorophylls. Hence, it is anticipated that the same mechanism might be realized also in bacteria. The present study gives evidence for such a \"triplet valve\" to be established also in bacteria. This conclusion was derived from the following observations: 1. The light-induced difference spectrum shows a bleaching of a carotenoid at three characteristic wavelength between 400 and 500 nm. A positive peak around 533 nm indicates the formation of a carotenoid triplet state. 2. The absorption changes can be induced by red light which excites only bacteriochlorophyll. This indicates an energy transfer from bacteriochlorophyll to carotenoids. 3. The light-induced carotenoid triplets decay radiationless in 3 microns in air-saturated aqueous suspensions of the chromatophores. 4. The carotenoid triplet formation occurs only at actinic flash intensities where the photosynthesis becomes saturated. 5. Addition of dithionite, which blocks photosynthesis, markedly increases the extent of carotenoid triplet formation. The different types of exciton migration within the photosynthetic unit are discussed, especially the routes leading to the dissipation of excess excitation energy.", "contents": "Further evidence for dissipative energy migration via triplet states in photosynthesis. The protective mechanism of carotenoids in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides chromatophores. The protection action of carotenoids against irreversible photodestruction was discovered in photosynthetic bacteria by Stanieda and coworkers. In green plant material it was found by Wolff and Witt (1969) Z. Naturforsch, 24b, 1031-1037 and (1972) Proc. 2nd. Int. Congr. Photosynthesis Res. Stresa (Forti, G., Avron, M. and Melandri, A., eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 931-936, Dr. W. Junk, N. V. Publ. The Hague) that the formation of special carotenoid triplet states (via very rapid energy transfer from excited chlorophylls) and their fast radiationless decay in tau1/2 approximately 3 microns is at least one mechanism for the protective action of carotenoids to irreversible photooxidation of the chlorophylls. Hence, it is anticipated that the same mechanism might be realized also in bacteria. The present study gives evidence for such a \"triplet valve\" to be established also in bacteria. This conclusion was derived from the following observations: 1. The light-induced difference spectrum shows a bleaching of a carotenoid at three characteristic wavelength between 400 and 500 nm. A positive peak around 533 nm indicates the formation of a carotenoid triplet state. 2. The absorption changes can be induced by red light which excites only bacteriochlorophyll. This indicates an energy transfer from bacteriochlorophyll to carotenoids. 3. The light-induced carotenoid triplets decay radiationless in 3 microns in air-saturated aqueous suspensions of the chromatophores. 4. The carotenoid triplet formation occurs only at actinic flash intensities where the photosynthesis becomes saturated. 5. Addition of dithionite, which blocks photosynthesis, markedly increases the extent of carotenoid triplet formation. The different types of exciton migration within the photosynthetic unit are discussed, especially the routes leading to the dissipation of excess excitation energy."}
{"id": "PMID:300631", "title": "Selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation in isolated nuclei by low levels of cordycepin 5\"-triphosphate.", "content": "The effect of cordycepin 5'-triphosphate on poly(A) synthesis was investigated in isolated rat hepatic nuclei. Nuclei were incubated in the absence and presence of exogenous primer in order to distinguish the chromatin-associated poly(A) polymerase from the \"free\" enzyme (Jacob, S.T., Roe, F.J. and Rose, K.M. (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 733--735). The chromatin-bound enzyme, which adds adenylate residues onto the endogenous RNA, was selectively inhibited at low concentrations of cordycepin 5'-triphosphate, 50% inhibition being achieved at 2microng/ml. At least 80 times more inhibitor was required for 50% reduction in the \"free\" nuclear poly(A) polymerase activity. Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis also required higher concentrations of the nucleotide analogue. These data not only offer a mechanism for the selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in vivo by cordycepin, but also provide a satisfactory explanation for the indiscriminate effect of the inhibitor on partially purified or \"free\" poly(A) and RNA polymerases.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation in isolated nuclei by low levels of cordycepin 5\"-triphosphate. The effect of cordycepin 5'-triphosphate on poly(A) synthesis was investigated in isolated rat hepatic nuclei. Nuclei were incubated in the absence and presence of exogenous primer in order to distinguish the chromatin-associated poly(A) polymerase from the \"free\" enzyme (Jacob, S.T., Roe, F.J. and Rose, K.M. (1976) Biochem. J. 153, 733--735). The chromatin-bound enzyme, which adds adenylate residues onto the endogenous RNA, was selectively inhibited at low concentrations of cordycepin 5'-triphosphate, 50% inhibition being achieved at 2microng/ml. At least 80 times more inhibitor was required for 50% reduction in the \"free\" nuclear poly(A) polymerase activity. Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis also required higher concentrations of the nucleotide analogue. These data not only offer a mechanism for the selective inhibition of initial polyadenylation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in vivo by cordycepin, but also provide a satisfactory explanation for the indiscriminate effect of the inhibitor on partially purified or \"free\" poly(A) and RNA polymerases."}
{"id": "PMID:300632", "title": "Mammalian adenylosuccinate lyase. Participation in the conversion of 2'-dIMP and beta-D-arabinosyl-IMP to adenine nucleotides.", "content": "Adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4) from rabbit muscle efficiently catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyadenylosuccinate and beta-D-arabinosylade-nylosuccinate from 2'-dIMP and beta-D-arabinosylIMP (Spector, T. and Miller, RL. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 509-517). These novel analogs of adenylosuccinate were synthesized with this enzyme and their kinetic constants were determined with adenylosuccinate lyase purified from Ehrlich ascites cells. 2'-Deoxyadenylosuccinate and beta-D-arabinosyladenylosuccinate were readily cleaved to 2'-dAMP and beta-D-arabinosylAMP, respectively. Their Km values were similar to that of adenylosuccinate (3-6 micronM) and their substrate efficiencies (V/Km) were 120 for 2-deoxyadenylosuccinate and 32 for beta-D-arabinosyl-adenylosuccinate, compared to a value of 100 for adenylosuccinate. The products of the reactions, 2'-dAMP and beta-D-arabinosylAMP, were competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 5 and 87 micronM, respectively. ATP and ADP were considerably weaker competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 200-300 micronM. IMP, GMP, xanthosine 5'-monophosphate, 6-thioIMP and 6-thioGMP had Ki values greater than 200 micronM.", "contents": "Mammalian adenylosuccinate lyase. Participation in the conversion of 2'-dIMP and beta-D-arabinosyl-IMP to adenine nucleotides. Adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4) from rabbit muscle efficiently catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyadenylosuccinate and beta-D-arabinosylade-nylosuccinate from 2'-dIMP and beta-D-arabinosylIMP (Spector, T. and Miller, RL. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 509-517). These novel analogs of adenylosuccinate were synthesized with this enzyme and their kinetic constants were determined with adenylosuccinate lyase purified from Ehrlich ascites cells. 2'-Deoxyadenylosuccinate and beta-D-arabinosyladenylosuccinate were readily cleaved to 2'-dAMP and beta-D-arabinosylAMP, respectively. Their Km values were similar to that of adenylosuccinate (3-6 micronM) and their substrate efficiencies (V/Km) were 120 for 2-deoxyadenylosuccinate and 32 for beta-D-arabinosyl-adenylosuccinate, compared to a value of 100 for adenylosuccinate. The products of the reactions, 2'-dAMP and beta-D-arabinosylAMP, were competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 5 and 87 micronM, respectively. ATP and ADP were considerably weaker competitive inhibitors with Ki values of 200-300 micronM. IMP, GMP, xanthosine 5'-monophosphate, 6-thioIMP and 6-thioGMP had Ki values greater than 200 micronM."}
{"id": "PMID:300633", "title": "Effect of psychotropic agents upon the blastogenic response of human t-lymphocytes.", "content": "Antischizophrenic agents, phenothiazine and nonphenothiazine, inhibit the transformation of the T-lymphocyte in vitro. This inhibition occurs only in the early event and is neither competitive with dopamine, nor appears to involve Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase. RNA synthesis is more sensitive to the inhibitory effect than DNA or protein synthesis. This leads to the conclusion that chlorpromazine may act by inhibiting the synthesis of newly formed RNA, and subsequently, transformation, rather than by alteration of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Effect of psychotropic agents upon the blastogenic response of human t-lymphocytes. Antischizophrenic agents, phenothiazine and nonphenothiazine, inhibit the transformation of the T-lymphocyte in vitro. This inhibition occurs only in the early event and is neither competitive with dopamine, nor appears to involve Na+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase. RNA synthesis is more sensitive to the inhibitory effect than DNA or protein synthesis. This leads to the conclusion that chlorpromazine may act by inhibiting the synthesis of newly formed RNA, and subsequently, transformation, rather than by alteration of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:300634", "title": "An image intensifier aid for chronic night blindness.", "content": "Working with the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation, ITT has designed an image intensifier monocular specifically for application as a prosthetic aid for persons suffering from chronic night blindness as a result of retinal degenerations. A description of the instrument along with the rationale for its major design points is given and its applications illustrated. The first few of these instruments were delivered earlier this year and limited production has been started.", "contents": "An image intensifier aid for chronic night blindness. Working with the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation, ITT has designed an image intensifier monocular specifically for application as a prosthetic aid for persons suffering from chronic night blindness as a result of retinal degenerations. A description of the instrument along with the rationale for its major design points is given and its applications illustrated. The first few of these instruments were delivered earlier this year and limited production has been started."}
{"id": "PMID:300635", "title": "[Cytotoxic serum against B-lymphocytes obtained by immunization with bone marrow cells].", "content": "Immunization of rabbits with the bone marrow cells of intact mice permitted to obtain antisera selectively reacting with the cells of the bone marrow origin. A method of obtaining the anti-B-sera by immunization of animals directly with the bone marrow cells permitted to exclude irradiation and thymectomy of mice, this serving as necessary steps of the methods described formerly.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic serum against B-lymphocytes obtained by immunization with bone marrow cells]. Immunization of rabbits with the bone marrow cells of intact mice permitted to obtain antisera selectively reacting with the cells of the bone marrow origin. A method of obtaining the anti-B-sera by immunization of animals directly with the bone marrow cells permitted to exclude irradiation and thymectomy of mice, this serving as necessary steps of the methods described formerly."}
{"id": "PMID:300636", "title": "[Antibody formation and B-cell migration from bone marrow to spleen in mice under conditions of stimulation and suppression of erythropoiesis].", "content": "The effect of erythropoietic stimulation and suppression on the production of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and on the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen was investigated in the CBA mice. Erythropoiesis stimulation proved to sharply increase the AFC count in the spleen and the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen 1 and 4 days after the bleeding. Erythropoiesis suppression resulted in a slight increase of the AFC count in the spleen 4 and 7 days after the transfusion of syngeneic red blood cells. However, the erythropoietic suppression inhibited the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the erythropoietic stimulation and suppression on the antibody production are discussed.", "contents": "[Antibody formation and B-cell migration from bone marrow to spleen in mice under conditions of stimulation and suppression of erythropoiesis]. The effect of erythropoietic stimulation and suppression on the production of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and on the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen was investigated in the CBA mice. Erythropoiesis stimulation proved to sharply increase the AFC count in the spleen and the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen 1 and 4 days after the bleeding. Erythropoiesis suppression resulted in a slight increase of the AFC count in the spleen 4 and 7 days after the transfusion of syngeneic red blood cells. However, the erythropoietic suppression inhibited the B-cell migration from the bone marrow to the spleen. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the erythropoietic stimulation and suppression on the antibody production are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300637", "title": "[Human, guinea pig and rat lympocyte rosette formation with spermatozoids].", "content": "In the thymus, spleen and bone marrow of adult guinea pigs, 14--30-week human fetuses, and the peripheral blood of sterile men there were found cells capable of forming the rosettes with homo- or heterologous spermatozoa (RFC). Development of autoimmune orchitis after the trauma of the rat testis or after the guinea pig immunization with the testicular homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant caused the appearance of RFC with spermatozoa in the thymus and the spleen of rats, and an increase of their number in the lymphoid organs of guinea pigs. Such treatment did not influence the quantity of sheep-cell rosettes in the lymphoid organs of rats and guinea pigs. A possibility of using the detected capacity of animal and human lymphocytes to form spontaneous and immune rosettes with the spermatozoa to test the degree of lympocyte differentiation and their sensitisation to the spermatozoa antigens after the spermatogenesis distrubances of the autoimmune nature is discussed.", "contents": "[Human, guinea pig and rat lympocyte rosette formation with spermatozoids]. In the thymus, spleen and bone marrow of adult guinea pigs, 14--30-week human fetuses, and the peripheral blood of sterile men there were found cells capable of forming the rosettes with homo- or heterologous spermatozoa (RFC). Development of autoimmune orchitis after the trauma of the rat testis or after the guinea pig immunization with the testicular homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant caused the appearance of RFC with spermatozoa in the thymus and the spleen of rats, and an increase of their number in the lymphoid organs of guinea pigs. Such treatment did not influence the quantity of sheep-cell rosettes in the lymphoid organs of rats and guinea pigs. A possibility of using the detected capacity of animal and human lymphocytes to form spontaneous and immune rosettes with the spermatozoa to test the degree of lympocyte differentiation and their sensitisation to the spermatozoa antigens after the spermatogenesis distrubances of the autoimmune nature is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300638", "title": "Demonstration of granulopoietic factor(s) in the plasma of nude mice transplanted with a human lung cancer and in the tumor tissue.", "content": "A human lung cancer (OTUK-tumor) was transplanted serially to nude mice, which invariably developed a marked neutrophilia. In order to analyze this phenomenon, in vitro agar culture studies were carried out. A three- to fourfold increase of colony-forming units in culture was observed in the femurs of these nude mice. Moreover, the plasma of nude mice bearing this tumor, as well as the tumor extract, had a significantly higher colony-stimulating activity on mouse bone marrow cells than appropriate controls. This activity had the property to stimulate granulocyte and/or mixed cell type colonies rather than mononuclear cells. This activity was also demonstrated, in a dose-dependent way, on normal human bone marrow cells. These findings indicated that the OTUK-tumor produced human granulopoietic colony-stimulating activity, which may have stimulated granulopoiesis in vivo as well.", "contents": "Demonstration of granulopoietic factor(s) in the plasma of nude mice transplanted with a human lung cancer and in the tumor tissue. A human lung cancer (OTUK-tumor) was transplanted serially to nude mice, which invariably developed a marked neutrophilia. In order to analyze this phenomenon, in vitro agar culture studies were carried out. A three- to fourfold increase of colony-forming units in culture was observed in the femurs of these nude mice. Moreover, the plasma of nude mice bearing this tumor, as well as the tumor extract, had a significantly higher colony-stimulating activity on mouse bone marrow cells than appropriate controls. This activity had the property to stimulate granulocyte and/or mixed cell type colonies rather than mononuclear cells. This activity was also demonstrated, in a dose-dependent way, on normal human bone marrow cells. These findings indicated that the OTUK-tumor produced human granulopoietic colony-stimulating activity, which may have stimulated granulopoiesis in vivo as well."}
{"id": "PMID:300639", "title": "Growth of bone marrow cells of normal and Rauscher virus infected mice in suspension cultures stimulated by CSA.", "content": "Bone marrow cells of normal and Rauscher virus (RLV) infected CBA/J mice were cultured under stimulation by postendotoxin serum. Cellular morphology and the number of granulocytic committed stem cells from day 1-5 after the onset of the cultures were studied with different amounts of postendotoxin serum added. There was a good correlation between total cellularity, the number of immature granulocytopoietic cells and the number of colony forming unit cells (CFUc) in suspension with the amount of postendotoxin serum. Postendotoxin serum delayed the appearance of macrophages in the cultures for 1-2 days. Cells from RLV infected animals showed a rather normal differentiation of the morphological recognisable cells 5 and 21 days after infection, but the CFUc survival in vitro 3 and 5 weeks after infection was reduced.", "contents": "Growth of bone marrow cells of normal and Rauscher virus infected mice in suspension cultures stimulated by CSA. Bone marrow cells of normal and Rauscher virus (RLV) infected CBA/J mice were cultured under stimulation by postendotoxin serum. Cellular morphology and the number of granulocytic committed stem cells from day 1-5 after the onset of the cultures were studied with different amounts of postendotoxin serum added. There was a good correlation between total cellularity, the number of immature granulocytopoietic cells and the number of colony forming unit cells (CFUc) in suspension with the amount of postendotoxin serum. Postendotoxin serum delayed the appearance of macrophages in the cultures for 1-2 days. Cells from RLV infected animals showed a rather normal differentiation of the morphological recognisable cells 5 and 21 days after infection, but the CFUc survival in vitro 3 and 5 weeks after infection was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:300641", "title": "The effect of two pesticides, Miedzian 50 and Gesagard 50, on the development of tadpoles of Rana temporaria.", "content": "Tadpoles of the frog, Rana temporaria, in two developmental stages were subjected to the action of aqueous suspensions of two pesticides--Miedzian 50 and Gesagard 50. The changes caused by these substances pertain chiefly to the alimentary canal, brain, and muscles, and are connected with the developmental stage of the animals. Miedzian 50 caused a partial sytolysis in the cells of the intestinal epithelium and the parenchyma of the liver. Gesagard 50 was more toxic; under its action strong degenerative changes were obtained in the alimentary canal and the brain. Also, disorders in the development of tadpoles were observed. These consisted in a partial inhibition of growth and a retardation of the process of completion of the operculum as compared with control animals.", "contents": "The effect of two pesticides, Miedzian 50 and Gesagard 50, on the development of tadpoles of Rana temporaria. Tadpoles of the frog, Rana temporaria, in two developmental stages were subjected to the action of aqueous suspensions of two pesticides--Miedzian 50 and Gesagard 50. The changes caused by these substances pertain chiefly to the alimentary canal, brain, and muscles, and are connected with the developmental stage of the animals. Miedzian 50 caused a partial sytolysis in the cells of the intestinal epithelium and the parenchyma of the liver. Gesagard 50 was more toxic; under its action strong degenerative changes were obtained in the alimentary canal and the brain. Also, disorders in the development of tadpoles were observed. These consisted in a partial inhibition of growth and a retardation of the process of completion of the operculum as compared with control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:300645", "title": "A comparison of the reflex organization of thoracic and lumbar segments in the frog spinal cord.", "content": "Both lumbar dorsal root (DR) primary afferents and descending fibers in the lateral column (LC) make monosynaptic connections with ipsilateral lumbar motoneurons in the frog spinal cord. We have determined that LC fibers also make monosynaptic connections with thoracic motoneurons, while thoracic primary afferents do not. The central reflex time (CRT) for the lumbar DR-VR pathway was 2.5 +/- 0.3 msec, but the CRT for the thoracic DR-VR pathway was 8.5 +/- 2.6 msec. By using a conditioning-test paradigm we have been able to determine that the earliest sign of segmental synaptic transmission in thoracic motoneurons occurs only after a delay of 6.1 +/- 0.9 msec. These results correlate very well with the different morphological characteristics of lumbar and thoracic segments. We have also investigated the central organization of lumbar and thoracic segments and found that the segmental polysynaptic input to motoneurons is more diffuse in thoracic than in lumbar segments. The intersegmental reflexes between thoracic and lumbar segments provide additional evidence for a more diffuse organization in thoracic segments.", "contents": "A comparison of the reflex organization of thoracic and lumbar segments in the frog spinal cord. Both lumbar dorsal root (DR) primary afferents and descending fibers in the lateral column (LC) make monosynaptic connections with ipsilateral lumbar motoneurons in the frog spinal cord. We have determined that LC fibers also make monosynaptic connections with thoracic motoneurons, while thoracic primary afferents do not. The central reflex time (CRT) for the lumbar DR-VR pathway was 2.5 +/- 0.3 msec, but the CRT for the thoracic DR-VR pathway was 8.5 +/- 2.6 msec. By using a conditioning-test paradigm we have been able to determine that the earliest sign of segmental synaptic transmission in thoracic motoneurons occurs only after a delay of 6.1 +/- 0.9 msec. These results correlate very well with the different morphological characteristics of lumbar and thoracic segments. We have also investigated the central organization of lumbar and thoracic segments and found that the segmental polysynaptic input to motoneurons is more diffuse in thoracic than in lumbar segments. The intersegmental reflexes between thoracic and lumbar segments provide additional evidence for a more diffuse organization in thoracic segments."}
{"id": "PMID:300646", "title": "Metabolism of tryptopan and serotonin by the chick pineal gland in organ culture.", "content": "Marked differences were seen between the metabolism of L-[3-14C] tryptophan and of [2-14C]serotonin by the intact chick pineal gland in organ culture. The major metabolite of tryptophan recovered by our procedures was melatonin, which accounted for about half the radioactivity recovered as metabolic products. In contrast, the principal product of serotonin metabolism recovered was hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the yield of products derived through monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) activity vastly exceeded that of melatonin. Metabolism of tryptophan yielded a much larger proportion of methlated metabolites among the products recovered than did metabolism of serotonin. However, the yield of methoxyindoleacetic acid from serotonin was greater than that from tryptophan. Serotonin formed endogenously and serotonin supplied exogenously appear to enter two or more largely distinct metabolic pools.", "contents": "Metabolism of tryptopan and serotonin by the chick pineal gland in organ culture. Marked differences were seen between the metabolism of L-[3-14C] tryptophan and of [2-14C]serotonin by the intact chick pineal gland in organ culture. The major metabolite of tryptophan recovered by our procedures was melatonin, which accounted for about half the radioactivity recovered as metabolic products. In contrast, the principal product of serotonin metabolism recovered was hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the yield of products derived through monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) activity vastly exceeded that of melatonin. Metabolism of tryptophan yielded a much larger proportion of methlated metabolites among the products recovered than did metabolism of serotonin. However, the yield of methoxyindoleacetic acid from serotonin was greater than that from tryptophan. Serotonin formed endogenously and serotonin supplied exogenously appear to enter two or more largely distinct metabolic pools."}
{"id": "PMID:300647", "title": "Thymoma immunological and ultrastructural characterization.", "content": "A 69-year-old man with a mediastinal mass was found to have atypical lymphoid cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that the mediastinal mass was a thymoma. B- and T-cell differentiation and PHA responsiveness in the tumor and peripheral blood were consistent with T-cells. After excision of the tumor and a course of radiotherapy  the B/T ratio and PHA responsiveness in peripheral blood returned to normal while the atypical lymphocytes disappeared from circulation.", "contents": "Thymoma immunological and ultrastructural characterization. A 69-year-old man with a mediastinal mass was found to have atypical lymphoid cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Light and electron microscopic studies showed that the mediastinal mass was a thymoma. B- and T-cell differentiation and PHA responsiveness in the tumor and peripheral blood were consistent with T-cells. After excision of the tumor and a course of radiotherapy  the B/T ratio and PHA responsiveness in peripheral blood returned to normal while the atypical lymphocytes disappeared from circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:300648", "title": "Studies of T, B, and null lymphocytes during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The distribution of T, B and null lymphocytes was studied in the peripheral blood (PB) of 34 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), at diagnosis and during the course of their disease. All patients received the same chemotherapy. At diagnosis, the proportion and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes fell into 2 groups, a \"low\" group (medians 8%, 318/mm3) and a \"normal\" group (medians 60%, 1405/mm3). Patients with a low proportion of T cells tended to have a high proportion and absolute number of null cells (correl. coeff. r = 0.94). This group has had high white blood cell counts (median = 29,600/mm3) and a high proportion of blasts (84%). During remission, the proportion of T cells returned toward normal (40-75%) in both groups. Four patients in the low T group relapsed; T cells again fell to low levels and returned to normal in response to new therapy. Three interpretations of these observations are suggested: 1) Active leukemia may cause normal lymphocytes (T cells and to a lesser degree B cells) to lose their surface markers; 2) Acute leukemia may inhibit maturation of normal lymphoid cells, and thus T or B markers are not sufficiently developed to be detectable; and 3) Cells without surface markers (null cells) may be a part of the malignant population, even though they are not morphologic blasts. Further studies are necessary to test these hypotheses.", "contents": "Studies of T, B, and null lymphocytes during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia. The distribution of T, B and null lymphocytes was studied in the peripheral blood (PB) of 34 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), at diagnosis and during the course of their disease. All patients received the same chemotherapy. At diagnosis, the proportion and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes fell into 2 groups, a \"low\" group (medians 8%, 318/mm3) and a \"normal\" group (medians 60%, 1405/mm3). Patients with a low proportion of T cells tended to have a high proportion and absolute number of null cells (correl. coeff. r = 0.94). This group has had high white blood cell counts (median = 29,600/mm3) and a high proportion of blasts (84%). During remission, the proportion of T cells returned toward normal (40-75%) in both groups. Four patients in the low T group relapsed; T cells again fell to low levels and returned to normal in response to new therapy. Three interpretations of these observations are suggested: 1) Active leukemia may cause normal lymphocytes (T cells and to a lesser degree B cells) to lose their surface markers; 2) Acute leukemia may inhibit maturation of normal lymphoid cells, and thus T or B markers are not sufficiently developed to be detectable; and 3) Cells without surface markers (null cells) may be a part of the malignant population, even though they are not morphologic blasts. Further studies are necessary to test these hypotheses."}
{"id": "PMID:300649", "title": "Lymphoblasts with T-cell markers in five girls with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In previous reports, children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who presented with T-cell markers on their lymphoblasts (T-lymphoblasts), have been predominantly older boys often with a mediastinal mass. These children are thought to constitute a subgroup of childhood ALL that has the poorest prognosis. Here, we report five girls with ALL, who presented with T-lymphoblasts but without a mediastinal mass. All responded well to chemotherapy and three of five are in maintained remission 21-33 months after diagnosis. The fourth patient died while in remission of causes other than leukemia and the fifth relapsed and died of infection two years after diagnosis. These observations suggest that girls with T-lymphoblasts may not have an adverse prognosis.", "contents": "Lymphoblasts with T-cell markers in five girls with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In previous reports, children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), who presented with T-cell markers on their lymphoblasts (T-lymphoblasts), have been predominantly older boys often with a mediastinal mass. These children are thought to constitute a subgroup of childhood ALL that has the poorest prognosis. Here, we report five girls with ALL, who presented with T-lymphoblasts but without a mediastinal mass. All responded well to chemotherapy and three of five are in maintained remission 21-33 months after diagnosis. The fourth patient died while in remission of causes other than leukemia and the fifth relapsed and died of infection two years after diagnosis. These observations suggest that girls with T-lymphoblasts may not have an adverse prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300650", "title": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy terminating as Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The clinical course of a 33-year-old man with generalized lymphadenopathy bearing all physical, laboratory and histologic characteristics of \"angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia\" (AILD) is described. Therapy was without significant benefit and the patient died 22 months after initial diagnosis. At autopsy in addition to the characteristic cellular polymorphism of AILD, numerous Hodgkin's cells and Sternberg-Reed cells were identified in the lymph nodes and spleen. Pleomorphic cellular infiltrates containing an increased number of immunoblasts and some giant cells were found also in the portal spaces of the liver. The evolution of Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) from AILD suggests that the latter may have represented a reaction to the agent which causes H.D..", "contents": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy terminating as Hodgkin's disease. The clinical course of a 33-year-old man with generalized lymphadenopathy bearing all physical, laboratory and histologic characteristics of \"angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia\" (AILD) is described. Therapy was without significant benefit and the patient died 22 months after initial diagnosis. At autopsy in addition to the characteristic cellular polymorphism of AILD, numerous Hodgkin's cells and Sternberg-Reed cells were identified in the lymph nodes and spleen. Pleomorphic cellular infiltrates containing an increased number of immunoblasts and some giant cells were found also in the portal spaces of the liver. The evolution of Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) from AILD suggests that the latter may have represented a reaction to the agent which causes H.D.."}
{"id": "PMID:300651", "title": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony formation.", "content": "Because Corynebacterium parvum has tumor-inhibitory properties and stimulates granulocyte-macrophage production, it may have clinical value in combination with chemotherapy. The leukopoietic effect of killed suspensions of C. parvum was studied in mice using the technique of in vitro clonal culture of hematopoietic cells. After C. parvum injection, there was a prompt, sustained elevation of serum colony-stimulating factor followed by an increase in granulocyte-macrophage precursor cells in the spleen and increases in blood mononuclear and granulocyte cells. Colony-stimulating factor production is suggested as a major mechanism of stimulation of granulocyte-macrophage proliferation by C. parvum. Since rapidly proliferating hematopoietic cells may have increased sensititity to cytotoxic agents, the details of hematopoietic stimulation by C. parvum may be critical in the sequential timing of combined C. parvum and chemotherapy treatment to obtain maximal tumor inhibition and minimal hematopoietic toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. Because Corynebacterium parvum has tumor-inhibitory properties and stimulates granulocyte-macrophage production, it may have clinical value in combination with chemotherapy. The leukopoietic effect of killed suspensions of C. parvum was studied in mice using the technique of in vitro clonal culture of hematopoietic cells. After C. parvum injection, there was a prompt, sustained elevation of serum colony-stimulating factor followed by an increase in granulocyte-macrophage precursor cells in the spleen and increases in blood mononuclear and granulocyte cells. Colony-stimulating factor production is suggested as a major mechanism of stimulation of granulocyte-macrophage proliferation by C. parvum. Since rapidly proliferating hematopoietic cells may have increased sensititity to cytotoxic agents, the details of hematopoietic stimulation by C. parvum may be critical in the sequential timing of combined C. parvum and chemotherapy treatment to obtain maximal tumor inhibition and minimal hematopoietic toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:300652", "title": "Effect of glucan on granulopoiesis and macrophage genesis in mice.", "content": "Glucan, a potent reticuloendothelial stimulant, is a glucopyranose polysaccharide derived from zymosan. Because of glucan's potential as an immunotherapeutic agent, we performed studies in order to determine its effect on granulopoiesis and macrophage production in mice. One week after the i.p. injection of 4 mg of glucan, there was a tenfold increase in colony-forming cells in the spleen and approximately a twofold increment of cells in the bone marrow and the peritoneal cavity capable of colony formation in vitro. There was a relative and absolute increase in the number of pure macrophage colonies from bone marrow and spleen. The total macrophage content in spleen, peritoneal cavity, and bone marrow as also increased in the treated mice. Serum from glucan-injected mice had high colony-stimulating activity levels, and the peritoneal macrophages elaborated increased colony-stimulating activity in vitro as compared to controls. Peripheral white blood cell counts were two times greater than those of control in the glucan-treated mice. These studies indicate that glucan administration results in increased granulocyte and macrophage production. The enhanced leukopoiesis is probably mediated in part by augmented release of colony-stimulating activity from macrophages. These observations suggest that the use of glucan as an immunotherapeutic agent can result in an increased number of available effector cells.", "contents": "Effect of glucan on granulopoiesis and macrophage genesis in mice. Glucan, a potent reticuloendothelial stimulant, is a glucopyranose polysaccharide derived from zymosan. Because of glucan's potential as an immunotherapeutic agent, we performed studies in order to determine its effect on granulopoiesis and macrophage production in mice. One week after the i.p. injection of 4 mg of glucan, there was a tenfold increase in colony-forming cells in the spleen and approximately a twofold increment of cells in the bone marrow and the peritoneal cavity capable of colony formation in vitro. There was a relative and absolute increase in the number of pure macrophage colonies from bone marrow and spleen. The total macrophage content in spleen, peritoneal cavity, and bone marrow as also increased in the treated mice. Serum from glucan-injected mice had high colony-stimulating activity levels, and the peritoneal macrophages elaborated increased colony-stimulating activity in vitro as compared to controls. Peripheral white blood cell counts were two times greater than those of control in the glucan-treated mice. These studies indicate that glucan administration results in increased granulocyte and macrophage production. The enhanced leukopoiesis is probably mediated in part by augmented release of colony-stimulating activity from macrophages. These observations suggest that the use of glucan as an immunotherapeutic agent can result in an increased number of available effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300653", "title": "Enantiomeric forms of 9-(5-deoxy-beta-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and a new preparation of 5-deoxy-D-lyxose.", "content": "Methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranoside (3) was obtained in three steps from D-ribose. Exchange of the isopropylidene group for benzoate groups and acetolysis gave 1-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-benzoyl-5-deoxy-5-iodo-D-ribofuranose which was coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride method to afford the blocked nucleoside. Treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene in N,N-dimethylformamide and removal of the blocking groups have 9-(5-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (9). A similar route starting from methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside (14) afforded the enantiomeric nucleoside, 9-(5-deoxy-beta-L-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (20). Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-mannofuranoside was treated with sodium periodate and then with sodium borohydride to give methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside (11). Acid hydrolysis afforded D-lyxose. Tosylation of 11 gave methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-alpha dp-lyxofuranoside (12) which was converted into 14 with sodium iodide in acetone. Reduction of 12 gave methyl 5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside which was hydrolyzed to give 5-deoxy-D-lyxose.", "contents": "Enantiomeric forms of 9-(5-deoxy-beta-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and a new preparation of 5-deoxy-D-lyxose. Methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-ribofuranoside (3) was obtained in three steps from D-ribose. Exchange of the isopropylidene group for benzoate groups and acetolysis gave 1-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-benzoyl-5-deoxy-5-iodo-D-ribofuranose which was coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride method to afford the blocked nucleoside. Treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene in N,N-dimethylformamide and removal of the blocking groups have 9-(5-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (9). A similar route starting from methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside (14) afforded the enantiomeric nucleoside, 9-(5-deoxy-beta-L-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine (20). Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-mannofuranoside was treated with sodium periodate and then with sodium borohydride to give methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside (11). Acid hydrolysis afforded D-lyxose. Tosylation of 11 gave methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-alpha dp-lyxofuranoside (12) which was converted into 14 with sodium iodide in acetone. Reduction of 12 gave methyl 5-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-lyxofuranoside which was hydrolyzed to give 5-deoxy-D-lyxose."}
{"id": "PMID:300654", "title": "Fate of thymocytes: studies with 125I-iododeoxyuridine and 3H-thymidine in mice.", "content": "Cortical thymocytes of young adult mice were labeled in situ with radioactive DNA precursors. As a result of cell emigration and cell death, total thymic radioactivity decreased within 8 days to 10% or less of that present on day 1. Accumulation of thymic migrants in peripheral lymphoid organs was estimated by computing the net thymus-derived radioactivity in these tissues. Thymic cell death was assessed by comparing values obtained with 125I-UdR to those acquired with 3H-TdR; The results indicate that cortical thymocytes migrate to the spleen, mesenteric lymph node, femurs and intestine; nevertheless, only a small fraction of the activity originally present in the thymus was recovered in these organs; the vast majority of newly formed cortical thymocytes apparently die after a relatively short life span. Exclusive of the fraction which dies in situ, evidence for thymocyte death is seen in bone marrow; however, most migrants appear to terminate in the intestine.", "contents": "Fate of thymocytes: studies with 125I-iododeoxyuridine and 3H-thymidine in mice. Cortical thymocytes of young adult mice were labeled in situ with radioactive DNA precursors. As a result of cell emigration and cell death, total thymic radioactivity decreased within 8 days to 10% or less of that present on day 1. Accumulation of thymic migrants in peripheral lymphoid organs was estimated by computing the net thymus-derived radioactivity in these tissues. Thymic cell death was assessed by comparing values obtained with 125I-UdR to those acquired with 3H-TdR; The results indicate that cortical thymocytes migrate to the spleen, mesenteric lymph node, femurs and intestine; nevertheless, only a small fraction of the activity originally present in the thymus was recovered in these organs; the vast majority of newly formed cortical thymocytes apparently die after a relatively short life span. Exclusive of the fraction which dies in situ, evidence for thymocyte death is seen in bone marrow; however, most migrants appear to terminate in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:300655", "title": "Electron microscopic study on the early histogenesis of thymus in the toad, Xenopus laevis.", "content": "Sequential electron microscopic observations of thymic histogenesis in the toad, Xenopus laevis, reveal that the thymus arises as epithelial buddings of the visceral pouches at Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 40, and acquires its basic histological features at stages 48-49. In the rudiments and the surrounding mesenchyme at stages 43-45, there are non-epithelial cells with pseudopodia, abundant ribosomes, and marginated heterochromatin. These cells, possible precursor cells of thymic lymphocytes, are frequently observed to attach and pass through the basal lamina which coats the thymic rudiment. The proliferation and differentiation of large lymphocytes are evident at stage 47. During stages 48-49 the small lymphocytes, lymphoid cortex and epithelial medulla including the thymic cysts, differentiate, and vascularization occurs. The results provide an ultrastructural basis for recent experimental evidence that the thymus exerts its essential function at stages 47-48. The possibility of non-epithelial derivation of thymic lymphocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on the early histogenesis of thymus in the toad, Xenopus laevis. Sequential electron microscopic observations of thymic histogenesis in the toad, Xenopus laevis, reveal that the thymus arises as epithelial buddings of the visceral pouches at Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 40, and acquires its basic histological features at stages 48-49. In the rudiments and the surrounding mesenchyme at stages 43-45, there are non-epithelial cells with pseudopodia, abundant ribosomes, and marginated heterochromatin. These cells, possible precursor cells of thymic lymphocytes, are frequently observed to attach and pass through the basal lamina which coats the thymic rudiment. The proliferation and differentiation of large lymphocytes are evident at stage 47. During stages 48-49 the small lymphocytes, lymphoid cortex and epithelial medulla including the thymic cysts, differentiate, and vascularization occurs. The results provide an ultrastructural basis for recent experimental evidence that the thymus exerts its essential function at stages 47-48. The possibility of non-epithelial derivation of thymic lymphocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300656", "title": "The lateral hypothalamic area. An ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "An ultrastructural analysis of the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was undertaken in order to provide an initial step in the characterization of this complex area which appears to participate in a number of important neural functions. The organization of the normal tuberal LHA was compared to the area following acute and chronic denervating lesions. In the normal animal, the principal features of the LHA are the presence of lateral hypothalamic neurons, a major sagittal pathway (the medial forebrain bundle, MFB) and the interposed neuropil richly populated by a variety of synaptic terminal types. Alterations in the synaptic organization of the LHA following rostral and caudal MFB lesions were most pronounced in animals with acute and chronic caudal lesions. A 10% reduction of synaptic terminals containing 800-1000 A diameter dense core vesicles and a 10% increase in terminals containing lucent core vesicles was observed in animals with caudal lesions while no significant redistribution of synaptic terminal types occurred with rostral lesions. The preliminary degeneration experiments indicate that identification of the numerous and diverse afferents to the LHA neuropil may be aided by this method but that a detailed and systematic ultrastructural analysis will be required to identify sources of input with certainty.", "contents": "The lateral hypothalamic area. An ultrastructural analysis. An ultrastructural analysis of the rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) was undertaken in order to provide an initial step in the characterization of this complex area which appears to participate in a number of important neural functions. The organization of the normal tuberal LHA was compared to the area following acute and chronic denervating lesions. In the normal animal, the principal features of the LHA are the presence of lateral hypothalamic neurons, a major sagittal pathway (the medial forebrain bundle, MFB) and the interposed neuropil richly populated by a variety of synaptic terminal types. Alterations in the synaptic organization of the LHA following rostral and caudal MFB lesions were most pronounced in animals with acute and chronic caudal lesions. A 10% reduction of synaptic terminals containing 800-1000 A diameter dense core vesicles and a 10% increase in terminals containing lucent core vesicles was observed in animals with caudal lesions while no significant redistribution of synaptic terminal types occurred with rostral lesions. The preliminary degeneration experiments indicate that identification of the numerous and diverse afferents to the LHA neuropil may be aided by this method but that a detailed and systematic ultrastructural analysis will be required to identify sources of input with certainty."}
{"id": "PMID:300658", "title": "Report of the ad hoc committee on the indications for coronary arteriography. Prepared by the council on clinical cardiology of the American Heart Association.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to aid physicians as they consider performances of coronary arteriography in individual patients. The recommendations are largely based on published reports about the procedure, coronary disease and current approaches to treatment. The fact that relevant information is accumulation rapidly has been taken into account and it is hoped that the guidelines will be adaptable in this time of change. However, the results of clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery now in progress could necessitate a revised point of view in the future. A guiding principle in preparation of this document was that the findings from arteriography should resolve diagnositic problems, or serve to evaluate patients for treatment which has known therapeutic outcomes. These goals should be readily apparent. An example is arteriography to evaluate the feasibility for coronary surgery for intractable angina pectoris. In a few areas, arteriography as preparation for coronary bypass surgery is suggested as a promising plan to deal with desperate illness, despite incomplete information about outcomes. The role of coronary arteriography is explored in various clinical syndromes which include chest pain of uncertain origin, chronic stable angina pectoris, main left coronary artery disease, unstable angina, latent coronary disease, after recovery from myocardial infarction, recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, the problem of sudden death, after aorto-coronary bypass surgery and acute myocardial infarction. Alternative opinions are mentioned in various sections of the report, but whenever possible, a concensus of the committee's opinion is given.", "contents": "Report of the ad hoc committee on the indications for coronary arteriography. Prepared by the council on clinical cardiology of the American Heart Association. The purpose of this report is to aid physicians as they consider performances of coronary arteriography in individual patients. The recommendations are largely based on published reports about the procedure, coronary disease and current approaches to treatment. The fact that relevant information is accumulation rapidly has been taken into account and it is hoped that the guidelines will be adaptable in this time of change. However, the results of clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery now in progress could necessitate a revised point of view in the future. A guiding principle in preparation of this document was that the findings from arteriography should resolve diagnositic problems, or serve to evaluate patients for treatment which has known therapeutic outcomes. These goals should be readily apparent. An example is arteriography to evaluate the feasibility for coronary surgery for intractable angina pectoris. In a few areas, arteriography as preparation for coronary bypass surgery is suggested as a promising plan to deal with desperate illness, despite incomplete information about outcomes. The role of coronary arteriography is explored in various clinical syndromes which include chest pain of uncertain origin, chronic stable angina pectoris, main left coronary artery disease, unstable angina, latent coronary disease, after recovery from myocardial infarction, recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, the problem of sudden death, after aorto-coronary bypass surgery and acute myocardial infarction. Alternative opinions are mentioned in various sections of the report, but whenever possible, a concensus of the committee's opinion is given."}
{"id": "PMID:300659", "title": "Detection of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in sera of patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme (CK-BB) was detected intraoperatively in 22 of 25 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery, both in the coronary sinus and in the mixed venous blood. In a group of 10 patients in whom selective intracavitary profound hypothermic arrest was used, CK-BB values were lower than in another group of 10 patients, in whom controlled ventricular fibrillation with moderate total body hypothermia was instituted. This latter group also had higher levels of CK-MB. Patients who developed acute myocardial infarction immediately prior to or during the surgical intervention had the highest CK-BB values. This enzyme appeared as early as 15 minutes after the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass and disappeared within 6 hours. It is considered that part of the BB isoenzyme in serum of patients undergoing heart surgery is of myocardial origin.", "contents": "Detection of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme in sera of patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery. Creatine kinase BB isoenzyme (CK-BB) was detected intraoperatively in 22 of 25 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery, both in the coronary sinus and in the mixed venous blood. In a group of 10 patients in whom selective intracavitary profound hypothermic arrest was used, CK-BB values were lower than in another group of 10 patients, in whom controlled ventricular fibrillation with moderate total body hypothermia was instituted. This latter group also had higher levels of CK-MB. Patients who developed acute myocardial infarction immediately prior to or during the surgical intervention had the highest CK-BB values. This enzyme appeared as early as 15 minutes after the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass and disappeared within 6 hours. It is considered that part of the BB isoenzyme in serum of patients undergoing heart surgery is of myocardial origin."}
{"id": "PMID:300666", "title": "Electrochemical profile of K and Cl ions across the proximal tubule of bullfrog kidneys: a study using double-barreled ion-sensitive microelectrodes.", "content": "Micropuncture study was performed in the proximal segment of bullfrog nephrons with double-barreled ion-sensitive microelectrodes to determine the electrochemical profile of K and Cl across the individual borders of tubular epithelium. The mean peritubular potential obtained was -68.4 mV, and the K activity in the plasma and the cell interior was 2.64 and 61.6 mEq/liter, respectively. The calculated equilibrium potential for K was 79.3 mV. Therefore, the cell K must be maintained by some K uptake mechanism against an electrochemical gradient of 11 mV. Further, the K activity of the tubular fluid was 2.92 mEq/liter and the actually measured PD across the brush border membrane was -55.7 mV. Since the calculated Nernst K potential is 76.8 mV, the K entry from lumen to cell must be done against an electrochemical gradient of 21.1 mV in the net. These facts might suggest a possibility of bilateral existence of K uptake mechanism in both the peritubular and brush border membranes of proximal tubular cells. In contrast, the Cl activity was measured to be 9.30, 78.0, and 72.5 mEq/liter for the cell, tubular fluid, and plasma, respectively. The Nernst Cl potentials calculated were 53.6 and 51.7 mV for the brush border and the peritubular membrane, the data being less than the actually determined values, 55.7 and 68.4 mV, respectively. Thus, the Cl ion seemed to distribute passively throughout its reabsorptive process in the bullfrog proximal tubule.", "contents": "Electrochemical profile of K and Cl ions across the proximal tubule of bullfrog kidneys: a study using double-barreled ion-sensitive microelectrodes. Micropuncture study was performed in the proximal segment of bullfrog nephrons with double-barreled ion-sensitive microelectrodes to determine the electrochemical profile of K and Cl across the individual borders of tubular epithelium. The mean peritubular potential obtained was -68.4 mV, and the K activity in the plasma and the cell interior was 2.64 and 61.6 mEq/liter, respectively. The calculated equilibrium potential for K was 79.3 mV. Therefore, the cell K must be maintained by some K uptake mechanism against an electrochemical gradient of 11 mV. Further, the K activity of the tubular fluid was 2.92 mEq/liter and the actually measured PD across the brush border membrane was -55.7 mV. Since the calculated Nernst K potential is 76.8 mV, the K entry from lumen to cell must be done against an electrochemical gradient of 21.1 mV in the net. These facts might suggest a possibility of bilateral existence of K uptake mechanism in both the peritubular and brush border membranes of proximal tubular cells. In contrast, the Cl activity was measured to be 9.30, 78.0, and 72.5 mEq/liter for the cell, tubular fluid, and plasma, respectively. The Nernst Cl potentials calculated were 53.6 and 51.7 mV for the brush border and the peritubular membrane, the data being less than the actually determined values, 55.7 and 68.4 mV, respectively. Thus, the Cl ion seemed to distribute passively throughout its reabsorptive process in the bullfrog proximal tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:300667", "title": "Acute gastrointestinal bleeding during experimental hypercarbia.", "content": "Experimental acute hypercarbia in dogs produced significant blood loss from the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as from the small and large intestines. At necropsy, gross and microscopic examinations demonstrated necrotizing lesions resembled the postmortem ulcerations found in some patients with severe hypercarbia. Superior mesenteric arteriograms performed in four animals shortly after onset of hypercarbia showed abnormalities consistent with vasoconstriction. Vagal inhibition by atropine and correction of respiratior acidosis by TRIS buffer failed either to reduce the blood loss or to alter the pathologic lesions. Multiple studies of blood coagulation in the hypercarbic animals revealed no consistent changes when compared with eucarbic animals. In four animals treated with phenoxybenzamine during hypercarbia, blood loss and hemorrhagic gastrointestinal lesions were diminished, suggesting possible pathogenetic role of alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Although the mechanism is not proved, vasoconstriction secondary to adrenergic stimulation may play an important bleeding occurring with hypercarbia.", "contents": "Acute gastrointestinal bleeding during experimental hypercarbia. Experimental acute hypercarbia in dogs produced significant blood loss from the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as from the small and large intestines. At necropsy, gross and microscopic examinations demonstrated necrotizing lesions resembled the postmortem ulcerations found in some patients with severe hypercarbia. Superior mesenteric arteriograms performed in four animals shortly after onset of hypercarbia showed abnormalities consistent with vasoconstriction. Vagal inhibition by atropine and correction of respiratior acidosis by TRIS buffer failed either to reduce the blood loss or to alter the pathologic lesions. Multiple studies of blood coagulation in the hypercarbic animals revealed no consistent changes when compared with eucarbic animals. In four animals treated with phenoxybenzamine during hypercarbia, blood loss and hemorrhagic gastrointestinal lesions were diminished, suggesting possible pathogenetic role of alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Although the mechanism is not proved, vasoconstriction secondary to adrenergic stimulation may play an important bleeding occurring with hypercarbia."}
{"id": "PMID:300668", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with diffuse bronchiectasis and cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "The medical literature has emphasized repeatedly the association of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with panacinar emphysema and cirrhosis of the liver. Previous reports have linked bronchiectasis with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. The present case confirms this association and adds the presence of an hepatic abnormality characteristics of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency to complete the syndrome. The patient's phenotype was found to be MDuarteZ. It has been suggested that patients with diffuse bronchiectasis should be screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. We would add that a complete assessment of hepatic function, including liver biopsy, should be carried out in those individuals with reduced levels of alpha1-antitrypsin.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with diffuse bronchiectasis and cirrhosis of the liver. The medical literature has emphasized repeatedly the association of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with panacinar emphysema and cirrhosis of the liver. Previous reports have linked bronchiectasis with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. The present case confirms this association and adds the presence of an hepatic abnormality characteristics of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency to complete the syndrome. The patient's phenotype was found to be MDuarteZ. It has been suggested that patients with diffuse bronchiectasis should be screened for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. We would add that a complete assessment of hepatic function, including liver biopsy, should be carried out in those individuals with reduced levels of alpha1-antitrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:300669", "title": "Disruption of proximal aortosaphenous vein anastomosis. Late complication of aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "content": "A 43-year-old man who had undergone aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass developed disruption of the proximal aorto-saphenous vein anastomosis. Although rare, a mediastinal hematoma secondary to leakage or disruption of an anastomotic site should be considered in patients who develop a mediastinal mass after aortocoronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "Disruption of proximal aortosaphenous vein anastomosis. Late complication of aortocoronary bypass surgery. A 43-year-old man who had undergone aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass developed disruption of the proximal aorto-saphenous vein anastomosis. Although rare, a mediastinal hematoma secondary to leakage or disruption of an anastomotic site should be considered in patients who develop a mediastinal mass after aortocoronary bypass surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:300671", "title": "Bypass graft for coronary arterial stenosis following radiation therapy.", "content": "A 48-year-old man developed symptoms of progressive angina pectoris leading to myocardial infarction 12 years after two large doses of radiation for treatment of superior vena caval syndrome. Angiographic studies showed an isolated critical stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery, for which a successful surgical procedure for saphenous vein bypass graft was was performed. Coronary arterial stenosis following radiation therapy has been reported rarely, but this case supports the thesis that such lesion can be treated surgically.", "contents": "Bypass graft for coronary arterial stenosis following radiation therapy. A 48-year-old man developed symptoms of progressive angina pectoris leading to myocardial infarction 12 years after two large doses of radiation for treatment of superior vena caval syndrome. Angiographic studies showed an isolated critical stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery, for which a successful surgical procedure for saphenous vein bypass graft was was performed. Coronary arterial stenosis following radiation therapy has been reported rarely, but this case supports the thesis that such lesion can be treated surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:300677", "title": "Influence of Steroidal enzyme inducers on the toxicity of pyrogallol, pargyline and nialamide.", "content": "In rats, the toxic manifestations of overdosage with with parcyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) or pyrogallol (a catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitor) were diminished by treatment with the more potent steroidal (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, spironolactone, etc.) or nonsteroidal (phenobarbital) catatoxic substances. Except for significant protection offered by glucocorticoids (triamcinolene, prednisolone acetate) against pargyline, all other pretreatments (progesterone, estradiol, desoxycorticosterone acetate, etc.) either had no influence on or increase the deleterious effects of the two amine inhibitors. Nialamide intoxication was exacerbated by most of these conditioners.", "contents": "Influence of Steroidal enzyme inducers on the toxicity of pyrogallol, pargyline and nialamide. In rats, the toxic manifestations of overdosage with with parcyline (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) or pyrogallol (a catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitor) were diminished by treatment with the more potent steroidal (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, spironolactone, etc.) or nonsteroidal (phenobarbital) catatoxic substances. Except for significant protection offered by glucocorticoids (triamcinolene, prednisolone acetate) against pargyline, all other pretreatments (progesterone, estradiol, desoxycorticosterone acetate, etc.) either had no influence on or increase the deleterious effects of the two amine inhibitors. Nialamide intoxication was exacerbated by most of these conditioners."}
{"id": "PMID:300678", "title": "Acute effects of low doses of clomiphene upon LH release in ovariectomized estrogen-progesterone treated rats.", "content": "The acute effects of low doses of clomiphene citrate upon serum LH within the first two hours after the intravenous injection into ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone blocked rats were investigated. There was a short-lasting elevation of LH release 45--60 min after injection of 2.5 microng clomiphene. A second LH releasing effect occurred within 60 min when 50 microng clomiphene or more were injected. Doses between these two dose levels were not effective. It is concluded that these effects may probably be due to a partial reduction of distinct estrogen receptor sites both in the hypothalamus and in the pituitary which causes a short-lasting decrease of the negative feedback of the circulating estrogens.", "contents": "Acute effects of low doses of clomiphene upon LH release in ovariectomized estrogen-progesterone treated rats. The acute effects of low doses of clomiphene citrate upon serum LH within the first two hours after the intravenous injection into ovariectomized, estrogen-progesterone blocked rats were investigated. There was a short-lasting elevation of LH release 45--60 min after injection of 2.5 microng clomiphene. A second LH releasing effect occurred within 60 min when 50 microng clomiphene or more were injected. Doses between these two dose levels were not effective. It is concluded that these effects may probably be due to a partial reduction of distinct estrogen receptor sites both in the hypothalamus and in the pituitary which causes a short-lasting decrease of the negative feedback of the circulating estrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:300680", "title": "Interaction of RNA polymerase with promoters from bacteriophage fd.", "content": "Replicative form DNA of bacteriophage fd, which had been fragmented with the restriction endonuclease II from Hemophilus parainfluenzae (endo R- HpaII), was reacted with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase; the resulting stable preinitiation complexes were analysed using the filter binding assay followed by gel electrophoresis. At 120mM KCL the first-order rate constants for complex decay were determined to be 10(-2)-10(-6)s-1. The second-order rate constants for complex formation were found to be about 10(6) -10(7) M-1 s-1. From these values association constants for the individual promoters were calculated to be 2 x 10(-8) -2 x 10(-11) M-1. The rate of formation and the stability of promoter complexes was enhanced in superhelical DNA. No evidence was found for stable promoter-specific closed complexes consisting of enzyme and helical DNA. This and the kinetic data suggest that the unwinding of base pairs is already important early in promoter selection, and not only for the formation of the final open complex. The initiation of RNA synthesis form the preinitiation complex was faster than complex dissociation and complex formation for all promoters. Consequently, the initiation efficiency of a promoter is determined by the rate of complex formation, and not by its 'affinity' for the enzyme. No correlation was found between the relative order of the fd promoters for the binding and the dissociation reaction. This is explained by different structural determinants, for the two reactions, which are located in different parts of the promoter DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of RNA polymerase with promoters from bacteriophage fd. Replicative form DNA of bacteriophage fd, which had been fragmented with the restriction endonuclease II from Hemophilus parainfluenzae (endo R- HpaII), was reacted with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase; the resulting stable preinitiation complexes were analysed using the filter binding assay followed by gel electrophoresis. At 120mM KCL the first-order rate constants for complex decay were determined to be 10(-2)-10(-6)s-1. The second-order rate constants for complex formation were found to be about 10(6) -10(7) M-1 s-1. From these values association constants for the individual promoters were calculated to be 2 x 10(-8) -2 x 10(-11) M-1. The rate of formation and the stability of promoter complexes was enhanced in superhelical DNA. No evidence was found for stable promoter-specific closed complexes consisting of enzyme and helical DNA. This and the kinetic data suggest that the unwinding of base pairs is already important early in promoter selection, and not only for the formation of the final open complex. The initiation of RNA synthesis form the preinitiation complex was faster than complex dissociation and complex formation for all promoters. Consequently, the initiation efficiency of a promoter is determined by the rate of complex formation, and not by its 'affinity' for the enzyme. No correlation was found between the relative order of the fd promoters for the binding and the dissociation reaction. This is explained by different structural determinants, for the two reactions, which are located in different parts of the promoter DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:300681", "title": "The purification and properties of human alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-antiprotease), variant Z.", "content": "After three stages of preliminary purification, variant Z was chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column. Upon elution with a linearly increasing concentration of NaCl, variant Z was recovered in two separate peaks, the first of which contained 81% and the second 19% of the total. The preparation corresponding to the first peak was homogeneous by various criteria. The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibiting capacities and the specific antigenic activity of the preparation were nearly the same as those of an authentic sample of variant M. Variant Z contained 8 or 9 more gycine residues than variant M, but no appreciable difference was found between their carbohydrate contents. By analytical isoelectrofocusing the isoinhibitors of purified variant Z overlapped with those in the plasma of the donor and were cathodal to, but partially overlapped with purified variant M. After desialysation, the overlap between the different variants became complete, but variant Z contained a larger proportion of cathodal and smaller proportion of anodal components than variant M. Both variants formed five distinct isoinhibitor-protease complexes after incubation with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the corresponding complexes in the different variants completely coincided.", "contents": "The purification and properties of human alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-antiprotease), variant Z. After three stages of preliminary purification, variant Z was chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column. Upon elution with a linearly increasing concentration of NaCl, variant Z was recovered in two separate peaks, the first of which contained 81% and the second 19% of the total. The preparation corresponding to the first peak was homogeneous by various criteria. The trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibiting capacities and the specific antigenic activity of the preparation were nearly the same as those of an authentic sample of variant M. Variant Z contained 8 or 9 more gycine residues than variant M, but no appreciable difference was found between their carbohydrate contents. By analytical isoelectrofocusing the isoinhibitors of purified variant Z overlapped with those in the plasma of the donor and were cathodal to, but partially overlapped with purified variant M. After desialysation, the overlap between the different variants became complete, but variant Z contained a larger proportion of cathodal and smaller proportion of anodal components than variant M. Both variants formed five distinct isoinhibitor-protease complexes after incubation with trypsin and chymotrypsin and the corresponding complexes in the different variants completely coincided."}
{"id": "PMID:300686", "title": "Some observations on the Rohon-Beard cell perikaryon.", "content": "During the hatching period, the Rohon-Beard cells of Salmo gairdneri showed definite structural maturity of their perikarya, which is in contrast to the amphibian species investigated, where neuronal maturation of the Rohon-Beard cells is finished only in later -- posthatching -- developmental stages.", "contents": "Some observations on the Rohon-Beard cell perikaryon. During the hatching period, the Rohon-Beard cells of Salmo gairdneri showed definite structural maturity of their perikarya, which is in contrast to the amphibian species investigated, where neuronal maturation of the Rohon-Beard cells is finished only in later -- posthatching -- developmental stages."}
{"id": "PMID:300687", "title": "Somatotopic organization of the eye muscle representation in the semilunar ganglion.", "content": "A somatotopic arrangement of the extraocular muscle proprioception has been found in the semilunar ganglion. The cells innervating the proprioceptors of the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles lie more dorsally than those innervating the inferior rectus and inferior oblique. The lateral rectus and the medial rectus are represented in the lateral, respectively in the medial portion of the cellular pool which provides the sensitive innervation of the eye muscles.", "contents": "Somatotopic organization of the eye muscle representation in the semilunar ganglion. A somatotopic arrangement of the extraocular muscle proprioception has been found in the semilunar ganglion. The cells innervating the proprioceptors of the superior rectus and superior oblique muscles lie more dorsally than those innervating the inferior rectus and inferior oblique. The lateral rectus and the medial rectus are represented in the lateral, respectively in the medial portion of the cellular pool which provides the sensitive innervation of the eye muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:300688", "title": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in concanavalin A stimulated rat lymph node cells by serum from arthritic rats.", "content": "Serum from adjuvant arthritic rats inhibits the mitogenic response of rat lymph node cells to concanavalin A, leaving unaffected the response to phytohemagglutinin. This activity is already evident 4 days after adjuvant administration and persists for at least 28 days.", "contents": "Inhibition of DNA synthesis in concanavalin A stimulated rat lymph node cells by serum from arthritic rats. Serum from adjuvant arthritic rats inhibits the mitogenic response of rat lymph node cells to concanavalin A, leaving unaffected the response to phytohemagglutinin. This activity is already evident 4 days after adjuvant administration and persists for at least 28 days."}
{"id": "PMID:300689", "title": "Vitamin C and the immune response.", "content": "The inclusion of vitamin C in the drinking water of BALB/c mice was without effect on the humoral antibody response to sheep red blood cells and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. However, there was a significantly increased cell-mediated immune response as determined by increased T-lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A. This might suggest a mechanism, along with interferon enhancement, for the possible protection by vitamin C against some viral infections.", "contents": "Vitamin C and the immune response. The inclusion of vitamin C in the drinking water of BALB/c mice was without effect on the humoral antibody response to sheep red blood cells and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. However, there was a significantly increased cell-mediated immune response as determined by increased T-lymphocyte responses to concanavalin A. This might suggest a mechanism, along with interferon enhancement, for the possible protection by vitamin C against some viral infections."}
{"id": "PMID:300690", "title": "[The protective effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E in hypervitaminosis D].", "content": "Vitamin D2 (160 000-240 000 IU/kg) produced during 5 days pronounced hypercalciemia and metastatic calcification of internal organs. Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (10 mg/kg) brought down the level of calcium in the blood plasma and decreased calcification of internal organs. Conjoint introduction of sodium selenite (30 gamma/kg) and of vitamin \"E\" (50 mg/kg) lowered the aortal calcinosis by 54 per cent, of the lung--by 93, of the heart--by 86 and of the kidney--by 96 per cent.", "contents": "[The protective effect of sodium selenite and vitamin E in hypervitaminosis D]. Vitamin D2 (160 000-240 000 IU/kg) produced during 5 days pronounced hypercalciemia and metastatic calcification of internal organs. Subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (10 mg/kg) brought down the level of calcium in the blood plasma and decreased calcification of internal organs. Conjoint introduction of sodium selenite (30 gamma/kg) and of vitamin \"E\" (50 mg/kg) lowered the aortal calcinosis by 54 per cent, of the lung--by 93, of the heart--by 86 and of the kidney--by 96 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:300695", "title": "[Bypass aorto-coronarico. Correlazione tra dati clinici, emodinamici ed angiografici e risultato operatorio in 100 casi (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 consecutive patients, subjected to myocardial revascularization by aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting with a standard technique, several clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic data were studied in correlation with the short-term prognosis. The operative mortality (6% on the whole) appeared to be strictly correlated with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Among the considered hemodynamic indices (LVEDP, CI, EDV, EF), EF was the most significant one: mortality was 0% if EF was normal, but raised to 15 and 40% respectively, when this was moderately or severely reduced. The operative risk was heavily aggravated if 4 or more indices of left ventricular impairment were present, mortality being 45% versus 1% in patients with abnormality of 3 or less parameters. The extension of coronary artery involvement proved to be a lesser prognostic factor than the degree of complements of the surgical revascularization. No correlation was found between the preoperative value of the hemodynamic parameters and the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (18% in the total series).", "contents": "[Bypass aorto-coronarico. Correlazione tra dati clinici, emodinamici ed angiografici e risultato operatorio in 100 casi (author's transl)]. In 100 consecutive patients, subjected to myocardial revascularization by aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass grafting with a standard technique, several clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic data were studied in correlation with the short-term prognosis. The operative mortality (6% on the whole) appeared to be strictly correlated with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Among the considered hemodynamic indices (LVEDP, CI, EDV, EF), EF was the most significant one: mortality was 0% if EF was normal, but raised to 15 and 40% respectively, when this was moderately or severely reduced. The operative risk was heavily aggravated if 4 or more indices of left ventricular impairment were present, mortality being 45% versus 1% in patients with abnormality of 3 or less parameters. The extension of coronary artery involvement proved to be a lesser prognostic factor than the degree of complements of the surgical revascularization. No correlation was found between the preoperative value of the hemodynamic parameters and the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (18% in the total series)."}
{"id": "PMID:300696", "title": "[Combined surgery of the cardiac valves and the coronary arties (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on an experiment with 17 cases, in which valvular substitution and bypass were combined. This type of operation carries a greater operative risk than that of separate operations, but a complete surgical correction can be obtained. The mortality rate diminishes with the improvement of the surgical team's experience.", "contents": "[Combined surgery of the cardiac valves and the coronary arties (author's transl)]. The authors report on an experiment with 17 cases, in which valvular substitution and bypass were combined. This type of operation carries a greater operative risk than that of separate operations, but a complete surgical correction can be obtained. The mortality rate diminishes with the improvement of the surgical team's experience."}
{"id": "PMID:300698", "title": "Age-related variation in lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes are heterogeneous and can be divided into subpopulations based on cell surface markers. Lymphocytes from 101 normal individuals of all ages were tested for their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (T cells) and for surface immunoglobulins (B cells). Cord bloods of newborn infants and bloods from children (age 1-10 years) showed greater numbers of total lymphocytes, total T cells and unmarked cells than a control group of 50 individuals from age 11-60 years. In 22 normal elderly individuals (age 61-98 years), total lymphocytes and total T and B cells were not decreased. These data suggest that the depression of cellular immune response described in elderly populations may be related to a dysfunction in a segment of T cells or an aberration in the complex interaction among T cells, B cells and macrophages.", "contents": "Age-related variation in lymphocyte subpopulations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes are heterogeneous and can be divided into subpopulations based on cell surface markers. Lymphocytes from 101 normal individuals of all ages were tested for their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (T cells) and for surface immunoglobulins (B cells). Cord bloods of newborn infants and bloods from children (age 1-10 years) showed greater numbers of total lymphocytes, total T cells and unmarked cells than a control group of 50 individuals from age 11-60 years. In 22 normal elderly individuals (age 61-98 years), total lymphocytes and total T and B cells were not decreased. These data suggest that the depression of cellular immune response described in elderly populations may be related to a dysfunction in a segment of T cells or an aberration in the complex interaction among T cells, B cells and macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:300702", "title": "[New methods in the treatment of weather sensitivity].", "content": "Changing weather fronts produce severe changes of daily rhythms. Electrical impulses arrive 1-2 days before the weather and create either atmospherics or \"positive ions\". They are responsible for the epidemic appearance of migraine and of thrombo-embolism. The impact of atmospheric electricity has been assessed in 1000 patients by daily urinalysis of serotonin, 5-HIAA, adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, thyroxine, 17-KS, 17-OH, Na, K, creatinine and diureses. The changes found in these 12 parameters allowed a classification of heat reactions into three clinical entities: 1. serotonin hyperproduction causing a typical irritation syndrome: 2. adrenal deficiency producing a typical exhaustion syndrome; 3. hyperthyroidism \"Forme fruste\" with subclinical \"apathetic\" thyroid symptoms. These sufferings, typical for F\u00f6hn, Tramontana, Sirocco, Sharkiye, Chamssin, Sharav and Santa Ana Winds, are mainly due to positive ionisation of the air. They can be prevented by negative ionising apparatuses or specific drug treatment.", "contents": "[New methods in the treatment of weather sensitivity]. Changing weather fronts produce severe changes of daily rhythms. Electrical impulses arrive 1-2 days before the weather and create either atmospherics or \"positive ions\". They are responsible for the epidemic appearance of migraine and of thrombo-embolism. The impact of atmospheric electricity has been assessed in 1000 patients by daily urinalysis of serotonin, 5-HIAA, adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, thyroxine, 17-KS, 17-OH, Na, K, creatinine and diureses. The changes found in these 12 parameters allowed a classification of heat reactions into three clinical entities: 1. serotonin hyperproduction causing a typical irritation syndrome: 2. adrenal deficiency producing a typical exhaustion syndrome; 3. hyperthyroidism \"Forme fruste\" with subclinical \"apathetic\" thyroid symptoms. These sufferings, typical for F\u00f6hn, Tramontana, Sirocco, Sharkiye, Chamssin, Sharav and Santa Ana Winds, are mainly due to positive ionisation of the air. They can be prevented by negative ionising apparatuses or specific drug treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300703", "title": "[The significance of acrosin and proteinase-inhibitors in human reproduction].", "content": "The trypsin-like enzyme acrosin has a key function in the fertilization process enabling penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum by the spermatozoa. Under experimental conditions acrosin inhibitors are able to prevent fertilization. In the male genital tract high amounts of low molecular weight acid-stable proteinase inhibitors are found having mainly protective functions, but may play also a significant role in the process of capacitation. Aside from biochemical and physiological investigations the presented studies are a contribution towards the clinical applicability of the acrosin-inhibitor system with special respect to its diagnostic and prognostic value for andrology. In addition, inhibition of acrosin may be an approach for an effective contraceptive method.", "contents": "[The significance of acrosin and proteinase-inhibitors in human reproduction]. The trypsin-like enzyme acrosin has a key function in the fertilization process enabling penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum by the spermatozoa. Under experimental conditions acrosin inhibitors are able to prevent fertilization. In the male genital tract high amounts of low molecular weight acid-stable proteinase inhibitors are found having mainly protective functions, but may play also a significant role in the process of capacitation. Aside from biochemical and physiological investigations the presented studies are a contribution towards the clinical applicability of the acrosin-inhibitor system with special respect to its diagnostic and prognostic value for andrology. In addition, inhibition of acrosin may be an approach for an effective contraceptive method."}
{"id": "PMID:300704", "title": "[Trichomoniasis. Physiopathology and therapy].", "content": "Based on many years' experience with trichomonas vaginalis the author comes to the conclusion that trichomonads are much more common than expected. Therefore the possibility of trichomoniasis shoudl be taken into account not only when discharge is found in females or persistent urethritis in males, but also in other affections. Remote reactions may occur in either sex, e.g. prostatis or adnexitis. Sterility is sometimes due to trichomonas vaginalis. Apart from classical pictures in either sex arthritis and erythema nodosum may develop. The unstained preparation is usually sufficient for demonstrating the organism. The clinical diagnosis in males and females is discussed. The new single dose therapy with tinidazole is of special interest for three reasons: low minimum trichomonacidal concentrations, 72-hour-action, high active excretion in the urine. No effect on the blood picture was observed. It appears that tinidazole (Simplotan) has a secondary effect on the pathological mixed flora. Candida, too, is often eliminated, but in some cases nystatin therapy is still necessary. The relations to diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, pregnancy and hormonal contraception are discussed.", "contents": "[Trichomoniasis. Physiopathology and therapy]. Based on many years' experience with trichomonas vaginalis the author comes to the conclusion that trichomonads are much more common than expected. Therefore the possibility of trichomoniasis shoudl be taken into account not only when discharge is found in females or persistent urethritis in males, but also in other affections. Remote reactions may occur in either sex, e.g. prostatis or adnexitis. Sterility is sometimes due to trichomonas vaginalis. Apart from classical pictures in either sex arthritis and erythema nodosum may develop. The unstained preparation is usually sufficient for demonstrating the organism. The clinical diagnosis in males and females is discussed. The new single dose therapy with tinidazole is of special interest for three reasons: low minimum trichomonacidal concentrations, 72-hour-action, high active excretion in the urine. No effect on the blood picture was observed. It appears that tinidazole (Simplotan) has a secondary effect on the pathological mixed flora. Candida, too, is often eliminated, but in some cases nystatin therapy is still necessary. The relations to diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, pregnancy and hormonal contraception are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300705", "title": "[Pulmonary mycoses; laboratory diagnosis, antimycotic therapy].", "content": "The microscopic, cultural and serological techniques for the diagnosis of European and non-European systemic mycoses involving the respiratory tract are reviewed. The antimicrobial, therapeutic and toxic properties of those antimycotic drugs are discussed, which can be used in the treatment of pulmonary mycoses. Data on biotransformation, kinetics and dosage are reported.", "contents": "[Pulmonary mycoses; laboratory diagnosis, antimycotic therapy]. The microscopic, cultural and serological techniques for the diagnosis of European and non-European systemic mycoses involving the respiratory tract are reviewed. The antimicrobial, therapeutic and toxic properties of those antimycotic drugs are discussed, which can be used in the treatment of pulmonary mycoses. Data on biotransformation, kinetics and dosage are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:300701", "title": "Complications of cardiac surgery.", "content": "With the increasing use of surgical procedures in cases of heart disease it was decided to review the more common complications of cardiac surgery including pre-operative investigations, based on 17 years experience of autopsies on fatal cases. The problems associated with valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting are dealt with in particular detail.", "contents": "Complications of cardiac surgery. With the increasing use of surgical procedures in cases of heart disease it was decided to review the more common complications of cardiac surgery including pre-operative investigations, based on 17 years experience of autopsies on fatal cases. The problems associated with valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting are dealt with in particular detail."}
{"id": "PMID:300707", "title": "Hemorrhagic white matter infarction in three critically ill patients.", "content": "Extensive areas of hemorrhagic softening developed in the cerebral white matter in three critically ill patients. The anatomic peculiarities of the vasculature of this region, as well as the possible roles of edema and vasospasm, are weighed as factors in the pathogenesis of these unusual lesions.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic white matter infarction in three critically ill patients. Extensive areas of hemorrhagic softening developed in the cerebral white matter in three critically ill patients. The anatomic peculiarities of the vasculature of this region, as well as the possible roles of edema and vasospasm, are weighed as factors in the pathogenesis of these unusual lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:300708", "title": "The effect of cell synchronization upon the detection of T and B lymphoid cell receptors on two continuous lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "In the present study, the effect of the cell synchronization on the detection of T and B cell surface markers of two continuous lines of lymphoid cells (FL-74 and CT45-S) was examined. Suspension cultures were synchronized by deprivation of isoleucine and surface markers were quantitated by T rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes (E) and B rosette formation with an erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) complex. After 24 hr, cells were resuspended in complete culture medium. Virtually 100% of FL-74 cells expressed the T cell marker at time 0, with a progressive decline to 80% at saturation density. A bell-shaped curve for expression of the EAC marker on CT45-S cells was seen with maximum expression in the logarithmic phase of the growth cycle. Spent culture medium was examined for the presence of free soluble receptor. Preincubation of E and EAC in appropriate old medium resulted in 42% inhibition of E rosettes and 42% inhibition of EAC rosettes with FL-74 and CT45-S cells, respectively. Thus quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations as B, T or null cells with these cellular markers may be influenced by the age of the cell examined, phase of the cell cycle and the amount of free receptor present in the surrounding medium.", "contents": "The effect of cell synchronization upon the detection of T and B lymphoid cell receptors on two continuous lymphoid cell lines. In the present study, the effect of the cell synchronization on the detection of T and B cell surface markers of two continuous lines of lymphoid cells (FL-74 and CT45-S) was examined. Suspension cultures were synchronized by deprivation of isoleucine and surface markers were quantitated by T rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes (E) and B rosette formation with an erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) complex. After 24 hr, cells were resuspended in complete culture medium. Virtually 100% of FL-74 cells expressed the T cell marker at time 0, with a progressive decline to 80% at saturation density. A bell-shaped curve for expression of the EAC marker on CT45-S cells was seen with maximum expression in the logarithmic phase of the growth cycle. Spent culture medium was examined for the presence of free soluble receptor. Preincubation of E and EAC in appropriate old medium resulted in 42% inhibition of E rosettes and 42% inhibition of EAC rosettes with FL-74 and CT45-S cells, respectively. Thus quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations as B, T or null cells with these cellular markers may be influenced by the age of the cell examined, phase of the cell cycle and the amount of free receptor present in the surrounding medium."}
{"id": "PMID:300710", "title": "Nonspecific stimulation of lymphocytes by tuberculin.", "content": "Lymphocytes from uninfected, nonimmune mice can be stimulated to proliferate and produce antibody to diverse antigens in culture when exposed to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin or unheated tuberculin culture filtrate. Lymphocytes from numerous inbred strains of mice respond to tuberculin, but no true low responder strain has been found as yet. The evidence presented suggests that a subpopulation of B cells, which are distinct from those activated by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, respond to tuberculin. The results of digestion experiments with insolubilized enzymes suggest that the nonspecific activating principles in tuberculin are protein.", "contents": "Nonspecific stimulation of lymphocytes by tuberculin. Lymphocytes from uninfected, nonimmune mice can be stimulated to proliferate and produce antibody to diverse antigens in culture when exposed to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin or unheated tuberculin culture filtrate. Lymphocytes from numerous inbred strains of mice respond to tuberculin, but no true low responder strain has been found as yet. The evidence presented suggests that a subpopulation of B cells, which are distinct from those activated by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, respond to tuberculin. The results of digestion experiments with insolubilized enzymes suggest that the nonspecific activating principles in tuberculin are protein."}
{"id": "PMID:300711", "title": "Microcytotoxicity test in allograft immunity: specificity and kinetics of effetor T cells.", "content": "To obtain further insight into the informatory possibilities of the Takasugi-Klein microcytotoxicity test (MCT), mouse spleen cells were prepared after a single immunization with 5 X 10(7) H-2 incompatible cells and tested for reactivity against mouse fibroblasts. The following three aspects were investigated: (1) Specificity of the reaction: various mixtures of different target cells revealed absence of innocent bystander kill even after 48 h test incubation. (2) Kinetics of the reactivity after short-term (20 h) or long-term (48 h) incubation: the former disappeared rapidly, whereas the latter remained detectable beyond day 60 after immunization. This suggests the activity of different cells: an early killer cell and a later increasingly dominating effector cell which requires long-term incubation with the target. (3) Characterization of the effector cells: anti-theta-serum treatment abolished MCT reactivity completely at early and late stages after immunization. Nylon wool effluent (T-enriched) spleen cells were absolutely more active after short-term but became relatively less effective after long-term incubation as compared to nonseparated spleen cells, suggesting a higher adhesiveness of the cells which operate the 48 h reaction. The findings may demonstrate the usefulness of the MCT for in vitro studies on presence and behavior of different cells involved in allograft immunity in vivo.", "contents": "Microcytotoxicity test in allograft immunity: specificity and kinetics of effetor T cells. To obtain further insight into the informatory possibilities of the Takasugi-Klein microcytotoxicity test (MCT), mouse spleen cells were prepared after a single immunization with 5 X 10(7) H-2 incompatible cells and tested for reactivity against mouse fibroblasts. The following three aspects were investigated: (1) Specificity of the reaction: various mixtures of different target cells revealed absence of innocent bystander kill even after 48 h test incubation. (2) Kinetics of the reactivity after short-term (20 h) or long-term (48 h) incubation: the former disappeared rapidly, whereas the latter remained detectable beyond day 60 after immunization. This suggests the activity of different cells: an early killer cell and a later increasingly dominating effector cell which requires long-term incubation with the target. (3) Characterization of the effector cells: anti-theta-serum treatment abolished MCT reactivity completely at early and late stages after immunization. Nylon wool effluent (T-enriched) spleen cells were absolutely more active after short-term but became relatively less effective after long-term incubation as compared to nonseparated spleen cells, suggesting a higher adhesiveness of the cells which operate the 48 h reaction. The findings may demonstrate the usefulness of the MCT for in vitro studies on presence and behavior of different cells involved in allograft immunity in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:300712", "title": "Immunoreactivity to nuclear antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus with or without nephritis, and in other connective tissue diseases, with particular reference to the RNA-protein antigen.", "content": "The incidence of autoantibodies to various nuclear antigens was studied in 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 137 patients with various connective tissue diseases, 63 other patients and 90 controls. A positive correlation was found between SLE, nephritis and the presence of antibody against native DNA. Antibody to denatured DNA showed no specificity for SLE and was correlated with the absence of nephritis. Antibody to RNA protein occurred mainly in SLE, regardless of the presence or absence of nephritis.", "contents": "Immunoreactivity to nuclear antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus with or without nephritis, and in other connective tissue diseases, with particular reference to the RNA-protein antigen. The incidence of autoantibodies to various nuclear antigens was studied in 64 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 137 patients with various connective tissue diseases, 63 other patients and 90 controls. A positive correlation was found between SLE, nephritis and the presence of antibody against native DNA. Antibody to denatured DNA showed no specificity for SLE and was correlated with the absence of nephritis. Antibody to RNA protein occurred mainly in SLE, regardless of the presence or absence of nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:300713", "title": "Electrokinetic properties and mitogen responsiveness of mouse splenic B and T lymphocytes following hydrocortisone treatment.", "content": "CBA mice recieved a single intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone acetate (OHC) in a dose of 125 mg/kg body weight. At various times therafter, electrophoretic mobility (EPM), surface immunoglobulin (SIG) and in vitro DNA synthetic reactivity to concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tuberculin (PPD) were investigated on splenic lymphocytes. OHC was found to deplete rapidly the spleen to a minimum of 18% of control cellularity by day 4 posttreatment. At this time, the proportions of low mobility (LM) and SIG-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) were reduced respectively to 28% (control 54%) and 20% (control 45%). The proportion of high mobility (HM) lymphocytes (T cells) was increased to 72% (control 45%). While the mean EPM of LM cells (0.71) was only slightly and transiently reduced, that of HM cells was significantly augmented (1.24) over control value (1.16). This latter finding was interpreted as indicating the selective removal by OHC of a T cell subpopulation with a mean EPM around 1.10. Changes in mitogenic responsiveness were consistent with these alterations of B and T cell compartments. Despite a marked drop in spontaneous 3H-thymidine uptake, the absolute response to T cell mitogens ConA and PHA remained relatively unchanged. By contrast, the reactivity to B cell mitogens LPS and PPD was strongly depressed. Starting by day 12, regeneration and normalizaiton of lymphocyte populations proceeded slowly and were not achieved before day 26-34.", "contents": "Electrokinetic properties and mitogen responsiveness of mouse splenic B and T lymphocytes following hydrocortisone treatment. CBA mice recieved a single intraperitoneal injection of hydrocortisone acetate (OHC) in a dose of 125 mg/kg body weight. At various times therafter, electrophoretic mobility (EPM), surface immunoglobulin (SIG) and in vitro DNA synthetic reactivity to concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tuberculin (PPD) were investigated on splenic lymphocytes. OHC was found to deplete rapidly the spleen to a minimum of 18% of control cellularity by day 4 posttreatment. At this time, the proportions of low mobility (LM) and SIG-bearing lymphocytes (B cells) were reduced respectively to 28% (control 54%) and 20% (control 45%). The proportion of high mobility (HM) lymphocytes (T cells) was increased to 72% (control 45%). While the mean EPM of LM cells (0.71) was only slightly and transiently reduced, that of HM cells was significantly augmented (1.24) over control value (1.16). This latter finding was interpreted as indicating the selective removal by OHC of a T cell subpopulation with a mean EPM around 1.10. Changes in mitogenic responsiveness were consistent with these alterations of B and T cell compartments. Despite a marked drop in spontaneous 3H-thymidine uptake, the absolute response to T cell mitogens ConA and PHA remained relatively unchanged. By contrast, the reactivity to B cell mitogens LPS and PPD was strongly depressed. Starting by day 12, regeneration and normalizaiton of lymphocyte populations proceeded slowly and were not achieved before day 26-34."}
{"id": "PMID:300714", "title": "Studies on immune responses to parasite antigens in mice. V. Different susceptibilities of hypothymic and intact mice to Babesia rodhaini.", "content": "Hypothymic BALB/c.nu/nu mice are more resistant than intact BALB/c.nu/+ mice to Babesia rodhaini and a proportion survive a dose of infected blood which is uniformly lethal to nu/+ mice. This proportion of nu/nu survivors is not affected by administration of an anti-Babesial drug, whereas the majority of nu/ + mice develop a long-lasting resistance to infection. The data suggest that T cell dependent activities are involved both in the acceleration of parasitaemia and in the development of drug-assisted resistance.", "contents": "Studies on immune responses to parasite antigens in mice. V. Different susceptibilities of hypothymic and intact mice to Babesia rodhaini. Hypothymic BALB/c.nu/nu mice are more resistant than intact BALB/c.nu/+ mice to Babesia rodhaini and a proportion survive a dose of infected blood which is uniformly lethal to nu/+ mice. This proportion of nu/nu survivors is not affected by administration of an anti-Babesial drug, whereas the majority of nu/ + mice develop a long-lasting resistance to infection. The data suggest that T cell dependent activities are involved both in the acceleration of parasitaemia and in the development of drug-assisted resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:300715", "title": "Inhibition of IgE production of mice by non-specific suppressor T cells.", "content": "SWR adult normal splenic T lymphocytes injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with immune spleen cells can suppress IgE formation by the immune cells. Spleen cells from 1- or 3-week-old mice, however, are not effective in abrogating IgE synthesis. The T lymphocytes which are induced to become suppressors for IgE are hydrocortisone-resistant and anti-thymocyte serum-sensitive. Normal SJL mice, a poor reagin-producing strain, do not appear to have more suppressor cells or cells which are more easily stimulated to become suppressor cells than a good reagin-producing strain (SWR).", "contents": "Inhibition of IgE production of mice by non-specific suppressor T cells. SWR adult normal splenic T lymphocytes injected into irradiated syngeneic mice along with immune spleen cells can suppress IgE formation by the immune cells. Spleen cells from 1- or 3-week-old mice, however, are not effective in abrogating IgE synthesis. The T lymphocytes which are induced to become suppressors for IgE are hydrocortisone-resistant and anti-thymocyte serum-sensitive. Normal SJL mice, a poor reagin-producing strain, do not appear to have more suppressor cells or cells which are more easily stimulated to become suppressor cells than a good reagin-producing strain (SWR)."}
{"id": "PMID:300717", "title": "DNA replication and repair in a human melanoma cell-line resistant to ultra-violet-radiation.", "content": "The effect of ultra-violet (U.V.)-irradiation on DNA replication was studied in a U.V.-resistant, human melanoma cell-line (MM96). Semi-conservative synthesis of DNA was decreased about five-fold by a U.V.-dose of 100 ergs/mm2. The size of DNA fragments synthesized in irradiated cells at short times after U.V. was smaller than those synthesized in unirradiated cells. Elongation of these fragments occurred with time, and 6 hours after irradiation cells synthesized DNA in fragments of the same size as obtained in unirradiated cells. In this post-replication repair process, elongation appeared to involve de novo synthesis and was not inhibited by theophylline.", "contents": "DNA replication and repair in a human melanoma cell-line resistant to ultra-violet-radiation. The effect of ultra-violet (U.V.)-irradiation on DNA replication was studied in a U.V.-resistant, human melanoma cell-line (MM96). Semi-conservative synthesis of DNA was decreased about five-fold by a U.V.-dose of 100 ergs/mm2. The size of DNA fragments synthesized in irradiated cells at short times after U.V. was smaller than those synthesized in unirradiated cells. Elongation of these fragments occurred with time, and 6 hours after irradiation cells synthesized DNA in fragments of the same size as obtained in unirradiated cells. In this post-replication repair process, elongation appeared to involve de novo synthesis and was not inhibited by theophylline."}
{"id": "PMID:300716", "title": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to heterogeneous antigenic preparations from schistosome eggs, worms and cercariae.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assays were performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. Their infection was well characterized both clinically and in regard to the duration and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Subjects who were either not infected with any helminths or who were negative for S. mansoni but infected with other helminths provided two control groups. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of heterogeneous soluble antigens prepared either from S. mansoni eggs, worms, or cercariae. In this series there was no statistical correlation between the intensity of infection (as determined by eggs/ml of feces) and the degree of cell-mediated reactivity observed by lymphocyte blastogenesis to any of the antigenic preparations. Individual patient lymphocyte responsiveness varied considerably. However, analysis of the data by groups, based upon the longevity of their S. mansoni infection, demonstrated different patterns of reactivity in regard to the antigen preparations. Responses to the egg antigens were only present early in infection. In contrast, reactivities stimulated by either the worm or cercarial preparations increased in a direct relationship to the duration of S. mansoni infection.", "contents": "Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. I. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses to heterogeneous antigenic preparations from schistosome eggs, worms and cercariae. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis assays were performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. Their infection was well characterized both clinically and in regard to the duration and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection. Subjects who were either not infected with any helminths or who were negative for S. mansoni but infected with other helminths provided two control groups. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of heterogeneous soluble antigens prepared either from S. mansoni eggs, worms, or cercariae. In this series there was no statistical correlation between the intensity of infection (as determined by eggs/ml of feces) and the degree of cell-mediated reactivity observed by lymphocyte blastogenesis to any of the antigenic preparations. Individual patient lymphocyte responsiveness varied considerably. However, analysis of the data by groups, based upon the longevity of their S. mansoni infection, demonstrated different patterns of reactivity in regard to the antigen preparations. Responses to the egg antigens were only present early in infection. In contrast, reactivities stimulated by either the worm or cercarial preparations increased in a direct relationship to the duration of S. mansoni infection."}
{"id": "PMID:300718", "title": "Gamma-irradiated chymotrypsin-like proteins. I. Structural changes.", "content": "The chymotrypsin-like proteins (chymotrypsin-CT,chymotrypsinogen-CTG, trypsin-T and modified chymotrypsins-at Met 192-MCT and at Tyr 146, 171-TCT), gamma-irradiated in the presence of air, were investigated. Irradiation leads to the unfolding of the native structure of CT-like proteins both in solution and in the dry state, which was shown by the tryptophan fluorescence, viscosimetry and microcalorimetry. The radiation yield of unfolded molecules Gconf was estimated and compared with (1) the rate constants for the reactions of OH-radicals with the proteins as determined by the p-nitrosodimethylaniline, (2) general stability of protein globule using the difference of the energies of the unfolded and globular conformations and (3) the radiation yield of tryptophan destruction in proteins-G-trp. There was a correlation between the values of Gconf and G-trp. The ratio G-trp/Gconf, which defines the number of destroyed tryptophan residues for one unfolded protein molecule, was constant within the limits of error. For CT, MCT, TCT and CTG, this ratio was on the average 3-2, and for T it was 2-2 residues. These facts point to the role of tryptophan destruction in the unfolding of the native structure of CT-like proteins on irradiation.", "contents": "Gamma-irradiated chymotrypsin-like proteins. I. Structural changes. The chymotrypsin-like proteins (chymotrypsin-CT,chymotrypsinogen-CTG, trypsin-T and modified chymotrypsins-at Met 192-MCT and at Tyr 146, 171-TCT), gamma-irradiated in the presence of air, were investigated. Irradiation leads to the unfolding of the native structure of CT-like proteins both in solution and in the dry state, which was shown by the tryptophan fluorescence, viscosimetry and microcalorimetry. The radiation yield of unfolded molecules Gconf was estimated and compared with (1) the rate constants for the reactions of OH-radicals with the proteins as determined by the p-nitrosodimethylaniline, (2) general stability of protein globule using the difference of the energies of the unfolded and globular conformations and (3) the radiation yield of tryptophan destruction in proteins-G-trp. There was a correlation between the values of Gconf and G-trp. The ratio G-trp/Gconf, which defines the number of destroyed tryptophan residues for one unfolded protein molecule, was constant within the limits of error. For CT, MCT, TCT and CTG, this ratio was on the average 3-2, and for T it was 2-2 residues. These facts point to the role of tryptophan destruction in the unfolding of the native structure of CT-like proteins on irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:300719", "title": "Influence of a 1400-gauss magnetic field on the radiosensitivity and recovery of EMT6 cells in vitro.", "content": "EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cells in vitro were exposed to an almost uniform 1400-gauss magnetic field during or after irradiation with 120 kV X-rays. Exposure of unirradiated control cultures to this field for up to 48 hours did not alter the viability or growth of the cells. Exposure of exponentially-growing cultures to the magnetic field during irradiation did not alter the survival curve. Exposure of exponentially-growing culturesto the magnetic field between two doses of 500 rad of X-rays did not alter significantly the pattern or magnitude of the recovery from sub-lethal damage. Exposure of plateau phase cultures to the magnetic field after irradiation did not alter significantly the pattern or magnitude of recovery from potentially-lethal damage. The effects of a short exposure to an almost uniform magnetic field of this strength on the production and repair of radiation damage appear to be minimal in this system.", "contents": "Influence of a 1400-gauss magnetic field on the radiosensitivity and recovery of EMT6 cells in vitro. EMT6 mouse mammary tumour cells in vitro were exposed to an almost uniform 1400-gauss magnetic field during or after irradiation with 120 kV X-rays. Exposure of unirradiated control cultures to this field for up to 48 hours did not alter the viability or growth of the cells. Exposure of exponentially-growing cultures to the magnetic field during irradiation did not alter the survival curve. Exposure of exponentially-growing culturesto the magnetic field between two doses of 500 rad of X-rays did not alter significantly the pattern or magnitude of the recovery from sub-lethal damage. Exposure of plateau phase cultures to the magnetic field after irradiation did not alter significantly the pattern or magnitude of recovery from potentially-lethal damage. The effects of a short exposure to an almost uniform magnetic field of this strength on the production and repair of radiation damage appear to be minimal in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:300720", "title": "Uracil metabolism in golden hamster after irradiation.", "content": "The catabolism of uracil and the total balance of excreted radioactivity were studied in golden hamsters after a peroral application of 14C-uracil. Twenty-four hours after administration most of the radioactivity taken up appeared in expired carbon dioxide. The percent proportion of radioactivity in carbon dioxide was independent of the amount of uracil administered. On the other hand, the percentage of radioactivity excreted in urine depended on the amount of uracil taken up, high doses of the compound causing up to eight-fold increase in urine-excreted radioactivity. Most of the exogenously-administered uracil was catabolized within the first 5 hours. Irradiation had no substantial effect on the dynamics of uracil catabolism. Analysis of urine revealed that most urine-excreted radioactivity is in the form of uracil. On peroral application of high doses of uracil to irradiated hamsters, their urine was found to contain barbituric acid which originated from uracil.", "contents": "Uracil metabolism in golden hamster after irradiation. The catabolism of uracil and the total balance of excreted radioactivity were studied in golden hamsters after a peroral application of 14C-uracil. Twenty-four hours after administration most of the radioactivity taken up appeared in expired carbon dioxide. The percent proportion of radioactivity in carbon dioxide was independent of the amount of uracil administered. On the other hand, the percentage of radioactivity excreted in urine depended on the amount of uracil taken up, high doses of the compound causing up to eight-fold increase in urine-excreted radioactivity. Most of the exogenously-administered uracil was catabolized within the first 5 hours. Irradiation had no substantial effect on the dynamics of uracil catabolism. Analysis of urine revealed that most urine-excreted radioactivity is in the form of uracil. On peroral application of high doses of uracil to irradiated hamsters, their urine was found to contain barbituric acid which originated from uracil."}
{"id": "PMID:300721", "title": "A change in the oxygen effect throughout the cell-cycle of human cells of the line NHIK 3025 cultivated in vitro.", "content": "NHIK 3025 cells were synchronized by repeated mitotic selection. The S-phase was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and scintillation counting. By comparing the age-response surves of aerobic cells irradiated with 500 rad with those of extremely hypoxic (less than4 p.p.m. O2) cells irradiatedwith 1500 rad, it was found that the sensitizing effect of oxygen was not constant throuhgout the cycle. It was significantly higher in S, G2 and mitosis than in G1. No significant sensitizing effect of 120 p.p.m. O2 (compared with less than4 p.p.m.O2) was found on cells in G1 when the cells were irradiated with 1500 rad. In S, G2 and mitosis, however, the sensitizing effect of oxygen at 120 p.p.m. is considered to be significant. Experiments performed with cells irradiated with 2000 rad incontact with either less than4 p.p.m. O2 or 80 p.p.m. O2 showed the same trend, little sensitizing effect in G1 and higher in S, G2 andmitosis. Dose-response curves for cells in mid-G1 and mid-S under aerobic and extremely hypoxic conditions were well fitted by the formula S=exp (-alphaD-betaD2). From the dose-response curves it was conculded that the change in the sensitizing effect of oxygen throughout the cell-cycle only appeared for low doses (in the dose region where alpha dominates). The sensitizing effect of oxygen on cells in mid-G1 was found to be increasing with increasing dose.", "contents": "A change in the oxygen effect throughout the cell-cycle of human cells of the line NHIK 3025 cultivated in vitro. NHIK 3025 cells were synchronized by repeated mitotic selection. The S-phase was determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and scintillation counting. By comparing the age-response surves of aerobic cells irradiated with 500 rad with those of extremely hypoxic (less than4 p.p.m. O2) cells irradiatedwith 1500 rad, it was found that the sensitizing effect of oxygen was not constant throuhgout the cycle. It was significantly higher in S, G2 and mitosis than in G1. No significant sensitizing effect of 120 p.p.m. O2 (compared with less than4 p.p.m.O2) was found on cells in G1 when the cells were irradiated with 1500 rad. In S, G2 and mitosis, however, the sensitizing effect of oxygen at 120 p.p.m. is considered to be significant. Experiments performed with cells irradiated with 2000 rad incontact with either less than4 p.p.m. O2 or 80 p.p.m. O2 showed the same trend, little sensitizing effect in G1 and higher in S, G2 andmitosis. Dose-response curves for cells in mid-G1 and mid-S under aerobic and extremely hypoxic conditions were well fitted by the formula S=exp (-alphaD-betaD2). From the dose-response curves it was conculded that the change in the sensitizing effect of oxygen throughout the cell-cycle only appeared for low doses (in the dose region where alpha dominates). The sensitizing effect of oxygen on cells in mid-G1 was found to be increasing with increasing dose."}
{"id": "PMID:300722", "title": "Modification of the radiosensitivity of barley seed by post-treatment with caffein. IV. Effect of the moisture content of seed and storage temperature after irradiation.", "content": "The oxygen-dependent damage which develops in barley seeds with approximately 7-8 per cent moisture content disappears after post-irradiation storage in vacuo for 48 hours at 40 degrees C and for 24 hours at 50 degrees C. When the diration of storage at 40 degrees C is extended to 384 hours, oxygen-independent damage becomes potentiated. There is oxygen-dependent damage in seeds of approximately 13.3 per cent moisture content and after the seeds have been stored in vacuo at 50 degrees C, the oxygen-dependent damage begins to increase by 168 hours, and it is very significantly potentiated by 192 hours. Under these circumstances, caffeine acts as a radioprotector only as long as the precursors of oxic damage are present in the seeds. Once these sites are lost, caffeine acts only as a radiosensitizer. The oxygen-independent damage which increases with storage at high temperature is further potentiated by caffeine.", "contents": "Modification of the radiosensitivity of barley seed by post-treatment with caffein. IV. Effect of the moisture content of seed and storage temperature after irradiation. The oxygen-dependent damage which develops in barley seeds with approximately 7-8 per cent moisture content disappears after post-irradiation storage in vacuo for 48 hours at 40 degrees C and for 24 hours at 50 degrees C. When the diration of storage at 40 degrees C is extended to 384 hours, oxygen-independent damage becomes potentiated. There is oxygen-dependent damage in seeds of approximately 13.3 per cent moisture content and after the seeds have been stored in vacuo at 50 degrees C, the oxygen-dependent damage begins to increase by 168 hours, and it is very significantly potentiated by 192 hours. Under these circumstances, caffeine acts as a radioprotector only as long as the precursors of oxic damage are present in the seeds. Once these sites are lost, caffeine acts only as a radiosensitizer. The oxygen-independent damage which increases with storage at high temperature is further potentiated by caffeine."}
{"id": "PMID:300724", "title": "Dose-rate and oxygen effects in models of lipid membranes: linoleic acid.", "content": "Cellular membranes have been suggested as possible loci for the development of the oxygen effect in radiobiology. Unsaturated lipids from membranes are subject to very efficient radiation-induced peroxidation, and the deleterious effects generally associated with lipid autoxidation could be initiated by ionizing radiation. Oxidative damage in lipids is characterized not only by high yields but also by a profound dose-rate effect. At dose-rates of X-irradiation below 100 rad/min, a very sharp rise occurs in oxidative damage. This damage has been quantified spectrophotometrically in terms of diene conjugation (O.D. 234 mm) and chromatographically in terms of specific 9- and 13-hydroperoxide formation in linoleic acid micelles. Radical scavenging experiments indicate that hydroxyl radical attack initiates the oxidative damage. Dimethyl sulphoxide is exceptional in that it does not protect, but sensitizes, linoleic acid to radiation induced peroxidation. The yields of hydroperoxides are substantial (G=10--40) and can be related to biological changes known to be effected by autoxidizing lipids.", "contents": "Dose-rate and oxygen effects in models of lipid membranes: linoleic acid. Cellular membranes have been suggested as possible loci for the development of the oxygen effect in radiobiology. Unsaturated lipids from membranes are subject to very efficient radiation-induced peroxidation, and the deleterious effects generally associated with lipid autoxidation could be initiated by ionizing radiation. Oxidative damage in lipids is characterized not only by high yields but also by a profound dose-rate effect. At dose-rates of X-irradiation below 100 rad/min, a very sharp rise occurs in oxidative damage. This damage has been quantified spectrophotometrically in terms of diene conjugation (O.D. 234 mm) and chromatographically in terms of specific 9- and 13-hydroperoxide formation in linoleic acid micelles. Radical scavenging experiments indicate that hydroxyl radical attack initiates the oxidative damage. Dimethyl sulphoxide is exceptional in that it does not protect, but sensitizes, linoleic acid to radiation induced peroxidation. The yields of hydroperoxides are substantial (G=10--40) and can be related to biological changes known to be effected by autoxidizing lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:300725", "title": "Ultrastructural events in the cytoplasmic death of lethally-irradiated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal human peripheral-blood lymphocytes were irradiated with a dose of X-rays and processed for electron microscopic examination at different times after irradiation. A localized protrusion of the plasma membrane of the irradiated lymphocytes was observed in samples fixed as early as 15 min after irradiation, suggesting that the injury to the plasma membrane could have occurred during or immediately after irradiation. This was followed by fenestration of the plasma membrane, rarefaction of the cytoplasm and accumulation of cytoplasmic organelles in the centrosphere region. Localized distention of the outer nuclear envelope occurred after 2 hours and invagination of the inner nuclear membrane after 4 hours of irradiation. By 24 hours, the cytoplasmic and nuclear ultrastructural integrity was lost. The study suggested that, for high doses of X-radiation, the plasma membrane of the human peripheral-blood lymphocytes was the most sensitive target.", "contents": "Ultrastructural events in the cytoplasmic death of lethally-irradiated human lymphocytes. Normal human peripheral-blood lymphocytes were irradiated with a dose of X-rays and processed for electron microscopic examination at different times after irradiation. A localized protrusion of the plasma membrane of the irradiated lymphocytes was observed in samples fixed as early as 15 min after irradiation, suggesting that the injury to the plasma membrane could have occurred during or immediately after irradiation. This was followed by fenestration of the plasma membrane, rarefaction of the cytoplasm and accumulation of cytoplasmic organelles in the centrosphere region. Localized distention of the outer nuclear envelope occurred after 2 hours and invagination of the inner nuclear membrane after 4 hours of irradiation. By 24 hours, the cytoplasmic and nuclear ultrastructural integrity was lost. The study suggested that, for high doses of X-radiation, the plasma membrane of the human peripheral-blood lymphocytes was the most sensitive target."}
{"id": "PMID:300726", "title": "Endonuclease activities in extracts of Micrococcus luteus that act on gemma-irradiated DNA.", "content": "Several protein fractions containing endonuclease activity against gemma-irradiated DNA (gamma-endonuclease) were isolated from M. luteus. The crude extract was eluted on a phosphocellulose column and chromatographed on TEAE cellulose and subsequently on hydroxyapatite. Five peaks of gamma-endonuclease were obtained from each preparation. Repeated experiments showed comparable chromatographic behavior of the fractions. There was no detectable activity of U.V.-endonuclease in the fractions with gamma-endonuclease but a small contamination of endonuclease against unirradiated DNA and against DNA with apurinic sites. The gamma-endonuclease is stimulated by, but is not dependent on, magnesium. Several tests for endonuclease activity have been used: the analysis of strand breaks in calf-thymus DNA or in PM2 DNA, and the determination of end-groups formed by endonuclease, either 3'OH end-groups or phosphomonoester end groups. From the results obtained it can be assumed that the strand breaks induced by the gamma-endonuclease carry 3'OH and 5' phosphate end groups.", "contents": "Endonuclease activities in extracts of Micrococcus luteus that act on gemma-irradiated DNA. Several protein fractions containing endonuclease activity against gemma-irradiated DNA (gamma-endonuclease) were isolated from M. luteus. The crude extract was eluted on a phosphocellulose column and chromatographed on TEAE cellulose and subsequently on hydroxyapatite. Five peaks of gamma-endonuclease were obtained from each preparation. Repeated experiments showed comparable chromatographic behavior of the fractions. There was no detectable activity of U.V.-endonuclease in the fractions with gamma-endonuclease but a small contamination of endonuclease against unirradiated DNA and against DNA with apurinic sites. The gamma-endonuclease is stimulated by, but is not dependent on, magnesium. Several tests for endonuclease activity have been used: the analysis of strand breaks in calf-thymus DNA or in PM2 DNA, and the determination of end-groups formed by endonuclease, either 3'OH end-groups or phosphomonoester end groups. From the results obtained it can be assumed that the strand breaks induced by the gamma-endonuclease carry 3'OH and 5' phosphate end groups."}
{"id": "PMID:300727", "title": "Chromosome aberration yields induced in human lymphocytes by 15 MeV electrons given at a conventional dose-rate and in microsecond pulses.", "content": "Yields of unstable chromosome aberration were analysed in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to 15 MeV electrons. Two dose-effect curves were prepared. In one, doses of 44 to 742 rad were given at 100 rad/min, and in the other doses of 53 to 764 rad were each delivered in single microsecond pulses. No significant difference could be found between the two sets of data when analysed in terms of the quadratic model of aberration production. Good agreement was observed with other dose-response studies in this laboratory, in which human lymphocytes were exposed to 250 kVp X-rays and 60CO gamma-rays at conventional rates of 100 and 50 rad/min, respectively. Comparison with the results of a low-LET dose-rate experiment shows that the yield of dicentric aberrations remains constant overa wide range, i.e. 25 to 6X 10(9), 100 to 1-5 X 10(10), and 150 to 3 X 10(10) rad/min, respectively, for doses of 100, 250 and 500 rad. Radiochemical consumption of oxygen occuring in the lymphocytes during the single microsecond exposures may amount to less than 5 per cent of the total oxygen present in the blood samples, immediately before irradiation. The data also indicate that the ultra-high dose-rates currently available are insufficient to overcome the therapeutic problem of hypoxic radioresistant tumour cells.", "contents": "Chromosome aberration yields induced in human lymphocytes by 15 MeV electrons given at a conventional dose-rate and in microsecond pulses. Yields of unstable chromosome aberration were analysed in human lymphocytes after in vitro exposure to 15 MeV electrons. Two dose-effect curves were prepared. In one, doses of 44 to 742 rad were given at 100 rad/min, and in the other doses of 53 to 764 rad were each delivered in single microsecond pulses. No significant difference could be found between the two sets of data when analysed in terms of the quadratic model of aberration production. Good agreement was observed with other dose-response studies in this laboratory, in which human lymphocytes were exposed to 250 kVp X-rays and 60CO gamma-rays at conventional rates of 100 and 50 rad/min, respectively. Comparison with the results of a low-LET dose-rate experiment shows that the yield of dicentric aberrations remains constant overa wide range, i.e. 25 to 6X 10(9), 100 to 1-5 X 10(10), and 150 to 3 X 10(10) rad/min, respectively, for doses of 100, 250 and 500 rad. Radiochemical consumption of oxygen occuring in the lymphocytes during the single microsecond exposures may amount to less than 5 per cent of the total oxygen present in the blood samples, immediately before irradiation. The data also indicate that the ultra-high dose-rates currently available are insufficient to overcome the therapeutic problem of hypoxic radioresistant tumour cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300728", "title": "Interactions of alkyl sulphates with bovine-serum albumin studied using eaq--as a probe.", "content": "The reactions of hydrated electrons produced during pulse radiolysis habe been used to investigate the binding of a range of alkyl sulphates to bovine-serum albumin. Binding to ten high-affinity sites is detectable for all compounds (methyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl sulphates) studied. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, in contrast to the other analogues, causes large increases in the reactivity of BSA as a result of further binding. Possible mechanisms for this increase are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of alkyl sulphates with bovine-serum albumin studied using eaq--as a probe. The reactions of hydrated electrons produced during pulse radiolysis habe been used to investigate the binding of a range of alkyl sulphates to bovine-serum albumin. Binding to ten high-affinity sites is detectable for all compounds (methyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, and dodecyl sulphates) studied. Sodium dodecyl sulphate, in contrast to the other analogues, causes large increases in the reactivity of BSA as a result of further binding. Possible mechanisms for this increase are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300729", "title": "Radioresistance of mongolian gerbils. Fast neutrons.", "content": "Seventy-six 8 week old Mongolian gerbils were exposed to acute, whole-body fast neutrons produced by The University of Michigan 83-in. cyclotron. Groups of seven or eigth gerbils were given doses between 485 and 881 rad at 25 rad per minute. The LD 50/30 determined by probit analysis was 750 rad, with 95 per cent fiducial limits of 733 and 776. For the 50 per cent mortality level, an r.b.e. of fast neutrons compared with cobalt-60 of 1-45 was determined. For the same end-point, the r.b.e. for fast neutrons compared with X-rays is 1-33.  Mortality data, body-weight and microhaematocrit changes are discussed.", "contents": "Radioresistance of mongolian gerbils. Fast neutrons. Seventy-six 8 week old Mongolian gerbils were exposed to acute, whole-body fast neutrons produced by The University of Michigan 83-in. cyclotron. Groups of seven or eigth gerbils were given doses between 485 and 881 rad at 25 rad per minute. The LD 50/30 determined by probit analysis was 750 rad, with 95 per cent fiducial limits of 733 and 776. For the 50 per cent mortality level, an r.b.e. of fast neutrons compared with cobalt-60 of 1-45 was determined. For the same end-point, the r.b.e. for fast neutrons compared with X-rays is 1-33.  Mortality data, body-weight and microhaematocrit changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300734", "title": "Neonatal haemophilus aphrophilus meningitis.", "content": "Case report of a neonatal meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. The treatment with ampicillin was ineffective because of insensitivity. This case demonstrates the importance of a proper bacteriological identification in order to avoid ineffective or delayed treatment.", "contents": "Neonatal haemophilus aphrophilus meningitis. Case report of a neonatal meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. The treatment with ampicillin was ineffective because of insensitivity. This case demonstrates the importance of a proper bacteriological identification in order to avoid ineffective or delayed treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300735", "title": "Intramural hematoma of the alimentary tract in two hemophilic children.", "content": "The occurrence of an intramural hematoma of the alimentary tract is reported in two hemophilic children. In both cases, the hematomas may be the result of a mild unrecognized trauma. The first patient presents large duodenal hematomas with secondary rupture into the retroperitoneal space. Death occurs despite medical and surgical treatment. The second patient presents an intramural hematoma of the colon, which is treated medically. In both cases factor VIII inhibitors developed during the course of therapy. Indications for medical or surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Intramural hematoma of the alimentary tract in two hemophilic children. The occurrence of an intramural hematoma of the alimentary tract is reported in two hemophilic children. In both cases, the hematomas may be the result of a mild unrecognized trauma. The first patient presents large duodenal hematomas with secondary rupture into the retroperitoneal space. Death occurs despite medical and surgical treatment. The second patient presents an intramural hematoma of the colon, which is treated medically. In both cases factor VIII inhibitors developed during the course of therapy. Indications for medical or surgical treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300736", "title": "Rectal wall bleeding--an overlooked source of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.", "content": "Two cases of acute massive bleeding from the rectum are described. In both cases, the diagnosis was made angiographically. Some points of angiographic technique are discussed. In both cases, there had been previous negative sigmoidoscopy. Care must be taken to include the entire rectum on the films obtained during injection of the inferior mesenteric artery regardless of findings on sigmoidoscopy.", "contents": "Rectal wall bleeding--an overlooked source of massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Two cases of acute massive bleeding from the rectum are described. In both cases, the diagnosis was made angiographically. Some points of angiographic technique are discussed. In both cases, there had been previous negative sigmoidoscopy. Care must be taken to include the entire rectum on the films obtained during injection of the inferior mesenteric artery regardless of findings on sigmoidoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:300737", "title": "Aneurysm of the superior hemorrhoidal artery: an unusual cause of massive rectal bleeding.", "content": "A case of massive rectal hemorrhage from a previously unreported source is presented. Localization of the bleeding site was made angiographically after failure of proctoscopy to demonstrate the lesion. Careful evaluation of the rectal region in patients with massive hemorrhage is indicated.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the superior hemorrhoidal artery: an unusual cause of massive rectal bleeding. A case of massive rectal hemorrhage from a previously unreported source is presented. Localization of the bleeding site was made angiographically after failure of proctoscopy to demonstrate the lesion. Careful evaluation of the rectal region in patients with massive hemorrhage is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:300739", "title": "The effect of colony stimulating factor on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid by mouse bone marrow cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the synthesis of RNA in liquid cultures of mouse bone marrow, spleen, thymus, peritoneal, peripheral blood leukocytes and lymph node cells was investigated. GM-CSF appeared to stimulate RNA-synthesis in syngeneic bone marrow cells within ten minutes of adding it to the culture. In the presence of GM-CSF bone marrow cultures maintained their initial rate of RNA synthesis for approximately ten hours. GM-CSF had no apparent effect on the uptake of 3H-uridine into bone marrow cells. This stimulation was still observed in the presence of puromycin and cycloheximide, but was abrogated by actinomycin D. The magnitude of the stimulation was not affected by the density of cells between 1 and 20 x 10(6) cells/ml but was slightly smaller at 0.1 and 40 x 10(6) cells/ml. Increasing concentration of GM-CSF (up to 2 X 105 units per ml) led to increased stimulation of RNA synthesis in bone marrow cells, but a significant stimulation could be detected at concentrations as low as 800 units/ml. GM-CSF did not significantly stimulate RNA synthesis in spleen, thymus, mesenteric or subcutaneous lymph node cells. However a small stimulation was observed in peripheral blood leukocytes and peritoneal cells. Autoradiographic studies showed that GM-CSF stimulated RNA synthesis in blast cells, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and polymorphs. Nucleated erythroid cells showed no increased labeling with GM-CFS. Labeling in lymphoid-like cells was highly variable but the level of labeling did not appear to be influenced by GM-CSF.", "contents": "The effect of colony stimulating factor on the synthesis of ribonucleic acid by mouse bone marrow cells in vitro. The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on the synthesis of RNA in liquid cultures of mouse bone marrow, spleen, thymus, peritoneal, peripheral blood leukocytes and lymph node cells was investigated. GM-CSF appeared to stimulate RNA-synthesis in syngeneic bone marrow cells within ten minutes of adding it to the culture. In the presence of GM-CSF bone marrow cultures maintained their initial rate of RNA synthesis for approximately ten hours. GM-CSF had no apparent effect on the uptake of 3H-uridine into bone marrow cells. This stimulation was still observed in the presence of puromycin and cycloheximide, but was abrogated by actinomycin D. The magnitude of the stimulation was not affected by the density of cells between 1 and 20 x 10(6) cells/ml but was slightly smaller at 0.1 and 40 x 10(6) cells/ml. Increasing concentration of GM-CSF (up to 2 X 105 units per ml) led to increased stimulation of RNA synthesis in bone marrow cells, but a significant stimulation could be detected at concentrations as low as 800 units/ml. GM-CSF did not significantly stimulate RNA synthesis in spleen, thymus, mesenteric or subcutaneous lymph node cells. However a small stimulation was observed in peripheral blood leukocytes and peritoneal cells. Autoradiographic studies showed that GM-CSF stimulated RNA synthesis in blast cells, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and polymorphs. Nucleated erythroid cells showed no increased labeling with GM-CFS. Labeling in lymphoid-like cells was highly variable but the level of labeling did not appear to be influenced by GM-CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:300740", "title": "Comparisons between direct microscopic and cultural methods for recognition of Corynebacterium vaginale in women with vaginitis.", "content": "The frequency with which clue cells could be detected in Gram-stained vaginal smears and/or cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears was compared with the frequency of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) isolation in a group of 236 female patients, of whom 221 had vaginitis. Vaginal clue cells were found most often in women from whom C. vaginale was isolated (P = 0.00006) whereas, conversely, clue cells in cervical Pap smears were reported more frequently in women with negative cultures for this organism (P = 0.006). C. vaginale isolations were made more frequently from women with both vaginal and cervical clue cells reported (P = 0.000088). However, the combined false positive-false negative vaginal clue cell rate in the patients studied was 36.5%. Neither the detection of vaginal clue cells nor the isolation of C. vaginale was significantly affected by whether or not patients had trichomoniasis (P = 0.25). Trichomonas vaginalis detection in cervical Pap smears and vaginal isolation were related (P = 0.00005), whereas the same relationship was not significant for fungi (P = greater than 0.05).", "contents": "Comparisons between direct microscopic and cultural methods for recognition of Corynebacterium vaginale in women with vaginitis. The frequency with which clue cells could be detected in Gram-stained vaginal smears and/or cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears was compared with the frequency of Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) isolation in a group of 236 female patients, of whom 221 had vaginitis. Vaginal clue cells were found most often in women from whom C. vaginale was isolated (P = 0.00006) whereas, conversely, clue cells in cervical Pap smears were reported more frequently in women with negative cultures for this organism (P = 0.006). C. vaginale isolations were made more frequently from women with both vaginal and cervical clue cells reported (P = 0.000088). However, the combined false positive-false negative vaginal clue cell rate in the patients studied was 36.5%. Neither the detection of vaginal clue cells nor the isolation of C. vaginale was significantly affected by whether or not patients had trichomoniasis (P = 0.25). Trichomonas vaginalis detection in cervical Pap smears and vaginal isolation were related (P = 0.00005), whereas the same relationship was not significant for fungi (P = greater than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:300741", "title": "New differential medium for the isolation of Corynebacterium vaginale.", "content": "A new differential medium for isolation of Corynebacterium vaginale is described. This opaque medium containing 1% corn starch allows detection of C. vaginale by the zones of clearing developing around the colonies.", "contents": "New differential medium for the isolation of Corynebacterium vaginale. A new differential medium for isolation of Corynebacterium vaginale is described. This opaque medium containing 1% corn starch allows detection of C. vaginale by the zones of clearing developing around the colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:300742", "title": "Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma), and Hemophilus vaginalis have previously been considered possible etiological agents in nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). In this study, current C. trachomatis infection was confirmed by culture and (or) micro-immunofluorescence serology in 26 of 69 men experiencing afirst episode of NGU, and 1 of 39 with no urethritis. Serum IgM immunofluorescent antibody to chlamydia was demonstrated in 16 of 20 men with chlamydia culture positive NGU, and 3 of 39 with chlamydia culture negative NG, and none of 34 with no urethritis. 9 of 10 culture positive men with less than or equal to 10 days symptoms developed immunofluorescent antibody seroconversion in paired sera. U. realyticum was isolated significantly more often and in significantly higher concentration from first voided urine from chlamydia-negative cases of NGU than from chlamydia-positive NGU. Ureaplasmacidal antibody titers increased fourfold in six men, four of whom had negative cultures for for unreaplasma. H. vaginalis  was isolated from c9 of 33 men with no urethritis and 2 of 69 with NGU. C. trachomatis is susceptible, and U. urealyticum is resistant to sulfonamides. A 10-day course of sulfisoxazole therapy produced improvement in 13 of 13 chlamydia-positive, unreaplasma-negative, and only 14 of 29 chlamydia-negative, unreaplasma-positive NGU cases (P less than 0.002). Thus, culture, serology, and response to therapy support the etiologic role of chlamydia in NGU. Quantitative culture and response to therapy suggest U. unrealyticum may cause many cases of chlamydia-netative NGU.", "contents": "Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma), and Hemophilus vaginalis have previously been considered possible etiological agents in nongonococcal urethritis (NGU). In this study, current C. trachomatis infection was confirmed by culture and (or) micro-immunofluorescence serology in 26 of 69 men experiencing afirst episode of NGU, and 1 of 39 with no urethritis. Serum IgM immunofluorescent antibody to chlamydia was demonstrated in 16 of 20 men with chlamydia culture positive NGU, and 3 of 39 with chlamydia culture negative NG, and none of 34 with no urethritis. 9 of 10 culture positive men with less than or equal to 10 days symptoms developed immunofluorescent antibody seroconversion in paired sera. U. realyticum was isolated significantly more often and in significantly higher concentration from first voided urine from chlamydia-negative cases of NGU than from chlamydia-positive NGU. Ureaplasmacidal antibody titers increased fourfold in six men, four of whom had negative cultures for for unreaplasma. H. vaginalis  was isolated from c9 of 33 men with no urethritis and 2 of 69 with NGU. C. trachomatis is susceptible, and U. urealyticum is resistant to sulfonamides. A 10-day course of sulfisoxazole therapy produced improvement in 13 of 13 chlamydia-positive, unreaplasma-negative, and only 14 of 29 chlamydia-negative, unreaplasma-positive NGU cases (P less than 0.002). Thus, culture, serology, and response to therapy support the etiologic role of chlamydia in NGU. Quantitative culture and response to therapy suggest U. unrealyticum may cause many cases of chlamydia-netative NGU."}
{"id": "PMID:300738", "title": "Unusual complication of nasogastric esophageal intubation-erosion into an aberrant right subclavian artery.", "content": "The case history is presented of a seventeen year old female with a complicated postoperative course following a cesarean section. The patient expired following a massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to erosion of an indwelling nasogastric tube through the esophagus into an aberrant right subclavian artery. Emphasis is placed on an aggressive diagnostic approach to this problem using endoscopy.", "contents": "Unusual complication of nasogastric esophageal intubation-erosion into an aberrant right subclavian artery. The case history is presented of a seventeen year old female with a complicated postoperative course following a cesarean section. The patient expired following a massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to erosion of an indwelling nasogastric tube through the esophagus into an aberrant right subclavian artery. Emphasis is placed on an aggressive diagnostic approach to this problem using endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:300743", "title": "Afferents to the optic tectum of the leopard frog: an HRP study.", "content": "Following unilateral HRP injections in the optic tectum of Rana pipiens, HRP-positive cells were seen in three pretectal nuclei: bilaterally in the dorsal posterior nucleus; in the dorsal half of the ipsilateral posterior nucleus; and ipsilaterally in the large-called pretectal nucleus. HRP-positive cells were also seen ipsilaterally in the anterodorsal, posterodorsal and posteroventral tegmental fields, the nucleus isthmi, and the dorsal gray columns of the cervical spinal cord; bilaterally in the suprapeduncular nucleus, a paramedian cell group dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus; and in the deep layers of the contralateral tectum. In addition, evidence for a bilateral ventral preopto-tectal projection was seen in half the experimental animals. No tectal afferents from telencephalic or rostal thalamic areas were seen. Both the ascending and descencing tectal efferent fibers were also filled with reaction product. The pale reaction indicative of terminating tectal efferents was seen in the dorsal pretectum, partially overlapping the lateral nucleus and uncinate neuropil; in the core of nucleus isthmi; and in the superior olive.", "contents": "Afferents to the optic tectum of the leopard frog: an HRP study. Following unilateral HRP injections in the optic tectum of Rana pipiens, HRP-positive cells were seen in three pretectal nuclei: bilaterally in the dorsal posterior nucleus; in the dorsal half of the ipsilateral posterior nucleus; and ipsilaterally in the large-called pretectal nucleus. HRP-positive cells were also seen ipsilaterally in the anterodorsal, posterodorsal and posteroventral tegmental fields, the nucleus isthmi, and the dorsal gray columns of the cervical spinal cord; bilaterally in the suprapeduncular nucleus, a paramedian cell group dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus; and in the deep layers of the contralateral tectum. In addition, evidence for a bilateral ventral preopto-tectal projection was seen in half the experimental animals. No tectal afferents from telencephalic or rostal thalamic areas were seen. Both the ascending and descencing tectal efferent fibers were also filled with reaction product. The pale reaction indicative of terminating tectal efferents was seen in the dorsal pretectum, partially overlapping the lateral nucleus and uncinate neuropil; in the core of nucleus isthmi; and in the superior olive."}
{"id": "PMID:300744", "title": "Rearrangements of the retinotectal projection in Rana pipiens after unilateral caudal half-tectum ablation.", "content": "When the caudal half-tectum is ablated and the optic nerve is cut in adult Rana pipiens, recordings from optic nerve terminals show that the entire visual field comes to be represented in retinotopic order on the remaining rostral half-tectum (compression). In contrast, if the caudal half-tectum is ablated but the optic nerve is left intact, no compression of the retinotectal projection results. Instead, the terminals displaced from the ablated tissue form a permanently disorganized projection to the rostral half-tectum superimposed on the unaltered representation of those parts of the retina which normally project there. The receptive field locations of tectal neurons in both groups of animals show that the altered retinotectal projections make functional synapses. This conclusion is further supported by behavioral data, which show that the accuracy of prey-catching movements is altered in both groups of frogs. The anomalous retinotectal maps can be interpreted by means of a model which includes polarity cues derived from the tectum and ordering cues derived from repelling interactions among fiber terminals.", "contents": "Rearrangements of the retinotectal projection in Rana pipiens after unilateral caudal half-tectum ablation. When the caudal half-tectum is ablated and the optic nerve is cut in adult Rana pipiens, recordings from optic nerve terminals show that the entire visual field comes to be represented in retinotopic order on the remaining rostral half-tectum (compression). In contrast, if the caudal half-tectum is ablated but the optic nerve is left intact, no compression of the retinotectal projection results. Instead, the terminals displaced from the ablated tissue form a permanently disorganized projection to the rostral half-tectum superimposed on the unaltered representation of those parts of the retina which normally project there. The receptive field locations of tectal neurons in both groups of animals show that the altered retinotectal projections make functional synapses. This conclusion is further supported by behavioral data, which show that the accuracy of prey-catching movements is altered in both groups of frogs. The anomalous retinotectal maps can be interpreted by means of a model which includes polarity cues derived from the tectum and ordering cues derived from repelling interactions among fiber terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:300745", "title": "Effects of reserpine on retention of escape reversal in mice: absence of state-dependent learning.", "content": "A discriminated escape training paradigm was used to study the effects of reserpine on learning and memory in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of reserpine before reversal training had no effect on acquisition but did produced a time-and dose-dependent impairment of retention test performance 10 days later. These results suggested that reserpine may have interfered with some aspect of memory storage. Retention impairments observed when a 2.0 mg/kg reserpine injection was given 2 hr before reversal training were not attenuated by readministering the drug before testing, a finding that provides no support for a state-dependency interpretation. Furthermore, animals treated with reserpine exhibited inferior retention of previous training, regardless of the pharmacological state present during that learning. This was interpreted as a drug-induced impairment of memory retrieval. In addition, performance during the initial discriminated escape training session suggested that reserpine may also impair acquisition under some conditions. In the last experiment, it was found that when the catecholamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalamine (100 mg/kg) and the indole amine precursor D,L-5-hydroxytryptophan (125 mg/kg) were both given after reserpine treatment, subsequent retention performance was not significantly impaired. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of biogenic amines in arousal, learning, and memory.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine on retention of escape reversal in mice: absence of state-dependent learning. A discriminated escape training paradigm was used to study the effects of reserpine on learning and memory in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of reserpine before reversal training had no effect on acquisition but did produced a time-and dose-dependent impairment of retention test performance 10 days later. These results suggested that reserpine may have interfered with some aspect of memory storage. Retention impairments observed when a 2.0 mg/kg reserpine injection was given 2 hr before reversal training were not attenuated by readministering the drug before testing, a finding that provides no support for a state-dependency interpretation. Furthermore, animals treated with reserpine exhibited inferior retention of previous training, regardless of the pharmacological state present during that learning. This was interpreted as a drug-induced impairment of memory retrieval. In addition, performance during the initial discriminated escape training session suggested that reserpine may also impair acquisition under some conditions. In the last experiment, it was found that when the catecholamine precursor L-dihydroxyphenylalamine (100 mg/kg) and the indole amine precursor D,L-5-hydroxytryptophan (125 mg/kg) were both given after reserpine treatment, subsequent retention performance was not significantly impaired. The results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of biogenic amines in arousal, learning, and memory."}
{"id": "PMID:300747", "title": "Characteristics of the immature cells involved in T cell-mediated enhancement of syngeneic tumor growth.", "content": "Enhancement of tumor growth was observed when non-sensitized thymocytes were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic mice, although this tumor enhancement was less pronounced than that caused by tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes. The cells within the thymus which are responsible for this tumor enhancement were found to be rapidly dividing and to be absent from the thymus a day after cortisone administration. At a longer time interval the cortison-depleted thymus was repopulated by dividing cells which exhibited tumor-enhancing reactivity. The characteristics of these cells suggest that they are in the early stages of thymic processing. The enhancing thymocytes were sensitive to treatment with the thymic humoral factor which functions in T cell maturation, and their enhancing activity was cancelled by such treatment. These results are compatible with our hypothesis that exposure of immature T cells to a tumor stimulus may lead to tumor enhancement whereas interaction between mature T lymphocytes and tumor cells may be required for tumor inhibition.", "contents": "Characteristics of the immature cells involved in T cell-mediated enhancement of syngeneic tumor growth. Enhancement of tumor growth was observed when non-sensitized thymocytes were injected together with tumor cells into syngeneic mice, although this tumor enhancement was less pronounced than that caused by tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes. The cells within the thymus which are responsible for this tumor enhancement were found to be rapidly dividing and to be absent from the thymus a day after cortisone administration. At a longer time interval the cortison-depleted thymus was repopulated by dividing cells which exhibited tumor-enhancing reactivity. The characteristics of these cells suggest that they are in the early stages of thymic processing. The enhancing thymocytes were sensitive to treatment with the thymic humoral factor which functions in T cell maturation, and their enhancing activity was cancelled by such treatment. These results are compatible with our hypothesis that exposure of immature T cells to a tumor stimulus may lead to tumor enhancement whereas interaction between mature T lymphocytes and tumor cells may be required for tumor inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:300748", "title": "The cutaneous basophil response to phytohemagglutinin in chickens.", "content": "A cellular infiltrate rich in basophils was observed in chickens in skin sites injected locally with the mitogen PHA. These infiltrating metachromatically granulated cells exhibited features common to mast cells of some species (monolobed nucleus), but also resembled basophils of other species in that they circulated in the blood, and they responded to the PHA mitogen by infiltrating skin test sites. Previous literature suggests that the chicken has a single metachromatic granulated cell and our data support this notion. PHA, a known T cell mitogen, may act by causing the stimulated T lymphocyte to produce a lymphokine that is responsible for the attraction of basophils to the test site.", "contents": "The cutaneous basophil response to phytohemagglutinin in chickens. A cellular infiltrate rich in basophils was observed in chickens in skin sites injected locally with the mitogen PHA. These infiltrating metachromatically granulated cells exhibited features common to mast cells of some species (monolobed nucleus), but also resembled basophils of other species in that they circulated in the blood, and they responded to the PHA mitogen by infiltrating skin test sites. Previous literature suggests that the chicken has a single metachromatic granulated cell and our data support this notion. PHA, a known T cell mitogen, may act by causing the stimulated T lymphocyte to produce a lymphokine that is responsible for the attraction of basophils to the test site."}
{"id": "PMID:300749", "title": "Splenic modifications induced by cyclophosphamide in C3H/He, nude, and \"B\" mice.", "content": "The spleen cell population of adult C3H/He mice injected with a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) has been analyzed. An initial phase of spleen atrophy is followed by a considerable hypertrophy, and a progressive return to normal. During the phase of spleen atrophy, both B and T cell compartments are depleted, as estimated by the percentages of cells killed by anti-Thy 1-2 and anti-Ig antisera plus complement. During the stage of regeneration, the percentage of Ig + cells increases rapidly, and at the peak of splenomegaly, the percentage of Ig + cells is high whereas almost no Thy 1-2 + cells are detectable. Progresively, the spleen cell content returns to the original values. In thymo-deprived mice (nude mice and B mice) the percentage of null cells increases during the stage of regeneration, and B mice develop a large number of Ig +-bearing cells. Histologic examination shows that follicles (B-dependent areas) disappear 1 to 2 days before periarteriolar sheaths (T-dependent areas). At the peak of splenomegaly the architecture of the spleen is destroyed, and the interstitial tissue is composed of a dense and uniform layer of lymphoid cells. Progressively, the architecture returns to normal. In nude mice, the disappearance of follicles, and the appearance of a homogenous layer of lymphocytes has been observed. When analyzed for their pattern of electrophoretic mobilities (E.M.), spleen cells from untreated mice reveal two peaks of E.M. 0.80 and 1.15 micron x s-1 x V-1 x cm-1. After CY treatment, during the step of splenic hypertrophy, these two peaks disappear, and a single peak of intermediate mobility appears. In T-deprived mice, a single peak of the same mobility is detected at this stage. The nature and origin of cells which appear during the phase of regeneration are unclear, but their appearance in T-deprived mice argues against thymo dependence. These spleen cells have the ability to suppress the response of normal spleen lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens.", "contents": "Splenic modifications induced by cyclophosphamide in C3H/He, nude, and \"B\" mice. The spleen cell population of adult C3H/He mice injected with a single sublethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) has been analyzed. An initial phase of spleen atrophy is followed by a considerable hypertrophy, and a progressive return to normal. During the phase of spleen atrophy, both B and T cell compartments are depleted, as estimated by the percentages of cells killed by anti-Thy 1-2 and anti-Ig antisera plus complement. During the stage of regeneration, the percentage of Ig + cells increases rapidly, and at the peak of splenomegaly, the percentage of Ig + cells is high whereas almost no Thy 1-2 + cells are detectable. Progresively, the spleen cell content returns to the original values. In thymo-deprived mice (nude mice and B mice) the percentage of null cells increases during the stage of regeneration, and B mice develop a large number of Ig +-bearing cells. Histologic examination shows that follicles (B-dependent areas) disappear 1 to 2 days before periarteriolar sheaths (T-dependent areas). At the peak of splenomegaly the architecture of the spleen is destroyed, and the interstitial tissue is composed of a dense and uniform layer of lymphoid cells. Progressively, the architecture returns to normal. In nude mice, the disappearance of follicles, and the appearance of a homogenous layer of lymphocytes has been observed. When analyzed for their pattern of electrophoretic mobilities (E.M.), spleen cells from untreated mice reveal two peaks of E.M. 0.80 and 1.15 micron x s-1 x V-1 x cm-1. After CY treatment, during the step of splenic hypertrophy, these two peaks disappear, and a single peak of intermediate mobility appears. In T-deprived mice, a single peak of the same mobility is detected at this stage. The nature and origin of cells which appear during the phase of regeneration are unclear, but their appearance in T-deprived mice argues against thymo dependence. These spleen cells have the ability to suppress the response of normal spleen lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:300750", "title": "Evidence that Con A induces cytotoxicity in the same subclass of T cells as does alloimmunization.", "content": "We have studied the induction of cytoxic activity in murine T cells by the T cell mitogen Con A. Here we report the results of experiments that indicate that this cytotoxicity develops in the same class of T cells potentially activatable to cytotoxicity by immunization with allogeneic cells. Cytotoxic activity does not result from activation of cells of the T-helper class by PHA, and extensive reduction of the proportion of cells of the T-helper class by in vivo treatment with ATS does not comparably reduce the cytotoxicity developed in response to Con A. The Con A-activated cytotoxic cell sediments as a large cell. Furthermore, spleen cell populations previously immunized to alloantigens in vivo develop greatly increased cytotoxicity specific for the alloantigen of the immunizing haplotype after culture with Con A in vitro.", "contents": "Evidence that Con A induces cytotoxicity in the same subclass of T cells as does alloimmunization. We have studied the induction of cytoxic activity in murine T cells by the T cell mitogen Con A. Here we report the results of experiments that indicate that this cytotoxicity develops in the same class of T cells potentially activatable to cytotoxicity by immunization with allogeneic cells. Cytotoxic activity does not result from activation of cells of the T-helper class by PHA, and extensive reduction of the proportion of cells of the T-helper class by in vivo treatment with ATS does not comparably reduce the cytotoxicity developed in response to Con A. The Con A-activated cytotoxic cell sediments as a large cell. Furthermore, spleen cell populations previously immunized to alloantigens in vivo develop greatly increased cytotoxicity specific for the alloantigen of the immunizing haplotype after culture with Con A in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:300751", "title": "Purification and properties of human lymphocyte activating factor (LAF).", "content": "Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been shown to be produced by LPS-stimulated human adherent cells (monocytes) and peripheral leukocytes, but many non-macrophage cell lines failed to produce LAF. Other macrophage activators including latex microspheres, antigen-antibody complexes, and barium sulfate induce the production of LAF. There is a delay of 6 hr before significant amounts of LAF activity appear in the supernatant medium and maximum activity is found after 12 to 24 hr. Chromatography of concentrated crude supernatant fractions containing LAF activity on Sephadex G-100 gave two peaks of activity (approximately 85,000 and 13,000 daltons). The latter constitutes the major activity and has been purified at least 500-fold with Sephadex G-100, anion exchange, and adsorption chromatography. Optimal stimulation with LAF induces mitosis in 10% of murine thymocytes. The purified activity is sensitive to chymotrypsin and is not affected by treatment with sodium periodate, sulfhydryl reagents, and phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride. The response of thymocytes to LAF decreases with age after 10 weeks and thymocytes obtained from animals injected with cortisone or tumor-bearing animals have an increased responsiveness to LAF.", "contents": "Purification and properties of human lymphocyte activating factor (LAF). Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been shown to be produced by LPS-stimulated human adherent cells (monocytes) and peripheral leukocytes, but many non-macrophage cell lines failed to produce LAF. Other macrophage activators including latex microspheres, antigen-antibody complexes, and barium sulfate induce the production of LAF. There is a delay of 6 hr before significant amounts of LAF activity appear in the supernatant medium and maximum activity is found after 12 to 24 hr. Chromatography of concentrated crude supernatant fractions containing LAF activity on Sephadex G-100 gave two peaks of activity (approximately 85,000 and 13,000 daltons). The latter constitutes the major activity and has been purified at least 500-fold with Sephadex G-100, anion exchange, and adsorption chromatography. Optimal stimulation with LAF induces mitosis in 10% of murine thymocytes. The purified activity is sensitive to chymotrypsin and is not affected by treatment with sodium periodate, sulfhydryl reagents, and phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride. The response of thymocytes to LAF decreases with age after 10 weeks and thymocytes obtained from animals injected with cortisone or tumor-bearing animals have an increased responsiveness to LAF."}
{"id": "PMID:300752", "title": "Studies on antigen-induced arthritis in mice. II. Immunologic correlates of arthritis susceptibility in mice.", "content": "Antigen-induced arthritis was developed in mice as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis by using methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) as antigen. It was found that most strains were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were resistant. We therefore investigated the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to mBSA in resistant mice (CBA) and susceptible mice (exemplified by C57BL) to determine whether these were associated with susceptibility to arthritis. The resistant strain (CBA) differed from the suceptible strains in the following respects. First, there was a lower humoral immune response to mBSA as measured by passive hemagglutination, but this could be overcome by a larger immunogenic dose. Secondly, there were differences in response to low doses of DNP-mBSA after mBSA carrier preimmunization. Thirdly, there were striking differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to mBSA as determined by a radioisotopic assay in vivo; the response of CBA mice occurred early, at 5 days, declined quickly, and was weaker, whereas that of C57BL mice developed later and was long sustained. Genetic studies of the DTH response with hybrids and backcrosses showed an oligogenic control of immune responsiveness, with one gene being linked to the H-2b allele of the susceptible C57BL mice, and another being independent of the H-2 complex. Our findings indicate that in mice, susceptibility to antigen-induced arthritis with mBSA correlates with a higher responder state to this antigen, and that T cells are the major if not the only determinant of the high responder state.", "contents": "Studies on antigen-induced arthritis in mice. II. Immunologic correlates of arthritis susceptibility in mice. Antigen-induced arthritis was developed in mice as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis by using methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) as antigen. It was found that most strains were susceptible, whereas CBA mice were resistant. We therefore investigated the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to mBSA in resistant mice (CBA) and susceptible mice (exemplified by C57BL) to determine whether these were associated with susceptibility to arthritis. The resistant strain (CBA) differed from the suceptible strains in the following respects. First, there was a lower humoral immune response to mBSA as measured by passive hemagglutination, but this could be overcome by a larger immunogenic dose. Secondly, there were differences in response to low doses of DNP-mBSA after mBSA carrier preimmunization. Thirdly, there were striking differences in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to mBSA as determined by a radioisotopic assay in vivo; the response of CBA mice occurred early, at 5 days, declined quickly, and was weaker, whereas that of C57BL mice developed later and was long sustained. Genetic studies of the DTH response with hybrids and backcrosses showed an oligogenic control of immune responsiveness, with one gene being linked to the H-2b allele of the susceptible C57BL mice, and another being independent of the H-2 complex. Our findings indicate that in mice, susceptibility to antigen-induced arthritis with mBSA correlates with a higher responder state to this antigen, and that T cells are the major if not the only determinant of the high responder state."}
{"id": "PMID:300753", "title": "Studies on antigen-induced arthritis in mice. III. Cell and serum transfer experiments.", "content": "Antigen-induced arthritis in mice occurs after immunization and subsequent intraarticular challenge with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA). In adoptive transfer experiments, susceptible C57BL mice and resistant CBA mice were compared in their capacity to express delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by ear assay, and to express arthritis. The expression of DTH could be transferred incrementally by lymphoid cells in C57BL mice, but not in CBA mice. Both immune lymphoid cells and, to a much lesser extent, serum transferred the capacity to develop arthritis in C57BL mice. The reactivity of transferred cells was abolished by anti-Thy-1 but enhanced by enrichment for T cells with anti-immunoglobulin columns. If this model disease can be equated with human rheumatoid synovitis, the lesions in the human disease would be an expression of a T cell-dependent activity.", "contents": "Studies on antigen-induced arthritis in mice. III. Cell and serum transfer experiments. Antigen-induced arthritis in mice occurs after immunization and subsequent intraarticular challenge with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA). In adoptive transfer experiments, susceptible C57BL mice and resistant CBA mice were compared in their capacity to express delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by ear assay, and to express arthritis. The expression of DTH could be transferred incrementally by lymphoid cells in C57BL mice, but not in CBA mice. Both immune lymphoid cells and, to a much lesser extent, serum transferred the capacity to develop arthritis in C57BL mice. The reactivity of transferred cells was abolished by anti-Thy-1 but enhanced by enrichment for T cells with anti-immunoglobulin columns. If this model disease can be equated with human rheumatoid synovitis, the lesions in the human disease would be an expression of a T cell-dependent activity."}
{"id": "PMID:300754", "title": "Inability of choleragenoid-sensitized cells to induce T cell-mediated cytolysis.", "content": "Murine splenocytes and tumor cells bind cholera enterotoxoid (choleragenoid). Four hours after sensitization, choleragenoid-coated cells were lysed in the presence of anti-cholergenoid serum and complement, indicating that the binding was stable. Choleragenoid-coated cells were unable to sensitize spleen cells from normal or choleragenoid primed syngeneic mice into displaying a cytotoxic effect against choleragenoid-coated target cells in the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cells coated with both choleragenoid and trinitrophenyl (TNP) groups did sensitize syngeneic spleen cells to display a cytotoxic effect against target cells bearing choleragenoid and TNP or TNP alone, but not choleragenoid alone. These data demonstrate that the mere binding of a foreign component to lymphoid cells is not sufficient to allow sensitization of cytotoxic T cells.", "contents": "Inability of choleragenoid-sensitized cells to induce T cell-mediated cytolysis. Murine splenocytes and tumor cells bind cholera enterotoxoid (choleragenoid). Four hours after sensitization, choleragenoid-coated cells were lysed in the presence of anti-cholergenoid serum and complement, indicating that the binding was stable. Choleragenoid-coated cells were unable to sensitize spleen cells from normal or choleragenoid primed syngeneic mice into displaying a cytotoxic effect against choleragenoid-coated target cells in the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Cells coated with both choleragenoid and trinitrophenyl (TNP) groups did sensitize syngeneic spleen cells to display a cytotoxic effect against target cells bearing choleragenoid and TNP or TNP alone, but not choleragenoid alone. These data demonstrate that the mere binding of a foreign component to lymphoid cells is not sufficient to allow sensitization of cytotoxic T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300755", "title": "Studies on the role of the thymus and T cells in the in vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity (desensitization): radiosensitivity of the mechanism inducing nonspecific anergy.", "content": "Guinea pigs immunized with two or more antigens can have their ability to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to all these antigens temporarily blocked by the administration of large (mg) amounts of one or more of these antigens 9 days after immunization. This nonspecific anergy is called desensitization. This study presents evidence for the induction of the desensitized state by an active, radiosensitive, immunoregulatory mechanism involving the peripheralization of thymocytes. Desensitization was associated with 1) a marked reduction in thymic weight; 2) an increase in mature T cells in the peripheral blood; 3) decreased responsiveness of the lymphocytes in the spleen to concanavalin-A; and 4) markedly reduced numbers of mono-nuclear cells, basophils, and polymorphs at the skin sites of specific and nonspecific desensitization. Small doses of whole-body irradiation which left DH capacity intact prevented nonspecific desensitization, but did not prevent specific desensitization, suggesting that a radiosensitive cell was involved in the production of anergy.", "contents": "Studies on the role of the thymus and T cells in the in vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity (desensitization): radiosensitivity of the mechanism inducing nonspecific anergy. Guinea pigs immunized with two or more antigens can have their ability to manifest delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to all these antigens temporarily blocked by the administration of large (mg) amounts of one or more of these antigens 9 days after immunization. This nonspecific anergy is called desensitization. This study presents evidence for the induction of the desensitized state by an active, radiosensitive, immunoregulatory mechanism involving the peripheralization of thymocytes. Desensitization was associated with 1) a marked reduction in thymic weight; 2) an increase in mature T cells in the peripheral blood; 3) decreased responsiveness of the lymphocytes in the spleen to concanavalin-A; and 4) markedly reduced numbers of mono-nuclear cells, basophils, and polymorphs at the skin sites of specific and nonspecific desensitization. Small doses of whole-body irradiation which left DH capacity intact prevented nonspecific desensitization, but did not prevent specific desensitization, suggesting that a radiosensitive cell was involved in the production of anergy."}
{"id": "PMID:300756", "title": "The role of the macrophage as the stimulator cell in contact sensitivity.", "content": "In this study we examined the requirement for the type of stimulator cell for thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte activation to simple chemical haptens. T cells from picryl chloride-immune guinea pigs were challenged in vitro with various trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic stimulator cells and the extent of activation was determined by an increase in DNA synthesis. Hapten-specific T cell activation occurred with TNP-conjugated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and purified macrophages but not with TNP-conjugated erythrocytes, thymocytes, or nonadherent lymph node cells or PEC. In addition, T cell activation also occurred with TNP-conjugated guinea pig leukemia cells, but only in the presence of macrophages. Furthermore, it was shown that macrophages were required to process and/or present TNP-conjugated leukemia cell antigens rather than simply providing a growth-promoting function. These results suggest that a macrophage-like stimulator cell is required for hapten-specific T cell activation and that this particular stimulator cell may be important in contact sensitivity.", "contents": "The role of the macrophage as the stimulator cell in contact sensitivity. In this study we examined the requirement for the type of stimulator cell for thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte activation to simple chemical haptens. T cells from picryl chloride-immune guinea pigs were challenged in vitro with various trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic stimulator cells and the extent of activation was determined by an increase in DNA synthesis. Hapten-specific T cell activation occurred with TNP-conjugated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and purified macrophages but not with TNP-conjugated erythrocytes, thymocytes, or nonadherent lymph node cells or PEC. In addition, T cell activation also occurred with TNP-conjugated guinea pig leukemia cells, but only in the presence of macrophages. Furthermore, it was shown that macrophages were required to process and/or present TNP-conjugated leukemia cell antigens rather than simply providing a growth-promoting function. These results suggest that a macrophage-like stimulator cell is required for hapten-specific T cell activation and that this particular stimulator cell may be important in contact sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:300757", "title": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. I. Kinetics of binding.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes obtained from immune guinea pigs and cultured for 1 week on antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages were tested for their ability to bind to fresh antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages or to macrophages pulsed with an irrelevant antigen. Up to 30% of the lymphocytes bound to macrophages bearing the relevant antigen whereas only 2 to 5% remained nonspecifically bound to macrophages after vigorous washing. Specific binding was observed in cultures as early as 1 hr. Analysis of the kinetics of binding suggests that the observed nonspecific binding is not a step in specific binding. The possibility that weaker antigen-independent association between lymphocytes and macrophages precedes specific binding cannot be excluded. No evidence was obtained that serum antibody adsorbed to the macrophage or T cell plays a role in this cell interaction or that the T cell can bind antigen directly. We suggest that the observed specific binding represents the initial event in stimulation of T lymphocytes by antigen.", "contents": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. I. Kinetics of binding. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes obtained from immune guinea pigs and cultured for 1 week on antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages were tested for their ability to bind to fresh antigen-pulsed autologous macrophages or to macrophages pulsed with an irrelevant antigen. Up to 30% of the lymphocytes bound to macrophages bearing the relevant antigen whereas only 2 to 5% remained nonspecifically bound to macrophages after vigorous washing. Specific binding was observed in cultures as early as 1 hr. Analysis of the kinetics of binding suggests that the observed nonspecific binding is not a step in specific binding. The possibility that weaker antigen-independent association between lymphocytes and macrophages precedes specific binding cannot be excluded. No evidence was obtained that serum antibody adsorbed to the macrophage or T cell plays a role in this cell interaction or that the T cell can bind antigen directly. We suggest that the observed specific binding represents the initial event in stimulation of T lymphocytes by antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:300758", "title": "Sequential proliferation induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen. I. Growth of 1000 lymphocytes in feeder layer cultures.", "content": "A culture system is described in which 1000 human peripheral blood lymphocytes diluted in 2.5 x 10(5) mitomycin-treated autologous cells respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Proliferation data, including 3HTdR uptake, cell survival counts, and mitotic indices, indicate that this inoculum expands from 1000 to 40,000 cells by day 7, suggesting five or six sequential cell divisions. Chromosome markers in allogeneic cultures demonstrate that the dividing cells are derived from the original 1000 cells and not from the \"feeder layer\" of mitomycin-treated lymphocytes. The time course of proliferation in this system is similar to that in other human lymphocyte culture systems with a low percentage of responding cells, as in the response to PHA of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or the response of normal lymphocytes to antigens. The conditions provided by the feeder layer which permit proliferation of this small number of lymphocytes are not precisely known, but erythrocytes, heat-killed lymphocytes, or inert particles do not provide a satisfactory substitute.", "contents": "Sequential proliferation induced in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen. I. Growth of 1000 lymphocytes in feeder layer cultures. A culture system is described in which 1000 human peripheral blood lymphocytes diluted in 2.5 x 10(5) mitomycin-treated autologous cells respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Proliferation data, including 3HTdR uptake, cell survival counts, and mitotic indices, indicate that this inoculum expands from 1000 to 40,000 cells by day 7, suggesting five or six sequential cell divisions. Chromosome markers in allogeneic cultures demonstrate that the dividing cells are derived from the original 1000 cells and not from the \"feeder layer\" of mitomycin-treated lymphocytes. The time course of proliferation in this system is similar to that in other human lymphocyte culture systems with a low percentage of responding cells, as in the response to PHA of cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or the response of normal lymphocytes to antigens. The conditions provided by the feeder layer which permit proliferation of this small number of lymphocytes are not precisely known, but erythrocytes, heat-killed lymphocytes, or inert particles do not provide a satisfactory substitute."}
{"id": "PMID:300759", "title": "Pathogenesis of experimental allergic orchitis. III. T lymphocyte requirement in local adoptive transfer by peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "In experimental allergic orchitis (EAO), a lesion characterized by mononuclear invasion of seminiferous tubules can be adoptively transferred within 1 to 4 days by testicular injection of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from syngeneic strain 13 guinea pigs (GP) immunized with homologous testicular antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This study examined the role of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the adoptive transfer. Guinea pig PEC contained 7% T lymphocytes, rare B lymphocytes, and over 90% of macrophages and PMN. After T lymphocytes were depleted by rabbit erythrocyte (E) rosette and Hypaque-Ficoll gradient centrifugation, cell preparations that contained 73% of original macrophages and 15% original T lymphocytes were obtained, and these cells did not transfer EAO (0 of 18 testes). In contrast, cell preparations enriched in T lymphocytes by nylon wool column or E rosette contained 1.5% of the original macrophages and 59% of the original T lymphocytes transferred EAO to 70% of the testes, starting at 1.5 x 10(6) T lymphocytes per testis. The number of T lymphocytes correlated with the incidence of adoptive transfer; the correlation existed regardless of the number of macrophages or PMN present. Finally, EAO was adoptively transferred to recipients that had total-body irradiation. The results indicate that (a) T lymphocytes are capable of transferring lesions of EAO, (b) in the transfer, the T lymphocytes did not function as helper T cells, since the transfer need not involve participation of host lymphoid cells, and (c) by inference, testis antigen-reactive T lymphocytes exist.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of experimental allergic orchitis. III. T lymphocyte requirement in local adoptive transfer by peritoneal exudate cells. In experimental allergic orchitis (EAO), a lesion characterized by mononuclear invasion of seminiferous tubules can be adoptively transferred within 1 to 4 days by testicular injection of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from syngeneic strain 13 guinea pigs (GP) immunized with homologous testicular antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This study examined the role of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the adoptive transfer. Guinea pig PEC contained 7% T lymphocytes, rare B lymphocytes, and over 90% of macrophages and PMN. After T lymphocytes were depleted by rabbit erythrocyte (E) rosette and Hypaque-Ficoll gradient centrifugation, cell preparations that contained 73% of original macrophages and 15% original T lymphocytes were obtained, and these cells did not transfer EAO (0 of 18 testes). In contrast, cell preparations enriched in T lymphocytes by nylon wool column or E rosette contained 1.5% of the original macrophages and 59% of the original T lymphocytes transferred EAO to 70% of the testes, starting at 1.5 x 10(6) T lymphocytes per testis. The number of T lymphocytes correlated with the incidence of adoptive transfer; the correlation existed regardless of the number of macrophages or PMN present. Finally, EAO was adoptively transferred to recipients that had total-body irradiation. The results indicate that (a) T lymphocytes are capable of transferring lesions of EAO, (b) in the transfer, the T lymphocytes did not function as helper T cells, since the transfer need not involve participation of host lymphoid cells, and (c) by inference, testis antigen-reactive T lymphocytes exist."}
{"id": "PMID:300760", "title": "Potentiation of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae by influenza A virus.", "content": "When Haemophilus influenzae type b was given intranasally to infant rats, a very large dose was required to produce histologic evidence of meningitis in even half of the animals tested; meningitis developed in 16 of 31 rats that received 10(7) viable bacteria at the age of five days. However, when the animals first received influenza virus, the dose of bacteria required to produce meningitis was reduced 100-fold; meningitis occurred in 10 of 21 rats given virus at two days and 10(5) viable bacteria at five days. These results suggest that prior viral infection of the upper respiratory tract may be a factor in the pathogenesis of haemophilus meningitis.", "contents": "Potentiation of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae by influenza A virus. When Haemophilus influenzae type b was given intranasally to infant rats, a very large dose was required to produce histologic evidence of meningitis in even half of the animals tested; meningitis developed in 16 of 31 rats that received 10(7) viable bacteria at the age of five days. However, when the animals first received influenza virus, the dose of bacteria required to produce meningitis was reduced 100-fold; meningitis occurred in 10 of 21 rats given virus at two days and 10(5) viable bacteria at five days. These results suggest that prior viral infection of the upper respiratory tract may be a factor in the pathogenesis of haemophilus meningitis."}
{"id": "PMID:300761", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in humans after induced infection with influenza A virus.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune responses were examined in 19 normal volunteers after intranasal administration of three strains of influenza A virus. Eight volunteers manifested respiratory tract illness along with fourfold rises of serum antibody and/or virus shedding. Samples of peripheral venous blood were obtained before and two days, five days, and four weeks after challenge. During acute illness, infected volunteers showed lymphopenia, which persisted for up to four weeks after challenge. The lymphopenia involved thymus-derived, bone marrow-derived, and null cells. Blastogenic responses of lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and streptokinase-streptodornase were depressed during acute illness, and responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A remained depressed at four weeks after infection. Thus, influenza infection in humans can result in prolonged depression of numbers and functions of circulating lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in humans after induced infection with influenza A virus. Cell-mediated immune responses were examined in 19 normal volunteers after intranasal administration of three strains of influenza A virus. Eight volunteers manifested respiratory tract illness along with fourfold rises of serum antibody and/or virus shedding. Samples of peripheral venous blood were obtained before and two days, five days, and four weeks after challenge. During acute illness, infected volunteers showed lymphopenia, which persisted for up to four weeks after challenge. The lymphopenia involved thymus-derived, bone marrow-derived, and null cells. Blastogenic responses of lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and streptokinase-streptodornase were depressed during acute illness, and responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A remained depressed at four weeks after infection. Thus, influenza infection in humans can result in prolonged depression of numbers and functions of circulating lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300772", "title": "Fertilization of immature frog eggs: cleavage and development following subsequent activation.", "content": "Frog eggs are normally fertilized after reaching metaphase II. When eggs are inseminated prior to that, several sperm enter, but entry does not activate the egg. When such inseminated, immature eggs were maintained until they became mature and then were artificially activated, the eggs began to cleave. The cleavage furrows were irregular and often multiple, but the eggs developed to blastulae or partial blastulae. About 2 leads to 5% of the eggs developed to tadpoles. Typical asters were not associated with the entering sperm; rather, asters appeared only after activation. The sperm nucleus often formed chromosomes which were attached to small spindles. It is clear that sperm which remain for a time in unactivated egg cytoplasm, retain their ability to promote cleavage and development. Aster formation required not only sperm centrioles but also activated egg cytoplasm. Sperm which entered either near the equator or in the animal half of mature eggs usually produced normal cleavage furrows. Sperm which entered the animal half of immature eggs produced multiple animal half furrows when the egg was subsequently activated. In contrast, sperm which entered near the equator of immature eggs often failed to induce furrowing on subsequent activation or produced unusual equatorial furrows. The difference in the type of furrow between eggs inseminated in the animal half or at the equator is interpreted as a consequence of dissociating sperm entry from the cortical contraction which occurs in activation.", "contents": "Fertilization of immature frog eggs: cleavage and development following subsequent activation. Frog eggs are normally fertilized after reaching metaphase II. When eggs are inseminated prior to that, several sperm enter, but entry does not activate the egg. When such inseminated, immature eggs were maintained until they became mature and then were artificially activated, the eggs began to cleave. The cleavage furrows were irregular and often multiple, but the eggs developed to blastulae or partial blastulae. About 2 leads to 5% of the eggs developed to tadpoles. Typical asters were not associated with the entering sperm; rather, asters appeared only after activation. The sperm nucleus often formed chromosomes which were attached to small spindles. It is clear that sperm which remain for a time in unactivated egg cytoplasm, retain their ability to promote cleavage and development. Aster formation required not only sperm centrioles but also activated egg cytoplasm. Sperm which entered either near the equator or in the animal half of mature eggs usually produced normal cleavage furrows. Sperm which entered the animal half of immature eggs produced multiple animal half furrows when the egg was subsequently activated. In contrast, sperm which entered near the equator of immature eggs often failed to induce furrowing on subsequent activation or produced unusual equatorial furrows. The difference in the type of furrow between eggs inseminated in the animal half or at the equator is interpreted as a consequence of dissociating sperm entry from the cortical contraction which occurs in activation."}
{"id": "PMID:300773", "title": "Quantitive studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. II. head-turning reflexes in animals with a supernumerary pair of labyrinths.", "content": "In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanun) the labyrinths and the associated parts of the medulla were doubled artificially. In these so-called tandem-heads the vestibular afferent fibres from both labyrinths on one side united within the medulla to form common bundles. The head-turning reflexes following impulse acceleration and during long-lasting acceleration were measured quantitatively and compared with those for normal animals. The form and the time-course of the reactions were almost identical in both groups. Tandem-heads showed a linear relationship between stimulus intensity and reaction strength, parallel to that in normal animals but with a greater reaction for a given stimulus. Consequent to this shift in the relationship, there was a significant decrease in the reaction threshold. The removal of one horizontal semicircular canal in tandem-heads proved that both pairs of labyrinths were functionally connected with the brain. It was suggested that during ontogenesis there exists a kind of specificity in the connexion of vestibular fibres. From the parallel shift of the intensity functions it was concluded that the input from both pairs of labyrinths in tandem-heads is not simply accumulate but compared with a reference parameter, which is also double in tandem-heads.", "contents": "Quantitive studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. II. head-turning reflexes in animals with a supernumerary pair of labyrinths. In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanun) the labyrinths and the associated parts of the medulla were doubled artificially. In these so-called tandem-heads the vestibular afferent fibres from both labyrinths on one side united within the medulla to form common bundles. The head-turning reflexes following impulse acceleration and during long-lasting acceleration were measured quantitatively and compared with those for normal animals. The form and the time-course of the reactions were almost identical in both groups. Tandem-heads showed a linear relationship between stimulus intensity and reaction strength, parallel to that in normal animals but with a greater reaction for a given stimulus. Consequent to this shift in the relationship, there was a significant decrease in the reaction threshold. The removal of one horizontal semicircular canal in tandem-heads proved that both pairs of labyrinths were functionally connected with the brain. It was suggested that during ontogenesis there exists a kind of specificity in the connexion of vestibular fibres. From the parallel shift of the intensity functions it was concluded that the input from both pairs of labyrinths in tandem-heads is not simply accumulate but compared with a reference parameter, which is also double in tandem-heads."}
{"id": "PMID:300774", "title": "H-2 restriction of suppressor T-cell induction by hapten-modified lymphoid cells in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitization.", "content": "Studies using hapten-modified lymphoid cells as tolerogens for 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitization have shown that BALB/c(H-2d) mice can be made phenotypically tolerant by dinitrophenyl (DNP) on either syngeneic or allogeneic mouse lymphoid cells (DNP-LC). However, suppressor T-cell induction (Ts) in these mice (as demonstrated by adoptive transfer to syngeneic recipients) was restricted to H-2 identity between the DNP-LC and the donor mouse. It was also shown that identity at the right end of the H-2 complex was sufficient for Ts induction. In addition, this restriction was also demostrated in CBA (H-2 K) mice and for tolerance in the 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene contact sensitivity system using trinitrophenyl-modified lymphoid cells.", "contents": "H-2 restriction of suppressor T-cell induction by hapten-modified lymphoid cells in tolerance to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitization. Studies using hapten-modified lymphoid cells as tolerogens for 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene contact sensitization have shown that BALB/c(H-2d) mice can be made phenotypically tolerant by dinitrophenyl (DNP) on either syngeneic or allogeneic mouse lymphoid cells (DNP-LC). However, suppressor T-cell induction (Ts) in these mice (as demonstrated by adoptive transfer to syngeneic recipients) was restricted to H-2 identity between the DNP-LC and the donor mouse. It was also shown that identity at the right end of the H-2 complex was sufficient for Ts induction. In addition, this restriction was also demostrated in CBA (H-2 K) mice and for tolerance in the 1-chloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene contact sensitivity system using trinitrophenyl-modified lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300775", "title": "Secondary in vitro responses of T lymphocytes to non-H-2 alloantigens self-H-2-restricted responses induced in heterologous serum are not dependent on primary-stimulating non-H-2 alloantigens.", "content": "The role of non-H-2 alloantigens, specifically Mls locus products, in secondary in vitro T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been studied. Splenic T lymphocytes, activated against Mls locus alloantigens in primary-mixed cultures and isolated by velocity sedimentation gradient separation techniques, were used as responding populations in secondary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLCs) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). Such T-cell clones could be shown to exhibit either \"self\"-H-2-restricted or anti-Mls locus-specific reactivity, with this dichotomy of reactivity depending only on the primary culture conditions. Mls locus-activated T lymphocytes generated in cultures supplemented with homologous serum exhibited specific memory responses in MLC, yet remained incapable of effecting target cell destruction against Mls locus antigens or against \"self\"-H-2-structures in CML. In contrast, activated T-cell clones generated in the presence of heterologous serum displayed H-2-restricted reactivity in both secondary MLC and CML. H-2-restricted MLC activation was controlled by products of the H-2 serologically defined regions. Although heterologous serum was a necessary (and sufficient) entity for development of H-2-restricted responses, evidence argues against the possibility that heterologous serum acts via modification of cell surface components.", "contents": "Secondary in vitro responses of T lymphocytes to non-H-2 alloantigens self-H-2-restricted responses induced in heterologous serum are not dependent on primary-stimulating non-H-2 alloantigens. The role of non-H-2 alloantigens, specifically Mls locus products, in secondary in vitro T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been studied. Splenic T lymphocytes, activated against Mls locus alloantigens in primary-mixed cultures and isolated by velocity sedimentation gradient separation techniques, were used as responding populations in secondary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLCs) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). Such T-cell clones could be shown to exhibit either \"self\"-H-2-restricted or anti-Mls locus-specific reactivity, with this dichotomy of reactivity depending only on the primary culture conditions. Mls locus-activated T lymphocytes generated in cultures supplemented with homologous serum exhibited specific memory responses in MLC, yet remained incapable of effecting target cell destruction against Mls locus antigens or against \"self\"-H-2-structures in CML. In contrast, activated T-cell clones generated in the presence of heterologous serum displayed H-2-restricted reactivity in both secondary MLC and CML. H-2-restricted MLC activation was controlled by products of the H-2 serologically defined regions. Although heterologous serum was a necessary (and sufficient) entity for development of H-2-restricted responses, evidence argues against the possibility that heterologous serum acts via modification of cell surface components."}
{"id": "PMID:300776", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) II. Cellular source and effect on responder and nonresponder mice.", "content": "The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) fails to stimulate development of GAT-specific antibody responses in nonresponder strains of mice, but does stimulate the development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells that inhibit the development of normal anti-GAT antibody responses to GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). Furthermore, extracts prepared from lymphoid cells of GAT-primed, but not control, nonresponder mice inhibit the development of antibody responses to GAT-MBSA by normal nonresponder mice. This suppression is specific, dose-dependent, and can be readily analyzed in vitro. The suppressive factor is a T-cell product. An extract from GAT-primed DBA/1 mice inhibits the response to GAT-MBSA by spleen cells from histoincompatible strains of mice that are nonresponders to GAT, but not strains that are responders to GAT.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) II. Cellular source and effect on responder and nonresponder mice. The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) fails to stimulate development of GAT-specific antibody responses in nonresponder strains of mice, but does stimulate the development of GAT-specific suppressor T cells that inhibit the development of normal anti-GAT antibody responses to GAT complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin (GAT-MBSA). Furthermore, extracts prepared from lymphoid cells of GAT-primed, but not control, nonresponder mice inhibit the development of antibody responses to GAT-MBSA by normal nonresponder mice. This suppression is specific, dose-dependent, and can be readily analyzed in vitro. The suppressive factor is a T-cell product. An extract from GAT-primed DBA/1 mice inhibits the response to GAT-MBSA by spleen cells from histoincompatible strains of mice that are nonresponders to GAT, but not strains that are responders to GAT."}
{"id": "PMID:300777", "title": "Mesenteric lymph node B lymphoblasts which home to the small intestine are precommitted to IgA synthesis.", "content": "The fate of mesenteric lymph node lymphoblasts labeled with either [125I]iododeoxyuridine or [3H]thymidine can be studied after intravenous transfer into syngeneic mice both by measurement of radioactivity in various organs and by combined immunofluorescence and autoradiography of recipient tissues. Many of the lymphoblasts home to the lamina propria of the small intestine within hours of transfer; of these, many visibly secrete IgA. To determine whether the cells that will ultimately secrete IgA are already committed to IgA synthesis before their arrival in the gut, mesenteric lymph node cell populations were treated with various class-specific antisera to mouse immunoglobulins before transfer. Treatment with antiserum to IgA, plus complement, reduced the fraction of injected label recovered from the recipients' intestines, and also reduced the proportion of donor (labeled) cells containing IgA. We conclude that mesenteric lymph nodes are probably the principal source of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut, and that the cells become committed to IgA synthesis and develop cell surface IgA before emigrating. This IgA is apparently synthesized by the cells that bear it since it is not removed by extensive rinsing at 37 degrees C, a maneuver that elutes passively adsorbed immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Mesenteric lymph node B lymphoblasts which home to the small intestine are precommitted to IgA synthesis. The fate of mesenteric lymph node lymphoblasts labeled with either [125I]iododeoxyuridine or [3H]thymidine can be studied after intravenous transfer into syngeneic mice both by measurement of radioactivity in various organs and by combined immunofluorescence and autoradiography of recipient tissues. Many of the lymphoblasts home to the lamina propria of the small intestine within hours of transfer; of these, many visibly secrete IgA. To determine whether the cells that will ultimately secrete IgA are already committed to IgA synthesis before their arrival in the gut, mesenteric lymph node cell populations were treated with various class-specific antisera to mouse immunoglobulins before transfer. Treatment with antiserum to IgA, plus complement, reduced the fraction of injected label recovered from the recipients' intestines, and also reduced the proportion of donor (labeled) cells containing IgA. We conclude that mesenteric lymph nodes are probably the principal source of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the lamina propria of the gut, and that the cells become committed to IgA synthesis and develop cell surface IgA before emigrating. This IgA is apparently synthesized by the cells that bear it since it is not removed by extensive rinsing at 37 degrees C, a maneuver that elutes passively adsorbed immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:300778", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes II. T-cell activation by direct modification of macrophage histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "In order to analyze the molecular structures involved in T-cell recognition we developed an in vitro primary response against alloantisera bound to histocompatibility antigens in which nonimmune guinea pig T cells can be sensitized and subsequently challenged in tissue culture with antisera-treated macrophages. If macrophages were incubated with alloantisera directed against the I-region-associated (Ia) antigens of the guinea pig major histocompatibility complex (MHC) T cells could be sensitized to the antisera bound to macrophage Ia determinants. Anti-Ia-treated syngeneic macrophages in the first and second cultures elicited specific T-cell activation, as measured by increased DNA synthesis, to the antisera-induced immunogenic determinants. Similarly, antiIa-treated allogeneic macrophages also specifically stimulated T cells to antisera bound to allogeneic Ia determinants while reducing the mixed leukocyte reaction. Antisera to the B.1 antigens of the guinea pig MHC, the homologue of the mouse H-2K or H-2D antigens, also elicited specific T-cell activation that did not cross-react with that produced by the anti-Ia alloantisera. Furthermore, the anti-B.1-induced stimulation appeared to be associated with the Ia antigens of the macrophage used for priming since (2 x 13)F1 T cells sensitized with anti-B.1-treated parental macrophages could be restimulated only with the parental macrophage used for initial sensitization, and not with those of the other parent. Since the parental strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs express serologically identical B.1 antigens and differ only by Ia antigens of the MHC, this observation suggests that both B.1 and Ia antigens may be included in the immunogenic complex recognized by T cells. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that this restriction is due to other genetic differences between strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs that is unrelated to the I-region. We interpret these findings as showing that macrophage Ia antigens may serve to directly present antigens bound to the Ia molecule, and possibly indirectly aid in the presentation of antigens bound to other membrane components, such as the B.1 antigens.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes II. T-cell activation by direct modification of macrophage histocompatibility antigens. In order to analyze the molecular structures involved in T-cell recognition we developed an in vitro primary response against alloantisera bound to histocompatibility antigens in which nonimmune guinea pig T cells can be sensitized and subsequently challenged in tissue culture with antisera-treated macrophages. If macrophages were incubated with alloantisera directed against the I-region-associated (Ia) antigens of the guinea pig major histocompatibility complex (MHC) T cells could be sensitized to the antisera bound to macrophage Ia determinants. Anti-Ia-treated syngeneic macrophages in the first and second cultures elicited specific T-cell activation, as measured by increased DNA synthesis, to the antisera-induced immunogenic determinants. Similarly, antiIa-treated allogeneic macrophages also specifically stimulated T cells to antisera bound to allogeneic Ia determinants while reducing the mixed leukocyte reaction. Antisera to the B.1 antigens of the guinea pig MHC, the homologue of the mouse H-2K or H-2D antigens, also elicited specific T-cell activation that did not cross-react with that produced by the anti-Ia alloantisera. Furthermore, the anti-B.1-induced stimulation appeared to be associated with the Ia antigens of the macrophage used for priming since (2 x 13)F1 T cells sensitized with anti-B.1-treated parental macrophages could be restimulated only with the parental macrophage used for initial sensitization, and not with those of the other parent. Since the parental strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs express serologically identical B.1 antigens and differ only by Ia antigens of the MHC, this observation suggests that both B.1 and Ia antigens may be included in the immunogenic complex recognized by T cells. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that this restriction is due to other genetic differences between strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs that is unrelated to the I-region. We interpret these findings as showing that macrophage Ia antigens may serve to directly present antigens bound to the Ia molecule, and possibly indirectly aid in the presentation of antigens bound to other membrane components, such as the B.1 antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:300779", "title": "Mechanisms of suppression of cytotoxic T-cell responses in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.", "content": "The cytotoxic T-cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection was suppressed either in vitro or in vivo by addition of a high level of syngeneic virus-infected cells or syngeneic cells from congenital LCM virus carriers to the environment of the responding cells. This effect was not duplicated by formaldehyde-fixed carrier cells, nor could it be accounted for by 'cold' target competition by carrier cells at the level of the cytotoxicity assay. Conversely, suppression was produced in vivo by water-lysed, ultrasonically treated carrier cell suspensions, or by a large dose of LCM virus equivalent to that contained in the carrier cells. Thus a high level of infectious virus was a common factor in all observed examples of suppression. Based upon this, the following hypothesis, a form of 'forbidden clone deletion,' was proposed to account for virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell tolerance in LCM virus congenital carriers, or in high dose suppression. A high level of virus in lymphoid tissues, while not cytopathic per se, may result in infection of all or most T cells; this then may lead to deletion either via 'suicide' of individual, infected, cytotoxic T cells with receptors specific for virus-induced antigenic patterns on their own surface membranes, or by mutual lysis of two adjacent T cells.", "contents": "Mechanisms of suppression of cytotoxic T-cell responses in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. The cytotoxic T-cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus infection was suppressed either in vitro or in vivo by addition of a high level of syngeneic virus-infected cells or syngeneic cells from congenital LCM virus carriers to the environment of the responding cells. This effect was not duplicated by formaldehyde-fixed carrier cells, nor could it be accounted for by 'cold' target competition by carrier cells at the level of the cytotoxicity assay. Conversely, suppression was produced in vivo by water-lysed, ultrasonically treated carrier cell suspensions, or by a large dose of LCM virus equivalent to that contained in the carrier cells. Thus a high level of infectious virus was a common factor in all observed examples of suppression. Based upon this, the following hypothesis, a form of 'forbidden clone deletion,' was proposed to account for virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell tolerance in LCM virus congenital carriers, or in high dose suppression. A high level of virus in lymphoid tissues, while not cytopathic per se, may result in infection of all or most T cells; this then may lead to deletion either via 'suicide' of individual, infected, cytotoxic T cells with receptors specific for virus-induced antigenic patterns on their own surface membranes, or by mutual lysis of two adjacent T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300780", "title": "Immunological studies of Aging. III. Cytokinetic basis for the impaired response of lymphocytes from aged humans to plant lectins.", "content": "The basis for the age-associated defect in the response of lymphocytes to plant lectins has been studied. Using three independent assays we have shown that the number of mitogen-responsive cells is markedly reduced in lymphocyte preparations from old persons. In addition, studies using colchicine bloock and thymidine pulse techniques have revealed a failure of mitogen-responsive cells from old persons to expand into a proliferating pool of lymphocytes as is observed when lymphocytes from young persons are cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Thus, the impaired response of lymphocytes from old persons to mitogens is attributable to a reduced number of mitogen responsive cells and their failure to undergo clonal expansion.", "contents": "Immunological studies of Aging. III. Cytokinetic basis for the impaired response of lymphocytes from aged humans to plant lectins. The basis for the age-associated defect in the response of lymphocytes to plant lectins has been studied. Using three independent assays we have shown that the number of mitogen-responsive cells is markedly reduced in lymphocyte preparations from old persons. In addition, studies using colchicine bloock and thymidine pulse techniques have revealed a failure of mitogen-responsive cells from old persons to expand into a proliferating pool of lymphocytes as is observed when lymphocytes from young persons are cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Thus, the impaired response of lymphocytes from old persons to mitogens is attributable to a reduced number of mitogen responsive cells and their failure to undergo clonal expansion."}
{"id": "PMID:300781", "title": "Helper T cells are required for the polyclonal stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by concanavalin A.", "content": "Concanavalin A stimulation of T-cell cytotoxicity has been shown to be absolutely dependent on helper T-cell collaboration. Thymocytes stimulated with ConA do not differentiate to yield cytotoxic effector cells. However, thymocytes cocultured with irradiated spleen cells as helpers and ConA yield high levels of cytotoxicity. The helper cell bears theta antigens on its surface, is not an adherent cell, and does not require any adherent cell functions in our culture conditions. The ConA-dependent helper cells appear to be polyclonal in specificity. Thus, polyclonal stimulation of cytotoxicity by ConA requires T helper-T precursor collaboration in analogy to antigen-specific T helper-T precursor interactions. Unlike the antigen-specific interacitons, the ConA-driven cytotoxicity does not appear to require linked associative recognition for induction of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Helper T cells are required for the polyclonal stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by concanavalin A. Concanavalin A stimulation of T-cell cytotoxicity has been shown to be absolutely dependent on helper T-cell collaboration. Thymocytes stimulated with ConA do not differentiate to yield cytotoxic effector cells. However, thymocytes cocultured with irradiated spleen cells as helpers and ConA yield high levels of cytotoxicity. The helper cell bears theta antigens on its surface, is not an adherent cell, and does not require any adherent cell functions in our culture conditions. The ConA-dependent helper cells appear to be polyclonal in specificity. Thus, polyclonal stimulation of cytotoxicity by ConA requires T helper-T precursor collaboration in analogy to antigen-specific T helper-T precursor interactions. Unlike the antigen-specific interacitons, the ConA-driven cytotoxicity does not appear to require linked associative recognition for induction of cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:300782", "title": "Regulation of B-cell proliferative responses to lipopolysaccharide by a subclass of thymus T cells.", "content": "When thymus cells which are unresponsive to LPS are combined with numbers of peripheral lymphoid cells giving minimal responses to LPS, synergistic incorporation of [3H]thymidine occurs. Synergy requires that both components proliferate, but most of the augmented response is the result of peripheral cell proliferation. The thymus cell is a T cell of variable density, low in thy-1.2 antigen, not concanavalin A responsive, present in the major thymus subpopulation, and may be from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-unresponsive strains. The peripheral cell is sensitive to anti-IgG or IgM plus complement (C'), resistant to anti-Thy-1.2 and C', exhibits adherence properties of B lymphocytes, and must be from LPS-responsive strains. Synergistic responses depend on critical thymus/peripheral cell ratios, inhibition occurring at high peripheral cell numbers. The data provide evidence that B-cell proliferative responses to LPS may be regulated by a subclass of thymus T cells.", "contents": "Regulation of B-cell proliferative responses to lipopolysaccharide by a subclass of thymus T cells. When thymus cells which are unresponsive to LPS are combined with numbers of peripheral lymphoid cells giving minimal responses to LPS, synergistic incorporation of [3H]thymidine occurs. Synergy requires that both components proliferate, but most of the augmented response is the result of peripheral cell proliferation. The thymus cell is a T cell of variable density, low in thy-1.2 antigen, not concanavalin A responsive, present in the major thymus subpopulation, and may be from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-unresponsive strains. The peripheral cell is sensitive to anti-IgG or IgM plus complement (C'), resistant to anti-Thy-1.2 and C', exhibits adherence properties of B lymphocytes, and must be from LPS-responsive strains. Synergistic responses depend on critical thymus/peripheral cell ratios, inhibition occurring at high peripheral cell numbers. The data provide evidence that B-cell proliferative responses to LPS may be regulated by a subclass of thymus T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300783", "title": "Receptors for IgG: subclass specificity of receptors on different mouse cell types and the definition of two distinct receptors on a macrophage cell line.", "content": "To evaluate subclass specificity and aggregate size requirements of IgG receptors on mouse cells, we measured binding of radiolabeled monomeric and BDB-aggregated mouse myeloma proteins fractionated into various sizes by means of gel filtration. Monomers, tetramers, and high molecular weight (approximately 10(7) daltons) aggregates were used. The various cells and cell lines studied could be segregated into three patterns of reactivity: (a) Macrophage and macrophage-like cell lines bound monomer IgG2a preferentially; high molecular weight IgG aggregates bound as follows: IgG1 = IgG2b = IgG2a. (b) Lymphoid lines D2N and S49 showed no capacity to bind monomer IgG2a; high molecular weight aggregates bound as follows: IgG1 = IgG2b less than IgG2a. (c) Other Thy-1-positive lymphoid cell lines (EL4 and L5178) and normal T and B cells showed no capacity to bind monomer IgG; high molecular weight IgG aggregates bound to a lesser extent than to cells of the first two categories in the following manner: IgG1 less than IgG2b greater than or equal to IgG2a. The variable pattern of reactivity of the macrophage-like cell lines with monomer and aggregated IgG suggested that two distinct receptors for IgG were present: one capable of binding IgG2a and another capable of binding all aggregates. Further evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by analysis of the inhibitory capacity of different IgG subclasses on the binding of aggregated IgG and monomer IgG2a to P388 cells. Inhibition of monomer IgG2a binding was effected only by monomer or aggregated IgG2a, whereas inhibition of binding of aggregated IgG1 or IgG2b was noted with aggregates of all three subclasses with some preferential inhibition by monomer IgG2b being observed. Furthermore, monomer IgG2b binding was preferentially inhibitable by monomer IgG2b. It is postulated from these data that two receptor sites are present on this macrophage-like cell line, one reactive with aggregates of all three subclasses as well as monomer IgG2b, and another receptor specific for monomer IgG2a which also binds aggregated IgG2a. Support of this concept was obtained by trypsinization experiments in which the binding of monomer IgG2a was markedly decreased by trypsin treatment of cells, whereas the binding of aggregated IgG2b was unaffected by this treatment.", "contents": "Receptors for IgG: subclass specificity of receptors on different mouse cell types and the definition of two distinct receptors on a macrophage cell line. To evaluate subclass specificity and aggregate size requirements of IgG receptors on mouse cells, we measured binding of radiolabeled monomeric and BDB-aggregated mouse myeloma proteins fractionated into various sizes by means of gel filtration. Monomers, tetramers, and high molecular weight (approximately 10(7) daltons) aggregates were used. The various cells and cell lines studied could be segregated into three patterns of reactivity: (a) Macrophage and macrophage-like cell lines bound monomer IgG2a preferentially; high molecular weight IgG aggregates bound as follows: IgG1 = IgG2b = IgG2a. (b) Lymphoid lines D2N and S49 showed no capacity to bind monomer IgG2a; high molecular weight aggregates bound as follows: IgG1 = IgG2b less than IgG2a. (c) Other Thy-1-positive lymphoid cell lines (EL4 and L5178) and normal T and B cells showed no capacity to bind monomer IgG; high molecular weight IgG aggregates bound to a lesser extent than to cells of the first two categories in the following manner: IgG1 less than IgG2b greater than or equal to IgG2a. The variable pattern of reactivity of the macrophage-like cell lines with monomer and aggregated IgG suggested that two distinct receptors for IgG were present: one capable of binding IgG2a and another capable of binding all aggregates. Further evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by analysis of the inhibitory capacity of different IgG subclasses on the binding of aggregated IgG and monomer IgG2a to P388 cells. Inhibition of monomer IgG2a binding was effected only by monomer or aggregated IgG2a, whereas inhibition of binding of aggregated IgG1 or IgG2b was noted with aggregates of all three subclasses with some preferential inhibition by monomer IgG2b being observed. Furthermore, monomer IgG2b binding was preferentially inhibitable by monomer IgG2b. It is postulated from these data that two receptor sites are present on this macrophage-like cell line, one reactive with aggregates of all three subclasses as well as monomer IgG2b, and another receptor specific for monomer IgG2a which also binds aggregated IgG2a. Support of this concept was obtained by trypsinization experiments in which the binding of monomer IgG2a was markedly decreased by trypsin treatment of cells, whereas the binding of aggregated IgG2b was unaffected by this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300784", "title": "Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats using supernates of incubated sensitized lymph node cells.", "content": "Supernates derived from incubated lymph node cells of Lewis rats sensitized to guinea pig spinal cord-Freund's adjuvant transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to syngeneic recipients. EAE supernatant transfer activity (EAE-STA) is not demonstrable in supernates derived from LNC of control donors not sensitized to nervous tissue. After addition of brain antigen to active supernates, EAE-STA is not longer demonstrable.", "contents": "Transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats using supernates of incubated sensitized lymph node cells. Supernates derived from incubated lymph node cells of Lewis rats sensitized to guinea pig spinal cord-Freund's adjuvant transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to syngeneic recipients. EAE supernatant transfer activity (EAE-STA) is not demonstrable in supernates derived from LNC of control donors not sensitized to nervous tissue. After addition of brain antigen to active supernates, EAE-STA is not longer demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:300785", "title": "Desensitization and recovery at the frog neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The time course of carbachol-induced desensitization onset and recovery of sensitivity after desenitization have been compared at the frog neuromuscular junction. The activation-desensitization sequence was determined from input conductance measurements using potassium-depolarized muscle preparations. Both desensitization onset and recovery from desensitization could be adequately described by single time constant expressions, with tauonset being considerably shorter than taurecovery. In nine experiments, tauonset was 13+/-1.3 s and taurecovery was 424+/-51 s with 1 mM carbachol. Elevating the external calcium or carbachol concentration accelerated desensitization onset without changing the recovery of sensitivity after equilibrium desensitization. Desensitization onset was accelerated by a prior activation-desensitization sequence to an extent determined by the recovery interval that followed the initial carbachol application. The time course of return of tauonset was closely parallel to, but slower than the time course of recovery of sensitivity. These results are consistent with a cyclic model in which intracellular calcium is a factor controlling the rate of development of desensitization.", "contents": "Desensitization and recovery at the frog neuromuscular junction. The time course of carbachol-induced desensitization onset and recovery of sensitivity after desenitization have been compared at the frog neuromuscular junction. The activation-desensitization sequence was determined from input conductance measurements using potassium-depolarized muscle preparations. Both desensitization onset and recovery from desensitization could be adequately described by single time constant expressions, with tauonset being considerably shorter than taurecovery. In nine experiments, tauonset was 13+/-1.3 s and taurecovery was 424+/-51 s with 1 mM carbachol. Elevating the external calcium or carbachol concentration accelerated desensitization onset without changing the recovery of sensitivity after equilibrium desensitization. Desensitization onset was accelerated by a prior activation-desensitization sequence to an extent determined by the recovery interval that followed the initial carbachol application. The time course of return of tauonset was closely parallel to, but slower than the time course of recovery of sensitivity. These results are consistent with a cyclic model in which intracellular calcium is a factor controlling the rate of development of desensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:300786", "title": "Local anesthetics: hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction.", "content": "The properties of Na channels of the node of Ranvier are altered by neutral, amine, and quaternary local anesthetic compounds. The kinetics of the Na currents are governed by a composite of voltage- and time-dependent gating processes with voltage- and time-dependent block of channels by drug. Conventional measurements of steady-state sodium inactivation by use of 50-ms prepulses show a large negative voltage shift of the inactivation curve with neutral benzocaine and with some ionizable amines like lidocaine and tetracaine, but no shift is seen with quaternary OX-572. However, when the experiment is done with repetitive application of a prepulse-testpulse waveform, a shift with the quaternary cations (applied internally) is seen as well. 1-min hyperpolarizations of lidocaine- or tetracaine-treated fibers restore two to four times as many channels to the conducting pool as 50-ms hyperpolarizations. Raising the external Ca++ concentration also has a strong unblocking effect. These manipulations do not relieve block in fibers treated with internal quaternary drugs. The results are interpreted in terms of a single receptor in Na channels for the different drug types. Lipid-soluble drug forms are thought to come and go from the receptor via a hydrophobic region of the membrane, while charged and less lipid-soluble forms pass via a hydrophilic region (the inner channel mouth). The hydrophilic pathway is open only when the gates of the channel are open. Any drug form in the channel increases the probability of closing the inactivation gate which, in effect, is equivalent to a negative shift of the voltage dependence of inactivation.", "contents": "Local anesthetics: hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction. The properties of Na channels of the node of Ranvier are altered by neutral, amine, and quaternary local anesthetic compounds. The kinetics of the Na currents are governed by a composite of voltage- and time-dependent gating processes with voltage- and time-dependent block of channels by drug. Conventional measurements of steady-state sodium inactivation by use of 50-ms prepulses show a large negative voltage shift of the inactivation curve with neutral benzocaine and with some ionizable amines like lidocaine and tetracaine, but no shift is seen with quaternary OX-572. However, when the experiment is done with repetitive application of a prepulse-testpulse waveform, a shift with the quaternary cations (applied internally) is seen as well. 1-min hyperpolarizations of lidocaine- or tetracaine-treated fibers restore two to four times as many channels to the conducting pool as 50-ms hyperpolarizations. Raising the external Ca++ concentration also has a strong unblocking effect. These manipulations do not relieve block in fibers treated with internal quaternary drugs. The results are interpreted in terms of a single receptor in Na channels for the different drug types. Lipid-soluble drug forms are thought to come and go from the receptor via a hydrophobic region of the membrane, while charged and less lipid-soluble forms pass via a hydrophilic region (the inner channel mouth). The hydrophilic pathway is open only when the gates of the channel are open. Any drug form in the channel increases the probability of closing the inactivation gate which, in effect, is equivalent to a negative shift of the voltage dependence of inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:300787", "title": "Regional differences of respiration in the bullfrog brain based on cell density.", "content": "The comparison of analogous and homologous regions of the anuran and mammalian brains, according to their rate of oxygen uptake per unit weight of DNA, has revealed a lack of correspondence between the respective brain regions. This discrepancy between corresponding regions was observed during incubation either in low-potassium or in high-potassium Ringer. Per unit weight of DNA, the rate of cellular respiration in the amphibian hindbrain exceeded that of the thalamus-midbrain, and cells in the latter region exceeded those in the telencephalon. Hindbrain values were only higher if based on unit weight of DNA, and were actually lower on a wet weight basis. This pattern contrasted with a uniform rate of oxygen consumption for the homologous regions of the mammalian brain. Such inequalities between the regional brain metabolism of two different classes of vertebrates clearly illustrate the unique evolutionary history of both forms. The intensity of potassium-stimulated oxygen uptake in the three brain regions of the amphibian was interpreted as probably being proportional to the number of glial cells in each area. The smallest percentage of stimulation in the hindbrain may signify fewer glia, and the highest percentage of stimulation in the mid- and forebrain may indicate more numerous glia. Histological descriptions of ependymal glia in consecutive regions of the anuran brain appear to confirm this distribution of non-neuronal cells.", "contents": "Regional differences of respiration in the bullfrog brain based on cell density. The comparison of analogous and homologous regions of the anuran and mammalian brains, according to their rate of oxygen uptake per unit weight of DNA, has revealed a lack of correspondence between the respective brain regions. This discrepancy between corresponding regions was observed during incubation either in low-potassium or in high-potassium Ringer. Per unit weight of DNA, the rate of cellular respiration in the amphibian hindbrain exceeded that of the thalamus-midbrain, and cells in the latter region exceeded those in the telencephalon. Hindbrain values were only higher if based on unit weight of DNA, and were actually lower on a wet weight basis. This pattern contrasted with a uniform rate of oxygen consumption for the homologous regions of the mammalian brain. Such inequalities between the regional brain metabolism of two different classes of vertebrates clearly illustrate the unique evolutionary history of both forms. The intensity of potassium-stimulated oxygen uptake in the three brain regions of the amphibian was interpreted as probably being proportional to the number of glial cells in each area. The smallest percentage of stimulation in the hindbrain may signify fewer glia, and the highest percentage of stimulation in the mid- and forebrain may indicate more numerous glia. Histological descriptions of ependymal glia in consecutive regions of the anuran brain appear to confirm this distribution of non-neuronal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300788", "title": "Permeability of the endplate membrane activated by acetylcholine to some organic cations.", "content": "The ability of various organic cations to depolarize the ACh-activated endplate membrane in the absence of Na ions was examined on frog sartorius muscle by measuring the endplate potential on the muscle surface with the moving electrode technique. The ACh-activated endplate membrane was very permeable to ammonium and its methyl and hydroxy derivatives, and moderately permeable to guanidine derivatives and Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. The permeability of alkylol derivatives of ammonium diminished progressively with increase in molecular size. The present results suggested that the endplate ionic channels can be represented by a pore of about 6.4 A in diameter.", "contents": "Permeability of the endplate membrane activated by acetylcholine to some organic cations. The ability of various organic cations to depolarize the ACh-activated endplate membrane in the absence of Na ions was examined on frog sartorius muscle by measuring the endplate potential on the muscle surface with the moving electrode technique. The ACh-activated endplate membrane was very permeable to ammonium and its methyl and hydroxy derivatives, and moderately permeable to guanidine derivatives and Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. The permeability of alkylol derivatives of ammonium diminished progressively with increase in molecular size. The present results suggested that the endplate ionic channels can be represented by a pore of about 6.4 A in diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:300790", "title": "Family in which Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and protan colour blindness are segregating.", "content": "A family is recorded in which Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and protan colour blindness are segregating. Of 4 members of the second generation at least one is a recombinant. The lod scores have been calculated and added to those already published.", "contents": "Family in which Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and protan colour blindness are segregating. A family is recorded in which Duchenne's muscular dystrophy and protan colour blindness are segregating. Of 4 members of the second generation at least one is a recombinant. The lod scores have been calculated and added to those already published."}
{"id": "PMID:300795", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease in childhood. A clinical and serologic survey.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease is a syndrome with overlapping clinical features of SLE, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Only one other child with MCTD has been described in detail. In this study 14 children with MCTD are described. Each had overlapping clinical findings that evolved over an extended period of observation, and all 14 had high serum titers of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP. A serologic survey of 127 children with various rheumatic diseases confirmed the specificity of high titer of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP for MCTD in children. Significant cardiac and renal involvement, and thrombocytopenia, may be more common in affected children than in adults with MCTD, may lead to longer therapy with higher doses of a corticosteroid, and may contribute to a more serious prognosis than in adults.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease in childhood. A clinical and serologic survey. Mixed connective tissue disease is a syndrome with overlapping clinical features of SLE, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Only one other child with MCTD has been described in detail. In this study 14 children with MCTD are described. Each had overlapping clinical findings that evolved over an extended period of observation, and all 14 had high serum titers of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP. A serologic survey of 127 children with various rheumatic diseases confirmed the specificity of high titer of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP for MCTD in children. Significant cardiac and renal involvement, and thrombocytopenia, may be more common in affected children than in adults with MCTD, may lead to longer therapy with higher doses of a corticosteroid, and may contribute to a more serious prognosis than in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:300796", "title": "Acute respiratory illness in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Ten of 70 children (14%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed severe interstitial pneumonitis within three weeks after induction of central nervous system prophylactic therapy. The clinical picture was characterized by fever, cough, progressive dyspnea, and hypoxemia with complete resolution in one to three weeks, except in one patient who died during the acute illness from respiratory failure. P. carinii organisms were found in the lung tissue of only one patient. The etiology of the pneumonitis in the other nine children was probably viral, acquired or activated during a period of lymphopenia and immunosuppression. The morbidity and potential mortality from the pneumonitis warrants early recognition by open lung biopsy and intensive supportive therapy.", "contents": "Acute respiratory illness in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ten of 70 children (14%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed severe interstitial pneumonitis within three weeks after induction of central nervous system prophylactic therapy. The clinical picture was characterized by fever, cough, progressive dyspnea, and hypoxemia with complete resolution in one to three weeks, except in one patient who died during the acute illness from respiratory failure. P. carinii organisms were found in the lung tissue of only one patient. The etiology of the pneumonitis in the other nine children was probably viral, acquired or activated during a period of lymphopenia and immunosuppression. The morbidity and potential mortality from the pneumonitis warrants early recognition by open lung biopsy and intensive supportive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:300797", "title": "Fenbufen, a new anti-inflammatory analgesic: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogs.", "content": "One hundred analogs of fenbufen were prepared and tested using the carrageenan, polyarthritis, and UV erythema anti-inflammatory tests and the 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone writhing and inflamed paw pressure analgesic tests. Only three retained the same full spectrum of activity as fenbufen: dl-4-(4-biphenylyl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid, dl-4-(4-biphenylyl)-1,4-butanediol, and 4-biphenylacetic acid. Fenbufen had the same spectrum of activity as aspirin, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin in the five tests. In addition, dose-response derived potencies show fenbufen more potent than aspirin and at least as potent as phenylbutazone in all five tests. Two related compounds were generally similar.", "contents": "Fenbufen, a new anti-inflammatory analgesic: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogs. One hundred analogs of fenbufen were prepared and tested using the carrageenan, polyarthritis, and UV erythema anti-inflammatory tests and the 2-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone writhing and inflamed paw pressure analgesic tests. Only three retained the same full spectrum of activity as fenbufen: dl-4-(4-biphenylyl)-4-hydroxybutyric acid, dl-4-(4-biphenylyl)-1,4-butanediol, and 4-biphenylacetic acid. Fenbufen had the same spectrum of activity as aspirin, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin in the five tests. In addition, dose-response derived potencies show fenbufen more potent than aspirin and at least as potent as phenylbutazone in all five tests. Two related compounds were generally similar."}
{"id": "PMID:300798", "title": "Conduction-blocking concentrations of anesthetics increase with nerve axon diameter: studies with alcohol, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin on single myelinated fibers.", "content": "The equilibrium blocking concentrations of benzyl alcohol, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin just sufficient to block nerve impulse conduction were determined on myelinated single fibers of the bullfrog. For all three anesthetics it was found that the fastest conducting fibers (45 m/sec; about 18 micron diameter) required about 4 times higher blocking concentrations than the slowest fibers (8 m/sec; about 3 micron diameter). The drugs did not affect the frog sciatic nerve length constant (2 mm), using tetrodotoxin to block the action potential. In agreement with Uehara's single fiber study using urethane (Uehara, Y.:Jap. J. Physiol. 10: 267-274, 1960), it is concluded that smaller myelinated fibers are more sensitive to anesthetic blockade.", "contents": "Conduction-blocking concentrations of anesthetics increase with nerve axon diameter: studies with alcohol, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin on single myelinated fibers. The equilibrium blocking concentrations of benzyl alcohol, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin just sufficient to block nerve impulse conduction were determined on myelinated single fibers of the bullfrog. For all three anesthetics it was found that the fastest conducting fibers (45 m/sec; about 18 micron diameter) required about 4 times higher blocking concentrations than the slowest fibers (8 m/sec; about 3 micron diameter). The drugs did not affect the frog sciatic nerve length constant (2 mm), using tetrodotoxin to block the action potential. In agreement with Uehara's single fiber study using urethane (Uehara, Y.:Jap. J. Physiol. 10: 267-274, 1960), it is concluded that smaller myelinated fibers are more sensitive to anesthetic blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:300799", "title": "Slow bleach-induced birefringence changes in rod outer segments.", "content": "1. Time resolved birefringence measurements reveal complex structural changes in rod outer segments following a bleaching flash. 2. The detailed character of the observed changes depends upon osmotic integrity of the outer segment envelope membrane. Rod outer segments with intact envelope membranes show a fast initial loss of intrinsic birefringence simultaneous with the formation of metarhodopsin II followed by a slower secondary loss. A subsequent birefringence increase to higher than the dark-adapted level is partially correlated with the formation of retinol. Rod outer segments with ruptured envelope membranes show the initial and secondary losses, but the subsequent recovery only reaches the dark-adapted level. Retinol does not form in such organelles. 3. The slow birefringence changes in intact rod outer segments were qualitatively different when Na+ salts were replaced by equimolar K+ salts in the bathing medium. 4. Glycerol appears to influence both the rate and magnitude of metarhodopsin III formation, and of the spectrally silent secondary birefringence loss.", "contents": "Slow bleach-induced birefringence changes in rod outer segments. 1. Time resolved birefringence measurements reveal complex structural changes in rod outer segments following a bleaching flash. 2. The detailed character of the observed changes depends upon osmotic integrity of the outer segment envelope membrane. Rod outer segments with intact envelope membranes show a fast initial loss of intrinsic birefringence simultaneous with the formation of metarhodopsin II followed by a slower secondary loss. A subsequent birefringence increase to higher than the dark-adapted level is partially correlated with the formation of retinol. Rod outer segments with ruptured envelope membranes show the initial and secondary losses, but the subsequent recovery only reaches the dark-adapted level. Retinol does not form in such organelles. 3. The slow birefringence changes in intact rod outer segments were qualitatively different when Na+ salts were replaced by equimolar K+ salts in the bathing medium. 4. Glycerol appears to influence both the rate and magnitude of metarhodopsin III formation, and of the spectrally silent secondary birefringence loss."}
{"id": "PMID:300800", "title": "Background adaptation in the rods of the frog's retina.", "content": "1. Aspartate-isolated photoresponses of the red rods to flashes and steps of light have been recorded, both in the presence of and without background lights of varying strength. 2. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of rod outer segment adaptation, where the three model parameters correspond to the adaptation processes associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage, respectively. 3. The stimulus-response function deviated somewhat from the Michaelis equation U/Umax=I/(I + IH). During light-adaptation the operating curve, the stimulus-response function plotted in a log-log diagram, retained approximately its shape while moving strongly to the right along the log intensity axis and to a lesser degree downwards (Umax-decrease). 4. The movement of the operating curve was such that the rods approximately obeyed Weber's law. In the cases of flash and step of light stimuli the movement of the operating curve was about the same. 5. When a moderate background light was turned on a large decrease of sensitivity was first observed. During a period 0-5-1 min the sensitivity increased towards the stationary value. After extinguishing the background light the dark sensitivity returned in 0-5-1 min and then a period of hypersensitivity lasting typically 1 min was observed. 6. The experimental results, as interpreted according to the model, indicate that light-adaptation decreases q, the number of transmitter molecules released by one bleached rhodopsin molecule. 7. There is probably an adaptation process also in the rod inner segment, which increases the sensitivty of the rod to transient stimuli.", "contents": "Background adaptation in the rods of the frog's retina. 1. Aspartate-isolated photoresponses of the red rods to flashes and steps of light have been recorded, both in the presence of and without background lights of varying strength. 2. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of rod outer segment adaptation, where the three model parameters correspond to the adaptation processes associated with the transmitter release, the transmitter background concentration and the plasma membrane leakage, respectively. 3. The stimulus-response function deviated somewhat from the Michaelis equation U/Umax=I/(I + IH). During light-adaptation the operating curve, the stimulus-response function plotted in a log-log diagram, retained approximately its shape while moving strongly to the right along the log intensity axis and to a lesser degree downwards (Umax-decrease). 4. The movement of the operating curve was such that the rods approximately obeyed Weber's law. In the cases of flash and step of light stimuli the movement of the operating curve was about the same. 5. When a moderate background light was turned on a large decrease of sensitivity was first observed. During a period 0-5-1 min the sensitivity increased towards the stationary value. After extinguishing the background light the dark sensitivity returned in 0-5-1 min and then a period of hypersensitivity lasting typically 1 min was observed. 6. The experimental results, as interpreted according to the model, indicate that light-adaptation decreases q, the number of transmitter molecules released by one bleached rhodopsin molecule. 7. There is probably an adaptation process also in the rod inner segment, which increases the sensitivty of the rod to transient stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:300801", "title": "Specific patterns of neuronal connexions involved in the control of the rabbit's vestibulo-ocular reflexes by the cerebellar flocculus.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized albino rabbits, the occurrence of Purkinje cell inhibition on canal-ocular reflexes was surveyed with a reflex testing method. 2. Test reflexes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the semicircular canals. The results were appaised by recording potentials and tension from extraocular muscles. Twelve reflexes were defined in terms of the receptor canal and the effector muscle. 3. Conditioning electrical stimuli were applied to the flocculus, the inferior olive, and optic pathways at the retinae, optic chiasm, pretectal area and upper medulla. 4. The conditioning stimulation at the ipsilateral flocculus induced depression in six of the twelve canal-ocular reflexes; four of the six arose from the anterior canal and the remaining two from the horizontal canal. 5. The effect of stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive was similar to that of the ipsilateral flocculus, though less clear in two of the four reflexes from the anterior canal because of a contaminating effect. 6. The two reflexes from the horizontal canal were depressed by stimulation of the ipsilateral optic pathway which reached the ipsilateral flocculus via the contralateral pretectal area and inferior olive. 7. The four reflexes from the anterior canal were affected by stimulation of optic pathways in a different manner from each other. One was depressed from the contralateral retina via the ipsilateral pretectal area, while another was depressed from the ipsilateral retina via the contralateral pretectal area, though only occasionally. The third reflex was depressed from the ipsilateral pretectal area but not from the retina. The fourth was affected from neither the retina nor the pretectal area. 8. On the basis of latency measurements, it was concluded that the depression of canal-ocular reflexes was due to inhibition of relay neurones of the testing reflexes by flocculus Purkinje cells which were activated either directly, or indirectly through olivocerebellar climbing fibre afferents. 9. The above conclusion was supported by the observation that the depression induced by stimulation of the inferior olive and optic pathways was abolished by acute destruction of the ipsilateral flocculus. 10. The possible functional significance of the specific patterns of connexions from flocculus Purkinje cells to canal-ocular reflex pathways is discussed, and specialization among flocculus Purkinje cells in relationship with vestibulo-ocular reflexes is postulated.", "contents": "Specific patterns of neuronal connexions involved in the control of the rabbit's vestibulo-ocular reflexes by the cerebellar flocculus. 1. In anaesthetized albino rabbits, the occurrence of Purkinje cell inhibition on canal-ocular reflexes was surveyed with a reflex testing method. 2. Test reflexes were elicited by electrical stimulation of the semicircular canals. The results were appaised by recording potentials and tension from extraocular muscles. Twelve reflexes were defined in terms of the receptor canal and the effector muscle. 3. Conditioning electrical stimuli were applied to the flocculus, the inferior olive, and optic pathways at the retinae, optic chiasm, pretectal area and upper medulla. 4. The conditioning stimulation at the ipsilateral flocculus induced depression in six of the twelve canal-ocular reflexes; four of the six arose from the anterior canal and the remaining two from the horizontal canal. 5. The effect of stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive was similar to that of the ipsilateral flocculus, though less clear in two of the four reflexes from the anterior canal because of a contaminating effect. 6. The two reflexes from the horizontal canal were depressed by stimulation of the ipsilateral optic pathway which reached the ipsilateral flocculus via the contralateral pretectal area and inferior olive. 7. The four reflexes from the anterior canal were affected by stimulation of optic pathways in a different manner from each other. One was depressed from the contralateral retina via the ipsilateral pretectal area, while another was depressed from the ipsilateral retina via the contralateral pretectal area, though only occasionally. The third reflex was depressed from the ipsilateral pretectal area but not from the retina. The fourth was affected from neither the retina nor the pretectal area. 8. On the basis of latency measurements, it was concluded that the depression of canal-ocular reflexes was due to inhibition of relay neurones of the testing reflexes by flocculus Purkinje cells which were activated either directly, or indirectly through olivocerebellar climbing fibre afferents. 9. The above conclusion was supported by the observation that the depression induced by stimulation of the inferior olive and optic pathways was abolished by acute destruction of the ipsilateral flocculus. 10. The possible functional significance of the specific patterns of connexions from flocculus Purkinje cells to canal-ocular reflex pathways is discussed, and specialization among flocculus Purkinje cells in relationship with vestibulo-ocular reflexes is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:300805", "title": "[An intramural hematoma of the small intestine, during anticoagulant therapy: radiological course. Concerning one case].", "content": "The authors present a case of intramural hematoma of the small intestines during anticoagulant treatment. With reference to this case, they study the frequency, etiopathogenesis and anatomy of this hematoma and particularly look at the radiological manifestations. In this respect they distinguish three stages in the evolution. The first, when the straight X-ray of the abdomen and barium followthrough demonstrate an axial stenosis of the small intestines with dilation of the proximal loops; the second (between the 7th and 20th days) when the loop affected by the hematoma takes on a characteristic \"palissade\" or \"spring\" -like sausage appearance; finally the third (after the 3rd week), when only thickening of the haustrations persists with progressive return to normal. The radiological diagnosis is discussed, not only with intramural hematomas of the small intestines of other etiologies (traumatic, during pancreatitis, during disorders in hemostatis), but also with conditions giving rise to similar radiological pictures: malabsorption, inflammatory conditions, etc.", "contents": "[An intramural hematoma of the small intestine, during anticoagulant therapy: radiological course. Concerning one case]. The authors present a case of intramural hematoma of the small intestines during anticoagulant treatment. With reference to this case, they study the frequency, etiopathogenesis and anatomy of this hematoma and particularly look at the radiological manifestations. In this respect they distinguish three stages in the evolution. The first, when the straight X-ray of the abdomen and barium followthrough demonstrate an axial stenosis of the small intestines with dilation of the proximal loops; the second (between the 7th and 20th days) when the loop affected by the hematoma takes on a characteristic \"palissade\" or \"spring\" -like sausage appearance; finally the third (after the 3rd week), when only thickening of the haustrations persists with progressive return to normal. The radiological diagnosis is discussed, not only with intramural hematomas of the small intestines of other etiologies (traumatic, during pancreatitis, during disorders in hemostatis), but also with conditions giving rise to similar radiological pictures: malabsorption, inflammatory conditions, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:300808", "title": "Childhood lymphoblastic cancer: subgroups defined by nonhuman primate antisera to human lymphatic leukemia cell antigens.", "content": "Lymphoblasts from 23 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and 10 with lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) were studied by complement-dependent microcytoxicity tests with two nonhuman primate antisera defining leukemia-associated and lymphoma-associated antigens. Cells form 15 patients with ALL and 1 with LBL reacted only with antiserum to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). These group-I patients were predominantly female. Most were pancytopenic and lacked mediastinal widening and T-cell markers; lymphoblasts from 15 were periodic acid-Schiff-positive. Cells from 8 male patients reacted only with antiserum to converted lymphosarcoma (LS). All these group-II patients expressed T-cell markers; 5 had mediastinal enlargement and 2, an abdominal mass. Six of the 8 were PAS-negative. Cells from 9 patients reacted with both antisera. The group-III patients demonstrated some characteristics of each of the above groups. Patients whose lymphoblasts reacted with CLL antiserum presented with clinical and laboratory features indicative of a good prognosis, i.e., ALL with PAS positivity and no T-cell markers or localized mass. Patients whose cells reacted with LS antiserum often had bad prognostic features: mediastinal or abdominal mass, expression of T-cell markers, and PAS negativity. These antisera appear able to differentiate childhood ALL from LBL. The distinction is important prognostically and perhaps therapeutically.", "contents": "Childhood lymphoblastic cancer: subgroups defined by nonhuman primate antisera to human lymphatic leukemia cell antigens. Lymphoblasts from 23 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and 10 with lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) were studied by complement-dependent microcytoxicity tests with two nonhuman primate antisera defining leukemia-associated and lymphoma-associated antigens. Cells form 15 patients with ALL and 1 with LBL reacted only with antiserum to chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL). These group-I patients were predominantly female. Most were pancytopenic and lacked mediastinal widening and T-cell markers; lymphoblasts from 15 were periodic acid-Schiff-positive. Cells from 8 male patients reacted only with antiserum to converted lymphosarcoma (LS). All these group-II patients expressed T-cell markers; 5 had mediastinal enlargement and 2, an abdominal mass. Six of the 8 were PAS-negative. Cells from 9 patients reacted with both antisera. The group-III patients demonstrated some characteristics of each of the above groups. Patients whose lymphoblasts reacted with CLL antiserum presented with clinical and laboratory features indicative of a good prognosis, i.e., ALL with PAS positivity and no T-cell markers or localized mass. Patients whose cells reacted with LS antiserum often had bad prognostic features: mediastinal or abdominal mass, expression of T-cell markers, and PAS negativity. These antisera appear able to differentiate childhood ALL from LBL. The distinction is important prognostically and perhaps therapeutically."}
{"id": "PMID:300809", "title": "Normal antibody-dependent killer cell function in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Unfractionated mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and nylon wool-nonadherent (B-cell-depleted and T- and null-cell enriched) cells from normal control individuals and untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were tested for killer cell function in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Killer cell activity was present in unfractionated cells from normal individuals and was enriched after removal of adherent cells. Target cell killing by unfractionated mononuclear cells from CLL patients was deficient in 5 of 6 patients tested, but after removal of adherent cells it was approximately equal to that of normal nonadherent cells. Our results indicate that the apparent deficit of killer cells in unfractionated PBL from some CLL patients is due to dilution of killer cells and not to an intrinsic defect in the function of these cells, the presence of suppressor cells in the adherent population, or suppression of killer cell function by serum factors.", "contents": "Normal antibody-dependent killer cell function in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Unfractionated mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and nylon wool-nonadherent (B-cell-depleted and T- and null-cell enriched) cells from normal control individuals and untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were tested for killer cell function in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. Killer cell activity was present in unfractionated cells from normal individuals and was enriched after removal of adherent cells. Target cell killing by unfractionated mononuclear cells from CLL patients was deficient in 5 of 6 patients tested, but after removal of adherent cells it was approximately equal to that of normal nonadherent cells. Our results indicate that the apparent deficit of killer cells in unfractionated PBL from some CLL patients is due to dilution of killer cells and not to an intrinsic defect in the function of these cells, the presence of suppressor cells in the adherent population, or suppression of killer cell function by serum factors."}
{"id": "PMID:300810", "title": "Bone marrow colony-forming cells in mice with virus-induced lymphoid leukemia: relation to serum colony-stimulating activity and blood granulocytes.", "content": "Mice with advanced lymphoid leukemia have elevated peripheral blood granulocytes and elevated serum colony-stimulating activity, which promotes the in vitro growth of granulocyte and/or macrophage colonies. The number of bone marrow precursor cells of the in vitro granulocyte and/or macrophage colonies varied from normal to 10% of normal. The elevation of colony-stimulating activity correlated best with a combination of increased blood granulocytes and a deficiency of bone marrow precursor cells, which suggested that colony-stimulating activity is a leukopoietin that increases the efficiency and rate of production of granulocytes.", "contents": "Bone marrow colony-forming cells in mice with virus-induced lymphoid leukemia: relation to serum colony-stimulating activity and blood granulocytes. Mice with advanced lymphoid leukemia have elevated peripheral blood granulocytes and elevated serum colony-stimulating activity, which promotes the in vitro growth of granulocyte and/or macrophage colonies. The number of bone marrow precursor cells of the in vitro granulocyte and/or macrophage colonies varied from normal to 10% of normal. The elevation of colony-stimulating activity correlated best with a combination of increased blood granulocytes and a deficiency of bone marrow precursor cells, which suggested that colony-stimulating activity is a leukopoietin that increases the efficiency and rate of production of granulocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300811", "title": "Effects of x irradiation on a temperate bacteriophage of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The inactivation of bacteriophage HP1c1 by X rays in a complex medium was found to be exponential, with a D0 (the X-ray exposure necessary to reduce the survival of the phage to 37%) of approximately 90 kR. Analysis of results of sucrose sedimentation of DNA from X-irradiated whole phage showed that the D0 for intactness of single strands was about 105kR, and for intactness of double strands, it was much higher. The D0 for attachment of X-irradiated phage to the host was roughly estimated as about 1,100 kR. Loss of DNA from the phage occurred and was probably due to lysis of the phage by X irradiation, but the significance of the damage is not clear. The production of single-strand breaks approaches the rate of survival loss after X irradiation. However, single-strand breaks produced by UV irradiation, in the presence of H2O2, equivalent to 215 kR of X rays, showed no lethal effect on the phage. Although UV-sensitive mutants of the host cell, Haemophilus influenzae, have been shown to reactivate UV-irradiated phage less than does the wild-type host cell, X-irradiated phage survive equally well on the mutants as on the wild type, a fact suggesting that other repair systems are involved in X-ray repair.", "contents": "Effects of x irradiation on a temperate bacteriophage of Haemophilus influenzae. The inactivation of bacteriophage HP1c1 by X rays in a complex medium was found to be exponential, with a D0 (the X-ray exposure necessary to reduce the survival of the phage to 37%) of approximately 90 kR. Analysis of results of sucrose sedimentation of DNA from X-irradiated whole phage showed that the D0 for intactness of single strands was about 105kR, and for intactness of double strands, it was much higher. The D0 for attachment of X-irradiated phage to the host was roughly estimated as about 1,100 kR. Loss of DNA from the phage occurred and was probably due to lysis of the phage by X irradiation, but the significance of the damage is not clear. The production of single-strand breaks approaches the rate of survival loss after X irradiation. However, single-strand breaks produced by UV irradiation, in the presence of H2O2, equivalent to 215 kR of X rays, showed no lethal effect on the phage. Although UV-sensitive mutants of the host cell, Haemophilus influenzae, have been shown to reactivate UV-irradiated phage less than does the wild-type host cell, X-irradiated phage survive equally well on the mutants as on the wild type, a fact suggesting that other repair systems are involved in X-ray repair."}
{"id": "PMID:300812", "title": "New developments in cardiothoracic surgery.", "content": "New and innovative developments in cardiothoracic surgery include the pulmonary effects of certain inotropic drugs, the role of patent ductus closure in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, the use of immunostimulating agents as adjuvants in the treatment of cancer of the lung, ingenious operative procedures to correct transposition of the great vessels and aortic stenosis, and improved methods to protect and assist the heart during cardiac operations.", "contents": "New developments in cardiothoracic surgery. New and innovative developments in cardiothoracic surgery include the pulmonary effects of certain inotropic drugs, the role of patent ductus closure in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, the use of immunostimulating agents as adjuvants in the treatment of cancer of the lung, ingenious operative procedures to correct transposition of the great vessels and aortic stenosis, and improved methods to protect and assist the heart during cardiac operations."}
{"id": "PMID:300813", "title": "Coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris. Long-term survival and function.", "content": "The first 81 patients to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris at Standford Hospital have been observed for a mean of 40.8 months. Surgical mortality was 8.5%, and perioperative incidence of myocardial infection was 16%. The mean 18-month follow-up showed two early cardiac deaths and 12 additional myocardial infarctions. Sixty-seven percent of the patients were angina-free, and the condition of none was worse. After a mean of 40.8 months, two late cardiac deaths and two myocardial infarctions had occurred. Complete relief of angina was present in 51%;22% had unstable or worsening angina. The probability of survival from time of operation to four months after surgery was 88.8% +/- 3.5%, and this remained unchanged until the two late deaths, which decreased survival probability to 83.8% +/- 4.8% at 43 months. The two late cardiac deaths and the 22% incidence of patients with worsening angina may reflect progression of the atherosclerotic process, late graft occlusion, or both.", "contents": "Coronary bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris. Long-term survival and function. The first 81 patients to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery for unstable angina pectoris at Standford Hospital have been observed for a mean of 40.8 months. Surgical mortality was 8.5%, and perioperative incidence of myocardial infection was 16%. The mean 18-month follow-up showed two early cardiac deaths and 12 additional myocardial infarctions. Sixty-seven percent of the patients were angina-free, and the condition of none was worse. After a mean of 40.8 months, two late cardiac deaths and two myocardial infarctions had occurred. Complete relief of angina was present in 51%;22% had unstable or worsening angina. The probability of survival from time of operation to four months after surgery was 88.8% +/- 3.5%, and this remained unchanged until the two late deaths, which decreased survival probability to 83.8% +/- 4.8% at 43 months. The two late cardiac deaths and the 22% incidence of patients with worsening angina may reflect progression of the atherosclerotic process, late graft occlusion, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:300814", "title": "Acute reversible myocardial infarction after blood transfusion in the aged.", "content": "Seven elderly cases with reversible electrocardiographic changes simulating acute myocardial infarction in the absence of gross myocardial infarction on postmortem examination were observed following the blood transfusion. The underlying diseases were cancer of gastrointestinal tract or gall bladder in 4, gastric ulcer in 2, and 1 of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. The electrocardiogram revealed the abnormal Q waves with monophasic ST elevation and following coronary T inversion. These findings lasted only for 2 to 7 days and returned to the previous normal tracings. The hematocrit was elevated from 28.9 to 47.7 after the blood transfusion of 800 to 1,800 ml. The disseminated intravascular coagulation was shown in 5 cases. GOT levels were within normal ranges except 1 case. Pathological findings in cases with recent electrocardiographic changes were characterized by the mural thromboses, extending into the myocardium through the Thebesian vein. The focal small necroses of the adjacent myocardium or around the thrombosis of small vessels were also observed. In the later phase the fine interstitial fibrosis took place after the resorption of the thrombi and necrotic foci. From these clinical and pathological findings we proposed a new concept of reversible myocardial infarction induced from the hypercoagulability, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and elevated hematocrit.", "contents": "Acute reversible myocardial infarction after blood transfusion in the aged. Seven elderly cases with reversible electrocardiographic changes simulating acute myocardial infarction in the absence of gross myocardial infarction on postmortem examination were observed following the blood transfusion. The underlying diseases were cancer of gastrointestinal tract or gall bladder in 4, gastric ulcer in 2, and 1 of pseudomembranous enterocolitis. The electrocardiogram revealed the abnormal Q waves with monophasic ST elevation and following coronary T inversion. These findings lasted only for 2 to 7 days and returned to the previous normal tracings. The hematocrit was elevated from 28.9 to 47.7 after the blood transfusion of 800 to 1,800 ml. The disseminated intravascular coagulation was shown in 5 cases. GOT levels were within normal ranges except 1 case. Pathological findings in cases with recent electrocardiographic changes were characterized by the mural thromboses, extending into the myocardium through the Thebesian vein. The focal small necroses of the adjacent myocardium or around the thrombosis of small vessels were also observed. In the later phase the fine interstitial fibrosis took place after the resorption of the thrombi and necrotic foci. From these clinical and pathological findings we proposed a new concept of reversible myocardial infarction induced from the hypercoagulability, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and elevated hematocrit."}
{"id": "PMID:300824", "title": "Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Case report and review of literature concerning teen-agers and adults.", "content": "An adult with angina was found to have anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). Review of the literature regarding this anomaly in teen-agers and adults disclosed only 25 cases diagnosed during life. Eighteen additional cases of ALCAPA in this age group have been diagnosed post mortem. In this report, we will review the management of teen-agers and adults in whom ALCAPA was correctly diagnosed during life. We shall also describe the eighth case of successful aorta-left coronary artery grafting with the saphenous vein in this age group. This case brings the total in the literature to 44. Of those patients offered surgical therapy, 13 underwent successful ligation of the anomalous artery. Saphenous vein grafts were employed in 8. Five did not undergo ligation or saphenous vein grafting. There was one death. It would appear that saphenous vein grafting is the definitive means of surgically correcting ALCAPA, because it restores the dual coronary circulation.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Case report and review of literature concerning teen-agers and adults. An adult with angina was found to have anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). Review of the literature regarding this anomaly in teen-agers and adults disclosed only 25 cases diagnosed during life. Eighteen additional cases of ALCAPA in this age group have been diagnosed post mortem. In this report, we will review the management of teen-agers and adults in whom ALCAPA was correctly diagnosed during life. We shall also describe the eighth case of successful aorta-left coronary artery grafting with the saphenous vein in this age group. This case brings the total in the literature to 44. Of those patients offered surgical therapy, 13 underwent successful ligation of the anomalous artery. Saphenous vein grafts were employed in 8. Five did not undergo ligation or saphenous vein grafting. There was one death. It would appear that saphenous vein grafting is the definitive means of surgically correcting ALCAPA, because it restores the dual coronary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:300825", "title": "Postoperative chest wound infections in patients requiring coronary bypass. A controlled study evaluating prophylactic antibiotics.", "content": "A controlled study investigating clean chest wound infections in 904 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization was performed. Four hundred fifty-one patients received systemic antibiotics before and after the operation, and 453 patients received no prophylactic systemic antibiotics. The infection rate was 1.10 per cent and 1.76 per cent, respectively, indicating no statistical difference between the two groups. Preoperative skin preparation and subsequent local antibiotic wound irrigation may be the most important factors in preventing clean wound infection.", "contents": "Postoperative chest wound infections in patients requiring coronary bypass. A controlled study evaluating prophylactic antibiotics. A controlled study investigating clean chest wound infections in 904 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization was performed. Four hundred fifty-one patients received systemic antibiotics before and after the operation, and 453 patients received no prophylactic systemic antibiotics. The infection rate was 1.10 per cent and 1.76 per cent, respectively, indicating no statistical difference between the two groups. Preoperative skin preparation and subsequent local antibiotic wound irrigation may be the most important factors in preventing clean wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:300826", "title": "The histocompatibility complex and rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Histocompatibility typing has assumed an increasingly important role as a clinical and research tool in rheumatic diseases. The HLA antigens which are serologically defined (A and B series) are being used most extensively for clinical work, but the role of other immunologic determinants in the HLA complex is being evaluated. These include D-locus (MLC) determinants, several complement components, and immune response genes which have been well characterized in the mouse, but not in man. The products of the major histocompatibility complex are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion as a series of co-dominant alleles. Large population studies have characterized the frequencies of various alleles, and family studies have allowed tentative mapping of the various loci within the complex on the sixth chromosome in man. A number of diseases which are considered to be autoimmune in nature are now known to be associated with specific HLA antigens. Of these disease associations, the strongest and best studied are the seronegative spondyloarthropathies which are highly associated with the B27 antigen. Included in this group are ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, psoriatic arthropathy, colitic arthropathy, Yersinia arthritis and a small group of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients with features of ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical application of tissue typing or B27 testing is most helpful in regard to difficult diagnostic problems in patients with early or atypical seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Its value as an indicator of prognosis, and its value in counselling family members is not well established. There are many interesting hypotheses regarding pathogenetic mechanisms of these rheumatic diseases based on susceptibility factors related to the major histocompatibility complex. An abnormal immune response gene within the complex is probably a key feature of the mechanism, but the exact details are little more than speculative at this point.", "contents": "The histocompatibility complex and rheumatic diseases. Histocompatibility typing has assumed an increasingly important role as a clinical and research tool in rheumatic diseases. The HLA antigens which are serologically defined (A and B series) are being used most extensively for clinical work, but the role of other immunologic determinants in the HLA complex is being evaluated. These include D-locus (MLC) determinants, several complement components, and immune response genes which have been well characterized in the mouse, but not in man. The products of the major histocompatibility complex are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion as a series of co-dominant alleles. Large population studies have characterized the frequencies of various alleles, and family studies have allowed tentative mapping of the various loci within the complex on the sixth chromosome in man. A number of diseases which are considered to be autoimmune in nature are now known to be associated with specific HLA antigens. Of these disease associations, the strongest and best studied are the seronegative spondyloarthropathies which are highly associated with the B27 antigen. Included in this group are ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, psoriatic arthropathy, colitic arthropathy, Yersinia arthritis and a small group of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients with features of ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical application of tissue typing or B27 testing is most helpful in regard to difficult diagnostic problems in patients with early or atypical seronegative spondyloarthropathy. Its value as an indicator of prognosis, and its value in counselling family members is not well established. There are many interesting hypotheses regarding pathogenetic mechanisms of these rheumatic diseases based on susceptibility factors related to the major histocompatibility complex. An abnormal immune response gene within the complex is probably a key feature of the mechanism, but the exact details are little more than speculative at this point."}
{"id": "PMID:300829", "title": "[Ulcerative colitis - indications for surgery and methods of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphology, clinical signs and symptoms as well as surgical therapy of ulcerative colitis are discussed comparing own findings with results reported in the literature. Case reports are given of 48 patients with special emphasis on indications for surgical treatment, methods of surgery and complications. Timing of surgery and medical pretreatment do play a decisive role. The treatment of choice today is proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy in one session; more serious complications as well as transition into a carcinoma can thus be avoided. In some acute cases a fistula-operation may be indicated for short-term relief.", "contents": "[Ulcerative colitis - indications for surgery and methods of treatment (author's transl)]. Morphology, clinical signs and symptoms as well as surgical therapy of ulcerative colitis are discussed comparing own findings with results reported in the literature. Case reports are given of 48 patients with special emphasis on indications for surgical treatment, methods of surgery and complications. Timing of surgery and medical pretreatment do play a decisive role. The treatment of choice today is proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy in one session; more serious complications as well as transition into a carcinoma can thus be avoided. In some acute cases a fistula-operation may be indicated for short-term relief."}
{"id": "PMID:300830", "title": "[Clinics and management of radiation injuries of small bowel and colon(author's transl)].", "content": "In the Surgical and Gynecological Departments of the University of Mainz, Medical School, 50 patients were operated between 1964-1976 for mechanical and paralytical  ileus and intestinal bleeding caused by radiation injury of the bowel. Diagnosis depends on the history of radiation therapy. At operation we have seen a recurrence of gynecological and other malignant growths only two times. Intestinal resection with anastomosis is the preferred method for the management of such radiation injuries. The postoperative dehiscence of the intestine was noticed only five times. In order to prevent higher mortality rates, operation should be carried out as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Clinics and management of radiation injuries of small bowel and colon(author's transl)]. In the Surgical and Gynecological Departments of the University of Mainz, Medical School, 50 patients were operated between 1964-1976 for mechanical and paralytical  ileus and intestinal bleeding caused by radiation injury of the bowel. Diagnosis depends on the history of radiation therapy. At operation we have seen a recurrence of gynecological and other malignant growths only two times. Intestinal resection with anastomosis is the preferred method for the management of such radiation injuries. The postoperative dehiscence of the intestine was noticed only five times. In order to prevent higher mortality rates, operation should be carried out as soon as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:300832", "title": "Growth of measles virus in various human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Neurovirulent TYCSA strain and attenuated Schwarz strain of measles virus and Halle strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus replicated in cultures of human lymphoid cell lines of the T-cell type, MOLT-3, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM. TYCSA and Halle strains grew rapidly, but Schwarz strain grew slowly in these cell lines. Furthermore, these three strains established persistent infection in CCRF-CEM cells but not in the other cell lines. In these persistently infected cultures an almost entire population of cells were shown to be infected and infectious virus was produced constantly for over 100 days. Cells persistently infected with Schwarz strain contained nucleocapsid structures in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and produced low titered infectious virus, whereas nucleocapsid structures were observed only in the cytoplasm of cells persistently infected with either TYCSA or Halle strain and the titers of infectious virus produced from these cells were high.", "contents": "Growth of measles virus in various human lymphoid cell lines. Neurovirulent TYCSA strain and attenuated Schwarz strain of measles virus and Halle strain of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus replicated in cultures of human lymphoid cell lines of the T-cell type, MOLT-3, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM. TYCSA and Halle strains grew rapidly, but Schwarz strain grew slowly in these cell lines. Furthermore, these three strains established persistent infection in CCRF-CEM cells but not in the other cell lines. In these persistently infected cultures an almost entire population of cells were shown to be infected and infectious virus was produced constantly for over 100 days. Cells persistently infected with Schwarz strain contained nucleocapsid structures in both the nucleus and cytoplasm and produced low titered infectious virus, whereas nucleocapsid structures were observed only in the cytoplasm of cells persistently infected with either TYCSA or Halle strain and the titers of infectious virus produced from these cells were high."}
{"id": "PMID:300834", "title": "The experience of a haematemesis and melaena unit: a review of the first 513 consecutive admissions.", "content": "This report is of the results of management in a haematemesis and melaena unit at Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne. The unit was established in October, 1972, in response to unpublished data for the decades 1950 to 1959 and 1960 to 1969, which showed a mortality of about 15%. In the 39 months to December, 1975, 513 patients were received into a semi-intensive care setting. The unit staff consisted of a group of four surgeons and four physicians working a weekly roster. Primary care and liaison were the responsibility of the gastroenterology registrar. The basic diagnostic measure taken was the routine early use of fibreoptic duodenoscopy. The unit was set up with an agreed policy of management of the common causes of haematemesis and melaena, and data were prospectively recorded in a form suitable for computer analysis in every case. Of the 513 admissions, 378 were of males and 135 were of females. Forty-five patients died, giving an overall admission mortality of 8-8. There were 143 admissions for bleeding duodenal ulceration, 102 for acute peptic ulceration, 47 for chronic gastriculceration, 43 for oesophageal varices, 33 for Mallory-Weiss syndrome and 45 for less common causes of upper gastrintestinal bleeding. In 100 cases the source of bleeding was not discovered. Of the 143 patients admitted for chronic duodenal ulcer, either patients died, giving a mortality of 5-6%; 72 patients underwent operation, with an operative mortality of 9-7%. Of the 47 admitted with bleeding gastric ulcer, nine died (19-1%), while 26 came to operation; the operative mortality was 26-9%. There were 102 admissions for acute peptic ulceration, with an overall mortality of 11-7% (12 patients); 16 patients came to operation, with an operative mortality of 43-7%. Eleven deaths occurred in the 43 patients admitted for bleeding oesophageal varices (25-6%), with 10 patients coming to operation; the operative mortality was 30-0%. An age of greater than 50 years and shock on admission were the most significant factors for poor prognosis in this group of patients.", "contents": "The experience of a haematemesis and melaena unit: a review of the first 513 consecutive admissions. This report is of the results of management in a haematemesis and melaena unit at Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne. The unit was established in October, 1972, in response to unpublished data for the decades 1950 to 1959 and 1960 to 1969, which showed a mortality of about 15%. In the 39 months to December, 1975, 513 patients were received into a semi-intensive care setting. The unit staff consisted of a group of four surgeons and four physicians working a weekly roster. Primary care and liaison were the responsibility of the gastroenterology registrar. The basic diagnostic measure taken was the routine early use of fibreoptic duodenoscopy. The unit was set up with an agreed policy of management of the common causes of haematemesis and melaena, and data were prospectively recorded in a form suitable for computer analysis in every case. Of the 513 admissions, 378 were of males and 135 were of females. Forty-five patients died, giving an overall admission mortality of 8-8. There were 143 admissions for bleeding duodenal ulceration, 102 for acute peptic ulceration, 47 for chronic gastriculceration, 43 for oesophageal varices, 33 for Mallory-Weiss syndrome and 45 for less common causes of upper gastrintestinal bleeding. In 100 cases the source of bleeding was not discovered. Of the 143 patients admitted for chronic duodenal ulcer, either patients died, giving a mortality of 5-6%; 72 patients underwent operation, with an operative mortality of 9-7%. Of the 47 admitted with bleeding gastric ulcer, nine died (19-1%), while 26 came to operation; the operative mortality was 26-9%. There were 102 admissions for acute peptic ulceration, with an overall mortality of 11-7% (12 patients); 16 patients came to operation, with an operative mortality of 43-7%. Eleven deaths occurred in the 43 patients admitted for bleeding oesophageal varices (25-6%), with 10 patients coming to operation; the operative mortality was 30-0%. An age of greater than 50 years and shock on admission were the most significant factors for poor prognosis in this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:300837", "title": "Coronary artery surgery in Australia, 1975-1976. A report by the National Heart Fundation of Australia.", "content": "This is a report of a register of Australian experience in coronary artery bypass graft surgery over a 12-month period from October 1, 1974, to September 30, 1975. It provides data on results up to discharge from hospital. There were 967 patients and 58 (6%) hospital death.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery in Australia, 1975-1976. A report by the National Heart Fundation of Australia. This is a report of a register of Australian experience in coronary artery bypass graft surgery over a 12-month period from October 1, 1974, to September 30, 1975. It provides data on results up to discharge from hospital. There were 967 patients and 58 (6%) hospital death."}
{"id": "PMID:300838", "title": "The future of cardiac surgery in Australia. A prediction from a 15 year experience.", "content": "Statistics are presented which demonstrate that the load of congenital heart surgery in Australia is between 900 and 1,000 cases per year. For valvular heart surgery the load is also approximatley 1,000 cases per year. About 800 to 900 operations are undertaken annually to institute cardiac pacing. The number of operations for coronary artery disease has increased in an explosive manner from less than 100 cases in 1970 to more than 1,000 cases in 1975. The implications of this marked increase in operation for coronary artery disease is of paramount importance for future planning in cardiac surgery.", "contents": "The future of cardiac surgery in Australia. A prediction from a 15 year experience. Statistics are presented which demonstrate that the load of congenital heart surgery in Australia is between 900 and 1,000 cases per year. For valvular heart surgery the load is also approximatley 1,000 cases per year. About 800 to 900 operations are undertaken annually to institute cardiac pacing. The number of operations for coronary artery disease has increased in an explosive manner from less than 100 cases in 1970 to more than 1,000 cases in 1975. The implications of this marked increase in operation for coronary artery disease is of paramount importance for future planning in cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:300842", "title": "Relation of protease inhibitor phenotypes to obstructive lung diseases in a community.", "content": "To examine the relative risk for the development of obstructive lung disease in persons heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, we determined protease inhibitor phenotypes in 2944 subjects in a general community population. Phenotype M was found in 89.5 per cent, MS in 7.1 per cent, and MZ in 3.0 per cent of the population. There were two persons of phenotype Z and six of phenotype SZ. The study also included respiratory questionnaires and spirometry. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diagnoses or of ventilatory impairment among the three major phenotype groups (M, MS and MZ), nor were there differences in the rates of deterioration of function with age or smoking. Consequently, we do not consider population screening for heterozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency to be worthwhile.", "contents": "Relation of protease inhibitor phenotypes to obstructive lung diseases in a community. To examine the relative risk for the development of obstructive lung disease in persons heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, we determined protease inhibitor phenotypes in 2944 subjects in a general community population. Phenotype M was found in 89.5 per cent, MS in 7.1 per cent, and MZ in 3.0 per cent of the population. There were two persons of phenotype Z and six of phenotype SZ. The study also included respiratory questionnaires and spirometry. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diagnoses or of ventilatory impairment among the three major phenotype groups (M, MS and MZ), nor were there differences in the rates of deterioration of function with age or smoking. Consequently, we do not consider population screening for heterozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency to be worthwhile."}
{"id": "PMID:300854", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in uremic patients with type B hepatitis infection.", "content": "Peripheral T and B lymphocytes were measured in (1) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive, (2) HBsAg-negative uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) therapy, and (3) patients with type B chronic active viral hepatitis (CAVH). When compared to normals, a decrease in the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was detected in both CHD groups. CAVH patients had a decrease in the total number of T lymphocytes. When expressed as percentage of T lymphocytes, normals and HBsAg-negative CHD patients had similar values, while a decrease was detected in both HBsAg-positive CHD and CAVH patients. Also, in the latter two groups, hepatitis B virus infection resulted in an increase in the total number and percentage of null cells.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in uremic patients with type B hepatitis infection. Peripheral T and B lymphocytes were measured in (1) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive, (2) HBsAg-negative uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) therapy, and (3) patients with type B chronic active viral hepatitis (CAVH). When compared to normals, a decrease in the absolute number of T and B lymphocytes was detected in both CHD groups. CAVH patients had a decrease in the total number of T lymphocytes. When expressed as percentage of T lymphocytes, normals and HBsAg-negative CHD patients had similar values, while a decrease was detected in both HBsAg-positive CHD and CAVH patients. Also, in the latter two groups, hepatitis B virus infection resulted in an increase in the total number and percentage of null cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300856", "title": "[Modulating mechanism of the dorsal column stimulation for pain relief (author's transl)].", "content": "The neural mechanism of the modulating effects of spinal cord stimulation upon intractable pain was studied in cats under local anaesthesia. The electrical activity at the centre median nucleus of the thalamus (CEM), which responded to noxious stimuli and was inhibited by nitrous oxide inhalation, was recorded as an indicator of the degree of pain sensation. The suppressed effect upon the evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation (1 Hz) was recorded during and after train stimulation of various parts of the spinal cord by means of silver ball bipolar electrode. Whenever inhibitory modulating effect upon CEM response was observed by spinal cord stimulation, the bilateral dorsal tractotomy cranial, caudal or both to the stimulating point in order to examine the influence upon the CEM potential. The results are as follows: 1) The CEM evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation is inhibited by about 30-45% of its amplitude by dorsal column stimulation. This effect corresponds to the inhibitory effect by 75% N2O gas inhalation. Upon dorsal column stimulation, the intraspinal electrical activity is found in the central gray matter the antero-lateral quandrants of the spinal cord as well as the dorsal column. 2) Following lateral or anterior column stimulation as well as dorsal column stimulation, the CEM evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation is inhibited by about 50% of its amplitude. 3) Following bilateral dorsal tractotomy cranial, caudal or both to the stimulating point, the CEM evoked potentials responding to sciatic stimulation are inhibited by dorsal column stimulation. According to the experimental results, it may be concluded that the inhibitory modulating mechanism by dorsal column stimulation for pain relief is not only mediated through the dorsal column, but also through other ascending spinal pathways.", "contents": "[Modulating mechanism of the dorsal column stimulation for pain relief (author's transl)]. The neural mechanism of the modulating effects of spinal cord stimulation upon intractable pain was studied in cats under local anaesthesia. The electrical activity at the centre median nucleus of the thalamus (CEM), which responded to noxious stimuli and was inhibited by nitrous oxide inhalation, was recorded as an indicator of the degree of pain sensation. The suppressed effect upon the evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation (1 Hz) was recorded during and after train stimulation of various parts of the spinal cord by means of silver ball bipolar electrode. Whenever inhibitory modulating effect upon CEM response was observed by spinal cord stimulation, the bilateral dorsal tractotomy cranial, caudal or both to the stimulating point in order to examine the influence upon the CEM potential. The results are as follows: 1) The CEM evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation is inhibited by about 30-45% of its amplitude by dorsal column stimulation. This effect corresponds to the inhibitory effect by 75% N2O gas inhalation. Upon dorsal column stimulation, the intraspinal electrical activity is found in the central gray matter the antero-lateral quandrants of the spinal cord as well as the dorsal column. 2) Following lateral or anterior column stimulation as well as dorsal column stimulation, the CEM evoked potential responding to sciatic stimulation is inhibited by about 50% of its amplitude. 3) Following bilateral dorsal tractotomy cranial, caudal or both to the stimulating point, the CEM evoked potentials responding to sciatic stimulation are inhibited by dorsal column stimulation. According to the experimental results, it may be concluded that the inhibitory modulating mechanism by dorsal column stimulation for pain relief is not only mediated through the dorsal column, but also through other ascending spinal pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:300858", "title": "[Surgical treatment of complications in cases with cancer of the colon and rectum].", "content": "Personal experience and the literature are referred to in an examination of complications arising in the course of cancer of the large intestine. A personal series assembled in about 20 years is presented. It consists of 135 cases of heteroplasia, including 57 emergency admissions for complications. The surgical technique employed is described. The results show that surgical risk and post-operative mortality are lower in patients subjected to major radical surgery, as opposed to those for whom symptomatic management or simple, derivative operations are prescribed.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of complications in cases with cancer of the colon and rectum]. Personal experience and the literature are referred to in an examination of complications arising in the course of cancer of the large intestine. A personal series assembled in about 20 years is presented. It consists of 135 cases of heteroplasia, including 57 emergency admissions for complications. The surgical technique employed is described. The results show that surgical risk and post-operative mortality are lower in patients subjected to major radical surgery, as opposed to those for whom symptomatic management or simple, derivative operations are prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:300859", "title": "[Hepatic artery aneurysm as a cause of hemobilia].", "content": "1) Haemobilia must be kept in mind as a cause of gastrointestinal haemorrage. 2) The presence of an hepatic artery aneurysm gives a peculiar triad of symptoms: abdominal pain, gastrointestinal haemorrage and jaundice. 3) Selective angiography is the elective diagnostic aid. 4) The diagnosis may be difficult also at operation, because the aneurysms can be very small. 5) The most used surgical treatment are ligation of the hepatic artery, the excision of aneurism, the endoaneurysmorrhaphy or the end-to-end anastomosis.", "contents": "[Hepatic artery aneurysm as a cause of hemobilia]. 1) Haemobilia must be kept in mind as a cause of gastrointestinal haemorrage. 2) The presence of an hepatic artery aneurysm gives a peculiar triad of symptoms: abdominal pain, gastrointestinal haemorrage and jaundice. 3) Selective angiography is the elective diagnostic aid. 4) The diagnosis may be difficult also at operation, because the aneurysms can be very small. 5) The most used surgical treatment are ligation of the hepatic artery, the excision of aneurism, the endoaneurysmorrhaphy or the end-to-end anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:300855", "title": "[Neuroradiological studies in syringomyelia].", "content": "In the years 1973--1975 20 patients with syringomyelia were treated surgically. The surgical interventions were preceded by careful radiological examinations which was often indispensable for confirmation of diagnosis, establishing of indications to operation and choice of surgical method. On plain radiograms in 16 cases cervicothoracic scoliosis was found, in 11 cases the vertebral canal was dilated in its cervical part, in 6 cases atlanto-occipital malformations were disclosed. The basic diagnostic examination was ascending myelography which was performed in 17 cases. In 3 cases the contrast medium failed to pass to the atlanto-occipital junction because of marked dilatation of the spinal cord in the cervical part. In 9 out of the remaining 14 cases radiological findings were compatible with the diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari syndrome which was confirmed during the operation. In 1 case positive contrast central pneumoencephalography was performed demonstrating a communication between the 4 th ventricle and the cavity in the spinal cord. Early detailed neuroradiological diagnosis is indispensable in syringomyelia for early surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Neuroradiological studies in syringomyelia]. In the years 1973--1975 20 patients with syringomyelia were treated surgically. The surgical interventions were preceded by careful radiological examinations which was often indispensable for confirmation of diagnosis, establishing of indications to operation and choice of surgical method. On plain radiograms in 16 cases cervicothoracic scoliosis was found, in 11 cases the vertebral canal was dilated in its cervical part, in 6 cases atlanto-occipital malformations were disclosed. The basic diagnostic examination was ascending myelography which was performed in 17 cases. In 3 cases the contrast medium failed to pass to the atlanto-occipital junction because of marked dilatation of the spinal cord in the cervical part. In 9 out of the remaining 14 cases radiological findings were compatible with the diagnosis of Arnold-Chiari syndrome which was confirmed during the operation. In 1 case positive contrast central pneumoencephalography was performed demonstrating a communication between the 4 th ventricle and the cavity in the spinal cord. Early detailed neuroradiological diagnosis is indispensable in syringomyelia for early surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300860", "title": "[Acute enzymatic pancreatitis. Clinical contribution].", "content": "Personal experience with acute enzymatic pancreatitis in 113 cases observed, over 11 years, at the Santa Croce Hospital Surgical Division is described. Only 58 cases (51,3%) were submitted to surgery and the remaining 55 cases (48,7%) were treated with medical therapy. A mortality of 16,8% was observed.", "contents": "[Acute enzymatic pancreatitis. Clinical contribution]. Personal experience with acute enzymatic pancreatitis in 113 cases observed, over 11 years, at the Santa Croce Hospital Surgical Division is described. Only 58 cases (51,3%) were submitted to surgery and the remaining 55 cases (48,7%) were treated with medical therapy. A mortality of 16,8% was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:300861", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of cultures of macular dystrophy of the cornea].", "content": "The scanning electron microscope shows that the keratocytes of the macular dystrophy of the cornea have an irregular and anfractuous surface and that some cytoplasmic particles are broken off. This explains the isolated elements found in the stroma.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of cultures of macular dystrophy of the cornea]. The scanning electron microscope shows that the keratocytes of the macular dystrophy of the cornea have an irregular and anfractuous surface and that some cytoplasmic particles are broken off. This explains the isolated elements found in the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:300863", "title": "[Therapy of solid tumors using high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor].", "content": "Methotrexat (250-1100 mg/m2) was administered to 38 patients with malignant tumors by infusion of either 6 hours or of 75 minutes duration. MTX-infusion and continued at 3-6 hours interval for Citrovorum factor rescue was started 2 hours after 24 to 72 hours. 7 different MTX doses and rescue schedules were tested. It could be shown that MTX in the dose range used is effective in various tumors when CF-rescue is not higher than 7% of the administered MTX-dose, only occasionally therapeutic success was observed with higher doses. In the group of patients where CF-rescue was lower than 7% of the MTX dose on 9/14 patients objective tumor-regressions could be achieved. Conclusions drawn are discussed and the necessity of further investigations is emphasized.", "contents": "[Therapy of solid tumors using high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor]. Methotrexat (250-1100 mg/m2) was administered to 38 patients with malignant tumors by infusion of either 6 hours or of 75 minutes duration. MTX-infusion and continued at 3-6 hours interval for Citrovorum factor rescue was started 2 hours after 24 to 72 hours. 7 different MTX doses and rescue schedules were tested. It could be shown that MTX in the dose range used is effective in various tumors when CF-rescue is not higher than 7% of the administered MTX-dose, only occasionally therapeutic success was observed with higher doses. In the group of patients where CF-rescue was lower than 7% of the MTX dose on 9/14 patients objective tumor-regressions could be achieved. Conclusions drawn are discussed and the necessity of further investigations is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:300864", "title": "[Therapy and prognosis of obstetrical lesions of the brachial plexus (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 26 children with 31 brachial paralyses 19 patients with 23 paralyses were examined in an average age of 7,9 years. In these cases a distinct correlation with abnormal birth positions and with more difficult deliveries respectively was given. There were 8 total, 14 upper and 1 lower paralysis. At the follow-up examination 10 cases were without any signs of paresis, on 13 extremities we found defects of different degrees, but only 1 severe and 4 slight contractures. The total paralyses and here particularly the bilateral cases showed the worst results. All cases completely or with minimal defects healed had developed already in the first 6 weeks after birth a good recovery from the paresis. In such cases a good prognosis may be given at that early time. As the earliest treatment the fixation of the shoulder joint in abduction and external rotation with flexed elbow on a splint as prevention of further stretch on the plexus and contractures seems to be the most important masure; later on a physio-therapy and mobilisation of the joints is of essential importance.", "contents": "[Therapy and prognosis of obstetrical lesions of the brachial plexus (author's transl)]. Out of 26 children with 31 brachial paralyses 19 patients with 23 paralyses were examined in an average age of 7,9 years. In these cases a distinct correlation with abnormal birth positions and with more difficult deliveries respectively was given. There were 8 total, 14 upper and 1 lower paralysis. At the follow-up examination 10 cases were without any signs of paresis, on 13 extremities we found defects of different degrees, but only 1 severe and 4 slight contractures. The total paralyses and here particularly the bilateral cases showed the worst results. All cases completely or with minimal defects healed had developed already in the first 6 weeks after birth a good recovery from the paresis. In such cases a good prognosis may be given at that early time. As the earliest treatment the fixation of the shoulder joint in abduction and external rotation with flexed elbow on a splint as prevention of further stretch on the plexus and contractures seems to be the most important masure; later on a physio-therapy and mobilisation of the joints is of essential importance."}
{"id": "PMID:300866", "title": "Atypical phenylketonuria with normal phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase activity in vitro.", "content": "A child with phenylketonuria had normal phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in vitro. In addition, all known components of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system were within the normal range. Despite early treatment with a phenylalanine-restricted diet, the patient developed severe neurological symptoms. Although the primary molecular defect in this child is not known, there are indications that the defect lead to disturbances in phenylalanine metabolism and the biosynthesis of L-dopa and L-5-hydroxytryptophan. The administration of these two precursors of neurotransmitters brought a notable improvement in the patient's neurological symptoms.", "contents": "Atypical phenylketonuria with normal phenylalanine hydroxylase and dihydropteridine reductase activity in vitro. A child with phenylketonuria had normal phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in vitro. In addition, all known components of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system were within the normal range. Despite early treatment with a phenylalanine-restricted diet, the patient developed severe neurological symptoms. Although the primary molecular defect in this child is not known, there are indications that the defect lead to disturbances in phenylalanine metabolism and the biosynthesis of L-dopa and L-5-hydroxytryptophan. The administration of these two precursors of neurotransmitters brought a notable improvement in the patient's neurological symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:300872", "title": "The participation of the nigro-thalamic pathway in the nigral control of the caudate nucleus.", "content": "Unilateral injections of carbachol (CCh, 2 mul) to lateral parts of substantia nigra (SNlat) of the rabbit increased the alert index (participation of alert pattern in EEG), produced epileptoidal EEG discharges, sniffing, ipsi- and contralateral rotations, and abnormal movements of fore limbs, which may be regarded as an equivalent of localized seizures. Ipsilateral rotations appeared together with epileptoidal discharges confined to SNlat, while contralateral -- with discharges in ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLTh). The EEG discharges appeared firstly and had the longest duration in VLTh. Injection of CCh to medial substantia nigra (SNmed) did not produce contralateral turnings and rotations, and epileptoidal EEG discharges appeared primarily in SNmed. In rabbits with previously lesioned nigro-neostriatal pathway (NSP) at the level of Forel's fields, the EEG discharges produced by CCh injected into SNlat appeared firstly and were most prolonged in SNlat, while they appeared much later in caudate nucleus (NC), cerebral cortex, and VLTh. The contralateral rotations were inhibited, and ipsilateral ones -- potentiated in the lesioned rabbits.", "contents": "The participation of the nigro-thalamic pathway in the nigral control of the caudate nucleus. Unilateral injections of carbachol (CCh, 2 mul) to lateral parts of substantia nigra (SNlat) of the rabbit increased the alert index (participation of alert pattern in EEG), produced epileptoidal EEG discharges, sniffing, ipsi- and contralateral rotations, and abnormal movements of fore limbs, which may be regarded as an equivalent of localized seizures. Ipsilateral rotations appeared together with epileptoidal discharges confined to SNlat, while contralateral -- with discharges in ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLTh). The EEG discharges appeared firstly and had the longest duration in VLTh. Injection of CCh to medial substantia nigra (SNmed) did not produce contralateral turnings and rotations, and epileptoidal EEG discharges appeared primarily in SNmed. In rabbits with previously lesioned nigro-neostriatal pathway (NSP) at the level of Forel's fields, the EEG discharges produced by CCh injected into SNlat appeared firstly and were most prolonged in SNlat, while they appeared much later in caudate nucleus (NC), cerebral cortex, and VLTh. The contralateral rotations were inhibited, and ipsilateral ones -- potentiated in the lesioned rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:300875", "title": "Local starvation for epidermal growth factor cannot explain density-dependent inhibition of normal human glial cells.", "content": "Mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) is a potent growth promoter of human glial cells in sparse cultures, whereas very little stimulation of growth in dense cultures is induced by the factor. In the present communication, the possibility that the density-dependent inhibition is caused by a reduced binding/uptake of the factor was scrutinized. It was found that the number of mEGF binding sites was 20,000 and 35,000 per cell in sparse and dense cultures, respectively. The dissociation constant of the binding reaction was not influenced by the cell density. It was concluded that crowded cells are not starved for the factor and that a decrease in number or affinity of the EGF receptors can be excluded as a cause of the inhibition.", "contents": "Local starvation for epidermal growth factor cannot explain density-dependent inhibition of normal human glial cells. Mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) is a potent growth promoter of human glial cells in sparse cultures, whereas very little stimulation of growth in dense cultures is induced by the factor. In the present communication, the possibility that the density-dependent inhibition is caused by a reduced binding/uptake of the factor was scrutinized. It was found that the number of mEGF binding sites was 20,000 and 35,000 per cell in sparse and dense cultures, respectively. The dissociation constant of the binding reaction was not influenced by the cell density. It was concluded that crowded cells are not starved for the factor and that a decrease in number or affinity of the EGF receptors can be excluded as a cause of the inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:300876", "title": "Systemic alteration induced in mice by ultraviolet light irradiation and its relationship to ultraviolet carcinogenesis.", "content": "Chronic irradiation of mice with ultraviolet (UV) light produces a systemic alteration of an immunologic nature. This alteration is detectable in mice long before primary skin cancers induced by UV light begin to appear. The alteration results in the failure of UV-irradiated mice to reject highly antigenic, transplanted UV-induced tumors that are rejected by unirradiated syngeneic recipients. The immunologic aspect of this systemic alteration was demonstrated by transferring lymphoid cells from UV-irradiated mice to lethally x-irradiated recipients. These recipeints were unable to resist a later challenge with a syngeneic UV-induced tumor, whereas those given lymphoid cells from normal donors were resistant to tumor growth. Parabiosis of normal mice with UV-irradiated mice, followed by tumor challenge of both parabionts with a UV-induced tumor, resulted in the growth of the challenge tumors in both UV-irradiated and unirradiated mice. Splenic lymphocytes from tumor-implanted UV-treated mice were not cytotoxic in vitro against UV-induced tumors, whereas under identical conditions cells from tumor-implanted, unirradiated mice were highly cytotoxic. Our findings suggest that repeated UV irradiation can circumvent an immunologic mechanism that might otherwise destroy nascent UV-induced primary tumors that are strongly antigenic.", "contents": "Systemic alteration induced in mice by ultraviolet light irradiation and its relationship to ultraviolet carcinogenesis. Chronic irradiation of mice with ultraviolet (UV) light produces a systemic alteration of an immunologic nature. This alteration is detectable in mice long before primary skin cancers induced by UV light begin to appear. The alteration results in the failure of UV-irradiated mice to reject highly antigenic, transplanted UV-induced tumors that are rejected by unirradiated syngeneic recipients. The immunologic aspect of this systemic alteration was demonstrated by transferring lymphoid cells from UV-irradiated mice to lethally x-irradiated recipients. These recipeints were unable to resist a later challenge with a syngeneic UV-induced tumor, whereas those given lymphoid cells from normal donors were resistant to tumor growth. Parabiosis of normal mice with UV-irradiated mice, followed by tumor challenge of both parabionts with a UV-induced tumor, resulted in the growth of the challenge tumors in both UV-irradiated and unirradiated mice. Splenic lymphocytes from tumor-implanted UV-treated mice were not cytotoxic in vitro against UV-induced tumors, whereas under identical conditions cells from tumor-implanted, unirradiated mice were highly cytotoxic. Our findings suggest that repeated UV irradiation can circumvent an immunologic mechanism that might otherwise destroy nascent UV-induced primary tumors that are strongly antigenic."}
{"id": "PMID:300877", "title": "Unprimed spleen cell populations recognize macrophage-bound antigen with opposite net electric charge.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse charge relationship between the net electrical charge of antigen and the responding cells. In the present study we attempted to establish whether this phenomenon holds also for the primary recognition phase of cell-mediated immunity, when the involvement of the macrophage in presenting antigen is obligatory. Normal spleen cells were fractionated over negatively and positively charged columns. The fractionated cell populations, as well as the original cells, were sensitized in vitro on macrophage monolayers that were pulsed either with the basic encephalitogenic protein of myelin or with the acidic copolymer poly(Glu50,Tyr50). Cells eluted from glass bead columns(i.e., the more negative cells) could be sensitized only with the basic antigen, while cells eluted from poly(L-lysine)-glass bead columns (i.e., more positive cells) could be sensitized only to the acidic antigen. Thus, in delayed type hypersensitivity the inverse charge relationship prevails also for the primary immunological recognition of antigen bound to macrophages.", "contents": "Unprimed spleen cell populations recognize macrophage-bound antigen with opposite net electric charge. Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse charge relationship between the net electrical charge of antigen and the responding cells. In the present study we attempted to establish whether this phenomenon holds also for the primary recognition phase of cell-mediated immunity, when the involvement of the macrophage in presenting antigen is obligatory. Normal spleen cells were fractionated over negatively and positively charged columns. The fractionated cell populations, as well as the original cells, were sensitized in vitro on macrophage monolayers that were pulsed either with the basic encephalitogenic protein of myelin or with the acidic copolymer poly(Glu50,Tyr50). Cells eluted from glass bead columns(i.e., the more negative cells) could be sensitized only with the basic antigen, while cells eluted from poly(L-lysine)-glass bead columns (i.e., more positive cells) could be sensitized only to the acidic antigen. Thus, in delayed type hypersensitivity the inverse charge relationship prevails also for the primary immunological recognition of antigen bound to macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:300883", "title": "A correlational analysis of the effects of surgical transections of three components of the MFB on ingestive behavior and hypothalamic, striatal, and telencephalic amine concentrations.", "content": "A retractable wire knife was used to transect medial or lateral components of the MFB or its lateral projections to the striatum and amygdaloid complex. All cuts produced significant depletions of NE, DA, and 5-HT from telencephalon and striatum but little or no effect on hypothalamic NE or 5-HT. Two of our cuts resulted in aphagia and adipsia, the third in hyperphagia and obesity. A detailed correlational analysis of the magnitude and direction of the behavioral and biochemical consequences of our cuts indicated that the ingestive behavior of all of our experimental animals (including animals which had been aphagic and adipsic after surgery as well as animals which were hyperphagic and obese) was positively correlated with the concentration of DA in striatum and telencephalon and negatively correlated with telencephalic 5-HT. Less consistent evidence for facilitatory noradrenergic influences on food intake was also obtained. Our results suggest that the regulation of food intake may be the result of an interaction between telencephalic serotonergic mechanisms and dopaminergic pathways which exert opposite effects on ingestive behavior.", "contents": "A correlational analysis of the effects of surgical transections of three components of the MFB on ingestive behavior and hypothalamic, striatal, and telencephalic amine concentrations. A retractable wire knife was used to transect medial or lateral components of the MFB or its lateral projections to the striatum and amygdaloid complex. All cuts produced significant depletions of NE, DA, and 5-HT from telencephalon and striatum but little or no effect on hypothalamic NE or 5-HT. Two of our cuts resulted in aphagia and adipsia, the third in hyperphagia and obesity. A detailed correlational analysis of the magnitude and direction of the behavioral and biochemical consequences of our cuts indicated that the ingestive behavior of all of our experimental animals (including animals which had been aphagic and adipsic after surgery as well as animals which were hyperphagic and obese) was positively correlated with the concentration of DA in striatum and telencephalon and negatively correlated with telencephalic 5-HT. Less consistent evidence for facilitatory noradrenergic influences on food intake was also obtained. Our results suggest that the regulation of food intake may be the result of an interaction between telencephalic serotonergic mechanisms and dopaminergic pathways which exert opposite effects on ingestive behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:300884", "title": "Self-stimulation of the MFB or VTA after microinjection of haloperidol into the prefrontal cortex of the rat.", "content": "Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, was microinjected in doses of 12 or 24 microng into the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Its effects on self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were examined. It was found that these injections failed to attenuate self-stimulation at either structure. However, when haloperidol was injected into the caudate-putamen complex, a decrease in self-stimulation occurred within these structures. These results suggest that dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex is not necessarily a part of the neurochemical substrate underlying self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area or medial forebrain bundle.", "contents": "Self-stimulation of the MFB or VTA after microinjection of haloperidol into the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist, was microinjected in doses of 12 or 24 microng into the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Its effects on self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were examined. It was found that these injections failed to attenuate self-stimulation at either structure. However, when haloperidol was injected into the caudate-putamen complex, a decrease in self-stimulation occurred within these structures. These results suggest that dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex is not necessarily a part of the neurochemical substrate underlying self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area or medial forebrain bundle."}
{"id": "PMID:300886", "title": "[Computer tomography in intracranial tumors. A cooperative study of 1658 neoplasms (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper decribes the results of the CT teams of the University Clinics Berlin, Mainz and Munich. 1658 patients with cerebral tumors have been examined so far (EMI Scanner Mark I, Matrix 160/160) revealing a diagnostic accuracy of 98.4%. The findings of various kinds of tumors (306 glioblastomas, 255 astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, 248 meningiomas, 212 metastases, 200 pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngeomas) are discussed and illustrated by typical images. Differential diagnostic problems and the importance of additional neuroradiological procedures are discussed.", "contents": "[Computer tomography in intracranial tumors. A cooperative study of 1658 neoplasms (author's transl)]. This paper decribes the results of the CT teams of the University Clinics Berlin, Mainz and Munich. 1658 patients with cerebral tumors have been examined so far (EMI Scanner Mark I, Matrix 160/160) revealing a diagnostic accuracy of 98.4%. The findings of various kinds of tumors (306 glioblastomas, 255 astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, 248 meningiomas, 212 metastases, 200 pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngeomas) are discussed and illustrated by typical images. Differential diagnostic problems and the importance of additional neuroradiological procedures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300887", "title": "[Some examples of false negative diagnoses in computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Four examples of false negative diagnoses in computer tomography are discussed. The patients were suffering from tumours in the sella turcica, beside the sella turcica and in the cerebellopontine angle. With reference to the two patients with a process beside the sella turcica, the differential diagnosis of these processes (of which the clinical syndrome is characterized by ophthalmoplegia) is discussed. The diagnostic reliability of computer tomography seems to be inferior for these perisellar processes than for other localizations. Angiography and pneumoencephalography are the methods of choice in the diagnosis of these processes.", "contents": "[Some examples of false negative diagnoses in computer tomography (author's transl)]. Four examples of false negative diagnoses in computer tomography are discussed. The patients were suffering from tumours in the sella turcica, beside the sella turcica and in the cerebellopontine angle. With reference to the two patients with a process beside the sella turcica, the differential diagnosis of these processes (of which the clinical syndrome is characterized by ophthalmoplegia) is discussed. The diagnostic reliability of computer tomography seems to be inferior for these perisellar processes than for other localizations. Angiography and pneumoencephalography are the methods of choice in the diagnosis of these processes."}
{"id": "PMID:300888", "title": "[An information retrieval system for CT-scan data (author's transl)].", "content": "A computer program for the current statistical documentation and evaluation of CT diagnostic results is presented. A diagnostic key for the purposes of CT results has been developed. Special emphasis has been given to fast and simple applicability.", "contents": "[An information retrieval system for CT-scan data (author's transl)]. A computer program for the current statistical documentation and evaluation of CT diagnostic results is presented. A diagnostic key for the purposes of CT results has been developed. Special emphasis has been given to fast and simple applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:300892", "title": "Response of spleen lymphocytes shortly after thymectomy in adult mouse.", "content": "The blastogenesis response to the phytomitogens, PHA-P, Con A and PWM was used to assess the effect of adult thymectomy on the spleen lymphocytes of C57B1 mice. The mitogenic response to the phytomitogens was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. The changes produced in theta-antigen bearing spleen lymphocytes were also evaluated making use of theta antibodies from AKR/S mice previously injected with splenic and thymic lymphocytes from CBA/J mice. The present results show that the response to mitogens PHA-P and Con A is reduced early after thymectomy while the response to PWM was only slightly reduced. There was not any correlation between the disminished response to mitogens and the changes observed in theta bearing spleen lymphocytes.", "contents": "Response of spleen lymphocytes shortly after thymectomy in adult mouse. The blastogenesis response to the phytomitogens, PHA-P, Con A and PWM was used to assess the effect of adult thymectomy on the spleen lymphocytes of C57B1 mice. The mitogenic response to the phytomitogens was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. The changes produced in theta-antigen bearing spleen lymphocytes were also evaluated making use of theta antibodies from AKR/S mice previously injected with splenic and thymic lymphocytes from CBA/J mice. The present results show that the response to mitogens PHA-P and Con A is reduced early after thymectomy while the response to PWM was only slightly reduced. There was not any correlation between the disminished response to mitogens and the changes observed in theta bearing spleen lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:300894", "title": "Protease-induced constriction in rats' bronchi.", "content": "A method is described which allows quantitative measurements of bronchomotor function in vitro in all parts of the tracheobronchial tree. With this method it was observed that chymotrypsin, trypsin and ficin elicted contraction in the intrapulmonary airways of rats. The response could be abolished or diminished by phentolamin and atropine. Physostigmine did not potentiate the response. It is concluded that chymotrypsin operates mainly through alpha-adrenoreceptors, whereas trypsin and ficin operate through both a alpha-adrenoreceptors and cholinoceptive receptors.", "contents": "Protease-induced constriction in rats' bronchi. A method is described which allows quantitative measurements of bronchomotor function in vitro in all parts of the tracheobronchial tree. With this method it was observed that chymotrypsin, trypsin and ficin elicted contraction in the intrapulmonary airways of rats. The response could be abolished or diminished by phentolamin and atropine. Physostigmine did not potentiate the response. It is concluded that chymotrypsin operates mainly through alpha-adrenoreceptors, whereas trypsin and ficin operate through both a alpha-adrenoreceptors and cholinoceptive receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:300896", "title": "[HLA-B27 antigen and alkaptonuria].", "content": "Study of urinary homogentisic acid and a determinantion of group HLA were carried out for 36 members of a family spread over three generations with three cases of ochronotic rheumatism in the second generation. Alkaptonuria was discovered in seven other subjects, six of them members of the third generation: urinary elimination was poor, less than 0.60 g/24 hours. There is a certain degree of consanguinity in the family studied here and these findings do not therefore rule out a recessive autosomal transmission of the alkaptonuria. They do however lead to the consideration that alkaptonuria may sometimes be found in heterozygotic subjects. A genetic relationship between HLA complex and alkaptonuria can only be claimed with difficulty from this familial study, but the high frequency of B 27 antigen (29 out of 36 members carring it) leaves room for the hypothesis that the B 27 gene, or more precisely a gene associated with the B 27 gene, plays a part in the development of ochronotic rheumatism.", "contents": "[HLA-B27 antigen and alkaptonuria]. Study of urinary homogentisic acid and a determinantion of group HLA were carried out for 36 members of a family spread over three generations with three cases of ochronotic rheumatism in the second generation. Alkaptonuria was discovered in seven other subjects, six of them members of the third generation: urinary elimination was poor, less than 0.60 g/24 hours. There is a certain degree of consanguinity in the family studied here and these findings do not therefore rule out a recessive autosomal transmission of the alkaptonuria. They do however lead to the consideration that alkaptonuria may sometimes be found in heterozygotic subjects. A genetic relationship between HLA complex and alkaptonuria can only be claimed with difficulty from this familial study, but the high frequency of B 27 antigen (29 out of 36 members carring it) leaves room for the hypothesis that the B 27 gene, or more precisely a gene associated with the B 27 gene, plays a part in the development of ochronotic rheumatism."}
{"id": "PMID:300897", "title": "[Surgical therapy in diverticular disease of the large bowel].", "content": "Operative proceeding, postoperative complications and postoperative mortality in 97 selective and 44 emergency operations for different states in diverticular disease are reported. In states of uncomplicated, chronically recurrent inflammation, one-stage resection is indicated. General condition of the patient and severe complicated diverticulitis may require two- or three-stage therapy. Our experience of 141 operations prompts us to propose early resection in states of chronically recurrent inflammation.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy in diverticular disease of the large bowel]. Operative proceeding, postoperative complications and postoperative mortality in 97 selective and 44 emergency operations for different states in diverticular disease are reported. In states of uncomplicated, chronically recurrent inflammation, one-stage resection is indicated. General condition of the patient and severe complicated diverticulitis may require two- or three-stage therapy. Our experience of 141 operations prompts us to propose early resection in states of chronically recurrent inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:300898", "title": "[Value of Warren's distal spleno-renal shunt in the treatment of esophageal varicosities].", "content": "Analysis of 22 patients who underwent distal spleno-renal shunt shows that postoperative mortality is low, thrombosis of the shunt rare, and the risk of encephalopathy minimal. Decompression of esophageal varicositis is effective, but probably less marked and slower than after porta-caval shunt. Accordingly, distal spleno-renal shunt is not recommended as an emergency procedure.", "contents": "[Value of Warren's distal spleno-renal shunt in the treatment of esophageal varicosities]. Analysis of 22 patients who underwent distal spleno-renal shunt shows that postoperative mortality is low, thrombosis of the shunt rare, and the risk of encephalopathy minimal. Decompression of esophageal varicositis is effective, but probably less marked and slower than after porta-caval shunt. Accordingly, distal spleno-renal shunt is not recommended as an emergency procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:300899", "title": "Vestibular stimulation influence on motor development in infants.", "content": "Preambulatory, normal human infants were exposed to sessions of mild semicircular canal stimulation on 2 days per week for 4 weeks. The gross motor ability of each child was assessed before and after the 4-week period. The vestibular stimulation effected a significant improvement in gross motor skills.", "contents": "Vestibular stimulation influence on motor development in infants. Preambulatory, normal human infants were exposed to sessions of mild semicircular canal stimulation on 2 days per week for 4 weeks. The gross motor ability of each child was assessed before and after the 4-week period. The vestibular stimulation effected a significant improvement in gross motor skills."}
{"id": "PMID:300901", "title": "Colonoscopy in clinical practice.", "content": "Colonoscopy is a relatively new and important diagnostic modality for evaluation colonic disease. In order to assess its value in the community hospital, all colonoscopies done by me (250 examinations in two hospitals) were reviewed. Colonoscopy was sometimes easy and sometimes long and tedious. It was difficult to reach the cecum consistently, but success improved with experience. Many neoplasma not seen on barium enema were found, including three carcinomas. Twenty-seven polyps were removed with the aid of the colonoscopic snare. No complications occurred. Colonoscopy should probably be restricted to those physicians who have a large enough case load and who can spend enough time learning the procedure to develop expertise.", "contents": "Colonoscopy in clinical practice. Colonoscopy is a relatively new and important diagnostic modality for evaluation colonic disease. In order to assess its value in the community hospital, all colonoscopies done by me (250 examinations in two hospitals) were reviewed. Colonoscopy was sometimes easy and sometimes long and tedious. It was difficult to reach the cecum consistently, but success improved with experience. Many neoplasma not seen on barium enema were found, including three carcinomas. Twenty-seven polyps were removed with the aid of the colonoscopic snare. No complications occurred. Colonoscopy should probably be restricted to those physicians who have a large enough case load and who can spend enough time learning the procedure to develop expertise."}
{"id": "PMID:300905", "title": "The effect of para-aminobenzoic acid and taurocholic acid feeding on human bile composition.", "content": "Seven patients were investigated after cholecystectomy and exploration of the common bile duct to determine bile composition and excretion rates. An initial depression of the major components of bile stabilized by the sixth postoperative day. Feeding of para-aminobenzoic acid and taurocholic acid to these patients demonstrated an increase in excretion of total bile acids, taurine and glycine conjugates, cholates and deoxycholates. Para-aminobenzoic acid in the doses used failed to block glycine conjugation. Preferential conjugation of bile acid with glycine is due to a deficient taurine pool and not a preferential metabolic pathway.", "contents": "The effect of para-aminobenzoic acid and taurocholic acid feeding on human bile composition. Seven patients were investigated after cholecystectomy and exploration of the common bile duct to determine bile composition and excretion rates. An initial depression of the major components of bile stabilized by the sixth postoperative day. Feeding of para-aminobenzoic acid and taurocholic acid to these patients demonstrated an increase in excretion of total bile acids, taurine and glycine conjugates, cholates and deoxycholates. Para-aminobenzoic acid in the doses used failed to block glycine conjugation. Preferential conjugation of bile acid with glycine is due to a deficient taurine pool and not a preferential metabolic pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:300906", "title": "Cardioplegia without fibrillation or defibrillation in cardiac surgery.", "content": "A group of 176 patients undergoing cardiac surgery utilizing a technique of rapid core hypothermic cardioplegia with a hyperosmotic solution is presented. A cold, 2 to 4 degrees C hyperosmotic (396 mOsm) perfusate, injected under pressure, induced cardiac arrest without fibrillation within 2 to 4 seconds in every instance. At the end of each procedure, flushing of the cold solution out of the coronary system re-establishes spontaneous normal sinus cardiac rhythm in 96% (119 of 124) of coronary surgical procedures, 69% (11 of 16) of aortic valve replacements, 62% (10 of 16) of mitral valve replacements, 55% (five of nine) of aortic valve replacements combined with multiple coronary grafting, 57% (four of seven) of mitral valve replacement combined with multiple coronary grafting, and in 50% (two of four) of double valve replacements. Combined core and topical hypothermia with ice slush used in valve replacements and combined valve with coronary operations allowed periods of total ischemia up to 134 minutes without signs of detectable myocardial damage.", "contents": "Cardioplegia without fibrillation or defibrillation in cardiac surgery. A group of 176 patients undergoing cardiac surgery utilizing a technique of rapid core hypothermic cardioplegia with a hyperosmotic solution is presented. A cold, 2 to 4 degrees C hyperosmotic (396 mOsm) perfusate, injected under pressure, induced cardiac arrest without fibrillation within 2 to 4 seconds in every instance. At the end of each procedure, flushing of the cold solution out of the coronary system re-establishes spontaneous normal sinus cardiac rhythm in 96% (119 of 124) of coronary surgical procedures, 69% (11 of 16) of aortic valve replacements, 62% (10 of 16) of mitral valve replacements, 55% (five of nine) of aortic valve replacements combined with multiple coronary grafting, 57% (four of seven) of mitral valve replacement combined with multiple coronary grafting, and in 50% (two of four) of double valve replacements. Combined core and topical hypothermia with ice slush used in valve replacements and combined valve with coronary operations allowed periods of total ischemia up to 134 minutes without signs of detectable myocardial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:300909", "title": "[Cor triatriatum with anomalous drainage of all pulmonary veins into the superior vena cava. Diagnosis and surgical treatment in a 4 1/2 months old infant (author's transl)].", "content": "Cor triatriatum and supracardiac anomalous pulmonary venous drainage as a combined heart lesion occurred in a 4 1/2 months old infant. The history of development is outlined and successful correction using cardio-pulmonary bypass described.", "contents": "[Cor triatriatum with anomalous drainage of all pulmonary veins into the superior vena cava. Diagnosis and surgical treatment in a 4 1/2 months old infant (author's transl)]. Cor triatriatum and supracardiac anomalous pulmonary venous drainage as a combined heart lesion occurred in a 4 1/2 months old infant. The history of development is outlined and successful correction using cardio-pulmonary bypass described."}
{"id": "PMID:300910", "title": "[Hemolysis after aortic valve replacement (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemolysis after isolated aortic valve replacement using Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Starr-Edwards (series 1260) prostheses as well as unstented Fascia-lata valves has been determined in 50 patients. A battery of hemathologic and blood-chemical tests were performed in all patients but LDH has proved to be the most reliable parameter. Survival of erythrocytes was measured in a small group of patients. Patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis have shown lower average rate of hemolysis (LDH 201 IU, Haptoglobin 45 mg %) than patients with Starr-Edwards prosthesis (LDH 273 IU, Haptoglobin 35 mg %). When functioning regularly neither prosthesis results, however, in clinically significant hemolysis. In patients with unstented Fascia-lata valve the degree of hemolysis reflects directly the functional status of the valve.", "contents": "[Hemolysis after aortic valve replacement (author's transl)]. Hemolysis after isolated aortic valve replacement using Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Starr-Edwards (series 1260) prostheses as well as unstented Fascia-lata valves has been determined in 50 patients. A battery of hemathologic and blood-chemical tests were performed in all patients but LDH has proved to be the most reliable parameter. Survival of erythrocytes was measured in a small group of patients. Patients with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis have shown lower average rate of hemolysis (LDH 201 IU, Haptoglobin 45 mg %) than patients with Starr-Edwards prosthesis (LDH 273 IU, Haptoglobin 35 mg %). When functioning regularly neither prosthesis results, however, in clinically significant hemolysis. In patients with unstented Fascia-lata valve the degree of hemolysis reflects directly the functional status of the valve."}
{"id": "PMID:300911", "title": "[Haptoglobin in the course of surgery with the heart lung machine (author's transl)].", "content": "In 20 patients, who underwent open heart surgery, the results of quantitavely and semi-quantitavely determined haptoglobin (hp) were evaluated. A rapid method (Rapi tex-Hp-Test, Behring-Werke) was used. Five minutes after the heart lung machine was cut off hp decreased slightly, and increased about 200% at the 4th day after operation, compared to the preoperative value. These changes were less pronounced in patients with prosthetic heart values. Blood transfusions did not influence the results. There is a significant correlation between the results of hp determined quantitatively and semi-quantitatively.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin in the course of surgery with the heart lung machine (author's transl)]. In 20 patients, who underwent open heart surgery, the results of quantitavely and semi-quantitavely determined haptoglobin (hp) were evaluated. A rapid method (Rapi tex-Hp-Test, Behring-Werke) was used. Five minutes after the heart lung machine was cut off hp decreased slightly, and increased about 200% at the 4th day after operation, compared to the preoperative value. These changes were less pronounced in patients with prosthetic heart values. Blood transfusions did not influence the results. There is a significant correlation between the results of hp determined quantitatively and semi-quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:300912", "title": "[Broncho-cutaneous fistula by myocardial pacemaker-elektrode infection (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare complication of pacemaker therapy is reported. Shortening and retaining of myocardial electrodes after pocket infection of the pacemaker resulted in the incidence of broncho-cutaneous fistula. One similar case has been presented in the literature. Both the conservative and the operative therapy are discussed. In this report our procedure with pacemaker infections is presented.", "contents": "[Broncho-cutaneous fistula by myocardial pacemaker-elektrode infection (author's transl)]. A rare complication of pacemaker therapy is reported. Shortening and retaining of myocardial electrodes after pocket infection of the pacemaker resulted in the incidence of broncho-cutaneous fistula. One similar case has been presented in the literature. Both the conservative and the operative therapy are discussed. In this report our procedure with pacemaker infections is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:300913", "title": "[Prolaps of trachea as special form of asthma and its surgical correction from transcollar access (author's transl)].", "content": "A new operative method of treatment of prolaps of pars membranacea in the region from trachea is reported. One cause of this prolaps is a false breathing mechanism, mainly without respiration through the nose. The reflection of pathogenesis of this special form of asthma, the operative treatment and therapy are described.", "contents": "[Prolaps of trachea as special form of asthma and its surgical correction from transcollar access (author's transl)]. A new operative method of treatment of prolaps of pars membranacea in the region from trachea is reported. One cause of this prolaps is a false breathing mechanism, mainly without respiration through the nose. The reflection of pathogenesis of this special form of asthma, the operative treatment and therapy are described."}
{"id": "PMID:300914", "title": "[Isolated stenoses and occlusion of the coeliac artery--a comparative angiographic and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "14 patients with occlusion (7 patients) or extreme stenosis (7 patients) of the arteria coeliaca underwent operation because of heavy abdominal complaints. The constriction of the arteria coeliaca was caused by arteriosclerosis (2 patients), ligamentum arcuatum medianum (8 patients), ligamentum arcuatum medianum and ganglion tissue (2 patients). For the restitution of a normal blood circulation in the epigastric organs the following was necessary: in 10 patients a decompression, in 3 patients an aortocoeliacal bypass and in 1 patients an enlargement plastic with vein patch. The angiographic findings indicate a connection between the arteria coeliaca occlusion or extreme stenosis and the extent of the collateral blood supply. High pressure gradients between aorta and arteria coeliaca, significantly decreased medium pressures in the arteria hepatica communis and noticably frequent morphologic changes in the epigastric organs could be seen intraoperatively.", "contents": "[Isolated stenoses and occlusion of the coeliac artery--a comparative angiographic and clinical study (author's transl)]. 14 patients with occlusion (7 patients) or extreme stenosis (7 patients) of the arteria coeliaca underwent operation because of heavy abdominal complaints. The constriction of the arteria coeliaca was caused by arteriosclerosis (2 patients), ligamentum arcuatum medianum (8 patients), ligamentum arcuatum medianum and ganglion tissue (2 patients). For the restitution of a normal blood circulation in the epigastric organs the following was necessary: in 10 patients a decompression, in 3 patients an aortocoeliacal bypass and in 1 patients an enlargement plastic with vein patch. The angiographic findings indicate a connection between the arteria coeliaca occlusion or extreme stenosis and the extent of the collateral blood supply. High pressure gradients between aorta and arteria coeliaca, significantly decreased medium pressures in the arteria hepatica communis and noticably frequent morphologic changes in the epigastric organs could be seen intraoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:300915", "title": "[Vascular reconstruction in arterial occlusion of the lower leg (author's transl)].", "content": "In 84% of 115 femoro-crural arterial occlusions stage III and IV was present. All operations to revascularisation, including second operations could be performed without lethality. On leaving hospital in 93% the bypass was patent. Two to nine years after the operation in 64% of the venous grafts were good. Only eleven patients have had to subject amputations because of bypass occlusion since reconstruction. Our results prove that the femoro-crural reconstruction in arterial occlusion of the lower leg is superior to lumbar sympathectomy and the conservative treatment.", "contents": "[Vascular reconstruction in arterial occlusion of the lower leg (author's transl)]. In 84% of 115 femoro-crural arterial occlusions stage III and IV was present. All operations to revascularisation, including second operations could be performed without lethality. On leaving hospital in 93% the bypass was patent. Two to nine years after the operation in 64% of the venous grafts were good. Only eleven patients have had to subject amputations because of bypass occlusion since reconstruction. Our results prove that the femoro-crural reconstruction in arterial occlusion of the lower leg is superior to lumbar sympathectomy and the conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:300916", "title": "[X-ray-examination-time during implantation of pervenous leads for permanent cardiac pacing (author's transl)].", "content": "From February 1974 to December 1975 we performed 295 pacemaker operations. 165 of those were primary implantations of pervenous leads for permanent cardiac pacing. The X-ray examination time was between 0.1 and 17.0 minutes, their mean value was 2.6, their median 1.7 minutes. In those 165 cases there was a dislocation of the lead in 10.9 percent. Although our X-ray examination time was extremely short however in comparison with the literature we found no arise of our dislocation rate. Some hinces to keep radiation small are discussed.", "contents": "[X-ray-examination-time during implantation of pervenous leads for permanent cardiac pacing (author's transl)]. From February 1974 to December 1975 we performed 295 pacemaker operations. 165 of those were primary implantations of pervenous leads for permanent cardiac pacing. The X-ray examination time was between 0.1 and 17.0 minutes, their mean value was 2.6, their median 1.7 minutes. In those 165 cases there was a dislocation of the lead in 10.9 percent. Although our X-ray examination time was extremely short however in comparison with the literature we found no arise of our dislocation rate. Some hinces to keep radiation small are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300917", "title": "Successfully treated cardiac luxation through right pericardium.", "content": "A 54-year old laborer suffering from multiple thoracic injuries on his 16th hospital day during the gypsum bandage for his left shoulder suddenly developed circulatory collapse. Emergency angiocardiogram revieled this is caused by cardiac luxation through the right side pleuropericardium. Reposition of the heart and repair of pericardium resulted in normalization of circulatory physiology. Later, he returned to good and active physical condition.", "contents": "Successfully treated cardiac luxation through right pericardium. A 54-year old laborer suffering from multiple thoracic injuries on his 16th hospital day during the gypsum bandage for his left shoulder suddenly developed circulatory collapse. Emergency angiocardiogram revieled this is caused by cardiac luxation through the right side pleuropericardium. Reposition of the heart and repair of pericardium resulted in normalization of circulatory physiology. Later, he returned to good and active physical condition."}
{"id": "PMID:300918", "title": "[Extraction of tricuspid valve tissue and myocardium as a complication of transvenous cardiac pacing (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient with transvenous cardiac pacemaker a piece of tissue, 5,5 cm in length, was removed from the wall of the right heart during the extraction of a \"shouldered\" electrode (Biotronik IE 85-K-O). Histologically it consisted of fibrous tissue as usually found around transvenous electrodes, tricuspid valve tissue, chordae tendineae, and myocardium. Detrimental consequences to the patient following this complication were not observed. Some problems caused by trapped endocardial electrodes and adequate therapeutic possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "[Extraction of tricuspid valve tissue and myocardium as a complication of transvenous cardiac pacing (author's transl)]. In a patient with transvenous cardiac pacemaker a piece of tissue, 5,5 cm in length, was removed from the wall of the right heart during the extraction of a \"shouldered\" electrode (Biotronik IE 85-K-O). Histologically it consisted of fibrous tissue as usually found around transvenous electrodes, tricuspid valve tissue, chordae tendineae, and myocardium. Detrimental consequences to the patient following this complication were not observed. Some problems caused by trapped endocardial electrodes and adequate therapeutic possibilities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300919", "title": "Effect of stimulation with impulse trains of various patterns, including adaptational type, on frog's nerve-muscle and spinal reflex preparations.", "content": "The train of discharge in the nerve in the integrated nervous function is known to have a variable pattern. The question still remains open as to whether the pattern of discharge sequence plays some role like a word in communciation. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stimuli with various sequences and responses. The intermittent, intercalated and adaptational types of stimulation were given to the efferent or afferent nerves, and the tension of muscles of a nerve-muscle or a spinal reflex preparations of frogs was recorded. Enhancement of tension was observed when the appropriate intermittent or intercalated stimulation was applied. In the nerve-muscle preparation, this effect was made clearly detectable when the nerve-muscle preparation was equilibrated with calcium-deficient Ringer solution. An appropriate type of adaptational stimulation evoked a rapid and long-lasting tension development which may be of physiological meaning in emergency. This fact may give a guide when man stimulates the nerve to examine the response.", "contents": "Effect of stimulation with impulse trains of various patterns, including adaptational type, on frog's nerve-muscle and spinal reflex preparations. The train of discharge in the nerve in the integrated nervous function is known to have a variable pattern. The question still remains open as to whether the pattern of discharge sequence plays some role like a word in communciation. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stimuli with various sequences and responses. The intermittent, intercalated and adaptational types of stimulation were given to the efferent or afferent nerves, and the tension of muscles of a nerve-muscle or a spinal reflex preparations of frogs was recorded. Enhancement of tension was observed when the appropriate intermittent or intercalated stimulation was applied. In the nerve-muscle preparation, this effect was made clearly detectable when the nerve-muscle preparation was equilibrated with calcium-deficient Ringer solution. An appropriate type of adaptational stimulation evoked a rapid and long-lasting tension development which may be of physiological meaning in emergency. This fact may give a guide when man stimulates the nerve to examine the response."}
{"id": "PMID:300922", "title": "B-lymphocyte haplotypes in asthma families.", "content": "Thirty families in whom at least one member had asthma were typed for five new B-lymphocyte specificities, as well as the antigens of the A and B loci of HLA. The B-cell reactions were consistent with the concept that they were determined by genes linked to the HLA-A and HLA-B loci. Between 22 HLA-identical siblings and 16 two-haplotype different siblings, a significant difference in concordance of reactions for the B-cell groups was noted. The data obtained were most compatible with B-groups 1 and 2 being determined by one locus and B-groups 3, 4, and 5 by another locus. The superhaplotypes of HLA-A, HL-B, and B-cell loci 1 and 2 were then determined. The most striking linkages noted were for the second B-cell locus and the HLA-B locus: B-cell group 3 with HLA-B12, B-cell group 4 with HLA-B7, and B-cell group 5 with HLA-B8, B17, and Bw35.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte haplotypes in asthma families. Thirty families in whom at least one member had asthma were typed for five new B-lymphocyte specificities, as well as the antigens of the A and B loci of HLA. The B-cell reactions were consistent with the concept that they were determined by genes linked to the HLA-A and HLA-B loci. Between 22 HLA-identical siblings and 16 two-haplotype different siblings, a significant difference in concordance of reactions for the B-cell groups was noted. The data obtained were most compatible with B-groups 1 and 2 being determined by one locus and B-groups 3, 4, and 5 by another locus. The superhaplotypes of HLA-A, HL-B, and B-cell loci 1 and 2 were then determined. The most striking linkages noted were for the second B-cell locus and the HLA-B locus: B-cell group 3 with HLA-B12, B-cell group 4 with HLA-B7, and B-cell group 5 with HLA-B8, B17, and Bw35."}
{"id": "PMID:300924", "title": "Characterization of cell populations used for studies of antibodies to I-region products.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood contained at least four different cell types: monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and lymphocytes with Fc receptors. Monocytes represented 41% of B-cell-enriched preparations and gave rise to extra reactions due to monocyte antibodies in allo immune sera. Polyvalent anti-Ig stained 88% of B-enriched-cells. However, 58% of these cells had IgG bound to Fc receptors, and only 42% had surface Ig stable after brief incubation at 37 degrees C. Further studies are required to determine to what extent the antibodies reacting with such B-cell preparations are also heterogeneous.", "contents": "Characterization of cell populations used for studies of antibodies to I-region products. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood contained at least four different cell types: monocytes, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and lymphocytes with Fc receptors. Monocytes represented 41% of B-cell-enriched preparations and gave rise to extra reactions due to monocyte antibodies in allo immune sera. Polyvalent anti-Ig stained 88% of B-enriched-cells. However, 58% of these cells had IgG bound to Fc receptors, and only 42% had surface Ig stable after brief incubation at 37 degrees C. Further studies are required to determine to what extent the antibodies reacting with such B-cell preparations are also heterogeneous."}
{"id": "PMID:300925", "title": "Reactivity of alloantibodies of the Merrit B-cell system with leukemic cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "Twenty lymphoblastoid cell lines were typed with 38 antisera defining the 13 groups of the Merrit B-cell alloantigenic system, and results were compared with those of a 20-member CLL cell panel. While overall pattern of Merrit groups for the two types of cell population was similar, some sera in a number of groups showed unexpected negative cytotoxic reactions with lymphoid cells compared to other sera of the same group. However, in a number of instances, these negatively reacting cells could still specificity absorb out tb Merrit antibodies, suggesting that lymphoblastoid lines may show a higher incidence of the CYNAP (cytotoxicity-negative-absorption-positive) phenomenon than CLL cells. Twelve of the lymphoblastoid lines were HLA-D homozygous and in addition, each cell line displayed positive reactions for no more than 2 of the 13 Merrit groups, while 4 of the 8 heterozygous lines were positive for 3 of the 13 groups. These findings indicate that HLA-D-homozygous cell lines are antigenically simpler than the heterozygous lines for the Merrit system and suggest that HLA-D-homozygosity may correlate with homozygosity for at least one of the Merrit loci.", "contents": "Reactivity of alloantibodies of the Merrit B-cell system with leukemic cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Twenty lymphoblastoid cell lines were typed with 38 antisera defining the 13 groups of the Merrit B-cell alloantigenic system, and results were compared with those of a 20-member CLL cell panel. While overall pattern of Merrit groups for the two types of cell population was similar, some sera in a number of groups showed unexpected negative cytotoxic reactions with lymphoid cells compared to other sera of the same group. However, in a number of instances, these negatively reacting cells could still specificity absorb out tb Merrit antibodies, suggesting that lymphoblastoid lines may show a higher incidence of the CYNAP (cytotoxicity-negative-absorption-positive) phenomenon than CLL cells. Twelve of the lymphoblastoid lines were HLA-D homozygous and in addition, each cell line displayed positive reactions for no more than 2 of the 13 Merrit groups, while 4 of the 8 heterozygous lines were positive for 3 of the 13 groups. These findings indicate that HLA-D-homozygous cell lines are antigenically simpler than the heterozygous lines for the Merrit system and suggest that HLA-D-homozygosity may correlate with homozygosity for at least one of the Merrit loci."}
{"id": "PMID:300927", "title": "HLA antigens and mitogen responsiveness in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Thirty-one MS patients were studied for their in vitro response to lymphocyte mitogens. Patients with HLA antigens A3 and/or B7 had lower mean peak responses to all three mitogens compared to A3, B7-negative patients. The difference in the mean peak responses to Con A were significantly different at a level of p less than 0.05. This supports the concept of a histocompatibility-linked T-cell deficiency in many patients with MS.", "contents": "HLA antigens and mitogen responsiveness in multiple sclerosis. Thirty-one MS patients were studied for their in vitro response to lymphocyte mitogens. Patients with HLA antigens A3 and/or B7 had lower mean peak responses to all three mitogens compared to A3, B7-negative patients. The difference in the mean peak responses to Con A were significantly different at a level of p less than 0.05. This supports the concept of a histocompatibility-linked T-cell deficiency in many patients with MS."}
{"id": "PMID:300933", "title": "[Evaluation of the blood coagulating system in acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages by thromboelastographic data].", "content": "Coagulation properties were studied thromboelastographically in 76 patients with acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages due to ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum, hemorrhagic gastritis and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A certain regularity was revealed, i. e. the more profuse the hemorrhage the more frequent hypocoagulation associated with high fibrinolysis rate. With this in view transfusion therapy should be aimed not only at the replacement of circulary blood bolume but also at the suppression of high fibrinolytic activity of blood.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the blood coagulating system in acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages by thromboelastographic data]. Coagulation properties were studied thromboelastographically in 76 patients with acute gastroduodenal hemorrhages due to ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum, hemorrhagic gastritis and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A certain regularity was revealed, i. e. the more profuse the hemorrhage the more frequent hypocoagulation associated with high fibrinolysis rate. With this in view transfusion therapy should be aimed not only at the replacement of circulary blood bolume but also at the suppression of high fibrinolytic activity of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:300934", "title": "[Diathermic coagulation via endoscope for stopping gastric hemorrhages].", "content": "The authors studied experimentally the effect of different methods of diathermocoagulation on gastric wall and the possibility to arrest gastric hemorrhages of various intensity by means of the methods under consideration. Monoactive diathermocoagulation, as compared with biactive one, was found to produce more extensive lesions of gastric wall both on the surface and in depth. Biactive method of diathermocoagulation is somewhat better than monoactive one in its hemostatic effect, by means of which it is feasible to arrest even profuse hemorrhage, that arise after incinsing gastric wall along its whole depth. The results obtained are described.", "contents": "[Diathermic coagulation via endoscope for stopping gastric hemorrhages]. The authors studied experimentally the effect of different methods of diathermocoagulation on gastric wall and the possibility to arrest gastric hemorrhages of various intensity by means of the methods under consideration. Monoactive diathermocoagulation, as compared with biactive one, was found to produce more extensive lesions of gastric wall both on the surface and in depth. Biactive method of diathermocoagulation is somewhat better than monoactive one in its hemostatic effect, by means of which it is feasible to arrest even profuse hemorrhage, that arise after incinsing gastric wall along its whole depth. The results obtained are described."}
{"id": "PMID:300942", "title": "[Treatment of patients with hemorrhages due to cancer of gastric stump].", "content": "In the paper, the results of studies of gastric hemorrhages due to gastric stump cancer are reported. A total of 36 patients were treated. Eighteen patients were operated previously for gastric cancer, 12 - for ulcerous disease, 5 - for polyposis of the stomach and 1 - for pylorospasm. Roentgenological and endoscopic studies are of primary importance for establishing the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cancer of the operated stomach. The treatment of such patients was initiated with conservative measures directed at arresting the hemorrhage and normalization of homeostasis. Eighteen patients were operated upon after the arrest of hemorrhage (in 6 - radical operation was performed, in 3 - palliative, in 9 - tentative laparotomy1. The total mortality in patients with hemorrhagic cancer of gastric stump was 30.5%.", "contents": "[Treatment of patients with hemorrhages due to cancer of gastric stump]. In the paper, the results of studies of gastric hemorrhages due to gastric stump cancer are reported. A total of 36 patients were treated. Eighteen patients were operated previously for gastric cancer, 12 - for ulcerous disease, 5 - for polyposis of the stomach and 1 - for pylorospasm. Roentgenological and endoscopic studies are of primary importance for establishing the diagnosis of hemorrhagic cancer of the operated stomach. The treatment of such patients was initiated with conservative measures directed at arresting the hemorrhage and normalization of homeostasis. Eighteen patients were operated upon after the arrest of hemorrhage (in 6 - radical operation was performed, in 3 - palliative, in 9 - tentative laparotomy1. The total mortality in patients with hemorrhagic cancer of gastric stump was 30.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:300944", "title": "[Peripheral blood lymphocytes in melanoma].", "content": "In 20 patients with melanoma and 8 healthy donors the number of lymphocytes binding type-specific immunoglobulin in peripheral blood was determined by the method of direct immunoluminescence. The content of B-and T-lymphocytes was calculated. The results obtained made it possible to find some regularities with respect to the cell concent of lymphocytes population in patients with melanoma. High values of T-cell amount were revealed mostly in the absence of metastases, the most high indices being observed in patients with prolonged absence of the recurrence and metastases after their surgical removal. There is a tendency to an increased number of T-lymphocytes under the influence of the combination treatment- surgical and pharmacological. In unfavourable course of the disease with metastasization and generalization the fall was noted in the number of T-cells.", "contents": "[Peripheral blood lymphocytes in melanoma]. In 20 patients with melanoma and 8 healthy donors the number of lymphocytes binding type-specific immunoglobulin in peripheral blood was determined by the method of direct immunoluminescence. The content of B-and T-lymphocytes was calculated. The results obtained made it possible to find some regularities with respect to the cell concent of lymphocytes population in patients with melanoma. High values of T-cell amount were revealed mostly in the absence of metastases, the most high indices being observed in patients with prolonged absence of the recurrence and metastases after their surgical removal. There is a tendency to an increased number of T-lymphocytes under the influence of the combination treatment- surgical and pharmacological. In unfavourable course of the disease with metastasization and generalization the fall was noted in the number of T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:300952", "title": "[Surgical treatment of portal hypertension].", "content": "From the surgical point of view is reported on the therapy of the portal hypertension by operations of anastomoses decreasing the pressure. Here the treatment of the haemorrhage of the oesophageal varices dangerous to life is in the first place. The porto-caval shunt is justified and successful in this emergency situation, since it has the decisive advantages of a short time of operation and an optimal release of pressure. Obstructive operations are indicated only in exceptional cases. Issuing from the haemodynamic criteria and from the moment of haemorrhage, the indication to the typical shunt operations is explained. Hereby it is established that the surgery of portal vessels is still considerably burdened by the postoperative encephalopathy. The modern anastomotic operations are directed to its prevention. Finally the author adopts a definite attitude to the peculiarities of the hypertension of the portal vein in children and it is in short referred to the operative treatment of the therapy-resistent ascites as well as of the hypersplenism.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of portal hypertension]. From the surgical point of view is reported on the therapy of the portal hypertension by operations of anastomoses decreasing the pressure. Here the treatment of the haemorrhage of the oesophageal varices dangerous to life is in the first place. The porto-caval shunt is justified and successful in this emergency situation, since it has the decisive advantages of a short time of operation and an optimal release of pressure. Obstructive operations are indicated only in exceptional cases. Issuing from the haemodynamic criteria and from the moment of haemorrhage, the indication to the typical shunt operations is explained. Hereby it is established that the surgery of portal vessels is still considerably burdened by the postoperative encephalopathy. The modern anastomotic operations are directed to its prevention. Finally the author adopts a definite attitude to the peculiarities of the hypertension of the portal vein in children and it is in short referred to the operative treatment of the therapy-resistent ascites as well as of the hypersplenism."}
{"id": "PMID:300953", "title": "[Immunopathogenetic aspects of chronic hepatitis].", "content": "In a short survey aspects to the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitides are explained. Hereby, partly critically, humoral and cellular immunophenomena are discussed, furthermore, the author deals with genetic factors, viruses and drugs as a cause of autoimmune hepatitides. Finally a simple working hypothesis to the pathogenesis is formulated and it is tried to classify the chronic aggressive hepatitis into six sub-groups on the basis of immunological, clinical and biochemical criteria: 1. much HBAg-associated, 2. lupoid, 3. drug-induced, 4. autoimmune cholostatic mixed form, 5. much associated with Ak to endoplasmatic reticulum and 6. undefined.", "contents": "[Immunopathogenetic aspects of chronic hepatitis]. In a short survey aspects to the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitides are explained. Hereby, partly critically, humoral and cellular immunophenomena are discussed, furthermore, the author deals with genetic factors, viruses and drugs as a cause of autoimmune hepatitides. Finally a simple working hypothesis to the pathogenesis is formulated and it is tried to classify the chronic aggressive hepatitis into six sub-groups on the basis of immunological, clinical and biochemical criteria: 1. much HBAg-associated, 2. lupoid, 3. drug-induced, 4. autoimmune cholostatic mixed form, 5. much associated with Ak to endoplasmatic reticulum and 6. undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:300960", "title": "[Peripheral cochleo-vestibular syndrome caused by vertebro-basilar insufficiency].", "content": "The author examined 55 patients with disorders of circulation in the vertebrobasillar basin where the most prevalent clinical signs were expressed in a cochleo-vestibular syndrome due to a lesion of the receptor apparatus of the inner ear. It was marked that in the clinical respect this syndrome was very similar to genuine Meniere's disease. The differential diagnosis of this disease is frequently very complicated. A detailed neurological and otoneurological examination demonstrated a combined lesion in the form of a simultaneous involvement into the process, of the inner ear, the brain stem and cerebellar hemisphere (in different varieties). Inasmuch as the blood supply is provided by the different branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in a vascular brain disorder the clinical signs may be qualified as a variant of the syndrome of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.", "contents": "[Peripheral cochleo-vestibular syndrome caused by vertebro-basilar insufficiency]. The author examined 55 patients with disorders of circulation in the vertebrobasillar basin where the most prevalent clinical signs were expressed in a cochleo-vestibular syndrome due to a lesion of the receptor apparatus of the inner ear. It was marked that in the clinical respect this syndrome was very similar to genuine Meniere's disease. The differential diagnosis of this disease is frequently very complicated. A detailed neurological and otoneurological examination demonstrated a combined lesion in the form of a simultaneous involvement into the process, of the inner ear, the brain stem and cerebellar hemisphere (in different varieties). Inasmuch as the blood supply is provided by the different branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in a vascular brain disorder the clinical signs may be qualified as a variant of the syndrome of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery."}
{"id": "PMID:300962", "title": "Pathology of cardiomyopathy. An autopsy analysis of twenty-five cases.", "content": "Pathology of twenty-five autopsied causes of cardiomyopathy is presented. Twenty cases were those of congestive cardiomyopathy. The ages varied between eleven and sixty-eight years and there were nine females and eleven males. The heart weights ranged between 240 gm and 600gm. Thrombi in the heart were encountered in 60% cases. Five cases conformed to endomyocardial fibrosis. The age ranged between twelve and forty years and all were males. Three cases out of five had severe left inflow tract involvement. Only one case showed predominant right sided involvement. No cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were encountered. There appears to be a higher incidence of EMF in the Southern parts of India as compared to the other regions where COCM is most commonly encountered. The variation in the type of cardiomyopathy encountered in different parts of India, may well be related to dietary, climatic conditions or infections, peculiar to that area.", "contents": "Pathology of cardiomyopathy. An autopsy analysis of twenty-five cases. Pathology of twenty-five autopsied causes of cardiomyopathy is presented. Twenty cases were those of congestive cardiomyopathy. The ages varied between eleven and sixty-eight years and there were nine females and eleven males. The heart weights ranged between 240 gm and 600gm. Thrombi in the heart were encountered in 60% cases. Five cases conformed to endomyocardial fibrosis. The age ranged between twelve and forty years and all were males. Three cases out of five had severe left inflow tract involvement. Only one case showed predominant right sided involvement. No cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were encountered. There appears to be a higher incidence of EMF in the Southern parts of India as compared to the other regions where COCM is most commonly encountered. The variation in the type of cardiomyopathy encountered in different parts of India, may well be related to dietary, climatic conditions or infections, peculiar to that area."}
{"id": "PMID:300963", "title": "Re-entry ectopic ventricular rhythm caused by artificial pacing.", "content": "Two cases with coupled ectopic ventricular rhythm associated with artificial pacing are presented. The premature ventricular beats appeared at a fixed distance from the R of the previous electrical stimulus complex and when pacing was stopped ventricular arrest occurred. This provides strong evidence that the ectopic ventricular beats were dependent on the electrical stimulus and therefore that they were produced by its re-entry. It was observed that the re-entry phenomenon occurred at low rates. This arrhythmia even persisted after the permanent pacing and was successfully suppressed by procainamide in both cases.", "contents": "Re-entry ectopic ventricular rhythm caused by artificial pacing. Two cases with coupled ectopic ventricular rhythm associated with artificial pacing are presented. The premature ventricular beats appeared at a fixed distance from the R of the previous electrical stimulus complex and when pacing was stopped ventricular arrest occurred. This provides strong evidence that the ectopic ventricular beats were dependent on the electrical stimulus and therefore that they were produced by its re-entry. It was observed that the re-entry phenomenon occurred at low rates. This arrhythmia even persisted after the permanent pacing and was successfully suppressed by procainamide in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:300964", "title": "Haemodynamic changes with blood transfusion in chronic severe anaemia.", "content": "Circulatory behavior in chronic, severely anaemic patients on volume loading is not precisely known. Twenty young male subjets with hook-worm anaemia, (Hb 2 to 5 gm %), without any complications were transfused with 300 or 600 ml of whole blood at 3 6 or ml/mt. Haemodynamic study was done before and immediately after. Blood volume was low, intracardiac pressures normal or minimally abnormal, cardiac output raised and vascular resistances low. After transfusion, there was a small but significant rise in arterial and mixed venous oxygen content, oxygen transport, heart rate, pulmonary wedge and mean polmonary arterial pressures and fall in % coeffcient of oxygen utilisation. Central venous pressures rose only with bigger transfusion. Change in cardiac output was related to the output before transfusion. Three subjects with cardiac index above 7 1/min had a fall and 6 of 7 below 7 1/min. a rise. Fall is perhaps related to the rise in blood oxygen content. It is argued that it is not an index of cardiac failure, as is often believed. Changes in pulmonary pressures are more sensitive than central venous pressure. One of our subjects died suddenly a day after uneventful study. Existing knowledge of haemodynamic status in severe anaemia and the change on transfusion helps little in explaining such deaths and others due to pulmonary oedema during or shortly after small to large transfusions. Further work in this field aiming to study changes in myocardial function and dynamic pressure volume relation in the vascular system is required.", "contents": "Haemodynamic changes with blood transfusion in chronic severe anaemia. Circulatory behavior in chronic, severely anaemic patients on volume loading is not precisely known. Twenty young male subjets with hook-worm anaemia, (Hb 2 to 5 gm %), without any complications were transfused with 300 or 600 ml of whole blood at 3 6 or ml/mt. Haemodynamic study was done before and immediately after. Blood volume was low, intracardiac pressures normal or minimally abnormal, cardiac output raised and vascular resistances low. After transfusion, there was a small but significant rise in arterial and mixed venous oxygen content, oxygen transport, heart rate, pulmonary wedge and mean polmonary arterial pressures and fall in % coeffcient of oxygen utilisation. Central venous pressures rose only with bigger transfusion. Change in cardiac output was related to the output before transfusion. Three subjects with cardiac index above 7 1/min had a fall and 6 of 7 below 7 1/min. a rise. Fall is perhaps related to the rise in blood oxygen content. It is argued that it is not an index of cardiac failure, as is often believed. Changes in pulmonary pressures are more sensitive than central venous pressure. One of our subjects died suddenly a day after uneventful study. Existing knowledge of haemodynamic status in severe anaemia and the change on transfusion helps little in explaining such deaths and others due to pulmonary oedema during or shortly after small to large transfusions. Further work in this field aiming to study changes in myocardial function and dynamic pressure volume relation in the vascular system is required."}
{"id": "PMID:300965", "title": "[Influence of perhexiline maleate on the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia. Ergometric study].", "content": "The improvement in the electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency under the influence of perhexiline maleate is the object of an ergometric study in 28 patients. Ergometric tests repeated at regular over an average period of 8.3 months show a rapid ECG improvement, sustained over the period of the study. The heart rate, registered while at rest, which diminshes between that noted at the beginning of the study and that noted at the first registration under treatment, remains stable during the three following registrations. At the end of the effort, on the other hand, a significant reduction in tachycardia is observed during all the registrations.", "contents": "[Influence of perhexiline maleate on the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia. Ergometric study]. The improvement in the electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency under the influence of perhexiline maleate is the object of an ergometric study in 28 patients. Ergometric tests repeated at regular over an average period of 8.3 months show a rapid ECG improvement, sustained over the period of the study. The heart rate, registered while at rest, which diminshes between that noted at the beginning of the study and that noted at the first registration under treatment, remains stable during the three following registrations. At the end of the effort, on the other hand, a significant reduction in tachycardia is observed during all the registrations."}
{"id": "PMID:300961", "title": "[Use of an electric field for experimental thrombosis of vessels and arterial aneurysms].", "content": "Two series of experiments with canine arteries were conducted with the employment of extravascular electrodes, I volt power and I to 2500 micronA current. With a current up to 500 micron A, as well as with the optimum current (2000-2500 micronA), but with an over 3.5 mm diameter of the vessel no complete thrombosis is achieved. This, according to the author, is due to the flow rate and power of the electric field created. The critical flow rate that permits to achieve electrothrombosis of an artery, is 250-300 ml/min. Electrothrombosis of artificial aneurysms permits to achieve their obstruction rather promptly. The optimum time of thrombosing is 40-60 min with a 2000-2500 micronA current. Any further exposure to the electric field does not result in thrombosis of the vessel in question.", "contents": "[Use of an electric field for experimental thrombosis of vessels and arterial aneurysms]. Two series of experiments with canine arteries were conducted with the employment of extravascular electrodes, I volt power and I to 2500 micronA current. With a current up to 500 micron A, as well as with the optimum current (2000-2500 micronA), but with an over 3.5 mm diameter of the vessel no complete thrombosis is achieved. This, according to the author, is due to the flow rate and power of the electric field created. The critical flow rate that permits to achieve electrothrombosis of an artery, is 250-300 ml/min. Electrothrombosis of artificial aneurysms permits to achieve their obstruction rather promptly. The optimum time of thrombosing is 40-60 min with a 2000-2500 micronA current. Any further exposure to the electric field does not result in thrombosis of the vessel in question."}
{"id": "PMID:300966", "title": "The effect of glucocorticosteroid administration on the survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Because of conflicting reports in the literature, we decided to test the effect of the administration of glucocorticosteroids on the survival of patients with A.M.I. admitted to hospital within 24 hours from the beginning of symptoms. When tested by sex, age or as a whole, there was no significant difference between the steroid treated group and controls. However, recent reports show that steroids reduce the size of the infarction and improve the chances for survival and less late complications in experimental animals. We feel that renewed efforts in this direction should be made, possibly with larger doses of steroids and for longer periods.", "contents": "The effect of glucocorticosteroid administration on the survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Because of conflicting reports in the literature, we decided to test the effect of the administration of glucocorticosteroids on the survival of patients with A.M.I. admitted to hospital within 24 hours from the beginning of symptoms. When tested by sex, age or as a whole, there was no significant difference between the steroid treated group and controls. However, recent reports show that steroids reduce the size of the infarction and improve the chances for survival and less late complications in experimental animals. We feel that renewed efforts in this direction should be made, possibly with larger doses of steroids and for longer periods."}
{"id": "PMID:300967", "title": "Myocardial contractility after injection of prolonged infusion of magnesium sulphate.", "content": "The effect of magnesium sulphate administration on myocardial inotropism has been evaluated by means of the noninvasive indexes of myocardium contractility in 18 patients affected by myocardiosclerosis associated with signs of cardiac impairment of different degree. Magnesium has been administered via either a prolonged infusion (30-50 mg/min) or a single injection (2.5 g/30 sec). It is emphasized that the influence of this agent on systolic time intervals (STI) is dependent upon its route of administration. Thus, prolonged infusion does not modify significantly these parameters, whereas a single injection induces marked variations, i.e., decrease of LVET, increase of PEP, ICT and PEP/LVET ratio, which are all more marked in cases of severe cardiac impairment. In view of the strict correlation established between the STI and the invasive indexes of myocardial contractility, it is suggested that administration of magnesium sulphate via prolonged infusion does not induce a decrease of cardiac performance, while a single injection of this agent leads to this effect.", "contents": "Myocardial contractility after injection of prolonged infusion of magnesium sulphate. The effect of magnesium sulphate administration on myocardial inotropism has been evaluated by means of the noninvasive indexes of myocardium contractility in 18 patients affected by myocardiosclerosis associated with signs of cardiac impairment of different degree. Magnesium has been administered via either a prolonged infusion (30-50 mg/min) or a single injection (2.5 g/30 sec). It is emphasized that the influence of this agent on systolic time intervals (STI) is dependent upon its route of administration. Thus, prolonged infusion does not modify significantly these parameters, whereas a single injection induces marked variations, i.e., decrease of LVET, increase of PEP, ICT and PEP/LVET ratio, which are all more marked in cases of severe cardiac impairment. In view of the strict correlation established between the STI and the invasive indexes of myocardial contractility, it is suggested that administration of magnesium sulphate via prolonged infusion does not induce a decrease of cardiac performance, while a single injection of this agent leads to this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:300970", "title": "[253 patients with acute pancreatitis treated at the surgical clinic in Zagreb].", "content": "253 patients with acute pancreatitis were treated in clinic for surgery in Zagreb through last 23 years. The most frequent cause of pancreatitis were diseases of biliary tract, obesity, vascular deseases, alcoholism etc. In the symtomatology, the pain was present in all patients and majority of them had abdominal symptoms as well. Most of the patients came to the treatment within the firsts 24 to 48 hours. Besides Trasylol various conservative therapy was applied and some patients were operated either on billiary ducts or on pancreas. 85 patients had to be operated again on billiary tract afterwards. From 253 patients treated 24 died (9,48%) because of the necrosis of pancreas and alterations on various other organs.", "contents": "[253 patients with acute pancreatitis treated at the surgical clinic in Zagreb]. 253 patients with acute pancreatitis were treated in clinic for surgery in Zagreb through last 23 years. The most frequent cause of pancreatitis were diseases of biliary tract, obesity, vascular deseases, alcoholism etc. In the symtomatology, the pain was present in all patients and majority of them had abdominal symptoms as well. Most of the patients came to the treatment within the firsts 24 to 48 hours. Besides Trasylol various conservative therapy was applied and some patients were operated either on billiary ducts or on pancreas. 85 patients had to be operated again on billiary tract afterwards. From 253 patients treated 24 died (9,48%) because of the necrosis of pancreas and alterations on various other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:300974", "title": "[Acute pancreatitis in our case reports].", "content": "On the Surgery Department of Military Hospital in Zagreb 164 cases of acute pancreatitis, among them 88 male and 76 female, were treated during the period of 1963 to 1974. Diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests as well as X-ray pictures of the lungs and abdomen. In most cases (72,5 percent) etiology of the disease has shown changes of biliary tract; obesity and alchoholism were also present in high percentage. Operative treatment was applied in 72 cases and 92 cases have undergone conservative treatment. Indications for surgical intervention were lithiasis, cholecystitis, inefficiency of conservative therapy during the first 12 hours and such cases in which diagnosis could not have been given with sufficient certainty. Along with usual surgical treatment in 23 cases in which biliary obstruction and serose pancreatitis were present choledochoduodenostomy was applied with satisfactory results. 28 patients died out of 164; mortality percentage 17,1.", "contents": "[Acute pancreatitis in our case reports]. On the Surgery Department of Military Hospital in Zagreb 164 cases of acute pancreatitis, among them 88 male and 76 female, were treated during the period of 1963 to 1974. Diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests as well as X-ray pictures of the lungs and abdomen. In most cases (72,5 percent) etiology of the disease has shown changes of biliary tract; obesity and alchoholism were also present in high percentage. Operative treatment was applied in 72 cases and 92 cases have undergone conservative treatment. Indications for surgical intervention were lithiasis, cholecystitis, inefficiency of conservative therapy during the first 12 hours and such cases in which diagnosis could not have been given with sufficient certainty. Along with usual surgical treatment in 23 cases in which biliary obstruction and serose pancreatitis were present choledochoduodenostomy was applied with satisfactory results. 28 patients died out of 164; mortality percentage 17,1."}
{"id": "PMID:300975", "title": "[Significance of omental dialysis in the treatment of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The omental dialysis is an elimination procedure of active pancreatic enzymes from the omental burse. The cases of acute serose and haemorrhagic pancreatitis are always indications for the omental dialysis. Naturally, there will be no results, if the major part of pancreas is necrotic. The purpose of the omental dialysis as a supplement to conservative treatment is to reduce rethalty, which, in our up to date acute pancreatitis casuistics total in average 14,5%. The application of omental dialysis justified with favourable clinical results.", "contents": "[Significance of omental dialysis in the treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The omental dialysis is an elimination procedure of active pancreatic enzymes from the omental burse. The cases of acute serose and haemorrhagic pancreatitis are always indications for the omental dialysis. Naturally, there will be no results, if the major part of pancreas is necrotic. The purpose of the omental dialysis as a supplement to conservative treatment is to reduce rethalty, which, in our up to date acute pancreatitis casuistics total in average 14,5%. The application of omental dialysis justified with favourable clinical results."}
{"id": "PMID:300976", "title": "[Supplement on the treatment of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "The authors describe their perceptions in pathogenesis, clinic and healing of acute pancreatitis. The importance of food fat and albumen metabolism, and alcohol effect are described. Authors prefere conservative cure. Removing the pain and shock, better function of pancreas drain channel, and parenteral feed with enough calories and vitamins are very important in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Special care is dedicated to take infection away and to the orderly function of cardiorespiratoral circulation. Operative treatment is strictly indicated in special cases. Holding on these lines of directions in treating medically acute pancreatitis we deduced mortality on hardly 2,14%.", "contents": "[Supplement on the treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The authors describe their perceptions in pathogenesis, clinic and healing of acute pancreatitis. The importance of food fat and albumen metabolism, and alcohol effect are described. Authors prefere conservative cure. Removing the pain and shock, better function of pancreas drain channel, and parenteral feed with enough calories and vitamins are very important in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Special care is dedicated to take infection away and to the orderly function of cardiorespiratoral circulation. Operative treatment is strictly indicated in special cases. Holding on these lines of directions in treating medically acute pancreatitis we deduced mortality on hardly 2,14%."}
{"id": "PMID:300977", "title": "[Acute necrotizing and hemorrhagic pancreatitis as a surgical problem].", "content": "The authors have analysed 235 patients suffering of acute pancreatitis. From that number 42 sick persons had severe pancreatitis with necrosis and hemorrhage. Mortality in this group was 83%. Mortality of the patients who were under the non-operative (conservative) therapy was 95%, and in the same time mortality of the patients who were treated surgically was 72%. Based upon their own experiences, the authors consider that patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis have to be treated surgically, when there's not change for the better by shock and improvement of patient's condition, when one has respiratory or cardiovasculary distresses, or when electrolytic disbalance is present, in these cases the operation has to be done 48 hours from the beginning of illness. Good drainage to peripancreatic and retroperitonel areas by sump drainage is the most essential part of action, wery useful are cholecystostomy, gastrostomy and jejunostomy.", "contents": "[Acute necrotizing and hemorrhagic pancreatitis as a surgical problem]. The authors have analysed 235 patients suffering of acute pancreatitis. From that number 42 sick persons had severe pancreatitis with necrosis and hemorrhage. Mortality in this group was 83%. Mortality of the patients who were under the non-operative (conservative) therapy was 95%, and in the same time mortality of the patients who were treated surgically was 72%. Based upon their own experiences, the authors consider that patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis have to be treated surgically, when there's not change for the better by shock and improvement of patient's condition, when one has respiratory or cardiovasculary distresses, or when electrolytic disbalance is present, in these cases the operation has to be done 48 hours from the beginning of illness. Good drainage to peripancreatic and retroperitonel areas by sump drainage is the most essential part of action, wery useful are cholecystostomy, gastrostomy and jejunostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:300978", "title": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion.", "content": "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of  herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out.", "contents": "Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from cornea to trigeminal ganglion. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was dripped on the scarified left cornea of adult mice. Twenty-four hours later the animals were fixed by vascular perfusion and frozen sections cut from both trigeminal ganglia. After incubation for peroxidase activity labelled nerve cells were restricted to the medial ophthalmic part of the ganglion ipsilateral to HRP administration. If the scarification was omitted no neuronal labelling was observed. This labelling of the neurons is most probably the result from axonal uptake and subsequent retrograde axonal transport of the tracer. The similarity in distribution of peroxidase labelled nerve cells and the first ganglionic lesions occurring after instillation of  herpes simplex virus in the cornea is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:300979", "title": "Effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin on the permeability of the inward- and the outward-facing membranes of the isolated from skin (Rana temporaria).", "content": "The effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin on the electrical properties and the passive permeability of the cell membranes was investigated. The addition of filipin to the outside bathing solution has the following effects: 1. it results in a drastic reduction in the transepithelial resistance and potential, 2. it causes a 10-20 times increase in the passive transepithelial chloride, sodium and sucrose flux, 3. it results in the formation of an amiloride insensitive sodium pathway in the outward facing membrane, 4. it results in an active outward transport of potassium, 5. it results in a highly significant swelling of all the cells in the epithelium. The addition of filipin to the inside bathing solution has the following effects 1. it results in an activation of the active sodium transport, 2. it causes a slight increase in the passive transepithelial chloride and sodium permeabilities but has no effect on the sucrose permeability, 3. it has no effect on the amiloride inhibition of the short-circuit current, 4. it has no effect on the volume of the cells in the epithelium. It is suggested that the addition of filipin to the outside bathing solution increases the direct sodium flow from cell to cell in neighbour layers. Furthermore these experiments indicate that the outward facing membrane of the isolated frog skin has a high cholesterol content as compared with the cholesterol content of the inward facing membrane.", "contents": "Effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin on the permeability of the inward- and the outward-facing membranes of the isolated from skin (Rana temporaria). The effect of the polyene antibiotic filipin on the electrical properties and the passive permeability of the cell membranes was investigated. The addition of filipin to the outside bathing solution has the following effects: 1. it results in a drastic reduction in the transepithelial resistance and potential, 2. it causes a 10-20 times increase in the passive transepithelial chloride, sodium and sucrose flux, 3. it results in the formation of an amiloride insensitive sodium pathway in the outward facing membrane, 4. it results in an active outward transport of potassium, 5. it results in a highly significant swelling of all the cells in the epithelium. The addition of filipin to the inside bathing solution has the following effects 1. it results in an activation of the active sodium transport, 2. it causes a slight increase in the passive transepithelial chloride and sodium permeabilities but has no effect on the sucrose permeability, 3. it has no effect on the amiloride inhibition of the short-circuit current, 4. it has no effect on the volume of the cells in the epithelium. It is suggested that the addition of filipin to the outside bathing solution increases the direct sodium flow from cell to cell in neighbour layers. Furthermore these experiments indicate that the outward facing membrane of the isolated frog skin has a high cholesterol content as compared with the cholesterol content of the inward facing membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:300983", "title": "Determinants of left ventricular function following aorto-coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Ventricular function was evaluated by the development of ventricular function curves from the vulumes stress of angiographic contrast media in 30 patients before and an average of 5 months after coronary bypass surgery. Patients were grouped according to preoperative operative indications, perioperative events, and postoperative status to determine the most important factors affecting postoperative ventricular function. Progression of lesions in the native coronary circulation correlated most significantly with a decrease in postoperative ventricular function. In 18 of 19 patients the changes in native coronary circulation were progression to complete occlusion. Seventy-three per cent of these changes were associated with a patent graft distal to the change. Patients with very ischemic ventricles as evidenced by a markedly positive stress test (greater than 2 mm. ST depression) and/or main left coronary obstruction maintained or improved postoperatively ventricular function. Increase in postoperative ejection fraction was often associated with decrease in aortic mean pressure, making it difficult to use this parameter to evaluate postoperative ventricular function.", "contents": "Determinants of left ventricular function following aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Ventricular function was evaluated by the development of ventricular function curves from the vulumes stress of angiographic contrast media in 30 patients before and an average of 5 months after coronary bypass surgery. Patients were grouped according to preoperative operative indications, perioperative events, and postoperative status to determine the most important factors affecting postoperative ventricular function. Progression of lesions in the native coronary circulation correlated most significantly with a decrease in postoperative ventricular function. In 18 of 19 patients the changes in native coronary circulation were progression to complete occlusion. Seventy-three per cent of these changes were associated with a patent graft distal to the change. Patients with very ischemic ventricles as evidenced by a markedly positive stress test (greater than 2 mm. ST depression) and/or main left coronary obstruction maintained or improved postoperatively ventricular function. Increase in postoperative ejection fraction was often associated with decrease in aortic mean pressure, making it difficult to use this parameter to evaluate postoperative ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:300984", "title": "Clinical pathologic conference. Purulent pericarditis with asymmetric cardiac tamponade: a cause of death months after coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "This relatively young man with a host of medical problems including polycystic kidneys. chronic renal failure, long-standing hypertension, and premature atherosclerosis, died of cardiovascular disease; not, as might be expected, from his severe coronary artery disease but rather from purulent pericarditis. The latter was an unusual and unexpected consequence of the entire complex of his illnesses and because of its confinement to the posterior pericardium by postoperative adhesions produced an asymmetric cardiac tamponade.", "contents": "Clinical pathologic conference. Purulent pericarditis with asymmetric cardiac tamponade: a cause of death months after coronary artery bypass surgery. This relatively young man with a host of medical problems including polycystic kidneys. chronic renal failure, long-standing hypertension, and premature atherosclerosis, died of cardiovascular disease; not, as might be expected, from his severe coronary artery disease but rather from purulent pericarditis. The latter was an unusual and unexpected consequence of the entire complex of his illnesses and because of its confinement to the posterior pericardium by postoperative adhesions produced an asymmetric cardiac tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:300986", "title": "Effect of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting on death and sudden death. Comparison of nonrandomized medically and surgically treated cohorts with comparable coronary disease and left ventricular function.", "content": "The effect of saphenous vein bypass grafting on the incidence of sudden cardiac death and total cardiovascular death was studied by comparing the survival of subsets of surgically and medically treated patients with coronary disease who were similar in two major prognostic variables: extent of coronary disease and ejection fraction. Significant differences in some baseline variables existed between medical and surgical subgroups with similar ejection fraction and extent of coronary disease. Medically treated patients tended to be in a lower functional class, to have more extensive ventricular contraction abnormalities, to have a larger end-diastolic volume, and to have fewer distal vessels feasible for grafting. Surgically treated patients with two vessel disease and normal or moderately reduced election fraction had improved survival when compared with medically treated patients with two vessel disease and similar ejection fraction. Improved survival of borderline statistical significance was also seen in surgically treated patients with three vessel disease and moderately reduced ejection fraction. When categorized according to end-diastolic volume, surgically treated patients with two vessel disease and normal or moderately increased end-diastolic volume also had improved survival over similarly defined medically treated patients. The sudden death rates for subgroups of mecically treated patients were 1.8 to 10.9 times higher than the rates in subgroups of surgically treated patients with a comparable extent of coronary disease and ejection fraction.", "contents": "Effect of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting on death and sudden death. Comparison of nonrandomized medically and surgically treated cohorts with comparable coronary disease and left ventricular function. The effect of saphenous vein bypass grafting on the incidence of sudden cardiac death and total cardiovascular death was studied by comparing the survival of subsets of surgically and medically treated patients with coronary disease who were similar in two major prognostic variables: extent of coronary disease and ejection fraction. Significant differences in some baseline variables existed between medical and surgical subgroups with similar ejection fraction and extent of coronary disease. Medically treated patients tended to be in a lower functional class, to have more extensive ventricular contraction abnormalities, to have a larger end-diastolic volume, and to have fewer distal vessels feasible for grafting. Surgically treated patients with two vessel disease and normal or moderately reduced election fraction had improved survival when compared with medically treated patients with two vessel disease and similar ejection fraction. Improved survival of borderline statistical significance was also seen in surgically treated patients with three vessel disease and moderately reduced ejection fraction. When categorized according to end-diastolic volume, surgically treated patients with two vessel disease and normal or moderately increased end-diastolic volume also had improved survival over similarly defined medically treated patients. The sudden death rates for subgroups of mecically treated patients were 1.8 to 10.9 times higher than the rates in subgroups of surgically treated patients with a comparable extent of coronary disease and ejection fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:300987", "title": "Ultrastructure of traumatic cataractogenesis in the frog: a comparison with mouse and human lens.", "content": "Normal and needle-punctured lenses of Rana pipiens were examined with the electron microscope in order to characterize the sequence of ultrastructural changes that follow the injury over a 5-month period. Results were compared with those obtained previously in experimentally injured mouse and accidentally injured human lenses. The normal adult frog lens was found to have a morphology similar to that of mammalian lenses. As in the human, frog lens epithelial cells contained scattered microfilaments and were connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. They differed from mouse cells, which had been shown to lack desmosomes and to have microfilaments organized into dense bundles. These differences are postulated to be related to the degree of accommodative deformation of the lens displayed by these species. After injury, cellular debris and fibrin, accumulated in the wound, were phagocytized by extrinsic cells derived from the blood and ocular tissues. Leucocytes, pigmented cells and fibroblasts remained in the wound for eight weeks, along with epithelial cells which proliferated and migrated from the wound margins.Epithelial cells showed an increase in those organelles associated with protein synthesis and transport, and in microfilaments. In cataractous lenses, epithelial cells showed changes in matrix, and lens fibers became organized into smaller, denser compressed units. At five months, considerable healing had taken place, but localized opacities persisted in many frog lenses.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of traumatic cataractogenesis in the frog: a comparison with mouse and human lens. Normal and needle-punctured lenses of Rana pipiens were examined with the electron microscope in order to characterize the sequence of ultrastructural changes that follow the injury over a 5-month period. Results were compared with those obtained previously in experimentally injured mouse and accidentally injured human lenses. The normal adult frog lens was found to have a morphology similar to that of mammalian lenses. As in the human, frog lens epithelial cells contained scattered microfilaments and were connected by desmosomes and gap junctions. They differed from mouse cells, which had been shown to lack desmosomes and to have microfilaments organized into dense bundles. These differences are postulated to be related to the degree of accommodative deformation of the lens displayed by these species. After injury, cellular debris and fibrin, accumulated in the wound, were phagocytized by extrinsic cells derived from the blood and ocular tissues. Leucocytes, pigmented cells and fibroblasts remained in the wound for eight weeks, along with epithelial cells which proliferated and migrated from the wound margins.Epithelial cells showed an increase in those organelles associated with protein synthesis and transport, and in microfilaments. In cataractous lenses, epithelial cells showed changes in matrix, and lens fibers became organized into smaller, denser compressed units. At five months, considerable healing had taken place, but localized opacities persisted in many frog lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:300988", "title": "The effect of the synthetic prostaglandin analog 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester on gastric mucosal hemorrhage induced in rats by taurocholic acid and hydrochloric acid.", "content": "The incidence of mucosal hemorrhage induced in rats by the oral administration of taurocholic acid (TCA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) both singly and in combination was investigated. The effect of prostaglandin 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) on the occurrence of hemorrhage induced by TCA with HCl was also studied. The incidence of hemorrhage induced by TCA (10 mM) alone and HCl (160 mM) alone was minimal and not different from that induced by the control solution. The combination of TCA (10 mM) and HCl (160 mM) produced bleeding in 67.7% of animals. The addition of 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester (9.9 micronM, corresponding to 50 microng/Kg) significantly reduced the incidence of hemorrhage induced by the combination of TCA with HCl from 67.7% to 31.3%. This suggests that this synthetic prostaglandin may be of value in conditions thought to be associated with reflux of bile into the stomach.", "contents": "The effect of the synthetic prostaglandin analog 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester on gastric mucosal hemorrhage induced in rats by taurocholic acid and hydrochloric acid. The incidence of mucosal hemorrhage induced in rats by the oral administration of taurocholic acid (TCA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) both singly and in combination was investigated. The effect of prostaglandin 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester (Me-PGE2) on the occurrence of hemorrhage induced by TCA with HCl was also studied. The incidence of hemorrhage induced by TCA (10 mM) alone and HCl (160 mM) alone was minimal and not different from that induced by the control solution. The combination of TCA (10 mM) and HCl (160 mM) produced bleeding in 67.7% of animals. The addition of 15 (R) 15 methyl-PGE2 methyl ester (9.9 micronM, corresponding to 50 microng/Kg) significantly reduced the incidence of hemorrhage induced by the combination of TCA with HCl from 67.7% to 31.3%. This suggests that this synthetic prostaglandin may be of value in conditions thought to be associated with reflux of bile into the stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:300989", "title": "Treatment of cardiogenic shock in myocardial infarction by intraaortic balloon counterpulsation surgery.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction were treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and/or surgery. Eighteen of these patients were treated with counterpulsation alone; eight survived and five were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; two were in functional class III, and one was in functional class IV. Nineteen patients were treated surgically, eight survived and seven were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; one was in functional class III. Good functional recovery with counterpulsation alone is most common with inferior infarction. With surgery, functional recovery depends not only on the extent of the infarction and the coronary anatomy, but also on the ability to perform surgery within 12 hours of infarction or to support the patient with mechanical means for 10 to 14 days after the infarction and then perform surgery.", "contents": "Treatment of cardiogenic shock in myocardial infarction by intraaortic balloon counterpulsation surgery. Thirty-seven patients in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction were treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and/or surgery. Eighteen of these patients were treated with counterpulsation alone; eight survived and five were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; two were in functional class III, and one was in functional class IV. Nineteen patients were treated surgically, eight survived and seven were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; one was in functional class III. Good functional recovery with counterpulsation alone is most common with inferior infarction. With surgery, functional recovery depends not only on the extent of the infarction and the coronary anatomy, but also on the ability to perform surgery within 12 hours of infarction or to support the patient with mechanical means for 10 to 14 days after the infarction and then perform surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:300990", "title": "Fatigue and posttetanic potentiation in single muscle fibers of the frog.", "content": "At 15 degrees C, direct stimulation of frog single muscle fibers at a frequency of 20 Hz produced a tetanic tension that remained constant for 20 s and then declined. The decline was reversed during 1-s interruptions of the stimulus train in the first 50 s of stimulation, but not with longer stimulation. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP), characterized by prolonged twitch relaxation and contraction times and elevation of twitch height, remained for 10-40 min after a 10-s tetanus and for at least 90 min after a 50- to 150-s tetanus. Posttetanic fatigue appeared only after at least 50s of tetanic stimulation. Fatigue was manifested invariably by a reduction in the height of a 200-ms tetanic contraction and usually by a reduction in twitch height after PTP. Fatigued fibers recovered normal contractile responses in 40-160 min. Hypertonic solutions, which blocked contraction in response to tetanic stimulation, prevented posttetanic fatigue but not PTP. The observations suggest that fatigue is caused by a failure in excitation-contraction coupling, probably in relation to consumption of metabolic substrates. Even 10-s tetani which do not produce fatigue can affect muscle contractile function for up to 40 min.", "contents": "Fatigue and posttetanic potentiation in single muscle fibers of the frog. At 15 degrees C, direct stimulation of frog single muscle fibers at a frequency of 20 Hz produced a tetanic tension that remained constant for 20 s and then declined. The decline was reversed during 1-s interruptions of the stimulus train in the first 50 s of stimulation, but not with longer stimulation. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP), characterized by prolonged twitch relaxation and contraction times and elevation of twitch height, remained for 10-40 min after a 10-s tetanus and for at least 90 min after a 50- to 150-s tetanus. Posttetanic fatigue appeared only after at least 50s of tetanic stimulation. Fatigue was manifested invariably by a reduction in the height of a 200-ms tetanic contraction and usually by a reduction in twitch height after PTP. Fatigued fibers recovered normal contractile responses in 40-160 min. Hypertonic solutions, which blocked contraction in response to tetanic stimulation, prevented posttetanic fatigue but not PTP. The observations suggest that fatigue is caused by a failure in excitation-contraction coupling, probably in relation to consumption of metabolic substrates. Even 10-s tetani which do not produce fatigue can affect muscle contractile function for up to 40 min."}
{"id": "PMID:300991", "title": "Socialization and the human physiologic response to crowding.", "content": "Cross-sectional data were analyzed for a possible relationship between household densities and physiologic alteration, based on socialization experiences with siblings in an earlier home environment. The measure of household density was persons-per-room and the measure of physiologic alteration was urinary vanillylmandelic acid. The results show an interaction between number-of-sibs and number-of-younger-sibs, with a statistically significant positive correlation between household densities and VMA values for subjects with fewer total sibs and no younger sibs, while a negative correlation was observed for subjects with one or more younger sibs. One possible interpretation of these results is that the physiologic response to crowding in humans is dependent at least in part on the earlier socialization experiences of the individual.", "contents": "Socialization and the human physiologic response to crowding. Cross-sectional data were analyzed for a possible relationship between household densities and physiologic alteration, based on socialization experiences with siblings in an earlier home environment. The measure of household density was persons-per-room and the measure of physiologic alteration was urinary vanillylmandelic acid. The results show an interaction between number-of-sibs and number-of-younger-sibs, with a statistically significant positive correlation between household densities and VMA values for subjects with fewer total sibs and no younger sibs, while a negative correlation was observed for subjects with one or more younger sibs. One possible interpretation of these results is that the physiologic response to crowding in humans is dependent at least in part on the earlier socialization experiences of the individual."}
{"id": "PMID:300993", "title": "Collection method dependent concentrations of some metabolites in human tear fluid, with special reference to glucose in hyperglycaemic conditions.", "content": "Concentrations of the metabolites glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and urea were determined in human tear fluid. Collection of the tears in glass capillaries, without mechanical irritation, permitted the estimation of naturally occurring levels of these metabolites. Glucose concentrations were very low, also in diabetics with high blood glucose levels. Lactate was present at higher levels and pyruvate and urea in about the same concentrations as normally for blood. Collection of the tears with filter paper strips as absorbent material caused slight epithelial damage and consequently a loss of the barrier function of the epithelium. In filter paper eluates glucose concentrations were found to be much higher, especially in diabetics with high blood glucose levels. Lactate and pyruvate concentrations were not influenced, whereas the urea concentrations decreased. The value of clinical tear glucose tests is discussed.", "contents": "Collection method dependent concentrations of some metabolites in human tear fluid, with special reference to glucose in hyperglycaemic conditions. Concentrations of the metabolites glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and urea were determined in human tear fluid. Collection of the tears in glass capillaries, without mechanical irritation, permitted the estimation of naturally occurring levels of these metabolites. Glucose concentrations were very low, also in diabetics with high blood glucose levels. Lactate was present at higher levels and pyruvate and urea in about the same concentrations as normally for blood. Collection of the tears with filter paper strips as absorbent material caused slight epithelial damage and consequently a loss of the barrier function of the epithelium. In filter paper eluates glucose concentrations were found to be much higher, especially in diabetics with high blood glucose levels. Lactate and pyruvate concentrations were not influenced, whereas the urea concentrations decreased. The value of clinical tear glucose tests is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:300994", "title": "Some characteristics of the C-wave of ERGs recorded by a pair of electrodes on the cornea and sclera.", "content": "Light-evoked responses of the rabbit retina in situ were recorded between the electrode on the longitudinal line of the nasal (positive) and the electrode on the opposite longitudinal line of the temporal side (negative). The c-wave was negative and the a-, b-wave was reversed when the negative (temporal) electrode was closer to the corneal center than the positive (nasal) electrode. The c-wave decreased its amplitude as the positive electrode came to the same latitudinal position as that of the negative one. Then, the c-wave was cancelled out in appearance on the recordings. When the negative electrode moved further into the posterior pole, the polarities of the c-wave as well as of the a-, b-wave were returned to those of routine ERGs.", "contents": "Some characteristics of the C-wave of ERGs recorded by a pair of electrodes on the cornea and sclera. Light-evoked responses of the rabbit retina in situ were recorded between the electrode on the longitudinal line of the nasal (positive) and the electrode on the opposite longitudinal line of the temporal side (negative). The c-wave was negative and the a-, b-wave was reversed when the negative (temporal) electrode was closer to the corneal center than the positive (nasal) electrode. The c-wave decreased its amplitude as the positive electrode came to the same latitudinal position as that of the negative one. Then, the c-wave was cancelled out in appearance on the recordings. When the negative electrode moved further into the posterior pole, the polarities of the c-wave as well as of the a-, b-wave were returned to those of routine ERGs."}
{"id": "PMID:300995", "title": "Studies on the \"vascular labeling\" phenomenon in the iris and the ciliary body of the rat after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon.", "content": "The occurrence of carbon deposits after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon (vascular labeling phenomenon) in the iris and the ciliary body of the rat eye was studied by vital microscopy, unstained perfused mount preparations, and by electron microscopy. Generally in the untouched eye the vascular labeling phenomenon is either absent or appears only in the form of finest granular deposits in some capillaries and venules of the iris and the ciliary body. A decrease of intraocular pressure by paracentesis causes a certain blackening phenomenon, which prefers the capillaries and the venules of the iris and the capillaries in the ciliary processes. This effect is intensified by a further decrease of the intraocular pressure to -30 mm Hg. Predominantly the deposits are found stronger in the ciliary region than in the iris. Increase of the intraocular pressure of up to 30 mm Hg diminishes the blackening phenomenon. After administration of the vasodilator bencyclane into the anterior chamber the vascular labeling phenomenon shows a clear graduation of carbon affinity depending upon the concentration of the drug: The capillaries and venules are exclusively blackened at low concentrations, additionally the collecting venules and arterioles are influenced at medium and high doses. By electron microscopy an intraluminal as well as an intramural (subendothelial) deposition of carbon, partly accompanied with signs of hemoconcentration, can be seen. Extravascular position of carbon material is seldom observed and restricted to a state of abnormally high vascular permeability. The observations give evidence for a 'gradient of permeability' between the different types of vessels of the terminal anterior uveal vascular system and also permit the assumption that the vessels of the ciliary processes are more permeable than those of the iris.", "contents": "Studies on the \"vascular labeling\" phenomenon in the iris and the ciliary body of the rat after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon. The occurrence of carbon deposits after intravenous injection of colloidal carbon (vascular labeling phenomenon) in the iris and the ciliary body of the rat eye was studied by vital microscopy, unstained perfused mount preparations, and by electron microscopy. Generally in the untouched eye the vascular labeling phenomenon is either absent or appears only in the form of finest granular deposits in some capillaries and venules of the iris and the ciliary body. A decrease of intraocular pressure by paracentesis causes a certain blackening phenomenon, which prefers the capillaries and the venules of the iris and the capillaries in the ciliary processes. This effect is intensified by a further decrease of the intraocular pressure to -30 mm Hg. Predominantly the deposits are found stronger in the ciliary region than in the iris. Increase of the intraocular pressure of up to 30 mm Hg diminishes the blackening phenomenon. After administration of the vasodilator bencyclane into the anterior chamber the vascular labeling phenomenon shows a clear graduation of carbon affinity depending upon the concentration of the drug: The capillaries and venules are exclusively blackened at low concentrations, additionally the collecting venules and arterioles are influenced at medium and high doses. By electron microscopy an intraluminal as well as an intramural (subendothelial) deposition of carbon, partly accompanied with signs of hemoconcentration, can be seen. Extravascular position of carbon material is seldom observed and restricted to a state of abnormally high vascular permeability. The observations give evidence for a 'gradient of permeability' between the different types of vessels of the terminal anterior uveal vascular system and also permit the assumption that the vessels of the ciliary processes are more permeable than those of the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:300996", "title": "Chemical composition of the aqueous humor of bovine eyes dependent on predetermined time upon removal.", "content": "The content of several carbohydrates [glucose (alpha and beta), inositol, fructose, galactose] and aminoacids in the aqueous of bovine lenses was measured in dependence on time after globe puncture, using the method of gas liquid chromatography (carbohydrates) and ion exchange chromatography (amino acids). The contents of the investigated compounds show distinct postmortal changes. Aqueous humor which had been obtained immediately after enucleation of the bovine eyes and kept at 37 degrees C for different periods of time (1-8 h) showed for the carbohydrates investigated a decrease in fructose concentration, whereas almost all amino acid concentrations were increased, with the exception of leucine, tyrosine, and arginine, which were decreased.", "contents": "Chemical composition of the aqueous humor of bovine eyes dependent on predetermined time upon removal. The content of several carbohydrates [glucose (alpha and beta), inositol, fructose, galactose] and aminoacids in the aqueous of bovine lenses was measured in dependence on time after globe puncture, using the method of gas liquid chromatography (carbohydrates) and ion exchange chromatography (amino acids). The contents of the investigated compounds show distinct postmortal changes. Aqueous humor which had been obtained immediately after enucleation of the bovine eyes and kept at 37 degrees C for different periods of time (1-8 h) showed for the carbohydrates investigated a decrease in fructose concentration, whereas almost all amino acid concentrations were increased, with the exception of leucine, tyrosine, and arginine, which were decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:300997", "title": "[Elements of photoreceptors in retinoblastomas (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3 cases of 29 retinoblastomas (roughly 10%) structures similar to processes of photoreceptors were found. In each of them so-called fleurette cells were seen. In one case, described in detail, many lamellar structures appeared corresponding to the outer segment of the photoreceptor.", "contents": "[Elements of photoreceptors in retinoblastomas (author's transl)]. In 3 cases of 29 retinoblastomas (roughly 10%) structures similar to processes of photoreceptors were found. In each of them so-called fleurette cells were seen. In one case, described in detail, many lamellar structures appeared corresponding to the outer segment of the photoreceptor."}
{"id": "PMID:300998", "title": "[Topographical variations in the development and distribution of the pattern of retinal phosphatides (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study deals with the topographical variations of the pattern of the retinal phosphatides. For evalution of the phosphatides in the central and peripheral retina served the eyes of rabbits, 15, 26 and 60 days after birth. The essential process of maturation was only in the central retinal area provable. In the retina of adult pigs the pattern of the fatty acids of the phosphatides showed a decrease of the polyunsaturated fatty acids towards the periphery.", "contents": "[Topographical variations in the development and distribution of the pattern of retinal phosphatides (author's transl)]. The present study deals with the topographical variations of the pattern of the retinal phosphatides. For evalution of the phosphatides in the central and peripheral retina served the eyes of rabbits, 15, 26 and 60 days after birth. The essential process of maturation was only in the central retinal area provable. In the retina of adult pigs the pattern of the fatty acids of the phosphatides showed a decrease of the polyunsaturated fatty acids towards the periphery."}
{"id": "PMID:300999", "title": "[Histocompatibility antigens and open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 41 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 450 healthy, unrelated controls of identical ethnic origin the frequencies of 36 HLA antigens were determined using the microlymphocytotoxicity test. In contrast to recent publications it was not possible to confirm a significant difference in the incidence of the antigens in both groups. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed.", "contents": "[Histocompatibility antigens and open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. In 41 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 450 healthy, unrelated controls of identical ethnic origin the frequencies of 36 HLA antigens were determined using the microlymphocytotoxicity test. In contrast to recent publications it was not possible to confirm a significant difference in the incidence of the antigens in both groups. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301000", "title": "Relationship of leukocyte elastase concentration to severity of emphysema in homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient persons.", "content": "In 9 alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient (PiZZ) persons 40 to 53 years of age, the relationships between the concentration of elastolytic protease of polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules and cigarette smoking, and the degree of abnormality in detailed pulmonary function tests were explored. Regardless of the statistical analytic approach used, elastase concentration was related more frequently and significantly than smoking history to the degree of abnormality observed in tests of pulmonary function. The data suggest that the severity of pulmonary dysfunction in PiZZ persons may be determined by variables other than age and cigarette smoking, including the concentration of elastolytic protease in leukocyte lysosomes.", "contents": "Relationship of leukocyte elastase concentration to severity of emphysema in homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient persons. In 9 alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient (PiZZ) persons 40 to 53 years of age, the relationships between the concentration of elastolytic protease of polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules and cigarette smoking, and the degree of abnormality in detailed pulmonary function tests were explored. Regardless of the statistical analytic approach used, elastase concentration was related more frequently and significantly than smoking history to the degree of abnormality observed in tests of pulmonary function. The data suggest that the severity of pulmonary dysfunction in PiZZ persons may be determined by variables other than age and cigarette smoking, including the concentration of elastolytic protease in leukocyte lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:301001", "title": "[Successive connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, then lupus). Clinical and biological study of 4 cases].", "content": "The authors present 4 patients who had suffered for several years from isolated systemic scleroderma and in whom, after 3, 10, 19 and 22 years, clinical, biological and histological signs of DLE appeared. There was no current further progression of the scleroderma in two cases, at the time of onset of DLE. In the oter two cases, it had disappeared. All four patients had a serum cryoglobulin. In all cases the kidneys were involved histologically : extra membranous glomerulitis in one, segmental glomerulitis in a second, and diffuse progressive glomerulitis in the last two. The authors analyse the biological changes which accompanied the clinical transformation. One of the patients had anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies. She died from severe renal involvement which would be against the good prognosis usually associated with the presence of this type of antibody.", "contents": "[Successive connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, then lupus). Clinical and biological study of 4 cases]. The authors present 4 patients who had suffered for several years from isolated systemic scleroderma and in whom, after 3, 10, 19 and 22 years, clinical, biological and histological signs of DLE appeared. There was no current further progression of the scleroderma in two cases, at the time of onset of DLE. In the oter two cases, it had disappeared. All four patients had a serum cryoglobulin. In all cases the kidneys were involved histologically : extra membranous glomerulitis in one, segmental glomerulitis in a second, and diffuse progressive glomerulitis in the last two. The authors analyse the biological changes which accompanied the clinical transformation. One of the patients had anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies. She died from severe renal involvement which would be against the good prognosis usually associated with the presence of this type of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:301004", "title": "Antibacterial activity of netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, compared with that of gentamicin.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was compared with that of gentamicin against a variety of gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci, and streptococci. Both antibiotics had similar activity against most organisms, but netilmicin had appreciably greater activity against gram-negative organisms that were resistant to gentamicin because these species synthesized aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase I or aminoglycoside 2''-O-nucleotidyltransferase. Netilmicin was also more active than gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produced two enzymes-aminoglycoside-2''-O-phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-6'-N-acetyltransferase.", "contents": "Antibacterial activity of netilmicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, compared with that of gentamicin. The antibacterial activity of netilmicin (Sch 20569), a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was compared with that of gentamicin against a variety of gram-negative bacteria, staphylococci, and streptococci. Both antibiotics had similar activity against most organisms, but netilmicin had appreciably greater activity against gram-negative organisms that were resistant to gentamicin because these species synthesized aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase I or aminoglycoside 2''-O-nucleotidyltransferase. Netilmicin was also more active than gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produced two enzymes-aminoglycoside-2''-O-phosphotransferase and aminoglycoside-6'-N-acetyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:301005", "title": "Comparison of in vitro activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor.", "content": "Inhibitory activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor was compared by the WHO-ICS agar dilution technique. Cefaclor was substantially more active against staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, Haemophilus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, salmonellae, and shigellae than was cephalexin, which in turn was more active than cephradine. Cefaclor appeared to be less resistant to staphylococcal penicillinase than did the other two agents. None of these cephalosporins was active against Enterobacter, Serratia, indole-positive Proteeae, Pseudomonas, or Bacteroides fragilis.", "contents": "Comparison of in vitro activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor. Inhibitory activity of cephalexin, cephradine, and cefaclor was compared by the WHO-ICS agar dilution technique. Cefaclor was substantially more active against staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, meningococci, Haemophilus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, salmonellae, and shigellae than was cephalexin, which in turn was more active than cephradine. Cefaclor appeared to be less resistant to staphylococcal penicillinase than did the other two agents. None of these cephalosporins was active against Enterobacter, Serratia, indole-positive Proteeae, Pseudomonas, or Bacteroides fragilis."}
{"id": "PMID:301006", "title": "Ampicillin-induced morphological alterations of Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "Inhibitory levels of ampicillin induced filamentation of growing Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 19418 within 30 min. Filaments became swollen and interrupted by regular periodic saccular outpouchings along the major axis. The degree of filamentation was dependent upon ampicillin concentration and time.", "contents": "Ampicillin-induced morphological alterations of Haemophilus influenzae type b. Inhibitory levels of ampicillin induced filamentation of growing Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 19418 within 30 min. Filaments became swollen and interrupted by regular periodic saccular outpouchings along the major axis. The degree of filamentation was dependent upon ampicillin concentration and time."}
{"id": "PMID:301007", "title": "Comparative acitivity of ampicillin and cefuroxime against three types of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "On the basis of their susceptibility to ampicillin, strains of Haemophilus influenzae can be divided into three types: type 1 are normally susceptible strains, type 2 produce stable spheroplasts from low inocula, and type 3 are beta-lactamase producers. Because of the production of spheroplasts, standard broth and agar dilution techniques have failed to differentiate between the responses of type 2 and 3 strains to ampicillin, or to identify the superiority of cefuroxime over ampicillin against the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Disk susceptibility tests with heavily seeded plates were also difficult to interpret. To overcome these problems, we developed a medium that supports the growth of H. influenzae, but not survival of spheroplasts, thereby reducing the complicating influence of spheroplast formation. Utilization of the medium made it possible to identify beta-lactamase-producing strains via both minimal inhibitory concentration and disk susceptibility techniques, as well as the superiority of cefuroxime over ampicillin against such strains. In vivo experiments showed that cefuroxime and ampicillin are equally active against infections with type 1 and 2 strains, but that cefuroxime is superior to ampicillin against infections with type 3 beta-lactamase-producing strains.", "contents": "Comparative acitivity of ampicillin and cefuroxime against three types of Haemophilus influenzae. On the basis of their susceptibility to ampicillin, strains of Haemophilus influenzae can be divided into three types: type 1 are normally susceptible strains, type 2 produce stable spheroplasts from low inocula, and type 3 are beta-lactamase producers. Because of the production of spheroplasts, standard broth and agar dilution techniques have failed to differentiate between the responses of type 2 and 3 strains to ampicillin, or to identify the superiority of cefuroxime over ampicillin against the beta-lactamase-producing strains. Disk susceptibility tests with heavily seeded plates were also difficult to interpret. To overcome these problems, we developed a medium that supports the growth of H. influenzae, but not survival of spheroplasts, thereby reducing the complicating influence of spheroplast formation. Utilization of the medium made it possible to identify beta-lactamase-producing strains via both minimal inhibitory concentration and disk susceptibility techniques, as well as the superiority of cefuroxime over ampicillin against such strains. In vivo experiments showed that cefuroxime and ampicillin are equally active against infections with type 1 and 2 strains, but that cefuroxime is superior to ampicillin against infections with type 3 beta-lactamase-producing strains."}
{"id": "PMID:301008", "title": "Bactericidal factor produced by Haemophilus influenzae b: partial purification of the factor and transfer of its genetic determinant.", "content": "When aerobically grown on complex media, Haemophilus influenzae b and unencapsulated variants, Rb strains, produced a bactericidal factor that was active against other Haemophilus species and certain genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 341 clinical isolates of Haemophilus were tested for susceptibility to the factor. Ninety-three percent of H. influenzae (nontypable), 75% of H. haemolyticus, 71% of H. parainfluenzae, and 22% of H. parahaemolyticus were susceptible. H. influenaze b strains were resistant producers of the bactericidal factor and H. influenzae f strains were susceptible nonproducers. Only one strain each of H. aegyptius and H. aphrophilus was isolated and each was susceptible and resistant, respectively. 143 clinical isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae were tested and of those 82% of Escherichia coli, 85% of Salmonella sp., and all Citrobacter sp., Shigella sp., and Yersinia sp. were sensitive to the bactericidal factor produced by H. influenzae b. Attempts to isolate the bactericidal activity from mechanically disrupted, solubilized, or osmotically shocked cells failed to release active bactericidal factor. However, we partially purified the bactericidal factor from the spent culture medium of aerobically grown H. influenzae b by a series of extractions. The ability to produce the bactericidal factor was transferable to nonproducer strains without also genetically transforming for type b encapsulation. The converse was also true in that type b capsules were produced by transformed H. influenzae Rd strains but no bactericidal factor was detected from these strains. Additionally, nitrosoguanidine-induced mutants of H. influenzae b lost the ability to produce bactericidal factor without loss of their type-specific capsule, demonstrating that production of the bactericidal factor was genetically separable from production of the type capsule of H. influenzae b.", "contents": "Bactericidal factor produced by Haemophilus influenzae b: partial purification of the factor and transfer of its genetic determinant. When aerobically grown on complex media, Haemophilus influenzae b and unencapsulated variants, Rb strains, produced a bactericidal factor that was active against other Haemophilus species and certain genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 341 clinical isolates of Haemophilus were tested for susceptibility to the factor. Ninety-three percent of H. influenzae (nontypable), 75% of H. haemolyticus, 71% of H. parainfluenzae, and 22% of H. parahaemolyticus were susceptible. H. influenaze b strains were resistant producers of the bactericidal factor and H. influenzae f strains were susceptible nonproducers. Only one strain each of H. aegyptius and H. aphrophilus was isolated and each was susceptible and resistant, respectively. 143 clinical isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae were tested and of those 82% of Escherichia coli, 85% of Salmonella sp., and all Citrobacter sp., Shigella sp., and Yersinia sp. were sensitive to the bactericidal factor produced by H. influenzae b. Attempts to isolate the bactericidal activity from mechanically disrupted, solubilized, or osmotically shocked cells failed to release active bactericidal factor. However, we partially purified the bactericidal factor from the spent culture medium of aerobically grown H. influenzae b by a series of extractions. The ability to produce the bactericidal factor was transferable to nonproducer strains without also genetically transforming for type b encapsulation. The converse was also true in that type b capsules were produced by transformed H. influenzae Rd strains but no bactericidal factor was detected from these strains. Additionally, nitrosoguanidine-induced mutants of H. influenzae b lost the ability to produce bactericidal factor without loss of their type-specific capsule, demonstrating that production of the bactericidal factor was genetically separable from production of the type capsule of H. influenzae b."}
{"id": "PMID:301009", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with purpura and cryoglobulinemia.", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently described lymphoproliferative disorder, presumably of B-cell origin. It is characterized by regional or generalized lymphadenopathy, usually associated with hypergammaglobulinemia or dysproteinemia. Other findings may be hepatosplenomegaly, dermatitis, fever, malaise, weight loss, and various altered immunologic reactions. Histologically, the involved lymph nodes show immunoblast, plasmacytoid, and plasma cell proliferation. This may be extranodal as well. The case reported here is one of the few followed up prospectively. The patient's purpuric eruption was an apparent manifestation of a type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Differing from what has usually been reported, we noted hypogammaglobulinemia and findings in part of altered cell-mediated immunity. Despite leukopenia and anemia there were no infectious episodes. Although a satisfactory treatment regimen has not been established, there was beneficial response to prednisone and short courses of melphalan.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with purpura and cryoglobulinemia. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is a recently described lymphoproliferative disorder, presumably of B-cell origin. It is characterized by regional or generalized lymphadenopathy, usually associated with hypergammaglobulinemia or dysproteinemia. Other findings may be hepatosplenomegaly, dermatitis, fever, malaise, weight loss, and various altered immunologic reactions. Histologically, the involved lymph nodes show immunoblast, plasmacytoid, and plasma cell proliferation. This may be extranodal as well. The case reported here is one of the few followed up prospectively. The patient's purpuric eruption was an apparent manifestation of a type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Differing from what has usually been reported, we noted hypogammaglobulinemia and findings in part of altered cell-mediated immunity. Despite leukopenia and anemia there were no infectious episodes. Although a satisfactory treatment regimen has not been established, there was beneficial response to prednisone and short courses of melphalan."}
{"id": "PMID:301010", "title": "Treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children.", "content": "Eighteen children with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed over a period of 16 years at a children's hospital are reviewed. All had an underlying disease, either congenital immunodeficiency or a malignancy. 15 patients were treated, 10 with pentamidine isethionate alone, 2 with both pentamidine and co-trimoxazole, and 3 with co-trimoxazole alone. 12 of the treated group recovered and the 3 untreated patients died. The 3 deaths after treatment occurred in children receiving pentamidine alone, and in whom secondary factors contributed. The side effects of treatment with pentamidine were high, and included local reactions, hypoglycaemia, and uraemia. However, our results confirm that pentamidine is an effective treatment for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in childhood. Co-trimoxazole may be an effective and relatively nontoxic alternative treatment.", "contents": "Treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children. Eighteen children with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed over a period of 16 years at a children's hospital are reviewed. All had an underlying disease, either congenital immunodeficiency or a malignancy. 15 patients were treated, 10 with pentamidine isethionate alone, 2 with both pentamidine and co-trimoxazole, and 3 with co-trimoxazole alone. 12 of the treated group recovered and the 3 untreated patients died. The 3 deaths after treatment occurred in children receiving pentamidine alone, and in whom secondary factors contributed. The side effects of treatment with pentamidine were high, and included local reactions, hypoglycaemia, and uraemia. However, our results confirm that pentamidine is an effective treatment for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in childhood. Co-trimoxazole may be an effective and relatively nontoxic alternative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:301012", "title": "Protease and antiprotease levels in blood of arthritic rats.", "content": "Protease, antiprotease, and acid phosphatase blood levels of adjuvant arthritic rats were determined. The protease levels appear to vary inversely with the antiprotease levels. Changes in the protease levels correspond closely to changes in the acid phosphatase levels. Thus it is likely that the lysosomes contribute to the proteases present in the blood. Administered cortisol appears to raise blood antiprotease levels in both normal and arthritic rats and this may reflect an anti-inflammatory action by this drug.", "contents": "Protease and antiprotease levels in blood of arthritic rats. Protease, antiprotease, and acid phosphatase blood levels of adjuvant arthritic rats were determined. The protease levels appear to vary inversely with the antiprotease levels. Changes in the protease levels correspond closely to changes in the acid phosphatase levels. Thus it is likely that the lysosomes contribute to the proteases present in the blood. Administered cortisol appears to raise blood antiprotease levels in both normal and arthritic rats and this may reflect an anti-inflammatory action by this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:301013", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "Synovial tissue obtained at synovectomy of the knee joint in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis contained a significantly lower proportion of T lymphocytes as measured by spontaneous rosette formation with nonsensitized sheep red blood cells than did synovial fluid or blood from the same patients. There was on concomitant increase in synovial tissue lymphocytes with B-cell markers such as surface immunoglobulin or Fc fragment receptors. Removal of lymphocyte receptors with trypsin followed by culture to allow new receptors to form, led to an increase in rosette forming cells, suggesting that part of the synovial cells without B- or T-cell markers may be T lymphocytes with blocked receptors.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Synovial tissue obtained at synovectomy of the knee joint in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis contained a significantly lower proportion of T lymphocytes as measured by spontaneous rosette formation with nonsensitized sheep red blood cells than did synovial fluid or blood from the same patients. There was on concomitant increase in synovial tissue lymphocytes with B-cell markers such as surface immunoglobulin or Fc fragment receptors. Removal of lymphocyte receptors with trypsin followed by culture to allow new receptors to form, led to an increase in rosette forming cells, suggesting that part of the synovial cells without B- or T-cell markers may be T lymphocytes with blocked receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:301014", "title": "Gastric devascularization: a useful salvage procedure for massive hemorrhagic gastritis.", "content": "Due to poor results with conventional operative therapy for diffuse hemorrhagic gastritis (DHG), a prospective evaluation of gastric devascularization was performed on 21 patients. Sepsis, alcoholism, and steroid abuse were the common etiologic factors. In spite of the fact that these were all critically ill patients, all stopped bleeding with this operation and only two rebled (9%). The average operating time was 84 minutes. There were two operative complications and gastric necrosis did not occur. The mortality was high (38%) due to the primary disease. Gastric devascularization is a useful salvage procedure for the patient with DHG because it can be accomplished rapidly, with few complications, has a low rebleed rate, and causes no permanent sequelae. Since this procedure causes severe gastric mucosal ischemia, it casts doubt only on the importance of this mechanism alone as the cause of \"stress ulceration.\"", "contents": "Gastric devascularization: a useful salvage procedure for massive hemorrhagic gastritis. Due to poor results with conventional operative therapy for diffuse hemorrhagic gastritis (DHG), a prospective evaluation of gastric devascularization was performed on 21 patients. Sepsis, alcoholism, and steroid abuse were the common etiologic factors. In spite of the fact that these were all critically ill patients, all stopped bleeding with this operation and only two rebled (9%). The average operating time was 84 minutes. There were two operative complications and gastric necrosis did not occur. The mortality was high (38%) due to the primary disease. Gastric devascularization is a useful salvage procedure for the patient with DHG because it can be accomplished rapidly, with few complications, has a low rebleed rate, and causes no permanent sequelae. Since this procedure causes severe gastric mucosal ischemia, it casts doubt only on the importance of this mechanism alone as the cause of \"stress ulceration.\""}
{"id": "PMID:301015", "title": "An improved technique for coronary vascular anastomosis.", "content": "A vein holder is described that is used for anastomosis of both ends of aortocoronary bypass grafts. It minimizes handling of the graft, ensures precision in placing sutures with excellent visualization, and provides maximum patency at the anastomotic sites.", "contents": "An improved technique for coronary vascular anastomosis. A vein holder is described that is used for anastomosis of both ends of aortocoronary bypass grafts. It minimizes handling of the graft, ensures precision in placing sutures with excellent visualization, and provides maximum patency at the anastomotic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:301016", "title": "An alternative method of left ventricular decompression during aortocoronary bypass.", "content": "A method is described that allows decompression of the left ventricle without the necessity of inserting a cannula into the cardiac chambers. The left ventricle may be completely decompressed through the vein grafts attached to the aortic root opened to the pericardial sac.", "contents": "An alternative method of left ventricular decompression during aortocoronary bypass. A method is described that allows decompression of the left ventricle without the necessity of inserting a cannula into the cardiac chambers. The left ventricle may be completely decompressed through the vein grafts attached to the aortic root opened to the pericardial sac."}
{"id": "PMID:301017", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Turner syndrome. Long-term follow-up with postmortem examination.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman with Turner syndrome had severe recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Exploratory laparotomy at the age of 26 showed an extensive telanglectasia of the entire small intestine. Following death due to myocardial infraction at age 57, postmortem examination revealed only a 0.2-cm residual telangiectasia in the mucosa of the distal part of the ileum. Spontaneous regression of the intestinal telangiectasia observed in Turner syndrome may occur and account for the improved prognosis with age.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in Turner syndrome. Long-term follow-up with postmortem examination. A 57-year-old woman with Turner syndrome had severe recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. Exploratory laparotomy at the age of 26 showed an extensive telanglectasia of the entire small intestine. Following death due to myocardial infraction at age 57, postmortem examination revealed only a 0.2-cm residual telangiectasia in the mucosa of the distal part of the ileum. Spontaneous regression of the intestinal telangiectasia observed in Turner syndrome may occur and account for the improved prognosis with age."}
{"id": "PMID:301018", "title": "Necrosis of the hepatocytes with hepatitis B surface antigen. Occurrence in a chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carrier.", "content": "Light and electron microscope finding from a liver of a chronic carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) showed small lymphocytes and macrophages in close contact with liver cells, partial lysis of variable degrees, lytic necrosis, and the complete loss of a few hepatocytes with HBsAg in the cytoplasm. On the basis of these findings, together with the results from immunofluorescence study, the pathogenesis of hepatitis B is discussed, with emphasis on the importance of host cellular immune response. The cytopathic and cytolytic activities of immunologically activated T lymphocytes against liver cells that have antigenic targets associated with HBsAg at their surface and in the cytoplasm are discussed.", "contents": "Necrosis of the hepatocytes with hepatitis B surface antigen. Occurrence in a chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carrier. Light and electron microscope finding from a liver of a chronic carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) showed small lymphocytes and macrophages in close contact with liver cells, partial lysis of variable degrees, lytic necrosis, and the complete loss of a few hepatocytes with HBsAg in the cytoplasm. On the basis of these findings, together with the results from immunofluorescence study, the pathogenesis of hepatitis B is discussed, with emphasis on the importance of host cellular immune response. The cytopathic and cytolytic activities of immunologically activated T lymphocytes against liver cells that have antigenic targets associated with HBsAg at their surface and in the cytoplasm are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301019", "title": "Inhibition of experimental tumor growth in hamsters by small direct currents.", "content": "The effect of three electric current levels (3 mamp, 500 micronamp, and 960 mmicronamp) on the growth of A-Mel-4 tumor was evaluated in hamsters as a mode of therapy. Direct current (dc) was applied for one hour a day from the third to sixth posttumor implant day by the introduction of a shielded point electrode directly into the tumor site. Tumor growth was inhibited, and metastases were reduced in the exposed animals. The higher dl levels produced necrosis in the tumors, and in several animals, the implantation site tumor was completely destroyed. These effects were most pronounced with the positive electrode.", "contents": "Inhibition of experimental tumor growth in hamsters by small direct currents. The effect of three electric current levels (3 mamp, 500 micronamp, and 960 mmicronamp) on the growth of A-Mel-4 tumor was evaluated in hamsters as a mode of therapy. Direct current (dc) was applied for one hour a day from the third to sixth posttumor implant day by the introduction of a shielded point electrode directly into the tumor site. Tumor growth was inhibited, and metastases were reduced in the exposed animals. The higher dl levels produced necrosis in the tumors, and in several animals, the implantation site tumor was completely destroyed. These effects were most pronounced with the positive electrode."}
{"id": "PMID:301020", "title": "Experience with interposition mesocaval shunt for management of variceal bleeding.", "content": "We present an experience with 20 patients undergoing interposition mesocaval shunts for decompression of esophageal varices. There were 14 men and six women, ranging in age from 32 to 80 years. Two patients were classified as good risks, nine as moderate risks, and nine as poor risks. There were ten elective operations, seven urgent operations, and three emergency procedures. An operative mortality of 10% was noted in the entire group, with one late death due to shunt occlusion. All deaths occured in the emergency group. A shunt patency of 88% and minimal problems with postoperative hepatic encephalopathy were noted. The interposition mesocaval shunt is judged to be a safe, technically easy procedure that is currently a satisfactory solution to the problem of hemorrhage from esophageal varices.", "contents": "Experience with interposition mesocaval shunt for management of variceal bleeding. We present an experience with 20 patients undergoing interposition mesocaval shunts for decompression of esophageal varices. There were 14 men and six women, ranging in age from 32 to 80 years. Two patients were classified as good risks, nine as moderate risks, and nine as poor risks. There were ten elective operations, seven urgent operations, and three emergency procedures. An operative mortality of 10% was noted in the entire group, with one late death due to shunt occlusion. All deaths occured in the emergency group. A shunt patency of 88% and minimal problems with postoperative hepatic encephalopathy were noted. The interposition mesocaval shunt is judged to be a safe, technically easy procedure that is currently a satisfactory solution to the problem of hemorrhage from esophageal varices."}
{"id": "PMID:301021", "title": "Visual interference on vestibular response. A case study.", "content": "Eliminating opportunity for visual fixation as well as providing for the maintenance of an optimal degree of a patient's mental alertness are necessary for a valid assessment of nystagmic response to caloric stimulation. Controlling only for alertness can result in suppressed, absent, or dysrhythmic nystagmus. Data from four normal patients dramatically illustrate the suppressing effects of fixation opportunity despite an alert state. A new clinical instrument for obtaining optimal control over visual influences is described.", "contents": "Visual interference on vestibular response. A case study. Eliminating opportunity for visual fixation as well as providing for the maintenance of an optimal degree of a patient's mental alertness are necessary for a valid assessment of nystagmic response to caloric stimulation. Controlling only for alertness can result in suppressed, absent, or dysrhythmic nystagmus. Data from four normal patients dramatically illustrate the suppressing effects of fixation opportunity despite an alert state. A new clinical instrument for obtaining optimal control over visual influences is described."}
{"id": "PMID:301023", "title": "Sense in the sun.", "content": "Sunlight causes more cancers in man than does any other known carcinogen. Studies in this country more than 20 years ago implicating ultra-violet light as a factor in the aetiology of malignant melanoma are being ratified by epidemiologic studies in the United States. In the US, the death rate from melanoma has doubled in the last 15 years. Australian cancer registries have shown this to be so (from recorded deaths in capital city registries) for at least two decades. Figures for prevalence and incidence are not available for the non-melanoma epidermal cancers. Routine application of effective topical sunscreens could feasibly reduce the incidence of skin cancers and other skin disorders associated with chronic insolation. Oral photoprotectants are in their infancy, but show promise.", "contents": "Sense in the sun. Sunlight causes more cancers in man than does any other known carcinogen. Studies in this country more than 20 years ago implicating ultra-violet light as a factor in the aetiology of malignant melanoma are being ratified by epidemiologic studies in the United States. In the US, the death rate from melanoma has doubled in the last 15 years. Australian cancer registries have shown this to be so (from recorded deaths in capital city registries) for at least two decades. Figures for prevalence and incidence are not available for the non-melanoma epidermal cancers. Routine application of effective topical sunscreens could feasibly reduce the incidence of skin cancers and other skin disorders associated with chronic insolation. Oral photoprotectants are in their infancy, but show promise."}
{"id": "PMID:301025", "title": "Homozygosity for HLA-B27. Impact on rheumatic disease expression in two families.", "content": "The effect of homozygosity for HLA-B27 on the clinical expression of rheumatic disease was studied in two families. The 1 homozygous patient in each of two families demonstrated extraordinarily severe peripheral and axial arthritis compared to other affected heterozygous relatives. In addition, predominant peripheral or axial disease appeared to segregate with different B27 haplotypes. The 2 homozygous patients were not homozygous at the hla-a,c, or D loci.", "contents": "Homozygosity for HLA-B27. Impact on rheumatic disease expression in two families. The effect of homozygosity for HLA-B27 on the clinical expression of rheumatic disease was studied in two families. The 1 homozygous patient in each of two families demonstrated extraordinarily severe peripheral and axial arthritis compared to other affected heterozygous relatives. In addition, predominant peripheral or axial disease appeared to segregate with different B27 haplotypes. The 2 homozygous patients were not homozygous at the hla-a,c, or D loci."}
{"id": "PMID:301026", "title": "Rheumatology manpower in California. Approaches to assessment of quantitative sufficiency.", "content": "Californian specialists in the treatment of rheumatic diseases were surveyed to determine the spatial distribution of rheumatologic services in the state, the amount of patient care time available for the rhematic diseases in each county, the physicians' capacity to treat all rhemmatic disease patients who seek their care, and their perception of the need for more specialists in their area. The data resulting from the survey are analyzed by four methods to assess the sufficiency of medical manpower resoruces.", "contents": "Rheumatology manpower in California. Approaches to assessment of quantitative sufficiency. Californian specialists in the treatment of rheumatic diseases were surveyed to determine the spatial distribution of rheumatologic services in the state, the amount of patient care time available for the rhematic diseases in each county, the physicians' capacity to treat all rhemmatic disease patients who seek their care, and their perception of the need for more specialists in their area. The data resulting from the survey are analyzed by four methods to assess the sufficiency of medical manpower resoruces."}
{"id": "PMID:301027", "title": "Acetylator phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The acetylation rate of sulfamethazine was studied in 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Seventeen of 25SLE patients, 68%, were slow acetylators compared to the reported incidence of 52% in the general population. There was no correlation between the acetylator phenotype in SLE patients and the various clinical manifestations or the activity of the disease. Lupus patients who were slow acetylators had a lower lymphocyte response to phytomitogens compared to rapid acetylators.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus. The acetylation rate of sulfamethazine was studied in 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Seventeen of 25SLE patients, 68%, were slow acetylators compared to the reported incidence of 52% in the general population. There was no correlation between the acetylator phenotype in SLE patients and the various clinical manifestations or the activity of the disease. Lupus patients who were slow acetylators had a lower lymphocyte response to phytomitogens compared to rapid acetylators."}
{"id": "PMID:301028", "title": "Quantitation of precipitating antibodies to certain soluble nuclear antigens in SLE.", "content": "Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was used to separate and quantitate the components of a washed immune precipitate. Serum was from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus known to have antibodies to soluble nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) or to a soluble nuclear non-nucleic acid protein (Sm). Amounts of antibody that was predominantly IgG ranged from 0.2 to 8 mg/ml of patients' serum, and in some cases accounted for over 20% of the total serum IgG. Results demonstrate that some patients respond to the disease by producing large amounts of a specific antibody, and that these antibodies can contribute significantly to hypergammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Quantitation of precipitating antibodies to certain soluble nuclear antigens in SLE. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was used to separate and quantitate the components of a washed immune precipitate. Serum was from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus known to have antibodies to soluble nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) or to a soluble nuclear non-nucleic acid protein (Sm). Amounts of antibody that was predominantly IgG ranged from 0.2 to 8 mg/ml of patients' serum, and in some cases accounted for over 20% of the total serum IgG. Results demonstrate that some patients respond to the disease by producing large amounts of a specific antibody, and that these antibodies can contribute significantly to hypergammaglobulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:301029", "title": "Decreased lymphocyte reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "Significantly decreased lymphocyte reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS), whereas the response to an optimal concentration was generally normal. Kinetic studies were performed on control lymphocytes. Only suboptimal PHA concentrations stimulated tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation in proportion to the number of potentially reactive lymphocytes. Kinetic studies of SS patients suggested that their low reactivity was attributable to fewer functionally reactive lymphocytes rather than to a decreased rate of proliferation.", "contents": "Decreased lymphocyte reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. Significantly decreased lymphocyte reactivity to a suboptimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found in patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS), whereas the response to an optimal concentration was generally normal. Kinetic studies were performed on control lymphocytes. Only suboptimal PHA concentrations stimulated tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation in proportion to the number of potentially reactive lymphocytes. Kinetic studies of SS patients suggested that their low reactivity was attributable to fewer functionally reactive lymphocytes rather than to a decreased rate of proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:301030", "title": "Central nervous system involvement in SLE. Diagnostic profile and clinical features.", "content": "The clinical course and diagnostic profile of 13 patients with central nervous system involvement and systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS-SLE) are presented. The diagnostic yield for each procedure was measured as the precent abnormal: CSF total protein was 38%; increased CSF IgG 69%; decreased CSF hemolytic C4 10%; increased CSF anti-DNA 64%; electroencephalogram 80%; flow brain scan 50%; and static brain scan 0%. No single procedure was consistently abnormal, but the battery of tests provided a useful and specific CNS-SLE diagnostic profile.", "contents": "Central nervous system involvement in SLE. Diagnostic profile and clinical features. The clinical course and diagnostic profile of 13 patients with central nervous system involvement and systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS-SLE) are presented. The diagnostic yield for each procedure was measured as the precent abnormal: CSF total protein was 38%; increased CSF IgG 69%; decreased CSF hemolytic C4 10%; increased CSF anti-DNA 64%; electroencephalogram 80%; flow brain scan 50%; and static brain scan 0%. No single procedure was consistently abnormal, but the battery of tests provided a useful and specific CNS-SLE diagnostic profile."}
{"id": "PMID:301031", "title": "Chronic polyarthritis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. A study of two patients.", "content": "Two adult patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic synovitis were studied. Synovial tissue and fluid were examined by histologic, virologic, and immunologic methods. The synovium lacked characteristic histologic features of rheumatoid arthritis, and B lymphocytes were absent from the synovial tissue, fluid, and peripheral blood. These 2 patients may represent a form of chronic synovitis produced in the absence of any B lymphocyte response.", "contents": "Chronic polyarthritis associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. A study of two patients. Two adult patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic synovitis were studied. Synovial tissue and fluid were examined by histologic, virologic, and immunologic methods. The synovium lacked characteristic histologic features of rheumatoid arthritis, and B lymphocytes were absent from the synovial tissue, fluid, and peripheral blood. These 2 patients may represent a form of chronic synovitis produced in the absence of any B lymphocyte response."}
{"id": "PMID:301036", "title": "Phytomitogen-induced, lymphokine-mediated cartilage proteoglycan degradation.", "content": "The significance of T-cell activation in the immunopathogenesis of articular disease has been studied in an in vitro model to assess the capacity of phytomitogen-induced lymphokines to degrade cartilage matrix proteoglycans. Supernatants derived from T-cell activation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to contain a monocyte-dependent, serum-inhibitable, dialyzable factor or factors capable of inducing significant proteoglycan degradation, as assessed by release of macroprecipitable 35S-labeled proteoglycan from heterologous cartilage substrates.", "contents": "Phytomitogen-induced, lymphokine-mediated cartilage proteoglycan degradation. The significance of T-cell activation in the immunopathogenesis of articular disease has been studied in an in vitro model to assess the capacity of phytomitogen-induced lymphokines to degrade cartilage matrix proteoglycans. Supernatants derived from T-cell activation of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to contain a monocyte-dependent, serum-inhibitable, dialyzable factor or factors capable of inducing significant proteoglycan degradation, as assessed by release of macroprecipitable 35S-labeled proteoglycan from heterologous cartilage substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:301037", "title": "Disseminated immune deposits in lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Immunohistologic studies were performed on autopsy tissues of 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. All tissues examined--the kidney, lung, spleen, liver, intestine, peritoneum, and choroid plexus--contained immune deposits. Antinuclear antibody concentration in immunoglobulin G eluted from lung and spleen tissue was higher than in serum immunoglobulin G. These findings support the assumption that in systemic lupus erythematosus the renal as well as the extrarenal lesions can be attributed to vascular deposition of immune complexes.", "contents": "Disseminated immune deposits in lupus erythematosus. Immunohistologic studies were performed on autopsy tissues of 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. All tissues examined--the kidney, lung, spleen, liver, intestine, peritoneum, and choroid plexus--contained immune deposits. Antinuclear antibody concentration in immunoglobulin G eluted from lung and spleen tissue was higher than in serum immunoglobulin G. These findings support the assumption that in systemic lupus erythematosus the renal as well as the extrarenal lesions can be attributed to vascular deposition of immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:301038", "title": "Localization of proliferating cells in lymphatic tissues triggered by  dextran sulfate.", "content": "Mice were injected with dextran sulfate in the presence or absence of various amounts of sheep red blood cells. The incorporation of thymidine into the proliferating cells of spleen, lymph nodes and thymus was investigated using autoradiographic and histologic techniques. Dextran sulfate triggered selective proliferation of cells localized in the marginal zone of the white pulp of the spleen. The uptake of colloid carbon particles was also enhanced by dextran sulfate in this area of the spleen. The results are consistent with the suggestion that dextran sulfate triggers proliferation of non-thymus-derived cells probably a sub-population of B-lymphocytes and activates phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Localization of proliferating cells in lymphatic tissues triggered by  dextran sulfate. Mice were injected with dextran sulfate in the presence or absence of various amounts of sheep red blood cells. The incorporation of thymidine into the proliferating cells of spleen, lymph nodes and thymus was investigated using autoradiographic and histologic techniques. Dextran sulfate triggered selective proliferation of cells localized in the marginal zone of the white pulp of the spleen. The uptake of colloid carbon particles was also enhanced by dextran sulfate in this area of the spleen. The results are consistent with the suggestion that dextran sulfate triggers proliferation of non-thymus-derived cells probably a sub-population of B-lymphocytes and activates phagocytic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301042", "title": "Synthesis and thermal melting behavior of oligomer-polymer complexes containing defined lengths of mismatched dA-dG and dG-dG nucleotides.", "content": "Model DNA polymers containing heteroduplex regions of defined sequence and size were synthesized using polynucleotide phosphorylase and calf thymus terminal transferase. Heteroduplexes were of the form (dG)n-d(C12AmC-x), where m - 1-6, and (dG)n-d(C10GmC-x), where m = 1 and 3-5. Thermal melting studies of the model DNAs indicated that the heteroduplex regions did not disrupt the cooperative interaction between the flanking regions of dG-dC base pairs. thus, it is possible that the heteroduplex nucleotides are accommodated in a stacked helical structure.", "contents": "Synthesis and thermal melting behavior of oligomer-polymer complexes containing defined lengths of mismatched dA-dG and dG-dG nucleotides. Model DNA polymers containing heteroduplex regions of defined sequence and size were synthesized using polynucleotide phosphorylase and calf thymus terminal transferase. Heteroduplexes were of the form (dG)n-d(C12AmC-x), where m - 1-6, and (dG)n-d(C10GmC-x), where m = 1 and 3-5. Thermal melting studies of the model DNAs indicated that the heteroduplex regions did not disrupt the cooperative interaction between the flanking regions of dG-dC base pairs. thus, it is possible that the heteroduplex nucleotides are accommodated in a stacked helical structure."}
{"id": "PMID:301043", "title": "Action of single-strand specific nucleases on model DNA heteroduplexes of defined size and sequence.", "content": "The sensitivity of the model DNAs containing dA-dG and dtg-dG heteroduplex regions of defined length to S1 and mung bean single-strand specific nucleases was tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the distribution of product oligonucleotides. Single-base mismatch heteroduplexes were extremely resistant to these nucleases, although low levels of cleavage at the heteroduplex nucleotide were observed at high nuclease concentrations. The nuclease sensitivity of dA-dtg heteroduplex regions increased gradually as the length of the heteroduplex region increased frome one to six nucleotides. The sensitivity of dG-dG heteroduplexes three to five nucleotides long was considerably greater than that of the single dtg-dG mismatch.", "contents": "Action of single-strand specific nucleases on model DNA heteroduplexes of defined size and sequence. The sensitivity of the model DNAs containing dA-dG and dtg-dG heteroduplex regions of defined length to S1 and mung bean single-strand specific nucleases was tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the distribution of product oligonucleotides. Single-base mismatch heteroduplexes were extremely resistant to these nucleases, although low levels of cleavage at the heteroduplex nucleotide were observed at high nuclease concentrations. The nuclease sensitivity of dA-dtg heteroduplex regions increased gradually as the length of the heteroduplex region increased frome one to six nucleotides. The sensitivity of dG-dG heteroduplexes three to five nucleotides long was considerably greater than that of the single dtg-dG mismatch."}
{"id": "PMID:301044", "title": "Alterations in electrophysiology of isolated amphibian small intestine produced by removing the muscle layers.", "content": "Isolated segments of Amphiuma small intestine bathed in chloride or sulfate buffer generate a greater short-circuit current and a larger change in current in response to galactose when the serosal muscle layers are stripped from the mucosa. Intact (unstripped) segments are not apparently anoxic since stripped segments exposed to serosal N2 for 3 h display normal short-circuit currents but a reduced potential response to galactose, while the presence of muscle layers tends to reduce the short-circuit current but does not alter the potential response to galactose. Bullfrog small intestine also generates greater short-circuit current following removal of the muscle layers. The enhancing effect of stripping appears to be related to removal of a resistance to ion flow across the tissue.", "contents": "Alterations in electrophysiology of isolated amphibian small intestine produced by removing the muscle layers. Isolated segments of Amphiuma small intestine bathed in chloride or sulfate buffer generate a greater short-circuit current and a larger change in current in response to galactose when the serosal muscle layers are stripped from the mucosa. Intact (unstripped) segments are not apparently anoxic since stripped segments exposed to serosal N2 for 3 h display normal short-circuit currents but a reduced potential response to galactose, while the presence of muscle layers tends to reduce the short-circuit current but does not alter the potential response to galactose. Bullfrog small intestine also generates greater short-circuit current following removal of the muscle layers. The enhancing effect of stripping appears to be related to removal of a resistance to ion flow across the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:301045", "title": "On the synthesis of prostaglandins by human gastric mucosa and its modification by drugs.", "content": "1. Specific radioimmunoassays for the prostaglandins E2, A2 and F2alpha were used to study the synthesis of prostaglandins by gastroscopically obtained small biopsy specimens of human gastric corpus mucosa. 2. Both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha were found to be synthesized from arachidonic acid by themicrosomal fraction of human gastric mucosa. The synthesis of prostaglandin E2 exceeded that of prostagladin F2alpha by a factor of about 10. 3. Synthesis of prostaglandin A2 or prostaglandin B2 was not observed under the same incubation conditions. 4. Indometacin effectively inhibited synthesis of both prostaglandin E2 (ID50 4.2 microng/ml) and prostaglandin F2alpha (ID50 1.8 microng/ml) by human gastric mucosa, while paracetamol even in a concentration of 310 microng/ml did not influence prostaglandin synthesis. The anti-ulcer agent carbenoxolone, which has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin inactivation, at the same concentration only slightly inhibited (about 20%) prostaglandin synthesis. 5. The results support the hypothesis that the gastro-intestinal effects or side effects of several drugs are mediated by an influence on the enzymes of prostaglandin synthesis or inactivation.", "contents": "On the synthesis of prostaglandins by human gastric mucosa and its modification by drugs. 1. Specific radioimmunoassays for the prostaglandins E2, A2 and F2alpha were used to study the synthesis of prostaglandins by gastroscopically obtained small biopsy specimens of human gastric corpus mucosa. 2. Both prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha were found to be synthesized from arachidonic acid by themicrosomal fraction of human gastric mucosa. The synthesis of prostaglandin E2 exceeded that of prostagladin F2alpha by a factor of about 10. 3. Synthesis of prostaglandin A2 or prostaglandin B2 was not observed under the same incubation conditions. 4. Indometacin effectively inhibited synthesis of both prostaglandin E2 (ID50 4.2 microng/ml) and prostaglandin F2alpha (ID50 1.8 microng/ml) by human gastric mucosa, while paracetamol even in a concentration of 310 microng/ml did not influence prostaglandin synthesis. The anti-ulcer agent carbenoxolone, which has been shown to inhibit prostaglandin inactivation, at the same concentration only slightly inhibited (about 20%) prostaglandin synthesis. 5. The results support the hypothesis that the gastro-intestinal effects or side effects of several drugs are mediated by an influence on the enzymes of prostaglandin synthesis or inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:301046", "title": "Some immunological parameters in rheumatoid arthritis from India.", "content": "The present study describes the immune status of 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from India. The results showed a high level of immunoglobulins, normal levels of C3, less proportion of seropositivity (54%) than that reported from the west and 26% having antinuclear antibody in their serum. T lymphocyte proportion in the blood was found to be low in acutely ill patients only. Mantoux and streptokinase-streptodornase skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity were positive only in about 50% of that of controls. However, all the patients could be sensitized to DNCB. For testing the humoral antibody response TAB vaccine was given. The levels of antibody produced against O and H antigens of \"Salmonella typhi\" were comparable in patients and controls. However, the level of IgM rose significantly in the patients in comparison to that of controls. The cause of this, at least partially, was found to be due to a very significant rise of rheumatoid factor after TAB vaccine in the patients. Also 3 out of 8 patients converted to a seropositive state after TAB vaccination. Controls did not show the development of rheumatoid factor.", "contents": "Some immunological parameters in rheumatoid arthritis from India. The present study describes the immune status of 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from India. The results showed a high level of immunoglobulins, normal levels of C3, less proportion of seropositivity (54%) than that reported from the west and 26% having antinuclear antibody in their serum. T lymphocyte proportion in the blood was found to be low in acutely ill patients only. Mantoux and streptokinase-streptodornase skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity were positive only in about 50% of that of controls. However, all the patients could be sensitized to DNCB. For testing the humoral antibody response TAB vaccine was given. The levels of antibody produced against O and H antigens of \"Salmonella typhi\" were comparable in patients and controls. However, the level of IgM rose significantly in the patients in comparison to that of controls. The cause of this, at least partially, was found to be due to a very significant rise of rheumatoid factor after TAB vaccine in the patients. Also 3 out of 8 patients converted to a seropositive state after TAB vaccination. Controls did not show the development of rheumatoid factor."}
{"id": "PMID:301051", "title": "Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. II. Autoradiographic study.", "content": "The ascending projections of the locus coeruleus were studied using an autoradiographic method. The major projection of locus coeruleus neurons ascends in a dorsal pathway traversing the midbrain tegmentum in a position ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray. At the caudal diencephalon the locus coeruleus axons descend to enter the medial forebrain bundle at a caudal tuberal hypothalamic level. They are jointed in the medial forebrain bundle by a much smaller locus coeruleus projection which takes a ventral course through the midbrain tegmentum and enters the medial forebrain bundle via the mammillary peduncle and ventral tegmental area. Terminal projections are evident in the midbrain to the periaqueductal gray, tegmentum and raphe nuclei. There are widespread projections to the dorsal thalamus. The heaviest of these are to the intralaminar nuclei, the anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate and the paraventricular nucleus. In the hypothalamus the largest projections are to the lateral hypothalamic area, periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. As the locus coeruleus projection ascends in the medial forebrain bundle, fibers leave it to traverse the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta and enter the internal capsule, the ventral amygdaloid bundle and ansa peduncularis. These appear to terminate in the amygdaloid complex and, via the external capsule, in the lateral and dorsal neocortex. At the level of the septum 4 projections are evident. One group of fibers enters the stria medullaris to terminate in the paraventricular nucleus and habenular nuclei. A second group joins the stria terminalis to terminate in the anygdaloid complex. The third group turns into the diagonal band and medial septum; some fibers terminate in the septal nuclei and others continue into the fornix to termimate in hippocampus. A large component continues around the corpus callosum into the cingulum to terminate in the cingulate and adjacent neocortex, the subiculum and hippocampus. The remaining fibers continue rostrally in the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in olfactory forebrain and frontal neocortex. Commissural projections arise at 4 locations. The first decussation occurs in the dorsal tegmentum just below the central gray rostral to the locus coeruleus. The crossing fibers enter the contralateral dorsal bundle. A second group of fibers leaves the ipsilateral dorsal pathway, crosses in the posterior commissure and enters the contralateral dorsal pathway at the level. The third commissural projection arises more rostrally and crosses in the dorsal supraoptic commissure to enter the contralateral medial forebrain bundle. The fourth commissural projection is through the anterior commissure. The termination of the contralateral projection appears similar to that of the ipsilateral projection.", "contents": "Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat. II. Autoradiographic study. The ascending projections of the locus coeruleus were studied using an autoradiographic method. The major projection of locus coeruleus neurons ascends in a dorsal pathway traversing the midbrain tegmentum in a position ventrolateral to the periaqueductal gray. At the caudal diencephalon the locus coeruleus axons descend to enter the medial forebrain bundle at a caudal tuberal hypothalamic level. They are jointed in the medial forebrain bundle by a much smaller locus coeruleus projection which takes a ventral course through the midbrain tegmentum and enters the medial forebrain bundle via the mammillary peduncle and ventral tegmental area. Terminal projections are evident in the midbrain to the periaqueductal gray, tegmentum and raphe nuclei. There are widespread projections to the dorsal thalamus. The heaviest of these are to the intralaminar nuclei, the anteroventral and anteromedial nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate and the paraventricular nucleus. In the hypothalamus the largest projections are to the lateral hypothalamic area, periventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. As the locus coeruleus projection ascends in the medial forebrain bundle, fibers leave it to traverse the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta and enter the internal capsule, the ventral amygdaloid bundle and ansa peduncularis. These appear to terminate in the amygdaloid complex and, via the external capsule, in the lateral and dorsal neocortex. At the level of the septum 4 projections are evident. One group of fibers enters the stria medullaris to terminate in the paraventricular nucleus and habenular nuclei. A second group joins the stria terminalis to terminate in the anygdaloid complex. The third group turns into the diagonal band and medial septum; some fibers terminate in the septal nuclei and others continue into the fornix to termimate in hippocampus. A large component continues around the corpus callosum into the cingulum to terminate in the cingulate and adjacent neocortex, the subiculum and hippocampus. The remaining fibers continue rostrally in the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in olfactory forebrain and frontal neocortex. Commissural projections arise at 4 locations. The first decussation occurs in the dorsal tegmentum just below the central gray rostral to the locus coeruleus. The crossing fibers enter the contralateral dorsal bundle. A second group of fibers leaves the ipsilateral dorsal pathway, crosses in the posterior commissure and enters the contralateral dorsal pathway at the level. The third commissural projection arises more rostrally and crosses in the dorsal supraoptic commissure to enter the contralateral medial forebrain bundle. The fourth commissural projection is through the anterior commissure. The termination of the contralateral projection appears similar to that of the ipsilateral projection."}
{"id": "PMID:301053", "title": "Sterol content and polyene antibiotic resistance in isolates of Candida krusei, Candida parakrusei, and Candida tropicalis.", "content": "Three isolates, one from each species of Candida krusei, C. parakrusei, and C. tropicalis, obtained from infected patients, were more tolerant of significantly higher concentrations of polyene antibiotics than the corresponding reference wild types. The resistant strains isolated had the same sterols as their wild-type counterparts but in lower concentrations.", "contents": "Sterol content and polyene antibiotic resistance in isolates of Candida krusei, Candida parakrusei, and Candida tropicalis. Three isolates, one from each species of Candida krusei, C. parakrusei, and C. tropicalis, obtained from infected patients, were more tolerant of significantly higher concentrations of polyene antibiotics than the corresponding reference wild types. The resistant strains isolated had the same sterols as their wild-type counterparts but in lower concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:301054", "title": "Marker properties of tumor and lymphoid cell lines derived from a patient with squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "A squamous cell carcinoma tumor cell line, COLO 227, derived from a metastatic tumor in a Caucasian male, produces both parathyroid hormone and carcinoembryonic antigen. A chromosome mode of 106 predominated and the X and Y chromosomes were retained. Seven marker chromosomes were identified. Cytogenetic analysis revealed an isochromosome 8 marker similar to a HeLa cell line marker and an isochromosome 17 marker described in other cancers. An autochthonous lymphoid cell line, COLO 219, was established and characterized. COLO 219 is a normal lymphoid cell line with B-cell characteristics. This autochthonous system of both cultured tumor cells and cultured lymphocytes is of use in immunological studies.", "contents": "Marker properties of tumor and lymphoid cell lines derived from a patient with squamous cell carcinoma. A squamous cell carcinoma tumor cell line, COLO 227, derived from a metastatic tumor in a Caucasian male, produces both parathyroid hormone and carcinoembryonic antigen. A chromosome mode of 106 predominated and the X and Y chromosomes were retained. Seven marker chromosomes were identified. Cytogenetic analysis revealed an isochromosome 8 marker similar to a HeLa cell line marker and an isochromosome 17 marker described in other cancers. An autochthonous lymphoid cell line, COLO 219, was established and characterized. COLO 219 is a normal lymphoid cell line with B-cell characteristics. This autochthonous system of both cultured tumor cells and cultured lymphocytes is of use in immunological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:301055", "title": "Adenocarcinoma R-3327 of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model for immunological studies of prostate cancer.", "content": "An experimental animal model for the study of host-prostatic tumor cell interactions has been described. R-3327, a line of prostatic adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat, has been proven to be immunogenic to its syngeneic host as evidenced by two different in vitro cell-mediated immune assays. Specificity of the responses has been ascertained on the basis of absence of response: (a) of nonimmune lymphocytes to the R-3327 tumor antigen(s); (b) of R-3327 immune lymphocytes to several normal tissues including normal prostate; (c) of immune lymphocytes to unrelated squamous cell prostatic carcinoma of the Copenhagen rat. Furthermore, the presence of tumor has an effect in several nonspecific aspects of host response, inducing splenomegaly, heightened responses to nonspecific mitogens in lymphocyte transformation assay, and increased levels of killer cell action. Since there are many histological, biochemical, and functional analogies between this tumor line and human prostate carcinomas, this system appears to be suitable for immunological and possible immunotherapeutic studies of this type of neoplasia.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma R-3327 of the Copenhagen rat as a suitable model for immunological studies of prostate cancer. An experimental animal model for the study of host-prostatic tumor cell interactions has been described. R-3327, a line of prostatic adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat, has been proven to be immunogenic to its syngeneic host as evidenced by two different in vitro cell-mediated immune assays. Specificity of the responses has been ascertained on the basis of absence of response: (a) of nonimmune lymphocytes to the R-3327 tumor antigen(s); (b) of R-3327 immune lymphocytes to several normal tissues including normal prostate; (c) of immune lymphocytes to unrelated squamous cell prostatic carcinoma of the Copenhagen rat. Furthermore, the presence of tumor has an effect in several nonspecific aspects of host response, inducing splenomegaly, heightened responses to nonspecific mitogens in lymphocyte transformation assay, and increased levels of killer cell action. Since there are many histological, biochemical, and functional analogies between this tumor line and human prostate carcinomas, this system appears to be suitable for immunological and possible immunotherapeutic studies of this type of neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:301067", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on intravascular coagulation in hyperlipoproteinemia.", "content": "Intravascular coagulation (IVC) was evaluated in 19 patients with type II and 11 with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia before and after clofibrate therapy by measurements of soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) in plasma; fibrinolysis was estimated by quantitation of fibrin (ogen) degradation products in serum. Untreated type II and type IV patients had increased SFC (P less than 0.01). The former also had activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway as evidenced by decreased plasma prekallikrein (P less than 0.001), kallikrein inhibitors (P less than 0.001), and factor XII (P less than 0.02). Although clofibrate treatment of the type II patients did not change plasma lipids, it decreased intravascular coagulation, apparently via decreased factor XII activation and stimulation of fibrinolysis. In contrast, treated type IV patients had unchanged SFC and FDP levels, despite decreased plasma triglycerides (P less than 0.01). Clofibrate-induced changes in blood coagulation are independent of lipid-lowering. Clofibrate therapy decreases intravascular coagulation in type II patients and may help to prevent thromboembolic sequelae.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on intravascular coagulation in hyperlipoproteinemia. Intravascular coagulation (IVC) was evaluated in 19 patients with type II and 11 with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia before and after clofibrate therapy by measurements of soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) in plasma; fibrinolysis was estimated by quantitation of fibrin (ogen) degradation products in serum. Untreated type II and type IV patients had increased SFC (P less than 0.01). The former also had activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway as evidenced by decreased plasma prekallikrein (P less than 0.001), kallikrein inhibitors (P less than 0.001), and factor XII (P less than 0.02). Although clofibrate treatment of the type II patients did not change plasma lipids, it decreased intravascular coagulation, apparently via decreased factor XII activation and stimulation of fibrinolysis. In contrast, treated type IV patients had unchanged SFC and FDP levels, despite decreased plasma triglycerides (P less than 0.01). Clofibrate-induced changes in blood coagulation are independent of lipid-lowering. Clofibrate therapy decreases intravascular coagulation in type II patients and may help to prevent thromboembolic sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:301068", "title": "Exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Forty-six men under age 70, without clinical congestive heart failure or unstable angina pectoris, performed treadmill tests 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks after myocardial infarction. Patients were more frequently able to perform moderate exertion (2 mph, 14% grade) at 7 and 11 weeks than at 3 weeks following infarction. Ischemic ST-segment depression, usually unaccompained by angina pectoris, occurred in 45% of patients and was associated with a significantly increased incidence of subsequent coronary events. The presence of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity provided little independent prognostic information. No serious complications occurred in 210 tests. Exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction provides objective information concerning the capacity to resume physical activity, including return to work. Two tests, at 3-5 weeks and at 7-11 weeks, appear to provide most of the information contined in five tests performed during this time.", "contents": "Exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction. Forty-six men under age 70, without clinical congestive heart failure or unstable angina pectoris, performed treadmill tests 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 weeks after myocardial infarction. Patients were more frequently able to perform moderate exertion (2 mph, 14% grade) at 7 and 11 weeks than at 3 weeks following infarction. Ischemic ST-segment depression, usually unaccompained by angina pectoris, occurred in 45% of patients and was associated with a significantly increased incidence of subsequent coronary events. The presence of exercise-induced ventricular ectopic activity provided little independent prognostic information. No serious complications occurred in 210 tests. Exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction provides objective information concerning the capacity to resume physical activity, including return to work. Two tests, at 3-5 weeks and at 7-11 weeks, appear to provide most of the information contined in five tests performed during this time."}
{"id": "PMID:301069", "title": "Surgical management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with coronary artery disease and severe, symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias underwent cardiac surgery after failure of medical managememt. All had coronary artery disease and either localized areas of severe hypokinesis (three patients), or ventricular aneurysms (18 patients) documented angiographically prior to surgery. Operation within one month after acute infarction resulted in an 80% in-hospital mortality, whereas operation more than one month postinfarction showed a 20% mortality. Operative treatment that included myocardial resection had a significantly lower mortality (P less than 0.05) than that which did not. With an average of 36.5 months of follow-up, 13 of the 21 patients were long-term survivors, despite the persistence of ventricular arrhythmias. Surgical treatment which includes myocardial resection and occurs more than one month after infarction should be considered in patients with symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and severe, well-localized left ventricular wall motion abnormalities.", "contents": "Surgical management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease. Twenty-one patients with coronary artery disease and severe, symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias underwent cardiac surgery after failure of medical managememt. All had coronary artery disease and either localized areas of severe hypokinesis (three patients), or ventricular aneurysms (18 patients) documented angiographically prior to surgery. Operation within one month after acute infarction resulted in an 80% in-hospital mortality, whereas operation more than one month postinfarction showed a 20% mortality. Operative treatment that included myocardial resection had a significantly lower mortality (P less than 0.05) than that which did not. With an average of 36.5 months of follow-up, 13 of the 21 patients were long-term survivors, despite the persistence of ventricular arrhythmias. Surgical treatment which includes myocardial resection and occurs more than one month after infarction should be considered in patients with symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias and severe, well-localized left ventricular wall motion abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:301070", "title": "Congenital heart block in newborns of mothers with connective tissue disease.", "content": "Of 22 children with congenital complete heart block (CCHB) available for study, 14 (63.6%) were born to 11 mothers with clinical or laboratory evidence of connective tissue disease, primarily lupus erythematosus (LE). Seven mothers had both clinical and laboratory evidence of disease while four had only positive laboratory studies including fluorescent antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and depressed complement levels. In adults with systemic LE, pathologic changes in the collagen surrounding the conduction system have led to the fibrosis and death from heart block. Antinuclear antibodies of the IgG class cross the placental barrier and newborn infants have been reported with transient skin lesions of lupus. Placental transmission of such antibodies may affect the fetal cardiac conduction system, surrounding collagen, and myocardium, leading in some cases to CCHB. This is probably one important etiologic factor in CCHB even though the mother is asymptomatic during her pregnancy.", "contents": "Congenital heart block in newborns of mothers with connective tissue disease. Of 22 children with congenital complete heart block (CCHB) available for study, 14 (63.6%) were born to 11 mothers with clinical or laboratory evidence of connective tissue disease, primarily lupus erythematosus (LE). Seven mothers had both clinical and laboratory evidence of disease while four had only positive laboratory studies including fluorescent antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, and depressed complement levels. In adults with systemic LE, pathologic changes in the collagen surrounding the conduction system have led to the fibrosis and death from heart block. Antinuclear antibodies of the IgG class cross the placental barrier and newborn infants have been reported with transient skin lesions of lupus. Placental transmission of such antibodies may affect the fetal cardiac conduction system, surrounding collagen, and myocardium, leading in some cases to CCHB. This is probably one important etiologic factor in CCHB even though the mother is asymptomatic during her pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:301072", "title": "Characterization of human adenoid cells using surface and functional markers for lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Adenoid lymphocytes from children undergoing adenoidectomy were compared with blood cells from the same children using techniques for identifying T cells and B cells. A high proportion of adenoid lymphocytes were immunoglobulin positive cells. Of these only a minor fraction carried receptors for the Fc part of IgG. Adenoid B lymphocytes respond poorly if at all to polyclonal B-cell activators, such as LPS or PPD, which show a different reactivity compared to human splenic cells. The response to anti B2-microglobulin was also different; blood cells responded better than adenoid cells. Thus distinct subpopulations of B lymphocytes reside in different lymphoid organs. The adenoid lymphocyte reactivity might reflect their function in the defence mechanism against infections.", "contents": "Characterization of human adenoid cells using surface and functional markers for lymphocyte subpopulations. Adenoid lymphocytes from children undergoing adenoidectomy were compared with blood cells from the same children using techniques for identifying T cells and B cells. A high proportion of adenoid lymphocytes were immunoglobulin positive cells. Of these only a minor fraction carried receptors for the Fc part of IgG. Adenoid B lymphocytes respond poorly if at all to polyclonal B-cell activators, such as LPS or PPD, which show a different reactivity compared to human splenic cells. The response to anti B2-microglobulin was also different; blood cells responded better than adenoid cells. Thus distinct subpopulations of B lymphocytes reside in different lymphoid organs. The adenoid lymphocyte reactivity might reflect their function in the defence mechanism against infections."}
{"id": "PMID:301073", "title": "Antisera against leukaemia-associated antigens on human lymphocytes.", "content": "Antisera were raised in rabbits against leukaemic lymphosarcoma (LSL) cells which carried surface markers of both thymus-derived T lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes (B cells). After absorption with leucocytes, erythrocytes and serum proteins from normal individuals, the antisera demonstrated significant complement-dependent cytotoxicity against leukaemic cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (9/11), LSL (7/9) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (9/12), with an antibody titre of 1:64 or greater. The antisera did not react with: (a) blood lymphocytes from clinically healthy individuals (0/23), patients with ono-lymphoproliferative disorders (0/8) and normal umbilical cords (0/3), (b) normal lymphocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (0/7), allogeneic lymphocytes (0/3), fetuin (0/1), purified protein derivative (PPD) (0/2), and candida antigen (0/1); (C) normal marrow cells (0/3), (D) normal thymocytes (0/2) and (E) leukaemic cells from patients with acute myeloblastic (AML) (0/10) and chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) (0/3). However, the antisera did react with lymphoblastoid cells from continuous B-cell lines derived from an AML patient and from a non-leukaemic individual and, to a lesser extent, with lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The antisera also reacted with lymphocytes from chronically infected tonsils. Cytotoxicity of the antisera against lymphoblastoid and tonsillar cells was inhibited by ALL and CLL cell-lysates; and, conversely, cytotoxicity against ALL cells was inhibited by the lymphoblastoid cell extract. In contrast, a cell lysate or extract from normal inhibited by the lymphoblastoid cell extract. In contrast, a cell lysate or extract from normal lymphocytes did not inhibit cytotoxicity toward lymphoblastoid, tonsillar or ALL cells. Cytotoxicity of the antisera was neutralized by a goat anti-rabbit IgG (GAR IgG). These results suggest that the antisera contained antibodies reactive with antigens possibly common to neoplastic lymphocytes, tonsillar cells, lymphoblastoid cells and some lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis.", "contents": "Antisera against leukaemia-associated antigens on human lymphocytes. Antisera were raised in rabbits against leukaemic lymphosarcoma (LSL) cells which carried surface markers of both thymus-derived T lymphocytes (T cells) and bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes (B cells). After absorption with leucocytes, erythrocytes and serum proteins from normal individuals, the antisera demonstrated significant complement-dependent cytotoxicity against leukaemic cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (9/11), LSL (7/9) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) (9/12), with an antibody titre of 1:64 or greater. The antisera did not react with: (a) blood lymphocytes from clinically healthy individuals (0/23), patients with ono-lymphoproliferative disorders (0/8) and normal umbilical cords (0/3), (b) normal lymphocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (0/7), allogeneic lymphocytes (0/3), fetuin (0/1), purified protein derivative (PPD) (0/2), and candida antigen (0/1); (C) normal marrow cells (0/3), (D) normal thymocytes (0/2) and (E) leukaemic cells from patients with acute myeloblastic (AML) (0/10) and chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) (0/3). However, the antisera did react with lymphoblastoid cells from continuous B-cell lines derived from an AML patient and from a non-leukaemic individual and, to a lesser extent, with lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis. The antisera also reacted with lymphocytes from chronically infected tonsils. Cytotoxicity of the antisera against lymphoblastoid and tonsillar cells was inhibited by ALL and CLL cell-lysates; and, conversely, cytotoxicity against ALL cells was inhibited by the lymphoblastoid cell extract. In contrast, a cell lysate or extract from normal inhibited by the lymphoblastoid cell extract. In contrast, a cell lysate or extract from normal lymphocytes did not inhibit cytotoxicity toward lymphoblastoid, tonsillar or ALL cells. Cytotoxicity of the antisera was neutralized by a goat anti-rabbit IgG (GAR IgG). These results suggest that the antisera contained antibodies reactive with antigens possibly common to neoplastic lymphocytes, tonsillar cells, lymphoblastoid cells and some lymphocytes from patients with infectious mononucleosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301074", "title": "Immunological findings in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A detailed case study.", "content": "Several immunological parameters were investigated in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL). An increased concentration of polyclonal immunoglobulins, the presence of autoantibodies in the serum and an increased level of B lymphocytes with an abnormal DNA synthesis response to LPS in peripheral blood were the most salient features. The findings suggest that in IBL there is a numerical as well as a functional alteration of peripheral blood lymphocytes. We propose that the alteration was due to either an escape of lymphocytes from central lymphatic organs or a defect in maturation of peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunological findings in immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A detailed case study. Several immunological parameters were investigated in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL). An increased concentration of polyclonal immunoglobulins, the presence of autoantibodies in the serum and an increased level of B lymphocytes with an abnormal DNA synthesis response to LPS in peripheral blood were the most salient features. The findings suggest that in IBL there is a numerical as well as a functional alteration of peripheral blood lymphocytes. We propose that the alteration was due to either an escape of lymphocytes from central lymphatic organs or a defect in maturation of peripheral blood lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301075", "title": "T lymphocytes and the transfer of immunity to Trypanosoma musculi in mice.", "content": "Trypanosoma musculi produces a resolving infection in mice and the immune response is thymus dependent. Spleen cells from immune and from uninfected mice were transferred to T cell-deprived mice and restored their ability to control the infection, the immune cells being effective most rapidly. Treatment of the cells in vitro with anti-theta serum did not impair their ability to restore immunocompetence and it is proposed that, though T-cell dependent, the immune response is effected by theta- cells.", "contents": "T lymphocytes and the transfer of immunity to Trypanosoma musculi in mice. Trypanosoma musculi produces a resolving infection in mice and the immune response is thymus dependent. Spleen cells from immune and from uninfected mice were transferred to T cell-deprived mice and restored their ability to control the infection, the immune cells being effective most rapidly. Treatment of the cells in vitro with anti-theta serum did not impair their ability to restore immunocompetence and it is proposed that, though T-cell dependent, the immune response is effected by theta- cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301076", "title": "Extracellular release of peroxidase from eosinophils by interaction with immune complexes.", "content": "Much peroxidase is released from eosinophils that ingest complexes formed of human immunoglobulins with specific rabbit antibody. The complex formed of IgE with rabbit antibody, was particularly effective. The amount and rate of release of peroxidase was closely related to the amounts of complex ingested by the eosinophils, and degree of lysis of the cell granules. It is proposed that eosinophils attracted to an allergic lesion ingest complexes of IgE, show lysis of granules with release of peroxidase, and that the peroxidase reduces the allergic reaction.", "contents": "Extracellular release of peroxidase from eosinophils by interaction with immune complexes. Much peroxidase is released from eosinophils that ingest complexes formed of human immunoglobulins with specific rabbit antibody. The complex formed of IgE with rabbit antibody, was particularly effective. The amount and rate of release of peroxidase was closely related to the amounts of complex ingested by the eosinophils, and degree of lysis of the cell granules. It is proposed that eosinophils attracted to an allergic lesion ingest complexes of IgE, show lysis of granules with release of peroxidase, and that the peroxidase reduces the allergic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:301079", "title": "Catabolic rate of alpha1-antitrypsin of Pi type M and Z in man.", "content": "1. Human alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated from three Pi M and two Pi Z subjects without alteration of its microheterogeneity. The purified proteins were labelled with either 125I or 131I by a lactoperoxidase method. 2. The disappearance rate of two types of alpha1-antitrypsin were studied after simultaneous injection of labelled M-protein and Z-protein into Pi M subjects. 3. The ratio of extravascular to plasma pools of alpha1-antitrypsin ranged between 1-2 and 1-6 with no difference between M- and Z-protein. The mean fractional catabolic rates of M-protein and Z-protein were respectively 0-26 and 0-40 per day. 4. The difference in catabolic rate of Z- and of M-protein is too small to explain why the alpha1-antitrypsin content of the blood in Pi ZZ subjects is only 15% of that normally found in Pi MM subjects. The low alpha1-antitrypsin in Pi ZZ subjects appears mainly to be due to a low rate of biosynthesis.", "contents": "Catabolic rate of alpha1-antitrypsin of Pi type M and Z in man. 1. Human alpha1-antitrypsin was isolated from three Pi M and two Pi Z subjects without alteration of its microheterogeneity. The purified proteins were labelled with either 125I or 131I by a lactoperoxidase method. 2. The disappearance rate of two types of alpha1-antitrypsin were studied after simultaneous injection of labelled M-protein and Z-protein into Pi M subjects. 3. The ratio of extravascular to plasma pools of alpha1-antitrypsin ranged between 1-2 and 1-6 with no difference between M- and Z-protein. The mean fractional catabolic rates of M-protein and Z-protein were respectively 0-26 and 0-40 per day. 4. The difference in catabolic rate of Z- and of M-protein is too small to explain why the alpha1-antitrypsin content of the blood in Pi ZZ subjects is only 15% of that normally found in Pi MM subjects. The low alpha1-antitrypsin in Pi ZZ subjects appears mainly to be due to a low rate of biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:301085", "title": "[Diverticular disease of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Admission diagnosis of 100 patients with diverticular disease of the colon indicated that the clinical features of the disease is still relatively unknown. The most important cardinal symptoms are abdominal complaints, irregular stools and/or bleeding from the large intestine. These symptoms occur with about equql frequency in patients with diverticular disease, whether or not there was evidence of inflammatory complications. If there is clinically manifest diverticulum formation of the colon, the term \"diverticular disease\" seems appropriate, since transition between diverticulosis and diverticulitis is fluid. In addition to bleeding and attacks of diverticulitis, fistulae and gut narrowing with or without ileus are other complications. Mechanical small-intestinal ileus with involvement of the small intestine in the inflammatory diverticulitis mass was a feature of several of the authors' cases. Low-residue diet is contra-indicated because such food probably plays an important part in the aetiology and pathogenesis of diverticular disease.", "contents": "[Diverticular disease of the colon (author's transl)]. Admission diagnosis of 100 patients with diverticular disease of the colon indicated that the clinical features of the disease is still relatively unknown. The most important cardinal symptoms are abdominal complaints, irregular stools and/or bleeding from the large intestine. These symptoms occur with about equql frequency in patients with diverticular disease, whether or not there was evidence of inflammatory complications. If there is clinically manifest diverticulum formation of the colon, the term \"diverticular disease\" seems appropriate, since transition between diverticulosis and diverticulitis is fluid. In addition to bleeding and attacks of diverticulitis, fistulae and gut narrowing with or without ileus are other complications. Mechanical small-intestinal ileus with involvement of the small intestine in the inflammatory diverticulitis mass was a feature of several of the authors' cases. Low-residue diet is contra-indicated because such food probably plays an important part in the aetiology and pathogenesis of diverticular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301086", "title": "Elevation of plasma corticosterone by swim stress and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in control and fluoxetine-pretreated rats.", "content": "Fluoxetine, a drug that inhibits serotonin inactivation by reuptake from the synaptic cleft and thereby enhances serotonin nerve function, was used to study the possible role of serotonin neurons in the activation of the pituitary-adrenal system of rats by swim stress or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Fluoxetine pretreatment enhanced the elevation of plasma corticosterone produced by injection of L-5-hydroxytryptophan but did not significantly alter the elevation of plasma corticosterone by swim stress or by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, even when the stimulus was shown to be submaximal. The results suggest that serotonin neural pathways postulated to stimulate ACTH secretion are not involved in the activation of adrenocortical function by these stimuli.", "contents": "Elevation of plasma corticosterone by swim stress and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in control and fluoxetine-pretreated rats. Fluoxetine, a drug that inhibits serotonin inactivation by reuptake from the synaptic cleft and thereby enhances serotonin nerve function, was used to study the possible role of serotonin neurons in the activation of the pituitary-adrenal system of rats by swim stress or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Fluoxetine pretreatment enhanced the elevation of plasma corticosterone produced by injection of L-5-hydroxytryptophan but did not significantly alter the elevation of plasma corticosterone by swim stress or by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, even when the stimulus was shown to be submaximal. The results suggest that serotonin neural pathways postulated to stimulate ACTH secretion are not involved in the activation of adrenocortical function by these stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:301087", "title": "Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct - diagnosed by duodenoscopy and ERCP.", "content": "Case report on two patients with massive hemorrhage from the pancreatic duct as proven by duodenoscopy and retrograde pancreatography. In patients with blood pouring from the orifice of the papilla of Vater retrograde ductography should be performed to prove hemobilia or hemosuccus pancreaticus.", "contents": "Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage into the pancreatic duct - diagnosed by duodenoscopy and ERCP. Case report on two patients with massive hemorrhage from the pancreatic duct as proven by duodenoscopy and retrograde pancreatography. In patients with blood pouring from the orifice of the papilla of Vater retrograde ductography should be performed to prove hemobilia or hemosuccus pancreaticus."}
{"id": "PMID:301084", "title": "Arteriovenous malformation of the cecum: report of six cases.", "content": "Patients who have chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding with negative conventional work-ups should undergo superior mesenteric arteriography to look for arteriovenous malformations. Once the diagnosis is made, treatment is immediate conventional right hemicolectomy. Six patients with arteriovenous malformations described in this report have had no recurrence of rectal bleeding in one to five years.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformation of the cecum: report of six cases. Patients who have chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding with negative conventional work-ups should undergo superior mesenteric arteriography to look for arteriovenous malformations. Once the diagnosis is made, treatment is immediate conventional right hemicolectomy. Six patients with arteriovenous malformations described in this report have had no recurrence of rectal bleeding in one to five years."}
{"id": "PMID:301088", "title": "Endoscopy in bleeding duodenal varices: a rare cause of massive upper G-I-hemorrhage.", "content": "Endoscopic evidence of bleeding duodenal varices in a patient with portal hypertension and severe upper G-I-hemorrhage is given. Review of our own endoscopic experience and literature suggests that these varices occur more frequently than generally realized. Their diagnosis tends to be overlooked. Possible therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopy in bleeding duodenal varices: a rare cause of massive upper G-I-hemorrhage. Endoscopic evidence of bleeding duodenal varices in a patient with portal hypertension and severe upper G-I-hemorrhage is given. Review of our own endoscopic experience and literature suggests that these varices occur more frequently than generally realized. Their diagnosis tends to be overlooked. Possible therapy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301089", "title": "A new diagnostic aid in traumatic hemobilia.", "content": "A case report of traumatic hemobilia following suture of superficial laceration of the liver is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by emergency endoscopy preoperatively. Segmental hepatic resection was successful. Endoscopy is the most convenient as well as harmless procedure in establishing the diagnosis preoperatively. The importance of careful observation of the papilla of Vater in endoscopy to determine the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is emphasized. In addition, the introduction of serial endoscopy to follow the course of mild hemobilia is suggested.", "contents": "A new diagnostic aid in traumatic hemobilia. A case report of traumatic hemobilia following suture of superficial laceration of the liver is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by emergency endoscopy preoperatively. Segmental hepatic resection was successful. Endoscopy is the most convenient as well as harmless procedure in establishing the diagnosis preoperatively. The importance of careful observation of the papilla of Vater in endoscopy to determine the site of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is emphasized. In addition, the introduction of serial endoscopy to follow the course of mild hemobilia is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:301090", "title": "Surface immunoglobulins of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells. The behavior of IgM, IgD and IgG.", "content": "The nature of Ig receptors carried by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse spleen B cells was analyzed by surface iodination, direct antiserum precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LPS activation led to a rapid decrease of surface IgD to 20 % and 80 % of the original level on days three and five of culture, respectively. Efficiency of iodination of cells doubled after culture but the proportional radioactivity in IgM reace of cells, but only in small amounts (1 % of total surface Ig) and this expression of IgG remained constant during 5 days of culture. We could definitively identify gamma-chains on the surface of cells, but only in small amounts (1% of total surface Ig) and this expression of IgG remained constant during 5 days of culture.", "contents": "Surface immunoglobulins of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells. The behavior of IgM, IgD and IgG. The nature of Ig receptors carried by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse spleen B cells was analyzed by surface iodination, direct antiserum precipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. LPS activation led to a rapid decrease of surface IgD to 20 % and 80 % of the original level on days three and five of culture, respectively. Efficiency of iodination of cells doubled after culture but the proportional radioactivity in IgM reace of cells, but only in small amounts (1 % of total surface Ig) and this expression of IgG remained constant during 5 days of culture. We could definitively identify gamma-chains on the surface of cells, but only in small amounts (1% of total surface Ig) and this expression of IgG remained constant during 5 days of culture."}
{"id": "PMID:301092", "title": "Loss of surface IgD by human B lymphocytes during polyclonal activation.", "content": "Surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins were studied by direct immunofluorescence in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures of human blood lymphocytes. The results compared to those of studies of unstimulated cultures and of fresh normal lymphocytes showed a striking decrease in surface IgD during terminal maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells. The number of cells which expressed IgG Fe receptor also decreased, although to a lesser extent.", "contents": "Loss of surface IgD by human B lymphocytes during polyclonal activation. Surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins were studied by direct immunofluorescence in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures of human blood lymphocytes. The results compared to those of studies of unstimulated cultures and of fresh normal lymphocytes showed a striking decrease in surface IgD during terminal maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells. The number of cells which expressed IgG Fe receptor also decreased, although to a lesser extent."}
{"id": "PMID:301093", "title": "Down regulation in B lymphocytes: low dose signals.", "content": "Picogram quantities of dinitrophenylated (DNP) dextran, a thymus-independent antigen or lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen, signal down B lymphocytes to unresponsiveness. Down signals were detected by a decision test in which signaled lymphocytes were allowed one hour to react to an immunogenic pulse of DNP-dextran. Depletion of T cells or macrophages did not interfere with the generation of down signals. The signaling can proceed entirely at 4 degrees C and it its negative effect is transitory. Down signals which could be detected after 15 min at 37 degrees C were reversed by 60 min. It is suggested that down regulation by low dose antigenic signals provides a means of distinguishing background noise from true antigenic stimuli.", "contents": "Down regulation in B lymphocytes: low dose signals. Picogram quantities of dinitrophenylated (DNP) dextran, a thymus-independent antigen or lipopolysaccharide, a B cell mitogen, signal down B lymphocytes to unresponsiveness. Down signals were detected by a decision test in which signaled lymphocytes were allowed one hour to react to an immunogenic pulse of DNP-dextran. Depletion of T cells or macrophages did not interfere with the generation of down signals. The signaling can proceed entirely at 4 degrees C and it its negative effect is transitory. Down signals which could be detected after 15 min at 37 degrees C were reversed by 60 min. It is suggested that down regulation by low dose antigenic signals provides a means of distinguishing background noise from true antigenic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:301094", "title": "Spontaneous release of Fc receptor-like material from human lymphoblastoid cell lines.", "content": "In the culture medium of some human lymphoblastoid cell lines material is released with the following properties: (a) hemagglutination reaction of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes; (b) enhancement of precipitation of DNA-anti-DNA complexes; (c) inhibition of binding of C1q to immune complexes; (d) inhibition of immune complex binding to lymphocytes; (e) inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. The material is not identical with C1q or rheumatoid factor, it is heat resistant (30 min at 56 degrees C); the molecular weight is about 100 000 daltons and it is capable of inhibiting antibody production in vitro. It is suggested that this material consists of Fc receptors spontaneously shed from lymphocyte membranes.", "contents": "Spontaneous release of Fc receptor-like material from human lymphoblastoid cell lines. In the culture medium of some human lymphoblastoid cell lines material is released with the following properties: (a) hemagglutination reaction of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes; (b) enhancement of precipitation of DNA-anti-DNA complexes; (c) inhibition of binding of C1q to immune complexes; (d) inhibition of immune complex binding to lymphocytes; (e) inhibition of antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity. The material is not identical with C1q or rheumatoid factor, it is heat resistant (30 min at 56 degrees C); the molecular weight is about 100 000 daltons and it is capable of inhibiting antibody production in vitro. It is suggested that this material consists of Fc receptors spontaneously shed from lymphocyte membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:301095", "title": "Evaluation of the possible role of B cell receptors in the tendency of B cells to migrate into follicles in mice and chickens.", "content": "Chicken spleen and bursa cells were examined for the percentage of Fc receptor-bearing cells. Rosette formation was done with chicken 7S antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and was inhibited by heat-aggregated chicken Ig. In the spleen, the percentage was found to increase with age to approximately 26% at 7 to 12 weeks. In contrast, only 3 to 5% of bursa cellss at this age demonstrated Fc receptors. Sleens from bursectomized chickens had 7--10% Fc receptor-bearing cells. In an attempt to determine a possible role of the C3 receptor on migration patterns, the effect of cobra venom factor (CVF) on the localization of transferred lymphoid cells was examined. Pretreatment of recipients with enough CVF to lower mean C3 levels to 11% of controls failed to affect follicular B cell localization in mice at either 24 or 48 h after transfer. Localization of thymus or bursa cells in chickens was similarly unaffected by CVF pretreatment. The possible roles of Fc and C3 receptors on migration of B lymphocytes into follicles and germinal centers were discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the possible role of B cell receptors in the tendency of B cells to migrate into follicles in mice and chickens. Chicken spleen and bursa cells were examined for the percentage of Fc receptor-bearing cells. Rosette formation was done with chicken 7S antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and was inhibited by heat-aggregated chicken Ig. In the spleen, the percentage was found to increase with age to approximately 26% at 7 to 12 weeks. In contrast, only 3 to 5% of bursa cellss at this age demonstrated Fc receptors. Sleens from bursectomized chickens had 7--10% Fc receptor-bearing cells. In an attempt to determine a possible role of the C3 receptor on migration patterns, the effect of cobra venom factor (CVF) on the localization of transferred lymphoid cells was examined. Pretreatment of recipients with enough CVF to lower mean C3 levels to 11% of controls failed to affect follicular B cell localization in mice at either 24 or 48 h after transfer. Localization of thymus or bursa cells in chickens was similarly unaffected by CVF pretreatment. The possible roles of Fc and C3 receptors on migration of B lymphocytes into follicles and germinal centers were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301099", "title": "Selective antagonism by Mg2+ of amino acid-induced depolarization of spinal neurones.", "content": "In the isolated frog or rat spinal cord, low concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5-1.00 mM) markedly depress, in a substantially Ca2+-independent manner, ventral root depolarizations produced by dorsal root stimulation and by certain amino acids (e.g. N-methyl-D-aspartate and L-homocysteate) but do not depress depolarizations produced by other excitatory amino acids (e.g. kainate and quisqualate). L-Aspartate-induced depolarizations are more sensitive to Mg2+ then are L-glutamate-induced depolarizations.", "contents": "Selective antagonism by Mg2+ of amino acid-induced depolarization of spinal neurones. In the isolated frog or rat spinal cord, low concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5-1.00 mM) markedly depress, in a substantially Ca2+-independent manner, ventral root depolarizations produced by dorsal root stimulation and by certain amino acids (e.g. N-methyl-D-aspartate and L-homocysteate) but do not depress depolarizations produced by other excitatory amino acids (e.g. kainate and quisqualate). L-Aspartate-induced depolarizations are more sensitive to Mg2+ then are L-glutamate-induced depolarizations."}
{"id": "PMID:301103", "title": "[Specificity of the effect of thrombin on the chemoreceptors of the frog carotid labyrinth].", "content": "Perfusion of thrombin and trypsin solutions through the frog carotid labyrinth acts on the carotid chemoreceptors and evokes reflex response of the anticoagulating system. The similarity of effects of both these agents seems to be due to similarity of their structures. Other agents acting on the frog vascular chemoreceptors: sodium chloride hypoxia, lobeline,--cause no activation of the reflex anticoagulating system. Thrombin is concluded to be the adequate and specific irritant of the vascular chemoreceptors of the frog anticoagulating system.", "contents": "[Specificity of the effect of thrombin on the chemoreceptors of the frog carotid labyrinth]. Perfusion of thrombin and trypsin solutions through the frog carotid labyrinth acts on the carotid chemoreceptors and evokes reflex response of the anticoagulating system. The similarity of effects of both these agents seems to be due to similarity of their structures. Other agents acting on the frog vascular chemoreceptors: sodium chloride hypoxia, lobeline,--cause no activation of the reflex anticoagulating system. Thrombin is concluded to be the adequate and specific irritant of the vascular chemoreceptors of the frog anticoagulating system."}
{"id": "PMID:301105", "title": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) and musculo-skeletal pain in general practice: a pilot, open, non-comparative study of long-standing rheumatic pain.", "content": "Forty-six patients were admitted to an open general practice study of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of long-standing rheumatic pain; forty-one patients completed the trial. The duration of the trial was 56 days during which patients received daily doses of either 10 mg or 25 mg of clomipramine. Assessments were made at fortnightly intervals. Patients were assessed for pain using a visual analogue scale, analgesic requirement, joint pain, other pain and morning stiffness. At the completion of the study patients were asked whether the addition of clomipramine to their treatment was better, the same or worse than no additional treatment. Twenty-one patients (57%) felt that it was better, four felt that it was the same and twelve said that it was worse. The doctor also similarly recorded his preference at the end of the trial. In twenty-two cases (60%) the doctor felt it was better, in eight that there was no difference and in seven that it was worse. There was no difference between the 10 mg and the 25 mg regime. It is suggested that better control of rheumatic symptoms can be achieved in some patients by the addition of small daily doses of clomipramine to their standard anti-rheumatic therapy. The author expresses the view that further research in this field is merited.", "contents": "Clomipramine (Anafranil) and musculo-skeletal pain in general practice: a pilot, open, non-comparative study of long-standing rheumatic pain. Forty-six patients were admitted to an open general practice study of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of long-standing rheumatic pain; forty-one patients completed the trial. The duration of the trial was 56 days during which patients received daily doses of either 10 mg or 25 mg of clomipramine. Assessments were made at fortnightly intervals. Patients were assessed for pain using a visual analogue scale, analgesic requirement, joint pain, other pain and morning stiffness. At the completion of the study patients were asked whether the addition of clomipramine to their treatment was better, the same or worse than no additional treatment. Twenty-one patients (57%) felt that it was better, four felt that it was the same and twelve said that it was worse. The doctor also similarly recorded his preference at the end of the trial. In twenty-two cases (60%) the doctor felt it was better, in eight that there was no difference and in seven that it was worse. There was no difference between the 10 mg and the 25 mg regime. It is suggested that better control of rheumatic symptoms can be achieved in some patients by the addition of small daily doses of clomipramine to their standard anti-rheumatic therapy. The author expresses the view that further research in this field is merited."}
{"id": "PMID:301106", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst in a patient with variant von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst which occurred in a 32-year-old woman with variant von Willebrand's disease. A curvilinearly calcified shadow incidentally seen in the upper abdomen on radiographic examination was the first sign of the cyst. The abnormality of hemostatic mechanism found in this patient is speculated to be related to the cyst formation.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst in a patient with variant von Willebrand's disease. We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst which occurred in a 32-year-old woman with variant von Willebrand's disease. A curvilinearly calcified shadow incidentally seen in the upper abdomen on radiographic examination was the first sign of the cyst. The abnormality of hemostatic mechanism found in this patient is speculated to be related to the cyst formation."}
{"id": "PMID:301107", "title": "A bleeding Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed by arteriography.", "content": "A case of Meckel's bleeding diverticulum diagnosed by emergent arteriography is presented. Arteriography revealed an extravasation of contrast medium into the distal ileum and an abnormal ileal artery which passed to the antimesenteric border of the ileum. The diverticulum was demonstrated by double contrast study of the small intestine. The merits of emergent arteriography and other examinations for diagnosing Meckel's diverticulum are discussed.", "contents": "A bleeding Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed by arteriography. A case of Meckel's bleeding diverticulum diagnosed by emergent arteriography is presented. Arteriography revealed an extravasation of contrast medium into the distal ileum and an abnormal ileal artery which passed to the antimesenteric border of the ileum. The diverticulum was demonstrated by double contrast study of the small intestine. The merits of emergent arteriography and other examinations for diagnosing Meckel's diverticulum are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301111", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptide A: double antibody method].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay kit was used for measurement of human fibrinopeptide A in plasma. The \"charcoal technique\" was replaced by the more precise double-antibody method. The possibility of automation allows a shortening of the time for performing the assay and a more general clinical use. Normal values and preliminary results of patients with septic disorders and of a hemophilic patient with antibodies to factor VIII which is substituted by pro-coagulation factors (FEIBA) are reported.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of fibrinopeptide A: double antibody method]. A radioimmunoassay kit was used for measurement of human fibrinopeptide A in plasma. The \"charcoal technique\" was replaced by the more precise double-antibody method. The possibility of automation allows a shortening of the time for performing the assay and a more general clinical use. Normal values and preliminary results of patients with septic disorders and of a hemophilic patient with antibodies to factor VIII which is substituted by pro-coagulation factors (FEIBA) are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:301112", "title": "Chronic lung disease in children.", "content": "Since tuberculosis is still a significant threat, the family physician needs to be familiar with methods of its diagnosis and treatment. Among other entities discussed are atypical mycobacteriosis sarcoidosis, and cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Chronic lung disease in children. Since tuberculosis is still a significant threat, the family physician needs to be familiar with methods of its diagnosis and treatment. Among other entities discussed are atypical mycobacteriosis sarcoidosis, and cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301113", "title": "Studies on lymph humoral factor. Biological characteristics of a lymphocytopoietic factor in rat thoracic duct lymph.", "content": "The biological characteristics of a lymphocytopoietic factor obtained from rat thoracic duct lymph (Yamashita, Fukumoto & Miyamoto, 1976) were further investigated. The lymph extract from normal rats failed to stimulate both large pyroninophilic cell-proliferation and mitotic response in the spleen and lymph node of the thymectomized, irradiated and marrow reconstituted rat (B rat). This suggests that target or responsive cells for the factor are not marrow-derived (B) cells, but thymus-derived (T) cells. On the other hand, the lymph extract from the lymphopenic lymph-drained B rats showed similar high lymphopoietic activity to those of normal rats, indicating that the existence of a thymus is not essential for the production or secretion of the factor. The fact that lymphocytotic rats produced by syngeneic lymphocyte transfusion are most sensitive to the lymph extract suggests that liver endogenous level of this factor and the responsiveness of target cells are regulated by the number of circulating T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies on lymph humoral factor. Biological characteristics of a lymphocytopoietic factor in rat thoracic duct lymph. The biological characteristics of a lymphocytopoietic factor obtained from rat thoracic duct lymph (Yamashita, Fukumoto & Miyamoto, 1976) were further investigated. The lymph extract from normal rats failed to stimulate both large pyroninophilic cell-proliferation and mitotic response in the spleen and lymph node of the thymectomized, irradiated and marrow reconstituted rat (B rat). This suggests that target or responsive cells for the factor are not marrow-derived (B) cells, but thymus-derived (T) cells. On the other hand, the lymph extract from the lymphopenic lymph-drained B rats showed similar high lymphopoietic activity to those of normal rats, indicating that the existence of a thymus is not essential for the production or secretion of the factor. The fact that lymphocytotic rats produced by syngeneic lymphocyte transfusion are most sensitive to the lymph extract suggests that liver endogenous level of this factor and the responsiveness of target cells are regulated by the number of circulating T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301114", "title": "Can B-cell tolerance be induced by oligovalent thymus dependent antigens?", "content": "Spleen cells from adult mice were rendered \"tolerant\" to TNP by exposing cells in vitro to large concentrations of TNP10BSA. After such treatment the residual response to TNP was measured using TNP-LPS as antigen in vitro or in vivo. The \"tolerance\" observed in this system was not reversed by treating the cells with trypsin, nor by using non-specific polyclonal activators. Furthermore, responsiveness to TNP-LPS in vitro was not substantially restored when such \"tolerant\" cells were \"parked\" in vivo for 7 days. In contrast when TNP-KLH was the antigen used to challenge TNP-BSA treated cells, no unresponsiveness was observed. The results are discussed in terms of the degree of thymus dependence of the challenge antigens; subpopulations of B cells, and current hypotheses of B-cell activation;", "contents": "Can B-cell tolerance be induced by oligovalent thymus dependent antigens? Spleen cells from adult mice were rendered \"tolerant\" to TNP by exposing cells in vitro to large concentrations of TNP10BSA. After such treatment the residual response to TNP was measured using TNP-LPS as antigen in vitro or in vivo. The \"tolerance\" observed in this system was not reversed by treating the cells with trypsin, nor by using non-specific polyclonal activators. Furthermore, responsiveness to TNP-LPS in vitro was not substantially restored when such \"tolerant\" cells were \"parked\" in vivo for 7 days. In contrast when TNP-KLH was the antigen used to challenge TNP-BSA treated cells, no unresponsiveness was observed. The results are discussed in terms of the degree of thymus dependence of the challenge antigens; subpopulations of B cells, and current hypotheses of B-cell activation;"}
{"id": "PMID:301115", "title": "Heteroantisera prepared against B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation. I. Preparation of sera and cytotoxicity to lymphoid cells from different organs.", "content": "A routine method is described whereby anti-mouse B-cell antisera can be raised in rabbits. As judged by trypan blue dye exclusion these sera have negligible cytotoxicity to murine T lymphocytes but seem to detect differences in non-T lymphocytes in different organs. By sedimentation analysis some of the sera may detect (in addition to mature B cells) earlier precursors of mature B lymphocytes in bone marrow and spleen.", "contents": "Heteroantisera prepared against B lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation. I. Preparation of sera and cytotoxicity to lymphoid cells from different organs. A routine method is described whereby anti-mouse B-cell antisera can be raised in rabbits. As judged by trypan blue dye exclusion these sera have negligible cytotoxicity to murine T lymphocytes but seem to detect differences in non-T lymphocytes in different organs. By sedimentation analysis some of the sera may detect (in addition to mature B cells) earlier precursors of mature B lymphocytes in bone marrow and spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:301116", "title": "Diminished T cell surveillance function in old mice infected with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune response resulting from infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was compared in old (18--20 month) and young (4--6 month) random-bred ICR mice. Three separate assay systems were used: the level of virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity measured in vitro, time of onset of fatal cell-mediated immunopathology in vivo and adoptive transfer of inflammatory process to immunosuppressed, virus-infected recipients. The capacity of old mice to generate virus-immune effector T cells was, by all of these criteria, greatly diminished. It is suggested that the LCMV-specific T-cell response may prove a useful standard system for determining integrity of immunological surveillance function.", "contents": "Diminished T cell surveillance function in old mice infected with lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus. The cell-mediated immune response resulting from infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was compared in old (18--20 month) and young (4--6 month) random-bred ICR mice. Three separate assay systems were used: the level of virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity measured in vitro, time of onset of fatal cell-mediated immunopathology in vivo and adoptive transfer of inflammatory process to immunosuppressed, virus-infected recipients. The capacity of old mice to generate virus-immune effector T cells was, by all of these criteria, greatly diminished. It is suggested that the LCMV-specific T-cell response may prove a useful standard system for determining integrity of immunological surveillance function."}
{"id": "PMID:301117", "title": "Susceptibility of human lymphocyte populations to infection by herpes simplex virus.", "content": "The antibody response to diphtheria toxoid by cultured tonsil cells was suppressed by herpes simplex virus during its inductive stage. Since only T lymphocytes readily supported virus replication, this immunosuppression may be attributed to a selective effect of the virus on this population of cells.", "contents": "Susceptibility of human lymphocyte populations to infection by herpes simplex virus. The antibody response to diphtheria toxoid by cultured tonsil cells was suppressed by herpes simplex virus during its inductive stage. Since only T lymphocytes readily supported virus replication, this immunosuppression may be attributed to a selective effect of the virus on this population of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301118", "title": "The humoral immune response of mouse bone marrow lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow (BM) small lymphocytes are shown to contain competent precursors for a primary haemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) response to heterologous red blood cells and TNP in an in vitro culture system. Their response is dependent on T co-operative factors, which can be provided by irradiated spleen cells activated by concanavalin A or the supernatant of an allogeneic culture, added at the beginning or after 24 h of culture. The frequency of PFC precursors for the response to SRBC is found to be equal or higher in BM than spleen cultures. However, BM lymphocyte cultures stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide show an increase of DNA synthesis but contain only few polyclonal PFC, in contrast to spleen.", "contents": "The humoral immune response of mouse bone marrow lymphocytes in vitro. Mouse bone marrow (BM) small lymphocytes are shown to contain competent precursors for a primary haemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) response to heterologous red blood cells and TNP in an in vitro culture system. Their response is dependent on T co-operative factors, which can be provided by irradiated spleen cells activated by concanavalin A or the supernatant of an allogeneic culture, added at the beginning or after 24 h of culture. The frequency of PFC precursors for the response to SRBC is found to be equal or higher in BM than spleen cultures. However, BM lymphocyte cultures stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide show an increase of DNA synthesis but contain only few polyclonal PFC, in contrast to spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:301120", "title": "Enhanced reaginic antibody formation to ovalbumin in mice given repeated injections of concanavalin A.", "content": "Mice injected with 4 weekly doses of concanavalin A arabinogalactan complex (Con A-AG) give a secondary type of IgE response when they encounter ovalbumin (Ov) for the first time. The IgE-enhancing effect of Con A-AG immunization applies to Ov but not to various other antigens. However, no cross-reaction appears to exist at the humoral level between Con A and Ov. The apparent priming of mice to Ov by Con A can be adoptively transferred to syngeneic irradiated recipients by spleen cells.", "contents": "Enhanced reaginic antibody formation to ovalbumin in mice given repeated injections of concanavalin A. Mice injected with 4 weekly doses of concanavalin A arabinogalactan complex (Con A-AG) give a secondary type of IgE response when they encounter ovalbumin (Ov) for the first time. The IgE-enhancing effect of Con A-AG immunization applies to Ov but not to various other antigens. However, no cross-reaction appears to exist at the humoral level between Con A and Ov. The apparent priming of mice to Ov by Con A can be adoptively transferred to syngeneic irradiated recipients by spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301121", "title": "Spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation by circulating lymphocytes of normal subjects: relative proportion of T and B cells.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes of ten normal, healthy subjects were assayed simultaneously for spontaneous 3H-thymidine flash labelling and erythrocyte, active erythrocyte and erythrocyte antibody complement rosette formation. Spontaneous blastogenesis of T lymphocytes is significantly higher than that of B cells. The majority of T lymphocytes incorporating 3H-thymidine are active E rosette-forming cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation by circulating lymphocytes of normal subjects: relative proportion of T and B cells. Peripheral lymphocytes of ten normal, healthy subjects were assayed simultaneously for spontaneous 3H-thymidine flash labelling and erythrocyte, active erythrocyte and erythrocyte antibody complement rosette formation. Spontaneous blastogenesis of T lymphocytes is significantly higher than that of B cells. The majority of T lymphocytes incorporating 3H-thymidine are active E rosette-forming cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301122", "title": "Depressed in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte response to mitogens in cancer patients: the role of suppressor cells.", "content": "The reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with advanced malignancy was assessed by mitogen-induced stimulation of protein synthesis as measured by 3H-leucine incorporation. It was confirmed that the lymphocyte response of patients was depressed. Furthermore, the lymphocytes of 15 out of 27 cancer patients, selected because of their low responses, inhibited the reactivity of normal lymphocytes in co-cultures. The lymphocytes from one patient with Hodgkin's disease were also inhibitory. In contrast, lymphocytes from healthy subjects, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma or multiple myeloma caused no suppression. Experiments with purified cell populations from patients with carcinoma indicated that purified T cells responded to mitogens while unseparated lymphocytes failed to respond and that the inhibitory activity was due to adherent cells, presumably monocytes. There was no evidence for B-cell-mediated suppression. However, in two cases inhibition was caused by isolated T cells of the patients and not by adherent cells. These experiments suggested that one mechanism for the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen in patients with advanced cancer may be the nonspecific suppresssion of certain T-cell functions by circulating monocytes.", "contents": "Depressed in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte response to mitogens in cancer patients: the role of suppressor cells. The reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with advanced malignancy was assessed by mitogen-induced stimulation of protein synthesis as measured by 3H-leucine incorporation. It was confirmed that the lymphocyte response of patients was depressed. Furthermore, the lymphocytes of 15 out of 27 cancer patients, selected because of their low responses, inhibited the reactivity of normal lymphocytes in co-cultures. The lymphocytes from one patient with Hodgkin's disease were also inhibitory. In contrast, lymphocytes from healthy subjects, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphosarcoma or multiple myeloma caused no suppression. Experiments with purified cell populations from patients with carcinoma indicated that purified T cells responded to mitogens while unseparated lymphocytes failed to respond and that the inhibitory activity was due to adherent cells, presumably monocytes. There was no evidence for B-cell-mediated suppression. However, in two cases inhibition was caused by isolated T cells of the patients and not by adherent cells. These experiments suggested that one mechanism for the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen in patients with advanced cancer may be the nonspecific suppresssion of certain T-cell functions by circulating monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301123", "title": "Recovery of Pisum root meristems after mitotic-inhibitory treatments with 3H-thymidine. Inhibition of cell-cycle progression by unincorporated 3H-thymidine.", "content": "Primary root meristems of Pisum sativum recover form a 3H-thymidine-induced reduction in mitotic activity once the roots are no longer exposed to exogenous 3H-thymidine. Cells arrested in G2 during 3H-thymidine treatment apparently do not divide for at least 16 hours after treatment, whereas cells remaining in G1 and S do divide and thereby account for recovery. Recovery occurs only when meristems are no longer exposed to exogenous (i.e. unincorporated) 3H-thymidine, suggesting that cytoplasmic irradiation from unincorporated 3H-thymidine prevents cellular recovery from 3H-thymidine-induced inhibition of cell progression through the mitotic cycle. Concentrations of 14C-thymidine which result in cytoplasmic irradiation nearly equivalent to that achieved with 3H-thymidine, but much lower levels of nuclear irradiation, also prevent recovery from 3H-thymidine-induced inhibition of mitotic activity, but do not alone produced such inhibition. These results support the contention that cytoplasmic irradiation prevents recovery from the effects of nuclear irradiation. Unincorporated 3H-thymidine also prevents recovery from sucrose deprivation in stationary phase G2 cells which have not incorporated 3H-thymidine into nuclear DNA.", "contents": "Recovery of Pisum root meristems after mitotic-inhibitory treatments with 3H-thymidine. Inhibition of cell-cycle progression by unincorporated 3H-thymidine. Primary root meristems of Pisum sativum recover form a 3H-thymidine-induced reduction in mitotic activity once the roots are no longer exposed to exogenous 3H-thymidine. Cells arrested in G2 during 3H-thymidine treatment apparently do not divide for at least 16 hours after treatment, whereas cells remaining in G1 and S do divide and thereby account for recovery. Recovery occurs only when meristems are no longer exposed to exogenous (i.e. unincorporated) 3H-thymidine, suggesting that cytoplasmic irradiation from unincorporated 3H-thymidine prevents cellular recovery from 3H-thymidine-induced inhibition of cell progression through the mitotic cycle. Concentrations of 14C-thymidine which result in cytoplasmic irradiation nearly equivalent to that achieved with 3H-thymidine, but much lower levels of nuclear irradiation, also prevent recovery from 3H-thymidine-induced inhibition of mitotic activity, but do not alone produced such inhibition. These results support the contention that cytoplasmic irradiation prevents recovery from the effects of nuclear irradiation. Unincorporated 3H-thymidine also prevents recovery from sucrose deprivation in stationary phase G2 cells which have not incorporated 3H-thymidine into nuclear DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:301124", "title": "Differences in survival of mouse colon crypts after whole- or partial-body irradiation.", "content": "The survival of mouse colon crypts after X-irradiation has been studied by the microcolony technique. The Do for crypt survival was 266 rad after whole-body irradiation in air, but when the colon alone was irradiated, the Do was 340 rad. In mice which were breathing 95 per cent oxygen, the Do values were 238 rad for whole-body and 302 rad for colon irradiation. The survival curves were all extrapolated to the same number, and the DQ was also increased with colon irradiation. There was, therefore an enhancement of colon crypt survival of about 27 per cent by local as opposed to whole-body irradiation. These results might be explained by a circulating repair promoter or by the production of a toxin after whole-body irradiation.", "contents": "Differences in survival of mouse colon crypts after whole- or partial-body irradiation. The survival of mouse colon crypts after X-irradiation has been studied by the microcolony technique. The Do for crypt survival was 266 rad after whole-body irradiation in air, but when the colon alone was irradiated, the Do was 340 rad. In mice which were breathing 95 per cent oxygen, the Do values were 238 rad for whole-body and 302 rad for colon irradiation. The survival curves were all extrapolated to the same number, and the DQ was also increased with colon irradiation. There was, therefore an enhancement of colon crypt survival of about 27 per cent by local as opposed to whole-body irradiation. These results might be explained by a circulating repair promoter or by the production of a toxin after whole-body irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:301125", "title": "The effect of ploidy on the modification of the shoulder region of hypoxic cell-survival curves by the biradical, Ro.03-6061.", "content": "The biradical nitroxyl, Ro.03-6061, sensitizes two lines of mouse L cell to ionizing radiation when the cells are rendered hypoxic. Although the biradical reduces the Do value of the hypoxic cell-survival curve in each instance, it has no significant effect on the shoulder region. A hybrid line produced from these two strains is more radioresistant than either parent. In this instance, the biradical suppresses the shoulder region of the hypoxic cell-survival curve, but has no effect on the Do value. In a second system, the biradical selectivity sensitizes hypoxic cells of a diploid and a tetraploid clone of Syrian hamster cells (BHK21/C15). The survival-curve characteristics of both clones are similar. The biradical reduces the Do value but does not significantly change the shoulder region of the hypoxic cell-survival curve. An aneuploid line sub-cultured from the tetraploid clone is much more resistant to radiation. In this instance, there is a decrease in the Do value of hypoxic cells in the presence of the biradical, but the extrapolation number is increased to a value similar to that for cells irradiated in air.", "contents": "The effect of ploidy on the modification of the shoulder region of hypoxic cell-survival curves by the biradical, Ro.03-6061. The biradical nitroxyl, Ro.03-6061, sensitizes two lines of mouse L cell to ionizing radiation when the cells are rendered hypoxic. Although the biradical reduces the Do value of the hypoxic cell-survival curve in each instance, it has no significant effect on the shoulder region. A hybrid line produced from these two strains is more radioresistant than either parent. In this instance, the biradical suppresses the shoulder region of the hypoxic cell-survival curve, but has no effect on the Do value. In a second system, the biradical selectivity sensitizes hypoxic cells of a diploid and a tetraploid clone of Syrian hamster cells (BHK21/C15). The survival-curve characteristics of both clones are similar. The biradical reduces the Do value but does not significantly change the shoulder region of the hypoxic cell-survival curve. An aneuploid line sub-cultured from the tetraploid clone is much more resistant to radiation. In this instance, there is a decrease in the Do value of hypoxic cells in the presence of the biradical, but the extrapolation number is increased to a value similar to that for cells irradiated in air."}
{"id": "PMID:301129", "title": "Chloride compartments of the frog lens and chloride permeabilities of its isolated surfaces.", "content": "Total Cl content and exchangeable Cl pools of isolated bull frog lens and Cl permeabilities of its isolated anterior and posterior surfaces were determined. Cl content was 2.81 microEq, corresponding to a cellular concentration of 13.3 mM. After 18 hr. incubation Cl content increased to 3.84 microEq. Three Cl compartments were found: a fast compartment (t1/2 = 130 min.), probably extracellular; a slow compartment (+ 1/2 = 160 min.), probably intracellular; and a bound fraction (24% of the total Cl). 36Cl efflux across anterior and posterior lens surfaces was similar. However, when a correction for the asymmetrical electrical potential difference was made, the permeability of the posterior side, 46.9 x 10(-7) cm./sec., was nearly twice the permeability of the anterior side, 27.6 x 10(-7) cm./sec. The Cl movement and distribution seem to obey passive forces. Iodoaceta increased both total Cl and exhangeable Cl but had little effect on the rate of Cl exchange. Total Cl gain by lenses incubated at 2 degrees C was similar to the control. However, the exchangeable Cl pools and the rate of exchange were significantly diminished.", "contents": "Chloride compartments of the frog lens and chloride permeabilities of its isolated surfaces. Total Cl content and exchangeable Cl pools of isolated bull frog lens and Cl permeabilities of its isolated anterior and posterior surfaces were determined. Cl content was 2.81 microEq, corresponding to a cellular concentration of 13.3 mM. After 18 hr. incubation Cl content increased to 3.84 microEq. Three Cl compartments were found: a fast compartment (t1/2 = 130 min.), probably extracellular; a slow compartment (+ 1/2 = 160 min.), probably intracellular; and a bound fraction (24% of the total Cl). 36Cl efflux across anterior and posterior lens surfaces was similar. However, when a correction for the asymmetrical electrical potential difference was made, the permeability of the posterior side, 46.9 x 10(-7) cm./sec., was nearly twice the permeability of the anterior side, 27.6 x 10(-7) cm./sec. The Cl movement and distribution seem to obey passive forces. Iodoaceta increased both total Cl and exhangeable Cl but had little effect on the rate of Cl exchange. Total Cl gain by lenses incubated at 2 degrees C was similar to the control. However, the exchangeable Cl pools and the rate of exchange were significantly diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:301135", "title": "Cell surface labelling of mononuclear cells with antisera associated to turnip yellow mosaic virus of alphalpha mosaic virus particles. A freeze-etch study.", "content": "Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and alphalpha mosaic virus (AMV) were used as immuno-electron microscopical markers to detect cell surface receptors on mononuclear cells in freeze-etch replicas. TYMV particles were conjugated with vacuum-distilled glutaraldehyde to rabbit IgG anti-mouse immunoglobulins (TYMV-RAMIg conjugate) or to rabbit IgG anti-mouse theta antigen (TYMV-RAMTh conjugate). B-lymphocytes incubated with TYMV-RAMIg conjugate showed either randomly distributed particles or patches of virus particles on the etched surface of the cell membrane. Mouse thymocytes incubated with TYMV-RAMTh conjugate, however, showed only a random distribution of the virus particles. Human mononuclear cells incubated with rabbit IgG anti-AMV and AMV for the demonstration of the receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG showed the oblong shape of the AMV particles on the etched cell membrane, Fc receptors were either randomly distributed or aggregrated into patches. It is concluded that both types of virus particles are useful markers for the demonstration of membrane receptors in freeze-etch replicas of labelled cells.", "contents": "Cell surface labelling of mononuclear cells with antisera associated to turnip yellow mosaic virus of alphalpha mosaic virus particles. A freeze-etch study. Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and alphalpha mosaic virus (AMV) were used as immuno-electron microscopical markers to detect cell surface receptors on mononuclear cells in freeze-etch replicas. TYMV particles were conjugated with vacuum-distilled glutaraldehyde to rabbit IgG anti-mouse immunoglobulins (TYMV-RAMIg conjugate) or to rabbit IgG anti-mouse theta antigen (TYMV-RAMTh conjugate). B-lymphocytes incubated with TYMV-RAMIg conjugate showed either randomly distributed particles or patches of virus particles on the etched surface of the cell membrane. Mouse thymocytes incubated with TYMV-RAMTh conjugate, however, showed only a random distribution of the virus particles. Human mononuclear cells incubated with rabbit IgG anti-AMV and AMV for the demonstration of the receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG showed the oblong shape of the AMV particles on the etched cell membrane, Fc receptors were either randomly distributed or aggregrated into patches. It is concluded that both types of virus particles are useful markers for the demonstration of membrane receptors in freeze-etch replicas of labelled cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301136", "title": "[Acute isolated vestibular paralysis. A clinical and electronystagmographic follow-up study in 28 patients].", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with unilateral acute vestibular paralysis (vestibular neuronitis) were examined after a period of 4-140 months. Seventeen of these patients were examined by electronystagmography with caloric stimuli at 44 degrees, 30 degrees, 17 degrees and 0 degrees C. Most were free of subjective symptoms only one-third had slight unsteadiness after sudden head movement. Subjective symptoms were independent of the presence of permanent canal paralysis or partial recovery of caloric excitability. Spontaneous nystagmus of 3-6,6% intensities was found in 11 of 17 patients. The normal limit for physiological spontaneous nystagmus should therefore be below 3 degrees/s. The most reliable parameter was the maximum velocity of the slow phase, as a mean value of the 4 caloric responses (values corrected for spontaneous nystagmus). The results were: 6 patients with persistent canal paralysis; 4 patients with considerable hypoexcitability; and 7 patients with moderate hypoexcitability. In no patient complete restoration of normal caloric response was found. This is attributed to the described method of caloric testing, which permits exact measurement of small side differences in excitability.", "contents": "[Acute isolated vestibular paralysis. A clinical and electronystagmographic follow-up study in 28 patients]. Twenty-eight patients with unilateral acute vestibular paralysis (vestibular neuronitis) were examined after a period of 4-140 months. Seventeen of these patients were examined by electronystagmography with caloric stimuli at 44 degrees, 30 degrees, 17 degrees and 0 degrees C. Most were free of subjective symptoms only one-third had slight unsteadiness after sudden head movement. Subjective symptoms were independent of the presence of permanent canal paralysis or partial recovery of caloric excitability. Spontaneous nystagmus of 3-6,6% intensities was found in 11 of 17 patients. The normal limit for physiological spontaneous nystagmus should therefore be below 3 degrees/s. The most reliable parameter was the maximum velocity of the slow phase, as a mean value of the 4 caloric responses (values corrected for spontaneous nystagmus). The results were: 6 patients with persistent canal paralysis; 4 patients with considerable hypoexcitability; and 7 patients with moderate hypoexcitability. In no patient complete restoration of normal caloric response was found. This is attributed to the described method of caloric testing, which permits exact measurement of small side differences in excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:301138", "title": "Mucus clearance: in vivo canine tracheal vs. in vitro bullfrog palate studies.", "content": "Tracheal mucociliary clearance was studied by a radioisotope technique in pentothal-anesthetized beagles in the control, atropinized, or dehydrated state. Mucus collected from a tracheal pouch in each dog was used for in vitro bullfrog (Rana cantesbiana) palate clearance studies and compared to the in vivo clearance rates. In all three experimental states, there was a significant correlation between in vivo and in vitro rates, suggesting that tracheal pouch mucus is a good model for investigating the mucociliary flow properties of intact airway mucus. When compared to matched controls, atropine appeared to cause a slowing of the in vivo clearance rate but not of the in vitro rate. Dehydration had no effect on either. The appropriateness of the frog palate method in the study of human respiratory disease (e.g., chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis) as well as its potential as an objective method of assessing the effects of various therapeutic modalities in these diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Mucus clearance: in vivo canine tracheal vs. in vitro bullfrog palate studies. Tracheal mucociliary clearance was studied by a radioisotope technique in pentothal-anesthetized beagles in the control, atropinized, or dehydrated state. Mucus collected from a tracheal pouch in each dog was used for in vitro bullfrog (Rana cantesbiana) palate clearance studies and compared to the in vivo clearance rates. In all three experimental states, there was a significant correlation between in vivo and in vitro rates, suggesting that tracheal pouch mucus is a good model for investigating the mucociliary flow properties of intact airway mucus. When compared to matched controls, atropine appeared to cause a slowing of the in vivo clearance rate but not of the in vitro rate. Dehydration had no effect on either. The appropriateness of the frog palate method in the study of human respiratory disease (e.g., chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis) as well as its potential as an objective method of assessing the effects of various therapeutic modalities in these diseases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301130", "title": "Regional ejection fractions in patients with patent and thrombosed grafts after coronary artery vein bypass surgery.", "content": "Twenty-six patients who had received 43 grafts were studied before and after coronary artery vein bypass surgery. Cine ventriculograms taken in the right anterior oblique projection were analyzed and regional ejection fractions calculated. Single and multiple grafts were considered separately as were thrombosed and patent grafts. Patients were also divided into those with regional ejection fractions below 50% and those with regional ejection fractions above 50%. No statistically significant improvement of the relevant segments was demonstrated in any group. However, those with a regional ejection fraction above 50%, whose grafts had thrombosed, deteriorated from a mean of .66 to .39. There is a significant trend here (p less than .05) and a t test significance at the 7% level.", "contents": "Regional ejection fractions in patients with patent and thrombosed grafts after coronary artery vein bypass surgery. Twenty-six patients who had received 43 grafts were studied before and after coronary artery vein bypass surgery. Cine ventriculograms taken in the right anterior oblique projection were analyzed and regional ejection fractions calculated. Single and multiple grafts were considered separately as were thrombosed and patent grafts. Patients were also divided into those with regional ejection fractions below 50% and those with regional ejection fractions above 50%. No statistically significant improvement of the relevant segments was demonstrated in any group. However, those with a regional ejection fraction above 50%, whose grafts had thrombosed, deteriorated from a mean of .66 to .39. There is a significant trend here (p less than .05) and a t test significance at the 7% level."}
{"id": "PMID:301131", "title": "A study of T and B lymphocytes and chromosomes in breast irradiated mastitis patients.", "content": "Proportions and absolute numbers of T, B and \"Null\" lymphocytes, percent of abnormal cells and chromosomal breaks were determined in breast irradiated mastitis patients and control subjects. No significant difference was observed at these values between controls and irradiated patients.", "contents": "A study of T and B lymphocytes and chromosomes in breast irradiated mastitis patients. Proportions and absolute numbers of T, B and \"Null\" lymphocytes, percent of abnormal cells and chromosomal breaks were determined in breast irradiated mastitis patients and control subjects. No significant difference was observed at these values between controls and irradiated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:301142", "title": "Transport enhancement and reversal: glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose.", "content": "In chick embryo fibroblast cultures the 15- to 30-fold enhancement of D-glucose uptake observed when cells are starved of glucose for 24 hours is not duplicated for derivatives of glucose that compete effectively for uptake and have generally been considered to use the same carrier. 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose and D-glucosamine are derepressed progressively less sharply in that order with glucosamine uptake never more than doubled by starvation. D-glucose at a concentration of 5.5 mM in the 24-hour conditioning medium is a strong \"repressor\" resulting in low \"transport\" behavior for each of the five sugars cited. D-glucosamine is equally effective at the same concentration. A 10-fold reduction in the concentration of glucosamine (0.55 mM) allows for the escape from repression of mannose, glucose, and deoxyglucose uptake while the others remain repressed. Mannose uptake escapes as well when the glucose concentration in the \"conditioning\" medium is similarly reduced. Under certain conditions of starvation and cell density dramatic effects of supplemental stimulation by insulin can be achieved. Insulin withdrawal interrupts the supplemental stimulation process. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D and cordycepin block both non-insulin and insulin-induced derepression. Short exposure (15-30 minutes) of 24-hour starved cells to glucose (5.5 mM) reduces glucose sharply but does not affect 3-O-methyl glucose uptake. If the exposure is to 2-deoxyglucose (5.5 mM) further derepression of glucose uptake results.", "contents": "Transport enhancement and reversal: glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose. In chick embryo fibroblast cultures the 15- to 30-fold enhancement of D-glucose uptake observed when cells are starved of glucose for 24 hours is not duplicated for derivatives of glucose that compete effectively for uptake and have generally been considered to use the same carrier. 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose and D-glucosamine are derepressed progressively less sharply in that order with glucosamine uptake never more than doubled by starvation. D-glucose at a concentration of 5.5 mM in the 24-hour conditioning medium is a strong \"repressor\" resulting in low \"transport\" behavior for each of the five sugars cited. D-glucosamine is equally effective at the same concentration. A 10-fold reduction in the concentration of glucosamine (0.55 mM) allows for the escape from repression of mannose, glucose, and deoxyglucose uptake while the others remain repressed. Mannose uptake escapes as well when the glucose concentration in the \"conditioning\" medium is similarly reduced. Under certain conditions of starvation and cell density dramatic effects of supplemental stimulation by insulin can be achieved. Insulin withdrawal interrupts the supplemental stimulation process. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D and cordycepin block both non-insulin and insulin-induced derepression. Short exposure (15-30 minutes) of 24-hour starved cells to glucose (5.5 mM) reduces glucose sharply but does not affect 3-O-methyl glucose uptake. If the exposure is to 2-deoxyglucose (5.5 mM) further derepression of glucose uptake results."}
{"id": "PMID:301143", "title": "Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro.", "content": "A liquid culture system is described whereby proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S), production of granulocyte precursor cells (CFU-C), and extensive granulopoiesis can be maintained in vetro for several months. Such cultures consist of adherent and non-adherent populations of cells. The adherent population contains phagocytic mononuclear cells, \"epithelial\" cells, and \"giant fat\" cells. The latter appear to be particularly important for stem cell maintenance and furthermore there is a strong tendency for maturing granulocytes to selectively cluster in and around areas of \"giant fat\" cell aggregations. By \"feeding\" the cultures at weekly intervals, between 10 to 15 \"population doublings\" of functionally normal CFU-S regularly occurs. Increased \"population doublings\" may be obtained by feeding twice weekly. The cultures show initially extensive granulopoiesis followed, in a majority of cases, by an accumulation of blast cells. Eventually both blast cells and granulocytes decline and the cultures contain predominantly phagocytic mononuclear cells. Culturing at 33 degrees C leads to the development of a more profuse growth of adherent cells and these cultures show better maintenance of stem cells and increased cell density. When tested for colony stimulating activity (CSA) the cultures were uniformly negative. Addition of exogenous CSA caused a rapid decline in stem cells, reduced granulopoiesis and an accumulation of phagocytic mononuclear cells.", "contents": "Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. A liquid culture system is described whereby proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S), production of granulocyte precursor cells (CFU-C), and extensive granulopoiesis can be maintained in vetro for several months. Such cultures consist of adherent and non-adherent populations of cells. The adherent population contains phagocytic mononuclear cells, \"epithelial\" cells, and \"giant fat\" cells. The latter appear to be particularly important for stem cell maintenance and furthermore there is a strong tendency for maturing granulocytes to selectively cluster in and around areas of \"giant fat\" cell aggregations. By \"feeding\" the cultures at weekly intervals, between 10 to 15 \"population doublings\" of functionally normal CFU-S regularly occurs. Increased \"population doublings\" may be obtained by feeding twice weekly. The cultures show initially extensive granulopoiesis followed, in a majority of cases, by an accumulation of blast cells. Eventually both blast cells and granulocytes decline and the cultures contain predominantly phagocytic mononuclear cells. Culturing at 33 degrees C leads to the development of a more profuse growth of adherent cells and these cultures show better maintenance of stem cells and increased cell density. When tested for colony stimulating activity (CSA) the cultures were uniformly negative. Addition of exogenous CSA caused a rapid decline in stem cells, reduced granulopoiesis and an accumulation of phagocytic mononuclear cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301144", "title": "Control of proliferation of bovine vascular endothelial cells.", "content": "The effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) on the proliferation of bovine vascular endothelial cells has been examined. FGF induces the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in cloned endothelial cells of fetal and adult origin at concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml and is saturating at 50 ng/ml. EGF had no effect over the same range of concentrations. The mitogenic effect of FGF is blocked by a crude extract of cartilage. Platelet extract is also mitogenic for vascular endothelial cells although to a lesser extent than the purified FGF. In contrast to vascular endothelial cells, both EGF and FGF are mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle cells although EGF is less mitogenic than FGF at 100 ng/ml. The mitogenic effect of EGF and FGF on vascular smooth muscle is not blocked by the addition of a crude extract of cartilage, thus demonstrating the specificity of the chalone like effect of cartilage crude extract for endothelial cells.", "contents": "Control of proliferation of bovine vascular endothelial cells. The effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) on the proliferation of bovine vascular endothelial cells has been examined. FGF induces the initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in cloned endothelial cells of fetal and adult origin at concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml and is saturating at 50 ng/ml. EGF had no effect over the same range of concentrations. The mitogenic effect of FGF is blocked by a crude extract of cartilage. Platelet extract is also mitogenic for vascular endothelial cells although to a lesser extent than the purified FGF. In contrast to vascular endothelial cells, both EGF and FGF are mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle cells although EGF is less mitogenic than FGF at 100 ng/ml. The mitogenic effect of EGF and FGF on vascular smooth muscle is not blocked by the addition of a crude extract of cartilage, thus demonstrating the specificity of the chalone like effect of cartilage crude extract for endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301145", "title": "Modulatory effects on immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by lymphocytes from immunodeficient patients.", "content": "Incubation of peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) from normal donors with pokeweek mitogen (PWM) induced terminal differentiation by B lymphocytes to immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesizing and secreting plasma cells. B cells from hypogammaglobulinemic patients with different primary immunodeficiencies failed to undergo functional differentiation after similar treatment with PWM. Co-cultures of BL from normal donors and hypogammaglobulinemic patients often resulted in deviations, both positive and negative, from expected levels of PWM-stimulated intracellular Ig biosynthesis. Suppression of B-cell differentiation was manifested by PBL from patients with several different primary immunodeficiencies, including infantile sex-linked agammaglobulinemia. Immunoregulatory activities were noted to vary with the normal donor used in co-culture experiments and with time. Cell populations that were active in influencing B-cell differentiation to functional plasma cells did not have an appreciable modulatory effect on T-lymphocyte responses to mitogens. These observations may provide a functional subclassifications for immunoregulatory cells in man.", "contents": "Modulatory effects on immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion by lymphocytes from immunodeficient patients. Incubation of peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) from normal donors with pokeweek mitogen (PWM) induced terminal differentiation by B lymphocytes to immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesizing and secreting plasma cells. B cells from hypogammaglobulinemic patients with different primary immunodeficiencies failed to undergo functional differentiation after similar treatment with PWM. Co-cultures of BL from normal donors and hypogammaglobulinemic patients often resulted in deviations, both positive and negative, from expected levels of PWM-stimulated intracellular Ig biosynthesis. Suppression of B-cell differentiation was manifested by PBL from patients with several different primary immunodeficiencies, including infantile sex-linked agammaglobulinemia. Immunoregulatory activities were noted to vary with the normal donor used in co-culture experiments and with time. Cell populations that were active in influencing B-cell differentiation to functional plasma cells did not have an appreciable modulatory effect on T-lymphocyte responses to mitogens. These observations may provide a functional subclassifications for immunoregulatory cells in man."}
{"id": "PMID:301146", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in the liver and PiM phenotype.", "content": "The finding is recorded of typical a1-antitrypsin globules, confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods, in the hepatocytes of a patient shown to have a normal serum antitrypsin level and normal phenotype (TiM) for a1-antitrypsin. The identification of such globules can no longer be regarded as conclusive evidence of an abnormal a1-antitrypsin phenotype.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin globules in the liver and PiM phenotype. The finding is recorded of typical a1-antitrypsin globules, confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods, in the hepatocytes of a patient shown to have a normal serum antitrypsin level and normal phenotype (TiM) for a1-antitrypsin. The identification of such globules can no longer be regarded as conclusive evidence of an abnormal a1-antitrypsin phenotype."}
{"id": "PMID:301148", "title": "Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease.", "content": "Ten patients with severe dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or multi-infarct dementia (MID) or both, were treated with the precursor amino acids of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. The precursor amino acids (PAA) were given orally in a preparation that included tyrosine (4 gm daily) and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP) (800 mg daily), plus carbidopa (100 mg daily) as an aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor. Diagnosis was established by an electroencephalogram, brain scan, computerized axial tomographic scan, and in one case by necropsy findings. Serial clinical evaluations and measurements of neuropsychologic function were performed. Levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined before and after administration of probenecid. Side effects of the PAA therapy were diarrhea, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and agitation, all of which were controlled by reducing the dosage. One patient with MID and one with AD+MID showed clinical and psychologic improvement, but the others did not improve. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid for HVA and 5-HIAA before and after the probenecid test indicated some improvement in the metabolic turnover of these acid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine after administration of their precursor amino acids.", "contents": "Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Ten patients with severe dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or multi-infarct dementia (MID) or both, were treated with the precursor amino acids of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. The precursor amino acids (PAA) were given orally in a preparation that included tyrosine (4 gm daily) and 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP) (800 mg daily), plus carbidopa (100 mg daily) as an aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor. Diagnosis was established by an electroencephalogram, brain scan, computerized axial tomographic scan, and in one case by necropsy findings. Serial clinical evaluations and measurements of neuropsychologic function were performed. Levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined before and after administration of probenecid. Side effects of the PAA therapy were diarrhea, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and agitation, all of which were controlled by reducing the dosage. One patient with MID and one with AD+MID showed clinical and psychologic improvement, but the others did not improve. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid for HVA and 5-HIAA before and after the probenecid test indicated some improvement in the metabolic turnover of these acid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine after administration of their precursor amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:301150", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase and 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity.", "content": "The enzyme 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase plays an important role in the conversion of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate. A second enzyme, cyclohydrolase, converts 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate to 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate. These folate derivatives play a significant part in the biosynthesis of purines. A method has been devised for the cytochemical demonstration of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase and 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity which uses 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate or 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate as substrate respectively, blocking possible interferences by other enzymes, and allows the nonenzymatic reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium by 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate formed by the action of the cyclodehydrase on the substrate 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, and by 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate formed by the action of cyclohydrolase on the substrate 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate, thus revealing intracellular sites of enzyme activity. The methods appear to show only intracellular localization of the blue formazan deposits of reduced tetrazolium. The distribution of positivity in cells of human blood and bone marrow is described.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase and 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity. The enzyme 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase plays an important role in the conversion of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate. A second enzyme, cyclohydrolase, converts 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate to 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate. These folate derivatives play a significant part in the biosynthesis of purines. A method has been devised for the cytochemical demonstration of 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate cyclodehydrase and 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase activity which uses 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate or 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate as substrate respectively, blocking possible interferences by other enzymes, and allows the nonenzymatic reduction of nitro-blue tetrazolium by 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate formed by the action of the cyclodehydrase on the substrate 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate, and by 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate formed by the action of cyclohydrolase on the substrate 5,10-methenyl tetrahydrofolate, thus revealing intracellular sites of enzyme activity. The methods appear to show only intracellular localization of the blue formazan deposits of reduced tetrazolium. The distribution of positivity in cells of human blood and bone marrow is described."}
{"id": "PMID:301151", "title": "Glucocorticoid receptors in purified subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "On the premise that the differential effects of glucocorticoids on various aspects of the immune response may be mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in the effector cells, subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for these receptors as well as for glucocorticoid responsiveness. Purified T and non-T lymphocytes, when studied by a sensitive whole cell assay technique, contained equivalent amounts of specific glucocorticoid receptor, which, by binding affinity and specificity measurements, were indistinguishable from each other. Furthermore, under in vitro incubation conditions, macromolecular synthesis in both of these cell populations was inhibited by glucocorticoid at concentrations which saturated the receptor sites. It is concluded that the putative differential effects of glucocorticoids on T and non-T lymphocyte-associated functions are probably not mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in these cell populations.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid receptors in purified subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. On the premise that the differential effects of glucocorticoids on various aspects of the immune response may be mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in the effector cells, subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for these receptors as well as for glucocorticoid responsiveness. Purified T and non-T lymphocytes, when studied by a sensitive whole cell assay technique, contained equivalent amounts of specific glucocorticoid receptor, which, by binding affinity and specificity measurements, were indistinguishable from each other. Furthermore, under in vitro incubation conditions, macromolecular synthesis in both of these cell populations was inhibited by glucocorticoid at concentrations which saturated the receptor sites. It is concluded that the putative differential effects of glucocorticoids on T and non-T lymphocyte-associated functions are probably not mediated by differences in the glucocorticoid receptors in these cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:301152", "title": "The necessity for T cell help for human tonsil B cell responses to pokeweed mitogens: induction of DNA synthesis, immunoglobulin, and specific antibody production with a T cell helper factor produced with pokeweed mitogen.", "content": "Human B lymphocytes obtained from tonsils do not proliferate when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. A soluble factor produced from T cells cultured with pokeweed mitogen stimulates B cells to synthesize DNA and differentiate into immunoglobulin producing cells. This PWM produced supernatant induced a PFC response to SRBC. The T cell supernatant activity is produced within 12 hr of stimulation in the presence of serum and without a requirement for T cell division. Optimal stimulation of B cells occurred at 7 to 9 days of culture. This helper factor activity eluted postalbumin from a column of Sephadex G-200. Insolubilized pokeweed mitogen was not mitogenic for B cells. The continuous presence of the lectin in culture was not required for B cell proliferation or for immunoglobulin synthesis.", "contents": "The necessity for T cell help for human tonsil B cell responses to pokeweed mitogens: induction of DNA synthesis, immunoglobulin, and specific antibody production with a T cell helper factor produced with pokeweed mitogen. Human B lymphocytes obtained from tonsils do not proliferate when stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. A soluble factor produced from T cells cultured with pokeweed mitogen stimulates B cells to synthesize DNA and differentiate into immunoglobulin producing cells. This PWM produced supernatant induced a PFC response to SRBC. The T cell supernatant activity is produced within 12 hr of stimulation in the presence of serum and without a requirement for T cell division. Optimal stimulation of B cells occurred at 7 to 9 days of culture. This helper factor activity eluted postalbumin from a column of Sephadex G-200. Insolubilized pokeweed mitogen was not mitogenic for B cells. The continuous presence of the lectin in culture was not required for B cell proliferation or for immunoglobulin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:301153", "title": "Heterologous antiserum to rat lymphohemopoietic precursor cells.", "content": "Lymphohemopoietic precursor cells in rat bone marrow are members of a subset of lymphocyte-like cells that bears the bone marrow lymphocyte antigen (BMLA) and that lacks antigens present on peripheral B and T cells. This was demonstrated by two experimental approaches. In the first, bone marrow cells with the potential to form hemopoietic colonies in spleen (CFU-S), to repopulate lumphoid tissues and blood, and to rescue lethally irradiated recipients were enriched approximately 10-fold by a fractionation procedure designed to isolate a \"null\" population of bone marro lymphocytes. In the second approach, the lymphohemopoietic precursor cell activity in bone marrow was completely abrogated by opsonization with rabbit antiserum (ALSBM) raised against this \"null\" population of bone marrow cells. Precursor cell activity was not affected by treatment with antiserum to T and B cells. Quantitative cross-absorption studies showed that the antigen detected by ALSBM on lymphohemopoietic precursor cells had the same cellular distribution as did the previously described bone marrow lymphocyte antigen. It is likely that this antigen is present both on pluripotent stem cells and on committed progenitors of the myelocytic, erythrocytic and lymphocytic series.", "contents": "Heterologous antiserum to rat lymphohemopoietic precursor cells. Lymphohemopoietic precursor cells in rat bone marrow are members of a subset of lymphocyte-like cells that bears the bone marrow lymphocyte antigen (BMLA) and that lacks antigens present on peripheral B and T cells. This was demonstrated by two experimental approaches. In the first, bone marrow cells with the potential to form hemopoietic colonies in spleen (CFU-S), to repopulate lumphoid tissues and blood, and to rescue lethally irradiated recipients were enriched approximately 10-fold by a fractionation procedure designed to isolate a \"null\" population of bone marro lymphocytes. In the second approach, the lymphohemopoietic precursor cell activity in bone marrow was completely abrogated by opsonization with rabbit antiserum (ALSBM) raised against this \"null\" population of bone marrow cells. Precursor cell activity was not affected by treatment with antiserum to T and B cells. Quantitative cross-absorption studies showed that the antigen detected by ALSBM on lymphohemopoietic precursor cells had the same cellular distribution as did the previously described bone marrow lymphocyte antigen. It is likely that this antigen is present both on pluripotent stem cells and on committed progenitors of the myelocytic, erythrocytic and lymphocytic series."}
{"id": "PMID:301155", "title": "Ag-B-linked analogue of Ia antigens in the rat.", "content": "The reactions of Lewis rat lymphocyte membrane antigens with two alloantisera, BN anti-Lewis and BN anti-Fischer have been studied. Three lines of evidence indicated that these antisera reacted with cell surface antigens homologous to Ia antigens of the mouse. 1) After absorption with Lewis platelets, the antisera killed only 40 to 50% of Lewis spleen cells. The majority of such cells were shown to be Ig-positive B cells by the examination of reaction patterns on lymphocytes after separation on nylon wool into T cell- and B cell-enriched subpopulations. 2) SDS-PAGE analysis of solubilized Lewis spleen cell antigens precipitated with these antisera revealed that the platelet-absorbed antisera reacted with molecules comparable in size to mouse Ia antigens (mw approximately equals 35,000 and 28,000). The unabsorbed sera reacted with these molecules and with additional molecules corresponding in size to mouse K and D antigens (m.w. = 45,000). 3) Neither of these antisera killed significant numbers of spleen cells from the partially congenic strain F.BN (seventh backcross homozygotes), a Fischer rat to which the Ag-B.3 allele is being transferred by repetitive backcrossing, indicating that the genes coding for these Ia-like antigens in the rat are linked to the Ag-B locus.", "contents": "Ag-B-linked analogue of Ia antigens in the rat. The reactions of Lewis rat lymphocyte membrane antigens with two alloantisera, BN anti-Lewis and BN anti-Fischer have been studied. Three lines of evidence indicated that these antisera reacted with cell surface antigens homologous to Ia antigens of the mouse. 1) After absorption with Lewis platelets, the antisera killed only 40 to 50% of Lewis spleen cells. The majority of such cells were shown to be Ig-positive B cells by the examination of reaction patterns on lymphocytes after separation on nylon wool into T cell- and B cell-enriched subpopulations. 2) SDS-PAGE analysis of solubilized Lewis spleen cell antigens precipitated with these antisera revealed that the platelet-absorbed antisera reacted with molecules comparable in size to mouse Ia antigens (mw approximately equals 35,000 and 28,000). The unabsorbed sera reacted with these molecules and with additional molecules corresponding in size to mouse K and D antigens (m.w. = 45,000). 3) Neither of these antisera killed significant numbers of spleen cells from the partially congenic strain F.BN (seventh backcross homozygotes), a Fischer rat to which the Ag-B.3 allele is being transferred by repetitive backcrossing, indicating that the genes coding for these Ia-like antigens in the rat are linked to the Ag-B locus."}
{"id": "PMID:301154", "title": "Studies on the generation of B lymphocytes in fetal liver and bone marrow.", "content": "With the use of immunofluorescence techniques, cells containing cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM+), but lacking detectable surface IgM (sIgM+), have been identified in mouse fetal liver and adult bone marrow as a distinct cell population to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. We have shown that there is a considerable difference in the rate of entry of cIgM+ and sIgM+ cells into DNA synthesis in these locations. Moreover, within the cIgM+ population, the largest cells are the main group entering DNA synthesis. Our results are compatible with the notion that a pool of rapidly proliferating, large cIgM+ cells is present in fetal liver and adult bone marrow and that these cells give rise to populations of smaller cIgM+ cells, which move out of cell cycle, and convert to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. However, we recognize that this interpretation is speculative. Finally, we have shown that fetal bone marrow is a site of generation of sIgM+ B lymphocytes, but the question as to whether these cells are derived from Ig- precursors within marrow itself remains open.", "contents": "Studies on the generation of B lymphocytes in fetal liver and bone marrow. With the use of immunofluorescence techniques, cells containing cytoplasmic IgM (cIgM+), but lacking detectable surface IgM (sIgM+), have been identified in mouse fetal liver and adult bone marrow as a distinct cell population to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. We have shown that there is a considerable difference in the rate of entry of cIgM+ and sIgM+ cells into DNA synthesis in these locations. Moreover, within the cIgM+ population, the largest cells are the main group entering DNA synthesis. Our results are compatible with the notion that a pool of rapidly proliferating, large cIgM+ cells is present in fetal liver and adult bone marrow and that these cells give rise to populations of smaller cIgM+ cells, which move out of cell cycle, and convert to sIgM+ B lymphocytes. However, we recognize that this interpretation is speculative. Finally, we have shown that fetal bone marrow is a site of generation of sIgM+ B lymphocytes, but the question as to whether these cells are derived from Ig- precursors within marrow itself remains open."}
{"id": "PMID:301156", "title": "Niridazole suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats.", "content": "Administration of niridazole to Lewis rats beginning 2 days before sensitization with guinea pig spinal cord in combination with immunologic adjuvants exerted a dose related suppressive influence on development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). A daily dose of 75 mg/kg completely prevented clinical neurologic signs as well as markedly suppressed occurrence of immunohistopathologic manifestations of this autoimmune disease. A higher daily dose level of niridazole, i.e., 100 mg/k, also inhibited EAE but was associated with neurotoxic manifestations.", "contents": "Niridazole suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. Administration of niridazole to Lewis rats beginning 2 days before sensitization with guinea pig spinal cord in combination with immunologic adjuvants exerted a dose related suppressive influence on development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). A daily dose of 75 mg/kg completely prevented clinical neurologic signs as well as markedly suppressed occurrence of immunohistopathologic manifestations of this autoimmune disease. A higher daily dose level of niridazole, i.e., 100 mg/k, also inhibited EAE but was associated with neurotoxic manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:301157", "title": "Sequential quantitation of circulating immune complexes in syngeneic and allogeneic rats bearing Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "A Raji cell radioimmunoassay was employed to quantitate serially circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the sera of syngeneic BN rats and allogeneic Lewis rats bearing BN Moloney sarcomas. In syngeneic BN hosts the levels of CIC attained and the time-course of detection were related to the tumor dose, tumor mass, and regressive or progressive course of the tumor. In general, syngeneic rats that received larger tumor doses developed larger tumors and greater maximum levels of CIC. However, the amount of CIC was not always directly proportional to the tumor size, although this was nearly the case with regressor BN and Lewis rats. In rats with regressing tumors, CIC decreased to insignificant levels as the tumors disappeared. Progressor BN rats that received 20 and 10 X 10(6) tumor cells had higher and more sustained levels of CIC, but, shortly before the hosts died, despite an increase of tumor size, there was a decline of CIC. Progressor BN rats that received an initial inoculum of 0.5 X 10(6) tumor cells that grew to 44 mm maximum mean diameter had levels of CIC which were only slightly above levels of control rats. All allogeneic Lewis hosts rejected BN Moloney sarcomas, but had transient low levels of CIC coincident with tumor growth. Lewis rats had lower levels of CIC than BN rats bearing comparable masses of sarcoma.", "contents": "Sequential quantitation of circulating immune complexes in syngeneic and allogeneic rats bearing Moloney sarcomas. A Raji cell radioimmunoassay was employed to quantitate serially circulating immune complexes (CIC) in the sera of syngeneic BN rats and allogeneic Lewis rats bearing BN Moloney sarcomas. In syngeneic BN hosts the levels of CIC attained and the time-course of detection were related to the tumor dose, tumor mass, and regressive or progressive course of the tumor. In general, syngeneic rats that received larger tumor doses developed larger tumors and greater maximum levels of CIC. However, the amount of CIC was not always directly proportional to the tumor size, although this was nearly the case with regressor BN and Lewis rats. In rats with regressing tumors, CIC decreased to insignificant levels as the tumors disappeared. Progressor BN rats that received 20 and 10 X 10(6) tumor cells had higher and more sustained levels of CIC, but, shortly before the hosts died, despite an increase of tumor size, there was a decline of CIC. Progressor BN rats that received an initial inoculum of 0.5 X 10(6) tumor cells that grew to 44 mm maximum mean diameter had levels of CIC which were only slightly above levels of control rats. All allogeneic Lewis hosts rejected BN Moloney sarcomas, but had transient low levels of CIC coincident with tumor growth. Lewis rats had lower levels of CIC than BN rats bearing comparable masses of sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:301158", "title": "Optimal conditions for the separation of rat T lymphocytes on anti-immunoglobulin--immunoglobulin affinity columns.", "content": "The separation of rat T lymphocytes was investigated on anti-Ig--Ig columns. A simple and efficient method for the purification of rat Ig by precipitation of rat serum with sodium sulfate is presented. Protein binding characteristics of glass and plastic beads, as solid support of affinity columns, are described, as well as optimal parameters for coating beads with rat Ig (with  BSA, ribonuclease and lysozyme, as comparison). Binding of Ig was primarily dependent on the concentration of the Ig solution. Maximal strong binding of Ig (6.2 X 10(3) molecules per micron2 of bead surface) was reached a 400 microng per ml concentration of purified Ig solution during 20 min of incubation. Higher concentrations increased only the amount of loosely bound Ig on the surface of beads whereas the amount of firmly bound Ig remained unchanged. Fractionation of lymphoid cell suspensions on anti-Ig--Ig affinity columns prepared at optimal conditions resulted in highly purified T-cell suspensions containing less than 1% of lymphocytes bearing surface Ig receptors.", "contents": "Optimal conditions for the separation of rat T lymphocytes on anti-immunoglobulin--immunoglobulin affinity columns. The separation of rat T lymphocytes was investigated on anti-Ig--Ig columns. A simple and efficient method for the purification of rat Ig by precipitation of rat serum with sodium sulfate is presented. Protein binding characteristics of glass and plastic beads, as solid support of affinity columns, are described, as well as optimal parameters for coating beads with rat Ig (with  BSA, ribonuclease and lysozyme, as comparison). Binding of Ig was primarily dependent on the concentration of the Ig solution. Maximal strong binding of Ig (6.2 X 10(3) molecules per micron2 of bead surface) was reached a 400 microng per ml concentration of purified Ig solution during 20 min of incubation. Higher concentrations increased only the amount of loosely bound Ig on the surface of beads whereas the amount of firmly bound Ig remained unchanged. Fractionation of lymphoid cell suspensions on anti-Ig--Ig affinity columns prepared at optimal conditions resulted in highly purified T-cell suspensions containing less than 1% of lymphocytes bearing surface Ig receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:301171", "title": "Cell surface immunoglobulin. XX. Antibody responsiveness of subpopulations of B lymphocytes bearing different isotypes.", "content": "Murine spleen  cells were depleted of specific B-cell subpopulations bearing different immunoglobulin isotypes by means of complement-mediated cytolysis after treatment with antisera specific for micron- and gamma-chains. The functional effect of this depletion was measured by assaying both the primary and secondary plaque-forming cell responses of the residual cells after transfer to carrier-primed lethally irradiated hosts. The results suggest that cells bearing IgM are the progenitors of plaque-forming cells in the primary response and cells bearing IgG are the major progenitors of IgG plaque-forming cells in the secondary response. The quantity of IgM on progenitors of secondary IgM plaque-forming cells decreases markedly as the interval between primary immunization and antigenic challenge increases. Long-term memory cells for the secondary IgM response bear small amounts of both IgM and IgG.", "contents": "Cell surface immunoglobulin. XX. Antibody responsiveness of subpopulations of B lymphocytes bearing different isotypes. Murine spleen  cells were depleted of specific B-cell subpopulations bearing different immunoglobulin isotypes by means of complement-mediated cytolysis after treatment with antisera specific for micron- and gamma-chains. The functional effect of this depletion was measured by assaying both the primary and secondary plaque-forming cell responses of the residual cells after transfer to carrier-primed lethally irradiated hosts. The results suggest that cells bearing IgM are the progenitors of plaque-forming cells in the primary response and cells bearing IgG are the major progenitors of IgG plaque-forming cells in the secondary response. The quantity of IgM on progenitors of secondary IgM plaque-forming cells decreases markedly as the interval between primary immunization and antigenic challenge increases. Long-term memory cells for the secondary IgM response bear small amounts of both IgM and IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:301172", "title": "The specificity of T-cell helper factor in man.", "content": "Supernates of human T cells stimulated with TT antigen contain a factor that induces mitogenesis and immunoglobulin synthesis in autologous as well as allogeneic B cells. A fraction of the IgG produced has specificity against TT. The T-cell-derived LMF-TT eluted after albumin on Sephadex G 200 and did not contain immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants. LMF-TT was active on B cells from TT immune as well as TT- nonimmune individuals but in the latter instance the IgG secreted had no specificity against TT. B cells incubated with LMF-TT in the presence of a second antigen (DT) made IgG with specifity to that antigen provided the B-cell donor was immune to that second antigen. LMF-TT-containing supernates were depleted of TT antigen by Sephadex G 200 chromatography followed by passage over anti-TT immunosorbent columns. The antigen-free supernates were able to induce mitogenesis and IgG synthesis in B cells but the IgG produced failed to exhibit specificity against TT unless the TT antigen was readded to the B-cell cultures. The optimal concentration of LMF-TT (50 percent) inducing B-cell mitogenesis was different from the optimal concentration (20 percent) causing IgG synthesis by B cells. At low LMF concentrations (less than or equal 10 percent) addition of a second antigen to which the cell donor was immune caused an increase in the degree of B-cell mitogenesis. Submitogenic concentrations of LMF-TT (less than or equal to 5 percent) were still capable of inducingimmunoglobulin synthesis in B cells At these low concentrations of LMF-TT the proportion of anti-TT IgG over total IgG increased sharply. B cells from TT immune donors were separated on TT immunosorbent columns. Cells that bound to the column were more sensitive to the mitogenic and IgG synthetic effects of LMF-TT than unfractionated B cells. Thus, LMF is a nonspecific human T-cell helper factor which behaves like a polyclonal B-cell activator. However, in the presence of specific antigen (TT) the antigen-specific B cell is preferentially triggered by LMF. The experimental design of the present study does not rule out the additional presence of an antigen-specific helper factor in the supernates of TT-stimulated human T cells.", "contents": "The specificity of T-cell helper factor in man. Supernates of human T cells stimulated with TT antigen contain a factor that induces mitogenesis and immunoglobulin synthesis in autologous as well as allogeneic B cells. A fraction of the IgG produced has specificity against TT. The T-cell-derived LMF-TT eluted after albumin on Sephadex G 200 and did not contain immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants. LMF-TT was active on B cells from TT immune as well as TT- nonimmune individuals but in the latter instance the IgG secreted had no specificity against TT. B cells incubated with LMF-TT in the presence of a second antigen (DT) made IgG with specifity to that antigen provided the B-cell donor was immune to that second antigen. LMF-TT-containing supernates were depleted of TT antigen by Sephadex G 200 chromatography followed by passage over anti-TT immunosorbent columns. The antigen-free supernates were able to induce mitogenesis and IgG synthesis in B cells but the IgG produced failed to exhibit specificity against TT unless the TT antigen was readded to the B-cell cultures. The optimal concentration of LMF-TT (50 percent) inducing B-cell mitogenesis was different from the optimal concentration (20 percent) causing IgG synthesis by B cells. At low LMF concentrations (less than or equal 10 percent) addition of a second antigen to which the cell donor was immune caused an increase in the degree of B-cell mitogenesis. Submitogenic concentrations of LMF-TT (less than or equal to 5 percent) were still capable of inducingimmunoglobulin synthesis in B cells At these low concentrations of LMF-TT the proportion of anti-TT IgG over total IgG increased sharply. B cells from TT immune donors were separated on TT immunosorbent columns. Cells that bound to the column were more sensitive to the mitogenic and IgG synthetic effects of LMF-TT than unfractionated B cells. Thus, LMF is a nonspecific human T-cell helper factor which behaves like a polyclonal B-cell activator. However, in the presence of specific antigen (TT) the antigen-specific B cell is preferentially triggered by LMF. The experimental design of the present study does not rule out the additional presence of an antigen-specific helper factor in the supernates of TT-stimulated human T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301173", "title": "Inhibition of immunologic injury of cultured cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: role of defective interfering virus in regulating viral antigenic expression.", "content": "The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected L-929 cells peaked 2-4 days postinfection and thereafter precipitously declined. Little or no viral antigen was expressed on the plasma membrane surfaces of persistently infected cells, but LCMV antigens were clearly present in the cytoplasms of most of those cells. Cells early after acute infection (days 2-4) were lysed by both virus-specific antibody and complement (C) and immune T lymphocytes. To the contrary, antibody and C did not kill persistently infected cells, but T lymphocytes did kill such cells although at a lower efficiency than acutely infected cells. The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of infected cells was regulated by the virus- cell interaction in the absence of immune reagents and was closely associated with defective interfering (DI) LCMV interference. DI LCMV, per se, blocked the synthesis and cell surface expression of LCMV antigens, and DI LCMV generation immediately preceded a precipitous reduction in cell surface antigenicity during the acute infection. Persistently infected cells produced DI LCMV but no detectable S LCMV. Peritoneal cells isolated from mice persistently infected with LCMV resembled cultured persistently infected cells in their reduced expression of cell surface antigens and their resistance to LCMV superinfection. It is proposed that DI virus-mediated interference with viral protein synthesis may allow cells to escape immune surveillance during persistent infections.", "contents": "Inhibition of immunologic injury of cultured cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: role of defective interfering virus in regulating viral antigenic expression. The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected L-929 cells peaked 2-4 days postinfection and thereafter precipitously declined. Little or no viral antigen was expressed on the plasma membrane surfaces of persistently infected cells, but LCMV antigens were clearly present in the cytoplasms of most of those cells. Cells early after acute infection (days 2-4) were lysed by both virus-specific antibody and complement (C) and immune T lymphocytes. To the contrary, antibody and C did not kill persistently infected cells, but T lymphocytes did kill such cells although at a lower efficiency than acutely infected cells. The expression of viral antigens on the surfaces of infected cells was regulated by the virus- cell interaction in the absence of immune reagents and was closely associated with defective interfering (DI) LCMV interference. DI LCMV, per se, blocked the synthesis and cell surface expression of LCMV antigens, and DI LCMV generation immediately preceded a precipitous reduction in cell surface antigenicity during the acute infection. Persistently infected cells produced DI LCMV but no detectable S LCMV. Peritoneal cells isolated from mice persistently infected with LCMV resembled cultured persistently infected cells in their reduced expression of cell surface antigens and their resistance to LCMV superinfection. It is proposed that DI virus-mediated interference with viral protein synthesis may allow cells to escape immune surveillance during persistent infections."}
{"id": "PMID:301174", "title": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages.", "content": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells have been determined in vitro under culture conditions which allow every growth-inducible B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting PFC. The frequencies of LPS-reactive B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; BALB/c nu/nu; C57BL/6J; DBA/2J; C57BL/6J x DBA/(2J)F(1); and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c nu/nu, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. Newborn spleen contained approximately 10 percent of the number of reactive cells found at 6- to 8-wk of age. From there the frequencies declined again to drop below 5 percent of the maximal number at ages beyond 11 mo. LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. Their frequencies were one in three to five lymph node cells, 1 in 50 to 100 bone marrow cells, one in 10(5) thymus cells, and 1 in 20 to 40 thoracic duct or peripheral blood cells.", "contents": "Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages. Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells have been determined in vitro under culture conditions which allow every growth-inducible B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting PFC. The frequencies of LPS-reactive B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; BALB/c nu/nu; C57BL/6J; DBA/2J; C57BL/6J x DBA/(2J)F(1); and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c nu/nu, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. Newborn spleen contained approximately 10 percent of the number of reactive cells found at 6- to 8-wk of age. From there the frequencies declined again to drop below 5 percent of the maximal number at ages beyond 11 mo. LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. Their frequencies were one in three to five lymph node cells, 1 in 50 to 100 bone marrow cells, one in 10(5) thymus cells, and 1 in 20 to 40 thoracic duct or peripheral blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301175", "title": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. III. In vivo and in vitro studies on the ease of tolerance induction in B lymphocytes from fetal, neonatal, and adult mice.", "content": "The ease of tolerance induction in B lymphocytes from fetal, neonatal, and adult mice was studied in vivo, in a cell transfer system, and in vitro. Three different tolerogens were used: ultracentrifuged BGG, DNP(6)-D-GL, and ultracentrifuged DNP(22)-BGG. Irradiated thymectomized mice were reconstituted with B cells from fetal or neonatal liver or adult spleen or bone marrow. The mice were injected with tolerogen 1 day later. They were given normal thymus cells and challenged with either BGG or DNP(44)-BGG between 4 and 14 days after tolerance induction. With BGG no difference in ease of B-cell tolerance induction was observed in mice reconstituted with B cells from 17-day fetal liver, neonatal liver, 8- day-old spleen, adult spleen, or adult bone marrow. B cells from 14-day fetal donors are relatively resistant to tolerance induction. In contrast, with DNP(6)-D-GL and DNP(22)-BGG B cells from neonatal donors were clearly more susceptible to tolerance induction than were B cells from adult donors. Comparable results were obtained in studies on tolerance induction in vitro. Neonatal B cells were more susceptible than adult B cells to tolerance induction upon culture with DNP(6)-D-GL or DNP(22)-BGG. However, neonatal and adult B cells were identical with respect to ease of tolerance induction in vitro with deaggregated BGG. The results suggest that there are multiple mechanisms for B-cell tolerance induction. Immature B cells appear to be more susceptible to tolerance induction by some mechanisms but not by others. It is suggested that immature B cells are more susceptible to tolerance induction with moderately polyvalent antigens such as hapten-carrier conjugates. With antigens like BGG which do not haverepeated epitopes no difference between mature and fetal B cells in regard to ease of tolerance induction is observed. These observations raise questions about the importance of relative ease of tolerance induction in immature B cells as a mechanism controlling the normal induction of self tolerance.", "contents": "Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. III. In vivo and in vitro studies on the ease of tolerance induction in B lymphocytes from fetal, neonatal, and adult mice. The ease of tolerance induction in B lymphocytes from fetal, neonatal, and adult mice was studied in vivo, in a cell transfer system, and in vitro. Three different tolerogens were used: ultracentrifuged BGG, DNP(6)-D-GL, and ultracentrifuged DNP(22)-BGG. Irradiated thymectomized mice were reconstituted with B cells from fetal or neonatal liver or adult spleen or bone marrow. The mice were injected with tolerogen 1 day later. They were given normal thymus cells and challenged with either BGG or DNP(44)-BGG between 4 and 14 days after tolerance induction. With BGG no difference in ease of B-cell tolerance induction was observed in mice reconstituted with B cells from 17-day fetal liver, neonatal liver, 8- day-old spleen, adult spleen, or adult bone marrow. B cells from 14-day fetal donors are relatively resistant to tolerance induction. In contrast, with DNP(6)-D-GL and DNP(22)-BGG B cells from neonatal donors were clearly more susceptible to tolerance induction than were B cells from adult donors. Comparable results were obtained in studies on tolerance induction in vitro. Neonatal B cells were more susceptible than adult B cells to tolerance induction upon culture with DNP(6)-D-GL or DNP(22)-BGG. However, neonatal and adult B cells were identical with respect to ease of tolerance induction in vitro with deaggregated BGG. The results suggest that there are multiple mechanisms for B-cell tolerance induction. Immature B cells appear to be more susceptible to tolerance induction by some mechanisms but not by others. It is suggested that immature B cells are more susceptible to tolerance induction with moderately polyvalent antigens such as hapten-carrier conjugates. With antigens like BGG which do not haverepeated epitopes no difference between mature and fetal B cells in regard to ease of tolerance induction is observed. These observations raise questions about the importance of relative ease of tolerance induction in immature B cells as a mechanism controlling the normal induction of self tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:301176", "title": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus.", "content": "Mice lethally infected with street rabies virus failed to develop cytotoxic T cells specific for rabies virus-infected target cells, whereas high levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) were generated after nonfatal infection with the attenuated high egg passage (HEP) or ERA rabies virus strains. Furthermore concurrent infection with street, but not with HEP, rabies virus suppresses development of a primary (but not a secondary) CMC response specific for influenza virus. No cross-reactivity is found between effector T-cell populations from mice immunized with HEP or with influenza virus. It thus appears that street rabies virus, which is not known to replicate in the cells of immune system, induces some general defect in the primary CMC lymphocyte response, though restimulation of memory T-cell populations is unimpaired and there is no defect in antibody formation. Development of fatal rabies may reflect the operation of this selective immunosuppressive mechanism.", "contents": "Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus. Mice lethally infected with street rabies virus failed to develop cytotoxic T cells specific for rabies virus-infected target cells, whereas high levels of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) were generated after nonfatal infection with the attenuated high egg passage (HEP) or ERA rabies virus strains. Furthermore concurrent infection with street, but not with HEP, rabies virus suppresses development of a primary (but not a secondary) CMC response specific for influenza virus. No cross-reactivity is found between effector T-cell populations from mice immunized with HEP or with influenza virus. It thus appears that street rabies virus, which is not known to replicate in the cells of immune system, induces some general defect in the primary CMC lymphocyte response, though restimulation of memory T-cell populations is unimpaired and there is no defect in antibody formation. Development of fatal rabies may reflect the operation of this selective immunosuppressive mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:301177", "title": "Histocompatibility linked immune responsiveness and restrictions imposed on sensitized lymphocytes.", "content": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) transfer to GAT was restricted by the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Sensitized cells from F1 hybrid mice between responder and nonresponder strains transferred DTH to syngeneic F1 mice and to naive parental strain recipients of the responder but not of the nonresponder haplotypes. These results are interpreted to favor the postulate that the MHC-linked Ir genes exert their effects by coding for components which allow interactions between particular I region gene products and the region to form stable structures immunogenic for DTH T cells.", "contents": "Histocompatibility linked immune responsiveness and restrictions imposed on sensitized lymphocytes. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) transfer to GAT was restricted by the I-A region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Sensitized cells from F1 hybrid mice between responder and nonresponder strains transferred DTH to syngeneic F1 mice and to naive parental strain recipients of the responder but not of the nonresponder haplotypes. These results are interpreted to favor the postulate that the MHC-linked Ir genes exert their effects by coding for components which allow interactions between particular I region gene products and the region to form stable structures immunogenic for DTH T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301179", "title": "Microelectrode studies of the active Na transport pathway of frog skin.", "content": "When the outer surface of short-circuited frog skin was penetrated with microelectrodes, stable negative potentials that averaged near -100 mV were recorded consistently, confirming the results of Nagel (W. Nagel. 1975. Abstracts of the 5th International Biophysics Congress, Copenhagen. P-147.). The appearance of these stable potentials, V(O), concurrent with the observations that (a) a high resistance outer barrier R(O) accounting for approximately 75 percent or more of the transcellular resistance of control skins had been penetrated and that (b) 10(-5) M amiloride and reduced [Na] outside caused the values of V(O) to increase towards means value near -130 mV while the values of percent R(O) increased to more than 90 percent. It was of relationships were the same as the values of E(1) observed in studies of the current-voltage relationships were the same as the values of E'(1) defined as the values of voltage at the inner barrier when the V(O) of the outer barrier was reduced to zero by voltage clamping of the skins. Accordingly, these data are interpreted to mean that the values of E(1), approximately 130 mV, represent the E(Na) of the sodium pump at the inner barrier. 2,4-DNP was observed to decrease the values of transepithelial voltage less than E(1) the V(O) was negative. These data can be interpreted with a simple electrical equivalent circuit of the active sodium transport pathway of the frog skin that includes the idea that the outer membrane behaves as an electrical rectifier for ion transport.", "contents": "Microelectrode studies of the active Na transport pathway of frog skin. When the outer surface of short-circuited frog skin was penetrated with microelectrodes, stable negative potentials that averaged near -100 mV were recorded consistently, confirming the results of Nagel (W. Nagel. 1975. Abstracts of the 5th International Biophysics Congress, Copenhagen. P-147.). The appearance of these stable potentials, V(O), concurrent with the observations that (a) a high resistance outer barrier R(O) accounting for approximately 75 percent or more of the transcellular resistance of control skins had been penetrated and that (b) 10(-5) M amiloride and reduced [Na] outside caused the values of V(O) to increase towards means value near -130 mV while the values of percent R(O) increased to more than 90 percent. It was of relationships were the same as the values of E(1) observed in studies of the current-voltage relationships were the same as the values of E'(1) defined as the values of voltage at the inner barrier when the V(O) of the outer barrier was reduced to zero by voltage clamping of the skins. Accordingly, these data are interpreted to mean that the values of E(1), approximately 130 mV, represent the E(Na) of the sodium pump at the inner barrier. 2,4-DNP was observed to decrease the values of transepithelial voltage less than E(1) the V(O) was negative. These data can be interpreted with a simple electrical equivalent circuit of the active sodium transport pathway of the frog skin that includes the idea that the outer membrane behaves as an electrical rectifier for ion transport."}
{"id": "PMID:301180", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations in the posterior fossa.", "content": "We have operated on 12 of 14 cases of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the posterior fossa since 1968, with one death. The lesions were in the cerebellum in 10 cases (three anteromedial, one central, three lateral, and three posteromedial), and in the cerebellopontine angle in two; in two cases the lesions were directly related to the brain stem. The AVM's in the anterior part of the cerebellum were operated on through a transtentorial occipital approach.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations in the posterior fossa. We have operated on 12 of 14 cases of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the posterior fossa since 1968, with one death. The lesions were in the cerebellum in 10 cases (three anteromedial, one central, three lateral, and three posteromedial), and in the cerebellopontine angle in two; in two cases the lesions were directly related to the brain stem. The AVM's in the anterior part of the cerebellum were operated on through a transtentorial occipital approach."}
{"id": "PMID:301181", "title": "Ventriculography with non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide). Comparative experimental and clinical studies.", "content": "A non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide), was studied for use in ventriculography both experimentally and clinically, and identified as having markedly low toxicity. Twenty adult mongrel dogs were injected intraventricularly of intracisternally with 2.0 to 5.0 ml of Amipaque. It was found that Amipaque is safe compared with other water-soluble contrast media, especially relative to epileptogenic effect. The authors also carried out 17 clinical trials of ventriculography using 4.0 to 15.0 ml of Amipaque in 13 neurosurgical patients. There were no troublesome symptoms except for a mild headache as a side-effect in one patient, and Amipaque proved to be a satisfactory diagnostic contrast medium.", "contents": "Ventriculography with non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide). Comparative experimental and clinical studies. A non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide), was studied for use in ventriculography both experimentally and clinically, and identified as having markedly low toxicity. Twenty adult mongrel dogs were injected intraventricularly of intracisternally with 2.0 to 5.0 ml of Amipaque. It was found that Amipaque is safe compared with other water-soluble contrast media, especially relative to epileptogenic effect. The authors also carried out 17 clinical trials of ventriculography using 4.0 to 15.0 ml of Amipaque in 13 neurosurgical patients. There were no troublesome symptoms except for a mild headache as a side-effect in one patient, and Amipaque proved to be a satisfactory diagnostic contrast medium."}
{"id": "PMID:301185", "title": "Cone pigments in human deutan colour vision defects.", "content": "1. The Nagel anomaloscope, neutral points and dichromatic matches to a spectral green light identified a population of seventy red-green dichromats. 2. The anomaloscope settings allow the calculation of the relative action spectrum of the match at the wave-length of the red (645 nm) and green (535 nm) primaries. The distribution of this ratio is bimodal; there are two clusters with a gap of about 0-75 long units between. Among the thirty-eight deuteranopes there are wide differences in anomaloscope matches; similar differences appear among the thirty-two protanopes. 3. Retinal densitometry of the foveas of fifteen of the deuteranopes is compared and contrasted with measurements on trichromats. In the former, only one photolabile pigment is found in the red-green region of the spectrum; normals always have two. The view of Rushton (1965a) that deuteranopes have erythrolabe but no measurable chlorolabe is confirmed for each member of this group. 4. Simple deuteranomalous show two red-green cone pigments. The difference spectra of extreme deuteranomalous are very similar to those found in deuteranopia. 5. Individual differnce in kinetics (photosensitivity, time constant of regeneration) and in the density and lambdamax of the difference spectrum of erythrolabe in deuteranopia are appreciable; the reasons for these differences are not clear.", "contents": "Cone pigments in human deutan colour vision defects. 1. The Nagel anomaloscope, neutral points and dichromatic matches to a spectral green light identified a population of seventy red-green dichromats. 2. The anomaloscope settings allow the calculation of the relative action spectrum of the match at the wave-length of the red (645 nm) and green (535 nm) primaries. The distribution of this ratio is bimodal; there are two clusters with a gap of about 0-75 long units between. Among the thirty-eight deuteranopes there are wide differences in anomaloscope matches; similar differences appear among the thirty-two protanopes. 3. Retinal densitometry of the foveas of fifteen of the deuteranopes is compared and contrasted with measurements on trichromats. In the former, only one photolabile pigment is found in the red-green region of the spectrum; normals always have two. The view of Rushton (1965a) that deuteranopes have erythrolabe but no measurable chlorolabe is confirmed for each member of this group. 4. Simple deuteranomalous show two red-green cone pigments. The difference spectra of extreme deuteranomalous are very similar to those found in deuteranopia. 5. Individual differnce in kinetics (photosensitivity, time constant of regeneration) and in the density and lambdamax of the difference spectrum of erythrolabe in deuteranopia are appreciable; the reasons for these differences are not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:301186", "title": "Variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes.", "content": "1. Eight deuteranopes matched a mixture of a monochromatic light on the long wave side of the neutral point and a violet (450 nm) primary to a fixed white as well as a monochromatic light on the short wave side of the neutral point mixed with a red (650 nm) primary, to the same white. For lambda greater than 530 nm, the former set of matches defined the action spectrum of the long wave sensitive foveal cones, and for lambda less than 480 nm, the latter that of the short wave sensitive cones. 2. Individual differences in the former matches were approximately correlated with the respective ratio of the sensitivities of the wave-length of the anomaloscope primaries, in a way that individual differences of the latter were not. 3. Assuming that eye media differences alone account for the differences in long wave sensitive foveal action spectra, the spectral reflectivity of the foveal fundus was predicted for these deuteranopes. The prediction is inconsistent with measurement. 4. Thirteen deuteranopes matched monochromatic spectral lights with a green (535 nm) and a blue (460 nm) primary. The result were analysed by von Kries' method in which differences in matching due to differences in eye media absorption are obviated. The matches of five differed significantly from one another when so analysed. It was concluded that at least one of two action spectra of the foveal cones of every one of these five differed from that of all of the others. 5. The canon that deuteranopes accept normal colour matches was evaluated by confronting a single normal with five deuternopes in the analytical anomaloscope of Baker & Rushton, set in the mode of each of the five in turn. Obvious differences existed between this normal's matches and those of four of five deuteranopes. 6. Explanations for differences in the spectrum of erythrolabe in different deuteranopes are evaluated. The possibilities that all have the identical visual pigment but (a) in cones with different optical funnelling properties or (b) in different optical densities are considered. Preliminary results are not in agreement with the expectations of either of these ideas. 7. It is suggested that the visual pigment in the foveal long wave sensitive cones of different deuternopes (and of different normals) may have different extinction spectra. The idea is consistent with micro-spectrophotometric measurements of rhodopsin in individual rods from different frogs (Bowmaker, Loew & Leibman, 1975).", "contents": "Variation in the action spectrum of erythrolabe among deuteranopes. 1. Eight deuteranopes matched a mixture of a monochromatic light on the long wave side of the neutral point and a violet (450 nm) primary to a fixed white as well as a monochromatic light on the short wave side of the neutral point mixed with a red (650 nm) primary, to the same white. For lambda greater than 530 nm, the former set of matches defined the action spectrum of the long wave sensitive foveal cones, and for lambda less than 480 nm, the latter that of the short wave sensitive cones. 2. Individual differences in the former matches were approximately correlated with the respective ratio of the sensitivities of the wave-length of the anomaloscope primaries, in a way that individual differences of the latter were not. 3. Assuming that eye media differences alone account for the differences in long wave sensitive foveal action spectra, the spectral reflectivity of the foveal fundus was predicted for these deuteranopes. The prediction is inconsistent with measurement. 4. Thirteen deuteranopes matched monochromatic spectral lights with a green (535 nm) and a blue (460 nm) primary. The result were analysed by von Kries' method in which differences in matching due to differences in eye media absorption are obviated. The matches of five differed significantly from one another when so analysed. It was concluded that at least one of two action spectra of the foveal cones of every one of these five differed from that of all of the others. 5. The canon that deuteranopes accept normal colour matches was evaluated by confronting a single normal with five deuternopes in the analytical anomaloscope of Baker & Rushton, set in the mode of each of the five in turn. Obvious differences existed between this normal's matches and those of four of five deuteranopes. 6. Explanations for differences in the spectrum of erythrolabe in different deuteranopes are evaluated. The possibilities that all have the identical visual pigment but (a) in cones with different optical funnelling properties or (b) in different optical densities are considered. Preliminary results are not in agreement with the expectations of either of these ideas. 7. It is suggested that the visual pigment in the foveal long wave sensitive cones of different deuternopes (and of different normals) may have different extinction spectra. The idea is consistent with micro-spectrophotometric measurements of rhodopsin in individual rods from different frogs (Bowmaker, Loew & Leibman, 1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:301187", "title": "The red and green cone visual pigments of deuternomalous trichromacy.", "content": "1. Three \"simple\" deuteranomalous trichromats match with abnormally low \"red\" tristimulus values throughout the spectrum and abnormally high \"green\" tristimulus values in the long wave end of the spectrum which become normal (and then low) in the yellow-green. The spectrum locus of this transition differs from one anomalous to the other. Differences in the matches of two of these cannot be due to differences in eye media transmissivities alone. Therefore these two deuteranomalous have different cone visual pigments. 2. The analytical anomaloscope was used in the confrontation of one deuteranomalous with six deuteranopes in turn. In each confrontation the deuteranope set the anomaloscope in his mode and adjusted the intensity of the monochromatic light for a match. Deuteranomalous matches were rejected by four of these six deuteranopes. 3. They were accepted by two of the six. These two rejected each other's matches in a way not attributable to differences in eye media transmissivity. 4. Three different psychophysical techniques were used to measure the action spectra of the long wave cones of these two deuternopes. All three methods reveal small but systematic differences in lambdamax and shape of the curve for the one deuteranope compared with that of the other. 5. In red-green spectral range, these spectra are accurately described by different linear combinations of the color matching functions of the same deuteranomalous whose matches the two deuteranopes accept. Linear combinations of those of a second deuteranomalous, with at least one different kind of cone, fit less well. 6. The wave length discrimination curve of the former deuteranomalous was measured with a new method. The curves of two normals were also obtained for comparison. Wave-length discrimination predictions from the Stiles (1946) line element theory were compared to the anomalous curve. The deuteranopic action spectra were used in the line element to compute this deuteranomalous' discrimination. There is reasonable first order correspondence between prediction and observation, but the prediction is sensitive to small changes in the derivatives of the logarithms of the action spectra. 7. Line element prediction of the deuteranomalous step-by-step luminous efficiency curve is insensitive to such uncertainties. The agreement with expectation from the above assumptions and the measured step-by-step deuteranomalous luminous efficiency curve in the red-green part of the spectrum is therefore good. 8. It is concluded that the erythrolabe in one deuternope's long wave cones has the action spectrum of this deuteranomalous' long and the erythrolabe in the other deuternope's long wave sensitive cones has that of this deuternomalous' medium wave cones. This leads to a general hypothesis about the nature of all forms of red-green colour vision defects transmitted recessively on the X chromosome.", "contents": "The red and green cone visual pigments of deuternomalous trichromacy. 1. Three \"simple\" deuteranomalous trichromats match with abnormally low \"red\" tristimulus values throughout the spectrum and abnormally high \"green\" tristimulus values in the long wave end of the spectrum which become normal (and then low) in the yellow-green. The spectrum locus of this transition differs from one anomalous to the other. Differences in the matches of two of these cannot be due to differences in eye media transmissivities alone. Therefore these two deuteranomalous have different cone visual pigments. 2. The analytical anomaloscope was used in the confrontation of one deuteranomalous with six deuteranopes in turn. In each confrontation the deuteranope set the anomaloscope in his mode and adjusted the intensity of the monochromatic light for a match. Deuteranomalous matches were rejected by four of these six deuteranopes. 3. They were accepted by two of the six. These two rejected each other's matches in a way not attributable to differences in eye media transmissivity. 4. Three different psychophysical techniques were used to measure the action spectra of the long wave cones of these two deuternopes. All three methods reveal small but systematic differences in lambdamax and shape of the curve for the one deuteranope compared with that of the other. 5. In red-green spectral range, these spectra are accurately described by different linear combinations of the color matching functions of the same deuteranomalous whose matches the two deuteranopes accept. Linear combinations of those of a second deuteranomalous, with at least one different kind of cone, fit less well. 6. The wave length discrimination curve of the former deuteranomalous was measured with a new method. The curves of two normals were also obtained for comparison. Wave-length discrimination predictions from the Stiles (1946) line element theory were compared to the anomalous curve. The deuteranopic action spectra were used in the line element to compute this deuteranomalous' discrimination. There is reasonable first order correspondence between prediction and observation, but the prediction is sensitive to small changes in the derivatives of the logarithms of the action spectra. 7. Line element prediction of the deuteranomalous step-by-step luminous efficiency curve is insensitive to such uncertainties. The agreement with expectation from the above assumptions and the measured step-by-step deuteranomalous luminous efficiency curve in the red-green part of the spectrum is therefore good. 8. It is concluded that the erythrolabe in one deuternope's long wave cones has the action spectrum of this deuteranomalous' long and the erythrolabe in the other deuternope's long wave sensitive cones has that of this deuternomalous' medium wave cones. This leads to a general hypothesis about the nature of all forms of red-green colour vision defects transmitted recessively on the X chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:301188", "title": "A-band length, striation spacing and tension change on stretch of active muscle.", "content": "1. Single muscle fibres of the frog were stretched during tetanus and filmed down the interference microscope. 2. Sarcomere lengths and A- and I-band widths were measured from cine films taken of the experimental sequences. 3. When a fibre was stretched during a tetanus, its A-band widths remained constant while its I-band widths changed according to the extent of the stretch. This behaviour is identical with that of a fibre stretched at rest. 4. Sarcomere lengths remained uniform along the fibre during a tetanus plus stretch, increasing as the I-band widths increased when the fibre was stretched. 5. At sarcomere lengths longer than LPmax (the length corresponding to greatest isometric tetanus tension) where the isometric tension diminishes as the fibre is lengthened, if the stretch was imposed during a tetanus the tension was higher after the stretch than before, showing a plateau which lasted for the duration of the tetanus. 6. This effect increased with longer sarcomere lengths and was not due to increased resting tension.", "contents": "A-band length, striation spacing and tension change on stretch of active muscle. 1. Single muscle fibres of the frog were stretched during tetanus and filmed down the interference microscope. 2. Sarcomere lengths and A- and I-band widths were measured from cine films taken of the experimental sequences. 3. When a fibre was stretched during a tetanus, its A-band widths remained constant while its I-band widths changed according to the extent of the stretch. This behaviour is identical with that of a fibre stretched at rest. 4. Sarcomere lengths remained uniform along the fibre during a tetanus plus stretch, increasing as the I-band widths increased when the fibre was stretched. 5. At sarcomere lengths longer than LPmax (the length corresponding to greatest isometric tetanus tension) where the isometric tension diminishes as the fibre is lengthened, if the stretch was imposed during a tetanus the tension was higher after the stretch than before, showing a plateau which lasted for the duration of the tetanus. 6. This effect increased with longer sarcomere lengths and was not due to increased resting tension."}
{"id": "PMID:301189", "title": "The passive electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibres at different sarcomere lengths.", "content": "1. The passive electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibres have been measured at a number of different sarcomere lengths (from 2-1 to 4-0 micron). The geometrical outline of each fibre was determined from optical cross-sections and sarcomere length was measured by laser beam diffraction. 2. When fibres were stretched to long sarcomere lengths the membrane capacity, Cm, of both normal and detubulated (glycerol-treated) fibres was significantly less than the Cm of fibres at rest length. A significant reduction in membrane conductance of fibres held at long sarcomere lengths was only seen with detubulated fibres. 3. Membrane capacity and membrane conductance have a significant dependence on the cross-sectional area of normal fibres but are independent of cross-sectional area after detubulation. 4. It has been shown that membrane geometry depends on the sarcomere length of the fibre and it is suggested that the passive membrane properties are related to sarcomere length because they depend on membrane geometry. 5. The specific membrane capacity, calculated from the data from detubulated fibres, is 0-8 micronF/cm2. 6. The internal resistivity, Ri, of normal fibres, also depends on sarcomere length between 2-1 and 3-0 micron. At a sarcomere length of 2-1 micron the average Ri is 122 +/- 3 omega. cm (mean +/- S.E. of mean) and at a sarcomere length of 3-0 micron the average Ri is 210 +/- 17 omega. cm (mean +/- S.E. of mean). No further increase in Ri was observed with further increases in sarcomere length.", "contents": "The passive electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibres at different sarcomere lengths. 1. The passive electrical properties of frog skeletal muscle fibres have been measured at a number of different sarcomere lengths (from 2-1 to 4-0 micron). The geometrical outline of each fibre was determined from optical cross-sections and sarcomere length was measured by laser beam diffraction. 2. When fibres were stretched to long sarcomere lengths the membrane capacity, Cm, of both normal and detubulated (glycerol-treated) fibres was significantly less than the Cm of fibres at rest length. A significant reduction in membrane conductance of fibres held at long sarcomere lengths was only seen with detubulated fibres. 3. Membrane capacity and membrane conductance have a significant dependence on the cross-sectional area of normal fibres but are independent of cross-sectional area after detubulation. 4. It has been shown that membrane geometry depends on the sarcomere length of the fibre and it is suggested that the passive membrane properties are related to sarcomere length because they depend on membrane geometry. 5. The specific membrane capacity, calculated from the data from detubulated fibres, is 0-8 micronF/cm2. 6. The internal resistivity, Ri, of normal fibres, also depends on sarcomere length between 2-1 and 3-0 micron. At a sarcomere length of 2-1 micron the average Ri is 122 +/- 3 omega. cm (mean +/- S.E. of mean) and at a sarcomere length of 3-0 micron the average Ri is 210 +/- 17 omega. cm (mean +/- S.E. of mean). No further increase in Ri was observed with further increases in sarcomere length."}
{"id": "PMID:301191", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in rheumatic diseases in Iran.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-six patients with different forms of rheumatic diseases were tissue typed for 26 antigens of the A and B locus of the HLA system, using a modified KN cytotoxicity test. Among 25 patients with confirmed ankylosing spondylitis, 23 had HLA B27 (92 per cent), compared to 2.5 per cent in the normal controls. This confirms the strong association of HLA B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. Eight patients had doubtful AS, five of whom were positive for B27. In 21 patients with mechanical disorders of the spine no B27 was found. Thirty-six patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee joints did not show any significant relationship with any HLA antigens. Twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed an increase of HLA B13 and B17.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in rheumatic diseases in Iran. One hundred and sixty-six patients with different forms of rheumatic diseases were tissue typed for 26 antigens of the A and B locus of the HLA system, using a modified KN cytotoxicity test. Among 25 patients with confirmed ankylosing spondylitis, 23 had HLA B27 (92 per cent), compared to 2.5 per cent in the normal controls. This confirms the strong association of HLA B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. Eight patients had doubtful AS, five of whom were positive for B27. In 21 patients with mechanical disorders of the spine no B27 was found. Thirty-six patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee joints did not show any significant relationship with any HLA antigens. Twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed an increase of HLA B13 and B17."}
{"id": "PMID:301192", "title": "A dynamic primary care curriculum based on the problem-oriented system.", "content": "The audit of behaviors of health care providers is a valuable tool for learning the essentials of primary care and health care delivery. At the University of Vermont a dynamic curriculum has evolved from the student audits of the practice sites where the training takes place. Evaluation studies to date indicate a positive effect on career goals leading to primary care specialties and a desire to practice in rural settings in underserved areas. This approach to teaching primary care has proven to be effective and has gained high acceptance with the students. They learn that audit is a valuable means of self-education as well as method for providing quality assurance to the patient.", "contents": "A dynamic primary care curriculum based on the problem-oriented system. The audit of behaviors of health care providers is a valuable tool for learning the essentials of primary care and health care delivery. At the University of Vermont a dynamic curriculum has evolved from the student audits of the practice sites where the training takes place. Evaluation studies to date indicate a positive effect on career goals leading to primary care specialties and a desire to practice in rural settings in underserved areas. This approach to teaching primary care has proven to be effective and has gained high acceptance with the students. They learn that audit is a valuable means of self-education as well as method for providing quality assurance to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:301194", "title": "Masking of receptors for sheep erythrocytes on human T-lymphocytes by sera from breast cancer patients.", "content": "Sera from 140 breast cancer patients and 38 controls were tested for their ability to inhibit sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette formation by normal, allogeneic lymphocytes. Inhibition of rosette formation by greater than 20% was found with 65% of stage I sera, 91% of stage II sera, 56% of stage III sera, and all stage IV sera. In contrast, only 13% of control sera was inhibitory. The inhibitory factor was found to bind to only a proportion of T-lymphocytes and could be removed from these lymphocytes by mild proteolytic digestion or extended washing. Examination of the properties of the inhibitory factor indicated that it differed from other substances that reportedly inhibited E-rosette formation.", "contents": "Masking of receptors for sheep erythrocytes on human T-lymphocytes by sera from breast cancer patients. Sera from 140 breast cancer patients and 38 controls were tested for their ability to inhibit sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette formation by normal, allogeneic lymphocytes. Inhibition of rosette formation by greater than 20% was found with 65% of stage I sera, 91% of stage II sera, 56% of stage III sera, and all stage IV sera. In contrast, only 13% of control sera was inhibitory. The inhibitory factor was found to bind to only a proportion of T-lymphocytes and could be removed from these lymphocytes by mild proteolytic digestion or extended washing. Examination of the properties of the inhibitory factor indicated that it differed from other substances that reportedly inhibited E-rosette formation."}
{"id": "PMID:301197", "title": "Morphological microassay and kinetics of the cytotoxicity of guinea pig lymphotoxin.", "content": "The kinetics of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT)-cytotoxicity on three L cell sublines were studied in detail by a micromethod using morphological distinctions between intact cells and dead cells. The reduction of the intact cell number and increase of the dead one concurrently occurred after a lag time, its length depending upon the GLT concentration ([GLT]). Although different patterns of the changes in the survival ratio (S) were discerned with different sublines, under appropriate conditions, --ln S was proportional to [GLT] and the reciprocal of the initial target cells number. Furthermore, it was shown that the S value at 24 hr was dependent upon the absolute amount of GLT.", "contents": "Morphological microassay and kinetics of the cytotoxicity of guinea pig lymphotoxin. The kinetics of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT)-cytotoxicity on three L cell sublines were studied in detail by a micromethod using morphological distinctions between intact cells and dead cells. The reduction of the intact cell number and increase of the dead one concurrently occurred after a lag time, its length depending upon the GLT concentration ([GLT]). Although different patterns of the changes in the survival ratio (S) were discerned with different sublines, under appropriate conditions, --ln S was proportional to [GLT] and the reciprocal of the initial target cells number. Furthermore, it was shown that the S value at 24 hr was dependent upon the absolute amount of GLT."}
{"id": "PMID:301198", "title": "The effect of pulse treatment of target cells with guinea pig lymphotoxin and the nature of its binding to target cells.", "content": "In order to investigate the binding of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) to target cells, the reduction of survival ratio (S) after the pulsed exposure of target cells to GLT at 4 degrees C and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hr was examined in detail. The dose response of GLT, and the relation between the S value and the length of pulse treatment demonstrated the saturation and equilibrium of the GLT-binding. It was also shown that the GLT once bound to the target cells dissociated very slowly. Several sugars possessing a terminal beta-galactosyl residue had an inhibitory activity against the effect of pulse treatment. This suggests that GLT binds to receptors on the target cell surface, probably glycoproteins having beta-galactosyl residues as terminal sugar residues. The trypsin treatment of GLT-pulsed target cells restored survival ratios and this restoration was dependent upon the time of trypsin treatment. This suggests that the stage of the association of GLT to target cells changes from trypsin-sensitive into trypsin-insensitive.", "contents": "The effect of pulse treatment of target cells with guinea pig lymphotoxin and the nature of its binding to target cells. In order to investigate the binding of guinea pig lymphotoxin (GLT) to target cells, the reduction of survival ratio (S) after the pulsed exposure of target cells to GLT at 4 degrees C and subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hr was examined in detail. The dose response of GLT, and the relation between the S value and the length of pulse treatment demonstrated the saturation and equilibrium of the GLT-binding. It was also shown that the GLT once bound to the target cells dissociated very slowly. Several sugars possessing a terminal beta-galactosyl residue had an inhibitory activity against the effect of pulse treatment. This suggests that GLT binds to receptors on the target cell surface, probably glycoproteins having beta-galactosyl residues as terminal sugar residues. The trypsin treatment of GLT-pulsed target cells restored survival ratios and this restoration was dependent upon the time of trypsin treatment. This suggests that the stage of the association of GLT to target cells changes from trypsin-sensitive into trypsin-insensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:301210", "title": "An analysis of the action of ATP and related compounds on membrane current and tension components in bullfrog atrial muscle.", "content": "The effect of adenosine compounds (ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine) on membrane potential, current and contractile tension on the bullfrog atrium were studied under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions. The compounds produced immediate positive and late negative inotropic effects in unclamped conditions. The positive inotropic effect and the potency of drugs appeared less marked in the order of ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine. Under voltage clamped conditions, only the energy rich compounds, ATP and ADP, produced an enhancement of calcium inward current (Ica) and Ica-dependent phasic tension, while AMP and adenosine elicited a negative inotropic effect. The delayed outward current was initially depressed but later augmented epecially in case of ATP and ADP where Ica was enhanced. All adenosine compounds, however, inhibited the Ica-independent tonic tension. This effect, appearing nonspecific, was ascribable to the action of common structure of these compounds, purine-riboside moiety.", "contents": "An analysis of the action of ATP and related compounds on membrane current and tension components in bullfrog atrial muscle. The effect of adenosine compounds (ATP, ADP, AMP and adenosine) on membrane potential, current and contractile tension on the bullfrog atrium were studied under voltage clamped and unclamped conditions. The compounds produced immediate positive and late negative inotropic effects in unclamped conditions. The positive inotropic effect and the potency of drugs appeared less marked in the order of ATP, ADP, AMP, and adenosine. Under voltage clamped conditions, only the energy rich compounds, ATP and ADP, produced an enhancement of calcium inward current (Ica) and Ica-dependent phasic tension, while AMP and adenosine elicited a negative inotropic effect. The delayed outward current was initially depressed but later augmented epecially in case of ATP and ADP where Ica was enhanced. All adenosine compounds, however, inhibited the Ica-independent tonic tension. This effect, appearing nonspecific, was ascribable to the action of common structure of these compounds, purine-riboside moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:301214", "title": "Correlation of myocardial contraction band necrosis and vascular patency. A study of coronary artery bypass graft anastomoses at branch points.", "content": "Eleven patients who died within 1 week of operation and in whom saphenous vein bypass graft anastomoses were located at or extended across coronary artery branch points were studied at autopsy. New surgically introduced narrowings of greater than 75% in one branch of the 13 anastomoses studied were more frequent (six of eight) when the arteriotomy extended into a branch artery than when the arteriotomy ended proximal to the flow divider of the branch point (zero to five). Obstruction was most frequently caused by suture compression of the arterial lumen. In five of the six anastomoses, where one branch contained a significant new narrowing and the other did not, a striking difference in the severity of myocardial contraction band necrosis in the distribution of the two arteries was found. In each such case the severe necrosis was in the distribution of the patent branch artery and the obstructed branch had slight or trivial injury. The results are interpreted as showing that myocardium that has the potential for developing contraction band necrosis may not develop it if the reflow phase is suppressed.", "contents": "Correlation of myocardial contraction band necrosis and vascular patency. A study of coronary artery bypass graft anastomoses at branch points. Eleven patients who died within 1 week of operation and in whom saphenous vein bypass graft anastomoses were located at or extended across coronary artery branch points were studied at autopsy. New surgically introduced narrowings of greater than 75% in one branch of the 13 anastomoses studied were more frequent (six of eight) when the arteriotomy extended into a branch artery than when the arteriotomy ended proximal to the flow divider of the branch point (zero to five). Obstruction was most frequently caused by suture compression of the arterial lumen. In five of the six anastomoses, where one branch contained a significant new narrowing and the other did not, a striking difference in the severity of myocardial contraction band necrosis in the distribution of the two arteries was found. In each such case the severe necrosis was in the distribution of the patent branch artery and the obstructed branch had slight or trivial injury. The results are interpreted as showing that myocardium that has the potential for developing contraction band necrosis may not develop it if the reflow phase is suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:301218", "title": "Architectural alteration of lymphatic tissue produced by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration.", "content": "Removal of recirculating lymphocytes from the lymph of calves by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration results in a state of immunounresponsiveness. Accompanying this is histological evidence of lymphocyte depletion from the lymph organs and structures of the body. Lymph nodes, spleen, hemolymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and thymus appear depleted of the recirculating small lymphocyte. We find this closed model of lymphocyte depletion effective and free of seyere problems with infections and physiological alterations as experienced in mechanical removal, extracorporeal irradiation, and open thoracic duct fistulas.", "contents": "Architectural alteration of lymphatic tissue produced by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration. Removal of recirculating lymphocytes from the lymph of calves by extracorporeal thoracic duct filtration results in a state of immunounresponsiveness. Accompanying this is histological evidence of lymphocyte depletion from the lymph organs and structures of the body. Lymph nodes, spleen, hemolymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and thymus appear depleted of the recirculating small lymphocyte. We find this closed model of lymphocyte depletion effective and free of seyere problems with infections and physiological alterations as experienced in mechanical removal, extracorporeal irradiation, and open thoracic duct fistulas."}
{"id": "PMID:301221", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the temporal bone posterior to the internal auditory canal: an operative approach.", "content": "The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical limits of a wedge shaped area of bone lying posterior to the internal auditory canal and to describe the anatomical structures which course through it. One hundred consecutive temporal bones were dissected and topographical dimensions of the posterior wall of the temporal bone were measured along with depth measurements from the posterior fossa wall to the structures of the fundus of the internal auditory canal. A microsurgical technique was then described using the structures within this area as landmarks for specific dissection to the posterior and lateral aspects of the internal auditory canal. Results of 19 tumors have been presented. The status of the facial nerve at the end of surgery and whether or not total tumor removal was possible were discussed.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the temporal bone posterior to the internal auditory canal: an operative approach. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical limits of a wedge shaped area of bone lying posterior to the internal auditory canal and to describe the anatomical structures which course through it. One hundred consecutive temporal bones were dissected and topographical dimensions of the posterior wall of the temporal bone were measured along with depth measurements from the posterior fossa wall to the structures of the fundus of the internal auditory canal. A microsurgical technique was then described using the structures within this area as landmarks for specific dissection to the posterior and lateral aspects of the internal auditory canal. Results of 19 tumors have been presented. The status of the facial nerve at the end of surgery and whether or not total tumor removal was possible were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301245", "title": "The immotile-cilia syndrome. A congenital ciliary abnormality as an etiologic factor in chronic airway infections and male sterility.", "content": "We investigated six men and a woman suspected of suffering from congenital immotility of cilia. All had chronic airway infections, and the men had immotile spermatozoa. The woman and three men had Kartagener's syndrome. The investigations included measurements of the mucociliary transport in the lower airways and ultrastructural studies of the sperm tails or respiratory cilia (or both). Mucociliary transport was significantly delayed. Sperm tails lacked dynein arms in five patients. Respiratory cilia from the women and two men lacked dynein arms and were irregularly oriented. The results support the hypothesis that a congenital defect in the cilia and sperm tails will cause chronic respiratory-tract infections and male sterility--the immotile-cilia syndrome. In about half these patients there will also be a situs inversus--i.e., Kartagener's syndrome.", "contents": "The immotile-cilia syndrome. A congenital ciliary abnormality as an etiologic factor in chronic airway infections and male sterility. We investigated six men and a woman suspected of suffering from congenital immotility of cilia. All had chronic airway infections, and the men had immotile spermatozoa. The woman and three men had Kartagener's syndrome. The investigations included measurements of the mucociliary transport in the lower airways and ultrastructural studies of the sperm tails or respiratory cilia (or both). Mucociliary transport was significantly delayed. Sperm tails lacked dynein arms in five patients. Respiratory cilia from the women and two men lacked dynein arms and were irregularly oriented. The results support the hypothesis that a congenital defect in the cilia and sperm tails will cause chronic respiratory-tract infections and male sterility--the immotile-cilia syndrome. In about half these patients there will also be a situs inversus--i.e., Kartagener's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:301244", "title": "Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system ECHOvirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia.", "content": "We observed persistent ECHOvirus infection of the central nervous system, as defined by continued presence of isolatable virus in cerebrospinal fluid, in five patients with agammaglobulinemia. The immunologic deficit in each was characterized by absence of surface-immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes and of lymph-node cortical follicles, but normal T-cell function. ECHOviruses 30, 19, 9 and 33 were recovered from cerebrospinal fluid for periods varying from two months to three years. The patients had few signs of acute central-nervous-system infection. Three of the five patients had a dermatomyositis-like syndrome, with peripheral lymphocytes that reacted with anti-human leukemia-specific primate and rabbit serums in a cytotoxicity assay. These data suggest that intact B-cell function is essential for eradication of ECHOvirus infection of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system ECHOvirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia. We observed persistent ECHOvirus infection of the central nervous system, as defined by continued presence of isolatable virus in cerebrospinal fluid, in five patients with agammaglobulinemia. The immunologic deficit in each was characterized by absence of surface-immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes and of lymph-node cortical follicles, but normal T-cell function. ECHOviruses 30, 19, 9 and 33 were recovered from cerebrospinal fluid for periods varying from two months to three years. The patients had few signs of acute central-nervous-system infection. Three of the five patients had a dermatomyositis-like syndrome, with peripheral lymphocytes that reacted with anti-human leukemia-specific primate and rabbit serums in a cytotoxicity assay. These data suggest that intact B-cell function is essential for eradication of ECHOvirus infection of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:301254", "title": "Investigation of patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle syndromes.", "content": "Many neuroradiological procedures are available for the elucidation of lesions presenting with clinical evidence of a cerebellopontine angle syndrome. For 10 years we have favoured plain skull rays, sometimes supplemented by gamma encephalography, followed by angiography and have uncommonly needed further information from other contrast studies before operation. The innocuous value of computed tomography (C.T.) made it necessary to consider modification of this routine which had been found to be very satisfactory in routine practice. To obtain precise information on the diagnostic reliability and complications of the method we reviewed a large consecutive series of patients presenting with angle lesions. The radiological signs in such cases have been described many times and are well known, but our findings in a single comprehensive series emphasize the value of the method and are presented in a review. The modifications induced by CT are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle syndromes. Many neuroradiological procedures are available for the elucidation of lesions presenting with clinical evidence of a cerebellopontine angle syndrome. For 10 years we have favoured plain skull rays, sometimes supplemented by gamma encephalography, followed by angiography and have uncommonly needed further information from other contrast studies before operation. The innocuous value of computed tomography (C.T.) made it necessary to consider modification of this routine which had been found to be very satisfactory in routine practice. To obtain precise information on the diagnostic reliability and complications of the method we reviewed a large consecutive series of patients presenting with angle lesions. The radiological signs in such cases have been described many times and are well known, but our findings in a single comprehensive series emphasize the value of the method and are presented in a review. The modifications induced by CT are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301255", "title": "Microscopic effects of meglumine iothalamate. Ventriculography in canines.", "content": "Meglumine iothalamate, an iodinated contrast agent, is commonly used in humans for roentgenographic outlining of cerebral ventricles. Although clinical studies have shown meglumine iothalamate to be less toxic than other radiopaque materials, its microscopic effects on brain tissue have never been studied in a controlled manner. For this study canine cerebral tissue was exposed to intraventricular saline or saline plus meglumine iothalamate and the results were compared by light microscopy. Reactive changes were found in both groups. They occurred with greater frequency and degree in the group exposed to meglumine iothalamate, but permanent damage to brain tissue, did not occur.", "contents": "Microscopic effects of meglumine iothalamate. Ventriculography in canines. Meglumine iothalamate, an iodinated contrast agent, is commonly used in humans for roentgenographic outlining of cerebral ventricles. Although clinical studies have shown meglumine iothalamate to be less toxic than other radiopaque materials, its microscopic effects on brain tissue have never been studied in a controlled manner. For this study canine cerebral tissue was exposed to intraventricular saline or saline plus meglumine iothalamate and the results were compared by light microscopy. Reactive changes were found in both groups. They occurred with greater frequency and degree in the group exposed to meglumine iothalamate, but permanent damage to brain tissue, did not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:301256", "title": "[Criteria of evaluation of hemorrhagic portal hypertension and surgical indications].", "content": "Massive, active bleeding of the oesophageal varices in cirrhotics requires immediate, comprehensive and continuing appraisal of determining risk parameters (liver function and morphology, hyperdynamic syndrome, renal function, dynamic angiography of the splanchnic circulation). When survival is linked with stopping the haemorrhage, indications must not be looked at restrictively and operation has to be fast. Minor surgical measures aimed at temporary control of the haemorrhage are not satisfactory. Side-to-side portacaval anastomosis is effective in terms of reducing portal pressure and controlling the haemorrhage. Mesenterico-caval shunt with H-dacron graft interposition is sufficient dynamically and has less effect on porto-hepatic flow. Long-term results with this technique requires further study.", "contents": "[Criteria of evaluation of hemorrhagic portal hypertension and surgical indications]. Massive, active bleeding of the oesophageal varices in cirrhotics requires immediate, comprehensive and continuing appraisal of determining risk parameters (liver function and morphology, hyperdynamic syndrome, renal function, dynamic angiography of the splanchnic circulation). When survival is linked with stopping the haemorrhage, indications must not be looked at restrictively and operation has to be fast. Minor surgical measures aimed at temporary control of the haemorrhage are not satisfactory. Side-to-side portacaval anastomosis is effective in terms of reducing portal pressure and controlling the haemorrhage. Mesenterico-caval shunt with H-dacron graft interposition is sufficient dynamically and has less effect on porto-hepatic flow. Long-term results with this technique requires further study."}
{"id": "PMID:301266", "title": "A calcium dependent inward current in frog skeletal muscle fibres.", "content": "Slow inward currents are here reported in frog skeletal muscle. The currents are turned on by depolarising the membrane beyond about -45mV and are blocked by replacement of Ca2+ by Mg2+ and in the presence of Ca2+ by Co2+ at 20mM.", "contents": "A calcium dependent inward current in frog skeletal muscle fibres. Slow inward currents are here reported in frog skeletal muscle. The currents are turned on by depolarising the membrane beyond about -45mV and are blocked by replacement of Ca2+ by Mg2+ and in the presence of Ca2+ by Co2+ at 20mM."}
{"id": "PMID:301267", "title": "Dual end-plate potentials at the single neuromuscular junction of the adult frog.", "content": "Electrophysiological evidence is presented that at least 30 percent of sartorius muscle fibres of adult frogs are innervated by two or more axons at a single end-plate zone. In these fibres, increasing stimulation of the common sartorius nerve led to the appearance of two or more distinct levels of end-plate potentials (e.p.p.) (or currents, measured by the voltage clamp technique). They had an identical time course, reversal potential and delay to nerve stimulation. When the recording microelectrode was moved along the same fibre and reinserted, both components of e.p.p. decreased proportionally. This indicated that both components of e.p.p. originated very closely to each other on the muscle fibre, presumably in one end-plate zone. Many fibres of the sartorius muscle of adult frogs therefore possess polyneural innervation of a single end-plate zone, which is otherwise typical for early stages of ontogenesis.", "contents": "Dual end-plate potentials at the single neuromuscular junction of the adult frog. Electrophysiological evidence is presented that at least 30 percent of sartorius muscle fibres of adult frogs are innervated by two or more axons at a single end-plate zone. In these fibres, increasing stimulation of the common sartorius nerve led to the appearance of two or more distinct levels of end-plate potentials (e.p.p.) (or currents, measured by the voltage clamp technique). They had an identical time course, reversal potential and delay to nerve stimulation. When the recording microelectrode was moved along the same fibre and reinserted, both components of e.p.p. decreased proportionally. This indicated that both components of e.p.p. originated very closely to each other on the muscle fibre, presumably in one end-plate zone. Many fibres of the sartorius muscle of adult frogs therefore possess polyneural innervation of a single end-plate zone, which is otherwise typical for early stages of ontogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:301270", "title": "[Myocardial scintigraphy after injection of thallium 201 during exercise test. Results in 74 patients].", "content": "Thallium 201 is rapidly fixed by the healthy myocardium and its radiation detectable by a scintillation camera. It may be used to reveal and localise ischaemic zones after intravenous injection. In 74 patients undergoing an exercise test, the results of so-called effort scintigraphy were compared with effort electrocardiograms, coronary arteriography and scintigraphy after the injection of Thallium 201 at rest  (rest scintigraphy). The results of effort scintigraphy show a high degree of agreement with those of the effort electrocardiogram and of coronary arteriography. It would appear to be of great value in the determination of the permeability of aorto-coronary by-passes.", "contents": "[Myocardial scintigraphy after injection of thallium 201 during exercise test. Results in 74 patients]. Thallium 201 is rapidly fixed by the healthy myocardium and its radiation detectable by a scintillation camera. It may be used to reveal and localise ischaemic zones after intravenous injection. In 74 patients undergoing an exercise test, the results of so-called effort scintigraphy were compared with effort electrocardiograms, coronary arteriography and scintigraphy after the injection of Thallium 201 at rest  (rest scintigraphy). The results of effort scintigraphy show a high degree of agreement with those of the effort electrocardiogram and of coronary arteriography. It would appear to be of great value in the determination of the permeability of aorto-coronary by-passes."}
{"id": "PMID:301272", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of 2'-,3'-, and 5'-deoxyadenosine conformations in solution.", "content": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of 2'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dA), 3'-deoxyadenosine (3'-dA), 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-dA) and 8-bromo-5'-deoxyadenosine (8-Br-5'-dA) have been carried out in the temperature range between -60 degrees and +40 degrees C for ND3 solutios, +40 degrees and +100 degrees C for D2O solutions, and finally +10 degrees and +60 degrees C for pyridine solutions. The analysis is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. In all solvents, 2'-dA favours slightly the S state of the ribose and the g+ conformer of the exocyclic CH2OH group. However, 3'-dA prefers strongly the N  state of the ribose and the g+ conformation. Both the S and N states of the ribose are equally favoured by 5'-DA and 8-Br-5'-dA. Evidence for the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between 0(5') and N3 in purine (beta)-nucleosides is presented. It is also concluded that cordycepin (3'-dA) exists in solution mainly in the anti conformation of the base relative to the ribose.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance studies of 2'-,3'-, and 5'-deoxyadenosine conformations in solution. Proton magnetic resonance studies of 2'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dA), 3'-deoxyadenosine (3'-dA), 5'-deoxyadenosine (5'-dA) and 8-bromo-5'-deoxyadenosine (8-Br-5'-dA) have been carried out in the temperature range between -60 degrees and +40 degrees C for ND3 solutios, +40 degrees and +100 degrees C for D2O solutions, and finally +10 degrees and +60 degrees C for pyridine solutions. The analysis is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. In all solvents, 2'-dA favours slightly the S state of the ribose and the g+ conformer of the exocyclic CH2OH group. However, 3'-dA prefers strongly the N  state of the ribose and the g+ conformation. Both the S and N states of the ribose are equally favoured by 5'-DA and 8-Br-5'-dA. Evidence for the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond between 0(5') and N3 in purine (beta)-nucleosides is presented. It is also concluded that cordycepin (3'-dA) exists in solution mainly in the anti conformation of the base relative to the ribose."}
{"id": "PMID:301278", "title": "Perhydrohistrionicotoxin: a potential ligand for the ion conductance modulator of the acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "Histrionicotoxin from the Colombian frog Dendrobates histrionicus and its perhydro derivative reversibly block the acetylcholine-sensitive ion conductance system in frog neuromuscular preparations. The perhydro derivative and [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin, like histrionicotoxin, caused a significant decrease in the peak amplitude of the end-plate current and shortened its rise time and half-decay time. In membrane preparations from Torpedo electroplax, [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin bound reversibly to a limited number of high-affinity sites [dissociation constant, (KD) = 0.4 micronM]. The ratio of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to acetylcholine binding sites in these membrane preparations approached 2. Histrionicotoxins, local anesthetics, and certain cholinergic agonists inhibited binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membranes was decreased by heat or treatment with proteases. Treatment of membranes with Triton X-100 solubilized acetylcholine binding proteins and apparently also perhydrohistrionicotoxin-binding proteins. However, the detergent Triton X-100 also bound [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin. This nonspecific binding was not saturable and complicated studies on the antagonism by drugs of binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin. In solubilized preparations the binding protein for acetylcholine could be removed by affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation without affecting binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Sephadex chromatography also separated acetylcholine- from perhydrohistrionicotoxin-binding proteins. Perhydrohistrionicotoxin did not bind significantly to purified acetylcholine-receptor protein but presumably bound to an ion conductance modulator protein that was associated with the acetylcholine-receptor in intact membrane and readily separable from the receptor protein after solubilization.", "contents": "Perhydrohistrionicotoxin: a potential ligand for the ion conductance modulator of the acetylcholine receptor. Histrionicotoxin from the Colombian frog Dendrobates histrionicus and its perhydro derivative reversibly block the acetylcholine-sensitive ion conductance system in frog neuromuscular preparations. The perhydro derivative and [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin, like histrionicotoxin, caused a significant decrease in the peak amplitude of the end-plate current and shortened its rise time and half-decay time. In membrane preparations from Torpedo electroplax, [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin bound reversibly to a limited number of high-affinity sites [dissociation constant, (KD) = 0.4 micronM]. The ratio of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to acetylcholine binding sites in these membrane preparations approached 2. Histrionicotoxins, local anesthetics, and certain cholinergic agonists inhibited binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membranes was decreased by heat or treatment with proteases. Treatment of membranes with Triton X-100 solubilized acetylcholine binding proteins and apparently also perhydrohistrionicotoxin-binding proteins. However, the detergent Triton X-100 also bound [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin. This nonspecific binding was not saturable and complicated studies on the antagonism by drugs of binding of [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin. In solubilized preparations the binding protein for acetylcholine could be removed by affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation without affecting binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin. Sephadex chromatography also separated acetylcholine- from perhydrohistrionicotoxin-binding proteins. Perhydrohistrionicotoxin did not bind significantly to purified acetylcholine-receptor protein but presumably bound to an ion conductance modulator protein that was associated with the acetylcholine-receptor in intact membrane and readily separable from the receptor protein after solubilization."}
{"id": "PMID:301280", "title": "The base view in vertebral angiography. An aid in the diagnosis of extraaxial cerebellopontine angle tumors.", "content": "Though the advent of computed tomography has improved the detection of posterior fossa lesions, there are times when it can not be used to differentiate between an intra- and extraaxial lesion, particularly when the mass is anteriorly located. Base view angiography can be used to make this distinction, accurately localize the lesion, and demonstrate involvement or compression of vital adjoining structures.", "contents": "The base view in vertebral angiography. An aid in the diagnosis of extraaxial cerebellopontine angle tumors. Though the advent of computed tomography has improved the detection of posterior fossa lesions, there are times when it can not be used to differentiate between an intra- and extraaxial lesion, particularly when the mass is anteriorly located. Base view angiography can be used to make this distinction, accurately localize the lesion, and demonstrate involvement or compression of vital adjoining structures."}
{"id": "PMID:301281", "title": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension--long-term results.", "content": "This report reviews 164 cases derived from 2 Australian and 3 U.S. centres. There were 128 direct operations and 63 shunts. There were 16 deaths (10% mortality) but 3 were due to unrelated causes. Direct procedures; In the long term these appear of little value. 37 of 48 children having splenectomy subsequently rebled. Almost all children having ligation of varices and direct operations on the stomach rebled subsequently. Acute bleeding can almost always be controlled by conservative measures and direct operations would appear to offer no benefit over non-operative management except in the occasional case of catastrophic management that cannot be controlled conservatively. Shunts; A properly performed decompressive shunt offers the best hope of long term control for bleeding varices. Meso-caval shunts seem to give somewhat better results than splenorenal shunts. About two-thirds of the patients undergoing shunts remain free of any further bleeding. Non-operative management; 27 children have had no surgery performed and all are alive except for one child who subsequently died in a railroad accident. Bleeding episodes become less frequent after the age of 15 years and there are a number of reasons for this including the progressive development of natural shunts. We are not aware of any deaths or major complications from hypersplenism. Growth and development of all children in this series has been normal, although other have commented on a significant incidence of encephalopathy. Conclusions; 1. GIT bleeding becomes progressively less after the age of 15 years. 2. Direct operations have little place in treatment. 3. Decompressive shunts are the most effective method of controlling continuing bleeding but require a shunt of at least 1 cm diameter. 4. Splenomegaly and hypersplenism are not serious problems. 5. One can anticipate the progressive development of natural shunts. 6. Splenectomy should be avoided in this disease unless accompanied by a shunt.", "contents": "Extrahepatic portal hypertension--long-term results. This report reviews 164 cases derived from 2 Australian and 3 U.S. centres. There were 128 direct operations and 63 shunts. There were 16 deaths (10% mortality) but 3 were due to unrelated causes. Direct procedures; In the long term these appear of little value. 37 of 48 children having splenectomy subsequently rebled. Almost all children having ligation of varices and direct operations on the stomach rebled subsequently. Acute bleeding can almost always be controlled by conservative measures and direct operations would appear to offer no benefit over non-operative management except in the occasional case of catastrophic management that cannot be controlled conservatively. Shunts; A properly performed decompressive shunt offers the best hope of long term control for bleeding varices. Meso-caval shunts seem to give somewhat better results than splenorenal shunts. About two-thirds of the patients undergoing shunts remain free of any further bleeding. Non-operative management; 27 children have had no surgery performed and all are alive except for one child who subsequently died in a railroad accident. Bleeding episodes become less frequent after the age of 15 years and there are a number of reasons for this including the progressive development of natural shunts. We are not aware of any deaths or major complications from hypersplenism. Growth and development of all children in this series has been normal, although other have commented on a significant incidence of encephalopathy. Conclusions; 1. GIT bleeding becomes progressively less after the age of 15 years. 2. Direct operations have little place in treatment. 3. Decompressive shunts are the most effective method of controlling continuing bleeding but require a shunt of at least 1 cm diameter. 4. Splenomegaly and hypersplenism are not serious problems. 5. One can anticipate the progressive development of natural shunts. 6. Splenectomy should be avoided in this disease unless accompanied by a shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:301285", "title": "[Multiple sclerosis in Tunisia. Clinical study of 100 cases].", "content": "One hundred cases of patients suffering from disseminated sclerosis (52 female and 48 male) were studied clinically and classified into four groups: typical, probable, possible and of acute onset. The present average age was 35.8 years and the age of onset of the disease 31.2 years. The mode of onset was progressive in 48 cases. The signs at onset were motor (44 p. 100), sensory (47 p. 100), ocular or visual (14 p. 100), vestibular (9 p. 100) and cerebellar (9 p. 100). An electronystagmogram was carried out in 74 cases: 44 were irritative in type, 22 deficitary and 8 normal. Electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increase in gamma globulins in 47 out of the 62 cases examined. Study of the geographic distribution of the place of birth and residence of the patients showed only a predominance in the northern part of Tunisia, probably related to easier communication from these regions with the Neurology Centre in Tunis.", "contents": "[Multiple sclerosis in Tunisia. Clinical study of 100 cases]. One hundred cases of patients suffering from disseminated sclerosis (52 female and 48 male) were studied clinically and classified into four groups: typical, probable, possible and of acute onset. The present average age was 35.8 years and the age of onset of the disease 31.2 years. The mode of onset was progressive in 48 cases. The signs at onset were motor (44 p. 100), sensory (47 p. 100), ocular or visual (14 p. 100), vestibular (9 p. 100) and cerebellar (9 p. 100). An electronystagmogram was carried out in 74 cases: 44 were irritative in type, 22 deficitary and 8 normal. Electrophoresis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed an increase in gamma globulins in 47 out of the 62 cases examined. Study of the geographic distribution of the place of birth and residence of the patients showed only a predominance in the northern part of Tunisia, probably related to easier communication from these regions with the Neurology Centre in Tunis."}
{"id": "PMID:301287", "title": "Communicating with the rheumatic patient.", "content": "To explore the meanings attached to words by patients and doctors, a multiple-choice questionnaire was given to 214 rheumatic patients, 110 non-rheumatic patients, 227 rheumatologists and 36 general practitioners. Words and phrases dealt with symptoms in descriptive terms, common disorders and parts of the body relevant to rheumatology. Poor agreement was obtained for 'back' among rheumatologists and hospital doctors, and for 'arthritis' among general practitioners. The word 'sciatica' means very different things to different doctors. Among rheumatic sufferers good agreement was only reached for 'rheumatism' and 'hereditary'. Non-rheumatic sufferers obtained better agreement than the rheumatic patients. This may have been due to more in the professional classes among the former group. The poorest agreement among rheumatic patients was for 'numbness', 'sciatica', 'slipped disc', 'vertebra', 'cervical', 'spinal cord', 'arthritis', 'deformity', 'anaemia', 'ligaments', 'osteoarthritis', 'lumbar', 'sacrum' and 'back'. Poor doctor-patient correlation between patients and rheumatologists occurred for 'numbness', 'spinal cord', 'cervical', 'sacrum', 'loin', 'slipped disc', 'arthritis', 'osteoarthritis' and 'steroids'.", "contents": "Communicating with the rheumatic patient. To explore the meanings attached to words by patients and doctors, a multiple-choice questionnaire was given to 214 rheumatic patients, 110 non-rheumatic patients, 227 rheumatologists and 36 general practitioners. Words and phrases dealt with symptoms in descriptive terms, common disorders and parts of the body relevant to rheumatology. Poor agreement was obtained for 'back' among rheumatologists and hospital doctors, and for 'arthritis' among general practitioners. The word 'sciatica' means very different things to different doctors. Among rheumatic sufferers good agreement was only reached for 'rheumatism' and 'hereditary'. Non-rheumatic sufferers obtained better agreement than the rheumatic patients. This may have been due to more in the professional classes among the former group. The poorest agreement among rheumatic patients was for 'numbness', 'sciatica', 'slipped disc', 'vertebra', 'cervical', 'spinal cord', 'arthritis', 'deformity', 'anaemia', 'ligaments', 'osteoarthritis', 'lumbar', 'sacrum' and 'back'. Poor doctor-patient correlation between patients and rheumatologists occurred for 'numbness', 'spinal cord', 'cervical', 'sacrum', 'loin', 'slipped disc', 'arthritis', 'osteoarthritis' and 'steroids'."}
{"id": "PMID:301289", "title": "[Knee arthroplasty. Our experiences with 22 cases].", "content": "In spite of continuing progress, total knee arthroplasty still presents many problems. In this clinic 25 arthroplasties have been performed in 22 patients over the last 4 1/2 years. Gu\u00e9par hinges were used in 21 knees and Marmor modular knees in 4. Acrylic cement was used in all cases. The mean age of the patients was 69 years. 13 had osteoarthritis, 5 rheumatoid disease and 4 other conditions. There were no serious general complications or infections in the early postoperative period. The commonest local complication was malalignment of the patella (17 cases); 2 of these were complete but reducible dislocations. In only 3 knees did patellar subluxation produce sufficient pain to spoil an otherwise good result. Prostheses have loosened in 2 knees, one of which has been fused with success. Striking features of the early results have been reliable pain relief, improvement of joint movement, and generally an increased walking capacity. In spite of its present problems, arthroplasty remains the procedure of choice in knees where the amount of articular damage contraindicates conservative surgery.", "contents": "[Knee arthroplasty. Our experiences with 22 cases]. In spite of continuing progress, total knee arthroplasty still presents many problems. In this clinic 25 arthroplasties have been performed in 22 patients over the last 4 1/2 years. Gu\u00e9par hinges were used in 21 knees and Marmor modular knees in 4. Acrylic cement was used in all cases. The mean age of the patients was 69 years. 13 had osteoarthritis, 5 rheumatoid disease and 4 other conditions. There were no serious general complications or infections in the early postoperative period. The commonest local complication was malalignment of the patella (17 cases); 2 of these were complete but reducible dislocations. In only 3 knees did patellar subluxation produce sufficient pain to spoil an otherwise good result. Prostheses have loosened in 2 knees, one of which has been fused with success. Striking features of the early results have been reliable pain relief, improvement of joint movement, and generally an increased walking capacity. In spite of its present problems, arthroplasty remains the procedure of choice in knees where the amount of articular damage contraindicates conservative surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:301292", "title": "Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces associated with pulmonary histiocytosis X. A case report.", "content": "A 20-year-old Coloured woman presented on three occasions with recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax which proved to be associated with pulmonary histiocytosis X. After corticosteroid therapy there was no recurrence of pneumothorax or radiographic evidence of progressive disease during a 6-month follow-up period.", "contents": "Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces associated with pulmonary histiocytosis X. A case report. A 20-year-old Coloured woman presented on three occasions with recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax which proved to be associated with pulmonary histiocytosis X. After corticosteroid therapy there was no recurrence of pneumothorax or radiographic evidence of progressive disease during a 6-month follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:301294", "title": "Simultaneous prevention of blood abnormalities and hereditary congenital amputations in a brachydactylous rabbit stock.", "content": "Hematological and histological studies of the rabbit brachydactyly mutant were made to clarify the question of the blood abnormality that had previously been implicated in the teratogenic process leading to congenital amputation. The hemoglobin of fetal and adult br/br rabbits, studied by electrophoresis and cyanmethemoglobin assay, exhibited no differences from that of controls. The br/br fetuses were polycythemic and severely macrocytic. Fetal limb vessels showed thrombosis leading to hemorrhages in the extremities. The hepatic tissue was abnormal, being particularly poor in hematopoietic cells; blood cell macrocytosis was attributed to impaired erthropoiesis. Treatment of pregnant rabbits with folic acid plus vitamin B12 or with folinic acid was able simultaneously to prevent the fetal blood cell macrocytosis and the congenital abnormalities.", "contents": "Simultaneous prevention of blood abnormalities and hereditary congenital amputations in a brachydactylous rabbit stock. Hematological and histological studies of the rabbit brachydactyly mutant were made to clarify the question of the blood abnormality that had previously been implicated in the teratogenic process leading to congenital amputation. The hemoglobin of fetal and adult br/br rabbits, studied by electrophoresis and cyanmethemoglobin assay, exhibited no differences from that of controls. The br/br fetuses were polycythemic and severely macrocytic. Fetal limb vessels showed thrombosis leading to hemorrhages in the extremities. The hepatic tissue was abnormal, being particularly poor in hematopoietic cells; blood cell macrocytosis was attributed to impaired erthropoiesis. Treatment of pregnant rabbits with folic acid plus vitamin B12 or with folinic acid was able simultaneously to prevent the fetal blood cell macrocytosis and the congenital abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:301297", "title": "[Complications after ambulatory oral surgical interventions, their frequency and importance].", "content": "The rate of complications of the healing process observed during or after oral surgical intervention on an outpatient basis amounts to 9.75% of the cases. Most frequently occur tooth-root fractures, alveolitis/osteitis, osteomyelitis, soft-tissue infections, haematomas, postoperative bleedings, antral perforations, sinusitis and perception disorders. The great medical and economic importance of such complications is pointed to on the basis of personal results and relevant data from the literature. An improvement in treatment results can be aimed at by reducing the rate of complications as well as by shortening the duration of treatment. Some relevant suggestions are given.", "contents": "[Complications after ambulatory oral surgical interventions, their frequency and importance]. The rate of complications of the healing process observed during or after oral surgical intervention on an outpatient basis amounts to 9.75% of the cases. Most frequently occur tooth-root fractures, alveolitis/osteitis, osteomyelitis, soft-tissue infections, haematomas, postoperative bleedings, antral perforations, sinusitis and perception disorders. The great medical and economic importance of such complications is pointed to on the basis of personal results and relevant data from the literature. An improvement in treatment results can be aimed at by reducing the rate of complications as well as by shortening the duration of treatment. Some relevant suggestions are given."}
{"id": "PMID:301304", "title": "Biologic activities of various thymus preparations.", "content": "Thymosin and THF were prepared from total normal calf thymus (TT), from calf thymus depleted of thymocytes by whole-body irradiation (TE), and from calf thymus lymphocytes (TL). The activities of these products were compared in four different in vitro assays that monitored for various T-cell functions. The results suggest that the preparations obtained from thymus epithelium are more active in inducing T helper cell function in nude/nude mouse spleen cells than substances isolated from thymus lymphocytes. The latter seem to act on a more advanced step in the T cell line differentiation.", "contents": "Biologic activities of various thymus preparations. Thymosin and THF were prepared from total normal calf thymus (TT), from calf thymus depleted of thymocytes by whole-body irradiation (TE), and from calf thymus lymphocytes (TL). The activities of these products were compared in four different in vitro assays that monitored for various T-cell functions. The results suggest that the preparations obtained from thymus epithelium are more active in inducing T helper cell function in nude/nude mouse spleen cells than substances isolated from thymus lymphocytes. The latter seem to act on a more advanced step in the T cell line differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:301307", "title": "Fate of experimental allogeneically transplanted fetal adrenal glands in nonimmunosuppressed adrenalectomized adult rats.", "content": "Long-term survival of allogeneic vascularized fetal adrenal transplants has been demonstrated in adrenalectomized rats. Significant less mortality occurred after adrenalectomy in animals receiving multiple allogeneic fetal transplants compared to nontransplanted rats.", "contents": "Fate of experimental allogeneically transplanted fetal adrenal glands in nonimmunosuppressed adrenalectomized adult rats. Long-term survival of allogeneic vascularized fetal adrenal transplants has been demonstrated in adrenalectomized rats. Significant less mortality occurred after adrenalectomy in animals receiving multiple allogeneic fetal transplants compared to nontransplanted rats."}
{"id": "PMID:301316", "title": "Differential tuberculin test for mycobacterial infection in children.", "content": "A composite antigen prepared from strains of M. avium, M. intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum has been used in addition to PPD in differential skin tests, principally on children investigated for mycobacterial cervical adenitis. The tests were uniformly successful in 12 cases bacteriologically positive for opportunist mycobacteria and gave unequivocal positive or negative results in 30 cases awaiting diagnosis.", "contents": "Differential tuberculin test for mycobacterial infection in children. A composite antigen prepared from strains of M. avium, M. intracellulare and M. scrofulaceum has been used in addition to PPD in differential skin tests, principally on children investigated for mycobacterial cervical adenitis. The tests were uniformly successful in 12 cases bacteriologically positive for opportunist mycobacteria and gave unequivocal positive or negative results in 30 cases awaiting diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301317", "title": "[Informational activity of exogenous DNA in irradiated cells].", "content": "The levels of total DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were examined in control and in vivo irradiated thymocytes after their preincubation with exogenous DNA of different polymerization degree. The studies were made using the uridine-14C and lysine-14C. The influence of preliminary treatment of exogenous DNA or cells with actinomycin D (AMD) was studied as applied to the levels of their own and \"induced\" synthesis in the cells. It is shown that native exogenous DNA induced the increase in the synthesis of all three components only in the irradiated cells. The pretreatment of the irradiated cells or exogenous DNA with AMD completely inhibits the \"induced\" synthesis of RNA and protein while their own synthesis in suppressed only by 20%. Possible transcription and translation of highly polymerized exogenous DNA in the irradiated cells without its integration into the genome of the \"host\" is discussed.", "contents": "[Informational activity of exogenous DNA in irradiated cells]. The levels of total DNA, RNA and protein synthesis were examined in control and in vivo irradiated thymocytes after their preincubation with exogenous DNA of different polymerization degree. The studies were made using the uridine-14C and lysine-14C. The influence of preliminary treatment of exogenous DNA or cells with actinomycin D (AMD) was studied as applied to the levels of their own and \"induced\" synthesis in the cells. It is shown that native exogenous DNA induced the increase in the synthesis of all three components only in the irradiated cells. The pretreatment of the irradiated cells or exogenous DNA with AMD completely inhibits the \"induced\" synthesis of RNA and protein while their own synthesis in suppressed only by 20%. Possible transcription and translation of highly polymerized exogenous DNA in the irradiated cells without its integration into the genome of the \"host\" is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301327", "title": "[Passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity (author's transl)].", "content": "Tuberculin sensitivity can be transfered passively by cells. The active principle may be bound on T-lymphocytes. In patients with sarcoidosis or with malignant lymphadenomas, the passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity via lymphocytes of tuberculin-positive donors is more difficult. In sarcoidosis the achievement of a positive tuberculin reaction at an appreciable distance from the site of transfer was possible only with markedly greater amounts of donor lymphocytes than in healthy controls. In patients with malignant lymphadenomas such a transfer succeeded only very rarely. The qualitative and quantitative differences in the impairment of the delayed immune sensitivity in both groups and their possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "[Passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity (author's transl)]. Tuberculin sensitivity can be transfered passively by cells. The active principle may be bound on T-lymphocytes. In patients with sarcoidosis or with malignant lymphadenomas, the passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity via lymphocytes of tuberculin-positive donors is more difficult. In sarcoidosis the achievement of a positive tuberculin reaction at an appreciable distance from the site of transfer was possible only with markedly greater amounts of donor lymphocytes than in healthy controls. In patients with malignant lymphadenomas such a transfer succeeded only very rarely. The qualitative and quantitative differences in the impairment of the delayed immune sensitivity in both groups and their possible causes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301328", "title": "[Special diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of pulmonary histiocytosis X in twelve cases from 1969 to 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "15 cases of histiocytosis X and 274 cases of histologically confirmed sarcoidosis were diagnosed during the investigation period from 1969 to 1975. Data of 12 adults with primary pulmonary histiocytosis X were evaluated in extenso. The necessary histological verification of diagnosis was only possible by open lung biopsy. Already in early stage small excavations were found by tomography in half of the cases. Eelvation of serum copper and of the index of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase was striking. In a single  case antinuclear antibodies were proven. An intra patient comparison verifies corticosteroids suppressing the disease. On the occasion of a second lung biopsy in one case could be seen that after treatment no more histiocytosis-specific substrate was existing. Exacerbation and relapse during and after continuous long-term therapy were not observed. The features of histiocytosis X and sarcoidosis are set side by side in order to show differences and relations.", "contents": "[Special diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of pulmonary histiocytosis X in twelve cases from 1969 to 1975 (author's transl)]. 15 cases of histiocytosis X and 274 cases of histologically confirmed sarcoidosis were diagnosed during the investigation period from 1969 to 1975. Data of 12 adults with primary pulmonary histiocytosis X were evaluated in extenso. The necessary histological verification of diagnosis was only possible by open lung biopsy. Already in early stage small excavations were found by tomography in half of the cases. Eelvation of serum copper and of the index of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase was striking. In a single  case antinuclear antibodies were proven. An intra patient comparison verifies corticosteroids suppressing the disease. On the occasion of a second lung biopsy in one case could be seen that after treatment no more histiocytosis-specific substrate was existing. Exacerbation and relapse during and after continuous long-term therapy were not observed. The features of histiocytosis X and sarcoidosis are set side by side in order to show differences and relations."}
{"id": "PMID:301330", "title": "Failure of correlation between in vitro and in vivo effect of T and B cell mitogens in the mouse.", "content": "T and B cell mitogens as PHA, PWM, LPS, SIII, DS, PVP were investigated in vitro in direct MI assay with mouse PECs as well as in vivo for their phagocytosis-enhancing capacity. All mitogens induced a dose-dependent MI although of differing degrees. In contrast, a phagocytosis-stimulating effect in vivo could be observed only by using the mitogens of bacterial origin such as LPS and SIII; the other mitogens induced, however, rather a loss of phagocytosis, although a cellular reaction in the sense of an increased PEC number was partly registered. The reactivity of PEC to LPS but not to PHA disappeared in the MI assay after foregoing desensitization of mice with the corresponding mitogen, suggesting the existence of a cellular immunity against the bacterial antigen. The importance of the induction of cell-mediated events in infection immunity in a classical immunological way will be discussed.", "contents": "Failure of correlation between in vitro and in vivo effect of T and B cell mitogens in the mouse. T and B cell mitogens as PHA, PWM, LPS, SIII, DS, PVP were investigated in vitro in direct MI assay with mouse PECs as well as in vivo for their phagocytosis-enhancing capacity. All mitogens induced a dose-dependent MI although of differing degrees. In contrast, a phagocytosis-stimulating effect in vivo could be observed only by using the mitogens of bacterial origin such as LPS and SIII; the other mitogens induced, however, rather a loss of phagocytosis, although a cellular reaction in the sense of an increased PEC number was partly registered. The reactivity of PEC to LPS but not to PHA disappeared in the MI assay after foregoing desensitization of mice with the corresponding mitogen, suggesting the existence of a cellular immunity against the bacterial antigen. The importance of the induction of cell-mediated events in infection immunity in a classical immunological way will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301332", "title": "[New methods of managing massive upper gastrointestinal bleedings (author's transl)].", "content": "A four year experience in the management of 585 patients with massive upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (U. G. I. B.)has been reviewed. The effect of routine fiberoptic gastroscopy, selective angiography, and selective pitressin arterial infusion has been analyzed as it effects the more accurate diagnosis and better non-operative therapy of these dangerously ill patients. Duodenal and gastric ulcer, which comprise one-half of such patients, are best treated by early operation. Mallory-Weiss-syndrome is more frequent than previously appreciated. Pitressin infusion is worthy of trial in diffuse gastritis, varicose- and stress ulcer bleeding. Stress bleeding is usually one manifestation of multiple organ failure due to bacterial sepsis.", "contents": "[New methods of managing massive upper gastrointestinal bleedings (author's transl)]. A four year experience in the management of 585 patients with massive upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (U. G. I. B.)has been reviewed. The effect of routine fiberoptic gastroscopy, selective angiography, and selective pitressin arterial infusion has been analyzed as it effects the more accurate diagnosis and better non-operative therapy of these dangerously ill patients. Duodenal and gastric ulcer, which comprise one-half of such patients, are best treated by early operation. Mallory-Weiss-syndrome is more frequent than previously appreciated. Pitressin infusion is worthy of trial in diffuse gastritis, varicose- and stress ulcer bleeding. Stress bleeding is usually one manifestation of multiple organ failure due to bacterial sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:301333", "title": "[Examinations of upper gastrointestinal bleeding - value of emergency endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of the acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be improved by using standardized immediate actions, as there is endoscopy in emergency diagnostics. Endoscopy gives much higher certainty in pre-operative diagnostic, better possibility of planning and more exact timing of the operation. Therefore emergency endoscopy should be done in any case of acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding.", "contents": "[Examinations of upper gastrointestinal bleeding - value of emergency endoscopy (author's transl)]. The treatment of the acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be improved by using standardized immediate actions, as there is endoscopy in emergency diagnostics. Endoscopy gives much higher certainty in pre-operative diagnostic, better possibility of planning and more exact timing of the operation. Therefore emergency endoscopy should be done in any case of acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:301334", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The poor results of surgical treatment of peptic ulceration in old age can only be improved if both internal medicine and surgery will find guiding principles for operative indications. 1. Chronic ulcer is an indication of operative treatment even in old age. - 2. Conservative treatment of phyloric stenosis caused by peptic ulceration is only permissable, if a florid ulcer in evident. - 3. The evidence of a chronic bleeding ulcer indicates surgical treatment. Suitable short-time conservative treatment gives better conditions for any type of surgery.-4. The perforated ulcer in old age should only be treated by the smallest surgical procedure. Antibiotic therapy should begin immediately after establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in old age (author's transl)]. The poor results of surgical treatment of peptic ulceration in old age can only be improved if both internal medicine and surgery will find guiding principles for operative indications. 1. Chronic ulcer is an indication of operative treatment even in old age. - 2. Conservative treatment of phyloric stenosis caused by peptic ulceration is only permissable, if a florid ulcer in evident. - 3. The evidence of a chronic bleeding ulcer indicates surgical treatment. Suitable short-time conservative treatment gives better conditions for any type of surgery.-4. The perforated ulcer in old age should only be treated by the smallest surgical procedure. Antibiotic therapy should begin immediately after establishing the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301331", "title": "[Periods of formation of the mechanisms of \"reward\" and \"punishment\" in rats during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "The manifestation of some signs of emotional reactions produced by stimulation of the hypothalamic zones through implanted electrodes was studied in chronic experiments on 8- to 40-day old rats. Beginning with the 12th day of the rats' development, the formation of the instrumental reaction of self-stimulation and avoidance was studied. It has been found that maturation of the negative emotion mechanism preceds that of the positive emotion mechanism. Proceeding from the results obtained, a hypothesis has been advanced on heterochronous maturation of the systems of positive and negative reinforcements. It has been assumed that beginning with certain stage of the animals' development, behaviour is being controlled with the participation of a non-specific \"reward\" mechanism.", "contents": "[Periods of formation of the mechanisms of \"reward\" and \"punishment\" in rats during postnatal ontogenesis]. The manifestation of some signs of emotional reactions produced by stimulation of the hypothalamic zones through implanted electrodes was studied in chronic experiments on 8- to 40-day old rats. Beginning with the 12th day of the rats' development, the formation of the instrumental reaction of self-stimulation and avoidance was studied. It has been found that maturation of the negative emotion mechanism preceds that of the positive emotion mechanism. Proceeding from the results obtained, a hypothesis has been advanced on heterochronous maturation of the systems of positive and negative reinforcements. It has been assumed that beginning with certain stage of the animals' development, behaviour is being controlled with the participation of a non-specific \"reward\" mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:301337", "title": "[Catecholamine excretion as an index of the effectiveness of treatment in radiculitis patients with a pain syndrome].", "content": "The authors studied the excretion of catecholamines in the diurnal urine in patients with sacrolumbar and cervicothoracal radiculitis in the acute stage with pain and the changes of excretion under the influence of physiotherapy. In radiculities with the pain syndrome there was an activation of catecholamine systems, mainly in the hormonial link of the sympathico-adrenal system. Following treatment along with the disappearance of the pain syndrome there is a normalization of the excretion of adrenalin, noradrenalin and the terminal product of inactivated catecholamine in the diurnal urine. This gives ground to assume that the results of these biochemical studies may serve as indices of the therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "[Catecholamine excretion as an index of the effectiveness of treatment in radiculitis patients with a pain syndrome]. The authors studied the excretion of catecholamines in the diurnal urine in patients with sacrolumbar and cervicothoracal radiculitis in the acute stage with pain and the changes of excretion under the influence of physiotherapy. In radiculities with the pain syndrome there was an activation of catecholamine systems, mainly in the hormonial link of the sympathico-adrenal system. Following treatment along with the disappearance of the pain syndrome there is a normalization of the excretion of adrenalin, noradrenalin and the terminal product of inactivated catecholamine in the diurnal urine. This gives ground to assume that the results of these biochemical studies may serve as indices of the therapeutic effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:301338", "title": "Causes of enucleation following cataract surgery.", "content": "Between the years 1962 and 1976 85 eyes which had undergone cataract surgery were accessioned to the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory of the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The specimens were submitted from the various eye departments of the country. Of these 8k eyes nine had been enucleated within 2 months after surgery while in 64 cases the enucleation had been performed more than 12 months after surgery. 40 eyes had had an attempted operation for senile cataract, 30 eyes for traumatic cataract while the remaining cases were congenital cataract cases or cataracts in pre-existing glaucomatous or chronic uveitis eyes. Most frequent causes for the loss of the eyes were related to incomplete or abnormal healing of the operative wound such as epithelial down-growth and closure of the chamber angle with extensive anterior synechiae leading to absolute glaucoma. It is noteworthy that all cases of epithelial downgrowth were derived from the beginning of the observation period. No new cases were obtained after 1969. Other important causes were purulent endophthalmitis and retinal detachment. Haemosiderosis was a prominent cause in the group with traumatic cataract. A careful histopathological analysis of eyes enucleated after cataract surgery is mandatory as it is from the complications we learn most in cataract surgery.", "contents": "Causes of enucleation following cataract surgery. Between the years 1962 and 1976 85 eyes which had undergone cataract surgery were accessioned to the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory of the Helsinki University Eye Hospital. The specimens were submitted from the various eye departments of the country. Of these 8k eyes nine had been enucleated within 2 months after surgery while in 64 cases the enucleation had been performed more than 12 months after surgery. 40 eyes had had an attempted operation for senile cataract, 30 eyes for traumatic cataract while the remaining cases were congenital cataract cases or cataracts in pre-existing glaucomatous or chronic uveitis eyes. Most frequent causes for the loss of the eyes were related to incomplete or abnormal healing of the operative wound such as epithelial down-growth and closure of the chamber angle with extensive anterior synechiae leading to absolute glaucoma. It is noteworthy that all cases of epithelial downgrowth were derived from the beginning of the observation period. No new cases were obtained after 1969. Other important causes were purulent endophthalmitis and retinal detachment. Haemosiderosis was a prominent cause in the group with traumatic cataract. A careful histopathological analysis of eyes enucleated after cataract surgery is mandatory as it is from the complications we learn most in cataract surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:301339", "title": "Factor XIII (fibrin stabilising factor) in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura.", "content": "In 13 out of 17 consecutive children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura the factor XIII determined with the dansyl cadaverine method was found to be decreased during the acute phase. The decrease is assumed to be due to a specific degradation by proteolytic enzymes liberated from inflammatory cells, with defective local haemostasis as a result. This assumption is strengthened by the observation that treatment with factor XIII combined with an antifibrinolytic drug controlled life-threatening gastro-intestinal bleeding in one of the patients. It would therefore appear that such treatment might offer a new possibility of controlling severe haemorrhages in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura.", "contents": "Factor XIII (fibrin stabilising factor) in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura. In 13 out of 17 consecutive children with Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura the factor XIII determined with the dansyl cadaverine method was found to be decreased during the acute phase. The decrease is assumed to be due to a specific degradation by proteolytic enzymes liberated from inflammatory cells, with defective local haemostasis as a result. This assumption is strengthened by the observation that treatment with factor XIII combined with an antifibrinolytic drug controlled life-threatening gastro-intestinal bleeding in one of the patients. It would therefore appear that such treatment might offer a new possibility of controlling severe haemorrhages in Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein's purpura."}
{"id": "PMID:301336", "title": "[Mitochondrial membrane proteins of lower vertebrates].", "content": "Mitochondria from the liver, heart and skeletal muscles of lower vertebrates were studied with the method of IR-spectrometry in the spectral region of amide I and amide II bands. The kinetics of H--D exhange of peptide protons was measured with the same method before and after low-temperature gradual extraction of lipids. It was revealed that mitochondria of different tissues taken from several species of lower vertebrates have a similar stable configuration of amide I band and similar kinetics of H--D exhange in peptide groups of proteins (35--40% of labile peptide protons and 40--50% of stable ones). This suggests that mitochondrial proteins have a similar conformation in membranes. In the first hour of gradual low-temperature extraction of phospholipids from liver mitochondria of the frog (chloroform-methanol, 5 : 1), the increase in labile protons content and the decrease in stable ones could be detected in mitochondrial proteins. During the next 5 hours of extraction, the quantity of labile peptide protons and the content of phospholipids in the extract remained unchanged. Low-temperature extraction of heart mitochondria of the frog Rana temporaria with less polar solutions (chloroform-methanol, 30 : 1 or 20 : 1) gave no rise in the content of labile peptide protons in spite of the large amounts of extracted phospholipids.. These data indicate that tissue specificity of mitochondria is based primarily on the phospholipid component of membranes. The regulatory mechanisms which stabilize the optimal conformation of membrane proteins are different in liver and heart mitochondria.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial membrane proteins of lower vertebrates]. Mitochondria from the liver, heart and skeletal muscles of lower vertebrates were studied with the method of IR-spectrometry in the spectral region of amide I and amide II bands. The kinetics of H--D exhange of peptide protons was measured with the same method before and after low-temperature gradual extraction of lipids. It was revealed that mitochondria of different tissues taken from several species of lower vertebrates have a similar stable configuration of amide I band and similar kinetics of H--D exhange in peptide groups of proteins (35--40% of labile peptide protons and 40--50% of stable ones). This suggests that mitochondrial proteins have a similar conformation in membranes. In the first hour of gradual low-temperature extraction of phospholipids from liver mitochondria of the frog (chloroform-methanol, 5 : 1), the increase in labile protons content and the decrease in stable ones could be detected in mitochondrial proteins. During the next 5 hours of extraction, the quantity of labile peptide protons and the content of phospholipids in the extract remained unchanged. Low-temperature extraction of heart mitochondria of the frog Rana temporaria with less polar solutions (chloroform-methanol, 30 : 1 or 20 : 1) gave no rise in the content of labile peptide protons in spite of the large amounts of extracted phospholipids.. These data indicate that tissue specificity of mitochondria is based primarily on the phospholipid component of membranes. The regulatory mechanisms which stabilize the optimal conformation of membrane proteins are different in liver and heart mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:301341", "title": "Chemotherapy of metastatic carcinoma of the breast. A 4-drug regimen.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy (vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate with leucoverin rescue) in 32 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast resulted in an overall response rate of 81 per cent (9/32 complete remission, 17/32 partial remission). No serious side effects were noted. Karnofsky performance index improved in 24/26 responders.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of metastatic carcinoma of the breast. A 4-drug regimen. Combination chemotherapy (vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate with leucoverin rescue) in 32 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast resulted in an overall response rate of 81 per cent (9/32 complete remission, 17/32 partial remission). No serious side effects were noted. Karnofsky performance index improved in 24/26 responders."}
{"id": "PMID:301346", "title": "Reduced incidence of intraoperative myocardial infarction during coronary bypass surgery with use of intracoronary shunt technique.", "content": "Intraoperative myocardial infarction is a recognized complication of aortocoronary bypass surgery. One major cause of such infarction may be interruption of coronary blood flow, particularly in patient with poor coronary collateral circulation. In 30 patients use of an intracoronary shunt made it possible to limit the period of coronary occulusion during graft construction to a few minutes. Use of this shunt was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative myocardial infarction (as judged by the appearance of new Q waves) when these patients were compared with 50 patients operated on without this procedure (6 of 50 [12 percent] versus 0 of 30). The incidence of postoperative persistent S-T segment elevation was reduced from 21 of 50 (42 percent) to 5 of 30 (17 percent). Except for use of the shunt, the surgical technique was identical in the two groups of patients.", "contents": "Reduced incidence of intraoperative myocardial infarction during coronary bypass surgery with use of intracoronary shunt technique. Intraoperative myocardial infarction is a recognized complication of aortocoronary bypass surgery. One major cause of such infarction may be interruption of coronary blood flow, particularly in patient with poor coronary collateral circulation. In 30 patients use of an intracoronary shunt made it possible to limit the period of coronary occulusion during graft construction to a few minutes. Use of this shunt was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative myocardial infarction (as judged by the appearance of new Q waves) when these patients were compared with 50 patients operated on without this procedure (6 of 50 [12 percent] versus 0 of 30). The incidence of postoperative persistent S-T segment elevation was reduced from 21 of 50 (42 percent) to 5 of 30 (17 percent). Except for use of the shunt, the surgical technique was identical in the two groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:301347", "title": "Improved survival after coronary bypass surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function: role of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.", "content": "The operative mortality rate of aortocoronary bypass surgery in 23 patients with poor left ventricular function (ejection fraction 0.30 or less) operated on in 1973-74 was 34.7 percent. The incidence rate of operative myocardial infarction was 30.4 percent. In an attempt to improve survival, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was used therafter in 25 similar patients. Counterpulsation was instituted preoperatively and continued intra- and postoperatively for 2 to 5 days. Preoperative studies revealed an \"unloading\" effect of the left ventricle, with significant reductions of systolic arterial blood pressure, end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure and end-diastolic left ventricular volume and pressure. Metabolic improvement was demonstrated by the lesser production of myocardial lactate after pacing-induced tachycardia when the ventricle was balloon-assisted. Intraoperatively, blood flow through the vein graft was found to increase with counterpulsation. The rate of operative myocardial infarction was reduced to 4 percent and the mortality rate to 8 percent. In patients who have sustained a significant loss of functioning myocardium, the beneficial hemodynamic and metabolic effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation appear to prevent furhter, possibly critical, myocardial damage in the perioperative period.", "contents": "Improved survival after coronary bypass surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function: role of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. The operative mortality rate of aortocoronary bypass surgery in 23 patients with poor left ventricular function (ejection fraction 0.30 or less) operated on in 1973-74 was 34.7 percent. The incidence rate of operative myocardial infarction was 30.4 percent. In an attempt to improve survival, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was used therafter in 25 similar patients. Counterpulsation was instituted preoperatively and continued intra- and postoperatively for 2 to 5 days. Preoperative studies revealed an \"unloading\" effect of the left ventricle, with significant reductions of systolic arterial blood pressure, end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure and end-diastolic left ventricular volume and pressure. Metabolic improvement was demonstrated by the lesser production of myocardial lactate after pacing-induced tachycardia when the ventricle was balloon-assisted. Intraoperatively, blood flow through the vein graft was found to increase with counterpulsation. The rate of operative myocardial infarction was reduced to 4 percent and the mortality rate to 8 percent. In patients who have sustained a significant loss of functioning myocardium, the beneficial hemodynamic and metabolic effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation appear to prevent furhter, possibly critical, myocardial damage in the perioperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:301350", "title": "Postextrasystolic potentiation as a predictor of potential myocardial viability: preoperative analyses compared with studies after coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "The ability to predict reversibility of ventricular dysfunction should be important in determining operability. This study examined the usefulness of postextrasystolic potentiation as such a predictor. Left ventricular wall motion was studied using cineventriculography in 31 patients before and after revascularization surgery. Preoperative ejection fraction and wall motion were analyzed during a sinus beat and after a random ventricular extrasystole, whereas postoperative ejection fraction and wall motion were examined only during a sinus beat. Changes in ventricular motion were correlated with changes in vascular supply achieved by operation. Of the 7 patients whose ejection fraction was improved postoperatively, 6 had shown postextrasystolic potentiation compared with only 10 of the 24 patients without such improvement (P less than 0.05). Regional wall motion analysis also showed a significant association between postextrasystolic potentiation and postoperative improvement in wall motion. Of 26 zones judged to have an increased vascular supply after operation, 11 showed increased motion postoperatively. All 11 had shown postextrasystolic potentiation, compared with only 5 of 15 zones with increased vascular supply but without increased postoperative motion (P less than 0.001). Thus, postextrasystolic potentiation seems to be a useful predictor of the ability of asynergic myocardium to respond to successful revascularization surgery.", "contents": "Postextrasystolic potentiation as a predictor of potential myocardial viability: preoperative analyses compared with studies after coronary bypass surgery. The ability to predict reversibility of ventricular dysfunction should be important in determining operability. This study examined the usefulness of postextrasystolic potentiation as such a predictor. Left ventricular wall motion was studied using cineventriculography in 31 patients before and after revascularization surgery. Preoperative ejection fraction and wall motion were analyzed during a sinus beat and after a random ventricular extrasystole, whereas postoperative ejection fraction and wall motion were examined only during a sinus beat. Changes in ventricular motion were correlated with changes in vascular supply achieved by operation. Of the 7 patients whose ejection fraction was improved postoperatively, 6 had shown postextrasystolic potentiation compared with only 10 of the 24 patients without such improvement (P less than 0.05). Regional wall motion analysis also showed a significant association between postextrasystolic potentiation and postoperative improvement in wall motion. Of 26 zones judged to have an increased vascular supply after operation, 11 showed increased motion postoperatively. All 11 had shown postextrasystolic potentiation, compared with only 5 of 15 zones with increased vascular supply but without increased postoperative motion (P less than 0.001). Thus, postextrasystolic potentiation seems to be a useful predictor of the ability of asynergic myocardium to respond to successful revascularization surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:301354", "title": "Diagnosis of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum using radiopertechnetate.", "content": "A case report of bleeding from a Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed by Tc99-m pertechnetate scanning is presented. The noninvasive advantage of this method justifies its early use as a diagnostic measure when a Meckel's diverticulum is suspected in the differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.", "contents": "Diagnosis of a bleeding Meckel's diverticulum using radiopertechnetate. A case report of bleeding from a Meckel's diverticulum diagnosed by Tc99-m pertechnetate scanning is presented. The noninvasive advantage of this method justifies its early use as a diagnostic measure when a Meckel's diverticulum is suspected in the differential diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:301355", "title": "Molecular abnormality of PI S variant of human alpha1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Alpha1-antitrypsin variant protein was purified to homogeneity from a PI S-S subject with a mild deficiency of plasma trypsin inhibiting capacity. Molecular weight, specific trypsin inhibitory activity, and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates were similar to the proteins purified from Pi M-M individuals with normal alpha1-antitrypsin activity. The structural difference between the normal and the variant alpha1-antitrypsin was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. An amino acid substitution of glutamic acid in the normal protein to valine in the variant protein was found. The result is consistent with the previously reported amino acid substitution in Pi S-Christchurch.", "contents": "Molecular abnormality of PI S variant of human alpha1-antitrypsin. Alpha1-antitrypsin variant protein was purified to homogeneity from a PI S-S subject with a mild deficiency of plasma trypsin inhibiting capacity. Molecular weight, specific trypsin inhibitory activity, and composition of amino acids and carbohydrates were similar to the proteins purified from Pi M-M individuals with normal alpha1-antitrypsin activity. The structural difference between the normal and the variant alpha1-antitrypsin was elucidated by peptide mapping of their tryptic digests. An amino acid substitution of glutamic acid in the normal protein to valine in the variant protein was found. The result is consistent with the previously reported amino acid substitution in Pi S-Christchurch."}
{"id": "PMID:301356", "title": "Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A family of ten individuals aged 18 months to 75 years had biomicroscopic findings consisting of large, amorphous, sheet-like opacifications of the posterior stroma and Descemet's membrane, and alterations of the endothelium. A uniform thinning of the cornea was present. These findings do not conform to previously described corneal dystrophies. The condition appears minimally progressive and the three-generation pedigree indicated an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern.", "contents": "Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy. A family of ten individuals aged 18 months to 75 years had biomicroscopic findings consisting of large, amorphous, sheet-like opacifications of the posterior stroma and Descemet's membrane, and alterations of the endothelium. A uniform thinning of the cornea was present. These findings do not conform to previously described corneal dystrophies. The condition appears minimally progressive and the three-generation pedigree indicated an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:301357", "title": "Meesmann's epithelial dystrophy of the cornea.", "content": "Two separate pedigrees had typical Meesmann's dystrophy of the corneal epithelium. Histologic examination of one patient from each pedigree showed two characteristic findings in corneal epithelium; the previously designated \"peculiar substance\" in the cells, and the vacuolated homogeneous substance mostly within the cysts. The primary disturbance probably involves the cytoplasmic ground substance that ultimately may result in complete homogenization of cells and the formation of cysts. Thickening of the epithelial basement membrane is variable and is a nonspecific response by the epithelial basal cells.", "contents": "Meesmann's epithelial dystrophy of the cornea. Two separate pedigrees had typical Meesmann's dystrophy of the corneal epithelium. Histologic examination of one patient from each pedigree showed two characteristic findings in corneal epithelium; the previously designated \"peculiar substance\" in the cells, and the vacuolated homogeneous substance mostly within the cysts. The primary disturbance probably involves the cytoplasmic ground substance that ultimately may result in complete homogenization of cells and the formation of cysts. Thickening of the epithelial basement membrane is variable and is a nonspecific response by the epithelial basal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301359", "title": "Arteriovenous malformations of the colon.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations have become recognized as a major cause of massive bleeding of the colonic origin. Although an arteriographic unit capable of serial magnification is ideal for detecting arteriovenous malformations in the bowel, the diagnosis may still be made by a combined approach of conventional arteriography, colonoscopy and operative juddment. the final diagnosis rests on gross and histologic demostration of vascular malformations in the excised specimen.", "contents": "Arteriovenous malformations of the colon. Arteriovenous malformations have become recognized as a major cause of massive bleeding of the colonic origin. Although an arteriographic unit capable of serial magnification is ideal for detecting arteriovenous malformations in the bowel, the diagnosis may still be made by a combined approach of conventional arteriography, colonoscopy and operative juddment. the final diagnosis rests on gross and histologic demostration of vascular malformations in the excised specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:301360", "title": "Fiberoptic intraoperative illumination of the stomach as an aid in the management of acute gastric hemorrhage.", "content": "Intragastric illumination using a flexible light source is described as a technical aid in the management of gastric bleeding. The flexible light source can be recommended for illumination of the proximal intragastric area to facilitate surgical control of bleeding from Mallory-Weiss lacerations, ulcers, varices, and mucosal erosions. The sterile sheath-covered flexible neck of the light allows exact positioning of the light in the surgical field by the operating surgeon.", "contents": "Fiberoptic intraoperative illumination of the stomach as an aid in the management of acute gastric hemorrhage. Intragastric illumination using a flexible light source is described as a technical aid in the management of gastric bleeding. The flexible light source can be recommended for illumination of the proximal intragastric area to facilitate surgical control of bleeding from Mallory-Weiss lacerations, ulcers, varices, and mucosal erosions. The sterile sheath-covered flexible neck of the light allows exact positioning of the light in the surgical field by the operating surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:301362", "title": "Compensatory responses in the development of the brachial lateral motor column in triploid Rana pipiens.", "content": "Responses of the lateral motor column (LMC) in the frog spinal cord to various experimental manipulations generally are manifested in an adjustment of the number and sizes of the motor neurons. Analysis of the brachial LMC in induced-triploid Rana pipiens larvae as compared to diploid controls revealed a significant increase in nuclear size with a concomitant reduction in cell counts at all stages of development examined. These compensatory responses of the LMC to polyploidy in normal size frog larvae are consistent with results reported for other amphibian polyploid tissues and serve as a basis for exploring mechanisms of plasticity in the developing central nervous system.", "contents": "Compensatory responses in the development of the brachial lateral motor column in triploid Rana pipiens. Responses of the lateral motor column (LMC) in the frog spinal cord to various experimental manipulations generally are manifested in an adjustment of the number and sizes of the motor neurons. Analysis of the brachial LMC in induced-triploid Rana pipiens larvae as compared to diploid controls revealed a significant increase in nuclear size with a concomitant reduction in cell counts at all stages of development examined. These compensatory responses of the LMC to polyploidy in normal size frog larvae are consistent with results reported for other amphibian polyploid tissues and serve as a basis for exploring mechanisms of plasticity in the developing central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:301364", "title": "Atypical progressive angina pectoris caused by a congenital coronary-pulmonary shunt and coronary atherosclerosis.", "content": "A 57-year-old man with atypical progressive angina caused by congenital coronary-pulmonary shunt and coronary atherosclerosis is described. The angina was rather consistently unresponsive to nitroglycerin. Following closure of the shunt and aortocoronary bypass surgery, the patient became asymptomatic and has remained free of angina 2 year postoperatively. Although the congenital anomaly is rare in adults, it may be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical angina pectoris, particularly when there is either continuous murmur or systolic murmur over the lower parasternal area.", "contents": "Atypical progressive angina pectoris caused by a congenital coronary-pulmonary shunt and coronary atherosclerosis. A 57-year-old man with atypical progressive angina caused by congenital coronary-pulmonary shunt and coronary atherosclerosis is described. The angina was rather consistently unresponsive to nitroglycerin. Following closure of the shunt and aortocoronary bypass surgery, the patient became asymptomatic and has remained free of angina 2 year postoperatively. Although the congenital anomaly is rare in adults, it may be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical angina pectoris, particularly when there is either continuous murmur or systolic murmur over the lower parasternal area."}
{"id": "PMID:301367", "title": "Is coronary artery bypass in the community hospital justifiable?", "content": "Coronary artery bypass can be performed at the community hospital level with results comparable to those in major university centers. Four hundred and ninety-seven patients were operated on between 1970 and 1976 with an overall early mortality of 4.4% (2.6% for coronary artery bypass only) and improvement in the quality of life in 88% of patients.", "contents": "Is coronary artery bypass in the community hospital justifiable? Coronary artery bypass can be performed at the community hospital level with results comparable to those in major university centers. Four hundred and ninety-seven patients were operated on between 1970 and 1976 with an overall early mortality of 4.4% (2.6% for coronary artery bypass only) and improvement in the quality of life in 88% of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:301368", "title": "[Trypsic inhibitors in serum and hyaline membrane disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Alpha1 antitrypsin (A1AT), alpha2 macroglobulin, alpha, quimotrypsin, interalpha1 antitrypsin and trypsin inhibitory capacity in serum of newborn with hyaline membrane disease, are compared with values obtained in other dis orders, and with normal newborn at different gestacional age. Significant decreased level of A1AT and trypsin inhibitory capacity were found in hyaline membrane patients, that were in order to symptoms severity and time in which samples were obtained. A1AT immunofluorescent study of hyaline membrane in died newborns was positive allowing to explain the low levels found in serum. Presence of fibrine IgG, C1a and C3 in hyaline membrane is according to it's composition by plasmatic components. Thus a new pathogenic mecanisme (derived of the plasma viscosity in the alveolar layer) could be present in hyaline membrane formation.", "contents": "[Trypsic inhibitors in serum and hyaline membrane disease (author's transl)]. Alpha1 antitrypsin (A1AT), alpha2 macroglobulin, alpha, quimotrypsin, interalpha1 antitrypsin and trypsin inhibitory capacity in serum of newborn with hyaline membrane disease, are compared with values obtained in other dis orders, and with normal newborn at different gestacional age. Significant decreased level of A1AT and trypsin inhibitory capacity were found in hyaline membrane patients, that were in order to symptoms severity and time in which samples were obtained. A1AT immunofluorescent study of hyaline membrane in died newborns was positive allowing to explain the low levels found in serum. Presence of fibrine IgG, C1a and C3 in hyaline membrane is according to it's composition by plasmatic components. Thus a new pathogenic mecanisme (derived of the plasma viscosity in the alveolar layer) could be present in hyaline membrane formation."}
{"id": "PMID:301369", "title": "[Hypochondroplasia: an effected family presentation (author's transl)].", "content": "A family suffering from hypochondroplasia in which father, mother and offspring are affected and in whose family tree various probably affected members are found on both sides, according to a pattern of autosomic dominant heritage is presented. The difficulty of diagnosis is discussed, not only in the first years of life but also later on, and in mild or moderate forms, which may in part explain the  few cases reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Hypochondroplasia: an effected family presentation (author's transl)]. A family suffering from hypochondroplasia in which father, mother and offspring are affected and in whose family tree various probably affected members are found on both sides, according to a pattern of autosomic dominant heritage is presented. The difficulty of diagnosis is discussed, not only in the first years of life but also later on, and in mild or moderate forms, which may in part explain the  few cases reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:301370", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with severe panniculitis. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with profound decrease of alpha1-antitrypsin (PiZZ) presented with severe pannicultis (Weber-Christian disease); one had systemic panniculitis including pancreatitis. Another possible case is quoted from the literature. Although milder forms of panniculitis can have normal Pi phenotypes and alpha1-antitrypsin levels, the marked reduction of antiproteolytic activity found in PiZZ homozygotes may predispose to or aggravate the lesions of Weber-Christian disease.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with severe panniculitis. Report of two cases. Two patients with profound decrease of alpha1-antitrypsin (PiZZ) presented with severe pannicultis (Weber-Christian disease); one had systemic panniculitis including pancreatitis. Another possible case is quoted from the literature. Although milder forms of panniculitis can have normal Pi phenotypes and alpha1-antitrypsin levels, the marked reduction of antiproteolytic activity found in PiZZ homozygotes may predispose to or aggravate the lesions of Weber-Christian disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301373", "title": "Histopathology of Goldmann-Favre syndrome obtained by full-thickness eye-wall biopsy.", "content": "The first histopathologic specimen form the eye of a patient with Goldmann-Favre syndrome was obtained by full-thickness eye-wall biopsy. Diagnosis was established by an early history of night blindness, characteristic clinical features including atypical pigmentary retinopathy, peripheral retinoschisis, opaque \"sclerotic-appearing\" peripheral retinal vessels, vitreous changes including liquefaction and condensed vitreous bands and a non-detectable electroretinogram (ERG). Histopathologic changes from a 4 mm peripheral area included diffuse degenerative changes involving predominantly the sensory retinal layers with a relatively normal pigment epithelium and choroid. Vascular changes included thickened retinal vessel basement membranes and areas of vascular occlusion. These findings are compatible with a primary photoreceptor involvement in addition to a vascular component. A thick preretinal membrane of glial tissue was an additional finding.", "contents": "Histopathology of Goldmann-Favre syndrome obtained by full-thickness eye-wall biopsy. The first histopathologic specimen form the eye of a patient with Goldmann-Favre syndrome was obtained by full-thickness eye-wall biopsy. Diagnosis was established by an early history of night blindness, characteristic clinical features including atypical pigmentary retinopathy, peripheral retinoschisis, opaque \"sclerotic-appearing\" peripheral retinal vessels, vitreous changes including liquefaction and condensed vitreous bands and a non-detectable electroretinogram (ERG). Histopathologic changes from a 4 mm peripheral area included diffuse degenerative changes involving predominantly the sensory retinal layers with a relatively normal pigment epithelium and choroid. Vascular changes included thickened retinal vessel basement membranes and areas of vascular occlusion. These findings are compatible with a primary photoreceptor involvement in addition to a vascular component. A thick preretinal membrane of glial tissue was an additional finding."}
{"id": "PMID:301377", "title": "Growth charts, \"curative\" or \"preventive\"?", "content": "The type of growth chart now bcoming widely used in developing countries is described; its objectives differ from those of the charts used by paediatricians in industrialized countries. Alternative weight standards to the Harvard have been suggested by a WHO Working Party and adopted for the chart described here. The--3 and --4 standard deviations from these standards are also available printed on plastic overlays.", "contents": "Growth charts, \"curative\" or \"preventive\"? The type of growth chart now bcoming widely used in developing countries is described; its objectives differ from those of the charts used by paediatricians in industrialized countries. Alternative weight standards to the Harvard have been suggested by a WHO Working Party and adopted for the chart described here. The--3 and --4 standard deviations from these standards are also available printed on plastic overlays."}
{"id": "PMID:301378", "title": "Polybrene neutralization as a means of monitoring heparin therapy for extracoporeal cirulation.", "content": "Dose-response effects of heparin and protamine in 34 adult patients undergoing cardiac operations were monitored by an in vitro analysis utilizing hexadimetharine bromide (Polybrene) neutralization. Heparin administered prior to cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in a dose of 3.0 mg (300 units) per kilogram of body weight, and 1.5 mg (150 units) per kilogram for each subsequent hour of bypass, routinely produced circulating heparin concentrations greater than 1.0 units per milliliter of plasma. A protamine dose equal to 80% of the total number of milligrams of heparin given resulted in no detectable plasma heparin in 23 of the 34 patients one-half hour after administration. No patient required protamine in an amount greater than the total number of milligrams in the heparin dose to achieve heparin neutralization. Modest postoperative chest tube drainage (mean, 784 ml in 48 hours) in these patients provides clinical support for low-dose protamine administration for heparin neutralization at the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Polybrene neutralization as a means of monitoring heparin therapy for extracoporeal cirulation. Dose-response effects of heparin and protamine in 34 adult patients undergoing cardiac operations were monitored by an in vitro analysis utilizing hexadimetharine bromide (Polybrene) neutralization. Heparin administered prior to cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass in a dose of 3.0 mg (300 units) per kilogram of body weight, and 1.5 mg (150 units) per kilogram for each subsequent hour of bypass, routinely produced circulating heparin concentrations greater than 1.0 units per milliliter of plasma. A protamine dose equal to 80% of the total number of milligrams of heparin given resulted in no detectable plasma heparin in 23 of the 34 patients one-half hour after administration. No patient required protamine in an amount greater than the total number of milligrams in the heparin dose to achieve heparin neutralization. Modest postoperative chest tube drainage (mean, 784 ml in 48 hours) in these patients provides clinical support for low-dose protamine administration for heparin neutralization at the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:301375", "title": "Antigenic competition between two sequentially acting antigens. II.--The life-span and sensitivity to corticosteroids or to irradiation of T suppressor cells.", "content": "We have studied the immunosuppressive function of T cells using the antigenic competition system. A first antigen (inhibitory antigen) consisting of horse red blood cells is given as a primary or a secondary stimulus. This is followed 4 days later by a second antigen (test antigen) consisting of sheep red blood cells. Both antigens are given intraperitonealy. We have estimated the life-span of T suppressor cells by studying the time necessary for the abolition of antigenic competition after adult thymectomy. We find the response disappears after 6 weeks. The cortico- and radio-sensitivity of T suppressor cells were studied by the effect of hydrocortisone or of irradiation on antigenic competition. Lymphocytes from treated mice were transferred to compatible Nude mice whose ability to show antigenic competition was then studied. By these tichniques we have shown that T suppressor cells are not destroyed by hydrocortisone but their immunosuppressive function is merely temporarily inhibited during the time of high level of this hormone. Furthermore hydrocortisone only inhibits the T suppressor cells when the inhibitory antigen is given as a primary stimulus and shortly after the administration of the steroid. Irradiation on the other hand destroys or inactivates one out two or both cells with a suppressive activity (T suppressor cell and macrophage).", "contents": "Antigenic competition between two sequentially acting antigens. II.--The life-span and sensitivity to corticosteroids or to irradiation of T suppressor cells. We have studied the immunosuppressive function of T cells using the antigenic competition system. A first antigen (inhibitory antigen) consisting of horse red blood cells is given as a primary or a secondary stimulus. This is followed 4 days later by a second antigen (test antigen) consisting of sheep red blood cells. Both antigens are given intraperitonealy. We have estimated the life-span of T suppressor cells by studying the time necessary for the abolition of antigenic competition after adult thymectomy. We find the response disappears after 6 weeks. The cortico- and radio-sensitivity of T suppressor cells were studied by the effect of hydrocortisone or of irradiation on antigenic competition. Lymphocytes from treated mice were transferred to compatible Nude mice whose ability to show antigenic competition was then studied. By these tichniques we have shown that T suppressor cells are not destroyed by hydrocortisone but their immunosuppressive function is merely temporarily inhibited during the time of high level of this hormone. Furthermore hydrocortisone only inhibits the T suppressor cells when the inhibitory antigen is given as a primary stimulus and shortly after the administration of the steroid. Irradiation on the other hand destroys or inactivates one out two or both cells with a suppressive activity (T suppressor cell and macrophage)."}
{"id": "PMID:301380", "title": "Linkage between an X-chromosome marker (deutan color blindness) and bipolar affective illness. Occurrence in the family of a lithium carbonate-responsive schizo-affective proband.", "content": "Studies with X-chromosome markers in mental illness have been limited to the diagnostic concept of primary affective disorders. The present study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate statistically measurable linkage between color blindness and manic-depressive illness in a family identified by a schizo-affective proband. Linkage data and lithium carbonate response in the proband suggest that the schizophreniform-affective spectrum in members of the pedigree may reflect a genetically distinct disorder. The use of a genetic marker as a heuristic diagnostic criterion in a subgroup of heredofamilial psychoses with unclear diagnostic boundaries is proposed.", "contents": "Linkage between an X-chromosome marker (deutan color blindness) and bipolar affective illness. Occurrence in the family of a lithium carbonate-responsive schizo-affective proband. Studies with X-chromosome markers in mental illness have been limited to the diagnostic concept of primary affective disorders. The present study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate statistically measurable linkage between color blindness and manic-depressive illness in a family identified by a schizo-affective proband. Linkage data and lithium carbonate response in the proband suggest that the schizophreniform-affective spectrum in members of the pedigree may reflect a genetically distinct disorder. The use of a genetic marker as a heuristic diagnostic criterion in a subgroup of heredofamilial psychoses with unclear diagnostic boundaries is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:301376", "title": "Affinity chromatographic analysis of murine interferons induced by viruses and by T and B cell stimulants.", "content": "Murine interferons induced by viruses and by non-viral substances such as lectins, tilorone, lipopolysaccharide and Brucella have been analysed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose coupled to antiviral interferon antibodies. The results reported here suggest that virus and B-cell stimulants induced interferons which are antigenically related and that T cell-dependent mitogens induce and \"interferon like\" molecule which appears to be antigenically and physiocochemically different.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic analysis of murine interferons induced by viruses and by T and B cell stimulants. Murine interferons induced by viruses and by non-viral substances such as lectins, tilorone, lipopolysaccharide and Brucella have been analysed by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose coupled to antiviral interferon antibodies. The results reported here suggest that virus and B-cell stimulants induced interferons which are antigenically related and that T cell-dependent mitogens induce and \"interferon like\" molecule which appears to be antigenically and physiocochemically different."}
{"id": "PMID:301382", "title": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and thyroiditis.", "content": "A young woman developed the characteristic clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings of acute posterior multifocal placoid retinal pigment epitheliopathy while being treated for acute thyroiditis. Widespread involvement of the cornea, uveal tract, as well as the optic nerve and retina indicate a generalized ocular inflammation in the clinical course of this patient. The relationship between the subacute thyroiditis and acute posterior multifocal placoid retinal pigment epitheliopathy may indicate an underlying viral cause of both disorders.", "contents": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and thyroiditis. A young woman developed the characteristic clinical and fluorescein angiographic findings of acute posterior multifocal placoid retinal pigment epitheliopathy while being treated for acute thyroiditis. Widespread involvement of the cornea, uveal tract, as well as the optic nerve and retina indicate a generalized ocular inflammation in the clinical course of this patient. The relationship between the subacute thyroiditis and acute posterior multifocal placoid retinal pigment epitheliopathy may indicate an underlying viral cause of both disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:301383", "title": "[Postcommotional syndrome in electronystagmogram of penduling test (author's transl)].", "content": "31% of the 270 patients who consulted the ORL-specialist because of vertigo after commotio cerebri had a central nystagmus pattern (\u00e9criture centrale) during the penduling test. This is the expression of the vestibular center to an irritation of the brain stem after commotio. In many of these cases the EEG was normal.", "contents": "[Postcommotional syndrome in electronystagmogram of penduling test (author's transl)]. 31% of the 270 patients who consulted the ORL-specialist because of vertigo after commotio cerebri had a central nystagmus pattern (\u00e9criture centrale) during the penduling test. This is the expression of the vestibular center to an irritation of the brain stem after commotio. In many of these cases the EEG was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:301384", "title": "Spontaneous and positional nystagmus in healthy persons demonstrated only by electronystagmography: physiological spontaneous nystagmus or \"functional scar\"?", "content": "We wanted to ascertain whether a physiological horizontal vestibular spontaneous nystagmus is existent, or whether the spontaneous and positional nystagmus seen in clinically healthy persons in the electronystagmogram -- when fixation had been excluded completely -- was always the result of earlier damages to the vestibular system (Jatho). For this purpose we tried to detect a spontaneous and positional nystagmus in 102 healthy persons from 6 age groups (17 each) between 11 and 70 years of age. When the ENG was registered with open eyes in darkness, 63 out of the 102 test persons had a horizontal spontaneous or positional nystagmus, however, under the Frenzel glasses there was a nystagmus in only 2 out of these test persons. With open eyes in darkness, the frequency and intensity was the same in all age groups. With this, we believe to have proved that a physiological horizontal vestibular nystagmus does exist. We share Kornhuber's opinion that the examination with the Frenzel glasses in a dark room, together with the head shaking test and positional test, at the present time represents the best method for differentiating between physiological and pathological spontaneous nystagmus.", "contents": "Spontaneous and positional nystagmus in healthy persons demonstrated only by electronystagmography: physiological spontaneous nystagmus or \"functional scar\"? We wanted to ascertain whether a physiological horizontal vestibular spontaneous nystagmus is existent, or whether the spontaneous and positional nystagmus seen in clinically healthy persons in the electronystagmogram -- when fixation had been excluded completely -- was always the result of earlier damages to the vestibular system (Jatho). For this purpose we tried to detect a spontaneous and positional nystagmus in 102 healthy persons from 6 age groups (17 each) between 11 and 70 years of age. When the ENG was registered with open eyes in darkness, 63 out of the 102 test persons had a horizontal spontaneous or positional nystagmus, however, under the Frenzel glasses there was a nystagmus in only 2 out of these test persons. With open eyes in darkness, the frequency and intensity was the same in all age groups. With this, we believe to have proved that a physiological horizontal vestibular nystagmus does exist. We share Kornhuber's opinion that the examination with the Frenzel glasses in a dark room, together with the head shaking test and positional test, at the present time represents the best method for differentiating between physiological and pathological spontaneous nystagmus."}
{"id": "PMID:301385", "title": "Synaptogenesis of the efferent vestibular nerve endings of the cat: ultrastructural study.", "content": "The maturation of the innervation of the sensory hair cells of the cristae ampullares was studied in the newborn cat. The essential characteristics of the adult are already present in the type II cells at this age. The type I cells on the contrary reveal different degrees of maturation. It was observed that in the immature stages the efferent endings which were already filled with synaptic vesicles were in direct contact with the membrane of the sensory cell. The nerve chalice as it settles into place breaks this contact and simultaneously a synapse is created between the efferent endings and the afferent chalice.", "contents": "Synaptogenesis of the efferent vestibular nerve endings of the cat: ultrastructural study. The maturation of the innervation of the sensory hair cells of the cristae ampullares was studied in the newborn cat. The essential characteristics of the adult are already present in the type II cells at this age. The type I cells on the contrary reveal different degrees of maturation. It was observed that in the immature stages the efferent endings which were already filled with synaptic vesicles were in direct contact with the membrane of the sensory cell. The nerve chalice as it settles into place breaks this contact and simultaneously a synapse is created between the efferent endings and the afferent chalice."}
{"id": "PMID:301387", "title": "A point prevalence study of outpatients and inpatients in the mental health services, general hospital psychiatric units, and under private psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia.", "content": "A one day point prevalence study of all inpatients and a one week point prevalence study of all out-patients, seen by psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia, was conducted. On the census day in July 1971, 61 per cent of all psychiatric inpatients in Perth were long-stay patients. Of the short-stay patients 75 per cent were in Mental Health Services hospitals, 17 per cent were in general hospital psychiatric units and 8 per cent were under private psychiatrists. The bed occupancy rate was 129.7 per 100,000 population for the whole State--83.2 long-stay and 46.5 short-stay. These rates were low compared with published figures in other countries. The proportions of total outpatients seen during the census week by the Mental Health Services, general hospital units and private psychiatrists were 53.5 per cent, 16.0 per cent and 30.5 per cent respectively. There was a differential use of psychiatric services between immigrants and Australian-born outpatients.", "contents": "A point prevalence study of outpatients and inpatients in the mental health services, general hospital psychiatric units, and under private psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia. A one day point prevalence study of all inpatients and a one week point prevalence study of all out-patients, seen by psychiatrists in Perth, Western Australia, was conducted. On the census day in July 1971, 61 per cent of all psychiatric inpatients in Perth were long-stay patients. Of the short-stay patients 75 per cent were in Mental Health Services hospitals, 17 per cent were in general hospital psychiatric units and 8 per cent were under private psychiatrists. The bed occupancy rate was 129.7 per 100,000 population for the whole State--83.2 long-stay and 46.5 short-stay. These rates were low compared with published figures in other countries. The proportions of total outpatients seen during the census week by the Mental Health Services, general hospital units and private psychiatrists were 53.5 per cent, 16.0 per cent and 30.5 per cent respectively. There was a differential use of psychiatric services between immigrants and Australian-born outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:301388", "title": "Clinical medicine review: three unique presentations of ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Unstable angina pectoris, Prinzmetal variant angina, and ischemic heart disease with normal coronary arteries, are three unique syndromes of ischemic heart disease that have recently become better understood. With the recognition of their manifestations, the combination of modern medical techniques and collaborative epidemiological studies should eventually lead to their early diagnosis, optimal treatment, and possible prevention.", "contents": "Clinical medicine review: three unique presentations of ischemic heart disease. Unstable angina pectoris, Prinzmetal variant angina, and ischemic heart disease with normal coronary arteries, are three unique syndromes of ischemic heart disease that have recently become better understood. With the recognition of their manifestations, the combination of modern medical techniques and collaborative epidemiological studies should eventually lead to their early diagnosis, optimal treatment, and possible prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:301389", "title": "Animal experiments on the question of the renal toleration of the horse chestnut saponin aescin.", "content": "The possibility that aescin might have a nephrotoxic side effect has been investigated by clearance studies in kidneys of healthy rats and by toleration studies in rats with damaged kidneys. The effect of aescin, both free and albumin-bound, on renal tubular transport processes was studied in the model of the isolated, artificially perfused frog kidney. The rates at which different concentrations of aescin were bound to rat plasma proteins were determined in vitro. The clearance of i.v. aescin was 13% of creatinine clearance and 7% of p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance; this rules out the tubular secretion of aescin. No deaths occurred among aminonucleoside-damaged rats given i.v. sodium aescinate 2.2 mg/kg, but rats damaged with mercuric chloride or uranyl nitrate had exactly the same mortality rate as those given 2.2 mg/kg i.v. of sodium aescinate alone. The rats received four injections  in all of aescin 0.35 mg/kg i.v., given at intervals of two days. Aescin had no effect on renal damage caused by aminonucleoside, mercuric chloride or uranyl nitrate. Aescin concentrations of 0.2 mg/l and 2.0 mg/l in the perfusion fluid increased the excretion of Na+ and glucose by the frog kidney and reduced the reabsorption of both these substances. With a sodium aescinate concentration of 5 mg/l the production of urine ceased. When 1% (w/v) of albumin was added to the perfusion fluid, even sodium aescinate 5 mg/l had no effect on the tubular transport of Na+, glucose and water. The fact that about 50% of aescin was not bound to plasma protein in vitro suggests that some of the small amount of aescin in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules.", "contents": "Animal experiments on the question of the renal toleration of the horse chestnut saponin aescin. The possibility that aescin might have a nephrotoxic side effect has been investigated by clearance studies in kidneys of healthy rats and by toleration studies in rats with damaged kidneys. The effect of aescin, both free and albumin-bound, on renal tubular transport processes was studied in the model of the isolated, artificially perfused frog kidney. The rates at which different concentrations of aescin were bound to rat plasma proteins were determined in vitro. The clearance of i.v. aescin was 13% of creatinine clearance and 7% of p-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance; this rules out the tubular secretion of aescin. No deaths occurred among aminonucleoside-damaged rats given i.v. sodium aescinate 2.2 mg/kg, but rats damaged with mercuric chloride or uranyl nitrate had exactly the same mortality rate as those given 2.2 mg/kg i.v. of sodium aescinate alone. The rats received four injections  in all of aescin 0.35 mg/kg i.v., given at intervals of two days. Aescin had no effect on renal damage caused by aminonucleoside, mercuric chloride or uranyl nitrate. Aescin concentrations of 0.2 mg/l and 2.0 mg/l in the perfusion fluid increased the excretion of Na+ and glucose by the frog kidney and reduced the reabsorption of both these substances. With a sodium aescinate concentration of 5 mg/l the production of urine ceased. When 1% (w/v) of albumin was added to the perfusion fluid, even sodium aescinate 5 mg/l had no effect on the tubular transport of Na+, glucose and water. The fact that about 50% of aescin was not bound to plasma protein in vitro suggests that some of the small amount of aescin in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:301390", "title": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 3,3a-dihydro-2H,9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b] [1,3]benzoxazin-9-ones and related compounds.", "content": "A series of 3,3a-dihydro-2H,9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]-[1,3]benzoxazin-9-ones was synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. Since many of these compounds exhibited promising activity, particularly in the anti-inflammatory tests, a number of homologous 2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-10H-1,2-oxazino[3,2-b]-[1,3]benzoxazin-10-ones and one 3,4,5,5a-tetrahydro-2H, 11H,-1,2-oxazepino [3,2-b][1,3]benzoxazin-11-one, the 9-chloro analog, were also prepared and evaluated. The expanded ring members were generally less active than the tricyclic compounds containing the isoxazolidine ring.", "contents": "Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 3,3a-dihydro-2H,9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b] [1,3]benzoxazin-9-ones and related compounds. A series of 3,3a-dihydro-2H,9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]-[1,3]benzoxazin-9-ones was synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. Since many of these compounds exhibited promising activity, particularly in the anti-inflammatory tests, a number of homologous 2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-10H-1,2-oxazino[3,2-b]-[1,3]benzoxazin-10-ones and one 3,4,5,5a-tetrahydro-2H, 11H,-1,2-oxazepino [3,2-b][1,3]benzoxazin-11-one, the 9-chloro analog, were also prepared and evaluated. The expanded ring members were generally less active than the tricyclic compounds containing the isoxazolidine ring."}
{"id": "PMID:301391", "title": "2,3-Dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-ones and 3,4-dihydro-(1,2)-oxazino [3,2-b]quinazolin-10(2H)-ones.", "content": "Two series of compounds, 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-ones and 3,4-dihydro-(1,2)-oxazino-[3,2-b]quinazolin-10(2H)-ones, were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. The isoxazolo compounds were generally more active than their oxazino homologs. Three compounds, i.e., 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429) and its 2- and 3-methyl congeners, were the most active of all compounds tested in this study. On the basis of the biological results herein reported, W-2429 is considerably more effective than acetylsalicylic acid in inhibiting carrageenan-induced edema and in reducing brewer's yeast-induced fever in rats. Also, it was found to be more potent than propoxyphene hydrochloride in the Randall-Selitto test for analgesic activity.", "contents": "2,3-Dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-ones and 3,4-dihydro-(1,2)-oxazino [3,2-b]quinazolin-10(2H)-ones. Two series of compounds, 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-ones and 3,4-dihydro-(1,2)-oxazino-[3,2-b]quinazolin-10(2H)-ones, were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity. The isoxazolo compounds were generally more active than their oxazino homologs. Three compounds, i.e., 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429) and its 2- and 3-methyl congeners, were the most active of all compounds tested in this study. On the basis of the biological results herein reported, W-2429 is considerably more effective than acetylsalicylic acid in inhibiting carrageenan-induced edema and in reducing brewer's yeast-induced fever in rats. Also, it was found to be more potent than propoxyphene hydrochloride in the Randall-Selitto test for analgesic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:301392", "title": "Absorption, distribution and metabolic fate of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo-[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W2429).", "content": "After oral administration to rats, mice, beagle dogs and human volunteers, 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b]-quinazolin-9-one (W 2429) is readily absorbed. The initial half-lives for the elimination from the circulation of these four species are about 240, 20, 40 and 120 min, respectively. Studies in the rat, using 9-14C-W-2429 and 3a-14C-W-2429, showed that more than half of the radioactivity is excreted in the urine. The major urinary metabolite in the rat and dog is a conjugated form of W-2429. Metabolic cleavage of the pyrimidone ring of W-2429 yields 3-(o-carboxyphenylimino)isoxazolidine, which in turn is converted to anthranilic and malonic acids. Anthranilic acid is acetylated and hydroxylated, and these products are excreted partly in the form of their glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. The isoxazole ring of W-2429 is also dehydrogenated during metabolism to yield 9H-isoxanzolo-[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and metabolic fate of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo-[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W2429). After oral administration to rats, mice, beagle dogs and human volunteers, 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo [3,2-b]-quinazolin-9-one (W 2429) is readily absorbed. The initial half-lives for the elimination from the circulation of these four species are about 240, 20, 40 and 120 min, respectively. Studies in the rat, using 9-14C-W-2429 and 3a-14C-W-2429, showed that more than half of the radioactivity is excreted in the urine. The major urinary metabolite in the rat and dog is a conjugated form of W-2429. Metabolic cleavage of the pyrimidone ring of W-2429 yields 3-(o-carboxyphenylimino)isoxazolidine, which in turn is converted to anthranilic and malonic acids. Anthranilic acid is acetylated and hydroxylated, and these products are excreted partly in the form of their glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates. The isoxazole ring of W-2429 is also dehydrogenated during metabolism to yield 9H-isoxanzolo-[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one."}
{"id": "PMID:301393", "title": "Toxicological investigation of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429). Acute and subacute toxicity in mice, rats and dogs.", "content": "The acute and subactue toxicity of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429), a non-narcotic analgesic agent, was investigated in mice, rats and dogs. The subacute toxicity study was conducted by repeated oral administration of the compound for 30 days. Treatment with W-2429 was well tolerated by rats as well as dogs. In the dog, the only signs of toxicity observed were decreased appetite and salivation at 100 mg/kg/day. No other significant evidence of physical, chemical, gross or histopathologic change was observed.", "contents": "Toxicological investigation of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429). Acute and subacute toxicity in mice, rats and dogs. The acute and subactue toxicity of 2,3-dihydro-9H-isoxazolo[3,2-b]quinazolin-9-one (W-2429), a non-narcotic analgesic agent, was investigated in mice, rats and dogs. The subacute toxicity study was conducted by repeated oral administration of the compound for 30 days. Treatment with W-2429 was well tolerated by rats as well as dogs. In the dog, the only signs of toxicity observed were decreased appetite and salivation at 100 mg/kg/day. No other significant evidence of physical, chemical, gross or histopathologic change was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:301396", "title": "Correlation of surface receptors with histological appearance in 29 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "content": "The receptor patterns of cell suspensions from 29 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were correlated with the histology of the nodes from which the cells were taken. Twenty-two were judged to be predominantly or largely B-cell, and because of this preponderance these were divided by a method based on the distribution of surface immunoglobulin and the expression of Fc and C3 receptors. \"Mature\" B-cell and B-mixed tumours showing capping surface Ig with Fc and/or C2 receptors correlated well with a nodular growth pattern, and consisted of what Rappaport (1966) calls \"poorly differentiated\" lymphocytes equivalent to the \"small cleaved\" cells as defined by Lukes and Collins (1975). Ten of the 14 patients in this receptor category are alive between 12 and 30 months after diagnosis. Receptor-silent and \"immature\" B-cell tumours with non-capping surface Ig correlated predominantly with the Rappaport histiocytic lymphoma and Lukes and Collins' large cleaved and large non-cleaved lymphomas, though these histological categories also included a wide variety of other receptor types such as T-cell, Receptor-overlap and the single true Macrophage tumour. Five of the 11 patients with receptor-silent or immature B-cell tumours are alive between 7 and 15 months after the diagnosis. Diffuse mixed and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas in Rappaport's classification correlated poorly with receptors, mature and immature B-cell tumours being equally represented.", "contents": "Correlation of surface receptors with histological appearance in 29 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The receptor patterns of cell suspensions from 29 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were correlated with the histology of the nodes from which the cells were taken. Twenty-two were judged to be predominantly or largely B-cell, and because of this preponderance these were divided by a method based on the distribution of surface immunoglobulin and the expression of Fc and C3 receptors. \"Mature\" B-cell and B-mixed tumours showing capping surface Ig with Fc and/or C2 receptors correlated well with a nodular growth pattern, and consisted of what Rappaport (1966) calls \"poorly differentiated\" lymphocytes equivalent to the \"small cleaved\" cells as defined by Lukes and Collins (1975). Ten of the 14 patients in this receptor category are alive between 12 and 30 months after diagnosis. Receptor-silent and \"immature\" B-cell tumours with non-capping surface Ig correlated predominantly with the Rappaport histiocytic lymphoma and Lukes and Collins' large cleaved and large non-cleaved lymphomas, though these histological categories also included a wide variety of other receptor types such as T-cell, Receptor-overlap and the single true Macrophage tumour. Five of the 11 patients with receptor-silent or immature B-cell tumours are alive between 7 and 15 months after the diagnosis. Diffuse mixed and diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphomas in Rappaport's classification correlated poorly with receptors, mature and immature B-cell tumours being equally represented."}
{"id": "PMID:301397", "title": "Alleviation of carrageenan-induced hepatotoxicity and acronecrosis by aprotinin.", "content": "Carrageenan was found to be hepatotoxic in mice. Raised serum transaminase activity after i.p. injection of carrageenan was correlated with histopathological changes in the liver. These included necrosis of individual hepatocytes and focal areas of necrosis, with associated fibrin thrombi, 12 h after carrageenan injection. Increased mitotic activity was observed at 72 h and extramedullary haemopoiesis was noted at Day 5. Acronecrosis, a further manifestation of intravascular coagulation, was evident within 24 h of carrageenan injection, becoming clearly demarcated by Day 5. Treatment with the anti-protease aprotinin alleviated both the hepatotoxicity and the incidence and extent of acronecrosis induced by carrageenan. The possible mechanism underlying the in vivo toxicity of carrageenan and its alleviation by aprotinin is discussed in the light of these and other findings.", "contents": "Alleviation of carrageenan-induced hepatotoxicity and acronecrosis by aprotinin. Carrageenan was found to be hepatotoxic in mice. Raised serum transaminase activity after i.p. injection of carrageenan was correlated with histopathological changes in the liver. These included necrosis of individual hepatocytes and focal areas of necrosis, with associated fibrin thrombi, 12 h after carrageenan injection. Increased mitotic activity was observed at 72 h and extramedullary haemopoiesis was noted at Day 5. Acronecrosis, a further manifestation of intravascular coagulation, was evident within 24 h of carrageenan injection, becoming clearly demarcated by Day 5. Treatment with the anti-protease aprotinin alleviated both the hepatotoxicity and the incidence and extent of acronecrosis induced by carrageenan. The possible mechanism underlying the in vivo toxicity of carrageenan and its alleviation by aprotinin is discussed in the light of these and other findings."}
{"id": "PMID:301394", "title": "[Severe infections by Haemophilus influenzae in children].", "content": "Severity and increasing incidence of serious infections due to Haemophilus influenzae in children have been stressed in recent publications. An analysis of the clinical records of the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Roberto del R\u00edo (Santiago, Chile) was made in order to gather information about frequency and clinical feature of this kind of infections in our environement. 120 children under 3 years of age in whom H. influenzae was isolated in samples of one or more of the following sources: CSF, blood, bone  marrow, pleural and synovial fluids, were admitted from January 1970 to March 1976. Among the different syndromes observed, bacterial meningitis (83.3%) was associated with other localizations in 27%. Empyema (12.5%) was often (46.6%) associated with meningitis. Both clinical entities were the most common and with a definite tendency to increase their frequency in last years. Cultures of CSF, blood and bone marrow were considered effective tests for diagnosis in severe infections due to H. influenzae. Although precise incidence figures may not be obtained from the present data, this kind of diseases may be considered frequent and severe (mortality: 26.6% in this study).", "contents": "[Severe infections by Haemophilus influenzae in children]. Severity and increasing incidence of serious infections due to Haemophilus influenzae in children have been stressed in recent publications. An analysis of the clinical records of the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Roberto del R\u00edo (Santiago, Chile) was made in order to gather information about frequency and clinical feature of this kind of infections in our environement. 120 children under 3 years of age in whom H. influenzae was isolated in samples of one or more of the following sources: CSF, blood, bone  marrow, pleural and synovial fluids, were admitted from January 1970 to March 1976. Among the different syndromes observed, bacterial meningitis (83.3%) was associated with other localizations in 27%. Empyema (12.5%) was often (46.6%) associated with meningitis. Both clinical entities were the most common and with a definite tendency to increase their frequency in last years. Cultures of CSF, blood and bone marrow were considered effective tests for diagnosis in severe infections due to H. influenzae. Although precise incidence figures may not be obtained from the present data, this kind of diseases may be considered frequent and severe (mortality: 26.6% in this study)."}
{"id": "PMID:301399", "title": "Granulocytic progenitor cells in aplastic anaemia.", "content": "The characteristics and the concentration of granulopoietic colony forming cells (CFC) were examined in 22 patients with aplastic anaemia at different stages of their disease. Additionally the ability of the patients' peripheral leucocytes to elaborate factors necessary for colony stimulation in vitro (CSA) was studied. The ability of the patients' cells to generate CSA was shown to be unaffected. However, the incidence of CFC within the marrow and peripheral blood suspensions was significanlty reduced in all patients. The results suggest a reduced compartment size of CFC even in those patients who have recovered from aplastic anaemia. This may indicate that the disturbances in the preceding compartments of the haemopoietic cell renewal system still persist after recovery from the acute bone marrow failure.", "contents": "Granulocytic progenitor cells in aplastic anaemia. The characteristics and the concentration of granulopoietic colony forming cells (CFC) were examined in 22 patients with aplastic anaemia at different stages of their disease. Additionally the ability of the patients' peripheral leucocytes to elaborate factors necessary for colony stimulation in vitro (CSA) was studied. The ability of the patients' cells to generate CSA was shown to be unaffected. However, the incidence of CFC within the marrow and peripheral blood suspensions was significanlty reduced in all patients. The results suggest a reduced compartment size of CFC even in those patients who have recovered from aplastic anaemia. This may indicate that the disturbances in the preceding compartments of the haemopoietic cell renewal system still persist after recovery from the acute bone marrow failure."}
{"id": "PMID:301400", "title": "Stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by colony stimulating factors: adherent cell dependent colony stimulating activity in human serum.", "content": "The number of granulocyte-macrophage clones formed in agar culture of bone marrow is dependent on levels of colony stimulating activity (CSA) a proposed in vivo haemopoietic regulator. A dose-response relationship for stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by CSA is demonstrated, which could be explained by thresholds of stimulation to cell division following a normal distribution. A simple method for the comparison of activities of test and control sources of CSA is presented. The apparent potentiating effect of the addition of two sources of CSA is explained by this dose-response relationhip. Haemopoietic cells from patients with chronic granulocytic or acute myeloid leukaemia showed the same dose-response relationship. CSA levels in normal human sera were greatly reduced by assay in the absence of adequate numbers of bone marrow \"adherent cells\" (cells adherent to nylon or plastic) or peripheral blood leucocytes, suggesting the presence of two kinds of CSA in human serum, one dependent on the presence of bone marrow adherent cells and one effective in their absence. Reduction of numbers of nonspecific esterase positive cells in the bone marrow sample correlated with reduction in the stimulating effect of serum. In all sera tested, adherent cell dependent CSA was the major component.", "contents": "Stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by colony stimulating factors: adherent cell dependent colony stimulating activity in human serum. The number of granulocyte-macrophage clones formed in agar culture of bone marrow is dependent on levels of colony stimulating activity (CSA) a proposed in vivo haemopoietic regulator. A dose-response relationship for stimulation of human haemopoietic cells by CSA is demonstrated, which could be explained by thresholds of stimulation to cell division following a normal distribution. A simple method for the comparison of activities of test and control sources of CSA is presented. The apparent potentiating effect of the addition of two sources of CSA is explained by this dose-response relationhip. Haemopoietic cells from patients with chronic granulocytic or acute myeloid leukaemia showed the same dose-response relationship. CSA levels in normal human sera were greatly reduced by assay in the absence of adequate numbers of bone marrow \"adherent cells\" (cells adherent to nylon or plastic) or peripheral blood leucocytes, suggesting the presence of two kinds of CSA in human serum, one dependent on the presence of bone marrow adherent cells and one effective in their absence. Reduction of numbers of nonspecific esterase positive cells in the bone marrow sample correlated with reduction in the stimulating effect of serum. In all sera tested, adherent cell dependent CSA was the major component."}
{"id": "PMID:301401", "title": "Acid esterase in human lymphoid cells and leukaemic blasts: a marker for T lymphocytes.", "content": "A non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase activity was investigated in human lymphoid cell populations from tonsils, blood, thymus and in different leukaemias. Four patterns have emerged. (i) The vast majority of T lymphocytes (peripheral blood, tonsils) showed a localized, intense reaction product (\"T-like\"). (ii) A thymocyte subpopulation expressed faint, localized enzyme activity (\"Thy-like) but the majority of thymocytes showed no esterase activity. Some cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemias with thymocyte surface characteristics had a \"Thy-like\" appearance. (iii) Most B lymphocytes and cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemias were esterase negative. No activity was seen in mitogen activated peripheral blood T and B lymphoblasts from peripheral blood and in leukaemic blasts from the common form of childhood acute \"lymphoblastic\" leukaemia. (iv) Myeloid cells, including peripheral blood monocytes, and blast cells from acute myeloblastic and chronic granulocytic leukaemias showed an intense, diffuse reaction product (M-like). It is concluded that the modified esterase technique is a convenient marker for small mature human T lymphocytes in tissue sections and smears. It may also be helpful in the differential diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with T characteristics, the common form of acute \"lymphoblastic\" leukaemia and acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "Acid esterase in human lymphoid cells and leukaemic blasts: a marker for T lymphocytes. A non-specific acid alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase activity was investigated in human lymphoid cell populations from tonsils, blood, thymus and in different leukaemias. Four patterns have emerged. (i) The vast majority of T lymphocytes (peripheral blood, tonsils) showed a localized, intense reaction product (\"T-like\"). (ii) A thymocyte subpopulation expressed faint, localized enzyme activity (\"Thy-like) but the majority of thymocytes showed no esterase activity. Some cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemias with thymocyte surface characteristics had a \"Thy-like\" appearance. (iii) Most B lymphocytes and cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemias were esterase negative. No activity was seen in mitogen activated peripheral blood T and B lymphoblasts from peripheral blood and in leukaemic blasts from the common form of childhood acute \"lymphoblastic\" leukaemia. (iv) Myeloid cells, including peripheral blood monocytes, and blast cells from acute myeloblastic and chronic granulocytic leukaemias showed an intense, diffuse reaction product (M-like). It is concluded that the modified esterase technique is a convenient marker for small mature human T lymphocytes in tissue sections and smears. It may also be helpful in the differential diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with T characteristics, the common form of acute \"lymphoblastic\" leukaemia and acute myeloblastic leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:301402", "title": "Studies of von Willebrand factor: effects of different kinds of carbohydrate oxidases, SH-inhibitors and some other chemical reagents.", "content": "The effects of several kinds of carbohydrate oxidase, SH-inhibitors and some other chemical reagents on the activities of von Willebrand factor, factor VIII procoagulant and factor VIII-related antigen were studied. Factor VIII procoagulant and von Willebrand factor activities were both inhibited by galactose oxidase, p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid and sodium periodate, alpha-Mannosidase, N-ethylmaleimide and phospholipase C inactivated factor VIII procoagulant but not von Willebrand factor activity. Dithiothreitol had little effect on factor VIII procoagulant activity but reduced significantly that of von Willebrand factor. It is suggested that galactose and the thiol and epsilon-aminogroup groups of lysine may play an important role in both factor VIII procoagulant and von Willebrand factor activity. Mannose may be responsible for the factor VIII procoagulant activity but not for the von Willebrand factor activity. The Laurell rocket heights of factor VIII-related antigen rose with increasing concentration of galactose oxidase, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or sodium periodate. Gel filtration experiments showed that factor VIII-related antigen may be dissociated into subunits by galactose oxidase but not by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or sodium periodate.", "contents": "Studies of von Willebrand factor: effects of different kinds of carbohydrate oxidases, SH-inhibitors and some other chemical reagents. The effects of several kinds of carbohydrate oxidase, SH-inhibitors and some other chemical reagents on the activities of von Willebrand factor, factor VIII procoagulant and factor VIII-related antigen were studied. Factor VIII procoagulant and von Willebrand factor activities were both inhibited by galactose oxidase, p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid and sodium periodate, alpha-Mannosidase, N-ethylmaleimide and phospholipase C inactivated factor VIII procoagulant but not von Willebrand factor activity. Dithiothreitol had little effect on factor VIII procoagulant activity but reduced significantly that of von Willebrand factor. It is suggested that galactose and the thiol and epsilon-aminogroup groups of lysine may play an important role in both factor VIII procoagulant and von Willebrand factor activity. Mannose may be responsible for the factor VIII procoagulant activity but not for the von Willebrand factor activity. The Laurell rocket heights of factor VIII-related antigen rose with increasing concentration of galactose oxidase, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or sodium periodate. Gel filtration experiments showed that factor VIII-related antigen may be dissociated into subunits by galactose oxidase but not by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or sodium periodate."}
{"id": "PMID:301403", "title": "Changes in electrophoretic mobility of human factor VIII-related antigen: evidence for subunit structure.", "content": "Therapeutic factor-VIII concentrates were found to have factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg) with an electrophoretic mobility faster than that of plasma using two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Immediately after infusion of factor-VIII concentrates into patients, the electrophoretic mobility of FVIIIRAg in the patients' plasmas was increased to that of the antigen in the infused concentrates. Two hours after infusion, a proportion of the antigen had an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between that of the pre-infusion antigen and that of the concentrate antigen, and by 24 h after infusion the reversion of electrophoretic mobility to pre-infusion values was complete. The return of electrophoretic mobility to normal did not occur in vitro after 24 h. In vitro mixing experiments between pre-infusion plasma and concentrate resulted in antigen with a range of intermediate mobilities which were related to the relative proportions of slow and fast antigen in the mixture. In vitro mixing experiments with slow and fast antigen separated from intermediate purity factor VIII concentrate by agarose gel filtration resulted in the formation of a relatively large proportion of antigen with intermediate electrophoretic mobility. The most reasonable interpretation of the results is the formation of hybrids between the two electrophoretically different populations of antigen. This implies that VIIIRAg normally exists in a polymeric form which can spontaneously dissociate into the exist in equilibrium with a pool of partially and/or completely dissociated subunits.", "contents": "Changes in electrophoretic mobility of human factor VIII-related antigen: evidence for subunit structure. Therapeutic factor-VIII concentrates were found to have factor VIII-related antigen (FVIIIRAg) with an electrophoretic mobility faster than that of plasma using two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Immediately after infusion of factor-VIII concentrates into patients, the electrophoretic mobility of FVIIIRAg in the patients' plasmas was increased to that of the antigen in the infused concentrates. Two hours after infusion, a proportion of the antigen had an electrophoretic mobility intermediate between that of the pre-infusion antigen and that of the concentrate antigen, and by 24 h after infusion the reversion of electrophoretic mobility to pre-infusion values was complete. The return of electrophoretic mobility to normal did not occur in vitro after 24 h. In vitro mixing experiments between pre-infusion plasma and concentrate resulted in antigen with a range of intermediate mobilities which were related to the relative proportions of slow and fast antigen in the mixture. In vitro mixing experiments with slow and fast antigen separated from intermediate purity factor VIII concentrate by agarose gel filtration resulted in the formation of a relatively large proportion of antigen with intermediate electrophoretic mobility. The most reasonable interpretation of the results is the formation of hybrids between the two electrophoretically different populations of antigen. This implies that VIIIRAg normally exists in a polymeric form which can spontaneously dissociate into the exist in equilibrium with a pool of partially and/or completely dissociated subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:301409", "title": "[Mechanism of passive enhancement].", "content": "The  authors present an original mechanism of the passive enhancement phenomenon which takes in account recent data, obtained in the rat and in the mouse, concerning specificities of enhancing Ig. Antibodies directed against \"serological defined\" antigens of the graft are not required for enhancement. An enhancing serum, deprived from anti \"SD\" antibodies still retains the ability to specifically block the target strain Fc receptor without any effect on lymphocyte harvested from strain carrying other major histocompatibility loci. The relationship between the Fc receptor of lymphocytes and Ia antigens are discussed since the enhancing serum deprived in anti-\"SD\" antibodies by absorption procedures could be referred as an anti-Ia serum. After having reviewed the data on the impairment of the immune response of enhanced host against the graft, an hypothesis involving graft lymphocytes Fc receptor blockage and abnormalities of the T-B lymphocytes cooperation in the enhanced animal is developped.", "contents": "[Mechanism of passive enhancement]. The  authors present an original mechanism of the passive enhancement phenomenon which takes in account recent data, obtained in the rat and in the mouse, concerning specificities of enhancing Ig. Antibodies directed against \"serological defined\" antigens of the graft are not required for enhancement. An enhancing serum, deprived from anti \"SD\" antibodies still retains the ability to specifically block the target strain Fc receptor without any effect on lymphocyte harvested from strain carrying other major histocompatibility loci. The relationship between the Fc receptor of lymphocytes and Ia antigens are discussed since the enhancing serum deprived in anti-\"SD\" antibodies by absorption procedures could be referred as an anti-Ia serum. After having reviewed the data on the impairment of the immune response of enhanced host against the graft, an hypothesis involving graft lymphocytes Fc receptor blockage and abnormalities of the T-B lymphocytes cooperation in the enhanced animal is developped."}
{"id": "PMID:301420", "title": "Unit responses in the frog's caudal thalamus.", "content": "Single unit microelectrode recordings were made in the caudal thalamic region of the frog, Rana pipiens, from a sample of multimodal sensory units which included monocular, binocular, tactile, and spontaneous types, and which showed a wide variety of receptive field sizes, response rates, preferred stimulus sizes habituation rates, and velocity and tactile sensitivities. A number of special response properties were occasionally observed, including directional sensitivity, stationary object sensitivity, afterdischarges, and visual and tactile inhibitory fields. Computer analysis of spontaneously active units revealed four types: regular, exponential, bursting, and multimodal.", "contents": "Unit responses in the frog's caudal thalamus. Single unit microelectrode recordings were made in the caudal thalamic region of the frog, Rana pipiens, from a sample of multimodal sensory units which included monocular, binocular, tactile, and spontaneous types, and which showed a wide variety of receptive field sizes, response rates, preferred stimulus sizes habituation rates, and velocity and tactile sensitivities. A number of special response properties were occasionally observed, including directional sensitivity, stationary object sensitivity, afterdischarges, and visual and tactile inhibitory fields. Computer analysis of spontaneously active units revealed four types: regular, exponential, bursting, and multimodal."}
{"id": "PMID:301421", "title": "Synaptic innervation of sympathetic ganglion cells in the bullfrog.", "content": "The synaptic innervation of the ganglion cells in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog was investigated by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques and by intracellular recording. The neurons were unipolar and most ganglion cells were innervated by a single preganglionic axon. The preganglionic fiber stained for acetylcholinesterase and was observed to spiral around the axon hillock of the ganglion cell before arborizing and making synaptic contact with the neuron. Most  synapses were located on the soma near the axon hillock region, with features typical for cholinergic junctions. The axosomatic location of the synapses was manifested physiologically by a decrease in membrane resistance (increased conductance) at the peak of the fast EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) and by a demonstrable reversal potential for the fast EPSP.", "contents": "Synaptic innervation of sympathetic ganglion cells in the bullfrog. The synaptic innervation of the ganglion cells in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog was investigated by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques and by intracellular recording. The neurons were unipolar and most ganglion cells were innervated by a single preganglionic axon. The preganglionic fiber stained for acetylcholinesterase and was observed to spiral around the axon hillock of the ganglion cell before arborizing and making synaptic contact with the neuron. Most  synapses were located on the soma near the axon hillock region, with features typical for cholinergic junctions. The axosomatic location of the synapses was manifested physiologically by a decrease in membrane resistance (increased conductance) at the peak of the fast EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) and by a demonstrable reversal potential for the fast EPSP."}
{"id": "PMID:301422", "title": "Identification of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells as chromaffin cells in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "Small intensely fluoresent (SIF) cells were investigated in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed that clusters of SIF cells are sparsely distributed in the ninth and tenth ganglia; the clusters were usually located in the vicinity of blood vessels. Fluorescent processes were not observed emanating from SIF cells. The clusters stained positively for the chromaffin reaction indicating that SIF cells are chromaffin cells. Ultrastructurally, the SIF-chromaffin cells in the sympathetic ganglia appeared virtually identical to the chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland; this includes two cell types that appear morphologically the same as the epinephrine and norepinephrine containing chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland. Efferent synapses from the SIF-chromaffin cells in sympathetic ganglia to sympathetic ganglia to sympathetic neurons were not observed. The SIF-chromaffin cells in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia did not have the morphological characteristics of interneurons; it is suggested that they may function as extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue.", "contents": "Identification of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells as chromaffin cells in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. Small intensely fluoresent (SIF) cells were investigated in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed that clusters of SIF cells are sparsely distributed in the ninth and tenth ganglia; the clusters were usually located in the vicinity of blood vessels. Fluorescent processes were not observed emanating from SIF cells. The clusters stained positively for the chromaffin reaction indicating that SIF cells are chromaffin cells. Ultrastructurally, the SIF-chromaffin cells in the sympathetic ganglia appeared virtually identical to the chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland; this includes two cell types that appear morphologically the same as the epinephrine and norepinephrine containing chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland. Efferent synapses from the SIF-chromaffin cells in sympathetic ganglia to sympathetic ganglia to sympathetic neurons were not observed. The SIF-chromaffin cells in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia did not have the morphological characteristics of interneurons; it is suggested that they may function as extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:301425", "title": "Microiontophoresis of 5-hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine, and prostaglandin E1 on spinal neurons in the frog.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and epinephrine were applied by microiontophoresis to single neurons in the isolated spinal cord of the frog. 5-HT depressed all but two of the responsive cells, whereas the response to epinephrine consisted exclusively of depression. 5-HT action was more marked than that of epinephrine on most cells. With either compound, responseve units were diffusely distributed throughout the tissue. While it was proven that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) exerts a direct excitatory action on spinal neurons, no evidence of an antagonism between PGE1 and the monoamines was obtained. These findings provide additional support to the hypothesis that 5-HT and epinephrine are transmitters in the frog spinal cord. The possibility that PGE1 may 'modulate' the responsiveness of spinal neurons to the monoamines was not confirmed.", "contents": "Microiontophoresis of 5-hydroxytryptamine, epinephrine, and prostaglandin E1 on spinal neurons in the frog. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and epinephrine were applied by microiontophoresis to single neurons in the isolated spinal cord of the frog. 5-HT depressed all but two of the responsive cells, whereas the response to epinephrine consisted exclusively of depression. 5-HT action was more marked than that of epinephrine on most cells. With either compound, responseve units were diffusely distributed throughout the tissue. While it was proven that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) exerts a direct excitatory action on spinal neurons, no evidence of an antagonism between PGE1 and the monoamines was obtained. These findings provide additional support to the hypothesis that 5-HT and epinephrine are transmitters in the frog spinal cord. The possibility that PGE1 may 'modulate' the responsiveness of spinal neurons to the monoamines was not confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:301424", "title": "Extravascular lung water accumulation in patients following coronary artery surgery.", "content": "We studied patients undergoing A-C Bypass with haemodilution. The bubble oxygenator was primed with either two units of plasma and lactated Ringer's solution (PLASMA) or with lactated Ringer's solution (RINGER'S) alone. We found no difference in pulmonary function or lung water determinations between the Ringer's and the Plasma groups. When all patients were grouped together we found no significant increase in lung water (ETVL)5 immediately post-operatively. This suggests lung water did not increase during cardiopulmonary bypass. By the following morning there was a highly significant increase in lung water which was related to changes in the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure and which continued through the second post-operative day. Pulmonary dysfunction, as measured by gas exchange, was not a major problem except in one patient whose lung water increase exceeded 3 ml H2O/kg of total body weight (52 per cent increase) and in whom there was increased shunting. We consider the increase in lung water important, since it may reduce lung compliance and further lung water accumulation. Since the increased lung water was associated with a change in the balance of Starling's forces (PMV - COPMV), treatment designed to reduce that balance should reduce lung water accumulation.", "contents": "Extravascular lung water accumulation in patients following coronary artery surgery. We studied patients undergoing A-C Bypass with haemodilution. The bubble oxygenator was primed with either two units of plasma and lactated Ringer's solution (PLASMA) or with lactated Ringer's solution (RINGER'S) alone. We found no difference in pulmonary function or lung water determinations between the Ringer's and the Plasma groups. When all patients were grouped together we found no significant increase in lung water (ETVL)5 immediately post-operatively. This suggests lung water did not increase during cardiopulmonary bypass. By the following morning there was a highly significant increase in lung water which was related to changes in the balance between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure and which continued through the second post-operative day. Pulmonary dysfunction, as measured by gas exchange, was not a major problem except in one patient whose lung water increase exceeded 3 ml H2O/kg of total body weight (52 per cent increase) and in whom there was increased shunting. We consider the increase in lung water important, since it may reduce lung compliance and further lung water accumulation. Since the increased lung water was associated with a change in the balance of Starling's forces (PMV - COPMV), treatment designed to reduce that balance should reduce lung water accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:301428", "title": "Specific active immunochemotherapy in lung cancer: a survival study.", "content": "A radomized clinical trial of chemotherapy, immunization and immunochemotherapy among 55 patients with stages I and II carcinoma of the lung is reported. The survival rate in the immunized groups was significantly better (P = 0.001) than that in the nonimmunized groups. The results are discussed in the light of the reactivity of the patients to the specific cancer antigen.", "contents": "Specific active immunochemotherapy in lung cancer: a survival study. A radomized clinical trial of chemotherapy, immunization and immunochemotherapy among 55 patients with stages I and II carcinoma of the lung is reported. The survival rate in the immunized groups was significantly better (P = 0.001) than that in the nonimmunized groups. The results are discussed in the light of the reactivity of the patients to the specific cancer antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:301430", "title": "Possible effects of non-HLA antibodies in common typing sera on HLA antigen frequency data in leukemia.", "content": "Selective adsorption of several common \"monospecific\" HLA typing sera with HLA typed platelets, purified B lymphocytes, cultured lymphoid cells, or lymphocytes from patients with active chronic lymphocytic leukemia demonstrated that many of these sera contain antibodies to non-HLA antigens. Antibodies were detected to antigens present on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, cultured lymphoid cells and leukemic cells from patients with both myelocytic and lymphocytic forms of leukemia but absent from T-lymphocytes and platelets. Since these kinds of antibodies appear to be present in a large proportion of common HLA typing sera, caution should be used in interpreting all data related to HLA antigen expression in leukemia.", "contents": "Possible effects of non-HLA antibodies in common typing sera on HLA antigen frequency data in leukemia. Selective adsorption of several common \"monospecific\" HLA typing sera with HLA typed platelets, purified B lymphocytes, cultured lymphoid cells, or lymphocytes from patients with active chronic lymphocytic leukemia demonstrated that many of these sera contain antibodies to non-HLA antigens. Antibodies were detected to antigens present on peripheral blood B-lymphocytes, cultured lymphoid cells and leukemic cells from patients with both myelocytic and lymphocytic forms of leukemia but absent from T-lymphocytes and platelets. Since these kinds of antibodies appear to be present in a large proportion of common HLA typing sera, caution should be used in interpreting all data related to HLA antigen expression in leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:301431", "title": "The treatment of advanced histiocytosis-X with sequential hemibody irradiation.", "content": "A patient with systemic histiocytosis was treated with hemibody irradiation, vincristine, and prednisone. The patient died of an extensive peripheral neuropathy. An autopsy revealed gross histiocytosis-X involvement of the unirradiated tissues, and no evidence of disease within the field of irradiation. A treatment protocol employing sequential hemibody irradiation is discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of advanced histiocytosis-X with sequential hemibody irradiation. A patient with systemic histiocytosis was treated with hemibody irradiation, vincristine, and prednisone. The patient died of an extensive peripheral neuropathy. An autopsy revealed gross histiocytosis-X involvement of the unirradiated tissues, and no evidence of disease within the field of irradiation. A treatment protocol employing sequential hemibody irradiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301432", "title": "Approaches for the isolation of biologically functional tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Melanoma-associated antigens were isolated from human melanoma cells in long-term tissue culture and from the spent culture fluid of these cells propagated in chemically defined, serum-free media. The 3 M KCl extracts from such cells and their concentrated spent culture media elicited specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in patients with malignant melanoma but not in patients with other neoplasms. HLA antigens present in these extracts could be specifically removed by ultracentrifugation in KBr at a density of 1.23 g/ml. Purification of melanoma-associated antigens was achieved by this step, followed by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing on Pevikon C870. Another approach is described for the isolation of carcionembryonic antigens from metastatic lesions with an approximately 70% yield utilizing the least denaturing procedures, which avoid lyophilization and involve essentially 0.9% NaCl solution extraction, specific adsorption, elution from concanavalin A Sepharose, and subsequent gel-exclusion chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 22. For effective isolation of carcinoembryonic antigens freely shed from cultured cells derived from a primary colon tumor, a system was devised based on the use of Amicon hollow fiber culture units, in which cultured tumor cells were introduced in the extracapiliary spaces of such a unit. The extracapillary fluid, containing carcinoembryonic antigens but no fetal calf serum components, is removed and further purified by affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Approaches for the isolation of biologically functional tumor-associated antigens. Melanoma-associated antigens were isolated from human melanoma cells in long-term tissue culture and from the spent culture fluid of these cells propagated in chemically defined, serum-free media. The 3 M KCl extracts from such cells and their concentrated spent culture media elicited specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in patients with malignant melanoma but not in patients with other neoplasms. HLA antigens present in these extracts could be specifically removed by ultracentrifugation in KBr at a density of 1.23 g/ml. Purification of melanoma-associated antigens was achieved by this step, followed by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing on Pevikon C870. Another approach is described for the isolation of carcionembryonic antigens from metastatic lesions with an approximately 70% yield utilizing the least denaturing procedures, which avoid lyophilization and involve essentially 0.9% NaCl solution extraction, specific adsorption, elution from concanavalin A Sepharose, and subsequent gel-exclusion chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 22. For effective isolation of carcinoembryonic antigens freely shed from cultured cells derived from a primary colon tumor, a system was devised based on the use of Amicon hollow fiber culture units, in which cultured tumor cells were introduced in the extracapiliary spaces of such a unit. The extracapillary fluid, containing carcinoembryonic antigens but no fetal calf serum components, is removed and further purified by affinity chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:301444", "title": "IgE mediated hypersensitivity in ageing.", "content": "The serum IgE concentration is significantly lower in aged as compared with young people. This is more pronounced in males than in females (P less than 0-05). In fifteen aged (greater than 70 years) compared with fifteen young subjects (less than 40) the specific IgE antibody response to an injection of diphtheria toxoid was significantly reduced (P less than 0-01). The  minimum concentration of anti-IgE antibody able to induce a weal and flare reaction when injected intradermally, was comparable in the two age groups. However, the diameter of the weal reaction was significantly reduced in the aged. It is concluded that the reduced incidence of atopic symptoms in old people might be secondary to an anomaly of both the immune system and the mast cells.", "contents": "IgE mediated hypersensitivity in ageing. The serum IgE concentration is significantly lower in aged as compared with young people. This is more pronounced in males than in females (P less than 0-05). In fifteen aged (greater than 70 years) compared with fifteen young subjects (less than 40) the specific IgE antibody response to an injection of diphtheria toxoid was significantly reduced (P less than 0-01). The  minimum concentration of anti-IgE antibody able to induce a weal and flare reaction when injected intradermally, was comparable in the two age groups. However, the diameter of the weal reaction was significantly reduced in the aged. It is concluded that the reduced incidence of atopic symptoms in old people might be secondary to an anomaly of both the immune system and the mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301445", "title": "Preparation of a phospholipase C-antihuman IgG conjugate, and inhibition of its enzymatic activity by human IgG.", "content": "We labeled IgG with phospholipase C, using 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide. Enzymaticactivity of the resulting conjugate was inhibited when it was complexed with human IgG, but rabbit or goat IgG was not effective in suppressing the enzyme activity. Normal erythrocytes were used as substrate for the enzyme, enzymatic activity being assessed by measuring the release of hemoglobin. The substrates for phospholipase C are phospholipids, which are major components of the erythrocyte membranes. Hence, the phospholipids in the membranes are viewed as being \"immobilized.\" Perhpas such immobilization of substrate may be a requisite to the inhibition phenomenon.", "contents": "Preparation of a phospholipase C-antihuman IgG conjugate, and inhibition of its enzymatic activity by human IgG. We labeled IgG with phospholipase C, using 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)-carbodiimide. Enzymaticactivity of the resulting conjugate was inhibited when it was complexed with human IgG, but rabbit or goat IgG was not effective in suppressing the enzyme activity. Normal erythrocytes were used as substrate for the enzyme, enzymatic activity being assessed by measuring the release of hemoglobin. The substrates for phospholipase C are phospholipids, which are major components of the erythrocyte membranes. Hence, the phospholipids in the membranes are viewed as being \"immobilized.\" Perhpas such immobilization of substrate may be a requisite to the inhibition phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:301447", "title": "Relationship between anti-DNA antibodies complement consumption and circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Eighty-nine sera from nineteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been studied to determine the relationship between levels of DNA-binding activity, complement consumption and evidence of circulating immune complexes. There was a good correlation between the height of DNA binding, a rising C3i and a reciprocal fall in C3, C4 and CH50 levels.  These latter measurements provided useful supplemental information when studied serially. There was a good correlation between the results of the various methods used for the detection of circulating immune complexes, and these were found in almost half the sera with DNA binding over 70%. It is concluded that serial studied of DNA binding, complement levels, and direct tests for immune complexes, may provide valuable information in the management of patients with SLE.", "contents": "Relationship between anti-DNA antibodies complement consumption and circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eighty-nine sera from nineteen patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been studied to determine the relationship between levels of DNA-binding activity, complement consumption and evidence of circulating immune complexes. There was a good correlation between the height of DNA binding, a rising C3i and a reciprocal fall in C3, C4 and CH50 levels.  These latter measurements provided useful supplemental information when studied serially. There was a good correlation between the results of the various methods used for the detection of circulating immune complexes, and these were found in almost half the sera with DNA binding over 70%. It is concluded that serial studied of DNA binding, complement levels, and direct tests for immune complexes, may provide valuable information in the management of patients with SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:301448", "title": "The relationship of defective cell-mediated immunity to visceral disease in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation and circulating thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte numbers were studied in twenty-eight patients with systemic sclerosis (SS), in fifty normal controls and eleven elderly controls. Patients with SS were found to have impaired lymphocyte transformation responses which showed a positive correlation with both the number of circulating T lymphocytes and the extent of visceral involvement by the disease. This defect of cell-mediated immunity could not be attributed to the effects of increasing age, corticosteroid treatment, iron and folate deficiency or inhibitory serum factors and may have pathogenetic implications for the disorder.", "contents": "The relationship of defective cell-mediated immunity to visceral disease in systemic sclerosis. Phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation and circulating thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte numbers were studied in twenty-eight patients with systemic sclerosis (SS), in fifty normal controls and eleven elderly controls. Patients with SS were found to have impaired lymphocyte transformation responses which showed a positive correlation with both the number of circulating T lymphocytes and the extent of visceral involvement by the disease. This defect of cell-mediated immunity could not be attributed to the effects of increasing age, corticosteroid treatment, iron and folate deficiency or inhibitory serum factors and may have pathogenetic implications for the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:301449", "title": "Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. II, Studies of circulating lymphoid cell numbers and humoral immunity.", "content": "As part of an overall assessment of immunological function, several aspects of humorial immunity and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in a group of twenty-six patients with radiographic evidence of parenchylmal asbestosis. Statistical comparisons were made between the patient group and a comparable group of forty-five controls. Both the percentages and absolute numbers of circulating T lymphocytes were significantly reduced in the patient group compared with controls. Significant elevations of salivary secretory IgA and of serum IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE were noted amongst the patients compared with the controls. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies and cold-reactive lymphocytotoxins were present in high frequency in the patients' sera. Neoplasms were detected in four of the patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. II, Studies of circulating lymphoid cell numbers and humoral immunity. As part of an overall assessment of immunological function, several aspects of humorial immunity and circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were evaluated in a group of twenty-six patients with radiographic evidence of parenchylmal asbestosis. Statistical comparisons were made between the patient group and a comparable group of forty-five controls. Both the percentages and absolute numbers of circulating T lymphocytes were significantly reduced in the patient group compared with controls. Significant elevations of salivary secretory IgA and of serum IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE were noted amongst the patients compared with the controls. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies and cold-reactive lymphocytotoxins were present in high frequency in the patients' sera. Neoplasms were detected in four of the patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301450", "title": "Depletion of circulating T lymphocytes in pregnancy.", "content": "Changes were assessed in lymphocyte sub-populations in various stages of human pregnancy. The percentage and absolute number of E-RFC decreased during pregnancy. There was a concomitant rise in the percentages of EAC-RFC and cells bearing SmIg with little change in their absolute numbers. EAC-RFC continued to rise post-natally.", "contents": "Depletion of circulating T lymphocytes in pregnancy. Changes were assessed in lymphocyte sub-populations in various stages of human pregnancy. The percentage and absolute number of E-RFC decreased during pregnancy. There was a concomitant rise in the percentages of EAC-RFC and cells bearing SmIg with little change in their absolute numbers. EAC-RFC continued to rise post-natally."}
{"id": "PMID:301451", "title": "Effect of corticosteroids on exercise-induced lymphocytosis.", "content": "Eight subjects ran on a treadmill at 8 miles per hr for 10 min. All developed lymphocytosis with predominant effect on the B cells. This was repeated 5 hr after receiving 60 mg of Prednisone. The lymphocytosis of both T and B cells were suppressed. When this was repeated 2 hr after receiving Prednisone, only lymphocytosis of the T subpopulation was suppressed. It was concluded that corticosteroid administration could suppress entry of lymphocytes into the circulation, with preponderant effect on the T subpopulation.", "contents": "Effect of corticosteroids on exercise-induced lymphocytosis. Eight subjects ran on a treadmill at 8 miles per hr for 10 min. All developed lymphocytosis with predominant effect on the B cells. This was repeated 5 hr after receiving 60 mg of Prednisone. The lymphocytosis of both T and B cells were suppressed. When this was repeated 2 hr after receiving Prednisone, only lymphocytosis of the T subpopulation was suppressed. It was concluded that corticosteroid administration could suppress entry of lymphocytes into the circulation, with preponderant effect on the T subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:301452", "title": "Co-operation between T and B lymphocytes from human tonsils in the response to mitogens and antigens.", "content": "Purified B lymphocytes obtained from human tonsil cell populations by removing E rosette-forming cells by density sedimentation did not proliferate at three days in response to PHA and Con A, but showed a significant 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation when the PHA response was assessed at day 6 of culture. The 6th-day responses, which was completely abolished by the reduction of T-cell contamination to less than 0-1% by re-rosetting and a second separation, was due in part to a direct activation by PHA of contaminating T cells and in part to a T cell-mediated B-cell response. When purified B cells were stimulated for 3 days by PHA in the presence of an equal number of autologous or homologous mitomycin-treated T lymphocytes a highly significant uptake of 3H-labelled thymidine was demonstrated. The majority of blast cells obtained at day 4 in  these cultures were unable to form E rosettes and showed surface immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence stain. This response was markedly decreased by previous treatment of B cells with mitomycin C and it was abolished when B cells were killed by heating at 56degrees C for 1 hr. Purified B lymphocytes from human tonsils did not respond in vitro when cultured for 6 days in the presence of soluble antigens (PPD and  Candida). However, a highly significant response to the same antigens could be demonstrated when B cells were cultured in the presence of autologous mitomycin-treated T cells. These models of T-B co-operation could provide an interesting tool for studying the differentiation and antibody production in vitro of human B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Co-operation between T and B lymphocytes from human tonsils in the response to mitogens and antigens. Purified B lymphocytes obtained from human tonsil cell populations by removing E rosette-forming cells by density sedimentation did not proliferate at three days in response to PHA and Con A, but showed a significant 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation when the PHA response was assessed at day 6 of culture. The 6th-day responses, which was completely abolished by the reduction of T-cell contamination to less than 0-1% by re-rosetting and a second separation, was due in part to a direct activation by PHA of contaminating T cells and in part to a T cell-mediated B-cell response. When purified B cells were stimulated for 3 days by PHA in the presence of an equal number of autologous or homologous mitomycin-treated T lymphocytes a highly significant uptake of 3H-labelled thymidine was demonstrated. The majority of blast cells obtained at day 4 in  these cultures were unable to form E rosettes and showed surface immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence stain. This response was markedly decreased by previous treatment of B cells with mitomycin C and it was abolished when B cells were killed by heating at 56degrees C for 1 hr. Purified B lymphocytes from human tonsils did not respond in vitro when cultured for 6 days in the presence of soluble antigens (PPD and  Candida). However, a highly significant response to the same antigens could be demonstrated when B cells were cultured in the presence of autologous mitomycin-treated T cells. These models of T-B co-operation could provide an interesting tool for studying the differentiation and antibody production in vitro of human B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301453", "title": "Lack of subclass selection during density purification of human lymphocytes.", "content": "The percentage of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) marker-carrying lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) was determined directly from the blood, after density purification of lymphocytes over Ficoll-Isopaque and removal of monocytes by iron powder plus magnet. The effect of Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation was insignificant; neither did the iron powder plus magnet procedure increase the relative proportion of the T cells in these preparations. We therefore conclude that in optimal conditions there is no subclass-specific enrichment of T or B lymphocytes during the purification procedure.", "contents": "Lack of subclass selection during density purification of human lymphocytes. The percentage of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) marker-carrying lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) was determined directly from the blood, after density purification of lymphocytes over Ficoll-Isopaque and removal of monocytes by iron powder plus magnet. The effect of Ficoll-Isopaque centrifugation was insignificant; neither did the iron powder plus magnet procedure increase the relative proportion of the T cells in these preparations. We therefore conclude that in optimal conditions there is no subclass-specific enrichment of T or B lymphocytes during the purification procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:301459", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of a coronary artery with false aneurysm formation. Successful surgical repair.", "content": "A patient with diffuse atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease was demonstrated to have a spontaneous rupture of the proximal right coronary artery, with formation of a false aneurysm. This was recognized at angiographic study, and the patient subsequently underwent a revascularization operation with suture ligation of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of a coronary artery with false aneurysm formation. Successful surgical repair. A patient with diffuse atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease was demonstrated to have a spontaneous rupture of the proximal right coronary artery, with formation of a false aneurysm. This was recognized at angiographic study, and the patient subsequently underwent a revascularization operation with suture ligation of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:301463", "title": "New concepts in prevention and treatment of sunburn.", "content": "Effective topical sunscreens are available in Australasia, but are some more effective and acceptable than others? For those who demand an early tan and longer protection there still remains some hope that effective topical applications may become available. Acute sunburn must be assessed from a general medical viewpoint. Severe sunburn requires a short \"dermatological\" course of systemic steroids. Prostaglandins and antiprostaglandins may have a role in the future treatment of sunburn.", "contents": "New concepts in prevention and treatment of sunburn. Effective topical sunscreens are available in Australasia, but are some more effective and acceptable than others? For those who demand an early tan and longer protection there still remains some hope that effective topical applications may become available. Acute sunburn must be assessed from a general medical viewpoint. Severe sunburn requires a short \"dermatological\" course of systemic steroids. Prostaglandins and antiprostaglandins may have a role in the future treatment of sunburn."}
{"id": "PMID:301473", "title": "Suppressor T cells in low zone tolerance. I. Mode of action of suppressor cells.", "content": "Low zone tolerance (LZT) to bacteriophage fd seems to be a type of tolerance which is primarily caused by suppressor T cells. The aim of this paper is to analyze their mode of action. For the induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells in hydrocortisone pretreated CBA mice, we use tolerogenic and immunogenic doses of antigen. Suppressor activity can be demonstrated upon transfer of spleen cells into normal syngeneic mice. After immunization these animals are unable to produce IgG antibody against phage fd, whereas the IgM response is not suppressed; The half-life of transferred suppressor cells in nonimmunized animals is 5--6 weeks. The target of suppression are unprimed T helper cells, whereas primed helper cells cannot be blocked. T helper cells become \"resistant\" to suppression 18--36 h after contact with antigen. Differentiation from unprimed B into B memory cells is unaffected, yet under suppression conditions persisting B memory cells are blocked in IgG production. The experimental data are incorporated into a model of LZT.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells in low zone tolerance. I. Mode of action of suppressor cells. Low zone tolerance (LZT) to bacteriophage fd seems to be a type of tolerance which is primarily caused by suppressor T cells. The aim of this paper is to analyze their mode of action. For the induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells in hydrocortisone pretreated CBA mice, we use tolerogenic and immunogenic doses of antigen. Suppressor activity can be demonstrated upon transfer of spleen cells into normal syngeneic mice. After immunization these animals are unable to produce IgG antibody against phage fd, whereas the IgM response is not suppressed; The half-life of transferred suppressor cells in nonimmunized animals is 5--6 weeks. The target of suppression are unprimed T helper cells, whereas primed helper cells cannot be blocked. T helper cells become \"resistant\" to suppression 18--36 h after contact with antigen. Differentiation from unprimed B into B memory cells is unaffected, yet under suppression conditions persisting B memory cells are blocked in IgG production. The experimental data are incorporated into a model of LZT."}
{"id": "PMID:301474", "title": "Limulin (Limulus polyphemus lectin): mitogenic effect on human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "The lectin from hemolymph of Limulus polyphemus was purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized bovine submaxillary mucin. The purity of the protein was checked by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Agglutination of human red blood cells was completely abolished after neuraminidase treatment, while other cells were still agglutinable after the same treatment but required a higher concentration of lectin. Limulin was able to simulate about 50% of human peripheral lymphocytes. This mitogenic effect could be inhibited by bovine submaxillary mucin but not by the disialylated mucin. Related to the known oligosaccharide-binding specificity of limulin and of the other nonspecific activators of lymphocytes, the authors suggest that lymphocyte stimulation is triggered by binding to a glyco-conjugate bearing the following carbohydrate chains: NANA leads to GalNac leads to or NANA leads to Gal leads to GlcNAc leads to Man.", "contents": "Limulin (Limulus polyphemus lectin): mitogenic effect on human peripheral lymphocytes. The lectin from hemolymph of Limulus polyphemus was purified by affinity chromatography on insolubilized bovine submaxillary mucin. The purity of the protein was checked by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Agglutination of human red blood cells was completely abolished after neuraminidase treatment, while other cells were still agglutinable after the same treatment but required a higher concentration of lectin. Limulin was able to simulate about 50% of human peripheral lymphocytes. This mitogenic effect could be inhibited by bovine submaxillary mucin but not by the disialylated mucin. Related to the known oligosaccharide-binding specificity of limulin and of the other nonspecific activators of lymphocytes, the authors suggest that lymphocyte stimulation is triggered by binding to a glyco-conjugate bearing the following carbohydrate chains: NANA leads to GalNac leads to or NANA leads to Gal leads to GlcNAc leads to Man."}
{"id": "PMID:301475", "title": "Restoration of the T lymphoid system of nude mice: different regeneration of neonatal and adult thymuses.", "content": "When a neonatal thymus and an adult (reticuloepithelial) thymus from normal mice are simultaneously grafted to individual adult nude mice, the host-derived T cell precursors regenerate the neonatal thymus more efficiently than the adult (reticuloepithelial) thymus. Thus, this is a direct cause for the poor restoration of the T lymphoid system of nude mice by adult and/or reticuloepithelial thymus grafts.", "contents": "Restoration of the T lymphoid system of nude mice: different regeneration of neonatal and adult thymuses. When a neonatal thymus and an adult (reticuloepithelial) thymus from normal mice are simultaneously grafted to individual adult nude mice, the host-derived T cell precursors regenerate the neonatal thymus more efficiently than the adult (reticuloepithelial) thymus. Thus, this is a direct cause for the poor restoration of the T lymphoid system of nude mice by adult and/or reticuloepithelial thymus grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:301476", "title": "The induction of carrier-specific helper cell tolerance in presensitized rats.", "content": "Lewis rats rendered tolerant to sheep IgG (SGG) show a markedly reduced antibody response to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten when later challenged with TNP-SGG. We have previously shown that this effect is due to functional unresponsiveness in the carrier SGG-specific helper T cell population. In this paper we demonstrate that induced helper cell tolerance is also maintained through a secondary immunogenic challenge. Furthermore, rats which are primed to the carrier SGG prior to tolerance induction also show a markedly reduced anti-TNP response upon secondary immunogenic challenge with TNP-SGG. The ability to specifically suppress a secondary response in this manner was found to be relatively long lasting, since rats showed reduced responsiveness when the secondary challenge was delayed for up to 4 weeks after tolerance induction. In addition, rats primed to the hapten (TNP) prior to carrier (SGG) tolerance induction also showed a marked reduction in anti-TNP antibody following challenge with TNP-SGG. These findings imply that helper cell tolerance can be induced in rats even after priming of carrier-specific (SGG) helper cells, or hapten-specific (TNP) B cells. These results parallel our other published findings that IgE responses in presensitized rats can be overcome by helper cell tolerance.", "contents": "The induction of carrier-specific helper cell tolerance in presensitized rats. Lewis rats rendered tolerant to sheep IgG (SGG) show a markedly reduced antibody response to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten when later challenged with TNP-SGG. We have previously shown that this effect is due to functional unresponsiveness in the carrier SGG-specific helper T cell population. In this paper we demonstrate that induced helper cell tolerance is also maintained through a secondary immunogenic challenge. Furthermore, rats which are primed to the carrier SGG prior to tolerance induction also show a markedly reduced anti-TNP response upon secondary immunogenic challenge with TNP-SGG. The ability to specifically suppress a secondary response in this manner was found to be relatively long lasting, since rats showed reduced responsiveness when the secondary challenge was delayed for up to 4 weeks after tolerance induction. In addition, rats primed to the hapten (TNP) prior to carrier (SGG) tolerance induction also showed a marked reduction in anti-TNP antibody following challenge with TNP-SGG. These findings imply that helper cell tolerance can be induced in rats even after priming of carrier-specific (SGG) helper cells, or hapten-specific (TNP) B cells. These results parallel our other published findings that IgE responses in presensitized rats can be overcome by helper cell tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:301477", "title": "Genetic selection of mice for quantitative responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "A two-way selection was performed in mice according to the quantitative in vitro response of lymph node lymphocytes to the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The foundation population was composed of outbred mice produced by reciprocal mating of equal numbers of mice from four different colonies. The selective breeding was carried out by mating of mice at each generation giving the best or the lowest response, respectively. The progressive interline separation produced by 6 generations of selective breeding demonstrates that responsiveness to PHA is submitted to polygenic regulation. The heritability of the character investigated is 0.28 +/- 0.08. The interline separation is also found with another T mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A). In spleen cells PHA and Con A produce a similar interline difference. In contrast, the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) stimulated both lines equally, and E. coli lipopolysaccharide gave only a slightly higher response in high line. This finding implies that our selection based upon response to PHA did not influence B cell function.", "contents": "Genetic selection of mice for quantitative responsiveness of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin. A two-way selection was performed in mice according to the quantitative in vitro response of lymph node lymphocytes to the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The foundation population was composed of outbred mice produced by reciprocal mating of equal numbers of mice from four different colonies. The selective breeding was carried out by mating of mice at each generation giving the best or the lowest response, respectively. The progressive interline separation produced by 6 generations of selective breeding demonstrates that responsiveness to PHA is submitted to polygenic regulation. The heritability of the character investigated is 0.28 +/- 0.08. The interline separation is also found with another T mitogen, concanavalin A (Con A). In spleen cells PHA and Con A produce a similar interline difference. In contrast, the purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) stimulated both lines equally, and E. coli lipopolysaccharide gave only a slightly higher response in high line. This finding implies that our selection based upon response to PHA did not influence B cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:301478", "title": "Reduced in vitro response to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide in senescent mice: a function of reduced number of responding cells.", "content": "The proliferative capacity of spleen cells from C57BL/6J female mice of various ages (3-28 months) to the polyclonal mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined. It was found that both the T and B cell population of the spleen demonstrate an age-related decrease in their capacity to respond in vitro. Peak responses to both mitogens occurs at about 1 year of age. This age-related reduction in response is expressed in the degree of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, the total number of cells generated in vitro, the number of labeled cells per culture and the number of blast cells per culture. The day of peak response in vitro does not change with age. Studies of the cell cycle of cells responding to Con A and to LPS from 12 and 28-month-old mice demonstrate that the generation time of individual proliferating cells does not alter with age. Nor does it differ for the B cells responding to LPS or the T cells responding to Con A. These studies also demonstrate that the proliferating cells from senescent mice are equally capable of repeated cell divisions as are the cells from the 1-year-old adult mouse. It is concluded that the defect in senescent mice which leads to a reduced in vitro response to the polyclonal mitogens LPS and Con A is a reduction in the number of responding cells and not an alteration in the capacity of those cells which do respond to divide.", "contents": "Reduced in vitro response to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide in senescent mice: a function of reduced number of responding cells. The proliferative capacity of spleen cells from C57BL/6J female mice of various ages (3-28 months) to the polyclonal mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined. It was found that both the T and B cell population of the spleen demonstrate an age-related decrease in their capacity to respond in vitro. Peak responses to both mitogens occurs at about 1 year of age. This age-related reduction in response is expressed in the degree of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, the total number of cells generated in vitro, the number of labeled cells per culture and the number of blast cells per culture. The day of peak response in vitro does not change with age. Studies of the cell cycle of cells responding to Con A and to LPS from 12 and 28-month-old mice demonstrate that the generation time of individual proliferating cells does not alter with age. Nor does it differ for the B cells responding to LPS or the T cells responding to Con A. These studies also demonstrate that the proliferating cells from senescent mice are equally capable of repeated cell divisions as are the cells from the 1-year-old adult mouse. It is concluded that the defect in senescent mice which leads to a reduced in vitro response to the polyclonal mitogens LPS and Con A is a reduction in the number of responding cells and not an alteration in the capacity of those cells which do respond to divide."}
{"id": "PMID:301479", "title": "Functional development of the interacting cells in the immune response. III. Role of the neonatal spleen.", "content": "Neonatal splenectomy and congenital absence of the spleen were shown to be associated with lack of primary IgM antibody synthesis, deficient bone marrow-thymus cell synergism. altered mitogen responsiveness and depressed homing patterns of thymocytes to the spleen. Using congenitally asplenic animals, altered B-T cell cooperation was manifest at the T cell but not B cell level. This correlated with the ability of thymus cells from either congenitally asplenic or neonatally splenectomized (NSx) animals to respond to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide although there were no detectable Ig=ells present. To determine the role played by the spleen in the development of T cell function, NSx animals were given either irradiated or normal spleen grafts. Both irradiated and unirradiated grafts restored normal B-T cooperation and normal mitogenic responses of thymus cells. However, neither type of spleen graft was successful in restoring normal homing patterns to the spleen. It is concluded that the splenic microenvironment influences T cell maturation very early in life and that only some of the effects attributable to the absence of the spleen can be reversed by the reintroduction of this tissue as a graft.", "contents": "Functional development of the interacting cells in the immune response. III. Role of the neonatal spleen. Neonatal splenectomy and congenital absence of the spleen were shown to be associated with lack of primary IgM antibody synthesis, deficient bone marrow-thymus cell synergism. altered mitogen responsiveness and depressed homing patterns of thymocytes to the spleen. Using congenitally asplenic animals, altered B-T cell cooperation was manifest at the T cell but not B cell level. This correlated with the ability of thymus cells from either congenitally asplenic or neonatally splenectomized (NSx) animals to respond to the B cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide although there were no detectable Ig=ells present. To determine the role played by the spleen in the development of T cell function, NSx animals were given either irradiated or normal spleen grafts. Both irradiated and unirradiated grafts restored normal B-T cooperation and normal mitogenic responses of thymus cells. However, neither type of spleen graft was successful in restoring normal homing patterns to the spleen. It is concluded that the splenic microenvironment influences T cell maturation very early in life and that only some of the effects attributable to the absence of the spleen can be reversed by the reintroduction of this tissue as a graft."}
{"id": "PMID:301485", "title": "Functional renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis associated with endotoxaemia in cirrhosis.", "content": "Forty-three patients with cirrhosis and ascites, 21 with normal renal function, 10 with a progressive functional renal failure (FRF), and 12 with a steady FRF, were investigated for the presence of endotoxaemia by the Limulus lysate test. Endotoxaemia was found in nine patients with FRF and in none of the 21 with normal renal function (P less than 0-01). A positive Limulus test was almost exclusively associated with a progressive FRF (eight of 10 patients) and all but one of them died. Renal function improved as endotoxaemia disappeared in the survivor. Endotoxaemia was also associated with haemorrhage due to acute erosions of the gastric mucosa, being present in six of the seven patients who had this complication. Intravascular coagulation was not found in any patient. The Limulus test was positive in the ascitic fluid in 18 of 21 patients tested, although only two of them had peritonitis. These results suggest that endotoxaemia may play a critical role in the development of progressive renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis in cirrhosis, and emphasise the potential risk of procedures involving reinfusion of ascitic fluid.", "contents": "Functional renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis associated with endotoxaemia in cirrhosis. Forty-three patients with cirrhosis and ascites, 21 with normal renal function, 10 with a progressive functional renal failure (FRF), and 12 with a steady FRF, were investigated for the presence of endotoxaemia by the Limulus lysate test. Endotoxaemia was found in nine patients with FRF and in none of the 21 with normal renal function (P less than 0-01). A positive Limulus test was almost exclusively associated with a progressive FRF (eight of 10 patients) and all but one of them died. Renal function improved as endotoxaemia disappeared in the survivor. Endotoxaemia was also associated with haemorrhage due to acute erosions of the gastric mucosa, being present in six of the seven patients who had this complication. Intravascular coagulation was not found in any patient. The Limulus test was positive in the ascitic fluid in 18 of 21 patients tested, although only two of them had peritonitis. These results suggest that endotoxaemia may play a critical role in the development of progressive renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis in cirrhosis, and emphasise the potential risk of procedures involving reinfusion of ascitic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:301497", "title": "[Immunologic development disorders and disease incidence].", "content": "Interference with any organ system during development leads to permanent damage. Severe disease or starvation during the first four months of extrauterine life lead to a persistent deficiency of cell mediated immunity, which changes the life expectancy and later disease patterns in population groups. Severe intercurrent disease, starvation or trauma later in life lower cell mediated immunity only temporarily.", "contents": "[Immunologic development disorders and disease incidence]. Interference with any organ system during development leads to permanent damage. Severe disease or starvation during the first four months of extrauterine life lead to a persistent deficiency of cell mediated immunity, which changes the life expectancy and later disease patterns in population groups. Severe intercurrent disease, starvation or trauma later in life lower cell mediated immunity only temporarily."}
{"id": "PMID:301498", "title": "[Physiologic and clinical manifestations of brain-dominance (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of brain-dominance in psychology, electrophysiology and the axial muscles are described. 1. Left-sided vascular hemispheric brain-distrubances, with or without aphasia, reduce, compared with arteriosclerotics, without focal signs, verbal, action-and total IQ, those on the right side only the action and total IQ. When comparing right- and left-sided frontal, frontoparietal and frontotemporal vascular disturbances - with or without a aphasia-, the left-sided frontotemporal lesions had a lower action- and verbal IQ, even if there were no signs of aphasia. In children aged between 12 and 40 months we found no correlation between the degree of motor dominance and mental development. Among children with delayed speech development--and therefore also in children with subnormal development--the number of lefthander was significantly higher than with the other children. 2. One can show electromyographically that, when a muscle is voluntarily contracted, there is simultaneous contraction of the same muscle on the other side. This contralateral motorspread happens more often from the stimulation of the dominant side to the subordinated side than vice versa. Ipsilateral somato-sensory cortical response is more common when stimulating the dominant than the subordinated ulnar nerve and develops ontogenetically parellel with right- or left-handedness. 3. Stabilographic registration can show a right-sided prevalence of swing of the vertical axis of the body, which probably is related to a lower irritability of the vestibular apparatus on galvanic stimulation. With the eyes open, the right-sided deviation of the bodyaxis increases which can be explained by greater functional strength of the right visuomoto system, which itself can be shown by the higher frequency of right-sided optocinetic nystagmus.", "contents": "[Physiologic and clinical manifestations of brain-dominance (author's transl)]. The effects of brain-dominance in psychology, electrophysiology and the axial muscles are described. 1. Left-sided vascular hemispheric brain-distrubances, with or without aphasia, reduce, compared with arteriosclerotics, without focal signs, verbal, action-and total IQ, those on the right side only the action and total IQ. When comparing right- and left-sided frontal, frontoparietal and frontotemporal vascular disturbances - with or without a aphasia-, the left-sided frontotemporal lesions had a lower action- and verbal IQ, even if there were no signs of aphasia. In children aged between 12 and 40 months we found no correlation between the degree of motor dominance and mental development. Among children with delayed speech development--and therefore also in children with subnormal development--the number of lefthander was significantly higher than with the other children. 2. One can show electromyographically that, when a muscle is voluntarily contracted, there is simultaneous contraction of the same muscle on the other side. This contralateral motorspread happens more often from the stimulation of the dominant side to the subordinated side than vice versa. Ipsilateral somato-sensory cortical response is more common when stimulating the dominant than the subordinated ulnar nerve and develops ontogenetically parellel with right- or left-handedness. 3. Stabilographic registration can show a right-sided prevalence of swing of the vertical axis of the body, which probably is related to a lower irritability of the vestibular apparatus on galvanic stimulation. With the eyes open, the right-sided deviation of the bodyaxis increases which can be explained by greater functional strength of the right visuomoto system, which itself can be shown by the higher frequency of right-sided optocinetic nystagmus."}
{"id": "PMID:301501", "title": "Co-operation across histocompatibility differences. The role of inhibitory T cells in preventing successful T-B interaction.", "content": "The efficiency of interaction of helper T cells with memory B cells of varying histocompatibility types has been studied in an in vitro microculture system. Such studies show that I-A region matching does not necessarily determine that efficient co-operation will take place. Failure to co-operate under circumstances where T and B cells match in I-A can be attributed to radiosensitive suppressor T cells. The nature of the gene differences which provoke the activity of such suppressor cells have also been examined, and it would seem that even single S.D. differences in the MHC are sufficient to generate 'suppressor' T-cell activity.", "contents": "Co-operation across histocompatibility differences. The role of inhibitory T cells in preventing successful T-B interaction. The efficiency of interaction of helper T cells with memory B cells of varying histocompatibility types has been studied in an in vitro microculture system. Such studies show that I-A region matching does not necessarily determine that efficient co-operation will take place. Failure to co-operate under circumstances where T and B cells match in I-A can be attributed to radiosensitive suppressor T cells. The nature of the gene differences which provoke the activity of such suppressor cells have also been examined, and it would seem that even single S.D. differences in the MHC are sufficient to generate 'suppressor' T-cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:301502", "title": "The generation of memory cells. I. The role of C3 in the generation of B memory cells.", "content": "Adult thymectomized, repopulated mice were chronically depleted of circulating C3 by treatment with cobra venom factor after primary immunization with dinitrophenylated haemocyanin (DNP-KLH). This treatment totally abrogated the development of B-cell memory in such mice, as assayed by a co-operative lymphocyte transfer. The failure of memory development appeared to involve impaired precursor proliferation following priming. It was further shown that the localization of DNP-KLH in splenic lymphoid follicles is both antibody and C3-dependent; thymus-deprived mice make sufficient antibody to DNP-KLH to effect follicular localization of the antigen. On the basis of these and earlier observations we suggest that the development of B-memory cells involves the formation of antigen-antibody-C3 complexes on dendritic cells in lymphoid follicles. C3 may serve to stabilize the antigen bridge between dendritic cells and virgin precursors. In complete contrast, C3 depletion had little effect on the functional expression of primed B cells, thus suggesting that only the early stages of B-cell triggering are C3 dependent.", "contents": "The generation of memory cells. I. The role of C3 in the generation of B memory cells. Adult thymectomized, repopulated mice were chronically depleted of circulating C3 by treatment with cobra venom factor after primary immunization with dinitrophenylated haemocyanin (DNP-KLH). This treatment totally abrogated the development of B-cell memory in such mice, as assayed by a co-operative lymphocyte transfer. The failure of memory development appeared to involve impaired precursor proliferation following priming. It was further shown that the localization of DNP-KLH in splenic lymphoid follicles is both antibody and C3-dependent; thymus-deprived mice make sufficient antibody to DNP-KLH to effect follicular localization of the antigen. On the basis of these and earlier observations we suggest that the development of B-memory cells involves the formation of antigen-antibody-C3 complexes on dendritic cells in lymphoid follicles. C3 may serve to stabilize the antigen bridge between dendritic cells and virgin precursors. In complete contrast, C3 depletion had little effect on the functional expression of primed B cells, thus suggesting that only the early stages of B-cell triggering are C3 dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:301505", "title": "Complications and immunological studies of measles virus infection in antithymocyte-treated hamsters.", "content": "A study was done to investigate possible late central nervous system (CNS) complications of latent measles infection in hamsters. Signs of CNS disease, consisting of myoclonus and paralysis, occurred in some weanling hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 or 9 days of age with antithymocyte serum (ATS) and measles virus, but no late complications in adult life attributable to measles virus were seen. A single series of ATS injections plus an injection of measles virus resulted in sustained antibody formation postulated due to establishment of a latent viral infection, whereas similar treatment with normal rabbit serum plus virus caused no or minimal antibody response. The majority of hamsters receiving ATS as newborns and ATS plus virus as weanlings also did not produce antibody. This differential effect of ATS may be due to combined elimination of suppressor and helper cells in the latter ATS-treated group and of suppressor cells only in the former ATS-treated group. Cellular immunity could not be evaluated since lymphocytes from inoculated and uninoculated hamsters released equal and variable amounts of 51Cr for both infected and noninfected labeled, allogeneic hamster target cells.", "contents": "Complications and immunological studies of measles virus infection in antithymocyte-treated hamsters. A study was done to investigate possible late central nervous system (CNS) complications of latent measles infection in hamsters. Signs of CNS disease, consisting of myoclonus and paralysis, occurred in some weanling hamsters inoculated intraperitoneally at 3 or 9 days of age with antithymocyte serum (ATS) and measles virus, but no late complications in adult life attributable to measles virus were seen. A single series of ATS injections plus an injection of measles virus resulted in sustained antibody formation postulated due to establishment of a latent viral infection, whereas similar treatment with normal rabbit serum plus virus caused no or minimal antibody response. The majority of hamsters receiving ATS as newborns and ATS plus virus as weanlings also did not produce antibody. This differential effect of ATS may be due to combined elimination of suppressor and helper cells in the latter ATS-treated group and of suppressor cells only in the former ATS-treated group. Cellular immunity could not be evaluated since lymphocytes from inoculated and uninoculated hamsters released equal and variable amounts of 51Cr for both infected and noninfected labeled, allogeneic hamster target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301506", "title": "Immunology of the infant rat experimental model of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis.", "content": "The age-related acquisition of serum anticapsular and bactericidal antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b observed in rats was similar to that of humans. The antigenic source for this \"natural\" immunity was not identified since neither pharyngeal infection with H. influenzae b nor enteric colonization by cross-reacting bacteria was detected. Infant rats surviving H. influenzae b bacteremia failed to respond immunologically to the capsular polysaccharide. However, surviving rats demonstrated no impairment of immune responsiveness to this antigen after subsequent immunization with live bacteria in adulthood. In passive protection experiments, antibodies directed against the type b capsular polysaccharide represented the major protective specificity. However, a small protective effect of antibodies to noncapsular antigens also appeared to have been demonstrated.", "contents": "Immunology of the infant rat experimental model of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. The age-related acquisition of serum anticapsular and bactericidal antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b observed in rats was similar to that of humans. The antigenic source for this \"natural\" immunity was not identified since neither pharyngeal infection with H. influenzae b nor enteric colonization by cross-reacting bacteria was detected. Infant rats surviving H. influenzae b bacteremia failed to respond immunologically to the capsular polysaccharide. However, surviving rats demonstrated no impairment of immune responsiveness to this antigen after subsequent immunization with live bacteria in adulthood. In passive protection experiments, antibodies directed against the type b capsular polysaccharide represented the major protective specificity. However, a small protective effect of antibodies to noncapsular antigens also appeared to have been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:301503", "title": "Study of colour blindness in school children.", "content": "Of the 1553 male and 519 female students in schools of Patiala, between the age group of 10 and 15 years, 3.85% males and 0.38% females were found colour-blind. The students were tested by Ishihara Charts, Edridge Green Lantern and then assayed by Pickford Nicolson Anomaloscope and the results were presented in detail. In addition, the affected students were also tested for their acuity of vision and were found normal.", "contents": "Study of colour blindness in school children. Of the 1553 male and 519 female students in schools of Patiala, between the age group of 10 and 15 years, 3.85% males and 0.38% females were found colour-blind. The students were tested by Ishihara Charts, Edridge Green Lantern and then assayed by Pickford Nicolson Anomaloscope and the results were presented in detail. In addition, the affected students were also tested for their acuity of vision and were found normal."}
{"id": "PMID:301507", "title": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Haemophilus influenzae type B.", "content": "The results of the following study demonstrate that Haemophilus influenzae type B (HITB) is able to activate the alternative complement pathway. They also demonstrate that the activation of the alternative pathway by HITB is not mediated by the capsule.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Haemophilus influenzae type B. The results of the following study demonstrate that Haemophilus influenzae type B (HITB) is able to activate the alternative complement pathway. They also demonstrate that the activation of the alternative pathway by HITB is not mediated by the capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:301508", "title": "Pathogenesis of latent herpes simplex virus infection of the trigeminal ganglion in guinea pigs: effects of age, passive immunization, and hydrocortisone.", "content": "Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the trigeminal ganglion, after corneal inoculation of virus, was investigated in guinea pigs. The effects of several factors on the establishment of ganglionic latency were investigated. Latently infected guinea pigs were clinically normal, and virus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia by co-cultivation. It was found that newborn guinea pigs were significantly more susceptible than adult animals to the development of latent HSV infection of the trigeminal ganglion. The susceptibility of newborn guinea pigs was very much decreased, however, if they received passive immunization with immune serum or if they were born of actively immunized mothers. On the other hand, the susceptibility of adult animals, usually somewhat resistant to the development of latent HSV ganglionic infection, was markedly increased by the parenteral administration of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of latent herpes simplex virus infection of the trigeminal ganglion in guinea pigs: effects of age, passive immunization, and hydrocortisone. Latent herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the trigeminal ganglion, after corneal inoculation of virus, was investigated in guinea pigs. The effects of several factors on the establishment of ganglionic latency were investigated. Latently infected guinea pigs were clinically normal, and virus was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia by co-cultivation. It was found that newborn guinea pigs were significantly more susceptible than adult animals to the development of latent HSV infection of the trigeminal ganglion. The susceptibility of newborn guinea pigs was very much decreased, however, if they received passive immunization with immune serum or if they were born of actively immunized mothers. On the other hand, the susceptibility of adult animals, usually somewhat resistant to the development of latent HSV ganglionic infection, was markedly increased by the parenteral administration of hydrocortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:301509", "title": "Effect of thermal trauma on numbers and function of T and B cells from mouse spleen.", "content": "Swiss-Webster female mice were given a moderately severe burn, and studies were carried out on the number and function of T and B cells from the spleens of burned and normal mice. The results showed a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in the number of T and B cells for 2-3 days after burning with a rapid return to normal and a subsequent rise above normal at 14 and 21 days postburn (p less than 0.05). In the test for function, burned mice had a significant decrease in spontaneous mitotic activity of both T and B cells during the 21-day postburn period. When spleen lymphocytes were incubated with purified mitogens, both T and B cells showed a significantly diminished mitotic response in most of the burned animals.", "contents": "Effect of thermal trauma on numbers and function of T and B cells from mouse spleen. Swiss-Webster female mice were given a moderately severe burn, and studies were carried out on the number and function of T and B cells from the spleens of burned and normal mice. The results showed a significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in the number of T and B cells for 2-3 days after burning with a rapid return to normal and a subsequent rise above normal at 14 and 21 days postburn (p less than 0.05). In the test for function, burned mice had a significant decrease in spontaneous mitotic activity of both T and B cells during the 21-day postburn period. When spleen lymphocytes were incubated with purified mitogens, both T and B cells showed a significantly diminished mitotic response in most of the burned animals."}
{"id": "PMID:301504", "title": "Morphine analgesia and its modification by drugs altering serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine levels in the brain.", "content": "Morphine analgesia in mice was significantly potentiated by pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), especially with higher dose of morphine. Morphine analgesia was antagonised by reserpine. With l-dopa it was antogonised when the dose of morphine was minimal but with increased dosage of morphine, there was no significant effect.", "contents": "Morphine analgesia and its modification by drugs altering serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine levels in the brain. Morphine analgesia in mice was significantly potentiated by pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), especially with higher dose of morphine. Morphine analgesia was antagonised by reserpine. With l-dopa it was antogonised when the dose of morphine was minimal but with increased dosage of morphine, there was no significant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:301510", "title": "Twenty-four hour rhythms in serum and brain indoleamine concentrations: tryptophan-5-hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase activity in the rat.", "content": "The relationship between the 24 h rhythm in 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5HT) levels in rat brain, the availability of precursors of 5HT and the concentration of its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) has been investigated. Serum total and \"free\" tryptophan (TRY) levels and brain TRY levels all show a 24 h rhythm with highest concentrations in the middle of the dark phase i.e. 12 h displaced from that of the 5HT rhythm. No 24 h variation in either tryptophan-5-hydroxylase or monoamine oxidase activity was detected, nor did brain 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) levels vary with clock hour. Changes in 5HIAA concentration paralleled those of 5Ht. The uptake of 14C-5HTP, 14C-TRY and 14C-5HT into homogenates of the septal region of rat brain did not display a circadian rhythm, although there was evidence that uptake of 14C-TRY in an isolated synaptosomal preparation from the same region was greater during the light phase, indicating the possibility that uptake of the precursor into the nerve ending may be, in part, responsible for the 24 h rhythm in brain 5HT. It is concluded that brain 5HT levels are independent of the serum or brain TRY concentrations measured. Since changes in 5HT with clock hour are paralleled by changes in 5HIAA, it also seems unlikely that the increase in brain 5HT during the light phase is caused by a decreased release of 5HT from nerve endings.", "contents": "Twenty-four hour rhythms in serum and brain indoleamine concentrations: tryptophan-5-hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase activity in the rat. The relationship between the 24 h rhythm in 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5HT) levels in rat brain, the availability of precursors of 5HT and the concentration of its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA) has been investigated. Serum total and \"free\" tryptophan (TRY) levels and brain TRY levels all show a 24 h rhythm with highest concentrations in the middle of the dark phase i.e. 12 h displaced from that of the 5HT rhythm. No 24 h variation in either tryptophan-5-hydroxylase or monoamine oxidase activity was detected, nor did brain 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) levels vary with clock hour. Changes in 5HIAA concentration paralleled those of 5Ht. The uptake of 14C-5HTP, 14C-TRY and 14C-5HT into homogenates of the septal region of rat brain did not display a circadian rhythm, although there was evidence that uptake of 14C-TRY in an isolated synaptosomal preparation from the same region was greater during the light phase, indicating the possibility that uptake of the precursor into the nerve ending may be, in part, responsible for the 24 h rhythm in brain 5HT. It is concluded that brain 5HT levels are independent of the serum or brain TRY concentrations measured. Since changes in 5HT with clock hour are paralleled by changes in 5HIAA, it also seems unlikely that the increase in brain 5HT during the light phase is caused by a decreased release of 5HT from nerve endings."}
{"id": "PMID:301511", "title": "The effect of 60Co gamma-radiation and hydroxyurea on the in vivo chain growth of DNA in crypt cells of the small intestine of the mouse.", "content": "DNA chain growth has been studied in small intestinal crypt cells of the mouse in vivo using a sensitive method. The method is designed primarily to study radiation-induced DNA-breaks and their repair; but since there are breaks in DNA at the replicating fork, it is also possible to study DNA chain growth after a 3H-thymidine pulse. We found that DNA chain growth is not depressed by 200 rad of 60Co gamma radiation. This finding supports the hypothesis that irradiation interfers mainly with the initiation of new replicons in mammalian cells affecting DNA chain growth only at higher doses. Hydroxyurea at sufficient dosage, however, depresses or even stops DNA chain growth in mouse crypt cells in vivo.", "contents": "The effect of 60Co gamma-radiation and hydroxyurea on the in vivo chain growth of DNA in crypt cells of the small intestine of the mouse. DNA chain growth has been studied in small intestinal crypt cells of the mouse in vivo using a sensitive method. The method is designed primarily to study radiation-induced DNA-breaks and their repair; but since there are breaks in DNA at the replicating fork, it is also possible to study DNA chain growth after a 3H-thymidine pulse. We found that DNA chain growth is not depressed by 200 rad of 60Co gamma radiation. This finding supports the hypothesis that irradiation interfers mainly with the initiation of new replicons in mammalian cells affecting DNA chain growth only at higher doses. Hydroxyurea at sufficient dosage, however, depresses or even stops DNA chain growth in mouse crypt cells in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:301512", "title": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in regenerating liver of irradiated adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of whole-body irradiation on RNA synthesis in regenerating and non-growing livers was studied in intact and adrenalectomized rats. The animals were divided into four sub-groups: (1) control; (2) irradiation only; (3) partially-hepatectomized; and (4) irradiated partially-hepatectomized. Newly-synthesized RNA was determined by 30 or 40 min uptake of (6-14C) orotic acid. Both nuclear and polyribosomal RNA synthesis in regenerating livers of adrenalectomized rats were depressed below their control levels, regardless of whether irradiation was 2 hours before or 2 hours after partial hepatectomy. Specific radioactivity values of regenerating livers of adrenal intact and adrenalectomized rats were elevated above those of the non-growing livers from irradiated and unirradiated rats.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid synthesis in regenerating liver of irradiated adrenalectomized rats. The effect of whole-body irradiation on RNA synthesis in regenerating and non-growing livers was studied in intact and adrenalectomized rats. The animals were divided into four sub-groups: (1) control; (2) irradiation only; (3) partially-hepatectomized; and (4) irradiated partially-hepatectomized. Newly-synthesized RNA was determined by 30 or 40 min uptake of (6-14C) orotic acid. Both nuclear and polyribosomal RNA synthesis in regenerating livers of adrenalectomized rats were depressed below their control levels, regardless of whether irradiation was 2 hours before or 2 hours after partial hepatectomy. Specific radioactivity values of regenerating livers of adrenal intact and adrenalectomized rats were elevated above those of the non-growing livers from irradiated and unirradiated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:301513", "title": "Effects of topically-applied olive oil on the response of hamster skin to single or multiple doses of 230kV X-rays.", "content": "The effects of topically-applied olive oil on the response of hamster skin to single or multiple doses of X-rays has been studied. The olive oil was applied either 15 min or 1 hour before the radiation exposures. The treatment did not alter the temporal pattern of development and recovery from the radiation injury. For single exposers, olive oil did not alter the 1- to 30-day average skin response. However, when it was administered at each treatment when three radiation fractions were given over a 4-day interval (3 fractions/4 days), a significant increase in the amount of dose recovered was found compared with control irradiated animals. For controls, the average amount of dose recovered per fractionation interval, (Dn-D1)/(n-1), was about 505 rad. For animals treated with olive oil 15 min before irradiation, it was about 720 rad; and for those treated 1 hour before irradiation, it was 782 rad. The data indicate a definite radioprotective effect of topical administration of olive oil, but at present the mechanism is not known.", "contents": "Effects of topically-applied olive oil on the response of hamster skin to single or multiple doses of 230kV X-rays. The effects of topically-applied olive oil on the response of hamster skin to single or multiple doses of X-rays has been studied. The olive oil was applied either 15 min or 1 hour before the radiation exposures. The treatment did not alter the temporal pattern of development and recovery from the radiation injury. For single exposers, olive oil did not alter the 1- to 30-day average skin response. However, when it was administered at each treatment when three radiation fractions were given over a 4-day interval (3 fractions/4 days), a significant increase in the amount of dose recovered was found compared with control irradiated animals. For controls, the average amount of dose recovered per fractionation interval, (Dn-D1)/(n-1), was about 505 rad. For animals treated with olive oil 15 min before irradiation, it was about 720 rad; and for those treated 1 hour before irradiation, it was 782 rad. The data indicate a definite radioprotective effect of topical administration of olive oil, but at present the mechanism is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:301514", "title": "Comparison of three mammalian cell-lines with respect to their sensitivities to hyperthermia, gamma-rays and U.V.-radiation.", "content": "Three types of cultured mammalian cells, from a rat ureter carcinoma (RUC-2), from a mouse mammary carcinoma (M8013), and from a Chinese hamster lung cell-line (CH-V79), have been compared with respect to various treatments. Using cloning assay, the sensitivity of these cell-lines was measured for ionizing radiation, U.V.-light and for temperatures of 41 degrees, 42 degrees, 43 degrees, 44 degrees and 45 degrees C. RUC-2 cells are the least sensitive to these treatments, except for 45 degrees C. M8013 is sensitive to gamma-rays and U.V.-irradiation. CH-V79 is sensitive to gamma-radiation and hyperthermia. Since sensitivity to one type of treatment does not correlate with similar susceptibility to the others, it is concluded that different mechanisms may be involved in inactivation by these treatments.", "contents": "Comparison of three mammalian cell-lines with respect to their sensitivities to hyperthermia, gamma-rays and U.V.-radiation. Three types of cultured mammalian cells, from a rat ureter carcinoma (RUC-2), from a mouse mammary carcinoma (M8013), and from a Chinese hamster lung cell-line (CH-V79), have been compared with respect to various treatments. Using cloning assay, the sensitivity of these cell-lines was measured for ionizing radiation, U.V.-light and for temperatures of 41 degrees, 42 degrees, 43 degrees, 44 degrees and 45 degrees C. RUC-2 cells are the least sensitive to these treatments, except for 45 degrees C. M8013 is sensitive to gamma-rays and U.V.-irradiation. CH-V79 is sensitive to gamma-radiation and hyperthermia. Since sensitivity to one type of treatment does not correlate with similar susceptibility to the others, it is concluded that different mechanisms may be involved in inactivation by these treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:301518", "title": "Intraspinal sacral root stimulation for controlled micturition.", "content": "The intraspinal extradural segments of the sacral nerves were stimulated in an effort to obtain the combination of maximal detrusor contraction and minimal outflow resistance essential for effective micturition. Each root was stimulated unilaterally and bilaterally. In addition, each was separated into its motor and sensory components and these components were then individually stimulated. It was found that the most effective result was obtained with stimulation of root S2. As in the experimental animal, sacral roots in the human have a long intraspinal course that makes them accessible for implantation of electrodes. It is hoped that ongoing experiments will lead to the development of a chronically implantable sacral root electrode--thus providing a tool for efficient emptying of the denervated bladder.", "contents": "Intraspinal sacral root stimulation for controlled micturition. The intraspinal extradural segments of the sacral nerves were stimulated in an effort to obtain the combination of maximal detrusor contraction and minimal outflow resistance essential for effective micturition. Each root was stimulated unilaterally and bilaterally. In addition, each was separated into its motor and sensory components and these components were then individually stimulated. It was found that the most effective result was obtained with stimulation of root S2. As in the experimental animal, sacral roots in the human have a long intraspinal course that makes them accessible for implantation of electrodes. It is hoped that ongoing experiments will lead to the development of a chronically implantable sacral root electrode--thus providing a tool for efficient emptying of the denervated bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:301520", "title": "Effect of thymic hormone on the response of different  lymphoid cell populations to T mitogens.", "content": "The  effect of the thymus humoral factor (THF) on the response of different lymphoid cell populations to T mitogens  was studied. Lower THF concentrations were required to increase the response to concanavalin A (Con A) than to increase that to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), suggesting that T cell types at various stages of maturation are activated at different THF concentrations. Lower THF concentrations were required to enhance the mitogenic response of thymus cells than to enhance the mitogenic response of spleen cells, and this may be because of the higher incidence of target cells for THF activity in the thymus cell population. Spleen cells of adult thymectomized mice exhibited a higher sensitivity for THF than cells of intact control mice. Lymph node cells showed no increase in motogenic response after THF treatment. Similarly, THF did not affect the mitogenic response of spleen cells from nude mice. These results confirm our hypothesis that the targets for THF activity are the younger cells within the T cell lineage.", "contents": "Effect of thymic hormone on the response of different  lymphoid cell populations to T mitogens. The  effect of the thymus humoral factor (THF) on the response of different lymphoid cell populations to T mitogens  was studied. Lower THF concentrations were required to increase the response to concanavalin A (Con A) than to increase that to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), suggesting that T cell types at various stages of maturation are activated at different THF concentrations. Lower THF concentrations were required to enhance the mitogenic response of thymus cells than to enhance the mitogenic response of spleen cells, and this may be because of the higher incidence of target cells for THF activity in the thymus cell population. Spleen cells of adult thymectomized mice exhibited a higher sensitivity for THF than cells of intact control mice. Lymph node cells showed no increase in motogenic response after THF treatment. Similarly, THF did not affect the mitogenic response of spleen cells from nude mice. These results confirm our hypothesis that the targets for THF activity are the younger cells within the T cell lineage."}
{"id": "PMID:301523", "title": "Relationships among some R plasmids found in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Tetracycline resistance in a strain of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in the United Kingdom was found to be determined by an apparently non-selftransmissible plasmid of 31 X 10(6) daltons (31 MDal), designated pUB701. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization studies indicated that pUB701 shares about 70% base sequence homology with the 30-MDal ampicillin resistance R plasmid RSF007 isolated in the United States from H. influenzae, and 64% sequence homology with the 38-MDal tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance R plasmid pRI234, isolated in the Netherlands. Heteroduplex studies between RSF007 and pUB701 confirmed the fact that these plasmids were largely homologous, except that pUB701 contained the tetracycline resistance transposon TnD, whereas RSF007 contained the ampicillin resistance transposon TnA. A strain of H. parainfluenzae resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline carried two species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of 2.7 and 0.75 MDal. We were unable to prove that either resistance was plasmid-borne in this strain. Hybridization studies with a [3H]thymine-labeled tetracycline resistance enteric plasmid suggested that the tetracycline transposon was integrated into the chromosome of H. parainfluenzae UB2832. We conclude either that the strains we studied received R factors of the same incompatibility group  bearing different resistance genes, or that different resistance genes were translocated to a commom resident plasmid of H. influenzae.", "contents": "Relationships among some R plasmids found in Haemophilus influenzae. Tetracycline resistance in a strain of Haemophilus influenzae isolated in the United Kingdom was found to be determined by an apparently non-selftransmissible plasmid of 31 X 10(6) daltons (31 MDal), designated pUB701. Deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization studies indicated that pUB701 shares about 70% base sequence homology with the 30-MDal ampicillin resistance R plasmid RSF007 isolated in the United States from H. influenzae, and 64% sequence homology with the 38-MDal tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance R plasmid pRI234, isolated in the Netherlands. Heteroduplex studies between RSF007 and pUB701 confirmed the fact that these plasmids were largely homologous, except that pUB701 contained the tetracycline resistance transposon TnD, whereas RSF007 contained the ampicillin resistance transposon TnA. A strain of H. parainfluenzae resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline carried two species of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid of 2.7 and 0.75 MDal. We were unable to prove that either resistance was plasmid-borne in this strain. Hybridization studies with a [3H]thymine-labeled tetracycline resistance enteric plasmid suggested that the tetracycline transposon was integrated into the chromosome of H. parainfluenzae UB2832. We conclude either that the strains we studied received R factors of the same incompatibility group  bearing different resistance genes, or that different resistance genes were translocated to a commom resident plasmid of H. influenzae."}
{"id": "PMID:301524", "title": "Phosphorylation of the 18,000-dalton light chain of myosin during a single tetanus of frog muscle.", "content": "Changes in the 32P content of proteins due to muscle contraction were investigated, using muscles dissected from liver frogs injected with [32P]orthophosphate. The only significant change found was in the radioactivity of the 18,000-dalton light chain of myosin; during a single tetanus, an increase of 85 to 90% occurred as compared to the resting muscle. This increase corresponded to about 0.4 mol of 32P per mol of light chain. The same increase in radioactivity of this light chain was also found upon caffeine-induced contracture of the intact muscle. It is postulated that the increased Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm resulting from electrical stimulus or caffeine treatment activates the myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the 18,000-dalton light chain.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of the 18,000-dalton light chain of myosin during a single tetanus of frog muscle. Changes in the 32P content of proteins due to muscle contraction were investigated, using muscles dissected from liver frogs injected with [32P]orthophosphate. The only significant change found was in the radioactivity of the 18,000-dalton light chain of myosin; during a single tetanus, an increase of 85 to 90% occurred as compared to the resting muscle. This increase corresponded to about 0.4 mol of 32P per mol of light chain. The same increase in radioactivity of this light chain was also found upon caffeine-induced contracture of the intact muscle. It is postulated that the increased Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm resulting from electrical stimulus or caffeine treatment activates the myosin light chain kinase which phosphorylates the 18,000-dalton light chain."}
{"id": "PMID:301525", "title": "Nexus of frog ventricle.", "content": "Here were demonstrate in Rana pipiens ventricle a nexus with very unusual morphology. This tissue has been reported previously to lack nexuses. The nexus appears in thin sections of ventricle, fixed in aldehyde and OsO4 or permanganate as a series of punctate membrane appositions regularly alternating with regions of membrane separation. The junctional width at membrane appositions, as determined by microdensitometry and optical measurements, is 15-17 nm, and the width of the electron-translucent region between the junctional membranes is 1.8 nm. These values correspond closely to similar measurements of the more typical nexues in frog liver. Along the nexus the mean distance between punctate appositions is 74.5 nm. Freeze-cleave replicas of the nexuses between myocardial cells show particles 10.4 nm in diameter arranged in arrays of up to nine linked circles or partial circles on the PF-face and similar arrays of pits of shallow grooves on the EF-face. The mean diameter of the circles on both membrane fracture faces is 76.7 nm comparsion of the thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved nexuses demonstrates an excellent correspondence between the spacing of membrane appositions along the junction and the diameters of the freeze-cleaved circles of particles and pits or grooves.", "contents": "Nexus of frog ventricle. Here were demonstrate in Rana pipiens ventricle a nexus with very unusual morphology. This tissue has been reported previously to lack nexuses. The nexus appears in thin sections of ventricle, fixed in aldehyde and OsO4 or permanganate as a series of punctate membrane appositions regularly alternating with regions of membrane separation. The junctional width at membrane appositions, as determined by microdensitometry and optical measurements, is 15-17 nm, and the width of the electron-translucent region between the junctional membranes is 1.8 nm. These values correspond closely to similar measurements of the more typical nexues in frog liver. Along the nexus the mean distance between punctate appositions is 74.5 nm. Freeze-cleave replicas of the nexuses between myocardial cells show particles 10.4 nm in diameter arranged in arrays of up to nine linked circles or partial circles on the PF-face and similar arrays of pits of shallow grooves on the EF-face. The mean diameter of the circles on both membrane fracture faces is 76.7 nm comparsion of the thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved nexuses demonstrates an excellent correspondence between the spacing of membrane appositions along the junction and the diameters of the freeze-cleaved circles of particles and pits or grooves."}
{"id": "PMID:301526", "title": "Improvement of the efficiency of ion-exchange cellulose columns and their application.", "content": "Packing procedures and operating conditions for microparticulate ion-exchange cellulose columns were investigated. The efficiencies of ion-exchange cellulose and mixed-bed ion-exchange cellulose columns were compared. The mixed-bed columns contained ion-exchange cellulose and diatomite, and those with a 5:1 volume ratio of ion-exchange cellulose (average particle size 7 micronm) and diatomite were found to be superior in almost every respect. Medical, pharmaceutical, biochemical and environmental applications of this type of column are shown.", "contents": "Improvement of the efficiency of ion-exchange cellulose columns and their application. Packing procedures and operating conditions for microparticulate ion-exchange cellulose columns were investigated. The efficiencies of ion-exchange cellulose and mixed-bed ion-exchange cellulose columns were compared. The mixed-bed columns contained ion-exchange cellulose and diatomite, and those with a 5:1 volume ratio of ion-exchange cellulose (average particle size 7 micronm) and diatomite were found to be superior in almost every respect. Medical, pharmaceutical, biochemical and environmental applications of this type of column are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:301527", "title": "Autoantibodies to B lymphocytes in a patient with hypoimmunoglobulinemia. Characterization and pathogenic role.", "content": "In a young woman with ulcerative colitis, hypoimmunoglobulinemia, and humoral immunodeficiency, lymphocyte counts vary between 600 and 1,000 per mm(3) with 0.5-1.5% bone marrow-derived (B) cells and 98-99% thymus-derived (T) cells. Anti-lymphocyte antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence and by microlymphocytotoxicity with increased reactivity at +4 degrees C. They belonged to the IgM class and were polyclonal. Studies performed with various normal lymphocyte subpopulations, several lymphoblastoid cell lines and lymphocytes from immunodeficiency patients showed that these antibodies reacted with B cells. The corresponding antigen(s) is distinct from membrane-bound immunoglobulins, is not an alloantigen, and is probably unrelated to the la-like molecules. Pokeweed mitogen stimulated B cells appear to lose this antigen. Cells from various lymphoproliferative disorders were tested. T-derived and \"non T-non-B\" leukemic cells did not react with the antibody. Malignant cells from B-derived lymphomas and prolymphocytic leukemias were reactive. The incidence of positivity of the leukemic cells among patients with common B chronic lymphocytic leukemia was surprisingly low (one-third of the patients). The autoantibody nature of the anti-B-cell antibodies and their pathogenic role in the genesis of the patient's hypoimmunoglobulinemia was demonstrated by the effect of removal of antibodies by massive plasmaphereses which were followed by a dramatic and transitory increase of B-cell figures. Whereas most primary immunodeficiency syndromes appear to result from an arrest in the differentiation capabilities of immunologically competent cells, autoantibodies to circulating B lymphocytes may be incriminated in the pathogenesis of some cases of hypogammaglobulinemia.", "contents": "Autoantibodies to B lymphocytes in a patient with hypoimmunoglobulinemia. Characterization and pathogenic role. In a young woman with ulcerative colitis, hypoimmunoglobulinemia, and humoral immunodeficiency, lymphocyte counts vary between 600 and 1,000 per mm(3) with 0.5-1.5% bone marrow-derived (B) cells and 98-99% thymus-derived (T) cells. Anti-lymphocyte antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence and by microlymphocytotoxicity with increased reactivity at +4 degrees C. They belonged to the IgM class and were polyclonal. Studies performed with various normal lymphocyte subpopulations, several lymphoblastoid cell lines and lymphocytes from immunodeficiency patients showed that these antibodies reacted with B cells. The corresponding antigen(s) is distinct from membrane-bound immunoglobulins, is not an alloantigen, and is probably unrelated to the la-like molecules. Pokeweed mitogen stimulated B cells appear to lose this antigen. Cells from various lymphoproliferative disorders were tested. T-derived and \"non T-non-B\" leukemic cells did not react with the antibody. Malignant cells from B-derived lymphomas and prolymphocytic leukemias were reactive. The incidence of positivity of the leukemic cells among patients with common B chronic lymphocytic leukemia was surprisingly low (one-third of the patients). The autoantibody nature of the anti-B-cell antibodies and their pathogenic role in the genesis of the patient's hypoimmunoglobulinemia was demonstrated by the effect of removal of antibodies by massive plasmaphereses which were followed by a dramatic and transitory increase of B-cell figures. Whereas most primary immunodeficiency syndromes appear to result from an arrest in the differentiation capabilities of immunologically competent cells, autoantibodies to circulating B lymphocytes may be incriminated in the pathogenesis of some cases of hypogammaglobulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:301529", "title": "Classical conditioning of hippocampal theta patterns in the rat.", "content": "Electrical stimulation (88 HZ) of the lateral hypothalamus elicited a sustained theta response at hippocampal recording sites of rats immobilized with succinylcholine. By pairing this unconditioned stimulus with a 10-sec presentation of a light, conditioned theta responses were demonstrated in as few as 40 trials. Spectral analysis of hippocampal bioelectric patterns during acquisition, extinction, and reconditioning indicated that the earliest change as a result of conditioning is a loss of power in EEG frequency below 8 HZ, followed by the development of a peak at 8 HZ with further conditioning. Extinction was associated with an increase in power in the frequencies below 8 HZ. When the conditioned rats were tested in the absence of the neuromuscular blocking agent, the conditioned stimulus elicited a theta response that was associated with slow motor activity on 70% of the trials.", "contents": "Classical conditioning of hippocampal theta patterns in the rat. Electrical stimulation (88 HZ) of the lateral hypothalamus elicited a sustained theta response at hippocampal recording sites of rats immobilized with succinylcholine. By pairing this unconditioned stimulus with a 10-sec presentation of a light, conditioned theta responses were demonstrated in as few as 40 trials. Spectral analysis of hippocampal bioelectric patterns during acquisition, extinction, and reconditioning indicated that the earliest change as a result of conditioning is a loss of power in EEG frequency below 8 HZ, followed by the development of a peak at 8 HZ with further conditioning. Extinction was associated with an increase in power in the frequencies below 8 HZ. When the conditioned rats were tested in the absence of the neuromuscular blocking agent, the conditioned stimulus elicited a theta response that was associated with slow motor activity on 70% of the trials."}
{"id": "PMID:301531", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity in the aged.", "content": "Lymphocyte reactivity in cultures toward the nonspecific T and B cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed (PWM), was studied in 46 subjects in three groups: a) young healthy persons, b) elderly healthy persons, and c) hospitalized elderly patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. No statistically significant differences in the lymphocyte reactivity of young and old healthy persons toward PHA could be observed with different incubation times, mitogen concentrations, or serum sources. A significantly decreased lymphocyte response was found in elderly hospitalized patients compared to young and elderly healthy subjects. In contrast, no differences in the lymphocyte reactivity toward PWM could be found among the three groups, including a comparison between elderly healthy and elderly hospitalized persons. The results suggest that the B lymphocyte-dependent response to a B lymphocyte stimulator is more stable than is the T cell response in aged subjects.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity in the aged. Lymphocyte reactivity in cultures toward the nonspecific T and B cell mitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed (PWM), was studied in 46 subjects in three groups: a) young healthy persons, b) elderly healthy persons, and c) hospitalized elderly patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. No statistically significant differences in the lymphocyte reactivity of young and old healthy persons toward PHA could be observed with different incubation times, mitogen concentrations, or serum sources. A significantly decreased lymphocyte response was found in elderly hospitalized patients compared to young and elderly healthy subjects. In contrast, no differences in the lymphocyte reactivity toward PWM could be found among the three groups, including a comparison between elderly healthy and elderly hospitalized persons. The results suggest that the B lymphocyte-dependent response to a B lymphocyte stimulator is more stable than is the T cell response in aged subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:301532", "title": "Are visual anomalies related to reading ability?", "content": "Although reading ability is known to be related to a large number of factors, when a child having a reading problem is brought to an optometrist he (or she) has the responsibility of determining whether or not a visual anomaly may be a major or contributing cause of the reading problem. A review of the literature indicates that myopia is consistently associated with good reading performance; and that hypermetropia, astigmatism, lateral phorias, poor fusional vergences, strabismus and color vision anomalies tend to be associated with poorer than average reading performance. Well-designed and well-controlled studies are needed, particularly concerning the effect on reading ability of the correction of visual anomalies. Until such studies have been done, any child who has a reading problem deserves a thorough optometric or ophthalmologic examination and the correction of any visual anomalies found.", "contents": "Are visual anomalies related to reading ability? Although reading ability is known to be related to a large number of factors, when a child having a reading problem is brought to an optometrist he (or she) has the responsibility of determining whether or not a visual anomaly may be a major or contributing cause of the reading problem. A review of the literature indicates that myopia is consistently associated with good reading performance; and that hypermetropia, astigmatism, lateral phorias, poor fusional vergences, strabismus and color vision anomalies tend to be associated with poorer than average reading performance. Well-designed and well-controlled studies are needed, particularly concerning the effect on reading ability of the correction of visual anomalies. Until such studies have been done, any child who has a reading problem deserves a thorough optometric or ophthalmologic examination and the correction of any visual anomalies found."}
{"id": "PMID:301534", "title": "The role of macrophages in the generation of T helper cells. V. Evidence for differential activation of short-lived T1 and long-lived T2 lymphocytes by the macrophage factors GRF and NMF.", "content": "The generation of T helper cells in vitro requires macrophages or macrophage-derived factors such as genetically related macrophage factor (GRF) or nonspecific macrophage factor (NMF). However, there is a basic difference of T helper cell induction when using particulate antigens. The present study demonstrates that this difference is based on the activation of two different T cell subsets. GRF activates short-lived 'T1' cells which amplify the induction of T2 cells, which are the helper cell precursors. Thus, the genetic restriction of T helper cell induction seen with soluble antigen or GRF lies on the level of macrophage or GRF interaction with T1 cells. NMF (or macrophages) and particulate antigens directly activate the helper cell precursor (T2) indicating no requirement for T1-T2 cooperation. The direct activation of the helper cell precursor with particulate antigens does not require histocompatible macrophages or NMF from histocompatible macrophages. The present results may explain some of the discrepancies reported in the literature concerning the genetic requirements and specificity of T cell activation.", "contents": "The role of macrophages in the generation of T helper cells. V. Evidence for differential activation of short-lived T1 and long-lived T2 lymphocytes by the macrophage factors GRF and NMF. The generation of T helper cells in vitro requires macrophages or macrophage-derived factors such as genetically related macrophage factor (GRF) or nonspecific macrophage factor (NMF). However, there is a basic difference of T helper cell induction when using particulate antigens. The present study demonstrates that this difference is based on the activation of two different T cell subsets. GRF activates short-lived 'T1' cells which amplify the induction of T2 cells, which are the helper cell precursors. Thus, the genetic restriction of T helper cell induction seen with soluble antigen or GRF lies on the level of macrophage or GRF interaction with T1 cells. NMF (or macrophages) and particulate antigens directly activate the helper cell precursor (T2) indicating no requirement for T1-T2 cooperation. The direct activation of the helper cell precursor with particulate antigens does not require histocompatible macrophages or NMF from histocompatible macrophages. The present results may explain some of the discrepancies reported in the literature concerning the genetic requirements and specificity of T cell activation."}
{"id": "PMID:301535", "title": "Failure of B lymphocytes in human blood to regenerate surface immunoglobulin after its removal by antibody.", "content": "In culture, human blood B cells regenerated surface IgM and IgD after their removal by a brief treatment with pronase. In contrast, surface Ig was poorly reexpressed after interaction with specific antibody. Both classes of surface Ig were suppressed after treatment with antibody specific for only one. B lymphocytes from spleen and tonsils regenerated surface Ig after treatment with either pronase or anti-Ig. We suggest that the particular sensitivity of circulating B cells to anti-Ig-surface Ig interaction may be reflection of their state of maturation.", "contents": "Failure of B lymphocytes in human blood to regenerate surface immunoglobulin after its removal by antibody. In culture, human blood B cells regenerated surface IgM and IgD after their removal by a brief treatment with pronase. In contrast, surface Ig was poorly reexpressed after interaction with specific antibody. Both classes of surface Ig were suppressed after treatment with antibody specific for only one. B lymphocytes from spleen and tonsils regenerated surface Ig after treatment with either pronase or anti-Ig. We suggest that the particular sensitivity of circulating B cells to anti-Ig-surface Ig interaction may be reflection of their state of maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:301536", "title": "Studies of tolerance to DNA in NZB/NZW F1 mice.", "content": "Administration of sDNA-poly-D-lysine (DNA-PDL) to newborn NZB/NZW F1 mice (B/W) was previously shown to prolonge survival and to decrease nephritis and DNA antibodies. In this study, B/W mice treated from birth with DNA-PDL were found to be tolerant to immunization with sDNA on PDL or mBSA carriers in  adjuvants. Tolerance to sDNA was present and was hapten-specific carrier-dependent. IgG and IgM anti-nDNA circulating antibodies were suppressed. Continuous tolerization was necessary to maintain tolerance. Tolerance to sDNA could be transferred by spleen cells, by tolerized thymus cells, and by tolerized bone marrow cells, suggesting that both T and B cells participated in this phenomenon.", "contents": "Studies of tolerance to DNA in NZB/NZW F1 mice. Administration of sDNA-poly-D-lysine (DNA-PDL) to newborn NZB/NZW F1 mice (B/W) was previously shown to prolonge survival and to decrease nephritis and DNA antibodies. In this study, B/W mice treated from birth with DNA-PDL were found to be tolerant to immunization with sDNA on PDL or mBSA carriers in  adjuvants. Tolerance to sDNA was present and was hapten-specific carrier-dependent. IgG and IgM anti-nDNA circulating antibodies were suppressed. Continuous tolerization was necessary to maintain tolerance. Tolerance to sDNA could be transferred by spleen cells, by tolerized thymus cells, and by tolerized bone marrow cells, suggesting that both T and B cells participated in this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:301538", "title": "Lymphocytes binding polyriboadenylic acid and synthesizing antibodies to nucleic acids in autoimmune and normal mice.", "content": "Splenic lymphocytes from both normal and autoimmune mice bind significant quantities of polyriboadenylic acid (poly rA) when incubated with radiolabeled poly rA for 40 min at 37 degrees C. This poly rA binding is specifically inhibited by an excess of nonradioactive poly rA and by anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Poly rA binding is decreased by exposing spleen cells to Pronase and is restored by subsequent culture for 18 to 72 hr. Poly rA-binding activity is associated more with bone marrow-derived than with thymus-derived lymphocytes. These results suggest the presence of autoantigen-binding lymphocytes in normal as well as autoimmune mice. Furthermore, spleen cells from normal and autoimmune mice cultured for 72 hr synthesize and secrete antibodies to poly rA and DNA. These antibodies can be recovered from the culture supernatants by a solid immunoadsorbent technique and antibody immunoprecipitation. The synthesis of antibodies to nucleic acids by normal spleen cells suggests that autoreactive lymphocytes may be released from normal immunoregulatory control during in vitro culture conditions.", "contents": "Lymphocytes binding polyriboadenylic acid and synthesizing antibodies to nucleic acids in autoimmune and normal mice. Splenic lymphocytes from both normal and autoimmune mice bind significant quantities of polyriboadenylic acid (poly rA) when incubated with radiolabeled poly rA for 40 min at 37 degrees C. This poly rA binding is specifically inhibited by an excess of nonradioactive poly rA and by anti-mouse immunoglobulin. Poly rA binding is decreased by exposing spleen cells to Pronase and is restored by subsequent culture for 18 to 72 hr. Poly rA-binding activity is associated more with bone marrow-derived than with thymus-derived lymphocytes. These results suggest the presence of autoantigen-binding lymphocytes in normal as well as autoimmune mice. Furthermore, spleen cells from normal and autoimmune mice cultured for 72 hr synthesize and secrete antibodies to poly rA and DNA. These antibodies can be recovered from the culture supernatants by a solid immunoadsorbent technique and antibody immunoprecipitation. The synthesis of antibodies to nucleic acids by normal spleen cells suggests that autoreactive lymphocytes may be released from normal immunoregulatory control during in vitro culture conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:301539", "title": "Association of a low molecular weight helper factor(s) with thymocyte proliferative activity.", "content": "Human mixed leukocyte supernatants contain thymocyte proliferative activity (TPA) and a low m.w. helper factor, designated HP-1, which is capable of partially restoring the antibody response of T-cell-deficient adherent murine spleen cells to the thymic-dependent antigen, SRC. TPA and HP-1 appear to have a comparable m.w. (14,000 to 14,500 daltons) by Sephadex gel filtration column chromatography. Furthermore, HP-1 and TPA exhibit similar patterns of heterogeneity on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, elute together on CM-cellulose chromatography, and manifest identical patterns of migration on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These data suggest that the TPA and HP-1 activities reside in either the same molecule(s) or in different molecules with identical charge/mass ratios. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that the helper activity of HP-1 is derived from its capacity to activate T and/or pre-T cells.", "contents": "Association of a low molecular weight helper factor(s) with thymocyte proliferative activity. Human mixed leukocyte supernatants contain thymocyte proliferative activity (TPA) and a low m.w. helper factor, designated HP-1, which is capable of partially restoring the antibody response of T-cell-deficient adherent murine spleen cells to the thymic-dependent antigen, SRC. TPA and HP-1 appear to have a comparable m.w. (14,000 to 14,500 daltons) by Sephadex gel filtration column chromatography. Furthermore, HP-1 and TPA exhibit similar patterns of heterogeneity on DEAE-cellulose chromatography, elute together on CM-cellulose chromatography, and manifest identical patterns of migration on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These data suggest that the TPA and HP-1 activities reside in either the same molecule(s) or in different molecules with identical charge/mass ratios. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that the helper activity of HP-1 is derived from its capacity to activate T and/or pre-T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301541", "title": "Measurement of DNA-binding immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A radioimmunoadsorbant assay for quantitating DNA antibody in the IgM, IgG, and IgA classes is described. The method was standardized allowing expression of results in absolute terms. Effects of rheumatoid factor on the results were investigated. The new assay was found to correlate well with the Farr assay for DNA antibody. Serum levels of DNA antibody in all three immunoglobulin classes reflected the degree of clinical activity of SLE.", "contents": "Measurement of DNA-binding immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus. A radioimmunoadsorbant assay for quantitating DNA antibody in the IgM, IgG, and IgA classes is described. The method was standardized allowing expression of results in absolute terms. Effects of rheumatoid factor on the results were investigated. The new assay was found to correlate well with the Farr assay for DNA antibody. Serum levels of DNA antibody in all three immunoglobulin classes reflected the degree of clinical activity of SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:301543", "title": "Spaced food but not electrical brain stimulation induces polydipsia and air licking.", "content": "An attempt was made to induce polydipsia in rats whose lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets or electrical brain stimulation. Nine food-deprived, water-sated rats drank water excessively during sessions in which food pellets were delivered. When brain stimulation was substituted for food, drinking immediately ceased. Delivering brain stimulation according to a variety of schedules, pairing brain stimulation with food reinforcement, and substituting an air stream for water, each failed to produce polydipsic licking. These results show that polydipsia is not induced by all reinforcers.", "contents": "Spaced food but not electrical brain stimulation induces polydipsia and air licking. An attempt was made to induce polydipsia in rats whose lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets or electrical brain stimulation. Nine food-deprived, water-sated rats drank water excessively during sessions in which food pellets were delivered. When brain stimulation was substituted for food, drinking immediately ceased. Delivering brain stimulation according to a variety of schedules, pairing brain stimulation with food reinforcement, and substituting an air stream for water, each failed to produce polydipsic licking. These results show that polydipsia is not induced by all reinforcers."}
{"id": "PMID:301544", "title": "Functional analysis of two human T-cell subpopulations: help and suppression of B-cell responses by T cells bearing receptors for IgM or IgG.", "content": "Subpopulations of thymus-derived T lymphocytes bearing receptors for either IgM or IgG molecules were isolated from human peripheral blood. Those with receptors for IgM (T.M) provided help in a cell dose-dependent fashion for the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro, whereas cells with receptors for IgG (T.G) did not. T.G cells, on the hand, efficiently suppressed the differentiation and proliferation of B cells in the pokeweed system in the presence of helper T.M cells. This suppressive activity of T.G cells required prior interaction of the T.G cells with immune complexes. The helper activity of T.M cells was relatively radioresistant while the suppressor activity of T.G cells was radiosensitive. The results indicate that helper and suppressor functions of human T lymphocytes in this model system are mediated by different subpopulations of T cells which can be distinguished by their ability to bind IgM or IgG immune complexes, respectively.", "contents": "Functional analysis of two human T-cell subpopulations: help and suppression of B-cell responses by T cells bearing receptors for IgM or IgG. Subpopulations of thymus-derived T lymphocytes bearing receptors for either IgM or IgG molecules were isolated from human peripheral blood. Those with receptors for IgM (T.M) provided help in a cell dose-dependent fashion for the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation of B lymphocytes in vitro, whereas cells with receptors for IgG (T.G) did not. T.G cells, on the hand, efficiently suppressed the differentiation and proliferation of B cells in the pokeweed system in the presence of helper T.M cells. This suppressive activity of T.G cells required prior interaction of the T.G cells with immune complexes. The helper activity of T.M cells was relatively radioresistant while the suppressor activity of T.G cells was radiosensitive. The results indicate that helper and suppressor functions of human T lymphocytes in this model system are mediated by different subpopulations of T cells which can be distinguished by their ability to bind IgM or IgG immune complexes, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:301545", "title": "Lectin-driven maturation of cytotoxic effector cells: the nature of effector memory.", "content": "In an attempt to define further the activation of effector T-cell function with concanavalin A (Con A), we examined the ability of Con A to generate effector memory in mouse lymph node cells in vitro. In the course of these studies, it became necessary to define parameters by which memory could be defined. These parameters include length of time of exposure to signal required to generate full cytotoxic function; time of onset and kinetics of blast cell formation; requirement for DNA synthesis; sensitivity to the drug 5'-bromodeoxyuridine; and kinetics of the cytotoxic response to alloantigen. By these criteria, mouse lymph node cells exposed 12 days previously to Con A behave qualitatively differently from unprimed mouse lymphocytes. We found that the time of onset and kinetics of DNA synthesis could not be used to distinguish primary and secondary cytotoxic responses. We propose that the parameters defined in these stidues  can be applied generally in determining whether a given cytotoxic response involves primed (memory) or unprimed cells.", "contents": "Lectin-driven maturation of cytotoxic effector cells: the nature of effector memory. In an attempt to define further the activation of effector T-cell function with concanavalin A (Con A), we examined the ability of Con A to generate effector memory in mouse lymph node cells in vitro. In the course of these studies, it became necessary to define parameters by which memory could be defined. These parameters include length of time of exposure to signal required to generate full cytotoxic function; time of onset and kinetics of blast cell formation; requirement for DNA synthesis; sensitivity to the drug 5'-bromodeoxyuridine; and kinetics of the cytotoxic response to alloantigen. By these criteria, mouse lymph node cells exposed 12 days previously to Con A behave qualitatively differently from unprimed mouse lymphocytes. We found that the time of onset and kinetics of DNA synthesis could not be used to distinguish primary and secondary cytotoxic responses. We propose that the parameters defined in these stidues  can be applied generally in determining whether a given cytotoxic response involves primed (memory) or unprimed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301546", "title": "Human complement C3b inactivator: isolation, characterization, and demonstration of an absolute requirement for the serum protein beta1H for cleavage of C3b and C4b in solution.", "content": "The complement regulatory enzyme, C3b inactivator (C3bINA), has been purified from human serum by affinity chromatography on an anti-C3bINA Sepharose column. Subsequent chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and removal of IgG with anti-IgG Sepharose resulted in a product which was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecule is composed of two disulfide bonded polypeptide chains with mol wt of 50,000 and 38,000 daltons. Human CobINA was found to be a glycoprotein containing at least 10.7% carbohydrate and to have a normal serum concentration of 34 +/- 7 mug/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). Highly purified C3bINA cleaved neither free C3b nor free C4b if trace amounts of contaminating beta1H were removed from these proteins with anti-beta1H Sepharose. However, in the presence of highly purified beta1H and C3bINA, both C3bIna, both C3b and C4b were cleaved. Incubation of native C3 or C4 with C3bINA and beta1H had no effect on their cleaved. Incubation of native C3 or C4 with C3bINA and beta1H had no effect on their structure. The action of C3bINA and beta1H on C3b produced two fragments of the alpha1-chain which did not dissociate without reduction of the molecule. These fragments have mol wt of 67,000 and 40,000 daltons. The action of C3bINA and beta1H on C4b resulted in cleavage of the alpha'-chain giving rise to the 150,000-dalton C4c and the 49,000-dalton C4d fragments which dissociated without reduction. To produce from C3b the immunochemically defined C3c and C3d, fragments, the action of an additional serum enzyme appears to be required, the effect of which can be mimicked by trypsin.", "contents": "Human complement C3b inactivator: isolation, characterization, and demonstration of an absolute requirement for the serum protein beta1H for cleavage of C3b and C4b in solution. The complement regulatory enzyme, C3b inactivator (C3bINA), has been purified from human serum by affinity chromatography on an anti-C3bINA Sepharose column. Subsequent chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and removal of IgG with anti-IgG Sepharose resulted in a product which was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9 and by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecule is composed of two disulfide bonded polypeptide chains with mol wt of 50,000 and 38,000 daltons. Human CobINA was found to be a glycoprotein containing at least 10.7% carbohydrate and to have a normal serum concentration of 34 +/- 7 mug/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). Highly purified C3bINA cleaved neither free C3b nor free C4b if trace amounts of contaminating beta1H were removed from these proteins with anti-beta1H Sepharose. However, in the presence of highly purified beta1H and C3bINA, both C3bIna, both C3b and C4b were cleaved. Incubation of native C3 or C4 with C3bINA and beta1H had no effect on their cleaved. Incubation of native C3 or C4 with C3bINA and beta1H had no effect on their structure. The action of C3bINA and beta1H on C3b produced two fragments of the alpha1-chain which did not dissociate without reduction of the molecule. These fragments have mol wt of 67,000 and 40,000 daltons. The action of C3bINA and beta1H on C4b resulted in cleavage of the alpha'-chain giving rise to the 150,000-dalton C4c and the 49,000-dalton C4d fragments which dissociated without reduction. To produce from C3b the immunochemically defined C3c and C3d, fragments, the action of an additional serum enzyme appears to be required, the effect of which can be mimicked by trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:301547", "title": "Novel idiotypic and antigen-binding characteristics in two anti-dinitrophenyl monoclonal antibodies.", "content": "Monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies generated in the splenic focus system from B cells of adult BALB/c mice were studied for the presence or absence of murine anti-T15 (M anti-T15) reactivity and for their ability to bind phosphorylcholine (PC). Two foci of the 680 clones analyzed bound PC, and one of these antibodies reacted with M anti-T15 and anti-Fab on a 1:1 weight basis. The discovery of a clonotype reactive with M anti-15 but not with rabbit anti-T15 (R anti-T15) serum, the converse of the R anti-T15+, M anti-T15- clonotype identified in the PC-specific repertoire, points to the novel idiotypic relationships which may be found among homogeneous antibodies binding diverse antigens. The R anti-T15-, M anti-T15+ clonotype may represent a distinct set of hypervariable region sequences inserted into the T15 framework or may be a somatic variant of the T15 germ-line sequence. In addition, the maximum frequency with which this clonotype occurs within the B-cell pool is estimated.", "contents": "Novel idiotypic and antigen-binding characteristics in two anti-dinitrophenyl monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies generated in the splenic focus system from B cells of adult BALB/c mice were studied for the presence or absence of murine anti-T15 (M anti-T15) reactivity and for their ability to bind phosphorylcholine (PC). Two foci of the 680 clones analyzed bound PC, and one of these antibodies reacted with M anti-T15 and anti-Fab on a 1:1 weight basis. The discovery of a clonotype reactive with M anti-15 but not with rabbit anti-T15 (R anti-T15) serum, the converse of the R anti-T15+, M anti-T15- clonotype identified in the PC-specific repertoire, points to the novel idiotypic relationships which may be found among homogeneous antibodies binding diverse antigens. The R anti-T15-, M anti-T15+ clonotype may represent a distinct set of hypervariable region sequences inserted into the T15 framework or may be a somatic variant of the T15 germ-line sequence. In addition, the maximum frequency with which this clonotype occurs within the B-cell pool is estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:301548", "title": "Ontogeny of Ia and IgD on IgM-bearing B lymphocytes in mice.", "content": "We used immunofluorescence to examine the developmental relationship of Ia and IgD on B cells. Pre-B cells in fetal liver did not express Ia. Only very few surface IgM-positive (sIgM+) B cells in fetal spleen were found to be Ia+ and were weakly stained for Ia. After birth there was a linear increase in the proportion of sIgM+ spleen cells which expressed Ia, reaching 95% by 9 days. Adult bone marrow also contains a sizeable proportion of sIgM+ Ia- cells. Unstimulated cells from fetal or newborn liver and spleen expressed Ia at the same rate in culture. Anti-Ia antisera suppressed the LPS-induced differentiation of IgM and IgG plasma cells in cultures of neonatal lymphocytes. Ia was also detected on IgM and IgG plasma cells in vitro suggesting that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated B cells by may express Ia antigens, induced by LPS, or appearing as part of normal differentiation. IgD did not appear on sIgM+ cells until 3 days of age and then rose slowly to reach adult levels later than Ia antigens.", "contents": "Ontogeny of Ia and IgD on IgM-bearing B lymphocytes in mice. We used immunofluorescence to examine the developmental relationship of Ia and IgD on B cells. Pre-B cells in fetal liver did not express Ia. Only very few surface IgM-positive (sIgM+) B cells in fetal spleen were found to be Ia+ and were weakly stained for Ia. After birth there was a linear increase in the proportion of sIgM+ spleen cells which expressed Ia, reaching 95% by 9 days. Adult bone marrow also contains a sizeable proportion of sIgM+ Ia- cells. Unstimulated cells from fetal or newborn liver and spleen expressed Ia at the same rate in culture. Anti-Ia antisera suppressed the LPS-induced differentiation of IgM and IgG plasma cells in cultures of neonatal lymphocytes. Ia was also detected on IgM and IgG plasma cells in vitro suggesting that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated B cells by may express Ia antigens, induced by LPS, or appearing as part of normal differentiation. IgD did not appear on sIgM+ cells until 3 days of age and then rose slowly to reach adult levels later than Ia antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:301549", "title": "Induction of a ragweed-specific allergic state in Ir-gene-restricted nonresponder mice.", "content": "Mice of the inbred strains, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (H-2b), are genetically incapable of developing IgE antibody responses to ragweed pollen extract (RE) or its dinitrophenylated derivative, DNP-RE. This nonresponsiveness has previously been thought to reflect the absence of a relevant H-2-linked Ir genes controlling responses of inbred mice to these antigens. However, pretreatment of H-2b mice with either low doses of ionizing X irradiation or cyclophosphamide abrogates the nonresponder status of such animals, apparently by removal of a suppressive mechanism normally inhibiting development of IgE responses to these antigens. The implications of these findings for mechanisms of genetic control of IgE antibody synthesis and the Ir-gene concept are discussed.", "contents": "Induction of a ragweed-specific allergic state in Ir-gene-restricted nonresponder mice. Mice of the inbred strains, C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 (H-2b), are genetically incapable of developing IgE antibody responses to ragweed pollen extract (RE) or its dinitrophenylated derivative, DNP-RE. This nonresponsiveness has previously been thought to reflect the absence of a relevant H-2-linked Ir genes controlling responses of inbred mice to these antigens. However, pretreatment of H-2b mice with either low doses of ionizing X irradiation or cyclophosphamide abrogates the nonresponder status of such animals, apparently by removal of a suppressive mechanism normally inhibiting development of IgE responses to these antigens. The implications of these findings for mechanisms of genetic control of IgE antibody synthesis and the Ir-gene concept are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301550", "title": "The generation of killer cells to trinitrophenyl-modified allogeneic targets by lymphocyte populations negatively selected to strong alloantigens.", "content": "Negatively selected mouse and rat lymphocyte populations, specifically deprived of alloreactivity to a particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype, are nevertheless fully capable of responding to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified allogeneic stimulator cells and developing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity to TNP-altered allogeneic target cells. As for syngeneic systems, lytic expression of those responder killer cells also requires MHC identity between the target and stimulator cell populations. Such a finding argues strongly against two variations of the dual recognition hypothesis: like-like interactions and adaptive differentiation. Instead, these data favor either the altered self model or a third variation of the dual receptor model, where one of the relevent receptors is specific for the modifying antigen and the second is a low affinity receptor unable to be triggered in the absence of a modifying antigen.", "contents": "The generation of killer cells to trinitrophenyl-modified allogeneic targets by lymphocyte populations negatively selected to strong alloantigens. Negatively selected mouse and rat lymphocyte populations, specifically deprived of alloreactivity to a particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype, are nevertheless fully capable of responding to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified allogeneic stimulator cells and developing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity to TNP-altered allogeneic target cells. As for syngeneic systems, lytic expression of those responder killer cells also requires MHC identity between the target and stimulator cell populations. Such a finding argues strongly against two variations of the dual recognition hypothesis: like-like interactions and adaptive differentiation. Instead, these data favor either the altered self model or a third variation of the dual receptor model, where one of the relevent receptors is specific for the modifying antigen and the second is a low affinity receptor unable to be triggered in the absence of a modifying antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:301551", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic effector cells by immunocompetent thymus cell subpopulations.", "content": "Immunocompetent mouse thymus cell subsets (TH-2) cultured with allogeneic TH-2 cells, required a peripheral lymphoid cell in order to generate specifically cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in vitro. The helper cell is identified as a B cell, and can be supplied either in the mixture of target or responding peripheral cells, or in optimal ratios of 10:1 to 20:1 as nonproliferating cells syngeneic to the responder, when both responder and target are TH-2. Allogeneic helper cells are much less effective. Kinetic studies indicate that helper cell activity involves initial interaction with stimulator cell and is then required throughout the period of generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Addition of critical levels of certain IgG preparations, particularly IgG2A appears to support generation of CTL in TH-2/TH-2 cultures but is considerably less effective than intact B cells. Cytotoxicity generated under these conditions has the same genetic requirements for I-region histoincompatibility between stimulator and responder, and for K or D identity of stimulator and target cell, as has been reported for peripheral cell CTL.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic effector cells by immunocompetent thymus cell subpopulations. Immunocompetent mouse thymus cell subsets (TH-2) cultured with allogeneic TH-2 cells, required a peripheral lymphoid cell in order to generate specifically cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in vitro. The helper cell is identified as a B cell, and can be supplied either in the mixture of target or responding peripheral cells, or in optimal ratios of 10:1 to 20:1 as nonproliferating cells syngeneic to the responder, when both responder and target are TH-2. Allogeneic helper cells are much less effective. Kinetic studies indicate that helper cell activity involves initial interaction with stimulator cell and is then required throughout the period of generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Addition of critical levels of certain IgG preparations, particularly IgG2A appears to support generation of CTL in TH-2/TH-2 cultures but is considerably less effective than intact B cells. Cytotoxicity generated under these conditions has the same genetic requirements for I-region histoincompatibility between stimulator and responder, and for K or D identity of stimulator and target cell, as has been reported for peripheral cell CTL."}
{"id": "PMID:301552", "title": "Antibody-specific immunoregulation.", "content": "In recent years, much evidence has accumulated which demonstrates that an animal's immune system has the capacity to recognize its own antibody idiotypes. These findings suggest that self-idiotypic recognition may potentially play a role in the regulation of B-cell responses. The experiments presented in this report were carried out to determine if an animal develops the ability to specifically regulate the synthesis of antibodies specific for an antigen, subsequent to primary immunization to the particular antigen and concomitant with an initial antibody response. Employing the splenic fragment culture system we have compared the response of primary donor B cells in irradiated recipients which have been previously immunized to hemocyanin (Hy) alone or dinitrophenyl (DNP)-Hy plus Hy. The results indicated that only 25-30 percent of DNP- specific B cells stimulated by DNP-Hy in Hy immunized recipients could bestimulated by DNP-Hy in recipients immunized with Hy as well as DNP-Hy. B-cell responses to other haptens, such as fluoresceinated-Hy, and secondary DNP-specific B-cell responses were unaffected in DNP-Hy immunized animals. The nontrivial and specific nature of the observed decrease in primary DNP-specific B-cell responses was verified by the finding that the response of CB20 donor cells, which differ from BALB/c mice only in the immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype-linked locus, was unaffected in BALB/c recipient mice which had been immunized with DNP-Hy. Thus, it appeared that during a primary humoral immune response to a T- dependent antigen, an antibody-specific regulatory mechanism is induced which specifically limits the stimulation of hapten-specific primary, but not secondary, B cells. The important implications that these findings have for the understanding of the control of primary B-cell responses and the generation of secondary B cells is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody-specific immunoregulation. In recent years, much evidence has accumulated which demonstrates that an animal's immune system has the capacity to recognize its own antibody idiotypes. These findings suggest that self-idiotypic recognition may potentially play a role in the regulation of B-cell responses. The experiments presented in this report were carried out to determine if an animal develops the ability to specifically regulate the synthesis of antibodies specific for an antigen, subsequent to primary immunization to the particular antigen and concomitant with an initial antibody response. Employing the splenic fragment culture system we have compared the response of primary donor B cells in irradiated recipients which have been previously immunized to hemocyanin (Hy) alone or dinitrophenyl (DNP)-Hy plus Hy. The results indicated that only 25-30 percent of DNP- specific B cells stimulated by DNP-Hy in Hy immunized recipients could bestimulated by DNP-Hy in recipients immunized with Hy as well as DNP-Hy. B-cell responses to other haptens, such as fluoresceinated-Hy, and secondary DNP-specific B-cell responses were unaffected in DNP-Hy immunized animals. The nontrivial and specific nature of the observed decrease in primary DNP-specific B-cell responses was verified by the finding that the response of CB20 donor cells, which differ from BALB/c mice only in the immunoglobulin heavy chain allotype-linked locus, was unaffected in BALB/c recipient mice which had been immunized with DNP-Hy. Thus, it appeared that during a primary humoral immune response to a T- dependent antigen, an antibody-specific regulatory mechanism is induced which specifically limits the stimulation of hapten-specific primary, but not secondary, B cells. The important implications that these findings have for the understanding of the control of primary B-cell responses and the generation of secondary B cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301553", "title": "Immunostimulators induce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating activity and block proliferation in a monocyte tumor cell line.", "content": "Monocyte tumor cell line PU5-1.8 does not normally produce colony-stimulating activity (CSA) required by granulocyte and macrophage progenitors to proliferate and mature in agar. However, CSA is induced in the culture line by as little as 10 ng/ml endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with maximum CSA production and release to the medium between 2 and 3 days of incubation. Derived lipid A, but not alkali-treated LPS, is also active. Induction requires RNA and protein synthesis, but is not blocked by mitomycin C or Colcemid. Other inducers of CSA include Mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tuberculin protein preparation purified protein derivative, zymosan, and phorbol myristate. All inducing agents are specific inhibitors of the monocyte tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Latex beads, another macrophage-activating agent, are rapidly phagocytosed by PU5-1.8 cells, but neither inhibit growth nor induce CSA.", "contents": "Immunostimulators induce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating activity and block proliferation in a monocyte tumor cell line. Monocyte tumor cell line PU5-1.8 does not normally produce colony-stimulating activity (CSA) required by granulocyte and macrophage progenitors to proliferate and mature in agar. However, CSA is induced in the culture line by as little as 10 ng/ml endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with maximum CSA production and release to the medium between 2 and 3 days of incubation. Derived lipid A, but not alkali-treated LPS, is also active. Induction requires RNA and protein synthesis, but is not blocked by mitomycin C or Colcemid. Other inducers of CSA include Mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tuberculin protein preparation purified protein derivative, zymosan, and phorbol myristate. All inducing agents are specific inhibitors of the monocyte tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Latex beads, another macrophage-activating agent, are rapidly phagocytosed by PU5-1.8 cells, but neither inhibit growth nor induce CSA."}
{"id": "PMID:301556", "title": "Delayed facial palsy after head injury.", "content": "Where facial palsy follows head injury  after many days, the mechanism is not clear, and there has been no detailed study on this condition. In this prospective study, an attempt is made to estimate this complication of head injury, and to study its pathogenesis, natural history, prognosis, and sequelae which differ markedly from Bell's palsy. It has a much worse prognosis and so surgical decompression should be considered early in this condition.", "contents": "Delayed facial palsy after head injury. Where facial palsy follows head injury  after many days, the mechanism is not clear, and there has been no detailed study on this condition. In this prospective study, an attempt is made to estimate this complication of head injury, and to study its pathogenesis, natural history, prognosis, and sequelae which differ markedly from Bell's palsy. It has a much worse prognosis and so surgical decompression should be considered early in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:301557", "title": "HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The frequency of the MLC activating HLA-Dw2 determinant was found significantly increased to 68% among 37 patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis, compared to 30.2% among healthy controls. A similar (or stronger) degree of association was found with an \"Ia-like\" B cell specificity, SOW, while the association with HLA-B7 was less apparent. No correlation between HLA-Dw2 and signs of local synthesis of oligoclonal IgG or measles or rubella virus antibodies in the CNS was observed.", "contents": "HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis. The frequency of the MLC activating HLA-Dw2 determinant was found significantly increased to 68% among 37 patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis, compared to 30.2% among healthy controls. A similar (or stronger) degree of association was found with an \"Ia-like\" B cell specificity, SOW, while the association with HLA-B7 was less apparent. No correlation between HLA-Dw2 and signs of local synthesis of oligoclonal IgG or measles or rubella virus antibodies in the CNS was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:301558", "title": "Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 2: Chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matter.", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the periventricular gray matter is an effective means of relieving several types of pain without destruction of neural tissue. The effects are long lasting, often bilateral, and with judicious use do not appear subject to adaptation. However, sustained uninterrupted stimulation for several hours does lead to a reversible decrease in effectiveness. Side effects from stimulation are minimal and cause little or no untoward emotional changes. The results are discussed in terms of activation of an endogenous pain inhibitory mechanism that involves naturally occurring opiate-like factors such as the enkephalins and endorphins.", "contents": "Pain reduction by electrical brain stimulation in man. Part 2: Chronic self-administration in the periventricular gray matter. Electrical stimulation of the periventricular gray matter is an effective means of relieving several types of pain without destruction of neural tissue. The effects are long lasting, often bilateral, and with judicious use do not appear subject to adaptation. However, sustained uninterrupted stimulation for several hours does lead to a reversible decrease in effectiveness. Side effects from stimulation are minimal and cause little or no untoward emotional changes. The results are discussed in terms of activation of an endogenous pain inhibitory mechanism that involves naturally occurring opiate-like factors such as the enkephalins and endorphins."}
{"id": "PMID:301562", "title": "New synthesis of 1,4,2-dioxazoles and their pharmacological properties.", "content": "A series of 3-substituted 5-methoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-1,4,2-dioxazoles was prepared by addition of hydroxamic acids to acetylene esters. Eleven of these previously unknown compounds were submitted to general pharmacological screening, and several displayed modest CNS depressant activity.", "contents": "New synthesis of 1,4,2-dioxazoles and their pharmacological properties. A series of 3-substituted 5-methoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-1,4,2-dioxazoles was prepared by addition of hydroxamic acids to acetylene esters. Eleven of these previously unknown compounds were submitted to general pharmacological screening, and several displayed modest CNS depressant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:301563", "title": "Quantitative determination of fenclorac in serum.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for the analysis of fenclorac and its metabolite, 3-chloro-4-cyclohexylbenzeneglycolic acid, in human serum was developed. The parent compound represented at least 90% of the total species present in blood; the metabolite was present to the extent of about 10%, primarily in the elimination phase. The basic procedure consists of extraction of both compounds from serum, further extraction to remove interfering substances, alkaline conversion of fenclorac to the alpha-hydroxy acid metabolite, oxidation of this metabolite to the corresponding benzaldehyde derivative, and spectrophotometric measurement of the absorbance of the aldehyde at 252 nm. A comparison of serum concentrations obtained by this method with concentrations calculated from 14C-data following oral administration of 1-14C-fenclorac to eight normal adult volunteers indicated a 90% correlation between methodologies over a range of 1.4-25.5 microgram of fenclorac/ml of serum.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of fenclorac in serum. A spectrophotometric method for the analysis of fenclorac and its metabolite, 3-chloro-4-cyclohexylbenzeneglycolic acid, in human serum was developed. The parent compound represented at least 90% of the total species present in blood; the metabolite was present to the extent of about 10%, primarily in the elimination phase. The basic procedure consists of extraction of both compounds from serum, further extraction to remove interfering substances, alkaline conversion of fenclorac to the alpha-hydroxy acid metabolite, oxidation of this metabolite to the corresponding benzaldehyde derivative, and spectrophotometric measurement of the absorbance of the aldehyde at 252 nm. A comparison of serum concentrations obtained by this method with concentrations calculated from 14C-data following oral administration of 1-14C-fenclorac to eight normal adult volunteers indicated a 90% correlation between methodologies over a range of 1.4-25.5 microgram of fenclorac/ml of serum."}
{"id": "PMID:301565", "title": "Relationships between the chemical structure and pharmacological activities of D(-)S-and L(+)R-tropinoylcholines at cholinergic sites.", "content": "D(-)S-and L(+)R-tropinoylcholines were synthesized and their antagonisms to acetylcholine (ACh) were studied at muscarinic receptors (guinea-pig longitudinal ileal muscle), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (ChE). Tropinoylcholines were reversible competitive antagonists at muscarinic receptors. D(-)S-tropinoylcholine exhibited a higher affinity as an antagonist at muscarinic receptors than the L(+)R-isomer. ONE MOLECULE OF THE ANTAGONIST COMPETES WITH ONE MOLECULE OF THE AGONIST AT EACH MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SITE. Tropinoylcholines were competitive inhibitors of AChE. L(+)R-tropinoylcholine exhibited a lower K1 and a higher affinity for AChE. Therefore, muscarinic receptors were stereospecific for the D-configuration, whereas AChE was stereospecific forthe L-configuration of tropinoylcholine. Tropinoylcholines were week agonist at nicotinic receptors (frog rectus abdominis); they were substrates of ChE at low concentrations, but they inhibited ChE partially at high concentrations. L(+)R-tropinoylcholine had a lower apparent Km and a higher affinity than its isomer. Therefore, the esteratic site of ChE is possible stereospecific for the L-configuration of tropinoylcholine. Both tropinoylcholines were mixed inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive) of ACh hydrolysis by ChE. The results imply that the tropinoylcholines interact at a second site as well as the esteratic site.", "contents": "Relationships between the chemical structure and pharmacological activities of D(-)S-and L(+)R-tropinoylcholines at cholinergic sites. D(-)S-and L(+)R-tropinoylcholines were synthesized and their antagonisms to acetylcholine (ACh) were studied at muscarinic receptors (guinea-pig longitudinal ileal muscle), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (ChE). Tropinoylcholines were reversible competitive antagonists at muscarinic receptors. D(-)S-tropinoylcholine exhibited a higher affinity as an antagonist at muscarinic receptors than the L(+)R-isomer. ONE MOLECULE OF THE ANTAGONIST COMPETES WITH ONE MOLECULE OF THE AGONIST AT EACH MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SITE. Tropinoylcholines were competitive inhibitors of AChE. L(+)R-tropinoylcholine exhibited a lower K1 and a higher affinity for AChE. Therefore, muscarinic receptors were stereospecific for the D-configuration, whereas AChE was stereospecific forthe L-configuration of tropinoylcholine. Tropinoylcholines were week agonist at nicotinic receptors (frog rectus abdominis); they were substrates of ChE at low concentrations, but they inhibited ChE partially at high concentrations. L(+)R-tropinoylcholine had a lower apparent Km and a higher affinity than its isomer. Therefore, the esteratic site of ChE is possible stereospecific for the L-configuration of tropinoylcholine. Both tropinoylcholines were mixed inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive) of ACh hydrolysis by ChE. The results imply that the tropinoylcholines interact at a second site as well as the esteratic site."}
{"id": "PMID:301566", "title": "Current-voltage curve of sodium channels and concentration dependence of sodium permeability in frog skin.", "content": "1. The inward facing membranes of in vitro frog skin epithelium were depolarized with solutions of high K concentration. The electrical properties of the epithelium are then expected to be governed by the outward facing, Na-selective membrane.2. In this state, the transepithelial voltage (V) was clamped to zero and step-changes of Na activity in the outer solution ((Na)(o)) were performed with a fast-flow chamber at constant ionic strength, while the short-circuit current was recorded.3. At pre-selected times after a step-change of (Na)(o) the current response (I) to a fast voltage staircase was recorded. This procedure was repeated after blocking the Na channels with amiloride to obtain the current-voltage curve of transmembrane and paracellular shunt pathways. The current-voltage curve of the Na channels was computed by subtracting the shunt current from the total current.4. The instantaneous I(Na)-V curve thus obtained at a given (Na)(o) could easily be fitted with the constant field equation in the range between -50 and zero mV. This fit yielded approximate estimates of P(Na), the Na- permeability of the Na-selective membrane (at this (Na)(o)) and the cellular Na activity, (Na)(c). As residual properties of the serosal membrane were ignored the computed values are expected to underestimate the true ones.5. At constant (Na)(c), the steady-state value of 1/P(Na) increases linearly with (Na)(o). Error analysis and the effect of drugs show that the dependence is not due to the residual properties of the inward facing membranes but reflects the true behaviour of P(Na).6. The steady-state P(Na) at a given (Na)(o) is smaller than the transient P(Na) observed right after a stepwise increase of (Na)(o) to this value. The time constant of P(Na)-relaxation is in the order of seconds.7. In conclusion, Na transport through open Na-selective channels of the outward facing membrane of the stratum granulosum cells can be described as an electrodiffusion process which as such does not saturate with increasing (Na)(o). However, when added to the outer border of the membrane Na causes a decrease of P(Na) within several seconds. It is considered that binding of Na results in closure of Na channels.", "contents": "Current-voltage curve of sodium channels and concentration dependence of sodium permeability in frog skin. 1. The inward facing membranes of in vitro frog skin epithelium were depolarized with solutions of high K concentration. The electrical properties of the epithelium are then expected to be governed by the outward facing, Na-selective membrane.2. In this state, the transepithelial voltage (V) was clamped to zero and step-changes of Na activity in the outer solution ((Na)(o)) were performed with a fast-flow chamber at constant ionic strength, while the short-circuit current was recorded.3. At pre-selected times after a step-change of (Na)(o) the current response (I) to a fast voltage staircase was recorded. This procedure was repeated after blocking the Na channels with amiloride to obtain the current-voltage curve of transmembrane and paracellular shunt pathways. The current-voltage curve of the Na channels was computed by subtracting the shunt current from the total current.4. The instantaneous I(Na)-V curve thus obtained at a given (Na)(o) could easily be fitted with the constant field equation in the range between -50 and zero mV. This fit yielded approximate estimates of P(Na), the Na- permeability of the Na-selective membrane (at this (Na)(o)) and the cellular Na activity, (Na)(c). As residual properties of the serosal membrane were ignored the computed values are expected to underestimate the true ones.5. At constant (Na)(c), the steady-state value of 1/P(Na) increases linearly with (Na)(o). Error analysis and the effect of drugs show that the dependence is not due to the residual properties of the inward facing membranes but reflects the true behaviour of P(Na).6. The steady-state P(Na) at a given (Na)(o) is smaller than the transient P(Na) observed right after a stepwise increase of (Na)(o) to this value. The time constant of P(Na)-relaxation is in the order of seconds.7. In conclusion, Na transport through open Na-selective channels of the outward facing membrane of the stratum granulosum cells can be described as an electrodiffusion process which as such does not saturate with increasing (Na)(o). However, when added to the outer border of the membrane Na causes a decrease of P(Na) within several seconds. It is considered that binding of Na results in closure of Na channels."}
{"id": "PMID:301567", "title": "Chemical energetics in repeated contractions of frog sartorius muscles at 0 degrees C.", "content": "1. Recovery oxygen consumption (DeltaO(2)) was measured in aerobic, unpoisoned frog sartorius muscles at 0 degrees C following a series of repeated tetani.2. For a series of tetani having nearly identical tension-time integrals, DeltaO(2) was dependent on the interval between tetani and reached a maximal value for intervals equal to or greater than 200 sec.3. For a series of tetani at short (5 sec) intervals, DeltaO(2) was not distinguishable from DeltaO(2) following a single long tetanus having a tension-time integral similar to that of the sum of the series.4. A model is proposed to account for these observations in terms of the initial chemical reactions (Delta approximately P) including a saturable non-steady state reaction which utilizes about 1 mumole Delta approximately P/g and which is superimposed on an energy utilization proportional to the tension-time integral. Measurements of DeltaO(2) and Delta approximately P as functions of tetanic duration and interval between tetani are consistent with such a model.5. These experiments show that, in addition to parameters usually considered, the previous contractile history of a muscle plays a significant role in determining the chemical energy cost of an isometric contraction.", "contents": "Chemical energetics in repeated contractions of frog sartorius muscles at 0 degrees C. 1. Recovery oxygen consumption (DeltaO(2)) was measured in aerobic, unpoisoned frog sartorius muscles at 0 degrees C following a series of repeated tetani.2. For a series of tetani having nearly identical tension-time integrals, DeltaO(2) was dependent on the interval between tetani and reached a maximal value for intervals equal to or greater than 200 sec.3. For a series of tetani at short (5 sec) intervals, DeltaO(2) was not distinguishable from DeltaO(2) following a single long tetanus having a tension-time integral similar to that of the sum of the series.4. A model is proposed to account for these observations in terms of the initial chemical reactions (Delta approximately P) including a saturable non-steady state reaction which utilizes about 1 mumole Delta approximately P/g and which is superimposed on an energy utilization proportional to the tension-time integral. Measurements of DeltaO(2) and Delta approximately P as functions of tetanic duration and interval between tetani are consistent with such a model.5. These experiments show that, in addition to parameters usually considered, the previous contractile history of a muscle plays a significant role in determining the chemical energy cost of an isometric contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:301569", "title": "Relaxation experiments using bath-applied suberyldicholine.", "content": "1. The effect of step changes in membrane potential on the end-plate conductance change produced by bath-applied suberyldicholine was studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibres. 2. The suberyldicholine-induced conductance increased exponentially from its previous equilibrium level to a new equilibrium level following a step hyperpolarization. 3. For low suberyldicholine concentrations the time constant of this relaxation was independent of the concentration. 4. For low suberyldicholine concentrations the voltage dependence of equilibrium conductance and relaxation time constants was identical. 5. Bungarotoxin pretreatment did not affect the responses beyond a simple reduction in their amplitude. 6. The conductance evoked by high suberyldicholine concentrations was less voltage-sensitive than that evoked by low concentrations. 7. A new model for explaining noise and relaxation data is proposed. This postulates rate-limiting binding steps followed by a voltage-dependent isomerization.", "contents": "Relaxation experiments using bath-applied suberyldicholine. 1. The effect of step changes in membrane potential on the end-plate conductance change produced by bath-applied suberyldicholine was studied in voltage-clamped frog muscle fibres. 2. The suberyldicholine-induced conductance increased exponentially from its previous equilibrium level to a new equilibrium level following a step hyperpolarization. 3. For low suberyldicholine concentrations the time constant of this relaxation was independent of the concentration. 4. For low suberyldicholine concentrations the voltage dependence of equilibrium conductance and relaxation time constants was identical. 5. Bungarotoxin pretreatment did not affect the responses beyond a simple reduction in their amplitude. 6. The conductance evoked by high suberyldicholine concentrations was less voltage-sensitive than that evoked by low concentrations. 7. A new model for explaining noise and relaxation data is proposed. This postulates rate-limiting binding steps followed by a voltage-dependent isomerization."}
{"id": "PMID:301570", "title": "Voltage jump analysis of procaine action at frog end-plate.", "content": "1. In the absence of procaine the end-plate conductance evoked by suberyldicholine increases exponentially to a new level following a step hyperpolarization. In the presence of procaine the suberyldicholine-evoked conductance first rapidly decreases and then slowly increases following a hyperpolarizing step. The fast relaxation has a time constant of approximately 1 msec, and the slow relaxation a time constant of 10-150 msec.2. The existence and sign of these two relaxations is predicted by a sequential model in which procaine enters and blocks open but not closed end-plate channels. The concentration dependence of the fast and slow relaxation time constants agrees well with the predictions of this model, and allows the apparent dissociation constant for binding of procaine within the open channel to be estimated at about 20 muM at -80 mV membrane potential.3. This apparent binding constant is voltage sensitive. It decreases e-fold for 50 mV hyperpolarization, suggesting that the procaine binding site is electrically half way through the channel.4. Procaine concentrations comparable to the dissociation constant for binding to open channels strongly depress the equilibrium current evoked by low suberyldicholine concentrations. This finding is not in accord with the sequential model.5. A cyclic model in which procaine binds to both closed and open channels explains well the equilibrium observations. The affinity of procaine for closed channels is similar to its affinity for open channels, and is also increased by hyperpolarization. This model also fits well the kinetic observations, if it is assumed that blocked channels open and close much more slowly than unblocked channels.6. The concentration dependence of the relaxation amplitudes disagrees with the predictions of the sequential model, but agrees well with the predictions of the cyclic model.7. No other model appears to explain the various observations as economically as the cyclic channel blocking model. If the model is correct the ;gate' controlling the end-plate channel must be in the inner half of the membrane.", "contents": "Voltage jump analysis of procaine action at frog end-plate. 1. In the absence of procaine the end-plate conductance evoked by suberyldicholine increases exponentially to a new level following a step hyperpolarization. In the presence of procaine the suberyldicholine-evoked conductance first rapidly decreases and then slowly increases following a hyperpolarizing step. The fast relaxation has a time constant of approximately 1 msec, and the slow relaxation a time constant of 10-150 msec.2. The existence and sign of these two relaxations is predicted by a sequential model in which procaine enters and blocks open but not closed end-plate channels. The concentration dependence of the fast and slow relaxation time constants agrees well with the predictions of this model, and allows the apparent dissociation constant for binding of procaine within the open channel to be estimated at about 20 muM at -80 mV membrane potential.3. This apparent binding constant is voltage sensitive. It decreases e-fold for 50 mV hyperpolarization, suggesting that the procaine binding site is electrically half way through the channel.4. Procaine concentrations comparable to the dissociation constant for binding to open channels strongly depress the equilibrium current evoked by low suberyldicholine concentrations. This finding is not in accord with the sequential model.5. A cyclic model in which procaine binds to both closed and open channels explains well the equilibrium observations. The affinity of procaine for closed channels is similar to its affinity for open channels, and is also increased by hyperpolarization. This model also fits well the kinetic observations, if it is assumed that blocked channels open and close much more slowly than unblocked channels.6. The concentration dependence of the relaxation amplitudes disagrees with the predictions of the sequential model, but agrees well with the predictions of the cyclic model.7. No other model appears to explain the various observations as economically as the cyclic channel blocking model. If the model is correct the ;gate' controlling the end-plate channel must be in the inner half of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:301573", "title": "A non-T, non-B human leukemia cell line (NALM-1): establishment of the cell line and presence of leukemia-associated antigens.", "content": "A permanent hematopoietic cell line, designated NALM-1, was established from the peripheral blood of a patient who was in blastic crisis of Ph1-positive chronic myleocytic leukemia. By means of a panel of specific xenoantisera, the NALM-1 cells were found to express a specific antigen of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and blast leukemia-associated antigen. The cells exhibited no cell-surface receptors for sheep erythrocytes, IgG, or complement; neither cell-surface immunoglobulins nor cytoplasmic immunoglobulin were observed. Furthermore, normal T-cell or B-cell antigens, detectable by the antisera used in this study, were not found in the NALM-1 line.", "contents": "A non-T, non-B human leukemia cell line (NALM-1): establishment of the cell line and presence of leukemia-associated antigens. A permanent hematopoietic cell line, designated NALM-1, was established from the peripheral blood of a patient who was in blastic crisis of Ph1-positive chronic myleocytic leukemia. By means of a panel of specific xenoantisera, the NALM-1 cells were found to express a specific antigen of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and blast leukemia-associated antigen. The cells exhibited no cell-surface receptors for sheep erythrocytes, IgG, or complement; neither cell-surface immunoglobulins nor cytoplasmic immunoglobulin were observed. Furthermore, normal T-cell or B-cell antigens, detectable by the antisera used in this study, were not found in the NALM-1 line."}
{"id": "PMID:301574", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults.", "content": "Thirty cases of Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia with clinical and laboratory features have previously been recorded in adults. During the past three years, we have examined 18 patients in whom this diagnosis was established by transtracheal aspirate or blood culture. Our study suggests that H influenzae, both typable and nontypable strains, is a more frequent cause of pneumonia in adults than previously appreciated. We found no clinical values that distinguished H influenzae pneumonia from other bacterial pneumonias. A properly performed Gram's stain of a transtracheal aspirate specimen is classical in its appearance and facilitates instritution of appropriate initial treatment. The emergence of both typable and nontypable organisms resistant to ampicillin makes it important that organisms be isolated from reliable samples for sensitivity testing. With appropriate therapy, the prognosis for patients with H influenzae pneumonia appears to be good.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. Thirty cases of Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia with clinical and laboratory features have previously been recorded in adults. During the past three years, we have examined 18 patients in whom this diagnosis was established by transtracheal aspirate or blood culture. Our study suggests that H influenzae, both typable and nontypable strains, is a more frequent cause of pneumonia in adults than previously appreciated. We found no clinical values that distinguished H influenzae pneumonia from other bacterial pneumonias. A properly performed Gram's stain of a transtracheal aspirate specimen is classical in its appearance and facilitates instritution of appropriate initial treatment. The emergence of both typable and nontypable organisms resistant to ampicillin makes it important that organisms be isolated from reliable samples for sensitivity testing. With appropriate therapy, the prognosis for patients with H influenzae pneumonia appears to be good."}
{"id": "PMID:301582", "title": "Professional productivity and quality assurance phases II-V.", "content": "This study attempts to demonstrate that an emergency/ambulatory nurse practitioner (NP) performs her role in emergency medicine with reliability and thoroughness; that she can effectively work as part of a nurse practitioner-physician team (NP/MD), provided her capabilities are fully used and that her role is complementary to the physician's. The team effort results in a reciprocal effect as demonstrated by professional performance patterns (PPP) and a subliminal triage effect should develop between NP and the physician. A \"weighted\" professional productivity formula is presented that has interesting potential. Time flow data is presented along with other demographic data. The problem oriented medical record format, as adapted for emergency medicine, again demonstrated effective auditability.", "contents": "Professional productivity and quality assurance phases II-V. This study attempts to demonstrate that an emergency/ambulatory nurse practitioner (NP) performs her role in emergency medicine with reliability and thoroughness; that she can effectively work as part of a nurse practitioner-physician team (NP/MD), provided her capabilities are fully used and that her role is complementary to the physician's. The team effort results in a reciprocal effect as demonstrated by professional performance patterns (PPP) and a subliminal triage effect should develop between NP and the physician. A \"weighted\" professional productivity formula is presented that has interesting potential. Time flow data is presented along with other demographic data. The problem oriented medical record format, as adapted for emergency medicine, again demonstrated effective auditability."}
{"id": "PMID:301583", "title": "Relief of acute musculoskeletal pain using transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation.", "content": "In the emergency department of Dover Air Force Base Hospital, a primary care facility for active duty, retired, and dependent patients, transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation was employed for six months as initial treatment for musculoskeletal pain in 34 patients with acute symptoms. Pain relief ranging from 0 to 100% was achieved in a variety of acute pain states. Only one patient did not obtain pain relief. Although some patients did not receive permanent relief from pain, a significant number of patients did benefit from this new modality.", "contents": "Relief of acute musculoskeletal pain using transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation. In the emergency department of Dover Air Force Base Hospital, a primary care facility for active duty, retired, and dependent patients, transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation was employed for six months as initial treatment for musculoskeletal pain in 34 patients with acute symptoms. Pain relief ranging from 0 to 100% was achieved in a variety of acute pain states. Only one patient did not obtain pain relief. Although some patients did not receive permanent relief from pain, a significant number of patients did benefit from this new modality."}
{"id": "PMID:301585", "title": "[T and B lymphocytes before, during, and after cytostatic therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 56 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were studied before, during, and after therapy. At the time of diagnosis T lymphocytes were normal, the number of B lymphocytes was increased, and immunoglobulins usually were normal. Only two of 30 children had abnormally low immunoglobulin levels. Under therapy a progressive lymphopenia was observed. B cells were depressed most extensively. IgG and IgA levels showed a nadir during early treatment, i.e. after remission induction for IgG and 4-8 months after diagnosis for IgA. IgM was markedly elevated after meningosis prophylaxis. After cessation of therapy lymphocytes increased with an intense rebound of B cells. The recovery was not fully completed after one year free of therapy.", "contents": "[T and B lymphocytes before, during, and after cytostatic therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children (author's transl)]. In 56 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were studied before, during, and after therapy. At the time of diagnosis T lymphocytes were normal, the number of B lymphocytes was increased, and immunoglobulins usually were normal. Only two of 30 children had abnormally low immunoglobulin levels. Under therapy a progressive lymphopenia was observed. B cells were depressed most extensively. IgG and IgA levels showed a nadir during early treatment, i.e. after remission induction for IgG and 4-8 months after diagnosis for IgA. IgM was markedly elevated after meningosis prophylaxis. After cessation of therapy lymphocytes increased with an intense rebound of B cells. The recovery was not fully completed after one year free of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:301587", "title": "Use of autologous fascia lata as a pericardial substitute following open-heart surgery.", "content": "Thirteen patients requiring repeat open-heart surgery had autologous free fascia lata grafts implanted to effect complete pericardial closure. In four patients, the graft was used to augment the pericardial space because of myocardial failure and enlargement. In the remainder, fascia lata was used because shrinkage, scarring, or absence of the pericardium from prior operation prevented primary closure. No hemodynamic problems related to implantations of the grafts were seen. The harvesting of the grafts produced no functional deficits, and complications at the donor site were insignificant. Complete pericardial closure with fascia lata protects underlying myocardial structures (i.e., saphenous vein grafts) in the event that further reoperation for bleeding or infection is required. In addition, it provides for compartmentalization of the mediastinum, allowing accurate assessment of the site of postoperative bleeding.", "contents": "Use of autologous fascia lata as a pericardial substitute following open-heart surgery. Thirteen patients requiring repeat open-heart surgery had autologous free fascia lata grafts implanted to effect complete pericardial closure. In four patients, the graft was used to augment the pericardial space because of myocardial failure and enlargement. In the remainder, fascia lata was used because shrinkage, scarring, or absence of the pericardium from prior operation prevented primary closure. No hemodynamic problems related to implantations of the grafts were seen. The harvesting of the grafts produced no functional deficits, and complications at the donor site were insignificant. Complete pericardial closure with fascia lata protects underlying myocardial structures (i.e., saphenous vein grafts) in the event that further reoperation for bleeding or infection is required. In addition, it provides for compartmentalization of the mediastinum, allowing accurate assessment of the site of postoperative bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:301588", "title": "Autologous blood transfusion during cardiac surgery. A re-evaluation of three methods.", "content": "The use of autologous blood transfusion to decrease blood bank requirements and improve coagulation parameters during cardiac surgery is still controversial. This study was undertaken to re-evaluate three methods of autologous blood transfusion. Before bypass, 13 to 15 percent of the patient's estimated blood volume was removed and stored with either CPD or heparin at room temperature and returned via a peripheral vein after bypass. All patients had significant abnormalities in their PTT, PT, and platelet counts after bypass. Heparinized autologous blood removed from the vena cava cannula was the only technique which significantly improved the PTT and platelet count. Total blood bank requirements were significantly less for the autologous blood groups than for controls. There was a saving of 18 percent in banked blood requirements. Fresh frozen plasma and platelets were not found to be routinely needed during cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Autologous blood transfusion during cardiac surgery. A re-evaluation of three methods. The use of autologous blood transfusion to decrease blood bank requirements and improve coagulation parameters during cardiac surgery is still controversial. This study was undertaken to re-evaluate three methods of autologous blood transfusion. Before bypass, 13 to 15 percent of the patient's estimated blood volume was removed and stored with either CPD or heparin at room temperature and returned via a peripheral vein after bypass. All patients had significant abnormalities in their PTT, PT, and platelet counts after bypass. Heparinized autologous blood removed from the vena cava cannula was the only technique which significantly improved the PTT and platelet count. Total blood bank requirements were significantly less for the autologous blood groups than for controls. There was a saving of 18 percent in banked blood requirements. Fresh frozen plasma and platelets were not found to be routinely needed during cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:301589", "title": "Evaluation of saphenous vein bypass surgery with multistage treadmill test and ventricular function studies.", "content": "The study includes 50 patients with severe, stable angina who have undergone the saphenous vein bypass operation. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with regard to exercise tolerance, incidence of stress-induced agina, ST-segment changes of ischemia, and ventricular function as indicated by stroke work index (LVSWI) and ejection fraction. Comparisons were made between patients with complete revascularization (CR) and patients with postoperative residual ischemia (RI). Results revealed that exercise duration improved significantly in both the CR and RI groups. In the CR group, angina and ischemic ST changes were completely eliminated. In the RI group, there was a 25 percent incidence of stress angina and a 50 percent incidence of ischemic ST-segment changes. In neither group was the ejection fraction significantly different from preoperative values. LVSWI decreased significantly in both groups postoperatively.", "contents": "Evaluation of saphenous vein bypass surgery with multistage treadmill test and ventricular function studies. The study includes 50 patients with severe, stable angina who have undergone the saphenous vein bypass operation. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with regard to exercise tolerance, incidence of stress-induced agina, ST-segment changes of ischemia, and ventricular function as indicated by stroke work index (LVSWI) and ejection fraction. Comparisons were made between patients with complete revascularization (CR) and patients with postoperative residual ischemia (RI). Results revealed that exercise duration improved significantly in both the CR and RI groups. In the CR group, angina and ischemic ST changes were completely eliminated. In the RI group, there was a 25 percent incidence of stress angina and a 50 percent incidence of ischemic ST-segment changes. In neither group was the ejection fraction significantly different from preoperative values. LVSWI decreased significantly in both groups postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:301590", "title": "Pericardial constriction as a late complication of coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "A 55-year-old man had progressive dyspnea, recurrent atrial arrhythmias, and severe right heart failure following coronary bypass surgery. His condition improved only slightly with the usual decongestive therapy. When transferred for further studies 5 months after the operation, he had typical clinical and hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis. Review of chest films following the bypass operation revealed a large pericardial effusion or hematoma, the incomplete resolution of which probably caused the pericardial constriction confirmed at thoracotomy. The man was treated by pericardiectomy. A recent report on the incidence of overt tamponade soon after bypass surgery suggests that a significant volume of pericardial fluid accumulates in the early postoperative course in many instances and that late constriction may not be a rare complication. In treating patients who have circulatory congestion after such operations, it is important that the physician consider constrictive pericarditis and not assume that the clinical findings are the consquence of myocardial failure.", "contents": "Pericardial constriction as a late complication of coronary bypass surgery. A 55-year-old man had progressive dyspnea, recurrent atrial arrhythmias, and severe right heart failure following coronary bypass surgery. His condition improved only slightly with the usual decongestive therapy. When transferred for further studies 5 months after the operation, he had typical clinical and hemodynamic findings of constrictive pericarditis. Review of chest films following the bypass operation revealed a large pericardial effusion or hematoma, the incomplete resolution of which probably caused the pericardial constriction confirmed at thoracotomy. The man was treated by pericardiectomy. A recent report on the incidence of overt tamponade soon after bypass surgery suggests that a significant volume of pericardial fluid accumulates in the early postoperative course in many instances and that late constriction may not be a rare complication. In treating patients who have circulatory congestion after such operations, it is important that the physician consider constrictive pericarditis and not assume that the clinical findings are the consquence of myocardial failure."}
{"id": "PMID:301586", "title": "[Cardiovascular reactions in orthostatic tests and human resistence to vestibular stimuli].", "content": "The paper discusses the relationship between the vestibular stability of man and his cardiovascular regulation that develops during the recumbent-to-upright change of the body position. It describes specific parameters typical of the intermediate processes of the cardiovascular system that are prognostically important for the evaluation of the vestibular stability. The paper gives equations of multiple regression helping to predict the level of vestibular resistance with respect to the pattern of intermediate processes of the cardiovascular system during orthostatic tests.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular reactions in orthostatic tests and human resistence to vestibular stimuli]. The paper discusses the relationship between the vestibular stability of man and his cardiovascular regulation that develops during the recumbent-to-upright change of the body position. It describes specific parameters typical of the intermediate processes of the cardiovascular system that are prognostically important for the evaluation of the vestibular stability. The paper gives equations of multiple regression helping to predict the level of vestibular resistance with respect to the pattern of intermediate processes of the cardiovascular system during orthostatic tests."}
{"id": "PMID:301591", "title": "Ischemic cardiomyopathy: medical versus surgical treatment.", "content": "The natural history of patients with ischemic heart disease and depressed left ventricular function is dismal, and medical therapy has failed to alter its course. To assess the results of aorta-coronary bypass grafting in patients with coronary artery disease and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF less than or equal to 0.3), we compared 70 medically treated patients to 46 patients having aorta-coronary bypass grafting. The duration of follow-up was 6 to 72 months (mean 19 months). All patients had angina pectoris. Congestive heart failure was present in 56 percent (39/70) of the medical and 43 percent (20/46) of the surgical group. The medical group had a mean LVEF of 0.20 and a mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 29 mm. Hg. The surgical group had a mean LVEF of 0.21 and a mean LVEDP of 24 mm. Hg. Three vessel disease was found in 60 percent (42/70) of the medical group and 83 percent (38/46) of the surgical group. The operative mortality rate in the surgical group was 4 percent (2/46). There were four late deaths. The 2 year actuarial survival rate for medical and surgical groups was 47 percent and 83 percent, respectively. Significant improvement in angina pectoris and/or congestive heart failure was found in 16 percent (11/70) of medically treated patients and 95 percent (38/40) of the surgically treated patients. Aorta-coronary bypass grafting can be performed in patients with poor left ventricular function with a low operative mortality rate, relief of angina pectoris, and improvement in symptoms of congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Ischemic cardiomyopathy: medical versus surgical treatment. The natural history of patients with ischemic heart disease and depressed left ventricular function is dismal, and medical therapy has failed to alter its course. To assess the results of aorta-coronary bypass grafting in patients with coronary artery disease and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF less than or equal to 0.3), we compared 70 medically treated patients to 46 patients having aorta-coronary bypass grafting. The duration of follow-up was 6 to 72 months (mean 19 months). All patients had angina pectoris. Congestive heart failure was present in 56 percent (39/70) of the medical and 43 percent (20/46) of the surgical group. The medical group had a mean LVEF of 0.20 and a mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 29 mm. Hg. The surgical group had a mean LVEF of 0.21 and a mean LVEDP of 24 mm. Hg. Three vessel disease was found in 60 percent (42/70) of the medical group and 83 percent (38/46) of the surgical group. The operative mortality rate in the surgical group was 4 percent (2/46). There were four late deaths. The 2 year actuarial survival rate for medical and surgical groups was 47 percent and 83 percent, respectively. Significant improvement in angina pectoris and/or congestive heart failure was found in 16 percent (11/70) of medically treated patients and 95 percent (38/40) of the surgically treated patients. Aorta-coronary bypass grafting can be performed in patients with poor left ventricular function with a low operative mortality rate, relief of angina pectoris, and improvement in symptoms of congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:301596", "title": "[Simultaneous occurrence of pure red cell aplasia and malignant lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report will be given about a patient, in whom a pure red cell aplasia preceded an IgM paraprotein-aemia and the clinical manifestations of a malignant B-cell lymphoma. The discussion deals with the question of a fortituous occurrence of two different diseases or of a common pathogenetic mechanism by which the PRCA could be considered as a paraneoplastic manifestation of an immunoproliferative disease.", "contents": "[Simultaneous occurrence of pure red cell aplasia and malignant lymphoma (author's transl)]. A case report will be given about a patient, in whom a pure red cell aplasia preceded an IgM paraprotein-aemia and the clinical manifestations of a malignant B-cell lymphoma. The discussion deals with the question of a fortituous occurrence of two different diseases or of a common pathogenetic mechanism by which the PRCA could be considered as a paraneoplastic manifestation of an immunoproliferative disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301608", "title": "Impaired humoral immunity in treated Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "To define the contribution of aggressive lymphoma treatment to the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia, we investigated the humoral immunity of 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Specific antibody against Haemophilus influenzae Type b was significantly reduced (mean, 147 ng per milliliter, P less than 0.01) in patients receiving combined treatment (radiotherapy and chemotherapy), whereas single treatment reduced titers marginally (chemotherapy) or not at all (radiotherapy). Untreated patients had normal values (396 ng per milliliter), and splenectomy was without effect. In some patients who received combined treatment, titers were reduced to levels seen in infants. IgM levels were likewise normal in untreated patients. Chemotherapy, however, significantly reduced IgM levels (P less than 0.025), an effect potentiated by prior splenectomy. IgG, IgA, alternate-pathway activity, C3, C4 and CH50 were all normal or elevated. Aggressive treatment with chemotherapy and radiation impairs humoral defense against encapsulated micro-organisms, and thus magnifies the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Impaired humoral immunity in treated Hodgkin's disease. To define the contribution of aggressive lymphoma treatment to the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia, we investigated the humoral immunity of 44 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Specific antibody against Haemophilus influenzae Type b was significantly reduced (mean, 147 ng per milliliter, P less than 0.01) in patients receiving combined treatment (radiotherapy and chemotherapy), whereas single treatment reduced titers marginally (chemotherapy) or not at all (radiotherapy). Untreated patients had normal values (396 ng per milliliter), and splenectomy was without effect. In some patients who received combined treatment, titers were reduced to levels seen in infants. IgM levels were likewise normal in untreated patients. Chemotherapy, however, significantly reduced IgM levels (P less than 0.025), an effect potentiated by prior splenectomy. IgG, IgA, alternate-pathway activity, C3, C4 and CH50 were all normal or elevated. Aggressive treatment with chemotherapy and radiation impairs humoral defense against encapsulated micro-organisms, and thus magnifies the risk of post-splenectomy septicemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301613", "title": "Dynamics of folded proteins.", "content": "The dynamics of a folded globular protein (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) have been studied by solving the equations of motion for the atoms with an empirical potential energy function. The results provide the magnitude, correlations and decay of fluctuations about the average structure. These suggest that the protein interior is fluid-like in that the local atom motions have a diffusional character.", "contents": "Dynamics of folded proteins. The dynamics of a folded globular protein (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) have been studied by solving the equations of motion for the atoms with an empirical potential energy function. The results provide the magnitude, correlations and decay of fluctuations about the average structure. These suggest that the protein interior is fluid-like in that the local atom motions have a diffusional character."}
{"id": "PMID:301615", "title": "Radiological manifestations of infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts.", "content": "The clinical and roentgenographic findings in ten patients with infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts are presented. An approach to the neuroradiological evaluation of retrocerebellar cysts and their differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Radiological manifestations of infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts. The clinical and roentgenographic findings in ten patients with infratentorial retrocerebellar cysts are presented. An approach to the neuroradiological evaluation of retrocerebellar cysts and their differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301616", "title": "Shifting of the blood T:B lymphocyte ratio in myasthenia gravis patients after thymectomy.", "content": "The immunologic role of thymus in human adults is still unclear, in a high percentage of patients with myasthenia gravis, improvement of the disease follows thymectomy. The biologic basis of this phenomenon is also unknown. We found that patients thymectomized for more than 9 months have a low percentage of T cells (mean 34 percent). The mean T cell percentage in control myasthenia gravis patients is 52 percent. Patients thymectomized for more than 18 and 24 months exhibit values of T cell percentage not lower than those of patients thymectomized for more than 9 months. Our results may be interpreted according to a humoral action of the thymus in regulating the percentage of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Shifting of the blood T:B lymphocyte ratio in myasthenia gravis patients after thymectomy. The immunologic role of thymus in human adults is still unclear, in a high percentage of patients with myasthenia gravis, improvement of the disease follows thymectomy. The biologic basis of this phenomenon is also unknown. We found that patients thymectomized for more than 9 months have a low percentage of T cells (mean 34 percent). The mean T cell percentage in control myasthenia gravis patients is 52 percent. Patients thymectomized for more than 18 and 24 months exhibit values of T cell percentage not lower than those of patients thymectomized for more than 9 months. Our results may be interpreted according to a humoral action of the thymus in regulating the percentage of T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301617", "title": "Cerebellar hemorrhage: unusual ventriculographic findings.", "content": "A case of a cerebellar (vermian) hematoma that communicated with the fourth ventricle as seen on air study is presented. Although vertebral angiography appears to be the first diagnostic procedure of choice, the angiographic study may not be definitive diagnostically because it may be difficult to distinguish fourth ventricular enlargement from a cystic hematoma cavity in communication with the fourth ventricle. An air study may then be required to differentiate between such diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "Cerebellar hemorrhage: unusual ventriculographic findings. A case of a cerebellar (vermian) hematoma that communicated with the fourth ventricle as seen on air study is presented. Although vertebral angiography appears to be the first diagnostic procedure of choice, the angiographic study may not be definitive diagnostically because it may be difficult to distinguish fourth ventricular enlargement from a cystic hematoma cavity in communication with the fourth ventricle. An air study may then be required to differentiate between such diagnostic possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:301619", "title": "A computerized prenatal record.", "content": "An entirely computerized ambulatory medical record system is operational in a large health maintenance organization. A unique subsystem was designed for use in prenatal care, in which the provider's completion of a single encounter form at the time of visit meets all the information requirements of care delivery, administration, and quality assurance. Instead of using a conventional paper chart, computer-generated summaries and flow charts are automatically provided for scheduled visits and for use as a hospital preadmission record, significantly reducing the provider effort expended on record keeping. On-line inquiry function is also available using terminals at the ambulatory center and the hospital. The computer data base has been used for quality assurance studies in prenatal care. The system is well accepted by providers, is reliable, and is cost effective.", "contents": "A computerized prenatal record. An entirely computerized ambulatory medical record system is operational in a large health maintenance organization. A unique subsystem was designed for use in prenatal care, in which the provider's completion of a single encounter form at the time of visit meets all the information requirements of care delivery, administration, and quality assurance. Instead of using a conventional paper chart, computer-generated summaries and flow charts are automatically provided for scheduled visits and for use as a hospital preadmission record, significantly reducing the provider effort expended on record keeping. On-line inquiry function is also available using terminals at the ambulatory center and the hospital. The computer data base has been used for quality assurance studies in prenatal care. The system is well accepted by providers, is reliable, and is cost effective."}
{"id": "PMID:301620", "title": "Osteosarcoma during pregnancy.", "content": "Four white women who developed osteosarcoma during pregnancy were referred for treatment, 2 prior to delivery and development of metastases, and 2 after delivery and development of metastases. After amputation, these patients received combination chemotherapy with either vincristine-cyclophosphamide or adriamycin-cyclophosphamide followed by high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Two patients survived, 1 tumor-free and 1 with bony and soft tissue metastases. Management of pregnant patients with osteosarcoma should include the use of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy to prevent detectable metastases. This treatment should follow amputation or resection and early termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma during pregnancy. Four white women who developed osteosarcoma during pregnancy were referred for treatment, 2 prior to delivery and development of metastases, and 2 after delivery and development of metastases. After amputation, these patients received combination chemotherapy with either vincristine-cyclophosphamide or adriamycin-cyclophosphamide followed by high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue. Two patients survived, 1 tumor-free and 1 with bony and soft tissue metastases. Management of pregnant patients with osteosarcoma should include the use of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy to prevent detectable metastases. This treatment should follow amputation or resection and early termination of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:301621", "title": "Pregnancy in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic portal hypertension.", "content": "The course of pregnancy in 1 patient with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and cirrhosis, and another with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is described. The management of pregnancy in these diseases associated with portal hypertension is discussed and risks of pregnancy are compared. The patient with CAH presented with anovulatory cycles, and ovulation occurred following immunosuppressive therapy. Both women experienced massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophageal varices. Bleeding was difficult to control and required variceal ligation in 1. Both patients manifested features suggesting cerebral edema indicating the need for caution with fluid and electrolyte therapy. Recovery of the woman with CAH after termination of pregnancy was slow. Review of literature demonstrated that variceal bleeding occurred in 43% of women with EHPVO compared to 23% of those with CAH and cirrhosis. Additional complications including hepatocellular failure (24%) occurred in patients with CAH but not in EHPVO. The management of pregnancy in portal hypertension and advice for contraception or sterilization are discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic portal hypertension. The course of pregnancy in 1 patient with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and cirrhosis, and another with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is described. The management of pregnancy in these diseases associated with portal hypertension is discussed and risks of pregnancy are compared. The patient with CAH presented with anovulatory cycles, and ovulation occurred following immunosuppressive therapy. Both women experienced massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding from esophageal varices. Bleeding was difficult to control and required variceal ligation in 1. Both patients manifested features suggesting cerebral edema indicating the need for caution with fluid and electrolyte therapy. Recovery of the woman with CAH after termination of pregnancy was slow. Review of literature demonstrated that variceal bleeding occurred in 43% of women with EHPVO compared to 23% of those with CAH and cirrhosis. Additional complications including hepatocellular failure (24%) occurred in patients with CAH but not in EHPVO. The management of pregnancy in portal hypertension and advice for contraception or sterilization are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301622", "title": "[Structure of the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation in Anura. I. Destabilization of ooplasmic segregation and cleavage under the action of clinostatic rotation].", "content": "The yolk segregation in the developing Rana temporaria egg was studied both in vivo and under the effect of clinostate rotation, i. e. slow rotation around the horizontal axis imitating the state of weightlessness. From the moment of fertilization and during the whole period of cleavage the yolk was shown to subdivide succesively in distinct phases which differ by the characteristic value of yolk granules. During the normal development, in spite of the marked variability of form and mutual position of phases, the main elements of their animal-vegetative order are preserved. Under the effect of clinostate rotation the process of normal segregation becomes destabilized and variations in the egg structure are expressed by the beginning of gastrulation in the diversity of variants of distribution of the cellular material competent to different morphogenetic movements.", "contents": "[Structure of the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation in Anura. I. Destabilization of ooplasmic segregation and cleavage under the action of clinostatic rotation]. The yolk segregation in the developing Rana temporaria egg was studied both in vivo and under the effect of clinostate rotation, i. e. slow rotation around the horizontal axis imitating the state of weightlessness. From the moment of fertilization and during the whole period of cleavage the yolk was shown to subdivide succesively in distinct phases which differ by the characteristic value of yolk granules. During the normal development, in spite of the marked variability of form and mutual position of phases, the main elements of their animal-vegetative order are preserved. Under the effect of clinostate rotation the process of normal segregation becomes destabilized and variations in the egg structure are expressed by the beginning of gastrulation in the diversity of variants of distribution of the cellular material competent to different morphogenetic movements."}
{"id": "PMID:301623", "title": "[Structure of the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation in Anura. II. The elementary morphogenetic processes].", "content": "The clinostate rotation causes a wide range of gastrulation abnormalities in the Anura. A special investigation has shown that all gastrulation variants may be represented as various spatial-temporal compositions of the same morphogenetic processes isolated by means of formal experimental procedure. These processes are structurally stable rearrangements of tissue morphology and are spread in the tissue as a wave embracing more and more cells. The change of one local morphology for another may proceed either in the form of \"shock wave\", a moving distinct border between the cells already switched and not yet switched to the new automorphous movement, or in the form of \"deployment\" when the transition from one local morphology to another is continuously deployed in space.", "contents": "[Structure of the morphogenetic movements of gastrulation in Anura. II. The elementary morphogenetic processes]. The clinostate rotation causes a wide range of gastrulation abnormalities in the Anura. A special investigation has shown that all gastrulation variants may be represented as various spatial-temporal compositions of the same morphogenetic processes isolated by means of formal experimental procedure. These processes are structurally stable rearrangements of tissue morphology and are spread in the tissue as a wave embracing more and more cells. The change of one local morphology for another may proceed either in the form of \"shock wave\", a moving distinct border between the cells already switched and not yet switched to the new automorphous movement, or in the form of \"deployment\" when the transition from one local morphology to another is continuously deployed in space."}
{"id": "PMID:301624", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of rapid morphogenetic processes in embryonic tissue explants of amphibia].", "content": "Submicroscopic rearrangements are described. They serve as the bases of rapid (up to 20 min) changes in the form of the common frog neurula explants: formation of filamentous layer under \"naked\" surface, appearance of lobopodia on \"naked\" surface, their \"flow\", cell polarization and submersion. In all these processes an active part appears to be played by microtubules and microfilaments the bundles of which are always oriented along the long axes of active cells or the directions of passive mechanical tensions. In the cells which are not yet polarized the microtubules form under the surface adjacent to the already polarized cell. This may be considered as one of the chains of cooperative cell polarization.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of rapid morphogenetic processes in embryonic tissue explants of amphibia]. Submicroscopic rearrangements are described. They serve as the bases of rapid (up to 20 min) changes in the form of the common frog neurula explants: formation of filamentous layer under \"naked\" surface, appearance of lobopodia on \"naked\" surface, their \"flow\", cell polarization and submersion. In all these processes an active part appears to be played by microtubules and microfilaments the bundles of which are always oriented along the long axes of active cells or the directions of passive mechanical tensions. In the cells which are not yet polarized the microtubules form under the surface adjacent to the already polarized cell. This may be considered as one of the chains of cooperative cell polarization."}
{"id": "PMID:301625", "title": "[Study of the cytostatic action of the cytoplasm of oocytes and mature ova of the common frog and sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)].", "content": "The presence of the cytostatic factor found by Masui and Markert (1971) in the cytoplasm of oocytes and eggs of Rana pipiens was verified in the cytoplasm and mature inactivated eggs of the common frog Rana temporaria and sevryuga Acipenser stellatus. The cytoplasm was injected to the embryos of the same species at different phases of the first cleavage division in the animal region of one of the two blastomeres. The injection of cytoplasm did not cause the arrest of cleavage divisions. Many embryos proceeded to gastrulation. The cytoplasm of maturing oocyte and mature egg in the common frog and sevryuga, unlike in R. pipiens, has no cytostatic effect.", "contents": "[Study of the cytostatic action of the cytoplasm of oocytes and mature ova of the common frog and sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)]. The presence of the cytostatic factor found by Masui and Markert (1971) in the cytoplasm of oocytes and eggs of Rana pipiens was verified in the cytoplasm and mature inactivated eggs of the common frog Rana temporaria and sevryuga Acipenser stellatus. The cytoplasm was injected to the embryos of the same species at different phases of the first cleavage division in the animal region of one of the two blastomeres. The injection of cytoplasm did not cause the arrest of cleavage divisions. Many embryos proceeded to gastrulation. The cytoplasm of maturing oocyte and mature egg in the common frog and sevryuga, unlike in R. pipiens, has no cytostatic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:301627", "title": "Autoantibodies in cancer patients.", "content": "The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies was increased in patients with adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, chronic lesions of the cervix uteri, malignant melanoma, non-malignant pigmented skin lesions and basal cell carcinoma. The prevalence of smooth muscle antibodies was increased in patients with squamous carcinoma of the cervix and malignant melanoma. The prevalence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells and thyroid epithelial cells was not increased in any group of patients.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in cancer patients. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies was increased in patients with adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri, chronic lesions of the cervix uteri, malignant melanoma, non-malignant pigmented skin lesions and basal cell carcinoma. The prevalence of smooth muscle antibodies was increased in patients with squamous carcinoma of the cervix and malignant melanoma. The prevalence of antibodies to gastric parietal cells and thyroid epithelial cells was not increased in any group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:301628", "title": "The causes of interstitial pneumonitis in immunocompromised children: an aggressive systematic approach to diagnosis.", "content": "A systematic, aggressive approach to the immunocompromised child with interstitial pneumonitis has been used in 24 consecutive patients. Parent and physician awareness of early symptoms and signs had been emphasized. When laboratory data confirmed clinical suspicion, open lung biopsy was done and lung tissue was studied by impression smears, sections, and culture techniques. The etiologic agent was established by stained impression smears within three hours of receipt of tissue in 21 of 24 patients. Eighteen of 24 patients survived. Patients had a poor prognosis if they required ventilatory assistance (five of seven died) or had respiratory symptoms for three days or more prior to biopsy (four of 13 died). Children with solid tumors who had absolute lymphocyte counts less than 500/cu mm, had received chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the chest, and had developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis had a poor outcome (all three died).", "contents": "The causes of interstitial pneumonitis in immunocompromised children: an aggressive systematic approach to diagnosis. A systematic, aggressive approach to the immunocompromised child with interstitial pneumonitis has been used in 24 consecutive patients. Parent and physician awareness of early symptoms and signs had been emphasized. When laboratory data confirmed clinical suspicion, open lung biopsy was done and lung tissue was studied by impression smears, sections, and culture techniques. The etiologic agent was established by stained impression smears within three hours of receipt of tissue in 21 of 24 patients. Eighteen of 24 patients survived. Patients had a poor prognosis if they required ventilatory assistance (five of seven died) or had respiratory symptoms for three days or more prior to biopsy (four of 13 died). Children with solid tumors who had absolute lymphocyte counts less than 500/cu mm, had received chemotherapy and radiotherapy to the chest, and had developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis had a poor outcome (all three died)."}
{"id": "PMID:301629", "title": "[Effect of cortisone on calcium metabolism. Attempt at correction by 5,6 trans 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and vitamin D2].", "content": "14 patients receiving small doses of predisolone and 7 high doses were divided at random into three groups. Each group received for four weeks, 100 microgram of vitamin D2 or 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 or 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamin D3. The 25 hydroxy and 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamine D3 were able to increase intestinal calcium absorption. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 had an osteolytic action, increasing urine calcium and hydroxyproline and, once, in a patient slight hypercalcemia was observed. By constrast, 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamin D3 decreased PTH and caused a significant decrease in urine hydroxyproline.", "contents": "[Effect of cortisone on calcium metabolism. Attempt at correction by 5,6 trans 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and vitamin D2]. 14 patients receiving small doses of predisolone and 7 high doses were divided at random into three groups. Each group received for four weeks, 100 microgram of vitamin D2 or 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 or 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamin D3. The 25 hydroxy and 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamine D3 were able to increase intestinal calcium absorption. 25 Hydroxyvitamin D3 had an osteolytic action, increasing urine calcium and hydroxyproline and, once, in a patient slight hypercalcemia was observed. By constrast, 5,6 trans-25 hydroxyvitamin D3 decreased PTH and caused a significant decrease in urine hydroxyproline."}
{"id": "PMID:301640", "title": "Rheumatologic conditions of the wrist.", "content": "With the exception of the arthritis associated with rubella, acute wrist conditions have no pathognomonic physical findings. The primary physician can diagnose and treat the majority of wrist problems presented. Referral to a rheumatologist is necessary only when confronted with an anxious patient or an individual having persistent wrist pain and swelling of obscure etiology. This article focuses on rheumatologic problems of the wrist that are most likely to come to the attention of the primary physician.", "contents": "Rheumatologic conditions of the wrist. With the exception of the arthritis associated with rubella, acute wrist conditions have no pathognomonic physical findings. The primary physician can diagnose and treat the majority of wrist problems presented. Referral to a rheumatologist is necessary only when confronted with an anxious patient or an individual having persistent wrist pain and swelling of obscure etiology. This article focuses on rheumatologic problems of the wrist that are most likely to come to the attention of the primary physician."}
{"id": "PMID:301641", "title": "Pitfalls in transhepatic portography.", "content": "Difficulties commonly encountered in transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein and interpretation of portograms are discussed. A long-sleeved trocar is recommended. Curved guide wires and deflector assemblies may assist in superselective catheterization of the tributaries of the portal vein. The judicious use of embolic material (small volumes, slowly injected) should guarantee the success and safety of this technique. Transhepatic obliteration of the gastroesophageal veins is a relatively simple and usually successful form of palliative treatment for actively bleeding and stable gastroesophageal varices. Thoroughness of the embolization procedure and of interruption of blood flow in the gastroesophageal veins is necessary to prevent early recurrence of bleeding.", "contents": "Pitfalls in transhepatic portography. Difficulties commonly encountered in transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein and interpretation of portograms are discussed. A long-sleeved trocar is recommended. Curved guide wires and deflector assemblies may assist in superselective catheterization of the tributaries of the portal vein. The judicious use of embolic material (small volumes, slowly injected) should guarantee the success and safety of this technique. Transhepatic obliteration of the gastroesophageal veins is a relatively simple and usually successful form of palliative treatment for actively bleeding and stable gastroesophageal varices. Thoroughness of the embolization procedure and of interruption of blood flow in the gastroesophageal veins is necessary to prevent early recurrence of bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:301642", "title": "Angiography of massive hemorrhage secondary to pancreatic diseases.", "content": "Twenty patients with massive abdominal hemorrhage related to chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasms and arteriovenous malformations were studied angiographically. Abdominal hemorrhage drained most frequently into the gastrointestinal tract, but also flowed through cutaneous drain sites and fistulas, intraperitoneally, into pseudocysts and once into a large pancreatic tumor. The most common angiographic observation in pancreatitis was pseudoaneurysm formation. Both patients with arteriovenous malformation had dilated, racemose feeding arteries and early dense filling of the draining veins. Three patients had pancreatic carcinoma and documented bleeding from gastroesophageal varices related to portal or splenic vein occlusion by the tumor. Five patients were treated by vasopressin infusion, balloon tamponade, or therapeutic embolization.", "contents": "Angiography of massive hemorrhage secondary to pancreatic diseases. Twenty patients with massive abdominal hemorrhage related to chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasms and arteriovenous malformations were studied angiographically. Abdominal hemorrhage drained most frequently into the gastrointestinal tract, but also flowed through cutaneous drain sites and fistulas, intraperitoneally, into pseudocysts and once into a large pancreatic tumor. The most common angiographic observation in pancreatitis was pseudoaneurysm formation. Both patients with arteriovenous malformation had dilated, racemose feeding arteries and early dense filling of the draining veins. Three patients had pancreatic carcinoma and documented bleeding from gastroesophageal varices related to portal or splenic vein occlusion by the tumor. Five patients were treated by vasopressin infusion, balloon tamponade, or therapeutic embolization."}
{"id": "PMID:301643", "title": "[Neurological and clinical features of posterior fossa tumors in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Reevaluation of clinical records and radiological examinations in 132 cases of posterior fossa tumors under 16 years of age. The diagnostic contribution of neuroradiological investigations is discussed with special reference to air ventriculography; 9 cases are reported in detail.", "contents": "[Neurological and clinical features of posterior fossa tumors in children (author's transl)]. Reevaluation of clinical records and radiological examinations in 132 cases of posterior fossa tumors under 16 years of age. The diagnostic contribution of neuroradiological investigations is discussed with special reference to air ventriculography; 9 cases are reported in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:301656", "title": "In vitro culture of leukaemic cells from 81 patients with acute leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow and/or blood cells from 81 patients with acute leukaemia, including 50 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, were cultured in vitro using the agar culture method. The cells were cultured either in a single layer assay or with a normal source of colony stimulating factor (CSF) included in the culture. In almost all cases an abnormal growth pattern was seen, ranging between no growth and an excessive number of clusters. Immature granulocytic cells and macrophages were the dominating cell types in clusters and colonies from 14 out of 16 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. In the patients with acute myeloid leukaemia the remission induction rate was found to be related to the cluster incidence. Thus, 75% of the patients with a cluster incidence between 0-100 obtained a complete remission (CR), while only 31% of the patients with a high cluster incidence (greater than 1000/2 x 10(5) cells) obtained a remission. Cluster formation in the unstimulated cultures of CSF-sensitive cells did not seem to be of prognostic value. The correlation between prognosis and in vitro growth in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia stresses the need of obtaining more insight in those factors other than drug sensitivity, which are of importance for the therapeutic response.", "contents": "In vitro culture of leukaemic cells from 81 patients with acute leukaemia. Bone marrow and/or blood cells from 81 patients with acute leukaemia, including 50 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, were cultured in vitro using the agar culture method. The cells were cultured either in a single layer assay or with a normal source of colony stimulating factor (CSF) included in the culture. In almost all cases an abnormal growth pattern was seen, ranging between no growth and an excessive number of clusters. Immature granulocytic cells and macrophages were the dominating cell types in clusters and colonies from 14 out of 16 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. In the patients with acute myeloid leukaemia the remission induction rate was found to be related to the cluster incidence. Thus, 75% of the patients with a cluster incidence between 0-100 obtained a complete remission (CR), while only 31% of the patients with a high cluster incidence (greater than 1000/2 x 10(5) cells) obtained a remission. Cluster formation in the unstimulated cultures of CSF-sensitive cells did not seem to be of prognostic value. The correlation between prognosis and in vitro growth in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia stresses the need of obtaining more insight in those factors other than drug sensitivity, which are of importance for the therapeutic response."}
{"id": "PMID:301657", "title": "Nude mouse: a new experimental model for Pneumocystis carinii infection.", "content": "Experimental infection with both human- and rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii has been produced in nude mice by intrapulmonary injection of lung homogenates that contained P. carinii and by environmental transmission. Most infected mice did not appear ill, and their lungs exhibited a mild and nonspecific inflammatory response. Thus, P. carinii can be transmitted from one animal species to another, and this result suggests that a defect in thymic-dependent lymphocytes is important in the development of the infection. Experimental work with P. carinii in the nude mouse should be performed in isolators because of the communicability of the organism.", "contents": "Nude mouse: a new experimental model for Pneumocystis carinii infection. Experimental infection with both human- and rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii has been produced in nude mice by intrapulmonary injection of lung homogenates that contained P. carinii and by environmental transmission. Most infected mice did not appear ill, and their lungs exhibited a mild and nonspecific inflammatory response. Thus, P. carinii can be transmitted from one animal species to another, and this result suggests that a defect in thymic-dependent lymphocytes is important in the development of the infection. Experimental work with P. carinii in the nude mouse should be performed in isolators because of the communicability of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:301659", "title": "Motion sickness: an evolutionary hypothesis.", "content": "Since the occurrence of vomiting as a response to motion is both widespread and apparently disadvantageous, it presents a problem for evolutionary theory. An hypothesis is proposed suggesting that motion sickness is triggered by difficulties which arise in the programming of movements of the eyes or head when the relations between the spatial frameworks defined by the visual, vestibular, or proprioceptive inputs are repeatedly and unpredictably perturbed. Such perturbations may be produced by certain types of motion, or by disturbances in sensory input or motor control produced by ingested toxins. The last would be the important cause in nature, the main function of the emesis being to rid the individual of ingested neurotoxins. Its occurrence in response to motion would be an accidental by product of this system.", "contents": "Motion sickness: an evolutionary hypothesis. Since the occurrence of vomiting as a response to motion is both widespread and apparently disadvantageous, it presents a problem for evolutionary theory. An hypothesis is proposed suggesting that motion sickness is triggered by difficulties which arise in the programming of movements of the eyes or head when the relations between the spatial frameworks defined by the visual, vestibular, or proprioceptive inputs are repeatedly and unpredictably perturbed. Such perturbations may be produced by certain types of motion, or by disturbances in sensory input or motor control produced by ingested toxins. The last would be the important cause in nature, the main function of the emesis being to rid the individual of ingested neurotoxins. Its occurrence in response to motion would be an accidental by product of this system."}
{"id": "PMID:301658", "title": "Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone.", "content": "Relief of intractable pain was produced in six human patients by stimulation of electrodes permanently implanted in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. The level of stimulation sufficient to induce pain relief seems not to alter the acute pain threshold. Indiscriminate repetitive stimulation produced tolerance to both stimulation-produced pain relief and the analgesic action of narcotic medication; this process could be reversed by abstinence from stimulation. Stimulation-produced relief of pain was reversed by naloxone in five out of six patients. These results suggest that satisfactory alleviation of persistent pain in humans may be obtained by electronic stimulation.", "contents": "Pain relief by electrical stimulation of the central gray matter in humans and its reversal by naloxone. Relief of intractable pain was produced in six human patients by stimulation of electrodes permanently implanted in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray matter. The level of stimulation sufficient to induce pain relief seems not to alter the acute pain threshold. Indiscriminate repetitive stimulation produced tolerance to both stimulation-produced pain relief and the analgesic action of narcotic medication; this process could be reversed by abstinence from stimulation. Stimulation-produced relief of pain was reversed by naloxone in five out of six patients. These results suggest that satisfactory alleviation of persistent pain in humans may be obtained by electronic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:301660", "title": "Return of myosin heads to thick filaments after muscle contraction.", "content": "The heads of myosin molecules, which move to the vicinity of the thin filaments to react with actin during muscle contraction, return to the thick filaments after contraction. The return occurs in two stages; a rapid return of the majority of the myosin heads is followed by a slow return of the rest.", "contents": "Return of myosin heads to thick filaments after muscle contraction. The heads of myosin molecules, which move to the vicinity of the thin filaments to react with actin during muscle contraction, return to the thick filaments after contraction. The return occurs in two stages; a rapid return of the majority of the myosin heads is followed by a slow return of the rest."}
{"id": "PMID:301663", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of rectal bleeding in an adult using a radioisotope scan.", "content": "A 22-year-old man with burning pain in the lower abdomen and rectal bleeding had a sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan. The scan showed an area of uptake in the right lower quadrant which at operation was found to be a Meckel's diverticulum. The ability of ectopic gastric mucosa within a Meckel's diverticulum to concentrate sodium pertechnetate Tc 99 m allows for this noninvasive diagnosis of some types of rectal bleeding, especially when the cause has escaped detection by conventional endoscopic and barium contrast examinations.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of rectal bleeding in an adult using a radioisotope scan. A 22-year-old man with burning pain in the lower abdomen and rectal bleeding had a sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m scan. The scan showed an area of uptake in the right lower quadrant which at operation was found to be a Meckel's diverticulum. The ability of ectopic gastric mucosa within a Meckel's diverticulum to concentrate sodium pertechnetate Tc 99 m allows for this noninvasive diagnosis of some types of rectal bleeding, especially when the cause has escaped detection by conventional endoscopic and barium contrast examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:301664", "title": "Intracranial epidermoid tumor: discussion of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of intracranial epidermoid tumor are presented. These are uncommon tumors with no specific signs or symptoms, and their diagnosis depends upon a high index of suspicion. Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) was helpful in diagnosing one of the cases described and undoubtedly will be instrumental in identifying future cases. Epidermoid tumors are biologically benign. They are often amenable to resection, and therefore tissue diagnosis before starting any therapy is important.", "contents": "Intracranial epidermoid tumor: discussion of four cases. Four cases of intracranial epidermoid tumor are presented. These are uncommon tumors with no specific signs or symptoms, and their diagnosis depends upon a high index of suspicion. Computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) was helpful in diagnosing one of the cases described and undoubtedly will be instrumental in identifying future cases. Epidermoid tumors are biologically benign. They are often amenable to resection, and therefore tissue diagnosis before starting any therapy is important."}
{"id": "PMID:301665", "title": "Survival after distal splenorenal shunt.", "content": "These data support the conclusions that the distal splenorenal shunt is attended by the highest post-shunt survival as yet reported for patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis, portal hypertension and bleeding varices; the procedure is safe, and in this series, the mortality has been nil for 66 consecutive operations. An analysis of the causes of death suggests that continued alcohol abuse plays an important part in the late mortality among those in the post-shunt alcoholic cirrhosis group.", "contents": "Survival after distal splenorenal shunt. These data support the conclusions that the distal splenorenal shunt is attended by the highest post-shunt survival as yet reported for patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis, portal hypertension and bleeding varices; the procedure is safe, and in this series, the mortality has been nil for 66 consecutive operations. An analysis of the causes of death suggests that continued alcohol abuse plays an important part in the late mortality among those in the post-shunt alcoholic cirrhosis group."}
{"id": "PMID:301666", "title": "Left sided segmental portal hypertension following mesocaval interposition shunt.", "content": "Following a mesocaval interposition shunt in three patients with cirrhosis of the liver, bleeding esophageal varices recurred in two and left sided portal hypertension partially persisted in one patient. Angiographic and pressure studies of the portal system demonstrated effective decompression of the greater splanchnic venous system but continued lesser splanchnic venous hypertension. Recurrent variceal hemorrhage ceased following splenectomy done as an emergency. In contrast to a standard portacaval shunt, it is suggested that after an interposition mesocaval shunt, altered jet streaming of mesenteric blood flow may divert gastrosplenic venous drainage away from the interposition shunt with persistence of lesser splanchnic venous hypertension. Recognition of this entity and of the need for splenectomy is advocated.", "contents": "Left sided segmental portal hypertension following mesocaval interposition shunt. Following a mesocaval interposition shunt in three patients with cirrhosis of the liver, bleeding esophageal varices recurred in two and left sided portal hypertension partially persisted in one patient. Angiographic and pressure studies of the portal system demonstrated effective decompression of the greater splanchnic venous system but continued lesser splanchnic venous hypertension. Recurrent variceal hemorrhage ceased following splenectomy done as an emergency. In contrast to a standard portacaval shunt, it is suggested that after an interposition mesocaval shunt, altered jet streaming of mesenteric blood flow may divert gastrosplenic venous drainage away from the interposition shunt with persistence of lesser splanchnic venous hypertension. Recognition of this entity and of the need for splenectomy is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:301667", "title": "Bile acids, the \"barrier,\" and reflux-related clinical disorders of the gastric mucosa.", "content": "The present communication represents an effort to provide an overview of the available evidence (and speculation) which suggests that an interrelationship exists between bile acids, the so-called \"gastric mucosal barrier,\" and certain clinical diseases of the gastric mucosa in which reflux of upper intestinal content appears to be a pathophysiologic common denominator.", "contents": "Bile acids, the \"barrier,\" and reflux-related clinical disorders of the gastric mucosa. The present communication represents an effort to provide an overview of the available evidence (and speculation) which suggests that an interrelationship exists between bile acids, the so-called \"gastric mucosal barrier,\" and certain clinical diseases of the gastric mucosa in which reflux of upper intestinal content appears to be a pathophysiologic common denominator."}
{"id": "PMID:301668", "title": "The prevention and correction of hypocalcemia in the parathyroidectomized rat by portacaval shunt.", "content": "Adult rats underwent end-to-side portacaval shunt either 30 days prior to or 12 days following parathyroidectomy. When portacaval shunt was performed initially, the serum calcium failed to decrease following subsequent parathyroidectomy and remained within normal levels up to 110 days. When parathyroidectomy first was done, the significant hypocalcemia was corrected subsequently by portacaval shunt and serum calcium remained close to the normal level up to 75 days. The effect of portacaval shunt depended on the calcium content of the food and was obtained only when rats were fed by a regular diet. Rats on a calcium-deficient diet were hypocalcemic, similar to the parathyroidectomized rats without the portacaval shunt. Prolonged calcium-deficient diet alone, without parathyroidectomy, did not by itself result in hypocalcemia either in the intact rat or in the portacaval shunted rat. The data indicate that portacaval shunt prevents and corrects hypocalcemia in the parathyroidectomized Lewis rat as long as sufficient calcium is available in the diet.", "contents": "The prevention and correction of hypocalcemia in the parathyroidectomized rat by portacaval shunt. Adult rats underwent end-to-side portacaval shunt either 30 days prior to or 12 days following parathyroidectomy. When portacaval shunt was performed initially, the serum calcium failed to decrease following subsequent parathyroidectomy and remained within normal levels up to 110 days. When parathyroidectomy first was done, the significant hypocalcemia was corrected subsequently by portacaval shunt and serum calcium remained close to the normal level up to 75 days. The effect of portacaval shunt depended on the calcium content of the food and was obtained only when rats were fed by a regular diet. Rats on a calcium-deficient diet were hypocalcemic, similar to the parathyroidectomized rats without the portacaval shunt. Prolonged calcium-deficient diet alone, without parathyroidectomy, did not by itself result in hypocalcemia either in the intact rat or in the portacaval shunted rat. The data indicate that portacaval shunt prevents and corrects hypocalcemia in the parathyroidectomized Lewis rat as long as sufficient calcium is available in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:301676", "title": "IgM participation in tumor rejection by immunized mice.", "content": "IgG and IgM participation in tumor rejection was studied in DBA/2 mice immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice immunized against Ehrlich adenocarcinoma. In both the systems, IgM globulins seem to be implicated and are present on the cell surface of macrophages, lymphocytes and cancer cells, while IgG globulins are present only on some lymphocytes. IgM are also present in the peritoneal washing fluids (obtained 24 h of the control group. In the former group, protein content is about three times higher than that in the control group, while the relative amount of heavy proteins (18 S) and light proteins (7 S) is quite similar. These observations are discussed, as is the possibility that some complement components as C3 may participate in the reaction.", "contents": "IgM participation in tumor rejection by immunized mice. IgG and IgM participation in tumor rejection was studied in DBA/2 mice immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice immunized against Ehrlich adenocarcinoma. In both the systems, IgM globulins seem to be implicated and are present on the cell surface of macrophages, lymphocytes and cancer cells, while IgG globulins are present only on some lymphocytes. IgM are also present in the peritoneal washing fluids (obtained 24 h of the control group. In the former group, protein content is about three times higher than that in the control group, while the relative amount of heavy proteins (18 S) and light proteins (7 S) is quite similar. These observations are discussed, as is the possibility that some complement components as C3 may participate in the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:301685", "title": "[Changes in the level of alpha1-antitrypsin in bronchial asthma].", "content": "The alfa1-antitrypsin level was followed up in patients with bronchial asthma with different forms and severity of the disease. The latter was found to be elevated in all patient groups with an average of 335,38 mg% as compared with the controls 290.83 mg%, p less than 0,01. The elevated antitrypsin is explained with the allergic process and the secondary bacterial inflammatory reactions, triggering the formation of antienzyme substances, in order to inactivate the enzymes, playing a certain role in the pathogenesis of the first two processes--allergy and bacterial inflammation. In patients, both treated and not with cortisone, antitrypsin is elevated with no manifestation of significant difference for both patient groups. The cortisone preparations very likely do not supress the antienzyme systems in organism. As regards the pathogenetic role of alfa1-antitrypsin deficiency in asthma, the latter is admitted to play an insignificant role only in single cases.", "contents": "[Changes in the level of alpha1-antitrypsin in bronchial asthma]. The alfa1-antitrypsin level was followed up in patients with bronchial asthma with different forms and severity of the disease. The latter was found to be elevated in all patient groups with an average of 335,38 mg% as compared with the controls 290.83 mg%, p less than 0,01. The elevated antitrypsin is explained with the allergic process and the secondary bacterial inflammatory reactions, triggering the formation of antienzyme substances, in order to inactivate the enzymes, playing a certain role in the pathogenesis of the first two processes--allergy and bacterial inflammation. In patients, both treated and not with cortisone, antitrypsin is elevated with no manifestation of significant difference for both patient groups. The cortisone preparations very likely do not supress the antienzyme systems in organism. As regards the pathogenetic role of alfa1-antitrypsin deficiency in asthma, the latter is admitted to play an insignificant role only in single cases."}
{"id": "PMID:301686", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children.", "content": "From a retrospective study at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center, it is evident that pneumocystic carinii pneumonia is being seen more frequently as a secondary complication to the use of immunosuppressive drugs. This disease presents with nonspecific respiratory symptoms, therefore a high degree of suspicion and knowledge of the population at risk are necessary for an early diagnosis. Except for x-ray films of the chest, physical and laboratory studies are of minimal diagnostic value. In a patient with compromised immune defenses and respiratory distress, bilateral diffuse reticular infiltrates seen on a film of the chest are highly suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The diagnosis should be confirmed histologically because a variety of pathogens can cause these findings and each requires a specific treatment. At our institution, open thoracotomy is the method of choice for obtaining a lung biopsy specimen. Pentamidine isothionate is moderately effective against this usually fatal disease, but its effectiveness depends on beginning treatment early in the illness.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children. From a retrospective study at the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center, it is evident that pneumocystic carinii pneumonia is being seen more frequently as a secondary complication to the use of immunosuppressive drugs. This disease presents with nonspecific respiratory symptoms, therefore a high degree of suspicion and knowledge of the population at risk are necessary for an early diagnosis. Except for x-ray films of the chest, physical and laboratory studies are of minimal diagnostic value. In a patient with compromised immune defenses and respiratory distress, bilateral diffuse reticular infiltrates seen on a film of the chest are highly suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The diagnosis should be confirmed histologically because a variety of pathogens can cause these findings and each requires a specific treatment. At our institution, open thoracotomy is the method of choice for obtaining a lung biopsy specimen. Pentamidine isothionate is moderately effective against this usually fatal disease, but its effectiveness depends on beginning treatment early in the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:301690", "title": "Treatment and prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Primary ventricular fibrillation especially occurs during the first hours after acute myocardial infarction and is often not preceded by premonitory ventricular premature beats. In hospital primary ventricular fibrillation can be prevented by an intravenous lidocaine regimen in a rather high dosage. By contrast the effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing out-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation is unestablished. If recurrent attacks of primary ventricular fibrillation supervene, intervention with antiarrhythmic therapy and/or cardiac pacing is often unsuccessful. Repeated defibrillation should be carried out under these circumstances. If properly treated primary ventricular fibrillation is associated with a good short and long term prognosis.", "contents": "Treatment and prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. Primary ventricular fibrillation especially occurs during the first hours after acute myocardial infarction and is often not preceded by premonitory ventricular premature beats. In hospital primary ventricular fibrillation can be prevented by an intravenous lidocaine regimen in a rather high dosage. By contrast the effectiveness of intramuscular lidocaine in preventing out-hospital primary ventricular fibrillation is unestablished. If recurrent attacks of primary ventricular fibrillation supervene, intervention with antiarrhythmic therapy and/or cardiac pacing is often unsuccessful. Repeated defibrillation should be carried out under these circumstances. If properly treated primary ventricular fibrillation is associated with a good short and long term prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301691", "title": "[Research on a rational basis for the origin and treatment of arrhythmia].", "content": "Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies have revealed that the anti-arrhythmic drugs in use today possess one, or more than one, of four classes of action. 1) A direct action on the cardiac membrane, comparable to the action of local anaesthetics on nerve, which prevents the heart responding at a high frequency, by interfering with the entry of fast depolarising (sodium) current. 2) An anti-sympathetic action, achieved either by competition with adrenoceptors or by blockade of the release of noradrenaline. 3) An action on the phase of repolarisation, which delays the exit of outward current and so prolongs the absolute refractory period. 4) An action on the slow inward current, which reduces the secondary depolarisation (the \"plateau\") by calcium ions. Arrhythmias become more probable as a result of many different factors, and it is shown how each of the four classes of action can eliminate one of these arrhythmogenic factors, so that a rational explanation can be given for the mode of action of the various anti-arrhythmic drugs.", "contents": "[Research on a rational basis for the origin and treatment of arrhythmia]. Electrophysiological and pharmacological studies have revealed that the anti-arrhythmic drugs in use today possess one, or more than one, of four classes of action. 1) A direct action on the cardiac membrane, comparable to the action of local anaesthetics on nerve, which prevents the heart responding at a high frequency, by interfering with the entry of fast depolarising (sodium) current. 2) An anti-sympathetic action, achieved either by competition with adrenoceptors or by blockade of the release of noradrenaline. 3) An action on the phase of repolarisation, which delays the exit of outward current and so prolongs the absolute refractory period. 4) An action on the slow inward current, which reduces the secondary depolarisation (the \"plateau\") by calcium ions. Arrhythmias become more probable as a result of many different factors, and it is shown how each of the four classes of action can eliminate one of these arrhythmogenic factors, so that a rational explanation can be given for the mode of action of the various anti-arrhythmic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:301692", "title": "[Role of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis and treatment of arrhythmia].", "content": "This review deals successively with the anatomy and physiology of cardiac autonomous control, the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmogenic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and the role played in their therapeutical effects by the interaction between antiarrhythmic durgs and the autonomous control of the heart.", "contents": "[Role of the autonomic nervous system in the genesis and treatment of arrhythmia]. This review deals successively with the anatomy and physiology of cardiac autonomous control, the mechanisms underlying the arrhythmogenic effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and the role played in their therapeutical effects by the interaction between antiarrhythmic durgs and the autonomous control of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:301694", "title": "[Use and mechanism of action of digitalis glycosides as anti-arrhythmic drugs].", "content": "Digitalis glycosides are used in the supraventricular arrhythmias either to slow the ventricular response or to restore or maintain sinus rhythm. The direct cellular effects of digitalis are probably not involved in its antiarrhythmic action. The indirect effects of digitalis through parasympathetic stimulation and adrenergic inhibition explain the results obtained when treating arrhythmias. At toxic doses, adrenergic stimulation may contribute to the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity.", "contents": "[Use and mechanism of action of digitalis glycosides as anti-arrhythmic drugs]. Digitalis glycosides are used in the supraventricular arrhythmias either to slow the ventricular response or to restore or maintain sinus rhythm. The direct cellular effects of digitalis are probably not involved in its antiarrhythmic action. The indirect effects of digitalis through parasympathetic stimulation and adrenergic inhibition explain the results obtained when treating arrhythmias. At toxic doses, adrenergic stimulation may contribute to the arrhythmias of digitalis toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:301695", "title": "[Carcinoma of the stomach].", "content": "During the period from 1961 to 1976 884 patients with cancer of the stomach were registered and treated at surgical Clinic in Zagreb. From those cases 607 (68,66%) were men and 277 (31,34%) women. The age of patients varied from 50 to 70 years. More of them were pensoners and farmers. From those patients 196 (22,17%) were smokers and 176 (19,9%) alcoholics. All of them had usual symptoms of cancers of the stomach, mainly combined with loss in weight, loss of appetite and gastrointestinal bleeding. Average duration of symptoms before coming to the Clinic was six months. Preoperatively 88 (9,9%) were inoperable. By explorative laparotomy 175 (17,5%) inoperable cases were found. At 261 (29,5%) palliative operations were done. 63 (7,1%) patients refused to be operated. Using different methods 297 (35,5%) patients were radical operated. The most frequent were adenocarcinoma and after them gastric ulcers which became malignant. The most frequent causes of death were peritonitis and pneumonia. 7,3% of radically operated patients survived 5 years.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the stomach]. During the period from 1961 to 1976 884 patients with cancer of the stomach were registered and treated at surgical Clinic in Zagreb. From those cases 607 (68,66%) were men and 277 (31,34%) women. The age of patients varied from 50 to 70 years. More of them were pensoners and farmers. From those patients 196 (22,17%) were smokers and 176 (19,9%) alcoholics. All of them had usual symptoms of cancers of the stomach, mainly combined with loss in weight, loss of appetite and gastrointestinal bleeding. Average duration of symptoms before coming to the Clinic was six months. Preoperatively 88 (9,9%) were inoperable. By explorative laparotomy 175 (17,5%) inoperable cases were found. At 261 (29,5%) palliative operations were done. 63 (7,1%) patients refused to be operated. Using different methods 297 (35,5%) patients were radical operated. The most frequent were adenocarcinoma and after them gastric ulcers which became malignant. The most frequent causes of death were peritonitis and pneumonia. 7,3% of radically operated patients survived 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:301699", "title": "Intrafamily spread of Haemophilus type b infections.", "content": "Meningitis and epiglottitis are the clinical manifestations of severe Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection. Compared with meningitis, epiglottitis occurs in older children. When secondary cases occur within the family, the type of clinical manifestation produced by this serotype is generally similar in siblings. This report concerns the unusual occurrence of meningitis developing in older child and epiglottitis developing in the younger one. We discuss the possible explanations for this unusual pattern. We also survey the spread of H influenzae both within and outside the family unit and review the present status of histocompatibility antigens and Haemophilus disease.", "contents": "Intrafamily spread of Haemophilus type b infections. Meningitis and epiglottitis are the clinical manifestations of severe Haemophilus influenzae serotype b infection. Compared with meningitis, epiglottitis occurs in older children. When secondary cases occur within the family, the type of clinical manifestation produced by this serotype is generally similar in siblings. This report concerns the unusual occurrence of meningitis developing in older child and epiglottitis developing in the younger one. We discuss the possible explanations for this unusual pattern. We also survey the spread of H influenzae both within and outside the family unit and review the present status of histocompatibility antigens and Haemophilus disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301701", "title": "Occupational therapy sequential client care recording system: a comparative study.", "content": "The client care record is a key document for determining standards of care in occupational therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a client care recording system for occupational therapy that combined the theoretical framework of the Developmental Analysis, Evaluation and Intervention Schedule, and the scientific method of the Problem Oriented Medical Record. The research form of the client care record was compared to a traditional client care record in current use in an occupational therapy clinic. An interdisciplinary panel of health professionals rated both the original and proposed form of the record on the variables of completeness, organization, understandability, and usefulness. The findings show statistically significant differences between the client care record based on the combined Developmental Analysis, Evaluation and Intervention Schedule and the Problem Oriented Medical Record and the currently used record system.", "contents": "Occupational therapy sequential client care recording system: a comparative study. The client care record is a key document for determining standards of care in occupational therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a client care recording system for occupational therapy that combined the theoretical framework of the Developmental Analysis, Evaluation and Intervention Schedule, and the scientific method of the Problem Oriented Medical Record. The research form of the client care record was compared to a traditional client care record in current use in an occupational therapy clinic. An interdisciplinary panel of health professionals rated both the original and proposed form of the record on the variables of completeness, organization, understandability, and usefulness. The findings show statistically significant differences between the client care record based on the combined Developmental Analysis, Evaluation and Intervention Schedule and the Problem Oriented Medical Record and the currently used record system."}
{"id": "PMID:301702", "title": "The Roth 28-hue test.", "content": "The Roth 28-hue test, first described in 1966, uses every third color cap from the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (85-color-cap) test. Protans, deutans, and tritans exhibit slightly different confusion axes on the Roth 28-hue test and the Farnsworth D-15 test. These axes are illustrated on a CIE chromaticity diagram. The little-used Roth 28-hue test may be a good compromise between the D-15 and 100-hue tests, but clinical trials for verification are needed.", "contents": "The Roth 28-hue test. The Roth 28-hue test, first described in 1966, uses every third color cap from the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (85-color-cap) test. Protans, deutans, and tritans exhibit slightly different confusion axes on the Roth 28-hue test and the Farnsworth D-15 test. These axes are illustrated on a CIE chromaticity diagram. The little-used Roth 28-hue test may be a good compromise between the D-15 and 100-hue tests, but clinical trials for verification are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:301703", "title": "Effects of luminance and contrast on visual acuity, ages 16 to 90 years.", "content": "Visual acuity of persons aged 16 to 90 years was measured with Snellen letters of varied contrast at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 fl chart luminances. Percentage losses of seeing with age were computed. At 10 fl luminance, perception of high- and medium-contrast letters has changed little at age 40, but about twice as much light is needed to see low-contrast letters as at age 20. By age 70, no 2-min-subtense (20/40) letters were seen at 0.01 fl luminance. The need of older people for increased lighting during indoor tasks and night driving is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of luminance and contrast on visual acuity, ages 16 to 90 years. Visual acuity of persons aged 16 to 90 years was measured with Snellen letters of varied contrast at 10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 fl chart luminances. Percentage losses of seeing with age were computed. At 10 fl luminance, perception of high- and medium-contrast letters has changed little at age 40, but about twice as much light is needed to see low-contrast letters as at age 20. By age 70, no 2-min-subtense (20/40) letters were seen at 0.01 fl luminance. The need of older people for increased lighting during indoor tasks and night driving is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301698", "title": "Analysis and function of T and B cell subpopulations in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Studies carried out in vitro with purified T cells from patients with sarcoidosis demonstrate that: 1. There is an important loss in peripheral blood T cells in active sarcoidosis. 2. These T cells seem to be functionally normal (PHA response, lymphokine production). 3. Memory cells to previously encountered antigens are still present in anergic sarcoidosis. 4. Stimulation of memory cells need the presence of sensitized macrophages from healthy individuals. 5. The stimulation of lymphokine producing T cells also need the presence of healthy macrophages. It is suggested that the development of anergy in sarcoidosis may result at least partly, from an abnormal function of macrophages.", "contents": "Analysis and function of T and B cell subpopulations in sarcoidosis. Studies carried out in vitro with purified T cells from patients with sarcoidosis demonstrate that: 1. There is an important loss in peripheral blood T cells in active sarcoidosis. 2. These T cells seem to be functionally normal (PHA response, lymphokine production). 3. Memory cells to previously encountered antigens are still present in anergic sarcoidosis. 4. Stimulation of memory cells need the presence of sensitized macrophages from healthy individuals. 5. The stimulation of lymphokine producing T cells also need the presence of healthy macrophages. It is suggested that the development of anergy in sarcoidosis may result at least partly, from an abnormal function of macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:301704", "title": "Ouabain, acetazolamide, and Cl-flux in isolated frog skin: evidence for two distinct active Cl-transport mechanisms.", "content": "Two distinctly different mechanisms for active Cl- transport in epithelia may exist: one, ouabain-sensitive and cation-dependent, and the other, acetazolamide-sensitive and cation-independent. As a test of this hypothesis the three active Cl- transport systems in isolated short-circuited skin of Rana pipiens were examined. Sensitivity to ouabain (10(-4) M) and acetazolamide (5 X 10(-3) M) and dependence on Na+ and K+ in the medium were ascertained. The first system, net chloride influx in ordinary Ringer, exhibited specific ouabain sensitivity and acetazolamide insensitivity. As we have previously shown this system to be clearly dependent on Na+ on the cis and K+ on the trans side, cation dependence was not re-studied. The second system, isoproterenol-stimulated net Cl- outflux, was also ouabain-sensitive and acetazolamide-insensitive. It was dependent on the presence of Na+ on the cis side, but the K+ dependence was less clear. In contrast to the first two, the third system (net influx in low Cl- medium sulfate Ringer containing 2.4 mM Cl-) was largely ouabain-insensitive, completely acetazolamide-sensitive and independent of both Na+ and K+. Thus, the hypothesis of two distinct mechanisms seems to hold for the three active Cl- transport systems in frog skin. Data from various other Cl- transporting epithelia are examined, and the general applicability of such a scheme of categorization for active Cl- transport mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "Ouabain, acetazolamide, and Cl-flux in isolated frog skin: evidence for two distinct active Cl-transport mechanisms. Two distinctly different mechanisms for active Cl- transport in epithelia may exist: one, ouabain-sensitive and cation-dependent, and the other, acetazolamide-sensitive and cation-independent. As a test of this hypothesis the three active Cl- transport systems in isolated short-circuited skin of Rana pipiens were examined. Sensitivity to ouabain (10(-4) M) and acetazolamide (5 X 10(-3) M) and dependence on Na+ and K+ in the medium were ascertained. The first system, net chloride influx in ordinary Ringer, exhibited specific ouabain sensitivity and acetazolamide insensitivity. As we have previously shown this system to be clearly dependent on Na+ on the cis and K+ on the trans side, cation dependence was not re-studied. The second system, isoproterenol-stimulated net Cl- outflux, was also ouabain-sensitive and acetazolamide-insensitive. It was dependent on the presence of Na+ on the cis side, but the K+ dependence was less clear. In contrast to the first two, the third system (net influx in low Cl- medium sulfate Ringer containing 2.4 mM Cl-) was largely ouabain-insensitive, completely acetazolamide-sensitive and independent of both Na+ and K+. Thus, the hypothesis of two distinct mechanisms seems to hold for the three active Cl- transport systems in frog skin. Data from various other Cl- transporting epithelia are examined, and the general applicability of such a scheme of categorization for active Cl- transport mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301705", "title": "Aminergic and thermoregulatory mechanims in hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone in cats.", "content": "In conscious cats intravenous infusion of L-dopa (20 mg/kg) increased plasma growth hormone (GH), hydrocorticosterone (17-OHCS), and glucose while lowering midbrain (core) temperature (Tmb). Peripheral blockade of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by L-alpha-hydrazino-methyldopa (MK 486) abolished only L-dopa hyperglycemia, indicating CNS stimulation by de novo catecholamines caused endocrine and temperature changes. Phenoxybenzamine but not pimozide pre-treatment abolished GH release after L-dopa. Apomorphine infusion alone did not alter basal GH. These data indicate central alpha-adrenergic mediation of GH release. Norepinephrine (NE) injected (5 or 10 microgram) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) (7 of 10 cases) and medial hypothalamus (17 of 30) raised GH while lowering Tmb, in agreement with alpha-adrenergic mediation. Responsive sites were distributed in ventral and dorsal medial hypothalamus and extended into the thalamus. Cooling of the POAH by implanted thermode raised GH in association with shivering, vasoconstriction, and rise in Tmb. Correlation between GH release and change in Tmb after L-dopa, central NE injection, and POAH cooling suggests hypothalamic integration of GH release with thermoregulation. Intravenous infusion of 5-hydroxytryptophan after MK 486 raised GH and 17-OHCS, suggesting serotonergic mechanisms also control GH and ACTH.", "contents": "Aminergic and thermoregulatory mechanims in hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone in cats. In conscious cats intravenous infusion of L-dopa (20 mg/kg) increased plasma growth hormone (GH), hydrocorticosterone (17-OHCS), and glucose while lowering midbrain (core) temperature (Tmb). Peripheral blockade of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase by L-alpha-hydrazino-methyldopa (MK 486) abolished only L-dopa hyperglycemia, indicating CNS stimulation by de novo catecholamines caused endocrine and temperature changes. Phenoxybenzamine but not pimozide pre-treatment abolished GH release after L-dopa. Apomorphine infusion alone did not alter basal GH. These data indicate central alpha-adrenergic mediation of GH release. Norepinephrine (NE) injected (5 or 10 microgram) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POAH) (7 of 10 cases) and medial hypothalamus (17 of 30) raised GH while lowering Tmb, in agreement with alpha-adrenergic mediation. Responsive sites were distributed in ventral and dorsal medial hypothalamus and extended into the thalamus. Cooling of the POAH by implanted thermode raised GH in association with shivering, vasoconstriction, and rise in Tmb. Correlation between GH release and change in Tmb after L-dopa, central NE injection, and POAH cooling suggests hypothalamic integration of GH release with thermoregulation. Intravenous infusion of 5-hydroxytryptophan after MK 486 raised GH and 17-OHCS, suggesting serotonergic mechanisms also control GH and ACTH."}
{"id": "PMID:301706", "title": "Active hydrogen excretion and sodium absorption through isolated frog skin.", "content": "The in vitro skin of Rana esculenta was studied in open-circuit conditions. It was shown that when the external face is bathed in a 2-meq solution of NaCl, sodium is absorbed at a significantly higher rate than chloride. The ionic balance is maintained by excretion of hydrogen. With a mucosal solution of 2 meq Na2SO4 the equation relating sodium absorption to proton excretion is JnH+ = (-25 +/- 7) - (0.73 +/- 0.04) JnNa+. The correlation between the two variables is highly significant. Hydrogen excretion obeys saturation kinetics in relation to the sodium concentration of the mucosal solution. Maximum excretion occurs at a sodium concentration of 4 meq. When the mucosal solution is a 115-meq solution of Na2SO4 the net flux of sodium is 2.3 times higher than that of hydrogen. The balance is maintained by absorption of SO42-. The effects of various substances on the Na+ext/H+int exchange were studied. With a mucosal solution of 2 meq Na2SO4 and short-circuit conditions it was shown that the hydrogen excretion is active and nearly the same as in open circuit, the short-circuit current is equal (to within 8%) to the sum of the sodium and hydrogen net fluxes, and the correlation between the movements of the two ions is low. A model relating the active proton excretion with the sodium transport mechanism is proposed.", "contents": "Active hydrogen excretion and sodium absorption through isolated frog skin. The in vitro skin of Rana esculenta was studied in open-circuit conditions. It was shown that when the external face is bathed in a 2-meq solution of NaCl, sodium is absorbed at a significantly higher rate than chloride. The ionic balance is maintained by excretion of hydrogen. With a mucosal solution of 2 meq Na2SO4 the equation relating sodium absorption to proton excretion is JnH+ = (-25 +/- 7) - (0.73 +/- 0.04) JnNa+. The correlation between the two variables is highly significant. Hydrogen excretion obeys saturation kinetics in relation to the sodium concentration of the mucosal solution. Maximum excretion occurs at a sodium concentration of 4 meq. When the mucosal solution is a 115-meq solution of Na2SO4 the net flux of sodium is 2.3 times higher than that of hydrogen. The balance is maintained by absorption of SO42-. The effects of various substances on the Na+ext/H+int exchange were studied. With a mucosal solution of 2 meq Na2SO4 and short-circuit conditions it was shown that the hydrogen excretion is active and nearly the same as in open circuit, the short-circuit current is equal (to within 8%) to the sum of the sodium and hydrogen net fluxes, and the correlation between the movements of the two ions is low. A model relating the active proton excretion with the sodium transport mechanism is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:301707", "title": "Angiodysplasia as a source of intestinal bleeding.", "content": "Nine cases of angiodysplasia have been angiographically identified in the past eight years at the two teaching and two major private hospitals in the West Los Angeles-Santa Monica area. In seven patients, repeated massive hematochezia whose source had escaped previous intensive diagnostic studies, was the indication for angiography. Two malformations were found incidentally during an angiogram for an unrelated problem. Four of the patients had had a previous angiogram which failed to show the lesion. Eight of the nine patients had right colon vascular malformations, but one had jejunal angiodysplasia as well. One patient had a midileal vascular malformation which appeared in the right lower quadrant on the study. Six of the seven underwent resection of the implicated bowel, and none have rebled. The series suggests that angiodysplasia may not be as rare as commonly assumed and in four cases escaped detection even angiographically at least initially. The lesions may be multiple and their anatomical site radiologically deceptive. Finally, these vascular malformations may be an incidental finding, and though demonstrable angiographically, may not necessarily be responsible for bleeding in the patient older than fifty years.", "contents": "Angiodysplasia as a source of intestinal bleeding. Nine cases of angiodysplasia have been angiographically identified in the past eight years at the two teaching and two major private hospitals in the West Los Angeles-Santa Monica area. In seven patients, repeated massive hematochezia whose source had escaped previous intensive diagnostic studies, was the indication for angiography. Two malformations were found incidentally during an angiogram for an unrelated problem. Four of the patients had had a previous angiogram which failed to show the lesion. Eight of the nine patients had right colon vascular malformations, but one had jejunal angiodysplasia as well. One patient had a midileal vascular malformation which appeared in the right lower quadrant on the study. Six of the seven underwent resection of the implicated bowel, and none have rebled. The series suggests that angiodysplasia may not be as rare as commonly assumed and in four cases escaped detection even angiographically at least initially. The lesions may be multiple and their anatomical site radiologically deceptive. Finally, these vascular malformations may be an incidental finding, and though demonstrable angiographically, may not necessarily be responsible for bleeding in the patient older than fifty years."}
{"id": "PMID:301709", "title": "Retinal enzyme activities under hypoxic conditions prior to neovascularization.", "content": "In an effort to demonstrate biochemical changes occuring in malperfused retinas, oxygen-induced retrolental fibroplasia was produced in kittens. Immediately before the onset of vasoproliferations, that is in the stage of maximal hypoxia, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) were determined. The activity of MDH was found to be significantly decreased, whereas the activities of the other enzymes showed no major changes.", "contents": "Retinal enzyme activities under hypoxic conditions prior to neovascularization. In an effort to demonstrate biochemical changes occuring in malperfused retinas, oxygen-induced retrolental fibroplasia was produced in kittens. Immediately before the onset of vasoproliferations, that is in the stage of maximal hypoxia, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) were determined. The activity of MDH was found to be significantly decreased, whereas the activities of the other enzymes showed no major changes."}
{"id": "PMID:301710", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy of cystoid degeneration in the peripheral retina (author's transl)].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral cystoid degenerations of the retina as well as of reticular or inner cystoid degenerations shows tunnel-shaped and vault-like cavities which are supported by columns. In marked cases of PCD, fibers of a collagenous nature surround and connect the columns. Inside the columns there are cable-like strands, which are probably stretched neuronal processes. The surface covering of the columns is formed as a porous layer. The columns of the reticular cystoid degeneration are thinner and located in processes of the outer columns. Globular structures persent in both systems of are interpreted as deformed erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy of cystoid degeneration in the peripheral retina (author's transl)]. Scanning electron microscopy of peripheral cystoid degenerations of the retina as well as of reticular or inner cystoid degenerations shows tunnel-shaped and vault-like cavities which are supported by columns. In marked cases of PCD, fibers of a collagenous nature surround and connect the columns. Inside the columns there are cable-like strands, which are probably stretched neuronal processes. The surface covering of the columns is formed as a porous layer. The columns of the reticular cystoid degeneration are thinner and located in processes of the outer columns. Globular structures persent in both systems of are interpreted as deformed erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:301711", "title": "[Animal experimental investigations for determining the duration of the \"mechanical-effective period\" of muscle action potentials and of the \"electro-mechanical latency period\" of \"fast fibres\" of external ocular muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given of an animal experimental study for determination of the duration of the \"mechanical effective period\" of the muscle fiber membrane action potential and the \"electromechanical latency period\" of \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles in rabbits in vivo. The studies were carried out with an internationally standardized glass microelectrode technique. The statistical values are based on 250 tests employing the superposition technique. The mean \"mechanical effective period\" of the muscular fiber membrane action potential was determined with SE=0.52 ms, SD 0.08 ms. The confidence thresholds were 99% statistically reliable with 0.43 ms and 0.55 ms. According to these studies, the duration of the \"mechanical effective period\" of the \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles was only one-third off the \"mechanical effective period\" of the skeletal muscles. The mean duration of the \"electromechanical fast-fiber latency period\" was calculated with SE=1.97 ms, SD=0.30 ms. The confidence threshold was 99% statistically reliable with 1.86 ms and 2.08 ms. The \"electromechanical latency period\" of the \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles was therefore significantly less than the skeletal muscles, lying under the 50% limit of the \"electromechanical latency period\" of the analogous skeletal musculature. These studies permit determination of the most important electrophysiological parameters which define a threshold value of maximal speed in vision direction changes.", "contents": "[Animal experimental investigations for determining the duration of the \"mechanical-effective period\" of muscle action potentials and of the \"electro-mechanical latency period\" of \"fast fibres\" of external ocular muscles (author's transl)]. A report is given of an animal experimental study for determination of the duration of the \"mechanical effective period\" of the muscle fiber membrane action potential and the \"electromechanical latency period\" of \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles in rabbits in vivo. The studies were carried out with an internationally standardized glass microelectrode technique. The statistical values are based on 250 tests employing the superposition technique. The mean \"mechanical effective period\" of the muscular fiber membrane action potential was determined with SE=0.52 ms, SD 0.08 ms. The confidence thresholds were 99% statistically reliable with 0.43 ms and 0.55 ms. According to these studies, the duration of the \"mechanical effective period\" of the \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles was only one-third off the \"mechanical effective period\" of the skeletal muscles. The mean duration of the \"electromechanical fast-fiber latency period\" was calculated with SE=1.97 ms, SD=0.30 ms. The confidence threshold was 99% statistically reliable with 1.86 ms and 2.08 ms. The \"electromechanical latency period\" of the \"fast fibers\" of the external ocular muscles was therefore significantly less than the skeletal muscles, lying under the 50% limit of the \"electromechanical latency period\" of the analogous skeletal musculature. These studies permit determination of the most important electrophysiological parameters which define a threshold value of maximal speed in vision direction changes."}
{"id": "PMID:301712", "title": "[Dominantly inherited cleavage of the pigment layer of the iris and the ciliary body (author's transl)].", "content": "A dominantly inherited cleavage of the pigment layer of the iris has been observed throughout three generations. In the two elder generations, luxation and rapidly progressing opacification of the lenses occurred; after cataract extraction, a cleavage of the pigment layer of the ciliary body could also be seen through the iridectomy. The lenses had reduced sagital and spherical diameters (4X7 mm). Furthermore, a peculiar form of glaucoma and a peripheral retinal detachment has been observed in the eldest generation.", "contents": "[Dominantly inherited cleavage of the pigment layer of the iris and the ciliary body (author's transl)]. A dominantly inherited cleavage of the pigment layer of the iris has been observed throughout three generations. In the two elder generations, luxation and rapidly progressing opacification of the lenses occurred; after cataract extraction, a cleavage of the pigment layer of the ciliary body could also be seen through the iridectomy. The lenses had reduced sagital and spherical diameters (4X7 mm). Furthermore, a peculiar form of glaucoma and a peripheral retinal detachment has been observed in the eldest generation."}
{"id": "PMID:301713", "title": "[Binocular confusion in unilateral aphakia (author's transl)].", "content": "The five symptoms of binocular confusion of the  unilateral aphakic patient are described. In day vision, without strabismus and without correction, the image of the  aphakic eye considerbly disturbs binocular vision, though the vision is less than 20/400 (first symptom). In night traffic the uncorrected unilateral aphakic patient sees very striking light circles and within those circles of glittering dots around bright light sources of cars or around blinking indicators and stoplights (fifth symptom). The five disturbing symptoms of binocular confusion can be positivity eliminated by an appropriate combination of spectacles and contact lens (combined correction) in regard to echometry and intraocular optics.", "contents": "[Binocular confusion in unilateral aphakia (author's transl)]. The five symptoms of binocular confusion of the  unilateral aphakic patient are described. In day vision, without strabismus and without correction, the image of the  aphakic eye considerbly disturbs binocular vision, though the vision is less than 20/400 (first symptom). In night traffic the uncorrected unilateral aphakic patient sees very striking light circles and within those circles of glittering dots around bright light sources of cars or around blinking indicators and stoplights (fifth symptom). The five disturbing symptoms of binocular confusion can be positivity eliminated by an appropriate combination of spectacles and contact lens (combined correction) in regard to echometry and intraocular optics."}
{"id": "PMID:301714", "title": "[Recurrent corneal edema without ocular hypertension, pigment degeneration combined with deafness, progressive dystrophy of the outer eye-muscles in a patient with proportional dwarfism and diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 27-year-old woman has been suffering from recurrent corneal edema without ocular hypertension since her early childhood. When the cornea is clear, visual acuity-with correction for high myopia-is 5/10 to 5/15 and Nieden I; when the cornea is swollen, it decrease to 5/50 and 1/10, respectively, and Nieden VII. Furthermore, there is an atypical pigment degeneration of the retina combined with deafness, a progressive ptosis since her 10th year of life, and a progressive dystrophy of the outer eye muscles, having developed in the past few years. In addition, the mentally normal developed patient presents a proportional dwarfism (no dysostosis) and a diabetes mellitus. This combination of symptoms is compared with the well known Bardet-Biedl syndrome and the De Grouchy syndrome and is found to constitute a new syndrome.", "contents": "[Recurrent corneal edema without ocular hypertension, pigment degeneration combined with deafness, progressive dystrophy of the outer eye-muscles in a patient with proportional dwarfism and diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. A 27-year-old woman has been suffering from recurrent corneal edema without ocular hypertension since her early childhood. When the cornea is clear, visual acuity-with correction for high myopia-is 5/10 to 5/15 and Nieden I; when the cornea is swollen, it decrease to 5/50 and 1/10, respectively, and Nieden VII. Furthermore, there is an atypical pigment degeneration of the retina combined with deafness, a progressive ptosis since her 10th year of life, and a progressive dystrophy of the outer eye muscles, having developed in the past few years. In addition, the mentally normal developed patient presents a proportional dwarfism (no dysostosis) and a diabetes mellitus. This combination of symptoms is compared with the well known Bardet-Biedl syndrome and the De Grouchy syndrome and is found to constitute a new syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:301715", "title": "The intraocular pressure response of glaucomatous eyes to topically applied bupranolol. A pilot study.", "content": "Bupranolol 0.5% oily solution applied topically lowered intraocular pressure of glaucomatous eyes significantly. The pressure decrease is related to pretreatment pressure levels. The maximum effect occurred within 4 hours and lasted for more than 24 hours. No objective or subjective irritation could be attributed to the ophthalmic preparation. There was no significant effect on outflow facility, on blood pressure or tear flow. However, bupranolol produces local anesthesia on the eye. The problem of tachyphylaxis is discussed in the treatment of glaucoma with bupranolol eye drops.", "contents": "The intraocular pressure response of glaucomatous eyes to topically applied bupranolol. A pilot study. Bupranolol 0.5% oily solution applied topically lowered intraocular pressure of glaucomatous eyes significantly. The pressure decrease is related to pretreatment pressure levels. The maximum effect occurred within 4 hours and lasted for more than 24 hours. No objective or subjective irritation could be attributed to the ophthalmic preparation. There was no significant effect on outflow facility, on blood pressure or tear flow. However, bupranolol produces local anesthesia on the eye. The problem of tachyphylaxis is discussed in the treatment of glaucoma with bupranolol eye drops."}
{"id": "PMID:301716", "title": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereo-chronoscopy.", "content": "Easy detection of temporal variations of tissue configurations within the optic disc or other structures is possible by means of stereoscopy: Stereochronoscopy. Photographic pictures of the papilla are taken from time to time at exactly the same angle; when any two of them are paired and viewed with a stereoscope, temporal form changes immediately show up as stereo effects (Schirmer [2]). Since continuing glaucomatous damage cannot be diagnosed either by visual field defects or by actual c/d ratios but only by their temporal changes, this method may prove of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Rapid detection of changes in the optic disc: stereo-chronoscopy. Easy detection of temporal variations of tissue configurations within the optic disc or other structures is possible by means of stereoscopy: Stereochronoscopy. Photographic pictures of the papilla are taken from time to time at exactly the same angle; when any two of them are paired and viewed with a stereoscope, temporal form changes immediately show up as stereo effects (Schirmer [2]). Since continuing glaucomatous damage cannot be diagnosed either by visual field defects or by actual c/d ratios but only by their temporal changes, this method may prove of diagnostic value."}
{"id": "PMID:301717", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy study. Data acquisition and its reliability.", "content": "The documentation of ophthalmologic data of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is described. Special attention has been paid to the standardized grading of opacities of the dioptric media as well as to the assessment of classified arteriolar abnormalities. The reproducibility of these judgments was determined by a double evaluation test. The reliability of the assessment of classified retinal lesions on panorama fundus photographs was reported elsewhere. A further section of the questionnaire that concerns the documentation of the patient's history, of general medical and laboratory findings, and of reasons why individual patients \"drop out\" from the study, is described in this contribution.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy study. Data acquisition and its reliability. The documentation of ophthalmologic data of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is described. Special attention has been paid to the standardized grading of opacities of the dioptric media as well as to the assessment of classified arteriolar abnormalities. The reproducibility of these judgments was determined by a double evaluation test. The reliability of the assessment of classified retinal lesions on panorama fundus photographs was reported elsewhere. A further section of the questionnaire that concerns the documentation of the patient's history, of general medical and laboratory findings, and of reasons why individual patients \"drop out\" from the study, is described in this contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:301718", "title": "[Frequency of the pupillary response following flicker stimuli (author's transl)].", "content": "Pupillary function was tested in 3 different age groups (20-30, 40-50, 60-70 years) of 8 patients each. The pupillary response was picked up by means of a portable IR-reflex-pupillometer, which registered the consensual pupillary light reflex in one eye, while the other eye was stimulated by flashes of different frequencies. Measurements were made of how many Hertz (Hz) the pupil dilated in the dark phases (intervals) between the flashes (flicker-fusion frequency). In the younger age group an average value of 3.15 Hz was obtained, the middle group fused at 2.89 Hz, the older group at 2.61 Hz. These differences are explained mainly by muscular and vascular degeneration of the iris.", "contents": "[Frequency of the pupillary response following flicker stimuli (author's transl)]. Pupillary function was tested in 3 different age groups (20-30, 40-50, 60-70 years) of 8 patients each. The pupillary response was picked up by means of a portable IR-reflex-pupillometer, which registered the consensual pupillary light reflex in one eye, while the other eye was stimulated by flashes of different frequencies. Measurements were made of how many Hertz (Hz) the pupil dilated in the dark phases (intervals) between the flashes (flicker-fusion frequency). In the younger age group an average value of 3.15 Hz was obtained, the middle group fused at 2.89 Hz, the older group at 2.61 Hz. These differences are explained mainly by muscular and vascular degeneration of the iris."}
{"id": "PMID:301719", "title": "[The relationship of amplitude of visual evoked potentials to side length of rectangular stimulus pattern and to abruptness of stimulus alternation (author's transl)].", "content": "Cortical potentials evoked by viewing checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli as well as horizontal and vertical rectangular pattern reversal stimuli were recorded. The amplitude of the cortical evoked responses decreased with increasing side length of the rectangular pattern and decreasing velocity of the pattern reversal. Psychophysical and electrophysiologic findings are compared with these data and their clinical relevance is discussed.", "contents": "[The relationship of amplitude of visual evoked potentials to side length of rectangular stimulus pattern and to abruptness of stimulus alternation (author's transl)]. Cortical potentials evoked by viewing checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli as well as horizontal and vertical rectangular pattern reversal stimuli were recorded. The amplitude of the cortical evoked responses decreased with increasing side length of the rectangular pattern and decreasing velocity of the pattern reversal. Psychophysical and electrophysiologic findings are compared with these data and their clinical relevance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301720", "title": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous space in patients with detachment of the retina.", "content": "Ultrasonic observations were made of the vitreous body and the subretinal space of the sick eye and of the vitreous body of the other eye on 32 unselected subjects with idiopathic detachment of the retina. In almost all sick eyes a severe state of degeneration of the vitreous body was observed, and in all cases examined the subretinal space was acoustically heterogeneous. In the other eye degeneration of the vitreous body was often observed, although to a lesser degree than in the eye with retinal detachment. The ultrasonic examination of the vitreous body may yield information as to the disposition of the eye with regard to detachment of the retina.", "contents": "Ultrasonic findings in the vitreous space in patients with detachment of the retina. Ultrasonic observations were made of the vitreous body and the subretinal space of the sick eye and of the vitreous body of the other eye on 32 unselected subjects with idiopathic detachment of the retina. In almost all sick eyes a severe state of degeneration of the vitreous body was observed, and in all cases examined the subretinal space was acoustically heterogeneous. In the other eye degeneration of the vitreous body was often observed, although to a lesser degree than in the eye with retinal detachment. The ultrasonic examination of the vitreous body may yield information as to the disposition of the eye with regard to detachment of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:301721", "title": "[The influence of vasodilatators on intraocular pressure and blood pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of different vasodilatators on blood pressure and intraocular pressure has been tested in animal experiments. For that purpose substances with alphasympathicolytic effect (Hydergin, Trental) have been tested as well as substances which are of direct influence on the muscles. In all cases a decrease of the blood pressure was noticed. Furthermore in most of the cases an increase of the intraocular pressure could be seen. This is due to a direct dilatation of ocular vessels. The effects were short-lived and reversible. We tried to find an explanation for the variations of intraocular pressure during the decrease of blood pressure. The low transmural pressure (PTM) and the corresponding low starting point of the muscle tonus seemed to be responsible for this phenomenon. Without doubt the starting point of the blood pressure, the dose, and the cardiac ability for compensation are of great influence in the development of the curve. Only a sufficiently high blood pressure is able to dilate the ocular vessels, so that one has to draw therapeutic conclusions from the constellation blood pressure/intraocular pressure before deciding on treatment.", "contents": "[The influence of vasodilatators on intraocular pressure and blood pressure (author's transl)]. The influence of different vasodilatators on blood pressure and intraocular pressure has been tested in animal experiments. For that purpose substances with alphasympathicolytic effect (Hydergin, Trental) have been tested as well as substances which are of direct influence on the muscles. In all cases a decrease of the blood pressure was noticed. Furthermore in most of the cases an increase of the intraocular pressure could be seen. This is due to a direct dilatation of ocular vessels. The effects were short-lived and reversible. We tried to find an explanation for the variations of intraocular pressure during the decrease of blood pressure. The low transmural pressure (PTM) and the corresponding low starting point of the muscle tonus seemed to be responsible for this phenomenon. Without doubt the starting point of the blood pressure, the dose, and the cardiac ability for compensation are of great influence in the development of the curve. Only a sufficiently high blood pressure is able to dilate the ocular vessels, so that one has to draw therapeutic conclusions from the constellation blood pressure/intraocular pressure before deciding on treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:301722", "title": "Age changes of the human optic nerve head. A neurohistologic study.", "content": "Eleven human optic nerves from subjects in different decades ranging from the fifth to the ninth were investigated with the silver carbonate method to establish the pattern and frequency of age changes within the optic nerve head and their relationship with the glaucomatous excavation. It has been found that despite the occurrence of age degeneration at the same level of the cribriform lamina, there are definite anatomical differences as compared with glaucoma changes, especially regarding the distribution of axonal damage.", "contents": "Age changes of the human optic nerve head. A neurohistologic study. Eleven human optic nerves from subjects in different decades ranging from the fifth to the ninth were investigated with the silver carbonate method to establish the pattern and frequency of age changes within the optic nerve head and their relationship with the glaucomatous excavation. It has been found that despite the occurrence of age degeneration at the same level of the cribriform lamina, there are definite anatomical differences as compared with glaucoma changes, especially regarding the distribution of axonal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:301725", "title": "Possible mechanisms of emphysema in smokers: cigarette smoke condensate suppresses protease inhibition in vitro.", "content": "To study the possible role of suppression of antiproteases by cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema in smokers, the following experiments were carried out. Elastin-agarose gels were impregnated with cigarette smoke condensate dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or with the solvent alone. This procedure affected neither local pH of the gel nor subsequent physical behavior (diffusion) of antiprotease. Elastases from various sources were then allowed to diffuse through the impregnated gels toward a counter-diffusing sample of antiprotease. The effectiveness of the antiprotease in blocking the enzyme was determined from the extent of elastolysis. The elastin substrates used included beef ligament elastin and dog lung elastin. The enzymes used were porcine pancreatic elastase and pure human leukocyte elastase. The antiproteases tested included human serum, pure human a1-antitrypsin, human bronchopulmonary lavage fluid, and a synthetic chloromethyl ketone inactivator of elastase. The results showed that whole, unfractionated cigarette smoke condensate suppressed all of the antiproteases tested, except for the chloromethyl ketone. These observations are discussed in terms of the protease-pathogenesis model of pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "Possible mechanisms of emphysema in smokers: cigarette smoke condensate suppresses protease inhibition in vitro. To study the possible role of suppression of antiproteases by cigarette smoke in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema in smokers, the following experiments were carried out. Elastin-agarose gels were impregnated with cigarette smoke condensate dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or with the solvent alone. This procedure affected neither local pH of the gel nor subsequent physical behavior (diffusion) of antiprotease. Elastases from various sources were then allowed to diffuse through the impregnated gels toward a counter-diffusing sample of antiprotease. The effectiveness of the antiprotease in blocking the enzyme was determined from the extent of elastolysis. The elastin substrates used included beef ligament elastin and dog lung elastin. The enzymes used were porcine pancreatic elastase and pure human leukocyte elastase. The antiproteases tested included human serum, pure human a1-antitrypsin, human bronchopulmonary lavage fluid, and a synthetic chloromethyl ketone inactivator of elastase. The results showed that whole, unfractionated cigarette smoke condensate suppressed all of the antiproteases tested, except for the chloromethyl ketone. These observations are discussed in terms of the protease-pathogenesis model of pulmonary emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:301726", "title": "The role of autoimmunity in hypoendocrine and hyperendocrine function: with special emphasis on autoimmune thyroid disease.", "content": "There is considerable evidence to suggest that the organspecific autoimmune endocrinopathies are primary disorders of the lympoid system. Although proof is not complete, the basic genetic defect in each condition may be one of immune surveillance, that is, a defect in suppressor \"T\" lymphocytes. Combinations of two or more of these conditions may be due to the concurrence of two or more specific defects in immune control, as well as the random appearance of the appropriate self-directed \"forbidden\" clones of lymphocytes. In this concept, there is no need for antigenic alteration (only antigenic availability) to initiate these disorders. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity seem essential, with roles for immune complexes and \"killer\" cells as well. Antireceptor antibodies are of particular interest in Graves' disease, where they are stimulatory: other antireceptor antibodies have been found that are blocking antibodies, and others may merely bind without either stimulating or blocking.", "contents": "The role of autoimmunity in hypoendocrine and hyperendocrine function: with special emphasis on autoimmune thyroid disease. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the organspecific autoimmune endocrinopathies are primary disorders of the lympoid system. Although proof is not complete, the basic genetic defect in each condition may be one of immune surveillance, that is, a defect in suppressor \"T\" lymphocytes. Combinations of two or more of these conditions may be due to the concurrence of two or more specific defects in immune control, as well as the random appearance of the appropriate self-directed \"forbidden\" clones of lymphocytes. In this concept, there is no need for antigenic alteration (only antigenic availability) to initiate these disorders. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity seem essential, with roles for immune complexes and \"killer\" cells as well. Antireceptor antibodies are of particular interest in Graves' disease, where they are stimulatory: other antireceptor antibodies have been found that are blocking antibodies, and others may merely bind without either stimulating or blocking."}
{"id": "PMID:301728", "title": "Manner and meaning of susceptibility testing of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "We examined ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae to compare the percentage of resistant organisms in each strain with the susceptibility to ampicillin by an agar dilution method. Using an inoculum of 10(4) colony-forming units, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) increased with the percentage of resistant organisms in the strain. Laboratory-manipulated strains composed of different proportions of a susceptible and a resistant strain behaved similarly. The survival of isolated colony-forming units (colony MIC) was then determined by spreading inocula over the surface of a set of MIC plates, resulting in separation of individual colonies. This modification of the susceptibility test to the colony level gave end points that were clear and reproducible and that did not vary with changes in incubation time or temperature. True differences in susceptibility among strains were demonstrated by this method, whereas results of the conventional MIC test may reflect only the number of resistant organisms present in the inoculum.", "contents": "Manner and meaning of susceptibility testing of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. We examined ampicillin-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae to compare the percentage of resistant organisms in each strain with the susceptibility to ampicillin by an agar dilution method. Using an inoculum of 10(4) colony-forming units, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) increased with the percentage of resistant organisms in the strain. Laboratory-manipulated strains composed of different proportions of a susceptible and a resistant strain behaved similarly. The survival of isolated colony-forming units (colony MIC) was then determined by spreading inocula over the surface of a set of MIC plates, resulting in separation of individual colonies. This modification of the susceptibility test to the colony level gave end points that were clear and reproducible and that did not vary with changes in incubation time or temperature. True differences in susceptibility among strains were demonstrated by this method, whereas results of the conventional MIC test may reflect only the number of resistant organisms present in the inoculum."}
{"id": "PMID:301724", "title": "Evaluation of myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass procedures with halothane-N2O anesthesia and ajuvants.", "content": "During a 6-month period in 1975, 102 patients undergoing scheduled coronary-artery bypass grafting were studied by both conventional ECG and heart-specific enzymatic methods to evaluate the incidence and estimate the extent of myocardial damage associated with an anesthetic management protocol using halothane as a primary agent with adjuvant agents. Anesthetic interventions were made to maintain heart rate and systolic pressure at resting levels or below the heart rate systolic pressure product documented during exercise-induced angina. These interventions included adjustment of halothane concentration in all patients, the use of adjuvant agents in 88.2 percent, vasodilators in 26.5 percent, and the precardiopulmonary bypass use of vasoconstrictor or cardiostimulants in 9.8 percent. There were 2 early postoperative deaths. ECG evidence of infarction was observed in 4 surviving patients. Sustained release of heart-specific CPK-MB isoenzyme occurred in 78 percent of surviving patients. Isoenzyme activity was detected in only 1 patients prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in 1 patient during CPB, and in all others after termination of CPB. The extent of myocardial damage as estimated by integrating CPK-MB values over time was directly related to number of vessels grafted and to aortic cross-clamp and CPB times. The ECG and enzymatic data both document a low level of myocardial damage associated with this anesthetic management protocol.", "contents": "Evaluation of myocardial damage in patients undergoing coronary-artery bypass procedures with halothane-N2O anesthesia and ajuvants. During a 6-month period in 1975, 102 patients undergoing scheduled coronary-artery bypass grafting were studied by both conventional ECG and heart-specific enzymatic methods to evaluate the incidence and estimate the extent of myocardial damage associated with an anesthetic management protocol using halothane as a primary agent with adjuvant agents. Anesthetic interventions were made to maintain heart rate and systolic pressure at resting levels or below the heart rate systolic pressure product documented during exercise-induced angina. These interventions included adjustment of halothane concentration in all patients, the use of adjuvant agents in 88.2 percent, vasodilators in 26.5 percent, and the precardiopulmonary bypass use of vasoconstrictor or cardiostimulants in 9.8 percent. There were 2 early postoperative deaths. ECG evidence of infarction was observed in 4 surviving patients. Sustained release of heart-specific CPK-MB isoenzyme occurred in 78 percent of surviving patients. Isoenzyme activity was detected in only 1 patients prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in 1 patient during CPB, and in all others after termination of CPB. The extent of myocardial damage as estimated by integrating CPK-MB values over time was directly related to number of vessels grafted and to aortic cross-clamp and CPB times. The ECG and enzymatic data both document a low level of myocardial damage associated with this anesthetic management protocol."}
{"id": "PMID:301729", "title": "Histiocytosis X; follow-up of 43 cases.", "content": "Over a 29-year period, 43 cases of histiocytosis X presented in children under the age of 12 years. 29 patients (67%) have survived, and of these, 15 (52%) have a detectable disability. It was confirmed that young age at presentation and evidence of soft tissue involvement were associated with a worse prognosis. The majority of deaths were associated with pulmonary involvement. 14 patients developed diabetes insipidus. 5 of the surviving adults have heights below the 3rd centile. Puberty usually occurred at a normal age. Follow-up studies on 12 survivors showed no evidence of residual abnormality of haematology, deficient lymphocyte function, or yeast opsonization. HLA typing showed no unusual pattern. Mild carbon monoxide diffusion deffects were present in 4 patients and other abnormalities were detected on lung function tests.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X; follow-up of 43 cases. Over a 29-year period, 43 cases of histiocytosis X presented in children under the age of 12 years. 29 patients (67%) have survived, and of these, 15 (52%) have a detectable disability. It was confirmed that young age at presentation and evidence of soft tissue involvement were associated with a worse prognosis. The majority of deaths were associated with pulmonary involvement. 14 patients developed diabetes insipidus. 5 of the surviving adults have heights below the 3rd centile. Puberty usually occurred at a normal age. Follow-up studies on 12 survivors showed no evidence of residual abnormality of haematology, deficient lymphocyte function, or yeast opsonization. HLA typing showed no unusual pattern. Mild carbon monoxide diffusion deffects were present in 4 patients and other abnormalities were detected on lung function tests."}
{"id": "PMID:301730", "title": "Action of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs on human and rat peripheral leucocyte migration in vitro.", "content": "Using an in vitro system of cell migration from glass capillary tubes, the nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agents sodium salicylate, aspirin, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin were shown to inhibit the migration of human peripheral leucocytes in a dose-related manner. This drug action was not confined to one species, as shown by the modification of rat peripheral leucocyte motility by sodium salicylate and aspirin. The relevance of the human findings to the clinical effectiveness of these agents is discussed.", "contents": "Action of nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs on human and rat peripheral leucocyte migration in vitro. Using an in vitro system of cell migration from glass capillary tubes, the nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory agents sodium salicylate, aspirin, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, and indomethacin were shown to inhibit the migration of human peripheral leucocytes in a dose-related manner. This drug action was not confined to one species, as shown by the modification of rat peripheral leucocyte motility by sodium salicylate and aspirin. The relevance of the human findings to the clinical effectiveness of these agents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301731", "title": "Coronary artery surgery without global ischemia.", "content": "A simple technique for local occlusion of the coronary artery without aortic cross-clamping during the distal anastomosis has been developed. The use of this internal coronary artery occluder, which we developed, represents another step forward in myocardial protection during coronary bypass procedures.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery without global ischemia. A simple technique for local occlusion of the coronary artery without aortic cross-clamping during the distal anastomosis has been developed. The use of this internal coronary artery occluder, which we developed, represents another step forward in myocardial protection during coronary bypass procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:301732", "title": "Muscle disease associated with renal failure.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman had muscle disease that terminated fatally with complete body paralysis. The patient had renal failure, which progressed concurrently with her muscle weakness. Myoglobinuria was not demonstrated during the active stage of her illness. Renal biopsy specimens demonstrated immune deposits in the glomeruli, and, at autopsy, there was a generalized glomerulonephritis. We believe the muscle disease was a consequence of acute rhabdomyolysis, hyperacute polymyositis, or virus infection. Regardless of the nature of the muscle disease, an immune mechanism may have been responsible for the associated renal failure.", "contents": "Muscle disease associated with renal failure. A 54-year-old woman had muscle disease that terminated fatally with complete body paralysis. The patient had renal failure, which progressed concurrently with her muscle weakness. Myoglobinuria was not demonstrated during the active stage of her illness. Renal biopsy specimens demonstrated immune deposits in the glomeruli, and, at autopsy, there was a generalized glomerulonephritis. We believe the muscle disease was a consequence of acute rhabdomyolysis, hyperacute polymyositis, or virus infection. Regardless of the nature of the muscle disease, an immune mechanism may have been responsible for the associated renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:301733", "title": "Serum levels of IgE in malignant lymphogranulomatosis.", "content": "Serum levels of IgE in malignant lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease) were lowered in patients who had been intensively treated, without eosinophilic granulocytes, and in less advanced forms of the disease. High levels were observed in untreated patients with eosinophilic granulocytes in their peripheral blood, and in clinically advanced cases.", "contents": "Serum levels of IgE in malignant lymphogranulomatosis. Serum levels of IgE in malignant lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease) were lowered in patients who had been intensively treated, without eosinophilic granulocytes, and in less advanced forms of the disease. High levels were observed in untreated patients with eosinophilic granulocytes in their peripheral blood, and in clinically advanced cases."}
{"id": "PMID:301734", "title": "Electrical stimulation for the control of pain.", "content": "Electrical stimulation for the control of pain is now a well accepted therapeutic modality. Transcutaneous application of electrical stimulation is the most common technique employed and has been used to treat chronic pain, acute surgical pain, and acute pain of other origins. Percutaneous application of electricity to the nervous system through needles electrodes is useful in predicting the efficacy of implantable stimulators and has served the same function as diagnostic nerve block. Implantable stimulators have been used for stimulation of peripheral nerves, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spinal cord, and the brain. Peripheral nerve stimulators are the most efficacious of the implantable devices. They are used specifically for pain of peripheral nerve injury origin. Their use for pain outside the distribution of the nerve stimulated is not yet proved.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation for the control of pain. Electrical stimulation for the control of pain is now a well accepted therapeutic modality. Transcutaneous application of electrical stimulation is the most common technique employed and has been used to treat chronic pain, acute surgical pain, and acute pain of other origins. Percutaneous application of electricity to the nervous system through needles electrodes is useful in predicting the efficacy of implantable stimulators and has served the same function as diagnostic nerve block. Implantable stimulators have been used for stimulation of peripheral nerves, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the spinal cord, and the brain. Peripheral nerve stimulators are the most efficacious of the implantable devices. They are used specifically for pain of peripheral nerve injury origin. Their use for pain outside the distribution of the nerve stimulated is not yet proved."}
{"id": "PMID:301736", "title": "[The lymphomicrocirculatory bed of serous membranes in several human diseases].", "content": "Morphological changes in the lymphatic link of the microcirculation of serous coats were studied by the method of non-injection impregnation with silver nitrate in rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, chronic nonspecific pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis. There were identified 4 types of the state of lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries, namely: functioning, dystrophized, sclerosing, and regenerating, reflecting a state of the lymphatic system at a given stage of a disease. Regeneration of lymphatic capillaries, as well as formation of lymphatic cisterns, cysts etc., the author classifies as manifestations of compensatory-adaptive processes of the organism aimed at preservation of the hemato-lymphatic balance. The hemo- and lymphocirculation functions as one integral system.", "contents": "[The lymphomicrocirculatory bed of serous membranes in several human diseases]. Morphological changes in the lymphatic link of the microcirculation of serous coats were studied by the method of non-injection impregnation with silver nitrate in rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, chronic nonspecific pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis. There were identified 4 types of the state of lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries, namely: functioning, dystrophized, sclerosing, and regenerating, reflecting a state of the lymphatic system at a given stage of a disease. Regeneration of lymphatic capillaries, as well as formation of lymphatic cisterns, cysts etc., the author classifies as manifestations of compensatory-adaptive processes of the organism aimed at preservation of the hemato-lymphatic balance. The hemo- and lymphocirculation functions as one integral system."}
{"id": "PMID:301739", "title": "Inactivation of human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by thiol proteinases.", "content": "Human plasma alpha1 proteinase inhibitor is the body's principal modulator of serine proteinases (such as those released from phagocytic cells). Cysteine-active-site proteinases, which are not inhibited, have now been found to inactivate this important inhibitor by proteolytic cleavage of a scissile peptide bond. Papain carries out this inactivation catalytically, whereas cathepsin B1 acts stoicheiometrically. Thus thiol proteinases could easily disrupt the delicately regulated balance between serine proteinases and alpha1 proteinase inhibitor.", "contents": "Inactivation of human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor by thiol proteinases. Human plasma alpha1 proteinase inhibitor is the body's principal modulator of serine proteinases (such as those released from phagocytic cells). Cysteine-active-site proteinases, which are not inhibited, have now been found to inactivate this important inhibitor by proteolytic cleavage of a scissile peptide bond. Papain carries out this inactivation catalytically, whereas cathepsin B1 acts stoicheiometrically. Thus thiol proteinases could easily disrupt the delicately regulated balance between serine proteinases and alpha1 proteinase inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:301740", "title": "Control of zinc-thionein synthesis in rat liver.", "content": "The rate of [35S]cystine incorporation into hepatic zinc-thionein (a metallothionein) was stimulated, with a maximum of 5-6h, after parenteral administration of 2mg of Zn2+ containing 65Zn. The binding of 65Zn to zinc-thionein was measurable by 2-1/2h and reached a plateau by 18h after the injection. A net increase in the hepatic 65Zn content was observed subsequent to the decrease in the rate of zinc-thionein synthesis. The incorporation of both 65Zn and [35S]cystine into zinc-thionein was inhibited by prior administration of either actinomycin D or cordycepin. A second injection of Zn2+, 20h after the initial injection, yielded a 4.9-fold greater increase in zinc-thionein synthesis compared with that after only one injection; however, this synthesis was also inhibitable by actinomycin D. These data support the concept that hepatic zinc-thionein synthesis responds quickly to changes in Zn2+ status and that Zn2+ is bound subsequent to synthesis of nascent thionein chains. The mechanism of control of zinc-thionein synthesis by Zn2+ appears to involve changes in the amounts of a short-lived, poly(A)-containing RNA whose translation can be derepressed by additional exposure to Zn2+.", "contents": "Control of zinc-thionein synthesis in rat liver. The rate of [35S]cystine incorporation into hepatic zinc-thionein (a metallothionein) was stimulated, with a maximum of 5-6h, after parenteral administration of 2mg of Zn2+ containing 65Zn. The binding of 65Zn to zinc-thionein was measurable by 2-1/2h and reached a plateau by 18h after the injection. A net increase in the hepatic 65Zn content was observed subsequent to the decrease in the rate of zinc-thionein synthesis. The incorporation of both 65Zn and [35S]cystine into zinc-thionein was inhibited by prior administration of either actinomycin D or cordycepin. A second injection of Zn2+, 20h after the initial injection, yielded a 4.9-fold greater increase in zinc-thionein synthesis compared with that after only one injection; however, this synthesis was also inhibitable by actinomycin D. These data support the concept that hepatic zinc-thionein synthesis responds quickly to changes in Zn2+ status and that Zn2+ is bound subsequent to synthesis of nascent thionein chains. The mechanism of control of zinc-thionein synthesis by Zn2+ appears to involve changes in the amounts of a short-lived, poly(A)-containing RNA whose translation can be derepressed by additional exposure to Zn2+."}
{"id": "PMID:301748", "title": "On the magnetic field dependence of the yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "The yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is dependent on the strength of an applied magnetic field. Reaction centers of the wild type that lack a functional iron complexed to the primary acceptor ubiquinone show a dependence similar to that of reaction centers of the mutant R-26 in which the iron-ubiquinone complex is intact. Apparently, the iron of the iron-ubiquinone complex is not essential to the effect, but it does exert an influence on its extent. Inchromatophores, the effect is about 2-fold decreased; the value of the magnetic field at which half the effect is found is about 500 G, in contrast to this value for reaction centers, which is 50--100 G. The magnetodependence of the triplet yield is discussed in terms of the Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization mechanism (CIDEP).", "contents": "On the magnetic field dependence of the yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria. The yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is dependent on the strength of an applied magnetic field. Reaction centers of the wild type that lack a functional iron complexed to the primary acceptor ubiquinone show a dependence similar to that of reaction centers of the mutant R-26 in which the iron-ubiquinone complex is intact. Apparently, the iron of the iron-ubiquinone complex is not essential to the effect, but it does exert an influence on its extent. Inchromatophores, the effect is about 2-fold decreased; the value of the magnetic field at which half the effect is found is about 500 G, in contrast to this value for reaction centers, which is 50--100 G. The magnetodependence of the triplet yield is discussed in terms of the Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization mechanism (CIDEP)."}
{"id": "PMID:301749", "title": "The carotenoid shift in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Change induced under continuous illumination.", "content": "The spectrum of the carotenoid shift generated under continuous illumination in the GIC mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, which has a single carotenoid, has been examined under a variety of conditions expected to alter the size of the membrane potential. If the difference spectrum observed was due to a species with the spectrum of the bulk pigment, it would correspond to a change of a variable proportion of the pigment to a form absorbing at a higher wavelength. The maximal change induced by light could be described as a shift of about 10% of the pigment by 7 nm to the red, assuming that the shifted species was spectrally identical to the bulk carotenoid. It is concluded that the changes seen are not easily compatible with a progressive red shift in the whole spectrum with increasing applied potential as would be expected from a simple linear electrochromic mechanism; alternative hypotheses are discussed.", "contents": "The carotenoid shift in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Change induced under continuous illumination. The spectrum of the carotenoid shift generated under continuous illumination in the GIC mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, which has a single carotenoid, has been examined under a variety of conditions expected to alter the size of the membrane potential. If the difference spectrum observed was due to a species with the spectrum of the bulk pigment, it would correspond to a change of a variable proportion of the pigment to a form absorbing at a higher wavelength. The maximal change induced by light could be described as a shift of about 10% of the pigment by 7 nm to the red, assuming that the shifted species was spectrally identical to the bulk carotenoid. It is concluded that the changes seen are not easily compatible with a progressive red shift in the whole spectrum with increasing applied potential as would be expected from a simple linear electrochromic mechanism; alternative hypotheses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301750", "title": "Kinetics of electron transfer between the primary and the secondary electron acceptor in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Photoreduction of the two ubiquinone molecules, UQ1 and UQ2, bound to purified reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides induces different absorption band shifts of bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin molecules depending on which ubiquinone is photoreduced. This allows us to study electron transfer between UQ1 and UQ2 directly by absorption spectrometry. The results support a model in which electrons are transferred one by one from UQ1 to UQ2 with a half-time 200 micro seconds, and two by two from fully reduced UQ2 to the secondary acceptor pool.", "contents": "Kinetics of electron transfer between the primary and the secondary electron acceptor in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Photoreduction of the two ubiquinone molecules, UQ1 and UQ2, bound to purified reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides induces different absorption band shifts of bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin molecules depending on which ubiquinone is photoreduced. This allows us to study electron transfer between UQ1 and UQ2 directly by absorption spectrometry. The results support a model in which electrons are transferred one by one from UQ1 to UQ2 with a half-time 200 micro seconds, and two by two from fully reduced UQ2 to the secondary acceptor pool."}
{"id": "PMID:301756", "title": "[Study of the phenomenon of specific suppression of the immune response in an adoptive transfer system].", "content": "It was revealed that the administration of the spleen cells (SC) of syngeneic animals immunized with a high dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to intact mice led to a marked specific suppression of the recipients' immune response. The donors' SC obtained on the 14th day after the intraperitoneal injection of SRBC had the greatest suppressive activity. The SC of intact animals and mice given rat erythrocytes preliminarily failed to influence the immune response of the intact recipients in their SRBC immunization. Treatment of immune SC with the anti-T-serum (ATS) or the anti-B-globulin (ABG) and the complement considerably decreased or completely eliminated the suppressive activity. Administration of a mixture of two immune SC suspensions one of which was ATS- and another ABC-treated did not produce any suppression of the immune response in the intact recipients. It is supposed that the suppressor cells in the given model were T-lymphocytes expressing the antigens, common of cross-reacting with the B-cells.", "contents": "[Study of the phenomenon of specific suppression of the immune response in an adoptive transfer system]. It was revealed that the administration of the spleen cells (SC) of syngeneic animals immunized with a high dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to intact mice led to a marked specific suppression of the recipients' immune response. The donors' SC obtained on the 14th day after the intraperitoneal injection of SRBC had the greatest suppressive activity. The SC of intact animals and mice given rat erythrocytes preliminarily failed to influence the immune response of the intact recipients in their SRBC immunization. Treatment of immune SC with the anti-T-serum (ATS) or the anti-B-globulin (ABG) and the complement considerably decreased or completely eliminated the suppressive activity. Administration of a mixture of two immune SC suspensions one of which was ATS- and another ABC-treated did not produce any suppression of the immune response in the intact recipients. It is supposed that the suppressor cells in the given model were T-lymphocytes expressing the antigens, common of cross-reacting with the B-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301758", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of T-, B- and mixed rosette-forming lymphocytes in human peripheral blood].", "content": "Preliminary treatment of erythrocyte suspension with trypan blue solution did not affect their capacity to participate in the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation, but permitted to differentiate them in a mixture with other erythrocytes after staining with methyl-green-pyronine on a fixed slide. By using a mixture of such marked erythrocytes sensitized with antibodies and a complement, the presence in the peripheral blood of healthy people of a small lymphocyte subpopulation connecting these two types of indicator particles was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of T-, B- and mixed rosette-forming lymphocytes in human peripheral blood]. Preliminary treatment of erythrocyte suspension with trypan blue solution did not affect their capacity to participate in the reaction of spontaneous rosette formation, but permitted to differentiate them in a mixture with other erythrocytes after staining with methyl-green-pyronine on a fixed slide. By using a mixture of such marked erythrocytes sensitized with antibodies and a complement, the presence in the peripheral blood of healthy people of a small lymphocyte subpopulation connecting these two types of indicator particles was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:301760", "title": "Inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination by vancomycin.", "content": "Ristocetin and vancomycin are structurally similar glycopeptide antibiotics. Both vancomycin and ristocetin in high concentrations (3.0 mg/ml) cause the precipitation of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and IgG from platelet-poor plasma (PPP). In contrast to ristocetin, vanomycin (0.5-1.5 mg/ml) does not agglutinate platelets in normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or formalin-treated platelets in the presence of normal PPP. Preincubation of vancomycin (0.5-1.25 mg/ml) with normal PRP, von Willebrand platelets in normal PPP, or formalinized platelets results in inhibition of platelet agglutination induced by ristocetin (0.7-1.25 mg/ml) or ristocetin and normal PPP. This inhibition can be overcome by increasing the final concentration of ristocetin in the platelet suspension. Preincubation of formalin-treated platelets with the major fraction obtained by carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 chromatography of commercial vancomycin also results in inhibition of agglutination induced by ristocetin and normal PPP. Incubation with vancomycin (1.25 mg/ml) does not interfere with von Willebrand factor (vWF) or factor VIII coagulant activities in normal PPP or in Sepharose 4B void volume fractions of PPP. These results indicate that vancomycin interacts with normal, von Willebrand, and formalin-treated platelets and inhibits the binding of ristocetin (or ristocetin-vWF complexes).", "contents": "Inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination by vancomycin. Ristocetin and vancomycin are structurally similar glycopeptide antibiotics. Both vancomycin and ristocetin in high concentrations (3.0 mg/ml) cause the precipitation of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and IgG from platelet-poor plasma (PPP). In contrast to ristocetin, vanomycin (0.5-1.5 mg/ml) does not agglutinate platelets in normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or formalin-treated platelets in the presence of normal PPP. Preincubation of vancomycin (0.5-1.25 mg/ml) with normal PRP, von Willebrand platelets in normal PPP, or formalinized platelets results in inhibition of platelet agglutination induced by ristocetin (0.7-1.25 mg/ml) or ristocetin and normal PPP. This inhibition can be overcome by increasing the final concentration of ristocetin in the platelet suspension. Preincubation of formalin-treated platelets with the major fraction obtained by carboxymethyl-Sephadex C-50 chromatography of commercial vancomycin also results in inhibition of agglutination induced by ristocetin and normal PPP. Incubation with vancomycin (1.25 mg/ml) does not interfere with von Willebrand factor (vWF) or factor VIII coagulant activities in normal PPP or in Sepharose 4B void volume fractions of PPP. These results indicate that vancomycin interacts with normal, von Willebrand, and formalin-treated platelets and inhibits the binding of ristocetin (or ristocetin-vWF complexes)."}
{"id": "PMID:301761", "title": "Granulopoietic and erythropoietic activity in patients with anemias of iron deficiency and chronic disease.", "content": "The serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and erythropoietin (Ep) were measured in 16 patients with iron-deficiency anemia and 15 patients with the anemia of chronic disease. Levels of both CSF and Ep in the serum of patients with iron-deficiency anemia had an inverse linear relationship to the level of the packed cell volume (PCV). There was no correlation between PCV and the levels of CSF or Ep in the serum of patients with the anemia of chronic disease. The similarity in the behavior of CSF and Ep in iron-deficiency anemia suggests that they may be influenced by similar control mechanisms or have a common cellular or molecular source.", "contents": "Granulopoietic and erythropoietic activity in patients with anemias of iron deficiency and chronic disease. The serum levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and erythropoietin (Ep) were measured in 16 patients with iron-deficiency anemia and 15 patients with the anemia of chronic disease. Levels of both CSF and Ep in the serum of patients with iron-deficiency anemia had an inverse linear relationship to the level of the packed cell volume (PCV). There was no correlation between PCV and the levels of CSF or Ep in the serum of patients with the anemia of chronic disease. The similarity in the behavior of CSF and Ep in iron-deficiency anemia suggests that they may be influenced by similar control mechanisms or have a common cellular or molecular source."}
{"id": "PMID:301763", "title": "[Cold-lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of cervix-carcinoma patients].", "content": "Sera of 120 patients with cervical cancer were screened for cold reacting, complement dependant autolympho-cytotoxins (CoCoCy). These antibodies occurred in 21,7% of the patients in comparison with 11,2% of 116 controls. The highest percentage of CoCoCy-antibodies was detected in the sera of patients with cervical cancer stage I (27,6%). Thus demonstration of CoCoCy-antibodies may be of pathogenetic rather than of diagnostic interest. CoCoCy-antibodies could be seen to reflect autoimmune reactions in cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Cold-lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of cervix-carcinoma patients]. Sera of 120 patients with cervical cancer were screened for cold reacting, complement dependant autolympho-cytotoxins (CoCoCy). These antibodies occurred in 21,7% of the patients in comparison with 11,2% of 116 controls. The highest percentage of CoCoCy-antibodies was detected in the sera of patients with cervical cancer stage I (27,6%). Thus demonstration of CoCoCy-antibodies may be of pathogenetic rather than of diagnostic interest. CoCoCy-antibodies could be seen to reflect autoimmune reactions in cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:301764", "title": "Prenylamine-induced contracture of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Experiments were performed to determine the influence of prenylamine on excitation-contraction coupling in frog sartorius muscle. 2. Prenylamine (0.2-1.0 mM) produced a biphasic contracture in skeletal muscle characterized by an initial phasic and subsequent tonic contracture. 3. Neither dantrolene nor procaine blocked the prenylamine-induced contracture. Pretreatment with 100 mM K+ blocked the phasic but not the tonic component of the prenylamine contracture. 4. Prenylamine produced a sustained increase in 45Ca efflux at all concentrations that produce contracture. These concentrations of prenylamine also depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and resting potential. 5. Low concentrations of prenylamine (0.05 mM) which produced neither contracture, 45Ca efflux nor 45Ca influx, depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and K+ contracture. 6. The results suggest that prenylamine not only alters calcium mobility but also membrane permeability to other ions.", "contents": "Prenylamine-induced contracture of frog skeletal muscle. 1. Experiments were performed to determine the influence of prenylamine on excitation-contraction coupling in frog sartorius muscle. 2. Prenylamine (0.2-1.0 mM) produced a biphasic contracture in skeletal muscle characterized by an initial phasic and subsequent tonic contracture. 3. Neither dantrolene nor procaine blocked the prenylamine-induced contracture. Pretreatment with 100 mM K+ blocked the phasic but not the tonic component of the prenylamine contracture. 4. Prenylamine produced a sustained increase in 45Ca efflux at all concentrations that produce contracture. These concentrations of prenylamine also depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and resting potential. 5. Low concentrations of prenylamine (0.05 mM) which produced neither contracture, 45Ca efflux nor 45Ca influx, depressed the action potential, muscle twitch and K+ contracture. 6. The results suggest that prenylamine not only alters calcium mobility but also membrane permeability to other ions."}
{"id": "PMID:301766", "title": "Clinical findings, early endoscopy, and multivariate analysis in patients bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A simple system has been developed to identify patients with upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage who run a high risk of continued bleeding or rebleeding. The system is based on six items of patient data available at or soon after arrival in hospital. It was evaluated in a prospective study of 66 patients with upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage. Over half of the patients classified by the system into a high-risk category either continued bleeding or rebled after apparent cessation (as against one out of 33 patients in the low-risk category). The high-rish group also had a higher mortality (21%) than those in the low-risk group (nil). The addition or subtraction of early endoscopic findings made little difference to the accuracy of prognosis.", "contents": "Clinical findings, early endoscopy, and multivariate analysis in patients bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. A simple system has been developed to identify patients with upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage who run a high risk of continued bleeding or rebleeding. The system is based on six items of patient data available at or soon after arrival in hospital. It was evaluated in a prospective study of 66 patients with upper gastrointestinal tract haemorrhage. Over half of the patients classified by the system into a high-risk category either continued bleeding or rebled after apparent cessation (as against one out of 33 patients in the low-risk category). The high-rish group also had a higher mortality (21%) than those in the low-risk group (nil). The addition or subtraction of early endoscopic findings made little difference to the accuracy of prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:301767", "title": "The entry of taurine into the neural retina and pigment epithelium of the frog.", "content": "Autoradiographs of frog retinas incubated with radioactively labelled taurine show heavy grain density over (i) cells in the position of amacrine interneurones, (ii) the inner plexiform (synaptic) regions, giving a striated appearance, (iii) photoreceptor cells and their synaptic terminals, and (iv) the pigment epithelium. The inner retina, the photoreceptor cell layer and the pigment epithelium all have uptake systems for taurine with apparent Km's in the high affinity range (Km, 20-50 micron; Vmax, 13-33 nmoles/g/min). In vivo subcutaneously injected taurine was taken up by the pigment epithelium and then passed to the photoreceptors and inner retina over about 10 days. The total level of nucleide in the retina remained constant for at least 6 weeks. There was little or no metabolism of the labelled taurine during this time.", "contents": "The entry of taurine into the neural retina and pigment epithelium of the frog. Autoradiographs of frog retinas incubated with radioactively labelled taurine show heavy grain density over (i) cells in the position of amacrine interneurones, (ii) the inner plexiform (synaptic) regions, giving a striated appearance, (iii) photoreceptor cells and their synaptic terminals, and (iv) the pigment epithelium. The inner retina, the photoreceptor cell layer and the pigment epithelium all have uptake systems for taurine with apparent Km's in the high affinity range (Km, 20-50 micron; Vmax, 13-33 nmoles/g/min). In vivo subcutaneously injected taurine was taken up by the pigment epithelium and then passed to the photoreceptors and inner retina over about 10 days. The total level of nucleide in the retina remained constant for at least 6 weeks. There was little or no metabolism of the labelled taurine during this time."}
{"id": "PMID:301768", "title": "Partial preparative separation and properties of the isoinhibitors of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-protease inhibitor).", "content": "Human lapha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-protease inhibitor) was chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column at pH 6.4. After elution with a linearly increasing concentration of NaCl, five pools (pools I-V) were formed from the eluate, pool I corresponding to the lowest and pool V to the highest concentration of salt. As demonstrated by analytical isoelectric focusing, with increasing concentrations of NaCl the concentration of the cathodal isoinhibitors gradually decreased and the concentration of the anodal ones increased in the pools. Pool I contained only three cathodal and pool V only three anodal isoinhibitors with a limited overlap between the pools. In contrast with the isoinhibitor composition, the sialic acid contents of the pools did not vary with the elution conditions. In line with the chemical evidence, desialylation of the fractions did not affect their electrofocusing positions relative to one another and did not abolish the microheterogeneity of the protein.", "contents": "Partial preparative separation and properties of the isoinhibitors of human alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-protease inhibitor). Human lapha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-protease inhibitor) was chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column at pH 6.4. After elution with a linearly increasing concentration of NaCl, five pools (pools I-V) were formed from the eluate, pool I corresponding to the lowest and pool V to the highest concentration of salt. As demonstrated by analytical isoelectric focusing, with increasing concentrations of NaCl the concentration of the cathodal isoinhibitors gradually decreased and the concentration of the anodal ones increased in the pools. Pool I contained only three cathodal and pool V only three anodal isoinhibitors with a limited overlap between the pools. In contrast with the isoinhibitor composition, the sialic acid contents of the pools did not vary with the elution conditions. In line with the chemical evidence, desialylation of the fractions did not affect their electrofocusing positions relative to one another and did not abolish the microheterogeneity of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:301769", "title": "The effect of oral contraceptives on colour vision in diabetic women.", "content": "The results of previous studies of the effect of oral contraceptives on visual function have produced discrepancies and have lacked specific restraints on the control and experimental groups. We compared 14 diabetics with normal acuity who were taking oral contraceptives with equivalent diabetic and control groups and used the Pickford-Nicholson anomaloscope and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. Diabetics using oral contraceptives showed a definite trend to increases in tritanomaly and extended red-green matching ranges. When these losses were classified by degree of defect a significantly higher incidence of major defects was found among diabetics on \"the pill\". Partial correlations for colour variables, duration of diabetes and duration of contraceptive therapy revealed a compounding effect. While subjects using oral contraceptives demonstrated trends toward the extreme scores, these effects were found only in one out of every four users.", "contents": "The effect of oral contraceptives on colour vision in diabetic women. The results of previous studies of the effect of oral contraceptives on visual function have produced discrepancies and have lacked specific restraints on the control and experimental groups. We compared 14 diabetics with normal acuity who were taking oral contraceptives with equivalent diabetic and control groups and used the Pickford-Nicholson anomaloscope and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. Diabetics using oral contraceptives showed a definite trend to increases in tritanomaly and extended red-green matching ranges. When these losses were classified by degree of defect a significantly higher incidence of major defects was found among diabetics on \"the pill\". Partial correlations for colour variables, duration of diabetes and duration of contraceptive therapy revealed a compounding effect. While subjects using oral contraceptives demonstrated trends toward the extreme scores, these effects were found only in one out of every four users."}
{"id": "PMID:301772", "title": "Deoxyadenosine metabolism and toxicity in cultured L5178Y cells.", "content": "The growth of cultured L5178Y cells is inhibited by relatively low concentrations fo deoxyadenosine in the presence of deoxycoformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Cell viability is reduced, presumably as a consequence of the induced state of unbalanced growth which is characterized by inhibition in DNA synthesis, accumulation of cells in G1 or early S phase, a continuation in RNA synthesis, and increasing cell volume. The intracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleoside phosphates remain essentially unchanged. The significant changes in the intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools are an increase in deoxyadenosine triphosphate and a decrease in deoxycytidine triphosphate.", "contents": "Deoxyadenosine metabolism and toxicity in cultured L5178Y cells. The growth of cultured L5178Y cells is inhibited by relatively low concentrations fo deoxyadenosine in the presence of deoxycoformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. Cell viability is reduced, presumably as a consequence of the induced state of unbalanced growth which is characterized by inhibition in DNA synthesis, accumulation of cells in G1 or early S phase, a continuation in RNA synthesis, and increasing cell volume. The intracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleoside phosphates remain essentially unchanged. The significant changes in the intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools are an increase in deoxyadenosine triphosphate and a decrease in deoxycytidine triphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:301774", "title": "Estrogen receptor and proteolytic activity in human breast tumor nuclei.", "content": "We have previously found that human breast cancer cells in tissue culture contain estrogen receptor in their nuclei despite the absence of estrogen. We have now investigated solid human breast cancer biopsies and find that proteolytic activities in extracts from the nuclear pellets of these biopsies interfere with or prevent the measurement of nuclear estrogen receptor when the protamine assay is used. However, the problems of receptor degradation can be avoided by the use of a hydroxylapatite assay.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor and proteolytic activity in human breast tumor nuclei. We have previously found that human breast cancer cells in tissue culture contain estrogen receptor in their nuclei despite the absence of estrogen. We have now investigated solid human breast cancer biopsies and find that proteolytic activities in extracts from the nuclear pellets of these biopsies interfere with or prevent the measurement of nuclear estrogen receptor when the protamine assay is used. However, the problems of receptor degradation can be avoided by the use of a hydroxylapatite assay."}
{"id": "PMID:301775", "title": "Antifolates: in vivo kinetic considerations.", "content": "The action of antimetabolites in vivo involves the consideration of several interrelated factors. If the mechanism of biochemical action is understood, the next items of priority are whether the active form of the drug gets to the site of action, its concentration at this site, the time course of removal of active drug from this site, and how these kinetics relate to the biochemical inhibition. Studies of antifolates represent some of the approaches used to further understand antimetabolite action in vivo. The interrelationships of blood flow, mixing volumes of tissue compartments, membrane resistance, binding of drug, binding site formation, transport competition, and biochemical kinetics of rate-limiting steps, substrate competition, and salvage pathways are considered from an in vivo point of view.", "contents": "Antifolates: in vivo kinetic considerations. The action of antimetabolites in vivo involves the consideration of several interrelated factors. If the mechanism of biochemical action is understood, the next items of priority are whether the active form of the drug gets to the site of action, its concentration at this site, the time course of removal of active drug from this site, and how these kinetics relate to the biochemical inhibition. Studies of antifolates represent some of the approaches used to further understand antimetabolite action in vivo. The interrelationships of blood flow, mixing volumes of tissue compartments, membrane resistance, binding of drug, binding site formation, transport competition, and biochemical kinetics of rate-limiting steps, substrate competition, and salvage pathways are considered from an in vivo point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:301776", "title": "Regulatory control of tetrahydrofolate coenzymes in folate auxotrophs.", "content": "The interrelated enzymic reactions of folate metabolism are presented and key tetrahydrofolate-producing reactions are emphasized. As observed with the methotrexate (MTX)-resistant mutant strain Streptococcus faecium var. durans/Ak, the regulatory roles of serine and purines in controlling their own synthesis by the repression of enzymes required for co-factor synthesis are reviewed. Positive induction of the dihydrofolate reductase activity of this mutant by folate and the antagonism of the folate effect by purines and thymine are discussed. A protective agent of the reductase-active protein, MTX is viewed also as a \"positive\" inducer of dihydrofolate reductase. Preliminary studies with L1210 leukemia-bearing mice and the murine leukemia ERLD in vitro suggest that citrovorum factor (CF) also triggers a positive induction of the reductase of the small intestine and of ERLD cells without apparently influencing the reductase level of L1210 in vivo. The possibility that control mechanisms, by which MTX and CF indirectly regulate enzyme synthesis in drug-stressed, CF-rescued cells, contribute to the success of high-dose MTX-CF rescue therapy is introduced.", "contents": "Regulatory control of tetrahydrofolate coenzymes in folate auxotrophs. The interrelated enzymic reactions of folate metabolism are presented and key tetrahydrofolate-producing reactions are emphasized. As observed with the methotrexate (MTX)-resistant mutant strain Streptococcus faecium var. durans/Ak, the regulatory roles of serine and purines in controlling their own synthesis by the repression of enzymes required for co-factor synthesis are reviewed. Positive induction of the dihydrofolate reductase activity of this mutant by folate and the antagonism of the folate effect by purines and thymine are discussed. A protective agent of the reductase-active protein, MTX is viewed also as a \"positive\" inducer of dihydrofolate reductase. Preliminary studies with L1210 leukemia-bearing mice and the murine leukemia ERLD in vitro suggest that citrovorum factor (CF) also triggers a positive induction of the reductase of the small intestine and of ERLD cells without apparently influencing the reductase level of L1210 in vivo. The possibility that control mechanisms, by which MTX and CF indirectly regulate enzyme synthesis in drug-stressed, CF-rescued cells, contribute to the success of high-dose MTX-CF rescue therapy is introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:301777", "title": "Lipid-soluble diaminopyrimidine inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase.", "content": "On the basis of activity against experimental tumors and potency as inhibitors of human dihydrofolate reductase, two compounds were selected for pharmacokinetic evaluation: metoprine ((2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methyl pyrimidine, DDMP, B.W. 197U) and etoprine, the corresponding 6-ethyl analog (DDEP, B.W. 276U). These lipid-soluble compounds readily cross the blood-brain barrier and penetrate rapidly into brain and brain tumors induced in rats by ethylnitrosourea. Both compounds are extensively bound to human plasma protein and their slow elimination from plasma and tissues contrasts with the kinetics of methotrexate. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of \"folate\" were elevated following oral administration of citrovorum factor to rats but not following equivalent doses of folic acid. The balance between selective action of the drug and selective protection by the vitamin is discussed with regard to differential distribution into separate compartments.", "contents": "Lipid-soluble diaminopyrimidine inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase. On the basis of activity against experimental tumors and potency as inhibitors of human dihydrofolate reductase, two compounds were selected for pharmacokinetic evaluation: metoprine ((2,4-diamino-5-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-6-methyl pyrimidine, DDMP, B.W. 197U) and etoprine, the corresponding 6-ethyl analog (DDEP, B.W. 276U). These lipid-soluble compounds readily cross the blood-brain barrier and penetrate rapidly into brain and brain tumors induced in rats by ethylnitrosourea. Both compounds are extensively bound to human plasma protein and their slow elimination from plasma and tissues contrasts with the kinetics of methotrexate. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of \"folate\" were elevated following oral administration of citrovorum factor to rats but not following equivalent doses of folic acid. The balance between selective action of the drug and selective protection by the vitamin is discussed with regard to differential distribution into separate compartments."}
{"id": "PMID:301779", "title": "Aspects of the reversal of methotrexate toxicity in rodents.", "content": "An ip injection of a Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase preparation into rats and mice given a single lethal dose of methotrexate (MTX) caused a marked lowering of free MTX in the blood. Alternatives to citrovorum factor as agents for reversing MTX toxicity were explored in mice. dl, L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, dl,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, l,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, and dihydrofolate were also effective MTX antagonists; d,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was inert.", "contents": "Aspects of the reversal of methotrexate toxicity in rodents. An ip injection of a Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase preparation into rats and mice given a single lethal dose of methotrexate (MTX) caused a marked lowering of free MTX in the blood. Alternatives to citrovorum factor as agents for reversing MTX toxicity were explored in mice. dl, L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, dl,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, l,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate, and dihydrofolate were also effective MTX antagonists; d,L-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate was inert."}
{"id": "PMID:301780", "title": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor in osteogenic sarcoma--progress report II.", "content": "Vincristine (VCR), high-dose methotrexate (MTX), and citrovorum factor (CF) were administered to 12 patients with classic osteogenic sarcoma with local control. Seven patients (58%) are free of pulmonary metastases for 2+-31/2+ years. With a second adjuvant program incorporating adriamycin (VCR, MTX, CF, and adriamycin), 16 of 20 patients are free of pulmonary metastases for 6+-18+ months. Five patients who developed pulmonary metastases were rendered free of disease by surgical resection. The VCR, MTX, and CF program was also administered at weekly intervals to eight patients with pulmonary metastases or unresected primary lesions. Two complete and one partial response were obtained in four patients with pulmonary metastases and three complete and one partial response were obtained in patients with primary lesions. This program was also administered in combination with radiation therapy to four patients who relapsed on conventional VCR, MTX, CF, and adriamycin therapy following surgical resection of pulmonary metastases. They remain free of recurrent disease for 2+-14+ months. There was no alteration in the incidence of toxicity when compared to earlier investigations. The results indicate that the VCR, MTX, and CF program has had a major impact on the management of osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor in osteogenic sarcoma--progress report II. Vincristine (VCR), high-dose methotrexate (MTX), and citrovorum factor (CF) were administered to 12 patients with classic osteogenic sarcoma with local control. Seven patients (58%) are free of pulmonary metastases for 2+-31/2+ years. With a second adjuvant program incorporating adriamycin (VCR, MTX, CF, and adriamycin), 16 of 20 patients are free of pulmonary metastases for 6+-18+ months. Five patients who developed pulmonary metastases were rendered free of disease by surgical resection. The VCR, MTX, and CF program was also administered at weekly intervals to eight patients with pulmonary metastases or unresected primary lesions. Two complete and one partial response were obtained in four patients with pulmonary metastases and three complete and one partial response were obtained in patients with primary lesions. This program was also administered in combination with radiation therapy to four patients who relapsed on conventional VCR, MTX, CF, and adriamycin therapy following surgical resection of pulmonary metastases. They remain free of recurrent disease for 2+-14+ months. There was no alteration in the incidence of toxicity when compared to earlier investigations. The results indicate that the VCR, MTX, and CF program has had a major impact on the management of osteogenic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:301781", "title": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue for the treatment of central nervous system tumors in children.", "content": "Eleven patients with brain tumors recurrent after surgery and radiation therapy were treated with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) (300-500 mg/kg) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR). MTX was given as an iv infusion over 4 hours followed 2 hours later by oral CFR (10 mg every 6 hours X 12). MTX levels were measured in the serum, lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ventricular CSF at 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours from the start of the MTX infusion. MTX concentrations of greater than 10(-6) M were measured in the CSF over a period of 24 hours after the iv infusion. Peak CSF concentrations reached were greater than 10(-5) M. After the response to high-dose MTX with CFR was evaluated, vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and a nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU or BCNU) were added to this treatment regimen. Two of four patients with recurrent pontine glioma and five of seven patients with recurrent medulloblastoma had favorable objective responses to treatment. It is suggested that high-dose MTX with CFR be cautiously considered for the primary treatment of intracranial neoplasms in children with the hope of increasing the cure rate for children with malignant brain tumors.", "contents": "High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue for the treatment of central nervous system tumors in children. Eleven patients with brain tumors recurrent after surgery and radiation therapy were treated with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) (300-500 mg/kg) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR). MTX was given as an iv infusion over 4 hours followed 2 hours later by oral CFR (10 mg every 6 hours X 12). MTX levels were measured in the serum, lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ventricular CSF at 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours from the start of the MTX infusion. MTX concentrations of greater than 10(-6) M were measured in the CSF over a period of 24 hours after the iv infusion. Peak CSF concentrations reached were greater than 10(-5) M. After the response to high-dose MTX with CFR was evaluated, vincristine (1.5 mg/m2) and a nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU or BCNU) were added to this treatment regimen. Two of four patients with recurrent pontine glioma and five of seven patients with recurrent medulloblastoma had favorable objective responses to treatment. It is suggested that high-dose MTX with CFR be cautiously considered for the primary treatment of intracranial neoplasms in children with the hope of increasing the cure rate for children with malignant brain tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:301783", "title": "Incidence of drug-related deaths secondary to high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor administration.", "content": "A review of 498 patients treated with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) with citrovorum factor rescue revealed 29 drug-related deaths. Until the important factors in those deaths are identified, the use of high-dose MTX should be limited to institutions that possess the necessary supportive facilities and the ability to measure serum levels of the drug.", "contents": "Incidence of drug-related deaths secondary to high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor administration. A review of 498 patients treated with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) with citrovorum factor rescue revealed 29 drug-related deaths. Until the important factors in those deaths are identified, the use of high-dose MTX should be limited to institutions that possess the necessary supportive facilities and the ability to measure serum levels of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:301786", "title": "The structure of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type A.", "content": "Structural investigation of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type a has shown it to be composed of 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-ribitol residues joined through phosphoric diester linkages between O-4 of D-glucose and O-5 of D-ribitol. Chemical degradations and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy were the main methods used.", "contents": "The structure of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type A. Structural investigation of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type a has shown it to be composed of 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-ribitol residues joined through phosphoric diester linkages between O-4 of D-glucose and O-5 of D-ribitol. Chemical degradations and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy were the main methods used."}
{"id": "PMID:301787", "title": "The in vitro differentiation of density sub-populations of colony-forming cells under the influence of different types of colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "The in vitro proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-c) in agar culture from CBA/Ca mouse bone marrow cells was studied. Density subpopulations of marrow cells were obtained by equilibrium centrifugation in continuous albumin density gradients. The formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages was studied under the influence of three types of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) from mouse lung conditioned medium CSFMLCM), post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES) and from human urine (CSFHu). The effect of the sulphydryl reagent mercaptoethanol on colony development was also examined. The density distribution of CFU-c was dependent on the type of CSF. Functional heterogeneity was found among CFU-c with partial discrimination between progenitor cells forming pure granulocytic colonies and those forming pure macrophage colonies. Mercaptoethanol increased colony incidence but had no apparent effect on colony morphology or the density distribution of CFU-c.", "contents": "The in vitro differentiation of density sub-populations of colony-forming cells under the influence of different types of colony-stimulating factor. The in vitro proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-c) in agar culture from CBA/Ca mouse bone marrow cells was studied. Density subpopulations of marrow cells were obtained by equilibrium centrifugation in continuous albumin density gradients. The formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages was studied under the influence of three types of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) from mouse lung conditioned medium CSFMLCM), post-endotoxin mouse serum (CSFES) and from human urine (CSFHu). The effect of the sulphydryl reagent mercaptoethanol on colony development was also examined. The density distribution of CFU-c was dependent on the type of CSF. Functional heterogeneity was found among CFU-c with partial discrimination between progenitor cells forming pure granulocytic colonies and those forming pure macrophage colonies. Mercaptoethanol increased colony incidence but had no apparent effect on colony morphology or the density distribution of CFU-c."}
{"id": "PMID:301788", "title": "Mobilization of B and T lymphocytes and haemopoietic stem cells by polymethacrylic acid and dextran sulphate.", "content": "The leucocytosis which can be evoked by the polyanions dextran sulphate (DS), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and the copolymer of PMAA and styrene (PMAA--STYR) was studied in mice. After intravenous administration of these polyanions peak numbers of leucocytes were found in the peripheral blood 3 hr after injection. All three types of polyanions increased the number of lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. Dose--response studies revealed that the nature of the polyanion determined the degree of leucocyte mobilization. The most potent mobilizer was found to be DS. This polyanion could evoke a six-fold increase of the number of peripheral blood leucocytes. By means of the membrane fluorescence technique it could be demonstrated that optimal doses of DS, PMAA and PMAA--STYR mobilized both B and T lymphocytes. The ratio between the number of B and T cells mobilized was greater for DS than for the other two polyanions. Intravenous injection of DS, PMAA and PMAA--STYR also increased the number of circulating haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The most potent stem cell mobilizer appeared to be PMAA--STYR. This polyanion evoked a twenty-five-fold increase in the number of CFU-S.", "contents": "Mobilization of B and T lymphocytes and haemopoietic stem cells by polymethacrylic acid and dextran sulphate. The leucocytosis which can be evoked by the polyanions dextran sulphate (DS), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and the copolymer of PMAA and styrene (PMAA--STYR) was studied in mice. After intravenous administration of these polyanions peak numbers of leucocytes were found in the peripheral blood 3 hr after injection. All three types of polyanions increased the number of lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes. Dose--response studies revealed that the nature of the polyanion determined the degree of leucocyte mobilization. The most potent mobilizer was found to be DS. This polyanion could evoke a six-fold increase of the number of peripheral blood leucocytes. By means of the membrane fluorescence technique it could be demonstrated that optimal doses of DS, PMAA and PMAA--STYR mobilized both B and T lymphocytes. The ratio between the number of B and T cells mobilized was greater for DS than for the other two polyanions. Intravenous injection of DS, PMAA and PMAA--STYR also increased the number of circulating haemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S). The most potent stem cell mobilizer appeared to be PMAA--STYR. This polyanion evoked a twenty-five-fold increase in the number of CFU-S."}
{"id": "PMID:301789", "title": "Fine structure of ependymal cells in the median eminence of the frog and mouse revealed by freeze-etching.", "content": "Freeze-etched preparations of the ventricular surfaces of ependymal cells clearly reveal the presence of pinocytotic vesicles opening into the third ventricle and large vacuoles formed by broad cell projections. The density of the vesicular openings is approximately 20 per micron2. The ependymal cells in the median eminence of the frog are adjoined by tight junctions comprised of five to eight interconnected junctional strands, whereas near the median eminence in the mouse only one to two such strands form the tight junction of the ependymal cells. Gap junctions between the adjacent ependymal cells are detected near the median eminence in the mouse but not in the frog.", "contents": "Fine structure of ependymal cells in the median eminence of the frog and mouse revealed by freeze-etching. Freeze-etched preparations of the ventricular surfaces of ependymal cells clearly reveal the presence of pinocytotic vesicles opening into the third ventricle and large vacuoles formed by broad cell projections. The density of the vesicular openings is approximately 20 per micron2. The ependymal cells in the median eminence of the frog are adjoined by tight junctions comprised of five to eight interconnected junctional strands, whereas near the median eminence in the mouse only one to two such strands form the tight junction of the ependymal cells. Gap junctions between the adjacent ependymal cells are detected near the median eminence in the mouse but not in the frog."}
{"id": "PMID:301795", "title": "An improved method of myocardial protection with pulsation during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "A new valveless pulsatile assist device (PAD) has been developed that converts roller pump flow into synchronized pulsatile flow. The PAD can also be used as an arterial counter-pulsator (ACtP) before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The PAD was employed in 100 adult patients undergoing open heart surgery for coronary artery and/or valvular heart disease. Seventy-three of these patients were NYHA class III or IV, had ejection fractions of less than 0.3, or an LVEDP greater than or equal to 18 mm Hg. Sixty-one patients underwent coronary artery bypass alone, 17 valve replacement alone, three ventricular aneurysm alone, 12 combined coronaries and valves, and seven combined coronaries and ventricular aneurysms. The device functioned as a hemodynamically effective ACtP before and after CPB. During CPB, pulse pressures of 40-50 mm Hg were readily obtained. Urinary outputs during CPB were increased on the PAD when compared to a control group (9.18 +/- 0.68 cc/min vs 3.90 +/- 0.34 cc/min). In addition, during CPB, coronary graft blood flow (CBF) increased an average of 21.4 +/- 6.1% with the PAD, and after CPB, CBF increased an average of 25.0 +/- 5.9%. Free plasma hemoglobins after CPB were not elevated. Only one patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction, and this patient was successfully treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping. It is suggested from these data that use of the PAD may decrease both the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and the need for postoperative intra-aortic balloon pumping.", "contents": "An improved method of myocardial protection with pulsation during cardiopulmonary bypass. A new valveless pulsatile assist device (PAD) has been developed that converts roller pump flow into synchronized pulsatile flow. The PAD can also be used as an arterial counter-pulsator (ACtP) before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The PAD was employed in 100 adult patients undergoing open heart surgery for coronary artery and/or valvular heart disease. Seventy-three of these patients were NYHA class III or IV, had ejection fractions of less than 0.3, or an LVEDP greater than or equal to 18 mm Hg. Sixty-one patients underwent coronary artery bypass alone, 17 valve replacement alone, three ventricular aneurysm alone, 12 combined coronaries and valves, and seven combined coronaries and ventricular aneurysms. The device functioned as a hemodynamically effective ACtP before and after CPB. During CPB, pulse pressures of 40-50 mm Hg were readily obtained. Urinary outputs during CPB were increased on the PAD when compared to a control group (9.18 +/- 0.68 cc/min vs 3.90 +/- 0.34 cc/min). In addition, during CPB, coronary graft blood flow (CBF) increased an average of 21.4 +/- 6.1% with the PAD, and after CPB, CBF increased an average of 25.0 +/- 5.9%. Free plasma hemoglobins after CPB were not elevated. Only one patient had a perioperative myocardial infarction, and this patient was successfully treated with intra-aortic balloon pumping. It is suggested from these data that use of the PAD may decrease both the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and the need for postoperative intra-aortic balloon pumping."}
{"id": "PMID:301796", "title": "The spectrum of pathologic changes in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts.", "content": "Aortocoronary vein grafts removed at autopsy of 182 patients who died up to 5 years after the bypass operation were examined by light and electron microscopy. During the first month after surgery, graft occlusion was due to thrombi, some of them recent, some organized and recanalized. Intimal proliferation of the graft first appeared 4 weeks after the bypass surgery; several cases of total occlusion of the lumen by this process were seen within 6 months of the operation. A change in the morphological features of the intimal thickening from cellular to fibrotic and hylain-like was observed in several grafts implanted for more than 1 year. Typical atherosclerosis developed in vein grafts in three of the six patients surviving the operation for more than 3 years.", "contents": "The spectrum of pathologic changes in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts. Aortocoronary vein grafts removed at autopsy of 182 patients who died up to 5 years after the bypass operation were examined by light and electron microscopy. During the first month after surgery, graft occlusion was due to thrombi, some of them recent, some organized and recanalized. Intimal proliferation of the graft first appeared 4 weeks after the bypass surgery; several cases of total occlusion of the lumen by this process were seen within 6 months of the operation. A change in the morphological features of the intimal thickening from cellular to fibrotic and hylain-like was observed in several grafts implanted for more than 1 year. Typical atherosclerosis developed in vein grafts in three of the six patients surviving the operation for more than 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:301797", "title": "The saphenous vein versus internal mammary artery as a coronary bypass graft.", "content": "Controversy persists as regards the efficacy of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft (SVBG) compared to direct internal mammary artery (IMA) anastomosis. In general, the IMA graft (IMAG) is considered to be superior as regards postoperative patency. To avoid preselection bias, 74 consecutive, unselected patients with bypassable lesions of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were randomized to undergo either SVBG or IMAG to the LAD in 1972-1974. The majority of patients had, in addition, SVBGs to other vessels. Postoperative angiograms, an average of 6 months after surgery, were obtained in two-thirds of the patients. The following observations were made: (formula: see text). In this series there is no clear advantage of the IMAG over the SVBG. The preparation of the internal mammary artery for grafting is tedious and the anastomosis more difficult to perform. The resultant flow in the internal mammary artery graft is less overall than in the SVBG. In over 400 unselected SVBGs to the LAD that have been restudied thus far in our practice, an 86% patency rate has been achieved.", "contents": "The saphenous vein versus internal mammary artery as a coronary bypass graft. Controversy persists as regards the efficacy of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft (SVBG) compared to direct internal mammary artery (IMA) anastomosis. In general, the IMA graft (IMAG) is considered to be superior as regards postoperative patency. To avoid preselection bias, 74 consecutive, unselected patients with bypassable lesions of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) were randomized to undergo either SVBG or IMAG to the LAD in 1972-1974. The majority of patients had, in addition, SVBGs to other vessels. Postoperative angiograms, an average of 6 months after surgery, were obtained in two-thirds of the patients. The following observations were made: (formula: see text). In this series there is no clear advantage of the IMAG over the SVBG. The preparation of the internal mammary artery for grafting is tedious and the anastomosis more difficult to perform. The resultant flow in the internal mammary artery graft is less overall than in the SVBG. In over 400 unselected SVBGs to the LAD that have been restudied thus far in our practice, an 86% patency rate has been achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:301798", "title": "Incidence and mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.", "content": "The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) determined by electrocardiogram was examined in 168 consecutive patients having only coronary artery bypass grafting at Yale-New Haven Hospital from July 1974 to June 1975. The incidence of MI and its mortality were correlated with clinical, hemodynamic, anatomic, and operative factors. Perioperative MI occurred in 23% of all patients (39/168); 26 in the inferior, 11 in the anterior, and two in the anterolateral wall. Three factors appeared related to the occurrence of MI: 1) abrupt propranolol withdrawal 24 hours prior to surgery (Prop) (32%, 33/103); 2) left main coronary artery disease (LMCD) (37%, 7/19); and 3) cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 60 minutes (CPB) (23%, 30/128). To more precisely predict MI, combinations of factors were examined. The combination of LMCD and CPB was 39%, (7/18) while the absence of either yielded an incidence of only 5.1% (2/39) (P less than 0.001). The mortality of patients with MI was 15.4% (6/39) while in patients without MI the mortality was 1.6% (2/129). We conclude that the risk of perioperative MI is significantly increased by abrupt propranolol withdrawal 24 hours before surgery, left main coronary artery disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 60 minutes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The mortality of perioperative MI is high, despite previous reports of the benignity of perioperative myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Incidence and mortality of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) determined by electrocardiogram was examined in 168 consecutive patients having only coronary artery bypass grafting at Yale-New Haven Hospital from July 1974 to June 1975. The incidence of MI and its mortality were correlated with clinical, hemodynamic, anatomic, and operative factors. Perioperative MI occurred in 23% of all patients (39/168); 26 in the inferior, 11 in the anterior, and two in the anterolateral wall. Three factors appeared related to the occurrence of MI: 1) abrupt propranolol withdrawal 24 hours prior to surgery (Prop) (32%, 33/103); 2) left main coronary artery disease (LMCD) (37%, 7/19); and 3) cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 60 minutes (CPB) (23%, 30/128). To more precisely predict MI, combinations of factors were examined. The combination of LMCD and CPB was 39%, (7/18) while the absence of either yielded an incidence of only 5.1% (2/39) (P less than 0.001). The mortality of patients with MI was 15.4% (6/39) while in patients without MI the mortality was 1.6% (2/129). We conclude that the risk of perioperative MI is significantly increased by abrupt propranolol withdrawal 24 hours before surgery, left main coronary artery disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass longer than 60 minutes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The mortality of perioperative MI is high, despite previous reports of the benignity of perioperative myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:301799", "title": "Coronary sinus blood flow and sampling for detection of unrecognized myocardial ischemia and injury.", "content": "Fifteen patients were studied to detect unrecognized intraoperative ischemia or necrosis in perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) associated with coronary bypass. Simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were analyzed for lactate and both total and MB-CPK. Coronary sinus flow measurements were done coincident with sampling in seven patients. Five had perioperative MI diagnosed by positive pyrophosphate scan and electrocardiogram. Although normal initially (mean 19 +/- 5.0%), lactate extraction after thoracotomy, before aortic cross-clamping, became abnormal in 12 patients with more pronounced abnormality in those with perioperative MI (-19 +/- 9.0%). Net efflux of lactate was higher in perioperative MI (mean 0.6 +/- 0.2 vs 0.016 +/- 0.04 mM/L) than in non-MI patients. All patients had detectable total and MB-CPK (mean 295 and 31 IU/L, respectively) and all those with coronary disease had a positive arterial-coronary sinus gradient for MB-CPK (mean 9 IU/L). Perioperative MI patients had a higher gradient than non-MI patients (mean 25 vs 2 IU/L) and with one exception that gradient exceeded 5-7 IU/L. It is concluded that severe ischemia before aortic cross-clamping precedes perioperative MI and may contribute to release of CPK into coronary sinus blood. Improvement in the techniques of anesthesia and intraoperative myocardial preservation are suggested.", "contents": "Coronary sinus blood flow and sampling for detection of unrecognized myocardial ischemia and injury. Fifteen patients were studied to detect unrecognized intraoperative ischemia or necrosis in perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) associated with coronary bypass. Simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus blood samples were analyzed for lactate and both total and MB-CPK. Coronary sinus flow measurements were done coincident with sampling in seven patients. Five had perioperative MI diagnosed by positive pyrophosphate scan and electrocardiogram. Although normal initially (mean 19 +/- 5.0%), lactate extraction after thoracotomy, before aortic cross-clamping, became abnormal in 12 patients with more pronounced abnormality in those with perioperative MI (-19 +/- 9.0%). Net efflux of lactate was higher in perioperative MI (mean 0.6 +/- 0.2 vs 0.016 +/- 0.04 mM/L) than in non-MI patients. All patients had detectable total and MB-CPK (mean 295 and 31 IU/L, respectively) and all those with coronary disease had a positive arterial-coronary sinus gradient for MB-CPK (mean 9 IU/L). Perioperative MI patients had a higher gradient than non-MI patients (mean 25 vs 2 IU/L) and with one exception that gradient exceeded 5-7 IU/L. It is concluded that severe ischemia before aortic cross-clamping precedes perioperative MI and may contribute to release of CPK into coronary sinus blood. Improvement in the techniques of anesthesia and intraoperative myocardial preservation are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:301800", "title": "Assay of proteolytic activity by gelatin liquefaction (trypsin assay by gelatin liquefaction).", "content": "A new assay for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors based on the liquefaction of gelatin gels has been developed. The assay is more sensitive than colorimetric tests, can be carried out upon colored or turbid samples and does not require the use of a spectrophotometer. The procedure consists of incubating the test sample with a fluid gelatin solution, cooling the solution so that it sets to a firm gel and then incubating at a warmer temperature until the gel iquefies. The time taken for liquefaction is several days for a sample of pure buffer, about one minute for a sample containing 0.5 microgram of trypsin per ml and longer for samples containing less trypsin, following an empirical calibration. An appreciable decrease in tryptic activity can be detected in the presence of only 0.1 KIU of Trasylol (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) by this method.", "contents": "Assay of proteolytic activity by gelatin liquefaction (trypsin assay by gelatin liquefaction). A new assay for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors based on the liquefaction of gelatin gels has been developed. The assay is more sensitive than colorimetric tests, can be carried out upon colored or turbid samples and does not require the use of a spectrophotometer. The procedure consists of incubating the test sample with a fluid gelatin solution, cooling the solution so that it sets to a firm gel and then incubating at a warmer temperature until the gel iquefies. The time taken for liquefaction is several days for a sample of pure buffer, about one minute for a sample containing 0.5 microgram of trypsin per ml and longer for samples containing less trypsin, following an empirical calibration. An appreciable decrease in tryptic activity can be detected in the presence of only 0.1 KIU of Trasylol (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:301801", "title": "The effect of oral glucose on von Willebrand factor activity in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "We have previously noted increased platelet aggregation and high von Willebrand factor activity in patients with chemical diabetes. In this paper we have studied platelet aggregation, plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, growth hormone, and von Willebrand factor activity during the glucose tolerance test in six normal and six chemical diabetic subjects. The results suggest that von Willebrand factor activity is suppressed coincident with the rise of glucose and insulin and provide further evidence of hormonal and metabolic control of levels of von Willebrand factor activity.", "contents": "The effect of oral glucose on von Willebrand factor activity in normal and diabetic subjects. We have previously noted increased platelet aggregation and high von Willebrand factor activity in patients with chemical diabetes. In this paper we have studied platelet aggregation, plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, growth hormone, and von Willebrand factor activity during the glucose tolerance test in six normal and six chemical diabetic subjects. The results suggest that von Willebrand factor activity is suppressed coincident with the rise of glucose and insulin and provide further evidence of hormonal and metabolic control of levels of von Willebrand factor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:301802", "title": "X-linked aqueductal stenosis.", "content": "A family is reported in which eight members of one generation were affected by the syndrome hydrocephalus with aqueductal stenosis. With the exception of one child who lived for several weeks, they all died at or within 10 days of birth. Autopsy of a pair of affected twins showed marked stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius with fusion of the lamina quadrigemina. There were no signs of previous or present inflammatory changes or neoplasia. All the affected individuals were males, and the familial and pathological data presented support the concept that aqueductal stenosis in this family was due to an X-linked gene, and may have a developmental origin.", "contents": "X-linked aqueductal stenosis. A family is reported in which eight members of one generation were affected by the syndrome hydrocephalus with aqueductal stenosis. With the exception of one child who lived for several weeks, they all died at or within 10 days of birth. Autopsy of a pair of affected twins showed marked stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius with fusion of the lamina quadrigemina. There were no signs of previous or present inflammatory changes or neoplasia. All the affected individuals were males, and the familial and pathological data presented support the concept that aqueductal stenosis in this family was due to an X-linked gene, and may have a developmental origin."}
{"id": "PMID:301812", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of human pulmonary pneumocystosis.", "content": "Histopathologic examinations were performed in 13 autopsy cases with Pneumocystis pneumonia, five of whom were examined with scanning as well as transmission electron microscope. Findings by scanning electron microscopy were compared with those by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. By scanning electron microscopy, two principal structural varieties of Pneumocystis organisms, smooth-surfaced organisms and rough-surfaced organisms, could be classified. It was indicated that rough-surfaced organisms and smooth-surfaced organisms correspond respectively to trophozoite-type organisms and thick-walled cysts, recognized with transmission electron microscope. Intraalveolar honeycombed material was mainly composed of dilated trophozoite-type organisms, containing thick-walled cysts scatteredly.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of human pulmonary pneumocystosis. Histopathologic examinations were performed in 13 autopsy cases with Pneumocystis pneumonia, five of whom were examined with scanning as well as transmission electron microscope. Findings by scanning electron microscopy were compared with those by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. By scanning electron microscopy, two principal structural varieties of Pneumocystis organisms, smooth-surfaced organisms and rough-surfaced organisms, could be classified. It was indicated that rough-surfaced organisms and smooth-surfaced organisms correspond respectively to trophozoite-type organisms and thick-walled cysts, recognized with transmission electron microscope. Intraalveolar honeycombed material was mainly composed of dilated trophozoite-type organisms, containing thick-walled cysts scatteredly."}
{"id": "PMID:301813", "title": "Chromosomal evolution in a haploid frog cell line: implications for the origin of karyotypic variants.", "content": "ICR 2A, a haploid cell line derived from Rana pipiens embryos, has remained haploid in number of chromosones and their relative lengths and centromere positions for 500 cell generations. After this time, two new haryotypes appeared; relative length measurements indicate that the first has a translocation from chromosome 4 to 6, the second translocations from 3 and 4 to 6 and 7. The single exchange karyotype is not a precursor for the double exchange according to a statistical analysis. The double exchange karyotype characterized 90% of some cultures although a selective advantage could not be demonstrated for these cells. The observations suggest that a non-clonal or multicellular origin may account for these karyotypic variants.", "contents": "Chromosomal evolution in a haploid frog cell line: implications for the origin of karyotypic variants. ICR 2A, a haploid cell line derived from Rana pipiens embryos, has remained haploid in number of chromosones and their relative lengths and centromere positions for 500 cell generations. After this time, two new haryotypes appeared; relative length measurements indicate that the first has a translocation from chromosome 4 to 6, the second translocations from 3 and 4 to 6 and 7. The single exchange karyotype is not a precursor for the double exchange according to a statistical analysis. The double exchange karyotype characterized 90% of some cultures although a selective advantage could not be demonstrated for these cells. The observations suggest that a non-clonal or multicellular origin may account for these karyotypic variants."}
{"id": "PMID:301817", "title": "[Possibilities for the use of lasers in dental surgery].", "content": "The use of the Nd:YAG laser in everyday oral surgery in patients with a hemorrhagic diathesis is reported. It proved successful in various hemorrhagic disorders mild forms of hemophilia A. The most essential including step forward seems to be that this may simplify the so far complicated treatment of this group of patients in a hospital, as it may enable outpatient therapy to be performed and considerably reduce the cost of treatment. In addition, the risk of hepatitis is smaller for all those patients in whom missing clotting factors have had to be substituted up to the present.", "contents": "[Possibilities for the use of lasers in dental surgery]. The use of the Nd:YAG laser in everyday oral surgery in patients with a hemorrhagic diathesis is reported. It proved successful in various hemorrhagic disorders mild forms of hemophilia A. The most essential including step forward seems to be that this may simplify the so far complicated treatment of this group of patients in a hospital, as it may enable outpatient therapy to be performed and considerably reduce the cost of treatment. In addition, the risk of hepatitis is smaller for all those patients in whom missing clotting factors have had to be substituted up to the present."}
{"id": "PMID:301818", "title": "Studies on DNA synthesis in goat mammary organ culture under the influence of various hormones.", "content": "A study has been made of the hormones required for stimulation of DNA synthesis in organ culture of mammary tissue of goats. On culture in Waymouth's medium without added hormones the incorporation of 6-3H-thymidine into DNA was low. The addition of insulin caused a high stimulation of thymidine incorporation. However, the addition of cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, 17beta-estradiol, progesterone alone or in combination had no effect on DNA synthesis. The minimal effective concentration of insulin was 0.1 mug ml-1. The addition of calf serum caused slight stimulation of DNA synthesis. When the mammary explants were exposed to a combination of serum and insulin, the rate of thymidine incorporation was always additive suggesting that DNA synthesis was affected independently by serum and insulin.", "contents": "Studies on DNA synthesis in goat mammary organ culture under the influence of various hormones. A study has been made of the hormones required for stimulation of DNA synthesis in organ culture of mammary tissue of goats. On culture in Waymouth's medium without added hormones the incorporation of 6-3H-thymidine into DNA was low. The addition of insulin caused a high stimulation of thymidine incorporation. However, the addition of cortisol, prolactin, growth hormone, 17beta-estradiol, progesterone alone or in combination had no effect on DNA synthesis. The minimal effective concentration of insulin was 0.1 mug ml-1. The addition of calf serum caused slight stimulation of DNA synthesis. When the mammary explants were exposed to a combination of serum and insulin, the rate of thymidine incorporation was always additive suggesting that DNA synthesis was affected independently by serum and insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:301819", "title": "Interaction of thyroid hormones with human muscular tissue, leucocytes and adipose tissue in vitro.", "content": "The uptake of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) by human leucocytes as well as by adipose and muscular tissues in vitro was markedly dependent on the extracellular protein concentration. The presence of extracellular protein was responsible for the difference in the uptake of T3 and T4 by leucocytes (the incorporation of T4 was significantly lower than that of T3), whereas its presence in the medium containing adipocytes did nto influence the incorporation values. In a protein-free medium, the muscular tissue uptake of T3 exceeded that of T4. In this tissue the deiodination of both hormones was likewise significantly different, that of T4 being higher. The conversion of T4 to T3 was also higher in the muscle cells, but represented only about 75% of the total deiodinated fraction. In the remaining tissues, no differences were observed in the uptake and deiodination of T3 and T4. The deiodination of T4 in human leucocytes was found to be considerably dependent of pH of the incubation medium (two deiodination optima, a higher one in acid region) whereas the deiodination of T3 was fairly indifferent to variations of pH (one flat deiodination optimum in the weakly alkaline region).", "contents": "Interaction of thyroid hormones with human muscular tissue, leucocytes and adipose tissue in vitro. The uptake of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) by human leucocytes as well as by adipose and muscular tissues in vitro was markedly dependent on the extracellular protein concentration. The presence of extracellular protein was responsible for the difference in the uptake of T3 and T4 by leucocytes (the incorporation of T4 was significantly lower than that of T3), whereas its presence in the medium containing adipocytes did nto influence the incorporation values. In a protein-free medium, the muscular tissue uptake of T3 exceeded that of T4. In this tissue the deiodination of both hormones was likewise significantly different, that of T4 being higher. The conversion of T4 to T3 was also higher in the muscle cells, but represented only about 75% of the total deiodinated fraction. In the remaining tissues, no differences were observed in the uptake and deiodination of T3 and T4. The deiodination of T4 in human leucocytes was found to be considerably dependent of pH of the incubation medium (two deiodination optima, a higher one in acid region) whereas the deiodination of T3 was fairly indifferent to variations of pH (one flat deiodination optimum in the weakly alkaline region)."}
{"id": "PMID:301820", "title": "Role of brain catecholaminergic system in hypothalamic obesity in rats.", "content": "Distribution of labelled catecholamines (CA) was studied after intraventricular injection of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) and 3H-dihydrozyphenylalanine (DOPA) in several brain regions of ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned female rats. After intraventricular infection of 3H-NE a decrease in endogenous NE content and a marked increase in labelled NE concentration were observed in the preoptic-basal cortical area and lateral hypothalamus, while no change was found in these parameters in brain areas caudal to the lesion. The 3H-DOPA uptake of preoptic-basal cortical area and also the lateral hypothalamus was lower. No change was found in the uptake of 3H-DOPA in the corpus striatum. These results support the hypothesis that the decreased function of noradrenergic pathways in the medial forebrain bundle plays a role in the development of hypothalamic obesity without any concomitant functional changes in the striatal dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Role of brain catecholaminergic system in hypothalamic obesity in rats. Distribution of labelled catecholamines (CA) was studied after intraventricular injection of 3H-norepinephrine (NE) and 3H-dihydrozyphenylalanine (DOPA) in several brain regions of ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned female rats. After intraventricular infection of 3H-NE a decrease in endogenous NE content and a marked increase in labelled NE concentration were observed in the preoptic-basal cortical area and lateral hypothalamus, while no change was found in these parameters in brain areas caudal to the lesion. The 3H-DOPA uptake of preoptic-basal cortical area and also the lateral hypothalamus was lower. No change was found in the uptake of 3H-DOPA in the corpus striatum. These results support the hypothesis that the decreased function of noradrenergic pathways in the medial forebrain bundle plays a role in the development of hypothalamic obesity without any concomitant functional changes in the striatal dopaminergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:301821", "title": "Steroid metabolism of foetal tissues. V. Comparative studies in a 18 trisomic foetus.", "content": "After amniotic fluid and fetal skin biopsy cultures trisomy 18 was diagnosed and the steroid metabolism of tissues from this foetus was studied by double isotope methods and compared with results from foetuses of similar age. The metabolism of 14C-pregnenolone, the aromatization of androstendendione to oestrone and the 5alpha-reduction of testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in this foetus were similar as in other foetuses. The reason for a low oestriol excretion in pregnancy with 18 trisomic foetus is not evident from the data obtained.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism of foetal tissues. V. Comparative studies in a 18 trisomic foetus. After amniotic fluid and fetal skin biopsy cultures trisomy 18 was diagnosed and the steroid metabolism of tissues from this foetus was studied by double isotope methods and compared with results from foetuses of similar age. The metabolism of 14C-pregnenolone, the aromatization of androstendendione to oestrone and the 5alpha-reduction of testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in this foetus were similar as in other foetuses. The reason for a low oestriol excretion in pregnancy with 18 trisomic foetus is not evident from the data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:301822", "title": "In vitro metabolism of [4-14C] androstenedione and [4-14C] testosterone by rabbit placenta.", "content": "The metabolism of labelled androstenedione and testosterone in rabbit placenta on day 15 and 28 of gestation was studied in vitro. Extensive ring A reduction was observed. 5beta-Androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol,5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstane-17-one, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one and 5beta-androstane-3, 17-dione were formed from androstenedione as proved by crystallization method. Testosterone was metabolized to 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one. The formation of estrogens was not found from any precursor. The results indicate that the rabbit placenta in the mid and late gestation shows delta4-5beta-reductase, 17beta-, 3alpha-and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of [4-14C] androstenedione and [4-14C] testosterone by rabbit placenta. The metabolism of labelled androstenedione and testosterone in rabbit placenta on day 15 and 28 of gestation was studied in vitro. Extensive ring A reduction was observed. 5beta-Androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol,5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstane-17-one, 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one and 5beta-androstane-3, 17-dione were formed from androstenedione as proved by crystallization method. Testosterone was metabolized to 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5beta-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol and 17beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-3-one. The formation of estrogens was not found from any precursor. The results indicate that the rabbit placenta in the mid and late gestation shows delta4-5beta-reductase, 17beta-, 3alpha-and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:301823", "title": "Effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in isolated adipocytes and in diaphragm: effect of age and neonatal nutrition.", "content": "Differences in the response of isolated adipocytes to insulin were found in relation to the age and early postnatal nutrition. In old rats (15 months) an impaired stimulation of 14C-glucose incorporation into lipids was found after insulin as compared to young animals (1 or 2 months old). In isolated fat cells from young neonatally underfed rats a higher increase of insulin induced lipogenesis was observed than in controls. The response to insulin, however, was not influenced by neonatal nutrition inold rats. Glucose oxidation in the diaphragm was also lower in older animals (4 months) than in young (1 month) rats. The stimulation of glucose oxidation by insulin was higher in neonatally underfed rats as compared to overfed ones during the suckling period. The rise of glucose oxidation after insulin decreased with age. These results showed that the response of muscular and adipose tissue decreases by age and that nutrition during the early postnatal period may affect the influence of insulin on the metabolsim of glucose in adipose and muscular tissue in young animals.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on glucose metabolism in isolated adipocytes and in diaphragm: effect of age and neonatal nutrition. Differences in the response of isolated adipocytes to insulin were found in relation to the age and early postnatal nutrition. In old rats (15 months) an impaired stimulation of 14C-glucose incorporation into lipids was found after insulin as compared to young animals (1 or 2 months old). In isolated fat cells from young neonatally underfed rats a higher increase of insulin induced lipogenesis was observed than in controls. The response to insulin, however, was not influenced by neonatal nutrition inold rats. Glucose oxidation in the diaphragm was also lower in older animals (4 months) than in young (1 month) rats. The stimulation of glucose oxidation by insulin was higher in neonatally underfed rats as compared to overfed ones during the suckling period. The rise of glucose oxidation after insulin decreased with age. These results showed that the response of muscular and adipose tissue decreases by age and that nutrition during the early postnatal period may affect the influence of insulin on the metabolsim of glucose in adipose and muscular tissue in young animals."}
{"id": "PMID:301824", "title": "Binding of synthetic anabolic steroids to testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and to rat prostate cytosol.", "content": "The binding of five synthetic anabolic steroids and two natural androgens to testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) and to cytoplasmic fraction containing androgen receptors from prostates of castrated rats was compared. The binding affinity to TeBg decreased in sequence: dihydrotestosterone--testosterone--methyltestosterone-methandienone--nortestosterone--dimethylandrostanolone--nortestosterone--phenylpropionate (no binding); in the prostatic cytosol the following fecreasing sequence was found: dihydrostestosterone--methyltestosterone--methandienone--nortestosterone--nortestosterone phenylpropionate--testosterone--dimethylandrostanolone. The law binding to TeBG of 17alpha-methylated steroids possessing at the same time high affinity to cytoplasmic receptors may enhance their effect in target tissues.", "contents": "Binding of synthetic anabolic steroids to testosterone-estradiol binding globulin and to rat prostate cytosol. The binding of five synthetic anabolic steroids and two natural androgens to testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG) and to cytoplasmic fraction containing androgen receptors from prostates of castrated rats was compared. The binding affinity to TeBg decreased in sequence: dihydrotestosterone--testosterone--methyltestosterone-methandienone--nortestosterone--dimethylandrostanolone--nortestosterone--phenylpropionate (no binding); in the prostatic cytosol the following fecreasing sequence was found: dihydrostestosterone--methyltestosterone--methandienone--nortestosterone--nortestosterone phenylpropionate--testosterone--dimethylandrostanolone. The law binding to TeBG of 17alpha-methylated steroids possessing at the same time high affinity to cytoplasmic receptors may enhance their effect in target tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:301825", "title": "Water deprivation for 24 hours increases selectively blood flow in posterior pituitary of conscious rats.", "content": "Blood flow was measured by means of 125I-Antipyrin distribution and was found to be increased in the posterior pituitary of conscious rats following water deprivation for 24 h as compared to either normohydrated control or to force hydrated rats (2.86 ml min-1 g-1 vs. 2.36 ml or 2.08 ml, respectively). Other parameters of systemic haemodynamics, blood flow in the brain or in the hypothalamus and in anterior pituitary did not differ in three experimental groups of rats subjected to various water intake. The increased blood flow in the posterior pituitary in dehydrated rats presumably parallels the locally intensified metabolic rats due to the enchanged stimulation of the antidiuretic hormone release.", "contents": "Water deprivation for 24 hours increases selectively blood flow in posterior pituitary of conscious rats. Blood flow was measured by means of 125I-Antipyrin distribution and was found to be increased in the posterior pituitary of conscious rats following water deprivation for 24 h as compared to either normohydrated control or to force hydrated rats (2.86 ml min-1 g-1 vs. 2.36 ml or 2.08 ml, respectively). Other parameters of systemic haemodynamics, blood flow in the brain or in the hypothalamus and in anterior pituitary did not differ in three experimental groups of rats subjected to various water intake. The increased blood flow in the posterior pituitary in dehydrated rats presumably parallels the locally intensified metabolic rats due to the enchanged stimulation of the antidiuretic hormone release."}
{"id": "PMID:301828", "title": "Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes in dark-reared rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were raised in complete darkness for 7 months after birth. Eye movements were measured at the end of this period and in the next 3 months of normal light exposure with chronically implanted scleral coils. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was tested inside a large drum which was rotated at velocities between 0.06 and 60 degrees/sec. Vestibuloocular reflexes (VOR) were elicited by sinusoidal horizontal oscillation on a torsion swing at frequencies between 0.11 and 2.13 Hz and amplitudes up to 10 degrees. At the end of the light-deprived period (with the eyes still covered) a VOR could be elicited consisting of a normal mixture of smooth and saccadic components and normal phase relations, but the amplitude of the smooth (compensatory) component was reduced to about 1/3 of normal control values. At the first exposure to light an OKN could be immediately elicited which was normal in most respects, except for a reduction of the ratio slow phase eye speed/drum speed to about 2/3 of the value in normal controls. The preference of each eye for anterior motion and the quasiconjugate character of nystagmus in monocular stimulation were unaffected. Also the improvement of the VOR by vision was normal. No abnormal habituation or fatigeability were observed. In the next 3 months of normal light exposure about half of the amplitude defects in both systems were restored, largely in the first week. The remaining defects were apparently permanent.", "contents": "Optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes in dark-reared rabbits. Rabbits were raised in complete darkness for 7 months after birth. Eye movements were measured at the end of this period and in the next 3 months of normal light exposure with chronically implanted scleral coils. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was tested inside a large drum which was rotated at velocities between 0.06 and 60 degrees/sec. Vestibuloocular reflexes (VOR) were elicited by sinusoidal horizontal oscillation on a torsion swing at frequencies between 0.11 and 2.13 Hz and amplitudes up to 10 degrees. At the end of the light-deprived period (with the eyes still covered) a VOR could be elicited consisting of a normal mixture of smooth and saccadic components and normal phase relations, but the amplitude of the smooth (compensatory) component was reduced to about 1/3 of normal control values. At the first exposure to light an OKN could be immediately elicited which was normal in most respects, except for a reduction of the ratio slow phase eye speed/drum speed to about 2/3 of the value in normal controls. The preference of each eye for anterior motion and the quasiconjugate character of nystagmus in monocular stimulation were unaffected. Also the improvement of the VOR by vision was normal. No abnormal habituation or fatigeability were observed. In the next 3 months of normal light exposure about half of the amplitude defects in both systems were restored, largely in the first week. The remaining defects were apparently permanent."}
{"id": "PMID:301830", "title": "[Stimulation of the reflex response of the anticoagulant system by intermediate product-1 of prothrombin proteolysis].", "content": "Injection of the intermediate 1 of prothrombin proteolysis into the frog's systemic circulation mobilized the anticoagulating and the fibrinolytic potential of the organism. This is not so in frogs with destroyed c.n. s. Electrical activity of the carotid chemoreceptors in considerably higher after perfusion with intermediate 1 of the frog's humorally isolated carotid labyrinth, as well as the total coagulation time, the total fibrinolytic activity, and the non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the systematic circulation. The data obtained suggest that the reflex activation of the physiological anticoagulating system can be induced can be induced by intermediate 1 which has the structure similar to thrombin but no clotting activity.", "contents": "[Stimulation of the reflex response of the anticoagulant system by intermediate product-1 of prothrombin proteolysis]. Injection of the intermediate 1 of prothrombin proteolysis into the frog's systemic circulation mobilized the anticoagulating and the fibrinolytic potential of the organism. This is not so in frogs with destroyed c.n. s. Electrical activity of the carotid chemoreceptors in considerably higher after perfusion with intermediate 1 of the frog's humorally isolated carotid labyrinth, as well as the total coagulation time, the total fibrinolytic activity, and the non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the systematic circulation. The data obtained suggest that the reflex activation of the physiological anticoagulating system can be induced can be induced by intermediate 1 which has the structure similar to thrombin but no clotting activity."}
{"id": "PMID:301831", "title": "[Analysis of chrono-inotropy of the myocardium in poikilothermic animals].", "content": "Chrono-ionotropic interrelationships were studied in isolated strips of the myocardium of poikilothermous animals (frogs and fishes) in conditions of either stationary or transitional regimens of stimulation. In the stationary regimen, the rhythm-strength relation is simple and corresponds to a parabolic curve. While changing the lesser frequency of stimulation for greater one, both the positive and negative transitional abbreviating stirs were observed, in contrast to literature references. The phenomena of positive and negative transitional stairs were concluded to be unrelated to species while being a general biological form of the myocardium response to change of the stimulation rhythm.", "contents": "[Analysis of chrono-inotropy of the myocardium in poikilothermic animals]. Chrono-ionotropic interrelationships were studied in isolated strips of the myocardium of poikilothermous animals (frogs and fishes) in conditions of either stationary or transitional regimens of stimulation. In the stationary regimen, the rhythm-strength relation is simple and corresponds to a parabolic curve. While changing the lesser frequency of stimulation for greater one, both the positive and negative transitional abbreviating stirs were observed, in contrast to literature references. The phenomena of positive and negative transitional stairs were concluded to be unrelated to species while being a general biological form of the myocardium response to change of the stimulation rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:301833", "title": "A record keeping system addressing future needs.", "content": "Important long-range decisions regarding the provision of dental care and the education of dentists and dental para-professionals will be made by the government and third parties. The quality and interpretation of the data to be used depend on who gathers it. If the dental profession is not in the position to gather the data, others certainly will be. There is a wealth of statistical data in the records of every practice. The record keeping system described provides an organized way to get such information out, with a minimum of additional effort. Rather than making it a series of separate tasks to generate a statistical description of the practice population, the incidence of problems, or the progression of treatments, this record keeping system provides a single comprehensive method. This method grows with a practice, whether individual, group, or clinic. By doing this, it provides a long-range continuous monitor of the practice population and the problems incident to it. The installation of such a methodology in clinics and dental school faculty practices will rapidly contribute to our knowledge regarding dental health care. Adoption in whole or in part by private practioners will provide them with new tools for the delivery of better dental care and practice management.", "contents": "A record keeping system addressing future needs. Important long-range decisions regarding the provision of dental care and the education of dentists and dental para-professionals will be made by the government and third parties. The quality and interpretation of the data to be used depend on who gathers it. If the dental profession is not in the position to gather the data, others certainly will be. There is a wealth of statistical data in the records of every practice. The record keeping system described provides an organized way to get such information out, with a minimum of additional effort. Rather than making it a series of separate tasks to generate a statistical description of the practice population, the incidence of problems, or the progression of treatments, this record keeping system provides a single comprehensive method. This method grows with a practice, whether individual, group, or clinic. By doing this, it provides a long-range continuous monitor of the practice population and the problems incident to it. The installation of such a methodology in clinics and dental school faculty practices will rapidly contribute to our knowledge regarding dental health care. Adoption in whole or in part by private practioners will provide them with new tools for the delivery of better dental care and practice management."}
{"id": "PMID:301838", "title": "[Prostaglandin F2alpha- and 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha-application for the treatment of severe uterine bleedings (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reports on intravenous and intrauterine application of Prostaglandin F2alpha and its 15-methyl derivative for the treatment of severe uterine bleedings in obsteterics and gynaecology. The effectiveness of the compounds is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin F2alpha- and 15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha-application for the treatment of severe uterine bleedings (author's transl)]. The paper reports on intravenous and intrauterine application of Prostaglandin F2alpha and its 15-methyl derivative for the treatment of severe uterine bleedings in obsteterics and gynaecology. The effectiveness of the compounds is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:301840", "title": "Linkage disequilibrium for two X-linked genes in Sardinia and its bearing on the statistical mapping of the human X chromosome.", "content": "The distribution of four X-linked mutants (G6PD, Deutan, Protan and Xg) among lowland and once highly malarial populations of Sardinia discloses a clear-cut example of linkage disequiligrium between two of them (G6PD and Protan). In the same populations the distribution of G6PD-deficiency versus colorblindness of the Deutan type and the Xg blood-group is not significantly different from that expected at equilibrium. These data suggest indirectly that the loci for G6PD and Protan may be nearer to one another than those for G6PD and Deutan.", "contents": "Linkage disequilibrium for two X-linked genes in Sardinia and its bearing on the statistical mapping of the human X chromosome. The distribution of four X-linked mutants (G6PD, Deutan, Protan and Xg) among lowland and once highly malarial populations of Sardinia discloses a clear-cut example of linkage disequiligrium between two of them (G6PD and Protan). In the same populations the distribution of G6PD-deficiency versus colorblindness of the Deutan type and the Xg blood-group is not significantly different from that expected at equilibrium. These data suggest indirectly that the loci for G6PD and Protan may be nearer to one another than those for G6PD and Deutan."}
{"id": "PMID:301845", "title": "[Ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy through rubber band ligation-review of the literature].", "content": "The value of rubber band ligation in the treatment of haemorrhoids is discussed and the literature on the case histories of 3244 patients who were treated by this technique is reviewed. 36% of the patients found this form of therapy to be painless, 41% suffered little and 14% severe pain. 80% of all patients finally were free of symptoms. Rubber band ligation therefore is an effective method treating internal haemorrhoids. Its advantages are simplicity, relatively little discomfort for the patient, applicability in ambulant patients, no general anaesthesia, low cost and good results with only minor complications. Thus it is an alternative to sclerotherapy and to surgical haemorrhoidectomy.", "contents": "[Ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy through rubber band ligation-review of the literature]. The value of rubber band ligation in the treatment of haemorrhoids is discussed and the literature on the case histories of 3244 patients who were treated by this technique is reviewed. 36% of the patients found this form of therapy to be painless, 41% suffered little and 14% severe pain. 80% of all patients finally were free of symptoms. Rubber band ligation therefore is an effective method treating internal haemorrhoids. Its advantages are simplicity, relatively little discomfort for the patient, applicability in ambulant patients, no general anaesthesia, low cost and good results with only minor complications. Thus it is an alternative to sclerotherapy and to surgical haemorrhoidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:301846", "title": "[The rheumatic foot and its treatment].", "content": "The alterations of form and function of the rheumatoid foot are derived from the pathomechanical conditions. The latter are used as a measure for the treatment. Type and frequency of inflammatory alterations are studied by x-ray examination and new aspects are stressed. The deformities of the rheumatoid foot can be explained conclusively through the interaction of functional, gravitational, inflammatory and anatomical influences. The deformities of the toes are induced to a great extent by the deformities of the proximal part of the foot. The possibilities of surgical treatment are discussed in detail and systematically. The results of partially own methods are compared with those of other authors, and conclusions regarding the indication are drawn. The conservative treatment is considered under the aspects of the enlarged surgical possibilities. The need of a close cooperation between the different specialists is emphasized.", "contents": "[The rheumatic foot and its treatment]. The alterations of form and function of the rheumatoid foot are derived from the pathomechanical conditions. The latter are used as a measure for the treatment. Type and frequency of inflammatory alterations are studied by x-ray examination and new aspects are stressed. The deformities of the rheumatoid foot can be explained conclusively through the interaction of functional, gravitational, inflammatory and anatomical influences. The deformities of the toes are induced to a great extent by the deformities of the proximal part of the foot. The possibilities of surgical treatment are discussed in detail and systematically. The results of partially own methods are compared with those of other authors, and conclusions regarding the indication are drawn. The conservative treatment is considered under the aspects of the enlarged surgical possibilities. The need of a close cooperation between the different specialists is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:301848", "title": "Evidence for a participation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the regulation of muscle metabolism during hypoxia.", "content": "The effect of hypoxia on muscle metabolism was studied in the human forearm by the registration of arterial-deep venous concentration differences of oxygen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, and muscular blood flow after short, transient arrest of the forearm circulation. These studies were performed during the intravenous infusion of physiological saline (n=4), of a kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor (n=4), and of kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor plus the intrabrachial-arterial infusion of bradykinin (n=4). Infusion of the kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor significantly reduced the well known hypoxia-induced acceleration of nuscular glucose uptake due to a reduction of blood flow and of muscular glucose extraction. These changes of muscular glucose metabolism were accompanied by more or less striking effects on the balances of oxygen, lactate and acetoacetate. Physiological doses of bradykinin into the brachial artery during the infusion of a kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor restored almost completely the metabolic response during hypoxia. From these data there is further evidence for a participation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the physiological regulation of muscular substrate metabolism.", "contents": "Evidence for a participation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the regulation of muscle metabolism during hypoxia. The effect of hypoxia on muscle metabolism was studied in the human forearm by the registration of arterial-deep venous concentration differences of oxygen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, and muscular blood flow after short, transient arrest of the forearm circulation. These studies were performed during the intravenous infusion of physiological saline (n=4), of a kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor (n=4), and of kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor plus the intrabrachial-arterial infusion of bradykinin (n=4). Infusion of the kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor significantly reduced the well known hypoxia-induced acceleration of nuscular glucose uptake due to a reduction of blood flow and of muscular glucose extraction. These changes of muscular glucose metabolism were accompanied by more or less striking effects on the balances of oxygen, lactate and acetoacetate. Physiological doses of bradykinin into the brachial artery during the infusion of a kallikrein-trypsin inhibitor restored almost completely the metabolic response during hypoxia. From these data there is further evidence for a participation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the physiological regulation of muscular substrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:301850", "title": "Population genetics of alpha1-antitrypsin in the Netherlands. Description of a new electrophoretic variant.", "content": "Two groups of 708 healthy blood donors and 563 patients affected with chronic obstructive lung disease (C.O.L.D.) respectively, have been screened for alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) variants by electrophoresis on agarose-polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.7 and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The frequencies of the Pi (Protease inhibitor) alleles are comparable to those observed in the North European populations. As expected, the frequency of the Z gene is higher in the group of patients with C.O.L.D. Also the frequency of MZ phenotypes is higher among these patients, but in this case the difference is not statistically significant. With the aid of the electrophoretic methods described in the text we were able to detect a new electrophoretic variant (M3) showing a mobility intermediate between the M1 and the M2 phenotypes.", "contents": "Population genetics of alpha1-antitrypsin in the Netherlands. Description of a new electrophoretic variant. Two groups of 708 healthy blood donors and 563 patients affected with chronic obstructive lung disease (C.O.L.D.) respectively, have been screened for alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) variants by electrophoresis on agarose-polyacrylamide gels at pH 4.7 and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The frequencies of the Pi (Protease inhibitor) alleles are comparable to those observed in the North European populations. As expected, the frequency of the Z gene is higher in the group of patients with C.O.L.D. Also the frequency of MZ phenotypes is higher among these patients, but in this case the difference is not statistically significant. With the aid of the electrophoretic methods described in the text we were able to detect a new electrophoretic variant (M3) showing a mobility intermediate between the M1 and the M2 phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:301851", "title": "Improved medium for clonal growth of human diploid fibroblasts at low concentrations of serum protein.", "content": "A new medium (MCDB 104) has been developed which will support clonal growth of WI-38 cells at concentrations of serum protein as low as 25 micrograms per ml (equivalent to 0.05% serum). The principal factors responsible for reduction of the protein requirement are: (a) adjustment of all nutrient concentrations in medium F12 to experimentally determined optimum values for WI-38 cells; (b) supplementation with trace elements; (c) replacement of hypoxanthine and folic acid with adenine and folinic acid; and (d) coating of the culture surface with polylysine. Individually, many of these modifications exert only a small effect on cellular growth at reduced protein concentrations, but collectively their effect has been very substantial. Other strains of fibroblast-like human diploid cells from amniotic fluid, fetal lung and newborn foreskin also will grow at reduced concentrations of serum protein in the new medium.", "contents": "Improved medium for clonal growth of human diploid fibroblasts at low concentrations of serum protein. A new medium (MCDB 104) has been developed which will support clonal growth of WI-38 cells at concentrations of serum protein as low as 25 micrograms per ml (equivalent to 0.05% serum). The principal factors responsible for reduction of the protein requirement are: (a) adjustment of all nutrient concentrations in medium F12 to experimentally determined optimum values for WI-38 cells; (b) supplementation with trace elements; (c) replacement of hypoxanthine and folic acid with adenine and folinic acid; and (d) coating of the culture surface with polylysine. Individually, many of these modifications exert only a small effect on cellular growth at reduced protein concentrations, but collectively their effect has been very substantial. Other strains of fibroblast-like human diploid cells from amniotic fluid, fetal lung and newborn foreskin also will grow at reduced concentrations of serum protein in the new medium."}
{"id": "PMID:301852", "title": "Quantification of antibodies to the C3d subcomponent of human C3.", "content": "Purified soluble C3d has been employed to measure the concentration of anti-C3d antibodies in immune rabbit sera. Multiple batches of C3d, prepared from C3-C3b substrate by treatment with C3b-inactivator (KAF), after labelling with 125I, retained 80% immunoreactivity, and were stable on storage at -50 degrees and +4 degrees. Concentrations of anti-C3d were determined by Scatchard analysis of equilibrium concentrations of bound and free C3d in a mixture of 125I-labelled C3d and anti-C3d. Separation of bound from free C3d was by G-75 Sephadex filtration. Assuming a 1:1 molar ratio in the antibody-C3d complex, anti-C3d antibody concentrations for four rabbit whole antisera and four IgG preparations fell in the range 288-2433 microgram/ml, with Ko values of 6-2 X 10(8)-2-9 X 10(9) litres/mol. One commercial antiglobulin-serum contained 3-6 microgram anti C3d/ml and had a Ko value of 1-7 X 10(8) litres/mol. Values for anti-C3d concentrations measured independently by an indirect method employing 125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit IgG averaged 20% lower than those obtained with 125I-labelled C3d. Antibody concentrations were correlated with antiglobulin agglutination titres against C3d-coated red cells; a titre of 1 was given by an anti-C3d concentration of 0-5 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Quantification of antibodies to the C3d subcomponent of human C3. Purified soluble C3d has been employed to measure the concentration of anti-C3d antibodies in immune rabbit sera. Multiple batches of C3d, prepared from C3-C3b substrate by treatment with C3b-inactivator (KAF), after labelling with 125I, retained 80% immunoreactivity, and were stable on storage at -50 degrees and +4 degrees. Concentrations of anti-C3d were determined by Scatchard analysis of equilibrium concentrations of bound and free C3d in a mixture of 125I-labelled C3d and anti-C3d. Separation of bound from free C3d was by G-75 Sephadex filtration. Assuming a 1:1 molar ratio in the antibody-C3d complex, anti-C3d antibody concentrations for four rabbit whole antisera and four IgG preparations fell in the range 288-2433 microgram/ml, with Ko values of 6-2 X 10(8)-2-9 X 10(9) litres/mol. One commercial antiglobulin-serum contained 3-6 microgram anti C3d/ml and had a Ko value of 1-7 X 10(8) litres/mol. Values for anti-C3d concentrations measured independently by an indirect method employing 125I-labelled sheep anti-rabbit IgG averaged 20% lower than those obtained with 125I-labelled C3d. Antibody concentrations were correlated with antiglobulin agglutination titres against C3d-coated red cells; a titre of 1 was given by an anti-C3d concentration of 0-5 microgram/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:301853", "title": "Expression of Fc and complement receptors on T lymphocytes activated in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA).", "content": "In this work T-enriched lymphocyte populations (obtained from Ig-anti-Ig-Degalancoated columns) were studied for their surface markers, especially for Fc and complement receptors, before and after a pulse-PHA-stimulation. It has been demonstrated that activated T lymphocytes express on their surface both of these markers in high percentage. The hypothesis is discussed that B and T lymphocytes differ only with regard to the presence of surface immunoglobulins or the ability of forming spontaneous rosettes. On the contrary the other surface markers may probably be expressed when needed functionally by the cells.", "contents": "Expression of Fc and complement receptors on T lymphocytes activated in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). In this work T-enriched lymphocyte populations (obtained from Ig-anti-Ig-Degalancoated columns) were studied for their surface markers, especially for Fc and complement receptors, before and after a pulse-PHA-stimulation. It has been demonstrated that activated T lymphocytes express on their surface both of these markers in high percentage. The hypothesis is discussed that B and T lymphocytes differ only with regard to the presence of surface immunoglobulins or the ability of forming spontaneous rosettes. On the contrary the other surface markers may probably be expressed when needed functionally by the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301854", "title": "Heterogeneity of B cells reacting with T-cell factors. Evidence for matching T-cell and B-cell subsets.", "content": "Spleen T cells have been stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A) under conditions which lead to the production of non-specific factor (NSF), a substance which replaces T cells for B-cell responses to certain antigens. We have examined the ability of multiple aliquots of B cells to react to the NSF derived from single T cells, and have found great heterogeneity of response. We postulate that there exist subsets of T cells which vary in either the quantity or the quality of the non-specific factor(s) they can produce on stimulation, and that in turn there must also be matching subsets of B cells which may vary in their susceptibility to such factors.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of B cells reacting with T-cell factors. Evidence for matching T-cell and B-cell subsets. Spleen T cells have been stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A) under conditions which lead to the production of non-specific factor (NSF), a substance which replaces T cells for B-cell responses to certain antigens. We have examined the ability of multiple aliquots of B cells to react to the NSF derived from single T cells, and have found great heterogeneity of response. We postulate that there exist subsets of T cells which vary in either the quantity or the quality of the non-specific factor(s) they can produce on stimulation, and that in turn there must also be matching subsets of B cells which may vary in their susceptibility to such factors."}
{"id": "PMID:301855", "title": "The effects of complement activation by cobra venom factor on the migration of T and B lymphocytes into rat thoracic duct lymph.", "content": "Experiments were done to see whether C3 or C3-split products are involved in lymphocyte recirculation, with particular reference to B lymphocytes which have C3b receptors. Rats were injected with cobra venom factor (CVF), and the output of subclasses of lymphocytes was measured in thoracic duct lymph in hourly collections during the subsequent 24 h. During the period of acute C3 activation which lasted for 2-8 h, the output of lymphocytes decreased by 47%, but returned to normal at later times, when C3 levels were reduced to less than 20% normal. There was no effect on the output of C3b receptor lymphocytes, and this receptor was not blocked probably because initial C3 levels in lymph were only 13% of blood levels, so that only small amounts of C3b were generated in lymph. When these lymphocytes were labelled and injected i.v. they migrated with the slow rate which is characteristic of normal B lymphocytes. The main effect of CVF was to reduce the output of T lymphocytes by 58% during the phase of acute C3 activation. When normal thoracic duct lymphocytes were labelled and injected, their rate of reappearance in thoracic duct lymph was only reduced during this phase. It was concluded that recirculation of lymphocytes is not C3 dependent, and that insufficient C3b is generated in lymphoid tissues to block C3b receptors on B lymphocytes during periods of rapid C3 activation. However the migratory rate of T lymphocytes through these tissues is reduced during this period, and it is suggested that this may be due to an effect of C3 split products on macrophages which lie along T-lymphocyte traffic routes.", "contents": "The effects of complement activation by cobra venom factor on the migration of T and B lymphocytes into rat thoracic duct lymph. Experiments were done to see whether C3 or C3-split products are involved in lymphocyte recirculation, with particular reference to B lymphocytes which have C3b receptors. Rats were injected with cobra venom factor (CVF), and the output of subclasses of lymphocytes was measured in thoracic duct lymph in hourly collections during the subsequent 24 h. During the period of acute C3 activation which lasted for 2-8 h, the output of lymphocytes decreased by 47%, but returned to normal at later times, when C3 levels were reduced to less than 20% normal. There was no effect on the output of C3b receptor lymphocytes, and this receptor was not blocked probably because initial C3 levels in lymph were only 13% of blood levels, so that only small amounts of C3b were generated in lymph. When these lymphocytes were labelled and injected i.v. they migrated with the slow rate which is characteristic of normal B lymphocytes. The main effect of CVF was to reduce the output of T lymphocytes by 58% during the phase of acute C3 activation. When normal thoracic duct lymphocytes were labelled and injected, their rate of reappearance in thoracic duct lymph was only reduced during this phase. It was concluded that recirculation of lymphocytes is not C3 dependent, and that insufficient C3b is generated in lymphoid tissues to block C3b receptors on B lymphocytes during periods of rapid C3 activation. However the migratory rate of T lymphocytes through these tissues is reduced during this period, and it is suggested that this may be due to an effect of C3 split products on macrophages which lie along T-lymphocyte traffic routes."}
{"id": "PMID:301860", "title": "Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on the T-cell system in chickens.", "content": "Neonatal administration of 16 mg of cyclophosphamide in inbred chickens resulted in a transient, but profound, deficiency in the in vitro proliferative response of spleen cells. Functional T-cell deficiency was accompanied by a marked morphological degeneration in the thymus and thymus-dependent areas in the spleen.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on the T-cell system in chickens. Neonatal administration of 16 mg of cyclophosphamide in inbred chickens resulted in a transient, but profound, deficiency in the in vitro proliferative response of spleen cells. Functional T-cell deficiency was accompanied by a marked morphological degeneration in the thymus and thymus-dependent areas in the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:301861", "title": "Rosette formation assays in dogs: lack of specificity of E rosettes for T lymphocytes.", "content": "The present study examined the specificity of guinea pig erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette formation assays with suspensions of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bound EAC but not erythrocyte-antibody (EA) controls. Similarly, all three cell types formed rosettes with guinea pig E. Adherence of guinea pig E to these cells was apparently mediated by natural cytophilic antibodies present in the serum used in the suspension medium. The nonspecificity of the guinea pig E-rosette formation assay with canine lymphocytes renders the technique unreliable for the identification of thymus-derived lymphocytes in dogs.", "contents": "Rosette formation assays in dogs: lack of specificity of E rosettes for T lymphocytes. The present study examined the specificity of guinea pig erythrocyte (E) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette formation assays with suspensions of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bound EAC but not erythrocyte-antibody (EA) controls. Similarly, all three cell types formed rosettes with guinea pig E. Adherence of guinea pig E to these cells was apparently mediated by natural cytophilic antibodies present in the serum used in the suspension medium. The nonspecificity of the guinea pig E-rosette formation assay with canine lymphocytes renders the technique unreliable for the identification of thymus-derived lymphocytes in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:301862", "title": "Reaginic antibody production to Ascaris suum allergen, ASC-1. I. The function of glutaraldehyde-polymerized antigen in the induction of reaginic (IgE) antibodies in the rat.", "content": "Rats immunized with a purified Ascaris suum allergen (Asc-1) or with its dinitrophenylated derivate (DNP-Asc-1) produced high levels of reaginic (IgE) antibodies. A second injection of antigen given 30 days later did not result in an anamnestic IgE antibody response. Immunization of adult-thymectomized, lethally-irradiated and bone-marrow reconstituted (ATxB) rats with soluble Asc-1 or DNP-Asc-1 failed to stimulate reaginic antibody production. The administration of glutaraldehyde-polymerized antigen induced in some but not all ATxB rats, low but detectable levels of IgE antibodies. These levels increased following a second injection of nonpolymerized antigen in A1 (OH)3 gels. Priming of animals with polymerized carrier and Bordetella pertussis did not stimulate a primary anticarrier IgE response but led to an enhanced antihapten IgE response following the administration of soluble DNP-Asc-1 in A1(OH)3. The results are consistent with the notion that a sharply reduced but clearly functional T-derived helper cell population could be triggered by the polymerized but not by the soluble form of the immunogen.", "contents": "Reaginic antibody production to Ascaris suum allergen, ASC-1. I. The function of glutaraldehyde-polymerized antigen in the induction of reaginic (IgE) antibodies in the rat. Rats immunized with a purified Ascaris suum allergen (Asc-1) or with its dinitrophenylated derivate (DNP-Asc-1) produced high levels of reaginic (IgE) antibodies. A second injection of antigen given 30 days later did not result in an anamnestic IgE antibody response. Immunization of adult-thymectomized, lethally-irradiated and bone-marrow reconstituted (ATxB) rats with soluble Asc-1 or DNP-Asc-1 failed to stimulate reaginic antibody production. The administration of glutaraldehyde-polymerized antigen induced in some but not all ATxB rats, low but detectable levels of IgE antibodies. These levels increased following a second injection of nonpolymerized antigen in A1 (OH)3 gels. Priming of animals with polymerized carrier and Bordetella pertussis did not stimulate a primary anticarrier IgE response but led to an enhanced antihapten IgE response following the administration of soluble DNP-Asc-1 in A1(OH)3. The results are consistent with the notion that a sharply reduced but clearly functional T-derived helper cell population could be triggered by the polymerized but not by the soluble form of the immunogen."}
{"id": "PMID:301863", "title": "Relative responses of an X-ray-resistant hybrid cell-line and its parent line to X-irradiation, ultraviolet light, actinomycin D and cordycepin.", "content": "Using colony formation as an assay, a rat-mouse hybrid cell-line (HD1) and one of its parent lines (H4) have been studied as to their abilities to survive exposure to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and the drugs actinomycin D and cordycepin. HD1 cells are more resistant than H4 to ionizing radiation, actinomycin D and cordycepin. Both cell lines respond similarly to ultraviolet light. When both cell-lines were co-treated with actinomycin D or cordycepin, the toxic effect of ionizing radiation was enhanced, whereas that of ultraviolet light (U.V.L.) was unchanged. The data suggest that RNA synthesis is more important immediately after irradiation with X-rays than with U.V.L. and that cells resistant to the toxic effect of ionizing radiation are also resistant to the toxicity induced by inhibitors of RNA synthesis.", "contents": "Relative responses of an X-ray-resistant hybrid cell-line and its parent line to X-irradiation, ultraviolet light, actinomycin D and cordycepin. Using colony formation as an assay, a rat-mouse hybrid cell-line (HD1) and one of its parent lines (H4) have been studied as to their abilities to survive exposure to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and the drugs actinomycin D and cordycepin. HD1 cells are more resistant than H4 to ionizing radiation, actinomycin D and cordycepin. Both cell lines respond similarly to ultraviolet light. When both cell-lines were co-treated with actinomycin D or cordycepin, the toxic effect of ionizing radiation was enhanced, whereas that of ultraviolet light (U.V.L.) was unchanged. The data suggest that RNA synthesis is more important immediately after irradiation with X-rays than with U.V.L. and that cells resistant to the toxic effect of ionizing radiation are also resistant to the toxicity induced by inhibitors of RNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:301864", "title": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. I. Properties of aluminium X-rays and preliminary experiments with Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Irradiation with ultrasoft X-rays produces electron tracks of short defined lengths in the irradiated material. This property is of particular interest in distinguishing between different models of radiation action on living organisms. The production, absorption and dosimetry of aluminium K characteristic X-rays of energy 1.5 keV are described. Quantitative experiments on mammalian cells with these X-rays are possible, and they were found to be considerably more effective than gamma-rays in inactivating Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro.", "contents": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. I. Properties of aluminium X-rays and preliminary experiments with Chinese hamster cells. Irradiation with ultrasoft X-rays produces electron tracks of short defined lengths in the irradiated material. This property is of particular interest in distinguishing between different models of radiation action on living organisms. The production, absorption and dosimetry of aluminium K characteristic X-rays of energy 1.5 keV are described. Quantitative experiments on mammalian cells with these X-rays are possible, and they were found to be considerably more effective than gamma-rays in inactivating Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:301865", "title": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. II. Dose-responses of Chinese hamster and human diploid cells to aluminium X-rays and radiations of different LET.", "content": "The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of two types of cultured mammalian cells, V79 Chinese hamster and HF19 human diploid, was studied after irradiation with aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays, helium ion track intersections of different LET, 42 MeV d-Be neutrons, and hard X- or gamma-rays. The form of the dose-response curves was different for the two cell-types, and there was an overall difference in radiosensitivity, the human cells being the more sensitive to all radiations. However, for both inactivation and mutation-induction, the relative responses of both cell-types to these radiations was similar. Aluminium X-rays were considerably more effective than hard X- or gamma-rays and were at least as effective as helium ions of 20-28 keV micron-1, although aluminium X-rays produce tracks of very limited range (less than about 0.07 micron). Single track effects by aluminium X-rays cannot, therefore, extend beyond about 0.07 micron, and the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation cannot be greater than this dimension or else the effectiveness of aluminium X-rays would be similar to that of low-LET radiations. This observation is in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sensitive sites; for example the 'theory of dual radiation action' requires a site diameter of about 0.4 micron to explain the shape of the dose-response curves for V79 hamster cells.", "contents": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. II. Dose-responses of Chinese hamster and human diploid cells to aluminium X-rays and radiations of different LET. The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of two types of cultured mammalian cells, V79 Chinese hamster and HF19 human diploid, was studied after irradiation with aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays, helium ion track intersections of different LET, 42 MeV d-Be neutrons, and hard X- or gamma-rays. The form of the dose-response curves was different for the two cell-types, and there was an overall difference in radiosensitivity, the human cells being the more sensitive to all radiations. However, for both inactivation and mutation-induction, the relative responses of both cell-types to these radiations was similar. Aluminium X-rays were considerably more effective than hard X- or gamma-rays and were at least as effective as helium ions of 20-28 keV micron-1, although aluminium X-rays produce tracks of very limited range (less than about 0.07 micron). Single track effects by aluminium X-rays cannot, therefore, extend beyond about 0.07 micron, and the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation cannot be greater than this dimension or else the effectiveness of aluminium X-rays would be similar to that of low-LET radiations. This observation is in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sensitive sites; for example the 'theory of dual radiation action' requires a site diameter of about 0.4 micron to explain the shape of the dose-response curves for V79 hamster cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301866", "title": "Lack of genetic and cytogenetic effects in mice fed on irradiated wheat.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to test the mutagenicity of wheat irradiated with 20 and 200 krad gamma-rays by feeding male and female mice for various periods starting from weaning time. The results obtained from dominant lethal tests, specific locus mutation test, studies on chromosome rearrangements in males and gonadal cell survival studies indicated no positive evidence for genetic and cytogenetic effects.", "contents": "Lack of genetic and cytogenetic effects in mice fed on irradiated wheat. Experiments were conducted to test the mutagenicity of wheat irradiated with 20 and 200 krad gamma-rays by feeding male and female mice for various periods starting from weaning time. The results obtained from dominant lethal tests, specific locus mutation test, studies on chromosome rearrangements in males and gonadal cell survival studies indicated no positive evidence for genetic and cytogenetic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:301868", "title": "The effects of chronic irradiation on the breeding performance of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Osteichthyes:Teleostei).", "content": "The effects of chronic irradiation on the life-time breeding performance of the small tropical fish, Poecilia reticulata, have been investigated at mean dose-rates of 0.17, 0.40 and 1.27 rad hour-1. The total fecundity was markedly (P less than 0.001) reduced at all dose-rates owing to a decrease in mean actual brood-size and an increase in temporary and permanent infertility. Minor progressive changes in the interbrood time with age and dose-rate were noted. The neonatal death-rate, incidence of abnormalities, and survival and sex ratio of the offspring were unaffected by irradiation. The brood-size data have been used to derive estimates of the dominant lethal mutation rate which are of the same order as those determined for mammals. Histological studies indicate that functional sterility is not necessarily dependent on the destruction of the gonads, and it is possible that radiation effects on pituitary function are responsible for much of the observed infertility.", "contents": "The effects of chronic irradiation on the breeding performance of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Osteichthyes:Teleostei). The effects of chronic irradiation on the life-time breeding performance of the small tropical fish, Poecilia reticulata, have been investigated at mean dose-rates of 0.17, 0.40 and 1.27 rad hour-1. The total fecundity was markedly (P less than 0.001) reduced at all dose-rates owing to a decrease in mean actual brood-size and an increase in temporary and permanent infertility. Minor progressive changes in the interbrood time with age and dose-rate were noted. The neonatal death-rate, incidence of abnormalities, and survival and sex ratio of the offspring were unaffected by irradiation. The brood-size data have been used to derive estimates of the dominant lethal mutation rate which are of the same order as those determined for mammals. Histological studies indicate that functional sterility is not necessarily dependent on the destruction of the gonads, and it is possible that radiation effects on pituitary function are responsible for much of the observed infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:301869", "title": "A pulse-radiolysis study of the reaction of hydrated electrons with N'-formylkynurenine and related compounds: electron-transfer reactions with nucleic acid components.", "content": "The reactivity of N'-formylkynurenine (FK) derivatives towards eaq has been investigated. The reduced transient species have been characterized (lambda max approximately 340, 440 nm, epsilon lambda max approximately 3000-1000 M-1 cm-1, pKa approximately 7.8). Owing to the strong FK electron affinity, electron-transfer reactions occur from purine (except guanine) and pyrimidine electron adducts to FK (k approximately 2-7 x 10(9) M-1 s-1). As some FK derivatives bind to DNA (or polynucleotides) the protective effect of complexation on FK-DNA (or polynucleotides) adduct formation has been investigated.", "contents": "A pulse-radiolysis study of the reaction of hydrated electrons with N'-formylkynurenine and related compounds: electron-transfer reactions with nucleic acid components. The reactivity of N'-formylkynurenine (FK) derivatives towards eaq has been investigated. The reduced transient species have been characterized (lambda max approximately 340, 440 nm, epsilon lambda max approximately 3000-1000 M-1 cm-1, pKa approximately 7.8). Owing to the strong FK electron affinity, electron-transfer reactions occur from purine (except guanine) and pyrimidine electron adducts to FK (k approximately 2-7 x 10(9) M-1 s-1). As some FK derivatives bind to DNA (or polynucleotides) the protective effect of complexation on FK-DNA (or polynucleotides) adduct formation has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:301870", "title": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. III. Implication for theory of dual radiation action.", "content": "Microdosimetric distributions for aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays and 4He ion tract intersections are calculated and used to analyse recent biological results obtained with these radiations. Results on inactivation and mutation-induction to thioguanine resistance of both V79 Chinese hamster cells and HF19 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro are analysed in terms of the Kellerer-Rossi \"theory of dual radiation action\". The small quantum energy of the aluminium X-ray photons and the very short length of the secondary electrons which they produce highlight the inadequacy of the model. It is shown that the model predicts r.b.e. values in conflict with those observed unless an additional variable is introduced, but that the introduction of such a variable creates mathematical inconsistencies. The experimental evidence is contrary to the conventional usage and basis of the model.", "contents": "Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. III. Implication for theory of dual radiation action. Microdosimetric distributions for aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays and 4He ion tract intersections are calculated and used to analyse recent biological results obtained with these radiations. Results on inactivation and mutation-induction to thioguanine resistance of both V79 Chinese hamster cells and HF19 human diploid fibroblasts in vitro are analysed in terms of the Kellerer-Rossi \"theory of dual radiation action\". The small quantum energy of the aluminium X-ray photons and the very short length of the secondary electrons which they produce highlight the inadequacy of the model. It is shown that the model predicts r.b.e. values in conflict with those observed unless an additional variable is introduced, but that the introduction of such a variable creates mathematical inconsistencies. The experimental evidence is contrary to the conventional usage and basis of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:301871", "title": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. I. Specific ion effects.", "content": "The radiation isodose survival curve of cells subjected to a wide concentration range of sucrose solutions has two maxima separated by a minimum. Both cations and anions can alter the cellular radiosensitivity above and beyond the osmotic effect observed for cells treated with sucrose solutions. The basic shape of the isodose curve can also be modulated by changes in temperature and solution exposure times. Some of these alterations in radiosensitivity may be related to changes in the amount and structure of cellular water or macromolecular conformation or to the direct effect of the ions, expecially at high solute concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. I. Specific ion effects. The radiation isodose survival curve of cells subjected to a wide concentration range of sucrose solutions has two maxima separated by a minimum. Both cations and anions can alter the cellular radiosensitivity above and beyond the osmotic effect observed for cells treated with sucrose solutions. The basic shape of the isodose curve can also be modulated by changes in temperature and solution exposure times. Some of these alterations in radiosensitivity may be related to changes in the amount and structure of cellular water or macromolecular conformation or to the direct effect of the ions, expecially at high solute concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:301872", "title": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. II. Treatment with hypotonic solutions.", "content": "Chinese hamster (V79) cells were treated with hypotonic NaCl, NaCl-ouabain, KCl, LiCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3 or sucrose solutions and irradiated at various times during exposure to the solution. The extreme increase in the radiosensitivity of these cells, mainly characterized by changes in DO, could be attributed to increases in the cell water-content and possibly the decrease in total cell water structure. The various ions may exert their specific effects on radiosensitivity by influencing the above water-related factors.", "contents": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. II. Treatment with hypotonic solutions. Chinese hamster (V79) cells were treated with hypotonic NaCl, NaCl-ouabain, KCl, LiCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3 or sucrose solutions and irradiated at various times during exposure to the solution. The extreme increase in the radiosensitivity of these cells, mainly characterized by changes in DO, could be attributed to increases in the cell water-content and possibly the decrease in total cell water structure. The various ions may exert their specific effects on radiosensitivity by influencing the above water-related factors."}
{"id": "PMID:301874", "title": "The health team training model: a teaching-learning approach in community health.", "content": "Health science students worked as members of interdisciplinary health teams as the teams provided services to multiple-problem Appalachian families. The family became the focus of attention in care delivery while the Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) and the family health plan were used by the teams to provide services. Intra-team issues that evolved included communication, decision making, leadership style, and role identity.", "contents": "The health team training model: a teaching-learning approach in community health. Health science students worked as members of interdisciplinary health teams as the teams provided services to multiple-problem Appalachian families. The family became the focus of attention in care delivery while the Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) and the family health plan were used by the teams to provide services. Intra-team issues that evolved included communication, decision making, leadership style, and role identity."}
{"id": "PMID:301878", "title": "Bacterial, serum and cellular modulation of granulopoietic activity.", "content": "The interaction human peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, gram-positive bacteria and human serum in the release of colony stimulating activity (CSA) has been studied. CSA was assayed by the soft agar technique using human and murine bone marrow cells. It has been demonstrated that gram-positive organisms and their products can stimulate release of CSA by mononuclear cells. Human serum is also effective in promoting release of CSA. Release is further modulated by interactions between lymphocytes and monocytes, and lymphocytes may serve to control the modulation. The serum component is sensitive to temperature inactivation suggesting that it may have a specific physiologic role in regulation. Bacterial products, on the other hand, are not subject to temperature inactivation and require the presence of human serum for activity to be expressed.", "contents": "Bacterial, serum and cellular modulation of granulopoietic activity. The interaction human peripheral blood lymphocytes, monocytes, gram-positive bacteria and human serum in the release of colony stimulating activity (CSA) has been studied. CSA was assayed by the soft agar technique using human and murine bone marrow cells. It has been demonstrated that gram-positive organisms and their products can stimulate release of CSA by mononuclear cells. Human serum is also effective in promoting release of CSA. Release is further modulated by interactions between lymphocytes and monocytes, and lymphocytes may serve to control the modulation. The serum component is sensitive to temperature inactivation suggesting that it may have a specific physiologic role in regulation. Bacterial products, on the other hand, are not subject to temperature inactivation and require the presence of human serum for activity to be expressed."}
{"id": "PMID:301879", "title": "The detection of in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in mouse thymus and lymph nodes.", "content": "In vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFC) have been detected in the thymus (30/10(6) cells) and in the cervical (22/10(6)) and mesenteric (20/10(6)) lymph nodes (LN) of the mouse. Thymus and LN derived CFC differed from bone marrow derived CFU-c in several characteristics parameters: (1) sole specificity of PMUE to induce colony formation (CF), (2) apparent singular line of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, (3) a marked 6- to 10-day lag period prior to initiation of CF, and (4) significantly slower rates of appearance of colonies in culture after initiation of CF. Two of these parameters are shared with those CFC detected within alveolar space, peritoneal exudate and pleural effusion. These are the delay prior to CF and the singular monocyte-macrophage differentiation. These similarities suggested that T-CFC and LN-CFC are probably of similar origin and represent, as suggested by Lin and Stewart ('74), a population of progenitor cells exclusively for monocyte-macrophages.", "contents": "The detection of in vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in mouse thymus and lymph nodes. In vitro monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFC) have been detected in the thymus (30/10(6) cells) and in the cervical (22/10(6)) and mesenteric (20/10(6)) lymph nodes (LN) of the mouse. Thymus and LN derived CFC differed from bone marrow derived CFU-c in several characteristics parameters: (1) sole specificity of PMUE to induce colony formation (CF), (2) apparent singular line of monocyte-macrophage differentiation, (3) a marked 6- to 10-day lag period prior to initiation of CF, and (4) significantly slower rates of appearance of colonies in culture after initiation of CF. Two of these parameters are shared with those CFC detected within alveolar space, peritoneal exudate and pleural effusion. These are the delay prior to CF and the singular monocyte-macrophage differentiation. These similarities suggested that T-CFC and LN-CFC are probably of similar origin and represent, as suggested by Lin and Stewart ('74), a population of progenitor cells exclusively for monocyte-macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:301880", "title": "Decreased in vivo and in vitro colony stimulating activity responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "Mice of the C3H/HeJ strain exhibit low inflammatory and immunological responses to certain bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations. Lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice also show defective LPS-induced mitogenesis. We tested the colony stimulating activity (CSA) response of C3H/HeJ mice. As controls we used mice of the congenic C3HeB/FeJ strain, which are good responders to LPS. Serum was obtained three hours after intravenous administration of LPS. Serum CSA was determined in agar cultures of bone marrow cells from AKR mice. The serum CSA response of C3H/HeJ to 10 microgram LPS was approximately 8-fold lower than that of control C3HeB/FeJ mice. In contrast, both strains showed similar serum CSA-induced by Poly I:poly C. Peritoneal macrophage cultures were also incubated with 0.1-10.0 microgram LPS and culture media assayed for CSA. The response of C3H/HeJ macrophages was about 6-fold lower than that of macrophages obtained from the control mice. The results show that the lower responsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS also extends to the production of CSA. The in vitro findings indicate that the postulated defect in the LPS receptor of B lymphocytes may also be present on macrophages.", "contents": "Decreased in vivo and in vitro colony stimulating activity responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in C3H/HeJ mice. Mice of the C3H/HeJ strain exhibit low inflammatory and immunological responses to certain bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations. Lymphocytes from C3H/HeJ mice also show defective LPS-induced mitogenesis. We tested the colony stimulating activity (CSA) response of C3H/HeJ mice. As controls we used mice of the congenic C3HeB/FeJ strain, which are good responders to LPS. Serum was obtained three hours after intravenous administration of LPS. Serum CSA was determined in agar cultures of bone marrow cells from AKR mice. The serum CSA response of C3H/HeJ to 10 microgram LPS was approximately 8-fold lower than that of control C3HeB/FeJ mice. In contrast, both strains showed similar serum CSA-induced by Poly I:poly C. Peritoneal macrophage cultures were also incubated with 0.1-10.0 microgram LPS and culture media assayed for CSA. The response of C3H/HeJ macrophages was about 6-fold lower than that of macrophages obtained from the control mice. The results show that the lower responsiveness of C3H/HeJ mice to LPS also extends to the production of CSA. The in vitro findings indicate that the postulated defect in the LPS receptor of B lymphocytes may also be present on macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:301881", "title": "3-O-methylglucose transport by rat thymocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Rat thymocytes can be separated into two subpopulations by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 1,600 g in an 18/26/36% (w/v) discontinuous gradient of bovine serum albumin. Approximately 13% of the cells band at the 18/26% interface (light cells) while the remaining cells band at the 26/36% interface (heavy cells). In vitro and in vivo studies of 3H-thymidine incorporation indicate that the light cells are 2- to 3-fold enriched in the rapidly dividing lymphoblast subpopulation of thymocytes as compared to heavy cells. Light cells transport the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methylglucose (3-MeGlc) approximately four times faster than heavy cells. The time course of 3-MeGlc uptake is biphasic for light, heavy and unfractionated thymocytes. While the half-times of the rapid (1 minute) and slow (20-45 minute) phases of uptake are similar for all three types of cells, the contributions of the rapid phase to total uptake are 50% for light cells, 20% for unfractionated thymocytes and 10% for heavy cells. The results show that 3-MeGlc transport activity differs markedly within certain thymocyte subpopulations. The correlation between the contributions of the rapid phase of uptake and the proportion of lymphoblasts in the thymocyte fractions suggests that the lymphoblast and small lymphocyte subpopulations might be responsible for the rapid and slow phase of 3-MeGlc uptake, respectively.", "contents": "3-O-methylglucose transport by rat thymocyte subpopulations. Rat thymocytes can be separated into two subpopulations by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 1,600 g in an 18/26/36% (w/v) discontinuous gradient of bovine serum albumin. Approximately 13% of the cells band at the 18/26% interface (light cells) while the remaining cells band at the 26/36% interface (heavy cells). In vitro and in vivo studies of 3H-thymidine incorporation indicate that the light cells are 2- to 3-fold enriched in the rapidly dividing lymphoblast subpopulation of thymocytes as compared to heavy cells. Light cells transport the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 3-O-methylglucose (3-MeGlc) approximately four times faster than heavy cells. The time course of 3-MeGlc uptake is biphasic for light, heavy and unfractionated thymocytes. While the half-times of the rapid (1 minute) and slow (20-45 minute) phases of uptake are similar for all three types of cells, the contributions of the rapid phase to total uptake are 50% for light cells, 20% for unfractionated thymocytes and 10% for heavy cells. The results show that 3-MeGlc transport activity differs markedly within certain thymocyte subpopulations. The correlation between the contributions of the rapid phase of uptake and the proportion of lymphoblasts in the thymocyte fractions suggests that the lymphoblast and small lymphocyte subpopulations might be responsible for the rapid and slow phase of 3-MeGlc uptake, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:301883", "title": "[Eosinophil granuloma of bones. Report of 15 cases including 10 survivals with an average follow up of 4 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The bony form of eosinophil granuloma in histocytosis X, raises diagnostic and prognostic problems for the surgeon. 15 cases are reported here which permitted the authors to perform a rapid general review of this disease and judge its course as 10 patients were followed up with a minimum follow up period of 4 years. These observations confirm: --that the local course is always spontaneously favourable: --that the risk of a passage from an extra-bony form of histiocytosis X, should be considered all the more serious when the subject is younger, when there exist certain localisations, such as the mastoid, where there are certain general clinical signs or biological disturbances. Apart from exceptional symptomatic treatment, such as spinal decompression or treatment of a spontaneous fracture, the essential stage of clinical examination is biopsy. Medical treatments do not seem to have any influence on the bony lesion and are not without risk (radiotherapy). Although depending on various criteria, the prognosis should always be reserved and the patient should be followed up for a long period.", "contents": "[Eosinophil granuloma of bones. Report of 15 cases including 10 survivals with an average follow up of 4 years (author's transl)]. The bony form of eosinophil granuloma in histocytosis X, raises diagnostic and prognostic problems for the surgeon. 15 cases are reported here which permitted the authors to perform a rapid general review of this disease and judge its course as 10 patients were followed up with a minimum follow up period of 4 years. These observations confirm: --that the local course is always spontaneously favourable: --that the risk of a passage from an extra-bony form of histiocytosis X, should be considered all the more serious when the subject is younger, when there exist certain localisations, such as the mastoid, where there are certain general clinical signs or biological disturbances. Apart from exceptional symptomatic treatment, such as spinal decompression or treatment of a spontaneous fracture, the essential stage of clinical examination is biopsy. Medical treatments do not seem to have any influence on the bony lesion and are not without risk (radiotherapy). Although depending on various criteria, the prognosis should always be reserved and the patient should be followed up for a long period."}
{"id": "PMID:301884", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Report of 75 cases. (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 75 definite cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, 39 were associated with a biliary lesion of which 16 were definitively the cause of the pancreatitis (11 embedded gall stones = 1/5th of the gall stones embedded in the ampulla of Vater and producing acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis). The biliary pancreatites were twice as severe as the primary pancreatites. This justifies the emergency exploration of the bile duct in any case of severe pancreatitis, suggesting acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The course of the disease is unforeseeable, certain large hematomas may become reabsorbed without sequelae. Thus one should be very circumspect concerning evaluation of the lesions during the first two weeks. This is why we reject any removal of pancreatic tissue during the first two or three weeks.  We noted 30 deaths out of 70 cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis during the postoperative period, 19 occurred during the first week. Concerning the 11 other deaths, they were in 9 cases very severe cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Out of 41 cures, only 11 required secondary sequestrectomy, the 30 others were obtained without reoperation, often in spite of a large hematoma and clinical signs of severity. Our present attitude includes emergency operation of any severe case of pancreatitis in order to seek a biliary lesion with cholecystectomy (certain non-palpable calculi were thus discovered), radiomanometry of the common bile duct and, if necessary, sphincterotomy. The second operation is not always necessary, it should be carried out as late as possible after the 3rd week, sequestrectomy which is generally easy, may be carried out electively and under greater conditions of safety than necrosectomy or pancreatectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Report of 75 cases. (author's transl)]. Out of 75 definite cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, 39 were associated with a biliary lesion of which 16 were definitively the cause of the pancreatitis (11 embedded gall stones = 1/5th of the gall stones embedded in the ampulla of Vater and producing acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis). The biliary pancreatites were twice as severe as the primary pancreatites. This justifies the emergency exploration of the bile duct in any case of severe pancreatitis, suggesting acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The course of the disease is unforeseeable, certain large hematomas may become reabsorbed without sequelae. Thus one should be very circumspect concerning evaluation of the lesions during the first two weeks. This is why we reject any removal of pancreatic tissue during the first two or three weeks.  We noted 30 deaths out of 70 cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis during the postoperative period, 19 occurred during the first week. Concerning the 11 other deaths, they were in 9 cases very severe cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Out of 41 cures, only 11 required secondary sequestrectomy, the 30 others were obtained without reoperation, often in spite of a large hematoma and clinical signs of severity. Our present attitude includes emergency operation of any severe case of pancreatitis in order to seek a biliary lesion with cholecystectomy (certain non-palpable calculi were thus discovered), radiomanometry of the common bile duct and, if necessary, sphincterotomy. The second operation is not always necessary, it should be carried out as late as possible after the 3rd week, sequestrectomy which is generally easy, may be carried out electively and under greater conditions of safety than necrosectomy or pancreatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:301885", "title": "[A rare case of acute bleeding from a stress colon. Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe an exceptional case of acute hemorrhagic ulcer of the colon occurring after stress, emphasising the importance of mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis and suggesting emergency resection in the treatment of such a case.", "contents": "[A rare case of acute bleeding from a stress colon. Etiology, pathogenesis and treatment (author's transl)]. The authors describe an exceptional case of acute hemorrhagic ulcer of the colon occurring after stress, emphasising the importance of mesenteric arteriography in the diagnosis and suggesting emergency resection in the treatment of such a case."}
{"id": "PMID:301886", "title": "[Late ileal metastases from a skin melanoma with mainly hemorrhagic symptoms. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Intestinal metastase from a malignant melanoma are rare and raise difficult diagnostic problems especially when far from the initial tumour. Although acute intussusception is the usual clinical presentation, one should recognise the possibility of atypical symptoms: e.g. repeated digestive hemorrhage or resistant anemia. A sutdy of past history may lead to the discovery of a malanoma. Treatment is unfortunately surgical and palliative to releave the complication.", "contents": "[Late ileal metastases from a skin melanoma with mainly hemorrhagic symptoms. Report of one case (author's transl)]. Intestinal metastase from a malignant melanoma are rare and raise difficult diagnostic problems especially when far from the initial tumour. Although acute intussusception is the usual clinical presentation, one should recognise the possibility of atypical symptoms: e.g. repeated digestive hemorrhage or resistant anemia. A sutdy of past history may lead to the discovery of a malanoma. Treatment is unfortunately surgical and palliative to releave the complication."}
{"id": "PMID:301888", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte-mediated mitogen-induced cytotoxicity of murine L-929 cells by heterologous anti-human lymphotoxin antisera in vitro.", "content": "Heterologous anti-human lymphotoxin (LT) antisera have been employed to investigate the role of LT in mitogen-(Con-A, PHA) induced destruction of murine L-929 cells by human lymphocytes in vitro. These various antisera will effectively neutralize human LT molecules associated with the stable (70 to 90,000 dalton) alpha-LT class of cytotoxin (anti-alpha-LT), the more unstable (35 to 50,000 dalton) beta-LT class of cytotoxins (anti-beta-LT), and antisera which will neutralize all classes of these cytotoxins in vitro, anti-whole supernatant (anti-W.S.). These anti-LT sera will greatly inhibit lysis of L-929 cells by using mitogen-activated human effector lymphocytes in vitro. This blocking was shown to be mediated by whole serum, purified IgG, or IgG-Fab fragments, which had been extensively absorbed with bovine serum, human serum, mitogens, and normal human lymphocytes. Inhibition of lysis was not apparently due to interference with either lymphocyte-target cell contact or lymphocyte activation step(s). The blocking effects of these sera were also shown to occur during the lymphocyte-independent phase of the lytic reaction. These data support the concept that the lymphocyte deposits an LT-like effector molecule on the target-L cell surface during the lymphocyte-dependent phase, which mediates cell lysis at a later time during the lymphocyte-independent phase.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte-mediated mitogen-induced cytotoxicity of murine L-929 cells by heterologous anti-human lymphotoxin antisera in vitro. Heterologous anti-human lymphotoxin (LT) antisera have been employed to investigate the role of LT in mitogen-(Con-A, PHA) induced destruction of murine L-929 cells by human lymphocytes in vitro. These various antisera will effectively neutralize human LT molecules associated with the stable (70 to 90,000 dalton) alpha-LT class of cytotoxin (anti-alpha-LT), the more unstable (35 to 50,000 dalton) beta-LT class of cytotoxins (anti-beta-LT), and antisera which will neutralize all classes of these cytotoxins in vitro, anti-whole supernatant (anti-W.S.). These anti-LT sera will greatly inhibit lysis of L-929 cells by using mitogen-activated human effector lymphocytes in vitro. This blocking was shown to be mediated by whole serum, purified IgG, or IgG-Fab fragments, which had been extensively absorbed with bovine serum, human serum, mitogens, and normal human lymphocytes. Inhibition of lysis was not apparently due to interference with either lymphocyte-target cell contact or lymphocyte activation step(s). The blocking effects of these sera were also shown to occur during the lymphocyte-independent phase of the lytic reaction. These data support the concept that the lymphocyte deposits an LT-like effector molecule on the target-L cell surface during the lymphocyte-dependent phase, which mediates cell lysis at a later time during the lymphocyte-independent phase."}
{"id": "PMID:301890", "title": "The in vitro antibody response to cell surface antigens. I. The xenogeneic response to human leukemia cells.", "content": "An in vitro spleen fragment culture system has been developed for the production and analysis of xenogeneic antibody responses to cell surface antigens. Depending on the methods of immunization and in vitro stimulation employed, mouse spleen fragments can produce antibody of both IgG and IgM classes directed against human cell surface antigens for more than 30 days in culture. A saturation binding analysis of the antibody products indicates that their range of specificities was more restricted than that of serum antibody. Approximately 5% of the in vitro antibody products raised against a homogeneous population of human leukemia cells could distinguish between the antigens present on the leukemia cells and those present on normal human lymphocytes. Methods previously employed to influence the range of serum antibodies expressed against complex immunogens, such as suppression of certain responses by passive administration of antibody at the time of immunization, were tested in the in vitro spleen culture system and resulted in successful modulation of the antibody response patterns observed.", "contents": "The in vitro antibody response to cell surface antigens. I. The xenogeneic response to human leukemia cells. An in vitro spleen fragment culture system has been developed for the production and analysis of xenogeneic antibody responses to cell surface antigens. Depending on the methods of immunization and in vitro stimulation employed, mouse spleen fragments can produce antibody of both IgG and IgM classes directed against human cell surface antigens for more than 30 days in culture. A saturation binding analysis of the antibody products indicates that their range of specificities was more restricted than that of serum antibody. Approximately 5% of the in vitro antibody products raised against a homogeneous population of human leukemia cells could distinguish between the antigens present on the leukemia cells and those present on normal human lymphocytes. Methods previously employed to influence the range of serum antibodies expressed against complex immunogens, such as suppression of certain responses by passive administration of antibody at the time of immunization, were tested in the in vitro spleen culture system and resulted in successful modulation of the antibody response patterns observed."}
{"id": "PMID:301891", "title": "The in vitro antibody response to cell surface antigens. II. Monoclonal antibodies to human leukemia cells.", "content": "A method has been developed for the production of monoclonal mouse antibody responses in vitro against human cell surface antigens. Limiting numbers of immune spleen cells were transferred to syngeneic, irradiated recipients whose spleen fragments were then cultured in vitro and stimulated to produce antibody. The majority of the antibody from any one fragment culture was likely to be the product of a single donor B cell and thus monoclonal. Evidence for this included a linear relationship between donor cell transferred and spleen fragments producing antibody, extremely restricted isoelectric focusing patterns of the individual antibody products, and unique reactivity patterns of these antibodies against a panel of human lymphoid cells. Different human B leukemia cells were seen as immunogenically distinct by the mouse. By using the monoclonal mouse antibodies as probes, a fine analysis of cell surface antigens is jow possible.", "contents": "The in vitro antibody response to cell surface antigens. II. Monoclonal antibodies to human leukemia cells. A method has been developed for the production of monoclonal mouse antibody responses in vitro against human cell surface antigens. Limiting numbers of immune spleen cells were transferred to syngeneic, irradiated recipients whose spleen fragments were then cultured in vitro and stimulated to produce antibody. The majority of the antibody from any one fragment culture was likely to be the product of a single donor B cell and thus monoclonal. Evidence for this included a linear relationship between donor cell transferred and spleen fragments producing antibody, extremely restricted isoelectric focusing patterns of the individual antibody products, and unique reactivity patterns of these antibodies against a panel of human lymphoid cells. Different human B leukemia cells were seen as immunogenically distinct by the mouse. By using the monoclonal mouse antibodies as probes, a fine analysis of cell surface antigens is jow possible."}
{"id": "PMID:301893", "title": "Distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in bovine serum albumin gradient-fractionated thymocytes and bone marrow cells of normal and leukemic mice.", "content": "The distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) peaks I and II, in single cell suspensions of thymuses, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphoid organs fractionated in discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients, was examined in a variety of mouse strains and Fischer 344 rats to relate the normal patterns of thymocyte differentiation to the leukemic process. TdT peaks I and II were found in fractions A (10 to 23%), B (23 to 26%), and C (26 to 29%) of the thymus of both normal and leukemic C57BL/6 mice, whereas only peak I was found in the same fractions of AKR mice. TdT in bone marrow was found mainly in fraction A in both normal and leukemic mice. The specific activity of TdT in this fraction, which comprises only 1 to 5% of the total bone marrow cell population, was similar to that of the thymus. The cell population of fraction A of the bone marrow was found to increase (10 to 15-fold) in leukemic mice. Only low levels of TdT activity were found in either whole or fractionated bone marrow of athymic NIH Swiss (nu/nu) mice.", "contents": "Distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in bovine serum albumin gradient-fractionated thymocytes and bone marrow cells of normal and leukemic mice. The distribution of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) peaks I and II, in single cell suspensions of thymuses, bone marrow, and peripheral lymphoid organs fractionated in discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradients, was examined in a variety of mouse strains and Fischer 344 rats to relate the normal patterns of thymocyte differentiation to the leukemic process. TdT peaks I and II were found in fractions A (10 to 23%), B (23 to 26%), and C (26 to 29%) of the thymus of both normal and leukemic C57BL/6 mice, whereas only peak I was found in the same fractions of AKR mice. TdT in bone marrow was found mainly in fraction A in both normal and leukemic mice. The specific activity of TdT in this fraction, which comprises only 1 to 5% of the total bone marrow cell population, was similar to that of the thymus. The cell population of fraction A of the bone marrow was found to increase (10 to 15-fold) in leukemic mice. Only low levels of TdT activity were found in either whole or fractionated bone marrow of athymic NIH Swiss (nu/nu) mice."}
{"id": "PMID:301894", "title": "Immunologic properties of protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes. I. Antibody response of normal, thymectomized, and nude mice to a lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide complex.", "content": "The in vivo antibody response to the lysozyme component of a lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide complex has been investigated in normal, thymectomized and nude mice. The splenic PFC response elicited by the complex in CBA mice is 10- to 20-fold higher than the response elicited by lysozyme admixed with LPS. Both lysozyme-LPS complexes and lysozyme + LPS mixtures prime mice for a subsequent secondary anti-lysozyme response. In contrast, thymectomized mice responded poorly to lysozyme-LPS complexes unless reconstituted with splenic T cells. However, nude mice responded as well as Nu/+ controls to the complex. The PFC response of normal and of nude mice was severely depressed by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum. These findings suggest that T lymphocytes contribute significantly to the enhanced immune responsiveness associated with LPS administration.", "contents": "Immunologic properties of protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes. I. Antibody response of normal, thymectomized, and nude mice to a lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide complex. The in vivo antibody response to the lysozyme component of a lysozyme-lipopolysaccharide complex has been investigated in normal, thymectomized and nude mice. The splenic PFC response elicited by the complex in CBA mice is 10- to 20-fold higher than the response elicited by lysozyme admixed with LPS. Both lysozyme-LPS complexes and lysozyme + LPS mixtures prime mice for a subsequent secondary anti-lysozyme response. In contrast, thymectomized mice responded poorly to lysozyme-LPS complexes unless reconstituted with splenic T cells. However, nude mice responded as well as Nu/+ controls to the complex. The PFC response of normal and of nude mice was severely depressed by treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum. These findings suggest that T lymphocytes contribute significantly to the enhanced immune responsiveness associated with LPS administration."}
{"id": "PMID:301895", "title": "Allotype suppression in rabbits: the requirement for CH3 domain of anti-allotype antibody.", "content": "Facb fragments of rabbit anti-allotype antibody were prepared by plasmin digestion and isolated by gel chromatography. The antibody preparation was used in an attempt to induce allotype suppression in newborn rabbits. The Facb fragments were found to be ineffective in inducing the allotype suppression. Administration of Facb fragments caused a \"burst\" of immunoglobulin synthesis almost immediately after the administration of the antibody. It was concluded that the CH3 domain, which is responsible for the cytophilic activity of the antibody, is essential in induction of allotype suppression.", "contents": "Allotype suppression in rabbits: the requirement for CH3 domain of anti-allotype antibody. Facb fragments of rabbit anti-allotype antibody were prepared by plasmin digestion and isolated by gel chromatography. The antibody preparation was used in an attempt to induce allotype suppression in newborn rabbits. The Facb fragments were found to be ineffective in inducing the allotype suppression. Administration of Facb fragments caused a \"burst\" of immunoglobulin synthesis almost immediately after the administration of the antibody. It was concluded that the CH3 domain, which is responsible for the cytophilic activity of the antibody, is essential in induction of allotype suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:301897", "title": "Inflammatory cells in solid murine neoplasms. IV. Cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas.", "content": "Highly purified suspensions of intratumoral T lymphocytes, recovered 11 and 13 days after induction of regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas, were compared in their ability to lyse specifically the MSC cells used for tumor induction. Cytolytic activity, expressed in terms of lytic units/10(6) T cells, was similar for intratumoral T cell suspensions obtained 11 days after induction of either regressing (3.1 +/- 1.3 LU/10(6) T cells) or progressing (4.3 +/- 1.8) neoplasms. By 13 days post-induction, regressing tumors contained T lymphocytes with an increased cytolytic activity (11.1 +/- 4.5) whereas those from progressing tumors were strikingly less able to kill MSC cells (less than or equal to 0.2). This dramatic loss in cytotoxicity could not be attributed to errors associated with the enzymatic disaggregation method, inhibition by copurified endogenous tumor cells, or immunosuppression induced by viral infection. The changes in functional activity of intratumoral T lymphocytes from the two types of sarcoma appeared to be correlated with the stage of neoplasia. In this model system, cytolytic activity of T lymphocytes increased during spontaneous tumor regression whereas losses in cytotoxicity occurred coincident with the onset of inexorable progression.", "contents": "Inflammatory cells in solid murine neoplasms. IV. Cytolytic T lymphocytes isolated from regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas. Highly purified suspensions of intratumoral T lymphocytes, recovered 11 and 13 days after induction of regressing or progressing Moloney sarcomas, were compared in their ability to lyse specifically the MSC cells used for tumor induction. Cytolytic activity, expressed in terms of lytic units/10(6) T cells, was similar for intratumoral T cell suspensions obtained 11 days after induction of either regressing (3.1 +/- 1.3 LU/10(6) T cells) or progressing (4.3 +/- 1.8) neoplasms. By 13 days post-induction, regressing tumors contained T lymphocytes with an increased cytolytic activity (11.1 +/- 4.5) whereas those from progressing tumors were strikingly less able to kill MSC cells (less than or equal to 0.2). This dramatic loss in cytotoxicity could not be attributed to errors associated with the enzymatic disaggregation method, inhibition by copurified endogenous tumor cells, or immunosuppression induced by viral infection. The changes in functional activity of intratumoral T lymphocytes from the two types of sarcoma appeared to be correlated with the stage of neoplasia. In this model system, cytolytic activity of T lymphocytes increased during spontaneous tumor regression whereas losses in cytotoxicity occurred coincident with the onset of inexorable progression."}
{"id": "PMID:301898", "title": "IgE formation in the rat following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. III. Soluble factor for the generation of IgE-bearing lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal rat bone marrow cells incubated with serum or lymph from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb)-infected rats showed an increase in the proportion of IgE-bearing cells in culture. This effect was produced in a similar fashion by cell-free supernatants (CFS) from cultures of mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from Nb-infected rats. The action of CFS on bone marrow cells appeared to be specific for the generation of IgE-bearing cells since the proportion of IgM-bearing cells in the culture did not change. The IgE-bearing cells in bone marrow cell cultures consisted of small lymphocytes, blast cells, and mast cells, and the addition of CFS to the cultures predominantly increased the number of IgE-bearing blast cells. CFS was also effective in increasing the proportion of IgE-bearing small lymphocytes in cultures of normal mesenteric lymph node cells. Removal of IgE in CFS by an anti-IgE immunosorbent did not affect the ability of CFS to generate IgE-bearing cells. The factor(s) in CFS responsible for this activity was shown to migrate with serum beta-globulins in zone electrophoresis and to possess a molecular size of between 10(4) and 2 X 10(4) m.w. The ability of CFS to generate IgE-bearing cells was diminished by treatment with the enzymes trypsin and ribonuclease A, but was unaffected by chymotrypsin.", "contents": "IgE formation in the rat following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. III. Soluble factor for the generation of IgE-bearing lymphocytes. Normal rat bone marrow cells incubated with serum or lymph from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb)-infected rats showed an increase in the proportion of IgE-bearing cells in culture. This effect was produced in a similar fashion by cell-free supernatants (CFS) from cultures of mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from Nb-infected rats. The action of CFS on bone marrow cells appeared to be specific for the generation of IgE-bearing cells since the proportion of IgM-bearing cells in the culture did not change. The IgE-bearing cells in bone marrow cell cultures consisted of small lymphocytes, blast cells, and mast cells, and the addition of CFS to the cultures predominantly increased the number of IgE-bearing blast cells. CFS was also effective in increasing the proportion of IgE-bearing small lymphocytes in cultures of normal mesenteric lymph node cells. Removal of IgE in CFS by an anti-IgE immunosorbent did not affect the ability of CFS to generate IgE-bearing cells. The factor(s) in CFS responsible for this activity was shown to migrate with serum beta-globulins in zone electrophoresis and to possess a molecular size of between 10(4) and 2 X 10(4) m.w. The ability of CFS to generate IgE-bearing cells was diminished by treatment with the enzymes trypsin and ribonuclease A, but was unaffected by chymotrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:301900", "title": "Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein-interaction with itself and serum albumin.", "content": "Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is a 12,000 dalton protein that exists in serum under physiologic conditions as an 85,000 dalton complex and under certain conditions, as a 170,000 dalton component. To study the reason for this finding, the behavior of 125I-SAA was studied in the presence of cold SAA and several serum proteins. SAA caused a shift of some of the radioactivity to the region of albumin. Addition of normal human serum or albumin caused a shift of a significant fraction of the radioactivity to a peak eluting slightly ahead of albumin (80.000 daltons). This interaction could be blocked by the addition of cold SAA. No shift was noted when IgG or Bence Jones proteins were added. Thus, it appears that low molecular SAA protein has a tendency to aggregate with itself and to bind to albumin but not to human IgG or Bence Jones proteins.", "contents": "Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein-interaction with itself and serum albumin. Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein is a 12,000 dalton protein that exists in serum under physiologic conditions as an 85,000 dalton complex and under certain conditions, as a 170,000 dalton component. To study the reason for this finding, the behavior of 125I-SAA was studied in the presence of cold SAA and several serum proteins. SAA caused a shift of some of the radioactivity to the region of albumin. Addition of normal human serum or albumin caused a shift of a significant fraction of the radioactivity to a peak eluting slightly ahead of albumin (80.000 daltons). This interaction could be blocked by the addition of cold SAA. No shift was noted when IgG or Bence Jones proteins were added. Thus, it appears that low molecular SAA protein has a tendency to aggregate with itself and to bind to albumin but not to human IgG or Bence Jones proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:301901", "title": "Studies of the relationship between adenosine deaminase and immune function.", "content": "The relationship between adenosine deaminase deficiency and immunologic responsiveness was studied in mice treated in vivo with deoxycoformycin to produce very low levels of adenosine deaminase activity in tissues. Effects of such treatment on thymocyte response to concanavalin A in vitro and on mixed cultures of splenic cells were determined. Under the conditions used, inhibition of adenosine deaminase by deoxycoformycin had no effect on the viability or responsiveness of either thymocytes or splenic cells.", "contents": "Studies of the relationship between adenosine deaminase and immune function. The relationship between adenosine deaminase deficiency and immunologic responsiveness was studied in mice treated in vivo with deoxycoformycin to produce very low levels of adenosine deaminase activity in tissues. Effects of such treatment on thymocyte response to concanavalin A in vitro and on mixed cultures of splenic cells were determined. Under the conditions used, inhibition of adenosine deaminase by deoxycoformycin had no effect on the viability or responsiveness of either thymocytes or splenic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:301904", "title": "Expression and function of I region products on immunocompetent cells. II. I region products in T-B interaction.", "content": "The anti-Lac B precursor cells from BALB/c (H-2)d mice which survive cytotoxic treatment with anti-Iak and complement will respond to Lac-KLH in culture but require more KLH helper T cells than unselected B cell populations or B cells surviving anti-Ig killing. These findings are not explainable by the classical Poisson assumption of a constant target of T-B ionteraction. We propose a T-B interaction theory with variable Ia target on the B cell surface. The theory quantitatively predicts the observed dose response relationships, and implies that Ia molecules on B cells are cell interaction structures.", "contents": "Expression and function of I region products on immunocompetent cells. II. I region products in T-B interaction. The anti-Lac B precursor cells from BALB/c (H-2)d mice which survive cytotoxic treatment with anti-Iak and complement will respond to Lac-KLH in culture but require more KLH helper T cells than unselected B cell populations or B cells surviving anti-Ig killing. These findings are not explainable by the classical Poisson assumption of a constant target of T-B ionteraction. We propose a T-B interaction theory with variable Ia target on the B cell surface. The theory quantitatively predicts the observed dose response relationships, and implies that Ia molecules on B cells are cell interaction structures."}
{"id": "PMID:301905", "title": "Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) soluble nuclear antigen: demonstration of its reaction with serum antibodies by counter-immunoelectrophoresis and further partial characterization.", "content": "The soluble ribonucleoprotein nuclear antigen reactive with specific antibodies present in sera from patients with Mixed Connective Tissure disease has alpha 2-beta 1 electrophoretic mobility, thus enabling its reaction with specific serum antibodies to be studied by counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Its molecular weight determined by elution from a calibrated Sephadex G-200 gel column is about 175,000. Its purification has been attempted by successive DEAE cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and Hydroxyapatite chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of RNP antigen-containing fractions showed persistent heterogeneity which could be due either to inadequate purification or to dissociation of the RNP-antigen during electrophoresis.", "contents": "Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) soluble nuclear antigen: demonstration of its reaction with serum antibodies by counter-immunoelectrophoresis and further partial characterization. The soluble ribonucleoprotein nuclear antigen reactive with specific antibodies present in sera from patients with Mixed Connective Tissure disease has alpha 2-beta 1 electrophoretic mobility, thus enabling its reaction with specific serum antibodies to be studied by counter-immunoelectrophoresis. Its molecular weight determined by elution from a calibrated Sephadex G-200 gel column is about 175,000. Its purification has been attempted by successive DEAE cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and Hydroxyapatite chromatography. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of RNP antigen-containing fractions showed persistent heterogeneity which could be due either to inadequate purification or to dissociation of the RNP-antigen during electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:301921", "title": "Innate resistance and specific immunity in host control of cancer.", "content": "A review of the role of immune mechanisms in neoplasia is presented. The role of macrophages in innate resistance, the involvement of T-Lymphocytes and other aspects are discussed. Innate resistance to sporadically occurring malignant cells may be exercised by mononuclear phagocytes. While there is no support for the hypothesis that specific immune processes involving T-lymphocytes determine the incidence of cancer, they influence the biological behavior and natural history of some tumors once they have become clinically evident.", "contents": "Innate resistance and specific immunity in host control of cancer. A review of the role of immune mechanisms in neoplasia is presented. The role of macrophages in innate resistance, the involvement of T-Lymphocytes and other aspects are discussed. Innate resistance to sporadically occurring malignant cells may be exercised by mononuclear phagocytes. While there is no support for the hypothesis that specific immune processes involving T-lymphocytes determine the incidence of cancer, they influence the biological behavior and natural history of some tumors once they have become clinically evident."}
{"id": "PMID:301922", "title": "Multi-script modification of the medication list of the POMR.", "content": "One solution to the multiplicity of entries required for a complete Problem-Oriented Medical Record is a prescription blank which duplicates itself when overlaid on a medication list of corresponding format by the use of contact-activvated self-printing carbon paper. Used in a large group practice at Fort Sill, such a form yields an exact duplicate of all prescriptions sequentially for validation of prescription information, and accurate, current information on medication in use, while decreasing physician writing time by approximately one half. Screening for drug interactions and for overuse of abuse of medications becomes almost automatic, as the medication list is always before the physician during the writing of all prescriptions.", "contents": "Multi-script modification of the medication list of the POMR. One solution to the multiplicity of entries required for a complete Problem-Oriented Medical Record is a prescription blank which duplicates itself when overlaid on a medication list of corresponding format by the use of contact-activvated self-printing carbon paper. Used in a large group practice at Fort Sill, such a form yields an exact duplicate of all prescriptions sequentially for validation of prescription information, and accurate, current information on medication in use, while decreasing physician writing time by approximately one half. Screening for drug interactions and for overuse of abuse of medications becomes almost automatic, as the medication list is always before the physician during the writing of all prescriptions."}
{"id": "PMID:301923", "title": "Studies of the development of frog hemopoietic tissue in vitro. I. Spleen culture assay of an erythropoietic factor in anemic frog blood.", "content": "A new in vitro technique has been described for demonstrating the presence of an erythropoietic factor in the circulating blood of frogs. The assay system consisted of MC33 medium, erythropoietically active spleen cells from Rana pipiens, and plasma or serum from frogs made anemic via phenylhydrazine or bleeding. The spleen cells, which remain erythropoietically active for up to nine days, were found to incorporate 59Fe, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]leucine at a greater rate in the presence of plasma or serum from anemic versus normal frogs. The hormones triiodothyronine, prolactin, and erythropoietin were not effective in eliciting an hemopoietic response. The data presented suggest that the spleen from that adult frog is a major site of erythroid differentiation and maturation.", "contents": "Studies of the development of frog hemopoietic tissue in vitro. I. Spleen culture assay of an erythropoietic factor in anemic frog blood. A new in vitro technique has been described for demonstrating the presence of an erythropoietic factor in the circulating blood of frogs. The assay system consisted of MC33 medium, erythropoietically active spleen cells from Rana pipiens, and plasma or serum from frogs made anemic via phenylhydrazine or bleeding. The spleen cells, which remain erythropoietically active for up to nine days, were found to incorporate 59Fe, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]leucine at a greater rate in the presence of plasma or serum from anemic versus normal frogs. The hormones triiodothyronine, prolactin, and erythropoietin were not effective in eliciting an hemopoietic response. The data presented suggest that the spleen from that adult frog is a major site of erythroid differentiation and maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:301926", "title": "Reticular reflex myoclonus: a physiological type of human post-hypoxic myoclonus.", "content": "A patient with post-hypoxic  myoclonus, sensitive to therapy with 5-hydroxytryptophan and clonazepam, was subjected to detailed electrophysiological investigation. Brief generalised jerks followed the critical stimulus of muscle stretch. The electroencephalogram showed generalised spikes that were associated with, but not time locked to, the myoclonus. The cranial nerve nuclei were activated upward. Analysis of the findings suggests that the mechanism of the myoclonus is hyperactivity of a reflex mediated in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "Reticular reflex myoclonus: a physiological type of human post-hypoxic myoclonus. A patient with post-hypoxic  myoclonus, sensitive to therapy with 5-hydroxytryptophan and clonazepam, was subjected to detailed electrophysiological investigation. Brief generalised jerks followed the critical stimulus of muscle stretch. The electroencephalogram showed generalised spikes that were associated with, but not time locked to, the myoclonus. The cranial nerve nuclei were activated upward. Analysis of the findings suggests that the mechanism of the myoclonus is hyperactivity of a reflex mediated in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata."}
{"id": "PMID:301927", "title": "Recruitment and suprathreshold frequency modulation of single extraocular muscle fibers in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The isometric tension developed by the inferior rectus muscle of the rabbit was modulated by the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in unanesthetized rabbits. 2. Single muscle fiber activity was recorded from the inferior rectus muscle during reflex activation. The force at which a muscle fiber was recruited and its suprathreshold frequency-force relationship were studied. 3. The size of individual motor units was measured by averaging the tension which was \"time-locked\" to the discharge of a single muscle fiber. The average motor unit twitch amplitude was 1.3 mg. 4. The suprathreshold frequency-force function was characterized by an initially steep slope, followed by a less steep slope, until a level of saturation was reached at higher forces. 6. Motor unit size was linearly related to recruitment threshold. Small motor units also had a significantly steeper frequency-force relationship than larger motor units. 7. The relationship between motor unit size and recruitment threshold appears to compensate for changes in the operating point on the length-tension curve of extraocular muscle.", "contents": "Recruitment and suprathreshold frequency modulation of single extraocular muscle fibers in the rabbit. 1. The isometric tension developed by the inferior rectus muscle of the rabbit was modulated by the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in unanesthetized rabbits. 2. Single muscle fiber activity was recorded from the inferior rectus muscle during reflex activation. The force at which a muscle fiber was recruited and its suprathreshold frequency-force relationship were studied. 3. The size of individual motor units was measured by averaging the tension which was \"time-locked\" to the discharge of a single muscle fiber. The average motor unit twitch amplitude was 1.3 mg. 4. The suprathreshold frequency-force function was characterized by an initially steep slope, followed by a less steep slope, until a level of saturation was reached at higher forces. 6. Motor unit size was linearly related to recruitment threshold. Small motor units also had a significantly steeper frequency-force relationship than larger motor units. 7. The relationship between motor unit size and recruitment threshold appears to compensate for changes in the operating point on the length-tension curve of extraocular muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:301930", "title": "Central depression of carotid baroreceptor pressor response, arterial pressure and heart rate by 5-hydroxytryptophan: influence of supracollicular areas of the brain.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) administered into the fourth cerebral ventricle of cats decreased resting arterial blood pressure, preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate in both intact brain and midcollicular decerebrate preparations. The increases in sympathetic nerve discharge and blood pressure in response to bilateral carotid occlusion were reduced after 5-HTP administration when the brain was intact but not in midcollicular decerebrate preparations. Resting arterial pressure, heart rate and bilateral carotid occlusion response were not affected when the distribution of 5-HTP was confined to neural structures rostral to the midcollicular level by injection into the third or lateral cerebral ventricle with the cerebral aqueduct cannulated for drainage. Prior intracerebroventricular administration of an L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) prevented the effects of 5-HTP, indicating that depression is mediated via conversion to serotonin. These results suggest that serotenergic stimulation in the caudal brainstem or spinal cord produces depression of sympathetic outflow and decreases arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The bilateral carotid occlusion response is depressed by the brainstem serotonergic mechanisms which require the integrity of neural pathways connecting sub- and supracollicular areas of the brain. The possibility of reciprocal influence by the central serotonergic and adrenergic systems in cardiovascular control is discussed.", "contents": "Central depression of carotid baroreceptor pressor response, arterial pressure and heart rate by 5-hydroxytryptophan: influence of supracollicular areas of the brain. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) administered into the fourth cerebral ventricle of cats decreased resting arterial blood pressure, preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate in both intact brain and midcollicular decerebrate preparations. The increases in sympathetic nerve discharge and blood pressure in response to bilateral carotid occlusion were reduced after 5-HTP administration when the brain was intact but not in midcollicular decerebrate preparations. Resting arterial pressure, heart rate and bilateral carotid occlusion response were not affected when the distribution of 5-HTP was confined to neural structures rostral to the midcollicular level by injection into the third or lateral cerebral ventricle with the cerebral aqueduct cannulated for drainage. Prior intracerebroventricular administration of an L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) prevented the effects of 5-HTP, indicating that depression is mediated via conversion to serotonin. These results suggest that serotenergic stimulation in the caudal brainstem or spinal cord produces depression of sympathetic outflow and decreases arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The bilateral carotid occlusion response is depressed by the brainstem serotonergic mechanisms which require the integrity of neural pathways connecting sub- and supracollicular areas of the brain. The possibility of reciprocal influence by the central serotonergic and adrenergic systems in cardiovascular control is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:301931", "title": "Theophylline action on sodium fluxes in frog striated muscle.", "content": "The action of theophylline on both sodium efflux and influx was measured using freshly isolated frog sartorius muscles. In normal Ringer's fluid, 2 mM theophylline increased sodium efflux by 35% whereas it decreased sodium influx by about 10%. The percent increase in sodium efflux produced by 2 mM theophylline was not significantly altered in sodium-free, lithium-containing solutions. Strophanthidin prevented the stimulation of sodium efflux by 2 mM theophylline in both normal, sodium-containing Ringer's fluid and sodium-free, lithium-containing solutions. Hence, the major effect of theophylline seems to be stimulation of active sodium transport and the enhanced rate of sodium exit induced by theophylline does not seem to require the presence of external sodium. An interesting and unexplained findings is that 2 mM theophylline, which does not produce a maximal stimulation of sodium efflux, prevents the increased sodium efflux induced by saturating doses of epinephrine.", "contents": "Theophylline action on sodium fluxes in frog striated muscle. The action of theophylline on both sodium efflux and influx was measured using freshly isolated frog sartorius muscles. In normal Ringer's fluid, 2 mM theophylline increased sodium efflux by 35% whereas it decreased sodium influx by about 10%. The percent increase in sodium efflux produced by 2 mM theophylline was not significantly altered in sodium-free, lithium-containing solutions. Strophanthidin prevented the stimulation of sodium efflux by 2 mM theophylline in both normal, sodium-containing Ringer's fluid and sodium-free, lithium-containing solutions. Hence, the major effect of theophylline seems to be stimulation of active sodium transport and the enhanced rate of sodium exit induced by theophylline does not seem to require the presence of external sodium. An interesting and unexplained findings is that 2 mM theophylline, which does not produce a maximal stimulation of sodium efflux, prevents the increased sodium efflux induced by saturating doses of epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:301932", "title": "Regenerative repolarization of the frog ventricular action potential: a time and voltage-dependent phenomenon.", "content": "1. The regenerative repolarization process has been examined in frog ventricular myocardium using a single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. 2. Application of brief (30-150 msec) anodal voltage clamp pulses during the plateau of the action potential revealed a 'threshold' potential region for immediate repolarization. The response to anodal clamp pulses was not all-or-none but was graded. 3. The threshold potential was strongly dependent on the duration of the test voltage clamp pulses and was more negative for shorter clamps. 4. Regenerative repolarization was also observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. 5. No threshold for immediate repolarization was observed with very short clamps (2-20 msec in duration). Instead the membrane depolarized upon release of each clamp pulse. 6. Theoretical showed that the de- and repolarizations observed after test clamp steps are not due to geometrical properties or inhomogeneous potential distributions. 7. The results suggest that the instantaneous I-V relation of the membrane during the plateau may be linear.", "contents": "Regenerative repolarization of the frog ventricular action potential: a time and voltage-dependent phenomenon. 1. The regenerative repolarization process has been examined in frog ventricular myocardium using a single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique. 2. Application of brief (30-150 msec) anodal voltage clamp pulses during the plateau of the action potential revealed a 'threshold' potential region for immediate repolarization. The response to anodal clamp pulses was not all-or-none but was graded. 3. The threshold potential was strongly dependent on the duration of the test voltage clamp pulses and was more negative for shorter clamps. 4. Regenerative repolarization was also observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin. 5. No threshold for immediate repolarization was observed with very short clamps (2-20 msec in duration). Instead the membrane depolarized upon release of each clamp pulse. 6. Theoretical showed that the de- and repolarizations observed after test clamp steps are not due to geometrical properties or inhomogeneous potential distributions. 7. The results suggest that the instantaneous I-V relation of the membrane during the plateau may be linear."}
{"id": "PMID:301933", "title": "Measurement of transmembrane potential and current in cardiac muscle: a new voltage clamp method.", "content": "1. A single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique was developed to correct for artifacts of 'leakage' corrent and extracellular resistance making possible improved measurement of membrane current and membrane potential in cardiac muscle. 2. A fourth compartment termed 'guard gap' was added to the sucrose gap. The guard gap is maintained at the same potential as the Reinger pool, so that no extracellular leakage current can flow into the Ringer pool. Comparison of experimental results with the predictions of an idealized cable model indicates that the guard gap is effective in trapping leakage current. 3. The slow charging of membrane capacitance due to extracellular series resistance was accelerated by applying a 'pre-pulse' of the command potential past the final voltage clamp value. 4. A second technique, termed 'chopped current pulse clamp', was used to compensate for the extracellular resistance throughout the voltage clamp step. The applied current was turned on and off at a frequency of 0-5-2 kHz. The membrane potential sampled during the zero current phase was fed back through the clamp loop. 5. With either of these compensation techniques, the voltage and current traces settle to effectively constant values within 2-4 msec after initiation of a hyperpolarizing voltage clamp step from rest. 6. The membrane conductance measured by the prepulse and chopped current-pulse technique are equal and confirm a higher conductance at rest than during the plateau of the action potential. 7. The 'instantaneous' current-voltage relation of the membrane is linear during the plateau of the frog ventricular action potential.", "contents": "Measurement of transmembrane potential and current in cardiac muscle: a new voltage clamp method. 1. A single sucrose gap voltage clamp technique was developed to correct for artifacts of 'leakage' corrent and extracellular resistance making possible improved measurement of membrane current and membrane potential in cardiac muscle. 2. A fourth compartment termed 'guard gap' was added to the sucrose gap. The guard gap is maintained at the same potential as the Reinger pool, so that no extracellular leakage current can flow into the Ringer pool. Comparison of experimental results with the predictions of an idealized cable model indicates that the guard gap is effective in trapping leakage current. 3. The slow charging of membrane capacitance due to extracellular series resistance was accelerated by applying a 'pre-pulse' of the command potential past the final voltage clamp value. 4. A second technique, termed 'chopped current pulse clamp', was used to compensate for the extracellular resistance throughout the voltage clamp step. The applied current was turned on and off at a frequency of 0-5-2 kHz. The membrane potential sampled during the zero current phase was fed back through the clamp loop. 5. With either of these compensation techniques, the voltage and current traces settle to effectively constant values within 2-4 msec after initiation of a hyperpolarizing voltage clamp step from rest. 6. The membrane conductance measured by the prepulse and chopped current-pulse technique are equal and confirm a higher conductance at rest than during the plateau of the action potential. 7. The 'instantaneous' current-voltage relation of the membrane is linear during the plateau of the frog ventricular action potential."}
{"id": "PMID:301934", "title": "[Competitive protein-binding radioassay of corticosterone in the plasma of the frog, Rana esculenta L. (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in the plasma of the edible frog, Rana esculenta, by a competitive protein-binding radioassay method using baboon plasma as CBG source. 2. This technique was sensitive enough to make the assessment of corticosterone levels in 50 microliter plasma samples possible. The assay sensitivity threshold reached 0.5 ng per tube and the corticosterone rate assessment was correct between 0 and 5 ng. The specificity was tested, using 12 different steroids (fig. 2) : baboon CBG had very slight avidity for aldosterone, the second circulating steroid in frog plasma. 3. Using this technique, we have shown that plasma corticosterone underwent seasonal variations. Plasma corticosterone levels, in animals captured in nature during February and June, were 1.51 +/- 0.06 microgram/100 ml (n = 60) and 2.76 +/- 0.14 microgram/100 ml (n = 36), respectively, as appeared in table III. 4. It appeared that the interrenal gland of the frog was not totally dependent on pituitary ACTH, since total hypophysectomy reduced, but did not suppress, corticosterone secretion (table III).", "contents": "[Competitive protein-binding radioassay of corticosterone in the plasma of the frog, Rana esculenta L. (author's transl)]. 1. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in the plasma of the edible frog, Rana esculenta, by a competitive protein-binding radioassay method using baboon plasma as CBG source. 2. This technique was sensitive enough to make the assessment of corticosterone levels in 50 microliter plasma samples possible. The assay sensitivity threshold reached 0.5 ng per tube and the corticosterone rate assessment was correct between 0 and 5 ng. The specificity was tested, using 12 different steroids (fig. 2) : baboon CBG had very slight avidity for aldosterone, the second circulating steroid in frog plasma. 3. Using this technique, we have shown that plasma corticosterone underwent seasonal variations. Plasma corticosterone levels, in animals captured in nature during February and June, were 1.51 +/- 0.06 microgram/100 ml (n = 60) and 2.76 +/- 0.14 microgram/100 ml (n = 36), respectively, as appeared in table III. 4. It appeared that the interrenal gland of the frog was not totally dependent on pituitary ACTH, since total hypophysectomy reduced, but did not suppress, corticosterone secretion (table III)."}
{"id": "PMID:301938", "title": "Erythema elevatum diutinum: cutaneous vasculitis, impaired clot lysis, and response to phenformin.", "content": "Erythema elevatum diutinum consists of chronic, often painful, predominantly acral skin nodules and plaques, associated with an underlying cutaneous vasculitis. A patient with this disorder is described, who had an elevated sedimentation rate, positive antinuclear factor, impaired clot lysis, and dramatic fibrin deposition in skin vessel walls. A variety of treatments were without benefit in this case as in most others, but phenformin produced marked improvement for periods of 11 and 16 months on two occasions. Protection of the lesions from minor trauma is also important.", "contents": "Erythema elevatum diutinum: cutaneous vasculitis, impaired clot lysis, and response to phenformin. Erythema elevatum diutinum consists of chronic, often painful, predominantly acral skin nodules and plaques, associated with an underlying cutaneous vasculitis. A patient with this disorder is described, who had an elevated sedimentation rate, positive antinuclear factor, impaired clot lysis, and dramatic fibrin deposition in skin vessel walls. A variety of treatments were without benefit in this case as in most others, but phenformin produced marked improvement for periods of 11 and 16 months on two occasions. Protection of the lesions from minor trauma is also important."}
{"id": "PMID:301939", "title": "Antilymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: familial clustering of lymphocyte antigens.", "content": "Cold reactive lymphocytotoxic sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their relatives were found to react with lymphocyte antigens that cluster in normal families. These antigens do not correlate with HLA-A or -B antigens in families, suggesting that they are not related to Ir genes. Further work is indicated to determine whether these antigens are controlled by several genes or involve viral products on the cell surface.", "contents": "Antilymphocyte antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: familial clustering of lymphocyte antigens. Cold reactive lymphocytotoxic sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their relatives were found to react with lymphocyte antigens that cluster in normal families. These antigens do not correlate with HLA-A or -B antigens in families, suggesting that they are not related to Ir genes. Further work is indicated to determine whether these antigens are controlled by several genes or involve viral products on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:301940", "title": "Antinuclear antibody: predictive of lymphocyte response in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The phytohemagglutinin induced response of lymphocytes was studied in two groups of rheumatoid patients differing only in the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The response was found to be depressed in 16 ANA positive and normal in 14 ANA negative  patients. Antinuclear antibody screening may serve as a simple method to identify a subgroup of immunodepressed rheumatoid patients who may be potential candidates for immunostimulation therapy.", "contents": "Antinuclear antibody: predictive of lymphocyte response in rheumatoid arthritis. The phytohemagglutinin induced response of lymphocytes was studied in two groups of rheumatoid patients differing only in the presence or absence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The response was found to be depressed in 16 ANA positive and normal in 14 ANA negative  patients. Antinuclear antibody screening may serve as a simple method to identify a subgroup of immunodepressed rheumatoid patients who may be potential candidates for immunostimulation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:301941", "title": "Cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Eighty-one sera from 18 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and high titers of antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were investigated for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. These were found in 59% sera from 14 patients but in only one of 40 normal subjects. Although lymphocytotoxic activity tended to be higher when the disease was active or there was lymphopenia, the correlation was not statistically significant. The lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found to be cold-reactive, and located in the IgM and/or IgG-containing elution fractions from DEAE cellulose columns. IgM-containing fractions tended to be more cytotoxic. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were partially absorbed out with cerebral cortex but not with ENA-coated sheep red blood cells. Although attention has been focused on the anti-RNP antibodies found in MCTD, other autoantibodies are also present in a high proportion of patients.", "contents": "Cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease. Eighty-one sera from 18 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and high titers of antibody to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were investigated for the presence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. These were found in 59% sera from 14 patients but in only one of 40 normal subjects. Although lymphocytotoxic activity tended to be higher when the disease was active or there was lymphopenia, the correlation was not statistically significant. The lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found to be cold-reactive, and located in the IgM and/or IgG-containing elution fractions from DEAE cellulose columns. IgM-containing fractions tended to be more cytotoxic. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were partially absorbed out with cerebral cortex but not with ENA-coated sheep red blood cells. Although attention has been focused on the anti-RNP antibodies found in MCTD, other autoantibodies are also present in a high proportion of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:301942", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with M-like phenotype.", "content": "A patient with a low serum concentration of alpha1-antitrypsin (0-1 g/l) but with an M-like phenotype is described. Her parents and 2 sibs have a PIM phenotype, but all except the father have approximately half-normal levels of alpha1-antitrypsin: The M-like variant apparently cannot be distinguished from M-alpha1-antitrypsin, when it occurs with M in heterozygotes. The proposita has severe airways obstruction and emphysema, and her father has moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mother and 2 sibs are healthy.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with M-like phenotype. A patient with a low serum concentration of alpha1-antitrypsin (0-1 g/l) but with an M-like phenotype is described. Her parents and 2 sibs have a PIM phenotype, but all except the father have approximately half-normal levels of alpha1-antitrypsin: The M-like variant apparently cannot be distinguished from M-alpha1-antitrypsin, when it occurs with M in heterozygotes. The proposita has severe airways obstruction and emphysema, and her father has moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mother and 2 sibs are healthy."}
{"id": "PMID:301947", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Incidence in a day-care center.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) disease was observed during a 14-month period in seven of 48 infants attending a day-care center. Surveillance studies showed that 28 (58%) infants had positive nasopharyngeal cultures for HIB; four infants were colonized with HIB for nine to 12 months. Ampicillin trihydrate prophylaxis failed to reduce the HIB carrier rate. Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine was administered to 34 of the children. Sera obtained prior to immunization showed detectable antibody in all infants. Only nine (26%) infants had twofold or greater rises in serum HIB antibody titers after vaccination. Antibody response was independent of age, preimmunization antibody concentration, and HIB carrier status. In one infant, HIB meningitis developed four months after she received polysaccharide vaccine. This outbreak emphasizes that HIB is highly contagious in closed populations of young, susceptible infants.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Incidence in a day-care center. Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) disease was observed during a 14-month period in seven of 48 infants attending a day-care center. Surveillance studies showed that 28 (58%) infants had positive nasopharyngeal cultures for HIB; four infants were colonized with HIB for nine to 12 months. Ampicillin trihydrate prophylaxis failed to reduce the HIB carrier rate. Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine was administered to 34 of the children. Sera obtained prior to immunization showed detectable antibody in all infants. Only nine (26%) infants had twofold or greater rises in serum HIB antibody titers after vaccination. Antibody response was independent of age, preimmunization antibody concentration, and HIB carrier status. In one infant, HIB meningitis developed four months after she received polysaccharide vaccine. This outbreak emphasizes that HIB is highly contagious in closed populations of young, susceptible infants."}
{"id": "PMID:301955", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with tricresylphosphates and phenobarbital on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats.", "content": "We examined the effects of pretreatment with phenobarbital and tricresylphosphates, TOCP and TCP, on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats. A single administration of procaine at a dose of 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally to adult rats caused convulsion, however, phenobarbital (80 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily, 4 days) pretreatment protected against the toxicity or procaine. In contrast, pretreatment of rats with TOCP (10 mg/kg per os) or TCP (10 mg/kg per os) revealed a higher incidence of toxicity as compared to control rats. Mortality in procaine-treated rats was significantly decreased with phenobarbital-pretreatment and, conversely, increased with TOCP and TCP. Paralysis, convulsion and death were induced at the brain level of procaine of 0.303 +/- 0.025, 0.480 +/- 0.026 and 0.565 +/- 0.018 mumole/g brain wet weight, respectively. Toxic effects of procaine were, therefore, concluded to be due to the accumulation of the drug in the brain.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with tricresylphosphates and phenobarbital on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats. We examined the effects of pretreatment with phenobarbital and tricresylphosphates, TOCP and TCP, on the metabolism and toxicity of procaine in rats. A single administration of procaine at a dose of 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally to adult rats caused convulsion, however, phenobarbital (80 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily, 4 days) pretreatment protected against the toxicity or procaine. In contrast, pretreatment of rats with TOCP (10 mg/kg per os) or TCP (10 mg/kg per os) revealed a higher incidence of toxicity as compared to control rats. Mortality in procaine-treated rats was significantly decreased with phenobarbital-pretreatment and, conversely, increased with TOCP and TCP. Paralysis, convulsion and death were induced at the brain level of procaine of 0.303 +/- 0.025, 0.480 +/- 0.026 and 0.565 +/- 0.018 mumole/g brain wet weight, respectively. Toxic effects of procaine were, therefore, concluded to be due to the accumulation of the drug in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:301957", "title": "[Role of the prostaglandin-kinin system of the kidneys in the transport of sodium and water].", "content": "The renal content of prostaglandins A, E and F2, was determined by radioimmunoassay in 33 Wistar male rats, following a preliminary purification and separation of these substances by way of chromatography. At the same time, kallikrein excretion in the urine was determined in the same animals by estimating the etherase activity of the enzyme. Several renal function parameters characterizing sodium and water transport were also analyzed. Thirteen animals were receiving Indometacine, 5 mg/kg for 5 days. In the kidneys of those animals who were kept on a routine water-salt regimen certain quantitative relationships were established between prostaglandins of different types and the activity of the renal kallikreinkinin system. Indometacine, when employed in the above dosage, caused synthesis inhibition of prostaglandins A and E, predominantly, and a significant reduction of the kallikrein activity in the urine. These changes in the humoral state of the kidneys under the effect of Indometacine were accompanied by a reduction of diuresis and natriuresis and of the concentration function of the kidneys. The obtained data emphasize the importance of the prostaglandin-kinin system of the kidneys in water and sodium transport.", "contents": "[Role of the prostaglandin-kinin system of the kidneys in the transport of sodium and water]. The renal content of prostaglandins A, E and F2, was determined by radioimmunoassay in 33 Wistar male rats, following a preliminary purification and separation of these substances by way of chromatography. At the same time, kallikrein excretion in the urine was determined in the same animals by estimating the etherase activity of the enzyme. Several renal function parameters characterizing sodium and water transport were also analyzed. Thirteen animals were receiving Indometacine, 5 mg/kg for 5 days. In the kidneys of those animals who were kept on a routine water-salt regimen certain quantitative relationships were established between prostaglandins of different types and the activity of the renal kallikreinkinin system. Indometacine, when employed in the above dosage, caused synthesis inhibition of prostaglandins A and E, predominantly, and a significant reduction of the kallikrein activity in the urine. These changes in the humoral state of the kidneys under the effect of Indometacine were accompanied by a reduction of diuresis and natriuresis and of the concentration function of the kidneys. The obtained data emphasize the importance of the prostaglandin-kinin system of the kidneys in water and sodium transport."}
{"id": "PMID:301958", "title": "[Immunostimulating properties of blood serum of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "The effect of serum of rabbits receiving an atherogenic diet on the biosynthesis of antibodies in intact animals was studied. The serum of rabbit kept on atherogenic diets for 6 weeks produced no effect upon the antibody formation when injected to intact rabbits simultanously with antigens. The serum of rabbits receiving cholesterol with their meals for 13 weeks stimulated antibody formation when injected simultaneously with antigens to intact animals. Incubation of the serum of rabbits kept on an atherogenic diet for 13 weeks with the polyvalent proteinase inhibitor Trasylol completely deprived it of its immunostimulating properties.", "contents": "[Immunostimulating properties of blood serum of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis]. The effect of serum of rabbits receiving an atherogenic diet on the biosynthesis of antibodies in intact animals was studied. The serum of rabbit kept on atherogenic diets for 6 weeks produced no effect upon the antibody formation when injected to intact rabbits simultanously with antigens. The serum of rabbits receiving cholesterol with their meals for 13 weeks stimulated antibody formation when injected simultaneously with antigens to intact animals. Incubation of the serum of rabbits kept on an atherogenic diet for 13 weeks with the polyvalent proteinase inhibitor Trasylol completely deprived it of its immunostimulating properties."}
{"id": "PMID:301959", "title": "[Analysis of the relationship between the rate and force of myocardial contractions in dogs, rats and frogs].", "content": "Under maximally physiological conditions of arterial blood supply to isolated hearts of dogs, rats and frogs it was found that frequency potentiation of contractility was most distinct in the ventricles of frogs, less distinct in the left ventricle of dogs, and absent in rats. It was demonstrated that in connection with the rhythmic activity the myocardial cells accumulate quantities of calcium proportional to the degree of frequency potentiation. Amounts of calcium were determined that are necessary for a full activation of myocardial contractility proteins, and the amount of calcium entering the myocardial cells of a frog per one systole was calculated. A close approximation of both the values indicates that the activation of a contraction occurs at the expense of the entrance of extracellular calcium during the depolarization of a sarcolemoma.", "contents": "[Analysis of the relationship between the rate and force of myocardial contractions in dogs, rats and frogs]. Under maximally physiological conditions of arterial blood supply to isolated hearts of dogs, rats and frogs it was found that frequency potentiation of contractility was most distinct in the ventricles of frogs, less distinct in the left ventricle of dogs, and absent in rats. It was demonstrated that in connection with the rhythmic activity the myocardial cells accumulate quantities of calcium proportional to the degree of frequency potentiation. Amounts of calcium were determined that are necessary for a full activation of myocardial contractility proteins, and the amount of calcium entering the myocardial cells of a frog per one systole was calculated. A close approximation of both the values indicates that the activation of a contraction occurs at the expense of the entrance of extracellular calcium during the depolarization of a sarcolemoma."}
{"id": "PMID:301963", "title": "[Pan-retinal argon laser-photocoagulation in retinopathia diabetica. First results (author's transl)].", "content": "The apparition of diabetic retinopathy depends on the duration of the evolution of the diabetes and its control, and its type. The indications for photocoagulation are in progressive retinopathy the existence of macular edema or retinal or prepapillar neovascularisation. The pan-rtinal argon laser photocoagulation is the best technic for treatment. It leads to a global improvement whose results are presented, after 2 years follow-up.", "contents": "[Pan-retinal argon laser-photocoagulation in retinopathia diabetica. First results (author's transl)]. The apparition of diabetic retinopathy depends on the duration of the evolution of the diabetes and its control, and its type. The indications for photocoagulation are in progressive retinopathy the existence of macular edema or retinal or prepapillar neovascularisation. The pan-rtinal argon laser photocoagulation is the best technic for treatment. It leads to a global improvement whose results are presented, after 2 years follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:301964", "title": "[A new sieve-test for testing colour vision (author's transl)].", "content": "From our results we can be sure that the colour test disk is at least as reliable for mass testing for colour blindness as the Ishihara isochromatic colour plates. In practice the test disk has the advantage of constancy of testing conditions and easy and quick procedure. If it is necessary to differentiate between protopia and deuteropia the colour test disk is significantly better Ishihara's colour plates.", "contents": "[A new sieve-test for testing colour vision (author's transl)]. From our results we can be sure that the colour test disk is at least as reliable for mass testing for colour blindness as the Ishihara isochromatic colour plates. In practice the test disk has the advantage of constancy of testing conditions and easy and quick procedure. If it is necessary to differentiate between protopia and deuteropia the colour test disk is significantly better Ishihara's colour plates."}
{"id": "PMID:301968", "title": "Treatment of post-myocardial infarction angina by intra-aortic ballon pumping and emergency revascularization.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with postinfarction angina (2 to 15 days after acute myocardial infarction) unresponsive to medical therapy were treated by intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP). Anginal pain and electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment changes were prevented in all patients. Coronary angiograms were obtained during IABP without complication and confirmed severe coronary artery disease. Of the four nonoperated patients, three had reinfarction and two died of cardiogenic shock. Seventeen patients underwent aorta-coronary bypass grafting, associated with aneurysmectomy in two patients and closure of a ventricular septal defect in one. Sixteen patients survived the operation. All survivors are in clinically improved condition and 14 are pain free from 9 to 28 months postoperatively, but three have mild heart failure.", "contents": "Treatment of post-myocardial infarction angina by intra-aortic ballon pumping and emergency revascularization. Twenty-one patients with postinfarction angina (2 to 15 days after acute myocardial infarction) unresponsive to medical therapy were treated by intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP). Anginal pain and electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment changes were prevented in all patients. Coronary angiograms were obtained during IABP without complication and confirmed severe coronary artery disease. Of the four nonoperated patients, three had reinfarction and two died of cardiogenic shock. Seventeen patients underwent aorta-coronary bypass grafting, associated with aneurysmectomy in two patients and closure of a ventricular septal defect in one. Sixteen patients survived the operation. All survivors are in clinically improved condition and 14 are pain free from 9 to 28 months postoperatively, but three have mild heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:301969", "title": "The organization of lymphoid tissue in relation to function.", "content": "Organized lymphoid tissue is found in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes; lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts; and also occurring at sites of chronic inflammation. Apart from the thymus which is involved in the regulation of T-cell function, the other tissues are organized into T-cell and B-cell areas. Lymphocytes in T-cell areas respond by proliferation in cell-mediated immunity and by the production of suppressor cells and helper for antibody formation. B-cell areas are involved in the humoral antibody response. B-cells are segregated into lymph follicles where they form germinal centers and are found at the corticomedullary  junction where they differentiate into plasma cells. The role of lymph follicles in becoming germinal centers is poorly understood, but these areas are known to be the site of antigen trapping in primed animals. The particular function of the spleen as a localized area of lymphoid tissue along the course of the blood vascular system is discussed, particularly with respect to its ability to respond to soluble antigen released from sites of localized antigen deposition such as tumors.", "contents": "The organization of lymphoid tissue in relation to function. Organized lymphoid tissue is found in the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes; lining the respiratory and alimentary tracts; and also occurring at sites of chronic inflammation. Apart from the thymus which is involved in the regulation of T-cell function, the other tissues are organized into T-cell and B-cell areas. Lymphocytes in T-cell areas respond by proliferation in cell-mediated immunity and by the production of suppressor cells and helper for antibody formation. B-cell areas are involved in the humoral antibody response. B-cells are segregated into lymph follicles where they form germinal centers and are found at the corticomedullary  junction where they differentiate into plasma cells. The role of lymph follicles in becoming germinal centers is poorly understood, but these areas are known to be the site of antigen trapping in primed animals. The particular function of the spleen as a localized area of lymphoid tissue along the course of the blood vascular system is discussed, particularly with respect to its ability to respond to soluble antigen released from sites of localized antigen deposition such as tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:301973", "title": "[Apparatus \"Stimul-1\" foe electric stimulation of muscles].", "content": "The apparatus \"Stimul-1\" has been designed and recommended for batch production, its purpose being broad application in the medical practice of electrical stimulation of the muscles. For stimulation is used sinusoidal a.c. current with frequency of 2 kHz, which produces and effective contraction of the muscles without causing any sensation of pain. The unit is constructed by using up-to-date components, including microminiature logic circuits, operational amplifiers and field-effect transistors.", "contents": "[Apparatus \"Stimul-1\" foe electric stimulation of muscles]. The apparatus \"Stimul-1\" has been designed and recommended for batch production, its purpose being broad application in the medical practice of electrical stimulation of the muscles. For stimulation is used sinusoidal a.c. current with frequency of 2 kHz, which produces and effective contraction of the muscles without causing any sensation of pain. The unit is constructed by using up-to-date components, including microminiature logic circuits, operational amplifiers and field-effect transistors."}
{"id": "PMID:301974", "title": "[Device for correcting elements of human walking by electric stimulation of muscles of the lower extremities].", "content": "In recent years electric stimulation of the lower limbs muscles in man while walking, particularly for cases of infantile cerebral paralysis, has found wide application. The device implementing correction of the pace components in walking must be carried directly by man. Therefore, it should be of a minature size, light weight, cheap and contain an autonomic power source. The skeleton diagram and basic technical characteristics of the device's set-up are presented.", "contents": "[Device for correcting elements of human walking by electric stimulation of muscles of the lower extremities]. In recent years electric stimulation of the lower limbs muscles in man while walking, particularly for cases of infantile cerebral paralysis, has found wide application. The device implementing correction of the pace components in walking must be carried directly by man. Therefore, it should be of a minature size, light weight, cheap and contain an autonomic power source. The skeleton diagram and basic technical characteristics of the device's set-up are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:301981", "title": "Treatment of scleroderma.", "content": "A case of scleroderma is presented. Considerable relief of symptoms, healing of ulcers and increased skin and joint mobility occurred. The progressive improvement of the patient's condition was probably due more to potassium para-aminobenzoate (KPAB) than to resurpine.", "contents": "Treatment of scleroderma. A case of scleroderma is presented. Considerable relief of symptoms, healing of ulcers and increased skin and joint mobility occurred. The progressive improvement of the patient's condition was probably due more to potassium para-aminobenzoate (KPAB) than to resurpine."}
{"id": "PMID:301982", "title": "Diagnosis and follow-up of children referred to a rheumatic disease unit.", "content": "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) has become the predominant rheumatic disease of childhood. In a survey of 292 children referred to a rheumatic disease unit over a 5-year period, 94 had JRA and only three had rheumatic fever. At follow-up, of the children with JRA, 70% were found to be in remission with little or no functional disability. Febrile onset of JRA or onset before six years of age were worse prognostic features than pauciarticular or polyarticular onset of occurrence after six years of age. Of 28 children who had either growing pains or psychogenic rheumatism, two were subsequently found to have chondromalacia patellae. None of the other children in this group for whom follow-up information was available had developed organic disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis and follow-up of children referred to a rheumatic disease unit. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) has become the predominant rheumatic disease of childhood. In a survey of 292 children referred to a rheumatic disease unit over a 5-year period, 94 had JRA and only three had rheumatic fever. At follow-up, of the children with JRA, 70% were found to be in remission with little or no functional disability. Febrile onset of JRA or onset before six years of age were worse prognostic features than pauciarticular or polyarticular onset of occurrence after six years of age. Of 28 children who had either growing pains or psychogenic rheumatism, two were subsequently found to have chondromalacia patellae. None of the other children in this group for whom follow-up information was available had developed organic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:301987", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in malignant lymphomas.", "content": "To determine the usefulness of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme activity as a biochemical marker in the study of lymphoma, we assayed 50 various malignant lymphomas as well as normal lymphoid tissue for this activity. Neoplastic cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's tumor, S\u00e9zary's syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and lymphocytic lymphomas (poorly differentiated and intermediate) were all without notable enzyme activity. Large-cell tumors of B-cell type were also negative. One of three large-cell tumors without B-cell or T-cell-surface specificity was positive (1.40 nmol per hour per milligram of DNA). Enzyme activity was consistently present only in lymphoblastic lymphomas (all six cases studied), with a mean activity of 7.80 nmol per hour per milligram of DNA. These six cases had heterogeneous surface immunomarkers. We conclude that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is a biochemical marker that will be useful in the study of lymphoma.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in malignant lymphomas. To determine the usefulness of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme activity as a biochemical marker in the study of lymphoma, we assayed 50 various malignant lymphomas as well as normal lymphoid tissue for this activity. Neoplastic cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease, Burkitt's tumor, S\u00e9zary's syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and lymphocytic lymphomas (poorly differentiated and intermediate) were all without notable enzyme activity. Large-cell tumors of B-cell type were also negative. One of three large-cell tumors without B-cell or T-cell-surface specificity was positive (1.40 nmol per hour per milligram of DNA). Enzyme activity was consistently present only in lymphoblastic lymphomas (all six cases studied), with a mean activity of 7.80 nmol per hour per milligram of DNA. These six cases had heterogeneous surface immunomarkers. We conclude that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is a biochemical marker that will be useful in the study of lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:301990", "title": "Purification and structural characterisation of human HLA-linked B-cell antigens.", "content": "The human B cell-specific alloantigen which is closely linked genetically to HLA contains two non-covalently associated, sialogycoprotein subunits of molecular weight (MW) 29,000 (p29), and 34,000 (p34). Although p29 and p34 have different amino-terminal sequences, their tyrosine peptide maps indicate considerable similarity in other portions of their polypeptide chains. Thus the genes for their proteins may have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. Another lymphocyte cell surface protein of MW 16,000 (p16) has also been characterised. Both p16 and p44 (the heavy chain of HLA-A,B antigens) have been compared with p29 and p34.", "contents": "Purification and structural characterisation of human HLA-linked B-cell antigens. The human B cell-specific alloantigen which is closely linked genetically to HLA contains two non-covalently associated, sialogycoprotein subunits of molecular weight (MW) 29,000 (p29), and 34,000 (p34). Although p29 and p34 have different amino-terminal sequences, their tyrosine peptide maps indicate considerable similarity in other portions of their polypeptide chains. Thus the genes for their proteins may have evolved by duplication of a common ancestral gene. Another lymphocyte cell surface protein of MW 16,000 (p16) has also been characterised. Both p16 and p44 (the heavy chain of HLA-A,B antigens) have been compared with p29 and p34."}
{"id": "PMID:301993", "title": "Correctable factors contributing to the anemia of dialysis patients.", "content": "Twelve out of 60 patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment were found to have an inappropriate degree of anemia. This was not related to duration on dialysis, square meter hours of dialysis or underlying renal disease. Radioactive methods were used to determine blood losses in the dialyzer, lines, at cannulation and from the gastrointestinal tract in the \"anemic\" patients. Ten of these patients were found to have excessive blood losses and appropriate measures to correct this produced a significant rise in hematocrit in all cases.", "contents": "Correctable factors contributing to the anemia of dialysis patients. Twelve out of 60 patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment were found to have an inappropriate degree of anemia. This was not related to duration on dialysis, square meter hours of dialysis or underlying renal disease. Radioactive methods were used to determine blood losses in the dialyzer, lines, at cannulation and from the gastrointestinal tract in the \"anemic\" patients. Ten of these patients were found to have excessive blood losses and appropriate measures to correct this produced a significant rise in hematocrit in all cases."}
{"id": "PMID:301994", "title": "[Ventriculography with non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide)-experimental and clinical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The excellently low toxicity of a non-ionic watersoluble contrast medium Amipaque (Metrizamide), which is used for ventriculography, was confirmed by animal experiment and clinical application. In the animal experiment, 20 adult mongrel dogs were used and in each of them 1.5-5.0 ml of Amipaque was injected intraventriculary or intracisternally. As a result, we obtained a finding that the Amipaque is cleary safe compared with other watersoluble contrast media, espcially on epileptogenicity, while having an effect on the definition of picture and the nature of cerebrospinal fluid similar to other watersoluble contrast media. Thereafter, 14 ventriculographies were performed for 11 neurosurgical patients by using 4-10 ml of amipaque. Though one patient complained of a light headache after the examination, in no cases could convulsive complication be observed. The experience of this new medium gave us an impression that ventriculography with watersoluble contrast media will take the place of pneumoventriculography.", "contents": "[Ventriculography with non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium, Amipaque (metrizamide)-experimental and clinical study (author's transl)]. The excellently low toxicity of a non-ionic watersoluble contrast medium Amipaque (Metrizamide), which is used for ventriculography, was confirmed by animal experiment and clinical application. In the animal experiment, 20 adult mongrel dogs were used and in each of them 1.5-5.0 ml of Amipaque was injected intraventriculary or intracisternally. As a result, we obtained a finding that the Amipaque is cleary safe compared with other watersoluble contrast media, espcially on epileptogenicity, while having an effect on the definition of picture and the nature of cerebrospinal fluid similar to other watersoluble contrast media. Thereafter, 14 ventriculographies were performed for 11 neurosurgical patients by using 4-10 ml of amipaque. Though one patient complained of a light headache after the examination, in no cases could convulsive complication be observed. The experience of this new medium gave us an impression that ventriculography with watersoluble contrast media will take the place of pneumoventriculography."}
{"id": "PMID:301998", "title": "Thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to quinidine hypersensitivity.", "content": "A case of quinidine-induced thrombocytopenic purpura is reported. The patient had been previously sensitized and developed oral bleeding. On repeated ingestion of the drug, he developed classic oral manifestations of the hemorrhagic disease and sought dental treatment. Identification and withdrawal of the drug reversed the clinical and hematologic symptoms.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to quinidine hypersensitivity. A case of quinidine-induced thrombocytopenic purpura is reported. The patient had been previously sensitized and developed oral bleeding. On repeated ingestion of the drug, he developed classic oral manifestations of the hemorrhagic disease and sought dental treatment. Identification and withdrawal of the drug reversed the clinical and hematologic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:302007", "title": "Bioassay determinations of thymopoietin and thymic hormone levels in human plasma.", "content": "Thymopoietin is a thymic hormone that induces differentiation of thymocytes from precursor cells which arise in hemopoietic tissues. This paper describes a sensitive in vitro assay for the induction of Thy 1.2 antigen on null lymphocytes from germ-free athymic (nu/nu) mice. The sensitivity and specificity of the bioassay were increased by adding high concentrations of ubiquitin (a nonspecific inducer) to the induction incubations. The bioassay was sufficiently sensitive to detect thymopoietin at less than 0.25 ng/ml. A dose-response relationship was shown between thymopoietin concentration and the percentage of cells induced to express Thy 1.2 antigen. When normal human plasma was assayed, induction was registered with activity corresponding to thymopoietin at greater than 1 ng/ml in plasma from infants or young adults. Activities in the thymopoietin range of 0.25 ng/ml were registered with plasma from healthy subjects over 50 years of age. Thymectomy was followed by loss of this inductive activity from the plasma. This bioassay permits clinical studies on T (thymus-derived) cell inducers released by the human thymus into the circulation.", "contents": "Bioassay determinations of thymopoietin and thymic hormone levels in human plasma. Thymopoietin is a thymic hormone that induces differentiation of thymocytes from precursor cells which arise in hemopoietic tissues. This paper describes a sensitive in vitro assay for the induction of Thy 1.2 antigen on null lymphocytes from germ-free athymic (nu/nu) mice. The sensitivity and specificity of the bioassay were increased by adding high concentrations of ubiquitin (a nonspecific inducer) to the induction incubations. The bioassay was sufficiently sensitive to detect thymopoietin at less than 0.25 ng/ml. A dose-response relationship was shown between thymopoietin concentration and the percentage of cells induced to express Thy 1.2 antigen. When normal human plasma was assayed, induction was registered with activity corresponding to thymopoietin at greater than 1 ng/ml in plasma from infants or young adults. Activities in the thymopoietin range of 0.25 ng/ml were registered with plasma from healthy subjects over 50 years of age. Thymectomy was followed by loss of this inductive activity from the plasma. This bioassay permits clinical studies on T (thymus-derived) cell inducers released by the human thymus into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:302008", "title": "[The vascular cerebellopontile angle syndrome].", "content": "A cerebellopontine angle tumor cannot be reliably diagnosed from a classical clinicotopographic cerebellopontine angle syndrome. There is also a vascular cerebellopontine angle syndrome which is not too rare an occurrence. In some cases of tumorigenesis, where there is no papilledema and no characteristic increase in total liqour protein, it is not possible to make a clear decision between tumorous growth and vascular syndrome. The extension of the internal auditory meatus cannot be considered to be a symptom clearly indicating the presence of a tumor.", "contents": "[The vascular cerebellopontile angle syndrome]. A cerebellopontine angle tumor cannot be reliably diagnosed from a classical clinicotopographic cerebellopontine angle syndrome. There is also a vascular cerebellopontine angle syndrome which is not too rare an occurrence. In some cases of tumorigenesis, where there is no papilledema and no characteristic increase in total liqour protein, it is not possible to make a clear decision between tumorous growth and vascular syndrome. The extension of the internal auditory meatus cannot be considered to be a symptom clearly indicating the presence of a tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:302009", "title": "Mixed connective tissue disease: the spectrum of radiographic manifestations.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a serologically distinct entity defined by a ribonuclease-sensitive extractable nuclear antigen. This unusual overlap syndrome has clinical features of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to define the radiographic changes in MCTD, radiographs of the hands of 17 patients were studied, utilizing a fine-detail technique. Diffuse and periarticular osteopenia were found in 8 and 10 patients, respectively; soft-tissue swelling in 11; erosive changes in 9; joint-space narrowing in 7; tuft resorption and soft-tissue atrophy in 6; and subluxations in 2. In individual cases radiographs may appear normal or exhibit features of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, thereby mirroring the clinical diversity of this entity.", "contents": "Mixed connective tissue disease: the spectrum of radiographic manifestations. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a serologically distinct entity defined by a ribonuclease-sensitive extractable nuclear antigen. This unusual overlap syndrome has clinical features of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to define the radiographic changes in MCTD, radiographs of the hands of 17 patients were studied, utilizing a fine-detail technique. Diffuse and periarticular osteopenia were found in 8 and 10 patients, respectively; soft-tissue swelling in 11; erosive changes in 9; joint-space narrowing in 7; tuft resorption and soft-tissue atrophy in 6; and subluxations in 2. In individual cases radiographs may appear normal or exhibit features of scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, thereby mirroring the clinical diversity of this entity."}
{"id": "PMID:302010", "title": "Scintigraphic detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "In induced bleeding experiments on dogs, 99mTc-sulfur colloid was a suitable agent for detecting the bleeding site in the small intestine, providing that the site was distant from the liver and spleen. Bleeding sites were detectable at rates as low as 0.1 ml/min. When induced in the sigmoid or descending colon, the site was demonstrated by scintigraphy with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Unsatisfactory images were obtained in the esophagus and stomach, however, when 131I-ortho-iodohippurate or 99mTc-DTPA was used.", "contents": "Scintigraphic detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. In induced bleeding experiments on dogs, 99mTc-sulfur colloid was a suitable agent for detecting the bleeding site in the small intestine, providing that the site was distant from the liver and spleen. Bleeding sites were detectable at rates as low as 0.1 ml/min. When induced in the sigmoid or descending colon, the site was demonstrated by scintigraphy with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Unsatisfactory images were obtained in the esophagus and stomach, however, when 131I-ortho-iodohippurate or 99mTc-DTPA was used."}
{"id": "PMID:302025", "title": "[Hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcification disease). I.- Clinical study].", "content": "A study was made of 45 patients suffering from hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcifications disease). There were 36 women and 9 men aged between 15 and 61 years with an average age of 14. The following joints were involved (the first figure refers to clinical affection, that between brackets to radiologically demonstrable calcifications): shoulder 34 (36); neck 14 (15); wrist 18 (11); fingers 19 (17); hip 11 (29); knee 14 (18); ankle 10 (14); foot 5 (6); spinal column 16 (24). In 30 patients the disease manifested itself in the form of acute recurrent migratory arthritis resembling gout. In 8 cases, it developed in the form of acute recurrent migratory arthritis resembling gout. In 8 cases, it developed in the form of acute polyarthritis and in 7 as rheumatoid arthritis without radiological lesions. Thirty-two patients could be followed up. Four of them were cured, 9 showed improvement but still suffered attacks of pain. Eighteen patients were not improved, their pains growing more chronic. Four patients had a family history of multiple tendon calcifications disease.", "contents": "[Hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcification disease). I.- Clinical study]. A study was made of 45 patients suffering from hydroxyapatite rheumatism (multiple tendon calcifications disease). There were 36 women and 9 men aged between 15 and 61 years with an average age of 14. The following joints were involved (the first figure refers to clinical affection, that between brackets to radiologically demonstrable calcifications): shoulder 34 (36); neck 14 (15); wrist 18 (11); fingers 19 (17); hip 11 (29); knee 14 (18); ankle 10 (14); foot 5 (6); spinal column 16 (24). In 30 patients the disease manifested itself in the form of acute recurrent migratory arthritis resembling gout. In 8 cases, it developed in the form of acute recurrent migratory arthritis resembling gout. In 8 cases, it developed in the form of acute polyarthritis and in 7 as rheumatoid arthritis without radiological lesions. Thirty-two patients could be followed up. Four of them were cured, 9 showed improvement but still suffered attacks of pain. Eighteen patients were not improved, their pains growing more chronic. Four patients had a family history of multiple tendon calcifications disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302026", "title": "Humoral function of acute leukaemic blasts.", "content": "Leukamic blasts from 8 patients with different forms of acute leukaemia were investigated for their capability to produce colony stimulating factor. A second point of investigation was to detect inhibitory activity from the same blasts. The agar technique in its double layer modification was used with bone marrow from C57 Bl mice as target cell population. No single pattern of colony growth was observed. CSF production was absent or very low, when compared with CSF from normal mononuclear cells. However, blasts from 4 patients disclosed inhibition of colony growth. No certain relationship existed between the cytochemic type of leukaemia and the production of either activator or inhibitor of in vitro colony formation.", "contents": "Humoral function of acute leukaemic blasts. Leukamic blasts from 8 patients with different forms of acute leukaemia were investigated for their capability to produce colony stimulating factor. A second point of investigation was to detect inhibitory activity from the same blasts. The agar technique in its double layer modification was used with bone marrow from C57 Bl mice as target cell population. No single pattern of colony growth was observed. CSF production was absent or very low, when compared with CSF from normal mononuclear cells. However, blasts from 4 patients disclosed inhibition of colony growth. No certain relationship existed between the cytochemic type of leukaemia and the production of either activator or inhibitor of in vitro colony formation."}
{"id": "PMID:302027", "title": "B-lumphocyte alloantigens.", "content": "Seventy B-cell alloantisera were tested by microcytotoxicity against a panel of B-cell-enriched and T-cell-enriched lymphocytes. Six groups were discerned and have tentatively been designated DIg 1-7 (for Duke immunoglobulin-positive cell groups). These alloantisera were used to type an HLA-A/B recombinant family. Two groups were observed to segregate in this family, DIg 7 with the HLA-B locus and DIg 2 with the HLA-A locus.", "contents": "B-lumphocyte alloantigens. Seventy B-cell alloantisera were tested by microcytotoxicity against a panel of B-cell-enriched and T-cell-enriched lymphocytes. Six groups were discerned and have tentatively been designated DIg 1-7 (for Duke immunoglobulin-positive cell groups). These alloantisera were used to type an HLA-A/B recombinant family. Two groups were observed to segregate in this family, DIg 7 with the HLA-B locus and DIg 2 with the HLA-A locus."}
{"id": "PMID:302028", "title": "Acute bronchodilating effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation in asthma. A peripheral reflex or psychogenic response.", "content": "The acute effect of electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on bronchomotor tone was studied in 20 asthmatics. The stimulation was applied to four classical acupuncture points on the chest and back, and bronchomotor response was determined by measuring peak expiratory flow (PEF). The experiments consisted of an adaptation period, placebo \"stimulation\", TNS, and an isoprenaline inhalation test, in that order. In 11 patients PEF increased significantly (greater than 15%) after placebo \"stimulation\"; the mean change in all 20 patients after that period was + 12% (P less than 0.01). TNS, however, did not change PEF significantly in any patient in spite of the fact that marked residual bronchoconstriction was shown in all patients demonstrated by an increase in PEF after inhalation of two isoprenaline puffs at the end of the experiment. The results suggest that the acute bronchodilatation obtainable with TNS is probably psychogenic; no cutaneous-bronchial reflex could be demonstrated. The same kind of psychogenic reaction may also be involved in the bronchodilator response to needle acupuncture in asthma.", "contents": "Acute bronchodilating effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation in asthma. A peripheral reflex or psychogenic response. The acute effect of electric transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS) on bronchomotor tone was studied in 20 asthmatics. The stimulation was applied to four classical acupuncture points on the chest and back, and bronchomotor response was determined by measuring peak expiratory flow (PEF). The experiments consisted of an adaptation period, placebo \"stimulation\", TNS, and an isoprenaline inhalation test, in that order. In 11 patients PEF increased significantly (greater than 15%) after placebo \"stimulation\"; the mean change in all 20 patients after that period was + 12% (P less than 0.01). TNS, however, did not change PEF significantly in any patient in spite of the fact that marked residual bronchoconstriction was shown in all patients demonstrated by an increase in PEF after inhalation of two isoprenaline puffs at the end of the experiment. The results suggest that the acute bronchodilatation obtainable with TNS is probably psychogenic; no cutaneous-bronchial reflex could be demonstrated. The same kind of psychogenic reaction may also be involved in the bronchodilator response to needle acupuncture in asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:302029", "title": "T-lymphocyte determination in tuberculosis.", "content": "T-lymphocyte determinations in patients with acute untreated tuberculosis showed a significantly higher mean value than determinations in a control group. This finding is in contrast to earlier investigations in non-selected series. The increased mean value was found to be due mainly to increased T-lymphocyte numbers in patients with severe tuberculosis. The amount of T-lymphocytes in chronic alcoholics did not differ significantly from those in other patients. There was no correlation between the number of T cells and the size of reaction in tuberculin skin tests.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte determination in tuberculosis. T-lymphocyte determinations in patients with acute untreated tuberculosis showed a significantly higher mean value than determinations in a control group. This finding is in contrast to earlier investigations in non-selected series. The increased mean value was found to be due mainly to increased T-lymphocyte numbers in patients with severe tuberculosis. The amount of T-lymphocytes in chronic alcoholics did not differ significantly from those in other patients. There was no correlation between the number of T cells and the size of reaction in tuberculin skin tests."}
{"id": "PMID:302030", "title": "Control of a cell surface major glycoprotein by epidermal growth factor.", "content": "When the serum concentration of the culture medium is below 0.7 per-cent, 3T3 mouse cells lose most of their large external transformation sensitive (LETS) protein at the cell surface, Subsequent addition of epidermal growth factor results in the reappearance of massive fibrillar LETS protein networks on the surface of conluent 3T3 cells. Thirteen other hormones tested do not have this effect. It appears that epidermal growth factor can control the expression of LETS protein.", "contents": "Control of a cell surface major glycoprotein by epidermal growth factor. When the serum concentration of the culture medium is below 0.7 per-cent, 3T3 mouse cells lose most of their large external transformation sensitive (LETS) protein at the cell surface, Subsequent addition of epidermal growth factor results in the reappearance of massive fibrillar LETS protein networks on the surface of conluent 3T3 cells. Thirteen other hormones tested do not have this effect. It appears that epidermal growth factor can control the expression of LETS protein."}
{"id": "PMID:302031", "title": "Differentiating limb tissue affects neurite growth in spinal cord cultures.", "content": "Limb bud mesenchyme enhances and directs the growth of tadpole spinal cord nerve fibers in tissue culture. This effect on elongating neurites may involve alterations in nerve-substratum interactions by the presence of undifferentiated target tissues. The relationship between nerve fibers and their potential innervation sites can explain directed nerve growth to the developing limb.", "contents": "Differentiating limb tissue affects neurite growth in spinal cord cultures. Limb bud mesenchyme enhances and directs the growth of tadpole spinal cord nerve fibers in tissue culture. This effect on elongating neurites may involve alterations in nerve-substratum interactions by the presence of undifferentiated target tissues. The relationship between nerve fibers and their potential innervation sites can explain directed nerve growth to the developing limb."}
{"id": "PMID:302032", "title": "Induction of suppressor T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus by thymosin and cultured thymic epithelium.", "content": "Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus lacked suppressor T cell function. Suppressor cell activity was induced in cells from many of these patients by incubation with thymosin or cultured thymic epithelium. These results suggest that thymic manipulation may be a useful therapeutic modality in this disease.", "contents": "Induction of suppressor T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus by thymosin and cultured thymic epithelium. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus lacked suppressor T cell function. Suppressor cell activity was induced in cells from many of these patients by incubation with thymosin or cultured thymic epithelium. These results suggest that thymic manipulation may be a useful therapeutic modality in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302033", "title": "Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation in the rheumatoid hand: review of the pathogenesis.", "content": "Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation are complicated abnormalities with a wide variety of causes. This paper reviews certain anatomic and mechanical features of the normal hand which predispose toward these abnormalities. In the rheumatoid hand, the major deforming forces include extensor forces, flexor forces, intrinsic forces, and forces from the wrist and carpometacarpal joints. Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation result not from any singular cause, but from a combination of all or many of these forces acting upon a joint rendered unstable by rheumatoid synovitis.", "contents": "Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation in the rheumatoid hand: review of the pathogenesis. Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation are complicated abnormalities with a wide variety of causes. This paper reviews certain anatomic and mechanical features of the normal hand which predispose toward these abnormalities. In the rheumatoid hand, the major deforming forces include extensor forces, flexor forces, intrinsic forces, and forces from the wrist and carpometacarpal joints. Ulnar drift and metacarpophalangeal joint subluxation result not from any singular cause, but from a combination of all or many of these forces acting upon a joint rendered unstable by rheumatoid synovitis."}
{"id": "PMID:302035", "title": "A study of the prevalence of severe mental retardation among coloured children in an urban community.", "content": "The administrative prevalence of severe mental retardation among Coloured children of school-going age in the Cape Town suburb of Athlone was found to be between 2,64 and 3,36 per 1 000 children. The pattern of additional handicap and the extent to which these children received adequate management was examined. While the level of residential care available was comparable to that provided in Europe, the provision of day training facilities was grossly deficient.", "contents": "A study of the prevalence of severe mental retardation among coloured children in an urban community. The administrative prevalence of severe mental retardation among Coloured children of school-going age in the Cape Town suburb of Athlone was found to be between 2,64 and 3,36 per 1 000 children. The pattern of additional handicap and the extent to which these children received adequate management was examined. While the level of residential care available was comparable to that provided in Europe, the provision of day training facilities was grossly deficient."}
{"id": "PMID:302037", "title": "Prognostic significance of portal pressure in patients with bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Portal pressure was determined in 76 patients during acute bleeding varices, and the degree of portal hypertension was related to the cessation or noncessation of hemorrhage with nonoperative management. A direct relationship between the severity of hemorrhage and the degree of portal hypertension was established. It is suggested that portal pressure be determined as soon as feasible when bleeding varices are suspected and that other causes of hemorrhage be carefully excluded. The obtained data are of great prognostic significance and might be helpful in planning the course of therapy in these individuals.", "contents": "Prognostic significance of portal pressure in patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Portal pressure was determined in 76 patients during acute bleeding varices, and the degree of portal hypertension was related to the cessation or noncessation of hemorrhage with nonoperative management. A direct relationship between the severity of hemorrhage and the degree of portal hypertension was established. It is suggested that portal pressure be determined as soon as feasible when bleeding varices are suspected and that other causes of hemorrhage be carefully excluded. The obtained data are of great prognostic significance and might be helpful in planning the course of therapy in these individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:302039", "title": "500 Percutaneous thermocoagulations of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain.", "content": "Five hundred patients with trigeminal pain underwent percutaneous thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Of these 416 had classical trigeminal neuralgia, 49 had atypical facial pain and 35 had symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 92 years. These patients have been followed for from eight to 57 months. The beneficial results of this operation and the complications are presented.", "contents": "500 Percutaneous thermocoagulations of the Gasserian ganglion for trigeminal pain. Five hundred patients with trigeminal pain underwent percutaneous thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Of these 416 had classical trigeminal neuralgia, 49 had atypical facial pain and 35 had symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 92 years. These patients have been followed for from eight to 57 months. The beneficial results of this operation and the complications are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302040", "title": "Ultrastructural examination of broncho-alveolar lavage for diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis X: Preliminary report on 4 cases.", "content": "Fibreoptic broncho-alveolar lavage was used in four patients; the diagnosis of histiocytosis X had been established by lung biopsy in three and was suggested on clinical grounds in the remaining patient. Characteristic cells with an ultrastructural cytoplasmic marker (X body) were found in the washes of all four patients. In the patient without biopsy confirmation, the findings in the broncho-aleolar washes supplied the corroborating evidence for the diagnosis. From this preliminary study the technique seems able to provide a diagnosis in pulmonary histiocytosis X without the need for an open lung biopsy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural examination of broncho-alveolar lavage for diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis X: Preliminary report on 4 cases. Fibreoptic broncho-alveolar lavage was used in four patients; the diagnosis of histiocytosis X had been established by lung biopsy in three and was suggested on clinical grounds in the remaining patient. Characteristic cells with an ultrastructural cytoplasmic marker (X body) were found in the washes of all four patients. In the patient without biopsy confirmation, the findings in the broncho-aleolar washes supplied the corroborating evidence for the diagnosis. From this preliminary study the technique seems able to provide a diagnosis in pulmonary histiocytosis X without the need for an open lung biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:302041", "title": "Inherited bleeding syndromes in Iraq.", "content": "This paper presents data on the occurence and pattern of inherited bleeding syndromes (IBS) in Iraq, a hitherto unexplored problem. During the first fourteen months of a prospective on-going study at a major university center, 116 patients from 62 families were diagnosed as having IBS. All patients were referred because of moderate to severe bleeding diatheses. They included 62 haemophiliacs 32 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), 9 with Christmas disease (CD), 6 with afibrinogenemia, 1 with prothrombin deficiency, and 6 were thought to have platelet dysfunction. 32 other bleeders (16 hemophiliacs, 14 VWD, and 2 CD) were also recognized among the pedigrees studied but were not available for full investigations. The clinical and laboratory features of the patients observed in Iraq do not seem to be significantly different from those of patients in Western Europe or North America. Although the absolute incidence and relative distribution of these disorders in the entire population cannot yet be determined, the rate of occurence per segment population is likely to be high, most likely due to the high rate of consanguinity and large number of births per family, phenomena still prevalent in this country.", "contents": "Inherited bleeding syndromes in Iraq. This paper presents data on the occurence and pattern of inherited bleeding syndromes (IBS) in Iraq, a hitherto unexplored problem. During the first fourteen months of a prospective on-going study at a major university center, 116 patients from 62 families were diagnosed as having IBS. All patients were referred because of moderate to severe bleeding diatheses. They included 62 haemophiliacs 32 patients with von Willebrand's disease (VWD), 9 with Christmas disease (CD), 6 with afibrinogenemia, 1 with prothrombin deficiency, and 6 were thought to have platelet dysfunction. 32 other bleeders (16 hemophiliacs, 14 VWD, and 2 CD) were also recognized among the pedigrees studied but were not available for full investigations. The clinical and laboratory features of the patients observed in Iraq do not seem to be significantly different from those of patients in Western Europe or North America. Although the absolute incidence and relative distribution of these disorders in the entire population cannot yet be determined, the rate of occurence per segment population is likely to be high, most likely due to the high rate of consanguinity and large number of births per family, phenomena still prevalent in this country."}
{"id": "PMID:302045", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Four patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were investigated for their specific cellular and humoral immunities against measles virus. Lymphocytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated with the colony inhibition test of target cells having measles antigen. The lymphocytes from two patients of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) specifically destroyed the carrier cells; however, no significant lymphocytotoxicity was observed in the other two patients. The result suggests the heterogeneity in cellular immune states in SSPE patients.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to measles virus in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Four patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were investigated for their specific cellular and humoral immunities against measles virus. Lymphocytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood lymphocytes was evaluated with the colony inhibition test of target cells having measles antigen. The lymphocytes from two patients of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) specifically destroyed the carrier cells; however, no significant lymphocytotoxicity was observed in the other two patients. The result suggests the heterogeneity in cellular immune states in SSPE patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302048", "title": "[Regeneration of olfactory flagella and restoration of the electroolfactogram following application of triton X-100 to the olfactory mucosa of frogs].", "content": "A short-tern (1-1.5 min.) irrigation of the olfactory mucose of the frog Rana temporaria with 0.1-0.15% Triton X-100 in Ringer's solution led to the destroying of olfactory flagella but did not damage the olfactory knob and its flagellar basal bodies. Simultaneously, the generator potential of the olfactory cells-elecroolfactogram (EOG)-disappears. The olfactory cells deprived of fragella were able to produce these organelles. This process begins 2 or 3 hours following theflagellum removal, proceeds in some stages and completes within 2 or 3 days. During the flagellum regeneration the ability of olfactory cells to generate EOG is seen to resotre. The data obtained confirm the presence of receptive sites on flagellar surface.", "contents": "[Regeneration of olfactory flagella and restoration of the electroolfactogram following application of triton X-100 to the olfactory mucosa of frogs]. A short-tern (1-1.5 min.) irrigation of the olfactory mucose of the frog Rana temporaria with 0.1-0.15% Triton X-100 in Ringer's solution led to the destroying of olfactory flagella but did not damage the olfactory knob and its flagellar basal bodies. Simultaneously, the generator potential of the olfactory cells-elecroolfactogram (EOG)-disappears. The olfactory cells deprived of fragella were able to produce these organelles. This process begins 2 or 3 hours following theflagellum removal, proceeds in some stages and completes within 2 or 3 days. During the flagellum regeneration the ability of olfactory cells to generate EOG is seen to resotre. The data obtained confirm the presence of receptive sites on flagellar surface."}
{"id": "PMID:302049", "title": "[Bodily heat resistance and polymorphism of liver esterases of grass frogs].", "content": "The determination of organismal heat resistance and qualitative composition of polymorphous liver esterases during heat acclimation (25 degrees) has been made on frogs Rana temporaria. During hybernation the most heat resistant frogs possess the homozygous allele of A2 esterase. Heat acclimation and the summer rise in temperature in nature lead to an increase in heat resistance of frogs and to the disappearance of selective advantage of animals possessing the isoenzyme of the A2A2 esterase. The functional homeostasis of populations can maintain biochemical polymorphism regardless of the selective advantage of individuals possessing one of the homozygous alleles of the isoenzyme.", "contents": "[Bodily heat resistance and polymorphism of liver esterases of grass frogs]. The determination of organismal heat resistance and qualitative composition of polymorphous liver esterases during heat acclimation (25 degrees) has been made on frogs Rana temporaria. During hybernation the most heat resistant frogs possess the homozygous allele of A2 esterase. Heat acclimation and the summer rise in temperature in nature lead to an increase in heat resistance of frogs and to the disappearance of selective advantage of animals possessing the isoenzyme of the A2A2 esterase. The functional homeostasis of populations can maintain biochemical polymorphism regardless of the selective advantage of individuals possessing one of the homozygous alleles of the isoenzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:302050", "title": "[Kinetic analysis of mechanisms of Na+-dependent transport of organic acids in the proximal tubules of surviving frog kidney. I. Transport of fluorescein and uranin in a sodium-free environment].", "content": "By direct microfluorimetry, the kinetic characteristics of active transport system for organic acid were studied. A removal of sodium from the incubation medium is shown to affect the affinity between a carrier and acids (KS), and the rate of translocation of the transporting complex (which includes a carrier and a substrate) across the plasma membrane. The data obtained are in good accordance with the concept of Na+-dependent transport.", "contents": "[Kinetic analysis of mechanisms of Na+-dependent transport of organic acids in the proximal tubules of surviving frog kidney. I. Transport of fluorescein and uranin in a sodium-free environment]. By direct microfluorimetry, the kinetic characteristics of active transport system for organic acid were studied. A removal of sodium from the incubation medium is shown to affect the affinity between a carrier and acids (KS), and the rate of translocation of the transporting complex (which includes a carrier and a substrate) across the plasma membrane. The data obtained are in good accordance with the concept of Na+-dependent transport."}
{"id": "PMID:302052", "title": "[Studies in heterogeneity of thymus lymphocytotropic low-molecular preparation by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-10].", "content": "The low-molecular thymus preparation obtained by dialysis and acetone precipitation is studied by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-10. Gel chromatography was performed on the column equilibrated with 6 M urea at pH 3. The column is calibrated with NADP, ATP, sucrose, glucose and KH2-PO4. The preparation was divided into two fractions with approximate molecular weights of 120-200 and 500-700 daltons.", "contents": "[Studies in heterogeneity of thymus lymphocytotropic low-molecular preparation by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-10]. The low-molecular thymus preparation obtained by dialysis and acetone precipitation is studied by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-10. Gel chromatography was performed on the column equilibrated with 6 M urea at pH 3. The column is calibrated with NADP, ATP, sucrose, glucose and KH2-PO4. The preparation was divided into two fractions with approximate molecular weights of 120-200 and 500-700 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:302062", "title": "Absorption tests on cold lymphocytotoxins: preliminary report.", "content": "Tests were carried out to absorb cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies on different types of cells. These included lymphocytes and neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from healthy donors, thymocytes from children undergoing open heart surgery, fetal thymocytes, human brain and cultured lymphocytes. The results showed these antibodies to be absorbed on some types of cells and eluted from others. The best absorption was obtained with fetal thymocytes and brain tissue.", "contents": "Absorption tests on cold lymphocytotoxins: preliminary report. Tests were carried out to absorb cold lymphocytotoxic antibodies on different types of cells. These included lymphocytes and neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes from healthy donors, thymocytes from children undergoing open heart surgery, fetal thymocytes, human brain and cultured lymphocytes. The results showed these antibodies to be absorbed on some types of cells and eluted from others. The best absorption was obtained with fetal thymocytes and brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:302063", "title": "Clinical and immunological studies on healthy blood donors hepatitis B antibody carriers.", "content": "Ten healthy blood donors persistently seropositive for anti-HBs and without a history of clinically overt viral hepatitis were studied. While physical examination and biochemical liver function tests exhibited normal values in all cases, immunologic studies revealed coexistence of a long-term anti-HBs carrier state with the presence of cell-mediated immunity to HBV antigens and autoantibodies in some. These results suggest a complex immunologic phenomenon underlying the development of the anti-HBs carrier state.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological studies on healthy blood donors hepatitis B antibody carriers. Ten healthy blood donors persistently seropositive for anti-HBs and without a history of clinically overt viral hepatitis were studied. While physical examination and biochemical liver function tests exhibited normal values in all cases, immunologic studies revealed coexistence of a long-term anti-HBs carrier state with the presence of cell-mediated immunity to HBV antigens and autoantibodies in some. These results suggest a complex immunologic phenomenon underlying the development of the anti-HBs carrier state."}
{"id": "PMID:302061", "title": "[Effect of thyroid and adrenal hormones on the course of hypervitaminosis A and D].", "content": "Tests staged on normal and hypophysectomized rats demonstrated thyroxin to potentiate the general toxic effect of ergocalciferol, with final death of the animals. At the same time, the blood calcium content in animals receiving thyroxin decreases under the effect of the latter. Hydrocortisone, while producing no effect on the high calcium content in the blood of the animals receiving ergocalciferol, attenuates the general toxic action of the latter. These data point to the possibility of dissociating the general toxic action of ergocalciferol and its influence on the blood calcium level, which disproves the existing notion on the correlation between general toxic action of ergocalciferol and hypercalcemia produced by it. Thyroxin and hydrocortisone do not have any effect on the nature of the action exerted by high doses of vitamin A.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroid and adrenal hormones on the course of hypervitaminosis A and D]. Tests staged on normal and hypophysectomized rats demonstrated thyroxin to potentiate the general toxic effect of ergocalciferol, with final death of the animals. At the same time, the blood calcium content in animals receiving thyroxin decreases under the effect of the latter. Hydrocortisone, while producing no effect on the high calcium content in the blood of the animals receiving ergocalciferol, attenuates the general toxic action of the latter. These data point to the possibility of dissociating the general toxic action of ergocalciferol and its influence on the blood calcium level, which disproves the existing notion on the correlation between general toxic action of ergocalciferol and hypercalcemia produced by it. Thyroxin and hydrocortisone do not have any effect on the nature of the action exerted by high doses of vitamin A."}
{"id": "PMID:302068", "title": "[Pararheumatic diseases in leukoses].", "content": "Pararheumatic complaints may be the leading clinical symptom in the individual case also in leucoses and may lead to diagnostic errors. They are caused by leucotic infiltrates in juxta-articular bone segments, sporadically also by blast infiltrates of the synovial membrane, by secondary osteoporoses or osteoscleroses and by articular haemorrhages. In altogether 254 patients with leucosis there were rheumatoid symptoms in 21% of the cases with undifferentiated cell leucoses, in 37% of the cases with chronic myelosis, and in 12% of the cases with chronic lymphadenosis. Diagnostic errors are deplorable above all in the undifferentiated cell leucosis, as every temporary retardation of the beginning of the therapy furthermore deteriorated the prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Pararheumatic diseases in leukoses]. Pararheumatic complaints may be the leading clinical symptom in the individual case also in leucoses and may lead to diagnostic errors. They are caused by leucotic infiltrates in juxta-articular bone segments, sporadically also by blast infiltrates of the synovial membrane, by secondary osteoporoses or osteoscleroses and by articular haemorrhages. In altogether 254 patients with leucosis there were rheumatoid symptoms in 21% of the cases with undifferentiated cell leucoses, in 37% of the cases with chronic myelosis, and in 12% of the cases with chronic lymphadenosis. Diagnostic errors are deplorable above all in the undifferentiated cell leucosis, as every temporary retardation of the beginning of the therapy furthermore deteriorated the prognosis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302069", "title": "[Comparative analysis of conservative and surgical treatment of the imminent myocardial infarct].", "content": "It is reported on 108 patients with the symptoms of the impending myocardial infarction, of whom 80 patients were treated conservatively. 51 patients developed a fresh definitive myocardial infarction. 28 patients were surgically treated, 5 of them died. Therefore, in patients with instable angina pectoris the possibility of an early coronary-surgical intervention should be taken into consideration to prevent the development of a definitive myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of conservative and surgical treatment of the imminent myocardial infarct]. It is reported on 108 patients with the symptoms of the impending myocardial infarction, of whom 80 patients were treated conservatively. 51 patients developed a fresh definitive myocardial infarction. 28 patients were surgically treated, 5 of them died. Therefore, in patients with instable angina pectoris the possibility of an early coronary-surgical intervention should be taken into consideration to prevent the development of a definitive myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:302072", "title": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous bunaphtine in man.", "content": "The acute electrophysiologic effects of intravenous Bunaphtine 1,5 mg/kg body weight, a new antiarrhythmic drug, were studied in 19 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus bradycardia, prolongation of atrial refractory periods, depression of intranodal and infranodal conduction and prolongation of His-Purkinje system refractory periods. These properties are compared with those of amiodarone and quinidine and form the basis for a correct use of Bunaphtine in the management of arrhythmias.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous bunaphtine in man. The acute electrophysiologic effects of intravenous Bunaphtine 1,5 mg/kg body weight, a new antiarrhythmic drug, were studied in 19 subjects with estimated normal impulse formation and conduction. Significant effects were sinus bradycardia, prolongation of atrial refractory periods, depression of intranodal and infranodal conduction and prolongation of His-Purkinje system refractory periods. These properties are compared with those of amiodarone and quinidine and form the basis for a correct use of Bunaphtine in the management of arrhythmias."}
{"id": "PMID:302073", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of physical training in essential hypertension.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of four weeks of daily intensive training on bicycle ergometer were studied in 10 men with essential hypertension of grade II (WHO). Three weeks before training all medication was replaced by placebo. Five days before onset of training all patients underwent a haemodynamic examination using floating catheter and direct brachial arterial pressure at rest and during effort. The same examination was repeated within five days after the completion of the training. Resting measurements did not demonstrate any effect of the training on systemic pressure or central haemodynamics. At the given load, however, a significant decrease for the pressor response occurred, i.e. lowering of systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure. Peripheral vascular resistance was not affected. Cardiac output (Fick) decreased insignificantly both at rest and during effort after training. Heart rate decreased significantly only during exercise. The training lowered significantly both tension time index and left ventricular stroke work index. No adverse clinical or haemodynamic effects of short intensive training were detected in hypertensive patients. There was no evidence of changes in pulmonary artery diastolic pressure considered as an indicator of the left ventricular filling pressure. The heart volume remained unchanged after training.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of physical training in essential hypertension. The haemodynamic effects of four weeks of daily intensive training on bicycle ergometer were studied in 10 men with essential hypertension of grade II (WHO). Three weeks before training all medication was replaced by placebo. Five days before onset of training all patients underwent a haemodynamic examination using floating catheter and direct brachial arterial pressure at rest and during effort. The same examination was repeated within five days after the completion of the training. Resting measurements did not demonstrate any effect of the training on systemic pressure or central haemodynamics. At the given load, however, a significant decrease for the pressor response occurred, i.e. lowering of systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressure. Peripheral vascular resistance was not affected. Cardiac output (Fick) decreased insignificantly both at rest and during effort after training. Heart rate decreased significantly only during exercise. The training lowered significantly both tension time index and left ventricular stroke work index. No adverse clinical or haemodynamic effects of short intensive training were detected in hypertensive patients. There was no evidence of changes in pulmonary artery diastolic pressure considered as an indicator of the left ventricular filling pressure. The heart volume remained unchanged after training."}
{"id": "PMID:302074", "title": "Rocking motion of the right cardiac cavities in Ebstein's anomaly. A specific cineangiographic sign.", "content": "In 7 cases of Ebstein's anomaly the right cineangiogram disclosed a big right atrium, the tricuspid valve positioned to the left of the spine and tricuspid regurgitation. The right atrial appendage was nearing the outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery so as the normal U appearance of the right aniograms was abolished. In addition to these signs a very characteristics and almost pathognomonic rocking motion of the radiopaque material, moving from the right atrium towards the right ventricle during ventricular diastole and backwards to the atrium during the next ventricular systole was observed. This sequence of motion gives the impression of a rocking hammock or pendulum.", "contents": "Rocking motion of the right cardiac cavities in Ebstein's anomaly. A specific cineangiographic sign. In 7 cases of Ebstein's anomaly the right cineangiogram disclosed a big right atrium, the tricuspid valve positioned to the left of the spine and tricuspid regurgitation. The right atrial appendage was nearing the outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery so as the normal U appearance of the right aniograms was abolished. In addition to these signs a very characteristics and almost pathognomonic rocking motion of the radiopaque material, moving from the right atrium towards the right ventricle during ventricular diastole and backwards to the atrium during the next ventricular systole was observed. This sequence of motion gives the impression of a rocking hammock or pendulum."}
{"id": "PMID:302075", "title": "First-degree trifascicular block unmasked by sinus arrhythmias. Report of a case studied with intracardiac electrocardiography.", "content": "A case is presented in which first-degree block in all three fascicles of the intraventricular conduction system results in a QRS complex with no specific features of fascicular block. During spontaneous sinus arrhythmia the typical features of RBBB and LAH appear at the longest sinus cycles. This is associated with shortened P-R and H-Q intervals. During shorter sinus cycles, near equalization of delay in each fascicle is associated with delay in His-Purkinje conduction but loss of the typical features of bifascicular block as the ventricular myocardium becomes activated more synchronously. Documentation of the changing patterns of ventricular activation is provided by His bundle electrocardiography.", "contents": "First-degree trifascicular block unmasked by sinus arrhythmias. Report of a case studied with intracardiac electrocardiography. A case is presented in which first-degree block in all three fascicles of the intraventricular conduction system results in a QRS complex with no specific features of fascicular block. During spontaneous sinus arrhythmia the typical features of RBBB and LAH appear at the longest sinus cycles. This is associated with shortened P-R and H-Q intervals. During shorter sinus cycles, near equalization of delay in each fascicle is associated with delay in His-Purkinje conduction but loss of the typical features of bifascicular block as the ventricular myocardium becomes activated more synchronously. Documentation of the changing patterns of ventricular activation is provided by His bundle electrocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:302076", "title": "Ventricular rhythm obscuring the diagnosis of ostium primum atrial septum defect.", "content": "A 13 year old boy with an ostium primum atrial septal defect associated with alternating periods of sinus rhythm and ventricular rhythm is presented. Absence of auscultatory and phonocardiographic signs of an atrial septal defect made it impossible to diagnose the defect correctly during periods of ventricular rhythm.", "contents": "Ventricular rhythm obscuring the diagnosis of ostium primum atrial septum defect. A 13 year old boy with an ostium primum atrial septal defect associated with alternating periods of sinus rhythm and ventricular rhythm is presented. Absence of auscultatory and phonocardiographic signs of an atrial septal defect made it impossible to diagnose the defect correctly during periods of ventricular rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:302077", "title": "The influence of prolonged lidoflazine (R 7904) treatment on resting ECG, heart rate and blood pressure. A retrospective study.", "content": "Resting ECGs of 172 patients (33-77 years) with anginal complaints, who had been treated for several months with lidoflazine 120-360 mg/day, together with all available data on blood pressure and heart rate were collected and analysed over a period of at least one year after the start of lidoflazine treatment. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from the sixth month onwards; heart rate and P-duration decreased gradually, whereas (TI-TIII) and (TV6-TV1) increased significantly. Data also showed that prolonged treatment with lidoflazine favourably influences typical ischaemia-related ECG aberrations in angina pectoris patients.", "contents": "The influence of prolonged lidoflazine (R 7904) treatment on resting ECG, heart rate and blood pressure. A retrospective study. Resting ECGs of 172 patients (33-77 years) with anginal complaints, who had been treated for several months with lidoflazine 120-360 mg/day, together with all available data on blood pressure and heart rate were collected and analysed over a period of at least one year after the start of lidoflazine treatment. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly from the sixth month onwards; heart rate and P-duration decreased gradually, whereas (TI-TIII) and (TV6-TV1) increased significantly. Data also showed that prolonged treatment with lidoflazine favourably influences typical ischaemia-related ECG aberrations in angina pectoris patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302081", "title": "[Functional relationships between the horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals in the labyrinth of the frog (Rana esculenta L.)].", "content": "We have studied the vestibular postrotatory reactions (reactions elicited by the stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals) in the frog blinded by section of optic nerves, before and after section of the ampullary nerves of the vertical anterior semicircular canals (VAC). 90 frogs have been studied. In 30 frogs the ampullary nerves of the two VAC have been cut; in 60 animals either the ampullary nerve of the right VAC or of the left VAC has been cut. Both after section of the ampullary nerves of the two VAC and after section of the ampullary nerve of one VAC, the postrotatory reactions were decreased in about the half of the animals. The decrease of the postrotatory reactions is not due to a lesion of the ampullary nerves of the horizontal semicircular canals and it may be explained by the existence of functional connections between the VAC and the horizontal canal.", "contents": "[Functional relationships between the horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals in the labyrinth of the frog (Rana esculenta L.)]. We have studied the vestibular postrotatory reactions (reactions elicited by the stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals) in the frog blinded by section of optic nerves, before and after section of the ampullary nerves of the vertical anterior semicircular canals (VAC). 90 frogs have been studied. In 30 frogs the ampullary nerves of the two VAC have been cut; in 60 animals either the ampullary nerve of the right VAC or of the left VAC has been cut. Both after section of the ampullary nerves of the two VAC and after section of the ampullary nerve of one VAC, the postrotatory reactions were decreased in about the half of the animals. The decrease of the postrotatory reactions is not due to a lesion of the ampullary nerves of the horizontal semicircular canals and it may be explained by the existence of functional connections between the VAC and the horizontal canal."}
{"id": "PMID:302082", "title": "Permanent effects of low frequency vibration on the vestibular system.", "content": "Among 49 male workers, mean age 30 years, who had been working in conditions of extreme noise and vibration for between 6 months and 10 years vestibular disturbances could be shown (in the form of spontaneous nystagmus, lowered caloric excitability, or pathology in rotatory tests) in as high as 44.9%. The lesions were believed to have arisen in the peripheral vestibular organ as a consequence of the low frequency vibration.", "contents": "Permanent effects of low frequency vibration on the vestibular system. Among 49 male workers, mean age 30 years, who had been working in conditions of extreme noise and vibration for between 6 months and 10 years vestibular disturbances could be shown (in the form of spontaneous nystagmus, lowered caloric excitability, or pathology in rotatory tests) in as high as 44.9%. The lesions were believed to have arisen in the peripheral vestibular organ as a consequence of the low frequency vibration."}
{"id": "PMID:302088", "title": "Occlusion of the internal carotid artery complicating Haemophilus influenzae meningitis.", "content": "We report a patient with occlusion of the internal carotid artery complicating Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. The etiology of this complication is discussed, along with its role in the acute seizures of meningitis, and in the chronic neurological residua of this infection.", "contents": "Occlusion of the internal carotid artery complicating Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. We report a patient with occlusion of the internal carotid artery complicating Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. The etiology of this complication is discussed, along with its role in the acute seizures of meningitis, and in the chronic neurological residua of this infection."}
{"id": "PMID:302090", "title": "Saphenous vein bypass graft to left main coronary artery.", "content": "The first reported aorto-left main coronary artery saphenous vein bypass for an aberrant left main coronary artery arising from the anterior sinus of Valsalva is presented. Late follow-up revealed a normal stress test, and cardiac catheterization revealed the left system to be entirely supplied by the graft.", "contents": "Saphenous vein bypass graft to left main coronary artery. The first reported aorto-left main coronary artery saphenous vein bypass for an aberrant left main coronary artery arising from the anterior sinus of Valsalva is presented. Late follow-up revealed a normal stress test, and cardiac catheterization revealed the left system to be entirely supplied by the graft."}
{"id": "PMID:302092", "title": "Electron-microscopic analysis of iris vessels in two cases of uveitis.", "content": "Electron-microscopic analysis of iris biopsy material was carried out paying particular attention to vessels and infiltrating cells. Characteristic changes of vessels and cells were found in two cases. One showed abundant lymphodiapedesis, perivascular infiltration, and vessels appearing morphologically normal. The other showed diffuse infiltration of cells and numerous fenestrated newly formed vessels. In the latter, three different types of opening in the endothelium were observed: (1) separation of intercellular junctions; (2) small pores or defects in the endothelium, and (3) large holes or defects in the endothelium. Cell leakage from normal and newly formed vessels was considered. We concluded that lymphocytes may migrate through the cytoplasm within membrane-bounded vesicles in normal vessels, whereas in newly formed fenestrated vessels cells, including small lymphocytes, may pass through three different types of opening in the endothelium.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic analysis of iris vessels in two cases of uveitis. Electron-microscopic analysis of iris biopsy material was carried out paying particular attention to vessels and infiltrating cells. Characteristic changes of vessels and cells were found in two cases. One showed abundant lymphodiapedesis, perivascular infiltration, and vessels appearing morphologically normal. The other showed diffuse infiltration of cells and numerous fenestrated newly formed vessels. In the latter, three different types of opening in the endothelium were observed: (1) separation of intercellular junctions; (2) small pores or defects in the endothelium, and (3) large holes or defects in the endothelium. Cell leakage from normal and newly formed vessels was considered. We concluded that lymphocytes may migrate through the cytoplasm within membrane-bounded vesicles in normal vessels, whereas in newly formed fenestrated vessels cells, including small lymphocytes, may pass through three different types of opening in the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:302093", "title": "[Phenylalanine-influenced retinal changes in the newborn rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Subject of the present study was the retina of rats following intravenous application of L-phenylalanin. The 19 newborn rats received 0.9 mg/g of the substance twice daily from the first to the seventh postnatal day. Depending on the survival time, alterations of ganglion cells, neuropil, and capillaries were found. Pyknotic and necrotic cells in the bipolar and in the ganglion layer occurred. Animals that were treated for a period of five days developed a marked increase of free ribosomes and round particles with a granular matrix of the cytoplasma but without membranes. Also suggesting damage is the increase of the glycogen in the bipolar and the inner granular layer as well as in the nerve cell extensions adjacent to the capillaries. An additional finding is the swelling of processes of the glia and of neuronal cells in the vicinity of the retina vessels. Since newborn rats do not have the blood-brain carrier of adult animals, toxic damage of the cell membranes with intracellular liquid accumulation can be concluded. Our findings suggest that L-phenylalanin can damage the nerve cell substantially and that alterations of the white matter so far described are not the sole basis of phenylketonuria.", "contents": "[Phenylalanine-influenced retinal changes in the newborn rat (author's transl)]. Subject of the present study was the retina of rats following intravenous application of L-phenylalanin. The 19 newborn rats received 0.9 mg/g of the substance twice daily from the first to the seventh postnatal day. Depending on the survival time, alterations of ganglion cells, neuropil, and capillaries were found. Pyknotic and necrotic cells in the bipolar and in the ganglion layer occurred. Animals that were treated for a period of five days developed a marked increase of free ribosomes and round particles with a granular matrix of the cytoplasma but without membranes. Also suggesting damage is the increase of the glycogen in the bipolar and the inner granular layer as well as in the nerve cell extensions adjacent to the capillaries. An additional finding is the swelling of processes of the glia and of neuronal cells in the vicinity of the retina vessels. Since newborn rats do not have the blood-brain carrier of adult animals, toxic damage of the cell membranes with intracellular liquid accumulation can be concluded. Our findings suggest that L-phenylalanin can damage the nerve cell substantially and that alterations of the white matter so far described are not the sole basis of phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:302094", "title": "[Ear to retina time and ophthalmodynamometry after ligation of the common carotid artery in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "Unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery was performed in rabbits. Before ligation, immediately thereafter, and 6 weeks later the ophthalmic artery pressure was determined and at the same time a synchronous measurement of the ear to retina time was done on both sides. The results were statistically analyzed (Tables 1-4). Ligation of the right common carotid artery resulted in a highly significant difference in systolic ophthalmic artery pressure between the two eyes of 16.4 mm Hg, and in diastolic pressure one of 13.0 mm Hg. After ligation of the left similar pressure differences of (systolic) 17.8 mm Hg and (diastolic) 15.2 mm Hg were shown. During the following 6 weeks these differences decreased considerably, to 41.5% and 29.2% after ligation on the right and to 33.5% and 36.6% after ligation on the left. The ear to retina time was markedly prolonged on the side of the ligation. This resulted in a highly significant side difference of 0.42 s immediately after ligation on the right common carotid artery and 0.4 s immediately after ligation on the left side. After 6 weeks these differences were only slightly reduced, to 80% and 72.7% respectively. These animal experiments demonstrate clearly that an acute occlusion of one common carotid artery in rabbits can easily be diagnosed by ophthalmodynamometry as well as by synchronous measurement of the ear to retina time. In chronic occlusions determination of the ear to retina time is superior to pressure measurement. This is of particular interest since in these experiments an ophthalmodynamometric method was used that is much superior to the clinical method of ophthalmodynamometry.", "contents": "[Ear to retina time and ophthalmodynamometry after ligation of the common carotid artery in rabbits (author's transl)]. Unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery was performed in rabbits. Before ligation, immediately thereafter, and 6 weeks later the ophthalmic artery pressure was determined and at the same time a synchronous measurement of the ear to retina time was done on both sides. The results were statistically analyzed (Tables 1-4). Ligation of the right common carotid artery resulted in a highly significant difference in systolic ophthalmic artery pressure between the two eyes of 16.4 mm Hg, and in diastolic pressure one of 13.0 mm Hg. After ligation of the left similar pressure differences of (systolic) 17.8 mm Hg and (diastolic) 15.2 mm Hg were shown. During the following 6 weeks these differences decreased considerably, to 41.5% and 29.2% after ligation on the right and to 33.5% and 36.6% after ligation on the left. The ear to retina time was markedly prolonged on the side of the ligation. This resulted in a highly significant side difference of 0.42 s immediately after ligation on the right common carotid artery and 0.4 s immediately after ligation on the left side. After 6 weeks these differences were only slightly reduced, to 80% and 72.7% respectively. These animal experiments demonstrate clearly that an acute occlusion of one common carotid artery in rabbits can easily be diagnosed by ophthalmodynamometry as well as by synchronous measurement of the ear to retina time. In chronic occlusions determination of the ear to retina time is superior to pressure measurement. This is of particular interest since in these experiments an ophthalmodynamometric method was used that is much superior to the clinical method of ophthalmodynamometry."}
{"id": "PMID:302095", "title": "Lens-induced uveitis: further immunological studies in an experimental model.", "content": "Inbred rats have been studied to determine under what circumstances sensitization will or will not induce uveitis. After 50 days of biomicroscopic follow-up and histologic evaluation of 119 eyes the following was found in black hooded CAP-rats (RtH-1c) presensitized to eye, liver or kidney (guinea pig): 1. Alterations only following additional damage to their own tissue by lens discission plus iridotomy 2. As the case of lens-induced uveitis in humans, alterations after the disappearance of traumatization reaction in the form of protein-rich exudate clinically and an accumulation of round cells in the anterior uvea, surrounding the lens and retinal vessels histologically 3. Dependence of these alterations on sensitization by xenogenic tissue 4. Dependence of the alterations on the animal strain, i.e. absence in albino LEW (RtH-1(1)).", "contents": "Lens-induced uveitis: further immunological studies in an experimental model. Inbred rats have been studied to determine under what circumstances sensitization will or will not induce uveitis. After 50 days of biomicroscopic follow-up and histologic evaluation of 119 eyes the following was found in black hooded CAP-rats (RtH-1c) presensitized to eye, liver or kidney (guinea pig): 1. Alterations only following additional damage to their own tissue by lens discission plus iridotomy 2. As the case of lens-induced uveitis in humans, alterations after the disappearance of traumatization reaction in the form of protein-rich exudate clinically and an accumulation of round cells in the anterior uvea, surrounding the lens and retinal vessels histologically 3. Dependence of these alterations on sensitization by xenogenic tissue 4. Dependence of the alterations on the animal strain, i.e. absence in albino LEW (RtH-1(1))."}
{"id": "PMID:302096", "title": "Vitrophage in management of congenital cataracts.", "content": "We have used the vitrophage for combined lensectomy and vitrectomy in six eyes with congenital cataracts. No intraoperative complications were encountered. One week after operation four of the six eyes had clear corneas, and all eyes showed a bright red reflex. With follow-up ranging from 18 to 21 months all eyes had clear corneas and a view of the posterior pole consistent with 20/20 vision.", "contents": "Vitrophage in management of congenital cataracts. We have used the vitrophage for combined lensectomy and vitrectomy in six eyes with congenital cataracts. No intraoperative complications were encountered. One week after operation four of the six eyes had clear corneas, and all eyes showed a bright red reflex. With follow-up ranging from 18 to 21 months all eyes had clear corneas and a view of the posterior pole consistent with 20/20 vision."}
{"id": "PMID:302098", "title": "The relation of serum immunoglobulin A and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to serum immunoglobulin E levels.", "content": "Serum IgA and IgE levels were obtained in 706 patients, 294 of whom were also tested for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. The results do not support the concept that a deficiency of serum IgA or of T lymphocyte function underlies the elevated serum IgE levels observed in a majority of allergic patients.", "contents": "The relation of serum immunoglobulin A and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests to serum immunoglobulin E levels. Serum IgA and IgE levels were obtained in 706 patients, 294 of whom were also tested for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. The results do not support the concept that a deficiency of serum IgA or of T lymphocyte function underlies the elevated serum IgE levels observed in a majority of allergic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302099", "title": "Management of severe respiratory insufficiency due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in immunosuppressed hosts: the role of continuous negative-pressure ventilation.", "content": "Continuous negative-pressure therapy was used to assist ventilation in 19 spontaneously breathing patients, 6 months to 17 years of age, who developed progressive respiratory insufficiency (arterial PO2 less than 70 mm Hg despite a fraction of inspired O2 larger than or equal to 50 per cent) due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Within 1 hour of therapy, arterial PO2 increased from a mean +/- SE of 61.9 +/- 3.7 to 75.4 +/- 7.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and, by 6 hours, to 79.9 +/- 4.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). In the 14 survivors, these improvements were sustained and, within 24 hours, permitted a decrease in inspired O2 concentration from a mean +/- SE of 50.4 +/- 1.2 per cent to 40.1 +/- 1.6 per cent (P less than 0.005). By contrast, in nonsurvivors, O2 requirements could not be decreased significantly despite increases in negative pressure. Improvements in arterial oxygenation were associated with decreases in alveolar-arterial PO2 differences in all patients; however, significant decreases occurred only with pressures of -8 to -12 cm H2O. Higher negative pressures were ineffective and usually produced pulmonary air leak. Since the introduction of continuous negative-pressure therapy as a means of assisting ventilation in management of progressive respiratory insufficiency, the over-all survival rate among patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis at this institution has increased from 69 to 89 per cent.", "contents": "Management of severe respiratory insufficiency due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in immunosuppressed hosts: the role of continuous negative-pressure ventilation. Continuous negative-pressure therapy was used to assist ventilation in 19 spontaneously breathing patients, 6 months to 17 years of age, who developed progressive respiratory insufficiency (arterial PO2 less than 70 mm Hg despite a fraction of inspired O2 larger than or equal to 50 per cent) due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. Within 1 hour of therapy, arterial PO2 increased from a mean +/- SE of 61.9 +/- 3.7 to 75.4 +/- 7.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and, by 6 hours, to 79.9 +/- 4.7 mm Hg (P less than 0.005). In the 14 survivors, these improvements were sustained and, within 24 hours, permitted a decrease in inspired O2 concentration from a mean +/- SE of 50.4 +/- 1.2 per cent to 40.1 +/- 1.6 per cent (P less than 0.005). By contrast, in nonsurvivors, O2 requirements could not be decreased significantly despite increases in negative pressure. Improvements in arterial oxygenation were associated with decreases in alveolar-arterial PO2 differences in all patients; however, significant decreases occurred only with pressures of -8 to -12 cm H2O. Higher negative pressures were ineffective and usually produced pulmonary air leak. Since the introduction of continuous negative-pressure therapy as a means of assisting ventilation in management of progressive respiratory insufficiency, the over-all survival rate among patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis at this institution has increased from 69 to 89 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:302107", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in clinic patients.", "content": "Five hundred patients undergoing complete medical examination, and 225 consecutive patients with abnormal pulmonary function tests were studied for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Within the first group, respiratory disease was diagnosed significantly more often in patients with a variant Pi phenotype (MS, MZ, FF) than in the patients with the most common phenotype, MM. Furthermore, the frequency of heterozygosity (MS or MZ) was greater in the patients who had respiratory disease. When the first and second groups were compared, the prevalence of the variant phenotypes was not statistically different.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin deficiency in clinic patients. Five hundred patients undergoing complete medical examination, and 225 consecutive patients with abnormal pulmonary function tests were studied for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Within the first group, respiratory disease was diagnosed significantly more often in patients with a variant Pi phenotype (MS, MZ, FF) than in the patients with the most common phenotype, MM. Furthermore, the frequency of heterozygosity (MS or MZ) was greater in the patients who had respiratory disease. When the first and second groups were compared, the prevalence of the variant phenotypes was not statistically different."}
{"id": "PMID:302108", "title": "Mycobacterium marinum infections treated with tetracycline.", "content": "Five cases of Mycobacterium marinum skin infections were successfully treated with 2 gm of tetracycline hydrochloride daily for periods from four to 12 weeks. In each case, the isolated M marinum was sensitive in vitro to tetracycline at levels from 25 to 50 microgram/ml. Tetracycline is recommended as treatment for extensive or sporotrichoid M marinum infections.", "contents": "Mycobacterium marinum infections treated with tetracycline. Five cases of Mycobacterium marinum skin infections were successfully treated with 2 gm of tetracycline hydrochloride daily for periods from four to 12 weeks. In each case, the isolated M marinum was sensitive in vitro to tetracycline at levels from 25 to 50 microgram/ml. Tetracycline is recommended as treatment for extensive or sporotrichoid M marinum infections."}
{"id": "PMID:302109", "title": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A changing clinical picture.", "content": "A retrospective study of 18 episodes of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding secondary to Mallory-Weiss syndrome occuring in 16 patients is presented. Reported cases published since 1969 have been summarized and compared with earlier collected series. It is evident that the clinical spectrum, prognosis, and opinion regarding etiology and treatment of the syndrome have changed in the last decade. Increased awareness of gastroesophageal lacerations secondary to emesis as well as other causes of significantly increased intraesophagogastric pressures, and widespread utilization of fiberoptic endoscopy have resulted in identification of Mallory-Weiss syndrome with increasing frequency. Less severe lacerations which are healing with medical therapy are being recognized. It is recommended that endoscopy by performed in all cases of UGI hemorrhage and that patients with Mallory-Weiss syndrome be managed medically unless hemorrhage is massive or persistent since nearly three of four patients can be successfully treated without operation.", "contents": "Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A changing clinical picture. A retrospective study of 18 episodes of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding secondary to Mallory-Weiss syndrome occuring in 16 patients is presented. Reported cases published since 1969 have been summarized and compared with earlier collected series. It is evident that the clinical spectrum, prognosis, and opinion regarding etiology and treatment of the syndrome have changed in the last decade. Increased awareness of gastroesophageal lacerations secondary to emesis as well as other causes of significantly increased intraesophagogastric pressures, and widespread utilization of fiberoptic endoscopy have resulted in identification of Mallory-Weiss syndrome with increasing frequency. Less severe lacerations which are healing with medical therapy are being recognized. It is recommended that endoscopy by performed in all cases of UGI hemorrhage and that patients with Mallory-Weiss syndrome be managed medically unless hemorrhage is massive or persistent since nearly three of four patients can be successfully treated without operation."}
{"id": "PMID:302110", "title": "Surgery for post-myocardial infarct ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Forty-three patients (mean age 62 +/- 1 years) were treated for ventricular septal defect (VSD) secondary to myocardial infarction. Whenever possible, operation was postponed until six weeks post-onset chest pain. However, hemodynamic instability, evidenced by cardiogenic shock, refractory pulmonary edema, or a rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN) forced operation in 21 patients within 21 days post-infarct (Group I). In seven patients operation was performed three to six weeks post-infarct (Group II). In only eight patients could operation be delayed beyond six weeks post-infarct (Group III). Clinical deterioration, once begun, progressed rapidly, and could be reversed only temporarily by intra-aortic balloon pumping, used in 26 patients for safe conduct of cardiac catheterization and for peri-operative hemodynamic support. Hospital survival was achieved in 24 of the 36 operated patients (66%). In Group I patients, ten of 21 survived. In Group II, six of seven survived. In Group III, eight of eight patients survived. There have been five late deaths with a mean follow-up of 41 months in survivors. Improved survival has been achieved recently by the greater use of prosthetic material to replace necrotic muscle and by a transinfarct incision regardless of infarct location. Operative mortality before 1973 was 47%; mortality after 1973 was only 18%, with a concomitant reduction of mortality (30%) even in Group I patients.", "contents": "Surgery for post-myocardial infarct ventricular septal defect. Forty-three patients (mean age 62 +/- 1 years) were treated for ventricular septal defect (VSD) secondary to myocardial infarction. Whenever possible, operation was postponed until six weeks post-onset chest pain. However, hemodynamic instability, evidenced by cardiogenic shock, refractory pulmonary edema, or a rising blood urea nitrogen (BUN) forced operation in 21 patients within 21 days post-infarct (Group I). In seven patients operation was performed three to six weeks post-infarct (Group II). In only eight patients could operation be delayed beyond six weeks post-infarct (Group III). Clinical deterioration, once begun, progressed rapidly, and could be reversed only temporarily by intra-aortic balloon pumping, used in 26 patients for safe conduct of cardiac catheterization and for peri-operative hemodynamic support. Hospital survival was achieved in 24 of the 36 operated patients (66%). In Group I patients, ten of 21 survived. In Group II, six of seven survived. In Group III, eight of eight patients survived. There have been five late deaths with a mean follow-up of 41 months in survivors. Improved survival has been achieved recently by the greater use of prosthetic material to replace necrotic muscle and by a transinfarct incision regardless of infarct location. Operative mortality before 1973 was 47%; mortality after 1973 was only 18%, with a concomitant reduction of mortality (30%) even in Group I patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302111", "title": "Control of bleeding varices by vasopressin: a prospective randomized study.", "content": "From July 1975 to November 1976 25 patients with bleeding esophagogastric varices documented by endoscopy who failed to respond to conservative medical treatment were transferred to the Surgical Service. These patients, who were mainly Child's Class \"C\" alcoholic cirrhotic patients, were treated with vasopressin infused continuously using a standardized dose into either a peripheral vein or the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) according to a predetermined randomization. No significant difference in efficacy for control of bleeding (average rate = 56%) related to route of administration was found. Because catheter-related complications in the SMA group were significantly greater, we concluded that the method of choice in vasopressin treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding is a continuous infusion by way of a peripheral vein.", "contents": "Control of bleeding varices by vasopressin: a prospective randomized study. From July 1975 to November 1976 25 patients with bleeding esophagogastric varices documented by endoscopy who failed to respond to conservative medical treatment were transferred to the Surgical Service. These patients, who were mainly Child's Class \"C\" alcoholic cirrhotic patients, were treated with vasopressin infused continuously using a standardized dose into either a peripheral vein or the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) according to a predetermined randomization. No significant difference in efficacy for control of bleeding (average rate = 56%) related to route of administration was found. Because catheter-related complications in the SMA group were significantly greater, we concluded that the method of choice in vasopressin treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding is a continuous infusion by way of a peripheral vein."}
{"id": "PMID:302112", "title": "Obtaining, evaluation and clinical application of antileukemic antilymphocyte globulin (ALLG) in the treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Antileukemic antilymphocyte globulin (ALLG) was obtained by immunizing horses with peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukemia. After absorbing the serum with erythrocytes, globulins were precipitated from the serum with ammonium sulfate. ALLG preparations were sterile, nontoxic and nonpyrogenic and contained no antibodies against basement membranes or antierythrocytic or antiplatelet antibodies. Nine patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia were treated with the globulin. Methods for selecting patients for treatment with ALLG and for controlled therapy were elaborated. Clinical and hematologic observation in the patients were reported. The high therapeutic efficacy of ALLG with high cytotoxic titer was emphasized. Beneficial hematologic and therapeutic effects were obtained in six patients. Attention was drawn to the efficiency of the combined therapy with ALLG, cytostatics and adrenal steroids.", "contents": "Obtaining, evaluation and clinical application of antileukemic antilymphocyte globulin (ALLG) in the treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia. Antileukemic antilymphocyte globulin (ALLG) was obtained by immunizing horses with peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients suffering from chronic lymphatic leukemia. After absorbing the serum with erythrocytes, globulins were precipitated from the serum with ammonium sulfate. ALLG preparations were sterile, nontoxic and nonpyrogenic and contained no antibodies against basement membranes or antierythrocytic or antiplatelet antibodies. Nine patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia were treated with the globulin. Methods for selecting patients for treatment with ALLG and for controlled therapy were elaborated. Clinical and hematologic observation in the patients were reported. The high therapeutic efficacy of ALLG with high cytotoxic titer was emphasized. Beneficial hematologic and therapeutic effects were obtained in six patients. Attention was drawn to the efficiency of the combined therapy with ALLG, cytostatics and adrenal steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:302113", "title": "The effect of cordycepin on the multiplication of Semliki Forest virus and on polyadenylation of viral RNA.", "content": "Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), at a concentration of 20 microgram/ml, has a marked effect on Semliki Forest virus multiplication. The appearance of plaque forming units is delayed by about 2 hours and the yield greatly reduced. The incorporation of [3H] uridine into intracellular viral RNAs reaches less than 50 per cent of controls. However, no specific effect on poly (A) synthesis could be detected. The binding efficiency of viral RNAs on nitrocellulose membranes and poly (U) sepharose is not affected by cordycepin. The average poly (A) length of total intracellular viral RNA was calculated on the basis of the ratio of the radioactivity of adenosine-monophosphate: adenosine and found to be about 35 nucleotides in treated and untreated cells.", "contents": "The effect of cordycepin on the multiplication of Semliki Forest virus and on polyadenylation of viral RNA. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), at a concentration of 20 microgram/ml, has a marked effect on Semliki Forest virus multiplication. The appearance of plaque forming units is delayed by about 2 hours and the yield greatly reduced. The incorporation of [3H] uridine into intracellular viral RNAs reaches less than 50 per cent of controls. However, no specific effect on poly (A) synthesis could be detected. The binding efficiency of viral RNAs on nitrocellulose membranes and poly (U) sepharose is not affected by cordycepin. The average poly (A) length of total intracellular viral RNA was calculated on the basis of the ratio of the radioactivity of adenosine-monophosphate: adenosine and found to be about 35 nucleotides in treated and untreated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302117", "title": "Coordination of the head and eyes in pursuit of predictable and random target motion.", "content": "Subjects were required to use their head and eyes in pursuit of visual targets which moved randomly or sinusoidally in the horizontal plane. All subjects disliked moving their heads to pursue the random motion, apparently because the motion broke fixation which resulted in a predominance of the vestibulo-ocular compensatory reflex over the smooth pursuit reflex. As a consequence gaze (head plus eye movement) was at times in the opposite direction to the motion of the target. In steady state pursuit of sinusoidal targets, eye movement consisted of a combination of pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements. At frequencies below 0.8 HZ, the vestibular reflex was used at times of minimum target velocity to stabilize fixation whereas during maximum target velocity the head movement was slowed and the smooth pursuit reflex predominated. At 1 HZ and over, there was a failure to suppress the compensatory vestibulo-ocular reflex; however, the saccades of vestibular nystagmus were used to \"catch up\" the target. There was a preference not to use the head in predictable pursuit.", "contents": "Coordination of the head and eyes in pursuit of predictable and random target motion. Subjects were required to use their head and eyes in pursuit of visual targets which moved randomly or sinusoidally in the horizontal plane. All subjects disliked moving their heads to pursue the random motion, apparently because the motion broke fixation which resulted in a predominance of the vestibulo-ocular compensatory reflex over the smooth pursuit reflex. As a consequence gaze (head plus eye movement) was at times in the opposite direction to the motion of the target. In steady state pursuit of sinusoidal targets, eye movement consisted of a combination of pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements. At frequencies below 0.8 HZ, the vestibular reflex was used at times of minimum target velocity to stabilize fixation whereas during maximum target velocity the head movement was slowed and the smooth pursuit reflex predominated. At 1 HZ and over, there was a failure to suppress the compensatory vestibulo-ocular reflex; however, the saccades of vestibular nystagmus were used to \"catch up\" the target. There was a preference not to use the head in predictable pursuit."}
{"id": "PMID:302118", "title": "[Emergency colectomy in ulcerative colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last 12 years 7 patients with ulcerative colitis were treated because of an acute complication consisting in 2 cases of colonic perforation, 3 cases of toxic megacolon (two of them perforated) and 2 cases of massive enterorragia. In all patients an emergency total colectomy was performed resulting a mortality of 3 cases, two of which had required the removal in a second time of the rectal stump. In 3 or 4 recovered patients we performed in a period of 7-15 months an ileo-proctostomy once confirmed the healing of the ulcerative lesions in the residual rectum. The problems concerning the indications and surgical procedures involved in such cases are discussed on the base of the personal experience, with particular consideration on advantages and limits of preserving a rectal stump. The authors agree on an eclectic behavior considering each case on the base of pathological findings, the age and the general and psychic conditions of the single patient.", "contents": "[Emergency colectomy in ulcerative colitis (author's transl)]. During the last 12 years 7 patients with ulcerative colitis were treated because of an acute complication consisting in 2 cases of colonic perforation, 3 cases of toxic megacolon (two of them perforated) and 2 cases of massive enterorragia. In all patients an emergency total colectomy was performed resulting a mortality of 3 cases, two of which had required the removal in a second time of the rectal stump. In 3 or 4 recovered patients we performed in a period of 7-15 months an ileo-proctostomy once confirmed the healing of the ulcerative lesions in the residual rectum. The problems concerning the indications and surgical procedures involved in such cases are discussed on the base of the personal experience, with particular consideration on advantages and limits of preserving a rectal stump. The authors agree on an eclectic behavior considering each case on the base of pathological findings, the age and the general and psychic conditions of the single patient."}
{"id": "PMID:302119", "title": "Treatment of advanced bronchogenic carcinoma with adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate.", "content": "The combination of adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate with folinic acid reversal was used to treat patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Twenty-one of 30 patients showed an objective response. This combination appears to produce useful remissions in patients with non-squamous lung cancer.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced bronchogenic carcinoma with adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate. The combination of adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate with folinic acid reversal was used to treat patients with advanced bronchogenic carcinoma. Twenty-one of 30 patients showed an objective response. This combination appears to produce useful remissions in patients with non-squamous lung cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:302120", "title": "The effect of androstanes on granulopoiesis in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Bone marrow culture in a patient with aplastic anaemia responding to anabolic steroid (methandienone) therapy, showed an unusually high degree of growth in unstimulated cultures. Growth in unstimulated cultures is due to factors with colony stimulating activity (CSA) released by monocyte macrophages in the bone marrow sample. These cells, which can be identified by staining for non-specific esterase activity, were not increased in this patient's marrow, implying either increased production of colony stimulating factors or increased sensitivity to these factors. Addition of methandienone or testosterone to feeder-layers containing normal peripheral blood leucocytes increased their stimulatory activity. Addition of these drugs to feeder-layers of CSF-containing conditioned medium did not have this effect, implying that androstanes cause increased production of colony stimulating factors rather than increased sensitivity to them. Lack of response to androstane therapy may be related to lack of response by bone marrow monocyte macrophages or to the inability of granulopoietic cells to respond to the increased CSF production induced by androstane therapy. A means of predicting lack of response is proposed.", "contents": "The effect of androstanes on granulopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. Bone marrow culture in a patient with aplastic anaemia responding to anabolic steroid (methandienone) therapy, showed an unusually high degree of growth in unstimulated cultures. Growth in unstimulated cultures is due to factors with colony stimulating activity (CSA) released by monocyte macrophages in the bone marrow sample. These cells, which can be identified by staining for non-specific esterase activity, were not increased in this patient's marrow, implying either increased production of colony stimulating factors or increased sensitivity to these factors. Addition of methandienone or testosterone to feeder-layers containing normal peripheral blood leucocytes increased their stimulatory activity. Addition of these drugs to feeder-layers of CSF-containing conditioned medium did not have this effect, implying that androstanes cause increased production of colony stimulating factors rather than increased sensitivity to them. Lack of response to androstane therapy may be related to lack of response by bone marrow monocyte macrophages or to the inability of granulopoietic cells to respond to the increased CSF production induced by androstane therapy. A means of predicting lack of response is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:302121", "title": "Control of light-activated phosphorylation in frog photoreceptor membranes.", "content": "In this paper, we examine some factors which regulate the efficiency of light in activating rhodopsin phosphorylation. We have measured phosphate incorporation after illumination in suspensions of bullfrog rod outer segments incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP. We observed that delaying ATP addition after illumination causes maximum phosphate incorporation to decrease 80% within 2 h. This decay occurs in urea-treated, extracted rod outer segment membranes. The decay of the light effect is not influenced by regeneration of opsin to rhodopsin or the presence of long-lived photoproducts. However, regeneration of opsin increases the amount of phosphorylation initiated by a second exposure to light. Further phosphorylation can also occur after phosphate groups have been removed from the membranes by dephosphorylation. Finally, we have confirmed our earlier observation that small amounts of light (bleaching less than 5% of the rhodopsin present) are more effective, by tenfold, in initiating phosphorylation than are larger amounts.", "contents": "Control of light-activated phosphorylation in frog photoreceptor membranes. In this paper, we examine some factors which regulate the efficiency of light in activating rhodopsin phosphorylation. We have measured phosphate incorporation after illumination in suspensions of bullfrog rod outer segments incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP. We observed that delaying ATP addition after illumination causes maximum phosphate incorporation to decrease 80% within 2 h. This decay occurs in urea-treated, extracted rod outer segment membranes. The decay of the light effect is not influenced by regeneration of opsin to rhodopsin or the presence of long-lived photoproducts. However, regeneration of opsin increases the amount of phosphorylation initiated by a second exposure to light. Further phosphorylation can also occur after phosphate groups have been removed from the membranes by dephosphorylation. Finally, we have confirmed our earlier observation that small amounts of light (bleaching less than 5% of the rhodopsin present) are more effective, by tenfold, in initiating phosphorylation than are larger amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:302122", "title": "Oxygen consumption by frog skin and its isolated epithelial layers as a function of their sodium-transporting activity.", "content": "The metabolic cost (in terms of oxygen consumption) of transcellular sodium transport was assessed on ventral frog skin and its isolated epithelial layers, by measuring the decrease in oxygen consumption by the tissue upon transient withdrawal of sodium from the outside solution. The same number of sodium ions was transported per molecule oxygen consumed whole skin (17.4 +/- 2.3) and its isolated epithelium (17.3 +/- 2.4). The metabolic cost of sodium transport could not be estimated properly when this process was blocked by amiloride or ouabain, as these drugs were found to bring about an increase in oxygen consumpton by the tissue when no sodium was available for transport.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption by frog skin and its isolated epithelial layers as a function of their sodium-transporting activity. The metabolic cost (in terms of oxygen consumption) of transcellular sodium transport was assessed on ventral frog skin and its isolated epithelial layers, by measuring the decrease in oxygen consumption by the tissue upon transient withdrawal of sodium from the outside solution. The same number of sodium ions was transported per molecule oxygen consumed whole skin (17.4 +/- 2.3) and its isolated epithelium (17.3 +/- 2.4). The metabolic cost of sodium transport could not be estimated properly when this process was blocked by amiloride or ouabain, as these drugs were found to bring about an increase in oxygen consumpton by the tissue when no sodium was available for transport."}
{"id": "PMID:302123", "title": "Magnetic field effects on radical pair intermediates in bacterial photosynthesis.", "content": "We have investigated the effects of magnetic fields on the formation and decay of excited states in the photochemical reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonae sphaeroides. In chemically reduced reaction centers, a magnetic field decreases the fraction of the transient state PF that decays by way of the bacteriochlorophyll triplet state PR. At room temperature, a 2-kG field decreases the quantum yield of Pr by about 40%. In carotenoid-containing reaction centers, the yield of the carotenoid triplet state which forms via PR is reduced similarly. The effect of the field depends monotonically on field-strength, saturating at about 1 kG. The effect decreases at lower temperatures, when the yield of PR is higher. Magnetic fields do not significantly affect the formation of the triplet state of bacteriochlorophyll in vitro, the photooxidation of P870 in reaction centers at moderate redox potential, or the decay kinetics of states PF and PR. The effect of magnetic fields support in view that state PF is a radical pair which is born in a singlet state but undergoes a rapid transformation into a mixture of singlet and triplet states. A simple kinetic model can account for the effects of the field and relate them to the temperature dependence of the yield of PR.", "contents": "Magnetic field effects on radical pair intermediates in bacterial photosynthesis. We have investigated the effects of magnetic fields on the formation and decay of excited states in the photochemical reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonae sphaeroides. In chemically reduced reaction centers, a magnetic field decreases the fraction of the transient state PF that decays by way of the bacteriochlorophyll triplet state PR. At room temperature, a 2-kG field decreases the quantum yield of Pr by about 40%. In carotenoid-containing reaction centers, the yield of the carotenoid triplet state which forms via PR is reduced similarly. The effect of the field depends monotonically on field-strength, saturating at about 1 kG. The effect decreases at lower temperatures, when the yield of PR is higher. Magnetic fields do not significantly affect the formation of the triplet state of bacteriochlorophyll in vitro, the photooxidation of P870 in reaction centers at moderate redox potential, or the decay kinetics of states PF and PR. The effect of magnetic fields support in view that state PF is a radical pair which is born in a singlet state but undergoes a rapid transformation into a mixture of singlet and triplet states. A simple kinetic model can account for the effects of the field and relate them to the temperature dependence of the yield of PR."}
{"id": "PMID:302124", "title": "[Mechanism of the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks under the effect of prednisolone on rat liver thymocytes].", "content": "Rat liver thymocytes were incubated in vitro with prednisolon, and molecular weight of single-stranded DNA was estimated in alkaline lysates of nuclei by viscosity methods. The number of single-stranded breaks was estimated, which originate in DNA after 3 hours of incubation with prednisolon at a concentration of 3-10(-9) M--3-10(-4) M. Maximal hormone effect was produced within 30 min., and it remained constant for the rest 3 hours of the incubation. Cycloheximide prevented hormone-induced DNA depolymerization, and actinomycin D only slightly inhibited the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks, originated after 30 min. incubation of thymocytes with prednisolon, were repaired after their washing and reincubation in the fresh medium for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The washing of thymocytes and their reincubation for 3 hours resulted in the decrease of the molecular weight of single-stranded DNA. Possible mechanism of the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks in prednisolon-induced thymocytes is discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks under the effect of prednisolone on rat liver thymocytes]. Rat liver thymocytes were incubated in vitro with prednisolon, and molecular weight of single-stranded DNA was estimated in alkaline lysates of nuclei by viscosity methods. The number of single-stranded breaks was estimated, which originate in DNA after 3 hours of incubation with prednisolon at a concentration of 3-10(-9) M--3-10(-4) M. Maximal hormone effect was produced within 30 min., and it remained constant for the rest 3 hours of the incubation. Cycloheximide prevented hormone-induced DNA depolymerization, and actinomycin D only slightly inhibited the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks, originated after 30 min. incubation of thymocytes with prednisolon, were repaired after their washing and reincubation in the fresh medium for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The washing of thymocytes and their reincubation for 3 hours resulted in the decrease of the molecular weight of single-stranded DNA. Possible mechanism of the formation of single-stranded DNA breaks in prednisolon-induced thymocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302126", "title": "In vitro synthesis of alpha-1-antitrypsin in long term monolayer human liver cell cultures.", "content": "Explants for long term monolayer liver cell cultures were taken from individuals having PiM or PiZ phenotypes. Radioactive labelling, using I125 and an original method, permitted the quantitative measurement of AAT in vitro and more important, allowed Pi phenotype determination.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of alpha-1-antitrypsin in long term monolayer human liver cell cultures. Explants for long term monolayer liver cell cultures were taken from individuals having PiM or PiZ phenotypes. Radioactive labelling, using I125 and an original method, permitted the quantitative measurement of AAT in vitro and more important, allowed Pi phenotype determination."}
{"id": "PMID:302127", "title": "Interaction of colony stimulating factor (CSF) from different sources with sepharose-concanavalin A.", "content": "Preparations from various sources (human urines, mouse placenta and pregnant uterus extract, and fibroblast conditioned medium) were examined comparatively with affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavalin A for the presence of Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF). The preparations from all sources constantly revealed two protein peaks: the proteins of the first peak, without Concanavalin A affinity, contained CSF in the material from pregnant uterus and fibroblast conditioned medium, while human urine preparation was devoid of CSF: the inhibitor of CFUc growth, detected and titrated in this peak, probably does not explain the lack of CFUc growth. The proteins from the second peak, specifically eluted with alpha-methyl D-glucopyranoside revealed CSF in all the examined preparations.", "contents": "Interaction of colony stimulating factor (CSF) from different sources with sepharose-concanavalin A. Preparations from various sources (human urines, mouse placenta and pregnant uterus extract, and fibroblast conditioned medium) were examined comparatively with affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Concanavalin A for the presence of Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF). The preparations from all sources constantly revealed two protein peaks: the proteins of the first peak, without Concanavalin A affinity, contained CSF in the material from pregnant uterus and fibroblast conditioned medium, while human urine preparation was devoid of CSF: the inhibitor of CFUc growth, detected and titrated in this peak, probably does not explain the lack of CFUc growth. The proteins from the second peak, specifically eluted with alpha-methyl D-glucopyranoside revealed CSF in all the examined preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:302129", "title": "[Analgesia following electrostimulation of midbrain nuclei of rats with a pain syndrome of spinal origin].", "content": "The effect of electrostimulation of the mesencephalic grey matter and of the dorsal nucleus raphe on physiological pain produced by nociceptive stimulation (compression of the tail or the skin on the limb by a clamp) and on pathological pain (the pain syndrome of spinal origin) were studied in experiments on albino rats. Pathological pain was induced by creating a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by local disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms with the aid of tetanus toxin. It was shown that electrostimulation of the indicated areas abolished both physiological and pathological pain. A conclusion was drawn that analgesia produced by electrostimulation of certain structure of the brain was connected not only with augmentation of the descending inhibition in the spinal cord as in the case of physiological pain caused by peripheral nociceptive stimulation (as shown by several authors), but also with the block of excitation at the supraspinal level. This mechanism should play a decisive role in analgesia realization in the pain syndrome of central origin, both under experimental and natural conditions.", "contents": "[Analgesia following electrostimulation of midbrain nuclei of rats with a pain syndrome of spinal origin]. The effect of electrostimulation of the mesencephalic grey matter and of the dorsal nucleus raphe on physiological pain produced by nociceptive stimulation (compression of the tail or the skin on the limb by a clamp) and on pathological pain (the pain syndrome of spinal origin) were studied in experiments on albino rats. Pathological pain was induced by creating a generator of pathologically enhanced excitation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord by local disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms with the aid of tetanus toxin. It was shown that electrostimulation of the indicated areas abolished both physiological and pathological pain. A conclusion was drawn that analgesia produced by electrostimulation of certain structure of the brain was connected not only with augmentation of the descending inhibition in the spinal cord as in the case of physiological pain caused by peripheral nociceptive stimulation (as shown by several authors), but also with the block of excitation at the supraspinal level. This mechanism should play a decisive role in analgesia realization in the pain syndrome of central origin, both under experimental and natural conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:302130", "title": "[Changes in the concentration of catecholamines in the organs of animals with experimental myocardial infarcts under the influence of malaben].", "content": "The content of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the tissues of the heart, adrenal glands, spleen and brain of rats was studied in experimental myocardial infarction. A significant decrease in the catecholamine levels was revealed in the tissues. Malaben promoted normalization of the catecholamine tissue content in myocardial infarction. It is suggested that the said effect of malaben is due to its antihistaminic properties.", "contents": "[Changes in the concentration of catecholamines in the organs of animals with experimental myocardial infarcts under the influence of malaben]. The content of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the tissues of the heart, adrenal glands, spleen and brain of rats was studied in experimental myocardial infarction. A significant decrease in the catecholamine levels was revealed in the tissues. Malaben promoted normalization of the catecholamine tissue content in myocardial infarction. It is suggested that the said effect of malaben is due to its antihistaminic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:302131", "title": "[Effect of cortisone-resistant thymocytes on endogenous colony formation in inbred mice].", "content": "Endogenous colonies in the spleen of sublethally irradiated (CBA X C57BL/6) E1 hybrid mice were recorded after the injection of thymocytes and the lymph node cells from the hydrocortisone-treated and intact CBA mice. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes failed to suppress the endogenous colony formation, whereas the lymph node cells produced a distinct suppressive effect on the endogenous colonies. After the injection of cortisone-resistant thymocytes the number of colonies in the spleen of individual recipients was double that in control irradiated hybrids.", "contents": "[Effect of cortisone-resistant thymocytes on endogenous colony formation in inbred mice]. Endogenous colonies in the spleen of sublethally irradiated (CBA X C57BL/6) E1 hybrid mice were recorded after the injection of thymocytes and the lymph node cells from the hydrocortisone-treated and intact CBA mice. Cortisone-resistant thymocytes failed to suppress the endogenous colony formation, whereas the lymph node cells produced a distinct suppressive effect on the endogenous colonies. After the injection of cortisone-resistant thymocytes the number of colonies in the spleen of individual recipients was double that in control irradiated hybrids."}
{"id": "PMID:302132", "title": "PHA and endotoxin stimulation of human lymphocytes separated by albumin density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Venous blood from eight healthy subjects was divided into four fractions on a discontinuous albumin density gradient. The percentage recovery of lymphocytes was 82.3%; the purity of the lymphocyte fractions was 83.6%. The lymphocytes were cultured with PHA and Endotoxin, and the samples were analysed after 24, 48, and 72 hours. After PHA stimulation immunoblasts appeared up to 59.3% in the cultures from the 19-21% albumin fraction. After Endotoxin stimulation the maximum (75.8%) was reached in the heavy (25-27% albumin) fraction. Thus, it is concluded that the lymphocytes which can be stimulated with both the mitogens have different densities, the PHA-stimulable T lymphocytes being ligther than the Endotoxin-stimulable B lymphocytes. It is also concluded that as a mitogen Endotoxin is equal to PHA.", "contents": "PHA and endotoxin stimulation of human lymphocytes separated by albumin density gradient centrifugation. Venous blood from eight healthy subjects was divided into four fractions on a discontinuous albumin density gradient. The percentage recovery of lymphocytes was 82.3%; the purity of the lymphocyte fractions was 83.6%. The lymphocytes were cultured with PHA and Endotoxin, and the samples were analysed after 24, 48, and 72 hours. After PHA stimulation immunoblasts appeared up to 59.3% in the cultures from the 19-21% albumin fraction. After Endotoxin stimulation the maximum (75.8%) was reached in the heavy (25-27% albumin) fraction. Thus, it is concluded that the lymphocytes which can be stimulated with both the mitogens have different densities, the PHA-stimulable T lymphocytes being ligther than the Endotoxin-stimulable B lymphocytes. It is also concluded that as a mitogen Endotoxin is equal to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:302133", "title": "Comparison of the effects of caffeine and a 2-alkyl-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide on frog rectus abdominis.", "content": "1 The mode of action of 2-n-propyl-4-p-tolylamino-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide (TnPBI), which induced contractures of frog rectus abdominis muscle, was investigated. 2 TnPBI caused contractures of frog rectus abdominis when the muscle had been depolarized with potassium chloride. 3 Experiments with TnPBI and caffeine in calcium-free Ringer suggested that both compounds produce contractures by releasing intracellular bound calcium. 4 It is suggested that at least two calcium stores are involved, one of which is sensitive to caffeine while both are sensitive to TnPBI.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of caffeine and a 2-alkyl-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide on frog rectus abdominis. 1 The mode of action of 2-n-propyl-4-p-tolylamino-1,2,3-benzotriazinium iodide (TnPBI), which induced contractures of frog rectus abdominis muscle, was investigated. 2 TnPBI caused contractures of frog rectus abdominis when the muscle had been depolarized with potassium chloride. 3 Experiments with TnPBI and caffeine in calcium-free Ringer suggested that both compounds produce contractures by releasing intracellular bound calcium. 4 It is suggested that at least two calcium stores are involved, one of which is sensitive to caffeine while both are sensitive to TnPBI."}
{"id": "PMID:302134", "title": "Bleeding in renal failure: is von Willebrand factor implicated?", "content": "Normal or increased concentrations of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIC), factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIRA), and factor VIII-von Willebrand activity (VIIIVWF) were found in the predialysis plasma of 10 out of 11 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). All patients had a bleeding time longer than 15 minutes and platelet retention to glass beads lower than 40%. The only patient who had reduced concentrations of all three factor VIII complex components was subsequently shown to have von Willebrand's disease. In four patients with CRF, very low platelet retention, and slightly prolonged bleeding time none of the three factor VIII COMPLEX COMPONENTS WERE SELECTIVely modified in predialysis samples. These findings suggest that the bleeding tendency common in CRF is not necessarily linked to defective plasma factor VIII-related activities.", "contents": "Bleeding in renal failure: is von Willebrand factor implicated? Normal or increased concentrations of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIC), factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIRA), and factor VIII-von Willebrand activity (VIIIVWF) were found in the predialysis plasma of 10 out of 11 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). All patients had a bleeding time longer than 15 minutes and platelet retention to glass beads lower than 40%. The only patient who had reduced concentrations of all three factor VIII complex components was subsequently shown to have von Willebrand's disease. In four patients with CRF, very low platelet retention, and slightly prolonged bleeding time none of the three factor VIII COMPLEX COMPONENTS WERE SELECTIVely modified in predialysis samples. These findings suggest that the bleeding tendency common in CRF is not necessarily linked to defective plasma factor VIII-related activities."}
{"id": "PMID:302135", "title": "The spontaneous firing patterns of forebrain neurons. III. Prevention of induced asymmetries in caudate neuronal firing rates by unilateral thalamic lesions.", "content": "Unilateral lesions interrupting striatal outputs and inputs (MFB lesions) produce a marked slowing of neuronal firing in the caudate nucleus contralateral to the side of the lesions without affecting neuronal firing in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. Although the MFB lesion also interrupts the nigrostriatal pathway and depletes the ipsilateral striatum of dipamine and its associated enzymes, the slowing of unit firing rates is apparently due to interruption of striatal outputs rather than inputs. Unilateral thalamic lesions palced ipsilateral to MFB lesions in iether the ventral anterior-ventrolateral nuclei (VA-VL) or in the center median-parafascicular nuclei (CM-PF) prevent the MFB lesion-induced asymmetry in caudate neuronal firing rates. These thalamic lesions do not, however, restore the striatal dopamine content depleted by the MFB lesion. Unilateral CM-PF lesions in otherwise intact cats do not alter caudate unit firing rates nor do they affect striatal dopamine. VA-VL lesions in otherwise intact cats produce a bilateral slowing in the spontaneous firing of neurons in the caudate nuclei, again, whithout altering caudate dopamine concentrations. These results provide further evidence that caudate dopamine concentration per se does not appear to be a potent variable in controlling the spontaneous firing rates of striatal neurons.", "contents": "The spontaneous firing patterns of forebrain neurons. III. Prevention of induced asymmetries in caudate neuronal firing rates by unilateral thalamic lesions. Unilateral lesions interrupting striatal outputs and inputs (MFB lesions) produce a marked slowing of neuronal firing in the caudate nucleus contralateral to the side of the lesions without affecting neuronal firing in the ipsilateral caudate nucleus. Although the MFB lesion also interrupts the nigrostriatal pathway and depletes the ipsilateral striatum of dipamine and its associated enzymes, the slowing of unit firing rates is apparently due to interruption of striatal outputs rather than inputs. Unilateral thalamic lesions palced ipsilateral to MFB lesions in iether the ventral anterior-ventrolateral nuclei (VA-VL) or in the center median-parafascicular nuclei (CM-PF) prevent the MFB lesion-induced asymmetry in caudate neuronal firing rates. These thalamic lesions do not, however, restore the striatal dopamine content depleted by the MFB lesion. Unilateral CM-PF lesions in otherwise intact cats do not alter caudate unit firing rates nor do they affect striatal dopamine. VA-VL lesions in otherwise intact cats produce a bilateral slowing in the spontaneous firing of neurons in the caudate nuclei, again, whithout altering caudate dopamine concentrations. These results provide further evidence that caudate dopamine concentration per se does not appear to be a potent variable in controlling the spontaneous firing rates of striatal neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:302136", "title": "Age related changes in the effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on the in vivo hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan in rat brain.", "content": "A single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was applied to 40 young (9 months) and 40 old (24 months) male rats. The effect on brain catecholamine synthesis was determined at intervals after ECS by measuring the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in rats pretreated with a central decarboxylase inhibitor (M-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine, NSD 1015). This accumulation permitted an estimation of the in vivo rates of hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan. Control brain DOPA and 5-HTP concentrations were both lower in the older animals. Following ECS there was an increase in brain DOPA concentration (maximal at 60 min after ECS) in both young and old rats, but the increase was much smaller in the older animals. There were no changes in brain 5-HTP at any time after ECS, in either age group. It appears that aging selectively affects the response of the brain dopaminergic neurotransmitter system to stress, and we suggest that this may be a factor in the decreased resistance to stress in older subjects.", "contents": "Age related changes in the effect of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on the in vivo hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan in rat brain. A single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was applied to 40 young (9 months) and 40 old (24 months) male rats. The effect on brain catecholamine synthesis was determined at intervals after ECS by measuring the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in rats pretreated with a central decarboxylase inhibitor (M-hydroxybenzyl hydrazine, NSD 1015). This accumulation permitted an estimation of the in vivo rates of hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan. Control brain DOPA and 5-HTP concentrations were both lower in the older animals. Following ECS there was an increase in brain DOPA concentration (maximal at 60 min after ECS) in both young and old rats, but the increase was much smaller in the older animals. There were no changes in brain 5-HTP at any time after ECS, in either age group. It appears that aging selectively affects the response of the brain dopaminergic neurotransmitter system to stress, and we suggest that this may be a factor in the decreased resistance to stress in older subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:302137", "title": "Origin of glutamate-decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells in discrete hypothalamic nuclei.", "content": "Glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) was assayed in discrete hypothalamic nuclei in the rat following lesions of the major afferent pathways from hippocampus, amygdala, midbrain, septum, thalamus and globus pallidus. None of these lesions led to a marked decrease in GAD activity in selected nuclei. After total deafferentation of the medial-basal hypothalamus GAD remained unchanged in the median eminence but fell markedly in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei. In these two nuclei a decrease of GAD still occurred following partial deafferentation from lateral and posterior hypothalamus, but not from anterior and preoptic areas. These results indicated that most GAD-containing cells have their origin inside of the hypothalamus. In this region GABAergic neurons are likely to be short interneurons providing intrahypothalamic connections. Such connections are suggested from lateral and posterior hypothalamus onto the medial basal nuclei.", "contents": "Origin of glutamate-decarboxylase (GAD)-containing cells in discrete hypothalamic nuclei. Glutamate decarboxylase activity (GAD) was assayed in discrete hypothalamic nuclei in the rat following lesions of the major afferent pathways from hippocampus, amygdala, midbrain, septum, thalamus and globus pallidus. None of these lesions led to a marked decrease in GAD activity in selected nuclei. After total deafferentation of the medial-basal hypothalamus GAD remained unchanged in the median eminence but fell markedly in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei. In these two nuclei a decrease of GAD still occurred following partial deafferentation from lateral and posterior hypothalamus, but not from anterior and preoptic areas. These results indicated that most GAD-containing cells have their origin inside of the hypothalamus. In this region GABAergic neurons are likely to be short interneurons providing intrahypothalamic connections. Such connections are suggested from lateral and posterior hypothalamus onto the medial basal nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:302138", "title": "A measure of extracellular unit responses to repeated stimulation applied to observations of the time course of olfactory responses.", "content": "A technique for measurement of small samples of unit behavior during regularly repeated stimulation is described. A correlation-based measure was computed over two successive stimulus presentation by summing the products of spike counts for corrsponding time bins and normalizing to the number of bins and the number of spike counts during the two stimulus presentations. This measure was combined with the mean frequency of spike occurrence during the stimulus presentation to give a characterization of neuronal activity sensitive to changes in both strength of temporal patterns and mean frequency. Examples are given of olfactory responsive neurons with comparison of measurement techniques. The time course of the response to odor of neurons recorded under urethane anesthesia from the olfactory bulb and the lateral hypothalamus was studied. By both simple mean frequency measures and the measures proposed in this study, the neurons recorded from the lateral hypothalamus underwent more rapid temporal decrements in the odor response.", "contents": "A measure of extracellular unit responses to repeated stimulation applied to observations of the time course of olfactory responses. A technique for measurement of small samples of unit behavior during regularly repeated stimulation is described. A correlation-based measure was computed over two successive stimulus presentation by summing the products of spike counts for corrsponding time bins and normalizing to the number of bins and the number of spike counts during the two stimulus presentations. This measure was combined with the mean frequency of spike occurrence during the stimulus presentation to give a characterization of neuronal activity sensitive to changes in both strength of temporal patterns and mean frequency. Examples are given of olfactory responsive neurons with comparison of measurement techniques. The time course of the response to odor of neurons recorded under urethane anesthesia from the olfactory bulb and the lateral hypothalamus was studied. By both simple mean frequency measures and the measures proposed in this study, the neurons recorded from the lateral hypothalamus underwent more rapid temporal decrements in the odor response."}
{"id": "PMID:302140", "title": "Peripheral B- and T-lymphocyte counts in patients with sarcoma and breast carcinoma.", "content": "Peripheral B- and T-lymphocyte counts were studied in 50 patients before they received any therapy for their conditions: 16 had carcinoma of the breast; 8 soft tissue sarcoma; and 26, benign disease. Among 11 males, the six patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma had significantly lower percentages of T lymphocytes than five patients with benign conditions. And six female patients with advanced breast cancers had significantly higher numbers of B lymphocytes than the 10 patients with early breast malignancies. Pertinent reports in the literature were reviewed and discussed. Presently, the clinical and prognostic values of quantitative study of T and B lymphocytes remain to be defined.", "contents": "Peripheral B- and T-lymphocyte counts in patients with sarcoma and breast carcinoma. Peripheral B- and T-lymphocyte counts were studied in 50 patients before they received any therapy for their conditions: 16 had carcinoma of the breast; 8 soft tissue sarcoma; and 26, benign disease. Among 11 males, the six patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma had significantly lower percentages of T lymphocytes than five patients with benign conditions. And six female patients with advanced breast cancers had significantly higher numbers of B lymphocytes than the 10 patients with early breast malignancies. Pertinent reports in the literature were reviewed and discussed. Presently, the clinical and prognostic values of quantitative study of T and B lymphocytes remain to be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:302141", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic and immunologic study of B-cell lymphosarcoma cells in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Homogenous populations of malignant cells from the spinal fluids of two patients with metastatic lymphosarcoma were studied immunologically and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The malignant cells in both spinal fluids were shown to be of B-cell origin. The surface morphology of these cells was variable with the majority of the cells having numerous microvilli and a minority having few or no microvilli. This appears to be the first report on the surface ultrastructure of B-lymphosarcoma cells suspended in spinal fluid.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic and immunologic study of B-cell lymphosarcoma cells in cerebrospinal fluid. Homogenous populations of malignant cells from the spinal fluids of two patients with metastatic lymphosarcoma were studied immunologically and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The malignant cells in both spinal fluids were shown to be of B-cell origin. The surface morphology of these cells was variable with the majority of the cells having numerous microvilli and a minority having few or no microvilli. This appears to be the first report on the surface ultrastructure of B-lymphosarcoma cells suspended in spinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:302142", "title": "Thymus-dependent and nonthymus-dependent lymphocytes in patients with sarcomas.", "content": "Several measurements indicate that cellular and humoral immunity is depressed in patients with sarcoma; but whether such observations reflect diminished numbers of lymphocytes and their subpopulations is not known. We determined the numbers of peripheral leukocytes, lymphocytes, rosette-forming thymus-dependent cells (T cells), and nonthymus-dependent SmIg-bearing cells in 134 patients with various mesenchymal sarcoma and in 47 normal controls. In all of these determinations, patients and controls gave similar values. Furthermore, values for patients with or without tumor, with or without metastasis, and with bone or soft-tissue sarcomas were similar. All 134 patients were studied prospectively, and the 84 who remained free of disease after 6 months had virtually identical values to the 50 who showed disease progression.", "contents": "Thymus-dependent and nonthymus-dependent lymphocytes in patients with sarcomas. Several measurements indicate that cellular and humoral immunity is depressed in patients with sarcoma; but whether such observations reflect diminished numbers of lymphocytes and their subpopulations is not known. We determined the numbers of peripheral leukocytes, lymphocytes, rosette-forming thymus-dependent cells (T cells), and nonthymus-dependent SmIg-bearing cells in 134 patients with various mesenchymal sarcoma and in 47 normal controls. In all of these determinations, patients and controls gave similar values. Furthermore, values for patients with or without tumor, with or without metastasis, and with bone or soft-tissue sarcomas were similar. All 134 patients were studied prospectively, and the 84 who remained free of disease after 6 months had virtually identical values to the 50 who showed disease progression."}
{"id": "PMID:302144", "title": "Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in 222 patients with coronary heart disease before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "In 222 patients with coronary heart disease hemodynamics at rest and during exercise were measured before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery. A total of 552 grafts were constructed, i.e. an average of 2.47 grafts per patient. Only 10.8% of the patients had a 1-vessel-disease, 59.2% had a 3-vessel-disease. 10.8% of the patients were provided with one graft, 49.7% got 3 or 4 grafts. In 92.8% of the patients the r. desc. ant. was significantly stenosed, and in 94.2% this vessel has been provided with a graft. Preoperatively only 7 patients had no angina pectoris during exercise (bicycle ergometer in supine position, each load lasting 6 min), postoperatively 154 patients have been completely free of angina pectoris. The preoperative angina pectoris-free exercise tolerance was 27.4 +/- 27.4 W (means +/- SD), postoperatively it was 76.5 +/- 33.8 W. The largest increase of exercise tolerance was observed in patients with a 3-vessel-disease (208%). Preoperatively only 10.1% had normal values of pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output at rest and during exercise, postooperatively 51.5%. The postoperative normalization of hemodynamics depends on the number of vessels involved (1-vessel-disease 86%, 3-vessel-disease 39.8% normalization) and on the status of the left ventricle (without a previous transmural myocardial infarction 68.4%; with a previous myocardial infarction 41.0%). The effects of revascularization on myocardial ischemia can be evaluated by measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output at rest and during exercise.", "contents": "Hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in 222 patients with coronary heart disease before and after aorto-coronary bypass surgery. In 222 patients with coronary heart disease hemodynamics at rest and during exercise were measured before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery. A total of 552 grafts were constructed, i.e. an average of 2.47 grafts per patient. Only 10.8% of the patients had a 1-vessel-disease, 59.2% had a 3-vessel-disease. 10.8% of the patients were provided with one graft, 49.7% got 3 or 4 grafts. In 92.8% of the patients the r. desc. ant. was significantly stenosed, and in 94.2% this vessel has been provided with a graft. Preoperatively only 7 patients had no angina pectoris during exercise (bicycle ergometer in supine position, each load lasting 6 min), postoperatively 154 patients have been completely free of angina pectoris. The preoperative angina pectoris-free exercise tolerance was 27.4 +/- 27.4 W (means +/- SD), postoperatively it was 76.5 +/- 33.8 W. The largest increase of exercise tolerance was observed in patients with a 3-vessel-disease (208%). Preoperatively only 10.1% had normal values of pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output at rest and during exercise, postooperatively 51.5%. The postoperative normalization of hemodynamics depends on the number of vessels involved (1-vessel-disease 86%, 3-vessel-disease 39.8% normalization) and on the status of the left ventricle (without a previous transmural myocardial infarction 68.4%; with a previous myocardial infarction 41.0%). The effects of revascularization on myocardial ischemia can be evaluated by measurements of pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output at rest and during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:302146", "title": "Proliferation of Buffalo rat liver cells in serum-free medium does not depend upon multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA).", "content": "A line of Buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A) that multiplies in the absence of serum produces a family of polypeptides termed MSA that can partially satisfy the serum requirement for growth of chick embryo fibroblasts. Temin, Pierson and Dulak (1972) proposed that BRL cells multiply in serum-free medium because they produce MSA. This does not appear to be the case. We have studied three BRL cell lines: 3A2 and 3A have diverged from the same original isolate from normal liver; 61t is a spontaneous transformant of a different isolate. All three cell lines showed a 10 fold increase in cell number during 5 days in serum-free medium. However, 3A-conditioned medium stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA in chick embryo fibroblasts and human skin fibroblasts; 3A2- and 61t-conditioned media did not. After ion-exchange chromatography or gel filtration of the conditioned media and measurement of MSA by 3H-thymidine incorporation or radioreceptor assay, MSA again was found in the 3A medium but not in the 3A2 or 61t media. The absence of MSA in the 3A2 and 61t media was not due to inactivation of MSA by these two cell lines. Addition of partially purified MSA to 3A2 cells did not increase their multiplication rate in serum-free medium. We conclude that the ability of the BRL cells to multiply in serum-free medium is independent of the level of MSA in the medium.", "contents": "Proliferation of Buffalo rat liver cells in serum-free medium does not depend upon multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA). A line of Buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A) that multiplies in the absence of serum produces a family of polypeptides termed MSA that can partially satisfy the serum requirement for growth of chick embryo fibroblasts. Temin, Pierson and Dulak (1972) proposed that BRL cells multiply in serum-free medium because they produce MSA. This does not appear to be the case. We have studied three BRL cell lines: 3A2 and 3A have diverged from the same original isolate from normal liver; 61t is a spontaneous transformant of a different isolate. All three cell lines showed a 10 fold increase in cell number during 5 days in serum-free medium. However, 3A-conditioned medium stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA in chick embryo fibroblasts and human skin fibroblasts; 3A2- and 61t-conditioned media did not. After ion-exchange chromatography or gel filtration of the conditioned media and measurement of MSA by 3H-thymidine incorporation or radioreceptor assay, MSA again was found in the 3A medium but not in the 3A2 or 61t media. The absence of MSA in the 3A2 and 61t media was not due to inactivation of MSA by these two cell lines. Addition of partially purified MSA to 3A2 cells did not increase their multiplication rate in serum-free medium. We conclude that the ability of the BRL cells to multiply in serum-free medium is independent of the level of MSA in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:302148", "title": "Enhancement of the therapeutic effectiveness of methotrexate and protection of normal proliferating tissues with purines and pyrimidines.", "content": "Mice can be protected against the toxicity arising from lethal doses of methotrexate with purine and pyrimidine combinations, but not with pyrimidine alone. Furthermore, methotrexate treatment of tumour-bearing mice, conjunction with purine/pyrimidine protection, can be more effective than conventional metotrexate/folinic acid treatment.", "contents": "Enhancement of the therapeutic effectiveness of methotrexate and protection of normal proliferating tissues with purines and pyrimidines. Mice can be protected against the toxicity arising from lethal doses of methotrexate with purine and pyrimidine combinations, but not with pyrimidine alone. Furthermore, methotrexate treatment of tumour-bearing mice, conjunction with purine/pyrimidine protection, can be more effective than conventional metotrexate/folinic acid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:302150", "title": "[Digestive hemorrhage as a complication of a pancreatic pseudocyst].", "content": "A study was made at the Padua University Second Surgical Clinic--located in Verona--on four cases of digestive haemorrhage in patients with pancreatic pseudo-cysts. The psysiopatological, diagnostic and therapeutic problems inherent in this pathology are discussed. In particular, attention is drawn to the need for and difficulty of marking a correct diagnosis in good time, and the utility, for such purpose, of endoscopic examinations and selective arteriography of the coeliac tripod and the superior mesenteric artery. Lastly, the various possibilities that surgery offers in the treatment of this disease are mentioned.", "contents": "[Digestive hemorrhage as a complication of a pancreatic pseudocyst]. A study was made at the Padua University Second Surgical Clinic--located in Verona--on four cases of digestive haemorrhage in patients with pancreatic pseudo-cysts. The psysiopatological, diagnostic and therapeutic problems inherent in this pathology are discussed. In particular, attention is drawn to the need for and difficulty of marking a correct diagnosis in good time, and the utility, for such purpose, of endoscopic examinations and selective arteriography of the coeliac tripod and the superior mesenteric artery. Lastly, the various possibilities that surgery offers in the treatment of this disease are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:302151", "title": "Vision screening of illiterate populations.", "content": "To assess the amount of reduced vision in a population is an important public health matter, especially in areas where blinding diseases are endemic. Testing visual acuity is, however, a complex problem when a major part of the population is illiterate. The best-known test of vision is the E-test, but this produces the problem of untestability in illiterate populations.The introduction of the Sj\u00f6gren hand-test as an alternative to the E-test for vision screening of unselected illiterate populations in West Africa resulted in a highly significant reduction of untestability. For certain vision levels it is possible to correlate the results of the hand-test directly with those of the E-test. The hand-test is less well defined than the E-test, but has important advantages for the purpose of vision screening of illiterate populations.", "contents": "Vision screening of illiterate populations. To assess the amount of reduced vision in a population is an important public health matter, especially in areas where blinding diseases are endemic. Testing visual acuity is, however, a complex problem when a major part of the population is illiterate. The best-known test of vision is the E-test, but this produces the problem of untestability in illiterate populations.The introduction of the Sj\u00f6gren hand-test as an alternative to the E-test for vision screening of unselected illiterate populations in West Africa resulted in a highly significant reduction of untestability. For certain vision levels it is possible to correlate the results of the hand-test directly with those of the E-test. The hand-test is less well defined than the E-test, but has important advantages for the purpose of vision screening of illiterate populations."}
{"id": "PMID:302152", "title": "Isolation and characterization of influenza A viruses from avian species in Hong Kong.", "content": "Surveillance of apparently healthy ducks, chickens, and geese at a poultry dressing plant in Hong Kong yielded 51 haemagglutinating viruses 25 of which were influenza A viruses. Of these, 24 were subtyped into 13 combinations based on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Of the 13 different influenza A viruses isolated, 7 possessed combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits that have not been reported previously-i.e., Hav2N1, Hav2Nav5, Hav4N2, Hav7N2, Hav7Nav1, Hav7Nav3, and Hav7Nav6. Four of the isolates were non-avid: they were not neutralized by antisera to any of the reference subtypes of influenza A viruses, yet antisera to each isolate inhibited both that virus and a known reference strain. The large number of combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the isolation of two different influenza A viruses from one duck suggests that recombination may be occurring in nature.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of influenza A viruses from avian species in Hong Kong. Surveillance of apparently healthy ducks, chickens, and geese at a poultry dressing plant in Hong Kong yielded 51 haemagglutinating viruses 25 of which were influenza A viruses. Of these, 24 were subtyped into 13 combinations based on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Of the 13 different influenza A viruses isolated, 7 possessed combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits that have not been reported previously-i.e., Hav2N1, Hav2Nav5, Hav4N2, Hav7N2, Hav7Nav1, Hav7Nav3, and Hav7Nav6. Four of the isolates were non-avid: they were not neutralized by antisera to any of the reference subtypes of influenza A viruses, yet antisera to each isolate inhibited both that virus and a known reference strain. The large number of combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the isolation of two different influenza A viruses from one duck suggests that recombination may be occurring in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:302153", "title": "Measles immunity in the first year after birth and the optimum age for vaccination in Kenyan children. Collaborative study by the Ministry of Health of Kenya and the World Health Organization.", "content": "There is still controversy about the optimum age for measles vaccination in developing countries, where the incidence of measles infection is higher in the first few months of life than it is in developed countries. This study was undertaken to collect reliable data in order to determine the optimum age for mass vaccination programmes. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were titrated periodically from birth to one year of age in children who were given the vaccine at different ages, between 5 and 9 months. It was found that 90% of children no longer have their maternal antibodies at 7-8 months of age, precisely at the period that the incidence of measles begins to rise sharply. Almost all children showed HI seroconversion when vaccinated at 71/2 months (or later, but not before), even if a low level of maternal antibody still persisted when the vaccine was given. These data show that there is an advantage in carrying out measles vaccination at 71/2 months of age in countries with conditions similar to that of Kenya. The duration of post-vaccinal immunity beyond one year of age has not been studied, but it can reasonably be expected that immunity after one vaccination can last for at least 3-5 years, thus exceeding the period when African children are most exposed to malnutrition.", "contents": "Measles immunity in the first year after birth and the optimum age for vaccination in Kenyan children. Collaborative study by the Ministry of Health of Kenya and the World Health Organization. There is still controversy about the optimum age for measles vaccination in developing countries, where the incidence of measles infection is higher in the first few months of life than it is in developed countries. This study was undertaken to collect reliable data in order to determine the optimum age for mass vaccination programmes. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies were titrated periodically from birth to one year of age in children who were given the vaccine at different ages, between 5 and 9 months. It was found that 90% of children no longer have their maternal antibodies at 7-8 months of age, precisely at the period that the incidence of measles begins to rise sharply. Almost all children showed HI seroconversion when vaccinated at 71/2 months (or later, but not before), even if a low level of maternal antibody still persisted when the vaccine was given. These data show that there is an advantage in carrying out measles vaccination at 71/2 months of age in countries with conditions similar to that of Kenya. The duration of post-vaccinal immunity beyond one year of age has not been studied, but it can reasonably be expected that immunity after one vaccination can last for at least 3-5 years, thus exceeding the period when African children are most exposed to malnutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:302154", "title": "The serological response to Yersinia pestis infection.", "content": "Passive haemagglutination antibody titres to Fraction I antigen of Yersinia pestis were plotted against day of clinical illness in 82 patients in Viet Nam. A rise was evident by day 5 with a peak at day 14, after which a plateau occurred. In contrast to all other patients, 2 patients with recurrent infections had elevated titres at the time of admission which decreased significantly during convalescence.", "contents": "The serological response to Yersinia pestis infection. Passive haemagglutination antibody titres to Fraction I antigen of Yersinia pestis were plotted against day of clinical illness in 82 patients in Viet Nam. A rise was evident by day 5 with a peak at day 14, after which a plateau occurred. In contrast to all other patients, 2 patients with recurrent infections had elevated titres at the time of admission which decreased significantly during convalescence."}
{"id": "PMID:302155", "title": "BCG vaccination by bifurcated needle in a pilot vaccination programme.", "content": "The bifurcated needle technique for BCG vaccination was compared with intradermal injection in a mass BCG and smallpox vaccination programme in Afghanistan. In all population groups the bifurcated needle technique produced substantial tuberculin sensitivity, which however was significantly inferior to that following intradermal injection. The advantages of the bifurcated needle technique did not result in a significant increase in vaccination coverage and output. Under the present circumstances vaccination by bifurcated needle would probably be more expensive than intradermal vaccination.", "contents": "BCG vaccination by bifurcated needle in a pilot vaccination programme. The bifurcated needle technique for BCG vaccination was compared with intradermal injection in a mass BCG and smallpox vaccination programme in Afghanistan. In all population groups the bifurcated needle technique produced substantial tuberculin sensitivity, which however was significantly inferior to that following intradermal injection. The advantages of the bifurcated needle technique did not result in a significant increase in vaccination coverage and output. Under the present circumstances vaccination by bifurcated needle would probably be more expensive than intradermal vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:302156", "title": "Causes of perinatal mortality in an African city.", "content": "Little has been published about the causes of most of the deaths responsible for the high perinatal mortality rates characteristic of preindustrial, urban societies. The present study searched for answers in one such society by identifying the causes of death in a large-scale analysis of perinatal mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A 72% autopsy rate was achieved when 1019 postmortem examinations were performed for 1424 consecutive perinatal deaths. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 65.3 per thousand live births. The ratio of stillbirths to neonatal deaths was 2.7:1, indicating that maternal factors were dominant in causing the deaths. One-third of the deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 15% to obstructed labour, 8% to abruptio placentae, and the rest to more than 20 other specific disorders.", "contents": "Causes of perinatal mortality in an African city. Little has been published about the causes of most of the deaths responsible for the high perinatal mortality rates characteristic of preindustrial, urban societies. The present study searched for answers in one such society by identifying the causes of death in a large-scale analysis of perinatal mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A 72% autopsy rate was achieved when 1019 postmortem examinations were performed for 1424 consecutive perinatal deaths. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 65.3 per thousand live births. The ratio of stillbirths to neonatal deaths was 2.7:1, indicating that maternal factors were dominant in causing the deaths. One-third of the deaths were due to amniotic fluid infections, 15% to obstructed labour, 8% to abruptio placentae, and the rest to more than 20 other specific disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:302157", "title": "Effects of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in Thai women with liver fluke infestation: results after six months.", "content": "The effect of the three-monthly injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on liver and lipid function was assessed in Thai women with liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) infestation, DMPA administration being started in the immediate postpartum period. Immediate postpartum IUD and sterilization acceptors with fluke infestation were recruited as a comparison (control) group for the fluke-positiv DMPA acceptors. Comparable groups of fluke-negative acceptors were recruited in an area of Thailand free of liver fluke transmission. Results are presented for the first 6 follow-up months for 170 DMPA and 177 control fluke-positive subjects and for 153 DMPA and 150 control fluke-negative subjects. Small and similar increases occurred in each of the four groups for alanine amino transferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin levels while aspartate amino transferase levels changed less in the DMPA groups than in their respective control groups. None of the subjects in either DMPA group had clearly abnormal results in these tests at 6 months. Alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were markedly lower in each group at 6 months than in the puerperal specimens. There was a greater decrease in triglycerides levels in both DMPA groups than in their respective control groups. However, the decrease in the alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol levels was greater only in the fluke-positive DMPA group than in the fluke-positive control group. None of these biochemical results were related to differences in age, parity, or lactation status between the groups. The results indicate that DMPA did not cause any early deleterious effects in the metabolic factors studied in women with liver fluke infestation.", "contents": "Effects of the injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in Thai women with liver fluke infestation: results after six months. The effect of the three-monthly injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on liver and lipid function was assessed in Thai women with liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) infestation, DMPA administration being started in the immediate postpartum period. Immediate postpartum IUD and sterilization acceptors with fluke infestation were recruited as a comparison (control) group for the fluke-positiv DMPA acceptors. Comparable groups of fluke-negative acceptors were recruited in an area of Thailand free of liver fluke transmission. Results are presented for the first 6 follow-up months for 170 DMPA and 177 control fluke-positive subjects and for 153 DMPA and 150 control fluke-negative subjects. Small and similar increases occurred in each of the four groups for alanine amino transferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and total bilirubin levels while aspartate amino transferase levels changed less in the DMPA groups than in their respective control groups. None of the subjects in either DMPA group had clearly abnormal results in these tests at 6 months. Alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were markedly lower in each group at 6 months than in the puerperal specimens. There was a greater decrease in triglycerides levels in both DMPA groups than in their respective control groups. However, the decrease in the alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol levels was greater only in the fluke-positive DMPA group than in the fluke-positive control group. None of these biochemical results were related to differences in age, parity, or lactation status between the groups. The results indicate that DMPA did not cause any early deleterious effects in the metabolic factors studied in women with liver fluke infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:302158", "title": "Simplified field assessment of nutritional status in early childhood: practical suggestions for developing countries.", "content": "This paper proposes a simple and inexpensive method for the field assessment of certain objective indicators of nutritional status in children of preschool age. It emphasizes the need for statistically valid sample selection and presents a design for randomly selecting 30 children from each of 30 village sites in each region for which quantitative inferences are to be made, the main purpose being to estimate the prevalence of protein-energy undernutrition and anaemia. The need to train indigenous paraprofessional workers as assessors and periodically to control their accuracy is stressed. The method used is limited to an estimate of the location and magnitude of common childhood malnutrition and it is recommended that it be supplemented by detailed ecological analysis to determine causal factors and propose remedial action.", "contents": "Simplified field assessment of nutritional status in early childhood: practical suggestions for developing countries. This paper proposes a simple and inexpensive method for the field assessment of certain objective indicators of nutritional status in children of preschool age. It emphasizes the need for statistically valid sample selection and presents a design for randomly selecting 30 children from each of 30 village sites in each region for which quantitative inferences are to be made, the main purpose being to estimate the prevalence of protein-energy undernutrition and anaemia. The need to train indigenous paraprofessional workers as assessors and periodically to control their accuracy is stressed. The method used is limited to an estimate of the location and magnitude of common childhood malnutrition and it is recommended that it be supplemented by detailed ecological analysis to determine causal factors and propose remedial action."}
{"id": "PMID:302160", "title": "Double-antibody radioimmunoassay for factor VIII-related antigen.", "content": "A plasma protein required for the support of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was isolated from antihemophilic factor concentrate and radiolabeled with 125I. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed, with use of specific rabbit anti-VIII related antigen serum and goat anti-rabbit globulin. The assay is sensitive, reproducible, and technically simple to perform. Values obtained in normal subjects ranged from 0.65 to 1.53 units, similar to our normal range for VIII coagulant activity (0.67-1.43 units). However, normal or increased values of VIII-related antigen were observed in VIII coagulant-deficient hemophiliacs. Also, concentrations of VII-related antigen significantly exceeded coagulant concentrations in several patients with liver disease or disseminated intravascular coagulation, or both. Of a broad selection of congenital coagulation disorders examined, only patients with von Willebrand's disease had decreased VIII-related antigen concentrations, and these corresponded to the lowered concentration of ristocetin cofactor in the patients. In three transfused patients, VII-related antigen values correlated with the concentration of the cofactor. Our results suggest that the radioimmunoassay of VIII-related antigen is a simple and valuable adjunct in the study of patients with clotting abnormalities.", "contents": "Double-antibody radioimmunoassay for factor VIII-related antigen. A plasma protein required for the support of ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation was isolated from antihemophilic factor concentrate and radiolabeled with 125I. A double-antibody radioimmunoassay was developed, with use of specific rabbit anti-VIII related antigen serum and goat anti-rabbit globulin. The assay is sensitive, reproducible, and technically simple to perform. Values obtained in normal subjects ranged from 0.65 to 1.53 units, similar to our normal range for VIII coagulant activity (0.67-1.43 units). However, normal or increased values of VIII-related antigen were observed in VIII coagulant-deficient hemophiliacs. Also, concentrations of VII-related antigen significantly exceeded coagulant concentrations in several patients with liver disease or disseminated intravascular coagulation, or both. Of a broad selection of congenital coagulation disorders examined, only patients with von Willebrand's disease had decreased VIII-related antigen concentrations, and these corresponded to the lowered concentration of ristocetin cofactor in the patients. In three transfused patients, VII-related antigen values correlated with the concentration of the cofactor. Our results suggest that the radioimmunoassay of VIII-related antigen is a simple and valuable adjunct in the study of patients with clotting abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:302161", "title": "Measurement of antitryptic activity of serum with a centrifugal analyzer.", "content": "The Selected Method [Clin. Chem. 20, 396 (1974)] for the enzymatic assay of alpha1-antitrypsin in serum has been adapted for use with the E.N.I.-GEMSAEC. With alpha-N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitroanilide as substrate, the difference between the tryptic activity measured with and without addition of serum in the same run has been used to calculate the trypsin-inhibitory capacity. The rate of increase in absorbance at 400 nm of the p-nitroanilide formed, has been evaluated during a reaction time of 140 s. Results correlated well (r = 0.986) for 54 human sera analyzed as described here and by the Selected Method. The adaptation on GEMSAEC can be used in detecting alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in the newborn.", "contents": "Measurement of antitryptic activity of serum with a centrifugal analyzer. The Selected Method [Clin. Chem. 20, 396 (1974)] for the enzymatic assay of alpha1-antitrypsin in serum has been adapted for use with the E.N.I.-GEMSAEC. With alpha-N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-p-nitroanilide as substrate, the difference between the tryptic activity measured with and without addition of serum in the same run has been used to calculate the trypsin-inhibitory capacity. The rate of increase in absorbance at 400 nm of the p-nitroanilide formed, has been evaluated during a reaction time of 140 s. Results correlated well (r = 0.986) for 54 human sera analyzed as described here and by the Selected Method. The adaptation on GEMSAEC can be used in detecting alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:302162", "title": "Plasma lipid changes in the female in aging and the menopause. Results from three population studies.", "content": "Postabsorbtive plasma lipid levels have been analyzed in studies of the female population in the Swedish city of Gothenburg. The population samples cover the ages 15, 23, 30, 38, 40, 45, 46, 50, 54, 60 and 70. In some groups data are available from both cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies. Cross-sectional studies showed a successive increase in total plasma cholesterol from 15 to 54 years of age. Longitudinal studies showed a further increase at least up to 60 years of age. The triglyceride level remained rather constant between 15 and 30 years of age, then increased but was again rather similar in the 40--50-year olds and reached the highest level in the 60- and 70-year samples. The total phospholipid curve was approximately parallel with the cholesterol curve at younger ages but nearer the cholesterol curve at higher ages. The composition of the plasma phospholipid fraction apparently changed at the ages around the menopause, mainly due to an increase in the proportions of lecithin and lysolecithin. Data available allowed considerations concerning possible influences on plasma lipids by age, by changes in dietary habits and body composition, as well as by gonadal steroid hormones.", "contents": "Plasma lipid changes in the female in aging and the menopause. Results from three population studies. Postabsorbtive plasma lipid levels have been analyzed in studies of the female population in the Swedish city of Gothenburg. The population samples cover the ages 15, 23, 30, 38, 40, 45, 46, 50, 54, 60 and 70. In some groups data are available from both cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies. Cross-sectional studies showed a successive increase in total plasma cholesterol from 15 to 54 years of age. Longitudinal studies showed a further increase at least up to 60 years of age. The triglyceride level remained rather constant between 15 and 30 years of age, then increased but was again rather similar in the 40--50-year olds and reached the highest level in the 60- and 70-year samples. The total phospholipid curve was approximately parallel with the cholesterol curve at younger ages but nearer the cholesterol curve at higher ages. The composition of the plasma phospholipid fraction apparently changed at the ages around the menopause, mainly due to an increase in the proportions of lecithin and lysolecithin. Data available allowed considerations concerning possible influences on plasma lipids by age, by changes in dietary habits and body composition, as well as by gonadal steroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:302163", "title": "Alpha-I-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes in Lyon, France: departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.", "content": "The validity of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for Pi phenotypes was tested in a population of 1,653 randomly selected, healthy blood donors in Lyon, France. A significant departure from the equilibrium was found, with an excess of FF and SS homozygotes and a deficiency of FM heterozygotes.", "contents": "Alpha-I-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes in Lyon, France: departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The validity of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for Pi phenotypes was tested in a population of 1,653 randomly selected, healthy blood donors in Lyon, France. A significant departure from the equilibrium was found, with an excess of FF and SS homozygotes and a deficiency of FM heterozygotes."}
{"id": "PMID:302164", "title": "Persisting lymphocyte deficiences during remission in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from nineteen patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested in vitro before and after treatment. The patients were retested in complete and unmaintained remission at least 15 months after termination of radiotherapy. All patients except two had been treated with total nodal irradiation. The lymphocyte-DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and PPD was poor and the spontaneous DNA synthesis was increased in untreated patients. Most patients had a T lymphocytopenia before treatment. After irradiation the total lymphocyte counts were reduced drastically. The number of T lymphocytes was particularly low, though the number of B lymphocytes decreased as well. However, the lymphocyte response to Con A and PPD remained low and unchanged. The results may suggest a persisting immunodeficiency in Hodgkin's disease as reflected by the lymphocyte response to Con A and PPD.", "contents": "Persisting lymphocyte deficiences during remission in Hodgkin's disease. Blood lymphocytes from nineteen patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested in vitro before and after treatment. The patients were retested in complete and unmaintained remission at least 15 months after termination of radiotherapy. All patients except two had been treated with total nodal irradiation. The lymphocyte-DNA synthesis induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and PPD was poor and the spontaneous DNA synthesis was increased in untreated patients. Most patients had a T lymphocytopenia before treatment. After irradiation the total lymphocyte counts were reduced drastically. The number of T lymphocytes was particularly low, though the number of B lymphocytes decreased as well. However, the lymphocyte response to Con A and PPD remained low and unchanged. The results may suggest a persisting immunodeficiency in Hodgkin's disease as reflected by the lymphocyte response to Con A and PPD."}
{"id": "PMID:302165", "title": "Relationships between antibodies to native DNA and glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Anti-native DNA antibodies have been evaluated in forty-six lupus patients' sera for antigen-binding capacity, affinity and precipitating activity. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was significantly correlated with the presence of high serum level of free anti-native DNA antibodies. Weak affinities were more often found in patients with than without glomerular changes but several patients had high-affinity anti-DNA antibodies and severe glomerulonephritis. No correlation was found between anti-DNA antibody-precipitating activity and renal lesions.", "contents": "Relationships between antibodies to native DNA and glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-native DNA antibodies have been evaluated in forty-six lupus patients' sera for antigen-binding capacity, affinity and precipitating activity. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was significantly correlated with the presence of high serum level of free anti-native DNA antibodies. Weak affinities were more often found in patients with than without glomerular changes but several patients had high-affinity anti-DNA antibodies and severe glomerulonephritis. No correlation was found between anti-DNA antibody-precipitating activity and renal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:302166", "title": "Detection and characterization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "DNase digestion of SLE serum, with consequent release of bound DNA antibody has been proposed as a method for the direct demonstration of circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes. In the present studies on the serum of a girl with active SLE nephritis, circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes were demonstrated at the precise time of relapse of SLE nephritis. Ultracentrifugation showed that these complexes were of low molecular weight.", "contents": "Detection and characterization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. DNase digestion of SLE serum, with consequent release of bound DNA antibody has been proposed as a method for the direct demonstration of circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes. In the present studies on the serum of a girl with active SLE nephritis, circulating DNA-anti-DNA complexes were demonstrated at the precise time of relapse of SLE nephritis. Ultracentrifugation showed that these complexes were of low molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:302167", "title": "Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "In ten patients with CLL and in eight controls T lymphocytes were separated out by the rosetting method. The in vitro reactivity of these cells and of unseparated lymphocytes was studied in cultures without stimulants. A net increase of spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was found in the populations enriched with T cells in patients with CLL with respect to analogous populations in the controls. This increase is interpreted as a cell-mediated immunological reaction and due to T-cell sensitization towards the neoplastic B cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. In ten patients with CLL and in eight controls T lymphocytes were separated out by the rosetting method. The in vitro reactivity of these cells and of unseparated lymphocytes was studied in cultures without stimulants. A net increase of spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was found in the populations enriched with T cells in patients with CLL with respect to analogous populations in the controls. This increase is interpreted as a cell-mediated immunological reaction and due to T-cell sensitization towards the neoplastic B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302168", "title": "Suppressor T cells prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.", "content": "Immune suppression (immunoprotection) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in (SJL X BALB/c)F1 mice using inocular of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH), or mouse basic protein of myelin (M-BPM), in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Such immunization specifically recruited lymphoid cells which markedly suppressed the capacity of effector lymph node cells from appropriately immunized syngeneic mice to transfer adoptively EAE. Suppression was demonstrable with transfer of bone marrow and spleen cells, but not with lymph nodes or thymus cells. Adoptively transferred suppression was maximal when cells were injected 9-30 days after the suppressive injection. Inhibition of EAE by suppressor cells was specific for the relavant antigen BPM, and required viable cells. Treatment of cells with anti-Thy-1 serum before transfer abolished their suppressor activity. After adoptive transfer of suppressor cells into syngeneic recipients subsequently immunized for EAE, there was inhibition of EAE and reduced cell-mediated immune response to BPM as judged by macrophage migration inhibition assays. Hence, in mice at least, immuno-protection against EAE is explicable by recruitment of suppressor T lymphocytes with the dual capacities of inhibiting development of effector T cells after antigenic stimulation, and of blocking their damaging effects on the antigen in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Immune suppression (immunoprotection) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was studied in (SJL X BALB/c)F1 mice using inocular of mouse spinal cord homogenate (MSCH), or mouse basic protein of myelin (M-BPM), in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA). Such immunization specifically recruited lymphoid cells which markedly suppressed the capacity of effector lymph node cells from appropriately immunized syngeneic mice to transfer adoptively EAE. Suppression was demonstrable with transfer of bone marrow and spleen cells, but not with lymph nodes or thymus cells. Adoptively transferred suppression was maximal when cells were injected 9-30 days after the suppressive injection. Inhibition of EAE by suppressor cells was specific for the relavant antigen BPM, and required viable cells. Treatment of cells with anti-Thy-1 serum before transfer abolished their suppressor activity. After adoptive transfer of suppressor cells into syngeneic recipients subsequently immunized for EAE, there was inhibition of EAE and reduced cell-mediated immune response to BPM as judged by macrophage migration inhibition assays. Hence, in mice at least, immuno-protection against EAE is explicable by recruitment of suppressor T lymphocytes with the dual capacities of inhibiting development of effector T cells after antigenic stimulation, and of blocking their damaging effects on the antigen in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:302169", "title": "Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "The functional changes in splenic lymphoid populations from mice infected with T. brucei strain S42 were studied throughout the 3 weeks of infection. Within a week of infection, proliferation of B and T cells profoundly increased as shown by 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation and fluorescent staining of surface Ig; the spleen cells secreted high levels of both IgM and IgG immediately cells were put into culture; but with progressing infection this Ig production declined. The early effect on T cells was reflected by lack of responsiveness to PHA. B-cell potential was studied in low-density cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (E. coli). Normal spleen cells proliferate extensively in these cultures with subsequent secretion of IgG as well as IgM. The ability to proliferate and produce Ig in response to LPS was severely depressed by day 7 and almost totally absent by day 12 of infection. Removal of T cells from the spleen cells obtained early in infection partly restored the response to LPS but as the infection neared its fatal end, B-cell potential appeared to become exhausted. Macrophages obtained from infected mice even early in infection profoundly depressed the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in LPS cultures. The general immunodepressing effect of trypanosomes can be attributed to clonal exhaustion of B-cell potential caused by an undefined blastogenic stimulus from the parasites which may operate at least in part by the generation of suppressive T cells and macrophages.", "contents": "Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei. The functional changes in splenic lymphoid populations from mice infected with T. brucei strain S42 were studied throughout the 3 weeks of infection. Within a week of infection, proliferation of B and T cells profoundly increased as shown by 3H-labelled thymidine incorporation and fluorescent staining of surface Ig; the spleen cells secreted high levels of both IgM and IgG immediately cells were put into culture; but with progressing infection this Ig production declined. The early effect on T cells was reflected by lack of responsiveness to PHA. B-cell potential was studied in low-density cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (E. coli). Normal spleen cells proliferate extensively in these cultures with subsequent secretion of IgG as well as IgM. The ability to proliferate and produce Ig in response to LPS was severely depressed by day 7 and almost totally absent by day 12 of infection. Removal of T cells from the spleen cells obtained early in infection partly restored the response to LPS but as the infection neared its fatal end, B-cell potential appeared to become exhausted. Macrophages obtained from infected mice even early in infection profoundly depressed the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate and secrete immunoglobulin in LPS cultures. The general immunodepressing effect of trypanosomes can be attributed to clonal exhaustion of B-cell potential caused by an undefined blastogenic stimulus from the parasites which may operate at least in part by the generation of suppressive T cells and macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:302170", "title": "The mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide on the nephritis of (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "The effects of cyclophosphamide an antinuclear antibody levels, immune complex deposition in renal glomeruli, glomerular cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in the (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse have been investigated in order to better understand the mechanism of action of this drug on nephritis. Five groups of mice were injected daily with this agent (15 mg/kg) by the i.p. route over a 2-month period. Treatment periods began at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months. Each group was killed at the end of the treatment period. During the last week [3H]Tdr(1 mu Ci/g) was injected daily i.p. Immune complex deposition was measured by quantification of glomerular immunofluorescent staining in both capillary loops and mesangium. Glomerular cell proliferation was quantified by measurement of the number of glomerular cells which incorporated [3H]Tdr during in vivo labelling. The number of [3H]Tdr-labelled cells in each of 100 glomeruli was counted using kidney autoradiographs of whole kidney slices. This technique provided a very reproducible and quantitative index of glomerular cell proliferation. Glomerulosclerosis was measured by determining percentage of PAS-positive material in each of 100 counted glomeruli. Immune complex deposition in the kidney preceded the glomerular cell proliferation. The proliferation reached a peak at 9 months of age. Glomerulosclerosis gradually increased with age until the animal's death. Cyclophosphamide significantly decreased antinuclear antibody levels, glomerular cell proliferation, and immunoglobulin staining in the glomeruli. Progression of glomerulosclerosis was significantly arrested. The present findings demonstrate a very significant effect of cyclophosphamide on three important pathological changes which occur in the nephritis of the (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse and provide information about possible mechanisms underlying these changes.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of cyclophosphamide on the nephritis of (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mice. The effects of cyclophosphamide an antinuclear antibody levels, immune complex deposition in renal glomeruli, glomerular cell proliferation and glomerulosclerosis in the (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse have been investigated in order to better understand the mechanism of action of this drug on nephritis. Five groups of mice were injected daily with this agent (15 mg/kg) by the i.p. route over a 2-month period. Treatment periods began at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months. Each group was killed at the end of the treatment period. During the last week [3H]Tdr(1 mu Ci/g) was injected daily i.p. Immune complex deposition was measured by quantification of glomerular immunofluorescent staining in both capillary loops and mesangium. Glomerular cell proliferation was quantified by measurement of the number of glomerular cells which incorporated [3H]Tdr during in vivo labelling. The number of [3H]Tdr-labelled cells in each of 100 glomeruli was counted using kidney autoradiographs of whole kidney slices. This technique provided a very reproducible and quantitative index of glomerular cell proliferation. Glomerulosclerosis was measured by determining percentage of PAS-positive material in each of 100 counted glomeruli. Immune complex deposition in the kidney preceded the glomerular cell proliferation. The proliferation reached a peak at 9 months of age. Glomerulosclerosis gradually increased with age until the animal's death. Cyclophosphamide significantly decreased antinuclear antibody levels, glomerular cell proliferation, and immunoglobulin staining in the glomeruli. Progression of glomerulosclerosis was significantly arrested. The present findings demonstrate a very significant effect of cyclophosphamide on three important pathological changes which occur in the nephritis of the (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid mouse and provide information about possible mechanisms underlying these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:302173", "title": "Selective expression of separate I-region loci in functionally different lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Determinants controlled by separate loci mapping in the I region of the H-2 gene complex are selectively expressed on subpopulations of lymphocytes which play different roles in generating humoral responses. The Ia-4 locus, which marks a new I subregion, designated I-J, controls determinants found on allotype suppressor and normal (nonsuppressed) T lymphocytes. These determinants are not present on helper T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. In contrast, the Ia-1 locus, which marks the I-A subregion, controls determinants present on B lymphocytes but not on suppressor or helper T lymphocytes. Another locus (subregion not known) controls determinants which distinguish helper T lymphocytes from suppressor T lymphocytes. Such selective expression suggests that the products of these loci may plan an integral role in lymphocyte interactions.", "contents": "Selective expression of separate I-region loci in functionally different lymphocyte subpopulations. Determinants controlled by separate loci mapping in the I region of the H-2 gene complex are selectively expressed on subpopulations of lymphocytes which play different roles in generating humoral responses. The Ia-4 locus, which marks a new I subregion, designated I-J, controls determinants found on allotype suppressor and normal (nonsuppressed) T lymphocytes. These determinants are not present on helper T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes. In contrast, the Ia-1 locus, which marks the I-A subregion, controls determinants present on B lymphocytes but not on suppressor or helper T lymphocytes. Another locus (subregion not known) controls determinants which distinguish helper T lymphocytes from suppressor T lymphocytes. Such selective expression suggests that the products of these loci may plan an integral role in lymphocyte interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:302176", "title": "Recognition of alterations induced by early vaccinia surface antigens and dependence of virus-specific lysis on H-2 antigen concentration on target cells.", "content": "Specific recognition of antigens by cytolytic T lymphocytes sensitized to vaccinia virus was tested by monolayer adsorption. Adsorption was possible only on monolayers also expressing syngenic H-2 as viral antigens present during the sensitization phase. Vaccinia-virus-infected target cells were subjected to papain and neuraminidase treatment. H-2 antigenic determinants could be removed by papain treatment. Due to virus-specific inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis, reexpression of H-2 antigenic determinants did not take place, but viral surface antigens were resynthesized. Susceptibility of target cells to T-cell-mediated lysis was decreased after papain treatment. Substrains of vaccinia virus were used in order to define the minimal changes induced by vaccinia virus necessary for T-cell sensitization in vivo and target-cell lysis in vitro. When the immune response to a conditioanl lethal mutant strain of vaccinia virus was investigated, it could be demonstrated that expression of early surface antigens is sufficient for induction of the cellular immune reactions. These data were confirmed by inhibition studies with virus-specific antisera.", "contents": "Recognition of alterations induced by early vaccinia surface antigens and dependence of virus-specific lysis on H-2 antigen concentration on target cells. Specific recognition of antigens by cytolytic T lymphocytes sensitized to vaccinia virus was tested by monolayer adsorption. Adsorption was possible only on monolayers also expressing syngenic H-2 as viral antigens present during the sensitization phase. Vaccinia-virus-infected target cells were subjected to papain and neuraminidase treatment. H-2 antigenic determinants could be removed by papain treatment. Due to virus-specific inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis, reexpression of H-2 antigenic determinants did not take place, but viral surface antigens were resynthesized. Susceptibility of target cells to T-cell-mediated lysis was decreased after papain treatment. Substrains of vaccinia virus were used in order to define the minimal changes induced by vaccinia virus necessary for T-cell sensitization in vivo and target-cell lysis in vitro. When the immune response to a conditioanl lethal mutant strain of vaccinia virus was investigated, it could be demonstrated that expression of early surface antigens is sufficient for induction of the cellular immune reactions. These data were confirmed by inhibition studies with virus-specific antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:302179", "title": "Antigen activation of T lymphocytes: influence of major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "There is considerable evidence that T-cell activation to soluble antigens occurs only if this is processed by macrophages and displayed appropiately on the cell membrane in association with products of the genes of the MHC. The genes responsible differ according to the cells and antigens involved. For cytotoxicity, targets and killer T cells must share K- or D-region gene products. For delayed-type hypersensitivity to FGG in mice, I-A identity is necessary; for DNFB, identity at either the I, K, or D region is sufficient. Experiments using three different approaches do not support the notion that these genetic constraints are due to the necessity for the T cell and stimulator cell to match an identical gene product or cell-interaction molecule. Rather, they favor the hypothesis that there are receptors on the activated T cell which recognize antigen and products of genes of the MHC. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of (1) different T-cell subsets, (2) the mode of action of Ir genes, and (3) the possible parallel evolution of T-cell receptors for antigen and gene products of the MHC.", "contents": "Antigen activation of T lymphocytes: influence of major histocompatibility complex. There is considerable evidence that T-cell activation to soluble antigens occurs only if this is processed by macrophages and displayed appropiately on the cell membrane in association with products of the genes of the MHC. The genes responsible differ according to the cells and antigens involved. For cytotoxicity, targets and killer T cells must share K- or D-region gene products. For delayed-type hypersensitivity to FGG in mice, I-A identity is necessary; for DNFB, identity at either the I, K, or D region is sufficient. Experiments using three different approaches do not support the notion that these genetic constraints are due to the necessity for the T cell and stimulator cell to match an identical gene product or cell-interaction molecule. Rather, they favor the hypothesis that there are receptors on the activated T cell which recognize antigen and products of genes of the MHC. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of (1) different T-cell subsets, (2) the mode of action of Ir genes, and (3) the possible parallel evolution of T-cell receptors for antigen and gene products of the MHC."}
{"id": "PMID:302195", "title": "An information system for clinical recording, administrative decision making, evaluation, and research.", "content": "An information system suitable for clinical, administrative, and research uses is described. The source document is a modified problem-oriented record in which progress on each problem can be measured by a goal attainment scaling technique during therapy, at termination, and at follow-up. The model deals with the problem of how specific the goals should be by establishing two evaluation procedures. One procedure is based on predefined long-term general goals of therapy. The other procedure deals with therapist defined short-term goals and procedures.", "contents": "An information system for clinical recording, administrative decision making, evaluation, and research. An information system suitable for clinical, administrative, and research uses is described. The source document is a modified problem-oriented record in which progress on each problem can be measured by a goal attainment scaling technique during therapy, at termination, and at follow-up. The model deals with the problem of how specific the goals should be by establishing two evaluation procedures. One procedure is based on predefined long-term general goals of therapy. The other procedure deals with therapist defined short-term goals and procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:302197", "title": "Oral contraceptives and hypertension.", "content": "A variety of studies have noted that the use of oral contraceptives generally leads to mild increases in blood pressure which are usually reversible when the medication is discontinued. Representative data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study and the Royal College of General Practitioners Study concerning the magnitude of excess risk and relation to duration of use and pull content are shown. Preliminary data from women, aged 25-34 years, taking multiphasic health checkups in Oakland and San Francisco, suggest that black as well as white women are susceptible to this side effect of oral contraceptives. A method is given for estimating the proportion of hypertensives among a population of young women that is attributable to oral contraceptive use. Although the risk of pull-induced hypertension is small for the average user, oral contraceptives appear to be an important identifiable cause of hypertension in samples of women studied.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and hypertension. A variety of studies have noted that the use of oral contraceptives generally leads to mild increases in blood pressure which are usually reversible when the medication is discontinued. Representative data from the Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study and the Royal College of General Practitioners Study concerning the magnitude of excess risk and relation to duration of use and pull content are shown. Preliminary data from women, aged 25-34 years, taking multiphasic health checkups in Oakland and San Francisco, suggest that black as well as white women are susceptible to this side effect of oral contraceptives. A method is given for estimating the proportion of hypertensives among a population of young women that is attributable to oral contraceptive use. Although the risk of pull-induced hypertension is small for the average user, oral contraceptives appear to be an important identifiable cause of hypertension in samples of women studied."}
{"id": "PMID:302198", "title": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients in a respiratory intensive care unit.", "content": "Significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 20% (20) of the patients in a respiratory intensive care unit. Risk factors significantly associated with the development of gastrointestinal hemorrhage included (1) the principal respiratory diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome; (2) increasing numbers of days on a ventilator, days in the respiratory intensive care unit, and total days of hospitalization; and (3) the development of thrombocytopenia. Factors not associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage were the age and sex of the patient, the respiratory diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the use of therapy with either heparin or corticosteroids. Routine prophylactic administration of antacids was associated with a decreased incidence of hemorrhage. The mortality of bleeders was significantly greater than that of nonbleeders.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients in a respiratory intensive care unit. Significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in 20% (20) of the patients in a respiratory intensive care unit. Risk factors significantly associated with the development of gastrointestinal hemorrhage included (1) the principal respiratory diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome; (2) increasing numbers of days on a ventilator, days in the respiratory intensive care unit, and total days of hospitalization; and (3) the development of thrombocytopenia. Factors not associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage were the age and sex of the patient, the respiratory diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the use of therapy with either heparin or corticosteroids. Routine prophylactic administration of antacids was associated with a decreased incidence of hemorrhage. The mortality of bleeders was significantly greater than that of nonbleeders."}
{"id": "PMID:302206", "title": "Mercuric chloride-induced anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the rat: genetic control.", "content": "Mercuric chloride induces anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat. Various other inbred rat strains (Lewis, Wistar AG, August, PVG/c) were not found to be able to produce such antibodies under the same experimental conditions. Hybrids (F1, F2 and F1 x LEW) were bred from Brown-Norway and Lewis rats and injected with mercuric chloride. It has been demonstrated that the induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies by mercuric chloride in these crosses is under genetic control. The response was found to depend on two or three genes one of which was H-1-linked. The negative results obtained with L.BN congenic rats were in complete agreement with this conclusion.", "contents": "Mercuric chloride-induced anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the rat: genetic control. Mercuric chloride induces anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies in the Brown-Norway rat. Various other inbred rat strains (Lewis, Wistar AG, August, PVG/c) were not found to be able to produce such antibodies under the same experimental conditions. Hybrids (F1, F2 and F1 x LEW) were bred from Brown-Norway and Lewis rats and injected with mercuric chloride. It has been demonstrated that the induction of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies by mercuric chloride in these crosses is under genetic control. The response was found to depend on two or three genes one of which was H-1-linked. The negative results obtained with L.BN congenic rats were in complete agreement with this conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:302207", "title": "Increase in T cell mitogen responsiveness in rat thymocytes by thymic epithelial culture supernatant.", "content": "Supernatants from rat thymic epithelial cultures (TES) increased [14C]thymidine incorporation into rat thymocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A, whereas supernatants from nonthymic control tissue cultures had no effect. It was demonstrated that the increased mitogen responsiveness was at least partially due to an increase in the number of responsive cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that the target cell for TES resides among the cortisone-sensitive population of thymocytes. The continuous presence of TES provided the best conditions for enhancement of mitogen stimulation. The addition of TES had very little effect on mitogen-stimulated spleen and lymph node lymphocyte cultures. The data suggest that, in the presence of TES, a cortisone-sensitive, PHA-nonresponsive subpopulation of rat thymocytes is induced to respond to PHA.", "contents": "Increase in T cell mitogen responsiveness in rat thymocytes by thymic epithelial culture supernatant. Supernatants from rat thymic epithelial cultures (TES) increased [14C]thymidine incorporation into rat thymocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A, whereas supernatants from nonthymic control tissue cultures had no effect. It was demonstrated that the increased mitogen responsiveness was at least partially due to an increase in the number of responsive cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that the target cell for TES resides among the cortisone-sensitive population of thymocytes. The continuous presence of TES provided the best conditions for enhancement of mitogen stimulation. The addition of TES had very little effect on mitogen-stimulated spleen and lymph node lymphocyte cultures. The data suggest that, in the presence of TES, a cortisone-sensitive, PHA-nonresponsive subpopulation of rat thymocytes is induced to respond to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:302208", "title": "Effect of tumor cells on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. I. Accessory cell functions of mouse tumor cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro: replacement of adherent phagocytic cells by tumor cells or 2-mercaptoethanol.", "content": "In agreement with previous reports, the primary in vitro response to alloantigens has been shown to be dependent on the presence of macrophages (Mphs). Splenocytes extensively depleted of adherent phagocytic cells did not generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and this activity could be completely restored by small numbers of adherent peritoneal cells (accessory cells). Either P388D1 (Mph-like tumor), P388 (\"null\" tumor) or P815 (mastocytoma) tumor cells, or 2-mercaptoethanol, could completely replace the accessory function normally mediated by accessory cells. These tumor cells did not non-specifically \"enhance\" the cytotoxic activity generated with normal nondepleted spleen cells. The restored cultures maintained killing specificity to H-2 targets which was mediated by effector T cells as shown by sensitivity to anti-theta and complement. Therefore, Mphs seem not to be the sole cells capable of mediating an accessory function in a primary response to alloantigens in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of tumor cells on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. I. Accessory cell functions of mouse tumor cells in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro: replacement of adherent phagocytic cells by tumor cells or 2-mercaptoethanol. In agreement with previous reports, the primary in vitro response to alloantigens has been shown to be dependent on the presence of macrophages (Mphs). Splenocytes extensively depleted of adherent phagocytic cells did not generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and this activity could be completely restored by small numbers of adherent peritoneal cells (accessory cells). Either P388D1 (Mph-like tumor), P388 (\"null\" tumor) or P815 (mastocytoma) tumor cells, or 2-mercaptoethanol, could completely replace the accessory function normally mediated by accessory cells. These tumor cells did not non-specifically \"enhance\" the cytotoxic activity generated with normal nondepleted spleen cells. The restored cultures maintained killing specificity to H-2 targets which was mediated by effector T cells as shown by sensitivity to anti-theta and complement. Therefore, Mphs seem not to be the sole cells capable of mediating an accessory function in a primary response to alloantigens in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:302209", "title": "Cellular events in protein-tolerant inbred rats. IV. The mechanism of immunogen-maintained tolerance.", "content": "The ability of immunogens to maintain or extend a state of unresponsiveness was investigated in unbred rats using a human serum albumin (HSA) model of tolerance. Rats initially challenged with immunogen within two weeks of high or low dose tolerance induction by tolerogen (soluble HSA) remained hyporesponsive even a year and a half later and in some cases became less responsive following a subsequent challenge. An inhibitory effect of immunogen on escape from tolerance was formally demonstrated: in comparison with an unchallenged group, tolerant rats which received a second immunogen challenge 6 months after the first, synthesized less antibody; this antibody underwent a gradual decline in affinity after each challenge which suggested that higher avidity B cells were progressively lost. In addition, immunogen-maintained tolerant rats (a) had demonstrable helper T cell activity among their thoracic duct lymphocytes on adoptive transfer, (b) did not produce a significant increase in antibody synthesis after receiving peripheral T cells and (c) provided no evidence that suppressor cells were playing a role. The results suggested that the mechanisms of tolerance induction by tolerogen and tolerance maintenance by immunogen are fundamentally different.", "contents": "Cellular events in protein-tolerant inbred rats. IV. The mechanism of immunogen-maintained tolerance. The ability of immunogens to maintain or extend a state of unresponsiveness was investigated in unbred rats using a human serum albumin (HSA) model of tolerance. Rats initially challenged with immunogen within two weeks of high or low dose tolerance induction by tolerogen (soluble HSA) remained hyporesponsive even a year and a half later and in some cases became less responsive following a subsequent challenge. An inhibitory effect of immunogen on escape from tolerance was formally demonstrated: in comparison with an unchallenged group, tolerant rats which received a second immunogen challenge 6 months after the first, synthesized less antibody; this antibody underwent a gradual decline in affinity after each challenge which suggested that higher avidity B cells were progressively lost. In addition, immunogen-maintained tolerant rats (a) had demonstrable helper T cell activity among their thoracic duct lymphocytes on adoptive transfer, (b) did not produce a significant increase in antibody synthesis after receiving peripheral T cells and (c) provided no evidence that suppressor cells were playing a role. The results suggested that the mechanisms of tolerance induction by tolerogen and tolerance maintenance by immunogen are fundamentally different."}
{"id": "PMID:302210", "title": "H-2 gene complementation in cytotoxic T cell responses of female against male cells.", "content": "H-2 gene-dependent nonresponsiveness and responsiveness to H-2-matched male cells can be observed in cytotoxic assays in several mouse strains. H-2 genes of several low responder strains can complement each other in cis or trans position to produce high responders. One of the H-2 gene products functions at the level of antigen-presenting cells (stimulators, targets), the other must be expressed in the responding T cell population.", "contents": "H-2 gene complementation in cytotoxic T cell responses of female against male cells. H-2 gene-dependent nonresponsiveness and responsiveness to H-2-matched male cells can be observed in cytotoxic assays in several mouse strains. H-2 genes of several low responder strains can complement each other in cis or trans position to produce high responders. One of the H-2 gene products functions at the level of antigen-presenting cells (stimulators, targets), the other must be expressed in the responding T cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:302211", "title": "Accessory cell dependence of lectin-induced proliferation of mouse T lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse lymph node cells were exposed to carbonyl iron and a magnet to remove phagocytic cells, and passed over Sephadex G-10 and nylon wool and incubated for 12 h on plastic to remove adherent cells and their precursors. More than 99% of the cells in this macrophage-depleted population (which constituted 3-5% of the starting population) were Thy-1+ and Ly-1+, while less than 2% were Ly-2+. These cells usually did not synthesize detectable amounts of DNA when cultured with concanavalin A and responded poorly to phytohemagglutinin. These proliferative responses were completely reconstituted by small numbers of syngeneic or allogeneic peritoneal cells, purified peritoneal macrophages or cells from tertiary cultures of mouse embryo 'fibroblasts', but not by 3T3 cells, P815 mastocytoma cells or Nulli SCC-1 embryonal carcinoma cells, or by 2-mercaptoethanol. The reconstituting peritoneal cells were Thy-1--, Ia+ and present in nu/nu mice; although they had to be alive to reconstitute, they did not have to divide. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that T cell proliferation induced by lectins, like that induced by antigens, may involve the dual recognition of stimulating ligand in association with major histocompatibility complex (Ia) determinants.", "contents": "Accessory cell dependence of lectin-induced proliferation of mouse T lymphocytes. Mouse lymph node cells were exposed to carbonyl iron and a magnet to remove phagocytic cells, and passed over Sephadex G-10 and nylon wool and incubated for 12 h on plastic to remove adherent cells and their precursors. More than 99% of the cells in this macrophage-depleted population (which constituted 3-5% of the starting population) were Thy-1+ and Ly-1+, while less than 2% were Ly-2+. These cells usually did not synthesize detectable amounts of DNA when cultured with concanavalin A and responded poorly to phytohemagglutinin. These proliferative responses were completely reconstituted by small numbers of syngeneic or allogeneic peritoneal cells, purified peritoneal macrophages or cells from tertiary cultures of mouse embryo 'fibroblasts', but not by 3T3 cells, P815 mastocytoma cells or Nulli SCC-1 embryonal carcinoma cells, or by 2-mercaptoethanol. The reconstituting peritoneal cells were Thy-1--, Ia+ and present in nu/nu mice; although they had to be alive to reconstitute, they did not have to divide. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that T cell proliferation induced by lectins, like that induced by antigens, may involve the dual recognition of stimulating ligand in association with major histocompatibility complex (Ia) determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:302213", "title": "Differential antagonism by chlorpromazine and diazepam of frog motoneurone depolarization induced by glutamate-related amino acids.", "content": "The effects of some central depressant drugs on amino acid-induced depolarization of motoneurons have been determined in the isolate hemisected frog spinal cord. Motoneuron depolarization was recorded from ventral roots and measurements were made in the presence or absence of procaine or tetrodotoxin to minimize indirect effects of both drugs and amino acids. Chlorpromazine (0.05-0.1 mM) and diazepam (0.5 mM) produced a similar differential pattern of depression of amino acid-induced depolarizations. Responses induced by L-homocysteate were markedly antagonized by these drugs, while responses to quisqualate were unaffected. L-Aspartate-induced responses were antagonized more than L-glutamate-induced responses. This pattern of antagonism resembles that previously described for Mg2+. In contrast, pentobarbital (0.1 or 0.3 mM), and the inhibitory amino acids GABA and beta-alanine (0.5-1.0 mM), depressed amino acid-induced responses in a more uniform manner. The differential effects observed with chlorpromazine and diazepam provide further support for the possibility that responses to excitant amino acids structurally related to L-glutamate may have different underlying mechanisms.", "contents": "Differential antagonism by chlorpromazine and diazepam of frog motoneurone depolarization induced by glutamate-related amino acids. The effects of some central depressant drugs on amino acid-induced depolarization of motoneurons have been determined in the isolate hemisected frog spinal cord. Motoneuron depolarization was recorded from ventral roots and measurements were made in the presence or absence of procaine or tetrodotoxin to minimize indirect effects of both drugs and amino acids. Chlorpromazine (0.05-0.1 mM) and diazepam (0.5 mM) produced a similar differential pattern of depression of amino acid-induced depolarizations. Responses induced by L-homocysteate were markedly antagonized by these drugs, while responses to quisqualate were unaffected. L-Aspartate-induced responses were antagonized more than L-glutamate-induced responses. This pattern of antagonism resembles that previously described for Mg2+. In contrast, pentobarbital (0.1 or 0.3 mM), and the inhibitory amino acids GABA and beta-alanine (0.5-1.0 mM), depressed amino acid-induced responses in a more uniform manner. The differential effects observed with chlorpromazine and diazepam provide further support for the possibility that responses to excitant amino acids structurally related to L-glutamate may have different underlying mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:302217", "title": "The nucleocytoplasmic distribution of 3-O-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte.", "content": "Ultra-low temperature microdissection was employed to determine the in situ nucleocytoplasmic distribution 3-O-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte. The nucleocytoplasmic partition ratio, Kn/c, for this non-metabolizable monosaccharide was 1.54 +/- 0.08. The observed asymmetry could be explained by the differential solubility of the solute in the water of the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The nucleocytoplasmic distribution of 3-O-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte. Ultra-low temperature microdissection was employed to determine the in situ nucleocytoplasmic distribution 3-O-methylglucose in the amphibian oocyte. The nucleocytoplasmic partition ratio, Kn/c, for this non-metabolizable monosaccharide was 1.54 +/- 0.08. The observed asymmetry could be explained by the differential solubility of the solute in the water of the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:302218", "title": "Comparative studies on the trichomonacidal activity of 5-nitroimidazole-derivatives in mice infected s.c. or intravaginally with T. vaginalis.", "content": "The trichomonacidal efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole and ornidazole was studied in mice infected s.c., or for comparison purposes intravaginally. In both test systems, the drugs revealed nearly the same order of efficacy, whereby the compounds showed a marked decrease of activity when analyzed in s.c. infected mice.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the trichomonacidal activity of 5-nitroimidazole-derivatives in mice infected s.c. or intravaginally with T. vaginalis. The trichomonacidal efficacy of metronidazole, tinidazole, nimorazole and ornidazole was studied in mice infected s.c., or for comparison purposes intravaginally. In both test systems, the drugs revealed nearly the same order of efficacy, whereby the compounds showed a marked decrease of activity when analyzed in s.c. infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:302219", "title": "An initial phasic depolarization exists in the receptor potential of taste cells.", "content": "When frog taste cells were stimulated by varying salts after adaptation to water, quinine or acetic acid, a phasic depolarization appeared initially in the receptor potential of taste cells. The initial transient depolarization may be related to the enhancement of an initial phasic response in the taste nerve.", "contents": "An initial phasic depolarization exists in the receptor potential of taste cells. When frog taste cells were stimulated by varying salts after adaptation to water, quinine or acetic acid, a phasic depolarization appeared initially in the receptor potential of taste cells. The initial transient depolarization may be related to the enhancement of an initial phasic response in the taste nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:302220", "title": "Carbon dioxide sensitivity of pulmonary receptors in the frog.", "content": "Pulmonary mechano-receptors have been found in the frog lung that are sensitive to CO2 concentrations in the lungs and airways comparable to the physiological levels recorded in frogs. These results support the suggestion that a pulmonary receptor with distinct mechano- and chemosensitive properties may represent the functional precursor of the more specialized pulmonary receptor types which have evolved in birds and mammals.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide sensitivity of pulmonary receptors in the frog. Pulmonary mechano-receptors have been found in the frog lung that are sensitive to CO2 concentrations in the lungs and airways comparable to the physiological levels recorded in frogs. These results support the suggestion that a pulmonary receptor with distinct mechano- and chemosensitive properties may represent the functional precursor of the more specialized pulmonary receptor types which have evolved in birds and mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:302225", "title": "[Role of creatine phosphokinase systems in regulating the force of myocardial contraction in frog ventricles].", "content": "Creatine phosphate (10 and 20 mM) increased both the force of contraction and action potential duration in isolated frog heart strips. In concentration of 75 mM creatine phosphate increased the force of contraction during first minutes with its following decrease. Action potential duration was also increased during this period. These data suggest existence of receptory sites for creatine phosphate in the heart cells: the myofibrillar creatine phosphokinase system where creatine phosphate increases the force of contraction; and the cellular membranes where creatine phosphate decreases the rate of membrane repolarization. Dinitrofluorobenzene (1.5 mM) completely inhibited contraction of the heart strips and significantly decreased the duration and intensity of action potential. The data obtained are discussed from the view--point of existence of a creatine phosphate pathway for intracellular energy transport in the heart cells.", "contents": "[Role of creatine phosphokinase systems in regulating the force of myocardial contraction in frog ventricles]. Creatine phosphate (10 and 20 mM) increased both the force of contraction and action potential duration in isolated frog heart strips. In concentration of 75 mM creatine phosphate increased the force of contraction during first minutes with its following decrease. Action potential duration was also increased during this period. These data suggest existence of receptory sites for creatine phosphate in the heart cells: the myofibrillar creatine phosphokinase system where creatine phosphate increases the force of contraction; and the cellular membranes where creatine phosphate decreases the rate of membrane repolarization. Dinitrofluorobenzene (1.5 mM) completely inhibited contraction of the heart strips and significantly decreased the duration and intensity of action potential. The data obtained are discussed from the view--point of existence of a creatine phosphate pathway for intracellular energy transport in the heart cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302226", "title": "[Intracardiac nervous regulation of the systolic and diastolic activity of isolated heart ventricle].", "content": "In isolated hearts of cats and frogs, sistolic and diastolic pressure in the ventricle, volume speed, speed of contraction and relaxation, and indexes of contractability and elasticity, were estimated during stretching of the venous receptacle. The data showed that the stretching increased both the sistolic and diastolic activities of the ventricle. Shunting off of the intracardial nervous apparatus prevented these interrelationships. The increase in the ventricle sistolic and diastolic activities due to stimulation of mechanoreceptors of the heart venous receptacles can be regarded as the display of a regulatory activity of intracardial nervous system related to changes of the blood volume coming to the venous receptacles.", "contents": "[Intracardiac nervous regulation of the systolic and diastolic activity of isolated heart ventricle]. In isolated hearts of cats and frogs, sistolic and diastolic pressure in the ventricle, volume speed, speed of contraction and relaxation, and indexes of contractability and elasticity, were estimated during stretching of the venous receptacle. The data showed that the stretching increased both the sistolic and diastolic activities of the ventricle. Shunting off of the intracardial nervous apparatus prevented these interrelationships. The increase in the ventricle sistolic and diastolic activities due to stimulation of mechanoreceptors of the heart venous receptacles can be regarded as the display of a regulatory activity of intracardial nervous system related to changes of the blood volume coming to the venous receptacles."}
{"id": "PMID:302231", "title": "Endoscopic laser treatment. II. Comparison of the efficacy of high and low power photocoagulation in control of severely bleeding experimental ulcers in dogs.", "content": "The coagulative efficacy of a \"high power\" argon laser which delivers 6.5 +/- 1.0 w was compared to that of a \"low power\" argon laser which delivers 1.0 +/- 0.1 w. The wave-guide angle of divergence was 8 degrees. For the high power laser, the distance between the wave-guide tip and the mucosa varied from 1.0 to 1.5 cm with a delivered power density range of 160 to 487 w per cm2. For the low power laser, the distance between the tip and mucosa varied from 0.7 to 1.3 cm with a power density of 35 to 146 w per cm2. Group A consisted of acute experiments in 6 heparinized dogs in which 51 standard-sized acute gastric ulcers extending into the submucosa were made at laparotomy via a large gastrotomy. Ulcer bleeding rates were quantified into three categories of severity. Within each category, ulcers were randomized to high power, low power, or untreated control. All 19 low power-treated ulcers and 16 untreated controls continued bleeding; 13 of 16 high power-treated ulcers stopped bleeding completely. Representative ulcers were examined histologically. Group B consisted of chronic experiments on 31 ulcers in 7 unheparinized dogs. These ulcers were either treated with high power or left as untreated controls. Dogs were killed and the ulcers were examined histologically at 7, 14, and 28 days. Only rarely did the laser injury penetrate into the muscularis externa. There were no perforations. By 14 days, all lesions were covered with normal surface epithelium. These data encourage further development of congruent to 7.0 w argon laser photocoagulation for eventual clinical use in man.", "contents": "Endoscopic laser treatment. II. Comparison of the efficacy of high and low power photocoagulation in control of severely bleeding experimental ulcers in dogs. The coagulative efficacy of a \"high power\" argon laser which delivers 6.5 +/- 1.0 w was compared to that of a \"low power\" argon laser which delivers 1.0 +/- 0.1 w. The wave-guide angle of divergence was 8 degrees. For the high power laser, the distance between the wave-guide tip and the mucosa varied from 1.0 to 1.5 cm with a delivered power density range of 160 to 487 w per cm2. For the low power laser, the distance between the tip and mucosa varied from 0.7 to 1.3 cm with a power density of 35 to 146 w per cm2. Group A consisted of acute experiments in 6 heparinized dogs in which 51 standard-sized acute gastric ulcers extending into the submucosa were made at laparotomy via a large gastrotomy. Ulcer bleeding rates were quantified into three categories of severity. Within each category, ulcers were randomized to high power, low power, or untreated control. All 19 low power-treated ulcers and 16 untreated controls continued bleeding; 13 of 16 high power-treated ulcers stopped bleeding completely. Representative ulcers were examined histologically. Group B consisted of chronic experiments on 31 ulcers in 7 unheparinized dogs. These ulcers were either treated with high power or left as untreated controls. Dogs were killed and the ulcers were examined histologically at 7, 14, and 28 days. Only rarely did the laser injury penetrate into the muscularis externa. There were no perforations. By 14 days, all lesions were covered with normal surface epithelium. These data encourage further development of congruent to 7.0 w argon laser photocoagulation for eventual clinical use in man."}
{"id": "PMID:302237", "title": "Morphologic changes in adverse drug reactions in infants and children.", "content": "The morphologic findings in 102 validated cases of adverse drug reactions classified in the \"causative\" and \"probable\" category are reported. All of them are well documented cases of drug associated reactions. The patterns of tissue reactions in these cases are divided into the following categories: inflammation, degeneration and infiltration, hypoplasia and aplasia, hyperplasia, necrosis, circulatory disturbances and vascular abnormalities, and teratogenesis. Degeneration and infiltration constitute the most common tissue reaction pattern present in these cases. The liver is the organ most frequently affected. Anti-infective drugs were associated with the highest number of adverse drug reactions, followed by antineoplastic drugs.", "contents": "Morphologic changes in adverse drug reactions in infants and children. The morphologic findings in 102 validated cases of adverse drug reactions classified in the \"causative\" and \"probable\" category are reported. All of them are well documented cases of drug associated reactions. The patterns of tissue reactions in these cases are divided into the following categories: inflammation, degeneration and infiltration, hypoplasia and aplasia, hyperplasia, necrosis, circulatory disturbances and vascular abnormalities, and teratogenesis. Degeneration and infiltration constitute the most common tissue reaction pattern present in these cases. The liver is the organ most frequently affected. Anti-infective drugs were associated with the highest number of adverse drug reactions, followed by antineoplastic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:302239", "title": "Effect of streptolysin S on human and mouse T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of streptolysin S on T and B human and mouse lymphocytes was studied. The dose-dependent inhibition of T cell rosette formation was observed, and this was accompanied by a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The existence of a difference in the degree of susceptibility of T and B cells to the cytotoxic effect of streptolysin S is shown.", "contents": "Effect of streptolysin S on human and mouse T and B lymphocytes. The effect of streptolysin S on T and B human and mouse lymphocytes was studied. The dose-dependent inhibition of T cell rosette formation was observed, and this was accompanied by a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The existence of a difference in the degree of susceptibility of T and B cells to the cytotoxic effect of streptolysin S is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:302240", "title": "Preparation of arthritogenic hydrosoluble peptidoglycans from both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic bacterial cell walls.", "content": "Cell wall lytic enzyme (Kyowa lytic no. 2 enzyme) liberated arthritogenic hydrosoluble peptidoglycans from both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic bacterial cell walls. From these cell walls, mutanolysin (peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme) also liberated hydrosoluble peptidoglycans which, however, lacked arthritogenicity. Based on the chemical composition of these peptidoglycans, it was suggested that their arthritis-inducing ability depends on a relatively long chain of glycan units that consists of repeated units of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramic acid. However, the glycan chain lengths on these peptidoglycans appeared to be related to their adjuvancy rather than to an antigen(s) responsible for development of arthritis in rats.", "contents": "Preparation of arthritogenic hydrosoluble peptidoglycans from both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic bacterial cell walls. Cell wall lytic enzyme (Kyowa lytic no. 2 enzyme) liberated arthritogenic hydrosoluble peptidoglycans from both arthritogenic and non-arthritogenic bacterial cell walls. From these cell walls, mutanolysin (peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme) also liberated hydrosoluble peptidoglycans which, however, lacked arthritogenicity. Based on the chemical composition of these peptidoglycans, it was suggested that their arthritis-inducing ability depends on a relatively long chain of glycan units that consists of repeated units of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramic acid. However, the glycan chain lengths on these peptidoglycans appeared to be related to their adjuvancy rather than to an antigen(s) responsible for development of arthritis in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:302241", "title": "Effect of food on absorption of indoprofen administered orally to man in two dosage forms.", "content": "The influence of food on the bioavailability of two oral dosage forms (100-mg capsules and 200-mg tablets) of indoprofen, a new propionic acid derivative with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, has been investigated. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of indoprofen were determined both in the fasting state and after a standard meal in healthy volunteers after administration of two 100-mg capsules (4 subjects) and of one 200-mg tablet (6 subjects). Indoprofen in biological fluids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The extent of absorption from tablets was not affected by food as indicated from the values of the total area under plasma level curves and urinary excretion of the drug. The rate of absorption was faster after meal than in the fasting state. The opposite was found for capsules, which showed a slightly delayed absorption after food. The results suggest that food may differently influence the absorption pattern of different pharmaceutical forms of the same drug.", "contents": "Effect of food on absorption of indoprofen administered orally to man in two dosage forms. The influence of food on the bioavailability of two oral dosage forms (100-mg capsules and 200-mg tablets) of indoprofen, a new propionic acid derivative with marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, has been investigated. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of indoprofen were determined both in the fasting state and after a standard meal in healthy volunteers after administration of two 100-mg capsules (4 subjects) and of one 200-mg tablet (6 subjects). Indoprofen in biological fluids was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The extent of absorption from tablets was not affected by food as indicated from the values of the total area under plasma level curves and urinary excretion of the drug. The rate of absorption was faster after meal than in the fasting state. The opposite was found for capsules, which showed a slightly delayed absorption after food. The results suggest that food may differently influence the absorption pattern of different pharmaceutical forms of the same drug."}
{"id": "PMID:302242", "title": "Isolation and characterization of highly purified alpha-1-antitrypsin.", "content": "Highly purified human alpha-1-antitrypsin (phenotype MM) was obtained by an original method of preparative electrophoresis. The criteria of homogeneity were assured by one arc in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and one band on polyacrylamide gel. A unique N-terminal amino acid (pyroglutamic acid) and a unique C-terminal residue (lysine) were identified. Determined by gel electrophoresis, its molecular weight was 47,000 daltons.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of highly purified alpha-1-antitrypsin. Highly purified human alpha-1-antitrypsin (phenotype MM) was obtained by an original method of preparative electrophoresis. The criteria of homogeneity were assured by one arc in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and one band on polyacrylamide gel. A unique N-terminal amino acid (pyroglutamic acid) and a unique C-terminal residue (lysine) were identified. Determined by gel electrophoresis, its molecular weight was 47,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:302243", "title": "Arginine modification in Kunitz bovine trypsin inhibitor through 1, 2-cyclohexanedione.", "content": "Arginine residues (5.5 out of 6) of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz inhibitor) were selectively modified by reaction with 1, 2-cyclohexanedione in sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0. The modified inhibitor is still highly active in inhibiting trypsin and chymotrypsin at 1:1 inhibitor: enzyme molar ratio and full inhibition was achieved at slightly higher molar ratio. The extent of correct refolding, upon reoxidation, of the reduced, arginine-modified inhibitor is diminished and regeneration of two arginines occurred under the reduction conditions. The stability constants and the standard-free energies of binding of the complexes between trypsin, or chymotrypsin, and the native, the arginine-modified and the reduced and reoxidized arginine-modified inhibitor have been determined from inhibitory assays.", "contents": "Arginine modification in Kunitz bovine trypsin inhibitor through 1, 2-cyclohexanedione. Arginine residues (5.5 out of 6) of the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz inhibitor) were selectively modified by reaction with 1, 2-cyclohexanedione in sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0. The modified inhibitor is still highly active in inhibiting trypsin and chymotrypsin at 1:1 inhibitor: enzyme molar ratio and full inhibition was achieved at slightly higher molar ratio. The extent of correct refolding, upon reoxidation, of the reduced, arginine-modified inhibitor is diminished and regeneration of two arginines occurred under the reduction conditions. The stability constants and the standard-free energies of binding of the complexes between trypsin, or chymotrypsin, and the native, the arginine-modified and the reduced and reoxidized arginine-modified inhibitor have been determined from inhibitory assays."}
{"id": "PMID:302244", "title": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. III. Treatment with hypertonic solutions.", "content": "V79 Chinese hamster cells were treated with hypertonic solutions of NaCl or KCl and irradiated rat various times before, during, or after exposure to the solution. In solutions of molarities between 0-2 and 0-5 M, the cellular radiosensitivity increases with the molarity of the bathing solution. At these molarities, the hypertonic solution need not be present during irradiation to sensitize cells. Furthermore, radiosensitivity of cells could be increased by exposing cells for longer times to the hypertonic solution before irradiation. At higher salt concentrations (at 1-5 to 1-8 M), significant radioprotection is observed. Survival curve data showed that this protection was characterized by an increase in DO and a decrease in n, while the survival curves of cells sensitized with 0-465 M NaCl or with lower concentrations exhibited mainly changes in DO. The 1-55 M NaCl solution must be present during radiation to give a protective effect. Prolonged exposure to the salt before irradiation reduced the amount of radioprotection afforded by the salt. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of ions on histones, cellular water structure and the cell-aging cycle.", "contents": "Effect of salt solutions on radiosensitivity of mammalian cells. III. Treatment with hypertonic solutions. V79 Chinese hamster cells were treated with hypertonic solutions of NaCl or KCl and irradiated rat various times before, during, or after exposure to the solution. In solutions of molarities between 0-2 and 0-5 M, the cellular radiosensitivity increases with the molarity of the bathing solution. At these molarities, the hypertonic solution need not be present during irradiation to sensitize cells. Furthermore, radiosensitivity of cells could be increased by exposing cells for longer times to the hypertonic solution before irradiation. At higher salt concentrations (at 1-5 to 1-8 M), significant radioprotection is observed. Survival curve data showed that this protection was characterized by an increase in DO and a decrease in n, while the survival curves of cells sensitized with 0-465 M NaCl or with lower concentrations exhibited mainly changes in DO. The 1-55 M NaCl solution must be present during radiation to give a protective effect. Prolonged exposure to the salt before irradiation reduced the amount of radioprotection afforded by the salt. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of ions on histones, cellular water structure and the cell-aging cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:302245", "title": "Sensitivity of the vibrios to ultraviolet-radiation.", "content": "The ultraviolet-inactivation kinetics of a number of strains of Vibrio cholerae (classical), Vibrio cholerae (el tor), NAG vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were investigated. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between any two of the four types of vibrio in respect to their sensitivity to U.V.", "contents": "Sensitivity of the vibrios to ultraviolet-radiation. The ultraviolet-inactivation kinetics of a number of strains of Vibrio cholerae (classical), Vibrio cholerae (el tor), NAG vibrios and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were investigated. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between any two of the four types of vibrio in respect to their sensitivity to U.V."}
{"id": "PMID:302246", "title": "Split-dose recovery for radiation-induced tumours in rat skin.", "content": "Tumour-related recovery in rat skin was estimated from the dependence of tumour yield on time between split doses of electron radiation. Tumour yield versus dose was established at nine dose points, and at three points the dose was split into two equal fractions spaced 0-25, 3-2 or 6-3 hours apart. After irradiation the rats were observed periodically for at least 64 weeks, and at death the tumours were examined histologically. The dependence of yield on dose for single doses was consistent with a quadratic function up to a peak yield at about 1600 rad. The effect of split doses on tumour yield depended on the position on the dose--response curve. At the lowest split dose, the yield declined with a half-time of about 1-8 hours. At the intermediate split dose, an initial increase was followed by a decline with a half-time of about 3-9 hours. At the highest split dose, the tumour yield increased with time between exposures. Fractionation-induced increases in tumour yield were explained as a sparing effect on cell lethality, whereas tumour-related recovery per se was indicated at the lower two doses.", "contents": "Split-dose recovery for radiation-induced tumours in rat skin. Tumour-related recovery in rat skin was estimated from the dependence of tumour yield on time between split doses of electron radiation. Tumour yield versus dose was established at nine dose points, and at three points the dose was split into two equal fractions spaced 0-25, 3-2 or 6-3 hours apart. After irradiation the rats were observed periodically for at least 64 weeks, and at death the tumours were examined histologically. The dependence of yield on dose for single doses was consistent with a quadratic function up to a peak yield at about 1600 rad. The effect of split doses on tumour yield depended on the position on the dose--response curve. At the lowest split dose, the yield declined with a half-time of about 1-8 hours. At the intermediate split dose, an initial increase was followed by a decline with a half-time of about 3-9 hours. At the highest split dose, the tumour yield increased with time between exposures. Fractionation-induced increases in tumour yield were explained as a sparing effect on cell lethality, whereas tumour-related recovery per se was indicated at the lower two doses."}
{"id": "PMID:302247", "title": "The response of mouse skin to combined hyperthermia and X-rays.", "content": "The effects of combined hyperthermia and X-irradiation were studied in the skin of the mouse ear. Ears were heated for 1 hour by immersion in a waterbath at temperatures ranging from 37 degrees C--43 degrees C. These heat treatments had little visible effect alone, but when combined with X-rays, enhanced the radiation response. Enhancement depended on the degree of heating. When heat was given immediately after X-rays, the radiation dose to cause a given skin reaction had to be reduced by about 10 per cent for 37 degrees C and about 40 per cent of 43 degrees C. The timing and sequence of the two treatments were important. Heat after X-rays was less effective than heat before X-rays. When heat followed X-rays, the enhancing effect was lost completely if the interval exceeded 4 hours. When heat preceded X-rays, the effect was lost more slowly, depending on temperature. The implications of this for the treatment of cancer by combined therapy are discussed.", "contents": "The response of mouse skin to combined hyperthermia and X-rays. The effects of combined hyperthermia and X-irradiation were studied in the skin of the mouse ear. Ears were heated for 1 hour by immersion in a waterbath at temperatures ranging from 37 degrees C--43 degrees C. These heat treatments had little visible effect alone, but when combined with X-rays, enhanced the radiation response. Enhancement depended on the degree of heating. When heat was given immediately after X-rays, the radiation dose to cause a given skin reaction had to be reduced by about 10 per cent for 37 degrees C and about 40 per cent of 43 degrees C. The timing and sequence of the two treatments were important. Heat after X-rays was less effective than heat before X-rays. When heat followed X-rays, the enhancing effect was lost completely if the interval exceeded 4 hours. When heat preceded X-rays, the effect was lost more slowly, depending on temperature. The implications of this for the treatment of cancer by combined therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302254", "title": "A comparison of psycholphysical and VECP increment threshold functions of a rod monochromat.", "content": "Increment thresholds of a rod monochromat were obtained over a wide range of background luminances. Within each experimental session, visual-evoked cortical potentials (VECP's) were computed at several luminance levels above the increment threshold for each background level. The results indicate that as the background level approached 1,000 scotopic trolands (td.), the VECP began to decrease in amplitude and it was unrecordable above 2,000 scotopic td. The VECP increment threshold function was determined with latency used as the criterion response. Good agreement was found between the psychophysical and VECP functions, although the VECP function did show a tendency to underestimate the threshold at the two dimmest background levels. It is concluded that the dramatic drop in the VECP amplitude at high background luminances is a reflection of the saturation of the rod system and that the VECP appears to be a sensitive correlate of the psychophysical data.", "contents": "A comparison of psycholphysical and VECP increment threshold functions of a rod monochromat. Increment thresholds of a rod monochromat were obtained over a wide range of background luminances. Within each experimental session, visual-evoked cortical potentials (VECP's) were computed at several luminance levels above the increment threshold for each background level. The results indicate that as the background level approached 1,000 scotopic trolands (td.), the VECP began to decrease in amplitude and it was unrecordable above 2,000 scotopic td. The VECP increment threshold function was determined with latency used as the criterion response. Good agreement was found between the psychophysical and VECP functions, although the VECP function did show a tendency to underestimate the threshold at the two dimmest background levels. It is concluded that the dramatic drop in the VECP amplitude at high background luminances is a reflection of the saturation of the rod system and that the VECP appears to be a sensitive correlate of the psychophysical data."}
{"id": "PMID:302257", "title": "[Nystagmus as an objective assessment of the cervical spine syndrome and its treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Nystagmus together with the history, X-ray and palpation findings were used to confirm the diagnosis of the cervical spine syndrome. In patients with this disorder the nystagmus was controlled by manual treatment in 63%. Nystagmus therefore can be used objectively to assess the success of therapy in cervical spine syndrome.", "contents": "[Nystagmus as an objective assessment of the cervical spine syndrome and its treatment (author's transl)]. Nystagmus together with the history, X-ray and palpation findings were used to confirm the diagnosis of the cervical spine syndrome. In patients with this disorder the nystagmus was controlled by manual treatment in 63%. Nystagmus therefore can be used objectively to assess the success of therapy in cervical spine syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:302259", "title": "Purification of HLA-linked B lymphocyte alloantigens in immunologically active form by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and studies on their subunit association.", "content": "The HLA-linked B cell alloantigen (p29,34) is composed of two subunits of 29,000 (p29) and 34,000 (p34) molecular weight. The partially purified HLA-linked B cell alloantigen was purified by a final step of preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. An antiserum was prepared against p29,34 which specifically lysed B lymphocytes. In sodium dodecyl sulfate at 21 degrees, p29 and p34 remained noncovalently associated and retained immunologic activity; subunit dissociation at higher temperatures correlated with loss of immunologic activity. Although the pI values of p29 and p34 are 6.1 and 5.2, respectively, the subunits co-electrofocus under nondenaturing conditions. In addition, cross-linking studies showed the B cell antigen has a (p29)1(p34)1 subunit structure.", "contents": "Purification of HLA-linked B lymphocyte alloantigens in immunologically active form by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and studies on their subunit association. The HLA-linked B cell alloantigen (p29,34) is composed of two subunits of 29,000 (p29) and 34,000 (p34) molecular weight. The partially purified HLA-linked B cell alloantigen was purified by a final step of preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. An antiserum was prepared against p29,34 which specifically lysed B lymphocytes. In sodium dodecyl sulfate at 21 degrees, p29 and p34 remained noncovalently associated and retained immunologic activity; subunit dissociation at higher temperatures correlated with loss of immunologic activity. Although the pI values of p29 and p34 are 6.1 and 5.2, respectively, the subunits co-electrofocus under nondenaturing conditions. In addition, cross-linking studies showed the B cell antigen has a (p29)1(p34)1 subunit structure."}
{"id": "PMID:302260", "title": "The ventriculo-cephalic ratio on computed tomography.", "content": "A simple method to describe the size of the cerebral ventricules on CT scans is presented.", "contents": "The ventriculo-cephalic ratio on computed tomography. A simple method to describe the size of the cerebral ventricules on CT scans is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302256", "title": "Portal hypertension and bleeding esophageal and gastric varices: a surgical approach to treatment.", "content": "Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and bleeding esophageal and gastric varices are frequent consequences of hepatic disease and portal hypertension. Variceal bleeding, however, is the most dangerous sequel and the most yielding to surgical intervention. Portal decompression by the shunting procedure is instituted in order to decrease the risk of future gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The presence of hepatic disease and alterations in hepatic blood flow following the procedure present implications for postoperative management of fluid and electrolyte balance, mental status, ventilation, and coagulation.", "contents": "Portal hypertension and bleeding esophageal and gastric varices: a surgical approach to treatment. Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and bleeding esophageal and gastric varices are frequent consequences of hepatic disease and portal hypertension. Variceal bleeding, however, is the most dangerous sequel and the most yielding to surgical intervention. Portal decompression by the shunting procedure is instituted in order to decrease the risk of future gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The presence of hepatic disease and alterations in hepatic blood flow following the procedure present implications for postoperative management of fluid and electrolyte balance, mental status, ventilation, and coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:302264", "title": "Pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae (H. aegyptius) biotype 3.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae (H. aegyptius) biotype 3 was isolated from eye, nasopharyngeal, and sputum cultures of a 23-month-old male and from sputum and transtracheal aspirate cultures of his 39-year-old mother, both with diffuse bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae (H. aegyptius) biotype 3. Haemophilus influenzae (H. aegyptius) biotype 3 was isolated from eye, nasopharyngeal, and sputum cultures of a 23-month-old male and from sputum and transtracheal aspirate cultures of his 39-year-old mother, both with diffuse bronchopneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:302265", "title": "Primary bioassay of human myeloma stem cells.", "content": "The ability to clone primary tumors in soft agar has proven useful in the study of the kinetics and biological properties of tumor stem cells. We report the development of an in vitro assay which permits formation of colonies of human monoclonal plasma cells in soft agar. Colony growth has been observed from bone marrow aspirates from 75% of the 70 patients with multiple myeloma or related monoclonal disorders studied. Growth was induced with either 0.02 ml of human type O erythrocytes or 0.25 ml of medium conditioned by the adherent spleen cells of mineral oil-primed BALB/c mice. 5-500 colonies appeared after 2-3 wk in culture yielding a plating efficiency of 0.001-0.1%. The number of myeloma colonies was proportional to the number of cells plated between concentrations of 10(5)-10(6) and back-extrapolated through zero, suggesting that colonies were clones derived from single myeloma stem cells. Morphological, histochemical, and functional criteria showed the colonies to consist of immature plasmablasts and mature plasma cells. 60-80% of cells picked from colonies contained intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin. Colony growth was most easily achieved from the bone marrow cells of untreated patients or those in relapse. Only 50% of bone marrow samples from patients in remission were successfully cultured. Tritiated thymidine suicide studies provided evidence that for most myeloma patients, a very high proportion of myeloma colony-forming cells was actively in transit through the cell cycle. Velocity sedimentation at 1 g showed myeloma stem cells sedimented in a broad band with a peak at 13 mm/h. Antibody to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor did not reduce the number or size of the colonies. Increased numbers of myeloma colonies were seen when the marrow was depleted of colony-stimulating factor elaborating adherent cells before plating. This bioassay should prove useful in studying the in vitro biological behavior of certain bone marrow-derived (B)-cell neoplasia. In addition, systematic and predictive studies of anticancer drug effects on myeloma stem cells should now be feasible.", "contents": "Primary bioassay of human myeloma stem cells. The ability to clone primary tumors in soft agar has proven useful in the study of the kinetics and biological properties of tumor stem cells. We report the development of an in vitro assay which permits formation of colonies of human monoclonal plasma cells in soft agar. Colony growth has been observed from bone marrow aspirates from 75% of the 70 patients with multiple myeloma or related monoclonal disorders studied. Growth was induced with either 0.02 ml of human type O erythrocytes or 0.25 ml of medium conditioned by the adherent spleen cells of mineral oil-primed BALB/c mice. 5-500 colonies appeared after 2-3 wk in culture yielding a plating efficiency of 0.001-0.1%. The number of myeloma colonies was proportional to the number of cells plated between concentrations of 10(5)-10(6) and back-extrapolated through zero, suggesting that colonies were clones derived from single myeloma stem cells. Morphological, histochemical, and functional criteria showed the colonies to consist of immature plasmablasts and mature plasma cells. 60-80% of cells picked from colonies contained intracytoplasmic monoclonal immunoglobulin. Colony growth was most easily achieved from the bone marrow cells of untreated patients or those in relapse. Only 50% of bone marrow samples from patients in remission were successfully cultured. Tritiated thymidine suicide studies provided evidence that for most myeloma patients, a very high proportion of myeloma colony-forming cells was actively in transit through the cell cycle. Velocity sedimentation at 1 g showed myeloma stem cells sedimented in a broad band with a peak at 13 mm/h. Antibody to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor did not reduce the number or size of the colonies. Increased numbers of myeloma colonies were seen when the marrow was depleted of colony-stimulating factor elaborating adherent cells before plating. This bioassay should prove useful in studying the in vitro biological behavior of certain bone marrow-derived (B)-cell neoplasia. In addition, systematic and predictive studies of anticancer drug effects on myeloma stem cells should now be feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:302266", "title": "Measurement of cytoplasmic fluorescence depolarization of single cells in a flow system.", "content": "We have built a flow system in which we can analyze and sort individual viable cells on the basis of their cytoplasmic microviscosity. The average cytoplasmic microviscosity (or cytoplasmic structuredness) of a cell can be quantitated by exciting fluorescein molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell with a polarized light source and measuring the extent of depolarization of the fluorescent signal. Changes in the state of a cell (e.g., the reception of a signal inducing the cell to differentiate) often appear to be associated with changes in cytoplasmic microviscosity, these changes being detectable within hours of the inducing signal. An example of one such change is presented.", "contents": "Measurement of cytoplasmic fluorescence depolarization of single cells in a flow system. We have built a flow system in which we can analyze and sort individual viable cells on the basis of their cytoplasmic microviscosity. The average cytoplasmic microviscosity (or cytoplasmic structuredness) of a cell can be quantitated by exciting fluorescein molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell with a polarized light source and measuring the extent of depolarization of the fluorescent signal. Changes in the state of a cell (e.g., the reception of a signal inducing the cell to differentiate) often appear to be associated with changes in cytoplasmic microviscosity, these changes being detectable within hours of the inducing signal. An example of one such change is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302267", "title": "Differentiation of lymphoid cells: the preferential binding of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide to B lymphocyte populations.", "content": "Lipid A, prepared from lipopolysaccharide, was labeled with 125 I. Such iodinated lipid A possesses the full mitogenic activity of untreated lipid A. Comparison of the 125 I-lipid A-binding activity of splenocytes and thymocytes from the same rabbit revealed that the extent of labeling of splenocytes was 10 to 20 times greater than that observed with an equivalent number of thymocytes. A similar preferential binding was detected in comparing cells in mouse and rat. Spleen populations depleted of adherent cells were essentially unaltered with regard to binding when compared to the original population. In addition, spleen cell populations enriched for thymus-derived cells (T cells) exhibited a marked loss of specific binding activity. On the other hand, spleen cell populations enriched for bone marrow-derived cells (B cells) exhibited the expected binding. The difference in binding behavior of B and T cell-enriched populations was confirmed by using three independent techniques to separate B and T cells. These findings are consistent with the mitogenic specificity of lipid A toward B cells rather than T cells and suggest that the observed cellular specificity resides in an early event in mitogenesis, i.e., binding of the mitogen.", "contents": "Differentiation of lymphoid cells: the preferential binding of the lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide to B lymphocyte populations. Lipid A, prepared from lipopolysaccharide, was labeled with 125 I. Such iodinated lipid A possesses the full mitogenic activity of untreated lipid A. Comparison of the 125 I-lipid A-binding activity of splenocytes and thymocytes from the same rabbit revealed that the extent of labeling of splenocytes was 10 to 20 times greater than that observed with an equivalent number of thymocytes. A similar preferential binding was detected in comparing cells in mouse and rat. Spleen populations depleted of adherent cells were essentially unaltered with regard to binding when compared to the original population. In addition, spleen cell populations enriched for thymus-derived cells (T cells) exhibited a marked loss of specific binding activity. On the other hand, spleen cell populations enriched for bone marrow-derived cells (B cells) exhibited the expected binding. The difference in binding behavior of B and T cell-enriched populations was confirmed by using three independent techniques to separate B and T cells. These findings are consistent with the mitogenic specificity of lipid A toward B cells rather than T cells and suggest that the observed cellular specificity resides in an early event in mitogenesis, i.e., binding of the mitogen."}
{"id": "PMID:302268", "title": "Suppressor cells in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Within 2 to 3 days of infection with Trypanosoma brucei strain S42, the ability of spleen cells from infected CBA mice to mount a primary in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is profoundly reduced, and suppressor cells are generated as detected by cell mixture experiments. Suppressor cell activity lies in the T and adherent cell compartments of spleens from infected mice, but not in the B cell compartment, although antibody responses to a thymus-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll, are significantly reduced. Suppression of antibody responses of normal spleen cells depends on viable cells from infected mice. The trypanosome, itself, plays no direct role in suppression, and we have ruled out the possibility of antigenic competition as a mechanism of suppression. Our data is consistent with the model of suppressor T cells induced by concanavalin A mitogenesis. We hypothesize that trypanosome antigens may directly stimulate T cells with the concomitant release of factors with affinity for macrophage surfaces thus becoming suppressive for T and B cell responses.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Within 2 to 3 days of infection with Trypanosoma brucei strain S42, the ability of spleen cells from infected CBA mice to mount a primary in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is profoundly reduced, and suppressor cells are generated as detected by cell mixture experiments. Suppressor cell activity lies in the T and adherent cell compartments of spleens from infected mice, but not in the B cell compartment, although antibody responses to a thymus-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll, are significantly reduced. Suppression of antibody responses of normal spleen cells depends on viable cells from infected mice. The trypanosome, itself, plays no direct role in suppression, and we have ruled out the possibility of antigenic competition as a mechanism of suppression. Our data is consistent with the model of suppressor T cells induced by concanavalin A mitogenesis. We hypothesize that trypanosome antigens may directly stimulate T cells with the concomitant release of factors with affinity for macrophage surfaces thus becoming suppressive for T and B cell responses."}
{"id": "PMID:302272", "title": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: enhancement of cell-mediated transfer by concanavalin A.", "content": "Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with splenic lymphocytes from Lewis rats sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) was potentiated by incubation of the cells in vitro with concanavalin A (Con A). Spleen cells of donors which had recovered from EAE also transferred the disease readily after activation by this procedure. In contrast, the transfer of activity of lymph node cells was not altered. We conclude that during the course of EAE a population of T cells with immunologic memory for BP is generated and persists in the spleen. Incubation with Con A activates these cells and results in marked enhancement of their ability to transfer the disease.", "contents": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: enhancement of cell-mediated transfer by concanavalin A. Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) with splenic lymphocytes from Lewis rats sensitized to myelin basic protein (BP) was potentiated by incubation of the cells in vitro with concanavalin A (Con A). Spleen cells of donors which had recovered from EAE also transferred the disease readily after activation by this procedure. In contrast, the transfer of activity of lymph node cells was not altered. We conclude that during the course of EAE a population of T cells with immunologic memory for BP is generated and persists in the spleen. Incubation with Con A activates these cells and results in marked enhancement of their ability to transfer the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302273", "title": "Human suppressor T cells induced by concanavalin A: suppressor T cells belong to distinctive T cell subclasses.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) and then evaluated by their suppressive activity for thymus-derived (T) cell- and bone marrow-derived (B) cell-proliferative responses to mitogen and allogeneic cells. Con A-activated T cells markedly suppressed these responses, but Con A-activated B cells failed to demonstrate suppressor activity. Discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient separation of T cells which had been activated by Con A demonstrated that a fraction containing blast cells as well as fractions containing unproliferated cells manifest the same degree of suppressor capabilities. However, when density gradient separation of T cells followed by subsequent incubation with Con A was performed, fractions of proliferating cells of low density exhibited no suppression; a fraction containing high density T cells produced marked suppression, but this fraction incorporated only little thymidine in response to Con A. Thus, these studies indicate that Con A-induced suppressor T cells belong to a distinctive subpopulation which has already been programmed to express this function before exposure to Con A and that cell proliferation may not be a prerequisite for the development of such suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Human suppressor T cells induced by concanavalin A: suppressor T cells belong to distinctive T cell subclasses. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A) and then evaluated by their suppressive activity for thymus-derived (T) cell- and bone marrow-derived (B) cell-proliferative responses to mitogen and allogeneic cells. Con A-activated T cells markedly suppressed these responses, but Con A-activated B cells failed to demonstrate suppressor activity. Discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) density gradient separation of T cells which had been activated by Con A demonstrated that a fraction containing blast cells as well as fractions containing unproliferated cells manifest the same degree of suppressor capabilities. However, when density gradient separation of T cells followed by subsequent incubation with Con A was performed, fractions of proliferating cells of low density exhibited no suppression; a fraction containing high density T cells produced marked suppression, but this fraction incorporated only little thymidine in response to Con A. Thus, these studies indicate that Con A-induced suppressor T cells belong to a distinctive subpopulation which has already been programmed to express this function before exposure to Con A and that cell proliferation may not be a prerequisite for the development of such suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302276", "title": "Induction of plasma cell differentiation of human fetal lymphocytes: evidence for functional immaturity of T and B cells.", "content": "Resembling the in vitro antibody response of the newborn cultures of cord blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) generated fewer plasma cells (PC) than comparable adult lymphocyte cultures and the response was almost exclusively of the IgM class. We investigated the cellular basis of this difference by preparing mixed cultures of newborn T or B lymphocytes with adult B or T cells. Substitution of adult for newborn T cells enhanced the response of newborn B cells, particularly of the IgG and IgA classes. The response of second trimester fetal spleen cells was also increased by adult T cells, although no IgA PC appeared. Conversely, adult B cells generated fewer PC particularly of the IgG and IgA classes when cultured with newborn T cells. The relatively poor IgA and IgG responses of newborn cells seems partially but not entirely due to deficiency of T cell helper function. Suppressor activity of newborn T cells was investigated by adding excess unrelated newborn or adult T cells to adult T + B cells: adult T cells improved the response whereas newborn T cells were variably suppressive. The results indicate that newborn T cells, although capable of helper function, are balanced toward suppression.", "contents": "Induction of plasma cell differentiation of human fetal lymphocytes: evidence for functional immaturity of T and B cells. Resembling the in vitro antibody response of the newborn cultures of cord blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) generated fewer plasma cells (PC) than comparable adult lymphocyte cultures and the response was almost exclusively of the IgM class. We investigated the cellular basis of this difference by preparing mixed cultures of newborn T or B lymphocytes with adult B or T cells. Substitution of adult for newborn T cells enhanced the response of newborn B cells, particularly of the IgG and IgA classes. The response of second trimester fetal spleen cells was also increased by adult T cells, although no IgA PC appeared. Conversely, adult B cells generated fewer PC particularly of the IgG and IgA classes when cultured with newborn T cells. The relatively poor IgA and IgG responses of newborn cells seems partially but not entirely due to deficiency of T cell helper function. Suppressor activity of newborn T cells was investigated by adding excess unrelated newborn or adult T cells to adult T + B cells: adult T cells improved the response whereas newborn T cells were variably suppressive. The results indicate that newborn T cells, although capable of helper function, are balanced toward suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:302277", "title": "20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a T lymphocyte-associated enzyme.", "content": "20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-SDH), an enzyme which reduces progesterone to 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, was found to be associated with T lymphocytes. 20alphaSDH activity was present in spleen cells bearing theta antigen, spleen cells nonadherent to nylon wool (T lymphocyte-enriched population), and in  thymocytes. Almost no enzymatic activity was found in bone marrow cells from normal mice and in spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized or athymic nude mice. T cell mitogens (PHA and Con A), but not the B cell mitogen LPS, induced high levels of enzymatic activity 48 hr after addition to spleen cell cultures. The level of 20alphaSDH activity in lymphocytes was age dependent. At the age of 4 weeks 20alphaSDH activity in thymocytes, spleen cells, and lymph node lymphocytes was 3 to 5 times higher than at 8 and 16 weeks. Progesterone (5.0 X 10(-7) M) was found to inhibit thymocyte proliferation after exposure to mitogens, but not 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (10(-6) M). 20alpha SDH may protect the embryonic thymocytes against high concentrations of progesterone.", "contents": "20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a T lymphocyte-associated enzyme. 20alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20alpha-SDH), an enzyme which reduces progesterone to 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, was found to be associated with T lymphocytes. 20alphaSDH activity was present in spleen cells bearing theta antigen, spleen cells nonadherent to nylon wool (T lymphocyte-enriched population), and in  thymocytes. Almost no enzymatic activity was found in bone marrow cells from normal mice and in spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized or athymic nude mice. T cell mitogens (PHA and Con A), but not the B cell mitogen LPS, induced high levels of enzymatic activity 48 hr after addition to spleen cell cultures. The level of 20alphaSDH activity in lymphocytes was age dependent. At the age of 4 weeks 20alphaSDH activity in thymocytes, spleen cells, and lymph node lymphocytes was 3 to 5 times higher than at 8 and 16 weeks. Progesterone (5.0 X 10(-7) M) was found to inhibit thymocyte proliferation after exposure to mitogens, but not 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone (10(-6) M). 20alpha SDH may protect the embryonic thymocytes against high concentrations of progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:302278", "title": "In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. I. The mechanism(s) involved in T cell helper functions in the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation and proliferation of B cells.", "content": "Human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) upon stimulation with PWM proliferate and differentiate to IgM- and IgG-producing cells. The PWM-induced Ig production in B cells was dependent on T cells, and cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from PWM-stimulated PBL or T cell-rich fraction replaced T cell helper functions. The active substance(s) in CFS were most likely derived from T cells. The kinetic studies showed that the proliferation of B cells took place in advance of the final differentiation to Ig-producing cells and that T cells or T cell product(s) had to exist at the initiation of cultures in order to give the maximum helper effect. However, the final differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing cells was not dependent on T cells. The helper effect of T cells or T cell product(s) on PWM-induced proliferation and differentiation of B cells was exerted across the MHC barrier. This may make it possible to apply this experimental system to the assessment of quantitative and/or qualitative changes in human helper T cells in several immunologic diseases.", "contents": "In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. I. The mechanism(s) involved in T cell helper functions in the pokeweed mitogen-induced differentiation and proliferation of B cells. Human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) upon stimulation with PWM proliferate and differentiate to IgM- and IgG-producing cells. The PWM-induced Ig production in B cells was dependent on T cells, and cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from PWM-stimulated PBL or T cell-rich fraction replaced T cell helper functions. The active substance(s) in CFS were most likely derived from T cells. The kinetic studies showed that the proliferation of B cells took place in advance of the final differentiation to Ig-producing cells and that T cells or T cell product(s) had to exist at the initiation of cultures in order to give the maximum helper effect. However, the final differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing cells was not dependent on T cells. The helper effect of T cells or T cell product(s) on PWM-induced proliferation and differentiation of B cells was exerted across the MHC barrier. This may make it possible to apply this experimental system to the assessment of quantitative and/or qualitative changes in human helper T cells in several immunologic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:302279", "title": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). I. Production of IBF by a theta-positive lymphoma (L-5178-Y).", "content": "L-5178-Y, a theta-positive, Fc receptor-bearing mouse thymoma cell line spontaneously releases immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF) upon short-term incubation in vitro. IBF produced by L-5178-Y cells is identical in its biologic activity with IBF produced by Fc receptor positive alloantigen-activated T cells. It suppresses the in vitro plaque response of mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes by interfering mainly with the late phase of the generation of antibody-forming cells. Therefore, L-5178-Y thymoma affords a homogeneous source of IBF in sufficient quantities for the study of its biochemical nature and the mechanism by which it interferes with cells participating in antibody synthesis.", "contents": "Characterization of suppressive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). I. Production of IBF by a theta-positive lymphoma (L-5178-Y). L-5178-Y, a theta-positive, Fc receptor-bearing mouse thymoma cell line spontaneously releases immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF) upon short-term incubation in vitro. IBF produced by L-5178-Y cells is identical in its biologic activity with IBF produced by Fc receptor positive alloantigen-activated T cells. It suppresses the in vitro plaque response of mouse spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes by interfering mainly with the late phase of the generation of antibody-forming cells. Therefore, L-5178-Y thymoma affords a homogeneous source of IBF in sufficient quantities for the study of its biochemical nature and the mechanism by which it interferes with cells participating in antibody synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:302280", "title": "Select growth of human T lymphocytes in single phase semisolid culture.", "content": "Selective growth and clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes can be achieved by using a single-phase semi-solid methylcellulose system without the requirement of preincubation with lectins. Significant proliferation, however, depends upon the continued presence of Con A or PHA, but not pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide within the methylcellulose. This procedure eliminates nonspecific agglutination by lectins and allows for direct visualization of colonies and their specific removal and subsequent cloning in liquid phase. Optimal growth and production of colonies greater than 40-cell size require 3 to 9 days. Individual cells can be identified on the basis of E rosette formation and absence of surface immunoglobulin or ability to phagocytize latex particles. Moreover, proliferation is inhibited by antithymocyte but not anti-B cell sera and can be demonstrated with peripheral blood T and MOLT-4 cells, but not with B or Raji cells. Finally, colony formation is not enhanced by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes has wide application in the study of both antigen recognition and lymphocyte alterations in specific diseases.", "contents": "Select growth of human T lymphocytes in single phase semisolid culture. Selective growth and clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes can be achieved by using a single-phase semi-solid methylcellulose system without the requirement of preincubation with lectins. Significant proliferation, however, depends upon the continued presence of Con A or PHA, but not pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide within the methylcellulose. This procedure eliminates nonspecific agglutination by lectins and allows for direct visualization of colonies and their specific removal and subsequent cloning in liquid phase. Optimal growth and production of colonies greater than 40-cell size require 3 to 9 days. Individual cells can be identified on the basis of E rosette formation and absence of surface immunoglobulin or ability to phagocytize latex particles. Moreover, proliferation is inhibited by antithymocyte but not anti-B cell sera and can be demonstrated with peripheral blood T and MOLT-4 cells, but not with B or Raji cells. Finally, colony formation is not enhanced by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes has wide application in the study of both antigen recognition and lymphocyte alterations in specific diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:302282", "title": "Induction of I region-restricted hapten-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive to TNP-conjugated syngeneic target cells do lyse to a moderate but significant extent TNP-conjugated, I region compatible but H-2K or H-2D region incompatible target cells. Antibody inhibition experiments and \"cold inhibition\" experiments indicate that some CTL clones recognize TNP-conjugated targets in association with syngeneic I region determinants independently of H-2K or H-2D gene products. The data suggest that besides TNP-conjugated H-2K or H-2D gene products, in principle, also TNP-conjugated I region determinants do stimulate TNP-specific CTL precursor cells and act as target antigens of TNP-specific CTL.", "contents": "Induction of I region-restricted hapten-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive to TNP-conjugated syngeneic target cells do lyse to a moderate but significant extent TNP-conjugated, I region compatible but H-2K or H-2D region incompatible target cells. Antibody inhibition experiments and \"cold inhibition\" experiments indicate that some CTL clones recognize TNP-conjugated targets in association with syngeneic I region determinants independently of H-2K or H-2D gene products. The data suggest that besides TNP-conjugated H-2K or H-2D gene products, in principle, also TNP-conjugated I region determinants do stimulate TNP-specific CTL precursor cells and act as target antigens of TNP-specific CTL."}
{"id": "PMID:302283", "title": "Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. II. Antigen-binding capacity and affinity of lymphoid receptors after immunization.", "content": "We examined the kinetics and affinity of antigen binding in lymphoid populations in mice after immunization. There is increased binding capacity in lymphoid cells from animals that have undergone primary immunization. This increase would seem to be related to increased numbers of antigen-binding cells (rosette-forming cells). The serum antibody titers rise after the increasing binding capacity and numbers of BSA rosette-forming cells have increased. There is an increased amount of antigen bound per antigen-binding cell at certain times after immunization with two peaks in this capacity being demonstrable--one occurring at 4 days after immunization and the second occurring approximately 12 days after immunization and persisting for prolonged periods after that. With time, after immunization two separable peaks of increased antigen-binding cells become apparent, one very early (before Day 4) and one later (after Day 20 to 30). The affinity constants for antigen-binding cells have been measured and found to be high, and to increase with time after immunization. It appears that the heterogeneity of the affinity constants for antigen-binding cells is high early in immunity and becomes more homogeneous with time after immunization.", "contents": "Characterization of antigen-binding receptors in vitro. II. Antigen-binding capacity and affinity of lymphoid receptors after immunization. We examined the kinetics and affinity of antigen binding in lymphoid populations in mice after immunization. There is increased binding capacity in lymphoid cells from animals that have undergone primary immunization. This increase would seem to be related to increased numbers of antigen-binding cells (rosette-forming cells). The serum antibody titers rise after the increasing binding capacity and numbers of BSA rosette-forming cells have increased. There is an increased amount of antigen bound per antigen-binding cell at certain times after immunization with two peaks in this capacity being demonstrable--one occurring at 4 days after immunization and the second occurring approximately 12 days after immunization and persisting for prolonged periods after that. With time, after immunization two separable peaks of increased antigen-binding cells become apparent, one very early (before Day 4) and one later (after Day 20 to 30). The affinity constants for antigen-binding cells have been measured and found to be high, and to increase with time after immunization. It appears that the heterogeneity of the affinity constants for antigen-binding cells is high early in immunity and becomes more homogeneous with time after immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:302284", "title": "Effect of macrophages and antibodies on in vivo growth of Moloney sarcoma in the rat.", "content": "Brown Norway and Lewis rats were challenged with a Brown Norway Moloney sarcoma tumor, MST-1, admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages syngeneic to the host; or admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages and hyperimmune anti-MST-1 antibodies. In vivo growth of MST-1 in BN and Lewis rats was inhibited by admixing Brown Norway or Lewis macrophages, respectively, with BN anti-MST-1 antibodies. The inhibiting BN antibodies were of the IgG2 class, lacking IgG2a antibodies. Brown Norway anti-MST-1 of IgG2 class without macrophages did not affect growth of MST-1. Brown Norway and Lewis anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgG2a class enhanced tumor growth, whether admixed with macrophages or not. Anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgM and IgG1 classes did not influence tumor growth. Peritoneal exudate macrophages removed from Lewis donors 8 to 10 days after inoculation of MST-1 inhibited completely growth of the challenge tumor; macrophages of Brown Norway origin were inhibitory only when harvested from hyperimmune donors, that is, 40 or more days after inoculation of MST-1. Macrophages from hyperimmune donors were specifically cytotoxic to MST-1 and did not inhibit an unrelated syngeneic BN tumor of chemical origin.", "contents": "Effect of macrophages and antibodies on in vivo growth of Moloney sarcoma in the rat. Brown Norway and Lewis rats were challenged with a Brown Norway Moloney sarcoma tumor, MST-1, admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages syngeneic to the host; or admixed with nonimmune peritoneal exudate macrophages and hyperimmune anti-MST-1 antibodies. In vivo growth of MST-1 in BN and Lewis rats was inhibited by admixing Brown Norway or Lewis macrophages, respectively, with BN anti-MST-1 antibodies. The inhibiting BN antibodies were of the IgG2 class, lacking IgG2a antibodies. Brown Norway anti-MST-1 of IgG2 class without macrophages did not affect growth of MST-1. Brown Norway and Lewis anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgG2a class enhanced tumor growth, whether admixed with macrophages or not. Anti-MST-1 antibodies of IgM and IgG1 classes did not influence tumor growth. Peritoneal exudate macrophages removed from Lewis donors 8 to 10 days after inoculation of MST-1 inhibited completely growth of the challenge tumor; macrophages of Brown Norway origin were inhibitory only when harvested from hyperimmune donors, that is, 40 or more days after inoculation of MST-1. Macrophages from hyperimmune donors were specifically cytotoxic to MST-1 and did not inhibit an unrelated syngeneic BN tumor of chemical origin."}
{"id": "PMID:302285", "title": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. II. Role of macrophage-associated antigen.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from immune guinea pigs that bind in vitro to autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages were allowed to proliferate for 1 week to give a population markedly enriched in antigen-specific T cells. This enriched population was then studied with regard to its binding to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages. Specific binding was not inhibited by a large excess of antigen in the media (5000-fold greater than the amount of antigen associated with the macrophages) either soluble or bound to Sepharose beads, or by coating the antigen-pulsed macrophags with antibody to the exogenous antigen, by reacting a second layer of antibody to the heterologous antibody, or by haptenating the antigen and treating the hapten-antigen macrophage complex with excess anti-hapten antibody. Results of treating antigen-pulsed macrophages with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and pronase indicate that exogenous antigen is on the macrophage surface, but the experiments failed to prove that the removable antigen is essential for binding. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the T cell receptor is not specific for native exogenous antigen.", "contents": "Specific binding of T lymphocytes to macrophages. II. Role of macrophage-associated antigen. Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from immune guinea pigs that bind in vitro to autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages were allowed to proliferate for 1 week to give a population markedly enriched in antigen-specific T cells. This enriched population was then studied with regard to its binding to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed macrophages. Specific binding was not inhibited by a large excess of antigen in the media (5000-fold greater than the amount of antigen associated with the macrophages) either soluble or bound to Sepharose beads, or by coating the antigen-pulsed macrophags with antibody to the exogenous antigen, by reacting a second layer of antibody to the heterologous antibody, or by haptenating the antigen and treating the hapten-antigen macrophage complex with excess anti-hapten antibody. Results of treating antigen-pulsed macrophages with the proteolytic enzymes trypsin and pronase indicate that exogenous antigen is on the macrophage surface, but the experiments failed to prove that the removable antigen is essential for binding. The simplest interpretation of these results is that the T cell receptor is not specific for native exogenous antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:302287", "title": "Receptors for IgM on certain human B lymphocytes.", "content": "A receptor for IgM was demonstrated on the surface of human B lymphocytes by using a rosette technique with ox erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgM antibody (EAM). Lymphocytes forming rosettes with EAM did not bind sheep red cells, had membrane Ia-like antigens and, in some instances, surface immunoglobulin. The specificity of EAM rosettes was confirmed by inhibition experiments with purified human Ig. IgM but not IgG molecules inhibited the rosette reaction. In addition, inhibition of EAM rosettes with IgM fragments showed that the receptor has affinity for a part of the molecule located in the Fc portion. By analogy with the receptors previously found on certain human T cells, receptors for IgM were not detected on freshly isolated B cells, but were expressed after overnight culture in IgM-free media. Studies on different human lymphoid tissues showed that IgM receptors are expressed on a limited percentage of both circulating and noncirculating B cells. In addition to normal B cells, the malignant B cells of a majority of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia expressed the receptors for IgM.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM on certain human B lymphocytes. A receptor for IgM was demonstrated on the surface of human B lymphocytes by using a rosette technique with ox erythrocytes coated with rabbit IgM antibody (EAM). Lymphocytes forming rosettes with EAM did not bind sheep red cells, had membrane Ia-like antigens and, in some instances, surface immunoglobulin. The specificity of EAM rosettes was confirmed by inhibition experiments with purified human Ig. IgM but not IgG molecules inhibited the rosette reaction. In addition, inhibition of EAM rosettes with IgM fragments showed that the receptor has affinity for a part of the molecule located in the Fc portion. By analogy with the receptors previously found on certain human T cells, receptors for IgM were not detected on freshly isolated B cells, but were expressed after overnight culture in IgM-free media. Studies on different human lymphoid tissues showed that IgM receptors are expressed on a limited percentage of both circulating and noncirculating B cells. In addition to normal B cells, the malignant B cells of a majority of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia expressed the receptors for IgM."}
{"id": "PMID:302288", "title": "Pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b: a longitudinal study of families with a child with meningitis or epiglottitis due to H. influenzae type b.", "content": "A longitudinal study of pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b included 264 members of families that had a child with meningitis or epiglottitis due to this organism. It was found that (1) 52 of 67 such families contained at least one carrier of H. influenzae type b, who was usually a sibling; (2) H. influenzae type b spread slowly in 39 families colonized continuously during a six-month period, with only eight of 19 uncolonized siblings acquiring the organism during that time; (3) 18 of 30 initially colonized families contained one or more carriers after 12 months, including 30% of initially colonized siblings; (4) the highest carrier rate of H. influenzae type b occurred in recovered patients, 80% of whom were colonized after hospital discharge; (5) titers of antibody in serum were higher in colonized than in uncolonized individuals (P less than 0.001); (6) levels of antibody in colonized children were lower in those younger than two years than in older children (P less than 0.001); and (7) prolonged or heavy colonization with H. influenzae type b was not associated with unusually high titers of antibody.", "contents": "Pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b: a longitudinal study of families with a child with meningitis or epiglottitis due to H. influenzae type b. A longitudinal study of pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b included 264 members of families that had a child with meningitis or epiglottitis due to this organism. It was found that (1) 52 of 67 such families contained at least one carrier of H. influenzae type b, who was usually a sibling; (2) H. influenzae type b spread slowly in 39 families colonized continuously during a six-month period, with only eight of 19 uncolonized siblings acquiring the organism during that time; (3) 18 of 30 initially colonized families contained one or more carriers after 12 months, including 30% of initially colonized siblings; (4) the highest carrier rate of H. influenzae type b occurred in recovered patients, 80% of whom were colonized after hospital discharge; (5) titers of antibody in serum were higher in colonized than in uncolonized individuals (P less than 0.001); (6) levels of antibody in colonized children were lower in those younger than two years than in older children (P less than 0.001); and (7) prolonged or heavy colonization with H. influenzae type b was not associated with unusually high titers of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:302289", "title": "Circulating capsular antigen in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "The kinetics of bacteremia and capsular antigenemia in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b were measured by quantitative bacterial counts in blood and counterimmunoelectrophoresis of plasma. After intraperitoneal inoculation with 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of H. influenzae type b, bacteremia was detected in 100% of animals at 12 hr after inoculation (mean, 16,500 cfu/ml) and by two days exceeded 10(5) cfu/ml in most animals. Despite these high levels of bacteremia, capsular antigen was detected infrequently during the early phase of experimental infection; it was present in 20% of animals at 12 hr and in 50% at one day. Peak levels of antigen in blood occurred two to three days after inoculation and coincided with the histologic appearance of meningitis. Thereafter, the frequency of antigenemia declined and paralleled the decline in quantitative bacterial counts in blood. Since detection of antigen was dependent on the occurrence of prolonged infection, counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be an insensitive method for early diagnosis.", "contents": "Circulating capsular antigen in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b. The kinetics of bacteremia and capsular antigenemia in infant rats infected with Haemophilus influenzae type b were measured by quantitative bacterial counts in blood and counterimmunoelectrophoresis of plasma. After intraperitoneal inoculation with 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of H. influenzae type b, bacteremia was detected in 100% of animals at 12 hr after inoculation (mean, 16,500 cfu/ml) and by two days exceeded 10(5) cfu/ml in most animals. Despite these high levels of bacteremia, capsular antigen was detected infrequently during the early phase of experimental infection; it was present in 20% of animals at 12 hr and in 50% at one day. Peak levels of antigen in blood occurred two to three days after inoculation and coincided with the histologic appearance of meningitis. Thereafter, the frequency of antigenemia declined and paralleled the decline in quantitative bacterial counts in blood. Since detection of antigen was dependent on the occurrence of prolonged infection, counterimmunoelectrophoresis proved to be an insensitive method for early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:302290", "title": "Action of endotoxin on lymphoid cells.", "content": "Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) has been found to act on all three cell types of the immune system, thymus-derived (T-) cells, bone marrow-derived (B-) cells, and macrophages. LPS is mitogenic for B-lymphocytes and activates them to release a chemotactic lymphokine. Macrophage activation appears to be mediated by macrophage-activating factor, another lymphokine released from B-cells. In addition, LPS acts synergistically with phytohemagglutinin to initiate division of purified T-lymphocytes. All these phenomena are mediated by the lipid A moiety of LPS. The role of lymphoid cells in mediating the lethal effects of LPS have also been investigated. The adoptive transfer of spleen cells from LPS-responsive mice (C3H/HeN) to LPS-resistant but histocompatible mice (C3H/HeJ) rendered the LPS-resistant mice significantly more susceptible to LPS-induced lethality. These findings suggest that spleen cells play an essential role in mediating the lethal effects of LPS in vivo.", "contents": "Action of endotoxin on lymphoid cells. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) has been found to act on all three cell types of the immune system, thymus-derived (T-) cells, bone marrow-derived (B-) cells, and macrophages. LPS is mitogenic for B-lymphocytes and activates them to release a chemotactic lymphokine. Macrophage activation appears to be mediated by macrophage-activating factor, another lymphokine released from B-cells. In addition, LPS acts synergistically with phytohemagglutinin to initiate division of purified T-lymphocytes. All these phenomena are mediated by the lipid A moiety of LPS. The role of lymphoid cells in mediating the lethal effects of LPS have also been investigated. The adoptive transfer of spleen cells from LPS-responsive mice (C3H/HeN) to LPS-resistant but histocompatible mice (C3H/HeJ) rendered the LPS-resistant mice significantly more susceptible to LPS-induced lethality. These findings suggest that spleen cells play an essential role in mediating the lethal effects of LPS in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:302291", "title": "Antibody of polyribophate of Haemophilus influenzae type b in infants and children: effect of immunization with polyribophosphate.", "content": "Antibody to polyribophosphate, the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was measured in healthy ambulatory children by a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Titers fell from birth through nine months of age, then increased until six years, when they plateaued. Antibody activity was not correlated with the child's sex, ethnic status, or area of residence. Doses of 0.2-50 microgram of polyribophosphate given as single or booster doses had similar effects on antibody activity. Of 368 doses given to infants two to six months of age, 7% produced a significant antibody response; of 95 doses given to infants seven to 12 months old, 17% produced a response. The geometric mean titers of antibody resulting from immunization with polyribophosphate given at various times in relation to diphtheria-pertussistetanus vaccine did not differ significantly from one another or from titers observed in infants given only the latter vaccine. These data indicate that purified polyribophosphate will not provoke humoral immunity in young infants against H. influenzae type b and that it should no longer be considered as a candidate vaccine for this purpose.", "contents": "Antibody of polyribophate of Haemophilus influenzae type b in infants and children: effect of immunization with polyribophosphate. Antibody to polyribophosphate, the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, was measured in healthy ambulatory children by a radioactive antigen-binding assay. Titers fell from birth through nine months of age, then increased until six years, when they plateaued. Antibody activity was not correlated with the child's sex, ethnic status, or area of residence. Doses of 0.2-50 microgram of polyribophosphate given as single or booster doses had similar effects on antibody activity. Of 368 doses given to infants two to six months of age, 7% produced a significant antibody response; of 95 doses given to infants seven to 12 months old, 17% produced a response. The geometric mean titers of antibody resulting from immunization with polyribophosphate given at various times in relation to diphtheria-pertussistetanus vaccine did not differ significantly from one another or from titers observed in infants given only the latter vaccine. These data indicate that purified polyribophosphate will not provoke humoral immunity in young infants against H. influenzae type b and that it should no longer be considered as a candidate vaccine for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:302292", "title": "Immunogenicity in weanling rabbits of a polyribophosphate complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b.", "content": "Polyribophosphate (PRP), the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, is more effectively immunogenic when it is associated with the bacterium than when it is in the purified form that is being tested as a vaccine for humans. In an effort to analyze this difference, we isolated from H. influenzae type b a high-molecular-weight, soluble complex, in which PRP appears to be combined with protein (about 7% protein). The pyrogenicity and limulus lysate gelation activity of the complex suggest that a small amount of lipopolysaccharide also is present. The protein was resolved into five polypeptides by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. In weanling rabbits, which do not respond to purified PRP, the complex induces high titers of antibody of PRP, in an anamnestic pattern. Bactericidal antibody to other bacterial components was also elicited. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of the complex indicated that most of the immunogenicity of PRP resides in the least dense fractions, which are high in protein, low in polysaccharide, and active in the limulus lysate test; denser fractions that react strongly with limulus lysate but are poor in protein were much less immunogenic.", "contents": "Immunogenicity in weanling rabbits of a polyribophosphate complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b. Polyribophosphate (PRP), the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, is more effectively immunogenic when it is associated with the bacterium than when it is in the purified form that is being tested as a vaccine for humans. In an effort to analyze this difference, we isolated from H. influenzae type b a high-molecular-weight, soluble complex, in which PRP appears to be combined with protein (about 7% protein). The pyrogenicity and limulus lysate gelation activity of the complex suggest that a small amount of lipopolysaccharide also is present. The protein was resolved into five polypeptides by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. In weanling rabbits, which do not respond to purified PRP, the complex induces high titers of antibody of PRP, in an anamnestic pattern. Bactericidal antibody to other bacterial components was also elicited. Equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of the complex indicated that most of the immunogenicity of PRP resides in the least dense fractions, which are high in protein, low in polysaccharide, and active in the limulus lysate test; denser fractions that react strongly with limulus lysate but are poor in protein were much less immunogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:302294", "title": "Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin before and after radiation therapy in patients with carcinomas of the head and neck.", "content": "The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied before and after radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck. Patient lymphocyte response to PHA was depressed before therapy and further declined following therapy. The pre-therapy PHA responsiveness was found to be prognostically significant in regard to patient survival.", "contents": "Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin before and after radiation therapy in patients with carcinomas of the head and neck. The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied before and after radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck. Patient lymphocyte response to PHA was depressed before therapy and further declined following therapy. The pre-therapy PHA responsiveness was found to be prognostically significant in regard to patient survival."}
{"id": "PMID:302300", "title": "Management of seven stable levels of brain death.", "content": "We have presented the choices available in the management of seven representative kinds of brain death and partial death as well as their legal ramifications. Refinements of tests of brain functions and new methods of evaluating cerebral blood flow allow more and more accurate estimates of brain viability. Human qualities of life are directly related to how much and which parts of the brain are viable and are indistinguishable from life itself. The decision to end life support should at present remain with the attending physician. New statutes concerning brain death imply that irrefutable technical evidence is readily available to diagnose brain death, that brain death is as valid a sign of death as any former criteria, and that in certain situtations brain death must be used to pronounce death. From the medical practitioner's viewpoint, we believe that a brain death law would rarely be useful and that community and national customs concerning heroic efforts would be sufficient. We do support a simple acknowledgement by statute that brain death may be a cause for determining death. The legal need for determining a precise time of death is understandable, but premature and restrictive definitions based on a rapidly evolving technology will create many problems.", "contents": "Management of seven stable levels of brain death. We have presented the choices available in the management of seven representative kinds of brain death and partial death as well as their legal ramifications. Refinements of tests of brain functions and new methods of evaluating cerebral blood flow allow more and more accurate estimates of brain viability. Human qualities of life are directly related to how much and which parts of the brain are viable and are indistinguishable from life itself. The decision to end life support should at present remain with the attending physician. New statutes concerning brain death imply that irrefutable technical evidence is readily available to diagnose brain death, that brain death is as valid a sign of death as any former criteria, and that in certain situtations brain death must be used to pronounce death. From the medical practitioner's viewpoint, we believe that a brain death law would rarely be useful and that community and national customs concerning heroic efforts would be sufficient. We do support a simple acknowledgement by statute that brain death may be a cause for determining death. The legal need for determining a precise time of death is understandable, but premature and restrictive definitions based on a rapidly evolving technology will create many problems."}
{"id": "PMID:302301", "title": "Effects of angiotensin II on arginine-vasopressin in physiological and pathological situations in man.", "content": "Studies were designed to determine whether angiotensin II has a direct stimulatory effect on arginine-vasopressin in man and to determine the role, if any, played by angiotensin II in the control of vasopressin release in physiological and pathological conditions. Acute infusion of angiotensin II in normal volunteers produced small but definite increases in plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin (5-4+/-0-3(S.E.M.) to 6-4+/-0-2 pg/ml) only when plasma angiotensin II levels were supraphysiological. Concurrent measurements of plasma arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II were made during acute changes in fluid balance and posture in normal volunteers and in clinical conditions characterized by high plasma levels of angiotensin II (Addison's disease and Bartter's syndrome). The results of these studies allow us to conclude that there is little to suggest a direct effect of angiotensin II which is likely to be relevant to the normal physiological control of arginine-vasopressin in man.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin II on arginine-vasopressin in physiological and pathological situations in man. Studies were designed to determine whether angiotensin II has a direct stimulatory effect on arginine-vasopressin in man and to determine the role, if any, played by angiotensin II in the control of vasopressin release in physiological and pathological conditions. Acute infusion of angiotensin II in normal volunteers produced small but definite increases in plasma levels of arginine-vasopressin (5-4+/-0-3(S.E.M.) to 6-4+/-0-2 pg/ml) only when plasma angiotensin II levels were supraphysiological. Concurrent measurements of plasma arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II were made during acute changes in fluid balance and posture in normal volunteers and in clinical conditions characterized by high plasma levels of angiotensin II (Addison's disease and Bartter's syndrome). The results of these studies allow us to conclude that there is little to suggest a direct effect of angiotensin II which is likely to be relevant to the normal physiological control of arginine-vasopressin in man."}
{"id": "PMID:302302", "title": "Induction and properties of cytoplasmic factor(s) which enhance nuclear nonhistone protein phosphorylation in lymphocytes stimulated by anti-Ig.", "content": "An increased in vitro phosphorylation of nonhistone nuclear proteins (NHP) was observed in the nuclei isolated from rabbit lymphocytes which had been stimulated with anti-Ig for 4 h. No concomitant increase of phosphorylation in histones or 0.14 M NaCl-soluble proteins was observed. The increase of in vitro phosphorylation of NHP was also observed in the nuclei isolated from nonstimulated cells when these nuclei were preincubated for 2 h with cell-free extracts from anti-Ig-stimulated cells. The active substance in cell-free extracts was maximally induced when lymphocytes were stimulated with anti-Ig for 2 h. The induction of an increased phosphorylation of NHP in nonstimulated nuclei with the cell-free extracts was not due to decrease of the adenosine triphosphate pool in the extracts from anti-Ig-stimulated cells. The active substance in cell-free extracts was not NHP-protein kinase itself, but it probably activated NHP-protein kinase in quiescent nuclei. The active substance was nondialyzable and probably protein. It was resistant against heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but the activity was completely destroyed by heating at 90 degrees C for 30 min. The active substance may be responsible for the transduction of the membrane-mediated signals given through Ig receptors to nuclei.", "contents": "Induction and properties of cytoplasmic factor(s) which enhance nuclear nonhistone protein phosphorylation in lymphocytes stimulated by anti-Ig. An increased in vitro phosphorylation of nonhistone nuclear proteins (NHP) was observed in the nuclei isolated from rabbit lymphocytes which had been stimulated with anti-Ig for 4 h. No concomitant increase of phosphorylation in histones or 0.14 M NaCl-soluble proteins was observed. The increase of in vitro phosphorylation of NHP was also observed in the nuclei isolated from nonstimulated cells when these nuclei were preincubated for 2 h with cell-free extracts from anti-Ig-stimulated cells. The active substance in cell-free extracts was maximally induced when lymphocytes were stimulated with anti-Ig for 2 h. The induction of an increased phosphorylation of NHP in nonstimulated nuclei with the cell-free extracts was not due to decrease of the adenosine triphosphate pool in the extracts from anti-Ig-stimulated cells. The active substance in cell-free extracts was not NHP-protein kinase itself, but it probably activated NHP-protein kinase in quiescent nuclei. The active substance was nondialyzable and probably protein. It was resistant against heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, but the activity was completely destroyed by heating at 90 degrees C for 30 min. The active substance may be responsible for the transduction of the membrane-mediated signals given through Ig receptors to nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:302303", "title": "Immunologic recognition of influenza virus-infected cells. II. Expression of influenza A matrix protein on the infected cell surface and its role in recognition by cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "Two distinct subpopulations of cytotoxic T cells are generated in the primary or secondary response of mice to type A influenza viruses. One subpopulation is specific for the immunizing virus strain. The other subpopulation shows a high degree of cross-reactivity for heterologous type A virus of a different subtype. This report examines the possibility that distinct influenza virus antigens, expressed on the surface of the infected cell, are recognized by the different subpopulations of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells. Data are presented which demonstrate that influenza A matrix protein, an internal virion antigen, is detectable on the surface of target cells infected with influenza A viruses of different subtypes. Since this viral antigen is type specific, i.e., serologically cross-reactive among all type A influenza viruses, it could serve as the target for cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells. To further examine the specificity of the two cytotoxic T-cell subpopulations, experiments were carried out by using the inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis - 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose 2-DG. These experiments examine first the effect of 2-DG on the expression of influenza matrix protein and viral glycoprotein on the infected cell surface and second, the susceptibility of 2-DG-treated target cells to lysis by cytotoxic T cells. 2-DG inhibits the expression of the viral hemagglutinin glycoprotein on the cell surface but does not inhibit the expression of the nonglycosylated matrix protein. Furthermore, inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis in infected target cells abrogates the reactivity of infected target cells to lysis by virus strain-specific but not cross- reactive cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that the influenza glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) and the nonglycosylated matrix protein are the targets for the virus strain- specific and cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These results are discussed in the light of available information on influenza virus structure and the biology of influenza infection and in terms of current models for cytotoxic T-cell recognition of virus-infected cells.", "contents": "Immunologic recognition of influenza virus-infected cells. II. Expression of influenza A matrix protein on the infected cell surface and its role in recognition by cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells. Two distinct subpopulations of cytotoxic T cells are generated in the primary or secondary response of mice to type A influenza viruses. One subpopulation is specific for the immunizing virus strain. The other subpopulation shows a high degree of cross-reactivity for heterologous type A virus of a different subtype. This report examines the possibility that distinct influenza virus antigens, expressed on the surface of the infected cell, are recognized by the different subpopulations of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells. Data are presented which demonstrate that influenza A matrix protein, an internal virion antigen, is detectable on the surface of target cells infected with influenza A viruses of different subtypes. Since this viral antigen is type specific, i.e., serologically cross-reactive among all type A influenza viruses, it could serve as the target for cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells. To further examine the specificity of the two cytotoxic T-cell subpopulations, experiments were carried out by using the inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis - 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose 2-DG. These experiments examine first the effect of 2-DG on the expression of influenza matrix protein and viral glycoprotein on the infected cell surface and second, the susceptibility of 2-DG-treated target cells to lysis by cytotoxic T cells. 2-DG inhibits the expression of the viral hemagglutinin glycoprotein on the cell surface but does not inhibit the expression of the nonglycosylated matrix protein. Furthermore, inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis in infected target cells abrogates the reactivity of infected target cells to lysis by virus strain-specific but not cross- reactive cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that the influenza glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) and the nonglycosylated matrix protein are the targets for the virus strain- specific and cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These results are discussed in the light of available information on influenza virus structure and the biology of influenza infection and in terms of current models for cytotoxic T-cell recognition of virus-infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302304", "title": "Energy metabolism and T-cell-mediated cytolysis. I. Synergism between inhibitors of respiration and glycolysis.", "content": "The energy requirements for T-cell-mediated cytolysis have been investigated. Cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures and assayed for cytotoxicity on 51Cr-labeled mastocytoma target cells. Cytolysis was only slightly reduced in the absence of exogenous glucose (less than 5 micrometer) or under conditions of extreme hypoxia (less than 0.2 micrometer oxygen). Furthermore, neither the glucose analogues 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose nor the respiratory antagonists sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol were very effective inhibitors of cytolysis when used individually. However, these glucose analogues were highly effective in inhibiting cytolysis in the absence of oxygen, and the respiratory antagonists inhibited cytolysis to a much greater extent in the absence of glucose. In addition, synergistic effects were observed when the glycolytic and respiratory inhibitors were combined. Taken together, these results indicate that T-cell-mediated cytolysis is an energy-dependent process which can be supported by either oxidative or glycolytic energy pathways.", "contents": "Energy metabolism and T-cell-mediated cytolysis. I. Synergism between inhibitors of respiration and glycolysis. The energy requirements for T-cell-mediated cytolysis have been investigated. Cytolytic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures and assayed for cytotoxicity on 51Cr-labeled mastocytoma target cells. Cytolysis was only slightly reduced in the absence of exogenous glucose (less than 5 micrometer) or under conditions of extreme hypoxia (less than 0.2 micrometer oxygen). Furthermore, neither the glucose analogues 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 5-thio-D-glucose nor the respiratory antagonists sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol were very effective inhibitors of cytolysis when used individually. However, these glucose analogues were highly effective in inhibiting cytolysis in the absence of oxygen, and the respiratory antagonists inhibited cytolysis to a much greater extent in the absence of glucose. In addition, synergistic effects were observed when the glycolytic and respiratory inhibitors were combined. Taken together, these results indicate that T-cell-mediated cytolysis is an energy-dependent process which can be supported by either oxidative or glycolytic energy pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:302305", "title": "Energy metabolism and T-cell-mediated cytolysis. II. Selective inhibition of cytolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose.", "content": "The effect of the hexose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on T-cell-mediated cytolysis has been investigated. 2-DG inhibited cytolysis in glucose-free medium but not in medium containing equimolar concentrations of glucose. This inhibition was reversible and quantitatively competitive with glucose. Among other natural sugars examined, only mannose competed effectively with 2-DG and reversed the inhibition of cytolysis, whereas sodium pyruvate, fructose, galactose, fucose, and glucosamine were without effect. Mannose and glucose were equally effective in competing with 2-DG on a molar basis. When other glucose analogues such as 5-thio-D-glucose (5-SH-G) and 3-O-methylglucose were investigated under the same conditions, no inhibition of cytolysis was observed however, 5-SH-G (but not 3-O-methylglucose) was able to reverse the inhibitory effect of 2-DG in a competitive fashion. Taken together with the data presented in the accompanying paper, these findings provide strong evidence that 2-DG inhibits T-cell-mediated cytolysis by a mechanism that is unrelated to energy production. The possibility that inhibition is related to interference with membrane glycoprotein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Energy metabolism and T-cell-mediated cytolysis. II. Selective inhibition of cytolysis by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The effect of the hexose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on T-cell-mediated cytolysis has been investigated. 2-DG inhibited cytolysis in glucose-free medium but not in medium containing equimolar concentrations of glucose. This inhibition was reversible and quantitatively competitive with glucose. Among other natural sugars examined, only mannose competed effectively with 2-DG and reversed the inhibition of cytolysis, whereas sodium pyruvate, fructose, galactose, fucose, and glucosamine were without effect. Mannose and glucose were equally effective in competing with 2-DG on a molar basis. When other glucose analogues such as 5-thio-D-glucose (5-SH-G) and 3-O-methylglucose were investigated under the same conditions, no inhibition of cytolysis was observed however, 5-SH-G (but not 3-O-methylglucose) was able to reverse the inhibitory effect of 2-DG in a competitive fashion. Taken together with the data presented in the accompanying paper, these findings provide strong evidence that 2-DG inhibits T-cell-mediated cytolysis by a mechanism that is unrelated to energy production. The possibility that inhibition is related to interference with membrane glycoprotein synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302306", "title": "Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. II. Ly phenotypes and lack of DNA synthesis requirement for the generation of concanavalin A helper and suppressor cells.", "content": "Using a Ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient, we have been able to fractionate concanavalin A (Con A)-induced helper and suppressor cells into separate pools. Cells activated by Con A to mediate helper activity are Ly1+, do not require DNA synthesis for induction, and remain as small cells after activation. Suppressor cells are Ly23+, are found in the blast cell fraction and their induction is not inhibitable by prior treatment with mitomycin C or irradiation, both of which inhibit DNA synthesis. The implications of such findings are discussed.", "contents": "Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. II. Ly phenotypes and lack of DNA synthesis requirement for the generation of concanavalin A helper and suppressor cells. Using a Ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient, we have been able to fractionate concanavalin A (Con A)-induced helper and suppressor cells into separate pools. Cells activated by Con A to mediate helper activity are Ly1+, do not require DNA synthesis for induction, and remain as small cells after activation. Suppressor cells are Ly23+, are found in the blast cell fraction and their induction is not inhibitable by prior treatment with mitomycin C or irradiation, both of which inhibit DNA synthesis. The implications of such findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302307", "title": "Inhibition of T-antigen-binding cells by idiotypic antisera.", "content": "Shared idiotypy between B- and T-cell receptors specific for the antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium [tyr(TMA)] was studied in an antigen-binding assay using idiotypic antisera. These idiotypic reagents were prepared by inoculation of rabbits with purified anti-tyr(TMA) antibody raised in strain 13 guinea pigs. The antisera blocked 78-83% of the antigen-binding T cells (T-ABC) and 50-55% of the antigen-binding B cells (B-ABC) from tyr(TMA)-immune strain 13 and outbred lymph node cells (LNC). An excess of normal guinea pig Ig in the ABC assay did not affect the ability of the idiotypic antisera to block T- and B-ABC. Nylon wool-passed tyr(TMA)-immune LNC were trypsin treated resulting in a 75% loss of T-ABC. The trypsin-treated population was then cultured for 16 h which resulted in a return of T-ABC to 92% of pretrypsin values. 77% of these regenerated T-ABC could be blocked with idiotypic antisera. Specificity of the idiotypic antisera was tested in L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate-immune guinea pig LNC. Neither T- nor B-ABC were blocked in this heterologous system. Further blocking experiments were performed to characterize the nature of the T-ABC receptor. A variety of anti-Ig reagents, some of which block B-ABC, do not inhibit T-ABC suggesting that variable regions on T cells are not linked to Ig Constant regions.", "contents": "Inhibition of T-antigen-binding cells by idiotypic antisera. Shared idiotypy between B- and T-cell receptors specific for the antigen L-tyrosine-p-azophenyltrimethylammonium [tyr(TMA)] was studied in an antigen-binding assay using idiotypic antisera. These idiotypic reagents were prepared by inoculation of rabbits with purified anti-tyr(TMA) antibody raised in strain 13 guinea pigs. The antisera blocked 78-83% of the antigen-binding T cells (T-ABC) and 50-55% of the antigen-binding B cells (B-ABC) from tyr(TMA)-immune strain 13 and outbred lymph node cells (LNC). An excess of normal guinea pig Ig in the ABC assay did not affect the ability of the idiotypic antisera to block T- and B-ABC. Nylon wool-passed tyr(TMA)-immune LNC were trypsin treated resulting in a 75% loss of T-ABC. The trypsin-treated population was then cultured for 16 h which resulted in a return of T-ABC to 92% of pretrypsin values. 77% of these regenerated T-ABC could be blocked with idiotypic antisera. Specificity of the idiotypic antisera was tested in L-tyrosine-p-azobenzenearsonate-immune guinea pig LNC. Neither T- nor B-ABC were blocked in this heterologous system. Further blocking experiments were performed to characterize the nature of the T-ABC receptor. A variety of anti-Ig reagents, some of which block B-ABC, do not inhibit T-ABC suggesting that variable regions on T cells are not linked to Ig Constant regions."}
{"id": "PMID:302308", "title": "Cell-mediated mitogenic response induced by leukoagglutinin and Lens culinaris lectin in mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The proliferative response of mouse lymphocytes to syngeneic cellular stimulation upon membrane modification with lectins was studied. Brief pretreatment of stimulator cells (mitomycin-C-treated spleen cells) followed by mixed culture with syngeneic cortisone-resistant thymocytes resulted in a significant proliferative response in the thymocytes. This effect was not due to a soluble mediator and was similar to the mitogenic response after Con A-induced membrane modification reported previously. Because of its general characteristics, we refer to this response as cell-mediated mitogenic response (CMMR). Cell contact between stimulator and responder cells was necessary but not sufficient for the induction of the response. The lectins that generated CMMR were T-cell mitogens. CMMR was generated in all the syngeneic combinations tested and even in allogeneic combinations. No detectable cytotoxic activity towards syngeneic targets cells was produced after CMMR. Moreover, CMMR in allogeneic combinations led to the suppression of the generation of specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Population analysis with antibodies against T or B cells, nylon wool fractionation of stimulator cells, and tests with peritoneal macrophages and with spleen cells from athymic mice revealed that CMMR depends predominantly on the interaction between responder T cells and stimulator Ig-positive lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cell-mediated mitogenic response induced by leukoagglutinin and Lens culinaris lectin in mouse lymphocytes. The proliferative response of mouse lymphocytes to syngeneic cellular stimulation upon membrane modification with lectins was studied. Brief pretreatment of stimulator cells (mitomycin-C-treated spleen cells) followed by mixed culture with syngeneic cortisone-resistant thymocytes resulted in a significant proliferative response in the thymocytes. This effect was not due to a soluble mediator and was similar to the mitogenic response after Con A-induced membrane modification reported previously. Because of its general characteristics, we refer to this response as cell-mediated mitogenic response (CMMR). Cell contact between stimulator and responder cells was necessary but not sufficient for the induction of the response. The lectins that generated CMMR were T-cell mitogens. CMMR was generated in all the syngeneic combinations tested and even in allogeneic combinations. No detectable cytotoxic activity towards syngeneic targets cells was produced after CMMR. Moreover, CMMR in allogeneic combinations led to the suppression of the generation of specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Population analysis with antibodies against T or B cells, nylon wool fractionation of stimulator cells, and tests with peritoneal macrophages and with spleen cells from athymic mice revealed that CMMR depends predominantly on the interaction between responder T cells and stimulator Ig-positive lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:302309", "title": "Ontogeny of cell-mediated immunity. I. Early development of alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell precursors in postnatal mice.", "content": "Cytotoxic T-cell precursors have been shown to occur in spleens of 2-3-day-old mice. By 12 days after birth, the cytotoxic T-cell response of spleen cells to alloantigens has reached 23-32% of adult levels. Addition of extra T-helper cells did not permit cytotoxic T-cell development in spleen cells from newborn to 2-day-old mice suggesting either a lack of precursors or suppression of precursors. The ontogeny of cell-mediated immune functions has thus been shown to correlate well with other work on the development of humoral immunity, accessory cells, and graft versus host reactivity.", "contents": "Ontogeny of cell-mediated immunity. I. Early development of alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell precursors in postnatal mice. Cytotoxic T-cell precursors have been shown to occur in spleens of 2-3-day-old mice. By 12 days after birth, the cytotoxic T-cell response of spleen cells to alloantigens has reached 23-32% of adult levels. Addition of extra T-helper cells did not permit cytotoxic T-cell development in spleen cells from newborn to 2-day-old mice suggesting either a lack of precursors or suppression of precursors. The ontogeny of cell-mediated immune functions has thus been shown to correlate well with other work on the development of humoral immunity, accessory cells, and graft versus host reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:302310", "title": "Hemagglutinin-specific cytotoxic T-cell response during influenza infection.", "content": "Specific cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were detected in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen during influenza infection of mice. The cytotoxic T cells can distinguish target cells infected with different influenza A subtypes. Infection with parent viruses and their recombinant progeny possessing the  hemagglutinin of one parent and the neuraminidase of the other demonstrated that significant cytotoxicity occurred only when the hemagglutinin of the immunizing viruses was the same as that of the virus used to infect the target cell. In addition to this specific cytotoxic response to the major surface antigen, a cross-reactive response could be detected when the relatively nonpermissive L cell was used as the target cell. These results indicate there is a specific cytotoxic T-cell response to the surface hemagglutinin, and a cross-reactive cytotoxic response, not directed to the hemagglutinin, during influenza infection. The cytotoxic T-cell response specific for the hemagglutinin antigen may play an important role in in vivo immunity to influenza.", "contents": "Hemagglutinin-specific cytotoxic T-cell response during influenza infection. Specific cytotoxic thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were detected in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen during influenza infection of mice. The cytotoxic T cells can distinguish target cells infected with different influenza A subtypes. Infection with parent viruses and their recombinant progeny possessing the  hemagglutinin of one parent and the neuraminidase of the other demonstrated that significant cytotoxicity occurred only when the hemagglutinin of the immunizing viruses was the same as that of the virus used to infect the target cell. In addition to this specific cytotoxic response to the major surface antigen, a cross-reactive response could be detected when the relatively nonpermissive L cell was used as the target cell. These results indicate there is a specific cytotoxic T-cell response to the surface hemagglutinin, and a cross-reactive cytotoxic response, not directed to the hemagglutinin, during influenza infection. The cytotoxic T-cell response specific for the hemagglutinin antigen may play an important role in in vivo immunity to influenza."}
{"id": "PMID:302311", "title": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. I. Characterization and cellular origin of an Ia-positive helper factor-allogeneic effect factor.", "content": "A soluble allogeneic effect factor (AEF) was produced by using H-2 congenic mouse strains and a serum.free cell culture medium. An AEF derived from untreated activated responder cells and irradiated stimulator cells provided helper cell function in a primary and secondary antibody response for both T-cell-depleted responder B cells and stimulator B cells. This interaction may be determined by genes situated in the I-A and I-B regions: additional K-region control was not excluded. Ia antigens, but neither H-2 nor Ig determinants are molecular constituents of AEF. The active components of this AEF consist, in part, of Ia antigens derived from both the activated responder cell population and irradiated stimulator cell population. An AEF derived from Ia negative responder cells and irradiated T-cell- depleted stimulator cells helps a secondary antibody response of T-cell- depleted stimulator B cells but not responder B cells. This genetically restricted AEF contains Ia antigens determined by the stimulator haplotype but not the responder haplotype. The priming antigen, DNP- keyhole limpet hemocyanin, is not a component of restricted AEF. The data suggest that restricted AEF may be a product of a stimulator B cell and/or macrophage. They support the hypothesis that the recognition by allogeneic T cells of Ia antigens on B cells activates the B cell to IgG antibody production.", "contents": "In vitro analysis of allogeneic lymphocyte interaction. I. Characterization and cellular origin of an Ia-positive helper factor-allogeneic effect factor. A soluble allogeneic effect factor (AEF) was produced by using H-2 congenic mouse strains and a serum.free cell culture medium. An AEF derived from untreated activated responder cells and irradiated stimulator cells provided helper cell function in a primary and secondary antibody response for both T-cell-depleted responder B cells and stimulator B cells. This interaction may be determined by genes situated in the I-A and I-B regions: additional K-region control was not excluded. Ia antigens, but neither H-2 nor Ig determinants are molecular constituents of AEF. The active components of this AEF consist, in part, of Ia antigens derived from both the activated responder cell population and irradiated stimulator cell population. An AEF derived from Ia negative responder cells and irradiated T-cell- depleted stimulator cells helps a secondary antibody response of T-cell- depleted stimulator B cells but not responder B cells. This genetically restricted AEF contains Ia antigens determined by the stimulator haplotype but not the responder haplotype. The priming antigen, DNP- keyhole limpet hemocyanin, is not a component of restricted AEF. The data suggest that restricted AEF may be a product of a stimulator B cell and/or macrophage. They support the hypothesis that the recognition by allogeneic T cells of Ia antigens on B cells activates the B cell to IgG antibody production."}
{"id": "PMID:302312", "title": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness using purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. I. Demonstration of general validity as to species and histocompatibility barriers.", "content": "Normal immunocompetent T lymphocytes can be induced into specific proliferation if confronted with the relevant alloantigen in vitro. Such mixed leuko-cyteculture-activated T lymphoblasts carring idiotypic receptors on their surface can be purified using velocity sedimentation and serve as immunogen if administered in adjuvant to the autologous host. Autoblast immunization can be shown to lead to specific, long-lasting unresponsiveness against the relevant alloantigens, while leaving reactivity against third-party antigens intact. When tested as to general validity, it could be shown to function in all species analyzed (mouse, rat, and guinea pig) as well as across both major and minor histocompatibility barriers. No negative side effects have been noted so far. It would thus seem clear that autoblast immunization using the above described scheme may serve as a general tool in inducing long-lasting, specific unresponsiveness in any species and across any histocompatibility barrier.", "contents": "Induction of specific immune unresponsiveness using purified mixed leukocyte culture-activated T lymphoblasts as autoimmunogen. I. Demonstration of general validity as to species and histocompatibility barriers. Normal immunocompetent T lymphocytes can be induced into specific proliferation if confronted with the relevant alloantigen in vitro. Such mixed leuko-cyteculture-activated T lymphoblasts carring idiotypic receptors on their surface can be purified using velocity sedimentation and serve as immunogen if administered in adjuvant to the autologous host. Autoblast immunization can be shown to lead to specific, long-lasting unresponsiveness against the relevant alloantigens, while leaving reactivity against third-party antigens intact. When tested as to general validity, it could be shown to function in all species analyzed (mouse, rat, and guinea pig) as well as across both major and minor histocompatibility barriers. No negative side effects have been noted so far. It would thus seem clear that autoblast immunization using the above described scheme may serve as a general tool in inducing long-lasting, specific unresponsiveness in any species and across any histocompatibility barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:302313", "title": "Inability of mice with a defect in B-lymphocyte maturation to respond to phosphorycholine on immunogenic carriers.", "content": "Mice with the CBA/N defect are unresponsive to the hapten phosphorylcholine (PC) even when presented on a variety of immunogenic carriers. Since these mice have the variable region gene for PC, their inability to respond may reflect deletion or suppression of the line of B lymphocytes which is responsible for the anti-PC response.", "contents": "Inability of mice with a defect in B-lymphocyte maturation to respond to phosphorycholine on immunogenic carriers. Mice with the CBA/N defect are unresponsive to the hapten phosphorylcholine (PC) even when presented on a variety of immunogenic carriers. Since these mice have the variable region gene for PC, their inability to respond may reflect deletion or suppression of the line of B lymphocytes which is responsible for the anti-PC response."}
{"id": "PMID:302314", "title": "Antigens expressed by human B lymphocytes and myeloid stem cells.", "content": "Antisera prepared against papain-digested spleen cell membranes were known to by cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes and for a majority of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic cells. It is now shown that these antisera are also cytotoxic for normal myeloid stem cells (CFU-C), thus providing a probable explanation for their occurrence in myeloid neoplasia.", "contents": "Antigens expressed by human B lymphocytes and myeloid stem cells. Antisera prepared against papain-digested spleen cell membranes were known to by cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic human B lymphocytes and for a majority of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic cells. It is now shown that these antisera are also cytotoxic for normal myeloid stem cells (CFU-C), thus providing a probable explanation for their occurrence in myeloid neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:302315", "title": "Expression of phosphorylcholine-specific B cells during murine development.", "content": "The TEPC 15 (T15) clonotype, a putatively germline antibody specificity, does not appear in the neonatal B-cell repertoire until approximately 1 wk of age. This report extends this observation by the demonstration that (a) the T15 clonotype follows similar kinetics of appearance in germfree as well as conventionally-reared mice; (b) maternal influences and genetic background play a minor role in the development of the T15 clonotype since CBFI neonates raised by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mothers acquire the T15 clonotype at the same time in ontogeny as BALB/c neonates; (c) the lack of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cells shortly after birth is reflected in a dearth of PC-binding cells in the neonate as well; and (d) no PC-specifc B cells are found in 19-day fetal liver or in bone marrow until 7 days of life, coincident with their appearance in the spleen. These findings, along with a previous report that PC-specific splenic B cells are tolerizable as late as day 10 after birth, confirm the invariant, late occurrence of the T15 clonotype and support a highly- ordered, rigorously predetermined mechanism for the acquisition of the B- cell repertoire. The results are discussed in light of other studies on the ontogeny of B-cell specificity, and in terms of the implications on the mechanism by which antibody diversity is generated.", "contents": "Expression of phosphorylcholine-specific B cells during murine development. The TEPC 15 (T15) clonotype, a putatively germline antibody specificity, does not appear in the neonatal B-cell repertoire until approximately 1 wk of age. This report extends this observation by the demonstration that (a) the T15 clonotype follows similar kinetics of appearance in germfree as well as conventionally-reared mice; (b) maternal influences and genetic background play a minor role in the development of the T15 clonotype since CBFI neonates raised by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mothers acquire the T15 clonotype at the same time in ontogeny as BALB/c neonates; (c) the lack of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cells shortly after birth is reflected in a dearth of PC-binding cells in the neonate as well; and (d) no PC-specifc B cells are found in 19-day fetal liver or in bone marrow until 7 days of life, coincident with their appearance in the spleen. These findings, along with a previous report that PC-specific splenic B cells are tolerizable as late as day 10 after birth, confirm the invariant, late occurrence of the T15 clonotype and support a highly- ordered, rigorously predetermined mechanism for the acquisition of the B- cell repertoire. The results are discussed in light of other studies on the ontogeny of B-cell specificity, and in terms of the implications on the mechanism by which antibody diversity is generated."}
{"id": "PMID:302316", "title": "Immune response in humans after vaccination with vaccinia virus: generation of a virus-specific cytotoxic activity by human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "After vaccinia virus vaccination of human volunteers, local indurations developed within 10 days, and regional adenopathy was detected in half of the individuals. Their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) harvested at different days after vaccination showed specific activity against target cells infected with vaccinia virus with a peak activity at day 7. The specificity of the cytotoxic activity was not related to HLA markers, since autologous, homologous, and heterologous infected target cells were lysed with the same efficiency. The cytotoxic activity was caused by PBL that did not rosette with sheep erythrocytes and could be depleted by more than 90 percent by removing Fc receptor-bearing cells. T-cell- depleted PBL showed a one-half to two times greater cytotoxicity than intact PBL. The cytotoxic activity could also be abrogated by more than 95 percent by rabbit Fab(2) anti-human IgG. On the other hand, nonimmune PBL lysed vaccinia-infected target cells in the presence of specific antibodies against vaccinia virus, thus demonstrating that ADCC could be efficient in lysing vaccinia-infected target cells. We conclude that after vaccination, antibody-forming cells arise and provide specific anti-viral antibody and that the cytotoxic cells detected in this reaction are K cells. These experiments suggest that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity may be of major importance in the recovery of man to virus infections.", "contents": "Immune response in humans after vaccination with vaccinia virus: generation of a virus-specific cytotoxic activity by human peripheral lymphocytes. After vaccinia virus vaccination of human volunteers, local indurations developed within 10 days, and regional adenopathy was detected in half of the individuals. Their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) harvested at different days after vaccination showed specific activity against target cells infected with vaccinia virus with a peak activity at day 7. The specificity of the cytotoxic activity was not related to HLA markers, since autologous, homologous, and heterologous infected target cells were lysed with the same efficiency. The cytotoxic activity was caused by PBL that did not rosette with sheep erythrocytes and could be depleted by more than 90 percent by removing Fc receptor-bearing cells. T-cell- depleted PBL showed a one-half to two times greater cytotoxicity than intact PBL. The cytotoxic activity could also be abrogated by more than 95 percent by rabbit Fab(2) anti-human IgG. On the other hand, nonimmune PBL lysed vaccinia-infected target cells in the presence of specific antibodies against vaccinia virus, thus demonstrating that ADCC could be efficient in lysing vaccinia-infected target cells. We conclude that after vaccination, antibody-forming cells arise and provide specific anti-viral antibody and that the cytotoxic cells detected in this reaction are K cells. These experiments suggest that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity may be of major importance in the recovery of man to virus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:302317", "title": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). III. Generation of suppressor T cells by a suppressive extract derived from GT-primed lymphoid cells.", "content": "Injection of mice with L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT)- or L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-specific suppressor T-cell factor (GT-TsF or GAT-TsF) up to 5 wk before antigenic challenge challenge suppresses GT-methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) and GAT-MBSA plaque-forming cells responses. T suppressor cells are responsible for the suppression induced by the suppressive extract as demonstrated by adoptive transfer and sensitivity to anti-Thy-1 and complement treatment. We conclude that suppressive extract induces specific suppressor T cells. The material responsible for generation of suppressor T cells is a product of the I subregion of the H-2 complex. We have excluded that suppressive quantities of antigens are present in the extract. A/J mice, which can neither be suppressed by GT nor make GT-TsF can be suppressed by BALB/c GT-tsf. Spleen cells from BALB/c GT TsF-primed A/J mice can adoptively transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. A/J mice appear to be genetically defective in cells involved in factor production. These results are discussed in the light of a two-step model for induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive factor(s) specific for L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT). III. Generation of suppressor T cells by a suppressive extract derived from GT-primed lymphoid cells. Injection of mice with L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT)- or L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-specific suppressor T-cell factor (GT-TsF or GAT-TsF) up to 5 wk before antigenic challenge challenge suppresses GT-methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) and GAT-MBSA plaque-forming cells responses. T suppressor cells are responsible for the suppression induced by the suppressive extract as demonstrated by adoptive transfer and sensitivity to anti-Thy-1 and complement treatment. We conclude that suppressive extract induces specific suppressor T cells. The material responsible for generation of suppressor T cells is a product of the I subregion of the H-2 complex. We have excluded that suppressive quantities of antigens are present in the extract. A/J mice, which can neither be suppressed by GT nor make GT-TsF can be suppressed by BALB/c GT-tsf. Spleen cells from BALB/c GT TsF-primed A/J mice can adoptively transfer suppression to normal syngeneic recipients. A/J mice appear to be genetically defective in cells involved in factor production. These results are discussed in the light of a two-step model for induction of antigen-specific suppressor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302318", "title": "Isolation and characterizaiton of murine cell surface components. I. Purification of milligram quantities of Thy-1.1.", "content": "The Thy-l.1 molecule was isolated from the BW5147 murine lymphoblastoid cell line. The initial step in purification was the preparation of a crude plasma membrane fraction followed by acetone precipitation. The acetone pellet was solubilized using deoxycholate (DOC) and Thy-1.1 was purified by use of a Lens culinaris lectin affinity column and an AcA-34 gel filtration column. The purified glycoprotein with Thy-1.1 activity had a mol wt of approximately 25,000 daltons. The isolation of this molecule was effected by detecting Thy-I activity utilizing rabbit anti- mouse brain serum tested on rat thymocytes. Congenic anti-Thy-l.1 serum was ineffective in detecting Thy-l.1 after DOC solubilization. An antiserum prepared in rabbits to the purified Thy-1.1 was found to be cytotoxic to mouse and rat thymocytes. The cytotoxic activity of this antisera could be completely absorbed with AKR/Jax brain and thymus but was not absorbed by liver. In addition, AKR/Jax thymocytes totally absorbed all cytotoxic activity of the rabbit anti-purified Thy-1 serum for BW5147 cells suggesting that the cell line shares identical specificities with normal thymocytes. The purified Thy-1.1 molecule was able to totally absorb the cytotoxic activity of mouse congenic anti-Thy-1. These studies serve as a model for the isolation of other murine lymphoid cell surface components in quantities for detailed structural and functional analysis.", "contents": "Isolation and characterizaiton of murine cell surface components. I. Purification of milligram quantities of Thy-1.1. The Thy-l.1 molecule was isolated from the BW5147 murine lymphoblastoid cell line. The initial step in purification was the preparation of a crude plasma membrane fraction followed by acetone precipitation. The acetone pellet was solubilized using deoxycholate (DOC) and Thy-1.1 was purified by use of a Lens culinaris lectin affinity column and an AcA-34 gel filtration column. The purified glycoprotein with Thy-1.1 activity had a mol wt of approximately 25,000 daltons. The isolation of this molecule was effected by detecting Thy-I activity utilizing rabbit anti- mouse brain serum tested on rat thymocytes. Congenic anti-Thy-l.1 serum was ineffective in detecting Thy-l.1 after DOC solubilization. An antiserum prepared in rabbits to the purified Thy-1.1 was found to be cytotoxic to mouse and rat thymocytes. The cytotoxic activity of this antisera could be completely absorbed with AKR/Jax brain and thymus but was not absorbed by liver. In addition, AKR/Jax thymocytes totally absorbed all cytotoxic activity of the rabbit anti-purified Thy-1 serum for BW5147 cells suggesting that the cell line shares identical specificities with normal thymocytes. The purified Thy-1.1 molecule was able to totally absorb the cytotoxic activity of mouse congenic anti-Thy-1. These studies serve as a model for the isolation of other murine lymphoid cell surface components in quantities for detailed structural and functional analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:302320", "title": "Effects of strychnine on the potassium conductance of the frog node of Ranvier.", "content": "The nature of the block of potassium conductance by strychnine in frog node of Ranvier was investigated. The block is voltage-dependent and reaches a steady level with a relaxation time of 1 to several ms. Block is increased by depolarization or a reduction in [K+]O as well as by increasing strychnine concentration. A quaternary derivative of strychnine produces a similar block only when applied intracellularly. In general and in detail, strychnine block resembles that produced by intracellular application of the substituted tetraethylammonium compounds extensively studied by C.M. Armstrong (1969. J. Gen Physiol. 54:553-575. 1971. J. Gen. Physiol. 58:413-437). The kinetics, voltage dependence, and dependence on [K+]O of strychnine block are of the same form. It is concluded that tertiary strychnine must cross the axon membrane and block from the axoplasmic side in the same fashion as these quaternary amines.", "contents": "Effects of strychnine on the potassium conductance of the frog node of Ranvier. The nature of the block of potassium conductance by strychnine in frog node of Ranvier was investigated. The block is voltage-dependent and reaches a steady level with a relaxation time of 1 to several ms. Block is increased by depolarization or a reduction in [K+]O as well as by increasing strychnine concentration. A quaternary derivative of strychnine produces a similar block only when applied intracellularly. In general and in detail, strychnine block resembles that produced by intracellular application of the substituted tetraethylammonium compounds extensively studied by C.M. Armstrong (1969. J. Gen Physiol. 54:553-575. 1971. J. Gen. Physiol. 58:413-437). The kinetics, voltage dependence, and dependence on [K+]O of strychnine block are of the same form. It is concluded that tertiary strychnine must cross the axon membrane and block from the axoplasmic side in the same fashion as these quaternary amines."}
{"id": "PMID:302321", "title": "Effects of strychnine on the sodium conductance of the frog node of Ranvier.", "content": "Strychnine blocks sodium conductance in the frog node of Ranvier. This block was studied by reducing and slowing sodium inactivation with scorpion venom. The block is voltage and time dependent. The more positive the axoplasm the greater the block and the faster the approach to equilibrium. Some evidence is presented suggesting that only open channels can be blocked. The block is reduced by raising external sodium or lithium but not impermeant cations. A quaternary derivative of strychnine was synthesized and found to have the same action only when applied intracellularly. We conclude that strychnine blocks sodium channels by a mechanism analogous to that by which it blocks potassium channels. The potassium channel block had previously been found to be identical to that by tetraethylammonium ion derivatives. In addition, strychnine resembles procaine and its derivatives in both its structure and the mechanism of sodium channel block.", "contents": "Effects of strychnine on the sodium conductance of the frog node of Ranvier. Strychnine blocks sodium conductance in the frog node of Ranvier. This block was studied by reducing and slowing sodium inactivation with scorpion venom. The block is voltage and time dependent. The more positive the axoplasm the greater the block and the faster the approach to equilibrium. Some evidence is presented suggesting that only open channels can be blocked. The block is reduced by raising external sodium or lithium but not impermeant cations. A quaternary derivative of strychnine was synthesized and found to have the same action only when applied intracellularly. We conclude that strychnine blocks sodium channels by a mechanism analogous to that by which it blocks potassium channels. The potassium channel block had previously been found to be identical to that by tetraethylammonium ion derivatives. In addition, strychnine resembles procaine and its derivatives in both its structure and the mechanism of sodium channel block."}
{"id": "PMID:302322", "title": "Cellular mechanisms in the protection against infection by Listeria monocytogenes in mice.", "content": "Listeria monocytogenes, in doses of 2-0 X 10(3) to 3-0 X 10(3) viable organisms, was injected into athymic nude mice, irradiated mice and mice treated with reticuloendothelial system-blocking agents. Viable counts on liver and spleen homogenates were made at intervals after infection. In both nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) of BALB/c background, the bacteria grew rapidly for 24 h but increased only slowly thereafter, to reach a plateau of about 10(5) per organ at 72 h. In nu/+ mice, the number of viable bacteria began to decrease after 6 to 9 days, with complete elimination by day 12. In nude mice, the number of Listeria remained at a stable level of approximately 10(5) per organ during the observation period of 21 days. In lethally irradiated nu/+ mice, bacteria grew progressively and extensively to reach 10(7) per spleen and 10(9) per liver by 72 h. Bacterial growth during the first 72 h was markedly enhanced by treatment with carbon particles, dextran sulphate 500 or silica. These enhancing effects were also observed in nude mice and in AKR, C3H/He and C57BL/6 animals. We conclude that both non-immune phagocytes and T cell-dependent mechanisms contribute to the resistance of mice to Listeria infection.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms in the protection against infection by Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Listeria monocytogenes, in doses of 2-0 X 10(3) to 3-0 X 10(3) viable organisms, was injected into athymic nude mice, irradiated mice and mice treated with reticuloendothelial system-blocking agents. Viable counts on liver and spleen homogenates were made at intervals after infection. In both nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) of BALB/c background, the bacteria grew rapidly for 24 h but increased only slowly thereafter, to reach a plateau of about 10(5) per organ at 72 h. In nu/+ mice, the number of viable bacteria began to decrease after 6 to 9 days, with complete elimination by day 12. In nude mice, the number of Listeria remained at a stable level of approximately 10(5) per organ during the observation period of 21 days. In lethally irradiated nu/+ mice, bacteria grew progressively and extensively to reach 10(7) per spleen and 10(9) per liver by 72 h. Bacterial growth during the first 72 h was markedly enhanced by treatment with carbon particles, dextran sulphate 500 or silica. These enhancing effects were also observed in nude mice and in AKR, C3H/He and C57BL/6 animals. We conclude that both non-immune phagocytes and T cell-dependent mechanisms contribute to the resistance of mice to Listeria infection."}
{"id": "PMID:302323", "title": "Treatment of fatal disseminated vaccinia virus infection in immunosuppressed mice.", "content": "Studies were performed to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of three antiviral drugs (ARA-A, ARA-C and IDU) on the course of fatal disseminated vaccinia virus infection in immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with ARA-A begun as late as 7 days after virus infection was significantly effective in preventing death; no antiviral effect of the other two drugs was demonstrated.", "contents": "Treatment of fatal disseminated vaccinia virus infection in immunosuppressed mice. Studies were performed to compare the therapeutic effectiveness of three antiviral drugs (ARA-A, ARA-C and IDU) on the course of fatal disseminated vaccinia virus infection in immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with ARA-A begun as late as 7 days after virus infection was significantly effective in preventing death; no antiviral effect of the other two drugs was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:302327", "title": "Interstitial pneumonitis in the immunologically suppressed child: an urgent surgical condition.", "content": "Thirty-eight children were evaluated for interstitial pneumonia by open lung biopsy. In most instances the patients were immunosuppressed as a result of cancer chemotherapy and irradiation. Pneumocystis carinii infection was the most common cause of pneumonitis (60.4%), especially in children with leukemia (78.3%). The clinical triad of hypoxemia, tachypnea, and a diffuse interstitial infiltrate on chest x-ray, is an indication for early open lung biopsy. Survival was 91.7% in cases of acute pneumocystis pneumonia, a significant improvement over previous reports. These observations strongly support the concept of early open lung biopsy in the management of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis in patients who are immunosuppressed.", "contents": "Interstitial pneumonitis in the immunologically suppressed child: an urgent surgical condition. Thirty-eight children were evaluated for interstitial pneumonia by open lung biopsy. In most instances the patients were immunosuppressed as a result of cancer chemotherapy and irradiation. Pneumocystis carinii infection was the most common cause of pneumonitis (60.4%), especially in children with leukemia (78.3%). The clinical triad of hypoxemia, tachypnea, and a diffuse interstitial infiltrate on chest x-ray, is an indication for early open lung biopsy. Survival was 91.7% in cases of acute pneumocystis pneumonia, a significant improvement over previous reports. These observations strongly support the concept of early open lung biopsy in the management of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis in patients who are immunosuppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:302328", "title": "Surgical complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in children.", "content": "The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a special challenge to the surgeon because of its relative infrequency and the late onset of overt symptoms, such as hyperelastic skin. We should consider this diagnosis in every child with recurrent inguinal herniae and search for its stigmata. A child with a known Ehlers-Danlos syndrome who requires an elective operation should be carefully studied for coagulation disorders. If there is a history of past injuries or operations in which there was poor healing, the benefits of the proposed operation must be carefully weighed against possible complications. Operations must be carried out with great care to avoid tearing the skin and fascia. Meticulous attention is given to hemostasis to prevent postoperative bleeding or hematomas. Inguinal hernias in these children resemble those seen in elderly patients. The transversalis fascia is thin and the internal ring is hugely dilated. An adult-type repair, with the use of mesh or felt may result in a lower incidence of recurrence. In addition, the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may be yet another etiology for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Specific enzyme defects have been identified in 2 of the 7 subtypes of this disease. Further, biochemical study of connective tissue defects may contribute to our knowledge of normal collagen synthesis and wound healing.", "contents": "Surgical complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in children. The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a special challenge to the surgeon because of its relative infrequency and the late onset of overt symptoms, such as hyperelastic skin. We should consider this diagnosis in every child with recurrent inguinal herniae and search for its stigmata. A child with a known Ehlers-Danlos syndrome who requires an elective operation should be carefully studied for coagulation disorders. If there is a history of past injuries or operations in which there was poor healing, the benefits of the proposed operation must be carefully weighed against possible complications. Operations must be carried out with great care to avoid tearing the skin and fascia. Meticulous attention is given to hemostasis to prevent postoperative bleeding or hematomas. Inguinal hernias in these children resemble those seen in elderly patients. The transversalis fascia is thin and the internal ring is hugely dilated. An adult-type repair, with the use of mesh or felt may result in a lower incidence of recurrence. In addition, the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome may be yet another etiology for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Specific enzyme defects have been identified in 2 of the 7 subtypes of this disease. Further, biochemical study of connective tissue defects may contribute to our knowledge of normal collagen synthesis and wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:302326", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the orbital lesion of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease.", "content": "The orbital bone lesion of a patient with Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease was examined by electron microscopy. Vacuoles in the cytoplasm of foam cells contained granules which were shown by histochemical examination to be cholesterin. Langerhans cell granules in the histiocytes of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease showed a close resemblance to those in Langerhans cell of the epidermis, eosinophilic granuloma and Letterer-Siwe disease. Charcot-Leyden crystals appeared to be formed in the lysosomes of histiocytes in Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. From histopathological and cytological points of view, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease are classified as histiocytosis X. The simultaneous appearance of Langerhans cell granules and Charcot-Leyden crystals is specific in histiocytosis X.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the orbital lesion of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. The orbital bone lesion of a patient with Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease was examined by electron microscopy. Vacuoles in the cytoplasm of foam cells contained granules which were shown by histochemical examination to be cholesterin. Langerhans cell granules in the histiocytes of Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease showed a close resemblance to those in Langerhans cell of the epidermis, eosinophilic granuloma and Letterer-Siwe disease. Charcot-Leyden crystals appeared to be formed in the lysosomes of histiocytes in Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease. From histopathological and cytological points of view, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian disease and Letterer-Siwe disease are classified as histiocytosis X. The simultaneous appearance of Langerhans cell granules and Charcot-Leyden crystals is specific in histiocytosis X."}
{"id": "PMID:302330", "title": "Analysis of atropine action at the frog neutromuscular junction.", "content": "1. Atropine action on the end-plate currents (e.p.c.s) has been analysed at the macroscopic and elementary levels. 2. The shortening effect of atropine on the e.p.c. and m.e.p.c. level can be fully explained by a reduction of the life time of the elementary current: this effect is markedly increased at more hyperpolarized membrane potentials and at higher concentrations of atropine. 3. It is therefore suggested that atropine binds to the open acetylcholine-receptor complex, leading to a state with a null conductance. According to this model, the forward rate constant of atropine binding could be calculated and was of the order of 10(7) M-1 S-1 AT -90 MV and 20-22 degrees C. 4. Although the conductance at the peak of the e.p.c. is reduced by atropine and becomes voltage sensitive, the elementary conductance is affected neither by voltage nor by atropine. 5. The exclusive binding of atropine to the activated ACh-receptor complex, as proposed above, does not appear to explain this phenomenon. Another binding occurring before the channel is open with a dissociation constant of 60 micrometer could account for this effect.", "contents": "Analysis of atropine action at the frog neutromuscular junction. 1. Atropine action on the end-plate currents (e.p.c.s) has been analysed at the macroscopic and elementary levels. 2. The shortening effect of atropine on the e.p.c. and m.e.p.c. level can be fully explained by a reduction of the life time of the elementary current: this effect is markedly increased at more hyperpolarized membrane potentials and at higher concentrations of atropine. 3. It is therefore suggested that atropine binds to the open acetylcholine-receptor complex, leading to a state with a null conductance. According to this model, the forward rate constant of atropine binding could be calculated and was of the order of 10(7) M-1 S-1 AT -90 MV and 20-22 degrees C. 4. Although the conductance at the peak of the e.p.c. is reduced by atropine and becomes voltage sensitive, the elementary conductance is affected neither by voltage nor by atropine. 5. The exclusive binding of atropine to the activated ACh-receptor complex, as proposed above, does not appear to explain this phenomenon. Another binding occurring before the channel is open with a dissociation constant of 60 micrometer could account for this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:302331", "title": "The force-velocity relationship in vertebrate muscle fibres at varied tonicity of the extracellular medium.", "content": "1. The relationship between active force and velocity of shortening was studied during tetanic contraction of isolated semitendinosus muscle fibres of the frog (0.5-2.0 degrees C). Measurements were carried out with the fibre immersed in isotonic (1.00R) Ringer solution and in solutions that were made hypotonic by reduction of NaCl (osmolality 0.62 and 0.81 of normal Ringer) and hypertonic by addition of sucrose (osmolality 1.22 and 1.44 of normal Ringer).2. The force-velocity relation was hyperbolic at loads lower than 80% of measured isometric force (P(0)) but exhibited a reversed curvature between 0.8P(0) and P(0). The maximum velocity of shortening was determined in two different ways: (i) by extrapolation to zero load from force-velocity data truncated at 0.8P(0) (computer fitting of hyperbola, leastsquares method) and (ii) by recording the time required to take up the slack of the fibre after a quick release during tetanus.3. Isometric force and maximum speed of shortening both changed inversely with the tonicity of the extracellular medium. Immersion of the fibre in 0.81R hypotonic solution caused active tension and shortening velocity to increase by 10 +/- 1% (mean +/- S.E. of mean, n = 14) and 12 +/- 1%, respectively. Conversely, force and shortening velocity decreased by 12 +/- 1% (n = 13) and 22 +/- 2% when normal Ringer was replaced by 1.22R hypertonic solution. These changes doubled when the tonicity was altered from normal Ringer to 0.62R and 1.44R, respectively.4. Changes in fibre cross-sectional area equivalent to those obtained in the 0.81R and 1.22R solutions (+11% and -13%, respectively) were produced by varying the sarcomere length within the range 2.0-2.5 mum in the normal Ringer solution. Maximum velocity of shortening remained very nearly constant under these conditions, indicating that the shortening velocity, like the isometric force, is not critically dependent on changes in myofilament lattice width over the range considered.5. The results support the view that both shortening velocity and active force are modulated by changes of the intracellular ionic strength above and below the level that normally exists in the intact muscle fibre.", "contents": "The force-velocity relationship in vertebrate muscle fibres at varied tonicity of the extracellular medium. 1. The relationship between active force and velocity of shortening was studied during tetanic contraction of isolated semitendinosus muscle fibres of the frog (0.5-2.0 degrees C). Measurements were carried out with the fibre immersed in isotonic (1.00R) Ringer solution and in solutions that were made hypotonic by reduction of NaCl (osmolality 0.62 and 0.81 of normal Ringer) and hypertonic by addition of sucrose (osmolality 1.22 and 1.44 of normal Ringer).2. The force-velocity relation was hyperbolic at loads lower than 80% of measured isometric force (P(0)) but exhibited a reversed curvature between 0.8P(0) and P(0). The maximum velocity of shortening was determined in two different ways: (i) by extrapolation to zero load from force-velocity data truncated at 0.8P(0) (computer fitting of hyperbola, leastsquares method) and (ii) by recording the time required to take up the slack of the fibre after a quick release during tetanus.3. Isometric force and maximum speed of shortening both changed inversely with the tonicity of the extracellular medium. Immersion of the fibre in 0.81R hypotonic solution caused active tension and shortening velocity to increase by 10 +/- 1% (mean +/- S.E. of mean, n = 14) and 12 +/- 1%, respectively. Conversely, force and shortening velocity decreased by 12 +/- 1% (n = 13) and 22 +/- 2% when normal Ringer was replaced by 1.22R hypertonic solution. These changes doubled when the tonicity was altered from normal Ringer to 0.62R and 1.44R, respectively.4. Changes in fibre cross-sectional area equivalent to those obtained in the 0.81R and 1.22R solutions (+11% and -13%, respectively) were produced by varying the sarcomere length within the range 2.0-2.5 mum in the normal Ringer solution. Maximum velocity of shortening remained very nearly constant under these conditions, indicating that the shortening velocity, like the isometric force, is not critically dependent on changes in myofilament lattice width over the range considered.5. The results support the view that both shortening velocity and active force are modulated by changes of the intracellular ionic strength above and below the level that normally exists in the intact muscle fibre."}
{"id": "PMID:302332", "title": "The binding of labelled saxitoxin to the sodium channels in normal and denervated mammalian muscle, and in amphibian muscle.", "content": "1. The binding of [3H]saxitoxin to innervated and denervated rat diaphragm muscle, and to normal frog muscle, has been measured. 2. A saturable component of saxitoxin binding, which was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, was detected in all preparations, as well as a component of non-saturable binding. The values for the maximum saturable capacity, M, and the equilibrium binding constant, K, for normal rat diaphragm muscle were: M = 24-4 f-mole.mg wet-1, and K = 3 -8 NM. 3. Denervation of rat diaphragm muscle reduced the maximum binding capacity per unit weight to 16-5 f-mole.mg-1. The value of K remained virtually unchanged at 4-2 nM. 4. It is suggested that the decrease in density per unit weight does not reflect any change in the density of sodium channels per unit area of membrane. 5. Two varieties of the same species of frog, Rana pipiens, were examined. In one variety (Southern) the value of M was 25-6 f-mole.mg-1 and the value of K was 4-3 nM. In the Northern variety the maximum binding capacity was less, M being 14-6 f-mole.mg-1; the value of K was 3-8 nM.", "contents": "The binding of labelled saxitoxin to the sodium channels in normal and denervated mammalian muscle, and in amphibian muscle. 1. The binding of [3H]saxitoxin to innervated and denervated rat diaphragm muscle, and to normal frog muscle, has been measured. 2. A saturable component of saxitoxin binding, which was inhibited by tetrodotoxin, was detected in all preparations, as well as a component of non-saturable binding. The values for the maximum saturable capacity, M, and the equilibrium binding constant, K, for normal rat diaphragm muscle were: M = 24-4 f-mole.mg wet-1, and K = 3 -8 NM. 3. Denervation of rat diaphragm muscle reduced the maximum binding capacity per unit weight to 16-5 f-mole.mg-1. The value of K remained virtually unchanged at 4-2 nM. 4. It is suggested that the decrease in density per unit weight does not reflect any change in the density of sodium channels per unit area of membrane. 5. Two varieties of the same species of frog, Rana pipiens, were examined. In one variety (Southern) the value of M was 25-6 f-mole.mg-1 and the value of K was 4-3 nM. In the Northern variety the maximum binding capacity was less, M being 14-6 f-mole.mg-1; the value of K was 3-8 nM."}
{"id": "PMID:302333", "title": "Tension responses to sudden length change in stimulated frog muscle fibres near slack length.", "content": "1. Apparatus for applying a step change of length to an isolated muscle fibre is described. The step was complete in about 0.2 ms.2. Effects of tendon compliance were eliminated by using a spot-follower device and by gripping the tendons with metal clips close to the fibre ends.3. The natural frequency of the force transducer was above 10 kHz.4. Steps of various amplitudes and in either direction were applied to isolated muscle fibres about 6 mm long from the anterior tibial muscle of Rana temporaria during tetanic stimulation. Initial sarcomere length was 2.0-2.2 mum, and temperature was 0-3 degrees C.5. The tension response to a step could be divided into four phases. The initial response was an apparently elastic change during the step itself (phase 1). After the step was completed there was a rapid partial recovery towards the original tension (phase 2, lasting 2-5 ms), followed by a slowing or reversal of recovery (phase 3, 10-50 ms), and finally a much slower return to the original tension (phase 4). Most of this paper is concerned with phases 1 and 2.6. The initial tension change (phase 1) occurred synchronously with the applied length change, indicating that the fibres possess a compliance which is almost linear and almost undamped. Its stiffness is such that an instantaneous shortening of about 4 nm per half-sarcomere would bring the tension to zero from its isometric value.7. The absence of detectable damping during phase 1 indicates that the viscosity of a stimulated fibre is substantially less than the apparent viscosity of a fibre at rest.8. The instantaneous force-extension curve approached the length axis at a sharp angle and a negative tension appeared at the force transducer when a very large step was applied. These observations suggest that the structures responsible for the stiffness of the fibre remain rigid when they are not under tension.9. During the few milliseconds after the step (phase 2) the tension recovered part of the way toward the level which existed before the step. In shortening steps the time course of this recovery was adequately fitted by the sum of four exponential terms, and was similar in steps of different amplitude but with a time scale shorter the larger the step. In stretches the slow components were relatively larger than in releases.10. The tension level, T(2), approached during phase 2 depended only on the total amplitude of the step and not on the time course of the length change, provided it was complete in 1-2 ms. The extreme tension reached during a step could thus vary widely without detectable change in T(2).11. With stretches and releases of up to about 3 nm per half-sarcomere this early recovery was almost complete, so that the curve of T(2) against step amplitude was nearly horizontal. With larger releases the line curved downwards, reaching zero in a release of about 14 nm per half-sarcomere.12. When the temperature was raised both the developed tension and the stiffness increased, but the relative increase was greater for tension than for stiffness. The amount of instantaneous shortening needed to bring tension to zero was therefore also increased.13. A set of empirical equations is given which describe adequately the first few milliseconds of the tension change in response to any imposed time course of shortening.14. The rapid elasticity and early tension recovery resemble the response of a combination of two elastic components and one viscous component. Reasons are given for preferring an interpretation in terms of an undamped compliance in series with a damped compliance (Voigt element) rather than an undamped elasticity in parallel with a series combination of viscous and elastic components (Maxwell element).15. The rapid compliance does not correspond to the ;series elastic component' of two-component theories of muscle contraction.", "contents": "Tension responses to sudden length change in stimulated frog muscle fibres near slack length. 1. Apparatus for applying a step change of length to an isolated muscle fibre is described. The step was complete in about 0.2 ms.2. Effects of tendon compliance were eliminated by using a spot-follower device and by gripping the tendons with metal clips close to the fibre ends.3. The natural frequency of the force transducer was above 10 kHz.4. Steps of various amplitudes and in either direction were applied to isolated muscle fibres about 6 mm long from the anterior tibial muscle of Rana temporaria during tetanic stimulation. Initial sarcomere length was 2.0-2.2 mum, and temperature was 0-3 degrees C.5. The tension response to a step could be divided into four phases. The initial response was an apparently elastic change during the step itself (phase 1). After the step was completed there was a rapid partial recovery towards the original tension (phase 2, lasting 2-5 ms), followed by a slowing or reversal of recovery (phase 3, 10-50 ms), and finally a much slower return to the original tension (phase 4). Most of this paper is concerned with phases 1 and 2.6. The initial tension change (phase 1) occurred synchronously with the applied length change, indicating that the fibres possess a compliance which is almost linear and almost undamped. Its stiffness is such that an instantaneous shortening of about 4 nm per half-sarcomere would bring the tension to zero from its isometric value.7. The absence of detectable damping during phase 1 indicates that the viscosity of a stimulated fibre is substantially less than the apparent viscosity of a fibre at rest.8. The instantaneous force-extension curve approached the length axis at a sharp angle and a negative tension appeared at the force transducer when a very large step was applied. These observations suggest that the structures responsible for the stiffness of the fibre remain rigid when they are not under tension.9. During the few milliseconds after the step (phase 2) the tension recovered part of the way toward the level which existed before the step. In shortening steps the time course of this recovery was adequately fitted by the sum of four exponential terms, and was similar in steps of different amplitude but with a time scale shorter the larger the step. In stretches the slow components were relatively larger than in releases.10. The tension level, T(2), approached during phase 2 depended only on the total amplitude of the step and not on the time course of the length change, provided it was complete in 1-2 ms. The extreme tension reached during a step could thus vary widely without detectable change in T(2).11. With stretches and releases of up to about 3 nm per half-sarcomere this early recovery was almost complete, so that the curve of T(2) against step amplitude was nearly horizontal. With larger releases the line curved downwards, reaching zero in a release of about 14 nm per half-sarcomere.12. When the temperature was raised both the developed tension and the stiffness increased, but the relative increase was greater for tension than for stiffness. The amount of instantaneous shortening needed to bring tension to zero was therefore also increased.13. A set of empirical equations is given which describe adequately the first few milliseconds of the tension change in response to any imposed time course of shortening.14. The rapid elasticity and early tension recovery resemble the response of a combination of two elastic components and one viscous component. Reasons are given for preferring an interpretation in terms of an undamped compliance in series with a damped compliance (Voigt element) rather than an undamped elasticity in parallel with a series combination of viscous and elastic components (Maxwell element).15. The rapid compliance does not correspond to the ;series elastic component' of two-component theories of muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:302334", "title": "Voltage-clamp experiments on frog single skeletal muscle fibres: evidence for a tubular sodium current.", "content": "1. A late inward current following the initial sodium current is sometimes observed on frog single skeletal muscle fibres studied in voltage-clamp conditions by the double sucrose-gap method. 2. The late inward current is time and voltage dependent; it is sensitive to extracellular sodium concentration and inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Therefore, it is very probably carried by sodium ions. 3. It is assumed that the late current reflects a regenerative increase of sodium conductance in the tubular membrane. The main argument favouring this assumption is that the late current is never observed on detubulated fibres. 4. Inactivation studies show a marked difference between the evolution of the two inward currents when the membrane resting potential is increased by previous hyperpolarizations in a high range of values: the late current is decreased while the initial current remains constant. The decrease of the late current is suppressed by tetraethylammonium ions or in a potassium-free medium. On detubulated fibres, the sodium current is never decreased by conditioning hyperpolarizations. 5. It is postulated that a fast transient potassium current, located in the bubular membrane, should develop contemporaneously with the sodium current. 6. The decay of the sodium inactivation is anaylsed on semilogarithmic plot: on normal fibres, it runs in two phases while on detubulated fibres, one phase only is found.", "contents": "Voltage-clamp experiments on frog single skeletal muscle fibres: evidence for a tubular sodium current. 1. A late inward current following the initial sodium current is sometimes observed on frog single skeletal muscle fibres studied in voltage-clamp conditions by the double sucrose-gap method. 2. The late inward current is time and voltage dependent; it is sensitive to extracellular sodium concentration and inhibited by tetrodotoxin. Therefore, it is very probably carried by sodium ions. 3. It is assumed that the late current reflects a regenerative increase of sodium conductance in the tubular membrane. The main argument favouring this assumption is that the late current is never observed on detubulated fibres. 4. Inactivation studies show a marked difference between the evolution of the two inward currents when the membrane resting potential is increased by previous hyperpolarizations in a high range of values: the late current is decreased while the initial current remains constant. The decrease of the late current is suppressed by tetraethylammonium ions or in a potassium-free medium. On detubulated fibres, the sodium current is never decreased by conditioning hyperpolarizations. 5. It is postulated that a fast transient potassium current, located in the bubular membrane, should develop contemporaneously with the sodium current. 6. The decay of the sodium inactivation is anaylsed on semilogarithmic plot: on normal fibres, it runs in two phases while on detubulated fibres, one phase only is found."}
{"id": "PMID:302335", "title": "The dependence of the electrical potentials across the membranes of the frog skin upon the concentration of sodium in the mucosal solution.", "content": "1. The dependency of the transmembranal potential differences upon the [Na] of the mucosal bathing solution was investigated in frog skin. Semilogarithmic linear correlations were obtained between [na]0 and the transepithelial potential difference (slope: 28-4 +/- 1-8 mV/dec [Na]0), the potential differences across the outer and the inner membrane under open circuit conditions (slope: 33-4 +/- 1-8 and 4-8 +/- 1-5 mV/dec [Na]0, respectively) and the intracellular potential under short circuit conditions (slope: 33-3 +/- 3-4 mV/dec [Na]0). 2. No difference could be observed between skins incubated in Cl- or SO4-Ringer. 3. The results are not in accordance with the Koefoed-Johnsen & Ussing hypothesis. Neither the polarity of the postulated Na electrode at the outer border could be obtained nor the expected slope of the dependency between potential gradient and [Na] of the mucosal bathing solution. 4. Current recirculation through paracellular shunt pathways is suggested to explain the deviation, at least in part. In addition, the I-R-drop resulting from Na entry across the outer border might account for part of the changes of potential gradients. 5. Under all conditions, Na uptake occurs energetically downhill, but permeability changes of the outer border must be postulated to explain the observed dependency of net Na transport upon [Na]0.", "contents": "The dependence of the electrical potentials across the membranes of the frog skin upon the concentration of sodium in the mucosal solution. 1. The dependency of the transmembranal potential differences upon the [Na] of the mucosal bathing solution was investigated in frog skin. Semilogarithmic linear correlations were obtained between [na]0 and the transepithelial potential difference (slope: 28-4 +/- 1-8 mV/dec [Na]0), the potential differences across the outer and the inner membrane under open circuit conditions (slope: 33-4 +/- 1-8 and 4-8 +/- 1-5 mV/dec [Na]0, respectively) and the intracellular potential under short circuit conditions (slope: 33-3 +/- 3-4 mV/dec [Na]0). 2. No difference could be observed between skins incubated in Cl- or SO4-Ringer. 3. The results are not in accordance with the Koefoed-Johnsen & Ussing hypothesis. Neither the polarity of the postulated Na electrode at the outer border could be obtained nor the expected slope of the dependency between potential gradient and [Na] of the mucosal bathing solution. 4. Current recirculation through paracellular shunt pathways is suggested to explain the deviation, at least in part. In addition, the I-R-drop resulting from Na entry across the outer border might account for part of the changes of potential gradients. 5. Under all conditions, Na uptake occurs energetically downhill, but permeability changes of the outer border must be postulated to explain the observed dependency of net Na transport upon [Na]0."}
{"id": "PMID:302336", "title": "[Semi-excitation in nerve and electric nerve model (ENM) (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"semi-excitation\" is an excitation (like phenomenon) found by the authors, first in ENM and then in nerve during observation of the action potential and impedance decrease associated with excitation. The phenomenon was further investigated in relation to the action potential and impedance decrease (for AC of 13 kHz) of the stimulated site on the sciatic nerve and ENM. The nature of the phenomenon was the following. 1. The configuration of the action potential and impedance decrease were almost the same as that of the (complete) excitation, but the durations of the potential change (plateau) and impedance decrease depended on entirely to the duration of stimulating current. 2. Submaximum amplitude of action potential and impedance decrease were graded by the intensity of the stimulating current, but the threshold of this excitation was found. 3. During or after the semi-excitation, absolute or relative refractory period was not found. 4. Both in nerve and ENM, transition from complete excitation to semi-excitation or vice versa was observed. 5. Semi-excitation was found to occurr in the state of reduced membrane potential of the nerve and ENM.", "contents": "[Semi-excitation in nerve and electric nerve model (ENM) (author's transl)]. The \"semi-excitation\" is an excitation (like phenomenon) found by the authors, first in ENM and then in nerve during observation of the action potential and impedance decrease associated with excitation. The phenomenon was further investigated in relation to the action potential and impedance decrease (for AC of 13 kHz) of the stimulated site on the sciatic nerve and ENM. The nature of the phenomenon was the following. 1. The configuration of the action potential and impedance decrease were almost the same as that of the (complete) excitation, but the durations of the potential change (plateau) and impedance decrease depended on entirely to the duration of stimulating current. 2. Submaximum amplitude of action potential and impedance decrease were graded by the intensity of the stimulating current, but the threshold of this excitation was found. 3. During or after the semi-excitation, absolute or relative refractory period was not found. 4. Both in nerve and ENM, transition from complete excitation to semi-excitation or vice versa was observed. 5. Semi-excitation was found to occurr in the state of reduced membrane potential of the nerve and ENM."}
{"id": "PMID:302339", "title": "Template-directed reactions of aminonucleosides.", "content": "We have studied the reactions between adenosine 5'-phosphorimidazolide and 9-(2-amino-2-deoxyxylofuranosyl) adenine (I) or 3'-methylamino-3'-deoxy-adenosine (II), both with and without a poly (U) template. We find that both amino compounds react much more rapidly than does adenosine, in the absence of a template. The rate of reaction is greatly enhanced by a poly (U) template in the case of I, but the enhancement is slight in the case of II.", "contents": "Template-directed reactions of aminonucleosides. We have studied the reactions between adenosine 5'-phosphorimidazolide and 9-(2-amino-2-deoxyxylofuranosyl) adenine (I) or 3'-methylamino-3'-deoxy-adenosine (II), both with and without a poly (U) template. We find that both amino compounds react much more rapidly than does adenosine, in the absence of a template. The rate of reaction is greatly enhanced by a poly (U) template in the case of I, but the enhancement is slight in the case of II."}
{"id": "PMID:302341", "title": "Cytogenetic study of a new Ph1-positive cell line (NALM-1).", "content": "The chromosomes of a cell line (NALM-1) derived from the leukocytes of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were examined with several banding techniques. The modal chromosome number was 46 and the cells contained a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1), due to the standard translocation of the missing segment of the long arm of chromosome No. 22 onto the distal end of the long arm of chromosome No. 9, i.e., t(9;22) (q34;q11). The Ph1-positive modal cells of the NALM-1 line also had two common marker chromosomes, an extra X-chromosome, and missing chromosomes in groups No. 7, 9, and 15. Immunologic examination of the NALM-1 cells revealed them to have non-T-non-B (null) surface characteristics. An antigen specific for cells of acute leukemia and a human la-like antigen were detected. These facts suggested that the NALM-1 cell line originated from CML cells and maintained the cytogenetic and Immunologic characteristics of such cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic study of a new Ph1-positive cell line (NALM-1). The chromosomes of a cell line (NALM-1) derived from the leukocytes of a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were examined with several banding techniques. The modal chromosome number was 46 and the cells contained a Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1), due to the standard translocation of the missing segment of the long arm of chromosome No. 22 onto the distal end of the long arm of chromosome No. 9, i.e., t(9;22) (q34;q11). The Ph1-positive modal cells of the NALM-1 line also had two common marker chromosomes, an extra X-chromosome, and missing chromosomes in groups No. 7, 9, and 15. Immunologic examination of the NALM-1 cells revealed them to have non-T-non-B (null) surface characteristics. An antigen specific for cells of acute leukemia and a human la-like antigen were detected. These facts suggested that the NALM-1 cell line originated from CML cells and maintained the cytogenetic and Immunologic characteristics of such cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302345", "title": "Cardiovascular surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses. Report of 542 operations without blood transfusion.", "content": "Jehovah's Witnesses who require operation represent a challenge to the physician because of the patients' refusal to accept blood transfusion. We report a 20-year experience with a consecutive series of 542 Jehovah's Witness patients ranging in age from 1 day to 89 years who underwent operation. Early mortality (within 30 days after operation) was 9.4%. In 362 patients requiring temporary cardiopulmonary bypass, early mortality was 10.7%. Mortality was 13.5% among 126 patients who had single- or double-valve replacement. The only deaths among patients who had aortic valve replacement or repair of a ventricular septal defect occurred in those who had some serious complication before operation. Preoperative or postoperative anemia was a contributing factor in 12 deaths, and loss of blood was the direct cause of three deaths. Cardiovascular operations can be performed safely without blood transfusion.", "contents": "Cardiovascular surgery in Jehovah's Witnesses. Report of 542 operations without blood transfusion. Jehovah's Witnesses who require operation represent a challenge to the physician because of the patients' refusal to accept blood transfusion. We report a 20-year experience with a consecutive series of 542 Jehovah's Witness patients ranging in age from 1 day to 89 years who underwent operation. Early mortality (within 30 days after operation) was 9.4%. In 362 patients requiring temporary cardiopulmonary bypass, early mortality was 10.7%. Mortality was 13.5% among 126 patients who had single- or double-valve replacement. The only deaths among patients who had aortic valve replacement or repair of a ventricular septal defect occurred in those who had some serious complication before operation. Preoperative or postoperative anemia was a contributing factor in 12 deaths, and loss of blood was the direct cause of three deaths. Cardiovascular operations can be performed safely without blood transfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:302346", "title": "Changes in working status of patients following coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Coronary artery bypass surgery has gained a major role in the management of ischemic heart disease. Relief of symptoms is often the primary goal for these surgical procedures while other effects relating to rehabilitation of such patients have been neglected. To determine change in work status as a result of operation, job status and hours worked before and after surgery were analyzed in 350 patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. Overall, there was no improvement in return to work or hours worked after surgery. Hours worked before surgery, relief of symptoms, severity of disease, number of bypass grafts placed, and level of education all related substantially to a change in work capacity. It appears that if the potential for enhanced productivity is to be realized, rehabilitative measures must be intensified following coronary artery surgery.", "contents": "Changes in working status of patients following coronary bypass surgery. Coronary artery bypass surgery has gained a major role in the management of ischemic heart disease. Relief of symptoms is often the primary goal for these surgical procedures while other effects relating to rehabilitation of such patients have been neglected. To determine change in work status as a result of operation, job status and hours worked before and after surgery were analyzed in 350 patients who had coronary artery bypass grafting procedures. Overall, there was no improvement in return to work or hours worked after surgery. Hours worked before surgery, relief of symptoms, severity of disease, number of bypass grafts placed, and level of education all related substantially to a change in work capacity. It appears that if the potential for enhanced productivity is to be realized, rehabilitative measures must be intensified following coronary artery surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:302347", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy had lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, dysproteinemia, constitutional symptoms, and typical morphologic findings or lymph node obliteration by immunoblasts and plasma cells, proliferation of aborizing vessels, and infiltration with amorphous, eosinophilic material. One patient had massive pulmonary infiltrates that responded to steroid therapy early in the course of the disease, but recurred and were found, at autopsy, to represent immunoblastic invasion of the lung. In both cases, a severe peripheral neuropathy developed during the course of the disease. One patient was addicted to dextroamphetamine for 20 years. Response to corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy was initially rapid and complete, but refractoriness developed as seen in postmortem findings of extensive visceral involvement.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A report of two cases. Two patients with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy had lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, dysproteinemia, constitutional symptoms, and typical morphologic findings or lymph node obliteration by immunoblasts and plasma cells, proliferation of aborizing vessels, and infiltration with amorphous, eosinophilic material. One patient had massive pulmonary infiltrates that responded to steroid therapy early in the course of the disease, but recurred and were found, at autopsy, to represent immunoblastic invasion of the lung. In both cases, a severe peripheral neuropathy developed during the course of the disease. One patient was addicted to dextroamphetamine for 20 years. Response to corticosteroids and cytotoxic therapy was initially rapid and complete, but refractoriness developed as seen in postmortem findings of extensive visceral involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:302356", "title": "Onset of Prinzmetal's angina two years following sudden death syndrome survival.", "content": "A patient who was resuscitated after an episode of ventricular fibrillation without myocardial infarction outside the hospital developed angina for the first time two years later. Although the clinical pattern did not fulfill all of the criteria of Prinzmetal's variant angina and was found to correspond with episodes of ventricular tachycardia, we feel that Prinzmetal's angina can be implicated as the mechanism of previos ventricular fibrillation. During the patient's second hospitalization, angiography demonstrated a single, moderately stenotic, right coronary lesion which was bypassed. Immediately postoperatively, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation requiring more than two hours of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Six months after bypass surgery, she experienced an inferior wall myocardial infarction. She is presently asymptomatic with normal heart size.", "contents": "Onset of Prinzmetal's angina two years following sudden death syndrome survival. A patient who was resuscitated after an episode of ventricular fibrillation without myocardial infarction outside the hospital developed angina for the first time two years later. Although the clinical pattern did not fulfill all of the criteria of Prinzmetal's variant angina and was found to correspond with episodes of ventricular tachycardia, we feel that Prinzmetal's angina can be implicated as the mechanism of previos ventricular fibrillation. During the patient's second hospitalization, angiography demonstrated a single, moderately stenotic, right coronary lesion which was bypassed. Immediately postoperatively, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation requiring more than two hours of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Six months after bypass surgery, she experienced an inferior wall myocardial infarction. She is presently asymptomatic with normal heart size."}
{"id": "PMID:302358", "title": "[Remote results of the aorto-coronary shunting in chronic forms of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Remote results of the aorto-coronary shunting operation performed in 102 patients with ischemic heart disease are reported. Of this number 75 suffered from severe angina pectoris at rest, while the others had angina pectoris on effort of some or other degree of intensity. An excellent late result was achieved (over periods from 6 months to 5 years) in 33.3, good--in 49.5, satisfactory--in 10.1% of the cases, with the surgery being of no avail in 5.1 and aggravating the patients' condition in 2.0% of the instances. Excellent and good results were obtained in 83% of the cases, viz. disappearance of angina pectoris, improved ECG at rest and on effort. The excellent and good results did not depend on the initial coronary reserve, the degree of the coronaries lesion and on the adequacy of the operation, whereas all the other results (satisfactory, ineffective, deterioration) were seen, as a rule, with an inadequate aorto-coronary shunting in patients with extensive cicatricial changes of the myocardium. A direct relationship between remote results and the extent of the myocardial lesion was established.", "contents": "[Remote results of the aorto-coronary shunting in chronic forms of ischemic heart disease]. Remote results of the aorto-coronary shunting operation performed in 102 patients with ischemic heart disease are reported. Of this number 75 suffered from severe angina pectoris at rest, while the others had angina pectoris on effort of some or other degree of intensity. An excellent late result was achieved (over periods from 6 months to 5 years) in 33.3, good--in 49.5, satisfactory--in 10.1% of the cases, with the surgery being of no avail in 5.1 and aggravating the patients' condition in 2.0% of the instances. Excellent and good results were obtained in 83% of the cases, viz. disappearance of angina pectoris, improved ECG at rest and on effort. The excellent and good results did not depend on the initial coronary reserve, the degree of the coronaries lesion and on the adequacy of the operation, whereas all the other results (satisfactory, ineffective, deterioration) were seen, as a rule, with an inadequate aorto-coronary shunting in patients with extensive cicatricial changes of the myocardium. A direct relationship between remote results and the extent of the myocardial lesion was established."}
{"id": "PMID:302360", "title": "T-cell deficiency in immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Mice chronically infected with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) develop immune complex glomerulonephritis. Others have shown that adoptive immunization of these mice by the i.p. injection of syngeneic immune spleen cells terminates the chronic viral carrier state. The present studies were designed to define the effector cell from the immune spleen responsible for adoptive immunization and to determine the effect of this procedure upon the immune complex nephritis which occurs in LCM carrier mice. The results indicate that the effector cell in adoptive immunization is a T-cell that functions directly as a killer cell when transferred to LCM carrier mice. Sixteen of nineteen adoptively immunized mice examined had less immune complex material deposited in their glomeruli than control unmanipulated litter mates. These data demonstrate that this animal model of immune complex glomerulonephritis is immunodeficient with respect to LCM virus-specific killer T-cells. Transfer of this cell population to the LCM carrier mouse diminishes the animal's viremia and improves its immune complex nephritis. In view of these observations, it is suggested that the rationale for the use of immunosuppressive therapy in spontaneously occurring glomerulonephritis should be carefully reconsidered.", "contents": "T-cell deficiency in immune complex glomerulonephritis. Mice chronically infected with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) develop immune complex glomerulonephritis. Others have shown that adoptive immunization of these mice by the i.p. injection of syngeneic immune spleen cells terminates the chronic viral carrier state. The present studies were designed to define the effector cell from the immune spleen responsible for adoptive immunization and to determine the effect of this procedure upon the immune complex nephritis which occurs in LCM carrier mice. The results indicate that the effector cell in adoptive immunization is a T-cell that functions directly as a killer cell when transferred to LCM carrier mice. Sixteen of nineteen adoptively immunized mice examined had less immune complex material deposited in their glomeruli than control unmanipulated litter mates. These data demonstrate that this animal model of immune complex glomerulonephritis is immunodeficient with respect to LCM virus-specific killer T-cells. Transfer of this cell population to the LCM carrier mouse diminishes the animal's viremia and improves its immune complex nephritis. In view of these observations, it is suggested that the rationale for the use of immunosuppressive therapy in spontaneously occurring glomerulonephritis should be carefully reconsidered."}
{"id": "PMID:302361", "title": "Relationship between dialyzer reuse and the presence of anti-N-like antibodies in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "One hundred eleven chronic hemodialysis patients from five dialysis units were tested for the presence of antibodies reactive with red blood cell N substance; 77 patients were available for follow-up study after 18 to 24 months. Initially, 18 patients (16%) had serum anti-N-like antibodies. Thirteen of these patients were in a home dialysis program and were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers. The other five had practiced hollow fiber dialyzer reuse in the past. None of 37 patients using coil dialyzers had anti-N-like antibody. On follow-up testing, anti-N-like antibody persisted in all patients restudied except for one who had a successful renal transplant. Anti-N-like antibodies developed in four additional patients: three were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers at the time, but one had not reused dialyzers for 24 months. Statistical analyses indicated that dialyzer reuse, hollow fiber dialyzers, and home dialysis were significantly related to the presence of anti-N-like antibodies. We interpret the clinical and statistical data to indicate that dialyzer reuse is the major clinical factor in the development of anti-N-like antibody. The likely mechanism involves the prolonged exposure of red cells trapped in the dialyzer to formaldehyde used in preparing dialyzers for reuse. No adverse clinical effects of anti-N-like antibodies were evident in our patients, but hemolysis and acute transplant failure have been reported by others.", "contents": "Relationship between dialyzer reuse and the presence of anti-N-like antibodies in chronic hemodialysis patients. One hundred eleven chronic hemodialysis patients from five dialysis units were tested for the presence of antibodies reactive with red blood cell N substance; 77 patients were available for follow-up study after 18 to 24 months. Initially, 18 patients (16%) had serum anti-N-like antibodies. Thirteen of these patients were in a home dialysis program and were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers. The other five had practiced hollow fiber dialyzer reuse in the past. None of 37 patients using coil dialyzers had anti-N-like antibody. On follow-up testing, anti-N-like antibody persisted in all patients restudied except for one who had a successful renal transplant. Anti-N-like antibodies developed in four additional patients: three were reusing hollow fiber dialyzers at the time, but one had not reused dialyzers for 24 months. Statistical analyses indicated that dialyzer reuse, hollow fiber dialyzers, and home dialysis were significantly related to the presence of anti-N-like antibodies. We interpret the clinical and statistical data to indicate that dialyzer reuse is the major clinical factor in the development of anti-N-like antibody. The likely mechanism involves the prolonged exposure of red cells trapped in the dialyzer to formaldehyde used in preparing dialyzers for reuse. No adverse clinical effects of anti-N-like antibodies were evident in our patients, but hemolysis and acute transplant failure have been reported by others."}
{"id": "PMID:302362", "title": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye. 1. Quantitative registration of the lymph drainage from the orbita of the rabbit with radioactive tracers (author's transl)].", "content": "For the investigation on the lymph drainage from the orbita 99mTc-microcolloid, 99mTc-albumin and 198Au-colloid have been injected into the retrobulbar space of 24 rabbits. Measurements of the activity's distribution have been made in vivo with an Anger type camera (pho-Gamma-IV Hp, Searle Nuclear Chicago) and in vitro after section with a sodium iodine crystal well counter (Clinimat-200, Picker). A significant concentration of the activity could be observed for the most part in the equilateral Lymphonoduli cervicales profundi and superficiales and for the less part also in the equilateral Lymphonoduli mandibulares and contralateral Lymphonoduli cervicales profoundi. Furthermore significant activities could be pointed out in the optic nerves as well as in the contralateral retrobulbar space. The data substantiate a lymph drainage from the orbita  as well as a partly reverse \"prelymphatic-lymphatic\" flow and are of importance for discussions about lymphostatic ophthalmopathy and sympathetic ophthalmitis. For application on man 99mTc-microcolloid (Lymphoscint) shoud be preferred, because with this tracer 1. the lymph drainage can be measured quantitatively quite exactly by extern measurement with the Anger-camera, 2. the allowable radiation dosis for the lens is lying between 0.5-1.0 rad/mCi.", "contents": "[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye. 1. Quantitative registration of the lymph drainage from the orbita of the rabbit with radioactive tracers (author's transl)]. For the investigation on the lymph drainage from the orbita 99mTc-microcolloid, 99mTc-albumin and 198Au-colloid have been injected into the retrobulbar space of 24 rabbits. Measurements of the activity's distribution have been made in vivo with an Anger type camera (pho-Gamma-IV Hp, Searle Nuclear Chicago) and in vitro after section with a sodium iodine crystal well counter (Clinimat-200, Picker). A significant concentration of the activity could be observed for the most part in the equilateral Lymphonoduli cervicales profundi and superficiales and for the less part also in the equilateral Lymphonoduli mandibulares and contralateral Lymphonoduli cervicales profoundi. Furthermore significant activities could be pointed out in the optic nerves as well as in the contralateral retrobulbar space. The data substantiate a lymph drainage from the orbita  as well as a partly reverse \"prelymphatic-lymphatic\" flow and are of importance for discussions about lymphostatic ophthalmopathy and sympathetic ophthalmitis. For application on man 99mTc-microcolloid (Lymphoscint) shoud be preferred, because with this tracer 1. the lymph drainage can be measured quantitatively quite exactly by extern measurement with the Anger-camera, 2. the allowable radiation dosis for the lens is lying between 0.5-1.0 rad/mCi."}
{"id": "PMID:302363", "title": "[Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy--the appearance of the corneal endothelium under the electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "Studying the various stages of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy with transmission and surface electronmicroscopy makes the dystrophic and degenerative changes in the endothelial and Descemet's membrane visible: dystrophic changes by the formation of tuberosities, whose structure is very similar to that Descemet's membrane, and degenerative changes by reduction in the number of endothelial cells through destruction of the intercellular connections and through cell necrosis. The second stage is the reformation of the structure by fibroblastic cells. The dystrophic cells lead to the formation of a fibrillary tissue between the cells and the tuberosity-laden Descemet's membrane, which is different from the primary structure of this tissue. The origin of these cells is unknown.", "contents": "[Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy--the appearance of the corneal endothelium under the electron microscope (author's transl)]. Studying the various stages of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy with transmission and surface electronmicroscopy makes the dystrophic and degenerative changes in the endothelial and Descemet's membrane visible: dystrophic changes by the formation of tuberosities, whose structure is very similar to that Descemet's membrane, and degenerative changes by reduction in the number of endothelial cells through destruction of the intercellular connections and through cell necrosis. The second stage is the reformation of the structure by fibroblastic cells. The dystrophic cells lead to the formation of a fibrillary tissue between the cells and the tuberosity-laden Descemet's membrane, which is different from the primary structure of this tissue. The origin of these cells is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:302364", "title": "[Secondary glaucoma and uveitis: hypertensive uveitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The secondary rise of i.o. pressure in uveitis may lead to a true secondary glaucoma or to hypertensive uveitis. The etiology of the endogenous inflammation does not seem to play a role. Pathogenetically the occlusion of the pupil with the formation of iris bomb\u00e9 and the obliteration of the chamber angle by exudate are important factors, while the hypersecretion of aqueous humor plays a minor role. Medical treatment consists in mydriatics and steroids. Surgical treatment depends on the pathogenetic mechanism and consists either in sector iridectomy or a filtering procedure.", "contents": "[Secondary glaucoma and uveitis: hypertensive uveitis (author's transl)]. The secondary rise of i.o. pressure in uveitis may lead to a true secondary glaucoma or to hypertensive uveitis. The etiology of the endogenous inflammation does not seem to play a role. Pathogenetically the occlusion of the pupil with the formation of iris bomb\u00e9 and the obliteration of the chamber angle by exudate are important factors, while the hypersecretion of aqueous humor plays a minor role. Medical treatment consists in mydriatics and steroids. Surgical treatment depends on the pathogenetic mechanism and consists either in sector iridectomy or a filtering procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:302365", "title": "[Electro-ophthalmological examination results in fundus heterotopicus (author's transl)].", "content": "A single-flash ERG and an EOG were performed in four cases of fundus heterotopicus. While the EOG responses showed a normal light and dark adaptation, the ERG registered a subnormal a- and b-wave, corresponding to the extent of the medial ectasia. Where hemeralopia was present, the ERG showed a monophasic a-wave and a markedly reduced b-wave. That means that in addition to the simple fundus heterotopicus, there is also a form with several clinical characteristics in which a hemeralopia is adaptometrically and electroretinographically demonstrable.", "contents": "[Electro-ophthalmological examination results in fundus heterotopicus (author's transl)]. A single-flash ERG and an EOG were performed in four cases of fundus heterotopicus. While the EOG responses showed a normal light and dark adaptation, the ERG registered a subnormal a- and b-wave, corresponding to the extent of the medial ectasia. Where hemeralopia was present, the ERG showed a monophasic a-wave and a markedly reduced b-wave. That means that in addition to the simple fundus heterotopicus, there is also a form with several clinical characteristics in which a hemeralopia is adaptometrically and electroretinographically demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:302366", "title": "[Immunological studies in a case of congenital nephrotic syndrome with focal extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "An immunological study in a case of nephrotic syndrome in early infancy with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with focal crescents revealed deficiencies in humoral and cellular immunity. Serum Ig-G antibody levels such as pertussis-agglutinins, tetanus and diophtheria-antitoxing were decreased. A loss of tetanus antibodies in the urine could be observed. The production of tetanus-antibodies after immunogenic stimulation with tetanus-antigen was not diminished. The loss of Ig-A in the urine might have been compensated by a higher synthesis rate, which could also be the cause of the increased serum levels of Ig-M, since a loss of Ig-M in urine was not observed. The diminished serum levels of Ig-G antibodies were considered not only to be the result of loss, but possibly also of higher catabolism, and an insufficient compensation by a higher rate of synthesis. The percentage of T-cells in peripheral blood was found to be low. Stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA was at first normal, but in the last investigations diminished. Special experiments lead to the assumption, that this partial defect of cellular immunity might be the result of lacking or diminution of nutritive plasmafactors.", "contents": "[Immunological studies in a case of congenital nephrotic syndrome with focal extracapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. An immunological study in a case of nephrotic syndrome in early infancy with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis with focal crescents revealed deficiencies in humoral and cellular immunity. Serum Ig-G antibody levels such as pertussis-agglutinins, tetanus and diophtheria-antitoxing were decreased. A loss of tetanus antibodies in the urine could be observed. The production of tetanus-antibodies after immunogenic stimulation with tetanus-antigen was not diminished. The loss of Ig-A in the urine might have been compensated by a higher synthesis rate, which could also be the cause of the increased serum levels of Ig-M, since a loss of Ig-M in urine was not observed. The diminished serum levels of Ig-G antibodies were considered not only to be the result of loss, but possibly also of higher catabolism, and an insufficient compensation by a higher rate of synthesis. The percentage of T-cells in peripheral blood was found to be low. Stimulation of lymphocytes with PHA was at first normal, but in the last investigations diminished. Special experiments lead to the assumption, that this partial defect of cellular immunity might be the result of lacking or diminution of nutritive plasmafactors."}
{"id": "PMID:302367", "title": "[Unusual complications in the course of histiocytosis X (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3 patients with histiocytosis X the following complications are described: 1. A 16 year old boy suffered from generalized histiocytosis in infancy. He died after acute intracranial hypertension caused by a basilar impression. 2. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces was the first symptom of an initial exclusively pulmonary histiocytosis X. 3. Exophytically growing soft tissue tumors in the late disease state of a progressive histiocytosis X.", "contents": "[Unusual complications in the course of histiocytosis X (author's transl)]. In 3 patients with histiocytosis X the following complications are described: 1. A 16 year old boy suffered from generalized histiocytosis in infancy. He died after acute intracranial hypertension caused by a basilar impression. 2. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces was the first symptom of an initial exclusively pulmonary histiocytosis X. 3. Exophytically growing soft tissue tumors in the late disease state of a progressive histiocytosis X."}
{"id": "PMID:302368", "title": "[The differentiation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by immunological methods. III. Results in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 47 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia surface markers were evaluated on mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood as well as in some cases on bone marrow lymphocytes. The lymphocytes were characterized by their binding capacity for sheep red blood cells, the demonstration of Fc-receptors, complement receptors as well as surface immunoglobulins. In 6 of 23 untreated patients the blasts bound sheep red blood cells spontaneously (T-ALL), in two of these six cases the lymphoblasts had simultaneously receptors for complement. In a further patients the lymphoblasts had complement- and Fc-receptors. The blasts of 16 of 23 patients were negative in respect to the markers tested (O-ALL). By comparing two groups of patients--one with positive cells, one unreactive--the clinical features differed: the marker positive group showed a predominance of male patients, 5 of 7 patients had a massive mediastinal mass and the remission rate was lower than in the group with positive blasts. 24 patients in remission under maintance treatment had a decreased percentage of rosette forming lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins and Fc-receptors. There existed some correlation between the percentage of rosette forming lymphocytes and the clinical course: patients with complications had lower percentages of rosette forming lymphocytes than patients with a favourable course.", "contents": "[The differentiation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by immunological methods. III. Results in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. In 47 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia surface markers were evaluated on mononuclear cells of the peripheral blood as well as in some cases on bone marrow lymphocytes. The lymphocytes were characterized by their binding capacity for sheep red blood cells, the demonstration of Fc-receptors, complement receptors as well as surface immunoglobulins. In 6 of 23 untreated patients the blasts bound sheep red blood cells spontaneously (T-ALL), in two of these six cases the lymphoblasts had simultaneously receptors for complement. In a further patients the lymphoblasts had complement- and Fc-receptors. The blasts of 16 of 23 patients were negative in respect to the markers tested (O-ALL). By comparing two groups of patients--one with positive cells, one unreactive--the clinical features differed: the marker positive group showed a predominance of male patients, 5 of 7 patients had a massive mediastinal mass and the remission rate was lower than in the group with positive blasts. 24 patients in remission under maintance treatment had a decreased percentage of rosette forming lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins and Fc-receptors. There existed some correlation between the percentage of rosette forming lymphocytes and the clinical course: patients with complications had lower percentages of rosette forming lymphocytes than patients with a favourable course."}
{"id": "PMID:302369", "title": "Differentiation of human lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen in vitro: studies in normal and in immunodeficient subjects.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was measured in normal individuals and in subjects with primary immunodeficiency. Unstimulated cultures demonstrated stable, low Ig synthesis of all major Ig classes; PWM showed a peak of Ig synthesis at day 5; PHA cultures demonstrated a late peak of ig production at day 9. Three cases of common variable immunodeficiency showed different patterns of data when the percentage of B cells in blood and Ig production in vitro were used as parameters. Two persons with immunodeficiency and thymoma showed decreased Ig production in vitro, and had suppressor cells capable of blocking Ig production by normal lymphocytes in co-cultivation experments.", "contents": "Differentiation of human lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen in vitro: studies in normal and in immunodeficient subjects. Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was measured in normal individuals and in subjects with primary immunodeficiency. Unstimulated cultures demonstrated stable, low Ig synthesis of all major Ig classes; PWM showed a peak of Ig synthesis at day 5; PHA cultures demonstrated a late peak of ig production at day 9. Three cases of common variable immunodeficiency showed different patterns of data when the percentage of B cells in blood and Ig production in vitro were used as parameters. Two persons with immunodeficiency and thymoma showed decreased Ig production in vitro, and had suppressor cells capable of blocking Ig production by normal lymphocytes in co-cultivation experments."}
{"id": "PMID:302371", "title": "T & B lymphocytes in the spectrum of leprosy.", "content": "The percentage of T & B lymphocytes were estimated in 52 leprosy patients by 'E' and 'EAC' rosette techniques. The mean % values for 'T' lymphocytes were significantly lower in lepromatous group as compared with that of tuberculoid and borderline groups. Also, a significant difference was observed in the mean % values of T & B lymphocytes of the borderline and tuberculoid patients and of the normal control group. These findings were correlated with skin smears and lepromin testing.", "contents": "T & B lymphocytes in the spectrum of leprosy. The percentage of T & B lymphocytes were estimated in 52 leprosy patients by 'E' and 'EAC' rosette techniques. The mean % values for 'T' lymphocytes were significantly lower in lepromatous group as compared with that of tuberculoid and borderline groups. Also, a significant difference was observed in the mean % values of T & B lymphocytes of the borderline and tuberculoid patients and of the normal control group. These findings were correlated with skin smears and lepromin testing."}
{"id": "PMID:302377", "title": "Vestibular dysfunction associated with benign paroxysmal vertigo.", "content": "Benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV) is a clinical syndrome of vestibular origin although generally no evidence of vestibular dysfunction can be demonstrated with conventional tests. In a review of 1350 consecutive dizzy patients, there were 125 with BPV and of these, 33 underwent a quantitative rotational test of vestibular function. The rotational results showed reduces vestibular system gain for these BPV patients. In addition, they could be subdivided on the basis of a normal or shorter cupular time constant (Tc). Separation of patients into diagnostic categories revealed that those categorized as cupulolithiasis and viral labyrinthitis had a normal Tc range and those categorized as trauma and idiopathic had a short Tc. The reduced gain and short Tc in the latter group suggest hair cell and/or nerve damage since these same changes occur in patients with destructive peripheral vestibular disease.", "contents": "Vestibular dysfunction associated with benign paroxysmal vertigo. Benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV) is a clinical syndrome of vestibular origin although generally no evidence of vestibular dysfunction can be demonstrated with conventional tests. In a review of 1350 consecutive dizzy patients, there were 125 with BPV and of these, 33 underwent a quantitative rotational test of vestibular function. The rotational results showed reduces vestibular system gain for these BPV patients. In addition, they could be subdivided on the basis of a normal or shorter cupular time constant (Tc). Separation of patients into diagnostic categories revealed that those categorized as cupulolithiasis and viral labyrinthitis had a normal Tc range and those categorized as trauma and idiopathic had a short Tc. The reduced gain and short Tc in the latter group suggest hair cell and/or nerve damage since these same changes occur in patients with destructive peripheral vestibular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302378", "title": "The lateral approach to acoustic tumors.", "content": "The surgical experience of a decade of acoustic tumor surgery is discussed. This series involves 106 operations. A plea is made to use the \"lateral\" approach to the cerebellopontine angle which combines the translabyrinthine and retrosinal routes when necessary. The facial nerve is preserved in 88% of the patients using this approach and the mortality rate is only 1 or 2%. The most common complication is cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The posterior, suboccipital approach in acoustic tumors is condemned. Statistics are presented that make the argument of \"hearing preservation\" by suboccipital surgery academic. Only 11% of the patients in this series of 106 had \"good\" hearing preoperatively and all of these had normal hearing in the opposite ear.", "contents": "The lateral approach to acoustic tumors. The surgical experience of a decade of acoustic tumor surgery is discussed. This series involves 106 operations. A plea is made to use the \"lateral\" approach to the cerebellopontine angle which combines the translabyrinthine and retrosinal routes when necessary. The facial nerve is preserved in 88% of the patients using this approach and the mortality rate is only 1 or 2%. The most common complication is cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The posterior, suboccipital approach in acoustic tumors is condemned. Statistics are presented that make the argument of \"hearing preservation\" by suboccipital surgery academic. Only 11% of the patients in this series of 106 had \"good\" hearing preoperatively and all of these had normal hearing in the opposite ear."}
{"id": "PMID:302382", "title": "Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of an endurance training program.", "content": "A comparison of the cardiorespiratory responses obtained using both a longitudinal and cross-sectional evaluation of an endurance training program was made in two groups of 60 young male military personnel. Both groups were initially tested (T1) and then retested 6 months later (T2). At T1, Group I was a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had undergone a 5-month endurance program (2-4 mile run/day). At T2, Groups I and II had been participating in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. Testing consisted of sub-maximal and maximal determinations of VO2, VE and heart rate (HR) using an interrupted treadmill test. VO2 max was 11% greater in Group II compared to Group I at T1 and increased 10% in Group I at T2. Similar results were also seen for HR submax, HR max and VE max. These results show that similar values indicative of an improved level of cardiorespiratory fitness can be obtained using either a cross-sectional or longitudinal design when relatively homogeneous groups are studied.", "contents": "Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of an endurance training program. A comparison of the cardiorespiratory responses obtained using both a longitudinal and cross-sectional evaluation of an endurance training program was made in two groups of 60 young male military personnel. Both groups were initially tested (T1) and then retested 6 months later (T2). At T1, Group I was a sample of personnel not participating in a training program while Group II had undergone a 5-month endurance program (2-4 mile run/day). At T2, Groups I and II had been participating in the program for 6 and 11 months, respectively. Testing consisted of sub-maximal and maximal determinations of VO2, VE and heart rate (HR) using an interrupted treadmill test. VO2 max was 11% greater in Group II compared to Group I at T1 and increased 10% in Group I at T2. Similar results were also seen for HR submax, HR max and VE max. These results show that similar values indicative of an improved level of cardiorespiratory fitness can be obtained using either a cross-sectional or longitudinal design when relatively homogeneous groups are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:302383", "title": "Functional capabilities following coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Changes in myocardial oxygen supply were evaluated in 19 patients following coronary by-pass surgery (CBS) for angina pectoris (AP). A symptom limited maximal functional graded exercise test (GXT) was performed before and 2-19 (X 7.5) months following CBS. After surgery the patients were urged to resume full activity and were individually managed in a 10-week \"at home\" exercise program. Increases were demonstrated for predicted oxygen uptake and work load (p less than .002), and rate pressure product (p less than .02) following CBS, suggesting increased myocardial blood flow. Terminal heart rate showed no significant increase. Of 16 patients exhibiting ST segment depression ( greater than or equal to .1 mV) with AP during GXT before surgery, 10 cases experienced total relief of both of these signs after surgery. A correlation between the pre-operative number of occluded coronary arteries (greater than 50%) and the degree of exercise induced ST segment depression revealed no significant trend. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between post-operative GXT results and the number of by-pass grafts performed on each patient. This study supports the premise that the effectiveness of CBS, in improving functional capacity, can be objectively evaluated by a non-invasive functional GXT.", "contents": "Functional capabilities following coronary bypass surgery. Changes in myocardial oxygen supply were evaluated in 19 patients following coronary by-pass surgery (CBS) for angina pectoris (AP). A symptom limited maximal functional graded exercise test (GXT) was performed before and 2-19 (X 7.5) months following CBS. After surgery the patients were urged to resume full activity and were individually managed in a 10-week \"at home\" exercise program. Increases were demonstrated for predicted oxygen uptake and work load (p less than .002), and rate pressure product (p less than .02) following CBS, suggesting increased myocardial blood flow. Terminal heart rate showed no significant increase. Of 16 patients exhibiting ST segment depression ( greater than or equal to .1 mV) with AP during GXT before surgery, 10 cases experienced total relief of both of these signs after surgery. A correlation between the pre-operative number of occluded coronary arteries (greater than 50%) and the degree of exercise induced ST segment depression revealed no significant trend. Additionally, no significant relationship was found between post-operative GXT results and the number of by-pass grafts performed on each patient. This study supports the premise that the effectiveness of CBS, in improving functional capacity, can be objectively evaluated by a non-invasive functional GXT."}
{"id": "PMID:302388", "title": "Electric pain control (EPC) of a painful forearm amputation stump.", "content": "Surgically and pharmaceutically uncontrollable pain in the forearm stump of a 28-year-old mine explosion victim of the Viet-Nam War, was successfully treated by electric pain control (EPC), which led to his full rehabilitation. The electrodes of the pain-control equipment were built into the prosthetic socket to enable treatment to be continued while the patient was working in his full-time occupation as a storeman. The theory underlying this form of treatment is briefly described and the method of manufacture of the modified prosthetic socket is provided, so that similar application of electric pain control can also be used in other patients.", "contents": "Electric pain control (EPC) of a painful forearm amputation stump. Surgically and pharmaceutically uncontrollable pain in the forearm stump of a 28-year-old mine explosion victim of the Viet-Nam War, was successfully treated by electric pain control (EPC), which led to his full rehabilitation. The electrodes of the pain-control equipment were built into the prosthetic socket to enable treatment to be continued while the patient was working in his full-time occupation as a storeman. The theory underlying this form of treatment is briefly described and the method of manufacture of the modified prosthetic socket is provided, so that similar application of electric pain control can also be used in other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302390", "title": "[Receptors for complement and Fc and T-lymphocyte markers on cells of malignant tumours of man (author's transl)].", "content": "32 malignant solid tumours of various histological types were tested for the presence of Fc receptors, complement receptors and T-lymphocyte markers in single-cell suspensions of fresh tissue. Indicator cells were normal SRBC (E), SRBC coated with rabbit antisheep lg (EA) and EA coated with complement (EAC'). Fluorescent microscopy on tumour cells was done with rabbit anti-human IgG-fraction labeled with FITC. Almost all tumours possessed Fc receptors and/or complement-receptors. The presence of T-lymphocyte marker was less frequently found. It is proposed to establish a \"receptor classification\" in addition to the histologic classification of the tumours.", "contents": "[Receptors for complement and Fc and T-lymphocyte markers on cells of malignant tumours of man (author's transl)]. 32 malignant solid tumours of various histological types were tested for the presence of Fc receptors, complement receptors and T-lymphocyte markers in single-cell suspensions of fresh tissue. Indicator cells were normal SRBC (E), SRBC coated with rabbit antisheep lg (EA) and EA coated with complement (EAC'). Fluorescent microscopy on tumour cells was done with rabbit anti-human IgG-fraction labeled with FITC. Almost all tumours possessed Fc receptors and/or complement-receptors. The presence of T-lymphocyte marker was less frequently found. It is proposed to establish a \"receptor classification\" in addition to the histologic classification of the tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:302387", "title": "Epithelial lesions in low flow states: a unifying concept.", "content": "Several epithelium-lined organs are highly vulnerable in low flow states, and may lead to lesions such as hemorrhagic enteritis, stress ulcer, renal tubular necrosis, acalculous cholecystitis and \"shock lung\". A hypothesis is presented which postulated that the redistribution of the subepithelial microcirculatory blood flow and the subsequent damage to the epithelial barrier are the crucial processes in their pathogenesis. Presently available evidence in support of this thesis is summarized.", "contents": "Epithelial lesions in low flow states: a unifying concept. Several epithelium-lined organs are highly vulnerable in low flow states, and may lead to lesions such as hemorrhagic enteritis, stress ulcer, renal tubular necrosis, acalculous cholecystitis and \"shock lung\". A hypothesis is presented which postulated that the redistribution of the subepithelial microcirculatory blood flow and the subsequent damage to the epithelial barrier are the crucial processes in their pathogenesis. Presently available evidence in support of this thesis is summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:302395", "title": "The mechanism of cobalamin-dependent rearrangements.", "content": "Adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements are enzyme catalyzed reactions in which a hydrogen atom is transfered from one carbon atom to an adjacent one in exchange for a group X which migrates in the opposite direction. In the hydrogen transfer step, the mechanism of which is reasonably well understood, the cofactor serves as an intermediate hydrogen carrier. The transfer of hydrogen to the cofactor involves homolysis of the carbon-cobalt bond to generate cob(II) alamin and the 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl radical, followed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate to form 5'-deoxyadenosine and the substrate radical. After migration of group X, the hydrogen atom is returned to the product radical by the reverse of the above reactions to generate the final product and reconstitute the cofactor. In contrast to the transfer of hydrogen, the mechanism of group X migration is poorly understood. Many reactions mechanisms have been proposed on chemical grounds, but there is insufficient biochemical evidence to permit a choice among these propsals. A quantity of negative evidence has accumulated suggesting that group X migration does not involve alkylation of the cobalt of cobalamin by the substrate, but in the absence of firm data supporting an alternative mechanism, even this weak conclusion must be regarded as provisional.", "contents": "The mechanism of cobalamin-dependent rearrangements. Adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangements are enzyme catalyzed reactions in which a hydrogen atom is transfered from one carbon atom to an adjacent one in exchange for a group X which migrates in the opposite direction. In the hydrogen transfer step, the mechanism of which is reasonably well understood, the cofactor serves as an intermediate hydrogen carrier. The transfer of hydrogen to the cofactor involves homolysis of the carbon-cobalt bond to generate cob(II) alamin and the 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl radical, followed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom from the substrate to form 5'-deoxyadenosine and the substrate radical. After migration of group X, the hydrogen atom is returned to the product radical by the reverse of the above reactions to generate the final product and reconstitute the cofactor. In contrast to the transfer of hydrogen, the mechanism of group X migration is poorly understood. Many reactions mechanisms have been proposed on chemical grounds, but there is insufficient biochemical evidence to permit a choice among these propsals. A quantity of negative evidence has accumulated suggesting that group X migration does not involve alkylation of the cobalt of cobalamin by the substrate, but in the absence of firm data supporting an alternative mechanism, even this weak conclusion must be regarded as provisional."}
{"id": "PMID:302410", "title": "Evidence that UV-inducible error-prone repair is absent in Haemophilus influenzae Rd, with a discussion of the relation to error-prone repair of alkylating-agent damage.", "content": "Haemophilus influenzae Rd and its derivatives are mutated either not at all or to only a very small extent by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, X-rays, methyl methanesulfonate, and nitrogen mustard, though they are readily mutated by such agents as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methanesulfonate, and nitrosocarbaryl. In these respects H. influenzae Rd resembles the lexA mutants of Escherichia coli that lack the SOS or reclex UV-inducible error-prone repair system. This similarity is further brought out by the observation that chloramphenicol has little or no effect on post-replication repair after UV irradiation. In E. coli, chloramphenicol has been reported to considerably inhibit post-replication repair in the wild type but not in the lexA mutant. Earlier work has suggested that most or all the mutations induced in H. influenzae by NC result from error-prone repair. Combined treatment with NC and either X-rays or UV shows that the NC error-prone repair system does not produce mutations from the lesions induced by these radiations even while it is producing them from its own lesions. It is concluded that the NC error-prone repair system or systems and the reclex error-prone system are different.", "contents": "Evidence that UV-inducible error-prone repair is absent in Haemophilus influenzae Rd, with a discussion of the relation to error-prone repair of alkylating-agent damage. Haemophilus influenzae Rd and its derivatives are mutated either not at all or to only a very small extent by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, X-rays, methyl methanesulfonate, and nitrogen mustard, though they are readily mutated by such agents as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methanesulfonate, and nitrosocarbaryl. In these respects H. influenzae Rd resembles the lexA mutants of Escherichia coli that lack the SOS or reclex UV-inducible error-prone repair system. This similarity is further brought out by the observation that chloramphenicol has little or no effect on post-replication repair after UV irradiation. In E. coli, chloramphenicol has been reported to considerably inhibit post-replication repair in the wild type but not in the lexA mutant. Earlier work has suggested that most or all the mutations induced in H. influenzae by NC result from error-prone repair. Combined treatment with NC and either X-rays or UV shows that the NC error-prone repair system does not produce mutations from the lesions induced by these radiations even while it is producing them from its own lesions. It is concluded that the NC error-prone repair system or systems and the reclex error-prone system are different."}
{"id": "PMID:302411", "title": "Attempts to induce mutations in Haemophilus influenzae with the base analogues 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine.", "content": "Attempts were made to induce mutations in Haemophilus influenzae with the base analogues 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine. These attempts were unsuccessful. Incorporation studies with BrdUrd showed, in agreement with earlier studies on Escherichia coli, that BrdUrd was discriminated against when dThd was also present but was incorporated to essentially the same extent as dThd when only BrdUrd was present. In this latter case, strands fully substituted with BrdUrd was produced, but survival data suggest that bacteria deriving their DNA by replication on such fully substituted templates were inviable. However, bacteria with about 20% of the thymine substituted with bromouracil were usually viable. No mutations could be detected in the descendants of such bacteria. The reasons for this are discussed and it is concluded that in all probability the replication system in species rarely if every treats incorporated bromouracil as anything except a thymine analogue. The alternative possibility, that the negative results are a consequence of the absence of the reclex (SOS) error-prone repair system in this species, is considered much less likely.", "contents": "Attempts to induce mutations in Haemophilus influenzae with the base analogues 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine. Attempts were made to induce mutations in Haemophilus influenzae with the base analogues 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine. These attempts were unsuccessful. Incorporation studies with BrdUrd showed, in agreement with earlier studies on Escherichia coli, that BrdUrd was discriminated against when dThd was also present but was incorporated to essentially the same extent as dThd when only BrdUrd was present. In this latter case, strands fully substituted with BrdUrd was produced, but survival data suggest that bacteria deriving their DNA by replication on such fully substituted templates were inviable. However, bacteria with about 20% of the thymine substituted with bromouracil were usually viable. No mutations could be detected in the descendants of such bacteria. The reasons for this are discussed and it is concluded that in all probability the replication system in species rarely if every treats incorporated bromouracil as anything except a thymine analogue. The alternative possibility, that the negative results are a consequence of the absence of the reclex (SOS) error-prone repair system in this species, is considered much less likely."}
{"id": "PMID:302412", "title": "Use of plasma pharmacokinetics to predict and prevent methotrexate toxicity.", "content": "To correlate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of methotrexate, we measured the drug's clearance from plasma after 395 high-dose, six-hour infusions given to 78 patients. After 375 infusions, 48 hour methotrexate levels fell within 2 standard deviations of the mean for nontoxic infusions, and myelosuppression did not occur. Methotrexate concentrations exceeded the range for nontoxic patients (mean +/- 2 standard deviations) after 20 infusions. Serious myelosuppression occurred after six of these 20 infusions, including five of 12 infusions associated with 48-hour drug concentrations above 9 X 10(-7) M. In seven patients with 48-hour concentrations above 9 X 10(-7) M, the absence of toxicity could be attributed to subsequent rapid clearance of the drug; four of these patients also received large doses of supplemental leucovorin (50 to 100 mg per square meter every six hours). Determination of methotrexate concentration in plasma thus identified patients at high risk of toxicity, a group that may benefit from supplemental leucovorin rescue.", "contents": "Use of plasma pharmacokinetics to predict and prevent methotrexate toxicity. To correlate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of methotrexate, we measured the drug's clearance from plasma after 395 high-dose, six-hour infusions given to 78 patients. After 375 infusions, 48 hour methotrexate levels fell within 2 standard deviations of the mean for nontoxic infusions, and myelosuppression did not occur. Methotrexate concentrations exceeded the range for nontoxic patients (mean +/- 2 standard deviations) after 20 infusions. Serious myelosuppression occurred after six of these 20 infusions, including five of 12 infusions associated with 48-hour drug concentrations above 9 X 10(-7) M. In seven patients with 48-hour concentrations above 9 X 10(-7) M, the absence of toxicity could be attributed to subsequent rapid clearance of the drug; four of these patients also received large doses of supplemental leucovorin (50 to 100 mg per square meter every six hours). Determination of methotrexate concentration in plasma thus identified patients at high risk of toxicity, a group that may benefit from supplemental leucovorin rescue."}
{"id": "PMID:302428", "title": "Intrapetrous epidermoid deforming the pantopaque cisternogram.", "content": "Pantopaque cisternography is now an established procedure for the diagnosis of mass lesions arising in, or extending into the cerebellopontine angle. Non-filling of the internal auditory canal, even if of normal dimensions, is, with rare exceptions, diagnostic of an intracanalicular acoustic neurinoma. A case is reported of an intrapetrous epidermoid excavating the internal ear, but not widening the meatus, which prevented filling of the canal at cisternography.", "contents": "Intrapetrous epidermoid deforming the pantopaque cisternogram. Pantopaque cisternography is now an established procedure for the diagnosis of mass lesions arising in, or extending into the cerebellopontine angle. Non-filling of the internal auditory canal, even if of normal dimensions, is, with rare exceptions, diagnostic of an intracanalicular acoustic neurinoma. A case is reported of an intrapetrous epidermoid excavating the internal ear, but not widening the meatus, which prevented filling of the canal at cisternography."}
{"id": "PMID:302431", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in multiple scerlosis: comparison with neuroelectric blocking activity.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in patients with confirmed multiple sclerosis using a new technique in which immunoglobulin bearing (lg+) cells are rosetted directly with purified anti-light chain antibody-coated human erythrocytes, while T cells are first sensitized with specific anti-human thymus antisera prepared in b4b4 rabbits, and then indirectly rosetted with purified anti-rabbit light chain allotype antibody-coated human erythrocytes. In 45 percent of the patients, there was a striking decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes and a reciprocal elevation of lg+ and N cells. In another 20 percent, T cell depression was not accompanied by Ig+ elevation. The remaining 35 percent had normal lymphocyte profiles as did all patients with nondemyelinating neurologic diseases. However, we found no significant correlation between the lymphocyte profiles and prospective clinical evaluation of these patients and no correlation between alterations in lymphocyte profile and the presence of neuroelectric blocking factors in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in multiple scerlosis: comparison with neuroelectric blocking activity. Lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in patients with confirmed multiple sclerosis using a new technique in which immunoglobulin bearing (lg+) cells are rosetted directly with purified anti-light chain antibody-coated human erythrocytes, while T cells are first sensitized with specific anti-human thymus antisera prepared in b4b4 rabbits, and then indirectly rosetted with purified anti-rabbit light chain allotype antibody-coated human erythrocytes. In 45 percent of the patients, there was a striking decrease in the percentage of T lymphocytes and a reciprocal elevation of lg+ and N cells. In another 20 percent, T cell depression was not accompanied by Ig+ elevation. The remaining 35 percent had normal lymphocyte profiles as did all patients with nondemyelinating neurologic diseases. However, we found no significant correlation between the lymphocyte profiles and prospective clinical evaluation of these patients and no correlation between alterations in lymphocyte profile and the presence of neuroelectric blocking factors in the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients."}
{"id": "PMID:302433", "title": "Heterozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and respiratory function in children.", "content": "We evaluated 224 children from Rochester, New York, families in which at least one parent was heterozygous for alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency by protease inhibitor (Pi) typing. The childhood population included, of the two major heterozygote Pi types, 75 Pi type MS children and 37 Pi type MZ children. This population was evaluated by means of a standardized respiratory questionnaire, physical examination, and pulmonary function tests. Maximal expiratory flow volume curves were obtained with subjects breathing both air and a helium-oxygen mixture. Total pulmonary resistance by the method of forced oscillations was measured at 3, 5, 7, and 9 cps. No differences in respiratory symptoms or physical findings were seen in Pi type MZ and MS children compared to Pi type MM children. However, when pulmonary function tests were evaluated by a matched-pair analysis designed to minimize other genetic and environmental risk factors, Pi type MZ subjects demonstrated statistically significant differences in forced expiratory flow rates and in increased frequency-dependent characteristics of total pulmonary resistance. These abnormalities are similar to those previously described in adult Pi type MZ subjects, and suggest that physiologic abnormalities associated with AAT deficiency are present early in life.", "contents": "Heterozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and respiratory function in children. We evaluated 224 children from Rochester, New York, families in which at least one parent was heterozygous for alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency by protease inhibitor (Pi) typing. The childhood population included, of the two major heterozygote Pi types, 75 Pi type MS children and 37 Pi type MZ children. This population was evaluated by means of a standardized respiratory questionnaire, physical examination, and pulmonary function tests. Maximal expiratory flow volume curves were obtained with subjects breathing both air and a helium-oxygen mixture. Total pulmonary resistance by the method of forced oscillations was measured at 3, 5, 7, and 9 cps. No differences in respiratory symptoms or physical findings were seen in Pi type MZ and MS children compared to Pi type MM children. However, when pulmonary function tests were evaluated by a matched-pair analysis designed to minimize other genetic and environmental risk factors, Pi type MZ subjects demonstrated statistically significant differences in forced expiratory flow rates and in increased frequency-dependent characteristics of total pulmonary resistance. These abnormalities are similar to those previously described in adult Pi type MZ subjects, and suggest that physiologic abnormalities associated with AAT deficiency are present early in life."}
{"id": "PMID:302435", "title": "Double sucrose gap voltage clamp in cardiac muscle. Indirect assessment of voltage control from tension records.", "content": "In double sucrose gap voltage clamp experimetns on frog atrial bundles the configuration of membrane current and contraction was used to estimate the quality of voltage control. Attention was focused on possible action potential activity along the test segment in response to depolarizing clamps. At low depolarizations large Na+ inward currents were observed while any tension response was missing. Transmembrane potential threshold for generation of a mechanical response was evaluated from conditioned (attenuated) action potentials. The mechanical threshold determined from action potential measurements was only slightly higher than that determined from step-clamp depolarizations. With clamp potentials below the threshold, then, any action potential activity induced by the inward current phase is expected to be rudimentary.", "contents": "Double sucrose gap voltage clamp in cardiac muscle. Indirect assessment of voltage control from tension records. In double sucrose gap voltage clamp experimetns on frog atrial bundles the configuration of membrane current and contraction was used to estimate the quality of voltage control. Attention was focused on possible action potential activity along the test segment in response to depolarizing clamps. At low depolarizations large Na+ inward currents were observed while any tension response was missing. Transmembrane potential threshold for generation of a mechanical response was evaluated from conditioned (attenuated) action potentials. The mechanical threshold determined from action potential measurements was only slightly higher than that determined from step-clamp depolarizations. With clamp potentials below the threshold, then, any action potential activity induced by the inward current phase is expected to be rudimentary."}
{"id": "PMID:302438", "title": "Detection of a contaminant cell culture line by restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "A putative HeLa cell culture line was discovered to be contaminated with mouse cells by examination of agarose gel profiles of restriction endonuclease digests of mitochondrial DNA. The contamination was confirmed by karyotypic analysis, and by observation of the mouse satellite band in an analytical buoyant density centrifugation of total cellular DNA. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA is suggested as a useful method for monitoring the species of cells in culture.", "contents": "Detection of a contaminant cell culture line by restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNA. A putative HeLa cell culture line was discovered to be contaminated with mouse cells by examination of agarose gel profiles of restriction endonuclease digests of mitochondrial DNA. The contamination was confirmed by karyotypic analysis, and by observation of the mouse satellite band in an analytical buoyant density centrifugation of total cellular DNA. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA is suggested as a useful method for monitoring the species of cells in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:302439", "title": "The quantitation of fluorescence by photography.", "content": "A method based on theory has been developed for the photographic quantitation of fluorescent substances. DNA stained with ethidium in agarose gels is used as an example of an application of this method. In the course of developing this method we have demonstrated that the empirical methods employed by others authors can give rise to large systematic errors. We have also developed an approximate method based on photographic theory, avoiding the use of digital integration which is required by the rigorous method.", "contents": "The quantitation of fluorescence by photography. A method based on theory has been developed for the photographic quantitation of fluorescent substances. DNA stained with ethidium in agarose gels is used as an example of an application of this method. In the course of developing this method we have demonstrated that the empirical methods employed by others authors can give rise to large systematic errors. We have also developed an approximate method based on photographic theory, avoiding the use of digital integration which is required by the rigorous method."}
{"id": "PMID:302445", "title": "[Respiratory function disorders during hepatopathies with immunity involvement].", "content": "A respiratory functional test was done systematically on 24 patients with chronic hepatitis and was found normal in only 2 cases. It showed an alteration of the transfer in 14 patients and a syndrom of hyperinflation in 8 others. Despite the histopathological proof it seems that the transfer alteration could be attributed to diffuse interstitial pulmonary lesions. They have already been noted in chronic hepatitis by several authors. The pathogeny of this interstitial involvement probably implied immunity phenomenons including the participation of the antigen Australia or others. As for the hyperinflation syndrome observed in 4 patients in the absence of any bronchopulmonary history, it could reveal an emphysema, which, so far, had not been seen associated to chronic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Respiratory function disorders during hepatopathies with immunity involvement]. A respiratory functional test was done systematically on 24 patients with chronic hepatitis and was found normal in only 2 cases. It showed an alteration of the transfer in 14 patients and a syndrom of hyperinflation in 8 others. Despite the histopathological proof it seems that the transfer alteration could be attributed to diffuse interstitial pulmonary lesions. They have already been noted in chronic hepatitis by several authors. The pathogeny of this interstitial involvement probably implied immunity phenomenons including the participation of the antigen Australia or others. As for the hyperinflation syndrome observed in 4 patients in the absence of any bronchopulmonary history, it could reveal an emphysema, which, so far, had not been seen associated to chronic hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:302450", "title": "Specific radiolabeling of a cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor.", "content": "A photoreactive derivative of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used to identify and specifically label a membrane receptor for EGF on mouse 3T3 cells. Photoactivable EGF, labeled with 125I, was incubated with 3T3 cells and then photolyzed in situ to generate a nitrene capable of reacting with a wide variety of chemical bonds. Analysis of the system by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed, besides the band of EGF, only one other major radioactive band, at a position indicating an apparent molecular weight of 190,000. This band was absent when a nonresponsive and nonbinding variant of 3T3 was used. A direct proportionality between binding activity and crosslinked complex formation was demonstrated using a variety of binding conditions. \"Down regulated\" cells, in which EGF binding activity was greatly reduced by prolonged incubation with an appropriate concentration of EGF, also had a decrease in covalent complex formation proportional to the decrease in EGF binding activity.", "contents": "Specific radiolabeling of a cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor. A photoreactive derivative of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used to identify and specifically label a membrane receptor for EGF on mouse 3T3 cells. Photoactivable EGF, labeled with 125I, was incubated with 3T3 cells and then photolyzed in situ to generate a nitrene capable of reacting with a wide variety of chemical bonds. Analysis of the system by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed, besides the band of EGF, only one other major radioactive band, at a position indicating an apparent molecular weight of 190,000. This band was absent when a nonresponsive and nonbinding variant of 3T3 was used. A direct proportionality between binding activity and crosslinked complex formation was demonstrated using a variety of binding conditions. \"Down regulated\" cells, in which EGF binding activity was greatly reduced by prolonged incubation with an appropriate concentration of EGF, also had a decrease in covalent complex formation proportional to the decrease in EGF binding activity."}
{"id": "PMID:302451", "title": "Reinnervation of original synaptic sites on muscle fiber basement membrane after disruption of the muscle cells.", "content": "Regenerating axons form new synapses precisely at sites of original synapses in denervated skeletal muscle. To determine what role the muscle cell plays in this phenomenon, we studied reinnervation of frog muscle at intervals after crushing the nerve and damaging the muscle fibers. Damaged muscle fibers degenerate and are phagocytized, but their basement membrane persists and acts as a scaffold for regenerating muscle cells. Specializations of the basement membrane serve to mark original synaptic sites after nerve and muscle have degenerated. Regenerating axons enter the region of damage and form functional synapses with regenerating myofibers. The new nerve terminals are found almost exclusively at the original synaptic sites, demonstrating that the integrity of the original postsynaptic cell is not necessary for topographically precise reinnervation of denervated muscle.", "contents": "Reinnervation of original synaptic sites on muscle fiber basement membrane after disruption of the muscle cells. Regenerating axons form new synapses precisely at sites of original synapses in denervated skeletal muscle. To determine what role the muscle cell plays in this phenomenon, we studied reinnervation of frog muscle at intervals after crushing the nerve and damaging the muscle fibers. Damaged muscle fibers degenerate and are phagocytized, but their basement membrane persists and acts as a scaffold for regenerating muscle cells. Specializations of the basement membrane serve to mark original synaptic sites after nerve and muscle have degenerated. Regenerating axons enter the region of damage and form functional synapses with regenerating myofibers. The new nerve terminals are found almost exclusively at the original synaptic sites, demonstrating that the integrity of the original postsynaptic cell is not necessary for topographically precise reinnervation of denervated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:302459", "title": "Studies on T cells in newborns. Higher reactivity of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes to PHA as measured by whole blood microtechnique.", "content": "The capacity of human foetal lymphocytes to respond to PHA and to form E-rosettes have been compared with data from adult individuals. For this purpose a microculture system that uses whole blood and avoids the problems of lymphocyte separation, has been developed. Foetal lymphocytes reached optimal stimulation with lower dosis of PHA (31,2 microgram/ml) as compared with adult cells (125-252 microgram/ml). However their quantitative response (measured by 14C-thymidine uptake) was equal in both groups. In addition, peripheral T cells (E-rosetting cells) reached values of 36.47 +/- 9% in newborn and 49.6 +/- 10% in normal adult controls. These results are discussed as to the status and development of cellular inmunity in human foetus.", "contents": "Studies on T cells in newborns. Higher reactivity of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes to PHA as measured by whole blood microtechnique. The capacity of human foetal lymphocytes to respond to PHA and to form E-rosettes have been compared with data from adult individuals. For this purpose a microculture system that uses whole blood and avoids the problems of lymphocyte separation, has been developed. Foetal lymphocytes reached optimal stimulation with lower dosis of PHA (31,2 microgram/ml) as compared with adult cells (125-252 microgram/ml). However their quantitative response (measured by 14C-thymidine uptake) was equal in both groups. In addition, peripheral T cells (E-rosetting cells) reached values of 36.47 +/- 9% in newborn and 49.6 +/- 10% in normal adult controls. These results are discussed as to the status and development of cellular inmunity in human foetus."}
{"id": "PMID:302474", "title": "Craniopharyngiomas in children: neuroradiological evaluation.", "content": "Craniopharyngiomas constitute one of the commonest tumors in the sellar and parasellar region in children. Most often total surgical removal is attempted. Prior knowledge of the extent of the tumor and adhesions to adjacent neurovascular structures is thus necessary prior to deciding the type of surgical intervention. This paper deals with the usefulness of multiple neuroradiographic studies in evaluating these bening neoplasms, based on nearly 50 cases of craniopharyngiomas.", "contents": "Craniopharyngiomas in children: neuroradiological evaluation. Craniopharyngiomas constitute one of the commonest tumors in the sellar and parasellar region in children. Most often total surgical removal is attempted. Prior knowledge of the extent of the tumor and adhesions to adjacent neurovascular structures is thus necessary prior to deciding the type of surgical intervention. This paper deals with the usefulness of multiple neuroradiographic studies in evaluating these bening neoplasms, based on nearly 50 cases of craniopharyngiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:302476", "title": "Phagocytic potential of leukaemic B-lymphocytes.", "content": "Phagocytosis of small latex particles was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in a proportion of cells from B-lymphoproliferative disorders including chronic lymphocytic, prolymphocytic and hairy cell leukaemia. It was not observed in a case of T-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or in normal lymphocytes. A significant correlation was observed between the binding of latex to the lymphocyte surface and the degree of phagocytosis. It is suggested that the phagocytic activity of leukaemic B-lymphocytes is mediated through their Fc receptor and that this property may also be present in normal B-cells. Among mononuclear cells, therefore, phagocytosis can no longer be considered exclusively a property of monocytes.", "contents": "Phagocytic potential of leukaemic B-lymphocytes. Phagocytosis of small latex particles was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in a proportion of cells from B-lymphoproliferative disorders including chronic lymphocytic, prolymphocytic and hairy cell leukaemia. It was not observed in a case of T-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or in normal lymphocytes. A significant correlation was observed between the binding of latex to the lymphocyte surface and the degree of phagocytosis. It is suggested that the phagocytic activity of leukaemic B-lymphocytes is mediated through their Fc receptor and that this property may also be present in normal B-cells. Among mononuclear cells, therefore, phagocytosis can no longer be considered exclusively a property of monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:302477", "title": "In vitro cross-reacting antibodies from rabbit antisera to rat brain synaptic membranes and thymocytes.", "content": "Rabbit anti-rat brain synaptic membrane and anti-rat thymocyte antisera were used in cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence, and absorption assays to define the antigenic relationship between the rat brain and thymocytes, and the localizing properties of antibodies. Both antisera cross-reacted with brain tissue and thymocytes. However, anti-synaptic membrane and anti-thymocyte antisera also contained antibodies specific for neurons and thymocytes, respectively. Immunofluorescence showed that antibodies from anti-thymocyte antiserum reacted with antigenic determinants situated on the surface membrane of brain cells.", "contents": "In vitro cross-reacting antibodies from rabbit antisera to rat brain synaptic membranes and thymocytes. Rabbit anti-rat brain synaptic membrane and anti-rat thymocyte antisera were used in cytotoxicity, immunofluorescence, and absorption assays to define the antigenic relationship between the rat brain and thymocytes, and the localizing properties of antibodies. Both antisera cross-reacted with brain tissue and thymocytes. However, anti-synaptic membrane and anti-thymocyte antisera also contained antibodies specific for neurons and thymocytes, respectively. Immunofluorescence showed that antibodies from anti-thymocyte antiserum reacted with antigenic determinants situated on the surface membrane of brain cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302478", "title": "Direct activation of guinea pig macrophages by a B-cell mitogen.", "content": "Since polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) require macrophages to induce modifications in the lymphocyte in vitro primary response to thymus-dependent antigens, we have investigated whether PBA act directly on macrophages. [14C]glucosamine uptake by guinea pig peritoneal adherent cells after stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and dextran sulfate (DxS) was tested. PPD produced an increased [14C]glucosamine uptake, whereas LPS and DxS did not. According to our experiments, (a) PPD does not require the presence of lymphocytes to stimulate macrophages; furthermore, when lymphocytes were present in a concentration higher than 5%, a suppressor effect in the glucosamine uptake was found, and (b) there was no significant difference between the findings when peritoneal adherent cells were cultured in normal medium and in supernatant of lymphocyte cultures stimulated with PPD.", "contents": "Direct activation of guinea pig macrophages by a B-cell mitogen. Since polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) require macrophages to induce modifications in the lymphocyte in vitro primary response to thymus-dependent antigens, we have investigated whether PBA act directly on macrophages. [14C]glucosamine uptake by guinea pig peritoneal adherent cells after stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and dextran sulfate (DxS) was tested. PPD produced an increased [14C]glucosamine uptake, whereas LPS and DxS did not. According to our experiments, (a) PPD does not require the presence of lymphocytes to stimulate macrophages; furthermore, when lymphocytes were present in a concentration higher than 5%, a suppressor effect in the glucosamine uptake was found, and (b) there was no significant difference between the findings when peritoneal adherent cells were cultured in normal medium and in supernatant of lymphocyte cultures stimulated with PPD."}
{"id": "PMID:302479", "title": "Agammaglobulinemia with arthritis and celiac disease developing after infectious mononucleosis. Follow-up study of a case.", "content": "A previously healthy 2 1/2-year-old boy from a healthy family developed agammaglobulinemia with arthritis 3 months after infectious mononucleosis (IM). The response of serum immunoglobulins at the initial stage of IM was typical, with greatly elevated IgM and a positive IM-specific heterophil antibody test. A secondary celiac disease was diagnosed one year after IM. Considering the serum immunoglobulin levels and the normal half-lives of IgM and IgG, it seems very probable that the synthesis of immunoglobulins ceased about one month after the onset of IM. The role of suppresor T-cells in the development of acquired secondary agammaglobulinemia is discussed.", "contents": "Agammaglobulinemia with arthritis and celiac disease developing after infectious mononucleosis. Follow-up study of a case. A previously healthy 2 1/2-year-old boy from a healthy family developed agammaglobulinemia with arthritis 3 months after infectious mononucleosis (IM). The response of serum immunoglobulins at the initial stage of IM was typical, with greatly elevated IgM and a positive IM-specific heterophil antibody test. A secondary celiac disease was diagnosed one year after IM. Considering the serum immunoglobulin levels and the normal half-lives of IgM and IgG, it seems very probable that the synthesis of immunoglobulins ceased about one month after the onset of IM. The role of suppresor T-cells in the development of acquired secondary agammaglobulinemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302480", "title": "Cell proliferation in rheumatoid synovial tissue.", "content": "Rheumatoid synovial tissue cell proliferation was studied by incubating fresh synovial tissue samples with [3H]-thymidine in vitro. The samples were collected at operation from 7 rheumatoid patients. It was found that 0.9-4.9% of the total cell population, excluding the synovial lining cells, became labelled.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Rheumatoid synovial tissue cell proliferation was studied by incubating fresh synovial tissue samples with [3H]-thymidine in vitro. The samples were collected at operation from 7 rheumatoid patients. It was found that 0.9-4.9% of the total cell population, excluding the synovial lining cells, became labelled."}
{"id": "PMID:302481", "title": "Improvement of gait following functional electrical stimulation. I. Investigations on changes in voluntary strength and proprioceptive reflexes.", "content": "Patients with central spastic paresis and equipped with peroneal stimulators sometimes experience an improvement in their gait, even when the stimulator has been switched off. The object of the present investigation was to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms operating in such cases. 7 patients were investigated on repeated occasions. It was found that some of these patients got a clear increase in isometric strength of foot dorsiflexion following 10 min of peroneal stimulation. In other cases the increase was only slight. There was an inverse relation between the increase and the strength before stimulation. The increase of strength was due, at least partly, to an increased ability to activate the foot dorsiflectors, since there was a simultaneous increase in the EMG from the anterior tibial muscle. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the increase in strength involved not only foot dorsiflexion but also plantarflexion of the foot end extension of the knee. Following peroneal stimulation there was also a decrease of the achilles reflex and in some cases possibly also the patellar reflex. There was an inverse relation between the decrease in the achilles reflex and its strength before stimulation. It is probable that the changes in voluntary strength and reflex activity reflect conditions which can be of importance in explaining the gait improvement which is sometimes observed in patients equippped with peroneal stimulators.", "contents": "Improvement of gait following functional electrical stimulation. I. Investigations on changes in voluntary strength and proprioceptive reflexes. Patients with central spastic paresis and equipped with peroneal stimulators sometimes experience an improvement in their gait, even when the stimulator has been switched off. The object of the present investigation was to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms operating in such cases. 7 patients were investigated on repeated occasions. It was found that some of these patients got a clear increase in isometric strength of foot dorsiflexion following 10 min of peroneal stimulation. In other cases the increase was only slight. There was an inverse relation between the increase and the strength before stimulation. The increase of strength was due, at least partly, to an increased ability to activate the foot dorsiflectors, since there was a simultaneous increase in the EMG from the anterior tibial muscle. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the increase in strength involved not only foot dorsiflexion but also plantarflexion of the foot end extension of the knee. Following peroneal stimulation there was also a decrease of the achilles reflex and in some cases possibly also the patellar reflex. There was an inverse relation between the decrease in the achilles reflex and its strength before stimulation. It is probable that the changes in voluntary strength and reflex activity reflect conditions which can be of importance in explaining the gait improvement which is sometimes observed in patients equippped with peroneal stimulators."}
{"id": "PMID:302482", "title": "The effect of electrical stimulation on the experimentally denervated rat muscle.", "content": "The m. quadriceps of white rats was electrically stimulated after nerve crush and after nerve section. Electrically stimulated muscles showed fewer central nuclei and a greater number of necrotic single fibres. The demonstration of motor endplates could not give a reliable indication of the onset of reinnervation. The various results show the importance of the trophic influence of the nerve and raise the suspicion that electrical stimulation has a retarding effect on the atrophy but also on regeneration of the fibres. After 7 weeks the unstimulated muscles show a greater degree of regeneration than the stimulated ones.", "contents": "The effect of electrical stimulation on the experimentally denervated rat muscle. The m. quadriceps of white rats was electrically stimulated after nerve crush and after nerve section. Electrically stimulated muscles showed fewer central nuclei and a greater number of necrotic single fibres. The demonstration of motor endplates could not give a reliable indication of the onset of reinnervation. The various results show the importance of the trophic influence of the nerve and raise the suspicion that electrical stimulation has a retarding effect on the atrophy but also on regeneration of the fibres. After 7 weeks the unstimulated muscles show a greater degree of regeneration than the stimulated ones."}
{"id": "PMID:302483", "title": "Changes in occupation after coronary arteriography.", "content": "This study, involving 266 white males evaluates the effect of angiographically determined mild coronary artery impairment upon occupational status. Questionnaires filled out at the time of coronary arteriography and about 13 months later showed that in the interim 65% of the patients stayed in the same occupational status, 31% changed occupational status, and 4% retired. In both younger (less than or equal to 55 years) and older men (greater than 55 years) the proportion of retirees increased after angiography. Of those who remained employed, 19% changed to jobs with higher physical demands while 11% took jobs with lower physical demands. The decision to change the job did not seem to be affected by age or the presence of angina pectoris. Comparison of this patient population with U.S. national average has shown that the presence or awareness of coronary artery disease is associated with measured increase in occupational mobility, regardless of the severity of the disease. Our findings suggest that changes in occupational status after determination of mild coronary artery disease are motivated by psychological rather than physiological factors.", "contents": "Changes in occupation after coronary arteriography. This study, involving 266 white males evaluates the effect of angiographically determined mild coronary artery impairment upon occupational status. Questionnaires filled out at the time of coronary arteriography and about 13 months later showed that in the interim 65% of the patients stayed in the same occupational status, 31% changed occupational status, and 4% retired. In both younger (less than or equal to 55 years) and older men (greater than 55 years) the proportion of retirees increased after angiography. Of those who remained employed, 19% changed to jobs with higher physical demands while 11% took jobs with lower physical demands. The decision to change the job did not seem to be affected by age or the presence of angina pectoris. Comparison of this patient population with U.S. national average has shown that the presence or awareness of coronary artery disease is associated with measured increase in occupational mobility, regardless of the severity of the disease. Our findings suggest that changes in occupational status after determination of mild coronary artery disease are motivated by psychological rather than physiological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:302484", "title": "Gas flow in relation to blood flow in oxygenators. An evaluation of the new Shiley bubble oxygenator.", "content": "A new bubble oxygenator, designed by the Shiley Laboratories, which utilizes a low gas flow for oxygenation, was first tested in dogs and then in 100 clinical cases. For perfusion in adult patients, a gas flow as low as 0.6 litre oxygen per 1 litre blood has given adequate oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide with no untoward effect on the blood, as compared with other oxygenators, including the membrane type.", "contents": "Gas flow in relation to blood flow in oxygenators. An evaluation of the new Shiley bubble oxygenator. A new bubble oxygenator, designed by the Shiley Laboratories, which utilizes a low gas flow for oxygenation, was first tested in dogs and then in 100 clinical cases. For perfusion in adult patients, a gas flow as low as 0.6 litre oxygen per 1 litre blood has given adequate oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide with no untoward effect on the blood, as compared with other oxygenators, including the membrane type."}
{"id": "PMID:302485", "title": "[Recurrent massive hemorrhage of the distal part of the digestive tract due to hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia].", "content": "Massive gastrointestinal bleeding is known to occur in patients presenting the hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasis condition known as Rendu-Osler-Weber (ROW) disease. Bleeding is most frequent in the fourth decade. Endoscopic coagulation of upper gastrointestinal telangiectatic spots is nowadays possible even in the presence of active bleeding. In the lower digestive tract the naevi are basicallly located on the terminal ileum and the right colon; emergency coloscopic examination is difficult when active bleeding occurs. 10-15% of ROW patients present sudden life-threatening episodes of bleeding. The danger is aggravated through delayed diagnosis as well as difficulty in localizing the hemorrhagic area. Selective angiogram of the three digestive arteries is a safe and efficient method of diagnosing the nature and source of the bleeding. It should be obtained routinely, on an emergency basis, before surgery. Operation includes removal of the involved part of the digestive tract. A specimen angiogram should be obtained during the procedure, to make sure that the bleeding malformation has been removed. Laparotomy without preliminary angiogram is likely to be unsuccessful. An illustrative case is presented.", "contents": "[Recurrent massive hemorrhage of the distal part of the digestive tract due to hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasia]. Massive gastrointestinal bleeding is known to occur in patients presenting the hemorrhagic hereditary telangiectasis condition known as Rendu-Osler-Weber (ROW) disease. Bleeding is most frequent in the fourth decade. Endoscopic coagulation of upper gastrointestinal telangiectatic spots is nowadays possible even in the presence of active bleeding. In the lower digestive tract the naevi are basicallly located on the terminal ileum and the right colon; emergency coloscopic examination is difficult when active bleeding occurs. 10-15% of ROW patients present sudden life-threatening episodes of bleeding. The danger is aggravated through delayed diagnosis as well as difficulty in localizing the hemorrhagic area. Selective angiogram of the three digestive arteries is a safe and efficient method of diagnosing the nature and source of the bleeding. It should be obtained routinely, on an emergency basis, before surgery. Operation includes removal of the involved part of the digestive tract. A specimen angiogram should be obtained during the procedure, to make sure that the bleeding malformation has been removed. Laparotomy without preliminary angiogram is likely to be unsuccessful. An illustrative case is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302486", "title": "Aortocoronary bypass: early results of operations in community hospitals of greater New Orleans.", "content": "All 588 aortocoronary bypass operations performed in the community hospitals of greater New Orleans before 1974 are reported. Hospital mortality averaged 8.7% (4.3% for one bypass; 6.4% for two; 10.3% for three or more; 26% when bypass was combined with another cardiac procedure). Mortality ranged from 5% to 31% among ten surgical groups and from 0 to 20% among seven community hospitals. Men over 60 had excessive mortality (25%). The incidence of major nonfatal complications (myocardial infarction in 12.8% of patients, intraventricular conduction defects in 9.6%, significant arrhythmias in 10.7%, and complications requiring reoperation in 9.5%) also varied with the surgical group, the complexity of the procedure, the patient's age, and the hospital. As determined by these four factors, results of bypass operations in the community hospitals of greater New Orleans ranged from excellent to poor.", "contents": "Aortocoronary bypass: early results of operations in community hospitals of greater New Orleans. All 588 aortocoronary bypass operations performed in the community hospitals of greater New Orleans before 1974 are reported. Hospital mortality averaged 8.7% (4.3% for one bypass; 6.4% for two; 10.3% for three or more; 26% when bypass was combined with another cardiac procedure). Mortality ranged from 5% to 31% among ten surgical groups and from 0 to 20% among seven community hospitals. Men over 60 had excessive mortality (25%). The incidence of major nonfatal complications (myocardial infarction in 12.8% of patients, intraventricular conduction defects in 9.6%, significant arrhythmias in 10.7%, and complications requiring reoperation in 9.5%) also varied with the surgical group, the complexity of the procedure, the patient's age, and the hospital. As determined by these four factors, results of bypass operations in the community hospitals of greater New Orleans ranged from excellent to poor."}
{"id": "PMID:302487", "title": "Hemophilus endocarditis: new cases, literature review and recommendations for management.", "content": "Rarely is endocarditis attributed to the species of Hemophilus. Most frequently implicated are H aphrophilus and H parainfluenzae, but H influenzae also is seen. We report six cases of endocarditis due to H aphrophilus or H parainfluenzae and review the literature. Emboli to skin, lungs, kidneys, spleen, brain, and other organs are common complications, and acute glomerulonephritis and meningitis often occur. Ampicillin is the mainstay of antimicrobial therapy for patients whose isolates are sensitive to it, but the duration of antimicrobial therapy necessary for eradication of the infection is not clear. Studies of antimicrobial synergism are warranted in instances of endocarditis caused by ampicilin- or penicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus, or when patients are allergic to penicillin; in these instances, combination antimicrobial therapy must be given when bactericidal synergism can be demonstrated. Intensive management of complications caused by embolization is crucial to patient survival.", "contents": "Hemophilus endocarditis: new cases, literature review and recommendations for management. Rarely is endocarditis attributed to the species of Hemophilus. Most frequently implicated are H aphrophilus and H parainfluenzae, but H influenzae also is seen. We report six cases of endocarditis due to H aphrophilus or H parainfluenzae and review the literature. Emboli to skin, lungs, kidneys, spleen, brain, and other organs are common complications, and acute glomerulonephritis and meningitis often occur. Ampicillin is the mainstay of antimicrobial therapy for patients whose isolates are sensitive to it, but the duration of antimicrobial therapy necessary for eradication of the infection is not clear. Studies of antimicrobial synergism are warranted in instances of endocarditis caused by ampicilin- or penicillin-resistant strains of Hemophilus, or when patients are allergic to penicillin; in these instances, combination antimicrobial therapy must be given when bactericidal synergism can be demonstrated. Intensive management of complications caused by embolization is crucial to patient survival."}
{"id": "PMID:302494", "title": "Management of acute traumatic pain by peripheral transcutaneous electrical stimulation.", "content": "Peripheral transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been used in an attempt to relieve the pain associated with fractured ribs. Sixty-two per cent of the patients considered their pain to be greatly relieved by this electro-analgesic technique and a further 28% gained some relief. Pain was assessed by means of a visual analogue scale. In most of the patients there was a clinical improvement in their condition, the degree of which correlated well with the pain relief. This trial indicated that transcutaneous electro-analgesia is a useful technique for producing analgesia in patients suffering from acute trauma, without some of the side-effects inherent in more conventional forms of therapy.", "contents": "Management of acute traumatic pain by peripheral transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Peripheral transcutaneous electrical stimulation has been used in an attempt to relieve the pain associated with fractured ribs. Sixty-two per cent of the patients considered their pain to be greatly relieved by this electro-analgesic technique and a further 28% gained some relief. Pain was assessed by means of a visual analogue scale. In most of the patients there was a clinical improvement in their condition, the degree of which correlated well with the pain relief. This trial indicated that transcutaneous electro-analgesia is a useful technique for producing analgesia in patients suffering from acute trauma, without some of the side-effects inherent in more conventional forms of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:302495", "title": "The effect of laser photocoagulation on the gastric mucosa and bleeding gastric lesions: an experimental study.", "content": "An argon ion laser beam was tested experimentally with regard to its histological effect on and penetration of the gastric mucosa of the rat and man and its ability to induce haemostasis in traumatically produced gastric lesions and transected small blood vessels. Localized laser photocoagulation for periods of up to 5 minutes at 1 watt produced a coagulative necrosis of the gastric mucosa and half of the muscularis propria, but transmural necrosis required prolonged exposure. Laser phototherapy markedly reduced the bleeding time in experimental ulcers and small blood vessels, provided the superficial blood could be adequately dispersed from the direct beam of the laser.", "contents": "The effect of laser photocoagulation on the gastric mucosa and bleeding gastric lesions: an experimental study. An argon ion laser beam was tested experimentally with regard to its histological effect on and penetration of the gastric mucosa of the rat and man and its ability to induce haemostasis in traumatically produced gastric lesions and transected small blood vessels. Localized laser photocoagulation for periods of up to 5 minutes at 1 watt produced a coagulative necrosis of the gastric mucosa and half of the muscularis propria, but transmural necrosis required prolonged exposure. Laser phototherapy markedly reduced the bleeding time in experimental ulcers and small blood vessels, provided the superficial blood could be adequately dispersed from the direct beam of the laser."}
{"id": "PMID:302497", "title": "Angiography in acute gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "Angiography in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a necessary adjunct to fiberoptic endoscopy to identify the site of the bleeding, especially if it is from the small or large intestine. Clinically, a bleeding rate of 3 milliliters per minute is associated with perceptible extravasation of the contrast medium, venous bleeding excluded. Although celiac or mesenteric arteriography is preferred, abdominal aortography can be useful as the selective examination.", "contents": "Angiography in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Angiography in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a necessary adjunct to fiberoptic endoscopy to identify the site of the bleeding, especially if it is from the small or large intestine. Clinically, a bleeding rate of 3 milliliters per minute is associated with perceptible extravasation of the contrast medium, venous bleeding excluded. Although celiac or mesenteric arteriography is preferred, abdominal aortography can be useful as the selective examination."}
{"id": "PMID:302498", "title": "Transduodenopancreatic interposition mesocaval shunt using an internal jugular vein autograft.", "content": "In 26 interposition mesocaval shunts using an internal jugular vein autograft which has been performed since 1970, four patients had important abnormalities in the superior mesenteric vein, making impossible the usual subduodenal position of the jugular vein graft. In these four patients, a small pancreatectomy was performed between the transverse portion of the duodenum and the right aspect of the superior mesenteric vein, placing the interposition mesocaval shunt in a transduodenopancreatic position. No patient has had any bleeding after the operation nor have esophageal varices been found at the time of the last examination. During this period, all patients showed a remarkable tolerance to proteins, so that no patient has been on a low protein diet.", "contents": "Transduodenopancreatic interposition mesocaval shunt using an internal jugular vein autograft. In 26 interposition mesocaval shunts using an internal jugular vein autograft which has been performed since 1970, four patients had important abnormalities in the superior mesenteric vein, making impossible the usual subduodenal position of the jugular vein graft. In these four patients, a small pancreatectomy was performed between the transverse portion of the duodenum and the right aspect of the superior mesenteric vein, placing the interposition mesocaval shunt in a transduodenopancreatic position. No patient has had any bleeding after the operation nor have esophageal varices been found at the time of the last examination. During this period, all patients showed a remarkable tolerance to proteins, so that no patient has been on a low protein diet."}
{"id": "PMID:302504", "title": "[Technical problems in coronary bypass surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of selecting the most suitable operative technique for coronary bypass surgery is demonstrated by a comparison of the most current methods. The fact, that comparable results can be obtained by various technical modifications makes it appear reasonable to choose an method as simple as possible for routine. Therefore, the following procedure is recommended: Extra-corporeal circulation with hemodilution and systemic as well as local hypothermia. Distal anastomoses under ischemic cardiac arrest without vent. Proximal anastomoses under partial extra-corporeal circulation with the heart beating. Continuous suture technique for all anastomoses. Our own clinical results with 1,3% early mortality, 1% perioperative myocardial infarctions and 94% graft patency after 1 month prove the feasibility of this operative procedure.", "contents": "[Technical problems in coronary bypass surgery (author's transl)]. The problem of selecting the most suitable operative technique for coronary bypass surgery is demonstrated by a comparison of the most current methods. The fact, that comparable results can be obtained by various technical modifications makes it appear reasonable to choose an method as simple as possible for routine. Therefore, the following procedure is recommended: Extra-corporeal circulation with hemodilution and systemic as well as local hypothermia. Distal anastomoses under ischemic cardiac arrest without vent. Proximal anastomoses under partial extra-corporeal circulation with the heart beating. Continuous suture technique for all anastomoses. Our own clinical results with 1,3% early mortality, 1% perioperative myocardial infarctions and 94% graft patency after 1 month prove the feasibility of this operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:302505", "title": "[Postmortem investigations after coronary artery bypass surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of postmortem findings in 60 patients who had undergone aorto-coronary vein graft bypass and 145 patients with coronary heart disease we show the morphological risk factors associated with this operation. Arteriosclerosis of the coronary artery in the region of the anastomosis and the stenosed or scared coronary outflow pathways are attended by high risk. A large difference in calibre between the vein and the coronary artery is also a risk factor. The knowledge of the morphology of the coronary muscle bridge helps to avoid operative complications. The progression of coronary artery sclerosis in the overbridged stenosis depends from the degree and the histological qualitiy of this stenosis. Beyond critical stenoses of the coronary arteries operable myocardium is evident in 89,4%, even beyond coronary occlusions revascularisation is possible in 58,9%.", "contents": "[Postmortem investigations after coronary artery bypass surgery (author's transl)]. On the basis of postmortem findings in 60 patients who had undergone aorto-coronary vein graft bypass and 145 patients with coronary heart disease we show the morphological risk factors associated with this operation. Arteriosclerosis of the coronary artery in the region of the anastomosis and the stenosed or scared coronary outflow pathways are attended by high risk. A large difference in calibre between the vein and the coronary artery is also a risk factor. The knowledge of the morphology of the coronary muscle bridge helps to avoid operative complications. The progression of coronary artery sclerosis in the overbridged stenosis depends from the degree and the histological qualitiy of this stenosis. Beyond critical stenoses of the coronary arteries operable myocardium is evident in 89,4%, even beyond coronary occlusions revascularisation is possible in 58,9%."}
{"id": "PMID:302506", "title": "[Ectopic coronary ostia and their importance for coronary and valvular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of ectopic coronary ostia location was investigated in coronary angiograms of 5350 adult patients without associated congenital heart disease. Ectopic coronary origin from the right coronary sinus was observed more than twice as frequently than ectopias from the left coronary sinus. The most common variation (0.7% of all patients) was the origin of the left circumflex branch from the right coronary sinus. Praeoperative knowledge and angiographic demonstration of ectopic coronary arteries is essential in order to avoid damage of these vessels during prosthetic valvular surgery or by aortotomy, to achieve complete revascularization in bypass surgery, and to prevent complications during intraoperative coronary perfusion.", "contents": "[Ectopic coronary ostia and their importance for coronary and valvular surgery (author's transl)]. The incidence of ectopic coronary ostia location was investigated in coronary angiograms of 5350 adult patients without associated congenital heart disease. Ectopic coronary origin from the right coronary sinus was observed more than twice as frequently than ectopias from the left coronary sinus. The most common variation (0.7% of all patients) was the origin of the left circumflex branch from the right coronary sinus. Praeoperative knowledge and angiographic demonstration of ectopic coronary arteries is essential in order to avoid damage of these vessels during prosthetic valvular surgery or by aortotomy, to achieve complete revascularization in bypass surgery, and to prevent complications during intraoperative coronary perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:302508", "title": "[Intraoperative measurements of prognostic value in coronary bypass surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of an aortocoronary bypass graft on coronary hemodynamics was studied experimentally in dogs and during surgery for aortocoronary bypass grafting in man. In the experimental part of this study it was shown that coronary dilatory reserve is unaffected between 0 and 50% coronary narrowing. In the presence of more severe stenosis the dilatory reserve declines rapidly. Competition of flow between an aortocoronary bypass graft and the stenotic segment is related to the degree of coronary stenosis. In 53 patients graft flow was measured during surgery. The relation between hyperemic response (hyperemic/control flow = HR) after short occlusion of the graft and the poststenotic coronary pressure (poststenotic pressure/aortic pressure times 100 = PSPR) could be described by the function HR = a. exp b PSPR (r = 0,87). When the degree of coronary stenosis exceeded 80% narrowing, poststenotic pressure decreased rapidly and hyperemic response appeared. In patients with comparable LAD stenosis a close correlation was found between basal graft flow and anterior wall motion (r = 0,91). It is concluded that graft function can be evaluated by the relation between HR, PSPR and the degree of coronary stenosis. Left ventricular wall motion is shown to be an additional determinant of graft flow.", "contents": "[Intraoperative measurements of prognostic value in coronary bypass surgery (author's transl)]. The effect of an aortocoronary bypass graft on coronary hemodynamics was studied experimentally in dogs and during surgery for aortocoronary bypass grafting in man. In the experimental part of this study it was shown that coronary dilatory reserve is unaffected between 0 and 50% coronary narrowing. In the presence of more severe stenosis the dilatory reserve declines rapidly. Competition of flow between an aortocoronary bypass graft and the stenotic segment is related to the degree of coronary stenosis. In 53 patients graft flow was measured during surgery. The relation between hyperemic response (hyperemic/control flow = HR) after short occlusion of the graft and the poststenotic coronary pressure (poststenotic pressure/aortic pressure times 100 = PSPR) could be described by the function HR = a. exp b PSPR (r = 0,87). When the degree of coronary stenosis exceeded 80% narrowing, poststenotic pressure decreased rapidly and hyperemic response appeared. In patients with comparable LAD stenosis a close correlation was found between basal graft flow and anterior wall motion (r = 0,91). It is concluded that graft function can be evaluated by the relation between HR, PSPR and the degree of coronary stenosis. Left ventricular wall motion is shown to be an additional determinant of graft flow."}
{"id": "PMID:302510", "title": "Modification of immunological potential by ultraviolet radiation. II. Generation of suppressor cells in short-term UV-irradiated mice.", "content": "When normal mice are exposed for short periods to ultraviolet light (UV), they support the progressive growth of transplanted syngeneic UV-induced tumors. Normal nonirradiated mice almost always reject these tumor implants. The UV-mediated suppression of the antitumor response can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic mice with lymphoid cells derived from short-term UV-irradiated donors. Transfer of the suppressive effect is dosage dependent and also appears to require the presence of viable T lymphocytes. Suppressive activity was observed in both the spleen and thymus of UV-irradiated donors. In the preceding paper we have established that UV irradiation does not cause a general depression of testable immune functions. Collectively these data suggest that short-term UV irradiation of mice leads to an increase in suppressor cell activity, thereby causing an inhibition in the host's ability to respond to an antigenic UV-induced tumor. The possible role of this phenomenon in the mechanism of UV carcinogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Modification of immunological potential by ultraviolet radiation. II. Generation of suppressor cells in short-term UV-irradiated mice. When normal mice are exposed for short periods to ultraviolet light (UV), they support the progressive growth of transplanted syngeneic UV-induced tumors. Normal nonirradiated mice almost always reject these tumor implants. The UV-mediated suppression of the antitumor response can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic mice with lymphoid cells derived from short-term UV-irradiated donors. Transfer of the suppressive effect is dosage dependent and also appears to require the presence of viable T lymphocytes. Suppressive activity was observed in both the spleen and thymus of UV-irradiated donors. In the preceding paper we have established that UV irradiation does not cause a general depression of testable immune functions. Collectively these data suggest that short-term UV irradiation of mice leads to an increase in suppressor cell activity, thereby causing an inhibition in the host's ability to respond to an antigenic UV-induced tumor. The possible role of this phenomenon in the mechanism of UV carcinogenesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302531", "title": "[Available methods to modify primary graft rejection (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary graft rejection is an immunological reaction. Many modes of preventing, or at least, delaying rejection have already been tested. The present study deals with experiences and possible mechanisms of action of nonspecific immunosuppression caused by different drugs or antilymphocytic sera; furthermore, an account is given of the latest stand of knowledge gained from experimental studies to induce immunological enhancement, as well as immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens.", "contents": "[Available methods to modify primary graft rejection (author's transl)]. Primary graft rejection is an immunological reaction. Many modes of preventing, or at least, delaying rejection have already been tested. The present study deals with experiences and possible mechanisms of action of nonspecific immunosuppression caused by different drugs or antilymphocytic sera; furthermore, an account is given of the latest stand of knowledge gained from experimental studies to induce immunological enhancement, as well as immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:302527", "title": "[Toxic action of ergocalciferol in strontium rickets].", "content": "Tests conducted on albino rats of the Wistar line demonstrated that introduction of large doses of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) to animals kept on a strontium-rich diet exhibiting signs of rickets brings about the development in them of specific manifestations of the D-vitamin activity, viz. rising level of calcium, strontium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood serum, lowering of the alkaline phosphatase activity and a greater degree of the soft tissues calcification.", "contents": "[Toxic action of ergocalciferol in strontium rickets]. Tests conducted on albino rats of the Wistar line demonstrated that introduction of large doses of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) to animals kept on a strontium-rich diet exhibiting signs of rickets brings about the development in them of specific manifestations of the D-vitamin activity, viz. rising level of calcium, strontium and inorganic phosphorus in the blood serum, lowering of the alkaline phosphatase activity and a greater degree of the soft tissues calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:302534", "title": "[Postoperative complications in lung resections for carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "There will be analyzed the postoperative results in 1351 resected patients with bronchial carcinoma from 1957 to 1975 with special reference to the problem of postoperative complications.1. The rates of complications and lethality have been dropped remarkably during the last years. The frequency of complications is now 11.9% and the lethality 4.1%. The mean value of all patients: 19.2% complications; 6.2% lethality. 2. On the top of all complications there are the empyemas, embolisms, haemorrhages-also those of the gastrointestinal tract-and the insufficiency of the cardiorespiratory system, which has a lethality of about 50%. 3. Age, lung-function and the extent of the resection are influencing the complication rate. 4. Excluding wound healing disturbances central tumors show twice as much complications (20%) as peripheral tumors (10%). But wound healing disturbances have the highest rate in intermediate tumors (9.9%), in contrast to the central tumors (3.9%) and peripheral neoplasms (6.2%). 5. The postoperative lethality has a direct and remarkable effect on to the 5 year-healing results. 6. In view of the therapy of the empyemas the plastic surgical methods should be reduced in favour to new standards of conservative therapy, which have to be worked out.", "contents": "[Postoperative complications in lung resections for carcinoma (author's transl)]. There will be analyzed the postoperative results in 1351 resected patients with bronchial carcinoma from 1957 to 1975 with special reference to the problem of postoperative complications.1. The rates of complications and lethality have been dropped remarkably during the last years. The frequency of complications is now 11.9% and the lethality 4.1%. The mean value of all patients: 19.2% complications; 6.2% lethality. 2. On the top of all complications there are the empyemas, embolisms, haemorrhages-also those of the gastrointestinal tract-and the insufficiency of the cardiorespiratory system, which has a lethality of about 50%. 3. Age, lung-function and the extent of the resection are influencing the complication rate. 4. Excluding wound healing disturbances central tumors show twice as much complications (20%) as peripheral tumors (10%). But wound healing disturbances have the highest rate in intermediate tumors (9.9%), in contrast to the central tumors (3.9%) and peripheral neoplasms (6.2%). 5. The postoperative lethality has a direct and remarkable effect on to the 5 year-healing results. 6. In view of the therapy of the empyemas the plastic surgical methods should be reduced in favour to new standards of conservative therapy, which have to be worked out."}
{"id": "PMID:302535", "title": "[Dependence of blood flow in human aorto-coronary bypass grafts on the extravascular resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "As has been shown in a large number of animal experiments, there is a marked difference between the systolic-to-diastolic flow ratios of the right coronary artery and the left. We examined these ratios in 107 patients who were undergoing aorto-coronary bypass surgery as treatment for coronary artery disease. After cessation of cardio-pulmonary bypass, the blood flow was recorded electromagnetically in a total of 126 venous grafts to the right or to the branches of the left coronary arteries. From these tracings, the following magnitudes were calculated: coronary stroke flow per heart beat, systolic and diastolic stroke flows, mean flow, systolic and diastolic flows. The ratio of the systolic to the diastolic stroke flow was 0.30 +/- 0.17 for the branches of the left coronary artery (n = 79) and 0.61 +/- 0.30 for the right coronary artery (n = 47). The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow was found to be 0.46 +/- 0.25 (branches of the left coronary artery) and 1.01 +/- 0.62 (right coronary artery), respectively. All these values differ statistically on a probability level of p less than 0.001. In principle, our results agree with those of canine experiments. The considerable variation of the individual values of the systolic-to-diastolic flow ratios can be explained by the following: 1. the variability of the pattern of coronary blood supply in man; 2. the actual right and left ventricular pressures; 3. the extent of stenoses present; 4. the degree of myocardial impairment due to ischemia. These factors combined determine the actual value of the extravascular (myocardial) component of the peripheral coronary resistance, which is most effective during systole.", "contents": "[Dependence of blood flow in human aorto-coronary bypass grafts on the extravascular resistance (author's transl)]. As has been shown in a large number of animal experiments, there is a marked difference between the systolic-to-diastolic flow ratios of the right coronary artery and the left. We examined these ratios in 107 patients who were undergoing aorto-coronary bypass surgery as treatment for coronary artery disease. After cessation of cardio-pulmonary bypass, the blood flow was recorded electromagnetically in a total of 126 venous grafts to the right or to the branches of the left coronary arteries. From these tracings, the following magnitudes were calculated: coronary stroke flow per heart beat, systolic and diastolic stroke flows, mean flow, systolic and diastolic flows. The ratio of the systolic to the diastolic stroke flow was 0.30 +/- 0.17 for the branches of the left coronary artery (n = 79) and 0.61 +/- 0.30 for the right coronary artery (n = 47). The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow was found to be 0.46 +/- 0.25 (branches of the left coronary artery) and 1.01 +/- 0.62 (right coronary artery), respectively. All these values differ statistically on a probability level of p less than 0.001. In principle, our results agree with those of canine experiments. The considerable variation of the individual values of the systolic-to-diastolic flow ratios can be explained by the following: 1. the variability of the pattern of coronary blood supply in man; 2. the actual right and left ventricular pressures; 3. the extent of stenoses present; 4. the degree of myocardial impairment due to ischemia. These factors combined determine the actual value of the extravascular (myocardial) component of the peripheral coronary resistance, which is most effective during systole."}
{"id": "PMID:302539", "title": "[Percutaneous direct current treatment (myelotron) of neurogenic bladder disorders due to injuries of the lower motor neurons].", "content": "We examined 18 patients with lesion of the lower motor neuron, conditioned partly by lesion of the spinal cord, partly by lesion of the peripheral vesical nerves, before and after the percutaneous electrostimulation (myelotron) and established the urodynamically verified effect. Apart from one case of unclarified and fully therapy-resistent atony of the urinary bladder we found in all patients a subjective improvement of their complaints (retarded beginning of miction, spontaneous miction only with straining, large quantities of residual urine). Objectively an improvement of the sensitivity of the urinary bladder or of the motoricity appeared, in most cases both. We could not establish an essential influence on the tonus of an empty bladder and the tonus of the sphincter musculature. In all patients the residual urine could be reduced drastically, after the treatment the major part of the patient could urinate without residual urine.", "contents": "[Percutaneous direct current treatment (myelotron) of neurogenic bladder disorders due to injuries of the lower motor neurons]. We examined 18 patients with lesion of the lower motor neuron, conditioned partly by lesion of the spinal cord, partly by lesion of the peripheral vesical nerves, before and after the percutaneous electrostimulation (myelotron) and established the urodynamically verified effect. Apart from one case of unclarified and fully therapy-resistent atony of the urinary bladder we found in all patients a subjective improvement of their complaints (retarded beginning of miction, spontaneous miction only with straining, large quantities of residual urine). Objectively an improvement of the sensitivity of the urinary bladder or of the motoricity appeared, in most cases both. We could not establish an essential influence on the tonus of an empty bladder and the tonus of the sphincter musculature. In all patients the residual urine could be reduced drastically, after the treatment the major part of the patient could urinate without residual urine."}
{"id": "PMID:302540", "title": "[Casuistic contribution to alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with liver cirrhosis in adulthood (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with liver cirrhosis bioptically diagnosed is described. The 49 year old woman had a decreased serum-level of alpha1-antitrypsin and characteristic, PAS-positive, diastase-resistant conclusions in the cytoplasma of the liver cells. An emphysema of the lungs was not seen.", "contents": "[Casuistic contribution to alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with liver cirrhosis in adulthood (author's transl)]. A case of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency with liver cirrhosis bioptically diagnosed is described. The 49 year old woman had a decreased serum-level of alpha1-antitrypsin and characteristic, PAS-positive, diastase-resistant conclusions in the cytoplasma of the liver cells. An emphysema of the lungs was not seen."}
{"id": "PMID:302536", "title": "Aetiology of acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.", "content": "A prospective clinical study into acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding has been done and the first 60 consecutive cases analysed. It was found that contrary to the prevailing clinical impression but in agreement with published work, the commonest associated aetiological factor was chronic duodenal ulcer (33 of 60 cases). Next came acute drug or alcohol induced gastric erosions, with oesophageal varices a poor third. The unreliability of clinical impressions is confirmed.", "contents": "Aetiology of acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. A prospective clinical study into acute upper gastro-intestinal bleeding has been done and the first 60 consecutive cases analysed. It was found that contrary to the prevailing clinical impression but in agreement with published work, the commonest associated aetiological factor was chronic duodenal ulcer (33 of 60 cases). Next came acute drug or alcohol induced gastric erosions, with oesophageal varices a poor third. The unreliability of clinical impressions is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:302542", "title": "[Electrostimulation and stimulation electromyography in the complex treatment of facial neuritis with rheographic control].", "content": "The author treated 60 patients with facial nerve neuritis with the aid of a \"Bion\" apparatus. For control over the changes seen due to the use of electrostimulation, stimulational EMG was used with the registration of a rheogram of the mimical muscles. During the study the following data were obtained: a shortening of the latent period of the facial nerve in an electrostimulation was an objective criterion, permitting to control the restitution of the damaged neuro-muscular face structures. Under the effect of treatment there was also an improvement in the biolectrical activity of the superciliary muscle and an increase in the amplitude of the rheographical wave. In most cases (53 patients) there was a recovery, in 6--a significant improvement. In 1 case the state was not altered.", "contents": "[Electrostimulation and stimulation electromyography in the complex treatment of facial neuritis with rheographic control]. The author treated 60 patients with facial nerve neuritis with the aid of a \"Bion\" apparatus. For control over the changes seen due to the use of electrostimulation, stimulational EMG was used with the registration of a rheogram of the mimical muscles. During the study the following data were obtained: a shortening of the latent period of the facial nerve in an electrostimulation was an objective criterion, permitting to control the restitution of the damaged neuro-muscular face structures. Under the effect of treatment there was also an improvement in the biolectrical activity of the superciliary muscle and an increase in the amplitude of the rheographical wave. In most cases (53 patients) there was a recovery, in 6--a significant improvement. In 1 case the state was not altered."}
{"id": "PMID:302537", "title": "Maternal mortality at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka.", "content": "Eighty maternal deaths occurring at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) Lusaka, from 1974-1976 have been reviewed. The maternal mortality rate was 1.5 per 1000 births. The commonest causes of death were pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (23), septicaemia (14), haemorrhage (13) and ruptured uterus (11). Avoidable hospital factors were present in 52 percent of cases, while avoidable outside factors were noted in 27 percent. Thirty two per cent had no antenatal care. The mortality rate may be reduced by increased awareness of high risk patients by medical staff in the central hospital. Improvements in community maternal health services and better transport and communications are essential.", "contents": "Maternal mortality at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. Eighty maternal deaths occurring at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) Lusaka, from 1974-1976 have been reviewed. The maternal mortality rate was 1.5 per 1000 births. The commonest causes of death were pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (23), septicaemia (14), haemorrhage (13) and ruptured uterus (11). Avoidable hospital factors were present in 52 percent of cases, while avoidable outside factors were noted in 27 percent. Thirty two per cent had no antenatal care. The mortality rate may be reduced by increased awareness of high risk patients by medical staff in the central hospital. Improvements in community maternal health services and better transport and communications are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:302538", "title": "[Two-phase course of IgM and rheumatoid factors during D-penicillamine therapy].", "content": "16 patients with definite and classical rheumatoid arthritis (A.R.A. criteria) were under regular control for 210 days. 11 of them were treated with D-penicillamine and 5 with gold. They were compared to a group of 34 healthy people. In addition to clinical observations the following investigations were carried out at intervals of 20 to 30 days: Latex-fixation test and Waaler-Rose, IgM, IgA, IgG, C3, C4, C3-proactivation, ESR, coeruloplasmin, iron, complete blood picture, gamma-GT, SGOT, SGPT, alk. phosphatase, creatinine, urea and full urinalysis. Furthermore antinuclear factors (ANF) and C-3 activating ANF were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The following observations were made: 1. The serum level of immuno-globulins changed in a two-phase fashion during D-penicillamine treatment. Initially IgM decreased significantly until the 60th to 80th day. During the 80th to 210th day it tended to increase. Rheumatoid factors changed in a similar way. 2. There was a significant correlation between the IgM serum level and the average titer of the Latex-fixation and Waaler-Rose tests. 3. The other parameters did not change significantly. 4. In one case the ANF became positive and showed a tendency to increase in titre. With higher titres complement activation was demonstrated. The treatment was discontinued. Thereafter the ANF titres and complement binding decreased gradually.", "contents": "[Two-phase course of IgM and rheumatoid factors during D-penicillamine therapy]. 16 patients with definite and classical rheumatoid arthritis (A.R.A. criteria) were under regular control for 210 days. 11 of them were treated with D-penicillamine and 5 with gold. They were compared to a group of 34 healthy people. In addition to clinical observations the following investigations were carried out at intervals of 20 to 30 days: Latex-fixation test and Waaler-Rose, IgM, IgA, IgG, C3, C4, C3-proactivation, ESR, coeruloplasmin, iron, complete blood picture, gamma-GT, SGOT, SGPT, alk. phosphatase, creatinine, urea and full urinalysis. Furthermore antinuclear factors (ANF) and C-3 activating ANF were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The following observations were made: 1. The serum level of immuno-globulins changed in a two-phase fashion during D-penicillamine treatment. Initially IgM decreased significantly until the 60th to 80th day. During the 80th to 210th day it tended to increase. Rheumatoid factors changed in a similar way. 2. There was a significant correlation between the IgM serum level and the average titer of the Latex-fixation and Waaler-Rose tests. 3. The other parameters did not change significantly. 4. In one case the ANF became positive and showed a tendency to increase in titre. With higher titres complement activation was demonstrated. The treatment was discontinued. Thereafter the ANF titres and complement binding decreased gradually."}
{"id": "PMID:302544", "title": "[Clinical physiological effects of electrostimulation and destruction of the ventrolateral portions of the cerebellar dentate nuclei in different forms of motor pathology].", "content": "The effect of electrostimulation and destruction of the ventrolateral parts of the cerebellar dentate nuclei is described on the basis of 27 dentotomies performed on patients with different forms of motor pathology. The dento-cortical connections were studied by advancing electrodes to the cerebral and cerebellar cortex through trephination openings made in the postero-frontal-parasagittal area for ventriculography and in the occipital area for the insertion of a stereotaxic cannula. It was found that the principal test for operative identification of the ventro-oral parts of the dentate nucleus in electrostimulation are motor reactions and changes in the muscular tonus in the homolateral limbs and reactions of the cortex of the central and precentral areas of the cerebral hemispheres revealed by electrocorticography. The main clinical effect produced by the destruction of these parts of the dentate nuclei is diminution of the spastic component of muscular hypertonus; hardly any effect is caused on the rigidity component. Redistribution of muscular tonus is among the factors inducing postoperative changes in hyperkinesia.", "contents": "[Clinical physiological effects of electrostimulation and destruction of the ventrolateral portions of the cerebellar dentate nuclei in different forms of motor pathology]. The effect of electrostimulation and destruction of the ventrolateral parts of the cerebellar dentate nuclei is described on the basis of 27 dentotomies performed on patients with different forms of motor pathology. The dento-cortical connections were studied by advancing electrodes to the cerebral and cerebellar cortex through trephination openings made in the postero-frontal-parasagittal area for ventriculography and in the occipital area for the insertion of a stereotaxic cannula. It was found that the principal test for operative identification of the ventro-oral parts of the dentate nucleus in electrostimulation are motor reactions and changes in the muscular tonus in the homolateral limbs and reactions of the cortex of the central and precentral areas of the cerebral hemispheres revealed by electrocorticography. The main clinical effect produced by the destruction of these parts of the dentate nuclei is diminution of the spastic component of muscular hypertonus; hardly any effect is caused on the rigidity component. Redistribution of muscular tonus is among the factors inducing postoperative changes in hyperkinesia."}
{"id": "PMID:302548", "title": "Bullous keratopathy (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy) treated systemically with 4-trans-amino-cyclohexano-carboxylic acid.", "content": "Twenty patients with bullous keratopathy (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy) were treated systemically with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. The effect was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, measurement of central corneal thickness and determination of visual acuity. The patients subjective complaints were also registered. The duration of the treatment varied from 3 to 16 months. In most cases the treatment was given over several periods with intervening free intervals. In all cases the central corneal thickness decreased and slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed an improvement. The visual acuity improved and all patients became free of pain. A possible mechanism involving the complement system is discussed and preliminary studies on the composition of the aqueous humour in cases of bullous keratopathy are mentioned.", "contents": "Bullous keratopathy (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy) treated systemically with 4-trans-amino-cyclohexano-carboxylic acid. Twenty patients with bullous keratopathy (Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy) were treated systemically with the antifibrinolytic drug tranexamic acid. The effect was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, measurement of central corneal thickness and determination of visual acuity. The patients subjective complaints were also registered. The duration of the treatment varied from 3 to 16 months. In most cases the treatment was given over several periods with intervening free intervals. In all cases the central corneal thickness decreased and slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed an improvement. The visual acuity improved and all patients became free of pain. A possible mechanism involving the complement system is discussed and preliminary studies on the composition of the aqueous humour in cases of bullous keratopathy are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:302545", "title": "[Dynamics of the otoneurologic symptoms after complete and partial removal of a tumor of the acoustic nerve at different stages of its development].", "content": "The peculiarities of the dynamics of the entire complex of otoneurologic symptoms were studied in 60 patients with a tumor of the acoustic nerve in stages II and III of the disease after total (in 38) and partial (in 22) resection of the neoplasm. The data obtained bore evidence that the dynamics of the otoneurologic symptoms depended on the developmental stage of the tumor, its relation to the brain stem, and the character of the operation (total or partial removal of the tumor). Total resection of the tumor in stage II proved most effective: in the residual period both stem vestibular disorders and statokinetic and coordination disturbances were minimum or absent. In total removal of the tumor in stage III of the disease the regression of the symptoms was delayed and much less apparent. In subtotal removal of the tumor during stage II the symptoms regressed slightly or not at all. Symptomatology remained gross, irreversible or even frequently became more severe after subtotal removal of the tumor in stage III of the disease.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the otoneurologic symptoms after complete and partial removal of a tumor of the acoustic nerve at different stages of its development]. The peculiarities of the dynamics of the entire complex of otoneurologic symptoms were studied in 60 patients with a tumor of the acoustic nerve in stages II and III of the disease after total (in 38) and partial (in 22) resection of the neoplasm. The data obtained bore evidence that the dynamics of the otoneurologic symptoms depended on the developmental stage of the tumor, its relation to the brain stem, and the character of the operation (total or partial removal of the tumor). Total resection of the tumor in stage II proved most effective: in the residual period both stem vestibular disorders and statokinetic and coordination disturbances were minimum or absent. In total removal of the tumor in stage III of the disease the regression of the symptoms was delayed and much less apparent. In subtotal removal of the tumor during stage II the symptoms regressed slightly or not at all. Symptomatology remained gross, irreversible or even frequently became more severe after subtotal removal of the tumor in stage III of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:302546", "title": "Lesions after sphincterotomy.", "content": "Within the last years 70 transduodenal sphincterotomies at stringent indication have been carried out at the Department of Surgery of the RWTH Aachen. This means 9.2% of all operations caused by cholelithiasis. The lethality was 4.2%. The following postoperative complications where stated: a) the bleeding from the divided duct of sphincter with or without haemobile (1.4%), b) the post-sphincterotomy pancreatitis (9.5%) owing to lesion of the pancreatic duct, c) the retroperitoneal abscess with biliary peritonitis (1.8%), d) insufficiency of the duodenal wall or duodenal fistula (1.9%), e) postoperative disturbances of passage of the transsected sphincter Oddi. The haemorrhagic necrosing pancreatitis, the insufficiency of the duodenal wall, the retroperitoneal abscess and the bleeding postsphincterotomy force us to immediate re-operation, while functional disturbances like a spasm or an oedema are controllable pharmacologically and functionally for a short time.", "contents": "Lesions after sphincterotomy. Within the last years 70 transduodenal sphincterotomies at stringent indication have been carried out at the Department of Surgery of the RWTH Aachen. This means 9.2% of all operations caused by cholelithiasis. The lethality was 4.2%. The following postoperative complications where stated: a) the bleeding from the divided duct of sphincter with or without haemobile (1.4%), b) the post-sphincterotomy pancreatitis (9.5%) owing to lesion of the pancreatic duct, c) the retroperitoneal abscess with biliary peritonitis (1.8%), d) insufficiency of the duodenal wall or duodenal fistula (1.9%), e) postoperative disturbances of passage of the transsected sphincter Oddi. The haemorrhagic necrosing pancreatitis, the insufficiency of the duodenal wall, the retroperitoneal abscess and the bleeding postsphincterotomy force us to immediate re-operation, while functional disturbances like a spasm or an oedema are controllable pharmacologically and functionally for a short time."}
{"id": "PMID:302551", "title": "Persistence of in vitro lymphocyte response to tuberculin skin test negative children immunized with BCG in infancy.", "content": "PPD stimulated lymphocyte reactivity was tested in 119 children aged 11 to 12 years. The lymphocyte responses was evaluated by measuring the extent of tritiated thymidine incorporation by cultured cells. In a group of sixty-four tuberculin negative children who had been BCG vaccinated in the neonatal period, lymphocyte response was significantly greater than in a group of non-vaccinated tuberculin negative children matched for sex. The highest reactivity appeared in another group of children vaccinated in infancy and tuberculin positive. Lymphocytes from BCG vaccinated children retain some sensitivity to tuberculin even years after the BCG vaccination and even at the time when the skin reactivity disappeared.", "contents": "Persistence of in vitro lymphocyte response to tuberculin skin test negative children immunized with BCG in infancy. PPD stimulated lymphocyte reactivity was tested in 119 children aged 11 to 12 years. The lymphocyte responses was evaluated by measuring the extent of tritiated thymidine incorporation by cultured cells. In a group of sixty-four tuberculin negative children who had been BCG vaccinated in the neonatal period, lymphocyte response was significantly greater than in a group of non-vaccinated tuberculin negative children matched for sex. The highest reactivity appeared in another group of children vaccinated in infancy and tuberculin positive. Lymphocytes from BCG vaccinated children retain some sensitivity to tuberculin even years after the BCG vaccination and even at the time when the skin reactivity disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:302552", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by activated thymocyte populations. Nature of the effector cell(s).", "content": "The results of the present experiments have shown that activated thymocyte populations are endowed with a cytotoxic potential against antibody-coated target cells. The effector cells could be divided into at least two subpopulations. 1) host-derived macrophage-like cells and 2) thymocyte-derived donor cell T lymphocytes. These two subpopulations could be separated and identified by means of commonly used immunofractionation techniques. Such data show that effector cells which kill antibody-coated target cells may be of T cell nature.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by activated thymocyte populations. Nature of the effector cell(s). The results of the present experiments have shown that activated thymocyte populations are endowed with a cytotoxic potential against antibody-coated target cells. The effector cells could be divided into at least two subpopulations. 1) host-derived macrophage-like cells and 2) thymocyte-derived donor cell T lymphocytes. These two subpopulations could be separated and identified by means of commonly used immunofractionation techniques. Such data show that effector cells which kill antibody-coated target cells may be of T cell nature."}
{"id": "PMID:302553", "title": "In vitro activating properties of polyene antibiotics for murine lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of four polyene antibiotics, Candicidin, Etruscomycin, Filipin and Pimaricin upon mouse lymphocytes was studied. Polyene antibiotics are known to form aqueous pores in the cell membranes inducing known anion or cation selective fluxes. Candicidin was capable of inducing marked DNA-synthesis and polyclonal antibody production when added to normal spleen cells. Etruscomycin and Pimaricin showed a weak inconsistent DNA synthetic stimulatory effect, whereas Filipin was found to be totally uneffective. The stimulating property of Candicidin was also demonstrated on spleen cells from nude mice whereas there was no effect on cortisone resistant thymocytes or spleen cells passed through a nylon fibre column. Thus we conclude that Candicidin is a PBA for mouse lymphocytes. We have previously reported that the two anionselective polyenes, Nystatin and Amphotericin B, are polyclonal B-cell activators for mouse lymphocytes and in this paper the possible mechanism of triggering is further discussed.", "contents": "In vitro activating properties of polyene antibiotics for murine lymphocytes. The effect of four polyene antibiotics, Candicidin, Etruscomycin, Filipin and Pimaricin upon mouse lymphocytes was studied. Polyene antibiotics are known to form aqueous pores in the cell membranes inducing known anion or cation selective fluxes. Candicidin was capable of inducing marked DNA-synthesis and polyclonal antibody production when added to normal spleen cells. Etruscomycin and Pimaricin showed a weak inconsistent DNA synthetic stimulatory effect, whereas Filipin was found to be totally uneffective. The stimulating property of Candicidin was also demonstrated on spleen cells from nude mice whereas there was no effect on cortisone resistant thymocytes or spleen cells passed through a nylon fibre column. Thus we conclude that Candicidin is a PBA for mouse lymphocytes. We have previously reported that the two anionselective polyenes, Nystatin and Amphotericin B, are polyclonal B-cell activators for mouse lymphocytes and in this paper the possible mechanism of triggering is further discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302554", "title": "Effect of time on the response to cyanide anoxia of frog heart damaged by isoproterenol.", "content": "Isoproterenol (IPR) induces damage to the heart of frogs living at 25 degrees. The resistance of an isometric ventricular strip to histotoxic anoxia induced by cyanide is significantly reduced 4 hours after one injection of IPR and still more after repeated injections. Macroscopically visible heart lesions are observed only on the first two days after the second injection of IPR. The response of the heart muscle preparation to cyanide is then continuously improved during 3-4 weeks after IPR and the disturbance of the myocardial function is thus only temporary and may at least partly be induced by metabolites of the catecholamine.", "contents": "Effect of time on the response to cyanide anoxia of frog heart damaged by isoproterenol. Isoproterenol (IPR) induces damage to the heart of frogs living at 25 degrees. The resistance of an isometric ventricular strip to histotoxic anoxia induced by cyanide is significantly reduced 4 hours after one injection of IPR and still more after repeated injections. Macroscopically visible heart lesions are observed only on the first two days after the second injection of IPR. The response of the heart muscle preparation to cyanide is then continuously improved during 3-4 weeks after IPR and the disturbance of the myocardial function is thus only temporary and may at least partly be induced by metabolites of the catecholamine."}
{"id": "PMID:302549", "title": "Volume-pressure properties of round and oval windows. A quantitative study on human temporal bone.", "content": "A model study was carried out on human temporal bones to assess quantitatively the displacement of the round and oval windows when different pressure levels were applied to the external ear canal and inside the middle ear. It was found that the major displacements of the window membranes occurred in the pressure range of +/- 20 cm H2O in the intact middle ear. An additional increase in the middle ear pressure up to +/- 70 cm H2O caused a minor displacement of the window membranes.", "contents": "Volume-pressure properties of round and oval windows. A quantitative study on human temporal bone. A model study was carried out on human temporal bones to assess quantitatively the displacement of the round and oval windows when different pressure levels were applied to the external ear canal and inside the middle ear. It was found that the major displacements of the window membranes occurred in the pressure range of +/- 20 cm H2O in the intact middle ear. An additional increase in the middle ear pressure up to +/- 70 cm H2O caused a minor displacement of the window membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:302550", "title": "Vestibular and optokinetic responses of the white cat.", "content": "The vestibular and optokinetic responses of a group of white cats were evaluated and compared with the responses from a control group of pigmented animals. The results indicate that in all cases the white cats exhibited varying degrees of vestibular and/or optokinetic dysfunction, which in some animals varied from test session to test session.", "contents": "Vestibular and optokinetic responses of the white cat. The vestibular and optokinetic responses of a group of white cats were evaluated and compared with the responses from a control group of pigmented animals. The results indicate that in all cases the white cats exhibited varying degrees of vestibular and/or optokinetic dysfunction, which in some animals varied from test session to test session."}
{"id": "PMID:302560", "title": "Chlorpromazine plus thiorazidine poisoning and treatment with extracorporeal dialysis.", "content": "One case of self-poisoning by 3075 mg of Chlorpromazine and 250 mg Thiorazidine is referred. In this case coma and uremia rose 3 days after the intoxication. Treated with extracorporeal circulation through Travenol Coil kidney, this patient recovered from coma and uremia and survived. Chlorpromazine and Thiorazidine intoxications are reviewed with particular attention to the possible kidney damage.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine plus thiorazidine poisoning and treatment with extracorporeal dialysis. One case of self-poisoning by 3075 mg of Chlorpromazine and 250 mg Thiorazidine is referred. In this case coma and uremia rose 3 days after the intoxication. Treated with extracorporeal circulation through Travenol Coil kidney, this patient recovered from coma and uremia and survived. Chlorpromazine and Thiorazidine intoxications are reviewed with particular attention to the possible kidney damage."}
{"id": "PMID:302572", "title": "Acute structural hepatic alteration due to poisons.", "content": "Drug hepatitis emphasized the importance of a careful history including the question to the use of laxatives in all patients with both acute and chronic hepatitis. From predictable and unpredictable hepatotoxicity we should learn to be alert to the possibility of new and unrecorded hepatic lesions resulting from drugs and other chemical or environmental toxins.", "contents": "Acute structural hepatic alteration due to poisons. Drug hepatitis emphasized the importance of a careful history including the question to the use of laxatives in all patients with both acute and chronic hepatitis. From predictable and unpredictable hepatotoxicity we should learn to be alert to the possibility of new and unrecorded hepatic lesions resulting from drugs and other chemical or environmental toxins."}
{"id": "PMID:302597", "title": "Protection from hyperbaric oxygen intoxication by some derivatives of alfa-ketoglutaric acid.", "content": "A study was made of the protective effects afforded by some derivatives of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in hyperbaric oxygen intoxication. The research performed shows that these substances are able either to prevent convulsions (Paul Bert phenomenon) or to prolong the survival of treated animals. Brain ATP rates and liver succinyl dehydrogenase activity, which normally decrease in hyperbaric oxygen intoxication, are also very high after protective treatment with these substances.", "contents": "Protection from hyperbaric oxygen intoxication by some derivatives of alfa-ketoglutaric acid. A study was made of the protective effects afforded by some derivatives of alpha-ketoglutaric acid in hyperbaric oxygen intoxication. The research performed shows that these substances are able either to prevent convulsions (Paul Bert phenomenon) or to prolong the survival of treated animals. Brain ATP rates and liver succinyl dehydrogenase activity, which normally decrease in hyperbaric oxygen intoxication, are also very high after protective treatment with these substances."}
{"id": "PMID:302631", "title": "Effect of urea on some electrophysiological properties of the frog muscle cell membrane.", "content": "The effect of urea on the electrophysiological properties of the frog muscle cell membrane was studied with intracellular microelectrodes, together with an analysis of the electrolyte composition of the muscle. The different parameters were measured and evaluated after soaking the muscle for 60 min at urea concentrations up to 2.25 M. The resting membrane potential was markedly decreased above 1.50 M and fell to about -50mV at 2.25 M. The specific membrane resistance (Rm) was almost unaffected at concentrations of 0.75 M and 1.50 M but was reduced after 60 min in 2.25 M to very low values indicating a leaky membrane. The maximum rate of rise of the action potential (VA) was unaffected up to 0.50 M but was reduced to about 50% of control value at 0.75 M. Between 0.75 M and 1.25 M it was constant and at higher concentrations reduced to almost zero. The reduction of VA at the lower concentrations was not accompanied by changes in neither the resting membrane potential nor Rm. It is proposed that urea perturbs protein systems concerned with the generation of the muscle action potential without affecting the passive electrical properties of the muscle membrane. The electrolyte analysis revealed an increase in intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, mainly due to loss of intracellular water.", "contents": "Effect of urea on some electrophysiological properties of the frog muscle cell membrane. The effect of urea on the electrophysiological properties of the frog muscle cell membrane was studied with intracellular microelectrodes, together with an analysis of the electrolyte composition of the muscle. The different parameters were measured and evaluated after soaking the muscle for 60 min at urea concentrations up to 2.25 M. The resting membrane potential was markedly decreased above 1.50 M and fell to about -50mV at 2.25 M. The specific membrane resistance (Rm) was almost unaffected at concentrations of 0.75 M and 1.50 M but was reduced after 60 min in 2.25 M to very low values indicating a leaky membrane. The maximum rate of rise of the action potential (VA) was unaffected up to 0.50 M but was reduced to about 50% of control value at 0.75 M. Between 0.75 M and 1.25 M it was constant and at higher concentrations reduced to almost zero. The reduction of VA at the lower concentrations was not accompanied by changes in neither the resting membrane potential nor Rm. It is proposed that urea perturbs protein systems concerned with the generation of the muscle action potential without affecting the passive electrical properties of the muscle membrane. The electrolyte analysis revealed an increase in intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, mainly due to loss of intracellular water."}
{"id": "PMID:302633", "title": "Prognostic value of colony-stimulating and colony-forming cells in peripheral blood in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Colony-forming cells (CFC) and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in peripheral blood cells have been studied before and repeatedly during treatment of 30 patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. WBC obtained after Isopaque-dextran separation were cultured in vitro by a double-layer agar technique. Before treatment 16 patients out of 30 had CSA and 22 out of 29 had CFC; both CSA and CFC were found in 15 patients. In follow-up studies during treatment, CSA was mainly unaffected during the leukopenic phase, while CFC were suppressed. No CFC were found at WBC counts below 900/mm3. This seems to imply that CFC are more sensitive to cytotoxic agents than colony-stimulating cells. Twelve patients entered remission; all of them had CSA and all the 11 who were investigated for CFC had CFC before treatment. Fourteen out of 18 non-responders lacked one or both types of cells. The presence of CSA and CFC in peripheral blood therefore appears to be a sign of favorable prognosis, while the absence of CSA and/or CFC implies lack of response to treatment.", "contents": "Prognostic value of colony-stimulating and colony-forming cells in peripheral blood in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Colony-forming cells (CFC) and colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in peripheral blood cells have been studied before and repeatedly during treatment of 30 patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. WBC obtained after Isopaque-dextran separation were cultured in vitro by a double-layer agar technique. Before treatment 16 patients out of 30 had CSA and 22 out of 29 had CFC; both CSA and CFC were found in 15 patients. In follow-up studies during treatment, CSA was mainly unaffected during the leukopenic phase, while CFC were suppressed. No CFC were found at WBC counts below 900/mm3. This seems to imply that CFC are more sensitive to cytotoxic agents than colony-stimulating cells. Twelve patients entered remission; all of them had CSA and all the 11 who were investigated for CFC had CFC before treatment. Fourteen out of 18 non-responders lacked one or both types of cells. The presence of CSA and CFC in peripheral blood therefore appears to be a sign of favorable prognosis, while the absence of CSA and/or CFC implies lack of response to treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:302634", "title": "Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography.", "content": "A patient exposed to thorotrast angiography developed sarcoidosis 21 years after the injection and myelofibrosis 13 years later. On the latter occasion an extreme deficiency in circulating lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (T-cells) was observed and a large fraction of the cells had chromosomal aberrations. Acute leukaemia developed 1 year later. The multiple clinical symptoms may be related to radiation-induced destruction of bone marrow tissue, mutations in haemopoietic cells and depression of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Pronounced deficiency in T-cells and lymphocyte chromosomal aberrations in a patient with sarcoidosis, myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia following thorotrast angiography. A patient exposed to thorotrast angiography developed sarcoidosis 21 years after the injection and myelofibrosis 13 years later. On the latter occasion an extreme deficiency in circulating lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (T-cells) was observed and a large fraction of the cells had chromosomal aberrations. Acute leukaemia developed 1 year later. The multiple clinical symptoms may be related to radiation-induced destruction of bone marrow tissue, mutations in haemopoietic cells and depression of cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:302639", "title": "Contrast media in diagnostic radiology: recommendations for labels, package inserts, and dosage determination.", "content": "Recommendations are made for updating labels, package inserts, and dosage designation. These are based on the experience of the members of the Committee on Safety of Contrast Media of the International Society of Radiology and their collaborators in a prospective survey on adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media. They are considered to be timely and an answer to a long unfilled need. It is felt that these recommendations reflect not only the opinion and concern of the committee but also that of the radiology community at large. These recommendations are of both medical and medicolegal import. Their application is in the best interests of progressive radiology and good patient care.", "contents": "Contrast media in diagnostic radiology: recommendations for labels, package inserts, and dosage determination. Recommendations are made for updating labels, package inserts, and dosage designation. These are based on the experience of the members of the Committee on Safety of Contrast Media of the International Society of Radiology and their collaborators in a prospective survey on adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media. They are considered to be timely and an answer to a long unfilled need. It is felt that these recommendations reflect not only the opinion and concern of the committee but also that of the radiology community at large. These recommendations are of both medical and medicolegal import. Their application is in the best interests of progressive radiology and good patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:302640", "title": "Fluid-filled cystic adenomatoid malformation.", "content": "Two infants with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are described. The condition progressed from an unusual solid radiographic appearance to the more classical air-filled cystic appearance. The initial appearance is due to delayed emptying of the alveolar fluid either via the bronchi or the lymphatic and circulatory systems. After the fluid is removed, the typical air-filled cysts become apparent.", "contents": "Fluid-filled cystic adenomatoid malformation. Two infants with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung are described. The condition progressed from an unusual solid radiographic appearance to the more classical air-filled cystic appearance. The initial appearance is due to delayed emptying of the alveolar fluid either via the bronchi or the lymphatic and circulatory systems. After the fluid is removed, the typical air-filled cysts become apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:302641", "title": "Phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity during ventricular arrhythmias in man.", "content": "With use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity was measured in 16 conscious subjects during ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular extrasystoles reduced peak systolic and diastolic graft blood velocities by 20 to 80 percent, generally in relation to their respective coupling intervals. When extrasystoles appeared in closely coupled salvos diastolic bypass blood velocity virtually ceased. Nineteen episodes of ventricular tachycardia produced an average 50 percent decrease in peak graft blood velocity (control mean +/- 1 standard deviation blood velocity 28 +/- 11 cm/sec; value during ventricular tachycardia 14 +/- 8 cm/sec, P less than 0.001). An \"overshoot\" of peak blood velocity was observed after ventricular extrasystoles and tachycardia. All such changes in aortocoronary bypass blood velocity related to tachyarrhythmia were more prominent during the systolic fraction of flow. It is concluded that (1) ventricular arrhythmias adversely influence aortocoronary bypass graft function, and (2) this finding supports an aggressive approach to the treatment of these arrhythmias in subjects with bypass grafts.", "contents": "Phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity during ventricular arrhythmias in man. With use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter catheter, phasic aortocoronary bypass graft blood velocity was measured in 16 conscious subjects during ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular extrasystoles reduced peak systolic and diastolic graft blood velocities by 20 to 80 percent, generally in relation to their respective coupling intervals. When extrasystoles appeared in closely coupled salvos diastolic bypass blood velocity virtually ceased. Nineteen episodes of ventricular tachycardia produced an average 50 percent decrease in peak graft blood velocity (control mean +/- 1 standard deviation blood velocity 28 +/- 11 cm/sec; value during ventricular tachycardia 14 +/- 8 cm/sec, P less than 0.001). An \"overshoot\" of peak blood velocity was observed after ventricular extrasystoles and tachycardia. All such changes in aortocoronary bypass blood velocity related to tachyarrhythmia were more prominent during the systolic fraction of flow. It is concluded that (1) ventricular arrhythmias adversely influence aortocoronary bypass graft function, and (2) this finding supports an aggressive approach to the treatment of these arrhythmias in subjects with bypass grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:302642", "title": "Evaluation of the capillary beta-lactamase test and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "The capillary beta-lactamase test for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae resistance to ampicillin was evaluated against 132 strains of H. influenzae recently isolated from clinical materials and four reference strains. Nineteen strains, including two of serotype b, were beta-lactamase-positive. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ampicillin for the 117 beta-lactamase-negative strains ranged from less than or equal to 0.125 to 2 microgram/ml (only one strain had a MIC of 2 microgram/ml). The range of MIC's of ampicillin was 4 to 64 microgram/ml for the 19 beta-lactamase-positive strains; all but two strains required 8 microgram/ml or more for inhibition. The capillary beta-lactamase test is an easy, rapid and reliable test for the detection of H. influenzae resistance to ampicillin. It is suitable for routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. The MIC of carbenicillin was higher for ampicillin-resistant than for ampicillin-susceptible strains, but the highest MIC (32 microgram/ml) was within achievable serum concentrations. Both cefamandole and chloramphenicol were active against all strains.", "contents": "Evaluation of the capillary beta-lactamase test and antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae. The capillary beta-lactamase test for the detection of Haemophilus influenzae resistance to ampicillin was evaluated against 132 strains of H. influenzae recently isolated from clinical materials and four reference strains. Nineteen strains, including two of serotype b, were beta-lactamase-positive. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ampicillin for the 117 beta-lactamase-negative strains ranged from less than or equal to 0.125 to 2 microgram/ml (only one strain had a MIC of 2 microgram/ml). The range of MIC's of ampicillin was 4 to 64 microgram/ml for the 19 beta-lactamase-positive strains; all but two strains required 8 microgram/ml or more for inhibition. The capillary beta-lactamase test is an easy, rapid and reliable test for the detection of H. influenzae resistance to ampicillin. It is suitable for routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. The MIC of carbenicillin was higher for ampicillin-resistant than for ampicillin-susceptible strains, but the highest MIC (32 microgram/ml) was within achievable serum concentrations. Both cefamandole and chloramphenicol were active against all strains."}
{"id": "PMID:302644", "title": "Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae type B cellulitis in the adult.", "content": "Described herein are three patients over the age of 50 years who had cellulitis of the neck and the upper portion of the chest, associated with Hemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia and respiratory tract infection--particularly that of the upper airway. Only one of the patients with cellulitis had the classic bluish-purple hue commonly seen in children affected with this syndrome. In the other two, the H. influenzae type B cellulitis could not be distinguished clinically from the more common group A streptococcal or staphylococcal cellulitis. Since the antibiotics employed in treating patients with infection due to the latter two organisms differ significantly from those used to treat patients with H. influenzae type B infection, the possibility of disease due to H. influenzae type B must be considered in any adult or child in whom cellulitis of the neck, chest and possibly face is associated with a respiratory tract infection, especially of the upper airway.", "contents": "Bacteremic hemophilus influenzae type B cellulitis in the adult. Described herein are three patients over the age of 50 years who had cellulitis of the neck and the upper portion of the chest, associated with Hemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia and respiratory tract infection--particularly that of the upper airway. Only one of the patients with cellulitis had the classic bluish-purple hue commonly seen in children affected with this syndrome. In the other two, the H. influenzae type B cellulitis could not be distinguished clinically from the more common group A streptococcal or staphylococcal cellulitis. Since the antibiotics employed in treating patients with infection due to the latter two organisms differ significantly from those used to treat patients with H. influenzae type B infection, the possibility of disease due to H. influenzae type B must be considered in any adult or child in whom cellulitis of the neck, chest and possibly face is associated with a respiratory tract infection, especially of the upper airway."}
{"id": "PMID:302646", "title": "Aqueous cytology and enzymes in nematode endophthalmitis.", "content": "A 7-year-old girl had a white fundus mass and vitreous cells, compatible with an endophytic retinoblastoma. Aqueous aspiration revealed normal lactate dehydrogenase levels and large numbers of eosinophils, suggesting the diagnosis of nematode endophthalmitis. Treatment with corticosteroids brought about resolution of the inflammation and an excellent visual result.", "contents": "Aqueous cytology and enzymes in nematode endophthalmitis. A 7-year-old girl had a white fundus mass and vitreous cells, compatible with an endophytic retinoblastoma. Aqueous aspiration revealed normal lactate dehydrogenase levels and large numbers of eosinophils, suggesting the diagnosis of nematode endophthalmitis. Treatment with corticosteroids brought about resolution of the inflammation and an excellent visual result."}
{"id": "PMID:302647", "title": "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus associated with delayed retinal thrombophlebitis.", "content": "A 58-year-old woman developed typical herpes zoster ophthalmicus associated with delayed retinal thrombophlebitis and subsequent vitreous hemorrhage. Fluorescein angiography confirmed a diagnosis of thrombophlebitis and demonstrated sparing of the arteriolar circulation. The retinopathy cleared spontaneously and visual acuity returned to 6/6 (20/20).", "contents": "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus associated with delayed retinal thrombophlebitis. A 58-year-old woman developed typical herpes zoster ophthalmicus associated with delayed retinal thrombophlebitis and subsequent vitreous hemorrhage. Fluorescein angiography confirmed a diagnosis of thrombophlebitis and demonstrated sparing of the arteriolar circulation. The retinopathy cleared spontaneously and visual acuity returned to 6/6 (20/20)."}
{"id": "PMID:302648", "title": "Secondary open-angle glaucoma in histiocytosis X.", "content": "A 9 month-old boy developed secondary open-angle glaucoma associated with fever and multiple lytic bone lesions 2 1/2 months after cataract aspiration. An open bone biopsy provided a diagnosis of histiocytosis X. Hisiocytes similar to those in the bone were identified in a specimen of aqueous humor from the affected eye. No other cells were found. The abnormal histiocytes may have caused the glaucoma by infiltrating the trabecular angle structures and mechanically obstructing aqueous outflow from the eye.", "contents": "Secondary open-angle glaucoma in histiocytosis X. A 9 month-old boy developed secondary open-angle glaucoma associated with fever and multiple lytic bone lesions 2 1/2 months after cataract aspiration. An open bone biopsy provided a diagnosis of histiocytosis X. Hisiocytes similar to those in the bone were identified in a specimen of aqueous humor from the affected eye. No other cells were found. The abnormal histiocytes may have caused the glaucoma by infiltrating the trabecular angle structures and mechanically obstructing aqueous outflow from the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:302649", "title": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis.", "content": "A 62-year-old white man developed an acute anterior chamber inflammation in his left eye. Listeria monocytogenes was cultured from the vitreous aspirate. There was no evidence for ocular trauma or distant site of infection from which hematogenous spread of the organism occurred. No underlying state of immunocompromise was demonstrated. The endophthalmitis responded well to therapy.", "contents": "Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis. A 62-year-old white man developed an acute anterior chamber inflammation in his left eye. Listeria monocytogenes was cultured from the vitreous aspirate. There was no evidence for ocular trauma or distant site of infection from which hematogenous spread of the organism occurred. No underlying state of immunocompromise was demonstrated. The endophthalmitis responded well to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:302652", "title": "Innervation of melanocytes in human iris. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Contacts between melanocytes and nerve terminals in human iris stroma were investigated by means of electron microscopy. Four distinct types of nerve terminal making synaptic contacts with melanocytes can be distinguished: (1) nerve terminals containing only empty synaptic vesicles (400-800 A in diameter) and with intervening basement membrane material (separation 1000 A); (2) nerve terminals with both empty vesicles and granulated vesicles (600-1100 A in diameter) also with intervening basement membrane material (separation 750 A); (3) nerve terminals containing empty vesicles and forming close contacts with melanocytes (distance about 400 A) without interposed basement membrane material, and (4) nerve terminals containg both empty and granulated vesicles (750 A in diameter) which make closer contacts with melanocytes (distance 270 A) without interposed basement membrane material. Type (1) and type (3) nerve terminals are thought to be cholinergic; type (2) and type (4) nerve terminals appear to be adrenergic. Taking into consideration these morphologic findings and previously reported data, it seems justified to postulate the presence of trophic innervation of melanocytes in the human iris.", "contents": "Innervation of melanocytes in human iris. An electron microscopic study. Contacts between melanocytes and nerve terminals in human iris stroma were investigated by means of electron microscopy. Four distinct types of nerve terminal making synaptic contacts with melanocytes can be distinguished: (1) nerve terminals containing only empty synaptic vesicles (400-800 A in diameter) and with intervening basement membrane material (separation 1000 A); (2) nerve terminals with both empty vesicles and granulated vesicles (600-1100 A in diameter) also with intervening basement membrane material (separation 750 A); (3) nerve terminals containing empty vesicles and forming close contacts with melanocytes (distance about 400 A) without interposed basement membrane material, and (4) nerve terminals containg both empty and granulated vesicles (750 A in diameter) which make closer contacts with melanocytes (distance 270 A) without interposed basement membrane material. Type (1) and type (3) nerve terminals are thought to be cholinergic; type (2) and type (4) nerve terminals appear to be adrenergic. Taking into consideration these morphologic findings and previously reported data, it seems justified to postulate the presence of trophic innervation of melanocytes in the human iris."}
{"id": "PMID:302653", "title": "[Free carbohydrate content of the cortex and nucleus of bovine lenses as a function of ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of the products of the sorbitol pathway and of inositol in the equator and nucleus of bovine lenses of different ages, performed by gas-chromatographic analyses, is described. Independent of age, the proportion of glucose, sorbitol, and fructose is higher in the equatorial part than in the nucleus. The proportion of inositol is about 3 mg/1 g lens fresh weight in the equator, and about 2 mg/1 g lens fresh weight in the nucleus, and seems to decrease slightly with ageing.", "contents": "[Free carbohydrate content of the cortex and nucleus of bovine lenses as a function of ageing (author's transl)]. The determination of the products of the sorbitol pathway and of inositol in the equator and nucleus of bovine lenses of different ages, performed by gas-chromatographic analyses, is described. Independent of age, the proportion of glucose, sorbitol, and fructose is higher in the equatorial part than in the nucleus. The proportion of inositol is about 3 mg/1 g lens fresh weight in the equator, and about 2 mg/1 g lens fresh weight in the nucleus, and seems to decrease slightly with ageing."}
{"id": "PMID:302654", "title": "[Electrophysiologic evidence of three different types of the 'slow fibers' of extraocular muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on electrophysiologic investigations of extraocular muscles in rabbits in vivo by means of standardized glass microelectrodes. The results of investigation on muscle-fiber membrane resting potentials of 'slow fibers' as well as on postsynaptical potentials of 'slow fibers' are analyzed after having elucidated the problems as well as the methods employed and the experimental setup. By figures and synopses in tabular form the author illustrates the electrophysiologic parameters of three different types of muscle fibers of 'slow fibers' of extraocular muscles that can with certainty be differentiated electrophysiologically. In the discussion references are made to the importance of the submitted results of investigation for basic research and for clinical ophthalmo-electromyography. Finally, the trends of investigation of the electrophysiologic analysis of extraocular muscles are discussed.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic evidence of three different types of the 'slow fibers' of extraocular muscles (author's transl)]. The author reports on electrophysiologic investigations of extraocular muscles in rabbits in vivo by means of standardized glass microelectrodes. The results of investigation on muscle-fiber membrane resting potentials of 'slow fibers' as well as on postsynaptical potentials of 'slow fibers' are analyzed after having elucidated the problems as well as the methods employed and the experimental setup. By figures and synopses in tabular form the author illustrates the electrophysiologic parameters of three different types of muscle fibers of 'slow fibers' of extraocular muscles that can with certainty be differentiated electrophysiologically. In the discussion references are made to the importance of the submitted results of investigation for basic research and for clinical ophthalmo-electromyography. Finally, the trends of investigation of the electrophysiologic analysis of extraocular muscles are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302655", "title": "[Animal experimental investigations of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers' of extraocular muscles by means of glass microelectrodes (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports on animal experimental investigations of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers' of extraocular muscles in rabbits in vivo by means of standardized glass microelectrode. The submitted results of investigation enlarge our knowledge of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers'. The statistically analyzed results on musclefiber action potential parameters, on musclefiber membrane resting potentials, strengthduration curves and the data on the electro-mechanical latency period of 'fast fibers' are illustrated by figures. The most important conclusions for basic research on 'fast fibers', for clinical ophthalmo-electromyography and for the duality concept of eyemovement control are given.", "contents": "[Animal experimental investigations of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers' of extraocular muscles by means of glass microelectrodes (author's transl)]. The author reports on animal experimental investigations of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers' of extraocular muscles in rabbits in vivo by means of standardized glass microelectrode. The submitted results of investigation enlarge our knowledge of the electrophysiologic parameters of 'fast fibers'. The statistically analyzed results on musclefiber action potential parameters, on musclefiber membrane resting potentials, strengthduration curves and the data on the electro-mechanical latency period of 'fast fibers' are illustrated by figures. The most important conclusions for basic research on 'fast fibers', for clinical ophthalmo-electromyography and for the duality concept of eyemovement control are given."}
{"id": "PMID:302656", "title": "Biochemical study on some acid hydrolases in the normal rabbit cornea.", "content": "The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were investigated in the normal rabbit cornea. For all spectrophotometric assays, appropriate p-nitrophenyl derivates were used. Only beta-glucuronidase were determined employing phenolphthalein glucuronid as a substrante. Acid phosphatase revealed the highest activity, followed by N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase. In the case of beta-glucuronidase the lowest activity was found. The results on the rabbit cornea are compared with those on some other tissues described in the literature. Correlation of biochemical data and histochemical findings in the same species is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Biochemical study on some acid hydrolases in the normal rabbit cornea. The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were investigated in the normal rabbit cornea. For all spectrophotometric assays, appropriate p-nitrophenyl derivates were used. Only beta-glucuronidase were determined employing phenolphthalein glucuronid as a substrante. Acid phosphatase revealed the highest activity, followed by N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase. In the case of beta-glucuronidase the lowest activity was found. The results on the rabbit cornea are compared with those on some other tissues described in the literature. Correlation of biochemical data and histochemical findings in the same species is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302657", "title": "Cell turnover in the beak of Rana pipiens.", "content": "Rana pipiens tadpoles were injected with 3H-thymidine at different stages to label basal cells of the horny beaks, the keratinized oral specializations of many anuran tadpoles. Cells in the column and sheath of the beak are derived from the basal layer. Movement of the labeled cells in beak columns can be traced, permitting calculation of the rate of cell addition into the columns. With the counts of the total number of column cells and cell addition rate, the rate of apical cell loss from a column throughout the larval stages can also be calculated. The rate of cell addition decreases steadily from stage III through stage XX, in all portions of both beaks. The rate of change of these column cell addition rates is similar among middle and lateral portions of both upper and lower beaks. There is a relatively constant rate of cell loss until stage XII or XIII. It then increases sharply, and the beaks are completely lost at stages XIX or XX. The longer, lower beak columns have a much faster cell loss rate than do the upper beak columns at late larval stages. Life spans for cells that move to the sheath may be about one-half those for cells that enter the beak columns, It is suggested that thyroid hormone accelerates the rate of column cell loss.", "contents": "Cell turnover in the beak of Rana pipiens. Rana pipiens tadpoles were injected with 3H-thymidine at different stages to label basal cells of the horny beaks, the keratinized oral specializations of many anuran tadpoles. Cells in the column and sheath of the beak are derived from the basal layer. Movement of the labeled cells in beak columns can be traced, permitting calculation of the rate of cell addition into the columns. With the counts of the total number of column cells and cell addition rate, the rate of apical cell loss from a column throughout the larval stages can also be calculated. The rate of cell addition decreases steadily from stage III through stage XX, in all portions of both beaks. The rate of change of these column cell addition rates is similar among middle and lateral portions of both upper and lower beaks. There is a relatively constant rate of cell loss until stage XII or XIII. It then increases sharply, and the beaks are completely lost at stages XIX or XX. The longer, lower beak columns have a much faster cell loss rate than do the upper beak columns at late larval stages. Life spans for cells that move to the sheath may be about one-half those for cells that enter the beak columns, It is suggested that thyroid hormone accelerates the rate of column cell loss."}
{"id": "PMID:302659", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of blood antitrypsic activity with centrifugal analyser].", "content": "The antitrypsic capacity of serum is in good respect with the level of active alpha1-antitrypsin in serum. Its determination can be improved by a wholly automated procedure with a centrifugal analyser Gemsaec, which allows the measure of the reaction rate of the hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate (BAPNA) for trypsin. After mixing the plasma with bovine trypsin, the residual trypsic activity is measured. By this procedure it is easy to disclose rapidly the physiopathologic changes of proteinase inhibitors of the plasma, and these of the alpha1-antitrysin especially. Besides this technique can be used to study the proteinase inhibitors in other biological fluids like pleural fluid, ascites, and joint fluid.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of blood antitrypsic activity with centrifugal analyser]. The antitrypsic capacity of serum is in good respect with the level of active alpha1-antitrypsin in serum. Its determination can be improved by a wholly automated procedure with a centrifugal analyser Gemsaec, which allows the measure of the reaction rate of the hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate (BAPNA) for trypsin. After mixing the plasma with bovine trypsin, the residual trypsic activity is measured. By this procedure it is easy to disclose rapidly the physiopathologic changes of proteinase inhibitors of the plasma, and these of the alpha1-antitrysin especially. Besides this technique can be used to study the proteinase inhibitors in other biological fluids like pleural fluid, ascites, and joint fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:302660", "title": "[Immunological abnormalities in epileptic children treated with anticonvulsivant drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Seric IgA, IgE and IgD; antinuclear antibodies and lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were studied in 61 epileptic children; 22 patients were treated with phenobarbital and 39 with hydantoine. The mean length of treatment was 12 months to phenobarbital and 23 to hydantoins. Seric IgA was deficient in 4/36 children taking hydantoins and only 1/20 receiving phenobarbital. IgE mean was increase in hydantoins treated patients and also IgD was found higher than normal in 6 patients. Only one case showed seric antinuclear antibodies but they disappeared with drug withdrawal. The lymphocyte count was normal but an important eosinophilia rise with treatment (phenobarbital or hydantoins). These immunological abnormalities were meanly found in idiopatic epilepsy. These suggest they are produced by anticonvulsivant drugs but also by an important constitutional factor. In this way immunology and epilepsy may be related.", "contents": "[Immunological abnormalities in epileptic children treated with anticonvulsivant drugs (author's transl)]. Seric IgA, IgE and IgD; antinuclear antibodies and lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were studied in 61 epileptic children; 22 patients were treated with phenobarbital and 39 with hydantoine. The mean length of treatment was 12 months to phenobarbital and 23 to hydantoins. Seric IgA was deficient in 4/36 children taking hydantoins and only 1/20 receiving phenobarbital. IgE mean was increase in hydantoins treated patients and also IgD was found higher than normal in 6 patients. Only one case showed seric antinuclear antibodies but they disappeared with drug withdrawal. The lymphocyte count was normal but an important eosinophilia rise with treatment (phenobarbital or hydantoins). These immunological abnormalities were meanly found in idiopatic epilepsy. These suggest they are produced by anticonvulsivant drugs but also by an important constitutional factor. In this way immunology and epilepsy may be related."}
{"id": "PMID:302661", "title": "Penetration of gentamicin into the aphakic eye.", "content": "The penetration of gentamicin is compared in the aphakic and phakic rabbit eye. Phakic and aphakic rabbits were treated with gentamicin by topical, subconjunctival, and intramuscular routes separately and in combination. These routes of therapy also were evaluated in aphakic eyes with experimentally induced endophthalmitis. The levels of gentamicin were, for the most part, higher in the aphakic, as opposed to the phakic eyes. Combination therapy produced higher levels in the noninfected than in the infected eyes. Aqueous levels were generally bactericidal by topical and subconjunctival routes. Levels in the vitreous by the routes of therapy employed in this study were at best inhibitory for the more virulent organisms.", "contents": "Penetration of gentamicin into the aphakic eye. The penetration of gentamicin is compared in the aphakic and phakic rabbit eye. Phakic and aphakic rabbits were treated with gentamicin by topical, subconjunctival, and intramuscular routes separately and in combination. These routes of therapy also were evaluated in aphakic eyes with experimentally induced endophthalmitis. The levels of gentamicin were, for the most part, higher in the aphakic, as opposed to the phakic eyes. Combination therapy produced higher levels in the noninfected than in the infected eyes. Aqueous levels were generally bactericidal by topical and subconjunctival routes. Levels in the vitreous by the routes of therapy employed in this study were at best inhibitory for the more virulent organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:302662", "title": "Variable expression in flecked (speckled) dystrophy of the cornea.", "content": "Five members of a three-generation pedigree had flecked corneal dystrophy. The number of flecks varied from patient to patient, and one individual was affected in only one eye. Visual acuity was normal in all family members. Homocystinuria also occurred in this family, but appeared to be coincidental. Central cloudy dystrophy of the cornea appears to be genotypically identical to flecked dystrophy of the cornea but is phenotypically distinct.", "contents": "Variable expression in flecked (speckled) dystrophy of the cornea. Five members of a three-generation pedigree had flecked corneal dystrophy. The number of flecks varied from patient to patient, and one individual was affected in only one eye. Visual acuity was normal in all family members. Homocystinuria also occurred in this family, but appeared to be coincidental. Central cloudy dystrophy of the cornea appears to be genotypically identical to flecked dystrophy of the cornea but is phenotypically distinct."}
{"id": "PMID:302665", "title": "Treatment of bleeding varices by oesophageal transection with the SPTU gun.", "content": "This paper presents the preliminary results with the SPTU stapling gun for oesophageal transection in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. Porta-systemic shunt was contraindicated in all 12 patients treated, 10 of whom had cirrhosis. Anastomotic leakage and recurrent bleeding were not problems, but stricture formation was, 4 of the 11 survivors requiring dilatation. The average period of follow-up is only 7 months, but early results encourage further trial of the method for the increasing numbers of 'shunt rejects'.", "contents": "Treatment of bleeding varices by oesophageal transection with the SPTU gun. This paper presents the preliminary results with the SPTU stapling gun for oesophageal transection in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices. Porta-systemic shunt was contraindicated in all 12 patients treated, 10 of whom had cirrhosis. Anastomotic leakage and recurrent bleeding were not problems, but stricture formation was, 4 of the 11 survivors requiring dilatation. The average period of follow-up is only 7 months, but early results encourage further trial of the method for the increasing numbers of 'shunt rejects'."}
{"id": "PMID:302667", "title": "[Possible localization of the glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) on the 8p21 band].", "content": "Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2.) (GSR) activity was measured in the red cells of patients with different rearrangements of chromosome 8. Of three patients with mosaic trisomy 8, two had a high GSR activity. The lack of correlation between GSR levels and the degree of mosaicism in lymphocytes is discussed. In six patients with trisomy 8qter the mean value of GSR activities was normal. In one patient with trisomy pter leads to q22.1 and in two with trisomy p11 leads to p22, a significant increase (+60%) of GSR activity was observed. In two patients with monosomy p22 leads to pter and p21 leads to pter, respectively, the GSR levels were normal. It is concluded that the gene locus of GSR can be assigned to the 8p11 leads to p22 segment. A comparison of these results with one other case from the literature suggests a more precise assignment of the GSR locus to band p21.", "contents": "[Possible localization of the glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) on the 8p21 band]. Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2.) (GSR) activity was measured in the red cells of patients with different rearrangements of chromosome 8. Of three patients with mosaic trisomy 8, two had a high GSR activity. The lack of correlation between GSR levels and the degree of mosaicism in lymphocytes is discussed. In six patients with trisomy 8qter the mean value of GSR activities was normal. In one patient with trisomy pter leads to q22.1 and in two with trisomy p11 leads to p22, a significant increase (+60%) of GSR activity was observed. In two patients with monosomy p22 leads to pter and p21 leads to pter, respectively, the GSR levels were normal. It is concluded that the gene locus of GSR can be assigned to the 8p11 leads to p22 segment. A comparison of these results with one other case from the literature suggests a more precise assignment of the GSR locus to band p21."}
{"id": "PMID:302668", "title": "[Genetics of child spinal amyotrophy : existence of 2 autosomal recessive forms].", "content": "An analysis of within sibship resemblances in age of onset of symptoms and age of death (or at last examination) was made in families affected with infantile spinal muscular atrophy. The observed correlation coefficients, 0.52 and 0.75, favor the existence of a least two different mutant genes for the disease. In 63 families, the disease was of the acute infantile form and in 71 families it was of the chronic form. Both forms show autosomal recessive transmission.", "contents": "[Genetics of child spinal amyotrophy : existence of 2 autosomal recessive forms]. An analysis of within sibship resemblances in age of onset of symptoms and age of death (or at last examination) was made in families affected with infantile spinal muscular atrophy. The observed correlation coefficients, 0.52 and 0.75, favor the existence of a least two different mutant genes for the disease. In 63 families, the disease was of the acute infantile form and in 71 families it was of the chronic form. Both forms show autosomal recessive transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:302669", "title": "[Study of acid soluble proteins of metaphase chromosomes isolated from KB cells before and after 5-BrdU incorporation].", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei have been isolated by two different procedures, using either acidic or alkaline media. The morphological integrity of the isolated material has been monitored by electron microscopy. In the acidic procedure the thickness of the chromosome fibers is reduced but the chromosome gross structure is preserved. However, electrophoretic analysis indicates complete disappearance of histones H1 and partial loss of H2A and H2B. No significant modification of acid-soluble proteins isolated from chromosomes or nuclei was observed after 5-BrdU incorporation for 72 hours.", "contents": "[Study of acid soluble proteins of metaphase chromosomes isolated from KB cells before and after 5-BrdU incorporation]. Metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei have been isolated by two different procedures, using either acidic or alkaline media. The morphological integrity of the isolated material has been monitored by electron microscopy. In the acidic procedure the thickness of the chromosome fibers is reduced but the chromosome gross structure is preserved. However, electrophoretic analysis indicates complete disappearance of histones H1 and partial loss of H2A and H2B. No significant modification of acid-soluble proteins isolated from chromosomes or nuclei was observed after 5-BrdU incorporation for 72 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:302670", "title": "Partial 4q duplication due to inherited der(20), t(4;20)(q25;q13)mat.", "content": "A boy with mental and growth retardation associated with congenital anomalies has a partial duplication of the distal 4q chromosome region as a result of inheritance of a t(4:20) from his mother. Comparison with twelve other patients from the literature indicates that similar clinical features may be associated with this chromosome change suggesting a partial 4q duplication syndrome.", "contents": "Partial 4q duplication due to inherited der(20), t(4;20)(q25;q13)mat. A boy with mental and growth retardation associated with congenital anomalies has a partial duplication of the distal 4q chromosome region as a result of inheritance of a t(4:20) from his mother. Comparison with twelve other patients from the literature indicates that similar clinical features may be associated with this chromosome change suggesting a partial 4q duplication syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:302664", "title": "[Familial dermo-chondro-corneal dystrophy (Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome associates disseminated firm nodular subcutaneous lesions, a deforming arthropathy and a corneal dystrophy. Inheritance seems to be recessive. Six cases of this rare syndrome have been previously published. The syndrome is reported here in two Mexican brothers. In the authors' opinion the Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome is not related to the xanthomatoses. It should be considered as a genetically recessive arthropathic nodular fibromatosis.", "contents": "[Familial dermo-chondro-corneal dystrophy (Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome) (author's transl)]. The Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome associates disseminated firm nodular subcutaneous lesions, a deforming arthropathy and a corneal dystrophy. Inheritance seems to be recessive. Six cases of this rare syndrome have been previously published. The syndrome is reported here in two Mexican brothers. In the authors' opinion the Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome is not related to the xanthomatoses. It should be considered as a genetically recessive arthropathic nodular fibromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:302671", "title": "Free trisomy 9P in elderly woman.", "content": "The karyotype 47,XX,+9p was observed in a 50-year-old mentally retarded woman with dysmorphic facies, severe cerebral malformations, limb deformities, retarded sexual maturation and deviating dermatoglyphs. Banding analysis showed the extra chromosome to be composed of 9p and the proximal part of 9q comprising a large secondary constriction. The breakage point is estimated as 9q13. Hemozygous large C bands were observed in both chromosomes No. 9 as well as in the extra chromosome. Clinically this case can be regarded as a pure 9p trisomy. The mechanism causing the syndrome is thought to be malsegregation of a deleted chromosome No. 9.", "contents": "Free trisomy 9P in elderly woman. The karyotype 47,XX,+9p was observed in a 50-year-old mentally retarded woman with dysmorphic facies, severe cerebral malformations, limb deformities, retarded sexual maturation and deviating dermatoglyphs. Banding analysis showed the extra chromosome to be composed of 9p and the proximal part of 9q comprising a large secondary constriction. The breakage point is estimated as 9q13. Hemozygous large C bands were observed in both chromosomes No. 9 as well as in the extra chromosome. Clinically this case can be regarded as a pure 9p trisomy. The mechanism causing the syndrome is thought to be malsegregation of a deleted chromosome No. 9."}
{"id": "PMID:302672", "title": "Partial trisomy 14q and familial translocation (2;14) (q12;q13).", "content": "A female patient with moderate psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies and proximal trisomy 14q due to segregation of a maternal translocation is reported.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 14q and familial translocation (2;14) (q12;q13). A female patient with moderate psychomotor retardation, minor anomalies and proximal trisomy 14q due to segregation of a maternal translocation is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:302673", "title": "[Trisomy 9p by mat. t(2;9)(q36;q31)].", "content": "Two sibs are reported with partial trisomy 9, the consequence of a maternal reciprocal translocation.", "contents": "[Trisomy 9p by mat. t(2;9)(q36;q31)]. Two sibs are reported with partial trisomy 9, the consequence of a maternal reciprocal translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:302674", "title": "[Chromosome 8 : complete trisomy and segmental trisomies].", "content": "The phenotypic effects of trisomy of various segments of chromosome 8 have been recognized through the analysis of twelve different patients: five mosaic cases of trisomy 8, one case of trisomy for the short arm and the proximal segment of the long arm, two cases of trisomy for a portion of the short arm, and four cases of trisomy for the terminal segment of the long arm. Analysis of the data from the literature and of these personal observations allows the definition of three syndromes: trisomy 8, trisomy 8p and 8q proximal, and trisomy 8q terminal. Three clinical signs are common to the three syndromes: vertebral anomalies, depression of the mesosternum, and bulging of the forehead. This suggests that different segments of chromosome 8 carry genes affecting osseous growth. Trisomy 8p causes, in addition to severe mental deficiency, a thick nose, a large mouth, and microcephaly. Other clinical signs can be assigned to three groups corresponding to the short arm, the proximal part, and the distal part of the long arm.", "contents": "[Chromosome 8 : complete trisomy and segmental trisomies]. The phenotypic effects of trisomy of various segments of chromosome 8 have been recognized through the analysis of twelve different patients: five mosaic cases of trisomy 8, one case of trisomy for the short arm and the proximal segment of the long arm, two cases of trisomy for a portion of the short arm, and four cases of trisomy for the terminal segment of the long arm. Analysis of the data from the literature and of these personal observations allows the definition of three syndromes: trisomy 8, trisomy 8p and 8q proximal, and trisomy 8q terminal. Three clinical signs are common to the three syndromes: vertebral anomalies, depression of the mesosternum, and bulging of the forehead. This suggests that different segments of chromosome 8 carry genes affecting osseous growth. Trisomy 8p causes, in addition to severe mental deficiency, a thick nose, a large mouth, and microcephaly. Other clinical signs can be assigned to three groups corresponding to the short arm, the proximal part, and the distal part of the long arm."}
{"id": "PMID:302675", "title": "[Partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 2 due to malsegregation of a maternal insertion : ins(6;2)(p22;q24q34)].", "content": "A 6p+ chromosome was observed in a dysmorphic and mentally retarded child. The mother was found to be carrier of an insertion: ins(6;2) (p22;q24;q34). The patient was therefore trisomic for 2q24 leads to 2q34. The same insertion was found in his brother in the balanced state. A comparison of this observation and four other cases from the literature allows a description of the symptoms characteristic of trisomy 2q24 leads to 2q34 : mid-face hypoplasia, carp-shaped mouth, neurological disorders, severe mental retardation.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 2 due to malsegregation of a maternal insertion : ins(6;2)(p22;q24q34)]. A 6p+ chromosome was observed in a dysmorphic and mentally retarded child. The mother was found to be carrier of an insertion: ins(6;2) (p22;q24;q34). The patient was therefore trisomic for 2q24 leads to 2q34. The same insertion was found in his brother in the balanced state. A comparison of this observation and four other cases from the literature allows a description of the symptoms characteristic of trisomy 2q24 leads to 2q34 : mid-face hypoplasia, carp-shaped mouth, neurological disorders, severe mental retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:302676", "title": "[Chromosome breakage in incontinentia pigmenti].", "content": "Two cases of incontinentia pigmenti in a mother and her daughter are reported. An increase in structural chromosome aberrations of the chromatid type was observed, as already described by other authors. The aberrations rate in the same individual varied from culture to culture. Chromosomal breakage was also increased in apparently healthy family members.", "contents": "[Chromosome breakage in incontinentia pigmenti]. Two cases of incontinentia pigmenti in a mother and her daughter are reported. An increase in structural chromosome aberrations of the chromatid type was observed, as already described by other authors. The aberrations rate in the same individual varied from culture to culture. Chromosomal breakage was also increased in apparently healthy family members."}
{"id": "PMID:302677", "title": "[Ring chromosome 14 in monozygotic twins].", "content": "An r(14) is observed in monozygotic twins, with psychomotor retardation and no obvious somatic malformation.", "contents": "[Ring chromosome 14 in monozygotic twins]. An r(14) is observed in monozygotic twins, with psychomotor retardation and no obvious somatic malformation."}
{"id": "PMID:302678", "title": "[Partial monosomy 11q. A new case].", "content": "Partial monosomy 11q due to a de novo 11q231 leads to 11qter deletion was detected in a patient who died at seven days of age with most malformations characteristic of monosomy 11q, including trigonocephaly, facial dysmorphia, and congenital heart disease. In this as in most previously reported cases, the break point was at 11q231.", "contents": "[Partial monosomy 11q. A new case]. Partial monosomy 11q due to a de novo 11q231 leads to 11qter deletion was detected in a patient who died at seven days of age with most malformations characteristic of monosomy 11q, including trigonocephaly, facial dysmorphia, and congenital heart disease. In this as in most previously reported cases, the break point was at 11q231."}
{"id": "PMID:302679", "title": "Trigonocephaly and the 11q- syndrome.", "content": "A seventh case of deletion of the distal long arm of a chromosome 11 is described. As in other cases with this karyotypic abnormality, trigonocephaly is the most noticeable phenotypic peculiarity. A review of common developmental and dysmorphic features among the seven recognized cases is presented.", "contents": "Trigonocephaly and the 11q- syndrome. A seventh case of deletion of the distal long arm of a chromosome 11 is described. As in other cases with this karyotypic abnormality, trigonocephaly is the most noticeable phenotypic peculiarity. A review of common developmental and dysmorphic features among the seven recognized cases is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302680", "title": "[Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8].", "content": "Partial monosomy 8p is reported in a patient with mild mental deficiency and a facial dysmorphia (a triangular mandible and a peculiarly shaped nose with straight parallel margins).", "contents": "[Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8]. Partial monosomy 8p is reported in a patient with mild mental deficiency and a facial dysmorphia (a triangular mandible and a peculiarly shaped nose with straight parallel margins)."}
{"id": "PMID:302681", "title": "[Ring of the chromosome 4. I - With 4p- phenotype].", "content": "A ring chromosome derived from a No. 4 chromosome was found in the complement of an 8-year-old boy with mental retardation and growth retardation and developmental defects characteristic of 4p deletion. Break points were at 4p15 and 4q35.", "contents": "[Ring of the chromosome 4. I - With 4p- phenotype]. A ring chromosome derived from a No. 4 chromosome was found in the complement of an 8-year-old boy with mental retardation and growth retardation and developmental defects characteristic of 4p deletion. Break points were at 4p15 and 4q35."}
{"id": "PMID:302682", "title": "[Ring of the chromosome 4. II. Without facial dysmorphism].", "content": "A r(4) was observed in a 5-year-old female patient, with growth retardation, a near normal psychomotor development and with no major dysmorphism. The break points were in p16 and q33. After comparison with other known observations of r(4) it is suggested that the phenotype of monosomy 4p is due to monosomy for the distal band 4p16.", "contents": "[Ring of the chromosome 4. II. Without facial dysmorphism]. A r(4) was observed in a 5-year-old female patient, with growth retardation, a near normal psychomotor development and with no major dysmorphism. The break points were in p16 and q33. After comparison with other known observations of r(4) it is suggested that the phenotype of monosomy 4p is due to monosomy for the distal band 4p16."}
{"id": "PMID:302683", "title": "Partial  tetrasomy 9(9pter to 9q2101) due to an extra iso-dicentric chromosome.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy with partial No. 9 tetrasomy is described. The patient showed markedly retarded physical and mental development as well as multiple congenital anomalies. Routine chromosome analysis revealed an extra C-group chromosome. It had a pronounced secondary constriction at the proximal part of its long arm. Based on studies by a variety of banding techniques, the extra chromosome was identified to be an iso-dicentric No. 9 chromosome with inactivation of one of the two centromeres, the karyotype being 47,XY, + DIC (9)(Q2101). The value of BrdUrd treatment was emphasized in the detection of a very small piece of euchromatin within a long stretch of constitutive heterochromatin.", "contents": "Partial  tetrasomy 9(9pter to 9q2101) due to an extra iso-dicentric chromosome. A 3-year-old boy with partial No. 9 tetrasomy is described. The patient showed markedly retarded physical and mental development as well as multiple congenital anomalies. Routine chromosome analysis revealed an extra C-group chromosome. It had a pronounced secondary constriction at the proximal part of its long arm. Based on studies by a variety of banding techniques, the extra chromosome was identified to be an iso-dicentric No. 9 chromosome with inactivation of one of the two centromeres, the karyotype being 47,XY, + DIC (9)(Q2101). The value of BrdUrd treatment was emphasized in the detection of a very small piece of euchromatin within a long stretch of constitutive heterochromatin."}
{"id": "PMID:302684", "title": "Mosaic 45,xy,-21/46,xy in a child with G deletion syndrome I.", "content": "A mosaic 45,XY,-21/46,XY was found in a boy with G deletion syndrome I who showed microcephaly, downward, antimongoloid slanted eyes, micrognathism, large, low set ears, small penis and bilateral inguinoscrotal hernia.", "contents": "Mosaic 45,xy,-21/46,xy in a child with G deletion syndrome I. A mosaic 45,XY,-21/46,XY was found in a boy with G deletion syndrome I who showed microcephaly, downward, antimongoloid slanted eyes, micrognathism, large, low set ears, small penis and bilateral inguinoscrotal hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:302686", "title": "[Partial trisomy 12 and 8 with mosaicism, associated with translocation t(8;12) (p21;q13)].", "content": "A translocation affecting chromosomes 8 and 12 was detected in 11 persons of 3 generations of a family. The propositus, a child with multiple malformations, had a mosaicism consisting of (a) cells with 46 chromosomes which included the balanced translocation and (b) cells with 47 chromosomes and partially trisomic for chromosomes 8 and 12.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 12 and 8 with mosaicism, associated with translocation t(8;12) (p21;q13)]. A translocation affecting chromosomes 8 and 12 was detected in 11 persons of 3 generations of a family. The propositus, a child with multiple malformations, had a mosaicism consisting of (a) cells with 46 chromosomes which included the balanced translocation and (b) cells with 47 chromosomes and partially trisomic for chromosomes 8 and 12."}
{"id": "PMID:302687", "title": "[Two new cases of trisomy 10q21 to 10qter in two sisters due to paternal translocation t(9;10) (q34;q24)].", "content": "Two sisters with multiple congenital malformations were shown to be trisomic for 10q24 to 10qter as a consequence of malsegregation of the balanced paternal translocation t(9;10) (q34;q24). Comparison of their phenotype with that of other patients reported in the literature confirms the individuality of the partial 10q trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "[Two new cases of trisomy 10q21 to 10qter in two sisters due to paternal translocation t(9;10) (q34;q24)]. Two sisters with multiple congenital malformations were shown to be trisomic for 10q24 to 10qter as a consequence of malsegregation of the balanced paternal translocation t(9;10) (q34;q24). Comparison of their phenotype with that of other patients reported in the literature confirms the individuality of the partial 10q trisomy syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:302688", "title": "[Annulment of paternity recognition based on the absence of identity of chromosomes Y. A judgment of the Paris court of law].", "content": "The medico-legal expertise having having concluded to non-paternity because of a marked dissimilarity between the Y chromosomes, the Paris Court of law accepted these conclusions and gave a sentence nullifying a previous paternity recognition.", "contents": "[Annulment of paternity recognition based on the absence of identity of chromosomes Y. A judgment of the Paris court of law]. The medico-legal expertise having having concluded to non-paternity because of a marked dissimilarity between the Y chromosomes, the Paris Court of law accepted these conclusions and gave a sentence nullifying a previous paternity recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:302689", "title": "Familial trisomy 20p five cases and two carriers in three generations a review.", "content": "A clinically normal mother of three retarded children has been determined by G-banding to have a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(13;20) (q34;p11.2). The children each have an unbalanced form of the translocation with partial trisomy for 20p. Extensive gene marker studies have been unable to affix any specific gene locus onto the short arm of chromosome 20. The balanced translocation was inherited from the maternal grandfather. Two phenotypically abnormal deceased members of the family are believed to have had the unbalanced trisomy 20p condition. An increases number of spontaneous abortions were possibly due to lethal unbalanced 20p deletions. The moderate to mild mental retardation and somewhate unusual features (round face, prominent cheeks and nose, short mandible) in the three siblings and two other affected relatives suggest that trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 20 may cause a distinguishable clinical syndrome. Vertebral abnormalities and abnormal dermatoglyphics are part of the picture. Clinical and cytogenetic findings of all reported cases are compared.", "contents": "Familial trisomy 20p five cases and two carriers in three generations a review. A clinically normal mother of three retarded children has been determined by G-banding to have a balanced translocation 46,XX,t(13;20) (q34;p11.2). The children each have an unbalanced form of the translocation with partial trisomy for 20p. Extensive gene marker studies have been unable to affix any specific gene locus onto the short arm of chromosome 20. The balanced translocation was inherited from the maternal grandfather. Two phenotypically abnormal deceased members of the family are believed to have had the unbalanced trisomy 20p condition. An increases number of spontaneous abortions were possibly due to lethal unbalanced 20p deletions. The moderate to mild mental retardation and somewhate unusual features (round face, prominent cheeks and nose, short mandible) in the three siblings and two other affected relatives suggest that trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 20 may cause a distinguishable clinical syndrome. Vertebral abnormalities and abnormal dermatoglyphics are part of the picture. Clinical and cytogenetic findings of all reported cases are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:302690", "title": "[Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. Apropos of 3 cases].", "content": "Three observations of Wolf's syndrome (monosomy 4p) are reported and compared to the observations reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. Apropos of 3 cases]. Three observations of Wolf's syndrome (monosomy 4p) are reported and compared to the observations reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:302693", "title": "Treatment of severe coronary artery disease with 5, 6, and 7 saphenous vein bypasses: review of 131 consecutive patients.", "content": "One hundred thirty-one consecutive patients who received 5, 6, and 7 bypass grafts are analyzed. Ages ranged from 31 to 74 years. The male-to-female ratio was 7:1. As an indication of severity of disease, 25% were classified as having impending myocardial infarction and 46.6% were classified in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV. Left ventricular function was impaired in 37.4%, and 30% of the patients had left main coronary obstruction. Nonfatal perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 4.6%. The hospital mortality was 3%. One hundred percent follow-up (5 to 55 months) revealed 4 late deaths, 3 presumably of cardiac origin. Only 7 patients in the postoperative follow-up group have complained of angina; 1 has since undergone successful reoperation.", "contents": "Treatment of severe coronary artery disease with 5, 6, and 7 saphenous vein bypasses: review of 131 consecutive patients. One hundred thirty-one consecutive patients who received 5, 6, and 7 bypass grafts are analyzed. Ages ranged from 31 to 74 years. The male-to-female ratio was 7:1. As an indication of severity of disease, 25% were classified as having impending myocardial infarction and 46.6% were classified in New York Heart Association Functional Class IV. Left ventricular function was impaired in 37.4%, and 30% of the patients had left main coronary obstruction. Nonfatal perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 4.6%. The hospital mortality was 3%. One hundred percent follow-up (5 to 55 months) revealed 4 late deaths, 3 presumably of cardiac origin. Only 7 patients in the postoperative follow-up group have complained of angina; 1 has since undergone successful reoperation."}
{"id": "PMID:302694", "title": "Analysis of familial factors in bipolar affective illness.", "content": "Familial transmission of affective illness was studied using a family interview and family history method in a group of 35 bipolar manic-depressive patients. Morbidity risk for bipolar and unipolar affective illness in first-degree relatives is approximately 30% in this population. Probands with a positive family history for bipolar illness have a significantly greater risk for alcoholism in first-degree relatives. Four cases of father-to-son transmission are reported. Linkage of color vision deficiency or Xga blood group and affective illness within families could not be substantiated in our sample. We discuss evidence regarding the mode of transmission of affective illness.", "contents": "Analysis of familial factors in bipolar affective illness. Familial transmission of affective illness was studied using a family interview and family history method in a group of 35 bipolar manic-depressive patients. Morbidity risk for bipolar and unipolar affective illness in first-degree relatives is approximately 30% in this population. Probands with a positive family history for bipolar illness have a significantly greater risk for alcoholism in first-degree relatives. Four cases of father-to-son transmission are reported. Linkage of color vision deficiency or Xga blood group and affective illness within families could not be substantiated in our sample. We discuss evidence regarding the mode of transmission of affective illness."}
{"id": "PMID:302695", "title": "[Morphologic and cytochemical research aboard the biosatellite \"Cosmos-782\"].", "content": "Organs of rats flown for 19.5 days on board the Cosmos-782 biosatellite were investigated morphologically and cytochemically. After flight, as a result of drastic decrease or loss of static load on the musculeskeletal system in zero-g, the rats developed mineral metabolism changes that morphologically appeared as osteoporosis of spongy bones, their periosteocytic osteolysis, as well as inhibition of red blood cell precursors in bone marrow, atrophy and dystrophy of skeletal muscles. The development of stress-reaction which seemed to increase at certain flight stages (launch and re-entry) and weightlessness--1 g transition brought about changes in the structure and cell composition of lymph organs, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-neurosecretory system, adrenals, gastro-intestinal tract and other organs and systems. Changes in the receptor system of the inner ear resulted, evidently, from weightlessness and acceleration effects, whereas retinal lesions were due to heavy charged particles of cosmic radiation. The changes noted were reversible and 25 days after flight returned, completely or partly, to the normal.", "contents": "[Morphologic and cytochemical research aboard the biosatellite \"Cosmos-782\"]. Organs of rats flown for 19.5 days on board the Cosmos-782 biosatellite were investigated morphologically and cytochemically. After flight, as a result of drastic decrease or loss of static load on the musculeskeletal system in zero-g, the rats developed mineral metabolism changes that morphologically appeared as osteoporosis of spongy bones, their periosteocytic osteolysis, as well as inhibition of red blood cell precursors in bone marrow, atrophy and dystrophy of skeletal muscles. The development of stress-reaction which seemed to increase at certain flight stages (launch and re-entry) and weightlessness--1 g transition brought about changes in the structure and cell composition of lymph organs, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-neurosecretory system, adrenals, gastro-intestinal tract and other organs and systems. Changes in the receptor system of the inner ear resulted, evidently, from weightlessness and acceleration effects, whereas retinal lesions were due to heavy charged particles of cosmic radiation. The changes noted were reversible and 25 days after flight returned, completely or partly, to the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:302696", "title": "[Free stromal cells in dysplasias and cancer of the cervix uteri].", "content": "The content and distribution of lymphocytes and plasma cells in stroma was studied in 452 cases of different diseases of the cervix. As dysplastic changes of the epithelium advanced up to the microinvasive form of cancer, the number of lymphocytes was found to increase progressively and blast forms appeared. In intraepithelial cancer, infiltration of the stroma with lymphocytes and plasma cells was poor, whereas in deep invasive cancer no lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration was observed. The changes in the content and distribution of the immunocompetent cells of the stroma in different structural and functional alterations of the epithelium indicates the active part of the mechanisms of local immunological defence in combined changes of the epithelium and connective tissue.", "contents": "[Free stromal cells in dysplasias and cancer of the cervix uteri]. The content and distribution of lymphocytes and plasma cells in stroma was studied in 452 cases of different diseases of the cervix. As dysplastic changes of the epithelium advanced up to the microinvasive form of cancer, the number of lymphocytes was found to increase progressively and blast forms appeared. In intraepithelial cancer, infiltration of the stroma with lymphocytes and plasma cells was poor, whereas in deep invasive cancer no lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration was observed. The changes in the content and distribution of the immunocompetent cells of the stroma in different structural and functional alterations of the epithelium indicates the active part of the mechanisms of local immunological defence in combined changes of the epithelium and connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:302697", "title": "The clinical spectrum of posterior polymorphous dystrophy.", "content": "We examined 61 affected members of eight families with an inherited corneal dystrophy. The corneal abnormalities varied greatly from one member of a family to another. Some patients had only a few isolated endothelial vesicles, while others in the same family had severe secondary stromal and epithelial edema. In some patients edema was present at birth or in early childhood; in others it developed later in life. The wide variation of corneal abnormalities suggests the possibility that several conditions previously described as separate disease entities, such as grouped vesicles, Schnyder's posterior herpes, posterior polymorphous dystrophy, and congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, are part of the clinical spectrum of expression of a single familial corneal dystrophy. Some affected family members also had ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Broad iridocorneal adhesions were present in some of the patients with glaucoma and in others with normal intraocular pressures. Other ocular abnormalities present in a few patients include pupillary ectropion, \"glass membranes\" on the anterior iris surface, and bands in Descemet's membrane. The transmission in most of the families was autosomal dominant. In two families it appeared to be autosomal recessive.", "contents": "The clinical spectrum of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. We examined 61 affected members of eight families with an inherited corneal dystrophy. The corneal abnormalities varied greatly from one member of a family to another. Some patients had only a few isolated endothelial vesicles, while others in the same family had severe secondary stromal and epithelial edema. In some patients edema was present at birth or in early childhood; in others it developed later in life. The wide variation of corneal abnormalities suggests the possibility that several conditions previously described as separate disease entities, such as grouped vesicles, Schnyder's posterior herpes, posterior polymorphous dystrophy, and congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, are part of the clinical spectrum of expression of a single familial corneal dystrophy. Some affected family members also had ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Broad iridocorneal adhesions were present in some of the patients with glaucoma and in others with normal intraocular pressures. Other ocular abnormalities present in a few patients include pupillary ectropion, \"glass membranes\" on the anterior iris surface, and bands in Descemet's membrane. The transmission in most of the families was autosomal dominant. In two families it appeared to be autosomal recessive."}
{"id": "PMID:302700", "title": "Cytophotometric characterization of cortical and medullary lymphocytes in the chicken bursa and thymus.", "content": "We have evaluated by means of cytophotometric techniques the nuclear content in DNA, in total nucleic acids and in histone proteins and the nuclear volume of the thymic and bursal lymphocytes in adult chickens. We have also made the same determinations in the developing bursal follicles before and after hatching. The results indicate that cortical differ from medullary lymphocytes for all the parameters considered both in thymic lobules and bursal follicles. Furthermore these differences appear analogous in both the organs, independently from the fact that they produce precursors of T and B lymphocytes respectively. As concerns the developing bursal follicle, the lymphocytes show the characteristics of the adult medullary lymphocytes. At the hatching changes occur in the nuclear content of total nucleic acids and histones. This is probably related to the exposure to antigenic stimulation through the cloaca.", "contents": "Cytophotometric characterization of cortical and medullary lymphocytes in the chicken bursa and thymus. We have evaluated by means of cytophotometric techniques the nuclear content in DNA, in total nucleic acids and in histone proteins and the nuclear volume of the thymic and bursal lymphocytes in adult chickens. We have also made the same determinations in the developing bursal follicles before and after hatching. The results indicate that cortical differ from medullary lymphocytes for all the parameters considered both in thymic lobules and bursal follicles. Furthermore these differences appear analogous in both the organs, independently from the fact that they produce precursors of T and B lymphocytes respectively. As concerns the developing bursal follicle, the lymphocytes show the characteristics of the adult medullary lymphocytes. At the hatching changes occur in the nuclear content of total nucleic acids and histones. This is probably related to the exposure to antigenic stimulation through the cloaca."}
{"id": "PMID:302709", "title": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. II. Studies on the antiprotozoan activity of ethanol extract of propolis.", "content": "Solutions of the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) have shown a lethal effect on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Similar lethal action was exhibited by EEP after a 24-h contact with Toxoplasma gondii.", "contents": "Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. II. Studies on the antiprotozoan activity of ethanol extract of propolis. Solutions of the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) have shown a lethal effect on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Similar lethal action was exhibited by EEP after a 24-h contact with Toxoplasma gondii."}
{"id": "PMID:302710", "title": "Human T lymphocyte subset identification according to avidity for sheep erythrocytes and rosetting capacity with allogeneic red blood cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood T lymphocytes of healthy adults were separated in appropriate Ficoll-Hypaque mixtures according to their avidity for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and re-rosetted with both SRBC and human red blood cells (HRBC). The results showed that separation procedures causing relative depletion of lymphocytes with high avidity for SRBC led to a parallel increase in the percentage of cells forming rosettes with HRBC. Separation procedures leading to almost complete depletion of cells forming rosettes with SRBC also almost completely eliminated cells forming rosettes with HRBC. The overall data suggest that circulating T cells of healthy adults can be divided into two subsets according to their avidity for SRBC. T lymphocytes with low avidity for SRBC preferentially express receptors for HRBC. These data are presented as further evidence of T lymphocyte heterogeneity.", "contents": "Human T lymphocyte subset identification according to avidity for sheep erythrocytes and rosetting capacity with allogeneic red blood cells. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes of healthy adults were separated in appropriate Ficoll-Hypaque mixtures according to their avidity for sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and re-rosetted with both SRBC and human red blood cells (HRBC). The results showed that separation procedures causing relative depletion of lymphocytes with high avidity for SRBC led to a parallel increase in the percentage of cells forming rosettes with HRBC. Separation procedures leading to almost complete depletion of cells forming rosettes with SRBC also almost completely eliminated cells forming rosettes with HRBC. The overall data suggest that circulating T cells of healthy adults can be divided into two subsets according to their avidity for SRBC. T lymphocytes with low avidity for SRBC preferentially express receptors for HRBC. These data are presented as further evidence of T lymphocyte heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:302707", "title": "Lymphocyte involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Studies during thoracic duct drainage.", "content": "Grip strength, ring size, duration of morning stiffness, and the number of tender joints improved significantly in 9 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis during prolonged continuous removal of thoracic duct lymphocytes through a surgical fistula. There was no improvement in 4 subjects in whom surgery failed to establish satisfactory lymph drainage. Reinfusion of unlabeled or 51Cr-labeled autologous lymphocytes resulted in transient exacerbation of disease activity in 3 subjects. Following reinfusion, some 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes could be found in the inflamed synovium and synovial fluid by autoradiography, and radioactivity was detected over the joints by surface counting of gamma radiation. Active rheumatoid arthritis recurred in all subjects at variable intervals after cessation of lymph drainage. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that some of the lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph are essential for the continued activity of the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Studies during thoracic duct drainage. Grip strength, ring size, duration of morning stiffness, and the number of tender joints improved significantly in 9 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis during prolonged continuous removal of thoracic duct lymphocytes through a surgical fistula. There was no improvement in 4 subjects in whom surgery failed to establish satisfactory lymph drainage. Reinfusion of unlabeled or 51Cr-labeled autologous lymphocytes resulted in transient exacerbation of disease activity in 3 subjects. Following reinfusion, some 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes could be found in the inflamed synovium and synovial fluid by autoradiography, and radioactivity was detected over the joints by surface counting of gamma radiation. Active rheumatoid arthritis recurred in all subjects at variable intervals after cessation of lymph drainage. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that some of the lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph are essential for the continued activity of the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:302711", "title": "[Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and systemic lupus. Clinical correlations and prognostic significance].", "content": "The present prospective study was designed to examine the diagnostic and prognostic value of lymphocytotoxins in 20 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus both in active stage and in remission. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in 79% of all the sera examined, in 100% of the sera of patients with active disease and in 52% of those in remission. The different frequency in the two groups is significant as well as the correlation of these antibodies with anti-DNA antibodies, hypocomplementaemia and leukopenia. In spite of their diagnostic value, lymphocytotoxins do not appear as sensible parameter as complementaemia and anti-DNA antibodies in monitoring the disease, since they are still detectable in the sera for several months after the disappearance of clinical signs of activity.", "contents": "[Lymphocytotoxic antibodies and systemic lupus. Clinical correlations and prognostic significance]. The present prospective study was designed to examine the diagnostic and prognostic value of lymphocytotoxins in 20 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus both in active stage and in remission. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in 79% of all the sera examined, in 100% of the sera of patients with active disease and in 52% of those in remission. The different frequency in the two groups is significant as well as the correlation of these antibodies with anti-DNA antibodies, hypocomplementaemia and leukopenia. In spite of their diagnostic value, lymphocytotoxins do not appear as sensible parameter as complementaemia and anti-DNA antibodies in monitoring the disease, since they are still detectable in the sera for several months after the disappearance of clinical signs of activity."}
{"id": "PMID:302712", "title": "[Lymphocyte typing in chronic lymphoid leukemia].", "content": "We used the membrane fluorescence and the rosette formation test to study the lymphocyte populations in 25 patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The results show a significant increase, absolute and percent of S-Ig bearing cells, whereas the E and EA rosette forming cells are decreased in per cent, increased in absolute. The number of lymphocytes with the receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG, is unchanged. The lymphocytosis causes mainly a significant decrease in percentage of E rosette forming cells. A big splenomegaly and a bad clinical stage, according to Rai et al. classification, are responsible for a decrease of E, EA, EAC rosette forming cells; unchanged the percentage of S-Ig bearing cells. Such a modification of the surface receptor pattern is present not only in those CLL more advanced in clinical stage and with hyperleucocitosis and/or splenomegaly, but also in those forms with worse clinical feature and prognosis. Our work confirms that CLL is mainly a B proliferative disease; we observed only one case due to T cell proliferation. Four cases were impossible to classify immunologically: one had no cells bearing the markers, three had a subnormal surface receptor pattern.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte typing in chronic lymphoid leukemia]. We used the membrane fluorescence and the rosette formation test to study the lymphocyte populations in 25 patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The results show a significant increase, absolute and percent of S-Ig bearing cells, whereas the E and EA rosette forming cells are decreased in per cent, increased in absolute. The number of lymphocytes with the receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG, is unchanged. The lymphocytosis causes mainly a significant decrease in percentage of E rosette forming cells. A big splenomegaly and a bad clinical stage, according to Rai et al. classification, are responsible for a decrease of E, EA, EAC rosette forming cells; unchanged the percentage of S-Ig bearing cells. Such a modification of the surface receptor pattern is present not only in those CLL more advanced in clinical stage and with hyperleucocitosis and/or splenomegaly, but also in those forms with worse clinical feature and prognosis. Our work confirms that CLL is mainly a B proliferative disease; we observed only one case due to T cell proliferation. Four cases were impossible to classify immunologically: one had no cells bearing the markers, three had a subnormal surface receptor pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:302716", "title": "Myocardial infarction after aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass. Vectorcardiographic study.", "content": "Vectorcardiograms and scalar electrocardiograms were recorded in 30 patients before and after aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery to determine whether vectorcardiograms are helpful in making the diagnosis of perioperative transmural infarction. The vectorcardiogram indicated inferior infarction in 2 cases and anterior infarction in 1 case when the diagnosis was not apparent on the electrocardiogram. In the solitary case of anterior infarction diagnosed by the electrocardiogram, anterior infarction was already present on the preoperative vectorcardiogram. The study indicates that the recording of vectorcardiograms before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery facilitates the diagnosis of perioperative anterior and inferior infarction and may reveal perioperative infarction about a previously infarcted area.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction after aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass. Vectorcardiographic study. Vectorcardiograms and scalar electrocardiograms were recorded in 30 patients before and after aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass surgery to determine whether vectorcardiograms are helpful in making the diagnosis of perioperative transmural infarction. The vectorcardiogram indicated inferior infarction in 2 cases and anterior infarction in 1 case when the diagnosis was not apparent on the electrocardiogram. In the solitary case of anterior infarction diagnosed by the electrocardiogram, anterior infarction was already present on the preoperative vectorcardiogram. The study indicates that the recording of vectorcardiograms before and after aortocoronary bypass surgery facilitates the diagnosis of perioperative anterior and inferior infarction and may reveal perioperative infarction about a previously infarcted area."}
{"id": "PMID:302718", "title": "The carotenoid band shift in reaction centers from from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "A specific carotenoid associated with reaction centers purified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides shows an optical absorbance change in response to photochemical activity, at temperatures down to 35 K. The change corresponds to a bathochromic shift of 1 nm of each absorption band. The same change is induced by either chemical oxidation or photo-oxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870). Reduction of the electron acceptor of the reaction center, either chemically or photochemically, does not cause a carotenoid absorbance change or modify a change already induced by oxidation of P-870. The change of the carotenoid spectrum can therefore be correlated with the appearance of positive charge in the reaction center. In these studies we observed that at 35 K the absorption band of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll near 600 nm exhibits a shoulder at 605 nm. The resolution into two components is more pronounced in the light-dark difference spectrum. This observation is consistent with our earlier finding, that the \"special pair\" of bacteriochlorophyll molecules that acts as photochemical electron donor has a dimer-like absorption spectrum in the near infrared.", "contents": "The carotenoid band shift in reaction centers from from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. A specific carotenoid associated with reaction centers purified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides shows an optical absorbance change in response to photochemical activity, at temperatures down to 35 K. The change corresponds to a bathochromic shift of 1 nm of each absorption band. The same change is induced by either chemical oxidation or photo-oxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll (P-870). Reduction of the electron acceptor of the reaction center, either chemically or photochemically, does not cause a carotenoid absorbance change or modify a change already induced by oxidation of P-870. The change of the carotenoid spectrum can therefore be correlated with the appearance of positive charge in the reaction center. In these studies we observed that at 35 K the absorption band of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll near 600 nm exhibits a shoulder at 605 nm. The resolution into two components is more pronounced in the light-dark difference spectrum. This observation is consistent with our earlier finding, that the \"special pair\" of bacteriochlorophyll molecules that acts as photochemical electron donor has a dimer-like absorption spectrum in the near infrared."}
{"id": "PMID:302721", "title": "Regulation of CFU-S proliferation by locally produced endogenous factors.", "content": "The presence of proliferating and non-proliferating CFU-S in, respectively, the bone marrow and spleens of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) treated mice has afforded the opportunity to investigate the presence and role of local factors responsible for the control of CFU-S proliferation. When bone marrow cells from PHZ treated mice are incubated with irradiated spleen cells taken from the same mice, there is a marked fall in the proportion of femoral CFU-S in DNA synthesis. In the converse experiments rapid triggering of splenic CFU-S is achieved. Changes in CFU-S proliferation have also been demonstrated in other situations where cell populations containing proliferating and minimally proliferating CFU-S are mixed.", "contents": "Regulation of CFU-S proliferation by locally produced endogenous factors. The presence of proliferating and non-proliferating CFU-S in, respectively, the bone marrow and spleens of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) treated mice has afforded the opportunity to investigate the presence and role of local factors responsible for the control of CFU-S proliferation. When bone marrow cells from PHZ treated mice are incubated with irradiated spleen cells taken from the same mice, there is a marked fall in the proportion of femoral CFU-S in DNA synthesis. In the converse experiments rapid triggering of splenic CFU-S is achieved. Changes in CFU-S proliferation have also been demonstrated in other situations where cell populations containing proliferating and minimally proliferating CFU-S are mixed."}
{"id": "PMID:302722", "title": "[Characteristics of rat training on emotionally varied reinforcement under conditions of an oriented change in the level of brain serotonin and noradrenaline].", "content": "The effect of serotonin and noadrenaline precursors on the training of the animals on emotionally different reinforcement was studied. 5-OTP (10 mg/kg) facilitated the training of rats on the food reinforcement, but aggravated it on the pain reinforcement. D, L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) facilitated the training on the food reinforcement. The influence of precursors on the peculiarity of the serotonin and noradrenaline distribution in the brain structures of trained animals was also determined by the biological significance of the reinforcement used in the training.", "contents": "[Characteristics of rat training on emotionally varied reinforcement under conditions of an oriented change in the level of brain serotonin and noradrenaline]. The effect of serotonin and noadrenaline precursors on the training of the animals on emotionally different reinforcement was studied. 5-OTP (10 mg/kg) facilitated the training of rats on the food reinforcement, but aggravated it on the pain reinforcement. D, L-DOPA (20 mg/kg) facilitated the training on the food reinforcement. The influence of precursors on the peculiarity of the serotonin and noradrenaline distribution in the brain structures of trained animals was also determined by the biological significance of the reinforcement used in the training."}
{"id": "PMID:302723", "title": "[Lymphocyte reaction in schizophrenia patients to the phytomitogens, concanavalin and phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "The capability of the schizophrenic patients' lymphocytes and lymphocytes of healthy persons to respond to the stimulating action of T-mutagens -- concanavalin A and PHA -- was studied. The T-cell count was determined by the method of rosette formation; the influence of adhesive cells on the lymphocyte response to mitogens was ascertained. The response to both the mitogens in the patients' lymphocyte cultures was reduced as compared to control, and the T-cell count failed to differ from the normal. The removal of adhesive lymphocytes results in the disappearance of differences between the response of the patients' lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes to both the mitogens.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte reaction in schizophrenia patients to the phytomitogens, concanavalin and phytohemagglutinin]. The capability of the schizophrenic patients' lymphocytes and lymphocytes of healthy persons to respond to the stimulating action of T-mutagens -- concanavalin A and PHA -- was studied. The T-cell count was determined by the method of rosette formation; the influence of adhesive cells on the lymphocyte response to mitogens was ascertained. The response to both the mitogens in the patients' lymphocyte cultures was reduced as compared to control, and the T-cell count failed to differ from the normal. The removal of adhesive lymphocytes results in the disappearance of differences between the response of the patients' lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes to both the mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:302724", "title": "[Effect of avitaminosis B6 in mice on the function of the T-lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "The influence of different degrees of avitaminosis B6 in mice on the cytolytic activity of T-lymphocytes measured by the amount of Na2Cr51O4 released from the lysed target cells was studied on a model of primary immune response in a mixed lymphocyte culture in vitro. Keeping of the animals for 3 weeks on pyridoxine-free diet failed to influence the capacity of lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro and their cytolytic activity. In animals on pyridoxine-free diet for 45 days the amount of pyridoxal 5(1)-phosphate in the spleen decreased by 55% in comparison with control. Lymphocytes obtained from these animals and cultivated in vitro had a markedly decreased capacity to 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA in response to alloantigen. The cytolytic activity of these lymphocytes also diminished. The capacity of various pyridoxine forms to restore T-lymphocyte functions disturbed by avitaminosis B6 was studied.", "contents": "[Effect of avitaminosis B6 in mice on the function of the T-lymphocytes in vitro]. The influence of different degrees of avitaminosis B6 in mice on the cytolytic activity of T-lymphocytes measured by the amount of Na2Cr51O4 released from the lysed target cells was studied on a model of primary immune response in a mixed lymphocyte culture in vitro. Keeping of the animals for 3 weeks on pyridoxine-free diet failed to influence the capacity of lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro and their cytolytic activity. In animals on pyridoxine-free diet for 45 days the amount of pyridoxal 5(1)-phosphate in the spleen decreased by 55% in comparison with control. Lymphocytes obtained from these animals and cultivated in vitro had a markedly decreased capacity to 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA in response to alloantigen. The cytolytic activity of these lymphocytes also diminished. The capacity of various pyridoxine forms to restore T-lymphocyte functions disturbed by avitaminosis B6 was studied."}
{"id": "PMID:302726", "title": "Fluvoxamine, a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor.", "content": "1. On the basis of both in vitro and in vivo experiments fluvoxamine has been characterized as a potential anti-depressant drug with almost exclusively 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibiting properties. 2. Fluvoxamine is effective in inhibiting 5-ht uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes. Due to inhibition of the membrane pump the compound prevents 5-HT depletion by the tyramine-derivatives H 75/12 and H 77/77. As a result of the interference with the neuronal re-uptake mechanism for 5-HT, fluvoxamine produces a decreased 5-HT turnover in the brain. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) are potentiated in mice and in combination with pargyline, fluvoxamine induces 5-HT-like behavioural effects. 3. In contrast to tricyclic antidepressants, noradrenaline uptake processes are either unaffected or only slightly inhibited by fluvoxamine. The noradrenaline depleting effects of tyramine derivates are not influenced by fluvoxamine. Reserpine effects, such as ptosis are affected only at very high doses of the test compound. The antagonism by fluvoxamine of the reserpine-induced lowering of the pentamethylenetetrazole convulsive threshold can be regarded as due to an effect upon 5-HT uptake. In contrast to the effects of desmethylimipramine and imipramine, no stimulatory effects are found in rats when rapidly acting reserpine-like compounds are given following a dose of fluvoxamine.", "contents": "Fluvoxamine, a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor. 1. On the basis of both in vitro and in vivo experiments fluvoxamine has been characterized as a potential anti-depressant drug with almost exclusively 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibiting properties. 2. Fluvoxamine is effective in inhibiting 5-ht uptake by blood platelets and brain synaptosomes. Due to inhibition of the membrane pump the compound prevents 5-HT depletion by the tyramine-derivatives H 75/12 and H 77/77. As a result of the interference with the neuronal re-uptake mechanism for 5-HT, fluvoxamine produces a decreased 5-HT turnover in the brain. Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) are potentiated in mice and in combination with pargyline, fluvoxamine induces 5-HT-like behavioural effects. 3. In contrast to tricyclic antidepressants, noradrenaline uptake processes are either unaffected or only slightly inhibited by fluvoxamine. The noradrenaline depleting effects of tyramine derivates are not influenced by fluvoxamine. Reserpine effects, such as ptosis are affected only at very high doses of the test compound. The antagonism by fluvoxamine of the reserpine-induced lowering of the pentamethylenetetrazole convulsive threshold can be regarded as due to an effect upon 5-HT uptake. In contrast to the effects of desmethylimipramine and imipramine, no stimulatory effects are found in rats when rapidly acting reserpine-like compounds are given following a dose of fluvoxamine."}
{"id": "PMID:302729", "title": "Effects of lesions of various medial forebrain bundle components on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.", "content": "Unilateral lesions of various medial forebrain bundle components were assessed for their effects on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Damage of areas containig nigrostriatal dopaminergic or ascending noradrenergic neurons had negligible effects on bar pressing, tail moving and alley running for hypothalamic stimulation. Lesions which appeared to destroy most or all of the catecholaminergic fibers in the posterior medial forebrain bundle virtually eliminated reinforced bar pressing and tail moving, but only partially suppressed alley running. The results suggest that brain stimulation reinforcement of the bar press and tail movement tasks depends upon the integrity of neural tissue in the area of the catecholaminergic pathways of the medial forebrain bundle, but not upon specific dopaminergic or noradrenergic systems. The data further suggest that the reinforcement of alley running is at least partially mediated by different neural tissue (possibly non-catecholaminergic) at the level of the posterior medial forebrain bundle lesions.", "contents": "Effects of lesions of various medial forebrain bundle components on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Unilateral lesions of various medial forebrain bundle components were assessed for their effects on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Damage of areas containig nigrostriatal dopaminergic or ascending noradrenergic neurons had negligible effects on bar pressing, tail moving and alley running for hypothalamic stimulation. Lesions which appeared to destroy most or all of the catecholaminergic fibers in the posterior medial forebrain bundle virtually eliminated reinforced bar pressing and tail moving, but only partially suppressed alley running. The results suggest that brain stimulation reinforcement of the bar press and tail movement tasks depends upon the integrity of neural tissue in the area of the catecholaminergic pathways of the medial forebrain bundle, but not upon specific dopaminergic or noradrenergic systems. The data further suggest that the reinforcement of alley running is at least partially mediated by different neural tissue (possibly non-catecholaminergic) at the level of the posterior medial forebrain bundle lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:302732", "title": "Coronary artery surgery.", "content": "Coronary artery disease has been described as the largest public health problem in Western society. In spite of the many advances in recent years in its medical management, many patients remain disabled even after optimal medical therapy. The aortocoronary bypass operation, introduced in the mid-1960s, has been shown to have consistent subjective and objective effects on the course of the disease in a large proportion of patients. The procedure consists of inserting a portion of the saphenous vein into both the aorta and a coronary artery to bypass the obstruction. It is usual now to bypass obstructions in several coronary arteries at the same operation if necessary. The prognosis for patients with ischemic heart disease with medical management depends on the extent of the disease. Patients with obstruction of only one coronary artery have a prognosis very little different from normal. On the other hand, obstruction of several arteries is consistently associated with a mortality approaching or exceeding 10% per year.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery. Coronary artery disease has been described as the largest public health problem in Western society. In spite of the many advances in recent years in its medical management, many patients remain disabled even after optimal medical therapy. The aortocoronary bypass operation, introduced in the mid-1960s, has been shown to have consistent subjective and objective effects on the course of the disease in a large proportion of patients. The procedure consists of inserting a portion of the saphenous vein into both the aorta and a coronary artery to bypass the obstruction. It is usual now to bypass obstructions in several coronary arteries at the same operation if necessary. The prognosis for patients with ischemic heart disease with medical management depends on the extent of the disease. Patients with obstruction of only one coronary artery have a prognosis very little different from normal. On the other hand, obstruction of several arteries is consistently associated with a mortality approaching or exceeding 10% per year."}
{"id": "PMID:302734", "title": "Malignant lymphoma of peripheral T-lymphocyte origin: immunologic, pathologic, and clinical features in six patients.", "content": "In a continuing study of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, six adult patients were encountered with a distinctive malignant lymphoma of peripheral T-lymphocyte origin. Cell suspensions from lymph nodes of these patients contained a pleomorphic, cytologically atypical population of lymphocytes, of which an average 58% marked as T cells in the E-rosette test. The average percent of surface immunoglobulin-bearing B cells in these suspensions was 6%; they were of polyclonal distribution. Lymph node biopsies revealed a malignant lymphoma with certain characteristic features of the organization of the infiltrate, the morphology of the lymphoid cells, and the nature of non-lymphoid cellular elements. The average age of the patients was 67 years; they presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, anorexia, and significant loss of weight. Four patients hd lung and/or pleural involvement by lymphoma at presentation. The immunologic, pathologic, and clinical features of these patients serve to characterize this recently recognized malignant lymphoma further.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma of peripheral T-lymphocyte origin: immunologic, pathologic, and clinical features in six patients. In a continuing study of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, six adult patients were encountered with a distinctive malignant lymphoma of peripheral T-lymphocyte origin. Cell suspensions from lymph nodes of these patients contained a pleomorphic, cytologically atypical population of lymphocytes, of which an average 58% marked as T cells in the E-rosette test. The average percent of surface immunoglobulin-bearing B cells in these suspensions was 6%; they were of polyclonal distribution. Lymph node biopsies revealed a malignant lymphoma with certain characteristic features of the organization of the infiltrate, the morphology of the lymphoid cells, and the nature of non-lymphoid cellular elements. The average age of the patients was 67 years; they presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, anorexia, and significant loss of weight. Four patients hd lung and/or pleural involvement by lymphoma at presentation. The immunologic, pathologic, and clinical features of these patients serve to characterize this recently recognized malignant lymphoma further."}
{"id": "PMID:302735", "title": "Specific attachment of T-lymphocytes from cancer patients to tumor cells.", "content": "The present study describes a new approach for detecting the immune reaction of peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients against tumor antigens. T-lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder were found to attach specifically to monolayers of cells of urinary bladder carcinoma line (T24). The attached T-cells were identified by their capacity to form E-rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The number of rosette forming--target attached lymphocytes (RF--TAL) was 6 times higher in bladder carcinoma patients than in healthy controls or in patients bearing other types of cancer.", "contents": "Specific attachment of T-lymphocytes from cancer patients to tumor cells. The present study describes a new approach for detecting the immune reaction of peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients against tumor antigens. T-lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the urinary bladder were found to attach specifically to monolayers of cells of urinary bladder carcinoma line (T24). The attached T-cells were identified by their capacity to form E-rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The number of rosette forming--target attached lymphocytes (RF--TAL) was 6 times higher in bladder carcinoma patients than in healthy controls or in patients bearing other types of cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:302736", "title": "In vitro regulation of a mouse myelomonocytic leukemia line adapted to culture.", "content": "Regulation of the growth and production of granulocyte colony-stimulating activity (CSA) by WEHI-3 cells, a lysozyme-secreting mouse cell line adapted to culture, was investigated in vitro. WEHI-3 cloning efficiency is not enhanced by exogenously added CSA. However, WEHI-3 cloning efficiency in agar was suppressed by an activity in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil extract (colony-inhibiting activity) which inhibits endogenous WEHI-3 CSA production. The addition of increasing concentrations of WEHI-3- or L cell-conditioned medium containing CSA to CIA-depressed WEHI-3 agar cultures resulted in graded increases of cloning efficiency to that of the untreated sample. Testosterone, Deca-Durabolin, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide increased production of CSA by WEHI-3 cells and overcame colony-inhibiting activity-mediated suppression of CSA production, even when activating agents were added 1 day after the addition of colony-inhibiting activity. The activating agents had no direct stimulatory effect on normal mouse marrow colony-forming cells and did not enhance CSA activity. WEHI-3 cells respond to growth inhibitory and stimulatory activities and can serve as an in vitro model for studying the regulation of neoplastic cells.", "contents": "In vitro regulation of a mouse myelomonocytic leukemia line adapted to culture. Regulation of the growth and production of granulocyte colony-stimulating activity (CSA) by WEHI-3 cells, a lysozyme-secreting mouse cell line adapted to culture, was investigated in vitro. WEHI-3 cloning efficiency is not enhanced by exogenously added CSA. However, WEHI-3 cloning efficiency in agar was suppressed by an activity in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil extract (colony-inhibiting activity) which inhibits endogenous WEHI-3 CSA production. The addition of increasing concentrations of WEHI-3- or L cell-conditioned medium containing CSA to CIA-depressed WEHI-3 agar cultures resulted in graded increases of cloning efficiency to that of the untreated sample. Testosterone, Deca-Durabolin, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide increased production of CSA by WEHI-3 cells and overcame colony-inhibiting activity-mediated suppression of CSA production, even when activating agents were added 1 day after the addition of colony-inhibiting activity. The activating agents had no direct stimulatory effect on normal mouse marrow colony-forming cells and did not enhance CSA activity. WEHI-3 cells respond to growth inhibitory and stimulatory activities and can serve as an in vitro model for studying the regulation of neoplastic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302737", "title": "Binding of colonic tissue membrane to mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "Colonic tissue membrane binding to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes was quantitated by 125I labeling of membrane fragments and by determining the acquisition of membrane-specific enzyme activity and radioactivity in mononuclear cells after contact with the tissue membrane fragments. Mononuclear cells bound equal amounts of normal and tumor tissue membrane fragments. Mononuclear cells capable of binding homologous but not autologous colonic tissue membranes were recovered from the  peripheral blood of colon cancer-bearing patients. Mononuclear cells capable of binding autologous colonic tissue membranes appeared in the peripheral blood of patients after curative but not palliative tumor resection. Tumor membrane enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, were introduced to mononuclear cells by bound tissue fragments. The activity of alkaline phosphatase present in the bound membrane fragments was inhibited by the immunorestorative drug, levamisole. Cellular debris liberated from tumors may play an important role in overcoming the host's defenses by binding to mononuclear cells, saturating antigen-binding sites, and introducing exogenous enzymes.", "contents": "Binding of colonic tissue membrane to mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes. Colonic tissue membrane binding to peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes was quantitated by 125I labeling of membrane fragments and by determining the acquisition of membrane-specific enzyme activity and radioactivity in mononuclear cells after contact with the tissue membrane fragments. Mononuclear cells bound equal amounts of normal and tumor tissue membrane fragments. Mononuclear cells capable of binding homologous but not autologous colonic tissue membranes were recovered from the  peripheral blood of colon cancer-bearing patients. Mononuclear cells capable of binding autologous colonic tissue membranes appeared in the peripheral blood of patients after curative but not palliative tumor resection. Tumor membrane enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, were introduced to mononuclear cells by bound tissue fragments. The activity of alkaline phosphatase present in the bound membrane fragments was inhibited by the immunorestorative drug, levamisole. Cellular debris liberated from tumors may play an important role in overcoming the host's defenses by binding to mononuclear cells, saturating antigen-binding sites, and introducing exogenous enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:302738", "title": "Analysis of methotrexate in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.", "content": "Methotrexate in human plasma at a concentration as low as 0.01 microgram/ml can be assayed with the use of high-pressure-liquid chromatography and a fluorescence detection system. Methotrexate is oxidized stoichiometrically to 2,4-diaminopteridine-6-carboxylic acid, a fluorescent product that is separable from other fluorescent materials in plasma with the use of an octadecylsilane (reversed phase) column. The detector response is linear over the range of 0.01 to 10 microgram/ml. Neither folic acid nor citrovorum factor interferes with the analysis. N-((4-([2,4-Dihydroxy-6-pteridyl)methyl]-amino)benzoyl))glutamic acid may be used as an internal standard, since it can be extracted from plasma and oxidized like methotrexate. The procedure is rapid (about 30 min) and should be a useful method for monitoring methotrexate plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Analysis of methotrexate in human plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Methotrexate in human plasma at a concentration as low as 0.01 microgram/ml can be assayed with the use of high-pressure-liquid chromatography and a fluorescence detection system. Methotrexate is oxidized stoichiometrically to 2,4-diaminopteridine-6-carboxylic acid, a fluorescent product that is separable from other fluorescent materials in plasma with the use of an octadecylsilane (reversed phase) column. The detector response is linear over the range of 0.01 to 10 microgram/ml. Neither folic acid nor citrovorum factor interferes with the analysis. N-((4-([2,4-Dihydroxy-6-pteridyl)methyl]-amino)benzoyl))glutamic acid may be used as an internal standard, since it can be extracted from plasma and oxidized like methotrexate. The procedure is rapid (about 30 min) and should be a useful method for monitoring methotrexate plasma concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:302742", "title": "The action pattern of human salivary alpha-amylase in the vicinity of the branch points of amylopectin.", "content": "Salivary alpha-amylase hydrolyses amylopectin in stages. At the end of the so-called second stage, there are present glucose, maltose, and a series of alpha-limit dextrins containing (1 leads to 4)- and (1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds. The structures of the limit dextrins containing a single (1 leads to 6)-bond were examined. Six such dextrins were found. Of these, two were capable of being further hydrolysed by alpha-amylase, whereas the remaining four were true, amylase-resistant alpha-limit dextrins. The structures of the limit dextrins afforded information about those (1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds of amylopectin that are capable of being cleaved by salivary alpha-amylase and those that are resistant. In order to define further the action of alpha-amylase, the alpha-amylolytic products of 6-alpha-maltotriosyl-D-glucose, 6(3)-alpha-maltotriosylmaltotriose, and 6(3)-alpha-maltotriosylmaltotetraose were examined.", "contents": "The action pattern of human salivary alpha-amylase in the vicinity of the branch points of amylopectin. Salivary alpha-amylase hydrolyses amylopectin in stages. At the end of the so-called second stage, there are present glucose, maltose, and a series of alpha-limit dextrins containing (1 leads to 4)- and (1 leads to 6)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds. The structures of the limit dextrins containing a single (1 leads to 6)-bond were examined. Six such dextrins were found. Of these, two were capable of being further hydrolysed by alpha-amylase, whereas the remaining four were true, amylase-resistant alpha-limit dextrins. The structures of the limit dextrins afforded information about those (1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds of amylopectin that are capable of being cleaved by salivary alpha-amylase and those that are resistant. In order to define further the action of alpha-amylase, the alpha-amylolytic products of 6-alpha-maltotriosyl-D-glucose, 6(3)-alpha-maltotriosylmaltotriose, and 6(3)-alpha-maltotriosylmaltotetraose were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:302743", "title": "Mathematical models for the action of alpha-amylase on amylose.", "content": "Mathematical treatments have been developed to describe the action of alpha-amylases on amylose. The treatments are based on the unique properties of the exponential (or most-probable) distribution of molecular weights of the substrate, namely, that (a) the principal averages are invariant to chain-end attack if the product molecules are ignored, and (b) the ratio of the principal averages is invariant to random attack. The relations so developed allow published, qualitative data for the alpha-amylolysis of amylose to be interpreted in a quantitative manner. As a result, it appears that multiple attack is of little or no significance in the action patterns of alpha-amylases, with the exception of those derived from the pancreas.", "contents": "Mathematical models for the action of alpha-amylase on amylose. Mathematical treatments have been developed to describe the action of alpha-amylases on amylose. The treatments are based on the unique properties of the exponential (or most-probable) distribution of molecular weights of the substrate, namely, that (a) the principal averages are invariant to chain-end attack if the product molecules are ignored, and (b) the ratio of the principal averages is invariant to random attack. The relations so developed allow published, qualitative data for the alpha-amylolysis of amylose to be interpreted in a quantitative manner. As a result, it appears that multiple attack is of little or no significance in the action patterns of alpha-amylases, with the exception of those derived from the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:302766", "title": "Accuracy of treadmill testing in assessment of direct myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Near-maximal treadmill exercise tests (TET) performed at the time of coronary arteriography and bypass graft visualization an average of 13 months after direct myocardial revascularization were analyzed in 217 consecutive patients to assess the accuracy of the TET in predicting completeness of revascularization. TET results were correlated with bypass patency and extent of revascularization. Although conversion of a TET from an abnormal to a normal test or relief of TET-induced angina following surgery is closely correlated with bypass graft patency, the high incidence of normal exercise tests in the presence of residual coronary disease limits their usefulness in the individual postoperative patient in estimating the completeness of revascularization.", "contents": "Accuracy of treadmill testing in assessment of direct myocardial revascularization. Near-maximal treadmill exercise tests (TET) performed at the time of coronary arteriography and bypass graft visualization an average of 13 months after direct myocardial revascularization were analyzed in 217 consecutive patients to assess the accuracy of the TET in predicting completeness of revascularization. TET results were correlated with bypass patency and extent of revascularization. Although conversion of a TET from an abnormal to a normal test or relief of TET-induced angina following surgery is closely correlated with bypass graft patency, the high incidence of normal exercise tests in the presence of residual coronary disease limits their usefulness in the individual postoperative patient in estimating the completeness of revascularization."}
{"id": "PMID:302767", "title": "Coronary revascularization in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "Thirty-two thousand patients are presently maintained in chronic dialysis programs. Cardiovascular complications have been shown to be responsible for 50 to 65% of the deaths in such patients. Despite this and the increasingly frequent use of coronary bypsss surgery in the general population, only two patients have previously been reported to have successfully undergone coronary bypass surgery while maintained on chronic hemodialysis. This reports two additional such patients who successfully underwent coronary revascularization without difficulty. Pertinent details of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management are outlined for these patients and the other 13 chronic dialysis patients who have had cardiopulmonary bypass for other reasons. With careful planning, coronary revascularization can be successfully carried out in this group of patients with minimally increased operative risk.", "contents": "Coronary revascularization in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis. Thirty-two thousand patients are presently maintained in chronic dialysis programs. Cardiovascular complications have been shown to be responsible for 50 to 65% of the deaths in such patients. Despite this and the increasingly frequent use of coronary bypsss surgery in the general population, only two patients have previously been reported to have successfully undergone coronary bypass surgery while maintained on chronic hemodialysis. This reports two additional such patients who successfully underwent coronary revascularization without difficulty. Pertinent details of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management are outlined for these patients and the other 13 chronic dialysis patients who have had cardiopulmonary bypass for other reasons. With careful planning, coronary revascularization can be successfully carried out in this group of patients with minimally increased operative risk."}
{"id": "PMID:302768", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Sera from twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were analysed for the presence of circulating soluble immune complexes by a sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay employing radioiodinated human Clq (Clq-deviation test). In twenty-five normal individuals the percentage of Clq inhibition was 2-64 +/- 4-45%. Eleven of the SLE patients had significantly elevated values, and the mean value for the group was 20-38 +/- 20-64%. The seven patients with renal disease had somewhat higher levels (24-14 +/- 18-70%) than those without kidney involvement (19-00 +/- 21-84%), and elevated levels of antibodies to native DNA also were associated with high levels of percentage of Clq inhibition. Both intermediate (7S-19S) and large (greater than 19S) complexes were present in the sera, and digestions with DNase and RNase indicated that antibodies to DNA and RNA accounted for only some of them. Serial studies in individual patients demonstrated the assocation of circulating complexes with, and often preceding, falling complement levels during disease activation.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera from twenty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were analysed for the presence of circulating soluble immune complexes by a sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay employing radioiodinated human Clq (Clq-deviation test). In twenty-five normal individuals the percentage of Clq inhibition was 2-64 +/- 4-45%. Eleven of the SLE patients had significantly elevated values, and the mean value for the group was 20-38 +/- 20-64%. The seven patients with renal disease had somewhat higher levels (24-14 +/- 18-70%) than those without kidney involvement (19-00 +/- 21-84%), and elevated levels of antibodies to native DNA also were associated with high levels of percentage of Clq inhibition. Both intermediate (7S-19S) and large (greater than 19S) complexes were present in the sera, and digestions with DNase and RNase indicated that antibodies to DNA and RNA accounted for only some of them. Serial studies in individual patients demonstrated the assocation of circulating complexes with, and often preceding, falling complement levels during disease activation."}
{"id": "PMID:302769", "title": "Crude transfer-factor preparations stimulate trypsinized human lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep red cells.", "content": "The binding sites for sheep red cells (E) on human lymphocytes are trypsin-sensitive but regenerate in vitro on incubation at 37 degrees C. The rate of this regeneration was increased in the presence of dialysates of human leucocyte extracts (DLE). Thus incubation of trypsinized lymphocytes for 3 hr in appropriate dilutions of DLE resulted in a 2- to 6-fold increase of E-binding activity above that observed in medium-incubated control lymphocytes. Dialysates prepared from human thymus and brain similarly accelerated recovery of E-binding activity whilst dialysates of human fibroblasts and liver cells were inactive. The regeneration of trypsinized membrane immunoglobulin was slightly delayed in the presence of DLE. These findings indicate that leucocyte dialysates contain an activity which preferentially stimulates the regeneration of a T-lymphocyte membrane component. It is suggested that this activity may account for the immunological restoration observed in some patients with T-lymphocyte deficiency after injection of leucocyte dialysates.", "contents": "Crude transfer-factor preparations stimulate trypsinized human lymphocytes to form rosettes with sheep red cells. The binding sites for sheep red cells (E) on human lymphocytes are trypsin-sensitive but regenerate in vitro on incubation at 37 degrees C. The rate of this regeneration was increased in the presence of dialysates of human leucocyte extracts (DLE). Thus incubation of trypsinized lymphocytes for 3 hr in appropriate dilutions of DLE resulted in a 2- to 6-fold increase of E-binding activity above that observed in medium-incubated control lymphocytes. Dialysates prepared from human thymus and brain similarly accelerated recovery of E-binding activity whilst dialysates of human fibroblasts and liver cells were inactive. The regeneration of trypsinized membrane immunoglobulin was slightly delayed in the presence of DLE. These findings indicate that leucocyte dialysates contain an activity which preferentially stimulates the regeneration of a T-lymphocyte membrane component. It is suggested that this activity may account for the immunological restoration observed in some patients with T-lymphocyte deficiency after injection of leucocyte dialysates."}
{"id": "PMID:302771", "title": "Bovine lymphocytes: enhanced E-rosette formation after storage or gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Incubation of bovine thymus lymphocytes with SRBCs for 1 hr or more at 0 degrees C during the E-rosette test gave higher rosette counts than tests receiving no such incubation. Further enhancement was seen if lymphocytes were stored in foetal calf serum (FCS) or BSA solutions at 4 degrees C for 18 hr prior to rosette tests. Best enhancement due to storage in BSA was seen when cells were subsequently tested in FCS. However, after storage in BSA many rosettes occurred when tests were done in BSA, Albeit few rosettes occurred in BSA without prior storage. Less enhancement was seen after storage in sodium metrizoate (NaM). Enhancement in FCS and 10% BSA occurred after 1 day, but not 2 or more days, of storage at 4 degrees C, but was not seen when cells were stored at 37 degrees C. Rosette formation was about doubled by centrifugation of lymphocytes through BSA gradients prior to rosette tests; centrifugation through NaM gradients had no such effect. It is suggested that rosette formation is a property of an immature bovine T cell, and that on storage some cells develop and subsequently lose the ability to form rosettes.", "contents": "Bovine lymphocytes: enhanced E-rosette formation after storage or gradient centrifugation. Incubation of bovine thymus lymphocytes with SRBCs for 1 hr or more at 0 degrees C during the E-rosette test gave higher rosette counts than tests receiving no such incubation. Further enhancement was seen if lymphocytes were stored in foetal calf serum (FCS) or BSA solutions at 4 degrees C for 18 hr prior to rosette tests. Best enhancement due to storage in BSA was seen when cells were subsequently tested in FCS. However, after storage in BSA many rosettes occurred when tests were done in BSA, Albeit few rosettes occurred in BSA without prior storage. Less enhancement was seen after storage in sodium metrizoate (NaM). Enhancement in FCS and 10% BSA occurred after 1 day, but not 2 or more days, of storage at 4 degrees C, but was not seen when cells were stored at 37 degrees C. Rosette formation was about doubled by centrifugation of lymphocytes through BSA gradients prior to rosette tests; centrifugation through NaM gradients had no such effect. It is suggested that rosette formation is a property of an immature bovine T cell, and that on storage some cells develop and subsequently lose the ability to form rosettes."}
{"id": "PMID:302772", "title": "Evidence for the existence of self-reactive human B lymphocytes.", "content": "Supernatants from human tonsil cells cultured in the presence of the PBAs, LPS and F (ab)2 monomers of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin were found to have a complement-dependent cytotoxic activity to tonsil cells of the same donors. A direct toxic effect of the PBAs on the target cells was excluded by controls. Therefore the most likely explanation for this finding is that human lymphocytes contain a subpopulation of self-reactive B cells which can be triggered by PBAs to release antibodies to self-antigens. The implications of this finding for the understanding of infections accompanied by auto-immune phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of self-reactive human B lymphocytes. Supernatants from human tonsil cells cultured in the presence of the PBAs, LPS and F (ab)2 monomers of rabbit anti-human beta2-microglobulin were found to have a complement-dependent cytotoxic activity to tonsil cells of the same donors. A direct toxic effect of the PBAs on the target cells was excluded by controls. Therefore the most likely explanation for this finding is that human lymphocytes contain a subpopulation of self-reactive B cells which can be triggered by PBAs to release antibodies to self-antigens. The implications of this finding for the understanding of infections accompanied by auto-immune phenomena are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302778", "title": "In vitro effects of lidocaine on anaerobic respiratory pathogens and strains of Hemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Lidocaine is commonly employed as a topical anesthetic agent during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures or transbronchial brushing. Previous studies have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of lidocaine on the growth in culture media of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as several species of Mycobacterium and various fungi. The current in vitro investigation demonstrates an inhibitory, as well as a bactericidal, effect of lidocaine hydrochloride (in concentrations identical to those encountered during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures) on the common anaerobic respiratory pathogens and on multiple strains of Hemophilus influenzae. The finding helps to explaint the difficulty in producing proof via culture of the specific etiologic agent in inflammatory lesions from specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures or transbronchial brushing.", "contents": "In vitro effects of lidocaine on anaerobic respiratory pathogens and strains of Hemophilus influenzae. Lidocaine is commonly employed as a topical anesthetic agent during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures or transbronchial brushing. Previous studies have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of lidocaine on the growth in culture media of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, as well as several species of Mycobacterium and various fungi. The current in vitro investigation demonstrates an inhibitory, as well as a bactericidal, effect of lidocaine hydrochloride (in concentrations identical to those encountered during fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures) on the common anaerobic respiratory pathogens and on multiple strains of Hemophilus influenzae. The finding helps to explaint the difficulty in producing proof via culture of the specific etiologic agent in inflammatory lesions from specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures or transbronchial brushing."}
{"id": "PMID:302779", "title": "Echocardiographic and roentgenographic determination of left ventricular size after coronary arterial bypass graft surgery.", "content": "In 38 patients undergoing elective coronary arterial bypass graft surgery, the radiographic dimension of the left side of the heart was determined and echocardiographic studies were performed before and after surgery. On the plain chest x-ray film one week after surgery, all patients showed an increase in the size of the left side of the heart, which usually was not accompanied by an increase in the echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; however, in 25 patients, pericardial fluid was detected soon after surgery, which would explain the enlarged cardiac silhouettes. Several months after surgery, the radiographic size of the heart returned to the preoperative value in most patients, and pericardial fluid was no longer demonstrated on the echocardiogram. Thus, pericardial fluid frequently is found in the first week following coronary arterial bypass graft surgery and may give the impression of increased cardiac size on plain chest x-ray films; however, echocardiographic studies provide a more accurate estimate of left ventricular size and reveal the presence of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and roentgenographic determination of left ventricular size after coronary arterial bypass graft surgery. In 38 patients undergoing elective coronary arterial bypass graft surgery, the radiographic dimension of the left side of the heart was determined and echocardiographic studies were performed before and after surgery. On the plain chest x-ray film one week after surgery, all patients showed an increase in the size of the left side of the heart, which usually was not accompanied by an increase in the echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; however, in 25 patients, pericardial fluid was detected soon after surgery, which would explain the enlarged cardiac silhouettes. Several months after surgery, the radiographic size of the heart returned to the preoperative value in most patients, and pericardial fluid was no longer demonstrated on the echocardiogram. Thus, pericardial fluid frequently is found in the first week following coronary arterial bypass graft surgery and may give the impression of increased cardiac size on plain chest x-ray films; however, echocardiographic studies provide a more accurate estimate of left ventricular size and reveal the presence of pericardial effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:302780", "title": "Antitrypsin and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Japanese-American men.", "content": "A total of 161 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) plus 100 control subjects (identified during a study of heart disease in 6,860 Japanese-American men aged 52 to 75 years who were residing in Hawaii) were analyzed for phenotype in search of the antitrypsin gene Z, which has been shown to be associated with pulmonary emphysema in other racial groups. No carriers of the Z gene were found, and the question of whether the rarity or absence of this gene relates to a low frequency of COPD among Japanese-Americans is reviewed.", "contents": "Antitrypsin and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among Japanese-American men. A total of 161 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) plus 100 control subjects (identified during a study of heart disease in 6,860 Japanese-American men aged 52 to 75 years who were residing in Hawaii) were analyzed for phenotype in search of the antitrypsin gene Z, which has been shown to be associated with pulmonary emphysema in other racial groups. No carriers of the Z gene were found, and the question of whether the rarity or absence of this gene relates to a low frequency of COPD among Japanese-Americans is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:302781", "title": "[Prevention using cephalothin in open-heart surgery].", "content": "To assay the efficiency of cephalothin prophylaxis in open-heart surgery, bacteriological examination of pressure-measurement units, intravenous catheter tips, and urine were made in 211 consecutive patients as well as blood cultures and sputum in suspected postoperative sepsis. Furthermore, cephalothin concentration in serum and tissue was determined in 12 consecutive adults with intact kidney function. Samples were taken before, during, and after the cardiopulmonary bypass, the tissue from the right atrium only before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. A high serum cephalothin level (80.04 +/- 23.35 microgram/ml) was measured 30 min after administration of 2 g cephalothin given as a 15-min-long i.v. infusion on induction of anesthesia. An antibiotic regimen - 4 X 2 g dose of cephalothin daily (first dose on induction of anesthesia) - provides a serum cephalothin level which is significantly higher than the cephalothin minimum inhibitory concentrations for most gram-positive organisms (0.475 microgram/ml) and so ensures an adequate antibiotic coverage throughout the surgical procedure and during the early postoperative phase of open-heart surgery.", "contents": "[Prevention using cephalothin in open-heart surgery]. To assay the efficiency of cephalothin prophylaxis in open-heart surgery, bacteriological examination of pressure-measurement units, intravenous catheter tips, and urine were made in 211 consecutive patients as well as blood cultures and sputum in suspected postoperative sepsis. Furthermore, cephalothin concentration in serum and tissue was determined in 12 consecutive adults with intact kidney function. Samples were taken before, during, and after the cardiopulmonary bypass, the tissue from the right atrium only before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. A high serum cephalothin level (80.04 +/- 23.35 microgram/ml) was measured 30 min after administration of 2 g cephalothin given as a 15-min-long i.v. infusion on induction of anesthesia. An antibiotic regimen - 4 X 2 g dose of cephalothin daily (first dose on induction of anesthesia) - provides a serum cephalothin level which is significantly higher than the cephalothin minimum inhibitory concentrations for most gram-positive organisms (0.475 microgram/ml) and so ensures an adequate antibiotic coverage throughout the surgical procedure and during the early postoperative phase of open-heart surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:302782", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of spontaneous under-anticoagulants-occurring intramural intestinal hemorrhages].", "content": "Massive spontaneous \"anticoagulant\" hemorrhage in the bowel wall may cause an acute abdomen with signs of intestinal obstruction within a few hours. An operative revision is indicated if a barium study is not possible to secure this rare diagnosis and therefore other much commoner causes of an acute abdominal illness are not to be excluded. While out of 42 patients, in whom the hemorrhagic segment was resected, only two died as a probable result of the operation, several cases are known where a survival without laparotomy was unimaginable. The dangers of a laparotomy should not, therefore, be overemphasized.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of spontaneous under-anticoagulants-occurring intramural intestinal hemorrhages]. Massive spontaneous \"anticoagulant\" hemorrhage in the bowel wall may cause an acute abdomen with signs of intestinal obstruction within a few hours. An operative revision is indicated if a barium study is not possible to secure this rare diagnosis and therefore other much commoner causes of an acute abdominal illness are not to be excluded. While out of 42 patients, in whom the hemorrhagic segment was resected, only two died as a probable result of the operation, several cases are known where a survival without laparotomy was unimaginable. The dangers of a laparotomy should not, therefore, be overemphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:302786", "title": "[Incidence of infant tuberculosis in Germany during the first year after cessation of unselected BCG vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "At the end of May 1975, BCG vaccine was withdrawn from the market in the Federal Republic of Germany, because a newly introduced vaccine had given rise to untoward reactions. Neonatal vaccination practically ceased. The results of a survey by questionnaire, undertaken on behalf of the Vaccination Committee of the German Society for Social Paediatrics, are reported. From 1.9.1975 to 31.8.1976 the incidence of tuberculosis in the first year of life had already doubled compared with the reported annual rate in both 1973 and 1974. Almost all cases were due to infection by adults not thought to be infectious. It is recommended that indications for \"selective vaccination\" should be broadened and the results of longer exposure time of unvaccinated children be awaited before any stoppage of general vaccination is decided upon.", "contents": "[Incidence of infant tuberculosis in Germany during the first year after cessation of unselected BCG vaccination (author's transl)]. At the end of May 1975, BCG vaccine was withdrawn from the market in the Federal Republic of Germany, because a newly introduced vaccine had given rise to untoward reactions. Neonatal vaccination practically ceased. The results of a survey by questionnaire, undertaken on behalf of the Vaccination Committee of the German Society for Social Paediatrics, are reported. From 1.9.1975 to 31.8.1976 the incidence of tuberculosis in the first year of life had already doubled compared with the reported annual rate in both 1973 and 1974. Almost all cases were due to infection by adults not thought to be infectious. It is recommended that indications for \"selective vaccination\" should be broadened and the results of longer exposure time of unvaccinated children be awaited before any stoppage of general vaccination is decided upon."}
{"id": "PMID:302789", "title": "Biological activity of bullfrog growth hormone in the rat and the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "Highly purified bullfrog growth hormone (GH) was tested for growth promoting activity in rats and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). In repeated assays, the potency of bullfrog GH in the rat tibia assay was 1 X bovine GH, which is significantly greater than all other non-mammalian GHs tested. It also stimulated significant whole body growth in immature hypophysectomized rats injected daily for 16 days. In bullfrogs, the bullfrog GH (about 2 microgram/injection) stimulated growth and appetite in intact frogs, and improved survival in hypophysectomized frogs. In contrast, even relatively high doses of bovine GH (up to 200 microgram/injection) were inactive in the bullfrog.", "contents": "Biological activity of bullfrog growth hormone in the rat and the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Highly purified bullfrog growth hormone (GH) was tested for growth promoting activity in rats and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). In repeated assays, the potency of bullfrog GH in the rat tibia assay was 1 X bovine GH, which is significantly greater than all other non-mammalian GHs tested. It also stimulated significant whole body growth in immature hypophysectomized rats injected daily for 16 days. In bullfrogs, the bullfrog GH (about 2 microgram/injection) stimulated growth and appetite in intact frogs, and improved survival in hypophysectomized frogs. In contrast, even relatively high doses of bovine GH (up to 200 microgram/injection) were inactive in the bullfrog."}
{"id": "PMID:302790", "title": "Effect of multiple sclerosis serum on ventral root responses in isolated frog spinal cord.", "content": "Serum from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases was added to the medium perfusing isolated hemisected frog spinal cord, and the effect on ventral root responses (VRR) tested. As control, a standardized commercial human serum (Moni-trol I) was used. In 25 out of 40 spinal cord preparations Moni-trol gave inhibition of VRR ranging from 2.8 to 23.1%. 76% of the tests with confirmed MS sera showed inhibition of VRR, after deduction of the control serum effect, while 53% of the tests with sera from other diseases were inhibitory. Sera from cases of suspected but clinically unconfirmed MS gave strong inhibition (above 20%).", "contents": "Effect of multiple sclerosis serum on ventral root responses in isolated frog spinal cord. Serum from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other diseases was added to the medium perfusing isolated hemisected frog spinal cord, and the effect on ventral root responses (VRR) tested. As control, a standardized commercial human serum (Moni-trol I) was used. In 25 out of 40 spinal cord preparations Moni-trol gave inhibition of VRR ranging from 2.8 to 23.1%. 76% of the tests with confirmed MS sera showed inhibition of VRR, after deduction of the control serum effect, while 53% of the tests with sera from other diseases were inhibitory. Sera from cases of suspected but clinically unconfirmed MS gave strong inhibition (above 20%)."}
{"id": "PMID:302799", "title": "Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin and colony stimulating factor in fetal mouse liver culture media.", "content": "Fetal mouse livers, days 13 to 19 of gestation, were cultured for 21 days and the culture media tested for erythropoietin (Ep), thrombopoietin (TSF) and colony stimulating factor (CSF). High levels of both Ep and CSF were released into the culture media. However, no detectable TSF was found. Maximum Ep culture activity was detected in day 14 and day 15 fetal liver cultures while maximum CSF was found in the day 16 fetal liver culture. These studies indicate that fetal liver cells in culture are capable of producing and/or releasing both Ep and CSF but not TSF.", "contents": "Erythropoietin, thrombopoietin and colony stimulating factor in fetal mouse liver culture media. Fetal mouse livers, days 13 to 19 of gestation, were cultured for 21 days and the culture media tested for erythropoietin (Ep), thrombopoietin (TSF) and colony stimulating factor (CSF). High levels of both Ep and CSF were released into the culture media. However, no detectable TSF was found. Maximum Ep culture activity was detected in day 14 and day 15 fetal liver cultures while maximum CSF was found in the day 16 fetal liver culture. These studies indicate that fetal liver cells in culture are capable of producing and/or releasing both Ep and CSF but not TSF."}
{"id": "PMID:302803", "title": "Histiocytosis X in adult with skin and uncommon central nervous system involvement.", "content": "Report of a case of histiocytosis X with adult onset, widespread skin lesions and rare central nervous system involvement resulting in dizziness and ataxia. On autopsy histiocytosis X infiltrates in the central nervous system were demonstrated with granuloma formation in the temporal lobe and nucleus dentatus of the cerebellum.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X in adult with skin and uncommon central nervous system involvement. Report of a case of histiocytosis X with adult onset, widespread skin lesions and rare central nervous system involvement resulting in dizziness and ataxia. On autopsy histiocytosis X infiltrates in the central nervous system were demonstrated with granuloma formation in the temporal lobe and nucleus dentatus of the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:302801", "title": "[Effect of methotrexate on the level of T- and B-lymphocytes].", "content": "Through an analysis of the immune response of mice to sheep's erythrocytes within a system of syngenic transfer the action of Methotrexate on the T- and B-lymphocytes was studied. Splenic cells of donors receiving methotrexate were introduced to lethally irradiated recipients together with the bone morrow or thymus cells. In the recipients' spleen the content of antibody-forming cells and hemolytic foci were determined. It was shown that in recipients receiving splenic cells alone the number of antibody-forming cells and of the foci sharply declined under the effect of methotrexate. Introduction of the bone marrow cells contributed to reconstitution of the response in recipients at the level of the antibody-forming cells, but not at that of the hemolytic foci. At the same time, thymocytes increased the content of the antibody-forming cells up to a level exceeding the control one, as well as the number of foci. The results proof methotrexate capable of inhibiting the proliferation of the T- and B-cells in the spleen of mice, induced by the antigen.", "contents": "[Effect of methotrexate on the level of T- and B-lymphocytes]. Through an analysis of the immune response of mice to sheep's erythrocytes within a system of syngenic transfer the action of Methotrexate on the T- and B-lymphocytes was studied. Splenic cells of donors receiving methotrexate were introduced to lethally irradiated recipients together with the bone morrow or thymus cells. In the recipients' spleen the content of antibody-forming cells and hemolytic foci were determined. It was shown that in recipients receiving splenic cells alone the number of antibody-forming cells and of the foci sharply declined under the effect of methotrexate. Introduction of the bone marrow cells contributed to reconstitution of the response in recipients at the level of the antibody-forming cells, but not at that of the hemolytic foci. At the same time, thymocytes increased the content of the antibody-forming cells up to a level exceeding the control one, as well as the number of foci. The results proof methotrexate capable of inhibiting the proliferation of the T- and B-cells in the spleen of mice, induced by the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:302802", "title": "[Effect of contrical introduced into Wirsung's duct on the morphofunctional response of the pancreas in acute experimental pancreatitis].", "content": "Induction of contrical into Wirsung's duct is shown to lessen the total proteolytic amylolytic and lipolytic action of the pancreatic juice, blood and urine, normalizing by this token the exo- and endosecretion of the pancreas. It is also shown that in acute pancreatitis there is in evidence hyperfunction of the acinar glandular cells, responsible for the synthesis of the secretion, and their focal destruction. Introduction of contrical into Wirsung's duct degrades intracellular processes of the secretion synthesis.", "contents": "[Effect of contrical introduced into Wirsung's duct on the morphofunctional response of the pancreas in acute experimental pancreatitis]. Induction of contrical into Wirsung's duct is shown to lessen the total proteolytic amylolytic and lipolytic action of the pancreatic juice, blood and urine, normalizing by this token the exo- and endosecretion of the pancreas. It is also shown that in acute pancreatitis there is in evidence hyperfunction of the acinar glandular cells, responsible for the synthesis of the secretion, and their focal destruction. Introduction of contrical into Wirsung's duct degrades intracellular processes of the secretion synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:302809", "title": "Chloride transport and acid secretion in stomach.", "content": "Chloride transport in isolated frog gastric mucosa is known to include major components due to active transport and exchange diffusion, and a minor component due to passive diffusion, but the sites responsible for moving Cl- within the mucosa have not been identified. The present study shows that the method used by Zerahn and others to measure transport pool yields an apparent Cl- pool which is close to the Cl- content of mucosal cells measured by chemical or radioactive means. Uptake of Cl- by the mucosal cells across the luminal surface in 2 min is rapid, constituting over one-half of the steady state cell content. The results suggest that much of this uptake occurs by exchange diffusion of Cl- at the secretory surface.", "contents": "Chloride transport and acid secretion in stomach. Chloride transport in isolated frog gastric mucosa is known to include major components due to active transport and exchange diffusion, and a minor component due to passive diffusion, but the sites responsible for moving Cl- within the mucosa have not been identified. The present study shows that the method used by Zerahn and others to measure transport pool yields an apparent Cl- pool which is close to the Cl- content of mucosal cells measured by chemical or radioactive means. Uptake of Cl- by the mucosal cells across the luminal surface in 2 min is rapid, constituting over one-half of the steady state cell content. The results suggest that much of this uptake occurs by exchange diffusion of Cl- at the secretory surface."}
{"id": "PMID:302810", "title": "An attempt to correlate functional and morphological data for the gastric parietal cells.", "content": "In fed rats, acid production was estimated to be 7 X 10(8) molecules of HCl per cell per sec or 5 X 10(5) molecules per sec per mu2 of secretory surface. In stimulated frog mucosa the corresponding values were 3 X 10(8) molecules of HCl per cell per sec 2 X 10(5) molecules per sec per mu2 or secretory surface. The generous assumptions used in making these estimates could have led to large errors.", "contents": "An attempt to correlate functional and morphological data for the gastric parietal cells. In fed rats, acid production was estimated to be 7 X 10(8) molecules of HCl per cell per sec or 5 X 10(5) molecules per sec per mu2 of secretory surface. In stimulated frog mucosa the corresponding values were 3 X 10(8) molecules of HCl per cell per sec 2 X 10(5) molecules per sec per mu2 or secretory surface. The generous assumptions used in making these estimates could have led to large errors."}
{"id": "PMID:302812", "title": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on gastric mucosa. II. Mucosal ATP and phosphocreatine content, and salicylate effects on mitochondrial metabolism.", "content": "The effects of acetylsalicylic acid on gastric mucosal ATP and phosphocreatine and mucosal O2 consumption were studied using in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosa. Electrophysiological parameters (potential difference and resistance) changed rapidly after exposure to 10 or 20 mM acetylsalicylic acid at pH 3.0, 4.0, or 6.0 in the mucosal solution. ATP and phosphocreatine content decreased rapidly after exposure. Control mucosae contained 11.8 +/- 0.98 nmoles of ATP and 11.5 +/- 0.68 nmoles of phosphocreatine per mg of protein. ATP content decreased 21% and phosphocreatine decreased 45% after 15 to 30 min of exposure. Longer durations of exposure reduced both ATP and phosphocreatine to 10 to 15% of control levels. O2 consumption was increased during the first 15 to 30 min after exposure to acetylsalicylate. Longer durations of exposure reduced O2 consumption to near control levels. Study of isolated mitochondria confirmed that acetylsalicylate itself did not significantly affect mitochondrial respiration, respiratory control ratio, or ADP:O ratio. Salicylate had a biphasic effect which was concentration dependent. Salicylate initially stimulated and later inhibited mitochondrial respiration. Using various substrates the site of inhibition appeared to be located in the segment of the respiratory chain between coenzyme Q and cytochrome c1.", "contents": "Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on gastric mucosa. II. Mucosal ATP and phosphocreatine content, and salicylate effects on mitochondrial metabolism. The effects of acetylsalicylic acid on gastric mucosal ATP and phosphocreatine and mucosal O2 consumption were studied using in vitro bullfrog gastric mucosa. Electrophysiological parameters (potential difference and resistance) changed rapidly after exposure to 10 or 20 mM acetylsalicylic acid at pH 3.0, 4.0, or 6.0 in the mucosal solution. ATP and phosphocreatine content decreased rapidly after exposure. Control mucosae contained 11.8 +/- 0.98 nmoles of ATP and 11.5 +/- 0.68 nmoles of phosphocreatine per mg of protein. ATP content decreased 21% and phosphocreatine decreased 45% after 15 to 30 min of exposure. Longer durations of exposure reduced both ATP and phosphocreatine to 10 to 15% of control levels. O2 consumption was increased during the first 15 to 30 min after exposure to acetylsalicylate. Longer durations of exposure reduced O2 consumption to near control levels. Study of isolated mitochondria confirmed that acetylsalicylate itself did not significantly affect mitochondrial respiration, respiratory control ratio, or ADP:O ratio. Salicylate had a biphasic effect which was concentration dependent. Salicylate initially stimulated and later inhibited mitochondrial respiration. Using various substrates the site of inhibition appeared to be located in the segment of the respiratory chain between coenzyme Q and cytochrome c1."}
{"id": "PMID:302816", "title": "[Dosis-performace-effects on the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. Results of partial body irradiation using 8MeV-x rays].", "content": "It was the aim of this study of document the influence of various dose rates on the CFU'S compartment. The information obtained should serve as a guideline to the design of radiotherapeutic programs with less hemopoietic toxicity in clinical radiation therapy. CBA mice were subjected to partial body X-ray irradiation from a linear accelerator (8MeV). The effect of dose rates of 6,70, 520 and 2800 R/min on CFU'S were studied in the irradiated and shielded marrow immediately after irradiation and 5,24 resp. 48 hours, 1 week and 3 weeks later. The following conclusions can be made: The reduction of CFU'S is significantly greater for low dose rates. After a dose of 150 R CFU'S reach normal values at 2 weeks, after 300 R at 3 weeks. With 450 R they are still subnormal at 3 weeks. A rebound phenomenon with increased CFU'S is seen at 3 weeks with 150 R and 300 R. An increase of CFU'S in shielded marrow is seen immediately after irradation. This increase is not dependent on the dose rate. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Dosis-performace-effects on the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. Results of partial body irradiation using 8MeV-x rays]. It was the aim of this study of document the influence of various dose rates on the CFU'S compartment. The information obtained should serve as a guideline to the design of radiotherapeutic programs with less hemopoietic toxicity in clinical radiation therapy. CBA mice were subjected to partial body X-ray irradiation from a linear accelerator (8MeV). The effect of dose rates of 6,70, 520 and 2800 R/min on CFU'S were studied in the irradiated and shielded marrow immediately after irradiation and 5,24 resp. 48 hours, 1 week and 3 weeks later. The following conclusions can be made: The reduction of CFU'S is significantly greater for low dose rates. After a dose of 150 R CFU'S reach normal values at 2 weeks, after 300 R at 3 weeks. With 450 R they are still subnormal at 3 weeks. A rebound phenomenon with increased CFU'S is seen at 3 weeks with 150 R and 300 R. An increase of CFU'S in shielded marrow is seen immediately after irradation. This increase is not dependent on the dose rate. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302820", "title": "Inbreeding in recessive diseases.", "content": "The consanguinity of parents (born in France) of individuals who have a recessive disease has been studied. The frequency of first cousin marriages is less than 0.2% in the general French population. Among the parents of affected individuals the following frequencies of first cousin matings were observed: cystic fibrosis: 1.4% cystinosis: 7.1% nephronophtisis: 5.6% spinal muscular atrophy: 4.5% albinism: 5.0% achromatopsia: 12.5% (Albinism and spinal muscular atrophy are heterogeneous conditions). The increase in the frequency of first cousin marriage relative to that of the general population is much greater, as expected, in cystinosis, which is a rare disease, than in cystic fibrosis, which is the most frequent recessive disorder in France. Inbreeding in cystinosis and cystic fibrosis was also studied by computing the distance between parental birth places. This distance is smaller in cystinosis than in cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Inbreeding in recessive diseases. The consanguinity of parents (born in France) of individuals who have a recessive disease has been studied. The frequency of first cousin marriages is less than 0.2% in the general French population. Among the parents of affected individuals the following frequencies of first cousin matings were observed: cystic fibrosis: 1.4% cystinosis: 7.1% nephronophtisis: 5.6% spinal muscular atrophy: 4.5% albinism: 5.0% achromatopsia: 12.5% (Albinism and spinal muscular atrophy are heterogeneous conditions). The increase in the frequency of first cousin marriage relative to that of the general population is much greater, as expected, in cystinosis, which is a rare disease, than in cystic fibrosis, which is the most frequent recessive disorder in France. Inbreeding in cystinosis and cystic fibrosis was also studied by computing the distance between parental birth places. This distance is smaller in cystinosis than in cystic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:302821", "title": "Non-specific factor replaces T cells in an IgG response to soluble antigens.", "content": "The antigen and T-cell requirements for the final stages of proliferation and maturation of DNP-KLH primed and boosted mouse spleen cells into IgG antibody secreting cells have been studied in vitro. The requirement for free antigen ceases after 24-48 h in vitro. The carrier-specific T-cell requirement for triggering of activated B cells by a soluble antigen (DNP-KLH) can be replaced in T cell-depleted cultures by non-antigen specific T cell-replacing factors (TRF). However, if the carrier protein is changed, TRF restores the IgG response of T cell-depleted cultures only if antigen is presented to B cells in particulate form, e.g. on the surface of macrophages, or in the presence of small amounts of antibody against the carrier protein. Thus, direct interaction between soluble protein and B cells is not sufficient to allow TRF to effectively replace specific T cells. Since TRF must be added at the start of culture, the initiation of B-cell maturation into IgG secretion by TRF occurs during B-cell proliferation, and is followed by further proliferation before IgG antibody can be detected.", "contents": "Non-specific factor replaces T cells in an IgG response to soluble antigens. The antigen and T-cell requirements for the final stages of proliferation and maturation of DNP-KLH primed and boosted mouse spleen cells into IgG antibody secreting cells have been studied in vitro. The requirement for free antigen ceases after 24-48 h in vitro. The carrier-specific T-cell requirement for triggering of activated B cells by a soluble antigen (DNP-KLH) can be replaced in T cell-depleted cultures by non-antigen specific T cell-replacing factors (TRF). However, if the carrier protein is changed, TRF restores the IgG response of T cell-depleted cultures only if antigen is presented to B cells in particulate form, e.g. on the surface of macrophages, or in the presence of small amounts of antibody against the carrier protein. Thus, direct interaction between soluble protein and B cells is not sufficient to allow TRF to effectively replace specific T cells. Since TRF must be added at the start of culture, the initiation of B-cell maturation into IgG secretion by TRF occurs during B-cell proliferation, and is followed by further proliferation before IgG antibody can be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:302822", "title": "Two subpopulations of guinea-pig thymocytes with different maturation stages.", "content": "Two subpopulations (F4 and F6) of guinea-pig thymocytes were separated by using bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation. The majority of F4 thymocytes were weakly alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive cells, while most of F6 thymocytes were strongly AP positive. The significant difference between their AP activities was confirmed biochemically. In the ultracytochemical study the majority of unfractionated and F6 thymocytes were light and AP positive, whereas F4 thymocytes were mostly dark, weakly AP positive cells. F4 thymocytes responded well to PHA and Con A, while F6 thymocytes failed to respond to these mitogens. The subpopulations did not differ in their homing properties. These findings indicate that strongly AP-positive cells are immature thymocytes and weakly AP-positive cells represent a more mature subpopulation of thymocytes. A hypothetical scheme for differentiation of guinea-pig thymocytes is presented.", "contents": "Two subpopulations of guinea-pig thymocytes with different maturation stages. Two subpopulations (F4 and F6) of guinea-pig thymocytes were separated by using bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation. The majority of F4 thymocytes were weakly alkaline phosphatase (AP) positive cells, while most of F6 thymocytes were strongly AP positive. The significant difference between their AP activities was confirmed biochemically. In the ultracytochemical study the majority of unfractionated and F6 thymocytes were light and AP positive, whereas F4 thymocytes were mostly dark, weakly AP positive cells. F4 thymocytes responded well to PHA and Con A, while F6 thymocytes failed to respond to these mitogens. The subpopulations did not differ in their homing properties. These findings indicate that strongly AP-positive cells are immature thymocytes and weakly AP-positive cells represent a more mature subpopulation of thymocytes. A hypothetical scheme for differentiation of guinea-pig thymocytes is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:302824", "title": "A suppressor mechanism controlling lymphocyte recruitment.", "content": "The duration of the inductive effect of an antigen (alum-precipitated trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin) was measured, in the presence and absence of responding spleen cells, by transfering a test population of spleen cells to irradiated mice at various times relative to antigen injection. Using allotype-congenic mice, the response of a test (Iga) population was estimated in the presence of responding (Igb) cells. In the absence of responding cells the inductive effect fell to 10% of the peak value in 9-10 days, but in their presence it reached this level in less than 5 days. Removal of T cells from the responding (Igb) population reduced their suppressive efficacy. It was concluded that B lymphocyte recruitment is curtailed not by the elimination of antigen but by an active suppressor mechanism involving suppressor T cells.", "contents": "A suppressor mechanism controlling lymphocyte recruitment. The duration of the inductive effect of an antigen (alum-precipitated trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin) was measured, in the presence and absence of responding spleen cells, by transfering a test population of spleen cells to irradiated mice at various times relative to antigen injection. Using allotype-congenic mice, the response of a test (Iga) population was estimated in the presence of responding (Igb) cells. In the absence of responding cells the inductive effect fell to 10% of the peak value in 9-10 days, but in their presence it reached this level in less than 5 days. Removal of T cells from the responding (Igb) population reduced their suppressive efficacy. It was concluded that B lymphocyte recruitment is curtailed not by the elimination of antigen but by an active suppressor mechanism involving suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302826", "title": "Mechanism of adjuvant activity of dental plaque: in vitro activation of residual helper T-cell precursors in T-cell-deficient murine spleen cell cultures.", "content": "The immunoenhancing activity of a water-soluble extract of dental plaque (DP), which contains a mixture of microbial antigens, has been investigated. DP was tested for its capacity to augment the in vitro antibody-forming cell (AFC) response to sheep erythrocyte by adherent spleen cells from thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and bone marrow-transplanted (TxB) mice. Although DP was found to induce a small polyclonal AFC response, most of the increase in AFC induced by DP was antigen dependent. The latter enhancing effect is an indicator of the adjuvanticity of DP. This adjuvant activity of DP was T-cell-dependent, since removal of the residual prethymic and/or thymic-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) by anti-T-cell serum (anti-theta) and guinea pig complement abrogated the capacity of DP to augment the in vitro AFC response. This view was further supported by the synergistic restorative effect obtained by culturing anti-theta-treated adherent spleen cells with both DP and a population of unactivated T-cells that by themselves were unable to significantly enhance AFC responsiveness. Moreover, DP was found to be mitogenic for thymocytes. The cumulative results suggest that the adjuvant activity of DP is dependent on both the T- and B-cell-activating components present in DP.", "contents": "Mechanism of adjuvant activity of dental plaque: in vitro activation of residual helper T-cell precursors in T-cell-deficient murine spleen cell cultures. The immunoenhancing activity of a water-soluble extract of dental plaque (DP), which contains a mixture of microbial antigens, has been investigated. DP was tested for its capacity to augment the in vitro antibody-forming cell (AFC) response to sheep erythrocyte by adherent spleen cells from thymectomized, lethally irradiated, and bone marrow-transplanted (TxB) mice. Although DP was found to induce a small polyclonal AFC response, most of the increase in AFC induced by DP was antigen dependent. The latter enhancing effect is an indicator of the adjuvanticity of DP. This adjuvant activity of DP was T-cell-dependent, since removal of the residual prethymic and/or thymic-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) by anti-T-cell serum (anti-theta) and guinea pig complement abrogated the capacity of DP to augment the in vitro AFC response. This view was further supported by the synergistic restorative effect obtained by culturing anti-theta-treated adherent spleen cells with both DP and a population of unactivated T-cells that by themselves were unable to significantly enhance AFC responsiveness. Moreover, DP was found to be mitogenic for thymocytes. The cumulative results suggest that the adjuvant activity of DP is dependent on both the T- and B-cell-activating components present in DP."}
{"id": "PMID:302827", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to tumor antigen in Marek's disease: susceptibility of effector cells to antithymocyte serum and enhancement of cytotoxic activity by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.", "content": "Spleen cells from chickens inoculated 7 to 8 days previously with Marek's disease virus were cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled cells of a Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell line (MSB-1 line) in a 4-h in vitro cytotoxic assay. The cytotoxic activity of spleen cells was inhibited by pretreatment with antithymocyte serum and complement, but not with complement alone or in combination with anti-bursa cell serum or normal preimmune serum. The conclusion was that the effector cell in the above cytotoxic assay was a thymus-derived lymphocyte. Also, pretreatment of target cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity of effector cells. Similar enzymatic treatment of effector cells had a negligible effect on cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to tumor antigen in Marek's disease: susceptibility of effector cells to antithymocyte serum and enhancement of cytotoxic activity by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Spleen cells from chickens inoculated 7 to 8 days previously with Marek's disease virus were cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled cells of a Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell line (MSB-1 line) in a 4-h in vitro cytotoxic assay. The cytotoxic activity of spleen cells was inhibited by pretreatment with antithymocyte serum and complement, but not with complement alone or in combination with anti-bursa cell serum or normal preimmune serum. The conclusion was that the effector cell in the above cytotoxic assay was a thymus-derived lymphocyte. Also, pretreatment of target cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase enhanced in vitro cytotoxic activity of effector cells. Similar enzymatic treatment of effector cells had a negligible effect on cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:302828", "title": "Polyribosome distribution in regenerating livers of irradiated adrenalectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of gamma-radiation (1800 rad) on polyribosome distribution in the regenerating livers of intact and adrenalectomized rats was studied both before and after partial hepatectomy. The animals were divided into four sub-groups: (1) control; (2) irradiated only; (3) partially hepatectomized; and (4) irradiated partially hepatectomized. The relative distribution of lighter oligosomes to heavier polyribosomes was analysed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (10-40 per cent). Partial hepatectomy by itself increased the proportion of heavier polyribosomes in both intact and adrenalectomized rats. However, when gamma-rays were delivered 2 hours before or 2 hours after partial-hepatectomy, the formation of heavy polyribosomes was decreased for at least 24 hours after hepatectomy in the adrenal intact rats. This depression was not maintained until later times (48 and 72 hours after hepatectomy) when an increase in the proportion of heavy polyribosomes relative to light oligosomes was observed. In addition, irradiation did not measurably affect the distribution of polyribosomes in regenerating hepatocytes of adrenalectomized rats at any time after partial hepatectomy.", "contents": "Polyribosome distribution in regenerating livers of irradiated adrenalectomized rats. The effect of gamma-radiation (1800 rad) on polyribosome distribution in the regenerating livers of intact and adrenalectomized rats was studied both before and after partial hepatectomy. The animals were divided into four sub-groups: (1) control; (2) irradiated only; (3) partially hepatectomized; and (4) irradiated partially hepatectomized. The relative distribution of lighter oligosomes to heavier polyribosomes was analysed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (10-40 per cent). Partial hepatectomy by itself increased the proportion of heavier polyribosomes in both intact and adrenalectomized rats. However, when gamma-rays were delivered 2 hours before or 2 hours after partial-hepatectomy, the formation of heavy polyribosomes was decreased for at least 24 hours after hepatectomy in the adrenal intact rats. This depression was not maintained until later times (48 and 72 hours after hepatectomy) when an increase in the proportion of heavy polyribosomes relative to light oligosomes was observed. In addition, irradiation did not measurably affect the distribution of polyribosomes in regenerating hepatocytes of adrenalectomized rats at any time after partial hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:302829", "title": "Plutonium in bone: a high resolution autoradiographic study using plutonium-241.", "content": "Plutonium-241 citrate solution at pH 6-5 was injected intravenously into hamsters and an adult rabbit at a dose of 10 kBq g-1 (260 nCi g-1). The hamsters were killed serially at 15 min, 2 hours, 1 day, 10 days, 1 month and 6 months after injection and the rabbit at 1 week. Their knee-joints or femora were examined for plutonium-241 by autoradiography. Few differences were found between the pattern of plutonium distribution in the hamsters and the rabbit. The results showed that although plutonium is initially distributed on bone surfaces, at long periods after injection it becomes deposited throughout the bone matrix. Plutonium uptake by cells in resorbing areas of periosteum, in active osteoblasts, and in chondrocytes in regions of cartilage mineralization was rapid. Plutonium concentrated more slowly on the resting bone surfaces and at sites of low metabolic activity. In addition, some unlabelled sections of skeletal tissues were immersed in a plutonium-241 citrate solution. When autoradiographed, it was found that plutonium was bound by cell nuclei, tooth enamel matrix, dentine, predentine and bone matrix. Plutonium binding to cartilage matrix was weak. The results are discussed with reference to the literature, and a model is proposed to explain the distribution pattern and fate of plutonium deposits in bone.", "contents": "Plutonium in bone: a high resolution autoradiographic study using plutonium-241. Plutonium-241 citrate solution at pH 6-5 was injected intravenously into hamsters and an adult rabbit at a dose of 10 kBq g-1 (260 nCi g-1). The hamsters were killed serially at 15 min, 2 hours, 1 day, 10 days, 1 month and 6 months after injection and the rabbit at 1 week. Their knee-joints or femora were examined for plutonium-241 by autoradiography. Few differences were found between the pattern of plutonium distribution in the hamsters and the rabbit. The results showed that although plutonium is initially distributed on bone surfaces, at long periods after injection it becomes deposited throughout the bone matrix. Plutonium uptake by cells in resorbing areas of periosteum, in active osteoblasts, and in chondrocytes in regions of cartilage mineralization was rapid. Plutonium concentrated more slowly on the resting bone surfaces and at sites of low metabolic activity. In addition, some unlabelled sections of skeletal tissues were immersed in a plutonium-241 citrate solution. When autoradiographed, it was found that plutonium was bound by cell nuclei, tooth enamel matrix, dentine, predentine and bone matrix. Plutonium binding to cartilage matrix was weak. The results are discussed with reference to the literature, and a model is proposed to explain the distribution pattern and fate of plutonium deposits in bone."}
{"id": "PMID:302830", "title": "Effects of 60Co gamma-irradiation on chondromucoprotein.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis and 60Co gamma-radiolysis have been used to study the effects of ionizing radiations on the protein-polysaccharide complex, chondromucoprotein. Both hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons readily react with the complex, with second-order rate-constants of 4-55 X 10(8)M-1s-1, respectively. Depolymerization of the carbohydrate component, which is initiated by reaction of OH, readily occurs after irradiation in aqueous solution, as is evidenced by an increase in the formation of reducing-end groups and a decrease in the viscosity of the solution. The ability of the anionic carbohydrate component to bind cationic counter-ions also decreases.", "contents": "Effects of 60Co gamma-irradiation on chondromucoprotein. Pulse radiolysis and 60Co gamma-radiolysis have been used to study the effects of ionizing radiations on the protein-polysaccharide complex, chondromucoprotein. Both hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons readily react with the complex, with second-order rate-constants of 4-55 X 10(8)M-1s-1, respectively. Depolymerization of the carbohydrate component, which is initiated by reaction of OH, readily occurs after irradiation in aqueous solution, as is evidenced by an increase in the formation of reducing-end groups and a decrease in the viscosity of the solution. The ability of the anionic carbohydrate component to bind cationic counter-ions also decreases."}
{"id": "PMID:302831", "title": "The effect of gamma-radiation on the interaction of DNA with nuclear non-histone proteins.", "content": "The interaction of nuclear sap proteins and chromatin non-histone proteins with DNA was studied by two methods: membrane filter technique and chromatography of 32P-labelled proteins on DNA-containing columns. Irradiated DNA binds a slightly greater amount of these proteins and much more firmly than the native DNA. The effect is caused by the appearance of the locally denatured sites in irradiated DNA. Irradiation of non-histone proteins disturbs their specific interaction with DNA more easily than the non-specific binding.", "contents": "The effect of gamma-radiation on the interaction of DNA with nuclear non-histone proteins. The interaction of nuclear sap proteins and chromatin non-histone proteins with DNA was studied by two methods: membrane filter technique and chromatography of 32P-labelled proteins on DNA-containing columns. Irradiated DNA binds a slightly greater amount of these proteins and much more firmly than the native DNA. The effect is caused by the appearance of the locally denatured sites in irradiated DNA. Irradiation of non-histone proteins disturbs their specific interaction with DNA more easily than the non-specific binding."}
{"id": "PMID:302835", "title": "[Permanent nail changes following gold therapy].", "content": "Following gold therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis a transient rash and permanent nail dystrophy resulted. Following onycholysis of several finger and toe nails the nails showed permanent alterations in form of longitudinal streaks and were extremely thin, soft, and fragile. Intracutaneous tests with the commercial gold solution revealed an allergic reaction of the delayed type.", "contents": "[Permanent nail changes following gold therapy]. Following gold therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis a transient rash and permanent nail dystrophy resulted. Following onycholysis of several finger and toe nails the nails showed permanent alterations in form of longitudinal streaks and were extremely thin, soft, and fragile. Intracutaneous tests with the commercial gold solution revealed an allergic reaction of the delayed type."}
{"id": "PMID:302838", "title": "A comparison of the responses of cultured myoblasts and chondrocytes to fibroblast and epidermal growth factors.", "content": "The effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on proliferation and differentiation of cultured myoblasts and chondrocytes have been compared. FGF stimulated myoblast proliferation, as determined by monitoring levels of DNA synthesis during seven days growth in vitro and by the morphology of the cultures after myotube formation. EGF has relatively little effect on myoblast proliferation. With chondrocytes, both FGF and EGF are mitogenic and FGF's, but not EGF's effect is potentiated by dexamethasone. One implication of these results is that in the course of differentiation cell types which develop from the same embryonic origin as fibroblasts are controlled by different sets of mitogenic factors. Myoblasts become primarily dependent on mitogenic agents such as FGF while chondrocytes can respond to both FGF and EGF.", "contents": "A comparison of the responses of cultured myoblasts and chondrocytes to fibroblast and epidermal growth factors. The effects of fibroblast and epidermal growth factors on proliferation and differentiation of cultured myoblasts and chondrocytes have been compared. FGF stimulated myoblast proliferation, as determined by monitoring levels of DNA synthesis during seven days growth in vitro and by the morphology of the cultures after myotube formation. EGF has relatively little effect on myoblast proliferation. With chondrocytes, both FGF and EGF are mitogenic and FGF's, but not EGF's effect is potentiated by dexamethasone. One implication of these results is that in the course of differentiation cell types which develop from the same embryonic origin as fibroblasts are controlled by different sets of mitogenic factors. Myoblasts become primarily dependent on mitogenic agents such as FGF while chondrocytes can respond to both FGF and EGF."}
{"id": "PMID:302837", "title": "Elemental distribution in striated muscle and the effects of hypertonicity. Electron probe analysis of cryo sections.", "content": "A method of rapid freezing in supercooled Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) followed by cryoultramicrotomy is described and shown to yield ultrathin sections in which both the cellular ultrastructure and the distribution of diffusible ions across the cell membrane are preserved and intracellular compartmentalization of diffusabler ions can be quantitated. Quantitative electron probe analysis (Shuman, H., A.V. Somlyo, and A.P. Somlyo. 1976. Ultramicros. 1:317-339.) of freeze-dried ultrathin cryto sections was found to provide a valid measure of the composition of cells and cellular organelles and was used to determine the ionic composition of the in situ terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the distribution of CI in skeletal muscle, and the effects of hypertonic solutions on the subcellular composition if striated muscle. There was no evidence of sequestered CI in the terminal cisternae of resting muscles, although calcium (66mmol/kg dry wt +/- 4.6 SE) was detected. The values of [C1](i) determined with small (50-100 nm) diameter probes over cytoplasm excluding organelles over nuclei or terminal cisternae were not significantly different. Mitochondria partially excluded C1, with a cytoplasmic/ mitochondrial Ci ratio of 2.4 +/- 0.88 SD. The elemental concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt +/- SD) of muscle fibers measured with 0.5-9-mum diameter electron probes in normal frog striated muscle were: P, 302 +/- 4.3; S, 189 +/- 2.9;C1, 24 +/- 1.1;K, 404 +/- 4.3, and Mg, 39 +/- 2.1. It is concluded that: (a) in normal muscle the \"excess CI\" measured with previous bulk chemical analyses and flux studies is not compartmentalized in the SR or in other cellular organelles, and (b) the cytoplasmic C1 in low [K](0) solutions exceeds that predicted by a passive electrochemical distribution. Hypertonic 2.2 X NaCl, 2.5 X sucrose, or 2.2 X Na isethionate produced: (a) swollen vacuoles, frequently paired, adjacent to the Z lines and containing significantly higher than cytoplasmic concentrations of Na and Cl or S (isethionate), but no detectable Ca, and (b) granules of Ca, Mg, and P = approximately (6 Ca + 1 Mg)/6P in the longitudinal SR. It is concluded that hypertonicity produces compartmentalized domains of extracellular solutes within the muscle fibers and translocates Ca into the longitudinal tubules.", "contents": "Elemental distribution in striated muscle and the effects of hypertonicity. Electron probe analysis of cryo sections. A method of rapid freezing in supercooled Freon 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) followed by cryoultramicrotomy is described and shown to yield ultrathin sections in which both the cellular ultrastructure and the distribution of diffusible ions across the cell membrane are preserved and intracellular compartmentalization of diffusabler ions can be quantitated. Quantitative electron probe analysis (Shuman, H., A.V. Somlyo, and A.P. Somlyo. 1976. Ultramicros. 1:317-339.) of freeze-dried ultrathin cryto sections was found to provide a valid measure of the composition of cells and cellular organelles and was used to determine the ionic composition of the in situ terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), the distribution of CI in skeletal muscle, and the effects of hypertonic solutions on the subcellular composition if striated muscle. There was no evidence of sequestered CI in the terminal cisternae of resting muscles, although calcium (66mmol/kg dry wt +/- 4.6 SE) was detected. The values of [C1](i) determined with small (50-100 nm) diameter probes over cytoplasm excluding organelles over nuclei or terminal cisternae were not significantly different. Mitochondria partially excluded C1, with a cytoplasmic/ mitochondrial Ci ratio of 2.4 +/- 0.88 SD. The elemental concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt +/- SD) of muscle fibers measured with 0.5-9-mum diameter electron probes in normal frog striated muscle were: P, 302 +/- 4.3; S, 189 +/- 2.9;C1, 24 +/- 1.1;K, 404 +/- 4.3, and Mg, 39 +/- 2.1. It is concluded that: (a) in normal muscle the \"excess CI\" measured with previous bulk chemical analyses and flux studies is not compartmentalized in the SR or in other cellular organelles, and (b) the cytoplasmic C1 in low [K](0) solutions exceeds that predicted by a passive electrochemical distribution. Hypertonic 2.2 X NaCl, 2.5 X sucrose, or 2.2 X Na isethionate produced: (a) swollen vacuoles, frequently paired, adjacent to the Z lines and containing significantly higher than cytoplasmic concentrations of Na and Cl or S (isethionate), but no detectable Ca, and (b) granules of Ca, Mg, and P = approximately (6 Ca + 1 Mg)/6P in the longitudinal SR. It is concluded that hypertonicity produces compartmentalized domains of extracellular solutes within the muscle fibers and translocates Ca into the longitudinal tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:302839", "title": "Accelerated calcium ion uptake in murine thymocytes induced by concanavalin A.", "content": "The mechanism of enhancement of Ca2+ uptake by the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) was studied in murine thymocytes. Native Con A enhanced the rate of Ca2+ uptake as much as 9-fold, an increase being observed within five minutes after Con A addition. The effect of Con A was reversed completely by alpha-methyl mannopyranoside (alpha-MM). Increased Ca2+ uptake was observed with increasing concentrations of Con A, between 2 and 400 microgram/ml, indicating that the stimulation of Ca2+ uptake is not restricted to mitogenic lectin concentrations (0.5-2 microgram/ml). Succinyl Con A exhibits only a slight effect in the same concentration ranges as native Con A. Ca2+ uptake, both in the absence and presence of Con A, is strongly dependent on energy metabolism and is carrier mediated. The augmentation of Ca2+ uptake by native Con A is due to an enhanced Vmax. Uptake of the anion, CrO42-, by thymocytes, found to be a non-saturable process, was also enhanced by Con A. The effect of Con A on CrO42- permeability appears to be independent of its effect on Ca2+ uptake.", "contents": "Accelerated calcium ion uptake in murine thymocytes induced by concanavalin A. The mechanism of enhancement of Ca2+ uptake by the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) was studied in murine thymocytes. Native Con A enhanced the rate of Ca2+ uptake as much as 9-fold, an increase being observed within five minutes after Con A addition. The effect of Con A was reversed completely by alpha-methyl mannopyranoside (alpha-MM). Increased Ca2+ uptake was observed with increasing concentrations of Con A, between 2 and 400 microgram/ml, indicating that the stimulation of Ca2+ uptake is not restricted to mitogenic lectin concentrations (0.5-2 microgram/ml). Succinyl Con A exhibits only a slight effect in the same concentration ranges as native Con A. Ca2+ uptake, both in the absence and presence of Con A, is strongly dependent on energy metabolism and is carrier mediated. The augmentation of Ca2+ uptake by native Con A is due to an enhanced Vmax. Uptake of the anion, CrO42-, by thymocytes, found to be a non-saturable process, was also enhanced by Con A. The effect of Con A on CrO42- permeability appears to be independent of its effect on Ca2+ uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:302840", "title": "Effect of 1-5 hydroxytryptophan infusion on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man.", "content": "The effect of a new soluble ester of 1-5 hydroxytryptophan (1-5 HTP, Ro 3-5940, 200 mg infusion) on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) release was tested in 11 young, healthy subjects (6 men, 5 women). To minimize side-effects, peripheral decarboxylase inhibition was achieved with benserazide (Ro 4-4602.) PRL increased significantly (P less than 0.01) after benserazide alone in all subjects. A further significant increase (P less than 0.01) of PRL plasma levels occurred only in women up to 90 min after the infusion of 1-5 HTP was discontinued. Benserazide administration had no effect of basal GH levels, but a significant increase of GH release (P less than 0.01) was noticed 30-120 min after the end of 1-5 HTP infusion in both men and women. The mean peak value of GH plasma levels after 1-5 HTP administration was 32.0 +/- 8.8 ng/ml. It was postulated that benserazide penetrated at the level of the pituitary, decreasing the synthesis of dopamine and consequently reducing its known inhibitory effect on PRL release. The PRL increase (statistically significant only in women), as well as the release of GH after 1-5 HTP infusion, was considered as further evidence for stimulatory serotoninergic control of both PRL and GH secretion.", "contents": "Effect of 1-5 hydroxytryptophan infusion on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. The effect of a new soluble ester of 1-5 hydroxytryptophan (1-5 HTP, Ro 3-5940, 200 mg infusion) on prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) release was tested in 11 young, healthy subjects (6 men, 5 women). To minimize side-effects, peripheral decarboxylase inhibition was achieved with benserazide (Ro 4-4602.) PRL increased significantly (P less than 0.01) after benserazide alone in all subjects. A further significant increase (P less than 0.01) of PRL plasma levels occurred only in women up to 90 min after the infusion of 1-5 HTP was discontinued. Benserazide administration had no effect of basal GH levels, but a significant increase of GH release (P less than 0.01) was noticed 30-120 min after the end of 1-5 HTP infusion in both men and women. The mean peak value of GH plasma levels after 1-5 HTP administration was 32.0 +/- 8.8 ng/ml. It was postulated that benserazide penetrated at the level of the pituitary, decreasing the synthesis of dopamine and consequently reducing its known inhibitory effect on PRL release. The PRL increase (statistically significant only in women), as well as the release of GH after 1-5 HTP infusion, was considered as further evidence for stimulatory serotoninergic control of both PRL and GH secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:302841", "title": "Cytoarchitectonic analysis of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) spinal cord by means of electron microscopy with special reference to distribution of microneurons.", "content": "In order to determine cytological nature of the \"small cells\" found in the dorsal half of the bullfrog spinal cord at the electron microscopic level, the complete mapping of these elements was carried out, using both paraffin and thick sections. As a result, these elements were demonstrated to have four main fine structural characteristics of an unequivocally neuronal nature: (1) synaptic contacts, (2) subsurface cisternae, (3) typical pattern of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and (4) close contacts of astroglial processes with the somal surface. The most prominent features in the bullfrog spinal cord can be summarized as follows: the microneurons occupy the dorsal region as well as the region around the central canal of the gray, and the most dorsal part of the gray in exclusively occupied by these microneurons. They show, furthermore, a tendency to separate grossly into medial and lateral groups. No microneurons are visible in the ventral horn. According to the results obtained from the cytoarchitectonic comparison of the bullfrog spinal cord and the rat spinal cord, it can be said that in the former no differentiated laminar structures can be recognized, while in the latter the gray matter is sufficiently differentiated to permit full percellation.", "contents": "Cytoarchitectonic analysis of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) spinal cord by means of electron microscopy with special reference to distribution of microneurons. In order to determine cytological nature of the \"small cells\" found in the dorsal half of the bullfrog spinal cord at the electron microscopic level, the complete mapping of these elements was carried out, using both paraffin and thick sections. As a result, these elements were demonstrated to have four main fine structural characteristics of an unequivocally neuronal nature: (1) synaptic contacts, (2) subsurface cisternae, (3) typical pattern of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and (4) close contacts of astroglial processes with the somal surface. The most prominent features in the bullfrog spinal cord can be summarized as follows: the microneurons occupy the dorsal region as well as the region around the central canal of the gray, and the most dorsal part of the gray in exclusively occupied by these microneurons. They show, furthermore, a tendency to separate grossly into medial and lateral groups. No microneurons are visible in the ventral horn. According to the results obtained from the cytoarchitectonic comparison of the bullfrog spinal cord and the rat spinal cord, it can be said that in the former no differentiated laminar structures can be recognized, while in the latter the gray matter is sufficiently differentiated to permit full percellation."}
{"id": "PMID:302842", "title": "Relative refractory state for late cutaneous allergic responses.", "content": "The late cutaneous allergic response (LCAR) is a usual sequel to the wheal-and-flare (early) response in sufficiently intense cutaneous allergic reactions. Allergic reactions with early and late components were produced in the skin of the forearm by the intracutaneous injection of anti-IgE or allergen. One week later, these sites, which were normal in gross appearance, and separate control sites on the opposite forearm, were injected. At the sites of repeat reactions, the wheal diameter of the early response was the same but the LCAR was considerably smaller than at simultaneously injected control sites. This local relative refractory state for LCAR is immunologically nonspecific in the sense that it was manifest even when the antigen injected the second time had no evident immunologic relationship with the antigen injected initially. The refractory state for LCAR was present at 2 wk after the initial reaction, but it was no longer demonstrable after 3 wk. This local relative refractory state for LCAR may represent an inhibitory control mechanism for allergic reactions in man.", "contents": "Relative refractory state for late cutaneous allergic responses. The late cutaneous allergic response (LCAR) is a usual sequel to the wheal-and-flare (early) response in sufficiently intense cutaneous allergic reactions. Allergic reactions with early and late components were produced in the skin of the forearm by the intracutaneous injection of anti-IgE or allergen. One week later, these sites, which were normal in gross appearance, and separate control sites on the opposite forearm, were injected. At the sites of repeat reactions, the wheal diameter of the early response was the same but the LCAR was considerably smaller than at simultaneously injected control sites. This local relative refractory state for LCAR is immunologically nonspecific in the sense that it was manifest even when the antigen injected the second time had no evident immunologic relationship with the antigen injected initially. The refractory state for LCAR was present at 2 wk after the initial reaction, but it was no longer demonstrable after 3 wk. This local relative refractory state for LCAR may represent an inhibitory control mechanism for allergic reactions in man."}
{"id": "PMID:302844", "title": "Human B lymphocytes in giemsa stained preparations.", "content": "A mixed antiglobulin procedure has been developed to provide simultaneous study of cell surface immunoglobulin and detailed cytological features in Giemsa stained preparations. The percentage of surface immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes changed dramatically when lymphocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C, or following sheep erythrocyte rosette enrichment procedures.", "contents": "Human B lymphocytes in giemsa stained preparations. A mixed antiglobulin procedure has been developed to provide simultaneous study of cell surface immunoglobulin and detailed cytological features in Giemsa stained preparations. The percentage of surface immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes changed dramatically when lymphocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C, or following sheep erythrocyte rosette enrichment procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:302845", "title": "The identification of human T and B lymphocytes by electron microscopy.", "content": "Lymphocytes of peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, vermiform appendix, tonsil and Mantoux skin reaction were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and classified as T, B and Null cells by E-rosette and immunoglobulin membrane-receptor characteristics. The low pH and ionic strength of the fixative solution for EM, and some other minor procedural modifications, made it possible to distinguish B and T lymphocytes morphologically. T-cells have electron-dense cytoplasm and euchromatin in the nucleus whereas B-cells constantly have electron-lucent cytoplasm and euchromatin in the nucleus. A proportion of lymphocytes were unclassifiable by their ultrastructural features. These unclassifiable cells may be Null cells as determined by the classical techniques. The specificity and simplicity of this EM technique for T and B lymphocytes is especially useful for studies of immunocompetent-cell topography and cell-to-cell interaction in lymphoid organs. It may also be utilized for diagnostic purposes in immunocytic dyscrasias.", "contents": "The identification of human T and B lymphocytes by electron microscopy. Lymphocytes of peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, vermiform appendix, tonsil and Mantoux skin reaction were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and classified as T, B and Null cells by E-rosette and immunoglobulin membrane-receptor characteristics. The low pH and ionic strength of the fixative solution for EM, and some other minor procedural modifications, made it possible to distinguish B and T lymphocytes morphologically. T-cells have electron-dense cytoplasm and euchromatin in the nucleus whereas B-cells constantly have electron-lucent cytoplasm and euchromatin in the nucleus. A proportion of lymphocytes were unclassifiable by their ultrastructural features. These unclassifiable cells may be Null cells as determined by the classical techniques. The specificity and simplicity of this EM technique for T and B lymphocytes is especially useful for studies of immunocompetent-cell topography and cell-to-cell interaction in lymphoid organs. It may also be utilized for diagnostic purposes in immunocytic dyscrasias."}
{"id": "PMID:302846", "title": "Comparative studies of humoral factors stimulating granulopoiesis in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers.", "content": "The factor stimulating granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers (DCF) was compared with the CSA in post-EMS in two ways: (1) Mouse bone marrow cells were maintained in suspension cultures, containing DCF or EMS, which were assayed at intervals for colony-forming cells, both in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers. (2) The enhanced growth seen in chambers incubated in pretreated mice was compared with the CSA of serum and DCF recovered from these animals. The results show that the cells forming granulocytic colonies in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers are closely related, if not identical, and that different sources of CSA may differ in their ability to maintain precursor cell numbers in suspension culture. The CSA of DCF did not correlate with growth enhancement in diffusion chambers or with the levels of CSA in the serum.", "contents": "Comparative studies of humoral factors stimulating granulopoiesis in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers. The factor stimulating granulopoiesis in diffusion chambers (DCF) was compared with the CSA in post-EMS in two ways: (1) Mouse bone marrow cells were maintained in suspension cultures, containing DCF or EMS, which were assayed at intervals for colony-forming cells, both in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers. (2) The enhanced growth seen in chambers incubated in pretreated mice was compared with the CSA of serum and DCF recovered from these animals. The results show that the cells forming granulocytic colonies in agar in vitro and in diffusion chambers are closely related, if not identical, and that different sources of CSA may differ in their ability to maintain precursor cell numbers in suspension culture. The CSA of DCF did not correlate with growth enhancement in diffusion chambers or with the levels of CSA in the serum."}
{"id": "PMID:302851", "title": "A conversion code from the RCGP to the ICHPPC classification system.", "content": "Faculty members from four family medicine training programs participated in the production of a definitive conversion of the Royal College of General Practitioners Classification of Diseases as modified for use with problem-oriented medical records (RCGP) to the International Classification of Health Problems for Primary Care (ICHPPC). The method used to produce the conversion and the several problems encountered are described. A detailed translation with the appropriate ICHPPC equivalent for each RCGP diagnostic title and code number is provided.", "contents": "A conversion code from the RCGP to the ICHPPC classification system. Faculty members from four family medicine training programs participated in the production of a definitive conversion of the Royal College of General Practitioners Classification of Diseases as modified for use with problem-oriented medical records (RCGP) to the International Classification of Health Problems for Primary Care (ICHPPC). The method used to produce the conversion and the several problems encountered are described. A detailed translation with the appropriate ICHPPC equivalent for each RCGP diagnostic title and code number is provided."}
{"id": "PMID:302852", "title": "Aqueduct stenosis. Case review and discussion.", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of hydrocephalus associated with aqueduct stenosis are reviewed, and a further nine cases discussed in which hydrocephalus was present and the aqueduct was stenosed but some additional feature was present. This was either a meningocoele or an encephalocoele, or else the aqueduct was not completely obstructed radiologically at the initial examination. The ratio of the peripheral measurement from the inion to the nasion to the distance between the inion and the posterior lip of the foramen magnum is presented for each case with an outline of the ventricles. The cases behave as would be expected if the aqueduct was being blocked by the lateral compression of the mid-brain between the enlarged lateral ventricles. On reviewing these cases and other evidence it is suggested that non-tumourous aqueduct stenosis is more likely to be the result of hydrocephalus than the initial cause. The response to treatment is reviewed and a high relapse rate noted. It is suggested that assessment of the extracerebral pathways may be advisable before undertaking third ventriculostomy or ventriculo-cisternostomy.", "contents": "Aqueduct stenosis. Case review and discussion. Twenty-seven cases of hydrocephalus associated with aqueduct stenosis are reviewed, and a further nine cases discussed in which hydrocephalus was present and the aqueduct was stenosed but some additional feature was present. This was either a meningocoele or an encephalocoele, or else the aqueduct was not completely obstructed radiologically at the initial examination. The ratio of the peripheral measurement from the inion to the nasion to the distance between the inion and the posterior lip of the foramen magnum is presented for each case with an outline of the ventricles. The cases behave as would be expected if the aqueduct was being blocked by the lateral compression of the mid-brain between the enlarged lateral ventricles. On reviewing these cases and other evidence it is suggested that non-tumourous aqueduct stenosis is more likely to be the result of hydrocephalus than the initial cause. The response to treatment is reviewed and a high relapse rate noted. It is suggested that assessment of the extracerebral pathways may be advisable before undertaking third ventriculostomy or ventriculo-cisternostomy."}
{"id": "PMID:302857", "title": "A comparison of the energy balance in two successive isometric tetani of frog muscle.", "content": "1. Measurements were made of the energy produced as heat and work (h + w) and the chemical changes which occurred between the beginning and end of each of two periods of stimulation. The muscles contracted tetanically under isometric conditions. Each period of stimulation (tetanus) lasted 5 sec and there was an interval of 3 sec between them. The tension developed in the second tetanus was 91% of that in the first.2. The observed (h + w) was greater in each tetanus than the quantity expected from the measured chemical changes. This excess was 230 +/- 43 mJ/g dry wt. (mean +/- S.E. of mean) in the first tetanus, but only 89 +/- 46 mJ/g in the second tetanus (mean +/- S.E. of mean). The result for the first tetanus agrees with previous findings.3. The observed (h + w) was divided into two parts, labile and stable, which were defined by Aubert (1956). This division was made on the basis of the time course of the (h + w) production, without reference to the chemical changes. The labile part of the (h + w) has an exponentially declining rate, and the stable part has a constant rate.4. The observed (h + w) was less in the second tetanus than in the first. This was due largely to the decrease in the labile part in the second tetanus; it was only ca. 0.35 of that in the first tetanus. However, the stable part remained relatively constant, 0.83 of that in the first tetanus. Aubert & Mar\u00e9chal (1963) and Aubert (1968) have reported similar results.5. Having divided the (h + w) into the stable and labile parts, we found that the stable part could be accounted for by the chemical change, but the labile part could not. Thus, for both tetani, the stable part of the energy is about equal to the explained energy, and the labile part is about equal to the unexplained energy. The possible interpretations of these equalities are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of the energy balance in two successive isometric tetani of frog muscle. 1. Measurements were made of the energy produced as heat and work (h + w) and the chemical changes which occurred between the beginning and end of each of two periods of stimulation. The muscles contracted tetanically under isometric conditions. Each period of stimulation (tetanus) lasted 5 sec and there was an interval of 3 sec between them. The tension developed in the second tetanus was 91% of that in the first.2. The observed (h + w) was greater in each tetanus than the quantity expected from the measured chemical changes. This excess was 230 +/- 43 mJ/g dry wt. (mean +/- S.E. of mean) in the first tetanus, but only 89 +/- 46 mJ/g in the second tetanus (mean +/- S.E. of mean). The result for the first tetanus agrees with previous findings.3. The observed (h + w) was divided into two parts, labile and stable, which were defined by Aubert (1956). This division was made on the basis of the time course of the (h + w) production, without reference to the chemical changes. The labile part of the (h + w) has an exponentially declining rate, and the stable part has a constant rate.4. The observed (h + w) was less in the second tetanus than in the first. This was due largely to the decrease in the labile part in the second tetanus; it was only ca. 0.35 of that in the first tetanus. However, the stable part remained relatively constant, 0.83 of that in the first tetanus. Aubert & Mar\u00e9chal (1963) and Aubert (1968) have reported similar results.5. Having divided the (h + w) into the stable and labile parts, we found that the stable part could be accounted for by the chemical change, but the labile part could not. Thus, for both tetani, the stable part of the energy is about equal to the explained energy, and the labile part is about equal to the unexplained energy. The possible interpretations of these equalities are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302858", "title": "Action potentials in slow muscle fibres of the frog during regeneration of motor nerves.", "content": "1. Pyriformis muscles of Rana temporaria were denervated by crushing the sciatic nerve inside the pelvis. At different times during regeneration of the nerve, slow muscle fibres were examined for the presence of all-or-none responses. 2. During the early period of re-innervation (35-60 days), slow muscle fibres were found to be non-selectively re-innervated by (foreign) fast-conducting motor axons. All slow fibres during this period were able to produce full sized action potentials, with overshoot. 3. Action potentials markedly decreased in amplitude and eventually disappeared completely between day 61-110 following denervation; during this period, slow muscle fibres were re-innervated by slowly-conducting motor axons. 4. Functional re-innervation by slowly-conducting motor axons, in the late stages of re-innervation, was not a necessary condition for the suppression of the action potential. Slow fibres innervated by fast motor axons, as well as denervated slow fibres, lost the action potential simultaneously with slow fibres which were re-innervated by slowly-conducting motor axons. 5. It is suggested that (small) slowly-conducting motor axons can exert a 'trophic' influence on the slow fibre membrane, independent of their synaptic function.", "contents": "Action potentials in slow muscle fibres of the frog during regeneration of motor nerves. 1. Pyriformis muscles of Rana temporaria were denervated by crushing the sciatic nerve inside the pelvis. At different times during regeneration of the nerve, slow muscle fibres were examined for the presence of all-or-none responses. 2. During the early period of re-innervation (35-60 days), slow muscle fibres were found to be non-selectively re-innervated by (foreign) fast-conducting motor axons. All slow fibres during this period were able to produce full sized action potentials, with overshoot. 3. Action potentials markedly decreased in amplitude and eventually disappeared completely between day 61-110 following denervation; during this period, slow muscle fibres were re-innervated by slowly-conducting motor axons. 4. Functional re-innervation by slowly-conducting motor axons, in the late stages of re-innervation, was not a necessary condition for the suppression of the action potential. Slow fibres innervated by fast motor axons, as well as denervated slow fibres, lost the action potential simultaneously with slow fibres which were re-innervated by slowly-conducting motor axons. 5. It is suggested that (small) slowly-conducting motor axons can exert a 'trophic' influence on the slow fibre membrane, independent of their synaptic function."}
{"id": "PMID:302859", "title": "Metabolism of the frog outer segments: a kinetic study.", "content": "1. The reaction of the high-energy phosphate esters of the frog isolated rods, with the firefly lantern extract, has been studied by recording the luminescence in a stopped-flow apparatus. The onset of the reaction was determined by the rapid mixing of the firefly lantern extract with the high-energy phosphates released from the rods fragmented during the mixing.2. The time course of the reaction, i.e. of the luminescence, was not typical of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), indicating that the major part of the rod nucleotides is not ATP.3. The isolated rods were fragmented 1 sec-2 min after a flash of light. As soon as 1 sec after illumination, a substantial decrease of the luminescent yield has been detected in a range of light bleaching from 0.007 to 20% of the rhodopsin, indicating an early reduction of the high-energy phosphate esters.4. At longer times, flashes that bleached 7 or 20% of the rhodopsin induced a progressive decrease of the luminescent yield that was half completed in 6-9 sec, and was nearly complete in 20 sec, whereas a more or less complete recovery was observed after flashes bleaching from 0.7 to 0.007% of the rhodopsin, indicating the presence of buffering mechanisms.5. Also, the time course of the reaction was modified in a complex way after stimulation of the rods, suggesting that other nucleotides beside ATP are hydrolysed.6. The light-induced reduction of the high-energy phosphates has been observed also in broken rods, in the presence of the calcium chelating agent EGTA, suggesting that calcium is not needed for this effect.7. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (10(-4)M) interfered with the photic effect.8. The rapid effect of light on the content of high-energy phosphate esters suggests a physiological role in the mechanism of excitation.", "contents": "Metabolism of the frog outer segments: a kinetic study. 1. The reaction of the high-energy phosphate esters of the frog isolated rods, with the firefly lantern extract, has been studied by recording the luminescence in a stopped-flow apparatus. The onset of the reaction was determined by the rapid mixing of the firefly lantern extract with the high-energy phosphates released from the rods fragmented during the mixing.2. The time course of the reaction, i.e. of the luminescence, was not typical of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), indicating that the major part of the rod nucleotides is not ATP.3. The isolated rods were fragmented 1 sec-2 min after a flash of light. As soon as 1 sec after illumination, a substantial decrease of the luminescent yield has been detected in a range of light bleaching from 0.007 to 20% of the rhodopsin, indicating an early reduction of the high-energy phosphate esters.4. At longer times, flashes that bleached 7 or 20% of the rhodopsin induced a progressive decrease of the luminescent yield that was half completed in 6-9 sec, and was nearly complete in 20 sec, whereas a more or less complete recovery was observed after flashes bleaching from 0.7 to 0.007% of the rhodopsin, indicating the presence of buffering mechanisms.5. Also, the time course of the reaction was modified in a complex way after stimulation of the rods, suggesting that other nucleotides beside ATP are hydrolysed.6. The light-induced reduction of the high-energy phosphates has been observed also in broken rods, in the presence of the calcium chelating agent EGTA, suggesting that calcium is not needed for this effect.7. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (10(-4)M) interfered with the photic effect.8. The rapid effect of light on the content of high-energy phosphate esters suggests a physiological role in the mechanism of excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:302860", "title": "Location of U.V.-absorbing substance in isolated skeletal muscle fibres. The effect of stimulation.", "content": "1. In an attempt to study the intracellular location of ATP in skeletal muscle the distribution of substances which absorb light at 260 nm wave-length has been studied in isolated muscle fibres with the aid of a modified U.V.-microscope.2. U.V.-absorption in resting frog fibres was found to be higher in the I band than in the A band which confirms earlier findings. In stretched fibres (sarcomere length 2.9-3.6 mum) an absorbing substance could be seen to be concentrated in a pair of narrow lines, centred at the Z-line. The separation of the lines increased with increasing sarcomere length.3. Snake fibres, with sparse triads located at the A-I junction, displayed an absorption pattern very similar to that of frog fibres. It is concluded that it is unlikely that the absorbing substance is associated with the sarcotubular system.4. The absorption pattern of frog fibres remained unchanged during a tetanus. No clear changes could be detected after a period of stimulation, neither after single twitches nor after repeated tetani.5. In further attempts to cause exhaustion, metabolically poisoned fibres were stimulated repetitively until they went into rigor. The absorption pattern was essentially unchanged also when rigor tension started to develop.6. The characteristic absorption pattern was observed also in glycerol-extracted fibres. It was confirmed by spectrophotometry that glycerol-extraction led to the disappearance of a large amount of a substance with the spectral characteristics of ATP.7. The higher U.V.-absorption in the I band does not prove that the major part of the ATP in the fibre is concentrated here; the absorption could either be due to a minor fraction of the ATP or to RNA.", "contents": "Location of U.V.-absorbing substance in isolated skeletal muscle fibres. The effect of stimulation. 1. In an attempt to study the intracellular location of ATP in skeletal muscle the distribution of substances which absorb light at 260 nm wave-length has been studied in isolated muscle fibres with the aid of a modified U.V.-microscope.2. U.V.-absorption in resting frog fibres was found to be higher in the I band than in the A band which confirms earlier findings. In stretched fibres (sarcomere length 2.9-3.6 mum) an absorbing substance could be seen to be concentrated in a pair of narrow lines, centred at the Z-line. The separation of the lines increased with increasing sarcomere length.3. Snake fibres, with sparse triads located at the A-I junction, displayed an absorption pattern very similar to that of frog fibres. It is concluded that it is unlikely that the absorbing substance is associated with the sarcotubular system.4. The absorption pattern of frog fibres remained unchanged during a tetanus. No clear changes could be detected after a period of stimulation, neither after single twitches nor after repeated tetani.5. In further attempts to cause exhaustion, metabolically poisoned fibres were stimulated repetitively until they went into rigor. The absorption pattern was essentially unchanged also when rigor tension started to develop.6. The characteristic absorption pattern was observed also in glycerol-extracted fibres. It was confirmed by spectrophotometry that glycerol-extraction led to the disappearance of a large amount of a substance with the spectral characteristics of ATP.7. The higher U.V.-absorption in the I band does not prove that the major part of the ATP in the fibre is concentrated here; the absorption could either be due to a minor fraction of the ATP or to RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:302861", "title": "Ultraviolet-induced alterations of the sodium inactivation in myelinated nerve fibres.", "content": "Ultraviolet radiation irreversibly reduces the sodium permeability in nerve membranes and, in addition, induces a change of the potential dependence of the kinetic parameters of sodium inactivation in the node of Ranvier. This second ultraviolet effect shifts the kinetic parameters of sodium inactivation h infinity (V), alpha h (V), and beta h (V) to more negative potentials (no changes of the slopes of the curves). The amount of the displacement delta V along the potential axis is equal for the three parameters and depends on the ultraviolet dose. It is about delta V = --10 mV after an irradiation dose of 0.7 Ws/cm2 at 280 nm. Both ultraviolet-induced effects depend on membrane potential and on the wavelength of the applied radiation. But while the potential shift is enhanced at more negative holding potentials, the ultraviolet blocking is diminished and vice versa. Further, the ultraviolet-induced potential shift is greater at 260 nm than at 280 nm, whereas a maximum sensitivity of ultraviolet blocking is found at 280 nm. Therefore, the two radiation effects are the result of two separate photoreactions. For explanation of the radiation-induced potential shift it is assumed that ultraviolet radiation decreases the density of negative charges at the inner surface of the nodal membrane. From this hypothesis a value for the inner surface potential psii was derived. --19 mV less than or equal to psii less than or equal to --14 mV.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-induced alterations of the sodium inactivation in myelinated nerve fibres. Ultraviolet radiation irreversibly reduces the sodium permeability in nerve membranes and, in addition, induces a change of the potential dependence of the kinetic parameters of sodium inactivation in the node of Ranvier. This second ultraviolet effect shifts the kinetic parameters of sodium inactivation h infinity (V), alpha h (V), and beta h (V) to more negative potentials (no changes of the slopes of the curves). The amount of the displacement delta V along the potential axis is equal for the three parameters and depends on the ultraviolet dose. It is about delta V = --10 mV after an irradiation dose of 0.7 Ws/cm2 at 280 nm. Both ultraviolet-induced effects depend on membrane potential and on the wavelength of the applied radiation. But while the potential shift is enhanced at more negative holding potentials, the ultraviolet blocking is diminished and vice versa. Further, the ultraviolet-induced potential shift is greater at 260 nm than at 280 nm, whereas a maximum sensitivity of ultraviolet blocking is found at 280 nm. Therefore, the two radiation effects are the result of two separate photoreactions. For explanation of the radiation-induced potential shift it is assumed that ultraviolet radiation decreases the density of negative charges at the inner surface of the nodal membrane. From this hypothesis a value for the inner surface potential psii was derived. --19 mV less than or equal to psii less than or equal to --14 mV."}
{"id": "PMID:302862", "title": "Passive ionic properties of frog retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "The isolated pigment epithelium and choroid of frog was mounted in a chamber so that the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells and the choroid were exposed to separate solutions. The apical membrane of these cells was penetrated with microelectrodes and the mean apical membrane potential was --88 mV. The basal membrane potential was depolarized by the amount of the transepithelial potential (8--20 mV). Changes in apical and basal cell membrane voltage were produced by changing ion concentrations on one or both sides of the tissue. Although these voltage changes were altered by shunting and changes in membrane resistance, it was possible to estimate apical and basal cell membrane and shunt resistance, and the relative ionic conductance Ti of each membrane. For the apical membrane: TK approximately equal to 0.52, THCO3 approximately equal to 0.39 and TNa approximately equal to 0.05, and its specific resistance was estimated to be 6000--7000 omega cm2. For the basal membrane: TK approximately equal to 0.90 and its specific resistance was estimated to be 400--1200 omega cm2. From the basal potassium voltage responses the intracellular potassium concentration was estimated at 110 mM. The shunt resistance consisted of two pathways: a paracellular one, due to the junctional complexes and another, around the edge of the tissue, due to the imperfect nature of the mechanical seal. In well-sealed tissues, the specific resistance of the shunt was about ten times the apical plus basal membrane specific resistances. This epithelium, therefore, should be considered \"tight\". The shunt pathway did not distinguish between anions (HCO--3, Cl--, methylsulfate, isethionate) but did distinguish between Na+ and K+.", "contents": "Passive ionic properties of frog retinal pigment epithelium. The isolated pigment epithelium and choroid of frog was mounted in a chamber so that the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells and the choroid were exposed to separate solutions. The apical membrane of these cells was penetrated with microelectrodes and the mean apical membrane potential was --88 mV. The basal membrane potential was depolarized by the amount of the transepithelial potential (8--20 mV). Changes in apical and basal cell membrane voltage were produced by changing ion concentrations on one or both sides of the tissue. Although these voltage changes were altered by shunting and changes in membrane resistance, it was possible to estimate apical and basal cell membrane and shunt resistance, and the relative ionic conductance Ti of each membrane. For the apical membrane: TK approximately equal to 0.52, THCO3 approximately equal to 0.39 and TNa approximately equal to 0.05, and its specific resistance was estimated to be 6000--7000 omega cm2. For the basal membrane: TK approximately equal to 0.90 and its specific resistance was estimated to be 400--1200 omega cm2. From the basal potassium voltage responses the intracellular potassium concentration was estimated at 110 mM. The shunt resistance consisted of two pathways: a paracellular one, due to the junctional complexes and another, around the edge of the tissue, due to the imperfect nature of the mechanical seal. In well-sealed tissues, the specific resistance of the shunt was about ten times the apical plus basal membrane specific resistances. This epithelium, therefore, should be considered \"tight\". The shunt pathway did not distinguish between anions (HCO--3, Cl--, methylsulfate, isethionate) but did distinguish between Na+ and K+."}
{"id": "PMID:302863", "title": "L-asparagine requirements of human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in culture.", "content": "The characterization of two human T-lymphocyte lines revealed that they required exogenous L-asparagine for cell growth, whereas all four B-cell lines studied were L-asparagine independent. T-cells were 800-2,000 times more sensitive to Escherichia coli L-asparaginase than were B-cells. The cytotoxic effects of a high concentration of L-asparaginase on B-cells were not related to the hydrolysis of L-asparagine but were due to heat-labile and heat-resistant substances in the enzyme. The findings were consistent with reports that L-asparaginase is effective in suppressing cellular immunity and inducing remission in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, mainly a non-B-cell disease. Thus these cell lines provide in vitro models for the study of a nutritional approach to chemotherapy or immunotherapy.", "contents": "L-asparagine requirements of human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in culture. The characterization of two human T-lymphocyte lines revealed that they required exogenous L-asparagine for cell growth, whereas all four B-cell lines studied were L-asparagine independent. T-cells were 800-2,000 times more sensitive to Escherichia coli L-asparaginase than were B-cells. The cytotoxic effects of a high concentration of L-asparaginase on B-cells were not related to the hydrolysis of L-asparagine but were due to heat-labile and heat-resistant substances in the enzyme. The findings were consistent with reports that L-asparaginase is effective in suppressing cellular immunity and inducing remission in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, mainly a non-B-cell disease. Thus these cell lines provide in vitro models for the study of a nutritional approach to chemotherapy or immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:302864", "title": "Species and rat strain variation in pancreatic nodule induction by azaserine.", "content": "Subtoxic doses of azaserine induced atypical acinar cell nodules (AACN) in the pancreases of outbred Wistar rats, inbred W/LEW and F344 rats, and outbred Charles River CD-1 albino mice 4-6 months after initiation of treatment in the growing animal. These AACN apparently represented preneoplastic lesions, some of which have the potential to develop into adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Wistar and W/LEW rats were highly responsive to nodule induction; AACN developed in about 90% of the outbred Wistar rats and in all of the W/LEW rats tested. F344 rats were less susceptible and developed about 10% as many AACN as the Wistar rats. Female rats developed approximately half as many AACN as males. The mouse was intermediate in response between the F344 and the two Wistar rats. Syrian golden hamsters and strain 13 guinea pigs were relatively unresponsive. These studies of azaserine-induced AACN provided a basis for selection of carcinogenic azaserine regimens and suggested that the young male W/LEW rat was the most sensitive of the animals studied.", "contents": "Species and rat strain variation in pancreatic nodule induction by azaserine. Subtoxic doses of azaserine induced atypical acinar cell nodules (AACN) in the pancreases of outbred Wistar rats, inbred W/LEW and F344 rats, and outbred Charles River CD-1 albino mice 4-6 months after initiation of treatment in the growing animal. These AACN apparently represented preneoplastic lesions, some of which have the potential to develop into adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Wistar and W/LEW rats were highly responsive to nodule induction; AACN developed in about 90% of the outbred Wistar rats and in all of the W/LEW rats tested. F344 rats were less susceptible and developed about 10% as many AACN as the Wistar rats. Female rats developed approximately half as many AACN as males. The mouse was intermediate in response between the F344 and the two Wistar rats. Syrian golden hamsters and strain 13 guinea pigs were relatively unresponsive. These studies of azaserine-induced AACN provided a basis for selection of carcinogenic azaserine regimens and suggested that the young male W/LEW rat was the most sensitive of the animals studied."}
{"id": "PMID:302865", "title": "Growth of human melanoma in nude mice: suppression by T-lymphocytes from the tumor donor: brief communication.", "content": "Human malignant melanoma cell lines established in tissue culture were successfully transplanted sc into BALB/c nude mice. The growth rate of the resulting tumors was significantly suppressed when lymphocytes from the patient in whom the tumor arose were injected iv into BALB/c nude mice at the same time as sc tumor transplantation, but inoculation with lymphocytes from a person without a tumor was ineffective. Cell separation identified T-lymphocytes as the active subpopulation. Growth of the tumors was also significantly suppressed by reconstitution of the mice with normal BALB/c lymphocytes; lymphocytes from BALB/c mice previously immunized against the melanoma line were not more effective than nonimmune lymphocytes in preventing tumor growth. Sera from normal BALB/c mice or BALB/c mice immunized against a human melanoma cell line effectively suppressed growth of that cell line in BALB/c nude mice if given at the time of tumor transplant. The results suggested that, whereas murine lymphocytes reconstitute the ability of nude mice to react to xenogeneic antigens on the human tumor, human lymphocytes showed greater specificity to autologous human melanoma-associated antigens.", "contents": "Growth of human melanoma in nude mice: suppression by T-lymphocytes from the tumor donor: brief communication. Human malignant melanoma cell lines established in tissue culture were successfully transplanted sc into BALB/c nude mice. The growth rate of the resulting tumors was significantly suppressed when lymphocytes from the patient in whom the tumor arose were injected iv into BALB/c nude mice at the same time as sc tumor transplantation, but inoculation with lymphocytes from a person without a tumor was ineffective. Cell separation identified T-lymphocytes as the active subpopulation. Growth of the tumors was also significantly suppressed by reconstitution of the mice with normal BALB/c lymphocytes; lymphocytes from BALB/c mice previously immunized against the melanoma line were not more effective than nonimmune lymphocytes in preventing tumor growth. Sera from normal BALB/c mice or BALB/c mice immunized against a human melanoma cell line effectively suppressed growth of that cell line in BALB/c nude mice if given at the time of tumor transplant. The results suggested that, whereas murine lymphocytes reconstitute the ability of nude mice to react to xenogeneic antigens on the human tumor, human lymphocytes showed greater specificity to autologous human melanoma-associated antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:302866", "title": "Deficient mitogen-induced virus plaque-forming cells in patients with localized cancer.", "content": "The virus plaque assay (VPA), an assay capable of enumerating mitogen- or antigen-sensitive T-lymphocytes in a given cell population, was applied to the study of mitogen responses of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in 50 patients with localized, solid cancers and in 29 normal controls. Concanavalin A (Con A)-responsive virus plaque-forming cells (V-PFC) were significantly reduced in the patients as compared with those of the controls. PBL from 20 of the patients but only 2 of the controls failed to show significant increments in V-PFC over background when cultured in the presence of Con A. This deficient response was also present in the patients when phytohemagglutinin was used as the mitogenic agent. Mitogen-stimulated uptake of [3H]thymidine (TdR) in parallel cultures failed to show a statistically significant difference between the patients and the controls, though some patients showed diminished stimulation in this assay. The VPA thus appeared to detect a defect of T-lymphocyte function not found in the [3H]TdR incorporation assay.", "contents": "Deficient mitogen-induced virus plaque-forming cells in patients with localized cancer. The virus plaque assay (VPA), an assay capable of enumerating mitogen- or antigen-sensitive T-lymphocytes in a given cell population, was applied to the study of mitogen responses of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in 50 patients with localized, solid cancers and in 29 normal controls. Concanavalin A (Con A)-responsive virus plaque-forming cells (V-PFC) were significantly reduced in the patients as compared with those of the controls. PBL from 20 of the patients but only 2 of the controls failed to show significant increments in V-PFC over background when cultured in the presence of Con A. This deficient response was also present in the patients when phytohemagglutinin was used as the mitogenic agent. Mitogen-stimulated uptake of [3H]thymidine (TdR) in parallel cultures failed to show a statistically significant difference between the patients and the controls, though some patients showed diminished stimulation in this assay. The VPA thus appeared to detect a defect of T-lymphocyte function not found in the [3H]TdR incorporation assay."}
{"id": "PMID:302867", "title": "Natural cell-mediated immunity to lymphoma cells. I. Characteristics of effector cells in a cytostasis assay in vitro.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal, nonimmune, CBA or (CBA X AKR)F1 mice markedly and rapidly inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine by two different T-cell lymphomas in an in vitro cytostasis assay. These were the I-529 lymphoma of spontaneous AKR origin and the Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced YAC lymphoma of A mouse origin. Spleen cells were the most efficient inhibitors for both types of target cells, whereas lymph node cells were much less active and thymus cells showed little or no activity. Granulocytes, as well as conventional T- and B-lymphocytes, were excluded as important contributors to the cytostatic cell population. Spleen cells were separated on nylon wool, Sephadex G-10 columns, or plastic petri dishes and tested for activity in the cytostasis assay or for cytotoxicity against 51Cr-labeled lymphoma target cells. Adherent cells carried almost all cytostatic activity against the AKR lymphoma but also showed significant cytotoxic activity against these target cells. In addition, the cytostatic activity against the YAC lymphoma was mainly due to adherent spleen cells, but nonadherent cells were relatively more active against this target than against I-529 cells. Such nonadherent spleen cells further showed increased cytotoxic activity, compared to the whole spleen cell population.", "contents": "Natural cell-mediated immunity to lymphoma cells. I. Characteristics of effector cells in a cytostasis assay in vitro. Spleen cells from normal, nonimmune, CBA or (CBA X AKR)F1 mice markedly and rapidly inhibited the incorporation of [3H]thymidine by two different T-cell lymphomas in an in vitro cytostasis assay. These were the I-529 lymphoma of spontaneous AKR origin and the Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced YAC lymphoma of A mouse origin. Spleen cells were the most efficient inhibitors for both types of target cells, whereas lymph node cells were much less active and thymus cells showed little or no activity. Granulocytes, as well as conventional T- and B-lymphocytes, were excluded as important contributors to the cytostatic cell population. Spleen cells were separated on nylon wool, Sephadex G-10 columns, or plastic petri dishes and tested for activity in the cytostasis assay or for cytotoxicity against 51Cr-labeled lymphoma target cells. Adherent cells carried almost all cytostatic activity against the AKR lymphoma but also showed significant cytotoxic activity against these target cells. In addition, the cytostatic activity against the YAC lymphoma was mainly due to adherent spleen cells, but nonadherent cells were relatively more active against this target than against I-529 cells. Such nonadherent spleen cells further showed increased cytotoxic activity, compared to the whole spleen cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:302878", "title": "[\"Transfer factor\" in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "After considering general preliminary immunological aspects, the author discuss the \"transfer factor\" of Lawrence (TF) which is one of the lymphokines that are produced by the thymus-dependent lymphocytes (LT). This factor whose nature and the probable constituent fractions are also considered, is the initiator of the cellular immunity. In immunodeficiencies, the LT should be stimulated by introducing the TF in the organism (immunotherapy). The possible use of other immunostimulating substances, which could replace the TF (levamisole BCG, thymosine), is also presented. Finally the author emphasize the large perspectives in the use of these factors in Ophthalmology: herpes, uveitis, melanoma, primary retinitis pigmentosa etc.).", "contents": "[\"Transfer factor\" in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. After considering general preliminary immunological aspects, the author discuss the \"transfer factor\" of Lawrence (TF) which is one of the lymphokines that are produced by the thymus-dependent lymphocytes (LT). This factor whose nature and the probable constituent fractions are also considered, is the initiator of the cellular immunity. In immunodeficiencies, the LT should be stimulated by introducing the TF in the organism (immunotherapy). The possible use of other immunostimulating substances, which could replace the TF (levamisole BCG, thymosine), is also presented. Finally the author emphasize the large perspectives in the use of these factors in Ophthalmology: herpes, uveitis, melanoma, primary retinitis pigmentosa etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:302881", "title": "The germfree leopard frog (Rana pipiens): preliminary report.", "content": "Eggs and sperm were aseptically collected from leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and passed into sterilized flexible film isolators. Egg fertilization was accomplished, and germfree tadpoles were produced. The germfree tadpoles were active and free-swimming for 3 weeks, but only 6.2% survived to 4 weeks of age. None survived after the 4th week.", "contents": "The germfree leopard frog (Rana pipiens): preliminary report. Eggs and sperm were aseptically collected from leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and passed into sterilized flexible film isolators. Egg fertilization was accomplished, and germfree tadpoles were produced. The germfree tadpoles were active and free-swimming for 3 weeks, but only 6.2% survived to 4 weeks of age. None survived after the 4th week."}
{"id": "PMID:302883", "title": "Immunoprofile studies for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. I. Correlation of pretherapy studies with survival.", "content": "The general immune competence of 146 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma was measured, prior to irradiation therapy, by determining dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactivity, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to microbial antigens, peripheral lymphocyte counts, peripheral T and B lymphocyte counts, and the response of patient's lymphocytes to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavallin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Analyses were performed by the life-table method to determine the correlation of the immune status of these patients with survival rates. Statistically significant differences in survival were noted between the groups of patients with normal values when compared with the patients with abnormal values for the majority of the tests of general immunity. A stage of disease correlation with survival rate was noted for all groups of patients with abnormal immune measurements, but it was absent for many of the immune parameters when patients with normal values were compared. The effects of histology, age, and sex did not appear to influence the survival data as significantly as did the immune status of the patient. These data indicate that measurements of general immune competence may be of significant prognostic value for the management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The measurement of DNCB reactivity shows the strongest correlation with survival rate.", "contents": "Immunoprofile studies for patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. I. Correlation of pretherapy studies with survival. The general immune competence of 146 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma was measured, prior to irradiation therapy, by determining dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactivity, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response to microbial antigens, peripheral lymphocyte counts, peripheral T and B lymphocyte counts, and the response of patient's lymphocytes to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavallin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Analyses were performed by the life-table method to determine the correlation of the immune status of these patients with survival rates. Statistically significant differences in survival were noted between the groups of patients with normal values when compared with the patients with abnormal values for the majority of the tests of general immunity. A stage of disease correlation with survival rate was noted for all groups of patients with abnormal immune measurements, but it was absent for many of the immune parameters when patients with normal values were compared. The effects of histology, age, and sex did not appear to influence the survival data as significantly as did the immune status of the patient. These data indicate that measurements of general immune competence may be of significant prognostic value for the management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. The measurement of DNCB reactivity shows the strongest correlation with survival rate."}
{"id": "PMID:302880", "title": "[State of vestibulotonic reflexes of rat hindlimb muscles after space flight on the satellite 'Cosmos-605\"].", "content": "The state of the vestibulo-tonic reflexes on hind-limb muscles of rats after the Cosmos-605 flight was investigated. As compared with the controls the flight animals showed a significant decrease of spontaneous bioelectric activity of muscles-extensors of hind-limbs. The response to an adequate stimulation of the vestibular organ was noticeably increased. The postflight changes were functional, varied in a wave-like pattern and decreased gradually.", "contents": "[State of vestibulotonic reflexes of rat hindlimb muscles after space flight on the satellite 'Cosmos-605\"]. The state of the vestibulo-tonic reflexes on hind-limb muscles of rats after the Cosmos-605 flight was investigated. As compared with the controls the flight animals showed a significant decrease of spontaneous bioelectric activity of muscles-extensors of hind-limbs. The response to an adequate stimulation of the vestibular organ was noticeably increased. The postflight changes were functional, varied in a wave-like pattern and decreased gradually."}
{"id": "PMID:302884", "title": "Disappearance of electrocardiographic pattern of inferior wall myocardial infarction after aorta-coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Three cases are presented showing the disappearance of electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of old inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI) after aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Evidence is presented to suggest that the loss of Q waves may be the result of reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium (two cases) and the \"cancelling effect\" of a new perioperative myocardial damage upon the ECG evidence of an old myocardial infarction (one case). Q waves do not always indicate permanent myocardial scar formation; they are sometimes transient and reversible. Review of the literature provides further experimental and clinical evidences to suggest that surgical reperfusion of peri-infarction ischemic myocardium is an explanation for the ECG change. Pre- and postoperative angiographic and ventriculographic correlations are needed to further clarify the mechanism and clinical significance of such cases.", "contents": "Disappearance of electrocardiographic pattern of inferior wall myocardial infarction after aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Three cases are presented showing the disappearance of electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of old inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI) after aorta-coronary bypass surgery. Evidence is presented to suggest that the loss of Q waves may be the result of reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium (two cases) and the \"cancelling effect\" of a new perioperative myocardial damage upon the ECG evidence of an old myocardial infarction (one case). Q waves do not always indicate permanent myocardial scar formation; they are sometimes transient and reversible. Review of the literature provides further experimental and clinical evidences to suggest that surgical reperfusion of peri-infarction ischemic myocardium is an explanation for the ECG change. Pre- and postoperative angiographic and ventriculographic correlations are needed to further clarify the mechanism and clinical significance of such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:302889", "title": "Normal opaque cerebellopontine cisternogram.", "content": "An attempt has been made through this study to establish a tumor suspect pool of 100 patients, each one highly suspect because of a single or usually several strong clinical indicators of a retrocochlear lesion. In turn each patient has been proven tumor negative by virtue of a normal opaque cerebellopontine cisternogram. This has given us a unique opportunity to critically reassess the clinical indications of VIIIth nerve tumor from a reverse or negative viewpoint. All data from these patients has been carefully analyzed in relation to indication for opaque cisternography, clinical symptomatology, vestibular function, final etiologic diagnosis, and the associated special auditory tests, tomograph of the internal auditory canal, the associated vestibular aqueduct findings. This paper parallels our earlier study of 121 surgically proven schwannomas providing a total tumor suspect pool of 221 patients with a comparable tumor positive-tumor negative distribution.", "contents": "Normal opaque cerebellopontine cisternogram. An attempt has been made through this study to establish a tumor suspect pool of 100 patients, each one highly suspect because of a single or usually several strong clinical indicators of a retrocochlear lesion. In turn each patient has been proven tumor negative by virtue of a normal opaque cerebellopontine cisternogram. This has given us a unique opportunity to critically reassess the clinical indications of VIIIth nerve tumor from a reverse or negative viewpoint. All data from these patients has been carefully analyzed in relation to indication for opaque cisternography, clinical symptomatology, vestibular function, final etiologic diagnosis, and the associated special auditory tests, tomograph of the internal auditory canal, the associated vestibular aqueduct findings. This paper parallels our earlier study of 121 surgically proven schwannomas providing a total tumor suspect pool of 221 patients with a comparable tumor positive-tumor negative distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:302892", "title": "[Fatal poison disease of a child following massive wasp stings (author's transl)[].", "content": "A child aged 4 years was stung by more than 250 wasps. There was no anaphylactic shock. There rather were increasingly heavy ictero-hemorrhagic symptoms with simultaneous insufficient kidney function. On the second day of the disease disorders of the CNS started, as well as circulation insufficiency and disorder of the heart function. According to the signs there was no intravasal coagulation or hemolysis. Heavy doses of corticoids were successless, just as a peritoneal dialysis starting on the 3rd day of the disease. The child died 5 and 1/2 day after the wasps' attack. The pathophysiology and the possible therapeutic consequences of the case as well as rapid protective actions in such a case of insect attack are being discussed.", "contents": "[Fatal poison disease of a child following massive wasp stings (author's transl)[]. A child aged 4 years was stung by more than 250 wasps. There was no anaphylactic shock. There rather were increasingly heavy ictero-hemorrhagic symptoms with simultaneous insufficient kidney function. On the second day of the disease disorders of the CNS started, as well as circulation insufficiency and disorder of the heart function. According to the signs there was no intravasal coagulation or hemolysis. Heavy doses of corticoids were successless, just as a peritoneal dialysis starting on the 3rd day of the disease. The child died 5 and 1/2 day after the wasps' attack. The pathophysiology and the possible therapeutic consequences of the case as well as rapid protective actions in such a case of insect attack are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302914", "title": "Sulfite oxidase deficiency. Biochemical and clinical investigations of a hereditary metabolic disorder in sulfur metabolism.", "content": "Study of a 4 1/2-year-old boy with the unusual combination of acute infantile hemiplegia, ectopia lentis and the absence of homocystinuria showed large amounts of abnormal sulfur-containing metabolites (sulfite, thiosulfate and S-sulfocysteine) in the urine. Sulfite and S-sulfocysteine were also present in the plasma. His inorganic sulfate excretion was only 50 per cent of total sulfur, as compared with 75 to 95 per cent by controls. Loading with L-cysteine hydrochloride and L-methionine further increased the excretion of sulfite and thiosulfate, but not inorganic sulfate excretion. Sulfite oxidase activity in skin fibroblasts average 1.07 nmol of cytochrome d reduced per milligram of protein per minute in control lines; it was not detectable (less than 5 per cent) in the patient. Activity was reduced in both parents (0.50 in the father and 0.32 in the mother)--compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance. Good biochemical responses to a low sulfur amino acid diet suggest that early treatment may benefit the patient.", "contents": "Sulfite oxidase deficiency. Biochemical and clinical investigations of a hereditary metabolic disorder in sulfur metabolism. Study of a 4 1/2-year-old boy with the unusual combination of acute infantile hemiplegia, ectopia lentis and the absence of homocystinuria showed large amounts of abnormal sulfur-containing metabolites (sulfite, thiosulfate and S-sulfocysteine) in the urine. Sulfite and S-sulfocysteine were also present in the plasma. His inorganic sulfate excretion was only 50 per cent of total sulfur, as compared with 75 to 95 per cent by controls. Loading with L-cysteine hydrochloride and L-methionine further increased the excretion of sulfite and thiosulfate, but not inorganic sulfate excretion. Sulfite oxidase activity in skin fibroblasts average 1.07 nmol of cytochrome d reduced per milligram of protein per minute in control lines; it was not detectable (less than 5 per cent) in the patient. Activity was reduced in both parents (0.50 in the father and 0.32 in the mother)--compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance. Good biochemical responses to a low sulfur amino acid diet suggest that early treatment may benefit the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:302920", "title": "Cultured epithelial cells of cornea, conjunctiva and skin: absence of marked intrinsic divergence of their differentiated states.", "content": "Keratinocytes of three different epithelia grown in cell culture express a large number of differentiation markers with either no differences or relatively small differences, depending on the species. Much of the distinctive phenotype of these epithelia in vivo must be due to external modulation and relatively little, at least in the case of the human, to permanent intrinsic divergence during development.", "contents": "Cultured epithelial cells of cornea, conjunctiva and skin: absence of marked intrinsic divergence of their differentiated states. Keratinocytes of three different epithelia grown in cell culture express a large number of differentiation markers with either no differences or relatively small differences, depending on the species. Much of the distinctive phenotype of these epithelia in vivo must be due to external modulation and relatively little, at least in the case of the human, to permanent intrinsic divergence during development."}
{"id": "PMID:302922", "title": "[Effect of calcium channel blockaders (verapamil, D-600 and manganese ions) on mediator release from frog muscle motor nerve endings].", "content": "The reduction in the EPPs quantum content produced by manganese ions (0.4-5.0 mM) was observed in the frog sartorius muscle. In contrast to the inhibitory action on the evoked release, manganese ions increased a spontaneous transmitter release. Verapamil (1-10(-6)-5-10(-5) g/ml) and D-600 (2.5-10(-5) g/ml) did not inhibit the evoked release but increased the spontaneous one. All the calcium antagonists studied were able to prevent the facilitatory effect of imidazole (3 mM) on neuromuscular transmission. Verapamil (5-10(-6)-5-10(-5) g/ml) disturbed the action potential generation during the repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve. Manganese ions were ineffective in this respect. A conclusion is made that the calcium ionic channels in the nerve terminals differ from the calcium channels in some other tissues (heart, soma of neurons etc.).", "contents": "[Effect of calcium channel blockaders (verapamil, D-600 and manganese ions) on mediator release from frog muscle motor nerve endings]. The reduction in the EPPs quantum content produced by manganese ions (0.4-5.0 mM) was observed in the frog sartorius muscle. In contrast to the inhibitory action on the evoked release, manganese ions increased a spontaneous transmitter release. Verapamil (1-10(-6)-5-10(-5) g/ml) and D-600 (2.5-10(-5) g/ml) did not inhibit the evoked release but increased the spontaneous one. All the calcium antagonists studied were able to prevent the facilitatory effect of imidazole (3 mM) on neuromuscular transmission. Verapamil (5-10(-6)-5-10(-5) g/ml) disturbed the action potential generation during the repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve. Manganese ions were ineffective in this respect. A conclusion is made that the calcium ionic channels in the nerve terminals differ from the calcium channels in some other tissues (heart, soma of neurons etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:302923", "title": "[Relationship between temperature and calcium ion concentration in the medium and the effect of imidazole, guanidine and theophylline on mediator release at the frog neuromuscular synapse].", "content": "The effect of imidazole, guanidine and theophylline on the spontaneous (frequency of miniature end-plate potentials) and evoked (quantum content of end-plate potentials) release of transmitter was studied in the experiments on isolated frog neuromuscular preparation under different temperature and calcium concentration. All the drugs studied were able to enhance the quantal content and frequency under 20 degrees C and 0.5 mM Ca2+. The potency of drugs for increasing evoked release could be ranked as follows: imidazole approximately guanidine greater than theophylline, but for increasing spontaneous release; theophylline greater than imidazole approximately guanidine. Only the effect of theophylline on the frequency depended on temperature. Imidazole and theophylline were independent on calcium concentrations. The possible differences in the mechanism of drug action on spontaneous and evoked release of transmitter are discussed.", "contents": "[Relationship between temperature and calcium ion concentration in the medium and the effect of imidazole, guanidine and theophylline on mediator release at the frog neuromuscular synapse]. The effect of imidazole, guanidine and theophylline on the spontaneous (frequency of miniature end-plate potentials) and evoked (quantum content of end-plate potentials) release of transmitter was studied in the experiments on isolated frog neuromuscular preparation under different temperature and calcium concentration. All the drugs studied were able to enhance the quantal content and frequency under 20 degrees C and 0.5 mM Ca2+. The potency of drugs for increasing evoked release could be ranked as follows: imidazole approximately guanidine greater than theophylline, but for increasing spontaneous release; theophylline greater than imidazole approximately guanidine. Only the effect of theophylline on the frequency depended on temperature. Imidazole and theophylline were independent on calcium concentrations. The possible differences in the mechanism of drug action on spontaneous and evoked release of transmitter are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302926", "title": "[Spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. I. Structurally stable morphogenetic movements].", "content": "The movements of cells in the oral field of anuran embryos were followed by means of orto- and heterotopic transplantations of the ectoderm fragments. To mark individual ectoderm regions, the embryos were used which differed from each other by colour. The cells polarize along the apical-basal layer axis and the polarization spreads along the layer as a waver embracing consecutively new and new cells. The waves of morphogenetic rearrangements from the spatial deploiments of morphogenetic movement, i. e. the transition between the local morphologies of the layer which replace one another in time is swept continuously in space. The presence of spatial sweep is the necessary condition for the structural stability of morphogenetic movements.", "contents": "[Spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. I. Structurally stable morphogenetic movements]. The movements of cells in the oral field of anuran embryos were followed by means of orto- and heterotopic transplantations of the ectoderm fragments. To mark individual ectoderm regions, the embryos were used which differed from each other by colour. The cells polarize along the apical-basal layer axis and the polarization spreads along the layer as a waver embracing consecutively new and new cells. The waves of morphogenetic rearrangements from the spatial deploiments of morphogenetic movement, i. e. the transition between the local morphologies of the layer which replace one another in time is swept continuously in space. The presence of spatial sweep is the necessary condition for the structural stability of morphogenetic movements."}
{"id": "PMID:302927", "title": "[Spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. II. The structure of the oral field].", "content": "The structure of morphogenetic movements in the oral field of Anura was studied. The movement of any region of the oral field depends on several \"elementary waves\" of morphogenetic rearrangements, each of them being swept in space along the same cell layer. The waves of morphological rearrangements of cells from different layers are coupled with each other in a stable manner. The cells of the given layer are involved in their morphogenetic movements consecutively, whereas the morphogenetic movements of cells in the interrelated layers are developed in parallel. The waves of morphological rearrangements are those of contact polarization of the cells and, under certain conditions, are spread within several minutes.", "contents": "[Spatial deployments of morphogenetic movements as elements of the oral field in anuran amphibians. II. The structure of the oral field]. The structure of morphogenetic movements in the oral field of Anura was studied. The movement of any region of the oral field depends on several \"elementary waves\" of morphogenetic rearrangements, each of them being swept in space along the same cell layer. The waves of morphological rearrangements of cells from different layers are coupled with each other in a stable manner. The cells of the given layer are involved in their morphogenetic movements consecutively, whereas the morphogenetic movements of cells in the interrelated layers are developed in parallel. The waves of morphological rearrangements are those of contact polarization of the cells and, under certain conditions, are spread within several minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:302929", "title": "Thrombocythemia as a cause of oral hemorrhage.", "content": "Thrombocythemia is characterized by an increase in platelet numbers coupled with abnormal function. Three cases diagnosed after referral to an oral surgeon are presented. In each case the reason for referral concerned excessive dental hemorrhage. Thrombocythemia should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of oral hemorrhage.", "contents": "Thrombocythemia as a cause of oral hemorrhage. Thrombocythemia is characterized by an increase in platelet numbers coupled with abnormal function. Three cases diagnosed after referral to an oral surgeon are presented. In each case the reason for referral concerned excessive dental hemorrhage. Thrombocythemia should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of oral hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:302930", "title": "Psychophysical determination of the phase characteristic of the vestibular system of man for sinusoidal oscillation in yaw.", "content": "The phase characteristic of the vestibular system of man was determined for sinusoidal oscillation in yaw in the frequency range from 0.0025 to 0.4 Hz. Three different sets of experimental conditions were used: (1) a dark room with a fixation light; stimulus: sinusoidal rotation; (2) a dark room without a fixation light; stimulus: sinusoidal rotation + noise, and (3) a dark room without a fixation light; stimulus; sinusoidal rotation. the sensation leads the velocity by about 90 degrees at 0.005 Hz. The phase lead decreased for higher frequencies becoming nearly zero at 0.05 Hz and remaining constant in the frequency range 0.05 to 0.4 Hz. A phase lag was not found. At very low frequencies (less than 0.005 Hz), the phase lead was more than 90 degrees. The results can be described in terms of a second-order model with time constants Tau1 = 20 sec and Tau2 = 0.013 sec and an adaptation term with a time constant of Taau = 0.40 sec.", "contents": "Psychophysical determination of the phase characteristic of the vestibular system of man for sinusoidal oscillation in yaw. The phase characteristic of the vestibular system of man was determined for sinusoidal oscillation in yaw in the frequency range from 0.0025 to 0.4 Hz. Three different sets of experimental conditions were used: (1) a dark room with a fixation light; stimulus: sinusoidal rotation; (2) a dark room without a fixation light; stimulus: sinusoidal rotation + noise, and (3) a dark room without a fixation light; stimulus; sinusoidal rotation. the sensation leads the velocity by about 90 degrees at 0.005 Hz. The phase lead decreased for higher frequencies becoming nearly zero at 0.05 Hz and remaining constant in the frequency range 0.05 to 0.4 Hz. A phase lag was not found. At very low frequencies (less than 0.005 Hz), the phase lead was more than 90 degrees. The results can be described in terms of a second-order model with time constants Tau1 = 20 sec and Tau2 = 0.013 sec and an adaptation term with a time constant of Taau = 0.40 sec."}
{"id": "PMID:302933", "title": "[The Ly-Li system, a new locus of the HLA complex].", "content": "Antibodies raised through immunization of volunteers not differing for serologically defined HLA-A, B and C antigens enabled us to define since 1975 a new antigenic system controlled by the HLA complex. These new allo-antigens, designated Ly-Li, are expressed on B lymphocytes but are absent from T lymphocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Multiple alleles belong to the Ly-Li differentiation antigen system. The gene frequencies of three alleles thus far detected are 0.1558 for Li2; 0.1867 for Li3 and 0.122 for Li4. Like in the serologically defined HLA antigen systems, \"inclusions\" were observed also in Ly-Li system, suggesting the existence of private and public specificities. Among 48 families, 23 were informative in showing that the Ly-Li locus segregated with the HLA complex. Data on three families with recombinant haplotypes between HLA-B and D, and between Bf and HLA-D, indicated that the Ly-Li locus was near HLA-D (possibly identical with HLA-D). Anti-Ly-Li antibodies inhibited cellular proliferation in mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) primarily when directed against the antigens of stimulator cells. There was a good correlation between Ly-Li and HLA-D alleles, particularly between Li2 and DW5 (r = 0.70). Usually, HLA-D specificities were \"included\" in the related Ly-Li specificities, but not vice-versa. In contrast, there was a higher correlation between Ly-Li specificities and those detected by the PLT (primed lymphocyte test). The Ly-Li system seems to be of great importance for the functional characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations, for the selection of the best donor in organ transplantation, and for the investigation of susceptibility genes in diseases associated with HLA-D.", "contents": "[The Ly-Li system, a new locus of the HLA complex]. Antibodies raised through immunization of volunteers not differing for serologically defined HLA-A, B and C antigens enabled us to define since 1975 a new antigenic system controlled by the HLA complex. These new allo-antigens, designated Ly-Li, are expressed on B lymphocytes but are absent from T lymphocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Multiple alleles belong to the Ly-Li differentiation antigen system. The gene frequencies of three alleles thus far detected are 0.1558 for Li2; 0.1867 for Li3 and 0.122 for Li4. Like in the serologically defined HLA antigen systems, \"inclusions\" were observed also in Ly-Li system, suggesting the existence of private and public specificities. Among 48 families, 23 were informative in showing that the Ly-Li locus segregated with the HLA complex. Data on three families with recombinant haplotypes between HLA-B and D, and between Bf and HLA-D, indicated that the Ly-Li locus was near HLA-D (possibly identical with HLA-D). Anti-Ly-Li antibodies inhibited cellular proliferation in mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) primarily when directed against the antigens of stimulator cells. There was a good correlation between Ly-Li and HLA-D alleles, particularly between Li2 and DW5 (r = 0.70). Usually, HLA-D specificities were \"included\" in the related Ly-Li specificities, but not vice-versa. In contrast, there was a higher correlation between Ly-Li specificities and those detected by the PLT (primed lymphocyte test). The Ly-Li system seems to be of great importance for the functional characterization of lymphocyte subpopulations, for the selection of the best donor in organ transplantation, and for the investigation of susceptibility genes in diseases associated with HLA-D."}
{"id": "PMID:302934", "title": "[Immunological tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of disseminated lupus erythematosus, before treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-four patients classified according to clinical manifestations, and renal pathological lesions have been submitted to a detailed immunological study before treatment. Four tests have provided significant correlations: antinative DNA antibodies (studied by a Farr test), C3, E rosette and cryoglobulins. The simultaneous considerations of these 4 parameters is however necessary in a given patient because each of them, taken separately, has no absolute value and may sometimes be clearly abnormal in patients with apparently benign outcome.", "contents": "[Immunological tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of disseminated lupus erythematosus, before treatment (author's transl)]. Sixty-four patients classified according to clinical manifestations, and renal pathological lesions have been submitted to a detailed immunological study before treatment. Four tests have provided significant correlations: antinative DNA antibodies (studied by a Farr test), C3, E rosette and cryoglobulins. The simultaneous considerations of these 4 parameters is however necessary in a given patient because each of them, taken separately, has no absolute value and may sometimes be clearly abnormal in patients with apparently benign outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:302943", "title": "Sequential stages of human T lymphocyte differentiation.", "content": "Induction of thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) differentiation was performed in vitro with thymic factors as inducers. T cell precursors from human bone marrow first expressed surface differentiation antigens and then acquired the capacity to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The latter marker could not be induced when cells with differentiation antigens had been eliminated. The proliferative responses to phytomitogens or to allogeneic stimuli appeared to be characteristics of later stages in differentiation that also can be induced or amplified by in vitro incubation of marrow cells or thymocytes with thymic factors. When phytomitogen-responsive cells from peripheral blood were inactivated in vitro, the allogeneic response was enhanced. Although these responses are acquired almost concomitantly, they are therefore envisioned to be characteristics of separate T cell subsets. After immunological reconstitution of patients, the T cell development in vivo involves a succession of differentiation events similar to that described above. Our experiments with mice, using similar methods, have also shown that graft-versus-host inducing capacity is a function of a cell population distinct from that which yields a proliferative response to in vitro stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. These results support our model of sequential differentiation of human prothymocytes into various subsets of mature T cells.", "contents": "Sequential stages of human T lymphocyte differentiation. Induction of thymus-dependent lymphocyte (T cell) differentiation was performed in vitro with thymic factors as inducers. T cell precursors from human bone marrow first expressed surface differentiation antigens and then acquired the capacity to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The latter marker could not be induced when cells with differentiation antigens had been eliminated. The proliferative responses to phytomitogens or to allogeneic stimuli appeared to be characteristics of later stages in differentiation that also can be induced or amplified by in vitro incubation of marrow cells or thymocytes with thymic factors. When phytomitogen-responsive cells from peripheral blood were inactivated in vitro, the allogeneic response was enhanced. Although these responses are acquired almost concomitantly, they are therefore envisioned to be characteristics of separate T cell subsets. After immunological reconstitution of patients, the T cell development in vivo involves a succession of differentiation events similar to that described above. Our experiments with mice, using similar methods, have also shown that graft-versus-host inducing capacity is a function of a cell population distinct from that which yields a proliferative response to in vitro stimulation by phytohemagglutinin. These results support our model of sequential differentiation of human prothymocytes into various subsets of mature T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302944", "title": "HLA-D associated alloantisera react with molecules similar to Ia antigens.", "content": "Two human alloantisera specific to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) were shown to precipitate polypeptide chains of 29,000 and 34,000 daltons from human lymphoblastoid B cell lines. These molecules are similar to murine Ia antigens and are also precipitated by a rabbit B-cell specific heteroantiserum. Since the alloantisera are thought to recognize determinants coded by HLA-D or closely linked loci, these data support the hypothesis that these B-cell specific alloantigens are the human counterpart of the mouse Ia antigens and may be the products of HLA-D.", "contents": "HLA-D associated alloantisera react with molecules similar to Ia antigens. Two human alloantisera specific to bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (B cells) were shown to precipitate polypeptide chains of 29,000 and 34,000 daltons from human lymphoblastoid B cell lines. These molecules are similar to murine Ia antigens and are also precipitated by a rabbit B-cell specific heteroantiserum. Since the alloantisera are thought to recognize determinants coded by HLA-D or closely linked loci, these data support the hypothesis that these B-cell specific alloantigens are the human counterpart of the mouse Ia antigens and may be the products of HLA-D."}
{"id": "PMID:302945", "title": "Variants of 3T3 cells lacking mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor.", "content": "We have previously demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can serve as a potent mitogen for 3T3 cells. We have now selected variant 3T3 cell lines unable to respond to EGF, in order to define cellular events unique to the EGF response and to distinguish which of these events are necessary and which are merely correlative to mitogenesis. By simultaneously treating cells with EGF and colchicine, we eliminated those cells stimulated by EGF to enter mitosis. Of the eight clonal EGF nonresponder variants selected by this procedure, none retains a functional EGF receptor. The EGF nonresponsive va-riant lines still retain the ability to respond to other mitogens.", "contents": "Variants of 3T3 cells lacking mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor. We have previously demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) can serve as a potent mitogen for 3T3 cells. We have now selected variant 3T3 cell lines unable to respond to EGF, in order to define cellular events unique to the EGF response and to distinguish which of these events are necessary and which are merely correlative to mitogenesis. By simultaneously treating cells with EGF and colchicine, we eliminated those cells stimulated by EGF to enter mitosis. Of the eight clonal EGF nonresponder variants selected by this procedure, none retains a functional EGF receptor. The EGF nonresponsive va-riant lines still retain the ability to respond to other mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:302946", "title": "beta-Endorphin: development of tolerance and its reversal by 5-hydroxytryptophan in cats.", "content": "Tolerance to beta-endorphin developed acutely in cats if the administration of the peptide was repeated within the first 24 hr. The tolerance was reversed immediately by systemic administration of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan. It was further shown that 5-hydroxytryptophan potentiates the analgesic effect of the subliminal dose of beta-endorphin.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin: development of tolerance and its reversal by 5-hydroxytryptophan in cats. Tolerance to beta-endorphin developed acutely in cats if the administration of the peptide was repeated within the first 24 hr. The tolerance was reversed immediately by systemic administration of the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan. It was further shown that 5-hydroxytryptophan potentiates the analgesic effect of the subliminal dose of beta-endorphin."}
{"id": "PMID:302947", "title": "Transport of alpha-amylase across the basolateral membrane of the pancreatic acinar cell.", "content": "The flux of alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) across the basolateral membrane of the acinar cell was measured in the cell-to-bath direction using the whole rabbit pancreas in organ culture. This in vitro preparation is polarized so that apical and basolateral secretions can be collected separately. The unstimulated amylase flux from cell to bath was substantial at the initial rate (approximately three times the concurrent apical flux). With time, bath amylase approached a steady-state concentration, suggesting an equilbrating process. During the same time interval, ductal amylase secretion remained constant. At the steady state, the amylase concentration in the bath was at least an order of magnitude less than its ductal concentration. Hourly replacement of bathing medium reproduced the initial rate of amylase release into the bath for five consecutive hours. Pancreozymin (cholecystokinin), a peptide hormone, did not alter the steady-state bath amylase content, although it greatly augmented ductal amylase secretion. In contrast, a cholinergic agonist greatly increased both the flux from the cell to bath and the ductal secretion of amylase. Taken together, these results indicate a natural bidirectional permeability of the basolateral membrane to digestive enzyme and support evidence previously obtained suggesting that such a permeability might exist.", "contents": "Transport of alpha-amylase across the basolateral membrane of the pancreatic acinar cell. The flux of alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.1) across the basolateral membrane of the acinar cell was measured in the cell-to-bath direction using the whole rabbit pancreas in organ culture. This in vitro preparation is polarized so that apical and basolateral secretions can be collected separately. The unstimulated amylase flux from cell to bath was substantial at the initial rate (approximately three times the concurrent apical flux). With time, bath amylase approached a steady-state concentration, suggesting an equilbrating process. During the same time interval, ductal amylase secretion remained constant. At the steady state, the amylase concentration in the bath was at least an order of magnitude less than its ductal concentration. Hourly replacement of bathing medium reproduced the initial rate of amylase release into the bath for five consecutive hours. Pancreozymin (cholecystokinin), a peptide hormone, did not alter the steady-state bath amylase content, although it greatly augmented ductal amylase secretion. In contrast, a cholinergic agonist greatly increased both the flux from the cell to bath and the ductal secretion of amylase. Taken together, these results indicate a natural bidirectional permeability of the basolateral membrane to digestive enzyme and support evidence previously obtained suggesting that such a permeability might exist."}
{"id": "PMID:302952", "title": "Periventricular spread of tumor demonstrated by computed tomography.", "content": "Spread of intracranial neoplasms through the periventricular tissues of the brain is well known to neuropathologists, but is almost never recognized by the usual neuroradiologic techniques of angiography and pneumoencephalography. Periventricular tumor spread can, however, be readily dmonstrated by contrast-enhanced CT scanning. This report documents 4 cases of periventricular tumor diagnosed by CT scanning.", "contents": "Periventricular spread of tumor demonstrated by computed tomography. Spread of intracranial neoplasms through the periventricular tissues of the brain is well known to neuropathologists, but is almost never recognized by the usual neuroradiologic techniques of angiography and pneumoencephalography. Periventricular tumor spread can, however, be readily dmonstrated by contrast-enhanced CT scanning. This report documents 4 cases of periventricular tumor diagnosed by CT scanning."}
{"id": "PMID:302979", "title": "Hypoimmunoglobulinaemia and aplastic anaemia.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels were estimated in 19 patients with aplastic anaemia. Although the mean levels for IgG, IgA and IgM for the group as a whole were within the normal range, 8 individual cases showed low levels of one or more immunoglobulin class, suggesting a disturbance in immunoglobulin production. One of these patients had a thymoma, and another positive tests for anti-nuclear factor, but there was no evidence of auto-immune disease in the others. It is suggested that 'aplastic anaemia' may sometimes be a disease due to injury of a stem cell subserving both haemopoietic and immunological function.", "contents": "Hypoimmunoglobulinaemia and aplastic anaemia. Serum immunoglobulin levels were estimated in 19 patients with aplastic anaemia. Although the mean levels for IgG, IgA and IgM for the group as a whole were within the normal range, 8 individual cases showed low levels of one or more immunoglobulin class, suggesting a disturbance in immunoglobulin production. One of these patients had a thymoma, and another positive tests for anti-nuclear factor, but there was no evidence of auto-immune disease in the others. It is suggested that 'aplastic anaemia' may sometimes be a disease due to injury of a stem cell subserving both haemopoietic and immunological function."}
{"id": "PMID:302980", "title": "Functional heterogeneity of splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations. I. Determination of splenic subpopulations by the use of mitogneic probes.", "content": "The results reported here suggest that there exist two T-cell-mitogenic responsive populations in the spleen--one that is responsive to concanavalin A (Con A) and a second one that is responsive to Con A and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Using an in vitro restimulation system, we have found that a primary in vivo activation with Con A effectively suppresses the subsequent restimulation response to PHA. However, in the reverse experiment, a primary in vivo PHA activation had little effect on the ability of cells to be restimulated with Con A. The suppression seen was due to a refractory recovery period displayed by all cells after previous activation and not to a nonspecific steric hindrance of mitogenic activation receptors due to the lectin remaining on the cell surfaces.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity of splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations. I. Determination of splenic subpopulations by the use of mitogneic probes. The results reported here suggest that there exist two T-cell-mitogenic responsive populations in the spleen--one that is responsive to concanavalin A (Con A) and a second one that is responsive to Con A and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Using an in vitro restimulation system, we have found that a primary in vivo activation with Con A effectively suppresses the subsequent restimulation response to PHA. However, in the reverse experiment, a primary in vivo PHA activation had little effect on the ability of cells to be restimulated with Con A. The suppression seen was due to a refractory recovery period displayed by all cells after previous activation and not to a nonspecific steric hindrance of mitogenic activation receptors due to the lectin remaining on the cell surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:302981", "title": "HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' antigens on human macrophages.", "content": "Human macrophages procured by culture of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for reactivity in complement-dependent cytotoxicity tests with antisera having specificity for HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' B-cell antigens. The antisera were found to be cytotoxic for 30%-70% of the macrophages from donors whose B cells were also reactive, and absorption with B cells also removed macrophage cytotoxicity. A B-cell xenoantiserum was also cytotoxic to macrophages. It is concluded that the HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' antigens present on B cells are also expressed by macrophages, at least on a subpopulation.", "contents": "HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' antigens on human macrophages. Human macrophages procured by culture of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for reactivity in complement-dependent cytotoxicity tests with antisera having specificity for HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' B-cell antigens. The antisera were found to be cytotoxic for 30%-70% of the macrophages from donors whose B cells were also reactive, and absorption with B cells also removed macrophage cytotoxicity. A B-cell xenoantiserum was also cytotoxic to macrophages. It is concluded that the HLA-D-associated 'Ia-like' antigens present on B cells are also expressed by macrophages, at least on a subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:302982", "title": "T-lymphocyte recognition of alloantigen in vitro. I. Significance of Fc-receptor-positive T and B stimulator cell in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "The present report deals with our attempts to characterize the potent stimulator cell(s) that induce Fc receptor (FcR)-negative T lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. We found two categories of such cells: [1] resting B cells, FcR+ T cells, and macrophages and [2] T cells either activated in 800-R-irradiated mice against H-2 antigens or M-locus antigens or activated in vitro by concanavalin A. The distinction between potent and weak stimulator cells is discussed in relation to the surface antigenic markers and the immunological function of these cells.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte recognition of alloantigen in vitro. I. Significance of Fc-receptor-positive T and B stimulator cell in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The present report deals with our attempts to characterize the potent stimulator cell(s) that induce Fc receptor (FcR)-negative T lymphocytes to differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. We found two categories of such cells: [1] resting B cells, FcR+ T cells, and macrophages and [2] T cells either activated in 800-R-irradiated mice against H-2 antigens or M-locus antigens or activated in vitro by concanavalin A. The distinction between potent and weak stimulator cells is discussed in relation to the surface antigenic markers and the immunological function of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:302983", "title": "Changes in age and need for care among patients in a geriatric institution during a two-year period.", "content": "Two cross-sectional studies, carried out at an interval of exactly 2 years at a geriatric institution accomodating about 1400 residents, show an increase in the age of the patients and in the need for care after the 2 years. An analysis of the conditions shows that the changes are due to the surviving patients becoming older and in need of more care, without adequate compensation for this trend having been taken into account when admitting new patients. The admittance and staff aspects connected with these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Changes in age and need for care among patients in a geriatric institution during a two-year period. Two cross-sectional studies, carried out at an interval of exactly 2 years at a geriatric institution accomodating about 1400 residents, show an increase in the age of the patients and in the need for care after the 2 years. An analysis of the conditions shows that the changes are due to the surviving patients becoming older and in need of more care, without adequate compensation for this trend having been taken into account when admitting new patients. The admittance and staff aspects connected with these changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:302984", "title": "[Screening of newborn infants in cystic fibrosis. Evaluation of a 4-year study in Switzerland].", "content": "The results of an evaluation over 4 years (1973-1976) of 16,620 BM-tests (Boehringer-Mannheim newborn screening for cystic fibrosis) at 8 hospitals in Switzerland are presented and the data from analysis of albumin, protein and alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations, and on trypsin-inhibitory capacity of the meconia are discussed. 99.5% of the tests were negative. Of the remaining 0.5% BM-positive tests, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis required confirmation by sweat test and clinical course in 6 cases, or 0.04% of the total collective. The test was false-negative in 2 cases (0.012%), of which one had a primary pulmonary form of cystic fibrosis. The study shows that the BM-test, as screening test for cystic fibrosis, makes it possible to distinguish between \"normal\" and \"suspect\". By calculating the ratio albumin to alpha1-antitrypsin, it would be possible to verify the probability of a reliable diagnosis as early as a few days after birth. As before, however, it would be indispensable to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by a sweat test with pilocarpin iontophoresis. By consistent screening in all obstetric and pediatric clinics it would be possible to improve early diagnosis still further.", "contents": "[Screening of newborn infants in cystic fibrosis. Evaluation of a 4-year study in Switzerland]. The results of an evaluation over 4 years (1973-1976) of 16,620 BM-tests (Boehringer-Mannheim newborn screening for cystic fibrosis) at 8 hospitals in Switzerland are presented and the data from analysis of albumin, protein and alpha1-antitrypsin concentrations, and on trypsin-inhibitory capacity of the meconia are discussed. 99.5% of the tests were negative. Of the remaining 0.5% BM-positive tests, the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis required confirmation by sweat test and clinical course in 6 cases, or 0.04% of the total collective. The test was false-negative in 2 cases (0.012%), of which one had a primary pulmonary form of cystic fibrosis. The study shows that the BM-test, as screening test for cystic fibrosis, makes it possible to distinguish between \"normal\" and \"suspect\". By calculating the ratio albumin to alpha1-antitrypsin, it would be possible to verify the probability of a reliable diagnosis as early as a few days after birth. As before, however, it would be indispensable to confirm the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis by a sweat test with pilocarpin iontophoresis. By consistent screening in all obstetric and pediatric clinics it would be possible to improve early diagnosis still further."}
{"id": "PMID:302985", "title": "Arteriosclerosis: is stress-induced immune suppression a risk factor?", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley rats, purchased as retired breeders, developed arteriosclerosis that was accompanied by immune complex deposition in the arterial lesion and depressed immune responsiveness to T cell mitogens.", "contents": "Arteriosclerosis: is stress-induced immune suppression a risk factor? Female Sprague-Dawley rats, purchased as retired breeders, developed arteriosclerosis that was accompanied by immune complex deposition in the arterial lesion and depressed immune responsiveness to T cell mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:302986", "title": "Simultaneous effects of erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factor on bone marrow cells.", "content": "Erythropoietin or colony-stimulating factor, or both, were added to rat or mouse marrow cell cultures, and the responses to each inducer were measured. Colony-stimulating factor caused the suppression of erythropoietin-stimulated hemoglobin synthesis, and erythropoietin caused the suppression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony formation that is dependent on colony-stimulating factor. The extent of suppression by each inducer was dose-dependent. Marrow cells from plethoric rats were more sensitive to suppression of erythropoietin action by colony-stimulating factor than were normal marrow cells. These findings suggest that either (i) the receptors for erythropoietin and for colony-stimulating factor have overlapping specificities and that the \"wrong\" inducer may bind without having an inductive effect, or (ii) the target cells for erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factor are very closely related or are the same.", "contents": "Simultaneous effects of erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factor on bone marrow cells. Erythropoietin or colony-stimulating factor, or both, were added to rat or mouse marrow cell cultures, and the responses to each inducer were measured. Colony-stimulating factor caused the suppression of erythropoietin-stimulated hemoglobin synthesis, and erythropoietin caused the suppression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony formation that is dependent on colony-stimulating factor. The extent of suppression by each inducer was dose-dependent. Marrow cells from plethoric rats were more sensitive to suppression of erythropoietin action by colony-stimulating factor than were normal marrow cells. These findings suggest that either (i) the receptors for erythropoietin and for colony-stimulating factor have overlapping specificities and that the \"wrong\" inducer may bind without having an inductive effect, or (ii) the target cells for erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factor are very closely related or are the same."}
{"id": "PMID:302988", "title": "Gastric mucosal barrier, drug-induced acute erosive gastritis and stress ulcer.", "content": "Gastric mucin probably plays an insignificant role in the protection of gastric mucosa. The metabolic integrity of the mucosal cells is important in the maintenance of the gastric mucosal barrier. Various drugs and \"stress\" break the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing increased back diffusion of hydrogen ions and causing gastric erosions, stress ulcers, and gastric bleeding. Presence of acid seems to be necessary for the occurrence of these lesions. Acute gastric mucosal lesions as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are best diagnosed by fiberoptic endoscopy. Antacids may be effective in preventing these lesions.", "contents": "Gastric mucosal barrier, drug-induced acute erosive gastritis and stress ulcer. Gastric mucin probably plays an insignificant role in the protection of gastric mucosa. The metabolic integrity of the mucosal cells is important in the maintenance of the gastric mucosal barrier. Various drugs and \"stress\" break the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing increased back diffusion of hydrogen ions and causing gastric erosions, stress ulcers, and gastric bleeding. Presence of acid seems to be necessary for the occurrence of these lesions. Acute gastric mucosal lesions as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are best diagnosed by fiberoptic endoscopy. Antacids may be effective in preventing these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:302994", "title": "Central hemodynamics in acute gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "In 15 patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding, central hemodynamics were monitored by means of a flow directed thermodilution catheter. Also, the systemic blood pressure, heart rate, blood volume and oxygen saturation in arterial and mixed venous blood were measured. In patients without cardiac insufficiency, the pulmonary artery mean pressure was found to be the hemodynamic parameter giving the most clear and constant evidence of hypovolemia. In patients with left ventricular failure and hypovolemia, the pulmonary artery pressures revealed cardiac insufficiency, and the central venous pressure indicated the degree of hypovolemia. The method has proved useful in observing patients with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicated by cardiac disease, cirrhosis of the liver or the frailty of old age.", "contents": "Central hemodynamics in acute gastrointestinal bleeding. In 15 patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding, central hemodynamics were monitored by means of a flow directed thermodilution catheter. Also, the systemic blood pressure, heart rate, blood volume and oxygen saturation in arterial and mixed venous blood were measured. In patients without cardiac insufficiency, the pulmonary artery mean pressure was found to be the hemodynamic parameter giving the most clear and constant evidence of hypovolemia. In patients with left ventricular failure and hypovolemia, the pulmonary artery pressures revealed cardiac insufficiency, and the central venous pressure indicated the degree of hypovolemia. The method has proved useful in observing patients with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage complicated by cardiac disease, cirrhosis of the liver or the frailty of old age."}
{"id": "PMID:302999", "title": "The mechanisms of the action of electrical stimulation of muscles.", "content": "The mechanisms of the action of electrical stimulation of muscles are discussed. We believe that the principal cause for the good results obtained in cases of stress incontinence with electrical stimulation must be due to the formation of a better reflex in contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor. This, however, envolves changes at the level of the spinal cord. By the help of stimulation the patient learns to use the urethral sphincter and secondary forces of retention in a better and a more proper way. The good results obtained in the treatment of some cases of nocturnal enuresis by anal plugs require yet another explanation. It can be considered that in nocturnal enuresis the unconscious inhibition of the reflex mechanism for emptying the bladder is not developed enough. From the experience we know that vigorous voluntary activation of the muscles of the pelvic floor inhibits the contraction of the detrusor muscle. In this way it is possible to depress the urging sensation to urinate. In the paper we have tried to demonstrate this mechanism objectively. On the basis of our findings we believe that the good results in treating nocturnal enuresis may be due to this mechanism of stimulation.", "contents": "The mechanisms of the action of electrical stimulation of muscles. The mechanisms of the action of electrical stimulation of muscles are discussed. We believe that the principal cause for the good results obtained in cases of stress incontinence with electrical stimulation must be due to the formation of a better reflex in contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor. This, however, envolves changes at the level of the spinal cord. By the help of stimulation the patient learns to use the urethral sphincter and secondary forces of retention in a better and a more proper way. The good results obtained in the treatment of some cases of nocturnal enuresis by anal plugs require yet another explanation. It can be considered that in nocturnal enuresis the unconscious inhibition of the reflex mechanism for emptying the bladder is not developed enough. From the experience we know that vigorous voluntary activation of the muscles of the pelvic floor inhibits the contraction of the detrusor muscle. In this way it is possible to depress the urging sensation to urinate. In the paper we have tried to demonstrate this mechanism objectively. On the basis of our findings we believe that the good results in treating nocturnal enuresis may be due to this mechanism of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:302996", "title": "Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia A, B, and von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Ninety-five patients with Hemophilia A, B and von Willebrand's disease followed over a three year period were evaluated for liver disease. Half of the patients were treated episodically and half received additional prophylactic treatment. Fifty-five per cent have significant transaminitis (elevated SGOT-SGPT), 42 per cent have biochemical evidence of chronic active liver disease and two per cent have subacute and active cirrhosis. There is an annual attack rate of Hepatitis B disease of 3.5 per cent and Hepatitis B antibody titres are present in 84 per cent. This asymptomatic liver disease requires close monitoring for clinical significance.", "contents": "Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia A, B, and von Willebrand's disease. Ninety-five patients with Hemophilia A, B and von Willebrand's disease followed over a three year period were evaluated for liver disease. Half of the patients were treated episodically and half received additional prophylactic treatment. Fifty-five per cent have significant transaminitis (elevated SGOT-SGPT), 42 per cent have biochemical evidence of chronic active liver disease and two per cent have subacute and active cirrhosis. There is an annual attack rate of Hepatitis B disease of 3.5 per cent and Hepatitis B antibody titres are present in 84 per cent. This asymptomatic liver disease requires close monitoring for clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:303001", "title": "Treatment of the neurogenic bladder with direct current on the spinal cord (Myelotron).", "content": "We carried out urodynamic examinations before and after galvanotherapy (Myelotron) of the spinal cord in 25 patients with upper and lower motor neuron lesions, mixed lesions and sensory lesions of the bladder. With the upper motor neuron lesions (neurogenic unhibited bladder, dyssynergia) there was a deterioration of the condition and therefore electrotherapy is contraindicated in this group of patients. With the lower motor neuron lesions and also the sensory lesions definite success was achieved with electrotherapy. Where there is a deficiency of impulses, it would appear to be compensated.", "contents": "Treatment of the neurogenic bladder with direct current on the spinal cord (Myelotron). We carried out urodynamic examinations before and after galvanotherapy (Myelotron) of the spinal cord in 25 patients with upper and lower motor neuron lesions, mixed lesions and sensory lesions of the bladder. With the upper motor neuron lesions (neurogenic unhibited bladder, dyssynergia) there was a deterioration of the condition and therefore electrotherapy is contraindicated in this group of patients. With the lower motor neuron lesions and also the sensory lesions definite success was achieved with electrotherapy. Where there is a deficiency of impulses, it would appear to be compensated."}
{"id": "PMID:303002", "title": "Intermittent biphasic surge stimulation of the pelvic floor: a preliminary report.", "content": "A modification of the anal plug pelvic floor stimulator has been designed for the treatment of incontinence particularly due to bladder dysfunction. Using a surging intermittent train of impulses, the frequency and pulse width of which are 'tuned' to the individual patient, improved patient comfort and acceptance has been achieved. This has been partly due to the reduction or elimination of local electrolysis or electrophoresis.", "contents": "Intermittent biphasic surge stimulation of the pelvic floor: a preliminary report. A modification of the anal plug pelvic floor stimulator has been designed for the treatment of incontinence particularly due to bladder dysfunction. Using a surging intermittent train of impulses, the frequency and pulse width of which are 'tuned' to the individual patient, improved patient comfort and acceptance has been achieved. This has been partly due to the reduction or elimination of local electrolysis or electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:303003", "title": "Urinary incontinence: two cases of electronic stimulation after failing the Leadbetter technique.", "content": "Two cases of urinary incontinence treated by electrical stimulation after failing the Leadbetter technique are presented. Both were first seen bearing imperforated anus. They suffered several operations for correcting this pathology and further attempting to relieve complete urinary incontinence. After a trial with intrarectal stimulation one of them received an implant. The other continued to use the anal plug. In both cases the result has been satisfactory. Cine radiological documentation of the sphincteric action of the stimulated muscles was performed.", "contents": "Urinary incontinence: two cases of electronic stimulation after failing the Leadbetter technique. Two cases of urinary incontinence treated by electrical stimulation after failing the Leadbetter technique are presented. Both were first seen bearing imperforated anus. They suffered several operations for correcting this pathology and further attempting to relieve complete urinary incontinence. After a trial with intrarectal stimulation one of them received an implant. The other continued to use the anal plug. In both cases the result has been satisfactory. Cine radiological documentation of the sphincteric action of the stimulated muscles was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:303018", "title": "[Effect of antilymphocyte serum on the course of influenzal infection in mice].", "content": "The effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the course of infection produced by influenza A/PR8/34 virus in mice weighing 10-12 g was studied. Inoculation of mice with ALS produced a longer persistence of influenza virus in the lung tissue and in the blood (up to 15 days of the observation period), whereas in the controls no influenza virus could be isolated after 9 days. No antibody production in ALS-treated mice was observed. The immunosuppression in mice reduced the extent of involvement of the lungs and lethality as compared with the control animals, being conducive to the change of the acute influenza infection into chronic one.", "contents": "[Effect of antilymphocyte serum on the course of influenzal infection in mice]. The effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the course of infection produced by influenza A/PR8/34 virus in mice weighing 10-12 g was studied. Inoculation of mice with ALS produced a longer persistence of influenza virus in the lung tissue and in the blood (up to 15 days of the observation period), whereas in the controls no influenza virus could be isolated after 9 days. No antibody production in ALS-treated mice was observed. The immunosuppression in mice reduced the extent of involvement of the lungs and lethality as compared with the control animals, being conducive to the change of the acute influenza infection into chronic one."}
{"id": "PMID:303021", "title": "[Clinical value of rectal digital examination in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "A prospective study was carried out on a series of 1500 patients of a gastro-enterological and surgical unit in order to evaluate critically the accuracy of rectal digital examination as a single tool in the early diagnosis of colorectal tumours. The patients in this study were explored independently by two investigators, first by rectal digital palpation and afterwards by means of the proctosigmoidoscope. Endoscopy confirmed the presence of 239 tumours, 96 of these being diagnosed histologically as carcinoma. Comparative analysis of the results of physical and endoscopic examination demonstrated that digital palpation provided a correct diagnosis in 58 out of 239 tumours, equivalent to an accuracy of 24.3% for tumours within the reach of the rectoscope, and 10% for all colorectal tumours. Hence, rectal examination should not be used as single diagnostic tool in screening for large bowel cancer. A multiphasic screening system, including investigations for occult blood, proctosigmoidoscopy, endoscopic polypectomy and determination of colon-embryonic-antigen levels is discussed to obtain better results in general health screening, early diagnosis and avoidance of incurable colorectal carcinomas and the early detection of recurrence.", "contents": "[Clinical value of rectal digital examination in early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (author's transl)]. A prospective study was carried out on a series of 1500 patients of a gastro-enterological and surgical unit in order to evaluate critically the accuracy of rectal digital examination as a single tool in the early diagnosis of colorectal tumours. The patients in this study were explored independently by two investigators, first by rectal digital palpation and afterwards by means of the proctosigmoidoscope. Endoscopy confirmed the presence of 239 tumours, 96 of these being diagnosed histologically as carcinoma. Comparative analysis of the results of physical and endoscopic examination demonstrated that digital palpation provided a correct diagnosis in 58 out of 239 tumours, equivalent to an accuracy of 24.3% for tumours within the reach of the rectoscope, and 10% for all colorectal tumours. Hence, rectal examination should not be used as single diagnostic tool in screening for large bowel cancer. A multiphasic screening system, including investigations for occult blood, proctosigmoidoscopy, endoscopic polypectomy and determination of colon-embryonic-antigen levels is discussed to obtain better results in general health screening, early diagnosis and avoidance of incurable colorectal carcinomas and the early detection of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:303026", "title": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age. Part 1: Lupus erythematodes visceralis as model of an autoimmune process and its relationship to age with special reference to antinuclear factors in different age groups].", "content": "This investigations show the lupus erythematodes visceralis as a modell of autoimmune processes. There are discussed the relations to age under special aspects of antinuclear factors in several groups of age.", "contents": "[Lupus erythematodes visceralis and age. Part 1: Lupus erythematodes visceralis as model of an autoimmune process and its relationship to age with special reference to antinuclear factors in different age groups]. This investigations show the lupus erythematodes visceralis as a modell of autoimmune processes. There are discussed the relations to age under special aspects of antinuclear factors in several groups of age."}
{"id": "PMID:303027", "title": "[Lupus-erythematosus-like syndromes].", "content": "Report on 3 patients with lupus-erythematosus-like syndromes, in which antinuclear antibodies in high titres and peripheral (or homogeneous) pattern--the characteristic leading immunologic phenomenon of SLE--could not be observed. The second patient suffered from the so-called pseudo-LE-syndrome described by Maas and Schubothe and characterized by antimitochondrial antibodies in high titres. The disease of the 3rd patient was explained as drug-induced LE-syndrome by Ovosiston. The variety of the antigens and antibodies directed against them, the improved diagnostics as well as the increased consumption of drugs were taken as reasons for the growing frequency of such LE-like syndromes. The coexistences, overlappings and transitional forms among the special autoimmune diseases render the diagnostics more difficult and explain the great variety of pictures of the SLE.", "contents": "[Lupus-erythematosus-like syndromes]. Report on 3 patients with lupus-erythematosus-like syndromes, in which antinuclear antibodies in high titres and peripheral (or homogeneous) pattern--the characteristic leading immunologic phenomenon of SLE--could not be observed. The second patient suffered from the so-called pseudo-LE-syndrome described by Maas and Schubothe and characterized by antimitochondrial antibodies in high titres. The disease of the 3rd patient was explained as drug-induced LE-syndrome by Ovosiston. The variety of the antigens and antibodies directed against them, the improved diagnostics as well as the increased consumption of drugs were taken as reasons for the growing frequency of such LE-like syndromes. The coexistences, overlappings and transitional forms among the special autoimmune diseases render the diagnostics more difficult and explain the great variety of pictures of the SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:303028", "title": "[Determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase in feces].", "content": "Investigations for the proof of isoenzymes of the alkaline phosphatase and the alpha-amylase in stool were carried out. The measurements of the faecal enzyme activities were performed in 96 patients with intestinal diseases. The disc electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel served for the separation of isoenzymes. The separated enzyme bands of the extracts of stool were compared with those ones of serum duodenal juice and extracts of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, the jujunum, the ileum as well as of the colon. Hereby up to 4 very much anodically wandering bands were present, which might be subunits or fission products of the alkaline phosphatase. In the alpha-amylase up to 5 bands could be proved, which were compared with those ones of the serum, the duodenal juice and the urine. A coordination of these isoenzymes concerning their origin is not possible. The faecal activities of enzymes correlate with the weights of stool. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and ulcerous colitis increased faecal activities of enzymes are found, the genesis of which is discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase and alpha-amylase in feces]. Investigations for the proof of isoenzymes of the alkaline phosphatase and the alpha-amylase in stool were carried out. The measurements of the faecal enzyme activities were performed in 96 patients with intestinal diseases. The disc electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel served for the separation of isoenzymes. The separated enzyme bands of the extracts of stool were compared with those ones of serum duodenal juice and extracts of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, the jujunum, the ileum as well as of the colon. Hereby up to 4 very much anodically wandering bands were present, which might be subunits or fission products of the alkaline phosphatase. In the alpha-amylase up to 5 bands could be proved, which were compared with those ones of the serum, the duodenal juice and the urine. A coordination of these isoenzymes concerning their origin is not possible. The faecal activities of enzymes correlate with the weights of stool. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and ulcerous colitis increased faecal activities of enzymes are found, the genesis of which is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303029", "title": "Variation of lymphocyte classes and their PHA-P reactivity with age.", "content": "Absolute and relative values of lymphocyte classes in peripheral blood of 19 to 80 year-old, apparently healthy donors were determined simultaneously by means of the cytocentrifuge method. Lymphocytes were classed as cells which formed rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes (T cells), as cells which bound C3b-loaded zymosan particles (B cells), or those which showed both characteristics (doubly marked cells = D cells). Cells which exhibited none of the above characteristics were classed as O cells. The reproducible absolute valued of T, B, D, and O cells showed a statistically significant decline with age, similarly to a decline in the total lymphocyte counts. The relative values in per cent, however, remained constant over the whole age spectrum. In 1 hour experiments, the acid phosphatase activity of non-stimulated and of PHA-P-stimulated cells decreased with age, the latter, however, less than did the controls. Therefore, the stimulating effect increased significantly. When cells were stimulated for a period of 4 hours, the stimulating effect decreased with age, indicating an age-dependent loss of longer lasting reactivity to PHA-P controlled by acid phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Variation of lymphocyte classes and their PHA-P reactivity with age. Absolute and relative values of lymphocyte classes in peripheral blood of 19 to 80 year-old, apparently healthy donors were determined simultaneously by means of the cytocentrifuge method. Lymphocytes were classed as cells which formed rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes (T cells), as cells which bound C3b-loaded zymosan particles (B cells), or those which showed both characteristics (doubly marked cells = D cells). Cells which exhibited none of the above characteristics were classed as O cells. The reproducible absolute valued of T, B, D, and O cells showed a statistically significant decline with age, similarly to a decline in the total lymphocyte counts. The relative values in per cent, however, remained constant over the whole age spectrum. In 1 hour experiments, the acid phosphatase activity of non-stimulated and of PHA-P-stimulated cells decreased with age, the latter, however, less than did the controls. Therefore, the stimulating effect increased significantly. When cells were stimulated for a period of 4 hours, the stimulating effect decreased with age, indicating an age-dependent loss of longer lasting reactivity to PHA-P controlled by acid phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:303030", "title": "Von Willebrand's disease in a Papua New Guinean.", "content": "An example of von Willebrand's disease in a Papua New Guinean female is described; this is believed to be the first time that this disorder has been documented in a Melanesian. Some salient features of the diagnosis and management of the disease are discussed. Bleeding disorders in Papua New Guinea have been found with increasing frequency in recent years, and it is not unreasonable to expect that their true incidence will be similar to those seen elsewhere.", "contents": "Von Willebrand's disease in a Papua New Guinean. An example of von Willebrand's disease in a Papua New Guinean female is described; this is believed to be the first time that this disorder has been documented in a Melanesian. Some salient features of the diagnosis and management of the disease are discussed. Bleeding disorders in Papua New Guinea have been found with increasing frequency in recent years, and it is not unreasonable to expect that their true incidence will be similar to those seen elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:303031", "title": "Hemorrhage in pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of hemorrhage in a pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported. In the event of an unexplained GI-bleeding in an alcoholic this diagnosis should be considered. Selective angiography during bleeding may lead to correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Hemorrhage in pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Report of a case. A case of hemorrhage in a pancreatic pseudocyst presenting as massive gastrointestinal bleeding is reported. In the event of an unexplained GI-bleeding in an alcoholic this diagnosis should be considered. Selective angiography during bleeding may lead to correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303033", "title": "Pubertal manifestation of sex difference in circadian rhythm of corticotrophin-releasing activity in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Post-natal development of the circadian rhythm of hypothalamic content of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) was examined in male and female rats, separately. CRF activity was estimated by the intrapituitary injection technique. The circadian rhythm of the CRF content observed at the third week was without any noticeable sex difference: both male and female rats began their circadian rhythm with higher values in the afternoon than in the morning. Male rats maintained this pattern up to maturity. In contrast, female rats showed a marked change at ages of fifth to sixth week: the CRF rhythm in female rats changed to a female pattern, with higher values in the morning than in the afternoon. During this period, the vaginal opening occurred concurrently with a marked afternoon rise in the plasma corticosterone, characteristic of mature female rats. On the other hand, no essential difference could be observed between male and female rats in the developmental change in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. These results indicate that a sex difference in the CRF rhythm is not essentially related to the process of sex differentiation in the central nervous system, but is rather related to changes in ovarian activity following the onset of puberty.", "contents": "Pubertal manifestation of sex difference in circadian rhythm of corticotrophin-releasing activity in the rat hypothalamus. Post-natal development of the circadian rhythm of hypothalamic content of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) was examined in male and female rats, separately. CRF activity was estimated by the intrapituitary injection technique. The circadian rhythm of the CRF content observed at the third week was without any noticeable sex difference: both male and female rats began their circadian rhythm with higher values in the afternoon than in the morning. Male rats maintained this pattern up to maturity. In contrast, female rats showed a marked change at ages of fifth to sixth week: the CRF rhythm in female rats changed to a female pattern, with higher values in the morning than in the afternoon. During this period, the vaginal opening occurred concurrently with a marked afternoon rise in the plasma corticosterone, characteristic of mature female rats. On the other hand, no essential difference could be observed between male and female rats in the developmental change in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. These results indicate that a sex difference in the CRF rhythm is not essentially related to the process of sex differentiation in the central nervous system, but is rather related to changes in ovarian activity following the onset of puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:303034", "title": "Serum levels and alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes in active pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "alpha1-at phenotypes and serum levels were studied in 100 Greek patients of pulmonary TBC by starch-gel electrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. The mean value of alpha1-at (315 +/- 77) was significantly lower (p less than 0.005) than in the control group. An attempt is made to explain this finding based on the alpha1-at phenotypes distribution in the TBC patients.", "contents": "Serum levels and alpha1-antitrypsin phenotypes in active pulmonary tuberculosis. alpha1-at phenotypes and serum levels were studied in 100 Greek patients of pulmonary TBC by starch-gel electrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. The mean value of alpha1-at (315 +/- 77) was significantly lower (p less than 0.005) than in the control group. An attempt is made to explain this finding based on the alpha1-at phenotypes distribution in the TBC patients."}
{"id": "PMID:303037", "title": "Intraamniotic and intramuscular administration of 15-methyl prostaglandin F 2alpha for midtrimester abortion.", "content": "Two series of midtrimester abortion inductions are compared. In one series of 68 cases of midtrimester pregnancies (12-24 weeks), legal abortion was induced by one intraamniotic injection of 2.5 mg 15-methyl prostaglandin F 2alpha. Fetus was expelled in 67 cases (98.5%) after a mean time of 18.4 hours. One case with duplex failed to abort (1.5%). Abortion was complete in 54% of the aborted cases. In the second series of 93 cases abortion was induced by intramuscular injection of 300 microgram 15-methyl PGF 2alpha every third hour (the first dose was 200 microgram) during 30 hours. Fetus was expelled in 79 cases (85%) after a mean time of 16.7 hours. Failure occurred in 14 cases (15%). Abortion was complete in 57% of the aborted cases. Side effects (vomiting and diarrhea) were more frequent in the intramuscular series and very inconvenient to many of the patients. Excessive bleeding occurred more often in the intraamniotic series. A small rupture of the cervix was noted once (primigravida) in the intramuscular group. It is concluded that the intramuscular way of administration is a simple method of second trimester pregnancy termination with small bleedings but that otherwise it is inferior to the intraamniotic route.", "contents": "Intraamniotic and intramuscular administration of 15-methyl prostaglandin F 2alpha for midtrimester abortion. Two series of midtrimester abortion inductions are compared. In one series of 68 cases of midtrimester pregnancies (12-24 weeks), legal abortion was induced by one intraamniotic injection of 2.5 mg 15-methyl prostaglandin F 2alpha. Fetus was expelled in 67 cases (98.5%) after a mean time of 18.4 hours. One case with duplex failed to abort (1.5%). Abortion was complete in 54% of the aborted cases. In the second series of 93 cases abortion was induced by intramuscular injection of 300 microgram 15-methyl PGF 2alpha every third hour (the first dose was 200 microgram) during 30 hours. Fetus was expelled in 79 cases (85%) after a mean time of 16.7 hours. Failure occurred in 14 cases (15%). Abortion was complete in 57% of the aborted cases. Side effects (vomiting and diarrhea) were more frequent in the intramuscular series and very inconvenient to many of the patients. Excessive bleeding occurred more often in the intraamniotic series. A small rupture of the cervix was noted once (primigravida) in the intramuscular group. It is concluded that the intramuscular way of administration is a simple method of second trimester pregnancy termination with small bleedings but that otherwise it is inferior to the intraamniotic route."}
{"id": "PMID:303039", "title": "The importance of rotatory proofs in the evaluation of a dizzy patient.", "content": "In order to obtain an adequate functional evaluation of the vestibular system, we have to take into account the results of as well the caloric as the rotary tests. The discordance obtained in some cases, where a complete bilateral caloric areflexia is present whereas a conserved reactivity is confirmed by the rotationstimulus, argues against the merely application of the caloric stimulus. The opposite data obtained by both tests provide us information necessary to a good understanding of the functional state of our dizzy patient. Those cases where an unilateral hypo- or areflexia is detected by the calorics, may prove to be either \"compensated\" or not at the rotary stimulus. This functional datum is very important, as it informs us about the \"Regulations-funktion\", the central vestibular processing. Even in some cases only the rotary proof may indicate a dysequillibrium, which constitutes an objectivation of the dizzy state of our patient. The caloric DP, though it is a similar dysequilibrium, cannot substitute the rotary DP, this imbalance being of the same nature but not identical. We confirm and illustrate these argumentations by the statements in a series of 513 patients examined by a complex rotatory stimulationscheme.", "contents": "The importance of rotatory proofs in the evaluation of a dizzy patient. In order to obtain an adequate functional evaluation of the vestibular system, we have to take into account the results of as well the caloric as the rotary tests. The discordance obtained in some cases, where a complete bilateral caloric areflexia is present whereas a conserved reactivity is confirmed by the rotationstimulus, argues against the merely application of the caloric stimulus. The opposite data obtained by both tests provide us information necessary to a good understanding of the functional state of our dizzy patient. Those cases where an unilateral hypo- or areflexia is detected by the calorics, may prove to be either \"compensated\" or not at the rotary stimulus. This functional datum is very important, as it informs us about the \"Regulations-funktion\", the central vestibular processing. Even in some cases only the rotary proof may indicate a dysequillibrium, which constitutes an objectivation of the dizzy state of our patient. The caloric DP, though it is a similar dysequilibrium, cannot substitute the rotary DP, this imbalance being of the same nature but not identical. We confirm and illustrate these argumentations by the statements in a series of 513 patients examined by a complex rotatory stimulationscheme."}
{"id": "PMID:303040", "title": "Monoaminergic fluorescence in frog skin.", "content": "The Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique was employed in an attempt to determine the distribution of sympathetic innervation in frog skin. No evidence was found of a direct monoaminergic nerve supply to the cells of the non-glandular epithelium in the epidermis. Instead, specific fluorescence was mainly confined to the vicinity of the skin glands. Fluorescent fibers were observed surrounding the mucous type of gland. The secretory content of this gland was not fluorescent. In the granular type of gland the main source of fluorescence was the secretory granules filling the lumen. These developed a fluorescence in the spectral range of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The brightness of the fluorescence indicated a very high content of this amine. Fluorimetric analysis showed that no catecholamines were present in the secretion. In glands devoid of secretory granules there were some indications of a monoaminergic innervation of the secretory epithelium, but this was hard to determine because of the abundant nonspecific fluorescence. Sparse dots of specific fluorescence were found close to the surrounding smooth muscle cells. -- These findings rule out the possibility of a direct sympathetic nervous control of the non-glandular epithelium in frog skin but indicate that this is instead confined to the skin glands.", "contents": "Monoaminergic fluorescence in frog skin. The Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique was employed in an attempt to determine the distribution of sympathetic innervation in frog skin. No evidence was found of a direct monoaminergic nerve supply to the cells of the non-glandular epithelium in the epidermis. Instead, specific fluorescence was mainly confined to the vicinity of the skin glands. Fluorescent fibers were observed surrounding the mucous type of gland. The secretory content of this gland was not fluorescent. In the granular type of gland the main source of fluorescence was the secretory granules filling the lumen. These developed a fluorescence in the spectral range of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The brightness of the fluorescence indicated a very high content of this amine. Fluorimetric analysis showed that no catecholamines were present in the secretion. In glands devoid of secretory granules there were some indications of a monoaminergic innervation of the secretory epithelium, but this was hard to determine because of the abundant nonspecific fluorescence. Sparse dots of specific fluorescence were found close to the surrounding smooth muscle cells. -- These findings rule out the possibility of a direct sympathetic nervous control of the non-glandular epithelium in frog skin but indicate that this is instead confined to the skin glands."}
{"id": "PMID:303041", "title": "In vitro studies of frog mucous glands.", "content": "The ionic outflow, mainly consisting of Na+ and Cl-, from the mucous glands in an excised nerve-skin preparation of frog has been determined by recording the conductance changes occurring in a fluid layer covering a small area of the skin surface. In the main series of experiments the glands were activated by stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers in the skin nerve. The relationship between the ionic outflow and the number of nerve volleys was studied over a wide range. The outflow per impulse was found to be fairly constant during the first tens of impulses but diminished gradually with increasing number of stimuli up to a certain maximum value--varying in different preparations--after which the outflow ceased completely. During the initial phase of stimulation the outflow is most likely caused by an ejection of performed secretion due to the contractions of the glandular myoepithelium. The continued outflow in the later stages of the stimulation periods must be due to production of new secretion. Since the glandular epithelium is devoid of nerve terminals a nervous control of the ionic secretion can only be explained by an indirect influence mediated either by transmitter diffusion from the myoepithelial nerve endings or by a close electric coupling between the contractile and the secretory gland cells. Adrenaline and noradrenaline induce ionic outflows which like those evoked by nerve stimulation are inhibited by the beta-adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol, alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers being without effect. A serendipitous finding of tonus changes in the frog skin during nerve stimulation is also described.", "contents": "In vitro studies of frog mucous glands. The ionic outflow, mainly consisting of Na+ and Cl-, from the mucous glands in an excised nerve-skin preparation of frog has been determined by recording the conductance changes occurring in a fluid layer covering a small area of the skin surface. In the main series of experiments the glands were activated by stimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers in the skin nerve. The relationship between the ionic outflow and the number of nerve volleys was studied over a wide range. The outflow per impulse was found to be fairly constant during the first tens of impulses but diminished gradually with increasing number of stimuli up to a certain maximum value--varying in different preparations--after which the outflow ceased completely. During the initial phase of stimulation the outflow is most likely caused by an ejection of performed secretion due to the contractions of the glandular myoepithelium. The continued outflow in the later stages of the stimulation periods must be due to production of new secretion. Since the glandular epithelium is devoid of nerve terminals a nervous control of the ionic secretion can only be explained by an indirect influence mediated either by transmitter diffusion from the myoepithelial nerve endings or by a close electric coupling between the contractile and the secretory gland cells. Adrenaline and noradrenaline induce ionic outflows which like those evoked by nerve stimulation are inhibited by the beta-adrenoreceptor blocker propranolol, alpha-adrenoreceptor blockers being without effect. A serendipitous finding of tonus changes in the frog skin during nerve stimulation is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:303042", "title": "In vivo studies of individual mucous glands in the frog.", "content": "Individual mucous glands in the toe web were studied in curarized decerebrate frogs using vital microscopy in combination with still or motion photomicrography. By changing the focus position to different levels various structures in the gland could be identified and their changes during glandular activation studied. The first visible effect of nerve stimulation was a contraction of the myoepithelium and probably also structural changes of the secretory epithelium resulting in a narrowing of the glandular lumen. Following this, tricuspid valve opened and secretion was ejected. The latency and time course of the contractile response to nerve stimulation were determined and the influence of the number of stimuli on the duration of the contraction and relaxation phases was analyzed. Comparisons were made with reflex activation of the gland as well as with neurohormonal stimulation. The myoepithelial contraction was found to be under adrenergic control. Of the smooth-muscle stimulants tested only Substance P induced contractions. The time course of the ionic outflow from the toe web was determined by conductance measurements in the fluid surrounding the web and compared with the visually observed phenomena. The initial outflow was concomitant with the phasic myoepithelial contraction but a continued secretion could also be observed and recorded from glands kept in a steady state of contraction by iterative nerve stimulation. The functions of the toe web glands were found to be critically dependent on a maintained circulation in the surrounding capillary network.", "contents": "In vivo studies of individual mucous glands in the frog. Individual mucous glands in the toe web were studied in curarized decerebrate frogs using vital microscopy in combination with still or motion photomicrography. By changing the focus position to different levels various structures in the gland could be identified and their changes during glandular activation studied. The first visible effect of nerve stimulation was a contraction of the myoepithelium and probably also structural changes of the secretory epithelium resulting in a narrowing of the glandular lumen. Following this, tricuspid valve opened and secretion was ejected. The latency and time course of the contractile response to nerve stimulation were determined and the influence of the number of stimuli on the duration of the contraction and relaxation phases was analyzed. Comparisons were made with reflex activation of the gland as well as with neurohormonal stimulation. The myoepithelial contraction was found to be under adrenergic control. Of the smooth-muscle stimulants tested only Substance P induced contractions. The time course of the ionic outflow from the toe web was determined by conductance measurements in the fluid surrounding the web and compared with the visually observed phenomena. The initial outflow was concomitant with the phasic myoepithelial contraction but a continued secretion could also be observed and recorded from glands kept in a steady state of contraction by iterative nerve stimulation. The functions of the toe web glands were found to be critically dependent on a maintained circulation in the surrounding capillary network."}
{"id": "PMID:303038", "title": "Quantitative analysis of kanamycin ototoxicosis.", "content": "The morphological changes after kanamycin intoxication of the inner ear, including both the cochlea and the vestibule, were quantitatively analysed by the surface preparation technique after succinic dehydrogenase staining. 75 guinea pigs were used. The outer hair cells in the basal coil and the inner hair cells in the upper coils of the cochlea were the most severely damaged, but many unusual modes of damage were also revealed. For example, the initial hair cell damage in the cochlea appeared in the upper hair cells. The clearly observed vestibular damage contradicts the general belief that kanamycin is not so toxic to the vestibular hair cells. The utricular macula and the lateral crista were most severely damaged. The delayed ototoxicity of kanamycin was observed for the first time in the vestibular hair cells.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of kanamycin ototoxicosis. The morphological changes after kanamycin intoxication of the inner ear, including both the cochlea and the vestibule, were quantitatively analysed by the surface preparation technique after succinic dehydrogenase staining. 75 guinea pigs were used. The outer hair cells in the basal coil and the inner hair cells in the upper coils of the cochlea were the most severely damaged, but many unusual modes of damage were also revealed. For example, the initial hair cell damage in the cochlea appeared in the upper hair cells. The clearly observed vestibular damage contradicts the general belief that kanamycin is not so toxic to the vestibular hair cells. The utricular macula and the lateral crista were most severely damaged. The delayed ototoxicity of kanamycin was observed for the first time in the vestibular hair cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303043", "title": "Temporal lobe epilepsy. Follow-up investigation of 74 temporal lobe resected patients.", "content": "This survey covers 74 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, resistant to medication, who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy during the years 1960-1969 at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. Preoperatively all patients were socially incapacitated. In all patients a unilateral or predominantly unilateral temporal EEG focus was found. No tumour or gross vascular malformation had been recognized before or during operation. At follow-up 45 patients were free from seizures. A further 15 had obtained a reduction in their seizure frequencies by at least 75%, while the remaining 10 survivors, only obtained a slight improvement or remained unchanged. There were four deaths. The operation also favourably influenced the psychiatric status, which was found closely related to relief from seizures. Prognostically favourable factors were: i) preoperative presence of a single type of seizure, ii) duration of epilepsy of less than four years, iii) operation in or before early adulthood, iv) an anterior temporal or sphenoidal electrode focus, or both, on the EEG. The prognostically unfavourable factors regarding complete relief from seizures were: i) preoperative presence of grand mal, ii) age at onset of epilepsy or of the first grand mal seizure between 5 and 19 years of age, iii) preoperative duration of epilepsy of over ten years and of grand mal of over one year. Prognostically unfavourable factors regarding psychiatric normalization were: i) preoperative presence of psychosis, ii) ictal-affective attacks or automatisms of a complex nature, iii) impairment of intellectual functions. The eventual neuropathological conclusion was that the more specific and circumscribed the histological abnormality the better the final outcome. The social rehabilitation was found to be significantly improved by operation at an early age.", "contents": "Temporal lobe epilepsy. Follow-up investigation of 74 temporal lobe resected patients. This survey covers 74 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, resistant to medication, who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy during the years 1960-1969 at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. Preoperatively all patients were socially incapacitated. In all patients a unilateral or predominantly unilateral temporal EEG focus was found. No tumour or gross vascular malformation had been recognized before or during operation. At follow-up 45 patients were free from seizures. A further 15 had obtained a reduction in their seizure frequencies by at least 75%, while the remaining 10 survivors, only obtained a slight improvement or remained unchanged. There were four deaths. The operation also favourably influenced the psychiatric status, which was found closely related to relief from seizures. Prognostically favourable factors were: i) preoperative presence of a single type of seizure, ii) duration of epilepsy of less than four years, iii) operation in or before early adulthood, iv) an anterior temporal or sphenoidal electrode focus, or both, on the EEG. The prognostically unfavourable factors regarding complete relief from seizures were: i) preoperative presence of grand mal, ii) age at onset of epilepsy or of the first grand mal seizure between 5 and 19 years of age, iii) preoperative duration of epilepsy of over ten years and of grand mal of over one year. Prognostically unfavourable factors regarding psychiatric normalization were: i) preoperative presence of psychosis, ii) ictal-affective attacks or automatisms of a complex nature, iii) impairment of intellectual functions. The eventual neuropathological conclusion was that the more specific and circumscribed the histological abnormality the better the final outcome. The social rehabilitation was found to be significantly improved by operation at an early age."}
{"id": "PMID:303045", "title": "Vertigo.", "content": "Vertigo reflects dysfunction in the vestibular system. Any disease state which changes the firing frequency of a vestibular end-organ and which produces unequal neural input to the brainstem causes vertigo. Caloric stimulation mimics acute end-organ dysfunction and helps establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Vertigo. Vertigo reflects dysfunction in the vestibular system. Any disease state which changes the firing frequency of a vestibular end-organ and which produces unequal neural input to the brainstem causes vertigo. Caloric stimulation mimics acute end-organ dysfunction and helps establish the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303047", "title": "Changes in saphenous veins used as aortocoronary bypass grafts.", "content": "This report describes morphologic changes in saphenous veins used as aortocoronary bypass conduits, and discusses the relative contribution of various factors to these changes. The three primary changes are: (1) medial fibrous replacement, (2) adventitial fibrous proliferation, and (3) intimal fibrous proliferation. Medial fibrous replacement is caused by vein wall ischemia with loss of smooth muscle cells; adventitial fibrous proliferation is the result of organization of fibrin deposits and repair of ischemic injury; and intimal fibrous proliferation results from some stimulus, probably fibrin deposition on injured intima, which causes stimulation of smooth muscle cells to become fibroblasts or \"myointimal cells\". Although all grafts show some changes, the degree and severity of these three changes is variable along the length of the grafts and among separate grafts in the same patient.", "contents": "Changes in saphenous veins used as aortocoronary bypass grafts. This report describes morphologic changes in saphenous veins used as aortocoronary bypass conduits, and discusses the relative contribution of various factors to these changes. The three primary changes are: (1) medial fibrous replacement, (2) adventitial fibrous proliferation, and (3) intimal fibrous proliferation. Medial fibrous replacement is caused by vein wall ischemia with loss of smooth muscle cells; adventitial fibrous proliferation is the result of organization of fibrin deposits and repair of ischemic injury; and intimal fibrous proliferation results from some stimulus, probably fibrin deposition on injured intima, which causes stimulation of smooth muscle cells to become fibroblasts or \"myointimal cells\". Although all grafts show some changes, the degree and severity of these three changes is variable along the length of the grafts and among separate grafts in the same patient."}
{"id": "PMID:303050", "title": "Chemotactic activity in the coronary sinus after experimental myocardial infarction: effects of pharmacologic interventions on ischemic injury.", "content": "Various pharmacologic interventions that suppressed chemotactic factor activity in the coronary sinus after acute ischemia were analyzed for protective effects on myocardium. Ischemic injury was determined by comparing the slopes of the regression lines derived from 24 hour myocardial creatine kinase content versus S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after coronary ligation. Dogs treated 30 minutes after ligation with cobra venom factor, hydrocortisone or Trasylol showed a marked decrease in chemotactic activity in the coronary sinus. These agents also showed a protective effect on ischemic injury when compared to control. Myocardial biopsy specimens from areas of significant ischemia defined by S-T segment elevations in dogs treated with cobra venom factor were essentially devoid of an inflammatory response whereas those from dogs treated with Trasylol or hydrocortisone showed moderate neutrophil infiltration and minimal tissue exudate.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity in the coronary sinus after experimental myocardial infarction: effects of pharmacologic interventions on ischemic injury. Various pharmacologic interventions that suppressed chemotactic factor activity in the coronary sinus after acute ischemia were analyzed for protective effects on myocardium. Ischemic injury was determined by comparing the slopes of the regression lines derived from 24 hour myocardial creatine kinase content versus S-T segment elevation 15 minutes after coronary ligation. Dogs treated 30 minutes after ligation with cobra venom factor, hydrocortisone or Trasylol showed a marked decrease in chemotactic activity in the coronary sinus. These agents also showed a protective effect on ischemic injury when compared to control. Myocardial biopsy specimens from areas of significant ischemia defined by S-T segment elevations in dogs treated with cobra venom factor were essentially devoid of an inflammatory response whereas those from dogs treated with Trasylol or hydrocortisone showed moderate neutrophil infiltration and minimal tissue exudate."}
{"id": "PMID:303052", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A mixed proliferation of T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "A case of typical immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is described. Cell surface marker studies were performed on mononuclear isolates from peripheral blood, ascitic fluid and a lymph node biopsy and the results correlated with light microscopic findings. These data indicated that the majority of the cells in the lymph node were of T cell origin. A smaller percentage of cells could be recognized as deriving from the B cell line and it may have contained a monoclonal subpopulation. Some immunoblasts formed E rosettes and could be identified as T cells but most did not form E or EAC rosettes or bear SmIg and could not be identified as B cells. There was an associated marked increase in mononuclear phagocytes in both ascites and peripheral blood. This disease entity may represent a dual proliferation of cells originating from both B and T cell compartments with T cells predominating in the lymph node in this case.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A mixed proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. A case of typical immunoblastic lymphadenopathy is described. Cell surface marker studies were performed on mononuclear isolates from peripheral blood, ascitic fluid and a lymph node biopsy and the results correlated with light microscopic findings. These data indicated that the majority of the cells in the lymph node were of T cell origin. A smaller percentage of cells could be recognized as deriving from the B cell line and it may have contained a monoclonal subpopulation. Some immunoblasts formed E rosettes and could be identified as T cells but most did not form E or EAC rosettes or bear SmIg and could not be identified as B cells. There was an associated marked increase in mononuclear phagocytes in both ascites and peripheral blood. This disease entity may represent a dual proliferation of cells originating from both B and T cell compartments with T cells predominating in the lymph node in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:303054", "title": "Electrogenic HCl theory in light of effects of SCN- and Ba2+ on frog stomach.", "content": "It has been previously shown that a) thiocyanate (15 mM) inhibits H+ secretion and increases the resistance and potential difference (PD) which is explained on the basis of separate electrogenic mechanisms for H+ and Cl- and b) barium (1 mM) added to the nutrient side produces a large increase in the resistance and little change in the H+ rate and PD, and the site of the increased resistance is the nutrient membrane of the tubular cells. In the present paper we show that a) with Ba2+ on the nutrient side, addition of thiocyanate to the secretory side decreases the H+ rate to about zero and also decreases the resistance; and b) if the site of the decrease in resistance is the secretory membrane of the tubular cells, in which the HCl is produced, then these findings would be contrary to the predictions on the basis of the electrogenic theory. However, the transmucosal resistance is a function of the resistance across the surface epithelial cells and the resistance of the secretory and nutrient membranes of the tubular cells. With a 79 mM K+ pulse technique, the findings indicate that the resistance of the secretory membrane increases, and the decrease in the resistance is due to changes in the resistance of the surface cells and/or the nutrient membrane of the tubular cells.", "contents": "Electrogenic HCl theory in light of effects of SCN- and Ba2+ on frog stomach. It has been previously shown that a) thiocyanate (15 mM) inhibits H+ secretion and increases the resistance and potential difference (PD) which is explained on the basis of separate electrogenic mechanisms for H+ and Cl- and b) barium (1 mM) added to the nutrient side produces a large increase in the resistance and little change in the H+ rate and PD, and the site of the increased resistance is the nutrient membrane of the tubular cells. In the present paper we show that a) with Ba2+ on the nutrient side, addition of thiocyanate to the secretory side decreases the H+ rate to about zero and also decreases the resistance; and b) if the site of the decrease in resistance is the secretory membrane of the tubular cells, in which the HCl is produced, then these findings would be contrary to the predictions on the basis of the electrogenic theory. However, the transmucosal resistance is a function of the resistance across the surface epithelial cells and the resistance of the secretory and nutrient membranes of the tubular cells. With a 79 mM K+ pulse technique, the findings indicate that the resistance of the secretory membrane increases, and the decrease in the resistance is due to changes in the resistance of the surface cells and/or the nutrient membrane of the tubular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303055", "title": "Effect of hyperosmotic mannitol on myocardial oxygen consumption.", "content": "Hyperosmotic mannitol produces salutary hemodynamic and histologic effects during experimental myocardial ischemia. However, the administration of hyperosmotic mannitol is associated with a positive inotropic influence. Positive inotropic interventions, which increase myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), also tend to increase the extent of ischemic myocardial injury. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mannitol on MVO2. Anesthetized dogs on right-heart bypass under conditions of controlled hemodynamics were studied. Both coronary arteries were perfused; mannitol was infused via the coronary perfusion cannulas to produce a 35 mosmol increase in osmolality. Heart rate was maintained constant. Cardiac output was held constant or deliberately increased so that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and tension-time index, two other hemodynamic correlates of MVO2, remained constant or increased. MVO2 significantly decreased under conditions of decreased myocardial perfusion (P less than 0.025). This was in spite of a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt), a hemodynamic correlate of MVO2. Thus, hyperosmotic mannitol under conditions of reduced coronary perfusion increases myocardial efficiency.", "contents": "Effect of hyperosmotic mannitol on myocardial oxygen consumption. Hyperosmotic mannitol produces salutary hemodynamic and histologic effects during experimental myocardial ischemia. However, the administration of hyperosmotic mannitol is associated with a positive inotropic influence. Positive inotropic interventions, which increase myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), also tend to increase the extent of ischemic myocardial injury. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mannitol on MVO2. Anesthetized dogs on right-heart bypass under conditions of controlled hemodynamics were studied. Both coronary arteries were perfused; mannitol was infused via the coronary perfusion cannulas to produce a 35 mosmol increase in osmolality. Heart rate was maintained constant. Cardiac output was held constant or deliberately increased so that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and tension-time index, two other hemodynamic correlates of MVO2, remained constant or increased. MVO2 significantly decreased under conditions of decreased myocardial perfusion (P less than 0.025). This was in spite of a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the peak rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt), a hemodynamic correlate of MVO2. Thus, hyperosmotic mannitol under conditions of reduced coronary perfusion increases myocardial efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:303056", "title": "Altered schistosome granuloma formation in nude mice.", "content": "Schistosome egg-induced lesions in congenitally athymic mice differed from those found in normal heterozygous controls. Heterozygote liver granulomas were chareacterized by poorly phagocytic epithelioid macrophages, and were rich in eosinophils and fibroblasts, with peripheral lymphocytes and plasma cells. Hepatic lesions in nude mice were much smaller and lacked epithelioid macrophages, with lesions about mature eggs, typically consisting of monocytes and macrophages filled with pigment, occasional neutrophils, and rarely one or more eosinophils or giant cells. While heterozygote granulomas damaged liver cells mainly by encroachment or by their vascular effects, in the nudes hepatocytes bordering the lesions showed microvesicular cytoplasmic damage and either hydropic degeneration or focal acidophilic necrosis of individual liver cells. In heterozygotes, immunofluorescent-stainable schistosome egg antigen (SEA) was concentrated in the granuloma center. In nude mice, SEA, was distributed throughout the infiltrates and in and around hepatocytes adjacent to egg lesions corresponding to the observed pattern of hepatocyte necrosis. We conclude that, in contrast to heterozygotes, nude mice lack hypersensitivity granulomas and fail to sequester toxic egg products, this resulting in zonal hepatocellular damage. Alternative explanations include the possibility of a latent hepatitis virus being activated by the schistosome infection; however, several cogent arguments are presented against that alternative.", "contents": "Altered schistosome granuloma formation in nude mice. Schistosome egg-induced lesions in congenitally athymic mice differed from those found in normal heterozygous controls. Heterozygote liver granulomas were chareacterized by poorly phagocytic epithelioid macrophages, and were rich in eosinophils and fibroblasts, with peripheral lymphocytes and plasma cells. Hepatic lesions in nude mice were much smaller and lacked epithelioid macrophages, with lesions about mature eggs, typically consisting of monocytes and macrophages filled with pigment, occasional neutrophils, and rarely one or more eosinophils or giant cells. While heterozygote granulomas damaged liver cells mainly by encroachment or by their vascular effects, in the nudes hepatocytes bordering the lesions showed microvesicular cytoplasmic damage and either hydropic degeneration or focal acidophilic necrosis of individual liver cells. In heterozygotes, immunofluorescent-stainable schistosome egg antigen (SEA) was concentrated in the granuloma center. In nude mice, SEA, was distributed throughout the infiltrates and in and around hepatocytes adjacent to egg lesions corresponding to the observed pattern of hepatocyte necrosis. We conclude that, in contrast to heterozygotes, nude mice lack hypersensitivity granulomas and fail to sequester toxic egg products, this resulting in zonal hepatocellular damage. Alternative explanations include the possibility of a latent hepatitis virus being activated by the schistosome infection; however, several cogent arguments are presented against that alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:303057", "title": "Immunologic evaluation and prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "Patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck generally have suppressed T cell function, and this suppression tends to be more pronounced with progression of disease. The prognostic relationships of multiple tests of immune function were analyzed in 183 clinically staged patients. Correlation of immune parameters with prognosis was evident only with the DNCB response, which correlated with recurrence in stages I and II disease (but not in stages III and IV). There was no correlation of any of the in vitro tests of immunofunction with recurrence in any stage. There were no correlations between any of the immune parameters and age or sex nor between DNCB reactivity and any of the in vitro responses.", "contents": "Immunologic evaluation and prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. Patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck generally have suppressed T cell function, and this suppression tends to be more pronounced with progression of disease. The prognostic relationships of multiple tests of immune function were analyzed in 183 clinically staged patients. Correlation of immune parameters with prognosis was evident only with the DNCB response, which correlated with recurrence in stages I and II disease (but not in stages III and IV). There was no correlation of any of the in vitro tests of immunofunction with recurrence in any stage. There were no correlations between any of the immune parameters and age or sex nor between DNCB reactivity and any of the in vitro responses."}
{"id": "PMID:303058", "title": "[A contribution to the ultrastructure of malignant melanomas of the iris (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of clinical facts, electron microscopic findings on four malignant melanomas of the iris are described. Though all tumors had been classified as being of the spindle cell type, the ultrastructure of the tumor cells shows remarkable differences between the four cases. This can be seen especially by comparison of the nucleoli, the chromatin, and the cytoplasmatic structures. All four tumors have the same spherical type of melanosomes. No morphologic features pointing to relative clinical harmlessness of iris melanomas were found.", "contents": "[A contribution to the ultrastructure of malignant melanomas of the iris (author's transl)]. After a short description of clinical facts, electron microscopic findings on four malignant melanomas of the iris are described. Though all tumors had been classified as being of the spindle cell type, the ultrastructure of the tumor cells shows remarkable differences between the four cases. This can be seen especially by comparison of the nucleoli, the chromatin, and the cytoplasmatic structures. All four tumors have the same spherical type of melanosomes. No morphologic features pointing to relative clinical harmlessness of iris melanomas were found."}
{"id": "PMID:303059", "title": "Ocular melanomas: formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in relation to mortality.", "content": "Some ocular malignant melanomas contain enough cysteinyldopa to make them fluorescent when treated with formaldehyde. In 32 ocular malignant melanomas, such fluorescence was seen in 19 cases, which had a slightly, but not significantly, worse prognosis than the 13 cases with no fluorescence. The mixed type of malignant melanoma showed fluorescence significantly more often than the B type. Fluorescence histochemistry thus gives a biochemical classification of the tumor, but not a malignancy prognosis.", "contents": "Ocular melanomas: formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in relation to mortality. Some ocular malignant melanomas contain enough cysteinyldopa to make them fluorescent when treated with formaldehyde. In 32 ocular malignant melanomas, such fluorescence was seen in 19 cases, which had a slightly, but not significantly, worse prognosis than the 13 cases with no fluorescence. The mixed type of malignant melanoma showed fluorescence significantly more often than the B type. Fluorescence histochemistry thus gives a biochemical classification of the tumor, but not a malignancy prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303060", "title": "Lysosomal enzymes in the serum of patients with with Beh\u00e7et's disease.", "content": "Samples of serum from patients with ocular manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's disease of various types were analyzed using acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase as lysosomal marker enzymes, in comparison to those from control patients with myopia, retinal detachment, and uveitis of unknown etiology. The lysosomal enzyme activities in Beh\u00e7et's disease, especially in the attack phase, were found to be higher than those of the controls. In the sera of two patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, the activities in the attack phase were slightly higher than in the remission phase. It was suggested that the ocular symptoms in Beh\u00e7et's disease might represent exacerbation better than other symptoms, in view of the high lysosomal enzyme activities in the attack phase, as classified by ocular symptoms alone.", "contents": "Lysosomal enzymes in the serum of patients with with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Samples of serum from patients with ocular manifestation of Beh\u00e7et's disease of various types were analyzed using acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase as lysosomal marker enzymes, in comparison to those from control patients with myopia, retinal detachment, and uveitis of unknown etiology. The lysosomal enzyme activities in Beh\u00e7et's disease, especially in the attack phase, were found to be higher than those of the controls. In the sera of two patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease, the activities in the attack phase were slightly higher than in the remission phase. It was suggested that the ocular symptoms in Beh\u00e7et's disease might represent exacerbation better than other symptoms, in view of the high lysosomal enzyme activities in the attack phase, as classified by ocular symptoms alone."}
{"id": "PMID:303061", "title": "[Alterations in the metabolism of cornmeal epithelium during medium-term storage (author's transl)].", "content": "Freshly prepared bovine corneas were stored in medium TC 199 with penicillin and fetal calf serum at +4 degrees C over a storage period of 168h. Every 24h, the levels of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate in the corneal epithelium were estimated. Also the glucose levels in the corneal epithelium and stroma were compared at the same time intervals. Furthermore, alterations in the enzyme pattern of the epithelial cells during storage were observed.", "contents": "[Alterations in the metabolism of cornmeal epithelium during medium-term storage (author's transl)]. Freshly prepared bovine corneas were stored in medium TC 199 with penicillin and fetal calf serum at +4 degrees C over a storage period of 168h. Every 24h, the levels of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate in the corneal epithelium were estimated. Also the glucose levels in the corneal epithelium and stroma were compared at the same time intervals. Furthermore, alterations in the enzyme pattern of the epithelial cells during storage were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:303062", "title": "Prevention of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction by topical indomethacin (I). A preliminary report.", "content": "Topically administered indomethacin was found to reduce the occurrence of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction. Indomethacin was given topically as 1% oil solution (sesame oil) eye drops twice or three times daily from the day before operation to the 40th day after operation. This effect suggests that prostaglandins play a leading role in the development of this disorder. It is postulated that operative irritation causes production of prostaglandins, which disrupt the blood-aqueous barrier, followed by an increase of the inflammatory mediators and debris in the aqueous. These inflammatory substances and prostaglandins themselves diffuse from the aqueous into the posterior pole of the fundus, where they induce inflammatory changes in vascular permeability in the perifoveolar capillary plexus. Clinically the cystoid macular edema then develops.", "contents": "Prevention of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction by topical indomethacin (I). A preliminary report. Topically administered indomethacin was found to reduce the occurrence of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction. Indomethacin was given topically as 1% oil solution (sesame oil) eye drops twice or three times daily from the day before operation to the 40th day after operation. This effect suggests that prostaglandins play a leading role in the development of this disorder. It is postulated that operative irritation causes production of prostaglandins, which disrupt the blood-aqueous barrier, followed by an increase of the inflammatory mediators and debris in the aqueous. These inflammatory substances and prostaglandins themselves diffuse from the aqueous into the posterior pole of the fundus, where they induce inflammatory changes in vascular permeability in the perifoveolar capillary plexus. Clinically the cystoid macular edema then develops."}
{"id": "PMID:303063", "title": "[Different types of cells in tissue cultures of normal bovine iris (author's transl)].", "content": "Calf iris tissue cultured in TCM 199 was studied under the electron microscope at 5, 14, and 21 days. Melanocytes and clump cells (macrophages), and mast cells could be distinguished, as well as fibroblasts, round cells, and non striated muscle cells, Melanocytes lost their pigment granules temporarily, but not their ability to produce new ones again after a certain adaptation period. The morphology of clump and mast cells was only slightly altered. In incubation, fibroblasts and round cells were found to have spheroid surfaces. After a 3 week's culture, muscle cells showed signs of growth.", "contents": "[Different types of cells in tissue cultures of normal bovine iris (author's transl)]. Calf iris tissue cultured in TCM 199 was studied under the electron microscope at 5, 14, and 21 days. Melanocytes and clump cells (macrophages), and mast cells could be distinguished, as well as fibroblasts, round cells, and non striated muscle cells, Melanocytes lost their pigment granules temporarily, but not their ability to produce new ones again after a certain adaptation period. The morphology of clump and mast cells was only slightly altered. In incubation, fibroblasts and round cells were found to have spheroid surfaces. After a 3 week's culture, muscle cells showed signs of growth."}
{"id": "PMID:303066", "title": "Splenic vein thrombosis: an unusual case of gastric bleeding.", "content": "Acute and/or recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured gastric varices from an isolated thrombosed splenic vein is a distinct entity. Incidence of this syndrome is probably less than 1%. Typical clinical features of this syndrome include evidence of splenic hypertension without liver disease and no demonstrable cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Diagnosis can easily be missed unless the surgeon is familiar with this syndrome. Typical findings at the time of surgery are an enlarged spleen, varicose veins usually involving the upper third of the stomach, and pancreatic and peripancreatic inflammation. Portal vein and portal pressure will be normal. Meso-portography is a convenient and safe procedure and will lend support to suspicion when a retrograde nonfilling of the splenic vein is present. Splenectomy offers the expectation of a long-range cure. A representative case of a 39-year-old man is discussed. He had at least six episodes of gastric bleeding in less than 3 years. At a previous laparotomy, the cause of bleeding could not be determined. A splenectomy in December 1970 has been able to control the gastric bleeding since then.", "contents": "Splenic vein thrombosis: an unusual case of gastric bleeding. Acute and/or recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to ruptured gastric varices from an isolated thrombosed splenic vein is a distinct entity. Incidence of this syndrome is probably less than 1%. Typical clinical features of this syndrome include evidence of splenic hypertension without liver disease and no demonstrable cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Diagnosis can easily be missed unless the surgeon is familiar with this syndrome. Typical findings at the time of surgery are an enlarged spleen, varicose veins usually involving the upper third of the stomach, and pancreatic and peripancreatic inflammation. Portal vein and portal pressure will be normal. Meso-portography is a convenient and safe procedure and will lend support to suspicion when a retrograde nonfilling of the splenic vein is present. Splenectomy offers the expectation of a long-range cure. A representative case of a 39-year-old man is discussed. He had at least six episodes of gastric bleeding in less than 3 years. At a previous laparotomy, the cause of bleeding could not be determined. A splenectomy in December 1970 has been able to control the gastric bleeding since then."}
{"id": "PMID:303067", "title": "T lymphocytes in children with allergic respiratory disease.", "content": "The role of T lymphocytes in atopic disease is of considerable importance because animal studies indicate that cells of this lymphoid series may influence reaginic antibody response. T lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in a group of 76 children with allergic respiratory disease. There was no statistical difference between atopic children with asthma and those with allergic rhinitis as compared with an age-matched control population of 20 non-atopic children in terms of levels of active T lymphocytes or total T lymphocytes. The results of this study do not support the concept of a T cell immunodeficiency in children with allergic respiratory disease.", "contents": "T lymphocytes in children with allergic respiratory disease. The role of T lymphocytes in atopic disease is of considerable importance because animal studies indicate that cells of this lymphoid series may influence reaginic antibody response. T lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in a group of 76 children with allergic respiratory disease. There was no statistical difference between atopic children with asthma and those with allergic rhinitis as compared with an age-matched control population of 20 non-atopic children in terms of levels of active T lymphocytes or total T lymphocytes. The results of this study do not support the concept of a T cell immunodeficiency in children with allergic respiratory disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303065", "title": "Influence of barbiturate anesthetic induction on circulatory responses to morphine.", "content": "Circulatory responses to morphine (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/min) following a barbiturate anesthetic induction (thiamylal 4 mg/kg) were determined in 7 patients with coronary artery disease. Compared with awake measurements, the mean arterial pressure and cardiac index were decreased 16 and 42 percent, respectively (p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance increased 35% (p less than 0.05) at the end of morphine infusion. The same dose of morphine, but without prior barbiturate, has been previously reported not to significantly alter these measurements. Therefore, the assumption that morphine is associated with minimal circulatory changes may be invalidated by the prior administration of thiamylal.", "contents": "Influence of barbiturate anesthetic induction on circulatory responses to morphine. Circulatory responses to morphine (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/min) following a barbiturate anesthetic induction (thiamylal 4 mg/kg) were determined in 7 patients with coronary artery disease. Compared with awake measurements, the mean arterial pressure and cardiac index were decreased 16 and 42 percent, respectively (p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance increased 35% (p less than 0.05) at the end of morphine infusion. The same dose of morphine, but without prior barbiturate, has been previously reported not to significantly alter these measurements. Therefore, the assumption that morphine is associated with minimal circulatory changes may be invalidated by the prior administration of thiamylal."}
{"id": "PMID:303073", "title": "[Ocular fixation test in pendular vestibular stimulation. Hearing and balance laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of ocular fixation on per-rotatory nystagmus were studied during the course of the pendular vestibular stimulation test. If the subject is normal, or the disorder is peripheral, the nystagmus is abolished. Examples of these different results are presented.", "contents": "[Ocular fixation test in pendular vestibular stimulation. Hearing and balance laboratory (author's transl)]. The effects of ocular fixation on per-rotatory nystagmus were studied during the course of the pendular vestibular stimulation test. If the subject is normal, or the disorder is peripheral, the nystagmus is abolished. Examples of these different results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:303069", "title": "[Benign intracranial hypertension in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight patients with clinic manifestations of benign intracranial hypertension are reported. Every patient was studied to the point where all other causes were ruled out. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and complementary studies are analysed. Finally, authors examine management and prognosis of the syndrome.", "contents": "[Benign intracranial hypertension in childhood (author's transl)]. Eight patients with clinic manifestations of benign intracranial hypertension are reported. Every patient was studied to the point where all other causes were ruled out. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and complementary studies are analysed. Finally, authors examine management and prognosis of the syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:303070", "title": "[Congenital arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa midline. On their anatomoradiological variability (author's transl)].", "content": "An anatomical and radiological study of seven cases with arachnoid cyst of the midline of the posterior fossa in which there was either necropsic or surgical anatomical diagnosis is reported. A great variation was observed regarding their location, size and extension, which covers all the zone existing between the foramen of Magendie and the quadrigeminal lamina, presenting two cases which rose to the medial fossa, one of them entering in a left lateral ventricle and implanting itself in its' walls. Associated to arachnoid cysts other malformations have been found, such as type I Chiari, partial agenesis of the vermis, cerebellar dismorphies and stenosis of the aqueduct. Neuroradiological examination is fundamental for diagnosis, existing important alterations both in plain skull X-Rays and pneumoencephalography, ventriculography and vertebral and carotid angiographies. There are no strict neuroradiological patterns in the study with air nor in arterial and or venous times of angiography which define assuredly, presence, of the arachnoid cyst, since each case shows different findings. However, the conjugated analysis of all explorations must give correct diagnosis in almost the totality of cases.", "contents": "[Congenital arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa midline. On their anatomoradiological variability (author's transl)]. An anatomical and radiological study of seven cases with arachnoid cyst of the midline of the posterior fossa in which there was either necropsic or surgical anatomical diagnosis is reported. A great variation was observed regarding their location, size and extension, which covers all the zone existing between the foramen of Magendie and the quadrigeminal lamina, presenting two cases which rose to the medial fossa, one of them entering in a left lateral ventricle and implanting itself in its' walls. Associated to arachnoid cysts other malformations have been found, such as type I Chiari, partial agenesis of the vermis, cerebellar dismorphies and stenosis of the aqueduct. Neuroradiological examination is fundamental for diagnosis, existing important alterations both in plain skull X-Rays and pneumoencephalography, ventriculography and vertebral and carotid angiographies. There are no strict neuroradiological patterns in the study with air nor in arterial and or venous times of angiography which define assuredly, presence, of the arachnoid cyst, since each case shows different findings. However, the conjugated analysis of all explorations must give correct diagnosis in almost the totality of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:303071", "title": "[Congenital tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The present case report concerns a term infant, born of a mother with an undiagnosed tuberculosis, which was proved by inguinal lymph node biopsy to have numerous acid-fast bacilli; sequence of events supports the thesis that infant had acquired infection transplacentally. Literature is reviewed and diagnosis, prophylaxis, chemotherapy of this infrequent disease with a grave prognosis is commented, emphasizing success of chemotherapy in this infant.", "contents": "[Congenital tuberculosis (author's transl)]. The present case report concerns a term infant, born of a mother with an undiagnosed tuberculosis, which was proved by inguinal lymph node biopsy to have numerous acid-fast bacilli; sequence of events supports the thesis that infant had acquired infection transplacentally. Literature is reviewed and diagnosis, prophylaxis, chemotherapy of this infrequent disease with a grave prognosis is commented, emphasizing success of chemotherapy in this infant."}
{"id": "PMID:303076", "title": "Sensitive, rapid, and specific bioassay for the determination of antilipogenic compounds.", "content": "A sensitive and rapid bioassay for the determination of the antilipogenic compounds cerulenin and CM-55 is described. The bioassay is based on the inhibitory effect of cerulenin and CM-55 on the in vivo luminescence of an aldehyde-requiring mutant of the marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi. A total quantity as low as 0.1 mug of cerulenin can be determined within 15 min with an error of +/-2%. The bioassay, as presented, is specific for compounds that are known to inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis and, as such, it might be used as a general screening method for the detection of antilipogenic compounds.", "contents": "Sensitive, rapid, and specific bioassay for the determination of antilipogenic compounds. A sensitive and rapid bioassay for the determination of the antilipogenic compounds cerulenin and CM-55 is described. The bioassay is based on the inhibitory effect of cerulenin and CM-55 on the in vivo luminescence of an aldehyde-requiring mutant of the marine bacterium Beneckea harveyi. A total quantity as low as 0.1 mug of cerulenin can be determined within 15 min with an error of +/-2%. The bioassay, as presented, is specific for compounds that are known to inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis and, as such, it might be used as a general screening method for the detection of antilipogenic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:303077", "title": "Pyruvate production and excretion by the luminous marine bacteria.", "content": "During aerobic growth on glucose, several species of luminous marine bacteria exhibited an imcomplete oxidative catabolism of substrate. Pyruvate, one of the products of glucose metabolism, was excreted into the medium during exponential growth and accounted for up to 50% of the substrate carbon metabolized. When glucose was depleted from the medium, the excreted pyruvate was promptly utilized, demonstrating that the cells are capable of pyruvate catabolism. Pyruvate excretion is not a general phenomenon of carbohydrate metabolism since it does not occur during the utilization of glycerol or maltose. When cells pregrown on glycerol were exposed to glucose, they began to excrete pyruvate, even if protein synthesis was blocked with chloramphenicol. Glucose thus appears to have an effect on the activity of preexisting catabolic enzymes.", "contents": "Pyruvate production and excretion by the luminous marine bacteria. During aerobic growth on glucose, several species of luminous marine bacteria exhibited an imcomplete oxidative catabolism of substrate. Pyruvate, one of the products of glucose metabolism, was excreted into the medium during exponential growth and accounted for up to 50% of the substrate carbon metabolized. When glucose was depleted from the medium, the excreted pyruvate was promptly utilized, demonstrating that the cells are capable of pyruvate catabolism. Pyruvate excretion is not a general phenomenon of carbohydrate metabolism since it does not occur during the utilization of glycerol or maltose. When cells pregrown on glycerol were exposed to glucose, they began to excrete pyruvate, even if protein synthesis was blocked with chloramphenicol. Glucose thus appears to have an effect on the activity of preexisting catabolic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:303074", "title": "Pathology of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease as it relates to the sac and tack procedures.", "content": "The rationale for endolymphatic sac and tack operations is to prevent the further accumulation of endolymph, the former by draining endolymph into extralabyrinthine tissues and the latter by shunting endolymph into the perilymphatic space. While the basic concepts are reasonable enough, the probability of achieving these objectives seems remote. There appears to be adequate clinical evidence, however, to show that these procedures are of therapeutic value in selected cases. It is tempting to speculate that these surgical insults to the labyrinth, with the associated inflammatory and biochemical changes, alter the function of cells which control fluid physiology and thus improve the symptoms of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "Pathology of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease as it relates to the sac and tack procedures. The rationale for endolymphatic sac and tack operations is to prevent the further accumulation of endolymph, the former by draining endolymph into extralabyrinthine tissues and the latter by shunting endolymph into the perilymphatic space. While the basic concepts are reasonable enough, the probability of achieving these objectives seems remote. There appears to be adequate clinical evidence, however, to show that these procedures are of therapeutic value in selected cases. It is tempting to speculate that these surgical insults to the labyrinth, with the associated inflammatory and biochemical changes, alter the function of cells which control fluid physiology and thus improve the symptoms of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303075", "title": "Current status of surgical decompression and drainage procedures upon the endolymphatic system.", "content": "At the present time, neither the etiologic factors nor the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to the development of endolymphatic hydrops or M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease are known; however, the anatomic-pathologic alterations in the labyrinth that are produced by the disease are well-documented. Undoubtedly, what is not known is responsible for the controversial status and questionable benefit that surgical decompression and drainage procedures have upon the endolymphatic system.", "contents": "Current status of surgical decompression and drainage procedures upon the endolymphatic system. At the present time, neither the etiologic factors nor the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to the development of endolymphatic hydrops or M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease are known; however, the anatomic-pathologic alterations in the labyrinth that are produced by the disease are well-documented. Undoubtedly, what is not known is responsible for the controversial status and questionable benefit that surgical decompression and drainage procedures have upon the endolymphatic system."}
{"id": "PMID:303079", "title": "Evidence for a T-cell reaction in the cutaneous sarcoid granuloma.", "content": "In cutaneous sarcoidosis, mononuclear cells of granuloma have been freed and characterized by immunological tests. Of these cells, 84% of them were found to be T dependent by the E rosette test. A similar value (79%) was obtained in the stroma of delayed hypersensitivity reaction, whose immunological functions are well known. However, the physiological role of the thymus dependent pupulation within granulomas must be established.", "contents": "Evidence for a T-cell reaction in the cutaneous sarcoid granuloma. In cutaneous sarcoidosis, mononuclear cells of granuloma have been freed and characterized by immunological tests. Of these cells, 84% of them were found to be T dependent by the E rosette test. A similar value (79%) was obtained in the stroma of delayed hypersensitivity reaction, whose immunological functions are well known. However, the physiological role of the thymus dependent pupulation within granulomas must be established."}
{"id": "PMID:303080", "title": "Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass.", "content": "The diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass is uncertain because the criteria of infarction are unclear. Fifty patients who underwent coronary artery bypass were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with serial ECGs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), isoenzyme determinations, and technetium pyrophosphate myocardial scans. Clinical evaluation correlated with exercise testing and postoperative angiography supported the diagnosis in questionable cases. Thirty-five patients (70%) had no evidence of POMI by any criteria, and 2 patients (4%) had unequivocal evidence of infarction by all criteria. Our studies indicate the complexities of diagnosing POMI. We believe that the serially recorded ECG is the most useful diagnostic technique. CPK isoenzyme determinations may be useful but are difficult to interpret in the operative setting. Preoperative cardiac scans are necessary so as to avoid a high incidence of false-positive scans postoperatively. In doubtful cases, postoperative coronary arteriography and left ventricular angiography may provide the most definitive information.", "contents": "Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass. The diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction (POMI) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass is uncertain because the criteria of infarction are unclear. Fifty patients who underwent coronary artery bypass were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with serial ECGs, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), isoenzyme determinations, and technetium pyrophosphate myocardial scans. Clinical evaluation correlated with exercise testing and postoperative angiography supported the diagnosis in questionable cases. Thirty-five patients (70%) had no evidence of POMI by any criteria, and 2 patients (4%) had unequivocal evidence of infarction by all criteria. Our studies indicate the complexities of diagnosing POMI. We believe that the serially recorded ECG is the most useful diagnostic technique. CPK isoenzyme determinations may be useful but are difficult to interpret in the operative setting. Preoperative cardiac scans are necessary so as to avoid a high incidence of false-positive scans postoperatively. In doubtful cases, postoperative coronary arteriography and left ventricular angiography may provide the most definitive information."}
{"id": "PMID:303082", "title": "Management of sudden coronary death.", "content": "Twenty-three survivors of out-of-hospital sudden coronary death (SCD) have been followed subsequent to initial hospitalization, cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography, and ultimate coronary revascularization (11 patients) or medical treatment (12 patients). All were treated at the Milwaukee County Medical Center. History of previous myocardial infarction (10 patients) and predominance of triple coronary artery disease (20 patients) with associated ventricular dysfunction (21 patients) demonstrated advanced coronary disease in both groups. Selection for revascularization (mean, 3 grafts per patient) was not randomized, but was based on precarious coronary anatomy and was reinforced by post-SCD ventricular dysrhythmias and angina. During an average follow-up of 13 months, there were 2 perioperative surgical deaths (1 recurrent SCD) and 3 medical deaths (2 recurrent SCDs), giving a mortality rate of 22%. This is an improvement over reported post-SCD natural history and may support a policy of offering revascularization to all SCD patients who have precarious coronary anatomy.", "contents": "Management of sudden coronary death. Twenty-three survivors of out-of-hospital sudden coronary death (SCD) have been followed subsequent to initial hospitalization, cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography, and ultimate coronary revascularization (11 patients) or medical treatment (12 patients). All were treated at the Milwaukee County Medical Center. History of previous myocardial infarction (10 patients) and predominance of triple coronary artery disease (20 patients) with associated ventricular dysfunction (21 patients) demonstrated advanced coronary disease in both groups. Selection for revascularization (mean, 3 grafts per patient) was not randomized, but was based on precarious coronary anatomy and was reinforced by post-SCD ventricular dysrhythmias and angina. During an average follow-up of 13 months, there were 2 perioperative surgical deaths (1 recurrent SCD) and 3 medical deaths (2 recurrent SCDs), giving a mortality rate of 22%. This is an improvement over reported post-SCD natural history and may support a policy of offering revascularization to all SCD patients who have precarious coronary anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:303084", "title": "Problem-oriented medical record: experience in 238 rehabilitation institutions.", "content": "Since Lawrence Weed introduced the Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) nine years ago, several individual rehabilitation institutions have reported their experiences with POMR. As the author was interested in learning of the experiences of other rehabilitation institutions throughout the United States, questionnaires were sent to 253 such institutions. Replies were received from 238 (94%), 132 University-Affiliated Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (UAD) and 106 Free-Standing Rehabilitation Centers (FSRC). Some experience with POMR was reported by 155 institutions (65.1%), including 94 (39.5%) which currently use POMR. A comparison between UAD and FSRC revealed statistically significant differences in experience with POMR, the use of POMR for medical and rehabilitation problems, the use of functional evaluation systems and POMR, and professional areas of responsibility. There were no statistically significant differences between UAD and FSRC in the use of POMR for medical audit, the need for formal workshops to orient staff to POMR concepts, the advantages of POMR, and the principal reason an institution was not using POMR. The implications of these findings for patient care, medical education, record keeping, and research are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Problem-oriented medical record: experience in 238 rehabilitation institutions. Since Lawrence Weed introduced the Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) nine years ago, several individual rehabilitation institutions have reported their experiences with POMR. As the author was interested in learning of the experiences of other rehabilitation institutions throughout the United States, questionnaires were sent to 253 such institutions. Replies were received from 238 (94%), 132 University-Affiliated Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (UAD) and 106 Free-Standing Rehabilitation Centers (FSRC). Some experience with POMR was reported by 155 institutions (65.1%), including 94 (39.5%) which currently use POMR. A comparison between UAD and FSRC revealed statistically significant differences in experience with POMR, the use of POMR for medical and rehabilitation problems, the use of functional evaluation systems and POMR, and professional areas of responsibility. There were no statistically significant differences between UAD and FSRC in the use of POMR for medical audit, the need for formal workshops to orient staff to POMR concepts, the advantages of POMR, and the principal reason an institution was not using POMR. The implications of these findings for patient care, medical education, record keeping, and research are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:303085", "title": "Diastatic perforation of the cecum without distal obstruction. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "We present the first reported case to our knowledge of diastatic rupture of the normal cecum following cardiac surgery. All other reported cases of diastatic rupture of the cecum are reviewed. Nasotracheal intubation, hypoxemia, and enemas are thought to contribute to this complication. Prophylactic cecostomy for cecal diameters greater than 9 cm is recommended. Cecostomy and drainage are generally the treatment of choice should perforation occur.", "contents": "Diastatic perforation of the cecum without distal obstruction. Case report and review of the literature. We present the first reported case to our knowledge of diastatic rupture of the normal cecum following cardiac surgery. All other reported cases of diastatic rupture of the cecum are reviewed. Nasotracheal intubation, hypoxemia, and enemas are thought to contribute to this complication. Prophylactic cecostomy for cecal diameters greater than 9 cm is recommended. Cecostomy and drainage are generally the treatment of choice should perforation occur."}
{"id": "PMID:303089", "title": "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with contralateral hemiplegia.", "content": "A 48-year-old man developed left hemiparesis nine weeks after herpes zoster skin lesions had appeared over the right forehead. Cerebral angiography showed bilateral changes consistent with cerebral arteritis. The patient's condition worsened after the angiographic procedure. Reports from the literature as well as the present case suggest that arteritis and ischemia best explain contralateral neurological symptoms that occur suddenly following herpes zoster ophthalmicus.", "contents": "Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with contralateral hemiplegia. A 48-year-old man developed left hemiparesis nine weeks after herpes zoster skin lesions had appeared over the right forehead. Cerebral angiography showed bilateral changes consistent with cerebral arteritis. The patient's condition worsened after the angiographic procedure. Reports from the literature as well as the present case suggest that arteritis and ischemia best explain contralateral neurological symptoms that occur suddenly following herpes zoster ophthalmicus."}
{"id": "PMID:303090", "title": "Vitrectomy technique for removal of retained lens material.", "content": "A posteriorly dislocated lens or non-encapsulated lens material in the vitreous cavity may be difficult to remove. The pars plana vitrectomy instrumentation and technique provide new methods to remove this material, including use of the cutting-aspiration system of the instrument with or without use of a second instrument to mechanically crush firm lens material. Also, the vitrectomy instrument can be used to mobilize a dislocated lens or lens nucleus and position it in the anterior chamber prior to removal through a limbus incision. These methods provide considerable flexibility and usually permit the surgeon to achieve the objectives of lens removal, vitrectomy, and treatment of any retinal complications under optimum control during one operation. We have used these methods to successfully treat ten consecutive cases.", "contents": "Vitrectomy technique for removal of retained lens material. A posteriorly dislocated lens or non-encapsulated lens material in the vitreous cavity may be difficult to remove. The pars plana vitrectomy instrumentation and technique provide new methods to remove this material, including use of the cutting-aspiration system of the instrument with or without use of a second instrument to mechanically crush firm lens material. Also, the vitrectomy instrument can be used to mobilize a dislocated lens or lens nucleus and position it in the anterior chamber prior to removal through a limbus incision. These methods provide considerable flexibility and usually permit the surgeon to achieve the objectives of lens removal, vitrectomy, and treatment of any retinal complications under optimum control during one operation. We have used these methods to successfully treat ten consecutive cases."}
{"id": "PMID:303091", "title": "Anterior uveitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The ocular and systemic characteristics of 160 patients with anterior uveitis and seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. Chronic uveitis occurred in 131 patients, 76% of whom were girls. Both eyes were involved in 70% of the cases. Band keratopathy occurred in 41% of the eyes, cataract in 42%, and secondary glaucoma in 19%. Only 11 patients had uveitis before the onset of arthritis. Notable correlations included a pauciarticular onset of arthritis in 95% of the patients, and positive tests for antinuclear antibody in 82%. Of 29 patients with acute anterior uveitis, 27 were boys. The inflammation responded well to therapy, and serious complications did not occur. At follow-up 21 patients had typical ankylosing spondylitis, and five had sacroiliitis. The incidence of positive results of tests for HLA-B27 antigen was 94%.", "contents": "Anterior uveitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The ocular and systemic characteristics of 160 patients with anterior uveitis and seronegative juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed. Chronic uveitis occurred in 131 patients, 76% of whom were girls. Both eyes were involved in 70% of the cases. Band keratopathy occurred in 41% of the eyes, cataract in 42%, and secondary glaucoma in 19%. Only 11 patients had uveitis before the onset of arthritis. Notable correlations included a pauciarticular onset of arthritis in 95% of the patients, and positive tests for antinuclear antibody in 82%. Of 29 patients with acute anterior uveitis, 27 were boys. The inflammation responded well to therapy, and serious complications did not occur. At follow-up 21 patients had typical ankylosing spondylitis, and five had sacroiliitis. The incidence of positive results of tests for HLA-B27 antigen was 94%."}
{"id": "PMID:303092", "title": "Paradoxical pupillary responses in congenital stationary night blindness.", "content": "Three unrelated boys, ages 2, 6, and 10 years, who have congenital stationary night blindness with myopia and a Schubert-Bornschein-type electroretinogram finding, were found to show a \"paradoxical\" pupillary constriction in darkness. When examining room lights are turned out, the patient's pupils briskly constrict and slowly dilate. Older night blind male relatives of these boys did not show this abnormal constriction to darkness.", "contents": "Paradoxical pupillary responses in congenital stationary night blindness. Three unrelated boys, ages 2, 6, and 10 years, who have congenital stationary night blindness with myopia and a Schubert-Bornschein-type electroretinogram finding, were found to show a \"paradoxical\" pupillary constriction in darkness. When examining room lights are turned out, the patient's pupils briskly constrict and slowly dilate. Older night blind male relatives of these boys did not show this abnormal constriction to darkness."}
{"id": "PMID:303093", "title": "Therapeutic options in Meniere's disease.", "content": "Emphasis on treatment in Meniere's disease has recently shifted from a concentration on the vertiginous component alone to include conservation or improvement of hearing as well. This presentation tabulates the current otological literature's reports of both the medical and surgical options available in the treatment of Meniere's disease. The authors conclude that these more recent reports deemphasize the importance of the vertiginous component, while emphasizing the importance of the hearing component in evaluation of the efficacy of any therapeutic modality. Furthermore, these reports indicate that endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage surgery alone offers a considerable chance for conservation or improvement in hearing, as well as relief of vertigo in early cases of reversible, fluctuating hearing deficits. In nonreversible or nonfluctuating hearing deficits with hearing worth conserving, vestibular neurectomy with excision of Scarpa's ganglion yields the best results.", "contents": "Therapeutic options in Meniere's disease. Emphasis on treatment in Meniere's disease has recently shifted from a concentration on the vertiginous component alone to include conservation or improvement of hearing as well. This presentation tabulates the current otological literature's reports of both the medical and surgical options available in the treatment of Meniere's disease. The authors conclude that these more recent reports deemphasize the importance of the vertiginous component, while emphasizing the importance of the hearing component in evaluation of the efficacy of any therapeutic modality. Furthermore, these reports indicate that endolymphatic sac decompression and drainage surgery alone offers a considerable chance for conservation or improvement in hearing, as well as relief of vertigo in early cases of reversible, fluctuating hearing deficits. In nonreversible or nonfluctuating hearing deficits with hearing worth conserving, vestibular neurectomy with excision of Scarpa's ganglion yields the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:303095", "title": "Erythrocyte autoantibodies induced in mice immunized with rat antigens.", "content": "Antibody reacting against syngeneic mouse erythrocytes could not be elicited (by rat erythrocytes) in athymic nude mice. Rat antigen preparations from heart, muscle testes, brain erythrocyte ghosts and foetal material failed to elicit detectable autoantibody reactivity against mouse erythrocytes, even though all these preparations (other than brain and foetal) induced a reduction in half life of syngeneic murine erythrocytes in vivo. We suggest that an unstable rat erythrocyte antigen is responsible for the induction of the autoimmune reactions, which in turn depend on T-cells for their generation.", "contents": "Erythrocyte autoantibodies induced in mice immunized with rat antigens. Antibody reacting against syngeneic mouse erythrocytes could not be elicited (by rat erythrocytes) in athymic nude mice. Rat antigen preparations from heart, muscle testes, brain erythrocyte ghosts and foetal material failed to elicit detectable autoantibody reactivity against mouse erythrocytes, even though all these preparations (other than brain and foetal) induced a reduction in half life of syngeneic murine erythrocytes in vivo. We suggest that an unstable rat erythrocyte antigen is responsible for the induction of the autoimmune reactions, which in turn depend on T-cells for their generation."}
{"id": "PMID:303096", "title": "Analgesic abuse, renal papillary necrosis and concomitant drug intake.", "content": "In a retrospective survey of 145 patients coming to autopsy at a hospital in Sydney, 31 were found to have some form of renal papillary necrosis (RPN). Sixteen (52%) of those abused analgesic mixtures, there being a marked female preponderance (70%). A further two cases may have been linked with indomethacin and phenylbutazone. On the other hand, 15 (48%) of other analgesic abusers did not develop RPN and the differences between the two groups of abusers and a thrid group of non-abusers were studied in the hope of isolating a precipitating factor. Examination of concomitant drug intake revealed a positive correlation of RPN in abusers with the taking of diuretics and antihypertensive drugs. While these drugs may have been precribed to correct the sequelae of a silent renal lesion, an interactive component in its pathogenesis cannot be ruled out. Analgesic abuse but not RPN was linked with an increased consumption of barbiturates, psychotropic drugs, cardiac glycosides and antacids. Drug interactive effects may partly explain the sudden emergence of analgesic nephropathy 20 years ago.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse, renal papillary necrosis and concomitant drug intake. In a retrospective survey of 145 patients coming to autopsy at a hospital in Sydney, 31 were found to have some form of renal papillary necrosis (RPN). Sixteen (52%) of those abused analgesic mixtures, there being a marked female preponderance (70%). A further two cases may have been linked with indomethacin and phenylbutazone. On the other hand, 15 (48%) of other analgesic abusers did not develop RPN and the differences between the two groups of abusers and a thrid group of non-abusers were studied in the hope of isolating a precipitating factor. Examination of concomitant drug intake revealed a positive correlation of RPN in abusers with the taking of diuretics and antihypertensive drugs. While these drugs may have been precribed to correct the sequelae of a silent renal lesion, an interactive component in its pathogenesis cannot be ruled out. Analgesic abuse but not RPN was linked with an increased consumption of barbiturates, psychotropic drugs, cardiac glycosides and antacids. Drug interactive effects may partly explain the sudden emergence of analgesic nephropathy 20 years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:303094", "title": "Hereditary deafness in the cat. An electron microscopic study of the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane.", "content": "The auditory pathway potentials have been recorded from a series of 35 cats, and the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane examined with the electron microscope. The ages varied from the first postnatal day to at least 6 years. 30 of the animals had white coats, and 45 of the ears lacked potentials. The basal processes of the marginal cells fail to develop in pathological ears, and appear displaced towards the endolymphatic surface by a layer of grossly swollen, chromophobe cells. These features are already present at the 3 day stage, and persist until the third week. Thereafter, increasing electron density of all cell types is found, with progressive reduction in strial thickness. Swelling of the capillary endothelial cells and descent of Reissner's membrane are found in the first coil at 2 weeks. Obliteration of capillaries, and development of vacuolar cytoplasmic outgrowths from the vestibular membrane mesothelial cells occur at later stages. These findings are discussed and compared with the pathological changes produced by a variety of endogenous 2nd exogenous factors in both man and animals.", "contents": "Hereditary deafness in the cat. An electron microscopic study of the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane. The auditory pathway potentials have been recorded from a series of 35 cats, and the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane examined with the electron microscope. The ages varied from the first postnatal day to at least 6 years. 30 of the animals had white coats, and 45 of the ears lacked potentials. The basal processes of the marginal cells fail to develop in pathological ears, and appear displaced towards the endolymphatic surface by a layer of grossly swollen, chromophobe cells. These features are already present at the 3 day stage, and persist until the third week. Thereafter, increasing electron density of all cell types is found, with progressive reduction in strial thickness. Swelling of the capillary endothelial cells and descent of Reissner's membrane are found in the first coil at 2 weeks. Obliteration of capillaries, and development of vacuolar cytoplasmic outgrowths from the vestibular membrane mesothelial cells occur at later stages. These findings are discussed and compared with the pathological changes produced by a variety of endogenous 2nd exogenous factors in both man and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:303097", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.", "content": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was diagnosed on lung biopsy in an immunosuppressed patient. Therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole led to a rapid clinical recovery with no side-effects being observed.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis was diagnosed on lung biopsy in an immunosuppressed patient. Therapy with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole led to a rapid clinical recovery with no side-effects being observed."}
{"id": "PMID:303099", "title": "Antisomatogyral illusion.", "content": "Following voluntary ambulatory turning (eight turns), perceived motion is reversed in direction relative to a) aftereffects of passive rotation and b) predictions from current concepts of immer ear function. Following active turning, feedback from reflexes elicited by vestibulospinal activity apparently dominates the perceptual experience. Practical consequences in medicine and aviation are discussed.", "contents": "Antisomatogyral illusion. Following voluntary ambulatory turning (eight turns), perceived motion is reversed in direction relative to a) aftereffects of passive rotation and b) predictions from current concepts of immer ear function. Following active turning, feedback from reflexes elicited by vestibulospinal activity apparently dominates the perceptual experience. Practical consequences in medicine and aviation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303102", "title": "Discordant distribution of IgM and IgG antibodies to DNA and RNA in monozygotic twins with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Sera from six sets of twins (five monozygotic and one dyzygotic) in whom one or both has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated for antibodies to DNA and RNA. Sera from three monozygotic twin sets were further studied to determine the distribution of 19S and 7S antibodies to DNA and RNA. The presence of significant binding of polyriboadenylic acid and of native DNA correlated with the presence of clinical SLE in this study. Sucrose density gradient fractionation studies of the sera revealed that the clinically normal twins had some binding of Poly A and DNA limited to the 19S region, whereas the twins with SLE generally had significant levels of 19S and 7S antibodies to DNA and/or Poly A. On the other hand, concordance for presence or absence of antibodies to doublestranded RNA was demonstrated within each twin set irrespective of concordance or discordance for clinical SLE. These results suggest that genetic factors may be important in determining which nucleic acids antigens become immunogenic, but genetic factors alone do not determine the immunoglobulin class distribution of antibodies to nucleic acids.", "contents": "Discordant distribution of IgM and IgG antibodies to DNA and RNA in monozygotic twins with systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera from six sets of twins (five monozygotic and one dyzygotic) in whom one or both has systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evaluated for antibodies to DNA and RNA. Sera from three monozygotic twin sets were further studied to determine the distribution of 19S and 7S antibodies to DNA and RNA. The presence of significant binding of polyriboadenylic acid and of native DNA correlated with the presence of clinical SLE in this study. Sucrose density gradient fractionation studies of the sera revealed that the clinically normal twins had some binding of Poly A and DNA limited to the 19S region, whereas the twins with SLE generally had significant levels of 19S and 7S antibodies to DNA and/or Poly A. On the other hand, concordance for presence or absence of antibodies to doublestranded RNA was demonstrated within each twin set irrespective of concordance or discordance for clinical SLE. These results suggest that genetic factors may be important in determining which nucleic acids antigens become immunogenic, but genetic factors alone do not determine the immunoglobulin class distribution of antibodies to nucleic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:303103", "title": "Limited anti-DNA antibody specificity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Twenty-one sera from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were titrated with 125I-ss-calf thymus DNA to determine their maximum capacity to bind DNA. Only five sera were capable of binding greater than 90% of the input DNA. The remaining sixteen sera showed maximum DNA binding levels between 35% and 85%. The inability of these sera to bind all of the input DNA is shown to be dependent on variations in the molecular weight of the DNA antigen. The possibility that these differences in DNA binding reflect differences in antigenic specificity is discussed.", "contents": "Limited anti-DNA antibody specificity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Twenty-one sera from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were titrated with 125I-ss-calf thymus DNA to determine their maximum capacity to bind DNA. Only five sera were capable of binding greater than 90% of the input DNA. The remaining sixteen sera showed maximum DNA binding levels between 35% and 85%. The inability of these sera to bind all of the input DNA is shown to be dependent on variations in the molecular weight of the DNA antigen. The possibility that these differences in DNA binding reflect differences in antigenic specificity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303107", "title": "Quantitative determination of sodium-o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]phenylacetate (diclofenac) in human blood plasma or serum.", "content": "A rapid method for the estimation of sodium-(o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-phenyl)-acetate (diclofenac-Na, Voltaren) used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, in human blood plasma is described. The substance is extracted from acidified plasma with dichloromethane and acetylated after evaporation of the organic solvent, whereupon quantitation is performed by gas-liquid chromatography on a 10% OV-17 column, F.I. detection.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of sodium-o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]phenylacetate (diclofenac) in human blood plasma or serum. A rapid method for the estimation of sodium-(o-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-amino]-phenyl)-acetate (diclofenac-Na, Voltaren) used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, in human blood plasma is described. The substance is extracted from acidified plasma with dichloromethane and acetylated after evaporation of the organic solvent, whereupon quantitation is performed by gas-liquid chromatography on a 10% OV-17 column, F.I. detection."}
{"id": "PMID:303106", "title": "Case report: fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "We have presented the case of a young woman with MCTD who died of gastrointestinal bleeding due to fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels of the small and large intestine. This appears to be the first recorded occurrence of such findings in MCTD.", "contents": "Case report: fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage in mixed connective tissue disease. We have presented the case of a young woman with MCTD who died of gastrointestinal bleeding due to fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels of the small and large intestine. This appears to be the first recorded occurrence of such findings in MCTD."}
{"id": "PMID:303108", "title": "[Cr51: its use in the detection of blood in stools in the neonatal period].", "content": "In order to determine the sensitivity of the Cr51 method in intestinal blood losses, 11 normal term newborn babies were studied with no intercurrences in the perinatal period. A blood sample was labeled for each patient with Cr51 and during 3 day periods; daily blood samples were drawn and stools collected. It was observed a high degree of erythrocytes labelling and minimal blood losses were detected showing high sensitivity of the method.", "contents": "[Cr51: its use in the detection of blood in stools in the neonatal period]. In order to determine the sensitivity of the Cr51 method in intestinal blood losses, 11 normal term newborn babies were studied with no intercurrences in the perinatal period. A blood sample was labeled for each patient with Cr51 and during 3 day periods; daily blood samples were drawn and stools collected. It was observed a high degree of erythrocytes labelling and minimal blood losses were detected showing high sensitivity of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:303109", "title": "[Determination of intestinal blood losses in full-term infants].", "content": "Eleven normal full-term newborn babies with no intercurrence in perinatal period were studied to determine the volume of intestinal blood losses during breast feeding in the first week of life. Cr51 labelling method was used. The conclusions drawn are: 1. Normal newborn babies have blood intestinal losses ranging from zero to 0.104 ml/24 hours. 2. Intestinal blood losses determined in this study are negligible and allow the conclusion that human breast milk is not responsible for intestinal blood losses that occur during the first week of life.", "contents": "[Determination of intestinal blood losses in full-term infants]. Eleven normal full-term newborn babies with no intercurrence in perinatal period were studied to determine the volume of intestinal blood losses during breast feeding in the first week of life. Cr51 labelling method was used. The conclusions drawn are: 1. Normal newborn babies have blood intestinal losses ranging from zero to 0.104 ml/24 hours. 2. Intestinal blood losses determined in this study are negligible and allow the conclusion that human breast milk is not responsible for intestinal blood losses that occur during the first week of life."}
{"id": "PMID:303114", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies with benoxaprofen in man: prediction of steady-state levels from single-dose data.", "content": "1 Plasma levels of benoxaprofen were measured in eight subjects 2-168 h after a single oral dose of 100 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by the NON-LIN computer programme using the two-compartment open model. Mean half-lives of absorption, distribution and elimination were respectively 0.4, 4.8 and 37.6 hours. Volumes of distribution were 6.8 and 3.2 litres for the central and peripheral compartments respectively. 2 Eleven subjects in groups of three or four were given 25 mg/day, 50 mg/day or 100 mg two times daily for 11 days. Their plasma levels were compared with those predicted from the above parameters, which were adjusted for individual body weights and elimination half-lives. Steady-state plasma levels were predicted in each case, and a resonable degree of accuracy (mean 91%) achieved. 3 There was no tendency for observed and predicted levels to diverge as the dose was increased, and there was no evidence of any change in the disposition of benoxaprofen on repeated dosing. 4 The pharmacokinetic parameters were used to predict steady state plasma levels for various dosage regimens.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies with benoxaprofen in man: prediction of steady-state levels from single-dose data. 1 Plasma levels of benoxaprofen were measured in eight subjects 2-168 h after a single oral dose of 100 mg. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by the NON-LIN computer programme using the two-compartment open model. Mean half-lives of absorption, distribution and elimination were respectively 0.4, 4.8 and 37.6 hours. Volumes of distribution were 6.8 and 3.2 litres for the central and peripheral compartments respectively. 2 Eleven subjects in groups of three or four were given 25 mg/day, 50 mg/day or 100 mg two times daily for 11 days. Their plasma levels were compared with those predicted from the above parameters, which were adjusted for individual body weights and elimination half-lives. Steady-state plasma levels were predicted in each case, and a resonable degree of accuracy (mean 91%) achieved. 3 There was no tendency for observed and predicted levels to diverge as the dose was increased, and there was no evidence of any change in the disposition of benoxaprofen on repeated dosing. 4 The pharmacokinetic parameters were used to predict steady state plasma levels for various dosage regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:303115", "title": "Preliminary studies of absorption and excretion of benoxaprofen in man.", "content": "1 Benoxaprofen is a new acidic anti-inflammatory compound which was well absorbed after oral administration to man. 2 Single doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg produced mean peak concentrations in the plasma of 13.0, 33.5 and 45.3 microgram respectively, and the plasma half-life of the compound was between 30 and 35 hours. 3 Multiple dosing with 25 and 50 mg every 24 h achieved an equilibrium conentration in the plasma after 6-8 days, while dosing with 100 mg every 12 h enabled equilibrium to be reached in 3-6 days. Plasma concentrations between 35 and 45 microgram/ml were achieved by giving 100 mg doses every 12 hours. 4 Absorption of benoxaprofen was delayed when the drug was given with food, but the total amount absorbed remained the same. 5 The effect of milling the material to small particle size (19 micron) was to increase the rate of absorption compared to that of unmilled material (58 micron). 6 Benoxaprofen was well tolerated by healthy male subject in the doses given.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of absorption and excretion of benoxaprofen in man. 1 Benoxaprofen is a new acidic anti-inflammatory compound which was well absorbed after oral administration to man. 2 Single doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg produced mean peak concentrations in the plasma of 13.0, 33.5 and 45.3 microgram respectively, and the plasma half-life of the compound was between 30 and 35 hours. 3 Multiple dosing with 25 and 50 mg every 24 h achieved an equilibrium conentration in the plasma after 6-8 days, while dosing with 100 mg every 12 h enabled equilibrium to be reached in 3-6 days. Plasma concentrations between 35 and 45 microgram/ml were achieved by giving 100 mg doses every 12 hours. 4 Absorption of benoxaprofen was delayed when the drug was given with food, but the total amount absorbed remained the same. 5 The effect of milling the material to small particle size (19 micron) was to increase the rate of absorption compared to that of unmilled material (58 micron). 6 Benoxaprofen was well tolerated by healthy male subject in the doses given."}
{"id": "PMID:303116", "title": "Proenzymic C1s associated with catalytic amounts of C1r. Study of the activation process.", "content": "1. Proenzymic C1s isolated from human plasma by euglobulin precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography is associated with trace amounts of C1r (0.5--1% on a molar basis). Incubation for 2 h at 37 degrees C leads to the proteolytic activation of C1s. The proteolysis is characterized by the sigmoidal appearance of C1s esterase activity and of the typical heavy (57 000-dalton) and light (28 000-dalton) fragments of C1s on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The C1s activation process observed is markedly temperature and concentration dependent, and the rate of activation is decreased by calcium and high ionic strength (I = 0.9). Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, benzamidine, polyanethol sulfonate and pentosane polysulphate inhibit the activation, which is also sensitive to C1-inactivator and anti-C1r IgC. From the kinetic experiments and from the inhibition characteristics, the activation of C1s can be attributed to the presence of C1r, which appears to undergo activation and then to activate secondarily C1s.", "contents": "Proenzymic C1s associated with catalytic amounts of C1r. Study of the activation process. 1. Proenzymic C1s isolated from human plasma by euglobulin precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography is associated with trace amounts of C1r (0.5--1% on a molar basis). Incubation for 2 h at 37 degrees C leads to the proteolytic activation of C1s. The proteolysis is characterized by the sigmoidal appearance of C1s esterase activity and of the typical heavy (57 000-dalton) and light (28 000-dalton) fragments of C1s on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The C1s activation process observed is markedly temperature and concentration dependent, and the rate of activation is decreased by calcium and high ionic strength (I = 0.9). Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, benzamidine, polyanethol sulfonate and pentosane polysulphate inhibit the activation, which is also sensitive to C1-inactivator and anti-C1r IgC. From the kinetic experiments and from the inhibition characteristics, the activation of C1s can be attributed to the presence of C1r, which appears to undergo activation and then to activate secondarily C1s."}
{"id": "PMID:303117", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin. Plasma survival studies in the rat of the normal and homozygote deficient forms.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin from normal individuals (Pi type MM) from those with an inherited deficiency of circulatory protein (Pi type ZZ) were labelled with 125I and plasma clearance rates measured in rats either prior to, or following treatment with neuraminidase to remove terminal sialic acid residues. In addition, these proteins and the derivatives were tested for their ability to bind to an hepatic binding protein obtained from rabbit liver membranes that has been shown to be responsible for the clearance of serum asialoglycoproteins. Finally, the two native forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin were treated with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with tritiated potassium borohydride and then analyzed for tritium incorporation in the neutral sugar fraction. The results indicate: (a) clearance from plasma for both forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin is dramatically enhanced upon the loss of terminal sialic acid residues to the liver membrane protein; (b) Z protein does not exhibit terminal galactosyl residues; (c) the low level of Z protein in plasma cannot be accounted for by a faster rate of clearance relative to M protein. The relevance of these findings to the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency state are discussed.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin. Plasma survival studies in the rat of the normal and homozygote deficient forms. Alpha-1-antitrypsin from normal individuals (Pi type MM) from those with an inherited deficiency of circulatory protein (Pi type ZZ) were labelled with 125I and plasma clearance rates measured in rats either prior to, or following treatment with neuraminidase to remove terminal sialic acid residues. In addition, these proteins and the derivatives were tested for their ability to bind to an hepatic binding protein obtained from rabbit liver membranes that has been shown to be responsible for the clearance of serum asialoglycoproteins. Finally, the two native forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin were treated with galactose oxidase followed by reduction with tritiated potassium borohydride and then analyzed for tritium incorporation in the neutral sugar fraction. The results indicate: (a) clearance from plasma for both forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin is dramatically enhanced upon the loss of terminal sialic acid residues to the liver membrane protein; (b) Z protein does not exhibit terminal galactosyl residues; (c) the low level of Z protein in plasma cannot be accounted for by a faster rate of clearance relative to M protein. The relevance of these findings to the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency state are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303119", "title": "AKR T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a model for human T-cell leukemia.", "content": "In humans, the T cell form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has proved to be a difficult therapeutic challenge; long-term remissions are unusual. Spontaneous T cell leukemia of AKR mice bears many similarities to the human disease and is proposed as an experimental model in which to test treatment strategies prior to clinical trial.", "contents": "AKR T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a model for human T-cell leukemia. In humans, the T cell form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia has proved to be a difficult therapeutic challenge; long-term remissions are unusual. Spontaneous T cell leukemia of AKR mice bears many similarities to the human disease and is proposed as an experimental model in which to test treatment strategies prior to clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:303120", "title": "Studies of some inflammatory and immunological responses of different strains of rat.", "content": "Differences were observed in the severity of AA in four inbred strains of rats. The interindividual correlation of the primary and secondary lesions showed an inverse relationship between the gravity of the primary and secondary lesions in the LEW and LE strains. WAG strain appeared to be the lowest responder in the intensity of the primary and secondary oedema in AA and in carrageenan oedema. This is in agreement with the low vascular permeability of this strain after PGE2 injection. When the values of the immunological tests in the individual strains (LE, WAG, LEW) were compared it was found that there is a reciprocal inverse relationship between them and the intensity of the secondary lesion. It follows from our results that the induction of AA requires very precise conditions, indicating that they might depend both on a critical state of immune reactivity and on the action of the pharmacologic mediators.", "contents": "Studies of some inflammatory and immunological responses of different strains of rat. Differences were observed in the severity of AA in four inbred strains of rats. The interindividual correlation of the primary and secondary lesions showed an inverse relationship between the gravity of the primary and secondary lesions in the LEW and LE strains. WAG strain appeared to be the lowest responder in the intensity of the primary and secondary oedema in AA and in carrageenan oedema. This is in agreement with the low vascular permeability of this strain after PGE2 injection. When the values of the immunological tests in the individual strains (LE, WAG, LEW) were compared it was found that there is a reciprocal inverse relationship between them and the intensity of the secondary lesion. It follows from our results that the induction of AA requires very precise conditions, indicating that they might depend both on a critical state of immune reactivity and on the action of the pharmacologic mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:303121", "title": "Light diffraction studies of sarcomere dynamics in single skeletal muscle fibers.", "content": "A position-sensitive optical diffractometer has been used to examine the diffraction spectra produced by single skeletal muscle fibers during twitch and tetanic contraction. First-order diffraction lines were computer-analyzed for mean sarcomere length, line intensity, and percent dispersion in sarcomere length. Line intensity was observed to decrease rapidly by about 60 percent during a twitch, with an exponential recovery to resting intensity persisting well beyond cessation of sarcomere shortening; recovery was particularly prolonged at zero myofilament overlap. A number of single fibers at initial lengths from 2.5 to 3.5 MICRON EXHIBITED a splitting of the first-order line into two or more components during relaxation, with components merging back into a single peak by 200 ms after stimulation. This splitting reflects the asynchronous nature of myofibrillar relaxation within a single fiber. During tetanus, the dispersion decreased by more than 10 percent from onset to plateau, implying a gradual stabilization of sarcomeres.", "contents": "Light diffraction studies of sarcomere dynamics in single skeletal muscle fibers. A position-sensitive optical diffractometer has been used to examine the diffraction spectra produced by single skeletal muscle fibers during twitch and tetanic contraction. First-order diffraction lines were computer-analyzed for mean sarcomere length, line intensity, and percent dispersion in sarcomere length. Line intensity was observed to decrease rapidly by about 60 percent during a twitch, with an exponential recovery to resting intensity persisting well beyond cessation of sarcomere shortening; recovery was particularly prolonged at zero myofilament overlap. A number of single fibers at initial lengths from 2.5 to 3.5 MICRON EXHIBITED a splitting of the first-order line into two or more components during relaxation, with components merging back into a single peak by 200 ms after stimulation. This splitting reflects the asynchronous nature of myofibrillar relaxation within a single fiber. During tetanus, the dispersion decreased by more than 10 percent from onset to plateau, implying a gradual stabilization of sarcomeres."}
{"id": "PMID:303122", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells].", "content": "Thymocytes stimulated in vitro in a mixed culture was sorbed by centrifugation on the surface of target cells for electron microscope study of cytology of immune T-lymphocytes and early cytolysis periods. A well developed Golgi apparatus was revealed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes; there was also accumulation of tubular structures 50 to 60 nm in diameter which communicated with the cysterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, with \"descended\" vesiculi and plasmatic membrane of lymphocyte. This membrane formed numerous contacts with the membrane of target cells thus producing closed clefts. Taking into consideration these data and also current views on the intertransformation of membranes and intracellular transport a hypothetic scheme of the mechanism involved in the cytolysis of the target cell by immune T-lymphocyte was put forward.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between cytolytic T-lymphocytes and target cells]. Thymocytes stimulated in vitro in a mixed culture was sorbed by centrifugation on the surface of target cells for electron microscope study of cytology of immune T-lymphocytes and early cytolysis periods. A well developed Golgi apparatus was revealed in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes; there was also accumulation of tubular structures 50 to 60 nm in diameter which communicated with the cysterns of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, with \"descended\" vesiculi and plasmatic membrane of lymphocyte. This membrane formed numerous contacts with the membrane of target cells thus producing closed clefts. Taking into consideration these data and also current views on the intertransformation of membranes and intracellular transport a hypothetic scheme of the mechanism involved in the cytolysis of the target cell by immune T-lymphocyte was put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:303123", "title": "[Ultrastructure and function of cellular elements of the thymus during formation of antitubercular immunity].", "content": "Electron microscope and histochemical study of the thymus was carried out on growing guinea pigs under normal conditions and during the immune responses in BCG vaccination. During the postvaccinal period, particularly at periods of from 3 to 7 days, there was a change in the cell elements ultrastructure of the hemato-encephalic barrier. The greatest shifts were noted in the reticular and endothelial cells. The data obtained pointed to the intensification of the morpho-functional activity of the mentioned cell elements of the thymus during the formation of antituberculosis immunity.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and function of cellular elements of the thymus during formation of antitubercular immunity]. Electron microscope and histochemical study of the thymus was carried out on growing guinea pigs under normal conditions and during the immune responses in BCG vaccination. During the postvaccinal period, particularly at periods of from 3 to 7 days, there was a change in the cell elements ultrastructure of the hemato-encephalic barrier. The greatest shifts were noted in the reticular and endothelial cells. The data obtained pointed to the intensification of the morpho-functional activity of the mentioned cell elements of the thymus during the formation of antituberculosis immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:303124", "title": "[Electrophoretic and immunologic characteristics of the Fc+ and Fc- fractions of the splenic cells of CBA mice].", "content": "Conditions have been established for the effective separation of Fc+ and Fc- cells, using sheep red blood cells monolayer, sensitized with the anti-SRBC antibodies. The method was modified by replacement of poly-L-lysine by protamine sulfate. The electrophoretic distribution profiles of Fc+ and Fc- mouse splenocytes were determined. Fc+ cells had mostly a slow electrophoretic mobility. The Fc- cells were more mobile. The Fc+ fraction contained mainly B-lymphocytes, and the Fc- fraction was enriched with T cells. There was an extensive overlap between the electrophoretic profiles of the Fc+ and Fc- splenocytes. After the splenocyte passage through the glass bead column the overlap became much less.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic and immunologic characteristics of the Fc+ and Fc- fractions of the splenic cells of CBA mice]. Conditions have been established for the effective separation of Fc+ and Fc- cells, using sheep red blood cells monolayer, sensitized with the anti-SRBC antibodies. The method was modified by replacement of poly-L-lysine by protamine sulfate. The electrophoretic distribution profiles of Fc+ and Fc- mouse splenocytes were determined. Fc+ cells had mostly a slow electrophoretic mobility. The Fc- cells were more mobile. The Fc+ fraction contained mainly B-lymphocytes, and the Fc- fraction was enriched with T cells. There was an extensive overlap between the electrophoretic profiles of the Fc+ and Fc- splenocytes. After the splenocyte passage through the glass bead column the overlap became much less."}
{"id": "PMID:303125", "title": "[Interaction and migration of T- and B-lymphocytes in immune responses during carcinogenesis induced by methylcholanthrene].", "content": "The (CBA X C57BL) F1 mice were injected intramuscularly with methylcholantrene (MCA) in a dose of 0.3 mg, and their T- and B-cells ability to cooperate in the immune response against sheep red blood cells, and also migration of these cells from the thymus and the bone marrow to the spleen were studied. The MCA immunosuppressive action proved to be associated with the inhibition of migration and cooperation of T- and B-lymphocytes in the immune response. A conclusion was drawn that the immunosuppressive effect developing during the carcinogenesis was complex and it was realized at various stages of immunogenesis.", "contents": "[Interaction and migration of T- and B-lymphocytes in immune responses during carcinogenesis induced by methylcholanthrene]. The (CBA X C57BL) F1 mice were injected intramuscularly with methylcholantrene (MCA) in a dose of 0.3 mg, and their T- and B-cells ability to cooperate in the immune response against sheep red blood cells, and also migration of these cells from the thymus and the bone marrow to the spleen were studied. The MCA immunosuppressive action proved to be associated with the inhibition of migration and cooperation of T- and B-lymphocytes in the immune response. A conclusion was drawn that the immunosuppressive effect developing during the carcinogenesis was complex and it was realized at various stages of immunogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:303126", "title": "[Properties and kinetics of a population of B-lymphocytes during rat ontogenesis].", "content": "Cells bearing surface immunoglobulins (Ig+-cells) detected by the indirect immunofluorescent method and cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement (EAC rosettes) were found in the liver and the spleen on the 15th and the 20th days of prenatal life of rats. The percentage of Ig+-cells and RFC in the liver was high and remained unchanged and at about the same level during the whole postnatal life. The spleen and the bone marrow displayed an increase of the Ig+-cells and RFC increased throughout the 1st month of postnatal life with the maximum at the 30th day after birth; a sharp decrease occurred in old animals. In the thymus the Ig+-cells and the RFC were either absent or present in very small amounts only at some periods of study. Ig+-cells with \"capping\" were discovered in the spleen and bone marrow on the 5th--10th days of postnatal life; their count increased considerably in 30-day and adult rats. Such cells were absent in the lymphoid tissues of old 40-month rats.", "contents": "[Properties and kinetics of a population of B-lymphocytes during rat ontogenesis]. Cells bearing surface immunoglobulins (Ig+-cells) detected by the indirect immunofluorescent method and cells forming rosettes (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement (EAC rosettes) were found in the liver and the spleen on the 15th and the 20th days of prenatal life of rats. The percentage of Ig+-cells and RFC in the liver was high and remained unchanged and at about the same level during the whole postnatal life. The spleen and the bone marrow displayed an increase of the Ig+-cells and RFC increased throughout the 1st month of postnatal life with the maximum at the 30th day after birth; a sharp decrease occurred in old animals. In the thymus the Ig+-cells and the RFC were either absent or present in very small amounts only at some periods of study. Ig+-cells with \"capping\" were discovered in the spleen and bone marrow on the 5th--10th days of postnatal life; their count increased considerably in 30-day and adult rats. Such cells were absent in the lymphoid tissues of old 40-month rats."}
{"id": "PMID:303127", "title": "[Inhibitors of trypsin-like proteolytic enzymes as means of preventing  the development of secondary necrosis in burn wounds].", "content": "The effect of proteolytic inhibitor contrical on the experimental burn wound healing was studied in rats using biochemical, histological and histochemical methods. In control untreated animals with flame burn of 20% of body surface wound healing was associated with development of secondary necrosis, marked inflammatory reaction, augmented activity of proteases and peptidases. The use of contrical prevented secondary necrosis; this effect was apparently related to reduction of tissue proteolytic enzymes activity.", "contents": "[Inhibitors of trypsin-like proteolytic enzymes as means of preventing  the development of secondary necrosis in burn wounds]. The effect of proteolytic inhibitor contrical on the experimental burn wound healing was studied in rats using biochemical, histological and histochemical methods. In control untreated animals with flame burn of 20% of body surface wound healing was associated with development of secondary necrosis, marked inflammatory reaction, augmented activity of proteases and peptidases. The use of contrical prevented secondary necrosis; this effect was apparently related to reduction of tissue proteolytic enzymes activity."}
{"id": "PMID:303128", "title": "[Effect of furosemide and ethacrynic acid on sodium transport and potassium secretion].", "content": "Ethacrinic acid (0.5 mg/ml), similarly to strophanthin K, increased sodium content and decreased potassium content in the tissue of the frog urinary bladder. Furocemide (0.1 mg/ml) failed to change the ionic content of this tissue. These data indicated a difference in the intracellular action of furosemide and ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "[Effect of furosemide and ethacrynic acid on sodium transport and potassium secretion]. Ethacrinic acid (0.5 mg/ml), similarly to strophanthin K, increased sodium content and decreased potassium content in the tissue of the frog urinary bladder. Furocemide (0.1 mg/ml) failed to change the ionic content of this tissue. These data indicated a difference in the intracellular action of furosemide and ethacrynic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:303129", "title": "[Resistance of the suppressor function of T-cells to agents possessing an antiproliferative action].", "content": "Administration of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 to 400 mg/kg to mice immunized with sheep red blood cells failed to decrease significantly the capacity of the splenic cells of these mice to suppress the primary immune response in transplantation to intact syngeneic recipients. Irradiation of the donors of immune splenic cells (ISC) in a dose of 900 r or treatment of ISC in vitro with mitomycin C failed to influence their suppressor activity. Supernatant obtained after the ultracentrifugation of ISC treated with ultrasound inhibited the primary immune response of intact mice. A conclusion was drawn that the suppressor effect of ISC was caused by the factor produced by T-cells. Active proliferation of these cells was not necessary for the realization of its action.", "contents": "[Resistance of the suppressor function of T-cells to agents possessing an antiproliferative action]. Administration of cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 to 400 mg/kg to mice immunized with sheep red blood cells failed to decrease significantly the capacity of the splenic cells of these mice to suppress the primary immune response in transplantation to intact syngeneic recipients. Irradiation of the donors of immune splenic cells (ISC) in a dose of 900 r or treatment of ISC in vitro with mitomycin C failed to influence their suppressor activity. Supernatant obtained after the ultracentrifugation of ISC treated with ultrasound inhibited the primary immune response of intact mice. A conclusion was drawn that the suppressor effect of ISC was caused by the factor produced by T-cells. Active proliferation of these cells was not necessary for the realization of its action."}
{"id": "PMID:303130", "title": "[Proliferation and cytotoxicity of thymus lymphocytes in vitro].", "content": "Proliferative and cytollytical activity of lymphocytes was compared in lymphocyte alloimmunization of the spleen and intact thymus. The count of live cells and DNA-synthesizing cells in the thymocyte monoculture was 10--15-fold, and in mixed thymus cell culture--about 5-fold lower than the corresponding amounts of spleen cells. The index of immune thymocyte stimulation was several times greater than that of the immune cells of the spleen. The cytotoxicity peak was observed on the 4th--5th day of stimulation when the cytolytic activity of the immune thymocytes approached the action of the immune cells of the spleen. Low DNA synthesis and a marked cytotoxic activity of immune thymocytes signified that stimulation of the thymus cells in vitro permitted to obtain cell population with a high content of cytolytic T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Proliferation and cytotoxicity of thymus lymphocytes in vitro]. Proliferative and cytollytical activity of lymphocytes was compared in lymphocyte alloimmunization of the spleen and intact thymus. The count of live cells and DNA-synthesizing cells in the thymocyte monoculture was 10--15-fold, and in mixed thymus cell culture--about 5-fold lower than the corresponding amounts of spleen cells. The index of immune thymocyte stimulation was several times greater than that of the immune cells of the spleen. The cytotoxicity peak was observed on the 4th--5th day of stimulation when the cytolytic activity of the immune thymocytes approached the action of the immune cells of the spleen. Low DNA synthesis and a marked cytotoxic activity of immune thymocytes signified that stimulation of the thymus cells in vitro permitted to obtain cell population with a high content of cytolytic T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303131", "title": "Recent advances in the cutaneous T cell lymphomas.", "content": "Classical mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are part of a larger spectrum of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Widespread infiltration of the skin, early invovlement of the T cell regions of lymphoid tissue and relative sparing of the bone marrow apparently result from the distinctive properties of the neoplastic lymphocytes. Clinically relevant suppression of normal T cell function has been noted in each patient in the leukemic phase and probably results from both dilution in the blood and lymphoid tissues of normal T cells and production of macrophage inhibitory factor(s) by the neoplastic cells. The abnormal T cells, which in these malignancies appear to be derived from normal \"helper\" T cells, which facilitate immunoglobulin production by normal B cells. Leukapheresis effectively reduces the tumor load and associated morbidity in selected patients but alone does not prevent the evolution to rapidly proliferating lymphomas. The basis of the remarkable affinity for the skin and identification of the primary site of proliferation and differentiation of the malignant T cells of these processes are important but, as yet, unresolved questions.", "contents": "Recent advances in the cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Classical mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are part of a larger spectrum of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Widespread infiltration of the skin, early invovlement of the T cell regions of lymphoid tissue and relative sparing of the bone marrow apparently result from the distinctive properties of the neoplastic lymphocytes. Clinically relevant suppression of normal T cell function has been noted in each patient in the leukemic phase and probably results from both dilution in the blood and lymphoid tissues of normal T cells and production of macrophage inhibitory factor(s) by the neoplastic cells. The abnormal T cells, which in these malignancies appear to be derived from normal \"helper\" T cells, which facilitate immunoglobulin production by normal B cells. Leukapheresis effectively reduces the tumor load and associated morbidity in selected patients but alone does not prevent the evolution to rapidly proliferating lymphomas. The basis of the remarkable affinity for the skin and identification of the primary site of proliferation and differentiation of the malignant T cells of these processes are important but, as yet, unresolved questions."}
{"id": "PMID:303132", "title": "Morphological and functional differentiation and classification of cutaneous lymphomas.", "content": "It was the purpose of our studies to achieve reevaluation of the histo- and cytomorphology of cutaneous lymphomas by means of additional enzymecyto-chemical and funtional tests. Skin biopsy specimens from 99 patients with cutaneous lymphomas and pseudolymphomas were stained for HE, Giemsa, PAS, Gormori, several hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase. In cell suspensions extracted from skin lesions B and T cell differentiation was performed using surface markers. In addition tissue cells were tested for PHA response in suspensions and for intracytoplasmatic Ig on smears. Based on these studies cutaneous lymphomas were filed, within the \"Kiel\" classification of low grade and high grade malignant lymphomas according to their histological, enzymecytochemical and immunological features. It got evident that B cell and T cell lymphomas of low grade malignancy in the skin both present distinct histological patterns, indicating areas B and T cell microenvironmental specificity.", "contents": "Morphological and functional differentiation and classification of cutaneous lymphomas. It was the purpose of our studies to achieve reevaluation of the histo- and cytomorphology of cutaneous lymphomas by means of additional enzymecyto-chemical and funtional tests. Skin biopsy specimens from 99 patients with cutaneous lymphomas and pseudolymphomas were stained for HE, Giemsa, PAS, Gormori, several hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase. In cell suspensions extracted from skin lesions B and T cell differentiation was performed using surface markers. In addition tissue cells were tested for PHA response in suspensions and for intracytoplasmatic Ig on smears. Based on these studies cutaneous lymphomas were filed, within the \"Kiel\" classification of low grade and high grade malignant lymphomas according to their histological, enzymecytochemical and immunological features. It got evident that B cell and T cell lymphomas of low grade malignancy in the skin both present distinct histological patterns, indicating areas B and T cell microenvironmental specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:303133", "title": "Immunocytological characterization of the mycosis fungoides tumour cell.", "content": "The immunocytological identification of the mycosis fungoides cell was carried out on cells extracted from the tumorous nodules of a patient suffering from typical mycosis fungoides. Various techniques, such as E and IgM-EAC rosettes and examination for surface membrane immunoglobulins, were performed on the peripheral blood cells and the tumour cell. Membrane staining with a specific anti-T lymphocyte serum conjugated with peroxidase confirmed the thymodependent origin of the mycosis fungoides cell. However, the immunolabelling (with Fab peroxidase conjugate was found constantly negative.", "contents": "Immunocytological characterization of the mycosis fungoides tumour cell. The immunocytological identification of the mycosis fungoides cell was carried out on cells extracted from the tumorous nodules of a patient suffering from typical mycosis fungoides. Various techniques, such as E and IgM-EAC rosettes and examination for surface membrane immunoglobulins, were performed on the peripheral blood cells and the tumour cell. Membrane staining with a specific anti-T lymphocyte serum conjugated with peroxidase confirmed the thymodependent origin of the mycosis fungoides cell. However, the immunolabelling (with Fab peroxidase conjugate was found constantly negative."}
{"id": "PMID:303134", "title": "Hypothalamic adrenaline synthesis after stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle.", "content": "1 The problem of whether locally released noradrenaline can be methylated to adrenaline in the hypothalamus has been investigated. 2 During stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) the hypothalamic adrenaline content increased somewhat, but the increase was not statistically significant (13%, mean of 10 experiments). 3 After inhibition of the activity of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase this increase was much larger (80%, mean of 9 experiments). 4 Adrenalectomy did not prevent the rise in hypothalamic adrenaline after stimulation of the MFB. These results suggest that noradrenaline released during activity of noradrenergic hypothalamic structures may be methylated to adrenaline in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Hypothalamic adrenaline synthesis after stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. 1 The problem of whether locally released noradrenaline can be methylated to adrenaline in the hypothalamus has been investigated. 2 During stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) the hypothalamic adrenaline content increased somewhat, but the increase was not statistically significant (13%, mean of 10 experiments). 3 After inhibition of the activity of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase this increase was much larger (80%, mean of 9 experiments). 4 Adrenalectomy did not prevent the rise in hypothalamic adrenaline after stimulation of the MFB. These results suggest that noradrenaline released during activity of noradrenergic hypothalamic structures may be methylated to adrenaline in the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:303135", "title": "Smoking and intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and lung function in middle-aged men.", "content": "Lung function was evaluated in a representative population sample of 50-year-0ld men living in one Swedish city. Twenty-four smoking and 15 non-smoking men heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--that is, with the protease-inhibitor (Pi1 phenotype MZ--were carefully matched for weight and smoking habit with Pi M controls. The pulmonary function of non-smoking Pi MZ subjects did not differ from that of non-smoking Pi M controls. In contrast, smoking heterozygotes showed a significant loss of elastic recoil, enlarged residual volumes, and increased closing capacity but no signs of obstructive ventilatory impairment. Most smoking Pi MZ individuals reported mild exertional dyspnoea.", "contents": "Smoking and intermediate alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and lung function in middle-aged men. Lung function was evaluated in a representative population sample of 50-year-0ld men living in one Swedish city. Twenty-four smoking and 15 non-smoking men heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--that is, with the protease-inhibitor (Pi1 phenotype MZ--were carefully matched for weight and smoking habit with Pi M controls. The pulmonary function of non-smoking Pi MZ subjects did not differ from that of non-smoking Pi M controls. In contrast, smoking heterozygotes showed a significant loss of elastic recoil, enlarged residual volumes, and increased closing capacity but no signs of obstructive ventilatory impairment. Most smoking Pi MZ individuals reported mild exertional dyspnoea."}
{"id": "PMID:303137", "title": "Lysosomal properties during thyroxine-induced lateral motor column neurogenesis.", "content": "This investigation illustrates that thyroid hormones and not prolactin regulate lysosomal activity during hormone-stimulated lateral motor column (LMC) development in Rana pipiens larvae. Administering a single dose of DL-thyroxine to normal or hypophysectomized larvae induces a 4-8 fold increase in lysosomal acid hydrolase activity within 5 or 6 days. During this interval, the physical properties of lysosomes are dramatically altered with the granules becoming extremely labile to treatments known to disrupt membranes. Nevertheless, thyroxine does not directly influence lysosomal stability; it apparently induces the synthesis and packaging of enzymes through a mechanism requiring de movo production of RNA and protein. The subcellular distribution and physical characteristics of the enzymes are then modified during neuronal death. Such information suggests that changes in lysosomal activity which accompany LMC neurogenesis are indicative of neuronal death, and that these events are controlled by thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Lysosomal properties during thyroxine-induced lateral motor column neurogenesis. This investigation illustrates that thyroid hormones and not prolactin regulate lysosomal activity during hormone-stimulated lateral motor column (LMC) development in Rana pipiens larvae. Administering a single dose of DL-thyroxine to normal or hypophysectomized larvae induces a 4-8 fold increase in lysosomal acid hydrolase activity within 5 or 6 days. During this interval, the physical properties of lysosomes are dramatically altered with the granules becoming extremely labile to treatments known to disrupt membranes. Nevertheless, thyroxine does not directly influence lysosomal stability; it apparently induces the synthesis and packaging of enzymes through a mechanism requiring de movo production of RNA and protein. The subcellular distribution and physical characteristics of the enzymes are then modified during neuronal death. Such information suggests that changes in lysosomal activity which accompany LMC neurogenesis are indicative of neuronal death, and that these events are controlled by thyroid hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:303138", "title": "Different behavioral responses to L-DOPA after anterolateral or posterolateral hypothalamic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "After bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the anterolateral (AL) or posterolateral (PL) hypothalamus L-DOPA (1,3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine) produced running and rearing in AL6-OHDA rats and oral stereotypies in PL 6-OHDA rats. Since the same dose of L-DOPA had no behavioral effect in vehicle injected rats, the responses to L-DOPA of both AL and PL 6-OHDA rats are examples of behavioral supersensitivity. The different forms of behavioral supersensitivity correlated with different patterns of catecholamine (CA) denervation determined by fluorescent microscopy. The major regions of CA denervation in AL 6-OHDA rats were neocortex, hippocampus, limbic forebrain, anteromedial striatum and anterolateral hypothalamus. PL 6-OHDA had these same areas denervated and, in addition, had severe denervation of the entire striatum, parts of the amygdala and thalamus, and of the posterolateral hypothalamus. We conclude that the supersensitive behavioral response to a fixed dose of L-DOPA is determined by the pattern and/or extent of CA denervation.", "contents": "Different behavioral responses to L-DOPA after anterolateral or posterolateral hypothalamic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. After bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the anterolateral (AL) or posterolateral (PL) hypothalamus L-DOPA (1,3,4-dihydroxy-phenylalanine) produced running and rearing in AL6-OHDA rats and oral stereotypies in PL 6-OHDA rats. Since the same dose of L-DOPA had no behavioral effect in vehicle injected rats, the responses to L-DOPA of both AL and PL 6-OHDA rats are examples of behavioral supersensitivity. The different forms of behavioral supersensitivity correlated with different patterns of catecholamine (CA) denervation determined by fluorescent microscopy. The major regions of CA denervation in AL 6-OHDA rats were neocortex, hippocampus, limbic forebrain, anteromedial striatum and anterolateral hypothalamus. PL 6-OHDA had these same areas denervated and, in addition, had severe denervation of the entire striatum, parts of the amygdala and thalamus, and of the posterolateral hypothalamus. We conclude that the supersensitive behavioral response to a fixed dose of L-DOPA is determined by the pattern and/or extent of CA denervation."}
{"id": "PMID:303140", "title": "The derivation and characterization of neuronal cell lines from rat and mouse brain.", "content": "This study shows that permanent cell lines can be established from rat and mouse brain by direct tissue culture methodology without the aid of exogenous chemical or viral transforming agents. These cells were derived from specific areas of the brain, such as the cerebellum and hippocampus, at chosen times during fetal and neonatal development. Success in establishing neuronal cell lines was dependent upon the use of selection pressures designed to keep the background of glial cells and fibroblasts at a minimum. These manipulations included care in the choice and processing of the original tissue, utilization of cytotoxic anti-glial sera, and continuous manual isolation of cells with neuronal morphology. Slow-growing nerve cells were thus allowed to adapt spontaneously to culture with a minimum of competition from faster-adapting cell types. Many of these cell lines are judged to be neuronal on the basis of their electrical excitability and their characteristic surface antigens. The cells respond positively in a sodium flux assay which has been shown to correlate well with the ability to generate an action potential, and also express one or more of three antigens previously found to be specific for nerve cells.", "contents": "The derivation and characterization of neuronal cell lines from rat and mouse brain. This study shows that permanent cell lines can be established from rat and mouse brain by direct tissue culture methodology without the aid of exogenous chemical or viral transforming agents. These cells were derived from specific areas of the brain, such as the cerebellum and hippocampus, at chosen times during fetal and neonatal development. Success in establishing neuronal cell lines was dependent upon the use of selection pressures designed to keep the background of glial cells and fibroblasts at a minimum. These manipulations included care in the choice and processing of the original tissue, utilization of cytotoxic anti-glial sera, and continuous manual isolation of cells with neuronal morphology. Slow-growing nerve cells were thus allowed to adapt spontaneously to culture with a minimum of competition from faster-adapting cell types. Many of these cell lines are judged to be neuronal on the basis of their electrical excitability and their characteristic surface antigens. The cells respond positively in a sodium flux assay which has been shown to correlate well with the ability to generate an action potential, and also express one or more of three antigens previously found to be specific for nerve cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303142", "title": "Relationship of a T-lymphocyte marker to phase of cell cycle and morphology of leukemic cells.", "content": "Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in the peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphoid cells from a patient whose leukemic cells appeared to be T-lymphocytes. Simultaneous morphological examination of the peripheral blood white cells indicated that they consisted of 21% lymphoblast; 26% prolymphocytes and 48% mature lymphocytes. The distribution of bone marrow cells within the cell cycle was determined by flow microfluorometry and 7 hours after treatment with vincristine consisted of 69% in G1, 21% in S, and 9% in mitosis. Since virtually all the cells both in marrow and blood formed rosettes with SRBC this implies that the expression of this T cell marker is independent both of the morphological appearance of these cells and their position within the cell cycle.", "contents": "Relationship of a T-lymphocyte marker to phase of cell cycle and morphology of leukemic cells. Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) was studied in the peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphoid cells from a patient whose leukemic cells appeared to be T-lymphocytes. Simultaneous morphological examination of the peripheral blood white cells indicated that they consisted of 21% lymphoblast; 26% prolymphocytes and 48% mature lymphocytes. The distribution of bone marrow cells within the cell cycle was determined by flow microfluorometry and 7 hours after treatment with vincristine consisted of 69% in G1, 21% in S, and 9% in mitosis. Since virtually all the cells both in marrow and blood formed rosettes with SRBC this implies that the expression of this T cell marker is independent both of the morphological appearance of these cells and their position within the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:303143", "title": "Immunologic characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.", "content": "Immunologic characterization of the neoplastic cells in the circulation of patients with CLL suggests these cells show significant differences in membrane characteristics from normal B lymphocytes. Although the leukemic cells bear a homogenous membrane-associated immunoglobulin, they also react with an anti-human T cell serum. In all patients studied, 60-90% of the cells, were stained by this antiserum. This suggests that the leukemic cells share antigenic determinants with T lymphocytes. CLL cells, unlike normal B cells, showed a marked increase in mouse-complement receptors. No increase in receptors for guinea pig complement was observed in the leukemic cells. The population of SIg-bearing lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of complement-receptor bearing lymphocytes. The total number of E-rosetting cells was increased in all CLL patients. Mitogenic responses of the leukemic cells were depressed and delayed. These results suggest that neoplastic lymphocytes cannot be classified as T- or B-derived on the basis of criteria used to define normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunologic characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Immunologic characterization of the neoplastic cells in the circulation of patients with CLL suggests these cells show significant differences in membrane characteristics from normal B lymphocytes. Although the leukemic cells bear a homogenous membrane-associated immunoglobulin, they also react with an anti-human T cell serum. In all patients studied, 60-90% of the cells, were stained by this antiserum. This suggests that the leukemic cells share antigenic determinants with T lymphocytes. CLL cells, unlike normal B cells, showed a marked increase in mouse-complement receptors. No increase in receptors for guinea pig complement was observed in the leukemic cells. The population of SIg-bearing lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of complement-receptor bearing lymphocytes. The total number of E-rosetting cells was increased in all CLL patients. Mitogenic responses of the leukemic cells were depressed and delayed. These results suggest that neoplastic lymphocytes cannot be classified as T- or B-derived on the basis of criteria used to define normal lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303145", "title": "Familial occurrence of colon and uterine carcinoma and of lymphoproliferative malignancies. II. Chromosomal and immunologic abnormalities.", "content": "Cytogenic and immunologic studies were performed on 20 members of a family who had an increased susceptibility to carcinomas of the colon, uterus and of lymphoproliferative malignancy. Chromosomal abnormalities such as small G and/or long submetacentric marker chromosome and other aberrations were observed in members who had cancer as well as some asymptomatic siblings. In addition, impairment of T cell function was noted in many of the members suggesting that defective cell-mediated immunity, which also may be genetically determined, played an important role in the expression of this disease.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of colon and uterine carcinoma and of lymphoproliferative malignancies. II. Chromosomal and immunologic abnormalities. Cytogenic and immunologic studies were performed on 20 members of a family who had an increased susceptibility to carcinomas of the colon, uterus and of lymphoproliferative malignancy. Chromosomal abnormalities such as small G and/or long submetacentric marker chromosome and other aberrations were observed in members who had cancer as well as some asymptomatic siblings. In addition, impairment of T cell function was noted in many of the members suggesting that defective cell-mediated immunity, which also may be genetically determined, played an important role in the expression of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303157", "title": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging before and after coronary revascularization: assessment of regional myocardial blood flow and graft patency.", "content": "Twenty patients underwent myocardial imaging with Thallium-201 (201Tl) before and subsequent to coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients had rest and maximal treadmill exercise imaging postoperatively. Eleven of the 20 patients had rest and exercise 201Tl images preoperatively; 9/20 only had rest imaging preoperatively. Postoperative regional exercise perfusion was improved in seven of the 11 patients who had preoperative exercise images, and was associated with regional graft patency in each case. Thirteen of 20 patients showed no new defect with postoperative exercise imaging. The remaining seven patients developed or had an increased defect with exercise. The patients with no new perfusion defects during postoperative study has 26/30 grafts patent (87%). Patients developing a new perfusion defect with exercise had fewer grafts patent (7 of 13 [54%]; P less than 0.03). In these seven cases, a new exercise-induced defect was associated with regional graft closure or residual nonoperated disease. Knowledge of the preoperative coronary anatomy allowed the distinction between ungrafted areas and regional graft dysfunction. We conclude that preoperative and postoperative 201Tl imaging may noninvasively predict graft closure and/or improved regional perfusion with patent grafts.", "contents": "Thallium-201 myocardial imaging before and after coronary revascularization: assessment of regional myocardial blood flow and graft patency. Twenty patients underwent myocardial imaging with Thallium-201 (201Tl) before and subsequent to coronary artery bypass grafting. All patients had rest and maximal treadmill exercise imaging postoperatively. Eleven of the 20 patients had rest and exercise 201Tl images preoperatively; 9/20 only had rest imaging preoperatively. Postoperative regional exercise perfusion was improved in seven of the 11 patients who had preoperative exercise images, and was associated with regional graft patency in each case. Thirteen of 20 patients showed no new defect with postoperative exercise imaging. The remaining seven patients developed or had an increased defect with exercise. The patients with no new perfusion defects during postoperative study has 26/30 grafts patent (87%). Patients developing a new perfusion defect with exercise had fewer grafts patent (7 of 13 [54%]; P less than 0.03). In these seven cases, a new exercise-induced defect was associated with regional graft closure or residual nonoperated disease. Knowledge of the preoperative coronary anatomy allowed the distinction between ungrafted areas and regional graft dysfunction. We conclude that preoperative and postoperative 201Tl imaging may noninvasively predict graft closure and/or improved regional perfusion with patent grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:303158", "title": "The contribution of alpha1-antitrypsin to the total antitrypsin activity of human serum. A study of two phenotype PI OO individuals.", "content": "Comparison of the levels of alpha1-AT, alpha2-M, inter alpha-AT, C1 inactivator and antiplasmin and global antitrypsin activity in a group of normal phenotype PI MM individuals, a group of normal individuals with phenotypes with intermediate alpha1 AT activities and alpha2-AT-deficient persons show that alpha1-AT contributes more than 90 percent of the total antitrypsin activity of normal plasma. AT III and fast reacting antiplasmin are shown to contribute to the remaining activity. It can be assumed that due to test conditions the antitrypsin activity of alpha2-M is not assessed. C1 inactivator and inter alpha1-AT do not contribute to a perceptible extent to the overall antitrypsin activity estimated according to the method of Eriksson (Eriksson, S. (1965) Acta Med. Scand. 177, 1).", "contents": "The contribution of alpha1-antitrypsin to the total antitrypsin activity of human serum. A study of two phenotype PI OO individuals. Comparison of the levels of alpha1-AT, alpha2-M, inter alpha-AT, C1 inactivator and antiplasmin and global antitrypsin activity in a group of normal phenotype PI MM individuals, a group of normal individuals with phenotypes with intermediate alpha1 AT activities and alpha2-AT-deficient persons show that alpha1-AT contributes more than 90 percent of the total antitrypsin activity of normal plasma. AT III and fast reacting antiplasmin are shown to contribute to the remaining activity. It can be assumed that due to test conditions the antitrypsin activity of alpha2-M is not assessed. C1 inactivator and inter alpha1-AT do not contribute to a perceptible extent to the overall antitrypsin activity estimated according to the method of Eriksson (Eriksson, S. (1965) Acta Med. Scand. 177, 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:303162", "title": "Polymeric albumin in the urine of patients with nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Dimer and polymer albumin was detected in the urine of a proportion of pantients with a nephrotic syndrome. Most of it was present as S-S bonded dimer and polymer; co-polymers, however, with IgG and alpha (1) anti-trypsin could be demonstrated. It is suggested that albumin polymerizes after it has passed the glomerular membrane. Albumin dimer was associated mainly with minimal change disease and early membranous glomerulopathy in patients, who in general responded well to therapy.", "contents": "Polymeric albumin in the urine of patients with nephrotic syndrome. Dimer and polymer albumin was detected in the urine of a proportion of pantients with a nephrotic syndrome. Most of it was present as S-S bonded dimer and polymer; co-polymers, however, with IgG and alpha (1) anti-trypsin could be demonstrated. It is suggested that albumin polymerizes after it has passed the glomerular membrane. Albumin dimer was associated mainly with minimal change disease and early membranous glomerulopathy in patients, who in general responded well to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:303165", "title": "A bleeding syndrome in infants due to acquired prothrombin complex deficiency: a survey of 93 affected infants.", "content": "A bleeding syndrome due to severe prothrombin complex deficiency is reported in 93 infants. Most were breast fed (98 per cent), aged 2 weeks to 1 year and there were no serious preceding or associated diseases. Hemorrhagic diathesis, pallor and mild hepatomegaly were the major manifestations. The incidence of intracr anial bleeding was strikingly high (63 per cent) particularly with subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acute onset, short course and rapid clinical and laboratory improvement after vitamin K therapy were observed. Mortality rate was 35 per cent but has been reduced to 17 per cent since 1969. The location of bleeding, prompt diagnosis and early treatment are the major factors affecting prognosis. Severe prothrombin complex deficiency due to vitamin K deficiency accounted for the pathogenesis of bleeding. Possible causes of vitamin K deficiency were discussed but definite conclusions could not be drawn.", "contents": "A bleeding syndrome in infants due to acquired prothrombin complex deficiency: a survey of 93 affected infants. A bleeding syndrome due to severe prothrombin complex deficiency is reported in 93 infants. Most were breast fed (98 per cent), aged 2 weeks to 1 year and there were no serious preceding or associated diseases. Hemorrhagic diathesis, pallor and mild hepatomegaly were the major manifestations. The incidence of intracr anial bleeding was strikingly high (63 per cent) particularly with subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acute onset, short course and rapid clinical and laboratory improvement after vitamin K therapy were observed. Mortality rate was 35 per cent but has been reduced to 17 per cent since 1969. The location of bleeding, prompt diagnosis and early treatment are the major factors affecting prognosis. Severe prothrombin complex deficiency due to vitamin K deficiency accounted for the pathogenesis of bleeding. Possible causes of vitamin K deficiency were discussed but definite conclusions could not be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:303166", "title": "Metabolism of procainamide and p-aminobenzoic acid in patients with chronic liver disease.", "content": "Procainamide acetylation and hydrolysis, procainamide-derived p-amino-benzoic acid acetylation, and plasma hydrolysis of procaine were studied in normal volunteers and in 20 patients with chronic liver disease, Impairment of procainamide acetylation was evident in the patients, but no correlations were demonstrable between the degree of impairment and the severity of the disease. On the other hand, procainamide hydroylsis was diminished in liver disease, and as indicated by depression of serum albumin levels and plasma prothrombin activity this alteration did correlate with the degree of impairment of liver function. Procaine hydrolysis in plasma was also affected, the mean in vitro plasma half-life being prolonged in the patients with liver disease and correlating with the degree of hepatic impairment. A correlation of procainamide hydrolysis with procaine hydrolysis was also observed. Finally, acetylation of procainamide-derived p-aminobenzoic acid appeared to increase in patients with liver disease, the degree of acetylation increasing with decreasing procainamide hydrolysis capacity.", "contents": "Metabolism of procainamide and p-aminobenzoic acid in patients with chronic liver disease. Procainamide acetylation and hydrolysis, procainamide-derived p-amino-benzoic acid acetylation, and plasma hydrolysis of procaine were studied in normal volunteers and in 20 patients with chronic liver disease, Impairment of procainamide acetylation was evident in the patients, but no correlations were demonstrable between the degree of impairment and the severity of the disease. On the other hand, procainamide hydroylsis was diminished in liver disease, and as indicated by depression of serum albumin levels and plasma prothrombin activity this alteration did correlate with the degree of impairment of liver function. Procaine hydrolysis in plasma was also affected, the mean in vitro plasma half-life being prolonged in the patients with liver disease and correlating with the degree of hepatic impairment. A correlation of procainamide hydrolysis with procaine hydrolysis was also observed. Finally, acetylation of procainamide-derived p-aminobenzoic acid appeared to increase in patients with liver disease, the degree of acetylation increasing with decreasing procainamide hydrolysis capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:303167", "title": "Concentrations of flurbiprofen in serum and synovial fluid from patients with active rheumatoid disease: some preliminary observations.", "content": "In 3 patients with active rheumatoid disease, concentrations of flurbiprofen of approximately 2 microgram per ml were achieved in synovial fluid 3 hours after a single oral dose of flurbiprofen (100 mg). The highest concentrations were seen between 3 and 9 hours after administration of the dose. The concentration of flurbiprofen in synovial fluid seemed to fall more slowly than in the circulation, but more extensive data would be needed to confirm this. In all 3 patients the drug was absorbed rapidly into the circulation, the highest serum concentrations of 7 microgram to 9 microgram per ml being seen in the first blood sample withdrawn 1.5 hours after administration of the dose. Serum concentrations fell with a mean apparent half-life of approximately 3 hours.", "contents": "Concentrations of flurbiprofen in serum and synovial fluid from patients with active rheumatoid disease: some preliminary observations. In 3 patients with active rheumatoid disease, concentrations of flurbiprofen of approximately 2 microgram per ml were achieved in synovial fluid 3 hours after a single oral dose of flurbiprofen (100 mg). The highest concentrations were seen between 3 and 9 hours after administration of the dose. The concentration of flurbiprofen in synovial fluid seemed to fall more slowly than in the circulation, but more extensive data would be needed to confirm this. In all 3 patients the drug was absorbed rapidly into the circulation, the highest serum concentrations of 7 microgram to 9 microgram per ml being seen in the first blood sample withdrawn 1.5 hours after administration of the dose. Serum concentrations fell with a mean apparent half-life of approximately 3 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:303169", "title": "[Antireflux plasty. A new path in the management of bleeding esophageal varices].", "content": "Early results with a new operative method for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage of esophageal varices are reported. The principle of this method is the protection of the esophaguscardia region against the corrosion of biliary reflux. The pathogenesis is based on clinical, endoscopic, and experimental findings. The term \"Antirefluxplastik\" (antirefluxplasty) is chosen for this type of operation. A segment of about 20 cm of the upper jejunum is excluded and retrocolically interposed between the resected stomach and the duodenum. The procedure is completed by a hemifundoplication and a proximal vagotomy. There were 25 patients treated because of recurrent bleeding of esophageal varices. A follow-up was done on 10 patients from 8 to 12 months postoperatively. Lower frequency of hemorrhage in comparison with the preoperative period is demonstrated. Bleeding recurred in only one patient. Endoscopically gastric erosions were proven the source of hemorrhage. These positive intermediate results encourage us to present the \"Antirefluxplastik\" as an alternative to conventional operations in the surgery of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Antireflux plasty. A new path in the management of bleeding esophageal varices]. Early results with a new operative method for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage of esophageal varices are reported. The principle of this method is the protection of the esophaguscardia region against the corrosion of biliary reflux. The pathogenesis is based on clinical, endoscopic, and experimental findings. The term \"Antirefluxplastik\" (antirefluxplasty) is chosen for this type of operation. A segment of about 20 cm of the upper jejunum is excluded and retrocolically interposed between the resected stomach and the duodenum. The procedure is completed by a hemifundoplication and a proximal vagotomy. There were 25 patients treated because of recurrent bleeding of esophageal varices. A follow-up was done on 10 patients from 8 to 12 months postoperatively. Lower frequency of hemorrhage in comparison with the preoperative period is demonstrated. Bleeding recurred in only one patient. Endoscopically gastric erosions were proven the source of hemorrhage. These positive intermediate results encourage us to present the \"Antirefluxplastik\" as an alternative to conventional operations in the surgery of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:303170", "title": "Rectal bleeding due to Oesophagostomum brumpti: report of a case.", "content": "A case of oesophagostomiasis of the large intestine in a black Ethiopian sailor is described. Diagnosis was made histologically by finding the parasite in nodules of the intestinal wall. A review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Rectal bleeding due to Oesophagostomum brumpti: report of a case. A case of oesophagostomiasis of the large intestine in a black Ethiopian sailor is described. Diagnosis was made histologically by finding the parasite in nodules of the intestinal wall. A review of the literature is included."}
{"id": "PMID:303175", "title": "The diagnosis of the site of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with established portal hypertension.", "content": "Seventy-five endoscopies were performed in 60 patients known to have oesophageal varices presenting with further upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage during the previous 72 hours. A site of active bleeding was found at 50 of 75 examinations (67 percent) including all 21 patients endoscoped within three hours of the last haemorrhage. Variceal bleeding alone was seen in 40 of these 50 examinations (80%) and both varices and mucosal lesions were bleeding in 4 patients; mucosal lesions were an uncommon cause of haemorrhage and only 6 patients were bleeding from these alone. The adult GIF-D2 endoscope was used for 45 examinations. Variceal bleeding was restarted on three occasions and prolonged unconsciousness induced by intravenous diazepam in one patient. In contrast, the paediatric GIF-P endoscope (30 examinations) was easily tolerated with little or no sedation, did not impair diagnostic accuracy and was not associated with any complications.", "contents": "The diagnosis of the site of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in patients with established portal hypertension. Seventy-five endoscopies were performed in 60 patients known to have oesophageal varices presenting with further upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage during the previous 72 hours. A site of active bleeding was found at 50 of 75 examinations (67 percent) including all 21 patients endoscoped within three hours of the last haemorrhage. Variceal bleeding alone was seen in 40 of these 50 examinations (80%) and both varices and mucosal lesions were bleeding in 4 patients; mucosal lesions were an uncommon cause of haemorrhage and only 6 patients were bleeding from these alone. The adult GIF-D2 endoscope was used for 45 examinations. Variceal bleeding was restarted on three occasions and prolonged unconsciousness induced by intravenous diazepam in one patient. In contrast, the paediatric GIF-P endoscope (30 examinations) was easily tolerated with little or no sedation, did not impair diagnostic accuracy and was not associated with any complications."}
{"id": "PMID:303176", "title": "Studies on the stimulation by Ca2+ and the inhibition by ADP of steroid 11beta-hydroxylation in adrenal mitochondria.", "content": "The Ca2+ stimulation and ADP inhibition of the steroid 11beta-hydroxylation enzyme system in adrenal mitochondria have been investigated. The Ca2+-stimulation is competitively inhibited by Sr2+. Nucleoside monophosphates were not inhibitory and among the nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates only ADP, CDP and ATP were inhibitory with ADP being more inhibitory than the other nucleotides. None of the non-inhibitory nucleotides could reverse the ADP inhibition. ADP appears to inhibit the Ca2+-stimulation since the activity in the absence of Ca2+ was not inhibited by ADP. Ca2% and ADP did not affect the binding of deoxycorticosterone to the mitochondrial preparation. Ca2+ stimulated the reduction of cytochrome P-450 by NADPH and this was inhibited by ADP. These effects were independent of the presence of deoxycorticosterone. Neither Ca2+ nor ADP affected the reduction of adrenodoxin by NADPH. The inhibition by ADP with respect to Ca2+ or to deoxycorticosterone is non-competitive. The Ca2+ stimulation with respect to deoxycorticosterone is uncompetitive. Preincubation of the mitochondrial preparation with Ca2+ decreases the inhibition by ADP and preincubation with ADP increases its inhibitory effects. These data have been interpreted to indicate that Ca2+ and ADP influence the relationship between adrenodoxin and cytochrome P-450 so that a complex of increased activity in the reduction of cytochrome P-450 is formed in the presence of Ca2+ and a less active complex is formed in the presence of Ca2+ plus ADP.", "contents": "Studies on the stimulation by Ca2+ and the inhibition by ADP of steroid 11beta-hydroxylation in adrenal mitochondria. The Ca2+ stimulation and ADP inhibition of the steroid 11beta-hydroxylation enzyme system in adrenal mitochondria have been investigated. The Ca2+-stimulation is competitively inhibited by Sr2+. Nucleoside monophosphates were not inhibitory and among the nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates only ADP, CDP and ATP were inhibitory with ADP being more inhibitory than the other nucleotides. None of the non-inhibitory nucleotides could reverse the ADP inhibition. ADP appears to inhibit the Ca2+-stimulation since the activity in the absence of Ca2+ was not inhibited by ADP. Ca2% and ADP did not affect the binding of deoxycorticosterone to the mitochondrial preparation. Ca2+ stimulated the reduction of cytochrome P-450 by NADPH and this was inhibited by ADP. These effects were independent of the presence of deoxycorticosterone. Neither Ca2+ nor ADP affected the reduction of adrenodoxin by NADPH. The inhibition by ADP with respect to Ca2+ or to deoxycorticosterone is non-competitive. The Ca2+ stimulation with respect to deoxycorticosterone is uncompetitive. Preincubation of the mitochondrial preparation with Ca2+ decreases the inhibition by ADP and preincubation with ADP increases its inhibitory effects. These data have been interpreted to indicate that Ca2+ and ADP influence the relationship between adrenodoxin and cytochrome P-450 so that a complex of increased activity in the reduction of cytochrome P-450 is formed in the presence of Ca2+ and a less active complex is formed in the presence of Ca2+ plus ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:303179", "title": "Electron microscopic identification of postsynaptic dorsal root terminals: a possible substrate of dorsal root potentials in the frog spinal cord.", "content": "Dorsal root fibers were labeled with cobaltous chloride iontophoresis for electron microscopic investigations. In the base of the dorsal horn, where most of the coarser collaterals of dorsal root fibers terminate, many dorsal root terminals were found in postsynaptic relation to synapsing profiles. According to their morphological characteristics, three kinds of presynaptic terminals could be discerned in these complex synapses: axon terminals with spheric vesicles, axon terminals with flattered vesicles and presynaptic dendrites. These latter terminals contained relatively few flattened vesicles accumulated adjacent to a short synaptic articulation surface, and they were rich in cytoplasmic organelles. The functional significance of these structural specializations in the mediation of dorsal root potentials and recurrent inhibition is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic identification of postsynaptic dorsal root terminals: a possible substrate of dorsal root potentials in the frog spinal cord. Dorsal root fibers were labeled with cobaltous chloride iontophoresis for electron microscopic investigations. In the base of the dorsal horn, where most of the coarser collaterals of dorsal root fibers terminate, many dorsal root terminals were found in postsynaptic relation to synapsing profiles. According to their morphological characteristics, three kinds of presynaptic terminals could be discerned in these complex synapses: axon terminals with spheric vesicles, axon terminals with flattered vesicles and presynaptic dendrites. These latter terminals contained relatively few flattened vesicles accumulated adjacent to a short synaptic articulation surface, and they were rich in cytoplasmic organelles. The functional significance of these structural specializations in the mediation of dorsal root potentials and recurrent inhibition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303180", "title": "[Changes in pacemaker cell activity during parasympathetic acceleration of the heart rate].", "content": "Acceleration of the heart rate can be elicited by stimulation of the extracardiac paraysmpathetic pathways (previous investigations). In this study, changes of the pacemaker APs were continually recorded with microelectrode in the sinus node cell. The data showed acceleration of the slope of slow diastolic depolarization (distolic prepotential) of the pace-maker AP during the parasympathetic positive chronotrct. The parasympathetic acceleration of the slow diastolic depolarization and of the heart rate was shown to be cholinergic by its nature.", "contents": "[Changes in pacemaker cell activity during parasympathetic acceleration of the heart rate]. Acceleration of the heart rate can be elicited by stimulation of the extracardiac paraysmpathetic pathways (previous investigations). In this study, changes of the pacemaker APs were continually recorded with microelectrode in the sinus node cell. The data showed acceleration of the slope of slow diastolic depolarization (distolic prepotential) of the pace-maker AP during the parasympathetic positive chronotrct. The parasympathetic acceleration of the slow diastolic depolarization and of the heart rate was shown to be cholinergic by its nature."}
{"id": "PMID:303182", "title": "[Assessment of the role of the sensory innervation of the intraocular muscles in habituation of vestibulo-oculomotor reactions].", "content": "In rabbits, participation of the extraocular muscles' sensitive innervation in extinguishing of the eyes nystagmus elicited by periodical rotations, was studied. Either limitation or complete abolishing of the above muscles motor activity were used, as well as the passive forced movements of the eyes. No considerable difference was revealed between the intact and the experimental animals. In both cases the course of nystagmus extinguishing was the same. On the other hand, repeated forced movements of the eye had no effect on the reflectory evoked nystagmus. The data obtained suggest that the proprioceptive afferents of the extraocular muscles take no part in the habituation of vestibular-oculomotor responses.", "contents": "[Assessment of the role of the sensory innervation of the intraocular muscles in habituation of vestibulo-oculomotor reactions]. In rabbits, participation of the extraocular muscles' sensitive innervation in extinguishing of the eyes nystagmus elicited by periodical rotations, was studied. Either limitation or complete abolishing of the above muscles motor activity were used, as well as the passive forced movements of the eyes. No considerable difference was revealed between the intact and the experimental animals. In both cases the course of nystagmus extinguishing was the same. On the other hand, repeated forced movements of the eye had no effect on the reflectory evoked nystagmus. The data obtained suggest that the proprioceptive afferents of the extraocular muscles take no part in the habituation of vestibular-oculomotor responses."}
{"id": "PMID:303183", "title": "[A study on the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism, (Sheehan's syndrome)].", "content": "The frequency of post-partum hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome) is difficult to assess. It is the purpose of this paper to ascertain the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism in Okayama Red Cross Hospital. Out of 19,302 women who delivered at the hospital during 10 years from 1961 to 1970, we selected 1.010 women who had a blood loss of 500 ml. or more at delivery. Firstly, after having sent the selected women a questionnaire by post, we investigated whether they had Sheehan's syndrome or not from the response of the 392 women who replied to the questionnaire. Secondly, 126 of the 392 women who came to our clinic when requested were examined concerning blood picture, fasting blood glucose, and the serum levels of cholesterol, thyroxine, cortisol, GH, TSH, LH and FSH. As a control, 24 women who had had a normal delivery were examined as described above. No advanced hypopituitarism or mild hypopituitarism was found in this follow-up study. Compared with Sheehan's series in England, it was found the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism in Okayama was presumably less than in England. Suggestions for this discrepancy are as follows: (1) competent obstetric care and a rapid blood transfusion after gross post-partum hemorrhage in Okayama Red Cross Hospital. (2) an incomplete report of the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism due to those who did not reply to the questionnaire. (3) the rarity of the frequency of Sheehan's syndrome in Japan.", "contents": "[A study on the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism, (Sheehan's syndrome)]. The frequency of post-partum hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome) is difficult to assess. It is the purpose of this paper to ascertain the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism in Okayama Red Cross Hospital. Out of 19,302 women who delivered at the hospital during 10 years from 1961 to 1970, we selected 1.010 women who had a blood loss of 500 ml. or more at delivery. Firstly, after having sent the selected women a questionnaire by post, we investigated whether they had Sheehan's syndrome or not from the response of the 392 women who replied to the questionnaire. Secondly, 126 of the 392 women who came to our clinic when requested were examined concerning blood picture, fasting blood glucose, and the serum levels of cholesterol, thyroxine, cortisol, GH, TSH, LH and FSH. As a control, 24 women who had had a normal delivery were examined as described above. No advanced hypopituitarism or mild hypopituitarism was found in this follow-up study. Compared with Sheehan's series in England, it was found the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism in Okayama was presumably less than in England. Suggestions for this discrepancy are as follows: (1) competent obstetric care and a rapid blood transfusion after gross post-partum hemorrhage in Okayama Red Cross Hospital. (2) an incomplete report of the incidence of post-partum hypopituitarism due to those who did not reply to the questionnaire. (3) the rarity of the frequency of Sheehan's syndrome in Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:303184", "title": "Immunological studies in psoriasis. The quantitative evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with psoriasis by experimental sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.", "content": "Quantitative techniques of sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used to determine in psoriasis the intensity and frequency of allergic reactions to DNCB following primary challenge with 2,000 microgram allergen and secondary challenge with decreasing doses of DNCB. 56 patients with psoriasis and 23 healthy volunteers were examined. Frequency of positive reactions to DNCB was similar in both groups, since all normal controls were sensitized, whereas only 8 of 56 psoriasis cases failed to develop delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB. However, the intensity of acquired contact allergy was significantly diminished in psoriasis in comparison with controls. The patients with stationary skin lesions resembled the normal population in the intensity of reaction to DNCB. Decreased intensity of DNCB sensitization seemed to be related to the activity of the disease, but not correlated with the extent of the lesions. A relationship was found between reduced reactivity to DNCB and decrease in E rosette-forming lymphocytes. The data suggest that the impaired function of T lymphocytes in active psoriasis could be responsible for both, defective recognition of contact antigens, such as DNCB, and the alteration of secondary response to DNCB.", "contents": "Immunological studies in psoriasis. The quantitative evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in patients with psoriasis by experimental sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. Quantitative techniques of sensitization to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used to determine in psoriasis the intensity and frequency of allergic reactions to DNCB following primary challenge with 2,000 microgram allergen and secondary challenge with decreasing doses of DNCB. 56 patients with psoriasis and 23 healthy volunteers were examined. Frequency of positive reactions to DNCB was similar in both groups, since all normal controls were sensitized, whereas only 8 of 56 psoriasis cases failed to develop delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB. However, the intensity of acquired contact allergy was significantly diminished in psoriasis in comparison with controls. The patients with stationary skin lesions resembled the normal population in the intensity of reaction to DNCB. Decreased intensity of DNCB sensitization seemed to be related to the activity of the disease, but not correlated with the extent of the lesions. A relationship was found between reduced reactivity to DNCB and decrease in E rosette-forming lymphocytes. The data suggest that the impaired function of T lymphocytes in active psoriasis could be responsible for both, defective recognition of contact antigens, such as DNCB, and the alteration of secondary response to DNCB."}
{"id": "PMID:303187", "title": "Drug and non-drug factors influencing adverse reaction to pyrazoles.", "content": "Some of the factors influencing the likelihood of the appearance of adverse drug reactions in patients are identified and discussed. Ways of quantifying some of the risks of adverse reactions in different patients are demonstrated. It is pointed out that adverse reaction data can give valuable guidance for both day-to-day patient management and for the initiation or guidance of research projects. In this latter connection, this study highlights the difference in time of onset between aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis, suggesting different mechanisms of reaction. The majority of adverse reactions occur during the first three weeks of treatment and it is during this time that patients must be most carefully supervised. The old patients should be watched with particular care. It is concluded that age, sex, disease being treated, length of treatment and even the geographical location where the patient lives, can affect the time, type, frequency and outcome of an adverse drug reaction.", "contents": "Drug and non-drug factors influencing adverse reaction to pyrazoles. Some of the factors influencing the likelihood of the appearance of adverse drug reactions in patients are identified and discussed. Ways of quantifying some of the risks of adverse reactions in different patients are demonstrated. It is pointed out that adverse reaction data can give valuable guidance for both day-to-day patient management and for the initiation or guidance of research projects. In this latter connection, this study highlights the difference in time of onset between aplastic anaemia and agranulocytosis, suggesting different mechanisms of reaction. The majority of adverse reactions occur during the first three weeks of treatment and it is during this time that patients must be most carefully supervised. The old patients should be watched with particular care. It is concluded that age, sex, disease being treated, length of treatment and even the geographical location where the patient lives, can affect the time, type, frequency and outcome of an adverse drug reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:303188", "title": "Butazolidin suppository medication in rheumatism; a clinical study in general practice.", "content": "One hundred and seventeen patients with various rheumatic conditions were admitted by eighteen general practitions to a multicentre open clinical trial of the acceptability, effectiveness and tolerability of Butazolidin Suppositories. Dosage was one or two suppositories (= 250 mg or 500 mg phenylbutazone) per day for up to eight weeks. Of the 117 patients entered onto the register for the study, 10 patients refused suppository medication and 8 had local conditions contra-indicating their use. Of the 99 patients starting the trial proper, half had excellent symptomatic relief and tolerance. Sixteen patients discontinued because of poor response. The remainder (34) whilst having significant improvement as shown by mean symptom scores, discontinued treatment. The majority who discontinued did so because of minor local discomfort or minor gastric symptoms, suggesting that acceptability of medication was at least as important as intolerance. No patient had a serious or persistent adverse effect. Comparison with previous studies suggests that gastro-intestinal tolerance to phenylbutazone is improved when it is administered by suppository.", "contents": "Butazolidin suppository medication in rheumatism; a clinical study in general practice. One hundred and seventeen patients with various rheumatic conditions were admitted by eighteen general practitions to a multicentre open clinical trial of the acceptability, effectiveness and tolerability of Butazolidin Suppositories. Dosage was one or two suppositories (= 250 mg or 500 mg phenylbutazone) per day for up to eight weeks. Of the 117 patients entered onto the register for the study, 10 patients refused suppository medication and 8 had local conditions contra-indicating their use. Of the 99 patients starting the trial proper, half had excellent symptomatic relief and tolerance. Sixteen patients discontinued because of poor response. The remainder (34) whilst having significant improvement as shown by mean symptom scores, discontinued treatment. The majority who discontinued did so because of minor local discomfort or minor gastric symptoms, suggesting that acceptability of medication was at least as important as intolerance. No patient had a serious or persistent adverse effect. Comparison with previous studies suggests that gastro-intestinal tolerance to phenylbutazone is improved when it is administered by suppository."}
{"id": "PMID:303189", "title": "Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on serum chemistry.", "content": "1. Biochemical abnormalities are frequently observed when the sera of rheumatoid patients are analyzed. 2. The serum cholesterol, bilirubin, glucose and proteins are significantly related to the activity of the disease. 3. The possible effects of drug therapy are discussed and described. It seems that the way in which drugs modify a patient's serum chemistry may be used to assess the efficacy with which they control the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on serum chemistry. 1. Biochemical abnormalities are frequently observed when the sera of rheumatoid patients are analyzed. 2. The serum cholesterol, bilirubin, glucose and proteins are significantly related to the activity of the disease. 3. The possible effects of drug therapy are discussed and described. It seems that the way in which drugs modify a patient's serum chemistry may be used to assess the efficacy with which they control the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:303192", "title": "Early steroid metabolism in Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris embryos.", "content": "Embryos of Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris exposed to radioactive pregnenolone have been found to convert it to progesterone. Incubations with radioactive progesterone showed that it was actively metabolized by oocytes and embryos. In Xenopus incubations progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregne-3-one, indicating 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, 19-20-desmolase and 20alpha-hydroxylase activities. In oocytes of Triturus and Rana no evidence of 19-20-desmolase was found. In Rana oocytes were also not evidence of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. All identified activities except 20alpha-hydroxylase were common to embryos of all three species. It is suggested that the steroid enzyme activities present in the embryos are not solely derived from the oocytes but synthentized during early development. Possible meaning of this kind of metabolism during differentiation remains open.", "contents": "Early steroid metabolism in Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris embryos. Embryos of Xenopus laevis, Rana temporaria and Triturus vulgaris exposed to radioactive pregnenolone have been found to convert it to progesterone. Incubations with radioactive progesterone showed that it was actively metabolized by oocytes and embryos. In Xenopus incubations progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregne-3-one, indicating 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, 19-20-desmolase and 20alpha-hydroxylase activities. In oocytes of Triturus and Rana no evidence of 19-20-desmolase was found. In Rana oocytes were also not evidence of 17alpha-hydroxylase activity. All identified activities except 20alpha-hydroxylase were common to embryos of all three species. It is suggested that the steroid enzyme activities present in the embryos are not solely derived from the oocytes but synthentized during early development. Possible meaning of this kind of metabolism during differentiation remains open."}
{"id": "PMID:303208", "title": "[Immunological membrane markers in blasts and lymphocytes of patients with acute leukemia].", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be subdivided into groups with different prognoses and clinical courses by immunological cell-markers. Patients with blasts, expressing T-cell-markers in a high density (T-cell leukemia), had an increased incidence of meningeal relapses, tumor formation in abdomen or mediastinum. T-lymphoblastic lymphoma is the same disease only different in initial presentation. After combination chemotherapy over one year, lymphocytes populations with no immunological cell-markers are relatively increased. Regular monitoring of the immunological subgroups of lymphocytes seems to be unhelpful in early diagnosis of periods with increased risk of severe infections.", "contents": "[Immunological membrane markers in blasts and lymphocytes of patients with acute leukemia]. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be subdivided into groups with different prognoses and clinical courses by immunological cell-markers. Patients with blasts, expressing T-cell-markers in a high density (T-cell leukemia), had an increased incidence of meningeal relapses, tumor formation in abdomen or mediastinum. T-lymphoblastic lymphoma is the same disease only different in initial presentation. After combination chemotherapy over one year, lymphocytes populations with no immunological cell-markers are relatively increased. Regular monitoring of the immunological subgroups of lymphocytes seems to be unhelpful in early diagnosis of periods with increased risk of severe infections."}
{"id": "PMID:303212", "title": "[New methods and findings in the measurement of intracranial pressure].", "content": "For measuring and continuous recording of intracranial pressure a small telemetric pressure transducer, called \"Teleceptor\" was developed and energized by inductive energy transmission. Technical problems with regard to in vitro calibration stability, zero-point drift and tissue reaction were examined and discussed. Clinically the \"Teleceptor\" has so far successfully been used in twentsix patients.", "contents": "[New methods and findings in the measurement of intracranial pressure]. For measuring and continuous recording of intracranial pressure a small telemetric pressure transducer, called \"Teleceptor\" was developed and energized by inductive energy transmission. Technical problems with regard to in vitro calibration stability, zero-point drift and tissue reaction were examined and discussed. Clinically the \"Teleceptor\" has so far successfully been used in twentsix patients."}
{"id": "PMID:303227", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in a group of newborn infants in Somalia.", "content": "Pi phenotype determinations were performed on umbilical cord serum specimens of 347 infants born in Mogadishu (Somalia) hospitals. Phenotyping was performed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Sera containing alpha1AT in types other than MM were also studied by crossed antigen-antibody immunoelectrophoresis on agar. The most frequently occuring Pi allele proved to be PiM. With respect to the other African populations studied so far, there was a high prevalence of the PiS and PiZ alleles. In particular, three individuals were found with the ZZ phenotype, which had not yet been observed in Africa.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in a group of newborn infants in Somalia. Pi phenotype determinations were performed on umbilical cord serum specimens of 347 infants born in Mogadishu (Somalia) hospitals. Phenotyping was performed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel slabs. Sera containing alpha1AT in types other than MM were also studied by crossed antigen-antibody immunoelectrophoresis on agar. The most frequently occuring Pi allele proved to be PiM. With respect to the other African populations studied so far, there was a high prevalence of the PiS and PiZ alleles. In particular, three individuals were found with the ZZ phenotype, which had not yet been observed in Africa."}
{"id": "PMID:303228", "title": "Classification of alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes by isoelectrofocusing. Distinction of six subtypes of the PiM phenotype.", "content": "Pi phenotypes have been determined by isoelectrofocusing in a sample of 538 healthy individuals from Southern Germany. Further subdivision of the common PiM phenotype is described. A procedure for the delineation of six common subtypes is presented. It is assumed that the six subtypes are determined by three alleles which are provisionally called PiMa, PiMb, and PiMc. Their frequencies in this sample were 0.75, 0.06, and 0.15, respectively.", "contents": "Classification of alpha1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes by isoelectrofocusing. Distinction of six subtypes of the PiM phenotype. Pi phenotypes have been determined by isoelectrofocusing in a sample of 538 healthy individuals from Southern Germany. Further subdivision of the common PiM phenotype is described. A procedure for the delineation of six common subtypes is presented. It is assumed that the six subtypes are determined by three alleles which are provisionally called PiMa, PiMb, and PiMc. Their frequencies in this sample were 0.75, 0.06, and 0.15, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:303229", "title": "New phenotypes of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in Japanese detected by gel slab isoelectric focusing.", "content": "The phenotype distribution and gene frequencies of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in 856 healthy blood donors in Tokyo were examined by gel slab isoelectric focusing (pH 4--6). The allele of the common subtype variant Pi M2 was present with a frequency of 0.1099 in Japanese. A study of 23 twin pairs and their parents was in agreement with the hypothesis of autosomal codominant inheritance of Pi M subtypes. Other rare variant alleles, Pi MF, Pi MS, Pi MN, Pi mv, Pi MX, Pi MZ were found in very low frequencies. The total concentration of serum alpha1-antitrypsin was compared among three different phenotypic groups (M1, M1M2, M2). Statistically significant quantitative differences were found among these three groups (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "New phenotypes of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in Japanese detected by gel slab isoelectric focusing. The phenotype distribution and gene frequencies of serum alpha1-antitrypsin in 856 healthy blood donors in Tokyo were examined by gel slab isoelectric focusing (pH 4--6). The allele of the common subtype variant Pi M2 was present with a frequency of 0.1099 in Japanese. A study of 23 twin pairs and their parents was in agreement with the hypothesis of autosomal codominant inheritance of Pi M subtypes. Other rare variant alleles, Pi MF, Pi MS, Pi MN, Pi mv, Pi MX, Pi MZ were found in very low frequencies. The total concentration of serum alpha1-antitrypsin was compared among three different phenotypic groups (M1, M1M2, M2). Statistically significant quantitative differences were found among these three groups (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:303231", "title": "[Immune dysfunctions in aging (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of certain infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and neoplasias reveals a correlation to age. Therefore, the potential pathogentic role of a series of humoral and cellular immune functions is discussed. The concentrations of immunoglobulins increase with age. Though the humoral immune response appears to be rather undisturbed, there is a definite and progressive reduction of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in the elderly. Based upon own investigations the significance of cell-inherent factors on age-dependence of cell-mediated immunity is underlined, consisting of an age-correlated alteration of a T-cell subpopulation The increasing morbidity or mortality of infectious diseases, i.e. tuberculosis, salmonellosis and viral hepatitis in the older age-group, additionally, may be explained by a reduced cell-mediated immunity known to play an important role in immune defense mechanisms particulary in these diseases.", "contents": "[Immune dysfunctions in aging (author's transl)]. The frequency of certain infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and neoplasias reveals a correlation to age. Therefore, the potential pathogentic role of a series of humoral and cellular immune functions is discussed. The concentrations of immunoglobulins increase with age. Though the humoral immune response appears to be rather undisturbed, there is a definite and progressive reduction of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in the elderly. Based upon own investigations the significance of cell-inherent factors on age-dependence of cell-mediated immunity is underlined, consisting of an age-correlated alteration of a T-cell subpopulation The increasing morbidity or mortality of infectious diseases, i.e. tuberculosis, salmonellosis and viral hepatitis in the older age-group, additionally, may be explained by a reduced cell-mediated immunity known to play an important role in immune defense mechanisms particulary in these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:303234", "title": "Haemophilus influenzae in otitis media and sinusitis: serotypes and susceptibilty to ampicillin and amoxycillin in vitro.", "content": "In order to obtain Haemophilus influenzae, other than Type b, with highly probable human pathogeniticy strains were collected that had been isolated in abundant numbers from middle ear or maxillary sinus secretions of 157 patients with otitis media or sinusitis. The distribution of serotypes was as follows: nontypable 33.8%, Type b 26.1% Type a 19.1%, Type c 7.6%, Type e 5.7%, Type f 5.1%, and Type d 2.5%. The type distribution did not depend on the source of the strains. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin and amoxycillin in vitro; the broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both antibiotics varied only fourfold; typical MIC values were 0.125 microgram/ml and 0.25 microngram/ml, respectively. Susceptibility did not vary with the source or type of the strains nor with the presence or absence of concomitant penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Haemophilus influenzae in otitis media and sinusitis: serotypes and susceptibilty to ampicillin and amoxycillin in vitro. In order to obtain Haemophilus influenzae, other than Type b, with highly probable human pathogeniticy strains were collected that had been isolated in abundant numbers from middle ear or maxillary sinus secretions of 157 patients with otitis media or sinusitis. The distribution of serotypes was as follows: nontypable 33.8%, Type b 26.1% Type a 19.1%, Type c 7.6%, Type e 5.7%, Type f 5.1%, and Type d 2.5%. The type distribution did not depend on the source of the strains. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin and amoxycillin in vitro; the broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both antibiotics varied only fourfold; typical MIC values were 0.125 microgram/ml and 0.25 microngram/ml, respectively. Susceptibility did not vary with the source or type of the strains nor with the presence or absence of concomitant penicillin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:303237", "title": "Pharmacokinetic studies of indoprofen in healthy volunteers and in patients.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of indoprofen in healthy subjects after single oral and i.v. administrations is reviewed. During repeated administration of indoprofen to 6 normal subjects (200-mg tablet every 8 hours for 6 days) no variations in the disposition of the drug were found in comparison with single dose administration. In 6 inpatients, with rheumatoid arthritis, the pharmacokinetics of indoprofen was studied after single oral (tablet) and i.m. administration. As for oral doses, no difference in main kinetic parameters was detected between the patients and normal subjects except for a higher volume of distribution in the former population. The bioavailability of the drug given by i.m. injection was not significantly different from that observed after oral administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic studies of indoprofen in healthy volunteers and in patients. The pharmacokinetics of indoprofen in healthy subjects after single oral and i.v. administrations is reviewed. During repeated administration of indoprofen to 6 normal subjects (200-mg tablet every 8 hours for 6 days) no variations in the disposition of the drug were found in comparison with single dose administration. In 6 inpatients, with rheumatoid arthritis, the pharmacokinetics of indoprofen was studied after single oral (tablet) and i.m. administration. As for oral doses, no difference in main kinetic parameters was detected between the patients and normal subjects except for a higher volume of distribution in the former population. The bioavailability of the drug given by i.m. injection was not significantly different from that observed after oral administration."}
{"id": "PMID:303238", "title": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by mast cells in vivo: a cytofluorometric study of mast cells and individual mast cell granules.", "content": "Uptake, distribution and turnover of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was studied by cytofluorometric analysis of whole mast cells and individual granules. Injection of 5-HT as well as 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) intraperitoneally or subcutaneously resulted in a parallel uptake of 5-HT in cells and granules. Intraperitoneal injections of 5-HT in such small quantities that may be available under physiological conditions resulted in an increase in fluorescence intensity of the mast cells, indicating a very efficient uptake mechanism for 5-HT in vivo. Much larger doses of 5-HTP were required to obtain a corresponding uptake of 5-HT in the mast cells. The 5-HT was rather rapidly taken up in the granules and eliminated very slowly, at the same rate both from granules and mast cells. The low elimination rate confirms our previous findings that the turnover of 5-HT is much lower in mast cells than in other amine containing cell systems. The combination of an extremely efficient, rapid uptake of 5-HT with a slow elimination suggests a specific function for mast cells in the regulation of free amine concentrations in tissues.", "contents": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by mast cells in vivo: a cytofluorometric study of mast cells and individual mast cell granules. Uptake, distribution and turnover of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was studied by cytofluorometric analysis of whole mast cells and individual granules. Injection of 5-HT as well as 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) intraperitoneally or subcutaneously resulted in a parallel uptake of 5-HT in cells and granules. Intraperitoneal injections of 5-HT in such small quantities that may be available under physiological conditions resulted in an increase in fluorescence intensity of the mast cells, indicating a very efficient uptake mechanism for 5-HT in vivo. Much larger doses of 5-HTP were required to obtain a corresponding uptake of 5-HT in the mast cells. The 5-HT was rather rapidly taken up in the granules and eliminated very slowly, at the same rate both from granules and mast cells. The low elimination rate confirms our previous findings that the turnover of 5-HT is much lower in mast cells than in other amine containing cell systems. The combination of an extremely efficient, rapid uptake of 5-HT with a slow elimination suggests a specific function for mast cells in the regulation of free amine concentrations in tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:303240", "title": "Purification and properties of a NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from the luminous bacterium, Beneckea harveyi.", "content": "A NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase, which produces FMNH2, one of the substrates for the luciferase reaction in bioluminescent bacteria, has been purified with the aid of affinity chromatography on epsilon-aminohexanoyl-FMN-Sepharose. The purified enzyme, isolated from Beneckea harveyi, had a specific activity of 89 mumol of NADH oxidized/min/mg of protein at 23 degrees in the presence of saturating FMN and NADH and appeared homogeneous by several criteria on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 24,000 was estimated both by gel filtration and and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicating that the enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain. Kinetic studies showed that the higher specificity of the enzyme for NADH than NADPH and for riboflavin and FMN than FAD was primarily due to variations in the Michaelis constants for the different substrates. Initial velocity studies with all pairs of substrates gave intersecting patterns supporting a sequential mechanism for the NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from the luminous bacterium, Beneckea harveyi. A NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase, which produces FMNH2, one of the substrates for the luciferase reaction in bioluminescent bacteria, has been purified with the aid of affinity chromatography on epsilon-aminohexanoyl-FMN-Sepharose. The purified enzyme, isolated from Beneckea harveyi, had a specific activity of 89 mumol of NADH oxidized/min/mg of protein at 23 degrees in the presence of saturating FMN and NADH and appeared homogeneous by several criteria on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A molecular weight of 24,000 was estimated both by gel filtration and and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis indicating that the enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide chain. Kinetic studies showed that the higher specificity of the enzyme for NADH than NADPH and for riboflavin and FMN than FAD was primarily due to variations in the Michaelis constants for the different substrates. Initial velocity studies with all pairs of substrates gave intersecting patterns supporting a sequential mechanism for the NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase."}
{"id": "PMID:303241", "title": "Structural study of circulating thymic factor: a peptide isolated from pig serum. I. Isolation and purification.", "content": "A circulating thymic factor (FTS) has been characterized by a bioassay based on its ability to render theta-negative rosette-forming cells theta-positive and azathioprine-sensitive. FTS was sequentially purified and finally isolated from 1000 liters of pig serum by ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. Its amino acid composition and apparent molecular weight estimated by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, indicate that FTS is a nonapeptide of composition lysine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), serine 2, glutamic acid (or glutamine) 2, glycine 2, and alanine.", "contents": "Structural study of circulating thymic factor: a peptide isolated from pig serum. I. Isolation and purification. A circulating thymic factor (FTS) has been characterized by a bioassay based on its ability to render theta-negative rosette-forming cells theta-positive and azathioprine-sensitive. FTS was sequentially purified and finally isolated from 1000 liters of pig serum by ultrafiltration, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. Its amino acid composition and apparent molecular weight estimated by Sephadex G-25 chromatography, indicate that FTS is a nonapeptide of composition lysine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), serine 2, glutamic acid (or glutamine) 2, glycine 2, and alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:303242", "title": "Urogastrone levels in the urine of normal adult humans.", "content": "Urogastrone is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion isolated from human urine and it is structurally related to and shares the properties of a potent mitogen-mouse epidermal growth factor. The amounts of urogastrone in 24 h normal human urine samples were measured using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. Values varied from 120--1360 ng/kg/24 h but a significant difference (2P less than 0.005) was observed between urine samples from men (602 +/- 41 SE, n = 39) and women (782 +/- 44 SE, n = 33). A series of 24 h urine collections from male and female volunteers showed that wide variations could occur over a 4 week period in the individual output of urogastrone. Levels from women did not show variations that could be related to the stage of the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Urogastrone levels in the urine of normal adult humans. Urogastrone is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion isolated from human urine and it is structurally related to and shares the properties of a potent mitogen-mouse epidermal growth factor. The amounts of urogastrone in 24 h normal human urine samples were measured using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay. Values varied from 120--1360 ng/kg/24 h but a significant difference (2P less than 0.005) was observed between urine samples from men (602 +/- 41 SE, n = 39) and women (782 +/- 44 SE, n = 33). A series of 24 h urine collections from male and female volunteers showed that wide variations could occur over a 4 week period in the individual output of urogastrone. Levels from women did not show variations that could be related to the stage of the menstrual cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:303243", "title": "Relation between growth hormone levels and Von Willebrand factor activity.", "content": "The relationship between growth hormone and von Willebrand factor activity was studied in fasting plasma samples, nocturnal samples, and after intramuscular injection of growth hormone. A significant correlation was seen between the two levels in fasting samples. During sleep, peaks of growth hormone were associated with peaks of von Willebrand factor activity. A subject with isolated growth hormone deficiency had no peaks of either. Intramuscular injection of growth hormone produced a rise of von Willebrand factor activity in all subjects studied. These results indicate that there is a relationship between growth hormone and von Willebrand factor activity.", "contents": "Relation between growth hormone levels and Von Willebrand factor activity. The relationship between growth hormone and von Willebrand factor activity was studied in fasting plasma samples, nocturnal samples, and after intramuscular injection of growth hormone. A significant correlation was seen between the two levels in fasting samples. During sleep, peaks of growth hormone were associated with peaks of von Willebrand factor activity. A subject with isolated growth hormone deficiency had no peaks of either. Intramuscular injection of growth hormone produced a rise of von Willebrand factor activity in all subjects studied. These results indicate that there is a relationship between growth hormone and von Willebrand factor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:303244", "title": "Beta-glucuronidase activity of lymph node imprints from malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.", "content": "beta-Glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively estimated in the cells of lymph node (LN) imprints from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), normal lymph nodes, and benign lymphadenopathies. In addition, in some of these cases beta-glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively determined in peripheral blood smear lymphocytes. The beta-glucuronidase score (betaGS) was very low in the cells of the LN imprints from patients with diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The LN lymphocytes of HD had a normal betaGS independently of the histological subtype of the disease, while in the LN imprint of CLL the enzyme activity was low, normal, or high. The betaGS of the lymphocytes in LN imprints of normal controls and HD were in general significantly lower compared with he lymphocytes of the peripheral blood smears in the same cases. The relation of our findings to the B and T cell origin of malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Beta-glucuronidase activity of lymph node imprints from malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. beta-Glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively estimated in the cells of lymph node (LN) imprints from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD), diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), normal lymph nodes, and benign lymphadenopathies. In addition, in some of these cases beta-glucuronidase activity was semiquantitatively determined in peripheral blood smear lymphocytes. The beta-glucuronidase score (betaGS) was very low in the cells of the LN imprints from patients with diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The LN lymphocytes of HD had a normal betaGS independently of the histological subtype of the disease, while in the LN imprint of CLL the enzyme activity was low, normal, or high. The betaGS of the lymphocytes in LN imprints of normal controls and HD were in general significantly lower compared with he lymphocytes of the peripheral blood smears in the same cases. The relation of our findings to the B and T cell origin of malignant lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303245", "title": "Evaluation of a standardised assay for the measurement of antibodies to double-stranded (native) DNA.", "content": "A standardised commercially available radioimmunoassay kit for the detection of antibodies to native DNA (N-DNA) has been evaluated in clinical practice. This test system is shown to be a reliably reproducible method of detecting these antibodies. In addition, evaluation of the purity of the radiolabelled test antigen in this assay has shown it to be almost entirely double stranded (native) DNA with virtually no contamination with single stranded (denatured) DNA, and with few areas of single stranded breaks or ends in the duplex molecule. The inclusion of known standards and precise characterisation of the DNA has partially overcome variability in results and provides for interlaboratory standardisation which is lacking in the techniques used at present.", "contents": "Evaluation of a standardised assay for the measurement of antibodies to double-stranded (native) DNA. A standardised commercially available radioimmunoassay kit for the detection of antibodies to native DNA (N-DNA) has been evaluated in clinical practice. This test system is shown to be a reliably reproducible method of detecting these antibodies. In addition, evaluation of the purity of the radiolabelled test antigen in this assay has shown it to be almost entirely double stranded (native) DNA with virtually no contamination with single stranded (denatured) DNA, and with few areas of single stranded breaks or ends in the duplex molecule. The inclusion of known standards and precise characterisation of the DNA has partially overcome variability in results and provides for interlaboratory standardisation which is lacking in the techniques used at present."}
{"id": "PMID:303246", "title": "Demonstration of activation of B lymphocytes in New Zealand black mice at birth by an immunoradiometric assay for murine IgM.", "content": "We have developed a highly specific and sensitive \"two-site\" immunoradiometric assay for murine IgM in which antigen bound to immobilized antibody reacts with affinity-purified radiolabeled antibody. We utilized the sensitivity of this assay to study the rate of IgM secretion in short-term cultures by spleen cells from the autoimmune strains, New Zealand Black (NZB) and New Zealand Black by New Zealand White F1 hybrid (BW), and from normal (C57BL/6, DBA/2, NZW) mice. The temperature dependence of IgM secretion in short-term cultures, its pentameric structure, and the similar viability of NZB and normal strain spleen cells indicate that active IgM synthesis is being measured. We observed that the splenic B lymphocytes of NZB and BW mice, in contrast to normal strains, produce IgM in vitro at birth. By 6 to 8 weeks of age NZB and BW spleen cells produce 40 times more IgM than spleen cells from normal strains of mice. The IgM produced in vitro by splenic lymphocytes from NZB and BW mice is not absorbed by synegeneic or allogeneic thymocytes or erythrocytes.", "contents": "Demonstration of activation of B lymphocytes in New Zealand black mice at birth by an immunoradiometric assay for murine IgM. We have developed a highly specific and sensitive \"two-site\" immunoradiometric assay for murine IgM in which antigen bound to immobilized antibody reacts with affinity-purified radiolabeled antibody. We utilized the sensitivity of this assay to study the rate of IgM secretion in short-term cultures by spleen cells from the autoimmune strains, New Zealand Black (NZB) and New Zealand Black by New Zealand White F1 hybrid (BW), and from normal (C57BL/6, DBA/2, NZW) mice. The temperature dependence of IgM secretion in short-term cultures, its pentameric structure, and the similar viability of NZB and normal strain spleen cells indicate that active IgM synthesis is being measured. We observed that the splenic B lymphocytes of NZB and BW mice, in contrast to normal strains, produce IgM in vitro at birth. By 6 to 8 weeks of age NZB and BW spleen cells produce 40 times more IgM than spleen cells from normal strains of mice. The IgM produced in vitro by splenic lymphocytes from NZB and BW mice is not absorbed by synegeneic or allogeneic thymocytes or erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303248", "title": "The requirement of viable thymocytes for species-specific attachment to and release from macrophages.", "content": "The role of the thymocyte in its species-specific binding to macrophages has been explored. Although formalin treatment of macrophages resulted in loss of binding to thymocytes, formalin treatment of thymocytes did not have this effect. However, two differences between living and formalin-treated thymocytes were noted. Formalin-treated thymocytes bound to macrophages of any species whereas the binding of living thymocytes was species specific. Living thymocytes attained maximum binding in approximately 1 hr and then the fraction bound gradually diminished. Formalin-treated thymocytes remained bound to the macrophage and appeared to be phagocytized. Released thymocytes did not bind to fresh macrophages, but released macrophages bound to fresh thymocytes. The results suggest that the binding of thymocytes to macrophages results in maturation of thymocytes.", "contents": "The requirement of viable thymocytes for species-specific attachment to and release from macrophages. The role of the thymocyte in its species-specific binding to macrophages has been explored. Although formalin treatment of macrophages resulted in loss of binding to thymocytes, formalin treatment of thymocytes did not have this effect. However, two differences between living and formalin-treated thymocytes were noted. Formalin-treated thymocytes bound to macrophages of any species whereas the binding of living thymocytes was species specific. Living thymocytes attained maximum binding in approximately 1 hr and then the fraction bound gradually diminished. Formalin-treated thymocytes remained bound to the macrophage and appeared to be phagocytized. Released thymocytes did not bind to fresh macrophages, but released macrophages bound to fresh thymocytes. The results suggest that the binding of thymocytes to macrophages results in maturation of thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303249", "title": "Spontaneous cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward red blood cell targets. II. Time-dependent loss of suppressor cell activity.", "content": "In a previous paper we demonstrated that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells become strikingly cytotoxic toward a wide variety of red blood cell targets after 7 days of in vitro culture. The cell responsible for cytotoxicity does not rosette with SRBC and demonstrates both surface adherence and phagocytic properties. In this paper we wish to show that development of spontaneous cytotoxicity is due to a time-dependent loss of suppressor cell function. Fresh autologous lymphocytes, when added to cultured cells, abrogate the subsequent expression of spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. The suppressor cell is radioresistant; requires 24 hr to suppress optimally; is inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 15 min, and is enriched in the non-T interface after SRBC rosette depletion over a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Furthermore, the addition of a cell-free sonicate of fresh lymphocytes is capable of inhibiting spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. However, if mononuclear cells are allowed to incubate in tissue culture medium for 7 days they are no longer suppressive after sonication. These data suggest that fresh mononuclear cells exert a potent negative regulatory influence on monocyte killing. Our culture conditions by removing this negative influence have produced a new model of spontaneous nonspecific killing by monocytes.", "contents": "Spontaneous cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells toward red blood cell targets. II. Time-dependent loss of suppressor cell activity. In a previous paper we demonstrated that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells become strikingly cytotoxic toward a wide variety of red blood cell targets after 7 days of in vitro culture. The cell responsible for cytotoxicity does not rosette with SRBC and demonstrates both surface adherence and phagocytic properties. In this paper we wish to show that development of spontaneous cytotoxicity is due to a time-dependent loss of suppressor cell function. Fresh autologous lymphocytes, when added to cultured cells, abrogate the subsequent expression of spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. The suppressor cell is radioresistant; requires 24 hr to suppress optimally; is inactivated by heating at 56 degrees C for 15 min, and is enriched in the non-T interface after SRBC rosette depletion over a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Furthermore, the addition of a cell-free sonicate of fresh lymphocytes is capable of inhibiting spontaneous cytotoxicity toward RBC targets. However, if mononuclear cells are allowed to incubate in tissue culture medium for 7 days they are no longer suppressive after sonication. These data suggest that fresh mononuclear cells exert a potent negative regulatory influence on monocyte killing. Our culture conditions by removing this negative influence have produced a new model of spontaneous nonspecific killing by monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303252", "title": "Evanescent delayed-type hypersensitivity: mediation by effector cells with a short life span.", "content": "Four days after i.v. immunization of mice with optimal low doses of heterologous erythrocytes (2 x 10(5) RBC), strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses can be elicited in the footpad. At later intervals after immunization, DTH responsiveness is progressively diminished and replaced by 4-hr antibody-dependent reactions. These evanescent T cell-mediated DTH responses, which are progressively replaced by antibody-dependent reactions, resemble Jones-Mote type delayed hypersensitivity responses of humans and guinea pigs. Since higher doses of immunizing antigen activate suppressor mechanisms that inhibit DTH responses, we examined the possibility that the evanescence of DTH in mice immunized with an optimal low dose of antigen might also be due to suppression. Using techniques that could clearly demonstrate the suppression produced by high antigen doses, we failed to find evidence for either humoral or cellular suppression in optimally immunized mice with declining of DTH responses. Thus, it appears that the evanescence of produced by optimal low dose immunization with RBC may be due to an intrinsic short life span of the effector cells rather than to the activation of an identifiable shut-off mechanism.", "contents": "Evanescent delayed-type hypersensitivity: mediation by effector cells with a short life span. Four days after i.v. immunization of mice with optimal low doses of heterologous erythrocytes (2 x 10(5) RBC), strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses can be elicited in the footpad. At later intervals after immunization, DTH responsiveness is progressively diminished and replaced by 4-hr antibody-dependent reactions. These evanescent T cell-mediated DTH responses, which are progressively replaced by antibody-dependent reactions, resemble Jones-Mote type delayed hypersensitivity responses of humans and guinea pigs. Since higher doses of immunizing antigen activate suppressor mechanisms that inhibit DTH responses, we examined the possibility that the evanescence of DTH in mice immunized with an optimal low dose of antigen might also be due to suppression. Using techniques that could clearly demonstrate the suppression produced by high antigen doses, we failed to find evidence for either humoral or cellular suppression in optimally immunized mice with declining of DTH responses. Thus, it appears that the evanescence of produced by optimal low dose immunization with RBC may be due to an intrinsic short life span of the effector cells rather than to the activation of an identifiable shut-off mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:303254", "title": "Cellular events in tolerance. VI. Neonatal vs adult B cell tolerance: differences in antigen-binding cell patterns and lipopolysaccharide stimulation.", "content": "The numbers and fate of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in neonatal and adult mice rendered tolerant to fluorescein (FL)-labeled heterologous gamma-globulins were studied. Similar numbers of FL-ABC were observed 1 day after tolerogen in both adult and neonatal mouse spleens: by 7 days after tolerization, no FL-ABC were observed in either case. Reinjection with FL-tolerogen at 7 days led to the detection of normal numbers of ABC in adult mice but significantly reduced numbers in neonates. This suggests that neonatal ABC either have been deleted or have failed to resynthesize surface receptors. Two weeks after tolerance induction, spleen cells from these tolerant mice were cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell mitogen, or with specific antigen. Tolerant adult spleen cells made an equivalent anti-FL response to that of the uninjected controls when stimulated with LPS, but were unresponsive to specific antigenic triggering. In contrast, spleen cells from neonatally tolerized mice were unresponsive to either specific or nonspecific (LPS) stimulation. Thus, these neonatally tolerized spleen cells lose sensitivity to polyclonal-stimulating agents (along with their receptors), or more simply, are deleted.", "contents": "Cellular events in tolerance. VI. Neonatal vs adult B cell tolerance: differences in antigen-binding cell patterns and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The numbers and fate of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in neonatal and adult mice rendered tolerant to fluorescein (FL)-labeled heterologous gamma-globulins were studied. Similar numbers of FL-ABC were observed 1 day after tolerogen in both adult and neonatal mouse spleens: by 7 days after tolerization, no FL-ABC were observed in either case. Reinjection with FL-tolerogen at 7 days led to the detection of normal numbers of ABC in adult mice but significantly reduced numbers in neonates. This suggests that neonatal ABC either have been deleted or have failed to resynthesize surface receptors. Two weeks after tolerance induction, spleen cells from these tolerant mice were cultured with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell mitogen, or with specific antigen. Tolerant adult spleen cells made an equivalent anti-FL response to that of the uninjected controls when stimulated with LPS, but were unresponsive to specific antigenic triggering. In contrast, spleen cells from neonatally tolerized mice were unresponsive to either specific or nonspecific (LPS) stimulation. Thus, these neonatally tolerized spleen cells lose sensitivity to polyclonal-stimulating agents (along with their receptors), or more simply, are deleted."}
{"id": "PMID:303255", "title": "Generation of T helper cells in vitro. III. Helper cell culture-derived factors are related to alloantigens coded for the I region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Thymocyte-macrophage cultures primed with carrier protein release an alloantigen-related factor that enhances the anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response of hapten-primed spleen cells in vitro. Use of immunoadsorbant columns made with a variety of alloantisera indicates that the relevant antigens in this system are coded for the the H-2 major histocompatibility locus in mice. The data indicate that in H-2d and H-2k strains the important genetic regions are in the I region between the K region and the I-C subregion and suggest, based on current understanding of Ia specificities, that the I-A subregion codes for these antigens.", "contents": "Generation of T helper cells in vitro. III. Helper cell culture-derived factors are related to alloantigens coded for the I region of the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. Thymocyte-macrophage cultures primed with carrier protein release an alloantigen-related factor that enhances the anti-hapten plaque-forming cell response of hapten-primed spleen cells in vitro. Use of immunoadsorbant columns made with a variety of alloantisera indicates that the relevant antigens in this system are coded for the the H-2 major histocompatibility locus in mice. The data indicate that in H-2d and H-2k strains the important genetic regions are in the I region between the K region and the I-C subregion and suggest, based on current understanding of Ia specificities, that the I-A subregion codes for these antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:303257", "title": "A splenic requirement for the generation of suppressor T cells.", "content": "Tolerance to contact sensitization with DNFB may be induced by DNBSO3. This specific unresponsiveness may occur via one or both of two mechanisms--production of suppressor T cells or clone inhibition. We investigated the role of the spleen in this unresponsiveness. Splenectomized mice may be tolerized by i.v. injection of DNBSO3, but they are incapable of serving as donors of lymph node cells for transfer of tolerance to normal recipients. Kinetic studies indicated that the spleen must be present at least three days after tolerization in order to permit development of a significant number of suppressor cells in the peripheral lymph nodes. We interpret these results to indicate that 1) clone inhibition does not require the spleen, 2) the generation of suppressor T cells is dependent on the presence of the spleen, and 3) it is likely that tolerogens in this system induce suppressor cells in the spleen and some of these cells or their products leave the spleen to reach the peripheral lymph nodes.", "contents": "A splenic requirement for the generation of suppressor T cells. Tolerance to contact sensitization with DNFB may be induced by DNBSO3. This specific unresponsiveness may occur via one or both of two mechanisms--production of suppressor T cells or clone inhibition. We investigated the role of the spleen in this unresponsiveness. Splenectomized mice may be tolerized by i.v. injection of DNBSO3, but they are incapable of serving as donors of lymph node cells for transfer of tolerance to normal recipients. Kinetic studies indicated that the spleen must be present at least three days after tolerization in order to permit development of a significant number of suppressor cells in the peripheral lymph nodes. We interpret these results to indicate that 1) clone inhibition does not require the spleen, 2) the generation of suppressor T cells is dependent on the presence of the spleen, and 3) it is likely that tolerogens in this system induce suppressor cells in the spleen and some of these cells or their products leave the spleen to reach the peripheral lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:303258", "title": "Mechanism for induction of anti-DNA antibodies by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice; II. Correlation between anti-DNA induction and polyclonal antibody formation by various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators.", "content": "The capacity of various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators (PBA) to induce, in mice, the formation of anti-DNA antibodies was compared with their ability to mediate the release of DNA in circulating blood and to stimulate polyclonal antibody synthesis in vivo. Anti-DNA antibodies or polyclonal antibody synthesis were induced in mice after the injection of at least 10 microgram lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium, 1 mg dextran sulfate (DS), or 2 mg purified protein derivative of tubercle bacteria RT32 (PPD). Smaller quantities of LPS (0.1 microgram) or DS (500 microgram) were sufficient to cause the release of DNA in circulating blood, whereas PPD was not able to provoke such a release at any concentration used. The association of anti-DNA antibodies with polyclonal antibody synthesis in mice injected with various PBA contrasts with the lack of correlation between the formation of anti-DNA antibodies and the release of measurable amounts of DNA in circulating blood. These results strongly suggest that the induction of anti-DNA antibodies by PBA is a consequence of the polyclonal B lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "Mechanism for induction of anti-DNA antibodies by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice; II. Correlation between anti-DNA induction and polyclonal antibody formation by various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators. The capacity of various polyclonal B lymphocyte activators (PBA) to induce, in mice, the formation of anti-DNA antibodies was compared with their ability to mediate the release of DNA in circulating blood and to stimulate polyclonal antibody synthesis in vivo. Anti-DNA antibodies or polyclonal antibody synthesis were induced in mice after the injection of at least 10 microgram lipopolysaccaride (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium, 1 mg dextran sulfate (DS), or 2 mg purified protein derivative of tubercle bacteria RT32 (PPD). Smaller quantities of LPS (0.1 microgram) or DS (500 microgram) were sufficient to cause the release of DNA in circulating blood, whereas PPD was not able to provoke such a release at any concentration used. The association of anti-DNA antibodies with polyclonal antibody synthesis in mice injected with various PBA contrasts with the lack of correlation between the formation of anti-DNA antibodies and the release of measurable amounts of DNA in circulating blood. These results strongly suggest that the induction of anti-DNA antibodies by PBA is a consequence of the polyclonal B lymphocyte activation."}
{"id": "PMID:303259", "title": "The effects of neuraminidase and galactose oxidase on murine lymphocytes. I. Evidence for the differential delivery of signal(s) leading to cell proliferation and the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "The sequential treatment of normal C57BL/6 mouse spleen cell populations with neuraminidase (NA) and galactose oxidase (GO) resulted in cell proliferation, but not in the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, C57BL/6 spleen cells derived from animals primed 5 to 8 months earlier with alloantigen (P815 mastocytoma cells of the DBA/2 strain) both proliferated and demonstrated T cell-mediated cytotoxicity after NAGO stimulation. T cells differentiating into cytotoxic cells after NAGO treatment demonstrated properties similar to alloantigen-specific 'memory' T cells. These were: 1) cytotoxicity developed only from 'primed' cell populations, 2) cytotoxicity developed within 24 hr after NAGO treatment, 3) DNA synthesis was not required for the differentiation of cytotoxic cells during the first 24 hr of culture but both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were required for the cytotoxicity developing after 24 hr, and 4) all cytotoxicity induced by NAGO showed specificity for the priming alloantigen. It was found, furthermore, that cytotoxicity could be induced at much lower GO concentrations than needed for increased DNA synthesis. We interpret this finding as an indication that NAGO can differentially deliver two 'signals' to T lymphocytes: one leading to cell proliferation, the other causing the differentiation of memory T cells into cytotoxic effectors.", "contents": "The effects of neuraminidase and galactose oxidase on murine lymphocytes. I. Evidence for the differential delivery of signal(s) leading to cell proliferation and the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells. The sequential treatment of normal C57BL/6 mouse spleen cell populations with neuraminidase (NA) and galactose oxidase (GO) resulted in cell proliferation, but not in the differentiation of cytotoxic T cells. In contrast, C57BL/6 spleen cells derived from animals primed 5 to 8 months earlier with alloantigen (P815 mastocytoma cells of the DBA/2 strain) both proliferated and demonstrated T cell-mediated cytotoxicity after NAGO stimulation. T cells differentiating into cytotoxic cells after NAGO treatment demonstrated properties similar to alloantigen-specific 'memory' T cells. These were: 1) cytotoxicity developed only from 'primed' cell populations, 2) cytotoxicity developed within 24 hr after NAGO treatment, 3) DNA synthesis was not required for the differentiation of cytotoxic cells during the first 24 hr of culture but both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were required for the cytotoxicity developing after 24 hr, and 4) all cytotoxicity induced by NAGO showed specificity for the priming alloantigen. It was found, furthermore, that cytotoxicity could be induced at much lower GO concentrations than needed for increased DNA synthesis. We interpret this finding as an indication that NAGO can differentially deliver two 'signals' to T lymphocytes: one leading to cell proliferation, the other causing the differentiation of memory T cells into cytotoxic effectors."}
{"id": "PMID:303260", "title": "Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by autologous lymph node cells.", "content": "A population of lymph node cells that lack the usual T, B, or K cell markers was found to inhibit autologous spleen cells from mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes. Inhibitor cells were not susceptible to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Ig and C; they did not adhere to Sephadex G-10, to nylon wool, or to monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) or erythrocytes plus 7S antibody (EA). After a brief (4-min) exposure to 45 degrees C, the ability to inhibit was lost whereas other cellular responses remained intact. ADCC mediated by nonadherent splenic effector cells (presumptive K cells) was highly susceptible to inhibition. Possible mechanisms for and implications of lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of ADCC are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by autologous lymph node cells. A population of lymph node cells that lack the usual T, B, or K cell markers was found to inhibit autologous spleen cells from mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes. Inhibitor cells were not susceptible to treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 or anti-Ig and C; they did not adhere to Sephadex G-10, to nylon wool, or to monolayers of sheep erythrocytes (E) or erythrocytes plus 7S antibody (EA). After a brief (4-min) exposure to 45 degrees C, the ability to inhibit was lost whereas other cellular responses remained intact. ADCC mediated by nonadherent splenic effector cells (presumptive K cells) was highly susceptible to inhibition. Possible mechanisms for and implications of lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of ADCC are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303262", "title": "A screening assay for rapid and quantitative measurement of immunoglobulins and anti-immunoglobulins in unknown sera.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay which can measure serum levels of antibody and antigen when both species are immuloglobulins (Igs) is described. The technique is based on competition between insolubilized Ig (bound to Sepharose) and serum Ig for radiolabeled Ig. For measurement of anti-Ig antibodies, labeled Ig antigen is added to a mixture of antibody-Sepharose and unknown or standard antibody solution. For measurement of antigen, labeled, purified antibody is added to a mixture of antigen-Sepharose and unknown or standard antigen solution. Although both assays can detect either Ig antigen or Ig antibody in a given unknown, the antibody assay requires 10-20 times as much antigen as antibody to achieve the same degree of inhibition, and the antigen assay is 100 times more sensitive for antigen than for antibody. By titrating the same unknown in both assays, one can determine whether inhibitory activity is due to antigen or antibody. The routine assay readily detects 1 microgram/ml of antibody or of antigen. A modified assay was also developed which detects levels of antibody as low as 5-10 ng/ml. The technique is simple and allows rapid screening of hundreds of serum samples in a short period of time. The assay can also be modified for measurement of anti-idiotype antibodies.", "contents": "A screening assay for rapid and quantitative measurement of immunoglobulins and anti-immunoglobulins in unknown sera. A radioimmunoassay which can measure serum levels of antibody and antigen when both species are immuloglobulins (Igs) is described. The technique is based on competition between insolubilized Ig (bound to Sepharose) and serum Ig for radiolabeled Ig. For measurement of anti-Ig antibodies, labeled Ig antigen is added to a mixture of antibody-Sepharose and unknown or standard antibody solution. For measurement of antigen, labeled, purified antibody is added to a mixture of antigen-Sepharose and unknown or standard antigen solution. Although both assays can detect either Ig antigen or Ig antibody in a given unknown, the antibody assay requires 10-20 times as much antigen as antibody to achieve the same degree of inhibition, and the antigen assay is 100 times more sensitive for antigen than for antibody. By titrating the same unknown in both assays, one can determine whether inhibitory activity is due to antigen or antibody. The routine assay readily detects 1 microgram/ml of antibody or of antigen. A modified assay was also developed which detects levels of antibody as low as 5-10 ng/ml. The technique is simple and allows rapid screening of hundreds of serum samples in a short period of time. The assay can also be modified for measurement of anti-idiotype antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:303263", "title": "A simple and rapid method to distinguish between rosettes and non-specific aggregation of erythrocytes in the rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes.", "content": "A method is described for rapid and simple visualization of lymphocytes in the rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes. A drop of acridine orange (pH 7.4) is added to the suspension of rosetted cells and allowed to incubate for 1 min on ice. Nucleic acids are then visualized in a fluorescence microscope by excitation at 430-500 micrometer. Simultaneous semi-illumination with light microscopy allows enumeration of total lymphocytes and the number of lymphocytes rosetted with sheep red blood cells. The central lymphocyte is clearly distinguishable even when it is crowded with red cells, and this makes the differentiation between rosettes and non-specific aggregation of cells easy.", "contents": "A simple and rapid method to distinguish between rosettes and non-specific aggregation of erythrocytes in the rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes. A method is described for rapid and simple visualization of lymphocytes in the rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes. A drop of acridine orange (pH 7.4) is added to the suspension of rosetted cells and allowed to incubate for 1 min on ice. Nucleic acids are then visualized in a fluorescence microscope by excitation at 430-500 micrometer. Simultaneous semi-illumination with light microscopy allows enumeration of total lymphocytes and the number of lymphocytes rosetted with sheep red blood cells. The central lymphocyte is clearly distinguishable even when it is crowded with red cells, and this makes the differentiation between rosettes and non-specific aggregation of cells easy."}
{"id": "PMID:303264", "title": "Polystyrene balls as the solid-phase of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human serum albumin.", "content": "Polystyrene balls have been incorporated as the solid-phase of a model double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human serum albumin. Purified IgG from the secondary antiserum is adsorbed on the 6.4 mm diameter balls. The solid-phase secondary antibody is then used to separate primary antibody bound iodinated antigen from unbound antigen. The secondary antibody coated polystyrene balls are easily prepared and manipulated; several hundred sample dilutions can readily be processed in a single assay. Assay background values of 1.5% or less are consistently obtained without extensive or special washing procedures.", "contents": "Polystyrene balls as the solid-phase of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human serum albumin. Polystyrene balls have been incorporated as the solid-phase of a model double-antibody radioimmunoassay for human serum albumin. Purified IgG from the secondary antiserum is adsorbed on the 6.4 mm diameter balls. The solid-phase secondary antibody is then used to separate primary antibody bound iodinated antigen from unbound antigen. The secondary antibody coated polystyrene balls are easily prepared and manipulated; several hundred sample dilutions can readily be processed in a single assay. Assay background values of 1.5% or less are consistently obtained without extensive or special washing procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:303266", "title": "Molecular properties of T lymphoma immunoglobulin. I. Serological and general physicochemical properties.", "content": "Immunoglobulin (Ig) released into the medium by monoclonal continuously cultured murine T lymphoma cells of the lines WEHI-22 and WEHI-7 was isolated by serological precipitation or solid-phase immunoadsorption techniques. The intact immunoglobulin had an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) containing polyacrylamide gels comparable to that of IgG (mass 150,000). This mobility was significantly faster than that of '7S' IgM of murine B lymphocyte surfaces. The T lymphoma immunoglobulin consisted of a pair of heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds and light chains non-covalently bound to the heavy chains. The isolated heavy chains migrated slightly faster than the mu chains of MOPC 104E IgM. Some, but not all, antisera directed against mu chains of normal mouse serum IgM bound T lymphoma immunoglobulin apparently via a cross-reaction localized to the Fd fragment. These data indicate that immunoglobulin of T lymphoma cells and, presumably normal T lymphocytes, represents an immunoglobulin isotype which is distinct from those immunoglobulins found on the B cell surface.", "contents": "Molecular properties of T lymphoma immunoglobulin. I. Serological and general physicochemical properties. Immunoglobulin (Ig) released into the medium by monoclonal continuously cultured murine T lymphoma cells of the lines WEHI-22 and WEHI-7 was isolated by serological precipitation or solid-phase immunoadsorption techniques. The intact immunoglobulin had an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) containing polyacrylamide gels comparable to that of IgG (mass 150,000). This mobility was significantly faster than that of '7S' IgM of murine B lymphocyte surfaces. The T lymphoma immunoglobulin consisted of a pair of heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds and light chains non-covalently bound to the heavy chains. The isolated heavy chains migrated slightly faster than the mu chains of MOPC 104E IgM. Some, but not all, antisera directed against mu chains of normal mouse serum IgM bound T lymphoma immunoglobulin apparently via a cross-reaction localized to the Fd fragment. These data indicate that immunoglobulin of T lymphoma cells and, presumably normal T lymphocytes, represents an immunoglobulin isotype which is distinct from those immunoglobulins found on the B cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:303277", "title": "An on-line clinical information system in family practice.", "content": "An interactive on-line clinical information system is in operation within the residency of the Department of Family Practice at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. This approach eliminates some of the traditional sources of error in collecting clinical information. Particular attention is given to flexibility of data presentation: data may be segregated by time, by disease entity, by age and sex of the patient, by physician, by year of residency, and by disease class. The responsiveness of this on-line technology allows the production of complete, up-to-date practice reports within 24 hours of a request.", "contents": "An on-line clinical information system in family practice. An interactive on-line clinical information system is in operation within the residency of the Department of Family Practice at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. This approach eliminates some of the traditional sources of error in collecting clinical information. Particular attention is given to flexibility of data presentation: data may be segregated by time, by disease entity, by age and sex of the patient, by physician, by year of residency, and by disease class. The responsiveness of this on-line technology allows the production of complete, up-to-date practice reports within 24 hours of a request."}
{"id": "PMID:303278", "title": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 6: a decade of problem-oriented medical records: a reassessment.", "content": "The Problem-Oriented Record (POR) has had a profound effect upon the medical community. Since its introduction not quite ten years ago, POR has gained remarkable acceptance. A short review of the relatively brief history of POR is given and various facets of its use are outlined as guidelines for more critical reappraisal of its merits. The fact, however, that POR is currently taught in a majority of medical schools and used in ever increasing numbers of hospitals is highly indicative of eventual conversion of all medical recoreds to POR format.", "contents": "An integrated medical record and data system for primary care. Part 6: a decade of problem-oriented medical records: a reassessment. The Problem-Oriented Record (POR) has had a profound effect upon the medical community. Since its introduction not quite ten years ago, POR has gained remarkable acceptance. A short review of the relatively brief history of POR is given and various facets of its use are outlined as guidelines for more critical reappraisal of its merits. The fact, however, that POR is currently taught in a majority of medical schools and used in ever increasing numbers of hospitals is highly indicative of eventual conversion of all medical recoreds to POR format."}
{"id": "PMID:303279", "title": "Potassium and the photoreceptor-dependent pigment epithelial hyperpolarization.", "content": "Light-evoked changes in pigment epithelial cell membrane potentials and retinal extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]0, were measured in an in vitro frog retina-pigment epithelium-choroid preparation. Light stimuli hyperpolarized the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. Through an electrical shunt pathway connecting the apical and basal membranes, the basal membrane also hyperpolarized, but to a lesser degree than the apical membrane. This differential hyperpolariation of the two membranes increased the transepithelial potential (TEP). This increase in TEP was shown to be the major voltage source of the c-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). Direct measurement of [K+]0 in the distal retina, made with K+-specific microelectrodes, showed a light-evoked decrease in [K+]0 having an identical time course to the apical hyperpolarization. There was a linear relationship between the light-evoked change in TEP and the logarithm of [K+]0. This exact relationship was also found when the apical membrane was perfused directly with solutions of varying [K+]0. The change in TEP associated with the ERC c-wave, therefore, was explained solely by the response of the pigment epithelium to the light-evoked decrease in [K+]0 in the distal retina.", "contents": "Potassium and the photoreceptor-dependent pigment epithelial hyperpolarization. Light-evoked changes in pigment epithelial cell membrane potentials and retinal extracellular potassium ion concentration, [K+]0, were measured in an in vitro frog retina-pigment epithelium-choroid preparation. Light stimuli hyperpolarized the apical membrane of the pigment epithelium. Through an electrical shunt pathway connecting the apical and basal membranes, the basal membrane also hyperpolarized, but to a lesser degree than the apical membrane. This differential hyperpolariation of the two membranes increased the transepithelial potential (TEP). This increase in TEP was shown to be the major voltage source of the c-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). Direct measurement of [K+]0 in the distal retina, made with K+-specific microelectrodes, showed a light-evoked decrease in [K+]0 having an identical time course to the apical hyperpolarization. There was a linear relationship between the light-evoked change in TEP and the logarithm of [K+]0. This exact relationship was also found when the apical membrane was perfused directly with solutions of varying [K+]0. The change in TEP associated with the ERC c-wave, therefore, was explained solely by the response of the pigment epithelium to the light-evoked decrease in [K+]0 in the distal retina."}
{"id": "PMID:303280", "title": "Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemamer. Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness.", "content": "A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 patients with intractable psychiatric illness. All of the patients, a heterogeneous group, had failed to respond to all indicated treatments. Length of illness varied from 6 to 23 years without significant remission. Of the 11 patients, four had uncontrollable violence-aggression (two with no demonstrable organic brain disease and two with brain pathology), five were chronic schizophrenics, and two had lifelong patterns of severe neurosis in addition to the disabling disorder for which the procedure was performed. Three of the 11 patients had seizures in addition to behavioral pathology. Ten of the 11 patients are out of the hospital and functioning without medications or other treatment. Some are symptom-free and others have shown significant improvement. The one patient who failed to respond had an organic lesion over the cerebellar site that was to be stimulated. The rationale for the procedure was based on data gathered during earlier therapeutic studies in patients with depth electrodes and extensive anatomical and physiological experiments in animals. The transistorized stimulator used in treating these patients is similar to stimulators being used for treatment of epileptic and spastic patients.", "contents": "Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemamer. Treatment for intractable psychiatric illness. A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 patients with intractable psychiatric illness. All of the patients, a heterogeneous group, had failed to respond to all indicated treatments. Length of illness varied from 6 to 23 years without significant remission. Of the 11 patients, four had uncontrollable violence-aggression (two with no demonstrable organic brain disease and two with brain pathology), five were chronic schizophrenics, and two had lifelong patterns of severe neurosis in addition to the disabling disorder for which the procedure was performed. Three of the 11 patients had seizures in addition to behavioral pathology. Ten of the 11 patients are out of the hospital and functioning without medications or other treatment. Some are symptom-free and others have shown significant improvement. The one patient who failed to respond had an organic lesion over the cerebellar site that was to be stimulated. The rationale for the procedure was based on data gathered during earlier therapeutic studies in patients with depth electrodes and extensive anatomical and physiological experiments in animals. The transistorized stimulator used in treating these patients is similar to stimulators being used for treatment of epileptic and spastic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:303282", "title": "Chronic abscess of the brain stem.", "content": "The incidence of solitary brain stem abscess is less than 4% of all posterior fossa abscesses, and probably less than 1% of all intracranial abscesses. Two cases are reported, both presenting as chronic progressive clinical problems and initially diagnosed as gliomas. It is suggested that aspiration is a more suitable treatment than excision, and that in cases secondary to otogenic disease, radical mastoidectomy might have been an adequate method of prophylaxis.", "contents": "Chronic abscess of the brain stem. The incidence of solitary brain stem abscess is less than 4% of all posterior fossa abscesses, and probably less than 1% of all intracranial abscesses. Two cases are reported, both presenting as chronic progressive clinical problems and initially diagnosed as gliomas. It is suggested that aspiration is a more suitable treatment than excision, and that in cases secondary to otogenic disease, radical mastoidectomy might have been an adequate method of prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:303281", "title": "[5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in the embryonic pineal organ of Lacerta vivipara J. A qualitative and quantitative microscopic study of the uptake of 3H-5-HTP under experimental conditions and the histochemistry of MAO (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments involving combined injections of a drogue (Ro4-4602 or nialmide) and precursor (3H-5-HTP) allowed to determine the best conditions for performing an experimental study of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and metabolism in the embryonic pineal organ of Lacerta vivipara. Inhibition of 5-HT synthesis at the decarboxylation step using Ro4-4602 significantly reduces the tritiated indolamine rates in the pineal sensory epithelium of embryos of the stages 37-40. In contrast with the embryos of stages 36 to 40 which received injections of 3H-5-HTP only, the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells (SRP) of embryos of the same stages which were pretreated with Ro4-4602 do not show a selective radioautographic labeling. After inhibition of the monoamine oxidases with nialomide, the tritiated indolamine rates are significantly increased in the SRP of embryos of stages 35 to 40. Our radioautographic studies show indirectly the early presence of 5-HTPD and MAO in the SRP (stage 35) during the pineal embryogenesis of Lacerta. In the distal part of the pineal, monoamine oxidase activity is histochemically demonstrated at stage 34. During ontogenesis, the reaction becomes increasingly intensive in the apical part of the epithelial cells while it extends to the epithelium of the proximal part of the pineal organ.", "contents": "[5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in the embryonic pineal organ of Lacerta vivipara J. A qualitative and quantitative microscopic study of the uptake of 3H-5-HTP under experimental conditions and the histochemistry of MAO (author's transl)]. Experiments involving combined injections of a drogue (Ro4-4602 or nialmide) and precursor (3H-5-HTP) allowed to determine the best conditions for performing an experimental study of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and metabolism in the embryonic pineal organ of Lacerta vivipara. Inhibition of 5-HT synthesis at the decarboxylation step using Ro4-4602 significantly reduces the tritiated indolamine rates in the pineal sensory epithelium of embryos of the stages 37-40. In contrast with the embryos of stages 36 to 40 which received injections of 3H-5-HTP only, the secretory rudimentary photoreceptor cells (SRP) of embryos of the same stages which were pretreated with Ro4-4602 do not show a selective radioautographic labeling. After inhibition of the monoamine oxidases with nialomide, the tritiated indolamine rates are significantly increased in the SRP of embryos of stages 35 to 40. Our radioautographic studies show indirectly the early presence of 5-HTPD and MAO in the SRP (stage 35) during the pineal embryogenesis of Lacerta. In the distal part of the pineal, monoamine oxidase activity is histochemically demonstrated at stage 34. During ontogenesis, the reaction becomes increasingly intensive in the apical part of the epithelial cells while it extends to the epithelium of the proximal part of the pineal organ."}
{"id": "PMID:303285", "title": "An improved procedure for the isolation of suprasterol2 I and II from a photochemical reaction mixture of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2).", "content": "An improved procedure for the isolateion suprasterol2 I and II from a photochemical reaction mixture of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and their spectral data are described in this paper. When a solution of ergocalciferol in ethanol was irradiated by UV light from a high-pressure mercury lamp, the reaction mixture gave six spots, including suprasterol2 I and II, on the thin-layer chromatogram, while the peaks corresponding to pyro-D2, isopyro-D2,5,b-trans-D2, suprasterol 2 I and II were observed in the gas chromatogram obtained from a capillary column GLC (Suprasterol2 I and II were main peaks). After purifying the mixture by column chromatography on silica gel containing 12% alumina as an absorbent, two main fractins were isolated. The data of their spectra, TLC and GLC showed that the former fraction was suprasterol2 II while the latter was suprasterol2 I and that the both fractions contained the respective compound only. Both suprasterol2 were crystallized as the 3,5-dinitro-benzoates.", "contents": "An improved procedure for the isolation of suprasterol2 I and II from a photochemical reaction mixture of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2). An improved procedure for the isolateion suprasterol2 I and II from a photochemical reaction mixture of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and their spectral data are described in this paper. When a solution of ergocalciferol in ethanol was irradiated by UV light from a high-pressure mercury lamp, the reaction mixture gave six spots, including suprasterol2 I and II, on the thin-layer chromatogram, while the peaks corresponding to pyro-D2, isopyro-D2,5,b-trans-D2, suprasterol 2 I and II were observed in the gas chromatogram obtained from a capillary column GLC (Suprasterol2 I and II were main peaks). After purifying the mixture by column chromatography on silica gel containing 12% alumina as an absorbent, two main fractins were isolated. The data of their spectra, TLC and GLC showed that the former fraction was suprasterol2 II while the latter was suprasterol2 I and that the both fractions contained the respective compound only. Both suprasterol2 were crystallized as the 3,5-dinitro-benzoates."}
{"id": "PMID:303289", "title": "On the role of junctional cholinesterase in determining the time course of the end-plate current.", "content": "1. The effect of membrane potential on the half-time (t1/2) of the falling phase of the end-plate current was studied both in the absence and the presence of anticholinesterase. 2. In absence of anticholinesterase the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was linear at negative, and not linear at positive levels of membrane potential. This relation was not affected by the quantity of the released transmitter. 3. In presence of an irreversible anticholinesterase the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was shifted towards higher values of log t1/2. This shift could be counteracted by decreasing the quantity of the released transmitter. 4. It is concluded that in presence of anticholinesterase the decay of the end-plate current is slowed down because in this experimental condition the elimination of transmitter from the synaptic cleft is slowed down. 5. These observations were made in muscles bathed in Tris-HCl buffered Ringer solution. If a phosphate buffered Ringer solution was used, the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was linear throughout the range of membrane potentials studied. The reason why different buffers give different results is not clear and should be further studied.", "contents": "On the role of junctional cholinesterase in determining the time course of the end-plate current. 1. The effect of membrane potential on the half-time (t1/2) of the falling phase of the end-plate current was studied both in the absence and the presence of anticholinesterase. 2. In absence of anticholinesterase the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was linear at negative, and not linear at positive levels of membrane potential. This relation was not affected by the quantity of the released transmitter. 3. In presence of an irreversible anticholinesterase the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was shifted towards higher values of log t1/2. This shift could be counteracted by decreasing the quantity of the released transmitter. 4. It is concluded that in presence of anticholinesterase the decay of the end-plate current is slowed down because in this experimental condition the elimination of transmitter from the synaptic cleft is slowed down. 5. These observations were made in muscles bathed in Tris-HCl buffered Ringer solution. If a phosphate buffered Ringer solution was used, the relation between log t1/2 and membrane potential was linear throughout the range of membrane potentials studied. The reason why different buffers give different results is not clear and should be further studied."}
{"id": "PMID:303304", "title": "Calcium antagonism of the block in excitation-contraction coupling produced by a urea exposure-removal treatment.", "content": "Exposing frog's toe muscles to Ringer's solution made hypertonic with 400 mM urea for 60 min followed by placing the muscles back in Ringer's (urea-removal treatment) completely blocks the twitch without disrupting the surface openings of the T-tubules. The urea-removal treatment also increased the triadic junction width. Placing the muscles in Ringer's with an elevated calcium concentration (5 mM) following exposure to the hyertonic solution prevented the block of the twitch response but not the increase in the triadic junction width. Exposing untreated muscles to Ringer's with 5 mM calcium either had no effect on the twitch on reduced it by 30 percent or less. These results suggest the possibility that increasing the width of the triadic junction decreases the amount of calcium ions reaching the terminal cisternae during an action potential thereby blocking the twitch. Elevating the calcium concentration in the T-tubules would increase the amount of calcium which enters the triadic junction during an action potential and thus antagonize the above effects.", "contents": "Calcium antagonism of the block in excitation-contraction coupling produced by a urea exposure-removal treatment. Exposing frog's toe muscles to Ringer's solution made hypertonic with 400 mM urea for 60 min followed by placing the muscles back in Ringer's (urea-removal treatment) completely blocks the twitch without disrupting the surface openings of the T-tubules. The urea-removal treatment also increased the triadic junction width. Placing the muscles in Ringer's with an elevated calcium concentration (5 mM) following exposure to the hyertonic solution prevented the block of the twitch response but not the increase in the triadic junction width. Exposing untreated muscles to Ringer's with 5 mM calcium either had no effect on the twitch on reduced it by 30 percent or less. These results suggest the possibility that increasing the width of the triadic junction decreases the amount of calcium ions reaching the terminal cisternae during an action potential thereby blocking the twitch. Elevating the calcium concentration in the T-tubules would increase the amount of calcium which enters the triadic junction during an action potential and thus antagonize the above effects."}
{"id": "PMID:303306", "title": "Effects of adrenaline on the action potential of sympathetic ganglion cells in bullfrogs.", "content": "The effects of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoproterenol) on ionic conductance changes during the generation of action potentials of bullfrog sympathetic and spinal ganglion cells were studied with intracellular microelectrodes. In sympathetic ganglion cells, adrenaline (3X10(-5)-1X10(-3)M) reversibly decreased the peak amplitude and positive after-potential of action potentials, and prolonged the duration of spike potentials without changes in the resting membrane potential and conductance in the Ringer solution. The maximum rates of rise and fall of spike potentials were also decreased. The action of noradrenaline was similar to that of adrenaline, but isoproterenol did not show any effects. Adrenaline (3X10(-5)-3X10(-4)M) markedly depressed the peak amplitude and maximum rate of rise of both TEA-potential and Ca-potential produced either in TEA solution containing TTX or in the isotonic CaCl2 solution. Similar actions were observed with noradrenaline but not isoproterenol. In spinal ganglion cells, catecholamines did not show any effects of the action potentials in Ringer and TEA solutions. It was concluded that adrenaline inhibited the increases in Ca2+, K+ and Na+ conductances during the generation of action potentials of sympathetic ganglion cells.", "contents": "Effects of adrenaline on the action potential of sympathetic ganglion cells in bullfrogs. The effects of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoproterenol) on ionic conductance changes during the generation of action potentials of bullfrog sympathetic and spinal ganglion cells were studied with intracellular microelectrodes. In sympathetic ganglion cells, adrenaline (3X10(-5)-1X10(-3)M) reversibly decreased the peak amplitude and positive after-potential of action potentials, and prolonged the duration of spike potentials without changes in the resting membrane potential and conductance in the Ringer solution. The maximum rates of rise and fall of spike potentials were also decreased. The action of noradrenaline was similar to that of adrenaline, but isoproterenol did not show any effects. Adrenaline (3X10(-5)-3X10(-4)M) markedly depressed the peak amplitude and maximum rate of rise of both TEA-potential and Ca-potential produced either in TEA solution containing TTX or in the isotonic CaCl2 solution. Similar actions were observed with noradrenaline but not isoproterenol. In spinal ganglion cells, catecholamines did not show any effects of the action potentials in Ringer and TEA solutions. It was concluded that adrenaline inhibited the increases in Ca2+, K+ and Na+ conductances during the generation of action potentials of sympathetic ganglion cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303307", "title": "Prolonged sarcotubular regenerative response in frog sartorius muscle.", "content": "The sarcotubular system of frog sartorius muscle fibers is found to generate a prolonged depolarizing regenerative response under appropriate experimental conditions. It is shown from a point-voltage clamp analysis that the inward current component responsible for the response lasts on depolarization for hundreds of milliseconds, and reverses its sign when an equilibrium potential is exceeded. The sarcotubular response occurs in F-Ringer solution and is enhanced with EDTA. It also occurs in normal or propionate-Ringer solution containing EDTA without great change in the equilibrium potential. The response is inhibited reversibly with picrotoxin. Partial replacement of Na by K in the propionate-Ringer solution reduces the inward current component which suggests that Na may be the responsible ions.", "contents": "Prolonged sarcotubular regenerative response in frog sartorius muscle. The sarcotubular system of frog sartorius muscle fibers is found to generate a prolonged depolarizing regenerative response under appropriate experimental conditions. It is shown from a point-voltage clamp analysis that the inward current component responsible for the response lasts on depolarization for hundreds of milliseconds, and reverses its sign when an equilibrium potential is exceeded. The sarcotubular response occurs in F-Ringer solution and is enhanced with EDTA. It also occurs in normal or propionate-Ringer solution containing EDTA without great change in the equilibrium potential. The response is inhibited reversibly with picrotoxin. Partial replacement of Na by K in the propionate-Ringer solution reduces the inward current component which suggests that Na may be the responsible ions."}
{"id": "PMID:303315", "title": "[Keratoplasty in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 36 keratoplasties (30 eyes) in children up to 15 years of age. An efficient postoperative care was of critical importance for the final outcome. The specific problems are discussed. Regarding the fact that generally children are only operated on in case of heavy corneal disease which brings about a higher risk of graft failure our results may be judged as \"fair\": 63% of the transplants were optically clear; 43% exhibited good and 30% fair functional results. The best results were achieved with keratoplasties in corneal dystrophies (keratoconus included). Another group with good results was that with herpetic corneal disease, whereas transplants after heavy perforating injuries mostly failed. A beter postoperative medical collaboration and consultation is needed to improve final results. This is especially true for correcting operative measures (loosening sutures) and for therapy and prophylaxis of graft reactions.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty in childhood (author's transl)]. Report on 36 keratoplasties (30 eyes) in children up to 15 years of age. An efficient postoperative care was of critical importance for the final outcome. The specific problems are discussed. Regarding the fact that generally children are only operated on in case of heavy corneal disease which brings about a higher risk of graft failure our results may be judged as \"fair\": 63% of the transplants were optically clear; 43% exhibited good and 30% fair functional results. The best results were achieved with keratoplasties in corneal dystrophies (keratoconus included). Another group with good results was that with herpetic corneal disease, whereas transplants after heavy perforating injuries mostly failed. A beter postoperative medical collaboration and consultation is needed to improve final results. This is especially true for correcting operative measures (loosening sutures) and for therapy and prophylaxis of graft reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:303324", "title": "Coronary artery surgery.", "content": "This paper assesses the results in 543 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery between 1969 and March, 1976. Indications included angina, acute infarction and ventricular arrhythmia, and there were some angina-free patients. Surgical techniques were constantly reviewed and frequently changed. The mortality in all groups was 4.2%. The mortality in chronic stable angina (424 cases) was 3%, but as from January, 1975, it has been 2%. The perioperative infarction rate in all groups was 10.7%, and this condition was the most significant cause of perioperative mortality. Modern principles of myocardial protection during surgery have helped to lower mortality and morbidity rates.", "contents": "Coronary artery surgery. This paper assesses the results in 543 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery between 1969 and March, 1976. Indications included angina, acute infarction and ventricular arrhythmia, and there were some angina-free patients. Surgical techniques were constantly reviewed and frequently changed. The mortality in all groups was 4.2%. The mortality in chronic stable angina (424 cases) was 3%, but as from January, 1975, it has been 2%. The perioperative infarction rate in all groups was 10.7%, and this condition was the most significant cause of perioperative mortality. Modern principles of myocardial protection during surgery have helped to lower mortality and morbidity rates."}
{"id": "PMID:303325", "title": "[Emergency endoscopy: its application in the department of medicine of a city hospital (author's transl)].", "content": "In about 90% of cases of active gastrointestinal hemorrage, sources and nature of bleeding can be identified exactly by means of emergency endoscopy. With time passing from the beginning of hemorrhage, diagnosis established by endoscopy is getting less precise. The most common cases of bleeding are peptic lesions, either esophageal, gastric, or duodenal; the most common site of hemorrhage is the stomach. Different potential points bleeding at the same time have to be take in account. A case report of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (13 episodes of hemorrhage) illustrated the method's value in establishing diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Special applications of emergency endoscopy in mental patients are described.", "contents": "[Emergency endoscopy: its application in the department of medicine of a city hospital (author's transl)]. In about 90% of cases of active gastrointestinal hemorrage, sources and nature of bleeding can be identified exactly by means of emergency endoscopy. With time passing from the beginning of hemorrhage, diagnosis established by endoscopy is getting less precise. The most common cases of bleeding are peptic lesions, either esophageal, gastric, or duodenal; the most common site of hemorrhage is the stomach. Different potential points bleeding at the same time have to be take in account. A case report of Mallory-Weiss syndrome (13 episodes of hemorrhage) illustrated the method's value in establishing diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Special applications of emergency endoscopy in mental patients are described."}
{"id": "PMID:303327", "title": "Protection against anaphylaxis in hymenoptera-sensitive patients by passive immunization.", "content": "Passive administration of specific immunoglobulin led to a transient rise in antiphospholipase IgG. An observed rise of 2 microgram/ml (twofold in three cases) was associated with a very diminished response to bee venom. This did not prevent the patient's own IgG response to challenge, which was at least as good as that of non-infused patients. The infusion of IgG cannot be proposed at present as a routine mode of therapy in insect allergy. However, we present the results of our study as the best evidence to date that blocking antibody is protective.", "contents": "Protection against anaphylaxis in hymenoptera-sensitive patients by passive immunization. Passive administration of specific immunoglobulin led to a transient rise in antiphospholipase IgG. An observed rise of 2 microgram/ml (twofold in three cases) was associated with a very diminished response to bee venom. This did not prevent the patient's own IgG response to challenge, which was at least as good as that of non-infused patients. The infusion of IgG cannot be proposed at present as a routine mode of therapy in insect allergy. However, we present the results of our study as the best evidence to date that blocking antibody is protective."}
{"id": "PMID:303340", "title": "[Rehabilitation in various types of heart diseases].", "content": "The occasions on which reevaluation, re-establishment, readaptation, and rehabilitation in the true sense should be used are discussed, and the concept of both psychological and physical rehabilitation as an indivisible whole is underscored. It is also made clear that rehabilitation must not be limited to the heart patient himself, but be seen as the reintegration of the subject (and not the object) of rehabilitation in his family, social, occupational and recreational environment. Rehabilitation begins during hospitilisation and short- or long-term programmes are prepared. Full rehabilitation requires readjustment of the patient's surroundings and the removal of preconceptions and misunderstandings that may often make communication dramatically impossible.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation in various types of heart diseases]. The occasions on which reevaluation, re-establishment, readaptation, and rehabilitation in the true sense should be used are discussed, and the concept of both psychological and physical rehabilitation as an indivisible whole is underscored. It is also made clear that rehabilitation must not be limited to the heart patient himself, but be seen as the reintegration of the subject (and not the object) of rehabilitation in his family, social, occupational and recreational environment. Rehabilitation begins during hospitilisation and short- or long-term programmes are prepared. Full rehabilitation requires readjustment of the patient's surroundings and the removal of preconceptions and misunderstandings that may often make communication dramatically impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:303341", "title": "Lymphokines of T and B cells. I. Demonstration that T and B cells of tumor antigensensitised mice produce different lymphokines changing surface charge of target cells.", "content": "Lymphocytes from MC sarcoma-bearing mice were exposed to a soluble tumor antigen. The lymphokine-containing supernatant thus obtained was fractionated on Sephadex G-75. Fractions were tested for their activity to reduce the surface charge of indicator macrophages by cell electrophoresis technique. When unseparated spleen or lymph node cells were used the charge-reducing activity of the supernatant was found in three regions according to molecular weights of about 100,000, 60,000 - 35,000 and 13,000 Daltons. The appearance of activity was found to be time-dependent. As indicated by tests with separated lymphocytes both B and T cells appear to release charge-reducing activity.", "contents": "Lymphokines of T and B cells. I. Demonstration that T and B cells of tumor antigensensitised mice produce different lymphokines changing surface charge of target cells. Lymphocytes from MC sarcoma-bearing mice were exposed to a soluble tumor antigen. The lymphokine-containing supernatant thus obtained was fractionated on Sephadex G-75. Fractions were tested for their activity to reduce the surface charge of indicator macrophages by cell electrophoresis technique. When unseparated spleen or lymph node cells were used the charge-reducing activity of the supernatant was found in three regions according to molecular weights of about 100,000, 60,000 - 35,000 and 13,000 Daltons. The appearance of activity was found to be time-dependent. As indicated by tests with separated lymphocytes both B and T cells appear to release charge-reducing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:303342", "title": "Primary gastric lymphoid proliferations: immunological criteria to distinguish gastric lymphoma from reactive hyperplasia.", "content": "A group of six patients with a marked gastric lymphoid \"hyperplasia\", two of these with generalised lymphoma and the others suspected for primary gastric lymphoma, were investigated to discriminate between simple reactive hyperplasias and lymphomatous proliferations. Microscopical and ultrastructural examinations were not useful for this purpose but immunological data can give evidence of a two-fold nature of gastric lymphoid hyperplasia. Some cases are without immunological disorders, others are met with peripheral blood signs of immunological alterations similar to those observed in malignant lymphomas and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Only these latter cases should, in our opinion, be regarded as primitive gastric lymphomas.", "contents": "Primary gastric lymphoid proliferations: immunological criteria to distinguish gastric lymphoma from reactive hyperplasia. A group of six patients with a marked gastric lymphoid \"hyperplasia\", two of these with generalised lymphoma and the others suspected for primary gastric lymphoma, were investigated to discriminate between simple reactive hyperplasias and lymphomatous proliferations. Microscopical and ultrastructural examinations were not useful for this purpose but immunological data can give evidence of a two-fold nature of gastric lymphoid hyperplasia. Some cases are without immunological disorders, others are met with peripheral blood signs of immunological alterations similar to those observed in malignant lymphomas and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Only these latter cases should, in our opinion, be regarded as primitive gastric lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:303343", "title": "Action of humoral factors derived from acute and chronic myeloid leukemic cells on in vitro myelopoiesis.", "content": "The experiments described in this paper were performed in order to elucidate a possible regulatory role of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic leucocytes. The influence of these cells on either activated or non-activated mouse bone marrow cells was measured, and the results were compared with the action of the two major leucocyte fractions, mononuclear cells and granulocytes. It was demonstrated that acute leukemic blasts were almost completely unable to activate myeloid committed stem cells (Colony Forming Units, CFUC). In contrast, blasts from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis disclosed a variable pattern of activation, in that two out of three cases exerted normal stimulatory capacity. A possible inhibitory action of leukemic cells was the subject of further experiments. Acute leukemic blasts in some cases disclosed inhibitory activity, a few cases appeared to be without influence on normal proliferating CFUC. Granulocytes from patients with CML in the chronic phase showed inhibitory capacity when compared with granulocytes from normal individuals. It is apparent from these experiments that leukemic cells themselves may contribute to the regulatory derangements of leukemias.", "contents": "Action of humoral factors derived from acute and chronic myeloid leukemic cells on in vitro myelopoiesis. The experiments described in this paper were performed in order to elucidate a possible regulatory role of acute and chronic myeloid leukemic leucocytes. The influence of these cells on either activated or non-activated mouse bone marrow cells was measured, and the results were compared with the action of the two major leucocyte fractions, mononuclear cells and granulocytes. It was demonstrated that acute leukemic blasts were almost completely unable to activate myeloid committed stem cells (Colony Forming Units, CFUC). In contrast, blasts from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis disclosed a variable pattern of activation, in that two out of three cases exerted normal stimulatory capacity. A possible inhibitory action of leukemic cells was the subject of further experiments. Acute leukemic blasts in some cases disclosed inhibitory activity, a few cases appeared to be without influence on normal proliferating CFUC. Granulocytes from patients with CML in the chronic phase showed inhibitory capacity when compared with granulocytes from normal individuals. It is apparent from these experiments that leukemic cells themselves may contribute to the regulatory derangements of leukemias."}
{"id": "PMID:303349", "title": "Influence of membrane polarization and hormonal stimulation on the action of lanthanum on frog skin sodium permeability.", "content": "The effect of mucosal La3+ on short-circuit current (s.c.c.) has been studied on isolated frog skins with normaly polarized or depolarized apical membrane. With skins in \"polarized condition\", La3+ stimulates transiently the s.c.c. and after a long-lasting presence on the mucosal side (1 h) attenuates significantly the stimulation promoted by oxytocin. With skins in \"depolarized conditions\", lanthanum stimulates permanently the s.c.c. and does not modifying the oxytocin effect, even over long period of continuous stimulation. In contrast, an inhibitory action of mucosal La3+ develops, when skins submitted to repetitive hormonal stimulation are forced to oscillate from the stimulated to the normal resting state. The significance of this particular mode of action is discussed in terms of a possible electrical potential variation of apical membrane during oxytocin stimulation.", "contents": "Influence of membrane polarization and hormonal stimulation on the action of lanthanum on frog skin sodium permeability. The effect of mucosal La3+ on short-circuit current (s.c.c.) has been studied on isolated frog skins with normaly polarized or depolarized apical membrane. With skins in \"polarized condition\", La3+ stimulates transiently the s.c.c. and after a long-lasting presence on the mucosal side (1 h) attenuates significantly the stimulation promoted by oxytocin. With skins in \"depolarized conditions\", lanthanum stimulates permanently the s.c.c. and does not modifying the oxytocin effect, even over long period of continuous stimulation. In contrast, an inhibitory action of mucosal La3+ develops, when skins submitted to repetitive hormonal stimulation are forced to oscillate from the stimulated to the normal resting state. The significance of this particular mode of action is discussed in terms of a possible electrical potential variation of apical membrane during oxytocin stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:303354", "title": "[Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage after venous bypass in cirrhotics (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 76 patients who had undergone venous bypass for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the authors noted 13 recurrences of bleeding, six resulting in death directly or secondary to hepatic failure. Repeated rupture of esophageal varices after thrombosis of an anastomosis is well known but in one out of two cases a second bypass involving another part of the portal territory resulted in cure. The important problem remains that of the precise aetiological diagnosis of the haemorrhage, there often being a doubt between esophageal varices and haemorrhagic gastritis. In certain cases there is no good indication for a bypass, as indicated by the absence of further bleeding after certain anastomotic thromboses. Ulcers due to venous bypass are rare. Secondary medical or surgical treatment in patients with a patent anastomosis should be undertaken with caution, in particular in the case of splenectomy for residual hypersplenism.", "contents": "[Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage after venous bypass in cirrhotics (author's transl)]. In a series of 76 patients who had undergone venous bypass for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, the authors noted 13 recurrences of bleeding, six resulting in death directly or secondary to hepatic failure. Repeated rupture of esophageal varices after thrombosis of an anastomosis is well known but in one out of two cases a second bypass involving another part of the portal territory resulted in cure. The important problem remains that of the precise aetiological diagnosis of the haemorrhage, there often being a doubt between esophageal varices and haemorrhagic gastritis. In certain cases there is no good indication for a bypass, as indicated by the absence of further bleeding after certain anastomotic thromboses. Ulcers due to venous bypass are rare. Secondary medical or surgical treatment in patients with a patent anastomosis should be undertaken with caution, in particular in the case of splenectomy for residual hypersplenism."}
{"id": "PMID:303355", "title": "[A case of analbuminaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of analbuminaemia is described in a 6 month old child of algerian origin. The condition was discovered fortuitously, the clinical manifestations consisting only of slight oedema. Serum albumin concentration was 64 mg/l and its immunochemical behavior identical to that of normal albumin. The body react by an increase in the synthesis of globulins. In the propositus, levels of alpha, antitrypsin, caeruloplasmin, haptoglobin, jalpha2 macroglobulin, transferrin, immunoglobulin M were more than 3 times normal. Analysis of non-esterified fatty acids normally carried by albumin was normal. By contrast, it was shown that the presence of free bilirubin not bound to proteins was detected from 17 micronmol/l. Study of the family showed a normal distribution of albumin and globulins. The genetic origin seen in previously reported cases was confirmed by the co-sanguinity of the parents.", "contents": "[A case of analbuminaemia (author's transl)]. A new case of analbuminaemia is described in a 6 month old child of algerian origin. The condition was discovered fortuitously, the clinical manifestations consisting only of slight oedema. Serum albumin concentration was 64 mg/l and its immunochemical behavior identical to that of normal albumin. The body react by an increase in the synthesis of globulins. In the propositus, levels of alpha, antitrypsin, caeruloplasmin, haptoglobin, jalpha2 macroglobulin, transferrin, immunoglobulin M were more than 3 times normal. Analysis of non-esterified fatty acids normally carried by albumin was normal. By contrast, it was shown that the presence of free bilirubin not bound to proteins was detected from 17 micronmol/l. Study of the family showed a normal distribution of albumin and globulins. The genetic origin seen in previously reported cases was confirmed by the co-sanguinity of the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:303356", "title": "[The heterogeneity of human lymphoid leukemias unmasked by immunological studies of membrane markers (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunological analysis of the membrane phenotype of the leukemic cells, by studies of various markers and antigens unmasks some degree of heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukemias and of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. This analysis gives indications of the nature and origin of the proliferating cells. The analysis gives indications of the nature and origin of the proliferating cells. The data provided by these studies are useful for a modern classification of these diseases and allow new nosologic groupings.", "contents": "[The heterogeneity of human lymphoid leukemias unmasked by immunological studies of membrane markers (author's transl)]. The immunological analysis of the membrane phenotype of the leukemic cells, by studies of various markers and antigens unmasks some degree of heterogeneity of chronic lymphocytic leukemias and of acute lymphoblastic leukemias. This analysis gives indications of the nature and origin of the proliferating cells. The analysis gives indications of the nature and origin of the proliferating cells. The data provided by these studies are useful for a modern classification of these diseases and allow new nosologic groupings."}
{"id": "PMID:303357", "title": "[Von Willebrand's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological syndrome in von Willebrand's disease is presently defined by four parameters: bleeding time, factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), Willebrand factor activity (VIIR:WF) and factor VIII related antigen (VIIR:AG). The study of 48 patients from 25 families confirms the heterogeneity of the von Willebrand's syndrome including both quantitative as well as qualitative defects. Classical von Willebrand's disease results from the quantitative decrease of a plasma protein named \"Willebrand factor\" which is the primary gene-product of an altosomal chromosome. Both severe and moderate forms can be observed. In very severe forms, the apparent lack of the VIIIR:AG as measured by an immunoradiometric assay suggest the possibility that some patients are homozygous. \"Variants\" of von Willebrand's disease have been recently described in some patients, based on the discrepancy between the observed subnormal levels of VIIIR:AG and low levels of VIIIR:WF. The qualitative abnormality of the factor VIII/Willebrand protein can be assessed by different methods such as double cross immuno-electrophoresis, or immunoradiometric assay.", "contents": "[Von Willebrand's syndrome (author's transl)]. The biological syndrome in von Willebrand's disease is presently defined by four parameters: bleeding time, factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), Willebrand factor activity (VIIR:WF) and factor VIII related antigen (VIIR:AG). The study of 48 patients from 25 families confirms the heterogeneity of the von Willebrand's syndrome including both quantitative as well as qualitative defects. Classical von Willebrand's disease results from the quantitative decrease of a plasma protein named \"Willebrand factor\" which is the primary gene-product of an altosomal chromosome. Both severe and moderate forms can be observed. In very severe forms, the apparent lack of the VIIIR:AG as measured by an immunoradiometric assay suggest the possibility that some patients are homozygous. \"Variants\" of von Willebrand's disease have been recently described in some patients, based on the discrepancy between the observed subnormal levels of VIIIR:AG and low levels of VIIIR:WF. The qualitative abnormality of the factor VIII/Willebrand protein can be assessed by different methods such as double cross immuno-electrophoresis, or immunoradiometric assay."}
{"id": "PMID:303352", "title": "[Haemorrhagic oesophagitis: an unrecognised source of bleeding in the post-gastrectomy patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of recurrent upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage occurred in patients who had undergone gastrectomy for ulcer, being secondary to reflux oesophagitis. This cause of bleeding is poorly recognised and the exact occurrence rate can be determined by the general and routine use of fibroscopy during the haemorrhage. The diagnostic and physiopathological problems are discussed. Repositioning of the cardia with the fashioning of an effective anti-reflux mechanism invariably led to the suppression of these haemorrhages.", "contents": "[Haemorrhagic oesophagitis: an unrecognised source of bleeding in the post-gastrectomy patient (author's transl)]. Four cases of recurrent upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage occurred in patients who had undergone gastrectomy for ulcer, being secondary to reflux oesophagitis. This cause of bleeding is poorly recognised and the exact occurrence rate can be determined by the general and routine use of fibroscopy during the haemorrhage. The diagnostic and physiopathological problems are discussed. Repositioning of the cardia with the fashioning of an effective anti-reflux mechanism invariably led to the suppression of these haemorrhages."}
{"id": "PMID:303365", "title": "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Calcium and phosphorus balance studies were performed on 13 nephrotic patients and eight patients during clinical remission of the nephrotic syndrome. Marked impairment of intestinal absorption of calcium was found among nephrotic patients, in eight of whom faecal calcium equalled or exceeded dietary calcium. The mean faecal:dietary calcium ratio of nephrotic patients, 1-06 +/- 0-23 (SD), was significantly higher (p less than 0-005) than that of patients in remission, 0-58 +/- 0-21 (SD). The mean 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium of nephrotic patients, 0-68 +/- 0-68 (SD) mmol, was significantly lower (p less than 0-005) than that of patients in remission, 3-02 +/- 1-91 (SD) mmol. Calciferol administered to three nephrotic patients in the dosage of 1.25 mg per day did not significantly influence intestinal absorption or renal excretion of calcium. There was no difference between the two groups of patients in intestinal absorption or renal excretion of phosphorus; there was net intestinal absorption in all subjects. Quantitative bone histology was studied in seven of the nephrotic patients. None had osteomalacia or osteitis fibrosa, while only one had evidence of mild osteoporosis.", "contents": "Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. Calcium and phosphorus balance studies were performed on 13 nephrotic patients and eight patients during clinical remission of the nephrotic syndrome. Marked impairment of intestinal absorption of calcium was found among nephrotic patients, in eight of whom faecal calcium equalled or exceeded dietary calcium. The mean faecal:dietary calcium ratio of nephrotic patients, 1-06 +/- 0-23 (SD), was significantly higher (p less than 0-005) than that of patients in remission, 0-58 +/- 0-21 (SD). The mean 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium of nephrotic patients, 0-68 +/- 0-68 (SD) mmol, was significantly lower (p less than 0-005) than that of patients in remission, 3-02 +/- 1-91 (SD) mmol. Calciferol administered to three nephrotic patients in the dosage of 1.25 mg per day did not significantly influence intestinal absorption or renal excretion of calcium. There was no difference between the two groups of patients in intestinal absorption or renal excretion of phosphorus; there was net intestinal absorption in all subjects. Quantitative bone histology was studied in seven of the nephrotic patients. None had osteomalacia or osteitis fibrosa, while only one had evidence of mild osteoporosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303370", "title": "Liver function in asymptomatic adult individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi Z).", "content": "Eleven adult individuals (aged 24 to 66 years) with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z, and with no clinical signs of liver disease, were investigated with a broad spectrum of liver function tests. Except for low alpha1-antitrypsin levels, no evidence of abnormal hepatic protein synthesis was found. Neither could any biochemical signs of liver cell necrosis or increased liver cell regeneration be disclosed. In spite of the well-known pronounced distension of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) by aggregated asialo-alpha1-antitrypsin in this disease, the function of the E.R. tested with the aminopyrine breath test was not found to be impaired.", "contents": "Liver function in asymptomatic adult individuals with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (Pi Z). Eleven adult individuals (aged 24 to 66 years) with severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z, and with no clinical signs of liver disease, were investigated with a broad spectrum of liver function tests. Except for low alpha1-antitrypsin levels, no evidence of abnormal hepatic protein synthesis was found. Neither could any biochemical signs of liver cell necrosis or increased liver cell regeneration be disclosed. In spite of the well-known pronounced distension of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) by aggregated asialo-alpha1-antitrypsin in this disease, the function of the E.R. tested with the aminopyrine breath test was not found to be impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:303371", "title": "Semiquantitative determination of Cc and C3 receptors on human lymphocytes by isotope-labelled marker cells.", "content": "The number of Fc and C3 receptors on normal B lymphocytes, isolated from blood, was assessed semiquantitatively by a new method in which the marker cells (pretreated sheep erythrocytes) for Fc and C3 receptors are labelled by 99Tc and 51Cr respectively. The mean number of bound marker cells per rosette was assessed simultaneously by measurements of radioactivity. Control studies showed that a measuring system using 1/4 agglutinating titre of antibody on the marker cells is particularly advantageous: (1) Fc and C3 receptors are not demonstrable on T lymphocytes; thus, B lymphocyte fractions with Fc and/or C3 receptors are well-defined. (2) The binding affinity of the marker cells for normal lymphocytes is so weak that the number of bound marker cells per rosette rarely reaches the maximum which was calculated and measured as about 30 marker cells per rosette; thus, the measuring system is sensitive to changes in the number of receptors. (3) By binding of marker cells to lymphocytes bearing  Fc as well as C3 receptors it has been demonstrated that interference phenomena between the two marker cells are not operative. Studies of blood lymphocytes from normal human subjects showed B lymphocytes carrying either Fc and C3 receptors as well as a fraction of B lymphocytes having both Fc and C3 receptors. The latter maker up about 6% of the lymphocyte mass. Comparative assessment of the quantitative distribution of these receptors indicates a developmental sequence, B lymphocyte with Fc receptors evidently developing, via B lymphocytes with Fc as well as C3 receptors, into B lymphocytes having C3 receptors only.", "contents": "Semiquantitative determination of Cc and C3 receptors on human lymphocytes by isotope-labelled marker cells. The number of Fc and C3 receptors on normal B lymphocytes, isolated from blood, was assessed semiquantitatively by a new method in which the marker cells (pretreated sheep erythrocytes) for Fc and C3 receptors are labelled by 99Tc and 51Cr respectively. The mean number of bound marker cells per rosette was assessed simultaneously by measurements of radioactivity. Control studies showed that a measuring system using 1/4 agglutinating titre of antibody on the marker cells is particularly advantageous: (1) Fc and C3 receptors are not demonstrable on T lymphocytes; thus, B lymphocyte fractions with Fc and/or C3 receptors are well-defined. (2) The binding affinity of the marker cells for normal lymphocytes is so weak that the number of bound marker cells per rosette rarely reaches the maximum which was calculated and measured as about 30 marker cells per rosette; thus, the measuring system is sensitive to changes in the number of receptors. (3) By binding of marker cells to lymphocytes bearing  Fc as well as C3 receptors it has been demonstrated that interference phenomena between the two marker cells are not operative. Studies of blood lymphocytes from normal human subjects showed B lymphocytes carrying either Fc and C3 receptors as well as a fraction of B lymphocytes having both Fc and C3 receptors. The latter maker up about 6% of the lymphocyte mass. Comparative assessment of the quantitative distribution of these receptors indicates a developmental sequence, B lymphocyte with Fc receptors evidently developing, via B lymphocytes with Fc as well as C3 receptors, into B lymphocytes having C3 receptors only."}
{"id": "PMID:303372", "title": "ATYPICAL SURFACE MAKER CHARACTERISTICS IN A T-cell lymphoma.", "content": "A case of T-cell lymphoma with an unusual phenotype is described. The majority of malignant tumour cells did not form E-rosettes, and lacked surface immunoglobulin but reacted with an antiserum to T cells and thymocytes. Localised acid phosphatase and non-specific alpha naphthol acid esterase activities and a prominent, convoluted, nuclear pattern in some neoplastic cells also supported the T cell derivation. The results demonstrate  the importance of using a panel of markers for identification of the cellular derivation of some lymphomas.", "contents": "ATYPICAL SURFACE MAKER CHARACTERISTICS IN A T-cell lymphoma. A case of T-cell lymphoma with an unusual phenotype is described. The majority of malignant tumour cells did not form E-rosettes, and lacked surface immunoglobulin but reacted with an antiserum to T cells and thymocytes. Localised acid phosphatase and non-specific alpha naphthol acid esterase activities and a prominent, convoluted, nuclear pattern in some neoplastic cells also supported the T cell derivation. The results demonstrate  the importance of using a panel of markers for identification of the cellular derivation of some lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:303373", "title": "Surface antigen changes accompanying lymphocyte activation. Selective reactivity of certain anti-H-2 antisera with activated lymphocytes of unrelated H-2 haplotype.", "content": "It is here shown that some noncongenic anti-H-2 antisera produced by using normal spleen cells at the immunogen can contain cytotoxic antibody activity against activated, but not resting, lymphocytes of unrelated H-2 haplotype strains. Reactivity was noted against lymphocytes activated in vitro with T- or B-cell mitogens, or in vivo by antigenic stimulation. Analysis of the results indicated that the anti-activated lymphocyte activity was most likely related to production of anti-Ala-1 ('activated lymphocyte antigen') alloantibodies. This appears to occur as a result of donor lymphocyte activation during production of the anti-H-2 antisera, using Ala-1-incompatible donor and recipient combinations, where the donor cells are competent to recognize and react against host H-2 incompatibilities. These results confirm the finding that lymphocyte activation can be accompanied by the expression of an antigen that is either absent or weakly expressed on resting lymphocytes.", "contents": "Surface antigen changes accompanying lymphocyte activation. Selective reactivity of certain anti-H-2 antisera with activated lymphocytes of unrelated H-2 haplotype. It is here shown that some noncongenic anti-H-2 antisera produced by using normal spleen cells at the immunogen can contain cytotoxic antibody activity against activated, but not resting, lymphocytes of unrelated H-2 haplotype strains. Reactivity was noted against lymphocytes activated in vitro with T- or B-cell mitogens, or in vivo by antigenic stimulation. Analysis of the results indicated that the anti-activated lymphocyte activity was most likely related to production of anti-Ala-1 ('activated lymphocyte antigen') alloantibodies. This appears to occur as a result of donor lymphocyte activation during production of the anti-H-2 antisera, using Ala-1-incompatible donor and recipient combinations, where the donor cells are competent to recognize and react against host H-2 incompatibilities. These results confirm the finding that lymphocyte activation can be accompanied by the expression of an antigen that is either absent or weakly expressed on resting lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303374", "title": "[HL-A D antigens from B-lymphocytes and susceptibility to certain diseases].", "content": "The discovery of many associations between HLA and human diseases has emphasized the biologic importance of the main histocompatibility system in man. The recent findings from specific immune response genes (Ir locus) mapping within the H2 region of the mouse have led to systematic study of the similar D locus mapping within the HLA region in man. In this study the frequency of a number of HLA-D antigens has been determined in normal individuals and in patients with four diseases selected in view of their genetic background: juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, grass pollinosis and acute leukemia. In each a significant association has been found with a specific HLA-D antigen: DW3 in juvenile diabetes and grass pollinosis, DW2 in multiple sclerosis, and DW7 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "[HL-A D antigens from B-lymphocytes and susceptibility to certain diseases]. The discovery of many associations between HLA and human diseases has emphasized the biologic importance of the main histocompatibility system in man. The recent findings from specific immune response genes (Ir locus) mapping within the H2 region of the mouse have led to systematic study of the similar D locus mapping within the HLA region in man. In this study the frequency of a number of HLA-D antigens has been determined in normal individuals and in patients with four diseases selected in view of their genetic background: juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, grass pollinosis and acute leukemia. In each a significant association has been found with a specific HLA-D antigen: DW3 in juvenile diabetes and grass pollinosis, DW2 in multiple sclerosis, and DW7 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:303369", "title": "Immunological status of aged subjects with reference to serological evidence of autoimmunity.", "content": "When a group of 104 aged subjects was screened for autoimmune reactions, positive reactions for the rheumatoid factor and/or autoantibodies (ANA, anti-thyroid, PCA, anti-smooth muscle, anti-mitochondria) were recorded in 40.4%. Immunological functions were studied in 32 positive aged subjects, 32 age- and sex-matched negative controls, and 32 young subjects. Some differences attributable to the process of aging were quite evident, such as a depression in the percentage of E rosette forming peripheral lymphocytes and in their response to PHA, and an increase in the percentage of IgG-bearing peripheral lymphocytes and in the serum levels of IgA and three complement fractions (C'3, C'4, and C'3-PA). No clear-cut picture was noted when autoimmunity-positive and -negative, aged subjects were compared. However, some differences between sexes suggest that autoimmune reactions are linked to a depressed T cell function mainly in males, whereas the reverse is true for females.", "contents": "Immunological status of aged subjects with reference to serological evidence of autoimmunity. When a group of 104 aged subjects was screened for autoimmune reactions, positive reactions for the rheumatoid factor and/or autoantibodies (ANA, anti-thyroid, PCA, anti-smooth muscle, anti-mitochondria) were recorded in 40.4%. Immunological functions were studied in 32 positive aged subjects, 32 age- and sex-matched negative controls, and 32 young subjects. Some differences attributable to the process of aging were quite evident, such as a depression in the percentage of E rosette forming peripheral lymphocytes and in their response to PHA, and an increase in the percentage of IgG-bearing peripheral lymphocytes and in the serum levels of IgA and three complement fractions (C'3, C'4, and C'3-PA). No clear-cut picture was noted when autoimmunity-positive and -negative, aged subjects were compared. However, some differences between sexes suggest that autoimmune reactions are linked to a depressed T cell function mainly in males, whereas the reverse is true for females."}
{"id": "PMID:303375", "title": "[The perioperative myocardial infarct after aortocoronary bypass].", "content": "Two sets of criteria are developed for the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction: 1) new, persistent Q waves and either an elevated 48-hour MB-CPK area or a positive pyrophosphate scan, 2) severe ischemic ST-T wave changes and both elevated MB-CPK area and a positive scan.", "contents": "[The perioperative myocardial infarct after aortocoronary bypass]. Two sets of criteria are developed for the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction: 1) new, persistent Q waves and either an elevated 48-hour MB-CPK area or a positive pyrophosphate scan, 2) severe ischemic ST-T wave changes and both elevated MB-CPK area and a positive scan."}
{"id": "PMID:303376", "title": "[Surgical treatment of myocardial aneurysms. Indications and results].", "content": "The long term results of 95 left ventricular aneurysmectomies are presented. In 47 patients simultaneous aorto-coronary bypass surgery was performed. 53 patients presented preoperatively with congestive heart failure; 8 out of these died within the first postoperative month, while 5-year survival rate (actuarial method) was 52%. Two thirds of this patient group improved. None of the 42 patients without preoperative congestive heart failure died early. 5-year survival rate was 93% and subjective improvement was recorded in one half of this subgroup. Comparison of pre- and postoperative angiograms (40 patients) revealed an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction reflecting the removal of the non-contracting segment. The ejection fraction of the contracting segment of the left ventricle improved after aneurysmectomy, especially in patients with preoperative congestive heart failure. In conclusion, aneurysmectomy improves left ventricular function and the symptoms of heart failure; moreover, it prevents perforation of false aneurysms. Its effect on arrhythmias could not be determined conclusively. Angina may be improved by simultaneous aorto-coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of myocardial aneurysms. Indications and results]. The long term results of 95 left ventricular aneurysmectomies are presented. In 47 patients simultaneous aorto-coronary bypass surgery was performed. 53 patients presented preoperatively with congestive heart failure; 8 out of these died within the first postoperative month, while 5-year survival rate (actuarial method) was 52%. Two thirds of this patient group improved. None of the 42 patients without preoperative congestive heart failure died early. 5-year survival rate was 93% and subjective improvement was recorded in one half of this subgroup. Comparison of pre- and postoperative angiograms (40 patients) revealed an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction reflecting the removal of the non-contracting segment. The ejection fraction of the contracting segment of the left ventricle improved after aneurysmectomy, especially in patients with preoperative congestive heart failure. In conclusion, aneurysmectomy improves left ventricular function and the symptoms of heart failure; moreover, it prevents perforation of false aneurysms. Its effect on arrhythmias could not be determined conclusively. Angina may be improved by simultaneous aorto-coronary bypass surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:303378", "title": "Foibles and fallacies in the diagnosis of arthritis.", "content": "The diagnosis of arthritis is usually made on a clinical basis, and laboratory and x-ray aids are only secondary and sometimes misleading tools. Set forth are 11 common fallacies which often mislead the physician in his interpretation of laboratory and x-ray findings in the study of a patient with arthritis. Included are references to the role of x-ray findings, joint fluid and synovial biopsy findings, hyperuricemia, rheumatoid factor, rheumatoid nodules, sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibodies, and other peripheral blood and urinary findings. In most cases, the astute physician should be able to make an accurate diagnosis when he first sees the arthritic patient; in others, any and all of the laboratory and x-ray parameters mentioned, despite their obvious shortcomings, may be of help in leading to a proper diagnosis. In a small percentage of cases, only the passage of time and further observation of the patient will establish the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Foibles and fallacies in the diagnosis of arthritis. The diagnosis of arthritis is usually made on a clinical basis, and laboratory and x-ray aids are only secondary and sometimes misleading tools. Set forth are 11 common fallacies which often mislead the physician in his interpretation of laboratory and x-ray findings in the study of a patient with arthritis. Included are references to the role of x-ray findings, joint fluid and synovial biopsy findings, hyperuricemia, rheumatoid factor, rheumatoid nodules, sedimentation rate, antinuclear antibodies, and other peripheral blood and urinary findings. In most cases, the astute physician should be able to make an accurate diagnosis when he first sees the arthritic patient; in others, any and all of the laboratory and x-ray parameters mentioned, despite their obvious shortcomings, may be of help in leading to a proper diagnosis. In a small percentage of cases, only the passage of time and further observation of the patient will establish the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303379", "title": "Pneumocystis carinii infection.", "content": "Over the past decade, P carinii has become an important cause of pneumonia in the compromised host. Progress has been made in clinical awareness of the organism, in methods of diagnosis, and in developing new forms of treatment. However, there is still a lack of basic knowledge about the biology, taxonomy, and epidemiology of P carinii; of specific host immune factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection; and of a clinically reliable serologic test. With recent advances in P carinii research, progress hopefully will be made in these areas in the future.", "contents": "Pneumocystis carinii infection. Over the past decade, P carinii has become an important cause of pneumonia in the compromised host. Progress has been made in clinical awareness of the organism, in methods of diagnosis, and in developing new forms of treatment. However, there is still a lack of basic knowledge about the biology, taxonomy, and epidemiology of P carinii; of specific host immune factors involved in the pathogenesis of the infection; and of a clinically reliable serologic test. With recent advances in P carinii research, progress hopefully will be made in these areas in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:303380", "title": "Histiocytosis X: abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cytology in extrahypothalamic central nervous system involvement.", "content": "The clinical course and long-term survival of a patient with acute disseminated histiocytosis X and extrahypothalamic CNS involement were presented. The clinical significance of histiocytes appearing in the CSF cocomitant with the onset of this neurologic syndrome was discussed. Detailed cytologic examination of the CSF in patients with histiocytosis X and CNS involvement was recommended.", "contents": "Histiocytosis X: abnormal cerebrospinal fluid cytology in extrahypothalamic central nervous system involvement. The clinical course and long-term survival of a patient with acute disseminated histiocytosis X and extrahypothalamic CNS involement were presented. The clinical significance of histiocytes appearing in the CSF cocomitant with the onset of this neurologic syndrome was discussed. Detailed cytologic examination of the CSF in patients with histiocytosis X and CNS involvement was recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:303381", "title": "The problem-oriented medical record: modification and simplification for rehabilitation medicine.", "content": "A modified POMR has been formulated for use in rehabilitation medicine. It incorporates the concept of the Weed system, modifies rehabilitation problems into seven functional categories, and modifies the problem-oriented progress note. It uses a problem-oriented team conference and a functional status form. These modifications, I believe, improve patient care, medical education, and facilitate the medical audit.", "contents": "The problem-oriented medical record: modification and simplification for rehabilitation medicine. A modified POMR has been formulated for use in rehabilitation medicine. It incorporates the concept of the Weed system, modifies rehabilitation problems into seven functional categories, and modifies the problem-oriented progress note. It uses a problem-oriented team conference and a functional status form. These modifications, I believe, improve patient care, medical education, and facilitate the medical audit."}
{"id": "PMID:303383", "title": "Haemophilia.", "content": "The clinical and haematological features of haemophilia are reviewed and the historical aspects, pathogenesis and genetics are discussed. The problems associated with management, such as factor replacement, home therapy, physiotherapy, surgical intervention and the presence of inhibitors, are fully described. Finally, mention is made of the psychological problems of haemophiliacs and of the help given by the South African Haemophilia Foundation.", "contents": "Haemophilia. The clinical and haematological features of haemophilia are reviewed and the historical aspects, pathogenesis and genetics are discussed. The problems associated with management, such as factor replacement, home therapy, physiotherapy, surgical intervention and the presence of inhibitors, are fully described. Finally, mention is made of the psychological problems of haemophiliacs and of the help given by the South African Haemophilia Foundation."}
{"id": "PMID:303391", "title": "Maternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies and bilirubin levels in the postpartum offspring.", "content": "HLA antigens are present on immature red cells (Harris & Zervas 1969), but disappear from their surface when they become mature and enter into the circulation (Silvestre et al. 1970). Nevertheless some remnants of HLA substance may survive this antigenic switch and possibly persist on adult red cells (Morton et al. 1969, 1971, Doughty et al. 1973). A shortened survival of HLA incompatible reticulocytes has been reported when they are transfused into recipients with circulating anti-HLA antibodies (Zervas et al. 1972). As to anti-HLA antibodies possibly reacting with erythrocytes in cases of fetomaternal immunization, Moulinier (1970) claimed that they would potentiate any hemolytic process in newborns of Rh-immunized women, but successive investigations failed to confirm this (Ahrons & Glavind-Kristensen 1971, Nymand 1975). Also, Nymand (1975) found no association between lymphocytotoxic antibodies in mothers and high bilirubin levels in the umbilical cord blood collected at delivery. On the contrary, when the onset of neonatal jaundice in the postpartum offspring was monitored, newborns of mothers with lymphocytotoxins appeared to become jaundiced more frequently than expected (Reekers et al. 1975). The present study has been undertaken to investigate the relationships between complement dependent lymphocytotoxins (CdL) in the mothers and the bilirubin levels in the newborns during the first days of life.", "contents": "Maternal lymphocytotoxic antibodies and bilirubin levels in the postpartum offspring. HLA antigens are present on immature red cells (Harris & Zervas 1969), but disappear from their surface when they become mature and enter into the circulation (Silvestre et al. 1970). Nevertheless some remnants of HLA substance may survive this antigenic switch and possibly persist on adult red cells (Morton et al. 1969, 1971, Doughty et al. 1973). A shortened survival of HLA incompatible reticulocytes has been reported when they are transfused into recipients with circulating anti-HLA antibodies (Zervas et al. 1972). As to anti-HLA antibodies possibly reacting with erythrocytes in cases of fetomaternal immunization, Moulinier (1970) claimed that they would potentiate any hemolytic process in newborns of Rh-immunized women, but successive investigations failed to confirm this (Ahrons & Glavind-Kristensen 1971, Nymand 1975). Also, Nymand (1975) found no association between lymphocytotoxic antibodies in mothers and high bilirubin levels in the umbilical cord blood collected at delivery. On the contrary, when the onset of neonatal jaundice in the postpartum offspring was monitored, newborns of mothers with lymphocytotoxins appeared to become jaundiced more frequently than expected (Reekers et al. 1975). The present study has been undertaken to investigate the relationships between complement dependent lymphocytotoxins (CdL) in the mothers and the bilirubin levels in the newborns during the first days of life."}
{"id": "PMID:303392", "title": "beta2-glycoprotein I in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Serum beta2-glycoprotein I of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied by means of single radial immunodiffusion method. There was a significant lowering of beta2-glycoprotein I concentration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An inverse proportional correlation was seen between the concentrations of beta2-glycoprotein I and of alpha1-antitrypsin, and between the former and C-reactive protein (CRP) rates in individual specimens. Slightly positive relationship was observed between the concentrations of beta2-glycoprotein I and of alpha2-HS glycoprotein. The beta2-glycoprotein I concentrations in healthy adults were significantly higher than those of previous reports.", "contents": "beta2-glycoprotein I in rheumatoid arthritis. Serum beta2-glycoprotein I of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied by means of single radial immunodiffusion method. There was a significant lowering of beta2-glycoprotein I concentration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An inverse proportional correlation was seen between the concentrations of beta2-glycoprotein I and of alpha1-antitrypsin, and between the former and C-reactive protein (CRP) rates in individual specimens. Slightly positive relationship was observed between the concentrations of beta2-glycoprotein I and of alpha2-HS glycoprotein. The beta2-glycoprotein I concentrations in healthy adults were significantly higher than those of previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:303393", "title": "Subpopulations of B- and T-Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Rheumatoid Patients.", "content": "Using the immunofluorescent staining for detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin and the spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, B- and T-lymphocytes were identified in lymphocyte populations obtained from the peripheral blood of 36 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis and 13 normal adults. In all of three immunoglobulin subclasses, the mean percentage of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the patients was significantly higher than that of the normal subjects. On the other hand, the mean percentage of blood T-lymphocytes in the patients was remarkably low as compared with that of the normal controls.", "contents": "Subpopulations of B- and T-Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Rheumatoid Patients. Using the immunofluorescent staining for detection of surface membrane immunoglobulin and the spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes, B- and T-lymphocytes were identified in lymphocyte populations obtained from the peripheral blood of 36 patients with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis and 13 normal adults. In all of three immunoglobulin subclasses, the mean percentage of B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of the patients was significantly higher than that of the normal subjects. On the other hand, the mean percentage of blood T-lymphocytes in the patients was remarkably low as compared with that of the normal controls."}
{"id": "PMID:303395", "title": "[Method of repeated determination of muscle heat resistance in individual frog specimens].", "content": "The heat resistance of m. interphalangialis of fingers of hind extremities of Rana temporaria L. has been determined. No significant differences were observed in the average values of the heat resistance in fingers 3 and 5 isolated simultaneously. In separate individuals there exists a high positive correlation between the heat resistance levels of these muscles. When the muscles are isolated successively rather than simultaneously, the correlation degree depends on the time lapse between their isolation from the organism. With 1-14 days lapse the correlation breaks down, to be restored after a longer interval. Taking this into account, a method of successive isolation of m. interphalangialis can be used when studying the dynamics of muscle resistance within the same organism.", "contents": "[Method of repeated determination of muscle heat resistance in individual frog specimens]. The heat resistance of m. interphalangialis of fingers of hind extremities of Rana temporaria L. has been determined. No significant differences were observed in the average values of the heat resistance in fingers 3 and 5 isolated simultaneously. In separate individuals there exists a high positive correlation between the heat resistance levels of these muscles. When the muscles are isolated successively rather than simultaneously, the correlation degree depends on the time lapse between their isolation from the organism. With 1-14 days lapse the correlation breaks down, to be restored after a longer interval. Taking this into account, a method of successive isolation of m. interphalangialis can be used when studying the dynamics of muscle resistance within the same organism."}
{"id": "PMID:303402", "title": "Mycological and clinical observations on ringworm in cattle after treatment with natamycin.", "content": "A total of 41 calves which were naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum were treated with natamycin used as a total body spray. Ten other infected animals were not treated and considered as control animals. Clinical observation and mycological examination show partial improvement to complete recovery with simultaneous sterilisation of the infected skin areas. Five to six weeks after treatment, 88 per cent of the treated animals had recovered or showed a distinct improvement, 65 per cent had a negative culture. After 11 to 12 weeks these percentages were 95 and 91, respectively. All controls yielded a positive culture during the whole observation period. The method used for the detection of the presence of Trich verrucosum in skin scrapings and hairs permitted accurate diagnosis in as little as two to five days.", "contents": "Mycological and clinical observations on ringworm in cattle after treatment with natamycin. A total of 41 calves which were naturally infected with Trichophyton verrucosum were treated with natamycin used as a total body spray. Ten other infected animals were not treated and considered as control animals. Clinical observation and mycological examination show partial improvement to complete recovery with simultaneous sterilisation of the infected skin areas. Five to six weeks after treatment, 88 per cent of the treated animals had recovered or showed a distinct improvement, 65 per cent had a negative culture. After 11 to 12 weeks these percentages were 95 and 91, respectively. All controls yielded a positive culture during the whole observation period. The method used for the detection of the presence of Trich verrucosum in skin scrapings and hairs permitted accurate diagnosis in as little as two to five days."}
{"id": "PMID:303411", "title": "[Improvement of the indicators of cellular immunity under the effect of polypeptide epiphyseal extract (epithalamine)].", "content": "The data obtained previously at our laboratory have evidenced that pineal polypeptide factors enhance the sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting action of glucocorticoids and estrogens and show an antistressor effect and the capacity to decrease the level of insulin and triglycerides in the experiment, and also suppress the growth of transplantable mammary gland cancer. In view of this, the pineal polypeptide extract was employed in a patient with reduced indices of cellular immunity. A restoration of indices of blasttransformation reaction induced by phytohemagglutinin, an increased number of rosette-forming cells and an improved response to dinitrochlorobenzene skin test were noted.", "contents": "[Improvement of the indicators of cellular immunity under the effect of polypeptide epiphyseal extract (epithalamine)]. The data obtained previously at our laboratory have evidenced that pineal polypeptide factors enhance the sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting action of glucocorticoids and estrogens and show an antistressor effect and the capacity to decrease the level of insulin and triglycerides in the experiment, and also suppress the growth of transplantable mammary gland cancer. In view of this, the pineal polypeptide extract was employed in a patient with reduced indices of cellular immunity. A restoration of indices of blasttransformation reaction induced by phytohemagglutinin, an increased number of rosette-forming cells and an improved response to dinitrochlorobenzene skin test were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:303412", "title": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The authors report the results of the complex investigation of T-and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and functional features of T-cells in the reaction of blasttransformation with PHA in 27 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and in 30 healthy individuals. Generalized forms of lymphogranulomatosis of stage III-IV (in 21 of 27 patients) were predominating. All patients showed an active phase of the lesion. T-system immunity was found to be suppressed, that was manifested in reduced T-cells number, a decreased lymphocytes RBT to PHA per one or two dilutions. It is supposed that the observed T-lymphocytes disorders is one of the causes of the impairment of cell immunity reactions, found in vivo in patients with lymphogranulomatosis.", "contents": "[T- and B-lymphocytes in lymphogranulomatosis]. The authors report the results of the complex investigation of T-and B-lymphocytes in peripheral blood and functional features of T-cells in the reaction of blasttransformation with PHA in 27 patients with lymphogranulomatosis and in 30 healthy individuals. Generalized forms of lymphogranulomatosis of stage III-IV (in 21 of 27 patients) were predominating. All patients showed an active phase of the lesion. T-system immunity was found to be suppressed, that was manifested in reduced T-cells number, a decreased lymphocytes RBT to PHA per one or two dilutions. It is supposed that the observed T-lymphocytes disorders is one of the causes of the impairment of cell immunity reactions, found in vivo in patients with lymphogranulomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303409", "title": "[Functional activity of mitochondria and intensity of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat liver and small intestine mucosa with different supplies of vitamin D].", "content": "Decrease in total content of mitochondrial protein in mucosa of small intestine, an alteration of distribution of the protein between the fractions of mitochondria, distinct decrease in the respiratory activity of mitochondria and in the activity of succinate- and NADH-dehydrogenases were observed in rats deficient in vitamin D. Deficiency in vitamin D was accompanied by decreased incorporation of labelled precursors into total, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and RNA by 20-50% and into mitochondrial proteins--by 50% in mucosa of small intestine; these patterns were unaltered in liver tissue. Administration of ergocalciferol (at a dose 1000 IU) into rats normalized the impairments studied, whose alteration correlated with the increase of calcium concentration in blood serum.", "contents": "[Functional activity of mitochondria and intensity of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat liver and small intestine mucosa with different supplies of vitamin D]. Decrease in total content of mitochondrial protein in mucosa of small intestine, an alteration of distribution of the protein between the fractions of mitochondria, distinct decrease in the respiratory activity of mitochondria and in the activity of succinate- and NADH-dehydrogenases were observed in rats deficient in vitamin D. Deficiency in vitamin D was accompanied by decreased incorporation of labelled precursors into total, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and RNA by 20-50% and into mitochondrial proteins--by 50% in mucosa of small intestine; these patterns were unaltered in liver tissue. Administration of ergocalciferol (at a dose 1000 IU) into rats normalized the impairments studied, whose alteration correlated with the increase of calcium concentration in blood serum."}
{"id": "PMID:303417", "title": "Studies on production of biologically active substance which inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma within mouse macrophages.", "content": "In vitro assessments were carried out to study some biological aspects of immune lymphocytes producing a new lymphokine, called by the authors Toxoplasma growth inhibitory factor (Toxo-GIF), which inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii within nonimmune mouse macrophages. Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-P were found to induce vigorous production of Toxo-GIF, whereas bacterial lipopolysaccharide did not. In vitro treatment of splenic lymphocytes with rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum plus complement abolished almost completely their ability to produce Toxo-GIF. Treatment of splenic lymphocytes with inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide or puromycin resulted in a remarkable reduction of the ability of sensitized lymphocytes to produce this lymphokine. Thus the production of Toxo-GIF seems to be dependent on the cellular metabolic events of sensitized T-lymphocytes. The significant activity of Toxo-GIF was demonstrable even in the supernate of lymphocyte cultures incubated in serum-free medium and was also evident after immune lymphocytes and homologous antigen were incubated for the relatively short period of 10 h.", "contents": "Studies on production of biologically active substance which inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma within mouse macrophages. In vitro assessments were carried out to study some biological aspects of immune lymphocytes producing a new lymphokine, called by the authors Toxoplasma growth inhibitory factor (Toxo-GIF), which inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii within nonimmune mouse macrophages. Concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin-P were found to induce vigorous production of Toxo-GIF, whereas bacterial lipopolysaccharide did not. In vitro treatment of splenic lymphocytes with rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum plus complement abolished almost completely their ability to produce Toxo-GIF. Treatment of splenic lymphocytes with inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide or puromycin resulted in a remarkable reduction of the ability of sensitized lymphocytes to produce this lymphokine. Thus the production of Toxo-GIF seems to be dependent on the cellular metabolic events of sensitized T-lymphocytes. The significant activity of Toxo-GIF was demonstrable even in the supernate of lymphocyte cultures incubated in serum-free medium and was also evident after immune lymphocytes and homologous antigen were incubated for the relatively short period of 10 h."}
{"id": "PMID:303419", "title": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum on the physiological state of lymphocytes under in vitro conditions].", "content": "The report is concerned with the action of the serum of schizophrenic patients on the physiological state of lymphocytes in normal donors. It was established that during the early stages of incubation the action of the serum in schizophrenic patients evokes the activation of lymphocytes in normal donors, that is seen in changes of the ultrastructure and adhesive properties of these cells. On the late stages of cultivation the serum of patients destroys 13.4 +/- 5.9% of lymphocytes of normal donors. In remaining population 21% of lymphocytes lose their capability to react to PHA stimulation by an increase of DNA content.", "contents": "[Effect of schizophrenic patients' serum on the physiological state of lymphocytes under in vitro conditions]. The report is concerned with the action of the serum of schizophrenic patients on the physiological state of lymphocytes in normal donors. It was established that during the early stages of incubation the action of the serum in schizophrenic patients evokes the activation of lymphocytes in normal donors, that is seen in changes of the ultrastructure and adhesive properties of these cells. On the late stages of cultivation the serum of patients destroys 13.4 +/- 5.9% of lymphocytes of normal donors. In remaining population 21% of lymphocytes lose their capability to react to PHA stimulation by an increase of DNA content."}
{"id": "PMID:303420", "title": "[Spontaneous and experimental vestibular activity following total removal of neurinomas of the auditory nerve].", "content": "Spontaneous and experimental vestibular activity in 84 patients after total resection of neurinomas of the acoustic nerve is analysed. In the immediate postoperative period the frequency of marked manifestations of spontaneous vestibular activity reduced sharply, but spontaneous nystagmus persisted in 97.5% of patients. In some patients spontaneous nystagmus to the side from which the tumor had been removed become more conspicuous. In the remote postoperative period spontaneous nystagmus was unilateral in 45.5% of patients, bilateral in 40.3%, and not recorded at all in 14.2% of patients. In the early postoperative period vestibular hyperreflexia was recorded in 93.7% of cases, in the remote period it was found in 76.6% of cases. Data obtained by comparing the results of caloric tests with cold and hot water in these patients are also analysed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous and experimental vestibular activity following total removal of neurinomas of the auditory nerve]. Spontaneous and experimental vestibular activity in 84 patients after total resection of neurinomas of the acoustic nerve is analysed. In the immediate postoperative period the frequency of marked manifestations of spontaneous vestibular activity reduced sharply, but spontaneous nystagmus persisted in 97.5% of patients. In some patients spontaneous nystagmus to the side from which the tumor had been removed become more conspicuous. In the remote postoperative period spontaneous nystagmus was unilateral in 45.5% of patients, bilateral in 40.3%, and not recorded at all in 14.2% of patients. In the early postoperative period vestibular hyperreflexia was recorded in 93.7% of cases, in the remote period it was found in 76.6% of cases. Data obtained by comparing the results of caloric tests with cold and hot water in these patients are also analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:303422", "title": "[Biliary hemorrhage due to a false aneurysm of the hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of biliary hemorrhage due to false aneurysms are presented, one on an abnormal hepatic artery, the other on the gastroduodenal artery. Half of the cases of biliary hemorrhage have an intrahepatic etiology. Extrahepatic cases are equally divided between the main biliary duct and the gallbladder. Among the diagnostic investigations most authors agree on the choice of selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk. Controle of intrahepatic biliary bleeding can be obtained by partial hepatectomy or by ligation of the hepatic artery which is well tolerated. Treatment of extrahepatic bleeding is more diverse and takes into account both anatomical and surgical possibilities.", "contents": "[Biliary hemorrhage due to a false aneurysm of the hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries (author's transl)]. Two cases of biliary hemorrhage due to false aneurysms are presented, one on an abnormal hepatic artery, the other on the gastroduodenal artery. Half of the cases of biliary hemorrhage have an intrahepatic etiology. Extrahepatic cases are equally divided between the main biliary duct and the gallbladder. Among the diagnostic investigations most authors agree on the choice of selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk. Controle of intrahepatic biliary bleeding can be obtained by partial hepatectomy or by ligation of the hepatic artery which is well tolerated. Treatment of extrahepatic bleeding is more diverse and takes into account both anatomical and surgical possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:303421", "title": "[Electric stimulation of the spinal cord].", "content": "After positive results of an experimental study of the possibility of spinal cord electric stimulation, the method was used in the clinic. The work presents the clinical results in the first 6 patients who underwent operation for the implantation of a radio-frequency stimulating device for the spinal cord. A 3-year follow-up period showed that radio-frequency electric stimulation of the spinal cord is most effective in the acute period of traumatic disease of the spinal cord and promotes the activization of the reflex and conduction functions of the intact spinal structures. The mechanisms of the effect caused by electric stimulation on the functional state of the injured spinal sructures require a further study.", "contents": "[Electric stimulation of the spinal cord]. After positive results of an experimental study of the possibility of spinal cord electric stimulation, the method was used in the clinic. The work presents the clinical results in the first 6 patients who underwent operation for the implantation of a radio-frequency stimulating device for the spinal cord. A 3-year follow-up period showed that radio-frequency electric stimulation of the spinal cord is most effective in the acute period of traumatic disease of the spinal cord and promotes the activization of the reflex and conduction functions of the intact spinal structures. The mechanisms of the effect caused by electric stimulation on the functional state of the injured spinal sructures require a further study."}
{"id": "PMID:303428", "title": "[Increasing importance of Haemophilus influenzae in nose, ear and throat infections].", "content": "After the review of the morphology, the identification and the pathogenic properties of H. influenzae, its occurrence in the different ENT infections is discussed. H. influenzae is found in chronic tonsillitis in 64% of the cases, in the deeper tissue of the tonsils, while its occurrence in the throat swabs is rare. In acute otitis media H. Influenzae is present in 10 to 150% of the cases, while in rhinitis and sinusitis its increasing occurrence until 1974 is noted (28% of all sinusitis cases showed H. Influenzae in that year); since 1974 its occurrence is somewhat decreasing: 18% in 1976. Susceptibility testing for antibiotics with the disc-method is unreliable; we have to use the tube or plate-dilution methods. The increasing occurrence of ampicilline resistant strains of H. influenzae is discussed.", "contents": "[Increasing importance of Haemophilus influenzae in nose, ear and throat infections]. After the review of the morphology, the identification and the pathogenic properties of H. influenzae, its occurrence in the different ENT infections is discussed. H. influenzae is found in chronic tonsillitis in 64% of the cases, in the deeper tissue of the tonsils, while its occurrence in the throat swabs is rare. In acute otitis media H. Influenzae is present in 10 to 150% of the cases, while in rhinitis and sinusitis its increasing occurrence until 1974 is noted (28% of all sinusitis cases showed H. Influenzae in that year); since 1974 its occurrence is somewhat decreasing: 18% in 1976. Susceptibility testing for antibiotics with the disc-method is unreliable; we have to use the tube or plate-dilution methods. The increasing occurrence of ampicilline resistant strains of H. influenzae is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303424", "title": "Action of alcohol on vestibular compensation and habituation in the cat.", "content": "Several effects of alcohol on vestibular nystagmus are well known, including positional alcoholic nystagmus, a depressive effect on post-rotatory nystagmus, and an inhibition of visual fixation. This study concerns the influence of alcohol on central vestibular compensatory phenomena. In one experiment, hemilabyrinthectomized cats were allowed to compensate for the postoperative spontaneous nystagmus and directional preponderance of post-rotatory nystagmus. Following alcohol injection, spontaneous nystagmus reappeared toward the intact side, positional nystagmus was unidirectional, and post-rotatory nystagmus was profoundly more depressed than for normals. Normal cats subjected to repeated accelerations showed less habituation of post-rotatory nystagmus with alcohol than without.", "contents": "Action of alcohol on vestibular compensation and habituation in the cat. Several effects of alcohol on vestibular nystagmus are well known, including positional alcoholic nystagmus, a depressive effect on post-rotatory nystagmus, and an inhibition of visual fixation. This study concerns the influence of alcohol on central vestibular compensatory phenomena. In one experiment, hemilabyrinthectomized cats were allowed to compensate for the postoperative spontaneous nystagmus and directional preponderance of post-rotatory nystagmus. Following alcohol injection, spontaneous nystagmus reappeared toward the intact side, positional nystagmus was unidirectional, and post-rotatory nystagmus was profoundly more depressed than for normals. Normal cats subjected to repeated accelerations showed less habituation of post-rotatory nystagmus with alcohol than without."}
{"id": "PMID:303430", "title": "Indication of primary immune deficiency in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "A girl with various congenital malformations developed pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow at the age of 6 year. A chromosome study of lymphocytes showed numerous breaks, gaps and rearrangements, allowing the diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia. Treatment with corticosteroids and splenectomy did not result in hematologic remission. Repeated immunologic studies showed increasingly deficient T cell function as judged by lymphocyte transformation studies and skin test reactivity, whereas T cell number, T/B cell ratio, immunoglobulins, complement factors and neutrophil function were normal. A sever Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis developed, but was successfully treated with pentamidine, sulfametoxazole with trimetoprim and transfer factor. Improvement of T cell function followed transfer factor therapy. Combined therapy with corticosteroids and androgens caused partial remission of the hematologic abnormalities. The probability of a primary immune deficiency in the patient is discussed.", "contents": "Indication of primary immune deficiency in Fanconi's anemia. A girl with various congenital malformations developed pancytopenia and hypoplastic bone marrow at the age of 6 year. A chromosome study of lymphocytes showed numerous breaks, gaps and rearrangements, allowing the diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia. Treatment with corticosteroids and splenectomy did not result in hematologic remission. Repeated immunologic studies showed increasingly deficient T cell function as judged by lymphocyte transformation studies and skin test reactivity, whereas T cell number, T/B cell ratio, immunoglobulins, complement factors and neutrophil function were normal. A sever Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis developed, but was successfully treated with pentamidine, sulfametoxazole with trimetoprim and transfer factor. Improvement of T cell function followed transfer factor therapy. Combined therapy with corticosteroids and androgens caused partial remission of the hematologic abnormalities. The probability of a primary immune deficiency in the patient is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303431", "title": "Alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Experience from an autopsy material.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency of genotype PiZ was found in 15 persons (6.3 per cent) out of an autopsy series of 238. The hepatic tissue was screened after diastase digestion and PAS staining. The globules demonstrated thereby showed by the immunoperoxidese reaction an antigenic identity with alpha-1-antitrypsin. It is estimated that one of the persons was homozygous, the others heterozygous. Among the latter, pulmonary emphysema was rather more common than found previously, whereas the hepatic changes were not quite so pronounced.", "contents": "Alpha-antitrypsin deficiency. Experience from an autopsy material. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency of genotype PiZ was found in 15 persons (6.3 per cent) out of an autopsy series of 238. The hepatic tissue was screened after diastase digestion and PAS staining. The globules demonstrated thereby showed by the immunoperoxidese reaction an antigenic identity with alpha-1-antitrypsin. It is estimated that one of the persons was homozygous, the others heterozygous. Among the latter, pulmonary emphysema was rather more common than found previously, whereas the hepatic changes were not quite so pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:303425", "title": "The importance of potassium in the function of frog semicircular canals.", "content": "The slow potentials and afferent discharge of impulses in frog semicircular canals have been studied at different endolymphatic and perilymphatic K+ concentrations. Results indicate that the presence of K ions in the bathing fluids is essential for maintaining the receptor function in crista ampullaris, although very low concentrations of this ion in the perilymph are sufficient to preserve the receptor responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. The hypothesis is put forward that K+ may be pumped from the exterior of the canal towards the intracupular structures, where it accumulates. A K-rich endolymphatic environment does, however, appear to be necessary to ensure the resting activity of ampullar receptors and their ability to be \"disfacilitated\" during inhibitory cupula deflections.", "contents": "The importance of potassium in the function of frog semicircular canals. The slow potentials and afferent discharge of impulses in frog semicircular canals have been studied at different endolymphatic and perilymphatic K+ concentrations. Results indicate that the presence of K ions in the bathing fluids is essential for maintaining the receptor function in crista ampullaris, although very low concentrations of this ion in the perilymph are sufficient to preserve the receptor responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. The hypothesis is put forward that K+ may be pumped from the exterior of the canal towards the intracupular structures, where it accumulates. A K-rich endolymphatic environment does, however, appear to be necessary to ensure the resting activity of ampullar receptors and their ability to be \"disfacilitated\" during inhibitory cupula deflections."}
{"id": "PMID:303426", "title": "Responses of squirrel monkey vestibular neurons to audio-frequency sound and head vibration.", "content": "A study was made of the response of peripheral vestibular neurons in the squirrel monkey to head vibration and air-borne sound in the frequency range from 50-4 00 Hz. Responses were measured in terms of the phase locking of discharge and changes in firing rate. The lowest phase-locking thresholds for vibration were -70 to -80 dB re 1 g, and median values in the most sensitive frequency range (200-400 Hz) were -20 to -40 dB re 1 g; the minimum and median thresholds for sound were 76 and 120-130 dB SPL, respectively. Rate-change thresholds were 10-30 dB above phase-locking thresholds. The squirrel monkey sacculus has no special sensitivity to vibration in comparison with the other vestibular end-organs; the median phase-locking threshold to sound of saccular neurons exceeded 100 dB SPL. Irregularly discharging neurons are more sensitive than regularly discharging units. Evidence is presented that the response to intense sound involves a hair-cell mechanism.", "contents": "Responses of squirrel monkey vestibular neurons to audio-frequency sound and head vibration. A study was made of the response of peripheral vestibular neurons in the squirrel monkey to head vibration and air-borne sound in the frequency range from 50-4 00 Hz. Responses were measured in terms of the phase locking of discharge and changes in firing rate. The lowest phase-locking thresholds for vibration were -70 to -80 dB re 1 g, and median values in the most sensitive frequency range (200-400 Hz) were -20 to -40 dB re 1 g; the minimum and median thresholds for sound were 76 and 120-130 dB SPL, respectively. Rate-change thresholds were 10-30 dB above phase-locking thresholds. The squirrel monkey sacculus has no special sensitivity to vibration in comparison with the other vestibular end-organs; the median phase-locking threshold to sound of saccular neurons exceeded 100 dB SPL. Irregularly discharging neurons are more sensitive than regularly discharging units. Evidence is presented that the response to intense sound involves a hair-cell mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:303432", "title": "Cause of the disproportion between the vast increase in plasma renin and the only small (if any) increase in blood pressure after manipulation of the submaxillary gland.", "content": "The cause of the disproportion between the vast increase in plasma renin concentration and the small, if any increase in blood pressure after manipulation of the submaxillary glands in mice is complex. The increase in plasma renin was found to cause a marked depletion of renin substrate, which however, was relatively so much less than the increase in renin that the (calculated) renin activity was markedly increased. The sensitivity of the vessels to angiotensin had only decreased in about half the animals studied, and even here the tachyphylaxis could not cope with the pronounced increase in plasma renin activity, as shown by a marked decrease in the blood pressure after blockade of the renin system. The finding that blockade of the renin system lowered the blood pressure below the pre-manipulation level made it probable that the vast release of submaxillary renin is followed by release of a depressor substance. The glands are known to contain kallikrein, but with the methods used it was neither proved nor disproved that the manipulation causes a release of kallikrein. Besides the factors studied, compensatory cardiovascular reflexes can play a role for the disproportion between plasma renin and blood pressure.", "contents": "Cause of the disproportion between the vast increase in plasma renin and the only small (if any) increase in blood pressure after manipulation of the submaxillary gland. The cause of the disproportion between the vast increase in plasma renin concentration and the small, if any increase in blood pressure after manipulation of the submaxillary glands in mice is complex. The increase in plasma renin was found to cause a marked depletion of renin substrate, which however, was relatively so much less than the increase in renin that the (calculated) renin activity was markedly increased. The sensitivity of the vessels to angiotensin had only decreased in about half the animals studied, and even here the tachyphylaxis could not cope with the pronounced increase in plasma renin activity, as shown by a marked decrease in the blood pressure after blockade of the renin system. The finding that blockade of the renin system lowered the blood pressure below the pre-manipulation level made it probable that the vast release of submaxillary renin is followed by release of a depressor substance. The glands are known to contain kallikrein, but with the methods used it was neither proved nor disproved that the manipulation causes a release of kallikrein. Besides the factors studied, compensatory cardiovascular reflexes can play a role for the disproportion between plasma renin and blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:303427", "title": "Electronystagmographic and gaschromatographic studies in rabbits.", "content": "Complaints of vertigo from people who are exposed to industrial solvents have focused interest on their toxic effect on the nervous system. In order to evaluate the influence of an organic solvent, xylene, on the mammalian vestibular system, a series of rabbit experiments were performed. To achieve a constant concentration, the xylene was infused as a lipid emulsion. Blood concentrations were estimated by gas chromatography. Electronystagmography in darkness revealed that at blood xylene concentrations of 30 ppm all rabbits had a positional nystagmus. The beat direction was the opposite of positional alcohol nystagmus. Another difference between the alcohol and the xylene reaction was that rotatory nystagmus responses were exaggerated. The relations between the present findings and the reactions and blood concentrations in people exposed to industrial solvents are discussed.", "contents": "Electronystagmographic and gaschromatographic studies in rabbits. Complaints of vertigo from people who are exposed to industrial solvents have focused interest on their toxic effect on the nervous system. In order to evaluate the influence of an organic solvent, xylene, on the mammalian vestibular system, a series of rabbit experiments were performed. To achieve a constant concentration, the xylene was infused as a lipid emulsion. Blood concentrations were estimated by gas chromatography. Electronystagmography in darkness revealed that at blood xylene concentrations of 30 ppm all rabbits had a positional nystagmus. The beat direction was the opposite of positional alcohol nystagmus. Another difference between the alcohol and the xylene reaction was that rotatory nystagmus responses were exaggerated. The relations between the present findings and the reactions and blood concentrations in people exposed to industrial solvents are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303433", "title": "In vitro establishment and some properties of AKR thymoma cell lines.", "content": "Lymphoid cell lines could easily be directly established in vitro from spontaneous thymomas of aged AKR mice. The established lines all carried the Thy-1.1 antigenic marker of T lymphocytes. They differed markedly, however, from one another in several respects. Thus, they showed high or low quantity of Thy-1.1 antigens per cell, high or low sensitivity to cortisone and thymidine, as well as differing morphology and growth rate. The observed heterogeneity suggests that such AKR thymoma cell lines may provide a valuable tool to study T lymphocyte properties and the biology of the AKR thymoma, in particular non-immune and immune mechanisms influencing thymoma cell growth.", "contents": "In vitro establishment and some properties of AKR thymoma cell lines. Lymphoid cell lines could easily be directly established in vitro from spontaneous thymomas of aged AKR mice. The established lines all carried the Thy-1.1 antigenic marker of T lymphocytes. They differed markedly, however, from one another in several respects. Thus, they showed high or low quantity of Thy-1.1 antigens per cell, high or low sensitivity to cortisone and thymidine, as well as differing morphology and growth rate. The observed heterogeneity suggests that such AKR thymoma cell lines may provide a valuable tool to study T lymphocyte properties and the biology of the AKR thymoma, in particular non-immune and immune mechanisms influencing thymoma cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:303434", "title": "Alkaline phosphate in the differentiation of guinea pig T lymphocytes.", "content": "The majority of the guinea pig thymocytes have an intensive alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, whereas less than one per cent of the peripheral lymphocytes are AP positive. The number of peripheral AP positive lymphocytes decreased after thymectomy and after antithymocyte serum treatment, and some of them formed. E-rosettes with rabbit red blood cells. The observations support the idea that some of these AP positive peripheral lymphocytes are T cells. It seems evident that the AP positive cortical (immature) thymocytes contain two separate cell lines; during the maturation one differentiates into AP negative and the other remains AP positive. This differentiation seems to occur within the thymus.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphate in the differentiation of guinea pig T lymphocytes. The majority of the guinea pig thymocytes have an intensive alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, whereas less than one per cent of the peripheral lymphocytes are AP positive. The number of peripheral AP positive lymphocytes decreased after thymectomy and after antithymocyte serum treatment, and some of them formed. E-rosettes with rabbit red blood cells. The observations support the idea that some of these AP positive peripheral lymphocytes are T cells. It seems evident that the AP positive cortical (immature) thymocytes contain two separate cell lines; during the maturation one differentiates into AP negative and the other remains AP positive. This differentiation seems to occur within the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:303435", "title": "B- and T-cells and Ig-containing blast cells in healthy children.", "content": "Studies on rosette-forming cells and IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-bearing lymphocytes were carried out in 70 healthy children aged 5 to 15 years. Furthermore, in 20 of these children, the percentages of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-containing blast cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes were evaluated. No differences in the percentages of rosette-forming cells, or in Ig-bearing and Ig-containing cells were found when three different age-groups were compared.", "contents": "B- and T-cells and Ig-containing blast cells in healthy children. Studies on rosette-forming cells and IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-bearing lymphocytes were carried out in 70 healthy children aged 5 to 15 years. Furthermore, in 20 of these children, the percentages of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE-containing blast cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes were evaluated. No differences in the percentages of rosette-forming cells, or in Ig-bearing and Ig-containing cells were found when three different age-groups were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:303436", "title": "Freezing of rat lymphocytes. IV. In vitro and in vivo responses of T-cells.", "content": "Rat lymph node lymphocytes have been frozen-thawed with 10% dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotectant. The present study shows that these cells respond well in T-cell functional assays, such as stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, as responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and in the local graft-versus-host assay. The magnitude of the responses obtained with frozen-thawed cells was some 70-80% of corresponding fresh cells.", "contents": "Freezing of rat lymphocytes. IV. In vitro and in vivo responses of T-cells. Rat lymph node lymphocytes have been frozen-thawed with 10% dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotectant. The present study shows that these cells respond well in T-cell functional assays, such as stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, as responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and in the local graft-versus-host assay. The magnitude of the responses obtained with frozen-thawed cells was some 70-80% of corresponding fresh cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303438", "title": "Fever and behavioural temperature regulation in the frog Rana esculenta.", "content": "The skin and colonic temperatures were recorded in frogs (Rana esculenta) which had selected a suitable microenvironment in a box filled with 2-3 cm water. The water temperatures ranged from 0 degrees C to + 40 degrees C. Such measurements were performed before and after intraperitoneal injections of killed pathogenic bacteria (M. xenopi and M. range), killed non-pathogenic bacteria (M. aquae II) and 0.9% sterile saline, intraperitoneal injections of blood plasma from frogs pre-injected with killed M. ranae, injections of PGE1 into the brain. The injections of pathogenic bacterial endotoxin caused, after latencies of 5-120 min, higher preferred water temperatures, which produced an average maximum colonic temperature increase of 6.5 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C (S.E.) (p less than 0.001). The non-pathogenic bacteria and sterile saline caused no temperature change. Monophasic hyperthermia of shorter latency was caused by injections of blood plasma from frog preinjected with M. ranae. Monophasic hyperthermia of the shortest latency was observed after diencephalic injections of PGE1. Based on their similarity we suggest that ectothermic and endothermic fever have a common phylogenetic origin.", "contents": "Fever and behavioural temperature regulation in the frog Rana esculenta. The skin and colonic temperatures were recorded in frogs (Rana esculenta) which had selected a suitable microenvironment in a box filled with 2-3 cm water. The water temperatures ranged from 0 degrees C to + 40 degrees C. Such measurements were performed before and after intraperitoneal injections of killed pathogenic bacteria (M. xenopi and M. range), killed non-pathogenic bacteria (M. aquae II) and 0.9% sterile saline, intraperitoneal injections of blood plasma from frogs pre-injected with killed M. ranae, injections of PGE1 into the brain. The injections of pathogenic bacterial endotoxin caused, after latencies of 5-120 min, higher preferred water temperatures, which produced an average maximum colonic temperature increase of 6.5 degrees C +/- 1.0 degrees C (S.E.) (p less than 0.001). The non-pathogenic bacteria and sterile saline caused no temperature change. Monophasic hyperthermia of shorter latency was caused by injections of blood plasma from frog preinjected with M. ranae. Monophasic hyperthermia of the shortest latency was observed after diencephalic injections of PGE1. Based on their similarity we suggest that ectothermic and endothermic fever have a common phylogenetic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:303437", "title": "Substituted amphetamine derivatives. II. Behavioural effects in mice related to monoaminergic neurones.", "content": "The effects of the amphetamine derivatives (+/-)-amphetamine (A), 2-, 3- and 4-chloroamphetamine (CA), 4-methylamphetamine (MA) and chlorphentermine (CP) in producing central stimulation (increase in motor activity), antagonism of the reserpine syndrome, potentiation of 1-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) responses in mice were investigated. The inhibitors of the membrane amine uptake despramine (DMI) and chlorimipramine (CI)  were also included in the study. It was found that the order in central stimulating potency  was A greater than 3-CA = 4-CA greater than MA greater than CP. 2-CA, DMI and CI decreased the motor activity. All the compounds potentiated the 1-dopa response with the order of activity: 4-MA greater than A greater than 2-CA = 3-CA = 4-CA = CI greater than or equal to DMI greater than CP. The decrease in motor activity (sedation) produced by reserpine was only reversed by A greater than or equal to 3-CA greater than 2-CA. alpha-Methyltyrosine but not parachlorophenylalanine, antagonized the reversal effect. Three of the compounds (3-CA, 4-CA and MA) produced head-twitches in the reserpinized mice. The 5-HTP syndrome was potentiated in order of potency by MA = 4-CA greater than CI greater than CP greater than 3-CA whereas A, 2-CA and DMI had no effect.", "contents": "Substituted amphetamine derivatives. II. Behavioural effects in mice related to monoaminergic neurones. The effects of the amphetamine derivatives (+/-)-amphetamine (A), 2-, 3- and 4-chloroamphetamine (CA), 4-methylamphetamine (MA) and chlorphentermine (CP) in producing central stimulation (increase in motor activity), antagonism of the reserpine syndrome, potentiation of 1-dopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) responses in mice were investigated. The inhibitors of the membrane amine uptake despramine (DMI) and chlorimipramine (CI)  were also included in the study. It was found that the order in central stimulating potency  was A greater than 3-CA = 4-CA greater than MA greater than CP. 2-CA, DMI and CI decreased the motor activity. All the compounds potentiated the 1-dopa response with the order of activity: 4-MA greater than A greater than 2-CA = 3-CA = 4-CA = CI greater than or equal to DMI greater than CP. The decrease in motor activity (sedation) produced by reserpine was only reversed by A greater than or equal to 3-CA greater than 2-CA. alpha-Methyltyrosine but not parachlorophenylalanine, antagonized the reversal effect. Three of the compounds (3-CA, 4-CA and MA) produced head-twitches in the reserpinized mice. The 5-HTP syndrome was potentiated in order of potency by MA = 4-CA greater than CI greater than CP greater than 3-CA whereas A, 2-CA and DMI had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:303446", "title": "Rosette formation in chicks: with special reference to QRBC-rosettes.", "content": "There are two types of RFC in lymphoid cells of normal unimmunized chicks, which form rosettes with QRBC. They might be separable subpopulations of lymphoid cells in reference to the thymus dependency. Ontogenetic developments of both of the RFCs suggest the presence of their interrelations in the maturation process of the lymphoid system in chicks. The nature of the receptor site for QRBC and the source or origin of RFCs are discussed.", "contents": "Rosette formation in chicks: with special reference to QRBC-rosettes. There are two types of RFC in lymphoid cells of normal unimmunized chicks, which form rosettes with QRBC. They might be separable subpopulations of lymphoid cells in reference to the thymus dependency. Ontogenetic developments of both of the RFCs suggest the presence of their interrelations in the maturation process of the lymphoid system in chicks. The nature of the receptor site for QRBC and the source or origin of RFCs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303449", "title": "Ontogeny of myelopoietic precursor cells in the chicken embryo.", "content": "The agar culture technique which enables enumeration of myeloid precursor cells was used to establish the time of appearance and further development of these cells in chick embryos. Yolk mesenchyme is the largest producer of precursor cells from day 6 to day 17 of incubation. In circulating blood precursor cells probably from the yolk appear at day 9 and stay at fairly high levels till day 17. Spleen and bone marrow have high percentage of precursor cells from day 10 till hatching, but afterwards rapid fall takes place to normal young adult levels. Thymus contains very few precursor cells during whole period of incubation. Bursa of Fabricius shows a very sharp peak of precursor activity on day 14 and 15 of incubation.", "contents": "Ontogeny of myelopoietic precursor cells in the chicken embryo. The agar culture technique which enables enumeration of myeloid precursor cells was used to establish the time of appearance and further development of these cells in chick embryos. Yolk mesenchyme is the largest producer of precursor cells from day 6 to day 17 of incubation. In circulating blood precursor cells probably from the yolk appear at day 9 and stay at fairly high levels till day 17. Spleen and bone marrow have high percentage of precursor cells from day 10 till hatching, but afterwards rapid fall takes place to normal young adult levels. Thymus contains very few precursor cells during whole period of incubation. Bursa of Fabricius shows a very sharp peak of precursor activity on day 14 and 15 of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:303450", "title": "Genetic and cellular control of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in OS chickens.", "content": "B-locus genotypes have been defined in Obese strain (OS) chickens that spontaneously develop autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), and in White Leghorn Cornell C strain (CS) chickens from which the OS was selected. The B-locus influences SAT, and some possible mechanisms are discussed. Thymic abnormalities in OS, as contrasted with CB birds, are also discussed and may play a role in SAT, as may an intrinsic defect in the thyroid gland itself.", "contents": "Genetic and cellular control of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in OS chickens. B-locus genotypes have been defined in Obese strain (OS) chickens that spontaneously develop autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT), and in White Leghorn Cornell C strain (CS) chickens from which the OS was selected. The B-locus influences SAT, and some possible mechanisms are discussed. Thymic abnormalities in OS, as contrasted with CB birds, are also discussed and may play a role in SAT, as may an intrinsic defect in the thyroid gland itself."}
{"id": "PMID:303455", "title": "The production of a lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) by bursal and thymic lymphocytes.", "content": "In this study the migration and migration inhibition of different lymphoid cell populations from immunized and control birds were evaluated. Bursal, thymic, and splenic cells migrated in a capillary tube with thymic cells forming the characteristic cone of cells within 4 hours of culture. Both thymic and bursal cell populations from birds sensitized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis produced a lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) when stimulated by specific antigen in vitro. The ability of bursal cells to release LyIF declined subsequent to 10 weeks of age while LyIF was not apparent in thymic lymphocytes until 9 weeks of age and remained high until 27 weeks of age. The active material generated in specifically stimulated cultures from sensitized bursal cells appeared to be antigen dependent whereas thymic cell mediator is antigen independent. The production of LyIF in chickens, while correlating with delayed type hypersensitivity, does not solely reflect T-cell function but B-cell response as well.", "contents": "The production of a lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) by bursal and thymic lymphocytes. In this study the migration and migration inhibition of different lymphoid cell populations from immunized and control birds were evaluated. Bursal, thymic, and splenic cells migrated in a capillary tube with thymic cells forming the characteristic cone of cells within 4 hours of culture. Both thymic and bursal cell populations from birds sensitized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis produced a lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) when stimulated by specific antigen in vitro. The ability of bursal cells to release LyIF declined subsequent to 10 weeks of age while LyIF was not apparent in thymic lymphocytes until 9 weeks of age and remained high until 27 weeks of age. The active material generated in specifically stimulated cultures from sensitized bursal cells appeared to be antigen dependent whereas thymic cell mediator is antigen independent. The production of LyIF in chickens, while correlating with delayed type hypersensitivity, does not solely reflect T-cell function but B-cell response as well."}
{"id": "PMID:303458", "title": "Lymphocyte surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of adults.", "content": "Leukemic cells from eight adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were examined for the T-lymphocyte (T-cell) marker of sheep erythrocyte (E) receptors and for B-lymphocyte (B-cell) markers of surface immunoglobulins (SIg), complement receptors and FC receptors. Six of these patients' leukemic cells were devoid of both T- and B-cell markers, and therefore were \"null\" cells. The leukemic lymphoblasts of a 79-year-old patient had all B-cell markers, including monoclonal IgG K and receptors for complement and Fc. In cells from another patient (21 years old), only complement receptors were found. A review of the literature revealed that, similar to childhood ALL, adult cases of ALL were mostly of \"null\" cell type. All of the T-cell type was found in approximately 20% of patients. ALL of the B-cell type occurred only rarely. The latter cell type appeared to occur mainly in the middle-aged and the elderly.", "contents": "Lymphocyte surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of adults. Leukemic cells from eight adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were examined for the T-lymphocyte (T-cell) marker of sheep erythrocyte (E) receptors and for B-lymphocyte (B-cell) markers of surface immunoglobulins (SIg), complement receptors and FC receptors. Six of these patients' leukemic cells were devoid of both T- and B-cell markers, and therefore were \"null\" cells. The leukemic lymphoblasts of a 79-year-old patient had all B-cell markers, including monoclonal IgG K and receptors for complement and Fc. In cells from another patient (21 years old), only complement receptors were found. A review of the literature revealed that, similar to childhood ALL, adult cases of ALL were mostly of \"null\" cell type. All of the T-cell type was found in approximately 20% of patients. ALL of the B-cell type occurred only rarely. The latter cell type appeared to occur mainly in the middle-aged and the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:303461", "title": "Ventricular dilation preceding rapid head growth following neonatal intracranial hemorrhage.", "content": "We describe two patients in whom ventricular dilation began within a week of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and preceded rapid head growth and clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure by days to weeks. The posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation is readily demonstrated in the neonatal period by computerized tomography of the cranium. These data indicate the importance of careful follow-up of survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage, early demonstration of ventricular dilation and prompt therapeutic intervention to prevent brain injury.", "contents": "Ventricular dilation preceding rapid head growth following neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. We describe two patients in whom ventricular dilation began within a week of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and preceded rapid head growth and clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure by days to weeks. The posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation is readily demonstrated in the neonatal period by computerized tomography of the cranium. These data indicate the importance of careful follow-up of survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage, early demonstration of ventricular dilation and prompt therapeutic intervention to prevent brain injury."}
{"id": "PMID:303462", "title": "Inherited defect in hereditary pancreatitis.", "content": "Definite inherited defect in hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is not known. A new kindred with 3 definite and 6 suspected cases of HP was investigated for possible inherited abnormalities. No aminoaciduria (except for a slight rise in urinary histidine in one patient) and no hyperparathyroidism, hyperlipidemia, or chromosomal abnormality was present. An increase in serum IgM level of a polyclonal type was noted in 3 definitely affected sisters and also in 2 nonaffected members. Serum alpha-1-antitrypsin and serum trypsin inhibition were normal. However, very marked dilatation and ectasia of the pancreatic duct were found in the propositus. Reviewing the data from this family and previously described kindreds, it is postulated that the genetic abnormality in HP encompasses a wide variety of structural and anatomical defects in the sphincter of Oddi or the pancreatic ductal system. These predispose to intermittent obstruction of the duct with concomitant activation of enzymes and ductal metaplasia. In suspected cases an early effort should be made to outline the pancreatic duct as the defect may be amenable to surgery.", "contents": "Inherited defect in hereditary pancreatitis. Definite inherited defect in hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is not known. A new kindred with 3 definite and 6 suspected cases of HP was investigated for possible inherited abnormalities. No aminoaciduria (except for a slight rise in urinary histidine in one patient) and no hyperparathyroidism, hyperlipidemia, or chromosomal abnormality was present. An increase in serum IgM level of a polyclonal type was noted in 3 definitely affected sisters and also in 2 nonaffected members. Serum alpha-1-antitrypsin and serum trypsin inhibition were normal. However, very marked dilatation and ectasia of the pancreatic duct were found in the propositus. Reviewing the data from this family and previously described kindreds, it is postulated that the genetic abnormality in HP encompasses a wide variety of structural and anatomical defects in the sphincter of Oddi or the pancreatic ductal system. These predispose to intermittent obstruction of the duct with concomitant activation of enzymes and ductal metaplasia. In suspected cases an early effort should be made to outline the pancreatic duct as the defect may be amenable to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:303463", "title": "Serum factors influencing spontaneous rosette formation by lymphocytes of pregnant women.", "content": "The effect of sera from pregnant women on the percentage of spontaneous rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes was investigated. Pregnancy lymphocytes displayed a significantly lower capacity to bind SRBC than control male lymphocytes. However, after an exhaustive washing, it was possible to demonstrate a significant increase of spontaneous rosettes formed by pregnancy lymphocytes. It was found that the incubation of pregnancy-washed lymphocytes with pregnancy but not homologous male serum restored to depressed levels the values of rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes. This blocking activity was significantly higher with autologous serum than homologous pregnancy serum. Control lymphocytes were unaffected both by washing and by incubation with pregnancy sera. The blocking activity was found in the same ion-exchange chromatography fraction of pregnancy serum where paternal HLA antigens could be demonstrated, and was reproduced by a soluble HLA preparation from the husband's lymphocytes.", "contents": "Serum factors influencing spontaneous rosette formation by lymphocytes of pregnant women. The effect of sera from pregnant women on the percentage of spontaneous rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes was investigated. Pregnancy lymphocytes displayed a significantly lower capacity to bind SRBC than control male lymphocytes. However, after an exhaustive washing, it was possible to demonstrate a significant increase of spontaneous rosettes formed by pregnancy lymphocytes. It was found that the incubation of pregnancy-washed lymphocytes with pregnancy but not homologous male serum restored to depressed levels the values of rosette-forming peripheral lymphocytes. This blocking activity was significantly higher with autologous serum than homologous pregnancy serum. Control lymphocytes were unaffected both by washing and by incubation with pregnancy sera. The blocking activity was found in the same ion-exchange chromatography fraction of pregnancy serum where paternal HLA antigens could be demonstrated, and was reproduced by a soluble HLA preparation from the husband's lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303464", "title": "Perinatal addiction: outcome and management.", "content": "The care of the pregnant drug-dependent woman and her newborn infant has become a major and controversial health problem requiring specific approaches to this high-risk mother and neonate. A comprehensive approach to the care of 278 pregnant drug-dependent women and their infants at the Philadelphia General Hospital has significantly reduced maternal and infant morbidity heretofore associated with pregnancies complicated by opiate addiction. Most significantly, the incidence of low birth weight has been reduced to below 20 per cent, and a decrease in severe withdrawal in infants born to mothers in the comprehensive care program has occurred. We propose that application of this approach to women whose pregnancies are complicated by drug dependency is a significant factor in successful management.", "contents": "Perinatal addiction: outcome and management. The care of the pregnant drug-dependent woman and her newborn infant has become a major and controversial health problem requiring specific approaches to this high-risk mother and neonate. A comprehensive approach to the care of 278 pregnant drug-dependent women and their infants at the Philadelphia General Hospital has significantly reduced maternal and infant morbidity heretofore associated with pregnancies complicated by opiate addiction. Most significantly, the incidence of low birth weight has been reduced to below 20 per cent, and a decrease in severe withdrawal in infants born to mothers in the comprehensive care program has occurred. We propose that application of this approach to women whose pregnancies are complicated by drug dependency is a significant factor in successful management."}
{"id": "PMID:303465", "title": "Kinetic analysis of potassium transport in bullfrog kidney.", "content": "Techniques have been developed for studying the distribution and the rates of exchange of K among urine, the tubular cells, and the circulation in the isolated, pump-perfused, bullfrog kidney. Tubular cells were loaded with 42K via the portal circulation, and the subsequent washout of the tracer into the vena cava and into urine was measured. Analysis of the data indicated the existence of at least three cellular pools of K. Pools a and b have half times of exchange of 1.1 and 4.1 min and contain about 25 and 40% of tissue K, respectively. The remainder of cellular K is contained in one or more very slowly exchanging pools. The rate of exchange of K at the basolateral surface of tubular cells is 50-fold greater than at the luminal surface. A pulse-washout method was also devised to permit control and experimental measurements to be made in the same kidney. With this technique, we found that portal perfusion with 10 mM K increased the rate of uptake into pools a and b from the circulation and the rate constants for efflux into the urine from both pools, Acetazolamide increased uptake into pool a and the rate constants for efflux into the urine from both pools.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of potassium transport in bullfrog kidney. Techniques have been developed for studying the distribution and the rates of exchange of K among urine, the tubular cells, and the circulation in the isolated, pump-perfused, bullfrog kidney. Tubular cells were loaded with 42K via the portal circulation, and the subsequent washout of the tracer into the vena cava and into urine was measured. Analysis of the data indicated the existence of at least three cellular pools of K. Pools a and b have half times of exchange of 1.1 and 4.1 min and contain about 25 and 40% of tissue K, respectively. The remainder of cellular K is contained in one or more very slowly exchanging pools. The rate of exchange of K at the basolateral surface of tubular cells is 50-fold greater than at the luminal surface. A pulse-washout method was also devised to permit control and experimental measurements to be made in the same kidney. With this technique, we found that portal perfusion with 10 mM K increased the rate of uptake into pools a and b from the circulation and the rate constants for efflux into the urine from both pools, Acetazolamide increased uptake into pool a and the rate constants for efflux into the urine from both pools."}
{"id": "PMID:303466", "title": "Gastroduodenal perforation after open heart surgery.", "content": "During a thirty month period, 319 patients underwent open heart operations, and of these, three experienced a life-threatening explosive abdominal catastrophe. Aggressive radiographic maneuvers established the diagnosis of gastroduodenal perforation. Appropriate abdominal surgery with plication of the perforation and, whenever possible, the establishment of tube gastrostomy for decompression and a tube jejunostomy for feeding is desirable. All three patients required mechanical ventilatory support and tracheostomy prior to the abdominal catastrophe. Prophylactic antacids and sedation seem appropriate, particularly for selected patients (those with a prior peptic history and those with pulmonary dysfunction). Pulmonary toilet for those identified by preoperative pulmonary screening may circumvent the need for postoperative ventilatory support, which increases the risk of stress ulceration. Of the three patients described, all survived the gastrointestinal surgery but only one left the hospital. One died twenty days and another forty-eight days after the intestinal surgery, both of pneumonitis and septicemia.", "contents": "Gastroduodenal perforation after open heart surgery. During a thirty month period, 319 patients underwent open heart operations, and of these, three experienced a life-threatening explosive abdominal catastrophe. Aggressive radiographic maneuvers established the diagnosis of gastroduodenal perforation. Appropriate abdominal surgery with plication of the perforation and, whenever possible, the establishment of tube gastrostomy for decompression and a tube jejunostomy for feeding is desirable. All three patients required mechanical ventilatory support and tracheostomy prior to the abdominal catastrophe. Prophylactic antacids and sedation seem appropriate, particularly for selected patients (those with a prior peptic history and those with pulmonary dysfunction). Pulmonary toilet for those identified by preoperative pulmonary screening may circumvent the need for postoperative ventilatory support, which increases the risk of stress ulceration. Of the three patients described, all survived the gastrointestinal surgery but only one left the hospital. One died twenty days and another forty-eight days after the intestinal surgery, both of pneumonitis and septicemia."}
{"id": "PMID:303468", "title": "Ultrastructure of the blood-aqueous barrier in normal condition and after paracentesis A freeze-fracture study in the rabbit.", "content": "There is in the ciliary epithelium a barrier which prevents the passage of plasma proteins into the posterior chamber of the eye. The anatomical site of this blood-aqueous barrier is at the zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) located between the lateral plasma-membranes of the nonpigmented epithelial cells. Using the freeze-fracture technique we have studied these junctions in the pars plicata. As in many epithelia, they are formed by an anastomosing network of ridges on the fracture PF face and by a complementary set of furrows on the fracture EF face of plasma membranes. Features of these junctions are the presence of frequent parallel and closely associated double or triple ridges, and a few small gap junctions, associated with tight junctional elements of the zonulae occludentes. We also show that the number of junctional strands (ridges and furrows from apex to base) varies from a few strands to about 15, according to their position around the nonpigmented epithelial cells. These observations suggest that the rabbit's ciliary epithelium is to be classified among the 'tight' or 'very tight' epithelia (Claude and Goodenough, 1973). After paracentesis, we observed no breakdown of the zonulae occludentes. This supports the hypothesis that the site of leakage of the plasma proteins is elsewhere than ciliary epithelium.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the blood-aqueous barrier in normal condition and after paracentesis A freeze-fracture study in the rabbit. There is in the ciliary epithelium a barrier which prevents the passage of plasma proteins into the posterior chamber of the eye. The anatomical site of this blood-aqueous barrier is at the zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) located between the lateral plasma-membranes of the nonpigmented epithelial cells. Using the freeze-fracture technique we have studied these junctions in the pars plicata. As in many epithelia, they are formed by an anastomosing network of ridges on the fracture PF face and by a complementary set of furrows on the fracture EF face of plasma membranes. Features of these junctions are the presence of frequent parallel and closely associated double or triple ridges, and a few small gap junctions, associated with tight junctional elements of the zonulae occludentes. We also show that the number of junctional strands (ridges and furrows from apex to base) varies from a few strands to about 15, according to their position around the nonpigmented epithelial cells. These observations suggest that the rabbit's ciliary epithelium is to be classified among the 'tight' or 'very tight' epithelia (Claude and Goodenough, 1973). After paracentesis, we observed no breakdown of the zonulae occludentes. This supports the hypothesis that the site of leakage of the plasma proteins is elsewhere than ciliary epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:303469", "title": "Exfoliation material in different sections of the eye.", "content": "Nine trabeculectomy samples, five iridectomy samples and one lens of an exfoliation syndrom were examined. Next to typical exfoliation syndrome fibrils, the alteration of endothelial membranes and similar structures has been pointed out. Concerning the glaucoma genesis, it is being discussed whether a participation of the trabecular network in the disease course might be a preliminary condition for the development of glaucoma and, thus, mere infiltration of exfoliation material into the trabecular network alone could be responsible for developing a glaucoma.", "contents": "Exfoliation material in different sections of the eye. Nine trabeculectomy samples, five iridectomy samples and one lens of an exfoliation syndrom were examined. Next to typical exfoliation syndrome fibrils, the alteration of endothelial membranes and similar structures has been pointed out. Concerning the glaucoma genesis, it is being discussed whether a participation of the trabecular network in the disease course might be a preliminary condition for the development of glaucoma and, thus, mere infiltration of exfoliation material into the trabecular network alone could be responsible for developing a glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:303470", "title": "Schlemm's canal after trabeculo-electropuncture (TEP).", "content": "The Schlemm's canals of two patients were examined histologically and electron-microscopically. The first patient had a tumor of the choroid. An electroprobe was inserted into the Schlemm's canal and then removed. In this eye, nearly all septa and almost the entire endothelial layer of the lumen were destroyed in the area of the inserted probe. The second tissue sample came from a patient who had had TEP surgery 2 years earlier and whose intraocular pressure had increased again. The preoperative gonioscopic examination showed an opening in the trabecular network, with blood evading from Schlemm's canal. Histologically, an opening approximately 50 micron wide, lined with endothelium, was found in the trabecular network. The lumen of the canal existed only in a section approximately 500 micron long. Elsewhere the inner and outer walls of the Schlemm's canal adhered to each other. In the area of this 500 micron long section of the canal, only one collector channel could be found. Thus, the insufficient decrease in intraocular pressure after operation can be explained by the side-effects of the insertion of the electroprobe into the Schlemm's canal.", "contents": "Schlemm's canal after trabeculo-electropuncture (TEP). The Schlemm's canals of two patients were examined histologically and electron-microscopically. The first patient had a tumor of the choroid. An electroprobe was inserted into the Schlemm's canal and then removed. In this eye, nearly all septa and almost the entire endothelial layer of the lumen were destroyed in the area of the inserted probe. The second tissue sample came from a patient who had had TEP surgery 2 years earlier and whose intraocular pressure had increased again. The preoperative gonioscopic examination showed an opening in the trabecular network, with blood evading from Schlemm's canal. Histologically, an opening approximately 50 micron wide, lined with endothelium, was found in the trabecular network. The lumen of the canal existed only in a section approximately 500 micron long. Elsewhere the inner and outer walls of the Schlemm's canal adhered to each other. In the area of this 500 micron long section of the canal, only one collector channel could be found. Thus, the insufficient decrease in intraocular pressure after operation can be explained by the side-effects of the insertion of the electroprobe into the Schlemm's canal."}
{"id": "PMID:303471", "title": "The action of sensitized lymphocytes on the corneal endothelium of rabbits.", "content": "A host versus graft reaction is induced by the injection of sensitized lymphocytes into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The reaction of these lymphocytes against the corneal endothelium is studied with S.E.M. and T.E.M. On the first and second days the transformation of lymphocytes into active cells with uropods is observed. These immunologic cells destroy the endothelium, but the endothelial cells regenerate quickly. On the sixth day there appear macrophages coming from the host, indicating that the lesions are being cleaned. These experiments present a good model for the study of the interaction between immunologic cells and an organized cellular structure.", "contents": "The action of sensitized lymphocytes on the corneal endothelium of rabbits. A host versus graft reaction is induced by the injection of sensitized lymphocytes into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The reaction of these lymphocytes against the corneal endothelium is studied with S.E.M. and T.E.M. On the first and second days the transformation of lymphocytes into active cells with uropods is observed. These immunologic cells destroy the endothelium, but the endothelial cells regenerate quickly. On the sixth day there appear macrophages coming from the host, indicating that the lesions are being cleaned. These experiments present a good model for the study of the interaction between immunologic cells and an organized cellular structure."}
{"id": "PMID:303472", "title": "The perfused cat eye: a model in neurobiologic research.", "content": "The viability of an arterially perfused mammalian eye preparation is demonstrated in (1) electrophysiological recordings of multineuronal responses (electroretinogram, optic nerve action potential) as well as of signals from single cells (ganglion cells, horizontal cells, pigment epithelium), and (2) in a quantitative analysis of the fine structure of the retina. The possibilities of assessing the function of the retina at several levels of information processing and of controlling the biochemical input without systemic effects favor pharmacologic studies in vitro. Results from our research on cholinergic transmission in the cat retina are presented, revealing reversible effects of physostigmine, atropine, scopolamine and mecamylamine on the activity of ganglion cells.", "contents": "The perfused cat eye: a model in neurobiologic research. The viability of an arterially perfused mammalian eye preparation is demonstrated in (1) electrophysiological recordings of multineuronal responses (electroretinogram, optic nerve action potential) as well as of signals from single cells (ganglion cells, horizontal cells, pigment epithelium), and (2) in a quantitative analysis of the fine structure of the retina. The possibilities of assessing the function of the retina at several levels of information processing and of controlling the biochemical input without systemic effects favor pharmacologic studies in vitro. Results from our research on cholinergic transmission in the cat retina are presented, revealing reversible effects of physostigmine, atropine, scopolamine and mecamylamine on the activity of ganglion cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303473", "title": "Effects of colchicine on phagosome-lysosome interaction in retinal pigment epithelium. I. In vivo observations in albino rats.", "content": "The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from young albino rats was examined under light and electron microscope 2 1/2 to 16 h after intravenous injections of colchicine (0.5 mg per 100 gm body weight). One of the primary effects of colchicine treatment on the RPE is the appearance of extensive acPase-positive dense body aggregates in the Golgi area. The size of the aggregates and the disappearance of microtubules appear to be related to the length of time allowed for colchicine to react. Acid phosphatase (acPase) activity is localized on the dense body aggregates and is particularly evident at a light microscopic level, where it can be observed as darkly stained clumps. Dense bodies are only rarely seen in the immediate proximity of acPase-positive phagosomes in colchicine-treated animals. The results of these experiments suggest the existence of an intracellular transport mechanism for acPase-carrying dense bodies. This intracellular transport is inhibited by colchicine, being probably related to a block of microtubular assembly.", "contents": "Effects of colchicine on phagosome-lysosome interaction in retinal pigment epithelium. I. In vivo observations in albino rats. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from young albino rats was examined under light and electron microscope 2 1/2 to 16 h after intravenous injections of colchicine (0.5 mg per 100 gm body weight). One of the primary effects of colchicine treatment on the RPE is the appearance of extensive acPase-positive dense body aggregates in the Golgi area. The size of the aggregates and the disappearance of microtubules appear to be related to the length of time allowed for colchicine to react. Acid phosphatase (acPase) activity is localized on the dense body aggregates and is particularly evident at a light microscopic level, where it can be observed as darkly stained clumps. Dense bodies are only rarely seen in the immediate proximity of acPase-positive phagosomes in colchicine-treated animals. The results of these experiments suggest the existence of an intracellular transport mechanism for acPase-carrying dense bodies. This intracellular transport is inhibited by colchicine, being probably related to a block of microtubular assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:303474", "title": "Diurnal variation of autophagy in rod visual cells in the rat.", "content": "In the process of autophagy, parts of the cell's own cytoplasm are enclosed by membranes and subsequently digested by enzymes. Autophagy is a well-known process found in various tissues under different conditions (See Refs.). Autophagy in visual cells was first documented by Rem\u00e9 and Young (1977) and Rem\u00e9 (1977), and was considered to be a general and important degradative pathway in visual cell metabolism. Recently, La Vail (1976) demonstrated that the shedding of disks from the tips of rod outer segments followed a circadian rhythm in rats. The peak period of disk shedding occurred shortly after the onset of the lighting period. In this study we have demonstrated, by quantitative analysis, that autophagy in rod inner segments follows a diurnal variation. The peak period of autophagic activity occurs about 3 h after the peak period of disk-shedding. Both peak periods take place in daytime, when the animals are less active. This finding further supports our assumption of autophagy being an important pathway in visual cell degradative mechanisms.", "contents": "Diurnal variation of autophagy in rod visual cells in the rat. In the process of autophagy, parts of the cell's own cytoplasm are enclosed by membranes and subsequently digested by enzymes. Autophagy is a well-known process found in various tissues under different conditions (See Refs.). Autophagy in visual cells was first documented by Rem\u00e9 and Young (1977) and Rem\u00e9 (1977), and was considered to be a general and important degradative pathway in visual cell metabolism. Recently, La Vail (1976) demonstrated that the shedding of disks from the tips of rod outer segments followed a circadian rhythm in rats. The peak period of disk shedding occurred shortly after the onset of the lighting period. In this study we have demonstrated, by quantitative analysis, that autophagy in rod inner segments follows a diurnal variation. The peak period of autophagic activity occurs about 3 h after the peak period of disk-shedding. Both peak periods take place in daytime, when the animals are less active. This finding further supports our assumption of autophagy being an important pathway in visual cell degradative mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:303475", "title": "Retinal glycogen content during ischaemia.", "content": "In the normal rabbit retina glycogen particles were only observed in the M\u00fcller cell. The glycogen was evenly distribution throughout the cytoplasm. The inner retina contained large amounts of M\u00fcller cell cytoplasm and consequently possessed substantial quantities of glycogen. The outer retina contained little M\u00fcller cell cytoplasm and only small amounts of Glycogen. Following total acute ischaemia induced by high intraocular pressure, the amount of glycogen in the retina fell rapidly so that by 45-60 min of ischaemia it was absent from the M\u00fcller cell. In the rabbit, ischaemia preferentially damaged the outer retina and especially the visual cells. This pattern of damage was thought to be a reflection of the amount of glycogen present in the different regions of the retina.", "contents": "Retinal glycogen content during ischaemia. In the normal rabbit retina glycogen particles were only observed in the M\u00fcller cell. The glycogen was evenly distribution throughout the cytoplasm. The inner retina contained large amounts of M\u00fcller cell cytoplasm and consequently possessed substantial quantities of glycogen. The outer retina contained little M\u00fcller cell cytoplasm and only small amounts of Glycogen. Following total acute ischaemia induced by high intraocular pressure, the amount of glycogen in the retina fell rapidly so that by 45-60 min of ischaemia it was absent from the M\u00fcller cell. In the rabbit, ischaemia preferentially damaged the outer retina and especially the visual cells. This pattern of damage was thought to be a reflection of the amount of glycogen present in the different regions of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:303476", "title": "Light damage to the retina.", "content": "The retinae of anaesthetised Dutch rabbits were exposed to light of various known intensities for a period of 1 h. After this period the animals were sacrificed and tissue taken for investigation by light and electron microscopy. Changes were apparent in the visual cells and retinal pigment epithelium only at the highest intensities employed. The retinal pigment epithelium and the outer nuclear layer exhibited mild oedematous changes. The major components to be affected were the visual cell outer segments. Marked disruption and vesiculation were features of the cone outer segments, which was in distinct contrast to the focal damage observed in the rod outer segments.", "contents": "Light damage to the retina. The retinae of anaesthetised Dutch rabbits were exposed to light of various known intensities for a period of 1 h. After this period the animals were sacrificed and tissue taken for investigation by light and electron microscopy. Changes were apparent in the visual cells and retinal pigment epithelium only at the highest intensities employed. The retinal pigment epithelium and the outer nuclear layer exhibited mild oedematous changes. The major components to be affected were the visual cell outer segments. Marked disruption and vesiculation were features of the cone outer segments, which was in distinct contrast to the focal damage observed in the rod outer segments."}
{"id": "PMID:303477", "title": "The ultrastructure of preretinal macular fibrosis.", "content": "A case of preretinal macular fibrosis, following long-standing central vein occlusion and hemorrhagic glaucoma, was examined macroscopically and electron-microscopically. Pretreatment with cyclodiathermy puncture was performed twice before enucleation. The following morphologic results were observed: 1. Epiretinal cell layers in the peripapillar and foveolar regions which caused no 'puckering' of the retinal surface. These cell layers were mainly composed of glial cells. Some M\u00fcller cell processes and macrophages were also present. The epiretinal glial cells stem from the surface of the papilla and of the retina. They leave the retina through breaks of the basal lamina (especially where the latter is only a thin layer). 2. Folding (puckering) of the retinal surface was exclusively observed under condensed masses of fibrous tissue. The epiretinal fibrous tissue is composed of immature collagen fibrils of various diameters, of acid glycosaminoglycans, and of granular deposits of long-spacing collagen. The fibrillar material is firmly attached to the basal lamina of the retina. Shrinkage of the epiretinal fibrous tissue similar to the shrinkage of scar tissue is assumed to be the reason for the development of traction to the retinal surface. The epiretinal glial cells are assumed to be the sites of synthesis of the preretinal fibrous masses and glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of preretinal macular fibrosis. A case of preretinal macular fibrosis, following long-standing central vein occlusion and hemorrhagic glaucoma, was examined macroscopically and electron-microscopically. Pretreatment with cyclodiathermy puncture was performed twice before enucleation. The following morphologic results were observed: 1. Epiretinal cell layers in the peripapillar and foveolar regions which caused no 'puckering' of the retinal surface. These cell layers were mainly composed of glial cells. Some M\u00fcller cell processes and macrophages were also present. The epiretinal glial cells stem from the surface of the papilla and of the retina. They leave the retina through breaks of the basal lamina (especially where the latter is only a thin layer). 2. Folding (puckering) of the retinal surface was exclusively observed under condensed masses of fibrous tissue. The epiretinal fibrous tissue is composed of immature collagen fibrils of various diameters, of acid glycosaminoglycans, and of granular deposits of long-spacing collagen. The fibrillar material is firmly attached to the basal lamina of the retina. Shrinkage of the epiretinal fibrous tissue similar to the shrinkage of scar tissue is assumed to be the reason for the development of traction to the retinal surface. The epiretinal glial cells are assumed to be the sites of synthesis of the preretinal fibrous masses and glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:303478", "title": "[Findings on retinal surface by scanning electron microscopy. II. Vitreous detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe their findings by scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the retina following secondary and primary senile posterior vitreous detachment. These findings are correlated with those of transmission electron microscopy. Extended nets formed by vitreous fibrils can be found on the retinal surface. The fibrils form a continuous feltwork, which cannot be traced by biomicroscopy or dissection of enucleated globes. This feltwork desintegrates in places or over a wide area and the basal membrane of the M\u00fcller cells becomes exposed. Structural differences in consequence of the two examination techniques well as possible artifacts are shown.", "contents": "[Findings on retinal surface by scanning electron microscopy. II. Vitreous detachment (author's transl)]. The authors describe their findings by scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the retina following secondary and primary senile posterior vitreous detachment. These findings are correlated with those of transmission electron microscopy. Extended nets formed by vitreous fibrils can be found on the retinal surface. The fibrils form a continuous feltwork, which cannot be traced by biomicroscopy or dissection of enucleated globes. This feltwork desintegrates in places or over a wide area and the basal membrane of the M\u00fcller cells becomes exposed. Structural differences in consequence of the two examination techniques well as possible artifacts are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:303479", "title": "[Findings on retinal surface by scanning electron microscopy. III. Epivascular glial clusters (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of multiple glial excrescences from the retina into the cortical vitreous body are described. These formations are located in lines above superficial retinal vessels. The findings are compared with those from light microscopy of similar formations. The pathogenesis and the possible significance as retinovitreal attachments for rhegmatogenous defects of the retina and for posterior vitreous detachments are discussed.", "contents": "[Findings on retinal surface by scanning electron microscopy. III. Epivascular glial clusters (author's transl)]. The findings by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of multiple glial excrescences from the retina into the cortical vitreous body are described. These formations are located in lines above superficial retinal vessels. The findings are compared with those from light microscopy of similar formations. The pathogenesis and the possible significance as retinovitreal attachments for rhegmatogenous defects of the retina and for posterior vitreous detachments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303480", "title": "[Binocular triplopia induced by weak prisms (author's transl)].", "content": "The prescription of weak prisms may induce monocular diplopia or binocular triplopia. The monocular double image is due to internal reflexion at the glass-air interface. The intensity of the secondary image is very weak (0.2% of the primary image). The prismatic deflection of the secondary image is six times the deflection of the primage image.", "contents": "[Binocular triplopia induced by weak prisms (author's transl)]. The prescription of weak prisms may induce monocular diplopia or binocular triplopia. The monocular double image is due to internal reflexion at the glass-air interface. The intensity of the secondary image is very weak (0.2% of the primary image). The prismatic deflection of the secondary image is six times the deflection of the primage image."}
{"id": "PMID:303481", "title": "[Regression of corneal neovascularization by laser treatment? (author's transl)].", "content": "The corneal neovascularization produced by NaOH burns was examined in two groups of pigmented rabbits following laser treatment. The treatment was carried out with energy level 500 mW, spot diameter 200 micron, and exposure time 1 s throughout. In the first group, a single newly formed vessel was coagulated in each case. Subsequent fluorescein angiography invariably showed an incomplete occlusion of the vessel. In the second group, we coagulated a section of the neovascularization network at its origin in the corneal limbus. After 48 h, fluorescein perfusion was once again observed, but the vessels were predominantly finer than before. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a rich neovascularization of the more superficial layers of the corneal stroma. To be successful, laser treatment must involve both supplying and draining vessels.", "contents": "[Regression of corneal neovascularization by laser treatment? (author's transl)]. The corneal neovascularization produced by NaOH burns was examined in two groups of pigmented rabbits following laser treatment. The treatment was carried out with energy level 500 mW, spot diameter 200 micron, and exposure time 1 s throughout. In the first group, a single newly formed vessel was coagulated in each case. Subsequent fluorescein angiography invariably showed an incomplete occlusion of the vessel. In the second group, we coagulated a section of the neovascularization network at its origin in the corneal limbus. After 48 h, fluorescein perfusion was once again observed, but the vessels were predominantly finer than before. Fluorescence microscopy revealed a rich neovascularization of the more superficial layers of the corneal stroma. To be successful, laser treatment must involve both supplying and draining vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:303482", "title": "[Contribution to the changes in the epithelium in macular corneal dystrophy (Groenouw's type II) (author's transl)].", "content": "In macular corneal dystrophy the epithelial cells display increased activity: they produce proteins and glucosaminoglucans. This may lead to the synthesis of collagen and of pathologic proteoglugans.", "contents": "[Contribution to the changes in the epithelium in macular corneal dystrophy (Groenouw's type II) (author's transl)]. In macular corneal dystrophy the epithelial cells display increased activity: they produce proteins and glucosaminoglucans. This may lead to the synthesis of collagen and of pathologic proteoglugans."}
{"id": "PMID:303483", "title": "Investigations on trace elements in normal and senile cataractous lenses. Activation analysis of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, rubidium, scandium, and nickel.", "content": "A total of 125 human lenses (97 senile cataractous and 28 clear) were analyzed by means of neutron activation analysis for trace element concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, rubidium, scandium, and nickel. Tt was found that the rubidium concentration remarkably decreased and the copper concentration moderately increased with the progression of cataract. The concentrations of manganese, zinc, and cobalt showed some fluctuations without a definite increase or decrease, and the scandium and nickel content was found to be very low.", "contents": "Investigations on trace elements in normal and senile cataractous lenses. Activation analysis of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, rubidium, scandium, and nickel. A total of 125 human lenses (97 senile cataractous and 28 clear) were analyzed by means of neutron activation analysis for trace element concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, rubidium, scandium, and nickel. Tt was found that the rubidium concentration remarkably decreased and the copper concentration moderately increased with the progression of cataract. The concentrations of manganese, zinc, and cobalt showed some fluctuations without a definite increase or decrease, and the scandium and nickel content was found to be very low."}
{"id": "PMID:303484", "title": "The effect of area on the critical flicker threshold.", "content": "The relation between the luminance required to discriminate flicker of constant rate (critical flicker threshold) and the size of theretinal area stimulated was determined under photopic conditions. At small stimulus fields (diameter less than 44 min of arc) the slope of the critical flicker threshold vs. area approximated to Ricc\u00f2's law [log (I-A) = constant]; with larger fields (diameter up to 116 min of arc) the slope approximated to Piper's law [log (I-square root A) - constant].", "contents": "The effect of area on the critical flicker threshold. The relation between the luminance required to discriminate flicker of constant rate (critical flicker threshold) and the size of theretinal area stimulated was determined under photopic conditions. At small stimulus fields (diameter less than 44 min of arc) the slope of the critical flicker threshold vs. area approximated to Ricc\u00f2's law [log (I-A) = constant]; with larger fields (diameter up to 116 min of arc) the slope approximated to Piper's law [log (I-square root A) - constant]."}
{"id": "PMID:303485", "title": "Chronic pulmonary complications of early influenza virus infection in children.", "content": "In 3 male patients, chronic pulmonary sequelae followed influenza virus infection at 5, 24, and 42 months of age. Varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis, bronchial and bronchiolar erosions and metaplasia, obliterative bronchiolitis, and interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrates were found on lung biopsy. Influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus was isolated from the lung tissue of one patient 8 weeks after the onset of illness. This is the longest persistence of infectious virus in lung tissue yet reported. Persistent radiographic abnormalities included peribronchial thickening, interstitial densities, bronchiectasis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and segmental atelectasis. Pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive restrictive pattern, with mild improvement after bronchodilation and with deterioration after exercise. These observations suggest that influenza virus infection may be more serious in infants and young children than has been previously recognized and may contribute to the pathogenesis of unexplained interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Chronic pulmonary complications of early influenza virus infection in children. In 3 male patients, chronic pulmonary sequelae followed influenza virus infection at 5, 24, and 42 months of age. Varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis, bronchial and bronchiolar erosions and metaplasia, obliterative bronchiolitis, and interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrates were found on lung biopsy. Influenza A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus was isolated from the lung tissue of one patient 8 weeks after the onset of illness. This is the longest persistence of infectious virus in lung tissue yet reported. Persistent radiographic abnormalities included peribronchial thickening, interstitial densities, bronchiectasis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and segmental atelectasis. Pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive restrictive pattern, with mild improvement after bronchodilation and with deterioration after exercise. These observations suggest that influenza virus infection may be more serious in infants and young children than has been previously recognized and may contribute to the pathogenesis of unexplained interstitial pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, and bronchiectasis."}
{"id": "PMID:303487", "title": "Bleeding intestinal varices associated with portal hypertension and previous abdominal surgery.", "content": "Patients with portal hypertension may develop portasystemic communication in adhesions formed after earlier surgery. This condition causes localized mesenteric and intestinal varices which may lead to significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Two patients with this disease spectrum are discussed. The recommended treatment was resection of the involved intestine and formation of a portacaval shunt to eliminate recurrence of the varices and subsequent hemorrhage.", "contents": "Bleeding intestinal varices associated with portal hypertension and previous abdominal surgery. Patients with portal hypertension may develop portasystemic communication in adhesions formed after earlier surgery. This condition causes localized mesenteric and intestinal varices which may lead to significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Two patients with this disease spectrum are discussed. The recommended treatment was resection of the involved intestine and formation of a portacaval shunt to eliminate recurrence of the varices and subsequent hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:303492", "title": "[Multiple sclerosis in Tunisia: cochleo-vestibular study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertook in Tunisia a cochleo-vestibular study of multiple sclerosis. 94 cases were included, with the following results:--67 patients had spontaneous nystagmus in the dark.--With provocation studies: - 52 cases showed signs of an irritative-type central vestibular syndrome, - 25 cases had a deficiency-type central vestibular syndrome. All of the patients underwent audition studies but the results showed that only 5 patients had a bilateral and symetrical retro-labyrinthine type perception deafness.", "contents": "[Multiple sclerosis in Tunisia: cochleo-vestibular study (author's transl)]. The authors undertook in Tunisia a cochleo-vestibular study of multiple sclerosis. 94 cases were included, with the following results:--67 patients had spontaneous nystagmus in the dark.--With provocation studies: - 52 cases showed signs of an irritative-type central vestibular syndrome, - 25 cases had a deficiency-type central vestibular syndrome. All of the patients underwent audition studies but the results showed that only 5 patients had a bilateral and symetrical retro-labyrinthine type perception deafness."}
{"id": "PMID:303493", "title": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes in lupus erythematosus by precipitation test with polyethylene glycol and complement consumption test (author's transl)].", "content": "Immune complexe-like materials have been detected by a precipitation test with polyethylene glycol (PEG test) in the sera of 14 (93.3 p. 100) of 15 patients with active SLE, in 11 (44.0 p. 100) of 25 patients with inactive SLE, in 5 (83.3 p. 100) of 6 patients with widespread DLE and 3 (42.9 p. 100) of 7 patients with localized DLE. A good correlation was demonstrated between the value of PEG test and the complement consumption activity measured by an anticomplementary method in the cases of SLE, but it was not clear in the cases of DLE. The anticomplementary activity has been observed in the macromolecular fractions obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 of serum samples from one patient with active SLE and one patient with widespread DLE. As the value of PEG test had shown a tendency to increase with the antinuclear antibody titer if the titer was higher than 1 : 128, it is probable that the antinuclear factors were the important elements of the composition of circulating immune complexes in the cases of SLE. Contrarily, in several DLE patients, PEG test was positive despite lacking antinuclear antibody. In most cases, no significant decrease of PEG titers after DNase action was recorded, suggesting the participation of complexes containing antigens different from DNA.", "contents": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes in lupus erythematosus by precipitation test with polyethylene glycol and complement consumption test (author's transl)]. Immune complexe-like materials have been detected by a precipitation test with polyethylene glycol (PEG test) in the sera of 14 (93.3 p. 100) of 15 patients with active SLE, in 11 (44.0 p. 100) of 25 patients with inactive SLE, in 5 (83.3 p. 100) of 6 patients with widespread DLE and 3 (42.9 p. 100) of 7 patients with localized DLE. A good correlation was demonstrated between the value of PEG test and the complement consumption activity measured by an anticomplementary method in the cases of SLE, but it was not clear in the cases of DLE. The anticomplementary activity has been observed in the macromolecular fractions obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 of serum samples from one patient with active SLE and one patient with widespread DLE. As the value of PEG test had shown a tendency to increase with the antinuclear antibody titer if the titer was higher than 1 : 128, it is probable that the antinuclear factors were the important elements of the composition of circulating immune complexes in the cases of SLE. Contrarily, in several DLE patients, PEG test was positive despite lacking antinuclear antibody. In most cases, no significant decrease of PEG titers after DNase action was recorded, suggesting the participation of complexes containing antigens different from DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:303497", "title": "Beta-lactamase effect on ampicillin treatment of Haemophilus influenzae B bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of 250 mg of ampicillin per kg every 6 h for 30 h sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infant rats infected with either a beta-lactamase-containing strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b or a strain lacking the enzyme. However, a single injection of 100 mg/kg sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of significantly fewer of those rats infected with the beta-lactamase-producing strain. The results suggest that resistance of beta-lactamase-containing strains of H. influenzae in vivo may be inoculum dependent, as demonstrated previously in vitro. The infant rat model appears suited for the quantitative delineation of the effect of beta-lactamase on the treatment of H. influenzae bacteremia and meningitis with beta-lactamase antibiotics.", "contents": "Beta-lactamase effect on ampicillin treatment of Haemophilus influenzae B bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats. Intraperitoneal injections of 250 mg of ampicillin per kg every 6 h for 30 h sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of infant rats infected with either a beta-lactamase-containing strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b or a strain lacking the enzyme. However, a single injection of 100 mg/kg sterilized the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of significantly fewer of those rats infected with the beta-lactamase-producing strain. The results suggest that resistance of beta-lactamase-containing strains of H. influenzae in vivo may be inoculum dependent, as demonstrated previously in vitro. The infant rat model appears suited for the quantitative delineation of the effect of beta-lactamase on the treatment of H. influenzae bacteremia and meningitis with beta-lactamase antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:303498", "title": "Side effects of minocycline: different dosage regimens.", "content": "The incidence of side effects due to two dosage regimens of minocycline was examined over a 5-day period. A total of 60 normal women volunteers were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to either a group who took 100 mg of minocycline twice a day or a group who took 75 mg of minocycline twice a day for 5 days. Both groups were comparable from the standpoints of age, size, race, and the use of oral contraception, nicotine, and ethanol. They were seen on a daily basis, and symptoms were evaluated by both volunteers (from diaries) and physicians. Minocycline serum concentrations were determined on blood samples taken 2 h after the a.m. dose. Volunteers taking 150 mg of minocycline per day had significantly lower serum antibiotic concentrations than those taking 200 mg per day. However, both low- and high-dose groups exhibited similar incidence and prevalence of recorded symptoms, with the single exception of nausea, where the low-dose group had fewer symptoms than the high-dose group (P = 0.035). Symptomatic volunteers did not have higher serum concentrations of minocycline than their asymptomatic counterparts. When either weight or surface area was examined with antibiotic serum concentration there was a significant inverse correlation between the two on day 2 for both groups and also on day 4 for the low-dose group. It is concluded that, in women, a dose of 150 mg of minocycline per day is associated with the same degree of side effects as a dose of 200 mg per day.", "contents": "Side effects of minocycline: different dosage regimens. The incidence of side effects due to two dosage regimens of minocycline was examined over a 5-day period. A total of 60 normal women volunteers were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to either a group who took 100 mg of minocycline twice a day or a group who took 75 mg of minocycline twice a day for 5 days. Both groups were comparable from the standpoints of age, size, race, and the use of oral contraception, nicotine, and ethanol. They were seen on a daily basis, and symptoms were evaluated by both volunteers (from diaries) and physicians. Minocycline serum concentrations were determined on blood samples taken 2 h after the a.m. dose. Volunteers taking 150 mg of minocycline per day had significantly lower serum antibiotic concentrations than those taking 200 mg per day. However, both low- and high-dose groups exhibited similar incidence and prevalence of recorded symptoms, with the single exception of nausea, where the low-dose group had fewer symptoms than the high-dose group (P = 0.035). Symptomatic volunteers did not have higher serum concentrations of minocycline than their asymptomatic counterparts. When either weight or surface area was examined with antibiotic serum concentration there was a significant inverse correlation between the two on day 2 for both groups and also on day 4 for the low-dose group. It is concluded that, in women, a dose of 150 mg of minocycline per day is associated with the same degree of side effects as a dose of 200 mg per day."}
{"id": "PMID:303494", "title": "[Familial dermo-chondro-corneal dystrophy (Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome)].", "content": "The Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome associates disseminated firm nodular subcutaneous lesions, a deforming arthropathy and a corneal dystrophy. Inheritance seems to be recessive. Six cases of this rare syndrome have been previously published. The syndrome is reported here in two Mexican brothers. In the authors' opinion the Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome is not related to the xanthomatoses. It should be considered as a genetically recessive arthropathic nodular fibromatosis.", "contents": "[Familial dermo-chondro-corneal dystrophy (Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome)]. The Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome associates disseminated firm nodular subcutaneous lesions, a deforming arthropathy and a corneal dystrophy. Inheritance seems to be recessive. Six cases of this rare syndrome have been previously published. The syndrome is reported here in two Mexican brothers. In the authors' opinion the Fran\u00e7ois' syndrome is not related to the xanthomatoses. It should be considered as a genetically recessive arthropathic nodular fibromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:303500", "title": "Choice of antibiotics in management of acute osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis in children.", "content": "A survey of 158 children with acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, and of 94 children with acute septic arthritis over an 8-year period was made to determine which bacteria cause these infections. In the osteomyelitis group the organism most frequently detected was Staphylococcus aureus (74% of cases). In 16% of cases streptococci were found. Staph. aureus was also the most frequently grown organism in cases of acute septic arthritis (55% of cases), but Haemophilus influenzae accounted for 24% of positive cultures. On the basis of the survey it is the current practice of the author to use a combination of methicillin or cloxacillin and penicillin for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, and methicilline or cloxacillin and ampicillin for acute septic arthritis. The choice of antibiotics is vitally important as treatment must start before the results of culture are known. Repeated evaluation of trends in the pattern of causative organisms is strongly recommended, in order to be aware of changing sensitivity of organisms to antibiotics.", "contents": "Choice of antibiotics in management of acute osteomyelitis and acute septic arthritis in children. A survey of 158 children with acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, and of 94 children with acute septic arthritis over an 8-year period was made to determine which bacteria cause these infections. In the osteomyelitis group the organism most frequently detected was Staphylococcus aureus (74% of cases). In 16% of cases streptococci were found. Staph. aureus was also the most frequently grown organism in cases of acute septic arthritis (55% of cases), but Haemophilus influenzae accounted for 24% of positive cultures. On the basis of the survey it is the current practice of the author to use a combination of methicillin or cloxacillin and penicillin for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis, and methicilline or cloxacillin and ampicillin for acute septic arthritis. The choice of antibiotics is vitally important as treatment must start before the results of culture are known. Repeated evaluation of trends in the pattern of causative organisms is strongly recommended, in order to be aware of changing sensitivity of organisms to antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:303501", "title": "Lymphocyte abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Peripheral blood T (SRBC rosette) and B (AgG- and C-receptor) lymphocyte subpopulations and responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were assayed in 40 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in 55 normal subjects. There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte concentrations or responsiveness to PHA between the two groups. However, the percentages of T lymphocytes were significantly lower in the patients irrespective of their HLA typing. This was probably due to an increase in the 'null' population since the percentages of both the AgG- and C-receptor cells were normal.", "contents": "Lymphocyte abnormalities in ankylosing spondylitis. Peripheral blood T (SRBC rosette) and B (AgG- and C-receptor) lymphocyte subpopulations and responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were assayed in 40 patients with ankylosing spondylitis and in 55 normal subjects. There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte concentrations or responsiveness to PHA between the two groups. However, the percentages of T lymphocytes were significantly lower in the patients irrespective of their HLA typing. This was probably due to an increase in the 'null' population since the percentages of both the AgG- and C-receptor cells were normal."}
{"id": "PMID:303502", "title": "Anti-DNA antibodies in discoid lupus erythematosus. Follow-up study.", "content": "Anti-DNA antibodies have been detected previously in patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) despite the absence of overt systemic manifestations. 27 patients with DLE were followed up 3 years after the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in 7. None had developed other features of systemic lupus erythematosus. We conclude that the occasional finding of anti-DNA antibodies in patients with DLE does not predict those likely to develop systemic disease.", "contents": "Anti-DNA antibodies in discoid lupus erythematosus. Follow-up study. Anti-DNA antibodies have been detected previously in patients with chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) despite the absence of overt systemic manifestations. 27 patients with DLE were followed up 3 years after the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in 7. None had developed other features of systemic lupus erythematosus. We conclude that the occasional finding of anti-DNA antibodies in patients with DLE does not predict those likely to develop systemic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303503", "title": "Extraanatomical bypass of the aortic root: an experimental technique.", "content": "Endocarditis involving a prosthetic aortic valve is associated with persistently positive blood cultures and aortic regurgitation. With rare exception, it is a fatal disease. An experimental technique was developed that would allow for removal of the infected aortic prosthesis with debridement and permanent closure of the aortic root. An extraanatomical outflow for the left ventricle was created using a valve-containing conduit between the apex of the left ventricle and the descending thoracic aorta (apicoaortic anastomosis). The procedure was performed on 5 mongrel dogs through a left thoracotomy without use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Four survived the procedure and required no cardiotonic support. One died as a result of a technical problem. Intraoperative pressure determination revealed a 0 to 15 mm Hg gradient across the apioaortic prosthesis and a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 0 to 4 mm Hg. Both postoperative angiocardiogram and postmortem examination confirmed patency of the aortocoronary bypass grafts and good function of the prosthesis.", "contents": "Extraanatomical bypass of the aortic root: an experimental technique. Endocarditis involving a prosthetic aortic valve is associated with persistently positive blood cultures and aortic regurgitation. With rare exception, it is a fatal disease. An experimental technique was developed that would allow for removal of the infected aortic prosthesis with debridement and permanent closure of the aortic root. An extraanatomical outflow for the left ventricle was created using a valve-containing conduit between the apex of the left ventricle and the descending thoracic aorta (apicoaortic anastomosis). The procedure was performed on 5 mongrel dogs through a left thoracotomy without use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Four survived the procedure and required no cardiotonic support. One died as a result of a technical problem. Intraoperative pressure determination revealed a 0 to 15 mm Hg gradient across the apioaortic prosthesis and a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 0 to 4 mm Hg. Both postoperative angiocardiogram and postmortem examination confirmed patency of the aortocoronary bypass grafts and good function of the prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:303504", "title": "Hyperthermic effects of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its derivatives in rabbits and rats.", "content": "Several D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives including metabolites of LSD in animals liver and Streptomyces such as D-lysergic acid ethyl, 2-hydroxyethylamide (LEO), D-lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE), D-norlysergic acid diethylamide (norLSD) and synthetic N6-allyl-D-norlysergic acid diethylamide (allyl-nor LSD) were studied with rabbits and rats. In rabbits, the order of the hyperthermic activities was allyl-norLSD greater than LSD greater than LEO, LAE, nor-LSD, and this order was parallel to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine-like activities of these compounds which was previously studied. However, the order was LAE greater than LSD greater than norLSD IN RATS. The hyperthermic effect of LSD in rabbits was attenuated by methysergide, but not by atropine when these drugs were intraventricularly administered. These results suggest the possibility that the metabolites of LSD contribute to the hyperthermic effect  of LSD in rats but not in rabbits, and support the idea that 5-HT receptors are involved in the hyperthermia induced by LSD in rabbits.", "contents": "Hyperthermic effects of D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its derivatives in rabbits and rats. Several D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivatives including metabolites of LSD in animals liver and Streptomyces such as D-lysergic acid ethyl, 2-hydroxyethylamide (LEO), D-lysergic acid ethylamide (LAE), D-norlysergic acid diethylamide (norLSD) and synthetic N6-allyl-D-norlysergic acid diethylamide (allyl-nor LSD) were studied with rabbits and rats. In rabbits, the order of the hyperthermic activities was allyl-norLSD greater than LSD greater than LEO, LAE, nor-LSD, and this order was parallel to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine-like activities of these compounds which was previously studied. However, the order was LAE greater than LSD greater than norLSD IN RATS. The hyperthermic effect of LSD in rabbits was attenuated by methysergide, but not by atropine when these drugs were intraventricularly administered. These results suggest the possibility that the metabolites of LSD contribute to the hyperthermic effect  of LSD in rats but not in rabbits, and support the idea that 5-HT receptors are involved in the hyperthermia induced by LSD in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:303506", "title": "Benefits of coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "More than 150,000 Americans have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery since this operation was first available on a nationwide scale in 1968. From data now available, we can better evaluate the various mechanisms by which bypass surgery has been thought to relieve anginal symptoms, and whether or not this operation improves ventricular function and increases survival. Most individuals have substantial or complete relief of angina after surgery, no longer require nitroglycerin or beta blocking agents, and are able to return to full physical and sexual activity. A bypass graft restores the capacity of a proximally obstructed coronary artery to increase its blood flow level up to fourfold more than resting levels with exertion. Also, evidence is now appearing that bypass surgery can improve survival in patients with advanced coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Benefits of coronary artery bypass surgery. More than 150,000 Americans have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery since this operation was first available on a nationwide scale in 1968. From data now available, we can better evaluate the various mechanisms by which bypass surgery has been thought to relieve anginal symptoms, and whether or not this operation improves ventricular function and increases survival. Most individuals have substantial or complete relief of angina after surgery, no longer require nitroglycerin or beta blocking agents, and are able to return to full physical and sexual activity. A bypass graft restores the capacity of a proximally obstructed coronary artery to increase its blood flow level up to fourfold more than resting levels with exertion. Also, evidence is now appearing that bypass surgery can improve survival in patients with advanced coronary artery disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303507", "title": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptophan by gustatory cells in the mouse taste bud.", "content": "Monoamines in the taste bud cells of the mouse circumvallate papilla were studied by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. With administration of 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) after a pretreatment with nialamide, yellow fluorescence appeared in some of the taste bud cells, while no fluorescence was observed in untreated, L-DOPA treated on serotonin treated mice. Electron microscopic study after treatment with both nialamide and 5-HTP showed small dense-cored vesicles intermingled with small clear vesicles (30-60 nm in diameter accumulated at the membranes of the gustatory cells in typical afferent synaptic contacts with nerve terminals. Definite ultrastructural change in large dense-cored vesicles (70-100 nm in diameter) could not be observed. It is suggested that the gustatory cells of the mouse take up 5-HTP and convert it to serotonin. The synaptic vesicles in the gustatory cells are believed capable of storing and releasing serotonin which presumably acts as the neurotransmitter involved in the impulse transmission from the gustatory cells to the sensory nerve fibers.", "contents": "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptophan by gustatory cells in the mouse taste bud. Monoamines in the taste bud cells of the mouse circumvallate papilla were studied by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. With administration of 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) after a pretreatment with nialamide, yellow fluorescence appeared in some of the taste bud cells, while no fluorescence was observed in untreated, L-DOPA treated on serotonin treated mice. Electron microscopic study after treatment with both nialamide and 5-HTP showed small dense-cored vesicles intermingled with small clear vesicles (30-60 nm in diameter accumulated at the membranes of the gustatory cells in typical afferent synaptic contacts with nerve terminals. Definite ultrastructural change in large dense-cored vesicles (70-100 nm in diameter) could not be observed. It is suggested that the gustatory cells of the mouse take up 5-HTP and convert it to serotonin. The synaptic vesicles in the gustatory cells are believed capable of storing and releasing serotonin which presumably acts as the neurotransmitter involved in the impulse transmission from the gustatory cells to the sensory nerve fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:303508", "title": "[Information transfer in the human perception of body position in space during lateral tilt (author's transl)].", "content": "(1) With eight human subjects, the perception of position in space during lateral tilt was studied by a method of absolute judgement. A preliminary analysis showed that each subject required 1000 stimuli, with 36 stimulus categories, to attain statisticach subject required 1000 stimuli, with 36 stimulus categories, to attain statistical significance. (2) Since it would be hard to experiment with such long durations, normalized experiments were pooled. The average information transfer was 3.0 bit/stimulus. (3) A closer look at the information transmission in various portions of the stimulus-response relationship (partial information transfer) revealed that near the vertical, with the head uppermost, there is more information transmission than in all other positions. This is in contrast to the visual perception of line orientation. (4) The stimulus-response relationship shows a small nonlinearity. Deviations of the body position from the vertical, with the head down, are underestimated up to 70 degrees away from the vertical; deviations from the vertical with the head uppermost are underestimated up to 10 degrees away from the vertical but overestimated up to 70 degrees.", "contents": "[Information transfer in the human perception of body position in space during lateral tilt (author's transl)]. (1) With eight human subjects, the perception of position in space during lateral tilt was studied by a method of absolute judgement. A preliminary analysis showed that each subject required 1000 stimuli, with 36 stimulus categories, to attain statisticach subject required 1000 stimuli, with 36 stimulus categories, to attain statistical significance. (2) Since it would be hard to experiment with such long durations, normalized experiments were pooled. The average information transfer was 3.0 bit/stimulus. (3) A closer look at the information transmission in various portions of the stimulus-response relationship (partial information transfer) revealed that near the vertical, with the head uppermost, there is more information transmission than in all other positions. This is in contrast to the visual perception of line orientation. (4) The stimulus-response relationship shows a small nonlinearity. Deviations of the body position from the vertical, with the head down, are underestimated up to 70 degrees away from the vertical; deviations from the vertical with the head uppermost are underestimated up to 10 degrees away from the vertical but overestimated up to 70 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:303509", "title": "A planned approach to coexistent cerebrovascular disease in coronary artery bypass candidates.", "content": "Of a series of 874 consecutive candidates for coronary artery bypass screened for cerebrovascular disease, 49 (5.6%) were found to have significant extracarnial lesions. Combined surgical management of both carotid and coronary artery lesions was then undertaken, using a planned approach based on clinical and angiographic criteria. Cerebrovascular reconstruction was undertaken prior to establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass, utilizing staged procedures in good-risk and simultaneous reconstruction in poor-risk candidates. Our experience indicates that combined surgical treatment of the patient with unilateral carotid obstruction and coronary disease is attended by no greater risk than that attached to coronary revascularization alone. The coronary bypass candidate with bilateral carotid artery disease represents a more advanced clinicopathological state whose treatment is attended by greater risk of operative morbidity and mortality.", "contents": "A planned approach to coexistent cerebrovascular disease in coronary artery bypass candidates. Of a series of 874 consecutive candidates for coronary artery bypass screened for cerebrovascular disease, 49 (5.6%) were found to have significant extracarnial lesions. Combined surgical management of both carotid and coronary artery lesions was then undertaken, using a planned approach based on clinical and angiographic criteria. Cerebrovascular reconstruction was undertaken prior to establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass, utilizing staged procedures in good-risk and simultaneous reconstruction in poor-risk candidates. Our experience indicates that combined surgical treatment of the patient with unilateral carotid obstruction and coronary disease is attended by no greater risk than that attached to coronary revascularization alone. The coronary bypass candidate with bilateral carotid artery disease represents a more advanced clinicopathological state whose treatment is attended by greater risk of operative morbidity and mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:303511", "title": "Inner ear degeneration in Reye's syndrome.", "content": "A 9-year-old girl developed Reye's syndrome. On admission to the hospital on the fourth day of illness, responses for verbal stimuli had been absent, but were present for painful stimuli. Coma developed on the fourth day and was present until death ten days later. The fundus of both internal meatus showed vascular congestion of nerves with evidence of repeated hemorrhages. All structures within the endolymphatic system showed advanced degeneration, with exception of the tectorial membrane and cupulae. One ear showed vascular congestion, formation of thrombi, and free hemorrhage within the modiolus and spiral ganglion. In the other ear, congested vessels in nerves in the meatus were obstructed by swelling at the cribriform area. The degenerative changes corresponded closely to those produced experimentally in guinea pigs by interruption of arterial circulation to the inner ear.", "contents": "Inner ear degeneration in Reye's syndrome. A 9-year-old girl developed Reye's syndrome. On admission to the hospital on the fourth day of illness, responses for verbal stimuli had been absent, but were present for painful stimuli. Coma developed on the fourth day and was present until death ten days later. The fundus of both internal meatus showed vascular congestion of nerves with evidence of repeated hemorrhages. All structures within the endolymphatic system showed advanced degeneration, with exception of the tectorial membrane and cupulae. One ear showed vascular congestion, formation of thrombi, and free hemorrhage within the modiolus and spiral ganglion. In the other ear, congested vessels in nerves in the meatus were obstructed by swelling at the cribriform area. The degenerative changes corresponded closely to those produced experimentally in guinea pigs by interruption of arterial circulation to the inner ear."}
{"id": "PMID:303512", "title": "Vestibular findings in 25 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome.", "content": "Vestibular pathology does not seem to occur more frequently in patients with Waardenburg's syndrome than in those suffering from other types of congenital deafness. This was concluded from the results of vestibular examination by means of electronystagmography of 25 subjects with Waardenburg's syndrome from five families in the Netherlands. Ten of these subjects had a hearing loss, four of them bilateral and six unilateral. A review of the literature concerning more than 1,000 cases with Waardenburg's syndrome shows that in only 26 deaf patients was a very simple vestibular examination performed (in only three patients by means of electronystagmography).", "contents": "Vestibular findings in 25 patients with Waardenburg's syndrome. Vestibular pathology does not seem to occur more frequently in patients with Waardenburg's syndrome than in those suffering from other types of congenital deafness. This was concluded from the results of vestibular examination by means of electronystagmography of 25 subjects with Waardenburg's syndrome from five families in the Netherlands. Ten of these subjects had a hearing loss, four of them bilateral and six unilateral. A review of the literature concerning more than 1,000 cases with Waardenburg's syndrome shows that in only 26 deaf patients was a very simple vestibular examination performed (in only three patients by means of electronystagmography)."}
{"id": "PMID:303514", "title": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVII. Round window tear in aviators.", "content": "It is the intent of this paper to draw attention to round window tears with the inherent symptomatology that has, for the first time, been documented in two aircrew members. It is also felt important to emphasize that the condition, regardless of etiology, could be catastrophic to the flying pilot and may be an up-recognized cause of otherwise unexplainable accidents. Not all cases of window tears cause vertigo-but some do. Not all vertigo so caused is prostrating--but some is. Because of the findings in two reported cases, it is postulated that round window membrane tear may be a significant cause of pilot disorientation. It may have been the root cause of peculiar and previously unexplained air crashes. The corollary of this hypothesis is the proposition that, in the future, careful attention be paid to the ears of pilots recovered from what would otherwise appear to be a mysterious accident.", "contents": "Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology: XVII. Round window tear in aviators. It is the intent of this paper to draw attention to round window tears with the inherent symptomatology that has, for the first time, been documented in two aircrew members. It is also felt important to emphasize that the condition, regardless of etiology, could be catastrophic to the flying pilot and may be an up-recognized cause of otherwise unexplainable accidents. Not all cases of window tears cause vertigo-but some do. Not all vertigo so caused is prostrating--but some is. Because of the findings in two reported cases, it is postulated that round window membrane tear may be a significant cause of pilot disorientation. It may have been the root cause of peculiar and previously unexplained air crashes. The corollary of this hypothesis is the proposition that, in the future, careful attention be paid to the ears of pilots recovered from what would otherwise appear to be a mysterious accident."}
{"id": "PMID:303515", "title": "A study of X chromosome linkage with field dependence and spatial visualization.", "content": "The purposes of this report are to describe a design for the study of X linkage, to illustrate its application using cognitive test scores, and to offer a linkage hypothesis suggested by these data. Sixty-seven three-son families were examined for two X chromosome marker variables--red-green color vision and Xg(a) blood groups--and given a battery of cognitive tests of field dependence and spatial visualization abilities. Evidence was found to suggest that brothers who are identical in Xg(a) phenotype are more similar to each other in extent of field dependence than brothers who are different in Xg(a) phenotype. This result is tentative because of the small number of informative cases and the many linkage associations examined. If cross-validated, such a finding would be consistent with the proposition that an X chromosome gene contributes to the field dependence cognitive style.", "contents": "A study of X chromosome linkage with field dependence and spatial visualization. The purposes of this report are to describe a design for the study of X linkage, to illustrate its application using cognitive test scores, and to offer a linkage hypothesis suggested by these data. Sixty-seven three-son families were examined for two X chromosome marker variables--red-green color vision and Xg(a) blood groups--and given a battery of cognitive tests of field dependence and spatial visualization abilities. Evidence was found to suggest that brothers who are identical in Xg(a) phenotype are more similar to each other in extent of field dependence than brothers who are different in Xg(a) phenotype. This result is tentative because of the small number of informative cases and the many linkage associations examined. If cross-validated, such a finding would be consistent with the proposition that an X chromosome gene contributes to the field dependence cognitive style."}
{"id": "PMID:303516", "title": "Immunohistochemical identification of T-and B-lymphocytes delineated by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. II. Anatomical distribution of T- and B-cells in lymphoid organs of nude mice.", "content": "Tissue sections of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches were examined using an immunohistochemical demonstration of T- and B-lymphocytes in athymic homozygous nude mice possessing a known 1-5% of T-lymphocytes. Some of the few lymphocytes in the tyhmus-dependent periarteriolar zone of the spleen white pulp, the paracortex of lymph nodes and interfollicular area of Peyer's patches, were identified as T-lymphocytes. Also, singular T-lymphocytes occur in the thymus-independent marginal zone of the spleen white pulp, cortex and medulla of lymph nodes, as well as the follicular and subepithelial zones of Peyer's patches. These results indicate that the decreased numbers of T-cells in nude mice are found preferably in thymus-dependent regions, and to a smaller degree may recirculate in a similar way as in normal mice.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical identification of T-and B-lymphocytes delineated by the unlabeled antibody enzyme method. II. Anatomical distribution of T- and B-cells in lymphoid organs of nude mice. Tissue sections of the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches were examined using an immunohistochemical demonstration of T- and B-lymphocytes in athymic homozygous nude mice possessing a known 1-5% of T-lymphocytes. Some of the few lymphocytes in the tyhmus-dependent periarteriolar zone of the spleen white pulp, the paracortex of lymph nodes and interfollicular area of Peyer's patches, were identified as T-lymphocytes. Also, singular T-lymphocytes occur in the thymus-independent marginal zone of the spleen white pulp, cortex and medulla of lymph nodes, as well as the follicular and subepithelial zones of Peyer's patches. These results indicate that the decreased numbers of T-cells in nude mice are found preferably in thymus-dependent regions, and to a smaller degree may recirculate in a similar way as in normal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:303517", "title": "Isolation and characterization of membrane receptors for pokeweed mitogens from mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The major glycoproteins that bind pokeweek B-cell mitogen (Pa-1) and pokeweed T-cell mitogen (Pa-2) were isolated and identified from bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes (B-cells) and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) of C3H/He mice. The surfaces of the cells were 125I-labelled by using the enzyme lactoperoxidase, and the plasma membranes were isolated from the 125I-labelled cells. These membranes were solubilized with Triton X-100 and subjected to affinity chromatography on the affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling mitogen Pa-1 or Pa-2 to activated Sepharose 4B. The glycoproteins specifically eluted with di-N-acetylchitobiose from the affinity adsorbents were analysed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. These glycoproteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes, but they were not detected in the eluate from the T-cell membranes. The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were found to be major receptor sites for the pokeweed mitogens on both B-cells and T-cells. However, mitogen Pa-1 (B-cell) has a stronger affinity to Ia antigens than does mitogen Pa-2 (T-cell).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of membrane receptors for pokeweed mitogens from mouse lymphocytes. The major glycoproteins that bind pokeweek B-cell mitogen (Pa-1) and pokeweed T-cell mitogen (Pa-2) were isolated and identified from bone-marrow-derived lymphocytes (B-cells) and thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) of C3H/He mice. The surfaces of the cells were 125I-labelled by using the enzyme lactoperoxidase, and the plasma membranes were isolated from the 125I-labelled cells. These membranes were solubilized with Triton X-100 and subjected to affinity chromatography on the affinity adsorbent prepared by coupling mitogen Pa-1 or Pa-2 to activated Sepharose 4B. The glycoproteins specifically eluted with di-N-acetylchitobiose from the affinity adsorbents were analysed according to their mobility on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. These glycoproteins were further identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Immunoglobulins, possibly immunoglobulins M and D, were identified in the eluate from the B-cell membranes, but they were not detected in the eluate from the T-cell membranes. The histocompatibility-2-complex proteins (H-2D, H-2K and Ia antigens) were found to be major receptor sites for the pokeweed mitogens on both B-cells and T-cells. However, mitogen Pa-1 (B-cell) has a stronger affinity to Ia antigens than does mitogen Pa-2 (T-cell)."}
{"id": "PMID:303522", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic aspects of overdosage and intoxication with oral anticoagulant drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "Three aspects of treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs are discussed: 1. Drug interactions which can lead to changes in the elimination or distribution of oral anticoagulant drugs with special emphasis on the time course of the augmentation of the anticoagulant effect. 2. Pharmacokinetic factors responsible for inter- and intrasubject differences in the response to oral anticoagulant drugs. 3. Treatment of overdosage and intoxication with oral anticoagulant drugs. Besides symptomatic treatment with vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrate the interruption of the enterohepatic recycling by cholestyramine is demonstrated as a useful method for enhancing the elimination of phenprocoumon and warfarin from the body.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic aspects of overdosage and intoxication with oral anticoagulant drugs (author's transl)]. Three aspects of treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs are discussed: 1. Drug interactions which can lead to changes in the elimination or distribution of oral anticoagulant drugs with special emphasis on the time course of the augmentation of the anticoagulant effect. 2. Pharmacokinetic factors responsible for inter- and intrasubject differences in the response to oral anticoagulant drugs. 3. Treatment of overdosage and intoxication with oral anticoagulant drugs. Besides symptomatic treatment with vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrate the interruption of the enterohepatic recycling by cholestyramine is demonstrated as a useful method for enhancing the elimination of phenprocoumon and warfarin from the body."}
{"id": "PMID:303523", "title": "Glycosphingolipids of purified human lymphocytes.", "content": "Biochemical analysis of the glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of human lymphocytes revealed qualitative and quantitative variations among purified lymphocytes from different tissues. The major neutral GSLs of tonsil lymphocytes are glucosyl ceramide (CMH), lactosyl ceramide (CDH), trihexosyl ceramide (CTH), and globoside. Thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) contain only traces of CTH and globoside, and PBL contain more CMH and CDH per cell than tonsil lymphocytes. Thymocytes and PBL contain relatively large amounts of more complex neutral GSLs that are present in only trace amounts in tonsil lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes contained three and five times more lipid-bound sialic acid than thymocytes and toncil lymphocytes, respectively. Thymocytes and PBL contained mostly hematoside, whereas tonsil lymphocytes contained more complex gangliosides in addition to hematoside. The observed differences in GSL content among these cells may be related to their content of B cells, which comprise approximately 50% of tonsil lymphocytes, 10% of PBL and 0-2% of thymus cells, and/or the known differences in functional capacities of cells in different lymphoid organs. These findings suggest that cell surface GSLs may serve as markers for identification of functional subpopulations of human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Glycosphingolipids of purified human lymphocytes. Biochemical analysis of the glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of human lymphocytes revealed qualitative and quantitative variations among purified lymphocytes from different tissues. The major neutral GSLs of tonsil lymphocytes are glucosyl ceramide (CMH), lactosyl ceramide (CDH), trihexosyl ceramide (CTH), and globoside. Thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) contain only traces of CTH and globoside, and PBL contain more CMH and CDH per cell than tonsil lymphocytes. Thymocytes and PBL contain relatively large amounts of more complex neutral GSLs that are present in only trace amounts in tonsil lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes contained three and five times more lipid-bound sialic acid than thymocytes and toncil lymphocytes, respectively. Thymocytes and PBL contained mostly hematoside, whereas tonsil lymphocytes contained more complex gangliosides in addition to hematoside. The observed differences in GSL content among these cells may be related to their content of B cells, which comprise approximately 50% of tonsil lymphocytes, 10% of PBL and 0-2% of thymus cells, and/or the known differences in functional capacities of cells in different lymphoid organs. These findings suggest that cell surface GSLs may serve as markers for identification of functional subpopulations of human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303519", "title": "Antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens in lupus erythematosus. Serologic marker for systemic disease.", "content": "Seven patients with classic cutaneous lupus erythematosus are described. Three of these patients had features satisfying four of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) preliminary criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Their sera, however, lacked antinuclear antibodies but demonstrated precipitating antibodies reactive against cytoplasmic RNP (La) and non-nucleic acid (Ro) antigens. Four additional ANA-negative patients lacking significant skin disease but having a lupus-like multisystem disease were found to have antibodies to soluble cytoplasmic antigens. Thirty-three of 130 ANA-positive SLE patients, but none of 16 discoid lupus patients, possessed these anticytoplasmic antibodies. These findings suggest that antibodies to Ro and La may be a marker for systemic disease in ANA-negative patients with 1) cutaneous lupus and 2) a distinct subpopulation of patients with a lupus-like syndrome without skin disease.", "contents": "Antibodies to cytoplasmic antigens in lupus erythematosus. Serologic marker for systemic disease. Seven patients with classic cutaneous lupus erythematosus are described. Three of these patients had features satisfying four of the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) preliminary criteria for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Their sera, however, lacked antinuclear antibodies but demonstrated precipitating antibodies reactive against cytoplasmic RNP (La) and non-nucleic acid (Ro) antigens. Four additional ANA-negative patients lacking significant skin disease but having a lupus-like multisystem disease were found to have antibodies to soluble cytoplasmic antigens. Thirty-three of 130 ANA-positive SLE patients, but none of 16 discoid lupus patients, possessed these anticytoplasmic antibodies. These findings suggest that antibodies to Ro and La may be a marker for systemic disease in ANA-negative patients with 1) cutaneous lupus and 2) a distinct subpopulation of patients with a lupus-like syndrome without skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303520", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and antinuclear antibodies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Materials with the Clq binding properties of soluble immune complexes (IC) were found in sera from 11 of 51 consecutive (22%) children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and in 17 of 20 adults with active seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IC appeared more frequently in children with systemic onset disease whereas antinuclear antibody (ANA) was found more frequently in sera from those with pauciarticular disease. Only 3 JRA sera contained anti-immunoglobulin (rheumatoid factor); those 3 also had high Clq binding activities. Seven of 50 patients (14%) carried HLA-B27 but B27 was not associated with high Clq binding activity or presence of ANA. The presence of free ANA more frequently in children with mild disease and IC more frequently in children with relatively severe disease suggests that children with systemic JRA may have a relative defect in antibody-forming capacity or reticuloendothelial function which results in decreased clearance of circulating IC. Alternatively, systemic, polyarticular, and pauciarticular JRA may represent a spectrum of clinically similar diseases resulting from different etiologic agents.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and antinuclear antibodies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Materials with the Clq binding properties of soluble immune complexes (IC) were found in sera from 11 of 51 consecutive (22%) children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and in 17 of 20 adults with active seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). IC appeared more frequently in children with systemic onset disease whereas antinuclear antibody (ANA) was found more frequently in sera from those with pauciarticular disease. Only 3 JRA sera contained anti-immunoglobulin (rheumatoid factor); those 3 also had high Clq binding activities. Seven of 50 patients (14%) carried HLA-B27 but B27 was not associated with high Clq binding activity or presence of ANA. The presence of free ANA more frequently in children with mild disease and IC more frequently in children with relatively severe disease suggests that children with systemic JRA may have a relative defect in antibody-forming capacity or reticuloendothelial function which results in decreased clearance of circulating IC. Alternatively, systemic, polyarticular, and pauciarticular JRA may represent a spectrum of clinically similar diseases resulting from different etiologic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:303525", "title": "Pressure jump relaxation kinetics of frog skin open circuit voltage and short circuit current.", "content": "The relaxation kinetics of frog skin open circuit voltage, Voc, and short circuit current, Isc, was studied by analyzing the effects of subjecting the tissue to sudden increments of hydrostatic pressure. Both Voc and Isc are perturbed by the pressure jump. Changes in Voc can be resolved into three components: a rapid decrease (phase I), a second, additional decrease with time constant 2.2 s (phase II), and finally a very slow increase found only in some preparations. The amplitudes of phases I and II are linear in the range of pressures studied (less than 350 atm) and have respective pressure coefficients of -1.2.10(-4) atm-1 and 3.7.10(-4) atm-1. Under short circuit conditions, phases I and II persist. The pressure coefficients of the amplitudes of phases I  and II, -4.3.10(-4) ATM-1 and -5.0.10(-4)ATM-1, respectively, are larger than those of Voc, but the time constant of phase II, 2.2 S, is the same. The sum of the amplitudes of phases I and II is directly proportional to Isc when it is inhibited with ouabain. It is argued that in both electrical states pressure perturbs the same transport mechanism giving rise to phases I and II of Voc and of Isc. The magnitude of the pressure coefficients of these processes implies that they arise from chemical reactions, rather than from simple, physical solution properties. Comparison of the pressure jump kinetics with the previous spectral analysis of the electrical fluctuations of frog skin suggests a common origin for both sets of phenomena.", "contents": "Pressure jump relaxation kinetics of frog skin open circuit voltage and short circuit current. The relaxation kinetics of frog skin open circuit voltage, Voc, and short circuit current, Isc, was studied by analyzing the effects of subjecting the tissue to sudden increments of hydrostatic pressure. Both Voc and Isc are perturbed by the pressure jump. Changes in Voc can be resolved into three components: a rapid decrease (phase I), a second, additional decrease with time constant 2.2 s (phase II), and finally a very slow increase found only in some preparations. The amplitudes of phases I and II are linear in the range of pressures studied (less than 350 atm) and have respective pressure coefficients of -1.2.10(-4) atm-1 and 3.7.10(-4) atm-1. Under short circuit conditions, phases I and II persist. The pressure coefficients of the amplitudes of phases I  and II, -4.3.10(-4) ATM-1 and -5.0.10(-4)ATM-1, respectively, are larger than those of Voc, but the time constant of phase II, 2.2 S, is the same. The sum of the amplitudes of phases I and II is directly proportional to Isc when it is inhibited with ouabain. It is argued that in both electrical states pressure perturbs the same transport mechanism giving rise to phases I and II of Voc and of Isc. The magnitude of the pressure coefficients of these processes implies that they arise from chemical reactions, rather than from simple, physical solution properties. Comparison of the pressure jump kinetics with the previous spectral analysis of the electrical fluctuations of frog skin suggests a common origin for both sets of phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:303528", "title": "Developmental abnormalities of the occipital bone in human chondrodystrophies (achondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism).", "content": "Specific developmental malformations have been demonstrated in the occipital bone of two chondrodysplastic disorders (achondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism). Analysis of these malformations indicates that the occipital bone is primary affected in these disorders. In both cases, the endochondral-derived components of the occipital bone (the basioccipital, the two lateral parts, and the planum nuchale of the squama occipitalis) have failed to grow properly and are smaller and shorter than normal. On the other hand, the planum occipitalis of the squama, which derives from intramembranous ossification, is unaffected. In addition, the nature of these abnormalities indicates that the occipital synchondroses, together with the epiphyseal plates of other bones, are primarily affected in these two chondrodysplasias. The components of the occipital bone formed between the affected synchondroses failed to grow normally. The resulting malformation of the occipital bone is undoubtedly the cause of the shortening of the posterior cerebral fossa and of the considerable narrowing of the foramen magnum often described in these chondrodysplasias. It is postulated that growth disturbances between the affected occipital bone and the unaffected central nervous system results in the inadequacy of the posterior cerebral fossa and the foramen magnum to accommodate the growing brain. Consequently, compression of the brain at the posterior cerebral fossa or the foramen magnum levels could occur and thus lead to neurologic complications such as hydrocephalus and compression of the brain stem. It is suggested that the surgical removal of the fused posterior border of the lateral parts of the occipital bone (partial nuchalectomy) for the purpose of enlarging the narrow foramen magnum may be indicated in those chondrodysplastic children who develop these types of neurologic complications.", "contents": "Developmental abnormalities of the occipital bone in human chondrodystrophies (achondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism). Specific developmental malformations have been demonstrated in the occipital bone of two chondrodysplastic disorders (achondroplasia and thanatophoric dwarfism). Analysis of these malformations indicates that the occipital bone is primary affected in these disorders. In both cases, the endochondral-derived components of the occipital bone (the basioccipital, the two lateral parts, and the planum nuchale of the squama occipitalis) have failed to grow properly and are smaller and shorter than normal. On the other hand, the planum occipitalis of the squama, which derives from intramembranous ossification, is unaffected. In addition, the nature of these abnormalities indicates that the occipital synchondroses, together with the epiphyseal plates of other bones, are primarily affected in these two chondrodysplasias. The components of the occipital bone formed between the affected synchondroses failed to grow normally. The resulting malformation of the occipital bone is undoubtedly the cause of the shortening of the posterior cerebral fossa and of the considerable narrowing of the foramen magnum often described in these chondrodysplasias. It is postulated that growth disturbances between the affected occipital bone and the unaffected central nervous system results in the inadequacy of the posterior cerebral fossa and the foramen magnum to accommodate the growing brain. Consequently, compression of the brain at the posterior cerebral fossa or the foramen magnum levels could occur and thus lead to neurologic complications such as hydrocephalus and compression of the brain stem. It is suggested that the surgical removal of the fused posterior border of the lateral parts of the occipital bone (partial nuchalectomy) for the purpose of enlarging the narrow foramen magnum may be indicated in those chondrodysplastic children who develop these types of neurologic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:303532", "title": "Haemobilia: a report of 2 cases.", "content": "Although rare, haemobilia should be included in the differential diagnosis of obscure gastro-intestinal bleeding, particularly when accompanied by colic and jaundice. Case histories of 2 patients with haemobilia of different origin are presented. One had traumatic haemobilia after suture of a liver rupture; in the other patient an aneurysm of a branch of the right hepatic artery ruptured into the hepatic duct. The first patient recovered spontaneously; the second required ligation of the affected blood vessel. Diagnosis and treatment of the haemobilia syndrome are discussed, with reference to the liver blood supply.", "contents": "Haemobilia: a report of 2 cases. Although rare, haemobilia should be included in the differential diagnosis of obscure gastro-intestinal bleeding, particularly when accompanied by colic and jaundice. Case histories of 2 patients with haemobilia of different origin are presented. One had traumatic haemobilia after suture of a liver rupture; in the other patient an aneurysm of a branch of the right hepatic artery ruptured into the hepatic duct. The first patient recovered spontaneously; the second required ligation of the affected blood vessel. Diagnosis and treatment of the haemobilia syndrome are discussed, with reference to the liver blood supply."}
{"id": "PMID:303536", "title": "Crystalline dystrophy of the cornea: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "We examined biopsy material from a case of stromal crystalline dystrophy of the cornea by light and electron microscopy. Frozen sections were positive for neutral fat and negative for cholesterol. Electron microscopy showed that the empty spaces at the site of the crystals did not have typical crystalline profiles. We concluded that in our case the crystals were composed of neutral fat.", "contents": "Crystalline dystrophy of the cornea: a light and electron microscopic study. We examined biopsy material from a case of stromal crystalline dystrophy of the cornea by light and electron microscopy. Frozen sections were positive for neutral fat and negative for cholesterol. Electron microscopy showed that the empty spaces at the site of the crystals did not have typical crystalline profiles. We concluded that in our case the crystals were composed of neutral fat."}
{"id": "PMID:303538", "title": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia.", "content": "Three cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia are reported which illustrate the characteristic clinico-pathological features. These cases also provide information relating to the ultrastructure of the interstitial acidophil material, the histopathological spectrum, where treatment has been attempted, and an incidence figure for an Australian community. Detailed immunological investigations in one case suggest that the disease is a primary B-lymphocyte abnormality.", "contents": "Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. Three cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia are reported which illustrate the characteristic clinico-pathological features. These cases also provide information relating to the ultrastructure of the interstitial acidophil material, the histopathological spectrum, where treatment has been attempted, and an incidence figure for an Australian community. Detailed immunological investigations in one case suggest that the disease is a primary B-lymphocyte abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:303540", "title": "Chemotherapy of cell-line-derived human colon carcinomas in mice immunosuppressed with antithymocyte serum.", "content": "An in vivo model is described for assessing the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents. Tumors derived from human colon carcinoma cell lines injected into antithymocyte serum (ATS) immunosuppressed mice were used. In this system, both antitumor effects and host toxicity can be quantitated, permitting calculation of a Therapeutic Index. Compared with other xenograft models, the present system is simple, experiments are completed in less than 2 weeks, and the use of cultured cell lines allows in vitro studies to be performed. The in vitro sensitivities of one colon cell line to 22 chemotherapeutic agents and of four cell lines to three agents is reported. Four drugs used in treating colon cancer (Mitomycin C, 5-FU, BCNU, and methyl-CCNU) show antitumor activity in vivo in this system. Each has a low therapeutic index. Further work with this model is indicated, with the goal of finding new drugs with high Therapeutic Indices.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of cell-line-derived human colon carcinomas in mice immunosuppressed with antithymocyte serum. An in vivo model is described for assessing the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents. Tumors derived from human colon carcinoma cell lines injected into antithymocyte serum (ATS) immunosuppressed mice were used. In this system, both antitumor effects and host toxicity can be quantitated, permitting calculation of a Therapeutic Index. Compared with other xenograft models, the present system is simple, experiments are completed in less than 2 weeks, and the use of cultured cell lines allows in vitro studies to be performed. The in vitro sensitivities of one colon cell line to 22 chemotherapeutic agents and of four cell lines to three agents is reported. Four drugs used in treating colon cancer (Mitomycin C, 5-FU, BCNU, and methyl-CCNU) show antitumor activity in vivo in this system. Each has a low therapeutic index. Further work with this model is indicated, with the goal of finding new drugs with high Therapeutic Indices."}
{"id": "PMID:303542", "title": "Effect of sequence of administration of methotrexate, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil on mammary tumor growth and survival in syngeneic C3H mice.", "content": "The administration of methotrexate (1mg/kg), leucovorin (1 mg/kg), and (after a 1-hr interval) 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) selectively suppresses antibody production in C3H mice without inhibiting, but even stimulating, cell-mediated immunity. The effect of this regimen, given at weekly intervals, was tested on the growth of recently arising syngeneic C3H/HeJ mammary tumors. Inhibition of growth was found in three types of experiments: (a) when treatment was begun 2 days after tumor implantation, (b) when it was begun 3 weeks after implantation, and (c) when it was begun after surgical enucleation of the tumor. The extent of the effect varied from tumor to tumor, but in all cases tumor incidence or growth was significantly inhibited. Comparison was made between the above regimen and two other sequences of administration of the same drugs, which are only weakly immunosuppressive of antibody production and which do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity. Survival of tumor-bearing mice was greater with the administration of methotrexate, then leucovorin, followed by 5-fluorouracil, than it was with the other two administration schedules.", "contents": "Effect of sequence of administration of methotrexate, leucovorin, and 5-fluorouracil on mammary tumor growth and survival in syngeneic C3H mice. The administration of methotrexate (1mg/kg), leucovorin (1 mg/kg), and (after a 1-hr interval) 5-fluorouracil (50 mg/kg) selectively suppresses antibody production in C3H mice without inhibiting, but even stimulating, cell-mediated immunity. The effect of this regimen, given at weekly intervals, was tested on the growth of recently arising syngeneic C3H/HeJ mammary tumors. Inhibition of growth was found in three types of experiments: (a) when treatment was begun 2 days after tumor implantation, (b) when it was begun 3 weeks after implantation, and (c) when it was begun after surgical enucleation of the tumor. The extent of the effect varied from tumor to tumor, but in all cases tumor incidence or growth was significantly inhibited. Comparison was made between the above regimen and two other sequences of administration of the same drugs, which are only weakly immunosuppressive of antibody production and which do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity. Survival of tumor-bearing mice was greater with the administration of methotrexate, then leucovorin, followed by 5-fluorouracil, than it was with the other two administration schedules."}
{"id": "PMID:303543", "title": "Phase II study of combined vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor factor rescue in metastatic breast cancer.", "content": "Fifty patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with 8-day courses of vincristine (1 mg iv, Day 1), adriamycin (50 mg/m2 iv, Day 1), cyclophosphamide (100 mg/m2 orally, Days 1-8), methotrexate (200 mg iv by 3-hour infusion, Day 8), and citrovorum factor rescue (15 mg in 12, 18, and 24 hours after methotrexate, Day 8) at 3-4-week intervals. Forty-two patients had previously received treatment with hormones and 17 patients had received chemotherapy. Fifteen patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and 24 patients a partial remission (PR). There was a significant correlation between the response and the number of metastatic organs (0.01 less than P less than 0.02). The response rate was roughly uniform irrespective of the organ predominantly involved (0.2 less than P less than 0.3). The remission duration was significantly longer for the patients with CR compared with that for the patients with PR (0.001 less than P less than 0.01). The patients who achieved CRs and PRs survived significantly longer than the patients with no change and progressive disease (P less than 0.001). The toxic effects of the treatment were acceptable and no drug-related deaths occurred.", "contents": "Phase II study of combined vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor factor rescue in metastatic breast cancer. Fifty patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with 8-day courses of vincristine (1 mg iv, Day 1), adriamycin (50 mg/m2 iv, Day 1), cyclophosphamide (100 mg/m2 orally, Days 1-8), methotrexate (200 mg iv by 3-hour infusion, Day 8), and citrovorum factor rescue (15 mg in 12, 18, and 24 hours after methotrexate, Day 8) at 3-4-week intervals. Forty-two patients had previously received treatment with hormones and 17 patients had received chemotherapy. Fifteen patients achieved a complete remission (CR) and 24 patients a partial remission (PR). There was a significant correlation between the response and the number of metastatic organs (0.01 less than P less than 0.02). The response rate was roughly uniform irrespective of the organ predominantly involved (0.2 less than P less than 0.3). The remission duration was significantly longer for the patients with CR compared with that for the patients with PR (0.001 less than P less than 0.01). The patients who achieved CRs and PRs survived significantly longer than the patients with no change and progressive disease (P less than 0.001). The toxic effects of the treatment were acceptable and no drug-related deaths occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:303552", "title": "Correlation between local oxygen tension in muscle tissue and survival time in tourniquet shock.", "content": "Tourniquet shock was induced in rabbits by constricting one hind leg for 4 hr. Local pO2 on muscle surface was measured by a multiwire platinum electrode according to the method of Kessler. Untreated animals showed anoxic tissue areas after a period of 30 min of reperfusion. All these animals died in shock within 3-4 hr. The glucocorticoid, prednisolone (20 mg/kg), and the proteinase inhibitor, Trasylol (20,000 KIU/kg), were administered 5 min bfore release of the tourniquet. These animals showed normal pO2 values during the 2-3 hr observation period. Tourniquet shock was prevented and survival time prolonged by these agents. This protective effect could be correlated to the oxygen tension in the ischemic region.", "contents": "Correlation between local oxygen tension in muscle tissue and survival time in tourniquet shock. Tourniquet shock was induced in rabbits by constricting one hind leg for 4 hr. Local pO2 on muscle surface was measured by a multiwire platinum electrode according to the method of Kessler. Untreated animals showed anoxic tissue areas after a period of 30 min of reperfusion. All these animals died in shock within 3-4 hr. The glucocorticoid, prednisolone (20 mg/kg), and the proteinase inhibitor, Trasylol (20,000 KIU/kg), were administered 5 min bfore release of the tourniquet. These animals showed normal pO2 values during the 2-3 hr observation period. Tourniquet shock was prevented and survival time prolonged by these agents. This protective effect could be correlated to the oxygen tension in the ischemic region."}
{"id": "PMID:303553", "title": "Myocardial consequences of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The paradox of necrosis in areas of revascularization.", "content": "Myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been described clinically in up to 30% of patients but there is little morphologic information about the character and pathogenesis of the myocardial injury. We studied myocardium in the distribution of bypassed and nonbypassed coronary arteries for the presence of contraction band necrosis as compared to coagulation necrosis, in 58 autopsied patients who died less than 1 month after surgery. Operation related necrosis consisting of focal subendocardial contraction band necrosis was present to some degree in 48 (83%) patients. Regional transmural necrosis was present in 22 (38%) patients and was of two types. Contraction band necrosis occurred in 18 patients and was in the distribution of a patent bypassed coronary artery in 15 of them. Coagulation necrosis was found in four patients, and in each was in the distribution of a new graft-releated coronary artery occlusion. The results suggest that coronary artery reflow through widely patent grafts following the period of operative nonperfusion, rather than graft or intrinsic coronary artery occlusion, accounts for the majority of operation-related myocardial \"infarcts\" associated with CABG surgery. Thus, prevention of intraoperative myocardial injury must also focus on characteristics of the phase of myocardial reperfusion.", "contents": "Myocardial consequences of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The paradox of necrosis in areas of revascularization. Myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been described clinically in up to 30% of patients but there is little morphologic information about the character and pathogenesis of the myocardial injury. We studied myocardium in the distribution of bypassed and nonbypassed coronary arteries for the presence of contraction band necrosis as compared to coagulation necrosis, in 58 autopsied patients who died less than 1 month after surgery. Operation related necrosis consisting of focal subendocardial contraction band necrosis was present to some degree in 48 (83%) patients. Regional transmural necrosis was present in 22 (38%) patients and was of two types. Contraction band necrosis occurred in 18 patients and was in the distribution of a patent bypassed coronary artery in 15 of them. Coagulation necrosis was found in four patients, and in each was in the distribution of a new graft-releated coronary artery occlusion. The results suggest that coronary artery reflow through widely patent grafts following the period of operative nonperfusion, rather than graft or intrinsic coronary artery occlusion, accounts for the majority of operation-related myocardial \"infarcts\" associated with CABG surgery. Thus, prevention of intraoperative myocardial injury must also focus on characteristics of the phase of myocardial reperfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:303554", "title": "Mechanisms of cellular enzyme release. I. Alteration in membrane fluidity and permeability.", "content": "Above-normal plasma enzyme activities resulting from increased release of intracellular macromolecules are an important diagnostic feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These and other biochemical and histological characteristics of this disease are faithfully duplicated when imipramine and serotonin are administered to the rat. Imipramine, but not serotonin alone, causes release of enzymes from rat diaphragms and human lymphocytes and release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes in vitro. Ouabain causes neither. Imipramine-induced enzyme release is decreased by adding ATP to the specimen in vitro or in hypertonic solution. Imipramine inhibits the capping phenomenon (an aggregation of antigen/antibody complexes of the membrane) of human B lymphocytes labeled with fluorescein-conjugated antihuman immunoglobulins. Serotonin alone has no such effect, but, administered together with imipramine, it potentiates the inhibition of capping by imipramine.", "contents": "Mechanisms of cellular enzyme release. I. Alteration in membrane fluidity and permeability. Above-normal plasma enzyme activities resulting from increased release of intracellular macromolecules are an important diagnostic feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These and other biochemical and histological characteristics of this disease are faithfully duplicated when imipramine and serotonin are administered to the rat. Imipramine, but not serotonin alone, causes release of enzymes from rat diaphragms and human lymphocytes and release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes in vitro. Ouabain causes neither. Imipramine-induced enzyme release is decreased by adding ATP to the specimen in vitro or in hypertonic solution. Imipramine inhibits the capping phenomenon (an aggregation of antigen/antibody complexes of the membrane) of human B lymphocytes labeled with fluorescein-conjugated antihuman immunoglobulins. Serotonin alone has no such effect, but, administered together with imipramine, it potentiates the inhibition of capping by imipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:303555", "title": "Direct spectrophotometric determination of alpha-amylase activity in salive, with p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside as substrate.", "content": "We describe a simple, direct kinetic method for determination of salivary alpha-amylase (1,4, alpha-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1). The assay makes use of a well-defined substrate, p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside, which is hydrolyzed by alpha-amylase to a chromogenic product, p-nitrophenol. Activity is determined by directly monitoring the increase in absorbance of the reaction mixture. Amylase activity can be defined in international (IUB) units of micromoles of product/min per liter of saliva. For 22 healthy subjects, the mean +/- SD of amylase activity in mixed saliva was 2.77 +/- 1.12 U/liter. Activity and instrumental response were linearly related over the entire range tested (0.224 to 11.90 U/liter). The within-run precision (CV) over this range was better than 3% for all but the lowest activities. Values obtained with this assay correlate well with those obtained with a modified Nelson-Somogyi saccharogenic method (r = 0.979). The precision and simplicity of this assay suggest that it is the method choice for determining amylase activity in human saliva.", "contents": "Direct spectrophotometric determination of alpha-amylase activity in salive, with p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside as substrate. We describe a simple, direct kinetic method for determination of salivary alpha-amylase (1,4, alpha-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1). The assay makes use of a well-defined substrate, p-nitrophenyl alpha-maltoside, which is hydrolyzed by alpha-amylase to a chromogenic product, p-nitrophenol. Activity is determined by directly monitoring the increase in absorbance of the reaction mixture. Amylase activity can be defined in international (IUB) units of micromoles of product/min per liter of saliva. For 22 healthy subjects, the mean +/- SD of amylase activity in mixed saliva was 2.77 +/- 1.12 U/liter. Activity and instrumental response were linearly related over the entire range tested (0.224 to 11.90 U/liter). The within-run precision (CV) over this range was better than 3% for all but the lowest activities. Values obtained with this assay correlate well with those obtained with a modified Nelson-Somogyi saccharogenic method (r = 0.979). The precision and simplicity of this assay suggest that it is the method choice for determining amylase activity in human saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:303560", "title": "[Prognosis of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding before and after the introduction of emergency endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 416 patients had been admitted to hospital for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, about half of them before the introduction of endoscopy. There was a highly significant decrease in total mortality rate by 18 percent since the introduction of endoscopy. The reason for this is probably largely the much higher number of correct identification or localisation of bleeding points by endoscopy (98 percent) when compared with conventional radiological examination.", "contents": "[Prognosis of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding before and after the introduction of emergency endoscopy (author's transl)]. A total of 416 patients had been admitted to hospital for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, about half of them before the introduction of endoscopy. There was a highly significant decrease in total mortality rate by 18 percent since the introduction of endoscopy. The reason for this is probably largely the much higher number of correct identification or localisation of bleeding points by endoscopy (98 percent) when compared with conventional radiological examination."}
{"id": "PMID:303561", "title": "[Small-nodular liver cirrhosis with marked portal hypertension due to vitamin A intoxication resulting from psoriasis treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and histological signs of small nodular liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension were present in a 36-year-old man, three-and-a-half years after a seven-week course of treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with high doses of vitamin a (70 X 10(6) IU orally). Although there is no increase in serum level of vitamin A now, increased deposits of vitamin A in the perisinusoidal lipid storage cells (Ito cells) are still demonstrated by fluorescencespectrophotometry and under the electron microscope. Fundectomy with resection of the terminal oesophagus was necessary because of bleeding from oesophageal varices.", "contents": "[Small-nodular liver cirrhosis with marked portal hypertension due to vitamin A intoxication resulting from psoriasis treatment (author's transl)]. Clinical and histological signs of small nodular liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension were present in a 36-year-old man, three-and-a-half years after a seven-week course of treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with high doses of vitamin a (70 X 10(6) IU orally). Although there is no increase in serum level of vitamin A now, increased deposits of vitamin A in the perisinusoidal lipid storage cells (Ito cells) are still demonstrated by fluorescencespectrophotometry and under the electron microscope. Fundectomy with resection of the terminal oesophagus was necessary because of bleeding from oesophageal varices."}
{"id": "PMID:303562", "title": "[Treatment of chronic pain with intracerebral stimulators].", "content": "A new technique for the functional treatment of chronic intractable pain with a cerebral stimulation system under the patient's control is described. A four-pole electrode, diameter 0.65 mm (made by Medtronic), was implanted under stereotaxic control into nine patients. Stimulation was via a substernally implanted receiver connected to the intracerebral electrode. A pocket-sized stimulator with circular aerial, intermittently placed on the patient's skin, was activated by the patient whenever pain occurred. Pain suppression was achieved in all instances, best results being obtained with stimulation of the medial mesencephalic lemniscus, including the sensory-motor thalamic nuclei. The pain-suppressing effect lasted for up to seven hours, so that three stimulations for 30-40 minutes daily were sufficient, as demonstrated by an observation period of up to 21 months. The only complication was transitory oculomotor paresis. The described reversible non-destructive stereotaxic and functional technique of stimulation is preferable to the coagulation method in the treatment of chronic intractable pain.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic pain with intracerebral stimulators]. A new technique for the functional treatment of chronic intractable pain with a cerebral stimulation system under the patient's control is described. A four-pole electrode, diameter 0.65 mm (made by Medtronic), was implanted under stereotaxic control into nine patients. Stimulation was via a substernally implanted receiver connected to the intracerebral electrode. A pocket-sized stimulator with circular aerial, intermittently placed on the patient's skin, was activated by the patient whenever pain occurred. Pain suppression was achieved in all instances, best results being obtained with stimulation of the medial mesencephalic lemniscus, including the sensory-motor thalamic nuclei. The pain-suppressing effect lasted for up to seven hours, so that three stimulations for 30-40 minutes daily were sufficient, as demonstrated by an observation period of up to 21 months. The only complication was transitory oculomotor paresis. The described reversible non-destructive stereotaxic and functional technique of stimulation is preferable to the coagulation method in the treatment of chronic intractable pain."}
{"id": "PMID:303563", "title": "[DDAVP: alternative to replacement treatment in mild haemophilia A and von Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "1-Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), a vasopressin analogue, increases factor VIII levels in plasma. A female carrier of haemophilia A with known bleeding diathesis and markedly reduced factor VIII activity was successfully treated with DDAVP during bilateral Caldwell-Luc's operation for chronic maxillary sinusitis. An estimated 5000 U factor VIII concentrate was calculated to have been saved. DDAVP is the first alternative to replacement therapy in the treatment of moderate and mold forms of haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease.", "contents": "[DDAVP: alternative to replacement treatment in mild haemophilia A and von Willebrand-J\u00fcrgens syndrome (author's transl)]. 1-Deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), a vasopressin analogue, increases factor VIII levels in plasma. A female carrier of haemophilia A with known bleeding diathesis and markedly reduced factor VIII activity was successfully treated with DDAVP during bilateral Caldwell-Luc's operation for chronic maxillary sinusitis. An estimated 5000 U factor VIII concentrate was calculated to have been saved. DDAVP is the first alternative to replacement therapy in the treatment of moderate and mold forms of haemophilia A and von Willebrand's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303565", "title": "Isolation and characterization of presynaptically acting neurotoxins from the venom of Bungarus snakes.", "content": "1. Five presynaptic toxins have been isolated in pure form from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus caeruleus and named beta1, beta2, beta3, beta4, and beta-ceruleotoxin. 2. They differ in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid composition, while all have the same molecular weight (22000) and are composed of two subunits of molecular weight 9000 and 12000. 3. The toxins have phospholipase A activity when assayed with both natural and synthetic phospholipids, and this activity requires the presence of Ca2+ ions. 4. beta-Bungarotoxin (beta3) binds 1 mol of Ca2+ per mol of protein and this binding induces a conformational change as detected by fluorescence measurements in the presence of the dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid. 5. The phospholipase activity of all the toxins is lost when a critical histidine residue is modified with p-bromophenacyl bromide. 6. As a result of the modification the lethality of the toxins is greatly reduced. 7. Native toxin causes a rapid decrease in amplitude of end-plate potentials, followed by a transient increase and subsequent decrease, until transmitter release is completely abolished. The modified  toxin still causes the early decrease in release but toxin action does not progress to complete block. 8. The rate of blockage of transmitter release by native toxin is reduced in the presence of modified toxin. 9. It is concluded that phospholipase activity plays an important role in the action of this class of toxins at the neuromuscular junction.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of presynaptically acting neurotoxins from the venom of Bungarus snakes. 1. Five presynaptic toxins have been isolated in pure form from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus caeruleus and named beta1, beta2, beta3, beta4, and beta-ceruleotoxin. 2. They differ in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid composition, while all have the same molecular weight (22000) and are composed of two subunits of molecular weight 9000 and 12000. 3. The toxins have phospholipase A activity when assayed with both natural and synthetic phospholipids, and this activity requires the presence of Ca2+ ions. 4. beta-Bungarotoxin (beta3) binds 1 mol of Ca2+ per mol of protein and this binding induces a conformational change as detected by fluorescence measurements in the presence of the dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid. 5. The phospholipase activity of all the toxins is lost when a critical histidine residue is modified with p-bromophenacyl bromide. 6. As a result of the modification the lethality of the toxins is greatly reduced. 7. Native toxin causes a rapid decrease in amplitude of end-plate potentials, followed by a transient increase and subsequent decrease, until transmitter release is completely abolished. The modified  toxin still causes the early decrease in release but toxin action does not progress to complete block. 8. The rate of blockage of transmitter release by native toxin is reduced in the presence of modified toxin. 9. It is concluded that phospholipase activity plays an important role in the action of this class of toxins at the neuromuscular junction."}
{"id": "PMID:303566", "title": "Solution conformational analysis of 2'-amino-2''deoxyadenosine, 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine and puromycin by pulsed nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods.", "content": "The solution conformation of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine, and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-6-N,N-dimethyladenosine have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in aqueous and ammonia solutions. The analysis of the ribose moiety is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of Altona and Sundaralingam. Longitudinal proton relaxation time and nuclear Overhauser enchancement measurements have been carried out in order to characterize the orientation of the base relative to the ribose. Those studies indicate that 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-6-N,N-dimethyladenosine exist in solution preferentially in the N-anti-g + conformations. On the other hand, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine adopts the S-syn-g +/t conformation families. It appears that the base is restricted to the anti conformation in the first two compounds, while in 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine, one third of the molecules in the S state are in the anti range. These studies corroborate the previously proposed correlations between the N state of the ribose and the anti orientation of the base and between the S state of the ribose and the syn orientation of the base.", "contents": "Solution conformational analysis of 2'-amino-2''deoxyadenosine, 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine and puromycin by pulsed nuclear-magnetic-resonance methods. The solution conformation of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine, and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-6-N,N-dimethyladenosine have been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance in aqueous and ammonia solutions. The analysis of the ribose moiety is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of Altona and Sundaralingam. Longitudinal proton relaxation time and nuclear Overhauser enchancement measurements have been carried out in order to characterize the orientation of the base relative to the ribose. Those studies indicate that 3'-amino-3'-deoxyadenosine and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-6-N,N-dimethyladenosine exist in solution preferentially in the N-anti-g + conformations. On the other hand, 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine adopts the S-syn-g +/t conformation families. It appears that the base is restricted to the anti conformation in the first two compounds, while in 2'-amino-2'-deoxyadenosine, one third of the molecules in the S state are in the anti range. These studies corroborate the previously proposed correlations between the N state of the ribose and the anti orientation of the base and between the S state of the ribose and the syn orientation of the base."}
{"id": "PMID:303569", "title": "Human B cells alloantigens; separation from other membrane molecules by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Human Ia-like alloantigens have been solubilized from membranes of B lymphoblastoid cell lines using sodium deoxycholate (DOC). They have been purified by affinity chromatography using specific rabbit antibodies bound to an agarose column, eluting the antigens at pH 11.0 in the presence of 0.5% DOC. The isolated, purified, material contained two proteins of molecular weights 35 000 and 27 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, apparently noncovalently associated with each other. The molecules were completely separated from the soluble products of the HLA-A, B and C loci and retained serological activity as measured by their capacity to inhibit the lysis of B lymphoblastoid cell lines by B cell-specific alloantisera.", "contents": "Human B cells alloantigens; separation from other membrane molecules by affinity chromatography. Human Ia-like alloantigens have been solubilized from membranes of B lymphoblastoid cell lines using sodium deoxycholate (DOC). They have been purified by affinity chromatography using specific rabbit antibodies bound to an agarose column, eluting the antigens at pH 11.0 in the presence of 0.5% DOC. The isolated, purified, material contained two proteins of molecular weights 35 000 and 27 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, apparently noncovalently associated with each other. The molecules were completely separated from the soluble products of the HLA-A, B and C loci and retained serological activity as measured by their capacity to inhibit the lysis of B lymphoblastoid cell lines by B cell-specific alloantisera."}
{"id": "PMID:303570", "title": "Preliminary characterization of a glycoprotein having Fc receptor properties extracted from a T cell lymphoma (L-5178-Y).", "content": "After incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids and/or of [3H]fucose during in vitro culture of the Thy-1.1-bearing, Fc receptor-positive T lymphoma, L-5187-Y, attempts were made to purify the Fc binding structure(s). Following solubilization of a crude membrane pellet using sodium deoxycholate, the 110 000 x g supernatant was filtered on Sephadex G-200, and the fractions containing IgG-binding material were further purified by affinity chromatography (on IgG Sepharose 4B.) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the final Fc-binding product showed an apparent molecular weight of 110 000 daltons. On subsequent reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, five bands (mol. wts. 56 000, 36, 000, 25 000, 18 000 and 15 000) were observed, the latter two being probably degradation products. These results are in accord with some of the published data concerning B cell Fc receptors.", "contents": "Preliminary characterization of a glycoprotein having Fc receptor properties extracted from a T cell lymphoma (L-5178-Y). After incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids and/or of [3H]fucose during in vitro culture of the Thy-1.1-bearing, Fc receptor-positive T lymphoma, L-5187-Y, attempts were made to purify the Fc binding structure(s). Following solubilization of a crude membrane pellet using sodium deoxycholate, the 110 000 x g supernatant was filtered on Sephadex G-200, and the fractions containing IgG-binding material were further purified by affinity chromatography (on IgG Sepharose 4B.) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the final Fc-binding product showed an apparent molecular weight of 110 000 daltons. On subsequent reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol, five bands (mol. wts. 56 000, 36, 000, 25 000, 18 000 and 15 000) were observed, the latter two being probably degradation products. These results are in accord with some of the published data concerning B cell Fc receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:303571", "title": "The effect of chlorpromazine on cell membrane resistance and capacitance.", "content": "Chlorpromazine, at concentrations of 1-50 micron, caused rises of up to 10 mV in the p.d. across the isolated frog skin and decreases as great as 5% in membrane capacitance; at concentrations of 10 micron and above the resistance decreased, by up to 25%. Effects on p.d. and resistance were obtained only when the drug was added to the solution bathing the outside of the skin; these effects are possibly caused by increases in the sodium permeability of the outer membrane. The decrease in capacitance is not consistant with an increase in membrane area without changes in thickness or permittivity, but could be explained by a loss of water from the membrane.", "contents": "The effect of chlorpromazine on cell membrane resistance and capacitance. Chlorpromazine, at concentrations of 1-50 micron, caused rises of up to 10 mV in the p.d. across the isolated frog skin and decreases as great as 5% in membrane capacitance; at concentrations of 10 micron and above the resistance decreased, by up to 25%. Effects on p.d. and resistance were obtained only when the drug was added to the solution bathing the outside of the skin; these effects are possibly caused by increases in the sodium permeability of the outer membrane. The decrease in capacitance is not consistant with an increase in membrane area without changes in thickness or permittivity, but could be explained by a loss of water from the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:303572", "title": "Clonazepam and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonic stereotypy.", "content": "The effect of clonazepam on a behavioral model of increased whole brain serotonin activity was investigated. While clonazepam induces a moderate elevation of whole brain serotonin, the drug fails to potentiate or inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced stereotypy in young guinea pigs. These results suggest that despite drug induced alterations in serotonin concentration clonazepam does not hava an effect on the physiologic activity of serotonin and may not exert its pharmacologic activity by influencing serotonin within the brain.", "contents": "Clonazepam and 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced myoclonic stereotypy. The effect of clonazepam on a behavioral model of increased whole brain serotonin activity was investigated. While clonazepam induces a moderate elevation of whole brain serotonin, the drug fails to potentiate or inhibit 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced stereotypy in young guinea pigs. These results suggest that despite drug induced alterations in serotonin concentration clonazepam does not hava an effect on the physiologic activity of serotonin and may not exert its pharmacologic activity by influencing serotonin within the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:303574", "title": "Metabolic pathways of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.", "content": "Incorporation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid 5 14C and 4 14C into the inosine monophosphate pool and into porphyrins, was studied in cell suspensions of R. spheroides. The results contradict a direct incorporation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid into the purine ring of nucleotides through gammadelta-dioxovaleric acid. It would suggest a nonspecific incorporation after degradation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid without a transamination as a first reaction.", "contents": "Metabolic pathways of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Incorporation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid 5 14C and 4 14C into the inosine monophosphate pool and into porphyrins, was studied in cell suspensions of R. spheroides. The results contradict a direct incorporation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid into the purine ring of nucleotides through gammadelta-dioxovaleric acid. It would suggest a nonspecific incorporation after degradation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid without a transamination as a first reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:303575", "title": "Ultrastructural autoradiographic study of blast cells in the mouse thymus. Interest for radioleukemia research.", "content": "Ultrastructural autoradiographic studies of mouse thymic blast cells after H3 Tdr injection show that their fine nuclear structure is related to their position in the cell cycle. The variations in the composition of the subcapsular blast cell population during radiation-induced leukemogenesis indicate kinetic changes in thymic lymphopoiesis, which are probably due to the oncogenic process.", "contents": "Ultrastructural autoradiographic study of blast cells in the mouse thymus. Interest for radioleukemia research. Ultrastructural autoradiographic studies of mouse thymic blast cells after H3 Tdr injection show that their fine nuclear structure is related to their position in the cell cycle. The variations in the composition of the subcapsular blast cell population during radiation-induced leukemogenesis indicate kinetic changes in thymic lymphopoiesis, which are probably due to the oncogenic process."}
{"id": "PMID:303577", "title": "Steps in mitogenic action of concanavalin A. I. Colchicine- and cytochalasin B-sensitive events.", "content": "The role of colchicine-sensitive and CB-sensitive events in Con A-inducible activation of spleen cells and thymocytes was investigated by exposing the cells to varying concentrations of the drugs, separately or in combination, in serum-free or serum-supplemented medium and at different stages of the culture. In the initial phase, thymocytes were much more sensitive to colchicine than spleen cells. In adequate doses, either colchicine or CB alone could completely inhibit the activation process; when both drugs were combined, the resulting effect was, as a rule, not additive. It was possible to separate the delayed spontaneous agglutination (which is a concomitant of the mitogenic effect of Con A) from activation by selectively inhibiting the former with CB. It was thus concluded that the delayed agglutination is not a prerequisite for activation to be accomplished. Following a low dose of CB which is known to inhibit cell mobility without blocking activation, agglutinates cannot form spontaneously, but do so when cell collisions are produced by mechanical forces.", "contents": "Steps in mitogenic action of concanavalin A. I. Colchicine- and cytochalasin B-sensitive events. The role of colchicine-sensitive and CB-sensitive events in Con A-inducible activation of spleen cells and thymocytes was investigated by exposing the cells to varying concentrations of the drugs, separately or in combination, in serum-free or serum-supplemented medium and at different stages of the culture. In the initial phase, thymocytes were much more sensitive to colchicine than spleen cells. In adequate doses, either colchicine or CB alone could completely inhibit the activation process; when both drugs were combined, the resulting effect was, as a rule, not additive. It was possible to separate the delayed spontaneous agglutination (which is a concomitant of the mitogenic effect of Con A) from activation by selectively inhibiting the former with CB. It was thus concluded that the delayed agglutination is not a prerequisite for activation to be accomplished. Following a low dose of CB which is known to inhibit cell mobility without blocking activation, agglutinates cannot form spontaneously, but do so when cell collisions are produced by mechanical forces."}
{"id": "PMID:303576", "title": "[Effect of pancreatic kallikrein and trypsin inhibitors on the course of postischemic toxemia].", "content": "By studying the ECG findings, dynamic changes of the body temperature, the edemas size in the tourniquet-compressed limbs, vascular permeability of the skin, general condition and survival rate on a model of post-ischemic toxemia in albino rats it was found that the serum containing antibodies to pancreatic kallikrein (200 gamma/ml), when introduced parenterally (1 ml per 100 g of the mass), increases the survival time of the animals and prevents the development of gangrene in the ischemic limbs. The curative effect of the antikallikrein serum resembles the action of ingitril, a polyvalent inhibitor (1.5 Un. per 100 g of the mass). The antitryptic serum employed in analogous doses stands by its action close to the normal rabbit's serum.", "contents": "[Effect of pancreatic kallikrein and trypsin inhibitors on the course of postischemic toxemia]. By studying the ECG findings, dynamic changes of the body temperature, the edemas size in the tourniquet-compressed limbs, vascular permeability of the skin, general condition and survival rate on a model of post-ischemic toxemia in albino rats it was found that the serum containing antibodies to pancreatic kallikrein (200 gamma/ml), when introduced parenterally (1 ml per 100 g of the mass), increases the survival time of the animals and prevents the development of gangrene in the ischemic limbs. The curative effect of the antikallikrein serum resembles the action of ingitril, a polyvalent inhibitor (1.5 Un. per 100 g of the mass). The antitryptic serum employed in analogous doses stands by its action close to the normal rabbit's serum."}
{"id": "PMID:303582", "title": "[The treatment of a case of postpartum uterine atony with consumption coagulopathy by therapeutic pharmaco angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hours following a twin stillbirth at 30 weeks gestation, a 25 year old primipara developed severe postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony and complicated by increasing consumption coagulopathy. Bilateral catheterization of the internal iliac arteries was attempted but only achieved on the left. For the next 22 hours the patient received 0.2 units per minute of Pitressin by intra-arterial infusion. The infusion was done more and more intermittently as the bleeding stopped and the coagulation parameters normalized. An emergency ligation of the internal iliac arteries or an emergency hysterectomy was thus avoided in this patient.", "contents": "[The treatment of a case of postpartum uterine atony with consumption coagulopathy by therapeutic pharmaco angiography (author's transl)]. Two hours following a twin stillbirth at 30 weeks gestation, a 25 year old primipara developed severe postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony and complicated by increasing consumption coagulopathy. Bilateral catheterization of the internal iliac arteries was attempted but only achieved on the left. For the next 22 hours the patient received 0.2 units per minute of Pitressin by intra-arterial infusion. The infusion was done more and more intermittently as the bleeding stopped and the coagulation parameters normalized. An emergency ligation of the internal iliac arteries or an emergency hysterectomy was thus avoided in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:303583", "title": "[The influence of pregnancy on the immunologic reactivity of the mother. Investigations into the reactivity of the peripheral lymphocytes to mitogens and on the percentage rate of B-cells in the maternal blood during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In pregnant women, lymphocytes from the peripheral blood were stimulated with phytohemagglutin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Concanavalin A (CON A) and the percentage rate of B-cells was determined. Compared to healthy non-pregnant controls of the same age, no significant difference in the stimulation or the percentage of B-cells was found at different times of pregnancy. The observation of other authors was confirmed that phytohemagglutin induced stimulation of lymphocytes in non-pregnant controls can be diminished by the addition of pregnant serum instead of the normally used homologus AB serums. Our results lead to the conjecture that the diminished reactivity of the maternal lymphocytes during pregnancy is not intrinsic to the lymphocyte in pregnancy but more likely due to inhibitory substances in the serum of the pregnant patient.", "contents": "[The influence of pregnancy on the immunologic reactivity of the mother. Investigations into the reactivity of the peripheral lymphocytes to mitogens and on the percentage rate of B-cells in the maternal blood during pregnancy (author's transl)]. In pregnant women, lymphocytes from the peripheral blood were stimulated with phytohemagglutin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Concanavalin A (CON A) and the percentage rate of B-cells was determined. Compared to healthy non-pregnant controls of the same age, no significant difference in the stimulation or the percentage of B-cells was found at different times of pregnancy. The observation of other authors was confirmed that phytohemagglutin induced stimulation of lymphocytes in non-pregnant controls can be diminished by the addition of pregnant serum instead of the normally used homologus AB serums. Our results lead to the conjecture that the diminished reactivity of the maternal lymphocytes during pregnancy is not intrinsic to the lymphocyte in pregnancy but more likely due to inhibitory substances in the serum of the pregnant patient."}
{"id": "PMID:303602", "title": "[Pharmacological studies of ketoprofen (19583RP) III. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions in subcutaneous administration (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been already reported that ketoprofen (KP) has a potent anti-inflammatory action comparable to indomethacin, but with oral administration, gastric mucous membrane disturbances occur. In the present work, we administered the Na salt of KP (KP-Na) subcutaneously and found that the anti-inflammatory action was more potent in subacute and chronic inflammations than in the acute one. As an acidic compound, KP-Na had a relatively potent analgesic-antipyretic action and a medical efficacy comparable to the usual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs given orally. The efficacy in case of subcutaneous administration was 2 to 3 times stronger over both acute and chronic inflammations than in case of oral administration. On the other hand, the gastric mucous membrane disturbance was decreased to about 1/3 in case of subcutaneous administration, thus the gastric disturbance could be abated and the medical efficacy can be increased when KP-Na is given subcutaneously. As KP-Na was less irritative at the injection site, the compound could be used clinically for a subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies of ketoprofen (19583RP) III. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic actions in subcutaneous administration (author's transl)]. It has been already reported that ketoprofen (KP) has a potent anti-inflammatory action comparable to indomethacin, but with oral administration, gastric mucous membrane disturbances occur. In the present work, we administered the Na salt of KP (KP-Na) subcutaneously and found that the anti-inflammatory action was more potent in subacute and chronic inflammations than in the acute one. As an acidic compound, KP-Na had a relatively potent analgesic-antipyretic action and a medical efficacy comparable to the usual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs given orally. The efficacy in case of subcutaneous administration was 2 to 3 times stronger over both acute and chronic inflammations than in case of oral administration. On the other hand, the gastric mucous membrane disturbance was decreased to about 1/3 in case of subcutaneous administration, thus the gastric disturbance could be abated and the medical efficacy can be increased when KP-Na is given subcutaneously. As KP-Na was less irritative at the injection site, the compound could be used clinically for a subcutaneous administration."}
{"id": "PMID:303608", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in Lyon, France.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin Pi phenotyping was performed by thin-layer isoelectric focusing on samples from 1653 healthy white blood donors. The variants were confirmed by the acid-starch gel technique and crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with complete agreement between the two methods. The allele frequencies in this population were PiM, 0.9019; PiS, 0.0713;PiZ,0.0142; PiI, 0.0036; PiF, 0.0036; PiV, 0.0024. In addition, some rare phenotypes (MX, IS, LM) were noted. No difference was noted in the distribution of the variant alleles between males and females. The significance of the high frequency of the S allele is related to the ethnic origin of this population. The agreement of the results obtained by our technique and by acid-starch gel electrophoresis confirms the validity of Pi determination by thin-layer isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in Lyon, France. Alpha-1-antitrypsin Pi phenotyping was performed by thin-layer isoelectric focusing on samples from 1653 healthy white blood donors. The variants were confirmed by the acid-starch gel technique and crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with complete agreement between the two methods. The allele frequencies in this population were PiM, 0.9019; PiS, 0.0713;PiZ,0.0142; PiI, 0.0036; PiF, 0.0036; PiV, 0.0024. In addition, some rare phenotypes (MX, IS, LM) were noted. No difference was noted in the distribution of the variant alleles between males and females. The significance of the high frequency of the S allele is related to the ethnic origin of this population. The agreement of the results obtained by our technique and by acid-starch gel electrophoresis confirms the validity of Pi determination by thin-layer isoelectric focusing."}
{"id": "PMID:303610", "title": "Preparation of high titered rabbit anti-mouse IgE sera.", "content": "A method for the consistent production of rabbit anti-mouse IgE sera is described. Rabbits were immunized intravenously with IgE-anti-normal mouse serum mixtures over 8 to 12 weeks. Ten microliters of the anti-mouse IgE sera completely neutralized all the mouse IgE in the serum (50 microliter) possessing a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titer of 20,000.", "contents": "Preparation of high titered rabbit anti-mouse IgE sera. A method for the consistent production of rabbit anti-mouse IgE sera is described. Rabbits were immunized intravenously with IgE-anti-normal mouse serum mixtures over 8 to 12 weeks. Ten microliters of the anti-mouse IgE sera completely neutralized all the mouse IgE in the serum (50 microliter) possessing a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titer of 20,000."}
{"id": "PMID:303611", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity during the growth cycle of T and B lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase activity per cell was constant during the growth of B cells but increased during logarithmic growth of T cells and decreased as T cell viability decreased during the stationary phase of growth. This elevated enzyme activity appears to be a biochemical marker for T cell leukemic blasts.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity during the growth cycle of T and B lymphoid cell lines. Adenosine deaminase activity per cell was constant during the growth of B cells but increased during logarithmic growth of T cells and decreased as T cell viability decreased during the stationary phase of growth. This elevated enzyme activity appears to be a biochemical marker for T cell leukemic blasts."}
{"id": "PMID:303612", "title": "Effect of iodoacetate on T lymphocytes of young AKR mice.", "content": "The influence of sulphydryl inhibitor iodoacetate on properties characteristically associated with T-lymphocytes was examined in young AKR mice. Thymocytes from mice receiving 100 microgram of iodoacetate showed a decrease in cortisone sensitivity, and responded more vigorously to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Spleen cells from treated mice also exhibited greater reactivity to both PHA and concanavalin A (Con A). The uptake of 14C-iodoacetate by the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and kidneys also was investigated. One hour, 2 h and 18 h after the intraperiotoneal injection of 10-3 M iodoacetate, the thymus demonstrated a higher incorporation of the labelled compound than did the spleen, lymph nodes or other organs examined. These findings provide further evidence to indicate that the immuno-enhancement observed following iodoacetate treatment is related to its effect on T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of iodoacetate on T lymphocytes of young AKR mice. The influence of sulphydryl inhibitor iodoacetate on properties characteristically associated with T-lymphocytes was examined in young AKR mice. Thymocytes from mice receiving 100 microgram of iodoacetate showed a decrease in cortisone sensitivity, and responded more vigorously to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Spleen cells from treated mice also exhibited greater reactivity to both PHA and concanavalin A (Con A). The uptake of 14C-iodoacetate by the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and kidneys also was investigated. One hour, 2 h and 18 h after the intraperiotoneal injection of 10-3 M iodoacetate, the thymus demonstrated a higher incorporation of the labelled compound than did the spleen, lymph nodes or other organs examined. These findings provide further evidence to indicate that the immuno-enhancement observed following iodoacetate treatment is related to its effect on T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303613", "title": "Anti-DNP antibody response after the topical application of DNFB in mice.", "content": "A single painting or daily paintings for 5 days with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on the abdominal skin of mice induced both contact sensitivity, detectable by ear swelling, and, hapten-reactive helper T cells, detectable by the augmented anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody response on challenge with dinitrophenyl-BSA. Contact sensitivity was induced within 7 days and helper activity within 14 days after the sensitization. Anti-hapten antibody response in the spleen or regional lymph nodes of such mice, however, was negligibly small during the 15 days after a single painting. Failure to respond with anti-hapten antibody production of mice given only a single painting was shown to be due to the shortage of B cells reactive to the hapten. Daily paintings for 5 days did not necessarily result in the augmented antibody response. By contrast, a strong anti-hapten antibody response was observed in mice receiving two paintings at an interval of 10 days. In these mice, hapten-specific B memory cells as well as hapten-reactive T cells were detected. Thus, the anti-hapten antibody response after the topical applciation of simple chemicals may depend upon the priming of B cells, and the response must be mediated by the cooperation of T and B cells both reactive to the antigen.", "contents": "Anti-DNP antibody response after the topical application of DNFB in mice. A single painting or daily paintings for 5 days with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) on the abdominal skin of mice induced both contact sensitivity, detectable by ear swelling, and, hapten-reactive helper T cells, detectable by the augmented anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody response on challenge with dinitrophenyl-BSA. Contact sensitivity was induced within 7 days and helper activity within 14 days after the sensitization. Anti-hapten antibody response in the spleen or regional lymph nodes of such mice, however, was negligibly small during the 15 days after a single painting. Failure to respond with anti-hapten antibody production of mice given only a single painting was shown to be due to the shortage of B cells reactive to the hapten. Daily paintings for 5 days did not necessarily result in the augmented antibody response. By contrast, a strong anti-hapten antibody response was observed in mice receiving two paintings at an interval of 10 days. In these mice, hapten-specific B memory cells as well as hapten-reactive T cells were detected. Thus, the anti-hapten antibody response after the topical applciation of simple chemicals may depend upon the priming of B cells, and the response must be mediated by the cooperation of T and B cells both reactive to the antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:303620", "title": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection in B-cell-deficient mice.", "content": "B-cell-deficient C57B1/6J mice (suppressed from birth with goat anti-mu) and controls (treated from birth with normal goat serum) were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in duration of survival of the mu-suppressed mice compared with that of controls. Whereas both mu-suppressed and control mice had an initial rise in parasitemia of similar magnitude, only the control mice exhibited a subsequent period during which the parasitemia fell to undetectable levels. In control mice, immunization with irradiated organisms prevented the development of detectable parasitemia after challenge with viable trypanosomes. However, immunization did not alter the course of infection in B-cell-deficient mice. These results indicate that immunity to T. rhodesiense infection in mice is dependent on B-cell immunocompetence.", "contents": "Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection in B-cell-deficient mice. B-cell-deficient C57B1/6J mice (suppressed from birth with goat anti-mu) and controls (treated from birth with normal goat serum) were infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in duration of survival of the mu-suppressed mice compared with that of controls. Whereas both mu-suppressed and control mice had an initial rise in parasitemia of similar magnitude, only the control mice exhibited a subsequent period during which the parasitemia fell to undetectable levels. In control mice, immunization with irradiated organisms prevented the development of detectable parasitemia after challenge with viable trypanosomes. However, immunization did not alter the course of infection in B-cell-deficient mice. These results indicate that immunity to T. rhodesiense infection in mice is dependent on B-cell immunocompetence."}
{"id": "PMID:303621", "title": "Surface glycoprotein patterns of normal and malignant human lymphoid cells. I. T cells T blasts and leukemic T cell lines.", "content": "Exposed surface glycoproteins of resting and in vitro activated human T lymphocytes and leukemic T-cell lines were labelled by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride method. The labelled glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography. The basic glycoprotein patterns of the T lymphocytes and T blasts were found also in the leukemic T cells. The glycoprotein pattern of the T-cell lines was easily distinguishable from that of other hematopoietic cell lines. The findings suggest that: (1) surface glycoprotein analysis might be useful for the identification of cell lines and for the differential diagnosis of hematopoietic malignancies; and (2) cells of cultured T lines may be used for the identification and preparation of T lymphoid differentiation antigens and perhaps also tumor-associated surface molecules.", "contents": "Surface glycoprotein patterns of normal and malignant human lymphoid cells. I. T cells T blasts and leukemic T cell lines. Exposed surface glycoproteins of resting and in vitro activated human T lymphocytes and leukemic T-cell lines were labelled by the galactose oxidase-tritiated sodium borohydride method. The labelled glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography. The basic glycoprotein patterns of the T lymphocytes and T blasts were found also in the leukemic T cells. The glycoprotein pattern of the T-cell lines was easily distinguishable from that of other hematopoietic cell lines. The findings suggest that: (1) surface glycoprotein analysis might be useful for the identification of cell lines and for the differential diagnosis of hematopoietic malignancies; and (2) cells of cultured T lines may be used for the identification and preparation of T lymphoid differentiation antigens and perhaps also tumor-associated surface molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:303623", "title": "Effects of daunomycin and radiation on cell-survival and repair of DNA single-strand breaks.", "content": "The combined action of Daunomycin and irradiation was investigated using mouse L-929 cells in culture. Survival of cells was measured with the colony assay. Sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients was used to study repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) in the presence of various concentrations of Daunomycin. A small increase in radio-sensitivity, as measured by decreasing Do, was obtained for doses of Daunomycin that are considerably toxic to the cells (0.1 microgram/ml). However, the Dq values remained constant even at high concentrations indicating that Daunomycin does not interfere with recovery processes. The rate of rejoining of SSB remained constant up to 1.0 microgram/ml, whereas concentrations of Daunomycin as high as 10 microgram/ml reduced the velocity of repair by a factor of 13. Our data show that concentrations of Daunomycin similar to those required for other DNA-binding drugs are required to inhibit SSB repair. For clinical purposes, no increase in tumour-killing efficiency may be expected from a combined treatment with Daunomycin and radiation.", "contents": "Effects of daunomycin and radiation on cell-survival and repair of DNA single-strand breaks. The combined action of Daunomycin and irradiation was investigated using mouse L-929 cells in culture. Survival of cells was measured with the colony assay. Sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients was used to study repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) in the presence of various concentrations of Daunomycin. A small increase in radio-sensitivity, as measured by decreasing Do, was obtained for doses of Daunomycin that are considerably toxic to the cells (0.1 microgram/ml). However, the Dq values remained constant even at high concentrations indicating that Daunomycin does not interfere with recovery processes. The rate of rejoining of SSB remained constant up to 1.0 microgram/ml, whereas concentrations of Daunomycin as high as 10 microgram/ml reduced the velocity of repair by a factor of 13. Our data show that concentrations of Daunomycin similar to those required for other DNA-binding drugs are required to inhibit SSB repair. For clinical purposes, no increase in tumour-killing efficiency may be expected from a combined treatment with Daunomycin and radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:303624", "title": "gamma-radiolysis of N2O-saturated aqueous solutions of trehalose and trehalose/amino acid mixtures.", "content": "gamma-radiolysis of aqueous N2O-saturated solutions of alpha, alpha-trehalose (10(-2) M) with doses of 500 krad yielded glucose (G = 2.3), gluconic acid lactone (G = 0.25) and--after reduction--iditol (G = 0.15), mannitol (G = 0.05), 5-deoxy-glucitol (G = 0.34) and 2-deoxy-glucitol (G = 0.14). The decomposition of trehalose (G = -5.9) was reduced, if equimolar amounts of amino acids (alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine or cysteine) were present during irradiation. The extent of this reduction has been correlated with the .OH radical-scavenging properties of the added amino acids. Cysteine also protected trehalose by the repair of initially formed trehalose radicals and almost completely suppressed the formation of products. The addition of the remaining amino acids led to an increase of molar product yields (glucose, 5-deoxy-glucitol and 2-deoxy-glucitol), which was related to the decomposition of trehalose. This finding was explained by hydrogen transfer from the amino acids to precursor radicals of the products.", "contents": "gamma-radiolysis of N2O-saturated aqueous solutions of trehalose and trehalose/amino acid mixtures. gamma-radiolysis of aqueous N2O-saturated solutions of alpha, alpha-trehalose (10(-2) M) with doses of 500 krad yielded glucose (G = 2.3), gluconic acid lactone (G = 0.25) and--after reduction--iditol (G = 0.15), mannitol (G = 0.05), 5-deoxy-glucitol (G = 0.34) and 2-deoxy-glucitol (G = 0.14). The decomposition of trehalose (G = -5.9) was reduced, if equimolar amounts of amino acids (alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine or cysteine) were present during irradiation. The extent of this reduction has been correlated with the .OH radical-scavenging properties of the added amino acids. Cysteine also protected trehalose by the repair of initially formed trehalose radicals and almost completely suppressed the formation of products. The addition of the remaining amino acids led to an increase of molar product yields (glucose, 5-deoxy-glucitol and 2-deoxy-glucitol), which was related to the decomposition of trehalose. This finding was explained by hydrogen transfer from the amino acids to precursor radicals of the products."}
{"id": "PMID:303625", "title": "Pulse radiolysis of lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Pulse radiolysis has been used to investigate the rates and transient spectra for the reactions of free radicals with beef heart lactate dehydrogenase at pH 7. Analysis of the results leads to second-order rate-constants for eaq-, .OH, .I, .Br2-, .I2- and .(CNS)2- which are, respectively, 24, 21, 10, 0.55, 0.43 and 0.15 in units of 10(10) M-1 s-1 with uncertainties of +/- 20 per cent. Those for .I and .I2- are similar to the corresponding rate-constants for the related enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The spectra of the transient species produced by .OH, .Br2- and .(CNS)2- all showed evidence for reactions with tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and in general terms the magnitudes of the rate-constants appeared to increase with the oxidizing abilities of the radicals. The implication of the results for understanding the mechanism of deactivation by free radicals is discussed.", "contents": "Pulse radiolysis of lactate dehydrogenase. Pulse radiolysis has been used to investigate the rates and transient spectra for the reactions of free radicals with beef heart lactate dehydrogenase at pH 7. Analysis of the results leads to second-order rate-constants for eaq-, .OH, .I, .Br2-, .I2- and .(CNS)2- which are, respectively, 24, 21, 10, 0.55, 0.43 and 0.15 in units of 10(10) M-1 s-1 with uncertainties of +/- 20 per cent. Those for .I and .I2- are similar to the corresponding rate-constants for the related enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The spectra of the transient species produced by .OH, .Br2- and .(CNS)2- all showed evidence for reactions with tyrosine and tryptophan residues, and in general terms the magnitudes of the rate-constants appeared to increase with the oxidizing abilities of the radicals. The implication of the results for understanding the mechanism of deactivation by free radicals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303626", "title": "Change in radiosensitivity of sea-urchin eggs during early cleavage stages. III. Effects of split-dose irradiation with 137Cs gamma-rays.", "content": "When sea-urchin eggs were irradiated with 137Cs gamma-rays, their radiosensitivity, expressed by the percentage which formed pluteus larvae, fluctuated during the early cleavage cycle. Split-dose irradiations were made both in the sensitive and resistant phases. For eggs in the sensitive phase, the effect of the first exposure of 500 rad was not diminished during the interval before the second exposure. Eggs irradiated in the resistant phase were only slightly damaged. Results imply that fluctuations in radiosensitivity of sea-urchin eggs are caused mainly by different degrees of non-repairable damage in each phase of cleavage rather than by different recovery abilities.", "contents": "Change in radiosensitivity of sea-urchin eggs during early cleavage stages. III. Effects of split-dose irradiation with 137Cs gamma-rays. When sea-urchin eggs were irradiated with 137Cs gamma-rays, their radiosensitivity, expressed by the percentage which formed pluteus larvae, fluctuated during the early cleavage cycle. Split-dose irradiations were made both in the sensitive and resistant phases. For eggs in the sensitive phase, the effect of the first exposure of 500 rad was not diminished during the interval before the second exposure. Eggs irradiated in the resistant phase were only slightly damaged. Results imply that fluctuations in radiosensitivity of sea-urchin eggs are caused mainly by different degrees of non-repairable damage in each phase of cleavage rather than by different recovery abilities."}
{"id": "PMID:303622", "title": "Cellular immunity in patients with leprosy. Circulating T lymphocytes and their response to PHA in leprosy.", "content": "The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from polar lepromatous (LL), borderline lepromatous (BL) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) patients to transform in vitro in the presence of phytohemagglutinin was found to be significantly reduced. A significant reduction in the percentage and absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed in LL cases. In BL cases the number of T lymphocytes was decreased, but the reduction was proportional to the reduction in the total lymphocyte population was observed only in bacteriologically positive cases.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in patients with leprosy. Circulating T lymphocytes and their response to PHA in leprosy. The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from polar lepromatous (LL), borderline lepromatous (BL) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) patients to transform in vitro in the presence of phytohemagglutinin was found to be significantly reduced. A significant reduction in the percentage and absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed in LL cases. In BL cases the number of T lymphocytes was decreased, but the reduction was proportional to the reduction in the total lymphocyte population was observed only in bacteriologically positive cases."}
{"id": "PMID:303632", "title": "The effects of X-radiation  on thymidine-transport kinetics and DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in relation to extracellular thymidine concentration.", "content": "A TdR carrier-transport system, believed to be facilitated diffusion, has been shown to exist in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. It is suggested that this system is the predominant transport mechanism at low extracellular concentrations (less than 1-5 micron). The transport system was damaged considerably by 5 krad X-radiation, resulting in a 30-35 per cent reduction in the  initial total TdR uptake rat at low extracellular concentrations and 15-20 min after irradiation. The extent of the damage was dependent on the age of the cells as was reflected by relative decreases in V max and Km. It can be concluded that the enhanced depression in 14C-TdR incorporation into DNA of irradiated cells when low precursor concentrations were used for monitoring, is partly attributed to the radiation-induced damage to the carrier-transport system. The permeability constant for passive diffusion in asynchronous E.A.T. cells and the endogenous natural rate of dTTP synthesis in S-phase cells were estimated.", "contents": "The effects of X-radiation  on thymidine-transport kinetics and DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in relation to extracellular thymidine concentration. A TdR carrier-transport system, believed to be facilitated diffusion, has been shown to exist in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. It is suggested that this system is the predominant transport mechanism at low extracellular concentrations (less than 1-5 micron). The transport system was damaged considerably by 5 krad X-radiation, resulting in a 30-35 per cent reduction in the  initial total TdR uptake rat at low extracellular concentrations and 15-20 min after irradiation. The extent of the damage was dependent on the age of the cells as was reflected by relative decreases in V max and Km. It can be concluded that the enhanced depression in 14C-TdR incorporation into DNA of irradiated cells when low precursor concentrations were used for monitoring, is partly attributed to the radiation-induced damage to the carrier-transport system. The permeability constant for passive diffusion in asynchronous E.A.T. cells and the endogenous natural rate of dTTP synthesis in S-phase cells were estimated."}
{"id": "PMID:303633", "title": "Free radical scavenging in protection of human lymphocytes against chromosome aberration formation by gamma-ray irradiation.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to 300 rad gamma-rays, in the presence or absence of radical scavengers, and the change in the frequency of chromosome aberrations was analysed with attention directed to the protection by scavengers against the formation of primary damage leading to chromosome aberrations. The results showed that the damage involved in the formation of exchange-type aberrations was efficiently protected by scavengers, and about 60 per cent of them resulted from indirect action that could be abolished by alcohols. The SH-compounds afforded additional protection. The comparison of protective ability with reaction rates demonstrated that the indirect effect was due to the reaction of OH radicals possibly to DNA as a target molecule, and the involvement of H and eaq-was unlikely. In contrast to the exchange-type aberrations, terminal deletions were not significantly protected, suggesting that the damage leading to the terminal deletion differed in its nature from the leading to the exchange-type aberration.", "contents": "Free radical scavenging in protection of human lymphocytes against chromosome aberration formation by gamma-ray irradiation. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to 300 rad gamma-rays, in the presence or absence of radical scavengers, and the change in the frequency of chromosome aberrations was analysed with attention directed to the protection by scavengers against the formation of primary damage leading to chromosome aberrations. The results showed that the damage involved in the formation of exchange-type aberrations was efficiently protected by scavengers, and about 60 per cent of them resulted from indirect action that could be abolished by alcohols. The SH-compounds afforded additional protection. The comparison of protective ability with reaction rates demonstrated that the indirect effect was due to the reaction of OH radicals possibly to DNA as a target molecule, and the involvement of H and eaq-was unlikely. In contrast to the exchange-type aberrations, terminal deletions were not significantly protected, suggesting that the damage leading to the terminal deletion differed in its nature from the leading to the exchange-type aberration."}
{"id": "PMID:303642", "title": "Heat sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae containing defective prophage.", "content": "Strains of Haemophilus influenzae that carry a defective prophage are more sensitive to heat than is a strain that does not, even in the presence of a rec-1 mutation, which normally renders prophage noninducible. The prophage of HP1c1, a nondefective phage, does not affect the heat sensitivity.", "contents": "Heat sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae containing defective prophage. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae that carry a defective prophage are more sensitive to heat than is a strain that does not, even in the presence of a rec-1 mutation, which normally renders prophage noninducible. The prophage of HP1c1, a nondefective phage, does not affect the heat sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:303644", "title": "Ceruminous tumor of the jugular foramen.", "content": "Intrapetrous ceruminomas are rate tumors; only four cases have been reported in the literature. These had characteristics of cerebellopontine angle tumors. Our case had the characteristics of a tumor of the jugular foramen.", "contents": "Ceruminous tumor of the jugular foramen. Intrapetrous ceruminomas are rate tumors; only four cases have been reported in the literature. These had characteristics of cerebellopontine angle tumors. Our case had the characteristics of a tumor of the jugular foramen."}
{"id": "PMID:303645", "title": "An analysis of transport, exchange, and binding of sodium and potassium in isolated amphibian follicles and denuded oocytes.", "content": "The uptake and efflux of 22Na and 42K were studied in fully grown, prophase-arrested Rana pipiens follicles and denuded oocytes. Follicles and denuded oocytes contained large stores of both cations, although only 15--30% of the total Na+ and 1--2% of the total K+ pools exchanged within the 12-h period studied. 22Na uptake and efflux in follicles exhibited two-step kinetics with a smaller rapidly exchanging fraction (12--15%, t0-5 approximately 15 min), and a larger slow fraction (t0-5 approximately 0-5 day). Denuded oocytes displayed a single kinetic fraction with a rate constant similar to the slow fraction of follicles, suggesting that the fast fraction was associated with the follicular epithelium. Both follicles and denuded oocytes exhibited fast and slow 42K uptake kinetic fractions, although the follicular fast fraction was considerably larger. Conversely, whereas follicular 42K efflux also proceeded with two-step kinetics, 42K efflux from denuded oocytes appeared as a single slow fraction. Thus, a large portion of the fast K+ fraction taken up by the follicles is attributable to the somatic cells of the follicular envelopes. Na+ and K+ activities were measured in the cytoplasm of the in situ (follicular) oocyte using cation-selective microelectrodes. After correcting for Na+ and K+ associated with the follicular envelopes, only about 6% of the total ooplasmic Na+ and less than 1% of the K+ could be accounted for as bound or sequestered.", "contents": "An analysis of transport, exchange, and binding of sodium and potassium in isolated amphibian follicles and denuded oocytes. The uptake and efflux of 22Na and 42K were studied in fully grown, prophase-arrested Rana pipiens follicles and denuded oocytes. Follicles and denuded oocytes contained large stores of both cations, although only 15--30% of the total Na+ and 1--2% of the total K+ pools exchanged within the 12-h period studied. 22Na uptake and efflux in follicles exhibited two-step kinetics with a smaller rapidly exchanging fraction (12--15%, t0-5 approximately 15 min), and a larger slow fraction (t0-5 approximately 0-5 day). Denuded oocytes displayed a single kinetic fraction with a rate constant similar to the slow fraction of follicles, suggesting that the fast fraction was associated with the follicular epithelium. Both follicles and denuded oocytes exhibited fast and slow 42K uptake kinetic fractions, although the follicular fast fraction was considerably larger. Conversely, whereas follicular 42K efflux also proceeded with two-step kinetics, 42K efflux from denuded oocytes appeared as a single slow fraction. Thus, a large portion of the fast K+ fraction taken up by the follicles is attributable to the somatic cells of the follicular envelopes. Na+ and K+ activities were measured in the cytoplasm of the in situ (follicular) oocyte using cation-selective microelectrodes. After correcting for Na+ and K+ associated with the follicular envelopes, only about 6% of the total ooplasmic Na+ and less than 1% of the K+ could be accounted for as bound or sequestered."}
{"id": "PMID:303646", "title": "[Immediate and late results of 171 therapeutic portal systemic by pass operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors reports the results of 171 cases of portal systemic by pass operations out of a total of 200 cases operated on between 1968 and 1974. These 171 patients all presented with a syndrome of portal hypertension with oesophageal varices and all had previously bled. Their age lay in 70 p. cent of cases between 40 and 60 years and the cause of hypertension was in 96 p. cent of cases an intra-hepatic block. 41 p. cent were included in the risk group A according to Child's classification, 51 p. cent in Group B and 8 p. cent in Group C. The routine operation was side-to-side portacaval anastomosis (75 p. cent). The operative mortality was 5.2 p. cent in all with 1 p. cent in cases with risk A, and 15 p. cent in cases with risk C. The fall in portal pressure was on average 15 cm of water, i.e. 41 p. cent of the initial pressure. The overall survival after 5 years was 65 p. cent, 70 p. cent for risk A and 26 p. cent for risk C. In 69 p. cent of cases the cause of death was liver failure. Encephalopathy, studied in 76 patients over an average period of 3 years, occurred in 39 p. cent of cases, and in 13 p. cent of the latter it was serious. In the 12 p. cent of survivors, we noted recurrent hemorrhage, but in only 2.5 p cent of cases did the bleeding definitely come from oesophageal varices. In the light of these results, the authors judge positively the surgical treatment of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Immediate and late results of 171 therapeutic portal systemic by pass operations (author's transl)]. The authors reports the results of 171 cases of portal systemic by pass operations out of a total of 200 cases operated on between 1968 and 1974. These 171 patients all presented with a syndrome of portal hypertension with oesophageal varices and all had previously bled. Their age lay in 70 p. cent of cases between 40 and 60 years and the cause of hypertension was in 96 p. cent of cases an intra-hepatic block. 41 p. cent were included in the risk group A according to Child's classification, 51 p. cent in Group B and 8 p. cent in Group C. The routine operation was side-to-side portacaval anastomosis (75 p. cent). The operative mortality was 5.2 p. cent in all with 1 p. cent in cases with risk A, and 15 p. cent in cases with risk C. The fall in portal pressure was on average 15 cm of water, i.e. 41 p. cent of the initial pressure. The overall survival after 5 years was 65 p. cent, 70 p. cent for risk A and 26 p. cent for risk C. In 69 p. cent of cases the cause of death was liver failure. Encephalopathy, studied in 76 patients over an average period of 3 years, occurred in 39 p. cent of cases, and in 13 p. cent of the latter it was serious. In the 12 p. cent of survivors, we noted recurrent hemorrhage, but in only 2.5 p cent of cases did the bleeding definitely come from oesophageal varices. In the light of these results, the authors judge positively the surgical treatment of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:303647", "title": "The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus.", "content": "The torus semicircularis (TS) of the Tegu lizard extends from the superficial caudal mesencephalon, dorsal to the exiting trochlear nerve, to a position ventral to the middle part of the optic tectum and its ventricle. It has an oblique orientation with the caudal pole abutting the midline while the rostal end is lateral and slightly ventral. The TS consists of a central nucleus and several adjacent cell groups. The central nucleus and the laminar nucleus, situated medially, extend the entire length of the TS while the cortical nucleus, situated dorsally and laterally, is present only in the caudal superficial portion. The central nucleus is composed of ovoid neurons with branched, radiating dendrites. The dendrites are directed medially and laterally with spines on the distal portion of the dendritic tree. The laminar nucleus consists of three to five neuronal layers. It is mainly composed of fusiform neurons with one dendritic trunk from each extremity of the soma. There is little branching and few dendritic spines. The cortical nucleus is a laminated region consisting of alternating layers of neurons and lateral lemniscal fibers. The neurons of the superficial layers are fusiform with their long axis perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem. They possess two main dendritic trunks which parallel the laminae and are covered with dendritic spines. The deeper layers consist of pyramidal neurons with three dendritic trunks, secondary branches, and few spines. The long axis of these neurons extends from the center of the TS to the periphery. Two dendritic trunks extend dorsally or laterally towards the surface, while the third extends towards the central nucleus. The dendrites, thus, extend across the laminae. In addition, a cell-free lateral zone is described.", "contents": "The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus. The torus semicircularis (TS) of the Tegu lizard extends from the superficial caudal mesencephalon, dorsal to the exiting trochlear nerve, to a position ventral to the middle part of the optic tectum and its ventricle. It has an oblique orientation with the caudal pole abutting the midline while the rostal end is lateral and slightly ventral. The TS consists of a central nucleus and several adjacent cell groups. The central nucleus and the laminar nucleus, situated medially, extend the entire length of the TS while the cortical nucleus, situated dorsally and laterally, is present only in the caudal superficial portion. The central nucleus is composed of ovoid neurons with branched, radiating dendrites. The dendrites are directed medially and laterally with spines on the distal portion of the dendritic tree. The laminar nucleus consists of three to five neuronal layers. It is mainly composed of fusiform neurons with one dendritic trunk from each extremity of the soma. There is little branching and few dendritic spines. The cortical nucleus is a laminated region consisting of alternating layers of neurons and lateral lemniscal fibers. The neurons of the superficial layers are fusiform with their long axis perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem. They possess two main dendritic trunks which parallel the laminae and are covered with dendritic spines. The deeper layers consist of pyramidal neurons with three dendritic trunks, secondary branches, and few spines. The long axis of these neurons extends from the center of the TS to the periphery. Two dendritic trunks extend dorsally or laterally towards the surface, while the third extends towards the central nucleus. The dendrites, thus, extend across the laminae. In addition, a cell-free lateral zone is described."}
{"id": "PMID:303648", "title": "The cerebellum of the bullfrog tadpole (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "The cerebellum of the premetamorphic bullfrog tadpole differs from the cerebellum of other frog species in its morphology and maturational state. The cell mass beneath the floor of the lateral recess and bordering its lateral wall that has been reported to form the auricular lobe in other species is absent, the auricular lobe abutting the medial wall of the lateral recess instead and is continuous with the corpus cerebelli. The corpus cerebelli, although immature and yet to acquire an external granular layer, is already massive and displays an incipient molecular, Purkinje cell and granular layers. Cytodifferentiation in the auricular lobe and corpus cerebelli is similar, their constituent cells being in various stages of development. Fully mature cells are absent, but a small population of Purkinje cells and glia in the auricular lobe and along the marginal zone of the corpus cerebelli show advanced development. The orientation of these Purkinje cells is parallel to the pia and appears to approximate the course of the vestibulo-lateral commissural fibers. In the ventral part of the corpus cerebelli, developing climbing fibers are present but Purkinje cells are poorly developed.", "contents": "The cerebellum of the bullfrog tadpole (Rana catesbeiana). The cerebellum of the premetamorphic bullfrog tadpole differs from the cerebellum of other frog species in its morphology and maturational state. The cell mass beneath the floor of the lateral recess and bordering its lateral wall that has been reported to form the auricular lobe in other species is absent, the auricular lobe abutting the medial wall of the lateral recess instead and is continuous with the corpus cerebelli. The corpus cerebelli, although immature and yet to acquire an external granular layer, is already massive and displays an incipient molecular, Purkinje cell and granular layers. Cytodifferentiation in the auricular lobe and corpus cerebelli is similar, their constituent cells being in various stages of development. Fully mature cells are absent, but a small population of Purkinje cells and glia in the auricular lobe and along the marginal zone of the corpus cerebelli show advanced development. The orientation of these Purkinje cells is parallel to the pia and appears to approximate the course of the vestibulo-lateral commissural fibers. In the ventral part of the corpus cerebelli, developing climbing fibers are present but Purkinje cells are poorly developed."}
{"id": "PMID:303649", "title": "Reward versus performance in self-stimulation: electrode-specific effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on reward in the rat.", "content": "The hypothesis that alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, reduces brain stimulation reward was tested, using a measure of reward previously shown to be relatively unaffected by variables that alter performance but not reward. The rewarding effectiveness of stimulation was determined by the location of the sharp rise in the function relating running speed in an alley to the number of pulses received as a reward. For some electrodes, AMPT depressed self-stimulation performance (speed of running) without producing any sizable effect on the measure of reward (location of rise). For other electrodes, the rewarding effectiveness of the stimulation was greatly reduced by AMPT and restored by L-dopa. These opposing results could be repeatedly demonstrated on different electrodes in the same rat. The electrode-specific differential sensitivity to AMPT suggests neurochemically disparate substrates for reward.", "contents": "Reward versus performance in self-stimulation: electrode-specific effects of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on reward in the rat. The hypothesis that alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, reduces brain stimulation reward was tested, using a measure of reward previously shown to be relatively unaffected by variables that alter performance but not reward. The rewarding effectiveness of stimulation was determined by the location of the sharp rise in the function relating running speed in an alley to the number of pulses received as a reward. For some electrodes, AMPT depressed self-stimulation performance (speed of running) without producing any sizable effect on the measure of reward (location of rise). For other electrodes, the rewarding effectiveness of the stimulation was greatly reduced by AMPT and restored by L-dopa. These opposing results could be repeatedly demonstrated on different electrodes in the same rat. The electrode-specific differential sensitivity to AMPT suggests neurochemically disparate substrates for reward."}
{"id": "PMID:303650", "title": "The usefulness of color vision testing and color fields.", "content": "Routine color vision testing to differentiate between hereditary and acquired color deficiencies and the usefulness of color fields.", "contents": "The usefulness of color vision testing and color fields. Routine color vision testing to differentiate between hereditary and acquired color deficiencies and the usefulness of color fields."}
{"id": "PMID:303651", "title": "Separation and partial characterization of fractions derived from frog lung homogenates. A possible marker system for amphibian pulmonary surfactant.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to determine if inframammalian vertebrate (amphibian) lung contains certain nonspecific esterases that have been identified as enzyme markers for mammalian (rat and mouse) pulmonary surfactant. Density gradient centrifugation procedures were utilized to concentrate any surface-active material in frog lung homogenates. Lipid and protein analyses of one of the derived fractions and of pulmonary lavage fluid were consistent with other techniques indicating that these preparations were surface active. A comparison of the nonspecific esterases in the derived fractions and the pulmonary lavage fluid allowed the identification of a nonspecific esterase that has an electrophoretic mobility comparable to one of the nonspecific esterases already identified as an enzyme marker for mammalian (rat and mouse) pulmonary surfactant. These results indicate that these enzyme markers may be useful in the further investigation of the surfactant systems of other inframammalian vertebrates.", "contents": "Separation and partial characterization of fractions derived from frog lung homogenates. A possible marker system for amphibian pulmonary surfactant. The purpose of this study is to determine if inframammalian vertebrate (amphibian) lung contains certain nonspecific esterases that have been identified as enzyme markers for mammalian (rat and mouse) pulmonary surfactant. Density gradient centrifugation procedures were utilized to concentrate any surface-active material in frog lung homogenates. Lipid and protein analyses of one of the derived fractions and of pulmonary lavage fluid were consistent with other techniques indicating that these preparations were surface active. A comparison of the nonspecific esterases in the derived fractions and the pulmonary lavage fluid allowed the identification of a nonspecific esterase that has an electrophoretic mobility comparable to one of the nonspecific esterases already identified as an enzyme marker for mammalian (rat and mouse) pulmonary surfactant. These results indicate that these enzyme markers may be useful in the further investigation of the surfactant systems of other inframammalian vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:303652", "title": "Catecholamine innervation of the forebrain in the bull frog, Rana catesbiana.", "content": "The innervation of forebrain catecholamine (CA) were experimentally investigated with use of sensitive fluorescence method of glyoxylic acid formaldehyde in the brain of the bull frog, Rana catesbiana. The CA of the olfactory bulb is supplied by CA neurons situated in olfactory bulb. And CA neurons in the hypothalamus contribute the main source for the forebrain CA except olfactory bulb. The hypothalamic CA neurons also give rise to long descending axons to innervate the brain stem. Judging from their anatomical aspects it seems that the structure homologous to mammalian nigro-neostriatal dopamine or mesolimbic dopamine system is not present in amphibian brain.", "contents": "Catecholamine innervation of the forebrain in the bull frog, Rana catesbiana. The innervation of forebrain catecholamine (CA) were experimentally investigated with use of sensitive fluorescence method of glyoxylic acid formaldehyde in the brain of the bull frog, Rana catesbiana. The CA of the olfactory bulb is supplied by CA neurons situated in olfactory bulb. And CA neurons in the hypothalamus contribute the main source for the forebrain CA except olfactory bulb. The hypothalamic CA neurons also give rise to long descending axons to innervate the brain stem. Judging from their anatomical aspects it seems that the structure homologous to mammalian nigro-neostriatal dopamine or mesolimbic dopamine system is not present in amphibian brain."}
{"id": "PMID:303653", "title": "Comparative anatomy of the topography of catecholamine containing neuron system in the brain stem from birds to teleosts.", "content": "The distribution of catecholamine (CA) containing neurons and nerve terminals in the brain stem from birds to teleosts were studied by means of histofluorescence technique of glyoxylic acid-formaldehyde combining method. The present study revealed that there exists marked differences in topography of CA neurons between higher vertebrates (birds and reptile) and lower vertebrates (amphibia and teleosts). Tegmental CA neurons in the birds and reptile are much more developed than those of amphibia and teleosts. Furthermore, huge collection of CA neurons (presumably dopamine) in the midbrain tegmentum could not be found in the amphibia and teleosts. On the other hand, distribution of CA nerve terminals in the brain stem is essentially similar throughout the vertebrate brains, though there exist modifications by secondary pattern distortions which correspond to various conditions of their lives. Some possible significance of CA neurons on development of central nervous system was discussed.", "contents": "Comparative anatomy of the topography of catecholamine containing neuron system in the brain stem from birds to teleosts. The distribution of catecholamine (CA) containing neurons and nerve terminals in the brain stem from birds to teleosts were studied by means of histofluorescence technique of glyoxylic acid-formaldehyde combining method. The present study revealed that there exists marked differences in topography of CA neurons between higher vertebrates (birds and reptile) and lower vertebrates (amphibia and teleosts). Tegmental CA neurons in the birds and reptile are much more developed than those of amphibia and teleosts. Furthermore, huge collection of CA neurons (presumably dopamine) in the midbrain tegmentum could not be found in the amphibia and teleosts. On the other hand, distribution of CA nerve terminals in the brain stem is essentially similar throughout the vertebrate brains, though there exist modifications by secondary pattern distortions which correspond to various conditions of their lives. Some possible significance of CA neurons on development of central nervous system was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303654", "title": "[The activities of the transmitter metabolizing enzymes monoamineoxidase and acetylcholinesterase and of succinic dehydrogenase were investigated in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (teleostei) (author's transl)].", "content": "The activities of the transmitter metabolizing enzymes monoamineoxidase and acetylcholinesterase and of succinic dehydrogenase were investigated in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (teleostei). There is a high reaction intensity of the MAO in the whole telencephalon with graded differences between the various nuclear areas. It is highest in the area dorsalis telencephali; the larger fiber tracts (Tr. olfactorius medialis et lateralis; medial and lateral forebrain bundle) are strong MAO-positive, too. There is an extremely weak AchE-reaction throughout the telencephalon. The only nuclear area which is clearly histochemically demonstrable is the regio Dm2 in the area dorsalis telencephali. The SDH-activity is demonstrable in the whole telencephalon. The activity is higher in the area dorsalis as compared with the area ventralis telencephali. In the ependym there are only a few traces of MAO- and SDH-reaction products. The recent findings may support, from a histochemical view, the hypothesis that the telencephalon of Salmo irideus represents brain structures which show structural and functional similarities with limbic telencephalic structures of higher vertebrates.", "contents": "[The activities of the transmitter metabolizing enzymes monoamineoxidase and acetylcholinesterase and of succinic dehydrogenase were investigated in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (teleostei) (author's transl)]. The activities of the transmitter metabolizing enzymes monoamineoxidase and acetylcholinesterase and of succinic dehydrogenase were investigated in the telencephalon of Salmo irideus (teleostei). There is a high reaction intensity of the MAO in the whole telencephalon with graded differences between the various nuclear areas. It is highest in the area dorsalis telencephali; the larger fiber tracts (Tr. olfactorius medialis et lateralis; medial and lateral forebrain bundle) are strong MAO-positive, too. There is an extremely weak AchE-reaction throughout the telencephalon. The only nuclear area which is clearly histochemically demonstrable is the regio Dm2 in the area dorsalis telencephali. The SDH-activity is demonstrable in the whole telencephalon. The activity is higher in the area dorsalis as compared with the area ventralis telencephali. In the ependym there are only a few traces of MAO- and SDH-reaction products. The recent findings may support, from a histochemical view, the hypothesis that the telencephalon of Salmo irideus represents brain structures which show structural and functional similarities with limbic telencephalic structures of higher vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:303656", "title": "Vaginal colonization with Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis).", "content": "Vaginal cultures for Corynebacterium vaginale and confidential questionnaires were obtained from unselected young women who consulted a gynecologist in a student health service. In all, 466 women were studied, 150 (32.2%) of whom were colonized with C. vaginale. Logit analysis defined four factors that were significantly associated with colonization with C. vaginale: nonwhite race, use of oral contraceptives, no history of marriage, and a history of pregnancy. Sexual experience had little influence on colonization; C. vaginale was isolated from 16 (29%) of 56 sexually inexperienced women and from 40 (41%) of 98 women who had had intercourse with six or more men. After a few patients with trichomoniasis were excluded, there was no association between colonization with C. vaginale and an abnormal vaginal discharge, either as reported by the participant or as noted by the examining physician.", "contents": "Vaginal colonization with Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis). Vaginal cultures for Corynebacterium vaginale and confidential questionnaires were obtained from unselected young women who consulted a gynecologist in a student health service. In all, 466 women were studied, 150 (32.2%) of whom were colonized with C. vaginale. Logit analysis defined four factors that were significantly associated with colonization with C. vaginale: nonwhite race, use of oral contraceptives, no history of marriage, and a history of pregnancy. Sexual experience had little influence on colonization; C. vaginale was isolated from 16 (29%) of 56 sexually inexperienced women and from 40 (41%) of 98 women who had had intercourse with six or more men. After a few patients with trichomoniasis were excluded, there was no association between colonization with C. vaginale and an abnormal vaginal discharge, either as reported by the participant or as noted by the examining physician."}
{"id": "PMID:303667", "title": "Rapid loss of factor XII and XI activity in ellagic acid-activated normal plasma: role of plasma inhibitors and implications for automated activated partial thromboplastin time recording.", "content": "Rapid prolongation of the aPTT of normal plasma upon incubation with ellagic acid containing aPTT reagents was observed. The aPTT prolongation was not due to time-dependent changes in pH in the incubation mixture or loss of activity of the labile coagulation factors VIII and V but occurred as a result of rapid progressive inactivation of ellagic acid-activated factors XII and XI. Prolongation of the aPTT and loss of contact factor activities was not observed in plasma incubated with particulate activator reagents. This finding seemed to indicate that adsorption of factors XII and XI to larger particles during the activation process might protect these factors from inactivation by naturally occurring plasma inhibitors. Evidence is presented which supports previous findings that C1-INH, alpha1-AT, and antithrombin (in the presence of heparin) contribute to factor XIIa and XI a inactivation in ellagic acid-activated plasma and that plasma albumin may compete with factor XII for ellagic acid binding. The data indicate that ellagic acid-containing aPTT reagents have unfavorable properties which seriously limit their usefulness in the clinical laboratory, particularly in respect to recording of the aPTT with certain fully automated clot timers.", "contents": "Rapid loss of factor XII and XI activity in ellagic acid-activated normal plasma: role of plasma inhibitors and implications for automated activated partial thromboplastin time recording. Rapid prolongation of the aPTT of normal plasma upon incubation with ellagic acid containing aPTT reagents was observed. The aPTT prolongation was not due to time-dependent changes in pH in the incubation mixture or loss of activity of the labile coagulation factors VIII and V but occurred as a result of rapid progressive inactivation of ellagic acid-activated factors XII and XI. Prolongation of the aPTT and loss of contact factor activities was not observed in plasma incubated with particulate activator reagents. This finding seemed to indicate that adsorption of factors XII and XI to larger particles during the activation process might protect these factors from inactivation by naturally occurring plasma inhibitors. Evidence is presented which supports previous findings that C1-INH, alpha1-AT, and antithrombin (in the presence of heparin) contribute to factor XIIa and XI a inactivation in ellagic acid-activated plasma and that plasma albumin may compete with factor XII for ellagic acid binding. The data indicate that ellagic acid-containing aPTT reagents have unfavorable properties which seriously limit their usefulness in the clinical laboratory, particularly in respect to recording of the aPTT with certain fully automated clot timers."}
{"id": "PMID:303680", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of corticosteroid feedback at the hypothalamic level.", "content": "Structure-activity studies on the corticosteroid fast and delayed feedback receptor mechanisms controlling the secretion of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) were carried out with the rat hypothalamus in vitro. The secretion of CRF was induced by acetylcholine (3 pg/ml). The fast feedback receptor appears highly specific, and the structure essential for efficacy involves an 11beta-hydroxyl group and an unblocked 21-hydroxyl group. Several steroids showed antagonism and so the binding site is not very specific. 18-hydroxy, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone were antagonists of fast feedback. The delayed feedback receptor required either an 11beta-or a 21-hydroxyl group for efficacy. The binding site required a 17-hydroxyl group when the 11beta- or 21-hydroxyl groups were absent. Binding also involved the 3-oxo,4,5-ene structure since steroids in which these are absent were inactive.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of corticosteroid feedback at the hypothalamic level. Structure-activity studies on the corticosteroid fast and delayed feedback receptor mechanisms controlling the secretion of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) were carried out with the rat hypothalamus in vitro. The secretion of CRF was induced by acetylcholine (3 pg/ml). The fast feedback receptor appears highly specific, and the structure essential for efficacy involves an 11beta-hydroxyl group and an unblocked 21-hydroxyl group. Several steroids showed antagonism and so the binding site is not very specific. 18-hydroxy, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone were antagonists of fast feedback. The delayed feedback receptor required either an 11beta-or a 21-hydroxyl group for efficacy. The binding site required a 17-hydroxyl group when the 11beta- or 21-hydroxyl groups were absent. Binding also involved the 3-oxo,4,5-ene structure since steroids in which these are absent were inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:303681", "title": "Regulation of B-lymphocyte clonal proliferation by stimulatory and inhibitory macrophage-derived factors.", "content": "A functional subpopulation of murine B lymphocytes proliferate in semisolid agar culture in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol to form colonies. The effects of diffusible macrophage-derived factors on this focal proliferation was investigated using a two-layer culture system which prevented macrophage-lymphocyte contact and permitted B-cell activation to be critically assessed under conditions of extremely low cell densities. Adherent peritoneal macrophages incorporated within underlayers of spleen or lymph node cell cultures potentiated both the number and size of developing B-cell colonies. These effects were most striking when low numbers of spleen or lymph node cells, or macrophage- depleted lymphoid cell suspensions were used. Thus, macrophage-depleted lymph node ceils gave rise to virtually no colonies, but colony-forming ability was restored by the presence of an optimal number of macrophages. When the number of macrophages exceeded that required for optimal stimulation, colony formation was suppressed; an effect which was largely prevented by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Under these conditions, stimulation and inhibition of B-cell activation by macrophages could be dissociated, indicating that each signal is selectively controlled by individual molecules elaborated by the macrophage. With an appropriate number of macrophages required for B-cell activation, and sufficient indomethacin to inhibit the accumulation of macrophage-derived prostaglandin, B-lymphocyte clonal proliferation was a linear function of the number of B cells placed in culture. In the absence of macrophages, B-cell colony formation was potentiated by both lipopolysaccharide and intact sheep erythrocytes through a mechanism different from that of the macrophage-derived stimulatory factor. In addition to their direct stimulatory effect on B-cell proliferation, lipopolysaccharide and sheep erythrocytes were each capable of modulating the production and/or release of B-cell stimulatory and inhibitory factors by the macrophage. Parallel studies of conventional mitogen- stimulated lymphocyte cultures did not show a requirement for macrophages and confirm that the semisolid assay is uniquely suited to studies on the regulatory role of the macrophage in B-cell activation.", "contents": "Regulation of B-lymphocyte clonal proliferation by stimulatory and inhibitory macrophage-derived factors. A functional subpopulation of murine B lymphocytes proliferate in semisolid agar culture in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol to form colonies. The effects of diffusible macrophage-derived factors on this focal proliferation was investigated using a two-layer culture system which prevented macrophage-lymphocyte contact and permitted B-cell activation to be critically assessed under conditions of extremely low cell densities. Adherent peritoneal macrophages incorporated within underlayers of spleen or lymph node cell cultures potentiated both the number and size of developing B-cell colonies. These effects were most striking when low numbers of spleen or lymph node cells, or macrophage- depleted lymphoid cell suspensions were used. Thus, macrophage-depleted lymph node ceils gave rise to virtually no colonies, but colony-forming ability was restored by the presence of an optimal number of macrophages. When the number of macrophages exceeded that required for optimal stimulation, colony formation was suppressed; an effect which was largely prevented by indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. Under these conditions, stimulation and inhibition of B-cell activation by macrophages could be dissociated, indicating that each signal is selectively controlled by individual molecules elaborated by the macrophage. With an appropriate number of macrophages required for B-cell activation, and sufficient indomethacin to inhibit the accumulation of macrophage-derived prostaglandin, B-lymphocyte clonal proliferation was a linear function of the number of B cells placed in culture. In the absence of macrophages, B-cell colony formation was potentiated by both lipopolysaccharide and intact sheep erythrocytes through a mechanism different from that of the macrophage-derived stimulatory factor. In addition to their direct stimulatory effect on B-cell proliferation, lipopolysaccharide and sheep erythrocytes were each capable of modulating the production and/or release of B-cell stimulatory and inhibitory factors by the macrophage. Parallel studies of conventional mitogen- stimulated lymphocyte cultures did not show a requirement for macrophages and confirm that the semisolid assay is uniquely suited to studies on the regulatory role of the macrophage in B-cell activation."}
{"id": "PMID:303682", "title": "Enrichment of specific suppressor T cells and characterization of their surface markers.", "content": "A simple method is described which allows antigen-specific suppressor T cells to be enriched by greater than 100-fold. The enriched cells have the following characteristic markers: Ig-, Thy-1+, Ly-1-, Ly-2,3+, and I-J+. More than 30% of this population could be killed directly by an antiserum specific for the I-J subregion gene product in the presence of complement.", "contents": "Enrichment of specific suppressor T cells and characterization of their surface markers. A simple method is described which allows antigen-specific suppressor T cells to be enriched by greater than 100-fold. The enriched cells have the following characteristic markers: Ig-, Thy-1+, Ly-1-, Ly-2,3+, and I-J+. More than 30% of this population could be killed directly by an antiserum specific for the I-J subregion gene product in the presence of complement."}
{"id": "PMID:303683", "title": "Role of IgD in the immune response and tolerance. I. Anti-delta pretreatment facilitates tolerance induction in adult B cells in vitro.", "content": "Adult spleen cells from C57BL.Ige mice, which generally are resistant to in vitro tolerance induction in the B-cell compartment, became hyporesponsive (tolerant) when cultured with antigen in the presence of an anti-allotype serum. Both antigen and anti-delta had to be present for this effect, which was hapten-specific and did not occur in C57BL/L mice, which lack the Ig5-1 allotype of the delta-chain detected in this system. Preculture with anti-mu serum plus antigen, in contrast, did not cause tolerance induction in adult spleen B cells of either strain. These results suggest that the surface IgD may act as a failsafe receptor to prevent tolerance induction in adult B cells. Tolerance studies with spleen cells from mice with markedly reduced numbers of IgD+ve cells, because of regimen of repeated injections of anti-delta serum beginning at birth (delta-suppressed mice), confirmed the importance of membrane IgD in preventing tolerance, because such delta-suppressed mice were hypersusceptible to tolerance by antigen alone. Inasmuch as immature B cells lack IgD on their surface, these studies suggest that acquisition of IgD is an important maturational step in the ability of murine B cells to discriminate tolerogenic and immunogenic signals.", "contents": "Role of IgD in the immune response and tolerance. I. Anti-delta pretreatment facilitates tolerance induction in adult B cells in vitro. Adult spleen cells from C57BL.Ige mice, which generally are resistant to in vitro tolerance induction in the B-cell compartment, became hyporesponsive (tolerant) when cultured with antigen in the presence of an anti-allotype serum. Both antigen and anti-delta had to be present for this effect, which was hapten-specific and did not occur in C57BL/L mice, which lack the Ig5-1 allotype of the delta-chain detected in this system. Preculture with anti-mu serum plus antigen, in contrast, did not cause tolerance induction in adult spleen B cells of either strain. These results suggest that the surface IgD may act as a failsafe receptor to prevent tolerance induction in adult B cells. Tolerance studies with spleen cells from mice with markedly reduced numbers of IgD+ve cells, because of regimen of repeated injections of anti-delta serum beginning at birth (delta-suppressed mice), confirmed the importance of membrane IgD in preventing tolerance, because such delta-suppressed mice were hypersusceptible to tolerance by antigen alone. Inasmuch as immature B cells lack IgD on their surface, these studies suggest that acquisition of IgD is an important maturational step in the ability of murine B cells to discriminate tolerogenic and immunogenic signals."}
{"id": "PMID:303684", "title": "Antigen mediation of a late-acting suppressor T-cell activity.", "content": "Carrier-specific suppressor T cells can suppress antibody secretion by high avidity IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) within 90 min in vitro. This process can be blocked by the inclusion of soluble carrier in the cell mixture or by the exposure of target cells to anti-carrier antibodies or pronase. Moreover, suppression can be augmented by PFC exposure to the soluble hapten-carrier conjugate. Finally, carrier specificity may be overcome by preincubation of the target population with a hapten-heterologous carrier before addition of heterologous carrier ATC. Thus, it is likely that high avidity suppression depends upon immunogen bound to the surfaces of antibody-secreting cells which serves as a target for suppressor cells or molecules.", "contents": "Antigen mediation of a late-acting suppressor T-cell activity. Carrier-specific suppressor T cells can suppress antibody secretion by high avidity IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) within 90 min in vitro. This process can be blocked by the inclusion of soluble carrier in the cell mixture or by the exposure of target cells to anti-carrier antibodies or pronase. Moreover, suppression can be augmented by PFC exposure to the soluble hapten-carrier conjugate. Finally, carrier specificity may be overcome by preincubation of the target population with a hapten-heterologous carrier before addition of heterologous carrier ATC. Thus, it is likely that high avidity suppression depends upon immunogen bound to the surfaces of antibody-secreting cells which serves as a target for suppressor cells or molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:303685", "title": "B-cell activation by lipopolysaccharide. Distinct pathways for induction of mitosis and antibody production.", "content": "The role played by macrophages in two effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immune system of the mouse-substitution for helper T cells and induction of B-cell mitosis-has been investigated. C3H/HeJ mice are unresponsive and do not produce (as other strains do) antibody to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) conjugated with autologous mouse erythrocytes (MRBC-TNP) in the presence of LPS. We found that C3H/HeJ spleen cells produce antibody to MRBC-TNP when (a) LPS and macrophages from LPS-responsive C3HeB/FeJ mice or (b) tumor necrosis serum ([TNS] induced by LPS in responsive mice) are added. The mitotic response was not restored. The findings suggest that adjuvanticity and mitogenicity represent distinct pathways of B-cell activation by LPS, subject to different regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "B-cell activation by lipopolysaccharide. Distinct pathways for induction of mitosis and antibody production. The role played by macrophages in two effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immune system of the mouse-substitution for helper T cells and induction of B-cell mitosis-has been investigated. C3H/HeJ mice are unresponsive and do not produce (as other strains do) antibody to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) conjugated with autologous mouse erythrocytes (MRBC-TNP) in the presence of LPS. We found that C3H/HeJ spleen cells produce antibody to MRBC-TNP when (a) LPS and macrophages from LPS-responsive C3HeB/FeJ mice or (b) tumor necrosis serum ([TNS] induced by LPS in responsive mice) are added. The mitotic response was not restored. The findings suggest that adjuvanticity and mitogenicity represent distinct pathways of B-cell activation by LPS, subject to different regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:303686", "title": "Immunological unresponsiveness to thymus-independent antigens: two fundamentally different genetic mechanisms of B-cell unresponsiveness to dextran.", "content": "The immune response of mice to the alpha-l-6 epitope of dextran (Dx) B512 was found to be under genetic control. The congenic mouse strains A, A.CA, A.SW, A.TH, and A.TL exhibited a specific defect in their response to alpha-l-6. Also strain CBA/N was unresponsive to alpha-1-6, but the mechanism of unresponsiveness was found to be different. Unresponsiveness to alpha-l-6 in congenic A strains was not due to suppressor cells. Although these strains failed to respond to the alpha-l-6 epitope, they responded strongly to the hapten Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to Dx, indicating that the Dx can function as an efficient carrier in these strains. Dx was a potent polyclonal B-cell activator in congenic A strains as well as in high responder strains. Polyclonally-activating concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) failed to induce the synthesis of anti-alpha- l-6 antibodies in congenic A strains, although antibodies of all other specificities studied were produced. However, in high responder strains, LPS induced the synthesis of anti-alpha-l-6 antibodies. It was concluded that congenic A strains do not express V genes coding for antibodies against alpha-l-6. In contrast, strain CBA/N failed to respond to both the alpha-l-6 and FITC epitope on Dx, whereas they could respond to FITC conjugated to horse erythrocytes. Dx induced a very small, if any, polyclonal antibody response in B cells from CBA/N mice or male CBA/N x DBA hybrids, whereas Dx was a very potent polyclonal B-cell activator in female hybrids. It is concluded that CBA/N mice are nonresponders to Dx or haptenated Dx, because the cell population that can respond to the polyclonal B-cell activating properties of Dx is severely depleted.", "contents": "Immunological unresponsiveness to thymus-independent antigens: two fundamentally different genetic mechanisms of B-cell unresponsiveness to dextran. The immune response of mice to the alpha-l-6 epitope of dextran (Dx) B512 was found to be under genetic control. The congenic mouse strains A, A.CA, A.SW, A.TH, and A.TL exhibited a specific defect in their response to alpha-l-6. Also strain CBA/N was unresponsive to alpha-1-6, but the mechanism of unresponsiveness was found to be different. Unresponsiveness to alpha-l-6 in congenic A strains was not due to suppressor cells. Although these strains failed to respond to the alpha-l-6 epitope, they responded strongly to the hapten Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to Dx, indicating that the Dx can function as an efficient carrier in these strains. Dx was a potent polyclonal B-cell activator in congenic A strains as well as in high responder strains. Polyclonally-activating concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) failed to induce the synthesis of anti-alpha- l-6 antibodies in congenic A strains, although antibodies of all other specificities studied were produced. However, in high responder strains, LPS induced the synthesis of anti-alpha-l-6 antibodies. It was concluded that congenic A strains do not express V genes coding for antibodies against alpha-l-6. In contrast, strain CBA/N failed to respond to both the alpha-l-6 and FITC epitope on Dx, whereas they could respond to FITC conjugated to horse erythrocytes. Dx induced a very small, if any, polyclonal antibody response in B cells from CBA/N mice or male CBA/N x DBA hybrids, whereas Dx was a very potent polyclonal B-cell activator in female hybrids. It is concluded that CBA/N mice are nonresponders to Dx or haptenated Dx, because the cell population that can respond to the polyclonal B-cell activating properties of Dx is severely depleted."}
{"id": "PMID:303687", "title": "B-lymphocyte Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens are determined by a single polymorphic locus which is linked to the Mls locus.", "content": "Certain non-H-2 alloantigens are associated with murine B-lymphocyte Fc receptors in that pretreatment of spleen cells with alloantibodies against these antigens inhibited binding of Ig complexes to B-cell Fc receptors. This inhibition was specific in that: (a) as has been shown previously, the Fc portion of the alloantibody was not required to produce inhibition; and (b) antibodies against some non-H-2 antigens but not antibodies against others (including some that were expressed on B cells) caused such inhibition. Backcross experiments revealed that the B-cell Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens were determined by the gene(s) of a single background locus in each of the three strains tested (A/J, B10, and CBA/J). This locus was poly-morphic in that at least four different B-cell Fc receptor:associated non-H-2 antigens were identified (one each in the A/J, B10, and CBAJJ and one antigen shared or crossreactive between the B10 and CBA/J). These antigens were primarily but not exclusively expressed on B lymphocytes as determined by immunofluorescence studies, and on the basis of capping experiments they did not appear to be identical to B-cell Fc receptors. Linkage studies revealed that the locus which determined these antigens was not linked to the albino locus nor the heavy chain allotype locus and expression was neither sex-limited nor an X-linked recessive trait. However, this locus was closely linked but not identical to the Mls locus (apparent recombination frequency 6.8 percent). Thus, two closely linked non-H-2 loci both determine the expression of antigens which have characteristics similar to Ia antigens. One locus is polymorphic and determines the expression of antigens which are primarily expressed on B cells and are specifically associated with the Fc receptors of these cells. The other (Mls locus) determines antigens which are stimulatory in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These observations suggest that there may be a second gene complex which is the analogue of the I region of the H-2 complex.", "contents": "B-lymphocyte Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens are determined by a single polymorphic locus which is linked to the Mls locus. Certain non-H-2 alloantigens are associated with murine B-lymphocyte Fc receptors in that pretreatment of spleen cells with alloantibodies against these antigens inhibited binding of Ig complexes to B-cell Fc receptors. This inhibition was specific in that: (a) as has been shown previously, the Fc portion of the alloantibody was not required to produce inhibition; and (b) antibodies against some non-H-2 antigens but not antibodies against others (including some that were expressed on B cells) caused such inhibition. Backcross experiments revealed that the B-cell Fc receptor-associated non-H-2 antigens were determined by the gene(s) of a single background locus in each of the three strains tested (A/J, B10, and CBA/J). This locus was poly-morphic in that at least four different B-cell Fc receptor:associated non-H-2 antigens were identified (one each in the A/J, B10, and CBAJJ and one antigen shared or crossreactive between the B10 and CBA/J). These antigens were primarily but not exclusively expressed on B lymphocytes as determined by immunofluorescence studies, and on the basis of capping experiments they did not appear to be identical to B-cell Fc receptors. Linkage studies revealed that the locus which determined these antigens was not linked to the albino locus nor the heavy chain allotype locus and expression was neither sex-limited nor an X-linked recessive trait. However, this locus was closely linked but not identical to the Mls locus (apparent recombination frequency 6.8 percent). Thus, two closely linked non-H-2 loci both determine the expression of antigens which have characteristics similar to Ia antigens. One locus is polymorphic and determines the expression of antigens which are primarily expressed on B cells and are specifically associated with the Fc receptors of these cells. The other (Mls locus) determines antigens which are stimulatory in mixed lymphocyte cultures. These observations suggest that there may be a second gene complex which is the analogue of the I region of the H-2 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:303688", "title": "B-cell tolerance. IV. Differential role of surface IgM and IgD in determining tolerance susceptibility of murine B cells.", "content": "During ontogeny IgD appears later than IgM on splenocytes of neonatal mice (1) and at a time when mice develop a markedly increased immune responsiveness (2). Based on these observations, it was suggested that IgD serves as a \"triggering\" isotype for induction of immune responses, whereas surface IgM functions as a tolerizing receptor (3). To test this hypothesis, the susceptibility of adult splenocytes (which are predominantly mu(+)delta(+)[4-6]) and neonatal splenocytes (which bear predominantly IgM [mup(+); 1, 4-6]) to tolerance induction were compared. The results indicate that neonatal splenic B cells responsive to thymus dependent (TD) antigens are exquisitely susceptible to tolerance induction compared with those from adult mice (7-9). However, cells from both adult and neonatal mice were highly susceptible to tolerance induction when thymus independent (TI) antigen was used as immunogen (8). These results suggest that the major precursor for the TD response is a mu(+)delta(+)-cell which appears late in ontogeny and is resistant to tolerance induction and that the mup(+)-cell is the major precursor for the TI response and is highly susceptible to tolerance induction. Other differences between responders for TI and TD antigens have been described previously (10-12). To test this concept, adult splenocytes were treated with papain under conditions in which IgD, but not five other surface molecules, was removed (13). Such treated splenocytes were shown to be markedly susceptible to tolerance induction, resembling TD responders from neonatal animals. This experiment was interpreted as indicating that IgD confers resistance to tolerance induction on mu(+)delta(+)-cells. To prove this interpretation, it is necessary to show that specific removal of IgD with anti-delta also results in increased susceptibility to tolerance induction and that treatment with anti-mu does not have a similar effect. In the present studies, we have removed surface IgM or IgD by antibody-induced capping and assessed the tolerance susceptibility of the treated cells. Our results demonstrate that removal of IgD, but no IgM, from TD responders increases their susceptibility to tolerance induction.", "contents": "B-cell tolerance. IV. Differential role of surface IgM and IgD in determining tolerance susceptibility of murine B cells. During ontogeny IgD appears later than IgM on splenocytes of neonatal mice (1) and at a time when mice develop a markedly increased immune responsiveness (2). Based on these observations, it was suggested that IgD serves as a \"triggering\" isotype for induction of immune responses, whereas surface IgM functions as a tolerizing receptor (3). To test this hypothesis, the susceptibility of adult splenocytes (which are predominantly mu(+)delta(+)[4-6]) and neonatal splenocytes (which bear predominantly IgM [mup(+); 1, 4-6]) to tolerance induction were compared. The results indicate that neonatal splenic B cells responsive to thymus dependent (TD) antigens are exquisitely susceptible to tolerance induction compared with those from adult mice (7-9). However, cells from both adult and neonatal mice were highly susceptible to tolerance induction when thymus independent (TI) antigen was used as immunogen (8). These results suggest that the major precursor for the TD response is a mu(+)delta(+)-cell which appears late in ontogeny and is resistant to tolerance induction and that the mup(+)-cell is the major precursor for the TI response and is highly susceptible to tolerance induction. Other differences between responders for TI and TD antigens have been described previously (10-12). To test this concept, adult splenocytes were treated with papain under conditions in which IgD, but not five other surface molecules, was removed (13). Such treated splenocytes were shown to be markedly susceptible to tolerance induction, resembling TD responders from neonatal animals. This experiment was interpreted as indicating that IgD confers resistance to tolerance induction on mu(+)delta(+)-cells. To prove this interpretation, it is necessary to show that specific removal of IgD with anti-delta also results in increased susceptibility to tolerance induction and that treatment with anti-mu does not have a similar effect. In the present studies, we have removed surface IgM or IgD by antibody-induced capping and assessed the tolerance susceptibility of the treated cells. Our results demonstrate that removal of IgD, but no IgM, from TD responders increases their susceptibility to tolerance induction."}
{"id": "PMID:303689", "title": "Lymphocyte culture: induction of colonies by conditioned medium from human lymphoid cell lines.", "content": "The presence of phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in agar is known to stimulate the formation of lymphoid colonies. We now report that similar colonies can be induced in the absence of plant lectins upon addition of filtered and ultracentrifuged conditioned medium (CM) obtained from certain human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Colony formation required at least 6 X 10(5) mononuclear cells per milliliter, and optimum results were obtained at concentrations of 1 X 10(6) cells/ml in the presence of 20% CM (50-500 colonies per 10(6) cells cultured). Individual cells within colonies displayed uniform morphological characteristics of lymphoid cells, and the majority formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting that they were of T-cell type.", "contents": "Lymphocyte culture: induction of colonies by conditioned medium from human lymphoid cell lines. The presence of phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in agar is known to stimulate the formation of lymphoid colonies. We now report that similar colonies can be induced in the absence of plant lectins upon addition of filtered and ultracentrifuged conditioned medium (CM) obtained from certain human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Colony formation required at least 6 X 10(5) mononuclear cells per milliliter, and optimum results were obtained at concentrations of 1 X 10(6) cells/ml in the presence of 20% CM (50-500 colonies per 10(6) cells cultured). Individual cells within colonies displayed uniform morphological characteristics of lymphoid cells, and the majority formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, suggesting that they were of T-cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:303690", "title": "Frog lysozyme. V. Isolation and some physical and immunochemical properties of lysozyme isozymes of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens.", "content": "Frog Lysozyme has been purified by sequential application of acid extraction, salt fractionation, CM-cellulose chromatography, heat treatment, and gel filtration. Eight isozymes of purified lysozyme were found to be stable during prolonged storage. Isozymes were separated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Ninety percent of the lytic activity of frog ovarian egg was represented by forms 7 and 8, the most highly charged isozymes. Seventy-eight percent of frog liver lysozyme activity was that of form 4. Forms 7 and 8 differed from form 4 by being larger (apparent molecular weight of 18,000 vs. 16,000), by remaining active in more acidic environment, and by exhibiting a dependency upon NaCl for activity. Antiserum prepared against frog form 4 did not react with frog forms 7 and 8 and antiserum to chicken egg-white lysozyme did not react with any frog lysozymes. All frog lysozymes showed identical reversible binding to deaminated chitin. Apparent size differences and lack of immunological cross-reactivity suggest that at least some of the isozymes are non-allelic.", "contents": "Frog lysozyme. V. Isolation and some physical and immunochemical properties of lysozyme isozymes of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Frog Lysozyme has been purified by sequential application of acid extraction, salt fractionation, CM-cellulose chromatography, heat treatment, and gel filtration. Eight isozymes of purified lysozyme were found to be stable during prolonged storage. Isozymes were separated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Ninety percent of the lytic activity of frog ovarian egg was represented by forms 7 and 8, the most highly charged isozymes. Seventy-eight percent of frog liver lysozyme activity was that of form 4. Forms 7 and 8 differed from form 4 by being larger (apparent molecular weight of 18,000 vs. 16,000), by remaining active in more acidic environment, and by exhibiting a dependency upon NaCl for activity. Antiserum prepared against frog form 4 did not react with frog forms 7 and 8 and antiserum to chicken egg-white lysozyme did not react with any frog lysozymes. All frog lysozymes showed identical reversible binding to deaminated chitin. Apparent size differences and lack of immunological cross-reactivity suggest that at least some of the isozymes are non-allelic."}
{"id": "PMID:303691", "title": "Interpretation of plantar reflexes: biasing effect of other signs and symptoms.", "content": "Twenty neurologists were asked to judge a number of plantar responses on film. Each film was preceded by a slide with a fictitious abstract of history and examination (minus the plantar reflex). The main part of the presentation only served to disguise the fact that two films, both showing equivocal toe movements, were presented twice at the same sitting, but with opposing information as to the probability of a Babinski sign. Interpretation of these identical pictures differed significantly (P less than 0.01), conforming to the information given. Thirty other neurologists who rated the films without previous data showed no such change of opinion.", "contents": "Interpretation of plantar reflexes: biasing effect of other signs and symptoms. Twenty neurologists were asked to judge a number of plantar responses on film. Each film was preceded by a slide with a fictitious abstract of history and examination (minus the plantar reflex). The main part of the presentation only served to disguise the fact that two films, both showing equivocal toe movements, were presented twice at the same sitting, but with opposing information as to the probability of a Babinski sign. Interpretation of these identical pictures differed significantly (P less than 0.01), conforming to the information given. Thirty other neurologists who rated the films without previous data showed no such change of opinion."}
{"id": "PMID:303692", "title": "Microtubules associated with postsynaptic 'thickenings'.", "content": "Using a new albumin technique, microtubules can be seen closely related to or associated with the postsynaptic 'thickening' of mature and immature central nervous synapses. Thus in conventionally fixed synapses (without albumin pretreatment) where microtubules cannot usually be observed running into the postsynaptic dense material, this material could perhaps, in part, consist of the debris of in vivo microtubules. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is often seen associated with the microtubules near the postsynaptic 'thickening'. Microtubules, and possibly smooth ER, may have an important role in the initiation of synapse formation and in the maintenance of mature synapses.", "contents": "Microtubules associated with postsynaptic 'thickenings'. Using a new albumin technique, microtubules can be seen closely related to or associated with the postsynaptic 'thickening' of mature and immature central nervous synapses. Thus in conventionally fixed synapses (without albumin pretreatment) where microtubules cannot usually be observed running into the postsynaptic dense material, this material could perhaps, in part, consist of the debris of in vivo microtubules. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is often seen associated with the microtubules near the postsynaptic 'thickening'. Microtubules, and possibly smooth ER, may have an important role in the initiation of synapse formation and in the maintenance of mature synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:303693", "title": "Transient visually evoked potential.", "content": "A light delivered to the human eye will instigate changes in electrical potentials recorded over the visual cortex that last for some finite time, at least several hundred milliseconds. If the rate of stimulation is sufficiently low, the response is completed before the next visual stimulus arrives; the cortical potential is then called a transient evoked response. This review of the transient evoked potential describes the techniques by which the response is obtained, the problems inherent in its use, and procedures by which these difficulties can be overcome or minimized. A summary of the research results from the field enumerates those findings which have been well established and replicated by many investigators, those that are more controversial or as yet inconclusive, and the many practical applications of the technique for science and medicine. Finally, the needs for an underlying physiological theory and for future research are discussed.", "contents": "Transient visually evoked potential. A light delivered to the human eye will instigate changes in electrical potentials recorded over the visual cortex that last for some finite time, at least several hundred milliseconds. If the rate of stimulation is sufficiently low, the response is completed before the next visual stimulus arrives; the cortical potential is then called a transient evoked response. This review of the transient evoked potential describes the techniques by which the response is obtained, the problems inherent in its use, and procedures by which these difficulties can be overcome or minimized. A summary of the research results from the field enumerates those findings which have been well established and replicated by many investigators, those that are more controversial or as yet inconclusive, and the many practical applications of the technique for science and medicine. Finally, the needs for an underlying physiological theory and for future research are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303694", "title": "Vitamin D therapy in hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism: weight-related dosages for initiation of therapy and maintenance therapy.", "content": "The aims of this study were to determine the dose of vitamin D2 that maintains the serum calcium level within the normal range in hypoparathyroid and pseudohypoparathyroid children and to establish a safe and quickly acting dose for initiating therapy in symptomatic patients. The dose requirement for maintenance therapy was studied in 11 patients and initiation therapy was studied in five newly diagnosed hypocalcemic patients. The results show that (1) the maintenance requirement of vitamin D2 is proportional to body weight and averages 2,000 IU (50 microgram)/kg/day for children of all ages and with all types of hypoparathyroid disorders and the (2) in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients, carefully controlled administration of 8,000 IU (200 microgram) vitamin D2/kg/day for the first one to two weeks corrects hypocalcemia quickly and safely.", "contents": "Vitamin D therapy in hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism: weight-related dosages for initiation of therapy and maintenance therapy. The aims of this study were to determine the dose of vitamin D2 that maintains the serum calcium level within the normal range in hypoparathyroid and pseudohypoparathyroid children and to establish a safe and quickly acting dose for initiating therapy in symptomatic patients. The dose requirement for maintenance therapy was studied in 11 patients and initiation therapy was studied in five newly diagnosed hypocalcemic patients. The results show that (1) the maintenance requirement of vitamin D2 is proportional to body weight and averages 2,000 IU (50 microgram)/kg/day for children of all ages and with all types of hypoparathyroid disorders and the (2) in newly diagnosed symptomatic patients, carefully controlled administration of 8,000 IU (200 microgram) vitamin D2/kg/day for the first one to two weeks corrects hypocalcemia quickly and safely."}
{"id": "PMID:303698", "title": "Regeneration of rhodopsin in frog rod outer segments.", "content": "1. Bleaching/regeneration cycles were performed in perfused frog retina while the optical transmittance at suitable wave-lengths was measured continously. Rhodopsin was identified from its spectral absorbance, its photosensitivity and from the kinetics of its regeneration. 2. In the absence of the pigment epithelium regeneration was complete when not more than 2-5% of the rhodopsin initially present had been bleached. However, the cycles could be repeated to a total of regenerated rhodopsin exceeding that explicable on the utilization of stored chromophores. The rate of regeneration was fast, with 0-12 min-1 rate constant, following first order reaction kinetics. Under these conditions the cycle does not seem to involve stages beyond metarhodopsin II. With the moderate bleaching intensities used, half-time 53 min, the Bunsen-Roscoe law was obeyed up to 15 min, indicating a capacity for the photoproducts to be accomondated in situ for subsequent regeneration. 3. It is concluded that only substantial bleaches, which exceed that capacity, result in hydrolysed chromophores. These surplus chromophores become esterified and are temporarily taken up by the pigment epithelium to be re-entered into the visual cycle as fast as they can be processed by the regenerative machinery of the rod outer segments.", "contents": "Regeneration of rhodopsin in frog rod outer segments. 1. Bleaching/regeneration cycles were performed in perfused frog retina while the optical transmittance at suitable wave-lengths was measured continously. Rhodopsin was identified from its spectral absorbance, its photosensitivity and from the kinetics of its regeneration. 2. In the absence of the pigment epithelium regeneration was complete when not more than 2-5% of the rhodopsin initially present had been bleached. However, the cycles could be repeated to a total of regenerated rhodopsin exceeding that explicable on the utilization of stored chromophores. The rate of regeneration was fast, with 0-12 min-1 rate constant, following first order reaction kinetics. Under these conditions the cycle does not seem to involve stages beyond metarhodopsin II. With the moderate bleaching intensities used, half-time 53 min, the Bunsen-Roscoe law was obeyed up to 15 min, indicating a capacity for the photoproducts to be accomondated in situ for subsequent regeneration. 3. It is concluded that only substantial bleaches, which exceed that capacity, result in hydrolysed chromophores. These surplus chromophores become esterified and are temporarily taken up by the pigment epithelium to be re-entered into the visual cycle as fast as they can be processed by the regenerative machinery of the rod outer segments."}
{"id": "PMID:303699", "title": "Membrane currents underlying activity in frog sinus venosus.", "content": "1. The spontaneous electrical activity of small strips of muscle from the sinus venosus region of the heart of Rana catesbeiana was investigated using the double sucrose gap technique. The voltage clamp was used to record the ionic currents underlying the pace-maker depolarization and the action potential.2. The records of spontaneous electrical activity are very similar to those obtained from the sinus venosus using micro-electrodes. Moreover, the pace-maker activity is almost completely insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 2.0 x 10(-6) g/ml., which suggests that the pace-maker responses can be classified as primary, as opposed to follower pacing.3. In response to short rectangular depolarizing voltage clamp pulses, only one inward current is activated. This current is almost completely insensitive to TTX but can be blocked by manganese ions. It appears, therefore, to be equivalent to the slow inward (Ca(2+)/Na(+)) current, I(si), of other cardiac tissues. The threshold for I(si) is near to the maximum diastolic potential, indicating that it must be activated during the pace-maker depolarization.4. Interruption of the normal pace-maker depolarization by rapid activation of the voltage clamp circuit reveals the time-dependent decay of outward current. This current reverses between -75 and -90 mV and, therefore, is probably carried mainly by potassium ions.5. Outward current decay is not a simple exponential, and Hodgkin-Huxley analysis suggests that two distinct components of outward current may be present. One of these is activated in the potential range of the pace-maker depolarization and the other at more positive potentials. Both outward currents reach full, steady-state activation at about zero mV, i.e. within the ;plateau' range of the sinus action potential.6. These results are compared with other recently published voltage clamp data from the rabbit sino-atrial node.7. A hypothesis for the generation of pace-maker activity is presented which involves (i) decay of outward current and (ii) activation of the slow inward current, I(si).", "contents": "Membrane currents underlying activity in frog sinus venosus. 1. The spontaneous electrical activity of small strips of muscle from the sinus venosus region of the heart of Rana catesbeiana was investigated using the double sucrose gap technique. The voltage clamp was used to record the ionic currents underlying the pace-maker depolarization and the action potential.2. The records of spontaneous electrical activity are very similar to those obtained from the sinus venosus using micro-electrodes. Moreover, the pace-maker activity is almost completely insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 2.0 x 10(-6) g/ml., which suggests that the pace-maker responses can be classified as primary, as opposed to follower pacing.3. In response to short rectangular depolarizing voltage clamp pulses, only one inward current is activated. This current is almost completely insensitive to TTX but can be blocked by manganese ions. It appears, therefore, to be equivalent to the slow inward (Ca(2+)/Na(+)) current, I(si), of other cardiac tissues. The threshold for I(si) is near to the maximum diastolic potential, indicating that it must be activated during the pace-maker depolarization.4. Interruption of the normal pace-maker depolarization by rapid activation of the voltage clamp circuit reveals the time-dependent decay of outward current. This current reverses between -75 and -90 mV and, therefore, is probably carried mainly by potassium ions.5. Outward current decay is not a simple exponential, and Hodgkin-Huxley analysis suggests that two distinct components of outward current may be present. One of these is activated in the potential range of the pace-maker depolarization and the other at more positive potentials. Both outward currents reach full, steady-state activation at about zero mV, i.e. within the ;plateau' range of the sinus action potential.6. These results are compared with other recently published voltage clamp data from the rabbit sino-atrial node.7. A hypothesis for the generation of pace-maker activity is presented which involves (i) decay of outward current and (ii) activation of the slow inward current, I(si)."}
{"id": "PMID:303700", "title": "Mapping of the trigeminal sensory complex of the cat. Characterization of its neurons by stimulations of peripheral field, dental pulp afferents and thalamic projections.", "content": "From a new systematic investigation of the 4 divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex, the following points are emphasized: 1. The subnucleus oralis receives a large representation from the oral cavity, a region also represented in the three other divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex. 2. Units responding to noxious mechanical stimulation have been found in two different loci: the subnucleus caudalis for the whole trigeminal area, and the subnucleus oralis for the oral cavity. 3. The dental pulp projects to the four divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex, but the heaviest projection is found in its rostral part (the main nucleus and subnucleus oralis). 4. Three distinct types of responses were found following dental pulp stimulation: primary, non primary and responses strongly enhanced by an increase in stimulus parameters.", "contents": "Mapping of the trigeminal sensory complex of the cat. Characterization of its neurons by stimulations of peripheral field, dental pulp afferents and thalamic projections. From a new systematic investigation of the 4 divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex, the following points are emphasized: 1. The subnucleus oralis receives a large representation from the oral cavity, a region also represented in the three other divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex. 2. Units responding to noxious mechanical stimulation have been found in two different loci: the subnucleus caudalis for the whole trigeminal area, and the subnucleus oralis for the oral cavity. 3. The dental pulp projects to the four divisions of the trigeminal sensory complex, but the heaviest projection is found in its rostral part (the main nucleus and subnucleus oralis). 4. Three distinct types of responses were found following dental pulp stimulation: primary, non primary and responses strongly enhanced by an increase in stimulus parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:303703", "title": "Predominance of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases in females.", "content": "This paper offers an explanation for the higher female incidence found in many of the autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. A list of these diseases (Table 1) shows that half of them occur in three females for each male affected. Females are genetic and hence antigenic mosaics, half their somatic cells expressing antigens derived from the paternal X, half from the maternal X (female heterochromatinization). The Burnet-Jerne theory of somatic generation of antibody diversity and forbidden clone elimination states that lymphocytes under maturation in the thymus are killed or suppressed if they recognize and hence react to a histocompatibility antigen. If this were to hold for other self antigens as well, as recent models of clonal generation and selection mechanisms predict, then lymphocytes happening to pass the crucial stage in the thymus meeting only cells expressing one of the parental X's could be released still able to react to self i.e. those somatic cells expressing the other parental X with which the lymphocyte had not been in contact. Thus, self-tolerance would be more easily broken in females than in males.", "contents": "Predominance of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases in females. This paper offers an explanation for the higher female incidence found in many of the autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. A list of these diseases (Table 1) shows that half of them occur in three females for each male affected. Females are genetic and hence antigenic mosaics, half their somatic cells expressing antigens derived from the paternal X, half from the maternal X (female heterochromatinization). The Burnet-Jerne theory of somatic generation of antibody diversity and forbidden clone elimination states that lymphocytes under maturation in the thymus are killed or suppressed if they recognize and hence react to a histocompatibility antigen. If this were to hold for other self antigens as well, as recent models of clonal generation and selection mechanisms predict, then lymphocytes happening to pass the crucial stage in the thymus meeting only cells expressing one of the parental X's could be released still able to react to self i.e. those somatic cells expressing the other parental X with which the lymphocyte had not been in contact. Thus, self-tolerance would be more easily broken in females than in males."}
{"id": "PMID:303704", "title": "Selective mobilization of specifically cytotoxic T-lymphocytes at sites of inflammation in relation to BCG-induced resistance to implants of syngeneic sarcoma in mice.", "content": "The heightened and long-persisting resistance of BCG--immunized C57BL/6 mice (10-week-old males and females) to challenge with syngeneic sarcoma cells was largely restricted to the site of inoculation of the BCG. The specific cytotoxicity of peritoneal T-cells and the total number of T-cells that could be recovered from the peritoneal cavity were more than ten times greater in mice that had received BCG ip 2-4 weeks prior to inoculation of tumor than in non-BCG-treated mice. The specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxic potential of the peritoneal exudate of mice immunized with tumor was therefore at least 100 times greater in mice that had received BCG ip. This effect was detectable by 3 days after inoculation of BCG and reached a maximum 2-4 weeks later. The protection against tumor offered by pretreatment with BCG could be explained by the selective recruitment of committed T-lymphocytes to sites of chronic inflammation. The induction of nonspecifically cytotoxic macrophages and systemic changes such as generalized stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system were not contributing factors.", "contents": "Selective mobilization of specifically cytotoxic T-lymphocytes at sites of inflammation in relation to BCG-induced resistance to implants of syngeneic sarcoma in mice. The heightened and long-persisting resistance of BCG--immunized C57BL/6 mice (10-week-old males and females) to challenge with syngeneic sarcoma cells was largely restricted to the site of inoculation of the BCG. The specific cytotoxicity of peritoneal T-cells and the total number of T-cells that could be recovered from the peritoneal cavity were more than ten times greater in mice that had received BCG ip 2-4 weeks prior to inoculation of tumor than in non-BCG-treated mice. The specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxic potential of the peritoneal exudate of mice immunized with tumor was therefore at least 100 times greater in mice that had received BCG ip. This effect was detectable by 3 days after inoculation of BCG and reached a maximum 2-4 weeks later. The protection against tumor offered by pretreatment with BCG could be explained by the selective recruitment of committed T-lymphocytes to sites of chronic inflammation. The induction of nonspecifically cytotoxic macrophages and systemic changes such as generalized stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system were not contributing factors."}
{"id": "PMID:303705", "title": "Interference of human spermatozoal motility by trichomonas vaginalis.", "content": "Human spermatozoa were exposed to concentrations of live Trichomonas vaginalis varying from 10(4) to 10(7) organisms per ml. A striking decrease in spermatozoal motility ensued. The possible role of trichomoniasis in human reproductive failure is considered.", "contents": "Interference of human spermatozoal motility by trichomonas vaginalis. Human spermatozoa were exposed to concentrations of live Trichomonas vaginalis varying from 10(4) to 10(7) organisms per ml. A striking decrease in spermatozoal motility ensued. The possible role of trichomoniasis in human reproductive failure is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:303706", "title": "T and B lymphocyte levels in renal cancer patients: influence of preoperative transcatheter embolization and radical nephrectomy.", "content": "The mean percentage of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was tested in 6 patients with renal cancer before and after preoperative transcatheter embolization and radical nephrectomy. While no significant difference was found in B lymphocyte levels compared to those in healthy control subjects a clear impairment in circulating T lymphocyte levels was observed in renal cancer patients who had not been treated. This reduction in T lymphocyte levels persisted after embolization but there was a significant increase after radical nephrectomy.", "contents": "T and B lymphocyte levels in renal cancer patients: influence of preoperative transcatheter embolization and radical nephrectomy. The mean percentage of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was tested in 6 patients with renal cancer before and after preoperative transcatheter embolization and radical nephrectomy. While no significant difference was found in B lymphocyte levels compared to those in healthy control subjects a clear impairment in circulating T lymphocyte levels was observed in renal cancer patients who had not been treated. This reduction in T lymphocyte levels persisted after embolization but there was a significant increase after radical nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:303709", "title": "Changes in hemodynamics and bradykinin concentration in coronary sinus blood in experimental coronary artery occlusion.", "content": "The following parameters were studied before and after acute occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in 17 dogs: bradykinin (BK) in the coronary sinus blood, heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular max dp/dt (LV max dp/dt), and an index of myocardial contractility (LV max dp/dt/IP). BK levels increased, reaching a maximum of 30 +/- 13 ng/ml 2 min after coronary ligation, accompanied by a significant elevation of LVEDP, and lowering of the myocardial contractility index. HR and LV max dp/dt showed no significant changes. A positive correlation obtained between the level of BK and LVEDP, as well as a negative correlation between the level of BK and of both LVSP and myocardial contractility index. Pretreatment with aprotinine (Trasylol), an inhibitor of kinin forming enzyme, prevented the increase in both BK and LVEDP after coronary artery ligation and caused an elevation of myocardial contractility index. These results suggest that BK formed within ischemic myocardium exerts a negative inotropic action on the heart.", "contents": "Changes in hemodynamics and bradykinin concentration in coronary sinus blood in experimental coronary artery occlusion. The following parameters were studied before and after acute occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in 17 dogs: bradykinin (BK) in the coronary sinus blood, heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular max dp/dt (LV max dp/dt), and an index of myocardial contractility (LV max dp/dt/IP). BK levels increased, reaching a maximum of 30 +/- 13 ng/ml 2 min after coronary ligation, accompanied by a significant elevation of LVEDP, and lowering of the myocardial contractility index. HR and LV max dp/dt showed no significant changes. A positive correlation obtained between the level of BK and LVEDP, as well as a negative correlation between the level of BK and of both LVSP and myocardial contractility index. Pretreatment with aprotinine (Trasylol), an inhibitor of kinin forming enzyme, prevented the increase in both BK and LVEDP after coronary artery ligation and caused an elevation of myocardial contractility index. These results suggest that BK formed within ischemic myocardium exerts a negative inotropic action on the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:303717", "title": "Current operations for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The surgical treatment of duodenal ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract is reserved for specific complications of the ulcer, namely perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction of the gastric outlet, intractability, and recurrence following previous surgery. Though all persons with an ulceration share at least one symptom of the ulcer diathesis, the treatment of a specific patient's problem demands individualization so that the best-suited operative procedure will be performed. If patients are appropriately selected for surgical procedures, the success ratio is maximized, and the frequency of undesirable side effects minimized. We view the surgical procedure for duodenal ulcer not as an indication of failure of medical therapy, but as an appropriate treatment for specific complications of the disease. When indicated, curative procedures can be performed routinely with minimal chance of recurrence. Whenever an ulcer recurs, a specific plan of investigation will help differentiate incomplete vagotomy, endocrine tumors, or other common reasons for ulcer recurrence.", "contents": "Current operations for duodenal ulcer. The surgical treatment of duodenal ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract is reserved for specific complications of the ulcer, namely perforation, hemorrhage, obstruction of the gastric outlet, intractability, and recurrence following previous surgery. Though all persons with an ulceration share at least one symptom of the ulcer diathesis, the treatment of a specific patient's problem demands individualization so that the best-suited operative procedure will be performed. If patients are appropriately selected for surgical procedures, the success ratio is maximized, and the frequency of undesirable side effects minimized. We view the surgical procedure for duodenal ulcer not as an indication of failure of medical therapy, but as an appropriate treatment for specific complications of the disease. When indicated, curative procedures can be performed routinely with minimal chance of recurrence. Whenever an ulcer recurs, a specific plan of investigation will help differentiate incomplete vagotomy, endocrine tumors, or other common reasons for ulcer recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:303718", "title": "Transthoracic cardiectomy with infraesophago-supragastric devascularization for bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "Based on the thoughts that transthoracic approaches give less load to liver than transabdominal ones, and that effectiveness for bleeding esophageal varices is secured by cardiectomy with complete devascularization of lower esophagus and upper stomach, a new operative procedure for esophageal varices is described which is more safely applicable to the risky patients. Twenty cases with portal hypertension were operated, including eight cirrhotic patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, six cases of emergency bleeding and six reoperated cases. No operative death was encountered, but three cirrhotic patients died during the late follow up period. The remaining 17 patients had uneventful postoperative courses without recurrence esophageal bleeding during 20 months follow up period. Thus this operation may eliminate the shortcoming of previous operative methods for portal hypertension.", "contents": "Transthoracic cardiectomy with infraesophago-supragastric devascularization for bleeding esophageal varices. Based on the thoughts that transthoracic approaches give less load to liver than transabdominal ones, and that effectiveness for bleeding esophageal varices is secured by cardiectomy with complete devascularization of lower esophagus and upper stomach, a new operative procedure for esophageal varices is described which is more safely applicable to the risky patients. Twenty cases with portal hypertension were operated, including eight cirrhotic patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, six cases of emergency bleeding and six reoperated cases. No operative death was encountered, but three cirrhotic patients died during the late follow up period. The remaining 17 patients had uneventful postoperative courses without recurrence esophageal bleeding during 20 months follow up period. Thus this operation may eliminate the shortcoming of previous operative methods for portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:303721", "title": "[Evaluation of the indicators of acid-base equilibrium, oxygen and electrolyte blood levels for early diagnosis of hemodynamic disorders after heart surgery].", "content": "In 30 patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation the acid-base, oxygen and electrolytes balance parameters were studied in order to evaluate their potentials as additional diagnostic tests for various clinical forms of acute circulatory disorders in the early post-operative period. Cardiac insufficiency is predominantly characterized by a reduced oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood, an increased oxygen arterio-venous gradient and \"lactate excess\", hypokalemia and hypernatremia in plasma and erythrocytes. Metabolic and gas parameters of acid-base balance cannot be used for the diagnosis of postoperative cardiac insufficiency. In cases of hypovolemia the changes of the laboratory tests data are determined by the compensatory capacities of the human body in response to circulating blood volume deficit.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the indicators of acid-base equilibrium, oxygen and electrolyte blood levels for early diagnosis of hemodynamic disorders after heart surgery]. In 30 patients operated on under extracorporeal circulation the acid-base, oxygen and electrolytes balance parameters were studied in order to evaluate their potentials as additional diagnostic tests for various clinical forms of acute circulatory disorders in the early post-operative period. Cardiac insufficiency is predominantly characterized by a reduced oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood, an increased oxygen arterio-venous gradient and \"lactate excess\", hypokalemia and hypernatremia in plasma and erythrocytes. Metabolic and gas parameters of acid-base balance cannot be used for the diagnosis of postoperative cardiac insufficiency. In cases of hypovolemia the changes of the laboratory tests data are determined by the compensatory capacities of the human body in response to circulating blood volume deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:303722", "title": "[Prognosis of life expectancy of patients with ischemic heart disease detected during mass screening].", "content": "Prospective 5-year follow-up was accomplished among males ranging in age between 50 and 59 and forming four random samples from the respective population of the Bauman region in Moscow subjected to primary cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. The results show that in primary survey general mortality and the mortality of ischemic heart disease were significantly higher among males with ischemic heart disease than among the rest of the individuals examined. The mortality of ischemic heart disease proved to be particularly high among individuals with a history of myocardial infarction (relative death risk 5.8) and among those with typical anginal pectoris (relative death risk 4.4). Ischemic heart disease mortality was lower (relative death risk 2.1) in the group of males who had suffered from silent myocardial infarction or had silent ischemic heart disease than among those who had had myocardial infarction or with angina pectoris, but higher among males who did not have these diseases. To study the prognostic value of atypical chest pain in angina pectoris, it is necessary that prospective follow-up be continued.", "contents": "[Prognosis of life expectancy of patients with ischemic heart disease detected during mass screening]. Prospective 5-year follow-up was accomplished among males ranging in age between 50 and 59 and forming four random samples from the respective population of the Bauman region in Moscow subjected to primary cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. The results show that in primary survey general mortality and the mortality of ischemic heart disease were significantly higher among males with ischemic heart disease than among the rest of the individuals examined. The mortality of ischemic heart disease proved to be particularly high among individuals with a history of myocardial infarction (relative death risk 5.8) and among those with typical anginal pectoris (relative death risk 4.4). Ischemic heart disease mortality was lower (relative death risk 2.1) in the group of males who had suffered from silent myocardial infarction or had silent ischemic heart disease than among those who had had myocardial infarction or with angina pectoris, but higher among males who did not have these diseases. To study the prognostic value of atypical chest pain in angina pectoris, it is necessary that prospective follow-up be continued."}
{"id": "PMID:303723", "title": "[Endophthalmitis haemo-granulomatosa (a special reaction form to intraocular bleedings) (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 81 eyes enucleated after severe trauma, two eyes showed a peculiar granulomatous reaction around a bloodcoagulum. The bloodcoagulum is surrounded by a granulomatous infiltration of epithelioid and giant cells containing haemotoidin; peripheral to this there are haemosiderin containing makrophages and granulation and scartissue as well as an unspecific lymphocytic infiltration of uvea and retina. There are also signs of persistent hypotony. The similarity to endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica is stressed. It is postulated that the endophthalmitis haemo-granulomatosa is analogous to sympathetic uveitis, and phacoanaphylactica endophthalmitis represents a peculiar reaction to autologous intraocular tissue, which may occur in unspecific types of reaction, makrophagocytic reactions and as a granulomatous type. The differentialdiagnosis is discussed as well as possible clinical implications.", "contents": "[Endophthalmitis haemo-granulomatosa (a special reaction form to intraocular bleedings) (author's transl)]. Among 81 eyes enucleated after severe trauma, two eyes showed a peculiar granulomatous reaction around a bloodcoagulum. The bloodcoagulum is surrounded by a granulomatous infiltration of epithelioid and giant cells containing haemotoidin; peripheral to this there are haemosiderin containing makrophages and granulation and scartissue as well as an unspecific lymphocytic infiltration of uvea and retina. There are also signs of persistent hypotony. The similarity to endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica is stressed. It is postulated that the endophthalmitis haemo-granulomatosa is analogous to sympathetic uveitis, and phacoanaphylactica endophthalmitis represents a peculiar reaction to autologous intraocular tissue, which may occur in unspecific types of reaction, makrophagocytic reactions and as a granulomatous type. The differentialdiagnosis is discussed as well as possible clinical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:303728", "title": "Systemic hypertension associated with coronary artery bypass surgery. Predisposing factors, hemodynamic characteristics, humoral profile, and treatment.", "content": "Systemic hypertension occurs in more than one third of patients having coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. This report describes our studies in 100 consecutive patients undergoing CABG. We found that certain preoperative clinical, angiographic, and biochemical factors predispose to the development of perioperative hypertension. These included a well-documented history of hypertension, an elevated blood pressure the day prior to operation, greater than 50 percent obstruction of the left main coronary artery, and increased levels of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). The hemodynamic pattern of perioperative hypertension was that of an increased systemic vascular resistance which was associated with increased levels of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity (PRA). Nitroprusside was shown to be effective in managing  CABG hypertension, although other, more specific therapy may be preferable.", "contents": "Systemic hypertension associated with coronary artery bypass surgery. Predisposing factors, hemodynamic characteristics, humoral profile, and treatment. Systemic hypertension occurs in more than one third of patients having coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. This report describes our studies in 100 consecutive patients undergoing CABG. We found that certain preoperative clinical, angiographic, and biochemical factors predispose to the development of perioperative hypertension. These included a well-documented history of hypertension, an elevated blood pressure the day prior to operation, greater than 50 percent obstruction of the left main coronary artery, and increased levels of dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). The hemodynamic pattern of perioperative hypertension was that of an increased systemic vascular resistance which was associated with increased levels of plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity (PRA). Nitroprusside was shown to be effective in managing  CABG hypertension, although other, more specific therapy may be preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:303729", "title": "Fracture and embolization of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc. Fatal failure of a prosthetic mitral valve.", "content": "A case of fracture of the disc occluder of a Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis with embolization of the disc fragments to distal aorta is presented. The possibility of valve dysfunction and the diagnostic value of echocardiography should be considered whenever acute heart failure occurs in a patient with an artificial valve.", "contents": "Fracture and embolization of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley disc. Fatal failure of a prosthetic mitral valve. A case of fracture of the disc occluder of a Bjork-Shiley mitral prosthesis with embolization of the disc fragments to distal aorta is presented. The possibility of valve dysfunction and the diagnostic value of echocardiography should be considered whenever acute heart failure occurs in a patient with an artificial valve."}
{"id": "PMID:303730", "title": "Antibiotic therapy for severe infections in infants and children.", "content": "Guidelines for the use of antibiotics in infants and children must take into account drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In the developing human being, these factors may differ significantly from those in the adult, and so there are differences in therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Certain drugs should be avoided in the neonate because of known toxicity; these include the sulfonamides, tetracycline, and high doses of chloramphenicol. Antibiotic therapy should be modified in neonates in several ways because of the biologic immaturity of systems important for the termination of drug action, such as the liver and kidney. Because of poor conjugation, inactivation, or excretion, the administration of many antibiotics results in higher and more prolonged serum levels than those produced in older infants. Thus, in the neonate, the dosages of many antibiotics have to be lower and intervals between administration longer. In the case of gentamicin, studies in the 6-month to adult age group have shown that children less than 5 years old require almost twice as much of the drug as do children older than 10 years or adults to achieve similar peak concentrations. The appearance throughout the United States of strains of Haemophilus influenzae, type b, that are resistant to ampicillin has necessitated a change in the initial antibiotic therapy given to children with bacterial meningitis. There are few uses for tetracycline in pediatric practice.", "contents": "Antibiotic therapy for severe infections in infants and children. Guidelines for the use of antibiotics in infants and children must take into account drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. In the developing human being, these factors may differ significantly from those in the adult, and so there are differences in therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. Certain drugs should be avoided in the neonate because of known toxicity; these include the sulfonamides, tetracycline, and high doses of chloramphenicol. Antibiotic therapy should be modified in neonates in several ways because of the biologic immaturity of systems important for the termination of drug action, such as the liver and kidney. Because of poor conjugation, inactivation, or excretion, the administration of many antibiotics results in higher and more prolonged serum levels than those produced in older infants. Thus, in the neonate, the dosages of many antibiotics have to be lower and intervals between administration longer. In the case of gentamicin, studies in the 6-month to adult age group have shown that children less than 5 years old require almost twice as much of the drug as do children older than 10 years or adults to achieve similar peak concentrations. The appearance throughout the United States of strains of Haemophilus influenzae, type b, that are resistant to ampicillin has necessitated a change in the initial antibiotic therapy given to children with bacterial meningitis. There are few uses for tetracycline in pediatric practice."}
{"id": "PMID:303731", "title": "Relationship between process and outcome in ambulatory care.", "content": "The outcomes of a series of some 410 acute episodes from two family practice centers were rated on the degree to which the patient regained his usual functional status and his satisfaction with the outcome and the process of care. A portion of outcomes (251) were then compared to process scores obtained using explicit criteria and the rest to implicit process ratings based on the problem-oriented record. In both instances those cases with good outcomes had better process scores than those with bad outcomes; neither measure of satisfaction had a consistent relationship with either process measure.", "contents": "Relationship between process and outcome in ambulatory care. The outcomes of a series of some 410 acute episodes from two family practice centers were rated on the degree to which the patient regained his usual functional status and his satisfaction with the outcome and the process of care. A portion of outcomes (251) were then compared to process scores obtained using explicit criteria and the rest to implicit process ratings based on the problem-oriented record. In both instances those cases with good outcomes had better process scores than those with bad outcomes; neither measure of satisfaction had a consistent relationship with either process measure."}
{"id": "PMID:303733", "title": "Comparison of caloric and sinusoidal tests in the vestibulotoxic cat.", "content": "In order to evaluate the relative sensitivity of caloric and sinusoidal angular acceleration tests, thermal and rotational stimuli were administered to cats rendered vestibulotoxic with streptomycin sulfate. Three groups of six cats each, receiving daily subcutaneous injections of saline, 100 mg/kg streptomycin or 200 mg/kg streptomycin, were administered optokinetic, caloric and sinusoidal stimuli. Vestibular responses were evaluated by changes in the total slow phase displacement of the eyes and frequency of nystagmic beats. The results demonstrated that the saline treated animals had a decrease in response consistent with habituation; whereas, experimental animals showed a marked, rapid abolition of eye movement. The decrease in response was greater for the larger dose of streptomycin. Caloric or sinusoidal acceleration tests were equally sensitive in monitoring the degree of nystagmic depression. The data suggested that sinusoidal acceleration tests could be easily applied to the clinical vestibular assessment of ototoxicity.", "contents": "Comparison of caloric and sinusoidal tests in the vestibulotoxic cat. In order to evaluate the relative sensitivity of caloric and sinusoidal angular acceleration tests, thermal and rotational stimuli were administered to cats rendered vestibulotoxic with streptomycin sulfate. Three groups of six cats each, receiving daily subcutaneous injections of saline, 100 mg/kg streptomycin or 200 mg/kg streptomycin, were administered optokinetic, caloric and sinusoidal stimuli. Vestibular responses were evaluated by changes in the total slow phase displacement of the eyes and frequency of nystagmic beats. The results demonstrated that the saline treated animals had a decrease in response consistent with habituation; whereas, experimental animals showed a marked, rapid abolition of eye movement. The decrease in response was greater for the larger dose of streptomycin. Caloric or sinusoidal acceleration tests were equally sensitive in monitoring the degree of nystagmic depression. The data suggested that sinusoidal acceleration tests could be easily applied to the clinical vestibular assessment of ototoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:303737", "title": "[Problems of postthymectomy-syndromes, e.g. myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "6 years after resection and postirradiation of an \"asymptomatic\" thymoma, myasthenia gravis developed in a 46 year old man which improved within 6 months following initiation of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine. In a 28 year old man with incomplete operative removal of a metastasizing malignant thymoma, a myasthenia gravis appeared 8 weeks after surgery, i.e. before irradiation of the tumor relics. Myasthenia improved upon irradiation of the tumor relics and was no longer demonstrable one year after onset of its clinical signs. During the whole period of manifestation of the myasthenia, antibodies to skeletal muscle were deomonstrated in the first case, while, in the second case, in which antinuclear factors were present in the serum throughout the course of the myasthenia, muscular antibodies were detected only prefinally, i.e. in a stage without clinical symptoms of myasthenia. A review of the literature indicates that myasthenia gravis is a particularly frequent event in postthymectomy-syndromes (e.g. polymyositis, thyreoiditis, lupus erythematosus, hematological and dermatological syndromes). In postthymectomy-myasthenia, latency of manifestation, clinical distribution and its course may be rather variable. The problems of diagnosis, immunology and therapy of postthymectomy-myasthenia are discussed and general conclusions concerning postthymectomy-syndromes are drawn.", "contents": "[Problems of postthymectomy-syndromes, e.g. myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. 6 years after resection and postirradiation of an \"asymptomatic\" thymoma, myasthenia gravis developed in a 46 year old man which improved within 6 months following initiation of immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine. In a 28 year old man with incomplete operative removal of a metastasizing malignant thymoma, a myasthenia gravis appeared 8 weeks after surgery, i.e. before irradiation of the tumor relics. Myasthenia improved upon irradiation of the tumor relics and was no longer demonstrable one year after onset of its clinical signs. During the whole period of manifestation of the myasthenia, antibodies to skeletal muscle were deomonstrated in the first case, while, in the second case, in which antinuclear factors were present in the serum throughout the course of the myasthenia, muscular antibodies were detected only prefinally, i.e. in a stage without clinical symptoms of myasthenia. A review of the literature indicates that myasthenia gravis is a particularly frequent event in postthymectomy-syndromes (e.g. polymyositis, thyreoiditis, lupus erythematosus, hematological and dermatological syndromes). In postthymectomy-myasthenia, latency of manifestation, clinical distribution and its course may be rather variable. The problems of diagnosis, immunology and therapy of postthymectomy-myasthenia are discussed and general conclusions concerning postthymectomy-syndromes are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:303746", "title": "[Intestinal hemorrhage as cause of late death in a patient with abdominal aortic prosthesis].", "content": "Intestinal bleeding from abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare complication; it represents an exceptional occurrence in patients with abdominal aortic prosthesis. The Authors report one case of intestinal hemorrhage caused by interruption in the posterior suture-line between prosthesis and aorta. The hemorrhage has been the cause of death in this patient 4 months after the operation; the exact diagnosis has been recognized only at autopsy, after a gastroduodenal resection performed for a suspected bleeding peptic ulcer. Pathology, ethiology and diagnosis of this case are commented and discussed.", "contents": "[Intestinal hemorrhage as cause of late death in a patient with abdominal aortic prosthesis]. Intestinal bleeding from abdominal aortic aneurysm is a rare complication; it represents an exceptional occurrence in patients with abdominal aortic prosthesis. The Authors report one case of intestinal hemorrhage caused by interruption in the posterior suture-line between prosthesis and aorta. The hemorrhage has been the cause of death in this patient 4 months after the operation; the exact diagnosis has been recognized only at autopsy, after a gastroduodenal resection performed for a suspected bleeding peptic ulcer. Pathology, ethiology and diagnosis of this case are commented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303747", "title": "[Diagnostic problems of simple and complicated Meckel's diverticulum in adults].", "content": "The literature data concerning the incidence of Meckel's diverticulum in the adult and the frequency of its complications are examined and problems associated with the preoperative diagnosis of this form are discussed. Reference is made to the limitations of abdominal scintiscanning and the encouraging results obtained with superior mesenteric arteriography in diverticular bleeding. Five cases of Meckel's diverticulum in the adult are presented. Stress is placed on the need to explore the ileum during appendicectomy to enable diverticula to be detected and removed, since they are often the cause or the site of complications, even in the adult.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems of simple and complicated Meckel's diverticulum in adults]. The literature data concerning the incidence of Meckel's diverticulum in the adult and the frequency of its complications are examined and problems associated with the preoperative diagnosis of this form are discussed. Reference is made to the limitations of abdominal scintiscanning and the encouraging results obtained with superior mesenteric arteriography in diverticular bleeding. Five cases of Meckel's diverticulum in the adult are presented. Stress is placed on the need to explore the ileum during appendicectomy to enable diverticula to be detected and removed, since they are often the cause or the site of complications, even in the adult."}
{"id": "PMID:303748", "title": "[Intensive care in gastroenterology. 1st experiences and verification].", "content": "The history of intensive care in gastroenterology is briefly discussed. The insertion of intensive care units in the hospital scene is also examined and illustrative examples of emergency cases treated in recent years at the Rome United Hospitals gastroenterology division are presented. It is felt that centres tailored to hospital dimensions should be formed, though their cost is likely to prove a bar to their early institution. Intensive care can, it is urged, be furnished by specialist departments, provided they manage to find a new dimension in keeping with the more difficult tasks involved.", "contents": "[Intensive care in gastroenterology. 1st experiences and verification]. The history of intensive care in gastroenterology is briefly discussed. The insertion of intensive care units in the hospital scene is also examined and illustrative examples of emergency cases treated in recent years at the Rome United Hospitals gastroenterology division are presented. It is felt that centres tailored to hospital dimensions should be formed, though their cost is likely to prove a bar to their early institution. Intensive care can, it is urged, be furnished by specialist departments, provided they manage to find a new dimension in keeping with the more difficult tasks involved."}
{"id": "PMID:303758", "title": "[The late results of aorto-coronary by-pass surgery. Minimum of 4 years follow-up (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 340 patients undergoing aorto-coronary surgery over a period of 6 years, the 136 cases in which there was a minimum follow-up of more than 4 years were analysed from the standpoint of the results. Overall amount annual postoperative mortality was low, less than 2,5%, even though the majority of patients undergoing surgery suffered from rest angina and had double or triple coronary stenoses. Analysis of prognostic parameters reveals the importance of the quality of the left ventricule, whilst age, sex, risk factors, the site of the bypass, the number of stenoses and the type of angina had little or no statistical influence on postoperative mortality. Six years after operation, there remained 66% of excellent results and 60% of the patients were able to work. One hundred and forty eight follow-up coronary arteriograms were carried out (including 33 repeated). During the first year after operation (184 by-passes examined) the percentage of permeability of the grafts was 84,8%. Later (86 bypasses examined) this fell significantly to 74,4% but 86,3% still had at least one permeable by-pass. Repeat late studies after four years showed the stability of the result. Investigation into the causes of postoperative infarctions ans analysis of the results in terms of the number of by-passes carried out in relation to the number of coronary stenoses, indicate that multiple by-passes should be avoided when technical conditions are difficult, with a narrowed coronary network and of little functional value.", "contents": "[The late results of aorto-coronary by-pass surgery. Minimum of 4 years follow-up (author's transl)]. Of 340 patients undergoing aorto-coronary surgery over a period of 6 years, the 136 cases in which there was a minimum follow-up of more than 4 years were analysed from the standpoint of the results. Overall amount annual postoperative mortality was low, less than 2,5%, even though the majority of patients undergoing surgery suffered from rest angina and had double or triple coronary stenoses. Analysis of prognostic parameters reveals the importance of the quality of the left ventricule, whilst age, sex, risk factors, the site of the bypass, the number of stenoses and the type of angina had little or no statistical influence on postoperative mortality. Six years after operation, there remained 66% of excellent results and 60% of the patients were able to work. One hundred and forty eight follow-up coronary arteriograms were carried out (including 33 repeated). During the first year after operation (184 by-passes examined) the percentage of permeability of the grafts was 84,8%. Later (86 bypasses examined) this fell significantly to 74,4% but 86,3% still had at least one permeable by-pass. Repeat late studies after four years showed the stability of the result. Investigation into the causes of postoperative infarctions ans analysis of the results in terms of the number of by-passes carried out in relation to the number of coronary stenoses, indicate that multiple by-passes should be avoided when technical conditions are difficult, with a narrowed coronary network and of little functional value."}
{"id": "PMID:303770", "title": "Specific lysine labeling by 18OH- during alkaline cleavage of the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex.", "content": "alpha-1-Antitrypsin is a serum protein that inhibits many proteolytic enzymes. Recently, it was suggested that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex is an acyl ester analogous to the acyl intermediate that forms between trypsin and its substrates. In previous work we showed that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex can be split at high pH, releasing a component of alpha-1-antitrypsin. This component had a new carboxyl-terminal lysine, and it had lost a peptide of about 4000 daltons. In order to determine whether the alpha-1-antitrypsin is bound to trypsin through the new carboxy-terminal lysine, as would be expected if the above hypothesis is correct, we split the complex in the presence of 18OH-. When the new carboxy-terminal lysine was cleaved with carboxypeptidase B, singly labeled, doubly labeled, and unlabeled lysine were recovered. These data support the hypothesis that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex is an acyl ester or a tetrahedral precursor that is transformed into the acyl ester form at high pH. If other enzymes are bound by a similar mechanism, the methods used may be useful in determining which amino acids on alpha-1-antitrypsin bind covalently to each enzyme.", "contents": "Specific lysine labeling by 18OH- during alkaline cleavage of the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex. alpha-1-Antitrypsin is a serum protein that inhibits many proteolytic enzymes. Recently, it was suggested that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex is an acyl ester analogous to the acyl intermediate that forms between trypsin and its substrates. In previous work we showed that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex can be split at high pH, releasing a component of alpha-1-antitrypsin. This component had a new carboxyl-terminal lysine, and it had lost a peptide of about 4000 daltons. In order to determine whether the alpha-1-antitrypsin is bound to trypsin through the new carboxy-terminal lysine, as would be expected if the above hypothesis is correct, we split the complex in the presence of 18OH-. When the new carboxy-terminal lysine was cleaved with carboxypeptidase B, singly labeled, doubly labeled, and unlabeled lysine were recovered. These data support the hypothesis that the alpha-1-antitrypsin-trypsin complex is an acyl ester or a tetrahedral precursor that is transformed into the acyl ester form at high pH. If other enzymes are bound by a similar mechanism, the methods used may be useful in determining which amino acids on alpha-1-antitrypsin bind covalently to each enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:303771", "title": "Ligand-independent cap formation: redistribution of surface receptors on mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes in hypertonic medium.", "content": "Most of the mobile receptors on mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes, including immunoglobulins, H-2 antigens, Thy-1.2 antigens, some concanavalin A receptors, and some antigenic determinants detected by anti-thymocyte serum, were redistributed into caps when the cells were incubated in hypertonic medium (about 600 mOsM) in the absence of ligands. The caps reverted to the original distributions if the cells were transferred again to isotonic medium. The viability of the cells was not decreased after incubation in the hypertonic medium. Ligand-independent cap formation appeared to depend upon cellular metabolism. Different species of receptors appeared to move with different mobilities during the process of ligand-independent cap formation. Most microvilli on cells showing caps in hypertonic medium were associated with the regions of the caps. These results suggest that free receptors can be induced to form caps if the receptors are allowed to interact with the machinery of cap formation under special conditions.", "contents": "Ligand-independent cap formation: redistribution of surface receptors on mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes in hypertonic medium. Most of the mobile receptors on mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes, including immunoglobulins, H-2 antigens, Thy-1.2 antigens, some concanavalin A receptors, and some antigenic determinants detected by anti-thymocyte serum, were redistributed into caps when the cells were incubated in hypertonic medium (about 600 mOsM) in the absence of ligands. The caps reverted to the original distributions if the cells were transferred again to isotonic medium. The viability of the cells was not decreased after incubation in the hypertonic medium. Ligand-independent cap formation appeared to depend upon cellular metabolism. Different species of receptors appeared to move with different mobilities during the process of ligand-independent cap formation. Most microvilli on cells showing caps in hypertonic medium were associated with the regions of the caps. These results suggest that free receptors can be induced to form caps if the receptors are allowed to interact with the machinery of cap formation under special conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:303772", "title": "Activation of cytotoxic T cells by nonstimulating tumor cells and spleen cell factor(s).", "content": "The ability of three cultured mouse tumor lines to stimulate a cytotoxic response in 5-day cultures of allogeneic lymph node cells was studied with a 51Cr release assay. Two lines of mesenchymal origin, P815 and EL-4, were found to be highly stimulatory, whereas the third cell line, CaD2, a mammary gland epithelial tumor, did not stimulate over a wide range of cell concentration. CaD2 cells were shown to contain major antigens similar to those of P815 cells by the specific lysis of both cells by lymphocytes activated to H-2d-bearing peritoneal cells.UV-irradiated P815-cells, like gamma-irradiated CaD2 cells, did not stimulate a cytotoxic response, but both cell lines were found to stimulate a full and specific response to allogeneic lymph node cells if these mixed cultures were supplemented with a supernatant harvested from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells.", "contents": "Activation of cytotoxic T cells by nonstimulating tumor cells and spleen cell factor(s). The ability of three cultured mouse tumor lines to stimulate a cytotoxic response in 5-day cultures of allogeneic lymph node cells was studied with a 51Cr release assay. Two lines of mesenchymal origin, P815 and EL-4, were found to be highly stimulatory, whereas the third cell line, CaD2, a mammary gland epithelial tumor, did not stimulate over a wide range of cell concentration. CaD2 cells were shown to contain major antigens similar to those of P815 cells by the specific lysis of both cells by lymphocytes activated to H-2d-bearing peritoneal cells.UV-irradiated P815-cells, like gamma-irradiated CaD2 cells, did not stimulate a cytotoxic response, but both cell lines were found to stimulate a full and specific response to allogeneic lymph node cells if these mixed cultures were supplemented with a supernatant harvested from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303773", "title": "Alterations in insulin binding accompanying differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.", "content": "Expression of the adipocyte phenotype by differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes occurs upon exposure of the cells to insulin. Differentiation-linked changes in 125I-labeled insulin binding to 3T3-L1 cells were monitored and compared with those in nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 controls treated similarly. Without chronic insulin treatment, 3T3-L1 cells failed to express the adipocyte phenotype but maintained a level of 25,000-35,000 insulin-binding sites per cell. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with insulin resulted in an initial suppression of insulin binding followed by a 12-fold increase that paralleled the appearance of differentiated cells. A maximum of 170,000 insulin-binding sites per cell was attained for a population in which greater than 75% of the cells had differentiated. The increase of insulin receptor level appears to be differentiation-dependent and is not a general response of cells to the culture conditions. 3T3-C2 cells maintained in the presence of insulin for 30 days exhibited the undifferentiated phenotype and suppressed levels of insulin binding (35,000 sites per cell). The binding capacity of 3T3-L1 cells for epidermal growth factor remained unchanged between 25,000 and 40;000  sites per cell and was independent of the state of differentiation. Thus, induction by insulin in receptor-specific changes. Insulin receptors increase in number but epidermal growth factor receptors remain constant.", "contents": "Alterations in insulin binding accompanying differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Expression of the adipocyte phenotype by differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes occurs upon exposure of the cells to insulin. Differentiation-linked changes in 125I-labeled insulin binding to 3T3-L1 cells were monitored and compared with those in nondifferentiating 3T3-C2 controls treated similarly. Without chronic insulin treatment, 3T3-L1 cells failed to express the adipocyte phenotype but maintained a level of 25,000-35,000 insulin-binding sites per cell. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with insulin resulted in an initial suppression of insulin binding followed by a 12-fold increase that paralleled the appearance of differentiated cells. A maximum of 170,000 insulin-binding sites per cell was attained for a population in which greater than 75% of the cells had differentiated. The increase of insulin receptor level appears to be differentiation-dependent and is not a general response of cells to the culture conditions. 3T3-C2 cells maintained in the presence of insulin for 30 days exhibited the undifferentiated phenotype and suppressed levels of insulin binding (35,000 sites per cell). The binding capacity of 3T3-L1 cells for epidermal growth factor remained unchanged between 25,000 and 40;000  sites per cell and was independent of the state of differentiation. Thus, induction by insulin in receptor-specific changes. Insulin receptors increase in number but epidermal growth factor receptors remain constant."}
{"id": "PMID:303774", "title": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: control of growth by serum factors.", "content": "BSC-1 cells grow slowly, to high cell density, in medium with 0.1% calf serum. An increase in the serum concentration increases both the growth rate of the cells and the final cell density. The serum can be replaced to some extent by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Initiation of DNA synthesis in BSC-1 cells that have spread into a \"wound\" in a crowded cell layer requires the addition of a trace of serum or EGF, if the cells have previously been deprived of serum. The binding of 125I-labeled EGF to low-density and high-density BSC-1 cells has been studied. Binding is faster to low-density cells. Cells at low cell density also bind much more EGF per cell than cells at high cell density. The fraction of bound 125I-labeled EGF that is present on the cell surface as intact EGF is larger at low than at high cell density. The results indicate that the number of available EGF receptors per cell decreases drastically as the cell density increases. It is suggested that a decrease in the number of available EGF receptor sites per cell, and the accompanying decrease in sensitivity of the cells to EGF, contributes to density-dependent regulation of growth of these cells.", "contents": "Density-dependent regulation of growth of BSC-1 cells in cell culture: control of growth by serum factors. BSC-1 cells grow slowly, to high cell density, in medium with 0.1% calf serum. An increase in the serum concentration increases both the growth rate of the cells and the final cell density. The serum can be replaced to some extent by epidermal growth factor (EGF). Initiation of DNA synthesis in BSC-1 cells that have spread into a \"wound\" in a crowded cell layer requires the addition of a trace of serum or EGF, if the cells have previously been deprived of serum. The binding of 125I-labeled EGF to low-density and high-density BSC-1 cells has been studied. Binding is faster to low-density cells. Cells at low cell density also bind much more EGF per cell than cells at high cell density. The fraction of bound 125I-labeled EGF that is present on the cell surface as intact EGF is larger at low than at high cell density. The results indicate that the number of available EGF receptors per cell decreases drastically as the cell density increases. It is suggested that a decrease in the number of available EGF receptor sites per cell, and the accompanying decrease in sensitivity of the cells to EGF, contributes to density-dependent regulation of growth of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303775", "title": "Idiotypic regulation of the immune system by the induction of antibodies against anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "Anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1) were isolated from a rabbit hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus and injected into allotype-matched rabbits in order to obtain specific anti-iodiotypic antibodies (Ab2). Ab2 was isolated by means of a Sepharose column coupled to the anticarbohydrate antibodies and was injected into two allotype-matched rabbits. These latter rabbits produced specific anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) probably sharing idiotypic specificities with Ab1. However, these Ab3 did not react with the antigenic carbohydrate moiety of bacteria. The two rabbits that had produced Ab3 were then immunized with M. lysodeikticus and synthesized anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1') bearing idiotypic specificities similar to those of Ab1. The immune repertoire which is effectively expressed in one individual depends not only on the antigenic stimulation but also on the previous idiotypic history of the individual. These data support the concept that the immune system is a functional idiotypic network.", "contents": "Idiotypic regulation of the immune system by the induction of antibodies against anti-idiotypic antibodies. Anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1) were isolated from a rabbit hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus and injected into allotype-matched rabbits in order to obtain specific anti-iodiotypic antibodies (Ab2). Ab2 was isolated by means of a Sepharose column coupled to the anticarbohydrate antibodies and was injected into two allotype-matched rabbits. These latter rabbits produced specific anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) probably sharing idiotypic specificities with Ab1. However, these Ab3 did not react with the antigenic carbohydrate moiety of bacteria. The two rabbits that had produced Ab3 were then immunized with M. lysodeikticus and synthesized anticarbohydrate antibodies (Ab1') bearing idiotypic specificities similar to those of Ab1. The immune repertoire which is effectively expressed in one individual depends not only on the antigenic stimulation but also on the previous idiotypic history of the individual. These data support the concept that the immune system is a functional idiotypic network."}
{"id": "PMID:303778", "title": "Effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications following open heart surgery.", "content": "The effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications was studied in 40 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Both high- and low-risk patients in the experimental group received one preoperative teaching session and treatment twice a day for the first four days postextubation. Routine postoperative care was given to all 40 patients. Breathing exercises reduced the incidence of pulmonary complications and the necessity for percutaneous endotracheal catheters in the high-risk group. These results justify the use of breathing exercises with the high-risk open-heart surgical patient.", "contents": "Effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications following open heart surgery. The effectiveness of breathing exercises in preventing pulmonary complications was studied in 40 patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Both high- and low-risk patients in the experimental group received one preoperative teaching session and treatment twice a day for the first four days postextubation. Routine postoperative care was given to all 40 patients. Breathing exercises reduced the incidence of pulmonary complications and the necessity for percutaneous endotracheal catheters in the high-risk group. These results justify the use of breathing exercises with the high-risk open-heart surgical patient."}
{"id": "PMID:303782", "title": "Angiographic demonstration of esophagogastric bleeding from the inferior phrenic artery.", "content": "A case is reported of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in which the hemorrhage was demonstrated on left inferior phrenic angiography. The anatomy of the inferior phrenic artery is reviewed and it is emphasized that this artery should be studied if no bleeding source is seen on \"routine\" angiography, especially if a distal esophageal or a proximal gastric lesion is suspected.", "contents": "Angiographic demonstration of esophagogastric bleeding from the inferior phrenic artery. A case is reported of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding in which the hemorrhage was demonstrated on left inferior phrenic angiography. The anatomy of the inferior phrenic artery is reviewed and it is emphasized that this artery should be studied if no bleeding source is seen on \"routine\" angiography, especially if a distal esophageal or a proximal gastric lesion is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:303783", "title": "[Role of an insoluble thymus fraction in the differentiation of T lymphocytes].", "content": "An insoluble thymic fraction, free of both thymocytes and thymic hormone, was injected intraperitoneally to C57B1/6 mice. Following this injection, marked changes were noted in thymocyte populations: these consisted mainly in a significant increase of subcapsular prothymocytes, peaking at day 7. These observations were made by histological examination and confirmed by a study of physical characteristics of thymocyte populations. The possibility that this insoluble thymic fraction might have a biologically active component responsible for prothymocytes recruitment is examined.", "contents": "[Role of an insoluble thymus fraction in the differentiation of T lymphocytes]. An insoluble thymic fraction, free of both thymocytes and thymic hormone, was injected intraperitoneally to C57B1/6 mice. Following this injection, marked changes were noted in thymocyte populations: these consisted mainly in a significant increase of subcapsular prothymocytes, peaking at day 7. These observations were made by histological examination and confirmed by a study of physical characteristics of thymocyte populations. The possibility that this insoluble thymic fraction might have a biologically active component responsible for prothymocytes recruitment is examined."}
{"id": "PMID:303796", "title": "[X-ray diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Characteristic signs of interstitial lung disease can be identified by analysis of roentgenographic patterns of lung structure. Intralobular changes are visible only due to summation effects whereas extralobular changes render direct visibility. Different interstitial diseases show roentgenographic patterns which often become more marked during follow-up films.", "contents": "[X-ray diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (author's transl)]. Characteristic signs of interstitial lung disease can be identified by analysis of roentgenographic patterns of lung structure. Intralobular changes are visible only due to summation effects whereas extralobular changes render direct visibility. Different interstitial diseases show roentgenographic patterns which often become more marked during follow-up films."}
{"id": "PMID:303798", "title": "The effect of loud noise on the vestibular system.", "content": "The effect of a 2 sec 113--123 dB ISO pure tone stimulus on ENG was studied. The material consisted of patients with operated and unoperated otosclerosis, normal ears, patients with sensorineural defects, and cases of chronic otitis media. ENG changes were found in 45% of patients with sensorineural hearing loss, in 35% of operated otosclerotics, in 15% of unoperated otosclerotics, in 15% of patients with chronic media, but in none of the normal-hearing patients. Most of the patients showing ENG changes felt dizzy. These results seem to imply a possible risk to patients with sensorineural hearing loss working in high noise levels.", "contents": "The effect of loud noise on the vestibular system. The effect of a 2 sec 113--123 dB ISO pure tone stimulus on ENG was studied. The material consisted of patients with operated and unoperated otosclerosis, normal ears, patients with sensorineural defects, and cases of chronic otitis media. ENG changes were found in 45% of patients with sensorineural hearing loss, in 35% of operated otosclerotics, in 15% of unoperated otosclerotics, in 15% of patients with chronic media, but in none of the normal-hearing patients. Most of the patients showing ENG changes felt dizzy. These results seem to imply a possible risk to patients with sensorineural hearing loss working in high noise levels."}
{"id": "PMID:303799", "title": "Operative results in portal hypertension with bleeding oesophageal varices.", "content": "During a 15-year period 81 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices were admitted to our department. Nearly 90% had liver cirrhosis, 21% were alcoholics. 67 portosystemic shunts were performed in 63 patients, in 11 of these as an emergency shunt. Overall operative mortality in electively shunted patients was 10.7%. Even in those with the most severe liver insufficiency (Child's group C) operative mortality was below 20%. Operative mortality in elective cases was closely correlated to peroperative bleeding. Only 1 of 45 patients needing less than 10 units of blood peroperatively died, while mortality in the multitransfused group was 45.5%. Both patients surviving urgent shunt surgery were operated on early, i.e. before they had received 5 units of blood.", "contents": "Operative results in portal hypertension with bleeding oesophageal varices. During a 15-year period 81 patients with bleeding oesophageal varices were admitted to our department. Nearly 90% had liver cirrhosis, 21% were alcoholics. 67 portosystemic shunts were performed in 63 patients, in 11 of these as an emergency shunt. Overall operative mortality in electively shunted patients was 10.7%. Even in those with the most severe liver insufficiency (Child's group C) operative mortality was below 20%. Operative mortality in elective cases was closely correlated to peroperative bleeding. Only 1 of 45 patients needing less than 10 units of blood peroperatively died, while mortality in the multitransfused group was 45.5%. Both patients surviving urgent shunt surgery were operated on early, i.e. before they had received 5 units of blood."}
{"id": "PMID:303800", "title": "Oxygen consumption during phagocytosis by leukocytes in patients with rheumatic diseases.", "content": "Oxygen consumption was investigated during phagocytosis by leukocytes in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. Compared with the situation in normal persons, the mean oxygen consumption in the total patient group was depressed.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption during phagocytosis by leukocytes in patients with rheumatic diseases. Oxygen consumption was investigated during phagocytosis by leukocytes in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. Compared with the situation in normal persons, the mean oxygen consumption in the total patient group was depressed."}
{"id": "PMID:303801", "title": "Serum lysozyme, antinuclear factors and antibody to native DNA.", "content": "This work was done in order to investigate the previously reported antinuclear property of lysozyme (LZM). Addition of human or hen egg white lysozyme (hLZM or eLZM) to normal serum and to 11 sera with different types of antinuclear factors (ANF) produced no consistent changes in ANF titre or type. Likewise, absorption of LZM from the sera with bentonite failed to influence ANF titre and, finally, hLZM and eLZM were incapable of binding native DNA (nDNA). Elevated serum lysozyme levels in rheumatic diseases are therefore unlikely to produce false-positive results in tests for antinuclear antibodies.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme, antinuclear factors and antibody to native DNA. This work was done in order to investigate the previously reported antinuclear property of lysozyme (LZM). Addition of human or hen egg white lysozyme (hLZM or eLZM) to normal serum and to 11 sera with different types of antinuclear factors (ANF) produced no consistent changes in ANF titre or type. Likewise, absorption of LZM from the sera with bentonite failed to influence ANF titre and, finally, hLZM and eLZM were incapable of binding native DNA (nDNA). Elevated serum lysozyme levels in rheumatic diseases are therefore unlikely to produce false-positive results in tests for antinuclear antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:303802", "title": "[Recent concepts in cell mediated immunity].", "content": "Following a brief review of recent advances in the field of immunology, the concept of cell-mediated immunity is discussed in relation to new findings regarding the induction and function of sensitized T cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are taken as an example of effector cells involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Due to the development of in vitro model systems, it is now feasible to study the various steps leading to the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes as well as the mechanism of their activity. For comparative purposes, other models of cell-mediated cytotoxicity are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Recent concepts in cell mediated immunity]. Following a brief review of recent advances in the field of immunology, the concept of cell-mediated immunity is discussed in relation to new findings regarding the induction and function of sensitized T cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are taken as an example of effector cells involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Due to the development of in vitro model systems, it is now feasible to study the various steps leading to the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes as well as the mechanism of their activity. For comparative purposes, other models of cell-mediated cytotoxicity are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303803", "title": "[Antibody-deficiency syndrome].", "content": "Antibody deficiency syndromes (ADS) are defined by the inability of the organism to maintain sufficient concentrations of specific antibodies in circulation. The carriers of antibodies, the immunoglobulins, are a well-defined class of plasma proteins. Some of the pertinent knowledge on their structure and function is briefly summarized. Clinical classification of ADS may be based on different criteria: etiological and pathogenetic views are here used according to needs. Primary ADS are the result of deficient synthesis, and secondary ADS are due to increased catabolism and/or loss of antibodies. Etiological factors in primary ADS are congenital disturbances (hereditary deficiency, e.g. agammaglobulinemia), regulatory imbalances (e.g. infantile hypogammaglobulinemia) or acquired disease (e.g. malignant monoclonal lymphoma). Among the causes of acquired ADS as one example diseases leading to protein loss, are discussed. However, the whole problem may not be summarized so briefly, and this is exemplified in two illustrative examples of genetically determined diseases (hereditary deficiency of transcobalamin II and of adenosine deaminase). Patients with congenital metabolic deficiences may be considered as \"experiments of nature\". Their extensive study has essentially contributed to new knowledge and insights into normal physiological mechanisms. This is also true in immunology where the discovery of fundamental facts is connected with such studies.", "contents": "[Antibody-deficiency syndrome]. Antibody deficiency syndromes (ADS) are defined by the inability of the organism to maintain sufficient concentrations of specific antibodies in circulation. The carriers of antibodies, the immunoglobulins, are a well-defined class of plasma proteins. Some of the pertinent knowledge on their structure and function is briefly summarized. Clinical classification of ADS may be based on different criteria: etiological and pathogenetic views are here used according to needs. Primary ADS are the result of deficient synthesis, and secondary ADS are due to increased catabolism and/or loss of antibodies. Etiological factors in primary ADS are congenital disturbances (hereditary deficiency, e.g. agammaglobulinemia), regulatory imbalances (e.g. infantile hypogammaglobulinemia) or acquired disease (e.g. malignant monoclonal lymphoma). Among the causes of acquired ADS as one example diseases leading to protein loss, are discussed. However, the whole problem may not be summarized so briefly, and this is exemplified in two illustrative examples of genetically determined diseases (hereditary deficiency of transcobalamin II and of adenosine deaminase). Patients with congenital metabolic deficiences may be considered as \"experiments of nature\". Their extensive study has essentially contributed to new knowledge and insights into normal physiological mechanisms. This is also true in immunology where the discovery of fundamental facts is connected with such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:303804", "title": "[New immunologic perspectives on specific desensitization].", "content": "The development of objective techniques for the quantitative evaluation of synthesis and production of IgE in man and experimental animals and the sensitivity of basophils in interaction with allergen has made it possible to initiate studies on desensitization on a scientific and objective basis. Several new mechanisms influencing the regulation of antibody formation, including the production of IgE, have recently been discovered, such as suppressor T lymphocytes and autoanti-idiotypic antibodies. Although present empirical methods used for desensitization therapy provide appreciable results, it is to be expected that the emerging immunological knowledge about regulation of IgE production will markedly influence therapeutic approaches in the foreseeable future.", "contents": "[New immunologic perspectives on specific desensitization]. The development of objective techniques for the quantitative evaluation of synthesis and production of IgE in man and experimental animals and the sensitivity of basophils in interaction with allergen has made it possible to initiate studies on desensitization on a scientific and objective basis. Several new mechanisms influencing the regulation of antibody formation, including the production of IgE, have recently been discovered, such as suppressor T lymphocytes and autoanti-idiotypic antibodies. Although present empirical methods used for desensitization therapy provide appreciable results, it is to be expected that the emerging immunological knowledge about regulation of IgE production will markedly influence therapeutic approaches in the foreseeable future."}
{"id": "PMID:303805", "title": "[Cellular immunity in sarcoidosis].", "content": "The characteristics of the circulating lymphocytes of 24 patients suffering from sarcoidosis were studied. The surface markers and the in vitro lymphocytic activity, both spontaneous and after stimulation with PHA, were assessed. Each culture was carried out in both homologous and autologous plasma. The stimulating ability of the plasma of sarcoidosis patients on normal lymphocytes was also evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups, i.e. acute sarcoidosis and sarcoidosis in remission. From this study it can be stated that depression of T-dependent immunity is particularly evident in patients with active disease. This depression seems to be mainly due to the presence in the plasms of factors which inhibit the cellular immune response.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity in sarcoidosis]. The characteristics of the circulating lymphocytes of 24 patients suffering from sarcoidosis were studied. The surface markers and the in vitro lymphocytic activity, both spontaneous and after stimulation with PHA, were assessed. Each culture was carried out in both homologous and autologous plasma. The stimulating ability of the plasma of sarcoidosis patients on normal lymphocytes was also evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups, i.e. acute sarcoidosis and sarcoidosis in remission. From this study it can be stated that depression of T-dependent immunity is particularly evident in patients with active disease. This depression seems to be mainly due to the presence in the plasms of factors which inhibit the cellular immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:303806", "title": "[Immunological changes in the lymphocyte population with increasing age].", "content": "The lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 90 clinically healthy persons aged between 9 months and 90 years have been investigated. Children up to the age of 10 showed the highest amount of absolute lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes decreased continually with the test subject's increasing age. Persons between 80 and 90 years of age had the lowest counts. The reduction in old age in the number of lymphocytes as a whole is attributed to a significant drop in T-lymphocytes. On the other hand, the proportion of B-cells remains at an almost constant level in all age groups. The reduction of lymphocytes as a whole, as well as that of the absolute T-cells, are discussed as possible causes of impaired cellular immunity in old age.", "contents": "[Immunological changes in the lymphocyte population with increasing age]. The lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of 90 clinically healthy persons aged between 9 months and 90 years have been investigated. Children up to the age of 10 showed the highest amount of absolute lymphocytes. The number of lymphocytes decreased continually with the test subject's increasing age. Persons between 80 and 90 years of age had the lowest counts. The reduction in old age in the number of lymphocytes as a whole is attributed to a significant drop in T-lymphocytes. On the other hand, the proportion of B-cells remains at an almost constant level in all age groups. The reduction of lymphocytes as a whole, as well as that of the absolute T-cells, are discussed as possible causes of impaired cellular immunity in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:303809", "title": "Human factor VIII: morphometric analysis of purified material in solution.", "content": "Study of purified human factor VIII in buffer by freeze-etch electron microscopy reveals rounded, rod-shaped particles measuring 22 by 42 nanometers. When thrombin was added to purified normal factor VIII, there was a rapid loss of rod-shaped particles during the first 15 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C. Purified plasma from two patients with severe hemophilia contained spherical particles measuring 10 to 50 nanometers in diameter, with no evidence of significant numbers of rod-shaped forms. Negatively stained and unstained air-dried samples of factor VIII corroborate the relative shape and size differences between normal and hemophiliac material.", "contents": "Human factor VIII: morphometric analysis of purified material in solution. Study of purified human factor VIII in buffer by freeze-etch electron microscopy reveals rounded, rod-shaped particles measuring 22 by 42 nanometers. When thrombin was added to purified normal factor VIII, there was a rapid loss of rod-shaped particles during the first 15 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C. Purified plasma from two patients with severe hemophilia contained spherical particles measuring 10 to 50 nanometers in diameter, with no evidence of significant numbers of rod-shaped forms. Negatively stained and unstained air-dried samples of factor VIII corroborate the relative shape and size differences between normal and hemophiliac material."}
{"id": "PMID:303814", "title": "Treatment of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage from aortoenteric fistula.", "content": "Massive hemorrhage of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable crisis in surgical management. The preoperative diagnosis should be suspected in patients with a vascular prosthesis or primary abdominal aortic aneurysm. The characteristic signs and symptoms represent the triad of a pulsatile mass in the upper part of the abdomen, intermittent hemorrhage in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and severe epigastralgia not relieved by antacids. No ideal operative technique has evolved for correcting the abnormal physiopathologic condition. Our recent experience with three patients highlights the problems of unremitting sepsis and recurrent fistulization.", "contents": "Treatment of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage from aortoenteric fistula. Massive hemorrhage of the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable crisis in surgical management. The preoperative diagnosis should be suspected in patients with a vascular prosthesis or primary abdominal aortic aneurysm. The characteristic signs and symptoms represent the triad of a pulsatile mass in the upper part of the abdomen, intermittent hemorrhage in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract and severe epigastralgia not relieved by antacids. No ideal operative technique has evolved for correcting the abnormal physiopathologic condition. Our recent experience with three patients highlights the problems of unremitting sepsis and recurrent fistulization."}
{"id": "PMID:303815", "title": "A critical look at temporary ventricular pacing following cardiac surgery.", "content": "The effect of atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular (A-V) sequential pacing on cardiac output (CO) was evaluated in patients within 24 hours after cardiac surgery. In patients with normal sinus rhythm, ventricular pacing reduced CO by as much as 42% (average, 14%), whereas atrial and A-V sequential pacing at the same rate increased CO by averages of 13% and 19%, respectively. In patients with junctional rhythm, increase of the heart rate by ventricular pacing produced an increase in CO, however, and an additional 25% increase in CO could be obtained by atrial or A-V sequential pacing at the same rate. Atrial or A-V sequential pacing was superior to ventricular pacing at the same rate and they are the preferred methods for temporary carciac pacing in the postoperative period. In suitable cases elective A-V sequential pacing is an effective method for increasing CO after cardiac surgery.", "contents": "A critical look at temporary ventricular pacing following cardiac surgery. The effect of atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular (A-V) sequential pacing on cardiac output (CO) was evaluated in patients within 24 hours after cardiac surgery. In patients with normal sinus rhythm, ventricular pacing reduced CO by as much as 42% (average, 14%), whereas atrial and A-V sequential pacing at the same rate increased CO by averages of 13% and 19%, respectively. In patients with junctional rhythm, increase of the heart rate by ventricular pacing produced an increase in CO, however, and an additional 25% increase in CO could be obtained by atrial or A-V sequential pacing at the same rate. Atrial or A-V sequential pacing was superior to ventricular pacing at the same rate and they are the preferred methods for temporary carciac pacing in the postoperative period. In suitable cases elective A-V sequential pacing is an effective method for increasing CO after cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:303812", "title": "Granuloma inguinale: a case report.", "content": "A 20-year-old woman developed bleeding because of a painless genital ulcer. The diagnosis of granuloma inguinale was proven by showing the presence of Donovan bodies in a biopsy of the lesion. Treatment with tetracycline was successful when given in adequate dosage. Granuloma inguinale, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with asymptomatic genital ulcers. Multiple biopsies may have to be done and stained with fresh Giemsa to prove the diagnosis, as in this case.", "contents": "Granuloma inguinale: a case report. A 20-year-old woman developed bleeding because of a painless genital ulcer. The diagnosis of granuloma inguinale was proven by showing the presence of Donovan bodies in a biopsy of the lesion. Treatment with tetracycline was successful when given in adequate dosage. Granuloma inguinale, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with asymptomatic genital ulcers. Multiple biopsies may have to be done and stained with fresh Giemsa to prove the diagnosis, as in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:303818", "title": "[Experimental coronary bypass operation: distribution of myocardial blood flow early and after one year].", "content": "In 10 dogs a stenosis greater than 75% of the left circumflex coronary artery is induced (Ameroid) in the course of 40 days. Within 1 hour after coronary artery bypass operation (n = 6) maldistribution of myocardial blood flow (MBF), consisting of a subendocardial perfusion deficit, is improved but not completely abolished. One year after coronary bypass operation (n = 4) MBF and its endo/epi-distribution is normal. Bypass flow and its flow profile are useful indicators of MBF and its intramyocardial distribution only when coronary dilation is induced.", "contents": "[Experimental coronary bypass operation: distribution of myocardial blood flow early and after one year]. In 10 dogs a stenosis greater than 75% of the left circumflex coronary artery is induced (Ameroid) in the course of 40 days. Within 1 hour after coronary artery bypass operation (n = 6) maldistribution of myocardial blood flow (MBF), consisting of a subendocardial perfusion deficit, is improved but not completely abolished. One year after coronary bypass operation (n = 4) MBF and its endo/epi-distribution is normal. Bypass flow and its flow profile are useful indicators of MBF and its intramyocardial distribution only when coronary dilation is induced."}
{"id": "PMID:303820", "title": "21-Hydroxylation of C-11-oxygenated and C-11-deoxysteroids by perfused dog adrenals.", "content": "The left adrenal of two female dogs were perfused with either 3 muCi [4-14C]cpd. S (2) and 45 muCi [1, 2-3H] 21-deoxycortisone (Dog I), or with 1 muCi [4-14C] 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 65 muCi [1,2-3H] 21-deoxycortisone (Dog II). In Dog I, 40% of the perfused 21-deoxycortisone was converted to cortisone and 23% of cpd. S was converted to cortisol. In Dog II the percent conversion of 21-deoxycortisone to cortisone and of 17- hydroxyprogesterone to cortisol was 24% and 15% respectively. The results demonstrate that the dog adrenal has the capability of hydroxylating an 11-oxygenated steroid at C-21.", "contents": "21-Hydroxylation of C-11-oxygenated and C-11-deoxysteroids by perfused dog adrenals. The left adrenal of two female dogs were perfused with either 3 muCi [4-14C]cpd. S (2) and 45 muCi [1, 2-3H] 21-deoxycortisone (Dog I), or with 1 muCi [4-14C] 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 65 muCi [1,2-3H] 21-deoxycortisone (Dog II). In Dog I, 40% of the perfused 21-deoxycortisone was converted to cortisone and 23% of cpd. S was converted to cortisol. In Dog II the percent conversion of 21-deoxycortisone to cortisone and of 17- hydroxyprogesterone to cortisol was 24% and 15% respectively. The results demonstrate that the dog adrenal has the capability of hydroxylating an 11-oxygenated steroid at C-21."}
{"id": "PMID:303821", "title": "[Effect of low doses of sodium fluoride on the resistance of m. sartorius of frog to the injurious action of this substance].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of the preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius in 0.025 M NaF on their resistance to the injurious dose (0.12 M NaF). In the winter frogs, the muscle resistance to 0.12 M NaF increased statistically significant after 10 and 15 minutes maintenance in 0.25 M NaF by 27.8 and 34.6%, respectively. In spring frogs, the resistance increases as soon as after a 5 minutes preincubation by 22.5% (P less than 0.05). A 15 minutes incubation produced a similar effect as that observed in winter (32.8% P less than 0.05) A 15 minutes maintenance of muscles in a weak solution of NaF while increasing their resistance to the inhibitor was found to decrease their resistance to an injurious ethanol solution (3.48 M), and to 36 degrees, by 58 and 53%, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of low doses of sodium fluoride on the resistance of m. sartorius of frog to the injurious action of this substance]. A study was made of the effect of the preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius in 0.025 M NaF on their resistance to the injurious dose (0.12 M NaF). In the winter frogs, the muscle resistance to 0.12 M NaF increased statistically significant after 10 and 15 minutes maintenance in 0.25 M NaF by 27.8 and 34.6%, respectively. In spring frogs, the resistance increases as soon as after a 5 minutes preincubation by 22.5% (P less than 0.05). A 15 minutes incubation produced a similar effect as that observed in winter (32.8% P less than 0.05) A 15 minutes maintenance of muscles in a weak solution of NaF while increasing their resistance to the inhibitor was found to decrease their resistance to an injurious ethanol solution (3.48 M), and to 36 degrees, by 58 and 53%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:303822", "title": "[Intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence of the cells depending on their size].", "content": "Using the light microscope, a correlation between ultra-violet fluorescence intensity of the cell and the cell area was established. This correlation does not depend on the large aperture of the microscope. A possible cause of this correlation is supposed to be either the proportionality between the mass of cytoplasmic protein and the squared cell radius, or a high optical density of cell elements.", "contents": "[Intensity of ultraviolet fluorescence of the cells depending on their size]. Using the light microscope, a correlation between ultra-violet fluorescence intensity of the cell and the cell area was established. This correlation does not depend on the large aperture of the microscope. A possible cause of this correlation is supposed to be either the proportionality between the mass of cytoplasmic protein and the squared cell radius, or a high optical density of cell elements."}
{"id": "PMID:303823", "title": "[Effect of a low-molecular humoral factor of the thymus gland on the lymphocyte sensitivity to phytohemagglutinin].", "content": "The preincubation of mouse spleen lymphocytes with a low molecular lymphocytosis-stimulating substance from the thymus (LSS), or the addition of the LSS to the cultures caused inhibition of the mitotic response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). LSS induced transformation of murine thymocytes to the blast cells capable of mitotic division. This transformation was depressed by PHA. The lymphocytes of the mice injected LSS in vivo responded weakly to PHA at first, but in 5 days a significant intensification on the response to PHA was observed. It is concluded that LSS may activate the T-cells responding to PHA.", "contents": "[Effect of a low-molecular humoral factor of the thymus gland on the lymphocyte sensitivity to phytohemagglutinin]. The preincubation of mouse spleen lymphocytes with a low molecular lymphocytosis-stimulating substance from the thymus (LSS), or the addition of the LSS to the cultures caused inhibition of the mitotic response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). LSS induced transformation of murine thymocytes to the blast cells capable of mitotic division. This transformation was depressed by PHA. The lymphocytes of the mice injected LSS in vivo responded weakly to PHA at first, but in 5 days a significant intensification on the response to PHA was observed. It is concluded that LSS may activate the T-cells responding to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:303824", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of DNA metabolism in different populations of lymphocytes during chemical carcinogenesis is mice of the BALB/c strain].", "content": "A correlation between macro- and micronuclear lymphocytes and their DNA metabolism was studied in the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice during the growth of methylcholanthrene sarcoma. The number of macronuclear lymphocytes was seen reduced along with a simultaneous increase of 3H-thymidine indices in regional lymph nodes during the tumor growth. The number of micronuclear lymphocytes of these lymph nodes was accordingly increasing. In distant lymph nodes the reaction was significantly less expressed.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of DNA metabolism in different populations of lymphocytes during chemical carcinogenesis is mice of the BALB/c strain]. A correlation between macro- and micronuclear lymphocytes and their DNA metabolism was studied in the lymph nodes of BALB/c mice during the growth of methylcholanthrene sarcoma. The number of macronuclear lymphocytes was seen reduced along with a simultaneous increase of 3H-thymidine indices in regional lymph nodes during the tumor growth. The number of micronuclear lymphocytes of these lymph nodes was accordingly increasing. In distant lymph nodes the reaction was significantly less expressed."}
{"id": "PMID:303825", "title": "[Effect of proteases on sugar transport in muscle tissue].", "content": "Effects of trypsin and pronase on D-xylose uptake were studied on isolated frog sartorius muscle. Trypsin and pronase exerted insulin-like effects on the transport of sugar. The acceleration of xylose transport by insulin was reduced by a prior incubation of muscles with trypsin or pronase. The inhibition of insulin effect was not due to destruction of the hormone. Proteases had no effect upon the sugar transport stimulated by DNP or potassium contracture. A conclusion is made of the availability in the frog muscle membrane of some insulin receptor similar to that reported for muscle tissue and fat cells of mammals.", "contents": "[Effect of proteases on sugar transport in muscle tissue]. Effects of trypsin and pronase on D-xylose uptake were studied on isolated frog sartorius muscle. Trypsin and pronase exerted insulin-like effects on the transport of sugar. The acceleration of xylose transport by insulin was reduced by a prior incubation of muscles with trypsin or pronase. The inhibition of insulin effect was not due to destruction of the hormone. Proteases had no effect upon the sugar transport stimulated by DNP or potassium contracture. A conclusion is made of the availability in the frog muscle membrane of some insulin receptor similar to that reported for muscle tissue and fat cells of mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:303830", "title": "[Gastrointestinal hemorrhages as a consequence of the side effects of drug substances].", "content": "The authors observed 53 cases of profuse gastroinstestinal bleeding resulting from the use of \"ulcerogenic\" drugs (reserpine, prednisolone, butadione, acetylsalycylic acid) for hypertensive disease, bronchial asthma, infections polyarthritis, influenza etc. The active but temporizing therapeutic tactics was applied. Of 53 cases of profuse gastrointestinal bleeding 48 survived (90.6%) and 5 died (9.4%).", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal hemorrhages as a consequence of the side effects of drug substances]. The authors observed 53 cases of profuse gastroinstestinal bleeding resulting from the use of \"ulcerogenic\" drugs (reserpine, prednisolone, butadione, acetylsalycylic acid) for hypertensive disease, bronchial asthma, infections polyarthritis, influenza etc. The active but temporizing therapeutic tactics was applied. Of 53 cases of profuse gastrointestinal bleeding 48 survived (90.6%) and 5 died (9.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:303840", "title": "Requirement for interactions between two subpopulations of T cells for helper cell induction in vitro.", "content": "The evidence for the interaction of 2 subpopulations of T cells, short-lived cells sensitive to adult thymectomy (T1 cells), and long-lived recirculating cells, sensitive to the action of antilymphocyte serum (T2 cells) in the induction of helper cells is presented. This T-T interaction occurred across a cell-impermeable nucleopore membrane, indicating that it did not depend on cell contact, but was mediated by subcellular factors. There was no genetic restriction on this T-T interaction, if it was performed across a nucleopore membrane. The implications of these results on our concepts of the mechanism of help are discussed.", "contents": "Requirement for interactions between two subpopulations of T cells for helper cell induction in vitro. The evidence for the interaction of 2 subpopulations of T cells, short-lived cells sensitive to adult thymectomy (T1 cells), and long-lived recirculating cells, sensitive to the action of antilymphocyte serum (T2 cells) in the induction of helper cells is presented. This T-T interaction occurred across a cell-impermeable nucleopore membrane, indicating that it did not depend on cell contact, but was mediated by subcellular factors. There was no genetic restriction on this T-T interaction, if it was performed across a nucleopore membrane. The implications of these results on our concepts of the mechanism of help are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303841", "title": "Early kinetics of B cell memory and the influence of T cells on the expression in vitro.", "content": "To study the early kinetics of B cell memory to sheep erythrocytes mouse spleen cells were cultured after short priming times in vivo. The influence of T cells on the expression of memory in vitro was investigated by treatment with anti-theta serum. Within 48 hours of in vivo priming part of the B cell population can differentiate into cells capable of IgG production after secondary antigen contact in vitro without the help of T cells. The presence of antigen was required for the in vitro development.", "contents": "Early kinetics of B cell memory and the influence of T cells on the expression in vitro. To study the early kinetics of B cell memory to sheep erythrocytes mouse spleen cells were cultured after short priming times in vivo. The influence of T cells on the expression of memory in vitro was investigated by treatment with anti-theta serum. Within 48 hours of in vivo priming part of the B cell population can differentiate into cells capable of IgG production after secondary antigen contact in vitro without the help of T cells. The presence of antigen was required for the in vitro development."}
{"id": "PMID:303842", "title": "Tridacnin, a new mitogenic lectin from invertebrate sources.", "content": "A new group of invertebrate lectins with anti-beta-galactosyl specificity, the so-called Tridacnins from the Tridacnid bivalve clams have been found to show not only agglutinating and precipitating properties, but also mitogenic activity as tested with human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Tridacnin, a new mitogenic lectin from invertebrate sources. A new group of invertebrate lectins with anti-beta-galactosyl specificity, the so-called Tridacnins from the Tridacnid bivalve clams have been found to show not only agglutinating and precipitating properties, but also mitogenic activity as tested with human lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:303852", "title": "[The occurrence of neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate-pyruvate lyase in pathogenic haemophili of man (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated the following six Haemophilus species from man for the both enzymes neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase: H. aegypticus, H. aphrophilus, H. influenzae. H. parahaemolyticus, H. parainfluenzae and H. vaginalis. It is shown that H. vaginalis does not produce either neuraminidase or N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase. He differs, therefore, from all other investigated haemophili producing both enzymes, neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase. Colominic acid, Na-salt, is splitted better than N-acetylneuraminyllactose. It can be concluded, therefore, some substrate specificity of the neuramindase of Haemophili in the sense that the alpha, 2 leads to 8 linkage of neuraminic acid is cleaved quicker than the alpha, 2 leads to 3 linkage. The physiological and pathologenic role of the both enzymes is discussed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate-pyruvate lyase in pathogenic haemophili of man (author's transl)]. We investigated the following six Haemophilus species from man for the both enzymes neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase: H. aegypticus, H. aphrophilus, H. influenzae. H. parahaemolyticus, H. parainfluenzae and H. vaginalis. It is shown that H. vaginalis does not produce either neuraminidase or N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase. He differs, therefore, from all other investigated haemophili producing both enzymes, neuraminidase and N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase. Colominic acid, Na-salt, is splitted better than N-acetylneuraminyllactose. It can be concluded, therefore, some substrate specificity of the neuramindase of Haemophili in the sense that the alpha, 2 leads to 8 linkage of neuraminic acid is cleaved quicker than the alpha, 2 leads to 3 linkage. The physiological and pathologenic role of the both enzymes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303854", "title": "[Diagnosis of formes frustes of a rheumatic lesion of the nervous system in children].", "content": "In 77,9 +/- 3,5% of the children with an active phase of rheumatic fever, developing with a prevalent lesion of the heart and joints, symptoms of animal and vegetative nervous system lesions were found. The neurological symptoms correlated with changes of the brain bioelectrical activity. The authors point to some dynamics of symptoms under the influence of anti-rheumatic treatment. Normalization of the brain bioelectrical activity, a regress of symptoms of the vegetative nervous system and muscular hypotonia are somewhat behind the clinical recovery. The existence of pathological activity on the EEG in children after an arrest of clinical symptoms of rheumatic fever may indicate to the possible subsequent development of chorea, the diencephalic syndrome, cerebrasthenic syndrome in these children.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of formes frustes of a rheumatic lesion of the nervous system in children]. In 77,9 +/- 3,5% of the children with an active phase of rheumatic fever, developing with a prevalent lesion of the heart and joints, symptoms of animal and vegetative nervous system lesions were found. The neurological symptoms correlated with changes of the brain bioelectrical activity. The authors point to some dynamics of symptoms under the influence of anti-rheumatic treatment. Normalization of the brain bioelectrical activity, a regress of symptoms of the vegetative nervous system and muscular hypotonia are somewhat behind the clinical recovery. The existence of pathological activity on the EEG in children after an arrest of clinical symptoms of rheumatic fever may indicate to the possible subsequent development of chorea, the diencephalic syndrome, cerebrasthenic syndrome in these children."}
{"id": "PMID:303850", "title": "[Epidemiology of rheumatic syndromes in Turkey. III. Incidence of rheumatic sacro-iliitis in men of 20-22 years].", "content": "1436 young men were investigated clinically and radiologically for rheumatic sacro iliitis. In two men (1.4%) definite bilateral sacro iliitis was diagnosed. In 18 cases (12.5%) the signs were not sufficient to make a definite diagnosis. They were regarded as suspected iliitis. For comparison the cards of 6138 patients who had called at our outpatient clinic over a 5 years' period were checked. In 40 cases (0.65%) a definite diagnosis of bilateral sacro iliitis was made, in another 45 cases (0.73%) sacro iliitis was suspected, but definite proof was lacking. The group we investigated has two characteristics. As to sex and age our test subjects (recruits) represent a group in which bilateral sacro iliitis appears relatively often. Infections are reported to increase the frequency of bilateral sacro iliitis. Our test subjects were only investigated for tuberculos infection. Active tuberculosis was not found. Also factors which may have a negative influence on the frequency were investigated. First of all the soldiers had been examined by clinical committees before recruitment. Advanced and thus clinically typical cases were eliminated by these committees and the frequency rate in the remaining group thereby decreased. The recruits came from very different parts of the country and various geographic and social factors may influence the morbidity. The frequency rates obtained at the end of the investigation have therefore to be regarded as the result of various factors some with positive and some with negative influence.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of rheumatic syndromes in Turkey. III. Incidence of rheumatic sacro-iliitis in men of 20-22 years]. 1436 young men were investigated clinically and radiologically for rheumatic sacro iliitis. In two men (1.4%) definite bilateral sacro iliitis was diagnosed. In 18 cases (12.5%) the signs were not sufficient to make a definite diagnosis. They were regarded as suspected iliitis. For comparison the cards of 6138 patients who had called at our outpatient clinic over a 5 years' period were checked. In 40 cases (0.65%) a definite diagnosis of bilateral sacro iliitis was made, in another 45 cases (0.73%) sacro iliitis was suspected, but definite proof was lacking. The group we investigated has two characteristics. As to sex and age our test subjects (recruits) represent a group in which bilateral sacro iliitis appears relatively often. Infections are reported to increase the frequency of bilateral sacro iliitis. Our test subjects were only investigated for tuberculos infection. Active tuberculosis was not found. Also factors which may have a negative influence on the frequency were investigated. First of all the soldiers had been examined by clinical committees before recruitment. Advanced and thus clinically typical cases were eliminated by these committees and the frequency rate in the remaining group thereby decreased. The recruits came from very different parts of the country and various geographic and social factors may influence the morbidity. The frequency rates obtained at the end of the investigation have therefore to be regarded as the result of various factors some with positive and some with negative influence."}
{"id": "PMID:303855", "title": "Initial experience with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A follow-up study.", "content": "The preoperative, postoperative and late follow-up data of an initial series of two hundred patients with coronary artery disease, who underwent direct coronary artery surgery, were analyzed. With increasing experience operative mortality, postoperative complications, graft closure and perioperative myocardial infarction showed a definite decrease. Patency rate was definitely related to symptomatic relief, return to work, postoperative exercise tolerance, and the absence of perioperative myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Initial experience with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A follow-up study. The preoperative, postoperative and late follow-up data of an initial series of two hundred patients with coronary artery disease, who underwent direct coronary artery surgery, were analyzed. With increasing experience operative mortality, postoperative complications, graft closure and perioperative myocardial infarction showed a definite decrease. Patency rate was definitely related to symptomatic relief, return to work, postoperative exercise tolerance, and the absence of perioperative myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:303851", "title": "Antigenic spectrum of soluble serum glycoproteins in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Compared with healthy controls, rheumatoid arthritis patients were found to have higher serum (1 M) perchlorate filtrate (CHLF) levels of alpha-antitrypsin. In addition to orosomucoid, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein, haptoglobin, haemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein, the filtrate also contains detectable amounts of albumin, prealbumin and - in patients with high serum glycoprotein levels - also IgA. Serum sulphosalicylate filtrate (SF) contains chiefly orosomucoid, together with alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, haemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein. CHLF contains larger amounts of glycoprotein than SF. The glycoproteins of CHLF correlate with the patient's synovitis, while a high SF glycoprotein content, as estimated by the polarographic activity of the sulphydryl groups, tends to be indicative of visceral complications of RA.", "contents": "Antigenic spectrum of soluble serum glycoproteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Compared with healthy controls, rheumatoid arthritis patients were found to have higher serum (1 M) perchlorate filtrate (CHLF) levels of alpha-antitrypsin. In addition to orosomucoid, alpha2-HS-glycoprotein, haptoglobin, haemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein, the filtrate also contains detectable amounts of albumin, prealbumin and - in patients with high serum glycoprotein levels - also IgA. Serum sulphosalicylate filtrate (SF) contains chiefly orosomucoid, together with alpha1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, haemopexin and beta2-glycoprotein. CHLF contains larger amounts of glycoprotein than SF. The glycoproteins of CHLF correlate with the patient's synovitis, while a high SF glycoprotein content, as estimated by the polarographic activity of the sulphydryl groups, tends to be indicative of visceral complications of RA."}
{"id": "PMID:303856", "title": "[Hypertension and pregnancy].", "content": "Hypertension during pregnancy and its complications are the most important cause of maternal and foetal death and morbidity. The chronic primary hypertension can be differentiated from the dysgravidia by anamnestic, biological, clinical and technical investigations. However the diagnosis remains difficult and the renal needle biopsy can help to ascertain it. The pathogenesis of dysgravidia is still obscure: the placental ischemia leads to a slow disseminated intravascular coagulation state with renal injury, while a vascular hyperreactivity leads to an increase of the resistance, a relative hypovolemia and lowering of cardiac output. The treatment and remote prognosis of the hypertensive disease associated with the pregnancy are summarized. The antihypertensive drugs improve the maternal prognosis while jeopardize the foetal outcome.", "contents": "[Hypertension and pregnancy]. Hypertension during pregnancy and its complications are the most important cause of maternal and foetal death and morbidity. The chronic primary hypertension can be differentiated from the dysgravidia by anamnestic, biological, clinical and technical investigations. However the diagnosis remains difficult and the renal needle biopsy can help to ascertain it. The pathogenesis of dysgravidia is still obscure: the placental ischemia leads to a slow disseminated intravascular coagulation state with renal injury, while a vascular hyperreactivity leads to an increase of the resistance, a relative hypovolemia and lowering of cardiac output. The treatment and remote prognosis of the hypertensive disease associated with the pregnancy are summarized. The antihypertensive drugs improve the maternal prognosis while jeopardize the foetal outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:303857", "title": "False aneurysm of the ascending aorta following cannulation.", "content": "The development of a false aneurysm of the ascending aorta following arteriotomy and cannulation of the aorta performed during closure of a ventricular septal defect is described. The evidence suggest that the sutures of the arteriotomy led to rupture of the aortic wall and secondarily late formation of a false aneurysm.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the ascending aorta following cannulation. The development of a false aneurysm of the ascending aorta following arteriotomy and cannulation of the aorta performed during closure of a ventricular septal defect is described. The evidence suggest that the sutures of the arteriotomy led to rupture of the aortic wall and secondarily late formation of a false aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:303858", "title": "Angiography in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "content": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a vascular disorder with stigmata in any part of the body. The most frequently reported sites of internal lesions are the lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract. When one lesion is observed on chest radiography or on splanchnic angiography there is reason to include other vascular areas in the investigation. A normal angiographic finding does not exclude the presence of telangiectasia.", "contents": "Angiography in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is a vascular disorder with stigmata in any part of the body. The most frequently reported sites of internal lesions are the lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract. When one lesion is observed on chest radiography or on splanchnic angiography there is reason to include other vascular areas in the investigation. A normal angiographic finding does not exclude the presence of telangiectasia."}
{"id": "PMID:303860", "title": "New approaches in the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders.", "content": "This review covers recent advances in a variety of dyskinesias. Introduction of new drugs for the treatment of myoclonus and sensory biofeedback therapy for focal dystonia are expanding our concepts of these types of movement disorders. Progress in the treatment of action myoclonus is especially noteworthy and has led to the implication of serotonin deficit in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Knowledge of the biochemical pathology of Huntington's chorea has outpaced therapy for this disorder, but new forms of therapy have been proposed based on the chemical findings. Basic pharmacologic studies suggest pathophysiologic mechanisms for the syndrome known as tardive dyskinesia, but treatment is still far from ideal for this disorder. Other movement disorders with recent therapeutic advances include essential tremor and hemiballism. This review will cover only those dyskinesias in which new therapies have been advanced in the last few years. Aside from parkinsonism, which will not be discussed here, progress in the treatment of movement disorders has been slow, but steady. New drugs are being tested constantly, and the purpose of this review is to call attention to the ongoing evaluation in this field. Descriptions and etiologies for these dyskinesias are covered elsewhere (Fahn, 1976a) and therefore are not repeated here.", "contents": "New approaches in the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders. This review covers recent advances in a variety of dyskinesias. Introduction of new drugs for the treatment of myoclonus and sensory biofeedback therapy for focal dystonia are expanding our concepts of these types of movement disorders. Progress in the treatment of action myoclonus is especially noteworthy and has led to the implication of serotonin deficit in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Knowledge of the biochemical pathology of Huntington's chorea has outpaced therapy for this disorder, but new forms of therapy have been proposed based on the chemical findings. Basic pharmacologic studies suggest pathophysiologic mechanisms for the syndrome known as tardive dyskinesia, but treatment is still far from ideal for this disorder. Other movement disorders with recent therapeutic advances include essential tremor and hemiballism. This review will cover only those dyskinesias in which new therapies have been advanced in the last few years. Aside from parkinsonism, which will not be discussed here, progress in the treatment of movement disorders has been slow, but steady. New drugs are being tested constantly, and the purpose of this review is to call attention to the ongoing evaluation in this field. Descriptions and etiologies for these dyskinesias are covered elsewhere (Fahn, 1976a) and therefore are not repeated here."}
{"id": "PMID:303867", "title": "Experimental vitreous haemorrhage: echographic appearances.", "content": "Vitreous haemorrhages were induced in rabbits and the echographic appearances of A and B scan were correlated with the gross and histologic appearances over a period of twenty weeks. In all cases, visible vitreous opacities produced distinct echo patterns. As the haemorrhages cleared, the echo amplitudes became progressively weaker. Several patterns of vitreous \"membranes\" on B scan were also observed. Pathological examination revealed that such membranes were composed of red cells, macrophages and condensed vitreous collagen. It is suggested that haematogenous vitreous membranes of this type are readily diagnosed by combined A- and B-scan ultrasonic examination, and are probably amenable to surgery.", "contents": "Experimental vitreous haemorrhage: echographic appearances. Vitreous haemorrhages were induced in rabbits and the echographic appearances of A and B scan were correlated with the gross and histologic appearances over a period of twenty weeks. In all cases, visible vitreous opacities produced distinct echo patterns. As the haemorrhages cleared, the echo amplitudes became progressively weaker. Several patterns of vitreous \"membranes\" on B scan were also observed. Pathological examination revealed that such membranes were composed of red cells, macrophages and condensed vitreous collagen. It is suggested that haematogenous vitreous membranes of this type are readily diagnosed by combined A- and B-scan ultrasonic examination, and are probably amenable to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:303868", "title": "[Experimental allergic chorioretinitis. Appearance and behavior of complement-fixing anti-ROS antibodies in the sera following immunization with retinal antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the appearance and behavior of complement-fixing anti-ROS antibodies in the sera of GrCh rabbits following one or two intracutaneous injections of retinal antigens emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (KFA). Fourteen different antigenic preparations from heterologous, homologous, and autologous retinal components incorporated in KFA were tested and compared. Apart from the supernatant of a centrifuged homogenized preparation of homologous retina, all immunogens generally induced anti-ROS antibodies. The antibody titers (reciprocal values) reached a maximum 4 to 8 weeks post injection, at only low levels. The changes in antibody concentrations showed some relationship to the quality and dose of the immunogens. Anamnestic effects following reinjection reached maximum values within as little as 5 to 14 days. Animals not developing chorioretinitic lesions showed higher antibody titers more frequently than rabbits with clinically confirmed disease. Provided there is sufficient relevance of the humoral reactions observed, the complement-fixing antibodies we found in our experiments are more likely to have protective than pathogenic functions.", "contents": "[Experimental allergic chorioretinitis. Appearance and behavior of complement-fixing anti-ROS antibodies in the sera following immunization with retinal antigens (author's transl)]. The authors studied the appearance and behavior of complement-fixing anti-ROS antibodies in the sera of GrCh rabbits following one or two intracutaneous injections of retinal antigens emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (KFA). Fourteen different antigenic preparations from heterologous, homologous, and autologous retinal components incorporated in KFA were tested and compared. Apart from the supernatant of a centrifuged homogenized preparation of homologous retina, all immunogens generally induced anti-ROS antibodies. The antibody titers (reciprocal values) reached a maximum 4 to 8 weeks post injection, at only low levels. The changes in antibody concentrations showed some relationship to the quality and dose of the immunogens. Anamnestic effects following reinjection reached maximum values within as little as 5 to 14 days. Animals not developing chorioretinitic lesions showed higher antibody titers more frequently than rabbits with clinically confirmed disease. Provided there is sufficient relevance of the humoral reactions observed, the complement-fixing antibodies we found in our experiments are more likely to have protective than pathogenic functions."}
{"id": "PMID:303869", "title": "[Contact biomicroscopy in examination of blood vessels of the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The vessels of the conjunctiva and iris were studied in 20 gray and albino rabbits. The luminescent contact microscope (MLC-1) was used, at maximum magnification 174 x for visual observation and 33 x for photography. The particular advantage of contact biomicroscopy is that it makes possible detailed observation not only of the superficial network, but also of the deep network of conjunctival vessels. Both the blood flow and the distribution of formal elements in vessel lumina can be observed.", "contents": "[Contact biomicroscopy in examination of blood vessels of the eye (author's transl)]. The vessels of the conjunctiva and iris were studied in 20 gray and albino rabbits. The luminescent contact microscope (MLC-1) was used, at maximum magnification 174 x for visual observation and 33 x for photography. The particular advantage of contact biomicroscopy is that it makes possible detailed observation not only of the superficial network, but also of the deep network of conjunctival vessels. Both the blood flow and the distribution of formal elements in vessel lumina can be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:303870", "title": "Compartmentation of redox metabolites in the anterior eye segment?", "content": "In bovine corneal epithelium, stroma, and aqueous humor the levels of ascorbic acid (ASC) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) were investigated. Two methods were used, the photometric assay with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and the formation of osazone by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The ASC levels in the corneal epithelium and aqueous humor were found to be in the millimolar range, the ASC/DHA ratio being about 10. The stromal ASC and DHA levels were much lower, with a ratio of 0.7. ASC and DHA had similar levels and ratios to those of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) reported in the literature. In the corneal epithelium the redox ratio of glutathione was higher than that of ascorbic acid. Therefore, glutathione was supposed to reduce dehydroascorbic acid.", "contents": "Compartmentation of redox metabolites in the anterior eye segment? In bovine corneal epithelium, stroma, and aqueous humor the levels of ascorbic acid (ASC) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) were investigated. Two methods were used, the photometric assay with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and the formation of osazone by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The ASC levels in the corneal epithelium and aqueous humor were found to be in the millimolar range, the ASC/DHA ratio being about 10. The stromal ASC and DHA levels were much lower, with a ratio of 0.7. ASC and DHA had similar levels and ratios to those of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) reported in the literature. In the corneal epithelium the redox ratio of glutathione was higher than that of ascorbic acid. Therefore, glutathione was supposed to reduce dehydroascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:303871", "title": "[Genetic differences in the eye manifestation of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. II. Histological investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Hooded rats react to intracutaneous injections of complete Freund's adjuvant with an adjuvant disease, which is externally perceivable by massive polyarthritis, by skin and ear nodules, and by other known symptoms. In contrast to Wistar rats, however, they show no tendency to develop clinically or histologically provable eye manifestations such as an uveitis anterior (adjuvant uveitis). This fact has been connected with the genetic differences between the two strains of rats.", "contents": "[Genetic differences in the eye manifestation of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. II. Histological investigations (author's transl)]. Hooded rats react to intracutaneous injections of complete Freund's adjuvant with an adjuvant disease, which is externally perceivable by massive polyarthritis, by skin and ear nodules, and by other known symptoms. In contrast to Wistar rats, however, they show no tendency to develop clinically or histologically provable eye manifestations such as an uveitis anterior (adjuvant uveitis). This fact has been connected with the genetic differences between the two strains of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:303872", "title": "[Genetic differences in the eye-manifestation of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. III. Crossbreeding experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of crossbreeding experiments between several strains of rats are reported. They show differences in the prevalence of iritis in the course of adjuvant disease as did the results we published in an earlier article. There are alterations which indicate a recessive heredity of the tendency to iritis. The contribution of genetic factors in the course of adjuvant arthritis has been confirmed by the present results.", "contents": "[Genetic differences in the eye-manifestation of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. III. Crossbreeding experiments (author's transl)]. The results of crossbreeding experiments between several strains of rats are reported. They show differences in the prevalence of iritis in the course of adjuvant disease as did the results we published in an earlier article. There are alterations which indicate a recessive heredity of the tendency to iritis. The contribution of genetic factors in the course of adjuvant arthritis has been confirmed by the present results."}
{"id": "PMID:303873", "title": "Study on cellular immune response after complicated cataract operations and in sympathetic ophthalmia.", "content": "The authors studied the development of the cellular immune response following extracapsular, traumatic and uveitic cataract extractions as well as in cases of sympathetic ophthalmia. In order to detect the cellular sensibility the blast transformation method and the migration test with lens and iris antigen were applied.", "contents": "Study on cellular immune response after complicated cataract operations and in sympathetic ophthalmia. The authors studied the development of the cellular immune response following extracapsular, traumatic and uveitic cataract extractions as well as in cases of sympathetic ophthalmia. In order to detect the cellular sensibility the blast transformation method and the migration test with lens and iris antigen were applied."}
{"id": "PMID:303874", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of an imidazoline derivate applied to the eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The absorption of a vasoconstrictive substance labeled with 14C, after application as eye-drops, was studied in animal experiments. After iatrogenous obstruction of the lacrimal punctum with tissue adhesive, a maximum of 6% of the substance could be measured in the total blood volume after an exposure time of 60 min. High relative concentration of the drug could be found in cornea, conjunctiva, and iris, while the concentration in lens, vitreous body, and the rest of the eye was low. The results represent the maximum values of resorption. Additional studies, made by 99mTc-pertechnetate microscintigraphy of the lacrimal drainage apparatus of the rabbit were also performed. The transport of an eye-drop from cornea and conjunctiva to the nasal cavum was found to be very rapid. Therefore it seems to be of little value to carry out investigations on the absorption of eye-drops over long time periods without prior occlusion of the lacrimal punctum.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of an imidazoline derivate applied to the eye (author's transl)]. The absorption of a vasoconstrictive substance labeled with 14C, after application as eye-drops, was studied in animal experiments. After iatrogenous obstruction of the lacrimal punctum with tissue adhesive, a maximum of 6% of the substance could be measured in the total blood volume after an exposure time of 60 min. High relative concentration of the drug could be found in cornea, conjunctiva, and iris, while the concentration in lens, vitreous body, and the rest of the eye was low. The results represent the maximum values of resorption. Additional studies, made by 99mTc-pertechnetate microscintigraphy of the lacrimal drainage apparatus of the rabbit were also performed. The transport of an eye-drop from cornea and conjunctiva to the nasal cavum was found to be very rapid. Therefore it seems to be of little value to carry out investigations on the absorption of eye-drops over long time periods without prior occlusion of the lacrimal punctum."}
{"id": "PMID:303875", "title": "Mathematical consideration of aqueous outflow after trabeculo-electropunture (TEP).", "content": "The obtainable postoperative intraocular pressure following a TEP in a glaucoma patient with an intraocular pressure of 30 mm Hg is calculated in accordance with the concept that there is no outflow of aqueous humor along Schlemm's canal. If aqueous humor reaches all collector channel openings in the surgical area without resistance, the postoperative intraocular pressure reads 14.75 mm Hg. This intraocular pressure is obtained at a point when a collector channel of 1 mm length and of 32 mum in diameter or two collector channels of 27 mu in diameter or five collector channels of 22 mu in diameter establish connection with the trabecular opening.", "contents": "Mathematical consideration of aqueous outflow after trabeculo-electropunture (TEP). The obtainable postoperative intraocular pressure following a TEP in a glaucoma patient with an intraocular pressure of 30 mm Hg is calculated in accordance with the concept that there is no outflow of aqueous humor along Schlemm's canal. If aqueous humor reaches all collector channel openings in the surgical area without resistance, the postoperative intraocular pressure reads 14.75 mm Hg. This intraocular pressure is obtained at a point when a collector channel of 1 mm length and of 32 mum in diameter or two collector channels of 27 mu in diameter or five collector channels of 22 mu in diameter establish connection with the trabecular opening."}
{"id": "PMID:303878", "title": "Malignant lymphoma with B-lymphocyte characteristics in dogs.", "content": "Cell surface membrane characteristics of B and T lymphocytes were demonstrated on cells from canine malignant lymphoma, and the results were compared with cytologic classification. Lymphoma in 4 of 5 dogs was found to have one or more characteristics of B lymphocytes. Correlation between the cytologic classification and the presence of B- and T-lymphocyte characteristics was not apparent.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma with B-lymphocyte characteristics in dogs. Cell surface membrane characteristics of B and T lymphocytes were demonstrated on cells from canine malignant lymphoma, and the results were compared with cytologic classification. Lymphoma in 4 of 5 dogs was found to have one or more characteristics of B lymphocytes. Correlation between the cytologic classification and the presence of B- and T-lymphocyte characteristics was not apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:303882", "title": "An ultrastructure study of posterior polymorphous dystrophy of the cornea.", "content": "The cornea from an early developing and uncomplicated case of posterior polymorphous dystrophy in a 15-year-old boy shows a thin abnormal Descemet's membrane and reduced number of endothelial cells as the primary findings. Ultrastructurally, the membrane was composed of a very thin, three-dimensional lattice pattern layer covered by layers of fibrous material. This lattice pattern is normally formed between late fetal and early adolescent life. The 3 previously reported histologic cases of this entity were from cases with long-standing corneal opacities in the late third to fifth decade of life with additional corneal changes. However, in each case the lattice pattern layer of the membrane was abnormally thin. This report suggests that a progressive form of posterior polymorphous dystrophy of the cornea is due to cells forming abnormal Descemet's membrane beginning in late fetal life to soon after birth.", "contents": "An ultrastructure study of posterior polymorphous dystrophy of the cornea. The cornea from an early developing and uncomplicated case of posterior polymorphous dystrophy in a 15-year-old boy shows a thin abnormal Descemet's membrane and reduced number of endothelial cells as the primary findings. Ultrastructurally, the membrane was composed of a very thin, three-dimensional lattice pattern layer covered by layers of fibrous material. This lattice pattern is normally formed between late fetal and early adolescent life. The 3 previously reported histologic cases of this entity were from cases with long-standing corneal opacities in the late third to fifth decade of life with additional corneal changes. However, in each case the lattice pattern layer of the membrane was abnormally thin. This report suggests that a progressive form of posterior polymorphous dystrophy of the cornea is due to cells forming abnormal Descemet's membrane beginning in late fetal life to soon after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:303884", "title": "Injection sclerotherapy in the emergency and elective treatment of oesophageal varices.", "content": "Injection sclerotherapy with careful attention to initial diagnosis and technique is an effective way of stopping oesophageal variceal bleeding. It can also be used electively at 3-monthly intervals to obliterate varices after they have once bled. It is relatively safe and simple, but patients must be follwed up and reassessed at least every 6 months, when new varices may be injected if they occur. It is particularly suitable when the experience and facilities for emergency portacaval shunts are not available.", "contents": "Injection sclerotherapy in the emergency and elective treatment of oesophageal varices. Injection sclerotherapy with careful attention to initial diagnosis and technique is an effective way of stopping oesophageal variceal bleeding. It can also be used electively at 3-monthly intervals to obliterate varices after they have once bled. It is relatively safe and simple, but patients must be follwed up and reassessed at least every 6 months, when new varices may be injected if they occur. It is particularly suitable when the experience and facilities for emergency portacaval shunts are not available."}
{"id": "PMID:303886", "title": "Quantitative inhibition of Haemophilus influenzae by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.", "content": "We evaluated the inhibitory effect of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), alone and in combination, against 34 strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Growth inhibition was determined after incubation for 18 h by comparing viable counts of cultures in drug-containing medium with corresponding counts of control cultures in drug-free medium. In a modified, thymidine-deficient Levinthal broth, the numbers of colony-forming units of all the isolates tested were reduced 100-fold or more by TMP/SMZ (1.25/25 mug/ml) as compared with growth without drug. Inhibition was significantly greater with TMP/SMZ than with either TMP or SMZ alone. Ampicillin-susceptible and ampicillin-resistant strains were equally susceptible to TMP/SMZ. Growth of nontypable strains was inhibited more than growth of type b organisms.", "contents": "Quantitative inhibition of Haemophilus influenzae by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), alone and in combination, against 34 strains of Haemophilus influenzae. Growth inhibition was determined after incubation for 18 h by comparing viable counts of cultures in drug-containing medium with corresponding counts of control cultures in drug-free medium. In a modified, thymidine-deficient Levinthal broth, the numbers of colony-forming units of all the isolates tested were reduced 100-fold or more by TMP/SMZ (1.25/25 mug/ml) as compared with growth without drug. Inhibition was significantly greater with TMP/SMZ than with either TMP or SMZ alone. Ampicillin-susceptible and ampicillin-resistant strains were equally susceptible to TMP/SMZ. Growth of nontypable strains was inhibited more than growth of type b organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:303887", "title": "Isolation and characterization of human fecal bacteria capable of 21-dehydroxylating corticoids.", "content": "It has been known for a decade that human intestinal flora include organisms capable of 21-dehydroxylating corticoids. Yet the identity of the organisms synthesizing 21-dehydroxylase has remained unknown. Using diluted human feces, we determined the prevalence of colonies of 21-dehydroxylating organisms on a variety of media. Isolation from the medium of colonies with the highest prevalence yielded an obligate anaerobe capable of 21-dehydroxylating deoxycorticosterone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone. This transformation could be carried out in a prereduced medium by the microbial culture alone or in an aerobic medium reduced by growth of Escherichia coli. The culture shares many characteristics with Eubacterium lentum, the neotype strain of which elaborated both 21-dehydroxylase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of human fecal bacteria capable of 21-dehydroxylating corticoids. It has been known for a decade that human intestinal flora include organisms capable of 21-dehydroxylating corticoids. Yet the identity of the organisms synthesizing 21-dehydroxylase has remained unknown. Using diluted human feces, we determined the prevalence of colonies of 21-dehydroxylating organisms on a variety of media. Isolation from the medium of colonies with the highest prevalence yielded an obligate anaerobe capable of 21-dehydroxylating deoxycorticosterone and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone. This transformation could be carried out in a prereduced medium by the microbial culture alone or in an aerobic medium reduced by growth of Escherichia coli. The culture shares many characteristics with Eubacterium lentum, the neotype strain of which elaborated both 21-dehydroxylase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:303883", "title": "[IgE and cellular immunity in cutaneous lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum IgE levels were measured (radioactive radial diffusion or radioimmuno assay) in 21 patients (14 mycosis fungoides or premycosis fungoides and 7 other lymphomas) and 1,019 controls. Elevated IgE levels (greater than or equal to 500 UI/ml) were found in 57 p. 100 of patients and 8,1 p. 100 of controls. The most important increase was noted in mycosis fungoides. Moreover, some of these patients showed a cellular immunity impairment: negative delayed skin tests, low percentage of T-lymphocytes forming E rosettes (2 out of 4 patients), decreased mitogenic response to Con A and P.H.A. In one patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome there was a dissociation between E and E active rosettes (low values) and anti H.T.L.A. serum (high values). This result could indicate that the S\u00e9zary cell is a poorly differentiated T-lymphocyte.", "contents": "[IgE and cellular immunity in cutaneous lymphomas (author's transl)]. Serum IgE levels were measured (radioactive radial diffusion or radioimmuno assay) in 21 patients (14 mycosis fungoides or premycosis fungoides and 7 other lymphomas) and 1,019 controls. Elevated IgE levels (greater than or equal to 500 UI/ml) were found in 57 p. 100 of patients and 8,1 p. 100 of controls. The most important increase was noted in mycosis fungoides. Moreover, some of these patients showed a cellular immunity impairment: negative delayed skin tests, low percentage of T-lymphocytes forming E rosettes (2 out of 4 patients), decreased mitogenic response to Con A and P.H.A. In one patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome there was a dissociation between E and E active rosettes (low values) and anti H.T.L.A. serum (high values). This result could indicate that the S\u00e9zary cell is a poorly differentiated T-lymphocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:303888", "title": "[Effects of UV-C and of 8-MOP + UV-A on the T- and B-population of human lymphocytes in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The transformation of UV-C irradiated leucocytes and lymphocytes by the mitogens Con A, PHA and PWM is measured by the 3H-Tdr. incorporation after 72 h incubation. Furthermore T- and B-cells are determined by the method of rosette formation. A clear inhibition of the cell activity is seen after irradiation of leucocytes with 450 mJ/cm(2) and of a lymphocyte suspension with 5-10 mJ/cm(2). There are no significant differences between the effects of the various mitogens. The number of T-cells decreases proportionality to the various intensity, the number of B-cells remain constant. Irradiation with UV-A + 8-MOP cause, equally for all mitogens, a dosis dependent inhibition of thymidine incorporation.", "contents": "[Effects of UV-C and of 8-MOP + UV-A on the T- and B-population of human lymphocytes in vitro (author's transl)]. The transformation of UV-C irradiated leucocytes and lymphocytes by the mitogens Con A, PHA and PWM is measured by the 3H-Tdr. incorporation after 72 h incubation. Furthermore T- and B-cells are determined by the method of rosette formation. A clear inhibition of the cell activity is seen after irradiation of leucocytes with 450 mJ/cm(2) and of a lymphocyte suspension with 5-10 mJ/cm(2). There are no significant differences between the effects of the various mitogens. The number of T-cells decreases proportionality to the various intensity, the number of B-cells remain constant. Irradiation with UV-A + 8-MOP cause, equally for all mitogens, a dosis dependent inhibition of thymidine incorporation."}
{"id": "PMID:303885", "title": "B and T lymphocytes: methodology and normal ranges.", "content": "B and T lymphocytes separation by use of various cell markers had been previously described. These differential lymphocyte subpopulation counts have been helpful in elucidating immunodeficiency, lymphoproliferative and other disease states. Expanding clinical utility has moved these assays into the general laboratory for routine determination. Specific methodology for differentiation of B and T cell subpopulations is described. The mean T cell population is 68.1 percent +/- 4.2 and the mean B cell population is 8.4 percent +/- 2.1 for 30 ambulatory normals. A bi-modal distribution of T and B lymphocyte cell lines is noted in a family with a high incidence of carcinoma. Preliminary data on patients in the diabetic clinic of the Medical University of South Carolina shows a statistically significant difference in the T cell population of diabetics versus normal.", "contents": "B and T lymphocytes: methodology and normal ranges. B and T lymphocytes separation by use of various cell markers had been previously described. These differential lymphocyte subpopulation counts have been helpful in elucidating immunodeficiency, lymphoproliferative and other disease states. Expanding clinical utility has moved these assays into the general laboratory for routine determination. Specific methodology for differentiation of B and T cell subpopulations is described. The mean T cell population is 68.1 percent +/- 4.2 and the mean B cell population is 8.4 percent +/- 2.1 for 30 ambulatory normals. A bi-modal distribution of T and B lymphocyte cell lines is noted in a family with a high incidence of carcinoma. Preliminary data on patients in the diabetic clinic of the Medical University of South Carolina shows a statistically significant difference in the T cell population of diabetics versus normal."}
{"id": "PMID:303891", "title": "Tumor induction by carcinogenic agents in anuran amphibian Rana temporaria.", "content": "Effects of 12 chemical cancerogenic agents have been studied in 910 anuran amphibia of the grass frog Rana temporaria. Tumors developed by administration of 8 of the agents studied. Dimethyl, diethyl and dibutylnitrosamines dissolved in water induced tumors in 44.2, 43.6 and 50% of animals, respectively; benzidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene administered subcutaneously and per os--in 46.6 and 41.2%, respectively, whereas p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and orthoaminoazotoluene (per os and subcutaneously)-in 30--33.3% of cases. Diethylstilbestrol-propionate induced tumors in 21% of cases. All the tumors developed within relatively short periods of time (15.6--31.9 weeks) and were located in the liver (hepatocellular cancer, hepatoadenomas) and the haemopoetic system (hemocytoblastosis). In control group of animals 3 amphibia developed multiple tumors of skin-cystadenopapillomas. The results obtained testify to the common mechanism of cancerogenesis in classes of vertebrates. In addition, the findings presented indicate to the suitability of amphibia as a new experimental object in oncology as well as to the applicability of these animals for purposes of express diagnostics of cancerogenicity. It may successfully serve as a biological indicator of environmental pollution with blastomogenic agents.", "contents": "Tumor induction by carcinogenic agents in anuran amphibian Rana temporaria. Effects of 12 chemical cancerogenic agents have been studied in 910 anuran amphibia of the grass frog Rana temporaria. Tumors developed by administration of 8 of the agents studied. Dimethyl, diethyl and dibutylnitrosamines dissolved in water induced tumors in 44.2, 43.6 and 50% of animals, respectively; benzidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene administered subcutaneously and per os--in 46.6 and 41.2%, respectively, whereas p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and orthoaminoazotoluene (per os and subcutaneously)-in 30--33.3% of cases. Diethylstilbestrol-propionate induced tumors in 21% of cases. All the tumors developed within relatively short periods of time (15.6--31.9 weeks) and were located in the liver (hepatocellular cancer, hepatoadenomas) and the haemopoetic system (hemocytoblastosis). In control group of animals 3 amphibia developed multiple tumors of skin-cystadenopapillomas. The results obtained testify to the common mechanism of cancerogenesis in classes of vertebrates. In addition, the findings presented indicate to the suitability of amphibia as a new experimental object in oncology as well as to the applicability of these animals for purposes of express diagnostics of cancerogenicity. It may successfully serve as a biological indicator of environmental pollution with blastomogenic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:303892", "title": "The effect of trasylol (Trascolan \"Polfa\") and p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (Pamba \"Germed\") on the experimental metastases of transplantable melanotic melanoma in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse)", "content": "The influence of two proteinase inhibitors -- Trasylol (Trascolan \"Polfa\") and PAMBA (\"Germed\") -- on experimental metastases of melanotic melanoma has been studied in golden hamsters. Animals were injected intravenously with tumour cells (5x10(5) or 10(6) in 0.2 ml of saline). They obtained protease inhibitor intraperitoneally one hour prior, or one hour after melanoma cells injection. One group of hamsters were also inoculated with tumour cells preincubated 10 min. in saline containing Trasylol or PAMBA. A diminished number of experimental metastases to the lungs in each group has been observed.", "contents": "The effect of trasylol (Trascolan \"Polfa\") and p-aminomethylbenzoic acid (Pamba \"Germed\") on the experimental metastases of transplantable melanotic melanoma in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse). The influence of two proteinase inhibitors -- Trasylol (Trascolan \"Polfa\") and PAMBA (\"Germed\") -- on experimental metastases of melanotic melanoma has been studied in golden hamsters. Animals were injected intravenously with tumour cells (5x10(5) or 10(6) in 0.2 ml of saline). They obtained protease inhibitor intraperitoneally one hour prior, or one hour after melanoma cells injection. One group of hamsters were also inoculated with tumour cells preincubated 10 min. in saline containing Trasylol or PAMBA. A diminished number of experimental metastases to the lungs in each group has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:303893", "title": "[Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of Trichomonas vaginalis by the method of the Papanicolaou smear has proven as suitable. Alterations of surface cells in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis are described, and causal relations between atypic cells and Trichomonas vaginalis are discussed. From a total of 13000 in investigations of cancer screening in 1975, an infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 850 cases = 6,69 p.c. In contrast to this result 28 p.c. of the 116 patients with cancer of precancer of the cervix uteri had a simultaneous infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. These results suggest the possibility of a relationship between the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis and atypic cell alterations. Therefore it is necessary for the cytologist to search for Trichomonas vaginalis in cancer-screenings and to inform the gynaecologist in case of a positive finding. All exact posttherapeutic control is indicated to find out the presence of a potentially malignant atypia of cells or of reversible reactive cell alterations.", "contents": "[Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological findings (author's transl)]. The detection of Trichomonas vaginalis by the method of the Papanicolaou smear has proven as suitable. Alterations of surface cells in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis are described, and causal relations between atypic cells and Trichomonas vaginalis are discussed. From a total of 13000 in investigations of cancer screening in 1975, an infection with Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 850 cases = 6,69 p.c. In contrast to this result 28 p.c. of the 116 patients with cancer of precancer of the cervix uteri had a simultaneous infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. These results suggest the possibility of a relationship between the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis and atypic cell alterations. Therefore it is necessary for the cytologist to search for Trichomonas vaginalis in cancer-screenings and to inform the gynaecologist in case of a positive finding. All exact posttherapeutic control is indicated to find out the presence of a potentially malignant atypia of cells or of reversible reactive cell alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:303894", "title": "Hepatitis associated antigen, autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with liver injury following administration of antituberculosis drugs.", "content": "32 patients with liver injury following the administration of tuberculosis drugs were examined for HAA, ANA, SMA and serum immunoglobulin levels. HAA was found in 38-7% of patients. SMA were detected in some HAA positive as well as in HAA negative cases. ANA except in one case were found in the HAA negative group. Serum IgM levels are significantly higher in patients with liver injury as compared to the normal values. The highest levels of IgG and IgM were found in the ANA or/and SMA-positive cases.", "contents": "Hepatitis associated antigen, autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with liver injury following administration of antituberculosis drugs. 32 patients with liver injury following the administration of tuberculosis drugs were examined for HAA, ANA, SMA and serum immunoglobulin levels. HAA was found in 38-7% of patients. SMA were detected in some HAA positive as well as in HAA negative cases. ANA except in one case were found in the HAA negative group. Serum IgM levels are significantly higher in patients with liver injury as compared to the normal values. The highest levels of IgG and IgM were found in the ANA or/and SMA-positive cases."}
{"id": "PMID:303896", "title": "Nonsyphilitic coronary ostial stenosis.", "content": "From October 1970 to June 1977, a total of 15 patients (12 women) were seen with atherosclerotic coronary ostial stenosis (14 left, one right). All patients had angina and two had aortic valve disease. Additional coronary arterial disease was present in nine. One patient declined surgery and died four months later after myocardial infarction. All patients had coronary bypass grafts and two had aortic valve replacement. One patient with valve replacement and one with preoperative cardiogenic shock died postoperatively. Angina recurred nine months postoperatively in one patient; the others (11) are free of angina. Postoperative catheterization from two weeks to 4.5 years in ten of 12 showed 11 of 13 vein grafts and eight of nine internal mammary artery grafts to be patent. In three patients, only a single left-sided coronary bypass was placed to the left anterior descending artery, because the circumflex branches were too small. Ideally, two left-sided bypass grafts should be placed for left ostial disease.", "contents": "Nonsyphilitic coronary ostial stenosis. From October 1970 to June 1977, a total of 15 patients (12 women) were seen with atherosclerotic coronary ostial stenosis (14 left, one right). All patients had angina and two had aortic valve disease. Additional coronary arterial disease was present in nine. One patient declined surgery and died four months later after myocardial infarction. All patients had coronary bypass grafts and two had aortic valve replacement. One patient with valve replacement and one with preoperative cardiogenic shock died postoperatively. Angina recurred nine months postoperatively in one patient; the others (11) are free of angina. Postoperative catheterization from two weeks to 4.5 years in ten of 12 showed 11 of 13 vein grafts and eight of nine internal mammary artery grafts to be patent. In three patients, only a single left-sided coronary bypass was placed to the left anterior descending artery, because the circumflex branches were too small. Ideally, two left-sided bypass grafts should be placed for left ostial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303897", "title": "Bacillus laterosporus endophthalmitis.", "content": "A strain of Bacillus laterosporus was isolated from the aqueous and vitreous humors of a patient with endophthalmitis that developed after a penetrating injury of the cornea. Intravitreal inoculation of the isolate into rabbits produced severe panophthalmitis, corneal perforation, orbital cellulitis, and even meningitis. These observations suggest that B laterosporus, hitherto classified as nonpathogenic, is an opportunist that can cause disease when conditions are favorable.", "contents": "Bacillus laterosporus endophthalmitis. A strain of Bacillus laterosporus was isolated from the aqueous and vitreous humors of a patient with endophthalmitis that developed after a penetrating injury of the cornea. Intravitreal inoculation of the isolate into rabbits produced severe panophthalmitis, corneal perforation, orbital cellulitis, and even meningitis. These observations suggest that B laterosporus, hitherto classified as nonpathogenic, is an opportunist that can cause disease when conditions are favorable."}
{"id": "PMID:303898", "title": "A comparative analysis of the colour matching ability of dentists, dental students, and ceramic technicians.", "content": "This paper compares the colour matching ability of dentists, dental students, and ceramic technicians. It examines the roles that experience and colour defective vision may also play in the correct matching of dental colours.", "contents": "A comparative analysis of the colour matching ability of dentists, dental students, and ceramic technicians. This paper compares the colour matching ability of dentists, dental students, and ceramic technicians. It examines the roles that experience and colour defective vision may also play in the correct matching of dental colours."}
{"id": "PMID:303899", "title": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--a literature review and a case report of a patient with chronic obstructive airways disease and cirrhosis.", "content": "A patient who manifested both pulmonary and hepatic disease associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is described. The biological function of alpha1-antitrypsin is discussed, as well as the inheritance of deficiency states and the spectrum of disorders which may ensue. Severe deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin has been linked with pulmonary emphysema in adult life, progressive liver disease in childhood, adult cirrhosis but rarely with both pulmonary and liver disease.", "contents": "Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--a literature review and a case report of a patient with chronic obstructive airways disease and cirrhosis. A patient who manifested both pulmonary and hepatic disease associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is described. The biological function of alpha1-antitrypsin is discussed, as well as the inheritance of deficiency states and the spectrum of disorders which may ensue. Severe deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin has been linked with pulmonary emphysema in adult life, progressive liver disease in childhood, adult cirrhosis but rarely with both pulmonary and liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303900", "title": "An epidemiological analysis of factors influencing the increase in Taenia ovis prevalence during the New Zealand Echinococcus granulosus control program.", "content": "There was an 8-fold increase in the national prevalence of Taenia ovis in dogs during the first decade of the New Zealand hydatid disease control program. The temporal patterns in the prevalence of T. ovis were similar in both rural working dogs and urban pet dogs, with the highest prevalence found in the sheep farming areas. The dramatic increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was a reflection of the change in source of food for many working dogs, from the traditional raw viscera to carcase meat of sheep, a change necessitated by hydatid disease control. Other factors influencing the rise in prevalence of T. ovis in rural dogs were investigated using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results of the regression analyses suggested that the rate of increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was influenced by 4 major factors: Taenia hydatigena variables (initial prevalence and rate of progress in control), an ethnic variable (Maori proportion in local population), canine variables (numbers of dogs per farm and per owner), and animal husbandry variables (pasture type, sheep density and numbers of sheep per farm). The results were discussed in the light of present knowledge of the epidemiology and immunology of the taeniid cestodes.", "contents": "An epidemiological analysis of factors influencing the increase in Taenia ovis prevalence during the New Zealand Echinococcus granulosus control program. There was an 8-fold increase in the national prevalence of Taenia ovis in dogs during the first decade of the New Zealand hydatid disease control program. The temporal patterns in the prevalence of T. ovis were similar in both rural working dogs and urban pet dogs, with the highest prevalence found in the sheep farming areas. The dramatic increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was a reflection of the change in source of food for many working dogs, from the traditional raw viscera to carcase meat of sheep, a change necessitated by hydatid disease control. Other factors influencing the rise in prevalence of T. ovis in rural dogs were investigated using stepwise multiple regression techniques. The results of the regression analyses suggested that the rate of increase in the prevalence of T. ovis was influenced by 4 major factors: Taenia hydatigena variables (initial prevalence and rate of progress in control), an ethnic variable (Maori proportion in local population), canine variables (numbers of dogs per farm and per owner), and animal husbandry variables (pasture type, sheep density and numbers of sheep per farm). The results were discussed in the light of present knowledge of the epidemiology and immunology of the taeniid cestodes."}
{"id": "PMID:303906", "title": "Low-frequency, weak extradural stimulation in the management of intractable pain.", "content": "Low-frequency (1.6-2.2 Hz) and weak-intensity electrical stimulation in the spinal extradural space produced complete to partial pain relief in a majority of patients (22 of 25) who suffered from intractable pain. Also it produced analgesia or hypoalgesia over a wide area of the body surface in 19 of the 25.", "contents": "Low-frequency, weak extradural stimulation in the management of intractable pain. Low-frequency (1.6-2.2 Hz) and weak-intensity electrical stimulation in the spinal extradural space produced complete to partial pain relief in a majority of patients (22 of 25) who suffered from intractable pain. Also it produced analgesia or hypoalgesia over a wide area of the body surface in 19 of the 25."}
{"id": "PMID:303907", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in contact and atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Twenty patients with contact dermatitis, eighteen with atopic dermatitis, two with mixed dermatitis, and 20 controls were examined for the number of T and B lymphocytes, and serum concentrations of IgD and IgE. Significantly higher counts of B lymphocytes bearing IgE and high serum IgE values were found in the atopic group. No other significant differences were found. In particular, we found a normal frequency of IgD bearing lymphocytes in contact dermatitis, and normal T lymphocyte counts in both groups of patients.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in contact and atopic dermatitis. Twenty patients with contact dermatitis, eighteen with atopic dermatitis, two with mixed dermatitis, and 20 controls were examined for the number of T and B lymphocytes, and serum concentrations of IgD and IgE. Significantly higher counts of B lymphocytes bearing IgE and high serum IgE values were found in the atopic group. No other significant differences were found. In particular, we found a normal frequency of IgD bearing lymphocytes in contact dermatitis, and normal T lymphocyte counts in both groups of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:303908", "title": "Autoimmune anti-T cell antibodies in the sera of patients with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The serum of persons with mycosis fungoides contains IgG antibody believed to be specific for T cells, similar to the auto-antibodies reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's disease and sarcoidosis. The antibody is present during the active, and disappears during the inactive, phase of the disease.", "contents": "Autoimmune anti-T cell antibodies in the sera of patients with mycosis fungoides. The serum of persons with mycosis fungoides contains IgG antibody believed to be specific for T cells, similar to the auto-antibodies reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's disease and sarcoidosis. The antibody is present during the active, and disappears during the inactive, phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:303911", "title": "Heterogeneity of von Willebrand's disease: study of 40 Iranian cases.", "content": "Forty Iranian patients with von Willebrand's disease were tested for bleeding time, platelet retention to glass beads, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and assay of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C), Willebrand factor activity (VIIIR:WF), and factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:AG) by two methods (Laurell and immunoradiometric assay). In 22 cases from 11 families, levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:WF and VIIIR:AG (Laurell) were below 5% and the immunoradiometric assay showed total lack of VIIIR:AG in all cases (sensitivity of the method 0.01%). In 10 of these families, the parents were related, raising th;e possibility that these patients are homozygous. The occurrence of precipitating antibodies to factor VIII was demonstrated in one of these severe patients. In seven cases from five families the anomaly was less severe, with results of VIII:C between 5 and 17%. In 11 cases from six families VIII:C was normal or moderately decreased, contrasting with lower levels of VIIIR:WF and VIIIR:AG. The presence of an abnormal factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein was assessed by double-cross immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of von Willebrand's disease: study of 40 Iranian cases. Forty Iranian patients with von Willebrand's disease were tested for bleeding time, platelet retention to glass beads, ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, and assay of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIII:C), Willebrand factor activity (VIIIR:WF), and factor VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:AG) by two methods (Laurell and immunoradiometric assay). In 22 cases from 11 families, levels of VIII:C, VIIIR:WF and VIIIR:AG (Laurell) were below 5% and the immunoradiometric assay showed total lack of VIIIR:AG in all cases (sensitivity of the method 0.01%). In 10 of these families, the parents were related, raising th;e possibility that these patients are homozygous. The occurrence of precipitating antibodies to factor VIII was demonstrated in one of these severe patients. In seven cases from five families the anomaly was less severe, with results of VIII:C between 5 and 17%. In 11 cases from six families VIII:C was normal or moderately decreased, contrasting with lower levels of VIIIR:WF and VIIIR:AG. The presence of an abnormal factor VIII/von Willebrand factor protein was assessed by double-cross immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:303912", "title": "Review of Binkhorst intraocular lenses.", "content": "Experience is described of 150 cases in which an intraocular lens of the Binkhorst (iris clip and iridocapsular type) was introduced after cataract extraction. The most serious complications are dislocation and corneal dystrophy.", "contents": "Review of Binkhorst intraocular lenses. Experience is described of 150 cases in which an intraocular lens of the Binkhorst (iris clip and iridocapsular type) was introduced after cataract extraction. The most serious complications are dislocation and corneal dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:303913", "title": "Increase in the frequency of Fc receptor (FcR) bearing cells in the mouse spleen following a single exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves.", "content": "A single 30-min exposure (13,7 +/- 1.2 mW/g) of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves produced a significant increase in the proportion of FcR+ cells in the spleen. This increase was due to a selective increase in FcR+ B cells. No changes in total B (Ig+) and T (theta+) cell frequency in the spleen were observed.", "contents": "Increase in the frequency of Fc receptor (FcR) bearing cells in the mouse spleen following a single exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves. A single 30-min exposure (13,7 +/- 1.2 mW/g) of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves produced a significant increase in the proportion of FcR+ cells in the spleen. This increase was due to a selective increase in FcR+ B cells. No changes in total B (Ig+) and T (theta+) cell frequency in the spleen were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:303914", "title": "[Age and the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens].", "content": "Reactions of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal persons from 19 to 49 years of age to the following mitogens was studied; phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), rabbit serum against human thymocytes (ATS). A significant reduction of the lymphocytes proliferative response to ConA was reported in persons above 30 years old. There was also demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the proliferative response indices and the donor's age (in ConA-stimulation-for the whole group examined, and in ATS-stimulation-for persons aged from 30 to 49 years only. Analysis of the intensity of thymidine-(3)H incorporation showed that with the advance of age there was a fall of the percentage of cells with an intensively labelled nuclei and an accumulation of cells with weakly labeled nuclei, this phenomenon was observed both when the proliferative response was decreased and when no significant differences were reported in these indices.", "contents": "[Age and the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens]. Reactions of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal persons from 19 to 49 years of age to the following mitogens was studied; phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (ConA), rabbit serum against human thymocytes (ATS). A significant reduction of the lymphocytes proliferative response to ConA was reported in persons above 30 years old. There was also demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the proliferative response indices and the donor's age (in ConA-stimulation-for the whole group examined, and in ATS-stimulation-for persons aged from 30 to 49 years only. Analysis of the intensity of thymidine-(3)H incorporation showed that with the advance of age there was a fall of the percentage of cells with an intensively labelled nuclei and an accumulation of cells with weakly labeled nuclei, this phenomenon was observed both when the proliferative response was decreased and when no significant differences were reported in these indices."}
{"id": "PMID:303915", "title": "[Duration of mitosis in mouse thymus cortex cells under normal conditions and after antigen administration at different times of the day].", "content": "The influence of an antigen injected at different periods of the circadian mitotic activity on the cell proliferation in the thymus cortex was studied. The duration of mitosis and the number of cells entering division were determined. A pronounced stimulating effect of immunization with sheep red blood cells entering mitosis increased, while the duration of mitosis diminished (colchamine mitotic index was 29.79 percent in control mice, and 47.99 percent in the immunized ones. The duration of mitosis was 0.4 hours in control animals, and 0.24 hours in the immunized ones. When compared with intact mice, the animals immunized in the evening showed no significant changes in the parameters studied.", "contents": "[Duration of mitosis in mouse thymus cortex cells under normal conditions and after antigen administration at different times of the day]. The influence of an antigen injected at different periods of the circadian mitotic activity on the cell proliferation in the thymus cortex was studied. The duration of mitosis and the number of cells entering division were determined. A pronounced stimulating effect of immunization with sheep red blood cells entering mitosis increased, while the duration of mitosis diminished (colchamine mitotic index was 29.79 percent in control mice, and 47.99 percent in the immunized ones. The duration of mitosis was 0.4 hours in control animals, and 0.24 hours in the immunized ones. When compared with intact mice, the animals immunized in the evening showed no significant changes in the parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:303916", "title": "[Changes in the mitotic activity and destruction of rat thymus lymphocytes following hydrocortisone administration at different hours of the day].", "content": "The 24-hour rhythm of mitoses was identical in the thymus lymphocytes of 30-day rats in control and in experimental animals 4 hours after injection of hydrocortisone. In the control rats the number of degenerating lymphocytes failed to alter in the course of 24 hours. Four hours after the hydrocortisone injection of degenerated cells increased sharply; however, the rate of the lymphocyte destruction was more significant at night and early in the morning than during the day and the evening.", "contents": "[Changes in the mitotic activity and destruction of rat thymus lymphocytes following hydrocortisone administration at different hours of the day]. The 24-hour rhythm of mitoses was identical in the thymus lymphocytes of 30-day rats in control and in experimental animals 4 hours after injection of hydrocortisone. In the control rats the number of degenerating lymphocytes failed to alter in the course of 24 hours. Four hours after the hydrocortisone injection of degenerated cells increased sharply; however, the rate of the lymphocyte destruction was more significant at night and early in the morning than during the day and the evening."}
{"id": "PMID:303918", "title": "Hairy-cell leukemia with T-cell features.", "content": "A case of clinically and hematologically typical hairy-cell leukemia has been presented in which, at the various times of testing, 52%-95% of peripheral blood and 73% of splenic mononuclear cells formed spontaneous sheep erythrocyte (E) rosettes. Many of the rosetting cells were shown to be typical morphologic hairy cells by light and electron microscopy. It was found that 70%-75% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stained with an anti-T antiserum, and this antiserum also abolished E-rosette formation. A variable percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also shown to bear surface (IgDK) and internal (IgMK and IgGK) immunoglobulins. Additional B-cell features demonstrated included possession of the P29/34 la-like antigen and formation of mouse rosettes. It was demonstrated by a variety of blocking and inhibition studies that the E-rosette formation was not attributable to chance antigen specificity of the surface membrane immunoglobulin. These marker studies suggest that this is a case of true hybrid cell HCL. Despite these unusual marker characteristics, the patient showed no distinctive clinical or hematologic features.", "contents": "Hairy-cell leukemia with T-cell features. A case of clinically and hematologically typical hairy-cell leukemia has been presented in which, at the various times of testing, 52%-95% of peripheral blood and 73% of splenic mononuclear cells formed spontaneous sheep erythrocyte (E) rosettes. Many of the rosetting cells were shown to be typical morphologic hairy cells by light and electron microscopy. It was found that 70%-75% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stained with an anti-T antiserum, and this antiserum also abolished E-rosette formation. A variable percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also shown to bear surface (IgDK) and internal (IgMK and IgGK) immunoglobulins. Additional B-cell features demonstrated included possession of the P29/34 la-like antigen and formation of mouse rosettes. It was demonstrated by a variety of blocking and inhibition studies that the E-rosette formation was not attributable to chance antigen specificity of the surface membrane immunoglobulin. These marker studies suggest that this is a case of true hybrid cell HCL. Despite these unusual marker characteristics, the patient showed no distinctive clinical or hematologic features."}
{"id": "PMID:303921", "title": "T cells and protein nutrition in hospitalized surgical patients.", "content": "Percentage and number of T cells in peripheral blood and severe indices of protein nutrition were assessed in a random sample of 51 hospitalized surgical patients. Whole blood counts of the patients' lymphocytes and E rosette tests (after separation of lymphocytes from whole blood on Ficoll-Metrizoate) showed no difference from a control group of well-nourished people attending hospital for minor complaints. In general there was no consistent relationship between the level of protein nutrition and low T cell numbers, except for 5 malnourished patients tested less than 1 week after major surgery. Although a group of 11 patients who fulfilled the criteria for 'malnutrition' had normal T cell numbers, the percentage of T cells was significantly higher and the number of total lymphocytes was significantly lower than in the controls.", "contents": "T cells and protein nutrition in hospitalized surgical patients. Percentage and number of T cells in peripheral blood and severe indices of protein nutrition were assessed in a random sample of 51 hospitalized surgical patients. Whole blood counts of the patients' lymphocytes and E rosette tests (after separation of lymphocytes from whole blood on Ficoll-Metrizoate) showed no difference from a control group of well-nourished people attending hospital for minor complaints. In general there was no consistent relationship between the level of protein nutrition and low T cell numbers, except for 5 malnourished patients tested less than 1 week after major surgery. Although a group of 11 patients who fulfilled the criteria for 'malnutrition' had normal T cell numbers, the percentage of T cells was significantly higher and the number of total lymphocytes was significantly lower than in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:303922", "title": "Angiographic control of traumatic haemobilia by selective arterial embolization.", "content": "Traumatic haemobilia was diagnosed and treated successfully by selective arterial catheterization and embolization with Gelfoam particles, thus avoiding the hazards of surgical intervention, in a 16-year-old boy with tuberculous peritonitis. No ill effects to the liver parenchyma were noticed as evidenced by liver function tests and liver scan.", "contents": "Angiographic control of traumatic haemobilia by selective arterial embolization. Traumatic haemobilia was diagnosed and treated successfully by selective arterial catheterization and embolization with Gelfoam particles, thus avoiding the hazards of surgical intervention, in a 16-year-old boy with tuberculous peritonitis. No ill effects to the liver parenchyma were noticed as evidenced by liver function tests and liver scan."}
{"id": "PMID:303929", "title": "Histamine synthesizing afferents within the amygdaloid complex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat.", "content": "The regional distribution of histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity has been studied in the amygdaloid complex and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) of the rat. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala had 2-fold higher HD activity levels than the remaining nuclei of the complex. HD activity was exceptionally high in the BST, particularly in its ventral part. A lesion of the stria terminalis had no effect on this distribution whereas a combined lesion of the stria terminalis and the so-called ventral pathway induced a decrease of approximately 60% in all the amygdaloid nuclei, but not in the BST. On the other hand, a lesion of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) induced a similar decrease in both the amygdaloid nuclei and the BST. These results confirm that HD-containing fibres are present in the MFB. On the one hand these project massively to the BST and on the other penetrate in the amygdala ventromedially along the ansa peduncularis and preferentially innervate the more medially located nuclei.", "contents": "Histamine synthesizing afferents within the amygdaloid complex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat. The regional distribution of histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity has been studied in the amygdaloid complex and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) of the rat. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala had 2-fold higher HD activity levels than the remaining nuclei of the complex. HD activity was exceptionally high in the BST, particularly in its ventral part. A lesion of the stria terminalis had no effect on this distribution whereas a combined lesion of the stria terminalis and the so-called ventral pathway induced a decrease of approximately 60% in all the amygdaloid nuclei, but not in the BST. On the other hand, a lesion of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) induced a similar decrease in both the amygdaloid nuclei and the BST. These results confirm that HD-containing fibres are present in the MFB. On the one hand these project massively to the BST and on the other penetrate in the amygdala ventromedially along the ansa peduncularis and preferentially innervate the more medially located nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:303930", "title": "Surgical management of malignant bone tumours.", "content": "The evolution of treatment for osteogenic sarcoma at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is reviewed. The possible control of micrometastases by chemotherapy and the excision of macrometastases at single or multiple thoracotomies by the thoracic surgeon have added greatly to the salvage rate of this tumour. Intensive chemotherapy has made possible en bloc resection of bones involved by tumour, with preservation of the limb. Despite advances, however, amputation or en bloc resection is still necessary to control the primary tumour.", "contents": "Surgical management of malignant bone tumours. The evolution of treatment for osteogenic sarcoma at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is reviewed. The possible control of micrometastases by chemotherapy and the excision of macrometastases at single or multiple thoracotomies by the thoracic surgeon have added greatly to the salvage rate of this tumour. Intensive chemotherapy has made possible en bloc resection of bones involved by tumour, with preservation of the limb. Despite advances, however, amputation or en bloc resection is still necessary to control the primary tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:303931", "title": "Current concepts in the management of disseminated malignant bone disease in childhood.", "content": "Disseminated malignant disease should be approached with the intention of curing the patient. This requires a multidisciplinary approach. Essential to the successful application of multidisciplinary treatment is the administration of effective chemotherapy, which may achieve reduction in both microscopic disease and overt tumour. In Ewing's sarcoma, the latter should be treated also by irradiation. Limited areas of bulk tumour that have failed to respond or have responded only partially may be removed surgically. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy should be used extensively for palliation; surgery may be required occasionally for control of pain. The decision to treat palliatively should be reached only after patients have received multidisciplinary consultation.", "contents": "Current concepts in the management of disseminated malignant bone disease in childhood. Disseminated malignant disease should be approached with the intention of curing the patient. This requires a multidisciplinary approach. Essential to the successful application of multidisciplinary treatment is the administration of effective chemotherapy, which may achieve reduction in both microscopic disease and overt tumour. In Ewing's sarcoma, the latter should be treated also by irradiation. Limited areas of bulk tumour that have failed to respond or have responded only partially may be removed surgically. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy should be used extensively for palliation; surgery may be required occasionally for control of pain. The decision to treat palliatively should be reached only after patients have received multidisciplinary consultation."}
{"id": "PMID:303934", "title": "Pleomorphic B cell neoplasm with monoclonal IgA secretion: a case report.", "content": "A case of non-myelomatous malignant disease with IgA paraproteinemia is described. A pleomorphic lymphoid/plasmacytoid infiltrate was found in the bone marrow. While the cells studied had some ultrastructural characteristics closer to myelomatosis than Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, immunofluorescence showed IgA in both the cytoplasm and at the cell surface, as seen with IgM in macroglobulinemia but not with IgA in typical IgA myelomatosis. This case illustrates that IgA paraproteinemia may be produced in association with pleomorphic B cell proliferative diseases as well as myelomatosis. There is probably a spectrum of disease states as with IgM paraproteinemia.", "contents": "Pleomorphic B cell neoplasm with monoclonal IgA secretion: a case report. A case of non-myelomatous malignant disease with IgA paraproteinemia is described. A pleomorphic lymphoid/plasmacytoid infiltrate was found in the bone marrow. While the cells studied had some ultrastructural characteristics closer to myelomatosis than Waldenstr\u00f6m's macroglobulinemia, immunofluorescence showed IgA in both the cytoplasm and at the cell surface, as seen with IgM in macroglobulinemia but not with IgA in typical IgA myelomatosis. This case illustrates that IgA paraproteinemia may be produced in association with pleomorphic B cell proliferative diseases as well as myelomatosis. There is probably a spectrum of disease states as with IgM paraproteinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:303935", "title": "Abnormal lymphocyte protein synthesis in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocyte protein synthesis was measured in vitro in 21 patients with recently diagnosed, untreated bronchogenic carcinoma and 11 control subjects. In the cancer group absolute protein synthesis was significantly decreased in both baseline and stimulated cultures. The abnormality in protein synthesis was observed despite the fact that there were no differences in vitro DNA synthesis between the two groups. In order to investigate the possibility that a decrease in the number of T-cells was the cause of the impaired protein synthesis in the lung cancer patients, the percentage of circulating E-rosetting forming cells was measured. The mean percentage of rosette forming cells in the cancer patients was 66.8 +/- 2.2 and in the control population was 68.3 +/- 2.6. Our results demonstrate that lymphocyte protein synthesis is abnormal in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and that the abnormality in protein synthesis is not due to decreased numbers of T-cells. In addition our results suggest that measurement of protein synthesis is a more sensitive assay of lymphocyte function than other standard parameters of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Abnormal lymphocyte protein synthesis in bronchogenic carcinoma. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocyte protein synthesis was measured in vitro in 21 patients with recently diagnosed, untreated bronchogenic carcinoma and 11 control subjects. In the cancer group absolute protein synthesis was significantly decreased in both baseline and stimulated cultures. The abnormality in protein synthesis was observed despite the fact that there were no differences in vitro DNA synthesis between the two groups. In order to investigate the possibility that a decrease in the number of T-cells was the cause of the impaired protein synthesis in the lung cancer patients, the percentage of circulating E-rosetting forming cells was measured. The mean percentage of rosette forming cells in the cancer patients was 66.8 +/- 2.2 and in the control population was 68.3 +/- 2.6. Our results demonstrate that lymphocyte protein synthesis is abnormal in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and that the abnormality in protein synthesis is not due to decreased numbers of T-cells. In addition our results suggest that measurement of protein synthesis is a more sensitive assay of lymphocyte function than other standard parameters of cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:303936", "title": "Impairment of Na+-dependent amino acid transport in a cultured human T-cell line by hyperthermia and irradiation.", "content": "We have examined the effects of hyperthermia and radiation on the ability of a human T-leukemic lymphocyte line (Molt-4) to transport the Na+-dependent amino acid, 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB). Heating Molt-4 at 43 degrees for 1 to 4 hr damages the ability of these cells to accumulate AIB. The damage to the transport system at 43 degrees impairs only the maximal rate of AIB uptake, i.e., Vmax. The thermal effect on AIB transport parallels the radiation effects observed for this system. Preliminary data indicate that heat and radiation may induce irreversible transitions in the tertiary or quaternary structure of a plasma membrane protein involved in regulating Na+-dependent amino acid transport. However, the mechanism by which heat and radiation damage this protein is different.", "contents": "Impairment of Na+-dependent amino acid transport in a cultured human T-cell line by hyperthermia and irradiation. We have examined the effects of hyperthermia and radiation on the ability of a human T-leukemic lymphocyte line (Molt-4) to transport the Na+-dependent amino acid, 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB). Heating Molt-4 at 43 degrees for 1 to 4 hr damages the ability of these cells to accumulate AIB. The damage to the transport system at 43 degrees impairs only the maximal rate of AIB uptake, i.e., Vmax. The thermal effect on AIB transport parallels the radiation effects observed for this system. Preliminary data indicate that heat and radiation may induce irreversible transitions in the tertiary or quaternary structure of a plasma membrane protein involved in regulating Na+-dependent amino acid transport. However, the mechanism by which heat and radiation damage this protein is different."}
{"id": "PMID:303937", "title": "Experimental chemotherapy with 5-arylpyrimidine antifolates: Further studies on toxicity and the responsiveness of ascitic, solid, and intracranial sarcoma 180 to DDMP and DDMP with citrovorum factor.", "content": "Multiple-dose toxicity of the 5-arylpyrimidine DDMP showed marked seasonal variation and sex dependence in BD2F1 mice. Considerable therapeutic activity against the ascitic, solid, and intracranial forms of Sarcoma 180 was demonstrated. Antitumor effects were highly schedule and dose dependent at a limited number of doses between 16 and 40 mg/kg. Antitumor activity (increase in lifespan) was approximately twofold greater against the ascitic tumor compared to the intracranial tumor at each dose level. The use of citrovorum factor rescue appeared to improve the therapeutic index of DDMP against intracranial Sarcoma 180 on specific multiple-dose schedules. Citrovorum factor rescue did not result in a greater initial antitumor effect of DDMP against the solid Sarcoma 180, but the effect was maintained for a longer period of time by allowing an increase in the number of doses which could be administered without toxicity.", "contents": "Experimental chemotherapy with 5-arylpyrimidine antifolates: Further studies on toxicity and the responsiveness of ascitic, solid, and intracranial sarcoma 180 to DDMP and DDMP with citrovorum factor. Multiple-dose toxicity of the 5-arylpyrimidine DDMP showed marked seasonal variation and sex dependence in BD2F1 mice. Considerable therapeutic activity against the ascitic, solid, and intracranial forms of Sarcoma 180 was demonstrated. Antitumor effects were highly schedule and dose dependent at a limited number of doses between 16 and 40 mg/kg. Antitumor activity (increase in lifespan) was approximately twofold greater against the ascitic tumor compared to the intracranial tumor at each dose level. The use of citrovorum factor rescue appeared to improve the therapeutic index of DDMP against intracranial Sarcoma 180 on specific multiple-dose schedules. Citrovorum factor rescue did not result in a greater initial antitumor effect of DDMP against the solid Sarcoma 180, but the effect was maintained for a longer period of time by allowing an increase in the number of doses which could be administered without toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:303947", "title": "Recent advances in understanding the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi.", "content": "Previous observations on the process of invasion by P. knowlesi are briefly reviewed and new findings concerning the adhesion of parasites to erythrocytes and their intracellular passage are reported. Merozoites adhere to erythrocytes by means of a well-defined coat with the cytochemical characteristics of glycoprotein. This coat has receptors that engage in at least three distinct types of attachment. The ensuing invagination of the erythrocyte surface has two phases, the first consisting of an inward buckling of the membrane to form a vacuole and the second a rapid expansion to create the final parasitophorous vacuole inhabited by the trophic parasite. Some cytochemical evidence concerning the nature of the rhoptry complex is discussed in relation to these changes.", "contents": "Recent advances in understanding the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi. Previous observations on the process of invasion by P. knowlesi are briefly reviewed and new findings concerning the adhesion of parasites to erythrocytes and their intracellular passage are reported. Merozoites adhere to erythrocytes by means of a well-defined coat with the cytochemical characteristics of glycoprotein. This coat has receptors that engage in at least three distinct types of attachment. The ensuing invagination of the erythrocyte surface has two phases, the first consisting of an inward buckling of the membrane to form a vacuole and the second a rapid expansion to create the final parasitophorous vacuole inhabited by the trophic parasite. Some cytochemical evidence concerning the nature of the rhoptry complex is discussed in relation to these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:303948", "title": "Transport of carbohydrates by malarial parasites.", "content": "The red cells of malaria-infected mice and ducks have an increased permeability to glucose.", "contents": "Transport of carbohydrates by malarial parasites. The red cells of malaria-infected mice and ducks have an increased permeability to glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:303949", "title": "Salvage syntheses and their relationship to nucleic acid metabolism.", "content": "The intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodia are capable of synthesizing purine nucleotides and apparently deoxycytidylate by salvage syntheses. Data obtained by studying the incorporation of radioactive precursor molecules into intact cells and kinetic experiments on purified enzyme preparations suggest biosynthetic routes which, generally, are similar to those of the host's cell metabolism. However, details on the regulation of both the uptake of nucleosides and bases into the intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodia and of the metabolic routes involved in this incorporation are still lacking.", "contents": "Salvage syntheses and their relationship to nucleic acid metabolism. The intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodia are capable of synthesizing purine nucleotides and apparently deoxycytidylate by salvage syntheses. Data obtained by studying the incorporation of radioactive precursor molecules into intact cells and kinetic experiments on purified enzyme preparations suggest biosynthetic routes which, generally, are similar to those of the host's cell metabolism. However, details on the regulation of both the uptake of nucleosides and bases into the intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodia and of the metabolic routes involved in this incorporation are still lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:303950", "title": "A quantitative long-term cryobiological study of malarial parasites.", "content": "A study spanning 10 years indicates that the erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites can be stored indefinitely in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen without significant loss of infectivity. The results also suggest that loss due to the recovery procedures exceeds any loss that may have occurred during freezing and thawing. When feasible, large pools of material should be divided into smaller aliquots before storing the organisms at a low temperature, since freezing a second time produces significant losses of infectivity. Sporozoites and exoerythrocytic stages may be treated similarly, but the optimum conditions for freezing these forms have yet to be determined.", "contents": "A quantitative long-term cryobiological study of malarial parasites. A study spanning 10 years indicates that the erythrocytic stages of malarial parasites can be stored indefinitely in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen without significant loss of infectivity. The results also suggest that loss due to the recovery procedures exceeds any loss that may have occurred during freezing and thawing. When feasible, large pools of material should be divided into smaller aliquots before storing the organisms at a low temperature, since freezing a second time produces significant losses of infectivity. Sporozoites and exoerythrocytic stages may be treated similarly, but the optimum conditions for freezing these forms have yet to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:303951", "title": "Purification of intracellular forms of Plasmodium chabaudi and their interactions with the erythrocyte membrane and with serum albumin.", "content": "A procedure using bovine serum albumin gradients was developed for the separation of P. chabaudi-infected mouse erythrocytes from uninfected cells. This procedure can be used for the purification of erythrocytes containing different developmental stages of the parasite. The purified parasites were able to synthesize in vitro all the proteins that they are capable of synthesizing in vivo. The intracellular forms of P. chabaudi were found to be associated with erythrocyte membrane components and this associated membrane was shown to lack glycophorin. The free parasites bound albumin from serum; this binding, which showed some specificity with respect to the origin of the albumin, might play a role in the stabilization or protection of the extracellular parasites.", "contents": "Purification of intracellular forms of Plasmodium chabaudi and their interactions with the erythrocyte membrane and with serum albumin. A procedure using bovine serum albumin gradients was developed for the separation of P. chabaudi-infected mouse erythrocytes from uninfected cells. This procedure can be used for the purification of erythrocytes containing different developmental stages of the parasite. The purified parasites were able to synthesize in vitro all the proteins that they are capable of synthesizing in vivo. The intracellular forms of P. chabaudi were found to be associated with erythrocyte membrane components and this associated membrane was shown to lack glycophorin. The free parasites bound albumin from serum; this binding, which showed some specificity with respect to the origin of the albumin, might play a role in the stabilization or protection of the extracellular parasites."}
{"id": "PMID:303952", "title": "Biochemical markers for strain differentiation in malarial parasites.", "content": "Genetic differences between micro-organisms can be identified by studying variations in enzyme forms and DNA characteristics. Enzyme electrophoresis has revealed considerable genetic diversity in populations of malarial parasites and has enabled populations reproductively isolated from one another to be identified. Studies on rodent malarial parasites from four regions of Africa have shown that each species and subspecies can be distinguished by its pattern of enzyme forms. In subspecies in which enzyme polymorphism occurs, the frequencies of each combination of enzyme forms suggest an extensive degree of random mating in the population. Populations of Plasmodium falciparum are also enzymically polymorphic, similar enzyme variants being found in isolates from several parts of the world.", "contents": "Biochemical markers for strain differentiation in malarial parasites. Genetic differences between micro-organisms can be identified by studying variations in enzyme forms and DNA characteristics. Enzyme electrophoresis has revealed considerable genetic diversity in populations of malarial parasites and has enabled populations reproductively isolated from one another to be identified. Studies on rodent malarial parasites from four regions of Africa have shown that each species and subspecies can be distinguished by its pattern of enzyme forms. In subspecies in which enzyme polymorphism occurs, the frequencies of each combination of enzyme forms suggest an extensive degree of random mating in the population. Populations of Plasmodium falciparum are also enzymically polymorphic, similar enzyme variants being found in isolates from several parts of the world."}
{"id": "PMID:303954", "title": "Interactions of rodent malarial parasites with Friend erythroleukemia cells in vitro.", "content": "The ability of Plasmodium chabaudi and P. yoelii to bind to Friend erythroleukemia cells in vitro was examined. Extensive binding of P. yoelii and weaker binding of P. chabaudi was observed. Binding to mouse fibroblasts was not seen, although there was some binding to cells of a mouse mastocytoma. The binding of P. yoelii to Friend cells was sensitive to specific antiserum. The development of P. berghei and P. yoelii in Friend cells was followed by microscopic examination and measurement of the infectivity of those cells in mice. Friend cells infected with both species appeared to develop morphologically normal intracellular forms of the parasites. P. yoelii-infected cells were infective in sensitive mice for 3 days after addition of the parasites, and this infectivity was not sensitive to treatment in vitro with mouse anti-P. yoelii serum.", "contents": "Interactions of rodent malarial parasites with Friend erythroleukemia cells in vitro. The ability of Plasmodium chabaudi and P. yoelii to bind to Friend erythroleukemia cells in vitro was examined. Extensive binding of P. yoelii and weaker binding of P. chabaudi was observed. Binding to mouse fibroblasts was not seen, although there was some binding to cells of a mouse mastocytoma. The binding of P. yoelii to Friend cells was sensitive to specific antiserum. The development of P. berghei and P. yoelii in Friend cells was followed by microscopic examination and measurement of the infectivity of those cells in mice. Friend cells infected with both species appeared to develop morphologically normal intracellular forms of the parasites. P. yoelii-infected cells were infective in sensitive mice for 3 days after addition of the parasites, and this infectivity was not sensitive to treatment in vitro with mouse anti-P. yoelii serum."}
{"id": "PMID:303955", "title": "Should cultivated exoerythrocytic parasites be considered as a source of antigen for a malaria vaccine?", "content": "Routine procedures for growing exoerythrocytic stages of avian malaria parasites in continuous culture have been available for many years. This system, adapted for the cultivation of mammalian forms, would have certain advantages in vaccine production, the great advantage being the potential for self-replication by both the host cell and the parasite. Many obstacles must be overcome, however, before efforts in this direction can be successful. The recent demonstration that merozoites of the exoerythrocytic cycle are immunogenic supports the view that efforts should be made to develop a mammalian culture system based on the exoerythrocytic stage.", "contents": "Should cultivated exoerythrocytic parasites be considered as a source of antigen for a malaria vaccine? Routine procedures for growing exoerythrocytic stages of avian malaria parasites in continuous culture have been available for many years. This system, adapted for the cultivation of mammalian forms, would have certain advantages in vaccine production, the great advantage being the potential for self-replication by both the host cell and the parasite. Many obstacles must be overcome, however, before efforts in this direction can be successful. The recent demonstration that merozoites of the exoerythrocytic cycle are immunogenic supports the view that efforts should be made to develop a mammalian culture system based on the exoerythrocytic stage."}
{"id": "PMID:303956", "title": "Cultivation of bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei.", "content": "Animal-infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei (Strain 427) were successfully propagated in HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640 medium in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells for over 310 days. The organisms grown in this system were morphologically identical to the long slender bloodstream forms, retained their infectivity for mammalian hosts, and displayed variant-antigen on their surface. Technical details for establishing such bloodstream form cultures are described in the present paper.", "contents": "Cultivation of bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Animal-infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei (Strain 427) were successfully propagated in HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640 medium in the presence of bovine fibroblast-like cells for over 310 days. The organisms grown in this system were morphologically identical to the long slender bloodstream forms, retained their infectivity for mammalian hosts, and displayed variant-antigen on their surface. Technical details for establishing such bloodstream form cultures are described in the present paper."}
{"id": "PMID:303958", "title": "Preliminary studies on the histochemical differentiation of strains of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Togo.", "content": "Skin snips were taken from 75 people living in four villages of northern Togo. The 7824 microfilariae that emerged were examined by staining for the presence of acid phosphatase. Four distinct patterns of enzyme staining were observed, and descriptions of the stained microfilariae are given. The study confirms the view that a number of biological strains or variants of Onchocerca volvulus coexist in West Africa, and suggestions are made for further research that could result in the practical application of these observations in onchocerciasis control programmes.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the histochemical differentiation of strains of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Togo. Skin snips were taken from 75 people living in four villages of northern Togo. The 7824 microfilariae that emerged were examined by staining for the presence of acid phosphatase. Four distinct patterns of enzyme staining were observed, and descriptions of the stained microfilariae are given. The study confirms the view that a number of biological strains or variants of Onchocerca volvulus coexist in West Africa, and suggestions are made for further research that could result in the practical application of these observations in onchocerciasis control programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:303959", "title": "Effect of Helisoma duryi on the survival, growth, and cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "Biological control of the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni and S. haematobium by means of a competitor snail,Helisoma duryi, has been suggested. In the present laboratory study, information was obtained concerning the interspecific competition between H. duryi and B. glabrata. The results indicated that the growth rate, mortality rate, and cercarial production of S. mansoni-infected B. glabrata were highly influenced by H. duryi. These observations agree with results obtained in earlier experiments concerning the interspecific competition between H. duryi and S. mansoni-infected B. pfeifferi. The exact characteristics of the influencing factor have not yet been determined, but the observations indicated that H. duryi could possibly be used as a biological control agent.", "contents": "Effect of Helisoma duryi on the survival, growth, and cercarial production of Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata. Biological control of the intermediate hosts of S. mansoni and S. haematobium by means of a competitor snail,Helisoma duryi, has been suggested. In the present laboratory study, information was obtained concerning the interspecific competition between H. duryi and B. glabrata. The results indicated that the growth rate, mortality rate, and cercarial production of S. mansoni-infected B. glabrata were highly influenced by H. duryi. These observations agree with results obtained in earlier experiments concerning the interspecific competition between H. duryi and S. mansoni-infected B. pfeifferi. The exact characteristics of the influencing factor have not yet been determined, but the observations indicated that H. duryi could possibly be used as a biological control agent."}
{"id": "PMID:303961", "title": "A programme of multiple-antigen childhood immunization in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: first-year evaluation, 1975-1976.", "content": "The Yaound\u00e9 multiple-antigen childhood immunization programme began in November 1975, making it one of the first expanded programmes on immunization operational in Africa. During the first 9 months, more than 22 000 children were immunized against poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria. Evaluation of the programme showed the following rates of immunization coverage in the target population; 30% for DPT (one dose or more), 27% for poliomyelitis (one dose or more), 27% for BCG, 33% for measles, and 20% for smallpox. Eighty per cent of children received the correct vaccines for their age and vaccination status. Seroconversion to measles vaccine was 89% in those over 12 months of age but only 50% in those between 6 and 11 months of age. The major factor in low immunization coverage was felt to be inadequate publicity. The cost of the programme was estimated to be US $10 920. The cost of immunizing a child completely was estimated at US $1.90. Some logistic problems encountered during this initial year of operation are discussed.", "contents": "A programme of multiple-antigen childhood immunization in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: first-year evaluation, 1975-1976. The Yaound\u00e9 multiple-antigen childhood immunization programme began in November 1975, making it one of the first expanded programmes on immunization operational in Africa. During the first 9 months, more than 22 000 children were immunized against poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, smallpox, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria. Evaluation of the programme showed the following rates of immunization coverage in the target population; 30% for DPT (one dose or more), 27% for poliomyelitis (one dose or more), 27% for BCG, 33% for measles, and 20% for smallpox. Eighty per cent of children received the correct vaccines for their age and vaccination status. Seroconversion to measles vaccine was 89% in those over 12 months of age but only 50% in those between 6 and 11 months of age. The major factor in low immunization coverage was felt to be inadequate publicity. The cost of the programme was estimated to be US $10 920. The cost of immunizing a child completely was estimated at US $1.90. Some logistic problems encountered during this initial year of operation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303963", "title": "Differential diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumours with special reference to the galvanic test.", "content": "In the present paper an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic importance and reliability of the various vestibular tests was made. Special attention was paid to the galvanic test and its typical patterns of retrolabyrinthine lesions. The galvanic test is an important diagnostic method allowing a differentiation between a lesion of the vestibular endorgan and its peripheral neuron at an early stage. 40 surgically confirmed cases (24 acoustic neuromas and 16 cerebellopontine angle tumours) were analysed. In 36 cases the neurootologic diagnosis was correct while 4 cases of acoustic neuroma were not recognized as such. The diagnostic failure and some common pitfalls in the neuro-otological diagnosis of CPAT are discussed.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumours with special reference to the galvanic test. In the present paper an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic importance and reliability of the various vestibular tests was made. Special attention was paid to the galvanic test and its typical patterns of retrolabyrinthine lesions. The galvanic test is an important diagnostic method allowing a differentiation between a lesion of the vestibular endorgan and its peripheral neuron at an early stage. 40 surgically confirmed cases (24 acoustic neuromas and 16 cerebellopontine angle tumours) were analysed. In 36 cases the neurootologic diagnosis was correct while 4 cases of acoustic neuroma were not recognized as such. The diagnostic failure and some common pitfalls in the neuro-otological diagnosis of CPAT are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303964", "title": "Pre- and post-operative brainstem responses in a case of acoustic neuroma, sparing the VIII nerve.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with an acoustic neuroma presenting with a 2 month history of tinnitus and a 25dB hearing loss with evidence of recruitment. The neuroma was removed via a posterior fossa approach with preservation of hearing. Preoperative and postoperative brainstem electric response (BSER) studies are compared. The preoperative results demonstrated a marked reduction in amplitude and increase in latency on the affected side which returned to normal after removal of the neuroma.", "contents": "Pre- and post-operative brainstem responses in a case of acoustic neuroma, sparing the VIII nerve. A case is reported of a patient with an acoustic neuroma presenting with a 2 month history of tinnitus and a 25dB hearing loss with evidence of recruitment. The neuroma was removed via a posterior fossa approach with preservation of hearing. Preoperative and postoperative brainstem electric response (BSER) studies are compared. The preoperative results demonstrated a marked reduction in amplitude and increase in latency on the affected side which returned to normal after removal of the neuroma."}
{"id": "PMID:303965", "title": "Neuraminidase- and trypsin-induced exposure to membrane receptors for IgG and IgM molecules on human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Brief incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) or trypsin revealed hidden membrane receptors for IgG and IgM molecules. The hidden receptors were found on T lymphocytes as shown by double-label and mixed rosetting experiments and by studies of T-enriched populations. Although IgM receptors were undetectable on freshly isolated lymphocytes, a mean of 17.1% of VCN-treated lymphocytes rosetted with ox erythrocytes coated with IgM antibody (EA-IgM). Prior to trypsin treatment a mean of 14.6% of human T lymphocytes rosetted with ox red cells coated with IgG antibody (EA-IgG). After incubation with trypsin this figure increased significantly (P less than 0.005) to 44.5%. VCN-treatment also significantly increased (P less than 0.005) the mean percentage of EA-IgG rosette-forming T cells to 38.5%. The T-cell receptor for IgG was shown to be trypsin-resistant while the IgM receptor was shown to be trypsin-sensitive. Using mixed rosettes, a tentative T-cell subset was identified which expressed both IgG and IgM membrane receptors. Also, a minor subset with IgM receptors alone and a larger subset with only IgG receptors were identified.", "contents": "Neuraminidase- and trypsin-induced exposure to membrane receptors for IgG and IgM molecules on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Brief incubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) or trypsin revealed hidden membrane receptors for IgG and IgM molecules. The hidden receptors were found on T lymphocytes as shown by double-label and mixed rosetting experiments and by studies of T-enriched populations. Although IgM receptors were undetectable on freshly isolated lymphocytes, a mean of 17.1% of VCN-treated lymphocytes rosetted with ox erythrocytes coated with IgM antibody (EA-IgM). Prior to trypsin treatment a mean of 14.6% of human T lymphocytes rosetted with ox red cells coated with IgG antibody (EA-IgG). After incubation with trypsin this figure increased significantly (P less than 0.005) to 44.5%. VCN-treatment also significantly increased (P less than 0.005) the mean percentage of EA-IgG rosette-forming T cells to 38.5%. The T-cell receptor for IgG was shown to be trypsin-resistant while the IgM receptor was shown to be trypsin-sensitive. Using mixed rosettes, a tentative T-cell subset was identified which expressed both IgG and IgM membrane receptors. Also, a minor subset with IgM receptors alone and a larger subset with only IgG receptors were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:303966", "title": "Increase in autologous erythrocyte binding by T cells with ageing in man.", "content": "Studies made of 115 normal subjects of both sexes aged 20--94 years showed that autologous rosette-forming cell levels in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were related to age and sex. However, no such relationship was found in response to phytohaemagglutinin performed in the same subjects. The nature of these autorosettes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied. A significant decrease in autorosette levels was observed after passage through nylon wool at high RBC/WC ratios, and at any ratio after E-rosette depletion. The results suggesting a T-cell origin of autorosettes were confirmed by the existence of mixed autologous erythrocyte and sheep red blood cell rosettes.", "contents": "Increase in autologous erythrocyte binding by T cells with ageing in man. Studies made of 115 normal subjects of both sexes aged 20--94 years showed that autologous rosette-forming cell levels in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were related to age and sex. However, no such relationship was found in response to phytohaemagglutinin performed in the same subjects. The nature of these autorosettes in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied. A significant decrease in autorosette levels was observed after passage through nylon wool at high RBC/WC ratios, and at any ratio after E-rosette depletion. The results suggesting a T-cell origin of autorosettes were confirmed by the existence of mixed autologous erythrocyte and sheep red blood cell rosettes."}
{"id": "PMID:303967", "title": "Prevention of autoimmune thyroiditis in T cell-depleted rats by injections of crude thyroid extract.", "content": "The effect of intraperitoneal injections of crude allogeneic thyroid extract on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in PVG/c rats subjected to thymectomy and repeated sublethal irradiation has been examined. Treatment with rat thyroid extract during the course of irradiation and before the onset of thyroiditis prevented the expected development of thyroid lesions and autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in these animals. Rats treated with crude rat liver extract under the same conditions developed thyroid disease similar to that of untreated controls. Treatment of thymectomized and irradiated rats with thyroid extract after the completion of the irradiation schedule failed to reduce the incidence and severity of thyroiditis in these animals as compared to that of untreated controls. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis in T cell-depleted rats is discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of autoimmune thyroiditis in T cell-depleted rats by injections of crude thyroid extract. The effect of intraperitoneal injections of crude allogeneic thyroid extract on the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in PVG/c rats subjected to thymectomy and repeated sublethal irradiation has been examined. Treatment with rat thyroid extract during the course of irradiation and before the onset of thyroiditis prevented the expected development of thyroid lesions and autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in these animals. Rats treated with crude rat liver extract under the same conditions developed thyroid disease similar to that of untreated controls. Treatment of thymectomized and irradiated rats with thyroid extract after the completion of the irradiation schedule failed to reduce the incidence and severity of thyroiditis in these animals as compared to that of untreated controls. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis in T cell-depleted rats is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303968", "title": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. III. Impairment in production of lymphocyte mitogenic factor.", "content": "Production of mitogenic factor was examined in rabbits infected intratesticularly with T. pallidum and in control animals injected with saline or saline extract of normal rabbits' testes. Lymph nodes and spleen from animals killed 2, 6 and 12 weeks after injection were used as the source of lymphocytes, cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of Reiter antigen. The active supernatants of lymph node cells (LNAS) and spleen cells (SPAS) were examined for the presence of mitogenic factor using normal rabbit peripheral lymphocytes. The LNAS of control animals showed a mitogenic index (MI) between 4 and 6 and the infected animals less than 2. The SPAS of infected and control rabbits showed an MI of less than 2. The lower mitogenicity in LNAS of infected and that of SPAS of infected and control animals seems to be due to the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "In vitro cell response of Treponema pallidum-infected rabbits. III. Impairment in production of lymphocyte mitogenic factor. Production of mitogenic factor was examined in rabbits infected intratesticularly with T. pallidum and in control animals injected with saline or saline extract of normal rabbits' testes. Lymph nodes and spleen from animals killed 2, 6 and 12 weeks after injection were used as the source of lymphocytes, cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of Reiter antigen. The active supernatants of lymph node cells (LNAS) and spleen cells (SPAS) were examined for the presence of mitogenic factor using normal rabbit peripheral lymphocytes. The LNAS of control animals showed a mitogenic index (MI) between 4 and 6 and the infected animals less than 2. The SPAS of infected and control rabbits showed an MI of less than 2. The lower mitogenicity in LNAS of infected and that of SPAS of infected and control animals seems to be due to the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:303972", "title": "Neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias.", "content": "I have attempted to review what I consider to be the principal conclusions of a 25 year study of the neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias. The concept that the pathological disinhibition which is responsible for the production of these syndromes can be modified by destructive lesions within the thalamus or by prosthetic mobilization of inhibitory mechanisms of the cerebellum is supported by the results presented in this report. Neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias is potentially a relatively safe and efficacious means of alleviating incapacitation of a large group of patients. However, meticulous attention to patient selection as well as adherence to the general principles of surgical technique which have been reviewed are essential if the full potential of these approaches is to be realized.", "contents": "Neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias. I have attempted to review what I consider to be the principal conclusions of a 25 year study of the neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias. The concept that the pathological disinhibition which is responsible for the production of these syndromes can be modified by destructive lesions within the thalamus or by prosthetic mobilization of inhibitory mechanisms of the cerebellum is supported by the results presented in this report. Neurosurgical treatment of the dyskinesias is potentially a relatively safe and efficacious means of alleviating incapacitation of a large group of patients. However, meticulous attention to patient selection as well as adherence to the general principles of surgical technique which have been reviewed are essential if the full potential of these approaches is to be realized."}
{"id": "PMID:303969", "title": "The effects of serotonin precursors on the pressor response to intravenous clonidine in conscious rats.", "content": "1. The interaction of the biosynthetic precursors of serotonin with the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor response to intravenous clonidine was investigated in unanaesthetized rats. 2. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of either L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced the magnitude of the pressor response elicited by intravenous clonidine (25 microgram/kg) to 15% and 11%, respectively, of that observed in control rats. 3. The depression by L-tryptophan of the clonidine-induced pressor response could be prevented by pretreatment with either the L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor R\u00f644602 or the serotonin antagonist methysergide.", "contents": "The effects of serotonin precursors on the pressor response to intravenous clonidine in conscious rats. 1. The interaction of the biosynthetic precursors of serotonin with the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor response to intravenous clonidine was investigated in unanaesthetized rats. 2. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of either L-tryptophan or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced the magnitude of the pressor response elicited by intravenous clonidine (25 microgram/kg) to 15% and 11%, respectively, of that observed in control rats. 3. The depression by L-tryptophan of the clonidine-induced pressor response could be prevented by pretreatment with either the L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor R\u00f644602 or the serotonin antagonist methysergide."}
{"id": "PMID:303976", "title": "The effects of low voltage current on healing of thermal third degree wounds.", "content": "Bilateral third degree burns were created on the flanks of eight miniature swine. Each animal had one side treated daily with low intensity direct (LIDC) of 400 microamperes (muA) by contact electrode for 2 hours morning and afternoon until healing occurred. The polarity of the electrode was negative in 4 pigs and positive in 4 pigs. One group of 4 pigs had the eschar surgically removed 24 hours post burn. Weekly biopsies and cultures were taken of treated and control wounds. Results indicated: local treatment of 400 muA LIDC did not hasten or delay healing of thermal third degree burns; escharectomy hastened wound healing by 10 days, and superficial proteus infection occurred in 80% of all wounds.", "contents": "The effects of low voltage current on healing of thermal third degree wounds. Bilateral third degree burns were created on the flanks of eight miniature swine. Each animal had one side treated daily with low intensity direct (LIDC) of 400 microamperes (muA) by contact electrode for 2 hours morning and afternoon until healing occurred. The polarity of the electrode was negative in 4 pigs and positive in 4 pigs. One group of 4 pigs had the eschar surgically removed 24 hours post burn. Weekly biopsies and cultures were taken of treated and control wounds. Results indicated: local treatment of 400 muA LIDC did not hasten or delay healing of thermal third degree burns; escharectomy hastened wound healing by 10 days, and superficial proteus infection occurred in 80% of all wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:303979", "title": "The study of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in apparently 'arrested' hydrocephalus in children.", "content": "18 children having hydrocephalus, which could be regarded clinically as 'arrested', underwent cerebral angiography and a constant infusion manometric test. Intracranial pressure was directly recorded in 3 cases. The above examinations indicated that hydrocephalus was still 'active' in 8 children. This was confirmed by the good results of the surgical treatment.", "contents": "The study of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in apparently 'arrested' hydrocephalus in children. 18 children having hydrocephalus, which could be regarded clinically as 'arrested', underwent cerebral angiography and a constant infusion manometric test. Intracranial pressure was directly recorded in 3 cases. The above examinations indicated that hydrocephalus was still 'active' in 8 children. This was confirmed by the good results of the surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:303980", "title": "[Chemotherapy of osteosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The cyclic chemotherapy scheme OS I/75 was tried in 6 patients with newly diagnosed osteosarcoma and in 3 patients with secondary metastases. The treatment consists of high dose methotrexate, followed by citrovorum-factor rescue, doxorubicine (Adriblastin) and cyclophosphamide (Endoxan). All 6 primary patients are in a continuous remission of 6+ to 21+ months (median 12+ months). The length of remission in the patients with metastases is 5.5+ and 8+ months. The haematological side effects led to an average prolongation of the cycle by 11 days in a planned cycle duration of 42 days. However, they were readily manageable. Among the other side effects two cases of Adriblastin myocardiopathy are remarkable which became apparent after methotrexate and ifosfamide. In order to improve possibilities for treatment regional centralisation of patient care and interdisciplinary and supraregional cooperation of treatment centres are necessary. A prospective treatment programme has been developed for the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of osteosarcoma (author's transl)]. The cyclic chemotherapy scheme OS I/75 was tried in 6 patients with newly diagnosed osteosarcoma and in 3 patients with secondary metastases. The treatment consists of high dose methotrexate, followed by citrovorum-factor rescue, doxorubicine (Adriblastin) and cyclophosphamide (Endoxan). All 6 primary patients are in a continuous remission of 6+ to 21+ months (median 12+ months). The length of remission in the patients with metastases is 5.5+ and 8+ months. The haematological side effects led to an average prolongation of the cycle by 11 days in a planned cycle duration of 42 days. However, they were readily manageable. Among the other side effects two cases of Adriblastin myocardiopathy are remarkable which became apparent after methotrexate and ifosfamide. In order to improve possibilities for treatment regional centralisation of patient care and interdisciplinary and supraregional cooperation of treatment centres are necessary. A prospective treatment programme has been developed for the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria."}
{"id": "PMID:303981", "title": "[T-cell leukaemia in adults: report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of T-cell chronic lymphoid leukaemia in adults were classified by recently developed immunological methods. Clinically there was splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, marked anaemia, para-aortic lymph nodes, cutaneous infiltration, little peripheral lymph-node enlargement and significant marrow infiltration. Immunological tests of membrane antigens revealed T-cell determinants. T-CLL may differ in its course and prognosis from B-CLL and may require different treatment.", "contents": "[T-cell leukaemia in adults: report of two cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of T-cell chronic lymphoid leukaemia in adults were classified by recently developed immunological methods. Clinically there was splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, marked anaemia, para-aortic lymph nodes, cutaneous infiltration, little peripheral lymph-node enlargement and significant marrow infiltration. Immunological tests of membrane antigens revealed T-cell determinants. T-CLL may differ in its course and prognosis from B-CLL and may require different treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:303986", "title": "Nuclear RNA content and synthesis in anterior pituitary in intact, castrated and androgen sterilized rats.", "content": "The content and uridine incorporation into nuclear RNA of anterior pituitary gland was studied in vitro in intact, castrated and neonatally testosterone treated rats of both sexes. In female rats a higher RNA content and a lower uridine incorporation rate could be observed than in males. The castration resulted in a marked increase of RNA content and uridine incorporation in male rats. Ovariectomy was followed by a decrease of RNA content which was accompanied by an increase of incorporation rate. Estradiol administration produced a biphasic change of RNA content and uridine incorporation in ovariectomized rats. From these findings a repressive action of estrogens on the nuclear RNA synthesis may be suggested. Neonatal testosterone treatment resulted in alterations of RNA synthesis which could be observed in both sexes.", "contents": "Nuclear RNA content and synthesis in anterior pituitary in intact, castrated and androgen sterilized rats. The content and uridine incorporation into nuclear RNA of anterior pituitary gland was studied in vitro in intact, castrated and neonatally testosterone treated rats of both sexes. In female rats a higher RNA content and a lower uridine incorporation rate could be observed than in males. The castration resulted in a marked increase of RNA content and uridine incorporation in male rats. Ovariectomy was followed by a decrease of RNA content which was accompanied by an increase of incorporation rate. Estradiol administration produced a biphasic change of RNA content and uridine incorporation in ovariectomized rats. From these findings a repressive action of estrogens on the nuclear RNA synthesis may be suggested. Neonatal testosterone treatment resulted in alterations of RNA synthesis which could be observed in both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:303987", "title": "Activity of delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured interstitial cells of mouse testes.", "content": "Leydig cells isolated from mouse testes were cultured as monolayers for 18 days. Activity of delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5,3beta-OH-SDH) was demonstrated either in cells in suspension prior to the culture or in cultured cells. The dynamics of the enzyme activity in cultured cells was investigated for 11 days. Approximately 50% of cells in suspension prior to culture showed the activity of delta5,3beta-OH-SDH, while a majority of cells in culture contained active enzyme in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Activity of delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured interstitial cells of mouse testes. Leydig cells isolated from mouse testes were cultured as monolayers for 18 days. Activity of delta5,3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5,3beta-OH-SDH) was demonstrated either in cells in suspension prior to the culture or in cultured cells. The dynamics of the enzyme activity in cultured cells was investigated for 11 days. Approximately 50% of cells in suspension prior to culture showed the activity of delta5,3beta-OH-SDH, while a majority of cells in culture contained active enzyme in the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:303988", "title": "Effect of estradiol and progesterone on udder growth in goats in vivo and lipid synthesis in goat mammary tissue in vitro.", "content": "The effect of estradiol-17beta (E) and progesterone (P) and E, P and deprenon (D; an inhibitor of prolactin secretion) treatment on udder growth, colostrum-like formation and on the induction of lipid synthesis in mammary organ culture were studied. Administration of E and P for 8-14 days induced udder growth and colostrum formation. Intensive mammary growth and udder distention with secretion occurred following hormone treatment. Simultaneous administration of D prevented both udder growth and colostrum formation. In mammary explants from E, P and D treated goats the rate of incorporation 14C-acetate into lipids was increased by insulin (I), cortisol (F) and prolactin (M) as compared with the effect of I or I plus F. The tissue from placebo treated goats and goats treated with E and P responded to M either slightly or not at all. The high sensitivity of mammary tissue from goats treated with E, P and D to M was demonstrated immediately following the administration of E and P for 8 days and also 10 days after the treatment, but not 23 days following hormone administration.", "contents": "Effect of estradiol and progesterone on udder growth in goats in vivo and lipid synthesis in goat mammary tissue in vitro. The effect of estradiol-17beta (E) and progesterone (P) and E, P and deprenon (D; an inhibitor of prolactin secretion) treatment on udder growth, colostrum-like formation and on the induction of lipid synthesis in mammary organ culture were studied. Administration of E and P for 8-14 days induced udder growth and colostrum formation. Intensive mammary growth and udder distention with secretion occurred following hormone treatment. Simultaneous administration of D prevented both udder growth and colostrum formation. In mammary explants from E, P and D treated goats the rate of incorporation 14C-acetate into lipids was increased by insulin (I), cortisol (F) and prolactin (M) as compared with the effect of I or I plus F. The tissue from placebo treated goats and goats treated with E and P responded to M either slightly or not at all. The high sensitivity of mammary tissue from goats treated with E, P and D to M was demonstrated immediately following the administration of E and P for 8 days and also 10 days after the treatment, but not 23 days following hormone administration."}
{"id": "PMID:303989", "title": "In vitro conversion of [4-14C]-androstenedione and [4-14C]-testosterone by ovarian tissue of pregnant rabbits.", "content": "The follicles, corpora lutea and interstitial tissue from 15 and 28 days pregnant rabbits were incubated with radioactive androstenedione and testosterone. Both precursors were aromatized to estradiol-17beta and estrone by ovarian follicles from 15 and 28 days pregnant rabbits but not by the corpora lutea and interstitial tissue. Testosterone appeared to be the better precursor for estrogens synthesis. Interconversion of androstenedione and testosterone was observed in each ovarian compartment.", "contents": "In vitro conversion of [4-14C]-androstenedione and [4-14C]-testosterone by ovarian tissue of pregnant rabbits. The follicles, corpora lutea and interstitial tissue from 15 and 28 days pregnant rabbits were incubated with radioactive androstenedione and testosterone. Both precursors were aromatized to estradiol-17beta and estrone by ovarian follicles from 15 and 28 days pregnant rabbits but not by the corpora lutea and interstitial tissue. Testosterone appeared to be the better precursor for estrogens synthesis. Interconversion of androstenedione and testosterone was observed in each ovarian compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:303990", "title": "Aldosterone binding in bovine ciliary body.", "content": "The presence of aldosterone binding which was not identical with dexamethasone binding was verified in the ciliary body of the bovine eye in vitro. The site of aldosterone binding was presumably located in the non-pigmented layer of ciliary epithelium. Specific aldosterone binding was found also in lens epithelium but not in corneal epithelium. The finding of receptor-like aldosterone binding confirms the concept of possible mineralocorticoid-dependent active sodium transport through the ciliary and lens epithelium in the eye.", "contents": "Aldosterone binding in bovine ciliary body. The presence of aldosterone binding which was not identical with dexamethasone binding was verified in the ciliary body of the bovine eye in vitro. The site of aldosterone binding was presumably located in the non-pigmented layer of ciliary epithelium. Specific aldosterone binding was found also in lens epithelium but not in corneal epithelium. The finding of receptor-like aldosterone binding confirms the concept of possible mineralocorticoid-dependent active sodium transport through the ciliary and lens epithelium in the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:303991", "title": "Effect of insulin and glucose on the activity of insulin-degrading enzymes in rat liver.", "content": "The degradation of insulin by insulin protease and glutathion-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathioneproteindisulphide oxidoreductase--EC 1.8.4.2, GIT) was measured in rat liver either after replacing food and water by 15% glucose solution, or after daily insulin administration 8 U daily for 3 days or after fasting. The breakdown of radioiodinated insulin was followed by measuring the increase of TCA soluble radioactivity during incubation of cell fractions with 125I insulin at 37 degrees C. The highest GIT activity was observed in liver microsomes of rats after glucose feeding and after insulin administration, whereas enzyme activity of fasted animals did not essentially differ from corresponding values of normally fed controls. The insulin protease in cytosol of liver cells remained unchanged after these procedures. The important role of GIT in insulin degradation seems to be conclusively demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of insulin and glucose on the activity of insulin-degrading enzymes in rat liver. The degradation of insulin by insulin protease and glutathion-insulin transhydrogenase (glutathioneproteindisulphide oxidoreductase--EC 1.8.4.2, GIT) was measured in rat liver either after replacing food and water by 15% glucose solution, or after daily insulin administration 8 U daily for 3 days or after fasting. The breakdown of radioiodinated insulin was followed by measuring the increase of TCA soluble radioactivity during incubation of cell fractions with 125I insulin at 37 degrees C. The highest GIT activity was observed in liver microsomes of rats after glucose feeding and after insulin administration, whereas enzyme activity of fasted animals did not essentially differ from corresponding values of normally fed controls. The insulin protease in cytosol of liver cells remained unchanged after these procedures. The important role of GIT in insulin degradation seems to be conclusively demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:303992", "title": "Danazol inhibits steroidogenesis in the rat testis in vitro.", "content": "The effects of danazol on steroidogenesis in vitro in the rat testis were examined by studying: 1) androgen synthesis in rat Leydig cells cultured with danazol, 2) danazol binding to rat testis microsomal cytochrome P-450, and 3) enzyme kinetics of danazol inhibition of the microsomal enzymes of testicular steroidogenesis. Concentrations of danazol as low as 1 micrometer suppressed LH-stimulated testosterone and androstenedione production in cultured Leydig cells. The addition of danazol to a preparation of testicular microsomes elicited a type I cytochrome P-450 binding spectrum, with an apparent spectral dissociation constant (Ks) of 4.8 micrometer. Danazol inhibited progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone binding to microsomal P-450 with apparent spectral inhibition constants of 2.4 micrometer and 2.8 micrometer, respectively. Danazol competitively inhibited 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (apparent enzymatic inhibition constant, KI = 5.8 micrometer), 17alpha-hydroxylase (KI = 2.4 micrometer), 17,20 lyase (KI = 1.9 micrometer), and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (KI = 4.4 micrometer). These findings indicate that low concentrations of danazol directly inhibit steroidogenesis in the rat testis in vitro.", "contents": "Danazol inhibits steroidogenesis in the rat testis in vitro. The effects of danazol on steroidogenesis in vitro in the rat testis were examined by studying: 1) androgen synthesis in rat Leydig cells cultured with danazol, 2) danazol binding to rat testis microsomal cytochrome P-450, and 3) enzyme kinetics of danazol inhibition of the microsomal enzymes of testicular steroidogenesis. Concentrations of danazol as low as 1 micrometer suppressed LH-stimulated testosterone and androstenedione production in cultured Leydig cells. The addition of danazol to a preparation of testicular microsomes elicited a type I cytochrome P-450 binding spectrum, with an apparent spectral dissociation constant (Ks) of 4.8 micrometer. Danazol inhibited progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone binding to microsomal P-450 with apparent spectral inhibition constants of 2.4 micrometer and 2.8 micrometer, respectively. Danazol competitively inhibited 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid dehydrogenase-isomerase (apparent enzymatic inhibition constant, KI = 5.8 micrometer), 17alpha-hydroxylase (KI = 2.4 micrometer), 17,20 lyase (KI = 1.9 micrometer), and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (KI = 4.4 micrometer). These findings indicate that low concentrations of danazol directly inhibit steroidogenesis in the rat testis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:303993", "title": "Elevation of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in androgen-treated and ultraviolet-irradiated rats.", "content": "Administration of 4-8 mg testosterone propionate significantly raised 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in the ultraviolet irradiated rats compared to the ultraviolet irradiated controls, but failed to influence serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in the non-irradiated animals. Estradiol benzoate and progesterone did not influence serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels regardless of the ultraviolet irradiation. These findings implicate that testosterone enhances vitamin D biosynthesis induced by ultraviolet irradiation in rats, in accordance with the clinical observation that males often show higher levels of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol than females.", "contents": "Elevation of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in androgen-treated and ultraviolet-irradiated rats. Administration of 4-8 mg testosterone propionate significantly raised 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in the ultraviolet irradiated rats compared to the ultraviolet irradiated controls, but failed to influence serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels in the non-irradiated animals. Estradiol benzoate and progesterone did not influence serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels regardless of the ultraviolet irradiation. These findings implicate that testosterone enhances vitamin D biosynthesis induced by ultraviolet irradiation in rats, in accordance with the clinical observation that males often show higher levels of serum 25-hydroxycalciferol than females."}
{"id": "PMID:303994", "title": "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and computerized axial tomography findings.", "content": "Computerized axial tomography (CAT) in 38 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome showed normal findings in 20 patients and abnormalities in 18; diffuse cerebral atrophy (8) was the most common abnormality. These findings are not basically different from those recently reported by Gastaut and Gastaut (1976). Emphasis is laid upon age and possible increase of diffuse abnormalities with advancing age. The observation of 2 cases with cerebellar atrophy is also discussed.", "contents": "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and computerized axial tomography findings. Computerized axial tomography (CAT) in 38 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome showed normal findings in 20 patients and abnormalities in 18; diffuse cerebral atrophy (8) was the most common abnormality. These findings are not basically different from those recently reported by Gastaut and Gastaut (1976). Emphasis is laid upon age and possible increase of diffuse abnormalities with advancing age. The observation of 2 cases with cerebellar atrophy is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:303996", "title": "Enhancing effect of low dose cyclophosphamide treatment on the in vitro antibody response.", "content": "We have studied the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) administration on the subsequent in vitro antibody response in the mouse. Treatment with a low dose (20 mg/kg) of CY four days before culture results in an increased IgM response to the T-independent antigen trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide (TNP-PAA), without affecting the background response of unstimulated cultures. This suggests that CY treatment eliminates a short-lived suppressor cell, involved in the regulation of the in vitro B cell response. In contrast, the same regimen decreases the ability of nude mouse spleen cells to respond to TNP-PAA, showing that the target of CY-enhancing effect is a mature T cell. The increased response observed in conventional mice should be the result of a balance between the direct suppressive effect of CY on B cells and the elimination of a suppresor T cell, the latter phenomenon being of predominant significance in our conditions. The target of CY-enhancing effect is nonadherent to plastic, but adherent to Sephadex G-10 columns.", "contents": "Enhancing effect of low dose cyclophosphamide treatment on the in vitro antibody response. We have studied the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) administration on the subsequent in vitro antibody response in the mouse. Treatment with a low dose (20 mg/kg) of CY four days before culture results in an increased IgM response to the T-independent antigen trinitrophenylated polyacrylamide (TNP-PAA), without affecting the background response of unstimulated cultures. This suggests that CY treatment eliminates a short-lived suppressor cell, involved in the regulation of the in vitro B cell response. In contrast, the same regimen decreases the ability of nude mouse spleen cells to respond to TNP-PAA, showing that the target of CY-enhancing effect is a mature T cell. The increased response observed in conventional mice should be the result of a balance between the direct suppressive effect of CY on B cells and the elimination of a suppresor T cell, the latter phenomenon being of predominant significance in our conditions. The target of CY-enhancing effect is nonadherent to plastic, but adherent to Sephadex G-10 columns."}
{"id": "PMID:303997", "title": "Structure of mouse Fc receptor.", "content": "A variety of mouse cell types were externally labeled with radioactive iodine and solubilized in detergent. A single chain radioactive molecule of mol. wt. 120 000 was precipitated from lysates of surface-labeled lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts by complexes between pneumococcal type 3 polysaccharide and its homologous rabbit antibody in the IgG form, but not as F(ab')2 or Facb. The same results were obtained using an alternative precipitating system, namely ovalbumin and IgG and F(ab')2 forms of rabbit anti-ovalbumin. The 120 000 mol. wt. compound could not be detected on a thymoma cell line (5178) previously known to lack the Fc receptor. On the basis of these criteria the material was therefore identified as mouse Fc receptor. Although very susceptible to proteolysis, the fragments resulting from digestion remain associated by disulfide bonds in such a way as to still bind to the antibody-antigen precipitate. The proteolytic fragmentation products (mol. wts. 75 000, 45 000, 20 000 and 10 000) only become apparent upon chemical reduction, but the ease with which the molecule is degraded explains the wide variation in mol. wts. reported for the Fc receptor, and is perhaps a clue to explain the biological role of the molecule.", "contents": "Structure of mouse Fc receptor. A variety of mouse cell types were externally labeled with radioactive iodine and solubilized in detergent. A single chain radioactive molecule of mol. wt. 120 000 was precipitated from lysates of surface-labeled lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts by complexes between pneumococcal type 3 polysaccharide and its homologous rabbit antibody in the IgG form, but not as F(ab')2 or Facb. The same results were obtained using an alternative precipitating system, namely ovalbumin and IgG and F(ab')2 forms of rabbit anti-ovalbumin. The 120 000 mol. wt. compound could not be detected on a thymoma cell line (5178) previously known to lack the Fc receptor. On the basis of these criteria the material was therefore identified as mouse Fc receptor. Although very susceptible to proteolysis, the fragments resulting from digestion remain associated by disulfide bonds in such a way as to still bind to the antibody-antigen precipitate. The proteolytic fragmentation products (mol. wts. 75 000, 45 000, 20 000 and 10 000) only become apparent upon chemical reduction, but the ease with which the molecule is degraded explains the wide variation in mol. wts. reported for the Fc receptor, and is perhaps a clue to explain the biological role of the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:303998", "title": "Imbalances in T cell subpopulations associated with immunodeficiency and autoimmune syndromes.", "content": "Abnormal proportions of the distinct T cell subpopulations binding the Fc portion of IgM (T-M) cells and those bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T-G) cells, were observed in blood samples from patients who had congenital or acquired abnormalities of the thymus, severe combined immunodeficiency, or an unexplained primary deficiency in cell-mediated immunity; most had too few circulating T-M cells and often an overabundance of T-G cells. In an in vitro evaluation of lymphocyte from one of three thymoma patients with an elevated T-G subpopulation, removal of T-G cells abrogated the suppression of T-M cell help of B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen. A spectrum of patients with sex-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, variable hypogammaglobulinemia, and selective IgA deficiency, and a few patients with autoimmune syndromes infrequently had distorted representation of these T cell subpopulations in the circulation. This suggests that B cell dysfunction in many of these patients is not merely due to numerical excesses or insufficiencies of helper or suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Imbalances in T cell subpopulations associated with immunodeficiency and autoimmune syndromes. Abnormal proportions of the distinct T cell subpopulations binding the Fc portion of IgM (T-M) cells and those bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T-G) cells, were observed in blood samples from patients who had congenital or acquired abnormalities of the thymus, severe combined immunodeficiency, or an unexplained primary deficiency in cell-mediated immunity; most had too few circulating T-M cells and often an overabundance of T-G cells. In an in vitro evaluation of lymphocyte from one of three thymoma patients with an elevated T-G subpopulation, removal of T-G cells abrogated the suppression of T-M cell help of B cell differentiation induced by pokeweed mitogen. A spectrum of patients with sex-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia, variable hypogammaglobulinemia, and selective IgA deficiency, and a few patients with autoimmune syndromes infrequently had distorted representation of these T cell subpopulations in the circulation. This suggests that B cell dysfunction in many of these patients is not merely due to numerical excesses or insufficiencies of helper or suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:303999", "title": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. I. T suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice.", "content": "Mice injected with 1 X 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into the footpad showed high levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC 4-8 days after the injection. In contrast, mice injected intravenously with 1 X 10(9) SRBC were unresponsive to DTH induction through 1 X 10(8) SRBC injected into the footpad. This suppression of DTH was maintained for at least 6 weeks and was transferable spleen, lymph node and thymus cells to normal syngeneic recipients. Bone marrow cells, on the other hand, did not contain the suppressor cells. The suppression of DTH was antigen-specific in that DTH to chicken red blood cells and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene was not affected. The suppressor cells were theta-positive and Ig-negative. They appeared in the spleen in optimum number 3-4 days after induction. The suppressor cells affected both the induction and manifestation of DTH. The presence of suppressor and effector cells for DTH inducible by different routes of antigenic presentation reflects the dynamic balance in the regulation of DTH.", "contents": "Regulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. I. T suppressor cells for delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes in mice. Mice injected with 1 X 10(8) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into the footpad showed high levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to SRBC 4-8 days after the injection. In contrast, mice injected intravenously with 1 X 10(9) SRBC were unresponsive to DTH induction through 1 X 10(8) SRBC injected into the footpad. This suppression of DTH was maintained for at least 6 weeks and was transferable spleen, lymph node and thymus cells to normal syngeneic recipients. Bone marrow cells, on the other hand, did not contain the suppressor cells. The suppression of DTH was antigen-specific in that DTH to chicken red blood cells and contact sensitivity to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene was not affected. The suppressor cells were theta-positive and Ig-negative. They appeared in the spleen in optimum number 3-4 days after induction. The suppressor cells affected both the induction and manifestation of DTH. The presence of suppressor and effector cells for DTH inducible by different routes of antigenic presentation reflects the dynamic balance in the regulation of DTH."}
{"id": "PMID:304000", "title": "B cell antigens on effectors for natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Cell suspensions enriched for N cells, the effector cell for human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were observed to react strongly with a rabbit antiserum directed against an antigen associated with B cells. Treatment of the effector suspension with the antiserum resulted in inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The blocking occurred, however, only with the intact antibody indicating that inhibition was caused through the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The antiserum was then employed to arm natural effector cells to react specifically with B cell lines. Specific arming was achieved after the formation of antigen-antibody complexes was prevented by initially reacting the effector suspension with F(ab')2 of the anti-B cell antibody. This study also supports the identity of the subset of cells responsible for antibody-dependent and natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the similarity in their mechanisms.", "contents": "B cell antigens on effectors for natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell suspensions enriched for N cells, the effector cell for human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were observed to react strongly with a rabbit antiserum directed against an antigen associated with B cells. Treatment of the effector suspension with the antiserum resulted in inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The blocking occurred, however, only with the intact antibody indicating that inhibition was caused through the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The antiserum was then employed to arm natural effector cells to react specifically with B cell lines. Specific arming was achieved after the formation of antigen-antibody complexes was prevented by initially reacting the effector suspension with F(ab')2 of the anti-B cell antibody. This study also supports the identity of the subset of cells responsible for antibody-dependent and natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the similarity in their mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:304001", "title": "Organ culture studies of nude mouse thymus.", "content": "There is evidence that peripheral lymphoid organs of nude mice, born from homozygous matings, contain a small proportion of theta-positive lymphocytes indicating that nude mice may not be totally devoid of T cell function. It has been suggested that such lymphocytes may develop within the dysplastic nude thymus itself. While this suggestion receives no support from morphological studies, it has been claimed that on explanation to organ culture the developing nude thymus becomes lymphoid. In this present study we confirm the presence of theta-positive lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues of homozygous nude mice born of nude parents. However, when we have organ-cultured nude thymus, explained from homozygous nude embryos at days 13, 14, 16 and 18 of gestation, we have found no histological sign of lymphopoiesis nor have we detected any theta-positive cells in such cultured material. On the contrary, the nude thymus in vitro develops into the polycystic structure characteristic of the adult nude thymus. We conclude that the small number of theta-positive cells present in the periphery result from extrathymic differentiation.", "contents": "Organ culture studies of nude mouse thymus. There is evidence that peripheral lymphoid organs of nude mice, born from homozygous matings, contain a small proportion of theta-positive lymphocytes indicating that nude mice may not be totally devoid of T cell function. It has been suggested that such lymphocytes may develop within the dysplastic nude thymus itself. While this suggestion receives no support from morphological studies, it has been claimed that on explanation to organ culture the developing nude thymus becomes lymphoid. In this present study we confirm the presence of theta-positive lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues of homozygous nude mice born of nude parents. However, when we have organ-cultured nude thymus, explained from homozygous nude embryos at days 13, 14, 16 and 18 of gestation, we have found no histological sign of lymphopoiesis nor have we detected any theta-positive cells in such cultured material. On the contrary, the nude thymus in vitro develops into the polycystic structure characteristic of the adult nude thymus. We conclude that the small number of theta-positive cells present in the periphery result from extrathymic differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:304002", "title": "T lymphocyte tissue culture lines produced by cell hybridization.", "content": "This study describes the generation of permanent T cell tissue culture lines by cell fusion techniques. The AKR strain-derived T cell tumor BW 5147 was hybridized in the presence of polyethylene glycol with various T cell populations isolated from antigen-sensitized mice. Surface analysis of resulting hybrid cell lines showed expression of both Thy-1.2 and H-2 antigens which are characteristic for the lymphocyte used for fusion. In contrast, in hybrids derived from spleen cells neither expression of Ig nor of B cell-typicyl Ia determinants was found suggesting either preferential hybridization of BW 5147 cells with T lymphocytes or extinction of B cell markers in hybrid cells. These hybrid lines which may display the immunological properties of the T cell population chosen are presently investigated for their antigen reactivity.", "contents": "T lymphocyte tissue culture lines produced by cell hybridization. This study describes the generation of permanent T cell tissue culture lines by cell fusion techniques. The AKR strain-derived T cell tumor BW 5147 was hybridized in the presence of polyethylene glycol with various T cell populations isolated from antigen-sensitized mice. Surface analysis of resulting hybrid cell lines showed expression of both Thy-1.2 and H-2 antigens which are characteristic for the lymphocyte used for fusion. In contrast, in hybrids derived from spleen cells neither expression of Ig nor of B cell-typicyl Ia determinants was found suggesting either preferential hybridization of BW 5147 cells with T lymphocytes or extinction of B cell markers in hybrid cells. These hybrid lines which may display the immunological properties of the T cell population chosen are presently investigated for their antigen reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:304003", "title": "Natural cytotoxicity in man: activity of lymph node and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes from blood, lymph node and tumor have been tested for cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line which is known to be highly sensitive to lysis by spontaneously reactive cells. Cytotoxicity was found in all 13 samples from healthy donors and in 17/32 cancer patients. By contrast, activity was determined in only 1/18 lymph node and 1/14 preparations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Lymph node cells were similarly nonreactive against 3 other cell lines known to be sensitive to natural cytotoxicity. Studies of the composition of the effector populations revealed no absolute deficit of a particular cell type although there were differences between them resulting from the different isolation procedures used. Enrichment of the lymph node population for non-T, non-B lymphocyte was ineffective in inducing cytotoxicity in previously nonreactive samples although this procedure uniformly increased the cytotoxic potential of blood lymphocytes. Tests with blood taken during operation showed that the lack of reactivity in these preparations was unlikely to be a result of the effects of anesthesia or surgery. The reason for the low cytotoxicity in the lymph node and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is as yet undefined.", "contents": "Natural cytotoxicity in man: activity of lymph node and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from blood, lymph node and tumor have been tested for cytotoxicity against the K562 cell line which is known to be highly sensitive to lysis by spontaneously reactive cells. Cytotoxicity was found in all 13 samples from healthy donors and in 17/32 cancer patients. By contrast, activity was determined in only 1/18 lymph node and 1/14 preparations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Lymph node cells were similarly nonreactive against 3 other cell lines known to be sensitive to natural cytotoxicity. Studies of the composition of the effector populations revealed no absolute deficit of a particular cell type although there were differences between them resulting from the different isolation procedures used. Enrichment of the lymph node population for non-T, non-B lymphocyte was ineffective in inducing cytotoxicity in previously nonreactive samples although this procedure uniformly increased the cytotoxic potential of blood lymphocytes. Tests with blood taken during operation showed that the lack of reactivity in these preparations was unlikely to be a result of the effects of anesthesia or surgery. The reason for the low cytotoxicity in the lymph node and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is as yet undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:304004", "title": "Suppressor T cells in low zone tolerance. II. Characterization of suppressor T and amplifier cells by physical and serological methods.", "content": "Suppressor cells involved in low zone tolerance to bacteriophage fd have been characterized by serological and physical methods. Suppressor T cells are peripheral T2 cells which are Ly-1-, Ly-2+ and Ia+. They are of high electrophoretic mobility, sediment 5 mm/h at 1 x g in a linear Ficoll 70 gradient, but are not restricted to a distinct band in a discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient. Adherent phagocytic cells of low electrophoretic mobility can act as amplifier cells with a much shorter half-life than suppressor T cells.", "contents": "Suppressor T cells in low zone tolerance. II. Characterization of suppressor T and amplifier cells by physical and serological methods. Suppressor cells involved in low zone tolerance to bacteriophage fd have been characterized by serological and physical methods. Suppressor T cells are peripheral T2 cells which are Ly-1-, Ly-2+ and Ia+. They are of high electrophoretic mobility, sediment 5 mm/h at 1 x g in a linear Ficoll 70 gradient, but are not restricted to a distinct band in a discontinuous bovine serum albumin gradient. Adherent phagocytic cells of low electrophoretic mobility can act as amplifier cells with a much shorter half-life than suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304005", "title": "Growth regulation of a murine lymphoma cell line by a 2-mercaptoethanol or macrophage-activated serum factor.", "content": "A mouse lymphoma cell line has been established that is dependent for growth on the presence of an activated serum component. This growth factor is found in an inactive form in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and can be activated by 2-mercaptoethanol and by macrophages. A factor-containing fraction can be separated from FBS by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and once activated, can be used as a substitute for whole serum in the culture medium without adverse effect on the cell growth. The significance of these findings with respect to the study of the immune response and cancer research is discussed.", "contents": "Growth regulation of a murine lymphoma cell line by a 2-mercaptoethanol or macrophage-activated serum factor. A mouse lymphoma cell line has been established that is dependent for growth on the presence of an activated serum component. This growth factor is found in an inactive form in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and can be activated by 2-mercaptoethanol and by macrophages. A factor-containing fraction can be separated from FBS by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and once activated, can be used as a substitute for whole serum in the culture medium without adverse effect on the cell growth. The significance of these findings with respect to the study of the immune response and cancer research is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304006", "title": "Thymocyte subpopulations in young and adult mice. I. Separation by density gradient and steroid treatment.", "content": "Thymocyte subpopulations obtained after centrifugation on Ficoll density gradients have been studied in young and 6-week-old mice. Whereas the totality of the thymocytes appeared theta-positive, gradient fractionation showed the existence of a subpopulation of immunoglobulin and theta-negative lymphocytes among the lightest cells. Similar separation was obtained in both age groups in terms of the distribution of such theta-negative cells as well as of phytomitogen responses. However, cell pools with characteristics of cortical cells were less well represented in 2 to 10-day-old mice than in adult mice, indicating that post-natal thymic development is essentially associated with the appearance of cortical cells. The gradient did not however, provide a clear separation assessed on other parameters such as theta antigen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin responses and steroid sensitivity. Cellular heterogeneity for a given cell density is discussed in relation to the hypothesis of two separate maturation pathways of thymocytes.", "contents": "Thymocyte subpopulations in young and adult mice. I. Separation by density gradient and steroid treatment. Thymocyte subpopulations obtained after centrifugation on Ficoll density gradients have been studied in young and 6-week-old mice. Whereas the totality of the thymocytes appeared theta-positive, gradient fractionation showed the existence of a subpopulation of immunoglobulin and theta-negative lymphocytes among the lightest cells. Similar separation was obtained in both age groups in terms of the distribution of such theta-negative cells as well as of phytomitogen responses. However, cell pools with characteristics of cortical cells were less well represented in 2 to 10-day-old mice than in adult mice, indicating that post-natal thymic development is essentially associated with the appearance of cortical cells. The gradient did not however, provide a clear separation assessed on other parameters such as theta antigen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin responses and steroid sensitivity. Cellular heterogeneity for a given cell density is discussed in relation to the hypothesis of two separate maturation pathways of thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304007", "title": "Thymocyte subpopulations in young and adult mice. II. Study of steroid-resistant populations by means of a specific heteroantiserum.", "content": "Mouse steroid-resistant (Sr) cells of the thymus have been studied by means of a specific heteroantiserum. This antiserum was obtained in the rabbit after immunization with Sr thymocytes followed by absorption with high density cells isolated on a Ficoll density gradient shown to include a majority of steroid-sensitive (Ss) cells. Antigens defined by this antiserum were found on Sr thymocytes and on a significant portion of spleen and lymph node cells, but not on Ss cortical thymocytes. Cells sensitive to this antiserum appear early in the thymus (by day 15 of gestation) at the same time as Ss cells. These results suggest (a) the existence of an autonomous Sr cell line, with its own antigenic markers appearing early in ontogeny (at the same time as Ss cells), and showing wide heterogeneity in density, possibly linked to variable degrees in maturation, and (b) the medullary origin or some peripheral lymphocytes in lymph node and spleen cells that share antigenic markers with Sr thymocytes.", "contents": "Thymocyte subpopulations in young and adult mice. II. Study of steroid-resistant populations by means of a specific heteroantiserum. Mouse steroid-resistant (Sr) cells of the thymus have been studied by means of a specific heteroantiserum. This antiserum was obtained in the rabbit after immunization with Sr thymocytes followed by absorption with high density cells isolated on a Ficoll density gradient shown to include a majority of steroid-sensitive (Ss) cells. Antigens defined by this antiserum were found on Sr thymocytes and on a significant portion of spleen and lymph node cells, but not on Ss cortical thymocytes. Cells sensitive to this antiserum appear early in the thymus (by day 15 of gestation) at the same time as Ss cells. These results suggest (a) the existence of an autonomous Sr cell line, with its own antigenic markers appearing early in ontogeny (at the same time as Ss cells), and showing wide heterogeneity in density, possibly linked to variable degrees in maturation, and (b) the medullary origin or some peripheral lymphocytes in lymph node and spleen cells that share antigenic markers with Sr thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304012", "title": "Serum half-life and organ distribution of radiolabeled colony stimulating factor in mice.", "content": "Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mouse lung conditioned medium has recently been purified. This GM-CSF was radioiodinated using the chloramine T method, but dimethylsulfoxide was needed to prevent the loss of biological activity during the iodination. 125I-labeled GM-CSF was isolated from the reaction mixture by gel filtration and affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-Sepharose. One hour after intravenous injection of 125I-labeled GM-CSF almost 80% of the radioactivity was still localized in the serum. 125I-labeled GM-CSF was cleared from the blood of C57BL mice with a serum half-life of 7.3 +/- 1.3 hours. Six hours after intravenous injection 125I-GM-CSF appeared to be distributed throughout most of the tissues of C57BL mice. There was no selective concentration of 125I-labeled GM-CSF in the bone marrow, but levels in the kidney were three times higher than expected from the distribution of 125I-labeled mouse serum albumin. 125I detected in the blood 6 hours after injection of 125I-labeled GM-CSF was precipitable with trichloroacetic acid and bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. 125I detected in the urine was not macromolecular and appeared to result from the degradation of 125I-labeled GM-CSF.", "contents": "Serum half-life and organ distribution of radiolabeled colony stimulating factor in mice. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) from mouse lung conditioned medium has recently been purified. This GM-CSF was radioiodinated using the chloramine T method, but dimethylsulfoxide was needed to prevent the loss of biological activity during the iodination. 125I-labeled GM-CSF was isolated from the reaction mixture by gel filtration and affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-Sepharose. One hour after intravenous injection of 125I-labeled GM-CSF almost 80% of the radioactivity was still localized in the serum. 125I-labeled GM-CSF was cleared from the blood of C57BL mice with a serum half-life of 7.3 +/- 1.3 hours. Six hours after intravenous injection 125I-GM-CSF appeared to be distributed throughout most of the tissues of C57BL mice. There was no selective concentration of 125I-labeled GM-CSF in the bone marrow, but levels in the kidney were three times higher than expected from the distribution of 125I-labeled mouse serum albumin. 125I detected in the blood 6 hours after injection of 125I-labeled GM-CSF was precipitable with trichloroacetic acid and bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose. 125I detected in the urine was not macromolecular and appeared to result from the degradation of 125I-labeled GM-CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:304013", "title": "Analysis of populations of macrophage-granulocyte progenitor cells stimulated by activities in mouse lung-conditioned medium.", "content": "Granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells which clone in semi-solid agar cultures were characerized by separating murine bone marrow cells by equilibrium density centrifugation. These in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-c), when induced by stimuli in mouse lung-conditioned medium, were found to be heterogeneous in their density properties. Differences were found in the dose responsiveness of two major subpopulations of these progenitor cells. One population (modal density 1.074 gcm-3) responded in an identical manner to stimuli present in mouse lung-conditioned medium and pregnant mouse uterus extract. A second population (modal density 1.070 gcm-3) was found to be markedly different in its dose responsiveness to mouse lung-conditioned medium, from the other subset (1.074 gcm-3). The cloning of the low density progenitor cells and the observed dose responsiveness was found to correlate with an activity present in a stimulus in mouse lung-conditioned medium but was not identical to the stimulus in pregnant mouse uterus extract. No subpopulation, however, gave exclusively granulocyte or macrophage colonies.", "contents": "Analysis of populations of macrophage-granulocyte progenitor cells stimulated by activities in mouse lung-conditioned medium. Granulocyte and macrophage progenitor cells which clone in semi-solid agar cultures were characerized by separating murine bone marrow cells by equilibrium density centrifugation. These in vitro colony forming cells (CFU-c), when induced by stimuli in mouse lung-conditioned medium, were found to be heterogeneous in their density properties. Differences were found in the dose responsiveness of two major subpopulations of these progenitor cells. One population (modal density 1.074 gcm-3) responded in an identical manner to stimuli present in mouse lung-conditioned medium and pregnant mouse uterus extract. A second population (modal density 1.070 gcm-3) was found to be markedly different in its dose responsiveness to mouse lung-conditioned medium, from the other subset (1.074 gcm-3). The cloning of the low density progenitor cells and the observed dose responsiveness was found to correlate with an activity present in a stimulus in mouse lung-conditioned medium but was not identical to the stimulus in pregnant mouse uterus extract. No subpopulation, however, gave exclusively granulocyte or macrophage colonies."}
{"id": "PMID:304014", "title": "Direction-specific optokinetic modulation of monosynaptic hind limb reflexes in cats.", "content": "The excitability of hindlimb extensor and flexor motoneurons is tonically modulated by animal tilt and a large visual stimulus rotating about the animal's line of sight. This direction-specific modulation is opposite for extensor and flexor motoneurons and opposite for optokinetic and vestibular stimuli, thus combining to a functionally significant pattern of postural reflexes.", "contents": "Direction-specific optokinetic modulation of monosynaptic hind limb reflexes in cats. The excitability of hindlimb extensor and flexor motoneurons is tonically modulated by animal tilt and a large visual stimulus rotating about the animal's line of sight. This direction-specific modulation is opposite for extensor and flexor motoneurons and opposite for optokinetic and vestibular stimuli, thus combining to a functionally significant pattern of postural reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:304017", "title": "Biochemical variation in the Rana esculenta complex: a new hybrid form related to Rana perezi and Rana ridibunda.", "content": "Investigations of the green frogs from western Europe for electrophoretic variations at 4 enzyme loci demonstrated a new form which must be considered as a hybrid between Rana ridibunda and R. perezi. Biochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that its reproduction is hybridogenetic, as it is for R. esculenta.", "contents": "Biochemical variation in the Rana esculenta complex: a new hybrid form related to Rana perezi and Rana ridibunda. Investigations of the green frogs from western Europe for electrophoretic variations at 4 enzyme loci demonstrated a new form which must be considered as a hybrid between Rana ridibunda and R. perezi. Biochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that its reproduction is hybridogenetic, as it is for R. esculenta."}
{"id": "PMID:304016", "title": "Histologic changes in mouse lymph nodes after treatment with antitheta-globulin.", "content": "The DBA/2 mice were treated with 4 successive subcutaneous injections of rabbit anti-theta-gammaglobulin and the histology of the axillary lymph nodes was studied 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the last dose. The histology of the lymph nodes was assessed according to the standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. (1973). The histologic findings were compared with those found in mice treated with anti-thymus-gammaglobulin, normal rabbit gammaglobulin and those in untreated DBA/2 mice. Anti-theta-gammaglobulin was found to be a potent suppressor of the small lymphocytes in the lymph node paracortical areas. At the same time, it elicited a strong humoral immune response in the nodes manifested as proliferation of large pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells in the medulla and germinal centers. The standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. was found to be extremely suitable for assessing the histology of the experimental animals' lymph nodes and its acceptance into general use is strongly advocated.", "contents": "Histologic changes in mouse lymph nodes after treatment with antitheta-globulin. The DBA/2 mice were treated with 4 successive subcutaneous injections of rabbit anti-theta-gammaglobulin and the histology of the axillary lymph nodes was studied 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the last dose. The histology of the lymph nodes was assessed according to the standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. (1973). The histologic findings were compared with those found in mice treated with anti-thymus-gammaglobulin, normal rabbit gammaglobulin and those in untreated DBA/2 mice. Anti-theta-gammaglobulin was found to be a potent suppressor of the small lymphocytes in the lymph node paracortical areas. At the same time, it elicited a strong humoral immune response in the nodes manifested as proliferation of large pyroninophilic cells and plasma cells in the medulla and germinal centers. The standardized reporting system of Cottier et al. was found to be extremely suitable for assessing the histology of the experimental animals' lymph nodes and its acceptance into general use is strongly advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:304022", "title": "Chimeric drift in allophenic mice.", "content": "The composition of the immune system of 33 allophenic mice of four different types [C57BL/6  in equilibrium DBA/1, C57BL/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6), C57BL/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL), DBA/1 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6)] was studied. It was found that the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells changed significantly during a two-month interval in 11/33 or 33% of the mice studied. This phenomenon has been termed chimeric drift. The animals were sacrificed between 9 and 16 months of age, and the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells, spleen white blood cells, and thymocytes was determined on the day of sacrifice. It was foound that the peripheral white blood cell and spleen white blood cell compositions showed a high degree of correlation. However 8/33 or 24% of the mice studied showed discordance of the spleen and thymocyte cell populations. Seven of the 8 mice which showed spleen-thymocyte discordance, had also shown evidence of chimeric drift earlier in their lives. We suggest that this is evidence that chimeric drift may have an immunological basis.", "contents": "Chimeric drift in allophenic mice. The composition of the immune system of 33 allophenic mice of four different types [C57BL/6  in equilibrium DBA/1, C57BL/6 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6), C57BL/6 in equilibrium (A X SJL), DBA/1 in equilibrium (CBA X CBA/H-T6)] was studied. It was found that the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells changed significantly during a two-month interval in 11/33 or 33% of the mice studied. This phenomenon has been termed chimeric drift. The animals were sacrificed between 9 and 16 months of age, and the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells, spleen white blood cells, and thymocytes was determined on the day of sacrifice. It was foound that the peripheral white blood cell and spleen white blood cell compositions showed a high degree of correlation. However 8/33 or 24% of the mice studied showed discordance of the spleen and thymocyte cell populations. Seven of the 8 mice which showed spleen-thymocyte discordance, had also shown evidence of chimeric drift earlier in their lives. We suggest that this is evidence that chimeric drift may have an immunological basis."}
{"id": "PMID:304023", "title": "Study on the exocrine pancreatic function by the oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-para-aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (Bz-ty-PABA) was orally administered to 11 controls, 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 7 patients with diabetes mellitus and 6 patients with liver cirrhosis. The cumulative 6 h recovery rate of PABA in the urine was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (49.1 + or - 10.1 percent), diabetes mellitus (50.4 + or - 20.4 percent) and liver cirrhosis (52.5 + or - 13.0 percent) than in the control group (79.5 + or - 12.0 percent) (mean + or -S.D.). This test is considered to be useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, especially in chronic pancreatitis. Patients with diabetes mellitus frequently has demonstrable abnormality of pancreatic exocrine function. Liver cirrhosis causing severe impairment of liver functions seemed to interfer with the elimination of PABA.", "contents": "Study on the exocrine pancreatic function by the oral administration of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-para-aminobenzoic acid. N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (Bz-ty-PABA) was orally administered to 11 controls, 10 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 7 patients with diabetes mellitus and 6 patients with liver cirrhosis. The cumulative 6 h recovery rate of PABA in the urine was significantly lower (P less than 0.005) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (49.1 + or - 10.1 percent), diabetes mellitus (50.4 + or - 20.4 percent) and liver cirrhosis (52.5 + or - 13.0 percent) than in the control group (79.5 + or - 12.0 percent) (mean + or -S.D.). This test is considered to be useful in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, especially in chronic pancreatitis. Patients with diabetes mellitus frequently has demonstrable abnormality of pancreatic exocrine function. Liver cirrhosis causing severe impairment of liver functions seemed to interfer with the elimination of PABA."}
{"id": "PMID:304028", "title": "alpha1-Antitrypsin variants in different racial groups in Malaysia.", "content": "In a study of Malaysians of different racial groups, 1,510 sera (908 from Malays, 371 from Chinese and 231 from Indians) were identified for their protease inhibitor (Pi) types. The gene frequencies for the alleles PiM, PiS and PiX in Malays were, respectively, 0.979, 0.015, and 0.007. In Chinese, the frequencies were 0.981, 0.019 and 0.000, and in Indians they were 0.976, 0.24, and 0.000. It is interesting that the usually rare PiX type is found in appreciable frequency in the Malays. Two different types with unusual behavior and obscure origin were also found.", "contents": "alpha1-Antitrypsin variants in different racial groups in Malaysia. In a study of Malaysians of different racial groups, 1,510 sera (908 from Malays, 371 from Chinese and 231 from Indians) were identified for their protease inhibitor (Pi) types. The gene frequencies for the alleles PiM, PiS and PiX in Malays were, respectively, 0.979, 0.015, and 0.007. In Chinese, the frequencies were 0.981, 0.019 and 0.000, and in Indians they were 0.976, 0.24, and 0.000. It is interesting that the usually rare PiX type is found in appreciable frequency in the Malays. Two different types with unusual behavior and obscure origin were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:304029", "title": "Reactive and non-reactive lymphocytes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "Myelin basic protein (BP),induces an increased in vitro proliferative response of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), compared with that given by pheripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), in guinea-pigs with experimental allergic encephaloMYELITIS (EAE). This response is determined by the nature of the lymphocytes in such exudates. We have also found that: (a) the majority of peritoneal lymphocytes from non-sensitized animals are E-rosetting (T cells) (59 percent) or null cells (greater than 40 percent) with EAC-rosetting (B cells) comprising 1 percent or less of cells; (b) both T cells and null cells respond equally to BP as determined by a technique combining rosette-formation and autoradiography; (c) the increased in vitro peritoneal lymphocyte response in animals with EAE cannot be explained solely by the number of null cells since peripheral blood and lymph nodes also contain appreciable numbers of null cells.", "contents": "Reactive and non-reactive lymphocytes in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Myelin basic protein (BP),induces an increased in vitro proliferative response of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), compared with that given by pheripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), in guinea-pigs with experimental allergic encephaloMYELITIS (EAE). This response is determined by the nature of the lymphocytes in such exudates. We have also found that: (a) the majority of peritoneal lymphocytes from non-sensitized animals are E-rosetting (T cells) (59 percent) or null cells (greater than 40 percent) with EAC-rosetting (B cells) comprising 1 percent or less of cells; (b) both T cells and null cells respond equally to BP as determined by a technique combining rosette-formation and autoradiography; (c) the increased in vitro peritoneal lymphocyte response in animals with EAE cannot be explained solely by the number of null cells since peripheral blood and lymph nodes also contain appreciable numbers of null cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304030", "title": "Cellular basis of persistent tolerance induced by an aggregate free heterologous immunoglobulin.", "content": "Attempts were made to break the tolerance of lymph node B cells to deaggregated human gamma globulin. Using allotype-congenic mice, lymph node cells from virgin or tolerant (5 mg) CBA/Igb donors were transferred tonormal CBA/Iga recipients and the proportion of responding donor B cells estimated 1 and 13 days later. The response of the non-tolerant virgin cells diminished with time but was still detectable at 13 days whereas the response of the tolerant cells was tenfold lower than normal cells at day 1 and was not detectable at 13 days. This functional deletion of tolerant cells was not reversed by enzymatic stripping of the immuno-globulin receptors before transfer, nor by removing T cells-which might have had a suppressor action. In other experiments Igb mice were thymectomized or left as controls at various times before tolerance induction. Lymph node cells from these mice were transferred, together with non-tolerant Iga cells, to irradiated recipients. The cell from tolerant thymectomized donors strongly suppressed the response of non-tolerant cells, whereas the tolerant control cells showed no suppressor activity. It is considered that B-cell tolerance can be maintained by something other than receptor blockade, or active suppression-although the latter can arise in some circumstances.", "contents": "Cellular basis of persistent tolerance induced by an aggregate free heterologous immunoglobulin. Attempts were made to break the tolerance of lymph node B cells to deaggregated human gamma globulin. Using allotype-congenic mice, lymph node cells from virgin or tolerant (5 mg) CBA/Igb donors were transferred tonormal CBA/Iga recipients and the proportion of responding donor B cells estimated 1 and 13 days later. The response of the non-tolerant virgin cells diminished with time but was still detectable at 13 days whereas the response of the tolerant cells was tenfold lower than normal cells at day 1 and was not detectable at 13 days. This functional deletion of tolerant cells was not reversed by enzymatic stripping of the immuno-globulin receptors before transfer, nor by removing T cells-which might have had a suppressor action. In other experiments Igb mice were thymectomized or left as controls at various times before tolerance induction. Lymph node cells from these mice were transferred, together with non-tolerant Iga cells, to irradiated recipients. The cell from tolerant thymectomized donors strongly suppressed the response of non-tolerant cells, whereas the tolerant control cells showed no suppressor activity. It is considered that B-cell tolerance can be maintained by something other than receptor blockade, or active suppression-although the latter can arise in some circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:304031", "title": "Receptors for IgM and IgM-antigen complexes on human T-lymphocytes reacting with specific anti-human-T-cell antiserum.", "content": "A receptor on T lymphocytes that can bind IgM-type antibodies, without, as well as after prior complex formation between the antibody and Esh (sheep red blood cells) has been detected. No prior in vitro incubation of freshly drawn and isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes is required for the expression of the IgM antibody binding receptor on T cells. Results obtained in experiments designed for the simultaneous detection of lymphocytes reacting with specific rhodamine labelled antihuman-T cell antiserum and forming rosettes with EA-IgM complexes of Esh and the IgM antiserum fraction showed the receptor for IgM antibody to be present exclusively on T cells. Pre-incubation of T cells with free IgM or its Fc fragments leads to inhibition of rosette formation with EA-IgM. Treatment of the IgM type pentameric antibody with dithioerythritol to cleave pentameric IgM reduces the percentage of EA-IgM rosette forming cells (RFC) significantly. The possible biological significance of this receptor is discussed.", "contents": "Receptors for IgM and IgM-antigen complexes on human T-lymphocytes reacting with specific anti-human-T-cell antiserum. A receptor on T lymphocytes that can bind IgM-type antibodies, without, as well as after prior complex formation between the antibody and Esh (sheep red blood cells) has been detected. No prior in vitro incubation of freshly drawn and isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes is required for the expression of the IgM antibody binding receptor on T cells. Results obtained in experiments designed for the simultaneous detection of lymphocytes reacting with specific rhodamine labelled antihuman-T cell antiserum and forming rosettes with EA-IgM complexes of Esh and the IgM antiserum fraction showed the receptor for IgM antibody to be present exclusively on T cells. Pre-incubation of T cells with free IgM or its Fc fragments leads to inhibition of rosette formation with EA-IgM. Treatment of the IgM type pentameric antibody with dithioerythritol to cleave pentameric IgM reduces the percentage of EA-IgM rosette forming cells (RFC) significantly. The possible biological significance of this receptor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304032", "title": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors II. Limited recovery of T-cell responses from mouse bone marrow in tissue culture.", "content": "The limited differentiation of mature T cell function from mouse bone marrow in tissue culture is described and compared with similar differentiation occuring in vivo in irradiated bone marrow protected mice. Data are presented to show that a pool of precursors, similar in size to that able to produce early (transient?) regeneration in thymectomized recipients, is responsible for the development of mitogen responsive T cells active in MLC (proliferation) and CML (development of cytotoxic cells) assays. In contrast, a helper cell population which augments antibody formation from T-depleted normal spleen cells derives from a pool of similar precursors yet does not seem to be theta positive. Similarly, larger cells (perhaps typical of those giving rise to suppressor T cells in vivo) give rise to a suppressor cell pool after 4 days of culture, though again only a fraction of this suppressor activity could be attributed to theta positive cells. It is suggested that much of the data for regenration of T lymphocytes in vitro from T-depleted sources needs to be re-interpreted in terms of this evidence for a pool of post-thymic precursors of T cells in such T-deficient cell populations.", "contents": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors II. Limited recovery of T-cell responses from mouse bone marrow in tissue culture. The limited differentiation of mature T cell function from mouse bone marrow in tissue culture is described and compared with similar differentiation occuring in vivo in irradiated bone marrow protected mice. Data are presented to show that a pool of precursors, similar in size to that able to produce early (transient?) regeneration in thymectomized recipients, is responsible for the development of mitogen responsive T cells active in MLC (proliferation) and CML (development of cytotoxic cells) assays. In contrast, a helper cell population which augments antibody formation from T-depleted normal spleen cells derives from a pool of similar precursors yet does not seem to be theta positive. Similarly, larger cells (perhaps typical of those giving rise to suppressor T cells in vivo) give rise to a suppressor cell pool after 4 days of culture, though again only a fraction of this suppressor activity could be attributed to theta positive cells. It is suggested that much of the data for regenration of T lymphocytes in vitro from T-depleted sources needs to be re-interpreted in terms of this evidence for a pool of post-thymic precursors of T cells in such T-deficient cell populations."}
{"id": "PMID:304033", "title": "The influence of antigen presentation on the generation of T-helper cells with different functions.", "content": "Thymocytes adoptively transferred into syngeneic irradiated recipients can be primed with antigen (KLH) to generate two types of helper function termed 'specific' and 'non-specific'. Low doses of KLH given without adjuvant generate high levels of non-specific compared to 'specific' helper T cells. Large doses of KLH given in adjuvant (FCA) generate high levels of both types of helper T cell. Explantations for this observation are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of antigen presentation on the generation of T-helper cells with different functions. Thymocytes adoptively transferred into syngeneic irradiated recipients can be primed with antigen (KLH) to generate two types of helper function termed 'specific' and 'non-specific'. Low doses of KLH given without adjuvant generate high levels of non-specific compared to 'specific' helper T cells. Large doses of KLH given in adjuvant (FCA) generate high levels of both types of helper T cell. Explantations for this observation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304034", "title": "Selective accumulation of cells with 'B' properties in stimulated lymph nodes.", "content": "Draining lymph nodes from mice which had been stimulated with bacterial adjuvants or the skin sensitizing agent, oxazolone, showed a marked increase in cell content, presumably due to lymphocyte immigration. A surprisingly large proportion of these cells exhibit properties of B lymphocytes: the presence of surface Ig, lack of Thy-1-like antigen and responsiveness to lopopolysaccharide (LPS). The relationship between the presence of surface markerand responses to class-specific mitogens, of cells from the stimulated nodes, was established by testing fractionated lymphocyte populations. Enriched T cells did not react to LPS, whereas removal of cells with Thy-1 antigen by specific antisera eliminated the reactions to T mitogens but had little or no effect on the LPS response. The data thus suggest that B cells, which make up a small portion of the circulating lymphocyte pool, are selectively accumulated in lymph nodes stimulated by different immunogens, including T-specific stimulants. This interpretation contradicts the generally accepted assumption, that stimulat lymph nodes trap mostly T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Selective accumulation of cells with 'B' properties in stimulated lymph nodes. Draining lymph nodes from mice which had been stimulated with bacterial adjuvants or the skin sensitizing agent, oxazolone, showed a marked increase in cell content, presumably due to lymphocyte immigration. A surprisingly large proportion of these cells exhibit properties of B lymphocytes: the presence of surface Ig, lack of Thy-1-like antigen and responsiveness to lopopolysaccharide (LPS). The relationship between the presence of surface markerand responses to class-specific mitogens, of cells from the stimulated nodes, was established by testing fractionated lymphocyte populations. Enriched T cells did not react to LPS, whereas removal of cells with Thy-1 antigen by specific antisera eliminated the reactions to T mitogens but had little or no effect on the LPS response. The data thus suggest that B cells, which make up a small portion of the circulating lymphocyte pool, are selectively accumulated in lymph nodes stimulated by different immunogens, including T-specific stimulants. This interpretation contradicts the generally accepted assumption, that stimulat lymph nodes trap mostly T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304035", "title": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. I. Transfer of resistance by two classes of lymphocytes.", "content": "Rats can be solidly immunized against Trichinella spiralis by a series of methyridine-terminated oral infections with T. spiralis larvae. Injections of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) obtained from such animals can protect normal rats against a Trichinella challenge. The protective cells belong to two populations which differ with respect to their adherence to affinity columns prepared with rabbit antibody to rat F(ab')2. Immune lymphocytes in the column-adherent B cell fraction are inhibited by vinblastine, whereas those in the non-adherent, T cell fraction are resistant to this drug. The above observations suggest that acquired resistance to T. spiralis is mediated by two classes of lymphocytes: B cells which are delivered to the thoracic duct and hence to the blood while still in active cycle, and T cells which have a potentially long life-span and presumably belong to a pool of recirculating small lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. I. Transfer of resistance by two classes of lymphocytes. Rats can be solidly immunized against Trichinella spiralis by a series of methyridine-terminated oral infections with T. spiralis larvae. Injections of thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) obtained from such animals can protect normal rats against a Trichinella challenge. The protective cells belong to two populations which differ with respect to their adherence to affinity columns prepared with rabbit antibody to rat F(ab')2. Immune lymphocytes in the column-adherent B cell fraction are inhibited by vinblastine, whereas those in the non-adherent, T cell fraction are resistant to this drug. The above observations suggest that acquired resistance to T. spiralis is mediated by two classes of lymphocytes: B cells which are delivered to the thoracic duct and hence to the blood while still in active cycle, and T cells which have a potentially long life-span and presumably belong to a pool of recirculating small lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304036", "title": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. II. Expression of immunity against adult worms.", "content": "Thoracic duct lymphocytes or purified T or B cells obtained from specifically immunized (Lewis x DA)F1 hybrid rats can protect normal recipients against an oral challenge infection with T. spiralis. The immune cells increase the rate of expulsion of adult worms from the small intestine. Immune TDL do not affect adult worm fecundity, as they do in other strains of rats, or the penetration and development of newborn larvae in muscle cells. Irradiated F1 rats reconstituted with either immune TDL or class-enriched populations of immune T or immune B cells also expel adult Trichinella more rapidly than do unprotected controls. However, unfractionated TDL and inocula enriched in B cells are more efficient than T cells in promoting worm expulsion. The above finding, taken in conjunction with the tissue disposition of labelled lymphocytes in the tissues of recipient rats, implies that immune T cells have a 'helper' function in promoting the formation of protective B cells.", "contents": "Immunity to Trichinella spiralis. II. Expression of immunity against adult worms. Thoracic duct lymphocytes or purified T or B cells obtained from specifically immunized (Lewis x DA)F1 hybrid rats can protect normal recipients against an oral challenge infection with T. spiralis. The immune cells increase the rate of expulsion of adult worms from the small intestine. Immune TDL do not affect adult worm fecundity, as they do in other strains of rats, or the penetration and development of newborn larvae in muscle cells. Irradiated F1 rats reconstituted with either immune TDL or class-enriched populations of immune T or immune B cells also expel adult Trichinella more rapidly than do unprotected controls. However, unfractionated TDL and inocula enriched in B cells are more efficient than T cells in promoting worm expulsion. The above finding, taken in conjunction with the tissue disposition of labelled lymphocytes in the tissues of recipient rats, implies that immune T cells have a 'helper' function in promoting the formation of protective B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304037", "title": "Macrophage-induced thymic lymphocyte maturation.", "content": "Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages were found to influence the functional maturation of thymic lymphocytes. Autologous thymic lymphocytes obtained from macrophage co-cultures responded to three different mitogens and were reduced in their ability to reassociate spontaneously with macrophages. Neither of these properties were found in thymic lymphocytes that had not been cultured with macrophages. These functional changes appeared to be specific for macrophages since thymic lymphocytes incubated with skin fibroblasts failed to respond to the test mitogens. Furthermore, they were not the result of either the inactivation, by macrophages, of a putative suppressor thymocyte or a soluble macrophage product. In addition to influencing the functional maturation of thymic lymphocytes, macrophages also appeared to play a direct role in inducing the mitogen response of functionally mature cells.", "contents": "Macrophage-induced thymic lymphocyte maturation. Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages were found to influence the functional maturation of thymic lymphocytes. Autologous thymic lymphocytes obtained from macrophage co-cultures responded to three different mitogens and were reduced in their ability to reassociate spontaneously with macrophages. Neither of these properties were found in thymic lymphocytes that had not been cultured with macrophages. These functional changes appeared to be specific for macrophages since thymic lymphocytes incubated with skin fibroblasts failed to respond to the test mitogens. Furthermore, they were not the result of either the inactivation, by macrophages, of a putative suppressor thymocyte or a soluble macrophage product. In addition to influencing the functional maturation of thymic lymphocytes, macrophages also appeared to play a direct role in inducing the mitogen response of functionally mature cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304038", "title": "Differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes.", "content": "Human B-lymphocyte differentiation was studied by measuring the capacity of such cells, isolated from peripheral blood, to synthesize and secrete Ig after pokeweed stimulation. Results show that a maximum incorporation of [3H]-thymidine took place 2 days before the appearance of detectable Ig-secreting cells. On the 7th day after pokeweed stimulation, when Ig synthesis and secretion are at a maximum, [3H]-thymidine uptake was low. Since inhibition of DNA synthesis 3 days after pokeweed stimulation completely prevents the generation of Ig-secreting plasma cells, initial DNA synthesis is apparently essential before Ig-secreting plasma cells can develop in response to pokeweed stimulation.", "contents": "Differentiation of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Human B-lymphocyte differentiation was studied by measuring the capacity of such cells, isolated from peripheral blood, to synthesize and secrete Ig after pokeweed stimulation. Results show that a maximum incorporation of [3H]-thymidine took place 2 days before the appearance of detectable Ig-secreting cells. On the 7th day after pokeweed stimulation, when Ig synthesis and secretion are at a maximum, [3H]-thymidine uptake was low. Since inhibition of DNA synthesis 3 days after pokeweed stimulation completely prevents the generation of Ig-secreting plasma cells, initial DNA synthesis is apparently essential before Ig-secreting plasma cells can develop in response to pokeweed stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:304039", "title": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. I. Fundamental nature of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Immune responses were examined after immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) in mice. Cytotoxicity of spleen cells was assessed by the release of 51Cr from labelled target cells. (1) At early stages (day 4-7) after primary intraperitoneal immunization, direct cytotoxicity of spleen cells was raised efficiently in C57BL/6 and AKR mice, but not in C3H/He, SL and DDD mice. Delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production were raised to almost the same extent in all the strains at such periods. (2) Effector cells in direct cytotoxicity were theta-positive and IgG-positive, and glass-nonadherent and Nylon wool column-adherent. Effector cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of antibody to CRBC were eliminated by treatment with anti-IgG serum, but not by treatment with anti-theta serum. (3) Cytotoxicity and antibody production were raised efficiently after intraperitoneal or intravenous immunization, but not after footpad immunization. On the other hand, delayed hypersensitivity developed most efficiently after footpad immunization.", "contents": "Direct cytotoxicity against chicken erythrocytes in mice. I. Fundamental nature of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Immune responses were examined after immunization with chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) in mice. Cytotoxicity of spleen cells was assessed by the release of 51Cr from labelled target cells. (1) At early stages (day 4-7) after primary intraperitoneal immunization, direct cytotoxicity of spleen cells was raised efficiently in C57BL/6 and AKR mice, but not in C3H/He, SL and DDD mice. Delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production were raised to almost the same extent in all the strains at such periods. (2) Effector cells in direct cytotoxicity were theta-positive and IgG-positive, and glass-nonadherent and Nylon wool column-adherent. Effector cells in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of antibody to CRBC were eliminated by treatment with anti-IgG serum, but not by treatment with anti-theta serum. (3) Cytotoxicity and antibody production were raised efficiently after intraperitoneal or intravenous immunization, but not after footpad immunization. On the other hand, delayed hypersensitivity developed most efficiently after footpad immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:304040", "title": "Evolution of three lymphocyte markers in newborn, preterm infants.", "content": "Nine newborn, preterm infants have been studied at the ages of 1-3 days, 8-10 days and 22-24 days for surface markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes. As compared to adult controls, four of the infants had a low proportion of sheep RBC binding lymphocytes at birth, but at 1-3 weeks of age all infants had reached the adult level. Lymphocyte receptors for Fc of IgG and for complement, although both mainly characterizing non-T cells, evolved differently post partum: the proportion of Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes tended to increase with age of the infant, whereas already at birth complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes were at or above the adult level.", "contents": "Evolution of three lymphocyte markers in newborn, preterm infants. Nine newborn, preterm infants have been studied at the ages of 1-3 days, 8-10 days and 22-24 days for surface markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes. As compared to adult controls, four of the infants had a low proportion of sheep RBC binding lymphocytes at birth, but at 1-3 weeks of age all infants had reached the adult level. Lymphocyte receptors for Fc of IgG and for complement, although both mainly characterizing non-T cells, evolved differently post partum: the proportion of Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes tended to increase with age of the infant, whereas already at birth complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes were at or above the adult level."}
{"id": "PMID:304041", "title": "Surface characteristics of the human K (killer) lymphocyte.", "content": "The human non-allergized K (killer) lymphocyte has been characterized using selective depletion and isolation procedures based on surface markers. It was found to be a non-thymus-dependent, Fc-receptor-bearing cell. In an area which is controversial, our findings also indicate that the cell has immunoglobulin on its surface but lacks the receptor for the C3 component of complement (mouse). This would suggest it to be an (Fc + C3-) B lymphocyte.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of the human K (killer) lymphocyte. The human non-allergized K (killer) lymphocyte has been characterized using selective depletion and isolation procedures based on surface markers. It was found to be a non-thymus-dependent, Fc-receptor-bearing cell. In an area which is controversial, our findings also indicate that the cell has immunoglobulin on its surface but lacks the receptor for the C3 component of complement (mouse). This would suggest it to be an (Fc + C3-) B lymphocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:304042", "title": "T lymphocytes bearing receptors for Fc of IgG in guinea pig peritoneal fluid. A model for human extrahaematic fluids.", "content": "Surface markers of lymphocytes from peritoneal fluid of the guinea pig are studied and compared with those of lymphocytes from thymus, peripheral blood and spleen. The great majority of peritoneal lymphocytes form rosettes with rabbit red cells and bear receptors for Fc of IgG (T Fc+ cells). Lymphocytes with these characteristics are poorly represented in blood, thymus and spleen. Guinea pig peritoneal lymphocytes can be compared, as far as surface markers are concerned, with lymphocytes from human cerebrospinal fluid and transudates.", "contents": "T lymphocytes bearing receptors for Fc of IgG in guinea pig peritoneal fluid. A model for human extrahaematic fluids. Surface markers of lymphocytes from peritoneal fluid of the guinea pig are studied and compared with those of lymphocytes from thymus, peripheral blood and spleen. The great majority of peritoneal lymphocytes form rosettes with rabbit red cells and bear receptors for Fc of IgG (T Fc+ cells). Lymphocytes with these characteristics are poorly represented in blood, thymus and spleen. Guinea pig peritoneal lymphocytes can be compared, as far as surface markers are concerned, with lymphocytes from human cerebrospinal fluid and transudates."}
{"id": "PMID:304043", "title": "Differential effect of vinblastine and colchicine on human active and total T rosettes.", "content": "The effect of vinblastine and colchicine on human blood T cell rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes was assessed. For some concentrations, both drugs increased the percentage of active T rosettes. In contrast, the total T rosette percentage was decreased by the same drugs. These experiments further confirm the heterogeneity of T cell rosettes and suggest the existence of three types of sheep red blood cell receptors on human blood T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Differential effect of vinblastine and colchicine on human active and total T rosettes. The effect of vinblastine and colchicine on human blood T cell rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes was assessed. For some concentrations, both drugs increased the percentage of active T rosettes. In contrast, the total T rosette percentage was decreased by the same drugs. These experiments further confirm the heterogeneity of T cell rosettes and suggest the existence of three types of sheep red blood cell receptors on human blood T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304044", "title": "Influence of serum from atopic children on T lymphocytes.", "content": "The relative and absolute number of peripheral T cells was found to be depressed in atopic children. Sera from atopic children had slightly less stimulatory effects on lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by PHA, Con A and PPD, than sera from nonatopic children. This finding indicates an occurrence of inhibitory factor(s) in atopic serum. Sera from some severely ill atopic patients almost completely abolished mitogen-induced lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Inhibition by atopic serum appeared to be an early event in lymphocyte mitogenesis and not due to CRP, IgE or factors binding to mitogens. Lymphocytes from atopic children were no more sensitive to suppressive influences of atopic serum factors than were lymphocytes from adult blood donors. Normal serum enhanced mitogen-induced DNA synthesis more in lymphocytes from adult blood donors than in those from atopic children. The results indicate that, although the T cell defect in atopy may be partly caused by serum factors, occurring during clinical allergic disease, the main reason for the defect is probably an altered reactivity of the T lymphocytes in atopic individuals.", "contents": "Influence of serum from atopic children on T lymphocytes. The relative and absolute number of peripheral T cells was found to be depressed in atopic children. Sera from atopic children had slightly less stimulatory effects on lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by PHA, Con A and PPD, than sera from nonatopic children. This finding indicates an occurrence of inhibitory factor(s) in atopic serum. Sera from some severely ill atopic patients almost completely abolished mitogen-induced lymphocyte DNA synthesis. Inhibition by atopic serum appeared to be an early event in lymphocyte mitogenesis and not due to CRP, IgE or factors binding to mitogens. Lymphocytes from atopic children were no more sensitive to suppressive influences of atopic serum factors than were lymphocytes from adult blood donors. Normal serum enhanced mitogen-induced DNA synthesis more in lymphocytes from adult blood donors than in those from atopic children. The results indicate that, although the T cell defect in atopy may be partly caused by serum factors, occurring during clinical allergic disease, the main reason for the defect is probably an altered reactivity of the T lymphocytes in atopic individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:304045", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for IgG and IgM antigammaglobulin factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera.", "content": "Rheumatoid factors of IgG and IgM class were detected by means of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay using formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and 125I-labelled anti-human IgG or anti-human IgM antibody. 28 of 35 sera and all of 7 synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed positive reaction for both IgG and IgM rheumatoid factor, though the activity of IgM factor was mostly higher than that of IgG factor. However, rheumatoid factor present in synovial fluids of 3 seronegative patients was mainly of IgG class. Of 14 sera of patient with other collagen diseases, 11 showed IgG and 6 showed IgM rheumatoid factor. The IgG rheumatoid factor seemed to be associated with autologous IgG to form macro-molecular complexes which could be dissociated into 7S molecules of IgG rheumatoid factor and IgG by acid treatment.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for IgG and IgM antigammaglobulin factor in rheumatoid arthritis sera. Rheumatoid factors of IgG and IgM class were detected by means of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay using formalinized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and 125I-labelled anti-human IgG or anti-human IgM antibody. 28 of 35 sera and all of 7 synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed positive reaction for both IgG and IgM rheumatoid factor, though the activity of IgM factor was mostly higher than that of IgG factor. However, rheumatoid factor present in synovial fluids of 3 seronegative patients was mainly of IgG class. Of 14 sera of patient with other collagen diseases, 11 showed IgG and 6 showed IgM rheumatoid factor. The IgG rheumatoid factor seemed to be associated with autologous IgG to form macro-molecular complexes which could be dissociated into 7S molecules of IgG rheumatoid factor and IgG by acid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304046", "title": "Humoral and cellular immunity against allogeneic antigens in patients with acute leukaemia.", "content": "The humoral and cellular immunity of 12 patients with acute leukaemia (6 AML and 6 ALL) was investigated using several techniques. The study of the humoral response included the screening for allogeneic and autologous lymphocytotoxins, for cytotoxic antibodies against leukaemic blasts, Daudi cells and B lymphocytes and the detection of immune complexes. The cellular immunity was investigated by stimulation of remission lymphocytes by autologous blast cells or allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed cell cultures. Most patients have retained their humoral and cellular immune responsiveness against allogeneic antigens while there seems to be no significant response against leukaemia-associated antigens.", "contents": "Humoral and cellular immunity against allogeneic antigens in patients with acute leukaemia. The humoral and cellular immunity of 12 patients with acute leukaemia (6 AML and 6 ALL) was investigated using several techniques. The study of the humoral response included the screening for allogeneic and autologous lymphocytotoxins, for cytotoxic antibodies against leukaemic blasts, Daudi cells and B lymphocytes and the detection of immune complexes. The cellular immunity was investigated by stimulation of remission lymphocytes by autologous blast cells or allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed cell cultures. Most patients have retained their humoral and cellular immune responsiveness against allogeneic antigens while there seems to be no significant response against leukaemia-associated antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:304048", "title": "Growth requirements of human mammary epithelial cells in culture.", "content": "Colony-forming epithelial cells can be separated from the non-dividing \"foam cells\" in human milk by differential adhesion to glass and freezing. The growth of such partially purified mammary epithelial cells is stimulated by co-culture with non-dividing feeder cells. Foam cells, mitomycin-treated mouse fibroblast lines and human mammary fibroblasts and calf lens epithelial cells are all effective in promoting mammary epithelial cell growth. Contact between epithelial cells and feeders is not required for the growth-promoting effect. The mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor on mammary epithelial cells also requires feeder cell activity.", "contents": "Growth requirements of human mammary epithelial cells in culture. Colony-forming epithelial cells can be separated from the non-dividing \"foam cells\" in human milk by differential adhesion to glass and freezing. The growth of such partially purified mammary epithelial cells is stimulated by co-culture with non-dividing feeder cells. Foam cells, mitomycin-treated mouse fibroblast lines and human mammary fibroblasts and calf lens epithelial cells are all effective in promoting mammary epithelial cell growth. Contact between epithelial cells and feeders is not required for the growth-promoting effect. The mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor on mammary epithelial cells also requires feeder cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:304053", "title": "Inhibition by interferon of thymidine uptake in chemostat cultures of L1210 cells.", "content": "Mouse interferon preparations inhibited the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into acid-insoluble material of mouse leukemia L1210 cells cultivated under steady-state conditions in a chemostat. Interferon exerted only a transitory and less pronounced effect on [3H]-deoxyadenosine incorporation and had no effect on the content of total DNA per cell. Study of [3H]-thymidine uptake at 1 degree into acid-soluble cellular material showed that interferon reduced the uptake of this labeled nucleoside whereas the uptake of [3H]-deoxyadenosine and [3H]-deoxy-D-glucose was not inhibited. The effect of interferon on [3H]-thymidine uptake occurred prior to the inhibitory action on cell multiplication. It is suggested that the inhibitory of [3H]-thymdine uptake reflected specific changes in the cell membrane of interferon-treated cells which may be relevant to the understanding of the antiviral and other biological effects of interferon.", "contents": "Inhibition by interferon of thymidine uptake in chemostat cultures of L1210 cells. Mouse interferon preparations inhibited the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into acid-insoluble material of mouse leukemia L1210 cells cultivated under steady-state conditions in a chemostat. Interferon exerted only a transitory and less pronounced effect on [3H]-deoxyadenosine incorporation and had no effect on the content of total DNA per cell. Study of [3H]-thymidine uptake at 1 degree into acid-soluble cellular material showed that interferon reduced the uptake of this labeled nucleoside whereas the uptake of [3H]-deoxyadenosine and [3H]-deoxy-D-glucose was not inhibited. The effect of interferon on [3H]-thymidine uptake occurred prior to the inhibitory action on cell multiplication. It is suggested that the inhibitory of [3H]-thymdine uptake reflected specific changes in the cell membrane of interferon-treated cells which may be relevant to the understanding of the antiviral and other biological effects of interferon."}
{"id": "PMID:304054", "title": "Complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery: successful surgical management by myocardial revascularization.", "content": "Isolated total occlusion of the left main coronary artery was demonstrated on coronary cineangiography in a 50-year-old woman with a progressive anginal syndrome. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft bypass was performed. Six weeks after operation the patient was free of symptoms and postoperative coronary angiography showed the graft to be patent.", "contents": "Complete occlusion of the left main coronary artery: successful surgical management by myocardial revascularization. Isolated total occlusion of the left main coronary artery was demonstrated on coronary cineangiography in a 50-year-old woman with a progressive anginal syndrome. Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft bypass was performed. Six weeks after operation the patient was free of symptoms and postoperative coronary angiography showed the graft to be patent."}
{"id": "PMID:304055", "title": "An induced aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase from the bioluminescent bacterium, Beneckea harveyi. Purification and properties.", "content": "A NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, the activity of which induces at the same time as luceriferase, has been purified from the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi, and its chemical and physical properties have been investigated. The purification is accomplished in three steps resulting in an enzyme preparation that gives a single protein band on three different gel electrophoresis systems. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 120,000 by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis gave a molecular weight of 59,000 indicating that aldehyde dehydrogenase has a dimeric structure with subunits of similar molecular weight. The purified enzyme has a high specificity for long chain aliphatic aldehydes; the Michaelis constants for aldehydes decrease with increasing chain length as also observed for bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenases involved in the metabolism of hydrocarbons. The aldehyde specificity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase is similar to that of luciferase indicating that the functional role of the enzyme may be linked with the bioluminescent system.", "contents": "An induced aliphatic aldehyde dehydrogenase from the bioluminescent bacterium, Beneckea harveyi. Purification and properties. A NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase, the activity of which induces at the same time as luceriferase, has been purified from the bioluminescent bacterium Beneckea harveyi, and its chemical and physical properties have been investigated. The purification is accomplished in three steps resulting in an enzyme preparation that gives a single protein band on three different gel electrophoresis systems. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 120,000 by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis gave a molecular weight of 59,000 indicating that aldehyde dehydrogenase has a dimeric structure with subunits of similar molecular weight. The purified enzyme has a high specificity for long chain aliphatic aldehydes; the Michaelis constants for aldehydes decrease with increasing chain length as also observed for bacterial aldehyde dehydrogenases involved in the metabolism of hydrocarbons. The aldehyde specificity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase is similar to that of luciferase indicating that the functional role of the enzyme may be linked with the bioluminescent system."}
{"id": "PMID:304056", "title": "Intracytoplasmic membrane synthesis in synchronous cell populations of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Fate of \"old\" and \"new\" membrane.", "content": "A nonspecific density labeling technique has been employed to monitor the synthesis of intracytoplasmic membrane in synchronously dividing populations of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The intracytoplasmic membranes of cells synchronized in D2O-based medium were found to undergo discontinuous decreases in specific density during synchronous cell growth following transfer to H2O-based medium. These abrupt decreases in membrane specific density occurred immediately prior to cell division and were not observed with intracytoplasmic membranes prepared from asynchronously dividing cells (see also Kowakowski, H., and Kaplan, S. (1974) J. Bacteriol. 118, 1144-1157). Discontinuous increases in the net accumulation of cellular phospholipid were also observed during the synchronous growth of R. sphaeroides. This is to be contrasted to the continuous insertion of protein and the photopigment components of the photosynthetic apparatus into the intracytoplasmic membrane during the cell division cycle (Fraley, R.T., Lueking, D.R., and Kaplan, S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 458-464; Wraight, C.A., Lueking, D.R., Fraley, R.T., and Kaplan, S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 465-471). Further, examination of the protein/phospholipid ratios of purified intracytoplasmic membrane preparations revealed that this ratio undergoes cyclical changes of 35 to 40% during a normal cycle of cell division. In contrast to the results of Ferretti and Gray ((1968) J. Bacteriol, 95, 1400-1406), DNA synthesis was found to occur in a stepwise manner in synchronously dividing cell populations of R. sphaeroides.", "contents": "Intracytoplasmic membrane synthesis in synchronous cell populations of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Fate of \"old\" and \"new\" membrane. A nonspecific density labeling technique has been employed to monitor the synthesis of intracytoplasmic membrane in synchronously dividing populations of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. The intracytoplasmic membranes of cells synchronized in D2O-based medium were found to undergo discontinuous decreases in specific density during synchronous cell growth following transfer to H2O-based medium. These abrupt decreases in membrane specific density occurred immediately prior to cell division and were not observed with intracytoplasmic membranes prepared from asynchronously dividing cells (see also Kowakowski, H., and Kaplan, S. (1974) J. Bacteriol. 118, 1144-1157). Discontinuous increases in the net accumulation of cellular phospholipid were also observed during the synchronous growth of R. sphaeroides. This is to be contrasted to the continuous insertion of protein and the photopigment components of the photosynthetic apparatus into the intracytoplasmic membrane during the cell division cycle (Fraley, R.T., Lueking, D.R., and Kaplan, S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 458-464; Wraight, C.A., Lueking, D.R., Fraley, R.T., and Kaplan, S. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 465-471). Further, examination of the protein/phospholipid ratios of purified intracytoplasmic membrane preparations revealed that this ratio undergoes cyclical changes of 35 to 40% during a normal cycle of cell division. In contrast to the results of Ferretti and Gray ((1968) J. Bacteriol, 95, 1400-1406), DNA synthesis was found to occur in a stepwise manner in synchronously dividing cell populations of R. sphaeroides."}
{"id": "PMID:304058", "title": "Interactions of alpha1-antitrypsin with trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "The interaction of alpha1-antitrypsin with trypsin and chymotrypsin has been investigated by protease activity assays, by electrophoretic analysis, by CD and absorption difference spectra, and by gel filtration of reaction mixtures containing excess inhibitor or excess protease. When alpha1-antitrypsin is present in excess, only one stable inhibitor - protease complex is formed. In the presence of excess protease, however, this primary complex is degraded relatively rapidly to one or more secondary complexes. These latter conversions are more pronounced in the case of the antititrypsin-chymotrypsin system. The greater lability of the antitrypsin-chymotrypsin system is evidenced by the relatively rapid release of inactive chymotrypsin from the secondary antitrypsin - chymotrypsin complex. Only minimal amounts of active protease were released from the complexes on the addition of excess protease and one protease could not displace the other from the complex, although competition experiments showed that chymotrypsin reacted more rapidly with the inhibitor than trypsin.", "contents": "Interactions of alpha1-antitrypsin with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The interaction of alpha1-antitrypsin with trypsin and chymotrypsin has been investigated by protease activity assays, by electrophoretic analysis, by CD and absorption difference spectra, and by gel filtration of reaction mixtures containing excess inhibitor or excess protease. When alpha1-antitrypsin is present in excess, only one stable inhibitor - protease complex is formed. In the presence of excess protease, however, this primary complex is degraded relatively rapidly to one or more secondary complexes. These latter conversions are more pronounced in the case of the antititrypsin-chymotrypsin system. The greater lability of the antitrypsin-chymotrypsin system is evidenced by the relatively rapid release of inactive chymotrypsin from the secondary antitrypsin - chymotrypsin complex. Only minimal amounts of active protease were released from the complexes on the addition of excess protease and one protease could not displace the other from the complex, although competition experiments showed that chymotrypsin reacted more rapidly with the inhibitor than trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:304061", "title": "Decreased membrane potassium permeability and transport in human chronic leukemic and tonsillar lymphocytes.", "content": "Human blood T-lymphocytes increase their potassium (K+) permeability and active K+ transport following lectin or antigen stimulation. We have studied the permeability and active transport of K+ by lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to determine if their membrane K+ transport was similar to resting or lectin-stimulated normal blood lymphocytes. K+ transport was assessed both by the rate of isotopic 42K+ uptake and by the rate of change in cell K+ concentration after inhibition of the K+ transport system with ouabain. CLL lymphocytes had a marked decrease in membrane K+ permeability and active transport of K+ when compared to blood T lymphocytes. K+ transport in five subjects with CLL (10 mmol.1 cell water-1.h-1) was half that in normal blood T-lymphocytes (20 mmol.1 cell water-1 h-1). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) treatment of CLL lymphocytes did not increase significantly their active K+ transport, whereas K+ transport by normal T-lymphocytes increased by 100%. Since there were 73% T-lymphocytes in normal blood and 14% in CLL blood, the difference in membrane K+ turnover could be related either to neoplasia or to the proposed B-lymphocyte origin of CLL. We studied human tonsillar lymphocytes which contained a mean of 34% T-cells. In five studies of tonsils, K+ transport was 14 mmol.1 cell water-1.h-1 and treatment with PHA increased K+ transport only 30%. The intermediate values of basal K+ transport and K+ transport in response to PHA in tonsillar lymphocytes were consistent with the proportion of T-lymphocytes present. These data suggest that B-lymphocytes have reduced membrane permeability and active transport of K+. Thus the marked decrease in CLL lymphocyte membrane K+ permeability and transport may be a reflection of its presumed B-cell origin, rather than a membrane alteration related to malignant transformation.", "contents": "Decreased membrane potassium permeability and transport in human chronic leukemic and tonsillar lymphocytes. Human blood T-lymphocytes increase their potassium (K+) permeability and active K+ transport following lectin or antigen stimulation. We have studied the permeability and active transport of K+ by lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to determine if their membrane K+ transport was similar to resting or lectin-stimulated normal blood lymphocytes. K+ transport was assessed both by the rate of isotopic 42K+ uptake and by the rate of change in cell K+ concentration after inhibition of the K+ transport system with ouabain. CLL lymphocytes had a marked decrease in membrane K+ permeability and active transport of K+ when compared to blood T lymphocytes. K+ transport in five subjects with CLL (10 mmol.1 cell water-1.h-1) was half that in normal blood T-lymphocytes (20 mmol.1 cell water-1 h-1). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) treatment of CLL lymphocytes did not increase significantly their active K+ transport, whereas K+ transport by normal T-lymphocytes increased by 100%. Since there were 73% T-lymphocytes in normal blood and 14% in CLL blood, the difference in membrane K+ turnover could be related either to neoplasia or to the proposed B-lymphocyte origin of CLL. We studied human tonsillar lymphocytes which contained a mean of 34% T-cells. In five studies of tonsils, K+ transport was 14 mmol.1 cell water-1.h-1 and treatment with PHA increased K+ transport only 30%. The intermediate values of basal K+ transport and K+ transport in response to PHA in tonsillar lymphocytes were consistent with the proportion of T-lymphocytes present. These data suggest that B-lymphocytes have reduced membrane permeability and active transport of K+. Thus the marked decrease in CLL lymphocyte membrane K+ permeability and transport may be a reflection of its presumed B-cell origin, rather than a membrane alteration related to malignant transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:304063", "title": "Proliferation and differentiation of normal granulopoietic cells in continuous bone marrow cultures.", "content": "Modified conditions are reported for successful continuous bone marrow cultures with stem cell self-renewal and granulocyte-macrophage differentiation. Cells cultured over several weeks were found to be identical to freshly isolated bone marrow cells. Polymorphic neutrophils derived from cultures and primary bone marrow neutrophils both showed C3 AND IgG receptors and both actively phagocytosed foreign particles. Cultured and normal CFU-c were identical, both in their dose responsiveness to CFS and in their sedimentation rate characteristics.", "contents": "Proliferation and differentiation of normal granulopoietic cells in continuous bone marrow cultures. Modified conditions are reported for successful continuous bone marrow cultures with stem cell self-renewal and granulocyte-macrophage differentiation. Cells cultured over several weeks were found to be identical to freshly isolated bone marrow cells. Polymorphic neutrophils derived from cultures and primary bone marrow neutrophils both showed C3 AND IgG receptors and both actively phagocytosed foreign particles. Cultured and normal CFU-c were identical, both in their dose responsiveness to CFS and in their sedimentation rate characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:304059", "title": "Studies on maximal acid output in patients with abnormal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "The incidence of co-existent peptic ulceration in a series of 123 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms was found to be 26%. Following graft replacement of the aneurysm only one patient suffered complications attributable to peptic ulceration in the form of a small haematemesis. The maximal acid output of nineteen patients was compared to sixteen age-matched controls, and suggested that there was no acid hypersecretion associated with abdominal aneurysms. In view of these findings it was felt that vagotomy and pyloroplasty during the aneurysm repair was not warranted, and that instilling Aludrox down the nasogastric tube in the early-post operative period to reduce the amount of free acid was effective in reducing the incidence of significant complications from pre-existing peptic ulceration or stress ulceration.", "contents": "Studies on maximal acid output in patients with abnormal aortic aneurysms. The incidence of co-existent peptic ulceration in a series of 123 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms was found to be 26%. Following graft replacement of the aneurysm only one patient suffered complications attributable to peptic ulceration in the form of a small haematemesis. The maximal acid output of nineteen patients was compared to sixteen age-matched controls, and suggested that there was no acid hypersecretion associated with abdominal aneurysms. In view of these findings it was felt that vagotomy and pyloroplasty during the aneurysm repair was not warranted, and that instilling Aludrox down the nasogastric tube in the early-post operative period to reduce the amount of free acid was effective in reducing the incidence of significant complications from pre-existing peptic ulceration or stress ulceration."}
{"id": "PMID:304064", "title": "Preparation of colony stimulating activity from large batches of human urine and  production of antisera against it.", "content": "In vitro induction of myelopoetic colonies from mouse bone marrow has been used for measurement of leucopoetic colony stimulating activity (CSA) isolated from large batches of human urine. After high flow dialysis in artificial kidneys and immediate adsorption to DEAE-Cellulose, followed by purification on Con A-Sepharose, treatment with insoluble Papain and gelfiltration on Sephadex G 100, enrichment of CSA was about 6,000-fold. An important step of the enrichment procedure was the separation from a CSA-inhibiting protein, probably combining with CSA. Specific activity was further increased by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to 5.3 X 10(6) units per mg protein. The total enrichment exceeded 25,000-fold. The final purification product consisted of a group of closely related proteins with high specific activity. Antisera raised with one of the electrophoretic fractions suppressed bioactivity in each of the different purification steps including the final CSA fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility. The antisera furthermore inhibited CSA in human lung and monocyte conditioned media but had only very little effect on partially purified CSA from stimulated human lymphocytes as well as CSA derived from mouse lung conditioned medium.", "contents": "Preparation of colony stimulating activity from large batches of human urine and  production of antisera against it. In vitro induction of myelopoetic colonies from mouse bone marrow has been used for measurement of leucopoetic colony stimulating activity (CSA) isolated from large batches of human urine. After high flow dialysis in artificial kidneys and immediate adsorption to DEAE-Cellulose, followed by purification on Con A-Sepharose, treatment with insoluble Papain and gelfiltration on Sephadex G 100, enrichment of CSA was about 6,000-fold. An important step of the enrichment procedure was the separation from a CSA-inhibiting protein, probably combining with CSA. Specific activity was further increased by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to 5.3 X 10(6) units per mg protein. The total enrichment exceeded 25,000-fold. The final purification product consisted of a group of closely related proteins with high specific activity. Antisera raised with one of the electrophoretic fractions suppressed bioactivity in each of the different purification steps including the final CSA fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility. The antisera furthermore inhibited CSA in human lung and monocyte conditioned media but had only very little effect on partially purified CSA from stimulated human lymphocytes as well as CSA derived from mouse lung conditioned medium."}
{"id": "PMID:304060", "title": "Long term comparison of fresh arterial allografts and autografts for coronary artery bypass in dogs.", "content": "Femoral artery grafts were anastomosed end-to-end to the left internal mammary artery proximally and end-to-side to the circumflex coronary artery distally in 21 adult mongrel dogs. Fourteen dogs received allografts and seven received autografts. All autografts studied from one to 11 months were patent. Eleven of the fourteen homografts studied from one to thirteen months were occluded. Histologically, extensive interstitial edema and leukocytic infiltration with subintimal fibrosis and thrombotic occlusion were seen. This study shows that fresh arterial autografts have excellent long term patency, but that most arterial allografts have early thrombotic occlusion.", "contents": "Long term comparison of fresh arterial allografts and autografts for coronary artery bypass in dogs. Femoral artery grafts were anastomosed end-to-end to the left internal mammary artery proximally and end-to-side to the circumflex coronary artery distally in 21 adult mongrel dogs. Fourteen dogs received allografts and seven received autografts. All autografts studied from one to 11 months were patent. Eleven of the fourteen homografts studied from one to thirteen months were occluded. Histologically, extensive interstitial edema and leukocytic infiltration with subintimal fibrosis and thrombotic occlusion were seen. This study shows that fresh arterial autografts have excellent long term patency, but that most arterial allografts have early thrombotic occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:304065", "title": "Antibody-mediated suppression of bone marrow colony formation in vitro.", "content": "Antisera to mouse brain reacts with hematopoietic stem cells in the mouse bone marrow. We have examined the effect of anti-mouse brain serum (AMBS) on the development of in vitro colonies from mouse bone marrow cells. The addition of 5% AMBS to the cultures markedly decreased the numbers of colonies formed to an average of 10% of the number obtained with normal rabbit serum. AMBS suppressed formation induced by colony stimulating factors (CSF) derived from three different sources; serum from endotoxin treated mice, mouse L-cell conditioned media, and human peripheral mononuclear cell conditioned media. The suppressive activity was quantitatively recovered in the IgG fraction of AMBS. Divalent F(ab')2 fragments were as effective as the intact IgG in decreasing colony formation. Fab fragments were not suppressive. These results suggest that colony formation is induced via a dynamic interaction between CSF and the progenitor cell membrane, and that antibody directed at cell membrane antigen(s) interferes with the generation of the induction signal.", "contents": "Antibody-mediated suppression of bone marrow colony formation in vitro. Antisera to mouse brain reacts with hematopoietic stem cells in the mouse bone marrow. We have examined the effect of anti-mouse brain serum (AMBS) on the development of in vitro colonies from mouse bone marrow cells. The addition of 5% AMBS to the cultures markedly decreased the numbers of colonies formed to an average of 10% of the number obtained with normal rabbit serum. AMBS suppressed formation induced by colony stimulating factors (CSF) derived from three different sources; serum from endotoxin treated mice, mouse L-cell conditioned media, and human peripheral mononuclear cell conditioned media. The suppressive activity was quantitatively recovered in the IgG fraction of AMBS. Divalent F(ab')2 fragments were as effective as the intact IgG in decreasing colony formation. Fab fragments were not suppressive. These results suggest that colony formation is induced via a dynamic interaction between CSF and the progenitor cell membrane, and that antibody directed at cell membrane antigen(s) interferes with the generation of the induction signal."}
{"id": "PMID:304066", "title": "A hypotetraploid human T lymphoid cell line established by cell fusion.", "content": "A human T lymphoid cell line was established by cell hybridization technique from peripheral blood leucocytes of a patient with Sezary syndrome. The cells beared the surface antigens of human T lymphocyte specificity as demonstrated by immune cytolysis tests, but did not form E rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Isozyme patterns of enzymes in this line such as lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and esterase were of human type. The line had 79 chromosomes in modal number. This case supports the proposal that the production of tetraploids is favourable for establishment of cell lines.", "contents": "A hypotetraploid human T lymphoid cell line established by cell fusion. A human T lymphoid cell line was established by cell hybridization technique from peripheral blood leucocytes of a patient with Sezary syndrome. The cells beared the surface antigens of human T lymphocyte specificity as demonstrated by immune cytolysis tests, but did not form E rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Isozyme patterns of enzymes in this line such as lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and esterase were of human type. The line had 79 chromosomes in modal number. This case supports the proposal that the production of tetraploids is favourable for establishment of cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:304068", "title": "Studies of cell subpopulations mediating mitogen hyporesponsiveness in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with a deficit in T-cell immunity characterized by skin test anergy and decreased lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). To investigate this mitogen hyporesponsiveness in HD, we separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and determined their response to various suboptimal concentrations of PHA. As was expected, patients with HD demonstrated marked mitogen hyporesponsiveness relative to normal controls; however, if the cell suspensions were first passed through glass wool columns to remove adherent cells, the PHA responsiveness of the hyporesponsive HD cells was markedly increased. In contrast, the responsiveness of normal controls was decreased so that the responses of nonadherent normal and HD cells were statistically indistinguishable. Evidently, a glass wool-adherent suppressor cell had been removed from patients with HD, while a glass wool-adherent cell which enhanced mitogenic responses had been removed from normal controls during column passage. Previous to column depletion, patients with HD had decreased proportions of E-rosettes and increased proportions of cells with surface alpha-fetoprotein; however, the proportion of these cells was not changed after column passage. Significant changes with column depletion of glass wool-adherent cells in HD were recorded in the proportions of monocytes (13.2 vs 5.8%) and lymphocytes with C-3 receptors (12.6 vs. 7.8%). The only significant change in normal controls was a decrease in the proportion of monocytes (10 vs. 1.7%). To determine if glass-adherent cells would have a suppressor effect, HD-adherent cells were added in progressively increasing numbers to mononuclear cell suspensions depleted of glass wool-adherent cells. PHA responsiveness returned toward predepletion levels. In summary, patients with HD possess a glass wool-adherent suppressor cell which is responsible at least in part for in vitro mitogen hyporesponsiveness.", "contents": "Studies of cell subpopulations mediating mitogen hyporesponsiveness in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with a deficit in T-cell immunity characterized by skin test anergy and decreased lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). To investigate this mitogen hyporesponsiveness in HD, we separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and determined their response to various suboptimal concentrations of PHA. As was expected, patients with HD demonstrated marked mitogen hyporesponsiveness relative to normal controls; however, if the cell suspensions were first passed through glass wool columns to remove adherent cells, the PHA responsiveness of the hyporesponsive HD cells was markedly increased. In contrast, the responsiveness of normal controls was decreased so that the responses of nonadherent normal and HD cells were statistically indistinguishable. Evidently, a glass wool-adherent suppressor cell had been removed from patients with HD, while a glass wool-adherent cell which enhanced mitogenic responses had been removed from normal controls during column passage. Previous to column depletion, patients with HD had decreased proportions of E-rosettes and increased proportions of cells with surface alpha-fetoprotein; however, the proportion of these cells was not changed after column passage. Significant changes with column depletion of glass wool-adherent cells in HD were recorded in the proportions of monocytes (13.2 vs 5.8%) and lymphocytes with C-3 receptors (12.6 vs. 7.8%). The only significant change in normal controls was a decrease in the proportion of monocytes (10 vs. 1.7%). To determine if glass-adherent cells would have a suppressor effect, HD-adherent cells were added in progressively increasing numbers to mononuclear cell suspensions depleted of glass wool-adherent cells. PHA responsiveness returned toward predepletion levels. In summary, patients with HD possess a glass wool-adherent suppressor cell which is responsible at least in part for in vitro mitogen hyporesponsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:304069", "title": "Pregnancy and antibody to factor VIII.", "content": "A patient who had developed a factor VIII antibody three weeks after the birth of her first baby became pregnant for the second time 10 weeks later. The pregnancy was normal apart from extensive spontaneous bruising during the first two months. This bleeding tendency disappeared in the third month of gestation and the antibody became undetectable during the eighth month. It has not reappeared seven months later. An unexplained long bleeding time and low platelet count were noted during the last trimester. The literature on postpartum coagulation inhibitors is reviewed.", "contents": "Pregnancy and antibody to factor VIII. A patient who had developed a factor VIII antibody three weeks after the birth of her first baby became pregnant for the second time 10 weeks later. The pregnancy was normal apart from extensive spontaneous bruising during the first two months. This bleeding tendency disappeared in the third month of gestation and the antibody became undetectable during the eighth month. It has not reappeared seven months later. An unexplained long bleeding time and low platelet count were noted during the last trimester. The literature on postpartum coagulation inhibitors is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:304070", "title": "Surface marker and other characteristics of Gaucher's cells.", "content": "A full surface marker study of the splenic storage cells in a case of Gaucher's disease largely substantiates the monocyte/histiocyte nature of Gaucher's cells. In addition, an apparent T-lymphocyte deficiency is demonstrated in the spleen and peripheral blood, and the possible significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Surface marker and other characteristics of Gaucher's cells. A full surface marker study of the splenic storage cells in a case of Gaucher's disease largely substantiates the monocyte/histiocyte nature of Gaucher's cells. In addition, an apparent T-lymphocyte deficiency is demonstrated in the spleen and peripheral blood, and the possible significance of this finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304071", "title": "Screening of blood donors for IgA deficiency: a study of the donor population of south-west England.", "content": "Altogether 29 745 English blood donors were screened for IgA deficiency by double diffusion analysis; 57 had apparent absence of IgA, a frequency of 1:522. Further examination by the more sensitive haemagglutination inhibition assay revealed 34 samples having no detectable IgA, a frequency of 1:875. All donors negative by double diffusion analysis were tested for the presence of antibodies to IgA. Six class specific anti IgA antibodies and four anti IgA antibodies of limited specificity were detected. Three of these had the specificity anti alpha2 and one anti A2m(2). The 34 IgA deficient donors detected provide a source of IgA deficient blood for transfusion to patients with anti IgA antibodies.", "contents": "Screening of blood donors for IgA deficiency: a study of the donor population of south-west England. Altogether 29 745 English blood donors were screened for IgA deficiency by double diffusion analysis; 57 had apparent absence of IgA, a frequency of 1:522. Further examination by the more sensitive haemagglutination inhibition assay revealed 34 samples having no detectable IgA, a frequency of 1:875. All donors negative by double diffusion analysis were tested for the presence of antibodies to IgA. Six class specific anti IgA antibodies and four anti IgA antibodies of limited specificity were detected. Three of these had the specificity anti alpha2 and one anti A2m(2). The 34 IgA deficient donors detected provide a source of IgA deficient blood for transfusion to patients with anti IgA antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:304072", "title": "A comparison of three rapid methods for the detection of beta-lactamase activity in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "Three methods for rapidly detecting beta-lactamase activity in Haemophilus influenzae are compared. The chromogenic cephalosporin method was found to be the most easily performed and the reagents could be stored for up to three weeks. The phenol red method was simple to perform but the iodometric method was more time consuming. All three tests gave identical results.", "contents": "A comparison of three rapid methods for the detection of beta-lactamase activity in Haemophilus influenzae. Three methods for rapidly detecting beta-lactamase activity in Haemophilus influenzae are compared. The chromogenic cephalosporin method was found to be the most easily performed and the reagents could be stored for up to three weeks. The phenol red method was simple to perform but the iodometric method was more time consuming. All three tests gave identical results."}
{"id": "PMID:304074", "title": "Fractionation of human lymphocytes using rosette formation with papain-treated mouse erythrocytes.", "content": "Human B lymphocytes from rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. If the erythrocytes are pretreated with papain the rosettes are sufficiently stable to allow separation of T and B lymphocytes. The technique is complementary to the sheep erythrocyte rosette method, and gives cell populations with a similar degree of purity.", "contents": "Fractionation of human lymphocytes using rosette formation with papain-treated mouse erythrocytes. Human B lymphocytes from rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. If the erythrocytes are pretreated with papain the rosettes are sufficiently stable to allow separation of T and B lymphocytes. The technique is complementary to the sheep erythrocyte rosette method, and gives cell populations with a similar degree of purity."}
{"id": "PMID:304075", "title": "Increased immune response in the acute phase of systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriatic arthritis caused by serum factors.", "content": "In the acute phase of systemic lupus erythematosus the serum contains factors, with molecular weights ranging from 780,000 daltons to 1.5 million daltons, which induce blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes. In addition to the high-molecular weight components, low-molecular weight factors (75,000 and 160,000 daltons) which also induce an increase in lymphocytic transformation have also been demonstrated. In contrast to the high-molecular weight components the low-molecular factors stimulate the transformation of autologous and homologous lymphocytes. During transformation, lysis of autologous target fibroblasts occurs. The low-molecular weight mitogenic components remain stable after 30 min at 56 degrees C. The significance of such mediators for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.", "contents": "Increased immune response in the acute phase of systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriatic arthritis caused by serum factors. In the acute phase of systemic lupus erythematosus the serum contains factors, with molecular weights ranging from 780,000 daltons to 1.5 million daltons, which induce blast transformation of autologous lymphocytes. In addition to the high-molecular weight components, low-molecular weight factors (75,000 and 160,000 daltons) which also induce an increase in lymphocytic transformation have also been demonstrated. In contrast to the high-molecular weight components the low-molecular factors stimulate the transformation of autologous and homologous lymphocytes. During transformation, lysis of autologous target fibroblasts occurs. The low-molecular weight mitogenic components remain stable after 30 min at 56 degrees C. The significance of such mediators for the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304076", "title": "Reactivity of lupus erythematosus antibodies with leukemic helper T cells.", "content": "Immunoabsorbent columns, containing membrane fragments of either leukemic \"helper\" T cells or B cell lymphoblasts, were used to isolate and study antilymphocyte antibodies from plasmas of 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both plasmas contained IgG which bound to and could be eluted from the \"helper\" T cell column. These antibodies significantly inhibited normal lymphocyte proliferative responses to microbial and histocompatibility antigens. The findings indicate that these SLE plasmas contain immunoglobulins of the IgG class which react with leukemic \"helper\" T cells and inhibit normal effector T cell function.", "contents": "Reactivity of lupus erythematosus antibodies with leukemic helper T cells. Immunoabsorbent columns, containing membrane fragments of either leukemic \"helper\" T cells or B cell lymphoblasts, were used to isolate and study antilymphocyte antibodies from plasmas of 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Both plasmas contained IgG which bound to and could be eluted from the \"helper\" T cell column. These antibodies significantly inhibited normal lymphocyte proliferative responses to microbial and histocompatibility antigens. The findings indicate that these SLE plasmas contain immunoglobulins of the IgG class which react with leukemic \"helper\" T cells and inhibit normal effector T cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:304082", "title": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations defined by double surface markers.", "content": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied with single and double surface marker assays. The markers employed were as follows: (1) Fc receptor, using EA, mean 21.4%; (2) C3 receptor, using Zy-C3, mean 14.6%; (3) Slg, using a fluoresceinated F(ab')2 anti-F(ab')2 mean 8.9%; and (4) T lymphocytes forming E-rosette, mean 69.3%. The proportions of lymphocytes with any given surface marker which also have another surface marker were as follows: (1) EA + Slg/EA = 0.14, (2) EA + Zy-C3/EA = 0.22, (3) Slg + Zy-C3/Slg = 0.83, (4) Zy-C3 + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0.02, (5) EA + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0.06, (6) Slg + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0. The relative percentages of cells which were Slg+EA-, EA+Slg-, and EA+Zy-C3- were confirmed by EA rosette depletion via gradient centrifugation. On the basis of these observations, calculations were made of the theoretical numbers of lymphocytes with triple markers (EA+Slg+Zy-C3+ = 3.0%) and lymphocytes with only a single surface marker (EA+ only = 12.5%, Zy-C3+ only = 1.5%, Slg+ only = 1.5%). Finally a schematic representation of the multiple subpopulations of lymphocytes with various surface markers is presented.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations defined by double surface markers. Subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied with single and double surface marker assays. The markers employed were as follows: (1) Fc receptor, using EA, mean 21.4%; (2) C3 receptor, using Zy-C3, mean 14.6%; (3) Slg, using a fluoresceinated F(ab')2 anti-F(ab')2 mean 8.9%; and (4) T lymphocytes forming E-rosette, mean 69.3%. The proportions of lymphocytes with any given surface marker which also have another surface marker were as follows: (1) EA + Slg/EA = 0.14, (2) EA + Zy-C3/EA = 0.22, (3) Slg + Zy-C3/Slg = 0.83, (4) Zy-C3 + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0.02, (5) EA + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0.06, (6) Slg + E-rosette/E-rosette = 0. The relative percentages of cells which were Slg+EA-, EA+Slg-, and EA+Zy-C3- were confirmed by EA rosette depletion via gradient centrifugation. On the basis of these observations, calculations were made of the theoretical numbers of lymphocytes with triple markers (EA+Slg+Zy-C3+ = 3.0%) and lymphocytes with only a single surface marker (EA+ only = 12.5%, Zy-C3+ only = 1.5%, Slg+ only = 1.5%). Finally a schematic representation of the multiple subpopulations of lymphocytes with various surface markers is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:304095", "title": "A longitudinal chart audit of hypertension in a family practice center.", "content": "This is a paper in which a practice looks critically at itself through a longitudinal chart audit of 40 patients with hypertension of at least one year's duration. Diagnosis was properly made in all of the patients. The evaluation by physical examination and laboratory studies seemed appropriate and adequate. Therapy was effective. Optimal patient education toward eliminating risk factors was precluded by poor recording of the family history and past medical history of the patient. To overcome these deficiencies a new history data base sheet was designed and a chronic disease flow sheet was developed. This flow sheet is adaptable to any office practice setting and not only affords better patient care, but sets the stage for future prospective studies.", "contents": "A longitudinal chart audit of hypertension in a family practice center. This is a paper in which a practice looks critically at itself through a longitudinal chart audit of 40 patients with hypertension of at least one year's duration. Diagnosis was properly made in all of the patients. The evaluation by physical examination and laboratory studies seemed appropriate and adequate. Therapy was effective. Optimal patient education toward eliminating risk factors was precluded by poor recording of the family history and past medical history of the patient. To overcome these deficiencies a new history data base sheet was designed and a chronic disease flow sheet was developed. This flow sheet is adaptable to any office practice setting and not only affords better patient care, but sets the stage for future prospective studies."}
{"id": "PMID:304096", "title": "Complications of dorsal column stimulation.", "content": "The complications associated with 92 dorsal column stimulator implants are reported. They were of two types, technical and functional. In all there were 58 significant complications. Most technical complications were correctable but complications difficult to correct occurred in 26 patients. Late failure in stimulation was observed in 32 implants that had given excellent pain control for periods ranging from months to years. Improvements in the results of this procedure may be achieved by future technical developments and by clarification of physiological mechanisms.", "contents": "Complications of dorsal column stimulation. The complications associated with 92 dorsal column stimulator implants are reported. They were of two types, technical and functional. In all there were 58 significant complications. Most technical complications were correctable but complications difficult to correct occurred in 26 patients. Late failure in stimulation was observed in 32 implants that had given excellent pain control for periods ranging from months to years. Improvements in the results of this procedure may be achieved by future technical developments and by clarification of physiological mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:304098", "title": "The effect of serotonin precursors on alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity.", "content": "The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursors, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and tryptophan on alpha- and gamma-motoneuron discharges were examined in the spinal cat with a deafferented cord. The injection of 75 mg/kg of dl-5-HTP resulted in a doubling of the spontaneous discharge rate of gamma-motoneurons and the induction of spontaneous alpha-motoneuron activity. These effects of 5-HTP were reversed by the 5-HT antagonists, cinanserin (4 mg/kg) and methysergide (2 mg/kg). Tryptophan alone (100 mg/kg) exhibited minimal effects of motoneuron activity, but in animals pretreated with pargyline it significantly excited alpha- and gamma-motoneurons. Recordings of alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity in gastrocnemius and semitendinosus nerves revealed that 5-HTP increased alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity in both flexor and extensor nerves. Reversal of the effects of 5-HTP by 5-HT antagonists suggests that these effects were mediated by 5-HT. The fact that the 5-HTP effects were observed in preparations with an open gamma-loop indicates that the effects on the alpha-motoneurons are not mediated via the gamma-motoneuron facilitation, but results from a central activation.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin precursors on alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity. The effects of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursors, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and tryptophan on alpha- and gamma-motoneuron discharges were examined in the spinal cat with a deafferented cord. The injection of 75 mg/kg of dl-5-HTP resulted in a doubling of the spontaneous discharge rate of gamma-motoneurons and the induction of spontaneous alpha-motoneuron activity. These effects of 5-HTP were reversed by the 5-HT antagonists, cinanserin (4 mg/kg) and methysergide (2 mg/kg). Tryptophan alone (100 mg/kg) exhibited minimal effects of motoneuron activity, but in animals pretreated with pargyline it significantly excited alpha- and gamma-motoneurons. Recordings of alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity in gastrocnemius and semitendinosus nerves revealed that 5-HTP increased alpha- and gamma-motoneuron activity in both flexor and extensor nerves. Reversal of the effects of 5-HTP by 5-HT antagonists suggests that these effects were mediated by 5-HT. The fact that the 5-HTP effects were observed in preparations with an open gamma-loop indicates that the effects on the alpha-motoneurons are not mediated via the gamma-motoneuron facilitation, but results from a central activation."}
{"id": "PMID:304099", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and effects on fecal blood loss of a controlled release potassium chloride tablet.", "content": "A slow-release tablet containing 12.5 mEq of potassium chloride was compared with a potassium chloride solution in normal human subjects under controlled conditions. Changes in plasma potassium concentration and rates of urinary potassium excretion indicate the tablet is absorbed in a slow, sustained fashion in contrast to the solution. Net potassium excretion after single and multiple doses indicates that the amount of potassium absorbed from the slow-release tablet is comparable to the solution. The slow-release potassium chloride tablets were well tolerated and were effective in correcting experimentally induced potassium depletion of moderate severity. Gastrointestinal tract irritation was not apparent and fecal 51Cr red blood cell loss after the tablet and the solution were of the same order.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and effects on fecal blood loss of a controlled release potassium chloride tablet. A slow-release tablet containing 12.5 mEq of potassium chloride was compared with a potassium chloride solution in normal human subjects under controlled conditions. Changes in plasma potassium concentration and rates of urinary potassium excretion indicate the tablet is absorbed in a slow, sustained fashion in contrast to the solution. Net potassium excretion after single and multiple doses indicates that the amount of potassium absorbed from the slow-release tablet is comparable to the solution. The slow-release potassium chloride tablets were well tolerated and were effective in correcting experimentally induced potassium depletion of moderate severity. Gastrointestinal tract irritation was not apparent and fecal 51Cr red blood cell loss after the tablet and the solution were of the same order."}
{"id": "PMID:304100", "title": "A comparison of ion concentrations, potentials and conductances of amphibian, bovine and cephalopod lenses.", "content": "1. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in frog and bovine lenses showed a normal intracellular ion distribution with the sum of the internal cations approximately equal to the external sum. In the cephalopod lens, however, the sum inside was much lower than that outside.2. The membrane potentials of frog, Sepiola and bovine lenses were -63, -63 and -23 mV respectively. A comparison of the electrical data with the Nernst potentials predicted from ion concentration data indicated that sodium and chloride ions as well as potassium contributed to the membrane potential in frog and bovine. In contrast, the membrane and Nernst potentials for potassium were equal in Sepiola.3. Substituting potassium for sodium in the external medium depolarized lens potentials in all three species. Estimates of the relative permeabilities of sodium, potassium and chloride were obtained by fitting the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to the potential data.4. The potassium permeability was determined directly by (42)K efflux measurements and values of 2.99, 9.83 and 3.13 (x (-8) m sec(-1)) were obtained for frog, Sepiola and bovine lenses respectively.5. The effect of raising external potassium on the efflux rate constant was determined and there was reasonable agreement between experiment and theory (Kimizuka-Koketsu) in frog and bovine lenses, but the Sepiola data indicated that the potassium permeability decreased by a factor of 2.6 when the external potassium was raised from 10 to 120 mM-K+.6. The measured specific conductances, obtained using two internal micro-electrodes, were 7.7, 15.9 and 9.9 (Sm(-2)) for frog, cephalopod and bovine lenses respectively. These data compare with computed values (Kimizuka-Koketsu theory) of 7.5, 14.1 and 17.2 (Sm(-2)).7. The effect of increasing external potassium on the conductance was also tested and there was good agreement between experiment and theory (assuming constant permeabilities) only in the amphibian lens. However, when the cephalopod data were corrected assuming a 2.6-fold decrease in P(K) for a twelvefold increase in potassium, then there was excellent agreement between experiment and theory.8. The bovine measured conductances were much lower than the theoretical values throughout the range of external potassium concentrations and several explanations were proposed to account for the discrepancies.", "contents": "A comparison of ion concentrations, potentials and conductances of amphibian, bovine and cephalopod lenses. 1. The concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in frog and bovine lenses showed a normal intracellular ion distribution with the sum of the internal cations approximately equal to the external sum. In the cephalopod lens, however, the sum inside was much lower than that outside.2. The membrane potentials of frog, Sepiola and bovine lenses were -63, -63 and -23 mV respectively. A comparison of the electrical data with the Nernst potentials predicted from ion concentration data indicated that sodium and chloride ions as well as potassium contributed to the membrane potential in frog and bovine. In contrast, the membrane and Nernst potentials for potassium were equal in Sepiola.3. Substituting potassium for sodium in the external medium depolarized lens potentials in all three species. Estimates of the relative permeabilities of sodium, potassium and chloride were obtained by fitting the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to the potential data.4. The potassium permeability was determined directly by (42)K efflux measurements and values of 2.99, 9.83 and 3.13 (x (-8) m sec(-1)) were obtained for frog, Sepiola and bovine lenses respectively.5. The effect of raising external potassium on the efflux rate constant was determined and there was reasonable agreement between experiment and theory (Kimizuka-Koketsu) in frog and bovine lenses, but the Sepiola data indicated that the potassium permeability decreased by a factor of 2.6 when the external potassium was raised from 10 to 120 mM-K+.6. The measured specific conductances, obtained using two internal micro-electrodes, were 7.7, 15.9 and 9.9 (Sm(-2)) for frog, cephalopod and bovine lenses respectively. These data compare with computed values (Kimizuka-Koketsu theory) of 7.5, 14.1 and 17.2 (Sm(-2)).7. The effect of increasing external potassium on the conductance was also tested and there was good agreement between experiment and theory (assuming constant permeabilities) only in the amphibian lens. However, when the cephalopod data were corrected assuming a 2.6-fold decrease in P(K) for a twelvefold increase in potassium, then there was excellent agreement between experiment and theory.8. The bovine measured conductances were much lower than the theoretical values throughout the range of external potassium concentrations and several explanations were proposed to account for the discrepancies."}
{"id": "PMID:304102", "title": "The effects of manganese ions on the contraction of the frog's heart.", "content": "1. The effects of Mn(2+) in particular but also of Ni(2+), Co(2+), Cd(2+), verapamil and D600 on the contraction of isolated frog atrial trabeculae have been investigated. Contraction was initiated either by electrical stimulation, or by raising the [K](o) or by lowering the [Na](o).2. Mn ions like Ca ions cause a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and a rise in the threshold for the action potential and twitch. Mn ions, particularly at low concentrations, reduce the overshoot of the ventricular action potential.3. Mn ions reduce the strength of the regularly evoked heart beats. Prolonged exposure, in beating hearts, results in a rise in resting tension and often a small recovery of the heart beat.4. In normal Ringer solution and in Ringer free of Na ions, the addition of Mn causes the tension-depolarization curve to be displaced by an amount equivalent to an 18 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane potential for a tenfold increase in the divalent cation concentration.5. Mn, Co, Ni and Cd ions all cause a marked reduction in the tension generated by exclusion of Na ions from the bathing fluid. In the presence of these divalent cations the contracture divides into an initial phasic and a later tonic contraction. This inhibition is reversed by raising the [Ca](o), while the tension developed during the initial phasic contraction varies with the [Ca](o)/[Mn](o) quotient.6. A similar tonic contracture is initiated after exposure to Na-free fluid containing a high [Mn](o) by the addition of a small concentration of Na, Li, hydrazinium or hydroxylammonium ions.7. The organic ;Ca antagonists' verapamil and D600 have little effect on the contracture induced by lowering [Na](o) even after prolonged exposure at relatively high concentrations but they do inhibit the twitch contraction and the K contractures.8. The effects of Mn on the Na-withdrawal contracture of frog heart can be interpreted in terms of an exclusively extracellular effect where Mn ions resemble Na ions in their action, and both antagonize the movement of Ca across the cell membrane.9. The experimental evidence suggests that the K contracture in frog heart is initiated by a mechanism which is, in some ways different to that underlying the Na-withdrawal contracture, and may involve two different sources of activator Ca.10. The several different effects of Mn on the frog heart probably reflects the ability of this cation to interfere with many processes involving Ca, and that there are a number of such processes involved in the results described in this work. The effects of Mn are more complex than might be generally supposed.", "contents": "The effects of manganese ions on the contraction of the frog's heart. 1. The effects of Mn(2+) in particular but also of Ni(2+), Co(2+), Cd(2+), verapamil and D600 on the contraction of isolated frog atrial trabeculae have been investigated. Contraction was initiated either by electrical stimulation, or by raising the [K](o) or by lowering the [Na](o).2. Mn ions like Ca ions cause a hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and a rise in the threshold for the action potential and twitch. Mn ions, particularly at low concentrations, reduce the overshoot of the ventricular action potential.3. Mn ions reduce the strength of the regularly evoked heart beats. Prolonged exposure, in beating hearts, results in a rise in resting tension and often a small recovery of the heart beat.4. In normal Ringer solution and in Ringer free of Na ions, the addition of Mn causes the tension-depolarization curve to be displaced by an amount equivalent to an 18 mV hyperpolarization of the membrane potential for a tenfold increase in the divalent cation concentration.5. Mn, Co, Ni and Cd ions all cause a marked reduction in the tension generated by exclusion of Na ions from the bathing fluid. In the presence of these divalent cations the contracture divides into an initial phasic and a later tonic contraction. This inhibition is reversed by raising the [Ca](o), while the tension developed during the initial phasic contraction varies with the [Ca](o)/[Mn](o) quotient.6. A similar tonic contracture is initiated after exposure to Na-free fluid containing a high [Mn](o) by the addition of a small concentration of Na, Li, hydrazinium or hydroxylammonium ions.7. The organic ;Ca antagonists' verapamil and D600 have little effect on the contracture induced by lowering [Na](o) even after prolonged exposure at relatively high concentrations but they do inhibit the twitch contraction and the K contractures.8. The effects of Mn on the Na-withdrawal contracture of frog heart can be interpreted in terms of an exclusively extracellular effect where Mn ions resemble Na ions in their action, and both antagonize the movement of Ca across the cell membrane.9. The experimental evidence suggests that the K contracture in frog heart is initiated by a mechanism which is, in some ways different to that underlying the Na-withdrawal contracture, and may involve two different sources of activator Ca.10. The several different effects of Mn on the frog heart probably reflects the ability of this cation to interfere with many processes involving Ca, and that there are a number of such processes involved in the results described in this work. The effects of Mn are more complex than might be generally supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:304103", "title": "Uptake and loss of manganese from perfused frog ventricles.", "content": "1. The uptake and loss of Mn has been studied in perfused isolated frog ventricles, at rest, during activity, in Na-free fluid and in K-rich fluid. 2. In normal Ringer the uptake of Mn with time is composed of two phases which can be interpreted as an initial saturating phase and a slower non-saturating phase. The uptake in the resting heart is estimated to be 1.91 X 10(-14) M.cm-2.sec-1, and the extra uptake associated with the action potential to be 6.90 X 10(-13) M.cm-2.beat-1, when the heart is exposed to Ringer containing 8 mM-Mn. 3. The washout of Mn from preloaded ventricles into Mn-free Ringer is composed of at least two exponential phases. The slowest phase corresponding to a rate of Mn efflux of 1.72 X 10(-14) M.cm-2.sec-1. 4. Mn uptake is not increased by exposure of the muscle to Na-free fluids but is markedly increased by exposure to depolarizing fluids. 5. The Mn accumulating in the ventricles during a 7 1/2 min exposure to 8 mM-Mn-ringer with an elevated [K], increases with increasing [K]o to reach a peak at 75 mM-K and then falls to quite a low value in 120 mM-K. 6. The results are discussed in the light of the action of Mn ions on the contraction and the ionic currents of frog heart muscle.", "contents": "Uptake and loss of manganese from perfused frog ventricles. 1. The uptake and loss of Mn has been studied in perfused isolated frog ventricles, at rest, during activity, in Na-free fluid and in K-rich fluid. 2. In normal Ringer the uptake of Mn with time is composed of two phases which can be interpreted as an initial saturating phase and a slower non-saturating phase. The uptake in the resting heart is estimated to be 1.91 X 10(-14) M.cm-2.sec-1, and the extra uptake associated with the action potential to be 6.90 X 10(-13) M.cm-2.beat-1, when the heart is exposed to Ringer containing 8 mM-Mn. 3. The washout of Mn from preloaded ventricles into Mn-free Ringer is composed of at least two exponential phases. The slowest phase corresponding to a rate of Mn efflux of 1.72 X 10(-14) M.cm-2.sec-1. 4. Mn uptake is not increased by exposure of the muscle to Na-free fluids but is markedly increased by exposure to depolarizing fluids. 5. The Mn accumulating in the ventricles during a 7 1/2 min exposure to 8 mM-Mn-ringer with an elevated [K], increases with increasing [K]o to reach a peak at 75 mM-K and then falls to quite a low value in 120 mM-K. 6. The results are discussed in the light of the action of Mn ions on the contraction and the ionic currents of frog heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:304104", "title": "Production of corticotrophin releasing hormone by the isolated hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "1. The ability of the rat hypothalamus to produce corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) in vitro was studied in the presence and absence of neurotransmitter substances, angiotensin and corticosterone. 2. Acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and angiotensin II increased hypothalamic CRH release and content. 3. Noradrenaline and glycine decreased the spontaneous release of CRH from the hypothalamus but neither of these substances affected hypothalamic CRH content. 4. Dopamine, GABA, adrenaline, melatonin, histamine, glutamic acid and corticosterone did not affect the basal CRH activity of the hypothalamus in vitro. 5. Noradrenaline, GABA and corticosterone reduced the acetylcholine- and 5-HT-induced increases in the release of CRH from the hypothalamus. The rises in CRH content induced by acetylcholine and 5-HT were also reduced by noradrenaline and GABA but increased by corticosterone. 6. The physiological significance of the results and the potential value of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "Production of corticotrophin releasing hormone by the isolated hypothalamus of the rat. 1. The ability of the rat hypothalamus to produce corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) in vitro was studied in the presence and absence of neurotransmitter substances, angiotensin and corticosterone. 2. Acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and angiotensin II increased hypothalamic CRH release and content. 3. Noradrenaline and glycine decreased the spontaneous release of CRH from the hypothalamus but neither of these substances affected hypothalamic CRH content. 4. Dopamine, GABA, adrenaline, melatonin, histamine, glutamic acid and corticosterone did not affect the basal CRH activity of the hypothalamus in vitro. 5. Noradrenaline, GABA and corticosterone reduced the acetylcholine- and 5-HT-induced increases in the release of CRH from the hypothalamus. The rises in CRH content induced by acetylcholine and 5-HT were also reduced by noradrenaline and GABA but increased by corticosterone. 6. The physiological significance of the results and the potential value of the technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304108", "title": "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an unusual presentation for blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "A case of mesenteric vascular injury secondary to nonpenetrating steering wheel abdominal trauma is presented. Unique to this report is the presentation of blunt abdominal trauma as acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding with demonstration of the lesion preoperatively via selective celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography.", "contents": "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: an unusual presentation for blunt abdominal trauma. A case of mesenteric vascular injury secondary to nonpenetrating steering wheel abdominal trauma is presented. Unique to this report is the presentation of blunt abdominal trauma as acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding with demonstration of the lesion preoperatively via selective celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:304105", "title": "[X-ray pictures in pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Nine cases of immunodepressed patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse the pulmonary symptoms found by X-Ray in nine immunodepressed patients who were hosts to Pneumocystis carinii. The radiological abnormalities do not generally appear early nor are they specific; the syndrome of diffuse alveolar consolidation only appears at a late stage, it is most serious in the base and the peri-hilar regions, but does not affect the apex. It would appear that no prognostic value can be ascribed to the radiological results. The authors therefore suggest bronchial scanning for tracking down the Pneumocystis whenever suspicious clinical symptoms appear.", "contents": "[X-ray pictures in pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii. Nine cases of immunodepressed patients (author's transl)]. The authors analyse the pulmonary symptoms found by X-Ray in nine immunodepressed patients who were hosts to Pneumocystis carinii. The radiological abnormalities do not generally appear early nor are they specific; the syndrome of diffuse alveolar consolidation only appears at a late stage, it is most serious in the base and the peri-hilar regions, but does not affect the apex. It would appear that no prognostic value can be ascribed to the radiological results. The authors therefore suggest bronchial scanning for tracking down the Pneumocystis whenever suspicious clinical symptoms appear."}
{"id": "PMID:304109", "title": "The role of CT scanning in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "CT scanning has an important role as a prime investigate technique in the patient with hearing loss and/or vestibular dysfunction. Lesions larger than two cm in size should be further investigated by angiography. Myelography of the posterior fossa remains the only test that can exclude an acoustic neuroma if small or if there is a negative CT scan. Plain films and tomography are used to exclude other lesions.", "contents": "The role of CT scanning in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. CT scanning has an important role as a prime investigate technique in the patient with hearing loss and/or vestibular dysfunction. Lesions larger than two cm in size should be further investigated by angiography. Myelography of the posterior fossa remains the only test that can exclude an acoustic neuroma if small or if there is a negative CT scan. Plain films and tomography are used to exclude other lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:304116", "title": "[Aqueous humor levels of gentamicin after parenteral, subconjunctival and topical administration (aithor's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Gentamicin in blood serum and primary aqueous humor at varying periods of time after intravenous, intramuscular, subconjunctival and topical administration of Gentamicin. Therapeutic effective levels in primary aqueous humor were measured only after subconjunctival injections. The only broad spectrum antibiotics are the aminoglykosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin and Amikacin. For prompt treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis without bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing therefore subconjunctival injection of Gentamicin is necessary.", "contents": "[Aqueous humor levels of gentamicin after parenteral, subconjunctival and topical administration (aithor's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Gentamicin in blood serum and primary aqueous humor at varying periods of time after intravenous, intramuscular, subconjunctival and topical administration of Gentamicin. Therapeutic effective levels in primary aqueous humor were measured only after subconjunctival injections. The only broad spectrum antibiotics are the aminoglykosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin and Amikacin. For prompt treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis without bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing therefore subconjunctival injection of Gentamicin is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:304117", "title": "[Electrophysiological and fluorescence-angiographical examinations in a case of fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia congenita (author's transl)].", "content": "Electrophysiological and fluorescenceangiographical examinations were carried out in a case of fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia congenita. In the ERG a diminished scotopic b-wave was conspicuous, which reached the normal size after longer dark adaptation. It was possible to distinguish between albipunctatus-dots and druses by fluorescenceangiography. While the latter became clearly visible in the phase of choroidic-fluorescence the ophthalmoscopically perceptible albipunctatus-dots lost their visibility.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological and fluorescence-angiographical examinations in a case of fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia congenita (author's transl)]. Electrophysiological and fluorescenceangiographical examinations were carried out in a case of fundus albipunctatus cum hemeralopia congenita. In the ERG a diminished scotopic b-wave was conspicuous, which reached the normal size after longer dark adaptation. It was possible to distinguish between albipunctatus-dots and druses by fluorescenceangiography. While the latter became clearly visible in the phase of choroidic-fluorescence the ophthalmoscopically perceptible albipunctatus-dots lost their visibility."}
{"id": "PMID:304118", "title": "[The fluorescein angiogram in choroidermia (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluorescein angiogram makes a widespread degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium in choroidermia visible. In the female carriers it shows a spot-like picture. This method of examination contributes to the interpretation of the pathogeny and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[The fluorescein angiogram in choroidermia (author's transl)]. The fluorescein angiogram makes a widespread degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium in choroidermia visible. In the female carriers it shows a spot-like picture. This method of examination contributes to the interpretation of the pathogeny and differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:304119", "title": "[Senile lattice structures in the parenchym of the cornea (author's transl)].", "content": "Sharply limited, intersecting, optically void, dark appearing lines in the parenchym of the cornea of elder patients may be called senile lattice work. They are presumably caused by general decay, they are benign and do not impair the visual faculty. A knowledge of them is of significance for differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Senile lattice structures in the parenchym of the cornea (author's transl)]. Sharply limited, intersecting, optically void, dark appearing lines in the parenchym of the cornea of elder patients may be called senile lattice work. They are presumably caused by general decay, they are benign and do not impair the visual faculty. A knowledge of them is of significance for differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:304121", "title": "Leprosy--a clinico-epidemiological study in a rural population of Bundelkhand.", "content": "The present study was carried out in the three villages viz. Kochha Bhanwar, Kargawan and Pichhore, situated within 3 kms radius from M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi, U.P. About 91 per cent (91.17%) of population was surveyed. Out of the 3,362 individuals studied, 18 cases of leprosy could be detected giving a prevalence rate of 5.41/1000 population. No association between the size of village and prevalence of leprosy cases was observed. The highest prevalence rate (7.40/1000) was seen in age group 15-49 years with male to female ratio of 2.6: 1. The disease was not prevalent in preschool age-group. Poor class of people contributed comparatively to a greater extent (6.37/1000). Size of the family did also not seem to be associated with the prevalence of disease. More than one case of leprosy in a family was observed in 30.7 per cent of the families. Early cases of leprosy remained acceptable in rural society whereas advanced cases were not acceptable. The disease seemed to manifest at all ages except pre-school age group. Majority of the cases (55.56%) were of early stage with a duration of the disease of less than 2 years. Possibilities to arrest the disease by early diagnosis, and prompt and proper treatment have been emphasized.", "contents": "Leprosy--a clinico-epidemiological study in a rural population of Bundelkhand. The present study was carried out in the three villages viz. Kochha Bhanwar, Kargawan and Pichhore, situated within 3 kms radius from M.L.B. Medical College, Jhansi, U.P. About 91 per cent (91.17%) of population was surveyed. Out of the 3,362 individuals studied, 18 cases of leprosy could be detected giving a prevalence rate of 5.41/1000 population. No association between the size of village and prevalence of leprosy cases was observed. The highest prevalence rate (7.40/1000) was seen in age group 15-49 years with male to female ratio of 2.6: 1. The disease was not prevalent in preschool age-group. Poor class of people contributed comparatively to a greater extent (6.37/1000). Size of the family did also not seem to be associated with the prevalence of disease. More than one case of leprosy in a family was observed in 30.7 per cent of the families. Early cases of leprosy remained acceptable in rural society whereas advanced cases were not acceptable. The disease seemed to manifest at all ages except pre-school age group. Majority of the cases (55.56%) were of early stage with a duration of the disease of less than 2 years. Possibilities to arrest the disease by early diagnosis, and prompt and proper treatment have been emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:304124", "title": "Homogeneous antibodies directed against human cell surface antigens: I. The mouse spleen fragment culture response to T and B cell lines derived from the same individual.", "content": "The use of the mouse spleen fragment culture system is extended to the production of antibodies to human lymphoblastoid cell lines. These antibodies were tested for reactivity against the immunizing cell line, and against a second cell line which had been derived from the same human blood sample. Many of the antibodies were found to discriminate between the 2 isogenic lines. These results demonstrate the potential of the mouse spleen fragment culture system to provide homogeneous reagents which detect distinguishing markers on closely related human cells.", "contents": "Homogeneous antibodies directed against human cell surface antigens: I. The mouse spleen fragment culture response to T and B cell lines derived from the same individual. The use of the mouse spleen fragment culture system is extended to the production of antibodies to human lymphoblastoid cell lines. These antibodies were tested for reactivity against the immunizing cell line, and against a second cell line which had been derived from the same human blood sample. Many of the antibodies were found to discriminate between the 2 isogenic lines. These results demonstrate the potential of the mouse spleen fragment culture system to provide homogeneous reagents which detect distinguishing markers on closely related human cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304125", "title": "Immunologic reactivity of lymph nodes regional to prostatic cancer: preliminary observations.", "content": "Regional pelvic lymph nodes from 9 patients with prostatic carcinoma were investigated for in vitro immunologic reactivity to T and B cell mitogens. Regional lymph node lymphocytes were significantly more reactive when obtained from nodes morphologically displaying T and B lymphocyte hyperplasia than from nodes that histologically appeared normal or depleted the lymphocytes. The data suggest that a morphologic evaluation of lymph nodes regional to prostate cancer may reflect the patient's antitumor immune response.", "contents": "Immunologic reactivity of lymph nodes regional to prostatic cancer: preliminary observations. Regional pelvic lymph nodes from 9 patients with prostatic carcinoma were investigated for in vitro immunologic reactivity to T and B cell mitogens. Regional lymph node lymphocytes were significantly more reactive when obtained from nodes morphologically displaying T and B lymphocyte hyperplasia than from nodes that histologically appeared normal or depleted the lymphocytes. The data suggest that a morphologic evaluation of lymph nodes regional to prostate cancer may reflect the patient's antitumor immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:304126", "title": "Survival of men treated for chronic stable angina pectoris. A cooperative randomized study.", "content": "During 1972 to 1974, 686 men aged 27 to 67 years, admitted to thirteen Veterans Administration Hospitals with stable angina, resting or exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities, \"graftable\" arteries, and abnormal left ventricular function (80 percent) were randomly assigned to surgery (332) or medical (354) treatment. There was no significant difference in clinical, angiographic, and ventriculographic characteristics. The over-all operative mortality rate (30 days) was 5.8 percent, 5 percent in the 95 percent who had saphenous vein aorta-coronary bypass alone. Eighty-nine percent of the 79 percent recatheterized at 1 year had at least one patent graft. Longevity for patients with one, two, and three vessel disease who were treated surgically was comparable to that previously described, but did not differ from that of the medically treated groups. Survival in the over-all surgical group was 86 percent at 4 years as compared to 83 percent in the medical group, which in these \"operative candidates\" is better than usually cited. This difference was eliminated when the 90 patients (13 percent) with left main disease, whose longevity was significantly improved (p = 0.005) by the operation, were excluded. Despite this exclusion, a slight trend in favor of surgery was still discernible in the largest subgroup, those having triple vessel disease with an abnormal left ventricle.", "contents": "Survival of men treated for chronic stable angina pectoris. A cooperative randomized study. During 1972 to 1974, 686 men aged 27 to 67 years, admitted to thirteen Veterans Administration Hospitals with stable angina, resting or exercise electrocardiographic abnormalities, \"graftable\" arteries, and abnormal left ventricular function (80 percent) were randomly assigned to surgery (332) or medical (354) treatment. There was no significant difference in clinical, angiographic, and ventriculographic characteristics. The over-all operative mortality rate (30 days) was 5.8 percent, 5 percent in the 95 percent who had saphenous vein aorta-coronary bypass alone. Eighty-nine percent of the 79 percent recatheterized at 1 year had at least one patent graft. Longevity for patients with one, two, and three vessel disease who were treated surgically was comparable to that previously described, but did not differ from that of the medically treated groups. Survival in the over-all surgical group was 86 percent at 4 years as compared to 83 percent in the medical group, which in these \"operative candidates\" is better than usually cited. This difference was eliminated when the 90 patients (13 percent) with left main disease, whose longevity was significantly improved (p = 0.005) by the operation, were excluded. Despite this exclusion, a slight trend in favor of surgery was still discernible in the largest subgroup, those having triple vessel disease with an abnormal left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:304129", "title": "Effect of aorta-coronary bypass operation on factors precipitating angina.", "content": "About two thirds (65 percent) of 271 male patients and one half of the 44 female patients who had angina pectoris prior to the aorta-coronary bypass operation experienced total relief of symptoms 1 year after the operation. This was especially apparent for angina associated with walking activity and the postprandial angina. In the nonoperated patients who had angina pectoris and only mild or no coronary artery obstruction, 38 percent of the 127 men and 27 percent of the 73 women were free of symptoms 1 year after the original examination.", "contents": "Effect of aorta-coronary bypass operation on factors precipitating angina. About two thirds (65 percent) of 271 male patients and one half of the 44 female patients who had angina pectoris prior to the aorta-coronary bypass operation experienced total relief of symptoms 1 year after the operation. This was especially apparent for angina associated with walking activity and the postprandial angina. In the nonoperated patients who had angina pectoris and only mild or no coronary artery obstruction, 38 percent of the 127 men and 27 percent of the 73 women were free of symptoms 1 year after the original examination."}
{"id": "PMID:304138", "title": "[Role of endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastroenterologic endoscopy has developed into a perfect diagnostic tool. All sections of the gastrointestinal tract are accessible to visual inspection. The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer has become a reality. The sources of acute bleeding can be located by emergency endoscopy. The combination of endoscopy with other procedures (biopsy, radiology, ultrasonics) has opened up further essentially diagnosis possibilities. Where changes occur in polyps, small particles are not representative. Polypectomy has advanced to total biopsy. Along with this, the step from diagnostic to curative endoscopy was taken. Further milestones in this direction are endoscopic papillotomy and endoscopic hemostasis and the prevention of bleeding by the use of laser light.", "contents": "[Role of endoscopy in diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. Gastroenterologic endoscopy has developed into a perfect diagnostic tool. All sections of the gastrointestinal tract are accessible to visual inspection. The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer has become a reality. The sources of acute bleeding can be located by emergency endoscopy. The combination of endoscopy with other procedures (biopsy, radiology, ultrasonics) has opened up further essentially diagnosis possibilities. Where changes occur in polyps, small particles are not representative. Polypectomy has advanced to total biopsy. Along with this, the step from diagnostic to curative endoscopy was taken. Further milestones in this direction are endoscopic papillotomy and endoscopic hemostasis and the prevention of bleeding by the use of laser light."}
{"id": "PMID:304139", "title": "[Emergency gastrointestinal endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in nearly 100% of the cases it can be determined endoscopically whether it is bleeding from esophagus, stomach or duodenum. In more than 90% the bleeding source can be localized and diagnosed exactly. In the colon localization and diagnosis of bleeding lesions by endoscopy is possible in more than 90%. In some of these hemorrhages simultaneous endoscopic therapy is possible.", "contents": "[Emergency gastrointestinal endoscopy (author's transl)]. In upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in nearly 100% of the cases it can be determined endoscopically whether it is bleeding from esophagus, stomach or duodenum. In more than 90% the bleeding source can be localized and diagnosed exactly. In the colon localization and diagnosis of bleeding lesions by endoscopy is possible in more than 90%. In some of these hemorrhages simultaneous endoscopic therapy is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:304140", "title": "[Laser coagulation in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "The high mortality rate of up to 64% as a result of emergency for gastrointestinal hemorrhage indicates the need for a reliable method for endoscopic bleeding control. By developing a special flexible endoscopic laser transmission system it was possible to transmit high-power Nd-Yag laser radiation, which is especially effective in massive hemorrhages. In 1 1/2 years 186 (94%) of 198 bleeding incidents in 150 unselected patients could be controlled by endoscopic laser irradiation (varices: 60; Mallory-Weiss tears: 14; ulcers: 101; multiple erosions: 11).", "contents": "[Laser coagulation in acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage (author's transl)]. The high mortality rate of up to 64% as a result of emergency for gastrointestinal hemorrhage indicates the need for a reliable method for endoscopic bleeding control. By developing a special flexible endoscopic laser transmission system it was possible to transmit high-power Nd-Yag laser radiation, which is especially effective in massive hemorrhages. In 1 1/2 years 186 (94%) of 198 bleeding incidents in 150 unselected patients could be controlled by endoscopic laser irradiation (varices: 60; Mallory-Weiss tears: 14; ulcers: 101; multiple erosions: 11)."}
{"id": "PMID:304141", "title": "[Endoscopy of the resected stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Endoscopy of the resected stomach is indicated in the presence of all types of symptoms affecting the stomach, in gastrointestinal bleeding, and within the framework of prophylactic screening and follow-up examinations for cancer detection. Frequent findings are peptic ulcers, suture granulomas, and reflux esophagitis. Carcinomas in the stump develop increasingly from the 10th to 15th postoperative years. In the resected stomach, the pylorocardial expansion type of gastritis predominates. Atrophy is not an obligatory finding. Foveolar hyperplasia is typical, predominantly in the region of the anastomosis.", "contents": "[Endoscopy of the resected stomach (author's transl)]. Endoscopy of the resected stomach is indicated in the presence of all types of symptoms affecting the stomach, in gastrointestinal bleeding, and within the framework of prophylactic screening and follow-up examinations for cancer detection. Frequent findings are peptic ulcers, suture granulomas, and reflux esophagitis. Carcinomas in the stump develop increasingly from the 10th to 15th postoperative years. In the resected stomach, the pylorocardial expansion type of gastritis predominates. Atrophy is not an obligatory finding. Foveolar hyperplasia is typical, predominantly in the region of the anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:304142", "title": "Preservation of hearing in tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle.", "content": "One hundred thirty-nine tumor removals are reviewed with special interest in ten attempts to save hearing. Three patients with bilateral tumors had some hearing preserved. One of these individuals had a 1 cm tumor removed and his postoperative SRT and discrimination scores were the same as his preoperative ones. Overall, the authors were able to maintain some hearing in six out of ten attempts. While there is no question that patients with bilateral tumors benefit from residual hearing, this is not always true in unilateral cases. The suboccipital and middle fossa procedures are discussed as well as the relative merits of each approach in the preservation of hearing. The total series (139 tumors) is discussed in detail regarding results and complications.", "contents": "Preservation of hearing in tumors of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle. One hundred thirty-nine tumor removals are reviewed with special interest in ten attempts to save hearing. Three patients with bilateral tumors had some hearing preserved. One of these individuals had a 1 cm tumor removed and his postoperative SRT and discrimination scores were the same as his preoperative ones. Overall, the authors were able to maintain some hearing in six out of ten attempts. While there is no question that patients with bilateral tumors benefit from residual hearing, this is not always true in unilateral cases. The suboccipital and middle fossa procedures are discussed as well as the relative merits of each approach in the preservation of hearing. The total series (139 tumors) is discussed in detail regarding results and complications."}
{"id": "PMID:304143", "title": "Transference of cell mediated immunity in patients with head and neck cancer.", "content": "A group of 67 patients with head and neck cancer has been studied of which 40 have received immunologic transfer factor from a normal donor pool. Examination of these patients revealed that lymphocyte reactivity to nonspecific mitogrens is depressed in patients who have head and neck cancer to a much greater extent than is seen in patients with other types of tumors. Furthermore, the depression is more prevalent among patients who have been treated with radiation. Patients in the head and neck group who have received transfer factor show an initial decreased response to PHA stimulation in culture. This is not seen in a control group of head and neck cancer  patients or in patients with nonsquamous cander. Thymus-derived lymphocytes are depressed in patients with head and neck cancer, irrespective of whether they have received radiation. Th T-lymphocyte levels increased in eight of 38 patients who received nonimmune transfer factor, but 7 of these were in the group who had not received radiation. The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test has been used to determine tumor immunity in the patient test group. Changes in tumor immunity did not occur in those patients who received normal nonimmune transfer factor. Studies are presently in progress which provide for treatment of patients with head and neck cancer with specific squamous carcinoma immune transfer factor.", "contents": "Transference of cell mediated immunity in patients with head and neck cancer. A group of 67 patients with head and neck cancer has been studied of which 40 have received immunologic transfer factor from a normal donor pool. Examination of these patients revealed that lymphocyte reactivity to nonspecific mitogrens is depressed in patients who have head and neck cancer to a much greater extent than is seen in patients with other types of tumors. Furthermore, the depression is more prevalent among patients who have been treated with radiation. Patients in the head and neck group who have received transfer factor show an initial decreased response to PHA stimulation in culture. This is not seen in a control group of head and neck cancer  patients or in patients with nonsquamous cander. Thymus-derived lymphocytes are depressed in patients with head and neck cancer, irrespective of whether they have received radiation. Th T-lymphocyte levels increased in eight of 38 patients who received nonimmune transfer factor, but 7 of these were in the group who had not received radiation. The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test has been used to determine tumor immunity in the patient test group. Changes in tumor immunity did not occur in those patients who received normal nonimmune transfer factor. Studies are presently in progress which provide for treatment of patients with head and neck cancer with specific squamous carcinoma immune transfer factor."}
{"id": "PMID:304144", "title": "[The Dieulafoy's ulcer (author's transl)].", "content": "In the years 1971-1976 five patients with Dieulafoy's ulcer were operated upon succfully in the Innsbruck University Surgical Clinic. A high consumption of alcohol and tobacco was an outstanding feature in the history of all these patients. Gastroscopy is the diagnostic procedure of choice in this disease; it should be done during the acute phase of hemorrhage since the rather minor morphological changes often cannot be detected when they are not bleeding. Occluding the bleeding vessel by stitches is the therapy of choice. Procedure including resections, especially a socalled \"blind\" resection, do not seem to be justified. If the bleeding vessel cannot be found during endoscopy a large gastrotomy ought to be done with careful inspection especially of the upper third of the stomach. Our patients were followed up to 64 months; they all are well and without complaints. Prognosis thus seems to be very good if a correct diagnosis is established quickly and if surgery is done adequately.", "contents": "[The Dieulafoy's ulcer (author's transl)]. In the years 1971-1976 five patients with Dieulafoy's ulcer were operated upon succfully in the Innsbruck University Surgical Clinic. A high consumption of alcohol and tobacco was an outstanding feature in the history of all these patients. Gastroscopy is the diagnostic procedure of choice in this disease; it should be done during the acute phase of hemorrhage since the rather minor morphological changes often cannot be detected when they are not bleeding. Occluding the bleeding vessel by stitches is the therapy of choice. Procedure including resections, especially a socalled \"blind\" resection, do not seem to be justified. If the bleeding vessel cannot be found during endoscopy a large gastrotomy ought to be done with careful inspection especially of the upper third of the stomach. Our patients were followed up to 64 months; they all are well and without complaints. Prognosis thus seems to be very good if a correct diagnosis is established quickly and if surgery is done adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:304145", "title": "[Duodenal neurofibroma close to the papilla with hemorrhage and narrowing of the duct of Wirsung and the choledochus (author's transl)].", "content": "A solitary duodenal neurofibroma located very closely to the papilla and causing intestinal bleeding could be demonstrated by endoscopy and sonography in a 53 year old female. ERP showed narrowing of the proximal segment of the pancreatic main duct. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery, in addition it was found, that the choledochus was incarcerated by the tumor as well. A duodeno-hemipancreatectomy after Whipple was performed, because of the localization of the tumor.", "contents": "[Duodenal neurofibroma close to the papilla with hemorrhage and narrowing of the duct of Wirsung and the choledochus (author's transl)]. A solitary duodenal neurofibroma located very closely to the papilla and causing intestinal bleeding could be demonstrated by endoscopy and sonography in a 53 year old female. ERP showed narrowing of the proximal segment of the pancreatic main duct. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery, in addition it was found, that the choledochus was incarcerated by the tumor as well. A duodeno-hemipancreatectomy after Whipple was performed, because of the localization of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:304149", "title": "Macrophage dependency of T-lymphocyte mitogenesis by Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton.", "content": "The mitogenic activity of the cell-wall skeleton (CWS) of Nocardia rubra on purified splenic T-cells (thymus-derived lymphocytes) was investigated. N. rubra CWS showed remarkable mitogenic activity on normal spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 microgram per milliliter of culture medium, while, on purified splenic T-cells, N. rubra CWS did not act as an mitogen at any concentration. However, mitogenic activity of N. rubra CWS on T-cells was restored if purified splenic T-cells was reconstituted with X-irradiated peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages). The above results suggest the necessity of macrophages for T-lymphocyte activation by N. rubra CWS as well as PHA-P or Con A.", "contents": "Macrophage dependency of T-lymphocyte mitogenesis by Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton. The mitogenic activity of the cell-wall skeleton (CWS) of Nocardia rubra on purified splenic T-cells (thymus-derived lymphocytes) was investigated. N. rubra CWS showed remarkable mitogenic activity on normal spleen cells of C57BL/6J mice at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 microgram per milliliter of culture medium, while, on purified splenic T-cells, N. rubra CWS did not act as an mitogen at any concentration. However, mitogenic activity of N. rubra CWS on T-cells was restored if purified splenic T-cells was reconstituted with X-irradiated peritoneal exudate cells (macrophages). The above results suggest the necessity of macrophages for T-lymphocyte activation by N. rubra CWS as well as PHA-P or Con A."}
{"id": "PMID:304152", "title": "[Study on the antihemorrhagic action of aminaphtone].", "content": "This research is the continuation of a previous published paper. The blood losses occurring during multiple dental extractions under general anesthesia in pretreated patients (not with a recent new capillary protector) have been measured. The results obtained have been processed statistically and confirm the effectiveness of the product.", "contents": "[Study on the antihemorrhagic action of aminaphtone]. This research is the continuation of a previous published paper. The blood losses occurring during multiple dental extractions under general anesthesia in pretreated patients (not with a recent new capillary protector) have been measured. The results obtained have been processed statistically and confirm the effectiveness of the product."}
{"id": "PMID:304175", "title": "Characterization of a suppressor-cell leukemia. Evidence for the requirement of an interaction of two T cells in the development of human suppressor effector cells.", "content": "To characterize the suppressor activity of neoplastic T cells from a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, we applied an in vitro assay that determines the capacity of pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to mature into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. The geometric mean synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 normal persons was 3200 ng for IgM, 2447 ng for IgG and 1825 for IgA (2 X 10(6) cells per 12 days in culture). The patient's leukemic cells produced no detectable immunoglobulin and depressed the immunoglobulin production of normal lymphocytes by 85 to 100 per cent in co-culture experiments. However, suppression was observed only when co-operating normal T cells were present. Prior irradiation of either the leukemic T cells or the co-operating normal T cells nullified the suppressor effect. Therefore, an interaction between at least two different T-cell subsets may be required for the generation of suppressor effector T cells in man.", "contents": "Characterization of a suppressor-cell leukemia. Evidence for the requirement of an interaction of two T cells in the development of human suppressor effector cells. To characterize the suppressor activity of neoplastic T cells from a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, we applied an in vitro assay that determines the capacity of pokeweed-mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to mature into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. The geometric mean synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 normal persons was 3200 ng for IgM, 2447 ng for IgG and 1825 for IgA (2 X 10(6) cells per 12 days in culture). The patient's leukemic cells produced no detectable immunoglobulin and depressed the immunoglobulin production of normal lymphocytes by 85 to 100 per cent in co-culture experiments. However, suppression was observed only when co-operating normal T cells were present. Prior irradiation of either the leukemic T cells or the co-operating normal T cells nullified the suppressor effect. Therefore, an interaction between at least two different T-cell subsets may be required for the generation of suppressor effector T cells in man."}
{"id": "PMID:304185", "title": "[The influence of permanent cerebellar stimulation on senso-motor disorders in cerebral palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on Cooper's good results implantation of a bilateral cerebellar stimulator was performed in 2 children with cerebral palsy. The patients suffered from marked hypertonia of all limbs and involuntary movements. The follow-up study of 8 months revealed a decrease of spasticity and a progressive improvement of fine motor control. Our preliminary results justify the clinical application of cerebellar stimulation for functional treatment of sensory-motor disorders.", "contents": "[The influence of permanent cerebellar stimulation on senso-motor disorders in cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. Based on Cooper's good results implantation of a bilateral cerebellar stimulator was performed in 2 children with cerebral palsy. The patients suffered from marked hypertonia of all limbs and involuntary movements. The follow-up study of 8 months revealed a decrease of spasticity and a progressive improvement of fine motor control. Our preliminary results justify the clinical application of cerebellar stimulation for functional treatment of sensory-motor disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:304186", "title": "[Long term results of electric stimulation of the conus medullaris in a case of neurogenic bladder].", "content": "The authors present long term results (19 to 45 months: Average 37 months) of electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in neurologic bladder. In 3 cases, the result remain excellent: efficient stimulation, normal micturition, absence of residual urine. In 6 cases, after a long period of normal function, the micturition is poor with residual urine, eventhough the conus medullaris stimulation always produces a satisfactory contraction of the detrusor. In four cases the relapse is due to disease of the external sphincter region, poorly or untreated. In female patients the results are better than in male patients, with positive results in 2 of the 3 women and 1 of the 6 men. The authors find that their results can be compared with those of B. NASCHOLD, originator of the method. They emphasize the necessity of a close collaboration with the urologist to maintain excellent results.", "contents": "[Long term results of electric stimulation of the conus medullaris in a case of neurogenic bladder]. The authors present long term results (19 to 45 months: Average 37 months) of electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in neurologic bladder. In 3 cases, the result remain excellent: efficient stimulation, normal micturition, absence of residual urine. In 6 cases, after a long period of normal function, the micturition is poor with residual urine, eventhough the conus medullaris stimulation always produces a satisfactory contraction of the detrusor. In four cases the relapse is due to disease of the external sphincter region, poorly or untreated. In female patients the results are better than in male patients, with positive results in 2 of the 3 women and 1 of the 6 men. The authors find that their results can be compared with those of B. NASCHOLD, originator of the method. They emphasize the necessity of a close collaboration with the urologist to maintain excellent results."}
{"id": "PMID:304187", "title": "[Treatment of chronic pain syndromes by transcutaneous stimulation. Preliminary results. A propos of 40 cases].", "content": "The study of the effect of transcutanous stimulations shows that 40% of the patients suffering of chronic pain can be relieved or greatly improved by this technic. The best results are obtained with peripheral nerves lesions. On the contrary no results are observed with malignancies or facial pain. This way of stimulation is easy to develop and does not imply any danger for the patient. It can be used as a test prior to percutanous stimulation or implantation of a direct stimulation, or can, by itself be an effective treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of chronic pain syndromes by transcutaneous stimulation. Preliminary results. A propos of 40 cases]. The study of the effect of transcutanous stimulations shows that 40% of the patients suffering of chronic pain can be relieved or greatly improved by this technic. The best results are obtained with peripheral nerves lesions. On the contrary no results are observed with malignancies or facial pain. This way of stimulation is easy to develop and does not imply any danger for the patient. It can be used as a test prior to percutanous stimulation or implantation of a direct stimulation, or can, by itself be an effective treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304189", "title": "Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of acutely and repeatedly stressed rats.", "content": "Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations in 17 individual hypothalamic nuclei and 3 other brain regions were measured in rats, acutely or repeatedly stressed by immobilization, using a microdissection technique and a radioisotopic-enzymatic assay. Following the first 20 min immobilization (IMO) a significant NE decrease in the ventromedial (NVM) and supraoptic (NSO) nuclei and a DA decrease in the arcuate nucleus (NA) as well as NE and DA increase in the dorsomedial nucleus (NDM) were seen. Repeated IMO (40 times) produced a NE increase in the NVM, NDM, NSO paraventricular nucleus (NPV) and median eminence (ME), and a DA increase in the NDM and NPV. Changes of NE and DA concentration found in some individual hypothalamic nuclei under the influence of stress indicate that catecholamines (CAs), particularly in the medial basal hypothalamus, could be involved in the regulation of some neuroendocrine processes which are being activated during stress, especially ACTH release.", "contents": "Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of acutely and repeatedly stressed rats. Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations in 17 individual hypothalamic nuclei and 3 other brain regions were measured in rats, acutely or repeatedly stressed by immobilization, using a microdissection technique and a radioisotopic-enzymatic assay. Following the first 20 min immobilization (IMO) a significant NE decrease in the ventromedial (NVM) and supraoptic (NSO) nuclei and a DA decrease in the arcuate nucleus (NA) as well as NE and DA increase in the dorsomedial nucleus (NDM) were seen. Repeated IMO (40 times) produced a NE increase in the NVM, NDM, NSO paraventricular nucleus (NPV) and median eminence (ME), and a DA increase in the NDM and NPV. Changes of NE and DA concentration found in some individual hypothalamic nuclei under the influence of stress indicate that catecholamines (CAs), particularly in the medial basal hypothalamus, could be involved in the regulation of some neuroendocrine processes which are being activated during stress, especially ACTH release."}
{"id": "PMID:304192", "title": "Susceptibility to motion sickness and ego closeness, ego distance as measured by the autokinetic response tendency.", "content": "This paper reports results from one phase in an ongoing study of the relationship between vestibular function and various aspects of personality, cognitive style and symptom formation in mental illness. In the experiment reported here a measure of autokinesis was shown to relate to motion sickness experience as judged by actual stimulation in a rotating chair. Low and intermediate sensitive subjects showed less autokinesis than the most motion sick individuals (two-way analysis of variance F = 5.735, P = 0.006). Males in this sample showed a significantly greater autokinetic tendency than females (two-way analysis of variance F = 6.995, P = 0.011).", "contents": "Susceptibility to motion sickness and ego closeness, ego distance as measured by the autokinetic response tendency. This paper reports results from one phase in an ongoing study of the relationship between vestibular function and various aspects of personality, cognitive style and symptom formation in mental illness. In the experiment reported here a measure of autokinesis was shown to relate to motion sickness experience as judged by actual stimulation in a rotating chair. Low and intermediate sensitive subjects showed less autokinesis than the most motion sick individuals (two-way analysis of variance F = 5.735, P = 0.006). Males in this sample showed a significantly greater autokinetic tendency than females (two-way analysis of variance F = 6.995, P = 0.011)."}
{"id": "PMID:304193", "title": "Theoretical and therapeutic potential of indolamine precursors in affective disorders.", "content": "The strategy of loading with precursor amino acids of the monoamines postulated to be involved in the affective disorders is reviewed. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP) have been found to induce differential behavioral and biochemical effects in both healthy subjects and endogenous depressives. Indoleamine precursors predominantly cause mood changes. However, the efficacy of these amino acids as antidepressants has been neither clearly established nor refuted, probably due to insufficient consideration of the following criteria; sufficiently high plasma levels to be taken up into the brain, effective stimulation of serotoninergic systems, and selective increase of serotonin turnover with minimal interaction with other neurotransmitters. The use of intravenous L-5HTP as a provocative test in depressive patients, with concomitant neuroendocrinological and psychometric measurements, may be a method adequately fulfilling these requirements.", "contents": "Theoretical and therapeutic potential of indolamine precursors in affective disorders. The strategy of loading with precursor amino acids of the monoamines postulated to be involved in the affective disorders is reviewed. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa, L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5HTP) have been found to induce differential behavioral and biochemical effects in both healthy subjects and endogenous depressives. Indoleamine precursors predominantly cause mood changes. However, the efficacy of these amino acids as antidepressants has been neither clearly established nor refuted, probably due to insufficient consideration of the following criteria; sufficiently high plasma levels to be taken up into the brain, effective stimulation of serotoninergic systems, and selective increase of serotonin turnover with minimal interaction with other neurotransmitters. The use of intravenous L-5HTP as a provocative test in depressive patients, with concomitant neuroendocrinological and psychometric measurements, may be a method adequately fulfilling these requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:304194", "title": "Cranial computertomography in children with tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "20 children with tuberous sclerosis were examined by computertomography (CCT). The test is useful to detect cerebral involvement with great certainty. The method is especially helpful in the early diagnosis of the disease. This offers the possibility of giving an early genetic advice. Characteristic CCT scan abnormalities in tuberous sclerosis are multiple densities in the walls and the roof of lateral ventricles. This specific finding can already be seen prior to the occurrence of calcifications in standard roentgenograms.", "contents": "Cranial computertomography in children with tuberous sclerosis. 20 children with tuberous sclerosis were examined by computertomography (CCT). The test is useful to detect cerebral involvement with great certainty. The method is especially helpful in the early diagnosis of the disease. This offers the possibility of giving an early genetic advice. Characteristic CCT scan abnormalities in tuberous sclerosis are multiple densities in the walls and the roof of lateral ventricles. This specific finding can already be seen prior to the occurrence of calcifications in standard roentgenograms."}
{"id": "PMID:304188", "title": "[Contrast ventriculography using dimer-X].", "content": "The authors report the results of 100 Dimer-X ventriculographies mainly in cases of midline tumours. The value of tomography for the diagnosis of tumours is stressed. Besides that, the contrast was used for visulization of intracerebral cavities, emptied abscesses, cavities in astrocytomas and intracerebral haematoma. Complications following the use of Dimer-X for direct filling of the ventricular system are discussed.", "contents": "[Contrast ventriculography using dimer-X]. The authors report the results of 100 Dimer-X ventriculographies mainly in cases of midline tumours. The value of tomography for the diagnosis of tumours is stressed. Besides that, the contrast was used for visulization of intracerebral cavities, emptied abscesses, cavities in astrocytomas and intracerebral haematoma. Complications following the use of Dimer-X for direct filling of the ventricular system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304199", "title": "Pathologic aspects of chemotherapy response in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. An analysis of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the proximal tibia were treated pre-operatively with intensive chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR) and adriamycin (ADR). One patient died before surgery. The other underwent en bloc resection of the primary tumor with prosthetic replacement of the involved tibia, following by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of HDMTX with CFR and ADR, but died of metastases. Complete control of the primary or metastatic tumor was not achieved. It is emphasised that intensive multiple drug chemotherapy should be administered with extreme caution. The histologic findings are carefully analysed in relation to objective tumor response and toxic chemotherapy effects.", "contents": "Pathologic aspects of chemotherapy response in the treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. An analysis of two cases. Two patients with osteogenic sarcoma of the proximal tibia were treated pre-operatively with intensive chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with citrovorum factor rescue (CFR) and adriamycin (ADR). One patient died before surgery. The other underwent en bloc resection of the primary tumor with prosthetic replacement of the involved tibia, following by adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of HDMTX with CFR and ADR, but died of metastases. Complete control of the primary or metastatic tumor was not achieved. It is emphasised that intensive multiple drug chemotherapy should be administered with extreme caution. The histologic findings are carefully analysed in relation to objective tumor response and toxic chemotherapy effects."}
{"id": "PMID:304200", "title": "X chromosome and color blindness.", "content": "A red-green color blindness was studied in four families. All the carriers of the gene (mothers and sisters of the color blind individuals) had normal color vision. The color blind individuals were protanomalous or deuteranomalous. No protanopia or deuteranopia was found in the subjects who have been studied.", "contents": "X chromosome and color blindness. A red-green color blindness was studied in four families. All the carriers of the gene (mothers and sisters of the color blind individuals) had normal color vision. The color blind individuals were protanomalous or deuteranomalous. No protanopia or deuteranopia was found in the subjects who have been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:304208", "title": "Linear acceleration modifies the perceived velocity of a moving visual scene.", "content": "In the present work, we have shown the effect of a vestibular stimulation on the velocity perception of a moving scene. The intensity of this effect is related to the amplitude of the cart acceleration, image velocity, spatial frequency of the visual stimulus, and the angle between the directions of cart and image movement. A simple model has been developed to determine whether the perception of visual movement is due to the geometric projection of the vestibular evaluation on the visual vector, or the inverse.", "contents": "Linear acceleration modifies the perceived velocity of a moving visual scene. In the present work, we have shown the effect of a vestibular stimulation on the velocity perception of a moving scene. The intensity of this effect is related to the amplitude of the cart acceleration, image velocity, spatial frequency of the visual stimulus, and the angle between the directions of cart and image movement. A simple model has been developed to determine whether the perception of visual movement is due to the geometric projection of the vestibular evaluation on the visual vector, or the inverse."}
{"id": "PMID:304209", "title": "Effect of nerve length and temperature on the induction of action potentials in denervated slow muscle fibres of the frog.", "content": "A. Pyriformis and extensor longus digiti IV muscles of Rana temporaria were denervated by cutting the sciatic or peroneal nerve at various distances from the muscles. Slow fibres were identified by their membrane time constants, and examined for their ability to produce action potentials in response to intracellularly applied current pulses. B. The slow muscle fibres acquired the ability to generate action potentials several days after denervation. The duration of this latent period depended on the length of the peripheral nerve stump, and on the temperature at which the frogs were kept after the operation. C. At 18 degrees C the latent period increased by 0.36 days per mm of sciatic nerve stump. At 11.5 degrees C the corresponding value was 0.7 days/mm. The effect of length of the peroneal nerve was smaller than that of the sciatic nerve. D. It is suggested that the peripheral nerve stump serves as a reservoir of 'trophic' material which is transported towards the slow fibres at a rate of 2.8 mm/day (at 18 degrees C) and seems to block the formation of Na channels. The Q10 value of this transport system would be 2.7.", "contents": "Effect of nerve length and temperature on the induction of action potentials in denervated slow muscle fibres of the frog. A. Pyriformis and extensor longus digiti IV muscles of Rana temporaria were denervated by cutting the sciatic or peroneal nerve at various distances from the muscles. Slow fibres were identified by their membrane time constants, and examined for their ability to produce action potentials in response to intracellularly applied current pulses. B. The slow muscle fibres acquired the ability to generate action potentials several days after denervation. The duration of this latent period depended on the length of the peripheral nerve stump, and on the temperature at which the frogs were kept after the operation. C. At 18 degrees C the latent period increased by 0.36 days per mm of sciatic nerve stump. At 11.5 degrees C the corresponding value was 0.7 days/mm. The effect of length of the peroneal nerve was smaller than that of the sciatic nerve. D. It is suggested that the peripheral nerve stump serves as a reservoir of 'trophic' material which is transported towards the slow fibres at a rate of 2.8 mm/day (at 18 degrees C) and seems to block the formation of Na channels. The Q10 value of this transport system would be 2.7."}
{"id": "PMID:304210", "title": "[Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A study of 25 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty five cases of Mallory-Weiss syndrome were visualised endoscopically, representing, 4,6 p.cent of a serie of 540 consecutive upper gastro-intestinal bleedings. More frequent in men (85%) the mucosal laceration of the oesogastric junction caracteristic of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome is caused by a sudded intra-abdominal hyperpression. The lession is often associated with a prodrome of vomiting (80%). A hiatal hernia (80%), the ingestion of gastrotoxic drugs (52%) or of excessive alcohol (28%) are favorising factors. Emergency endoscopy allows an accurate diagnosis. The severity of the gastro-intestinal bleeding is generally not important and most patient can be managed non surgically.", "contents": "[Mallory-Weiss syndrome. A study of 25 cases (author's transl)]. Twenty five cases of Mallory-Weiss syndrome were visualised endoscopically, representing, 4,6 p.cent of a serie of 540 consecutive upper gastro-intestinal bleedings. More frequent in men (85%) the mucosal laceration of the oesogastric junction caracteristic of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome is caused by a sudded intra-abdominal hyperpression. The lession is often associated with a prodrome of vomiting (80%). A hiatal hernia (80%), the ingestion of gastrotoxic drugs (52%) or of excessive alcohol (28%) are favorising factors. Emergency endoscopy allows an accurate diagnosis. The severity of the gastro-intestinal bleeding is generally not important and most patient can be managed non surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:304213", "title": "Gastrointestinal haemorrhage from small bowel duplication.", "content": "A case is reported of duplication of the small bowel presenting with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. This is the first reported case in an adult. A review of the literature has been made and the pathogenesis discussed.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal haemorrhage from small bowel duplication. A case is reported of duplication of the small bowel presenting with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. This is the first reported case in an adult. A review of the literature has been made and the pathogenesis discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304219", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an adjunct in the pain management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was applied in the pain management of a patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. As subjectively reported by the patient, her back and lower extremity pain was significantly decreased although her foot paresthesia was not decreased. The program was continued for an 11-day period because TENS was considered a valuable adjunct for the patient's comfort. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a valuable addition to our repertoire of available physical therapy modalities. We hope that as clinical experience with TENS increases, fellow clinicians will volunteer the experiences of their endeavors.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an adjunct in the pain management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was applied in the pain management of a patient with Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome. As subjectively reported by the patient, her back and lower extremity pain was significantly decreased although her foot paresthesia was not decreased. The program was continued for an 11-day period because TENS was considered a valuable adjunct for the patient's comfort. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a valuable addition to our repertoire of available physical therapy modalities. We hope that as clinical experience with TENS increases, fellow clinicians will volunteer the experiences of their endeavors."}
{"id": "PMID:304221", "title": "[Communicating hydrocephalus due to acustic neurinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 3 patients with predominant symptoms of communicating hydrocephalus more investigations led to the diagnosis of neurinoma at the cerebellar-pontine angle. Possible causes of CSF circulatory disturbances will be discussed.", "contents": "[Communicating hydrocephalus due to acustic neurinoma (author's transl)]. In 3 patients with predominant symptoms of communicating hydrocephalus more investigations led to the diagnosis of neurinoma at the cerebellar-pontine angle. Possible causes of CSF circulatory disturbances will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304222", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of subdural hematomas.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) scans used in the diagnosis and management of subdural hematomas were analyzed with respect to their contribution to angiography and surgery. There has been a progressive increase in the use of CT in evaluating post-traumatic and postoperative subdural hematomas at the Mayo Clinic. At present, 40% of all patients undergo operation on the basis of the CT findings alone. False-positive diagnoses revealed at surgery have decreased to less than 4%. Erroneous negative interpretations have involved 10% of all patients whose diagnosis was subdural hematoma. Criteria for the interpretation of scans have been established.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of subdural hematomas. Computed tomographic (CT) scans used in the diagnosis and management of subdural hematomas were analyzed with respect to their contribution to angiography and surgery. There has been a progressive increase in the use of CT in evaluating post-traumatic and postoperative subdural hematomas at the Mayo Clinic. At present, 40% of all patients undergo operation on the basis of the CT findings alone. False-positive diagnoses revealed at surgery have decreased to less than 4%. Erroneous negative interpretations have involved 10% of all patients whose diagnosis was subdural hematoma. Criteria for the interpretation of scans have been established."}
{"id": "PMID:304235", "title": "Preferential enhancement of human T cell survival \"in vitro\" using subthreshold concentration of phytohemagglutinin.", "content": "Cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were maintained for 21 days in the presence of subthreshold concentration of PHA. The identification of T and B human lymphocytes by membrane markers showed that at day 21 of culture, the cell population surviving is constituted predominantly of T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Preferential enhancement of human T cell survival \"in vitro\" using subthreshold concentration of phytohemagglutinin. Cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were maintained for 21 days in the presence of subthreshold concentration of PHA. The identification of T and B human lymphocytes by membrane markers showed that at day 21 of culture, the cell population surviving is constituted predominantly of T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304240", "title": "Auditory brain stem responses in the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumours.", "content": "There is a constant search for more reliable methods of diagnosing cerebellopontine angle tumours at an early stage. The auditory brain stem responses promise to be of use as such a method. In two patients with extracanalicular neurinomas we found a definitely abnormal brain stem response even though conventional tests produced a cochlear type of test pattern. In a third patient with a meningeoma we obtained a similar type of response. Here the conventional tests clearly pointed to the presence of retrocochlear disease. Characteristic findings are a broadening of the whole nerve action potential and a delay in the appearance of the Jewettv-FFP7 complex.", "contents": "Auditory brain stem responses in the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumours. There is a constant search for more reliable methods of diagnosing cerebellopontine angle tumours at an early stage. The auditory brain stem responses promise to be of use as such a method. In two patients with extracanalicular neurinomas we found a definitely abnormal brain stem response even though conventional tests produced a cochlear type of test pattern. In a third patient with a meningeoma we obtained a similar type of response. Here the conventional tests clearly pointed to the presence of retrocochlear disease. Characteristic findings are a broadening of the whole nerve action potential and a delay in the appearance of the Jewettv-FFP7 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:304241", "title": "Human tissues as source of colony-stimulating factor in human bone marrow cultures.", "content": "Human bone marrow cells were cultured by the agar method using feeder layers containing human tissue fragments of various origin. Colony stimulating factor (CSF) was shown to be released from all tissues tested (adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, peritoneum and vascular wall), and primary cultures of human fibroblasts could also stimulate colony growth. Colony growth of murine bone marrow cells was also stimulated by all feeder layers. Thus, the study demonstrates that monocytes and macrophages might not be the only source of CSF of possible importance for human granulopoiesis in vivo.", "contents": "Human tissues as source of colony-stimulating factor in human bone marrow cultures. Human bone marrow cells were cultured by the agar method using feeder layers containing human tissue fragments of various origin. Colony stimulating factor (CSF) was shown to be released from all tissues tested (adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, peritoneum and vascular wall), and primary cultures of human fibroblasts could also stimulate colony growth. Colony growth of murine bone marrow cells was also stimulated by all feeder layers. Thus, the study demonstrates that monocytes and macrophages might not be the only source of CSF of possible importance for human granulopoiesis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:304242", "title": "Erythropoiesis in the anaemia of chronic disease.", "content": "The amount and effectiveness of erythropoiesis was measured using 59Fe in 10 patients with the anaemia of chronic disease and in 10 iron deficient patients with a comparable degree of anaemia. In both conditions the anaemia was the result of the failure of the marrow to compensate for a modest degree of peripheral haemolysis but ineffective erythropoiesis was significantly greater in iron deficiency than in chronic disease. The results suggest that although the peripheral blood picture is similar in both conditions the anaemia of chronic disease cannot be attributed simply to iron deficient erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Erythropoiesis in the anaemia of chronic disease. The amount and effectiveness of erythropoiesis was measured using 59Fe in 10 patients with the anaemia of chronic disease and in 10 iron deficient patients with a comparable degree of anaemia. In both conditions the anaemia was the result of the failure of the marrow to compensate for a modest degree of peripheral haemolysis but ineffective erythropoiesis was significantly greater in iron deficiency than in chronic disease. The results suggest that although the peripheral blood picture is similar in both conditions the anaemia of chronic disease cannot be attributed simply to iron deficient erythropoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:304243", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against Ly alloantigen.", "content": "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for immune alloantigens controlled by alleles of the Ly system have been induced in vivo. These results were obtained either in a secondary type of response or by treating mice before immunization with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg).", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against Ly alloantigen. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for immune alloantigens controlled by alleles of the Ly system have been induced in vivo. These results were obtained either in a secondary type of response or by treating mice before immunization with a single dose of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg)."}
{"id": "PMID:304244", "title": "Poly A:U-induced secretion of T-lymphocyte helper factors.", "content": "In vitro exposure of mouse thymocytes to complexes of polyadenylic:polyuridylic acid (poly A:U) effected, within 6 h, the release of soluble factor(s) capable of nonspecifically enhancing IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFCs) in in vitro primary and secondary spleen cell responses to burro erythrocytes. Poly A:U stimulation was, most likely, polyclonal, since production of soluble factor(s) occurred in the absence of antigen and in serum-free culture media. Poly A:U-induced soluble factor(s) were not capable of substituting for T cells but were dependent on T cells for the expression of PFC enhancement. These data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of poly A:U's adjuvant action is polyclonal stimulation of T cells, causing early induction and release of nonspecific, soluble PFC-enhancing factor(s).", "contents": "Poly A:U-induced secretion of T-lymphocyte helper factors. In vitro exposure of mouse thymocytes to complexes of polyadenylic:polyuridylic acid (poly A:U) effected, within 6 h, the release of soluble factor(s) capable of nonspecifically enhancing IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells (PFCs) in in vitro primary and secondary spleen cell responses to burro erythrocytes. Poly A:U stimulation was, most likely, polyclonal, since production of soluble factor(s) occurred in the absence of antigen and in serum-free culture media. Poly A:U-induced soluble factor(s) were not capable of substituting for T cells but were dependent on T cells for the expression of PFC enhancement. These data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of poly A:U's adjuvant action is polyclonal stimulation of T cells, causing early induction and release of nonspecific, soluble PFC-enhancing factor(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:304245", "title": "Aorto-coronary vein bypass and valvular surgery.", "content": "During the period 1972--1975, 26 patients underwent valvular surgery combined with aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass at Ullev\u00e5l Hospital, Oslo. Aortic valve replacement was performed in 13 patients, mitral valve replacement in 8 and double valve replacement in 3 patients. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve was used in all cases. A Carpentier ring was inserted in one case and an open mitral commissurotomy was performed in another. Twenty-nine saphenous vein grafts were inserted. Three early deaths (all patients in functional class IV (NYHA)) were due to myocardial failure. There were 2 late deaths (both patients in functional class III before operation) of which one was due to myocardial infarction and the other to ventricular fibrillation. The overall mortality was 19%. At follow-up with a mean observation time of 11 months, 19 of the 21 survivors were improved at least one functional class. Only 2 patients had mild angina pectoris. No valvular dysfunction was found. Twenty-one of 22 re-examined grafts were patent (95% graft patency). Valvular surgery combined with aorto-coronary vein bypass in this material shows low mortality and good clinical and haemodynamic results in patients in functional class II and III. Patients should be operated upon before they reach functional class IV, as the mortality in that group is very high.", "contents": "Aorto-coronary vein bypass and valvular surgery. During the period 1972--1975, 26 patients underwent valvular surgery combined with aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass at Ullev\u00e5l Hospital, Oslo. Aortic valve replacement was performed in 13 patients, mitral valve replacement in 8 and double valve replacement in 3 patients. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve was used in all cases. A Carpentier ring was inserted in one case and an open mitral commissurotomy was performed in another. Twenty-nine saphenous vein grafts were inserted. Three early deaths (all patients in functional class IV (NYHA)) were due to myocardial failure. There were 2 late deaths (both patients in functional class III before operation) of which one was due to myocardial infarction and the other to ventricular fibrillation. The overall mortality was 19%. At follow-up with a mean observation time of 11 months, 19 of the 21 survivors were improved at least one functional class. Only 2 patients had mild angina pectoris. No valvular dysfunction was found. Twenty-one of 22 re-examined grafts were patent (95% graft patency). Valvular surgery combined with aorto-coronary vein bypass in this material shows low mortality and good clinical and haemodynamic results in patients in functional class II and III. Patients should be operated upon before they reach functional class IV, as the mortality in that group is very high."}
{"id": "PMID:304247", "title": "[The effect of diclofenac sodium on the metabolism of diabetics in qualitative diet therapy with an without tolbuamide. A clinically oriented study in aged diabetics with rheumatic disease].", "content": "The influence of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) on glucose metabolism was investigated in a group of 13 maturity onset diabetics treated by a standard diet alone. A second group of 14 patients with maturity onset diabetes well controlled by a standard diet and tolbutamide (Rastinon) was examined for a possible drug interaction. Determinations of capillary blood glucose as well as assessments of urine sugar by Clinitest and 24-hour urine glucose determinations were regularly done before and during treatment with diclofenac sodium. The results of this study show no alteration of glucose metabolism. These laboratory data suggest that there is no clinically relevant interaction between diclofenac sodium and tolbutamide. Neither the blood glucose profiles of the individual patients nor those of the two above-mentioned groups showed any alterations of blood glucose concentration. Diclofenac sodium, a non-steroidal antirheumatic drug, may be recommended in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in diabetics. Indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac, diftalon and diclofenac are more recently developed antirheumatic drugs which have been specially tested in diabetics.", "contents": "[The effect of diclofenac sodium on the metabolism of diabetics in qualitative diet therapy with an without tolbuamide. A clinically oriented study in aged diabetics with rheumatic disease]. The influence of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) on glucose metabolism was investigated in a group of 13 maturity onset diabetics treated by a standard diet alone. A second group of 14 patients with maturity onset diabetes well controlled by a standard diet and tolbutamide (Rastinon) was examined for a possible drug interaction. Determinations of capillary blood glucose as well as assessments of urine sugar by Clinitest and 24-hour urine glucose determinations were regularly done before and during treatment with diclofenac sodium. The results of this study show no alteration of glucose metabolism. These laboratory data suggest that there is no clinically relevant interaction between diclofenac sodium and tolbutamide. Neither the blood glucose profiles of the individual patients nor those of the two above-mentioned groups showed any alterations of blood glucose concentration. Diclofenac sodium, a non-steroidal antirheumatic drug, may be recommended in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in diabetics. Indomethacin, naproxen, sulindac, diftalon and diclofenac are more recently developed antirheumatic drugs which have been specially tested in diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:304248", "title": "Retropharyngeal hematoma in a hemophiliac.", "content": "A retropharyngeal hemorrhage, a rare but potentially fatal complication of hemophilia, is described. Its early manifestation may be a \"sore throat\", and the patient with this symptom must be closely observed. If there is any doubt about the clinical situation, or if hemorrhage in and around the throat occurs, appropriate replacement therapy with factor VIII should be started at once.", "contents": "Retropharyngeal hematoma in a hemophiliac. A retropharyngeal hemorrhage, a rare but potentially fatal complication of hemophilia, is described. Its early manifestation may be a \"sore throat\", and the patient with this symptom must be closely observed. If there is any doubt about the clinical situation, or if hemorrhage in and around the throat occurs, appropriate replacement therapy with factor VIII should be started at once."}
{"id": "PMID:304252", "title": "Combined abdominoperineal resection.", "content": "Abdominoperineal resection has long been recognized as a procedure with formidable morbidity. Through meticulous dissection, use of proper tissue planes, attention to location of urologic and neurologic structure, careful hemostasis, and appropriate postoperative measures, most of the complications outlined in this article can be avoided. Should a complication develop, close surveillance and early recognition coupled with the appropriate management can still offer the patient a satisfactory recovery.", "contents": "Combined abdominoperineal resection. Abdominoperineal resection has long been recognized as a procedure with formidable morbidity. Through meticulous dissection, use of proper tissue planes, attention to location of urologic and neurologic structure, careful hemostasis, and appropriate postoperative measures, most of the complications outlined in this article can be avoided. Should a complication develop, close surveillance and early recognition coupled with the appropriate management can still offer the patient a satisfactory recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:304253", "title": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. Part II: insulin test and clinical features.", "content": "For the assessment of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) secretory function, insulin test, lysinevasopressin test, and rapid ACTH test were performed and plasma crotisol was assayed. Disturbances of CRH secretory activities were found not to be related with the degree of suprasellar extension of tumors, contents of tumors, the degree of visual disturbances, or the duration of symptoms, and it was supposed that more complex mechanisms were responsible for CRH secretory abnormalities.", "contents": "Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function in pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. Part II: insulin test and clinical features. For the assessment of hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) secretory function, insulin test, lysinevasopressin test, and rapid ACTH test were performed and plasma crotisol was assayed. Disturbances of CRH secretory activities were found not to be related with the degree of suprasellar extension of tumors, contents of tumors, the degree of visual disturbances, or the duration of symptoms, and it was supposed that more complex mechanisms were responsible for CRH secretory abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:304255", "title": "Intramural hematoma of the small bowel: a possible lethal complication of herniography.", "content": "A severe and possible lethal complication of herniography is reported. A 3-year-old child who was born with an undescended testicle on the right side and a normal descended testicle on the left underwent a herniography study. Twelve hours following the procedure, he developed lower abdominal pain which progressed over the next 72 hours. A diagnosis of mesenteric hematoma was entertained and he underwent abdominal surgery. At operation a large intramural hematoma was found in a segment of nonviable bowel. This segment was resected with an end-to-end anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful.", "contents": "Intramural hematoma of the small bowel: a possible lethal complication of herniography. A severe and possible lethal complication of herniography is reported. A 3-year-old child who was born with an undescended testicle on the right side and a normal descended testicle on the left underwent a herniography study. Twelve hours following the procedure, he developed lower abdominal pain which progressed over the next 72 hours. A diagnosis of mesenteric hematoma was entertained and he underwent abdominal surgery. At operation a large intramural hematoma was found in a segment of nonviable bowel. This segment was resected with an end-to-end anastomosis. The postoperative course was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:304258", "title": "Isolation of antithrombin III from normal and alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient human plasma.", "content": "The plasma of individuals, hetero- or homozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, contains greatly decreased amounts of antithrombin activity as assayed against factor Xa. However, heparin stimulation of the residual antithrombin activity is observed, which is comparable to that of normal plasma. Antithrombins isolated from both normal and alpha1-antitrypsin deficient plasma by a simplified procedure are indistinguishable in both properties and yields. The microheterogeneity observed on isoelectric focusing of both preparations can be eliminated by treatment with neuraminidase. Neither purified human antithrombin nor alpha1-antitrypsin, when assayed against bovine trypsin, is stimulated by heparin. These results clearly establish the unique natures of antithrombin and alpha1-antitrypsin and show that about 75% of the antithrombin activity measured in normal plasma is due to alpha1-antitrypsin. Estimates of antithrombin III activity in normal plasma by assays dependent on enzymatic activity can probably be obtained only in the presence of heparin.", "contents": "Isolation of antithrombin III from normal and alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient human plasma. The plasma of individuals, hetero- or homozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, contains greatly decreased amounts of antithrombin activity as assayed against factor Xa. However, heparin stimulation of the residual antithrombin activity is observed, which is comparable to that of normal plasma. Antithrombins isolated from both normal and alpha1-antitrypsin deficient plasma by a simplified procedure are indistinguishable in both properties and yields. The microheterogeneity observed on isoelectric focusing of both preparations can be eliminated by treatment with neuraminidase. Neither purified human antithrombin nor alpha1-antitrypsin, when assayed against bovine trypsin, is stimulated by heparin. These results clearly establish the unique natures of antithrombin and alpha1-antitrypsin and show that about 75% of the antithrombin activity measured in normal plasma is due to alpha1-antitrypsin. Estimates of antithrombin III activity in normal plasma by assays dependent on enzymatic activity can probably be obtained only in the presence of heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:304259", "title": "The aspirin tolerance test in von Willebrand's disease.", "content": "Opinions about the clinical value of aspirin tolerance test proposed by Quick von Willebrand's disease are conflicting. The results of the present study seem to support the view that a platelet defect, induced by aspirin, causes a significant lengthening of bleeding time only in the cases with severe von Willebrand factor deficiency.", "contents": "The aspirin tolerance test in von Willebrand's disease. Opinions about the clinical value of aspirin tolerance test proposed by Quick von Willebrand's disease are conflicting. The results of the present study seem to support the view that a platelet defect, induced by aspirin, causes a significant lengthening of bleeding time only in the cases with severe von Willebrand factor deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:304261", "title": "Absence of blocking antibody in non-inhibitor haemophilic plasma.", "content": "This study examined the hypothesis that non-inhibitor haemophilic plasma contains antibodies which are specific for sites other than the active procoagulatn site on factor VIII, and that some of them might be sufficiently close to the active site that pre-incubation of such plasma with factor VIII would block the subsequent binding of inhibitor antibody. Among the 26 non-inhibitor plasmas examined, none was found to contain such blocking antibody. This result does not eliminate the possibility that antibody is present in such non-inhibitor plasmas which is neither specific for the active enzyme site of factor VIII nor capable of blocking the binding of antibody which does have that specificity.", "contents": "Absence of blocking antibody in non-inhibitor haemophilic plasma. This study examined the hypothesis that non-inhibitor haemophilic plasma contains antibodies which are specific for sites other than the active procoagulatn site on factor VIII, and that some of them might be sufficiently close to the active site that pre-incubation of such plasma with factor VIII would block the subsequent binding of inhibitor antibody. Among the 26 non-inhibitor plasmas examined, none was found to contain such blocking antibody. This result does not eliminate the possibility that antibody is present in such non-inhibitor plasmas which is neither specific for the active enzyme site of factor VIII nor capable of blocking the binding of antibody which does have that specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:304264", "title": "Immunoglobulins and antinuclear antibodies in aqueous humour from patients with juvenile \"rheumatoid\" arthritis (Still's disease).", "content": "Aqueous humour and blood from twenty cataractous patients with chronic anterior uveitis and the monopauciarticular form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were tested for immunoglobulins G, A, and M and for autoantibodies, particularly those against nuclear antigens. The aqueous immunoglobulins were raised in the majority of patients even when the eyes were normal biomicroscopically. Raised IgG antinuclear antibodies were found in 85% of the aqueous samples. Information obtained from the study of aqueous humour from fourteen patients with senile cataract was used for statistical analysis of these data. The presence of high molecular weight immunoglobulins in the aqueous humour from patients with Still's disease suggests an abnormal blood-ocular barrier which may be responsible for the recurrence which follows an ostensibly treated primary attack of uveitis. The presence of antinuclear antibody in a few aqueous samples without a concomitant rise in the blood levels is suggestive of local antibody synthesis.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins and antinuclear antibodies in aqueous humour from patients with juvenile \"rheumatoid\" arthritis (Still's disease). Aqueous humour and blood from twenty cataractous patients with chronic anterior uveitis and the monopauciarticular form of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were tested for immunoglobulins G, A, and M and for autoantibodies, particularly those against nuclear antigens. The aqueous immunoglobulins were raised in the majority of patients even when the eyes were normal biomicroscopically. Raised IgG antinuclear antibodies were found in 85% of the aqueous samples. Information obtained from the study of aqueous humour from fourteen patients with senile cataract was used for statistical analysis of these data. The presence of high molecular weight immunoglobulins in the aqueous humour from patients with Still's disease suggests an abnormal blood-ocular barrier which may be responsible for the recurrence which follows an ostensibly treated primary attack of uveitis. The presence of antinuclear antibody in a few aqueous samples without a concomitant rise in the blood levels is suggestive of local antibody synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:304265", "title": "Biomicroscopical observations on corneal endothelium in pseudophakia.", "content": "The principle and technique of Maurice's method of microscopy of the corneal endothelium at high magnificant is discussed. An instrument is now available for clinical use (clinical specular microscope). The experience of the authors in patients with an intraocular lens is reported. A rather high deficit of endothelial cells was found in a series of 26 children and young adults, that had suffered injury from 2 to 11 years previously. An average immediate endothelial cell loss of only 6-7% was found in extracapsular cataract extraction with simultaneous implantation of a 2-loop or 4-loop intraocular lens. A striking difference was found between the two eyes of bilateral pseudophakic patients when one eye had undergone intracapsular surgery and the other eye extracapsular surgery. It had to be concluded that barrier deprivation of the intracapsular aphakic eye leads to continuing endothelial cell loss other than through ageing. Subclinical and clinical late corneal dystrophy therefore belong to the \"barrier deprivation syndrome\" together with retino-vascular accidents (macular and optic disc oedema) and vitreous degeneration.", "contents": "Biomicroscopical observations on corneal endothelium in pseudophakia. The principle and technique of Maurice's method of microscopy of the corneal endothelium at high magnificant is discussed. An instrument is now available for clinical use (clinical specular microscope). The experience of the authors in patients with an intraocular lens is reported. A rather high deficit of endothelial cells was found in a series of 26 children and young adults, that had suffered injury from 2 to 11 years previously. An average immediate endothelial cell loss of only 6-7% was found in extracapsular cataract extraction with simultaneous implantation of a 2-loop or 4-loop intraocular lens. A striking difference was found between the two eyes of bilateral pseudophakic patients when one eye had undergone intracapsular surgery and the other eye extracapsular surgery. It had to be concluded that barrier deprivation of the intracapsular aphakic eye leads to continuing endothelial cell loss other than through ageing. Subclinical and clinical late corneal dystrophy therefore belong to the \"barrier deprivation syndrome\" together with retino-vascular accidents (macular and optic disc oedema) and vitreous degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:304266", "title": "Surgical and postoperative problems with Binkhorst 2- and 4-loop lenses.", "content": "The operative and postoperative complications are described in a series of 537 eyes with lens implants, with suggestions for prophylaxis and treatment. The level of complications is low, and the authors believe that the visual results in terms of patient satisfaction make lens implantation a worthwhile procedure.", "contents": "Surgical and postoperative problems with Binkhorst 2- and 4-loop lenses. The operative and postoperative complications are described in a series of 537 eyes with lens implants, with suggestions for prophylaxis and treatment. The level of complications is low, and the authors believe that the visual results in terms of patient satisfaction make lens implantation a worthwhile procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:304268", "title": "Lymphocyte changes in acute malaria.", "content": "Lymphocyte sub-populations were studied in children with acute malaria. Depletion of T cells was found associated with an increased proportion of null cells. K cell activity for chicken red cells was also increased and it is likely that some of the increased number of null cells were K cells. An increase in K cell activity in acute malaria could be part of a protective immune response.", "contents": "Lymphocyte changes in acute malaria. Lymphocyte sub-populations were studied in children with acute malaria. Depletion of T cells was found associated with an increased proportion of null cells. K cell activity for chicken red cells was also increased and it is likely that some of the increased number of null cells were K cells. An increase in K cell activity in acute malaria could be part of a protective immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:304275", "title": "Outpatient medical records: improvements through layout engineering.", "content": "Dissatisfied with some functional aspects of the problem-oriented medical records used by their medical group, a committee of member physicians redesigned their office charts. Applying techniques of systematic layout planning, employed regularly as a tool of industrial engineering, these clinicians devised what they feel to be outpatient document with unique features. The resulting product forms a cohesive unit, eliminates duplication and provides many medicolegal safeguards.", "contents": "Outpatient medical records: improvements through layout engineering. Dissatisfied with some functional aspects of the problem-oriented medical records used by their medical group, a committee of member physicians redesigned their office charts. Applying techniques of systematic layout planning, employed regularly as a tool of industrial engineering, these clinicians devised what they feel to be outpatient document with unique features. The resulting product forms a cohesive unit, eliminates duplication and provides many medicolegal safeguards."}
{"id": "PMID:304279", "title": "[Patient-oriented information processing in internal medicine].", "content": "The internistic accessory documentation as a partial region of the information processing referred to the patient in a hospital fulfils the demands of diagnostic and therapeutic kind from the point of view of the hospital physician to rationalise and optimize the demands of administrative work, such as identification and duration of stay, and demands of the physician performing the follow-up treatment to get a quick and sufficient information with the threefold aim of treatment (including prevention, diagnostics and after-treatment), documentation (including statistics, archivation, information) and research (any connection of data for cross-section and longitudinal section examinations you like).", "contents": "[Patient-oriented information processing in internal medicine]. The internistic accessory documentation as a partial region of the information processing referred to the patient in a hospital fulfils the demands of diagnostic and therapeutic kind from the point of view of the hospital physician to rationalise and optimize the demands of administrative work, such as identification and duration of stay, and demands of the physician performing the follow-up treatment to get a quick and sufficient information with the threefold aim of treatment (including prevention, diagnostics and after-treatment), documentation (including statistics, archivation, information) and research (any connection of data for cross-section and longitudinal section examinations you like)."}
{"id": "PMID:304280", "title": "[Experience and results in the evaluation of documentation-oriented medical records in the German Democratic Republic].", "content": "At the instance of the chronic liver diseases (Nr. 571 and 573 IKK) is shown in form of a model which high value of information the process of the stored data of the headline of a medical record suited for documentation. Thus informations concerning the clinical morbidity/mortality, analyses according to age and sex, residence and admitting institution, comparison of admission, treatment and post-mortem diagnoses, ascertainment of the diagnosis and finally economic data may be got. From this result the epidemiological conclusions and the statements for analyses of factors.", "contents": "[Experience and results in the evaluation of documentation-oriented medical records in the German Democratic Republic]. At the instance of the chronic liver diseases (Nr. 571 and 573 IKK) is shown in form of a model which high value of information the process of the stored data of the headline of a medical record suited for documentation. Thus informations concerning the clinical morbidity/mortality, analyses according to age and sex, residence and admitting institution, comparison of admission, treatment and post-mortem diagnoses, ascertainment of the diagnosis and finally economic data may be got. From this result the epidemiological conclusions and the statements for analyses of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:304281", "title": "[The pararheumatic syndrome in thyroid diseases].", "content": "25 patients with hypothyroidism and 100 patients with hyperthyroidism were anamnestically, clinically, serologically and radiologically examined for the presence of a para- or pseudorheumatic symptomatology. The evaluation was carried out in comparison to the control groups of the same sex and age distribution. In nearly half the cases in hypothyroidism a symptomatology with polyarthralgias, myalgias, weakness of the muscles, acroparaesthesias, rigidity, swelling of the fingers and thickenings of the synovial membrane which are to be classified as \"myxoedematous pseudorheumatism\" stood in the foreground, which for the largest part were concomitant with a polyarthrosis. Furthermore a syntropy with the cervicobrachial syndrome, the humeroscapular periarthritis, calcifications of bursa and insertions of the sinews, the gout and the carpal tunnel syndrome were found. In the not infrequently prevailing pararheumatic symptomatology differential-diagnostic difficulties may develop within the total clinical picture. The patients with hyperthyroidism showed a symptomatology of the joints and tissues of the upper extremities which above all had the character of trifles.", "contents": "[The pararheumatic syndrome in thyroid diseases]. 25 patients with hypothyroidism and 100 patients with hyperthyroidism were anamnestically, clinically, serologically and radiologically examined for the presence of a para- or pseudorheumatic symptomatology. The evaluation was carried out in comparison to the control groups of the same sex and age distribution. In nearly half the cases in hypothyroidism a symptomatology with polyarthralgias, myalgias, weakness of the muscles, acroparaesthesias, rigidity, swelling of the fingers and thickenings of the synovial membrane which are to be classified as \"myxoedematous pseudorheumatism\" stood in the foreground, which for the largest part were concomitant with a polyarthrosis. Furthermore a syntropy with the cervicobrachial syndrome, the humeroscapular periarthritis, calcifications of bursa and insertions of the sinews, the gout and the carpal tunnel syndrome were found. In the not infrequently prevailing pararheumatic symptomatology differential-diagnostic difficulties may develop within the total clinical picture. The patients with hyperthyroidism showed a symptomatology of the joints and tissues of the upper extremities which above all had the character of trifles."}
{"id": "PMID:304282", "title": "[Physical therapy in rheumatic diseases].", "content": "For the physiotherapy of rheumatic diseases principles of order are recommended. The aims of physiotherapy (allevition of pain, improvement of mobility, inhibition of inflammation), dosages of physiotherapy (intensity of treatment, time of treatment, region of treatment), quantification of pain and reaction to treatment are in the foreground in these cases. With regard to an appropriate choice of methods these principles of order are explained at the instance of the rheumatoid arthritis and the ankylosing spondylitis. Concerning the rheumatism of the soft tissues a classification of the therapy according to localisation and course of the disease (acute, recurrent, chronic) is explained.", "contents": "[Physical therapy in rheumatic diseases]. For the physiotherapy of rheumatic diseases principles of order are recommended. The aims of physiotherapy (allevition of pain, improvement of mobility, inhibition of inflammation), dosages of physiotherapy (intensity of treatment, time of treatment, region of treatment), quantification of pain and reaction to treatment are in the foreground in these cases. With regard to an appropriate choice of methods these principles of order are explained at the instance of the rheumatoid arthritis and the ankylosing spondylitis. Concerning the rheumatism of the soft tissues a classification of the therapy according to localisation and course of the disease (acute, recurrent, chronic) is explained."}
{"id": "PMID:304283", "title": "[Indications and results of surgical therapy of rheumatic diseases].", "content": "The indication to synovialectomy is present in chronic inflammatory articular processes, which cannot be sufficiently controlled by an optimal medicamentous treatment of a duration of 6 months. It is urgent, when the synovialitis is connected with the danger of a damage of tendons and nerves. An essential restriction by the age of the patients or the activity of the process does not exist. Reconstructive-reparative and stiffening operations are indicated, when the correction of deformations or the stabilisation of joints shall be achieved. In these cases the interventions first mentioned may also contribute to the alleviation of the pain and the improvement of the function. The results of the surgery of joints in chronic rheumatic diseases are good in the majority of patients. Further improvements may be achieved by timely indications and the enlargement of the possibilities of the alloplastic substitution of the joints.", "contents": "[Indications and results of surgical therapy of rheumatic diseases]. The indication to synovialectomy is present in chronic inflammatory articular processes, which cannot be sufficiently controlled by an optimal medicamentous treatment of a duration of 6 months. It is urgent, when the synovialitis is connected with the danger of a damage of tendons and nerves. An essential restriction by the age of the patients or the activity of the process does not exist. Reconstructive-reparative and stiffening operations are indicated, when the correction of deformations or the stabilisation of joints shall be achieved. In these cases the interventions first mentioned may also contribute to the alleviation of the pain and the improvement of the function. The results of the surgery of joints in chronic rheumatic diseases are good in the majority of patients. Further improvements may be achieved by timely indications and the enlargement of the possibilities of the alloplastic substitution of the joints."}
{"id": "PMID:304289", "title": "[Mechanism of the adjuvant action: effect on the stem cell and B-lymphocyte migration from the bone marrow].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of synthetic polyelectrolytes of polyacrylic acid and poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and of complete Freund's adjuvant on the migration of stem cells and B-lymphocytes from mouse bone marrow. The stem cell count was evaluated by the number of splenic colonies; as to B-cell migration--it was assessed by the accumulation of the antibody-forming cells forming from B-lymphocytes migrating in the spleen in the transfer of fixed number of T-lymphocytes. As revealed the synthetic substances under study intensified the migration of stem cells and of B-lymphocytes to a much greater extent than Freund's adjuvant. The mechanisms of the influence of the adjuvants used on cell migration processes are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the adjuvant action: effect on the stem cell and B-lymphocyte migration from the bone marrow]. The authors studied the influence of synthetic polyelectrolytes of polyacrylic acid and poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and of complete Freund's adjuvant on the migration of stem cells and B-lymphocytes from mouse bone marrow. The stem cell count was evaluated by the number of splenic colonies; as to B-cell migration--it was assessed by the accumulation of the antibody-forming cells forming from B-lymphocytes migrating in the spleen in the transfer of fixed number of T-lymphocytes. As revealed the synthetic substances under study intensified the migration of stem cells and of B-lymphocytes to a much greater extent than Freund's adjuvant. The mechanisms of the influence of the adjuvants used on cell migration processes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304290", "title": "Application of cubital venous graft for double coronary bypass.", "content": "In experiments with cadaver hearts the cubital vein was used for aortocoronary bypass anastomosis. The indications, advantages and drawbacks of the use of a venous section of inverted Y shape are discussed. Since 20 to 30% of patients in need of an operation of this type have saphenous veins which cannot be applied as grafts, use of the cubital vein is recommended.", "contents": "Application of cubital venous graft for double coronary bypass. In experiments with cadaver hearts the cubital vein was used for aortocoronary bypass anastomosis. The indications, advantages and drawbacks of the use of a venous section of inverted Y shape are discussed. Since 20 to 30% of patients in need of an operation of this type have saphenous veins which cannot be applied as grafts, use of the cubital vein is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:304291", "title": "Effect of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocker, on plasma renin activity in treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocking drug, was prescribed in doses of 100 mg b.i.d. in 23 patients with essential hypertension. At the end of the first month of treatment with Atenolol we found a significant fall in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity (P.R.A.). Besides, there existed a relationship between changes in diastolic blood pressure, in mean arterial pressure and initial plasma renin activity, and a relationship between changes in blood pressure and changes in P.R.A. It results from this finding that pretreatment P.R.A. is of predictive value of short-term efficacy of the beta-blocker. This correlation was borderline in 21 patients after a mean of 7 month treatment and could no be found for 12 cases after a mean of 10 month-treatment while the fall in P.R.A. was still significant. It therefore appears that--with reserve of the representativeness of the sample--quantitative relations between the antihypertensive effect of Atenonol and P.R.A. are no longer significant on long-term treatment.", "contents": "Effect of atenolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocker, on plasma renin activity in treatment of hypertension. Atenolol, a cardioselective beta-blocking drug, was prescribed in doses of 100 mg b.i.d. in 23 patients with essential hypertension. At the end of the first month of treatment with Atenolol we found a significant fall in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma renin activity (P.R.A.). Besides, there existed a relationship between changes in diastolic blood pressure, in mean arterial pressure and initial plasma renin activity, and a relationship between changes in blood pressure and changes in P.R.A. It results from this finding that pretreatment P.R.A. is of predictive value of short-term efficacy of the beta-blocker. This correlation was borderline in 21 patients after a mean of 7 month treatment and could no be found for 12 cases after a mean of 10 month-treatment while the fall in P.R.A. was still significant. It therefore appears that--with reserve of the representativeness of the sample--quantitative relations between the antihypertensive effect of Atenonol and P.R.A. are no longer significant on long-term treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304292", "title": "Long-term experiences with minoxidil in combination treatment of severe arterial hypertension.", "content": "Thirteen patients with advanced hypertensive disease insufficiently controlled by conventional drugs were treated with minoxidil in combination with a beta-blocking agent and a thiazide in a long-term study. A reduction from 214 +/- 5/122+/3 to 166 +/- 7/95 +/- 3 mm Hg in the mean supine blood pressure was obtained. The dosage range of minoxidil was 7.5-35 mg per day (mean 18.8 mg), and in all cases beta-blockade was necessitated by the occurrence of reflex tachycardia. Only two of the patients were found to be unsatisfactorily controlled on combined therapy. In five cases, minoxidil was disontinued during the observation period, but only in three cases was the discontinuation due to side effects, v.z. sodium retention and augmented hair growth. Stable diabetes developed in one patient, and in two cases of established, dietetically treated diabetes oral antidiabetic drugs had to be administered. Five non-diabetic patients showed no significant changes in fasting plasma glucose and the K values in intravenous glucose-tolerance tests. Minoxidil seems to be a safe and potent antihypertensive drug for long-term use in severe arterial hypertension, but it cannot be recommended for routine treatment.", "contents": "Long-term experiences with minoxidil in combination treatment of severe arterial hypertension. Thirteen patients with advanced hypertensive disease insufficiently controlled by conventional drugs were treated with minoxidil in combination with a beta-blocking agent and a thiazide in a long-term study. A reduction from 214 +/- 5/122+/3 to 166 +/- 7/95 +/- 3 mm Hg in the mean supine blood pressure was obtained. The dosage range of minoxidil was 7.5-35 mg per day (mean 18.8 mg), and in all cases beta-blockade was necessitated by the occurrence of reflex tachycardia. Only two of the patients were found to be unsatisfactorily controlled on combined therapy. In five cases, minoxidil was disontinued during the observation period, but only in three cases was the discontinuation due to side effects, v.z. sodium retention and augmented hair growth. Stable diabetes developed in one patient, and in two cases of established, dietetically treated diabetes oral antidiabetic drugs had to be administered. Five non-diabetic patients showed no significant changes in fasting plasma glucose and the K values in intravenous glucose-tolerance tests. Minoxidil seems to be a safe and potent antihypertensive drug for long-term use in severe arterial hypertension, but it cannot be recommended for routine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304293", "title": "Relationship of various QRS indices to SGOT levels in acute anterior myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 52 first myocardial infarction which were anterior in location, several QRS indices derived from measurements of precordial QRS complexes using their correlation with highest recorded value of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). The sum of R amplitudes in V1 to V6 inclusive (3r V1-6) was preferred over indices which included measurements of Q amplitude or duration because it was simpler to calculate and most frequently showed the best significant correlation with SGOT both in the presence or absence of radiologic evidence of pulmonary congestion. Furthermore calculation of change from normal values of precordial R amplitudes did no improve the correlation. Thus 3r V1-6 perhaps as a reflection of amount of loss of myocardial muscle mass is a quantitative ECG approach which correlates with severity of myocardial infarction and should receive more attention in evaluation of infarct size in man.", "contents": "Relationship of various QRS indices to SGOT levels in acute anterior myocardial infarction. In 52 first myocardial infarction which were anterior in location, several QRS indices derived from measurements of precordial QRS complexes using their correlation with highest recorded value of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). The sum of R amplitudes in V1 to V6 inclusive (3r V1-6) was preferred over indices which included measurements of Q amplitude or duration because it was simpler to calculate and most frequently showed the best significant correlation with SGOT both in the presence or absence of radiologic evidence of pulmonary congestion. Furthermore calculation of change from normal values of precordial R amplitudes did no improve the correlation. Thus 3r V1-6 perhaps as a reflection of amount of loss of myocardial muscle mass is a quantitative ECG approach which correlates with severity of myocardial infarction and should receive more attention in evaluation of infarct size in man."}
{"id": "PMID:304288", "title": "[Significance of various clinical pictures falling under the general term \"rheumatism\" for social medicine].", "content": "Statistical reports of the \"Bundesversicherungsanstalt f\u00fcr Angestellte\" and from an affiliated rheumatological rehabilitation clinic show that within the general term of \"rheumatism\" inflammatory rheumatic diseases are only a few per cents. Myalgic syndromes of the vertebral column without obvious changes of the skeleton rank first. They are followed by degenerative diseases of the vertebral column and peripheral joints. While the number of treatment courses of cardiovascular disorders for men and women (male predominance) remained relatively constant from 1968-1974 and in 50% of the cases lead to pensioning-off, treatment courses of bone and joint diseases have clearly increased with a female predominance; pensioning-off is necessary only in a few cases. There is no correlation between morbidity and number of treatment courses; the importance of economical and social factors for the therapeutic regimen is pointed out. Rehabilitation clinics of the pension-paying institutions offer optimal possibilities of a long term treatment of rheumatic diseases, as single or repeat treatment. The activities of a league against rheumatism should concentrate on the clinically and sociomedically most severe joint diseases.", "contents": "[Significance of various clinical pictures falling under the general term \"rheumatism\" for social medicine]. Statistical reports of the \"Bundesversicherungsanstalt f\u00fcr Angestellte\" and from an affiliated rheumatological rehabilitation clinic show that within the general term of \"rheumatism\" inflammatory rheumatic diseases are only a few per cents. Myalgic syndromes of the vertebral column without obvious changes of the skeleton rank first. They are followed by degenerative diseases of the vertebral column and peripheral joints. While the number of treatment courses of cardiovascular disorders for men and women (male predominance) remained relatively constant from 1968-1974 and in 50% of the cases lead to pensioning-off, treatment courses of bone and joint diseases have clearly increased with a female predominance; pensioning-off is necessary only in a few cases. There is no correlation between morbidity and number of treatment courses; the importance of economical and social factors for the therapeutic regimen is pointed out. Rehabilitation clinics of the pension-paying institutions offer optimal possibilities of a long term treatment of rheumatic diseases, as single or repeat treatment. The activities of a league against rheumatism should concentrate on the clinically and sociomedically most severe joint diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:304294", "title": "Right ventricular monophasic action potential during quinidine induce marked T and U waves abnormalities.", "content": "An unusual case with quinidine induced marked T and U waves abnormalities of giant size and alternans occuring in sinus rhythm is reported. Right ventricular monophasic action potential recorded during bizzare T and U waves abnormalities showed a marked prolongation of its duration and regressed after the drug was withdrawn.", "contents": "Right ventricular monophasic action potential during quinidine induce marked T and U waves abnormalities. An unusual case with quinidine induced marked T and U waves abnormalities of giant size and alternans occuring in sinus rhythm is reported. Right ventricular monophasic action potential recorded during bizzare T and U waves abnormalities showed a marked prolongation of its duration and regressed after the drug was withdrawn."}
{"id": "PMID:304295", "title": "The crossed extensor hallucis response in neurological disorders; an electromyographic analysis.", "content": "The electromyographic activity in several leg muscles during the elicitation of \"the crossed up-going toe sign\" (CUT) was studied in patients and compared with that obtained in connection with the Babinski sign and in normal subjects. The results indicate that the patterns of activation and the responsible pathways are different for the CUT and Babinski signs. The difference between the normal subjects and the CUT positive patient is a matter of quantitative difference of coactivation of distal leg muscles during the test procedure rather than a change of reflex patterns.", "contents": "The crossed extensor hallucis response in neurological disorders; an electromyographic analysis. The electromyographic activity in several leg muscles during the elicitation of \"the crossed up-going toe sign\" (CUT) was studied in patients and compared with that obtained in connection with the Babinski sign and in normal subjects. The results indicate that the patterns of activation and the responsible pathways are different for the CUT and Babinski signs. The difference between the normal subjects and the CUT positive patient is a matter of quantitative difference of coactivation of distal leg muscles during the test procedure rather than a change of reflex patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:304297", "title": "Electrophysiological membrane properties of the frog muscle fibre: effects of detergents in the triton series.", "content": "The effect of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 on the membrane properties of frog sartorius muscle fibres was studied using intracellular microelectrode technique. The effect of Triton X-100 was compared with that of Triton X-45 and Triton N-101. At 40 muM Triton X-100 had little effect on the specific membrane resistance (Rm), membrane capacitance (Cm) and the resting membrane potential (Er) while the action potential (AP) was markedly reduced. At 160 muM AP was completely abolished and Er was diminished linearily with time. The effect on the maximum rate of rise (VA) of the AP was dose-dependent and the apparent dissociation constant (KD app) and K(D) were found to be about 40 muM. The Hill coefficient was 1.6 indicating a deviation from a first order reaction. The effect of Triton X-100 on Er may be accounted for by a reduction of the Na--K pumping activity. The effect of Triton X-100 on the AP is suggested to be due to a perturbation of a protein-system either by a drug-receptor interaction involving two or more sites, or an unspecific binding of Triton X-100 to hydrophobic loci on the protein.", "contents": "Electrophysiological membrane properties of the frog muscle fibre: effects of detergents in the triton series. The effect of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 on the membrane properties of frog sartorius muscle fibres was studied using intracellular microelectrode technique. The effect of Triton X-100 was compared with that of Triton X-45 and Triton N-101. At 40 muM Triton X-100 had little effect on the specific membrane resistance (Rm), membrane capacitance (Cm) and the resting membrane potential (Er) while the action potential (AP) was markedly reduced. At 160 muM AP was completely abolished and Er was diminished linearily with time. The effect on the maximum rate of rise (VA) of the AP was dose-dependent and the apparent dissociation constant (KD app) and K(D) were found to be about 40 muM. The Hill coefficient was 1.6 indicating a deviation from a first order reaction. The effect of Triton X-100 on Er may be accounted for by a reduction of the Na--K pumping activity. The effect of Triton X-100 on the AP is suggested to be due to a perturbation of a protein-system either by a drug-receptor interaction involving two or more sites, or an unspecific binding of Triton X-100 to hydrophobic loci on the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:304300", "title": "Effects of alcohol on ganglion cell receptive field properties and sensitivity in the frog retina.", "content": "Previous results have shown that alcohol has an effect on vision and on the excitability of retinal neurons. Action potentials of single ganglion cells were recorded by microelectrodes in opened and excised eyes from frogs (Rana temporaria L.). Histologically two types of synapses have been described in the retina: conventional synapses and synapses with a ribbon or bar shaped component surrounded by a rather uniform layer of synaptic vesicles. The \"ribbon synapses\" are presynaptic contacts in receptor and bipolar cells while horizontal and amacrine cells have conventional synapses. Tests with ethanol doses up to 0.2% indicated stronger effects on the conventional synapses than on the ribbon synapses. Alcohol decreased or abolished the lateral inhibition ( inhibitory surround) mediated by the amacrine cells and depressed the signals from the green rods, which apparently are mediated by horizontal cells. Further alcohol decreased the sensitivity of the signals from the completely dark-adapted red rods in the retina, and increased the sensitivity of the cone-mediated responses for class 3 and deviating class 4 cells, when measured against a background light. Alcohol also increased the latency of the response up to 55 msec. depending on the size of the stimulus field.", "contents": "Effects of alcohol on ganglion cell receptive field properties and sensitivity in the frog retina. Previous results have shown that alcohol has an effect on vision and on the excitability of retinal neurons. Action potentials of single ganglion cells were recorded by microelectrodes in opened and excised eyes from frogs (Rana temporaria L.). Histologically two types of synapses have been described in the retina: conventional synapses and synapses with a ribbon or bar shaped component surrounded by a rather uniform layer of synaptic vesicles. The \"ribbon synapses\" are presynaptic contacts in receptor and bipolar cells while horizontal and amacrine cells have conventional synapses. Tests with ethanol doses up to 0.2% indicated stronger effects on the conventional synapses than on the ribbon synapses. Alcohol decreased or abolished the lateral inhibition ( inhibitory surround) mediated by the amacrine cells and depressed the signals from the green rods, which apparently are mediated by horizontal cells. Further alcohol decreased the sensitivity of the signals from the completely dark-adapted red rods in the retina, and increased the sensitivity of the cone-mediated responses for class 3 and deviating class 4 cells, when measured against a background light. Alcohol also increased the latency of the response up to 55 msec. depending on the size of the stimulus field."}
{"id": "PMID:304296", "title": "Effect of skeletal muscle denervaton on the activity of muscular acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.) in frog.", "content": "The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE 3.1.1.7.) was determined in skeletal muscle homogenates in frogs at various time intervals (15--24 days) after denervation. At the same time changes in AChE activity were compared with morphological changes of neuromuscular end plates in these muscles. Muscle denervation caused initially, within 30 hours, a rise in AChE activity by about 30% in relation to control muscles, followed by its fall to the control values after 4--6 days. The activity decreased further reaching lowest values 15 days after denervation, when it amounted to about 65% of the value of control muscles. After that time, when regeneration of nerves set in, the activity of AChe rose again returning to the control values after 24 hours. In the initial period of denervation no correlation was found between AChE activity and morphological changes in end plates. It was found however in the later period when degenerative changes were most pronounced as well as when reinnervation was in progress.", "contents": "Effect of skeletal muscle denervaton on the activity of muscular acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.) in frog. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE 3.1.1.7.) was determined in skeletal muscle homogenates in frogs at various time intervals (15--24 days) after denervation. At the same time changes in AChE activity were compared with morphological changes of neuromuscular end plates in these muscles. Muscle denervation caused initially, within 30 hours, a rise in AChE activity by about 30% in relation to control muscles, followed by its fall to the control values after 4--6 days. The activity decreased further reaching lowest values 15 days after denervation, when it amounted to about 65% of the value of control muscles. After that time, when regeneration of nerves set in, the activity of AChe rose again returning to the control values after 24 hours. In the initial period of denervation no correlation was found between AChE activity and morphological changes in end plates. It was found however in the later period when degenerative changes were most pronounced as well as when reinnervation was in progress."}
{"id": "PMID:304304", "title": "Acute upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage. New observations on an old problem.", "content": "In a two-year period, 289 patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage were evaluated. The site of hemorrhage was proven by endoscopy in more than 90% of cases. The frequency of any particular bleeding site was characterized for several subgroups and was found to correlate with: (1) the severity of the bleeding episode; (2) the iatrotropic stimulus of hemorrhage, and (3) the history of ethanol consumption. No difference was found in the frequency of ulcer and acute mucosal lesions as sites of hemorrhage between patients who consumed aspirin and those who did not. A history of symptoms of peptic ulcer correlated with the presence of an ulcer as the bleeding site. It is possible that failure to identify important patient subgroups may be partially responsible for the disagreement between previous reports.", "contents": "Acute upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage. New observations on an old problem. In a two-year period, 289 patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal hemorrhage were evaluated. The site of hemorrhage was proven by endoscopy in more than 90% of cases. The frequency of any particular bleeding site was characterized for several subgroups and was found to correlate with: (1) the severity of the bleeding episode; (2) the iatrotropic stimulus of hemorrhage, and (3) the history of ethanol consumption. No difference was found in the frequency of ulcer and acute mucosal lesions as sites of hemorrhage between patients who consumed aspirin and those who did not. A history of symptoms of peptic ulcer correlated with the presence of an ulcer as the bleeding site. It is possible that failure to identify important patient subgroups may be partially responsible for the disagreement between previous reports."}
{"id": "PMID:304307", "title": "Acute gastroduodenal lesions in head injury. An endoscopic study.", "content": "Early and serial endoscopic examinations were performed in patients with head injury to determine the actual incidence and course of the acute gastroduodenal lesions. Acute gastroduodenal lesions were found in high incidence of 35 in 47 patients (75%). It was stressed that the lesions were found in 16 of 25 cases without obvious gastrointestinal bleeding. The lesions were mainly found in the stomach (78%) and of these lesions erosive gastritis was seen in the greatest frequency. Gastric ulcer was found in 11 patients. Erosive gastritis was found within one week after the trauma, while gastric ulcer usually developed after one week. Erosive gastritis was mainly located in the body of the stomach and usually healed within ten days. Gastric ulcer also had a good course. There was no case in which the erosive lesion extended to the ulcer. Among 22 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, three had intractable bleeding. Steroid administration seemed to have little effect on the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal lesions.", "contents": "Acute gastroduodenal lesions in head injury. An endoscopic study. Early and serial endoscopic examinations were performed in patients with head injury to determine the actual incidence and course of the acute gastroduodenal lesions. Acute gastroduodenal lesions were found in high incidence of 35 in 47 patients (75%). It was stressed that the lesions were found in 16 of 25 cases without obvious gastrointestinal bleeding. The lesions were mainly found in the stomach (78%) and of these lesions erosive gastritis was seen in the greatest frequency. Gastric ulcer was found in 11 patients. Erosive gastritis was found within one week after the trauma, while gastric ulcer usually developed after one week. Erosive gastritis was mainly located in the body of the stomach and usually healed within ten days. Gastric ulcer also had a good course. There was no case in which the erosive lesion extended to the ulcer. Among 22 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, three had intractable bleeding. Steroid administration seemed to have little effect on the occurrence of acute gastroduodenal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:304308", "title": "Characterization of tumour cells in concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute monocytic leukaemia.", "content": "A 68-year-old woman presented with haematological changes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute monocytic leukaemia. This diagnosis was confirmed by identification of cell surface markers for T and B lymphocytes and the identification of abnormal immunoglobulins and lysozyme in serum and urine.", "contents": "Characterization of tumour cells in concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute monocytic leukaemia. A 68-year-old woman presented with haematological changes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute monocytic leukaemia. This diagnosis was confirmed by identification of cell surface markers for T and B lymphocytes and the identification of abnormal immunoglobulins and lysozyme in serum and urine."}
{"id": "PMID:304309", "title": "Cellular immunity in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The thymus-dependent immunity of 42 patients with SCCC was evaluated by: delayed cutaneous reactions to ubiquitous antigens, DNCB sensitization, and lymphocyte response to PHA. In addition, T and B lymphocytes were detected in peripheral blood and in tumor sections, by adherence to E and HEAC. Depressed CMI was more intense in patients with disseminated disease, although a premature impairment of CMI was observed in some patients with initial-stage tumors. The absolute number of peripheral T lymphocytes showed association with both cutaneous reactions and PHA response. However, there appeared to be no significant correlation between the stage of the tumor and the pattern of adherence of E or HEAC to the biopsies.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The thymus-dependent immunity of 42 patients with SCCC was evaluated by: delayed cutaneous reactions to ubiquitous antigens, DNCB sensitization, and lymphocyte response to PHA. In addition, T and B lymphocytes were detected in peripheral blood and in tumor sections, by adherence to E and HEAC. Depressed CMI was more intense in patients with disseminated disease, although a premature impairment of CMI was observed in some patients with initial-stage tumors. The absolute number of peripheral T lymphocytes showed association with both cutaneous reactions and PHA response. However, there appeared to be no significant correlation between the stage of the tumor and the pattern of adherence of E or HEAC to the biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:304310", "title": "Involutional diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The end-stage or involutional phase of proliferative diabetic retinopathy may result in stabilization of vision for long periods of time. However, the clinical resemblance to the progressive tapetoretinal degenerations suggests that marked functional impairment of the retina is present in such eyes. We studied 19 eyes with involutional retinopathy to document the status of the retinal function. Studies included fluorescein angiography, visual field examination, dark adaptation testing, color vision testing, electro-oculography and electroretinography (ERG). The results indicated marked functional abnormalities in all eyes. The ERG tracings showed uniformly subnormal responses and delayed implicit times, similar to those of dominantly inherited retinal pigment degeneration, and indicative of a progressive retinal disorder. In two patients, color vision testing showed defects similar to those seen in inherited tritanopia; and in the remaining patients, defects were indicative of an acquired blue-yellow dyschomatopsia.", "contents": "Involutional diabetic retinopathy. The end-stage or involutional phase of proliferative diabetic retinopathy may result in stabilization of vision for long periods of time. However, the clinical resemblance to the progressive tapetoretinal degenerations suggests that marked functional impairment of the retina is present in such eyes. We studied 19 eyes with involutional retinopathy to document the status of the retinal function. Studies included fluorescein angiography, visual field examination, dark adaptation testing, color vision testing, electro-oculography and electroretinography (ERG). The results indicated marked functional abnormalities in all eyes. The ERG tracings showed uniformly subnormal responses and delayed implicit times, similar to those of dominantly inherited retinal pigment degeneration, and indicative of a progressive retinal disorder. In two patients, color vision testing showed defects similar to those seen in inherited tritanopia; and in the remaining patients, defects were indicative of an acquired blue-yellow dyschomatopsia."}
{"id": "PMID:304311", "title": "Topographic impairment of night vision related to exercise.", "content": "We observed impaired night vision in the lower visual fields of long distance runners. We reduplicated our field observations by studying four vigorously exercising men, aged 26 to 52 years, under controlled laboratory conditions. Results of our observations showed impaired night vision did occur in the inferior visual fields of all four subjects.", "contents": "Topographic impairment of night vision related to exercise. We observed impaired night vision in the lower visual fields of long distance runners. We reduplicated our field observations by studying four vigorously exercising men, aged 26 to 52 years, under controlled laboratory conditions. Results of our observations showed impaired night vision did occur in the inferior visual fields of all four subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:304312", "title": "Excretion of gentamicin in rabbit tears after subconjunctival injection.", "content": "We subconjunctivally, injected gentamicin, in a dose of 10 mg, into normal and inflamed (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) rabbit eyes in which the nasolarcrimal ducts had been blocked. We retrieved approximately 10% of the dose of drug in the tears, the majority in the first 30 minutes. The difference in lacrimal excretion of the drug between normal and inflamed eyes was not significant. Higher concentrations of gentamicin found in the ocular tissues of normal eyes than inflamed eyes cannot be attributed to loss in the tears.", "contents": "Excretion of gentamicin in rabbit tears after subconjunctival injection. We subconjunctivally, injected gentamicin, in a dose of 10 mg, into normal and inflamed (Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis) rabbit eyes in which the nasolarcrimal ducts had been blocked. We retrieved approximately 10% of the dose of drug in the tears, the majority in the first 30 minutes. The difference in lacrimal excretion of the drug between normal and inflamed eyes was not significant. Higher concentrations of gentamicin found in the ocular tissues of normal eyes than inflamed eyes cannot be attributed to loss in the tears."}
{"id": "PMID:304313", "title": "The locus of unique green in deuteranomalous trichromats.", "content": "A method of color naming was used to determine the spectral locus for unique green (UG) as it was perceived by 20 color normals and 24 deuteranomalous trichromats. The loci for the normal group were distributed bimodally, as earlier investigators had reported, and a bimodal distribution was also found for the deuteranomalous group. In the latter group, UG was located at long wavelengths only by those who had been classified as mild deuteranomals according to several clinical criteria. Those who located UG at shorter wavelengths included individuals whose defects ranged from mild to severe. This result is discussed in the context of theories of deuteranomaly and is presented as further evidence for the existence of 2 types of deuteranomaly.", "contents": "The locus of unique green in deuteranomalous trichromats. A method of color naming was used to determine the spectral locus for unique green (UG) as it was perceived by 20 color normals and 24 deuteranomalous trichromats. The loci for the normal group were distributed bimodally, as earlier investigators had reported, and a bimodal distribution was also found for the deuteranomalous group. In the latter group, UG was located at long wavelengths only by those who had been classified as mild deuteranomals according to several clinical criteria. Those who located UG at shorter wavelengths included individuals whose defects ranged from mild to severe. This result is discussed in the context of theories of deuteranomaly and is presented as further evidence for the existence of 2 types of deuteranomaly."}
{"id": "PMID:304315", "title": "Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly.", "content": "Sixty-six elderly patients with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding were retrospectively analyzed. This study supports the concept of vigorous resuscitation, early diagnosis with fiberoptic endoscopy, and prompt surgical intervention in patients with continued bleeding. When this approach was utilized in a community hospital, operative mortality was reduced to 5 per cent.", "contents": "Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the elderly. Sixty-six elderly patients with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding were retrospectively analyzed. This study supports the concept of vigorous resuscitation, early diagnosis with fiberoptic endoscopy, and prompt surgical intervention in patients with continued bleeding. When this approach was utilized in a community hospital, operative mortality was reduced to 5 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:304316", "title": "A transthoracic devascularization procedure for control of bleeding esophageal varices: preliminary report.", "content": "A procedure for control of variceal bleeding has been described which involves \"devascularization\" of the distal one third of the esophagus and upper one half of the stomach combined with a Nissen fundoplication performed through a left lateral thoracotomy and an incision in the left diaphragm. Transection of the truncal vagi is required to effectively de vascularize the distal esophagus and, thus, pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty is added. Six patients who were moderately high risk candidates underwent this procedure for control for persistent hemorrhage; five of these patients were operated on within 48 hours of admission. There was one postoperative mortality. The five survivors have not rebled, and there has been no evidence of encephalopathy or progressive liver deterioration over a mean follow-up of thirteen months.", "contents": "A transthoracic devascularization procedure for control of bleeding esophageal varices: preliminary report. A procedure for control of variceal bleeding has been described which involves \"devascularization\" of the distal one third of the esophagus and upper one half of the stomach combined with a Nissen fundoplication performed through a left lateral thoracotomy and an incision in the left diaphragm. Transection of the truncal vagi is required to effectively de vascularize the distal esophagus and, thus, pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty is added. Six patients who were moderately high risk candidates underwent this procedure for control for persistent hemorrhage; five of these patients were operated on within 48 hours of admission. There was one postoperative mortality. The five survivors have not rebled, and there has been no evidence of encephalopathy or progressive liver deterioration over a mean follow-up of thirteen months."}
{"id": "PMID:304317", "title": "[Drainage of the radioactive lymphotropic tracers 198 Au-colloid and 99m Tc-sulfur-colloid from the orbit in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate lymph drainage from the retrobulbar space colloid solutions (198Au-colloid and 99mTc-sulfur-colloid) were injected into the right retrobulbar space of 31 rabbits. The distribution of radioactivity was measured in vitro after dissection with a sodium iodine crystal well counter and in some animals in vivo with the Gamma camera. More than 90% of the applied activity of either colloid solution was found in some animals up to the eighth day post injection in the retrobulbar space and in the liver. The remaining activity was recovered mainly from the regional lymph nodes, due to its smaller particle size higher values were registered in the experiments with 198Au than in those with 99mTc. The highest concentrations with up to 4,6% of the activity were observed in the deep cervical lymph nodes on both sides. Minor concentrations of activity were found ipsilateral in the superficial cervical and mandibular lymph nodes. Furthermore, small but significant activities were demonstrated in the optic nerves as well as in the contralateral retrobulbar space. The present data clearly substantiate the existence of lymph drainage, although a slow one, from the retrobulbar space. Moreover they indicate a reverse prelymphatic-lymphatic flow toward the optic nerves and the contralateral retrobulbar space. These results are of importance in the discussions of lymphostatic ophthalmopathy. The clinical application of this method is desirable; however, at present it is not yet practicable without further studies.", "contents": "[Drainage of the radioactive lymphotropic tracers 198 Au-colloid and 99m Tc-sulfur-colloid from the orbit in rabbits (author's transl)]. In order to investigate lymph drainage from the retrobulbar space colloid solutions (198Au-colloid and 99mTc-sulfur-colloid) were injected into the right retrobulbar space of 31 rabbits. The distribution of radioactivity was measured in vitro after dissection with a sodium iodine crystal well counter and in some animals in vivo with the Gamma camera. More than 90% of the applied activity of either colloid solution was found in some animals up to the eighth day post injection in the retrobulbar space and in the liver. The remaining activity was recovered mainly from the regional lymph nodes, due to its smaller particle size higher values were registered in the experiments with 198Au than in those with 99mTc. The highest concentrations with up to 4,6% of the activity were observed in the deep cervical lymph nodes on both sides. Minor concentrations of activity were found ipsilateral in the superficial cervical and mandibular lymph nodes. Furthermore, small but significant activities were demonstrated in the optic nerves as well as in the contralateral retrobulbar space. The present data clearly substantiate the existence of lymph drainage, although a slow one, from the retrobulbar space. Moreover they indicate a reverse prelymphatic-lymphatic flow toward the optic nerves and the contralateral retrobulbar space. These results are of importance in the discussions of lymphostatic ophthalmopathy. The clinical application of this method is desirable; however, at present it is not yet practicable without further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:304318", "title": "[Electron-microscopic findings in Bowen's disease of the conjunctiva (author's transl)].", "content": "The conjunctival tumors of eleven patients were histologically diagnosed as an intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma Bowen's disease. All characteristic intraepithelial changes were manifest. Microinvasion, secondary dyskeratosia, dyskeratotic keratinisation, individual cell keratinization, and loss of intercellular desmosomes were clearly evident in the electron microscope. Virus-like organisms were not observed.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic findings in Bowen's disease of the conjunctiva (author's transl)]. The conjunctival tumors of eleven patients were histologically diagnosed as an intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma Bowen's disease. All characteristic intraepithelial changes were manifest. Microinvasion, secondary dyskeratosia, dyskeratotic keratinisation, individual cell keratinization, and loss of intercellular desmosomes were clearly evident in the electron microscope. Virus-like organisms were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:304319", "title": "Penetration of ocular compartments by tetracyclines. I. An experimental study with tetracycline.", "content": "Total antibiotic concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride was determined in the ocular structures of rabbits by radioactive tracer method. Concentration of tetracycline of 0.1 to 5 microgram/g, adequate to inhibit the growth of bacteria of high or medium susceptibility, was measured from all ocular structures with the exception of the lens. Tetracycline concentration in the aqueous humor was inferior to that in the vascularized ocular tissues and to that in the cornea. Vitreous body tetracycline level, about 0.3 microgram/g, was about half of the concentration in the aqueous humor. The disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier following paracentesis led to an immediate increase of tetracycline concentration in the anterior structures of the eye.", "contents": "Penetration of ocular compartments by tetracyclines. I. An experimental study with tetracycline. Total antibiotic concentration of tetracycline hydrochloride was determined in the ocular structures of rabbits by radioactive tracer method. Concentration of tetracycline of 0.1 to 5 microgram/g, adequate to inhibit the growth of bacteria of high or medium susceptibility, was measured from all ocular structures with the exception of the lens. Tetracycline concentration in the aqueous humor was inferior to that in the vascularized ocular tissues and to that in the cornea. Vitreous body tetracycline level, about 0.3 microgram/g, was about half of the concentration in the aqueous humor. The disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier following paracentesis led to an immediate increase of tetracycline concentration in the anterior structures of the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:304320", "title": "Penetration of ocular compartments by tetracyclines. II. An experimental study with doxycycline.", "content": "Using radioactive tracer method the distribution of intravenously injected doxycycline of 7 mg/kg was studied in the rabbit eye. Long-lasting antibiotic concentration of 1 microgram/g or more was measured from all vascularized ocular structures. Vitreous body doxycycline concentration, almost equal to that of aqueous humor, was 0.3 microgram/g. Doxycycline concentration in the cornea exceeded that in the aqueous humor. In all vascularized ocular structures plasma antibiotic concentration was at least once achieved, indicating good penetrability of doxycycline into the tissues. This good penetrability is obviously related to the high lipoidsolubility of doxycycline, whereas its high protein binding is reflected in low concentrations in the aqueous humor.", "contents": "Penetration of ocular compartments by tetracyclines. II. An experimental study with doxycycline. Using radioactive tracer method the distribution of intravenously injected doxycycline of 7 mg/kg was studied in the rabbit eye. Long-lasting antibiotic concentration of 1 microgram/g or more was measured from all vascularized ocular structures. Vitreous body doxycycline concentration, almost equal to that of aqueous humor, was 0.3 microgram/g. Doxycycline concentration in the cornea exceeded that in the aqueous humor. In all vascularized ocular structures plasma antibiotic concentration was at least once achieved, indicating good penetrability of doxycycline into the tissues. This good penetrability is obviously related to the high lipoidsolubility of doxycycline, whereas its high protein binding is reflected in low concentrations in the aqueous humor."}
{"id": "PMID:304321", "title": "A study on alkaline phosphatase in cornea of various animals with special regard to keratocytes.", "content": "The distribution of alkaline phosphatase was investigated in corneas of various animals by means of histochemical and biochemical methods. Special attention was paid to keratocytes that proved to be positive when a proper substrate and technique were used even if the activity differed according to animal species. Naphthol-AS-MX-phosphatate with Variamine-Blue-RT salt in the simultaneous azocoupling method was the most sensitive substrate; less suitable were naphthol-AS-phosphate, and particularly l-naphthyl-phosphate with Fast-Blue-BB-salt in the same method. Keratocytes were completely negative with beta-glycerophosphate in the Gomori technique. Contrary to keratocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells were without substrate predilection. The results of both approaches showed a wide inter-species variability. The overall activity of alkaline phosphatase detected histochemically and its activity in the unsedimentable fraction of whole corneas determined biochemically was in good agreement. The highest activity was found in the calf cornea; enzyme levels decreased gradually in the bovine, rabbit, dog, sheep, and pig cornea.", "contents": "A study on alkaline phosphatase in cornea of various animals with special regard to keratocytes. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase was investigated in corneas of various animals by means of histochemical and biochemical methods. Special attention was paid to keratocytes that proved to be positive when a proper substrate and technique were used even if the activity differed according to animal species. Naphthol-AS-MX-phosphatate with Variamine-Blue-RT salt in the simultaneous azocoupling method was the most sensitive substrate; less suitable were naphthol-AS-phosphate, and particularly l-naphthyl-phosphate with Fast-Blue-BB-salt in the same method. Keratocytes were completely negative with beta-glycerophosphate in the Gomori technique. Contrary to keratocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells were without substrate predilection. The results of both approaches showed a wide inter-species variability. The overall activity of alkaline phosphatase detected histochemically and its activity in the unsedimentable fraction of whole corneas determined biochemically was in good agreement. The highest activity was found in the calf cornea; enzyme levels decreased gradually in the bovine, rabbit, dog, sheep, and pig cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:304322", "title": "[The D.C. response in the human electroretinogram under different degrees of wakefulness (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on the D.C. component of the human ERG following stimulation with red light of varying intensities and under different conditions of vigilance. The degree of the subject's wakefulness can be followed by looking at certain frequency components of the power spectrum of the occipital EEG. 1. The ERG remains uninfluenced by the degree of the subject's vigilance. 2. Red light is especially suited for eliciting separately photopic an scotopic responses in the on-effect of the ERG, possibly in the off-effect also. The D.C. potential is regarded as a component of the scotopic b-wave. The photopic x-wave can be recorded with very low stimulus intensities and stays clearly separated from the D.C. component.", "contents": "[The D.C. response in the human electroretinogram under different degrees of wakefulness (author's transl)]. A report is given on the D.C. component of the human ERG following stimulation with red light of varying intensities and under different conditions of vigilance. The degree of the subject's wakefulness can be followed by looking at certain frequency components of the power spectrum of the occipital EEG. 1. The ERG remains uninfluenced by the degree of the subject's vigilance. 2. Red light is especially suited for eliciting separately photopic an scotopic responses in the on-effect of the ERG, possibly in the off-effect also. The D.C. potential is regarded as a component of the scotopic b-wave. The photopic x-wave can be recorded with very low stimulus intensities and stays clearly separated from the D.C. component."}
{"id": "PMID:304324", "title": "Comparison of canine distemper virus strains in gnotobiotic dogs: effects on lymphoid tissues.", "content": "The effects of infection on various aspects of lymphoid function in gnotobiotic dogs with 2 virulent strains of canine distemper virus (CDV), Snyder-Hill CDV and R252-CDV, were compared. Both infections resulted in a viremia-related lymphopenia which was nonselective in that the percentages of B and T cells remained unchanged throughout the observation period. Nonfatal Snyder-Hill-CDV infection resulted in a transient depression of in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P, whereas R252-CDV produced prolonged in vitro suppression of phytohemagglutinin-P stimulation. The differences observed are of minor significance and do not explain the differences in central nervous system demyelinating potential between these 1 strains of CVD.", "contents": "Comparison of canine distemper virus strains in gnotobiotic dogs: effects on lymphoid tissues. The effects of infection on various aspects of lymphoid function in gnotobiotic dogs with 2 virulent strains of canine distemper virus (CDV), Snyder-Hill CDV and R252-CDV, were compared. Both infections resulted in a viremia-related lymphopenia which was nonselective in that the percentages of B and T cells remained unchanged throughout the observation period. Nonfatal Snyder-Hill-CDV infection resulted in a transient depression of in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P, whereas R252-CDV produced prolonged in vitro suppression of phytohemagglutinin-P stimulation. The differences observed are of minor significance and do not explain the differences in central nervous system demyelinating potential between these 1 strains of CVD."}
{"id": "PMID:304325", "title": "Responses of enriched populations of feline T and B lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation.", "content": "Lymphocytes from healthy adult cats were separated into T and B cell-enriched subfractions by centrifuging rosetted cells on sodium metrizoate/Ficoll gradients. The responsiveness of unseparated lymphocytes (T + B), and T and B cell-enriched subfractions to stimulation with mitogens (phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), concanavalin A (ConA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested. Cultures of unseparated lymphocytes and those enriched in T cells showed similar responsiveness of PHA, ConA, and PWM stimulation; however, only a weak response to ConA and PWM was observed in B cell-enriched cultures. The mitogenic effects of PHA-P, ConA, and PWM on feline lymphocytes appeared to be due primarily to T-cell activation.", "contents": "Responses of enriched populations of feline T and B lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation. Lymphocytes from healthy adult cats were separated into T and B cell-enriched subfractions by centrifuging rosetted cells on sodium metrizoate/Ficoll gradients. The responsiveness of unseparated lymphocytes (T + B), and T and B cell-enriched subfractions to stimulation with mitogens (phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), concanavalin A (ConA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested. Cultures of unseparated lymphocytes and those enriched in T cells showed similar responsiveness of PHA, ConA, and PWM stimulation; however, only a weak response to ConA and PWM was observed in B cell-enriched cultures. The mitogenic effects of PHA-P, ConA, and PWM on feline lymphocytes appeared to be due primarily to T-cell activation."}
{"id": "PMID:304326", "title": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation treated with nocturnal electrophrenic respiration.", "content": "A case of primary alveolar hypoventilation is described. Despite characteristic clinical findings, the diagnosis was delayed for 4 years. Alleviation of nocturnal hypoxemia and hypercapnia initially by a rocking bed and subsequently by phrenic nerve stimulation was accompanied by reversal of cor pulmonale and polycythemia. Electrophrenic respiration is an effective form of long-term management in primary alveolar hypoventilation.", "contents": "Primary alveolar hypoventilation treated with nocturnal electrophrenic respiration. A case of primary alveolar hypoventilation is described. Despite characteristic clinical findings, the diagnosis was delayed for 4 years. Alleviation of nocturnal hypoxemia and hypercapnia initially by a rocking bed and subsequently by phrenic nerve stimulation was accompanied by reversal of cor pulmonale and polycythemia. Electrophrenic respiration is an effective form of long-term management in primary alveolar hypoventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:304327", "title": "Closing volume and flow volume abnormalities in alpha(1)-antitrypsin phenotype groups in a community population.", "content": "Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotype groups, found in a community population studied in Tucson, were compared by using the maximum expiratory flow volume curve and the single-breath nitrogen test, alone and in combination. Subjects 25 to 54 years of age were used for the comparison, among whom there were 728 Pi M, 29 Pi MZ, and 62 Pi MS phenotypes. None of the flow volume parameters or closing volume parameters was able to differentiate among the phenotype groups; subjects in groups heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin did not differ from individuals homozygous for Pi M with regard to any or all flow volume or closing volume parameters.", "contents": "Closing volume and flow volume abnormalities in alpha(1)-antitrypsin phenotype groups in a community population. Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotype groups, found in a community population studied in Tucson, were compared by using the maximum expiratory flow volume curve and the single-breath nitrogen test, alone and in combination. Subjects 25 to 54 years of age were used for the comparison, among whom there were 728 Pi M, 29 Pi MZ, and 62 Pi MS phenotypes. None of the flow volume parameters or closing volume parameters was able to differentiate among the phenotype groups; subjects in groups heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin did not differ from individuals homozygous for Pi M with regard to any or all flow volume or closing volume parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:304330", "title": "A continuous flow method for the estimation of serum alpha-amylase activity.", "content": "An automated assay for serum amylase is described. Using the AutoAnalyzer II the method employs, as substrate, a solution of dyed amylopectin which is commercially available (DyAmyl-L). After incubation of serum and substrate at 55 degrees C, 1.0 mol/lKOH is introduced and the coloured products of enzymic hydrolysis are separated by dialysis against phosphate buffer. Absorbance is measured at 540 nm and the enzymic activity read from a standard curve obtained using calibration sera Versatol E and EN. The system provides accurate and reproducible measurement of serum amylase. The results obtained from assaying 100 'normal' sera are compared with those using another method of alpha-amylase estimation.", "contents": "A continuous flow method for the estimation of serum alpha-amylase activity. An automated assay for serum amylase is described. Using the AutoAnalyzer II the method employs, as substrate, a solution of dyed amylopectin which is commercially available (DyAmyl-L). After incubation of serum and substrate at 55 degrees C, 1.0 mol/lKOH is introduced and the coloured products of enzymic hydrolysis are separated by dialysis against phosphate buffer. Absorbance is measured at 540 nm and the enzymic activity read from a standard curve obtained using calibration sera Versatol E and EN. The system provides accurate and reproducible measurement of serum amylase. The results obtained from assaying 100 'normal' sera are compared with those using another method of alpha-amylase estimation."}
{"id": "PMID:304331", "title": "Red-green colour blindness in the Isle of Man and Cumbria.", "content": "The frequencies of red-green colour-blind males in the indigenous population of two regions of Britain, the Isle of Man (5.6 per cent) and Cumbria (5.0 per cent), do not readily fit into the pattern of a SW-NE gradient in the frequency of the colour-blind gene in Britain suggested by earlier studies. Frequencies of red-green colour-blind females are also given for these two populations.", "contents": "Red-green colour blindness in the Isle of Man and Cumbria. The frequencies of red-green colour-blind males in the indigenous population of two regions of Britain, the Isle of Man (5.6 per cent) and Cumbria (5.0 per cent), do not readily fit into the pattern of a SW-NE gradient in the frequency of the colour-blind gene in Britain suggested by earlier studies. Frequencies of red-green colour-blind females are also given for these two populations."}
{"id": "PMID:304336", "title": "Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency with associated defect in cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "An 8-year-old boy presented with idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency manifested principally by recurrent suppurative chest infections and chronic diarrhoea with malabsorption. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and giardiasis were shown on small bowel biopsy. Investigation of the immune system showed low serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA, negative skin tests to four recall antigens, absent mixed lymphocyte reactivity, and impared lymphocyte responses to mitogens in vitro. Serum complement and granulocyte function studies were normal. Maintenance therapy with gammaglobulin and antibiotics gave a good response.", "contents": "Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency with associated defect in cell-mediated immunity. An 8-year-old boy presented with idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency manifested principally by recurrent suppurative chest infections and chronic diarrhoea with malabsorption. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and giardiasis were shown on small bowel biopsy. Investigation of the immune system showed low serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA, negative skin tests to four recall antigens, absent mixed lymphocyte reactivity, and impared lymphocyte responses to mitogens in vitro. Serum complement and granulocyte function studies were normal. Maintenance therapy with gammaglobulin and antibiotics gave a good response."}
{"id": "PMID:304332", "title": "The involvement of T1 and T2 lymphocytes in primary and secondary delayed type hypersensitivity responsiveness.", "content": "The contribution of short-lived and long-lived T lymphocytes (T1 and T2 lymphocytes respectively) to primary and secondary delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responsiveness was studied by means of thymectomy of adult mice (ATx) with sheep red blood cells as the antigen. Within one month after ATx a fall of the primary and secondary DTH responsiveness was found of 20% and 50% respectively. This reduction can be attributed to the loss of short-lived T cells. ATx 8 months prior to the administration of the priming dose caused a decrease of the primary and the secondary DTH responsiveness of about 50% and 65% respectively. These data suggest that both the short-lived T1 and the long-lived T2 precursor cells account for the occurrence of (1) cells mediating the primary DTH response and (2) memory cells responsible for the secondary DTH response. The contribution of both populations of precursor cells in primary and secondary DTH responsiveness appeared to be only proportionally different.", "contents": "The involvement of T1 and T2 lymphocytes in primary and secondary delayed type hypersensitivity responsiveness. The contribution of short-lived and long-lived T lymphocytes (T1 and T2 lymphocytes respectively) to primary and secondary delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responsiveness was studied by means of thymectomy of adult mice (ATx) with sheep red blood cells as the antigen. Within one month after ATx a fall of the primary and secondary DTH responsiveness was found of 20% and 50% respectively. This reduction can be attributed to the loss of short-lived T cells. ATx 8 months prior to the administration of the priming dose caused a decrease of the primary and the secondary DTH responsiveness of about 50% and 65% respectively. These data suggest that both the short-lived T1 and the long-lived T2 precursor cells account for the occurrence of (1) cells mediating the primary DTH response and (2) memory cells responsible for the secondary DTH response. The contribution of both populations of precursor cells in primary and secondary DTH responsiveness appeared to be only proportionally different."}
{"id": "PMID:304333", "title": "Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in mice receiving a single injection of poly-A:U.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of lymphoid cells from the spleen and thymus of A/Sn mice was studied after a single injection of a double-stranded synthetic polynucleotide, poly-A:U. The proportion of spleen T lymphocytes with a high EPM increased markedly and rose to 80% of the total cell population on the 3rd day. The percentage of high mobility lymphocytes began to decrease on the 4th day, but normal values were not reached until the 15th day. Important variations in electrophoretic distribution profiles of the thymic cells were also observed after poly-A:U inoculation. In the untreated athymic Nude mice, 5% of the spleen cells have a high mobility and are presumed to be T-cell precursors. After a single inoculation of poly-A:U, the percentage of these cells increased to 18%. This increase correlated well with the increase in theta-positive spleen cells.", "contents": "Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in mice receiving a single injection of poly-A:U. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of lymphoid cells from the spleen and thymus of A/Sn mice was studied after a single injection of a double-stranded synthetic polynucleotide, poly-A:U. The proportion of spleen T lymphocytes with a high EPM increased markedly and rose to 80% of the total cell population on the 3rd day. The percentage of high mobility lymphocytes began to decrease on the 4th day, but normal values were not reached until the 15th day. Important variations in electrophoretic distribution profiles of the thymic cells were also observed after poly-A:U inoculation. In the untreated athymic Nude mice, 5% of the spleen cells have a high mobility and are presumed to be T-cell precursors. After a single inoculation of poly-A:U, the percentage of these cells increased to 18%. This increase correlated well with the increase in theta-positive spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304341", "title": "Molar growth yields, respiration and cytochrome profiles of Beneckea natriegens when grown under carbon limitation in a chemostat.", "content": "The effect of growth rate on the physiology of Beneckea natriegens was studied in chemostat culture. The molar growth yields (Y) from glucose and oxygen, the specific rates of oxygen (Qo2) and glucose (Qg1c) consumption and the specific rate of CO2 production (Qco2) were linearly dependent on the growth rate over the dilution rate 0.17 h-1 to 0.60 h-1. Further increase in the dilution rate resulted in a decrease in growth yield and respiration rate and these changes were coincident with increases in the specific rate of glucose utilisation and of acetate production. The affinity of Beneckea natriegens for glucose was similar when measured either directly in chemostat culture or in a closed oxygen electrode system using harvested bacteria. The total content of cytochromes decreased with increasing growth rate. However, the quantity of CO-binding cytochromes remained independent of growth rate and correlated with the potential respiration rate.", "contents": "Molar growth yields, respiration and cytochrome profiles of Beneckea natriegens when grown under carbon limitation in a chemostat. The effect of growth rate on the physiology of Beneckea natriegens was studied in chemostat culture. The molar growth yields (Y) from glucose and oxygen, the specific rates of oxygen (Qo2) and glucose (Qg1c) consumption and the specific rate of CO2 production (Qco2) were linearly dependent on the growth rate over the dilution rate 0.17 h-1 to 0.60 h-1. Further increase in the dilution rate resulted in a decrease in growth yield and respiration rate and these changes were coincident with increases in the specific rate of glucose utilisation and of acetate production. The affinity of Beneckea natriegens for glucose was similar when measured either directly in chemostat culture or in a closed oxygen electrode system using harvested bacteria. The total content of cytochromes decreased with increasing growth rate. However, the quantity of CO-binding cytochromes remained independent of growth rate and correlated with the potential respiration rate."}
{"id": "PMID:304342", "title": "Lymphoma cutis of apparent B cell origin.", "content": "A nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma involving lymph nodes, spleen, and skin is reported in a 60-year-old man. The clinical course of this disorder strongly implied cutaneous involvement as the initial site of disease. Immunologic studies indicated that the neoplastic cells carried surface immunoglobulin (IgMgamma), thus suggesting a B lymphocyte origin for the lymphatic neoplasia.", "contents": "Lymphoma cutis of apparent B cell origin. A nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma involving lymph nodes, spleen, and skin is reported in a 60-year-old man. The clinical course of this disorder strongly implied cutaneous involvement as the initial site of disease. Immunologic studies indicated that the neoplastic cells carried surface immunoglobulin (IgMgamma), thus suggesting a B lymphocyte origin for the lymphatic neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:304343", "title": "Failure of downward gaze: the site and nature of the lesion.", "content": "We report four patients with paralysis of downward gaze but with intact upward gaze, including one with detailed clinico-pathological studies and another with a focal computerized axial tomographic (CT) scan abnormality confirming the presence of bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial red nucleus, including the fasciculus retroflexus. It is suggested that sudden, permanent selective failure of downward gaze accompanied by transient disturbance of consciousness is an embolic syndrome of the posterior thalamosubthalamic or rubral artery.", "contents": "Failure of downward gaze: the site and nature of the lesion. We report four patients with paralysis of downward gaze but with intact upward gaze, including one with detailed clinico-pathological studies and another with a focal computerized axial tomographic (CT) scan abnormality confirming the presence of bilateral lesions of the dorsomedial red nucleus, including the fasciculus retroflexus. It is suggested that sudden, permanent selective failure of downward gaze accompanied by transient disturbance of consciousness is an embolic syndrome of the posterior thalamosubthalamic or rubral artery."}
{"id": "PMID:304344", "title": "Cranial computerized tomography and Marie's ataxia: a case report.", "content": "Cranial computerized tomography (CT) is an aid in the diagnosis of the spinocerebellar degenerations and may be used to define and categorize individual cases based on the extent and localization of atrophy. We discuss a case of Marie's ataxia and the cranial computerized tomographic appearance.", "contents": "Cranial computerized tomography and Marie's ataxia: a case report. Cranial computerized tomography (CT) is an aid in the diagnosis of the spinocerebellar degenerations and may be used to define and categorize individual cases based on the extent and localization of atrophy. We discuss a case of Marie's ataxia and the cranial computerized tomographic appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:304345", "title": "Right coronary endarterectomy: a procedure with increased risk of perioperative infarction.", "content": "Although right coronary endarterectomy extends operability on this vessel, the procedure is associated with increased risk of perioperative infarction. Forty-nine patients at St Vincent's Hospital underwent endarterectomy and saphenous vein grafting to the distal right coronary artery, with a hospital mortality of 6.1% and a perioperative infarction rate of 20.4%, compared with rates of 4.2% and 10.9% respectively in a group of patients who did not require endarterectomy. These figures show a trend toward statistical significance which suggests that careful patient selection for endarterectomy is required to obviate an increased risk of complications with this procedure.", "contents": "Right coronary endarterectomy: a procedure with increased risk of perioperative infarction. Although right coronary endarterectomy extends operability on this vessel, the procedure is associated with increased risk of perioperative infarction. Forty-nine patients at St Vincent's Hospital underwent endarterectomy and saphenous vein grafting to the distal right coronary artery, with a hospital mortality of 6.1% and a perioperative infarction rate of 20.4%, compared with rates of 4.2% and 10.9% respectively in a group of patients who did not require endarterectomy. These figures show a trend toward statistical significance which suggests that careful patient selection for endarterectomy is required to obviate an increased risk of complications with this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:304352", "title": "E-rosette forming lymphocytes in acute leukemia before and after cell incubation with human serum thymic factor.", "content": "The Authors studied the effect of the human serum thymic factor on the peripheral blood leukocytes from ALL patients, by testing the frequency of the E+ cells by means of the E rosette assay before and after cell incubation with this factor. In four out of twenty-four patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of peripheral blood mononuclears increased the number of E+ cells. The shift from E- to E+ cells caused by the human serum thymic factor occurred among null cells (E-, SM-Ig-). The possible value of the test in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exists is pointed out, as well as its prospective importance in monitoring the variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course.", "contents": "E-rosette forming lymphocytes in acute leukemia before and after cell incubation with human serum thymic factor. The Authors studied the effect of the human serum thymic factor on the peripheral blood leukocytes from ALL patients, by testing the frequency of the E+ cells by means of the E rosette assay before and after cell incubation with this factor. In four out of twenty-four patients tested, the thymic factor incubation of peripheral blood mononuclears increased the number of E+ cells. The shift from E- to E+ cells caused by the human serum thymic factor occurred among null cells (E-, SM-Ig-). The possible value of the test in investigating whether a T0 leukemia might really exists is pointed out, as well as its prospective importance in monitoring the variations of the immature T cell counts in relationship to the patient's treatment and his disease course."}
{"id": "PMID:304348", "title": "[Primary pulmonary tuberculosis in children under 2 years of age (22 cases)].", "content": "In order to stress the problems of our hospital, the experience of the Pneumology Service during August 1975 through July 1976 was reviewed. This practice was deemed necessary considering that tuberculosis disease is still important in children but specially in those under two years of age. It is necessary that every child be vaccinated during its first year of life and if this takes place there will be a wider protection against the disease, but specially, complications to the central nervous system will be avoided which are main causes of death in these children. When the parameters to reach a diagnosis of the disease are negative, but still there is a clinical suspicion, one must take advantage of experienced technicians to deliver whether or not it is convenient to initiate a therapeutic test. Finally, we consider that the solution to this problem lies chiefly on preventive procedures including good nutrition, B.C.G. vaccination, improvement of social and economic conditions of the family and hygienic measures.", "contents": "[Primary pulmonary tuberculosis in children under 2 years of age (22 cases)]. In order to stress the problems of our hospital, the experience of the Pneumology Service during August 1975 through July 1976 was reviewed. This practice was deemed necessary considering that tuberculosis disease is still important in children but specially in those under two years of age. It is necessary that every child be vaccinated during its first year of life and if this takes place there will be a wider protection against the disease, but specially, complications to the central nervous system will be avoided which are main causes of death in these children. When the parameters to reach a diagnosis of the disease are negative, but still there is a clinical suspicion, one must take advantage of experienced technicians to deliver whether or not it is convenient to initiate a therapeutic test. Finally, we consider that the solution to this problem lies chiefly on preventive procedures including good nutrition, B.C.G. vaccination, improvement of social and economic conditions of the family and hygienic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:304350", "title": "[Intracranial abscesses in children].", "content": "An analysis of 23 consecutive cases of brain abscess is reported. The most frequent early symptoms and signs were headache, vomiting, papiledema, focal neurological abnormalities and pyrexia. Roentgenogram of skull, electroencephahologram and ecoencephalogram were abnormal in all cases in which they were obtained. Therapy was based on early diagnosis with accurate location, aspiration or excision of the abscess. Lumbar puncture is hazardous and yields only suggestive information.", "contents": "[Intracranial abscesses in children]. An analysis of 23 consecutive cases of brain abscess is reported. The most frequent early symptoms and signs were headache, vomiting, papiledema, focal neurological abnormalities and pyrexia. Roentgenogram of skull, electroencephahologram and ecoencephalogram were abnormal in all cases in which they were obtained. Therapy was based on early diagnosis with accurate location, aspiration or excision of the abscess. Lumbar puncture is hazardous and yields only suggestive information."}
{"id": "PMID:304349", "title": "[Splenectomy in histiocytosis X].", "content": "Present concepts of histiocytosis X are reviewed and the results obtained in three patients that underwent splenectomy are described; postoperative survival is analyzed in order to evaluate the possible beneficial influence of splenectomy. One case corresponded to a female with a survival of nine years and another one a male with a survival of fifteen months; both received postoperative treatment with corticosteroids and are asymptomatic at the present time. The third case had an unfavorable evolution (he did not receive postoperative treatment). Even though present experience dose not alow to establish definitive conclusions, we must consider in the usefulness of splenectomy as a part of the treatment of histiocytosis X.", "contents": "[Splenectomy in histiocytosis X]. Present concepts of histiocytosis X are reviewed and the results obtained in three patients that underwent splenectomy are described; postoperative survival is analyzed in order to evaluate the possible beneficial influence of splenectomy. One case corresponded to a female with a survival of nine years and another one a male with a survival of fifteen months; both received postoperative treatment with corticosteroids and are asymptomatic at the present time. The third case had an unfavorable evolution (he did not receive postoperative treatment). Even though present experience dose not alow to establish definitive conclusions, we must consider in the usefulness of splenectomy as a part of the treatment of histiocytosis X."}
{"id": "PMID:304356", "title": "Importance of methodology in demonstrating depression of T-lymphocyte levels.", "content": "A comparison has been made of 3 methods of determining E rosettes in young, healthy people, women with breast cancer and an age-matched group of healthy women, in an attempt to explain the wide variations in T-cell levels in different disease states reported by different workers. The greatest difference in levels of E-rosetting cells between the different groups was seen in incubation of 1 1/2 h at 4 degrees C. Much of the difference seen in these comparisons disappeared after overnight incubation at 4 degrees C, which was associated with an increased T-cell level in all groups. Consequently, although maximal levels of T lymphocytes as determined by E rosetting are found using overnight incubation, a short incubation period may be superior for demonstrating subtle depressions in levels of T lymphocytes as seen in elderly people and cancer patients. This depression is not considered to be cancer specific, because of the findings in the age-matched control group and similar findings in benign disease states.", "contents": "Importance of methodology in demonstrating depression of T-lymphocyte levels. A comparison has been made of 3 methods of determining E rosettes in young, healthy people, women with breast cancer and an age-matched group of healthy women, in an attempt to explain the wide variations in T-cell levels in different disease states reported by different workers. The greatest difference in levels of E-rosetting cells between the different groups was seen in incubation of 1 1/2 h at 4 degrees C. Much of the difference seen in these comparisons disappeared after overnight incubation at 4 degrees C, which was associated with an increased T-cell level in all groups. Consequently, although maximal levels of T lymphocytes as determined by E rosetting are found using overnight incubation, a short incubation period may be superior for demonstrating subtle depressions in levels of T lymphocytes as seen in elderly people and cancer patients. This depression is not considered to be cancer specific, because of the findings in the age-matched control group and similar findings in benign disease states."}
{"id": "PMID:304351", "title": "[Radiologic manifestations of histiocytosis in childhood].", "content": "The radiologic changes that ocurred in 37 cases of histiocytosis are reported. According to established clinical types, they are grouped and analyzed stressing in bone lesions their aspect, characteristics and distribution, together with the evident differential diagnosis and the X-ray guideline to be followed to determine the course. The importance of plain X-ray is stressed and other less frequent changes are mentioned in those cases with diagnostic problems.", "contents": "[Radiologic manifestations of histiocytosis in childhood]. The radiologic changes that ocurred in 37 cases of histiocytosis are reported. According to established clinical types, they are grouped and analyzed stressing in bone lesions their aspect, characteristics and distribution, together with the evident differential diagnosis and the X-ray guideline to be followed to determine the course. The importance of plain X-ray is stressed and other less frequent changes are mentioned in those cases with diagnostic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:304357", "title": "Light- and diffusion-potential-induced shift of carotenoid spectrum in reconstituted vesicles of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides.", "content": "Proteoliposomes were reconstituted from detergent-solubilized pigment.protein complexes of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and soybean phospholipids. The reconstituted vesicles showed a photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll and a light-induced spectral shift of carotenoid to longer wave-lengths. The  red shift similar to that in intact cells or chromatophores, indicates the generation of local fields in the membrane of proteoliposomes. When inside-positive membrane potential was induced by adding valinomycin and potassium salt, a shift of carotenoid spectrum to shorter wavelengths was observed. Therefore, the reconstituted vesicles, at least in the major part of population, produced the light-induced local field in the same direction as in intact cells, which is inside negative. Sidedness of the membrane structure and the direction of electric field formation in reconstituted vesicles were opposite to those in chromatophores (inside-out vesicles.", "contents": "Light- and diffusion-potential-induced shift of carotenoid spectrum in reconstituted vesicles of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Proteoliposomes were reconstituted from detergent-solubilized pigment.protein complexes of chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and soybean phospholipids. The reconstituted vesicles showed a photooxidation of reaction center bacteriochlorophyll and a light-induced spectral shift of carotenoid to longer wave-lengths. The  red shift similar to that in intact cells or chromatophores, indicates the generation of local fields in the membrane of proteoliposomes. When inside-positive membrane potential was induced by adding valinomycin and potassium salt, a shift of carotenoid spectrum to shorter wavelengths was observed. Therefore, the reconstituted vesicles, at least in the major part of population, produced the light-induced local field in the same direction as in intact cells, which is inside negative. Sidedness of the membrane structure and the direction of electric field formation in reconstituted vesicles were opposite to those in chromatophores (inside-out vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:304358", "title": "The light-induced carotenoid absorbance changes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: an analysis and interpretation of the band shifts.", "content": "An analysis has been made of the spectrum of the carotenoid absorption band shift generated by continuous illumination of chromatophores of the GlC-mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides at room temperature by means of three computer programs. There appears to be at least two pools of the same carotenoid, only one of which, comprising about 20% of the total carotenoid content, is responsible for the light-induced absorbance changes. The 'remaining' pool absorbs at wavelengths which were about 5 nm lower than those at which the 'changing' pool absorbs. This difference in absorption wavelength could indicate that the two pools are influenced differently by permanent local electric fields. The electrochromic origin of the absorbance changes has been demonstrated directly; the isosbestic points of the absorption difference spectrum move to shorter wavelengths upon lowering of the light-induced electric field. Band shifts up to 1.7 nm were observed. A comparison of the light-induced absorbance changes with a KCl-valinomycin-induced diffusion potential has been used to calibrate the electrochromic shifts. The calibration value appeared to be 137 +/- 6 mV per nm shift.", "contents": "The light-induced carotenoid absorbance changes in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: an analysis and interpretation of the band shifts. An analysis has been made of the spectrum of the carotenoid absorption band shift generated by continuous illumination of chromatophores of the GlC-mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides at room temperature by means of three computer programs. There appears to be at least two pools of the same carotenoid, only one of which, comprising about 20% of the total carotenoid content, is responsible for the light-induced absorbance changes. The 'remaining' pool absorbs at wavelengths which were about 5 nm lower than those at which the 'changing' pool absorbs. This difference in absorption wavelength could indicate that the two pools are influenced differently by permanent local electric fields. The electrochromic origin of the absorbance changes has been demonstrated directly; the isosbestic points of the absorption difference spectrum move to shorter wavelengths upon lowering of the light-induced electric field. Band shifts up to 1.7 nm were observed. A comparison of the light-induced absorbance changes with a KCl-valinomycin-induced diffusion potential has been used to calibrate the electrochromic shifts. The calibration value appeared to be 137 +/- 6 mV per nm shift."}
{"id": "PMID:304359", "title": "Ubiquinone reduction and proton uptake by chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26: periodicity of two in consecutive light flashes.", "content": "Chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 were subjected to a series of brief flashes of light in the presence of diaminodurene as an electron donor. Odd-numbered flashes induced the reduction of ubiquinone to the anionic semiquinone, as indicated by absorbance changes near 450 nm. This reaction was not attended by proton binding. Even-numbered flashes caused disappearance of the semiquinone, presumably by conversion to the fully reduced form. This reaction was attended by proton uptake.", "contents": "Ubiquinone reduction and proton uptake by chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26: periodicity of two in consecutive light flashes. Chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain R-26 were subjected to a series of brief flashes of light in the presence of diaminodurene as an electron donor. Odd-numbered flashes induced the reduction of ubiquinone to the anionic semiquinone, as indicated by absorbance changes near 450 nm. This reaction was not attended by proton binding. Even-numbered flashes caused disappearance of the semiquinone, presumably by conversion to the fully reduced form. This reaction was attended by proton uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:304360", "title": "High-order fluorescence and exciton interaction in photosynthetic bacteria.", "content": "We have observed fluorescence at visible wavelengths from chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria excited with infrared radiation which we attribute to bacteriochlorophyll of the antenna system. The fluorescence is prompt (no delay greater than 5 ns). Its spectrum shows peaks at 445, 530 (broad) and 600 nm when excited with either 694 or 868 nm. Quantum yield is of the order of 10(-9). The dependence on intensity indicates generation by mainly third-order processes which could involve triplet state in combination with excited singlets. Second-order single-singlet fusion could also contribute. The high-order fluorescence can also be explained as arising from absorption of a second photon by singlet excited states.", "contents": "High-order fluorescence and exciton interaction in photosynthetic bacteria. We have observed fluorescence at visible wavelengths from chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria excited with infrared radiation which we attribute to bacteriochlorophyll of the antenna system. The fluorescence is prompt (no delay greater than 5 ns). Its spectrum shows peaks at 445, 530 (broad) and 600 nm when excited with either 694 or 868 nm. Quantum yield is of the order of 10(-9). The dependence on intensity indicates generation by mainly third-order processes which could involve triplet state in combination with excited singlets. Second-order single-singlet fusion could also contribute. The high-order fluorescence can also be explained as arising from absorption of a second photon by singlet excited states."}
{"id": "PMID:304361", "title": "Lymphocyte plasma membranes. VI. Plasma membrane glycoproteins of thymic and splenic lymphocytes from inbred rats.", "content": "Plasma membranes of splenic and thymic lymphocytes from ACI rats were analyzed for their protein and glycoprotein components by surface radioiodination with 125I and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The glycoproteins were extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate, characterized and assayed with  antisera to thymic antigen. Plasma membranes of both cell types showed more than 25 proteins of which 10--15 were glycoproteins. Both cells showed five major glycoproteins but their apparent molecular weights or intensities differed. Surface radioiodination showed a 120 000 daltons component, common to both cell types, and a 27 000 daltons thymus-specific component as the most exposed surface glycoproteins. Lithium diiodosalicylate extracts of the plasma membranes contained almost all of the glycoprotein components and comprised 5-6 percent of the total membrane protein and 40-50 percent of the total membrane carbohydrate, with sialic acid content in thymus twice that of the spleen cells. About 1 percent of the total plasma membrane protein and 7 percent of the total isolated glycoproteins from thymocytes were reactive with rabbit anti-rat thymocyte antiserum and the immune precipitates showed two components with apparent molecular weights of 72 000 and 27 000.", "contents": "Lymphocyte plasma membranes. VI. Plasma membrane glycoproteins of thymic and splenic lymphocytes from inbred rats. Plasma membranes of splenic and thymic lymphocytes from ACI rats were analyzed for their protein and glycoprotein components by surface radioiodination with 125I and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The glycoproteins were extracted with lithium diiodosalicylate, characterized and assayed with  antisera to thymic antigen. Plasma membranes of both cell types showed more than 25 proteins of which 10--15 were glycoproteins. Both cells showed five major glycoproteins but their apparent molecular weights or intensities differed. Surface radioiodination showed a 120 000 daltons component, common to both cell types, and a 27 000 daltons thymus-specific component as the most exposed surface glycoproteins. Lithium diiodosalicylate extracts of the plasma membranes contained almost all of the glycoprotein components and comprised 5-6 percent of the total membrane protein and 40-50 percent of the total membrane carbohydrate, with sialic acid content in thymus twice that of the spleen cells. About 1 percent of the total plasma membrane protein and 7 percent of the total isolated glycoproteins from thymocytes were reactive with rabbit anti-rat thymocyte antiserum and the immune precipitates showed two components with apparent molecular weights of 72 000 and 27 000."}
{"id": "PMID:304362", "title": "Comparison of the carbohydrate and amino acid composition of normal and S-variant alpha-1-antitrypsin.", "content": "alpha-1-Antitrypsin has been isolated and purified from the serum of an individual with the Pi S phenotype whose serum contains only 50--60% as much alpha-1-antitrypsin as normal M-type serum. The preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrigufation. When analyzed in the ultracentrifuge, the S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin exhibited a molecular weight of 47,500 which was essentially the same as that of the M-type (47,300) and the Z-type (47,500) alpha-1-antitrypsin. The S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin contains 15.2% carbohydrate consisting of 16.4 residues/mol of N-acetylglucosamine, 7.8 residues/mol of mannose. 6.7 residues/mol of galactose and 7.1 residues/mol of sialic acid which is essentially the same as the carbohydrate composition of the M-type alpha-1-antitrypsin. In addition, M- and S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin have very similar amino acid compositions.", "contents": "Comparison of the carbohydrate and amino acid composition of normal and S-variant alpha-1-antitrypsin. alpha-1-Antitrypsin has been isolated and purified from the serum of an individual with the Pi S phenotype whose serum contains only 50--60% as much alpha-1-antitrypsin as normal M-type serum. The preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrigufation. When analyzed in the ultracentrifuge, the S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin exhibited a molecular weight of 47,500 which was essentially the same as that of the M-type (47,300) and the Z-type (47,500) alpha-1-antitrypsin. The S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin contains 15.2% carbohydrate consisting of 16.4 residues/mol of N-acetylglucosamine, 7.8 residues/mol of mannose. 6.7 residues/mol of galactose and 7.1 residues/mol of sialic acid which is essentially the same as the carbohydrate composition of the M-type alpha-1-antitrypsin. In addition, M- and S-type alpha-1-antitrypsin have very similar amino acid compositions."}
{"id": "PMID:304363", "title": "[Formation of antibodies against the antigen-recognizing receptors of T-lymphocytes in a syngenous system].", "content": "As shown, formation of antibodies to the antigen-recognition receptors of T-lymphocytes was possible in a syngeneic system. The antiserum of CBA mice given intravenous injections of CBA lymphocytes, immune to C57BL cells, proved to specifically inhibit in a mixed culture blasttransformation of CBA T-lymphocytes only against the C57BL cells. The same antiserum failed to influence the proliferative activity of CBA T-lymphocytes reacting to the \"foreign\" antigen (DBA/2 cells). No antibodies against the C57BL cells were revealed in the antireceptor antiserum. It is assumed that the autoantireceptor antibodies had a regulatory effect on the immune response.", "contents": "[Formation of antibodies against the antigen-recognizing receptors of T-lymphocytes in a syngenous system]. As shown, formation of antibodies to the antigen-recognition receptors of T-lymphocytes was possible in a syngeneic system. The antiserum of CBA mice given intravenous injections of CBA lymphocytes, immune to C57BL cells, proved to specifically inhibit in a mixed culture blasttransformation of CBA T-lymphocytes only against the C57BL cells. The same antiserum failed to influence the proliferative activity of CBA T-lymphocytes reacting to the \"foreign\" antigen (DBA/2 cells). No antibodies against the C57BL cells were revealed in the antireceptor antiserum. It is assumed that the autoantireceptor antibodies had a regulatory effect on the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:304364", "title": "[Preparation of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins and its effect on rosette forming cells].", "content": "A method of obtaining antisera against isologous aggregated mouse immunoglobulins is described. This serum designated MAAS blocked in vitro the antigen-binding receptors of the immune rosette-forming cells. MAAS was injected to mice immunized with SRBC. In comparision with the immunized mice given normal isologous serum rosette-forming B-cells were absent in the spleen of mice given MAAS at the peak of isologous response. But the antibody-forming cell count was not decreased under the influence of MAAS.", "contents": "[Preparation of mouse antiserum against isologous aggregated immunoglobulins and its effect on rosette forming cells]. A method of obtaining antisera against isologous aggregated mouse immunoglobulins is described. This serum designated MAAS blocked in vitro the antigen-binding receptors of the immune rosette-forming cells. MAAS was injected to mice immunized with SRBC. In comparision with the immunized mice given normal isologous serum rosette-forming B-cells were absent in the spleen of mice given MAAS at the peak of isologous response. But the antibody-forming cell count was not decreased under the influence of MAAS."}
{"id": "PMID:304365", "title": "Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase activity in B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Moderately high levels of activity of the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) were found in the leukemic cells of a patient with acute lymphyocytic leukemia. The proliferating cells were B lymphocytes bearing IgG antibody, and the disease was associated with an IgG monoclonal spike and a mediastinal mass. The observations in this case suggest that TdT is related more to the immaturity and proliferation of certain lymphoid stem cells than to their progress toward B- or T-cell differentiation.", "contents": "Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase activity in B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. Moderately high levels of activity of the enzyme terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) were found in the leukemic cells of a patient with acute lymphyocytic leukemia. The proliferating cells were B lymphocytes bearing IgG antibody, and the disease was associated with an IgG monoclonal spike and a mediastinal mass. The observations in this case suggest that TdT is related more to the immaturity and proliferation of certain lymphoid stem cells than to their progress toward B- or T-cell differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:304367", "title": "Evidence for monoclonal proliferation in prolymphocytic leukemia of T-cell orgin. A cytogenetic and Quantitative immunoautoradiographic analysis.", "content": "B- and T-cell markers were studied in a patient with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Thymus-derived features were identified on the membrane of the neoplastic lymphocytes using the following cellsurface markers: Heterologous T-cell antigen, sheep erythrocyte receptor, surface immunoglobulin, complement receptor, Fc receptor and mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cytogenetic studies of leukemic cells from unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cultures revealed a consistent karyotype characterized by marker chromosomes and a decreased chromosome number, whereas chromosomal analysis of hair root cells yielded a normal karyotype. A uniform expression of T-cell antigens measured on single leukemic cells by quantitative microphotometric immunoautoradiography correlated with the cytogenetic findings which are compatible with a descent from one progenitor cell.", "contents": "Evidence for monoclonal proliferation in prolymphocytic leukemia of T-cell orgin. A cytogenetic and Quantitative immunoautoradiographic analysis. B- and T-cell markers were studied in a patient with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Thymus-derived features were identified on the membrane of the neoplastic lymphocytes using the following cellsurface markers: Heterologous T-cell antigen, sheep erythrocyte receptor, surface immunoglobulin, complement receptor, Fc receptor and mouse erythrocyte receptor. Cytogenetic studies of leukemic cells from unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cultures revealed a consistent karyotype characterized by marker chromosomes and a decreased chromosome number, whereas chromosomal analysis of hair root cells yielded a normal karyotype. A uniform expression of T-cell antigens measured on single leukemic cells by quantitative microphotometric immunoautoradiography correlated with the cytogenetic findings which are compatible with a descent from one progenitor cell."}
{"id": "PMID:304369", "title": "The effects of replacing ester by amide on the biological properties of compounds related to acetylcholine.", "content": "1 Replacement of ester by amine in series of derivatives of diphenylacetic acid reduces the affinity for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors of the guinea-pig ileum from 40- to 100-fold. With similar series of phenylacetic acid the reduction is only 2- to 4-fold. In both series changes in the composition of the onium group produce similar changes in the affinity of amides and esters and it appears that the stiffness of the amide bond reduces the binding of the phenyl groups at the far end of the molecule from the onium atom. 2 Replacement of ester by amide in similar series of acetyl compounds reduces activity on the guinea-pig ileum over 1000-fold and on the frog rectus over 50-fold. Compounds with larger onium groups are antagonists on both preparations with log affinity constant around 3. The amides have similar affinity for electric eel acetylcholinesterase. 3 The amides are slightly bigger than the esters in solution and slightly more hydrophilic. 4 Replacement of ester by amide in acetylcholine reduces the proportion of gauche conformer about the C--C--bond from 100% to 39%. 5 The ability of acetylcholine to activate receptors is thought to depend on some degree of flexibility in the --CO--0--bond, though the hydration of the bond may also be important.", "contents": "The effects of replacing ester by amide on the biological properties of compounds related to acetylcholine. 1 Replacement of ester by amine in series of derivatives of diphenylacetic acid reduces the affinity for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors of the guinea-pig ileum from 40- to 100-fold. With similar series of phenylacetic acid the reduction is only 2- to 4-fold. In both series changes in the composition of the onium group produce similar changes in the affinity of amides and esters and it appears that the stiffness of the amide bond reduces the binding of the phenyl groups at the far end of the molecule from the onium atom. 2 Replacement of ester by amide in similar series of acetyl compounds reduces activity on the guinea-pig ileum over 1000-fold and on the frog rectus over 50-fold. Compounds with larger onium groups are antagonists on both preparations with log affinity constant around 3. The amides have similar affinity for electric eel acetylcholinesterase. 3 The amides are slightly bigger than the esters in solution and slightly more hydrophilic. 4 Replacement of ester by amide in acetylcholine reduces the proportion of gauche conformer about the C--C--bond from 100% to 39%. 5 The ability of acetylcholine to activate receptors is thought to depend on some degree of flexibility in the --CO--0--bond, though the hydration of the bond may also be important."}
{"id": "PMID:304372", "title": "Bioproduction of rubratoxin in a glucose-mineral salts broth with nutritional supplements and metabolic inhibitors.", "content": "A sterile glucose-salts broth fortified with various metabolic inhibitors and nutritional supplements was inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P3290, and incubated quiescently at 28 degrees C for 14 days. Potassium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite at all test concentrations caused moderate reduction in rubratoxin formation; at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 2.7 X 10(-2)M) accumulation of fungal tissue was also retarded. Production of rubratoxin and cell mass was inhibited by p-aminobenzoic acid; syntheses of toxin were completely blocked by 7.5 X 10(-2)M of the vitamin. Effects of sodium fluoride on P. rubrum cultures grown on inorganic nitrogen sources varied from inhibition of mold growth and (or) rubratoxin A production to reduction in formation of rubratoxin B. With organic nitrogen sources, fluoride caused a 30 and 60% reduction in synthesis of rubratoxins A and B, respectively. Sodium acetate at all test concentrations enhanced formation of rubratoxin; mold growth was enhanced when acetate concentration was larger than or equal to 6.0 X 10(-2)M. A moderate reduction in mold growth was caused by lower acetate concentrations (1.2 X 10(-2)M or 2.4 X 10(-2)M). Sodium arsenite and iodoacetate at test concentrations blocked mold growth and toxin formation; sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol caused a marked reduction in mold growth but inhibited toxin formation completely. However, sodium azide permitted slight growth and toxin formation when mold cultures were incubated for 28 days.", "contents": "Bioproduction of rubratoxin in a glucose-mineral salts broth with nutritional supplements and metabolic inhibitors. A sterile glucose-salts broth fortified with various metabolic inhibitors and nutritional supplements was inoculated with conidia of Penicillium rubrum P3290, and incubated quiescently at 28 degrees C for 14 days. Potassium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite at all test concentrations caused moderate reduction in rubratoxin formation; at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 2.7 X 10(-2)M) accumulation of fungal tissue was also retarded. Production of rubratoxin and cell mass was inhibited by p-aminobenzoic acid; syntheses of toxin were completely blocked by 7.5 X 10(-2)M of the vitamin. Effects of sodium fluoride on P. rubrum cultures grown on inorganic nitrogen sources varied from inhibition of mold growth and (or) rubratoxin A production to reduction in formation of rubratoxin B. With organic nitrogen sources, fluoride caused a 30 and 60% reduction in synthesis of rubratoxins A and B, respectively. Sodium acetate at all test concentrations enhanced formation of rubratoxin; mold growth was enhanced when acetate concentration was larger than or equal to 6.0 X 10(-2)M. A moderate reduction in mold growth was caused by lower acetate concentrations (1.2 X 10(-2)M or 2.4 X 10(-2)M). Sodium arsenite and iodoacetate at test concentrations blocked mold growth and toxin formation; sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol caused a marked reduction in mold growth but inhibited toxin formation completely. However, sodium azide permitted slight growth and toxin formation when mold cultures were incubated for 28 days."}
{"id": "PMID:304373", "title": "Symposium on pancreatitis: 1. Conservative management of acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Acute pancreatitis may present as the mild edematous type or the more rare and dangerous hemorrhagic form. The effects of the latter are believed to be due to the activation of pancreatic enzymes, notably trypsin. Therefore attempts are being directed towards suppression of pancreatic enzyme activation in the management of the condition. Aprotinin and glucagon are the agents for this purpose that have received most attention. Patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis are subject to respiratory failure, which is not detectable early by clinical evidence, so that early monitoring of pulmonary function by the determination of arterial blood-gas pressures is desirable. This is borne out by the findings in six fatal cases.", "contents": "Symposium on pancreatitis: 1. Conservative management of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis may present as the mild edematous type or the more rare and dangerous hemorrhagic form. The effects of the latter are believed to be due to the activation of pancreatic enzymes, notably trypsin. Therefore attempts are being directed towards suppression of pancreatic enzyme activation in the management of the condition. Aprotinin and glucagon are the agents for this purpose that have received most attention. Patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis are subject to respiratory failure, which is not detectable early by clinical evidence, so that early monitoring of pulmonary function by the determination of arterial blood-gas pressures is desirable. This is borne out by the findings in six fatal cases."}
{"id": "PMID:304375", "title": "Optimization of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue therapy in the L1210 leukemia and sarcoma 180 murine tumor models.", "content": "An analysis of dose and schedule dependence of calcium leucovorin rescue during high-dose methotrexate therapy of ascitic forms of l1210 leukemia and Sarcoma 180 is reported. Schedules with very delayed \"low-dose\" leucovorin rescue following lethal doses of methotrexate were highly effective in preventing toxicity and achieved a pronounced antitumor effect in both ascites tumor models. Best results were obtained on a schedule of methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) followed 16 to 20 hr later by calcium leucovorin (12 mg/kg s.c.) given once every 2 hr for a total of 5 doses. Progressive increases in the calcium leucovorin dosage on any schedule reduced both toxicity and the antitumor effect of methotrexate in each model. Following a single course of therapy, essentially no toxicity was observed, and the antitumor effects were 2-fold (L1210 leukemia) and 4-fold (Sarcoma 180) greater than a single, maximally tolerated dose (24/kg s.c.) methotrexate alone. An increase in the methotrexate dosage to 800 mg/kg s.c. with or without an increase in calcium leucovorin dosages on the same schedule did not appreciably increase the antitumor effect observed. Two courses of high-dose methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) with leucovorin rescue (24 mg/kg s.c. 16, 20, and 24 hr after drug) given with an 8-day interval between courses doubled the total antitumor effect in each model with no substantial increase in toxicity and gave long-term survivors with Sarcoma 180. The results, overall, are in close agreement with prior prediction for schedule and dose dependence made on the basis of related pharmacokinetic and biochemical studies in murine tumor models reported from this laboratory.", "contents": "Optimization of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue therapy in the L1210 leukemia and sarcoma 180 murine tumor models. An analysis of dose and schedule dependence of calcium leucovorin rescue during high-dose methotrexate therapy of ascitic forms of l1210 leukemia and Sarcoma 180 is reported. Schedules with very delayed \"low-dose\" leucovorin rescue following lethal doses of methotrexate were highly effective in preventing toxicity and achieved a pronounced antitumor effect in both ascites tumor models. Best results were obtained on a schedule of methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) followed 16 to 20 hr later by calcium leucovorin (12 mg/kg s.c.) given once every 2 hr for a total of 5 doses. Progressive increases in the calcium leucovorin dosage on any schedule reduced both toxicity and the antitumor effect of methotrexate in each model. Following a single course of therapy, essentially no toxicity was observed, and the antitumor effects were 2-fold (L1210 leukemia) and 4-fold (Sarcoma 180) greater than a single, maximally tolerated dose (24/kg s.c.) methotrexate alone. An increase in the methotrexate dosage to 800 mg/kg s.c. with or without an increase in calcium leucovorin dosages on the same schedule did not appreciably increase the antitumor effect observed. Two courses of high-dose methotrexate (400 mg/kg s.c.) with leucovorin rescue (24 mg/kg s.c. 16, 20, and 24 hr after drug) given with an 8-day interval between courses doubled the total antitumor effect in each model with no substantial increase in toxicity and gave long-term survivors with Sarcoma 180. The results, overall, are in close agreement with prior prediction for schedule and dose dependence made on the basis of related pharmacokinetic and biochemical studies in murine tumor models reported from this laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:304376", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue.", "content": "The methotrexate (MTX)-plasma concentrations of 172 high-dose infusions over the range of 50-200 mg/kg were measured over the 72-hour period following the beginning of infusion. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that a biexponential function adequately describes the plasma decay for all doses. The distribution of plasma clearances over the patient population at a given dose has been characterized by a biexponential clearance function and associated time-dependent variance. It is found that when each of the plasma clearance functions are scaled by their respective dose, the 1 SD bands about the resulting unit dose curves overlap throughout their time ranges and are therefore insignificantly different from one another. Thus, the plasma clearance over the 50-200-mg/kg range may be represented by a single dose-scalable biexponential model with half-lives of 1.8 +/- 0.1 and 8.4 +/- 0.5 hours. For a given maximum allowable plasma-MTX level (eg, 10(-5) M at 24 hours), the variance of the clearance distribution is shown to predict the expected fraction of patients who will require intensified rescue. Urinary clearance has been determined at 104 +/- 8 ml/minute over the dose range of 50-300 mg/kg and only 60% of the MTX was excreted in the urine by 72 hours.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue. The methotrexate (MTX)-plasma concentrations of 172 high-dose infusions over the range of 50-200 mg/kg were measured over the 72-hour period following the beginning of infusion. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that a biexponential function adequately describes the plasma decay for all doses. The distribution of plasma clearances over the patient population at a given dose has been characterized by a biexponential clearance function and associated time-dependent variance. It is found that when each of the plasma clearance functions are scaled by their respective dose, the 1 SD bands about the resulting unit dose curves overlap throughout their time ranges and are therefore insignificantly different from one another. Thus, the plasma clearance over the 50-200-mg/kg range may be represented by a single dose-scalable biexponential model with half-lives of 1.8 +/- 0.1 and 8.4 +/- 0.5 hours. For a given maximum allowable plasma-MTX level (eg, 10(-5) M at 24 hours), the variance of the clearance distribution is shown to predict the expected fraction of patients who will require intensified rescue. Urinary clearance has been determined at 104 +/- 8 ml/minute over the dose range of 50-300 mg/kg and only 60% of the MTX was excreted in the urine by 72 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:304378", "title": "Ipsilateral diminution of CRF-granules after unilateral hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Axons terminating in the outer layer of the median eminence of rats contain light microscopically visible granules. The granules are assumed to represent a corticotropin-releasing factor and, therefore, are called CRF-granules. To find out whether neurons containing CRF-granules originate and run together with the neurons of the hypothalamus-neural lobe system (HNS), the effect of unilateral lesions in the HNS on the amount and distribution of CRF-granules was studied in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. HNS lesions prevented the adrenalectomy-induced increase in CRF-granules on the side of the lesion. Lesions outside the HNS or sham lesions did not influence the amount and distribution of the granules. The findings suggest that CRF-granules are located in terminals of neurons whose perikarya are situated in magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. It can also be concluded that the axons of these neurons run within the HNS and do not decussate.", "contents": "Ipsilateral diminution of CRF-granules after unilateral hypothalamic lesions. Axons terminating in the outer layer of the median eminence of rats contain light microscopically visible granules. The granules are assumed to represent a corticotropin-releasing factor and, therefore, are called CRF-granules. To find out whether neurons containing CRF-granules originate and run together with the neurons of the hypothalamus-neural lobe system (HNS), the effect of unilateral lesions in the HNS on the amount and distribution of CRF-granules was studied in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats. HNS lesions prevented the adrenalectomy-induced increase in CRF-granules on the side of the lesion. Lesions outside the HNS or sham lesions did not influence the amount and distribution of the granules. The findings suggest that CRF-granules are located in terminals of neurons whose perikarya are situated in magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. It can also be concluded that the axons of these neurons run within the HNS and do not decussate."}
{"id": "PMID:304387", "title": "Isolation of an arenavirus closely related to Lassa virus from Mastomys natalensis in south-east Africa.", "content": "Five unidentified virus strains were recovered from the multimammate mouse ,Mastomys natalensis, during the course of studies on arbovirus infections in Mozambique. These agents were found to be morphologically and immunologically related to Lassa virus. Four of 19 sera from Mastomys captured in the study area had antibodies to both Lassa virus and one of the unidentified strains. Although not definitive, the differences noted in results of complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescent tests suggest that these viruses from south-east Africa are not identical to West African Lassa virus.", "contents": "Isolation of an arenavirus closely related to Lassa virus from Mastomys natalensis in south-east Africa. Five unidentified virus strains were recovered from the multimammate mouse ,Mastomys natalensis, during the course of studies on arbovirus infections in Mozambique. These agents were found to be morphologically and immunologically related to Lassa virus. Four of 19 sera from Mastomys captured in the study area had antibodies to both Lassa virus and one of the unidentified strains. Although not definitive, the differences noted in results of complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescent tests suggest that these viruses from south-east Africa are not identical to West African Lassa virus."}
{"id": "PMID:304388", "title": "Nine-year study of WHO virus reports on fatal viral infections.", "content": "In 1963, the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and distribution of information on viruses. The present study is based on 2737 reports of fatal viral infections received from laboratories in 39 out of a total of 47 countries participating in the scheme. In the industrially developed countries, from which most of the reports came, more than one-third of the total number of deaths were associated with influenza A virus, while in the developing countries, the enteroviruses, and in particular poliovirus, came high on the list.In general, a steady increase in the number of reports received by WHO has been noted, especially during the last three years. The greatest variations in the yearly number of reports were seen in those concerning influenza A virus, and coincided with the clinical and epidemiological patterns observed since the advent of the A/Hong Kong/68 strain.In children, death was most frequently associated with enteroviruses, and in adults, with influenza A virus. However, some of the viruses, and in particular herpesvirus, were reported in both children and adults.Overall, respiratory diseases were the most frequent cause of death, mainly because of influenza A virus infection; next most frequent were herpesvirus infections, especially of the central nervous system, and particularly among young adults. The findings in this study confirm that it is the most serious central nervous system viral infection in the developed world.In contrast to the above, the enteroviruses are still the most important killers in the developing world and the cases occur among infants and young children. Poliovirus, in particular type 1, is still the most prevalent.", "contents": "Nine-year study of WHO virus reports on fatal viral infections. In 1963, the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and distribution of information on viruses. The present study is based on 2737 reports of fatal viral infections received from laboratories in 39 out of a total of 47 countries participating in the scheme. In the industrially developed countries, from which most of the reports came, more than one-third of the total number of deaths were associated with influenza A virus, while in the developing countries, the enteroviruses, and in particular poliovirus, came high on the list.In general, a steady increase in the number of reports received by WHO has been noted, especially during the last three years. The greatest variations in the yearly number of reports were seen in those concerning influenza A virus, and coincided with the clinical and epidemiological patterns observed since the advent of the A/Hong Kong/68 strain.In children, death was most frequently associated with enteroviruses, and in adults, with influenza A virus. However, some of the viruses, and in particular herpesvirus, were reported in both children and adults.Overall, respiratory diseases were the most frequent cause of death, mainly because of influenza A virus infection; next most frequent were herpesvirus infections, especially of the central nervous system, and particularly among young adults. The findings in this study confirm that it is the most serious central nervous system viral infection in the developed world.In contrast to the above, the enteroviruses are still the most important killers in the developing world and the cases occur among infants and young children. Poliovirus, in particular type 1, is still the most prevalent."}
{"id": "PMID:304389", "title": "Rickettsioses studies. 3. Natural foci of rickettsioses in south Bohemia.", "content": "Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and against rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were found in human sera and in sera from domestic and wild animals collected in south Bohemia. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were also discovered in the tick Ixodes ricinus. These results indicate the presence of both types of rickettsiae in this part of Czechoslovakia. As no epizootics or epidemics of Q fever have as yet been reported in the area, it can be assumed that C. burnetii occurs in the latent state. The occurrence of spotted fever group rickettsiae is probably endemic among I. ricinus ticks and among small and larger wild mammals.", "contents": "Rickettsioses studies. 3. Natural foci of rickettsioses in south Bohemia. Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and against rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were found in human sera and in sera from domestic and wild animals collected in south Bohemia. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were also discovered in the tick Ixodes ricinus. These results indicate the presence of both types of rickettsiae in this part of Czechoslovakia. As no epizootics or epidemics of Q fever have as yet been reported in the area, it can be assumed that C. burnetii occurs in the latent state. The occurrence of spotted fever group rickettsiae is probably endemic among I. ricinus ticks and among small and larger wild mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:304391", "title": "The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years.", "content": "This paper presents recommendations for the analysis and presentation of height and weight data from surveillance or surveys involving nutrition and anthropometry in young children up to the age of 10 years. These recommendations are only for the analysis of data collected on a cross-sectional basis. The basic indices recommended are height for age and weight for height, each considered either in terms of centiles or in a cross-classification scheme using standard deviation scores. It is hoped that these methods of analysis and presentation will prove widely acceptable, so that international comparisons will be made easier.", "contents": "The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. This paper presents recommendations for the analysis and presentation of height and weight data from surveillance or surveys involving nutrition and anthropometry in young children up to the age of 10 years. These recommendations are only for the analysis of data collected on a cross-sectional basis. The basic indices recommended are height for age and weight for height, each considered either in terms of centiles or in a cross-classification scheme using standard deviation scores. It is hoped that these methods of analysis and presentation will prove widely acceptable, so that international comparisons will be made easier."}
{"id": "PMID:304392", "title": "A synopsis of the nematodes occurring in blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae).", "content": "Larvae, pupae, and adult blackflies (Simuliidae) are capable of harbouring several groups of nematodes. Multiple parasitism involving nematodes of the same or different species, or various developmental stages of the same nematode may also occur. Thus, blackflies can serve as paratenic, intermediate, or definitive hosts of nematodes. The present study reviews the literature pertaining to the association between nematodes and Simuliidae and provides a key to various groups of nematodes found in blackflies. Emphasis is placed on the commoner filarial and mermithid nematodes, but several other unusual and rare roundworm parasites are also discussed.", "contents": "A synopsis of the nematodes occurring in blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Larvae, pupae, and adult blackflies (Simuliidae) are capable of harbouring several groups of nematodes. Multiple parasitism involving nematodes of the same or different species, or various developmental stages of the same nematode may also occur. Thus, blackflies can serve as paratenic, intermediate, or definitive hosts of nematodes. The present study reviews the literature pertaining to the association between nematodes and Simuliidae and provides a key to various groups of nematodes found in blackflies. Emphasis is placed on the commoner filarial and mermithid nematodes, but several other unusual and rare roundworm parasites are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304393", "title": "The morphology of cirrhosis: definition, nomenclature, and classification.", "content": "This article provides guidelines on the definition, nomenclature, and classification of cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis, and chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis is considered according to its etiology and morphological characteristics, these being complementary rather than alternative.", "contents": "The morphology of cirrhosis: definition, nomenclature, and classification. This article provides guidelines on the definition, nomenclature, and classification of cirrhosis, hepatic fibrosis, and chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis is considered according to its etiology and morphological characteristics, these being complementary rather than alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:304394", "title": "Study of the plate agglutination test with rose bengal antigen for the diagnosis of human brucellosis.", "content": "This study presents the results of a number of serological tests, in particular the plate agglutination test using acid antigen stained with rose bengal, in the examination of 440 human sera for brucellosis. In addition, the sera were examined for the presence of specific antibodies of various classes (IgM and IgG). These investigations showed the rose bengal plate agglutination test to be highly specific and sensitive as a rapid method for the diagnosis of human brucellosis.", "contents": "Study of the plate agglutination test with rose bengal antigen for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. This study presents the results of a number of serological tests, in particular the plate agglutination test using acid antigen stained with rose bengal, in the examination of 440 human sera for brucellosis. In addition, the sera were examined for the presence of specific antibodies of various classes (IgM and IgG). These investigations showed the rose bengal plate agglutination test to be highly specific and sensitive as a rapid method for the diagnosis of human brucellosis."}
{"id": "PMID:304395", "title": "Methods for the detection of haemophilia carriers: a memorandum.", "content": "This Memorandum discusses the problems and techniques involved in the detection of carriers of haemophilia A (blood coagulation factor VIII deficiency) and haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), particularly with a view to its application to genetic counselling. Apart from the personal suffering caused by haemophilia, the proper treatment of haemophiliacs places a great strain on the blood transfusion services, and it is therefore important that potential carriers should have precise information about the consequences of their having children.The Memorandum classifies the types of carrier and describes the laboratory methods used for the assessment of coagulant activity and antigen concentration in blood. Particular emphasis is laid on the establishment of international, national, and laboratory (working) standards for factors VIII and IX and their calibration in international units (IU). This is followed by a detailed account of the statistical analysis of pedigree and laboratory data, which leads to an assessment of the likelihood that a particular person will transmit the haemophilia gene to her children. Finally, the problems and responsibilities involved in genetic counselling are considered.", "contents": "Methods for the detection of haemophilia carriers: a memorandum. This Memorandum discusses the problems and techniques involved in the detection of carriers of haemophilia A (blood coagulation factor VIII deficiency) and haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency), particularly with a view to its application to genetic counselling. Apart from the personal suffering caused by haemophilia, the proper treatment of haemophiliacs places a great strain on the blood transfusion services, and it is therefore important that potential carriers should have precise information about the consequences of their having children.The Memorandum classifies the types of carrier and describes the laboratory methods used for the assessment of coagulant activity and antigen concentration in blood. Particular emphasis is laid on the establishment of international, national, and laboratory (working) standards for factors VIII and IX and their calibration in international units (IU). This is followed by a detailed account of the statistical analysis of pedigree and laboratory data, which leads to an assessment of the likelihood that a particular person will transmit the haemophilia gene to her children. Finally, the problems and responsibilities involved in genetic counselling are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:304396", "title": "Ecological studies of Bulinus rohlfsi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake.", "content": "In the present ecological study of cercarial transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake, Ghana, habitat observations and sampling of Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi were conducted within a 60-km stretch of shoreline. Observations revealed that human water contact sites in each village undergo constant changes in shape and vegetation. Snail sampling surveys in water contact sites were carried out monthly (for 27 months) in 8 villages using newly designed palm-leaf traps, and in 8 additional villages (for 16 months) using a modification of Olivier & Sneidermann's man-time method. Results to date confirm the finding by Chu & Vanderburg that cercarial transmission in the lake takes place almost exclusively within water contact sites. Additional results indicate that even within individual water contact sites this transmission is focal, most infected snails being found very close to the shoreline. Transmission also varies significantly according to shape, vegetation, and geographical location of the water contact sites, and is distinctly seasonal in most villages. These findings lead us to conclude that control of cercarial transmission in the Volta Lake is both attainable and feasible with existing methods.", "contents": "Ecological studies of Bulinus rohlfsi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake. In the present ecological study of cercarial transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake, Ghana, habitat observations and sampling of Bulinus truncatus rohlfsi were conducted within a 60-km stretch of shoreline. Observations revealed that human water contact sites in each village undergo constant changes in shape and vegetation. Snail sampling surveys in water contact sites were carried out monthly (for 27 months) in 8 villages using newly designed palm-leaf traps, and in 8 additional villages (for 16 months) using a modification of Olivier & Sneidermann's man-time method. Results to date confirm the finding by Chu & Vanderburg that cercarial transmission in the lake takes place almost exclusively within water contact sites. Additional results indicate that even within individual water contact sites this transmission is focal, most infected snails being found very close to the shoreline. Transmission also varies significantly according to shape, vegetation, and geographical location of the water contact sites, and is distinctly seasonal in most villages. These findings lead us to conclude that control of cercarial transmission in the Volta Lake is both attainable and feasible with existing methods."}
{"id": "PMID:304397", "title": "The microfilarial load in the anterior segment of the eye. A parameter of intensity of onchocerciasis.", "content": "The presence of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the eye is associated with an increased risk of deterioration of existing eye lesions. An opthalmological and parasitological examination of 630 persons was carried out in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in northern Togo. The prevalence of microfilariae increased in the cornea as well as the anterior chamber up to the age of 40-50 years, then decreased. The prevalence of onchocercal punctate keratitis, on the other hand, showed a peak for the age group 10-20 years. In two-thirds of the cases microfilariae were present in the anterior chamber as well as in the cornea. The relative distribution of microfilariae between the anterior chamber and the cornea did not change with the development of severe anterior lesions but in cases with severe posterior lesions relatively more microfilariae were found in the anterior chamber than in the cornea. In all cases of severe ocular lesions the numbers of microfilariae both in the anterior chamber and in the cornea were increased. The average number of microfilariae in the eye can be used as a parameter to enumerate the severity of ocular onchocerciasis.", "contents": "The microfilarial load in the anterior segment of the eye. A parameter of intensity of onchocerciasis. The presence of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in the eye is associated with an increased risk of deterioration of existing eye lesions. An opthalmological and parasitological examination of 630 persons was carried out in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in northern Togo. The prevalence of microfilariae increased in the cornea as well as the anterior chamber up to the age of 40-50 years, then decreased. The prevalence of onchocercal punctate keratitis, on the other hand, showed a peak for the age group 10-20 years. In two-thirds of the cases microfilariae were present in the anterior chamber as well as in the cornea. The relative distribution of microfilariae between the anterior chamber and the cornea did not change with the development of severe anterior lesions but in cases with severe posterior lesions relatively more microfilariae were found in the anterior chamber than in the cornea. In all cases of severe ocular lesions the numbers of microfilariae both in the anterior chamber and in the cornea were increased. The average number of microfilariae in the eye can be used as a parameter to enumerate the severity of ocular onchocerciasis."}
{"id": "PMID:304399", "title": "The upper tolerance limits of nonepidemic daily morbidity for influenza and other acute respiratory diseases in the epidemic season.", "content": "The start of an influenza epidemic may be detected by comparing actual daily morbidity from influenza and other acute respiratory infections with the upper tolerance limits of this morbidity for nonepidemic years. A method of constructing such tolerance limits for the autumn-winter season, when the probability of an influenza epidemic is greatest, is described. The results are illustrated by data relating to Moscow.", "contents": "The upper tolerance limits of nonepidemic daily morbidity for influenza and other acute respiratory diseases in the epidemic season. The start of an influenza epidemic may be detected by comparing actual daily morbidity from influenza and other acute respiratory infections with the upper tolerance limits of this morbidity for nonepidemic years. A method of constructing such tolerance limits for the autumn-winter season, when the probability of an influenza epidemic is greatest, is described. The results are illustrated by data relating to Moscow."}
{"id": "PMID:304400", "title": "Treatment of nonunion with constant direct current.", "content": "Laboratory experiments show the following relationships between electricity and bone: (1) stressed bone exhibits electronegativity in areas of compression, (2) living, nonstressed bone exhibits electronegativity in areas of bone growth and healing, and (3) the application of low magnitude direct current to bone induces osteogenesis at the negative electrode or cathode. Based on the above principles, a clinical study was performed in which 10-20 microamperes of constant direct current was used in treating nonunion in 57 patients. The results suggest that specific electrical parameters are required for successful osteogenic stimulation in patients. When these electrical parameters are met, a successful healing rate of 70 per cent can be achieved in treating nonunion with direct current. As experience is gained with this new technique in the treatment of nonunion, the results should improve even further. Basic studies exploring the mechanism(s) whereby electricity induces osteogenesis are opening new vistas into our understanding of bone growth and repair. The extension of these basic studies has far-reaching clinical implications.", "contents": "Treatment of nonunion with constant direct current. Laboratory experiments show the following relationships between electricity and bone: (1) stressed bone exhibits electronegativity in areas of compression, (2) living, nonstressed bone exhibits electronegativity in areas of bone growth and healing, and (3) the application of low magnitude direct current to bone induces osteogenesis at the negative electrode or cathode. Based on the above principles, a clinical study was performed in which 10-20 microamperes of constant direct current was used in treating nonunion in 57 patients. The results suggest that specific electrical parameters are required for successful osteogenic stimulation in patients. When these electrical parameters are met, a successful healing rate of 70 per cent can be achieved in treating nonunion with direct current. As experience is gained with this new technique in the treatment of nonunion, the results should improve even further. Basic studies exploring the mechanism(s) whereby electricity induces osteogenesis are opening new vistas into our understanding of bone growth and repair. The extension of these basic studies has far-reaching clinical implications."}
{"id": "PMID:304401", "title": "Electrical stimulation of human fracture healing by means of a slow pulsating, asymmetrical direct current.", "content": "Twenty-eight tibial fractures were treated with external fixation by means of a Hoffmann apparatus. Through two electrode-screws in the Hoffmann apparatus a slowly pulsating, asymmetrical direct current was applied to the fracture site in each patient. The stimulated patients experienced a 30 per cent acceleration in healing as determined by mechanically stressing the Hoffmann apparatus used for immobilization of the fracture.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of human fracture healing by means of a slow pulsating, asymmetrical direct current. Twenty-eight tibial fractures were treated with external fixation by means of a Hoffmann apparatus. Through two electrode-screws in the Hoffmann apparatus a slowly pulsating, asymmetrical direct current was applied to the fracture site in each patient. The stimulated patients experienced a 30 per cent acceleration in healing as determined by mechanically stressing the Hoffmann apparatus used for immobilization of the fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:304403", "title": "Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with direct current.", "content": "Bone possesses a bioelectric property that is important in maintaining its structural and architectural integrity. In vivo experiments demonstrate that bone formation can be accelerated by the application of direct current. We hypothesize that bone formation occurs through an electrochemical rather than an electromechanical effect. Two cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia treated by direct current stimulation are presented. A bone graft may be added to enhance bony union in conjunction with direct current. The implications of this work are that there is need for further fundamental studies including ultrastructural observations.", "contents": "Treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with direct current. Bone possesses a bioelectric property that is important in maintaining its structural and architectural integrity. In vivo experiments demonstrate that bone formation can be accelerated by the application of direct current. We hypothesize that bone formation occurs through an electrochemical rather than an electromechanical effect. Two cases of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia treated by direct current stimulation are presented. A bone graft may be added to enhance bony union in conjunction with direct current. The implications of this work are that there is need for further fundamental studies including ultrastructural observations."}
{"id": "PMID:304404", "title": "Clinical experiences with low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth.", "content": "Low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth involves the continuous application of cathodic currents in the nanoampere range. The technique has been applied to 13 patients with a variety of non-unions and pseudarthroses with a success rate of 77 per cent. Preliminary data indicate that a range of total energy, from 0.6 to 2.5 Joules, is maximally effective. The technique has been combined with anodic control of local bacterial infection with promising results. Both the osteogenic stimulation and the bacterial suppression techniques as described in this paper, appear to be safe and effective.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth. Low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth involves the continuous application of cathodic currents in the nanoampere range. The technique has been applied to 13 patients with a variety of non-unions and pseudarthroses with a success rate of 77 per cent. Preliminary data indicate that a range of total energy, from 0.6 to 2.5 Joules, is maximally effective. The technique has been combined with anodic control of local bacterial infection with promising results. Both the osteogenic stimulation and the bacterial suppression techniques as described in this paper, appear to be safe and effective."}
{"id": "PMID:304406", "title": "The electrical induction of callus formation and external skeletal fixation using methyl methacrylate for delayed union of open tibial fracture with segmental loss.", "content": "A case of delayed union of an open tibial fracture with segmental loss is presented in which electricity was applied to the bone defect through two screws that were connected to a methy methacrylate skeletal fixation device. The fracture developed electrically induced callus formation around the cathode, callus extended to the anode, and solid bony union ensued. External skeletal fixation using methyl methacrylate is convenient and is a suitable adjunct to electrical stimulation of fracture healing.", "contents": "The electrical induction of callus formation and external skeletal fixation using methyl methacrylate for delayed union of open tibial fracture with segmental loss. A case of delayed union of an open tibial fracture with segmental loss is presented in which electricity was applied to the bone defect through two screws that were connected to a methy methacrylate skeletal fixation device. The fracture developed electrically induced callus formation around the cathode, callus extended to the anode, and solid bony union ensued. External skeletal fixation using methyl methacrylate is convenient and is a suitable adjunct to electrical stimulation of fracture healing."}
{"id": "PMID:304407", "title": "The electrical enhancement of periosteal proliferation in normal and delayed fracture healing.", "content": "Normal fracture healing in long bones is a poorly defined process which to a great extent is dependent on periosteal response to injury. When this normally effective mechanism fails, electrical enhancement may prove an effective adjunct and less morbid solution than standard bone grafting procedures for periosteal reactivation.", "contents": "The electrical enhancement of periosteal proliferation in normal and delayed fracture healing. Normal fracture healing in long bones is a poorly defined process which to a great extent is dependent on periosteal response to injury. When this normally effective mechanism fails, electrical enhancement may prove an effective adjunct and less morbid solution than standard bone grafting procedures for periosteal reactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:304410", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in pleural effusions.", "content": "To determine the diagnostic significance of the determination of T and B lymphocytes in pleural fluid, we studied these cells in peripheral blood and in pleural fluid by means of surface markers. Our study comprised 30 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary malignancy, connective tissue disease, nonspecific pleurisy or congestive cardiac failure. In pulmonary tuberculosis, both the percentage and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes in pleural fluid were significantly higher than in peripheral blood. In patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary malignancy or nonspecific pleuritis, the percentages and absolute numbers of B lymphocytes were significantly lower in pleural fluid than in peripheral blood. Considered together with other clinical and laboratory indices, these determinations may aid in the differential diagnosis of pleurisy of various etiology.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in pleural effusions. To determine the diagnostic significance of the determination of T and B lymphocytes in pleural fluid, we studied these cells in peripheral blood and in pleural fluid by means of surface markers. Our study comprised 30 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary malignancy, connective tissue disease, nonspecific pleurisy or congestive cardiac failure. In pulmonary tuberculosis, both the percentage and absolute numbers of T lymphocytes in pleural fluid were significantly higher than in peripheral blood. In patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary malignancy or nonspecific pleuritis, the percentages and absolute numbers of B lymphocytes were significantly lower in pleural fluid than in peripheral blood. Considered together with other clinical and laboratory indices, these determinations may aid in the differential diagnosis of pleurisy of various etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:304413", "title": "Effect of erabutoxin B on acetylcholine release and root potentials of the frog spinal cord.", "content": "Erabutoxin b (ETX), a sea snake neurotoxin with neuromuscular blocking properties, slightly reduced resting ACh release from the isolated fron spinal cord. ETX did not affect ACh release evoked by antidromic stimulation of ventral roots but reduced the ventral-dorsal root potential and prolonged the dorsal-ventral root potential. The latter effect was associated with a reduction in the orthodromically evoked ACh release. It is suggested that ETX did not affect the presynaptic terminals of the motor axon collaterals and that its effects occurred at postsynaptic sites.", "contents": "Effect of erabutoxin B on acetylcholine release and root potentials of the frog spinal cord. Erabutoxin b (ETX), a sea snake neurotoxin with neuromuscular blocking properties, slightly reduced resting ACh release from the isolated fron spinal cord. ETX did not affect ACh release evoked by antidromic stimulation of ventral roots but reduced the ventral-dorsal root potential and prolonged the dorsal-ventral root potential. The latter effect was associated with a reduction in the orthodromically evoked ACh release. It is suggested that ETX did not affect the presynaptic terminals of the motor axon collaterals and that its effects occurred at postsynaptic sites."}
{"id": "PMID:304417", "title": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances concanavalin A reactivity of thymocytes from the low-LPS-responder mouse strain C3H/Hej.", "content": "The capacity of LPS to enhance Con A reactivity of thymocytes was studied comparatively in the low-LPS-responder C3H/Hej mice and the high-LPS-responder CBA mice. The extent of synergism LPS + Con A was found similar in both strains.", "contents": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhances concanavalin A reactivity of thymocytes from the low-LPS-responder mouse strain C3H/Hej. The capacity of LPS to enhance Con A reactivity of thymocytes was studied comparatively in the low-LPS-responder C3H/Hej mice and the high-LPS-responder CBA mice. The extent of synergism LPS + Con A was found similar in both strains."}
{"id": "PMID:304418", "title": "A differential effect of L-serine on the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-thymidine into DNA of rat thymocytes.", "content": "The addition of L-serine to short-term cultures of rat thymocytes stimulated the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into DNA, but simultaneously depressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA.", "contents": "A differential effect of L-serine on the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine and 3H-thymidine into DNA of rat thymocytes. The addition of L-serine to short-term cultures of rat thymocytes stimulated the incorporation of 3H-deoxycytidine into DNA, but simultaneously depressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:304420", "title": "On the function of cilia in the female reproductive tract.", "content": "A recently discovered syndrome is characterized by congenital immotility of the cilia. It consists of chronic infections in the respiratory system, male infertility, and, in about one-half of the cases, situs inversus. The syndrome thus includes Kartagener's syndrome. The syndrome provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the role of the cilia in the human body. Five women evidently suffering from this syndrome were examined. They had no gynecologic disorders. Three of the five women had tried to become pregnant and two have suceeded. A review of the literature indicates that men with Kartagener's syndrome are usually infertile, whereas the women are not. This fact and the data presented herein constitute strong evidence that ciliary motility is not essential for female fertility. More conclusive proof could be obtained if any of the affected women would consent to ultrastructural investigation of the oviductal cilia.", "contents": "On the function of cilia in the female reproductive tract. A recently discovered syndrome is characterized by congenital immotility of the cilia. It consists of chronic infections in the respiratory system, male infertility, and, in about one-half of the cases, situs inversus. The syndrome thus includes Kartagener's syndrome. The syndrome provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the role of the cilia in the human body. Five women evidently suffering from this syndrome were examined. They had no gynecologic disorders. Three of the five women had tried to become pregnant and two have suceeded. A review of the literature indicates that men with Kartagener's syndrome are usually infertile, whereas the women are not. This fact and the data presented herein constitute strong evidence that ciliary motility is not essential for female fertility. More conclusive proof could be obtained if any of the affected women would consent to ultrastructural investigation of the oviductal cilia."}
{"id": "PMID:304416", "title": "[Partially common antigenicity of macrophages, epitheloid cells and foreign body giant cells. Experimental studies on rats].", "content": "By means of antimacrophage sera it is possible to demonstrate partially common antigenicity of monocytes with peritoneal macrophages, reticulum cells capable of phagocytosis, mast cells and Kupper's cells. The authors continued these studies important for the explantation of cytogenetical interrelations using a special method on epitheloid and giant cells of rats. The experiments aimed for the detection of possible partially common antigenicity with the above mentioned monocytes/macrophages system.", "contents": "[Partially common antigenicity of macrophages, epitheloid cells and foreign body giant cells. Experimental studies on rats]. By means of antimacrophage sera it is possible to demonstrate partially common antigenicity of monocytes with peritoneal macrophages, reticulum cells capable of phagocytosis, mast cells and Kupper's cells. The authors continued these studies important for the explantation of cytogenetical interrelations using a special method on epitheloid and giant cells of rats. The experiments aimed for the detection of possible partially common antigenicity with the above mentioned monocytes/macrophages system."}
{"id": "PMID:304423", "title": "[Resting potential and action potential of an individual frog muscle fiber during reciprocal inhibition].", "content": "In single muscle fibres of the frog m. tibialis anticus longus resting membrane potential and parameters of the action potential were studied in situ during rest and during the resiprocal inhibition of its spinal center. Development of the reciprocal inhibition increased the resting membrane potential, the amplitude of the action potential, but decreased the time course and latency of the action potential. The changes in functional properties of single muscle fibres seem to occur as the result of deprovation of central influences due to the reciprocal inhibition.", "contents": "[Resting potential and action potential of an individual frog muscle fiber during reciprocal inhibition]. In single muscle fibres of the frog m. tibialis anticus longus resting membrane potential and parameters of the action potential were studied in situ during rest and during the resiprocal inhibition of its spinal center. Development of the reciprocal inhibition increased the resting membrane potential, the amplitude of the action potential, but decreased the time course and latency of the action potential. The changes in functional properties of single muscle fibres seem to occur as the result of deprovation of central influences due to the reciprocal inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:304424", "title": "Photocontact dermatitis from P-aminobenzoic acid.", "content": "A 6-year-old girl with xeroderma pigmentosum was contact and photocontact sensitized to PABA which had been used as a sunscreening agent. The activating wavelengths for photocontact dermatitis were in long-wave ultraviolet light. The experimental photocontact sensitization was not induced in guinea pigs. Although PABA is the most effective and harmless sunscreening agent for normal skin, it could induce photocontact sensitivity especially in diseased or damaged skin.", "contents": "Photocontact dermatitis from P-aminobenzoic acid. A 6-year-old girl with xeroderma pigmentosum was contact and photocontact sensitized to PABA which had been used as a sunscreening agent. The activating wavelengths for photocontact dermatitis were in long-wave ultraviolet light. The experimental photocontact sensitization was not induced in guinea pigs. Although PABA is the most effective and harmless sunscreening agent for normal skin, it could induce photocontact sensitivity especially in diseased or damaged skin."}
{"id": "PMID:304425", "title": "Effect of somatostatin on platelet aggregation and plasma factor VIII level in normal man.", "content": "As impairment in coagulation and platelet function has been reported following acute administration of somatostatin, a reevaluation of the effects of the cyclic and linear form of the peptide was undertaken. In vitro somatostatin had no effect by itself on platelet aggregation and no effect on ADP- or ristocetin-induced aggregation. In vivo ten healthy men infused with cyclic or linear somatostatin (loading dose of 250 microgram and three hour-infusion with 1,500 microgram) and five control subjects were investigated during the infusion and for three hours after the end of the infusion. With this dose, sufficient in man for maintaining plasma growth hormone and insulin at fasting levels under arginine stimulation, no abnormalities in platelet count, in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and in plasma VIII von Willebrand factor, factor VIII procoagulant activity and factor VIII related antigen levels were observed.", "contents": "Effect of somatostatin on platelet aggregation and plasma factor VIII level in normal man. As impairment in coagulation and platelet function has been reported following acute administration of somatostatin, a reevaluation of the effects of the cyclic and linear form of the peptide was undertaken. In vitro somatostatin had no effect by itself on platelet aggregation and no effect on ADP- or ristocetin-induced aggregation. In vivo ten healthy men infused with cyclic or linear somatostatin (loading dose of 250 microgram and three hour-infusion with 1,500 microgram) and five control subjects were investigated during the infusion and for three hours after the end of the infusion. With this dose, sufficient in man for maintaining plasma growth hormone and insulin at fasting levels under arginine stimulation, no abnormalities in platelet count, in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and in plasma VIII von Willebrand factor, factor VIII procoagulant activity and factor VIII related antigen levels were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:304426", "title": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. IV. Net increases in low theta cells, maintenance of biological activity and death of high theta cells during short-term culture of mouse thymocytes.", "content": "Dissociated mouse thymocytes were cultured under optimized conditions in Marbrook vessels in order to follow some aspects of T-cell differentiation. Under particular conditions it was possible to obtain a 50% net increase in the total number of the peripheral T-cell like, minor low theta thymocyte subpopulation over the first day of culture, although this increase was lost with further incubation. The increase arose from proliferation of preexistent low theta cells,and not from transformation of the major, high theta population. Under all conditions the high theta cells died rapidly in culture. These results are in accordance with the view that the high theta and low theta thymocytes represent separate streams of T-cell development. There was a striking increase in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A after culture of thymocytes under these conditions. However, this was ascribed, not to the development of new immunocompetent T cells, but to selective cell death in the cultures eliminating some inhibitory elements. No increase in progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes was obtained. The results demonstrate some potential artifacts in assessing the immunocompetence of cultured thymocytes.", "contents": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. IV. Net increases in low theta cells, maintenance of biological activity and death of high theta cells during short-term culture of mouse thymocytes. Dissociated mouse thymocytes were cultured under optimized conditions in Marbrook vessels in order to follow some aspects of T-cell differentiation. Under particular conditions it was possible to obtain a 50% net increase in the total number of the peripheral T-cell like, minor low theta thymocyte subpopulation over the first day of culture, although this increase was lost with further incubation. The increase arose from proliferation of preexistent low theta cells,and not from transformation of the major, high theta population. Under all conditions the high theta cells died rapidly in culture. These results are in accordance with the view that the high theta and low theta thymocytes represent separate streams of T-cell development. There was a striking increase in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A after culture of thymocytes under these conditions. However, this was ascribed, not to the development of new immunocompetent T cells, but to selective cell death in the cultures eliminating some inhibitory elements. No increase in progenitors of cytotoxic lymphocytes was obtained. The results demonstrate some potential artifacts in assessing the immunocompetence of cultured thymocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304432", "title": "Changes in the cellular membrane surface coat of lymphocytes and thymocytes after incubation in vitro with cystein as revealed with electronmicroscopy.", "content": "Changes in the cellular membrane surface coat of lymphocytes and thymocytes after incubation with cystein in vitro were revealed with electronmicroscope, while performing the reaction with Ruthenium Red and Concanavaline A. Lymphocytes and thymocytes not incubated with cystein to which reaction with Ruthenium red and Cocanavaline A was applied have shown a well developed and preserved surface coat of the cellular membrane. Contrary to this finding when lymphocytes and thymocytes were incubated with cystein and thereafter treated with Ruthenium Red and Concanavaline A no reaction product on the surface of the cellular membrane was observed. The experimental results could indicate on the influence of cystein on the glycoside bonds.", "contents": "Changes in the cellular membrane surface coat of lymphocytes and thymocytes after incubation in vitro with cystein as revealed with electronmicroscopy. Changes in the cellular membrane surface coat of lymphocytes and thymocytes after incubation with cystein in vitro were revealed with electronmicroscope, while performing the reaction with Ruthenium Red and Concanavaline A. Lymphocytes and thymocytes not incubated with cystein to which reaction with Ruthenium red and Cocanavaline A was applied have shown a well developed and preserved surface coat of the cellular membrane. Contrary to this finding when lymphocytes and thymocytes were incubated with cystein and thereafter treated with Ruthenium Red and Concanavaline A no reaction product on the surface of the cellular membrane was observed. The experimental results could indicate on the influence of cystein on the glycoside bonds."}
{"id": "PMID:304433", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on carprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The pharmacological profile of carprofen as a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug has been established in various experimental inflammation models in animals. This compound possesses marked effects on prevention of adjuvant arthritis, cotton-pellet granuloma formation and hyperalgesic edema (scalding) and the extent is similar to that observed with indomethacin and piroxicam. The anti-inflammatory potency of carprofen is markedly stronger than those seen in cases of phenylbutazone, mefenamic acid, ibufenac and acetylsalicylic acid, almost equal to that of diclofenac and slightly lower than that of indomethacin in the following parameters: carrageenin-edema, granuloma-pouch, UV-erythema, and bradykinin and histamine-induced capillary permeability. As is the case with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, carprofen has no inhibitory effect on lethal anaphylactic shock, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and hyperuricemia. Carprofen induces ulcerogenicity and fecal occult bleeding to a extent markedly less than those seen with indomethacin and piroxicam. These investigations on anti-inflammatory drugs indicate a probable dissimilarity to the extent of anti-inflammatory effects and induction of gastrointestinal disturbances. Repeated administration of carprofen has no effect on spontaneous excretion of corticosterone and aldosterone into adrenal vein of rats.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on carprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in animals (author's transl)]. The pharmacological profile of carprofen as a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug has been established in various experimental inflammation models in animals. This compound possesses marked effects on prevention of adjuvant arthritis, cotton-pellet granuloma formation and hyperalgesic edema (scalding) and the extent is similar to that observed with indomethacin and piroxicam. The anti-inflammatory potency of carprofen is markedly stronger than those seen in cases of phenylbutazone, mefenamic acid, ibufenac and acetylsalicylic acid, almost equal to that of diclofenac and slightly lower than that of indomethacin in the following parameters: carrageenin-edema, granuloma-pouch, UV-erythema, and bradykinin and histamine-induced capillary permeability. As is the case with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, carprofen has no inhibitory effect on lethal anaphylactic shock, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and hyperuricemia. Carprofen induces ulcerogenicity and fecal occult bleeding to a extent markedly less than those seen with indomethacin and piroxicam. These investigations on anti-inflammatory drugs indicate a probable dissimilarity to the extent of anti-inflammatory effects and induction of gastrointestinal disturbances. Repeated administration of carprofen has no effect on spontaneous excretion of corticosterone and aldosterone into adrenal vein of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:304434", "title": "[Studies on absorption and metabolism of drugs in febrile animals. (III). Antipyretic effect of acetylsalicyclic acid and aminopyrine and their plasma concentrations in febrile rabbits induced with lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)].", "content": "The present investigation was an attempt to clarify the mechanism of combined effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and aminopyrine (AMI) in febrile rabbits as induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the possible synergic effect of both agents was studied in relation to the plasma concentration. In febrile rabbits, the plasma concentration of ASA (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was a higher level than in the control, but the concentration of salicylic acid (SA), the metabolite of ASA, was similar to that in the control. The plasma concentration of AMI (100 mg/kg, p.o.) in febrile rabbits was lower than in the control. A dose-dependent antipyretic effect was seen in the successive doses from 125 to 500 mg/kg of ASA, and a similar tendency was also observed in AMI from 25 to 100 mg/kg. To observe the synergic effect of ASA and AMI, we prepared the following three combinations: I (ASA/AMI; 125 plus 75 mg/kg), II (ASA/AMI; 250 plus 50 mg/kg) and III (ASA/AMI; 375 plus 25 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of ASA, SA and AMI were measured after oral administration of the preparations and these concentrations were lower than in the separate administration of ASA ans AMI. The antipyretic effect of the three preparations was weaker than the expected value, respectively.", "contents": "[Studies on absorption and metabolism of drugs in febrile animals. (III). Antipyretic effect of acetylsalicyclic acid and aminopyrine and their plasma concentrations in febrile rabbits induced with lipopolysaccharide (author's transl)]. The present investigation was an attempt to clarify the mechanism of combined effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and aminopyrine (AMI) in febrile rabbits as induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the possible synergic effect of both agents was studied in relation to the plasma concentration. In febrile rabbits, the plasma concentration of ASA (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was a higher level than in the control, but the concentration of salicylic acid (SA), the metabolite of ASA, was similar to that in the control. The plasma concentration of AMI (100 mg/kg, p.o.) in febrile rabbits was lower than in the control. A dose-dependent antipyretic effect was seen in the successive doses from 125 to 500 mg/kg of ASA, and a similar tendency was also observed in AMI from 25 to 100 mg/kg. To observe the synergic effect of ASA and AMI, we prepared the following three combinations: I (ASA/AMI; 125 plus 75 mg/kg), II (ASA/AMI; 250 plus 50 mg/kg) and III (ASA/AMI; 375 plus 25 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations of ASA, SA and AMI were measured after oral administration of the preparations and these concentrations were lower than in the separate administration of ASA ans AMI. The antipyretic effect of the three preparations was weaker than the expected value, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:304435", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory property of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284) (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-inflammatory activity and the mode of action of TAI-284 were investigated in animal models and compared with the activities of indomethacin. TAI-28 inhibited the increased vascular permeability in rats and mice which is the primary stage of inflammatory process, but the activity was less than that of indomethacin. The compound was as active as indomethacin in inhibiting acute rat paw edema induced by carrageenin and fracture. Furthermore, in the inhibitory effects on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pigs, durable paw edema induced by mustard and wound healing in rats, TAI-284 showed the same or more potent activity than indomethacin. Therefore, TAI-284 proved to have the same anti-inflammatory activity as indomethacin. TAI-284 protected rabbits from sudden death caused by intravenous injection of arachidonic acid, but the activity was about one twentieth less than that of indomethacin. The anti-inflammatory action of TAI-284 was derived from the mode of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, judging from the effects on ultraviolet erythema and death by arachidonic acid. On the other hand, the compound was more potent on secondary or thema and death by arachidonic acid. On the other hand, the compound was more potent on secondary or late stage than on primary stage of inflammation, and to some extent showed the mode of action seen with steroid antiinflammatory drugs. TAI-284 displayed marked inhibitory activity on nystatin induced paw edema in rats. It is suggested that the antinflammatory action of TAI-284 may be due to the lysosomal stabilizing effect.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory property of 6-chloro-5-cyclohexyl-1-indancarboxylic acid (TAI-284) (author's transl)]. Anti-inflammatory activity and the mode of action of TAI-284 were investigated in animal models and compared with the activities of indomethacin. TAI-28 inhibited the increased vascular permeability in rats and mice which is the primary stage of inflammatory process, but the activity was less than that of indomethacin. The compound was as active as indomethacin in inhibiting acute rat paw edema induced by carrageenin and fracture. Furthermore, in the inhibitory effects on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pigs, durable paw edema induced by mustard and wound healing in rats, TAI-284 showed the same or more potent activity than indomethacin. Therefore, TAI-284 proved to have the same anti-inflammatory activity as indomethacin. TAI-284 protected rabbits from sudden death caused by intravenous injection of arachidonic acid, but the activity was about one twentieth less than that of indomethacin. The anti-inflammatory action of TAI-284 was derived from the mode of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, judging from the effects on ultraviolet erythema and death by arachidonic acid. On the other hand, the compound was more potent on secondary or thema and death by arachidonic acid. On the other hand, the compound was more potent on secondary or late stage than on primary stage of inflammation, and to some extent showed the mode of action seen with steroid antiinflammatory drugs. TAI-284 displayed marked inhibitory activity on nystatin induced paw edema in rats. It is suggested that the antinflammatory action of TAI-284 may be due to the lysosomal stabilizing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:304436", "title": "[Clinical experiences in supplementary treatment of pseudarthroses using electromagnetic potentials].", "content": "In 22 cases of pseudarthrosis following fractures of the limbs, 5 osteotomies and one fresh fracture of the lower leg postoperative treatment with the electro-magnetic alternating field according to Kraus/Lechner was performed in addition to osteosynthesis. Except in one unsuccessful case all patients showed a complete and obviously even quicker osseous bridging. Especially in preoperated and problem-cases such as pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck and defect-pseudarthrosis with inflammation of the tibia this method provided an additional success.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences in supplementary treatment of pseudarthroses using electromagnetic potentials]. In 22 cases of pseudarthrosis following fractures of the limbs, 5 osteotomies and one fresh fracture of the lower leg postoperative treatment with the electro-magnetic alternating field according to Kraus/Lechner was performed in addition to osteosynthesis. Except in one unsuccessful case all patients showed a complete and obviously even quicker osseous bridging. Especially in preoperated and problem-cases such as pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck and defect-pseudarthrosis with inflammation of the tibia this method provided an additional success."}
{"id": "PMID:304437", "title": "Record-keeping in a state hospital: a modification of the Weed system.", "content": "The Weed problem-oriented medical record has been modified for use in a state psychiatric hospital that has a large proportion of long-term patients and uses  an interdisciplinary team approach to treatment. Three new record forms were developed during a pilot study at the hospital: the processed-problem list, the problem card, and the unprocessed-problem list. The modified problem-oriented record system is being used in 28 wards providing both short- and long-term psychiatric care.", "contents": "Record-keeping in a state hospital: a modification of the Weed system. The Weed problem-oriented medical record has been modified for use in a state psychiatric hospital that has a large proportion of long-term patients and uses  an interdisciplinary team approach to treatment. Three new record forms were developed during a pilot study at the hospital: the processed-problem list, the problem card, and the unprocessed-problem list. The modified problem-oriented record system is being used in 28 wards providing both short- and long-term psychiatric care."}
{"id": "PMID:304438", "title": "The problem-oriented medical record as a training tool for staff.", "content": "After numerous deficiencies were found in a psychiatric center's medical records, a task force devised a system that incorporated the four components of the problem-oriented medical record plus other elements required by the center's structure. They divided the record into ten sections and also developed a four-page form for recording the patient's assessment and treatment plan. Two-hour mandatory training sessions were held to teach all levels of mental health staff how to use the new system; various kinds of follow-up instruction were also given. That training, the authors say, was a valuable way to teach staff not only proper record-keeping but also clinical thinking and logical treatment planning.", "contents": "The problem-oriented medical record as a training tool for staff. After numerous deficiencies were found in a psychiatric center's medical records, a task force devised a system that incorporated the four components of the problem-oriented medical record plus other elements required by the center's structure. They divided the record into ten sections and also developed a four-page form for recording the patient's assessment and treatment plan. Two-hour mandatory training sessions were held to teach all levels of mental health staff how to use the new system; various kinds of follow-up instruction were also given. That training, the authors say, was a valuable way to teach staff not only proper record-keeping but also clinical thinking and logical treatment planning."}
{"id": "PMID:304439", "title": "New approaches to the treatment of scoliosis.", "content": "Customary methods of correcting curvature of the spine--surgery for severely afflicted adults and use of the so-called Milkwaukee brace for youngsters--have a number of drawbacks. Among the improved approaches now becoming available are lighter, less obtrusive braces such as an orthoplast jacket molded to the individual's torso, electrostimulation of paraspinal muscles, and implantation of a rod to distract the spine.", "contents": "New approaches to the treatment of scoliosis. Customary methods of correcting curvature of the spine--surgery for severely afflicted adults and use of the so-called Milkwaukee brace for youngsters--have a number of drawbacks. Among the improved approaches now becoming available are lighter, less obtrusive braces such as an orthoplast jacket molded to the individual's torso, electrostimulation of paraspinal muscles, and implantation of a rod to distract the spine."}
{"id": "PMID:304440", "title": "A population genetic study of the Vania Soni in Western India.", "content": "A total of 267 blood samples from persons belonging to the Shrimali Vania Soni caste group in Gujarat State, Western India have been analyzed for 6 blood group, 4 serum protein and 19 red cell enzyme systems, for haemoglobin and beta-thalassaemia and for red-green colour blindness. A number of rare genetic variants were detected, including a unique electrophoretically fast variant of superoxide dismutase. Genetic distance comparisons with other caste groups in Gujarat State show that Vania Soni from Surat are a distinctive group clustering with another subdivision of the Vania. The remaining Vania Soni cluster together and are distinct from the other caste groups examined in Gujarat. However, on the basis of individual genetic markers the Vania Soni appear not to be genetically differentiated in any remarkable way from other Hindu populations in western and northern India.", "contents": "A population genetic study of the Vania Soni in Western India. A total of 267 blood samples from persons belonging to the Shrimali Vania Soni caste group in Gujarat State, Western India have been analyzed for 6 blood group, 4 serum protein and 19 red cell enzyme systems, for haemoglobin and beta-thalassaemia and for red-green colour blindness. A number of rare genetic variants were detected, including a unique electrophoretically fast variant of superoxide dismutase. Genetic distance comparisons with other caste groups in Gujarat State show that Vania Soni from Surat are a distinctive group clustering with another subdivision of the Vania. The remaining Vania Soni cluster together and are distinct from the other caste groups examined in Gujarat. However, on the basis of individual genetic markers the Vania Soni appear not to be genetically differentiated in any remarkable way from other Hindu populations in western and northern India."}
{"id": "PMID:304443", "title": "Comparison of various procedures for the detection of antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "The described test of inhibition of AA activity proved to be a procedure of exquisite sensitivity and specificity for detection of immune complexes. This could have been expected since AA is an antibody specifically combining with IgG antibody that suffered molecular transformation in the reaction with its corresponding antigen. Complexes formed at or close to the equivalence zone were most active in inhibiting AA, whereas those at extreme antigen excess did not inhibit it at all. Inhibition of AA was capable of detecting circulating immune complexes as well as immune complexes deposited in the tissues. It was also shown that by using this procedure, identification of the antigen participating in immune complex formation is feasible since excess of the specific antigen converts inhibitory complexes into inactive complexes.", "contents": "Comparison of various procedures for the detection of antigen-antibody complexes. The described test of inhibition of AA activity proved to be a procedure of exquisite sensitivity and specificity for detection of immune complexes. This could have been expected since AA is an antibody specifically combining with IgG antibody that suffered molecular transformation in the reaction with its corresponding antigen. Complexes formed at or close to the equivalence zone were most active in inhibiting AA, whereas those at extreme antigen excess did not inhibit it at all. Inhibition of AA was capable of detecting circulating immune complexes as well as immune complexes deposited in the tissues. It was also shown that by using this procedure, identification of the antigen participating in immune complex formation is feasible since excess of the specific antigen converts inhibitory complexes into inactive complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:304444", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnancy evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes. A cross-section analysis.", "content": "In vitro tests of cellular immune response using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of 55 patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2-3 month pregnant, 4-5 month pregnant, 6-7 month pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or nil cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses. However, a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in pregnancy evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes. A cross-section analysis. In vitro tests of cellular immune response using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of 55 patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2-3 month pregnant, 4-5 month pregnant, 6-7 month pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or nil cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses. However, a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:304445", "title": "Experimental autoimmune orchitis in T-cell-deficient mice.", "content": "Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was induced in inbred strains of mice by injection of mouse testis homogenate (MTH) in Freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine. Although all mice injected with MTH and adjuvants developed signs of EAO, there were marked strain variations in susceptibility to EAO suggesting that genetic factors may be involved in the response to antigen or to adjuvants. Studies in hypothymic BALB/c. nu/nu mice indicated that a source of T cell was required for induction of EAO. Thus BALB/c. nu/nu mice were not able to develop EAO, despite adequate orchitogenic challenge; reconstitution of nu/nu mice with syngeneic thymocytes completely restored the capacity of such mice to develop orchitis. Transfer of EAO was effected in nu/nu mice with lymphoid cells from appropriately immunized donors but not with immune serum. However, both T cells and antibodies may be necessary in the effector stages of the disease since the capacity of lymphoid cells to transfer EAO was only partially inhibited by anti-Thy-1.2 treatment.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune orchitis in T-cell-deficient mice. Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was induced in inbred strains of mice by injection of mouse testis homogenate (MTH) in Freund's complete adjuvant with pertussis vaccine. Although all mice injected with MTH and adjuvants developed signs of EAO, there were marked strain variations in susceptibility to EAO suggesting that genetic factors may be involved in the response to antigen or to adjuvants. Studies in hypothymic BALB/c. nu/nu mice indicated that a source of T cell was required for induction of EAO. Thus BALB/c. nu/nu mice were not able to develop EAO, despite adequate orchitogenic challenge; reconstitution of nu/nu mice with syngeneic thymocytes completely restored the capacity of such mice to develop orchitis. Transfer of EAO was effected in nu/nu mice with lymphoid cells from appropriately immunized donors but not with immune serum. However, both T cells and antibodies may be necessary in the effector stages of the disease since the capacity of lymphoid cells to transfer EAO was only partially inhibited by anti-Thy-1.2 treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304448", "title": "Glycolysis in quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Stimulation by serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin in intact cells and persistence of the stimulation after cell homogenization.", "content": "Addition of serum to quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells rapidly increases lactic acid formation and subsequently stimulates cell division. The stimulation of lactic acid production is seen at high, saturating concentrations of extra-cellular glucose. It is dependent on the time of exposure and on the dose of serum and is not blocked by the addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, or actinomycin D. In contrast, serum only marginally affects glycolysis by rapidly growing 3T6 or SV40-3T3 cells. In addition to serum, epidermal growth factor (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) and insulin (10 to 500 ng/ml) cause a striking stimulation of glycolysis in quiescent 3T3 cells. Neither exogenous cyclic nucleotides nor ouabain effect the glycolytic response, but the presence of Ca2+ markedly influences the activation of glycolysis by epidermal growth factor and by insulin. A novel finding in this study is that homogenates prepared from quiescent cells treated with serum, epidermal growth factor, or insulin show increased glycolysis as compared with homogenates from nonstimulated cultures. This finding will allow further experimental analysis of the cause of increased glycolysis in rapidly proliferating cells.", "contents": "Glycolysis in quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Stimulation by serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin in intact cells and persistence of the stimulation after cell homogenization. Addition of serum to quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells rapidly increases lactic acid formation and subsequently stimulates cell division. The stimulation of lactic acid production is seen at high, saturating concentrations of extra-cellular glucose. It is dependent on the time of exposure and on the dose of serum and is not blocked by the addition of cycloheximide, puromycin, or actinomycin D. In contrast, serum only marginally affects glycolysis by rapidly growing 3T6 or SV40-3T3 cells. In addition to serum, epidermal growth factor (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) and insulin (10 to 500 ng/ml) cause a striking stimulation of glycolysis in quiescent 3T3 cells. Neither exogenous cyclic nucleotides nor ouabain effect the glycolytic response, but the presence of Ca2+ markedly influences the activation of glycolysis by epidermal growth factor and by insulin. A novel finding in this study is that homogenates prepared from quiescent cells treated with serum, epidermal growth factor, or insulin show increased glycolysis as compared with homogenates from nonstimulated cultures. This finding will allow further experimental analysis of the cause of increased glycolysis in rapidly proliferating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304449", "title": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. XIII. Inducibility for some stages of differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide and its disassociation from inducibility by MGI.", "content": "There are clones of myeloid leukemic cells that can be induced to differentiate by the normal differentiation-inducing protein MGI to form Fc and C3 rosettes, mature macrophages and granulocytes. One of these clones (MGI+DMSO+) was also inducible by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for C3 but not Fc rosettes, and for mature macrophages but not for mature granulocytes. Other clones (MGI+DMSO-) were inducible by MGI but not DMSO and a third type of clone (MGI-DMSO-) was not inducible by either compound. Clones that differed in their inducibility by DMSO showed a similar inhibition of cell multiplication by DMSO. The results indicate, that some stages of differentiation can be induced by DMSO in an appropriate clone of myeloid leukemic cells and that there are different cellular sites for induction by DMSO and MGI.", "contents": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. XIII. Inducibility for some stages of differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide and its disassociation from inducibility by MGI. There are clones of myeloid leukemic cells that can be induced to differentiate by the normal differentiation-inducing protein MGI to form Fc and C3 rosettes, mature macrophages and granulocytes. One of these clones (MGI+DMSO+) was also inducible by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for C3 but not Fc rosettes, and for mature macrophages but not for mature granulocytes. Other clones (MGI+DMSO-) were inducible by MGI but not DMSO and a third type of clone (MGI-DMSO-) was not inducible by either compound. Clones that differed in their inducibility by DMSO showed a similar inhibition of cell multiplication by DMSO. The results indicate, that some stages of differentiation can be induced by DMSO in an appropriate clone of myeloid leukemic cells and that there are different cellular sites for induction by DMSO and MGI."}
{"id": "PMID:304450", "title": "Epithelioid and fibroblastic rat kidney cell clones: epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and the effect of mouse sarcoma virus transformation.", "content": "Fibroblastic and epithelioid clones have been isolated from the normal rat kidney line, NRK. These clones were studied for their ability to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF), susceptibility to transformation by mouse sarcoma virus (MSV), and alteration in EGF binding upon sarcoma virus transformation. The epithelioid clones bound much more EGF than the fibroblastic clones; Scatchard plots on two of these clones, one epithelioid and one fibroblastic, showed that the higher EGF binding (1.3 x 10(5) molecules per cell for the epithelioid clone and 1.3 x 10(4) molecules per cell for the fibroblastic clone) was due to a greater number or receptors on the epithelioid cells rather than to a difference in the apparent affinity constant. When the clones were transformed by Moloney murine sarcoma virus the EGF binding decreased, the effect being greater with the fibroblastic clones. In 20 out of 20 independently isolated sarcoma virus transformed fibroblastic clones, the level of EGF binding was either greatly reduced or completely eliminated. In contrast to EGF, another growth factor, multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), bound to a greater extent to the fibroblastic clones than the epithelioid clones, and its binding was not decreased by sarcoma virus transformation. The results show that loss of EGF binding ability correlates with expression of the murine sarcoma virus transformation.", "contents": "Epithelioid and fibroblastic rat kidney cell clones: epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors and the effect of mouse sarcoma virus transformation. Fibroblastic and epithelioid clones have been isolated from the normal rat kidney line, NRK. These clones were studied for their ability to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF), susceptibility to transformation by mouse sarcoma virus (MSV), and alteration in EGF binding upon sarcoma virus transformation. The epithelioid clones bound much more EGF than the fibroblastic clones; Scatchard plots on two of these clones, one epithelioid and one fibroblastic, showed that the higher EGF binding (1.3 x 10(5) molecules per cell for the epithelioid clone and 1.3 x 10(4) molecules per cell for the fibroblastic clone) was due to a greater number or receptors on the epithelioid cells rather than to a difference in the apparent affinity constant. When the clones were transformed by Moloney murine sarcoma virus the EGF binding decreased, the effect being greater with the fibroblastic clones. In 20 out of 20 independently isolated sarcoma virus transformed fibroblastic clones, the level of EGF binding was either greatly reduced or completely eliminated. In contrast to EGF, another growth factor, multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), bound to a greater extent to the fibroblastic clones than the epithelioid clones, and its binding was not decreased by sarcoma virus transformation. The results show that loss of EGF binding ability correlates with expression of the murine sarcoma virus transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:304452", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of human lymphocytes during transformation and subsequent treatment with methotrexate.", "content": "Preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes containing 72-87% T-cells and 10-16% B-cells were shown by scanning electron microscopy to consist almost exclusively of cells bearing numerous microvilli, whereas thymocytes were of mixed surface morphology, with both smooth and encrusted forms numerous. T-lymphocytes purified on long nylon columns were all covered with numerous short villi. Stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin for 2 days produced T-lymphoblasts almost exclusively, and as the T-cells enlarged the microvilli lengthened, the increase in length reaching 5-fold by day 3. Addition of sufficient methotrexate on day 3 to arrest proliferation (50 nM) caused progressive loss of microvilli from the cell surface, with the eventual production of large numbers of smooth cells, the surfaces of which later became pitted, followed by the complete dissolution of the cell. T-lymphocytes were shown to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes through direct contact of the cell membranes over a significant area, but when, as a result of methotrexate treatment, the lymphocytes had become denuded of microvilli or had reached an advanced state of dissolution, rosettes were no longer formed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of human lymphocytes during transformation and subsequent treatment with methotrexate. Preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes containing 72-87% T-cells and 10-16% B-cells were shown by scanning electron microscopy to consist almost exclusively of cells bearing numerous microvilli, whereas thymocytes were of mixed surface morphology, with both smooth and encrusted forms numerous. T-lymphocytes purified on long nylon columns were all covered with numerous short villi. Stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin for 2 days produced T-lymphoblasts almost exclusively, and as the T-cells enlarged the microvilli lengthened, the increase in length reaching 5-fold by day 3. Addition of sufficient methotrexate on day 3 to arrest proliferation (50 nM) caused progressive loss of microvilli from the cell surface, with the eventual production of large numbers of smooth cells, the surfaces of which later became pitted, followed by the complete dissolution of the cell. T-lymphocytes were shown to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes through direct contact of the cell membranes over a significant area, but when, as a result of methotrexate treatment, the lymphocytes had become denuded of microvilli or had reached an advanced state of dissolution, rosettes were no longer formed."}
{"id": "PMID:304453", "title": "Treatment of lupus nephritis in adult (NZB + NZW)F1 mice by cortisone-facilitated tolerance to nucleic acid antigens.", "content": "Adult female (NZB + NZW)F1 mice were treated with cortisone, cortisone with tolerogen (isologous NZB IgG-nucleosides conjugates) or cortisone with isologous IgG free of nucleosides. Other treatments also included tolerogen or isologous IgG alone, and cortisone together with denatured DNA. All untreated mice died by 10 mo of age. Cortisone prolonged the survival rate. This effect was further improved by combined treatment of cortisone and tolerogen. Prolonged survival was accompanied by a decrease in proteinuria. Other treatments failed to influence either survival or proteinuria. Although cortisone did not prevent the appearance of antibody to denatured DNA, cortisone and tolerogen suppressed them in most of the animals. Preexisting antibody to denatured DNA was reduced by cortisone and cortisone and tolerogen, but not by cortisone and IgG. In contrast, antibody to native DNA bore no relationship to therapy. Animals living beyond 1 yr of age, regardless of the treatment, fall into three histopathological categories: (a) severe nephritis, as in untreated animals, (b) moderate nephritis (with absence of severe alteration of the glomerular basement membrane, i.e. the histological counterpart of prolonged survival), (c) minimal nephritis. In a small number of animals treated with cortisone or cortisone and IgG and in 6/20 animals treated with cortisone and tolerogen, minimal lesions as judged by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy were found. These last mice were in good health at 15-16 mo of age, twice the life-span of untreated mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that tolerance to nucleic acid antigens facilitated by cortisone offers a promising new approach to treat established murine lupus nephritis.", "contents": "Treatment of lupus nephritis in adult (NZB + NZW)F1 mice by cortisone-facilitated tolerance to nucleic acid antigens. Adult female (NZB + NZW)F1 mice were treated with cortisone, cortisone with tolerogen (isologous NZB IgG-nucleosides conjugates) or cortisone with isologous IgG free of nucleosides. Other treatments also included tolerogen or isologous IgG alone, and cortisone together with denatured DNA. All untreated mice died by 10 mo of age. Cortisone prolonged the survival rate. This effect was further improved by combined treatment of cortisone and tolerogen. Prolonged survival was accompanied by a decrease in proteinuria. Other treatments failed to influence either survival or proteinuria. Although cortisone did not prevent the appearance of antibody to denatured DNA, cortisone and tolerogen suppressed them in most of the animals. Preexisting antibody to denatured DNA was reduced by cortisone and cortisone and tolerogen, but not by cortisone and IgG. In contrast, antibody to native DNA bore no relationship to therapy. Animals living beyond 1 yr of age, regardless of the treatment, fall into three histopathological categories: (a) severe nephritis, as in untreated animals, (b) moderate nephritis (with absence of severe alteration of the glomerular basement membrane, i.e. the histological counterpart of prolonged survival), (c) minimal nephritis. In a small number of animals treated with cortisone or cortisone and IgG and in 6/20 animals treated with cortisone and tolerogen, minimal lesions as judged by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy were found. These last mice were in good health at 15-16 mo of age, twice the life-span of untreated mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that tolerance to nucleic acid antigens facilitated by cortisone offers a promising new approach to treat established murine lupus nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:304454", "title": "Distribution of peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte markers in atopic children and changes during immunotherapy.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from children undergoing evaluation for allergic disease were examined for T and B lymphocyte markers. Patients were evaluated at intervals to determine differences in these markers between atopic and nonatopic children and relative changes during immunotherapy. T lymphocytes were identified by the sheep RBC rosette technique. Surface immunoglobulin was detected by immunofluorescence following incubation with fluorescein-labeled antihuman IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE. At initial examination, atopic patients differed from controls only in the increased percentage of lymphocytes bearing surface IgM. There were no differences between patient and control values in T lymphocyte distribution or in cells bearing surface IgG, IgA, or IgE at any point in the study. The increased percentage of IgM-bearing lymphocytes is reduced to the control level after four months of immunotherapy but remains elevated in the untreated atopic group. Serum IgM levels remained constant. This study shows that the distribution of lymphocyte markers may be altered in atopic children. Patients treated with immunotherapy demonstrated a return to control values of IgM-bearing lymphocytes. The elevated serum IgE seen in atopy was not reflected in an elevated percentage of IgE-bearing lymphocytes.", "contents": "Distribution of peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte markers in atopic children and changes during immunotherapy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from children undergoing evaluation for allergic disease were examined for T and B lymphocyte markers. Patients were evaluated at intervals to determine differences in these markers between atopic and nonatopic children and relative changes during immunotherapy. T lymphocytes were identified by the sheep RBC rosette technique. Surface immunoglobulin was detected by immunofluorescence following incubation with fluorescein-labeled antihuman IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE. At initial examination, atopic patients differed from controls only in the increased percentage of lymphocytes bearing surface IgM. There were no differences between patient and control values in T lymphocyte distribution or in cells bearing surface IgG, IgA, or IgE at any point in the study. The increased percentage of IgM-bearing lymphocytes is reduced to the control level after four months of immunotherapy but remains elevated in the untreated atopic group. Serum IgM levels remained constant. This study shows that the distribution of lymphocyte markers may be altered in atopic children. Patients treated with immunotherapy demonstrated a return to control values of IgM-bearing lymphocytes. The elevated serum IgE seen in atopy was not reflected in an elevated percentage of IgE-bearing lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:304456", "title": "Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and heparin in individual mast cell granules.", "content": "Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin in individual mast cell granules is described. The technique is based on micromanipulation of intact mast cells reacted with formaldehyde or stained with Berberine sulfate and the use of a cytofluorometer equipped with a sensitive peak detecting device. The quantities of 5-HT and heparin contained in mast cell granules which are of the order of 10(-16) and 10(-13) g, respectively were expressed as relative fluorescence guanta. The results of measurements on representative samples of mast cell granules indicate that all granules contain heparin as well as 5-HT, and that there are large variations in both 5-HT and heparin content within the granule populations of individual cells. A dose dependent increase in 5-HT content in both cells and individual mast cell granules occurred 24 hr after the injection of 10--50 mg L-5-hydroxytryptophan/kg intraperitoneally. There was no evidence for an increase in the heparin content of granules or cells, indicating that a new synthesis of granular macromolecules is not required for the 5-HT uptake. The results further suggest that 5-HT may be stored initially in a cytoplasmic extragranular pool and then taken up in the mast cell granules.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and heparin in individual mast cell granules. Cytofluorometric quantitation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and heparin in individual mast cell granules is described. The technique is based on micromanipulation of intact mast cells reacted with formaldehyde or stained with Berberine sulfate and the use of a cytofluorometer equipped with a sensitive peak detecting device. The quantities of 5-HT and heparin contained in mast cell granules which are of the order of 10(-16) and 10(-13) g, respectively were expressed as relative fluorescence guanta. The results of measurements on representative samples of mast cell granules indicate that all granules contain heparin as well as 5-HT, and that there are large variations in both 5-HT and heparin content within the granule populations of individual cells. A dose dependent increase in 5-HT content in both cells and individual mast cell granules occurred 24 hr after the injection of 10--50 mg L-5-hydroxytryptophan/kg intraperitoneally. There was no evidence for an increase in the heparin content of granules or cells, indicating that a new synthesis of granular macromolecules is not required for the 5-HT uptake. The results further suggest that 5-HT may be stored initially in a cytoplasmic extragranular pool and then taken up in the mast cell granules."}
{"id": "PMID:304457", "title": "Effects of antigen-feeding on intestinal and systemic immune responses. I. priming of precursor cytotoxic T cells by antigen feeding.", "content": "The ability of antigens administered by the intestinal route to alter the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) population in intestinal and extraintestinal sites was examined by feeding mice tumor cells bearing H-2 or non-H-2 gene-coded cell surface alloantigenic differences. Peyer's patches from mice fed tumor cells differing at H-2 demonstrated a 12-fold increase in specific CTL activity over controls after stimulation of culture but the precursor CTL population in Peyer's patches was not expanded by feeding mice cells bearing minor H gene coded alloantigenic differences. In contrast, the precursor CTL pool in spleen was increased both in mice fed cells bearing alloantigenic differences coded for by H-2 and non-H-2 gene loci. The precursor CTL population in mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) was not expanded significantly by tumor cell feeding. Feeding was nearly as effective as i.p. priming at expanding the Peyer's patch precursor CTL population when tumor cells bearing H-2 differences were used, whereas i.p. priming was more effective than feeding in expanding the precursor CTL population in spleen.", "contents": "Effects of antigen-feeding on intestinal and systemic immune responses. I. priming of precursor cytotoxic T cells by antigen feeding. The ability of antigens administered by the intestinal route to alter the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) population in intestinal and extraintestinal sites was examined by feeding mice tumor cells bearing H-2 or non-H-2 gene-coded cell surface alloantigenic differences. Peyer's patches from mice fed tumor cells differing at H-2 demonstrated a 12-fold increase in specific CTL activity over controls after stimulation of culture but the precursor CTL population in Peyer's patches was not expanded by feeding mice cells bearing minor H gene coded alloantigenic differences. In contrast, the precursor CTL pool in spleen was increased both in mice fed cells bearing alloantigenic differences coded for by H-2 and non-H-2 gene loci. The precursor CTL population in mesenteric lymph nodes (MN) was not expanded significantly by tumor cell feeding. Feeding was nearly as effective as i.p. priming at expanding the Peyer's patch precursor CTL population when tumor cells bearing H-2 differences were used, whereas i.p. priming was more effective than feeding in expanding the precursor CTL population in spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:304458", "title": "Generation of T helper cells in vitro. IV. F1 T helper cells primed with antigen-pulsed parental macrophages are genetically restricted in their antigen-specific helper activity.", "content": "A sequential culture technique for the in vitro induction and subsequent assay of T helper cells is employed to examine the histocompatibility requirements for antigen recognition by murine T helper cells. F1 T cells are primed in vitro with antigen-pulsed parental strain macrophages and tested for antigen-specific helper activity in cultures containing anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C treated spleen cells from hapten-primed parental or F1 mice. A semiallogenieic system is used and appropriate controls are included to avoid possible complicating effects of allogeneic interactions. The results indicate that F1 T helper cells preferentially stimulate carrier-specific anti-hapten plaque-forming cell responses in spleen cells which are H-2 identical with the macrophage used initially to prime the T cells. Parental spleen cell cultures do not respond to F1 T helper cells which were primed with the other parental strain macrophage. Supplementing this culture with macrophages which are histocompatible with those used to prime the F1T cells is sufficient to restore T helper cell activity. Thus, the genetic restriction described here is between the primed T cell and the macrophage used to elicit secondary responses and not between the T cell and B cell. The results in this semiallogeneic system, however, do not rule out the possibility of additional allogeneic genetic restrictions in the subsequent interaction of T cells with B cells.", "contents": "Generation of T helper cells in vitro. IV. F1 T helper cells primed with antigen-pulsed parental macrophages are genetically restricted in their antigen-specific helper activity. A sequential culture technique for the in vitro induction and subsequent assay of T helper cells is employed to examine the histocompatibility requirements for antigen recognition by murine T helper cells. F1 T cells are primed in vitro with antigen-pulsed parental strain macrophages and tested for antigen-specific helper activity in cultures containing anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C treated spleen cells from hapten-primed parental or F1 mice. A semiallogenieic system is used and appropriate controls are included to avoid possible complicating effects of allogeneic interactions. The results indicate that F1 T helper cells preferentially stimulate carrier-specific anti-hapten plaque-forming cell responses in spleen cells which are H-2 identical with the macrophage used initially to prime the T cells. Parental spleen cell cultures do not respond to F1 T helper cells which were primed with the other parental strain macrophage. Supplementing this culture with macrophages which are histocompatible with those used to prime the F1T cells is sufficient to restore T helper cell activity. Thus, the genetic restriction described here is between the primed T cell and the macrophage used to elicit secondary responses and not between the T cell and B cell. The results in this semiallogeneic system, however, do not rule out the possibility of additional allogeneic genetic restrictions in the subsequent interaction of T cells with B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304455", "title": "The occurrence of diploid ova in Rana pipiens.", "content": "All 12 Rana pipiens females tested from three populations produced diploid ova. These were identified by the development of from 0.15 to 35 percent per clutch of normal diploid-like embryos among large numbers of haploid embryos following activation of R. pipiens eggs with irradiated R. clamitans sperm. Their diploid nuclear constitution was demonstrated by diploid cell size at Shumway Stage 19, and by the diploid number of chromosomes both as embryos and as mature frogs, and was confirmed by the occurrence of triploid embryos among normally fertilized progeny from the same female parents. Although the precise cytogenetic events leading to the origin of these diploid ova were not directly determined, we were led to conclude that, although diploid ova may result from polynucleate oocytes, the diploidy reported here was an expression of abnormal meiosis that occurred under genetic control. Such anomalies, at the orders of frequency we observed in R. pipiens, have important consequences for all studies using Anuran model systems.", "contents": "The occurrence of diploid ova in Rana pipiens. All 12 Rana pipiens females tested from three populations produced diploid ova. These were identified by the development of from 0.15 to 35 percent per clutch of normal diploid-like embryos among large numbers of haploid embryos following activation of R. pipiens eggs with irradiated R. clamitans sperm. Their diploid nuclear constitution was demonstrated by diploid cell size at Shumway Stage 19, and by the diploid number of chromosomes both as embryos and as mature frogs, and was confirmed by the occurrence of triploid embryos among normally fertilized progeny from the same female parents. Although the precise cytogenetic events leading to the origin of these diploid ova were not directly determined, we were led to conclude that, although diploid ova may result from polynucleate oocytes, the diploidy reported here was an expression of abnormal meiosis that occurred under genetic control. Such anomalies, at the orders of frequency we observed in R. pipiens, have important consequences for all studies using Anuran model systems."}
{"id": "PMID:304460", "title": "BCG-induced suppressor cells. I. Demonstration of a macrophage-like suppressor cell that inhibits cytotoxic T cell generation in vitro.", "content": "Spleen cells obtained from mice 5 to 40 days after infection with viable BCG organisms (BCG-spleens) were found to be unresponsive in vitro to both mitogenic and alloantigenic stimuli. Moreover, suppressor cells could be demonstrated in the spleens from these infected animals. When spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were added to either syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells, the mixtures neither proliferated nor developed cytotoxic activity when cultured with alloantigen or with concanavalin A (Con A). The development of unresponsiveness post-infection paralleled the onset of suppressive activity. Spleen cells obtained from mice given heat-killed BCG were neither suppressive nor unresponsive. The suppressive activity of BCG-spleen cells was associated with an adherent, phagocytic cell that lacked membrane-associated Thy-1 antigen. Removal of this cell by passage through nylon wool columns resulted in a cell population that was no longer capable of suppression and that responded normally to alloantigen and to Con A. It would thus appear that BCG infection results in the development of a \"suppressor\" macrophage-like cell population within the spleen. The role of this cell type in regulation of the immune response in BCG-infected animals is as yet undefined.", "contents": "BCG-induced suppressor cells. I. Demonstration of a macrophage-like suppressor cell that inhibits cytotoxic T cell generation in vitro. Spleen cells obtained from mice 5 to 40 days after infection with viable BCG organisms (BCG-spleens) were found to be unresponsive in vitro to both mitogenic and alloantigenic stimuli. Moreover, suppressor cells could be demonstrated in the spleens from these infected animals. When spleen cells from BCG-infected mice were added to either syngeneic or allogeneic normal spleen cells, the mixtures neither proliferated nor developed cytotoxic activity when cultured with alloantigen or with concanavalin A (Con A). The development of unresponsiveness post-infection paralleled the onset of suppressive activity. Spleen cells obtained from mice given heat-killed BCG were neither suppressive nor unresponsive. The suppressive activity of BCG-spleen cells was associated with an adherent, phagocytic cell that lacked membrane-associated Thy-1 antigen. Removal of this cell by passage through nylon wool columns resulted in a cell population that was no longer capable of suppression and that responded normally to alloantigen and to Con A. It would thus appear that BCG infection results in the development of a \"suppressor\" macrophage-like cell population within the spleen. The role of this cell type in regulation of the immune response in BCG-infected animals is as yet undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:304461", "title": "Subpopulations of splenic T cells regulating an antihapten antibody response. I. Helper and amplifier cells.", "content": "There was a pronounced quantitative difference between the helper activities of B6C3F1 splenic T cells sensitized with unmodified vs modified antigens of SRBC. Modified SRBC induced the greater helper activity which was measured by the magnitude of an anti-TNP response (IgM and IgG) elicited in vivo by virgin B lymphocytes. Antigen modification was produced by conjugating SRBC with the hapten or simply by incubating SRBC in cacodylate buffer. There were restrictions with respect to both erythrocyte species and mouse strains for this differential priming to occur. The relatively poor performance of SRBC-primed T lymphocytes was apparently not due to suppressor T cells, but rather to activation of only one of two identified T cell subpopulations required for full helper activity. Unmodified SRBC activated a subpopulation of \"helper\" cells characterized as sensitive to elimination by ATS and long-lived after ATx, but failed to activate in B6C3F1 mice a second subpopulation of \"amplifier\" cells resistant to elimination by ATS and short-lived after ATx. In contrast, modified SRBC activated both helper and amplifier cells. Under appropriate conditions these subsets of T cells were strongly synergistic in promoting antihapten antibody formation especially of the IgG class. The involvement of two distinct types of T lymphocytes in the positive regulation of antibody responses raises interesting and novel questions concerning the sequence of events in the triggering of B cells and the subsequent development of the response.", "contents": "Subpopulations of splenic T cells regulating an antihapten antibody response. I. Helper and amplifier cells. There was a pronounced quantitative difference between the helper activities of B6C3F1 splenic T cells sensitized with unmodified vs modified antigens of SRBC. Modified SRBC induced the greater helper activity which was measured by the magnitude of an anti-TNP response (IgM and IgG) elicited in vivo by virgin B lymphocytes. Antigen modification was produced by conjugating SRBC with the hapten or simply by incubating SRBC in cacodylate buffer. There were restrictions with respect to both erythrocyte species and mouse strains for this differential priming to occur. The relatively poor performance of SRBC-primed T lymphocytes was apparently not due to suppressor T cells, but rather to activation of only one of two identified T cell subpopulations required for full helper activity. Unmodified SRBC activated a subpopulation of \"helper\" cells characterized as sensitive to elimination by ATS and long-lived after ATx, but failed to activate in B6C3F1 mice a second subpopulation of \"amplifier\" cells resistant to elimination by ATS and short-lived after ATx. In contrast, modified SRBC activated both helper and amplifier cells. Under appropriate conditions these subsets of T cells were strongly synergistic in promoting antihapten antibody formation especially of the IgG class. The involvement of two distinct types of T lymphocytes in the positive regulation of antibody responses raises interesting and novel questions concerning the sequence of events in the triggering of B cells and the subsequent development of the response."}
{"id": "PMID:304462", "title": "Cell-mediated lympholysis of trinitrophenyl-derivatized autologous human cells: in vitro triggering by nonspecific signals.", "content": "This report describes the primary in vitro generation of human CTL that lyse TNP-derivatized autologous cells. Although in the majority of these studies, a direct cytotoxic response to the TNP-modified autologous stimulators was not achieved, in all experiments the addition of either allogeneic cells or soluble antigen triggered the generation of killer cells which destroy TNP-modified, but not unaltered, autologous targets. Fractionation of responder lymphocyte populations demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity was mediated by T cells. Killer cell specificity was tested by assaying for cytotoxicity to a variety of targets, and by blocking the cytolysis of TNP-altered autologous targets with various populations of nonradiolabeled cells. Results indicated that these CTL were cytotoxic for TNP-modified autologous cells but not unaltered autologous or TNP-modified allogeneic targets. The capacity of soluble antigen and alloantigens to facilitate the in vitro generation of altered-self reactive human CTL is not an isolated phenomenon. This \"helper\" effect has now been observed for the cytotoxic response to chemically modified autologous cells and MHC identical human leukemic blasts. It is possible that in vivo, similar responses to nonspecific antigenic stimuli may play a role in the maintenance of immune surveillance.", "contents": "Cell-mediated lympholysis of trinitrophenyl-derivatized autologous human cells: in vitro triggering by nonspecific signals. This report describes the primary in vitro generation of human CTL that lyse TNP-derivatized autologous cells. Although in the majority of these studies, a direct cytotoxic response to the TNP-modified autologous stimulators was not achieved, in all experiments the addition of either allogeneic cells or soluble antigen triggered the generation of killer cells which destroy TNP-modified, but not unaltered, autologous targets. Fractionation of responder lymphocyte populations demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity was mediated by T cells. Killer cell specificity was tested by assaying for cytotoxicity to a variety of targets, and by blocking the cytolysis of TNP-altered autologous targets with various populations of nonradiolabeled cells. Results indicated that these CTL were cytotoxic for TNP-modified autologous cells but not unaltered autologous or TNP-modified allogeneic targets. The capacity of soluble antigen and alloantigens to facilitate the in vitro generation of altered-self reactive human CTL is not an isolated phenomenon. This \"helper\" effect has now been observed for the cytotoxic response to chemically modified autologous cells and MHC identical human leukemic blasts. It is possible that in vivo, similar responses to nonspecific antigenic stimuli may play a role in the maintenance of immune surveillance."}
{"id": "PMID:304463", "title": "Glycolipid markers of murine lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "We have shown previously that purified antibodies to ganglioside GM1 react with peripheral T cells and most thymocytes in several strains of mice, independent of Thy-1 phenotype. GM1 and the Thy-1.2 antigen cap independently on C3H thymocytes, which provides additional evidence that GM1 is not the Thy-1.2 antigen. In C3H and nude mice antibodies to GM1 also react with a population of cells, comprising about 25% of lymphocytes from lymph nodes or spleen, that bear surface immunoglobulin. After removal of immunoglobulin from these cells by digestion with proteolytic enzyme, the GM1+ cells regenerate their surface immunoglobulin during 18 hr in culture, which indicates that these double-labeled cells synthesize their surface immunoglobulin. Protease treatment of lymphocytes reveals receptors for antibodies to GM1 on most cells. These data indicate that T and B cells differ in the accessibility of GM1 to antibody, and not necessarily in their content of GM1. Purified antibodies to asialo GM1 react with mature T cells in all strains of mice tested. In contrast to anti-GM1, these antibodies do not react with most thymocytes, with immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes of C3H or nude mice, nor with pronase-treated B cells.", "contents": "Glycolipid markers of murine lymphocyte subpopulations. We have shown previously that purified antibodies to ganglioside GM1 react with peripheral T cells and most thymocytes in several strains of mice, independent of Thy-1 phenotype. GM1 and the Thy-1.2 antigen cap independently on C3H thymocytes, which provides additional evidence that GM1 is not the Thy-1.2 antigen. In C3H and nude mice antibodies to GM1 also react with a population of cells, comprising about 25% of lymphocytes from lymph nodes or spleen, that bear surface immunoglobulin. After removal of immunoglobulin from these cells by digestion with proteolytic enzyme, the GM1+ cells regenerate their surface immunoglobulin during 18 hr in culture, which indicates that these double-labeled cells synthesize their surface immunoglobulin. Protease treatment of lymphocytes reveals receptors for antibodies to GM1 on most cells. These data indicate that T and B cells differ in the accessibility of GM1 to antibody, and not necessarily in their content of GM1. Purified antibodies to asialo GM1 react with mature T cells in all strains of mice tested. In contrast to anti-GM1, these antibodies do not react with most thymocytes, with immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes of C3H or nude mice, nor with pronase-treated B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304464", "title": "Studies on the platelet radioactive anti-immunoglobulin test.", "content": "A platelet radioactive antiimmunoglobulin test (PRAT) has recently been introduced. In the present report, a detailed analysis the influence of varying test conditions (i.e. efficiency of iodination of anti-IgG, cell number, degree of sensitization of platelets, times and temperatures of incubation, frequency of washings) on the results of this technique is presented. A standard procedure based on these findings is outlined. It is shown that the PRAT is two to four times more sensitive than platelet complement fixation for the detection of HLA antibodies.", "contents": "Studies on the platelet radioactive anti-immunoglobulin test. A platelet radioactive antiimmunoglobulin test (PRAT) has recently been introduced. In the present report, a detailed analysis the influence of varying test conditions (i.e. efficiency of iodination of anti-IgG, cell number, degree of sensitization of platelets, times and temperatures of incubation, frequency of washings) on the results of this technique is presented. A standard procedure based on these findings is outlined. It is shown that the PRAT is two to four times more sensitive than platelet complement fixation for the detection of HLA antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:304465", "title": "Defective function of T lymphocytes in psoriasis.", "content": "The distribution of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes in 100 patients with psoriasis were studied by the rosetting techniques. Depression of the number of T lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes) occurred in 66% of patients, whereas no difference in B lymphocytes bearing C3 receptor (EAC rosettes) was observed between psoriatics and normals. The decrease in E rosettes was associated with the active phase of the disease. This disappeared 4-6 wk after onset of remission, which suggested that the abnormality in T-cell marker distribution is transitional. Lymphocytes forming neither E nor EAC rosettes, which were found to be significantly increased in active psoriasis, were identified as T lymphocytes since they reacquired normal E rosette function during short-term preincubation with concanavalin A (Con A). A serum factor was also demonstrated which inhibited E rosette formation by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Its activity increased linearly within 2 mo from the onset of skin lesions. The data suggest that in active psoriasis serum factors may be coated on the lymphocyte surface membrane which may be responsible for blocking of specific receptor for sheep erythrocytes and/or interfere with T lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Defective function of T lymphocytes in psoriasis. The distribution of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes in 100 patients with psoriasis were studied by the rosetting techniques. Depression of the number of T lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E rosettes) occurred in 66% of patients, whereas no difference in B lymphocytes bearing C3 receptor (EAC rosettes) was observed between psoriatics and normals. The decrease in E rosettes was associated with the active phase of the disease. This disappeared 4-6 wk after onset of remission, which suggested that the abnormality in T-cell marker distribution is transitional. Lymphocytes forming neither E nor EAC rosettes, which were found to be significantly increased in active psoriasis, were identified as T lymphocytes since they reacquired normal E rosette function during short-term preincubation with concanavalin A (Con A). A serum factor was also demonstrated which inhibited E rosette formation by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Its activity increased linearly within 2 mo from the onset of skin lesions. The data suggest that in active psoriasis serum factors may be coated on the lymphocyte surface membrane which may be responsible for blocking of specific receptor for sheep erythrocytes and/or interfere with T lymphocyte function."}
{"id": "PMID:304468", "title": "Biologic half-life and organ distribution of radiolabeled human PiM and PiZ alpha-1-antitrypsin in the dog.", "content": "Highly purified A-1-A.T., prepared from blood obtained from donors of known PiZZ and PiMM phenotype, was radiolabeled with 125I or 131I and injected intravenously into dogs. The radiolabeled proteins retained their prelabel electrophoretic and trypsin-inhibitory characteristics. The biologic t1/2 of both M and Z protein in the circulation were similar, averaging 71 hr for M protein and 80 hr for Z protein. The label was shown to remain tightly bound in vivo for 2 days after injection. The material was nonpyrogenic in rabbit and dog. No arteriovenous differences in radioactivity could be detected at 2 or 20 min after injection. However, surface scanning disclosed substantial pulmonary deposition of radioactivity for the first 9 hr after injection. At 48 hr, intense radioactivity was present in the spleen, but not in the liver. These studies indicate the feasibility of similar studies in man, including noninvasive assessment of body distribution of M and Z protein by surface scanning techniques.", "contents": "Biologic half-life and organ distribution of radiolabeled human PiM and PiZ alpha-1-antitrypsin in the dog. Highly purified A-1-A.T., prepared from blood obtained from donors of known PiZZ and PiMM phenotype, was radiolabeled with 125I or 131I and injected intravenously into dogs. The radiolabeled proteins retained their prelabel electrophoretic and trypsin-inhibitory characteristics. The biologic t1/2 of both M and Z protein in the circulation were similar, averaging 71 hr for M protein and 80 hr for Z protein. The label was shown to remain tightly bound in vivo for 2 days after injection. The material was nonpyrogenic in rabbit and dog. No arteriovenous differences in radioactivity could be detected at 2 or 20 min after injection. However, surface scanning disclosed substantial pulmonary deposition of radioactivity for the first 9 hr after injection. At 48 hr, intense radioactivity was present in the spleen, but not in the liver. These studies indicate the feasibility of similar studies in man, including noninvasive assessment of body distribution of M and Z protein by surface scanning techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:304469", "title": "Endogenous mediators of the acute-phase reaction. I. Rabbit granulocytic pyrogen and its chromatographic subfractions.", "content": "LP, a saline extract of exudate-derived rabbit granulocytes, shown to be free of endotoxin contamination by sensitive LAL assay, can elicit brisk acute-phase responses in the rabbit. Following a single large intravenous dose of LP (875 mce) there is a brisk fall in serum iron at 8 hr and marked elevations in concentrations of CxRP, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin and a lesser rise in sialic acid in the blood at 24 hr, which return toward baseline to varying degrees by 48 hr. When the crude LP solution is fractionated by column chromatography on Sephadex G75, all detectable acute-phase mediating activity elutes in a fraction (pool C) which contains all the pyrogenic activity and about 15% of the total eluted protein. Within the limitations of the methods employed, the acute phase stimulating activity and the pyrogenic activity of LP preparations appear to be closely linked.", "contents": "Endogenous mediators of the acute-phase reaction. I. Rabbit granulocytic pyrogen and its chromatographic subfractions. LP, a saline extract of exudate-derived rabbit granulocytes, shown to be free of endotoxin contamination by sensitive LAL assay, can elicit brisk acute-phase responses in the rabbit. Following a single large intravenous dose of LP (875 mce) there is a brisk fall in serum iron at 8 hr and marked elevations in concentrations of CxRP, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and ceruloplasmin and a lesser rise in sialic acid in the blood at 24 hr, which return toward baseline to varying degrees by 48 hr. When the crude LP solution is fractionated by column chromatography on Sephadex G75, all detectable acute-phase mediating activity elutes in a fraction (pool C) which contains all the pyrogenic activity and about 15% of the total eluted protein. Within the limitations of the methods employed, the acute phase stimulating activity and the pyrogenic activity of LP preparations appear to be closely linked."}
{"id": "PMID:304472", "title": "Proteins induced by infection with caliciviruses.", "content": "Three polypeptides with mol. wt. 100 (P100), 80 (P80) and 65 (P65) X 10(3) were found in calicivirus infected cells. P100 and P80 were present in sub-molar amounts compared with P65 and no precursor product relationship between the three polypeptides could be demonstrated using pulse-chase experiments or selective inhibitors of protein synthesis and of proteases. In the presence of protease inhibitors a polypeptide with mol. wt. 120 X 10(3) (P120) was demonstrated which appeared to be the precursor of P100. Possible mechanisms of translation in the caliciviruses are discussed.", "contents": "Proteins induced by infection with caliciviruses. Three polypeptides with mol. wt. 100 (P100), 80 (P80) and 65 (P65) X 10(3) were found in calicivirus infected cells. P100 and P80 were present in sub-molar amounts compared with P65 and no precursor product relationship between the three polypeptides could be demonstrated using pulse-chase experiments or selective inhibitors of protein synthesis and of proteases. In the presence of protease inhibitors a polypeptide with mol. wt. 120 X 10(3) (P120) was demonstrated which appeared to be the precursor of P100. Possible mechanisms of translation in the caliciviruses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304473", "title": "Effects of general anaesthesia on size of cerebrospinal fluid spaces during and after pneumoencephalography.", "content": "The mode of anaesthesia used during pneumoencephalography has a significant effect on the size of the cerebral ventricles 24 hours after the procedure. Post-encephalographic ventricular enlargement is less marked in patients examined under nitrous oxide anaesthesia. This appears to be related to passage of the gas into the ventricles during the encephalogram, and subsequent diffusion outwards. Variations in arterial carbon dioxide tension during the anaesthesia do not contribute significantly to changes in ventricular size. However, both hyperventilation and inhalation of nitrous oxide may cause apparent increase in size of the cerebral sulci.", "contents": "Effects of general anaesthesia on size of cerebrospinal fluid spaces during and after pneumoencephalography. The mode of anaesthesia used during pneumoencephalography has a significant effect on the size of the cerebral ventricles 24 hours after the procedure. Post-encephalographic ventricular enlargement is less marked in patients examined under nitrous oxide anaesthesia. This appears to be related to passage of the gas into the ventricles during the encephalogram, and subsequent diffusion outwards. Variations in arterial carbon dioxide tension during the anaesthesia do not contribute significantly to changes in ventricular size. However, both hyperventilation and inhalation of nitrous oxide may cause apparent increase in size of the cerebral sulci."}
{"id": "PMID:304474", "title": "Assessment of cellular and humoral immunity of myasthenics.", "content": "A close association of autoimmune diseases or autoimmune phenomena in myasthenia gravis is well known. A comprehensive immunological study of 22 patients with myasthenia gravis showed that changes in the immune system mainly involve the thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Anti-thymus antibody was present in 90% of the patients, and it paralleled the frequency of thymic abnormality in myasthenia gravis. It is postulated that in myasthenia gravis the altered T cell functions caused by anti-thymus antibody result in the formation of an array of autoantibodies including the factor which blocks the neuromuscular transmission.", "contents": "Assessment of cellular and humoral immunity of myasthenics. A close association of autoimmune diseases or autoimmune phenomena in myasthenia gravis is well known. A comprehensive immunological study of 22 patients with myasthenia gravis showed that changes in the immune system mainly involve the thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Anti-thymus antibody was present in 90% of the patients, and it paralleled the frequency of thymic abnormality in myasthenia gravis. It is postulated that in myasthenia gravis the altered T cell functions caused by anti-thymus antibody result in the formation of an array of autoantibodies including the factor which blocks the neuromuscular transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:304478", "title": "Comparison of pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.", "content": "Fifty patients with P. carinii pneumonitis were randomized to receive either pentamidine isethionate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. Those not responding favorably to the first drug after three or more days of therapy were changed to the alternate drug. Of the 26 patients initially treated with TMP-SMZ, 20 recovered (0.77)-17 after TMP-SMZ alone and three of nine who were crossed over to pentamidine. Of the 24 patients initially treated with pentamidine, 18 recovered (0.75)-14 of 15 who received only pentamidine and four of nine who were crossed over to TMP-SMZ. Abnormal values for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, or glucose; inflammation at injection sites; or combination of these effects occurred in 14 of the 15 patients treated with pentamidine alone. Only one of the 17 patients treated with TMP-SMZ alone developed any of these abnormalities. This study shows that TMP-SMZ is as effective as pentamidine in the treatment of PCP, and that it offers the advantages of minimal adverse effects, oral administration, and ready availability.", "contents": "Comparison of pentamidine isethionate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Fifty patients with P. carinii pneumonitis were randomized to receive either pentamidine isethionate or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy. Those not responding favorably to the first drug after three or more days of therapy were changed to the alternate drug. Of the 26 patients initially treated with TMP-SMZ, 20 recovered (0.77)-17 after TMP-SMZ alone and three of nine who were crossed over to pentamidine. Of the 24 patients initially treated with pentamidine, 18 recovered (0.75)-14 of 15 who received only pentamidine and four of nine who were crossed over to TMP-SMZ. Abnormal values for blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, or glucose; inflammation at injection sites; or combination of these effects occurred in 14 of the 15 patients treated with pentamidine alone. Only one of the 17 patients treated with TMP-SMZ alone developed any of these abnormalities. This study shows that TMP-SMZ is as effective as pentamidine in the treatment of PCP, and that it offers the advantages of minimal adverse effects, oral administration, and ready availability."}
{"id": "PMID:304480", "title": "The management of drug induced gingival hyperplasia in mentally retarded patients with hemophilia: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of hemophilia in severely mentally retarded patients with drug-induced gingival hyperplasia are presented. The method of management in each case is described. A conservative approach is recommended in which tissue removals and only selected extractions are performed. It is also suggested that the sequela of dilantin hyperplasia be considered when dilantin is used in patients with hemophilia or severely mentally retarded patients whose oral hygiene may be difficult to maintain. If feasible, as in the first case reported, discontinuance of the drug should be considered. In case 2 the patient is presently being weaned from dilantin therapy. It should be understood that the authors are concerned with the immediate clinical management of drug-induced gingival hyperplasia in mentally-retarded patients with hemophilia. Although this method of management has proved successful in the hands of the authors, we do not have data to show that it is the best form of treatment for these patients.", "contents": "The management of drug induced gingival hyperplasia in mentally retarded patients with hemophilia: a report of two cases. Two cases of hemophilia in severely mentally retarded patients with drug-induced gingival hyperplasia are presented. The method of management in each case is described. A conservative approach is recommended in which tissue removals and only selected extractions are performed. It is also suggested that the sequela of dilantin hyperplasia be considered when dilantin is used in patients with hemophilia or severely mentally retarded patients whose oral hygiene may be difficult to maintain. If feasible, as in the first case reported, discontinuance of the drug should be considered. In case 2 the patient is presently being weaned from dilantin therapy. It should be understood that the authors are concerned with the immediate clinical management of drug-induced gingival hyperplasia in mentally-retarded patients with hemophilia. Although this method of management has proved successful in the hands of the authors, we do not have data to show that it is the best form of treatment for these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:304481", "title": "The effect of haloperidol on the ionic currents in the voltage-clamped node of Ranvier.", "content": "Haloperidol (Haldol) selectively inhibits sodium currents at the voltage-clamped node of Ranvier at concentrations ranging from 0.013 to 13 muM. The action potential is reduced or abolished while the membrane potential is not significantly changed. The dose-response curve is described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an apparent dissociation constant of 6 X 10(-7) M. Sodium current time-to-peak and the permeability-voltage relationship are not affected, although at higher concentrations the inactivation time constant is slightly increased. Potassium currents are not altered except at 13 muM where there is an occasional nonsystematic effect. Leakage currents are not changed at any concentration.", "contents": "The effect of haloperidol on the ionic currents in the voltage-clamped node of Ranvier. Haloperidol (Haldol) selectively inhibits sodium currents at the voltage-clamped node of Ranvier at concentrations ranging from 0.013 to 13 muM. The action potential is reduced or abolished while the membrane potential is not significantly changed. The dose-response curve is described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with an apparent dissociation constant of 6 X 10(-7) M. Sodium current time-to-peak and the permeability-voltage relationship are not affected, although at higher concentrations the inactivation time constant is slightly increased. Potassium currents are not altered except at 13 muM where there is an occasional nonsystematic effect. Leakage currents are not changed at any concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:304486", "title": "Influence of lithium upon the intracellular potential of frog skin epithelium.", "content": "The effect of Li upon the intracellular potential of frog skin (Rana esculenta) was investigated. In the range between 1 and 25 mM Li in the epithelial bathing solution, a semilogarithmic linear relationship between [Li] and intracellular potential under short circuit conditions was obtained. The intracellular potential at all [Li] is quantitatively sufficient to explain the previously reported accumulation of Li in the intracellular space of the frog skin epithelium (Leblanc, G. 1972. Pfluegers Arch. 337:1) on the basis of a passibe entrance step at the outer border. A reduction of the intracellular potential by Li is also observed in the presence of 6 mM Na in the epithelial bathing solution. Consequences regarding the mechanism of uptake of Na across the outer border of the frog skin are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of lithium upon the intracellular potential of frog skin epithelium. The effect of Li upon the intracellular potential of frog skin (Rana esculenta) was investigated. In the range between 1 and 25 mM Li in the epithelial bathing solution, a semilogarithmic linear relationship between [Li] and intracellular potential under short circuit conditions was obtained. The intracellular potential at all [Li] is quantitatively sufficient to explain the previously reported accumulation of Li in the intracellular space of the frog skin epithelium (Leblanc, G. 1972. Pfluegers Arch. 337:1) on the basis of a passibe entrance step at the outer border. A reduction of the intracellular potential by Li is also observed in the presence of 6 mM Na in the epithelial bathing solution. Consequences regarding the mechanism of uptake of Na across the outer border of the frog skin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304488", "title": "Studies of the mechanisms for the induction of in vivo tumor immunity. II. Distribution and homing of cytotoxic effector and precursor cells.", "content": "Cytotoxic T (thymus)-lymphocytes (CTL) with specific cytotoxicity against the leukemia-associated antigens of FBL-3, a syngeneic Friend virus-induced leukemia in C57BL/6 mice, could be adoptively transferred to sublethally X-irradiated (350 R) syngeneic hosts and could be induced by adoptive transfer of either normal or presensitized lymphocytes obtained from immunocompetent hosts. The CTL and their precursor cells were systemically distributed in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen, although they had the tendency of homing to the lymphoid tissue of the same origin. Direct cytotoxicity was obtained with the lymphocytes from these lymphoid tissues, and cells obtained from these lymphoid tissues could produce secondary cytotoxic responses by the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture reactions 40--60 days after adoptive transfer. In addition, lymph node and spleen cells had a synergistic effect on the induction of cytotoxicity. These findings indicated that tumor immunity was widely distributed and that various populations of lymphocytes were involved in the generation of efficient cell-mediated cytotoxic responses.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanisms for the induction of in vivo tumor immunity. II. Distribution and homing of cytotoxic effector and precursor cells. Cytotoxic T (thymus)-lymphocytes (CTL) with specific cytotoxicity against the leukemia-associated antigens of FBL-3, a syngeneic Friend virus-induced leukemia in C57BL/6 mice, could be adoptively transferred to sublethally X-irradiated (350 R) syngeneic hosts and could be induced by adoptive transfer of either normal or presensitized lymphocytes obtained from immunocompetent hosts. The CTL and their precursor cells were systemically distributed in peripheral lymph nodes and spleen, although they had the tendency of homing to the lymphoid tissue of the same origin. Direct cytotoxicity was obtained with the lymphocytes from these lymphoid tissues, and cells obtained from these lymphoid tissues could produce secondary cytotoxic responses by the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture reactions 40--60 days after adoptive transfer. In addition, lymph node and spleen cells had a synergistic effect on the induction of cytotoxicity. These findings indicated that tumor immunity was widely distributed and that various populations of lymphocytes were involved in the generation of efficient cell-mediated cytotoxic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:304489", "title": "Inhibition of host protein synthesis in vaccinia virus-infected cells in the presence of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine).", "content": "Cordycepin inhibited efficiently viral mRNA and polyadenylic acid syntheses in vaccinia virus-infected cells, but allowed the shutoff of host protein synthesis to occur. Therefore, cordycepin was used to study this shutoff in the absence of gene expression. Ribosome transit time was increased in infected cells, revealing an inhibition at the level of elongation and/or release of polypeptide chains. However, the disappearance of heavy polysomes in vaccinia virus-infected cells showed that the inhibition of host protein synthesis resulted predominantly from a block at the stage of initiation. This conclusion was confirmed by the recovery of heavy polyribosomes when low levels of cycloheximide were added to slow down ribosome release from the mRNA. Similar amounts of cellular mRNA (present in the polyribosomes) were found in vaccinia virus-infected cells and in mock-infected cels (exposed to cordycepin), showing that the cellular mRNA was not inactivated in these conditions. It was concluded that a component of the vaccinia virion inhibits, in the absence of viral RNA and polyadenylic acid syntheses, host protein synthesis at the level of initiation and, to a lesser extent, at the level of elongation (and/or release) of polypeptide chains.", "contents": "Inhibition of host protein synthesis in vaccinia virus-infected cells in the presence of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). Cordycepin inhibited efficiently viral mRNA and polyadenylic acid syntheses in vaccinia virus-infected cells, but allowed the shutoff of host protein synthesis to occur. Therefore, cordycepin was used to study this shutoff in the absence of gene expression. Ribosome transit time was increased in infected cells, revealing an inhibition at the level of elongation and/or release of polypeptide chains. However, the disappearance of heavy polysomes in vaccinia virus-infected cells showed that the inhibition of host protein synthesis resulted predominantly from a block at the stage of initiation. This conclusion was confirmed by the recovery of heavy polyribosomes when low levels of cycloheximide were added to slow down ribosome release from the mRNA. Similar amounts of cellular mRNA (present in the polyribosomes) were found in vaccinia virus-infected cells and in mock-infected cels (exposed to cordycepin), showing that the cellular mRNA was not inactivated in these conditions. It was concluded that a component of the vaccinia virion inhibits, in the absence of viral RNA and polyadenylic acid syntheses, host protein synthesis at the level of initiation and, to a lesser extent, at the level of elongation (and/or release) of polypeptide chains."}
{"id": "PMID:304491", "title": "Achilles tendon rupture owing to rheumatoid disease. Case report with a nine-year follow-up.", "content": "Rheumatoid disease as a cause for achilles tendon rupture has been inferred but never reported to my knowledge. A patient with confirmed achilles tendon rupture from rheumatoid disease has been free from disease for nine years following tenoplasty and synoviobursectomy of the achilles tendon.", "contents": "Achilles tendon rupture owing to rheumatoid disease. Case report with a nine-year follow-up. Rheumatoid disease as a cause for achilles tendon rupture has been inferred but never reported to my knowledge. A patient with confirmed achilles tendon rupture from rheumatoid disease has been free from disease for nine years following tenoplasty and synoviobursectomy of the achilles tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:304500", "title": "Reactivity of HLA typing sera against cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines and purified peripheral B and T cells from the same original donors.", "content": "Anomalous cytotoxicity reactions are observed in some HLA typing sera when cultured lymphoid cells are used as targets. These extra reactions are also detected when the purified B cells from the original donors of the cell lines are used. This observation strongly indicates that these extra reactions are directed to the B cell alloantigens which are normally expressed on B cells of the original donor.", "contents": "Reactivity of HLA typing sera against cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines and purified peripheral B and T cells from the same original donors. Anomalous cytotoxicity reactions are observed in some HLA typing sera when cultured lymphoid cells are used as targets. These extra reactions are also detected when the purified B cells from the original donors of the cell lines are used. This observation strongly indicates that these extra reactions are directed to the B cell alloantigens which are normally expressed on B cells of the original donor."}
{"id": "PMID:304503", "title": "[Typical monochromacy, congenital deafness, and resistance to intracellular action of thyroid hormone (author's transl)].", "content": "A 9-year-old boy, the product of a consanguineous marriage, had visual acuity of 6/60, pendular nystagmus, and a bull's-eye type of macular atrophy. A sensorineural deafness was present. The photopic electroretinogram was extinguished; the electro-oculogram was normal. There was associated mental retardation and failure of inhibition of the pituitary gland by high levels of circulating thyroid hormone. Two older siblings although not examined, had similar endocrine abnormalities. Non-involvement of three half-siblings suggested autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "[Typical monochromacy, congenital deafness, and resistance to intracellular action of thyroid hormone (author's transl)]. A 9-year-old boy, the product of a consanguineous marriage, had visual acuity of 6/60, pendular nystagmus, and a bull's-eye type of macular atrophy. A sensorineural deafness was present. The photopic electroretinogram was extinguished; the electro-oculogram was normal. There was associated mental retardation and failure of inhibition of the pituitary gland by high levels of circulating thyroid hormone. Two older siblings although not examined, had similar endocrine abnormalities. Non-involvement of three half-siblings suggested autosomal recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:304504", "title": "[Cytarabine treatment of herpes zoster (author's transl)].", "content": "Systemic treatment of herpes zoster becomes possible by cytarabine. Complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus such as relapsing corneal ulceration, perforation or scarring, secondary glaucoma, Argyll Robertson pupils, extraocular muscle palsies, and optic atrophy, as well as postherpetic neuralgia can be prevented by the use of this drug. For this reason the authors believe treatment with cytarabine to be the therapy of choice in herpes zoster.", "contents": "[Cytarabine treatment of herpes zoster (author's transl)]. Systemic treatment of herpes zoster becomes possible by cytarabine. Complications of herpes zoster ophthalmicus such as relapsing corneal ulceration, perforation or scarring, secondary glaucoma, Argyll Robertson pupils, extraocular muscle palsies, and optic atrophy, as well as postherpetic neuralgia can be prevented by the use of this drug. For this reason the authors believe treatment with cytarabine to be the therapy of choice in herpes zoster."}
{"id": "PMID:304505", "title": "[Prolonged jaundice by heterozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficience? (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 28 newborns with prolonged jaundice and lowered or subnormal values of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the serum six patients were found to have a Pi-type MZ, three a Pi-type MS and one patient a Pi-type MP. One of the newborns had Pi-type SZ (double heterozygous), one infant was a homozygous carrier of the Pi-type S. It seems to the possible that one of the reasons for the not yet explained cases of prolonged jaundice of the newborns period can be found in the high frequency of homozygous or heterozygous genotype carriers of Pi-system.", "contents": "[Prolonged jaundice by heterozygous alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficience? (author's transl)]. Of 28 newborns with prolonged jaundice and lowered or subnormal values of alpha-1-antitrypsin in the serum six patients were found to have a Pi-type MZ, three a Pi-type MS and one patient a Pi-type MP. One of the newborns had Pi-type SZ (double heterozygous), one infant was a homozygous carrier of the Pi-type S. It seems to the possible that one of the reasons for the not yet explained cases of prolonged jaundice of the newborns period can be found in the high frequency of homozygous or heterozygous genotype carriers of Pi-system."}
{"id": "PMID:304509", "title": "Early decline of thymic effect on T cell differentiation.", "content": "Thymic lobes of B6C3F1 mice ranging in age from 1 day to 11 weeks were implanted under the kidney capsule of T cell deprived syngeneic young adult TXB mice, and the capacity of the thymus grafts to influence the maturation of T cells was assessed at 6 and 12 weeks after the implantation in terms of (a) regenerative activities of the grafted thymus, (2) splenic T cell dependent anti-SRBC response, and (c) mitogenic reactivity of spleen and lymph node cells to T cell specific mitogens. The results revealed that: (1) thymic tissues from 1 week old donors were most efficient in restoring the immune potential of adult TXB mice; (2) a decline in mitogenic reactivities of spleen and lymph node cells was observed in recipients of thymus grafts from donors of 1 month and older; and a decline of splenic helper T cell function was observed in recipients of thymus grafts from 11 weeks old donors. The significance of this early decline in the thymic effect on T cell differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Early decline of thymic effect on T cell differentiation. Thymic lobes of B6C3F1 mice ranging in age from 1 day to 11 weeks were implanted under the kidney capsule of T cell deprived syngeneic young adult TXB mice, and the capacity of the thymus grafts to influence the maturation of T cells was assessed at 6 and 12 weeks after the implantation in terms of (a) regenerative activities of the grafted thymus, (2) splenic T cell dependent anti-SRBC response, and (c) mitogenic reactivity of spleen and lymph node cells to T cell specific mitogens. The results revealed that: (1) thymic tissues from 1 week old donors were most efficient in restoring the immune potential of adult TXB mice; (2) a decline in mitogenic reactivities of spleen and lymph node cells was observed in recipients of thymus grafts from donors of 1 month and older; and a decline of splenic helper T cell function was observed in recipients of thymus grafts from 11 weeks old donors. The significance of this early decline in the thymic effect on T cell differentiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304510", "title": "Immunological senescence in mice and its reversal by coenzyme Q10.", "content": "A pronounced suppression of the humoral, hemolytic, primary immune response in old (22 months) mice was demonstrated as compared with this response in young (10 weeks) mice. The suppression is associated with a lower thymus weight:body weight ratio. In contrast, the ratios spleen weight:body weight and liver weight:body weight in 10 weeks and 22 months old mice remain almost constant. A single administration of coenzyme Q10--a non-toxic, non-specific stimulant of the host defense system--partly compensates the age-determined suppression of the humoral, immune response. This suppression probably results from an age-dependent imbalance of T cells: B cells ratio and a decline of their immunological responsiveness which is compensated by the administration of coenzyme Q10.", "contents": "Immunological senescence in mice and its reversal by coenzyme Q10. A pronounced suppression of the humoral, hemolytic, primary immune response in old (22 months) mice was demonstrated as compared with this response in young (10 weeks) mice. The suppression is associated with a lower thymus weight:body weight ratio. In contrast, the ratios spleen weight:body weight and liver weight:body weight in 10 weeks and 22 months old mice remain almost constant. A single administration of coenzyme Q10--a non-toxic, non-specific stimulant of the host defense system--partly compensates the age-determined suppression of the humoral, immune response. This suppression probably results from an age-dependent imbalance of T cells: B cells ratio and a decline of their immunological responsiveness which is compensated by the administration of coenzyme Q10."}
{"id": "PMID:304506", "title": "[Sensory components of optokinetic nystagmus in exposure to the action of angular accelerations].", "content": "The relationship between the vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus was investigated using a special vestibulooptokinetic trainer. A correlation between the objective index of the angular velocity of the slow component of the optokinetic nystagmus and concomitant sensory reactions responsible for the visual perception of optokinetic stimuli was examined. It was shown that tolerance of the optokinetic system can be characterized by the differential criterion +/-deltaw that is the difference between the angular velocity of the slow component of the optokinetic nystagmus and the angular velocity of optokinetic stimuli. A group of people whose optokinetic system is highly resistant to vestibular noise had been identified. It is suggested that these findings can be used for special selection.", "contents": "[Sensory components of optokinetic nystagmus in exposure to the action of angular accelerations]. The relationship between the vestibular and optokinetic nystagmus was investigated using a special vestibulooptokinetic trainer. A correlation between the objective index of the angular velocity of the slow component of the optokinetic nystagmus and concomitant sensory reactions responsible for the visual perception of optokinetic stimuli was examined. It was shown that tolerance of the optokinetic system can be characterized by the differential criterion +/-deltaw that is the difference between the angular velocity of the slow component of the optokinetic nystagmus and the angular velocity of optokinetic stimuli. A group of people whose optokinetic system is highly resistant to vestibular noise had been identified. It is suggested that these findings can be used for special selection."}
{"id": "PMID:304511", "title": "Colitis, cancer, and colonoscopy.", "content": "Colonoscopy has added a new dimension to the diagnosis of colonic diseases. In the field of inflammatory bowel disease, colonscopy is indicated only when certain specific problems arise. Patients with acute colitis and those who are too sick to withstand cleansing enemas should not undergo colonoscopy. A major use of the colonoscope is in the detection of carcinoma in the colitic colon either in the form of colonic strictures or filling defects discovered by barium enema x-ray, or in the long-term surveillance of patients with universal ulcerative colitis. Criteria are listed to assist in the colonoscopic differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. By using different criteria than the radiographer, and with the help of biopsy specimens, a high degree of accuracy in proper diagnosis can be achieved.", "contents": "Colitis, cancer, and colonoscopy. Colonoscopy has added a new dimension to the diagnosis of colonic diseases. In the field of inflammatory bowel disease, colonscopy is indicated only when certain specific problems arise. Patients with acute colitis and those who are too sick to withstand cleansing enemas should not undergo colonoscopy. A major use of the colonoscope is in the detection of carcinoma in the colitic colon either in the form of colonic strictures or filling defects discovered by barium enema x-ray, or in the long-term surveillance of patients with universal ulcerative colitis. Criteria are listed to assist in the colonoscopic differential diagnosis between ulcerative and granulomatous colitis. By using different criteria than the radiographer, and with the help of biopsy specimens, a high degree of accuracy in proper diagnosis can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:304520", "title": "[Antimycotic sensitivity of Candida (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied on the sensitivity of 184 candida species from various samples isolated in our mycology laboratory, to nystatin, miconazole and pimaricine by using both the agar disc diffusion and dilution methods and then compared the results. Our findings showed that antimycotic sensitivity could largely vary in different candida species. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that the use of sensitivity tests in infections caused by candidas, as used in bacerial infections, would play an important role for cure effectiveness and in the fight against resistance increases as well. In addition it is well observed that the practical characteristics of agar disc diffusion techniques in valid also for candidas.", "contents": "[Antimycotic sensitivity of Candida (author's transl)]. We studied on the sensitivity of 184 candida species from various samples isolated in our mycology laboratory, to nystatin, miconazole and pimaricine by using both the agar disc diffusion and dilution methods and then compared the results. Our findings showed that antimycotic sensitivity could largely vary in different candida species. Therefore, we came to the conclusion that the use of sensitivity tests in infections caused by candidas, as used in bacerial infections, would play an important role for cure effectiveness and in the fight against resistance increases as well. In addition it is well observed that the practical characteristics of agar disc diffusion techniques in valid also for candidas."}
{"id": "PMID:304521", "title": "Evaluation of nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects of tobramycin in worldwide study.", "content": "Tobramycin sulphate, a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been evaluated worldwide in 3,506 patients. Drug-related adverse effects were reported by the investigators in 3.9% of the cases, and included reactions in the nervous system (ototoxicity) in 0.6% and in the kidney in 1.5%. Effects of doubtful relationship to tobramycin occurred in 6.6% of the cases. The effects were usually reversible, although infrequently altered renal or eighth-nerve function appeared to persist in some of the patients. There were no deaths or instances of renal shutdown as a result of tobramycin therapy. Therefore, under the clinical conditions in which it was evaluated, tobramycin appeared to be well tolerated. The association of toxicity with various \"risk factors\" is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of nephrotoxic and ototoxic effects of tobramycin in worldwide study. Tobramycin sulphate, a bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotic, has been evaluated worldwide in 3,506 patients. Drug-related adverse effects were reported by the investigators in 3.9% of the cases, and included reactions in the nervous system (ototoxicity) in 0.6% and in the kidney in 1.5%. Effects of doubtful relationship to tobramycin occurred in 6.6% of the cases. The effects were usually reversible, although infrequently altered renal or eighth-nerve function appeared to persist in some of the patients. There were no deaths or instances of renal shutdown as a result of tobramycin therapy. Therefore, under the clinical conditions in which it was evaluated, tobramycin appeared to be well tolerated. The association of toxicity with various \"risk factors\" is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304522", "title": "[On the antipyretic effect of paracetamol. Clinical investigation with two different forms of application (author's transl)].", "content": "144 children, aged between 15 days and 12 years, suffering from febrile condition of various etiology, were treated with differentiated single doses of paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) in form of syrup, suppositories and a combination of syrup with the antihistamine doxylaminsuccinate. During investigation periods of four hours, applying reduced doses, the syrup application showed the same antipyretic effects as those obtained with paracetamol suppositories. When administering the combination with doxylaminsuccinate, the antipyretic effect was reduced and the psychomotoric superactivity did not improve. A control of the actual rectal dosage scheme for repetitive applications is recommended and the combination of paracetamol with sedatives is to be discussed.", "contents": "[On the antipyretic effect of paracetamol. Clinical investigation with two different forms of application (author's transl)]. 144 children, aged between 15 days and 12 years, suffering from febrile condition of various etiology, were treated with differentiated single doses of paracetamol (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) in form of syrup, suppositories and a combination of syrup with the antihistamine doxylaminsuccinate. During investigation periods of four hours, applying reduced doses, the syrup application showed the same antipyretic effects as those obtained with paracetamol suppositories. When administering the combination with doxylaminsuccinate, the antipyretic effect was reduced and the psychomotoric superactivity did not improve. A control of the actual rectal dosage scheme for repetitive applications is recommended and the combination of paracetamol with sedatives is to be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304526", "title": "Expression of hexosaminidase isoenzymes in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Because differences in hexosaminidase isoenzyme profiles of granulocytes and lymphoyctes suggested that such profiles might help to distinguish between various types of leukemia, was examined leukocyte extracts from 55 untreated children and 12 controls by automated anion-exchange chromatography. In 23 of 27 cases of the common form of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the activity of hexosaminidase component I was greatly increased; the activity ratio of hexosaminidase I to hexosaminidase A was greater than 0.5 in 18 of these cases, whereas for other types of leukemia and for all normal cells tested, the ratio was less than 0.2. A raised hexosaminidase I was shown to be associated with leukemic cells by the finding of normal isoenzyme profiles of bone-marrow cells from 17 patients in remission who had such an increase either at diagnosis or in relapse. Hexosaminidase isoenzyme analysis had diagnostic value and may provide a new marker for study of leukocyte differentiation.", "contents": "Expression of hexosaminidase isoenzymes in childhood leukemia. Because differences in hexosaminidase isoenzyme profiles of granulocytes and lymphoyctes suggested that such profiles might help to distinguish between various types of leukemia, was examined leukocyte extracts from 55 untreated children and 12 controls by automated anion-exchange chromatography. In 23 of 27 cases of the common form of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the activity of hexosaminidase component I was greatly increased; the activity ratio of hexosaminidase I to hexosaminidase A was greater than 0.5 in 18 of these cases, whereas for other types of leukemia and for all normal cells tested, the ratio was less than 0.2. A raised hexosaminidase I was shown to be associated with leukemic cells by the finding of normal isoenzyme profiles of bone-marrow cells from 17 patients in remission who had such an increase either at diagnosis or in relapse. Hexosaminidase isoenzyme analysis had diagnostic value and may provide a new marker for study of leukocyte differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:304535", "title": "Measurements of the normal ventricular system and hemispheric sulci of 100 adults with computed tomography.", "content": "The brains of 100 normal adults were examined with 160 X 160 matrix computed tomography (CT). The left lateral ventricle was found to be larger than the right in both sexes, and both lateral ventricles were larger in the male. There was a statistically significant increase of all cerebral parameters with age, and the cella media index showed a correspondingly small decrease with age. The linear measurements of the lateral ventricles demonstrated positive correlation to cranial size, while the widths of the third ventricle and of the hemispheric sulci were independent of the size of the skull.", "contents": "Measurements of the normal ventricular system and hemispheric sulci of 100 adults with computed tomography. The brains of 100 normal adults were examined with 160 X 160 matrix computed tomography (CT). The left lateral ventricle was found to be larger than the right in both sexes, and both lateral ventricles were larger in the male. There was a statistically significant increase of all cerebral parameters with age, and the cella media index showed a correspondingly small decrease with age. The linear measurements of the lateral ventricles demonstrated positive correlation to cranial size, while the widths of the third ventricle and of the hemispheric sulci were independent of the size of the skull."}
{"id": "PMID:304536", "title": "Age and sex dependence of the size of normal ventricles on computed tomography.", "content": "Several parameters of the normal ventricular size have been measured routinely on more than 170 computed tomographic scans of patients with normal neurological findings. All patients have been classified into age groups of 15 years each. Means and further statistical values, separate for male and female, have been calculated and figured in a table and histograms.", "contents": "Age and sex dependence of the size of normal ventricles on computed tomography. Several parameters of the normal ventricular size have been measured routinely on more than 170 computed tomographic scans of patients with normal neurological findings. All patients have been classified into age groups of 15 years each. Means and further statistical values, separate for male and female, have been calculated and figured in a table and histograms."}
{"id": "PMID:304537", "title": "Histoplasma meningitis with hyperactive suppressor T cells in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Histoplasma meningitis usually occurs in conjunction with disseminated histoplasmosis. We studied a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia who manifested meningitis without disseminated histoplasmosis. No histoplasma antibody was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood. Evaluation of lymphocyte function in the blood revealed normal numbers of T cells with increased numbers of B cells. Most blood lymphocytes were identifiable, but most lymphocytes in CSF were null cells. Lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen was poor. T cells in CSF suppressed proliferative responses to histoplasma antigen by cells from blood or CSF, whereas T cells from blood did not. This difference suggested compartmentalization of T-cell function. The lack of humoral and cellular response to histoplasma in CSF may have allowed meningitis to develop, while the cellular response to histoplasma elsewhere prevented development of disseminated histoplasmosis.", "contents": "Histoplasma meningitis with hyperactive suppressor T cells in cerebrospinal fluid. Histoplasma meningitis usually occurs in conjunction with disseminated histoplasmosis. We studied a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia who manifested meningitis without disseminated histoplasmosis. No histoplasma antibody was detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood. Evaluation of lymphocyte function in the blood revealed normal numbers of T cells with increased numbers of B cells. Most blood lymphocytes were identifiable, but most lymphocytes in CSF were null cells. Lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen was poor. T cells in CSF suppressed proliferative responses to histoplasma antigen by cells from blood or CSF, whereas T cells from blood did not. This difference suggested compartmentalization of T-cell function. The lack of humoral and cellular response to histoplasma in CSF may have allowed meningitis to develop, while the cellular response to histoplasma elsewhere prevented development of disseminated histoplasmosis."}
{"id": "PMID:304534", "title": "[Unusual case of headache of psychogenic origin].", "content": "A case of attacks of short-lasting pains in the midfrontal region is reported. The attacks occurred several dozen of times per day, no drugs were effective. Contrast radiological investigations failed to show presence of an expanding lesion. After psychotherapy (suggestion reinforced with faradic current) the attacks disappeared completely.", "contents": "[Unusual case of headache of psychogenic origin]. A case of attacks of short-lasting pains in the midfrontal region is reported. The attacks occurred several dozen of times per day, no drugs were effective. Contrast radiological investigations failed to show presence of an expanding lesion. After psychotherapy (suggestion reinforced with faradic current) the attacks disappeared completely."}
{"id": "PMID:304538", "title": "[Porto-systemic anastomosis in the treatment of portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block. Advanced surgical technics].", "content": "A physiopathological interpretation is offered of the possibilities given by recent selective or portally regulated reduction of pressure in achieving a balance between reduction of pressure and diversion. Classic demonstrations, in fact, prove effective in the prevention of haemorrhage due to rupture of oesophageal varices. On the other hand, by over-diversion of the portal flow from the liver, they may cause a further deterioration in liver performance and more imposing the greater the flow of portal blood through the liver preoperatively. Procedures aimed at de-tension of the portal system, particularly the gastro-oesophageal segment, and at ensuring an intrahepatic venous flow sufficient to obviate steal syndrome damage, are described. Some of these procedures are still at the experimental stage. The techniques involved are explained, along with the underlying principles achieved by or prospected for each of them.", "contents": "[Porto-systemic anastomosis in the treatment of portal hypertension due to intrahepatic block. Advanced surgical technics]. A physiopathological interpretation is offered of the possibilities given by recent selective or portally regulated reduction of pressure in achieving a balance between reduction of pressure and diversion. Classic demonstrations, in fact, prove effective in the prevention of haemorrhage due to rupture of oesophageal varices. On the other hand, by over-diversion of the portal flow from the liver, they may cause a further deterioration in liver performance and more imposing the greater the flow of portal blood through the liver preoperatively. Procedures aimed at de-tension of the portal system, particularly the gastro-oesophageal segment, and at ensuring an intrahepatic venous flow sufficient to obviate steal syndrome damage, are described. Some of these procedures are still at the experimental stage. The techniques involved are explained, along with the underlying principles achieved by or prospected for each of them."}
{"id": "PMID:304545", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. Management during pregnancy.", "content": "The course of 27 pregnancies in 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is presented. The overall incidence of fetal wastage was 33.3%, a figure significantly higher than that observed in the general population. Although serum C3 complement levels rise during normal pregnancy, mean C3 levels remain within the normal range. Since it is a fall in complement levels in patients with SLE which may herald the onset of symptoms and provide a guide to therapy, assay of serum C3 complement levels remains a valid monitoring device in management of these patients during pregnancy. Flares of SLE during pregnancy generally should be treated vigorously with corticosteroids rather than by therapeutic abortion. Continuation of corticosteroid treatment during the first 2 months postpartum is advised to limit the incidence of exacerbation of SLE activity following delivery.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus. Management during pregnancy. The course of 27 pregnancies in 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is presented. The overall incidence of fetal wastage was 33.3%, a figure significantly higher than that observed in the general population. Although serum C3 complement levels rise during normal pregnancy, mean C3 levels remain within the normal range. Since it is a fall in complement levels in patients with SLE which may herald the onset of symptoms and provide a guide to therapy, assay of serum C3 complement levels remains a valid monitoring device in management of these patients during pregnancy. Flares of SLE during pregnancy generally should be treated vigorously with corticosteroids rather than by therapeutic abortion. Continuation of corticosteroid treatment during the first 2 months postpartum is advised to limit the incidence of exacerbation of SLE activity following delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:304546", "title": "Immunosuppressive effect of serum in patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune response was measured in 23 patients with ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, 38 patients with benign ovarian tumor, and 44 healthy volunteers. The method used two indexes: the lymphocyte response per unit volume of peripheral blood to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the immunosuppressive effect of serum on the response of normal lymphocytes to PHA stimulation. The lymphocyte response per 50 microliter peripheral blood did not differ significantly between patients with ovarian cancer and healthy volunteers. The serum effect, in contrast, differed significantly between malignant and benign ovarian tumors, and was found to increase significantly even when the cancer masses were as small as about 5 x 5 x 5 cm in size, ie, in FIGO Stage I. It is our belief that the measurement of the serum effect in patients with any ovarian tumor enables the early detection of ovarian cancer.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive effect of serum in patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cell-mediated immune response was measured in 23 patients with ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, 38 patients with benign ovarian tumor, and 44 healthy volunteers. The method used two indexes: the lymphocyte response per unit volume of peripheral blood to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and the immunosuppressive effect of serum on the response of normal lymphocytes to PHA stimulation. The lymphocyte response per 50 microliter peripheral blood did not differ significantly between patients with ovarian cancer and healthy volunteers. The serum effect, in contrast, differed significantly between malignant and benign ovarian tumors, and was found to increase significantly even when the cancer masses were as small as about 5 x 5 x 5 cm in size, ie, in FIGO Stage I. It is our belief that the measurement of the serum effect in patients with any ovarian tumor enables the early detection of ovarian cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:304548", "title": "Preoperative topical antibiotics and lash trimming in cataract surgery.", "content": "Fifty patients admitted for cataract extraction had their lids and conjunctive cultured two days preoperatively, on the morning of surgery, and on each of the first four postoperative mornings. Multiple topical preoperative antibiotics given for forty-eight hours before surgery produced a marked reduction in the periocular bacterial flora, an effect which persisted throughout the postoperative period. Lash trimming prior to surgery did not alter the periocular bacterial flora present on the morning of surgery or at any time during the first four postoperative days. While multiple preoperative topical antibiotics may reduce the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis through suppression of periocular bacterial flora, no such role can be postulated for lash trimming.", "contents": "Preoperative topical antibiotics and lash trimming in cataract surgery. Fifty patients admitted for cataract extraction had their lids and conjunctive cultured two days preoperatively, on the morning of surgery, and on each of the first four postoperative mornings. Multiple topical preoperative antibiotics given for forty-eight hours before surgery produced a marked reduction in the periocular bacterial flora, an effect which persisted throughout the postoperative period. Lash trimming prior to surgery did not alter the periocular bacterial flora present on the morning of surgery or at any time during the first four postoperative days. While multiple preoperative topical antibiotics may reduce the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis through suppression of periocular bacterial flora, no such role can be postulated for lash trimming."}
{"id": "PMID:304550", "title": "The dangers of metal-loop intraocular lenses.", "content": "The author implanted 500 intraocular lenses (IOLs) during intracapsular surgery. Data from the 60 lenses with metal posterior loops showed a markedly high incidence of complication compared to plastic loops: twice as many overall complications, three times the cystoid mascular edema, three times the rate for subsequent corrective surgical procedures, and 30 times more IOLs had to be removed. IOL manufacturers are advised to abandon metal loops for intracapsular implantation. Polypropylene is suggested as the apparent ideal loop material.", "contents": "The dangers of metal-loop intraocular lenses. The author implanted 500 intraocular lenses (IOLs) during intracapsular surgery. Data from the 60 lenses with metal posterior loops showed a markedly high incidence of complication compared to plastic loops: twice as many overall complications, three times the cystoid mascular edema, three times the rate for subsequent corrective surgical procedures, and 30 times more IOLs had to be removed. IOL manufacturers are advised to abandon metal loops for intracapsular implantation. Polypropylene is suggested as the apparent ideal loop material."}
{"id": "PMID:304553", "title": "[Duodenal ulcer in a newborn infant with gastro-intestinal hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "A newborn infant was transferred to our hospital because of gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, starting a few hours after birth. Because of fetal distress a cesarean section had been necessary. The clinical examination as well as the results of the laboratory tests revealed nothing abnormal. In an upper gastro-intestinal X-ray series there was evidence for a duodenal ulcer. Under conservative treatment the baby recovered and has remained in a good condition without any bleeding episode  until now. A repeat upper gastro-intestinal X-ray series was done at the age of 5 months and no evidence of ulceration could be found. The incidence and the reason of such an ulcer in the new born period is shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Duodenal ulcer in a newborn infant with gastro-intestinal hemorrhage (author's transl)]. A newborn infant was transferred to our hospital because of gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, starting a few hours after birth. Because of fetal distress a cesarean section had been necessary. The clinical examination as well as the results of the laboratory tests revealed nothing abnormal. In an upper gastro-intestinal X-ray series there was evidence for a duodenal ulcer. Under conservative treatment the baby recovered and has remained in a good condition without any bleeding episode  until now. A repeat upper gastro-intestinal X-ray series was done at the age of 5 months and no evidence of ulceration could be found. The incidence and the reason of such an ulcer in the new born period is shortly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304557", "title": "The effect of the CO2/HCO3- buffer system on the membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle was measured in various solutions, in the presence and in the absence of the CO2/HCO3- buffer. 2. The CO2/HCO3- buffer (PCO2 = 38-593 mm Hg; [HCO3-] = 5-25 mM/1) generally induced a reversible depolarization. 3. In the presence of C1-, there was a slowly developing but marked depolarization. 4. In the absence of C1-, there was an early depolarization which increased in high-PCO2 or low-K+ solutions, and decreased in low-PCO2, high-K+ or Na+-free solutions. Changing the HCO3- concentration did not modify the depolarization. 5. The early depolarization and contractions observed in C1--free Ringer persisted in presence of tubocurarine chloride (2.5-10(-5) M/1). 6. Possible mechanisms for the depolarization are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of the CO2/HCO3- buffer system on the membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle. 1. The membrane potential of frog skeletal muscle was measured in various solutions, in the presence and in the absence of the CO2/HCO3- buffer. 2. The CO2/HCO3- buffer (PCO2 = 38-593 mm Hg; [HCO3-] = 5-25 mM/1) generally induced a reversible depolarization. 3. In the presence of C1-, there was a slowly developing but marked depolarization. 4. In the absence of C1-, there was an early depolarization which increased in high-PCO2 or low-K+ solutions, and decreased in low-PCO2, high-K+ or Na+-free solutions. Changing the HCO3- concentration did not modify the depolarization. 5. The early depolarization and contractions observed in C1--free Ringer persisted in presence of tubocurarine chloride (2.5-10(-5) M/1). 6. Possible mechanisms for the depolarization are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304554", "title": "[Biosynthesis of folic acid in Eimeria tenella (Coccidia)].", "content": "The inhibitory analysis has shown that E. tenella does not include ready folic acid into metabolic process but synthesizes its metabolite, 7:8-dihydrofolic acid (DHFA), from its precursor, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which enters the host's organism. PABA can be fully substituted in the process of metabolism by sulphadimesin (SD) at the molar ratio PABA: SD=1: 16.7. As a concurrent antagonist of PABA SD is 6 times stronger in the parasite-host system of Coccidia than in bacteria in cultural medium. The increase in PABA content in relation to SD more than 1: 16.7 intensifies the viability of Coccidia that is expressed in higher lethality of chicks, which reaches its maximum at PABA : SD=1 : 1.25. A further increase in the content of PABA does not affect the host's lethality. The decrease in PABA in relation to SD lower than 1 : 16.7 reduces the viability of Coccidia. Nucleic bases G, A transforming in the organism into corresponding nucleotids and aminoacids, 1-metionin and glycine, which are the products of biosynthesis with a participation of DHFA, do not stimulate the viability of E. tenella that apparently is associated with the non-capability of the host to assimilate timidin.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of folic acid in Eimeria tenella (Coccidia)]. The inhibitory analysis has shown that E. tenella does not include ready folic acid into metabolic process but synthesizes its metabolite, 7:8-dihydrofolic acid (DHFA), from its precursor, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which enters the host's organism. PABA can be fully substituted in the process of metabolism by sulphadimesin (SD) at the molar ratio PABA: SD=1: 16.7. As a concurrent antagonist of PABA SD is 6 times stronger in the parasite-host system of Coccidia than in bacteria in cultural medium. The increase in PABA content in relation to SD more than 1: 16.7 intensifies the viability of Coccidia that is expressed in higher lethality of chicks, which reaches its maximum at PABA : SD=1 : 1.25. A further increase in the content of PABA does not affect the host's lethality. The decrease in PABA in relation to SD lower than 1 : 16.7 reduces the viability of Coccidia. Nucleic bases G, A transforming in the organism into corresponding nucleotids and aminoacids, 1-metionin and glycine, which are the products of biosynthesis with a participation of DHFA, do not stimulate the viability of E. tenella that apparently is associated with the non-capability of the host to assimilate timidin."}
{"id": "PMID:304559", "title": "Influence of the saccule, lagena and vertical posterior canal on the ipsilateral horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals in Rana esculenta: role of receptor-receptor fibres.", "content": "The influence of the efferent vestibular system being eliminated, the spontaneous activity of single afferent fibres of the ampullary nerves of the horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals was recorded in the frog. By stimulating electrically the nerves of the vertical posterior canal, lagena or saccule as well as by sectioning these nerves and then using statistical methods, it is shown that the receptor-receptor fibres arising from the above mentioned receptors have generally an inhibitory influence on the afferent activity from the horizontal and vertical anterior canals.", "contents": "Influence of the saccule, lagena and vertical posterior canal on the ipsilateral horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals in Rana esculenta: role of receptor-receptor fibres. The influence of the efferent vestibular system being eliminated, the spontaneous activity of single afferent fibres of the ampullary nerves of the horizontal and vertical anterior semicircular canals was recorded in the frog. By stimulating electrically the nerves of the vertical posterior canal, lagena or saccule as well as by sectioning these nerves and then using statistical methods, it is shown that the receptor-receptor fibres arising from the above mentioned receptors have generally an inhibitory influence on the afferent activity from the horizontal and vertical anterior canals."}
{"id": "PMID:304558", "title": "Effects of the replacement of chloride by methylsulphate on the membrane currents in frog atrial trabeculae.", "content": "The effect of the replacement of extracellular chloride by methylsulphate was investigated on isolated frog atrial trabeculae using the voltage clamp technique. In methylsulphate solution, the following results were obtained: 1. After a transient depolarization of the resting potential, the action potential was lengthened and the diastolic depolarization rate of the repetitive activity was reduced. 2. In voltage clamp conditions, the current-voltage relationships and the steady-state inactivation curves of both early and secondary inward currents were unaffected. 3. The study of the evolution of the instantaneous backgroundd current with membrane potential showed a decrease of the current values. 4. The first component of the time-dependent outward currents was unaffected but the second component was reduced without change of its time-constant value. Assuming the absolute value of the chloride equilibrium potential at about -30 mV, it was suggested that the lengthening of the action potential in methylsulphate solution might be explained by the decrease of an influx of chloride ions which should participate in the repolarization. The reduction of the diastolic depolarization rate might be due to the decrease of an outflux of chloride ions which should be involved in the inward background currents unmasked by the deactivation of the time-dependent outward currents.", "contents": "Effects of the replacement of chloride by methylsulphate on the membrane currents in frog atrial trabeculae. The effect of the replacement of extracellular chloride by methylsulphate was investigated on isolated frog atrial trabeculae using the voltage clamp technique. In methylsulphate solution, the following results were obtained: 1. After a transient depolarization of the resting potential, the action potential was lengthened and the diastolic depolarization rate of the repetitive activity was reduced. 2. In voltage clamp conditions, the current-voltage relationships and the steady-state inactivation curves of both early and secondary inward currents were unaffected. 3. The study of the evolution of the instantaneous backgroundd current with membrane potential showed a decrease of the current values. 4. The first component of the time-dependent outward currents was unaffected but the second component was reduced without change of its time-constant value. Assuming the absolute value of the chloride equilibrium potential at about -30 mV, it was suggested that the lengthening of the action potential in methylsulphate solution might be explained by the decrease of an influx of chloride ions which should participate in the repolarization. The reduction of the diastolic depolarization rate might be due to the decrease of an outflux of chloride ions which should be involved in the inward background currents unmasked by the deactivation of the time-dependent outward currents."}
{"id": "PMID:304564", "title": "Problem-orientation: an experimental study to test its heuristic value.", "content": "Using a two-group before--after experimental design, this study explored the effect of problem-orientation on a nursing staff's ability to identify underlying patient problems. Nursing service staff members (registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and corps personnel) from two small naval hospitals who met the criteria for inclusion and consented to participate were utilized. Because of staff turnover, the composition of the groups differed from preto posttesting phases. The pretest sample consisted of 47 control/48 experimental subjects; the posttest sample included 38 control/39 experimental subjects. The experimental group was instructed on the independent variable, problem-orientation, by the investigator through a six-hour workshop on the problem-oriented nursing record after which the system was instituted in the experimental setting. After a five-month period posttesting was done to determine if changes had occurred. Analysis of the data supported the hypothesis that problem-orientation does, in fact, substantially increase a nursing staff's ability to identify patient problems. The incorporation of this system into nursing services could provide a vehicle for pinpointing underlying patient problems and dealing with them in a systematic way, thereby upgrading patient care.", "contents": "Problem-orientation: an experimental study to test its heuristic value. Using a two-group before--after experimental design, this study explored the effect of problem-orientation on a nursing staff's ability to identify underlying patient problems. Nursing service staff members (registered nurses, licensed vocational nurses, and corps personnel) from two small naval hospitals who met the criteria for inclusion and consented to participate were utilized. Because of staff turnover, the composition of the groups differed from preto posttesting phases. The pretest sample consisted of 47 control/48 experimental subjects; the posttest sample included 38 control/39 experimental subjects. The experimental group was instructed on the independent variable, problem-orientation, by the investigator through a six-hour workshop on the problem-oriented nursing record after which the system was instituted in the experimental setting. After a five-month period posttesting was done to determine if changes had occurred. Analysis of the data supported the hypothesis that problem-orientation does, in fact, substantially increase a nursing staff's ability to identify patient problems. The incorporation of this system into nursing services could provide a vehicle for pinpointing underlying patient problems and dealing with them in a systematic way, thereby upgrading patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:304574", "title": "The role of serotonergic and cholinergic systems in the aggression-stereotypy complex produced by amphetamine in mice.", "content": "The aggression--stereotypy complex (ASC) was produced in mice by administration of 15 mg/kg of amphetamine. The elevation of cerebral serotonin level in the mouse brain by administration of L-tryptophan or DL-5-hydroxytryptophan suppressed the aggressiveness without affecting significantly the stereotypy. Serotonin antagonists: methysergide and cyproheptadine, did not potentiate clearly the aggressive component of ASC. Cholinomimetics, pilocarpine and physostigmine, strongly suppressed the aggressive component, while a cholinolytic, scopolamine, evidently potentiated the elements of aggressive behavior. The aggressiveness observed in the ASC in the mouse receiving a large dose of amphetanine is predominantly dependent on the increase of activity of dopaminergic system, but seems to be functionally dependent also on the serotonergic and cholinergic systems.", "contents": "The role of serotonergic and cholinergic systems in the aggression-stereotypy complex produced by amphetamine in mice. The aggression--stereotypy complex (ASC) was produced in mice by administration of 15 mg/kg of amphetamine. The elevation of cerebral serotonin level in the mouse brain by administration of L-tryptophan or DL-5-hydroxytryptophan suppressed the aggressiveness without affecting significantly the stereotypy. Serotonin antagonists: methysergide and cyproheptadine, did not potentiate clearly the aggressive component of ASC. Cholinomimetics, pilocarpine and physostigmine, strongly suppressed the aggressive component, while a cholinolytic, scopolamine, evidently potentiated the elements of aggressive behavior. The aggressiveness observed in the ASC in the mouse receiving a large dose of amphetanine is predominantly dependent on the increase of activity of dopaminergic system, but seems to be functionally dependent also on the serotonergic and cholinergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:304579", "title": "Ly phenotype of T cells cytotoxic for syngeneic mouse mammary tumors: evidence for T cell interactions.", "content": "Specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of lymph node cells from immunized C3Hf mice, against syngeneic C3H/Umc mammary tumor cells, assayed in vitro, is effected by T lymphocytes. This CMC response is biphasic, with an early peak attained within 6 hr and a second major peak beginning at about 18 hr. Effector cells of both the early minor and late major phases of the response belong to the Ly23 set. Other T cell sets evidently play no part in the early effector response. But specifically activated Ly1 cells help or amplify the major late-phase response. Nevertheless, the mixture of specifically activated Ly1 and Ly23 sets still does not completely reconstitute the late response, which implies that the Ly123 set is also needed for maximal expression of CMC in this system. These Ly123 cells must come from specifically immunized donors. It appears, therefore, that maximal CMC is achieved by the participation of specific Ly123 cells which in the late phase directly or indirectly give rise to Ly23 killer cells. Thus, although killing of syngeneic mammary tumor cells in the CMC assay is invariably effected by cells of the Ly23 set, specifically activated cells of the Ly1 set, and probably of the Ly123 set also, are participants in the interactions needed to produce a maximal CMC response.", "contents": "Ly phenotype of T cells cytotoxic for syngeneic mouse mammary tumors: evidence for T cell interactions. Specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of lymph node cells from immunized C3Hf mice, against syngeneic C3H/Umc mammary tumor cells, assayed in vitro, is effected by T lymphocytes. This CMC response is biphasic, with an early peak attained within 6 hr and a second major peak beginning at about 18 hr. Effector cells of both the early minor and late major phases of the response belong to the Ly23 set. Other T cell sets evidently play no part in the early effector response. But specifically activated Ly1 cells help or amplify the major late-phase response. Nevertheless, the mixture of specifically activated Ly1 and Ly23 sets still does not completely reconstitute the late response, which implies that the Ly123 set is also needed for maximal expression of CMC in this system. These Ly123 cells must come from specifically immunized donors. It appears, therefore, that maximal CMC is achieved by the participation of specific Ly123 cells which in the late phase directly or indirectly give rise to Ly23 killer cells. Thus, although killing of syngeneic mammary tumor cells in the CMC assay is invariably effected by cells of the Ly23 set, specifically activated cells of the Ly1 set, and probably of the Ly123 set also, are participants in the interactions needed to produce a maximal CMC response."}
{"id": "PMID:304580", "title": "Cultured aortic endothelial cells from pigs with von Willebrand disease: in vitro model for studying the molecular defect(s) of the disease.", "content": "Aortic endothelial cells from normal pigs and pigs with von Willebrand disease have been established in long-term cultures. Both cultures appeared similar in terms of general growth characteristics, morphologic features and ultrastructure. Immunofluorescent staining of these cultures with chicken (or rabbit) antiporcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor sera (or IgG) resulted in extensive perinuclear staining of the cells in both cultures. Additionally, staining of semiconfluent cultures of normal cells for ristocetin-Willebrand factor revealed an extensive meshwork of distinct, immunologically identifiable ristocetin-Willebrand factor-containing filaments between cells. Immunoreactive material was considerably decreased and more diffuse between cells in semiconfluent cultures from affected pigs. Through immunocytochemical staining with peroxidase-coupled antiserum, the filaments (of indeterminate length) were found to have a diameter of approximately 300 A. Finally, washed porcine platelets interacted extensively with scrape-damaged cultures of affected endothelial cells. This interaction of platelets with damaged normal cultures was abolished by pretreatment of the cultures with rabbit antiporcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor IgG.", "contents": "Cultured aortic endothelial cells from pigs with von Willebrand disease: in vitro model for studying the molecular defect(s) of the disease. Aortic endothelial cells from normal pigs and pigs with von Willebrand disease have been established in long-term cultures. Both cultures appeared similar in terms of general growth characteristics, morphologic features and ultrastructure. Immunofluorescent staining of these cultures with chicken (or rabbit) antiporcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor sera (or IgG) resulted in extensive perinuclear staining of the cells in both cultures. Additionally, staining of semiconfluent cultures of normal cells for ristocetin-Willebrand factor revealed an extensive meshwork of distinct, immunologically identifiable ristocetin-Willebrand factor-containing filaments between cells. Immunoreactive material was considerably decreased and more diffuse between cells in semiconfluent cultures from affected pigs. Through immunocytochemical staining with peroxidase-coupled antiserum, the filaments (of indeterminate length) were found to have a diameter of approximately 300 A. Finally, washed porcine platelets interacted extensively with scrape-damaged cultures of affected endothelial cells. This interaction of platelets with damaged normal cultures was abolished by pretreatment of the cultures with rabbit antiporcine ristocetin-Willebrand factor IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:304584", "title": "Rectal bleeding secondary to fecal disimpaction: angiographic diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Two cases of bleeding caused by manual disimpaction of fecal material are presented. Angiography played a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment. One case was managed with balloon tamponade, and the other was successfully treated by selective intra-arterial vasopressin infusion, after prior intravenous infusion had been ineffective. A history of fecal disimpaction should suggest the possibility of low rectal bleeding which can be diagnosed and treated angiographically.", "contents": "Rectal bleeding secondary to fecal disimpaction: angiographic diagnosis and treatment. Two cases of bleeding caused by manual disimpaction of fecal material are presented. Angiography played a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment. One case was managed with balloon tamponade, and the other was successfully treated by selective intra-arterial vasopressin infusion, after prior intravenous infusion had been ineffective. A history of fecal disimpaction should suggest the possibility of low rectal bleeding which can be diagnosed and treated angiographically."}
{"id": "PMID:304585", "title": "[Radiological diagnosis of tumours of brain stem (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral pneumography, positive ventriculography and vertebral angiography were employed in the examination of 154 of tumour of brain stem at Departments of Neuroradiology in the city of Naples between 1962 and 1974. The findings in various sites are described and discussed and several examples are presented.", "contents": "[Radiological diagnosis of tumours of brain stem (author's transl)]. Cerebral pneumography, positive ventriculography and vertebral angiography were employed in the examination of 154 of tumour of brain stem at Departments of Neuroradiology in the city of Naples between 1962 and 1974. The findings in various sites are described and discussed and several examples are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:304590", "title": "Effectiveness of murine leukemia chemotherapy according to the immune state: reconsideration of correlations between chemotherapy, tumour cell killing, and survival time.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CPM) chemotherapy (134 mg/kg) of L1210 leukemia is less efficient in mice previously immunodepressed by antithymocyte serum (ATS) than in non-ATS pretreated mice. On the other hand, administration of a higher dose of CPM (403 mg/kg), which kills a greater number of leukemic cells but induces an immunodepression, according to the skin graft test, results in a shorter survival time than does the administration of a lower dose of CPM (134 mg/kg), capable of killing fewer leukemic cells but not inducing such an immunodepression. Thus, it appears that: (1) the antileukemic effect of the same dose of a chemotherapeutic drug is less efficient in immunodepressed than in nonimmunodepressed hosts, and (2) calculation of the number of neoplastic cells killed by a given chemotherapy by extrapolation from the survival time may lead to erroneous conclusions.", "contents": "Effectiveness of murine leukemia chemotherapy according to the immune state: reconsideration of correlations between chemotherapy, tumour cell killing, and survival time. Cyclophosphamide (CPM) chemotherapy (134 mg/kg) of L1210 leukemia is less efficient in mice previously immunodepressed by antithymocyte serum (ATS) than in non-ATS pretreated mice. On the other hand, administration of a higher dose of CPM (403 mg/kg), which kills a greater number of leukemic cells but induces an immunodepression, according to the skin graft test, results in a shorter survival time than does the administration of a lower dose of CPM (134 mg/kg), capable of killing fewer leukemic cells but not inducing such an immunodepression. Thus, it appears that: (1) the antileukemic effect of the same dose of a chemotherapeutic drug is less efficient in immunodepressed than in nonimmunodepressed hosts, and (2) calculation of the number of neoplastic cells killed by a given chemotherapy by extrapolation from the survival time may lead to erroneous conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:304600", "title": "Limitation of excessive myelopoiesis by the intrinsic modulation of macrophage-derived prostaglandin E.", "content": "The clonal proliferation of the committed granulocyte-macrophage stem cell is controlled by a balance between mutually opposing factors, colony stimulating factor and prostaglandin E, both of monocyte-macrophage derivation. Increases beyond a critical concentration of colony stimulating factor within the local milieu of the mononuclear phagocyte induces the coincident elaboration of prostaglandin E, a self-regulated response which serves to limit the unopposed humoral stimulation of myelopoiesis.", "contents": "Limitation of excessive myelopoiesis by the intrinsic modulation of macrophage-derived prostaglandin E. The clonal proliferation of the committed granulocyte-macrophage stem cell is controlled by a balance between mutually opposing factors, colony stimulating factor and prostaglandin E, both of monocyte-macrophage derivation. Increases beyond a critical concentration of colony stimulating factor within the local milieu of the mononuclear phagocyte induces the coincident elaboration of prostaglandin E, a self-regulated response which serves to limit the unopposed humoral stimulation of myelopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:304605", "title": "Management of a vascular malformation of the face using total circulatory arrest.", "content": "An instance of progressive vascular malformation is presented to illustrate the use of total circulatory arrest and to highlight the need for an understanding of the biologic factors of such lesions.", "contents": "Management of a vascular malformation of the face using total circulatory arrest. An instance of progressive vascular malformation is presented to illustrate the use of total circulatory arrest and to highlight the need for an understanding of the biologic factors of such lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:304606", "title": "Selective management of post-traumatic obstructing intramural hematoma of the duodenum.", "content": "Fourteen patients with post-traumatic obstructing intramural duodenal hematoma were reviewed. Seven patients underwent exploration for associated injuries. Evacuation of the hematoma was performed in two patients. Of 12 patients treated by fasting, nasogastric decompression and parenteral fluid therapy, late obstruction of the duodenum developed in one patient, and operation was required. Criteria are discussed regarding evacuation of intramural hematoma of the duodenum found at celiotomy for associated injuries. In the typical patient with an isolated intramural hematoma in whom no other indications for operation are identified, aggressive nonoperative therapy is the preferred treatment.", "contents": "Selective management of post-traumatic obstructing intramural hematoma of the duodenum. Fourteen patients with post-traumatic obstructing intramural duodenal hematoma were reviewed. Seven patients underwent exploration for associated injuries. Evacuation of the hematoma was performed in two patients. Of 12 patients treated by fasting, nasogastric decompression and parenteral fluid therapy, late obstruction of the duodenum developed in one patient, and operation was required. Criteria are discussed regarding evacuation of intramural hematoma of the duodenum found at celiotomy for associated injuries. In the typical patient with an isolated intramural hematoma in whom no other indications for operation are identified, aggressive nonoperative therapy is the preferred treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:304607", "title": "Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to an ectatic basilar artery.", "content": "A 57 year-old white hypertensive male presented with a five-month history of progressive dementia and a clinical picture suggestive of normal pressure hydrocephalus. A CT scan and vertebral angiogram demonstrated an ectatic basilar artery obstructing the posterior third ventricle; the resulting hydrocephalus was relieved by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and the patient's symptoms resolved completely.", "contents": "Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to an ectatic basilar artery. A 57 year-old white hypertensive male presented with a five-month history of progressive dementia and a clinical picture suggestive of normal pressure hydrocephalus. A CT scan and vertebral angiogram demonstrated an ectatic basilar artery obstructing the posterior third ventricle; the resulting hydrocephalus was relieved by a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and the patient's symptoms resolved completely."}
{"id": "PMID:304608", "title": "Hydrocephalus after posterior fossa operations.", "content": "Sixteen patients with hydrocephalus which developed after operations on the posterior fossa were studied by radioisotope ventriculography. The results indicate that postoperative hydrocephalus is of communicating type, and that block of the basal cisterns is always present. Mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis are discussed, and it is felt that pre-existent adhesions in basal cisterns, surgical bleeding and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extra-arachnoidal collections are possible causes of the hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus after posterior fossa operations. Sixteen patients with hydrocephalus which developed after operations on the posterior fossa were studied by radioisotope ventriculography. The results indicate that postoperative hydrocephalus is of communicating type, and that block of the basal cisterns is always present. Mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis are discussed, and it is felt that pre-existent adhesions in basal cisterns, surgical bleeding and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extra-arachnoidal collections are possible causes of the hydrocephalus."}
{"id": "PMID:304619", "title": "Previously unexplained HLA antigens of combined immunodeficiency disease due to Ia alloantigens.", "content": "The presence of extra reactions in the HLA typing of a combined immunodeficiency patient may be attributed to B-cell alloantibodies in the HLA typing sera. The presence of these reactions can be used to identify HLA sera containing B-cell antibodies for further B-cell studies. The alloantibodies in this study have some association with the HLA-D determinants and segregate with HLA in normal families.", "contents": "Previously unexplained HLA antigens of combined immunodeficiency disease due to Ia alloantigens. The presence of extra reactions in the HLA typing of a combined immunodeficiency patient may be attributed to B-cell alloantibodies in the HLA typing sera. The presence of these reactions can be used to identify HLA sera containing B-cell antibodies for further B-cell studies. The alloantibodies in this study have some association with the HLA-D determinants and segregate with HLA in normal families."}
{"id": "PMID:304622", "title": "[Effect of maintaining the grassfrog sartorius muscle in a 0.002 M solution of alpha-dinitrophenol on its sensitivity to a 0.004 M solution of that substance].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of a preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius of Rana temporaria in 0.002 M alpha-dinitrophenol (alpha-DNP) on the resistance of muscles to 0.004 M concentration of this substance. The incubation of muscles in 0.002 M alpha-DNP for 10--20 min results in a statistically significant increase in their resistance to 0.004 alpha-DNP (24.8--30.7%). The highest increase in resistance was observed after a 20 minutes' maintenance of muscles. Therefore on studying the effect of 0.002 M alpha-DNP on the resistance of muscles to the injurious concentrations of chloral hydrate (0.08 M), ethanol (3.48 M), or 36 degrees, the muscles were maintained in the inhibitor for 20 minutes. In the case of a 20 minutes' maintenance of muscles in 0.002 M alpha-DNP, their resistance to chloral hydrate increased by 24.8%, whereas that to ethanol or heating decreased by 23.3 and 37.8--64.6%, respectively.", "contents": "[Effect of maintaining the grassfrog sartorius muscle in a 0.002 M solution of alpha-dinitrophenol on its sensitivity to a 0.004 M solution of that substance]. A study was made of the effect of a preliminary maintenance of m. sartorius of Rana temporaria in 0.002 M alpha-dinitrophenol (alpha-DNP) on the resistance of muscles to 0.004 M concentration of this substance. The incubation of muscles in 0.002 M alpha-DNP for 10--20 min results in a statistically significant increase in their resistance to 0.004 alpha-DNP (24.8--30.7%). The highest increase in resistance was observed after a 20 minutes' maintenance of muscles. Therefore on studying the effect of 0.002 M alpha-DNP on the resistance of muscles to the injurious concentrations of chloral hydrate (0.08 M), ethanol (3.48 M), or 36 degrees, the muscles were maintained in the inhibitor for 20 minutes. In the case of a 20 minutes' maintenance of muscles in 0.002 M alpha-DNP, their resistance to chloral hydrate increased by 24.8%, whereas that to ethanol or heating decreased by 23.3 and 37.8--64.6%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:304623", "title": "[Effect of maintaining frog sartorius muscles in a number of chloral hydrate solutions on their resistance to the harmful action of this substance].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of maintenance of m. sartorius of the grass frog in several concentrations of chloral hydrate (0.0025 M, 0.005 M, 0.008 M, 0.01 M, and 0.02 M) on their resistance to 0.08 M concentration of this substance. The increase in resistance of muscles was observed after the maintenance in all the several concentrations of the agent except one (0.02 M). The increase in resistance was maximal after a 5 minute maintenance in any concentration. The optimal dose of the effect was a 5 minute maintenance in 0.005 M chloral hydrate solution. In this case the increase in resistance to 0.08 chloral hydrate was the highest (about 23%). The study of the effect of optimal doses on the resistance of muscle tissue to 0.12 M solution fluoride, 3.48 M ethyl alcohol and to 36 derees showed a statistically significant increase in resistance from 22.7 to 39.4%.", "contents": "[Effect of maintaining frog sartorius muscles in a number of chloral hydrate solutions on their resistance to the harmful action of this substance]. A study was made of the effect of maintenance of m. sartorius of the grass frog in several concentrations of chloral hydrate (0.0025 M, 0.005 M, 0.008 M, 0.01 M, and 0.02 M) on their resistance to 0.08 M concentration of this substance. The increase in resistance of muscles was observed after the maintenance in all the several concentrations of the agent except one (0.02 M). The increase in resistance was maximal after a 5 minute maintenance in any concentration. The optimal dose of the effect was a 5 minute maintenance in 0.005 M chloral hydrate solution. In this case the increase in resistance to 0.08 chloral hydrate was the highest (about 23%). The study of the effect of optimal doses on the resistance of muscle tissue to 0.12 M solution fluoride, 3.48 M ethyl alcohol and to 36 derees showed a statistically significant increase in resistance from 22.7 to 39.4%."}
{"id": "PMID:304624", "title": "A phase II study of combined adriamycin, L-PAM, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in advanced ovarian carcinomas.", "content": "In a phase II study of combined adriamycin, L-PAM, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, 14 of 15 patients with primary advanced or recurrent ovarian malignant tumors obtained an objective remission. In remission, all patients improved their quality of life. So far the median duration of remission is 5+ months for the complete responders and 7 months for the partial responders. Myelosuppression of varying severity occurred in 93% of the courses. The regimen proved highly effective, although toxic in some advanced patients.", "contents": "A phase II study of combined adriamycin, L-PAM, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue in advanced ovarian carcinomas. In a phase II study of combined adriamycin, L-PAM, and methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, 14 of 15 patients with primary advanced or recurrent ovarian malignant tumors obtained an objective remission. In remission, all patients improved their quality of life. So far the median duration of remission is 5+ months for the complete responders and 7 months for the partial responders. Myelosuppression of varying severity occurred in 93% of the courses. The regimen proved highly effective, although toxic in some advanced patients."}
{"id": "PMID:304636", "title": "Anti-fab' antibodies in human sera. II. A study of their possible association with C-reactive protein, rheumatoid and anticomplementary factors.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine whether a relationship could be found between Fab' antibodies and the occurrence of C-reactive protein, rheumatoid and anticomplementary factors in the serum of patients with malignancies and other illnesses. The findings argue against the possibility that Fab' antibody activity is associated with a single disease entity. The very frequent occurrence of Fab' antibodies in hospital patients as opposed to healthy blood donors implies that their function is probably indirectly related to other immunological events. There is evidence to suggest that Fab' antibodies may serve as a mechanism for clearing immune complexes.", "contents": "Anti-fab' antibodies in human sera. II. A study of their possible association with C-reactive protein, rheumatoid and anticomplementary factors. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a relationship could be found between Fab' antibodies and the occurrence of C-reactive protein, rheumatoid and anticomplementary factors in the serum of patients with malignancies and other illnesses. The findings argue against the possibility that Fab' antibody activity is associated with a single disease entity. The very frequent occurrence of Fab' antibodies in hospital patients as opposed to healthy blood donors implies that their function is probably indirectly related to other immunological events. There is evidence to suggest that Fab' antibodies may serve as a mechanism for clearing immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:304637", "title": "[Are antinuclear factors a contraindication for penicillamine treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? (author's transl)].", "content": "28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing treatment with penicillamine were investigated over a period of 7 to 72 months. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 43% of patients before treatment, and 39% when treatment was completed. In all patients anti-native DNA antibodies were within the normal range. Precipitating antibodies to heat-denatured DNA were detected in 3 out of 16 patients at the end of therapy. There was no correlation between the detection of antinuclear antibodies, antibodies to native or denatured DNA and the occurrence of immunological side effects due to penicillamine (1 patient with pemphigus erythematosus, 3 patients with immune-complex nephritis).", "contents": "[Are antinuclear factors a contraindication for penicillamine treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? (author's transl)]. 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing treatment with penicillamine were investigated over a period of 7 to 72 months. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 43% of patients before treatment, and 39% when treatment was completed. In all patients anti-native DNA antibodies were within the normal range. Precipitating antibodies to heat-denatured DNA were detected in 3 out of 16 patients at the end of therapy. There was no correlation between the detection of antinuclear antibodies, antibodies to native or denatured DNA and the occurrence of immunological side effects due to penicillamine (1 patient with pemphigus erythematosus, 3 patients with immune-complex nephritis)."}
{"id": "PMID:304639", "title": "[Incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of actinomycetes. I. Incorporation of exogenous thymidine into the DNA of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris].", "content": "The incorporation of exogenous thymidine and thymine into acid-insoluble material of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been studied during germination and subsequent growth. Thymine is not incorporated. The incorporation of thymidine stops after a short time due to the rapid breakdown of thymidine to thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate by the inducible thymidine phosphorylase.  Deoxyadenosine enhances the incorporation of thymidine as well as of thymine and prolongs the tine of uptake. Uridine stimulates only the incorporation of thymidine but not of thymine. These effects can be explained by the function of these substances within the salvage pathway. Deoxyadenosine acts as donor of deoxyribosyl groups being necessary for the conversion of thymine to thymidine by thymidine phosphorylase and uridine inhibits thymidine phosphorylase, and thereby it prevents the degradation of thymidine to thymine. Thymidine is incorporated into alkali-, RNase-and protease-stable, hot TCA-soluble and DNase-sensitive material. That means that the cellular DNA of T. vulgaris can be specifically labelled by radioactive thymidine in the presence of deoxyadenosine and uridine, respectively.", "contents": "[Incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of actinomycetes. I. Incorporation of exogenous thymidine into the DNA of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]. The incorporation of exogenous thymidine and thymine into acid-insoluble material of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris has been studied during germination and subsequent growth. Thymine is not incorporated. The incorporation of thymidine stops after a short time due to the rapid breakdown of thymidine to thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate by the inducible thymidine phosphorylase.  Deoxyadenosine enhances the incorporation of thymidine as well as of thymine and prolongs the tine of uptake. Uridine stimulates only the incorporation of thymidine but not of thymine. These effects can be explained by the function of these substances within the salvage pathway. Deoxyadenosine acts as donor of deoxyribosyl groups being necessary for the conversion of thymine to thymidine by thymidine phosphorylase and uridine inhibits thymidine phosphorylase, and thereby it prevents the degradation of thymidine to thymine. Thymidine is incorporated into alkali-, RNase-and protease-stable, hot TCA-soluble and DNase-sensitive material. That means that the cellular DNA of T. vulgaris can be specifically labelled by radioactive thymidine in the presence of deoxyadenosine and uridine, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:304640", "title": "[Valve shunt--construction and hemodynamics].", "content": "Certain interventions on the thoracic aorta and its derives require bypass systems. In animal experiments the authors ascertained the proper measurements and tried the behavior of arterial pressure and flow, and the rate of hemolysis during bypass. The experiments have shown that by means of the valve shunt perfusion for several hours is possible.", "contents": "[Valve shunt--construction and hemodynamics]. Certain interventions on the thoracic aorta and its derives require bypass systems. In animal experiments the authors ascertained the proper measurements and tried the behavior of arterial pressure and flow, and the rate of hemolysis during bypass. The experiments have shown that by means of the valve shunt perfusion for several hours is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:304641", "title": "[Valve shunt for use in heart surgery and surgery on the great vessels].", "content": "Surgery with extracorporeal circulation must be carried out within temporary limits because of trauma to the blood by the pumping system and partly because of the oxygenators. For vascular replacement extracorporeal circulation can only conditionally be used because heparinization is required. The authors deviced a bypass for certain surgical interventions on the heart and thoracic aorta without the above mentioned drawbacks, which can be used for a longer period without pump and heparinization. This valve shunt stood all trials in experiment.", "contents": "[Valve shunt for use in heart surgery and surgery on the great vessels]. Surgery with extracorporeal circulation must be carried out within temporary limits because of trauma to the blood by the pumping system and partly because of the oxygenators. For vascular replacement extracorporeal circulation can only conditionally be used because heparinization is required. The authors deviced a bypass for certain surgical interventions on the heart and thoracic aorta without the above mentioned drawbacks, which can be used for a longer period without pump and heparinization. This valve shunt stood all trials in experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:304642", "title": "[Interaction of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems during generation of 2 forms of sleep in Rana temporaria frogs and Emys orbicularis turtles].", "content": "Universal role of cholinergic mechanisms has been revealed in triggering of activation during two forms of sleep in cold-blooded animals--the primary sleep (fish, amphibians) and intermediate sleep (reptiles). The intensity of activation phenomenon in the brain during these forms of the sleep is controlled by functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems of the brain. It is suggested that the vegetative nervous system is the most ancient regulatory system of the cycle awakefulness-sleep in vertebrates. The observed activation phenomenon, developing during sleep in the cold-blooded animals, with respect to its biological role plays presumably the same function as paradoxical stage during slow--wave sleep in warm-blooded animals.", "contents": "[Interaction of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems during generation of 2 forms of sleep in Rana temporaria frogs and Emys orbicularis turtles]. Universal role of cholinergic mechanisms has been revealed in triggering of activation during two forms of sleep in cold-blooded animals--the primary sleep (fish, amphibians) and intermediate sleep (reptiles). The intensity of activation phenomenon in the brain during these forms of the sleep is controlled by functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems of the brain. It is suggested that the vegetative nervous system is the most ancient regulatory system of the cycle awakefulness-sleep in vertebrates. The observed activation phenomenon, developing during sleep in the cold-blooded animals, with respect to its biological role plays presumably the same function as paradoxical stage during slow--wave sleep in warm-blooded animals."}
{"id": "PMID:304643", "title": "[Distribution of vestibular nerve fiber endings in the ventral vestibular nucleus of the stato-acoustic complex of the medulla oblongata in Rana temporaria frogs].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the distribution of the primary vestibular afferents after sectioning the VIIIth nerve in the frog Rana temporaria. The projections of the vestibular nerve fibers extend ipsilaterally. Some of the primary vestibular afferents are connected with the second-order neurons by means of electrotonic contacts. Degeneration of postsynaptic components was found in axo-axonal synapses. Some of the vestibular neurons send axons to the labyrinth. Possible functional significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Distribution of vestibular nerve fiber endings in the ventral vestibular nucleus of the stato-acoustic complex of the medulla oblongata in Rana temporaria frogs]. Electronmicroscopic studies have been made on the distribution of the primary vestibular afferents after sectioning the VIIIth nerve in the frog Rana temporaria. The projections of the vestibular nerve fibers extend ipsilaterally. Some of the primary vestibular afferents are connected with the second-order neurons by means of electrotonic contacts. Degeneration of postsynaptic components was found in axo-axonal synapses. Some of the vestibular neurons send axons to the labyrinth. Possible functional significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304652", "title": "Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and the Shy and Drager syndrome; Physiological studies in four cases; pathological report of one case.", "content": "Five cases of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension are presented. Physiological tests were performed in four cases which demonstrated that the lesion in the sympathetic system was most probably situated in the intermediolateral columns in three cases. In one case the lesion was localized on the efferent pathway either at the preganglionic or the postganglionic level. These four patients had also evidence of parasympathetic dysfunction. In the fifth case the clinical diagnosis of Shy and Drager syndrome was confirmed by pathological examination of the nervous system which revealed intermediolateral cell loss and the pathological findings commonly observed in the striato-nigral and olivo-ponto-cerebellar degenerations.", "contents": "Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension and the Shy and Drager syndrome; Physiological studies in four cases; pathological report of one case. Five cases of idiopathic orthostatic hypotension are presented. Physiological tests were performed in four cases which demonstrated that the lesion in the sympathetic system was most probably situated in the intermediolateral columns in three cases. In one case the lesion was localized on the efferent pathway either at the preganglionic or the postganglionic level. These four patients had also evidence of parasympathetic dysfunction. In the fifth case the clinical diagnosis of Shy and Drager syndrome was confirmed by pathological examination of the nervous system which revealed intermediolateral cell loss and the pathological findings commonly observed in the striato-nigral and olivo-ponto-cerebellar degenerations."}
{"id": "PMID:304653", "title": "Electrocardiographic studies in acute pericarditis with specific reference to ventricular involvement of non-specific pericarditis.", "content": "The authors investigated electrocardiographic changes minutely in five cases of acute pericarditis, and especially in two cases of non-specific pericarditis. The results indicated that the amplitudes of the R and S waves increased progressively immediately after the disease reached a peak, which was reached after abnormal heart shadow in the chest x-ray returned to normal. This increased curve of amplitude varied in association with changes in the ST segment and T wave, suggesting an inflammatory dilatation of the myocardium. On the other hand, however, the curve was indistinct and took a long time to reach a maximum in case of systemic lupus erythematosus pericarditis, and was found to decrease and remain stationary in cases of pericarditis secondary to lung cancer and/or tuberculosis. These facts should become a useful guideline for diagnosis of acute non-specific pericarditis (due to virus origin). Ischemic changes of the ST segment and T wave were manifested by an exercise test during recovery from acute pericarditis when ST segment and T wave abnormalities had already improved and high voltage was the only abnormal finding on the ECG. In the healing stage, regarding the finding of high voltage, it should be pointed out that the myocardium remains as yet with residual damage revealed by loading with exercise, and treatment may be necessary until the abnormal finding has improved.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic studies in acute pericarditis with specific reference to ventricular involvement of non-specific pericarditis. The authors investigated electrocardiographic changes minutely in five cases of acute pericarditis, and especially in two cases of non-specific pericarditis. The results indicated that the amplitudes of the R and S waves increased progressively immediately after the disease reached a peak, which was reached after abnormal heart shadow in the chest x-ray returned to normal. This increased curve of amplitude varied in association with changes in the ST segment and T wave, suggesting an inflammatory dilatation of the myocardium. On the other hand, however, the curve was indistinct and took a long time to reach a maximum in case of systemic lupus erythematosus pericarditis, and was found to decrease and remain stationary in cases of pericarditis secondary to lung cancer and/or tuberculosis. These facts should become a useful guideline for diagnosis of acute non-specific pericarditis (due to virus origin). Ischemic changes of the ST segment and T wave were manifested by an exercise test during recovery from acute pericarditis when ST segment and T wave abnormalities had already improved and high voltage was the only abnormal finding on the ECG. In the healing stage, regarding the finding of high voltage, it should be pointed out that the myocardium remains as yet with residual damage revealed by loading with exercise, and treatment may be necessary until the abnormal finding has improved."}
{"id": "PMID:304654", "title": "Digoxin and congestive heart failure.", "content": "The purpose of our study was to evaluate the absorption of digoxin in alcoholic solution in normal subjects and in patients on congestive heart failure whose water and electrolyte balances were determined. While the parameters of the distribution kinetics were not significantly different between the two groups, the areas under the serum concentration curve resulted increased in the patients on congestive heart failure indicating a more efficient absorption respect to the normal subjects.", "contents": "Digoxin and congestive heart failure. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the absorption of digoxin in alcoholic solution in normal subjects and in patients on congestive heart failure whose water and electrolyte balances were determined. While the parameters of the distribution kinetics were not significantly different between the two groups, the areas under the serum concentration curve resulted increased in the patients on congestive heart failure indicating a more efficient absorption respect to the normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:304655", "title": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy in advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck resulted in objective remission in 5 of 8 patients, with a median duration of 9 months. In 4 patients, the intravenous chemotherapy was supplemented by regional intra-arterial short-time infusion chemotherapy, by which one patient obtained a partial remission and 3 a static disease. The most important results of the methods used were the subjective improvements of the patients. The side-effects were acceptable, and no serious complications were observed.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy of advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. Combination chemotherapy in advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck resulted in objective remission in 5 of 8 patients, with a median duration of 9 months. In 4 patients, the intravenous chemotherapy was supplemented by regional intra-arterial short-time infusion chemotherapy, by which one patient obtained a partial remission and 3 a static disease. The most important results of the methods used were the subjective improvements of the patients. The side-effects were acceptable, and no serious complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:304656", "title": "Demonstration of transventricular CSF absorption by computerized tomography.", "content": "Four cases are presented of marked periventricular oedema associated with hydrocephalus on CT scan. In one of the patients oedema, as well as the hydrocephalus, subsided after successful re-establishment of CSF absorption. The most likely explanation of the periventricular oedema is increased absorption of CSF by periventricular brain tissue.", "contents": "Demonstration of transventricular CSF absorption by computerized tomography. Four cases are presented of marked periventricular oedema associated with hydrocephalus on CT scan. In one of the patients oedema, as well as the hydrocephalus, subsided after successful re-establishment of CSF absorption. The most likely explanation of the periventricular oedema is increased absorption of CSF by periventricular brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:304657", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of the third ventricle in obstructive hydrocephalus: a radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "Two cases of posterior fossa tumours with spontaneous rupture of the third ventricle are presented. In the first case there was dramatic relief of symptoms of raised intracranial tension. Rupture of the supra-pineal recess was demonstrated by Conray ventriculography in both cases.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of the third ventricle in obstructive hydrocephalus: a radiographic diagnosis. Two cases of posterior fossa tumours with spontaneous rupture of the third ventricle are presented. In the first case there was dramatic relief of symptoms of raised intracranial tension. Rupture of the supra-pineal recess was demonstrated by Conray ventriculography in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:304658", "title": "Influence of dorsal column stimulation (DCS) on spastic movement disorders.", "content": "Dorsal column stimulation in two spastic patients with upper motor neurone disease showed the following effects: 1. The subjective feeling of stiffness decreased. During DCS patients were able to walk longer distances without rest. 2. The ability to perform fast alternating or synchronous \"pedal-pressing\" foot movements improved by 15%. 3. The threshold of H-reflexes was enhanced up to 12%, and outlasted the end of stimulation by two minutes. 4. The H-reflex amplitude was depressed in relation to intensity and duration of DC-stimulation up to 10 minutes after the end of DCS. 5. A late second facilitatory wave at 300 msec in the curve for H-reflexes conditioned by a short tibial stimulus was inhibited during DCS. Although the hyperexcitability of the H-reflex was dampened significantly during DCS the whole motor disturbance improved only slightly.", "contents": "Influence of dorsal column stimulation (DCS) on spastic movement disorders. Dorsal column stimulation in two spastic patients with upper motor neurone disease showed the following effects: 1. The subjective feeling of stiffness decreased. During DCS patients were able to walk longer distances without rest. 2. The ability to perform fast alternating or synchronous \"pedal-pressing\" foot movements improved by 15%. 3. The threshold of H-reflexes was enhanced up to 12%, and outlasted the end of stimulation by two minutes. 4. The H-reflex amplitude was depressed in relation to intensity and duration of DC-stimulation up to 10 minutes after the end of DCS. 5. A late second facilitatory wave at 300 msec in the curve for H-reflexes conditioned by a short tibial stimulus was inhibited during DCS. Although the hyperexcitability of the H-reflex was dampened significantly during DCS the whole motor disturbance improved only slightly."}
{"id": "PMID:304660", "title": "Aortic root dissection complicating coronary bypass surgery.", "content": "Four cases are presented of aortic root dissection after aortocoronary bypass surgery in which the origin of the intimal tear was at or very near the aortic site of saphenous vein anastomosis. Two cases were documented at autopsy. In one of two cases diagnosed with aortography, the patient underwent surgical correction and survived. All patients had long-standing severe hypertensive cardiovascular disease or severe generalized atherosclerotic disease, or both. Clinical awareness of aortic dissection after coronary bypass surgery in this group of patients should make early diagnosis with successful surgical correction feasible.", "contents": "Aortic root dissection complicating coronary bypass surgery. Four cases are presented of aortic root dissection after aortocoronary bypass surgery in which the origin of the intimal tear was at or very near the aortic site of saphenous vein anastomosis. Two cases were documented at autopsy. In one of two cases diagnosed with aortography, the patient underwent surgical correction and survived. All patients had long-standing severe hypertensive cardiovascular disease or severe generalized atherosclerotic disease, or both. Clinical awareness of aortic dissection after coronary bypass surgery in this group of patients should make early diagnosis with successful surgical correction feasible."}
{"id": "PMID:304664", "title": "Myocardial alterations associated with aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass.", "content": "Clinical observations and gross and microscopic morphology of the hearts of 50 patients who dies at various intervals following aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass procedures are presented. Time of total cardiopulmonary bypass varied inversely with survival time among these patients. Myocardial necrosis with contraction bands and/or hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis was observed in the hearts of 44 of the 50 patients. Pathogenesis of the acute myocardial necrosis with contraction bands was multifactorial: anoxic arrest, cardiotonic drugs, electrical defibrillation, electrolyte imbalance, microthrombi, and hypoperfusion are incriminated. Subendocardial hemorrhagic necrosis was present in 17 of 40 patients whose postoperative survivals were four days or less. Its frequency increased with duration of survival. Hypoperfusion of the myocardium is suggested as the major etiologic factor of the subendocardial hemorrhagic necrosis. Myocardial lesions observed among these 50 patients did not differ from those in patients who had open-heart surgery for other reasons.", "contents": "Myocardial alterations associated with aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass. Clinical observations and gross and microscopic morphology of the hearts of 50 patients who dies at various intervals following aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass procedures are presented. Time of total cardiopulmonary bypass varied inversely with survival time among these patients. Myocardial necrosis with contraction bands and/or hemorrhagic myocardial necrosis was observed in the hearts of 44 of the 50 patients. Pathogenesis of the acute myocardial necrosis with contraction bands was multifactorial: anoxic arrest, cardiotonic drugs, electrical defibrillation, electrolyte imbalance, microthrombi, and hypoperfusion are incriminated. Subendocardial hemorrhagic necrosis was present in 17 of 40 patients whose postoperative survivals were four days or less. Its frequency increased with duration of survival. Hypoperfusion of the myocardium is suggested as the major etiologic factor of the subendocardial hemorrhagic necrosis. Myocardial lesions observed among these 50 patients did not differ from those in patients who had open-heart surgery for other reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:304665", "title": "Aortic dissection complicating aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass.", "content": "A high autopsy incidence, 7 of 50 cases (14%), of aortic dissection as the major cause of death in patients who died following aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass is reported. The patients ranged in age from 45 to 61 years, and all had moderately severe aortic atherosclerosis. None was hypertensive, and no significant predisposing aortic medial disease was recognized. Trauma during surgical cannulation with retrograde perfusion through atherosclerotic femoral or iliac arteries was considered the initiating event leading to ileo-aortic dissection in five of the seven patients. Damage secondary to aortic cross-clamping is suggested as the pathogenetic mechanism leading to dissection in the other two patients. In six patients, the dissection was Type I of DeBakey, and in one patient, Type II. Dissection was recognized intra-operatively in five of the seven patients. In older patients, particularly those likely to have atherosclerosis of the aorta and its main branches, vigilance regarding the possibility of aortic dissection developing during the course of cardiopulmonary bypass must be constant.", "contents": "Aortic dissection complicating aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass. A high autopsy incidence, 7 of 50 cases (14%), of aortic dissection as the major cause of death in patients who died following aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass is reported. The patients ranged in age from 45 to 61 years, and all had moderately severe aortic atherosclerosis. None was hypertensive, and no significant predisposing aortic medial disease was recognized. Trauma during surgical cannulation with retrograde perfusion through atherosclerotic femoral or iliac arteries was considered the initiating event leading to ileo-aortic dissection in five of the seven patients. Damage secondary to aortic cross-clamping is suggested as the pathogenetic mechanism leading to dissection in the other two patients. In six patients, the dissection was Type I of DeBakey, and in one patient, Type II. Dissection was recognized intra-operatively in five of the seven patients. In older patients, particularly those likely to have atherosclerosis of the aorta and its main branches, vigilance regarding the possibility of aortic dissection developing during the course of cardiopulmonary bypass must be constant."}
{"id": "PMID:304666", "title": "Pure acute monocytic leukemia. A study of 12 cases.", "content": "Twelve cases of pure acute monocytic leukemia in adults were studied. They were selected on the basis of the morphology of the blast cells on Romanowsky-stained smears of blood and bone marrow, as well as positivity of the cells for the naphthol ASD acetate esterase reaction specifically inhibited by sodium fluoride. There was no sex predominance. Neoplastic involvement of the skin and/or gingiva was very frequent. The leukemic proliferation in blood and bone marrow consisted of monoblasts, promonocytes and monocytes. The peroxidase reaction was negative or only faintly positive. Serum and urinary lysozyme levels were increased. The blast cells retained their ability to stimulate, in vitro, colony formation by normal bone marrow cells used as targets. All of these characteristics permit specific identification of this type of acute leukemia. The prognosis is grim: only five of 12 patients achieved complete remission, and four of these five had relapses in less than 14 months; the median survival was five months.", "contents": "Pure acute monocytic leukemia. A study of 12 cases. Twelve cases of pure acute monocytic leukemia in adults were studied. They were selected on the basis of the morphology of the blast cells on Romanowsky-stained smears of blood and bone marrow, as well as positivity of the cells for the naphthol ASD acetate esterase reaction specifically inhibited by sodium fluoride. There was no sex predominance. Neoplastic involvement of the skin and/or gingiva was very frequent. The leukemic proliferation in blood and bone marrow consisted of monoblasts, promonocytes and monocytes. The peroxidase reaction was negative or only faintly positive. Serum and urinary lysozyme levels were increased. The blast cells retained their ability to stimulate, in vitro, colony formation by normal bone marrow cells used as targets. All of these characteristics permit specific identification of this type of acute leukemia. The prognosis is grim: only five of 12 patients achieved complete remission, and four of these five had relapses in less than 14 months; the median survival was five months."}
{"id": "PMID:304668", "title": "Multiple myeloma terminating in lymphocytic leukemia with B-lymphocyte membrane markers.", "content": "The development of lymphocytic leukemia with a rapidly fatal clinical course is reported in a patient with kappa light-chain multiple myeloma treated with alkeran. The leukemic cells lacked the ultrastructural features of plasma cells but bore readily detectable B-cell markers and resembled lymphocytes under the light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopes. The leukemic phase is perhaps best defined as lymphocytic and probably represents a variant of plasma cell leukemia, in which the cells showed a degree of dedifferentiation from plasma cells to B lymphocytes. The possible relation between these 2 proliferative processes is discussed and the nature of leukemias developing in cases of plasma cell myeloma is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma terminating in lymphocytic leukemia with B-lymphocyte membrane markers. The development of lymphocytic leukemia with a rapidly fatal clinical course is reported in a patient with kappa light-chain multiple myeloma treated with alkeran. The leukemic cells lacked the ultrastructural features of plasma cells but bore readily detectable B-cell markers and resembled lymphocytes under the light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopes. The leukemic phase is perhaps best defined as lymphocytic and probably represents a variant of plasma cell leukemia, in which the cells showed a degree of dedifferentiation from plasma cells to B lymphocytes. The possible relation between these 2 proliferative processes is discussed and the nature of leukemias developing in cases of plasma cell myeloma is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:304669", "title": "Observations on the anemia and neutropenia of human copper deficiency.", "content": "Following extensive bowel resection, a young woman experienced severe malnutrition; subsequent administration of parenteral nutrition precipitated the copper deficiency syndrome. This consisted of hypocupremia, subnormal ceruloplasmin levels, anemia, and severe neutropenia. The bone marrow was megaloblastic, vacuolated, and sideroblastic; granulocytic maturation was not observed beyond the myelocyte stage. Copper sulfate therapy was followed by a marked reticulocytosis, increase in hematocrit, and recovery of neutrophils. Additional studies indicated that both serum and urinary erythropoietin values were low; serum activity increased after copper supplementation. Abnormal granulopoiesis was demonstrated using the in vitro granulocyte colony assay. The patient's granulcoytic stem cells were normal on two occasions; however, mixing studies showed that culture of the patient's copper-deficient marrow with her copper-deficient serum yielded significantly reduced numbers of granulocyte colonies. Thus, copper appears to be a necessary element for normal hematopoiesis; lack of this trace element may result in ineffective erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis.", "contents": "Observations on the anemia and neutropenia of human copper deficiency. Following extensive bowel resection, a young woman experienced severe malnutrition; subsequent administration of parenteral nutrition precipitated the copper deficiency syndrome. This consisted of hypocupremia, subnormal ceruloplasmin levels, anemia, and severe neutropenia. The bone marrow was megaloblastic, vacuolated, and sideroblastic; granulocytic maturation was not observed beyond the myelocyte stage. Copper sulfate therapy was followed by a marked reticulocytosis, increase in hematocrit, and recovery of neutrophils. Additional studies indicated that both serum and urinary erythropoietin values were low; serum activity increased after copper supplementation. Abnormal granulopoiesis was demonstrated using the in vitro granulocyte colony assay. The patient's granulcoytic stem cells were normal on two occasions; however, mixing studies showed that culture of the patient's copper-deficient marrow with her copper-deficient serum yielded significantly reduced numbers of granulocyte colonies. Thus, copper appears to be a necessary element for normal hematopoiesis; lack of this trace element may result in ineffective erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:304670", "title": "ANA-negative systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in serum is generally considered a decisive diagnostic sign of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ten patients with clinical signs of disease but persistent negative tests for ANA are examined in this study. Hair fall, Raynaud's phenomenon and recurrent oral ulcers were common in the ANA-negative group. ANA-negative SLE seems to be a subgroup of SLE that has not previously been given adequate attention.", "contents": "ANA-negative systemic lupus erythematosus. The presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in serum is generally considered a decisive diagnostic sign of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ten patients with clinical signs of disease but persistent negative tests for ANA are examined in this study. Hair fall, Raynaud's phenomenon and recurrent oral ulcers were common in the ANA-negative group. ANA-negative SLE seems to be a subgroup of SLE that has not previously been given adequate attention."}
{"id": "PMID:304671", "title": "Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults.", "content": "Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia was diagnosed in 41 adult patients based on cultures of blood, pleural fluid or transtracheal aspirate. Bacteremia occurred in all age groups, but was most frequent in patients over the age of 50 years with severe underlying pulmonary disease. Chest films usually demonstrated multisegmental or multilobar infiltrates without evidence of cavitation. Pleural involvement was evident in half of the patients, although empyema occurred infrequently. Mortality was almost always associated with serious underlying diseases and bacteremia. Encapsulated strains of H. influenzae (usually type B) were identified in 18 of 22 (82 per cent) patients. The use of transtracheal aspirations and the adoption of routine subculturing of blood cultures on chocolate agar appear to be important factors in our increased recognition of this disease.", "contents": "Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia in adults. Hemophilus influenzae pneumonia was diagnosed in 41 adult patients based on cultures of blood, pleural fluid or transtracheal aspirate. Bacteremia occurred in all age groups, but was most frequent in patients over the age of 50 years with severe underlying pulmonary disease. Chest films usually demonstrated multisegmental or multilobar infiltrates without evidence of cavitation. Pleural involvement was evident in half of the patients, although empyema occurred infrequently. Mortality was almost always associated with serious underlying diseases and bacteremia. Encapsulated strains of H. influenzae (usually type B) were identified in 18 of 22 (82 per cent) patients. The use of transtracheal aspirations and the adoption of routine subculturing of blood cultures on chocolate agar appear to be important factors in our increased recognition of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:304672", "title": "The use of rhodamine-latex particles in B-cell determinations.", "content": "A simple, inexpensive, and easily visible procedure for labeling phagocytic cells in B-cell preparations is discussed. The procedure involves adding rhodamine-latex particles to lymphocyte preparations, then simultaneously looking for the presence of ingested latex particles in contaminating phagocytic cells and for fluorescein labeled surface immunoglobulins. This differentiation of cells allows one to correct for the true percentage of B cells.", "contents": "The use of rhodamine-latex particles in B-cell determinations. A simple, inexpensive, and easily visible procedure for labeling phagocytic cells in B-cell preparations is discussed. The procedure involves adding rhodamine-latex particles to lymphocyte preparations, then simultaneously looking for the presence of ingested latex particles in contaminating phagocytic cells and for fluorescein labeled surface immunoglobulins. This differentiation of cells allows one to correct for the true percentage of B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304673", "title": "Surface markers in leukemias and lymphomas.", "content": "Cell marker analysis has contributed to a better understanding of the biology and morphology of the lymphomas, and its application to the lymphomas has provided important insights into the working of normal lymphocytes. In the process, the immunologist, the pathologist, the clnician who deals with lymphomas, and the patient have all benefited. Continued study of cellular differentiation through analysis of the lymphoproliferative disorders should shed further light on this difficult but fascinating area of medicine.", "contents": "Surface markers in leukemias and lymphomas. Cell marker analysis has contributed to a better understanding of the biology and morphology of the lymphomas, and its application to the lymphomas has provided important insights into the working of normal lymphocytes. In the process, the immunologist, the pathologist, the clnician who deals with lymphomas, and the patient have all benefited. Continued study of cellular differentiation through analysis of the lymphoproliferative disorders should shed further light on this difficult but fascinating area of medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:304674", "title": "A morphologic and immunologic surface marker study of 299 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and related leukemias.", "content": "This study relateds the cytologic types of the classification of malignant lymphoma of Lukes and Collins to the results of immunologic surface marker studies as part of a systematic multiparameter study of 299 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The results support the hypothesis that malignant lymphomas are neoplasms of the immune system and involve the B- and T-cell systems and, rarely, histiocytes. The morphologic features of the cytologic types of Lukes and Collins are predictive of the subtypes of lymphoma and considerably more effective than the immunologic surface marker techniques in identifying homogeneous groups. There are considerable methodologic and interpretive problems that are evaluated in detail. The verification of the B- and T-cell subtypes of the Lukes and Collins classification indicates that the time has come to change from the terminology and classification of lymphomas of the past to a modern immunologic approach.", "contents": "A morphologic and immunologic surface marker study of 299 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas and related leukemias. This study relateds the cytologic types of the classification of malignant lymphoma of Lukes and Collins to the results of immunologic surface marker studies as part of a systematic multiparameter study of 299 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The results support the hypothesis that malignant lymphomas are neoplasms of the immune system and involve the B- and T-cell systems and, rarely, histiocytes. The morphologic features of the cytologic types of Lukes and Collins are predictive of the subtypes of lymphoma and considerably more effective than the immunologic surface marker techniques in identifying homogeneous groups. There are considerable methodologic and interpretive problems that are evaluated in detail. The verification of the B- and T-cell subtypes of the Lukes and Collins classification indicates that the time has come to change from the terminology and classification of lymphomas of the past to a modern immunologic approach."}
{"id": "PMID:304675", "title": "The nature of childhood leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "One hundred consecutive newly diagnosed cases of leukemia and lymphoma in children from 0 to 16 years of age presenting at the University of Minnesota from 1973 to 1977 were studied. Clinical features were correlated with phenotypic features of blast cells, including surface markers and cytomorphology. Four groups with distinct clinical and pathologic features emerged from the study: a) The acute leukemias of the \"null\" or \"undifferentiated\" group were those in which the malignant cells carried distinctive null leukemia surface antigen and lacked features of either T cells (E-rosette positivity) or B cells (surface immunoglobulin positivity). These cases occurred most frequently in the series (56% of total cases), peaked in incidence at 6 years, were associated with extensive bone marrow involvement, lacked distinguishing cytomorphologic features, and had the best response to therapy of all groups. b) The acute myelogenous leukemias, including those with myeloid, monocytoid, or erythroid features or a combination of the above, had extensive bone marrow involvement and the characteristic morphology. This group was seen with intermediate frequency and showed an intermediate response to therapy. c) Leukemia-lymphomas of the T-cell group were frequently associated with mediastinal masses and other masses, a cytomorphology which was different from the B-cell group but similar to the null group, and high white cell counts. These cases occurred with intermediate frequency (14%) and had a worse prognosis than the null group. d) Leukemia-lymphomas of the B-cell group had monoclonal surface immunoglobulin with mu-heavy and either kappa or lambda light chain. These patients were least frequent in the series, frequently presented with abdominal masses, and had a characteristic Burkitt cell morphology. Prognosis was the worst of all patients in our series. These data suggest that the major phenotypic groups of childhood leukemia and lymphoma have differing prognoses and should receive differing forms of therapy. Clinical and pathologic features of each group are sufficiently distinctive to suggest that they may have different causes.", "contents": "The nature of childhood leukemia and lymphoma. One hundred consecutive newly diagnosed cases of leukemia and lymphoma in children from 0 to 16 years of age presenting at the University of Minnesota from 1973 to 1977 were studied. Clinical features were correlated with phenotypic features of blast cells, including surface markers and cytomorphology. Four groups with distinct clinical and pathologic features emerged from the study: a) The acute leukemias of the \"null\" or \"undifferentiated\" group were those in which the malignant cells carried distinctive null leukemia surface antigen and lacked features of either T cells (E-rosette positivity) or B cells (surface immunoglobulin positivity). These cases occurred most frequently in the series (56% of total cases), peaked in incidence at 6 years, were associated with extensive bone marrow involvement, lacked distinguishing cytomorphologic features, and had the best response to therapy of all groups. b) The acute myelogenous leukemias, including those with myeloid, monocytoid, or erythroid features or a combination of the above, had extensive bone marrow involvement and the characteristic morphology. This group was seen with intermediate frequency and showed an intermediate response to therapy. c) Leukemia-lymphomas of the T-cell group were frequently associated with mediastinal masses and other masses, a cytomorphology which was different from the B-cell group but similar to the null group, and high white cell counts. These cases occurred with intermediate frequency (14%) and had a worse prognosis than the null group. d) Leukemia-lymphomas of the B-cell group had monoclonal surface immunoglobulin with mu-heavy and either kappa or lambda light chain. These patients were least frequent in the series, frequently presented with abdominal masses, and had a characteristic Burkitt cell morphology. Prognosis was the worst of all patients in our series. These data suggest that the major phenotypic groups of childhood leukemia and lymphoma have differing prognoses and should receive differing forms of therapy. Clinical and pathologic features of each group are sufficiently distinctive to suggest that they may have different causes."}
{"id": "PMID:304677", "title": "Toward assuring confidentiality of records in large-scale assessment programs.", "content": "EPSDT, or any similar national health program, will spawn multiple records on millions of children and adults. Multiple providers will need to share more data to provide quality care. Maintaining privacy of child/parent records, avoiding the dangers of labeling, controlling the life of records and insuring their appropriate demise exacerbate record maintenance problems. Principles of record-keeping confidentiality are proposed.", "contents": "Toward assuring confidentiality of records in large-scale assessment programs. EPSDT, or any similar national health program, will spawn multiple records on millions of children and adults. Multiple providers will need to share more data to provide quality care. Maintaining privacy of child/parent records, avoiding the dangers of labeling, controlling the life of records and insuring their appropriate demise exacerbate record maintenance problems. Principles of record-keeping confidentiality are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:304676", "title": "Suggested models of ecotaxopathy in lymphoreticular malignancy. A role for iron-binding proteins in the control of lymphoid cell migration.", "content": "In the present paper we apply the \"ecotaxis hypothesis\" to the analysis of lymphocyte distribution in Hodgkin's disease and other forms of lymphoid malignancy. The results lead us to consider the possiblity that metal-binding proteins, namely ferritin, transferrin and lactoferrin, play a role in lymphocyte ecotaxopahty. It is suggested that in Hodgkin's disease, a failure of lymph node and spleen monocytes to handle iron normally could explain most of the hematologic, immunologic, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of the disease.", "contents": "Suggested models of ecotaxopathy in lymphoreticular malignancy. A role for iron-binding proteins in the control of lymphoid cell migration. In the present paper we apply the \"ecotaxis hypothesis\" to the analysis of lymphocyte distribution in Hodgkin's disease and other forms of lymphoid malignancy. The results lead us to consider the possiblity that metal-binding proteins, namely ferritin, transferrin and lactoferrin, play a role in lymphocyte ecotaxopahty. It is suggested that in Hodgkin's disease, a failure of lymph node and spleen monocytes to handle iron normally could explain most of the hematologic, immunologic, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:304678", "title": "Characterization of frog muscle mitochondria.", "content": "Studies on oxidative phosphorylation revealed that, in frog skeletal muscle mitochondria (SKMM) from the thigh, the adenosine diphosphate/oxygen ratio (ADP/O) was 2.8 +/- 0.1 SE, and the respiratory control ratio was 9.5 +/- 0.9, with pyruvate/malate as the substrate. Oxygen uptake rate (Qo2) was 225 mumol O2 per minute per gram mitochondrial protein +/- 13; phosphorylation rate (ADP/O X Qo2 X 2) was 1,230 mumol ADP phosphorylation per minute per gram mitochondrial protein +/- 77; and the phosphorylation capacity (phosphorylation rate times tissue mitochondrial protein content) was 3.6 mumol ADP phosphorylated per gram wet weight of muscle +/- 0.2. Tissue mitochondrial protein content was determined by the measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed intact, isolated, energized twisted mitochondria of a condensed form. Frog sartorius muscle mitochondria gave similar oxidative phosphorylation parameters when investigated independently of the rest of the thigh. These values of SKMM respiration from the frog are similar to those values obtained from pigeon and rabbit heart and rat skeletal muscles. However, because of the low NADH-oxidase activity indicating reduced mitochondrial content (this was verified in low-magnification EM pictures), phosphorylation capacity was significantly reduced in frog skeletal muscle mitochondria.", "contents": "Characterization of frog muscle mitochondria. Studies on oxidative phosphorylation revealed that, in frog skeletal muscle mitochondria (SKMM) from the thigh, the adenosine diphosphate/oxygen ratio (ADP/O) was 2.8 +/- 0.1 SE, and the respiratory control ratio was 9.5 +/- 0.9, with pyruvate/malate as the substrate. Oxygen uptake rate (Qo2) was 225 mumol O2 per minute per gram mitochondrial protein +/- 13; phosphorylation rate (ADP/O X Qo2 X 2) was 1,230 mumol ADP phosphorylation per minute per gram mitochondrial protein +/- 77; and the phosphorylation capacity (phosphorylation rate times tissue mitochondrial protein content) was 3.6 mumol ADP phosphorylated per gram wet weight of muscle +/- 0.2. Tissue mitochondrial protein content was determined by the measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed intact, isolated, energized twisted mitochondria of a condensed form. Frog sartorius muscle mitochondria gave similar oxidative phosphorylation parameters when investigated independently of the rest of the thigh. These values of SKMM respiration from the frog are similar to those values obtained from pigeon and rabbit heart and rat skeletal muscles. However, because of the low NADH-oxidase activity indicating reduced mitochondrial content (this was verified in low-magnification EM pictures), phosphorylation capacity was significantly reduced in frog skeletal muscle mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:304680", "title": "Portal decompression in infants and children with the interposition mesocaval shunt.", "content": "The mesocaval graft for portal decompression is applicable in infants and children with portal hypertension secondary to extrahepatic or intrahepatic causes. It is recommended in patients in whom extensive previous surgery in the portahepatis (Kasai procedure) would make dissection of the portal vein difficult and endanger the integrity of the functioning biliary conduit. It can be performed in patients who have had previous splenectomy or in whom portacaval or splenorenal shunts have failed. Autogenous jugular vein is favored for creation of the shunt.", "contents": "Portal decompression in infants and children with the interposition mesocaval shunt. The mesocaval graft for portal decompression is applicable in infants and children with portal hypertension secondary to extrahepatic or intrahepatic causes. It is recommended in patients in whom extensive previous surgery in the portahepatis (Kasai procedure) would make dissection of the portal vein difficult and endanger the integrity of the functioning biliary conduit. It can be performed in patients who have had previous splenectomy or in whom portacaval or splenorenal shunts have failed. Autogenous jugular vein is favored for creation of the shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:304681", "title": "Vitreoretinal juncture over retinal vessels.", "content": "Previous studies have attributed changes in the retinal surface over or adjacent to large superficial retinal vessels to a variety of conditions, the most common being 'anomalous vitreoretinal attachments.' The fundamental nature of the lesions and their pathogenesis, however, has remained controversial. The present study was undertaken to categorize the ultrastructural alterations of the vitreoretinal juncture over retinal vessels in the posterior fundus of man, and to clarify the relationship of these fundamental changes to clinically significant lesions in this region. Results show no difference in vitreoretinal, or more specifically vitreolaminar attachments over vessels when compared with adjacent regions. The cause of the more significant anomalies, notably surface breaks and their sequelae, is apparently multifactorial and related to a sequence of events. Initially three events predispose to or cause small surface breaks: developmental thinning of the inner limiting lamina; subsurface retinal degeneration; and transmigrating macrophages. These small surface breaks, when complicated by vitreous incarceration or by simple epiretinal membrane formation, can during posterior vitreous detachment cause peeling of the retinal surface, and the resulting large surface breaks may in turn provoke more complex proliferative lesions of the vitreoretinal juncture.", "contents": "Vitreoretinal juncture over retinal vessels. Previous studies have attributed changes in the retinal surface over or adjacent to large superficial retinal vessels to a variety of conditions, the most common being 'anomalous vitreoretinal attachments.' The fundamental nature of the lesions and their pathogenesis, however, has remained controversial. The present study was undertaken to categorize the ultrastructural alterations of the vitreoretinal juncture over retinal vessels in the posterior fundus of man, and to clarify the relationship of these fundamental changes to clinically significant lesions in this region. Results show no difference in vitreoretinal, or more specifically vitreolaminar attachments over vessels when compared with adjacent regions. The cause of the more significant anomalies, notably surface breaks and their sequelae, is apparently multifactorial and related to a sequence of events. Initially three events predispose to or cause small surface breaks: developmental thinning of the inner limiting lamina; subsurface retinal degeneration; and transmigrating macrophages. These small surface breaks, when complicated by vitreous incarceration or by simple epiretinal membrane formation, can during posterior vitreous detachment cause peeling of the retinal surface, and the resulting large surface breaks may in turn provoke more complex proliferative lesions of the vitreoretinal juncture."}
{"id": "PMID:304682", "title": "[Syndrome of blue sclerae and keratoglobus (ocular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Two children born on Crete of consanguinous parents presented the following manifestations of the ocular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS): blue sclerae, keratoglobus and rupture of cornea following minor trauma. In cultivated fibroblasts of one of the patients there was no evidence of defective lysine hydroxylation. The possible relation of our case to a recent similar report by Judisch et al. (1976) is discussed. The ocular type of EDS may be genetically heterogenous. Provisionally, we propose for cases with normal lysyl hydroxylation in vitro the term 'type VIII of EDS'.", "contents": "[Syndrome of blue sclerae and keratoglobus (ocular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (author's transl)]. Two children born on Crete of consanguinous parents presented the following manifestations of the ocular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS): blue sclerae, keratoglobus and rupture of cornea following minor trauma. In cultivated fibroblasts of one of the patients there was no evidence of defective lysine hydroxylation. The possible relation of our case to a recent similar report by Judisch et al. (1976) is discussed. The ocular type of EDS may be genetically heterogenous. Provisionally, we propose for cases with normal lysyl hydroxylation in vitro the term 'type VIII of EDS'."}
{"id": "PMID:304683", "title": "Cycloscopy of angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "Cycloscopy was performed in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma and non-glaucomatous wide-angle. In all eyes of primary angle-closure glaucoma, the ciliary processes were accessible through the small pupil by cycloscopy with minimal or no indentation. In fellow eyes of the previously acute-attack eyes, the ciliary processes were visualized through the small pupil without indentation. On the contrary, in primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes the significant shallow chamber depth was seen in 66%, and the positive prone-position test in 41%. The results obtained seem to suggest that morphological changes of the ciliary processes might be causally related to the manifestation of primary angle-closure glaucoma, and that cycloscopy is a reliable diagnostic method.", "contents": "Cycloscopy of angle-closure glaucoma. Cycloscopy was performed in eyes with primary angle-closure glaucoma and non-glaucomatous wide-angle. In all eyes of primary angle-closure glaucoma, the ciliary processes were accessible through the small pupil by cycloscopy with minimal or no indentation. In fellow eyes of the previously acute-attack eyes, the ciliary processes were visualized through the small pupil without indentation. On the contrary, in primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes the significant shallow chamber depth was seen in 66%, and the positive prone-position test in 41%. The results obtained seem to suggest that morphological changes of the ciliary processes might be causally related to the manifestation of primary angle-closure glaucoma, and that cycloscopy is a reliable diagnostic method."}
{"id": "PMID:304684", "title": "[Unilateral aphakia in juveniles. Results of combined correction (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty-one unilateral aphakies under 45 years of age, 63 of which had suffered an injury, were analyzed by echometry and intraocular optics. With the aid of a computer, the majority of cases were treated for restoration of nearly equal images in both eyes by combined correction, i.e., an appropriate spectacle -- contact lens combination with both distant and near vision in the aphakie eye taken into consideration. Results with unilateral post-traumatic aphakia (63 cases) : 31 patients with uncorrected vision and 42 with a conventional contact lens suffered from symptoms of binocular confusion as opposed to only one patient with combined correction. Of the 63 patients with uncorrected vision or with a conventional contact lens, 44 had strabismus. After optimal treatment with combined correction, with or without subsegment strabismus surgery, 19 out of 23 patients were cured of their strabismus and regained a useful and comfortable, distant and near binocular vision. Thus, for juvenile unilateral aphakics, a rather good prognosis was achieved by combined correction.", "contents": "[Unilateral aphakia in juveniles. Results of combined correction (author's transl)]. Eighty-one unilateral aphakies under 45 years of age, 63 of which had suffered an injury, were analyzed by echometry and intraocular optics. With the aid of a computer, the majority of cases were treated for restoration of nearly equal images in both eyes by combined correction, i.e., an appropriate spectacle -- contact lens combination with both distant and near vision in the aphakie eye taken into consideration. Results with unilateral post-traumatic aphakia (63 cases) : 31 patients with uncorrected vision and 42 with a conventional contact lens suffered from symptoms of binocular confusion as opposed to only one patient with combined correction. Of the 63 patients with uncorrected vision or with a conventional contact lens, 44 had strabismus. After optimal treatment with combined correction, with or without subsegment strabismus surgery, 19 out of 23 patients were cured of their strabismus and regained a useful and comfortable, distant and near binocular vision. Thus, for juvenile unilateral aphakics, a rather good prognosis was achieved by combined correction."}
{"id": "PMID:304685", "title": "[Chromatic adaptation produces opposite effects on the on and off responses of the photopic electroretinogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The electrical response of the light adapted human eye to onset (a-wave) and offset (d1-wave of the positive off-effect) of monochromatic test stimuli between 448 and 654 nm (Ganzfeld stimulation, duration of test flash 0.3 s) was recorded by means of the electroretinogram in 10 normal observers during steady illumination of various wavelengths of 2.2 log Troland. During exposure to white light the spectral sensitivity of the a-wave and off-effect as determined by a criterion amplitude of 25 micronV were similar, the sensitivity of the off-effect being 0.4 log units lower as compared to the a-wave. Blue adaptation (467 nm) decreased the sensitivity of the a-wave and increased the sensitivity of the off-effect within the short wavelengths region of the spectrum. Red adaptation (630 nm) decreased the sensitivity of the a-wave and increased the sensitivity of the off-effect within longer wavelengths. Green adaptation (530 nm) produced only a small decrease of sensitivity of the a-wave for green test light, the sensitivity of the off-effect remained constant. The opposite changes of the a-wave and off-effect during chromatic adaptation demonstrate different participation of these components in the generation of color mechanisms in the human retina.", "contents": "[Chromatic adaptation produces opposite effects on the on and off responses of the photopic electroretinogram (author's transl)]. The electrical response of the light adapted human eye to onset (a-wave) and offset (d1-wave of the positive off-effect) of monochromatic test stimuli between 448 and 654 nm (Ganzfeld stimulation, duration of test flash 0.3 s) was recorded by means of the electroretinogram in 10 normal observers during steady illumination of various wavelengths of 2.2 log Troland. During exposure to white light the spectral sensitivity of the a-wave and off-effect as determined by a criterion amplitude of 25 micronV were similar, the sensitivity of the off-effect being 0.4 log units lower as compared to the a-wave. Blue adaptation (467 nm) decreased the sensitivity of the a-wave and increased the sensitivity of the off-effect within the short wavelengths region of the spectrum. Red adaptation (630 nm) decreased the sensitivity of the a-wave and increased the sensitivity of the off-effect within longer wavelengths. Green adaptation (530 nm) produced only a small decrease of sensitivity of the a-wave for green test light, the sensitivity of the off-effect remained constant. The opposite changes of the a-wave and off-effect during chromatic adaptation demonstrate different participation of these components in the generation of color mechanisms in the human retina."}
{"id": "PMID:304686", "title": "Concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous after cryocoagulation.", "content": "After transconjunctival cryocoagulation rabbits received 100 mg/kg ampicillin intravenously. At different times in serum, aqueous humor, and in vitreous the concentrations of ampicillin were determined by the agar diffusion method. During the first 90 min after injection the concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous of the treated eyes reached 1 microgram/ml. Up to 3 days after coagulation such high concentrations were found. Five and ten days after coagulation the concentration reached 0.48 microgram/ml (mean value). With progressive cicatrization of the cryospots less ampicillin was found in the vitreous. In the vitreous of the untreated control eyes only minimal or no ampicillin was found in all of our experiments.", "contents": "Concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous after cryocoagulation. After transconjunctival cryocoagulation rabbits received 100 mg/kg ampicillin intravenously. At different times in serum, aqueous humor, and in vitreous the concentrations of ampicillin were determined by the agar diffusion method. During the first 90 min after injection the concentration of ampicillin in the vitreous of the treated eyes reached 1 microgram/ml. Up to 3 days after coagulation such high concentrations were found. Five and ten days after coagulation the concentration reached 0.48 microgram/ml (mean value). With progressive cicatrization of the cryospots less ampicillin was found in the vitreous. In the vitreous of the untreated control eyes only minimal or no ampicillin was found in all of our experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:304687", "title": "A search for serum antibodies in Adie's syndrome.", "content": "Serum specimens from a large number of patients with Adie's syndrome were checked for virus antibody levels: Measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI), parainfluenza types I, II and III (HI), Epstein-Barr immunofluorescence, Mumps complement fixation (CF), Adenovirus (CF), Varicella-Zoster (CF), Herpes simplex (CF), Cytomegalovirus (CF), Mycoplasma hominis (CF), Toxoplasma gondii passive hemagglutination. These antibody levels were compared with specimens from a control group of similar age distribution and sex ratio. No statistically significant differences between the patients with Adie's syndrome and the control group could be demonstrated. This observation offers some indirect support to Harriman's idea that Adie's syndrome is not due to a viral ciliary ganglionitis but rather to an indolent neuronal degeneration in the ciliary and dorsal root ganglia.", "contents": "A search for serum antibodies in Adie's syndrome. Serum specimens from a large number of patients with Adie's syndrome were checked for virus antibody levels: Measles hemagglutination inhibition (HI), parainfluenza types I, II and III (HI), Epstein-Barr immunofluorescence, Mumps complement fixation (CF), Adenovirus (CF), Varicella-Zoster (CF), Herpes simplex (CF), Cytomegalovirus (CF), Mycoplasma hominis (CF), Toxoplasma gondii passive hemagglutination. These antibody levels were compared with specimens from a control group of similar age distribution and sex ratio. No statistically significant differences between the patients with Adie's syndrome and the control group could be demonstrated. This observation offers some indirect support to Harriman's idea that Adie's syndrome is not due to a viral ciliary ganglionitis but rather to an indolent neuronal degeneration in the ciliary and dorsal root ganglia."}
{"id": "PMID:304688", "title": "[A new method for calibration of electrophysiological recording systems (author's transl)].", "content": "The method described in this paper permits determination of amplification, band-pass properties, and electrode impedance in electrophysiological experimental setups. The battery powered test-signal generator drives square-wave current pulses through a 2 ohm resistance, which acts as a source of 100 muV p-p pulses. The 2 ohm resistor is wired in series with one of the electrode leads and remains there permanently. For calibration of the above-mentioned properties, one need only turn the generator on, without changing the measurement setup. By observing the shape of the square waves after passing through the system, it is possible to judge the band-pass characteristics of the entire system. Electrode impedance may be measured by putting a (variable) resistor in parallel with the preamplifier input. The test signal current is of the same order of magnitude as currents from biological signal sources. This method makes working with electrophysiological measurement systems which are used in electroretinography, electrooculography, and recording of visually-evoked cortical potentials in ophthalmology much easier.", "contents": "[A new method for calibration of electrophysiological recording systems (author's transl)]. The method described in this paper permits determination of amplification, band-pass properties, and electrode impedance in electrophysiological experimental setups. The battery powered test-signal generator drives square-wave current pulses through a 2 ohm resistance, which acts as a source of 100 muV p-p pulses. The 2 ohm resistor is wired in series with one of the electrode leads and remains there permanently. For calibration of the above-mentioned properties, one need only turn the generator on, without changing the measurement setup. By observing the shape of the square waves after passing through the system, it is possible to judge the band-pass characteristics of the entire system. Electrode impedance may be measured by putting a (variable) resistor in parallel with the preamplifier input. The test signal current is of the same order of magnitude as currents from biological signal sources. This method makes working with electrophysiological measurement systems which are used in electroretinography, electrooculography, and recording of visually-evoked cortical potentials in ophthalmology much easier."}
{"id": "PMID:304689", "title": "[Depressor effect and primary resistance of the cornea against Pseudomonas pyocyanea (author's transl)].", "content": "As Ps. pyocyanea seems to replace previously dominant germs as the main cause of corneal infections, the influence of Chloromycetin and actinomycin D on the primary resistance of the cornea and the so-called depressor effect of corneal superinfection with Ps. pyocyanea was tested. The experimental results showed that primary resistance of the mouse cornea against Ps. pyocyanea could be reduced by local application of Chloromycetin drops, but not by actinomycin D. Likewise, the depressor effect of corneal superinfection by Ps. pyocyanea could be significantly reduced by Chloromycetin, whereas actinomycin D had no influence.", "contents": "[Depressor effect and primary resistance of the cornea against Pseudomonas pyocyanea (author's transl)]. As Ps. pyocyanea seems to replace previously dominant germs as the main cause of corneal infections, the influence of Chloromycetin and actinomycin D on the primary resistance of the cornea and the so-called depressor effect of corneal superinfection with Ps. pyocyanea was tested. The experimental results showed that primary resistance of the mouse cornea against Ps. pyocyanea could be reduced by local application of Chloromycetin drops, but not by actinomycin D. Likewise, the depressor effect of corneal superinfection by Ps. pyocyanea could be significantly reduced by Chloromycetin, whereas actinomycin D had no influence."}
{"id": "PMID:304690", "title": "Familial band--shaped keratopathy and spheroidal degeneration. Clinical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Presumptive primary band-shaped keratopathy was described in a 35-year-old man and his 62-year-old paternal uncle. Lamellar keratoplasty was performed in one eye in each of these patients. The light and electron microscopic studies were carried out on both corneal specimens. Histologic stains for calcium were negative. Noncalcific band-shaped keratopathy was confirmed by electron microscopic findings too. Electron-dense globular deposits were found in the region of Bowman's membrane and superficial stroma. These may be characterized as a secondary form of spheroidal degeneration.", "contents": "Familial band--shaped keratopathy and spheroidal degeneration. Clinical and electron microscopic study. Presumptive primary band-shaped keratopathy was described in a 35-year-old man and his 62-year-old paternal uncle. Lamellar keratoplasty was performed in one eye in each of these patients. The light and electron microscopic studies were carried out on both corneal specimens. Histologic stains for calcium were negative. Noncalcific band-shaped keratopathy was confirmed by electron microscopic findings too. Electron-dense globular deposits were found in the region of Bowman's membrane and superficial stroma. These may be characterized as a secondary form of spheroidal degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:304691", "title": "[Influencing of the kininogen-Kinin-System by means of a kallikrein-inhibitor during extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "During extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery an activation of the kininogen-kininsystem occurs with a decrease in plasma-kininogen-levels significantly exceeding the effect of haemodilution, and thus being due to an increased liberation of kinin. This effect could be suppressed by kallikrein inhibition by means of a protease-inhibitor.", "contents": "[Influencing of the kininogen-Kinin-System by means of a kallikrein-inhibitor during extracorporeal circulation in open heart surgery (author's transl)]. During extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery an activation of the kininogen-kininsystem occurs with a decrease in plasma-kininogen-levels significantly exceeding the effect of haemodilution, and thus being due to an increased liberation of kinin. This effect could be suppressed by kallikrein inhibition by means of a protease-inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:304692", "title": "[Prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage with cimetidine and somatostatin in intensiv care patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a severe problem in patients in surgical intensive care units. Good experimental and clinical results are reported with somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibitoring factor) and cimetidine (H2-receptor antagonist) in prevention and treatment of acute gastrointestinal bleeding, by blocking gastric acid secretion. These experiences are confirmed with an open trial in 13 seriously ill surgical patients. First of all cimetidine can be recommended because of its mode of action and application.", "contents": "[Prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage with cimetidine and somatostatin in intensiv care patients (author's transl)]. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a severe problem in patients in surgical intensive care units. Good experimental and clinical results are reported with somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibitoring factor) and cimetidine (H2-receptor antagonist) in prevention and treatment of acute gastrointestinal bleeding, by blocking gastric acid secretion. These experiences are confirmed with an open trial in 13 seriously ill surgical patients. First of all cimetidine can be recommended because of its mode of action and application."}
{"id": "PMID:304696", "title": "[The topology of circular DNA].", "content": "A non-orientable structure, said M\u00f6bius stripe, is proposed for certain types of circular DNA. This structure could account for particular forms, such as dimers, double length molecules, or catenans which are molecules topologically interwomen. On the other hand, it is suggested that a second structure derived from the same principal of non-orientability could have gendered the dynamics of DNA replication at the origin of life: this is hypothesis of archetype M\u00f6bius strip.", "contents": "[The topology of circular DNA]. A non-orientable structure, said M\u00f6bius stripe, is proposed for certain types of circular DNA. This structure could account for particular forms, such as dimers, double length molecules, or catenans which are molecules topologically interwomen. On the other hand, it is suggested that a second structure derived from the same principal of non-orientability could have gendered the dynamics of DNA replication at the origin of life: this is hypothesis of archetype M\u00f6bius strip."}
{"id": "PMID:304697", "title": "[Localization of enolases 1 and 2 on chromosomes 1 and 12 respectively by the analysis of human-mouse hybrids].", "content": "The study of enolase in man-mouse somatic hybrids confirms synteny between ENO1 and the markers on human chromosome 1 (AK2, PGM1, Pep-C) and synteny between ENO2 and the markers on human chromosome 12 (LDHB, Pep-B). The study also shows that the different enolase bands observed in mouse cell strains (Cl1D, R4, A9, 3T3), in hamster cell strains (CH, V79/4, A3), and in 3 of the different bands observed in human fibroblasts have a dimeric structure. The formation of these enolase bands depends on genes at two different loci alpha and beta. The hamster cell line CH (HGPRT) showed a rare enolase phenotype with a two-banded pattern in the intermediate region, a triple-banded pattern in the slow region, and one single isozyme in the fast region. This hamster strain is heterozygous for the first locus and homozygous for the second one. The relationship between these different enolase bands is as follow: in the slow \"a\" zone, alpha1alpha1,alpha1 alpha2,alpha2alpha2; in the intermediate \"i\" zone, alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1; and, in the fast \"b\" zone, beta1beta1. It appears that the frequency of heterozygotes for the alpha or beta loci in man is very low. Of 32 unrelated fibroblast strains investigated, none was found to be heterozygous for the alpha or beta locus.", "contents": "[Localization of enolases 1 and 2 on chromosomes 1 and 12 respectively by the analysis of human-mouse hybrids]. The study of enolase in man-mouse somatic hybrids confirms synteny between ENO1 and the markers on human chromosome 1 (AK2, PGM1, Pep-C) and synteny between ENO2 and the markers on human chromosome 12 (LDHB, Pep-B). The study also shows that the different enolase bands observed in mouse cell strains (Cl1D, R4, A9, 3T3), in hamster cell strains (CH, V79/4, A3), and in 3 of the different bands observed in human fibroblasts have a dimeric structure. The formation of these enolase bands depends on genes at two different loci alpha and beta. The hamster cell line CH (HGPRT) showed a rare enolase phenotype with a two-banded pattern in the intermediate region, a triple-banded pattern in the slow region, and one single isozyme in the fast region. This hamster strain is heterozygous for the first locus and homozygous for the second one. The relationship between these different enolase bands is as follow: in the slow \"a\" zone, alpha1alpha1,alpha1 alpha2,alpha2alpha2; in the intermediate \"i\" zone, alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1; and, in the fast \"b\" zone, beta1beta1. It appears that the frequency of heterozygotes for the alpha or beta loci in man is very low. Of 32 unrelated fibroblast strains investigated, none was found to be heterozygous for the alpha or beta locus."}
{"id": "PMID:304698", "title": "Familial partial trisomy 15.", "content": "A family, including two sibs with partial trisomy 15 is described. Maternal chromosome analysis revealed 46,XX/47,XX,+15q-, mosaicism. These findings are discussed in relation to seventeen previously published cases, some of which were sporadic and others due to maternal balanced translocation.", "contents": "Familial partial trisomy 15. A family, including two sibs with partial trisomy 15 is described. Maternal chromosome analysis revealed 46,XX/47,XX,+15q-, mosaicism. These findings are discussed in relation to seventeen previously published cases, some of which were sporadic and others due to maternal balanced translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:304699", "title": "[Multi-oocytic follicles in 2 related female hamsters and an in vitro study of their meiosis. A possible explanation of heriditary twinning].", "content": "Multi-oocytic follicles containing 2 to 6 oocytes were observed in two female hamsters, a mother and daughter pair. Cultivation rarely permitted more than one oocyte to reach maturation. These findings, which could explain the hereditary character of dizygotic twinning, are compared with observations made in other mammalian species.", "contents": "[Multi-oocytic follicles in 2 related female hamsters and an in vitro study of their meiosis. A possible explanation of heriditary twinning]. Multi-oocytic follicles containing 2 to 6 oocytes were observed in two female hamsters, a mother and daughter pair. Cultivation rarely permitted more than one oocyte to reach maturation. These findings, which could explain the hereditary character of dizygotic twinning, are compared with observations made in other mammalian species."}
{"id": "PMID:304694", "title": "Ear anomalies associated with renal dysplasia and immunodeficiency disease. A histopathological study.", "content": "The histopathologic study of the temporal bones of a case with low-set rudimentary auricles, without preauricular pits or cervical fistula is presented. Abnormalities of the middle and inner ear, fusion of the kidneys, hydrocephalus, short-limbed dwarfism and immunodeficiency are described. An abnormally low position of the middle cranial fossa in relation to the petrous pyramid was observed. The cochlea was of normal length. The modiolus was poorly developed with apparently normal population of ganglion cells and moderate diffuse hydrops of the cochlear duct and saccule. The stria vascularis was partially degenerated in the upper apical coil. Vestibular abnormalities included bilateral absence of common crus of the vertical canals and unusually high origin of endolymphatic aqueduct with no medial dilation present, the convoluted portion of the sac located beneath the dura.", "contents": "Ear anomalies associated with renal dysplasia and immunodeficiency disease. A histopathological study. The histopathologic study of the temporal bones of a case with low-set rudimentary auricles, without preauricular pits or cervical fistula is presented. Abnormalities of the middle and inner ear, fusion of the kidneys, hydrocephalus, short-limbed dwarfism and immunodeficiency are described. An abnormally low position of the middle cranial fossa in relation to the petrous pyramid was observed. The cochlea was of normal length. The modiolus was poorly developed with apparently normal population of ganglion cells and moderate diffuse hydrops of the cochlear duct and saccule. The stria vascularis was partially degenerated in the upper apical coil. Vestibular abnormalities included bilateral absence of common crus of the vertical canals and unusually high origin of endolymphatic aqueduct with no medial dilation present, the convoluted portion of the sac located beneath the dura."}
{"id": "PMID:304695", "title": "Comparison of rapid methods of antimicrobial susceptibility in Haemophilus influenzae.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid, simultaneous determination of the MIC's of chloramphenicol and ampicillin to Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent agreement was observed between the Autobac method and the agar dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility. All ampicillin resistant Haemophilus isolates produced beta lactamase and none of the suceptible strains produced this enzyme.", "contents": "Comparison of rapid methods of antimicrobial susceptibility in Haemophilus influenzae. A method is described for the rapid, simultaneous determination of the MIC's of chloramphenicol and ampicillin to Haemophilus influenzae. Excellent agreement was observed between the Autobac method and the agar dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility. All ampicillin resistant Haemophilus isolates produced beta lactamase and none of the suceptible strains produced this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:304700", "title": "[Comparative cytogenetic study of 7 types of mammary cancer].", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of 58 cells originating in 7 mammary carcinomas indicated the existence of characteristic numerical and structural modifications, concerning the long arm of chromosome 1, chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 14, 15 and X, and the short arm of chromosome 16. Establishing the alterations of chromosomal \"markers\" could not only depend on selective phenomena relating to modifications of the genome but also on the preferential reassociations of heterochromatic segments.", "contents": "[Comparative cytogenetic study of 7 types of mammary cancer]. Cytogenetic analysis of 58 cells originating in 7 mammary carcinomas indicated the existence of characteristic numerical and structural modifications, concerning the long arm of chromosome 1, chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 14, 15 and X, and the short arm of chromosome 16. Establishing the alterations of chromosomal \"markers\" could not only depend on selective phenomena relating to modifications of the genome but also on the preferential reassociations of heterochromatic segments."}
{"id": "PMID:304701", "title": "X chromosomes attached by their long arm: replication autonomy of the short arm adjacent to the inactive centromere.", "content": "A 16 years old girl with Turner syndrome was found to have a 45,X/46,X,t(XqXq)?(q27q23) constitution. The two X chromosomes are attached by their long arms with loss of chromosome material and have one active and one inactive centromere. Analysis of replication patterns with autoradiography and BrdU treatment showed that the abnormal X is always the late replicating one and that the short arm of the second X which is adjacent to the inactive centromere maintains a degree of replication autonomy from the rest of the long arm.", "contents": "X chromosomes attached by their long arm: replication autonomy of the short arm adjacent to the inactive centromere. A 16 years old girl with Turner syndrome was found to have a 45,X/46,X,t(XqXq)?(q27q23) constitution. The two X chromosomes are attached by their long arms with loss of chromosome material and have one active and one inactive centromere. Analysis of replication patterns with autoradiography and BrdU treatment showed that the abnormal X is always the late replicating one and that the short arm of the second X which is adjacent to the inactive centromere maintains a degree of replication autonomy from the rest of the long arm."}
{"id": "PMID:304702", "title": "[Dicentric Y chromosome in a male pseudohermaphrodite 45,X/46,X, dic (Y)/47, XYY].", "content": "The mosaicism 45,X/46,XY,terrea(Y,Y)(pterpter)/47,XYY was observed in an 8-month-old child with male pseudohermaphroditism. The presence of a 47,XYY population points to a post-zygotic origin of the rearrangement. The loss of Yp material is in favor of localization of masculinization factor(s) to the proximal segment of Yq. Twenty-two relevant observations reported in the literature previously are discussed.", "contents": "[Dicentric Y chromosome in a male pseudohermaphrodite 45,X/46,X, dic (Y)/47, XYY]. The mosaicism 45,X/46,XY,terrea(Y,Y)(pterpter)/47,XYY was observed in an 8-month-old child with male pseudohermaphroditism. The presence of a 47,XYY population points to a post-zygotic origin of the rearrangement. The loss of Yp material is in favor of localization of masculinization factor(s) to the proximal segment of Yq. Twenty-two relevant observations reported in the literature previously are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304703", "title": "[Trisomy 4q26--4qter by t(4;18)(q26;q23)mat translocation].", "content": "Partial trisomy 4q and perhaps monosomy 8qter was observed in a malformed girl, due to malsegregation of a t(4;18)(q26;q23)mat. Her phenotype was in agreement with the partial trisomy 4q syndrome, and she died 5 months after birth.", "contents": "[Trisomy 4q26--4qter by t(4;18)(q26;q23)mat translocation]. Partial trisomy 4q and perhaps monosomy 8qter was observed in a malformed girl, due to malsegregation of a t(4;18)(q26;q23)mat. Her phenotype was in agreement with the partial trisomy 4q syndrome, and she died 5 months after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:304704", "title": "Reduced phenotypic effect on partial trisomy 1q in a X/1 translocation.", "content": "A girl with psychomotor retardation and minor physical abnormalities, had an unbalanced X/1 translocation resulting in a partial trisomy 1q and partial monosomy for Xp. The four cases of partial trisomy for the distal segment of 1q reported in the literature showed a much more severely affected phenotype. In the present case the translocated X/1 chromosome is preferentially late replicating and there is spreading of late replication to the translocated 1q segment only in a minor proportion of the cells. The possibility of a non univocous correspondence between spreading of genetic inactivation and cytological spreading of late replication is discussed.", "contents": "Reduced phenotypic effect on partial trisomy 1q in a X/1 translocation. A girl with psychomotor retardation and minor physical abnormalities, had an unbalanced X/1 translocation resulting in a partial trisomy 1q and partial monosomy for Xp. The four cases of partial trisomy for the distal segment of 1q reported in the literature showed a much more severely affected phenotype. In the present case the translocated X/1 chromosome is preferentially late replicating and there is spreading of late replication to the translocated 1q segment only in a minor proportion of the cells. The possibility of a non univocous correspondence between spreading of genetic inactivation and cytological spreading of late replication is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304705", "title": "[Partial trisomy 13 due to maternal translocation t(2;13)].", "content": "The authors report an observation of partial trisomy 13p13 leads to qter and suggest a clinical map of chromosome 13. Increase of fetal hemoglobin seems to be controlled by region 1 of 13q. Bands q13 q14 and q21 seem to be responsible for inner organ malformations. Lastly, the distal segment q22 leads to qter is responsible for trigonocephaly and limb abnormalities.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 13 due to maternal translocation t(2;13)]. The authors report an observation of partial trisomy 13p13 leads to qter and suggest a clinical map of chromosome 13. Increase of fetal hemoglobin seems to be controlled by region 1 of 13q. Bands q13 q14 and q21 seem to be responsible for inner organ malformations. Lastly, the distal segment q22 leads to qter is responsible for trigonocephaly and limb abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:304706", "title": "[Partial trisomy 10p of paternal origin. 2 new cases in 2 different families].", "content": "Two unrelated patients with partial trisomy 10p due to a paternal balanced translocation are reported. Though the sizes of the trisomic segment are not identical, both patients show: severe growth retardation, important psychomotor retardation and a dysmorphic mouth recalling a \"tortois mouth\". These observations are compared to twelve others from the literature.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 10p of paternal origin. 2 new cases in 2 different families]. Two unrelated patients with partial trisomy 10p due to a paternal balanced translocation are reported. Though the sizes of the trisomic segment are not identical, both patients show: severe growth retardation, important psychomotor retardation and a dysmorphic mouth recalling a \"tortois mouth\". These observations are compared to twelve others from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:304707", "title": "[Distal trisomy 15q].", "content": "A patient with distal 15q trisomy resulting from malsegregation of a maternal t(13;15)(q33;q21.2) showed the following symptoms: micro-dolichocephaly, palpebral fissures slightly oriented downwards and outwards, a large nose, pronounced micrognathia, prominent authelices, ligamental abnormalities, osseous malformations evocative of diastrophic dwarfism, severe congenital heart defect, and profound encephalopathy. He died at five months of age. This observation is compared with two others from the literature.", "contents": "[Distal trisomy 15q]. A patient with distal 15q trisomy resulting from malsegregation of a maternal t(13;15)(q33;q21.2) showed the following symptoms: micro-dolichocephaly, palpebral fissures slightly oriented downwards and outwards, a large nose, pronounced micrognathia, prominent authelices, ligamental abnormalities, osseous malformations evocative of diastrophic dwarfism, severe congenital heart defect, and profound encephalopathy. He died at five months of age. This observation is compared with two others from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:304709", "title": "Light-activated, -inhibited and -independent denitrification by a denitrifying phototrophic bacterium.", "content": "Effects of illumination on denitrification by a freshly isolated denitrifying phototrophic bacterium were investigated. Denitrification activity was induced when cells were grown in either light or darkness in the presence of nitrate without oxygen. Denitrification of nitrate with malate as the electron donor by cells at a phase of exponential growth occurred independently of illumination while that by cells in a stationary phase was activated. Effects of illumination on denitrification varied with electron donors. Using malate or succinate, denitrification by cells in a stationary phase was accelerated by illumination, inhibited when glucose or lactate was used, and independent of illumination when pyruvate was used. Denitrification by cells in an exponential phase was independent of illumination when succinate, malate or pyruvate was used and inhibited by it when glucose or lactate was used. Effects of illumination on the denitrification of nitrite were similar to those involving nitrate. Effects of various inhibitors on denitrification were examined in light-succinate and dark-lactate systems. Differences between the two systems are discussed.", "contents": "Light-activated, -inhibited and -independent denitrification by a denitrifying phototrophic bacterium. Effects of illumination on denitrification by a freshly isolated denitrifying phototrophic bacterium were investigated. Denitrification activity was induced when cells were grown in either light or darkness in the presence of nitrate without oxygen. Denitrification of nitrate with malate as the electron donor by cells at a phase of exponential growth occurred independently of illumination while that by cells in a stationary phase was activated. Effects of illumination on denitrification varied with electron donors. Using malate or succinate, denitrification by cells in a stationary phase was accelerated by illumination, inhibited when glucose or lactate was used, and independent of illumination when pyruvate was used. Denitrification by cells in an exponential phase was independent of illumination when succinate, malate or pyruvate was used and inhibited by it when glucose or lactate was used. Effects of illumination on the denitrification of nitrite were similar to those involving nitrate. Effects of various inhibitors on denitrification were examined in light-succinate and dark-lactate systems. Differences between the two systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304708", "title": "The disintegration of surgical sutures on exposure to pancreatic juice.", "content": "The loop-breaking strength of various suture materials was tested over a period of 14 days during which time the sutures were incubated in vitro in saline or canine serum, bile, activated or nonactivated pancreatic juice. Under the conditions of the study, silk and nylon maintained their strength in each environment. Polyglycolic acid maintained its strength in saline, bile or serum, but gradually lost much of its strength when exposed to pancreatic juice. Catgut, both plain and chromic, disintegrated almost completely within 24-48 hours respectively when exposed to enterokinase activated pancreatic juice. Inhibition of trypsin by aprotinin (Trasylol) resulted in preservation of catgut strength but inhibition by soybean inhibitor did not. The latter findings suggest that proteolytic enzymes, other than trypsin, may be responsible for the disintegration.", "contents": "The disintegration of surgical sutures on exposure to pancreatic juice. The loop-breaking strength of various suture materials was tested over a period of 14 days during which time the sutures were incubated in vitro in saline or canine serum, bile, activated or nonactivated pancreatic juice. Under the conditions of the study, silk and nylon maintained their strength in each environment. Polyglycolic acid maintained its strength in saline, bile or serum, but gradually lost much of its strength when exposed to pancreatic juice. Catgut, both plain and chromic, disintegrated almost completely within 24-48 hours respectively when exposed to enterokinase activated pancreatic juice. Inhibition of trypsin by aprotinin (Trasylol) resulted in preservation of catgut strength but inhibition by soybean inhibitor did not. The latter findings suggest that proteolytic enzymes, other than trypsin, may be responsible for the disintegration."}
{"id": "PMID:304714", "title": "Monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) acts on the desheathed myelinated nerve and on the node of Ranvier.", "content": "The influence of monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) on resting and compound action potential of the isolated desheathed sciatic nerve of the frog (sucrose gap method) was determined. Above 10 mM there was a dose-dependent decrease of the compound action potential and a hyperpolarization of the membrane which was augmented with increasing MMA concentrations (4.1 mV +/- 0.2 S.E.M. after 50 mM MMA). The depolarization in low [Ca2+]0 solutions or with veratrine was reversed by MMA. The homologous ethyl, allyl and n-butyl esters were more effective than MMA, and the isobutyl ester less effective, whereas Na-methacrylate and methacrylamide showed no influence. Voltage clamp experiments on the node of Ranvier indicated that 50 mM MMA led to a decrease of the Na+ and K+ currents.", "contents": "Monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) acts on the desheathed myelinated nerve and on the node of Ranvier. The influence of monomeric methylmethacrylate (MMA) on resting and compound action potential of the isolated desheathed sciatic nerve of the frog (sucrose gap method) was determined. Above 10 mM there was a dose-dependent decrease of the compound action potential and a hyperpolarization of the membrane which was augmented with increasing MMA concentrations (4.1 mV +/- 0.2 S.E.M. after 50 mM MMA). The depolarization in low [Ca2+]0 solutions or with veratrine was reversed by MMA. The homologous ethyl, allyl and n-butyl esters were more effective than MMA, and the isobutyl ester less effective, whereas Na-methacrylate and methacrylamide showed no influence. Voltage clamp experiments on the node of Ranvier indicated that 50 mM MMA led to a decrease of the Na+ and K+ currents."}
{"id": "PMID:304715", "title": "[The problems of electronystagmography in the clinical diagnosis of vestibular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of a documentation in electronystagmography, that is to record as complete and definite as possible the information of a nystagmus relative to all its distinctive marks, hitherto has been reached just as little as the attempt, to develop a fine-quantitative investigatory method suitable for standardization for medical practice. The sources of error caused by the equipment and of physiological nature within a recorded nystagmus trace are exposed and illustrated by respective examples. Outgoing from the theory of the rotatory nystagmus based on the rotation test of the human vestibular system the fundamentels are developed for a complete evaluation method of an electronystagmogram including the elimination of artefacts by the authors' own research work in this field. However the pointed out problems of the electronystagmography are not yet answered in the clinical diagnostic of vestibular diseases, the systematic examination of spontaneous nystagmus and provoked nystagmus still represents the most important, most profitable and well-grounded part of the vestibular investigation in the medical practice.", "contents": "[The problems of electronystagmography in the clinical diagnosis of vestibular diseases (author's transl)]. The aim of a documentation in electronystagmography, that is to record as complete and definite as possible the information of a nystagmus relative to all its distinctive marks, hitherto has been reached just as little as the attempt, to develop a fine-quantitative investigatory method suitable for standardization for medical practice. The sources of error caused by the equipment and of physiological nature within a recorded nystagmus trace are exposed and illustrated by respective examples. Outgoing from the theory of the rotatory nystagmus based on the rotation test of the human vestibular system the fundamentels are developed for a complete evaluation method of an electronystagmogram including the elimination of artefacts by the authors' own research work in this field. However the pointed out problems of the electronystagmography are not yet answered in the clinical diagnostic of vestibular diseases, the systematic examination of spontaneous nystagmus and provoked nystagmus still represents the most important, most profitable and well-grounded part of the vestibular investigation in the medical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:304716", "title": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation: non-specific stimulation changes the physical properties of virgin AFC-progenitors in neonatal mouse spleen.", "content": "While the virgin AFC-progenitors for an adoptive immune response in neonatal germ-free CBA mouse spleen are small, dense cells, the equivalent cells in the adult are a larger, lighter density population. The effects of injections of unrelated antigens on the physical properties of the AFC-progenitors in neonatal spleen were investigated to test the postulate that the physically distinct \"virgin\" AFC-progenitors in the adult arose by a process of non-specific activation. Spleen cells from 7-day-old germ-free CBA mice were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity or by density on continuous albumin gradients, and the fractions were tested for NIP-specific AFC-progenitor activity using an adoptive immune assay which gave a direct linear measure of B cell activity. If the donor neonatal animals were injected one day previously with POL or PPD, the NIP-specific AFC-progenitor activity shifted from the typical small, dense lymphocytes to larger, lighter cells. The physical properties of these stimulated AFC-progenitors resembled those of IgM AFC-progenitors in normal adult mice. These results experimentally confirm the theory that environmental stimuli induce a non-specific \"activation\" of a particular subset of \"virgin\" B cells.", "contents": "Antigen-initiated B lymphocyte differentiation: non-specific stimulation changes the physical properties of virgin AFC-progenitors in neonatal mouse spleen. While the virgin AFC-progenitors for an adoptive immune response in neonatal germ-free CBA mouse spleen are small, dense cells, the equivalent cells in the adult are a larger, lighter density population. The effects of injections of unrelated antigens on the physical properties of the AFC-progenitors in neonatal spleen were investigated to test the postulate that the physically distinct \"virgin\" AFC-progenitors in the adult arose by a process of non-specific activation. Spleen cells from 7-day-old germ-free CBA mice were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity or by density on continuous albumin gradients, and the fractions were tested for NIP-specific AFC-progenitor activity using an adoptive immune assay which gave a direct linear measure of B cell activity. If the donor neonatal animals were injected one day previously with POL or PPD, the NIP-specific AFC-progenitor activity shifted from the typical small, dense lymphocytes to larger, lighter cells. The physical properties of these stimulated AFC-progenitors resembled those of IgM AFC-progenitors in normal adult mice. These results experimentally confirm the theory that environmental stimuli induce a non-specific \"activation\" of a particular subset of \"virgin\" B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:304712", "title": "[Aprotinin and induction of sarcoma with methylcholanthrene in rats].", "content": "Considering the immunodepressive properties of aprotinine, the influence of this protease inhibitor on the induction of methylcholanthrene sarcoma in rats has been investigated. The results of the investigation showed that aprotinine failed to modify the experimental tumour induction process. This observation provides further confirmation that immunodepression is not a position to favour the growth of a tumour as a result of chemically induced oncogenesis.", "contents": "[Aprotinin and induction of sarcoma with methylcholanthrene in rats]. Considering the immunodepressive properties of aprotinine, the influence of this protease inhibitor on the induction of methylcholanthrene sarcoma in rats has been investigated. The results of the investigation showed that aprotinine failed to modify the experimental tumour induction process. This observation provides further confirmation that immunodepression is not a position to favour the growth of a tumour as a result of chemically induced oncogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:304717", "title": "The influence of dietary protein insufficiency on the murine thymus. Evidence for an intrathymic pool of progenitor cells capable of thymus regeneration after severe atrophy.", "content": "Low protein diets initiated at wearning in Balb/c mice cause a rapid and profound reduction in thymus weight and cellularity. Thymus weight falls to less than that of involuted thymus of adult mice and remains depressed for as long as diets are fed. Although most peripheral T cell functions do not appear to be depressed, suppressor cell activity was not as vigorous in deprived animals despite the presence of functional suppressor populations. Thymus growth was reinitiated promptly when high protein diets were fed to deprived animals. Thymus regeneration appeared to be due to both a resident population of stem cells which persisted in the thymus through the period of deprivation and a second, probably bone-marrow derived, population of stem cells. It is suggested that in normal mice the synchronized growth of the first population produces the characteristic innate growth pattern of the thymus. This is superimposed on the growth of the second population which continuously seeds the thymus and is constantly replaced. Protein deprivation severely restricts the growth of the first and second population, but both maintain their capacity for growth during long periods of protein restriction.", "contents": "The influence of dietary protein insufficiency on the murine thymus. Evidence for an intrathymic pool of progenitor cells capable of thymus regeneration after severe atrophy. Low protein diets initiated at wearning in Balb/c mice cause a rapid and profound reduction in thymus weight and cellularity. Thymus weight falls to less than that of involuted thymus of adult mice and remains depressed for as long as diets are fed. Although most peripheral T cell functions do not appear to be depressed, suppressor cell activity was not as vigorous in deprived animals despite the presence of functional suppressor populations. Thymus growth was reinitiated promptly when high protein diets were fed to deprived animals. Thymus regeneration appeared to be due to both a resident population of stem cells which persisted in the thymus through the period of deprivation and a second, probably bone-marrow derived, population of stem cells. It is suggested that in normal mice the synchronized growth of the first population produces the characteristic innate growth pattern of the thymus. This is superimposed on the growth of the second population which continuously seeds the thymus and is constantly replaced. Protein deprivation severely restricts the growth of the first and second population, but both maintain their capacity for growth during long periods of protein restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:304713", "title": "[Effects of aprotinin on the grafting of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma in rats].", "content": "The influence of aprotinin on the taking of MCA-induced sarcoma in the rat was examined. Local application resulted in involution of the tumour in animals in which the syngeneic graft tended to grow. Histological investigation showed that this biological reaction was due to marked activation of the macrophages.", "contents": "[Effects of aprotinin on the grafting of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma in rats]. The influence of aprotinin on the taking of MCA-induced sarcoma in the rat was examined. Local application resulted in involution of the tumour in animals in which the syngeneic graft tended to grow. Histological investigation showed that this biological reaction was due to marked activation of the macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:304718", "title": "Some requirements for the response of separated T-cell sub-populations to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A.", "content": "The proliferative response of various separated populations of mouse spleen and thymus lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was not a direct function of the level of responsive T cells, but was governed by other regulatory effects. These included a stimulation by adherent macrophages, an inhibition by a separate population of adherent cells and an adherent cell independent restriction of proliferation at high cell concentration. In contrast, the proliferative response to Concanavalin A (Con A) was more closely related to the level of responsive T cells. All density and electrophoretically isolated sub-sets of splenic T cells appeared capable of a proliferative response to PHA and Con A, although under some conditions the PHA responsiveness of certain fractions was suppressed. In the thymus, the minor low theta sub-population appeared capable of response to both mitogens, and accounted for all the activity of the unfractioned thymus cells. No response to either mitogen could be obtained from the major, high theta thymocyte population.", "contents": "Some requirements for the response of separated T-cell sub-populations to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The proliferative response of various separated populations of mouse spleen and thymus lymphocytes to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was not a direct function of the level of responsive T cells, but was governed by other regulatory effects. These included a stimulation by adherent macrophages, an inhibition by a separate population of adherent cells and an adherent cell independent restriction of proliferation at high cell concentration. In contrast, the proliferative response to Concanavalin A (Con A) was more closely related to the level of responsive T cells. All density and electrophoretically isolated sub-sets of splenic T cells appeared capable of a proliferative response to PHA and Con A, although under some conditions the PHA responsiveness of certain fractions was suppressed. In the thymus, the minor low theta sub-population appeared capable of response to both mitogens, and accounted for all the activity of the unfractioned thymus cells. No response to either mitogen could be obtained from the major, high theta thymocyte population."}
{"id": "PMID:304719", "title": "Coriolis cross-coupling effects: disorienting and nauseogenic or not?", "content": "Nausea and disorientation are sometimes produced by head movements during turning maneuvers in aircraft. These responses are usually attributed to Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation of the vestibular system, although it has been indicated recently that many turning maneuvers of aircraft have insufficient angular velocity to generate such effects. The purpose of the present study was to further distinguish conditions in which Coriolis cross-coupling effects are disorienting and nauseogenic from conditions in which they are neither.", "contents": "Coriolis cross-coupling effects: disorienting and nauseogenic or not? Nausea and disorientation are sometimes produced by head movements during turning maneuvers in aircraft. These responses are usually attributed to Coriolis cross-coupling stimulation of the vestibular system, although it has been indicated recently that many turning maneuvers of aircraft have insufficient angular velocity to generate such effects. The purpose of the present study was to further distinguish conditions in which Coriolis cross-coupling effects are disorienting and nauseogenic from conditions in which they are neither."}
{"id": "PMID:304720", "title": "Visual counteraction on nauseogenic and disorienting effects of some whole-body motions: a proposed mechanism.", "content": "It has been indicated that the nauseogenic and disorienting effects of several kinds of provocative motion stimuli can be ameliorated by visual reference to the Earth. The purpose of the present experiment is to investigate a hypothesis concerning the mechanism of this beneficial effect. The results demonstrate that the aftereffects of large-field optokinetic stimulation can nullify the nauseogenic and disorienting effects of Coriolis cross-coupled vestibular stimuli. It is hypothesized that large-field optokinetic stimulation in a particular head plane modifies activity in the vestibular nuclei as though the semicircular canals in that plane had been stimulated. A previous study illustrated that such semicircular canal stimulation would completely nullify the disturbing and disorienting effects of Coriolis cross-coupled stimulation according to theoretical expectations. The results provide inferential support for the hypothesis and suggest that predictability of disorientation and nauseogenic disturbance is reasonably well handled by current theory when the conditions of motion are fairly well specified.", "contents": "Visual counteraction on nauseogenic and disorienting effects of some whole-body motions: a proposed mechanism. It has been indicated that the nauseogenic and disorienting effects of several kinds of provocative motion stimuli can be ameliorated by visual reference to the Earth. The purpose of the present experiment is to investigate a hypothesis concerning the mechanism of this beneficial effect. The results demonstrate that the aftereffects of large-field optokinetic stimulation can nullify the nauseogenic and disorienting effects of Coriolis cross-coupled vestibular stimuli. It is hypothesized that large-field optokinetic stimulation in a particular head plane modifies activity in the vestibular nuclei as though the semicircular canals in that plane had been stimulated. A previous study illustrated that such semicircular canal stimulation would completely nullify the disturbing and disorienting effects of Coriolis cross-coupled stimulation according to theoretical expectations. The results provide inferential support for the hypothesis and suggest that predictability of disorientation and nauseogenic disturbance is reasonably well handled by current theory when the conditions of motion are fairly well specified."}
{"id": "PMID:304721", "title": "Vision during angular oscillation: the dynamic interaction of visual and vestibular mechanisms.", "content": "A review is presented of the dynamic behaviour of two oculomotor control systems--the vestibulo-ocular and pursuit reflexes--responsible for the spatial and temporal stabilization of the image of an observed object on the fovea of the retina, and mathematical models adduced in which the contribution of physiological components of the systems can be identified. With angular oscillation of the head below 1-2 Hz, retinal information is used to maintain unity gain of the head/eye system, but at higher frequencies stabilization is determined primarily by vestibular inputs. When the observed target moves with the head, as in a head-mounted display, the suppression of inappropriate vestibulo-ocular responses is dependent upon the dynamic performance of the pursuit system. With such a display, impairment of visual acuity may be detected at frequencies of oscillation as low as 0.5 Hz.", "contents": "Vision during angular oscillation: the dynamic interaction of visual and vestibular mechanisms. A review is presented of the dynamic behaviour of two oculomotor control systems--the vestibulo-ocular and pursuit reflexes--responsible for the spatial and temporal stabilization of the image of an observed object on the fovea of the retina, and mathematical models adduced in which the contribution of physiological components of the systems can be identified. With angular oscillation of the head below 1-2 Hz, retinal information is used to maintain unity gain of the head/eye system, but at higher frequencies stabilization is determined primarily by vestibular inputs. When the observed target moves with the head, as in a head-mounted display, the suppression of inappropriate vestibulo-ocular responses is dependent upon the dynamic performance of the pursuit system. With such a display, impairment of visual acuity may be detected at frequencies of oscillation as low as 0.5 Hz."}
{"id": "PMID:304726", "title": "Pharmacological properties of the anti-inflammatory agent pyridyl-biphenylyl-acetamide (diphenpyramide).", "content": "Pyridyl-biphenylyl-acetamide (diphenpyramide, Z-876) is a new bisphenylalcanoic derivative with marked anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and uricosuric properties. It is more active than phenylbutazone in the adjuvant polyarthritis in the rat when given prophylactically or therapeutically. It is thrice as active as phenylbutazone and ten times as active as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the carrageenin-induced edema of the hind-paw. Diphenpyramide is characterized by low acute toxicity and by weak ulcerogenic activity. On the carrageenin-induced edema the therapeutic index of diphenpyramide is 30 times higher than that of indometacin and the ratio between the ED50 and the UD50 (ulcerogenic dose in 50% of the treated rats) is 39 times higher than that of ASA.", "contents": "Pharmacological properties of the anti-inflammatory agent pyridyl-biphenylyl-acetamide (diphenpyramide). Pyridyl-biphenylyl-acetamide (diphenpyramide, Z-876) is a new bisphenylalcanoic derivative with marked anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and uricosuric properties. It is more active than phenylbutazone in the adjuvant polyarthritis in the rat when given prophylactically or therapeutically. It is thrice as active as phenylbutazone and ten times as active as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the carrageenin-induced edema of the hind-paw. Diphenpyramide is characterized by low acute toxicity and by weak ulcerogenic activity. On the carrageenin-induced edema the therapeutic index of diphenpyramide is 30 times higher than that of indometacin and the ratio between the ED50 and the UD50 (ulcerogenic dose in 50% of the treated rats) is 39 times higher than that of ASA."}
{"id": "PMID:304727", "title": "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and other related actions of 4'-chloro-5-methoxy-3-biphenylylacetic acid (DKA-9).", "content": "4'-Chloro-5-methoxy-3-biphenylylacetic acid (DKA-9) is a novel phenylacetic acid derivative with marked anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. DKA-9 was approximately 2 times and 25 times more effective than ibuprofen in inhibiting carrageenin-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis, respectively, in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of DKA-9 was observed also in adrenalectomized rats. In the Randall-Selitto test in rats, DKA-9 was about 2 times more potent than ibuprofen and equipotent to indometacin. In lowering brewer's yeast-induced fever in rats, DKA-9 was almost 1/2 times more effective than ibuprofen. Considering from therapeutic index (ED50 in ulcerogenic effect/ED50 in carrageenin-induced edema), DKA-9 was found to be much superior to indometacin or ibuprofen.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and other related actions of 4'-chloro-5-methoxy-3-biphenylylacetic acid (DKA-9). 4'-Chloro-5-methoxy-3-biphenylylacetic acid (DKA-9) is a novel phenylacetic acid derivative with marked anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. DKA-9 was approximately 2 times and 25 times more effective than ibuprofen in inhibiting carrageenin-induced paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis, respectively, in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of DKA-9 was observed also in adrenalectomized rats. In the Randall-Selitto test in rats, DKA-9 was about 2 times more potent than ibuprofen and equipotent to indometacin. In lowering brewer's yeast-induced fever in rats, DKA-9 was almost 1/2 times more effective than ibuprofen. Considering from therapeutic index (ED50 in ulcerogenic effect/ED50 in carrageenin-induced edema), DKA-9 was found to be much superior to indometacin or ibuprofen."}
{"id": "PMID:304725", "title": "Impaired immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBL) from 33 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was compared to that synthesized by PBL from 22 normal individuals. Short-term unstimulated culture of SLE-PBL immediately after separation from PB revealed Ig synthesis 4 times that of normal PBL. However, SLE-PBL had a depressed PWM-induced Ig synthetic response that was partially, but not totally, related to active disease and was not correctable by co-culture with normal lymphocyte populations. In both the short-term-unstimulated and the PWM-stimulated cultures, IgM was the major Ig class synthesized by normal PBL, while IgM synthesis by SLE-PBL was depressed more than the other Ig classes. These results can best be explained by a preactivated PBL population in SLE.", "contents": "Impaired immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBL) from 33 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was compared to that synthesized by PBL from 22 normal individuals. Short-term unstimulated culture of SLE-PBL immediately after separation from PB revealed Ig synthesis 4 times that of normal PBL. However, SLE-PBL had a depressed PWM-induced Ig synthetic response that was partially, but not totally, related to active disease and was not correctable by co-culture with normal lymphocyte populations. In both the short-term-unstimulated and the PWM-stimulated cultures, IgM was the major Ig class synthesized by normal PBL, while IgM synthesis by SLE-PBL was depressed more than the other Ig classes. These results can best be explained by a preactivated PBL population in SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:304735", "title": "An account of pleural effusions, pulmonary nodules and cavities attributable to rheumatoid disease.", "content": "Nine case histories and references to published reports are used to illustrate the manifestations and management of pleural effusions, lung nodules and lung cavities which may occur in cases of rheumatoid disease. Repeated aspiration of effusions seldom is useful. They often are chronic and symptomless. What is taking place in some turbid and purulent effusions is debatable, since there can be an associated leucocytosis without infection. In the presence of acute symptoms, such as rigors, careful evaluation of such effusions is required, since there have been fatal examples with rather uncertain bacteriological findings. Lung nodules ordinarily cause a radiographic blemish without symptoms but may predispose to small haemoptyses or may rupture into the pleural cavity to cause a pneumothorax, usually requiring surgical resection of the nodule, whether or not a pleural effusion is present. Some nodules and lung cavities do not have the histology of the typical necrobiotic nodule but it is unlikely that they are fundamentally different. Large cavitated lung lesions which closed on azothioprine treatment are described, together with similar untreated cavities which became secondarily infected with a fatal outcome. It is suggested that the history of possible rheumatoid disease, even of 'aches and pains' must be sought if this aetiology for pleural effusions, lung nodules and unusual lung cavities is not to be overlooked, with the penalty of diagnostic thoracotomy or wrong treatment for the patient.", "contents": "An account of pleural effusions, pulmonary nodules and cavities attributable to rheumatoid disease. Nine case histories and references to published reports are used to illustrate the manifestations and management of pleural effusions, lung nodules and lung cavities which may occur in cases of rheumatoid disease. Repeated aspiration of effusions seldom is useful. They often are chronic and symptomless. What is taking place in some turbid and purulent effusions is debatable, since there can be an associated leucocytosis without infection. In the presence of acute symptoms, such as rigors, careful evaluation of such effusions is required, since there have been fatal examples with rather uncertain bacteriological findings. Lung nodules ordinarily cause a radiographic blemish without symptoms but may predispose to small haemoptyses or may rupture into the pleural cavity to cause a pneumothorax, usually requiring surgical resection of the nodule, whether or not a pleural effusion is present. Some nodules and lung cavities do not have the histology of the typical necrobiotic nodule but it is unlikely that they are fundamentally different. Large cavitated lung lesions which closed on azothioprine treatment are described, together with similar untreated cavities which became secondarily infected with a fatal outcome. It is suggested that the history of possible rheumatoid disease, even of 'aches and pains' must be sought if this aetiology for pleural effusions, lung nodules and unusual lung cavities is not to be overlooked, with the penalty of diagnostic thoracotomy or wrong treatment for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:304736", "title": "Blood lymphocytes surface markers and clinical findings in chronic lympoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Surface receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in 43 cases with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and five cases with lymphoma and overspill. One quarter of the cases with CLL had lymphocytes with no detectable surface immunoglobulin (SIg) by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The remainder had SIgM, which was associated with SIgD in one third of the cases. 70% of the SIg negative group had extensive extramedullary involvement (EMI) compared with 35% of the SIg positive group at presentation; correspondingly more of the SIg negative group were treated. 46% of the SIg negative group were CLL patients of more than 3 years standing compared with 9% of the SIgM+D group and 32% of the SIgM group. Some explanations for this pattern are discussed.", "contents": "Blood lymphocytes surface markers and clinical findings in chronic lympoproliferative disorders. Surface receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes have been studied in 43 cases with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and five cases with lymphoma and overspill. One quarter of the cases with CLL had lymphocytes with no detectable surface immunoglobulin (SIg) by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The remainder had SIgM, which was associated with SIgD in one third of the cases. 70% of the SIg negative group had extensive extramedullary involvement (EMI) compared with 35% of the SIg positive group at presentation; correspondingly more of the SIg negative group were treated. 46% of the SIg negative group were CLL patients of more than 3 years standing compared with 9% of the SIgM+D group and 32% of the SIgM group. Some explanations for this pattern are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:304738", "title": "Procoagulant specificity of factor VIII inhibitor.", "content": "Nine haemophilia A patients with an inhibitor to factor VIII procoagulant and eight without an inhibitor were studied for the presence of an inhibitor to von Willebrand factor (vWf) in a quantitative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation system. The mean vWf, factor VIII related antigen (FVIII Ag) and vWf:FVIII Ag ratio were not significantly different in the two groups (P greater than 0.6). The inhibitor plasmas did not reduce the wWf level in normal plasma after a 2 h incubation. The factor VIII inhibitor is highly specific for the procoagulant function of the factor VIII complex.", "contents": "Procoagulant specificity of factor VIII inhibitor. Nine haemophilia A patients with an inhibitor to factor VIII procoagulant and eight without an inhibitor were studied for the presence of an inhibitor to von Willebrand factor (vWf) in a quantitative ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation system. The mean vWf, factor VIII related antigen (FVIII Ag) and vWf:FVIII Ag ratio were not significantly different in the two groups (P greater than 0.6). The inhibitor plasmas did not reduce the wWf level in normal plasma after a 2 h incubation. The factor VIII inhibitor is highly specific for the procoagulant function of the factor VIII complex."}
{"id": "PMID:304739", "title": "Hairy cell leukaemia: seven cases with probable B-lymphocytic origin.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from seven patients with hairy cells leukaemia were examined for features suggestive of either a lymphocytic or monocytic origin. Immunofluorescent staining of both methanol fixed and incubated cells, using monospecific antisera, revealed a predominant cell-associated immunoglobulin in each case. Three were positive for mu and kappa chains, two for gamma and kappa chains, one for delta and kappa chain determinants and one reacted only with antigamma chain serum. Formation of EAC rosettes, a feature of both B lymphocytes and monocytes, was variable. T cells, as judged by E rosettes, were not elevated in any patient. Phytohaemagglutinin reactivity was normal in six and depressed in one case. With the exception of minimal activity in assays for glass adherence and latex particle phagocytosis, none of the cells showed features typical of monocytes. Hairy cells were negative by peroxidase stain and lacked the electron microscopic characteristics of monocytes. They did not react in either rosette or phagocytic assays with anti-A or anti-D coated erythrocytes nor did they elaborate granulocyte colony stimulating factor, a monocyte-derived in vitro granulopoietin. Although unequivocal classification of these abnormal cells is not possible, the data storngly suggests that this represents a variant of a B lymphocytic neoplasm.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukaemia: seven cases with probable B-lymphocytic origin. Mononuclear cells from seven patients with hairy cells leukaemia were examined for features suggestive of either a lymphocytic or monocytic origin. Immunofluorescent staining of both methanol fixed and incubated cells, using monospecific antisera, revealed a predominant cell-associated immunoglobulin in each case. Three were positive for mu and kappa chains, two for gamma and kappa chains, one for delta and kappa chain determinants and one reacted only with antigamma chain serum. Formation of EAC rosettes, a feature of both B lymphocytes and monocytes, was variable. T cells, as judged by E rosettes, were not elevated in any patient. Phytohaemagglutinin reactivity was normal in six and depressed in one case. With the exception of minimal activity in assays for glass adherence and latex particle phagocytosis, none of the cells showed features typical of monocytes. Hairy cells were negative by peroxidase stain and lacked the electron microscopic characteristics of monocytes. They did not react in either rosette or phagocytic assays with anti-A or anti-D coated erythrocytes nor did they elaborate granulocyte colony stimulating factor, a monocyte-derived in vitro granulopoietin. Although unequivocal classification of these abnormal cells is not possible, the data storngly suggests that this represents a variant of a B lymphocytic neoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:304741", "title": "F20C, a new fluorescent membrane probe, moves more slowly in malignant and mitogen-transformed cell membranes than in normal cell membranes.", "content": "New fluorescent probes of membrane mobility can be introduced into cell membranes at single points with particles of a membrane mobility agent, A2C. The initial entry of fluorescence from the particle into the cell membrane and the subsequent lateral spread of fluorescence have been observed for cells in suspension. A dramatic difference between the behavior of normal lymphocytes and that of mitogen-transformed and mastocytoma cells is found. Both the initial entry and the spreading of fluorescence are much slower in the transformed and tumor cells than in the normal cells at 18 degrees C. Entry and spread of fluorescence in normal cells become slow enough to be observed only at 12 degrees C or below.", "contents": "F20C, a new fluorescent membrane probe, moves more slowly in malignant and mitogen-transformed cell membranes than in normal cell membranes. New fluorescent probes of membrane mobility can be introduced into cell membranes at single points with particles of a membrane mobility agent, A2C. The initial entry of fluorescence from the particle into the cell membrane and the subsequent lateral spread of fluorescence have been observed for cells in suspension. A dramatic difference between the behavior of normal lymphocytes and that of mitogen-transformed and mastocytoma cells is found. Both the initial entry and the spreading of fluorescence are much slower in the transformed and tumor cells than in the normal cells at 18 degrees C. Entry and spread of fluorescence in normal cells become slow enough to be observed only at 12 degrees C or below."}
{"id": "PMID:304742", "title": "Evidence for highly stable nuclear poly(A) in cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "The kinetics of turnover of nuclear poly(A) were determined under conditions which facilitated the detection of relatively stable classes of the molecule. Growing 3T6 or HeLa cells were labeled with [3H]adenosine for several hours. The turnover of nuclear poly(A) was then followed over long time intervals using a variety of chase conditions. When a cordycepin chase was employed, a class of nuclear poly(A) with a half life of 2.5 h was observed. When the chase was effected by allowing the intracellular ATP pool specific activity to decay as a result of normal metabolic processes, a more stable class of nuclear poly(A) was detected (half life = 8--12 h). These results indicate that a significant portion of poly(A)-hnRNA has a long half-life.", "contents": "Evidence for highly stable nuclear poly(A) in cultured mammalian cells. The kinetics of turnover of nuclear poly(A) were determined under conditions which facilitated the detection of relatively stable classes of the molecule. Growing 3T6 or HeLa cells were labeled with [3H]adenosine for several hours. The turnover of nuclear poly(A) was then followed over long time intervals using a variety of chase conditions. When a cordycepin chase was employed, a class of nuclear poly(A) with a half life of 2.5 h was observed. When the chase was effected by allowing the intracellular ATP pool specific activity to decay as a result of normal metabolic processes, a more stable class of nuclear poly(A) was detected (half life = 8--12 h). These results indicate that a significant portion of poly(A)-hnRNA has a long half-life."}
{"id": "PMID:304745", "title": "An investigation of the complement system in patients with periodic disease (results from 29 cases).", "content": "The complement system was investigated in 29 patients suffering from authentic periodic disease. A statistically significant increase in C4, also in total complement and C3 could be demonstrated. It is possible that the increase in C4 was due to the macrophages which are always present in the infiltrates of periodic disease. This biological observation is of clear practical importance for the diagnosis of the condition both before and after colchicine therapy.", "contents": "An investigation of the complement system in patients with periodic disease (results from 29 cases). The complement system was investigated in 29 patients suffering from authentic periodic disease. A statistically significant increase in C4, also in total complement and C3 could be demonstrated. It is possible that the increase in C4 was due to the macrophages which are always present in the infiltrates of periodic disease. This biological observation is of clear practical importance for the diagnosis of the condition both before and after colchicine therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:304746", "title": "The relationship between the transverse and longitudinal nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation rates of muscle water.", "content": "Whole frog sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles were incubated in Ringer's solutions, either unenriched or enriched with H2 17Oor 2D2O. Subsequently, the rates of transverse (1/T2) and of longitudinal (1/T1) nuclear magnetic relaxation were measured for 17O, 2D, and 1H at room temperature and at 8.1 MHz. The ratio (T1/T2) for 17O was measured to be approximately 1.5-2.0, close to the value roughly estimated from the Larmor frequency dependence of 1/T1 alone over the range 4.3-8.1 MHz. On the other hand (T1/T2) for 2D and 1H were both measured to lie in the range 9-11. Insofar as the entire 17O signal was detected, the data indicate the presence of an exchange mechanism between the major fraction of intracellular water and a minor fraction characterized by enhanced rates of relaxation. Possible molecular mechanisms are presented.", "contents": "The relationship between the transverse and longitudinal nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation rates of muscle water. Whole frog sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles were incubated in Ringer's solutions, either unenriched or enriched with H2 17Oor 2D2O. Subsequently, the rates of transverse (1/T2) and of longitudinal (1/T1) nuclear magnetic relaxation were measured for 17O, 2D, and 1H at room temperature and at 8.1 MHz. The ratio (T1/T2) for 17O was measured to be approximately 1.5-2.0, close to the value roughly estimated from the Larmor frequency dependence of 1/T1 alone over the range 4.3-8.1 MHz. On the other hand (T1/T2) for 2D and 1H were both measured to lie in the range 9-11. Insofar as the entire 17O signal was detected, the data indicate the presence of an exchange mechanism between the major fraction of intracellular water and a minor fraction characterized by enhanced rates of relaxation. Possible molecular mechanisms are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:304747", "title": "Lymphocyte receptors for concanavalin A in Hodgkin disease.", "content": "The number of lymphocytes with mobile receptors for concanavalin A (Con A) on their surface membrane (forming visible caps after the addition of fluorescein-conjugated Con A) was determined in the peripheral blood of 53 patients with Hodgkin disease. Of 29 individuals studied prior to treatment, the level of capped cells was found to be below the normal range in 9 of 13 in stages I and IIA, 6 of 8 in stage IIIA, and all 8 in stages IIIB and IV. Even among patients in remission 2 yr after successful treatment the level was below the lower normal limit in 9 of 16. The number was also reduced in 7 of 8 individuals with recurrent lymphoma. The level of lymphocytes that cap with Con A may prove to be a more sensitive measure of active Hodgkin disease than the total peripheral lymphocyte count or the level of T cells. This lymphocyte parameter merits further study as a correlate in vitro of cellular immunity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte receptors for concanavalin A in Hodgkin disease. The number of lymphocytes with mobile receptors for concanavalin A (Con A) on their surface membrane (forming visible caps after the addition of fluorescein-conjugated Con A) was determined in the peripheral blood of 53 patients with Hodgkin disease. Of 29 individuals studied prior to treatment, the level of capped cells was found to be below the normal range in 9 of 13 in stages I and IIA, 6 of 8 in stage IIIA, and all 8 in stages IIIB and IV. Even among patients in remission 2 yr after successful treatment the level was below the lower normal limit in 9 of 16. The number was also reduced in 7 of 8 individuals with recurrent lymphoma. The level of lymphocytes that cap with Con A may prove to be a more sensitive measure of active Hodgkin disease than the total peripheral lymphocyte count or the level of T cells. This lymphocyte parameter merits further study as a correlate in vitro of cellular immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:304748", "title": "Human cell lines that elaborate colon-stimulating activity for the marrow cells of man and other species.", "content": "We have established two human cell lines which elaborate colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for at least four species: man, mouse, rabbit, and dog. One, GCT, was isolated from a lung metastasis of a fibrous histiocytoma; the other, RC4, from a monocyte-enriched fraction of normal blood. Medium conditioned by either GCT or RC4 cells was more potent in stimulating human marrow growth in vitro than was monocyte-conditioned medium or human leukocyte feeder layers. Fractionation of cell-line-conditioned medium by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography indicated that the maximum activity of the CSA for human marrow cells is eluted within the range of 30,000-40,000 daltons. These cells lines provide a continuous source of large quantities of conditioned medium for purification of CSA. Moreover, the invariable growth-supporting activity for all species tested and the high potency of cell-line CSA facilitates studies of its elaboration and biologic effects.", "contents": "Human cell lines that elaborate colon-stimulating activity for the marrow cells of man and other species. We have established two human cell lines which elaborate colony-stimulating activity (CSA) for at least four species: man, mouse, rabbit, and dog. One, GCT, was isolated from a lung metastasis of a fibrous histiocytoma; the other, RC4, from a monocyte-enriched fraction of normal blood. Medium conditioned by either GCT or RC4 cells was more potent in stimulating human marrow growth in vitro than was monocyte-conditioned medium or human leukocyte feeder layers. Fractionation of cell-line-conditioned medium by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography indicated that the maximum activity of the CSA for human marrow cells is eluted within the range of 30,000-40,000 daltons. These cells lines provide a continuous source of large quantities of conditioned medium for purification of CSA. Moreover, the invariable growth-supporting activity for all species tested and the high potency of cell-line CSA facilitates studies of its elaboration and biologic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:304743", "title": "[Mathematical model of the immune reaction. III. Description of the infectious process in relation to changes in the number of B-lymphocytes].", "content": "A model of humoral immune reaction which takes into account explicitely the time lags in the immune response is considered. Possible regimes are described.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of the immune reaction. III. Description of the infectious process in relation to changes in the number of B-lymphocytes]. A model of humoral immune reaction which takes into account explicitely the time lags in the immune response is considered. Possible regimes are described."}
{"id": "PMID:304749", "title": "The antipyretic effect of tilorone hydrochloride in the cat.", "content": "1 The antipyretic activity of tilorone hydrochloride was studied in conscious, unrestrained cats provided with implanted jugular venous catheters, third cerebral ventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae and retroperitoneal thermocouples. 2 In afebrile animals, 10 mg/kg i.v. or 1 mg i.c.v. tilorone hydrochloride did not alter body temperature, but 20 mg/kg i.v. or 2 to 5 mg i.c.v. caused hypothermia and various behavioural responses. 3 Non-hypothermogenic doses of tilorone (i.v. or i.c.v.) antagonized hyperthermic responses to leucocytic pyrogen (i.v. or i.c.v.), bacterial pyrogen (i.c.v.) and sodium arachidonate (i.c.v.) but did not antagonize prostaglandin E1 (i.c.v.). 4 These results indicate that tilorone has an antipyretic action within the central nervous system that is distinct from its hypothermogenic action. Although there is no published evidence to indicate that tilorone can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis peripherally, its ability to reduce hyperthermic responses to arachidonate suggests that it can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis within the brain.", "contents": "The antipyretic effect of tilorone hydrochloride in the cat. 1 The antipyretic activity of tilorone hydrochloride was studied in conscious, unrestrained cats provided with implanted jugular venous catheters, third cerebral ventricular (i.c.v.) cannulae and retroperitoneal thermocouples. 2 In afebrile animals, 10 mg/kg i.v. or 1 mg i.c.v. tilorone hydrochloride did not alter body temperature, but 20 mg/kg i.v. or 2 to 5 mg i.c.v. caused hypothermia and various behavioural responses. 3 Non-hypothermogenic doses of tilorone (i.v. or i.c.v.) antagonized hyperthermic responses to leucocytic pyrogen (i.v. or i.c.v.), bacterial pyrogen (i.c.v.) and sodium arachidonate (i.c.v.) but did not antagonize prostaglandin E1 (i.c.v.). 4 These results indicate that tilorone has an antipyretic action within the central nervous system that is distinct from its hypothermogenic action. Although there is no published evidence to indicate that tilorone can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis peripherally, its ability to reduce hyperthermic responses to arachidonate suggests that it can inhibit prostaglandin synthesis within the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:304750", "title": "The emergency surgical management of massive and persistent intestinal haemorrhage due to typhoid fever: a report of 3 cases.", "content": "The classic approach to the management of intestinal haemorrhage due to typhoid infection has been conservative, with sedation, rest to the intestine, blood transfusion and antibiotics. However, in the event of massive and persistent haemorrhage which does not respond to conservative measures, emergency resection should be considered. Surgical resection by removing the major ulcer-bearing areas will stop the bleeding and the intestine is not friable.", "contents": "The emergency surgical management of massive and persistent intestinal haemorrhage due to typhoid fever: a report of 3 cases. The classic approach to the management of intestinal haemorrhage due to typhoid infection has been conservative, with sedation, rest to the intestine, blood transfusion and antibiotics. However, in the event of massive and persistent haemorrhage which does not respond to conservative measures, emergency resection should be considered. Surgical resection by removing the major ulcer-bearing areas will stop the bleeding and the intestine is not friable."}